bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Procedure for assessing the quality of explanations in failure analysis
Authors: González Barman Kristian 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis paper outlines a procedure for assessing the quality of failure explanations in engineering failure analysis. The procedure structures the information contained in explanations such that it enables to find weak points, to compare competing explanations, and to provide redesign recommendations. These features make the procedure a good asset for critical reflection on some areas of the engineering practice of failure analysis and redesign. The procedure structures relevant information contained in an explanation by means of structural equations so as to make the relations between key elements more salient. Once structured, the information is examined on its potential to track counterfactual dependencies by offering answers torelevantwhat-if-things-had-been-different questions. This criterion for explanatory goodness derives from the philosophy of science literature on scientific explanation. The procedure is illustrated by applying it to two case studies, one on Failure Analysis in Mechanical Engineering (a broken vehicle shaft) and one on Failure Analysis in Civil Engineering (a collapse in a convention center). The procedure offers failure analysts a practical tool for critical reflection on some areas of their practice while offering a deeper understanding of the workings of failure analysis (framing it as an explanatory practice). It, therefore, allows to improve certain aspects of the explanatory practices of failure analysis and redesign, but it also offers a theoretical perspective that can clarify important features of these practices. Given the programmatic nature of the procedure and its object (assessing and refining explanations), it extends work on the domain of computational argumentation.
Parametric optimization of FDM using the ANN-based whale optimization algorithm
Authors: Kumar Praveen , Gupta Pardeep , Singh Indraj 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSurface roughness (SR) is one of the major parameters used to govern the quality of the fused deposition modeling (FDM)-printed products, and the FDM process parameters can be easily regulated in order to obtain a good surface finish. The surface quality of the product produced by the FDM is generally affected by the staircase effect that needs to be managed. Also, the production time (PT) to fabricate the product and volume percentage error (VPE) should be minimized to make the FDM process more efficient. The aim of this paper is to accomplish these three objectives with the use of the parametric optimization technique integrating the artificial neural network (ANN) and the whale optimization algorithm (WOA). The FDM parameters which have been taken into consideration are layer thickness, nozzle temperature, printing speed, and raster width. Experimentation has been conducted on printed samples to examine the impact of the input parameters on SR, VPE, and PT according to Taguchi's L27 orthogonal array. The ANN model has been built up using the experimental data, which was further used as an objective function in the WOA with an aim to minimize output responses. The robustness of the proposed method has been validated on the optimal combinations of FDM process parameters.
Differentiation strategies in coffee farms: opportunities for Costa Rican growers
Authors: Valenciano-Salazar Jorge A. , André Francisco J. , Díaz-Porras Rafael 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis study investigates the determinants of coffee prices received by growers in Costa Rica, paying attention to the impact of environmental, regional, quality, and international aspects in a panel data set for the period 2008–2016. We identify three groups of variables that affect domestic coffee prices. Some of them are external to the control of the coffee growers, such as the international price of green coffee or the power of multinationals; others, such as the altitude where the coffee is harvested or the berries' yield, are related to coffee quality but difficult to modify by coffee growers. The focus of our study is on the third group, which refers to differentiation strategies related to environmental certifications. More specifically, we consider two particularly relevant certifications, which are Fairtrade mills and organic coffee. We find that organic coffee berries received higher prices, but Fairtrade mills report lower average prices than other, non-certified, buyers.
A Hybrid Dynamical Approach for Seasonal Prediction of Sea‐Level Anomalies: A Pilot Study for Charleston, South Carolina
Authors: Frederikse Thomas , Lee Tong , Wang Ou , Kirtman Ben , Becker Emily , Hamlington Ben , Limonadi Daniel , Waliser Duane 
Published: August 2022

AbstractUsing Earth system models for seasonal sea‐level prediction remains challenging due to model biases and initialization shocks. Here we present a hybrid dynamical approach for seasonal sea‐level prediction to alleviate some of these issues. The approach is based on convolving atmospheric forcings with sea‐level sensitivities to these forcings. The sensitivities are pre‐computed by the adjoint model of the Estimating Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) system. The forcings are a concatenation of ECCO forcings before prediction initialization and a 10‐member predicted atmospheric forcing ensemble from the Community Climate System Model version 4 (CCSM4) after initialization, with offline forcing bias corrections applied using the observationally‐constrained ECCO seasonal forcing climatology. As a pilot study, we conducted 12‐month hindcasts from 1995 to 2016 in Charleston (United States East Coast). Our approach avoids drifts in CCSM4 sea‐level predictions and beats seasonal climatology and damped persistence as predictors up to a 6‐month lead time. The prediction skill comes from two factors: (a) ECCO forcings prior to prediction initialization influence sea level after initialization through delayed oceanic adjustments (e.g., coastally‐trapped waves, open‐ocean Rossby waves, and advection of steric anomalies) leading to skillful predictions beyond 2 months after initialization, and (b) the 10‐member CCSM4 ensemble forcing predictions have relatively good skill at 1–2 months lead times. Our method is computationally efficient for operational sea‐level prediction at specific locations and can attribute sea‐level prediction skill and uncertainty to specific forcings or forcing from particular regions, thereby providing useful information to seasonal prediction centers for improving their prediction systems.
