bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Lepidopteran Larvae on Late Season Silking Sweet Corn with Foliar Sprays, 1984
Authors: Bowman James S. , Everich Robert 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study utilized sweet corn planted on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham, N.H. on 22 Jun ’84. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. The treatments were applied by spraying the silk zone on each side of the row on 16, 20, 24 and 28, Aug, ’84 using a B & G CO2 pressurized (40 p.s.i.) single nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 29 gal/acre. Evaluation of the percentage of injury to the ears by the corn earworm, European corn borer, and fall armyworm was made at harvest time on 31 Aug ’84.
Seed Maggot Control, 1985
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A hand-pushed ‘V’ belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds and distribute insecticide granules or powder in the furrow. A 2-4 inch band of meat and bone meal was placed over the row to increase oviposition in the vicinity of the seeds. Each plot consisted of single row treatments 15 ft long, 3 ft apart in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All in-house seed treatments were made 24 Jun and each crop planted in separate plots 1 Jul. Damage counts were made 10 Jul. Emerged seedlings in each row were counted, with an avg % calculated on the number of damaged plants observed. Seed maggot populations were relatively low with all plots receiving minor damage.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Cabbage, 1985
Authors: Speese John , Zehnder Geoffrey 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage transplants were planted on 5 Sep at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research Station, Painter, Virginia. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft long row bordered on each side by an untreated row. Cabbage was transplanted with 17-inch plant and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed air backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row and delivering 75 gal water per acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 15, 23, and 28 Oct. Evaluation criteria consisted of direct counts of the numbers of (ICW), (CL), and (FAW) on 5 randomly chosen plants per treatment. On 15 Nov, damage ratings were determined as in Greene et al., Journal of Economic Entomology, 62(4):798-800. Plants with a damage rating of 3 or below are considered marketable.
Control of Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Collards, 1985.
Authors: Linduska James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Vates’ collards were direct seeded in 4-row plots 35 ft long on 23 July ’84. Plants were spaced 4 inches apart in the row and 36 inches between rows. Each 2-row plot was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/A at 90 psi. Treatments were applied on 28 Aug; 4, 11, 18, 23 Sep; 2 and 10 Oct. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3% damage―odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage―few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage―moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage―most leaves with holes; and 5) 51-100% damage―crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.
Apple, Mite Control, 1984
Authors: Hall F. R. , Aim S. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test pesticides were applied to 20-year-old Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Jonathan, and Stayman apple trees planted 40 ft by 40 ft in dilute sprays (270-300 gal/acre). We used a randomized design with each cultivar as a replicate. Applications were made with a handgun at 450 psi on 10 and 29 May, 5 and 20 Jun, 3 and 17 Jul, and 1 and 15 Aug. All treatments included Cyprex 65WP at ½ lb/100 gal. European red mite (ERM) populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves per tree, brushing mites onto glass plates treated with Tween 20 in the laboratory.
Foliar Sprays to Control Insect Pests on Late-Planted Sweet Corn, 1985
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Silver Treat’ sweet corn were planted 11 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30-inch centers and 25 ft long. Whorl sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 nozzle over each row calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre at 40 psi using Tee-Jet 8006 nozzle tips; foliar sprays at silking were applied with 4 nozzles/row, directed at the ear zone, which delivered 83 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. The center 2 rows of each plot were treated and the outer 2 rows were untreated guard rows. Whorl treatments were applied on 12 Aug and 23 Aug. Foliar sprays at silking were applied on 5, 9, 12, 16, and 19 Sep. Ten plants from the center 2 rows were evaluated on 26 Aug for (FAW) damage and numbers of worms. The categories for FAW whorl feeding damage are as follows: (0) no damage; (1) slight damage, 0-10% whorl feeding; (2) moderate damage, 10-25% whorl feeding; (3) heavy damage, 25-50% whorl feeding; (4) severe damage, 50-75% whorl feeding, tassel damaged; and (5) whorl destroyed. At harvest (26 Sep) 20 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for ‘worm’ damage as “none” (clean, no damage evident), “tip damaged” (less than 3.6 cm tip damage) and “culls” (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm and/or side or bottom damage). On 29 Oct 20 stalks from the center 2 rows of each plot were split from 3 nodes above the ear to 3 nodes below the ear and each 2.5 cm of (ECB) damage was recorded as 1 cavity.
