bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burden of COVID-19: a preliminary analysis in the population of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Asdaq Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin , Rabbani Syed Imam , Alshammari Mohammed Kanan , Alshammari Reem Saud , Kamal Mehnaz , Imran Mohd , AlShammari Noufah Aqeel , Al Twallah May Faiz , Alshahrani Abdulmjeed Hussain 
Published: April 2022

Background
Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has resulted in an unprecedented number of human deaths and economic losses. Analyzing the role of disease in different groups of people is useful for determining the burden of disease. As a result, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of COVID-19 on the Saudi Arabian population’s quality of life, with a particular emphasis on the likely fall in their life expectancy.

Methods
A cross-sectional and retrospective analysis of 2,988 patients’ databases was performed to assess COVID-19-induced mortality and complications in the community. The data was gathered from official websites that track the disease’s impact daily between July and October 2021. On the acquired data, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and relative risk analysis were performed. The data was statistically analyzed using SPSS IBM 25. The Pearson’s correlation test was used to examine the relationship between age and disease impact. The significance of the findings was determined by using a P value of less than 0.05.

Results
The data from the study indicated that the positive test rate, infection rate, and mortality rate in the population were 1.84% [+0.11/-0.39 of 95% confidence interval (CI)], 1.54% (+0.38/-0.52 of CI), and 1.59% (+0.4/-0.7 of CI), respectively. Highest percentage of mortality was observed in Riyadh (17%), followed by Jeddah (8.7%) and Makkah (7.5%). The DALYs/100,000 inhabitants increased progressively as the age of the population increased, and the highest value was found for those over 70 years old (25.73 ± 2.09). Similarly, the risk outcome (55%) increased significantly (p = 0.037) from 40 years onwards, and the maximum was observed at above 70 years (184%, p = 0.006). The correlation analysis indicated a significant association (p = 0.032) between age and COVID-19 induced mortality from the 40-year-old population onwards.

Conclusion
The current study found that the COVID-19 load in Saudi Arabia was comparable to that in nations that were said to have performed well during the pandemic. DALYs increased from 40 years to 60 years, although people over 60 years had a lower life expectancy and were more susceptible to infection. After 60 years, the occurrence of numerous co-morbid illnesses may have added to the population’s burden of COVID-19. Further research in this area may yield a more precise estimate of the COVID-19-induced burden on the entire population.
TRATAMENTO DA MORDIDA CRUZADA ANTERIOR ESQUELÉTICA: ACOMPANHAMENTO APÓS QUATRO ANOS ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT FOR SKELETAL ANTERIOR CROSSBITE: A FOUR-YEAR FOLLOW-UP
Authors: De Souza Andrade Gustavo , Alan Vieira Bittencourt Marcos 
Published: April 2022

O tratamento precoce do padrão esquelético de classe III, especialmente quando associado à mordida cruzada anterior, é de suma importância para possibilitar o desenvolvimento normal dos maxilares, mas é de difícil estabilidade em longo prazo, em função da falta de previsibilidade quanto ao padrão de crescimento mandibular. Objetivo: O presente relato tem como objetivo descrever o tratamento realizado em uma paciente com padrões esquelético e dentário de classe III e mordida cruzada anterior, com acentuado comprometimento do perfil facial. Descrição do caso: A paciente foi tratada aos seis anos de idade, no começo da fase de dentição mista, por meio da disjunção palatina e tração reversa da maxila. O tratamento ortodôntico ativo teve duração de um ano e, após a obtenção dos resultados desejados, a paciente foi acompanhada por um período de quatro anos. O caso permanece estável, tanto do ponto de vista esquelético quanto dentário, apresentando, também, excelente estética do perfil facial. Conclusão: Com base neste relato, é possível concluir que os procedimentos terapêuticos empregados, quando bem indicados e conduzidos, representam ótima alternativa para o tratamento precoce do padrão esquelético de classe III.
The Early treatment of class III skeletal pattern, especially when combined to the anterior crossbite, is of great importance to contribute to an adequate maxillary and mandibular development. However, long term stability is very difficult, due to the lack of predictability regarding the mandibular growth pattern. Purpose: The present study reports the case of a patient with class III skeletal and dental patterns and anterior crossbite, with marked impairment of the facial profile. Case description: Treatment was performed in a six-year old patient, at the beginning of the mixed dentition, with maxillary rapid expansion and the use of a face mask. Active orthodontic treatment occurred during one year and, after obtaining the desired results, periodic evaluationswere carried out over a four-year follow-up period. The case remains stable, both in skeletal and dental aspects, also presenting excellent facial profile aesthetics. Conclusions: Based on this report, it is possible to conclude that this therapeutic approach, when well indicated and performed, represent a great alternative for the early treatment of the class III skeletal pattern combined with anterior crossbite.
Effectiveness of participatory ergonomic interventions on musculoskeletal disorders and work ability among young dental professionals: A cluster-randomized controlled trail
Authors: Lin Sihao , Tsai Cheng Chung , Liu Xudong , Wu Zhenyi , Zeng Xianzhe 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
This study is to evaluate the efficacy of participatory ergonomic (PE) intervention on musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and work ability among young dental professionals in China.

