bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Power of Experiments
Authors: Luca Michael , Bazerman Max H. 
Published: November 2022

How organizations—including Google, StubHub, Airbnb, and Facebook—learn from experiments in a data-driven world.
Have you logged into Facebook recently? Searched for something on Google? Chosen a movie on Netflix? If so, you've probably been an unwitting participant in a variety of experiments—also known as randomized controlled trials—designed to test the impact of different online experiences. Once an esoteric tool for academic research, the randomized controlled trial has gone mainstream. No tech company worth its salt (or its share price) would dare make major changes to its platform without first running experiments to understand how they would influence user behavior. In this book, Michael Luca and Max Bazerman explain the importance of experiments for decision making in a data-driven world.
Luca and Bazerman describe the central role experiments play in the tech sector, drawing lessons and best practices from the experiences of such companies as StubHub, Alibaba, and Uber. Successful experiments can save companies money—eBay, for example, discovered how to cut $50 million from its yearly advertising budget—or bring to light something previously ignored, as when Airbnb was forced to confront rampant discrimination by its hosts. Moving beyond tech, Luca and Bazerman consider experimenting for the social good—different ways that govenments are using experiments to influence or “nudge” behavior ranging from voter apathy to school absenteeism. Experiments, they argue, are part of any leader's toolkit. With this book, readers can become part of “the experimental revolution.”
The Case against Death
Authors: Linden Ingemar Patrick 
Published: November 2022

A philosopher refutes our culturally embedded acceptance of death, arguing instead for the desirability of anti-aging science and radical life extension.
Ingemar Patrick Linden's central claim is that death is evil. In this first comprehensive refutation of the most common arguments in favor of human mortality, he writes passionately in favor of antiaging science and radical life extension. We may be on the cusp of a new human condition where scientists seek to break through the arbitrarily set age limit of human existence to address aging as an illness that can be cured. The book, however, is not about the science and technology of life extension but whether we should want more life. For Linden, the answer is a loud and clear “yes.”
The acceptance of death is deeply embedded in our culture. Linden examines the views of major philosophical voices of the past, whom he calls “death's ardent advocates.” These include the Buddha, Socrates, Plato, Lucretius, and Montaigne. All have taught what he calls “the Wise View,” namely, that we should not fear death. After setting out his case against death, Linden systematically examines each of the accepted arguments for death—that aging and death are natural, that death is harmless, that life is overrated, that living longer would be boring, and that death saves us from overpopulation. He concludes with a “dialogue concerning the badness of human mortality.” Though Linden acknowledges that The Case Against Death is a negative polemic, he also defends it as optimistic, in that the badness of death is a function of the goodness of life.
Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of lignin biosynthesis mechanism of Platycladus orientalis
Authors: Li Ying , Wu Qikui , Men Xiaoyan , Wu Fusheng , Zhang Qian , Li Weinan , Sun Limin , Xing Shiyan 
Published: November 2022

Background
Platycladus orientalis, as an important plant for ecological protection, is a pioneer tree species for afforestation in arid and barren mountainous areas. Lignin has the functions of water and soil conservation, strengthening plant mechanical strength and resisting adverse environmental effects and plays an important role in the ecological protection benefits of P. orientalis.

Methods
In this study, annual dynamic observations of the lignin content in roots, stems and leaves of one-year-old seedlings of a P. orientalis half-sib family were carried out, and combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses were carried out during three key stages of P. orientalis stem development.

Results
The lignin contents in roots, stems and leaves of P. orientalis showed extremely significant spatiotemporal differences. In the stems, lignin was mainly distributed in the cell walls of the pith, xylem, phloem, pericyte, and epidermis, with differences in different periods. A total of 226 metabolites were detected in the stem of P. orientalis, which were divided into seven categories, including 10 synthetic precursor compounds containing lignin. Among them, the content of coniferyl alcohol was the highest, accounting for 12.27% of the total content, and caffeyl alcohol was the lowest, accounting for 7.05% only. By annotating the KEGG functions, a large number of differentially expressed genes and differential metabolites were obtained for the comparison combinations, and seven key enzymes and 24 related genes involved in the process of lignin synthesis in P. orientalis were selected.

