bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Endogenous Auxin, Gibberellin-Like Substances, and Inhibitors in Developing Lowbush Blueberry Fruits1
Authors: Kender Walter J. , Desrochers Jean-Claude 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lowbush blueberry fruit, exhibiting the characteristic double sigmoid growth pattern, were analyzed for endogenous gibberellin-like substances, auxins, and inhibitors on 10 sampling dates throughout their ontogeny. During the initial berry enlargement period (stage I) from 0 to 26 days after anthesis, gibberellin content was high and auxin and inhibitor contents low. Gibberellin-like substances reached a peak of 2.1 GA3 equivalents (ug/g dry weight) 26 days after anthesis. At the onset of growth stage II, gibberellin activity declined sharply and remained at a low level throughout the developmental period. During the stage of retarded berry growth, 26 to 48 days after anthesis, auxin activity increased markedly followed by a decrease prior to the start of growth stage III.
All 3 growth substances were at non-active levels during the ripening period. However, inhibitor activity increased sharply as berries developed blue coloration, 61 and 69 days after anthesis. The growth promoting substances were associated with the premature phases of blueberry fruit development and the inhibiting substances with senescence. Auxins and inhibitors were low in flower buds and open flowers while gibberellin-like substances exhibited slight activity in these tissues.
Effect of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethyl Hydrazide on Anthocyanin Metabolism and Cell Wall Carbohydrates in Red Tart Cherries, Prunus cerasus L., Cv. Montmorency1
Authors: Dekazos Elias D. , Worley J. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Red tart cherries treated with succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar)5 were studied for changes in anthocyanin pigments and also histochemical changes. Anthocyanin biosynthesis was altered as a result of the treatment. The significant effect of Alar was to change markedly most of the individual pigment ratios. Of note is the fact that the concentration of the pigment peonidin 3-rutinoside was unaltered. The treated fruit showed an increase in total anthocyanin pigment.
Alar treatment also caused both quantitative and qualitative changes in cell wall carbohydrate composition. Treated fruit had more total wall material and showed callose formation. Furthermore, the sprayed fruit contained more pectin and hemicellulose. The amount of cellulose and lignin was not affected. The relation between changes in cell wall polysaccharides and increased firmness of sour cherries as a result of the treatment is discussed.
Histochemical Relationship of Manganese to Internal Bark Necrosis of Apple1
Authors: Eggert D. A. , Hayden R. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Severe symptom of internal bark necrosis (IBN) were noted when trees of ‘Red Delicious’ (‘Bisbee’ strain) on the EM II rootstock were grown hydroponically for 5 months in a complete nutrient regime supplemented with 50 ppm Mn. Lower levels of Mn resulted in less severe symptoms. Experimentally induced lesions were histologically identical to those occurring naturally in the field. Upon histochemical testing, frozen tissue sections obtained from trees grown in excess Mn regimes revealed localized and heavy accumulation of Mn in both incipient and well developed lesions. Localized accumulation of excess Mn may directly cause cell death and lesion formation.
Breeding Cabbage for High Dry Matter and Soluble Solids1
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Stamer J. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Various cultivars of cabbage, brussels sprouts, and kale when tested for dry matter content, ranged from 6.5–18% and showed heritabilities for this character of 50–60%. Dry matter was positively correlated with soluble solids, brine production and frost tolerance. High dry matter cabbage resulted in less brine produced in kraut production, increasing packout and reducing pollution.
Effects of Potassium Deficiency on Nitrogen Metabolism of Fruit Plants1
Authors: Forshey C. G. , McKee M. Wayne 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Soluble N accumulated in the leaves of K-deficient fruit plants grown in sand culture and in the field. Putrescine was identified in leaves and shoots of plants low in K and high in soluble N. Injections of putrescine induced K deficiency symptoms in K-sufficient leaves. Results emphasized a regulatory role of K in N metabolism.
Additional Allelic Genes in Malus for Scab Resistance of Two Reaction Types1
Authors: Dayton D. F. , Williams E. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A gene conditioning the 3-type resistance reaction to Venturia inaequalis Cke. (Wint.), recovered from M. micromalus Mak., is shown to be carried at the Vf locus, and thus allelic with similar genes recovered from 10 other Malus species and forms. Malus micromalus and M. atrosanguinea (Spaeth) Schneid. 804 are shown to carry allelic genes conditioning the pit-type of resistant reaction. The symbol Vm is assigned to this locus.
