bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breathing life into trees: the physiological and biomechanical functions of lenticels
Authors: Rosner Sabine , Morris Hugh 
Published: May 2022

Summary
Lenticels can be defined as pores that are the entrance of a continuous aeration system from the atmosphere via the living bark to the secondary xylem in the otherwise protective layers of the periderm. Most work on lenticels has had an anatomical focus but the structure-function relationships of lenticels still remain poorly understood. Gas exchange has been considered the main function of lenticels, analogous to the stomata in leaves. In this perspective review, we introduce novel ideas pertaining to lenticel functions beyond gas exchange. We review studies on lenticel structure, as this knowledge can give information about structure-function relationships. The number of species investigated to-date is low and we provide suggestions for staining techniques for easy categorization of lenticel types. In the follow-up sections we review and bring together new hypotheses on lenticel functioning in the daily “normal operation range”, including regulative mechanisms for gas exchange and crack prevention, the “stress operation range” comprising flooding, drought and recovery from drought and the “emergency operation range”, which includes infestation by insects and pathogens, wounding and bending. We conclude that the significance of dermal tissues and particularly of lenticels for tree survival has so far been overlooked. This review aims to establish a new research discipline called “Phytodermatology”, which will help to fill knowledge gaps regarding tree survival by linking quantitative and qualitative lenticel anatomy to tree hydraulics and biomechanics. A first step into this direction will be to screen more species from a great diversity of biomes for their lenticel structure.
Development of Arthouse Cinemas in China: At a Crossroads
Authors: Purzycki Eva 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The distribution and exhibition of arthouse films in China’s burgeoning film industry came into the spotlight in 2016 with the launch of the Nationwide Alliance of Arthouse Cinemas. At the same time, issues surrounding the distribution and marketing of arthouse films have emerged in professional and academic discourse. This paper aims to better understand the unique factors that influence the Chinese arthouse film market, including the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. For this purpose, a qualitative research method combining a survey of the terrain, a review of the literature and semi-structured interviews was employed. The article argues that although China’s film industry has become first in the world in terms of the number of screens and box office takings, the arthouse cinema market is still at the exploration stage due to restrictions on film import. Arthouse cinemas are also currently facing new challenges brought on by a rise in online film consumption.
Datagrams: Diagrammatic Metadata for Humans
Authors: Morris Sara , Uttal Taneil 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Creation of metadata (data about data) takes many forms and has many standards, much of which are designed to provide information for computer algorithms to find, access, and distribute data rather than for how humans might ingest data information. The humans (engineers, technicians, operators, scientists, data managers) that are increasingly tasked with being the providers of standard scientific metadata by the data science community also have a critical need for a different kind of metadata: metadata that can be used in the field (often offline) that provide a detailed visual map of the pathway taken by the electronic signal from a measuring device to a finalized, quality controlled geophysical variable. Datagrams presented here have been developed to fill this requirement and are a user-friendly, information-rich, graphical format that outline, record, and detail the critical information and steps involved with origin, collection, dataflow, processing, and archiving of data. Datagrams are designed to provide critical information across engineering, maintenance, data processing, and scientific teams that might speak different languages but are all required to process and maintain the data or instrument. The essential components of datagrams developed for instruments operating at remote Arctic stations are described here, but of course the concept is applicable to any type of observing protocol in any location.
Ocean Surface Salinity Response to Atmospheric River Precipitation in the California Current System
Authors: Hoffman Lauren , Mazloff Matthew R. , Gille Sarah T. , Giglio Donata , Varadarajan Aniruddh 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Atmospheric rivers (ARs) result in precipitation over land and ocean. Rainfall on the ocean can generate a buoyant layer of freshwater that impacts exchanges between the surface and the mixed layer. These “fresh lenses” are important for weather and climate because they may impact the ocean stratification at all time scales. Here we use in situ ocean data, collocated with AR events, and a one-dimensional configuration of a general circulation model, to investigate the impact of AR precipitation on surface ocean salinity in the California Current System (CCS) on seasonal and event-based time scales. We find that at coastal and onshore locations the CCS freshens through the rainy season due to AR events, and years with higher AR activity are associated with a stronger freshening signal. On shorter time scales, model simulations suggest that events characteristic of CCS ARs can produce salinity changes that are detectable by ocean instruments (≥0.01 psu). Here, the surface salinity change depends linearly on rain rate and inversely on wind speed. Higher wind speeds (U > 8 m s−1) induce mixing, distributing freshwater inputs to depths greater than 20 m. Lower wind speeds (U ≤ 8 m s−1) allow freshwater lenses to remain at the surface. Results suggest that local precipitation is important in setting the freshwater seasonal cycle of the CCS and that the formation of freshwater lenses should be considered for identifying impacts of atmospheric variability on the upper ocean in the CCS on weather event time scales.

