bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motivated Reasoning and Research Ethics Guidelines
Authors: Specker Sullivan Laura 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTThe creation of guidelines has long been a popular means of conveying normative requirements in scientific and medical research. The recent case of He Jiankui, whose research flouted both widely accepted ethical standards and a set of field‐specific guidelines he co‐authored, raises the question of whether guidelines are an effective means of preventing misconduct. This article advances the theory that guidelines can facilitate moral rationalization, a form of motivated reasoning. Moral rationalization in research occurs when individuals justify their actions with plausible reasons that cohere with their moral standards. This allows them to act as they want while believing in their own goodness. If guidelines facilitate moral rationalization, this has implications for research ethics training and for the work of applied ethicists. Research ethics training ought to incorporate reflection on conative features of reasoning, including incentives to commit misconduct, and applied ethicists ought to be circumspect about their use of ethics guidelines. Otherwise, they are feeding the fire of rationalization with the cognitive material practitioners need to accomplish their desired ends.
“Remember that we suffered!” The effects of historical trauma on anti‐Semitic prejudice
Authors: Skrodzka Magdalena , Kende Anna , Faragó Laura , Bilewicz Michał 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA history of group traumatization exerts significant influence on group members as well as their outgroup relations. In particular, historical trauma events and their ongoing repercussions may lead to feelings of control deprivation within groups. Members of traumatized groups are prone to believe in conspiracy theories, including ones that are anti‐Semitic in nature, in an attempt to find explanations for their trauma and regain some sense of control. Often, these narratives depict Jews as those who possess control. In our study, we examine how the frequency of thoughts about historical trauma as well as historical trauma symptoms (behavioral, emotional, and depressive tendencies) are related to three forms of antisemitism: traditional antisemitism, secondary antisemitism, and a belief in anti‐Semitic conspiracy theories. The study was conducted in Hungary (N = 350) where traumatic historical events often reverberate in the national narratives. The results indicate that a higher frequency of thoughts about historical trauma is associated with higher prejudice across all three forms of antisemitism. The effects of historical trauma on secondary and conspiracy antisemitism were partly driven by behavioral symptoms of historical trauma. The explanations and implications of these results are discussed.
High PLA2 level is correlated with glioblastoma progression via regulating DNA replication
Authors: Zhang Haiyun , Zhao Hanwei , Wang Hongliang , Yin Zhongbo , Huang Kai , Yu Minhong 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPhospholipases A2 (PLA2) are a superfamily of enzymes, playing a critical role in the development of various human cancers. However, the mechanism of PLA2 as an oncogene in glioblastoma remains largely unknown. In this study, we explored the effects of PLA2 on glioblastoma and investigated the underlying mechanism. The results showed that PLA2 was highly expressed in glioblastoma. Patients with a high PLA2 level have low overall survival than those with low PLA2 expression. PLA2 overexpression promoted glioblastoma cell proliferation and viability and inhibited cell apoptosis by inducing cell cycle transition from G1 to S stage. Knockdown of PLA2 inhibited tumor growth in the xenograft mice model. In addition, PLA2 knockdown decreased the protein level of MCM2 and MCM5. These findings identify PLA2 as an oncogene in glioblastoma progression and provide a promising strategy to treat glioblastoma in the future.
CD93 in macrophages: A novel target for atherosclerotic plaque imaging?
