bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breast
Authors: Geropantas Dinos , Ames Victoria 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 discusses breast cancer, and includes incidence, screening, diagnosis and staging, radiological staging, radiotherapy planning, therapeutic assessment, and follow-up. Breast mortality has shown a decrease in recent years and advances in imaging have played a significant role in this. Although mammography and ultrasound remain key in breast cancer diagnosis, new techniques such as contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) and dynamic contrast-enhanced breast MRI have led to improvements in detection and local staging. PETCT is increasingly used in breast cancer diagnosis and management as it can in some cases complement the combination of CT and bone scan in identifying distant disease and also in assessing response to systemic therapy. Radiotherapy contouring and planning are now CT-based and specific guidelines on how to draw clinical target volumes have been published aiming to reduce errors and homogenize treatment.
Head and neck cancers
Authors: Barnett Gill , Das Tilak 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Imaging plays a pivotal role in the management of head and neck cancer (HNC). CT and MRI are used as initial staging investigations, whilst PET-CT is performed if the primary tumour is not evident. PET-CT is also recommended in patients with more advanced stage HNC to assess for mediastinal disease or metastases. Ultrasound (US) with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a useful adjunct to CT and MRI for the detection of involved lymph nodes. PET-CT is used to assess response to definitive treatment with chemoradiation. The combination of US, CT, and MRI is also used to assess salivary gland tumours. MRI is particularly useful for detecting perineural invasion. US is the imaging modality of choice for both diagnosis and follow up of thyroid cancer, usually with FNAC or core biopsy. CT or MRI is reserved only for locally advanced disease to assess whether surgery is feasible. CT may be used to assess for pulmonary metastases.
Endocrine tumours
Authors: Aloj Luigi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 19 discusses endocrine tumours and covers neuroendocrine neoplasms, and tumours of the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex. Given the distinctive biochemical properties of these tumours, radionuclide methods targeting specific biomarkers are applied in many settings. Progress in radionuclide based imaging has been mostly focused on new applications of positron emission tomography (PET) through development of new radiolabelled compounds. This has also prompted clinical research in radionuclide therapy utilizing the same principles to deliver lethal radiation to tumours which have provided approved treatments in specific areas. X-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have well established roles in whole body staging (CT) and high sensitivity for small lesions (MRI) in specific settings. MRI methods utilizing spectroscopic imaging are expected to allow additional biochemical characterization of tumours in the future.
The FRCEM OSCE
Authors: Goss Rachel , McMaster Emma , Rennie Stephanie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to the Fellowship of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (FRCEM) Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). It contains an explanation of the examination structure and scoring systems used. It provides a revision strategy, with advice and pointers to maximise marks. It provides knowledge and a guide to structuring revision.
Communication
Authors: Goss Rachel , McMaster Emma , Rennie Stephanie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter contains 11 different communication skills sample cases for the Fellowship of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (FRCEM) Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). In this chapter, candidates are invited to use advanced communication skills to deal with conflict and difficult situations. Communication skills are used in a variety of scenarios with patients and colleagues. The cases reflect a range of common presentations that are pertinent to the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) curriculum and that are seen in real-life emergency departments. Each case contains instructions for the candidate and the patient actor, as well as a sample mark scheme breakdown and a mark scheme. Key learning points are highlighted after each case.
