bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphine Exposure Reduces Nicotine-Induced Upregulation of Nicotinic Receptors and Decreases Volitional Nicotine Intake in a Mouse Model
Authors: Avelar Alicia J , Cooper Skylar Y , Wright Thomas Douglas , Wright Sheavonnie K , Richardson Montana R , Henderson Brandon J 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Nicotine addiction remains a primary health concern as tobacco smoking remains the number one cause of preventable death in America. At the same time, America is still facing the threat of the opioid epidemic. While the prevalence of smoking combustible cigarettes or electronic nicotine delivery systems in the United States varies between 12% and 35%, the smoking rates among the opioid use dependent (OUD) population is 74%–97%. We examined changes in brain reward mechanisms in which co-use of nicotine and opioids may result in enhanced reward and reinforcement.

Aims and Methods
Adult male and female α4-mCherryα6-GFP mice (C57BL/6J) were used in conditioned place preference (CPP) and microscopy assays to examine reward-related behavior and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) upregulation following treatments with saline, nicotine, morphine, or nicotine plus morphine. Following this, separate mice were trained in e-Vape self-administration assays to examine morphine’s impact on nicotine reinforcement.

Results
We observed that nicotine and morphine coexposure in a CPP assay did not produce enhanced reward-related behavior when compared with nicotine or morphine alone. In parallel we observed coexposure reduced nicotine-induced upregulation of nAChRs on ventral tegmental area dopamine and GABA neurons. Additionally, we observed that concurrent morphine exposure reduced nicotine (plus menthol) vapor self-administration in male and female mice.

Conclusions
While nicotine use is high among OUD individuals, our CPP assays suggest coexposure not only fails to enhance reward-related behavior but also reduces nicotine-induced changes in ventral tegmental area neurobiology. Our self-administration assays suggest that morphine exposure during nicotine acquisition reduces nicotine reinforcement-related behavior.

Implications
While some may postulate that the co-use of opioids and nicotine may be driven by reward-related mechanisms, our data indicate that opioid exposure may hinder nicotine intake due to reduced upregulation of nAChRs critical for nicotine reward and reinforcement. Thus, the high co-use in OUD individuals may be a result of other mechanisms and this warrants further investigations into nicotine and opioid co-use.
Working Memory Training Reduces Cigarette Smoking Among Low-Income Individuals With Elevated Delay Discounting
Authors: Collado Anahi , Felton Julia , Grunevski Sergej , Doran Kelly , Yi Richard 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Introduction
The competing neurobehavioral decision systems theory conceptualizes addictive behavior, such as cigarette smoking, as arising from the imbalance between stronger impulsive relative to weaker executive decision processes. Working memory trainings may enhance executive decision processes, yet few studies have evaluated its efficacy on substance misuse, with mixed evidence. The current study is the first to evaluate the efficacy of a working memory training on cigarette smoking. We consider the moderating role of delay discounting (DD), or the preference for smaller, immediately available rewards relative to larger, delayed rewards, which has been associated with smoking onset, progression, and resumption. The investigation focuses on individuals living in high-poverty, low-resource environments due high burden of tobacco-related disease they experience.

Aims and Methods
The study utilized a subset of data (N = 177 individuals who smoke) generated from a randomized clinical trial that is evaluating the efficacy of working memory training for improving health-related outcomes. Participants were randomized to complete up to 15 sessions of the active, working memory training or a control training.

Results
Findings showed that among participants who were randomized to the working memory condition, those with higher rates of baseline DD demonstrated decreases in cigarette smoking (p = .05). Conversely, individuals randomized to the control condition, who had higher rates of baseline DD exhibited increases in cigarette smoking (p = .025).

Conclusions
Results suggest that DD may be an important indicator of working memory training outcomes and a possible approach for effectively targeting treatments in the future.

