bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demokratievorstellungen unter Verteidigern und Entdeckern: Wer möchte welche Form der Demokratie?
Authors: Back Mitja , Echterhoff Gerald , Müller Olaf , Pollack Detlef , Schlipphak Bernd 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungIn Kap. 3 gehen wir näher darauf ein, wie sich die beiden Gruppen der Entdecker und Verteidiger im Hinblick auf die von ihnen gewünschte Form der (demokratischen) Steuerung eines Landes unterscheiden. Dazu zeigen wir zunächst, dass die Verteidiger eine deutlich stärkere Präferenz für eine autoritäre Führung des eigenen Landes aufweisen als die Entdecker. Wir demonstrieren weiter, dass Verteidiger stärker für direkte Demokratie eintreten als Entdecker, während dies für das Konzept der liberalen Demokratie umgekehrt ist. Schließlich verweisen unsere Daten darauf, dass Verteidiger populistischen Ideen und Akteuren sowie Verschwörungstheorien deutlich eher zustimmen als dies für die Entdecker der Fall ist. Allerdings werden auch diese Zusammenhänge durch den politischen Kontext eines Landes moderiert.
Der Identitätskonflikt zwischen Verteidigern und Entdeckern: Implikationen und Einbettung in die Forschung
Authors: Back Mitja , Echterhoff Gerald , Müller Olaf , Pollack Detlef , Schlipphak Bernd 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungIn Kap. 4 betten wir die Ergebnisse unserer Studie in aktuelle psychologische, soziologische und politikwissenschaftliche Literatur ein. Dabei zeigen wir zunächst, dass sich die Gegensätze zwischen Verteidigern und Entdeckern durch fundamentale Bedürfnisunterschiede erklären lassen. Wir argumentieren weiter, dass der Identitätskonflikt zwischen den beiden Gruppen durch die Auswirkungen der Globalisierung verstärkt werden wird. Und wir verdeutlichen drittens, dass die Polarisierung der Gesellschaft durch den Identitätskonflikt aufgrund der Tatsache, dass Identitätskonzepte nicht hinterfragbar oder Gegenstand von Kompromissen sind, zunächst unausweichlich scheint. Vor diesem Hintergrund entwickeln wir jedoch drei Implikationen zur politischen Kommunikation, die eine solche gesellschaftliche Polarisierung wahrscheinlicher oder unwahrscheinlicher machen.
Augmentation bei der Versorgung proximaler Humerus- und Femurfrakturen
Authors: van Veelen Nicole M. , Beeres Frank JP , Link Björn-Christian , Babst Reto 
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Proximale Humerus- und pertrochantäre Femurfrakturen sind beim älteren Patienten meist durch Niedrigenergietraumata verursacht und häufig mit einer Osteoporose assoziiert. Die Versorgung solcher Fragilitätsfrakturen kann erschwert sein, da Implantate im osteoporotischen Knochen schlechteren Halt finden. Durch die Augmentation mit Zement wird die Kontaktfläche zwischen Knochen und Implantat vergrößert, um die Stabilität der Osteosynthese zu erhöhen.

Ziel der Arbeit
Diese Arbeit beschreibt das operative Vorgehen bei Augmentationen von pertrochantären Femurfrakturen, die mithilfe des Trochanteric Fixation Nail-Advanced (TFNA; Fa. DePuy Synthes, Schweiz) versorgt werden, und von proximalen Humerusfrakturen unter Verwendung einer PHILOS-Platte (Fa. DePuy Synthes, Schweiz). Des Weiteren wird die Evidenzlage der Augmentation bei diesen beiden Frakturentitäten erläutert.

Ergebnisse
Biomechanische Studien konnten bei beiden Frakturtypen nach erfolgter Augmentation eine verbesserte Stabilität der Osteosynthese aufzeigen. Auch klinisch weist die aktuelle Evidenz auf eine Reduktion von Fixationsversagen hin. Ob die Augmentation auf die funktionellen Resultate einen Einfluss hat, konnte bisher noch nicht eindeutig nachgewiesen werden.

