bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a non‐pharmacologic delirium management bundle in paediatric intensive care units
Authors: Stenkjaer Rikke Louise , Herling Suzanne Forsyth , Egerod Ingrid , Weis Janne , van Dijk Monique , Kudchadkar Sapna Ravi , Ramelet Anne‐Sylvie , Ista Erwin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundNon‐pharmacologic interventions might be effective to reduce the incidence of delirium in pediatric intensive care units (PICU).AimTo explore expert opinions and generate informed consensus decisions regarding the content of a non‐pharmacologic delirium bundle to manage delirium in PICU patients.Study designA two‐round online Delphi study was conducted from February to April 2021. PICU experts (nurses, physicians, researchers, physical therapists, play specialists, and occupational therapists) located in Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Australia participated.ResultsWe developed a questionnaire based on the outcomes of a comprehensive literature search in the domains: 1) cognition support; 2) sleep support; and 3) physical activity support. Under these domains, we listed 11 strategies to promote support with 61 interventions. Participants rated the feasibility of each intervention on a 9‐point Likert scale (ranging from 1 strongly disagree to 9 strongly agree). A disagreement index and panel median were calculated to determine the level of agreement among experts. In the second round, participants reassessed the revised statements and ranked the interventions in each domain in order of importance for age groups: 0–2, 3–5, and 6–18 years of age. During the first Delphi round, 53 of 74 (72%) questionnaires were completed, and in the second round 45 of 74 (61%) were completed. Five of the highest ranked interventions across the age groups were: 1) developing a daily routine, 2) adjusting light exposure according to the time of day, 3) scheduling time for sleep, 4) providing eyeglasses and hearing aids if appropriate, 5) encouraging parental presence.ConclusionsBased on expert consensus, we developed an age‐specific non‐pharmacologic delirium bundle of interventions to manage delirium in PICU patients.Relevance to Clinical PracticeAn age‐specific Non‐Pharmacological Delirium bundle is now ready to be tested in the PICU and will hopefully reduce pediatric delirium.
Group IIc WRKY transcription factors regulate cotton resistance to Fusarium oxysporum by promoting GhMKK2‐mediated flavonoid biosynthesis
Authors: Wang Lijun , Guo Dezheng , Zhao Guangdong , Wang Jiayu , Zhang Shuxin , Wang Chen , Guo Xingqi 
Published: June 2022

Summary

WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are crucial regulators in response to pathogen infection. However, the regulatory mechanisms of WRKY TFs in response to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov), the most devastating pathogen of cotton, remain unclear.

Here, transcriptome sequencing indicated that the group IIc WRKY TF subfamily was the most important TF subfamily in response to Fov. Gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function analyses showed that group IIc WRKY TFs positively regulated cotton resistance to Fov. A series of chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, yeast one‐hybrid assay and electrophoresis mobility shift assay experiments indicated that group IIc WRKY TFs directly bound to the promoter of GhMKK2 and regulated its expression.

Importantly, a novel mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade composed of GhMKK2, GhNTF6 and GhMYC2 was identified. The functional analysis indicated that group IIc WRKY TFs induced the GhMKK2‐GhNTF6 pathway to increase resistance to Fov by upregulating the GhMYC2‐mediated expression of several flavonoid biosynthesis‐related genes, which led to flavonoid accumulation.

