bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Ripening in ‘McIntosh’ Apples. II. Effect of Growth Regulators and CO2 on Fruit Ripening, Storage Behaviour, and Shelf Life.1,2
Authors: Looney Norman E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit quality measurements and taste panel assessments indicated considerable latitude for programming harvest of ‘McIntosh’ apples. Ripening at 20°C was advanced by ethephon-auxin and delayed by succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and CO2. The rate of softening and acid catabolism at 0°C were not altered by the growth regulator treatments.
SADH suppressed ethylene production and CO2 suppressed both ethylene production and softening of ripening fruits held at 20°C. These effects were greatest in fruits not subjected to cold storage and declined linearly in fruits held 30, 60 or 90 days at 0°C. Neither SADH nor CO2 influenced acid loss at 20°C.
New Genetic Sources of Peonin and a New Combination of Anthocyanins in Rosa1
Authors: Marshall H. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
New sources of peonin in Rosa have been found in R. acicularis Lindl., R. arkansana Porter and R. × dulcissima (Lunell) W. H. Lewis. Peonin has been transferred from the native tetraploid, R. arkansana, to fertile tetraploid hybrids with Floribunda and Hybrid Tea roses. Cyanin, peonin and pelargonin combined have been found in 10 seedlings derived from these crosses, a combination not previously reported in Rosa.
A separate pair of blue fluorescing spots bore a positive relationship to each of cyanin, peonin and pelargonin. A negative relationship was observed between yellow fluorescent spots, probably flavonoids, and anthocyanins.
Linkage and Inheritance in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)1
Authors: Ryder Edward J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Achene color and leaf-type genes are linked, with p = 0.34. Achene color and male-sterility genes are linked, with p = 0.39. Leaf-type and male-sterility genes are independently inherited. Achene color and virescent chlorophyll-deficiency genes are linked, with p = 0.03. Thirty-four other linkage comparisons showed independent inheritance.
Endive-type leaf and chlorophyll deficiency are each regulated by recessive alleles. Three separate recessive alleles control albinism.
Transfer of Self Compatibility from Garden to Greenhouse Strains of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat1
Authors: Ronald W. G. , Ascher P. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five self-incompatible greenhouse chrysanthemum cultivars pollinated by self-compatible garden clones produced 10 F1 progenies of which 8 segregated for both self-incompatible and self-compatible plants. Using 10 or more seeds as the criterion for self compatibility, 36 of the 82 F1 plants were classified as self compatible. Selfed seed yield was distributed in a continuous pattern with the largest class, containing 32 plants, yielding less than 5 seeds per head. Sterility was not a cause of low seed yield on most of those plants classified as self incompatible. Self compatibility may prove useful in genetic analysis and in development of inbred lines and subsequently of F1 hybrid chrysanthemums.
Inheritance of Seed Size in Blackberry1
Authors: Moore J. N. , Lundergan Catherine , Brown Elvin D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nine seedling populations involving small-, intermediate-, and large-seeded parental clones of tetraploid blackberries (Rubus sp., subgenus Eubatus) were evaluated for seed-size inheritance. All seedling progenies exhibited a wide range of seed sizes with high frequencies of transgressive segregation especially for small seed size The frequency distribution curves were skewed in the direction of small seed size. The data support a model for quantitative inheritance with partial dominance for small seed size. Calculations of heritabihty show an average maximum estimate of 97%, supporting previous observations of the lack of environmental effects on the expression of seed size in blackberries.
The Association of Bacteria and Nitrites in Carrot Juice1
Authors: Hicks J. R. , Stall R. E. , Hall C. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The nitrite level of carrot juice at 20°C increased rapidly for several hours when bacterial levels were above 106 cells per ml of juice. When juice was held at 20°C, nitrite cone began to decline after 16 hours, although there was no decrease in bacterial population. No increase in nitrite occurred when bacterial growth was prevented by holding the juice at 5°C or by adding potassium dehydroacetate. However, nitrite was produced at 5°C when the bacterial level was raised to 108 cells per ml.
