bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catholic Martyrs and the Political Crises of the mid-1580s
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The failure of the queen’s preferred method of dealing with the Dutch revolt in Flanders led, eventually, to the English military intervention there and a de facto state of war with Spain. As some contemporary commentators saw it, this fed into the setting up of a new State security apparatus. Influential Catholic exiles, notably William Allen in his pamphlet entitled A True, Sincere, and Modest Defence, in reply to Burghley’s Execution of Justice, claimed that the queen’s government had turned into a tyranny and that it might be necessary to appeal to papal authority to confront that development. Inevitably the regime’s officials started to retaliate against separatist Catholics who, covertly or overtly, made this case. The further strengthening of the law of treason in 1585 coincided with what some scholars have discerned as a republican moment in Elizabethan politics—based upon the so-called bond of association and various schemes for dealing with an interregnum in the event of Elizabeth’s death. This was the backdrop for the prosecutions, of Catholic clergymen and their harbourers and patrons, under the new act against seminary clergy. That measure was highly controversial, and preceded the regime-led strike against Mary Stuart in the context of the Babington conspiracy. Although this did not prevent a new spate of anti-puritanism, it also provoked new and much more overt expressions of Catholic resistance theory, paralleling the same case being made in France against the Valois monarchy by the Holy Catholic League.
Catholic Radicalism and the (Re-)Emergence of Catholic Loyalism
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The regime’s savagery against Catholics in the wake of the Armada campaign made, as far as the issue of recusancy was concerned, the occasional conformist position and rhetoric of Thomas Bell almost impossible. But this did not prevent fractures in the legal structures which were supposed to strike against Catholic separatism. Or, rather, there were those who were able to see an equivalence between separatist Catholicism and aspects of contemporary puritanism. This came out in the parliament of 1593 and the complex passage there of legislation against separatism, and in the fatal proceedings against notorious puritan sectaries. Through the 1590s, even as prominent Catholics were still being put on trial and executed, there were points of contact between the conformist politics associated with Richard Bancroft and the loyalist statements of some Catholics who, if they had ever been implicated in the resistance theorizing of William Allen and Robert Persons, now distanced themselves from it. Contemporaries would have seen these developments in parallel with the failure of the Holy League in France and the ralliement to the monarchy of Henry IV. To some in the regime, however, those Catholics who now moved towards a legitimist position were as much of a threat as those who publicly opposed the rights and prospects of James VI and argued instead for an overtly Catholic successor to Elizabeth. This was something which came out in several of the treason trials of Catholics at this time.
The Coming of Toleration in Late Elizabethan England?
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The stalemate in the fighting in France and Flanders, together with the exhaustion of the military capacity of the French and Spanish monarchies, made some sort of peace a virtual certainty. This would be the context for the accession in England of the Scots king, James VI. He would not, like Henry of Navarre, convert to Rome, but it was likely, some thought, that his rule would see a change in the relationship between Catholics and the (new) regime. There had been a rehabilitation of formerly rebel Catholics in Scotland. This coincided with the so-called Archpriest Dispute in England. This controversy was conducted via manuscripts and printed pamphlets and was technically about an issue of ecclesiastical jurisdiction. But it dealt also with some of the major contested political issues of the moment, including whether the regime was persecuting good (Catholic) Christians. It was a debate conducted in part through the regime’s continuing resort to the law of treason and the resulting dumbshow of the scaffold, which this chapter reviews. These confrontations were, in turn, part of the public politics of the increasingly imminent accession. Towards the end of the 1590s there were, here and there, visible signs that the authorities were not (if they ever had been) united over the way that the law should be enforced against Catholic separatism.
The Protestant Turn Turns Sour
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In later 1612 the Stuart court, still faced with the political implications of the assassination of Henry IV, had made an explicitly Protestant dynastic commitment to European Calvinism in the form of the marriage between Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V, elector palatine. This match was, it seems, regarded badly by some Catholics. This triggered the State’s retaliation against Catholics who might be regarded as non-loyalists and whose prosecution would gloss the turn towards European Calvinism. But what some court Calvinists might have thought was a major turning point for them quickly turned out to be anything but that. Faced with the king’s far from complete commitment to this Protestant turn, and his display of his customary phobia about puritanism, some Calvinists tried to use the law of treason against Catholics to win public battles over the direction of political travel in the future, aware of the threat represented for example by the Essex divorce case, which in turn triggered retaliatory strikes against courtier enemies of puritanism. That struggle was narrated by a number of Catholic commentators, including Luisa de Carvajal. The stream of criticism associated with Catholics fed back into the Stuart court’s efforts to shadow European geopolitics during the rest of the 1610s, looking as it did for a major dynastic alliance with one of the Continent’s major Catholic royal houses. These tensions and collisions were made public by, for example, the prosecution and execution of the cleric Thomas Maxfield in 1616.
