bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Evaluation of Fracture Resistance of Fiber-Reinforced Composite and Alkasite Restoration in Class I Cavity
Authors: Rajaraman G. , Senthil Eagappan AR. , Bhavani S. , Vijayaraghavan R. , Harishma S. , Jeyapreetha P. 
Published: March 2022

Background and Aim:
Tooth-colored restorative materials for the restoration of decayed posterior teeth continue to gain popularity both among dental practitioners and patients. These materials have undergone a number of improvements in recent years to enhance their physical properties and diversify their use as a restorative material relevant to clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of two such advanced restorative materials, namely EverX Posterior, a fiber-reinforced composite and Cention N, an alkasite material in a Class I Cavity.

Materials and Methods:
Forty intact, caries-free human maxillary premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic purposes were divided randomly into four groups of 10 teeth each. Group I were unprepared teeth (intact teeth); Group II were unrestored teeth with class I cavity; Group III were teeth restored with fiber-reinforced composite (EverX Posterior); and Group IV were teeth restored using alkasite material (Cention N). Fracture resistance was recorded for all samples using a universal testing machine.

Results:
Higher fracture resistance was recorded in intact teeth group followed by EverX Posterior, Cention N and unrestored teeth, respectively. The teeth restored with EverX Posterior showed higher mean fracture resistance to fractures than those restored with Cention N. Teeth restored with EverX Posterior showed no significant difference in mean fracture resistance from Intact teeth while restored teeth with Cention N and unrestored teeth did.

Conclusion:
Fracture resistance of EverX Posterior was comparable to that of the natural tooth and was higher as compared to Cention N.
Association of Salivary Statherin, Calcium, and Proline-Rich Proteins
Authors: Sadashivappa Pateel Deepak Gowda , Gunjal Shilpa , Dutta Sulagna 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Salivary factors modulate the balanced dynamic mineralization process of the dental enamel. Salivary proteins such as statherin and acidic proline-rich proteins (PRPs) protect oral surfaces by regulating oral calcium homeostasis and remineralization of enamel. Thus, they possibly play vital roles in dental caries.

Aim:
The present study aims to find the association of salivary statherin, proline-rich protein, and calcium levels with dental caries.

Methods:
A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 188 healthy participants (age between 18 and 50 years), from dental clinic of MAHSA University, Malaysia. Dental caries was measured using standard WHO criteria. Stimulated whole mouth saliva was collected, and salivary statherin, acidic PRP (aPRP), and calcium levels were estimated using ELISA Kit and calorimetric assay kit, respectively. Data were analyzed using Spearman's rho and Pearson's correlation coefficient (SPSS statistical package-version 25.0) to find correlation of salivary statherin, calcium, and proline-rich protein levels with dental caries.

Results:
A statistically significant (P < 0.001) moderate negative correlation (r = −0.500) was found between salivary statherin and proline-rich protein levels. There was no statistically significant association of dental caries with salivary statherin, calcium, and aPRP levels.

Conclusion:
Salivary statherin and aPRP levels appear to perform mutually complementing functions and thus may have potential role in the maintenance of tooth integrity.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors in older patients with solid tumors
Authors: Abraham George , Jobanputra Kunal N. , Noronha Vanita , Patil Vijay M. , Menon Nandini S. , Gattani Shreya C. , Prabhash Kumar 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Older patients with cancer are underrepresented in most immunotherapy trials. Therefore, there is an urgent and unmet need for real-world data on the efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in older patients with cancer.

Objectives:
This study was aimed at analyzing the demographic pattern, treatment-related outcomes, and toxicities of ICIs in older patients with solid tumors.

Materials and Methods:
This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Medical Oncology of the Tata Memorial Hospital, a tertiary cancer care center in Mumbai, India. Patients aged ≥ 60 years with histologically confirmed malignancies of the thoracic, head and neck and genitourinary systems who were treated with ICIs between August 2014 and February 2021, and had received at least 2 cycles of ICI were enrolled in the study. Data related to the demographic profile and pattern of care were obtained from the electronic medical records and physical patient files. Patient management was decided in a multidisciplinary tumor board meeting. The primary endpoint of the study was overall survival (OS). The secondary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and rate of immune-related adverse events.

Results:
There were 150 patients included in the study. The most common indications for ICI use were non-small-cell lung cancer (52.7%) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (17.3%). Nivolumab was the most common ICI used in 119 (79.4%) patients. ICIs were used in the palliative setting in 144 (96%) patients. A total of 76 (50.6%) patients received ICIs as second-line therapy. The median number of cycles of ICI received was 5 (interquartile range, 3.0–9.5). The ORR to ICIs was 30%, and the clinical benefit rate was 52%. ICIs were discontinued due to toxicities in 4 (2.7%) patients. The median PFS and OS were 4.23 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38–7.08) months and 8.6 (95% CI, 4.9–12.2) months, respectively. Baseline performance status was the most significant prognostic factor for PFS and OS in the multivariate analysis. In addition, age, male sex, and comorbid conditions such as chronic kidney disease negatively impacted the OS.

