bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low disease awareness as a contributing factor to the high prevalence of hepatitis C infection in Tzukuan, a hyperendemic area of southern Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Pei‐Chien , Dai Chia‐Yen , Huang Ching‐I , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Huang Chung‐Feng , Hsieh Meng‐Hsuan , Yang Jeng‐Fu , Hsu Po‐Yao , Liang Po‐Cheng , Lin Yi‐Hung , Jang Tyng‐Yuan , Hsieh Ming‐Yen , Lin Zu‐Yau , Chen Shinn‐Chern , Huang Jee‐Fu , Yu Ming‐Lung , Chuang Wan‐Long , Chang Wen‐Yu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the barriers and tackling the hurdles of hepatitis C virus (HCV) care cascades is key to HCV elimination. The current study aimed to investigate the rates of disease awareness, link‐to‐care, and treatment uptake of HCV in a hyperendemic area in Taiwan. Tzukuan residents from 2000 to 2018 were invited to participate in the questionnaire‐based interviews for HCV. The rates of disease awareness, accessibility, and anti‐HCV therapy were evaluated in anti‐HCV‐seropositive participants. Among 10,348 residents, 1789 (17.3%) were anti‐HCV seropositive. Of these 1789 anti‐HCV‐seropositive participants, data of 594 participants from questionnaire‐based interviews in 2005–2018 were analyzed for HCV care cascades. Overall, 24.9% of anti‐HCV‐seropositive HCV participants had disease awareness, 53.9% of aware participants had accessibility, and 79.8% of assessed participants had received HCV treatment, with a community effectiveness of 10.7%. HCV prevalence decreased over time, from 21.2% in the early cohort to 9.3% in the recent cohort. Disease awareness increased over time, from 15.6% to 41.7%, with the community effectiveness increasing from 1.3% to 28.8%. Lower education levels and normal liver biochemistry were associated with a lower rate of disease awareness. Notably, 68% of participants with abnormal liver biochemistry and 69% of those with advanced fibrosis (FIB‐4 > 3.25) were unaware of their HCV disease. We demonstrated huge gaps in disease awareness, link‐to‐care, and treatment uptake in the HCV care cascade in an HCV‐hyperendemic area, even in the initial era of direct‐acting antiviral agents. There is an urgent need to overcome these hurdles to achieve HCV elimination.
Interactions between the soil bacterial community assembly and gene regulation in salt‐sensitive and salt‐tolerant sweet sorghum cultivars
Authors: Wu Fenghui , Yang Jie , Zheng Hongxiang , Zhang Fangning , Li Simin , Chen Zengting , Sui Na 
Published: April 2022

AbstractComplex bacterial communities in the rhizosphere play a crucial role in plant growth and stress tolerance. These communities vary across cultivars and external environments. However, the influences of salt stress on the structural composition of bacterial microbiome and gene expression of salt‐sensitive and salt‐tolerant sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) cultivars have not been studied sufficiently. Here, we employed a combination of 16S rRNA gene profiling and RNA‐seq analysis to characterize changes in root‐associated microbiomes and determine differentially expressed genes (DEG) in the roots of salt‐tolerant M‐81E and salt‐sensitive 'Roma' var. sweet sorghum cultivars under soil conditions with/without salinity. Results revealed that the two contrasting sweet sorghum genotypes selectively filtered and recruited distinct root microbiota in response to salt stress. M‐81E‐enriched bacterial taxa were more diverse and exhibited a higher abundance of metabolic functions than Roma‐enriched taxa. M‐81E‐associated bacterial co‐occurrence networks were more complex and harboured more positive links than Roma‐associated bacterial networks. Furthermore, nine DEG were identified as core salt‐responsive genes and were central to the salt tolerance of sweet sorghum. Correlation analysis revealed that the expression of HSP70, a molecular chaperone, is linked to the recruitment of numerous M‐81E‐enriched bacteria; their relationship needs further exploration. The study supplements the comprehension of the potential role of host–microbe interactions in the response of sweet sorghum to salt stress.