Control of the European Corn Borer and Fall Armyworm by a Full-Season Program of Aerial Applications of Baythroid, 1985
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two adjacent commercial fields, located near Benton Center, NY, were used for this test. One field was treated twice with EPN and once with Penncap-M while the other field was treated 3 times with Baythroid. A Grumman Air Cat, delivering 3 gal/acre, was used to apply 3 applications (23, 30 Aug and 7 Sep) of each treatment to the corn beginning in the green-tassel stage. Control was assessed by removing 100 randomly-selected ears from each field and examining them for injury and the presence of Lepidoptera.
Control of Thrips on Cucumbers, 1985
Authors: Muruvanda Devaiah A. , Beardsley John W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cucumbers were planted 21 Mar at Waimanalo Experiment Station, Waimanalo, HI. Treatment plots consisted of 3 rows, 6.09 m long by 4.57 m wide. Plants within the row were 0.45 m apart. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were made 14 and 30 May, by hand using a ‘Maruyama Power Sprayer’, with a single nozzle which was operated at 100 psi to deliver 100 gal/acre. Thrips counts were made on leaves on 6 May, 20 May, and 5 Jun. Populations of thrips were recorded by examining 10 randomly selected leaves (third fully expanded leaf from tip) per plot. Prior to counting, thrips were fixed in place by application of an aerosol hairspray over both surfaces of sampled leaves.
Control of Thrips and Aphids on Cucumbers, 1984
Authors: Nafus D. , Schreiner I. , Bjork C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A spray trial was initiated to investigate whether commonly available spray materials could control both Thrips palmi, a recent immigrant to Guam, and the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii. Cucumbers were planted 11 May ’84. Each plot consisted of two 12-ft rows with 4 ft between rows. Plots were separated by 4 ft and the cucumbers were trained to grow within their own plot. Each row contained 6 hills 2 ft apart. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Plots were sprayed weekly from 30 May to 1 Aug. Pesticides were applied with a Solo backpack sprayer, and Triton B-1956 was added as a sticker. The number of thrips and sphids was estimated as follows: in the first sample, 10 tips were chosen at random, and the third leaf back from the first fully separated leaf was clipped and bagged. In the laboratory the numbers of thrips and aphids within a 45 cm2 circle were counted. In the second and third samples, 20 tips were chosen at random in each plot, and the eighth leaf back from the tip was removed and processed as above. Samples were taken 11 Jun, 27 Jun and 10 Jul. To measure yield, all the cucumbers produced in each plot were picked and weighed.
Spider Mite Control on Eggplant, 1984
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Black Magic’ and ‘Black Beauty’ eggplant was transplanted 21 May, near Benson, NC. ‘Black Beauty’ plants were transplanted in plots treated with Vendex (1 lb Al/acre) and untreated check 1. ‘Black Magic’ was transplanted in the remainder of the plots. Plots consisted of single rows 10 ft long on 84-inch centers replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide tests were conducted in these plots until 22 Aug and Kelthane 4F (0.5 lb Al/acre) was applied to all plots on 12 Jun and 19 Jul for mite control. On termination of the insecticide test, a trial for mite control was conducted. Treatments were applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle delivering 80 gal/acre at 60 psi. Miticide applications were made 23 Aug and 29 Aug. Damage ratings were made 22 Aug and 5 Sep.
