bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteoarthritis management: Does the pharmacist play a role in bridging the gap between what patients actually know and what they ought to know? Insights from a national online survey
Authors: McLachlan Andrew J. , Carroll Peter R. , Hunter David J. , Wakefield Tom A. N. , Stosic Rodney 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundGuidelines encourage engagement in self‐care activities for osteoarthritis (OA), but there are gaps in consumers' knowledge about suitable choices for self‐care. Community pharmacists are in an ideal position to contribute to OA management through screening and supporting evidence‐based pain management choices. Prior research established an association between health literacy and advice‐seeking and appropriateness of analgesics choices (both lower in participants with limited health literacy) amongst people living with OA. This article explores the implications of these data for pharmacists in OA management.MethodsA national online survey was conducted amongst 628 adults aged 45–74 years, currently residing in Australia, with self‐reported symptoms of OA. All data were collected using a customized online questionnaire, which was completed only once. ‘Self‐reported symptoms of OA’ was based on six validated screening questions to identify people with OA without a formal clinical diagnosis.ResultsRespondents matched the typical profile of people diagnosed with OA; more than half were female (56%), knees (59%) and hips (31%) were the primary affected joints and 74% were either overweight or obese. Self‐identification of OA was limited (41%). Overall, 38% self‐managed their pain, and limited health literacy was associated with less advice‐seeking. Efficacy and ease of use were the main reasons cited for prompting use across all classes of nonprescription analgesic, with less than 20% reporting recommendation from a pharmacist. Participants were managing their pain with an average of 1.74 (95% confidence interval: 1.60–1.88) analgesics, but 73% reported inadequate pain relief and 54% had disrupted sleep.ConclusionOur findings highlight three key themes: lack of self‐identification of OA, suboptimal pain relief and limited use of the community pharmacist as a source of management advice. Equipping community pharmacists with tools to identify OA could bridge this gap. More research is needed to determine if it will improve consumers' ability to appropriately manage OA pain.Patient or Public ContributionConsumers living with OA contributed to the study outcomes, reviewed the survey questionnaire for face validity and advised on plain language terminology.
The social messages of Civil War monuments
Authors: Thompson Erin L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWhat messages did the patrons of Civil War monuments, both Confederate and Union, intend them to send to viewers? While it is commonly thought that Confederate monuments were erected to intimidate Black Southerners and keep them from voting, this article uses a combination of visual analysis and historical research to argue that these monuments were generally erected only after Jim Crow legislation and other means had already rendered Black political participation impossible. Instead, the monuments spoke to white, working‐class Southerners, to persuade them not to cross racial lines, especially during labor disputes. Similarly, Union Civil War monuments also worked to enshrine racial inequality by erasing the memory of African‐American soldiers' participation in the Civil War.
Creep properties of melt infiltrated SiC/SiC composites with Sylramic™‐iBN and Hi‐Nicalon™‐S fibers
Authors: Bhatt Ramakrishna T. , Halbig Michael C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIsothermal tensile creep tests were conducted on 2D woven and laminated, 0/90 balanced melt infiltration (MI) SiC/SiC composites at stress levels from 48 to 138 MPa and temperatures to 1400°C in air. Effects of fiber architecture and fiber types on creep properties, influence of accumulated creep strain on in‐plane tensile properties, and the dominant constituent controlling the creep behavior and creep rupture properties of these composites were investigated. In addition, the creep parameters of both composites were determined. Results indicate that in 2D woven MI SiC/SiC composites with Sylramic™‐iBN or Hi‐Nicalon™‐S fibers, creep is controlled by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) SiC matrix, whereas in 2D laminated MI SiC/SiC composites with Hi‐Nicalon™‐S fibers, creep is controlled by the fiber. Both types of composites exhibit significant variation in creep behavior and rupture life at a constant temperature and stress, predominantly due to local variation in microstructural inhomogeneity and stress raisers. In both types of composites at temperatures >1350°C, residual silicon present in SiC matrix to reacts with SiC fibers and fiber coating causing premature creep rupture. Using the creep parameters generated, the creep behaviors of the composites have been modeled and factors influencing creep durability are discussed.
