bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First experimental measurements of 2D microdosimetry maps in proton therapy
Authors: Guardiola Consuelo , Bachiller‐Perea Diana , Kole Emmanuel M. Mate , Fleta Celeste , Quirion David , De Marzi Ludovic , Gómez Faustino 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundEmpirical data in proton therapy indicate that relative biological effectiveness (RBE) is not constant, and it is directly related to the linear energy transfer (LET). The experimental assessment of LET with high resolution would be a powerful tool for minimizing the LET hot spots in intensity‐modulated proton therapy, RBE‐ or LET‐guided evaluation and optimization to achieve biologically optimized proton plans, verifying the theoretical predictions of variable proton RBE models, and so on. This could impact clinical outcomes by reducing toxicities in organs at risk.PurposeThe present work shows the first 2D LET maps obtained at a proton therapy facility using the double scattering delivery mode in clinical conditions by means of new silicon 3D‐cylindrical microdetectors.MethodsThe device consists of a matrix of 121 independent silicon‐based detectors that have 3D‐cylindrical electrodes of 25‐µm diameter and 20‐µm depth, resulting each one of them in a well‐defined micrometric radiation sensitive volume etched inside the silicon. They have been specifically designed for a hadron therapy, improving the performance of current silicon‐based microdosimeters. Microdosimetry spectra were obtained at different positions of the Bragg curve by using a water‐equivalent phantom along an 89‐MeV pristine proton beam generated in the Y1 proton passive scattering beamline of the Orsay Proton Therapy Centre (Institut Curie, France).ResultsMicrodosimetry 2D‐maps showing the variation of the lineal energy with depth in the three dimensions were obtained in situ during irradiation at clinical fluence rates (∼108 s−1 cm−2) for the first time with a spatial resolution of 200 µm, the highest achieved in the transverse plane so far. The experimental results were cross‐checked with Monte Carlo simulations and a good agreement between the spectra shapes was found. The experimental frequency‐mean lineal energy values in silicon were 1.858 ± 0.019 keV µm−1 at the entrance, 2.61 ± 0.03 keV µm−1 at the proximal distance, 4.97 ± 0.05 keV µm−1 close to the Bragg peak, and 8.6 ± 0.1 keV µm−1 at the distal edge. They are in good agreement with the expected trends in the literature in clinical proton beams.ConclusionsWe present the first 2D microdosimetry maps obtained in situ during irradiation at clinical fluence rates in proton therapy. Our results show that the arrays of 3D‐cylindrical microdetectors are a reliable microdosimeter to evaluate LET maps not only in the longitudinal axis of the beam, but also in the transverse plane allowing for LET characterization in three dimensions. This work is a proof of principle showing the capacity of our system to deliver LET 2D maps. This kind of experimental data is needed to validate variable proton RBE models and to optimize LET‐guided plans.
A cash‐strapped creator's reward‐based crowdfunding strategies with spot sales
Authors: Guo Xiaolong , Gao Qian , Li Tao , Yu Yugang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractReward‐based crowdfunding with the all‐or‐nothing mechanism helps cash‐strapped creators raise funds from potential consumers to develop new products. However, this mechanism may hurt the creator in the long run because possible buying frenzies of strategic consumers will cannibalize the demand for spot sales if the project succeeds with overfunding. Through a two‐period model incorporating a crowdfunding period and a spot sales period, we find that strategic consumers' purchasing decisions depend on the probability that they will like the product in spot sales. Moreover, we show that crowdfunding cannot be used to finance when the setup cost that a creator needs to pay for the production is sufficiently high. In addition, for creators who can use crowdfunding to finance, contrary to the intuition that they should not take risks when the market uncertainty is high, we find the opposite results when we take the joint effect of the setup cost and market uncertainty into consideration. To be specific, when the market uncertainty is high and the setup cost is higher than a threshold, the creator can optimally choose the risky strategy. Furthermore, the creator may benefit from market uncertainty when a high setup cost is required to launch the product.
