bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review study of the providing elderly care services in different countries
Authors: Asadzadeh Mohammad , Maher Ali , Jafari Mehrnoosh , Mohammadzadeh Khalil A. , Hosseini Seyed Mojtaba 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Population aging leads to change of population structure and increase care needs. Lack of proper planning in this field will lead to occur increasing problems. In this paper, the review of the elderly care plans at various levels in some European and Asian countries, comparing these countries with Iran with the goal of using their experiences to enhance elderly plans have been done.

Methods:
This research was a review study of library documents and resources and systematic search. Data were collected using the resources, databases, scientific databases and websites of the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the studied countries.

Results:
Based on this research in the studied countries, the care services of the elderly is based on the important principle of coordination between different organs of the country, followed by the creation of LTC insurance and provision of health and social services for the elderly and mainly the type of home care. In Iran country, providing appropriate services and cares for the elderly with existing plans and policies is not possible and the need to provide appropriate service packages based on the different systems of successful countries and applying the experiences of these countries is essential.

Conclusion:
Given the current status of the Iranian elderly population in terms of policies and plans and the types and methods of providing services, quality, access and financial resources allocated to this age group, compared to the studied countries, there is a well and integrated plan is essential.
Effect of using disposable polyethylene bag as a probe cover or finger cover in pulse oximetry
Authors: Mondal Himel , Das Amit Kumar , Behera Joshil Kumar , Mondal Shaikat 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Consumer-grade pulse oximeters are used to monitor blood oxygen levels (SpO2) at home. Sharing a pulse oximeter with family members in isolation centers or home isolation due to COVID-19 may increase the chances of cross-infection.

Aim:
We aimed to find if using commonly available disposable polyethylene covers either on the finger and/or on the pulse oximeter provides the same reading of SpO2 or not.

Methods:
Two operators measured SpO2 on 10 healthy subjects with three randomly selected pulse oximeters. Six types of commonly available polythene bags (transparent, translucent, and opaque) were used to cover the fingers and/or device. After measuring the baseline SpO2 (i.e., without using covers), the measurements were taken with a covered finger, and/or covered oximeter probe.

Results:
The mean age of the research participants (five male, five female) was 23.9 ± 5.11 years. Perfusion index was 9.12 ± 1.63 (males 9.6 ± 1.42, females 8.64 ± 1.85, P = 0.38). Black opaque polyethylene bag as finger or probe cover did not detect any signal. There was no difference in SpO2 reading when a pulse oximeter probe is covered, and/or a finger is covered. There was excellent inter-observer and inter-device agreement.

Conclusion:
Commonly available transparent and translucent polyethylene plastic bags may be used as finger or pulse oximeter cover without compromising the SpO2 reading. However, an opaque black plastic bag is not suitable for finger or probe cover. These easily available and cheap pulse oximeter covers may be used by multiple patients or family members in an emergency like the COVID-19 pandemic with the potential to prevent cross-infection.
Maternal Mortality in the Remote Islands of India—Unraveling the Conundrum
Authors: Yadav Anita , Prakash Avinash , Sharma Charu , Saha Mrinmoy Kumar , Yadav Seema , Baghel Jyoti , Kamath Anusha 
Published: February 2022

Introduction:
Reduction in maternal mortality has been a top priority in low- and lower middle-income countries of Asia-Pacific region. India, being one of them, has a major responsibility of reducing maternal mortality especially in light of the commitment on the part of the Sustainable Development Goals. Despite massive efforts and availability of technology needed to avert maternal deaths, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in India continues to be high especially in remote areas. This study aims at collecting the MMR data and analyzing in the context of island infrastructure.

Material and Methods:
This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. The records of maternal deaths from January 2010 to December 2019 were collected from the medical record section and analyzed.