Significance Statement
Atmospheric rivers produce large amounts of rainfall. The purpose of this study is to understand how this rain impacts the surface ocean in the California Current System on seasonal and event time scales. Our results show that a greater precipitation over the rainy season leads to a larger decrease in salinity over time. On shorter time scales, these atmospheric river precipitation events commonly produce a surface salinity response that is detectable by ocean instruments. This salinity response depends on the amount of rainfall and the wind speed. In general, higher wind speeds will cause the freshwater input from rain to mix deeper, while lower wind speeds will have reduced mixing, allowing a layer of freshwater to persist at the surface.
Climate Autobiography Timeline: Adapting Timeline Research Methods to the Study of Climate Perceptions
Authors: Vilá Olivia , Finnis Joel , Koitnurm Marilyn , Stoddart Mark C. J. , Sarkar Atanu 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Climate perception is a growing area of study in the social sciences and one that has implications on the tools and strategies we use to communicate climate change risk information. However, the range of climate perception studies remains limited, focused primarily on perceptions of day-to-day weather, sudden-onset severe events, or long-term permanent change. Phenomena situated between these extremes (e.g., annual- to decadal-scale variability) are largely missing from social science of climate research. Whether this is due to limited perception by research participants, is due to limited research attention, or is a reflection of the methods commonly applied to human dimensions of climate research, this gap precludes analysis of the full range of complex climate experiences and their influence on climate perception and understanding. In this paper, we offer a proof of concept for the climate autobiography timeline (CAT), a visual timeline tool developed to assess climate perception while prompting an ordered consideration of time, with the goal of eliciting insights into complex and long-term climate experiences such as low-frequency climate variability. Results are based off a preliminary application of the CAT across focus groups conducted in Newfoundland and Labrador, a province of Canada that is subject to low-frequency climate variability and frequent high-impact weather. Results reveal three key findings: 1) weather and climate narratives are commonly anchored to two time periods, potentially obscuring perceptions of variability; 2) narratives focus on socially important weather and climate phenomena; and 3) the social and visual coconstruction of weather and climate narratives may yield more holistic representations of local climate knowledge.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this work is to highlight the utility of timeline research methods to the study of climate perception research. Specifically, the climate autobiography timeline (CAT) serves as a tool that can address limitations of research tools commonly applied to the study of climate perceptions, notably the inability for current methods to elicit and organize complex climate experiences. Failure to capture these experiences may prevent a holistic and socially grounded understanding of climate perceptions. Drawing from a preliminary application of CATs in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada, we highlight how the tool can provide information complementary to, but distinct from, data collected through more commonly used methods such as interviews or surveys. This approach holds promise for analyses of long-term climate history, impacts of historical severe events, and cultural impact of weather and climate.
Causal Chains Linking Weather Hazards to Disasters in Somalia
Authors: Gumucio Tatiana , Greatrex Helen , Lentz Erin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Weather risk management products can be critical for supporting effective humanitarian actions to mitigate and prevent disasters; however, to be truly actionable, they must be based in an understanding of how weather contributes to disaster risk, informed by humanitarians’ decision-making context. Our paper seeks to identify considerations for weather risk management products to support disaster risk management, through analysis of humanitarian perceptions of the factors and processes that contribute to weather-influenced disasters, taking Somalia as a case study. We carry out semistructured interviews with humanitarian actors familiar with using weather information in their work, and we apply social cascades and disaster risk creation as conceptual tools in our analysis. Our study finds that humanitarian actors perceive historically influenced social networks, livelihood dependence on seasonality, terrorist territorial control, public capacities to manage disasters, and household-level factors related to asset control and coping mechanisms contribute to weather-influenced disasters in Somalia. These factors and processes are part of humanitarians’ dynamic decision-making context. Key insights from our study concern the importance of understanding local geographies of marginalization to design weather risk management products with the context specificity necessary for effective humanitarian actions. Also, assessing weather effects on livelihood calendars can help identify those seasonal weather conditions most responsible for detrimental livelihood impacts. Consideration of livelihood calendars can also promote accurate assessment of the effects of consecutive weather-related hazards on coping capacities and resiliency.
Impact of Endocrinologist and Surgeon Density on Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Survival
Authors: McDow Alexandria D. , Lanzotti Nicholas , Zahnd Whitney E. , MacKinney Erin C. , Angelos Peter , Mellinger John D. , Ganai Sabha 
Published: May 2022

