bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control in Field Corn, 1988
Authors: Berry Edwin C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A test was established at the Iowa State Research Farm at Ankeny to determine the effectiveness of preplanting incorporated insecticides. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was 1 row by 17.5 ft (1/1,000 acre). Each plot was surrounded by an aluminum barrier buried 6-8 inches and projecting above the soil 10-12 inches. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. All treatments were incorporated 1-2 inches deep with a rotary tiller. Treatments were applied and incorporated 1 d prior to planting. Corn was planted 25 May with a John Deere 7100 Max-Emerge planter modified to plant 20 seeds/17.5 ft. Aluminum barriers were placed around each plot prior to plant emergence. Plots were infested 31 May with 20 third instars from a laboratory colony. From 1 to 10 Jun, cut plants and stand counts were determined. Cut plants were marked with an applicator stick so that they would not be counted as uncut plants in the event of plant regrowth. Data were transformed by arcsine V% + 1 for analysis.
Early Season Raa Control, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 6 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 5 times. Plots consisted of 4 trees, one each of the cultivars ‘Yorking,’ ‘Delicious,’ ‘Golden Delicious,’ and Rome Beauty. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre. Spray dates corresponded to the following phenological stages (‘Golden Delicious’): half-inch green, 6 Apr; pink, 25 Apr. A regular fungicide schedule (Benlate, Bayleton, Dithane M-45, Manzate 200) was maintained throughout the season. Postbloom insecticides (Guthion, Lannate) were applied at 1- to 2-wk intervals beginning in mid-June. Effectiveness of the sprays against RAA aphid was evaluated by counting the number of RAA-injured leaves/tree and the total number of damaged apples/tree (‘Rome Beauty’ and ‘Yorking’).
Corn Rootworm Control, 1988
Authors: Bullington Stephen W. , Roberts James E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated at 3 sites in western Virginia (Augusta, Wythe, and Montgomery Counties) for control of larvae of NCR and WCR. Four tests were conducted. Insecticides were applied at planting. In 2 of the 4 tests the investigators applied the insecticides to the surface of the ground directly over the furrow in a 6-inch-wide band with a hand-pushed granular spreader. In the other 2 tests the farmers applied the insecticides in furrow, along with the corn, at planting. In all cases, only 1 application of insecticide was made/row. All plots were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Each plot was 4 rows wide and 50 ft long. In the banded tests, the replicates were arranged parallel to one another; in the in-furrow tests they were arranged linearly. All samples were taken from the center 30 ft of the center 2 rows of each plot. The corn plants were counted about 2 wk after planting. In mid-summer, damage from larvae was assessed. The lodged plants, those that had toppled because of root system damage by larvae, were counted about 2 months after planting. Actual damage to corn roots also was estimated. This damage was rated on a scale of 1 to 6 (1, damage; 6, complete destruction of the root wad). Root wads of 10 plants/plot were prepared for inspection by the following method. One person stood at either end of each of the 2 center rows, walked about 10 ft toward the center and then unearthed the root wad of every other plant until each had 5 root wads. The roots were then thoroughly washed with hot water from a pressurized sprayer. Ensilage yields were determined at harvest by cutting stalks and weighing them using a sling swung from milk scales attached to a portable tripod. Plant stand counts, lodging counts, damage ratings, and yields were subjected to ANOVA. Two of the 4 tests (one banded and one in furrow) were in Augusta County. In both tests, ‘Doebler X-67’ field corn was planted no-till in rows 36 inches wide on 16 May, and plants were counted 2 Jun. For the in-furrow test, lodged plants were counted on 13 Jul, root damage was rated 13-14 Jul, and yields were determined 6 Sep. In the banded test, the insecticides were applied 3 d after planting, on 19 May. Lodged plants were counted 18 Jul, root damage was rated 18-20 Jul, and yields were determined 15-19 Sep. In the Wythe County test, which was in furrow, ‘Southern States 950’ field corn was planted no-till in rows 34 inches wide on 9 May. Plants were counted 31 May, lodged plants were counted 25 Jul, root damage was rated 25-26 Jul, and yields were determined on 12 Sep. In Montgomery County, ‘Penny’s SX-112’ field corn was planted no-till in rows 30 inches wide on 20-21 May, and insecticides were applied as a band on 24 May. Plants were counted 17 Jun, lodged plants were counted 1 Aug, root damage was rated 1-4 Aug, and yields were determined 21-22 Sep. All fields previously had a cover crop of rye.
