bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AI ethics and systemic risks in finance
Authors: Svetlova Ekaterina 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe paper suggests that AI ethics should pay attention to morally relevant systemic effects of AI use. It draws the attention of ethicists and practitioners to systemic risks that have been neglected so far in professional AI-related codes of conduct, industrial standards and ethical discussions more generally. The paper uses the financial industry as an example to ask: how can AI-enhanced systemic risks be ethically accounted for? Which specific issues does AI use raise for ethics that takes systemic effects into account? The paper (1) relates the literature about AI ethics to the ethics of systemic risks to clarify the moral relevance of AI use with respect to the imposition of systemic risks, (2) proposes a theoretical framework based on the ethics of complexity and (3) applies this framework to discuss implications for AI ethics concerned with AI-enhanced systemic risks.
Frailty in Surgical Patients: Is it Relevant to Sexual Medicine?
Authors: Burns Ramzy T. , Bernie Helen L. 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
As the age of our surgical population continues to rise, there is an increased need for adequate preoperative evaluation and risk stratification to ensure the best possible surgical outcomes for patients.

Aim
We sought to describe the 3 main models currently used to evaluate patient frailty and explore how they are being utilized in the field of surgery and sexual medicine.

Methods
We reviewed online resources including Pubmed with relevant search criteria centered around frailty, surgery, sexual medicine, and prosthetics.

Outcomes/Results
All relevant studies were reviewed and several models for patient frailty emerged; the Phenotype Model, the Frailty Index, the Clinical Frailty Scale, and the modified Frailty Index. Worse frailty indices were seen to be linked to higher rates of complications and mortalities postoperatively.

Clinical Implications
Although the adoption of patient frailty in the field of sexual medicine has been sluggish, few studies have shown that its use could help predict which patients are at increased risk of complications and may require more support when it comes to postoperative care and teaching.

Strength & Limitations
Overall there is a paucity of literature as it relates to sexual medicine and patient frailty and this paper provides a limited look at the usage of patient frailty in sexual medicine.

Conclusion
We implore all sexual health providers to begin to incorporate frailty metrics when caring for this population to help reduce postoperative complications and help better predict surgical success.
The North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry: A Canadian Subgroup Analysis
Authors: Hébert Julien , Conant Susan N. , Holmes Lewis B. , Bui Esther 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT:Background:The North American AED Pregnancy Registry (NAAPR) provides crucial data for understanding the risks of antiepileptic drug (AED) exposure in pregnancy. This study aims to quantify the Canadian contribution to NAAPR and compare AED usage in pregnancy in Canada and the USA.Methods:Enrollment rate ratios (ERR) to NAAPR, adjusted for the populations of women of childbearing age, were calculated for the USA, Canada, and for the different Canadian provinces. Methods of enrollment to NAAPR and AED usage were compared between the two countries using chi-squared tests.Results:Between 1997 and 2019, 10,215 pregnant women enrolled into NAAPR: 4.1% were Canadian (n = 432, ERR = 0.39, CI95% = 0.35–0.43). Within Canada, no patients were enrolled from the three northern territories or from Prince Edward Island. While fewer patients than expected enrolled from Quebec (ERR = 0.35, CI95% = 0.19–0.58), Nova Scotia had the highest enrollment rate (ERR = 1.55; CI95% = 0.66–3.11). Compared with their American peers, Canadians were less likely to have been enrolled by their healthcare provider and more likely to have been enrolled via social media (p < 0.01). Canadian women were more likely to be taking carbamazepine (24% vs. 15%; p < 0.01) or valproic acid (8% vs. 4%; p < 0.01).Conclusion:The proportion of Canadian enrollees into NAAPR was less than expected based on the relative population size of Canadian women of reproductive age. Greater Canadian enrollment to NAAPR would contribute to ongoing worldwide efforts in assessing the risks of AEDs use in pregnant women and help quantify rates of AED usage, major congenital malformations, and access to subspecialized epilepsy care within Canada.
A negative charge at position D+5 of Motif A is critical for function of the major facilitator superfamily multidrug/H+antiporter MdtM – RETRACTED
Authors: Law Christopher J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance represents a major public health risk. The activity of integral membrane transporter proteins contributes to antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria and proton gradient-driven multidrug efflux representatives of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of secondary transporters are the dominant antimicrobial efflux proteins in Escherichia coli. In many, but not all, of the characterized MFS multidrug transporters, an aspartic acid residue at position D+5 of the conserved signature Motif A is essential for transport activity. The present work extends those studies to the E. coli MFS multidrug/H+ antiporter MdtM and used a combination of mutagenesis, expression studies, antimicrobial resistance assays, and transport activity measurements to reveal that a negatively charged residue at position D+5 is critical for MdtM transport function.
The Covid pandemic enters the ballot box: The impact of conspiracy theories on Italians' voting behaviour during the COVID-19 crisis
Authors: Serani Danilo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe spread of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020 was the impetus for an exogenous shock. In addition to the disruption brought on by the spread of COVID-19, conspiracy theories flourished on many aspects of the disease. However, the association between belief in conspiracy theories and voting behaviour has not been studied sufficiently, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper investigates the association between a belief in conspiracy theories and an intention to vote for populist parties (PPs). This association is analysed in a case study of Italian voters, where PPs can be found in the government and in the opposition. By conducting a cross-sectional analysis during the third wave of panel data fielded in December 2020, this article shows that individuals who have anti-vax attitudes and who also have a higher propensity to believe in conspiracy theories are more likely to vote for PPs, although it is worth considering the roles PPs play in either the government or in the opposition.
A Cox model for gradually disappearing events
Authors: Jang Jiwook , Qu Yan , Zhao Hongbiao , Dassios Angelos 
Published: January 2022

