bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Postharvest Heat Treatment and Storage on Sugar Metabolism in Polyethylene-wrapped Muskmelon Fruit
Authors: Lingle Sarah E. , Lester Gene E. , Dunlap James R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Postharvest sugar content and activities of four enzymes of sucrose metabolism were followed in the edible mesocarp tissue of the netted muskmelon (Cucumis melo L., var. reticulatus, cv Magnum 45). Melons harvested at full-slip were shrink film-wrapped to inhibit water loss and/or heated to 45°C for 3 hr before storage at 4°C for up to 18 days. Sucrose content of edible mesocarp remained constant between harvest and 12 days of storage. The sucrose content of nonheated fruit declined between 12 and 18 days of storage, but there was no coincident increase in glucose or fructose. There was little acid invertase activity. Neutral invertase activity did not vary significantly with storage, but was slightly higher in heated, wrapped fruit than in nonheated, wrapped fruit. Sucrose synthase activity increased with storage, and was higher in heated than nonheated fruit. There was no discernible pattern of sucrose-phosphate synthase activity. No enzyme activity was correlated with the content of any sugar.
In Vitro Culturabiiity of Ovules from 10 Seedless Grape Clones
Authors: Goldy R. G. , Amborn U. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One trait desired by consumers for table grapes (Vitis spp.) is seedlessness, which is caused by either embryo abortion (stenospermocarpy) or parthenocarpy (2). Inheritance of stenosperm ocarpy is poorly understood and still under investigation (4, 5, 7, 8). Breeders have developed seedless grapes by using stenospermocarpic parents as pollen sources (2, 7, 8). In vitro culture of stenospermocarpic ovules/embryos prior to abortion makes it possible to hybridize seedless females with seedless males, in hope of increasing the number of seedless progeny (1, 3, 6).
GA 244-15 BWT, GA 7-1 BWT, and GA 12-4 BWT Bacterial Wilt-tolerant Solanum Germplasm
Authors: Jaworski Casimir A. , Phatak Sharad C. , Gitaitis Ronald D. , Ghate Suhas R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bacterial wilt or brown rot caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum E. F. Sm. is a major limiting factor in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in the warm, humid regions of the world, including the coastal plain region of southeastern United States (6, 7).
Vegetable Cultivar Testing: Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Wien H. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Choice of the most appropriate cultivars is a key decision that vegetable growers face every growing season, and one on which the profitability of the crop depends. Evaluation of cultivars for adaptation to local growing conditions is therefore of crucial importance to extension and research personnel that serve the vegetable industry and the companies that are developing and releasing vegetable cultivars. The present-day climate of restricted budgets and pressure to move from applied to more basic research has forced experiment station and university personnel in North America to abandon or greatly reduce vegetable cultivar testing. The seed industry has traditionally relied on both public institutions and its own grower–cooperators to evaluate the merits of new lines. Increasingly, seed companies face requests for funding of these public trials, or are asked to pay entry fees to submit new cultivars for testing.
Estimating Chill Units at Low Latitudes
Authors: del Real Laborde José Ignacio 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Deciduous fruit species are generally of temperate-zone origin. When they are grown under subtropical conditions, climatic requirements may not be fulfilled and their growth and yield reduced (10, 12, 13, 15, 30, 31, 35, 55, 59, 62, 63). Cultural practices designed to improve plant growth and yields are necessary in areas with mild winters (23, 24, 29, 33, 46, 53, 57). Proper cultivar selection is needed to obtain genotypes most compatible with the climate (30, 31). Even plants that appear to be well-acclimated may require cultural or chemical means to break rest in warm winters. Rest-breaking practices, in order to be fully effective, must be performed at the optimal time, which can have an action window of only a few days. Therefore, the need for reliable methods to evaluate tree response to environmental conditions during rest is an important concern of fruit growers in low latitudes.
