bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal disturbances for periodic solutions of time-delay differential equations
Authors: Khristichenko Michael Yu. , Nechepurenko Yuri M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A concept of optimal disturbances of periodic solutions for a system of time-delay differential equations is defined. An algorithm for computing the optimal disturbances is proposed and justified. This algorithm is tested on the known system of four nonlinear time-delay differential equations modelling the dynamics of the experimental infection caused by the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. The results of numerical experiments are discussed.
Trends of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Pediatric Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Willer Brittany L. , Tobias Joseph D. , Suttle Markita L. , Nafiu Olubukola O. , Mpody Christian 
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), eminently preventable nosocomial infections, are a substantial source of morbidity, mortality, and increased resource utilization in pediatric care. Racial or ethnic disparities in health outcomes have been demonstrated across an array of medical specialties and practices in pediatric patients. However, it is unknown whether disparities exist in the rate of CLABSIs. Our objective was to evaluate the trends in racial and ethnic disparities of CLABSIs over the past 5 years.

METHODS
This is a retrospective cohort study using data from Pediatric Health Information System database collected from tertiary children's hospitals in the United States. Participants included 226 802 children (&lt;18 years) admitted to the emergency department or inpatient ward between 2016 and 2021 who required central venous catheter placement. The primary outcome was risk-adjusted rate of CLABSI, occurring during the same admission, across race and ethnicity.

RESULTS
Of the 226 802 children, 121 156 (53.4%) were White, 40 589 (17.9%) were Black, and 43 374 (19.1%) were Hispanic. CLABSI rate decreased in all racial/ethnic groups over the study period, with the rates being consistently higher in Black (relative risk [RR], 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–1.37; P &lt; .01) and Hispanic children (RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08–1.26; P &lt; .01) than in White children. There was no statistically significant evidence that gaps in CLABSI rate between racial/ethnic groups narrowed over time.

CONCLUSIONS
CLABSI rate was persistently higher among Black and Hispanic children than their White peers. These findings emphasize the need for future exploration of the causes of persistent racial and ethnic disparities in pediatric patients.
Der Frieden Gottes und der Frieden auf Erden
Authors: Hofheinz Marco 
Published: August 2022

Der „Frieden auf Erden“ ist nicht nur die weihnachtliche Botschaft des Engels an die Hirten auf den Feldern Bethlehems (Lk 2,14). Friedensethische Diskurse sind in verschiedenen religiösen Traditionen weltweit ausgeprägt. Zum Pluralismus der spätmodernen Gesellschaft gehören selbstverständlich auch säkulare Traditionen, in denen ein Friedensethos und friedensethische Diskurse ausgeprägt sind. Jedenfalls wirft diese komplexe Gemengelage u.a. die Frage nach dem Proprium christlicher Friedensethik auf: Was ist das Besondere einer christlichen Friedensethik? Diese virulente und den folgenden Ausführungen unterlegte Frage nach der Grundlegung einer christlichen Friedensethik wird diese nicht ausklammern können. A paz de Deus e a paz na terra. Uma abordagem teológica para a fundação de uma ética de paz cristã “Paz na terra” não é apenas a mensagem de Natal do anjo para os pastores nos campos de Belém (Lucas 2:14). Discursos sobre ética da paz são proeminentes em várias tradições religiosas ao redor do mundo. É claro que o pluralismo da sociedade moderna tardia também inclui tradições seculares nas quais um ethos de paz e discursos éticos de paz são pronunciados. Em todo caso, esta situação complexa levanta, entre outras coisas, a questão do que é próprio da ética da paz cristã: o que há de especial na ética da paz cristã? Essa pergunta virulenta sobre o fundamento de uma ética cristã de paz, que é objeto das explicações a seguir, não poderá ser ignorada. Palavras-chave: Paz. Fé Cristã. Ética. Pluralismo.
Penentuan Sekuens Terbaik untuk Gen COI pada Crocodylus rhombifer Menggunakan SoftWare Perlprimer dan Primer Blast Sebagai Bentuk Praktikum Saat Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Salsabila Nurizza , Fadilah Fadilah , Pramana Reynaldi Candro , Mutiatul K.A. Safira , Romzalis Ahmad Alfin , Ramadhani Dwi Nova , Rachmawati Yuanita , Arianti Okta Fina 
Published: August 2022