Response of ‘Valencia’ Orange Trees to Four Soil Water Schedules During 20 Years1
Authors: Hilgeman R. H. , Sharp F. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Valencia’ orange scions on sour orange rootstock, planted in 1935 at Tempe, Arizona, in calcareous sandy loam, were grown from 1949 through 1968 under 4 irrigation programs: high—15 irrigations a year, 1.72 m water applied; moderate—10 irrigations a year, 1.35 m water applied; low—5 irrigations a year, 0.95 m water applied; high-low—high, March to July, and low, August to February, 9 irrigations a year, 1.18 m water applied.
Yields were similar in high, moderate and high-low trees; reduced in low trees. Trunk growth was proportionately reduced as less water was applied. High soil water produced larger tree canopies than moderate, low and high-low, which were similar. Summer shoot growth was stimulated in high trees, limited by fruiting and soil water deficits in moderate and high-low regimes, and promoted by reduced yields in low trees. Low soil water reduced total feeder roots and increased the proportion below 60 cm. Fruit sizes were similar in high and moderate, markedly reduced in high-low and variable in low schedules. Total soluble solids in fruit increased as less water was applied after mid-July. Peel thickness was similar in high and moderate and thinner than in low and high-low.
High yields from the high-low regime show there is no advantage in maintaining high soil water during the entire year. Moderate stresses after July induced highest soluble solids in fruit, maintained smaller trees which facilitated picking, and prevented iron chlorosis.
Preharvest Treatments on Skinning of Sweet Potato Roots1,2
Authors: Austin M. E. , Graves B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chemical and mechanical treatments were applied to 3 cultivars of field grown sweet potatoes, Ipomoea batatas (Lam.), in an attempt to reduce the amount of skinning injury from harvest and handling. Treatments that destroyed the leaves and vines, i.e. sodium arsenite, paraquat, and mowing at soil level, reduced skinning of fleshy roots later during harvest. The reduction in fleshy root skinning from harvest treatments was significant but not visually apparent in field containers.
Thickness of periderm of the sweet potatoes was not influenced by chemical or mechanical treatments but dates of application and time of harvest influenced periderm development. Skinning was most severe when the periderm was thickest.
There appeared to be an association between low soil temperature (60° F) and skinning.
Changes in carbohydrate composition of ‘Nemagold’ roots were partly associated with changes in soil temperature. Accumulation of carbohydrates in roots varied with cultivar and season, and there was no relationship between the carbohydrate composition and severity of skinning.
Yield of roots was reduced in most plots where vines were killed or stunted by treatments, especially those made early in the harvest season and in treatments applied 2 weeks prior to harvest.
Abscisic Acid Levels in Dormant Peach Flower Buds1
Authors: Corgan J. N. , Peyton Charlen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A growth inhibitor isolated from dormant peach flower buds was identified as abscisic acid (ABA). Peach bud extracts were assayed for relative growth inhibition by the total acid fraction and for growth inhibition of a purified ABA fraction. Inhibition by both the total acid and ABA fractions increased in the fall until about the time of leaf abscission, and inhibition by both fractions decreased near or shortly after the end of the rest period. The inhibition by the total acid fraction decreased relatively more than the ABA fraction, possibly indicating interaction with growth promoting compounds in the total acid fraction. Inhibition increased as buds swelled, after termination of rest.
Peach Thinning with 3CPA and Ethrel During Cytokinesis1
Authors: Buchanan D. W. , Biggs R. H. , Blake J. A. , Sherman W. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sprays of various concentrations of Fruitone, a commercial formulation containing 2-(3-chlorophenoxy)-propionamide and 2-(3-chlorophenoxy)-propionic acid (3CPA) or of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) were applied to ‘Early Amber’, a short cycle (70 days), low-chilling (300 hours < 45 F) peach grown in Florida. Adequate thinning of fruits was obtained from treatments during the 4-day interval that the endosperm was changing from the free nuclear to the completely cellular stage. The most satisfactory concn of 3CPA and Ethrel for fruit thinning were 300 and 30 ppm, respectively. All concn of 3CPA and Ethrel which caused fruit thinning also increased ethylene concn in the fruit.
