bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Groups of Rotations of Euclidean and Hyperbolic Spaces
Authors: Beardon A. F. , Minda D. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn both the Euclidean plane$${\mathbb {R}}^2$$R2and the hyperbolic plane$${\mathbb {H}}^2$$H2, a non-trivial group of rotations has a unique fixed point. We compare groups of rotations of the three-dimensional spaces$${\mathbb {R}}^3$$R3and$${\mathbb {H}}^3$$H3, and in each case we discuss the existence of a (possibly non-unique) common fixed point of the elements in such a group.
Prävalenz und Auswirkungen von Untergewicht im professionellen Bühnentanz
Authors: Stawiarski Lina , Wanke Eileen M. 
Published: March 2022

ZusammenfassungNeben einer guten Tanztechnik spielt die Körperform von professionellen Tänzer*innen eine entscheidende Rolle. Im klassischen Tanz gilt eine leptosom-grazile Form mit langen Gliedmaßen bei Frauen als ideal. Dementsprechend ist die Prävalenz von Untergewicht hoch. Dabei ist es nicht ausgeschlossen, dass dieses physische Erscheinungsbild mittels Diäten erreicht wird. Auffällig ist eine höhere Prävalenz von Störungen des Essverhaltens und Essstörungen vor allem bei Tänzerinnen im Vergleich zu nicht tanzenden Vergleichsgruppen. Im Zusammenhang mit dem Untergewicht können hormonelle Störungen, wie Amenorrhoe, Osteoporose oder Leistungseinschränkungen auftreten. Daher ist es wichtig, Tänzer*innen regelmäßig zu untersuchen und präventive Maßnahmen zu ergreifen. Ziel der vorliegenden Übersicht ist die Darstellung der Literatur zu diesem Thema.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Passenger Alighting and Boarding Rates
Authors: Harris Nigel G , de Simone Flavia , Condry Ben 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe understanding and management of station stops continues to be a key issue in the operation of urban railways. This paper reports a statistical meta-analysis of passenger alighting and boarding rates from an expansion of a real-life worldwide data set which includes 34 different variables reflecting characteristics of passenger flow, rolling stock design, infrastructure and management actions. This has enabled the authors to identify, test hypotheses about, and quantify the impact of, previously-untested variables. A stepwise regression method using the R statistical package was proposed and developed into a more tractable model with fewer variables. This process eliminated those variables shown to provide no statistical explanation (including the presence of platform edge doors). Of the remaining 18 hypothesised variables, all provided some form of statistical explanation at the 90% level (or more) in one model or another. The results will help railways and transport authorities around the world manage station stops, through timetabling and appropriate investment.
Empirical Bayes and Selective Inference
Authors: Rasines Daniel García , Young G. Alastair 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe review the empirical Bayes approach to large-scale inference. In the context of the problem of inference for a high-dimensional normal mean, empirical Bayes methods are advocated as they exhibit risk-reducing shrinkage, while establishing appropriate control of frequentist properties of the inference. We elucidate these frequentist properties and evaluate the protection that empirical Bayes provides against selection bias.
Effect of thermal aging on corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steels
Authors: Murkute Pratik , Oware Sarfo Kofi , McGieson Isak , Santala Melissa K. , Zhang Yongfeng , Árnadóttir Liney , Tucker Julie D. , Isgor O. Burkan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDespite their exceptional mechanical and corrosion properties, duplex stainless steels (DSS) have not found widespread use in high-temperature applications due to concerns over thermal aging and embrittlement at elevated operational temperatures (> 300 °C). The present study investigated the effect of thermal aging time on the electrochemical properties of lean and standard grade DSS that are exposed to a range of pressurized water reactors containing LiOH and H3BO3. The results indicated that the electrolyte chemistry plays a significant role in the corrosion behavior of the DSS alloys. Corrosion resistance decreased with thermal aging time for all DSS alloys; however, standard grade DSS (2205 and 2209-w) alloys showed better corrosion resistance than lean grades (2003, 2101, 2101-w). The presence of dissolved oxygen in the electrolytes resulted in a significant increase in corrosion rate for the DSS alloys, but it did not affect the general trend of corrosion rates with aging time. All DSS alloys became vulnerable to pitting corrosion due to chloride addition, but the pitting resistance decreased with increasing thermal aging time. Increased boron B content resulted in degradation of corrosion resistance of the DSS alloys, while minor changes in pH did not show a significant change in corrosion resistance. Mechanical and metallurgical characterization coupled with electrochemical characterization of the DSS alloys gave a comprehensive insight into the effects of thermal aging on the electrochemical response of the DSS.