Back to the Future
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Fear of popery’ was a major factor in the collapse of royal government in 1640–1, and it was a ubiquitous feature of mid-seventeenth-century politics. From time to time, the treason statutes were deployed against Catholic clergymen again, that is, against those whom some Protestants undoubtedly blamed for the recent catastrophes of royal government. The crown’s failure to respond with the appropriate levels both of brutality towards Catholics and also of Machiavellian cynicism in the face of the king’s critics was a major contributor to the king’s reputation, ironically, for untrustworthiness. At the same time, there was not the widespread use of the treason law that one might have expected from reading the works of William Prynne. The complexities of the politics of the 1640s and 1650s meant that, despite sporadic and targeted prosecutions, the various constituent parts of the Catholic community were able, particularly in the later 1640s, to look for a deal with those who had appropriated the king’s authority. This was a manoeuvre associated with the so-called Blackloists who were, in some respects, the heirs of the appellants of the late sixteenth century. During the 1650s, although there were two high-profile executions of Catholic clergymen, the way in which power was distributed in the new republic made those events as intensely controversial as anything seen since the start of the English Reformation.
The Restoration and the Popish Plot
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Restoration anti-popery is a vast topic and this chapter refers only to the salient aspects of it—in particular, the pamphlet debates of the 1660s and 1670s about whether Catholics had been loyal to the king during the civil wars of the 1640s. This helps to contextualize the outbreak of a very violent implementation of the penal laws in the later 1670s against Catholics, which itself was one of the contexts of the exclusion crisis that lasted until 1681. Whereas the Restoration period had seen something like de facto tolerance for many Catholics, the Popish Plot, or ‘Oates Plot’ as Catholics called it, led to executions of clergymen on a scale not seen since Elizabethan times. Here the shadow of Blackloism was still visible, that is as Catholics were faced with the ambiguities of their past relationship with the State.
Conclusion
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This concluding chapter—‘The Afterlife of the Early Modern English Martyr Tradition’—reviews the question of how far one can ever fully historicize documents relating to what past commentators have described as martyrdom; and what this review of the historical records concerning English Catholic claims—that there was an unrelenting persecution in post-Reformation England—tells us historically about the early modern period as a whole. The author stresses that it is worth pointing out that this volume has only scratched the surface of the subject: there are many different ways and methods of approaching this topic.
Biopolitics and the “Boundless People”
Authors: Brill Sara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter develops a genealogical lens for viewing Aristotle’s thinking about the nature of the human multitude. Its primary claim is that Aristotle’s sense of the sharing of the perception of justice as the common deed that comprises human political life is informed by an Iliadic model, the harnessing of aisthēsis and logos for the pursuit of a common task. As with Aristotle, the root of this model is found in the very conception of living as it is accomplished by a variety of animal kinds. In both cases, living emerges as a collectively pursued enterprise requiring fluid combinations of coalescences and diffusions of force and capacity. The model of political power that emerges from the animal imagery for human collective action employed throughout the Iliad illuminates the conception of zōē that undergirds Aristotle’s understanding of the formation of people and complicates our assessment of the “biopolitical” character of Aristotle’s thought.
Agamben’s Aristotelian Biopolitics
Authors: Cimino Antonio 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to contribute to the reassessment of Giorgio Agamben’s account of biopolitics by discussing some conceptual and methodological problems arising from his use of Aristotelian texts, notably his analysis of the difference between “natural life,” “politically qualified life,” and “bare life.” The chapter begins by presenting the essentials of Agamben’s conception of biopolitics and explaining how he conceptualizes the basic characteristics of the relationship between life and the political. The ensuing reassessment moves in three directions. First, the chapter examines the notion of exception, which Agamben takes from Carl Schmitt and repurposes to develop his notion of biopolitics. Second, the chapter shows the extent to which Agamben’s conception is exposed to a number of objections. Third, the chapter focuses on the question of whether Agamben’s account of biopolitics enables us to capture the nature of power in a consistent and clear way.
