bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meaningful Change and Treatment Responsivity in Intervention Research: A Targeted Review of Studies Published in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology
Authors: Dolgin, PhD Michael J , Asper, BA Ariel , Greizer, BA Yair , Kariel, BA Yisca , Malka, BA Meshi , Peretz, BA Or , Rosenzweig, BA Natan , Shalev, BA Shani , Sandberg, PhD David E 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objective
Randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) in pediatric psychology form the foundation for evidence-based treatment and best practices in the field. Relying heavily on continuous outcome measures and group comparisons, questions concerning meaningful clinical change and treatment response rates remain open. This targeted review aimed to provide an initial description of the current state of intervention research in pediatric psychology in terms of attention to meaningful clinical change and efforts to assess and characterize participants in terms of treatment responsivity;

Methods
Online databases were used to identify a sample of RCT published in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology from 2010 to 2021 using the term “randomized” in the title. Using predefined eligibility and exclusion criteria, 43 studies were identified and analyzed with regard to characteristics of intervention, population, measurement, data reporting, and reference to indicators of clinical significance, meaningful change, treatment responsivity rates, and predictors;

Results
26 studies (60%) made no reference at all to meaningful clinical change, treatment response criteria and rates, or characteristics of treatment responders. 15 studies (35%) reported measures of meaningful change in their interpretation of group differences, to calculate sample size, in relation to baseline data only, or in describing a measure. 2 studies (5%) reported criteria for assessing meaningful change to determine individual response rates and characteristics of responders;

Conclusions
These findings highlight the need for greater emphasis on defining standards and analyzing treatment outcome research in terms of metrics of meaningful change and treatment response in order to better target intervention and optimize limited resources.
The Great Mimicker
Authors: Rafei Abdelghani El , Sharain Korosh , Cawcutt Kelly A. , Temesgen Zelalem 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Q fever is a zoonotic infection caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Inhalation of contaminated aerosols is the primary route of infection. Acute infection is typically asymptomatic but may present with an influenza-like illness, with evidence of pneumonia or hepatitis (or both). The diagnosis is often missed because symptoms are nonspecific. Progression to chronic infection may occur in immunocompromised patients or those with underlying valve disease. Infective endocarditis is the most common form of chronic Q fever. Serologic testing is the most valuable diagnostic tool.
Emergency Infectious Diseases
Authors: Challener Douglas W. , Marcelin Jasmine R. , O’Horo John C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Necrotizing fasciitis is an infection of the tissues between the skin and the muscular fascia. Patients may have a high fever, severe pain, tense edema, dark discoloration of the skin, and lethargy. The infection progresses very quickly, and rapid identification and treatment are essential for the best outcomes. Diagnosis is challenging because patients often have no cutaneous findings, especially in the early stage of disease. Imaging techniques such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography may be useful adjuncts when establishing the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. First-line treatment is surgical exploration and débridement.
Piggyback Ride Anyone?
Authors: Dioverti Prono Maria V. , Sohail M. Rizwan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode that is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas (including the southeastern United States). It has a unique ability to fully replicate inside its host (autoinfection) and can cause overwhelming infections in immunocompromised patients. Chronic infection is typically asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic (diarrhea, constipation, and dermatologic manifestation) and may be associated with intermittent eosinophilia. The diagnosis of a Strongyloides infection classically is established by serial stool examinations. The recommended treatment for Strongyloides infection is ivermectin (200 mcg/kg daily, for 2 consecutive days), and repeat dosing can be considered 1 week after the initial treatment.
Dermatology Crisis
Authors: Khalil Sarwat , Abu Saleh Omar M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Cutaneous reactions after antibiotic use most commonly present as exanthematous drug eruptions (80% of cases) or urticarial reactions (5%-10%). They can, however, manifest as severe cutaneous reactions (&lt;1 per 1,000 new cases) that are associated with severe, diffuse mucocutaneous involvement and severe systemic symptoms. The 3 most important drug reactions to consider are drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Diagnosis is confirmed histopathologically. Symptoms resolve rapidly within 1 to 2 weeks after discontinuation of the offending agent, and patients rarely require any treatment.
Flexor Tenosynovitis and Septic Arthritis After a Dog Bite
Authors: Riaz Talha , Abu Saleh Omar M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Initial management of dog bites includes ascertaining the extent of injury, identifying devitalized tissues, and irrigating the wound. Microbiologic assessment, aerobic and anaerobic cultures, and radiographic imaging should be obtained. Vaccination needs against rabies and tetanus should be assessed. The bacteria that cause infection in bite wounds may originate from the dog’s mouth, the patient’s own skin, and the environment. First-line oral therapy is amoxicillin-clavulanate. Intravenous options include ampicillin-sulbactam, cefoxitin, ertapenem, or moxifloxacin. It’s important to determine deeper bone and joint damage from a dog bite because duration and choice of antibiotics differ for cellulitis versus tenosynovitis and septic arthritis.