In conclusion, our study demonstrated a novel disease defense mechanism by which the WRKY‐MAPK pathway promotes flavonoid biosynthesis to defend against pathogen infection. This pathway improves our understanding of the interaction mode between WRKY TFs and MAPK cascades in plant immunity and the vital role of plant flavonoids in pathogen defense.
A lifespan development perspective and meta‐analysis on the relationship between age and organizational training
Authors: Davenport Meghan K. , Young Carmen K. , Kim Michelle H. , Gilberto Jacqueline M. , Beier Margaret E. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe confluence of the aging population and economic conditions that require working longer necessitate a focus on how to best train and develop older workers. We report a meta‐analysis of the age and training relationship that examines training outcomes and moderators with 60 independent samples (total N = 10,003). Framed within the lifespan development perspective, we expected and found that older trainees perform worse (ρ = −.14, k = 34, N = 5642; δ = 1.08, k = 21, N = 1242) and take more time (ρ = .19, k = 15, N = 2780; δ = 1.25, k = 12, N = 664) in training relative to younger trainees. Further, age was negatively related to post‐training self‐efficacy (ρ = −.08, k = 10, N = 4631), but not related to trainee reactions. Moderator analyses provided mixed support that training alone is related to increased mastery of skills and knowledge. No support was found for the moderating effects of pacing or instructional approach. We call for future research examining the interactive effects of training design on older worker outcomes in ways that capitalize on age‐related growth, compensate for decline, and consider the strategies workers use to mitigate the effect of age‐related losses.
Regulation of cyanogenic glucosides in wild and domesticated Eusorghum taxa
Authors: Myrans H. , Gleadow R. M. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Domesticated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench subsp. bicolor) diverts significant amounts of nitrogen away from primary metabolism to the synthesis of cyanogenic glucosides (CNglc) – specialized metabolites that release toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Our aim was to identify the point in the genus Sorghum Moench at which plants gained the ability to maintain hazardous concentrations of cyanogenic glucosides in their leaves into maturity (HCN potential >0.4 mg g−1). This ability occurs in domesticated sorghum (in the subgenus Eusorghum), but not in wild taxa in other Sorghum subgenera.

Eight accessions from the subgenus Eusorghum were grown in a common garden: an improved sorghum line, five sorghum landraces, the crop's wild progenitor (S. bicolor subsp. verticilliflorum [Steud.] de Wet ex Wiersema & J. Dahlb.) and wild Sorghum propinquum (Kunth) Hitchc. HCN potential was measured in plants (n = 80) at the three‐leaf stage and at 6 weeks old.

All study accessions, including the wild taxa, had hazardous CNglc concentrations in the leaves at both the three‐leaf stage (mean HCN potentials > = 2.5 mg g−1) and at 6 weeks old (mean HCN potentials > = 0.68 mg g−1), greatly contrasting the much lower mature leaf HCN potentials previously found in wild Sorghum taxa outside subgenus Eusorghum (generally <= 0.01 mg g−1).