Grounding the Subject
Authors: Bowie Andrew 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Examines contrasting ways in which modern notions of the subject emerge in Montaigne, Descartes, and Hume, and enable concern with the aesthetic dimensions of philosophy to develop. A new focus on the self is linked to differing conceptions of sceptical doubt, because the relationship between I and world is put in question by political, sociocultural and economic changes. Rather than, as Descartes does, seeking to establish a firm foundation for knowledge, Montaigne uses the shifting form of his writing to warn against claims to certainty. The division between Descartes’s epistemological response to doubt and Montaigne’s aesthetically constructed and religiously oriented response is a manifestation of philosophical divisions that recur in modernity. The complexity of responses to the subject–object relationship is illustrated by Hume’s reflections on ‘taste’ and the durability of art in contrast to philosophy.
The Aesthetic Demand
Authors: Bowie Andrew 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Considers how art comes to be seen as a superior form of philosophy at the end of the eighteenth century. German Idealist and early Romantic philosophy wants to overcome the split between mind and nature that is seen as opened up by Kant. In the early Romantics, the ‘absolute’ that would comprehend the relationship of mind and world is not accessible to conceptual thinking, and this leads in the direction of art. In Hegel, art is inferior to philosophy, because it depends on particularity. For the early Romantics, works of art cannot be definitively interpreted: their genesis of new sense is more important than the idea of any final philosophical truth. Hegel argues that truth is generated by refutation of existing truths, and this is the highest philosophical insight, but he fails to account for the continuing historical role of art in making new sense.
The Dialectic of Modern Art
Authors: Bowie Andrew 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Adorno gives a decisive role to political economy in understanding why art matters as a response to historical disasters like Auschwitz. He uses the notion of ‘non-identity’ to understand how art articulates the particularity that other cultural forms, including philosophy, can obscure. Art depends on ‘mimesis’, rather than on conceptuality, and can connect us to nature in non-repressive ways. Adorno sees the impulse to domination of the objective world as the core of modern subjectivity. By seriously engaging with art, the subject can question its distorted relationships to the world. These may lead to the point where art enacts a refusal to make sense, in order not to conspire with what leads to disaster. Adorno’s interpretations of aesthetic modernism tend to underestimate the value of participation in art as a means of extending communicative possibilities.
Conclusion
Authors: Bowie Andrew 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Academic philosophy often underplays the philosophical significance of art. Its focus on argument can lead to a failure to see how philosophy often has to do with the aesthetic dimensions. Dewey stresses how ‘commerce with the world’ involves self and world in ways which make no sense if one assumes a sceptical division between the two. Seeing art as a kind of philosophy, and philosophy as a kind of art, can illuminate unresolved tensions between the different cultural domains of the modern world. Habermas talks of taking ‘domains of experience seriously that first have to be disclosed performatively through participation in a practice’. The real world contribution of this reorientation of the focus of philosophy lies in its highlighting alternative ways of making sense that can be repressed by technocratic imperatives.
Logic, Logical Norms, and (Normative) Grounding
Authors: Mulligan Kevin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWhile Bolzano’s writings were largely ignored by the philosophical community of his time, they later aroused the attention of Franz Brentano and his students, in particular that of Edmund Husserl. This paper examines a range of Husserl’s views on grounding and their relation to Bolzano’s views. A particular emphasis is laid on Husserl’s conception of logic: is logic a normative or a theoretical discipline? Relatedly: what is the connection between logical norms and logical truths? Husserl argues that logic is a theoretical discipline and that logical truths ground logical norms. In order to understand and evaluate this view, it is compared with Bolzano’s account of the grounds of moral truths.
Grounding, Simplicity, and Repetition
Authors: Textor Mark 
Published: March 2022

AbstractFor Bolzano, grounding and propositional complexity are connected: simpler and more general truths are supposed to ground more complex and specific truths. How does one measure the complexity of a truth? Bolzano’s answer is: a truth is a whole with parts (‘objective ideas’) and we measure its complexity by counting its parts. But how do we count parts of propositions? Does the proposition that it is not the case that it is not the case that Socrates is wise have five parts or six parts? Plausible assumptions about grounding require that an idea can occur several times in a proposition (‘six’ is the right answer). The repetition problem is the question how one objective can be contained several times in one proposition given that objective ideas are non-spatial and atemporal. The paper argues that this problem can be answered if we take the notion of a position in a proposition seriously.
