bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Another organization is possible: New directions in research on alternative enterprise
Authors: Spicer Jason , Kay Tamara 
Published: February 2022

AbstractInterest in alternative enterprises is again high, yielding a wave of popular experimentation with alternative organizational models, and new scholarship. From an organizational studies perspective, what have we learned about alternative enterprises since the last prior round of such experimentation in the 1970s, and what questions remain unanswered? Reflecting historical research legacies, scholarship often remains focused on micro‐aspects of internal organizational dynamics, but recent research at the meso scale has advanced our understanding of alternatives’ field‐level construction, and their relationship to external forces and other organizational forms. Less is known, however, at the macro scale about how or why these enterprises develop and are sustained in certain contexts, although work on this front is emerging. Meanwhile, many new alternative organizational forms/practices have not been well‐studied. Future research can remedy this oversight, while also seeking to improve our understanding of the effect of external, macro and meso‐scaled dynamics of alternative enterprises. It can also seek to better explain variations in alternatives’ institutional development and effectiveness in different sectoral contexts and domains, most notably across today’s crisis‐related fronts of climate change, housing precarity, and technological change. In so doing, it could more directly speak to a rising generation’s concerns, and better enable their effective deployment of alternatives in practice.
Bridging theories of social and revolutionary movements
Authors: Duarte‐Mayorga Natalia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHow can theories of social movements and revolutions help us understand the rise of collective action, their tactical and strategic choices, and their prospects for succeeding? By reviewing past and recent developments in the literature of social movements and revolutions, I argue that in comparison with social movements scholars, structuralists of revolutions more accurately used theories of threat and breakdown in understanding what triggers revolutions and revolutionary situations. Nevertheless, because scholars of revolutions usually distinguish types of revolutions based on outcomes after supposed clear endings, they have missed important insights from the literature on movement continuity that might guide us towards new understandings of revolutions. Moreover, both fields have followed similar paths in terms of contributions and gaps in the study of emotions, spontaneity, tactics, and repression in collective action.
From Magnitudes to Geometry and Back: De Zolt's Postulate
Authors: Giovannini Eduardo N. , Lassalle‐Casanave Abel 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA crucial trend of nineteenth‐century mathematics was the search for pure foundations of specific mathematical domains by avoiding the obscure concept of magnitude. In this paper, we examine this trend by considering the “fundamental theorem” of the theory of plane area: “If a polygon is decomposed into polygonal parts in any given way, then the union of all but one of these parts is not equivalent to the given polygon.” This proposition, known as De Zolt's postulate, was conceived as a strictly geometrical expression of the general principle of magnitudes “the whole is greater than the part.” On the one hand, we illustrate this striving for purity in the foundations of geometry by analysing David Hilbert's classical proof of De Zolt's postulate. On the other hand, we connect this geometrical problem with the first axiomatizations of the concept of magnitude by the end of the nineteenth century. In particular, we argue that a recent result in the logical analysis of the concept of magnitude casts new light on Hilbert's proof. We also outline an alternative development of a theory of magnitude that includes a proof of De Zolt's postulate in an abstract setting.
Improvements in liver transplant outcomes in patients with HCV/HIV coinfection after the introduction of direct‐acting antiviral therapies
Authors: Shimada Shingo , Ivanics Tommy , Kitajima Toshihiro , Shamaa Tayseer , Rizzari Michael , Collins Kelly , Yoshida Atsushi , Abouljoud Marwan , Moonka Dilip , Zhang Jiaqi , Lu Mei , Nagai Shunji 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundIn recipients with HCV/HIV coinfection, the impact that the wider use of direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) has had on post‐liver transplant (LT) outcomes has not been evaluated. We investigated the impact of DAAs introduction on post‐LT outcome in patients with HCV/HIV coinfection.MethodsUsing Organ Procurement and Transplant Network/United Network for Organ Sharing data, we compared post‐LT outcomes in patients with HCV and/or HIV pre‐ and post‐DAAs introduction. We categorized these patients into two eras: pre‐DAA (2008‐2012 [pre‐DAA era]) and post‐DAA (2014–2019 [post‐DAA era]). To study the impact of DAAs introduction, inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to adjust patient characteristics.ResultsA total of 17 215 LT recipients were eligible for this study (HCV/HIV [n = 160]; HIV mono‐infection [n = 188]; HCV mono‐infection [n = 16 867]). HCV/HIV coinfection and HCV mono‐infection had a significantly lower hazard of 1‐ and 3‐year graft loss post‐DAA, compared pre‐DAA (1‐year: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16–0.53 in HIV/HCV, aHR 0.58, 95% CI 0.54–0.63, respectively; 3‐year: aHR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14–0.61, aHR 0.64, 95% CI 0.58–0.70, respectively). The hazards of 1‐ and 3‐year graft loss post‐DAA in HIV mono‐infection were comparable to those in pre‐DAA. HCV/HIV coinfection had significantly lower patient mortality post‐DAA, compared to pre‐DAA (1‐year: aHR 0.30, 95% CI 0.17–0.55; 3‐year: aHR 0.31, 95% CI 0.15–0.63).ConclusionsPost‐LT outcomes in patients with coinfection significantly improved and became comparable to those with HCV mono‐infection after introducing DAA therapy. The introduction of DAAs supports the use of LT in the setting of HCV/HIV coinfection.
