bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast-ion orbit sensitivity of neutron and gamma-ray diagnostics for one-step fusion reactions
Authors: Järleblad H. , Stagner L. , Salewski M. , Eriksson J. , Nocente M. , Rasmussen J. , Štancar Ž. , Kazakov Ye.O. , Simmendefeldt B. , JET Contributors  
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Fast ions in the MeV-range can be diagnosed by neutron emission spectroscopy (NES) and gamma-ray spectroscopy (GRS). In this work, we present orbit weight functions for one-step fusion reactions, using NES and GRS diagnostics on perpendicular and oblique lines-of-sight (LOS) at Joint European Torus (JET) as examples. The orbit weight functions allow us to express the sensitivities of the diagnostics in terms of fast-ion (FI) orbits and can be used to swiftly reproduce synthetic signals that have been computed by established codes. For diagnostically relevant neutron energies for the D(D, n)3He reaction, the orbit sensitivities of the NES diagnostics follow a predictable pattern. As the neutron energy of interest increases, the pattern shifts upwards in FI energy. For the GRS diagnostic and the T(p,γ)4He reaction, the orbit sensitivity is shown to be qualitatively different for red-shifted, blue-shifted and nominal gamma birth energies. Finally, we demonstrate how orbit weight functions can be used to decompose diagnostic signals into the contributions from different orbit types. For a TRANSP simulation of the JET discharge (a three-ion ICRF scenario) considered in this work, the NES signals for both the perpendicular and oblique LOS are shown to originate mostly from co-passing orbits. In addition, a significant fraction of the NES signal for the oblique LOS is shown to originate from stagnation orbits.
Applications of Vedic multiplier - A Review
Authors: Khubnani Rashi , Sharma Tarunika , Subramanyam Chitirala 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Vedic Multiplier is a key tool in rapidly growing technology especially in the immense domain of Image processing, Digital Signal Processing, real-time signal. Multipliers are important block in digital systems and play a critical role in digital designs. Along with accuracy demand for minimizing time area, power, and delay of the processor by enhancing speed is the focus point. Vedic mathematics rules and Algorithms generate partial products concurrently and save time. This paper is a review of the application and modification of Vedic multiplier in different fields and a comparison of Vedic multiplier with other multipliers for enhancing performance parameters.
Phosphate sealing improvement of the corrosion resistance of thin cerium oxides coatings electroless deposited on aluminium
Authors: Andreeva R , Stoychev D 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The corrosion-protective ability was investigated of electroless deposited ceria conversion coatings on substrate(s) of technically pure aluminium. By applying different electrochemical methods, a comparative study of the investigated samples was conducted regarding the effect of pre-treatment of the Al substrate and the type of phosphate post-treatment on the change of: E
OCP values, monitored EOCP vs. time plot; course of i
a transients at the Epit of Al, i.e., ia vs. time plot; Rp vs. time of exposure of the samples in a corrosion medium and connected with this change in the CR of the systems studied. The juxtaposition of the obtained results showed the order of stabilities of the investigated systems towards the appearance and development of pitting corrosion. The presented results can be connected with and explain the data obtained earlier about the calculated stoichiometry of the elements in the so-formed compounds in the surface layers ascertaining that they are built of phosphate and oxide compounds of Ce3+, Ce4+ and Al3+, as well as with the influence of the concentrations of Cu and Fe around them.