Our results suggest that the ability to maintain hazardous leaf HCN potentials into maturity might have arisen during the divergence of Eusorghum from other Sorghum subgenera, rather than during the speciation or domestication of S. bicolor, and highlights the value of utilizing Sorghum taxa outside Eusorghum in efforts to improve the crop safety of sorghum.
Cognitive tasks elicit mental fatigue and impair subsequent physical task endurance: Effects of task duration and type
Authors: Dallaway Neil , Lucas Samuel J. E. , Ring Christopher 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAlthough mentally fatiguing cognitive tasks can impair subsequent physical endurance, the importance of cognitive task duration and the role of response inhibition remain unclear. This study compared the effects of a serial incongruent Stroop color‐classification task (i.e., with response inhibition) and N‐back memory updating task (i.e., without response inhibition) on mental fatigue and subsequent rhythmic handgrip exercise. Participants (N = 90) were randomly assigned to one of three cognitive task groups (Stroop, 2‐back, control) and completed four 10‐min blocks of one cognitive task followed by a 5‐min physical endurance task (self‐paced rhythmic handgrip exercise). Heart rate, heart rate variability, electromyographic forearm activity, and force were recorded throughout along with self‐reported measures of fatigue, exertion, and motivation. From the start, the Stroop and 2‐back tasks elicited higher heart rate and lower heart rate variability as well as greater fatigue, effort, and interest/enjoyment than the control task. From the second block onwards, the Stroop and 2‐back groups produced less force than the control group. There were no group differences in forearm muscle activity. In sum, mental fatigue was induced after performing a cognitive task for 10 mins, whereas muscular endurance was impaired after performing a cognitive task for 20 mins. That these effects were observed for both types of cognitive task indicates that response inhibition is not a necessary condition. The cognitive task duration required to induce mental fatigue and impair rhythmic handgrip endurance performance lay between the durations reported previously for isometric (a few minutes) and whole‐body (half an hour) endurance exercise.
Quantitative characterization of 3D structure of vellus hair arrector pili muscles by micro CT
Authors: Ezure Tomonobu , Amano Satoshi , Matsuzaki Kyoichi 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundVellus hair is the fine, wispy hair found over most of the body surface, and the arrector pili muscles (hair muscle) serve to raise these hairs. Hair muscles are also critical for skin regeneration, contributing to the maintenance of stem cells in epidermis and hair follicles. However, little is known about their fundamental properties, especially their structure, because of the limitations of conventional two‐dimensional histological analysis.ObjectivesWe aimed to quantitatively characterize the structure of vellus hair muscles by establishing a method to visualize the 3D structure of hair muscle.MethodsWe observed young female abdominal skin specimens by means of X‐ray micro CT and identified hair muscles in each cross‐sectional CT image. We then digitally reconstructed the 3D structure of the hair muscles on computer (digital‐3D skin), and numerically evaluated their structural parameters.ResultsVellus hair muscles were clearly distinguished from the surrounding dermal layer in X‐ray micro CT images and were digitally reconstructed in 3D from those images for quantification of the structural parameters. The mean value of number of divisions of vellus hair muscles was 1.6, mean depth was 943.6 μm from the skin surface, mean angle to the skin surface was 28.8 degrees, and mean length was 1657.9 μm. These values showed relatively little variation among subjects. The mean muscle volume was approximately 20 million μm3but showed greater variability than the other parameters.ConclusionDigital‐3D skin technology is a powerful approach to understand the tiny but complex 3D structure of vellus hair muscles. The fundamental nature of vellus hair muscles was characterized in terms of their 3D structural parameters, including number of divisions, angle to the skin surface, depth, and volume.
First exploratory study of bacterial pathogens and endosymbionts in head lice from a Mayan community in southern Mexico
Authors: Dzul‐Rosado Karla , Maldonado‐Borges Josefina Inés , Puerto‐Manzano Fernando I. , Lammoglia‐Villagómez Miguel A. , Becker Ingeborg , Sánchez‐Montes Sokani 
Published: June 2022

AbstractLice represent one of the most neglected group of vectors worldwide, particularly in Latin America. Records of bacterial agents related to head lice are non‐existent in this region of the continent. Many of these communities often do not have adequate access to public services and/or health protection. The normalization of this condition prevents them from manifesting discomfort, such as bites and itching, which further aggravates the situation, as they can be vectors of important diseases. For this reason, the aim of this work was to identify the richness of bacterial pathogens (Acinetobacter, Bartonella, and Rickettsia) and endosymbionts (Wolbachia) in head lice of paediatric patients from the indigenous municipality of Hoctun, Yucatan, Mexico. DNA extraction was performed using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit. For the detection of bacterial pathogens, fragments of the gltA, rpoB, and 16S rDNA genes were amplified. For the detection of Wolbachia, the wsp gene was amplified. Of the 28 lice analysed, the presence of two genera of bacterial pathogens was detected Acinetobacter (42.9% = 12/28) and Bartonella (7.14% = 2/28). We also detected the endosymbiont Wolbachia (71.42% = 20/28). Our results showed that DNA from three bacteria species (Acinetobacter baumannii, Bartonella quintana, and Wolbachia pipientis) was present with frequencies ranging from 3.57% to 71.42%. This work represents the first exploratory study of the diversity of agents associated with head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) in Mexico and Latin America. Due to the findings generated in the present study, it is important to perform surveillance of head lice populations to identify the degree of spread of these pathogens and their impact on populations in the region.
NADPH oxidase 2 is necessary for chronic intermittent hypoxia‐induced sternohyoid muscle weakness in adult male mice
Authors: Drummond Sarah E. , Burns David P. , Maghrani Sarah El , Ziegler Oscar , Healy Vincent , O'Halloran Ken D. 
Published: June 2022

