bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International graduates’ experiences of reflection in postgraduate training: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Emery Laura , Jackson Ben , Oliver Phillip , Mitchell Caroline 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundReflection is a key component of postgraduate training in general practice. International medical graduates (IMG) are thought to be less familiar with reflection, with international medical schools favouring more didactic methods of education.AimTo explore IMGs’ experiences of reflection prior to and during GP training and the support available for developing skills in reflection.Design & settingA cross sectional survey was sent to IMGs undertaking GP training in 12 of the 14 UK regions, from March to April 2021.MethodA pre-tested self-administered online questionnaire was used to collect data on experiences of reflection, both prior to and during GP training, and the support available for developing skills in reflection.ResultsIn total, 485 of 3413 IMG trainees completed the questionnaire (14.2% response rate, representative of national demographics). Of these, 79.8% of participants reported no experience of reflection as an undergraduate and 36.9% reported no formal training in reflection during GP training. The majority (69.7%) of participants agreed that reflection was beneficial for their training and 58.3% reported that the best support in reflection came from their supervisors. Experience of reflection, opinions on the benefits, and best sources of support all varied by where the responders' primary medical qualification (PMQ) was obtained (all P values<0.01).ConclusionMost IMGs have not experienced reflection prior to commencing UK GP training. There is diversity in experience and culture within this group that must be considered when tailoring educational interventions to support IMGs in their transition to UK GP training.
PENERAPAN PRINSIP TRANSPARANSI DALAM MEWUJUDKAN PELAYANAN PRIMA PADA DINAS PENANAMAN MODAL DAN PELAYANAN TERPADU SATU PINTU KOTA KENDARI
Authors: Darpin Darpin , Yunita Astrid , Endang Purwati Ninik 
Published: January 2022

This study aims to determine and analyze the application of the principle of transparency and the implementation of excellent service at the Kendari City Investment and One Stop Integrated Service Office. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach, data analysis uses interactive model analysis techniques consisting of data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing/verification. The results showed that the application of the principle of transparency at the Kendari City Investment Office and PTSP from the informative (informative) aspect of the agency was good enough in providing convenience to the public to obtain information either directly or indirectly about services in the field of investment and licensing, in terms of openness has been good enough in conveying information to the public openly, and is easily accessible through several channels of information delivery, on the other hand, the agency still needs to be more intense in explaining all service requirements both technical and administrative in a clear and easy to understand manner using the system. and simple language to the public, from the aspect of disclosure, it is still not optimal in informing the public of financial details and annual reports regarding revenue, financial management and assets of the organization. In terms of the implementation of excellent service in terms of the dimensions of service procedures, service costs, completion time, service products, infrastructure, the overall competence of service providers is good, with the Public Service Standards that have been standardized in 2018.
OPTIMALISASI PENGAWASAN INSPEKTORAT DAERAH DALAM PELAKSANAAN ANGGARAN DI MASA PANDEMIK COVID-19 DI SULAWESI TENGGARA
Authors: Ampera La Ode , Suaib Eka , Jamal Jamal 
Published: January 2022