Results:
The MMR was estimated to be 95.63 per 100,000 live births. Majority of the patients were multigravida (82%) in the age group of 21 to 30 years (75%). Around 64% of them were referred cases. Majority (86%) of the deaths occurred in the postpartum period. Hemorrhage was the leading direct cause of maternal deaths (35.7%) followed by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) (21.4%).

Conclusion:
Most maternal deaths are preventable. Early detection of high-risk pregnancies and early referral of such patients to a well-equipped center is the key to curb the catastrophe of mortality. Adopting methods like qSOFA (quick sequential organ failure assessment) for identifying patients requiring intensive care and miniPIERS (Preeclampsia Integrated Estimate of RiSk) model for predicting adverse outcome in HDP is the need of hour. More efforts should be made to retain the specialists in the islands.
Evaluation of anesthesia quality with three methods: “propofol + fentanyl” vs. “propofol + fentanyl + lidocaine” vs. “propofol + fentanyl + lidocaine + ketamine” in patients referred to the scoping ward
Authors: Edalatkhah Sepehr , Hazrati Ebrahim , Hashemi Mahmoodreza , Golaghaei Alireza , Kheradmand Behroz , Rafiei Mohamadreza 
Published: February 2022

Introduction:
Toleration of the complexity and pain of interventions such as endoscopy and colonoscopy is highly difficult for patients. Considering the disagreement on the method of injection of propofol, this study was performed to evaluate the quality of anesthesia using the three methods of propofol + fentanyl, propofol + fentanyl + lidocaine, and propofol + fentanyl + lidocaine + ketamine.

Methods:
This one-way blind clinical trial study included 99 patients who were admitted in three groups by block randomization method. In a group of patients that were sedated with propofol + fentanyl + lidocaine + ketamine, the dose of all drugs is reduced by half the amount of the other groups. Variables included age, sex, frequency of cough, apnea, need for jaw thrust maneuver, O2 saturation, duration of recovery, and procedural satisfaction. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. P value of < 0.05 was considered to be significant.

Results:
The three groups were similar in terms of demographic characteristics. The effects of the three sedation protocols on the variables showed that patient’s apnea, cough, O2 saturation, and also proceduralist satisfaction in the group of the patient that sedated with four drugs was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than other groups. But there was no significant difference between the three groups when comparing the recovery time and need for jaw thrust during the procedure.

Conclusion:
The findings of the present study showed that the use of combination of “propofol + fentanyl + lidocaine + ketamine” with lower doses, significantly results in higher quality sedation compared with higher doses of “propofol + fentanyl + lidocaine” or “propofol + fentanyl” for scoping procedures.
Epidemiological Pattern and Trend Analysis of Animal Bite Cases of Anti-Rabies Clinic of Tertiary Care Hospital of Delhi
Authors: Jethani Sumit , Singh Sunil Kumar , Anshumali  , Kamble Bhushan Dattatray , Dobhal Veena , Singh Saudan , Jha Diwakar , Ahlawat Pooja 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Animal bites to humans are a public health problem. Rabies is caused by rhabdovirus which is present in the saliva of rabid animals like dogs, cats, monkeys, and wild animals like fox and jackals.

Objective:
To find the epidemiological pattern and trend analysis of animal bite cases registered in Anti-rabies clinic of tertiary care hospital of Delhi.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective cross-sectional study was planned in Anti-rabies clinic of Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi, and data from January 2010 to December 2018 was taken. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 21.0.

Results:
After interpretation of data from 2010 to 2018, it was found that maximum number of animal bite cases belonged to category 3 (91.0%) and majority (93.6%) were due to dog bite. On analysis of year and season wise trend, it was found that the frequency of cases showed a rising trend from the year 2010, with highest number of cases in the year 2014, while animal bite cases were maximum with arrival of spring season (month of April).