Implications
DD is important indicator of working memory training outcomes on cigarette smoking. The findings suggest the possibility to effectively target treatments considering the impact of DD. Given that rates of DD tend to be higher among individuals from low-resource communities, and that computer-based working memory training programs are relatively low-cost and scalable, these findings suggest this approach may have specific utility for adults at heightened risk for cigarette use.
This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT03501706).
Extensive variation in feather ornaments of Whiskered Auklets in the Aleutian Islands reflects age, sex, condition, and geography
Authors: Jones Ian L , Hunter Fiona M , Seneviratne Sampath S , Williams Jeffrey C , Montgomerie Robert 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Both sexes of Whiskered Auklets (Aethia pygmaea) display the most elaborate feather ornaments of any seabird: a slender black forehead crest, and 3 bilaterally symmetrical pairs of white facial plumes (superorbital, suborbital, and auricular). We studied patterns of ornament variation in 796 banded individuals (147 of known sex, 254 of known age from 1 to 16 years) during 1992–2009 at Buldir Island (principally), and 3 other Aleutian Islands (Davidof, Ulak, and Egg) in Alaska, USA. As expected for socially selected traits, ornaments were more variable across individuals than anatomical traits in size but with only slightly male-biased sexual dimorphism. Body condition index increased from age 1 to 3 years but changed little thereafter. Even within birds ≥4 years old, ornament size was positively related to body condition index. Subadults (one-year-olds) had smaller ornaments than adults (age 2–16 years) but there was no further change in ornament size as adults aged and no evidence of senescence even in the oldest birds (&gt;8 years old). Nonetheless, overall ornament size varied from year-to-year at Buldir and was correlated with indices of both ocean climate and auklet productivity in the preceding 2–5 years. From Buldir to Egg Island (1,266 km), the size of both anatomical and ornamental traits increased by 5–15% except for bill depth, which was largest in birds from Buldir and Egg at opposite ends of the Aleutian breeding range. This study is one of few to examine patterns of ornament variation in a long-lived, socially monogamous bird, even though such patterns are crucial to understanding the relationship between sexual selection and life history.
Building an Opt-Out Model for Service-Level Consent in the Context of New Data Regulations
Authors: Howarth A R , Estcourt C S , Ashcroft R E , Cassell J A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was introduced in 2018 to harmonize data privacy and security laws across the European Union (EU). It applies to any organization collecting personal data in the EU. To date, service-level consent has been used as a proportionate approach for clinical trials, which implement low-risk, routine, service-wide interventions for which individual consent is considered inappropriate. In the context of public health research, GDPR now requires that individuals have the option to choose whether their data may be used for research, which presents a challenge when consent has been given by the clinical service and not by individual service users. We report here on development of a pragmatic opt-out solution to this consent paradox in the context of a partner notification intervention trial in sexual health clinics in the UK. Our approach supports the individual’s right to withhold their data from trial analysis while routinely offering the same care to all patients.
The Market Risk Premium for Unsecured Consumer Credit Risk
Authors: Fleckenstein Matthias , Longstaff Francis A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We use the prices of credit card asset-backed securities to study the market risk premium associated with unsecured consumer credit risk. We find that the market incorporates a substantial credit risk premium into the prices of these securities. Furthermore, there has been a major repricing of unsecured consumer credit risk since the 2007–2009 financial crisis. We find evidence that this increase is linked to balance-sheet costs imposed by postcrisis changes in regulations that have placed credit card securitizations back onto issuer balance sheets. These regulatory changes may have added more than 100 basis points to the cost of unsecured household credit.
Nature and characteristics of orthopaedic medical emergency team (MET) events: a retrospective study of 263 MET calls
Authors: Kang Lily , Onggo James R. , Simpson Joanna P. , Hau Raphael 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Medical emergency teams (MET) are globally recognized strategies to improve outcomes of deteriorating patients. This study aimed to compare characteristics of hypotension and nonhypotension MET calls by characterizing triggers, timings, risk factors, management strategies, and outcomes of postoperative orthopaedic MET calls and provide information in identifying patients who require further perioperative assessment to facilitate better patient care.