Methods
A cluster randomized controlled trail was conducted during 2015–2016. Twenty-nine departments from five hospitals in the South of China were randomized into intervention (14 departments) and control (15 departments), with individuals of 125 and 138 dental professionals, respectively. Main participatory ergonomic interventions involved work posture, repetitive motions, tool usage, work break relaxation and work time re-arrangement with total 235 ergonomic changes in the trail. Individual ergonomic risk exposure was assessed by investigator's observation using quick exposure check (QEC). Work ability index (WAI) and MSDs were collected by questionnaires at baseline, and every 3 months during the 1-year follow-up.

Results
Follow-up rate was 91% and 96% for the intervention and control group, respectively. Significant reductions in ergonomic risk exposure and MSD prevalence on six anatomic sites were found in the PE group during the different follow-up stages. WAI scores improved by 1.1 (95% CI 0.43, 1.89) after the 9-month intervention. Compared to the control, the PE participants significantly reduced MSDs on neck (OR = 2.93, 95% CI: 1.25, 4.03) and wrists/hands (OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.08, 4.21), marginally increased WAI scores by 0.53 (95% CI: −0.02, 1.56) due to the interventions.

Conclusion
PE intervention is effective in reducing ergonomic risk exposure and MSDs on neck and wrists/hands among young dental professionals. PE ought to be offered in the early dental career for preventing MSDs.
Space in the Mind of a Machine: Immersive Narratives
Authors: Anadol Refik 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDirector and founder of Refik Anadol Studio in Los Angeles and researcher in the Department of Design Media Arts at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Refik Anadol collaborates with machine intelligence to create multi‐sensory immersive environments that reinvigorate the public realm, animate surroundings and explore the non‐linearity of time. His works are colourful, thoughtful, experimental and engaging.
Architectural Hallucinations: What Can AI Tell Us About the Mind of an Architect?
Authors: Leach Neil 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCan AI help us to understand how the mind works, and how architects think? Neil Leach, Professor at Florida International University, points out that, although human intelligence and artificial intelligence are very different things, analogies can be drawn. AI, he argues, can potentially offer us insights into how the mind works, and so too into how architects are trained to think.
AI‐Controlled Robot Masks: Resisting Patriarchal Oppression
Authors: Farahi Behnaz 
Published: April 2022

