bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The presence of stomatin in detergent-insoluble domains of neutrophil granule membranes
Authors: Feuk-Lagerstedt Elisabeth , Samuelsson Marie , Mosgoeller Wilhelm , Movitz Charlotta , Rosqvist Åsa , Bergström Jörgen , Larsson Thomas , Steiner Marianne , Prohaska Rainer , Karlsson Anna 
Published: September 2022

AbstractNeutrophil azurophil granules, traditionally regarded as the neutrophil counterpart to lysosomes, lack the lysosomal marker lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein and have recently been suggested to be nonlysosomal secretory organelles. The membrane of the azurophil granules is poorly characterized—CD63 and CD68 are the only membrane proteins identified so far. Here, azurophil granule membranes were isolated by Percoll gradient subcellular fractionation. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides from an isolated protein, stomatin was identified in these membranes. Using immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblot analysis of isolated organelles, stomatin was found to be subcellularly localized, not only to the azurophil granules but also by a major part to the specific granules and by a minor part to the secretory vesicles/plasma membrane. We also show the presence of detergent-insoluble, low-density membrane domains in the plasma membrane and the granule membranes and found stomatin to be localized to these domains.
Signal transduction during Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis
Authors: García-García Erick , Rosales Carlos 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPhagocytosis is the process whereby cells engulf large particles, usually over 0.5 μm in diameter. Phagocytosis is triggered by the interaction of opsonins that cover the particle to be internalized with specific receptors on the surface of the phagocyte. The best-studied phagocytic receptors include the Fc receptors (FcR) that bind to the Fc portion of immunoglobulins. Cross-linking of FcR on the phagocyte initiates a variety of signals, which lead through the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, and membrane remodeling, to the formation of the phagosome. From recent data, it is becoming clear that FcR-mediated phagocytosis occurs as a series of steps that are regulated in a nonlinear manner and that signaling for phagocytosis does not terminate when the phagosome is formed. Several lipid molecules localize around the nascent phagosome and function as initiators of important signaling pathways for the late stages of phagolysosome formation. In addition, the use of particular signaling molecules may change for different receptors and may also vary depending on the activation or differentiation state of the cell. This review focuses on this new information and presents a model of our present understanding of the signal transduction events that regulate phagocytosis mediated by FcR.
Monocyte-derived dendritic cells release neopterin
Authors: Wirleitner Barbara , Reider Daniela , Ebner Susanne , Böck Günther , Widner Bernhard , Jaeger Matthias , Schennach Harald , Romani Nikolaus , Fuchs Dietmar 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIncreased neopterin concentrations in body fluids are found in diseases associated with activated, cell-mediated immunity including infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain malignancies. Monocytes/macrophages are known to secrete large amounts of neopterin upon stimulation with interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Ontogenetically, the major part of dendritic cells (DC) belongs to the myeloid lineage. Therefore, we investigated whether cultured monocyte-derived DC can elaborate neopterin. Cells were treated with cytokines in the presence or absence of monocyte-conditioned medium as a maturation stimulus. DC secreted an average 3.5 nmol/l neopterin. In response to IFN-γ, cells significantly increased their output of neopterin. In distinction to monocytes/macrophages, neopterin production in DC was highly sensitive to IFN-α and IFN-β. Further, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) enhanced neopterin synthesis, whereas tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-18 were ineffective. Simultaneously, tryptophan degradation by induction of indoleamine (2,3)-dioxygenase (IDO) was tested in stimulated cells. Our results showed that IFN-γ as well as LPS are inducers of IDO in DC.
Inhibition of murine dendritic cell activation by synthetic phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides
Authors: Zhu Fu-Gang , Reich Charles F , Pisetsky David S 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDepending on sequence and backbone structure, DNA can inhibit as well as stimulate immune responses. As previously shown, single-base phosphorothioate (Ps) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) can inhibit murine macrophage activation. To determine whether these compounds can also affect dendritic cells (DC), the effects of 30-mer Ps ODN (SdA, SdT, SdG, and SdC) on DC activation were assessed in an in vitro system. With DC preparations obtained from murine bone marrow cultured in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, the Ps ODN blocked the production of interleukin-12 and nitric oxide induced by bacterial DNA, an immunostimulatory cytosine phosphate guanosine dinucleotide (CpG) ODN and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, these compounds inhibited up-regulation of costimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86 as well as major histocompatibility complex-II molecules, indicating an effect on DC maturation. Although the Ps ODN limited uptake of CpG ODN as assessed by flow cytometry, the Ps ODN did not affect LPS uptake, suggesting that these compounds inhibit DC responses by effects on downstream signaling pathways. Together, these observations extend the range of action of inhibitory ODN to DC and suggest a role of these compounds as immunomodulatory agents.
Optimal induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses requires bystander cell participation
Authors: Brice Gary T , Graber Norma L , Carucci Daniel J , Doolan Denise L 
Published: September 2022