Conclusions
Based on the results of the metabolic mechanism of lignin in P. orientalis by biochemical, anatomical and molecular biological analyzes, the key regulatory pathways of lignin in P. orientalis were identified, which will be of great significance for regulating the lignin content of P. orientalis and improving the adaptability and resistance of this plant.
Provision of Air Conditioning and Heat-Related Mortality in Texas Prisons
Authors: Skarha Julianne , Dominick Amite , Spangler Keith , Dosa David , Rich Josiah D. , Savitz David A. , Zanobetti Antonella 
Published: November 2022

ImportanceThere is a large body of epidemiologic evidence that heat is associated with increased risk of mortality. One of the most effective strategies to mitigate the effects of heat is through air conditioning (AC); Texas regulates the internal temperature of jails to stay between 65 and 85 °F degrees, but these same standards do not apply to state and private prisons.ObjectiveTo analyze whether heat during warm months is associated with an increased risk of mortality in Texas prisons without AC.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis case-crossover study included individuals who died in Texas prisons between 2001 and 2019. The association of heat in warm months with mortality in Texas prisons with and without AC was estimated. Data analysis was conducted from January to April 2022.ExposuresIncreasing daily heat index above 85 °F and extreme heat days (days above the 90th percentile heat index for the prison location).Main Outcomes and MeasuresDaily mortality in Texas prisons.ResultsThere were 2083 and 1381 deaths in prisons without and with AC, respectively, during warm months from 2001 to 2019. Most of the deceased were male (3339 of 3464 [96%]) and the median (IQR) age at death was 54 (45-62) years. A 1-degree increase above 85 °F heat index and an extreme heat day were associated with a 0.7% (95% CI, 0.1%-1.3%) and a 15.1% (95% CI, 1.3%-30.8%) increase in the risk of mortality in prisons without AC, respectively. Approximately 13% of mortality or 271 deaths may be attributable to extreme heat during warm months between 2001 to 2019 in Texas prison facilities without AC. In prisons with AC, a negative percentage change in mortality risk was observed, although the 95% CI crossed zero (percentage change in mortality risk: −0.6%; 95% CI, −1.6% to 0.5%). The estimates in prisons without AC were statistically different than the estimates in prisons with AC (P = .05).Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found an average of 14 deaths per year between 2001 to 2019 were associated with heat in Texas prisons without AC vs no deaths associated with heat in prisons with AC. Adopting an AC policy in Texas prisons may be important for protecting the health of one of our most vulnerable populations.
A Positron Emission Tomography Study of Dopamine Transporter Density in Patients With Bipolar Disorder With Current Mania and Those With Recently Remitted Mania
Authors: Yatham Lakshmi N. , Liddle Peter F. , Gonzalez Marjorie , Saraf Gayatri , Vafai Nasim , Lam Raymond W. , Sossi Vesna 
Published: November 2022