Healthy Young Woman With Fever and Jaundice
Authors: Shweta FNU , Stone Eric C. , Virk Abinash 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Yellow fever vaccine (YFV) can have rare but severe adverse events, including YFV-associated neurologic disease (YEL-AND), YFV-associated viscerotropic disease (YEL-AVD), and anaphylaxis. Risks of YEL-AND and YEL-AVD increase with age. YEL-AND is characterized by encephalitis, meningitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis within 28 days after vaccination. Meningoencephalitis is the most common manifestation. Diagnosis can be aided by polymerase chain reaction testing of cerebrospinal fluid for YF virus or for antibodies specific to the YF virus. Most patients with YEL-AND recover without residual deficits. Treatment should be chosen based on the presenting syndrome, and a neurologic consultation is warranted.
An Unusual Cause of Prosthetic Joint Infection
Authors: Oravec Caitlin P. , Osmon Douglas R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
It is important to obtain routine mycobacterial cultures in patients with a history of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment who present with culture-negative infection. BCG sepsis syndrome can develop a few days to months after instillations are completed. Presenting features include fever, weight loss, and dyspnea. Disseminated complications from BCG therapy usually are managed with 3 to 9 months of therapy: the first 2 to 3 months of treatment are with rifampin, isoniazid, and ethambutol, and then therapy is completed with rifampin and isoniazid. Glucocorticoids may also have a role in treatment.
A Travel Souvenir
Authors: Castillo Almeida Natalia E. , Kasten Mary J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Infections of the urinary system may involve the lower urinary tract (confined to the bladder) or the upper urinary tract (pyelonephritis). The spectrum of urinary conditions ranges from asymptomatic bacteriuria, symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI), and sepsis associated with UTI that requires hospital admission. The treatment of UTIs include antibiotics that can result in long-term alteration of the normal microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract and in the development of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. For this reason, a urine sample should be cultured to identify causative organisms and their antimicrobial susceptibilities.
Self-Transcendence
Authors: Cloninger C. Robert , Cloninger Kevin M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Self-transcendence is the process by which a person becomes aware of their participation in something greater than their individual self. The conscious realization of participation in something beyond yourself, such as union with nature, humanity, or God, evokes positive emotions, particularly joy and awe, which are often combined with attitudes of humility and reverence. The cultivation of self-transcendence provides a coherent perspective on living that promotes physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. If we accept that virtue involves respect for the dignity of others and not just one’s individual self, then the cultivation of self-transcendence is essential to all aspects of virtue. In this chapter, we provide several lines of empirical evidence about human nature, ecological systems, well-being, and virtue that provide a solid foundation to guide clinical practice in promoting health. Prospective studies indicate that the cultivation of self-transcendence and well-being involves the dynamic interplay of three processes: the awakening of plasticity (i.e., being able and willing to change); virtue (i.e., having intuitive insight into what is good for a person’s self and others); and creative functioning (i.e., being innovative, purposeful and responsible so that our habits are congruent with our goals and values). The cultivation of self-transcendence by these three processes describes the essential features of the path to a life that is healthy, happy, and good. We describe evidence-based practices that are effective in motivating people to create opportunities for their own well-being and that of others by cultivating self-transcendence.
Care of the patient with inherited cardiac conditions and congenital heart diseases
Authors: Ingles Jodie , Bueser Tootie , McKeown Pascal , Moons Philip , Fitzsimons Donna 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The inherited basis of certain cardiac conditions is a rapidly expanding area of knowledge development and future innovations in care pathways are anticipated. Understanding the genetic basis of disease can have significant benefit. Inherited cardiac conditions encompasses cardiomyopathies, arrhythmic syndromes, aortopathies, and others and are defined by their clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Sudden cardiac death is a tragic outcome of some inherited cardiac conditions and therefore effective screening and primary prevention is vitally important. There is also a risk of poor psychological outcomes and changes to family and social function. Congenital heart disease is a collection of gross structural abnormalities of the heart or intrathoracic great vessels that have actual or potential functional significance. Congenital heart disease comprises a wide spectrum of simple, moderate, and complex severity lesions. The population of patients with congenital heart disease is growing, which results in an increased demand for nursing care. While treatment options have improved in many cases, the impact of inherited cardiac conditions and congenital heart diseases is multifaceted and lifelong. Caring for patients with these conditions requires a holistic and ongoing assessment, a distinct patient- and family-centred approach, and shared decision-making from all professionals in the interdisciplinary team.