This study aims to find out the form of optimizing the supervision of the Southeast Sulawesi regional inspectorate on budget implementation during the Covid-19 pandemic and to find out the results of the Southeast Sulawesi Regional Inspectorate's supervision of budget implementation during the Covid-19 pandemic. The method used in this study used a qualitative descriptive method. The results of this study indicate that the optimization of the supervision of the Southeast Sulawesi Province Inspectorate on the implementation of the use of the Covid-19 budget, shows that the Inspectorate's supervision on the management of the Covid-19 budget is going quite well. This can be seen from the development of the results of the supervision carried out during the evaluation period until the follow-up, there was an increase in findings from 3 recommendations to 10 administrative compliances. The results of the Supervision of Refocussing and Reallocating the Regional Budget to the Southeast Sulawesi Provincial Government showed that at the evaluation stage carried out by the Inspectorate, there were still many administrative and material negligence carried out by the Southeast Sulawesi government. The results of the Supervision of the Implementation and Designation of Handling in the Health Sector, Social Sector, and the Handling Economic Impact Sector from the Aspects of Timeliness, Quantity, and Quality, still found negligence in the implementation, this resulted in several recommendations that needed to be followed up immediately.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk optimalisasi pengawasan inspektorat daerah Sulawesi Tenggara terhadap pelaksanaan anggaran dimasa Pendemik Covid-19 dan untuk mengetahui hasil pengawasan Inspektorat Daerah Sulawesi Tenggara terhadap pelaksanaan anggaran dimasa Pendemik Covid -19. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Optimalisasi pengawasan Inpektorat Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara terhadap pelaksanaan penggunaan anggaran Covid-19, menunjukan bahwa pengawasan Inspektorat pada pengelolaan anggaran Covid-19 berjalan cukup baik. Hal ini, terlihatan dari pengembangan hasil pengawasan yang dilakukan pada masa evaluasi sampai pada tindak lanjut terjadi penambahan temuan dari 3 rekemndasi menjadi 10 kelalayan admnistrasi. Hasil Pengawasan Refocussing dan Realokasi APBD pada Pemerintah Provinsi Sultra menunjukan bahwa pada tahapan evaluasi yang dilakukan Inspektorat masih banyak menemukan kelalaian secara administrasi dan materil yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Sulawesi Tenggara. Hasil Pengawasan terhadap Pelaksanaan dan Peruntukan Penanganan Bidang Kesehatan, Bidang Sosial, dan Bidang Penanganan Dampak Ekonomi dari Aspek Ketepatan Waktu, Jumlah, dan Kualitas, masih ditemukan kelalaian dalam pelaksanaannya hal ini mengakibatkan beberapa rekomendasi yang perlu segera ditindak lanjuti.
Surface bonding state of germanium via cyclic dry treatments using plasma of hydrogen iodine and pure oxygen gases
Authors: Ishii Hiroto , Chang Wen-Hsin , Ishii Hiroyuki , Ke Mengnan , Maeda Tatsuro 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The effect of HI and O2 plasma treatments on a Ge surface is studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ge oxide on a Ge surface can be effectively removed at room temperature by remote HI plasma in inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching system without substrate bias. The re-oxidation of oxide-free HI plasma-treated Ge has been performed sequentially by O2 plasma. By utilizing HI and O2 plasma treatment cyclically, we have proved the viability of Ge digital dry etching. Ge digital dry etching by controlling the plasma power and the processing time of HI and O2 plasma treatments will be the building block for achieving Ge atomic layer etching.
Development of a massively parallel electron beam write (MPEBW) system: aiming for the digital fabrication of integrated circuits
Authors: Esashi Masayoshi , Miyaguchi Hiroshi , Kojima Akira , Ikegami Naokatsu , Koshida Nobuyoshi , Ohyi Hideyuki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A prototype of a massively parallel electron beam write (MPEBW) system has been developed for maskless (direct-write) lithography. A 100 × 100 array of nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) electron emitters is controlled by an active matrix-driving large-scale integrated device. This device is designed so that arrayed electron beams are reduced by a factor of 100 using electron optics and focused onto the wafer as 10 nm square spots. The electron beam emitter array has an aberration correction function. A planar 10 μm square nc-Si emitter array and the driving LSI device were fabricated and their operations were confirmed. A 17 × 17 nc-Si emitter array was assembled with driver circuits and used to perform active matrix electron beam exposure in a 1:1 exposure test system. A Pierce emitter array for the active matrix drive is the subject of the target commercial system. The operations of the Pierce emitter array were studied using basic prototyping and simulation.
Ge-codoping effect on X-ray-induced photodarkening in Al-doped and Dy-Al-doped silica glass
Authors: Okazaki Tomoya , Kawai Kota , Otsuka Chiaki , Mori Takehiro , Saeki Yota , Sekiya Edson Haruhico , Saito Kazuya 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
X-ray-induced photodarkening and its suppression by Ge-codoping were investigated in Al-doped, Dy-doped, and Dy-Al-doped silica glasses. Absorption bands of 4f-4f5d transition of Dy2+ were determined in Dy-Al-doped silica glass fabricated by Si nano-powders as a reducing agent, and it was found that pair generation of Dy2+ and Al-OHC was occurred in X-ray irradiated Dy-Al-doped silica glass. Ge-codoping suppresses the above-mentioned pair generation and instead forms the pair of GEC and GLPC+. A similar suppression effect of Ge-codoping was observed in Al-Ge-doped silica glass, where pair generation of Al-OHC and Al-E′ center was suppressed. To investigate the stability of defects, annihilation processes during thermal annealing were measured. Al-OHC and Dy2+ are destabilized by Ge-codoping in Al-doped and Dy-Al-doped silica glasses, while GEC is stabilized in Al-Ge-doped and Dy-Al-Ge-doped silica glasses. Based on these results, local structure models around Al, Ge, and Dy ions and possible mechanisms of photodarkening were proposed.
Secondary Prevention Using Cholesterol-Lowering Medications in Patients with Prior Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Events: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis
Authors: Han Xue , Fox Steven , Chu Michelle , McCombs Jeff 
Published: January 2022