Graphical abstract
Calibrating violence: Body counts as a weapon of war
Authors: Gregory Thomas 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article examines how coalition forces sought to weaponise the counting of civilian casualties in Afghanistan between 2008 and 2014. Drawing on interviews with senior coalition officials, recently declassified documents, and coalition data on civilian harm, it will explain how these figures were used to calibrate the violence inflicted on the Afghan people, ensuring that commanders applied sufficient force to achieve their objectives without causing unnecessary harm to civilians and jeopardising the success of military operations. The article examines the formation of the Civilian Casualty Tracking Cell (CCTC), which was created by General David McKiernan in 2008. It also traces the formation of the Civilian Casualty Mitigation Team (CCMT), which was established by General John Allen in 2011. Furthermore, it explores how this data was deployed by coalition officials to minimise civilian harm where possible and to rationalise this harm where necessary. Rather than simply documenting the death and destruction, these counts were complicit in the violence experienced by Afghan civilians, helping to enable and enhance the effectiveness of military operations. As such, I argue that these counts failed to contest the violence of war or the continued dehumanisation of Afghan civilians.
A symplectic look at the Fargues–Fontaine curve
Authors: Lekili Yankı , Treumann David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We study a version of the Fukaya category of a symplectic 2-torus with coefficients in a locally constant sheaf of rings. The sheaf of rings includes a globally defined Novikov parameter that plays its usual role in organising polygon counts by area. It also includes a ring of constants whose variation around the the torus can be encoded by a pair of commuting ring automorphisms. When these constants are perfectoid of characteristic p, one of the holonomies is trivial and the other is the

$p^{th}$

power map, it is possible in a limited way to specialise the Novikov parameter to 1. We prove that the Dehn twist ring defined there is isomorphic to the homogeneous coordinate ring of a scheme introduced by Fargues and Fontaine: their ‘curve of p-adic Hodge theory’ for the local field

$\mathbf {F}_p(\!(z)\!)$

.
Low rate of aminopyralid nearly eliminates viable seed production in barb goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis) in the greenhouse
Authors: Rinella Matthew J. , Bellows Susan E. , Beitz Pamela A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractInvasive annual grasses such as medusahead [Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski] and barb goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis L.) are negatively impacting grasslands of the western United States. Over the last decade, research has shown that aminopyralid and other growth-regulator herbicides applied just before flowering greatly reduce viable seed production in several invasive annual grasses. Moreover, it has been shown with T. caput-medusae that using aminopyralid to reduce seed production in one year consistently reduces and sometimes nearly eliminates cover the following year. Our goal in this study was to extend this research to A. triuncialis, a weed for which limited herbicide and other management options exist. Based on previous research, we hypothesized aminopyralid applied several days before flowering at just 22% of the maximum registered rate (0.069 kg ae ha−1) would almost completely prevent production of viable A. triuncialis seeds in the greenhouse. In four experiments, aminopyralid reduced seed viability from between 65% and 95% to between 1% and 5%. Therefore, aminopyralid will likely control A. triuncialis in the field. Because aminopyralid is phytotoxic to many broadleaf species, it may be possible to use aminopyralid to simultaneously control mixed stands of invasive forbs, A. triuncialis, and T. caput-medusae. However, there are risks to applying aminopyralid where native and desirable nonnative forbs occur. Past research on T. caput-medusae suggests controlling A. triuncialis with aminopyralid will increase production of desirable annual forage grasses.
