bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climatology of 500‐hPa geopotential height anomalies associated with May tornado outbreaks in the United States
Authors: Ćwik Paulina , McPherson Renee A. , Richman Michael B. , Mercer Andrew E. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis study supports efforts directed toward research on large‐scale atmospheric patterns and on the variability of tornado outbreaks. Specifically, we applied rotated principal component analysis to identify synoptic‐scale patterns of 500‐hPa geopotential height associated with tornado outbreaks in the United States. We created a database of historic tornado outbreaks using kernel density estimation on events composed of at least seven tornadoes of magnitude (E)F2 or higher (major tornado outbreaks) that occurred in May from 1950 to 2019 (91 events). Results of the analysis show that the first three principal components explained the majority, that is, 74% of the total variation. Based on the analysis of congruence coefficients, the Promax oblique transformation was chosen as the most representative rotation in portraying physically meaningful modes and resulted in three main atmospheric patterns. Two of these, to the best of our knowledge, have not been yet identified as the most representative of tornado outbreaks in any previous studies. Additionally, results suggest that although synoptic patterns associated with major May tornado outbreaks remain the same over time, partial variability in their geographic location exhibits some cyclical behaviour, especially on decadal and multidecadal scales. Identifying these patterns can serve as a first step in determining how they may change under anthropogenic climate change in the future.
Calculation of scan length and size‐specific dose at longitudinal positions of body CT scans using dose equilibrium function
Authors: Li Xinhua , Marschall Theodore A. , Yang Kai , Liu Bob 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundDose evaluation at longitudinal positions of body computed tomography (CT) scans is useful for CT quality assurance programs and patient organ dose evaluation. Accurate estimates depend on both patient size and scan length.PurposeTo propose practical evaluation of the average dose to the transverse slab of an axial image slice for adult body CT examinations, considering not only patient size but also scan length, and to compare the results with those of Monte Carlo (Geant4) simulation [Dsim(z)] and size‐specific dose estimates at longitudinal positions of scans [SSDE(z)] from international standards (IEC publication no. 62985).MethodsIn a scan series, the total dose at each z‐axis location was calculated using the input information identical to the SSDE(z) evaluation. Each axial image slice (slice thickness, 2.5 or 5 mm) was first considered independently. Its z‐axis coverage and CTDIvol (from the DICOM headers) were used to directly calculate a z‐axis dose profile for the average dose over the cross‐section of a water phantom, using the approach to equilibrium function. The phantom diameter was taken to be equal to the patient water equivalent diameter at that slice. The above was repeated at all slices and the dose at each z‐axis location was accumulated from all profiles, referred to as Dcalc(z). For validation, we considered a cohort of 65 patients, who underwent chest and abdominopelvic examinations. The resultant Dcalc(z) was compared with Dsim(z) and SSDE(z), both available in a previous paper.ResultsDcalc(z) evaluation could be used to accurately assess the scan range average dose, with an accuracy of 7.1%–8.7% for 65 patients in two examinations. On individual image slices, the maximum difference in magnitude between Dcalc(z) and Dsim(z) [and between SSDE(z) and Dsim(z) in parentheses] was 37.5% (85%) [two edges (2 × 5 cm) of chest scan range], 17.8% (35.2%) (the remaining central region of chest scan), 26.8% (74.1%) [two edges (2 × 5 cm) of abdominopelvic scan range], and 14.2% (22.5%) (the remaining central region of abdominopelvic scan).ConclusionsIdentical input data are used for Dcalc(z) and SSDE(z) evaluations. The latter is limited to the z‐axis locations within scan range. At each image slice, SSDE(z) is equivalent to the midpoint dose of a fixed‐mA scan of 15–30 cm (scan length). In contrast, Dcalc(z) considers dose accumulation from varying scan length (from sub‐centimeter to about 1 m) and tube current, and dose profile is also computed outside scan range. Besides greatly improving dose evaluation for individual image slices, Dcalc(z) allows for evaluating dose accumulation from multiple series, which typically span different scan ranges. Our proposal may assist CT manufacturers and dose index monitoring software in assessing dose at longitudinal positions of body CT scans.
