bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CIC2: a radiation tolerant 65 nm data aggregation ASIC for the future CMS tracker
Authors: Viret S. , Bergamin G. , Caponetto L. , Caratelli A. , Ceresa D. , Galbit G. , Jain S. , Kloukinas K. , Nodari B. , Scarfi S. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Concentrator Integrated Circuit (CIC) ASIC is a front-end chip for both Pixel-Strip (PS) and Strip-Strip (2S) modules of the future Phase-II CMS Outer Tracker upgrade at the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). This data aggregator, designed in 65 nm CMOS technology, will be a key element of the tracker front-end chain. A first prototype, CIC1, was tested successfully in early 2019 and was followed by the development of a final radiation tolerant version of the chip: the CIC2. CIC2 design, implementation, and complete test results, are presented.
Scintillator surface modification by glancing angle deposition of thin ZrO2 films
Authors: Azarov I.A. , Kuper K.E. , Lemzyakov A.G. , Porosev V.V. , Shklyaev A.A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this research, we evaluated the properties of ZrO2
films produced with the glancing angle deposition technique and
evaluated its effect on the detector properties. With using ZrO2,
we created films with a refraction index in the range of 1.3 to 2.0,
and produced a four layer graded-index (GRIN) antireflection
coating. A BGO scintillator sample with an applied GRIN coating
demonstrated up to ∼ 53% light output enhancement in comparison
with the reference ones. For LYSO scintillators, the observed
magnitude of the effect was less, ∼ 11%. Thus, this method is a
technologically applicable way to improve the characteristics of
existing and projected detector systems.
Adhesion behaviors of water droplets on bioinspired superhydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Xu Peng , Zhang Yurong , Li Lijun , Lin Zhen , Zhu Bo , Chen Wenhui , Li Gang , Liu Hongtao , Xiao Kangjian , Xiong Yunhe , Yang Sixing , Lei Yifeng , Xue Longjian 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The adhesion behaviors of droplets on surfaces are attracting increasing attention due to their various applications. Many bioinspired superhydrophobic surfaces with different adhesion states have been constructed in order to mimic the functions of natural surfaces such as a lotus leaf, a rose petal, butterfly wings, etc. In this review, we first present a brief introduction to the fundamental theories of the adhesion behaviors of droplets on various surfaces, including low adhesion, high adhesion and anisotropic adhesion states. Then, different techniques to characterize droplet adhesion on these surfaces, including the rotating disk technique, the atomic force microscope cantilever technique, and capillary sensor-based techniques, are described. Wetting behaviors, and the switching between different adhesion states on bioinspired surfaces, are also summarized and discussed. Subsequently, the diverse applications of bioinspired surfaces, including water collection, liquid transport, drag reduction, and oil/water separation, are discussed. Finally, the challenges of using liquid adhesion behaviors on various surfaces, and future applications of these surfaces, are discussed.
Drivers of multi-decadal nitrate regime shifts in a large European catchment
Authors: Wachholz Alexander , Jawitz James W , Büttner Olaf , Jomaa Seifeddine , Merz Ralf , Yang Soohyun , Borchardt Dietrich 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Long-term monitoring shows evidence of persistent changes in the magnitude and timing of the seasonal pattern of nitrate concentrations in streams, with possibly grave effects on aquatic ecosystems. Seasonal patterns of stream nutrient concentrations are determined by a complex interplay of inputs, transport, and turnover. Over multi-decadal periods, each of these factors may change due to socio-economic factors such as consumption patterns, governance regimes, or technological control measures. Here we test the hypothesis that observed multi-decadal changes in stream nitrate seasonality could be explained by changes in the relative importance of catchment nutrient sources over time. We analyze 66 years of shifting nitrate seasonality in a large, central-European river (Elbe) during a period of significant socio-political changes (1954–2019), with correspondingly significant changes in the sources of anthropogenic nitrate emissions. We develop a mixed-source succession model to test how the multi-decadal evolution of the composition of nitrate sources (point and diffuse) influences in-stream seasonality. We show that the in-stream nitrate seasonality of the River Elbe changed significantly from a weak seasonal pattern with peak concentrations during summer in the 1950s to a strong seasonal pattern with peak concentrations during winter in the 1990s. We link these shifts to a succession of technical and political developments which influence the contribution of point and diffuse sources over time. Such shifts in seasonal concentration patterns can significantly impact the macronutrient (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) ratios in rivers, which in turn highly affect the health of aquatic ecosystems.
The mean and variance of the distribution of shortest path lengths of random regular graphs
Authors: Tishby Ido , Biham Ofer , Kühn Reimer , Katzav Eytan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The distribution of shortest path lengths (DSPL) of random networks provides useful information on their large scale structure. In the special case of random regular graphs (RRGs), which consist of N nodes of degree c ⩾ 3, the DSPL, denoted by P(L = ℓ), follows a discrete Gompertz distribution. Using the discrete Laplace transform we derive a closed-form (CF) expression for the moment generating function of the DSPL of RRGs. From the moment generating function we obtain CF expressions for the mean and variance of the DSPL. More specifically, we find that the mean distance between pairs of distinct nodes is given by