Morphological evolution of thin AlN films grown by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Beshkova M , Blagoev B S , Mehandzhiev V , Yakimova R , Georgieva B , Avramova I , Terziyska P , Strijkova V 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Thin AlN films were grown using a Beneq TFS-200 ALD reactor. TMA (trimethylaluminium) and NH3 were used as precursors. The substrate temperature was 330 °C, the ALD cycles, 550. The TMA and NH3 doses (pulses) lasted 180 ms and 90 ms, followed by 2-s and 9-s nitrogen gas purge, respectively. In order to study the morphological evolution of the thin AlN films, substrates providing different surface kinetics were used: Si-face and C-face of 4°-off axis and on-axis 4H-SiC, and graphene grown on 4H-SiC by sublimation. As revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), the lowest RMS surface roughness of about 0.8 nm was exhibited by the AlN film deposited on Si-face on-axis 4H-SiC due to its higher surface energy which provides for better film nucleation. The chemical composition and bonding states were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The existence of AlN is justified by the presence of the XPS peaks of Al 2p and N 1s at about 73.3 eV and 396.6 eV, respectively. These results are promising in view of further studies of thin AlN films properties for application in surface acoustic wave devices (SAW).
Study of the structure and mechanical properties of electron-beam-welded dissimilar joints of copper and stainless steel with and without offset
Authors: Kaisheva D , Anchev A , Dunchev V , Stoyanov B , Valkov S , Ormanova M , Kotlarski G , Todorov V , Atanasova M , Rabadzhiyska S , Petrov P 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We present the results of an investigation of the structure and mechanical properties of dissimilar joints of copper and 304L stainless steel formed by electron-beam welding. The samples studied were welded without a beam offset and with a beam offset towards either welded materials to a distance of 0.3 mm. The phase composition was determined via X-ray analysis. The structure was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties, including hardness and tensile strength, were measured. The phase composition of the considered specimens consisted of a double-phase structure of face-centered cubic (fcc) and body-centered cubic (bcc) phases. The sample welded without offset exhibited the highest yield strength and tensile strength values. The microhardness of all samples increased in the fusion zone on the steel side and decreased in the fusion zone on the copper side compared to the initial hardness of the two materials.
Study of the structure, roughness and optical properties of HfO2 coatings deposited on microscopic glass substrates
Authors: Rabadzhiyska S , Ormanova M , Valkov S , Dechev D , Terziyska P , Petrov P 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this work, we deposited HfO2 films on microscopic glasses by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering for different deposition times, namely 120 min and 180 min. The phase composition of the coatings was assessed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface roughness, the optical constants, the refractive index n, the extinction coefficient k and the thickness of the prepared HfO2 coatings were estimated by ellipsometric measurements. The XRD results pointed to the presence of a polycrystalline monoclinic phase. A slight difference was found in the surface roughness of the two HfO2 films, which was 5.1 nm and 5.7 nm, respectively, for the deposition times of 120 minutes and 180 minutes. The optical constants n and k were determined at the wavelength of 630 nm by using the Cauchy model. The results showed almost the same value of the refractive index for both films (1.88 and 1.89), but a higher extinction coefficient (0.01) for the film grown for 180 minutes, compared to a value of 0.007 for the one deposited for 120 minutes. The films thickness was 410 nm and 780 nm for deposition times of 120 minutes and 180 minutes, respectively. The deposited HfO2 films were transparent, with the longer deposition time corresponding to an improved reflection (57%), compared to the 28% reflection for the film deposited for 120 minutes.
Comparative analysis of cavitation erosion of Cr-C carbide coatings depending on the carbon content
Authors: Safonov V , Zykova A , Steller J , Seremak T , Donkov N 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the cavitation erosion resistance of thick (up to 20 μm) Cr-C coatings by means of the rotating-disk testing method. An experimental study was carried out of the process of cavitation destruction of Cr18Ni10Ti stainless steel samples with Cr-C thick coatings depending on the carbon concentration in the coating. Nanocrystalline thick coatings of Cr-C were deposited by using the cathodic arc evaporation (Arc PVD) method. The results showed that the erosion rate of the coated samples was more than four times less than that of the uncoated sample. The Cr-C samples coated with 28.8 at % carbon content demonstrated less surface damage compared to the other coated samples and the reference samples.