Impact of planting Lycium barbarum L. on the carbon–land–water nexus of a Haloxylon ammodendron nature reserve in the Qaidam basin, China
Authors: Yang Yunshun , Zong Ying , Qin Rongzhu , Wei Huihui , Ma Yushou , Zhang Feng 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDesert ecosystems are an important component of terrestrial ecosystems and land use change directly affects their composition and function. However, there have been few studies on how land use change impacts the carbon–land–water nexus in desert ecosystems. We studied the effects of replacing sacsaoul (Haloxylon ammodendron), a typical natural vegetation in the Qaidam basin, China, with artificially planted goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) using the denitrification‐decomposition (DNDC) model. Our results showed that DNDC model coefficient of determination () and Nash‐Sutcliffe modelling efficiency (NSE) both reached 0.92 for sacsaoul and goji berry, and the root mean square error (RMSE) of the simulation was 495 kg ha−1 and 116 kg ha−1 for sacsaoul and goji berry, respectively. The land use change from sacsaoul to goji berry induced a significant increase in global warming potential (GWP) and the water footprint, but decreased the water user efficiency (WUE). The WUE decreased by 1.2, 2.9, and 3.5 kg m−3 for the core zone, buffer zone, and experimental zone when the land cover changed from sacsaoul to goji berry, respectively. Meanwhile, the total water footprint and the GWP increased 2214 m3 t−1 and 4744 CO2 eq. ha−1, 2295 m3 t−1 and 5297 CO2 eq. ha−1, and 2316 m3 t−1 and 5224 CO2 eq. ha−1 for the core zone, buffer zone, and experimental zone, respectively. In conclusion, we suggest that the maintenance of natural vegetation (sacsaoul) in desert ecosystems may be the optimal choice to cope with climate change and mitigate land desertification.
Comparing Microwave and Classical Synthesis of Oxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers
Authors: Endres Patrick , Zechel Stefan , Winter Andreas , Hager Martin D. , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPolyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OMEn) are considered as substituents or additives for fossil diesel fuel. Efficiency of the synthesis is crucial for the development of industrial scale production plants. Therefore, the design of suitable catalysts and the efficient heating play important roles in OME fuel synthesis. In this work, microwave‐assisted synthesis (MAS) is carried out and compared to a classical approach using standard thermal heating. Different polymeric materials, e.g., Amerlyst15, are utilized as catalysts, and screened for the catalytic synthesis of OME. Within this approach, the kinetics of the reaction are analyzed in detail.
Modeling Low‐Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Production in Tubular Reactors: Connecting Polymerization Conditions with Polymer Microstructure and Rheological Behavior
Authors: Dietrich Maira L. , Sarmoria Claudia , Brandolin Adriana , Asteasuain Mariano 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe production of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) in high‐pressure tubular reactors is widely studied due to its extensive use worldwide. Reaction conditions have a crucial impact on the polymer molecular architecture, which, in turn, influences the rheological behavior of the polymer in the molten state, a very important variable during subsequent processing. Up to now, the relationships between reactor polymerization conditions, polymer microstructure, and final rheological properties are not completely established, although they could be a very useful tool for rapid process control and optimization. This work presents an integrated model of the high‐pressure polymerization of ethylene in tubular reactors, consisting of the combination of a deterministic model of the tubular reactor that calculates molecular properties of the polymer and an empirical rheological model for branched molecules. The integrated model predicts conversion, temperature, and average molecular properties, as well as the bivariate molecular weight‐long chain branching distribution, the branching index, and the shear viscosity flow curve for LDPE under different operating conditions. Results compare well with experimental data of an actual industrial reactor. Additionally, the effect of polymerization conditions on molecular and rheological properties is analyzed.
Trendbericht Physikalische Chemie 2022: In‐situ‐Spektroskopie und Katalyse
Authors: Geitner Robert 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDie Aufklärung von Reaktionsmechanismen ist in der Katalyse wichtig, um die geschwindigkeitsbegrenzende Schritte zu verstehen und zu beschleunigen. Mit maschinellem Lernen lassen dann sich auf Basis der Mechanismen neue Katalysatoren entwickeln. Photochemische Umsetzungen in weichen Membranen folgen einer anderen Kinetik als Reaktionen in Lösung. Mikroschwimmer, Mikromotoren oder Phototaxis zählen zu aktiver Materie. Sie wandeln kontinuierlich Energie aus ihrer Umgebung um und bewegen sich autonom.
Trendbericht Physikalische Chemie 2022: Aktive Materie und Licht
Authors: Simmchen Juliane 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDie Aufklärung von Reaktionsmechanismen ist in der Katalyse wichtig, um die geschwindigkeitsbegrenzende Schritte zu verstehen und zu beschleunigen. Mit maschinellem Lernen lassen dann sich auf Basis der Mechanismen neue Katalysatoren entwickeln. Photochemische Umsetzungen in weichen Membranen folgen einer anderen Kinetik als Reaktionen in Lösung. Mikroschwimmer, Mikromotoren oder Phototaxis zählen zu aktiver Materie. Sie wandeln kontinuierlich Energie aus ihrer Umgebung um und bewegen sich autonom.
„… edlern Nutzen hat als alle andere Metall, Stein oder dergleichen“ ‐‐ die Geschichte des Laborglases
Authors: Gros Leo , Friedrich Rainer 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIm 17. Jahrhundert gelang es dem Alchemisten und Glasmacher Johannes Kunckel, Glas systematisch zu verbessern. Allerdings war es von da an noch ein weiter Weg, bis Wissenschaftler und Handwerker das Material mit definierten optischen Eigenschaften herstellen konnten und es sich auch für Laborgeräte eignete. Dabei beginnt die Geschichte des Glases schon in der Steinzeit.
