bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural characteristics of the blood cells of chickens commonly reared under backyard poultry farming in Mizoram, India
Authors: Doley Probal Jyoti , Sarma Kabita , Kalita Pranab Chandra , Goswami Ranjana , Kalita Arup , Sarkar Rupan , Gollahalli Eregowda Chethan , Roychoudhary Parimal , Choudhary Om Prakash 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to characterize the ultrastructural morphology of the blood cells of commonly reared chickens in the state of Mizoram, India under backyard poultry farming. For this study, 2 ml of whole blood was aseptically collected from the wings veins of 12 chickens of three different breeds namely the Zoar, Aseel and Rhode Island Red and processed for ultrastructural imaging under standard protocols. Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the matured erythrocytes of Zoar, Aseel and Rhode Island Red appeared elliptical in shape while the leukocytes and thrombocytes appeared round in shape with variable surface modifications. Under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the granules of the heterophils of Zoar, Aseel and Rhode Island Red appeared predominantly fusiform in shape, the granules of the eosinophils appeared round in shape and that of the basophils appeared pleomorphic in shape. The cytoplasm of the monocytes, medium‐to‐large lymphocytes and thrombocytes of Zoar, Aseel and Rhode Island Red under TEM appeared to be vacuolated and granular while that of the small lymphocytes appeared to be granular but non‐vacuolated. The study concluded that the ultrastructural characteristics of the blood cells of the three breeds of chicken studied were almost similar to the blood cells of other birds reported earlier.
Emollients for prevention of atopic dermatitis: 5‐year findings from the BEEP randomized trial
Authors: Bradshaw Lucy E. , Wyatt Laura A. , Brown Sara J. , Haines Rachel H. , Montgomery Alan A. , Perkin Michael R. , Lawton Sandra , Sach Tracey H. , Chalmers Joanne R. , Ridd Matthew J. , Flohr Carsten , Brooks Joanne , Swinden Richard , Mitchell Eleanor J. , Tarr Stella , Jay Nicola , Thomas Kim S. , Allen Hilary , Cork Michael J. , Kelleher Maeve M. , Simpson Eric L. , Lartey Stella T. , Davies‐Jones Susan , Boyle Robert J. , Williams Hywel C. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe effectiveness of emollients for preventing atopic dermatitis/eczema is controversial. The Barrier Enhancement for Eczema Prevention trial evaluated the effects of daily emollients during the first year of life on atopic dermatitis and atopic conditions to age 5 years.Methods1394 term infants with a family history of atopic disease were randomized (1:1) to daily emollient plus standard skin‐care advice (693 emollient group) or standard skin‐care advice alone (701 controls). Long‐term follow‐up at ages 3, 4 and 5 years was via parental questionnaires. Main outcomes were parental report of a clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis and food allergy.ResultsParents reported more frequent moisturizer application in the emollient group through to 5 years. A clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis between 12 and 60 months was reported for 188/608 (31%) in the emollient group and 178/631 (28%) in the control group (adjusted relative risk 1.10, 95% confidence interval 0.93 to 1.30). Although more parents in the emollient group reported food reactions in the previous year at 3 and 4 years, cumulative incidence of doctor‐diagnosed food allergy by 5 years was similar between groups (92/609 [15%] emollients and 87/632 [14%] controls, adjusted relative risk 1.11, 95% confidence interval 0.84 to 1.45). Findings were similar for cumulative incidence of asthma and hay fever.ConclusionsDaily emollient application during the first year of life does not prevent atopic dermatitis, food allergy, asthma or hay fever.
Viral infections and drug hypersensitivity
Authors: Pichler Werner J. , Brüggen Marie‐Charlotte 
Published: October 2022

AbstractVirus infections and T‐cell‐mediated drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) can influence each other. In most instances, systemic virus infections appear first. They may prime the reactivity to drugs in two ways: First, by virus‐induced second signals: certain drugs like β‐lactam antibiotics are haptens and covalently bind to various soluble and tissue proteins, thereby forming novel antigens. Under homeostatic conditions, these neo‐antigens do not induce an immune reaction, probably because co‐stimulation is missing. During a virus infection, the hapten‐modified peptides are presented in an immune‐stimulatory environment with co‐stimulation. A drug‐specific immune reaction may develop and manifest as exanthema. Second, by increased pharmacological interactions with immune receptors (p‐i): drugs tend to bind to proteins and may even bind to immune receptors. Without viral infections, this low affine binding may be insufficient to elicit T‐cell activation. During a viral infection, immune receptors are more abundantly expressed and allow more interactions to occur. This increases the overall avidity of p‐i reactions and may even be sufficient for T‐cell activation and symptoms. There is a situation where the virus‐DHR sequence of events is inversed: in drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), a severe DHR can precede reactivation and viremia of various herpes viruses. One could explain this phenomenon by the massive p‐i mediated immune stimulation during acute DRESS, which coincidentally activates many herpes virus‐specific T cells. Through p‐i stimulation, they develop a cytotoxic activity by killing herpes peptide‐expressing cells and releasing herpes viruses. These concepts could explain the often transient nature of DHR occurring during viral infections and the often asymptomatic herpes‐virus viraemia after DRESS.