⟨

L

⟩

=

ln

N

ln

(

c
−
1

)

+

1

2

−

ln

c
−
ln

(

c
−
2

)

+
γ

ln

(

c
−
1

)

+
O

ln

N

N

, where γ is the Euler–Mascheroni constant. While the leading term is known, this result includes a novel correction term, which yields very good agreement with the results obtained from direct numerical evaluation of ⟨L⟩ via the tail-sum formula and with the results obtained from computer simulations. However, it does not account for an oscillatory behavior of ⟨L⟩ as a function of c or N. These oscillations are negligible in sparse networks but detectable in dense networks. We also derive an expression for the variance Var(L) of the DSPL, which captures the overall dependence of the variance on c but does not account for the oscillations. The oscillations are due to the discrete nature of the shell structure around a random node. They reflect the profile of the filling of new shells as N is increased. The results for the mean and variance are compared to the corresponding results obtained in other types of random networks. The relation between the mean distance and the diameter is discussed.
Nucleation and growth of ellipsoidal crystals in a supercooled binary melt
Authors: Nikishina M A , Alexandrov D V 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
When considering the evolution of particulate assemblages in supercooled and supersaturated liquids, the shape of crystals often differs from spherical. Existing experiments show that evolved crystals often are ellipsoidal. Motivated by important applications in materials physics, chemistry, and biophysics, we develop here a growth theory of a polydisperse ensemble of ellipsoidal crystals in a binary supercooled melt. An integro-differential model of kinetic and balance equations supplemented by initial and boundary conditions that describe desupercooling dynamics and particle-volume distribution function with allowance for the ellipsoidal shape of growing crystals is formulated and solved analytically using the saddle-point technique for a Laplace-type integral. The distribution function increases up to the maximal volume of particles and shifts to larger crystal volumes with time. The solute concentration substantially changes the evolution of a particulate assemblage. The melt supercooling decays faster and the particle-volume distribution function is lower with increasing the initial solute concentration. The theory under consideration generalizes previously developed growth theories for spherical crystals in a binary melt (Alexandrov 2014 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.
47 125102) and ellipsoidal crystals in a single-component melt (Nikishina and Alexandrov 2021 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A
379 20200306).
Sliding wear response of ultrasonic-assisted stir-squeeze cast Al-Zn(-Mg) alloy/ZrO2p composite: wear mechanism and subsurface deformation
Authors: Singh Ashish Kumar , Soni Sanjay , Rana Ravindra Singh 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The character of hard ZrO2p in dry sliding wear of Al-Zn(-Mg) alloy was investigated in the cast and heat-treated conditions using a pin-on-disc wear tester at fixed sliding speed (3.5 m s−1) and varying applied pressure (0.5–2.125 MPa), giving special accentuation on the response parameters such as seizure resistance, wear rate, and bulk temperature rise. Hardness behavior was also studied for the same concerning materials in accordance with ASTM standards. The composites exhibited enhanced hardness, wear and seizure resistance, and greater temperature rise over the alloy. Indeed, the wear rate at preliminary stages increased with increasing applied pressure up to a transition limit beyond which it upsurged abruptly to greater value at the seizure pressure. Heat treatment also significantly improved the hardness, and resistance to wear and seizure. Amongst, heat-treated composite embedded with 4% ZrO2p yielded the highest hardness of 180 HV and seizure pressure of 2.125 MPa, respectively. The deformation in the subsurface was examined in terms of microhardness variation along the depth perpendicular to the worn surface. It was detected that the presence of ZrO2p not only enhanced the seizure resistance but also effectively hampered the extent of subsurface deformation at the seizure. The wear mechanism was prevalently governed through the establishment of the mechanically mixed layer (MML), oxide layer, cracking, and deformed subsurface.
Electrically switchable giant Berry curvature dipole in silicene, germanene and stanene