ImportanceAlthough dopamine is implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD), the precise alterations in the dopaminergic system remain unknown.ObjectiveTo assess dopamine transporter (DAT) density in the striatum in patients with BD with current and recently remitted mania in comparison to healthy control individuals and its correlation with severity of manic symptoms.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care referral center for mood disorders in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, recruited 26 patients with BD (9 with current mania; 17 with recently remitted mania) and 21 matched healthy control individuals. DAT density was measured using positron emission tomography with [11C]d-threo-methylphenidate (MP). The differences between the groups in nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) for DAT was assessed using statistical parametric mapping. The study was conducted from November 2001 to February 2007 and the data were analyzed from November 2020 to December 2021.Main Outcomes and MeasuresDAT density as indexed by BPND for MP across groups; manic symptom severity as measured with the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and correlated with BPND values in patients with BD.ResultsOf 47 total participants (mean [SD] age, 37.8 [14.4] years), 27 (57.4%) were female; 26 individuals had BD (9 with current mania and 17 with recently remitted mania) and there were 21 healthy control individuals. MP BPND was significantly lower in patients with BD in the right putamen and nucleus accumbens (mean reduction [MR] = 22%; cluster level familywise error [FWE]–corrected P &amp;lt; .001) as well as left putamen and caudate (MR = 24%; cluster level FWE–corrected P &amp;lt; .001). The reduction in BPND was more extensive and pronounced in patients with current mania, while patients with recently remitted mania had lower BPND in the left striatum but not the right. There was a significant negative correlation between YMRS scores and MP BPND in the right striatum in patients with current mania (ρ = −0.93; 95% CI, −0.99 to −0.69; P &amp;lt; .001) and those with recently remitted mania (ρ = 0.64; 95% CI, −0.86 to −0.23; P = .005) but not in the left striatum in either group.Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings indicate that mania was associated with reduced DAT density and remitted mania was associated with DAT levels that approximated those present in individuals without BD. These results have potential implications for drug development for mania.
COVID‐19 and the risk of Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Zhang Hanyu , Zhou Zengyuan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on the healthcare system, economy, and society. Studies have reported that COVID‐19 may cause various neurologic symptoms, including cognitive impairment. We aimed to assess the causal effect of COVID‐19 on neurodegenerative diseases using two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study.MethodsGenetic variants were obtained from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) summary‐level data and meta‐analyses. We used the inverse variance–weighted (IVW) method as the primary analysis to estimate causal effects. Sensitivity analyses were performed to make the conclusions more robust and reliable.ResultsWe found that the COVID‐19 infection phenotype was associated with a higher risk of AD and inverse associated with the risk of ALS and MS. The hospitalized COVID‐19 phenotype was associated with the risk of AD and wasn't associated with ALS and MS. We also found that the severe COVID‐19 (main analysis) phenotype was associated with the AD outcome from UK biobank datasets but was not associated with other outcomes. The severe COVID‐19 infection phenotype, the severe COVID‐19 (subtype analysis) phenotype and the hospitalization risk of COVID‐19 were not associated with each outcome.ConclusionThis MR study suggests a potential association between genetically predicted COVID‐19 and a higher risk of AD and a reduced risk of ALS and MS. Further elucidations of this association and underlying mechanisms may inform public health messages to prevent COVID‐19 and AD.
Exploration on Solvatochromic Sensing Probe of Phenol Blue for L‐Lactic Acid Detection: Effective Strategy to Obtain Reliable Capacitive Sensor
Authors: Seo Jungyoon , Hwang Taehoon , Ko Eun , Oh Seungtaek , Tsogbayar Dashdendev , Khan Md Rajibur Rahaman , Cho Jeong Ho , Park Yeong Don , Lee Hwa Sung 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis study systematically investigates a capacitive sensor applied with phenol blue (PhB)‐based sensing medium for detection of L‐lactic acid (LA), as a health monitoring indicator. PhB is a substance with solvatochromic effect, inducing the change in capacitance by exposure to polar molecules. However, the capacitive LA sensor with a flat‐structured PhB/polyvinylchloride (PVC) composite‐sensing medium is observed to have a problem in that sensing capacitance variation saturate quickly with increasing the LA solution concentration. This main cause can be analyzed that the interaction of proton from LA molecule with the lone pair electrons of the PhB molecule acts as a major factor on the sensing characteristics rather than the solvatochromic behavior of PhB molecule. Therefore, a strategy is adopted to introduce a porous structure to the PhB/PVC composite‐sensing medium to maximize the interaction of PhB with protons, which is implemented through solvent and non‐solvent exchange methods. Consequently, the sensitivity and linearity of the porous‐structured LA sensor are 2.99 pF mm−1and 0.966 over LA concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 mm, respectively, which is a significant improvement over that of the flat‐structured one. Notably, the sensing performance remained unchanged even after a month of storage under normal ambient conditions.
Supramolecular Polypeptide Self‐Assembly Mediated In Situ Elicitation of Robust Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Boosts Immunogenic Photothermal Therapy toward “Cold” Tumor
Authors: Shi Kai , Liu Xiu , Liu Yuli , Liu Chang , Wang Yaxin , Liu Yunmeng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAs a promising cancer treatment modality that has emerged, photothermal therapy can harness antitumor immunity by triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD) in addition to direct cell ablation. However, the immuno‐stimulation induced by PTT alone is insufficient to achieve satisfactory cancer eradication, especially in immunologically “cold” tumors due to their harsh immunosuppressive microenvironment. Effective activation of the innate immune system is indispensable to boost a robust adaptive antitumor immune response typically initiated by dendritic cells (DCs). Herein the above issues are addressed by constructing an environmentally responsive supramolecular nanoself‐assembly (PSAs) derived from a novel polypeptide‐based block copolymer, which is capable of co‐load photothermal immunomodulators efficiently under structure‐guided π–π stacking interactions. In the murine model of 4T1 xenograft tumors, the fabricated PSAs with payloads trigger both adaptive and innate immune responses in situ through activation of ICD as well as STING‐dependent signal pathway. The findings reveal a new mechanism of harnessing photothermal therapy toward immunologically “cold” tumors.
Phase‐Change Perovskite Microlaser with Tunable Polarization Vortex
Authors: Tian Jingyi , Adamo Giorgio , Liu Hailong , Wu Mengfei , Klein Maciej , Deng Jie , Ang Norman Soo Seng , Paniagua‐Domínguez Ramón , Liu Hong , Kuznetsov Arseniy I. , Soci Cesare 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMetasurfaces supporting optical bound states in the continuum (BICs) are emerging as simple and compact optical cavities to realize polarization‐vortex lasers. The winding of the polarization around the singularity defines topological charges which are generally set by the cavity design and cannot be altered without changing geometrical parameters. Here, a subwavelength‐thin phase‐change halide perovskite BIC metasurface functioning as a tunable polarization vortex microlaser is demonstrated. Upon the perovskite structural phase transitions, both its refractive index and gain vary substantially, inducing reversible and bistable switching between distinct polarization vortexes underpinned by opposite topological charges. Dynamic tuning and switching of the resulting vector beams may find use in microscopy imaging, particle trapping and manipulation, and optical data storage.
Core‐Selective Silver‐Doping of Gold Nanoclusters by Surface‐Bound Sulphates on Colloidal Templates: From Synthetic Mechanism to Relaxation Dynamics
Authors: Chandra Sourov , Sciortino Alice , Shandilya Shruti , Fang Lincan , Chen Xi , Nonappa  , Jiang Hua , Johansson Leena‐Sisko , Cannas Marco , Ruokolainen Janne , Ras Robin H. A. , Messina Fabrizio , Peng Bo , Ikkala Olli 
Published: November 2022