Cultivar Evaluation for Early and Extended Production of Chinese Cabbage in Eastern Pennsylvania
Authors: Palada M. C. , Ganser S. , Harwood R. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cultivars of heading and loose-leaf types of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. Group (Pekinensis) were field-planted in the spring (25 Mar., 18 Apr., and 5 May) and fall (19 Aug. and 10 and 30 Sept.) to determine optimum dates for early and extended production in the northeast. All cultivars of heading Chinese cabbage developed flower stalks (bolting) in 25 Mar. and 18 Apr. plantings when mean minimum temperatures were −1.7° and 3.9°C, respectively. Bolting was virtually absent in fall planting for both types. Optimum dates for early spring planting were 5 May for heading types and 25 Mar. for loose-leaf cultivars. Late fall plantings (10 and 30 Sept.) resulted in no head formation and reduced yields for heading Chinese cabbage. For both types, marketable yields were generally higher in spring than in fall plantings.
Leaf Area Prediction Models for Cucumber from Linear Measurements
Authors: Robbins N. Suzanne , Pharr David M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Length and width measurements of leaf lamina from six fresh-market and nine pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars were used in the development of leaf area prediction models. Models using the single independent variable of length (L) were selected from regression analysis using length (L), width (W), and measured leaf areas (A) of 188 ‘Calypso’ cucumber leaves. Tests for equality of regressions (α= 0.05) indicated that a single model accurately predicted leaf area for greenhouse-grown ‘Calypso’ cucumbers (grown in a soil medium) as well as 15 field-grown cultivars. A separate prediction model was required for ‘Calypso’ cucumber plants grown in hydroponic sand culture. Inclusion of leaf width in a multiple regression model provided accurate leaf area prediction for all environments, culture systems, and cultivars tested.
Influence of Root and Shoot on N2 Fixation in Cowpea
Authors: Miller J. Creighton , Scott Lisa M. , Fernandez George C. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Reciprocal and self-grafts were made using four cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] genotypes, ‘H-Brown Crowder’, ‘H-Calico Crowder’, ‘L-Bush Purple Hull’, and ‘L–TX460’, previously identified for their high (H) or low (L) N2 fixation efficiency. Grafts were made on day 12, and N2 fixation variables were evaluated 38 days after planting. Highest nitrogenase activity was obtained in the self grafts of high N2 fixing lines, whereas nitrogenase activity of low N2-fixing genotypes was generally increased by grafting onto high N2-fixing stocks. Nodule number was influenced only by rootstock. Whether rootstock or scion is the limiting factor in N2 fixation efficiency may be cultivar-specific.
Differential Growth Responses of Fractionated Turfgrass Seed Leachates
Authors: Buta J. G. , Spaulding D. W. , Reed A. N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seed leachates of ‘Kentucky 31’ and ‘Rebel’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), ‘Citation’ and ‘Manhattan’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), and ‘Mystic’ and ‘Victa’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) were evaluated for inhibition of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Grand Rapids’) germination and seedling growth (a widely used bioassay for allelopathic effects). Different degrees of inhibition of lettuce seedling growth were found in the turfgrass cultivars ‘Rebel’ > ‘Ky31’, ‘Victa’ > ‘Mystic’, ‘Citation’ = ‘Manhattan’, and in annual bluegrass and annual ryegrass. Grass seed leachates were separated into organic and inorganic fractions using XAD-2 polystyrene resin. Organic fractions were inhibitory to lettuce seedling growth. Inorganic fractions were also inhibitory to lettuce seedling growth at high concentrations but were stimulatory at low concentrations. Germination of lettuce was not affected by leachates or their fractions.
Inheritance of Resistance of Sweet Corn Inbred IL677a to Puccinia sorghi Schw.
Authors: Kim Soon Kwon , Brewbaker James L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The inheritance of resistance of the popular sweet corn (Zea mays L.) inbred IL677a to Puccinia sorghi was determined in Hawaii. Rust symptoms on leaves of IL677a are unusual in that the first several leaves show susceptible symptoms followed by “late resistant” reddish-purple flecking. A total of 1856 individual plants were rated for resistance to P. sorghi. The segregation in the F2 and backcross generations indicated that resistance was controlled by a single recessive gene, very closely linked to Rp-d (chromosome 10). This resistance gene is designated as rp-677a.