A Physically Based Model of Deposition, Re‐Entrainment, and Transport of Fine Sediment in Gravel‐Bed Rivers
Authors: Haddadchi Arman , Rose Calvin W. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractInterpreting the links between transient in‐channel fine sediment storage and the dynamics of suspended sediment transport during flood events helps the understanding of river geomorphology, and also the impacts of fine sediment on water quality and bed habitats of rivers and downstream receiving environments. We present a unique physically based model of suspended sediment transport which is intimately coupled with fine sediment deposition and re‐entrainment processes within the gravel bed. This multi‐size fraction theory provides unique information about the effect of fine sediment size classes due to their dynamics and associated river bed changes in net deposition. The data from a series of flood events from the Oreti River, located in Southland, New Zealand were used to test the ability of this theory to provide a description of the dynamics of the fine sediment size distribution, their concentration, load, and rate of river bed deposition and re‐entrainment. After calibration of the model using the data from one flood event, the model provides good agreement between observed and modeled fine sediment concentration and event load for seven subsequent test events. One of the main applications of this theory in future is for routing suspended sediment concentration and changes on fine sediment deposition down a river network.
Magnetostratigraphic Evidence From the Gengma Basin for the Fast Response of the Crustal Rotation of the Northern Part of the Shan‐Thai Block to the India‐Eurasia Convergence
Authors: Sun Xinxin , Tong Yabo , Yang Zhenyu , Pei Junling , Pu Zongwen , Hou Lifu , Jin Shuchen , Zhang Zijian , Li Xinyue 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau is interpreted in terms of two alterative dynamic mechanisms: lateral extrusion of coherent lithospheric blocks and viscous lower crustal flow. To contribute to this debate, we conducted a magnetostratigraphic study of the Early Miocene sedimentary strata of the Gengma Basin, in the northern part of the Shan‐Thai Block (STB). The results show that variations in the deposition rate were synchronous with the rate of clockwise rotation during ∼18.05–15.93 Ma, indicating that the crustal clockwise rotation of the northern STB was the driver of the tectonic transformation of the NE‐SW trending strike‐slip system within the STB by at least ∼18.05 Ma. The rapid decrease in the clockwise rotational rate of the Gengma Basin was also synchronous with the sharp decrease in the convergence rate between the Indian Plate (IDP) and Eurasia at ∼17.23 Ma, which is similar to that occurred in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau during the Paleocene and Eocene, demonstrating the fast response of the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau to the convergence of the IDP and Eurasia, in the form of the continuous upper crustal ductile deformation of the Tibetan Plateau and its periphery. The lateral flow of the viscous lower crust beneath the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau may be the predominant driver of the tectonic evolution of the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau since the Early Miocene.
What Is Unusual About the Third Largest Geomagnetic Storm of Solar Cycle 24?
Authors: Gopalswamy N. , Yashiro S. , Akiyama S. , Xie H. , Mäkelä P. , Fok M.‐C. , Ferradas C. P. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe report on the solar and interplanetary (IP) causes of the third largest geomagnetic storm (26 August 2018) in solar cycle 24. The underlying coronal mass ejection (CME) originating from a quiescent filament region becomes a 440 km/s magnetic cloud (MC) at 1 au after ∼5 days. The prolonged CME acceleration (for ∼24 hr) coincides with the time profiles of the post‐eruption arcade intensity and reconnected flux. Chen et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3f36) obtain a lower speed since they assumed that the CME does not accelerate after ∼12 hr. The presence of multiple coronal holes near the filament channel and the high‐speed wind from them seem to have the combined effect of producing complex rotation in the corona and IP medium resulting in a high‐inclination MC. The Dst time profile in the main phase steepens significantly (rapid increase in storm intensity) coincident with the density increase (prominence material) in the second half of the MC. Simulations using the Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere model show that a higher ring current energy results from larger dynamic pressure (density) in MCs. Furthermore, the Dst index is highly correlated with the main‐phase time integral of the ring current injection that includes density, consistent with the simulations. A complex temporal structure develops in the storm main phase if the underlying MC has a complex density structure during intervals of southward IP magnetic field. We conclude that the high intensity of the storm results from the prolonged CME acceleration, complex rotation of the CME flux rope, and the high density in the 1‐au MC.