Uncertainties in supernova input rates drive qualitative differences in simulations of galaxy evolution
Authors: Keller Benjamin W , Kruijssen J M Diederik 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Feedback from core collapse supernovae (SNe), the final stage of evolution of massive stars, is a key element in galaxy formation theory. The energy budget of SN feedback, as well as the duration over which SNe occur, are constrained by stellar lifetime models and the minimum mass star that ends its life as a SN. Simplifying approximations for this SN rate are ubiquitous in simulation studies. We show here how the choice of SN budget and timings (t0 for the delay between star formation and the first SN, τSN for the duration of SN injection, and the minimum SN progenitor mass) drive changes in the regulation of star formation and outflow launching. Extremely long delays for instantaneous injection of SN energy (t0 ≫ 20 Myr) reduces star formation and drive stronger outflows compared smaller delays. This effect is primarily driven by enhanced clustering of young stars. With continuous injection of energy, longer SN durations results in a larger fraction of SN energy deposited in low ambient gas densities, where cooling losses are lower. This is effect is particularly when driven by the choice of the minimum SN progenitor mass, which also sets the total SN energy budget. These underlying uncertainties mean that despite advances in the sub-grid modeling of SN feedback, serious difficulties in constraining the strength of SN feedback remain. We recommend future simulations use realistic SN injection durations, and bound their results using SN energy budgets and durations for minimum SN progenitors of 7 and 9 M⊙.
Impact of image persistence in theRoman Space TelescopeHigh-Latitude Survey
Authors: Lin Chien-Hao , Mandelbaum Rachel , Troxel M A , Hirata Christopher M , Jarvis Mike 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTThe High-Latitude Survey of the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is expected to measure the positions and shapes of hundreds of millions of galaxies in an area of 2220 deg2. This survey will provide high-quality weak lensing data with unprecedented systematic control. The Roman Space Telescope will survey the sky in near-infrared (NIR) bands using Teledyne H4RG HgCdTe photodiode arrays. These NIR arrays exhibit an effect called persistence: charges that are trapped in the photodiodes during earlier exposures are gradually released into later exposures, leading to contamination of the images and potentially to errors in measured galaxy properties such as fluxes and shapes. In this work, we use image simulations that incorporate the persistence effect to study its impact on galaxy shape measurements and weak lensing signals. No significant spatial correlations are found between the galaxy shape changes induced by persistence. On the scales of interest for weak lensing cosmology, the effect of persistence on the weak lensing correlation function is about two orders of magnitude lower than the Roman Space Telescope additive shear error budget, indicating that the persistence effect is expected to be a subdominant contributor to the systematic error budget for weak lensing with the Roman Space Telescope given its current design.
A 6.4-yr optical quasi-periodic oscillations in SDSS J075217.84+193542.2: a new candidate for central binary black hole system
Authors: Zhang XueGuang 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
In this manuscript, a 6.4-yr optical quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) is detected in the quasar SDSS J075217.84+193542.2 (=+SDSS J0752) at a redshift 0.117, of which 13.6-yr-long light curve from Catalina Sky Survey and All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae is directly described by a sinusoidal function with a periodicity 6.4 yr. The 6.4-yr QPOs can be further confirmed through the generalized Lomb–Scargle periodogram with confidence level higher than 99.99 per cent, and through the autocorrelation analysis results, and through the weighted wavelet z-transformation technique. The optical QPOs strongly indicate a central binary black hole (BBH) system in SDSS J0752. The determined two broad Gaussian components in the broad H α can lead to the BBH system with expected space separation about 0.02 pc between the expected two central BHs with determined virial BH masses about 8.8 × 107 and 1.04 × 109 M⊙. Meanwhile, we check the disc precessions applied to explain the optical QPOs. However, under the disc precession assumption, the determined optical emission regions from central BH have sizes about 40RG two times smaller than sizes of the expected Near UltraViolet (NUV) emission regions through the correlation between disc size and BH mass, indicating the disc precessions are not preferred. And due to the lower radio loudness around 0.28, jet precessions can be also totally ruled out. Furthermore, only 0.08 per cent probability can determined as the QPOs misdetected through light curves randomly created by the continuous autoregressive process, reconfirming the reported optical QPOs.
