bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Shoot Density and Crop Control on Growth, Yield, Fruit Composition, and Wine Quality of ‘Seyval blanc’ Grapes
Authors: Reynolds Andrew G. , Pool Robert M. , Mattick Leonard R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A factorialized thinning level/shoot density experiment which was started in 1980 demonstrated that ‘Seyval blanc’ grapes benefits from cluster thinning in terms of vine size maintenance, cane ripening, berry weight, and Brix. Reducing shoot density led to increased cane ripening. Concomitant increases in cluster exposure improved fruit composition and led to higher berry weights. However, maintaining reasonably high shoot densities (4 shoots/30 cm of row or more) also was essential to maintain yield and vine size, even when crop was controlled by thinning. Levels of 4 shoots/30 cm of row and 17 clusters/500 g cane prunings are recommended to maximize yield and maintain reasonable fruit quality and vine size. Postbloom cluster thinning was found to reduce the incidence of bunch rot and to reduce the production of 2nd crop in 1982, without affecting any parameters of yield or fruit composition.
Simulated Spotted Tentiform Leafminer Injury and its Influence on Growth and Fruiting of Apple Trees
Authors: Kappel Frank , Proctor J. T.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Defoliation (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% leaves removed) of apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) to simulate loss in photosynthetic area caused by spotted tentiform leafminer (Phyllonorycter blancardella F.) reduced trunk cross-sectional area, yield, and fruiting the following year. Shoot growth responded the year of injury and the following year. Fruit size and maturity also were affected. Punching holes (0, 2, 4, 8 simulated mines of 0.56. cm2) into leaves of mature fruiting trees had no effect on vegetative growth. Fruiting may have been reduced. Leaf punching reduced rootstock growth of small potted apple trees.
Sugar Content and Uptake in the Strawberry Fruit
Authors: Forney Charles F. , Patrick J. Breen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sucrose was not detected in developing fruit of ‘Brighton’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) until 10 days after anthesis. Thereafter, its concentration increased rapidly but then declined as fruit became red ripe. The concentration of glucose and fructose were similar and higher than that of sucrose during early fruit growth and in ripe fruit. Uptake of 14C-sugars was followed in excised disks of cortical tissue from fruit 15–17 days old. The addition of CaCl2 was necessary to maintain tissue respiration. Sucrose uptake into tissue disks was nearly constant over 4 hr and had a pH optimum of 5.0. Kinetic analysis of sucrose uptake revealed both linear and saturable components. The kinetic characteristics of fructose uptake was similar to those for sucrose. Glucose, however, was taken up much more rapidly than either sucrose or fructose and only demonstrated saturation kinetics. The metabolic inhibitors NaCN (5 mM), dinitrophenol (DNP, 3 Mm) and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP, 100 μM) stimulated sucrose uptake 34%, 94%, and 54%, respectively. DNP eliminated the saturable component. Uptake of sucrose was inhibited by 36% with 10 μm DNP, 16% with 5 mM glucose, and 16% in a 100% N2 atmosphere. After incubation in 14C-sugars for 2 hr, about 90% of the label recovered from disks was in a neutral fraction. Half or more of this was in either glucose or fructose, depending upon the sugar fed. The distribution of 14C between glucose and fructose moieties of sucrose isolated from tissue fed (14C-fructosyl) sucrose indicated that a portion of the sucrose recovered underwent hydrolysis and randomization. Similar results were found with sucrose isolated from attached, whole fruit 8 hr after abraded leaves were fed labeled sugars. Results suggest that sucrose may be hydrolized prior to uptake into fruit tissue.
Minimum Fluorescent Light Requirements and Ancymidol Interactions on the Growth of Easter Lily
Authors: Wilkins H.F. , Grueber K. , Healy W. , Pemberton H.B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thumb. ‘Nellie White’) bulbs forced under an 8-hr duration of fluorescent light at 400 μmol·s−1·m−2 were acceptable for commercial sales. The total number of flowers initiated were not influenced by light intensity or duration during forcing. The number of flowers reaching anthesis was influenced by light duration. Ancymidol was effective in reducing internode elongation.