Aphicide Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 2 replicates of ‘Yorking.’ Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 5 yr old and planted to a spacing of 20 X 30 ft. Sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gal/min pump, equipped with a handgun. Approximately 2.6 gal of spray was applied per replicate tree (190 gal/acre). Dates of application were 23 May, 10 and 23 Jun, and 22 Jul. All plots were oversprayed with Imidan and Dithane biweekly. Effectiveness on the aphid complex was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphids/most infested leaf. The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the nymphs on 25 leaves/tree. The effect of the test chemicals on ERM, TSSM, and ZM was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Russet ratings are based on 30 ‘Golden Delicious’ apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Control in Field Corn, 1988
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Phipps P. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at the Tidewater Agricultural Experiment Station farm in Suffolk, Va., to evaluate planting time nematicide-insecticide treatments for control of ECB and CEW. Treatments were applied as granules at planting time, 14 Apr, either in furrow with seed using a Noble applicator, incorporated 7-10 cm deep using a rolling cultivator gang mounted on a tool bar directly in front of the planter, or in a band directly in front of the planter with no incorporation. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replicates. Individual plots were 2 rows (0.9-m row spacing) by 10.7 m. Twenty randomly-selected ears of corn were rated for CEW damage when ears were near maturity. Ear damage by CEW was rated on the following 1-9 scale: 1, no damage; 2, damage to ≤3.8 cm of the tip; 3, damage to &gt;3.8 cm of the tip; 4, ≤2 side hits not associated with tip damage; 5, ≤2 side hits + ≤ 3,8 cm tip; 6, =≤ side hits + &gt;3.8 cm tip; 7, &gt;2 side hits; 8, &gt;2 side hits + ≤3,8cm tip; 9, &gt;2 side hits + &gt;3.8 cm tip. Damage by ECB was recorded as the percentage of ear shanks bored. Whole plot yields, taken 22 Sep, were based on weight of corn with 12% moisture content.
Control of First-Generation European Corn Borer, 1986
Authors: Ostlie K. , Chaddha S. , Hutchins S. , Borgmeier J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Performance of granular insecticides against ECB larvae was evaluated in a small-plot trial near Red Wing, Minn. Plots of 1 row (30-inch row spacing) by 50 ft, were located within a commercial production field that was planted on 2 May. Larvae varied from first to fourth instars with the majority in the third instar. Insecticide treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Granular insecticides were applied with a one-row, electrically driven, Gandy applicator that was manually pushed through the plots. A liquid standard, Pounce 3.2 EC, was applied in 17 gal water/acre at 40 psi through 8002 nozzles on a CO2-powered backpack sprayer. The treatments were applied 22 Jun when temperatures ranged from 85 to 90°F and winds were 10-15 mph. Efficacy was evaluated on 10 Aug by dissecting 10 infested plants/plot and counting the tunnels.