“Identity Work” and Clandestinity
Authors: Guibet Lafaye Caroline 
Published: March 2022

AbstractEntry into terrorist organizations has often been described from an extrinsic perspective, as a biographical rupture. However, the “careers” of activists from illegal Basque far-left and national liberation organizations show continuities, underscored by the players themselves. We used a model developed by Snow and McAdam [2000] to understand the "identity work" that accompanies integration and participation in clandestine groups. Two major forms of identity work characterize entry into the organizations studied: “identity convergence” and “identity amplification”. These results suggest a need to reconsider the heuristic relevance of the concepts of radicalization and tip over into terrorism. They also help clarify the role of both cognitive and affective group identification within the identity redefinition process for the individuals involved.
Increases in physical activity are associated with a faster rate of weight loss during dietary energy restriction in women with overweight and obesity
Authors: Casanova Nuno , Beaulieu Kristine , Oustric Pauline , O’Connor Dominic , Gibbons Catherine , Blundell John Edward , Finlayson Graham S. , Hopkins Mark E. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis secondary analysis examined the influence of changes in physical activity (PA), sedentary time and energy expenditure (EE) during dietary energy restriction on the rate of weight loss (WL) and 1-year follow-up weight change in women with overweight/obesity. Measurements of body weight and composition (air displacement plethysmography), RMR (indirect calorimetry), total daily EE (TDEE) and activity EE (AEE), minutes of PA and sedentary time (PA monitor) were taken at baseline, after 2 weeks, after ≥5 % WL or 12 weeks of continuous (25 % daily energy deficit) or intermittent (75 % daily energy deficit alternated withad libitumday) energy restriction, and at 1-year post-WL. The rate of WL was calculated as total %WL/number of dieting weeks. Data from both groups were combined for analyses. Thirty-seven participants (aged 35 (sd10) years; BMI = 29·1 (sd2·3) kg/m2) completed the intervention (WL = –5·9 (sd1·6) %) and 18 returned at 1-year post-WL (weight change=+4·5 (sd5·2) %). Changes in sedentary time at 2 weeks were associated with the rate of WL during energy restriction (r= –0·38;P= 0·03). Changes in total (r= 0·54;P< 0·01), light (r= 0·43;P= 0·01) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (r= 0·55;P< 0·01), sedentary time (r= –0·52;P< 0·01), steps per d (r= 0·39;P= 0·02), TDEE (r= 0·46;P< 0·01) and AEE (r= 0·51;P< 0·01) during energy restriction were associated with the rate of WL. Changes in total (r= –0·50;P= 0·04) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (r= –0·61;P= 0·01) between post-WL and follow-up were associated with 1-year weight change (r= –0·51;P= 0·04). These findings highlight that PA and sedentary time could act as modifiable behavioural targets to promote better weight outcomes during dietary energy restriction and/or weight maintenance.
Maternal diet quality during pregnancy and its influence on low birth weight and small for gestational age: a birth cohort in Beijing, China
Authors: Yang Wangxing , Han Na , Jiao Mingyuan , Chang Xinlei , Liu Jue , Zhou Qianling , Wang Hai-Jun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study aimed to describe diet quality of pregnant women and explore the association between maternal diet and the prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA). A total of 3856 participants from a birth cohort in Beijing, China, were recruited between June 2018 and February 2019. Maternal diet in the first and second trimesters was assessed by the Chinese diet balance index for pregnancy (DBI-P), using data collected by the inconsecutive 2-d 24-h dietary recalls. Logistic regressions were performed to explore the independent effects of DBI-P components on LBW and SGA. The prevalence of LBW and SGA was 3·8% and 6·0%, respectively. Dietary intakes of the participants were imbalanced. The proportions of participants having insufficient intake of vegetables (87·3% and 86·6%), dairy product (95·9% and 96·7%) and aquatic foods (80·5% and 85·3%) were high in both trimesters. The insufficiency of fruit intake was more severe in the second (85·2%) than that in the first trimester (22·5%) (P < 0·05). After adjusting for potential confounders, the intake of fruits and dairy in the second trimester was negatively associated with the risk of LBW (OR = 0·850, 95% CI: 0·723, 0·999) and SGA (OR = 0·885, 95% CI: 0·787, 0.996), respectively. Sufficient consumption of fruits and dairy products in pregnancy may be suggested in order to prevent LBW and SGA.