The Effect of Exogenous Growth Regulators on Keeping Quality In Poinsettia1
Authors: Gilbert David A. , Sink Kenneth C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Differences in bract abscission were found among several cultivars of poinsettia either intact or debladed in response to exogenously applied growth regulators. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) delayed the abscission of debladed petioles relative to its concentration, time, and point of application. Gibberellic acid or abscisic acid alone had no effect but interacted with IAA. Ethylene had no influence on abscission. No treatment accelerated the abscission rate of debladed petioles. There was no consistent modification of the relative differences among cultivars.
Inheritance of Seed Yield and its Components in a Six-Parent Diallel Cross in Peas1
Authors: Krarup Aage , Davis David W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pea seed yield (W) and its components—pods per plant (X), seeds per pod (Y), and average seed weight (Z)—and also seeds per plant were found to be controlled by an additive genetic system, on the average. The existence of some departure from additivity was indicated by deviation of the F1 from the midparent, especially for X, W, and seeds per plant. This deviation was more likely due to epistasis or linkage than to dominance. Specific Heterosis (specific combining ability) was important for all components, while Variety Heterosis (general combining) was important only for Y and Z. Estimates of heritability were high, ranging from .38 for seeds per plant to .65 for Z. Yield was found to be closely related to X, Y, and Z in descending order. Pods per plant (X) probably is a good selection index for dry seed yield in the pea.
Peel Flavanols and Their Relationship to Superficial Scald in ‘Stayman’ Apples1
Authors: Albrigo L. Gene , Childers Norman F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Scald susceptibility levels were created in ‘Stayman’ apples by controlling late-season night temperature and harvesting on 3 different dates in 1967 at New Brunswick, New Jersey. After 2 and 5 months at 32°F storage, the ascorbic acid, vanillin-reactive flavanols, and leucoanthocyanidins were determined on successive 95% and 50% ethanol extracts of the fruit peel. The less complex flavanols of the 95% ethanol extract also were separated. Scald ratings were made after 5 months at 32°F storage and one week at 68°F.
Scalding was most prevalent on fruit harvested 15 to 20 days before harvest maturity. Earlier and later harvested fruit showed less scalding. Stepwise regression indicated that scald decreased as ascorbic acid and the simplest flavanols increased. Comparison of the chemical values for the earliest harvested fruit suggested that oxidative browning should not be implicated as a cause of scalding. Formation of vacuolar-condensed tannins in the earliest harvested fruit was retarded.
The Role of Water and Cultural Practices on Oedema of Pelargonium hortorum Ait.1,2
Authors: Metwally A. W. , Beck G. E. , Struckmeyer B. Esther 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two cultivars of Pelargonium hortorum Ait. were used to determine the effect of certain environmental conditions and cultural practices on the formation and development of oedema. High light intensity, low nutritional levels and high soil moisture content increased susceptibility of leaves to oedema. Severity increased when plants were subsequently exposed to environmental conditions that favored water absorption rather than transpiration. A study of stomatal behavior of oedematous leaves showed greater vapor diffusion resistance compared with normal leaves. The excess water in leaf tissues caused hypertrophy of some cells in the leaf which resulted in plugging the sub-stomatal chamber. Sometimes there was an increase in the size of epidermal cells adjacent to guard cells forcing them to close. The stoma was sometimes collapsed as a result of hypertrophy of surrounding cells. The differences in the susceptibility of the 2 cultivars to oedema under high soil moisture was due to differences in their internal structure and stomatal behavior.
Fertility and Chromosome Behavior of a Derived Decaploid of Vaccinium1
Authors: Jelenkovic Gojko , Draper A. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chromosome pairing in a derived decaploid, 2n=10×=120, (from a colchicine-treated, sterile pentaploid hybrid of Vaccinium ashei Reade × V. corymbosum L.) was chiefly bivalent. Multivalent associations were present in 5 of 16 cells scored at metaphase I, but only 23 chromosomes of the 1,920 observed were involved in multiple pairing. Most of the cells at anaphase I (33 of 35 observed) contained lagging chromosomes which appeared to be non-disjoined bivalents rather than univalents. The decaploid was selfed and crossed with hexaploid, tetraploid, and diploid species. The mean number of seedlings produced per flower pollinated for each ploidy level was low, ranging from 0.04 to 0.09. The mean seedling number produced per self-pollinated flower was considerably higher, 0.92. The percent of pollen which stained in propionocarmine was 8% for the pentaploid parent, 62% for the derived decaploid and 99% for plants of V. ashei and V. corymbosum used as standards for comparison.
