bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomarkers in the Atacama Desert along the moisture gradient and the depth in the hyperarid zone: Phosphatase activity as trace of microbial activity
Authors: Kobayashi Kensei , Nauny Philippe , Takano Yoshinori , Honma Chiho , Kurizuka Taihei , Ishikawa Yuto , Yogosawa Shusuke , Obayashi Yumiko , Kaneko Takeo , Kebukawa Yoko , Mita Hajime , Ogawa Mari , Enya Keigo , Yoshimura Yoshitaka , McKay Christopher P. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMicrobiological activities can be detected in various extreme environments on Earth, which suggest that extraterrestrial environments, such as on Mars, could host life. There have been proposed a number of biomarkers to detect extant life mostly based on specific molecules. Because terrestrial organisms have catalytic proteins (enzymes), enzymatic activity may also be a good indicator to evaluate biological activities in extreme environments. Phosphatases are essential for all terrestrial organisms because phosphate esters are ubiquitously used in genetic molecules (DNA/RNA) and membranes. In this study, we evaluated microbial activity in soils of the Atacama Desert, Chile, by analysing several biomarkers, including phosphatase activity. Phosphatases extracted with Tris buffer were assayed fluorometrically using 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate as a substrate. The horizontal distribution of phosphatase activity and other parameters in soils from the Atacama Desert showed that phosphatase activity was positively correlated with amino acid concentration and colony-forming units and negatively correlated with precipitation amount. We found consistent that biochemical indicators including phosphatase significantly decreased in the extreme hyper-arid zone where rainfall of <25 mm year−1. The results were compared with phosphatase activities detected in extreme environments, such as submarine hydrothermal systems and Antarctic soils, as well as soils from ordinary environments. Overall, our results suggested that phosphatase activity could be a good indicator for evaluating biological activities in extreme environments.
The dynamic efficiency of gifting
Authors: Gill Anthony , Thomas Michael D. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn his Scroogenomics, Joel Waldfogel argues that gifting creates enormous deadweight loss, as individuals give one another gifts that they do not want or cannot use. He views efficiency as static, calculating the gains from trade (or gifting) at the moment of transaction. A puzzle arises, however, when one realizes that gifting has been a nearly ubiquitous institution throughout history. If gifting wastes valuable resources, why does it persist? We argue that gift giving is dynamically efficient despite the possibility of generating short-term deadweight loss. A well-functioning market economy requires expanded social networks and trustworthiness among anonymous and quasi-anonymous exchange partners. Gifting allows individuals to signal trustworthiness by offering ‘burnt sacrifices’. Gifting practices that include a willingness to sacrifice via reciprocity norms, public visibility and ritual will tend to promote generalized trust. We consider these four elements – sacrifice, reciprocity, publicness, and ritual – to be critical institutional design principles for fostering dynamic efficiency. Our essay contributes to the literature on institutional economics by prompting scholars to think about the long-term (dynamic) efficiencies generated by cultural practices that appear inexplicably inefficient.
Are Banks Responsible for Animal Welfare and Climate Disruption? A Critical Review of Australian Banks’ Due Diligence Policies for Agribusiness Lending
Authors: Parker Christine , Sheedy-Reinhard Lucinda 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis article argues that banks should adopt animal welfare policies in the light of the growing acceptance of the need for ‘responsible banking’, which incorporates environmental, social, and governance analysis into credit risk and due diligence processes. The responsibility of banks for animal welfare is underscored by the drive towards greater investment in animal agribusiness, and the vicious cycle through which animal agribusiness can both contribute to, and be impacted by, climate disruption. The article evaluates, through a desktop review, how leading Australian retail banks and agribusiness lenders are addressing animal welfare and climate disruption in animal agribusiness lending. We find that although most banks have made a commitment to animal welfare and climate policies, these often amount to little more than greenwashing. We call for an ecosystem of industry, regulatory, and civil society action to address this danger.
