bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Competency in Psychological Assessment
Authors: Mercado Alfonso , Venta Amanda 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe Latinx population has experienced fast growth and is highly diverse, so access to linguistically and culturally relevant services is crucial yet extremely limited. This book highlights cultural competency in psychological assessment with a focus on working effectively with Latinx groups in mental health settings. It features a hybrid approach benefiting advanced graduate students in psychology, psychiatry residents, and current mental health practitioners. An emphasis on the diversity of Latinx groups—including culturally relevant concepts, cultural clinical interviewing, appropriate psychological assessments, and clinical implications for working with Latinx clients—is presented. The unique role of psychologists and mental health practitioners working effectively with Latinx groups in clinical, research, and advocacy settings is discussed throughout the book.
Basic considerations in abdominal trauma
Authors: Jhunjhunwala Rashi , Raykar Nakul , Ramos Juan Pablo , Puyana Juan Carlos , Kumar Vineet 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Falls, workplace accidents, motor vehicle collisions with other vehicles, pedestrians, or stationary objects, physical assault, and interpersonal violence all result in injuries that may require evaluation and management by a trauma team. The optimal care of a patient with blunt or penetrating trauma includes a rapid but comprehensive initial assessment, prompt resuscitation, adjunct imaging, and decision-making on the need for intensive care or operative resources. This chapter provides an overview on abdominal trauma, from the initial evaluation and resuscitation, common patterns of injury, diagnostic testing, operative and non-operative management, and post-operative care. Trauma is not isolated to any particular part of the world, and resources vary. The management of injury must adapt to these variations. Where relevant, the chapter highlights these differences from the perspectives of the authors, trauma surgeons working in very different health systems, spanning three continents.
Retroperitoneal haematoma and injury
Authors: Navsaria Pradeep , Jonas Eduard , Nicol Andrew , Edu Sorin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The retroperitoneal space is a wide area lying posterior to the peritoneal cavity and contains a number of visceral (gastrointestinal and genitourinary), vascular, musculoskeletal, and nervous system structures, either wholly or partially. A simple location-based classification of traumatic retroperitoneal haematoma is as follows: central (Zone I), flank or peri-renal (Zone II), and pelvic (Zone III). The commonest Zone 1 aetiologies include injuries to the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava, the coeliac axis, superior mesenteric artery, and proximal renal vasculature. A Zone II haematoma may result from injuries to the ascending or descending colon, duodenum, kidney, genito-urinary vascular structures, ureters, and muscular vessels. A Zone III haematoma is located in the pelvis which contains the rectum, the bladder, female genitalia, iliac vessels, and their tributaries. In general, all penetrating retroperitoneal haematomas must be explored. Blunt extraperitoneal haematomas are explored in Zone 1, explored in zone II if expanding, and in Zone III packed extra-peritoneally if expanding with post-packing angiography. An exception is a pre-operative CT scan that accurately grades a renal injury that can be managed expectantly. While it is beyond the scope of this chapter to describe the management of retroperitoneal vascular and blunt pelvic trauma; the focus will be on the management of kidney, ureter, pancreas, duodenum, and rectal injuries, which are managed according to their organ injury severity or anatomical location.
Acute abdomen
Authors: Tiwari Ankur V. , Haribhakti Sanjiv 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Acute abdomen (AA) is one of the most common conditions presenting in the emergency room (ER). There are several causes for AA, the most common being non-specific abdominal pain. These causes are related to the age of patients and the region of abdomen. The incidence of diseases causing such a condition are described in this chapter. A detailed history and thorough clinical examination are important in understanding the probable pathology of disease. Based on this information, the nature of the emergency is understood and treatment instituted. The use of different radiological modalities is vital in arriving at a diagnosis. There are rare causes of AA which, if they elude a diagnosis, makes it difficult to treat the patient. Several of these causes may not need surgical intervention and it is important for a clinician to suspect their presence and rule these out. Prompt management of underlying disease is desirable. A liberal approach towards investigation is advisable when considering inpatient management of patients presenting in the ER.
Neoplasms of the abdominal wall
Authors: Winder Alec Anthony , Davies Emma , Bagué Sílvia , Hayes Andrew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Abdominal wall tumours are rare and account for less than 10 per cent of all soft tissue tumours. They comprise a wide range of pathologies with varied clinical behaviours and differing responses to treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to have made a diagnosis of the abdominal wall neoplasm prior to instituting treatment. The two most common neoplasms affecting the muscles of the abdominal wall are desmoid-type fibromatosis and soft tissue sarcoma. This chapter discusses the imaging modalities and biopsy techniques used in securing a diagnosis, the aetiology and clinical behaviour of abdominal wall neoplasms, and the surgical and non-surgical treatments for these tumours.