Airblast Experiment, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to 2-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Yorking,’ 2 replicates of ‘Stayman,’ and 1 replicate of ‘Golden Delicious.’ Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ at 25 gal/acre per alternate side spray (50 gal/acre, both sides) driven at 2 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts/acre/both sides spray. Spray dates for the alternating side treatments were 22 Apr (Danitol treatments only, Orthene was added, complete spray); 23 and 27 May; 6, 13, 20, and 28 Jun; 5, 13, 22, and 28 Jul; 4, 11, 18, and 25 Aug; and 1 Sep. Lannate + Imidan was substituted on 23 and 27 May for the Lorsban + Lannate and Penncap M treatments and on 25 Aug and 1 Sep for the Lorsban + Lannate treatment only. Penncap M was substituted for the Danitol treatments on 6 Jun; 13, 22, and 28 Jul; 4, 11, 18, and 25 Aug; and 1 Sep. Savey was added to the Danitol treatment on 28 Jun and 5 Jul. Swat was added to the Larvin treatment on 6 Jun and to the Larvin, Larvin + Lorsban, and Penncap M treatments on 13, 20, and 28 Jun. Vendex 4 L (475 ml/acre) was added to the one side of all treatments except the Danitol treatments on 13 Jul. On the Lorsban + Lannate treatment, the rate of Lorsban was increased to 908 g/acre and Lannate was dropped on 13, 22, and 28 Jul. Effectiveness against the aphid complex was evaluated by counting the aphid-infested leaves/10 terminals and the aphids on the most infested leaf/terminal. The effectiveness of the sprays against WALH was evaluated by counting the nymphs on 25 leaves/tree. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of mines around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of the test chemicals against ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and samples picked on 22 Aug and 20 Sep. Apple samples averaged 181 fruits/replicate and 905/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 ‘Golden Delicious’ apples/replicate, 30/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate); 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Ovicidal Activity Trials, 1988
Authors: Elzen G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to cotton grown in small plots at Stoneville, Miss. Test 1 and Test 2 were applied 9 and 30 Aug, respectively, using a high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 5 mph and 40 psi using 2 TX6 nozzles/row. Plot size was 30 ft by 4 rows arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates/treatment. TB eggs were obtained from a culture maintained at the Southern Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Stoneville. All eggs used were laid the previous night on tulle cloth material. Eggs were not washed or subjected to chemical treatments before use and were easily removed from the material. Eggs were exposed to insecticides in 2 ways. First, eggs to be treated in the field were placed on the upper surface of the last 3-4 expanded leaves in the terminal of a plant in each replication by brushing a weak solution of xanthium gum and water on the leaves and sprinkling eggs on the surface. Plots were sprayed 30 min after application of the eggs. Eggs sprayed on the plant remained in the field for 2 h after treatment and were then taken to the laboratory to determine mortality. Second, treated leaves (1 from each replication) were collected 24, 48, and 72 h after spraying in the field and taken to the laboratory where eggs were placed on them and mortality was determined over time. Eggs were sprinkled on each leaf in the field and in the laboratory in an effort to get at least 10 eggs/leaf. The number of viable eggs was counted on each leaf in the laboratory 24 h after they were sprayed in the field or placed on sprayed leaves in the laboratory. The number of eggs/leaf averaged 14.0 ± 5.7 (SD). Leaves from all treatments were held in Petri dishes on water-moistened filter paper at 82°F.
Control of Tobacco Budworm and Boll Weevil, 1988
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Benedict J. H. , Pickel S. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot field study was conducted in a commercial cotton field near Austwell, Tex., to evaluate efficacy of Karate (3 formulations), Baythroid, and Guthion for tobacco budworm and boll weevil control. Treatments were compared in 5-row by 50-ft plots of cotton planted 28 Apr on 30-inch rows. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in randomized complete block. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized (38 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Heliothis spp. larvae (n = 50) were collected from the test plots and reared to adulthood for identification of species. Applications were made 17, 22, and 27 Jul. Twenty-five randomly selected squares or bolls/plot were inspected for the presence of tobacco budworm larvae and damage and boll weevil damage on 21, 26, and 29 Jul. Seed cotton was hand-harvested from a 6.8-ft section of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Cotton Pest Control, 1987
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘G&P 3774’ was planted 28 Apr and plots were in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Plots were 8 rows wide and 40 ft long. A Hi-boy sprayer with tips every 20 inches calibrated for 6 gal/acre was used for insecticide application. Thrips were controlled with 0.1 lb (AI)/acre Bidrin 22 May. The insecticide test was applied 23 and 29 Jun. The test area was infested 22 Jun with TSSM by placing one infested bean plant in every 5 ft of row. D-vac samples were collected from 50 row-ft of each plot on 23 and 29 Jun, 1 and 7 d after first insecticide application, to evaluate early-season control. Presence of TSSM was determined by examining 25 leaves in the seventh node position from the terminal of the plants. These counts were made 6, 13, 21, and 27 Jul and 4 Aug and the percentage of infested leaves was calculated.