On the matrices in B‐spline collocation methods for Riesz fractional equations and their spectral properties
Authors: Mazza Mariarosa , Donatelli Marco , Manni Carla , Speleers Hendrik 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this work, we focus on a fractional differential equation in Riesz form discretized by a polynomial B‐spline collocation method. For an arbitrary polynomial degree , we show that the resulting coefficient matrices possess a Toeplitz‐like structure. We investigate their spectral properties via their symbol and we prove that, like for second order differential problems, the given matrices are ill‐conditioned both in the low and high frequencies for large . More precisely, in the fractional scenario the symbol vanishes at 0 with order , the fractional derivative order that ranges from 1 to 2, and it decays exponentially to zero at for increasing at a rate that becomes faster as approaches 1. This translates into a mitigated conditioning in the low frequencies and into a deterioration in the high frequencies when compared to second order problems. Furthermore, the derivation of the symbol reveals another similarity of our problem with a classical diffusion problem. Since the entries of the coefficient matrices are defined as evaluations of fractional derivatives of the B‐spline basis at the collocation points, we are able to express the central entries of the coefficient matrix as inner products of two fractional derivatives of cardinal B‐splines. Finally, we perform a numerical study of the approximation behavior of polynomial B‐spline collocation. This study suggests that, in line with nonfractional diffusion problems, the approximation order for smooth solutions in the fractional case is for even , and for odd .
A preliminary study on predictors of treatment response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with treatment‐resistant depression in Japan
Authors: Ikawa Haruki , Tochigi Mamoru , Noda Yoshihiro , Oba Hiroshi , Kaminaga Tatsuro , Sakurai Keita , Ikebuchi Emi , Hayashi Naoki , Kunugi Hiroshi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundBrain imaging studies have reported that the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is associated with the activities of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventral medial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). However, few studies have been conducted in Japanese patients.AimWe aimed to identify brain regions associated with depressive symptom changes by measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the DLPFC and VMPFC before and after the high‐frequency rTMS to the left DLPFC in Japanese patients with treatment‐resistant depression.MethodFourteen patients participated in the rTMS study and were assessed with the 17‐item Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM‐D17). Among them, 13 participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain using the arterial spin labeling method. The rCBF was calculated using the fine stereotactic region of interest template (FineSRT) program for automated analysis. We focused on eight regions reported in previous studies.ResultsDepression severity significantly decreased after 2 week (HAM‐D17:11.4 ± 2.8, P = 0.00027) and 4 week (HAM‐D17: 11.0 ± 3.7, P = 0.0023) of rTMS treatment. There was no significant change in rCBF at each region in the pre‐post design. However, there was a significantly negative correlation between baseline rCBF in the right DLPFC and the improvement in HAM‐D17 score (r = −0.559, P = 0.047).ConclusionWe obtained supportive evidence for the effectiveness of rTMS to the prefrontal cortex in treatment‐resistant depression, which may be associated with reduced rCBF of the right DLPFC before initiation of rTMS.
Borderline personality disorder symptoms in individuals with eating disorder: Association with severity, psychological distress, and psychosocial function
Authors: Vivarini Prudence , Jenkins Zoe M. , Castle David J. , Gwee Karen 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe aimed to determine the prevalence of borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms in a sample of eating disorder (ED) outpatients and assess how BPD symptoms correlate with severity, distress, and function. A total of 119 individuals were assessed and divided into high BPD symptoms (H‐BPD) and low BPD symptoms (L‐BPD) using a cut‐off score of seven on the McLean Screening for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI‐BPD). Groups were compared on ED diagnosis, age at ED onset, age at assessment, illness duration, body mass index (BMI), ED symptomatology, psychological distress, and psychosocial function. Correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationship between BPD symptoms and these variables. The 45.4% of the participants scored ≥7 on the MSI‐BPD, indicating a diagnosis of BPD. There were no differences between the H‐BPD (N = 54) and L‐BPD (N = 65) groups on age at onset, age at assessment, duration of illness, BMI, or proportion of ED diagnosis. The H‐BPD group reported significantly higher ED symptomatology, psychological distress, and poorer psychosocial functioning. MSI‐BPD scores were positively associated with these variables. This study suggests a high prevalence of BPD symptoms within outpatients seeking ED treatment, and use of a brief screening instrument for BPD in this group may contribute to a greater understanding of the patient.
Social determinants of health screening and intervention: A cystic fibrosis quality improvement process
Authors: Jennings Deirdre , List Rhonda , Bruschwein Heather , Compton Martina , Somerville Lindsay , Williamson Lauren , Murray Rachel , Evangelista Brielle , Albon Dana 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIntroductionLower socioeconomic status is associated with significantly poorer outcomes in weight, lung function, and pulmonary exacerbation rates in people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF).Global aimWe aim to reduce health disparities and inequities faced by PwCF by screening for and addressing unmet social needs.Specific aimsWe aimed to increase routine social determinants of health (SDoH) screening of eligible PwCF from 0% to 95% and follow‐up within 2 weeks for those PwCF who screened positive and requested assistance from 0% to 95% by December 31, 2021.MethodsThe Model for Improvement methodology was used. A process map and a simplified failure mode effects analysis chart were created for the screening and SDoH follow‐up process. For those who screened positive for SDoH and requested assistance, follow‐up contact was made to offer intervention.InterventionAdult PwCF who had at least one UVA Clinic encounter in 2021 were screened for SDoH. The SDoH screening tool included eight domains: housing, food, transportation, utilities, health‐care access, medication access, income/employment, and education. Follow‐up was completed with all PwCF who screened positive for SDoH.ResultsA total of 132 of 142 (93.0%) PwCF eligible for screening completed the SDoH screening. Of the PwCF who completed screening, 56 (42.4%) screened positive for SDoH. A follow‐up rate of 100% was achieved in June 2021 and maintained through December 2021.ConclusionImplementing screening for SDOH and follow‐up to mitigate social difficulties in adult PwCF at UVA was successful and could be reproduced at other CF care centers.