A Climatology of Long‐Duration High 2‐MeV Electron Flux Periods in the Outer Radiation Belt
Authors: Mourenas D. , Agapitov O. V. , Artemyev A. V. , Zhang X.‐J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSince the advent of the Space Age, the importance of understanding and forecasting relativistic electron fluxes in the Earth’s radiation belts has been steadily growing due to the threat that such particles pose to satellite electronics. Here, we provide a model of long‐duration periods of high time‐integrated 2‐MeV electron flux deep inside the outer radiation belt, based on the significant correlation obtained in 2001–2017 between time‐integrated electron flux measured by satellites and a measure of the preceding time‐integrated homogenized aaH geomagnetic index. We show that this correlation is likely due to a stronger cumulative chorus wave‐driven acceleration of relativistic electrons and a stronger cumulative inward radial diffusion of such electrons during periods of higher time‐integrated geomagnetic activity. Return levels of 2‐MeV electron flux are provided based on Extreme Value analysis of time‐integrated geomagnetic activity over 1868–2017, in rough agreement with estimates based on 20‐year data sets of measured flux. A high correlation is also found between our measure of time‐integrated geomagnetic activity averaged over each solar cycle and averaged sunspot numbers, potentially paving the way for forecasts of time‐integrated relativistic electron flux during future solar cycles based on predictions of solar activity.
The Effect of Regional Winds on Subtidal Along‐Inlet Currents at Oregon Inlet, NC
Authors: Humberston J. L. , Lippmann T. C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWind influence on tidal inlet hydrodynamics is examined using 40 days of wind, water level, and current observations collected in Spring 2019 at Oregon Inlet, NC, a large (1 km wide, 1–13 m deep) meso‐tidal inlet with complex delta systems. Wind velocities through the inlet (ranging 0–18 m/s) are modulated at subtidal timescales and are well correlated (R = 0.87) to a subtidal component of the water level slope through the inlet. The subtidal wind and water level slope are also well correlated to the subtidal current along the principal flow axis in the main inlet channel (R = 0.92 and 0.96, respectively). In combination with findings from previous studies, these findings suggest that regional winds induce the subtidal water level slope through the inlet by causing opposing setup/setdown to either side of the inlet. A force balance at the inlet demonstrates that the wind‐induced pressure gradient forces the subtidal currents, with wave forcing and local wind shear acting as lower‐order influences. The magnitude of the subtidal current is substantial, exceeding that of the tidal currents 45% of the time. Cumulatively, these findings indicate that regional winds exert a first‐order control on the currents at Oregon Inlet and cause irregular hydrodynamic patterns not well described by the traditional inlet classification scheme. Regional geographic characteristics may contribute to the high level of wind influence at Oregon Inlet, but similar processes are likely to be important to net flow dynamics at other inlets with large, shallow inland water bodies.
Entrainment and Transport of Well‐Sorted and Mixed Sediment Under Wave Motion
Authors: Rafati Yashar , Hsu Tian‐Jian , Calantoni Joseph , Puleo Jack 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEntrainment and suspension of sediment particles with the size distribution similar to a range of natural sands were simulated with a focus on the vertical size sorting and transport dynamics in response to different wave conditions. The simulations were performed using a two‐phase Eulerian‐Lagrangian model by combining the LIGGGHTS discrete element method solver for sediment and SedFoam solver for the fluid phase. The model was first validated for a range of sand grain sizes from 0.21 to 0.97 mm having well‐sorted and mixed (bimodal) size distributions using laboratory oscillatory flow data. Three sediment bed configurations were studied under a wide range of velocity‐skewed waves with different wave intensity and skewness. It was found that the bimodal distribution having only 30% of coarse fraction and 70% of medium fraction responds similar to a well‐sorted coarse sand configuration. Sediment fluxes of the bimodal distribution were slightly higher than those of well‐sorted coarse sand because of the pronounced inverse grading in the bimodal distribution. Furthermore, for the bimodal distribution the medium fraction acted as a relatively smooth foundation underneath the coarse fraction which facilitated the mobilization of the coarser particles. Under high energy wave conditions, the smoothing feature was exacerbated and further caused the formation of plug flow where a thick layer of intense sediment flux was observed. Model results also showed that under high skewness waves, phase‐lag effect occurred in well‐sorted medium sand which caused lower net onshore sediment transport rates but the effect was significantly reduced for mixed sediments.