Methods:
A retrospective, single-center review of postoperative orthopaedic MET calls between October 2017 and April 2019 was performed. MET calls were categorized into three groups depending on MET triggers and analyzed by preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative parameters.

Results:
Comparing hypotension-only MET events (Group 1) with other triggers (Group 3), Group 1 showed patients who were younger (71.9 yr vs. 75.8 yr, P=0.012), had elective procedures (52.0% vs. 37.1%, P=0.032), and had non-neck of femoral fracture (71.0% vs. 53.0%, P=0.007). They had fewer comorbidities (Charlson Comorbidity Index: 2.7 vs. 3.6, P=0.011), fewer imaging investigations (12.0% vs. 50.8%, P<0.05), larger volume fluid boluses (0.36L vs. 0.09L, P<0.05), and fewer medication changes (27.0% vs. 43.2%, P=0.013) or additions (18.0% vs. 56.8%, P<0.05).

Conclusions:
Older age, emergency surgery, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index, preoperative delirium or dementia, and non-neck of femoral fracture orthopaedic patients were at higher risk of nonhypotension METs. In postoperative orthopaedic patients, hypotension-only METs were managed with an average crystalloid fluid bolus of 0.36L. Nonhypotension METs were more likely to be discharged to high level care nursing homes (HLCNH) and less likely to have an ICU admission. These findings have clinical implications for better patient identification and resource allocation of hospital systems.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Role of combined brim and spring plates in the treatment of acetabular fractures involving quadrilateral plates: a retrospective study of early results
Authors: ElSherif Mahmoud , Abonnour Mostafa 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Quadrilateral plate (QP) fractures constitute an intrapelvic component of acetabular fractures and are challenging for surgical fixation. Inability to reduce and buttress QP leads to poor functional outcome. The hypothesis was that use of combined brim and spring plates for fixation of fractures that involved QP would maintain reduction and improve functional outcomes of those patients.

Methods:
This was a retrospective case series study of 44 patients with acetabular fractures that involved QPs that were fixed by combined brim and spring plates between March 2015 and January 2020 in the orthopaedic surgery department in Suez Canal University Hospitals. All patients were operated by the same surgical team. A minimum of 12 mo of postoperative follow-up was planned for each. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software (version 17 for Windows, Chicago, Illinois).

Results:
The mean patient age was about 40.4 yr. The associated dislocations were present in ten patients (22.7%). Anterior column and posterior hemitransverse fractures were in about 50% of patients. Average operative time was about 146 min. Average intraoperative blood loss was about 583 mL. No patients developed avascular necrosis of the femoral head, heterotopic ossification, or implant failure. Two patients had postoperative obturator nerve injury. Quadrilateral component reduction was anatomical in 28 hips (63.6%). At 1-year follow-up, final clinical scores were excellent in 15 hips (34.1%) and good in 18 hips (40.9%).

Conclusions:
Combined brim and spring plates can maintain anatomical reduction of QP fractures and give good clinical results with less operative time and fewer complications than other methods mentioned in the literature.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Contextualizing Breast Implant Removal Patterns with Google Trends: Big Data Applications in Surgical Demand
Authors: Tian William M. , Rames Jess D. , Blau Jared A. , Taskindoust Mahsa , Hollenbeck Scott T. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
The demand for breast implant removal (BIR) has increased substantially in recent years. This study leveraged large datasets available through Google Trends to understand how changes in public perception could be influencing surgical demand, both geographically and temporally.

Methods:
Using Google Trends, we extracted relative search volume for BIR-related search terms in the United States from 2006 to 2019. A network of related search terms was established using pairwise correlative analysis. Terms were assessed for correlation with national BIR case volume based on annual reports provided by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. A surgical demand index for BIR was created on a state-by-state basis.