Screening for primary aldosteronism in the diabetic population: a cohort study
Authors: Tan Suzanne J. , Libianto Renata , Yang Jun , Wong Jennifer 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundPrimary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common endocrine cause of hypertension. It is associated with higher cardio‐metabolic risk than essential hypertension. Hypertension is common in patients with type 2 diabetes who carry increased cardiovascular risk; however, it is unknown how frequently they are tested for PA.AimTo assess the extent to which the Endocrine Society's 2016 PA screening guidelines have been applied in a tertiary diabetes care setting and evaluate the demographic, clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients who met screening criteria compared with those who did not.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study. Data were collected from 272 patients who attended tertiary diabetes clinics and had two or more blood pressure measurements from January to December 2018.ResultsOf 272 patients, 60 (22.1%) had indication(s) for PA screening, but only 14 (23.3%) of 60 were screened using the aldosterone‐to‐renin ratio (ARR). Five patients who did not meet screening criteria were screened. Only one of 19 patients screened had an abnormal ARR; however, 16 were taking medications known to affect aldosterone and/or renin production.ConclusionsIn a tertiary diabetes outpatient setting, only a minority of patients who fulfilled the Endocrine Society criteria for PA screening were actually screened. Appropriate screening for PA in the diabetic hypertensive population is necessary for the diagnosis and targeted treatment of a highly modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Further studies are needed to develop feasible strategies to identify patients with PA in this population.
B‐cell intrinsic and extrinsic signals that regulate central tolerance of mouse and human B cells*
Authors: Pelanda Roberta , Greaves Sarah A. , Alves da Costa Thiago , Cedrone Lena M. , Campbell Margaret L. , Torres Raul M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe random recombination of immunoglobulin V(D)J gene segments produces unique IgM antibodies that serve as the antigen receptor for each developing B cell. Hence, the newly formed B cell repertoire is comprised of a variety of specificities that display a range of reactivity with self‐antigens. Newly generated IgM+ immature B cells that are non‐autoreactive or that bind self‐antigen with low avidity are licensed to leave the bone marrow with their intact antigen receptor and to travel via the blood to the peripheral lymphoid tissue for further selection and maturation. In contrast, clones with medium to high avidity for self‐antigen remain within the marrow and undergo central tolerance, a process that revises their antigen receptor or eliminates the autoreactive B cell altogether. Thus, central B cell tolerance is critical for reducing the autoreactive capacity and avidity for self‐antigen of our circulating B cell repertoire. Bone marrow cultures and mouse models have been instrumental for understanding the mechanisms that regulate the selection of bone marrow B cells. Here, we review recent studies that have shed new light on the contribution of the ERK, PI3K, and CXCR4 signaling pathways in the selection of mouse and human immature B cells that either bind or do not bind self‐antigen.
Talker variability shapes early word representations in English‐learning 8‐month‐olds
Authors: Bulgarelli Federica , Bergelson Elika 
Published: January 2022

AbstractInfants must form appropriately specific representations of how words sound and what they mean. Previous research suggests that while 8‐month‐olds are learning words, they struggle with recognizing different‐sounding instances of words (e.g., from new talkers) and with rejecting incorrect pronunciations. We asked how adding talker variability during learning may change infants’ ability to learn and recognize words. Monolingual English‐learning 7‐ to 9‐month‐olds heard a single novel word paired with an object in either a “no variability,” “within‐talker variability,” or “between‐talker variability” habituation. We then tested whether infants formed appropriately specific representations by changing the talker (Experiment 1a) or mispronouncing the word (Experiment 2) and by changing the trained word or object altogether (both experiments). Talker variability influenced learning. Infants trained with no‐talker variability learned the word‐object link, but failed to recognize the word trained by a new talker, and were insensitive to the mispronunciation. Infants trained with talker variability dishabituated only to the new object, exhibiting difficulty forming the word‐object link. Neither pattern is adult‐like. Results are reported for both in‐lab and Zoom participants. Implications for the role of talker variability in early word learning are discussed.