Intraclonal vs. Intraseedling Variation in Ulmus americana L. and U. pumila L. 1,2
Authors: Schreiber Lawrence R. , Roberts Bruce R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Intraclonal variation in Ulmus americana, American elm and U. pumila, Siberian elm was compared with seedling variation in the same species for the following characteristics: height growth; shoot, root, and total fresh weight; stem, leaf, root and total dry weight; root-shoot ratio, and leaf area. Intraclonal variation was as great as seedling variation for all characteristics in 3-month-old American and 12-month-old Siberian elms and for height growth in 13-month-old American elms. It was significantly less for all other characteristics in the 13-month-old American elm clone.
Diffusible Rooting Substances in Woody Ornamentals1
Authors: Kawase Makoto 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Water soluble rooting substances were obtained from selected woody ornamentals by the centrifugal diffusion method from the cuttings, or by the water extraction method from the ground freeze-dried cuttings. Species used were Cotoneaster racemiflora soongorica, Euonymus fortunei carrierei, Ilex opaca, Lonicera maacki, Physocarpus amurensis, Symplocos paniculata, Taxus cuspidata, Viburnum burkwoodi, and V. opulus. The centrifugal diffusates from Cotoneaster racemiflora soongorica, Euonymus fortunei carrierei, and Symplocos paniculata promoted rooting of mung bean cuttings. Generally the centrifugal diffusates from all of the species studied contained 4 root-promoting fractions with Rf’s, in isopropanol:ammonia:water, of 0–0.1, 0.2–0.4, 0.6–0.8, and 0.8–1.0. All of these fractions promoted rooting of mung bean cuttings without added indole-3-acetic acid. The fraction at Rf 0-0.1 caused the strongest root promotion. Similar results were found in the water extract from the freeze-dried materials. The results strongly suggest that diffusible and water-soluble rooting substances commonly exist among many species of woody plants.
Inheritance of Malate in Tomatoes1
Authors: Stevens M. Allen , Long Marilyn A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The inheritance of malate in tomatoes was investigated by gas-liquid chromatography with trimethylsilyl derivatives. Studies of progeny from the crosses ‘Campbell 146’ x ‘Campbell 1327’ and ‘Delsher’ x PI 255842-SI indicated that concentration of malate is determined by a single factor with dominance for low concentration.
Influence of Nitrogen, Potassium and Plant Population on the Maturity of Field Seeded Tomatoes for Once-Over Harvest1
Authors: Nicklow Clark W. , Downes John D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To achieve an economic harvest of tomatoes mechanically under conditions of relatively high rainfall and a relatively short growing season, a new approach to field seeding was explored. Seeding of ‘New Yorker’ and ‘H 1630’ cultivars at plant populations ranging from 20,000 to 110,000 plants per acre resulted in canning yields of 24 tons per acre for ‘New Yorker’ when seeded at approximately 90,000 plants per acre with 5 rows on a 5-foot bed. Both preplant and sidedressed N as well as preplant K decreased early once-over harvest yields of ripe fruit. Conversely, the addition of these same fertility treatments, in most cases, significantly increased the once-over harvest yield of green fruit. Nitrogen resulted in a significant reduction of fruit size, while K, when it had an influence, caused an increase in fruit size. Fruit size, in most cases, decreased as plant population was increased.
Resistance to Leaf Miners in Lycopersicon Accessions1
Authors: Webb Ralph E. , Stoner A. K. , Gentile A. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When cultivars and accessions of the cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., and related species, were evaluated for resistance to a leaf miner, Liriomyza munda Frick, in greenhouse and field cage tests, the screening tests revealed several lines of L. esculentum having genes for adult nonpreference or larval antibiosis or both. All accessions of L. hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl. and L. hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull, were virtually immune to attack in both greenhouse and field tests. Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill, demonstrated a considerable level of antibiosis in the greenhouse, but was not promising in the field. All accessions of L. peruvianum var. dentatum Dun. and L. glandulosum C. H. Mull, tested were susceptible. The commercial cv. VF 145B was nonpreferred in the field.
