bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standalone Screen Design and Evaluation for Cased and Perforated Application in Unconsolidated Formations: The Role of Perforation Strategy and Sand Control Design on Well Productivity
Authors: Roostaei Morteza , Mohammadtabar Mohammad , Hosseini Seyed Abolhassan , Velayati Arian , Soroush Mohammad , Mahmoudi Mahdi , Porttin Nolan , Mohammadtabar Farshad , Izadi Hossein , Alkouh Ahmad , Fattahpour Vahidoddin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Productivity of cased and perforated wellbores completed with standalone screen depends on the interactions of parameters such as perforation diameter, length, phasing and density, the gap between the casing and the standalone screen, and standalone screen aperture/pore size. Moreover, the permeability of the sand in the gap plays a major role in the overall productivity. This study aims at providing a numerical estimation of pressure drop for such completions.
This study uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in order to simulate the flow around a wellbore equipped with cased and perforated completion with standalone screen. Slotted liner was used as the standalone screen in this study. Details of such a complex completion were imported into the Finite Volume (FV) based numerical simulation via Computer-Aided Design (CAD). In addition to the geometrical design of the completion, different scenarios for the perforation stability, which affect the permeability of the perforation tunnel and result in potential fill-up of the annular gap between the slotted liner and perforations, were investigated.
A large number of simulations (over 200 models) were completed to cover the different scenarios for perforation design and strategy along with different Open to Flow Area (OFA) values for the standalone slotted liner. Based on the results, completion efficiency is strongly changed by perforation and gap flow properties. The OFA for the standalone slotted liner completion has minor influence on the overall pressure drop if the gap between the casing and the standalone screen and the perforation is clean, unless the perforations are collapsed and the annular gap between the casing and slotted liner is filled up with sand. This is mainly because perforation parameters, such as penetration and diameter dominate the effect of all the other parameters, including slotted liner configuration. The results emphasize the effect of the completion geometry, perforation strategy, and opening size on the skin and productivity. Another main observation was the need to better understand the stability of the perforations and sanding potential from perforations, which dictate the permeability of the perforation and annular space.
The results of this study highlight the comparative importance of different standalone screen designs and perforation parameters on well productivity. This study is the basis for optimizing the sand control and perforation strategy as an alternative to other completion types such as gravel packing in cased and perforated completions in vertical and slant wells.
Hydraulic Fracturing a Reservoir in Proximity to a Water Zone – Oman Case History
Authors: Al-Yaqoubi Mazin Marzouq , Abass Hazim Hussain , Al Riyami Hamyar Masaaod , Ainouche Dalil , Al Bahri Khalfan Mubarak , Persac Stephen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing is a challenge when the reservoir is adjacent to a water zone as it will extremely limit hydrocarbon production. The challenge becomes tougher when there is no stress barrier below the reservoir to contain the fracture. Several technologies have been applied by the oil and gas industry such as reducing injecting rate, using low viscosity, employing dual viscosity/density fracturing fluids, perforation location, and using proppant settling with dual fracturing treatment. The focus of this paper is to achieve two objectives; 1) place a long hydraulic fracture in the pay zone, and 2) avoid penetrating nearby water zone. This paper presents the proppant settling concept with essential augmentation that makes it a novel technology. The paper provides the oil and gas industry with a successful case history on fracturing low permeability reservoirs situated close to a water zone.
Optimizing the Performance of Produced Water Chemical Treatment Following CEOR Polymer Breakthrough
Authors: Hesampour Mehrdad , Toivonen Susanna , Holpoainen Saija , Koski Jouni , Sheril Prince , Porat Iris , Bava Luciana 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) plays a major role in sustaining production, extending the life of field and improves the recoverable reserves which is of economic benefit. The injected polymer will eventually propagate to the production wells where it is co-produced with production fluids. The presence of polymer in the back produced water may increase the residual oil levels and suspended solids in the produced water. This causes production systems bottlenecks, have a detrimental effect on water treatment processes, and increase in Oil in Water levels higher than admissible specs for discharge or reinjection.
Several CEOR projects are introduced to producing fields where an established water treatment process already exists. These processes are initially designed to perform under a set of fluid and operating conditions. Polymer breakthrough can change the back produced water characteristics and impact the performance of the process. Upgrading of processes may require substantial investment. Chemical additives are widely considered as pragmatic alternative to improve water quality to desired levels. The selection of chemicals is very important as there are other associated challenges to be considered e.g. of the use of inorganic coagulants such as polyaluminum chloride (PAC) has been shown in studies to generate significant amounts of viscous sludge with low dry solids creating, sludge handing and equipment issues in the field.
