bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crop rotational diversity alters the composition of stabilized soil organic matter compounds in soil physical fractions
Authors: Tong Huan , Man Meiling , Wagner-Riddle Claudia , Dunfield Kari E. , Deen Bill , Simpson Myrna J. 
Published: November 2022

Crop rotational diversity is an important part of sustainable agricultural and soil management to improve crop yield and soil fertility including enhancing soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization. Because of the physical protection via interactions with soil minerals, SOM in mineral-associated fractions is believed to be longer-lived and more stable relative to SOM in particulate (light) fractions. However, it is still unclear how crop rotational diversity alters soil carbon distribution, composition and stabilization in soil physical fractions. To address this, we studied a 37 years’ agricultural site with different crop rotational diversity (from continuous corn or alfalfa up to four species (corn, soybean, winter wheat, and red clover)). Soil carbon analysis, targeted compound analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods were used to obtain the distribution and degradation of SOM components in light and mineral-associated (F53–2000 µm, F2–53 µm, and F<2 µm) fractions. Higher soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations were observed in F<2 µm with relatively high diversified crop rotations (three and four types of crops) compared to monoculture or two crops in the rotations, which suggests that carbon storage is enhanced in mineral-stabilized pools. Higher concentrations of long-chain aliphatic compounds as well as increased accumulation and preservation of lignin-derived compounds in fine aggregates (<53 µm) were also observed with relatively high diversified crop rotations. Overall, the increased concentration and preservation of specific SOM compounds as well as increased SOC in finer mineral-associated fractions (<53 µm) suggests that crop rotational diversity may enhance the long-term stability of SOM in agroecosystems.
Hawking temperature and the bound on greybody factors in $$D=4$$ double field theory
Authors: Liu Yang 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe investigate the basic properties of Hawking radiation for spherical solutions in $$D=4$$

D
=
4

double field theory. We give the expression of the Hawking temperature for the solution and then discuss the results of various limits. We find that for all these limits only Schwarzschild solution and F-JNW solution can generate Hawking radiation. Moreover, we obtain the lower bound on greybody factors $$\sigma _l(\omega )$$

σ
l

(
ω
)

for the spherical solutions in $$D=4$$

D
=
4

double field theory. In particular, we calculate the bound on greybody factors $$\sigma _l(\omega )$$

σ
l

(
ω
)

for F-JNW solution. For F-JNW solution, $$\sigma _l(\omega )$$

σ
l

(
ω
)

monotonically increases as a and b increase.
Binary Sacrificial Coatings for Internal Corrosion Protection of Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Belarbi Zineb , Dogan Omer , Teeter Lucas , Chinn Richard E 
Published: November 2022

One of the top reasons for the leaks in natural gas transmission pipelines is related to the internal corrosion of steel pipelines, mainly due to the presence of incidental H2O and CO2 in the line. Adding a protective coating or liner to the inner pipe surface reduces internal corrosion; however, conventional coatings (e.g., paint, epoxy, polyethylene, etc.) are insufficient to provide long-term corrosion resistance due to the permeation of the corrosive species such as H2O, CO2, Cl-. This research aimed to investigate the corrosion behavior of binary sacrificial coating for the protection of pipeline steel in a CO2-saturated aqueous electrolyte under natural gas pipeline conditions.
Two types of the cold spray binary metallic coatings (ZnCr, ZnNb) were studied using electrochemical techniques: potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), linear polarization resistance (LPR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The evaluation of the corrosion resistance of cold spray binary metallic coatings (ZnCr, ZnNb) was carried out in an environment containing 3 barg CO2 pressure, simulating the partial pressures that are found in gas transmission over a solution of 3.5 wt.% NaCl heated to 40 ºC. Post-corrosion surface characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
The EDS mapping analysis and XRD results revealed the presence of ZnCO3 layer. EDS analysis showed that no Cr was detected on the surface of ZnCr coating after 24 hours of exposure. This may be due to a thick layer of ZnCO3 formed on top of the ZnCr coating. The obtained data showed that cold spray binary metallic coatings (ZnCr, ZnNb) can be used as sacrificial anodic materials to protect the interior of the steel pipeline against CO2 corrosion in a natural gas transmission environment. Furthermore, self-healing properties of the binary metallic coatings were demonstrated as protective corrosion products formed on the damaged regions of the coating.
Keywords
:
CO2 corrosion, natural gas pipelines, cold spray coatings, zinc alloy, sacrificial coatings, self-healing coatings, electrochemical reaction autoclave
Enhanced Passivity and Resistance to Pitting of New Cr-Fe-Co-Ni-Mo Multi-Principal Element Single-Phase Alloys
Authors: Marcus Philippe , Wang Xueying , Zanna Sandrine , Seyeux Antoine , Perrière Loïc , Laurent-Brocq Mathilde , Guillot Ivan , Mercier Dimitri , Maurice Vincent 
Published: November 2022

