bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7 Characterization of Feeder Cattle Behavior Using an Integrated Machine Vision Learning System
Authors: Robbins Jesse , Demochkina Polina , Szasz Josh , Bryant Tony C , Mauck Ross , Robertson Tim , McKenzie Andrew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Animal behavior can be a valuable indicator of the health and welfare status of an animal. Current assessments of cattle behavior in commercial settings rely upon human observers who are only capable of observing a relatively small proportion of animals for a small proportion of time. Moreover, the mere presence of human observers may alter normal behavioral patterns, making data difficult to interpret. To overcome these challenges, we developed a machine vision learning system to monitor cattle behavior on a commercial feedlot. Using continuous data collected from solar powered cameras, we set out to characterize the standing and lying patterns of feedlot cattle. A series of solar powered cameras were installed on a single pen of calves at a commercial feedlot (n=280; mean weight = 632lbs +/- 45). To characterize standing and lying behavior, a neural network model (YOLOv5) was trained and applied to pen images captured every 5 minutes during the day for weeks 2-20 of the feeding period (n=19,152). Algorithm precision and recall were 96% and 92%, respectively. Standing and lying behaviors showed a pattern of temporal cyclicity with the greatest proportion of cows standing at 0800 (92%) and 1700 (96%). The mean proportion of animals observed lying down increased during the feeding period (wk 2-8=36%; wk 9-14=39% and wk 15-20=45%). Machine vision learning systems can be an accurate and efficient means of quantifying behavioral patterns in commercial environments. Future work will examine how environmental and management factors (e.g. weather, pen moves) and morbidity alter behavioral patterns throughout the feeding period.
62 Impact of Feeding Male Goats with L-Carnitine on Viability of Their Semen Stored at 4 °C for 72 Hours
Authors: Holmes Bryanna , Brown Jalani , Hunter Lazar , Woodard Joshua , Johnson Allana , Schauston Miller , Kouakou Brou , Moawad Adel R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Goats have the ability for genetic improvement. Artificial insemination (AI) is a significant technique used to increase genetic gain. Low fertility in goats with AI was attributed to semen quality, which can be affected by cooling/freezing procedures. Cooling of spermatozoa causes reduction in viability, and loss of fertility, mainly because of oxidative stress. L-carnitine (LC) is important for fatty acid metabolism and acts as antioxidant. Many studies have reported positive impact of LC on quality of cooled spermatozoa in different species; however, no research has been done on goats. Here, we investigated the impacts of dietary supplementation of LC on the quality of cooled goat semen. Six mature Alpine bucks were allocated into two groups; control (three bucks were fed a regular diet without LC supplementation), and treatment (three bucks were fed the normal diet plus 0.022 g/kg of BW, LC). Bucks were fed their respective diet for sixty days from January to March (non-breeding season). Semen was collected once/week and evaluated for color, consistency, volume and sperm concentrations. Diluted semen was then stored at 4 °C for 72 h. Sperm motility, viability, and membrane integrity were assessed at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h post-cooling. Results showed that colors of samples collected from the two groups were white to yellow, consistency ranged from watery to creamy, and sperm concentrations ranged from 8.1 to 12.2 x 109 sperm/ml. Sperm motility, viability and membrane integrity reduced (P≤ 0.05) in a time dependent manner in both groups. At 72 h, motility decreased by one-half as compared with 0 h (48.9% vs. 91.4% and 32.5% vs. 80.8%, in LC and control groups, respectively). In conclusion, under our experimental conditions, goat spermatozoa can be stored at 4°C for 72 h without severe loss in their quality. LC treatment has less impact on the quality of cooled goat semen.