Authors: Su Chen , Han Yeming , Qu Bin , Zhang Chao , Liang Ting , Gao Feng , Hou Guihua 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNoninvasive imaging atherosclerotic (AS) plaque is of great importance for early diagnosis. Recently, CD93 in MΦ was linked to atherosclerosis development. Herein, we have investigated whether CD93 in MΦ is a potential novel target for atherosclerotic plaque imaging. CD93hi and CD93lo MΦ were prepared with or without LPS stimulation, before biological activity was evaluated. A rat AS model was produced with left carotid artery clamped. Whole‐body/ex vivo phosphor autoradiography of the artery and biodistribution were investigated after incorporation of 3H‐2‐DG into CD93hi and CD93lo MΦ or after 125I‐α‐CD93 (125I‐anti‐CD93mAb) injection. The plaque tissue was subjected to CD93/CD68 immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry staining. CD93hi and CD93lo MΦ cells were successfully prepared without significant effect on bioactivity after incorporative labelled with 3H‐2‐DG. The AS model was successfully established. Biodistribution studies showed that adoptive transfer of 3H‐2‐DG‐CD93hi MΦ or 125I‐ α‐CD93 injection resulted in accumulation of radioactivity within the atherosclerotic plaque in the clamped left carotid artery. T/NT (target/non‐target, left/right carotid artery) ratio was higher in the 3H‐2‐DG‐CD93hi MΦ adoptive transfer group than in the 3H‐2‐DG‐CD93lo MΦ group (p < .05). Plaque radioactivity in the 125I‐α‐CD93 injection group was significantly higher than in the 125I‐IgG control group (p < .01). The higher radioactivity accumulated in the clamped left carotid artery was confirmed by phosphor autoradiography. More importantly, CD93/CD68 double‐positive MΦ accumulated at the atherosclerotic plaque in 3H‐2‐DG‐CD93hi MΦ adoptive transfer group, which correlated with plaque radioactivity (r = .99, p < .01). In summary, both adoptive‐transferred 3H‐2‐DG‐labelled CD93hi MΦ and 125I‐α‐CD93 injection specifically targeted CD93 in atherosclerotic plaque. CD93 is a potential target in atherosclerotic plaque imaging.
Prenatal exposure to air pollution is associated with altered brain structure, function, and metabolism in childhood
Authors: Peterson Bradley S. , Bansal Ravi , Sawardekar Siddhant , Nati Carlo , Elgabalawy Eman R. , Hoepner Lori A. , Garcia Wanda , Hao Xuejun , Margolis Amy , Perera Frederica , Rauh Virginia 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundPrenatal exposure to air pollution disrupts cognitive, emotional, and behavioral development. The brain disturbances associated with prenatal air pollution are largely unknown.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, we estimated prenatal exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and then assessed their associations with measures of brain anatomy, tissue microstructure, neurometabolites, and blood flow in 332 youth, 6–14 years old. We then assessed how those brain disturbances were associated with measures of intelligence, ADHD and anxiety symptoms, and socialization.ResultsBoth exposures were associated with thinning of dorsal parietal cortices and thickening of postero–inferior and mesial wall cortices. They were associated with smaller white matter volumes, reduced organization in white matter of the internal capsule and frontal lobe, higher metabolite concentrations in frontal cortex, reduced cortical blood flow, and greater microstructural organization in subcortical gray matter nuclei. Associations were stronger for PM2.5 in boys and PAH in girls. Youth with low exposure accounted for most significant associations of ADHD, anxiety, socialization, and intelligence measures with cortical thickness and white matter volumes, whereas it appears that high exposures generally disrupted these neurotypical brain‐behavior associations, likely because strong exposure‐related effects increased the variances of these brain measures.ConclusionsThe commonality of effects across exposures suggests PM2.5 and PAH disrupt brain development through one or more common molecular pathways, such as inflammation or oxidative stress. Progressively higher exposures were associated with greater disruptions in local volumes, tissue organization, metabolite concentrations, and blood flow throughout cortical and subcortical brain regions and the white matter pathways interconnecting them. Together these affected regions comprise cortico‐striato‐thalamo‐cortical circuits, which support the regulation of thought, emotion, and behavior.