HIV disease and the abdominal surgeon
Authors: Muller Elmi , Boutall Adam 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates important considerations for HIV positive patients undergoing surgery and highlight some of the important issues reported in the literature. Clinical data have been pooled from different cohorts in order to show some of the common issues encountered in HIV positive transplantation. Searches were performed on MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL to create a comprehensive table for current evidence for different issues currently encountered when transplanting HIV positive patients.
Anatomy and development of the duodenum and small intestine
Authors: Stringer Mark D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The small intestine consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The combined length of the jejunum and ileum measured from the duodenojejunal flexure to the ileocaecal junction in vivo varies considerably but is approximately 5 m in adults. The duodenum extends from the stomach to the duodenojejunal flexure; the proximal two-fifths of the remaining small intestine is the jejunum and the distal three-fifths is the ileum. The duodenum is mostly retroperitoneal while the jejunum and ileum are intraperitoneal and suspended by a fat-laden mesentery containing blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. There is no clear anatomical transition between the jejunum and the ileum but the morphology and histology of the proximal and distal regions of the small bowel differ significantly. The wall of the small intestine consists of a mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa. The mucosal surface is characterized by numerous intestinal villi, which are covered on their luminal surface by enterocytes bearing luminal microvilli. The small intestine is adapted for fluid, electrolyte, and nutrient absorption. Intestinal stem cells located in the intestinal crypts are the source of most cell types of the intestinal epithelium. The functions of the small intestine are regulated by the enteric nervous system, which is modulated by extrinsic autonomic nerves. The development of the human small intestine is largely complete by the end of the 12th week after fertilization.
Intestinal fistulae
Authors: Allan Philip J. , Epstein Jonathan , Lal Simon 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Intestinal fistulae typically follow surgical procedures, often when the operation has been performed in the emergency setting, or in individuals with specific underlying conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease or cancer. The key management of these patients should follow an algorithm, an acronym of SNAP—sepsis, nutrition, anatomy, and plan. This allows an experienced multidisciplinary team to work through and treat the patient effectively as problems are encountered to bring the patient to the optimal physical and psychological readiness for reconstructive surgery with the aim of restoring intestinal continuity. This chapter looks at the different types of intestinal fistulae that occur, the impact on patients, and their management.
Techniques of small bowel surgery
Authors: Kim David H. , Kao Lillian S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Surgery of the small bowel comprises a significant portion of the repertoire required of the general surgeon. Understanding small bowel anatomy and core technical principles will allow him or her to navigate almost any clinical scenario. Multiple options exist for reconstruction, and familiarity with these gives the surgeon flexibility to confront unexpected situations. Sound decision-making and meticulous technique at the index operation help prevent complications such as anastomotic leaks. Furthermore, knowledge of potential complications allows for a high index of suspicion and early intervention. Treatment and outcomes of complications depend on the actual type and timing of detection.
Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Martino Davide , Leckman James 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is now recognized as a common neurodevelopmental disorder affecting children and adults. It has gained increasingly public awareness and scientific interest worldwide. Knowledge of its clinical presentation and available treatment approaches has increased dramatically over the last two decades. Tourette Syndrome offers a unique, comprehensive, and up-to-date overview of TS. The volume highlights the latest findings regarding clinical presentation, underlying genetic, epigenetic, immunological, and neurobiological causal mechanisms, and state-of-the-art therapies. Importantly, in this digital world of ours and given the ongoing pandemic, this volume also provides a detailed review of the latest available multifaceted and multidisciplinary treatment options including psychoeducational and cognitive-behavioral interventions, many of which can now be accessed online. More than 50 leading scientists and expert clinicians from across the globe authored the chapters. Readers can also access videotaped presentations recorded by several of these scholars. Fortunately, several of these presentations include individuals with TS and related conditions who have graciously volunteered to discuss their life’s journey. This volume is a useful source for a wide audience of scholars and clinicians, all of whom will have access to what is known so far on TS and related conditions within their area of expertise. It provides readers an opportunity to expand and update their knowledge base in other areas of science and advocacy. Families and health professionals will also have access to updates from a broad range of advocacy associations and organizations all around the world that are dedicated to improving lives of individuals with TS.