Pandemi Covid-19 telah dirasakan di sektor pendidikan sehingga harus dilaksanakan program pembelajaran secara daring. Hal ini tentunya menjadi sangat tidak mudah untuk dilakukan, khususnya para mahasiswa dituntut untuk tetap melakukan praktikum selama Pandemi Covid-19 demi terlaksananya tujuan pembelajaran. Praktikum merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang sangat penting, mengingat praktikum dapat menunjang pemahaman para mahasiswa terhadap materi yang telah disampaikan. Dalam kondisi seperti ini, mata kuliah Biologi Molekular mengadakan praktikum secara daring yang dapat dikerjakan oleh mahasiswa berupa desain primer. Primer merupakan oligonukleotida atau polimer nukleotida pendek berupa DNA atau RNA yang sangat penting pada proses PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Langkah awal dari berhasilnya sekuensing DNA suatu gen adalah desain primer yang baik. Gen yang digunakan yakni gen COI Crocodylus rhombifer dan DNA targetnya yakni buaya kuba (Crocodylus rhombifer). Rujukan untuk menentukan desain primer juga perlu pada suatu penelitian terutama bio molekuler. Aplikasi yang digunakan sebagai penentuan primer dan informasi bio molakuler untuk mengetahui data gen yakni Perl primer dan NCBI. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan software yang digunakan sebagai rujukan desain primer suatu gen. Hasil amplifikasi yang didapatkan yakni bp dari perl primer yakni 20 bp dari 11 forward dan untuk primer blast NCBI juga mendapatkan 20 bp dari 10 forward.
Learning Outcomes Improvement in Animal’s Life Cycle Material (Theme 6 Sub-theme 2) Through Card Sort Strategy Implementation toward Fourth Grade Students of MI Tarbiyatul Islamiyah Panjunan Sidoarjo
Authors: Nurrohmah Revida Wahyu Putri 
Published: August 2022

This research was conducted due to the low learning outcomes of fourth-grade students of MI Tarbiyatul Islamiyah Panjunan Sidoarjo in the animal’s life cycle materials (Theme 6 Sub-theme 2). It was proved by the learning outcomes of students were still under minimum completeness criteria due to the difficulty of distinguishing the animal’s life cycle as complete metamorphosis, incomplete metamorphosis, or ametamorphosis. The minimum completeness criteria are only 40% (not good). Therefore, the effort conducted by researchers in improving learning outcomes is through the card sort strategy. The purpose of this research were; 1) describe the implementation of a card sort strategy toward fourth-grade students MI Tarbiyatul Islamiyah Panjunan Sidoarjo in animal’s life cycle material, 2) describe the increase of students learning outcomes in animal’s life cycle material after implementing the card sort strategy. This study used Classroom Action Research (CAR) with Kurt Lewin's model in which there are 4 stages namely planning, observing, acting, and reflecting. Data collection techniques used were interviews, documentation, observation, and test. The subject of this research was 30 students of fourth grade MI Tarbiyatul Islamiyah Panjunan Sidoarjo. The results showed that; 1) The implementation of card sort strategy has been done well, it can be seen from the increase of teacher and student’s activity percentage; 2) the result of students learning outcomes has increased significantly which can be seen from student’s completeness percentage to 93%. Thus, it can be said that this research has been successful.
Creative Thinking of Middle School Students in Solving Physics Problems
Authors: Septin Grahaning Tyas  , Erman  
Published: August 2022