AbstractInnovations in medicine provide us longer and healthier life, leading lower mortality. Sooner rather than later, much greater longevity would be possible for us due to artificial intelligence advances in health care. Similarly, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) in highly automated vehicles may reduce or even eventually eliminate accidents by perceiving dangerous situations, which would minimize the number of accidents and lead to fewer loss claims for insurance companies. To model the survivor function capturing greater longevity as well as the number of claims reflecting less accidents in the long run, in this paper, we study a Cox process whose intensity process is piecewise-constant and decreasing. We derive its ultimate distributional properties, such as the Laplace transform of intensity integral process, the probability generating function of point process, their associated moments and cumulants, and the probability of no more claims for a given time point. In general, this simple model may be applicable in many other areas for modeling the evolution of gradually disappearing events, such as corporate defaults, dividend payments, trade arrivals, employment of a certain job type (e.g., typists) in the labor market, and release of particles. In particular, we discuss some potential applications to insurance.
Using a Chen-Stein identity to obtain low variance simulation estimators
Authors: Ross Sheldon M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper is concerned with developing low variance simulation estimators of probabilities related to the sum of Bernoulli random variables. It shows how to utilize an identity used in the Chen-Stein approach to bounding Poisson approximations to obtain low variance estimators. Applications and numerical examples in such areas as pattern occurrences, generalized coupon collecting, system reliability, and multivariate normals are presented. We also consider the problem of estimating the probability that a positive linear combination of Bernoulli random variables is greater than some specified value, and present a simulation estimator that is always less than the Markov inequality bound on that probability.
Nutrition interventions addressing structural racism: a scoping review
Authors: Greene Matthew , Houghtaling Bailey , Sadeghzadeh Claire , De Marco Molly , Bryant De’Jerra , Morgan Randa , Holston Denise 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAfrican Americans experience high rates of obesity and food insecurity in part due to structural racism, or overlapping discriminatory systems and practices in housing, education, employment, health care and other settings. Nutrition education and nutrition-focused policy, systems and environmental changes may be able to address structural racism in the food environment. This scoping review aimed to summarise the available literature regarding nutrition interventions for African Americans that address structural racism in the food environment and compare them with the ‘Getting to Equity in Obesity Prevention’ framework of suggested interventions. An electronic literature search was conducted with the assistance of a research librarian encompassing six databases: MEDLINE, PyscINFO, Agricola, ERIC, SocINDEX and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. A total of thirty sources were identified detailing interventions addressing structural barriers to healthy eating. The majority of nutrition interventions addressing structural racism consisted of policy, systems and/or environmental changes in combination with nutrition education, strategies focused on proximal causes of racial health disparities. Only two articles each targeted the ‘reduce deterrents’ and ‘improve social and economic resources’ aspects of the framework, interventions which may be better suited to addressing structural racism in the food environment. Because African Americans experience high rates of obesity and food insecurity and encounter structural barriers to healthy eating in the food environment, researchers and public health professionals should address this gap in the literature.
Vitamin D and depression in older adults: lessons learned from observational and clinical studies
Authors: Ceolin Gilciane , Antunes Luciana da Conceição , Moretti Morgana , Rieger Débora Kurrle , Moreira Júlia Dubois 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDepression is a mental disorder triggered by the interaction of social, psychological and biological factors that have an important impact on an individual’s life. Despite being a well-studied disease with several established forms of treatment, its prevalence is increasing, especially among older adults. New forms of treatment and prevention are encouraged, and some researchers have been discussing the effects of vitamin D (VitD) on depression; however, the exact mechanism by which VitD exerts its effects is not yet conclusive. In this study, we aimed to discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the association between VitD and depression in older adults. Therefore, we conducted a systematic search of databases for indexed articles published until 30 April 2021. The primary focus was on both observational studies documenting the association between VitD and depression/depressive symptoms, and clinical trials documenting the effects of VitD supplementation on depression/depressive symptoms, especially in older adults. Based on pre-clinical, clinical and observational studies, it is suggested that the maintenance of adequate VitD concentrations is an important issue, especially in older adults, which are a risk population for both VitD deficiency and depression. Nevertheless, it is necessary to carry out more studies using longitudinal approaches in low- and middle-income countries to develop a strong source of evidence to formulate guidelines and interventions.
