bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Indian Satellite meteorological programme
Authors: JOSHI P. C. , NARAYANAN M. S. , BHATIA R. C. , MANIKIAM B. , KIRANKUMAR A. S. , JAYARAMAN V. 
Published: January 2022

Recent times have witnessed great strides in weather monitoring and forecasting. One of the key contributors to this development has been space based observations. Space technology has emerged as one of the most fascinating technical achievements and is developing as a powerful tool to study the complex earth-atmosphere system. The space-based observations covering large areas on repetitive basis has been found to be ideal to meet the large observational requirements of weather prediction. Indian programme in satellite meteorology started with Bhaskara satellites in late seventies and the INSAT 1 series in early 80’s and has now graduated into a full-fledged mission contributing significantly to weather and climate services and research. The paper highlights the achievements so far and future plans for advanced missions.
The expanded space-based component of the Global Observing System and the role of the coordination group for Meteorological Satellites
Authors: HINSMAN DONALD E. 
Published: January 2022

The space-based component of the Global Observing System and its in situ counterpart form the World Weather Watch’s Global Observing System. The Global Observing System (GOS) was established during the formation of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) World Weather Watch (WWW). During the nearly four decades since the formation of the WWW, the space based component of the GOS evolved from a constellation of one or more polar-orbiting meteorological satellites to two constellations comprised of at least two near-polar-orbiting satellites and at least five geostationary environmental observation satellites. Recently, a third constellation of appropriate Research and Development satellites has been added. This paper provides an historical description of the space-based configuration of the GOS and the role that the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) has had in its implementation.

Fundamental to the space-based configuration has been WMO user requirements. The WMO technical commission with the lead responsibility for the World Weather Watch is the Commission for Basic Systems (CBS). CBS has developed a review process to compare user requirements for WMO programmes and WMO supported programmes with expected observing system capabilities. The evolution of user requirements has resulted in the need for a review of the present configuration of the space-based global observing system. CBS has decided to use its review process to evaluate user requirements and anticipated capabilities in order to propose an evolution of the present configuration. This paper also describes the review process and recent WMO decisions that are part of a concerted effort to provide a GOS for the following decades capable of meeting the stringent and increasing demands of WMO members.
Atmospheric sounding using GPS radio occultation
Authors: ANTHES RICHARD A. , KUO YING-HWA , ROCKEN CHRISTIAN , SCHREINER WILLIAM S. 
Published: January 2022

This paper summarizes the radio occultation (RO) technique for remote sounding of the Earth’s atmosphere using the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites and GPS receivers on low-Earth orbiting (LEO) satellites. As the LEO satellites rise and set with respect to the GPS satellites, the radio waves from the GPS satellites are refracted by the Earth’s atmosphere. Precise measurements of the bending angle of the radio waves are used to derive vertical profiles of atmospheric refractivity, which is a function of electron density in the ionosphere and temperature and water vapor in the stratosphere and troposphere.

Results from the GPS/MET, CHAMP, and SAC-C RO missions are summarized, and examples of soundings are presented. Analysis of the CHAMP and SAC-C data indicates that approximately 45% of CHAMP and SAC-C retrieved radio occultation profiles reach below 1 km altitude, compared to only 35% for GPS/MET. All missions exhibit a negative refractivity bias in the lower troposphere of between 1% and 2% compared to NWP models. When constrained to the tropics, only about 20% of the CHAMP occultation profiles reach 1 km from the surface.