Relative Importance of Large‐Scale Environmental Variables to the World‐Wide Variability of Thunderstorms
Authors: Liu Nana , Liu Chuntao , Tissot Philippe E. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis study uses a 16‐yr Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Convective Features (CFs) and ERA‐Interim reanalysis data to investigate the relative importance of four large‐scale environmental variables to thunderstorms with random forest models. These four variables include Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), Convective Inhibition (CIN), low‐level wind shear, and warm cloud depth (WCD). First, these selected four environmental variables show a distinguished difference between CFs with and without lightning flashes. Specifically, CFs with at least one flash have higher CAPE, CIN, and lower WCD than those without lightning. Then, using these four variables, the geographical distribution of thunderstorms, especially the land‐ocean contrast in the occurrence of thunderstorms, is closely reproduced with a global random forest model. Such results suggest that a random forest model with key large‐scale environmental variables can be a useful tool to estimate the occurrence of global lightning thunderstorms. The study also investigates the relative importance of the selected variables to the occurrence of thunderstorms regionally. Relatively higher skill scores in the regional random forest model than the global one indicate the variation of roles of large scale environment variables over different regions. Though the data‐driven models can be utilized to estimate the occurrence of global thunderstorms, how to link the regional relative importance of these variable to the physical processes of thunderstorms needs further investigation.
Magnesium and Calcium Isotopic Geochemistry of Silica‐Undersaturated Alkaline Basalts: Applications for Tracing Recycled Carbon
Authors: Qi Yue , Wang Qiang , Wei Gang‐Jian , Li Jie , Wyman Derek A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCarbon plays important roles in the evolution of the atmosphere and biosphere, and geochemical differentiation in Earth's interior. Most subducted C is recycled to the deep mantle and returns to the surface by degassing from erupted basalts and associated fluids. The Mg–Ca isotopic systems have been widely used in tracing recycled C. However, the idea that these geochemical proxies truly reflect the deep C cycle has been challenged. Here we present whole‐rock geochemical and Mg–Ca isotopic compositions of Miocene silica‐undersaturated alkaline basalts of the Western Qinling orogen, China. These alkaline basalts are associated with carbonatites and are characterized by low SiO2 (39.0–43.2 wt.%) and Al2O3 (6.98–9.15 wt.%) contents, high CaO/Al2O3 ratios (1.4–1.8), and positive Nb–Ta and negative Pb–Zr–Hf–Ti anomalies, suggesting they were derived by partial melting of carbonatite‐metasomatized asthenospheric mantle. The studied samples have δ26Mg values of −0.24‰ to −0.44‰, ranging from mantle‐like values (δ26Mg = −0.25‰ ± 0.07‰) to lower values. This implies that carbonatite metasomatism does not always produce low‐δ26Mg anomalies. The samples have δ44/40Ca values (0.59‰–0.77‰; relative to the standard SRM915a) that are lower than Bulk Silicate Earth (0.94‰ ± 0.05‰), which are attributed to the involvement of low δ44/40Ca recycled carbonate in the mantle source. We suggest that the shift in mantle δ26Mg values during carbonatite metasomatism is controlled by the type and amount of carbonatite involved, while Ca isotope variations depend largely on the δ44/40Ca values of subducted carbonates. Mg or Ca isotopes alone, however, may not be sufficient to track the deep carbon cycle.
Cryogeomorphic Characterization of Shadowed Regions in the Artemis Exploration Zone
Authors: Bickel V. T. , Moseley B. , Hauber E. , Shirley M. , Williams J.‐P. , Kring D. A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Artemis program will send crew to explore the south polar region of the Moon, preceded by and integrated with robotic missions. One of the main scientific goals of future exploration is the characterization of polar volatiles, which are concentrated in and near regions of permanent shadow. The meter‐scale cryogeomorphology of shadowed regions remains unknown, posing a potential risk to missions that plan to traverse or land in them. Here, we deploy a physics‐based, deep learning‐driven post‐processing tool to produce high‐signal and high‐resolution Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Narrow Angle Camera images of 44 shadowed regions larger than ∼40 m across in the Artemis exploration zone around potential landing sites 001 and 004. We use these images to map previously unknown, shadowed meter‐scale (cryo)geomorphic features, assign relative shadowed region ages, and recommend promising sites for future exploration. We freely release our data and a detailed catalog of all shadowed regions studied.
