bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precautionary regulation of chemical risk: How REACH confronts the regulatory challenges of scale, uncertainty, complexity and innovation
Authors: Somsen Han , Fleurke Floor 
Published: March 2022

In this article, we provide an in-depth analysis of the Regulation concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Measured by the economic importance of the European chemicals industry and the environmental and health risks associated with it, the Regulation probably represents the most important piece of EU environmental regulation to date. We argue that the precautionary approach embodied in REACH has triggered a radical departure from past regulatory efforts that failed effectively to engage with contemporary regulatory challenges of scale, uncertainty, complexity and innovation. In effect, REACH is shaping a promising EU regime of responsive co-regulation that is without precedent in the forty-year history of EU environmental law. We believe that the success of this regime will not only determine the effectiveness of EU chemicals regulation, but more generally will come to determine the way in which EU regulation is likely to respond to a host of new technologies that shape our technological modernity.
Public procurement in the EU: Jurisprudence and conceptual directions
Authors: Bovis Christopher 
Published: March 2022

The present article reviews the emerging conceptual themes from the case law of the European Court of Justice which have triggered the revision of the public procurement Directives, and the alignment of the public procurement acquis with the Europe 2020 Growth Strategy. The Court's jurisprudence has instrumentally influenced the interpretation of public procurement legal concepts such as contracting authorities, the remit of selection and qualification criteria, the parameters for contracting authorities to use environmental and social considerations as award criteria and the principles which underpin the remedies in the award of public contracts. However, the exhaustive harmonization which is inherent in the public procurement directives has caused significant porosity and limitations in the effectiveness of the public procurement acquis. Service concessions, contracts awarded by a contracting authority to another contracting authority on the basis of exclusive rights, public-public partnerships and in-house contractual relations, and contracts which fall below the stipulated value thresholds all reflect upon the forthcoming reforms of the public procurement regime.
From a status to a transaction-based approach? Institutional design in European contract law
Authors: Cafaggi Fabrizio 
Published: March 2022

The Common European Sales Law (CESL), currently under examination at the European Parliament, is intended to introduce a regime for cross-border sales that individual Member States can extend to domestic transactions (Art.13), aiming to promote harmonization by choice rather than by command. It constitutes an opt-in system that parties can adopt (Art.8), as an alternative to the CISG in B2B transactions, and an alternative to national regimes in B2B transactions. The analysis of pre-contractual information in European contract law (ECL), with special reference to the CESL, is used to substantiate a broader claim: the weakness of a status-based approach to ECL and the desirability to move to a transaction-based approach, including reference to supply chains. The intuition is that the determination "if" and "how" disclosure should occur is, in both cases, a consideration primarily dependent on the type of transaction parties engage in, whether it is a standardized or a customized one. Only within this distinction might, the status of the parties play a role. This essay suggests a shift from status to transaction, with the sales regime organized around transaction technologies. Such a change will not eliminate the differences between consumer and business contracts but will reverse the order, with status as a potential sub-variable of the type of transaction.
Clash of autonomous legal orders: Can EU Member State courts bridge the jurisdictional divide between investment tribunals and the ECJ? A plea for direct referral from investment tribunals
Authors: von Papp Konstanze 
Published: March 2022

Investor-State arbitration based on intra-EU BITs is often seen as a threat to the ECJ's authoritative power of interpretation, because relevant questions of EU law may never reach the ECJ. This, however, is only true if investment treaty arbitration is treated in the same way as commercial arbitration, where arbitral tribunals are not allowed to make preliminary references to the ECJ (see Nordsee and Eco Swiss). This conventional approach, as illustrated by the recent case of Eurekov. Slovak Republic, relies on the supervisory powers of the EU Member State courts in international (commercial) arbitration, focusing on the reviewability of EU public policy. This article argues that the case law of the ECJ could be interpreted in a way that would allow investment tribunals to make direct references for a preliminary ruling. If references from investment tribunals to the ECJ were allowed, as a matter of law, there would be no bypassing of the ECJ and therefore no threat to the EU judicial system. The advantages of the proposed system of direct referral would be that investment tribunals could refer any question of EU law at any stage of the arbitration proceedings. This would enhance the role of EU law and alleviate the risk that any final award eventually proves unenforceable within the EU for breach of EU public policy. This would not only be more efficient but also create legal certainty and better respect investment treaty law and arbitration within the EU.
The EU market rules as social market rules: Why the EU can be a social market economy
Authors: Damjanovic Dragana 
Published: March 2022