Effects of N and K Fertilization on Internal and External Fruit Quality of Three Major Florida Orange Cultivars1
Authors: Reese R. L. , Koo R. C. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This is a report of a 4 × 4 NK factorial experiment over a 6-year period using ‘Hamlin’, ‘Pineapple,’ and ‘Valencia’ orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] on rough lemon rootstock (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) planted on Astatula f.s., formerly classified Lakeland f.s. Main effects of N and K were considered independently because interactions were not significant for most measurements. Increases in N rate increased the juice content and acid, whereas increases in K resulted in higher acid and lower soluble solids with an accompanying lower soluble solids/acid ratio. Smaller sized fruit, more green fruit, and a lower packout were a result of increased N rates. Increased K rates did not influence external characteristics of the fruit other than producing larger fruit. Rind blemishes occurred more often at the low N rate and diminished as the N rate increased. Incidence of decay in storage was greatest at the lowest N rate. Creasing was found to be significantly related to high N and low K rates.
Growth of Chrysanthemums in Hardwood Bark as Affected by Nitrogen Source1
Authors: Klett J. E. , Gartner J. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Total N content in the shoots of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat ‘Bright Golden Anne’ grown in hardwood bark was significantly greater when utilizing (NH4)2SO4 source of N than with KNO3 source. The NH4+ concn in the shoots was greatest at the low pH range when (NH4)2SO4 was the source of N. The NH4+ concn in the media was greatest at the low pH range when utilizing the (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 sources of N.
The greatest dry wt of shoots was obtained if test plants were treated with both NH4+ and NO3− forms of N with NH4NO3 source of N at the higher pH range and without the nitrification inhibitor.
Studies on the Inhibition of Ripening in Attached Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Fruits1
Authors: Tingwa Peter O. , Young Roy E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The inability of ‘Fuerte’ and ‘Hass’ avocado fruits to ripen on the tree has been attributed to a ripening inhibitor which has been presumed to be transported from the tree to the fruits. These studies, undertaken to explain this phenomenon, indicate that leaves, usually considered to be the source of this substance, did not delay ripening. Fruit on detached branches abscissed before ripening and softened later than detached fruit. Leaves on the detached branches accelerated abscission and subsequent ripening. Fruit detached from the branch with the peduncle attached ripened later than when it was removed. The peduncle and stem may supply a ripening inhibitor to the fruit or the stem may act as a sink for a ripening hormone produced in the fruit.
Influence of Interstem Lengths of M.8 Clone Malus sylvestris Mill. on Growth, Precocity, Yield, and Spacing of 2 Apple Cultivars1
Authors: Carlson Robert F. , Oh Sung D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Orchard performance over a 12-year period of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Jonathan’ dwarfed with M.8 interstems of different lengths (10, 20 and 30 cm) on Alnarp-2 clonal rootstocks influenced vigor, yield, and annual shoot growth. ‘Delicious’ required longer interstem material for adequate tree size reduction than did ‘Jonathan’. The total yields, based on one tree spacing treatment, were higher the first 6 years from interstem trees than from standard trees, followed by higher yields of standard trees in subsequent years. Projected closer tree spacings according to tree vigor as produced by different interstem lengths suggested that yields per hectar of ‘Delicious’ could be quadrupled and ‘Jonathan’ tripled when compared to standard trees.
Effector Plant Density and Spatial Arrangement on Seed Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)1
Authors: Nangju D. , Little T. M. , Anjorin-Ohu A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In spacing experiments at Ibadan, western Nigeria, cowpea cv. Prima, an erect, determinate and low branching type showed a consistently higher optimum density than ‘Pale Green’, semi upright, indeterminate and high branching type. Optimum spacing for ‘Prima’ ranged from 16 to 17 cm within rows and 34 to 40 cm between rows, representing a range in densities from 145 to 180 thousand plants per hectare. ‘Pale Green’ had optimum spacings of 19 to 20 cm within rows and 50 to 65 cm between rows, or densities from 70 to 105 thousand plants per hectare. The effect of varying either between-row or within-row spacing was consistently more pronounced in ‘Pale Green’ than in ‘Prima’.