Schlussfolgerung
Die Augmentation der Osteosynthese mit Knochenzement scheint eine sichere und wertvolle Erweiterung der Therapieoptionen zu bieten, insbesondere für Patienten mit Fragilitätsfrakturen.
Genomic selection for spot blotch in bread wheat breeding panels, full-sibs and half-sibs and index-based selection for spot blotch, heading and plant height
Authors: Juliana Philomin , He Xinyao , Poland Jesse , Roy Krishna K. , Malaker Paritosh K. , Mishra Vinod K. , Chand Ramesh , Shrestha Sandesh , Kumar Uttam , Roy Chandan , Gahtyari Navin C. , Joshi Arun K. , Singh Ravi P. , Singh Pawan K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Key message
Genomic selection is a promising tool to select for spot blotch resistance and index-based selection can simultaneously select for spot blotch resistance, heading and plant height.

Abstract
A major biotic stress challenging bread wheat production in regions characterized by humid and warm weather is spot blotch caused by the fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana. Since genomic selection (GS) is a promising selection tool, we evaluated its potential for spot blotch in seven breeding panels comprising 6736 advanced lines from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. Our results indicated moderately high mean genomic prediction accuracies of 0.53 and 0.40 within and across breeding panels, respectively which were on average 177.6% and 60.4% higher than the mean accuracies from fixed effects models using selected spot blotch loci. Genomic prediction was also evaluated in full-sibs and half-sibs panels and sibs were predicted with the highest mean accuracy (0.63) from a composite training population with random full-sibs and half-sibs. The mean accuracies when full-sibs were predicted from other full-sibs within families and when full-sibs panels were predicted from other half-sibs panels were 0.47 and 0.44, respectively. Comparison of GS with phenotypic selection (PS) of the top 10% of resistant lines suggested that GS could be an ideal tool to discard susceptible lines, as greater than 90% of the susceptible lines discarded by PS were also discarded by GS. We have also reported the evaluation of selection indices to simultaneously select non-late and non-tall genotypes with low spot blotch phenotypic values and genomic-estimated breeding values. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of integrating GS and index-based selection for improving spot blotch resistance in bread wheat.
Xylem-specific Overexpression of the GIBBERELLIN ACID 20 OXIDASE Gene (GA20-OXIDASE) from Pine in Hybrid Poplar (Populus tremula L. × P. alba L.) Revealed Reliable Increase in Growth and Biomass Production Just in a Single-copy-line
Authors: Fladung Matthias 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOverexpression of the GA20-OXIDASE gene under control of the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in poplar leads to increased shoot growth and biomass production, however, the trees suffer from unstable shoots and poor root growth. Transgenic hybrid poplar (Populus tremula L. × P. alba L.) plants overexpressing the GA20-OXIDASE gene from pine under control of a poplar-xylem-specific DX15-promoter also revealed a superior effect on growth and biomass production but without changing the overall phenotype. We tested seven DX15::GA20-OXIDASE-transgenic lines for growth and biomass production in the glasshouse in 2017, and repeated the experiment in 2018 with the “best-four” lines. Plants from one DX15::GA20-OXIDASE-transgenic line, N457‑4, turned out to be the tallest, with highest biomass, in both years under investigation. In contrast to the other lines tested in 2017 and 2018 carrying two or more copies of the transgene, N457‑4 carries only one copy. We suggest that transcriptional or post-transcriptional transgene silencing in the two- or more copies carrying lines might be responsible for lower GA20-OXIDASE transgene expression and that the single-copy-line N457‑4 has stable GA20-OXIDASE-gene expression.
Spatial Organization and Socio-Economic Differentiation at the Dhar Tichitt Center of Dakhlet el Atrouss I (Southeastern Mauritania)
