bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal Variations in Earthquake Triggering Mechanisms During Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing in Western Canada
Authors: Zhang Fangxue , Wang Ruijia , Chen Yunfeng , Chen Yangkang 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDense arrays deployed near the hydraulic fracturing (HF) wells greatly enhance the understanding of injection‐induced seismicity. In this study, we revisit the continuous recordings that are acquired by 69 three‐component nodes at an HF site in Alberta, Canada, taking advantage of a machine learning‐based seismic detection and location workflow. The obtained new earthquake catalog contains 21,619 events with relative location errors of <1 m, which exceeds ∼20% of the number of earthquakes (18,040) reported previously (Igonin et al., 2021). This high‐resolution catalog reveals the distribution of earthquake sequences at much improved spatiotemporal resolution and illustrates several previously unmapped faults/fractures. Earthquake frequency‐magnitude distribution reveals that the average b value increases with depth from ∼1.1 above 3.5 km to ∼2.5 at greater depths. Further spatial analysis of seismic clusters indicates that the b value varies laterally (∼1–1.7) at shallow depths and is inversely related to the proximity to injection wells in conjunction with the change in structural types (i.e., reactivated fault and pre‐existing fracture). The seismic sequence on the north‐south oriented faults also shows a distinctive occurrence pattern and temporal affinity to the fracturing network reactivation between the two stages of HF operations. The change in faulting behavior could reflect a shift of dominating triggering mechanisms and physical processes from (a) the rapid diffusion of pore fluid pressure along pre‐existing fracture corridors to (b) the cascade migration of earthquake sequences in response to the cumulative Coulomb stress perturbation on the fluid‐lubricated, critically stressed faults.
Zonal Mean Distribution of Cosmogenic Isotope (7Be, 10Be, 14C, and 36Cl) Production in Stratosphere and Troposphere
Authors: Golubenko K. , Rozanov E. , Kovaltsov G. , Usoskin I. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCosmogenic isotopes are produced by cosmic rays mostly in the middle‐low atmosphere and then take part in the complicated processes of atmospheric transport and deposition that are different for the stratosphere and troposphere. Cosmogenic isotopes are continuously produced by galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) with a hard energy spectrum and sporadically by solar energetic particles (SEPs) with much softer energy spectra. The partition of the isotope production between the stratosphere and troposphere in different latitudinal zones depends on the spectrum of cosmic rays, geomagnetic shielding, and the tropopause shape. The exact zonal distribution of the isotope production is not accurately known and needs to be precisely modeled as well as the isotopes' transport and deposition in climatic reconstruction. Here, we present the results of the computations of 14C, 36Cl, 10Be, and 7Be cosmogenic isotope production in the Earth's atmosphere using the CRAC model. We provide zonal mean production rates separately for the stratosphere and troposphere in three latitudinal zones: tropical (0°–30°), midlatitude (30°–60°), and polar (60°–90°). The computations were performed for four scenarios: (a) production by GCR during a solar‐cycle minimum; (b) production by GCR during a solar‐cycle maximum; (c) SEP event with the hardest known spectrum (GLE#5); and (d) the strongest known soft‐spectrum SEP event (GLE#24). The results confirm that, while all the latitudinal zones are relatively important for the isotopes produced by GCR, isotope production by SEPs in the tropical zone is small and can be neglected. The results are coupled to the SOCOL‐AER2‐BE chemistry‐climate model and can be used for a simplified parametric modeling of the isotopes' atmospheric transport, for the conditions typical for the Holocene.