Monitoring proficiency: Growth of number sense in primary school
Authors: Gökçe Semirhan , Güner Pınar , Baştuğ Muhammet 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to develop tests for monitoring the number sense skills of primary school students based on proficiency definitions and to compare their number sense skills according to gender, school type, and mother's educational level. The first stage addressed to test development in which anchor items were used for vertical equating of number sense tests across grade levels. In the second stage, the number sense skills were compared in terms of student characteristics. The participants were 2034 primary school students. Reliable and valid number sense tests each consisting of 20 items were developed that allow comparison among Grades 2, 3, and 4. The findings indicated that number sense skills were not developed sufficiently in early childhood and had different trends in terms of gender through grades. Moreover, private schools outperformed public schools and the gap became higher in Grade 4. The results also showed that mother's education is an important factor for children to have higher number sense skills. Number sense is a prominent predictor of mathematics performance and monitoring number sense progress helps to evaluate the effectiveness of mathematics instruction.
Reevaluation of ethylene role in Arabidopsis cauline leaf abscission induced by water stress and rewatering
Authors: Meir Shimon , Philosoph‐Hadas Sonia , Salim Shoshana , Segev Adi , Riov Joseph 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIt was previously reported that cauline leaf abscission in Arabidopsis is induced by a cycle of water stress and rewatering, which is regulated by the complex of INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA), HAESA (HAE), and HAESA‐LIKE2 (HSL2) kinases. However, the involvement of ethylene in this process was ruled out. Because this conclusion contradicts the well‐established role of ethylene in organ abscission induced by a cycle of water stress and rewatering, our present study was aimed to reevaluate the possible involvement of ethylene in this process. For this purpose, we examined the endogenous ethylene production during water stress and following rewatering, as well as the effects of exogenous ethylene and 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP), on cauline leaf abscission of Arabidopsis wild type. Additionally, we examined whether this stress induces cauline leaf abscission in ethylene‐insensitive Arabidopsis mutants. The results of the present study demonstrated that ethylene production rates increased significantly in cauline leaves at 4 h after rewatering of stressed plants and remained high for at least 24 h in plants water‐stressed to 40 and 30% of system weight. Ethylene treatment applied to well‐watered plants induced cauline leaf abscission, which was inhibited by 1‐MCP. Cauline leaf abscission was also inhibited by 1‐MCP applied during a cycle of water stress and rewatering. Finally, no abscission occurred in two ethylene‐insensitive mutants, ein2‐1 and ein2‐5, following a cycle of water stress and rewatering. Taken together, these results clearly indicate that ethylene is involved in Arabidopsis cauline leaf abscission induced by water stress and rewatering.Our results show that ethylene is involved in Arabidopsis cauline leaf abscission induced by water stress and rewatering, similar to leaf abscission in other plants.
Vaccine target and carrier molecule nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D dimerizes like the close Escherichia coliGlpQ homolog but unlike other known homolog dimers
Authors: Jones Seth P. , Cook Kali H. , Holmquist Melody L. , Almekinder Liam J. , Delaney Annie M. , Charles Ryhl , Labbe Natalie , Perdue Janai , Jackson Niaya , Pichichero Michael E. , Kaur Ravinder , Michel Lea V. , Gleghorn Michael L. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe have determined the 1.8 Å X‐ray crystal structure of nonlipidated (i.e., N‐terminally truncated) nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi; H. influenzae) protein D. Protein D exists on outer membranes of H. influenzae strains and acts as a virulence factor that helps invade human cells. Protein D is a proven successful antigen in animal models to treat obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and otitis media (OM), and when conjugated to polysaccharides also has been used as a carrier molecule for human vaccines, for example in GlaxoSmithKline Synflorix™. NTHi protein D shares high sequence and structural identify to the Escherichia coli (E. coli) glpQ gene product (GlpQ). E. coli GlpQ is a glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GDPD) with a known dimeric structure in the Protein Structural Database, albeit without an associated publication. We show here that both structures exhibit similar homodimer organization despite slightly different crystal lattices. Additionally, we have observed both the presence of weak dimerization and the lack of dimerization in solution during size exclusion chromatography (SEC) experiments yet have distinctly observed dimerization in native mass spectrometry analyses. Comparison of NTHi protein D and E. coli GlpQ with other homologous homodimers and monomers shows that the E. coli and NTHi homodimer interfaces are distinct. Despite this distinction, NTHi protein D and E. coli GlpQ possess a triose‐phosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel domain seen in many of the other homologs. The active site of NTHi protein D is located near the center of this TIM barrel. A putative glycerol moiety was modeled in two different conformations (occupancies) in the active site of our NTHi protein D structure and we compared this to ligands modeled in homologous structures. Our structural analysis should aid in future efforts to determine structures of protein D bound to substrates, analog intermediates, and products, to fully appreciate this reaction scheme and aiding in future inhibitor design.