Epidemiological evaluation of the outcomes of initial root canal therapy in permanent teeth of a publicly insured paediatric population
Authors: Burns Lorel E. , Terlizzi Kelly , Solis‐Roman Claudia , Wu Yinxiang , Sigurdsson Asgeir , Gold Heather T. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundPreviously published epidemiological outcome studies of nonsurgical root canal therapy (NSRCT) in the United States utilize data only from a single, private dental insurer for adult populations.AimThis study aimed to investigate the outcomes of initial NSRCT, performed on permanent teeth, in a publicly insured paediatric population.DesignNew York State Medicaid administrative claims were used to follow 77 741 endodontic procedures in 51 545 patients aged 6–18, from the time of initial NSRCT until the occurrence of an untoward event (retreatment, apicoectomy, and extraction). The initial treatment and untoward events were identified by Current Dental Terminology codes. The Kaplan–Meier survival estimates were calculated at 1, 3, and 5 years. Hazard ratios for time to permanent restoration and restoration type were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsThe median follow‐up time was 44 months [range: 12–158 months]. Procedural, NSRCT, survival was 98% at 1 year, 93% at 3 years, and 88% at 5 years. Extraction was the most common untoward event. Teeth permanently restored with cuspal coverage had the most favorable treatment outcomes.ConclusionsOverall, 89% of teeth were retained and remained functional over a minimum follow‐up time of 5 years. These results elucidate the expected outcomes of NSRCT in permanent teeth for paediatric patients with public‐payer dental benefits.
The role of non‐pharmaceutical interventions on influenza circulation during the COVID‐19 pandemic in nine tropical Asian countries
Authors: Davis William W. , Mott Joshua A. , Olsen Sonja J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundLow global influenza circulation was reported during the coronavirus‐19 pandemic. We explored relationships between non‐pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and influenza in tropical Asian countries.MethodsUsing World Health Organization (WHO) surveillance data from 2015 to 2019 and the WHO shiny app, we constructed expected seasonal influenza epidemic curves from March 2020 to June 2021 and compared the timing, and average percent positivity with observed data. We used multivariate regression to test associations between ordinal NPI data (from the Oxford Stringency Index) 4 weeks before the expected 2020/21 epidemics and present adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) or relative proportion ratio (RPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsData from nine countries predicted 18 seasonal epidemics; seven were observed. Five started 6–24 weeks later, and all were 4–21 weeks shorter than expected. Five epidemics had lower maximum peak values (percent positivity), and all but one had lower average percent positivity than expected. All countries implemented NPIs. Each increased level of school closure reduced risk of an epidemic by 43% (IRR = 0.57, CI: 0.34, 0.95). Each increased level of canceling public events reduced the average percent positivity across the season by 44% (RPR = 0.56, CI: 0.39, 0.82) and each increased level in restricting internal movements reduced it by 41% (RPR = 0.59, CI: 0.36, 0.96). Other NPIs were not associated with changes.ConclusionsAmong nine countries, the 2020/21 seasonal epidemics were delayed, shorter, and less intense than expected. Although layered NPIs were difficult to tease apart, school closings, canceling public events, and restricting internal movements before influenza circulation seemed to reduce transmission.