Spacecraft Potential Changes Associated With EMIC Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Kim Khan‐Hyuk , Lee Junhyun , Kwon Jong‐Woo , Lee Ensang , Kim Hee‐Eun , Jin Ho , Kwon Hyuck‐Jin , Baek Seul‐Min , Wygant John , Mozer Forrest S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAlthough electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are commonly observed in the magnetosphere and are believed to energize background cold ions, it is not clear whether EMIC waves play a significant role in determining spacecraft potential change. In this paper, we present two strong He‐band EMIC wave events observed by the Van Allen Probe‐B spacecraft inside the plasmasphere. One event occurred on 11 March 2016 when the spacecraft was on the dayside, and the other occurred on 9 October 2016 when the spacecraft was in the postmidnight sector. When a strong He‐band EMIC wave activity was detected, low‐energy ion flux enhancements occurred nearly simultaneously with the EMIC wave power enhancements. Both events presented in this study are clearly unique in that He‐band wave power and enhanced proton flux are extremely high. During the wave activity interval, we found that the spacecraft charged more positively without a significant change in the ambient electron density. We discuss whether low‐energy ions energized by EMIC waves can contribute to the spacecraft potential change.
Upper‐Ocean Turbulence Structure and Ocean‐Ice Drag Coefficient Estimates Using an Ascending Microstructure Profiler During the MOSAiC Drift
Authors: Fer Ilker , Baumann Till M. , Koenig Zoé , Muilwijk Morven , Tippenhauer Sandra 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSea ice mediates the transfer of momentum, heat, and gas between the atmosphere and the ocean. However, the under‐ice boundary layer is not sufficiently constrained by observations. During the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), we collected profiles in the upper 50–80 m using a new ascending vertical microstructure profiler, resolving the turbulent structure within 1 m to the ice. We analyzed 167 dissipation rate profiles collected between February and mid‐September 2020, from 89°N to 79°30′N through the Amundsen Basin, Nansen Basin, Yermak Plateau, and Fram Strait. Measurements covered a broad range of forcing (0–15 m s−1 wind and 0–0.4 m s−1 drift speeds) and sea ice conditions (pack ice, thin ice, and leads). Dissipation rates varied by over 4 orders of magnitude from 10−9 W kg−1 below 40 m to above 10−5 W kg−1 at 1 m. Following wind events, layers with dissipation W kg−1 extended down to 20 m depth under pack ice. In leads in the central Arctic, turbulence was enhanced 2–10 times relative to thin ice profiles. Under‐ice dissipation profiles allowed us to estimate the boundary layer thickness (4 ± 2 m), and the friction velocity (1–15 mm s−1, 4.7 mm s−1 on average). A representative range of drag coefficient for the MOSAiC sampling site was estimated to (4–6) × 10−3, which is a typical value for Arctic floe observations. The average ratio of drift speed to wind speed was close to the free‐drift ratio of 2% with no clear seasonal or regional variability.