In 3 experiments where either the within-row spacing, the between-row spacing, or both were varied, there was a close linear relationship between the log of the yield per plant and the density. A factorial experiment, involving both within-row and between-row spacings, showed no significant interaction between these 2 factors. Apparently, varying the spacing between-rows affects yield for different reasons and to a greater extent than varying the spacing within rows.
Improvement of Shoot-tip Grafting in vitro for Virus-free Citrus1
Authors: Navarro L. , Roistacher C. N. , Murashige T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 30 to 50% frequency of successful grafts was obtained by using 2-week-old dark grown seedlings as rootstocks and 0.14 to 0.18 mm long shoot tips as scions. The shoot tip was inserted into an inverted-T made at the top of the decapitated rootstock epicotyl. Most scion cultivars gave satisfactory grafts on ‘Troyer’ citrange, whereas lemon, lime and citron yielded successful grafts only on ‘Rough’ lemon. The grafted plants were allowed to develop in vitro under 16 hr daily exposure to 1000 lux Grow Lux illumination and were provided with a nutrient solution containing a high concentration (7.5%) of sucrose. The best source of shoot tips was the flush from defoliated branches of field trees or glasshouse plants. It was also possible to use shoot tips from flushes arising in excised lateral buds cultured in vitro. Grafted plants were transplantable to soil 5 to 8 weeks after grafting with over 95% survival. Preliminary data indicated recovery of cultivars freed from tristeza and psorosis viruses, stubborn spiroplasma and exocortis viroid. Pathogen-free plants showed no reversion to the juvenile phase.
Effects of Light, Temperature, and 2′,4′-Dichloro-1-Cyanoethanesulphonanilide on Degreening of Regreened ‘Valencia’ Oranges1
Authors: Coggins C. W. , Hall A. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Degreening occurred when 1000 ppm 2′,4′-dichloro-1-cyanoethanesulphonanilide (R33417) was applied preharvest or postharvest to regreened ‘Valencia’ oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] when light was present. Part of the light effect may have been due to increased rind temperatures because some degreening occurred when treated fruit were held in darkness at 40°C. Little or no degreening, however, occurred in darkness at 25 or 4°C. Some postharvest degreening occurred in the absence of R33417 in darkness at 40°C and considerable degreening occurred on fruit which were exposed to light but not treated with R33417 even when rind temperatures were considerably lower than 40°C. Results obtained with untreated fruit agree with the currently accepted view that intense light can cause chlorophyll destruction, however, excised orange fruit were much more susceptible to degreening by intense light than attached citrus leaves. Based on the combined effects of light, temperature, and R33417 on degreening we speculate that the chemical potentiates the destructive effects of intense light and high temperatures on chlorophyll. Evidence that light does not convert R33417 into a biologically active compound, and preliminary evidence that R33417 reduces the extent of ethylene degreening are presented.
Influence of the Multiflora-Grandiflora Genotypes of Petunia on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth, and Elemental Foliar Composition1
Authors: Knowlton Linda L. , Sink K. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three sets of Petunia hybrida Vilm. lines were used with each set comprised of the 3 genotypes, multiflora (gg), grandiflora (GG), and heterozygote (Gg). Seed germination was consistently high for the hybrid Gg (92%), intermediate for gg (77%) and low for GG (45%). The fresh and dry wt of 28-day-old seedlings was inconsistent but the Gg hybrid was the most vigorous at 49 days followed by the gg and GG genotypes. No differences were observed in N, P, K, Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, or Al in vegetative leaves of the 3 genotypes. Differences in Ca, Mg, and B occurred, but they were not uniform with respect to genotype or to genotypes within a set. Calcium and Mg were generally highest in gg and lowest in GG. Boron in 1 of 2 experiments showed the same pattern. The physiological roles of the observed differences in elemental composition with respect to chlorophyll composition, sugar metabolism, and vigor as indicated by an increase in fresh and dry wt, in the 3 genotypes are discussed.