Authors: Linares-Matás Gonzalo J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe emergence of socio-political differentiation is a core theme in world prehistory, and the West African archaeological record offers unique insights into the range of pathways towards increasing complexity and the origins of socio-economic inequalities. During the second half of the second millennium BC, the Tichitt-Oualata escarpments of southeastern Mauritania witnessed the development of societies with monumental funerary architecture and substantial drystone settlements that relied on an agropastoral economy based primarily on pearl millet (Pennisetumsp.) cultivation and livestock-raising. Previous spatial analyses of site size have shown that the Dhar Tichitt landscape exhibited a multi-tiered settlement hierarchy, with Dakhlet el Atrouss I (80 ha) as the main regional center, with almost 600 compounds forming an intricate layout and hundreds of funerary tumuli in the vicinity of the site. The limited presence of imported prestige goods, however, has sparked considerable controversy regarding the socio-political complexity of the community inhabiting the site. The aim of this article is to understand whether remote sensing and spatial analyses can inform us about the extent of socio-economic differentiation at Dakhlet el Atrouss I, the largest site ascribed to the Tichitt Tradition. On the basis of relevant ethnographies exploring the dynamics of household wealth in agropastoral economies, I explore the degree of compound size variation at the site and neighborhood levels using well-established econometric methods that increasingly feature in archaeological studies of inequality and socio-political complexity. This paper represents the first application of Lorenz Curves and Gini Coefficients in African prehistory and illustrates a considerable degree of spatial and socio-economic differentiation at Dakhlet el Atrouss I.
A practical guide to multi-objective reinforcement learning and planning
Authors: Hayes Conor F. , Rădulescu Roxana , Bargiacchi Eugenio , Källström Johan , Macfarlane Matthew , Reymond Mathieu , Verstraeten Timothy , Zintgraf Luisa M. , Dazeley Richard , Heintz Fredrik , Howley Enda , Irissappane Athirai A. , Mannion Patrick , Nowé Ann , Ramos Gabriel , Restelli Marcello , Vamplew Peter , Roijers Diederik M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractReal-world sequential decision-making tasks are generally complex, requiring trade-offs between multiple, often conflicting, objectives. Despite this, the majority of research in reinforcement learning and decision-theoretic planning either assumes only a single objective, or that multiple objectives can be adequately handled via a simple linear combination. Such approaches may oversimplify the underlying problem and hence produce suboptimal results. This paper serves as a guide to the application of multi-objective methods to difficult problems, and is aimed at researchers who are already familiar with single-objective reinforcement learning and planning methods who wish to adopt a multi-objective perspective on their research, as well as practitioners who encounter multi-objective decision problems in practice. It identifies the factors that may influence the nature of the desired solution, and illustrates by example how these influence the design of multi-objective decision-making systems for complex problems.
Mendelian nightmares: the germline-restricted chromosome of songbirds
Authors: Borodin Pavel , Chen Augustin , Forstmeier Wolfgang , Fouché Simone , Malinovskaya Lyubov , Pei Yifan , Reifová Radka , Ruiz-Ruano Francisco J. , Schlebusch Stephen A. , Sotelo-Muñoz Manuelita , Torgasheva Anna , Vontzou Niki , Suh Alexander 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGermline-restricted chromosomes (GRCs) are accessory chromosomes that occur only in germ cells. They are eliminated from somatic cells through programmed DNA elimination during embryo development. GRCs have been observed in several unrelated animal taxa and show peculiar modes of non-Mendelian inheritance and within-individual elimination. Recent cytogenetic and phylogenomic evidence suggests that a GRC is present across the species-rich songbirds, but absent in non-passerine birds, implying that over half of all 10,500 bird species have extensive germline/soma genome differences. Here, we review recent insights gained from genomic, transcriptomic, and cytogenetic approaches with regard to the genetic content, phylogenetic distribution, and inheritance of the songbird GRC. While many questions remain unsolved in terms of GRC inheritance, elimination, and function, we discuss plausible scenarios and future directions for understanding this widespread form of programmed DNA elimination.