Results:
A network of internally correlated BIR search terms was found. Search volumes for such terms, including “explant” [ρ = 0.912], “breast implant removal” [ρ = 0.596], “breast implant illness” [ρ = 0.820], “BII” [ρ = 0.600], and “ALCL” [ρ = 0.895] (P < 0.05), were found to be positively correlated with national BIR case volume, whereas “breast augmentation” [ρ = -0.596] (P < 0.05) was negatively correlated. Our 2019 BIR surgical demand index revealed that Nevada, Arizona, and Louisiana were the states with the highest BIR demand per capita.

Conclusions:
Google Trends is a powerful tool for tracking public interest and subsequently, online health information seeking behavior. There are clear networks of related Google search terms that are correlated with actual BIR surgical volume. Understanding the online health queries patients have can help physicians better understand the factors driving patient decision-making.
The Intersection of Intimate Partner Violence and Traumatic Brain Injury: Findings From an Emergency Summit Addressing System-Level Changes to Better Support Women Survivors
Authors: Toccalino Danielle , Haag Halina (Lin) , Estrella Maria Jennifer , Cowle Stephanie , Fuselli Pamela , Ellis Michael J. , Gargaro Judith , Colantonio Angela 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurring during intimate partner violence (IPV) is a largely unrecognized but significant public health crisis. One in 3 women will experience IPV in their lifetime, up to 75% of whom will sustain a TBI as a result. This article reports on the systems-level findings from a national summit to address barriers, needs, and priorities related to healthcare and support services for women survivors of IPV-TBI.

Objectives:
(1) To identify key needs, facilitators, and barriers to care for women survivors of IPV presenting with TBI; and (2) to cocreate ideas for resources and principles for identification, clinical care, and support for healthcare practitioners who treat women exposed to IPV and TBI.

Methods:
Using a community-based participatory research approach, we engaged 30 stakeholders—drawn from a national IPV-TBI Knowledge-to-Practice (K2P) Network including diverse women survivors, service providers, researchers, and decision makers—in 2 half-day virtual meetings. Data were gathered through small group breakout sessions using semistructured discussion guides. Sessions were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. Stakeholders contributed to the analysis and knowledge translation through member-checking activities. Ethics approval was obtained through the University of Toronto.

Findings:
Three main systems-level themes arose during these discussions: (1) the need for trauma-informed, anti-racist, and equitable health and social care systems; (2) the need for cross-pollination of knowledge between disciplines; and (3) the need for systems-level support for integrated and coordinated care. This article explores these needs and provides recommendations and suggestions for paths forward.

Conclusions:
The findings of this project enhance understanding of system-level needs among women survivors and provide a template for a national agenda for IPV-TBI research and practice.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Physical Violence–Related Acquired Brain Injury Among Visitors to Justice Center in New York
Authors: Saleem Ghazala T. , Champagne Madeleine , Haider Mohammad Nadir , Leddy John J. , Willer Barry , Asante Isaac , Kent Ariel , Joseph Tamara , Fitzpatrick Jessica M. 
Published: January 2022

Objective:
The recent United States Government Accountability Office report highlights the need for improved data on the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV)–related acquired brain injury (ABI) to help direct Health & Human Services public efforts. This article identifies the prevalence and risk factors for IPV-related ABI among survivors of IPV at a Justice Center in New York.

Setting:
Community Justice Center.

Participants:
Forty survivors of IPV, aged 17 to 73 years (median 32, interquartile range: 25.25, 42) were assessed within 60 days of sustaining physical violence.

Design:
Retrospective chart review.

Main Measures:
The HELPS and the Danger Assessment—Revised were used at the initial Center visit.

Results:
Of the 40 physical IPV survivors screened, all (100%) reported a prior history of partner-induced ABI within the past 60 days. Thirty-seven (92.5%) survivors also reported sustaining at least 1 potential hypoxic brain injury from strangulation. However, only 16 (40%) survivors screened positive on the HELPS for a history of IPV-related mild traumatic brain injury. Females (95%) and individuals with low income (67.5%) largely comprised our sample. Compared with the County's average, the proportion of African Americans/Blacks and refugees was 227% higher (42.5% vs 13%) and 650% higher (7.5% vs 1.09%), respectively. Refugee status (P = .017) also correlated with number of previous ABIs. On an exploratory binary logistic regression with stepwise selection, only balance difficulties (P = .023) and difficulty concentrating/remembering (P = .009) predicted a positive screen for mild traumatic brain injury.