AbstractEfficient activation of specific immune responses requires a concerted interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. A requirement for bystander participation of CD4+ T cells for expansion and maintenance of memory CD8+ T cells has been noted in several models, but a role with regard to effector CD8+ T responses has not been well-defined. In this report, the requirement of bystander participation for optimal induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell effector function was determined by directly quantitating antigen-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ) CD8+ T cell responses by enzyme-linked immunospot assays, and by indirectly evaluating induction of the chemokine monokine induced by IFN-γ as a marker for IFN-γ-mediated effector function. Our results demonstrate that bystander cell participation, mediated by CD4+ T cell and natural killer (NK) cells, is required for optimal induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell effector responses. Our data further establish a novel role for NK cells in the activation of antigen-specific immune responses.
CD40 ligation and phagocytosis differently affect the differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells
Authors: Rosenzwajg Michelle , Jourquin Frédéric , Tailleux Ludovic , Gluckman Jean Claude 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThat monocytes can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs) makes them an essential link between innate and adaptive immunity. However, little is known about how interactions with pathogens or T cells influence monocyte engagement toward DCs. We approached this point in cultures where granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-4 induced monocytes to differentiate into immature DCs. Activating monocytes with soluble CD40 ligand (CD40L) led to accelerated differentiation toward mature CD83+ DCs with up-regulated human leukocyte antigen-DR, costimulatory molecules and CD116 (GM-CSF receptor), and down-regulation of molecules involved in antigen capture. Monocytes primed by phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized, killed Escherichia coli differentiated into DCs with an immature phenotype, whereas Zymosan priming yielded active DCs with an intermediate phenotype. Accordingly, DCs obtained from cultures with CD40L or after Zymosan priming had a decreased capacity to endocytose dextran, but only DCs cultured with CD40L had increased capacity to stimulate allogeneic T cells. DCs obtained after E. coli or Zymosan priming of monocytes produced high levels of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor α and IL-6 as well as of regulatory IL-10, but they produced IL-12p70 only after secondary CD40 ligation. Thus, CD40 ligation on monocytes accelerates the maturation of DCs in the presence of GM-CSF/IL-4, whereas phagocytosis of different microorganisms does not alter and even facilitates their potential to differentiate into immature or active DCs, the maturation of which can be completed upon CD40 ligation. In vivo, such differences may correspond to DCs with different trafficking and T helper cell-stimulating capacities that could differently affect induction of adaptive immune responses to infections.
Interleukin-10 differently regulates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene expression depending on the environment in a human monoblastic cell line, UG3
Authors: Ikeda Takashi , Sato Ken , Kuwada Naruo , Matsumura Takuya , Yamashita Takuya , Kimura Fumihiko , Hatake Kiyohiko , Ikeda Kazuma , Motoyoshi Kazuo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractInterleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and IL-13 affect monocyte/macrophage functions including regulation of cytokine production. We analyzed the regulatory effects of these cytokines on cytokine production using a human monoblastic cell line, UG3. It is interesting that IL-10 up-regulated, whereas IL-4 and IL-13 down-regulated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production by unstimulated UG3 cells. IL-10-induced expression of MCP-1 mRNA occurred without de novo protein synthesis at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. The enhancement of binding activity of nuclear factor Sp1 (Sp-1) and signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT)1 and 3 but not nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) was associated with this IL-10-induced MCP-1 expression. Furthermore, IL-10 suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-κB binding but not Sp-1. The present results suggest IL-10 has two contrasting actions on the MCP-1 production of monocytes/macrophages, between the resting and activated conditions. The combination of activated Sp-1 and STATs is important for IL-10-induced MCP-1 expression in resting monocytes/macrophages, and the inhibition of LPS-induced NF-κB binding is crucial for down-regulation of MCP-1 by IL-10 in stimulated monocytes/macrophages.
CXCR4 heterogeneity in primary cells: possible role of ubiquitination
Authors: Lapham Cheryl K , Romantseva Tatiana , Petricoin Emmanuel , King Lisa R , Manischewitz Jody , Zaitseva Marina B , Golding Hana 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe chemokine receptor CXCR4 is a primary coreceptor for the HIV-1 virus. The predicted molecular weight (MW) of glycosylated CXCR4 is 45–47 kDa. However, immunoblots of whole cell lysates from human lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and the Jurkat T-lymphocyte line revealed multiple MW isoforms of CXCR4. Three of the bands could be precipitated by anti-CXCR4 monoclonal antibodies (101 and 47 kDa) or coprecipitated with CD4 (62 kDa). Expression of these isoforms was enhanced by infection with a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding CXCR4. In immunoblots of two-dimensional gels, antiubiquitin antibodies reacted with the 62-kDa CXCR4 species from monocytes subsequent to coprecipitation with anti-CD4 antibodies. Culturing of monocytes and lymphocytes with lactacystin enhanced the amount of the 101-kDa CXCR4 isoform in immunoblots by three- to sevenfold. In lymphocytes, lactacystin also increased cell-surface expression of CXCR4, which correlated with enhanced fusion with HIV-1 envelope-expressing cells. Similar increases in the intensity of the 101-kDa isoform were seen after treatment with the lysosomal inhibitors monensin and ammonium chloride. Antiubiquitin antibodies reacted with multiple proteins above 62 kDa, which were precipitated with anti-CXCR4 antibodies. Our data indicate that ubiquitination may contribute to CXCR4 heterogeneity and suggest roles for proteasomes and lysosomes in the constitutive turnover of CXCR4 in primary human cells.
The effect of GPI-anchor deficiency on apoptosis in mice carrying aPigagene mutation in hematopoietic cells
Authors: Kulkarni Shashikant , Bessler Monica 
Published: September 2022

AbstractGlycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors are used by a variety of proteins to link to the cell surface. GPI-anchored proteins are deficient on a proportion of blood cells from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. This is caused by the expansion of a cell clone that has acquired a mutation in a gene, PIGA, which is essential in the synthesis of GPI anchors. The nature of the growth/survival advantage permitting the expansion of PIGA− cells is unknown. A decreased susceptibility to apoptosis has been found in blood cells from patients, but the contribution of the PIGA gene mutation to this finding remained controversial. Therefore, we investigated apoptosis in mice that harbor a targeted Piga gene mutation in hematopoietic cells. When exposed to a variety of apoptotic stimuli, apoptosis in PIGA− thymocytes, granulocytes, and hematopoietic progenitor cells was similar to apoptosis induced in PIGA+ cells from the same mouse or from wild-type controls. Similarly, whole-body γ-irradiation did not produce an in vivo survival advantage of PIGA− hematopoietic stem cells. Our findings imply that a Piga gene mutation does not alter susceptibility to cell death, indicating that other factors in addition to the PIGA gene mutation are necessary to promote the clonal outgrowth of PIGA− cells.
Regulation of gene expression in mouse macrophages stimulated with bacterial CpG-DNA and lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Gao Jian Jun , Diesl Veronica , Wittmann Tatiana , Morrison David C , Ryan John L , Vogel Stefanie N , Follettie Maximillian T 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCpG-DNA is known as a potent immunostimulating agent and may contribute in therapeutic treatment of many immune disorders. CpG-DNA triggers innate and acquired immune responses through activated expression of various genes in immune cells, including macrophages. To define the molecular mechanism(s) by which CpG-DNA activates immune cells, we studied macrophage gene expression following CpG-DNA exposure using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. As CpG-DNA receptor Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) shares homology with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-TLR4 receptor, we compared gene expression profiles in macrophages stimulated by LPS versus CpG-DNA. CpG-DNA and LPS modulate expression of many genes encoding cytokines, cell surface receptors, transcription factors, and proteins related to cell proliferation/differentiation. However, LPS modulated expression of significantly more genes than did CpG-DNA, and all genes induced or repressed by CpG-DNA were induced or repressed by LPS. We conclude that CpG-DNA signaling through TLR9 activates a subset of genes induced by LPS-TLR4 signaling.
NOB's Poetics
Authors: Rasula Jed 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This article addresses the turn in Norman O. Brown's intellectual orientation during the 1960s, a reorientation reflecting his newfound alliance with poets, and an internalization of a spirit of poetry that he explicitly derived from the heady atmosphere of the 1960s counterculture. Consequently, he professed a Dionysian outlook on the body politic as a single and singular corporeality, and pledged allegiance to the rhetorical principle of paronomasia—a play on words that sound alike but have different meanings. In his final works Brown came to repeatedly affirm that “there is only poetry.”
Escape response kinematics in two species of tropical shark: short escape latencies and high turning performance
Authors: Trujillo José E. , Bouyoucos Ian , Rayment William J. , Domenici Paolo , Planes Serge , Rummer Jodie L. , Allan Bridie J. M. 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Accelerative manoeuvres, such as fast-starts, are crucial for fish to avoid predation. Escape responses are fast-starts that include fundamental survival traits for prey that experience high predation pressure. However, no previous study has assessed escape performance in neonate tropical sharks. We quantitatively evaluated vulnerability traits of neonate tropical sharks by testing predictions on their fast-start escape performance. We predicted (1) high manoeuvrability, given their high flexibility, but (2) low propulsive locomotion owing to the drag costs associated with pectoral fin extension during escape responses. Further, based on previous work on dogfish, Squalus suckleyi, we predicted (3) long reaction times (as latencies longer than teleosts, &gt;20 ms). We used two-dimensional, high-speed videography analysis of mechano-acoustically stimulated neonate blacktip reef shark, Carcharhinus melanopterus (n=12), and sicklefin lemon shark, Negaprion acutidens (n=8). Both species performed a characteristic C-start double-bend response (i.e. two body bends), but single-bend responses were only observed in N. acutidens. As predicted, neonate sharks showed high manoeuvrability with high turning rates and tight turning radii (3–11% of body length) but low propulsive performance (i.e. speed, acceleration and velocity) when compared with similar-sized teleosts and S. suckleyi. Contrary to expectations, escape latencies were &lt;20 ms in both species, suggesting that the neurophysiological system of sharks when reacting to a predatory attack may not be limited to long response times. These results provide a quantitative assessment of survival traits in neonate tropical sharks that will be crucial for future studies that consider the vulnerability of these sharks to predation.
Contractual Coordination of Agricultural Marketing Cooperatives With Quality Provisions
Authors: Qian Xiaoyan , Olsen Tava Lennon 
Published: September 2022