Background The influence of provider density and access on well-differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) survival is uncertain. Methods We used the SEER18 database to study DTC patients undergoing surgery from 2000-2012. County-level endocrinologist and surgeon density were calculated. We evaluated the relationship between provider density and cause-specific survival controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and treatment characteristics. Results Median endocrinologist density was 1.4/100 000 residents, with 15.5% of patients living in a county with no endocrinologist. Survival increased by 11% for each endocrinologist/100,000 people (P = .007). Median surgeon density was 14.8/100 000 residents, with only 1.7% of patients living in a county with no general surgeon or otolaryngologist. No significant association between surgeon density and survival was identified (P = .06). Rural residence was independently associated with lower survival (P = .009). Conclusions County-level endocrinologist density is associated with improved DTC survival. Results may reflect endocrinologist expertise, earlier diagnosis, or represent surrogacy for higher county-level access to specialized care.
Linking Data From the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry With Ambulance and Emergency Administrative Data in Victoria
Authors: Eliakundu Amminadab L. , Smith Karen , Kilkenny Monique F. , Kim Joosup , Bagot Kathleen L. , Andrew Emily , Cox Shelley , Bladin Christopher F. , Cadilhac Dominique A. 
Published: May 2022

Objective: In Australia, approximately 3 in 4 people with acute stroke use an ambulance. Few examples of merging ambulance clinical records, hospital government data, and national registry data for stroke exist. We sought to understand the advantages of using linked datasets for describing the full clinical journey of people with stroke and the possibility of investigating their long-term outcomes based on pre-hospital management of stroke. Method: Patient-level data from the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry (AuSCR) (January 2013-October 2017) were linked with Ambulance Victoria (AV) records and Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset (VEMD). Probabilistic iterative matching on personal identifiers were used and records merged with a project specific identification number. Results: Of the 7,373 episodes in the AuSCR and 6,001 in the AV dataset; 4,569 (62%) were matched. Unmatched records that were positive for “arrival by ambulance” in the AuSCR and VEMD (no corresponding record in AV) were submitted to AV. AV were able to identify 148/435 additional records related to these episodes. The final cohort included 4,717 records (median age: 73 years, female 42%, ischemic stroke 66%). Conclusion: The results of the data linkage provides greater confidence for use of these data for future research related to pre-hospital management of stroke.
Estimation of the organ of origin of peri-ampullary malignancy by preoperative CT scan
Authors: Amr Bassem , MacCormick Andrew , Miles Gemma , Shahtahmassebi Golnaz , Roobottom Carl , Stell David 
Published: May 2022