Cryptosporidium parvum outbreak associated with Raccoons at a Wildlife Facility—Virginia, May–June 2019
Authors: Davis Meredith K. , Riley Jennifer , Darby Brandy , Murphy Julia , Turner Lauren , Segarra Marta D. , Roellig Dawn M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCryptosporidium parvum is a parasitic zoonotic pathogen responsible for diarrheal illness in humans and animals worldwide. We report an investigation of a cryptosporidiosis outbreak in raccoons and wildlife rehabilitation workers at a Virginia facility. Fifteen (31%) of 49 facility personnel experienced symptoms meeting the case definition, including four laboratory‐confirmed cases. Seven juvenile raccoons were reported to have diarrhoea; six had laboratory‐confirmed cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium parvum of the same molecular subtype (IIaA16G3R2) was identified in two human cases and six raccoons. Raccoon illness preceded human illness by 11 days, suggesting possible zoonotic transmission from raccoons to humans. This appears to be the first report of a human cryptosporidiosis outbreak associated with exposure to raccoons infected with C. parvum. Raccoons might be an under‐recognized reservoir for human C. parvum infections. Further study is needed to explore the prevalence of cryptosporidial species in raccoons and their role as a wildlife reservoir.
The C2 domains of dysferlin: roles in membrane localization, Ca2+ signalling and sarcolemmal repair
Authors: Muriel Joaquin , Lukyanenko Valeriy , Kwiatkowski Tom , Bhattacharya Sayak , Garman Daniel , Weisleder Noah , Bloch Robert J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDysferlin is an integral membrane protein of the transverse tubules of skeletal muscle that is mutated or absent in limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B and Miyoshi myopathy. Here we examine the role of dysferlin's seven C2 domains, C2A through C2G, in membrane repair and Ca2+ release, as well as in targeting dysferlin to the transverse tubules of skeletal muscle. We report that deletion of either domain C2A or C2B inhibits membrane repair completely, whereas deletion of C2C, C2D, C2E, C2F or C2G causes partial loss of membrane repair that is exacerbated in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Deletion of C2C, C2D, C2E, C2F or C2G also causes significant changes in Ca2+ release, measured as the amplitude of the Ca2+ transient before or after hypo‐osmotic shock and the appearance of Ca2+ waves. Most deletants accumulate in endoplasmic reticulum. Only the C2A domain can be deleted without affecting dysferlin trafficking to transverse tubules, but Dysf‐ΔC2A fails to support normal Ca2+ signalling after hypo‐osmotic shock. Our data suggest that (i) every C2 domain contributes to repair; (ii) all C2 domains except C2B regulate Ca2+ signalling; (iii) transverse tubule localization is insufficient for normal Ca2+ signalling; and (iv) Ca2+ dependence of repair is mediated by C2C through C2G. Thus, dysferlin's C2 domains have distinct functions in Ca2+ signalling and sarcolemmal membrane repair and may play distinct roles in skeletal muscle.Key points
Dysferlin, a transmembrane protein containing seven C2 domains, C2A through C2G, concentrates in transverse tubules of skeletal muscle, where it stabilizes voltage‐induced Ca2+ transients and participates in sarcolemmal membrane repair.
Each of dysferlin's C2 domains except C2B regulate Ca2+ signalling.
Localization of dysferlin variants to the transverse tubules is not sufficient to support normal Ca2+ signalling or membrane repair.
Each of dysferlin's C2 domains contributes to sarcolemmal membrane repair.
The Ca2+ dependence of membrane repair is mediated by C2C through C2G.
Dysferlin's C2 domains therefore have distinct functions in Ca2+ signalling and sarcolemmal membrane repair.
Specific Heats of Liquid Metals and Liquid Salts
Authors: Douglas T. B. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In view of the general use of liquid metals and liquid salts in heat-transfer systems at high temperatures, their specific heats are reviewed. First, the general method of measuring them is described, and the more important sources of error are discussed. Known data are then examined on a volume basis, and two examples are presented which bear on the relation of the specific heats of mixtures to those of their components. It is finally shown that the specific heats of most liquid metals and liquid salts, when converted to an atomic basis, appear to be sufficiently alike to justify an approximate prediction in many cases for which no data exist.