Conclusion:
This study concludes that animal bite cases are rising over the years and dog bites are most common animal bite cases in Delhi. Most of the animal bite cases occurred during spring season followed by autumn season of the year. So, there is dire need of strengthening the preventive measures for controlling animal bites in the study area.
Study to assess aetiology, clinical and imaging characteristics of post Covid-19 pulmonary cavitation
Authors: Rai Deependra Kumar , Priyadarshi Rajeev K. , Karmaker Saurabh 
Published: February 2022

Objective:
The aim of this study is to determine the aetiology and characteristics of pulmonary cavities that developed in patients recovering from COVID-19 infection.

Materials and Methods:
Between 1st May 2021 and 30st June 2021, we found 9 post COVID-19 patients who developed lung cavities on chest radiograph or CT during the follow-up period. These patients underwent routine blood examination, sputum examination and bronchoscopy to identify the aetiologies for the lung cavities.

Results:
The duration from the onset of COVID-19 symptoms to the detection of lung cavities ranged from 18 to 82 days. Out of 7 patients, 4 had recovered from severe COVID-19 disease, 2 from moderate and 1 from mild disease. After the diagnostic workup, 5 patients were found to have COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), 1 patient with mucormycosis and 1 patient with mycobacterium infection. Two patients with CAPA also had bacterial infection; sputum culture from both these patients grew Klebsiella pneumonia.

Conclusion:
Lung cavities can develop in patients recovering from COVID-19 pneumonia and fungal infection is the most common cause for such cavities.
Second hand smoke exposure in pregnant women in Dehradun, Uttarakhand: A cross sectional study
Authors: Sharma Twinkle , Aggarwal Pradeep , Singh Mahendra 
Published: February 2022

Aim:
The aim of this study was to estimate the percentage and sources of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among non-smoking pregnant women. It was a cross-sectional study conducted among the non-smoking pregnant women registered at the primary health center (PHC) under the All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), Rishikesh.

Materials and Methods:
All registered pregnant women at sub-center in the field practice area (Raiwala) of the Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS Rishikesh were recruited in the study. In this study, a questionnaire was used for measuring the exposure of SHS. Mean and standard deviation (SD), median, minimum, and maximum were used for continuous variables. A Chi-square test was used to compare the association of categorical variables.

Results:
Out of the total participants, 62% were exposed to SHS. 33% of participants were exposed to SHS at home only, 24% at public places only, and 5% were the ones exposed both at home and public places. More than half (69%) of the participants were having inadequate knowledge about the harms caused by SHS.

Conclusions:
More than half of the participants were exposed to SHS. Inadequate knowledge among the participants about adverse effects of SHS exposure and insufficient practices and action were observed.
Marijuana use experiences and expectancies of urban youth in India
Authors: Ali Enub , Sachdeva Ankur , Gupta Swatika , Kumar Manoj , Singh Jai M. , Kardam Lalit 
Published: February 2022

Objective:
To gain information on the marijuana experiences and expectancies of youth in an urban Indian area, which may be used for forming the framework for the development of effective primary prevention strategies in the future.

Method:
This was a cross-sectional study conducted in various colleges of Mumbai; 260 students from three colleges who were above 18 years were selected by systematic random sampling. The participant had to fill a sociodemographic questionnaire and marijuana effect expectancy questionnaire (MEEQ-B) and it was analyzed by using the SPSS software.

Results:
A significant association was found between negative marijuana expectancies and type of family, with cannabis users and non-users, who want to try cannabis and those who are aware of the legal issues and harmful effects of cannabis.

Conclusion:
Preventive drug education should begin in early adolescence and should deter or delay drug use through changes in knowledge, attitude, behavior, and expectation. Adolescent drug education must meet the needs of those naive to drugs as well as those experiencing initial drug exposure. This is the first study which highlights the youth experiences and expectancies about marijuana in India.
Impact of covid-19 pandemic on quality of life and psychosocial difficulties among liver transplant recipients
Authors: Choudhury Ashok , Varshney Mohit , Sahoo Bishnupriya , Pamecha Viniyendra , Sinha Piyush , Patil Nilesh Sadashiv , Mohapatra Nihar , Sharma Vibhuti , Kumar Raman 
Published: February 2022

Background:
The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic affected health in all domains i.e., physical, mental, and social aspects. Liver transplant (LT) recipients faced a multitude of challenges during the first wave of lockdown. The aim was to identify the psychosocial difficulties and quality of life during the first year of the pandemic.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was conducted on LT recipients with a predefined structured questionnaire that included clinical, COVID-19 anxiety scale, and Post-Transplant Quality of life questionnaire (pLTQ).