New FindingsWhat is the central question of this study?Exposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) evokes redox changes, culminating in impaired upper airway muscle function: what is the specific source of CIH‐induced reactive oxygen species?What is the main finding and its importance?Profound sternohyoid muscle dysfunction following exposure to CIH was entirely prevented by apocynin co‐treatment or NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) deletion. The results have implications for human obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and point to antioxidant intervention, potentially targeting NOX2 blockade, as a therapeutic strategy.AbstractExposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) evokes redox changes, culminating in impaired upper airway muscle function. We sought to determine if NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)‐derived reactive oxygen species underpin CIH‐induced maladaptive changes in upper airway (sternohyoid) muscle performance. Adult male mice (C57BL/6J) were assigned to one of three groups: normoxic controls (sham); CIH‐exposed (CIH, 12 cycles/hour, 8 h/day for 14 days); and CIH + apocynin (NOX2 inhibitor, 2 mM) given in the drinking water throughout exposure to CIH. In addition, we studied sham and CIH‐exposed NOX2‐null mice (B6.129S‐CybbTM1Din/J). Profound sternohyoid muscle dysfunction following exposure to CIH was entirely prevented by apocynin co‐treatment or NOX2 deletion. Exposure to CIH increased sternohyoid muscle NOX enzyme activity, with no alteration to the gene or protein expression of NOX subunits. There was no evidence of overt oxidative stress, muscle regeneration, inflammation or atrophy following exposure to CIH. We suggest that NOX‐dependent CIH‐induced upper airway muscle weakness increases vulnerability to upper airway obstruction. Our results have implications for human obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and point to antioxidant intervention, potentially targeting NOX2 blockade, as a therapeutic strategy.
Collective Emotions in Doubles Table Tennis
Authors: Freemantle Alexander W.J. , Stafford Lorenzo D. , Wagstaff Christopher R.D. , Akehurst Lucy 
Published: June 2022

Researchers have shown that the emotions that athletes experience during sporting competition can be transferred between team members to create collective team emotional states. Nevertheless, collective emotions have not yet been investigated for sporting dyads. In this study, the emotional experiences of 68 doubles table tennis players (34 dyads) were examined at three time points: precompetition, in-competition, and postcompetition. It was found that the intensity of each emotional state differed as a function of match situation (positive/negative). Moreover, in-competition anxiety, dejection, and anger were shown to predict poorer subjective performance, and anxiety was shown to negatively impact future objective athlete performance. Most pertinently, within-dyad emotional aggregation was identified for athlete in-competition happiness and dejection and for postcompetition happiness, dejection, and anger. These findings represent the first quantitative evidence of emotional convergence in sport dyads and provide support for the social functional theory of emotion in sport.
What controlled the thickness of continental crust in the Archean?
Authors: Mai Vuong V. , Korenaga Jun 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Exposed continents are one of Earth's major characteristics. Recent studies on ancient ocean volume and exposed landmasses suggest, however, that early Earth was possibly a water world, where any significant landmass was unlikely to have risen above sea level. On modern Earth, the thickness of continental crust seems to be controlled by sea level and the buoyancy of continental crust. Simply applying this concept to the Archean would not explain the absence of exposed continents, and we suggest that a third element that is currently insignificant was important during early Earth: the strength of continental upper crust. Based on the pressure imbalance expected at continent-ocean boundaries, we quantified the conditions under which rock strength controls the thickness of continental crust. With the level of radiogenic heat production expected for early Earth, continents may have been too weak to have maintained their thickness against a deep ocean.
Online clinical tool to estimate risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants
Authors: Greenberg Rachel G , McDonald Scott A , Laughon Matthew M , Tanaka David , Jensen Erik , Van Meurs Krisa , Eichenwald Eric , Brumbaugh Jane E , Duncan Andrea , Walsh Michele , Das Abhik , Cotten C Michael 
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveDevelop an online estimator that accurately predicts bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) severity or death using readily-available demographic and clinical data.DesignRetrospective analysis of data entered into a prospective registry.SettingInfants cared for at centres of the United States Neonatal Research Network between 2011 and 2017.PatientsInfants 501–1250 g birth weight and 23 0/7–28 6/7 weeks’ gestation.InterventionsNone.Main outcome measuresSeparate multinomial regression models for postnatal days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 were developed to estimate the individual probabilities of death or BPD severity (no BPD, grade 1 BPD, grade 2 BPD, grade 3 BPD) defined according to the mode of respiratory support administered at 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age.ResultsAmong 9181 included infants, birth weight was most predictive of death or BPD severity on postnatal day 1, while mode of respiratory support was the most predictive factor on days 3, 7, 14 and 28. The predictive accuracy of the models increased at each time period from postnatal day 1 (C-statistic: 0.674) to postnatal day 28 (C-statistic 0.741). We used these results to develop a web-based model that provides predicted estimates for BPD by postnatal day.ConclusionThe probability of BPD or death in extremely preterm infants can be estimated with reasonable accuracy using a limited amount of readily available clinical information. This tool may aid clinical prognostication, future research, and center-specific quality improvement surrounding BPD prevention.Trial registration numberNCT00063063
Beyond arrival: safeguarding unaccompanied asylum-seeking children in the UK
Authors: Sanchez-Clemente Nuria , Eisen Sarah , Harkensee Christian , Longley Nicky , O'Grady Rob , Ward Allison 
Published: June 2022