Inheritance of Fruit Size, Soluble Solids, and Ripening Date in Prunus domestica cv. Agen1
Authors: Hansche P. E. , Hesse C. O. , Beres V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genetic and environmental components of variance were estimated in 2 seedling populations of plum and prune at the University of California, Davis, California; the first population comprised 90 progeny of 14 open-pollinated parents, the second, 430 progeny of 50 controlled crosses among 28 parents. The estimates of phenotypic and genotypic variability associated with these traits in these 2 populations were nearly identical. Heritabilities, estimated by regressing the 500 progeny from the second population on their 50 mid-parents, were very high (0.80–1.0) for fruit size measurements and ripening dates, but zero for fruit yield. Also high (0.49) was the maximum heritability of percent soluble solids, estimated by the genetic variance/phenotypic variance. Phenotypic correlations among the traits fruit size, ripening date, and percent soluble solids are also small but significant in this seedling population. These results indicated that the rates of gain to be expected from mass selection on such populations are substantial.
Stress Ethylene Production in Apple Shoots1
Authors: Robitaille Henry A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Increases in internal ethylene concentrations occurred after attached and detached apple (Malus domestica, Borkh. cv. Winesap) shoots were placed in a horizontal position. Ethylene was higher in the underside of the shoot, and decreased linearly in a basipetal direction along the axis. Bent and horizontally-oriented detached shoots did not increase in ethylene at 20°C, but increased to identical levels at 30°, suggesting that responses to the 2 types of stress were identical. Although gravitational stress alone increased ethylene levels, an experiment designed to separate bending stress from gravitational stress was inconclusive because rotation decreased shoot ethylene levels.
Seasonal Trends of Four Quality Factors in Processing Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)1
Authors: Orzolek Michael D. , Angell Fred F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four processing tomato cvs. Chico III, Merit, Dorchester and Campbell 28 were sampled biweekly throughout the harvesting season in 1972 and 1973. Seasonal variation was noted in soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and color. The color and pH of tomatoes reached maximum values between 89 and 105 days after planting while soluble solids were generally higher between 76 and 106 days after planting. There was no trend in the variation of ascorbic acid throughout the sampling period. In some cases, however, there was a lower ascorbic acid content in fruits toward the end of the harvesting season. Of 5 climatic factors measured in both years, temperature and radiation were implicated as affecting tomato fruit quality.
A Simple and Rapid Screening Procedure for Identification of Zygotic Citrus Seedlings Among Crosses of Certain Taxa1
Authors: Esen Asim , Scora Rainer W. , Soost Robert K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In progenies from crossing browning and nonbrowning Citrus taxa, browning was dominant to nonbrowning with certain exceptions. Examining the color of spots formed by pouring homogenates of ground young shoots on blotting paper was the simplest and most rapid procedure for scoring progenies. Presence of enzyme activity and substrate was determined by adding partially purified enzyme and substrate to the spots. Because of taxon-specificity of spot colors, it was concluded that nucellar and zygotic progenies from crosses among polyembryonic taxa could be identified at an early seedling stage, if parents with contrasting spot color were used in crosses.
Response of Mung Bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek Var. radiata] and Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to Increasing Plant Density1,2
Authors: MacKenzie D. R. , Chen N. C. , Liou T. D. , Wu Henry B. F. , Oyer E. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The performance of the mung bean cultivar Thai Green Oil was compared with the soybean cutivar Hsih-Hsih over a range of 12 plant densities from 10,000 to 800,000 plants/ha. Increasing plant density was positively related to yield and plant height and negatively related with significant reductions in flowering, yield per plant and plant branching. The higher yield potential of soybeans at high plant densities, relative to mung bean, was attributed to differences in the production of the number of flowers per plant and, subsequently, the number of pods per plant. This relationship can be applied to breeding and selecting improved mung bean cultivars.