Results:
A total of 109 patients were studied; with a mean age of 50.5 ± 11.1 years, with a median post-transplant follow-up of 52.4 months and a live donor transplant in the majority (79.8%). Almost all (99.1%) could come to the hospital for regular follow-up, prior to the pandemic. But during the first wave only 57% could maintain planned hospital visits and about 88% could not pursue their regular activities, and 39% missed their routine exercise because of imposed restrictions. Similarly, financial implications were responsible for 4% defaulting from treatment; while 7.3% managed by curtailing supportive drugs (on their own) leading to deranged liver tests in 4.6%; requiring immediate attention. The psychosocial difficulties raised the stress of pandemic (median score 18), and impacted quality of life (mean total pLTQ score 4.7 ± 0.9)

Conclusions:
For LT recipients, the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic affected their physical, mental, financial, and social wellbeing; in addition to the disease itself. Awareness, psychosocial support, and comprehensive care are some unmet needs for this special group; especially when it is expected that subsequent waves may continue to occur.
Chest radiographic findings and their correlation with disease progression in COVID-19 patients in northern India
Authors: Agarwal Neema , Jain Payal , Khan Tooba N. , Gupta Rakesh 
Published: February 2022

Introduction:
The present study was undertaken to describe and quantify the spectrum of radiographic findings on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The study also aimed to analyse the changes in chest X-ray (CXR) with disease progression.

Methods:
COVID-19 patients admitted between the period of 15 March 2020 and 1 July 2020 were retrospectively enrolled. CXR images were assessed and reported as ‘Normal’ or ‘Abnormal’. A severity score was calculated using Warren et al.’s Radiographic Assessment of Lung Edema scoring. Correlations of the severity score thus calculated were sought with age, sex, clinical manifestations and presence of comorbidities.

Results:
Five hundred patients (342 males, 158 females) were enrolled, median age being 35 years. Fever and cough were the most common symptoms but significant correlation of an abnormal CXR was found with dyspnoea. CXRs were normal in 67% and abnormal in 33% patients. The commonest comorbidities were diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease including hypertension, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure. Predominant pattern was ground glass opacities, reticular alteration and consolidation peaking in the second week from symptom onset. The most frequent distribution was bilateral, peripheral with middle/lower predominance. Increasing age, male sex, presence of dyspnoea and comorbidities correlated with abnormal findings on CXR. Critical illness and mortality correlated strongly with increasing age, male sex and presence of dyspnoea, less so with presence of comorbidities.

Conclusion:
In the current scenario with clinicians and radiologists working in tandem, CXR seems to be a promising tool in providing relevant information in a simplified way.
Coverage vs Utilization of integrated child services scheme (ICDS): A community based study in urban block of Patiala, Punjab (India)
Authors: Jain Ira , Singh Amarjit , Chaturvedi Ruchi , Balgir Rajinder S. 
Published: February 2022

Introduction:
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme provides a wide range of health, nutrition and education services to children, women and adolescent girls. Maternal satisfaction usually influences service uptake and utilization. Therefore, in addition to coverage, the quality of services provided and end-user satisfaction need to be assessed.

Material and Methods:
A cross-sectional community-level study was conducted in the urban block of the Patiala district in Punjab. A total of 54 AWCs were selected from a sample frame of 222 by applying a systematic random sampling technique. From each selected AWC, 20 mothers of registered beneficiaries (0–6 years) were randomly selected for interview. The data collected was entered and analysed using SPSS version 22.