Addressing the current challenges for the delivery of holistic care
Authors: Thompson David R. , Kyriakou Martha , Uchmanowicz Izabella , Keenan Jan , Khatib Rani , Hill Loreena , Neubeck Lis , Lambrinou Ekaterini , Barrowcliff Abigail 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Contemporary challenges for holistic care include frailty and ageing, multimorbidity, polypharmacy, caregiver involvement, palliative and supportive care, cultural and socioeconomic issues, and gender inequalities. Frailty is a growing health problem among older people, especially women, and linked with an increased risk in mortality, disability, and cognitive decline. Patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) often present with other comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, cancer, depression, arthritis, frailty, and cognitive impairment, which require a tailored ‘person-centred’ holistic approach using skilled clinical judgement and good communication and should draw upon a range of resources, including informal carers, friends, and family, who often provide considerable support to people with multimorbidity. Polypharmacy, the concurrent use of multiple medications by a person, is a growing issue, especially among older people with multimorbidity. Problematic polypharmacy occurs where the benefits of one or more of these medicines are not realized, patients experience inappropriate or avoidable adverse drug reactions, or patients are non-adherent. Regular medicines review, evaluation of adherence, and appropriate deprescribing are essential. Many patients with advanced CVD and serious symptoms require palliative care which should be integrated with usual cardiovascular care from diagnosis. Cultural and socioeconomic issues are increasingly being recognized as important determinants of the cause and outcome of CVD and should be considered in any intervention, such as health behaviour change, when holistically assessing a patient with CVD. Females with CVD should be provided with equal access to care, a prompt diagnosis, and treatments based on the guidelines and recommendations at the same rate and intensity as their male counterparts.
Hormones and Receptors
Authors: Funder John W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Hormones are one of the two overarching command and control systems in the body, the other being the central and peripheral nervous system. They complement one another in various ways: hormones are like radio, widely transmitted, requiring a specific receiver (aka receptor); the nervous system is like a landline telephone network. There are obvious differences, in that the nervous system is partially under conscious control. There are less obvious differences, in that endocrine receptors are high affinity, allowing signalling via low levels of circulating hormones; receptors for neurotransmitters are low affinity, rapidly on and off, allowing millisecond responses. After considerations of binding per se, and further distinction between the two control systems, a case study on the complexity surrounding one particular endocrine receptor is presented. The ancillary mechanisms in epithelial tissues conferring aldosterone selectivity on mineralocorticoid receptors, their evolution from a primordial corticoid receptor, and mechanisms of receptor antagonism detailed.
Genetic Aspects of Endocrine Disease
Authors: Cole Trevor 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In 1953, when Watson and Crick published their paper on the double helical structure of DNA, it would have been difficult to foresee the future impact this would have on clinical care, and unlikely anyone would have predicted the relatively slow progress over the subsequent 33 years compared to rapidity of change in the last decade. The current speed and low cost of molecular genetic analysis means that genomic testing now has the potential to provide diagnostic answers, individualized care (often described as personalized or precision treatment) and clear guidance for members of the extended family, in a timely manner for many patients with acute disease episodes or complex rare disorders. The challenge now to health provision across the globe is to interpret and manage appropriately the huge amount of data generated, and develop a workforce and service structures which can deliver this technology in an efficient, effective, and equitable manner. Understanding how genes may act directly on one or multiple glands, often with the ability to result in hyperfunction and hypofunction in a mutation dependent manner or alternatively modify the action of multiple genes in a complex pathway has had a major impact on our understanding in endocrinology and will be illustrated in the following chapters. This review will provide some historical background and identify how the field of genomics will continue to impact of clinical practice in Endocrinology and Diabetes, as well as addressing some of the challenges and barriers that need to be overcome.
Histopathology of Pituitary Tumours
Authors: Syro Luis V. , Rotondo Fabio , Kovacs Kalman 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are frequently occurring, benign neoplasms that can be distinguished based on their clinical presentation, hormone secretion, growth potential, and morphology. This chapter describes the pituitary gland and its wide spectrum of tumours based on their morphologic characteristics including histologic, immunohistochemical, transcription factor profiles, ultrastructural features along with their molecular and genetic characteristics that emanate from pituitary gland dysfunction. It summarizes both the clinically functioning as well as non-functioning adenomas. The histopathologic descriptions in this chapter can be utilized as a diagnostic tool to establish diagnosis and classification of the various pituitary tumour types currently defined by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Imaging of the Pituitary
Authors: Bonneville Jean-François , Nagi Sonia , Potorac Iulia 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is currently considered as a major keystone of the diagnosis of diseases of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal region. The relatively small size of the pituitary gland, its deep location at the skull base, and the numerous physiological variants impede the precise assessment of the anatomical structure of the pituitary gland. Advanced MRI technology, particularly 3T MR, is able to depict tiny lesions such as corticotropic picoadenomas with greater reliability, but also helps in the differential diagnosis of larger tumours, their extension, and their relationship with the surrounding structures. This chapter describes and illustrates the role of MRI in the diagnosis of the main different lesions of the sellar region, which are likely to interest endocrinologists such as pituitary adenomas, Rathke cleft cysts, hypophysitis, and a few neoplastic and non-neoplastic entities.