Conclusion:
Our study shows that ICIs are efficacious and well tolerated in older Indian patients with solid tumors. There is an emerging need for larger prospective studies on ICIs with the incorporation of geriatric assessment scores in this vulnerable patient population.
Magnesium sulfate in organophosphorus compound poisoning
Authors: Kumar H. Mohan , Pannu Ashok Kumar , Kumar Susheel , Sharma Navneet , Bhalla Ashish 
Published: March 2022

Background:
The addition of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) to standard treatment has improved mortality and morbidity associated with organophosphorus compound (OPC) poisoning. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of adjunctive intravenous MgSO4 (IV MgSO4) in poisoning from OPCs.

Methods:
Forty-seven cases and 72 controls were recruited to this prospective open-label clinician-initiated intervention trial after admitting OPC poisoning. All patients received standard treatment for anticholinesterase poisoning, and oximes were not used. Cases were divided into two groups. Group A (22 patients) received IV MgSO4 at 4 g/day in four divided doses (1 g every 6 h) on day 1. Group B (25 patients) received the same daily dose of IV MgSO4 throughout the hospital stay. Group C (72 patients) represents historical controls who did not receive IV MgSO4. The primary outcome was inhospital mortality. The secondary outcomes included the development of intermediate syndrome (IMS), the requirement of mechanical ventilation (MV), duration of MV, and length of hospital stay.

Results:
Baseline parameters in both groups were comparable. There is no statistically significant difference in mortality among three groups (Group A: 2/22, 9.1%; Group B: 5/25, 20% and Group C: 6/72, 8.3%). Results were similar for the development of IMS, the requirement of MV, length of MV, and duration of hospital stay.

Conclusion:
IV MgSO4 did not result in better outcomes compared with standard care alone in OPC poisoning.
How to Conduct Descriptive Statistics Online
Authors: Mondal Himel , Swain Sharada Mayee , Mondal Shaikat 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Descriptive statistics is the first step of data analysis. In biomedical researches, inferential statistical tests are invariably conducted after descriptive statistical tests for getting a summary of the data. Many resource-limited settings may not have dedicated software for carrying out these tests.

Aim:
This article aimed to provide a brief technical guide about the conduct of descriptive statistics with visualization that can be done without any dedicated statistical software package.

Methods:
We searched for online tools that provide free service for the conduct of descriptive statistics. The example data were fabricated for the conduct of the test online. The visualization of the data (i.e., figures) was explained in brief, wherever necessary.

Results:
We described the method to graph and summarize the data using a pie chart, frequency table, stem and leaf display, histogram, frequency polygon, box plot, bar chart, stacked bar chart, line graph, dot plot, central tendency, variance, quantile-quantile plot, scatter plot, and Venn diagram. All these tests and visualization were done online without any installed dedicated software package.

Conclusion:
This article provides a brief technical guide for conducting common descriptive statistical tests online. Researchers in any resource-limited settings may use these services to summarize and visualize the data online from public domain websites.
How to Conduct Inferential Statistics Online (Part 2)
Authors: Mondal Shaikat , Mondal Himel , Panda Roopam 
Published: March 2022

Introduction:
Researchers from developing countries may not have access to statistical software packages. However, descriptive and inferential statistical tests are to conduct to conclude the study. In a previous article (DOI: 10.4103/ijves.ijves_116_21), we described how to conduct some of the common inferential statistical tests online. This article is the second part of the series.

Aim:
We aimed to provide the examples of some inferential statistical tests used in clinical studies and provide step-by-step guidelines to conduct those tests online.

Methods:
We prepared a set of data for each statistical test. These data were used to carry out the test online and the steps are briefly described. The result of the test is presented with screenshots and text to get an idea of how to report the result in a manuscript.

Results:
We described the process of conduct of the following tests online – Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis, Kaplan − Meier estimate, dose-response, logistic regression, multiple linear regression, residual analysis, odd ratio, Bland − Altman plot, Cronbach's alpha, Cohen's kappa, and intraclass correlation coefficient. In addition, a method for random allocation of subjects in groups was also described. All the tests were described with example data available in a supplementary file.

Conclusion:
In this article, some of the inferential statistics used for clinical studies are described with example data and a step-by-step guide. Any clinician from resource-limited settings may use this guide as a reference for statistical tests. However, the tests described in this article are not a comprehensive list.
Impact of School-Based Health Education on Dengue Prevention and Control in an Urban Area during an Epidemic
Authors: Krishnappa Lalitha , Gadicherla Suman , Chalageri Vani H. , Jacob Ankeeta Menon 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
Most school communities lack awareness and health education toward dengue and its transmission.