59 Effects of Feeding Nutragen on Clinical Signs and Leukocytes in Calves Following Natural Exposure to Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Subsequent Mannheimia Haemolytica Infection
Authors: Markey Jazmin A , Gong Wendy , Schneid Kasi N , Liuzzo Avianna , Farran Garrett , Rudd Jennifer , Snider Tim , Montelongo Marie , Humphrey Brooke , Chapman James D , Sharman Evin D , Garcia Miriam , Reuter Ryan R , Beck Paul A , Foote Andrew P , Bruno Kelsey , Wilson Blake K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two experiments (EXP1 and EXP2) evaluated the effects of NutraGen (NG) on calf health following exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) on d -3 and Mannheimia haemolytica (Mh) infection on d 0. For each EXP, steers (BW = 251 ± 38.2 kg) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments (TRT). Treatments included a placebo (CON; EXP1 n = 5; EXP2 n = 5), a placebo fed from d -18 to d -3 followed by NG fed from d -3 to d 28 (CHLG; EXP1 n = 5; EXP2 n = 6), and NG fed from d -18 to d 28 (PREC; EXP1 n = 6; EXP2 n = 5). There was no treatment by time interaction (TRT×TME) or TRT effect for rectal temperatures (RT) or clinical scores (CS) in EXP1 or CS in EXP2 (P ≥ 0.26). There was a TRT×TME for respiration rates (RR) during the first 24 h following Mh infection (P = 0.04), and a tendency for a TRT effect from d -3 to d 14, and overall in EXP1 (P ≤ 0.10). There was a tendency for a TRT×TME for RT from d -3 to d 14 in EXP2 (P = 0.04). There was a TRT effect for RR from d -3 to d 14 and overall in EXP2 (P ≤ 0.05). There was a TRT×TME for leukocytes during the first 24 h following Mh infection in EXP1 (P = 0.03) and overall in both EXP (P ≤ 0.001). There was no TRT×TME or TRT effect for neutrophils (NEU), lymphocytes (LYM), or NEU:LYM in EXP1 (P ≥ 0.19); however, there were multiple TRT×TME and TRT effects for NEU, LYM, and NEU:LYM in EXP2 (P ≤ 0.05). These experiments suggest that NG has the potential to alter clinical and cellular responses during a bovine respiratory disease challenge.
54 The Effect of Supplementing Clostat 500 (Bacillus Subtilis PB6) to Yearling Steers in a Commercial Feedyard on Health, Salmonella spp. Prevalence, Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Trojan Sara J , Broadway Paul Rand R , Burdick-Sanchez Nicole C , Carroll Jeff A , Hales Kristin E , Word Alyssa B , Karr Kendall J , Holland Ben P , Ellis Guy , Maxwell Casey , Canterbury Landon , Leonhard Tyler , LaFleur Doug , Hergenreder Jerilyn 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Crossbred beef steers, n = 2,100; 313 ± 38 kg initial body weight (BW) were used to evaluate Bacillus Subtilis PB6 supplementation to yearling steers. Cattle were blocked by arrival date and assigned randomly to pen within block; pens were randomly assigned to treatment within block. Treatments, replicated in 15 pens/treatment with 70 steers/pen, included: 1) control (CON), diets containing no supplemental direct fed microbials; 2) CLOSTAT (CLO), diets supplemented with 0.5 g/animal/d Bacillus subtilis PB6 (CLOSTAT 500, Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA). Supplementing CLO decreased morbidity (P = 0.03), 10.38% (CLO) vs. 13.43% (CON), decreased the percentage of cattle treated once for bovine respiratory disease (BRD; P &lt; 0.01), 9.14% (CST) vs. 12.76% (CON), and decreased BRD re-treatment rate (P = 0.03). Mortality did not differ among treatments (P = 0.23). Cattle removed from the study tended to be less for CLO than CON (53 vs. 73 animals, respectively, P = 0.06). The prevalence of fecal Salmonella was not different among treatments, (P ≥ 0.35). Overall fecal Salmonella counts tended to be less for CLO (1.59 log CFU/g) than for CON (2.04 log CFU/g; P = 0.07). Concentration of Salmonella in subiliac lymph nodes did not differ by treatment (P = 0.62); however, mean prevalence of lymph node Salmonella decreased 46% by CLO (28.66% vs. 15.48%, CON vs. CLO, respectively, P = 0.46). With dead animals and removals included, final BW was heavier for CLO steers than CON, (P = 0.05), and average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.08), and gain efficiency (G:F, P = 0.06) tended to be greater for CLO than CON. With dead animals and removals excluded, final BW, ADG, and G:F did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.30). Carcass traits were not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.15). Supplementing CLO improved health outcomes of yearling steers.