Taiwan’s National Space Program Office (NSPO), the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), and many partners in the university community are developing COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate), a follow-on project for weather and climate, space weather, and geodetic science. COSMIC plans to launch six satellites in 2005. Each satellite will retrieve 400-500 daily profiles† of key ionospheric and atmospheric properties from the tracked GPS radio signals as they are occulted behind the Earth limb. The radio occultation sounding data from COSMIC will contribute significantly to atmospheric research, weather forecasting, and climate modeling.
Current thrusts on TRMM and SSM/I based modeling studies on heavy rains and flooding episodes
Authors: KRISHNAMURTI T. N. , VIJAYA KUMAR T. S. V. , MACKEY BRIAN , CUBUCKU NIHAT , ROSS ROBERT S. 
Published: January 2022

Our research group at the Florida State University has been using a multianalysis/multimodel approach on real time for the short-range prediction of heavy rains over the tropical belt. The methodology for the construction of the superensemble forecasts follows our recent publications on this topic. Recent improvements in multianalysis/multimodel superensemble forecasts of precipitation have led to much higher skills compared to the member models. This suggested that some useful guidance for regional floods arising from heavy rains might be possible from this approach. These are 1 to 5 day forecasts where the equitable threat scores for rainfall totals in excess of 25 mm/day have been two to three times better for the superensemble compared to the best member model. This study includes forecasts using multimodels from a number of global operational centers and a multianalysis component, which is based on the FSU global spectral model that utilizes TRMM and SSM/I data sets and a number of rain rate algorithms. The differences in the analyses arise from the use of these different rain rate algorithms within physical initialization, which in turn, produces distinct differences among divergence, heating, moisture, and rain rate descriptions. A total of 11 models, of which 5 represent global operational models and 6 represent multianalysis forecasts from the FSU model initialized by different rain rate algorithms, are embedded in the multianalysis/multimodel system studied here. The TRMM and the SSM/I rainfall data sets derived from microwave instruments are key to these marked improvements of rainfall forecasts. The statistical biases of the models are determined from a multiple linear regression of these forecasts against a ‘best’ rainfall analysis field, which is based on a TRMM and SSM/I data set that utilizes rain rate algorithms recently developed at NASA Goddard. We also display a sequence of computations that illustrate a “walk-through” of a heavy rain episode. This study specifically deals with recent flood episodes over India, Bangladesh, the United States of America, Mozambique/Madagascar and the Philippines. These results compare the performance of the superensemble against the best and lowest performing model, the ensemble mean and the control experiment (that does not use any TRMM or SSM/I data sets). Overall these results show great promise over the current best models.
Intraseasonal oscillations over tropical Indian ocean in relation to monsoon onset and rainfall events over the peninsular India
Authors: SIMON B. , RAHAMAN S. H. , SATHIYAMOORTHY V. 
Published: January 2022

Detailed analysis of the satellite derived water vapour for a five years period (1995-1999) prior to and during southwest monsoon is done over the Indian subcontinent and the adjoining seas. Three layer (1000 hPa – 700 hPa, 700 hPa –500 hPa and 500 hPa -300 hPa) and total moisture data available from NOAA/TOVS satellite are used for the analysis. These data are used to study the northward propagating intraseasonal oscillations in the tropical Indian Ocean during the summer monsoon season. Results indicate the presence of intraseasonal oscillations in the middle (700 hPa – 500 hPa) and the upper level (500 hPa – 300 hPa) water vapour. Wavelet analysis is applied to study the characteristics and time evolution of the intraseasonal oscillations especially over East Arabian Sea (EAS). Intraseasonal oscillations with periods ranging from 8-15 days, 15-30 and 30-60 days are seen over EAS. Heavy rainfall events over west coast of peninsular India are studied before and after the monsoon onset in terms of moisture availability in the middle level and zonal wind speed. The water vapour content and zonal wind speed over the Eastern Arabian Sea are found to influence rainfall over the west coast of India.
Seasonal and spatial characteristics of QPE errors over Indian region
Authors: ROY BHOWMIK S. K. , SUD A. M. 
Published: January 2022