The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on tic symptoms in children and young people: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Hall Charlotte L , Marston Louise , Khan Kareem , Brown Beverley J , Sanderson Charlotte , Andrén Per , Bennett Sophie , Heyman Isobel , Mataix-Cols David , Serlachius Eva , Hollis Chris , Murphy Tara 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTo understand how children and young people with tic disorders were affected by COVID-19, we compared pre and during pandemic scores on the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS). Participants were young people (N = 112; male:78%; 9–17 years) randomised to the control arm of the “ORBIT-Trial” (ISRCTN70758207, ClinicalTrials.gov-NCT03483493). For this analysis, the control arm was split into two groups: one group was followed up to 12-months’ post-randomisation before the pandemic started (pre-COVID group, n = 44); the other group was impacted by the pandemic at the 12-month follow-up (during-COVID group, n = 47). Mixed effects linear regression modelling was conducted to explore differences in YGTSS at 6- and 12-months post-randomisation. There were no significant differences in tic symptom or severity between participants who were assessed before and during COVID-19. This finding was not influenced by age, gender, symptoms of anxiety or autism spectrum disorder. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly impact existing tic symptoms.
Top-down or bottom-up? Norwegian climate mitigation policy as a contested hybrid of policy approaches
Authors: Hermansen Erlend A. T. , Sundqvist Göran 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIt is widely accepted that the Paris Agreement implies a shift in global climate mitigation policy from a top-down approach focused on global distribution of emission cuts and international cost-effectiveness to a bottom-up approach based on national efforts. Less is known about how this shift at the global level trickles down and manifests in national climate mitigation policy. Norway is in this respect an interesting example, since it has long been portrayed as an important driver of an international top-down approach. In this paper, we demonstrate that Norwegian policy cannot be characterised as a ‘pure’ top-down regime; policy instruments and measures directed at specific technology investments and deployment to complement cost-effective (international) policy instruments have been an explicit government ambition for a long time. Second, by using the case of biofuels, we analyse how the two approaches have been combined in practice over the past decade. Using the notion of ‘hybrid management’, we demonstrate that the top-down approach has left a lasting imprint on Norwegian mitigation policy, but also that this approach has increasingly been challenged by bottom-up thinking, leaving Norwegian climate mitigation policy as a contested hybrid of policy approaches. We conclude that inadequate institutional arrangements for productively managing the tensions between the two approaches have hampered progress in Norwegian policy in curbing domestic emissions. We expect that Norwegian climate mitigation will become increasingly hybridised in the coming decades, and suggest that cultivating hybridisation can be a productive approach for policy progress.
Dietary fat intake and risk of Parkinson disease: results from the Swedish National March Cohort
Authors: Hantikainen Essi , Roos Elin , Bellocco Rino , D’Antonio Alessia , Grotta Alessandra , Adami Hans-Olov , Ye Weimin , Trolle Lagerros Ylva , Bonn Stephanie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Following progressive aging of the population worldwide, the prevalence of Parkinson disease is expected to increase in the next decades. Primary prevention of the disease is hampered by limited knowledge of preventable causes. Recent evidence regarding diet and Parkinson disease is inconsistent and suggests that dietary habits such as fat intake may have a role in the etiology.