Tourette Syndrome: Circuits and Neurotransmitters
Authors: Singer Harvey S. , Augustine Farhan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a complex disorder characterized by the presence of persistent, fluctuating motor and vocal tics and the coexistence of neuropsychological difficulties. The pathobiology of TS involves the complex and integrated cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits. This chapter systematically analyzes the involvement in TS of all the neurotransmitter systems relevant to CSTC circuits. A major role for dopamine continues to be the most consistently observed neurotransmitter change in this condition. Of the various dopaminergic hypotheses proposed, an alteration of the tonic-phasic neurotransmitter release system appears most viable. However, it remains highly likely that TS patients exhibit dysfunction in several neurotransmitter systems, although new evidence is warranted to better understand the dysfunction of non-dopaminergic systems, particularly serotonergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic ones.
General Introduction
Authors: Barnard David 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter surveys changes in the landscape of palliative care since the first edition and presents an overview of the book’s overarching themes: (1) there are frequent discrepancies between professionals’ and patients’ or families’ assessments of the effectiveness of care; (2) the transition from active treatment (primarily curative or life-prolonging in intent) to palliative treatment (primarily aimed at comfort and support) is often a gradual, confusing, ambivalent process; (3) differences in socioeconomic status, race, and ethnicity between patients, families, and their professional caregivers can complicate and even undermine effective palliative care; (4) relationships between patients, families, and caregivers pass through many stages over time; (5) professional caregivers, as well as patients and families, bring their histories of death and loss into the caring relationship; (6) patients who display a religiously or spiritually grounded serenity as death approaches sometimes provoke suspicion or skepticism in their professional caregivers, who worry about unexpressed anxieties and fears; (7) growth and change are possible throughout the time of a person’s dying, for individuals and for their relationships; (8) people have varying success in trying to maintain a sense of normalcy and continuity in their sense of personal identity in advanced illness.
Shamira Cook
Authors: Lambrinidou Yanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Shamira Cook, a poor, Black, single mother with a history of heroin addiction, was 34 years old when diagnosed with cancer. She saw her illness as an urgent call to share her story with the world and set the record straight on who she really was. She was also determined to do everything possible to extend her life. For some members of her hospice team, her unwillingness to surrender to the institutionally preferred plan of care was a challenge. It raised questions about whether she understood the gravity of her condition, and it created disagreements about whether she was “hospice-appropriate” or a “drain” on the system. Underneath the tensions that arose lay conflicting ideologies about hospice’s obligation to patients who do not fit the dominant patient profile. Is it to “nudge” them into an end-of-life path that complies with institutional ideals or to accompany them on a journey that might be less familiar to hospice staff but that grants them more control? This case offers a glimpse of end-of-life care when institutions take positions that contradict the patient’s wishes. It also raises questions about institutional racism and classism as well as discrimination against people with substance abuse pasts.
Sadie Fineman
Authors: Boston Patricia 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Sadie Fineman was 80 years old when her doctors discovered that she had a large cancerous mass in her pancreas. Despite a course of experimental therapy, the tumor continued to grow, and the best option that Mrs. Fineman’s doctors could offer was palliative care. Mrs. Fineman and her family made it clear to the palliative care team that she wanted to be cared for at home, even though there were many times when the nursing care she required exceeded the knowledge and skills of her family. This was not her caregivers’ only challenge; the Fineman family insisted that the word “cancer” be avoided in all dealings with the patient, to keep the truth from her at all costs.
Trauma
Authors: Thurairatnam Rebecca , Mir Fauzia 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Maxillofacial trauma forms a significant percentage of major trauma and anaesthetists are routinely involved in initial assessment, stabilization, and perioperative care of these patients. Anaesthetic considerations for maxillofacial trauma are discussed in this chapter, including a brief overview of the epidemiology, aetiology, and classification of maxillofacial trauma. Commonly associated injuries of relevance to the anaesthetist are also discussed. These include traumatic brain injuries and dural tears, cervical spine, pharyngeal, oesophageal, and ocular injuries, as well as iatrogenic maxillofacial trauma. Emergency airway management, the recognition of acute airway compromise, and specific airway management techniques are explored, including the applicability of failed tracheal intubation guidelines and the use of videolaryngoscopy in complex maxillofacial trauma. Preoperative assessment and preparation, intraoperative tracheal tube changes, and postoperative anaesthetic considerations in maxillofacial trauma patients are also discussed.