The study examines the performance of INSAT derived quantitative precipitation estimates( QPE) for different varying synoptic conditions and also presents a quantitative assessment of spatial and seasonal characteristics of these errors over Indian region making detailed inter-comparison with land rainfall observations. The study reveals that the QPE, in general, is able to capture rainfall pattern associated with different synoptic conditions and spatial distribution of mean rainfall of each season. But it has certain seasonal and spatial biases. The rainfall over most part of the country south of Lat. 30° N is under-estimated in all seasons except pre-monsoon. For the region north of Lat. 30 ° N where western disturbances are dominant, rainfall is over estimated. In the convective season of pre-monsoon, QPE has got very high degree of correspondence with the observed rainfall.
Prevailing weather conditions during the monsoon period of 1990 over Jodhpur region
Authors: DAS N. , BOSE M. , DE U.  K. 
Published: January 2022

The Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment (MONTBLEX) was an intense multi-institutional effort to probe the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over the monsoon trough region of the Gangetic Plains in 1990. For this experiment, four micrometeorological towers were set up at four different locations along the normal position of the trough axis over Northern India. One such tower of 30 m height was located at Jodhpur (26.3° N, 73° E), Rajasthan in the campus of Central Arid Zone Research Institute. This tower had six levels of instrumentation at 1m, 2m, 4m, 8m, 15m and 30m heights, which are termed here as Ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th level respectively. Both fast as well as slow response sensors at various levels of the tower (Rudrakumar and Prabhu, 1991) were utilized. In the present study, we have presented the results evaluated both from fast and slow response data, 6 levels of cup anemometers and wind vanes, 4 levels of slow response temperature sensors and 2 levels of fast response temperature sensors are presented.

The purpose of the present work is to find out the suitable layer for evaluating sensible heat flux for the Jodhpur region with the help of multilayer hypothesis.
Pre-harvest estimation of wheat yield for NW India using climate and weather forecast
Authors: ATTRI S. D. , RATHORE L. S. 
Published: January 2022

The yield of a cultivar at any given location depends highly on weather experienced during its life cycle interalia nutrition, soil moisture and management practices. Accurate weather prediction may help farmers to capitalise on benevolent weather and to take adequate steps to protect crops from adverse weather events. This task may be accomplished using crop simulation models linked with climate and weather forecast. But, reliability of weather forecast must be assessed in various agroclimatic zones before their adoption on operational basis.

For this purpose, evaluated CERES-Wheat model V3.5 was utilised to estimate yield and quantify value of perfect forecast for popular wheat genotypes at various steps during crop season using long term weather records in NW India. Accuracy of weather forecast (medium range) was also tested under different fertiliser, dates of sowing and moisture scenarios. Results indicate the suitability of the model for strategic planning, yield estimation and tactical decisions during crop growth season.
An effective method of identification of drought in kharif season
Authors: DAS H. P. , KORE P. A. , JADHAV V. N. 
Published: January 2022

Dry farming regions (DFRs) in India often witness incidences of drought. In the present study decile method has been applied to six stations viz. Delhi, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Jalgaon, Ahmednagar and Anantapur. For this purpose weekly rainfall data for 80 years (1901-80) have been used, for the kharif period i.e. rainy crop growing season extending from June to early October. Three decile ranges i.e. 3rd, 5th and 7th have been used to identify agricultural, meteorological and hydrological droughts. The commencement of sowing operations and duration of agricultural season have also been determined and discussed.

The decile approach, it is suggested, enables progressive update of the probability of occurrence of rains during the crop growing season. This can be achieved by adding, weekly rainfall separately to the above deciles or three probability levels for remaining part of season. It gives sets of estimates of rainfall during the growing season.

The methodology was applied on the independent data set of rainfall for the years 1981-96. The types of droughts have been clearly identified. Most vulnerable areas of agricultural drought (like Anantapur) could be identified.
Climatology of thunderstorm activity over the Indian region : II. Spatial distribution
Authors: MANOHAR G. K. , KESARKAR A. P. 
Published: January 2022