A novel bio-inspired strategy to prevent amyloidogenesis and synaptic damage in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Catania Marcella , Colombo Laura , Sorrentino Stefano , Cagnotto Alfredo , Lucchetti Jacopo , Barbagallo Maria Chiara , Vannetiello Ilaria , Vecchi Elena Rita , Favagrossa Monica , Costanza Massimo , Giaccone Giorgio , Salmona Mario , Tagliavini Fabrizio , Di Fede Giuseppe 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. AD pathogenesis is intricate. It primarily involves two main molecular players—amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau—which actually have an intrinsic trend to generate molecular assemblies that are toxic to neurons. Incomplete knowledge of the molecular mechanisms inducing the onset and sustaining the progression of the disease, as well as the lack of valid models to fully recapitulate the pathogenesis of human disease, have until now hampered the development of a successful therapy for AD. The overall experience with clinical trials with a number of potential drugs—including the recent outcomes of studies with monoclonal antibodies against Aβ—seems to indicate that Aβ-targeting is not effective if it is not accompanied by an efficient challenge of Aβ neurotoxic properties. We took advantage from the discovery of a naturally-occurring variant of Aβ (AβA2V) that has anti-amyloidogenic properties, and designed a novelbio-inspiredstrategy for AD based on the intranasal delivery of a six-mer peptide (Aβ1-6A2V) retaining the anti-amyloidogenic abilities of the full-length AβA2Vvariant. This approach turned out to be effective in preventing the aggregation of wild type Aβ and averting the synaptic damage associated with amyloidogenesis in a mouse model of AD. The results of our preclinical studies inspired by a protective model already existing in nature, that is the human heterozygous AβA2Vcarriers which seem to be protected from AD, open the way to an unprecedented and promising approach for the prevention of the disease in humans.
The environmental impact of community caries prevention - part 1: fluoride varnish application
Authors: Lyne Alexandra , Ashley Paul , Johnstone Mark , Duane Brett 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackground Healthcare is a significant contributor to climate change and planetary health. Prevention of oral disease, such as caries, is an important part of any mechanism to improve sustainability. Caries prevention includes community schemes such as water fluoridation, toothbrushing, or fluoride varnish (FV) application. The aim of this study was to quantify the environmental impact of FV application.Materials and methods A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to quantify the environmental impact of a five-year-old child receiving two FV applications in a one-year period in schools and in dental practice.Results FV application in dental practice during an existing appointment had the lowest environmental impact in all 16 categories, followed by FV application in schools. FV application at a separate dental practice appointment had the highest impact in all categories, with a majority of the impact resulting from the patient travel into dental practice.Discussion FV application while a child is already attending dental practice (for example, at routine recall) is the most sustainable way to deliver FV. School FV programmes are an alternative, equitable way to reach all children who may not access routine care in dental practice.
The environmental impact of community caries prevention - part 2: toothbrushing programmes
Authors: Ashley Paul , Duane Brett , Johnstone Mark , Lyne Alexandra 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIntroduction Community-level caries prevention programmes includes supervised toothbrushing in schools and the provision of toothbrushes and toothpaste. The environmental impact of these interventions is an important factor to consider when commissioning these services.Materials and methods A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to quantify the environmental impact of a five-year-old child receiving one of two toothbrushing programmes over a one-year period; supervised toothbrushing in school, or the provision of toothbrushes and toothpaste.Results Supervised toothbrushing had a lower environmental impact than provision of toothbrushes and toothpaste in all 16 impact categories measured. The water use needed for children to brush their teeth was the greatest contributing factor to the provision of toothbrushes and toothpaste, accounting for an average of 48.65% of the impact results.Discussion All community-level caries prevention programmes have an associated environmental cost. LCA is one way to quantify the environmental impact of healthcare services and can be used along with cost and clinical effectives data to inform public healthcare policy. Organisations responsible for these programmes could use the results of this study to consider ways to reduce the environmental impact of their services.
Single-cell immune repertoire sequencing of B and T cells in murine models of infection and autoimmunity
Authors: Shlesinger Danielle , Hong Kai-Lin , Shammas Ghazal , Page Nicolas , Sandu Ioana , Agrafiotis Andreas , Kreiner Victor , Fonta Nicolas , Vincenti Ilena , Wagner Ingrid , Piccinno Margot , Mariotte Alexandre , Klimek Bogna , Dizerens Raphael , Manero-Carranza Marcos , Kuhn Raphael , Ehling Roy , Frei Lester , Khodaverdi Keywan , Panetti Camilla , Joller Nicole , Oxenius Annette , Merkler Doron , Reddy Sai T. , Yermanos Alexander 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAdaptive immune repertoires are composed by the ensemble of B and T-cell receptors within an individual, reflecting both past and current immune responses. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing enable recovery of the complete adaptive immune receptor sequences in addition to transcriptional information. Here, we recovered transcriptome and immune repertoire information for polyclonal T follicular helper cells following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, CD8+ T cells with binding specificity restricted to two distinct LCMV peptides, and B and T cells isolated from the nervous system in the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We could relate clonal expansion, germline gene usage, and clonal convergence to cell phenotypes spanning activation, memory, naive, antibody secretion, T-cell inflation, and regulation. Together, this dataset provides a resource for immunologists that can be integrated with future single-cell immune repertoire and transcriptome sequencing datasets.