Norwegian Lawyers and Political Mobilization 1623–2015
Authors: Langford Malcolm 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that Norwegian lawyers have been a regular though not constant feature in the arc of political liberalism. It reviews though that Norwegian lawyers mobilized mostly in smaller groups or wings and almost always found themselves on both sides of the barricades. Lawyers did made major contributions to political liberalism in the nineteeenth century, but primarily as members of the political complex, and it is only in the late twentieth century that distinct legal complexes emerge. The chapter draws on and applies a legal complex theory, developed by the author in chapter 9, that is constructed along two axes that foreground the individual agency and motivations of lawyers and their relative opportunity structures. It focuses on four broad historical periods: mercantilism and monarchism from 1622 to 1814, liberal nationalism from 1814 to 1884, social liberalism and welfarism from 1885 to 1980, and globalization and legalization from 1977 to 2015.
SDG 1 – On the Origins of the Idea of Ending Poverty
Authors: Ravallion Martin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The late eighteenth century saw the intellectual germ of the idea of “ending poverty,” but the idea did not get far in economics or policy making until much more recently. Over the nineteenth century, poverty rates fell substantially in Western Europe and North America, and we started to see mainstream advocates of ending chronic poverty, and policies for doing so. There was an explosion of interest in the idea from around 1960, with policy responses in many countries, including America. In the post-Colonial period, the newly independent states were keen to see an end to poverty. From the 1990s, development agencies began to identify this as their overarching objective. The UN’s first Millennium Development Goal (MDG1) of halving the 1990 poverty rate by 2015 was achieved ahead of time. The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals came to include ending extreme poverty by 2030. This is more ambitious than MDG1, and more politically challenging. Economic growth in poor countries is likely to remain important, but the policy emphasis has shifted to redistributive interventions, though these will require a deeper reach to the poorest if we are to see the end of poverty, judged by any chosen poverty line.
SDG 6 – Changing International Policies on Safe Water and Sanitation after the Second World War
Authors: Juuti Petri S. , Juuti Riikka P. , Hukka Jarmo J. , Katko Tapio S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
History shows how water is a key driving force in development and communities. Sustainable Development Goal 6, “Clean Water and Sanitation,” shows the priority of water services while water also connects many other development sectors. The chapter analyzes international water collaboration after the Second World War, professional associations, the role of the UN, wider views on water management, and long-term policy trends. In spite of the increased global efforts there are still 2.1 billion people without safely managed water services, 4.5 billion people lack safely managed sanitation, and almost one billion have to practice open defecation. Since earlier policies on free water and water services privatization both failed, we need more realistic reforms and overall capacity building. In developing economies access to water services is a major challenge, whereas in developed societies more efforts are needed for upgrading the ageing infrastructure. Reaching many of the SDGs, not only SDG 6, requires additional efforts and reorientation in water services education and research.
SDG 12 – Sustainability and the World of Goods since the Industrial Revolution
Authors: Bose Aniruddha , Möckel Benjamin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines concepts of responsible consumption and production within the context of Sustainable Development Goal 12. We start with an analysis of how ideas of sustainability emerged in the eighteenth century in Europe within the context of industrialization and the emergence of modern consumer societies. We then broaden our perspective and look at different concepts of sustainable consumption and production in India, Europe, and the United States. We highlight how these concepts referred both to a fundamental critique of modern capitalism and consumerism and to ideas of reforming capitalism and rendering it more efficient and just. In the last sections, we show how after 1945 concepts of “green consumerism” and “corporate social responsibly” picked up these ideas without putting the basic principles of modern capitalism and mass consumerism into question. Our focus is on the intellectual history of sustainability, but we embed our analysis within the social and political history of consumption and production since the 1800s.
SDG 14 – Exploiting and Managing the Alien and Unseen World below Water
Authors: Holm Poul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The marine realm has played a pivotal role in human development but remains a largely unknown world full of surprises to science and societies. This chapter reviews human impacts by moving from the surface to the deep sea and from the Paleolithic to the Modern. As much of life below water is not visible to us, humans have responded to problems only when they surfaced. It is argued that as top predators, humans rarely have had the perfect knowledge to conserve an ecosystem, much less so an ecosystem below water. Legacies of past exploitation and contamination pose challenges to future ocean management.