Low temperature quaternary hard coatings with Cr- to Ti-based transition composition
Authors: Chitanov V , Kolchev St , Cholakova T , Kolaklieva L , Kakanakov R , Pashinski Ch , Hristeva N 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A new quaternary hard coating based on Cr/CrN adhesion layers and a TiCrAlN main coating layer was developed for low-temperature applications. It was deposited in a closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering equipment. The nanohardness, adhesion and thickness of the coating were characterized by Anton Paar’s nano-indenter tester, scratch tester and calotester. The chemical composition and surface morphology were investigated by a Hitachi SU 500 scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersion analyzer. The coating showed a low coefficient of friction and a good adhesion strength between the substrate and the Cr/CrN transition layer, as well as between the transition layer and the TiCrAlN layer. The nanohardness achieved was 33 GPa. The research results showed that the quaternary Cr/CrN/TiCrAlN hard coating deposited at 200 °C has mechanical properties comparable to coatings with a similar composition deposited at standard deposition temperatures.
Study of biogenic iron oxyhydroxide for application in electronics and biotechnology
Authors: Angelova R , Slavov L , Blagoev B , Ghelev Ch , Kovacheva D , Iliev M , Groudeva V , Nedkov I 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The object of this study is a biogenic material obtained from neutrophilic sheath-forming iron bacteria of the genus Leptothrix cultivated in a specific medium. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the biogenic product. The X-ray diffraction spectrum of the control sample (without inoculated bacteria) is presented to demonstrate the important role of the bacteria in the Fe2+ transformation. Unlike the biogenic product, where nanoparticles of lepidocrocite are present, no traces of stable single-phase iron oxide or oxyhydroxide were detected in the control sample. The study of the biogenic sample showed a lack of significant differences between the naturally obtained and the artificially produced sheaths. Magnetostriction effect measurements were conducted to probe how the different magnetic behavior at temperatures below and above the Neel temperature (50 - 77 K) could be used in possible applications of the material in actuating and sensing devices.
Silver nanoparticles synthesis and their effect on the SOPC lipid structure
Authors: Slavkova Z , Genova J , Chamati H , Boev V , Yancheva D 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We focus our attention on the influence of hydrophobic silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on the 1-Stearoyl-2-oleoylsn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (SOPC) model system. Results obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy were compared to their counterpart for lipid systems with incorporated hydrophobic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and pure SOPC lipid in a water environment. The results show a strong effect of hindering the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition for both types of noble metal hydrophobic NPs. The effect of the phase transitions shift to the lower temperatures is more pronounced for the silver particles for the concentrations studied. According to the IR spectral analyses, no negative effect is observed of the NPs on the lipid hydration for the concentration studied, and the plasmon effect of the Ag NPs appears to be more pronounced.
Aerosol types identification during different aerosol events over Sofia, Bulgaria, using sun-photometer and satellite data on the aerosol optical depth and Ångström exponent
Authors: Evgenieva Ts , Gurdev L , Toncheva E , Dreischuh T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A series of data was analyzed on the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the Ångström exponent (AE) over Sofia, Bulgaria, obtained using a Cimel CE318-TS9 ground-based sun/sky/lunar photometer and a space-born Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The results show that in cases of Saharan dust passages over the city the values of AOD440 at the wavelength of 440 nm fall mainly between 0.15 and 0.50, while those of AE440/870 are mainly below 1.1, which is in accordance with the existing AOD- and AE-based classifications of the aerosol types. It is shown as well that a reasonable correlation exists between the data on the AOD provided by the CE318-TS9 Cimel sun photometer and those provided by the MODIS mounted on board of Aqua satellite.
Conversion of CO2 in stabilized low-current arc discharge at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Ivanov V , Lazarova S , Iordanova S , Paunska Ts , Georgiev N , Kolev St 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One of the direct ways to achieve CO2 conversion is through the use of a non-isothermal plasma environment. In this work, we present an experimental study of the dissociation of CO2 in a magnetically-stabilized arc discharge in a cross-flow configuration, where the CO2 gas flow is perpendicular to both the arc and the external magnetic field. The system works at atmospheric pressure. The study examines the effect of the gas flow and discharge current on the quantities of most interest, namely, the CO2 conversion percentage and the energy efficiency of the process. The experimental results show that the conversion tends to increase with the current, while it drops as the gas flow rate is increased. The efficiency seems to decrease with the conversion percentage, as it increases with the flow rate.
