bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host condition and pathogen identity influence bacterial infection survival in the common eastern firefly,Photinus pyralis
Authors: Lower Sarah E. , Gilani Owais , Tuffy Madden J. , Patel Deeshani N. , Zhu Zhengkai , Chambers Moria C. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe degree to which host, pathogen, and environmental characteristics determine fitness outcomes in response to infection across the tree of life is a key question in ecoimmunology. Because infection experiments require large sample sizes and careful controls, studies have generally been limited to lab‐adapted organisms.Photinus pyralisis a charismatic firefly that is abundant during its annual summer emergence in the Eastern United States. Here, we assess the importance of host condition, pathogen identity and dose, and pre‐infection environment on survival outcomes in response to bacterial infection in wild‐caught adult maleP. pyralis.Although survival after sterile saline injection was not statistically different from survival of uninjected controls, survival kinetics support sterile saline injection as the most appropriate control.Serratia marcescensandProvidencia rettgeriinfections increased mortality, especially at high doses. In contrast to fruit fly studies,Providencia sneebia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,andEnterococcus faecalisinfections did not. Infection with higher doses ofP. rettgerihad an increased risk of death for fireflies caught later in the season than those captured earlier, but seasonality did not significantly interact with dose to impact mortality with any of the other bacterial species.These results highlight the importance of considering host, pathogen, and environmental factors when investigating infection outcomes in wild‐caught, non‐model systems. The differences in survival between fireflies and fruit flies emphasise that further studies in a broad array of organisms are needed to explore the diversity of infection responses across the tree of life.
Monkeypox: A challenge for and to geographers
Authors: Brown Gavin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe World Health Organisation declared the 2022 Monkeypox outbreak a ‘Public Health Emergency of International Concern’, following the rapid spread of infections in non‐endemic countries. Unlike its usual epidemiology in Africa, most cases reported since May 2022 have been among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). This commentary provides an overview of the current Monkeypox outbreak and public health responses to it, drawing out their uneven geographies and the contribution geographers could make to understanding this. The empirical focus is on Monkeypox in England, but the challenges posed are relevant to the dynamics of the outbreak in the USA and Europe. The commentary concludes by challenging geographers to collaborate across sub‐disciplinary boundaries to undertake research that can understand and explain not only the specific dynamics of Monkeypox but also broader geographical aspects of GBMSM's lives that could underpin effective public health work with these populations.
Nitrogen fertilization value of compost and dried dung in soils with contrasting synthetic nitrogen fertilization histories
Authors: Langworthy Adam D. , Corkrey Ross , Rawnsley Richard P. , Raedts Pieter J. M. , Hills James L. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIf the production of forage for dairy cattle is to become less reliant on synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers, there is need to better understand and account for the N contributed by on‐farm and imported organic amendments. A 254‐day aerobic soil incubation study (typical length of a growing season in many temperate dairying regions) quantified the inorganic (mineral) N supply from a commercial compost and dried bovine dung (i.e., on‐farm effluent solids). Amendments were incubated in soils with contrasting synthetic N fertilization histories (i.e., 70–100 vs. 350–400 kg N/ha per year) to evaluate if higher synthetic N fertilization histories would reduce the lag time that often exists between organic amendment application and significant release of inorganic N for plant uptake. This proposition was based on previous research, which showed greater soil inorganic N availability accelerating organic amendment decomposition. Our experiment did find that the release of inorganic N from evaluated organic amendments was greater in soils with higher synthetic N fertilization histories, but that this effect was not apparent until after the first 6‐months of this 9‐month experiment. Despite this finding, soils with contrasting synthetic N fertilization histories were not found to differ in their initial inorganic N content, nor microbial activity or other physiochemical properties known to affect N mineralization. Our study highlighted the long‐term vision needed when transitioning from synthetic N fertilizers to organic amendments, with most of the N present in the compost and dried dung remaining unavailable for forage production (i.e., remained bound in organic carbon‐based molecules).