Rates of Change in Firmness, Acidity, and Ethylene Production of ‘McIntosh’ Apples in Simulated Low-ethylene CA Storage
Authors: Liu F.W. , Samelson D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Bork.) sprayed with 1000 or 2000 mg−1 liter−1 daminozide were stored in simulated low-ethylene controlled atmosphere (CA) storage for 7.5 and 9.5 months in 3 consecutive years. The simulated CA was a flow-through system with 2.5–3% O2, 3–5% CO2, <1 μ1·liter−1 ethylene, 2.2° to 3.3°C, and 90–95% relative humidity. A maturity index based on the date of the onset of autocatalytic ethylene production (AEP) of apples not sprayed with daminozide was used. ‘McIntosh’ apples, which were harvested within 10 days after the onset of AEP, lost <10% of their original firmness, 27–29% of acidity, and 0% of soluble solids after 7.5 months of storage. The rates of ethylene production of these apples were very low in the first 4 months, gradually increased thereafter, but remained <0.5 μl·kg−1·hr−1 for at least 7 months. The low-ethylene CA effectively preserved the quality and inhibited the ethylene production of ‘McIntosh’ apples. Chemical name used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).
Equivalent Stress Comparisons Among Tomato Strains Differentially Tolerant to Phosphorus Deficiency
Authors: Coltman R.R. , Gerloff G.C. , Gabelman W.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Physiological and morphological features of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) strains differentially adapted to phosphorus (P) deficiency differed depending on whether the strains had been grown under a single level of low P in screening experiments or under specific levels of P that reduced growth of each of the strains to about 50% of maximum, i.e., at “equivalent stress”. These differences indicated that stress compensation contributed significantly to the physiological and morphological phenotypes of strains under the specific P level used for screening for low-P tolerance. Consequently, the true extent of genetic differences for these traits was not directly measurable. Differences between strains for root:shoot ratios, internal-P-use ratios, and kinetic parameters of P uptake still were observed at equivalent stress. Thus, the genetic bases of these differences seem secure. The P concentration in lower leaves of tolerant strains was lower than in intolerant strains, and the maximum rates of 32P by uptake excised roots were increased in the tolerant strains.
The Relationship of Ethylene and Ethane Production to Tissue Damage in Frozen Rhododendron Leaf Disks
Authors: Harber R.M. , Fuchigami L.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethylene and ethane production of freeze-stressed rhododendron (Rhododendron sp. ‘Sappho’) leaf disks were compared to visual rating, TTC reduction, and electrolyte leakage as possible means of measuring tissue viability. Ethane production, as caused by freezing temperatures, was highly correlated with visual rating, TTC reduction, and electrical conductivity (r = 0.96, r = −0.81, and r = 0.96, respectively). Ethylene production peaked concurrently with initial stages of visual tissue damage, then decreased as the temperature was lowered until complete death occured. Ethane production and electrolyte leakage peaked coincidentally with the decrease of ethylene. Ethylene:ethane ratios are suggested as a measurement of freeze-induced tissue damage. This study supports the view that ethylene production is related to stress and ethane production to cell death. Chemical names used: 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC).
Influence of Seed Harvesting and Handling Procedures on Germination of Cucumber Seeds
Authors: Edwards M.D. , Lower R.L. , Staub J.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) populations were evaluated to determine the effects of several seed harvesting and handling procedures on seed quality. Fruit maturity at seed harvest, fermentation duration in seed extraction, seed storage time, and germination temperature all significantly influenced germination percentage and rate. About 30% of the observed variation in germination percentage was due to interactions between handling factors rather than to main effects of factors. Although germination in excess of 90% was observed for some combinations of factors with as little as 28 days of fruit maturity (post-pollination), the advantages of greater seed maturity at harvest were evident for rate of germination and tolerance to long fermentation times. Positive responses to short fermentation durations (≤4 days) occasionally were observed, but longer fermentation durations were markedly deleterious under some conditions. Six months of seed storage were effective in improving germination of seed at 15° and 20°C, but had little effect on germination at 25°. The 3 cucumber populations were markedly different in response to some seed handling factors.