The evolution of the Si ivcontent in the Universe from the epoch of reionization to cosmic noon
Authors: D’Odorico V , Finlator K , Cristiani S , Cupani G , Perrotta S , Calura F , Cènturion M , Becker G , Berg T A M , Lopez S , Ellison S , Pomante E 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTWe investigate the abundance and distribution of metals in the high-redshift intergalactic medium and circum-galactic medium through the analysis of a sample of almost 600 Si iv absorption lines detected in high- and intermediate-resolution spectra of 147 quasars. The evolution of the number density of Si iv lines, the column density distribution function, and the cosmic mass density are studied in the redshift interval 1.7 ≲ z ≲ 6.2 and for log N(Si iv) ≥ 12.5. All quantities show a rapid increase between z ∼ 6 and z ≲ 5 and then an almost constant behaviour to z ∼ 2 in very good agreement with what is already observed for C iv absorption lines. The present results are challenging for numerical simulations: When simulations reproduce our Si iv results, they tend to underpredict the properties of C iv, and when the properties of C iv are reproduced, the number of strong Si iv lines [log N(Si iv) &gt; 14] is overpredicted.
Oscillating magnetized hybrid stars under the magnifying glass of multimessenger observations
Authors: Mariani Mauro , Tonetto Lucas , Rodríguez M Camila , Celi Marcos O , Ranea-Sandoval Ignacio F , Orsaria Milva G , Pérez Martínez Aurora 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTWe model neutron stars as magnetized hybrid stars with an abrupt hadron–quark phase transition in their cores, taking into account current constraints from nuclear experiments and multimessenger observations. We include magnetic field effects considering the Landau level quantization of charged particles and the anomalous magnetic moment of neutral particles. We construct the magnetized hybrid equation of state, and we compute the particle population, the matter magnetization and the transverse and parallel pressure components. We integrate the stable stellar models, considering the dynamical stability for rapid or slow hadron–quark phase conversion. Finally, we calculate the frequencies and damping times of the fundamental and g non-radial oscillation modes. The latter, a key mode to learn about phase transitions in compact objects, is only obtained for stars with slow conversions. For low magnetic fields, we find that one of the objects of the GW170817 binary system might be a hybrid star belonging to the slow extended stability branch. For magnetars, we find that a stronger magnetic field always softens the hadronic equation of state. Besides, only for some parameter combinations a stronger magnetic field implies a higher hybrid star maximum mass. Contrary to previous results, the incorporation of anomalous magnetic moment does not affect the studied astrophysical quantities. We discuss possible imprints of the microphysics of the equation of state that could be tested observationally in the future, and that might help infer the nature of dense matter and hybrid stars.
The significant impact of shape deviations of atmospheric aerosols on light monitoring networks
Authors: Kómar Ladislav , Wallner Stefan , Kocifaj Miroslav 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Aerosol particles are important modulators of night sky brightness (NSB) due to their manifold impacts on spectral and angular properties of scattered light. The majority of radiative transfer models currently in use are based on rigorous Mie theory for spherical homogeneous particles. This fundamental concept enables significant simplifications in theoretical formulae and numerical modelling. However, as known from many studies, spherical shapes are rare for both natural and anthropogenic aerosols. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyse the potential magnitude of the subsequent effect in skyglow modelling assuming that the aerosol particles are of different aspect ratios. The zero-order approximation to tackle the problem is to characterize the non-sphericity by the ratio of the largest to smallest size of an ellipsoidal particle. We use T-matrix formalism to perform light scattering calculations on spheroidal particles of arbitrary size, composition, and orientation in respect to the incident light. Results indicate that the particle-shape impact on NSB can be of significant size leading to both positive and negative amplitudes around the zenith. In the most extreme case, an increase of up to 70 per cent in zenithal luminance was displayed. As a consequence, especially light monitoring devices like the sky quality meter, usually measuring the NSB around the zenith, are particularly influenced by this effect. In summary, the paper underlines both the importance of treating non-spherical aerosols in theoretical modelling of skyglow and also the significance of including atmospheric parameters to analyses of light monitoring networks.
