bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-4 Characterization of Digital Overgrowth in Sow Breeding Herds: A Case Study
Authors: Henningsen Derek , Moeller Grace A , Mainenti Marta , Michael Alyona , Johnson Anna K , Stalder Kenneth J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Digital overgrowth has been documented as one of the most common foot abnormalities observed in U.S. commercial sow breeding herds and often leads to lameness and culling. Previous research has reported that 8.2% of lactating sows had digital overgrowth. When examining a 3,500 gestating sows, at least 32% were scored with moderate or severe digital overgrowth. Digital overgrowth negatively impacts piglet pre-wean mortality, lower NBA, and lower weaning weights. In addition to the digital overgrowth, sows have increased risk for cracked hooves and other hoof lesions. The objective of this study was to characterize a true standard (mm) for digital overgrowth and to determine if varying toe cell structure contributes to toe overgrowth. Initially, 2 crossbred sows that visually exhibited digital overgrowth were evaluated into this case study. Sows were euthanized at the Iowa State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Sow toe measurements were collected from the tip of the toe to the coronary band that is anatomically located at the sagittal line. Medial and lateral toe measurements were recorded for each limb. The mean toe measurements were front right limb: lateral digit (LD; 40 mm), medial digit (MD; 40 mm); front left limb: LD (36.5 mm), MD (38.5 mm); hind right limb: LD (73.5 mm), MD (49 mm); hind left limb: LD (50.5 mm), MD (50 mm). Dew claw and histopathological evaluations are in progress.
PSIII-12 Identification and Classification of Novel Animal Associated Viruses from the Human Skin Virome of Pet Owners and Agricultural Workers
Authors: Graham Ema H , Herr Joshua R , Adamowicz Michael , Clarke Jennifer , Fernando Samodha C , Angeletti Peter 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant biological entity on earth. Despite this, viral diversity in current reference databases is poorly described. With limited number of studies investigating environmental viromes, our understanding of the virosphere composition and diversity is limited. Improvement in metagenomic sequencing methodologies has allowed for identification of novel genomic sequences, especially for new and emerging viral taxa, and improvement in existing ambiguous viral phylogenetic groupings. Here we describe a viral discovery-based study that evaluated viral metagenomes collected from the hands and scalps of 42 human subjects (n = 642) for identification of environmentally contracted DNA viruses. Due to direct interaction between humans and animals either through owning pets or through vocation, it is hypothesized that surveillance of the human skin virome will contain animal associated viruses contracted through environmental contact that can then potentially become zoonotic pathogens. To investigate this, viral genome assemblies from the metagenomes were bioinformatically predicted using model and reference-based tools. A gene and protein sequence variation and binning approach was then employed to resolve viral dark matter. Evaluation of animal associated viruses resulted in the identification of a feline papillomavirus from a subject who reportedly owned a cat. Phylogenetic analysis suggests this isolate is related to feline papillomavirus type 2 sharing approximately 75% sequence synteny thus making it a novel papillomavirus isolate. Additionally, a new grouping of porcine associated Cressdnaviricota viruses were identified through protein sequence similarity network clustering of conserved Rep genes and all other NCBI reported Rep gene sequences. This grouping contained both novel viral genomes collected from the human skin virome dataset and unclassified Cressdnaviruses all collected from porcine samples obtained from NCBI. Further phylogenetic analysis showed similarity to this novel cluster to that of porcine circovirus (PCV). This discovery and phylogenetic based investigation of novel viral genome assemblies demonstrates that animal associated viruses can be identified from the skin of humans and thus studying human viromes can provide information into the spread and emergence of novel viruses.