31P-NMR Monitoring of Ethephon Decomposition in Olive Leaves
Authors: Lang Gregory A. , Martin George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The possibility of using 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to detect ethephon (ET) in olive leaves has been examined. 31P-NMR spectroscopy can be used as a nondestructive technique (tissues excised but not extracted) with the unique attributes of monitoring ET hydrolysis internally and without radiochemicals. A characteristic spectral peak for the parent ET molecule was found 17-21 ppm (a measure of relative frequency, not concentration) downfield from the H3PO4 reference, and a nonreactive, minor contaminant spectral peak was found at 26-27 ppm. Absolute spectral peak location (“chemical shift”) is pH-dependent. The ET hydrolysis product, orthophosphate, produces a spectral peak at 2 to 3 ppm, which coincides with the broad spectral peak attributed to major endogenous phosphate compounds in leaves, such as inorganic phosphate. The lower limit of 31P-NMR detection of ET in solution was 10−3 m; however, spray applications of ET were not detectable in olive leaves unless concentrations of 5 × 10−2 m or more were used, which is far greater than current agricultural use levels for mechanical harvest of olive. Nevertheless, 31P-NMR spectroscopy was useful in following ET uptake and decomposition for more than 48 hr in olive leaves from xylem-fed shoots, and the resolution of the ET spectral peak into separate, adjoining peaks presents the potential to identify and quantify subcellular compartmentalization of ET according to pH-induced chemical shifts. Such knowledge would contribute to understanding long- and short-term in vivo decomposition of ET to ethylene. Chemical name used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Effect of Magnesium and Manganese Nutrition on Watermelon Growth and Manganese Toxicity
Authors: Elamin Osman M. , Wilcox Gerald E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) ‘Sugar Baby’ was grown in sand culture to evaluate Mn uptake as affected by solution concentration of Mn and Mg. Manganese toxicity symptoms were developed first on the lower mature leaves as small, distinct, blackish-brown speckling on the lower leaf surface that progressed to extensive vein browning and necrotic lesions. Leaves developed toxicity symptoms when they contained ≥1325 mg·liter−1 Mn. Growth was reduced at Mn concentrations in nutrient solution ≥22.5 mg·liter−1. Development of Mn toxicity symptoms was delayed with increasing Mg concentrations in solutions. Increasing Mg concentration in solution to 48 or 96 mg·liter-1 reduced Mn composition and Mg uptake per unit root surface at 2 and 30 mg·liter-1 Mn in solution, but had no effect at 60 mg·liter-1 Mn in solution.
Bermudagrass Germplasm Adaptation to Natural Pest Infestation and Suboptimal Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Busey Philip 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) turf in subtropical Florida normally requires higher levels of N than other grasses and frequently requires pesticide applications. Three sequential 2-year cycles of clonal selection were performed in replicated field plots to recognize bermudagrass germplasm adapted to suboptimal fertilization and natural pest infestation. Low fertility, 19 to 25 g N·m−2, was applied yearly, including the establishment phase. No nematicides, fungicides, or insecticides were applied. Severely damaging mole cricket (Scapteriscus sp.) populations were left uncontrolled. Among 95 clones, 4 experimentals (FB-109, PI-291586, T-72-54, and FL-2400) survived repeated cycles with relatively high turfgrass coverage and quality. Among cultivars, only ‘Tifgreen-II’ and ‘Ormond’ performed well. African introductions and artificially-induced mutants of hybrid cultivars were the best sources of adapted germplasm. Although the mechanism of this adaptation is unknown, field tests were an effective prescreening method for clonal selection.
Effect of Light Intensity and Carbohydrate Reserves on Flowering in Olive
Authors: Stutte G.W. , Martin G.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Effect of Light Intensity and Carbohydrate Reserves on Flowering in Olive” by G.W. Stutte and G.C. Martin (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111:27–31, Jan. 1986), the following correction should be noted. On p. 28, under Materials and Methods, the sentence “The 80% methanol insoluble materials were suspended in saturated CaSO4 at pH 12.0 and boiled …” should read “The 80% methanol insoluble materials were suspended in saturated CaOH at pH 12.0 and boiled …”.