Surgery of Pituitary Tumours
Authors: Penn David L. , Repetti Caroline S. , Laws Edward R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
There exist many different types of tumours that originate from the pituitary gland and the surrounding structures of the sella turcica. The most common of these tumours include pituitary adenomas and craniopharyngiomas. Pituitary tumours can cause symptoms secondary to mass effect or clinical syndromes, such as in Cushing’s disease and acromegaly, from excess hormone production. Surgical resection of pituitary tumours is generally the first-line treatment. There are two groups of surgical approaches, transcranial and endonasal, with the endoscopic transsphenoidal route rapidly becoming the standard. Surgical resection is highly successful for relief of symptoms caused by mass effect. Resection of functioning adenomas can be more challenging, but remission rates of these syndromes after surgery are high. Although the complications from these operations can be serious, they occur infrequently. The most prevalent complication associated with transsphenoidal surgery is postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak; however, advances in surgical technique have significantly reduced its incidence. Significant and continued surgical experience improves outcomes and decreases complication.
Pituitary Incidentalomas
Authors: Karavitaki Niki , Teng Chai Shu , Ahmed Shahzada 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A pituitary incidentaloma is defined strictly as a totally asymptomatic tumour, clinically and biochemically silent, discovered incidentally in a patient who is asymptomatic or, less strictly, a pituitary mass discovered in the course of evaluation for an unrelated problem. The prevalence of pituitary incidentalomas found by computed tomography (CT) ranges from 3.7% to 20% and of those found by MRI is around 10%. Although the differential diagnosis is wide, the most common aetiology is pituitary adenoma. The diagnostic evaluation includes assessment for hormonal hypersecretion and for pressure effects by the lesion (mainly hypopituitarism and visual disturbance). Overall, the published data suggest that lesions smaller than 1 cm follow benign course. In contrast, masses bigger than 1 cm are associated with higher risk of enlargement often leading to pressure effects and requiring neurosurgical intervention. If surgery is not indicated, regular follow-up mainly with imaging is recommended. A safe and cost-effective protocol for this remains to be elucidated.
Clinical Assessment of the Thyroid Patient
Authors: Pedersen Inge Bülow , Andersen Stig 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Goitre and thyroid abnormalities are common in populations with both low and high iodine intake. A clinical investigation of the thyroid, including inspection, palpation, and auscultation of the thyroid gland, remains first-line evaluation for goitre and thyroid nodules. Clinical symptoms and signs of hyper- and hypothyroidism are many and may overlap considerably with complains and abnormalities commonly seen in other diseases and in apparently healthy people. The first-line test for thyroid dysfunction is measurement of thyroid-stimulation hormone (TSH) in serum. The diagnosis and evaluation of nosological type of thyroid disorder should be substantiated by further biochemical tests and imaging procedures. Interpretation of laboratory tests of thyroid function highly depend on information on medication and clinical conditions including pregnancy.
Thyroid Imaging: Non-Isotopic Techniques
Authors: Hegedüs Laszlo , Bennedbæk Finn N. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Clinical examination and evaluation of thyroid function remain fundamental in the evaluation of thyroid disorders, but observer variation leads to a considerable heterogeneity in the evaluation of patients with suspected thyroid disease. Thus, it is not surprising that imaging of the thyroid is often performed. Although it most often cannot distinguish between benign and malignant lesions, and its clinical value is thought to be limited, a recent survey confirms the value of ultrasonography (US) in euthyroid patients with a solitary thyroid nodule. The thyroid gland can be evaluated by several non-isotopic imaging techniques. The most commonly used are US, CT, and MRI. Each method has advantages and limitations, and there is no absolute clinical indication for performing any of these imaging procedures in most patients.
Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis
Authors: Kung Annie W.C. , Cheung C.L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a condition featuring attacks of muscle weakness in the presence of hyperthyroidism. Hypokalaemia is the hallmark of TPP. The condition may be life-threatening if there is weakness of respiratory muscles or cardiac arrhythmias. If hyperthyroidism is uncontrolled, TPP is recurrent in nature. The condition has been linked with genetic mutations or variants in certain ion channels that code for sodium and potassium across cell membranes. The main ones are the KCNJ family and L-type calcium channel alpha 1 subunit. The abnormality in these ion channels leads to shifts of potassium across cell membrane in hyperthyroid state.