PSVI-14 Impact of Bacillus Subtilis and Bacillus Licheniformis on Weaning Weight and Subsequent Performance, Health and Immune Parameters When Challenged with PRRSV with and Without PRRS Vaccination
Authors: Bertram Mark J , Kitt Steve J , Kinsely Keith 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A study was conducted examining the impact of feeding BioPlus 2B to PRRSV naïve sows during gestation and lactation on litter performance and on post-weaning performance when challenged with PRRSV in vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs. A total of 108 sows were allotted by parity and received a control diet (C) or BioPlus 2B (B2B) supplemented diet beginning a minimum of 31 d prior to farrowing through weaning. Pig weight was measured at birth and 17 d of age. At weaning, a subset of 200 pigs from each treatment were transported to a nursery and randomly allotted within dietary treatment on day 1 to a control (-V) or Ingelvac PRRS MLV vaccine (+V), establishing treatments of C+V, C-V, B2B+V, and B2B-V. On d 21, all pigs were intramuscularly challenged with a 1-18-2 PRRS virus. Growth rate and feed intake were monitored, serological and immune measures were recorded on d 21, 28, 35 and 42, post-weaning and on d 42 gross lung lesions were recorded. Pigs from sows receiving B2B tended (P &lt; 0.10) to weigh more at 17 d of age and 21 d post-weaning (Table 1). Prior to challenge, there were no performance differences among treatments. Post challenge, there was a V x B2B interaction with C+V, B2B+V and B2B-V pigs having higher ADG and FG (P &lt; .05) compared with C-V. On day 42, pigs fed B2B displayed improved lung lesion scores (P &lt; 0.05) regardless of vaccine status. PRRSV viremia, measured by PCR and qPCR decreased more quickly when pigs consumed B2B (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, B2B modulated PRRSV specific T-cell interferon gamma production (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, pigs consuming B2B from sows fedB2B were heavier at weaning and when subjected to a PRRSV challenge post-weaning, grew faster, were more efficient, and had reduced gross lung lesions, likely due to changes in immune function.
PSIII-10 Heat Stress Causes Persistent Multisystemic Dysfunction
Authors: Roths Melissa S , Rudolph Tori E , Freestone Alyssa , Baumgard Lance H , Selsby Joshua T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) causes multisystemic dysfunction and negatively impacts animal production. That the deleterious effects on production persist after HS abates raises the possibility of continuing injury and pathology that is not remediated by reestablishing euthermia. We hypothesized that a single bout of HS would cause immediate and persistent heart, liver, and kidney injury. To test this hypothesis, we collected blood from 3 month-old crossbred pigs (n = 12; 8 barrows, 4 gilts) under thermoneutral (TN; Pre) conditions (20.6 ± 0.2 ºC), following a 24 h HS (37.4 ± 0.2 ºC, 24hP), and 3 mo following HS (3mP). Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle injury were apparent as creatine kinase (P &lt; 0.05), myoglobin (P &lt; 0.05), cardiac troponin I (cTnI; P &lt; 0.05) and NT-proBNP (P &lt; 0.05) were increased in 24hP compared with Pre, and elevations in NT-proBNP in 3mP raise the possibility of lasting cardiac injury. Additionally, cTnI and NT-proBNP were greater in gilts than barrows as a main effect of sex (P &lt; 0.05). Increased creatinine, Mg, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in 24hP, and chronic elevations in creatinine, Cl, Mg, Na, Ca, bicarbonate, and BUN and reduced phosphorus and K (P &lt; 0.05 &lt; 0.1) in 3mP, indicate a single HS causes rapid and lasting impairments in renal function. Heat stress also increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST; P &lt; 0.05) 24hP but decreased alkaline phosphatase (P &lt; 0.05) and total bilirubin in 24hP (P &lt; 0.1) and AST (P &lt; 0.05) and total bilirubin in 3mP (P &lt; 0.05). In total, these data suggest that HS causes both immediate and long-term cardiac, liver, and renal dysfunction and this appears to be influenced, at least in part, by biological sex.