Aim:
To assess the impact of implemented school-based health education intervention program on cognitive and affective domain as well as behavior of high school children as a change agent in the prevention and control of dengue fever in an urban area.

Methods:
All the children were self-administered a pretested semi-structured questionnaire to assess the baseline knowledge and attitude on dengue fever and its prevention in an epidemic. Multimodal health education intervention was provided and after 1 week, the same questionnaire was used to assess the postintervention level of knowledge and attitude. The Chi-square test and ordinal logistic regression were performed in R. v. 3.5.2. Sample of students was administered observation checklist to document the practices.

Results:
Majority belonged to the Class X 379 (60.64%) and their level of knowledge during pretest was higher compared to Class VIII and IX. Posttest, level of education of father’s (P = 0.006), student’s (P = 0.000), and occupation of mother’s (P = 0.048) significantly associated with knowledge of students. While mother’s education significantly associated with both knowledge (P = 0.000) and (P < 0.036) attitude of the students toward dengue fever. Knowledge and attitude of the students toward dengue significantly improved posttest. There was significant change in behavior practices as evident by reduction of breeding sites after intervention.

Conclusion:
The cognitive and affective domain of the high school students toward dengue fever improved after the health education program along with behavioral change which highlights the role of students as change agents.
Novel use of Pedicled Medial Sural Artery Perforator flap for Post Burn Knee Contractures
Authors: Sharma Mukesh Kumar , Babu Vaddi Suman , Harini B. S. , Jha Manoj Kumar , Reddy Ashok Daram 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Postburn flexion contractures of the knee may arise even with adequate treatment of the burn injury. Pedicled medial sural artery perforator (MSAP) flap has been described for the reconstruction of defects of the knee and proximal third of the leg. Its use in the management of postburn contracture release is sparse. We are presenting the use of a medial sural artery pedicled flap for the reconstruction following postburn knee contracture release.

Materials and Methods:
This study included six patients with postburn unstable scars and a mild degree of knee contractures who underwent release of the contracture and coverage using MSAP pedicled flap. The results in terms of flap size, recurrence, complications, functional outcome, and cosmesis were assessed.

Results:
The flap size ranged from 7 cm × 6 cm to 13 cm × 7 cm with a mean pedicle length of 9.41 cm. All six flaps survived without any complications with a satisfactory outcome. The patients were followed up for 6–18 months. There was no recurrence of contracture without any restriction of knee joint mobility.

Conclusion:
MSAP flap is a reliable flap and should be considered for the management of postburn knee contracture of grade 2 and grade 3 contractures, as it provides optimum and ideal coverage with fewer chances of recurrence.
SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain IgG Response to AstraZeneca (AZD1222) COVID-19 Vaccination, Jamaica
Authors: Leys Ynolde E. , Nwokocha Magdalene , Walker Jerome P. , Butterfield Tiffany R. , Frater Velesha D. , Thompson Tamara K. , Anderson Mark , Cloherty Gavin A. , Anzinger Joshua J. 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT.
The Caribbean region is lacking an assessment of the antibody response and side effects experienced after AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination (AZD1222). We examined severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) IgG levels and report the side effects noted in a Jamaican population after AZD1222 vaccination. Median RBD IgG levels for persons without evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were 43.1 binding international units (bIU)/mL 3 to 7 weeks after the first dose, increasing to 100.1 bIU/mL 3 to 7 weeks after the second dose, and decreasing to 46.9 bIU/mL 16 to 22 weeks after the second dose. The median RBD IgG level 2 to 8 weeks after symptom onset for unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2-infected persons of all disease severities was 411.6 bIU/mL. Common AZD1222 side effects after the first dose were injection site pain, headache, and chills. Most people reported no side effects after the second dose. AZD1222 is widely used across the English-speaking Caribbean, and our study provides evidence for its continued safe and effective use in vaccination programs.
MODELS OF LABORATORY MINI-SILOS TO STUDY THE FERMENTATION OF WILTED ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA) USING A HOMOLACTIC BACTERIAL INOCULANT
Authors: Solórzano Luis C. , Solórzano Luis L. , Rodríguez-Carías Abner A. 
Published: March 2022

MODELS OF LABORATORY MINI-SILOS TO STUDY THE FERMENTATION OF WILTED ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA) USING A HOMOLACTIC BACTERIAL INOCULANT
On the division of the Ossetian nation and the formation of the Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania
Authors: Кодалаева Х.Г. 
Published: March 2022