How Does International Intervention Work to Secure Peace Settlements After Civil Conflicts?
Authors: Matanock Aila M. , Lichtenheld Adam 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThere is an emerging consensus that international intervention can secure peace by helping combatants resolve commitment problems following civil wars. But how do interveners accomplish this? Some suggest that intervention primarily works through military coercion, while others propose non-military instruments. We build on the existing literature to theorize that interveners commonly condition political, economic, and legal incentives on compliance with peace processes. Despite a rich literature on intervention, scholars have only started to test the underlying instruments. This article takes a critical step toward this end, examining peacekeeping missions led by the United Nations from 1989 to 2012. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we show military coercion is neither commonly used nor necessary to ensure peace. Missions that employ conditional incentives—on which we collect original data—are consistently correlated with a reduced risk of conflict recurrence, even when controlling for observed selection effects, and regardless of whether they are also authorized to use military coercion.
Sums Theological: Doing Theology with the London Bills of Mortality, 1603–1666
Authors: Weinreich Spencer J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractFrom 1603 until the mid-nineteenth century, weekly bills of mortality were printed and published in London, providing detailed statistics on births, deaths, and plague fatalities for each parish. This article analyzes the currency of the bills and their numbers in English religious thought during and after the four great plague epidemics London experienced in the course of the seventeenth century (1603–1604, 1625–1626, 1636, and 1665–1666). A broad survey of sermons, pamphlets, treatises, poems, and dialogues from these years reveals not only the bills’ ubiquity as an index of divine punishments, but the new kinds of intellectual work made possible by a multiplicity of numbers keyed to times and places. Claims about the moral, doctrinal, and political meanings behind the plague could now be made with an unprecedented specificity and sophistication, seized upon by High Church Anglicans, Puritans, and Dissenters alike. As an episode in the history of empirical theology, the bills’ ecclesiastical reception vindicates theology's central place in the epistemological transformations of the early modern period, as well as the influence of new kinds of empirical data on the parameters of religious thought.
Learning from Muslims and Jews: In Search of the Identity of Christ from Eighth-century Baghdad to Seventeenth-century Hague
Authors: Lim Paul C. H. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn past iterations of ecclesiastical historical writings and teachings, there has not always been sufficient acknowledgment of the encounters between Christians and their religious Others. This article is an exercise in diachronic comparative interreligious encounter: a Muslim-Christian engagement in the eighth century CE and a Jewish-Christian epistolary exchange in the seventeenth century CE. The former took place in Baghdad in the court of a caliph, whereas the latter took place between individuals in London and the Hague, between Baruch Spinoza and Henry Oldenburg. While it might be tempting to highlight the narratives of conversion away from one religion into another—whether from Christianity to Islam, Christianity to Judaism, or vice versa—in current historiography, it also seems that quotidian realities of interreligious exchange often do not lead to such conversions, and yet leave the participants better informed and further enlightened about the practice and pursuit of their own religion. The following two accounts are neither triumphalist nor tragic. Patriarch Timothy and Caliph al-Mahdī's exchange in eighth-century Baghdad shows the degree to which divine identity and Christian apophasis mattered. The letter exchanges between Spinoza and his interlocutors also show the degree to which divine mystery as ontological demarcator for both the doctrine of the Trinity and corresponding Christology, as well as Spinoza's repudiation of both, mattered. Lastly, these two examples of interreligious engagements show a pathway of encounter which does not dismiss or cancel the religious Other.