Turbulent flow influence on the discharge parameters of a magnetically-stabilized gliding arc discharge
Authors: Tsonev P , Ivanov V , Kolev St , Tarnev Kh , Paunska Ts 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A DC gliding arc discharge stabilized by a magnetic field in a gas flow is studied. The discharge is bounded by dielectric walls channeling the gas flow. The arc, the magnetic field and the gas flow are mutually perpendicular so that the Lorentz force arising due to the arc current and magnetic field interaction is directed in a direction opposite to the gas flow. The effects of the gas flow turbulence on the plasma parameters and the discharge behavior are investigated by means of a numerical simulation. The results pertain to different intensities of the turbulence and two distances between the dielectric plates where the arc is stabilized, namely, 2 mm and 4 mm. The results show the significant effect of the turbulent transport on the arc stabilization and, in general, the need of a stronger magnetic field for stabilizing the arc for the same gas flow.
Multicriterial optimization strategies for electron beam welding processes
Authors: Koleva E , Koleva L , Trushnikov Dm , Kolev G , Petrova Z 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The electron beam welding process is analyzed of high-strength steel type 15Cr5Mo samples with deflection oscillations along the zone of interaction. The geometries of the molten and the heat affected zones are studied in order to investigate the influence of the deflection oscillations parameters and to improve the seam quality. A robust engineering approach is implemented for the case of production conditions considering the errors in the process parameter settings. The problem of quality improvement through fulfilling pre-set technological and quality requirements is solved by scalarization of the vector criteria by implementing a reference point strategy. Other multicriterial optimization strategies are also proposed.
Synthesis, characterisation and AC conductivity study of PANI/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposites
Authors: Jabnoor Rahul , B Manjunatha , AmbikaPrasad M V N , Lagashetty Arunkumar , Basavarajappa Vijaykumar , Kalyane Sangshetty 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The disperse α-Fe2O3 in polyaniline matrix to form its nanocomposite enhances the structure and properties of PANI for wider applications. Present study reports the preparation of alfa iron oxide dispersed PANI nanocomposite (α-Fe2O3/PANI NC) with the help of oxidize agents APS by technique insitue method. t. Composite of PANI with 10%, 20 %, 30%, 40% & 50% of α-Fe2O3 has been synthesized by adding iron oxide powder gradually in the reaction mixture during oxidative polymerisation with APS. The composites were well characterized like as XRD,SEM,FTI. AC conductivity of the pure polyaniline & α-Fe2O3/PANI NC with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% & 50% is studied as function of frequency. The value of ac conductivity increases as frequency increased from 1 KHz – 1MHz.
Structural and Mechanical characteristic study of HPMC polymer composite films
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Dongre Sandeep , S Raghu , Demappa T. , Sannappa J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were extensively known material in packaging, agriculture, medicine, electrolytes in solid state batteries and other areas due to the exceptional biocompatibility and easy production, however shows lower mechanical behaviour. The current investigation was embraced to delineate the effect of potassium iodide (KI) on structural and mechanical properties of biopolymer electrolyte films grounded on Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). The liquidation of the salt into the polymer crowd is done by solution cast technique and the X – Ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were used to fix the structural properties of pristine HPMC and composite HPMC films. The crystallinity (Xc) was calculated, the pristine HPMC films shows high level of crystallinity. However improved amorphous spaces of HPMC polymer crowd were exposed in HPMC composite films. The addition of KI had a considerable impact on break elongation. In HPMC, KI showed good intercalation, and large concentrations of KI resulted in crater-like pits on the film surfaces. Reductions in the tensile strength and elastic modulus along with an increase in elongation were noticed in film integrated with KI.