VESIcal: 2. A Critical Approach to Volatile Solubility Modeling Using an Open‐Source Python3 Engine
Authors: Wieser P. E. , Iacovino K. , Matthews S. , Moore G. , Allison C. M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAccurate models of H2O and CO2 solubility in silicate melts are vital for understanding volcanic plumbing systems. These models are used to estimate the depths of magma storage regions from melt inclusion volatile contents, investigate the role of volatile exsolution as a driver of volcanic eruptions, and track the degassing path followed by a magma ascending to the surface. However, despite the large increase in the number of experimental constraints over the last two decades, many recent studies still utilize an earlier generation of models which were calibrated on experimental datasets with restricted compositional ranges. This may be because many of the available tools for more recent models require large numbers of input parameters to be hand‐typed (e.g., temperature, concentrations of H2O, CO2, and 8–14 oxides), making them difficult to implement on large datasets. Here, we use a new open‐source Python3 tool, VESIcal, to critically evaluate the behaviors and sensitivities of different solubility models for a range of melt compositions. Using literature datasets of andesitic‐dacitic experimental products and melt inclusions as case studies, we illustrate the importance of evaluating the calibration dataset of each model. Finally, we highlight the limitations of particular data presentation methods, such as isobar diagrams, and provide suggestions for alternatives, and best practices regarding the presentation and archiving of data. This review will aid the selection of the most applicable solubility model for different melt compositions, and identifies areas where additional experimental constraints on volatile solubility are required.
Impact of Soil Moisture on Afternoon Convection Triggering Over the Tibetan Plateau Based on 1‐D Boundary Layer Model
Authors: Zhao Cailing , Meng Xianhong , Li Yueqing , Lyu Shihua , Guo Jianping , Liu Huizhi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe impact of soil moisture conditions on the triggering of afternoon convection over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) was investigated by applying the convective triggering potential (CTP) and humidity index framework developed by Findell and Eltahir (2003a, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<0552:acosml>2.0.co;2, 2003b, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<0570:acosml>2.0.co;2) using a slab model. Atmospheric sounding observations from May to September from 2015 to 2019 from 16 sites were used for the diagnosis. The results showed that the thresholds of CTP and humidity index in the lower‐layer atmosphere (HIlow) are distinct from other regions such as the United States and India, suggesting an easier triggering potential for the TP due to its high altitude induced lower air density and higher buoyancy. The convection over the TP is mainly affected by the atmospheric background. The percentages of soil moisture‐controlled cases is close to 50% mainly located in the broadly central TP. In addition, the positive feedback is mainly located in the center of the TP. Negative feedback appears in the southwest of the TP. Soil moisture is the most critical factor for precipitation triggering in soil moisture‐precipitation feedback, while wind speed can also have certain influences. The impact of soil moisture on different outcomes has no significant correlation with land surface elevation differences. Negative feedback in the southwest of the TP appeals to a necessary enhancement requirement for sounding observations in the western TP.
Regional and Local Patterns of Upper‐Plate Deformation in Cascadia: The Importance of the Down‐Dip Extent of Locking Relative to Upper‐Plate Strength Contrasts
Authors: McKenzie K. A. , Furlong K. P. , Herman M. W. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe details of subduction zone locking place constraints on the characteristics of megathrust events. Due to the lack of significant present‐day seismicity along the Cascadia subduction interface, geodetic data are used to assess subduction locking along the margin. We isolate the subduction signal from other tectonic signals within the Cascadia GPS field, to assess the details of plate‐interface locking. Apparent coupling determined by a simple homogenous elastic half‐space inversion cannot everywhere reproduce the subduction component of the GPS field. Consequently, we explore the relationships among upper‐plate strength, locking depth and the resulting surface velocity signal using 2D finite element models. When the upper plate is composed of a weak material, trenchward of a strong backstop, we find that the down‐dip limit of locking relative to the location of the weak‐to‐strong transition controls how upper‐plate deformation is spatially distributed. If locking extends into the stronger material, as observed in central Cascadia, the surface velocity field propagates farther inland than expected from a simple homogeneous elastic model. In contrast, in southern Cascadia, because locking terminates within the weak accretionary margin, upper‐plate shortening is localized within the weaker material, particularly in the region between the end of locking and the strong Klamath terrane. This behavior provides a possible mechanism for producing the high (geodetic and permanent) uplift rates, plate‐motion‐parallel shortening, and crustal exhumation observed in many active and fossil subduction zones.
Referral Outcomes From a Neurocognitive Screening Program for Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Karst Jeffrey S. , Miller Meghan , Heffelfinger Amy K. , Newby Robert F. , Scott J. Paul 
Published: January 2022