PSI-3 Effects of Increasing Dietary Arginine Supply on Pig Growth Performance Following Weaning Stress
Authors: Perez-Palencia Jorge Y , Reiman Noah , Haydon Keith D , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Intestinal health has important implications for pig overall health status and growth performance. In this regard, arginine participates in important regulatory functions associated with nutrient metabolism, cell proliferation, and immune response that contribute to the maintenance of a functional intestinal tract. However, Current nutritional practices for weaned pigs do not consider the critical regulatory roles of arginine related to pig gut health and function. The objective of this study was to determine growth response of weaned pigs fed increasing levels of L-Arginine during the first weeks after weaning. A total of 225 weaned pigs (BW 5.8 ± 0.9 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design and assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments, with 9 replicate pens of 5 pigs. A basal diet was formulated to meet current arginine requirements (0.66% - NRC, 2012) and L-arginine was supplemented at 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2%. Experimental diets were provided in meal form during phases 1 and 2 of a 3-phase nursery feeding program: Phase 1 (d 0-d 7), Phase 2 (d 8-d 21), and Phase 3 (d 22-d 42). A common diet was provided during phase 3. Feed disappearance and body weight were measured at d 7, 14, 21, and 42 after weaning. Through the first 3 weeks after weaning, increasing dietary arginine supply linearly improved (P ≤ 0.05) body weight (8.25 - 11.20 kg), average daily gain (Figure 1), average daily feed intake (251.53 - 387.75 g), and gain to feed ratio (0.60 – 0.66) of pigs. These beneficial effects persisted throughout phase 3, where arginine supplementation resulted in a linear improvement in pig overall growth performance. In addition, increasing arginine supply reduced the percentage of pigs that lost weight during the first week post-weaning by 29%. Overall, weaned pigs require more dietary arginine for optimal nursery performance, which includes reducing fall back pigs.
Present status of germline findings in precision medicine for Japanese cancer patients: issues in the current system
Authors: Higashigawa Satomi , Matsubayashi Hiroyuki , Kiyozumi Yoshimi , Kado Nobuhiro , Nishimura Seiichiro , Oishi Takuma , Sugino Takashi , Fushiki Kunihiro , Shirasu Hiromichi , Yasui Hirofumi , Mamesaya Nobuaki , Fukuzaki Naomi , Kunitomo Kana , Horiuchi Yasue , Kenmotsu Hirotsugu , Serizawa Masakuni 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveSince 2019, precision cancer medicine has been covered by national insurance in Japan; however, to date, germline findings have not been fully reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current status and raise a problem of germline finding analysis and disclosure in Japanese precision cancer medicine.MethodsGermline findings of 52 genes were examined in 296 cases with advanced cancer by a case series study.ResultsSix (2.0%) cases were examined by the Oncoguide™ NCC Oncopanel with germline testing, but no germline findings were reported. The remaining 290 (98.0%) cases were analyzed by FoundationOne® CDx (tumor-only testing), which recognized 404 pathogenic variants; those of BRCA1/2 were recognized in 16 (5.5%) tumors. Our institutional algorithm suggested 39 candidate germline findings in 34 cases, while the public algorithm listed at least 91 candidate germline findings. Four germline findings had been previously identified (BRCA1: 3 and ATM: 1). Nine of 30 cases with candidate germline findings excluding these known germline findings refused or deferred germline testing. Only 4 of 16 cases that received counseling underwent germline testing, and those 4 revealed 3 germline findings (BRCA2, CDK4 and RAD51C); in total, 8 (2.7%) germline findings were revealed. Reasons for refusing genetic counseling and/or germline testing included extra hospital visits, added expense for germline testing due to limited national insurance coverage, poor patient physical condition and no known family members associated with the possible germline finding.ConclusionsIn current Japanese precision cancer medicine, only a small fraction of the patients undergoes germline testing and demonstrated germline finding. The current results suggested a need for earlier indications for precision cancer medicine, broader insurance coverage and more efficient germline finding prediction algorithms, to increase the number of germline testings and to improve the following managements.
Cartilaginous defect of the lateral trochlea following suprapatellar nailing of an open tibial shaft fracture: a case report
Authors: Kuechly Henry A , Thomson Cameron G , Sabbagh Ramsey S , Shah Nihar S , Figueras Jorge H , Grawe Brian M 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA 34-year-old female sustained a 1.8 cm full-thickness chondral defect of the right lateral trochlear surface as the result of intramedullary tibial nailing via a suprapatellar portal to treat a displaced right sided open comminuted spiral fracture of the distal tibial shaft. An osteochondral allograft was used to treat the chondral defect. Iatrogenic injury to intraarticular structures is a potential complication when inserting a tibial nail via a suprapatellar portal. Using proper technique with cannula systems and guide pins is essential to lowering the risk of damage to intraarticular structures.