AbstractUsing computational techniques to foster new empathetic relationships between human bodies and the space around them, Behnaz Farahi, Assistant Professor in the Department of Design at the California State University in Long Beach, presents some of the concepts and events that have inspired her research and focuses on a recent project for an interactive niqab.
Mixed Chalcogenide‐Halides for Stable, Lead‐Free and Defect‐Tolerant Photovoltaics: Computational Screening and Experimental Validation of CuBiSCl2 with Ideal Band Gap
Authors: Ming Chen , Chen Zhizhong , Zhang Fan , Gong Shuiping , Wu Xiaowei , Jiang Jie , Ye Tang , Xu Qing , Yang Ke , Wang Liang , Cao Xun , Yang Songwang , Zhang Shengbai , Zhang Yong , Shi Jian , Sun Yi‐Yang 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLead halide perovskites have emerged as promising photovoltaic (PV) materials owing to their superior optoelectronic properties. However, they suffer from poor stability and potential toxicity. Here, computational screening with experimental synthesis is combined to explore stable, lead‐free, and defect‐tolerant PV materials. Heavy cations with lone‐pair electrons and mixed anions of chalcogens and halogens as a descriptor for simultaneous realization of defect tolerance and high stability are adopted. Together with the criteria of possessing direct band gap and optimal gap value, the inorganic material database is screened and CuBiSCl2 in the post‐perovskite structure is identified with an ideal band gap of 1.37 eV. The electronic structure and defect calculations suggest its defect‐tolerant characteristics. By optical absorption measurement, its band gap is confirmed to be ≈1.44 eV, with strong absorption near the band edge. The material is stable against thermal decomposition up to 300 °C and can survive from 25 days of storage at ambient conditions with 60% relative humidity. Prototype solar cells are fabricated and demonstrate an open circuit voltage of 1.09 V and a power conversion efficiency of 1.00%. With the excellent properties above, CuBiSCl2 is proposed to be a promising candidate for PV application.
Ultrafast Thermalization Pathways of Excited Bulk and Surface States in the Ferroelectric Rashba Semiconductor GeTe
Authors: Clark Oliver J. , Wadgaonkar Indrajit , Freyse Friedrich , Springholz Gunther , Battiato Marco , Sánchez‐Barriga Jaime 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA large Rashba effect is essential for future applications in spintronics. Particularly attractive is understanding and controlling nonequilibrium properties of ferroelectric Rashba semiconductors. Here, time‐ and angle‐resolved photoemission is utilized to access the ultrafast dynamics of bulk and surface transient Rashba states after femtosecond optical excitation of GeTe. A complex thermalization pathway is observed, wherein three different timescales can be clearly distinguished: intraband thermalization, interband equilibration, and electronic cooling. These dynamics exhibit an unconventional temperature dependence: while the cooling phase speeds up with increasing sample temperature, the opposite happens for interband thermalization. It is demonstrated how, due to the Rashba effect, an interdependence of these timescales on the relative strength of both electron–electron and electron–phonon interactions is responsible for the counterintuitive temperature dependence, with spin‐selection constrained interband electron–electron scatterings found both to dominate dynamics away from the Fermi level, and to weaken with increasing temperature. These findings are supported by theoretical calculations within the Boltzmann approach explicitly showing the opposite behavior of all relevant electron–electron and electron–phonon scattering channels with temperature, thus confirming the microscopic mechanism of the experimental findings. The present results are important for future applications of ferroelectric Rashba semiconductors and their excitations in ultrafast spintronics.
Dialysate Regeneration with Urea Selective Membrane Coupled to Photoelectrochemical Oxidation System
