bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowing What Is Known
Authors: Keil Frank C. , Lockhart Kristi L. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
An understanding of the epistemic limits both of one’s own mind and of other minds is critical to knowing when and how to defer to others. A series of studies are described that illustrate the ways in which young children have some sense of what kinds of knowledge are acquired directly through experience as opposed to indirectly through others. However, young children also undergo marked developmental changes in terms of how they understand what is feasible knowledge for them to acquire and what is feasible for others at varying levels of expertise to acquire. Implications for how children learn to navigate the divisions of cognitive labor that are intrinsic to all larger communities are also discussed.
Cyber Persistence Theory
Authors: Fischerkeller Michael P. , Goldman Emily O. , Harknett Richard J. , Nakasone Paul M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Cyber persistence theory introduces a new logic and lexicon aligned to the empirical experience of cyber activity in international relations. The reality of State behavior and interaction in cyberspace has been quite different from the model of war and coercion upon which many countries base their cyber strategies. This unexpected reality has developed because security in and through cyberspace rests on a distinct set of features that differ from the dominant security paradigms associated with nuclear and conventional weapons environments. Cyber persistence theory posits the existence of a distinct strategic environment supporting the logic of exploitation rather than coercion. To achieve security in this cyber strategic environment, States must engage in initiative persistence, continuously setting and maintaining the conditions of security in their favor. The theory introduces the key concept of the cyber fait accompli and addresses the potential for cyber stability through a tacit bargaining process. The book provides empirical evidence of strategic cyber campaigning and details how the cyber strategic environment can impact State behavior with a case study of the United States. The cyber strategic environment requires its own theory to achieve security. Whereas security requires States to triumph in war in the conventional environment and avoid war in the nuclear environment, States in the cyber strategic environment may have a true alternative to war in order to achieve strategically relevant outcomes. Understanding how States will leverage that alternative is the central question of early twenty-first-century international security.
Stones, Books, and the Place of History around ad 900
Authors: Fay Jacqueline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The second chapter turns from a fast-changing substance, soil, to a very slow-changing one, stone, to contextualize the growing use of inscribed grave markers in late ninth-century England in relation to other types of mortuary discourse, particularly the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The chapter shows that, as much as tombstone inscriptions uphold the promise that writing will combat the disappearing matter of history, they also offer a model of text that is authorized and underpinned, quite literally, by the fecund body of the historical agent beneath the marker. By demonstrating the Chronicle’s links to mortuary discourse, the chapter argues that it borrows a specific historiographic logic from tombstones, one capable of materially linking the past of events to the present space of reading.
The Trans-Planted Politics of Eleventh-Century England
Authors: Fay Jacqueline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The third chapter focuses on plants, in particular the way that the parable of the cockles among the wheat (Matthew 13:24–30) functioned in representing the St Brice’s Day massacre of 1002, when Æthelred ordered the killing of all the Danes among the English. The chapter considers the effect of comparing the English to wheat and the Scandinavians to weeds on an audience familiar with real cornfield weeds, their growth habits, and the controlled dangers of ingesting them. The chapter demonstrates that eleventh-century encounters with weeds, reading about weeds, and encounters with people represented as weeds mingle together on a continuum involving both discursive and material modes of being English. Rather than determining the metaphor, the botanical matter both reinforces and challenges it in interesting ways that would not have been lost on an early medieval English audience.
Beowulf and Ethnic Matters
Authors: Fay Jacqueline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The final chapter turns to the most well-known text copied during Æthelred’s reign, Beowulf, arguing that Beowulf refracts, in a removed or altered state, the same kinds of concern with the precarity and instability of embodied identity that were discussed in the previous chapter. In particular, by closely reading the use of body parts in the poem through the lens of museum theory, this chapter argues that Beowulf functions as a type of manual of the ways that the body can be harnessed to political and identificatory structures, and also of the ways that it resists full co-optation by these systems. Unlike the previous chapters, then, this last focuses on poetry’s value for modelling ways of using, reacting to, and understanding the body; but it also argues that poetry registers the body’s resistance to the discursive systems in which it is pressed to serve.
Mid-century American phonology
Authors: Ladd D. Robert 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFrom the early 1940s to the early 1960s, American phonology, led by Bloch, Trager, and Hockett, was remarkably monolithic. Its practitioners nominally followed Bloomfield, but in practice rejected his clearly expressed views by treating the elements of phonetic transcription (‘phones’) as an intermediate level of abstraction between the phoneme and the physical signal. They also accepted a strong version of what Hockett called ‘duality of patterning’, according to which individual utterances are simultaneously arrangements of phonemes and arrangements of meaningful units; this led to their insistence that phonemic analysis had to be carried out without ‘mixing levels’, i.e. without any reference to grammatical and lexical categories. Among other things, this principle made it difficult to deal insightfully with morphophonological regularities. This was perhaps the major source of disagreement between the post-Bloomfieldians and the generative phonologists who followed; by contrast, reliance on phonetic transcription represents a major source of continuity between the two.
Phonological derivation in early generative phonology
Authors: Kenstowicz Michael J. , Kisseberth Charles W. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter considers the major questions that arose as phonologists utilized and explored the ordered-rule methodology developed in The Sound Pattern of English. Can any limitations be placed on the disparity between the underlying and surface phonetic representations (abstractness, absolute neutralization)? Should phonological rules be distinguished in terms of phonetic vs. morphological function and motivation (natural processes)? Are there more or less natural interactions between the rules (feeding, bleeding, and opacity)? Do the rules aim at particular outputs either singly or in concert (conspiracies and derivational constraints)? Is the application of a rule determined solely by the immediately preceding step in the derivation or can remote structures also play a role (global rules)? The different answers to these questions that appeared in the decade following SPE are considered as well as their reverberations in later stages of development in the generative approach.
Dependency Phonology
Authors: Staun Jørgen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter outlines the development of the theory of phonological representation known as Dependency Phonology. Starting with a brief sketch of how the dependency formalism was originally used to account for syntactic structure, the chapter deals first with how dependency has accounted for syllable and larger suprasegmental structures. Next it discusses the development of unary segmental atoms, including their organization in hierarchical gestures, and how, combined with dependency such atoms, it can account for the internal structure of segments. As a theory of representation on both paradigmatic and syntagmatic structure, dependency phonology is placed in the historical context of metrical phonology, autosegmental phonology and feature geometry. The chapter concludes with a discussion of theoretical proposals which have adopted and extended, typically more radically, ideas and elements of Dependency Phonology, in particular such which have developed and rigidly defined the structural analogy between phonology and syntax.
Associations Between Resting Heart Rate, Resting Blood Pressure, Psychological Variables and Pain Processing in Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: White Liam , Smith Ashley D , Farrell Scott F 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objective
Autonomic nervous system dysfunction has been implicated in chronic whiplash-associated disorder (WAD). However, the relationship between autonomic variables (e.g., resting heart rate and blood pressure) and clinical factors in chronic WAD is not well understood. This study sought to examine the associations between resting heart rate, resting blood pressure, pain processing and psychological variables in chronic WAD and in pain-free controls.