72 Developing Machine Learning Models When Data is Limiting
Authors: Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Animal scientists have become more enthusiastic about developing machine learning (ML) models to improve the predictability of variables of interest. However, adequate data is limited either because ways to collect the data are scarce or because the process is expensive, time- or labor-consuming, or it simply takes too long to be collected. In addition to the usual hurdles in developing ML models, e.g., appropriate technique, the number of layers, and their activation, enough high-quality data is an essential requirement for ML that is often neglected. Should the data come from longitudinal or cross-sectional experiments of how many subjects? When enough high-quality, reliable data is limiting, one alternative is to create synthetic datasets that reflect the correlation among input and output variables of interest. The probability distribution for each variable needs to be well defined, and the correlation among variables must be taken into account. The normal distribution may not always be a reasonable assumption for all variables; thus, variable-specific distributions must be used with their appropriate parameters. An adequate range (min and max) must be provided for each variable to represent it. Shortcomings might occur when nonlinear relationships occur between variables. The synthetic dataset will also fail to provide good predictability when the new inputs do not have similar correlations, as did the variables used to build the synthetic dataset. It is common to standardize or normalize each variable during ML development. Each variable is normalized based on its minimum and maximum values. A common mistake during the ML development process is that training and evaluation subsets are normalized independently when both should be normalized using the range of the complete dataset; otherwise, normalization becomes dependent on the subset, and the ML weights will differ from one epoch to another. This might weaken the ML predictability because the correct range for back-transforming the output to its original value is unknown.
87 Awardee Talk: Frequency of Energy Supplementation Modulates Growth, Reproduction, Immune Function, and Fetal Programming in Beef Cattle
Authors: Moriel Philipe 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fluctuations in nutrient intake and metabolism can be detrimental to beef cattle performance. Multiple studies evaluated the impacts of reducing the frequency of energy supplementation from daily (7X) to once (1X) or 3 times (3X) weekly during heifer development, calf preconditioning, and late gestation of beef cows on growth, reproduction, immune function, and progeny performance. Reducing the supplementation frequency from 7X to 3X weekly: (1) did not impact average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.52) but hastened (P ≤ 0.05) puberty and pregnancy attainment of beef heifers; and (2) reduced ADG (P = 0.02), increased (P ≤ 0.03) plasma indicators of physiological stress (cortisol and haptoblogin), and decreased (P ≤ 0.05) humoral immune response against pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in preconditioning beef steers. Reducing the supplementation frequency from 7X to either 3X or 1X weekly during late gestation did not (P ≥ 0.21) impact cow prepartum body condition score and reproduction, but linearly decreased (P = 0.05) calf preweaning growth. The negative effects of infrequent energy supplementation may be attributed to greater fluctuations in plasma concentrations of insulin growth factor-1, glucose, insulin, and urea nitrogen compared to frequent energy supplementation. Later attempts to offset such negative effects of infrequent supplementation observed that neither increasing the supplementation amount (P ≥ 0.21) nor altering the timing of vaccination relative to weaning (P ≥ 0.12) prevented performance reductions in beef cattle supplemented infrequently. Only a gradual reduction in supplementation frequency for preconditioning calves prevented a reduction on growth and improved (P ≤ 0.05) the immune response against BRD pathogens. Combined, these results revealed that frequent energy supplementation during preconditioning of beef steers, development of replacement beef heifers, and late gestation of beef cows was required to optimize their growth, immunity, and reproduction, and the growth performance of their progeny.