BackgroundTumors occurring within the pancreatic head commonly arise from the pancreas, duodenal ampulla, distal bile duct, or duodenum. However, they are difficult to distinguish on standard preoperative imaging.PurposeTo assess the ability of specialist reporting of preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans to determine the organ of origin of pancreatic cancer (PC).Material and MethodsBlinded re-reporting of preoperative imaging from five hospitals was undertaken of a consecutive cohort of 411 patients undergoing surgery for PC between January 2006 and May 2014. Radiological identification of tumor site was determined by the presence of the main tumor bulk within the pancreatic head parenchyma and estimation of the pathological organ of origin of the PC was based on all the reported features.ResultsEach pathological tumor type was noted to have distinct radiological features. Localization of a visible tumor within the pancreatic parenchyma was seen most commonly in PC (92%) than other tumor types ( P < 0.0001). Local invasion into the duodenum was a characteristic feature seen in 79% of patients with ampullary tumors and isolated dilation of the bile duct without dilation of the pancreatic duct was seen most commonly in patients with ampullary or bile duct cancer. In the assessment of tumor origin, good agreement (kappa = 0.6, 0.51–0.68) was noted between the consensus radiology opinion and the final histology result. Overall accuracy was greatest for ampullary cancer (88.1%) and lowest for PC (83.2%).ConclusionRadiological assessment of preoperative imaging provides a high degree of accuracy in predicting the organ of origin of peri-ampullary cancer.
Surgical Repair of Stener-like Injuries of the Medial Collateral Ligament of the Knee in Professional Athletes
Authors: Thompson Joshua W. , Rajput Vishal , Kayani Babar , Plastow Ricci , Magan Ahmed , Haddad Fares S. 
Published: May 2022

Background: A “Stener-like” lesion of the knee is defined as a distal avulsion of the superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) with interposition of the pes anserinus between the ligament and its tibial insertion—a displacement impeding anatomic healing. Because of the scarcity of these injuries, the literature is limited to case reports and small case series. Purpose: To assess the effect of surgical repair of acute Stener-like lesions of the sMCL on the following outcomes: return to preinjury level of sporting function; time to return to preinjury level of sporting function; functional performance; injury recurrence; and any other complications. Study Design: Case series: Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This prospective single–surgeon study included 23 elite athletes with a mean age of 27.2 years (range, 19-37 years). Of the participants, 20 were men (87%) and 3 were women (13%). The mean body mass index was 23.1 ± 2.3. A total of 16 athletes were soccer players (70%) and 7 were rugby players (30%), with isolated acute, traumatic Stener-like lesions of the sMCL of the knee confirmed on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Surgical repair was undertaken with primary suture anchor repair with ligament repair or reconstruction system (LARS) augmentation. Predefined outcomes were recorded at regular intervals after surgery. The minimum follow–up time was 24 months (range, 24-108 months) from the date of surgery. Results: The mean time from injury to surgical intervention was 9 days (range, 3-28 days). Overall, 15 (65%) athletes had isolated distal sMCL injuries requiring anatomic suture anchor repair at the distal tibial insertion site only, and 8 (35%) athletes had concomitant injuries of the proximal and distal sMCL and required anatomic suture anchor repair at the proximal and distal attachment sites. Ten athletes required LARS augmentation at the time of the index operation. All study patients returned to their preinjury level of sporting activity in professional soccer or rugby. The mean time from surgical intervention to return to full sporting activity was 16.8 ± 2.7 weeks. At 6 and 24 months’ follow–up, all patients had Tegner scores of 10. At a 2–year follow–up, all study patients were still participating at their preinjury level of sporting activity. Three patients developed complications around the LARS that required further surgery to remove synthetic material; however, this did not affect function. Conclusion: Surgical repair of acute Stener-like lesions of the sMCL is associated with a high return to preinjury level of sporting function, excellent functional performance, and a low risk of recurrence at short–term follow-up in elite athletes.
Low Tube Voltage Chest Computed Tomography With Enhancement Using Low-Concentration Iodinated Contrast Media: Comparison of 240 mg/mL Versus 300 mg/mL Iodinated Contrast Media
Authors: Chang Suyon , Jung Jung Im , Beck Kyongmin S. 
Published: May 2022