Authors: Shao Guozheng , Tang Hao , Ren Shen , Creason Sharon A. , Gao Dayong , Ratner Buddy D. , Hinds Bruce J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPortable dialysis can meaningfully improve the health outcomes and life quality of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and reduce the economic burdens of dialysis related care. Current treatment sessions use 120 Kg of aqueous dialysate, thus key to realizing portability is the continuous regeneration of small volumes of spent dialysate. Urea is the single most abundant uremic waste. However, its removal is compromised from the interference of other uremic species. Osmotic membranes demonstrate high selectivity of urea over other uremic species in both reverse and forward osmosis (FO) modes. In FO mode, a urea mass transport coefficient of 1.2 µm s−1 is seen, corresponding to a diffusion coefficient of 1.2 × 10−9 cm2 s−1. By using a second stage dialyzer with a commercially available FO cartridge, daily urea removal rate of over 30 g, twice the daily generation rate, could be achieved at a dialysate flow rate of 400 mL min−1. Combined with an optimized urea photodecomposition device, selective removal of urea (0.32 mg cm−2 h−1) and excessive water (0.081 g cm−2 h−1) are achieved simultaneously thus scaling to 2000 cm2 electrode area for clinical needs of 15 g urea removal/day. No significant difference in the cytotoxicity between treated and untreated human spent dialysate is observed.
Management of Multi‐Energy‐Transfer Channels and Exciton Harvesting for Power‐Efficient White Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Diodes
Authors: Zeng Xin‐Yi , Zhou Jing‐Xiong , Zou Shi‐Jie , Tang Yan‐Qing , Li Hao‐Ze , He Yi‐Hui , Li Yan‐Qing , Wang Wen‐Jun , Tang Jian‐Xin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWhite organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters attract considerable attention owing to the advantages of full exciton harvesting, low cost, and environmental sustainability. However, compared to phosphorescent counterparts, the power efficiencies of TADF‐based WOLEDs lag behind. Herein, a newly synthesized TADF emitter named DPPZ‐DMAC featuring near‐zero singlet−triplet splitting and high photoluminescence quantum yield (91.6%) is utilized as an ideal orange‐yellow dopant for realizing a power‐efficient WOLED with a mixed system consisting of a blue TADF sensitizer and a conventional fluorescent host. The balanced carrier transport, modulated energy transfer and exciton harvesting, and less exciton quenching can be realized simultaneously. Eventually, a warm WOLED is achieved with an external quantum efficiency of ≈30%, power efficiency of >80 lm W‐1, turn‐on voltage of 2.5 V, and correlated color temperature of 3600 K. Moreover, the color coordinate of the resulting white emission is close to the standard blackbody radiation and can be precisely tuned inside the specific quadrangles given by the American National Standard Institute (ANSI), revealing a large prospect for indoor health lightings.
Carrier Generation Engineering toward 18% Efficiency Organic Solar Cells by Controlling Film Microstructure
Authors: Su Yueling , Zhang Lu , Ding Zicheng , Zhang Yi , Wu Yin , Duan Yuwei , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Jidong , Han Yanchun , Xu Zijian , Zhang Rui , Zhao Kui , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe single bulk‐heterojunction active layer based on non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) has dominated the power conversional efficiencies above 18% in state‐of‐the‐art organic solar cells (OSCs). However, a deep understanding of the relationship between charge carrier process and film microstructure remains unclear for emerging NFA OSCs. Herein, with the superstar PM6:Y6 blend as a model, the charge generation process in active layers is successfully manipulated by designing three different film microstructures, and they are correlated with the final photovoltaic performance in OSC devices. The amount of intermediate intra‐moiety excited states from the nanoscale Y6 aggregates can be effectively enhanced by controlling the phase separation domains and film crystallinity in the bicontinuous PM6:Y6 networks. This robustly improves the hole transfer, and thus promotes charge generation. As a result, the optimal films show superior device performance, that is, the high efficiencies of 16.53% and 17.98% for PM6:Y6‐ and D18:Y6‐based single junction OSCs, respectively. The results presented here give a rational guide for optimizing the charge carrier process through controlling morphological microstructures toward high‐performance NFA OSCs.
A Wave‐Driven Piezoelectric Solar Evaporator for Water Purification
Authors: Meng Sen , Tang Chun‐Yan , Jia Jin , Yang Jie , Yang Ming‐Bo , Yang Wei 
Published: April 2022