In this study, a new product combination has been developed to solve some of the drawbacks of traditional chemical such as sludge production while maintaining the performance of treatment.
The composition of the product was determined through series of lab experiments and using design of experiments (DOE) methodology. The experiments were initially performed using a synthetic mixture of 400 parts per million (ppm) of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM with hydrolysis degree ~ 30%) in saline water. The results were benchmarked to PAC and shown to produce a lower amount of sludge (25-50%) with the same performance in the same range of dosage (300-400 ppm). The sludge generated from the new combined product was also less viscous compared to the benchmark product. The investigation also revealed that a composition containing both inorganic/organic coagulant and cationic polymer improved performance. Results were validated with a field sample containing approx. 300 ppm of HPAM polymer. It was found that to generate less sludge and remove maximum total suspended solids, complete removal of polymer is not required.
This new product offers several benefits including a reduction in the operating costs (product dosage is about half of benchmark product, polyaluminum chloride), reduction in the chemical footprint, improves the operational efficiency of the water treatment process and allows to operate within their environmental specifications.
Overcoming Challenges in the Development of Underground Gas Storage
Authors: Alali Ammar , Aljamaan Hamza , Ahmed Mahbub , Alomani Hanan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Subsurface gas storage is a strategic tool used to balance seasonal sales gas supply and demand fluctuations. Developing and managing gas storage reservoirs requires the application of standard reservoir engineering tools and practices; however, a number of additional challenges are specific to Underground Gas Storage (UGS). This paper addresses these challenges and present both modelling, design, and operational solutions. There are important considerations and challenges that can be associated with areas such as reservoir selection, surface-subsurface modelling, and optimum number of wells with the best design in gas storage reservoirs. Nevertheless, operational challenges can also be very critical and lead to jeopardizing the success of the project, if not mitigated properly. Due to the cyclic nature of gas storage during injection and re-production, cyclic stress effects can be a concern and should be studied via appropriate geomechanical models and laboratory tests (Thick-Walled-Cylinder) to address any imapct on wellbore stability and potential sand/solid production. Although mature gas reservoirs are good candidates for underground gas storage, drilling any new wells can be challenging and has to be addressed using state of the art technologies such as managed-pressure-drilling (MPD) or under-balance-coiled-tubing drilling (UBCTD). The well completion in terms of material selection and design will also impact the workover frequency and productivity/injectivity of the gas storage wells. As such, accurate evaluation of flow assurance and completion accessories are essential to ensure long term suitability of the gas storage wells. Last but not least, due to the lean nature of the gas in these developments, the risk of hydrates formation is very likely and should be analyzed and mitigated with the right engineering tools. This work presents the basic theory and applications of the above-mentioned methods and evaluations with the ultimate goal of proposing general guidelines for the development of UGS. The results and interpretations of geomechanical modelling and laboratory testing are presented as well as the drilling design and its challenges. Well integrity and erosional velocity assessment are discussed as part of the flow assurance as well as hydrates formation envelopes and its prediction methods. Gas storage projects are strategic for gas operating companies and require careful planning and economic feasibility evaluation. The challenges and lessons learnt, discussed in this paper, are required to guarantee the success of such initiative.
Message Passing Interface (MPI) Parallelization of Iteratively Coupled Fluid Flow and Geomechanics Codes for the Simulation of System Behavior in Hydrate-Bearing Geologic Media. Part 1: Methodology and Validation
Authors: Zhang Jiecheng , Moridis George J. , Blasingame Thomas A. 
Published: March 2022

Summary
The Reservoir GeoMechanics Simulator (RGMS or RGM simulator), a geomechanics simulator based on the finite element method (FEM) and parallelized using the Message Passing Interface (MPI), is developed in this work to model the stresses and deformations in subsurface systems. RGMS can be used standalone or coupled with flow and transport models. pTOUGH+ HYDRATE (pT+H) V1.5, a parallel MPI-based version of the serial TOUGH+HYDRATE (T+H) V1.5 code that describes mass and heat flow in hydrate-bearing porous media, is also developed. Using the fixed-stress split iterative scheme, RGMS is coupled with the pT+H V1.5 codes to investigate the geomechanical responses associated with gas production from hydrate accumulations.