Problem Definition: With increasing concerns about the quality and safety of agricultural products, many agricultural cooperatives (co-ops) have begun to specify quality provisions in contracts with farmers. Correspondingly, they are pooling products to quality-differentiated markets and offering quality-differentiated prices to farmers in multiple stages. Methodology/results: We propose a two-stage stochastic program to study the quality coordination problem in a setting where a co-op specifies a quality standard and offers a multistage payment scheme in its contract with multiple farmers who can exert quality-related effort and also show preference toward prompt payment timing. We first analyze a commonly adopted payment scheme, the pooling payment scheme, and then propose an improved payment scheme, the upfront incentive (UI) payment scheme. We find that the pooling payment scheme is able to coordinate the supply chain only when farmers’ time preference is higher than a threshold; otherwise, the scheme leads to the problem of over-motivation with respect to effort. However, the UI payment scheme can coordinate the supply chain unconditionally and is also robust to farmers heterogeneous in farm size. We further conduct two extensions, including farmers heterogeneous in farm size and dynamic market size. Managerial implications: The results provide guidance on a co-op’s contract design, including quality provision and payment mechanisms in multiple periods.Funding: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China [71901054]. The research of T. L. Olsen was supported in part by Te Pūnaha Matatini Centre of Research Excellence.Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1151 .
Elasticity in evaluations of criminal evidence: Exploring the role of cognitive dissonance
Authors: Ask Karl , Reinhard Marc‐André , Marksteiner Tamara , Granhag Pär Anders 
Published: September 2022