Effect of Ethylene on Spathe Regreening in Zantedeschia Hybrids
Authors: Funnell K. A. , Downs C. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Quality in terms of color of Zantedeschia hybrid flowers is affected by the regreening of the spathe, which is associated with an increase in total chlorophyll (7). Ethylene has been used commercially to degreen citrus (5), celery, and tobacco (1). If ethylene could prevent regreening or induce degreening in Zantedeschia flowers, quality would be prolonged. However, ethylene has induced senescence in many cut flower species (4), and cut flowers have produced detrimental levels of ethylene (6). Although cut flowers of Z. elliottiana have been reported to emit “considerable gas” (8), leaves, not cut flowers, were tested (2). The aim of this work was to measure ethylene production from cut Zantedeschia flowers and the rate of spathe regreening after exposure to ethylene.
New Directions in Rootstock Breeding: Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Cummins James N. , Aldwinckle Herb S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Orchard production systems have experienced rapid and dramatic changes over the past 3 decades in both the techniques and geno-types used. We expect this rate of change to accelerate in the future. As production costs escalate, the demand will become ever stronger for systems providing early, heavy, reliable yield fo high-quality, easy-to-harvest fruit. These systems must, however, be reasonably priced and durable. The grower will be less able to afford tree losses, whether due to biotic, climatic, or edaphic hazard, and will need to economize on use of machinery and chemical pesticides. Growth regulators will be employed only where there are effective, economically justified, and environmentally acceptable.
Criteria and Procedures for Evaluating Apomictic Rootstocks for Apple
Authors: Schmidt Hanna 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Breeding apomictic apple seedling rootstocks in a country where vegetatively propagated material is grown nearly exclusively is a tremendous challenge. When the program was started 25 years ago, virus infection was widespread in apples. Used as rootstocks, seedlings have the advantage of being free from viruses, because these viruses are not seed-transmitted. In Germany, a functional system has been developed to produce and distribute pomologically valuable, virus-free (VF) plant material in quantities sufficient for the nurseryman. The standard of orchard performance for apple rootstocks is high, with the dwarfing M.9 being the most important rootstock in our country. Apomictic seedlings have to compete with this and other horticulturally excellent stocks.
Breeding Dwarfing Rootstocks for Sweet Cherries
Authors: Schmidt Hanna , Gruppe Werner 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To remain economically viable, the worldwide sweet cherry industry requires a tree much smaller than that on which current production is based. Labor requirements and high land costs would be reduced with compact trees. Among the different approaches to reduce tree size, we have concentrated our efforts on the breeding of rootstocks that would dwarf the scion cultivars grafted onto them.
Effects of Simulated Acidic Fog on Strawberry Productivity
Authors: Musselman Robert C. , Sterrett Jerry L. , Voth Victor 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Field plots of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch cv. Chandler) were exposed to two 1-hr nighttime simulated fog episodes per week at specific acidities from pH 1.6 to 3.2, or no fog. Small, distinct, irregularly shaped, rust-colored lesions developed on foliage and fruit after a single 1-hr exposure to acidic fog at low pH. Fog episodes at pH 1.6 resulted in death of the plants after 8 weeks. Strawberries tolerated short-term exposure to acidic fog at pH 2.0 or higher, with little or no negative effect on growth, yield, or fruit soluble solids. However, calyx injury from acidic fog reduced marketability at pH levels up to 2.8. ‘Douglas’, ‘Chandler’, ‘Selva’, ‘Parker’, and ‘Soque!’ differed in magnitude of response to acidic fog in greenhouse exposures.
Some Current Options in the Use of Plant Variety Protection in Horticulture
Authors: Davis David W. , Luby James J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The large number of horticultural crops represents a great genetic diversity. This diversity is important in numerous ways such as in pollination control, product use, and environmental requirements for the production and handling of seeds, propagules, and the commercial product, to name only a few. The diversity is reflected further in the business structure of horticulture and, most relevant to our discussion, to relationships at the interface between the public and the private sectors in crop improvement.