Thicknesses of Mare Basalts in the Chang’E‐5 Landing Region: Implications for the Late‐Stage Volcanism on the Moon
Authors: Du Jun , Fa Wenzhe , Gong Shengxia , Liu Yang , Qiao Le , Tai Yushan , Zhang Feng , Zou Yongliao 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChina's Chang’E‐5 mission has collected lunar samples from a young mare plain with elevated thorium contents in the northeastern Oceanus Procellarum of the Moon. In this study, we first established a local stratigraphic column of the landing region based on the radial variation of the titanium content in the ejecta of large penetrating craters, and we found that the landing region was flooded by at least four layers of mare basalts. By using the latest imagery, spectral, topographic, and gravity data, we then estimated the basalt thickness of each layer based on the excavation depth of penetrating craters, the morphology of partially buried craters, and the effective density spectrum technique, which can help to better understand the late‐stage volcanism on the Moon. Our results show that the four layers of basaltic lava flows in the landing region have accumulated thicknesses of 9–175, 11–167, 19–478, and 0–800 m. Combined with surface areas and ages of the basaltic units, we then calculated the eruption rate of mare basalts in the landing region, which shows an uptick at about 2 Ga. This result indicates a rejuvenated volcanic activity on the Moon, most likely due to the presence of heat‐producing elements in the KREEP layer. Alternatively, the long‐standing volcanism in this region could be also sustained by extra heating induced by the tidal force and/or a thin crust layer that favors the magma ascent.
Ionospheric Response to the M‐ and X‐Class Solar Flares of 28 October 2021 Over the African Sector
Authors: Habarulema John Bosco , Tshisaphungo Mpho , Katamzi‐Joseph Zama Thobeka , Matamba Tshimangadzo Merline , Nndanganeni Rendani 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOn the 28 October 2021, a total of thirteen solar flares occurred. Of these, there were two M‐ and one X‐class solar flares while the rest fell within the C‐class category. The first and second M‐class flares peaked at 0740 UT and 1028 UT, respectively, while the X1.0 class reached the peak at 1535 UT. While it is known that strong solar flares cause total absorption of frequencies in the high frequency (HF) range, the F2 layer was consistently present on 28 October 2021 as shown by the critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2). However, using South African ionosonde data over Hermanus (34.4°S, 19.2°E) and Grahamstown (33.3°S, 26.5°E), we show that the lower frequencies in the E and F1 layers were the most affected by the M‐class solar flares. Following the peak of the M2.2 solar flare at 1028 UT, an enhancement reaching about 12% over the background in total electron content (TEC) is observed on 28 October 2021 especially in the Southern hemispheric part of the African sector within the latitude range of 20°–40°S. In response, mid latitude ionosonde data showed that there were no echoes from the E and F1 layers for about 2 hr during ≈1025–1225 UT, restricting complex modes of HF communication such as double hops (1F1E) utilizing a combination of more than one ionospheric layer.
Salt‐Detached Strike‐Slip Faulting, Outer Kwanza Basin, Offshore Angola
Authors: Erdi Aurio , Jackson Christopher A.‐L. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe here use a 3D seismic reflection dataset from the Outer Kwanza Basin, offshore Angola to examine the structure and growth of salt‐detached strike‐slip faults. The faults occur in four, up to 13.8 km‐long, NE‐trending arrays that are physically linked by restraining bends and releasing stepovers, and which presently overlie Aptian salt and base‐salt relief related to pre‐salt faulting. We suggest that these faults formed to accommodate along‐margin variations in the rate and magnitude of differential seaward translation and salt diapirism, which commenced in the Early Cretaceous. We illustrate that the arrays grew by tip propagation of isolated fault segments, some of which linked during the Albian‐Cenomanian (i.e., 113–100.5 Ma, or the initial 11%–13% of their deformation history). Some arrays then reached their near‐final length within the subsequent ca. 77 Ma (or the next 69%–81% of their deformation history), while others attained this later, during the subsequent ca. 18 Ma (i.e., after 95% of their deformation history). During this time, the segments formed and then breached releasing and restraining stepovers, with the arrays as a whole growing by alternating periods of lengthening and throw accumulation, punctuated by phases of inactivity. Our results also show that scatter in the D‐L scaling of strike‐slip faults reflects the propagation, interaction, and linkage of individual segments.