Control of Spider Mites on Hops, Idaho, 1984
Authors: Baird Craig R. , Bishop Guy W. , Johnston Richard L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Miticides were applied as foliar sprays on commercial hops near Caldwell, Idaho. Each plot was .01 acre, 9 hills. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Miticides were applied 3 Aug ’84 using a Solo Air Blast Mist Blower at 50 gal/acre. Mite counts were made by randomly picking 10 leaves per replicate. Leaves were brushed through a brushing machine and mite counts were made under a dissecting microscope.
Cabbage Looper and Green Peach Aphid Control on Lettuce, 1985
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Each treatment consisted of two 30-ft rows replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The plot was planted 18 Jul and later thinned to ca. 12 inches. Row spacing was 36 inches. Treatment applications were made 2 Oct using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer delivering 32 gpa through 1 nozzle/row. Counts were made 3 Oct by dissecting 3 heads/plot and counting GPA and CL.
Pea Insect Control, 1985
Authors: Flood Brian R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were planted 16 May ’85, so that expected pest moth flights would coincide with pea bloom. A randomized complete block design of four blocks contained 16 treatments each 10 ft × 50 ft. The treatments were applied after 10% bloom on 8 Jul with a CO2 activated boom plot sprayer (2.5 mph, 20 gpa, 8002 Tee Jet tips on 19-inch centers). At harvest, 14 days after this treatment, an evaluation of aphids, cutworms, and loopers was made in 10 separate 1-sq ft samples per replicate. Each sample was assessed for the total number of aphids and larvae; the larvae were classified as early instar (E), mid-instar (M), or late instar (L).
Insect Control in Peppers, 1985
Authors: Hayden J. , Grafius E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bell, sweet banana and hot cherry peppers were transplanted on 6 May at the MSU Horticultural Experimental Staton in Sodus, MI (Berrien Co.). Each plot was 3 rows wide (5 ft spacing between rows) by 15-ft long. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications (= blocks) per treatment for each pepper variety. Treatments were applied to the center row of each plot with a CO2 pressurized hand held sprayer at 30 gpa on 1, 8, 15 and 22 Aug. Efficacy was determined by examining 2 plants from the center row of each plot on a weekly basis. Entire plants were examined for ECB egg masses, 4 leaves per plant were examined for GPA, and 20 mature fruit from the center of each plot were examined for ECB damage at harvest (28 Aug).
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle with Pyrethroid Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Superior’ white potatoes were planted on 10 Apr in a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots consisted of 3 rows that were 25 ft long and 3 ft wide and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with two drop nozzles/row calibrated to deliver 45 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 7, 19 Jun, 3 and 8 Jul. Plant % defoliation caused by CPB was recorded on 3, 8 and 11 Jul. Numbers of CPB larvae per 5 hills were recorded on 12 Jun. All data were taken from the middle row. Potatoes were harvested on 30 Jul. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.
Apple, Mite Control, 1984
Authors: Hall F. R. , Aim S. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test pesticides were applied to 34-year-old ‘Cortland’ apple trees planted 40 ft by 40 ft in dilute sprays (ca 8 gal per tree). We used a randomized complete block design, with 4 single-tree replications per treatment. Applications were made with a handgun at 450 psi to all plots on 29 May, 5 and 19 Jun, 2, 16 and 31 Jul, and 14 Aug. All treatments included Cyprex 65 WP at ½ lb/100 gal. European red mite (ERM) populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves per tree collected at chest height around the periphery of the tree. Mites were brushed onto glass plates treated with Tween 20 in the laboratory.
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1985
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 6 replicates, planted 23 May at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1984. The 3-m space between blocks was bare soil. The 4-row plots were separated by 2 rows of untreated potatoes. All rows were machine planted 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy seed pieces (ca. 75g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by 7 foliar applications of Dithane M-45 (1681 g/ha the weeks of 8 and 15 Jul, 2242 g/ha the weeks of 22, 29 Jul, 12, 19 and 26 Aug) and 1 application of Ridomil 2E (1.17 1/ha 31 Jul). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles per row at 7.0 kg/cm2 pressure and 1.2 kl/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted on 25 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of the data using log10 (x + 1). Means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using Duncan’s new multiple range test and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 11.2, 13.8, and 6.1 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 mo was 15.6, 19.4 and 17.2°C. Approximately 40 overwintered adult beetles were added to each plot on 26 Jun to supplement the natural population.