Profiles of Recruits Entering Army Basic Training in New Zealand
Authors: Hall Narelle , Constantinou Maria , Brown Mark , Beck Belinda , Steele Michael , Rousseau Jacques , Kuys Suzanne 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
A high incidence of musculoskeletal injuries is sustained by army recruits during basic training. Describing recruits’ personal, lifestyle, and physical performance characteristics at the entry to training can help identify existing intrinsic risk factors that may predispose some recruits to injury. Identifying modifiable and preventable intrinsic risk factors may contribute to lower recruit injury and associated burdens during the course of basic training. The aim of this study was to therefore describe the profile of New Zealand Army recruits upon entry to basic training using personal, lifestyle, and physical performance characteristics.

Methods
New Zealand Army male and female recruits from two intakes in the same year were invited to participate. Recruits’ data on personal (sex, age, height, and weight), lifestyle (self-reported responses to the Military Pre-training Questionnaire comprising physical and injury history, diet, alcohol, and smoking status) and physical performance characteristics (2.4-km timed run, weight-bearing dorsiflexion lunge test, and the Y Balance TestTM for lower limb dynamic stability) were collected and analyzed.

Results
Participants included 248 New Zealand Army recruits: 228 males (91.9%), 20 females (8.1%), average age of 20.3 ± 2.8 years. Findings indicated 30.9% of recruits reported injury in the 12 months prior to training commencing, with 44.8% of those injuries in the lower limbs. Pre-entry alcohol consumption was higher than recommended and 20.1% of recruits identified as current smokers. Recruits who passed the 2.4-km timed run included 53.8% of males and 28.6% of females. Weight-bearing dorsiflexion lunge test performance was within a normal range (right = 10.3 ± 3.3 cm), however limb asymmetry (&gt;1.5 cm) was present with 30.9% of recruits. For the Y Balance TestTM for dynamic lower limb stability, 70% of female recruits had high posterolateral reach asymmetry (8.1 ± 6.0 cm), while normalized composite reach scores were low (right) for male (92.2 ± 8.1%) and female recruits (89.0 ± 7.5%).

Conclusions
New Zealand Army recruits entering basic training were predominantly active young males, reported few injuries in the previous year, had higher than recommended alcohol consumption and a minority were smokers. The majority of recruits had low aerobic fitness, average ankle dorsiflexion range, and low dynamic lower limb stability. While a number of adverse characteristics identified are potentially modifiable, more research is required to identify an association to musculoskeletal injury risk in New Zealand Army recruits. Describing the profile of recruits entering training, particularly recruits at risk of injury is one of the first steps in injury prevention.
Dynamo effect in unstirred self-gravitating turbulence
Authors: Brandenburg Axel , Ntormousi Evangelia 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
In many astrophysical environments, self-gravity can generate kinetic energy, which, in principle, is available for driving dynamo action. Using direct numerical simulations, we show that in unstirred self-gravitating subsonic turbulence with helicity and a magnetic Prandtl number of unity, there is a critical magnetic Reynolds number of about 25 above which the work done against the Lorentz force exceeds the Ohmic dissipation. The collapse itself drives predominantly irrotational motions that cannot be responsible for dynamo action. We find that, with a weak magnetic field, one-third of the work done by the gravitational force goes into compressional heating and the remaining two-thirds go first into kinetic energy of the turbulence before a fraction of it is converted further into magnetic and finally thermal energies. Close to the collapse, however, these fractions change toward 1/4 and 3/4 for compressional heating and kinetic energy, respectively. When the magnetic field is strong, the compressional heating fraction is unchanged. Out of the remaining kinetic energy, one quarter goes directly into magnetic energy via work against the Lorentz force. The fraction of vortical motions diminishes in favour of compressive motions that are almost exclusively driven by the Jeans instability. For an initially uniform magnetic field, field amplification at scales larger than those of the initial turbulence are driven by tangling.