Functional control of oscillator networks
Authors: Menara Tommaso , Baggio Giacomo , Bassett Dani , Pasqualetti Fabio 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOscillatory activity is ubiquitous in natural and engineered network systems. The interaction scheme underlying interdependent oscillatory components governs the emergence of network-wide patterns of synchrony that regulate and enable complex functions. Yet, understanding, and ultimately harnessing, the structure-function relationship in oscillator networks remains an outstanding challenge of modern science. Here, we address this challenge by presenting a principled method to prescribe exact and robust functional configurations from local network interactions through optimal tuning of the oscillators’ parameters. To quantify the behavioral synchrony between coupled oscillators, we introduce the notion of functional pattern, which encodes the pairwise relationships between the oscillators’ phases. Our procedure is computationally efficient and provably correct, accounts for constrained interaction types, and allows to concurrently assign multiple desired functional patterns. Further, we derive algebraic and graph-theoretic conditions to guarantee the feasibility and stability of target functional patterns. These conditions provide an interpretable mapping between the structural constraints and their functional implications in oscillator networks. As a proof of concept, we apply the proposed method to replicate empirically recorded functional relationships from cortical oscillations in a human brain, and to redistribute the active power flow in different models of electrical grids.
Thermal adaptation best explains Bergmann’s and Allen’s Rules across ecologically diverse shorebirds
Authors: McQueen Alexandra , Klaassen Marcel , Tattersall Glenn J. , Atkinson Robyn , Jessop Roz , Hassell Chris J. , Christie Maureen ,   Victorian Wader Study Group,   Australasian Wader Studies Group, Symonds Matthew R. E. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBergmann’s and Allen’s rules state that endotherms should be larger and have shorter appendages in cooler climates. However, the drivers of these rules are not clear. Both rules could be explained by adaptation for improved thermoregulation, including plastic responses to temperature in early life. Non-thermal explanations are also plausible as climate impacts other factors that influence size and shape, including starvation risk, predation risk, and foraging ecology. We assess the potential drivers of Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules in 30 shorebird species using extensive field data (>200,000 observations). We show birds in hot, tropical northern Australia have longer bills and smaller bodies than conspecifics in temperate, southern Australia, conforming with both ecogeographical rules. This pattern is consistent across ecologically diverse species, including migratory birds that spend early life in the Arctic. Our findings best support the hypothesis that thermoregulatory adaptation to warm climates drives latitudinal patterns in shorebird size and shape.
TET enzymes regulate skeletal development through increasing chromatin accessibility of RUNX2 target genes
Authors: Wang Lijun , You Xiuling , Ruan Dengfeng , Shao Rui , Dai Hai-Qiang , Shen Weiliang , Xu Guo-Liang , Liu Wanlu , Zou Weiguo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases mediate cytosine demethylation by catalyzing the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC). TET-mediated DNA demethylation controls the proper differentiation of embryonic stem cells and TET members display functional redundancy during early gastrulation. However, it is unclear if TET proteins have functional significance in mammalian skeletal development. Here, we report thatTetgenes deficiency in mesoderm mesenchymal stem cells results in severe defects of bone development. The existence of any singleTetgene allele can support early bone formation, suggesting a functional redundancy of TET proteins. Integrative analyses of RNA-seq, Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS), 5hmC-Seal and Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin (ATAC-seq) demonstrate that TET-mediated demethylation increases the chromatin accessibility of target genes by RUNX2 and facilities RUNX2-regulated transcription. In addition, TET proteins interact with RUNX2 through their catalytic domain to regulate cytosine methylation around RUNX2 binding region. The catalytic domain is indispensable for TET enzymes to regulate RUNX2 transcription activity on its target genes and to regulate bone development. These results demonstrate that TET enzymes function to regulate RUNX2 activity and maintain skeletal homeostasis.
Biocatalytic routes to stereo-divergent iridoids
Authors: Hernández Lozada Néstor J. , Hong Benke , Wood Joshua C. , Caputi Lorenzo , Basquin Jérôme , Chuang Ling , Kunert Maritta , Rodríguez López Carlos E. , Langley Chloe , Zhao Dongyan , Buell C. Robin , Lichman Benjamin R. , O’Connor Sarah E. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThousands of natural products are derived from the fused cyclopentane-pyran molecular scaffold nepetalactol. These natural products are used in an enormous range of applications that span the agricultural and medical industries. For example, nepetalactone, the oxidized derivative of nepetalactol, is known for its cat attractant properties as well as potential as an insect repellent. Most of these naturally occurring nepetalactol-derived compounds arise from only two out of the eight possible stereoisomers, 7S-cis-transand 7R-cis-cisnepetalactols. Here we use a combination of naturally occurring and engineered enzymes to produce seven of the eight possible nepetalactol or nepetalactone stereoisomers. These enzymes open the possibilities for biocatalytic production of a broader range of iridoids, providing a versatile system for the diversification of this important natural product scaffold.