Results:
The present study revealed that most of the Anganwadis (87.19%) were regularly open for the provision of various ICDS services. However, only 48.02% of children received supplementary nutrition from AWC regularly. Only 32.36% of children who were sick were referred by AWW. Satisfaction with quantity and quality of food served was found to be 61% and 45.90% among mothers, respectively.

Conclusion:
It was concluded that there is a need to improve the quality of services to overcome the problem of under-utilisation of services despite the wide coverage of ICDS services; regular orientation and training courses for AWWs should be conducted to ensure better service delivery to all beneficiaries.
Non-communicable disease risk factors among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) – A relook during the covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Patil Shailaja S. , Hiremath Ravishekar N. , Viswanath HM Kasi , Kadam D. B. 
Published: February 2022

Background:
The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in syndemic due to factors like overcrowding, loneliness, poor nutrition, and lack of access to health care services. With the ongoing pandemic, people with NCDs, including PLHA, are at high risk for developing severe and even fatal Covid-19 infections. Our study, which was carried out prior to the pandemic gives us an insight into the NCD risk factors profile of PLHAs so that effective interventions could be initiated to protect them from Covid-19 severity and NCDs.

Materials And Methods:
A prospective study was carried out among PLHA in western Maharashtra, where PLHA were selected from five ART centers by means of a systematic random sampling method. Data were collected by means of a pretested questionnaire to assess NCD risk factors and anthropometric measurements were done. Data were collected at the baseline during the time of ART initiation and then after one year. Analysis was done by means of SPSS software (version 20.0). Results: The mean age of the study participants was 41.73 years. 59% belonged to rural areas, 21% were illiterate, and 12% belonged to the lower class as per the Modified BG Prasad scale. 33% were laborers by occupation, 66% were married, and 22% were widowed. At baseline, during the start of ART, 26% of the subjects were found to be overweight or obese, 36% had tobacco or smoking habits, and 15% had alcohol consumption habits. Even after one year, despite repeated counseling, about 32% of the subjects were found to be overweight or obese, 28% had tobacco and 8% had alcohol consumption habits, pointing to the need to integrate NCD prevention measures, such as screening routinely as per the national program, even in the PLHAs. 34% had normal BMI, while 35% were underweight, 14% overweight, and 17% obese after one year. 24% of PLHA had abnormal waist circumference at the end of one year.

Conclusion:
These findings indicate the incorporation of early screening for NCD risk factors among PLHA and effective behavior change communication (BCC) strategies to prevent and manage the same at the earliest before it can aggravate the already compromised immune status in these subjects, particularly during this Covid 19 pandemic. It will also act as a guiding article for family physicians or primary care physicians to help them look at specific basic parameters while screening of NCDs among PLHAs.
A 17-year-old indwelling ureteral stent with large vesical calculus at one end: The tombstone of a forgotten Double “J” stent
Authors: Ghorai Rudra P. , Talwar Harkirat S. , Mittal Ankur , Narain Tushar A. , Panwar Vikas K. 
Published: February 2022

Objective:
To highlight the presentation and management of a 17-year-old forgotten ureteral stent with a large vesical calculus at one end, a very rare yet devastating complication of ureteral stenting.

Case Presentation:
A 65-year-old gentleman presented with complaints of lower urinary tract symptoms for two years with a history of ureterolithotomy done 17 years ago. Imaging revealed a forgotten ureteral stent embedded in a large vesical calculus. He underwent a percutaneous cystolithotomy with removal of the forgotten stent.

Conclusion:
DJ stent is commonly used in urologic practice. It is a double-edged sword as it can lead to severe morbidity in patients who have forgotten stent. Knowledge of DJ stent-related complications and need of timely removal will help primary care physician in providing better health care. Proper counselling of patients before and after the placement of stent and maintenance of stent registries play a major role in avoiding this dreadful complication.