AbstractUltra‐small luminescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have gained substantial interest owing to their low photobleaching and high biocompatibility. While the substitution of silver for gold at the central core of AuNCs has shown significant augmentation of photoluminescence with enhanced photostability, selective replacement of the central atom by silver is, however, energetically inhibited. Herein, a new strategy for in situ site‐selective Ag‐doping exclusively at the central core of AuNCs using sulphated colloidal surfaces as the templates is presented. This approach exceedingly improves the photoluminescence quantum efficiency of AuNCs by eliminating nonradiative losses in the multi‐step relaxation cascade populating the emissive state. Density functional theory predicts the mechanism of specific doping at the central core, endorsing the preferential bonding between Ag+ ions and sulphates in water. Finally, the generic nature of the templating concept to allow core‐specific doping of nanoclusters is unraveled.
Optimizing Interparticle Gaps in Large‐Scale Gold Nanoparticle Supercrystals for Flexible Light‐Matter Coupling
Authors: Schulz Florian , Lange Holger 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPeriodic arrangements of plasmonic nanoparticles, supercrystals, feature strong light–matter interaction. The light–matter coupling strength depends on the particle diameter and on the interparticle gaps, which provides a lever for controlling it. To facilitate material design, experimental data is analyzed with focus on how the reproducibility and tunability of the gap sizes change with the employed nanoparticles (particle size and molecular weight of the stabilizing organic ligands). A different behavior of the polystyrene‐based ligands was found depending on their molecular weight with important consequences for the correlation of nanoparticle diameter and resulting gaps in the supercrystals. Commonly employed models to predict the resulting gaps for supercrystals of small nanoparticles (< 20 nm) are not as successful for larger ones, and an alternative volume‐based approach is presented. The tested parameters cover the range of commonly available nanoparticles (diameters in the range of 10–80 nm). The presented data provides robust guidelines for the preparation of crystalline superstructures with gaps below 5 nm for maximized light–matter coupling.
Metal Halide Perovskite/Electrode Contacts in Charge‐Transporting‐Layer‐Free Devices
Authors: Li Deli , Dong Xue , Cheng Peng , Song Lin , Wu Zhongbin , Chen Yonghua , Huang Wei 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMetal halide perovskites have drawn substantial interest in optoelectronic devices in the past decade. Perovskite/electrode contacts are crucial for constructing high‐performance charge‐transporting‐layer‐free perovskite devices, such as solar cells, field‐effect transistors, artificial synapses, memories, etc. Many studies have evidenced that the perovskite layer can directly contact the electrodes, showing abundant physicochemical, electronic, and photoelectric properties in charge‐transporting‐layer‐free perovskite devices. Meanwhile, for perovskite/metal contacts, some critical interfacial physical and chemical processes are reported, including band bending, interface dipoles, metal halogenation, and perovskite decomposition induced by metal electrodes. Thus, a systematic summary of the role of metal halide perovskite/electrode contacts on device performance is essential. This review summarizes and discusses charge carrier dynamics, electronic band engineering, electrode corrosion, electrochemical metallization and dissolution, perovskite decomposition, and interface engineering in perovskite/electrode contacts‐based electronic devices for a comprehensive understanding of the contacts. The physicochemical, electronic, and morphological properties of various perovskite/electrode contacts, as well as relevant engineering techniques, are presented. Finally, the current challenges are analyzed, and appropriate recommendations are put forward. It can be expected that further research will lead to significant breakthroughs in their application and promote reforms and innovations in future solid‐state physics and materials science.
External finance and agricultural productivity growth
Authors: Khafagy Amr , Vigani Mauro 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe propose a new method to estimate the impact of external finance on productivity. Using a nested constant elasticity of substitution production function, finance has an indirect influence on productivity through its effect on capital augmenting‐technological change and depends on the elasticity of substitution between equity and debt, as well as on the quantity and price of external finance and net value added. We develop and test a theoretical model using Farm Accountancy Data Network regional data covering all EU Member States and different subsamples by EU regions, size of farms, and farm types. In the 2004–2018 period, land, labor, and capital complemented each other but had a decreasing or stagnating productivity, reaffirming the importance of external finance to improve productivity. Results suggest that external finance and productivity follow an inverted U‐shaped curve, with a positive impact on less capitalized farms with lower debt‐to‐equity ratios, while capital‐intensive farms are not benefiting from excess finance. Rethinking the general assumption that agricultural growth has a positive and linear effect with access to credit lead to different strategies in the use of external finance. [EconLit Citations: G30, O16, O33, Q14].