7,8-Dihydro-8-oxo-1,N6-ethenoadenine: an exclusively Hoogsteen-paired thymine mimic in DNA that induces A→T transversions in Escherichia coli
Authors: Aralov Andrey V , Gubina Nina , Cabrero Cristina , Tsvetkov Vladimir B , Turaev Anton V , Fedeles Bogdan I , Croy Robert G , Isaakova Ekaterina A , Melnik Denis , Dukova Svetlana , Ryazantsev Dmitriy Y , Khrulev Alexei A , Varizhuk Anna M , González Carlos , Zatsepin Timofei S , Essigmann John M 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This work investigated the structural and biological properties of DNA containing 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-1,N6-ethenoadenine (oxo-ϵA), a non-natural synthetic base that combines structural features of two naturally occurring DNA lesions (7,8-dihydro-8-oxoadenine and 1,N6-ethenoadenine). UV-, CD-, NMR spectroscopies and molecular modeling of DNA duplexes revealed that oxo-ϵA adopts the non-canonical syn conformation (χ = 65º) and fits very well among surrounding residues without inducing major distortions in local helical architecture. The adduct remarkably mimics the natural base thymine. When considered as an adenine-derived DNA lesion, oxo-ϵA was &gt;99% mutagenic in living cells, causing predominantly A→T transversion mutations in Escherichia coli. The adduct in a single-stranded vector was not repaired by base excision repair enzymes (MutM and MutY glycosylases) or the AlkB dioxygenase and did not detectably affect the efficacy of DNA replication in vivo. When the biological and structural data are viewed together, it is likely that the nearly exclusive syn conformation and thymine mimicry of oxo-ϵA defines the selectivity of base pairing in vitro and in vivo, resulting in lesion pairing with A during replication. The base pairing properties of oxo-ϵA, its strong fluorescence and its invisibility to enzymatic repair systems in vivo are features that are sought in novel DNA-based probes and modulators of gene expression.
The nucleoporin Gle1 activates DEAD-box protein 5 (Dbp5) by promoting ATP binding and accelerating rate limiting phosphate release
Authors: Gray Shawn , Cao Wenxiang , Montpetit Ben , De La Cruz Enrique M 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The DEAD-box protein Dbp5 is essential for RNA export, which involves regulation by the nucleoporins Gle1 and Nup159 at the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Mechanistic understanding of how these nucleoporins regulate RNA export requires analyses of the intrinsic and activated Dbp5 ATPase cycle. Here, kinetic and equilibrium analyses of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gle1-activated Dbp5 ATPase cycle are presented, indicating that Gle1 and ATP, but not ADP-Pi or ADP, binding to Dbp5 are thermodynamically coupled. As a result, Gle1 binds Dbp5-ATP &gt; 100-fold more tightly than Dbp5 in other nucleotide states and Gle1 equilibrium binding of ATP to Dbp5 increases &gt;150-fold via slowed ATP dissociation. Second, Gle1 accelerated Dbp5 ATPase activity by increasing the rate-limiting Pi release rate constant ∼20-fold, which remains rate limiting. These data show that Gle1 activates Dbp5 by modulating ATP binding and Pi release. These Gle1 activities are expected to facilitate ATPase cycling, ensuring a pool of ATP bound Dbp5 at NPCs to engage RNA during export. This work provides a mechanism of Gle1-activation of Dbp5 and a framework to understand the joint roles of Gle1, Nup159, and other nucleoporins in regulating Dbp5 to mediate RNA export and other Dbp5 functions in gene expression.
The pathway toward practical application of lithium-metal anodes for non-aqueous secondary batteries
Authors: Li Panlong , Fang Zhong , Dong Xiaoli , Wang Congxiao , Xia Yongyao 
Published: February 2022

abstract
The revolution of automotive vehicles (from petrol vehicles to electric vehicles) has set high demands for the performance of batteries. Lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) show great potential owing to their high energy density but encounter poor cycle life and safety issues. It is of great significance to reveal LMB failure mechanisms and understand their relationship with battery performance. This review presents an overview of the state-of-the-art Li-metal anodes, with an emphasis on two typical failure modes: capacity degradation and dendritic growth of Li metal. The critical correlations between the composition, structure and failure are explained point by point. The chemical and electrochemical stabilities of the lithium anode are discussed. Particularly, for the first time, five types of lithium-metal anodes are classified to develop a comprehensive understanding of LMBs. Furthermore, strategies are suggested to improve the practical performance of LMBs, including material innovation, electrolyte modification and advanced characterization.