Malignancy
Authors: Gerstman Michelle , Lacey Orla J. , Kerawala Cyrus 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Anaesthesia for oromaxillofacial malignancy surgery can range from minor diagnostic tissue biopsies to major cancer resection, neck dissection, and flap reconstructive procedures. However, the principles and approach remain the same—thorough airway evaluation (including radiological assessment and nasendoscopy), a planned and agreed airway management strategy, preparation for failure, and prioritization of patient oxygenation at all times. This chapter describes oromaxillofacial cancer epidemiology, the range of indications for cancer surgery, the essentials of airway assessment, the range of advanced airway management and oxygenation techniques, the fundamentals of intraoperative care, advanced tracheal extubation strategies, and procedure-specific guidance, including the principles of free flap reconstruction.
Other antihypertensive agents
Authors: Patil Shankar , Tayebjee Muzahir , Nadar Sunil K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
First-line agents for management of hypertension include beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. However, a sizeable proportion of patients have hard-to-treat hypertension or resistant hypertension, and require the addition of other agents such as alpha adrenergic blockers or centrally acting drugs. These drugs are not recommended for initiation of therapy in newly diagnosed hypertension. However, they are recommended as add-on therapy in difficult-to-treat hypertension. This chapter will review these so-called third- or fourth-line agents. It will also review agents that are currently being investigated which show huge potential in management of hypertension.
Expansion of the genetic code through reassignment of redundant sense codons using fully modified tRNA
Authors: McFeely Clinton A L , Dods Kara K , Patel Shivam S , Hartman Matthew C T 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Breaking codon degeneracy for the introduction of non-canonical amino acids offers many opportunities in synthetic biology. Yet, despite the existence of 64 codons, the code has only been expanded to 25 amino acids in vitro. A limiting factor could be the over-reliance on synthetic tRNAs which lack the post-transcriptional modifications that improve translational fidelity. To determine whether modified, wild-type tRNA could improve sense codon reassignment, we developed a new fluorous method for tRNA capture and applied it to the isolation of roughly half of the Escherichia coli tRNA isoacceptors. We then performed codon competition experiments between the five captured wild-type leucyl-tRNAs and their synthetic counterparts, revealing a strong preference for wild-type tRNA in an in vitro translation system. Finally, we compared the ability of wild-type and synthetic leucyl-tRNA to break the degeneracy of the leucine codon box, showing that only captured wild-type tRNAs are discriminated with enough fidelity to accurately split the leucine codon box for the encoding of three separate amino acids. Wild-type tRNAs are therefore enabling reagents for maximizing the reassignment potential of the genetic code.
A cryptic transactivation domain of EZH2 binds AR and AR’s splice variant, promoting oncogene activation and tumorous transformation
Authors: Wang Jun , Park Kwang-Su , Yu Xufen , Gong Weida , Earp H Shelton , Wang Gang Greg , Jin Jian , Cai Ling 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) and androgen receptor (AR) are crucial chromatin/gene regulators involved in the development and/or progression of prostate cancer, including advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). To sustain prostate tumorigenicity, EZH2 establishes non-canonical biochemical interaction with AR for mediating oncogene activation, in addition to its canonical role as a transcriptional repressor and enzymatic subunit of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2). However, the molecular basis underlying non-canonical activities of EZH2 in prostate cancer remains elusive, and a therapeutic strategy for targeting EZH2:AR-mediated oncogene activation is also lacking. Here, we report that a cryptic transactivation domain of EZH2 (EZH2TAD) binds both AR and AR spliced variant 7 (AR-V7), a constitutively active AR variant enriched in CRPC, mediating assembly and/or recruitment of transactivation-related machineries at genomic sites that lack PRC2 binding. Such non-canonical targets of EZH2:AR/AR-V7:(co-)activators are enriched for the clinically relevant oncogenes. We also show that EZH2TAD is required for the chromatin recruitment of EZH2 to oncogenes, for EZH2-mediated oncogene activation and for CRPC growth in vitro and in vivo. To completely block EZH2’s multifaceted oncogenic activities in prostate cancer, we employed MS177, a recently developed proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) of EZH2. Strikingly, MS177 achieved on-target depletion of both EZH2’s canonical (EZH2:PRC2) and non-canonical (EZH2TAD:AR/AR-V7:co-activators) complexes in prostate cancer cells, eliciting far more potent antitumor effects than the catalytic inhibitors of EZH2. Overall, this study reports a previously unappreciated requirement for EZH2TAD for mediating EZH2’s non-canonical (co-)activator recruitment and gene activation functions in prostate cancer and suggests EZH2-targeting PROTACs as a potentially attractive therapeutic for the treatment of aggressive prostate cancer that rely on the circuits wired by EZH2 and AR.