Background: Secondary prevention with lipid-lowering medications in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is known to reduce the risk of clinical events and death. Current guidelines codify recommendations for implementing secondary prevention in appropriate patients. However, in real-world practice, secondary prevention is frequently initiated only after the patient experiences a cardiovascular-related hospitalization. The impact of these delays is not well known. Objectives: To estimate the effects of delaying treatment on the risk of cardiovascular-related hospitalization and on costs for patients who meet the criteria for secondary prevention as specified in the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Guidelines for Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort analysis using Humana data. Eligible patients were categorized by treatment group: (1) patients who initiated treatment before an ASCVD-related hospitalization and (2) patients who either did not initiate treatment until after an ASCVD hospitalization or never initiated treatment. The associations between the timely initiation of cholesterol-lowering medications for secondary prevention and (1) the risk for an ASCVD hospitalization and (2) health-care costs over one year, were estimated using multivariate regressions. Results: A total of 272 899 secondary prevention patients were identified who met study selection criteria. Early treatment was associated with significant reductions in the risk of an ASCVD hospitalization at any time following the identification of the patient’s eligibility for secondary prevention (by 33% compared to those treated late or never, P<.0001), but was significantly associated with higher total cost over the first post-index year (by US $509, P<.001). Patients whose low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were >130 mg/dL experienced higher ASCVD hospitalization risks, and also larger risk reductions if treated before an ASCVD hospitalization compared to patients with lower LDL-C levels who were treated late or never treated. Conclusions: More widespread implementation of the treatment policies specified in the 2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines for secondary prevention should significantly reduce cardiovascular disease hospitalizations and reduce costs.
أثر استخدام أسلوب العصف الذهنيّ في تحصيل المفاهيم الاحيائية لدى طالبات المرحلة المتوسطة
Authors: كاظم م.م. رملة جبار 
Published: January 2022

يهدف هذا البحث إلى معرفة أثر استخدام أسلوب العصف الذهني في تحصيل المفاهيم الاحيائية لدى طالبات المرحلة المتوسطة من خلال اختبار الفرضية الآتية: لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية بين متوسط درجات طالبات المجموعة التجريبية التي درست وفق أسلوب العصف الذهني ومتوسط درجات المجموعة الضابطة التي درست وفق الطريقة التقليدية في اختبار تحصيل المفاهيم الاحيائية. اقتصر البحث على طالبات الصف الأول متوسط في محافظة ميســـان للعام الدراســــي (2010- 2011) وعلى المفاهيم العلمية المتعلقة بالفصل الثاني من كتاب الأحياء للصف الأول متوسط لسنة 2009في الفصل الدراسي الأول. بلغ عدد الطالبات عينة البحث (67) طالبة موزعة على مجموعتين بلغ عدد أفراد المجموعة التجريبية بعد الاستبعاد (35) طالبة، وبلغ عدد أفراد المجموعة الضابطة (32) طالبة كوفئت المجموعتين في المتغيرات الآتية:
1- التحصيل السابق في مادة العلوم .
2- المعرفة السابقة في المادة العلمية قيد البحث.
واستمرت فترة التجربة أسبوعين طبقت في نهايته اختبار بعدي موضوعي من نوع اختبار من متعدد لقياس مدى تحصيل الطالبات للمفاهيم الاحيائية , وقد تكون هذا الاختبار من (40) فقرة موزعة على المستويات الثلاثة الاولى من تصنيف بلوم للمجال المعرفي (تذكر, فهم, تطبيق), تم التحقق من صدقة بعرضه على مجموعة من الخبراء والمختصين , وإيجاد ثباته بمعادلة (كيودر ريتشاردسون -20) إذ بلـغ (0,80) كما تم إيجاد معامل الصعوبة والقوة التميزية لكل فقرة وفاعلية البدائل لفقرات الاختبار وبعد معالجة البيانات إحصائياً باستخدام اختبار (T-test) توصلت الباحثة إلى وجود فرق ذي دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى دلالة (0,05) بين متوسط المجموعة التجريبية التي درست وفق أسلوب العصف الذهني والمجموعة الضابطة التي درست وفق الطريقة الاعتيادية في تحصيل المفاهيم الاحيائية . وفي ضوء هذه النتيجة توصي الباحثة استخدام أسلوب العصف الذهني في التدريس لما له من دور ايجابي في تحصيل المفاهيم الاحيائية .
فلسفة التربية في الفكر الإسلاميّ المعاصر
Authors: حاتم أ. م. د. عامر عبد الأمير 
Published: January 2022