Objective: Pediatric sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with neurocognitive and academic impairment. However, not all patients receive appropriate educational or therapeutic services. It is important to identify patients at risk of academic or psychosocial difficulties and make appropriate referrals. This article explores referrals made from a screening program within a comprehensive SCD clinic. Method: All patients seen at the clinic were eligible for participation in the screening program. Patients ( N = 61) cross three age cohorts (i.e., age 6 to 7, age 11 to 12, and age 15 to 16) consented to research participation. Participants completed a 1-hr screening that included cognitive, academic, attention, and parent-report measures of behavior and executive functioning and caregiver and patient interviews. Results: Parents reported concerns across academic and learning domains, and performance on clinical measures suggested a high rate of patients at least one standard deviation below normative means. Following screening, 48% of patients were referred for additional support services via an existing Section 504 Plan/IEP, whereas 18% more were recommended to have a plan implemented. Of the participants, 41% were referred for further evaluation or counseling, whereas 26% were diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or had an existing diagnosis confirmed. Conclusions: Neurocognitive screening in SCD is essential. Participants in this program demonstrated challenges across many domains and received a broad range of recommendations and referrals. Problems were identified above and beyond parent-report concerns. Future research should identify incremental value of specific measures used and whether additional tiers of screening are necessary. Implications for Impact Statement This article reports on a neurocognitive screening program for children with Sickle Cell Disease. Results suggest that a brief screening, implemented within a clinic screening is feasible and beneficial to patients. Recommendations for implementation are provided and may be applicable to other pediatric disease groups as well.
Climate change extreme and seasonal toxic metal occurrence in Romanian freshwaters in the last two decades—case study and critical review
Authors: Iordache Andreea Maria , Nechita Constantin , Voica Cezara , Pluháček Tomáš , Schug Kevin A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe relationship between metal levels in the Olt River ecosystem in southern Romania (measured during 2018‒2019, with 1064 sediment and water samples) and daily climate data were explored to assess the need for targeted source identification and mitigation strategies. In 2018, there was a strong relationship between the sediment Pb, As, Cd, and Hg contents and temperature (r > 0.8, p < 0.001). Mercury in sediments had a positive correlation with precipitation, and Hg in the water correlated with minimum temperature in May 2018 (p < 0.01). In July 2019, heavy metals were positively correlated with precipitation and negatively correlated with temperature. According to nonsymmetrical correspondence analysis, the four climate parameters analyzed were linearly correlated with the frequency of metal detection (p < 0.001) in both years. The statistical analysis showed strong relationships between heavy metal levels and climatic factors and attributed the discrepancies in elemental concentrations between 2018 and 2019 to climate warming.
Scalable and selective deuteration of (hetero)arenes
Authors: Li Wu , Rabeah Jabor , Bourriquen Florian , Yang Dali , Kreyenschulte Carsten , Rockstroh Nils , Lund Henrik , Bartling Stephan , Surkus Annette-Enrica , Junge Kathrin , Brückner Angelika , Lei Aiwen , Beller Matthias 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIsotope labelling, particularly deuteration, is an important tool for the development of new drugs, specifically for identification and quantification of metabolites. For this purpose, many efficient methodologies have been developed that allow for the small-scale synthesis of selectively deuterated compounds. Due to the development of deuterated compounds as active drug ingredients, there is a growing interest in scalable methods for deuteration. The development of methodologies for large-scale deuterium labelling in industrial settings requires technologies that are reliable, robust and scalable. Here we show that a nanostructured iron catalyst, prepared by combining cellulose with abundant iron salts, permits the selective deuteration of (hetero)arenes including anilines, phenols, indoles and other heterocycles, using inexpensive D2O under hydrogen pressure. This methodology represents an easily scalable deuteration (demonstrated by the synthesis of deuterium-containing products on the kilogram scale) and the air- and water-stable catalyst enables efficient labelling in a straightforward manner with high quality control.