Improved Performance of Bearing ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees with Nitrogen and Phosphate Fertilization in a Low-phosphorus Soil
Authors: Raese J. Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bearing 15-year-old ‘Oregon Spur’, ‘Redspur’, and ‘Wellspur Delicious’/seedling apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees in a low-P (2 to 4 ppm) soil were treated over 3 years with different forms and rates of N and N + P fertilizers to overcome a severe condition pf low vigor and low yields. Fruit size and leaf N were greater on trees receiving all forms of N fertilizer than on the untreated controls. Levels of leaf P were up to 2 times greater on NH4H2P04 [mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP)] treated trees than on the controls or N-only [(NH4)2S04, NH4NO3, Ca(NO3)2 or urea] treated trees. In most instances, the higher rates of MAP (applied in 1983 and 1984) resulted in greater shoot extension and leaf weight than the controls and most of the N-only treated trees. Yield (3-year mean) was greater on ‘Oregon Spur’ and ‘Redspur’ cultivars treated with the moderate rate of MAP than in the controls or in most of the N-only treated trees.
Effect of Harvest Maturity on the Final Fruit Composition of Cherry and Large-fruited Tomato Cultivars
Authors: Picha David H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit of 2 cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme Alef.) cultivars [‘Large Red Cherry’ (‘LRC’) and ‘Small Fry’ (‘SF’)] and 2 large-fruited tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars (‘Duke’ and ‘Sunny’) were harvested green, ripened at 23°C, and analyzed for sugars and organic acids 6 days after breaker stage. Both fructose and glucose concentration decreased in ‘LRC’ and ‘SF’ fruit with less-mature harvested fruit. Maturity at harvest had no effect on the concentration of either sugar in ‘Duke’ or ‘Sunny’ fruit. ‘LRC’ had the highest fructose and glucose concentration among cultivars. Increased citric acid concentration was found with less-mature harvested fruit, except in ‘LRC’. Malic acid concentration within cultivars was similar in the fruit harvested more mature, but decreased with less-mature fruit in ‘Duke’ and ‘Sunny’. ‘LRC’ and ‘SF’ fruit had more citric and malic acid than ‘Duke’ or ‘Sunny’. Cherry tomato cultivars had a higher percentage of locular tissue than the large-fruited cultivars.
Effects of Fruit Maturity, Juice Storage, and Juice Extraction Temperature on Quality of ‘Concord’ Grape Juice
Authors: Morris J.R. , Sistrunk W.A. , Junek J. , Sims C.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A factorial study was designed to examine the effects of fruit maturities, juice extraction temperatures, storage time, and storage temperature on the quality of ‘Concord’ grape (Vitis labrusca L.) juice. Mature grapes produced juice with superior sensory quality and better objective color initially than less-mature grapes, but juice from grapes at both maturities had similar sensory quality after 18 months. The high extraction temperature (99°C) resulted in juice with better color initially than extraction at 60°, but juice extracted at 85° or 99° resulted in greater browning and loss of total anthocyanins during storage than extraction at 60°. High storage temperature (35°) greatly accelerated quality loss. Sensory color ratings correlated better with a ratio of absorbances at 520/430 nm (r = 0.95) and a/b (r = 0.92) than other objective color measurements.
Effects of Lime Type on Yields and Leaf Concentrations of Several Vegetable Crops as Related to Soil Test Levels
Authors: Smith C.B. , Demchak K.T. , Ferretti P.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of liming with and without fertilizer on tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), sweet corn (Zea mays L.), snapbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) were evaluated in experiments in 11 production areas in 1981–83. Calcitic, calcitic with 3% Mg, and dolomitic lime types (fineness—95% through a 100-mesh sieve) at rates of 4.5–15.7 t·ha−1 were compared with unlimed checks. High lime rates increased yields and had no deleterious effects. Substantial changes in soil pH and Ca and Mg saturation took place within a year of application. Leaf Mn concentrations and to a lesser extent leaf Zn and B were decreased by liming. Calcitic lime increased leaf Ca but depressed leaf Mg, especially at rates of 13.4–15.7 t·ha−1. Comparable dolomitic lime treatments enhanced leaf Mg substantially but did not increase leaf Ca. Within 2 to 3 months of lime application, leaf analyses showed that the calcitic type usually supplied reasonable amounts of Ca, the dolomitic type consistently supplied substantial quantities of Mg, and both types reduced leaf Mn.