The association between perceived residential environment, social interaction and subjective well‐being of China's elderly migrants
Authors: Song Jiangyu , Zhou Suhong , Li Qiuping , Wang Linsen , Jing Fengrui , Ma Ruofei 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWith the rapid growth in both urbanization and the ageing of the population, elderly migrants have become a more prominent group in urban China. Previous studies have shown that elderly migrants are a vulnerable group in terms of subjective well‐being (SWB) and studies have emphasized the role of their socioeconomic status (SES) and family‐related attributes (FRA) on their SWB. However, there is less attention on whether the perceived residential environment (PRE) to which elderly migrants are exposed and their social interactions have some effect on their SWB. To fill this research gap, street view images and questionnaire survey data from Guangzhou, China were collected. The association between PRE, social interactions, and elderly migrants' SWB was examined within a comprehensive framework using structural equation models. The results indicated that elderly people who had migrated within China had lower levels of SWB than Guangzhou‐born elderly adults. Social interactions mediated the effects of SES, FRA, and perceived environment on the SWB of elderly migrants. After controlling for SES and FRA, a livelier and safer PRE was directly positively associated with elderly migrants' SWB (coefficient = 0.181 at the 1% level) and indirectly associated with elderly migrants' SWB through social interactions with local friends (coefficient = 0.035 at the 1% level) and with neighbours (coefficient = 0.014 at the 5% level). These results suggest that increased social interactions and the creation of a better PRE would benefit elderly migrants' SWB in the context of active ageing.
Regioselective Synthesis of 3, 5‐Disubstituted Isoxazole Catalyzed by Cu2O−ZnO Nanocomposite
Authors: Pardeshi Shaktising S. , Labhane Prakash K. , Disale Shamrao T. , More Dhananjay H. , Sapkal Bharatkumar M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCu2O−ZnO nanocatalyst has been successfully employed for the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of propargyl ester with in situ generated nitrile oxide from aromatic hydroximyl chlorides under base‐free and mild temperature conditions for the regioselective synthesis of 3, 5‐disubstituted isoxazoles at a low loading of catalyst. The catalyst can be reused in further catalytic reactions up to five cycles without significant loss in its catalytic activity. The catalyst was characterized by using powder XRD, TEM, SEM and EDS. This developed methodology has advantages such as simplicity, excellent yields, shorter reaction time, and excellent functional group compatibility.
Construction of Excellent Visible Light Absorption Heat Storage Slurry Using Phase Change Microcapsules for Solar Thermal Utilization
Authors: Zhang Qingqing , Sun Zhicheng , Guo Qingwei , Zhou Yang , Li Zhenzhen , Wen Jinyue , Li Furong , Liu Yuanyuan , Jiao Shouzheng 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMost solar thermal utilization materials can only absorb ultraviolet irradiation rather than visible‐light, limiting the photothermal conversion efficiency of corresponding devices. In this work, a functional thermal slurry system with excellent visible‐light absorption and high photothermal conversion performance is developed based on the phase change microcapsules, incorporating the visible‐light absorption antenna in the shell structure. Specifically, a phase change microcapsule with paraffin as the core material and silica as the wall material is prepared by the in‐situ polymerization method, in which the shell layer is doped with various photosensitive molecules. The photothermal conversion efficiency of copper phthalocyanine and MXene can reach 98 % and 85.3 % respectively. The corresponding conversion efficiency could reach up to more than 80 % in a long temperature range. Therefore, the doping of photosensitive molecules with visible‐light absorption can promote the solar energy conversion efficiency of these solar thermal utilization materials.