Thunderstorms play important roles in many areas of information about earth-atmosphere relationship. Inspite of this awareness of importance of thunderstorms, it is noted that studies about thunderstorms over India received little attention in the past. Latest (IMD, 1999) climatological monthly data of number of thunderstorm days (Thn), rainy days (Tnr), and rainfall amount (Trr) for 276 Indian observatory stations are analyzed, over 11 geographic regions comprising India, to examine relationship between these parameters. Analysis of Thn and Tnr data sets showed that in the premonsoon season major part of India is strongly dominated by frequent and widespread thunderstorms but with occasional rainy days. However, in the monsoon season on account of very large increase in the rainy days over the thunderstorm days, the Thn-Tnr relationship is reversed. The climatological feature of India in the premonsoon season is noted as a characteristic of cumulonimbus regime of continental convection, and the one in the monsoon season is termed as cumulonimbus regime of monsoonsal convection. The prominence of monsoonal convective regime is therefore very important in deciding the performance of Indian southwest monsoon. The analysis between Trr and Thn was carried out over 11 geographic regions of India in the four seasons of the annual period. Results pertaining to monsoon season showed that the contribution of thunderstorms to rainfall is highest among the other three seasons. It is inferred that thunderstorm’s rain contribution to monsoonal rainfall is significant.
Precipitation anomalies in the United States associated with a finer classification of El Niño events
Authors: KANE R. P. 
Published: January 2022

A finer classification of El Niño events is attempted. Each year was examined to check whether it had an El Niño (EN) and or a Southern Oscillation Index SOI minimum (SO) and or warm (W) or cold (C) equatorial eastern Pacific sea surface temperatures (SST). Several years were ENSOW, which were further subdivided into two groups viz. Unambiguous ENSOW where SOI minima and SST maxima were observed in the middle of the calendar year (May-Aug) and Ambiguous ENSOW where these conditions were obtained in the early or late part of the calendar year. Other El Niño events were of the type ENSO; ENW, ENC, EN. Years not having El Niño were of the types SOW, SOC, SO, W, C, the last one (C) containing all Anti-El Niños or La Niñas.
For the all India summer monsoon rainfall, Unambiguous ENSOW were overwhelmingly associated with droughts and the cold (C) events with floods. For the rainfall in USA during 1900-90, several regions showed distinct ENSO relationships, but different for different regions. Generally, there were good associations between (i) western USA/Great lakes droughts and ambiguous ENSOW, (ii) midwest/central USA floods and unambiguous ENSOW, (iii) south coastal plain/Gulf coast/eastern/southeastern droughts and both ambiguous and unambiguous ENSOW. La Niñas showed effects mostly opposite to those of unambiguous ENSOW, but not always, especially in the far west. For the same region, ENSO effects were often substantial and different (opposite) for the main rainy season and the pre and or post-rainy season. Many other details are also presented.
Diurnal and spatial variation of convective parameters over Bay of Bengal during BOBMEX 1999
Authors: DUTTA SOMENATH , KESARKAR AMIT  P. 
Published: January 2022

An attempt has been made to study the diurnal and spatial variation of thermo-dynamical parameters viz., Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), Convective Inhibition Energy (CINE), Moist Static Energy (MSE), convectively generated maximum updraft speed (Wmax) and non-dimensional kinetic parameter (L) over Bay of Bengal during BOBMEX-1999 period. The study reveals that there is a marked diurnal variation in these thermodynamic parameters over Bay of Bengal. The average value of the CAPE was found to be more during the night than in the day and the negative value of CINE and MSE are found to be more during the day than in the night. The study also shows that during the period of experiment on most of the days, lower troposphere was convectively unstable (moist). The composite analysis of CAPE shows that southwest & adjoining west-central Bay near Sri Lanka - Tamil Nadu coast is more convectively unstable and an alternate rise and fall in it also indicates the presence of inertia gravity waves.
Statistical analysis of rainfall distribution and trend of rainfall anomalies districtwise during monsoon period over West Bengal
Authors: BASU G. C. , BHATTACHARJEE U. , GHOSH R. 
Published: January 2022