Conceptual and practical challenges associated with understanding patient safety within community‐based mental health services
Authors: Averill Phoebe , Vincent Charles , Reen Gurpreet , Henderson Claire , Sevdalis Nick 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroductionPatient safety problems stemming from healthcare delivery constitute a global public health concern and represent a pervasive barrier to improving care quality and clinical outcomes. However, evidence generation into safety in mental health care, particularly regarding community‐based mental health services, has long fallen behind that of physical health care, forming the focus of fewer research publications and developed largely in isolation from the wider improvement science discipline. We aimed to investigate the state of the field, along with key conceptual and empirical challenges to understanding patient safety in community‐based mental health care.MethodsA narrative review surveyed the literature to appraise the conceptual obstacles to advancing the science of patient safety in community‐based mental health services. Sources were identified through a combination of a systematic search strategy and targeted searches of theoretical and empirical evidence from the fields of mental health care, patient safety and improvement science.ResultsAmongst available evidence, challenges in defining safety in the context of community mental health care, evaluating safety in long‐term care journeys and establishing what constitutes a ‘preventable’ safety problem, were identified. A dominant risk management approach to safety in mental health care, positioning service users as the origin of risk, has seemingly prevented a focus on proactive safety promotion, considering iatrogenic harm and latent system hazards.ConclusionWe propose a wider conceptualization of safety and discuss the next steps for the integration and mobilization of disparate sources of ‘safety intelligence’, to advance how safety is conceived and addressed within community mental health care.Patient and Public ContributionThis paper was part of a larger research project aimed at understanding and improving patient safety in community‐based mental health care. Although service users, carers and healthcare professionals were not involved as part of this narrative review, the views of these stakeholder groups were central to shaping the wider research project. For a qualitative interview and focus group study conducted alongside this review, interview topic guides were informed by this narrative analysis, designed jointly and piloted with a consultation group of service users and carers with experience of community‐based mental health services for working‐age adults, who advised on key questioning priorities.
Barriers and enabling factors in weight management of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A qualitative study using the COM‐B model of behaviour
Authors: Gu Yunpeng , Zhou Run , Kong Tingting , Zhang Wei , Chen Yutong , Wang Chunmei , Shi Junping , Hu Yanli 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global public health problem. Lifestyle modifications aimed at promoting weight loss and weight maintenance remain the current first‐line treatments for NAFLD.ObjectiveWe aim to identify barriers and enabling factors in weight management among patients with NAFLD using the capability, opportunity, motivation, behaviour (COM‐B) model of behaviour.DesignThis study adopted a qualitative design using semistructured interviews analysed with content analysis and the COM‐B framework.Setting and ParticipantsInterviews were conducted with 27 patients with NAFLD who experienced successful or unsuccessful weight reduction.ResultsOur study included 27 participants: 15 participants with successful weight loss (successful weight loss refers to a decrease in body weight ≥7% of the initial body weight for patients with NAFLD) and 12 participants with unsuccessful weight loss. Thirty‐five themes (19 barriers and 16 facilitators) were mapped onto the COM‐B model as barriers and facilitators to weight management among patients with NAFLD. The key barriers were lack of time and energy, lack of awareness of weight, lack of attention to NAFLD, treating food as a reward or compensation and social entertainment. The key facilitators were having basic weight loss knowledge and skills, strong motivation, attention to NAFLD, unsuccessful weight loss experiences and positive feedback from phased success.ConclusionIn addition to identifying factors consistent with existing studies, this study identified factors that influence weight management in NAFLD patients, such as basic weight loss skills and rational thinking before weight loss, which were not previously reported. This has clinical implications for clinical healthcare providers and health management services for the improvement of education and support regarding lifestyle improvement and weight management in patients with NAFLD.Patient or Public ContributionWe recruited potential participants from the Bariatric Clinic, Hepatology Clinic and Physical Examination Center of hospitals between March 2021 and October 2021. Twenty‐seven patients with NAFLD who had successful or unsuccessful weight loss experiences participated in the study and responded to questions on weight management.
Thermal transitions and microstructure of starch‐apple pomace‐based systems
Authors: Rocha Parra Andrés F. , Barrera Gabriela N. , Ribotta Pablo D. , Ferrero Cristina 
Published: November 2022

SummaryApple pomace (AP) is the by‐product obtained after juice extraction. It is a potential ingredient for the fibre enrichment of foods. In the present work, AP was combined in gluten free‐mixtures with cassava starch (CS), rice flour (RF), egg white (EW) and sucrose (SR) to analyse its effect on thermal transitions of starch and the batter and bread crumb microstructures. Model systems with all or part of the main ingredients (CS:RF:AP:EW:SR in 4:4:1:1:1 proportions) and a batter formulation with AP were prepared by dry mixing and then dispersing the solids in water. CLSM allowed observing the distribution of egg proteins, AP and RF particles and CS granules. The batter enriched with AP exhibited higher apparent viscosities and dilatant behaviour. Thermal transitions were analysed by DSC. Endotherms ranged between 57 and 97°C. Gluten‐free bread microstructure was analysed by SEM. A more irregular and compact crumb structure was observed when AP was used, with the air cell walls constituted by gelatinized starch granules and AP particles interpenetrating them. By measuring the firmness of crumb along storage, it could be concluded that amylopectin retrogradation was partially inhibited by the presence of AP in model systems but in bread, this inhibiting effect was not evident.