Sensory Monitoring of Drop Hammer Experiments with Multivariate Statistics
Authors: Muhr Matthias , Klapötke Thomas M. , Holl Gerhard 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA precise characterization of substances is essential for the safe handling of explosives. One parameter regularly characterized is the impact sensitivity. This is typically determined using a drop hammer. However, the results can vary depending on the test method and even the operator, and it is not possible to distinguish the type of decomposition such as detonation and deflagration. This study monitors the reaction progress by constructing a drop hammer to measure the decomposition reaction of four different primary explosives (tetrazene, silver azide, lead azide, lead styphnate) in order to determine the reproducibility of this method. Additionally, further possible evaluation methods are explored to improve on the current binary statistical analysis. To determine whether classification was possible based on extracted features, the responses of equipped sensor arrays, which measure and monitor the reactions, were studied and evaluated. Features were extracted from this data and were evaluated using multivariate methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The results indicate that although the measurements show substance specific trends, they also show a large scatter for each substance. By reducing the dimensions of the extracted features, different sample clusters can be represented and the calculated loadings allow significant parameters to be determined for classification. The results also suggest that differentiation of different reaction mechanisms is feasible. Testing of the regressor function shows reliable results considering the comparatively small amount of data.
Survey of ACCase and ALS resistance in winter annual grasses identifies target‐site and nontarget‐site imazamox resistance in Secale cereale
Authors: Soni Neeta , Westra Eric P. , Allegretta Giuseppe , Araujo André L. S. , de Pinho Camila F. , Morran Sarah , Lerchl Jens , Dayan Franck E. , Westra Philip , Gaines Todd A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundEarly detection of herbicide resistance in weeds is crucial for successful implementation of integrated weed management. We conducted a herbicide resistance survey of the winter annual grasses feral rye (Secale cereale), downy brome (Bromus tectorum), and jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) from Colorado winter wheat production areas for resistance to imazamox and quizalofop.ResultsAll samples were susceptible to quizalofop. All downy brome and jointed goatgrass samples were susceptible to imazamox. Out of 314 field collected samples, we identified three feral rye populations (named A, B, and C) that were imazamox resistant. Populations B and C had a target‐site mechanism with mutations in the Ser653 residue of the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene to Asn in B and to Thr in C. Both populations B and C had greatly reduced ALS in vitro enzyme inhibition by imazamox. ALS feral rye protein modeling showed that steric interactions induced by the amino acid substitutions at Ser653 impaired imazamox binding. Individuals from population A had no mutations in the ALS gene. The ALS enzyme from population A was equally sensitive to imazamox as to known susceptible feral rye populations. Imazamox was degraded two times faster in population A compared with a susceptible control. An oxidized imazamox metabolite formed faster in population A and this detoxification reaction was inhibited by malathion.ConclusionPopulation A has a nontarget‐site mechanism of enhanced imazamox metabolism that may be conferred by cytochrome P450 enzymes. This is the first report of both target‐site and metabolism‐based imazamox resistance in feral rye. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Multipole polarizabilities of spherically confined hydrogen atom and positronium in screened Coulomb potential
Authors: He Yu Ying , Jiao Li Guang , Liu Aihua , Montgomery Henry E. , Ho Yew Kam 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe static multipole polarizabilities of the hydrogen atom interacting with a screened Coulomb potential confined in an impenetrable spherical box are calculated in the sum‐over‐states formalism. The system eigenenergies and wave functions are produced by employing the generalized pseudospectral method. High‐precision results are obtained to resolve the discrepancies between previous predictions, and used to analyze the critical behavior of the system with varying the confinement radius and screening parameter. A scaling law of the multipole polarizabilities with respect to the nuclear charge and electron reduced mass is proposed. Based on the scaling law we extend the investigation to the spatially confined positronium atom in a screened Coulomb potential by utilizing a reduced one‐electron model. The results are in good agreement with previous estimates. However, it is conjectured that when the confinement radius is small the confined positronium atom should be treated more reasonably by an effective two‐electron model.