Extensive thermodynamic calculations exploring the large composition space of the Cr-Fe-Co-Ni-Mo system were performed in order to design new multi-principal element single-phase fcc alloys with enhanced passivity and resistance to localised corrosion.
This presentation will cover several aspects from design to production, passivation, surface analysis and pitting resistance of alloys with up to 15 at.% Mo . The newly designed and produced quinary alloys, Cr25Fe25Co5Ni40Mo5 and Cr15Fe10Co5Ni60Mo10 (at.%) show superior resistance to localised corrosion in chloride solution. The chemical states, composition and stratification of passive films were investigated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The resistance to pitting was measured after pre-passivation of the alloy surfaces in Cl--free acidic solution.
Stratification of the passive films was observed, with Cr, Fe, Ni,Mo oxides and hydroxides in the outer layer and Cr oxide in the inner layer.The amounts and distribution of chloride ions that penetrated into the passive films were also investigated. In-depth profiles show that, on the Mo-bearing alloys, chloride ions do not penetrate the Mo-enriched outer layer of the oxide film.
A direct link between the structural and chemical nature of passive films and the resistance to pitting in chloride solution was observed.

This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (advanced grant agreement # 741123)
Localized Environment Enriched with Hydrogen Sulfide for Inducing Sulfide Stress Cracking on Type-430 Stainless Steel
Authors: Fushimi Koji , Yanagimoto Haruno , Shoji Sunao , Kitagawa Yuichi , Hasegawa Yasuchika 
Published: November 2022

Exposure tests to hydrogen sulfide environments are frequently used to evaluate hydrogen sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSC) in steel. However, there are many safety restrictions in handling hydrogen sulfide, and the maintenance of the facilities is very costly. To improve this situation, an electrochemical measurement method that can be used even in laboratories to simulate hydrogen sulfide stress corrosion tests easily. Specifically, a safe hydrogen sulfide corrosion test method was developed using a local hydrogen sulfide concentration environment near the steel surface.
A local acidic environment of pH 3-4 was induced by constant potential anodic polarization of a platinum electrode below 2 VSHE in an aqueous sodium sulfide solution. Exposure of the carbon steel surface to a local acidic environment resulted in the formation of iron sulfides such as FeS and FeS2 on the surface, accompanied by a negative shift of the carbon steel electrode potential and an increase in the microelectrode current. Local acidification of a potentiostatically polarized type-430 steel surface confirmed the existence of a critical potential at which the steel surface begins to depassivate and actively dissolve. It was suggested that the substitution of iron oxide for iron sulfide in a hydrogen sulfide environment determines the sulfidation of the steel surface. Using this method, furthermore, the formation of cracks was successfully induced on the surface of type-430 steel under tensile stress loading.
Respirometric Techniques for Real-Time Monitoring of Corrosion Reactions
Authors: Virtanen Sannakaisa 
Published: November 2022