Plant Growth Regulator Reduction of Bypass Shoot Development in Azalea
Authors: Whealy C. A. , Nell T. A. , Barrett J. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Foliar spray applications to ‘Gloria’ azalea (Rhododendron obtusum) of daminozide, chlormequat chloride, daminozide/chlormequat chloride combination, ancymidol, paclobutrazol, fluometralin, NAA, and IBA were applied prior to bypass shoot development. All treatments except IBA reduced bypass shoot length. NAA treatments were phytotoxic, and fluometralin inhibited flowering. Rate of flower development was retarded by daminozide, chlormequat chloride, and daminozide/chlormequat chloride combination, but was unaffected by ancymidol, paclobutrazol, fluometralin, NAA, and IBA. Paclobutrazol was the most efficient and effective treatment in reducing bypass shoot length without affecting flower size or time to flower. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethyl-ethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride): α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyI)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol): β,[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol): 2-chloro-N-[2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N-ethyl-6-fluorobenzenemethanamine (fluometralin): 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA): 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Effect of Night Interruption Photoperiod Treatment on Subsequent Growth of Acer rubrum Cuttings
Authors: Smalley Timothy J. , Dirr Michael A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Acer rubrum L. ‘October Glory’ cuttings taken on 15 June 1984 were subjected to short-day (SDT) or short-day plus night interruption treatments (NIT) from 25 July until 22 Oct. 1984. Additional cuttings taken on 14 Aug. were subjected to the same photoperiod treatments from 10 Sept. until 22 Oct. The height of the 15 June NIT cuttings was 50 cm greater than that of the 15 June SDT cuttings at the start of the first growing season, but no significant difference in height or caliper existed after two growing seasons of container culture. The greater growth rate of the 15 June SDT cuttings compared to 15 June NIT cuttings is attributed to their greater percentage of root carbohydrate reserves at the start of the first growing season. The initial root carbohydrate reserves and the final height and caliper of the SDT and NIT 14 Aug. cuttings were not significantly different. The 14 Aug. cutting growth results approached those of the 15 June cuttings. This indicated the growth potential of cuttings taken later in the season.
Activities of Polygalacturonase, α-d-Mannosidase, and α-d- and β-d-Galactosidases in Ripening Tomato
Authors: Watkins C. B. , Haki J. M. , Frenkel C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The activities of the enzymes polygalacturonase, α-d-mannosidase, and α-d- and β-d-galactosidase in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) pericarp tissue were measured during ripening of two normal ripening cultivars, Sweet 100 and ACE 55 VF, the slow-ripening alcobaca mutant, and their F1 progeny. The activity of polygalacturonase increased as the fruit ripened from mature green to red stages for all tomato lines (‘Sweet 100 > ‘Sweet 100’ × alcobaca > ‘ACE 55 VF’ > ‘Ace 55 VF’ × alcobaca > alcobaca). Of the other enzymes, α-mannosidase showed the greatest quantitative differences between the tomato lines and consistently increased in activity during ripening. There was, however, no association between the activity of α-d-mannosidase and polygalacturonase. The highest β-galactosidase activity occurred in ‘Sweet 100’, but was generally similar in the other lines. The activity of α-galactosidase varied little between parents and progeny for any stage of ripeness.
Horticulture in The Gambia
Authors: Jack Isatou , Caldwell John s. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Gambian climate is well-suited for the production of horticultural crops. There are two distinct seasons: a short wet season, from June until September, when temperatures and humidity are quite high; and a long dry seas the rest of the year. From November until March, the dry season is cool and especially suitable for the production of a wide variety of vegetables.