Electricity Promoted Chemoselective Functionalization of Alkenes: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Oxindole Containing Thioethers and Selenoethers
Authors: Kumar Dabaria Kamlesh , Bai Rekha , Singh Badsara Satpal 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAn electricity promoted chemoselective functionalization of alkenes having oxindole moiety with thiols and selenols under the catalyst‐free conditions to afford thioethers and selenoethers in 70–96 % and 90–94 % respectively is described. Substrates bearing electron‐neutral, ‐donating, and ‐withdrawing substituents all were well tolerated under the developed electrochemical reaction conditions.
Amino Acid Conjugated Spiropyrans: Synthesis and Photoisomerization Studies
Authors: Senturk Bengi , Akdag Akin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAmong photo‐switchable compounds, spiropyrans have attracted significant attention owing to their multi‐responsiveness towards a change in the pH, solvent polarity, and temperature, along with light. Upon exposure to the external stimulants, the merocyanine form is obtained due to bond cleavage between spiro carbon and oxygen, which transforms the optically active spiropyrans into an achiral form. The back conversion of the resulting achiral merocyanine form to the spiropyrans brings about a racemic mixture. In this study, D and L enantiomers of alanine and phenylalanine derivatives were incorporated onto a spiropyran bearing hydroxyl group to obtain optically active spiropyrans. Photochemical and photophysical properties of these compounds were studied in methanol, isopropanol, dichloromethane, and hexane. The effect of the benzyl and methyl units on the ring closure rate of the merocyanines was also investigated. For this purpose, ring closure kinetics of different merocyanines containing hydroxyl group, D‐alanine, and D‐phenylalanine derivatives were compared. The results reveal that the ring closure rate of the merocyanine with benzyl group attached is faster than the rate of the structures with methyl or hydroxyl groups.
Five‐wheel framework for system‐based monitoring of heavy metal pollution in rivers
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Mishra Vandana , Bhardwaj Saiyami , Garg Shafali , Dumée Ludovic F. , Sharma Radhey Shyam 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSectorial approach for monitoring heavy metal pollution in rivers has failed to report realistic pollution status and associated ecological and human health risks. The increasing spread of heavy metals from different sources and emerging risks to human and environmental health call for reexamining heavy metal pollution monitoring frameworks. Also, the sources, spread, and load of heavy metals in the environment have changed significantly over time, requiring consequent modification in the monitoring frameworks. Therefore, studies on heavy metal monitoring in rivers conducted in the last decade were evaluated for experimental designs, research frameworks, and data presentations. Most studies (∼99%) (i) lacked inclusiveness of all environmental compartments; (ii) focused on “one pollutant – one/two compartment” or sometimes “one pollutant – one compartment – one effect” approach; and (iii) remained “data‐rich but information poor.” An ecological approach with integrative system thinking is proposed to develop a holistic approach for monitoring river pollution. It is visualized that heavy metal monitoring, risk analyses, and water management must incorporate tracking pollutants in different environmental compartments of a river (water, sediment, and floodplain/bank soil) and consider correlating it with riverbank land use. The systems‐based pollution monitoring and assessment studies will reveal the critical factors that drive heavy metals pollutant movement in ecosystems and associated potential risks to the environment, wildlife, and humans. Also, water quality and pollution indexing tools would help better communicate complex pollution data and associated risks among all stakeholders. Therefore, integrating systems approaches in scientific‐ and policy‐based tools would help sustainably manage the health of rivers, wildlife, and humans.