Chemical Suppression, 1988
Authors: Merchant Michael E. , Teetes George L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight insecticide treatments, some as combinations, were evaluated for the suppression of Heliothis spp. in cotton at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm at College Station. Cotton was planted 6 Apr in 40-inch rows. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. Plots of 8 rows by 65 ft were sprayed with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal of solution/acre through 2 TX-6 hollow cone nozzles/row at 40 psi. Insecticides were applied 8 Jul (early application of Curacron only), 14 Jul, 21 Jul, and 29 Jul. Plant damage, insect abundance, and lint yield estimates were determined from randomly selected locations from the inner 6 rows of each plot. Estimates of egg and larval densities and terminal damage were made once within all plots prior to the first insecticide application. Estimates of insect damage were made by examining 50 randomly selected one-third-grown or larger squares and 50 soft bolls/plot on the day of, or the day before, insecticide application. In response to observed mite damage, a total of 15 randomly selected leaves from the upper and middle portions of the cotton canopy were collected from each plot and examined for the presence of motile adult mites.
Control of Rice Water Weevil, 1988
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This field experiment was conducted on clay soil at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. Each plot was 6 by 13 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent contamination among plots. Plots were fertilized 12 Apr with urea at 68 lb nitrogen/acre. Rice was broadcast seeded in each plot 12 Apr at 100 lb seed/acre. The plots were flooded 15 Apr and drained 24 h later. Thiobencarb at 4 lb (AI)/acre was applied 20 Apr as a preemergence herbicide. Rice emerged 24 Apr and was flush irrigated 25 Apr and 10 May. Propanil at 3.0 lb (AI)/acre and Bentazon at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre were applied 13 May. Urea at 51 lb nitrogen/acre was applied 16 May. Plots were flodded 17 May and drained 20 May. The permanent flood was applied 28 May.
Control of Greenbug, 1988
Authors: Peters Leroy L. , Mayo Z B 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The previous year’s crop was soybeans. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Plots were 4 rows wide (30-inch spacing) and 30.8 ft long and were planted 19 May. The 2 center rows were used for data collection. Banded planting-time application of granules was made by applying a preweighed amount of granules (1.2 oz [AI]/1,000 row-ft) from a V-belt seeder into a bander mounted just in front of the planter presswheel. In-furrow planting-time application of granules (1.2 oz [AI]/1,000 row-ft) was made by applying a preweighed amount of granules from a V-belt seeder into the granule delivery tube mounted on the planter behind the seed tube. Emerged plants were counted 8 Jun. Insect population levels were determined by examining 5-10 plants on the stated dates. The heads were counted 26 Sep. Plots were harvested 19 Oct with a Massey 35 combine.