Recently, we have introduced novel respirometric methods for real-time monitoring of corrosion, both for atmospheric corrosion [1,2] and immersion conditions [3]. The approach is based on monitoring the rate of the cathodic reactions with help of different types of sensors; this enables to track the O2 reduction reaction and the H2 evolution reaction simultaneously. Different experimental setups have been developed, from static to flow cell scenarios. Moreover, combining respirometry with time-lapse microscopy reveals interesting details on initiation and propagation of corrosion. Most recently, the respirometric setups were coupled with electrochemistry [4], enlarging the corrosion cases to be studied from open-circuit conditions to potential-controlled systems. With this, it is possible for instance to follow and quantify the amount of oxygen evolving during transpassive dissolution of stainless steels at potentials above the water stability region (i.e., the net electrical current/charge can be assigned into partial currents for oxygen evolution and for metal dissolution). Examples will be presented, to illustrate the potential of these techniques to reveal new insights into corrosion mechanisms of active and passive metals and alloys.
References

M. Strebl, S. Virtanen, Real-Time Monitoring of Atmospheric Magnesium Alloy Corrosion, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 166 (2019) C3001-C3009

M. Strebl, M. Bruns, S. Virtanen, Editors’ Choice—Respirometric in Situ Methods for Real-Time Monitoring of Corrosion Rates: Part I. Atmospheric Corrosion, J. Electrochem. Soc. 167 (2020) 21510

M.G. Strebl, M.P. Bruns, G. Schulze, S. Virtanen, Respirometric In Situ Methods for Real-Time Monitoring of Corrosion Rates: Part II. Immersion, J. Electrochem. Soc. 168 (2021) 11502

M.G. Strebl, M.P. Bruns, S. Virtanen, Coupling Respirometric HER and ORR Monitoring with Electrochemical Measurements, Electrochimica Acta 412 (2022) 140152
Alkali Chloride Molten Salt Corrosion Testing Using a Rotating Cylindrical Electrode
Authors: Townsend Ty , Chidambaram Dev 
Published: November 2022

Next generation nuclear reactors utilizing alkali chloride molten salts are currently under development. These reactors operate at a higher temperature and more efficient than current nuclear reactors. Molten salt reactors necessitate research to develop knowledge of corrosion of the structural materials for this application. Static corrosion tests may fail to account for the effects that fluid flow may have on corrosion and molten salt flow loops can be complex and uneconomical. A rotating cylindrical electrode (RCE) can simulate the effects of flow on the corrosion of structural components and are more elementary than a flow loop. We have developed a rotating cylindrical electrode apparatus to study the effects flow may have on corrosion of structural materials in alkali chloride molten salts using accelerated electrochemical corrosion testing techniques and surface characterization techniques which are then compared to static alkali chloride molten salt corrosion. Results and analysis of the effects of fluid flow on accelerated electrochemical corrosion of structural materials will be presented.
Acknowledgement:
This research is being performed using funding received from the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy's Nuclear Energy University Programs under awards DE-NE0008889 and DE-NE0008236, and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) under contract 31310018M0032. Dr. Kenny Osborne and Ms. Nancy Hebron-Isreal serve as the program managers for the DOE and NRC awards, respectively.
Materials Exposure Testing in Chloride Molten Salts for Nuclear Applications
Authors: Townsend Ty , Chidambaram Dev 
Published: November 2022

Advanced nuclear reactors using alkali chloride molten salts are actively being developed for deployment as safer next generation reactors. These reactors operate more efficiently and can enable a more flexible nuclear fuel cycle. These designs require the development of the understanding of corrosion at operational conditions. Static corrosion studies fail to capture the effects of flowing electrolyte on the corrosion in these systems. To simulate the effects of flow, we have designed and commissioned an apparatus for such corrosion studies. This study explored the corrosion of alloys in LiCl-KCl eutectic molten salt. After long-term exposure under simulated flow conditions, corrosions samples were evaluated using gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the results are compared to corrosion under static conditions. Results and analysis of the effects of fluid flow on the corrosion on structural materials will be presented.
Acknowledgement:
This research is being performed using funding received from the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy's Nuclear Energy University Programs under awards DE-NE0008889 and DE-NE0008236, and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) under contract 31310018M0032. Dr. Kenny Osborne and Ms. Nancy Hebron-Isreal serve as the program managers for the DOE and NRC awards, respectively.
Spectroelectrochemistry of the Electrolytic Reduction of Trivalent Lanthanides in LiCl-KCl Eutectic Molten Salt
Authors: Moon Jeremy , Chidambaram Dev 
Published: November 2022