Structural Characterization of a Toppling Rock Slab From Array‐Based Ambient Vibration Measurements and Numerical Modal Analysis
Authors: Bessette‐Kirton E. K. , Moore J. R. , Geimer P. R. , Finnegan R. , Häusler M. , Dzubay A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAccurate assessments of the internal structure and boundary conditions of unstable rock slopes are imperative for evaluating landslide hazard scenarios. However, instability characterization at depth remains challenging and is often limited by costly or invasive subsurface investigations. Here, we develop a new approach coupling array‐based ambient vibration modal analysis and numerical modeling to improve structural characterization of rock slope instabilities at depth. We used ambient noise cross‐correlation on 4 hr of seismic data recorded by an array of 30 nodal geophones at a 500‐m‐long toppling rock slab in Utah, USA to identify modal frequencies between 0.8 and 3.5 Hz and derive modal displacements. We show that transverse and longitudinal bending modes span the length of the instability, indicating an interconnected slab. Statistical comparison of field results with outputs from >1,000 finite element models with varying boundary conditions showed that the instability depth varies between 40–70 and 10–20 m in the middle and lateral regions, respectively. Our approach yields new information on the structural conditions of rock cliff and column instabilities at depth, which is not easily obtained by other means but is imperative for change detection monitoring and improved hazard assessments.
Efficient Numerical Simulation of Density‐Driven Flows: Application to the 2‐ and 3‐D Elder Problem
Authors: Bahlali Meissam L. , Salinas Pablo , Jackson Matthew D. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractModeling density‐driven flow in porous media is challenging due to the nonlinear coupling between flow and transport equations, the large domains of interest and the wide range of time and space scales involved. Solving this type of problem numerically using a fixed mesh can be prohibitively expensive. Here, we apply a dynamic mesh optimization (DMO) technique along with a control‐volume‐finite element method to simulate density‐driven flows. DMO allows the mesh resolution and geometry to vary during a simulation to minimize an error metric for one or more solution fields of interest, refining where needed and coarsening elsewhere. We apply DMO to the Elder problem for several Rayleigh numbers. It is demonstrated that DMO accurately reproduces the unique two‐dimensional (2D) solutions for low Rayleigh number cases at significantly lower computational cost compared to an equivalent fixed mesh, with speedup of order ×16. For unstable, high Rayleigh number 2D cases, multiple steady‐state fingering solutions exist and are all captured by our approach with high accuracy and significantly reduced computational cost, with speedup of order ×6. Velocity‐dependent dispersion is shown to have a small impact on the 2D numerical solutions. The lower computational cost of simulations using DMO allows extension of the high Rayleigh number case to a three dimensional (3D) configuration. We demonstrate new 3D fingering patterns that have not been observed previously. Early time, transient 3D patterns represent combinations of the previously observed, steady‐state 2D solutions, but all evolve to a single, steady‐state finger in the late time limit.
Parasite reliance on its host gut microbiota for nutrition and survival
Authors: Zhou Sicong , Lu Yueqi , Chen Jiani , Pan Zhongqiu , Pang Lan , Wang Ying , Zhang Qichao , Strand Michael R , Chen Xue-Xin , Huang Jianhua 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Studying the microbial symbionts of eukaryotic hosts has revealed a range of interactions that benefit host biology. Most eukaryotes are also infected by parasites that adversely affect host biology for their own benefit. However, it is largely unclear whether the ability of parasites to develop in hosts also depends on host-associated symbionts, e.g., the gut microbiota. Here, we studied the parasitic wasp Leptopilina boulardi (Lb) and its host Drosophila melanogaster. Results showed that Lb successfully develops in conventional hosts (CN) with a gut microbiota but fails to develop in axenic hosts (AX) without a gut microbiota. We determined that developing Lb larvae consume fat body cells that store lipids. We also determined that much larger amounts of lipid accumulate in fat body cells of parasitized CN hosts than parasitized AX hosts. CN hosts parasitized by Lb exhibited large increases in the abundance of the bacterium Acetobacter pomorum in the gut, but did not affect the abundance of Lactobacillus fructivorans which is another common member of the host gut microbiota. However, AX hosts inoculated with A. pomorum and/or L. fructivorans did not rescue development of Lb. In contrast, AX larvae inoculated with A. pomorum plus other identified gut community members including a Bacillus sp. substantially rescued Lb development. Rescue was further associated with increased lipid accumulation in host fat body cells. Insulin-like peptides increased in brain neurosecretory cells of parasitized CN larvae. Lipid accumulation in the fat body of CN hosts was further associated with reduced Bmm lipase activity mediated by insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS). Altogether, our results identify a previously unknown role for the gut microbiota in defining host permissiveness for a parasite. Our findings also identify a new paradigm for parasite manipulation of host metabolism that depends on insulin signaling and the gut microbiota.