Role of Scanning Speed in Morphological and Optical Properties of Nanosecond Laser Textured Silicon Surfaces
Authors: Rajendran Rajeev , John Lekha Mary , Anoop K. K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Laser surface texturing (LST) is a rapid single-step method for surface functionalization. Different micro and nanoscale structures can be fabricated by controlling the laser parameters, ambient conditions, and material properties. In this work, we investigated the role of laser scanning speed in the morphological and optical properties of nanosecond laser textured silicon surfaces. Keeping the laser flounce just above the threshold, we controlled the laser scanning speed in the range 50-100 μm/s to monitor the morphological and optical changes. Morphological analysis shows various randomly arranged microstructures in the processed area, and the induced structures strongly depend on the scanning speed. The total reflection spectrum (specular+diffuse) from laser textured silicon shows that a significant reduction (≈60%) in reflectivity is possible with the decrease in scanning speed from 100 μm/s to 50 μm/s. These highly absorptive and large-area microstructures have numerous possibilities in photovoltaics, optoelectronic devices, and other material science applications.
Structural, capacitive and impedance properties of graphene oxide-PVDF composites for flexible electronics
Authors: Pandey Richa , Singhal Naveen , Kumar Parveen , Dahiya Sajjan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Flexible composite thick films of polyvinylidene fluoride ‘PVDF’ loaded with graphene oxide ‘GO’ as reinforcement were prepared using solution casting method. The PVDF:GO ratio was selected as 100:0 (R0), 50:50 (R5) and 40:60 (R6). The structural properties were analysed using X-ray diffraction investigations. Dielectric constant ‘ɛ’ and tangent loss ‘tanδ’ was measured as a function of frequency (1kHz to 1MHz) at different temperatures from 30 to 150°C for all the samples. Impedance ‘Z’ and capacitive modulus ‘M’ was calculated. The compositional effect on the electrical properties was investigated and a correlation was developed between the composition and property. The evaluated results suggest that the prepared composites for flexible electronic applications.
Simulation of Optical Emission Spectra of Cu-Sn-Zn Alloy Plasmas for Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Applications
Authors: Suryan Sivadas M S , John Lekha Mary , Anoop K K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is a potential tool for qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of multi-element materials. The emission spectrum is composed of the characteristic lines of the constituent species, and their intensities are proportional to the population of their energy states and transition probability. We simulated the emission spectrum of copper-tin-zinc alloys under typical laser-induced plasma conditions (e.gTe= 1 eVand Ne
= 1017cmr3). Saha LTE equation determines the population of neutral and ionised species for each of these constituent elements. The Boltzmann distribution is used to calculate the strength of their probable transitions, and each line is given a broadened Gaussian profile. Their sum will approximate an ideal plasma spectrum of the alloy. Spectra are generated for varying temperatures, electron density, and compositions and show variations based on these parameters. This simulation provides a simple and convenient way to perform laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) applications on any alloy sample.
Investigation on Electrical properties of PEO/CMC solid polymer blend electrolyte
Authors: B N Samartharama , N Nagaiah , T Demappa , M R Ambika , H Devendrappa 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe solid polymer blend sample films of Poly (ethylene Oxide) (PEO)/Sodium Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) with 10/90, 30/70, 50/50, 70/30 and 90/10 compositions were prepared by solution cast technique and electrical properties were investigated by Dielectric studiesassociated with dielectric constant (ɛ′) and dielectric loss (ɛ′')including AC conductivity (σac) measurements. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss are found to decrease with the increase of frequency, and laterremains constant for all blend compositions in higher frequency range. Conductivity studyreveals that,the blend of 10/90 composition exhibits higher electrical conductivity of 2.707X10−5Sm−1and is found to be decreased with increase inwt.% of CMC in the blend matrix. The deviation in the trend of conductivity has been observed at 70/30 and 90/10 composition due to the miscibility.