Kinetic evaluation of gelatin extraction from chicken skin and the effect of some extraction parameters
Authors: Cansu Ümran , Boran Gökhan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractKinetic models have been extensively studied for the prediction of yield and quality for plant‐sourced ingredients although that is very rare for animal‐sourced products. This study is designed to evaluate common kinetic models for the prediction of yield in gelatin extraction from chicken skin. Kinetic models used for comparison were the Peleg's, the first order, and the rate law models while extraction parameters studied were solvent pH, solid:liquid ratio, and sample size. Extraction is evaluated based on the protein and hydroxyproline (Hyp) concentrations of each extract. The success of the models is evaluated based on the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R2) values calculated for fittings of the models to the experimental data. The protein content of the dried and degreased skin was over 50% before gelatin extraction. Neutral pH led to the highest yield for both protein and Hyp, which were close to 2,100 and 200 mg per 10 g of skin, respectively. Similarly, smaller sample size or lower solid:liquid ratio resulted in a higher yield. In general, the first 60 min of the extraction was by rapid washing and later on by slow diffusion. Peleg's model is found to be the best fit to the experimental data with the highest R2 values between 0.97 and 0.99 and the lowest RMSE values compared to that of other kinetic models. This is the first report on the kinetics of gelatin extraction as well as one of the few studies on extraction kinetics of animal‐sourced products.Practical ApplicationsExtraction parameters including the size of the raw material and raw material:solvent ratio showed significant effects on extraction yield. The smaller the size and the ratio, the higher the yield. Kinetics of gelatin extraction is reported for the first time by this manuscript, dealing with the yield during the whole extraction process. Extraction parameters may create substantial variability in quality and yield; thus, the data presented here may be utilized in minimizing those potential variations, by minimizing the time, energy and solvent required. The gelatin industry may use this report in the design of the gelatin extraction process as the data presented concludes that a high‐rate extraction was completed within the first hour of the extraction, leading over 80% of the expected yield. Gelatin manufacturers and researchers in this field may find this manuscript useful as it provides valuable insights on gelatin extraction and its kinetics.
Relationships between quality of life, sleep problems, and sleep quality in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria
Authors: Ates Hale , Firat Selma , Buhari Gozde Koycu , Keren Metin , Cifci Bulent , Erkekol Ferda Öner 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundIn this study, we aimed to evaluate the sleep quality among chronic urticaria patients using the Chronic Urticaria Quality‐of‐Life Questionnaire (CU–Q2oL), sleep quality assessment tools, and polysomnography and to investigate any relationships between the obtained results.MethodsThe study included 21 patients diagnosed with chronic spontaneous urticaria and 19 healthy controls. We recorded the patients' sleep quality data, including CU–Q2oL, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and polysomnography results.ResultPatients in the chronic urticaria group were more likely to have an ESS score of ≥10 (52.4% vs. 5.3%, p = 0.004) and an apnea‐hypopnea index of ≥5 (44.4% vs. 5.3%, p = 0.017) compared to the control group. In the patient group, the CU–Q2oL total score was positively correlated with sleep latency (r = 0.713, p = 0.004) and PSQI–C1 score (r = 0.726, p = 0.005), while it was negatively correlated with urticaria duration (r = −0.579, p = 0.015), apnea‐hypopnea index (r = −0.607, p = 0.021), longest apnea duration (r = −0.583, p = 0.029), total number of respiratory events (r = −0.618, p = 0.018), and apnea count (r = −0.686, p = 0.007).ConclusionWe conclude that sleep‐related problems exist among a considerably large proportion of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria.