Decomposing virulence to understand bacterial clearance in persistent infections
Authors: Hidalgo Beatriz Acuña , Silva Luís M. , Franz Mathias , Regoes Roland R. , Armitage Sophie A. O. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFollowing an infection, hosts cannot always clear the pathogen, instead either dying or surviving with a persistent infection. Such variation is ecologically and evolutionarily important because it can affect infection prevalence and transmission, and virulence evolution. However, the factors causing variation in infection outcomes, and the relationship between clearance and virulence are not well understood. Here we show that sustained persistent infection and clearance are both possible outcomes across bacterial species showing a range of virulence inDrosophila melanogaster. Variation in virulence arises because of differences in the two components of virulence: bacterial infection intensity inside the host (exploitation), and the amount of damage caused per bacterium (per parasite pathogenicity). As early-phase exploitation increased, clearance rates later in the infection decreased, whereas there was no apparent effect of per parasite pathogenicity on clearance rates. Variation in infection outcomes is thereby determined by how virulence – and its components – relate to the rate of pathogen clearance. Taken together we demonstrate that the virulence decomposition framework is broadly applicable and can provide valuable insights into host-pathogen interactions.
Balancing national economic policy outcomes for sustainable development
Authors: Basheer Mohammed , Nechifor Victor , Calzadilla Alvaro , Ringler Claudia , Hulme David , Harou Julien J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim at jointly improving economic, social, and environmental outcomes for human prosperity and planetary health. However, designing national economic policies that support advancement across multiple Sustainable Development Goals is hindered by the complexities of multi-sector economies and often conflicting policies. To address this, we introduce a national-scale design framework that can enable policymakers to sift through complex, non-linear, multi-sector policy spaces to identify efficient policy portfolios that balance economic, social, and environmental goals. The framework combines economy-wide sustainability simulation and artificial intelligence-driven multiobjective, multi-SDG policy search and machine learning. The framework can support multi-sector, multi-actor policy deliberation to screen efficient policy portfolios. We demonstrate the utility of the framework for a case study of Egypt by identifying policy portfolios that achieve efficient mixes of poverty and inequality reduction, economic growth, and climate change mitigation. The results show that integrated policy strategies can help achieve sustainable development while balancing adverse economic, social, and political impacts of reforms.
Water-organizing motif continuity is critical for potent ice nucleation protein activity
Authors: Forbes Jordan , Bissoyi Akalabya , Eickhoff Lukas , Reicher Naama , Hansen Thomas , Bon Christopher G. , Walker Virginia K. , Koop Thomas , Rudich Yinon , Braslavsky Ido , Davies Peter L. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBacterial ice nucleation proteins (INPs) can cause frost damage to plants by nucleating ice formation at high sub-zero temperatures. Modeling of Pseudomonas borealis INP by AlphaFold suggests that the central domain of 65 tandem sixteen-residue repeats forms a beta-solenoid with arrays of outward-pointing threonines and tyrosines, which may organize water molecules into an ice-like pattern. Here we report that mutating some of these residues in a central segment of P. borealis INP, expressed in Escherichia coli, decreases ice nucleation activity more than the section’s deletion. Insertion of a bulky domain has the same effect, indicating that the continuity of the water-organizing repeats is critical for optimal activity. The ~10 C-terminal coils differ from the other 55 coils in being more basic and lacking water-organizing motifs; deletion of this region eliminates INP activity. We show through sequence modifications how arrays of conserved motifs form the large ice-nucleating surface required for potency.