Cholangioscopic classification of post‐living donor liver transplantation biliary strictures can predict their natural history and response to therapy
Authors: Sharma Zubin Dev , Karunakaran Monish , Bansal Rinkesh Kumar , Gandhi Ashish , Singh Manish Kumar , Soin Arvinder Singh , Puri Rajesh , Sud Randhir 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe study aimed to assess the morphology of post‐living donor liver transplant (LDLT) anastomotic biliary strictures using cholangioscopy and assess the impact of morphology on its prognosis.MethodsA single centre, prospective, observational study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital from August 2014 to July 2016. Single operator cholangioscopy (SOC) was used to assess post‐LDLT anastomotic biliary strictures at presentation in 24 patients. Analysis included demographic and biochemical characteristics, time to stricture development, endoscopic procedural details, time to remodelling and development of recurrence on follow‐up.ResultsTwo distinct patterns of strictures were identified, type I with minimal inflammatory changes and type II with severe inflammatory changes. Guidewire cannulation was successful in 23 out of 24 (95.8%) patients. There was no significant difference between the two types of strictures based on aetiology of liver disease, CTP and MELD scores, time taken for the development or laboratory parameters at presentation. However, type II strictures required more sessions of dilatation (4 vs. 2; P = 0.002), longer duration for resolution (282.5 vs. 201.5 days, P = 0.095) and more number of stents.ConclusionsAddition of cholangioscopy tends to improve stricture cannulation rates at ERCP. It offers a useful classification of post‐LDLT strictures with prognostic and therapeutic significance. Type II strictures tend to require more sessions of endotherapy than type I strictures over a longer duration for remodelling.
Calling time on responsible drinking: A qualitative study of perceptions of information on alcohol product labels
Authors: Davies Emma L. , Cooke Richard , de Visser Richard O. , Conroy Dominic 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to explore (a) how people interpret responsible drinking messages on alcohol product labels, and (b) the acceptability of including health information on labels.DesignQualitative interviews.MethodsFace‐to‐face semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 20 people aged 21–63; 18 were classified risky drinkers using AUDIT‐C. They were shown three sets of alcohol product labels: one including three responsible drinking messages (drink responsibly), one with three positively worded health messages (drinking less reduces risks) and one with three negatively worded health messages (drinking more increases risks). Health messages included information about cancer, liver and heart disease.ResultsThematic analysis identified three themes: ambiguity about alcohol labelling; identifying oneself as responsible; and acceptability of enhanced product labelling. Participants were critical of responsible drinking messages and wary of conflicting health information in the media. They positioned themselves as responsible, knowledgeable drinkers and distanced themselves from problem drinkers. They did not appear to support the inclusion of health information on labels; however, novel information was considered more impactful.ConclusionsResponsible drinking messages were seen by our sample as an alcohol industry ploy. Although health messages about cancer were seen as potentially impactful, the ability of consumers to position themselves as unproblematic drinkers means that they may not see the information on the label as relevant to themselves. Understanding factors that increase the personal relevance of messages is needed, alongside an exploration of a wider range of methods for alcohol health communication.
A decision‐making support system module for customer segmentation and ranking
Authors: Hadad Yossi , Keren Baruch 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMany businesses have their own method of segmentation and of customer evaluation to help them give the appropriate managerial attention to each segment and each customer. This paper proposes a more refined and objective decision‐making support system module that allows segmentation and full ranking of customers. It offers several improvements and advantages over the state‐of‐the‐art methods. The module is based on customer criteria with quantitative values that can be extracted from the organizational information system. Customer scores are calculated objectively on the basis of measurable criteria without the need for human evaluation. The module determines the relative location of each customer within that customer's segment (for example, Platinum, Gold, Silver, and Bronze), tracks changes that occur over time, and enables a full and precise ranking of the customers according to company‐defined criteria. The module can be computerized and results can be generated quickly at any time, using up‐to‐date data. The module's design was based on feedback from a survey conducted among 39 managers and its applicability was successfully demonstrated in a real‐world case study. The decision‐makers in the organization where the case study was conducted stated that they would apply the proposed method quarterly (four times a year) instead of once a year. It was also found that the proposed method saves about 90% of the time and resources required to prepare a customer portfolio management and customer ranking compared to the subjective method that was used.