Understanding the speciation of dissolved lanthanides and actinides in molten salts and the chemical behavior of those species is vital to the development of homogenously fueled molten salt reactors and pyrochemical reprocessing of used nuclear fuel. The coupling of spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis can provide complimentary information about the chemistry and speciation of elements dissolved in molten salt mixtures, which is crucial for managing, amongst other concerns, corrosion issues in the process. We have developed a custom furnace with optical pathways for spectroscopic measurements and provisions for the insertion of electrodes into samples inside the furnace. Absorbance spectra were recorded during the electrolytic reduction of trivalent lanthanides in LiCl-KCl molten salt. The absorbance spectra yield insight into the progression of the electrolytic reduction of the species of interest while the electrolytic reduction provides a means of studying the electronic structure and transitions of soluble reduced species of the lanthanides and potentially monitoring changes to concentrations of the oxidized and reduced species.
Acknowledgements:
This research is being performed using funding received from the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy's Nuclear Energy University Programs under award DE-NE0008889 and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) under contract NRC-HQ-13-G-38-0027. Dr. Kenny Osborne and Ms. Nancy Hebron-Isreal serve as the program managers for the DOE and NRC awards, respectively.
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. DGE-1447692. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, or the United States Government.
Identifying, Predicting and Preventing Localized Corrosion in Kr-85 Storage Canisters from the Reprocessing of Nuclear Fuel
Authors: Demarest Charles , Scully John R. , Asmussen Matthew 
Published: November 2022

During the reprocessing of nuclear fuel radioactive gases are released from the fuel matrix. These gases need to be separated and stored to prevent release into the environment. It is proposed that certain risk factors, which are elucidated herein, caused accelerated corrosion of the interior canister walls breaking containment of legacy storage canisters. The main risk factor of concern is the effect of Rb-85. Rb-85 is produced from the radioactive beta minus decay of Kr-85. The main question is whether an environment containing Rb as a decay product causes corrosion of the canister materials at an accelerated rate. If this does occur, the the corrosion threat will grow with time as more rubidium is produced.
Based on the environment within the canister, and the risk factors of the system, a corrosion lifecycle has been developed and is briefly discussed. Stage 1 represents the canister at high temperature of 600°C after it has been sealed and hot isotactic pressed (HIP) for 4 hours. In this stage it is possible for oxides to form on the canister walls due to the residual oxygen in the canister from loading. It is possible that the presence of Rb will interact with the canister material and disrupt the formation of iron and chromium oxides. These Rb oxides, if present, may not inhibit corrosion thus causing an increase in the corrosion rates. Stage 2 represents the canister cooling from 600°C to ambient. In this stage wet thermal oxides will form on the canister walls as the temperature drops below the deliquescence point and water droplets appear, setting up the conditions for aqueous corrosion, like stage 1 the possible formation of RbxCryOzwhich may not be as protective as other oxides, can cause an increase in corrosion rates. Stage 3 represent oxide and environmental interactions. In this stage the environmental risk factors, such as the presence of cathodic reactants oxygen, hydron and peroxide, will create conditions to enable aqueous corrosion. Stages 4 through 8, describe the stages of pitting, uniform corrosion, and galvanic corrosion. Because the material chosen for the canister is 4130 low alloy steel, and the welding material used was 304 stainless steel, there is the possibility of galvanic corrosion. This can increase the uniform corrosion rate, and lead to more pitting events causing depassivation of the surface, or deeper pit penetration. The chosen canister materials are also at risk of pitting attack, the risk of which is increased as the canister is likely driven to alkalinity from the products of the cathodic reaction. Pitting is especially dangerous to the canister which needs to maintain containment for 100 years.
This work looks to test the risk factors and develop a mechanistic understanding of the canister’s corrosion process with the goal of recommending a material that will be able to maintain containment for the needed 100 years if nuclear fuel were to start being repressed in the United States.
(Invited) High Entropy Multication Oxide Battery Materials
Authors: Bridges Craig A. , Prasad Thapaliya Bishnu , Borisevich Albina , Fan Juntian , Dai Sheng 
Published: November 2022