Creep Damage in a Cr-Mo-V Steel as Measured by Retained Stress Rupture Properties
Authors: Jones M. H. , Newman D. P. , Brown W. F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
It is well known that a material subjected to progressive creep eventually fractures at a time determined by the applied stress and temperature. However, the processes which exhaust the metal ductility in creep are very poorly understood. Until these processes are clearly defined it is not possible to arrive at a satisfactory fracture theory for creep nor is it possible to predict intelligently the effects of creep history on the rupture life.
In this investigation the progressive metal deterioration occurring during creep at 1000 F is measured by the retained 1100 F stress-rupture properties. This “creep damage” is shown to be both strain and time-sensitive. The creep conditions producing large damages are defined and a mechanism for the damage suggested. It is also shown that reheat treatment is able to heal the most severe damages produced in this investigation.
Plant Management and Other Factors Affecting Maintenance Costs in Steam-Generating Stations
Authors: Estcourt V. F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Although direct maintenance costs in thermal power stations comprise only a small percentage of the total cost of production, replacement power costs while a generating unit is out of service for maintenance are also chargeable to the over-all cost of the job. This may amount to considerably more than the entire cost of the repairs. The control of maintenance costs is concerned principally with those factors which influence the ability of the plant to stay on the line, and this includes a wide variety of problems relating to equipment design, plant layout, types of fuels, manpower utilization, and other management problems. The limited statistical value of the term “operating availability” is discussed, and the concept of “relative mechanical availability” is introduced. Increasing technical and physical complications, together with larger unit sizes and greatly expanded generating systems, suggests the need for a redistribution of responsibilities at the plant level. This has created a demand for higher-grade engineering graduates with academic qualifications more suited to the special problems of thermal-power production, and a larger degree of co-operative effort between the utilities and the universities.
Experimental Superheater for Steam at 2000 Psi and 1250 F—Report After 14,281 Hours of Operation
Authors: Hoke J. H. , Eberle F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In order to investigate the reactions of superheater alloys to operating conditions producing steam at 1250 F, a test element constructed of 2-in-OD alloy tubes was installed in an operating boiler at the Twin Branch Plant. Operating conditions and experience after 5000 and 12,000 hr as well as metallurgical examination of specimens removed from the element after nearly 7000 hr of operation were described in previous papers. The present paper describes the results of the metallurgical examinations after 14,281 hr of operation, when the experiment was discontinued and the test element removed for complete examination and evaluation.
High-Temperature Corrosion of Alloys Exposed in the Superheater of an Oil-Fired Boiler
Authors: McDowell D. W. , Raudebaugh R. J. , Somers W. E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A series of heat-resistant alloy test racks containing some 30-odd test specimens was installed in the gas inlet of the second bank of the superheater in a Public Service Electric and Gas Company boiler. This boiler had been burning bunker C fuel oil for the three-year period before the test and used bunker C during the entire test period. Gas temperatures varied from 1560 F at full load to 1100 F at minimum load. The loading on the boiler during the investigation was considered typical of steam-boiler operation. Scale taken from the build-up on the test specimens analyzed as high as 36 per cent vanadium pentoxide and 32 per cent sulphuric anhydride. An analysis of the ash constituents present in the oil-fired boiler during the tests also showed high vanadium, sulphur, sodium, and calcium contents. All corrosion rates were measured by metallographic examination and were expressed as inches penetration for the duration of the test and extrapolated to inches per year (IPY). Corrosion results were obtained on both cast and wrought alloys as well as some alloys with various coatings. An extensive metallographic investigation was conducted on all alloys exposed to determine the type of attack each material underwent during the exposure period. Some alloys had a corrosion rate as much as ten times greater than others.
The Spring-Supported Thrust Bearing
Authors: Osterle Fletcher , Saibel Edward 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The slider bearing with the bearing a flexible plate mounted on springs is analyzed for its load-carrying characteristics. The deflection of the plate under load is found to create a wedge effect in the lubricant film which acts in conjunction with the wedge due to the inclination of the slider in producing a load capacity. The effect of the deflection of the bearing plate on the load capacity can be significant as is illustrated by a numerical example.
Instrumentation for Steam-Consumption Tests on Medium Steam Turbine-Generator Sets
Authors: Kimball D. E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In a 1954 paper (1) we presented various measures of the uncertainties of the data of precision steam-consumption tests on medium-sized steam turbine-generator sets, deriving them from the over-all results of the tests and from comparisons of duplicate instruments used in them. In the present paper we describe briefly the instruments and their calibrations, and we present typical calibration corrections. The instruments and their calibrations have been used for many years. Most comparisons presented here demonstrate that instruments of high precision have small calibration corrections which are significant and that most corrections do not change significantly. They also show that these instruments can be relied upon in very precise turbine steam-consumption tests.