84 Awardee Talk: Managing Reproduction: A key to Profitability
Authors: Anderson Les 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In agriculture, the ability to reproduce dictates gross revenue and reproductive success is the culmination of implementation of multiple management practices that optimize the probability the animal will reproduce. About four decades ago, Extension Specialists recognized the need to develop a holistic approach to beef cattle management. Integrated Resource Management (IRM) is a concept developed by the Cooperative Extension Service and the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association and the concept represents a systems approach designed to enhance the competitiveness, efficiency, and profitability of the beef business. My Extension program has focused on enhancing reproductive efficiency, revenue, and profits using IRM concepts and a hands-on approach. Nearly 2,000 farm visits and multiple Extension programs to thousands of producers have demonstrated methods to improve productivity and profitability. Perhaps the most impactful program was the UK IRM Farm Program. This program combined standard educational meetings discussing health, nutrition, genetics, and reproduction with extensive farm visits. Baseline data was obtained from each cooperator and farm goals were ascertained. From these, production plans were developed and implemented with the help of local Extension Agents. At the conclusion of the program, 147 producers from 84 counties with 6,943 cows committed to this program. Data collection and management was central to this project. We obtained gross data from all cooperators and accurate impact data from a subset of these producers. Integrated, organized management decreased the length of the calving season, increased calving percent, weaning percent, weaning weight and pounds of calf per cow exposed. Revenue was increased by 34% on average with a range of 25-200%. During this project, we recognized the need for a new data collection and management application and developed X10D (pronounced “extend”). An IRM approach making data driven decisions is a key to increasing revenue and enhancing profitability in beef cow-calf operations.
97 Immunology and the gut: The key to Animal Health
Authors: Chase Chris 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The gut immune system consists of three lines of defense systems: barriers, innate immunity and adaptive or acquired immunity that work together to give ruminant gastrointestinal tract (GIT) protection from disease. The gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ of the body. The mucosal barrier- the tight junctions and the “kill zone” along with the gut mucosa and maintaining an “anti-inflammatory” state are essential for “good gut health”. The microbiome- the microorganisms in the GIT, which has more cells than the entire animal’s body, is essential for immune development, immune response, and maximizing ruminant productivity. Homeostasis is an important function of the gut immune response to maintain health. Management of bovine GIT immune system is not a simple process. Stressors along with the intake of feed and hydration affect the microbiome and the intestinal epithelial cells resulting in important immune interactions. Nutraceuticals (i.e., probiotics, prebiotics, hen yolk IgY, essential oils, organic acids) aid in both microbiome stability “homeostasis” and immune function.
109 Effects of a Novel Dental Chew on the Oral Health Outcomes and Malodor of Adult Dogs
Authors: Sieja Kelly M , Oba Patrícia M , Schauwecker Amy , Hristova Teodora , Keating Stephanie , Somrak Amy , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Periodontal disease is a common oral health condition occurring in adult dogs, yet it is a preventable disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a novel dental chew in adult dogs. All animal care and experimental procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee prior to experimentation. Twelve female beagles (mean age = 3.50 yr; mean BW = 8.77 kg) were used in a crossover design consisting of two 28-d periods. All dogs consumed the same commercial kibble diet throughout the study. Control dogs were offered only diet, while the treatment group received the diet plus a daily dental chew (Authority Dental Chew Orashield system formula containing sodium hexametaphosphate and texture) 4 h after their meal. On d0 of each period, teeth were cleaned by a veterinary dentist. Teeth were then scored for plaque, calculus, and gingivitis by the same veterinary dentist that was blinded to treatments on d28 of each period. Breath samples were measured for breath halitosis (volatile sulfur compounds) using a halimeter on d1, 7, 14, 21, and 27 of each period. All tooth scoring data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedures of SAS. Halimeter data were analyzed using repeated measures using Mixed Models procedures. Oral calculus coverage and thickness were less (P&lt; 0.05) in dogs consuming the novel chew than control dogs, while plaque was not different among groups. Gingivitis scores and gingival bleeding were also less (P&lt; 0.05) in dogs consuming the novel chew compared with control dogs. Breath volatile sulfur compound concentrations were reduced (P&lt; 0.05) in dogs consuming the novel chew than control dogs. Our results suggest that the novel dental chew tested in the study may aid in reducing the risk of periodontal disease in dogs.