This study aims to describe the creativity in thinking of junior high school students in solving physics problems. Creativity in thinking is important for students to make themselves understand a physics concept, such as force, work, etc. Creativity in thinking is also needed so that students can find several possible problem solving according to their potential and are not fixated on a method because basically every student has their own imagination and thought process. Twelve students in the class VIII J of SMP Negeri 1 Jombang participated in the study. Data obtained from student's thinking creativity test instrument which is strengthened by data from student and teacher interviews. Data analysis referred to three indicators of creativity used in the study: fluency, flexibility, and originality. The results showed that the students' thinking fluency with high ability and some students with medium and low abilities got high scores. The highest score of the flexibility indicator was obtained by students with low abilities. High scores for the originality indicator were also obtained by several students from the high, medium, and low ability groups. High creativity scores are not only obtained by high-ability students but also medium, and low-ability students. The creativity of students' thinking in solving physics problems is different. Students' knowledge and experience play a role in the differences in students' creativity in thinking fluently, flexible, and new. So that teachers can use learning methods that provide direct experience to students to make it easier for students to understand a concept and also improve students' mathematical operational abilities to make it easier for them to solve a problem that requires mathematical calculations.
Development of Authentic Assessment in Geometry Learning
Authors: Jaelani Abd Kadir , Hasbi Muhammad 
Published: August 2022

This study aims to describe the process and results of the development of authentic assessment in teaching geometry which refers to the 4-D model. Geometry authentic assessment in this study includes learning achievement tests, self-assessment, portfolio assessment, performance assessment guidelines, self-assessment guidelines, portfolio assessment guidelines, feasibility test instruments, teacher response questionnaires, student response questionnaires, and validation sheets. The research subjects are 8th-grade students of SMPN 2 Barombong, Gowa Regency. The validity test analysis is rationally obtained through two the results of the validation of experts, test reliability both rationally and empirically, and objectivity using the product-moment formula. The results showed that the authentic assessment met the criteria of being valid, practical, and effective. As a consequence, it is suggested that the development of authentic assessment tools for geometry learning be expanded to other resources to make teacher evaluation easier. Furthermore, the study's implications provide teachers with information for conducting authentic assessment formulation in the implementation of learning, especially for students.
A Comparison of US Medicare Expenditures for Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Kaplan Jennifer M. , Niu Jingbo , Ho Vivian , Winkelmayer Wolfgang C. , Erickson Kevin F. 
Published: August 2022

Significance Statement
Observations that peritoneal dialysis (PD) may be an effective, lower-cost alternative to hemodialysis for treating ESKD led to US policies resulting in its increased use. The authors compared Medicare expenditures for patients who started in-center hemodialysis or PD between 2008 and 2015 and determined whether differences in expenditures across dialysis modalities persisted as more patients were placed on PD. Overall expenditures were 11% greater for hemodialysis versus PD, and this difference did not change over time as more patients initiated PD. Although estimated intravenous dialysis drug costs were higher for hemodialysis, this difference narrowed over time—possibly mitigating incentives for providers to start more patients on PD and explaining a recent plateauing of growth in initiating this dialysis modality in the United States.

Background
Observations that peritoneal dialysis (PD) may be an effective, lower-cost alternative to hemodialysis for the treatment of ESKD have led to policies encouraging PD and subsequent increases in its use in the United States.

Methods
In a retrospective cohort analysis of Medicare beneficiaries who started dialysis between 2008 and 2015, we ascertained average annual expenditures (for up to 3 years after initiation of dialysis) for patients ≥67 years receiving in-center hemodialysis or PD. We also determined whether differences in Medicare expenditures across dialysis modalities persisted as more patients were placed on PD. We used propensity scores to match 8305 patients initiating PD with 8305 similar patients initiating hemodialysis.

Results
Overall average expenditures were US$108,656 (2017) for hemodialysis and US$91,716 for PD (proportionate difference, 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09 to 1.13). This difference did not change over time (P for time interaction term=0.14). Hemodialysis had higher estimated intravenous (iv) dialysis drug costs (1.69; 95% CI, 1.64 to 1.73), rehabilitation expenditures (1.35; 95% CI, 1.26 to 1.45), and other nondialysis expenditures (1.34; 95% CI, 1.30 to 1.37). Over time, initial differences in total dialysis expenditures disappeared and differences in iv dialysis drug utilization narrowed as nondialysis expenditures diverged. Estimated iv drug costs declined by US$2900 per patient-year in hemodialysis between 2008 and 2014 versus US$900 per patient-year in PD.