Design
Secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study.

Setting
University clinical research laboratory.

Subjects
Thirty-six people with chronic WAD Grade II (mean [SD] age 40.1 [14.6] years, 28 females) and 25 pain-free controls (35.6 [13.0] years, 17 females).

Methods
Participants had resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured. Pain processing measures comprised: (i) pain pressure threshold at the cervical spine, hand and leg, (ii) temporal summation at the cervical spine and hand, and (iii) conditioned pain modulation. Psychological outcomes included measures of kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Correlations between autonomic variables, pain processing and psychological variables were determined (P &lt; .05, 5% FDR).

Results
No significant correlations between autonomic and pain processing variables, or autonomic and psychological variables were found in the chronic WAD group. In the control group, diastolic blood pressure was positively correlated with cervical spine pressure pain threshold (r = 0.53, P = .007).

Conclusions
An association between blood pressure and pain sensitivity was observed in the control group but not the chronic WAD group. Such an association appears to be disrupted in chronic WAD, which may infer involvement of autonomic pathways in the pathophysiology of this condition.
The Impact of Micro RNA-320a Serum Level on Severity of Symptoms and Cerebral Processing of Pain in Patients with Fibromyalgia
Authors: Hussein Mona , Fathy Wael , Abdelaleem Enas A , Nasser Mona , Yehia Ahmed , Elanwar Rehab 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this work was to explore the expression of miR-320a level in fibromyalgia patients in comparison to healthy controls, and to clarify its impact on the severity of symptoms and the cerebral processing of pain assessed by middle latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs).

Design
Case-control study.

Setting
Rheumatology and Neurology outpatient clinics.

Subjects
Seventy-four fibromyalgia patients and seventy-four normal healthy controls.

Methods
The included patients were subjected to detailed history taking, assessment of severity of fibromyalgia symptoms using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire Revised (FIQR), assessment of pain intensity using the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI), measurement of the serum level of miR-320a in addition to of measurement peak latencies and amplitudes of middle latency SSEPs.