Merck: Forschung, Pharma und Halbleiter
Authors: Bulmahn Maren 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIm Lauf des Jahres 2021 hat der Darmstädter Konzern Merck seine Geschäftsprognose drei Mal angehoben. Der Umsatz ist insgesamt auf 19,7 Milliarden Euro gestiegen.
Blasen, biegen, verbinden
Authors: Leusmann Eliza 
Published: April 2022

AbstractKein Labor ohne Glasgeräte und keine Universität ohne Glasbläser. In den meisten Köpfen ist das ein reiner Männerberuf. Diesen üben inzwischen aber auch immer mehr Frauen aus – an der Universität Gießen etwa Anja Beneckenstein.
"Eine wunderbare Spielwiese" – als Chemiker bei einem Spezialglashersteller
Authors: Zbikowski Frauke 
Published: April 2022

AbstractChemiker:innen nutzen Glas nicht nur im Labor als Rundkolben oder Messzylinder. Sie entwickeln auch den Werkstoff Glas. So wie Sebastian Leukel, der bei Schott in Mainz arbeitet.
Das Ende des Regenbogens – experimentieren mit Ozon
Authors: Czubatinski Lars , Hornung Gabriele , Clausius Christoph , Weisenburger Fabienne 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOzongeneratoren sind heute preiswert und produzieren so viel Ozon, dass sie sich in der Schule für Experimente zur Farbstoffchemie eignen. Zwei Beispiele aus dem Alltag, die sich für solche Versuche anbieten, sind Lebensmittelfarben und blauer Jeansstoff.
Intelligent stiffness computation for plate and beam structures by neural network enhanced finite element analysis
Authors: Balkrishna Tandale Saurabh , Markert Bernd , Stoffel Marcus 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn the present study, new methods are proposed to replace the constitutive law and the entire tangent stiffness matrix in finite element analysis by artificial neural networks (ANNs). By combining the FEM with ANN, so‐called intelligent elements are developed. First, as an extension to recent trends in model‐based material law replacement, we introduce an additional loss term corresponding to the material stiffness. This training procedure is referred to as Sobolev training and ensures that the ANN learns both the function approximating the stress behavior and its first derivative (material stiffness). In a following step, we introduce three methods to replace the entire local stiffness matrix of an element by approximating its generalized force‐displacement relations. These methods also adopt ANNs with Sobolev training procedure to predict the mentioned quantities. Since neural networks (NN) are universal function approximators, they are used to extract the stiffness information for elements undergoing plastic deformation. The focus of this work is to establish a neural network‐based FEM framework (independent of NN topology) to introduce an enhanced‐material law and in a consequent step also approximate stiffness information of truss, beam, and plate elements taking physical non‐linear behavior into account.
Pharmacokinetics of bleomycin sclerotherapy in patients with vascular malformations
Authors: Mack Joana M. , Peterson Eric C. , Crary Shelley E. , Moran Jeffery H. , Neville Kathleen , Pierce C. D'ann , Richter Gresham T. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBleomycin, a chemotherapy agent that inhibits synthesis of DNA, has been increasingly utilized in sclerotherapy for patients with vascular malformations. A serious long‐term risk of intravenous bleomycin is dose‐dependent interstitial pneumonitis. Little is known about absorption and circulating levels of bleomycin when used in sclerotherapy for patients with vascular malformations. This is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)‐approved prospective study on patients receiving bleomycin sclerotherapy in the management of vascular malformations. Depending on the type of vascular malformation, bleomycin was administered either in the lumen or interstitial space of the involved lesion. A bleomycin assay measured serum bleomycin plasma concentrations versus time at seven intervals following treatment. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained for each participant and included peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach peak plasma concentration (Tmax), volume of distribution (Vd), elimination half‐life (t1/2), the volume of plasma cleared of the drug per unit time (CL), and total systemic exposure area under the curve (AUC). Fifteen patients were enrolled (5: lymphatic, 4: venous, 6: arteriovenous malformations). Bleomycin was administered interstitially (IS) in 11 patients and intraluminal (IL) in four; median age of 13 years (range: 2–67). Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed terminal elimination half‐life (t1/2λz) of 88.51 (±23.09) and 111.61 (±37.75) minutes for the IS and IL groups, respectively. Vd was 4.86 L (±6.74) and 1.55 L (±0.54) for the IS and IL groups, respectively. AUC was 53.9 (±23.45) and 129.17 (±93.57) mg min/L for the IS and IL groups, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in t1/2λz, Vd, or AUC parameters between groups. Bleomycin is absorbed systemically when used as a sclerosant for vascular malformations when injected either IS or IL.