Purpose: To evaluate the image quality of low voltage chest computed tomography with enhancement (CECT) using low-concentration-iodine contrast media (LCCM). Method: From 9 December to 19 December 2019, three different protocols were used for 263 patients undergoing chest CECT. Chest CECT was done using routine (300 mgI/ml contrast media with 100 kVp) protocol (group 1), LCCM (240 mgI/ml contrast media)–100 kVp protocol (group 2) and LCCM–80 kVp protocol (group 3) in 91, 97 and 75 patients, respectively. The overall diagnostic acceptability, anatomical depiction, noise and contrast-related artifacts were assessed. Additionally, the mean attenuation, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and figure of merit (FOM) in the aorta and the main pulmonary trunk were measured. Results: The overall diagnostic acceptability scores were not significantly different between groups 1 and 2 ( P = .261); group 3 demonstrated significantly lower overall diagnostic acceptability score compared with group 1 ( P = .011) or group 2 ( P < .001). However, in CECT with iterative reconstruction (IR), the overall diagnostic acceptability scores did not show significant difference among 3 groups. Group 3 showed significantly lower effective radiation dose compared with group 1 (2.33 vs 1.22 mSv, P < .001) or group 2 (2.28 vs .22 mSv, P < .001). Conclusions: In 100 kVp chest CECT, the image quality of using 240 mg/mL iodinated contrast media is comparable to that using 300 mg/mL iodine contrast media, regardless of application of IR; with IR, chest CECT using 80 kVp and 240 mg/mL iodinated contrast media results in acceptable image quality and lower radiation dose.
Idebenone regulates sirt1/Nrf2/TNF-α pathway with inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in testicular torsion/detorsion in juvenile rats
Authors: Abdelzaher Walaa Yehia , Mostafa-Hedeab Gomaa , Sayed AboBakr Ali Abdel Hamid , Fawzy Michael Atef , Ahmed Amira F , Bahaa El-deen Mohamed Ahmed , Welson Nermeen N , Aly Labib Dina A 
Published: May 2022

Testicular torsion is an emergency, mainly in newborn and adolescent males, resulting in testicular ischemia. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of Idebenone (IDE) on testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D) in juvenile rats. Thirty-two rats were randomized into: (1) the sham group: rats received sham operations with no other interventions; (2) the IDE group: rats received idebenone (100 mg/kg, i. p) without T/D; (3) the T/D group: rats underwent torsion for 2 h and detorsion for 4 h; and (4) the IDE+ T/D group: rats received IDE 1 h before T/D. Testicular malondialdehyde (MDA), total nitrite/nitrate (NOx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), caspase-3, sirtuin type 1 (Sirt1), serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β), total cholesterol, and testosterone were measured. Histological changes, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like-2 factors (Nrf2), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immuno-expressions were assessed. T/D displayed an increase in MDA, NOx, TNF-α, caspase-3, IL-1β, and total cholesterol with a significant decrease in TAC, Sirt1, and testosterone and strong positive Nrf2 and negative PCNA immuno-expressions. IDE could improve all oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic indicators. Therefore, IDE significantly reduced testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in the juvenile rat testicular T/D model by limiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis via the Sirt1/Nrf2/TNF-α pathway.
Impact of Divorce Law Liberalisation on Domestic Violence
Authors: Malhotra Shreya 
Published: May 2022

I examine the extent to which a shift from a mutual consent divorce regime to a unilateral divorce regime (UDR) succeeds in preventing domestic violence. In my framework, a partner may be inclined to violence but dislikes being subjected to a partner’s violence. I find that, when payoff from marriage is positive, both parties choose the maximum level of violence under a mutual consent regime (MCR). There is a parameter zone within which domestic violence falls as a transition is made to a UDR. Further, I find that policymakers can reduce the cost of filing for divorce. I also find that the marriage rate changes with the switch in the regime. JEL: C72, D10, D13, K36