Results
Fibromyalgia patients had significantly higher micro-RNA-320a levels (0.907 ± 0.022) in comparison to controls (0.874 ± 0.015) (P-value &lt; .001). The mean values of micro-RNA-320a levels were significantly higher in fibromyalgia patients with insomnia, chronic fatigue syndrome, persistent depressive disorder, and primary headache disorder than those without (P-value = .024, &lt;.001, .006, .036 respectively). There were statistically significant positive correlations between micro-RNA-320a levels, and disease duration, FIQR, and NPSI total scores (P-value &lt;0.001, 0.003, 0.002 respectively). There were no statistically significant correlations between micro-RNA-320a levels and middle latency SSEPs.

Discussion
Micro-RNA-320a level is significantly upregulated in fibromyalgia patient. It has a crucial impact on the severity of symptoms but not related to the cerebral processing of pain.
Population health, not individual health, drives support for populist parties
Authors: Oude Groeniger Joost , Gugushvili Alexi , de Koster Willem , van der Waal Jeroen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Recent electoral shifts toward populist parties may have been partly driven by deteriorating health, although empirical evidence on this link is primarily confined to ecological designs. We performed both ecological- and individual-level analyses to investigate whether changes in health are associated with changes in the support for populist parties. Data were used on the strategic Dutch case, the only liberal democracy featuring leftist and rightist populist politicians in parliament for over a decade. We used: (a) fixed effects models to examine whether changes in the standardized mortality ratios and self-assessed health (SAH) in municipalities were associated with changes in the populist vote share in four parliamentary elections (2006/2010/2012/2017); and (b) 10 waves of panel data collected in 2008 to 2018 to investigate if changes in individual-level SAH were linked to movement in the sympathy, intention to vote, and actual voting for populist parties. The ecological analyses showed that: changes in municipality mortality ratios were positively linked to changes in the vote share of right-wing populist parties, while changes in the prevalence of less-than-good SAH were negatively associated with changes in the vote share for left-wing populist parties. The individual-level analyses identified no such associations. Our findings imply that support for populist parties may be driven by health concerns at the ecological, but not the individual, level. This suggests that sociotropic (e.g. perceiving population health issues as a social problem), but not egotropic (e.g. relating to personal health issues like experienced stigma), concerns may underlie rising support for populist parties.
The Toronto Concussion Study: Reference Data for Balance and Gait Measures in Community-Dwelling Adults With Concussion
Authors: Mochizuki George , Bayley Mark , Chandra Tharshini , Comper Paul , Danells Cynthia , Foster Evan , Habib Perez Olinda , Hameed Hajr , Inness Elizabeth , Khimji Fatema , Sweeny Michelle 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objective
Concussion can cause deficits in balance and gait. Much of what is known about how concussion affects balance and gait has been derived from studies involving youth, high school, and university athletes. However, investigation into the effects of concussion on balance and gait in community-dwelling young, middle-age, and older aged adults is limited. This study aimed to present descriptive reference values for common balance and gait measures in community-dwelling adults between the ages of 20 and 69 years with concussion.

Methods
In this observational study, 318 participants were enrolled from a concussion care clinic at a rehabilitation hospital in an urban center and were assessed within 7 days of injury. Balance measures included the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), modified BESS, and center-of-pressure root mean square during quiet standing. Gait measures included velocity (absolute and height adjusted), cadence, and step length during self-paced gait. Data were binned by decade-long age range.

Results
Mean (SD) per-decade scores for the BESS ranged from 14.8 (5.1) to 21.8 (5.6) errors and 4.0 (3.0) to 9.4 (4.6) errors for the modified BESS. Mean values for center-of-pressure root mean square in the anteroposterior direction ranged from 0.42 (0.18) to 0.52 (0.26) with the eyes open, and from 0.49 (0.19) to 0.62 (0.39) with eyes closed. Mean absolute gait velocity ranged from 98.5 (9.1) to 119.3 (21.3) cm/s. The range of step length values was 58.2 (6.8) to 66.3 (7.3) cm and cadence ranged from 102.1 (9.8) to 108.6 (10.8) steps/min across age groups.

Conclusion
These data provide insight into the impact of concussion on balance and mobility in community-dwelling adults across the lifespan.