Ladder of competencies for education middle managers in England
Authors: Corbett Stephen 
Published: November 2022

AbstractUtilising new empirical research this study adapts an existing literature‐based competency framework into a hierarchy of competencies needed for education middle managers in England to be effective in their role. The study involved a national survey (n = 164) of further education middle managers and is the first quantitative study investigating the role since 2002. The original contribution of the study is the development of a new ladder of competencies for education middle managers which outlines a suggested ordering of competency development with due consideration to prior training and qualifications. This can enable an improved approach to recruitment, selection and development of education middle managers. The paper presents parameters for consideration when developing competency frameworks for roles more widely which include: prior training, experience, expectations, and challenges of the post‐holder as well as the external working environment. It highlights the value of such considerations and demonstrates the importance in paying due regard to them.
Segmentación legal del trabajo en China, la India, Malasia y Viet Nam
Authors: COONEY Sean 
Published: November 2022

ResumenSiguiendo el marco de Dingeldey et al. (2021), pero con un enfoque cualitativo, se analiza la segmentación legal del trabajo en China, la India, Malasia y Viet Nam, prestando atención a los niveles de exclusión y a las jerarquías de protección otorgada. El autor observa varios factores que diferencian a estos países de los del Norte y que determinan sus mercados de trabajo: el tamaño relativo de la población activa que opera fuera de la cobertura efectiva de la reglamentación laboral; la terminología jurídica, de difícil traducción a los idiomas occidentales; y la historia jurídica, especialmente en lo que respecta al desajuste entre los marcos jurídicos y el mercado laboral resultante del colonialismo.
Contemporary updates on ventricular arrhythmias: from mechanisms to management
Authors: Bhaskaran Ashwin , De Silva Kasun , Kumar Saurabh 
Published: November 2022

AbstractVentricular arrhythmias (VAs) are a group of heart rhythm disorders that can be life‐threatening and cause significant morbidity. VA in the presence of structural heart disease (SHD) has distinct prognostic implications and requires a comprehensive and multifaceted approach for investigation and management. Early specialist referral should be considered for all patients with VA. Particular urgency is recommended in patients with syncope, nonsustained/sustained VA on Holter monitor and SHD on cardiac imaging because of the heightened risk of sudden cardiac death. Comprehensive phenotyping is recommended for most patients with VA, encompassing noninvasive cardiac functional testing, multimodality imaging and genetic testing in select circumstances. Management of idiopathic VA is guided heavily by symptom burden and the presence of ventricular systolic impairment. In SHD, guideline‐directed heart failure therapy and device implantation are critical considerations. Whilst commonly used and well‐established, antiarrhythmic drugs can be hampered by toxicity and failure of adequate arrhythmia control. Catheter ablation is increasingly being considered a feasible first‐line alternative to medical therapy, where outcomes are influenced by disease aetiology and scar burden in SHD. Catheter ablation is associated with reduced arrhythmia recurrence and burden and improved quality of life at follow‐up.
Gene targeting as a therapeutic avenue in diseases mediated by the complement alternative pathway
Authors: Dreismann Anna K , Hallam Thomas M , Tam Lawrence CS , Nguyen Calvin V , Hughes Jane P , Ellis Scott , Harris Claire L 
Published: November 2022

SummaryThe complement alternative pathway (AP) is implicated in numerous diseases affecting many organs, ranging from the rare hematological disease paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), to the common blinding disease age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Critically, the AP amplifies any activating trigger driving a downstream inflammatory response; thus, components of the pathway have become targets for drugs of varying modality. Recent validation from clinical trials using drug modalities such as inhibitory antibodies has paved the path for gene targeting of the AP or downstream effectors. Gene targeting in the complement field currently focuses on supplementation or suppression of complement regulators in AMD and PNH, largely because the eye and liver are highly amenable to drug delivery through local (eye) or systemic (liver) routes. Targeting the liver could facilitate treatment of numerous diseases as this organ generates most of the systemic complement pool. This review explains key concepts of RNA and DNA targeting and discusses assets in clinical development for the treatment of diseases driven by the alternative pathway, including the RNA‐targeting therapeutics ALN‐CC5, ARO‐C3, and IONIS‐FB‐LRX, and the gene therapies GT005 and HMR59. These therapies are but the spearhead of potential drug candidates that might revolutionize the field in coming years.