Evangelical “Others” in Ulster, 1859–1912: Social Profile, Unionist Politics, and “Fundamentalism”
Authors: Holmes Andrew R. , Mathieson Stuart 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article considers the existence of a distinctive form of fundamentalism in the northern-Irish province of Ulster. It does so by examining the Protestant minorities that grew significantly in the decades after the Ulster revival of 1859. These evangelical others are important because their members were more likely to have fundamentalist tendencies than those who belonged to the main Protestant churches. The existing scholarship on fundamentalism in Northern Ireland focuses on Ian Paisley (1926–2014), who was a life-long adversary of Irish republican separatism and a self-identified fundamentalist. Yet, the focus on Paisley draws attention away from the potential origin of fundamentalism in the early twentieth century that is associated with religious revival in the early 1920s and the heresy trial of a “modernist” Presbyterian professor in 1927. George Marsden's classic study defined fundamentalism as an American phenomenon, yet, with Paisley and developments in the 1920s in mind, he noted that “Ulster appears to be an exception.”1To what extent was that true? Was there a constituency of potential fundamentalists in the north of Ireland in the early twentieth century? If there was, did the social and political circumstances of the region and period produce a distinctive Ulster variety of fundamentalism?
Jeep Girls and American GIs: Gendered Nationalism in Post–World War II China
Authors: Du Chunmei 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOver a hundred thousand US servicemen were stationed in post–World War II China, resulting in the largest grassroots interactions in Sino-US history. Reexamining this unprecedented encounter in the context of American global military empire, this article investigates the sociocultural tensions caused by GIs’ sexual relations with Chinese women between 1945 and 1949. While conservatives maligned “Jeep girls” out of racial and sexual anxieties, liberals and self-identified Jeep girls invoked the language of modernity and patriotism. However, in the wake of the Peking Rape incident in 1946, the once diverse debate quickly ended as nationwide protests raged against American imperialism. In contrast with previous studies highlighting how Communist propaganda led to new anti-American sentiments, this research, by uncovering the complexities of Chinese women's experiences and their stories—which have been muffled or filtered through patriarchal agendas—foregrounds the key role of gendered nationalism in Sino-US relations.
Declining fertility and increasing use of traditional methods of family planning: a paradox in Uttar Pradesh, India?
Authors: Halli Shiva S. , Alam Mohd Tauheed , Joseph Antony , Prakash Ravi , Isac Shajy , Becker Marissa , Anand Preeti , Vasanthakumar N. , Ramesh B. M. , Blanchard James 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUttar Pradesh (UP), with more than 220 million people, is the most populous state in India. Despite a high unmet need for modern family planning methods, the state has experienced a substantial decline in fertility. India has also seen a decline during this period which can be attributed to the increased prevalence of modern methods of family planning, particularly female sterilisation, but in UP, the corresponding increase was marginal. At the same time, Traditional Family Planning Methods (TMs) increased significantly in UP in contrast to India, where it was marginal. The trends in UP raise questions about the drivers in fertility decline and question the conventional wisdom that fertility declines are driven by modern methods, and the paper aims to understand this paradox. Fertility trends and family planning practices in UP were analysed using data from different rounds of National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) and the two UP Family Planning Surveys conducted by the UP Technical Support Unit to understand whether the use of TMs played a role in the fertility decline. As per NFHS-4, the prevalence of TM in India (6%) was less than half that of UP (13%). The UP Family Planning Survey in 25 High Priority Districts estimated that 22% of women used TMs. The analysis also suggested that availability and accessibiility of modern contraceptives might have played a role in the increased use of TMs in UP. If there are still couples who make a choice in favour of TMs, they should be well informed about the risks associated with the use of traditional methods as higher failure rate is observed among TMs users.
The Response to Share Mispricing by Issuing Firms and Short Sellers
Authors: Schultz Paul 
Published: March 2022

AbstractShort sale constrained stocks are overpriced on average. I show that firms exploit mispricing by selling shares when their stock is short sale constrained and repurchasing shares when their stock is easily shorted. Stocks underperform following seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) if and only if the stock is difficult to short. This suggests that some SEOs are motivated by mispricing, whereas others are not. Short selling costs make it difficult for investors to profit from the poor performance following SEOs. Short selling and SEOs are alternative ways to supply shares to investors, and firms become the low-cost share provider when short selling is costly.