Conclusions:
Consistent with previous findings, our data indicate a high prevalence of IPV-related ABI among visitors to a New York Justice Center. An overrepresentation of African Americans/Blacks and refugees in our sample relative to the region signified a higher prevalence of IPV in these populations and warrants a provision of more trauma-informed ABI resources to these groups/communities. Intimate partner violence survivors visiting Justice Centers should be screened for motor/neurocognitive symptoms suggestive of mild traumatic brain injury. Further research to identify the prevalence and risk factors of IPV-related ABI statewide and nationwide is urgently needed to improve resource allocation and clinical management.
Neural Correlates of Traumatic Brain Injury in Women Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence: A Structural and Functional Connectivity Neuroimaging Study
Authors: Likitlersuang Jirapat , Brown Emma M. , Salat David H. , Iverson Katherine M. , Werner Kimberly , McGlinchey Regina E. , Galovski Tara E. , Fortier Catherine B. 
Published: January 2022

Objective:
More than one-third of women in the United States experience intimate partner violence (IPV) in their lifetime, increasing their risk for traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite the prevalence of TBI among IPV survivors, research is sparse in comparison with parallel populations (eg, military, accidents, sports). This pilot study aimed to provide a preliminary investigation of the effect of TBI on brain morphometry and resting-state functional connectivity in women who experience IPV.

Participants:
A total of 45 community-dwelling women survivors of IPV who screened positive for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Design:
Participants completed comprehensive assessments of trauma exposure, PTSD, TBI history, and brain neurological health. Twenty-three participants (51.1%) met diagnostic criteria for lifetime TBI. Of these, 15 participants experienced 1 or more TBIs resulting from IPV. The remaining participants experienced TBI from non-IPV exposures (eg, sports/motor vehicle accident). Surface-based neuroimaging analyses were performed to examine group differences in cortical thickness and in functional connectivity of amygdala and isthmus cingulate seeds to examine emotion regulation and the default mode network, respectively.

Main Measures:
Boston Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury-Lifetime for Intimate Partner Violence (BAT-L/IPV); Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS); structural and functional neuroimaging.

Results:
History of lifetime TBI in women IPV survivors was associated with differences in cortical thickness as well as functional connectivity between the isthmus cingulate seed and a variety of regions, including superior parietal and frontal cortices. Individuals with IPV-related TBI showed greater cortical thickness in the right paracentral gyrus than individuals with TBI from other non-IPV etiologies.

Conclusion:
Significant differences in brain structure and connectivity were observed in individuals with IPV and TBI. A greater mean cortical thickness of the paracentral gyrus was associated with TBI due to IPV than TBI from other etiologies. Although preliminary, findings from this pilot study present a step toward identifying potential mechanisms by which IPV and TBI secondary to IPV impact brain health in women.
Retrieving A retained Heavy Silicone Oil Bubble: Two Novel Surgical Techniques
Authors: Sousa David CORDEIRO , Fabinyi David C. A. 
Published: January 2022

Purpose:
To describe two surgical techniques for rescuing a retained heavy silicone oil bubble in the posterior pole: 1) light pipe method and 2) perfluorocarbon liquid method.

Methods:
The surgical techniques are described in detail, along with an illustrative video for each.

Results:
A short 25-gauge metallic cannula and active suction pump are used for standard heavy silicone oil removal. Both surgical approaches are practical and effective options to complete the removal of heavy silicone oil when a bubble sinks to the posterior pole.

Conclusion:
Both the light pipe and perfluorocarbon methods are suitable to remove retained heavy silicone oil and thus avoid the need for further incisions and the risks associated with the use of larger gauge instrumentation.