Effect of Fertilizer Applications, Plant Age, and Rainfall on the Yield and Fruit Size of Rabbiteye Blueberry Clone T-110
Authors: Austin Max E. , Bondari K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A field planting on a Leefield loamy sand soil of clone T-110, a mature rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade.), was subjected to 6 types of fertilizer using various carriers of N and/or different supplements. The rates of fertilizer applied were 0 (no fertilizer), 1 (N at 67.25 kg·ha−1), and 2 (N at 134.5 kg·ha−1) over an 8-year period. Yield and fruit size were responsive to plant age, fertilizer rate, and the rate of annual precipitation. The 6 fertilizer formulations did not vary in their effects on blueberry yield or fruit size.
Growth and Cropping of ‘Redhaven’ Peach Trees Following Foliar Applications of Flurprimidol and Paclobutrazol
Authors: Marini Richard P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flurprimidol (FP) and paclobutrazol (PB) were applied foliarly to 5-year-old ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L. Batsch)] trees 3 weeks after full bloom, at 0, 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm. The 2 growth retardants generally affected growth similarly at any given concentration. Shoot growth was suppressed in a linear manner as concentration was increased for both materials the year of application. Only FP suppressed shoot growth the 2nd season following treatment, while both materials enhanced shoot growth the 3rd season following treatment. Both materials suppressed trunk growth for 2 seasons. Yield and fruit size were not significantly influenced by treatments. Yield efficiency was greatest for trees treated at the highest rates of both materials 3 seasons after application. Vegetative and floral bud break on treated trees was advanced the 3rd season after application. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methy]-2-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-l-H,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol); α-(l-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol).
The Use of Initial Withholding of Irrigation and Tree Spacing to Enhance the Effect of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Pear Trees
Authors: Mitchell P.D. , Chalmers D.J. , Jerie P.H. , Burge G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Withholding irrigation (WI), followed by regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) at 2 levels, were compared with conventionally scheduled irrigation during rapid vegetative growth on ‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees. All trees were irrigated at an increased common level during subsequent rapid fruit growth, by which time most vegetative growth had ceased. Irrigation effects were studied at 3 tree spacings (4 × 1 m, 4 × 0.75 m, and 4 × 0.5 m). Shoot and frame growth was related directly to early irrigation treatment before summer pruning. However, significant shoot growth that was reinitiated following summer pruning during one year increased on RDI treatments. The improved tree water status gained by changing from RDI to full irrigation in both years and from WI to RDI in the first year stimulated the growth rate of the total crop on the RDI treatments. Gross yield was increased significantly by WI and RDI in both years. Blossom density also was increased. Preliminary WI increased the control of vegetative growth by RDI when the soil was wet at flowering.
Changes in Membrane Properties and Abscisic Acid During Senescence of Harvested Bell Pepper Fruit
Authors: Lurie Susan , Ben-Yehoshua S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This work describes changes in abscisic acid (ABA) content, membrane permeability, microviscosity, and lipid composition during storage of green and red bell pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Maor). Membrane permeability increased as measured by leakage of electrolytes and ninhydrin-reacting substances, sucb as amino acids. Membrane microviscosity increased initially and then showed a slow decrease. In red peppers, the increase in microviscosity occurred sooner than in green peppers, and the membrane leakage was higher. Examination of the composition of sterol and phospholipid in microsomal membranes revealed a connection between sterol level and membrane microviscosity. Sterol levels increased and then slightly decreased, while phospholipid levels showed no significant change. Abscisic acid levels showed an increase during senescence, followed by a decrease that was more dramatic in green pepper.
Weight Loss in Sweet Potatoes During Curing and Storage: Contribution of Transpiration and Respiration
Authors: Picha David H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cured sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] were stored successfully at 15.6°C and 90% RH for up to a year without sprouting. Contribution of respiration and transpiration to total weight loss was determined during curing and storage in 6 cultivars. Respiration rate was highest the day of harvest, decreased during curing, and continued to decrease at a slower rate during the first several months of storage, whereafter it remained constant (except for slight increases during the last several months in 2 cultivars). Respiration contributed more to total weight loss during the latter periods of storage than during curing or the first months in storage. Transpiration, however, was the major source of weight loss. The highest rate of weight loss occurred during curing, followed by a gradual rate of loss during storage. Total weight loss of cured roots after 50 weeks of storage ranged from 6.7% (‘Rojo Blanco’) to 16.1% (‘Travis’).