Apple, Acaricide Test, 1985
Authors: Hall F. R. , Zajac M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test compounds were applied as dilute sprays (270-300 gal/acre) to mature ‘Cortland’ apple trees planted 40 ft by 40 ft apart. A completely randomized design was utilized, with 4 replications per treatment. Compounds were applied with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi on the following dates: 22 Apr. (pink (P)), 7 May (petal fall (PF)) and 30 May. Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves, collected at chest-height from the periphery of each tree; in the laboratory, mites were brushed onto glass plates coated with Tween 20.
Foliar Insecticide Efficacy Trial, 1984
Authors: Smilowitz Zane , Wallace Jean , Gurecki Tom , Rebarchak Paul , Yocum John O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Certified, Class B ‘Katahdin’ seed potatoes were planted in Hagerstown silt loam soil at the Southeastern Field Research Station at Landisville, PA, on 3 May, with a 9-inch spacing between plants. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used. Plots consisted of four 25-ft rows planted 34 inches apart. Temik 15 G (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) was applied in-furrow at planting for all treatments and the control. A 3.0 lb (AI)/acre Temik treatment was also included. Dithane M-45 was applied at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre on a 5-7 day schedule for potato late blight control. The foliar insecticides were applied 22 Jun and 1 Aug, and 15 Aug with a George White boom sprayer in 22 gal per acre at 66 psi. Ten stems per plot were sampled before and after sprays for all stages of CPB. Control plots were sampled weekly beginning 12 Jun. A subjective damage estimate was also assessed, 1 for little or no damage through 5 for more than 75% defoliation. One 25-ft row per plot was harvested 4 Oct and graded by size.
Apple, Acaricide Test, 1985
Authors: Hall F. R. , Zajac M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied as dilute sprays (390-400 gal/acre) to 21-year-old ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees planted 35 ft by 35 ft apart. A completely randomized design was used, with 4 replications per treatment. Compounds were applied with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi on 26 Jun. Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves, collected at chest-height from the periphery of each tree; in the laboratory, mites were brushed onto glass plates coated with Tween 20.
Apple, Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Hall F. R. , Zajac M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test chemicals were applied as dilute sprays (270-300 gal/acre) to mature ‘Cortland’ apple trees planted 40 ft by 40 ft apart. A completely randomized design was utilized, with 4 replications per treatment. Compounds were applied with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi. Dates of application were 19 Apr (tight cluster (TC)), 3 May (petal fall (PF)), 16 May (first cover (IC)), 30 May (second cover (2C)), 14 Jun (third cover (3C)), 28 Jun (fourth cover (4C)), 11 Jul (fifth cover (5C)), 24 Jul (sixth cover (6C)) and 8 Aug (seventh cover (7C)). All treatments included Captan 50WP at 2 lb/100 gal. Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves, collected at chest-height from the periphery of each tree; in the laboratory, mites were brushed onto glass plates coated with Tween 20. Rosy apple aphid (RAA) infestations were evaluated by counting curled clusters per tree. Spotted tentiform leafminer (STLM) and white apple leafhopper (WALH) infestations were evaluated by counting infested leaves per tree. The number of infested terminals per tree were used to evaluate potato leafhopper (PLH) and green apple aphid (AA) infestations. Japanese beetle (JAP) and woolly apple aphid (WAA) infestations were evaluated by counting infested branches and areas per tree, respectively.