يدور محور هذه الدراسة حول المنهج التربوي في الفكر الإسلامي المعاصر، والهادف في الأساس إلى رسم معالم لفلسفة التربية الإسلامية المعاصرة في سعيها إلى تحقيق غاية الرسالة الكونية بإيجاد الإنسان المؤهل لحمل تلك الرسالة، من خلال بناء محتواه الداخلي الذي يُعتبر الأساس لحركة التاريخ والمجتمع. تشتمل الدراسة على مقدمة وثلاثة مباحث وخاتمة. تضمنت المقدمة دور التربية وأثرها في تكامل الشعوب وانحطاطها تبعاً لما تمتلكه من نظم تربوية تعكس فلسفتها الكلية للوجود. أما المباحث؛ فهي كالآتي:

الترابط بين التربية والتصور الكلي للوجود.
مقومات المنهج التربوي في الإسلام.
أزمة المنهج التربوي الإسلاميّ.

ثم خاتمة تضمنت أبرز النتائج التي توصلت إليها الدراسة.
احكام القرائن المعاصرة في الشريعة والقانون
Authors: حسين د. هناء محمد 
Published: January 2022

الحقيقة ضالة العدالة والتي نصل اليها بالبحث والاستدلال, والشريعة الاسلامية من خلال احكامها الفقهية اقرت وسائل مستنبطة من الامارات والدلالات على الحوادث المتنازع عليها ,والمعروفة باسم القرائن التي تدل على الشيء من غير الاستعمال فيه ,اي هي دليل يقوم على استنباط امر مجهول من معلوم . والقرينة عند الفقهاء تعني الامارة التي تدلنا على الامر المجهول استنباطا واستخلاصا من الامارات المصاحبة والمقارنة لذلك الامر الخفي ولولاها لما امكن الوصول اليه ,مثل الامارة التي وردت بالقران الكريم في قصة سيدنا يوسف (عليه السلام) , في قوله تعالى "إن كان قميصه قد من قبل فصدقت وهو من الكاذبين", وقول رسول الله (صلى الله عليه واله وسلم):" الولد للفراش وللعاهر الحجر", وغيرها من الاستدلالات المستنبطة من القرائن المصاحبة للحوادث التي اعتمدها الصحابة (رضوان الله عليهم ) في اصدار الاحكام الفقهية . من هنا يمكن القول بإمكانية الاعتماد على الوسائل المعاصرة من بصمة وراثية او تحليل الحامض النووي او التحاليل المعملية للآثار من دم او شعر في مسرح الجريمة او استخدام التسجيل الصوتي او الفوتوغرافي وحتى يمكن استخدام الكلاب البوليسية في الكشف عن الجرائم لأنها تعد من القرائن المصاحبة او الدالة على الجرم...لان القرائن بجملتها القديمة والمعاصرة لا تختلف من حيث الغاية والمعنى عن وسائل الاثبات الاصلية التي يتوصل بها الى الحقائق واقامة العدل ,واهمال تلك القرائن الخالية من التعارض يعد مضيعة للحقوق وهدرا لها .وكل ذلك اكدته قرارات المجمع الفقهي الاسلامي .
Edukasi Pencegahan Covid-19 dan Pembagian Masker Untuk Kesehatan Masyarakat di Kalitanjung Cirebon
Authors: Rahmayani Sri Tanti , Sri Nurcahyati  
Published: January 2022