In the first paper of this series, we discuss the governing equations underlying physics and their mathematical representation in the modeling of the geomechanics, methane hydrate, and coupled problems as well as the numerical methods and the parallelization processes (involving a domain decomposition method based on the MPI approach) used for the parallel simulators. Two 2D problems (in Cartesian and radial-cylindrical coordinates) and a 3D Cartesian coordinate problem are created to validate the FEM and the parallelization method in RGMS. The displacements and the maximum principal effective stresses obtained from the RGMS solution of these three problems are compared to those from the commercial software Ansys Mechanical and are shown to practically coincide. The parallelization of pT+H V1.5 is validated by comparing its results to those from the serial T+H V1.5 code in a study that involved (a) fluid production from a large-scale 2D cylindrical system describing a real-life oceanic hydrate deposit and (b) a simplified geomechanical model based on hydrate-dependent pore compressibility. The coupling method is validated by comparing the numerical results to the analytical solutions of the Terzaghi and the McNamee-Gibson problems. The parallelization validation of the coupled simulator is achieved by comparing the results obtained for different numbers of processes in the solution of the problems used for the pT+H V1.5 parallelization validation with the full geomechanical model. The results clearly demonstrate the validity and reliability of the parallel codes (a) RGMS, (b) pT+H V1.5, and the (c) coupled pT+H V1.5 and RGM simulators, which can be used to solve the large-scale physics of complex problems.
Low-Temperature Recrosslinkable Preformed Particle Gel as a Material for Lost Circulation Control
Authors: Ahdaya Mohamed , Al Brahim Ali , Bai Baojun , Schuman Thomas 
Published: March 2022

Summary
One of the most prevalent, expensive, and time-consuming problems during drilling operations is the loss of circulation. Uncontrolled lost circulation of drilling fluids may lead to dangerous well control difficulties and, in some cases, complete loss of the well. In this paper, the ability of a low-temperature recrosslinkable preformed particle gel (LT-RPPG) has been evaluated to determine the extent to which it can be used to control drilling fluid losses during drilling operations. The RPPG consists of swellable gel particles that can self-crosslink to form a strong bulk gel in fractures to form strong plugging after being placed in the loss zones. We investigated the effect of the LT-RPPG swelling ratio and fracture width on its plugging efficiency to fractures through core flooding tests. Results showed that its sealing pressure can reach up to 1,381 psi/ft and permeability reduction more than 99.99% when the RPPG swelling ratio is five for the fracture with a width of 2.00 mm. LT-RPPG is a good candidate that can be used to control the severe or total loss during drilling operations.
Well Interference and Fracture Geometry Investigation Using Production and Low-Frequency Distributed Acoustic Sensing Data in an Unconventional Reservoir
Authors: Ning Yanrui , Jin Ge , Zhu Xiaoyu , Tura Ali 
Published: March 2022

Summary
Well interference directly impacts well spacing optimization and well economics, thus it has received significant attention. Observed in many unconventional reservoirs, well interference is mainly attributed to connection of hydraulic fractures. Few studies have compared the hydraulic fracture connection during stimulation with that during the production period. This study connects these two aspects by leveraging the low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing (LF-DAS) signals acquired during the stimulation and the daily production data of 23 horizontal wells in the Denver-Julesburg (DJ) Basin. Strong cross-formation communication between Niobrara and Codell has been identified from both LF-DAS and production data. Interwell fracture connection could divert up to 80% of a shut-in well’s production to the offset well in the adjacent formation, revealing that well interference can be evaluated through random shut-ins of wells during production. Further, fracture connection in LF-DAS data is observed between Codell wells but rarely between Niobrara wells. Given the average Codell well spacing of 1,270 ft and Niobrara well spacing of 650 ft, we observe that the half-length of the stimulated hydraulic fractures in Codell wells is significantly longer than that of Niobrara wells. This study also confirms that stronger well interference during production correlates with strong fracture connection identified from LF-DAS.
An unexpected transition to virtual care: family medicine residents’ experience during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Smith Neale , Newton Christie , Barbacuta Demetra , Tseng Olivia L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
BackgroundThe global COVID-19 pandemic led to rapid changes in both medical care and medical education, particularly involving the rapid substitution of virtual solutions for traditional face-to-face appointments. There is a need for research into the effects and impacts of such changes. The objective of this article investigates the perspectives of Family Medicine Residents in one university program in order to understand the impact of this transition to virtual care and learning.Methods This is a qualitative focus group study. Four focus groups, stratified by site type (Rural=1; Semi-Urban=1; Urban=2) were conducted, with a total of 25 participants. Participants were either first or second-year Residents in Family Medicine. Focus group recordings were analyzed thematically, based upon a five-level social ecological model (individual, family, organization, community, environment and policy context).Results Two main themes were identified: (1) Residents’ experiences of Virtual Learning and Virtual Care, and (2) Living and Learning in Pandemic Times. In the first theme, Residents reported challenges both individually, in their family context, and in their training organizations. Of particular concern was the loss of hands-on experience with clinical skills such as conducting physical examinations. In the second theme, Residents reported disruption of self-care routines and family life. These Residents were unable to engage in the relationships outside of the workplace with their preceptors and peers which they had expected, and which play key roles in social support as well as in future decisions about practice location.ConclusionsWhile many patients appreciated virtual care, in the eyes of these Residents it is not the ideal modality for learning the practice of Family Medicine, and they awaited a return to normal times. Despite this, the pandemic has pointed out important ways in which residency training needs to adapt to an evolving world.