Solid-basaloid variant of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast with near complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Grabenstetter Anne , Brogi Edi , Zhang Hong , Razavi Pedram , Reis-Filho Jorge S. , VanZee Kimberly J. , Norton Larry , Wen Hannah Y. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBreast adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is a rare subtype of triple negative breast cancer. Two morphologic variants are described, namely classic AdCC (C-AdCC) and solid basaloid (SB-AdCC). Recent studies have shown that the SB-AdCC variant has significantly worse prognosis than C-AdCC. Due to the rarity of SB-AdCC, no standard recommendations are available for its management. Data on the use and benefit of chemotherapy in patients with SB-AdCC are sparse and the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy has not been reported. We present the clinical and pathologic findings of a patient with SB-AdCC treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy who achieved a remarkable pathologic response.
Nitrosative stress in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Stykel Morgan G. , Ryan Scott D. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractParkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized, in part, by the loss of dopaminergic neurons within the nigral-striatal pathway. Multiple lines of evidence support a role for reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in degeneration of this pathway, specifically nitric oxide (NO). This review will focus on how RNS leads to loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD and whether RNS accumulation represents a central signal in the degenerative cascade. Herein, we provide an overview of how RNS accumulates in PD by considering the various cellular sources of RNS including nNOS, iNOS, nitrate, and nitrite reduction and describe evidence that these sources are upregulating RNS in PD. We document that over 1/3 of the proteins that deposit in Lewy Bodies, are post-translationally modified (S-nitrosylated) by RNS and provide a broad description of how this elicits deleterious effects in neurons. In doing so, we identify specific proteins that are modified by RNS in neurons which are implicated in PD pathogenesis, with an emphasis on exacerbation of synucleinopathy. How nitration of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) leads to aSyn misfolding and toxicity in PD models is outlined. Furthermore, we delineate how RNS modulates known PD-related phenotypes including axo-dendritic-, mitochondrial-, and dopamine-dysfunctions. Finally, we discuss successful outcomes of therapeutics that target S-nitrosylation of proteins in Parkinson’s Disease related clinical trials. In conclusion, we argue that targeting RNS may be of therapeutic benefit for people in early clinical stages of PD.
A Bayesian network analysis quantifying risks versus benefits of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine in Australia
Authors: Sinclair Jane E. , Mayfield Helen J. , Short Kirsty R. , Brown Samuel J. , Puranik Rajesh , Mengersen Kerrie , Litt John C. B. , Lau Colleen L. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine is associated with increased myocarditis incidence. Constantly evolving evidence regarding incidence and case fatality of COVID-19 and myocarditis related to infection or vaccination, creates challenges for risk-benefit analysis of vaccination. Challenges are complicated further by emerging evidence of waning vaccine effectiveness, and variable effectiveness against variants. Here, we build on previous work on the COVID-19 Risk Calculator (CoRiCal) by integrating Australian and international data to inform a Bayesian network that calculates probabilities of outcomes for the delta variant under different scenarios of Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine coverage, age groups (≥12 years), sex, community transmission intensity and vaccine effectiveness. The model estimates that in a population where 5% were unvaccinated, 5% had one dose, 60% had two doses and 30% had three doses, there was a substantially greater probability of developing (239–5847 times) and dying (1430–384,684 times) from COVID-19-related than vaccine-associated myocarditis (depending on age and sex). For one million people with this vaccine coverage, where transmission intensity was equivalent to 10% chance of infection over 2 months, 68,813 symptomatic COVID-19 cases and 981 deaths would be prevented, with 42 and 16 expected cases of vaccine-associated myocarditis in males and females, respectively. These results justify vaccination in all age groups as vaccine-associated myocarditis is generally mild in the young, and there is unequivocal evidence for reduced mortality from COVID-19 in older individuals. The model may be updated to include emerging best evidence, data pertinent to different countries or vaccines and other outcomes such as long COVID.