Cortical and white matter lesion topology influences focal corpus callosum atrophy in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Platten Michael , Ouellette Russell , Herranz Elena , Barletta Valeria , Treaba Constantina A. , Mainero Caterina , Granberg Tobias 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackground and PurposeCorpus callosum (CC) atrophy is a strong predictor of multiple sclerosis (MS) disability but the contributing pathological mechanisms remain uncertain. We aimed to apply advanced MRI to explore what drives the often nonuniform callosal atrophy.MethodsProspective brain 7 Tesla and 3 Tesla Human Connectom Scanner MRI were performed in 92 MS patients. White matter, leukocortical, and intracortical lesions were manually segmented. FreeSurfer was used to segment the CC and topographically classify lesions per lobe or as deep white matter lesions. Regression models were calculated to predict focal CC atrophy.ResultsThe frontal and parietal lobes contained the majority (≥80%) of all lesion classifications in both relapsing‐remitting and secondary progressive MS subtypes. The anterior subsection of the CC had the smallest proportional volume difference between subtypes (11%). Deep, temporal, and occipital white matter lesions, and occipital intracortical lesions were the strongest predictors of middle‐posterior callosal atrophy (adjusted R2 = .54‐.39, P < .01).ConclusionsBoth white matter and cortical lesions contribute to regional corpus callosal atrophy. The lobe‐specific lesion topology does not fully explain the inhomogeneous CC atrophy.
Medicaid expansion, tort reforms, and medical liability costs
Authors: Luo Jingshu , Chen Hua , Grace Martin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper examines the impacts of the Affordable Care Act (ACA)'s Medicaid expansion and tort reforms on the medical liability system. Medicaid expansion increased the demand for medical services, but in doing so it may also increase physicians' medical liability. By studying malpractice costs to insurers, medical practitioners, and hospitals in the United States in 2010–2018, we find insurers in Medicaid expansion states experienced higher medical liability costs than those in nonexpansion states. Medical practitioners paid higher premiums in expansion states but the premium increase was not enough to fully offset rising costs. In addition, we do not find that tort reforms mitigated ACA‐induced malpractice liability costs. We show this is because Medicaid expansion increased malpractice costs mainly by increasing claim frequency while tort reforms generally reduce claim severity. We also find little evidence that hospitals paid higher malpractice insurance premiums to insurers or self‐insurance programs, or incurred higher out‐of‐pocket medical liability losses after Medicaid expansion.
Disparities in early prenatal care and barriers to access among American Indian and white women in North Dakota
Authors: Sebens Zachary , Williams Andrew D. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPurposeAmerican Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) have received minimal attention in research on determinants of prenatal care access. We sought to gain an understanding of structural and sociocultural determinants of prenatal care access among AI/AN and White women in North Dakota (ND).MethodsData were drawn from the 2017 to 2018 North Dakota Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (n = 1,166). Late prenatal care was assessed with 2 variables: late prenatal care initiation (>13 weeks gestation) and “Did you get prenatal care as early in your pregnancy as you wanted?” (yes/no). Those not satisfied with timing of prenatal care initiation reported 12 prenatal care barriers (yes/no). Logistic regression estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence internals for late prenatal care among AI/AN and other race/ethnicity women compared to White women. Models included maternal sociodemographic, medical, and behavior factors. Chi‐square was used to examine the prevalence of prenatal care barriers by race/ethnicity.FindingsAI/AN women had increased risk of late prenatal care initiation (OR: 1.93, 95%CI: 1.20, 3.09) and were more dissatisfied with timing of prenatal care initiation (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.07, 2.78) compared to White women. AI/AN women reported higher prevalence for 8 of 12 (66%) barriers to care, including lack of transportation. Lack of health insurance was more prevalent among White women than AI/AN women (45%‐8.5%; P<.01).ConclusionsSocioeconomic barriers to prenatal care are more prevalent among AI/AN women. This may be a consequence of systematic separation of AI/AN populations from health care resources. Alternative prenatal care delivery methods and expansion of health insurance may improve prenatal care access in ND.