Investigation of Causes of Low Wheel-to-Rail Adhesion and Possible Methods of Improving It
Authors: Fisher F. G. , Allen R. K. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Wheel-to-rail adhesion is fundamental to the operation of a railroad. The potentially high tractive effort of modern diesel-electric and electric locomotives has focused attention more sharply on conditions which limit adhesion. Train stalls, rail burns, flat wheels, and damaged electric traction equipment all point to the importance of the problem. Extensive tests have yielded much information on the causes of low adhesion and methods of improving it. The results indicate that running adhesions in excess of 26 per cent can be maintained by the application of certain materials to locomotive drivers or to the rail.
First Commercial Supercritical-Pressure Steam Turbine—Built for the Philo Plant
Authors: Elston C. W. , Sheppard R. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the essential design features of a 125,000-kw, 3600-rpm, tandem-compound, double-flow steam turbine designed for steam conditions of 4500 psig, 1150 F initial temperature, 1050 F at the first reheat, and 1000 F at the second reheat. The engineering objectives, problems, and solutions are emphasized more than the description of design details.
Contributions to Hydraulic Control—7: Analysis of the Effects of Nonlinearity in a Valve-Controlled Hydraulic Drive
Authors: Reeves E. I. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A method is developed for analyzing the performance of a valve-controlled hydraulic drive consisting of a closed-center four-way valve, hydraulic motor, and mechanical load. This analysis facilitates the determination of the amplitude and phase of the fundamental component of load velocity in response to sinusoidal valve-spool motion and includes the effects of three sources of nonlinear performance: The pressure-flow characteristics of the valve, orifice-type hydraulic leakage, and nonlinear speed-dependent friction. The analysis is verified by analog-computer results and experimental data from an actual valve-controlled drive.
Physical and Mathematical Mechanisms of Instability in Nonlinear Automatic Control Systems
Authors: Kalman R. E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper is a critical examination of the stability problem in automatic control systems containing nonlinear elements. An attempt is made to classify and isolate essentially different phenomena, and to illustrate each type by means of simplified but representative examples. Particular attention is paid to the effects of system parameters and system inputs in provoking or destroying instability. The phenomena discussed are so diverse that they defy any over-all conclusions. Still, it is hoped that the tentative classification adopted here will be of help in recognizing important and unimportant aspects of problems in nonlinear control-system design.
Determination of the Characteristics of Multi-Input and Nonlinear Systems From Normal Operating Records
Authors: Goodman T. P. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A method is presented for discovering, from the random variations in normal operating records, the impulse responses, or weighting functions, relating an output of a system to two or more inputs that are mutually correlated. This method makes use of the statistical autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions of the system inputs and outputs. From these correlation functions, the weighting functions are obtained by a process of deconvolution by means of an electronic delay-line synthesizer. The method is described first for linear systems and is then applied to nonlinear systems. It is an extension of a method presented in an earlier paper for discovering the weighting function of a linear system with one input.
Operating Considerations in Application of Gas-Turbine-Driven, Centrifugal, Pipeline Compressors
Authors: Vaughan A. L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Northern Natural Gas Company has operated two gas-turbine stations through three winter heating seasons. Each of these stations consists of four 5700-hp gas-fired turbine-driven, centrifugal compressors arranged in series. The intent of this paper is to present the fundamental reasons behind the decision to use turbines in this application and to reflect some light on anticipated related operating and maintenance costs. Sufficient operating time has transpired to arrive at some definite conclusions as to operating costs and the reliability of the machines. However, there is insufficient experience to predict future maintenance costs accurately. Included herein are results of the recent major inspection and overhaul of two gas turbines.
The Application of an Analog Computer to the Measurement of Process Dynamics
Authors: Cowley P. E. A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The usual method of obtaining frequency-response measurements is described. The data obtained are reduced by visual inspection, but difficulties arise due to distortion and noise in the process. The range of frequencies over which measurements can be made is limited by noise and distortion and may prove inadequate for studying the stability of the process when controlled. These shortcomings may be overcome by methods of frequency-response measurement in which the data are reduced by means of a computer rather than by visual inspection. Two methods of frequency-response measurement using an analog computer for data reduction are described. Results are given of laboratory measurements on a dummy process and of field measurements on a real process. The advantages of computer reduction of the data are clearly demonstrated. The further advantages to be derived from digital computation rather than analog computation are indicated.
Avon No. 8—A Supercritical-Pressure Plant
Authors: Dauber C. A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the 250,000-kw supercritical-pressure addition to the Avon Plant of The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company. Special features of the third supercritical-pressure unit designed for an American central station include the use of a monotube once-through boiler, combination motor and turbine-driven boiler feed pumps, extruded pipe for main steam leads, condenser by-pass demineralization system, and a high-temperature water-heating system for the plant addition.