Objective
To investigate the association between intake of total and specific types of fat with the incidence of Parkinson disease.

Methods
Participants from the Swedish National March Cohort were prospectively followed-up from 1997 to 2016. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Food items intake was used to estimate fat intake, i.e. the exposure variable, using the Swedish Food Composition Database. Total, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat intake were categorized into quartiles. Parkinson disease incidence was ascertained through linkages to Swedish population-based registers. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the association between fat intake from total or specific types of fats and the incidence of Parkinson disease. The lowest intake category was used as reference. Isocaloric substitution models were also fitted to investigate substitution effects by replacing energy from fat intake with other macronutrients or specific types of fat.

Results
41,597 participants were followed up for an average of 17.6 years. Among them, 465 developed Parkinson disease. After adjusting for potential confounders, the highest quartile of saturated fat intake was associated with a 41% increased risk of Parkinson disease compared to the lowest quartile (HR Q4 vs. Q1: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.04–1.90; p for trend: 0.03). Total, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fat intake were not significantly associated with Parkinson disease. The isocaloric substitution models did not show any effect.

Conclusions
We found that a higher consumption of large amounts of saturated fat might be associated with an increased risk of Parkinson disease. A diet low in saturated fat might be beneficial for disease prevention.
Nigeria's energy review: Focusing on solar energy potential and penetration
Authors: Chanchangi Yusuf. N. , Adu Flossie , Ghosh Aritra , Sundaram Senthilarasu , Mallick Tapas. K. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn Nigeria, the rapid population increase and the overreliance on fossil fuel have created significant environmental, health, political, and economic consequences leading to severe socio-economic drawbacks. These factors have developed a wide gap between energy demand and supply due to insufficient local production, necessitating a clean energy supply for all. The photovoltaic device's economic and environmental merits have made it the most suitable clean energy alternative to help developing countries such as Nigeria achieve the SDG-7. However, apart from the device's low efficiency, which is undergoing intensive study globally, other factors affect the penetration of the technology in developing countries, particularly Nigeria. This report systematically reviews the literature on the country's energy crisis and renewable energy potential, leading to an overview of solar energy potential and penetration. The potential of the technology and its penetration in the country were provided. A list highlighting challenges hindering technology penetration was also provided, and a solution for each was recommended.
Procedural time reduction associated with active esophageal cooling during pulmonary vein isolation
Authors: Joseph Christopher , Sherman Jacob , Ro Alex , Fisher Westby G. , Nazari Jose , Metzl Mark 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Active esophageal cooling is increasingly utilized as an alternative to luminal esophageal temperature (LET) monitoring for protection against thermal injury during pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) when treating atrial fibrillation (AF). Published data demonstrate the efficacy of active cooling in reducing thermal injury, but impacts on procedural efficiency are not as well characterized. LET monitoring compels pauses in ablation due to heat stacking and temperature overheating alarms that in turn delay progress of the PVI procedure, whereas active esophageal cooling allows avoidance of this phenomenon. Our objective was to measure the change in PVI procedure duration after implementation of active esophageal cooling as a protective measure against esophageal injury.

Methods
We performed a retrospective review under IRB approval of patients with AF undergoing PVI between January 2018 and February 2020. For each patient, we recorded age, gender, and total procedure time. We then compared procedure times before and after the implementation of active esophageal cooling as a replacement for LET monitoring.

Results
A total of 373 patients received PVI over the study period. LET monitoring using a multi-sensor probe was performed in 198 patients, and active esophageal cooling using a dedicated device was performed in 175 patients. Patient characteristics did not significantly differ between groups (mean age of 67 years, and gender 37.4% female). Mean procedure time was 146 ± 51 min in the LET-monitored patients, and 110 ± 39 min in the actively cooled patients, representing a reduction of 36 min, or 24.7% of total procedure time (p < .001). Median procedure time was 141 [IQR 104 to 174] min in the LET-monitored patients and 100 [IQR 84 to 122] min in the actively cooled patients, for a reduction of 41 min, or 29.1% of total procedure time (p < .001).

Conclusions
Implementation of active esophageal cooling for protection against esophageal injury during PVI was associated with a significantly large reduction in procedure duration.
Structural, optical, magnetic, and photoluminescence properties of Sn0.7−xMo0.3 NdxO2+δ (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3)
Authors: Gad S. A. , Hammad Ali B. Abou , ElNahrawy Amany M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this study, the properties of a series of (Sn0.7−xMo0.3 NdxO2+δ) (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) Nd3+ thin films prepared by sol–gel/spin coating technique were examined. The XRD analysis revealed the formation of all thin films in the form of Cassiterite structure. According to the FTIR investigation, when Nd3+ was substituted for Sn4+ ions in the crystal lattice, the absorption peaks migrated to the lower wavenumber side. This could be related to variations in bond length that occurs when Sn4+ ions in the crystal lattice are replaced with lighter Nd3+ ions. The morphology of the films was examined by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). In terms of Nd content, optical properties such as optical band gap, refractive index (n), and extinction coefficient (k) were investigated. The magnetic characteristics indicated diamagnetic behavior of Sn0.7Mo0.3O2+δ, paramagnetic behavior of Sn0.6Nd0.1Mo0.3O2+δ, and ferromagnetic behavior of samples with a high concentration of Nd, (Sn0.5Nd0.2Mo0.3O2+δ, Sn0.4Nd0.3Mo0.3O2+δ). The presence of active Nd3+ successfully introduced into the Sn:Mo host matrix is confirmed by the excitation dependent (PL) observed in the 350–700 nm range. PL measurements reveal two large bands located at 425 and 466 nm.