Velvetbean Caterpillar Control, 1988
Authors: Funderburk Joe , Brown Andrew , Maruniak Jim , Boucias Drion 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was located in Gadsden County, Fla., and planted on 23 May. Plot size was 8 rows by 15 m with 0.76-m row spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 replicates. All treatments were applied 13 Sep, except for a treatment of the VBC nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AgNPV), which was applied on 28 Aug. All applications were made with a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3 D3 nozzles/row. Each treatment was applied at 36 psi at a rate of 25 gal/acre. Efficacy data were collected by taking 25 sweeps/plot with a 0.38-m-diam sweep net on each of 3 dates. The 2 center rows of each plot were not sampled, and yield estimates were made by harvesting 30 m of these rows on 7 Nov
Twospotted Spider Mite Control, 1988
Authors: Hammond Ronald B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirty-six plots were established near Wooster, Ohio, using soybeans that had a severe infestation of TSSM. Plots measured 15 m by 1 row, with a single buffer row between plots. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 replicates and 12 treatments. Miticides were applied 3 Aug; another application was made 9 Aug for 2 of the treatments. Sprays were applied with a CO2 bicycle sprayer equipped with TX2 Spraying Systems nozzles that moved 1 ft/s. Sprays were applied at 40 psi for a rate of 20 gal/acre. On each of 5 evaluation dates, 5 leaves/plot were randomly removed from the upper third of the plant canopy and returned to the laboratory. Leaves were viewed under a dissecting microscope at 10 x magnification and rated for the presence of immature and adult mites. The rating scale was as follows: 0, no live mites observed; 1, a few mites seen, still very low numbers; 2, numerous mites present; and 3, heavy numbers obvious (&gt;100 mites per leaf). Ratings of 0 or 1 indicated excellent control, 2 poor control, and 3 no control. Yield data for individual plots were not taken; average yields for the treated and untreated plots were taken.
Spider Mite Control, Trial 1, 1988
Authors: Ostlie K. , Chaddha S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A severe infestation of TSSM provided an unusual opportunity to evaluate insecticide performance in Minnesota. Plots of 2 rows (30-inch spacing) by 15 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. A single border row separated adjacent plots to minimize effects of spray drift. Spider mites were present throughout the soybean canopy at stage R5.5 (beginning seed) with feeding injury readily visible below the top 2-3 leaves. Insecticides were broadcast 13 Aug in 30 gal water at 40 psi using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 8002 nozzles. The population in each plot was sampled 13, 18, and 23 Aug (0, 5, and 10 DAT). On each sampling date, TSSM were counted from 20 leaflets/plot (10 leaflets at the fourth node from the top and 10 leaflets at the seventh node from the top). Mites were removed from the leaflets with a mite-brushing machine. Leaf injury was visually estimated from 5 leaflets/plant (nodes 4-8 from the top) on 5 plants/plot. Plots were harvested 10 Oct, and yields were corrected to 13% moisture.
Control of Tobacco Insect Pests, 1988
Authors: Jackson D. Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Several formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, thuringiensin ((β-exotoxin, ABG-6162A) and fenoxycarb (ABG-6231), were tested for field control of tobacco budworm and tobacco hornworm larvae on ‘Coker 176’ tobacco at Oxford, N.C. Six separate experiments were run. Orthene Tobacco Insect Spray (TIS) (75% soluble powder) was used as an insecticide standard. Tobacco was transplanted 10 May into 3 fields that had been treated with isopropalin (Paarlan, 1.68 kg [AI]/ha) and metalaxyl (Ridomil 2 EC, 0.56 kg [AI]/ha) for weed and disease control. Diphenamid (Enide 90 W, 4.48 kg [AI]/ha) was applied after transplanting (28 Jun) for additional weed control. Plants were placed on 55.9-cm centers with 1.22 m between rows. Single-row plots of 15 plants each were set up in randomized complete block designs with 5 replicates for each experiment. On 5 Jul, plants were cut off 10 cm above the ground. One sucker was allowed to regrow from each plant, and this regrowth was used in Experiments 5 and 6. Plants were infested with two 3-d-old tobacco budworm larvae (Experiments 1, 2, 4, and 5) or two 4-d-old tobacco hornworm larvae (Experiments 3 and 6) from laboratory colonies on 10, 24, 21, and 20 Jun, 29 Jul, and 3 Aug for Experiments 1-6, respectively. Plots were treated on 13, 27, 23, and 24 Jun, and 1 and 5 Aug. Spray applications were made by a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with an adjustable nozzle at a rate of 233.8 liters/ha with 4.1 X 105 pascals. Live larvae were counted 3 or 4 DAT. Plots in Experiments 1 and 2 were also checked at 7 DAT.