Redox mediators for high-performance lithium–oxygen batteries
Authors: Dou Yaying , Xie Zhaojun , Wei Yingjin , Peng Zhangquan , Zhou Zhen 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Aprotic lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries are receiving intense research interest by virtue of their ultra-high theoretical specific energy. However, current Li–O2 batteries are suffering from severe barriers, such as sluggish reaction kinetics and undesired parasitic reactions. Recently, molecular catalysts, i.e. redox mediators (RMs), have been explored to catalyse the oxygen electrochemistry in Li–O2 batteries and are regarded as an advanced solution. To fully unlock the capability of Li–O2 batteries, an in-depth understanding of the catalytic mechanisms of RMs is necessary. In this review, we summarize the working principles of RMs and their selection criteria, highlight the recent significant progress of RMs and discuss the critical scientific and technical challenges on the design of efficient RMs for next-generation Li–O2 batteries.
Searching for Professional Women in the Mid to Late Roman Textile Industry
Authors: Kelley Anna C 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Since the 1960s, feminist historiography has been hard at work challenging established narratives of women’s roles in past societies, although with greater impact in some disciplines than others. Studies of production in the ancient world, in particular, continue to exclude women from discussions of professional labour. When women do appear in texts, modern scholarship has tended to treat them either as exceptional cases, or as part of an unskilled, casual workforce. Utilizing a variety of source materials, particularly Egyptian papyri, this article examines women’s labour in the mid to late Roman textile industry, which in recent historiography has typically been relegated to the category of ‘domestic’ production. Drawing upon a comparative model for women’s manufacturing roles in the Middle Ages to highlight important distinctions between women’s roles and their documentation in manufacturing between time periods, it becomes evident that Roman women were crucial actors at all stages of commercial textile production, although they possessed limited levels of control within the industry. Establishing women within the better-evidenced Roman textile sector, despite legal and social norms that historically obscured them, opens the possibility of finding professional women in other industries in the ancient world, and continues the process of re-evaluating the economic history of women throughout the ages.
Tackling barriers to COVID-19 vaccine uptake in London: a mixed-methods evaluation
Authors: Halvorsrud Kristoffer , Shand Jenny , Weil Leonora G , Hutchings Andrew , Zuriaga Ana , Satterthwaite Dane , Yip Jennifer L Y , Eshareturi Cyril , Billett Julie , Hepworth Ann , Dodhia Rakesh , Schwartz Ellen C , Penniston Rachel , Mordaunt Emma , Bulmer Sophie , Barratt Helen , Illingworth John , Inskip Joanna , Bury Fran , Jenkins Deborah , Mounier-Jack Sandra , Raine Rosalind 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the first vaccine was administered in December 2020 in England. However, vaccination uptake has historically been lower in London than in other English regions.

Methods
Mixed-methods: This comprised an analysis of cumulative percentage uptake across London between 8 December 2020 and 6 June 2021 by vaccine priority cohorts and ethnicity. We also undertook thematic analyses of uptake barriers, interventions to tackle these and key learning from a qualitative survey of 27 London local authority representatives, vaccine plans from London’s five Integrated Care Systems and interviews with 38 London system representatives.

Results
Vaccine uptake was lower in Black ethnic (57–65% uptake) compared with the White British group (90% uptake). Trust was a critical issue, including mistrust in the vaccine itself and in authorities administering or promoting it. The balance between putative costs and benefits of vaccination created uptake barriers for zero-hour and shift workers. Intensive, targeted and ‘hyper-local’ initiatives, which sustained community relationships and were not constrained by administrative boundaries, helped tackle these barriers.

Conclusions
The success of the national vaccination programme depended on conceding local autonomy, investing in responsive and long-term partnerships to engender trust through in-depth understanding of communities’ beliefs.