Rv0500A is a transcription factor that links Mycobacterium tuberculosis environmental response with division and impacts host colonization
Authors: Kevorkian Yuzo L. , MacGilvary Nathan J. , Giacalone David , Johnson Calvin , Tan Shumin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFor Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to successfully infect a host, it must be able to adapt to changes in its microenvironment, including variations in ionic signals such as pH and chloride (Cl−), and link these responses to its growth. Transcriptional changes are a key mechanism for Mtb environmental adaptation, and we identify here Rv0500A as a novel transcriptional regulator that links Mtb environmental response and division processes. Global transcriptional profiling revealed that Rv0500A acts as a repressor and influences the expression of genes related to division, with the magnitude of its effect modulated by pH and Cl−. Rv0500A can directly bind the promoters of several of these target genes, and we identify key residues required for its DNA‐binding ability and biological effect. Overexpression of rv0500A disrupted Mtb growth morphology, resulting in filamentation that was exacerbated by high environmental Cl− levels and acidic pH. Finally, we show that perturbation of rv0500A leads to attenuation of the ability of Mtb to colonize its host in vivo. Our work highlights the important link between Mtb environmental response and growth characteristics, and uncovers a new transcription factor involved in this critical facet of Mtb biology.
Self‐assessment sheet submission rate predicts technique survival in patients initiating peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Kusahana Ei , Uchiyama Kiyotaka , Yamaguchi Nobuko , Hirashima Maiko , Togashi Tomoko , Yamamoto Yuriko , Imai Michiyo , Ashida Mayumi , Yamamura Keiko , Nakayama Takashin , Yasuda Itaru , Morimoto Kohkichi , Washida Naoki , Itoh Hiroshi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAimPatients play a crucial role in preventing peritoneal dialysis (PD)‐related events, including peritonitis and fluid overload, as PD procedures are mainly carried out at home. We asked patients to submit a PD self‐assessment sheet at each outpatient visit in our daily clinical practice and evaluated its usefulness for outcomes in patients initiating PD.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent PD catheter insertion between January 2008 and October 2018. The submission rate of a PD self‐assessment sheet was calculated from medical records until PD cessation or study completion (October 2020). The association between the submission rate and technique survival was analysed.ResultsAmong the 105 recruited patients (78 men, 60.4 ± 12.2 years), 44 discontinued PD and transferred to haemodialysis during the study period. The follow‐up was 52.3 (28.7–79.3) months, and the median submission rate was 78%. The log‐rank test showed that technique survival was significantly better in patients with a submission rate ≥ 78% than those with a submission rate <78% (p = .006). The submission rate remained significantly associated with less technique failure (hazard ratio 0.88 per 10%, p = .002) by the Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, estimated glomerular filtration rate and geriatric nutritional risk index.ConclusionThe submission rate of a PD self‐assessment sheet is useful as a predictor of technique survival in patients initiating PD. Instruction that increases submission may improve technique survival in PD patients.
Use of the Quality of Interactions Schedule (QuIS) in assessing negative staff–patient interactions in acute care settings for older people: A content validation study
Authors: Young Alexandra , Frankland Jane , Bridges Jackie 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe Quality of Interactions Schedule (QuIS) is an observational tool to assess the quality of staff–patient interactions in a healthcare context. QuIS is a promising measure for the evaluation of compassionate care, particularly where care is being delivered to patient populations, such as older people, who may be excluded from self‐completion data collection methods. This study investigates the content validity of QuIS in identification of negative staff–patient interactions in acute care.MethodsStaff–patient interactions (n = 1598) on adult inpatient units with a high proportion of older patients in two UK National Health Service hospitals were observed and rated using QuIS. When rating interactions as negative quality, observers recorded brief field notes to explain the rating. Content analysis was used to develop categories of negative interaction type. These categories were compared with the QuIS negative interaction definitions.ResultsEighty‐eight negative ratings were accompanied by a field note that could be used in the analysis. Five interaction categories were identified: Patient calls for help, call not acknowledged; Staff focused on task and appear to ignore/not hear patient; Patient‐led interactions appear dismissed or ignored; Patient prevented from doing something without explanation; Staff interact with each other or talk to relatives, not including patient. There was clear association between the derived categories and QuIS guidance for negative ratings.ConclusionThese findings support the validity of QuIS data in relation to measurement of interaction quality in acute care settings. Extending the research to a wider range of settings would be useful.