AbstractInterfacial solar vapor generation is an emerging technology that has the potential to alleviate the current global water crisis. However, water evaporation is an energy‐intensive phase‐change process and thus suffers from an inherently low evaporation yield. New stable and environmentally tolerant materials that can reduce energy requirements and accelerate water evaporation stand out from various studies. In this contribution, a piezoelectric ultrathin nanofilm is integrated into a solar evaporation membrane for simultaneous power generation and water activation. The resulting evaporator is used to continuously convert the wave energy in the ocean into electrical energy. It is found that the electrical energy generated by the evaporator can activate water in adjacent regions, facilitating water evaporation with an additional improvement of over 20% compared to an equivalent non‐piezoelectric evaporator. This paper presents the innovation of a promising membrane evaporation prototype based on the integration of wave‐triggered electricity and water activation.
A preliminary analysis of the secondary sex ratio decline after the COVID‐19 pandemic in Japan
Authors: Inoue Yosuke , Mizoue Tetsuya 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe secondary sex ratio (SSR, i.e., the number of male births per 100 female births) has long been proposed as a sentinel health indicator. Studies have suggested that exogenous environmental stressors reduce SSR after 3 to 6 months (via disproportionate male fetus deaths) and after 9 months (via reduced male conception). We aimed to examine whether SSR declined after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic in Japan.MethodsWe used monthly vital statistics records collected between January 2013 and April 2021 (the ‐number of male and female live births, in particular). Using information reported before the pandemic struck Japan (i.e., January 2013 to January 2020), we predicted SSRs for the months after the pandemic (i.e., February 2020 to April 2021) and compared reported and predicted SSRs. We also stratified the analysis by including two groups of prefectures with different degrees of possible influence from the pandemic.ResultsWe observed a significant reduction in SSR during December 2020 of 102.81 (i.e., 9–10 months after the pandemic affected the country), which was below the lower bound of the 95% prediction intervals (103.12–106.33). This was the lowest SSR observed during the 100‐month study period. In addition, the reduction in SSR during December 2020 was more pronounced in the more seriously affected prefectures.ConclusionIn Japan, we found a significant reduction in SSR (i.e., fewer male live births) 9–10 months after COVID‐19 was declared a pandemic. This suggests the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic was a significant population‐level stressor.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) of the isolated brainstem
Authors: Hayashi Yosuke , Hashida Tomoaki , Yazaki Megumi , Uchida Tomohiko , Watanabe Eizo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA 71‐year‐old man had disordered consciousness whose Glasgow Coma Scale was E4V1M5. His blood pressure was high, but there was no abnormality in the cerebrospinal fluid examination. The MRI finding reveals a high‐intensity area at the pons without the blood flow interruption. Thus, he has diagnosed with brainstem PRES.
Irrigation management impacts on cotton reproductive development and boll distribution
Authors: Herritt Matthew T. , Thompson Alison , Thorp Kelly 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) reproductive development is affected by irrigation management and reduced soil moisture, leading to yield impacts. This study was conducted to determine how irrigation timing and reduced soil moisture affects the distribution of cotton reproductive structures throughout the canopy. Reduced soil moisture was achieved through varied irrigation amounts based on recommendations from an agroecosystem model. Plants from each irrigation treatment were destructively sampled bi‐weekly and squares, green bolls, and abscissions were counted on mainstem fruiting branches. Plant height, leaf area, and dry weights of squares, flowers, and green bolls were measured. Reduced irrigation from first square to peak bloom reduced the number of green bolls in the lower middle quarter of mainstem nodes, where most bolls are located. Reproductive development and growth were most sensitive to reduced soil moisture treatments and irrigation rates from squaring to peak bloom, whereas the period from peak bloom to 90% open boll was unaffected by irrigation rates.
Hepatocellular carcinoma‐infiltrating γδ T cells are functionally defected and allogenic Vδ2+ γδ T cell can be a promising complement
Authors: He Wenjing , Hu Yi , Chen Dan , Li Yijia , Ye Dongmei , Zhao Qiang , Lin Li , Shi Xiaomin , Lu Ligong , Yin Zhinan , He Xiaoshun , Gao Yifang , Wu Yangzhe 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), γδ T cells participate in mediating the anti‐tumour response and are linked with a positive prognosis. However, these cells can become pro‐tumoural in the tumour microenvironment (TME). We aimed to decipher the immune landscape and functional states of HCC‐infiltrating γδ T cells to provide fundamental evidence for the adoptive transfer of allogeneic Vδ2+ γδ T cells in HCC immunotherapy. We performed single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) on γδ T cells derived from HCC tumours and healthy donor livers. Confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and a Luminex assay were applied to validate the scRNA‐seq findings. The γδ T cells in the HCC TME entered G2/M cell cycle arrest, and expressed cytotoxic molecules such as interferon‐gamma and granzyme B, but were functionally exhausted as indicated by upregulated gene and protein LAG3 expression. The γδ T cells in the HCC TME were dominated by the LAG3+Vδ1+ population, whereas the Vδ2+ γδ T population was greatly depleted. Moreover, glutamine metabolism of γδ T cells was markedly upregulated in the glutamine‐deficient TME. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that glutamine deficiency upregulated LAG3 expression. Finally, our results indicated that ex vivo‐expanded Vδ2+ γδ T cells from healthy donor could complement the loss of T cell receptor clonality and effector functions of HCC‐derived γδ T cells. This work deciphered the dysfunctional signatures of HCC‐infiltrating γδ T cells in the HCC TME, providing scientific support for the use of allogeneic Vδ2+ γδ T cells in HCC cellular therapy.