Impact
Community-dwelling adults can experience concussion across the lifespan. Availability of reference values for commonly used balance and gait measures can help to inform clinical strategies and progression of recovery of balance and mobility after injury.
Neural correlates of attachment in adolescents with trauma: a preliminary study on frustrative non-reward
Authors: Yan Marvin , Hodgdon Elizabeth A , Yang Ruiyu , Yu Qiongru , Inagaki Tristen K , Wiggins Jillian L 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDespite the proposed early life origins of attachment style and its implications for risk for psychopathology, little is known about its neurodevelopmental course. Adolescence represents a key transition period when neural substrates of emotion regulation and reward undergo dramatic maturational shifts. Thus, maladaptive coping strategies associated with insecure attachment styles may have an exaggerated effect during adolescence. The current study, therefore, examined the neural correlates of insecure attachment in a diverse sample of adolescents using a frustrative non-reward task (i.e. repeatedly being denied an expected reward). Although there were no significant interactions in the whole-brain activation averaged over the course of the task, the use of complementary analytic approaches (connectivity, change in activation over the course of the task) revealed widespread alterations associated with avoidant attachment during the immediate reaction to, and ensuing recovery from, being denied a reward. Most strikingly, increased avoidant attachment, adjusting for anxious attachment, predicted functional connectivity and change in activity over time in amygdala–prefrontal and frontostriatal networks to reward blocked vs received trials. These patterns were in the opposite direction compared to those exhibited by adolescents lower in avoidant attachment. The findings suggest that negative emotional experiences, such as receiving frustrating feedback, may be uniquely aversive internal experiences for avoidantly attached adolescents and provide preliminary evidence that early coping strategies may persist into adolescence in the form of altered emotion- and reward-related neural patterns.
Economic limits to contractual performance: from hardship to the excessive costs of specific performance
Authors: Momberg Uribe Rodrigo , Vidal Olivares Álvaro 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article analyses two different limits to specific performance of contracts: hardship and excessive or unreasonable costs, looking into their conditions, scope of application, and effects, with the aim of outlining their corresponding field of application, intending to solve the current confusions on the subject.
On-Farm Evaluations of Nonfumigant Nematicides on Nematode Communities of Peach
Authors: Khanal Churamani , Harshman David , Giles Celeste 
Published: May 2022

Experiments were established to evaluate the efficacy of currently available nonfumigant chemical and biological nematicides against nematode communities in peach orchards in two different geographic regions of South Carolina: the Upstate and Ridge. The treatments included sole or mixed application of two chemical nematicides (oxamyl and fluopyram) and a biological nematicide (Majestene) plus an untreated control. Ring nematode and lesion nematode were predominant in Upstate and Ridge orchards, respectively. Fluopyram was the most effective nematicide in the Upstate orchard, and it reduced plant-parasitic nematodes by 69% relative to the untreated control at 3 months postapplication. Similarly, fluopyram and oxamyl suppressed 74 to 87% of plant-parasitic nematodes in the Ridge orchard at 2 months postapplication. Significant effects of Majestene on plant-parasitic nematodes was not observed. Mixed applications of nematicides were also effective in suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes although the suppressions were not always significant from sole applications or the control. The chemical nematicides significantly reduced free-living nematodes in the first 2 months following their applications in the Ridge orchard, the reductions ranging from 60 to 79% relative to the control. However, free-living nematode populations quickly rebounded to the highest level in 3 months following the nematicide applications. Free-living nematode communities in the Upstate orchard did not experience any significant effects of nematicides until 4 months following nematicide application; at that time there was a 60 to 68% decline in populations. Results from this study suggest that the nonfumigant nematicides can only provide a short-term management of plant-parasitic nematodes in peach.
Clade-Specific Monitoring of Airborne Pseudoperonospora spp. Sporangia Using Mitochondrial DNA Markers for Disease Management of Cucurbit Downy Mildew
Authors: Bello Julian C. , Higgins Douglas S. , Sakalidis Monique L. , Quesada-Ocampo Lina M. , Martin Frank , Hausbeck Mary K. 
Published: May 2022

Management of cucurbit downy mildew (CDM) caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, relies on an intensive fungicide program. In Michigan, CDM occurs annually due to an influx of airborne sporangia and timely alerts of airborne inoculum can assist growers in assessing the need to initiate fungicide sprays. This research aimed to improve the specific detection of airborne P. cubensis sporangia by adapting quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays to distinguish among P. cubensis clades I and II and P. humuli in spore trap samples from commercial production sites and research plots. We also evaluated the suitability of impaction spore traps compared with Burkard traps for detection of airborne sporangia. A multiplex qPCR assay improved the specificity of P. cubensis clade II detection accelerating the assessment of field spore trap samples. After 2 years of monitoring, P. cubensis clade II DNA was detected in spore trap samples before CDM symptoms were first observed in cucumber fields (July and August), while P. cubensis clade I DNA was not detected in air samples before or after the disease onset. In some commercial cucumber fields, P. humuli DNA was detected throughout the growing season. The Burkard spore trap appeared to be better suited for recovery of sporangia at low concentrations than the impaction spore trap. This improved methodology for the monitoring of airborne Pseudoperonospora spp. sporangia could be used as part of a CDM risk advisory system to time fungicide applications that protect cucurbit crops in Michigan.