Kasus Covid-19 di Jawa Barat terus menunjukkan peningkatan jumlah yang cukup signifikan. Hal ini dikarenakan Jawa Barat telah menjadi pusat aktivitas dan mobilitas masyarakat yang sangat tinggi, selain itu penyebaran kasusnya menggambarkan sub cluster dan transmisi local. Di Jawa Barat kasus Covid 19 sampai 26 April 2021 sebanyak 19.360 kasus dan Covid 19 Kota Cirebon paling tinggi dengan jumlah kasus terkonfirmasi positif sebesar 3.860 kasus dengan 220 kematian. Tujuan edukasi ini untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang pencegahan virus corona. Kegiatan yang dilakukan berupa edukasi pencegahan Covid 19 menggunakan media leafleat dan pembagian masker bagi masyarakat untuk meningkatkan perilaku sehat masyarakat. Media promosi dibagikan kepada masyarakat dikarenakan situasi yang tidak memungkinkan untuk melaksanakan kegiatan dengan mengumpulkan masyarakat banyak dalam satu tempat.
A High-resolution Study of Magnetic Field Evolution and Spicular Activity around the Boundary of a Coronal Hole
Authors: Wang Jiasheng , Lee Jeongwoo , Liu Chang , Cao Wenda , Wang Haimin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this study, we analyze high-spatial-resolution (0.″24) magnetograms and high-spatial-resolution (0.″10) Hα off-band (± 0.8 Å) images taken by the 1.6 m Goode Solar Telescope to investigate the magnetic properties associated with small-scale ejections in a coronal hole boundary region from a statistical perspective. With one and a half hours of optical observations under excellent seeing, we focus on the magnetic structure and evolution by tracking the magnetic features with the Southwest Automatic Magnetic Identification Suite (SWAMIS). The magnetic field at the studied coronal hole boundary is dominated by negative polarity with flux cancellations at the edges of the negative unipolar cluster. In a total of 1250 SWAMIS-detected magnetic cancellation events, ∼39% are located inside the coronal hole with an average flux cancellation rate of 2.0 × 1018 Mx Mm−2 hr−1, and ∼49% are located outside the coronal hole with an average flux cancellation rate of 8.8 × 1017 Mx Mm−2 hr−1. We estimated that the magnetic energy released due to flux cancellation inside the coronal hole is six times more than that outside the coronal hole. Flux cancellation accounts for ∼9.5% of the total disappearance of magnetic flux. Other forms of its disappearance are mainly due to fragmentation of unipolar clusters or merging with elements of the same polarity. We also observed a number of significant small-scale ejections associated with magnetic cancellations at the coronal hole boundary that have corresponding EUV brightenings.
Consistent Analysis of the AGN LF in X-Ray and MIR in the XMM-LSS Field
Authors: Runburg Jack , Farrah Duncan , Sajina Anna , Lacy Mark , Lidua Jenna , Hatziminaoglou Evanthia , Brandt W. N. , Chen Chien-Ting J. , Nyland Kristina , Shirley Raphael , Clements D. L. , Pitchford Lura K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The luminosity function of active galactic nuclei (AGN) probes the history of supermassive black hole assembly and growth across cosmic time. To mitigate selection biases, we present a consistent analysis of the AGN luminosity functions (LFs) derived for both X-ray and mid-infrared (MIR) selected AGN in the XMM-Large Scale Structure field. There are 4268 AGN used to construct the MIR luminosity function (IRLF) and 3427 AGN used to construct the X-ray luminosity function (XLF), providing the largest census of the AGN population out to z = 4 in both bands with significant reduction in uncertainties. We are able for the first time to see the knee of the IRLF at z > 2 and observe a flattening of the faint-end slope as redshift increases. The bolometric luminosity density, a proxy for the cosmic black hole accretion history, computed from our LFs, shows a peak at z ≈ 2.25, consistent with recent estimates of the peak in the star formation rate density (SFRD). However, at earlier epochs, the AGN luminosity density is flatter than the SFRD. If confirmed, this result suggests that the build up of black hole mass outpaces the growth of stellar mass in high-mass systems at z ≳ 2.5. This is consistent with observations of redshift z ∼ 6 quasars that lie above the local M − σ relationship. The luminosity density derived from the IRLF is higher than that from the XLF at all redshifts. This is consistent with the dominant role of obscured AGN activity in the cosmic growth of supermassive black holes.
Les écoles et leur réputation
Authors: Draelants Hugues , Dumay Xavier , de Muylder Bénédicte , Taymans Anne-Françoise 
Published: January 2022

Il ressort de la littérature sur les effets de la régulation marchande dans le secteur éducatif que le marché produit, d’abord et avant tout, du marketing de la part des établissements scolaires en direction des « consommateurs » d’école. Ce que les recherches existantes ont eu tendance à passer sous silence, à cet égard, c’est le fait que tous les établissements ne sont pas égaux face à l’injonction à se construire une identité distinctive valorisée, certains n’étant pas en capacité de renvoyer une image positive d’eux-mêmes auprès de leur environnement. En effet, contrairement à une idée répandue dans la littérature sur l’identité organisationnelle, qui veut que ce soient les membres de l’organisation qui détiennent le pouvoir sur la définition de l’identité de leur établissement, on insistera ici sur le rôle déterminant joué par les audiences de l’organisation dans ce processus définitionnel à travers les contraintes exercées par l’environnement et l’allant de soi des catégories instituées sur l’identité. En effet, pour des raisons de légitimité, une organisation ne peut pas revendiquer n’importe quelle identité parce qu’elle s’inscrit dans un environnement qui structure en partie son identité, par le jeu des catégories propres à une population organisationnelle. L’identité d’un établissement scolaire est d’emblée partiellement définie par le biais des catégories auxquelles on peut l’associer. Par conséquent, la notion de population désigne également un ensemble d’organisations définies par une identité sociale forcée. La construction identitaire est donc fortement contrainte par la catégorie à laquelle une organisation appartient.