In Vitro Flowering in Amaranthus
Authors: Tisserat Brent , Galletta Paul D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shoot tip-derived plantlets of five species of Amaranthus, A. caudatus L. cv. Pan, A. gangeticus L., A. hypochondriacus L., A. retroflexus L., and A. viridis L. flowered in vitro following 8 to 32 weeks in culture. Shoot tips were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and (per liter) 30 g sucrose, 100 mg myo-inositol, 0.4 mg thiamine·HCl, and 8 g agar. Additions of 0.1 mg·liter–1 NAA enhanced inflorescence production but was not necessary for flower induction. Fruits of A. gangeticus and A. retroflexus dehised and their seeds dropped on the surface of agar medium and immediately germinated. In some instances, seeds of A. gangeticus germinated while still attached to the inflorescences. Seedlings derived from sterile flowers could, in turn, give rise to inflorescences. Inflorescences could be detached from flowering plant-lets and grown successfully for several months on basal nutrient medium containing 0.1 mg·liter–1 NAA. Chemical name used: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
A Simple Method for Production of Glomus aggregatum Inoculum Using Controlled-release Fertilizer
Authors: Coltman R. R. , Waterer D. R. , Huang R. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Inoculum of the vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (VAMF) Glomus aggegratum Schenck and Smith emend. Koske was propagated on the roots of sweetcorn (Zea mays L.) grown in sand “nurse” cultures fertilized with either modified Johnson's nutrient solutions (JNS) or Osmocote 19N–2.6P–9.9K. Shoot and root dry weights after 12 weeks increased 87% and 132%, respectively, with increasing rates of Osmocote between 0.82 g·kg–1 and 1.32 g·kg–1. However, VAMF spore production and leaf tissue P concentrations did not increase significantly over this range of Osmocote rates. Average spore production of Osmocote cultures was 3.25 million spores per 10 kg of nurse culture, 261% greater than in JNS cultures. Higher spore yields in the Osmocote compared to the JNS cultures were associated with lower P concentrations at 6 and 12 weeks after planting (WAP) and higher intensities of root colonization by the VAMF at 6 WAP.
In Vitro Propagation of Mature Persian Walnut Cultivars
Authors: McGranahan Gale , Leslie Charles A. , Driver John A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In vitro propagation of mature cultivars of Juglans regia L. (Persian or English walnut) could have several major advantages over propagation by grafting on seedling black walnut [J. hindsii (Jeps.) Jeps.] rootstock. If commercial cultivars perform satisfactorily on their own roots, the expensive and time-consuming process of grafting could be avoided, genetic uniformity could be assured, and trees would not be subject to the lethal girdling of blackline disease (5). In addition, mature clones on their own roots might be more precocious than grafted seedlings. These factors are becoming increasingly important as walnut growers change to high-density or hedgerow orchards (D.E. Ramos, personal communication).
Ky-P7 Short-internode Muskmelon
Authors: Knavel Dean E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Several muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars of short-internode or bush-type plants are available, but none have attained commercial prominence. Ky-P7 is a homozygous short-internode inbred that is resistant to all races of powdery mildew (Spaerotheca fuligenea Schlecht., Poll.) in Kentucky, and has value as either a cultivar or as a parent in the development of F1 hybrids.
Introductory Remarks
Authors: Sherman W. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Temperate zone (deciduous) fruit crops are cultivated largely in areas far removed from their center of origin. Selection and breeding have improved climatic adaptation in these perennial crops. Current breeding programs are attempting to broaden this adaptation by developing cultivars with high mid-winter cold tolerance, late blooming to avoid spring freezes, and increased disease resistance. The attainment of these and other breeding objectives will recessitate the use of noncommercial exotic germplasm. The range of these fruits also is being extended to the subtropics and tropical highlands through selection and breeding. It is only through genetic manipulation that more productive and adapted plant materials are likely to be developed. Germplasm centers are needed to maintain and provide the array of genetic variability necessary for continued scion and rootstock improvement.
Regulatory Actions to Exclude Pests During the International Exchange of Plant Germplasm
Authors: Foster J. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The use of genetic material from other countries to improve domestic cultivars through breeding and selection has contributed to the progress made in the development of the fruit and nut industry in different areas of the world. Future progress by using foreign selections, desirable mutants, or wild species will surely have an important economic, aesthetic, and even social impact. As the enthusiasm for such a promising future develops into more interest in international exchange of plant germplasm, it is important to emphasize the possibility that foreign pests can be introduced into the domestic agriculture along with the desired genetic material (52). In fact, a foreign pest may minimize or completely eliminate the benefits of the contaminated imported germplasm as well as damage nearby susceptible cultivars laboriously created by plant breeding programs. Such pests may cause negative economic, aesthetic, and social consequences. Therefore, the effort to import desirable foreign germplasm must be complemented by a concentrated effort to exclude hazardous pests from the imported plant material.