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Arka , Joseph Nesta Benno , Narayan Awadhesh 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The anomalous Hall effect in time-reversal symmetry broken systems is underpinned by the concept of Berry curvature in band theory. However, recent experiments reveal that the nonlinear Hall effect (NHE) can be observed in non-magnetic systems without applying an external magnetic field. The emergence of NHE under time-reversal symmetric conditions can be explained in terms of non-vanishing Berry curvature dipole (BCD) arising from inversion symmetry breaking. In this work, we availed realistic tight-binding models, first-principles calculations, and symmetry analyses to explore the combined effect of transverse electric field and strain, which leads to a giant BCD in the elemental buckled honeycomb lattices—silicene, germanene, and stanene. The external electric field breaks the inversion symmetry of these systems, while strain helps to attain an asymmetrical distribution of Berry curvature of a single valley. Furthermore, the topology of the electronic wavefunction switches from the band inverted quantum spin Hall state to normal insulating one at the gapless point. This band gap closing at the critical electric field strength is accompanied by an enhanced Berry curvature and concomitantly a giant BCD at the Fermi level. Our results predict the occurrence of an electrically switchable nonlinear electrical and thermal Hall effect in a new class of elemental systems that can be experimentally verified.
State of the art review on the sustainable dry machining of advanced materials for multifaceted engineering applications: progressive advancements and directions for future prospects
Authors: Singh Jasjeevan , Gill Simranpreet Singh , Dogra Manu , Singh Rupinder , Singh Malkeet , Sharma Shubham , Singh Gursharan , Li Changhe , Rajkumar S 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this article, the comprehensive review on the application, and indeed, a comparative analysis on dry machining of different types of materials (Inconel, steel, aluminum, cast iron, magnesium and advanced materials) used in machining (turning, drilling and milling operations) were carried out in the light of utmost works published in the literature. The work describes the scientific findings of the past twenty years, including sustainable methods (surface texture, solid lubricants, vibration-assisted machining, laser-assisted machining), tool coatings, and geometry of tools. Vibration-assisted machining is another direction that researchers have investigated without the use of cutting coolants, where the complete disposal of coolants is not possible. Various researchers have carried out rigorous experimental work on milling, drilling, and turning operations under dry conditions to machine numerous materials. A significant proportion of experimental data about tool wear, tool wear machining, surface quality, surface integrity, etc, has been analyzed under dry conditions. However, the critical analysis of dry machining for different conventional machining operations for a variety of industrial materials is still lacking for establishing dry machining as a sustainable process for industrial applications. Thus, the critical analysis of various machining parameters and their consequences on tool wear and the surface quality of machined work was carried out in this work. Finally, scientific recommendations based on critical findings were proposed for industrial implementation of dry machining.
Monodispersed ZnO nanoink and ultra-smooth large-area ZnO films for high performance and stable organic solar cells
Authors: Guo Jingbo , Han Yunfei , Xu Zihan , Zha Wusong , Fang Jin , Luo Qun , Liu Liqi , Ma Chang-Qi 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In the organic solar cells (OSCs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been widely used to fabricate electron transporting layer (ETL). However, spontaneous aggregation of NPs and film surface defects are two issues that limit the application of ZnO NPs in the printed photovoltaics. To simultaneously solve the two problems, the ZnO nanoinks were modified with a 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) acetic acid (MEA) solution, in which a monodispersed nanoink was obtained, and no aggregation occurred after 18 months of storage at room temperature. Meanwhile, the ZnO:MEA ETL had fewer surface hydroxyl groups defects because of Lewis acid-base interactions. The monodispersibility and passivated surface defects ensured an ultra-smooth ZnO film, leading to an improved device performance, longer lifetime, and higher thickness tolerance. As a result, an efficiency of 15.84% was achieved for the 1 cm2 PM6:Y6 ZnO:MEA ETL-based OSCs, and the T