This paper challenges the "structural social deficit of the EU treaties" argument, referred to also as the asymmetry of economic and social integration within the EU. It shows that in relation to the Member States social policies the EU market rules (competition and State aid law, the free movement rules and deduced from them the public procurement rules) can be also read as social market rules, particularly after the revisions made by the Lisbon Treaty. I.e., this set of norms does not necessarily lead to a destabilization (by de-regulation, liberalization or privatization) of the Member States' welfare regimes, but allows for the inclusion of these systems into the internal market and insofar for the creation of a social market economy in the EU. The thesis is substantiated by a legal analysis of the EU negative welfare integration process structured along the different layers of the EU market rules at which that inclusion is legally implemented: their scope of application, the proportionality test and their impact when enforced. The EU market rules as social market rules - why the EU can be a social market economy*
Problems in Balanced Development of Compulsory Education and Optimization Strategies of Public Policies
Authors: Jiang Yuanyuan 
Published: March 2022

The supply of basic public services concerns the survival and development of all citizens. Equally enjoying basic public services is the basic right of them, while promoting the equalization of basic public services is the fundamental responsibility of the government. With the continuous advancement of service-oriented government construction, the equalization of basic public services is increasingly valued. Compulsory education is an important part of the basic education system as well as a basic public service, whose development is not only an important way to realize the equality of education, but also an inherent requirement for the equalization of basic public services. At present, there are still some retarding factors in the development of compulsory education. To this end, it is necessary to optimize public policies to promote the balanced development of compulsory education. In this paper, the optimization path of compulsory education policy will be explored through the analysis of the imbalance phenomenon in the supply of basic public services of compulsory education among regions, urban and rural areas, schools and groups, so as to promote the balanced development of compulsory education.
Total intravenous anesthesia vs inhalational anesthesia in patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia. Cost-minimization study
Authors: Casas-Arroyave Fabián David 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: The methods most frequently used at the present time in Colombia for the administration of general anesthesia are based on halogenated and intravenous drugs. However, in view of the lack of differential clinical outcomes, the existence of cost variations between the two is not clear.
Objective: To determine the expected cost of the use of both techniques in patients taken to surgery, within the framework of the Colombian national health system.
Methods: A cost minimization study was carried out using the decision tree as the analytical model. A time frame of 6 postoperative hours was used as the assumption. Only direct healthcare-related costs were included using a case study approach. An econometric model was used based on the frequency with which each technology is applied and the type of drug used, and a deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed.
Results: For the case study, total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is more costly than the inhalational technique, with an incremental cost of $102,718 per patient. The deterministic analysis shows that both the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) as well as the use of target controlled infusion (TCI) techniques are the main cost determinants. The probabilistic analysis shows that the cost difference can even be nil in more than 50% of the simulated settings, when the difference in the risk of PONV is higher.
Conclusions: Although the total intravenous technique can be more costly than the inhalational technique, this difference is offset by a lower cost of the postanesthesia care unit, given the lower risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Suicide in Colombian anesthesiologists. National survey study
Authors: Chaves Vega Alexandra , Sánchez Bello Nubia Fernanda , Bocanegra Rivera Juan Carlos , Gómez Buitrago Luz María 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: The risk of suicide among anesthesiologists seems to be higher than in other areas of specialization, probably because of the significant stress associated with this specialty, easy access to strong medications and the profound knowledge about the use of these drugs. There is a poor knowledge about the impact of suicide on anesthesiologists in Colombia and the resources available to deal with this situation are limited.
Objective: This survey is intended to indirectly identify the frequency of suicide among the Colombian anesthesiologists and the experiences associated with the suicide of a colleague.
Methods: Observational, cross-sectional study based on a survey administered to all the anesthesiologists members of the Colombian Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation S.C.A.R.E., at a national scale.
Results: 403 anesthesiologists completed the survey. Eighty (19.8 %) of the respondents said they were aware of the death of at least one colleague that committed suicide. Most of them are male anesthesiologists or intensivists, and the age group with the highest rate of reports is between 25 - 29 years old in males. The primary causal mechanism was opioid overdose (58.5 %).
Conclusions: In an indirect characterization of suicide among Colombian anesthesiologists, 99 suicide reports were identified corresponding to 80 anesthesiologists. Suicide is preventable and the worksite should provide the support mechanisms required to identify occupational stress, drug dependence, depression and suicide.
1199/1784 Tarihli Bir Belgeye Göre Mühendishâne-i Bahrî-i Hümâyûn’da Eğitim Araç Gereçleri ve Diğer Eşyalar
Authors: GÖKÇE Evren 
Published: March 2022