Application of Multivariate Techniques for Spatial Drought Modelling using Satellite Rainfall Estimate
Authors: Anshuka Anshuka , Buzacott Alexander JV , Ogtrop Floris van 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Monitoring hydrological extremes are essential for developing risk-mitigation strategies. One of the limiting factors for this is the absence of reliable on the ground monitoring networks that capture data on climate variables, which is highly evident in developing states such as Fiji. Fortunately, increasing global coverage of satellite-derived datasets facilitates the utilisation of this information to monitor dry and wet periods in sparse data regions. This study evaluated three global satellite rainfall datasets (CHIRPS, PERSIANN-CDR and CPC) for Fiji. All satellite products had reasonable correlations with station data, and CPC had the highest correlation with minimum error values. The Effective Drought Index (EDI), a useful index for understanding hydrological extremes, was then calculated. Thereafter, a canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was employed to forecast the EDI using sea surface temperature anomaly (SST) data. A high canonical correlation of 0.98 was achieved between the mean SST and mean EDI PCs, showing the influence of ocean-atmospheric interactions on precipitation regimes in Fiji. CCA was used to perform a hindcast and a short-term forecast. The training stage produced a coefficient of determinant (R2) value of 0.83 and mean square error (MSE) of 0.11. The results in the testing stage for the forecast were more modest, with an R2 of 0.45 and MSE of 0.26. This easy-to-implement system can be a helpful tool used by disaster management bodies to enact water restrictions, provide aid, and make informed agronomic decisions such as planting dates or extents.
Informing the development of a personalized mixed digital/in person multidisciplinary intervention to help breast cancer patients return to work: a qualitative study
Authors: MARTIN Elise , Meglio Antonio Di , Menvielle Gwenn , Arvis Johanna , Bourmaud Aurélie , Michiels Stefan , Pistilli Barbara , Vaz-Luis Ines , Dumas Agnès 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose: Return to work (RTW) after breast cancer (BC) can be a major challenge for patients. Existing interventions often suffer from methodological weaknesses that hamper their implementation. In this study, we aimed to explore 1) use, as well as 2) preferences, needs and barriers regarding RTW interventions and their deployment, including 3) preferences regarding the use of digital approaches to deliver such interventions.Methods: We conducted a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with 30 early-stage BC patients and 18 providers in four French regions. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Emergent themes were identified by thematic content analysis.Results: Most providers declared not to proactively address RTW with patients mainly due to having other priorities and a lack of knowledge. The following themes emerged: several development and deployment barriers regarding RTW interventions exist; interventions based on a multidisciplinary approach were generally preferred; need to maintain contact between patient and workplace during sick leave, including clearly identify pathways and interlocutors that can facilitate RTW. Participants had mostly positive representations about using digital tools to facilitate RTW, however fear of loss of human contact and exacerbation of inequalities were identified as possible risks associated with the development of digital-only interventions.Conclusions: In this study several points emerged that can help to develop an intervention that blends needs and preferences of BC patients and health care system. A personalized, multimodal approach with a mixed digital and in person features surfaced as a possible solution to respond to the weaknesses of existing interventions.
Silicon Reduces Zinc Absorption and Trigger Oxidative Tolerance Processes Without Impacting Growth in Young Plants of Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.)
Authors: Luyckx Marie , Hausman Jean-François , Guerriero Gea , Lutts Stanley 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a promising crop for non-food agricultural production on soils contaminated by moderate doses of heavy metals, while silicon, as a beneficial element, is frequently reported to improve stressed plants behavior. Using a hydroponic system, plants of Cannabis sativa (cv. Santhica 27) were exposed for one week to 100 µM Zn in the presence or absence of 2 mM Si. Zinc accumulated in all plants organs but was mainly sequestered in the roots. Additional Si reduced Zn absorption but had no impact on Zn translocation. Zn accumulation had a negative impact on biomass and chlorophyll content but additional Si did not mitigate these symptoms. Exogenous Si reduced the Zn-induced membrane lipid peroxidation (assessed by malondialdehyde quantification) and increased the total antioxidant activities estimated by the FRAP index. In the absence of Si, leaf phytochelatin and total glutathione were the highest in Zn-treated plants and Si significantly decreased their concentrations. Additional approaches using omics strategies and histological localization of element will provide interesting information regarding the interaction of Zn and Si in hemp.