Diffusible Abscisic Acid and Its Relationship to Leaf Age in Tea Crabapple1
Authors: Weinbaum S. A. , Powell L. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) and its water soluble glucoside diffused from leaves through petioles and along the axes of seedlings of tea crabapple (Malus hupehensis, Rehd.). The apparent mobility of the glucoside was considerably greater than that of free ABA. Concentrations of extractable and diffusible ABA were greatest in growing shoot tips. ABA from mature leaves diffused down the petiole more readily than from younger leaves. The enhanced liberation of inhibitor from older leaves may result in greater quantities of mobile ABA as the season progresses.
Comparative Growth Retarding Activity in Relation to Endogenous Tissue Concentration of Daminozide and a Pyrrolidino Analog (Uni-F529) in Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat1,2
Authors: Sachs R. M. , DeBie J. , Michael J. L. , Frank J. R. , Creager R. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
N-pyrrolidino succinamic acid (Uni-F529) was considerably superior to succinic acid 2,2 dimethyl hydrazide (daminozide, SADH) in inhibiting stem elongation in Phaseolus vulgaris F. ‘Black Valentine’ and Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ‘Bright Golden Anne’. This was true in winter or summer greenhouses. Under controlled temperature and light conditions tissue concentrations of daminozide were higher than those for Uni-F529. Neither daminozide nor Uni-F529 was metabolized significantly in beans during the 3 to 7 day test periods. The greater activity of the pyrrolidino analog relative to daminozide must reflect increased activity at the site of action and/or reduced storage of Uni-F529 at inactive sites in plants.
Ultrastructural Studies of Abscission in Phaseolus: Characteristics of the Floral Abscission Zone1
Authors: Webster Barbara D. , Chiu H. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The ultrastructure of floral abscission zone cells of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Dark Red Kidney was studied in order to relate changes in fine structure to known changes in morphology and physiology of the foliar abscission zone of Phaseolus and to the fine structure of floral abscission zones of other plants. Major structural changes in cell walls are similar in abscission zones of senescing leaves and post-anthesis flowers but the rapidity of cellular changes is greatly accelerated in the latter. Inclusions typically found in floral abscission zone cells of Solanaceous plants are not present in Phaseolus floral abscission zone cells. Cellular changes are evaluated in terms of their potential relationship to the abscission process.
Inheritance of Ascorbic Acid Content and Color Intensity in Fruits of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)1
Authors: Lundergan Catherine A. , Moore James N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven seedling populations of strawberry were analyzed for ascorbic acid content and color intensity. The amount and type of variation found showed both characters to be controlled by quantitative genes. It is postulated that 2 genetic systems control the inheritance of ascorbic acid and that the 2 systems can interact with each other. Partial dominance was exhibited for high color intensity. Heritability estimates of 41% for ascorbic acid and 81% for color intensity were obtained. Flesh color and ascorbic acid content were not correlated characters.
The Influence of Sulfur Dioxide Concentration on Growth of Potted White Birch and Pin Oak Seedlings in the Field1
Authors: Roberts Bruce R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Potted seedlings of white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.) were grown in the field for 3 months in relatively high- and low-ambient sulfur dioxide air. Biweekly throughout the growing season, plants from each site were harvested, and height and leaf, stem, and root dry weight were measured. The overall growth of white birch, an SO2-sensitive species, was found to be greater in the higher, but sub-phytotoxic SO2 environment. Conversely, the growth of pin oak, an SO2-tolerant species, was greater at the low SO2 site.
Antitranspirant Effects on Fruit Growth of ‘Manzanillo’ Olive1
Authors: Uriu K. , Davenport D. C. , Hagan R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An antitranspirant (AT) applied 2 3 weeks before harvest accelerated olive (Olea europaea L., cv. Manzanillo) fruit growth and led to larger fruit at harvest. The fruit-enlarging effect was detected within 1 day of application. A simulated rain also increased fruit size, but much of the gain in size was lost as soon as the “rain” was terminated. Daytime fruit shrinkage was reduced significantly with the AT. At harvest, fruit moisture was higher in AT-treated fruits, and after harvest the water lost from fruits was lower. When AT was substituted for the last pre-harvest irrigation, fruit size was increased.