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Lale Devri olarak adlandırılan dönemle birlikte yaşanan sorunlara çözüm bulmak amacıyla ilk defa batı tarzı reformların uygulamaya geçirilmesi devlet gündemine alınmıştı. İlerleyen tarihlerde planlı ve programlı olarak yürürlüğe konan reformlar arasında askeri nitelikli olanlar önemli yer tutmaktaydı. Bu doğrultuda Osmanlı donanmasına ve tersaneye teknik personel yetiştirmek amacıyla kısaca Mühendishâne olarak bilinen Mühendishâne-i Bahrî-i Hümâyûn kurulmuştu.
Kaynaklara göre 1773 veya 1775 tarihinde kurulan okul ilk yıllarında sınırlı sayıda öğrenci ile Tersâne-i Âmire bünyesinde eğitim vermekteydi. İlerleyen tarihlerde öğrenci sayısının artması ile birlikte eğitim kalitesini de artıran Mühendishâne’nin kurulduğu yıllarda mütevazi bir yapıya sahip olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu makalede hicrî 1199, milâdî 1784 tarihli bir Osmanlı arşiv belgesinden hareketle bu tarihte Hendesehâne veya Hendese Odası adıyla anılan okulda bulunan eğitim araçları ile eşyalar incelenmiştir.
Protocols of improvements for PMMA denture base resin: An overview
Authors: Elshereksi Nidal W. , Kundie Fathie A. , Muchtar Andanastuti , Azhari Che H. 
Published: March 2022

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a polymer that is expansively employed in denture base construction due to its low cost, aesthetics, lightweight, reparability, and processability. Nevertheless, this material is not ideal to fulfill the mechanical and physical characteristics of dental restorations. Despite the popularity of the thermal polymerization method, the main shortcoming is the prolonged curing period. Thus, correctly selecting a polymerization cycle and post-polymerization treatment is needed to achieve promising outcomes. In autoclave polymerization, pressure plays a crucial function in accelerating the initial polymerization as well as decreasing the pores and remaining monomer level, thereby improving the flexural strength. Besides, ultrasound can speed up conventional chemical reactions by generating intensive local heating, higher pressures, and very short periods. This article reviews the currently employed protocols for enhancing PMMA denture base polymers and discusses the properties of modified acrylic materials. Moreover, this work explores the effects of the post-polymerization treatment, autoclave process, ultrasonic treatment, and gamma irradiation on the PMMA performance, as well as the positive influence of these treatments on functional properties and clinical longevity.
Effect of task-oriented training on pain, functionality, and quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Faruk Özcelep Ömer , Üstün Işıl , Algun Z. Candan 
Published: March 2022