105 Effect of a Yeast Product on Palatability, Fecal Microbiota, and Blood Values of Adult Cats
Authors: Lin Ching-Yen , Panasevich Matthew , Daristotle Leighann , Frantz Nolan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Yeast products have been fed to livestock for their benefits of modulating immune responses, enhancing gut health, and improving production. Although studies investigating the effects of yeast in companion animals have emerged in recent years, research on cats is still lacking. Therefore, these studies evaluated the effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) on diet palatability and digestibility, fecal microbiota, and blood values in adult cats. Twelve adult cats (mean BW=4.02 kg, mean age=3.4 y) were used in a cross-over design with two 28-day feeding periods and a 14-day washout between feeding periods. Cats were randomly assigned to a control dry kibble diet or a diet containing 1,380 ppm SCFP. Fecal samples were collected during days 22 to 27 for measurements of nutrient digestibility, stool quality, and fecal microbiome. On day 28, urine samples were collected for pH measurement and blood samples were collected for serum chemistry and complete blood count analyses. A separate standard 2-day palatability test was conducted using 30 cats fed the control and SCFP diets. Protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee before studies commenced. All data were analyzed using Mixed Models procedure of SAS (v9.4). Nutrient digestibility, stool quality, and urine pH were not altered by SCFP. Blood values were all within the reference ranges. Serum cholesterol concentrations increased (P&lt; 0.05) and monocyte percentage tended to increase (P&lt; 0.10) when cats consumed SCFP. When consuming SCFP, cats had decreased (P&lt; 0.05) relative abundances of Sutterella and Paraprevotella from the sequencing results and tended to have greater (P&lt; 0.10) Bifidobacterium spp. from the PCR results. The SCFP diet had better palatability, with an intake ratio of 0.69: 0.31 (vs. control). Results of these studies suggest that SCFP is safe for cat consumption and palatable, and by altering intestinal microbial populations, may promote gut health.
111 Organic Matter Disappearance and Production of Short- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids from Whole Soybeans and Selected Fiber Sources Used in pet Foods by a Canine in Vitro Fermentation Model
Authors: Kim Hee Seong S , Aldrich Charles G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Soluble fiber can be fermented by microflora in the colon resulting in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. SCFA can be used as an energy source for the host, enterocytes, colonocytes, and immune cells, supporting cell differentiation and gut health. An in vitro model has been used to predict the colonic fermentability of fibers. Whole soybean (WSB) contains oligosaccharides and non-starch polysaccharides that may behave as beneficial fermentable substrates. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of WSB oligosaccharides on in vitro fermentation using dog feces as inoculum. Treatments included total dietary fiber residues from WSB, soy hull (SH), pea fiber (PF), beet pulp (BP), soybean oligosaccharides (WSBOS), and raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose (WSBRSV). The fecal samples were collected from three Beagle dogs and maintained in anaerobic conditions until dilution and substrate inoculation. Test tubes containing enzymatic pretreated fiber sources and inoculum were incubated for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours at 39°C. Organic matter disappearance (OMD), pH, and SCFA were determined for each fiber source and time point. The data were subjected to ANOVA using the general linear model procedure (SAS, v 9.4). Least square mean differences were assessed using Tukey’s post hoc test. WSBOS and WSBRSV had greater OMD and butyrate than BP (P &lt; 0.05; 43.59 and 60.18% vs 40.96% OMD; 293.33 and 266.67 vs 130umol/g, respectively). BP and WSBRSV had the lowest pH (6.66 and 6.74, respectively) at 12 h (P &lt; 0.05). WSB had similar butyrate compared with BP (average 118umol/g). PF and SH were poorly fermented with the least OMD (18.59% and 20.45%, respectively) and butyrate (46.67umol/g and 66.67umol/g, respectively) compared with other fiber sources. In conclusion, soybean oligosaccharides were highly fermentable and produced the greatest amount of butyrate, and WSB was moderately fermentable compared to the BP.