An efficient blade sweep correction model for blade element momentum theory
Authors: Fritz Erik Kaspar , Ferreira Carlos , Boorsma Koen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article proposes an efficient correction model that enables the extension of the blade element momentum method (BEM) for swept blades. Standard BEM algorithms, assuming a straight blade in the rotor plane, cannot account for the changes in the induction system introduced by blade sweep. The proposed extension corrects the axial induction regarding two aspects: the azimuthal displacement of the trailed vorticity system and the induction of the curved bound vortex on itself. The extended algorithm requires little additional processing work and maintains BEM's streamtube independent approach. The proposed correction model is applied to simulations of swept blade geometries based on the IEA 15 MW reference wind turbine. Results show good agreement with lifting line simulations that inherently can account for the swept blade geometry.Blade sweep couples bending and torsion deformations by curving the blade axis in the inplane direction. As such, it can be used to passively alleviate loads and, thus, aeroelastically tailor wind turbine blades. The implementation of aeroelastic tailoring techniques, and the aeroelastic analysis in general, becomes increasingly significant with the size of wind turbine rotors continually rising. Due to its low computing complexity, BEM remains a crucial tool in the aerodynamic and aeroelastic analysis of wind turbine rotors. Thus, the proposed correction model contributes to a fast and accurate evaluation of swept blade designs.
Biobased hydrogels and their composite containing MgMOF74 for the removal of textile dyes and wastewater treatment
Authors: Caldera‐Villalobos Martín , Claudio‐Rizo Jesús Alejandro , Cabrera‐Munguía Denis Aidée , Burciaga‐Montemayor Nidia Guadalupe 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this work, we report the synthesis of a biobased hydrogel comprised of collagen, chitosan, and polyurethane for the removal of textile dyes. The adsorption capacity of this hydrogel was improved by adding a magnesium metal–organic framework to the semi‐interpenetrating polymer matrix yielding a composite hydrogel. Removal of Bismarck Brown and Congo red was studied, and the experimental results fit Freundlich's model. Both hydrogel formulations were tested for the removal of textiles dyes from wastewaters. The magnesium–metal organic framework improved the efficiency of the biobased hydrogel for the removal of direct and mordant dyes reaching up to 89 ± 2%. The composite hydrogel was tested for the removal of Congo Red in a fixed bed column observing the breakthrough point after 168 min. Also, a flocculant material was prepared from collagen and chitosan and was tested for the removal of direct red dye from wastewater removing up to 80 ± 1%. The pretreated wastewater by coagulation–flocculation was treated by adsorption yielding a global removal efficiency of 99%. Finally, the studied hydrogels are potentially biodegradable being completely degraded by the proteolytic action after 22 days.Practitioner points

Composite hydrogels of collagen, chitosan, and MgMOF74 removed efficiently textile dyes from wastewater in batch systems and fixed bed columns.
A biobased flocculant of collagen and chitosan significantly improved water quality after coagulation flocculation.
Hydrogels were reusable for four cycles, and they can be proteolytically degraded after 22 days.
Dimensional Analysis
Authors: Deville Michel O. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDimensional analysis based on the principle of dimensional invariance allows the introduction of dimensionless numbers, like the famous Reynolds number, via the application of the Vaschy–Buckingham theorem. Dynamic similarity and self-similarity are described. The analysis of the dimensionless compressible Navier–Stokes equations shows how the incompressible equations are recovered when the Mach number goes to zero. The nature of pressure in the compressible and incompressible cases is broadly discussed.
Stokes Flow
Authors: Deville Michel O. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCreeping flows where the viscous effects are dominant, are considered. The Moffatt corner eddies are described. The flow around a sphere is detailed and leads to the Stokes formula. Stokes eigenmodes are analyzed and a three-dimensional Stokes solution is given. The flow around a circular cylinder leads to the Stokes’ paradox.
Instability
Authors: Deville Michel O. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe first instability mechanism is applied to the plane parallel channel flow. We establish the well known Orr-Sommerfeld equation which is solved by the Chebyshev Tau method. The associated Fortran programme is given in the appendix. Then the stability of the circular Couette flow between two concentric cylinders is undertaken. The inviscid approach yields the Rayleigh stability criterion. The incorporation of the viscous and pressure terms generates through a linearization process a set of differential equations again solved by high-order discretization methods through a generalized eigenvalue problem. The chapter ends with the case of the non-linear axisymmetric Taylor vortices.