High entropy oxides (HEOs), in which multication occupation of a single crystallographic site plays an important role in the properties, have become relevant in energy storage [1,2], catalysis [3.4], and many more areas. In a subset of these compounds the entropy, rather than enthalpy, plays a dominant role in stabilizing a single-phase structure at high temperatures. In other cases, the multication occupation merely contributes to stability and properties, but the entropy remains dominant in the stability. The field originated with high entropy metal alloys (HEAs)[5], and then expanded to oxides, borides, sulfides, and more. In the case of HEOs, the first example is the rock salt (Mg0.2Ni0.2Co0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2)O, which has generated a great deal of interest in this class of materials.[6,7] It has been shown that HEOs are of interest for high ionic conductivity and electrochemical energy storage. We have examined the electrochemical performance of new high entropy elecrolytes and found an effect of composition on the cycling performance. Samples were prepared through sol-gel routes and high energy milling of starting binary oxides. We have investigated the synthesis using high temperature in-situ X-ray diffraction on a Panalytical diffractometer equipped with an XRK900 stage. STEM/EDS studies on ex-situ samples will be presented that show elemental distribution, with Raman and EIS measurements providing information on ionic diffusion. The results of this study will be highly impactful for the growing community of researchers investigating the design and synthesis of the new class of materials, the high entropy oxides.
[1] Q. Wang, et. al., Multi-anionic and -cationic compounds: new high entropy materials for advanced Li-ion batteries, Energy Environ. Sci., 2019, 12, 2433; [2] D. Berardan, et. al., Room temperature lithium superionic conductivity in high entropy oxides, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016, 4, 9536.; [3] H. Chen, et al., Mechanochemical Synthesis of High Entropy Oxide Materials under Ambient Conditions: Dispersion of Catalysts via Entropy Maximization, ACS Materials Lett. 2019, 1, 1, 83–88; [4] H. Chen, et. al., Entropy-stabilized metal oxide solid solutions as CO oxidation catalysts with high-temperature stability, J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 11129-11133; [5] Y. Lu, et. al., Sci. Rep. 4, 6200 (2014); Y. F. Ye, et. al., Mater. Today 19 (6), 349 (2016); Zhang, Y., et. al., Nature Commun. 6, 8736 (2015); [6] C. M. Rost, et. al., Nature Commun. 6, 8485 (2015); [7] B. Jiang, et. al., Probing the Local Site Disorder and Distortion in Pyrochlore High-Entropy Oxides. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2021, 143, (11), 4193-4204
(Invited) Rechargeable Solid State Batteries: Development and Advances for Automotive Applications
Authors: Gattu Bharat , Atienza Dianne , Moazzen Elahe , Parrondo Javier , Dhindsa Kulwinder , Dale Nilesh , Zamani Somayeh , Ueda Naoki 
Published: November 2022

Lithium ion batteries have been marked by steady progress over the past few decades owing to their high volumetric and gravimetric energy storage densities. The advent of LIBs resulted in the consistent shift of automotive industry towards hybrid EV's and BEV's. The Nissan Leaf, introduced in Japan and the United States in December 2010, became the first modern all-electric, zero tailpipe emission five door family hatchback to be produced for the mass market from a major manufacturer. Newer models targeted at different customer segments are under development at Nissan and there has been need for more efficient, cost effective and safer LIBs to cater to the needs of the commute.
More recently, efforts at Nissan have been diverted towards solid state batteries owing to their ability of surpassing the traditional liquid electrolyte based battery due to higher energy / power densities as well as safety. As a part of Nissan Ambition 2030, research is heavily focused towards development of ASSBs both in terms of chemistry as well as manufacturing technologies. The presentation showcases the efforts of Nissan towards the path of automotive electrification and progress in material, electrode and cell level technologies based on lithium ion batteries and solid state batteries.