Photodarkening mechanisms of Pr3+ singly doped and Pr3+/Ce3+ co‐doped silicate glasses and fibers
Authors: Sun Yan , Ma Juping , Shao Chongyun , Wang Xin , Yu Fei , Liao Meisong , Hu Lili , Knight Jonathan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this work, we revealed the possible mechanisms of the photodarkening in Pr3+ ions singly doped and Pr3+/Ce3+ co‐doped silicate glasses and fibers induced by X‐ray and 488‐nm laser radiations and studied the role of Ce3+ in increasing radiation resistance in Pr3+‐doped silicate glasses and fibers. The absorption, emission, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), radiation induced attenuation spectra, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of Pr3+ singly doped and Pr3+/Ce3+ co‐doped silicate glasses before and after X‐ray radiation were measured and analyzed. The fluorescence intensity and photoinduced attenuation of Pr3+ singly doped and Pr3+/Ce3+ co‐doped silicate fibers at visible wavelengths pumped by 488‐nm laser were measured and analyzed. The influence of Ce3+ ions co‐doping on the spectroscopic properties of Pr3+ ions as well as the radiation‐induced defects in silicate glasses was studied. Results demonstrate that both X‐ray and 488‐nm laser radiations will induce photodamage in Pr3+ ions‐doped silicate glasses and fibers. Co‐doping Ce3+ (by up to 1 mol%) is efficient to suppress the darkening induced by both X‐ray and 488‐nm laser radiations without influence on the luminescence behavior of Pr3+ ions in silicate glasses and fibers. Our studies demonstrate the promising potential of Pr3+/Ce3+ co‐doped silicate glasses for visible lasing applications.
Nurse managers’ support of fundamental care in the hospital setting. An interpretive description of nurse managers’ experiences across Australia, Denmark, and New Zealand
Authors: Mudd Alexandra , Feo Rebecca , Voldbjerg Siri L. , Laugesen Britt , Kitson Alison , Conroy Tiffany 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimsTo explore the role of ward‐based nurse managers in supporting nurses to undertake high‐quality fundamental care.DesignA qualitative study guided by the principles of interpretive description. Reported in accordance with Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ).MethodsNurse managers in three urban, publicly funded hospitals in Australia, Denmark and New Zealand, were invited to participate in group interviews to discuss how they support fundamental care in their clinical areas. Six group interviews were conducted between February 2017 and March 2020 involving 31 participants.ResultsSix interrelated themes were identified:

Difficulty expressing how to support the nurse—patient relationship;
Establishing expectations for care delivery without clear strategies for how this can be achieved;
Role modelling desired behaviours;
Significance of being present to support care quality;
The importance of engaging and supporting staff in their work; and
Recognizing the challenges of prioritizing care needs.
ConclusionThis study indicates that nurse managers are not universally clear in explaining how they support their staff to provide fundamental care. If fundamental care is not clearly understood and communicated in the nursing team, then there are risks that fundamental care will not be prioritized, with potential negative consequences for patient care. Nurse managers may benefit from additional resources and guidance to help them to support fundamental care delivery in their clinical areas.ImpactPrevious research exploring fundamental care and missed care highlights the importance of the role of the nurse manager in influencing nursing care. This study demonstrates that though nurse managers have a passion for supporting their staff to deliver fundamental care, clear strategies to achieve this are not always evident. This study suggests that scholarship around leadership to promote and facilitate fundamental care is crucial to improving nursing practice and patient outcomes.
Evaluation of six methods for external attachment of electronic tags to fish: assessment of tag retention, growth and fish welfare
Authors: Runde Brendan J. , Buckel Jeffrey A. , Bacheler Nathan M. , Tharp Ryan M. , Rudershausen Paul J. , Harms Craig A. , Ben‐Horin Tal 
Published: January 2022

AbstractExternal attachment of electronic tags has been increasingly used in fish studies. Many researchers have used ad hoc attachment methods and provided little or no validation for the assumption that tagging itself does not bias animal behaviour or survival. The authors compared six previously published methods for externally attaching acoustic transmitters to fish in a tank holding experiment with black sea bass Centropristis striata (L.). They tracked tag retention, fish growth and external trauma (as a measure of fish welfare) for 60 days. For each of these metrics, the results showed a wide range of responses among tagging treatments. A simple attachment method using a spaghetti tag passed through the dorsal musculature of the fish and tied to the end cap of the transmitter emerged as the preferred option based on high retention, no impact on growth and relatively low detriment to fish welfare. Future field studies using external electronic tagging should consider tag‐related effects that could compromise results when selecting a method for tag attachment.