Unaccompanied children (also called unaccompanied minors) are children who have been separated from both parents and other relatives and are not being cared for by an adult who, by law or custom, is responsible for doing so. From 2010 to 2020, unaccompanied minors accounted on average for 15.4% of the total number of first-time asylum applicants aged less than 18 years in the UK. These young people risk their lives and undergo traumatic journeys in search of a better life. However, when they arrive in the UK, they are vulnerable to significant ongoing traumatic experiences.In this review, we look at the reasons young people are forced to flee their countries, how they make their journey, and the risks and dangers they face along the way. We examine safety and victimisation risks faced by children and young people after arrival in the UK, which mechanisms and processes exist to safeguard these individuals, and examine the data available on outcomes of unaccompanied asylum-seeking child (UASC. Finally, we share two case examples that represent both the strengths and weaknesses of existing processes for UASC.
Longitudinal association of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin levels with clinical characteristics in thyroid eye disease
Authors: Ko JaeSang , Kook Koung Hoon , Yoon Jin Sook , Woo Kyung In , Yang Jae Wook 
Published: June 2022

ObjectivesThe clinical course of thyroid eye disease (TED) is heterogeneous and predicting patients who may develop the severe sequelae of the disease is difficult. In this study, we evaluated the longitudinal association between changes in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibody (TRAb) levels and course of disease activity and severity over time.DesignThis was a multicentre, prospective, observational study.SettingFifteen tertiary care oculoplastic service centres in Korea.ParticipantsSeventy-six patients with newly diagnosed TED were included and followed up for 12 months.MethodsWe evaluated clinical characteristics and serum TRAb levels at baseline, 6 and 12 months of TED diagnosis. Additionally, we analysed longitudinal associations between the serum TRAb levels and clinical activity score (CAS), no signs or symptoms, only signs, soft tissue involvement, proptosis, extraocular muscle involvement, corneal involvement, sight loss (NOSPECS) score and proptosis.ResultsThyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) and TSH-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin (TBII) levels decreased during the 1-year follow-up, whereas disease activity measured using CAS decreased mainly in the first 6 months. Disease severity measured using NOSPECS score and proptosis remained unchanged. Moreover, inter-person differences in TBII levels were associated with CAS, NOSPECS score and proptosis over time, whereas inter-person differences in TSI levels were associated with NOSPECS score. Subgroup analysis of patients with a baseline CAS≥4 demonstrated that within-person changes in TSI levels affected the CAS and NOSPECS score.ConclusionsFollow-up measurement of serum TSI and TBII levels may help evaluate TED prognosis and enable accurate clinical decision-making.