Courageous classrooms: Embracing antiracist legal pedagogy
Authors: Bloom Elizabeth M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractLaw schools have a tremendous responsibility to train lawyers who will be well‐positioned to challenge the racial disparities and systemic inequities created and perpetuated by the legal system. This article offers a pedagogical approach to creating an antiracist classroom space that equips students with the skills attorneys need to work in cross‐cultural, antiracist solidarity with a diverse population of clients to address critical legal issues and dismantle oppressive legal systems. It draws from a law school course that teaches essential lawyering skills to first‐year law students through social justice work on behalf of public interest organizations. The article introduces concrete experiential exercises that can be used to support faculty in any clinical or doctrinal law school classroom in furthering antiracist pedagogical goals and their own antiracist development. These exercises are designed to help students (1) build a collective understanding of racial justice terminology; (2) co‐construct powerful, client‐centered stories that counter harmful, stereotypical narratives; and (3) make critical connections between their lived experiences and the structures and systems they are critiquing to help shape their professional identities.
Combining generalist and specialist social work in activation policies: A participatory action research
Authors: Dingenen Dries , Raeymaeckers Peter 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn the last decades, activation policies and practices aimed at getting people off benefits and into work have been at the forefront of social policy. One of the challenges of activation practices is that social services with a narrow specialist focus fall short in supporting vulnerable target groups. A growing body of social work literature recognises that both generalist and specialist social works play an important role in supporting vulnerable target groups that face wicked problems. We conducted a participatory action research on how specialist social workers may adopt the principles of generalist social work in counselling and guiding people with multiple and complex needs towards the labour market.
Composition–structure–property relationships of transparent Ca–Al–Si–O–N oxynitride glasses: The roles of nitrogen and aluminum
Authors: Ali Sharafat , Ellison Adam , Luo Jian , Edén Mattias 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe explore the formation and composition–structure–property correlations of transparent Ca–Al–Si–O–N glasses, which were prepared by a standard melt‐quenching technique using AlN as the nitrogen source and incorporating up to 8 at.% of N. Their measured physical properties of density, molar volume, compactness, refractive index, and hardness—along with the Young, shear, and bulk elastic moduli—depended roughly linearly on the N content. These effects are attributed primarily to the improved glass‐network cross‐linking from N compared to O, rather than the formation of higher‐coordination AlO5and AlO6groups, where27Al magic‐angle‐spinning nuclear magnetic resonance experimentation revealed that aluminum is predominately present in tetrahedral coordination as AlO4units. Yet, several physical properties, such as the refractive index along with the bulk, shear, and Young's elastic moduli, increase concomitantly with the Al content of the glass. We discuss the incompletely understood mechanical–property boosting role of Al as observed both herein and in previous reports on oxynitride glasses, moreover suggesting glass‐composition domains that are likely to offer optimal mechanical properties.
Copepod functional traits and groups show divergent biogeographies in the global ocean
Authors: Benedetti Fabio , Wydler Jonas , Vogt Meike 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimThe distribution of zooplankton functional traits is a key factor for regulating food web dynamics and carbon cycling in the oceans. Yet, we lack a clear understanding of how many functional groups (FGs) exist in the zooplankton and how their traits are distributed on a global scale. Here, we model and map the environmental habitats of copepod (i.e. the main component of marine zooplankton) FGs to identify regions sharing similar functional trait expression at the community level.TaxonMarine planktonic Neocopepoda.LocationGlobal ocean.MethodsFactor analysis on mixed data and hierarchical clustering were used to identify copepod FGs based on five species‐level functional traits. An ensemble of species distribution models was used to estimate the environmental niches of the species modelled and the community weighted mean (CWM) values of the traits studied. Ocean regions were defined based on their community‐level mean trait expression using principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering.ResultsEleven global copepods FGs were identified. They displayed contrasting latitudinal patterns in mean annual habitat suitability that could be explained by differences in environmental niche preferences: two FGs were associated with polar conditions, one followed the global temperature gradient, five were associated with tropical oligotrophic gyres and the remaining three with boundary currents and counter currents. Four main regions of varying CWM trait values emerged: the Southern Ocean, the northern and southern high latitudes, the tropical gyres and the boundary currents and upwelling systems.ConclusionsThe present FGs will improve the representation of copepods in global marine ecosystem models. This study improves the understanding of the patterns and drivers of copepods trait biogeography and will serve as a basis for studying links between zooplankton biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in a context of climate change.