Material system analysis: Characterization of flows, stocks, and performance indicators of manganese, nickel, and natural graphite in the EU, 2012–2016
Authors: Ciacci Luca , de Matos Cristina T. , Reck Barbara K. , Wittmer Dominic , Bernardi Elena , Mathieux Fabrice , Passarini Fabrizio 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRaw materials form an industrial base to provide the wide range of products and services demanded by industry and society. In particular, manganese, nickel, and natural graphite are examples of materials having a globally consolidated supply chain with interlinked use in steelmaking and essential role in clean energy systems and e‐mobility. A stable material supply chain is hence a priority for import‐dependent regions like the EU and builds upon quantitative system understanding. To this aim, the EU Material System Analysis is applied to analyze the anthropogenic cycle of manganese, nickel, and natural graphite from 2012 to 2016. We provide a detailed characterization of their material stocks, flows, and changes in selected performance indicators including end‐of‐life recycling rate (51% ± 3%, 49% ± 8%, and 8% ± 0% for manganese, nickel, and natural graphite, respectively), self‐sufficiency potential (40% ± 3%, 32% ± 5%, and 5% ± 1%), old scrap ratio (31% ± 0%, 22% ± 2%, and 90% ± 1%), recycling input rate (25% ± 1%, 38% ± 2%, and 3% ± 0%), recycling process efficiency rate (84% ± 2%, 85% ± 6%, and 48% ± 3%), and pre‐consumer losses rate (83% ± 3%, 5% ± 1%, and 24% ± 2%). The achieved results may inform decision‐makers engaged with raw materials recovery and recycling as well as the strategic securement of a reliable material supply to the EU for resilient industrial ecosystems.
Evaluation of environmental and economic implications of a cold‐weather aquaponic food production system using life cycle assessment and economic analysis
Authors: Ghamkhar Ramin , Hartleb Christopher , Rabas Zack , Hicks Andrea 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAquaponics, in which fish and plants are grown in a symbiotic closed‐loop industrial metabolism, are promising test beds to implement industrial ecology in food production at a commercial scale. These systems have the potential to enhance the environmental and economic performance of aquaculture systems by reducing the overall burden on natural ecosystems (i.e., reducing resource and emission‐based impacts per unit of food produced). To holistically evaluate the environmental and economic implications of aquaponics, specifically in a cold‐weather climate, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Economic Analysis (EA) were performed on a Midwestern United States aquaponic system, using data from 3 years of annual operation cycles with varying fish species production; tilapia, conventional walleye, and hybrid walleye. For the LCA, environmental impacts were quantified using 10 midpoint indicators. Assessments indicated that 1‐kg production of live‐weight tilapia, conventional walleye, and hybrid walleye resulted in 20.2‐13.8‐11.7 kg CO2‐eq, 23.0‐7.8‐3.9 g N‐eq, and 0.2‐0.3‐0.4 kg SO2‐eq, consecutively, using the investigated system. The most sensitive parameters for environmental impacts were heat, aquafeed, electricity, and infrastructure (in all scenarios). For EA, benefit to cost ratios (BCRs) and three other widely used indices were analyzed for production cycles. The BCRs were 0.47, 1.16, and 1.75 for tilapia, conventional walleye, and hybrid walleye, respectively (using a 10% discount rate and a 20‐year horizon), highlighting the necessity of optimizing both cash inflows (e.g., energy costs) and outflows (plant and fish revenues) to achieve practical enhancement of return on investments. The major cost contributors were infrastructure, labor, and heat (contributing to >89% of total costs for all cycles). Suggested steps for in‐effect improvement of the investigated aquaponic system's environmental and economic favorability include heat and infrastructure optimization by (a) applying effective heating strategies (e.g., advanced insulation techniques), and (b) expanding the system's operational lifespan (e.g., prevention of waste accumulation).