Conclusions
From the perspective of the Medicare program, savings associated with PD in patients ≥67 years have remained unchanged, despite rapid growth in the use of this dialysis modality. Total dialysis expenditures for the two modalities converged over time, whereas nondialysis expenditures diverged.
TEMPERATURE-INDUCED THICKNESS REDUCTION OF MICROMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Sn-0.7Cu SOLDER ALLOY
Authors: Yusoff Fateh Amera Mohd , Abu Bakar Maria , Jalar Azman 
Published: August 2022

Solders are used in electronic packaging for metallurgical interconnections. Thermomechanical methods are used to modify the properties of a material. Cubic Sn-0.7Cu solder alloy was subjected to heat treatment at 30–150 °C for 20 min, followed by 80 % compression. The control samples used in this study were only subjected to heat treatment. This study used the nanoindentation approach to investigate the reductions in the modulus and hardness of the lead-free Sn-0.7Cu solder alloy after thermomechanical treatment. Samples with 80 % compression showed slight changes in the reduced modulus (approximately 24 %) and hardness (approximately 14 %) after thermomechanical treatment. In contrast, the solder alloy that underwent heat treatment alone (the control sample) showed shifts in the hardness and reduced modulus of approximately 54 % and 66 %, respectively. The production of new recrystallized grains resulted in smaller changes in the micromechanical properties. These findings demonstrated that thermomechanical treatment can both modify and stabilize the properties of the Sn-0.7Cu solder alloy, such as micromechanical properties.
LASER DRILLING OF AIR-FILM COOLING HOLES IN AIR AND WITH COAXIAL WATERJET ASSISTANCE
Authors: Wu DongJie , Wang Bin , Liu Yuezhuan 
Published: August 2022

Air-film cooling holes were drilled into a turbine blade with a 532-nm Nd:YVO4 nanosecond laser in air and with coaxial waterjet assistance. The drilling quality of the sidewalls of the holes was investigated comparatively by means of a 3D confocal laser scanning microscope, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results have shown that the maximum thickness of the processing-induced defects around the air-film cooling holes drilled by the laser in air is up to 100 µm, while the holes obtained by means of the asynchronous operation of laser drilling in air and coaxial waterjet assistance indicate no spatter, oxide layer, recast layer or cracks. Compared with laser drilling in air, the minimum size of the heat-affected zone around the air-film cooling holes induced by asynchronous processing is decreased down to the sub-micrometer scale. The main phases in the oxide layer, recast layer and heat-affected zone are α-Al2O3, γ-Ni, and β-NiAl, respectively. Asynchronous processing can help us achieve high position precision and it will have wide application.
are α-Al2O3, γ-Ni, and β-NiAl, resp
Stress Variations in the Delaware Basin from Shear-Wave Splitting Analysis
Authors: Guzman Veronica , Li Aibing , Savvaidis Alexandros 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The northwestern Delaware basin has experienced an increase in seismicity, including one M 5.0 earthquake in 2020, correlated to hydraulic fracturing and wastewater injection activities. We conduct shear-wave splitting (SWS) analysis from local earthquakes to understand the increasing and intensifying seismicity in this area. Over 840 robust SWS parameters, the fast polarization orientation and the delay time, are obtained at five Texas Seismological Network stations by analyzing seismograms of more than 4000 events from 2019 to 2021. The fast orientations from individual events vary in a broad range for all stations, indicating a complex fracture system in the upper crust, even though the averages are consistent with the local fault strikes or the maximum horizontal stress. Fast orientations with large angles from the local stress appeared after the 2020 M 5.0 earthquake, evidencing an increase of pore pressure that facilitates slips on less favorable fracture planes by the stress field. Stress change caused by this earthquake could also contribute to the increasing diversity of SWS measurements. Future data analysis and stress modeling are needed to distinguish the different mechanisms.
Assessing the Fidelity of Seismic Records from Microfilm and Paper Media
Authors: Lee Thomas , Ishii Miaki , Okubo Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
During the analog era of seismology, seismograms were typically written to paper media. The legacy records from this era make up an irreplaceable resource that covers over a century, and many of them remain extant in both their original paper form and as microformat copies. While microformat copies of seismograms drove decades of seismological research, new capabilities have been developed that allow us to revisit the analog data sets and extend application of contemporary analyses to a considerably longer seismological record. Though microformat seismogram copies have been extensively used, we seek to understand possible differences that could arise from using data recovered from such copies compared to using the original seismograms. Identification of these differences provides understanding of the fidelity of information that is recoverable from these different media. We present a case study here, applying a number of quantitative measures to a pair of records (original paper and its 35 mm microfilm copy), and revealing that microfilm-derived time series differ from the original paper in timing and amplitude. Based on a simple analysis of this pair of short-period vertical records, we estimate uncertainties of ±0.1–0.3 for earthquake magnitude (hence, a factor of about 1.3–2.0 in energy) and ±10 km for hypocentral location.
"Get down on your knees": Representing the Seven Dwarfs in the Pantomime
Authors: Pritchard Erin 
Published: August 2022