Apple, Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Hall F. R. , Zajac M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test pesticides were applied as dilute sprays (210-220 gal/acre) to 21-year-old ‘Rome Beauty’ apple trees planted 40 ft by 40 ft apart. A completely randomized design was used, with 4 replications per treatment. Applications were made with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi. Dates of application were 22 Apr (tight cluster (TC)), 8 May (petal fall (PF)), 22 May (first cover (1C)), 3 Jun (second cover (2C)), 18 Jun (third cover (3C)), 1 Jul (fourth cover (4C)), 17 Jul (fifth cover (5C)), 29 Jul (sixth cover (6C)) and 13 Aug (seventh cover (7C)). All treatments included Captan 50WP at 2 lb/100 gal. Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves, collected at chest height from the periphery of each tree, and brushing the mites onto glass plates coated with Tween 20. Green apple aphid (AA) infestations were evaluated by counting infested terminals per tree. White apple leafhopper (WALH) and spotted tentiform leaf-miner (STLM) infestations were evaluated by counting infested leaves per tree. The number of curled clusters, infested areas and infested branches per tree were used to evaluate infestations of rosy apple aphid (RAA), woolly apple aphid (WAA) and Japanese beetle (JAP), respectively.
Potato Aphid Control with Nematicides/Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Hoffmann Michael P. , Zalom Frank G. , Roberts Phil A. , Wilson L. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine soil treatments applied for nematode control were evaluated for their effect on potato aphid (PA) populations on processing tomatoes. A commercial tomato field located near Woodland, CA was used for the tests. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design and consisted of double-row beds, 1.5 m wide and 32.3 m long. Tomatoes were direct seed planted on 25 Mar ’85, thinned to approximately 2 plants/25.0 cm/row at the 5-leaf stage and were furrow irrigated. Soil type was a very fine sandy loam (Laugenour). Temik, Nemacur and Dasanit treatments were shanked 5.1 cm deep into the soil and 7.0-10.0 cm outside of seedline at planting. Telone was shanked 25.0 cm into the soil on 20 Feb. Vydate was shanked in like granulars, but under pressure and with a small amount of water at plant emergence (17 Apr) followed on 13 May with a second application. Soil-Prep was applied on 21 Feb by soaking the entire raised bed with 6.4 cm of water containing the treatment using 2 drip lines/bed spaced 33.0 cm apart with emitters every 30.0 cm. Proportion infested plants was determined by examining the second or third true leaf above the cotyledon for the presence of PA on 10 randomly selected plants/replicate/observation date.
Control of Colorado Beetle with Electrostatic and Conventional Sprayers, 1985
Authors: Linduska James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Ohio 7870’ tomato transplants were planted in 25-foot rows on 15 May ’85. Plots consisted of a treatment row buffered on each side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 64 inches with 12 inches between plants within the row. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Conventional spray treatments were applied at a rate of 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied with a custom built row crop sprayer equipped with 6 drop nozzles/row. Electrostatic sprays were applied with a hand-held ElectrodynR sprayer made by ICI. All the bozzles (nozzles plus bottle) were calibrated to deliver 0.10 ml/s of formulation which, when (raveling at a speed of 2 mph delivers 0.8 pt/acre of formulation. The flow rate cannot be altered, so rate changes were accomplished by altering ihe speed of travel. Treatments were applied on 27 Jun, 3 and 29 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of CPB larvae/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 6 Aug ’85.
Insecticide Efficacy Against Western Flower Thrips, Georgia, 1985
Authors: Oetting Ronald D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six insecticides were tested against Western flower thrips on tomato bedding plants. All plants were moderately infested with thrips, with the species composition approximately 90% Frankliniella occidentalis and 10% Echinothrips americanus Morgan. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 plants per treatment plot and each plot replicated 4 times. All materials were applied with a compressed air sprayer, 8003 nozzle, at 30-35 psi until runoff. Pretreatment counts were made the same day as pesticide application. After spraying, the plants were placed on greenhouse benches. Efficacy was based on the total number of thrips (adult and immature) found on each plant with the aid of a magnifying lens.