80 lifetime was also increased to 6600 h. The thickness of ZnO:MEA ETL could be increased to 225 nm with less performance degradation. ZnO:MEA NPs were dispersed well in alcohols with high boiling points, which ensured a high-quality slot-die coated film. The ZnO:MEA ETL also has a unique advantage in flexible organic OSCs, with enhanced bending resistance during 10000 times bending. These properties demonstrated the great potential of ZnO:MEA nanoinks in the printed electronics.
Predicting the thermal expansion of body-centred cubic (BCC) high entropy alloys in the Mo–Nb–Ta–Ti–W system
Authors: Wilson Jack A , Evitts Lee J , Fraile Alberto , Wilson Roy E , Rushton Michael J D , Goddard David T , Lee William E , Middleburgh Simon C 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this study, the thermal expansion behaviour of equiatomic alloys in the Mo–Nb–Ta–Ti–W system is studied to provide a predictive method to assess the behaviour of this and other high entropy alloy systems. The simulations used are based on first principles density functional perturbation theory and the quasi-harmonic approximation. Calculations have been used to predict the stability and phonon properties of increasingly complex alloys in the Mo–Nb–Ta–Ti–W system and their thermal expansion coefficients have been predicted. These are benchmarked against rule-of-mixtures predictions and experimental observations, where available. We have shown that atomic-scale modelling techniques can be used to reliably predict the thermal expansion of a range of body-centred cubic high entropy alloys and concentrated solid solutions.
Design of a low-cost welding machine controller with a novel control algorithm for an enhanced HF TIG welding process
Authors: Sahane Dnyaneshwar Vitthal , Ghate Pravin M , Paithane Ajay N 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Automation plays an important role in event welding domain. This paper describes the problems associated with arc tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding for automated welding in oil and gas industry for pipe joints. Welding joints inside the offshore pipelines is a complex process and rework or repetitive work is very costly. Weld imperfections are the foremost anxiety in the pipe joint welding. Return out the entire weld machine to find the defect at the time of welding. This is one of the popular industry come with the problem statement to develop the application specific solution for inner pipe welding quality welding. However, this paper gives the solution. Moreover, factors like Joint crack, moisture, corrugated weld object, excessive gas flow, Lack of fusion in the root, Dirty base or filler metal are major problems in the welding process. Due to these issues weld quality is impacted. There are several problem areas in the existing welding control system i.e., poor topology selection, less efficiency, high power loss, more size, high cost, more maintenance, less effective control algorithm for welding control etc Due to all these factors the welding quality is hampered in traditional welding system. Many researchers have worked on the power electronics hardware section improvement but very less work done on the software section. This paper discusses on the software algorithm development and how the weld quality improved. Software welding algorithm development is the novelty of this paper. This paper proposed and developed low-cost welding machine controller using STM32F103 microcontroller with protection scheme. A welding algorithm is proposed and experimented to enhance arc TIG welding quality and automation. Welding algorithm is tested & practically verified using phase-shifted full bridge (PSFB) power converter topology with pulse width modulation (PWM) control technology. The results reveal that the proposed algorithm significantly improves the quality of automated welding.
Lipid pathway dysfunction is prevalent in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Galper Jasmin , Dean Nicholas J , Pickford Russell , Lewis Simon J G , Halliday Glenda M , Kim Woojin S , Dzamko Nicolas 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Many genetic risk factors for Parkinson’s disease have lipid-related functions and lipid-modulating drugs such as statins may be protective against Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, the hallmark Parkinson’s disease pathological protein, α-synuclein, has lipid membrane function and pathways dysregulated in Parkinson’s disease such as the endosome–lysosome system and synaptic signalling rely heavily on lipid dynamics. Despite the potential role for lipids in Parkinson’s disease, most research to date has been protein-centric, with large-scale, untargeted serum and CSF lipidomic comparisons between genetic and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and neurotypical controls limited. In particular, the extent to which lipid dysregulation occurs in mutation carriers of one of the most common Parkinson’s disease risk genes, LRRK2, is unclear. Further, the functional lipid pathways potentially dysregulated in idiopathic and LRRK2 mutation Parkinson’s disease are underexplored.