Unraveling the electric field effect on the grain‐boundary migration in alumina through phase field modeling
Authors: Liang Shuibao , Zhang Xin‐Ping 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIt is experimentally demonstrated that the electric field drives the grain‐boundary (GB) migration in ceramics, but this has not been interpreted mechanistically. This work develops a phase field model to study the GB migration in alumina (Al2O3) and validate through the comparison with previous experiments. Results show that the GBs move to the small grain domain. Under an electric field in the positive bias direction, GB migration is enhanced, whereas the migration to the small grain domain is inhibited under the electric field in the negative bias direction. The enhancement or inhibition effect becomes more pronounced with increasing the electric field. The high negative bias induces decrease in the GB migration velocity even with the migration direction altering. It is revealed that GB migrations are dominated by the competitive effect between the curvature and electric field driving forces, and an analytical expression of the critical electric field is derived.
Optical characterization of boron carbide powders synthesized with varying B‐to‐C ratios
Authors: Brown‐Shaklee Harlan J. , Neuman Eric W. , Fahrenholtz William G. , Hilmas Gregory E. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBoron carbide powders were synthesized from elemental powders and studied using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and UV–visible diffuse reflectance, Raman, and diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopies. Following reaction at 1400°C for 6 h, synthesized powders exhibited possible faulting as suggested by XRD patterns. B3C, B4.3C, and B5C powders contained graphitic carbon whereas the boron carbides with higher B/C ratios contained no residual carbon, suggesting that the carbon rich phase boundary is likely temperature dependent. Analysis by Raman and IR spectroscopy suggested that Raman spectra are influenced by excitation frequency due to resonance. We suggest that measurement of boron carbides with resonant Raman lifts the selection rules to allow measurement of Raman silent modes that are present in the IR spectra. Optical reflectance of the boron carbide powders revealed that the B/C ratio governed the indirect and direct optical band gaps of the faulted powders. B3C and B4.3C powders were light gray in spite of the presence of the carbon, whereas B5C, B6.5C, B10C, and B12C were gray, green, brown, and dark brown, respectively. Increasing carbon content increased the optical indirect band gap from 1.3 eV for B12C to 3.2 eV for B3C, causing the observed color changes.
Experiences of early‐career nurses working in specialist adolescent/young adult cancer units: A narrative inquiry
Authors: Cable Maria , Watts Tessa , Reagon Carly , Kelly Daniel 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAimTo explore the experiences of early‐career registered nurses working in specialist adolescent/young adult cancer units.DesignNarrative Inquiry.MethodsA purposive sample of nine early‐career registered nurses from six specialist adolescent/young adult cancer units in the United Kingdom participated in online in‐depth narrative conversations between October 2020 and January 2021. Data were analysed thematically using Clandinin and Connelly's (2000) metaphorical three‐dimensional narrative inquiry approach focussed on commonplaces of temporality, sociality and place.ResultsThe intensity and complexity of the nursing work associated with young patients and their families, over protracted periods, impacted the nurses personally and professionally. The similarity of age between patients and nurses was shown as having benefits as well as posing risks. The complexity of four types of nursing labour was highlighted: emotional, cognitive, physical and organizational providing justification for the provision of specialist training and support.ConclusionThis study presents unique insights into the complex work of early‐career nurses in specialist units that reveal challenges in caring for the distinct needs of this cancer patient population.Impact StatementBetter understanding of the experience of adolescent/young adult nursing work is revealed. Nurse managers could use these findings to consider the level of expertise on cancer units and ensure a spread of ages and experience. Managers and funders should also consider the clinical supervision and well‐being needs of nurses so that they can thrive in these unique environments. Educators could use findings to develop curricula and reinforce messages of self‐care, reflection and boundary management. The findings of this study may be transferable to other areas where early‐career nurses care for younger age groups.Public and Patient Engagement and Involvement in Research StatementNo patient or public contribution was requested or required as this research wanted to examine nurses' experiences and not those of patients or the public.
Screening by high‐throughput sequencing for pathogenic variants in cystic fibrosis: Benefit of introducing personalized therapies
Authors: de Melo Ana Cristina Vieira , de Souza Karla Simone Costa , da Silva Heglayne Pereira Vital , Maia Jussara Melo de Cerqueira , Dantas Vera Maria , Bezerra João Felipe , de Rezende Adriana Augusto 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis short report documented cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) variants in 37 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) in the Rio Grande do Norte region of Northeast Brazil. The high‐throughput sequencing technology (HTS) genetic testing provided a definitive molecular diagnosis in 31 patients (83.8%). Among them, 25 patients' carriers of the c.1521_1523delCTT variant, categorized as a class 2 mutation, can be currently treated with CFTR modulator drugs. Five children aged 2–5 years could benefit from double lumacaftor/ivacaftor therapy, and 20 patients aged >6 years could be treated with the triple‐combination elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor therapy. Thus, the identification of pathogenic variants associated with the development of this disease allows for the introduction of therapy with CFTR modulators that favour better patient management.