Geomorphic effects of natural flood management woody dams in upland streams
Authors: Lo Ho Wen , van Leeuwen Zora , Klaar Megan , Woulds Clare , Smith Mark 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOne popular Natural Flood Management (NFM) technique involves the construction of channel‐spanning woody dams in low‐order streams that maintain a clearance height above base flows. While extensive research has examined the geomorphic effects of natural wood accumulations, little has been documented of NFM woody dams, which are structurally distinct from natural accumulations and may produce different patterns of erosion and deposition. This consideration is crucial because changes in physical habitat characteristics have implications for flood management objectives as well as ecosystem structure and functioning. This study adopted a Before‐After Control‐Impact (BACI) design to assess the geomorphic effects of NFM woody dams in the upper River Cover catchment, United Kingdom. One baseline survey prior to and three monitoring surveys up to 2 years following dam construction were conducted. Structure‐from‐Motion (SfM) photogrammetry was employed to capture topographic change, supplemented by bathymetric surveys. Results highlight that where the dams remained secure in place, they promoted in‐stream habitat diversity by creating underflow pools. Sediment storage was observed only where the dams had clearance heights <0.3 m from the stream bed. Additionally, the dams commonly led to bank erosion, likely enhanced by inherent bank instability in the study catchment as observed along the control reaches. However, volumes of sediments eroded and deposited were not statistically different between the control and woody dam reaches. Longer monitoring is required to determine whether these effects on channel morphology and habitat diversity will persist, amplify, or diminish over time, and to better understand the longevity of NFM woody dams.
Trusting the social value of diverse scientific enterprises: Matching a patchwork of challenges to a mosaic of responses
Authors: Ault Charles R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAcross decades, science educators have invested in curricula that presume scientific unity. The phrases “habits of mind, scientific method, processes of science, inquiry skills, nature of science, practices of science” reflect this obsession. However, historians look with skepticism at universal notions of science and endorse truth‐seeking circumscribed by context. Indeed, inadequate appreciation of diversity may lead to the mistrust of disciplines that appear to depart from simplistic notions of “the” scientific method and thus imperil the political will to search for solutions to the problems of climate change, extinction and environmental degradation, and global pandemic. Accordingly, science educators stand at a crossroads. They can choose to reinforce scientific naivete by following the long‐standing quest for unity among the sciences as guidance for what to teach, or they may accept the disunity of disciplines, teach the value of diverse sciences to solve societal problems and cultivate trust in appropriate responses to distinct challenges.
Quality culture boosts agile transformation—Action research in a business‐to‐business software business
Authors: Saarikallio Matti , Tyrväinen Pasi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAgile methodologies are sometimes adopted, with the assumption that benefits can be attained by only using a set of best practices, which can sometimes work to a degree. In this paper, a case is discussed where a software‐producing organization of seven teams achieved significant improvements. The goal of the research was to answer two questions: how an already agile organization could improve its performance further and what is the impact of promoting quality aspects? The questions were answered by implementing interventions based on prior literature and data emerging from semi‐structured interviews. The context was an established business with a complex revenue stream structure, meaning the mix of various project/service/product based work rendered the adoption of agile methods a challenge. Action research comprising three rounds of interventions was conducted to improve the organization and its quality culture while enforcing code review practices. Interventions resulted in a significant improvement in quality, as measured by reported defects. Therefore, it is suggested that agile methods are not sufficient on their own to take software business forward unless a quality‐focused culture is simultaneously achieved through a mindset change and organizational structures to enforce quality practices. The paper contributes to research on the managerial practices of software business and agile transformation by providing empirical support to introducing formal quality improvement to the agile mix as a method for practitioners to improve organizations with complex business models and multiple teams.
Optimization design of functionally graded ultra‐high performance cementitious composite on flexural behavior
Authors: Bao Sihai , Zhang Yafang , Liu Hao , Zeng Ke , Zhang Weijian 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe research aims to investigate and optimize the flexural behavior of functionally graded ultra‐high performance cementitious composite (FGUHPCC), and to optimize the design of FGUHPCC by using a numerical simulation program named RFPA3D. The equivalent flexural strength and corresponding deflection capacity of double‐ and single‐layered FGUHPCC beams were analyzed by carrying out four‐point bending test. Furthermore, with the numerical model set in RFPA3D, the crack evolution and acoustic emission (AE) event of specimens at limit of proportionality (LOP) point, modulus of rupture (MOR) point, and 30% of MOR are, therefore, discussed. The results indicate that functionally graded design can help to improve the flexural capacity and fracture toughness of all specimens. In addition, the main crack of FGUHPCC looks more irregular and larger damage areas are formed. Higher principal stress and more AE events can be identified in FGUHPCC than that of single‐layer UHPCC. Based on the recorded test data, the influence of bottom layer thickness was also investigated with respect to the peak flexural load and the AE energy. The results indicate that the optimum load capacity and flexural energy can be obtained when layer thickness ratio is about 0.6.