Genetic ancestry and population structure of vaccinia virus
Authors: Molteni Cristian , Forni Diego , Cagliani Rachele , Clerici Mario , Sironi Manuela 
Published: August 2022

AbstractVaccinia virus (VACV) was used for smallpox eradication, but its ultimate origin remains unknown. The genetic relationships among vaccine stocks are also poorly understood. We analyzed 63 vaccine strains with different origin, as well horsepox virus (HPXV). Results indicated the genetic diversity of VACV is intermediate between variola and cowpox viruses, and that mutation contributed more than recombination to VACV evolution. STRUCTURE identified 9 contributing subpopulations and showed that the lowest drift was experienced by the ancestry components of Tian Tan and HPXV/Mütter/Mulford genomes. Subpopulations that experienced very strong drift include those that contributed the ancestry of MVA and IHD-W, in good agreement with the very long passage history of these vaccines. Another highly drifted population contributed the full ancestry of viruses sampled from human/cattle infections in Brazil and, partially, to IOC clones, strongly suggesting that the recurrent infections in Brazil derive from the spillback of IOC to the feral state.
Plasma p-tau231 and p-tau217 as state markers of amyloid-β pathology in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Milà-Alomà Marta , Ashton Nicholas J. , Shekari Mahnaz , Salvadó Gemma , Ortiz-Romero Paula , Montoliu-Gaya Laia , Benedet Andrea L. , Karikari Thomas K. , Lantero-Rodriguez Juan , Vanmechelen Eugeen , Day Theresa A. , González-Escalante Armand , Sánchez-Benavides Gonzalo , Minguillon Carolina , Fauria Karine , Molinuevo José Luis , Dage Jeffrey L. , Zetterberg Henrik , Gispert Juan Domingo , Suárez-Calvet Marc , Blennow Kaj 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBlood biomarkers indicating elevated amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease are needed to facilitate the initial screening process of participants in disease-modifying trials. Previous biofluid data suggest that phosphorylated tau231 (p-tau231) could indicate incipient Aβ pathology, but a comprehensive comparison with other putative blood biomarkers is lacking. In the ALFA+ cohort, all tested plasma biomarkers (p-tau181, p-tau217, p-tau231, GFAP, NfL and Aβ42/40) were significantly changed in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. However, plasma p-tau231 reached abnormal levels with the lowest Aβ burden. Plasma p-tau231 and p-tau217 had the strongest association with Aβ positron emission tomography (PET) retention in early accumulating regions and associated with longitudinal increases in Aβ PET uptake in individuals without overt Aβ pathology at baseline. In summary, plasma p-tau231 and p-tau217 better capture the earliest cerebral Aβ changes, before overt Aβ plaque pathology is present, and are promising blood biomarkers to enrich a preclinical population for Alzheimer’s disease clinical trials.
An investigation of the influence of microstructure surface topography on the imaging mechanism to explore super-resolution microstructure
Authors: Fu Wenpeng , Zhao Chenyang , Xue Wen , Li Changlin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractVision-based precision measurement is limited by the optical resolution. Although various super-resolution algorithms have been developed, measurement precision and accuracy are difficult to guarantee. To achieve nanoscale resolution measurement, a super-resolution microstructure concept is proposed which is based on the idea of a strong mathematical mapping relationship that may exist between microstructure surface topography features and the corresponding image pixel intensities. In this work, a series of microgrooves are ultra-precision machined and their surface topographies and images are measured. A mapping relationship model is established to analyze the effect of the microgroove surface topography on the imaging mechanism. The results show that the surface roughness and surface defects of the microgroove have significant effects on predicting the imaging mechanism. The optimized machining parameters are determined afterward. This paper demonstrates a feasible and valuable work to support the design and manufacture super-resolution microstructure which has essential applications in precision positioning measurement.