To better determine the extent of lipid dysregulation in Parkinson’s disease, untargeted high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was performed on serum (n = 221) and CSF (n = 88) obtained from a multi-ethnic population from the Michael J. Fox Foundation LRRK2 Clinical Cohort Consortium. The cohort consisted of controls, asymptomatic LRRK2 G2019S carriers, LRRK2 G2019S carriers with Parkinson’s disease and Parkinson’s disease patients without a LRRK2 mutation. Age and sex were adjusted for in analyses where appropriate. Approximately 1000 serum lipid species per participant were analysed.
The main serum lipids that distinguished both Parkinson’s disease patients and LRRK2 mutation carriers from controls included species of ceramide, triacylglycerol, sphingomyelin, acylcarnitine, phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Significant alterations in sphingolipids and glycerolipids were also reflected in Parkinson’s disease and LRRK2 mutation carrier CSF, although no correlations were observed between lipids identified in both serum and CSF. Pathway analysis of altered lipid species indicated that sphingolipid metabolism, insulin signalling and mitochondrial function were the major metabolic pathways dysregulated in Parkinson’s disease. Importantly, these pathways were also found to be dysregulated in serum samples from a second Parkinson’s disease cohort (n = 315).
Results from this study demonstrate that dysregulated lipids in Parkinson’s disease generally, and in LRRK2 mutation carriers, are from functionally and metabolically related pathways. These findings provide new insight into the extent of lipid dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease and therapeutics manipulating these pathways may be beneficial for Parkinson’s disease patients. Moreover, serum lipid profiles may be novel biomarkers for both genetic and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.
Women’s Experience With Screening Mammography During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Institutional Prospective Survey Study
Authors: Carnahan Molly B , Sharpe Richard E , Oluyemi Eniola , Parra Laura , Hippe Daniel S , Lorans Roxanne , Perry Hannah , Moey Tammy Hui Lin , Bagadiya Neeti , Lee Janie M 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objective
Evaluate women’s anxiety and experience undergoing screening mammography during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
An IRB-approved anonymous survey was administered to women receiving screening mammography across six sites in the U.S. and Singapore from October 7, 2020, to March 11, 2021. Using a 1–5 Likert scale, women rated their pre- and post-visit anxiety regarding having their mammogram during the COVID-19 pandemic, importance of observed COVID-19 precautions, and personal risk factors for breast cancer and severe COVID-19 illness. Post-visit change in anxiety was evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test associations of pre-visit anxiety with breast cancer and COVID-19 risk factors.

Results
In total, 1086 women completed the survey. Of these, 59% (630/1061) had &gt;1 breast cancer risk factor; 27% (282/1060) had &gt;1 COVID-19 risk factors. Forty-two percent (445/1065) experienced pre-visit anxiety. Pre-visit anxiety was independently associated with risk factors for severe COVID-19 (OR for &gt;2 vs 0 risk factors: 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11–3.76) and breast cancer (OR for &gt;2 vs 0 risk factors: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.17–2.50), after adjusting for age and site. Twenty-six percent (272/1065) of women reported post-visit anxiety, an absolute 16% decrease from pre-visit anxiety (95% CI: 14%–19%, P &lt; 0.001). Provider masking (941/1075, 88%) and physical distancing (861/1085, 79%) were rated as the most important precautions.

Conclusion
Pre-visit anxiety was associated with COVID-19 or breast cancer risk factors and declined significantly after screening mammography. Provider masking and physical distancing were rated the most important precautions implemented by imaging clinics.