Dwarfs are prominent figures within the entertainment industry, but there is limited academic focus on representations of them in the theatre. In this paper, I explore one of the most prominent representations of dwarfism in the theatre: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Drawing on theories of humour, the paper argues that the current representation of the Seven Dwarfs engages with disabling humour, which mocks their stature and has implications for people with dwarfism in society. Focusing on three different forms of casting including; using people with dwarfism, average height adults and children to fulfil the roles of the Seven Dwarfs, I argue that each representation promotes a negative stereotype of dwarfism, which can be explained by different theories of humour. In the last part, I suggest that using disability humour within scenes featuring the Seven Dwarfs can help to challenge stereotypes of dwarfism, which are less likely to have negative repercussions upon people with dwarfism in society.
FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE MICROCIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN PERIODONTAL TISSUES IN YOUNG ADULTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF SMOKING
Authors: OREKHOVA Lyudmila , Petrov Aleksandr , LOBODA Ekaterina , MALYSHEVA Evgenia , KOSOVA Elena , KOSOV Stepan 
Published: August 2022

Subject. Tobacco smoking is one of the risk factors of periodontal disease development; therefore, special attention should be paid to this group of patients in periodontal treatment management. Any pathological process in periodontium is directly or indirectly connected with microcirculatory disturbances. Therefore, the correction of these disturbances will promote the normalization of the periodontal morphofunctional status.
Objectives. To study functional state of the microcirculatory channel system in the periodontal tissues of the young patients with different types of smoking.
Matodology. Clinical examination of 240 patients was carried out with subsequent division into subgroups depending on the smoking type: smoking cigarettes, electronic cigarettes with liquids, tobacco heating systems and hookah with further division into subgroups depending on the smoking experience: up to 1 year, from 1 to 5 years, more than 5 years. Subsequently indices were determined: simplified index of oral hygiene according to Green–Vermillion (OHI-s, 1964), papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA modified by Parma, 1960), bleeding index SBI (Muehlemann modified by Cowell, 1975). For objective assessment of microcirculation in periodontal tissues we used high-frequency ultrasonic Dopplerography device "Minimax-Doppler-K" (LLC "SP-Minimax", St. Petersburg) with subsequent determination of average linear blood flow rate (Vas) and Gosling (PI) and Purcelo (RI) indices. Microcirculatory channel dynamics in periodontal tissues of the studied groups was studied in the state of physiological rest, immediately after smoking, in 15 minutes, in 30 minutes and in 60 minutes.
Results. On the basis of the carried out research the distinctive indices of microcirculation in the periodontal tissues before and after different kinds of smoking as well as the functional state of the vascular architectonics were determined.
Conclusions. The given research allows to understand at which types of smoking the smallest and the largest changes of microcirculation in periodontal tissues are observed and that also should be taken into account in daily clinical practice when seeing young periodontal patients who smoke.