Effect of Pruning and Tree Size on Within-Tree Bruising of Mechanically Harvested ‘Mcintosh’ Apples1
Authors: Cain John C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bruising of apples is a major limitation for successful mechanical harvesting and that occurring within the tree probably determines the lower limit achievable. Bruising within the tree was studied by hand shaking 50-100 fruit samples onto a catching device which virtually eliminated bruising from this source.
Internal tree structure was modified by pruning entire trees and parts of trees from 8 to 14 ft. high to minimize the number of limb impact points by falling fruit. Bruising increased with tree height under all conditions of intervening branch structure. Pruning reduced bruising less than 10% on average trees. A minimum of 15-20% bruise results from the small branches on which fruit are borne independent of height. Limited branch density counts indicate that about 90% of the potential impact points of a large tree occur on branches less than one inch in diameter, where most of the fruit are borne.
These data indicate the limitations of pruning or branch padding to reduce internal tree bruising and suggest the use of smaller trees for the most economical reduction of bruise damage during mechanical harvesting.
Biochemical Comparison of Seasonal Variations in Three Peach Cultivars Differing in Cold Hardiness1
Authors: Lasheen Aly M. , Chaplin Carl E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaves, shoots and flower buds of 3 peach cultivars differing in cold hardiness were compared biochemically throughout the year. The analyses included starch, reducing and total sugars, total protein, and total and individual amino acids, (a) Starch in leaves and shoots was low in early spring, but increased to peak concentrations in fall. Flower buds were devoid of starch, (b) Reducing and total sugars in leaves and shoots were high in early spring and decreased to a minimum in fall, but increased to a maximum in the shoots during winter. In flower buds reducing and total sugars were relatively high during winter and increased to peak concentrations in early spring, (c) Protein in leaves was high in spring but decreased to a minimum in summer, then steadily increased to a peak concentration in fall. A similar but less pronounced trend occurred in shoots. In flower buds a steady increase in protein occurred during dormancy and reached a maximum in early spring, (d) Total free amino acids in leaves was high in the spring, but decreased rapidly to a minimum in the fall. In shoots the level was relatively high in the spring, decreased in early summer, but increased to a maximum in late summer, then gradually leveled off during the fall and winter. In flower buds the level was relatively high in winter, but increased rapidly in early spring.
Some correlation existed between the levels of the biochemical constituents and the degree of hardiness in the 3 peach cultivars.
Fertilizer and Lime Rates Influence Highbush Blueberry Growth and Foliar Elemental Content During Establishment1
Authors: Cummings George , Bickford Carlos , Nelson Larry 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nitrogen and P fertilization increased growth of 1 and 2 year-old highbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L., cv Wolcott) at 2 locations in eastern North Carolina. The influence of K upon growth during the years of establishment was not conclusive. Dolomitic lime application prior to establishment raised soil pH from 3.7 and 3.9 to 4.5 and depressed growth.
The influence of treatments upon the foliar contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn was determined. A direct relationship existed between the rate of N, P, or K and the content of these elements in the foliage. The only effects noted from lime application were an increase in P and Ca and decrease in Fe foliar level at one location. Variations in foliar elemental content, induced by treatments, were usually similar at both locations. The level of certain elements in the foliage, however, varied widely with location.
Tomato Fruit Size and Quality Interrelationships1
Authors: Ibarbia E. A. , Lambeth V. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The interrelationships between tomato fruit weight, Brix, pH and titratable acidity were studied in 2 constant parent groups of F1’s, their 11 parental lines and 2 sets of P-F1’s. Estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations between high Brix and high titratable acidity and between low pH and high titratable acidity suggested considerable pleiotropic role of genes. The desirable assocation of high Brix with low pH was phenotypically unstable and appeared to have little detectable genetical basis. Fruit weight was poorly correlated with quality traits. Implications of these findings in a breeding program are discussed.