The statistical analysis of rainfall distributions in different districts of West Bengal during monsoon period for 68 years (1931-98) have been studied in this paper. The statistical parameters such as moments, coefficient of skewness and kurtosis have been computed to understand the nature of such rainfall distribution in each district. The rainfall anomalies during monsoon period (June–September) have also been studied for each district of two meteorological Sub-divisions, Sub-Himalayan West Bengal (SHWB) and Gangetic West Bengal (GWB) by fitting regression lines through ‘Least Square Method’ and results for rainfall trends for each district of West Bengal have been discussed in this paper.
Study of air quality at an industrial area in coastal India
Authors: KUMAR ARUN , DASH S. K. 
Published: January 2022

After privatization of the power sectors in India, the fossil-fuel-based power industries have an important role to play in the liberalization of the economy of the country. Modeling efforts will help a great deal in designing stacks and in taking appropriate pollution control measures for the proposed power plants. A case study has been cited with short-term (24-hour) use of dispersion model in assessing Ground Level Concentration (GLC) of the pollutants due to existing and proposed major industries, and their impact on large human settlement close to the power plants. The results of the new Desein Dispersion Model (DDM) are compared with those of Industrial Source Complex Short-Term, ISCST (version 3) model of the US Environment Protection Agency. In DDM, the reflection coefficient term has been used in calculating GLCs. This has the advantage of including the impact of gravitational settling on the pollutants close to the site. Hourly meteorological data of wind direction (degree), wind speed (ms-1), temperature (K), stability class, and mixing height (m) have been used as input for both the models. Short-term GLCs of SO2 and NOx due to major industries have been assessed during monsoon, post-monsoon, summer and winter under worst meteorological conditions. Comparison of the 8 hourly model predicted concentrations of SO2 and NOx with the corresponding observed values at nine locations around the pollution source indicates that DDM results are more suitable for Indian conditions than those of ISCST3 model.
Moored buoy observations in Arabian Sea warm pool
Authors: JOSEPH K. JOSSIA , HARIKRISHNAN M. , RAJESH G. , PREMKUMAR K. 
Published: January 2022

Time series observations from four moored data buoys in the south eastern Arabian Sea for a period of four months (March - June 2003) are utilized to study the characteristics of warm pool. The moored buoy observations show fair weather conditions in the pre-monsoon period with weak variable winds and calm sea conditions. High SST has been observed during the pre-monsoon warming phase. Surface met observation shows comparatively low-pressure in the region for a period of two weeks starting from the last week of April 2003. Increased wind speed and wave height with a clockwise rotation in wind direction and occasional rains are reported during that period. An interesting observation is the cooling of SST in response to the May 2003 cyclone in Bay of Bengal. Another feature during the warming phase is an oscillation of the order of 14 days observed in SST. Time series observations of salinity in the month of March show the presence of low saline water in the warm pool. A sudden drop of 0.4 psu in surface salinity was observed on 2nd April, which may be due to the advection of low saline plumes in the warm pool region and/or the local pre-monsoon showers. The onset of southwest monsoon and the associated monsoon currents dissipated the warm pool and thereafter the monsoon conditions with high winds, rough sea and frequent rains prevailed in the region.
Simulation of internal waves using GM model and comparison against measurements during ARMEX-I
Authors: KUMAR G. V.  KRISHNA , SWAIN J. 
Published: January 2022

A linear internal wave model based on the Garrett-Munk (hereafter GM) modal spectrum has been developed. The model simulates sound speed structure due to internal waves in the ocean. CTD yoyo (go up and down continuously) data collected during the ARMEX-I experiment has been utilized to validate the model. Internal waves amplitudes at the experimental site are found to be >1m. EOF and modal decomposition analyses reveal that the modal bandwidth parameter j* = 3 and modal energy damping parameter P = 1 or 2 and follows the GM suggested values. Comparison of the measured sound speed profiles against the simulated reveals that the GM model is capable of reproducing most of the variability due to IW in the deep-waters. The agreement between the observed and simulated perturbations is quite good.