Intraspecific trait variation in a dryland tree species corresponds to regional climate gradients
Authors: Vasey Georgia L. , Weisberg Peter J. , Urza Alexandra K. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimIntraspecific trait variation is fundamental to understanding a species' adaptive capacity. Assessing phenotypic variation at different ecological scales is useful for evaluating species' vulnerability to changing environmental conditions. Here, we quantify the ecological scale of variation of phenotypic functional traits for a widespread dryland tree species and evaluate the strength of trait‐environment relationships across spatial gradients and in response to interannual variability in weather conditions.LocationWestern United States.TaxonConifer tree (Pinaceae): Pinus monophylla.MethodsNine reproductive and foliar morphological traits were measured from 23 sampling locations in nine mountain ranges, stratified across broad‐scale gradients of precipitation timing and quantity and local gradients of elevation. We partitioned trait variation within and among nested ecological scales (mountain range, site, tree, and tree growth year). We then used multivariate methods to quantify the association between environmental variables and ecological trade‐offs associated with both reproductive and foliar traits.ResultsMost variation was explained at the scale of individual trees (18%–46%) and between growth years (20%–30%), with smaller but variable contributions at the scale of sites (8%–25%) and mountain ranges (0%–15%). Trait values had low correlation with environmental variables (13%); however, 94% of the trait‐environment covariance was explained by two major axes of variation: (1) the drought‐stress gradient covarying with reproductive traits, and (2) precipitation patterns covarying with foliar morphology.Main conclusionsHigh levels of individual trait variation indicate within‐population adaptive capacity. Consistent relationships among range‐wide patterns of foliar and reproductive traits and broad‐scale climate gradients provide indirect evidence of local adaptation and may inform seed sourcing for restoration or the potential for assisted migration efforts. Quantification of intraspecific trait variation across multiple ecological scales is important for understanding the potential climate change response of dryland tree species.
The RNA N6‐methyladenosine demethylase ALKBH9B modulates ABA responses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Tang Jun , Yang Junbo , Lu Qiang , Tang Qian , Chen Shuyan , Jia Guifang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe mRNA modification N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) plays vital roles in plant development and biotic and abiotic stress responses. The RNA m6A demethylase ALKBH9B can remove m6A in alfalfa mosaic virus RNA and plays roles in alfalfa mosaic virus infection in Arabidopsis. However, it is unknown whether ALKBH9B also exhibits demethylation activity and has a biological role in endogenous plant mRNA. We demonstrated here that mRNA m6A modification is induced by the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and that ALKBH9B has m6A demethylation activity on endogenous mRNA. Knocking out ALKBH9B led to hypersensitivity to ABA treatment during seed germination and early seedling development. We further showed that ALKBH9B removes the m6A modification in the ABA INSENSITIVE 1 (ABI1) and BRI1‐EMS‐SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) transcripts following ABA treatment, affecting the stability of these mRNAs. Furthermore, we determined that ALKBH9B acts genetically upstream of the transcription factors ABI3 and ABI5, and its regulatory function in ABA responses depended on ABI3 and ABI5. Our findings reveal the important roles of the m6A modification in ABA responses and highlight the role of ALKBH9B‐mediated m6A demethylation in regulating ABA responses post‐transcriptionally.
Clinical indicators of acute deterioration in persons who reside in residential aged care facilities: A rapid review
Authors: Chambers Shirley , Spooner Amy , Parker Christina , Jack Leanne , Schnitker Linda , Beattie Elizabeth , Yates Patsy , MacAndrew Margaret 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPurposeTo identify the clinical indicators of acute deterioration in residents and the factors that influence residential aged care facility staff's identification of these.DesignRapid review and narrative synthesis.MethodsThe WHO and Cochrane Rapid Review Methods Group recommendations guided the review processes. CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library were searched from 2000 to January 2022. Data related to clinical indicators of deterioration were categorized using the Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure assessment framework, and factors influencing detection were grouped as consumer (resident and family), aged care workforce, and organization factors.ResultsTwenty publications were included of which 14 informed clinical indicators; nine highlighted factors that influence staff's identification of these and three informed both. Included article were collectively below moderate quality. Most clinical indicators were grouped into the ‘Disability’ category with altered level of consciousness, behavior, and pain identified most frequently. Few studies reported more traditional indicators of deterioration used in the general population – changes in vital signs. The most common factors influencing the detection of acute deterioration were organizational and workforce‐related including resource, knowledge, and confidence deficits.ConclusionFindings suggest subtle changes in resident's health status, rather than focusing primarily on physiologic parameters used in early warning tools for acute care settings, should be recognized and considered in the design of early warning tools for residential aged care facilities.Clinical RelevanceEarly warning tools sensitive to the unique needs of residents and support for aged care facility staff are recommended to improve the capacity of aged care facility care staff to identify and manage acute deterioration early to avoid hospitalization.