В статье рассматриваются причины, характер и последствия разделен-ности осетинского народа, который с 1920 г. де факто имеет статус разделенногонарода. Акцент делается на том, что в содержании Договора между РСФСР и ГрузинскойДемократической Республикой от 7 мая 1920 г. было много волюнтаристского, субъек-тивного, что и предопределило дальнейшие драматические события в отношениях, какГрузии и Южной Осетии, так и Грузии и Российской Федерации.
The article examines the causes, nature and consequences of the separateness ofthe Ossetian people, which has de facto had the status of a divided people since 1920. Theemphasis is placed on the fact that in the content of the Treaty between the RSFSR and theGeorgian Democratic Republic of May 7, 1920, there was a lot of voluntaristic, subjective, whichpredetermined further dramatic events in relations between Georgia and South Ossetia, as wellas Georgia and the Russian Federation.
Stress in Nurses During the COVID 19 Pandemic
Authors: Keršytė Ieva , Mikaliūkštienė Aldona , Fatkulina Natalja 
Published: March 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic is the largest global health crisis in over a century. Research provides evidence that corona virus has a significant impact on the well-being of health professionals. Nurses face additional sources of increased stress when dealing with the new coronavirus. The psychological health of nurses during a COVID-19 pandemic is of great importance as it may affect their performance and reduce the quality of care provided. The overall prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance among nurses during the pandemic outbreak indicates that at least one third of nurses experienced stress, anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance. In carrying out their duties to stop the spread of virus, healthcare workers put their lives at risk due to the increased risk of exposure to the virus, the demanding nature of their workload, and irregular or long working hours.
The aim of the study was to analyse the scientific literature on stress experienced by nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods – the systematic literature review of Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar databases for articles on nurses' stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results showed that nurses experience higher levels of stress during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to normal working conditions and that stress has a negative impact on nurses' professional and personal performance.
Pulmonary Hypertension in Children - New Insights of Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Palii Ina , Rodoman Iulia , Palega Daniela , Pirtu Lucia , Sciuca Svetlana 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a pathophysiological condition that includes multiple clinical situations and can complicate most cardiovascular and respiratory diseases1. Step by step diagnosis and reviewing contemporary treatment approaches would significantly impact the prognosis of pediatric patients with PH. Management of children with PH requires a multidisciplinary team with experience. PH is frequently associated with cardiac and pulmonary diseases with chronic hypoxia, obstructive respiratory disorders, chest malformations, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, and can also develop during late phases of cystic fibrosis, bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis. Updated definition of PH at the world symposium (HTAP, Nice, 2018) includes values of pulmonary artery pressure >20 mmHg and using pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) indexed to the body surface to identify pre-capillary PH, PVR≥3 WU×m2
5. Cardiac catheterization represents the gold standard in diagnosing PH, being the most precise method of measuring the blood pressure (BP) in the pulmonary artery and offering valuable information about cardiac output, arterial pressure, and the response to pulmonary vasodilators2,3. The specific modern treatment with endothelin receptor inhibitors significantly improves the disease's clinical course and brings better parameters at instrumental investigations8.
Neurofibromatosis 1-Noonan Syndrome Associated with Pulmonary Stenosis and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Radu Daniela-Noela , Dobrovie Monica , Capsa Razvan , Enache Roxana 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Neurofibromatosis 1-Noonan syndrome is considered a distinct clinical entity, combining characteristics of both autosomal dominant disorders: neurofibromatosis 1 and Noonan syndrome. We present the case of a 20-year-old patient clinically diagnosed with neurofibromatosis 1-Noonan syndrome, with genetic confirmation-heterozygous mutation of PTPN11 gene and a variant of uncertain significance in NF1 gene (c.2989A>G). Associated congenital heart disease was diagnosed at birth-severe pulmonary valve stenosis and infundibular pulmonary stenosis, surgically corrected at the age of one. At adult age, cardiologic assessment shows severe pulmonary regurgitation post commissurotomy, with residual large pulmonary stenosis and left ventricular apical hypertrophy, suggesting apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, confirmed by cardiac magnetic resonance. The patient needs periodical follow-up in order to identify the perfect timing for correction of severe pulmonary regurgitation. As there are no specific genetic therapies for neurofibromatosis 1 or Noonan syndrome, the diagnose and management of associated comorbidities is the main aspect to be taken into considered.
Estimating Personal Consumption Rates for Husbands and Wives: A Comparison of Income-Strata and Microdata Models
Authors: Rosenbaum David I. , Ellis Kathleen G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Various studies estimate personal consumption expenditures from Consumer Expenditure (CEX) data. Early analysis relied on CEX data that was aggregated across expenditure categories and income groupings, while later studies used microdata containing disaggregated expenditures across individual items for each surveyed household. These newer studies allocated expenditures for each item to relevant household members, but analyzed results aggregated across income strata. We extend the microdata analysis by examining personal consumption expenditures at the household level. Our results indicate that at all but the lowest incomes, personal consumption rates generated using microdata-level observations differ only slightly from existing models using income-strata data. Forensic experts accounting for personal consumption may, thus, feel comfortable using either method of analysis.