Objectives: The aim of this study was to demonstrate additional effects of task-oriented training (TOT) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) regarding pain, dexterity, muscle strength, and ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) within five weeks.
Patients and methods: Between June 2016 and February 2018, a total of 46 female RA patients (mean age: 51.17±7.9 years; range, 29 to 68 years) who were volunteer for participating in the study were randomized into two groups as follows: conventional exercise group (Group 1) and conventional + TOT group (Group 2). The exercises of Group 1 included passive range of motion (PROM), isometric grip strength exercises, and mobilization of metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints. In Group 2, in addition to conventional exercises, the patients completed an exercise program consisting of washing their faces, using forks, drinking water from a glass, sitting up, and putting on a shirt. Exercises were performed twice a week for a five-week period. Before and after the exercise programs, hand grip strength was assessed with a Jamar hand dynamometer, hand dexterity with Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT), pain with Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and ADLs with Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and Duruöz Hand Index (DHI).
Results: There was no significant difference in NHPT and Jamar in both groups (p>0.05). Although a significant decrease was observed within the groups in VAS and HAQ scores before and after the exercise programs in both groups (p<0.05), no significant difference was found between the groups (p>0.05). The DHI showed a significant improvement in Group 2 and a significant difference was observed between the two groups (p<0.05).
Conclusion: This study shows that exercise programs may be beneficial in alleviating pain and performing daily activities. Also, adding task-oriented training to a program may facilitate ADLs in RA patients.
Evaluation of the Simple Sequence Repeats to Work as a Phase Variation with the Neisseria meningitidis Genome
Authors: Rahmman AL-Maeni Mohammad Abdul 
Published: March 2022

Background: The most crucial mechanism of genetic variation in N. meningitidis is the slipped strand mispairing, this mechanism generates Phase variation using simple sequence repeat (SSR) and is commonly used by the N. meningitidis to escape the immune system despite its function in eradicating the pathogenic and commensal bacteria. Some of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) that located within the genome works as phase variation while other SSRs have no role in generating phase variation mechanisms. Therefore,
Aim: the main goal of the current in silico study was to detect the probability of SSR to enroll with phase variation for the entire N. meningitidis genome.
Methods: Different criteria were used to judge SSR as it works in phase variation and these criteria were taken from the current literature. These criteria involve the Z score value of the synonymous shuffling model and Markov model of SSR, the position of SSR in the gene or the promoter, instability and polymorphism of SSR in genomes of different strains, and the length of SSR.
Results: The positive Z score value of SSR, SSR being variable in length among genomes of different strains and SSR location in 3 prime end of a gene or in the promoter indicates that the SSR generates phase variation in a particular gene.
Conclusion: 67 out of 327 putative phase variable genes located on the N. meningitidis genome were determined to fit these criteria. We assume, therefore, that SSR in these genes may be connected with phase variation mechanism. We recommend that experimental evidence should be generated to confirm these findings.
Assessment of Tree Vigour Models in University of Port Harcourt Park
Authors: Eguakun F. S. , Anisiofor C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Trees are the unsung heroes of the environment that requires care and maintenance so as to continue its provision of quantifiable benefits. Hence a better understanding of the physical aspect of tree mechanics would help to provide basis for the proper management of trees. The study assessed the vigour of selected trees in University of Port Harcourt Park. Data were collected from four selected tree species based on their abundance in the study area. Tree growth parameters were measured and tree vigour estimated using live crown ratio. Different regression functions were used to model tree vigour. The selected tree species used were Terminalia mantaly, Azadirachta indica, Mangifera indica and Terminalia cattapa with frequency of 214 (32.8%), 123 (18.89%), 82 (12.60%) and 79 (12.14%) relatively. Tree growth parameters such as height, Diameter at breast height, crown variable measured showed significant correlation with tree vigour (live crown ratio). The prediction models revealed plausible regression coefficient of determination (R2) value ranging from 0.247 - 0.953 and standard Error of Estimate (SEE) ranging from 0.0003 – 6.209. From the validation test, it was observed that all the models were good in prediction. However, the double log function was selected as the best model with R2 value of 0.953 and SEE value 0f 0.0003. Conclusively the trees within the University of Port Harcourt Park are stable hence are not prone to wind throw.
Phytochemicals and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Tapinathus bangwensis Leaves
Authors: Ndidiamaka H. Okorie , David N. Ifudu , Daniel L. Ajaghaku , Ibeabuchi J. Ali , Ifeanyi Eze 
Published: March 2022