Purpose. Previous experiments have demonstrated asymmetrical scepticism in investigators' judgments of criminal evidence – evidence inconsistent (vs. consistent) with the dominant hypothesis about a case is judged as less reliable. In addition, some types of evidence (e.g., witness testimony) are more susceptible to asymmetrical scepticism than others (e.g., DNA evidence), indicating varying degrees of elasticity. This article proposes that inconsistent evidence arouses cognitive dissonance, and that the dissonance can be reduced through either asymmetrical scepticism (for high‐elasticity evidence) or belief change (for low‐elasticity evidence). The hypotheses are tested in two experiments. Methods. In both experiments, law students made a preliminary judgment about the guilt of a suspect in a homicide case, and subsequently received a piece of DNA or witness evidence which was either consistent or inconsistent with the preliminary judgment. The extent to which participants changed their guilt judgments, judged the additional evidence as reliable, and felt dissonance served as the main dependent variables. Results. Inconsistent (vs. consistent) evidence did arouse stronger dissonance, but only for witness (and not DNA) evidence. Experienced dissonance (Experiment 1) and dissonance reduction (Experiment 2) accounted for the effect of the evidence on changes in guilt judgments, but not for the effect on reliability judgments. The greatest dissonance reduction was observed among participants who received inconsistent witness evidence but did not change their guilt judgments accordingly. Conclusions. It appears that dissonance plays a significant, although complex, role in investigative judgments of guilt and reliability. Alternative dissonance‐reducing mechanisms that can account for the findings and practical implications are discussed.
Effects of iron impurities on the photoelectric response characteristics of silicon
Authors: Lv Tong , Qi Lei , Zhang Rongzhu 
Published: September 2022

Since Fe contamination is easily mixed into Si-based photoelectric materials during the fabrication process, the relative changes of energy levels and photoelectric properties of the Si material mixed with Fe impurities in different occupancy sites are studied. Based on the first-principles and photoelectric response theory, an analysis model of the response characteristics of the Si material mixed with Fe impurities is established. The changes of the material’s electronic structure are calculated, and the effects of different occupancy sites of Fe impurities on the photoelectric response characteristics of materials are comparatively analyzed. The results show that when the Fe atom occupies the tetrahedral interstitial site in Si, the energy band structure and response characteristics of the material are relatively obviously affected. In this case, the impurity energy band introduced by the Fe impurity passes through the Fermi level, leading to the disappearance of the bandgap. The absorption of the Si material outside the response band is significantly enhanced, and a new absorption peak is generated at about 1530 nm, with an absorption coefficient of about

25513

c
m

−
1

. Thus, the Si material can produce a relatively strong response to the light beam outside the response band. In the meantime, the saturation threshold of the Si-based photoreceptor is significantly lower than that of the other two position types. For the irradiation light at the wavelength of 1319 nm, the saturation power is only

0.0035

W

⋅

c
m

−
2

. The analysis results provide a reference for the application and development of photoelectric devices.