Venom Gene Sequence Diversity and Expression Jointly Shape Diet Adaptation in Pitvipers
Authors: Mason Andrew J. , Holding Matthew L. , Rautsaw Rhett M. , Rokyta Darin R. , Parkinson Christopher L. , Gibbs H. Lisle 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Understanding the joint roles of protein sequence variation and differential expression during adaptive evolution is a fundamental, yet largely unrealized goal of evolutionary biology. Here, we use phylogenetic path analysis to analyze a comprehensive venom-gland transcriptome dataset spanning three genera of pitvipers to identify the functional genetic basis of a key adaptation (venom complexity) linked to diet breadth (DB). The analysis of gene-family-specific patterns reveals that, for genes encoding two of the most important venom proteins (snake venom metalloproteases and snake venom serine proteases), there are direct, positive relationships between sequence diversity (SD), expression diversity (ED), and increased DB. Further analysis of gene-family diversification for these proteins showed no constraint on how individual lineages achieved toxin gene SD in terms of the patterns of paralog diversification. In contrast, another major venom protein family (PLA2s) showed no relationship between venom molecular diversity and DB. Additional analyses suggest that other molecular mechanisms—such as higher absolute levels of expression—are responsible for diet adaptation involving these venom proteins. Broadly, our findings argue that functional diversity generated through sequence and expression variations jointly determine adaptation in the key components of pitviper venoms, which mediate complex molecular interactions between the snakes and their prey.
Chemical biology and medicinal chemistry of RNA methyltransferases
Authors: Fischer Tim R , Meidner Laurenz , Schwickert Marvin , Weber Marlies , Zimmermann Robert A , Kersten Christian , Schirmeister Tanja , Helm Mark 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRNA methyltransferases (MTases) are ubiquitous enzymes whose hitherto low profile in medicinal chemistry, contrasts with the surging interest in RNA methylation, the arguably most important aspect of the new field of epitranscriptomics. As MTases become validated as drug targets in all major fields of biomedicine, the development of small molecule compounds as tools and inhibitors is picking up considerable momentum, in academia as well as in biotech. Here we discuss the development of small molecules for two related aspects of chemical biology. Firstly, derivates of the ubiquitous cofactor S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) are being developed as bioconjugation tools for targeted transfer of functional groups and labels to increasingly visible targets. Secondly, SAM-derived compounds are being investigated for their ability to act as inhibitors of RNA MTases. Drug development is moving from derivatives of cosubstrates towards higher generation compounds that may address allosteric sites in addition to the catalytic centre. Progress in assay development and screening techniques from medicinal chemistry have led to recent breakthroughs, e.g. in addressing human enzymes targeted for their role in cancer. Spurred by the current pandemic, new inhibitors against coronaviral MTases have emerged at a spectacular rate, including a repurposed drug which is now in clinical trial.
Holliday junction resolution by At-HIGLE: an SLX1 lineage endonuclease from Arabidopsis thaliana with a novel in-built regulatory mechanism
Authors: Verma Prabha , Kumari Poonam , Negi Shreya , Yadav Gitanjali , Gaur Vineet 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Holliday junction is the key homologous recombination intermediate, resolved by structure-selective endonucleases (SSEs). SLX1 is the most promiscuous SSE of the GIY-YIG nuclease superfamily. In fungi and animals, SLX1 nuclease activity relies on a non-enzymatic partner, SLX4, but no SLX1-SLX4 like complex has ever been characterized in plants. Plants exhibit specialized DNA repair and recombination machinery. Based on sequence similarity with the GIY-YIG nuclease domain of SLX1 proteins from fungi and animals, At-HIGLE was identified to be a possible SLX1 like nuclease from plants. Here, we elucidated the crystal structure of the At-HIGLE nuclease domain from Arabidopsis thaliana, establishing it as a member of the SLX1-lineage of the GIY-YIG superfamily with structural changes in DNA interacting regions. We show that At-HIGLE can process branched-DNA molecules without an SLX4 like protein. Unlike fungal SLX1, At-HIGLE exists as a catalytically active homodimer capable of generating two coordinated nicks during HJ resolution. Truncating the extended C-terminal region of At-HIGLE increases its catalytic activity, changes the nicking pattern, and monomerizes At-HIGLE. Overall, we elucidated the first structure of a plant SLX1-lineage protein, showed its HJ resolving activity independent of any regulatory protein, and identified an in-built novel regulatory mechanism engaging its C-terminal region.