Background: The leaves of Tapinathus bangwensis have been used in the treatment of infectious and non-infectious diseases by the herbalist. This instigated evaluation of extract and fractions of Tapinathus bangwensis leaves for antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic organisms and identifications of the phytoconstituents.
Methods: The standard phytochemical methods and GC-MS were used to identify the phytoconstituents of extract and fractions. The antimicrobial activity was determined using agar dilution method.
Results: The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and steroidal glycosides in the extract whereas n-hexane fraction contains terpenoids only, ethyl acetate contains flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins and n-butanol contains saponins, tannins and cardiac glycosides. The GC-MS analysis identified fatty acids, phthalic acid esters, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons in the extract and fraction. Most of the compounds identified possess antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant and cytotoxicity effects. However, the antimicrobial activity showed that Escherichia coli alone was susceptible to the extract with mics of 5 mg /ml. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Candidiaalbicans were susceptible to the n-hexane fraction which showed good activity with MIC range of 2.5-5 mg/ml. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were susceptible to ethyl acetate fraction with MIC range of 2.5-5mg/ml and Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were susceptible to ethyl acetate fraction with MIC range of 2.5-5mg/ml and Escherichia coli and candida albicans were susceptible to butanol fraction. with MIC range of 2.5-5mg/ml. klebsiella pneumoniae was not susceptible to the extract and any of the fractions.
Conclusion: The findings provide justification for the use of Tapinathus bangwensis leaves as antimicrobial agent. Hence, the phytochemicals if isolated can serve as a template for the development of antimicrobial agent.
Studies on Earliness of Bt Cotton Influenced by Moisture Conservation and Fertilizer Levels under Rainfed Condition
Authors: Pandagale A. D. , Asewar B. V. , Baig K. S. , Mirza I. A. B. , Rathod S. S. 
Published: March 2022

A field experiment was conducted at Cotton Research Station, Nanded (M.S.) India during kharif season of 2019 and 2020 to study effect of moisture conservation practices and fertilizer levels on earliness of Bt cotton under rainfed condition. The trial was conducted with Bt cotton hybrid NHH 44 (BG II) in split plot design and was replicated thrice. Four moisture conservation treatments (M1- flat bed, M2- opening of furrow at 60 DAS, M3- application of superabsorbent @ 12.5 kg ha-1 and M4- broad bed and furrow) were evaluated in main plot along with four NPK levels (F1- 80:40:40 kg ha-1, F2 - 100:50:50 kg ha-1, F3 -120:60:60 kg ha-1 and F4 - 140:70:70 kg ha-1) in sub plot. The broad bed and furrow (BBF) practice of moisture conservation was found to have significantly higher seed cotton yield (1369 kg ha-1) and per cent share to the total seed cotton yield was 58.58 per cent in first picking over control. However, opening of furrow recorded more seed cotton yield (1125 kg ha-1) and its share to total yield was 47.97 per cent at second picking. Seed cotton yield in second picking was significantly increased in moisture conservation practices. The BBF was found to have earliness with respect to various indices (Bartlett’s index, combined picking and day index, fraction of first picking index, mean maturity date index and production rate index) followed by other moisture conservation practices over flat bed.
Fertilizer levels didn’t affect seed cotton yield in first picking. Higher fertilizer levels of F3 and F4 being significant over lower levels for seed cotton yield in second picking; showed delayed crop maturity based on various earliness indices.