Local control of parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma: An expert consensus guideline from the International Soft Tissue Sarcoma Consortium (INSTRuCT)
Authors: Casey Dana L. , Mandeville Henry , Bradley Julie A. , Ter Horst Simone A. J. , Sheyn Anthony , Timmermann Beate , Wolden Suzanne L. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe International Soft Tissue Sarcoma Database Consortium (INSTRuCT) consists of a collaboration between the Children's Oncology Group (COG) Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee, the European pediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study Group (EpSSG), and the Cooperative Weichteilsarkom Studiengruppe (CWS). As part of the larger initiative of INSTRuCT to provide consensus expert opinions for clinical treatment of pediatric soft tissue sarcoma, we sought to provide updated, evidenced‐based consensus guidelines for local treatment of parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma using both existing literature as well as recommendations from the relevant cooperative group clinical trials. Overall, parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma represents a distinctly challenging disease to treat, given its location near many critical structures in the head and neck, frequently advanced local presentation, and predilection for local failure. Definitive chemoradiation remains the standard treatment approach for parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma, with surgery often limited to biopsy or salvage therapy for recurrent disease. In this consensus paper, we specifically discuss consensus guidelines and evidence for definitive local management with radiotherapy, with a focus on imaging for radiotherapy planning, dose and timing of radiation, approach for nodal irradiation, various radiation techniques, including proton therapy, and the limited role of surgical resection.
Novel magnetic carboxymethylcellulose/chitosan bio‐nanocomposites for smart co‐delivery of sunitinib malate anticancer compound and saffron extract
Authors: Alinavaz Samira , Jabbari Parinaz , Mahdavinia GholamReza , Jafari Hessam , Sharifi Sina , Lighvan Zohreh Mehri , Akbari Ali 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPharmacological risk and economic inefficiency are some of the main shortcomings of the rapid release of drugs from nanocarriers. In the present study, relatively green, magnetic, smart dual‐carrier vehicles based on pH‐sensitive biopolymers, namely carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)/chitosan (CTS), have been developed to enable simultaneously controlled loading or releasing of sunitinib malate (STM) (anticancer) and saffron (SAF) bioactive compounds. Magnetic CMC (mCMC) was prepared by co‐precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions and complexation process via simple electrostatic interactions between mCMC and CTS. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used for characterization. The concentration of mCMC was found to be an important factor affecting the bio‐nanocomposite performances. In vitro release study demonstrated higher release profiles at pH = 4.5 compared to pH = 7.4. Moreover, our data showed that the release percentage of bio‐nanocomposites with a low concentration of mCMC was higher than that of bio‐nanocomposites with a higher mCMC concentration. The kinetic release data were fitted using Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas models. STM‐ and SAF‐loaded mCMC/CTS demonstrated cytotoxic and antibacterial properties against MCF‐7 breast cancer cells and S. aureus bacteria, indicated by MTT assay and disk diffusion method, respectively. © 2022 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Interfacial deformation of confined photocurable fluid for fabrication of shape‐imprinted microspheres
Authors: Ganguly Reya , Choi Chang‐Hyung , Lee Chang‐Soo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study presents a simple route to fabricate shape imprinted microspheres and their application toward multiplex immunoassay. Specifically, a photocurable fluid (polyethylene glycol diacrylate, [PEGDA]) confined in a micromold results in drop formation due to mold swelling and capillarity upon addition of immiscible wetting fluid; during this formation, part of the photocurable fluid is entrapped at the swollen open end, thereby producing polymeric microspheres with controlled imprinted shapes on their surface upon photopolymerization. This approach is able to produce highly uniform microspheres with different imprinted shapes depending on mold geometry in a consistent manner; their size can also be tuned by varying mold dimensions. Furthermore, we impart amine‐reactive functional groups to the microsphere, which allows them to be functionalized efficiently. Lastly, we conjugate different capture antibodies on microspheres with different imprinted shapes, and these microspheres were demonstrated to be shape‐encoded suspension arrays for multiplex immunoassays. This technique provides high selectivity and a simple decoding method for biosensing applications.
Chemical recycling to monomers: Industrial Bisphenol‐A‐Polycarbonates to novel aliphatic polycarbonate materials
Authors: Liu Ye , Lu Xiao‐Bing 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe extensive use of commodity polymer materials has led to the depletion of natural resources and caused the undesirable problem of plastic pollution. In this context, the design of novel polymeric structures with unique recyclability characteristics from renewable resources and the recycling of real‐life plastic wastes are critical to address the problems associated with the increasing demand for plastics. Chemical degradation of wastes through polymerization–depolymerization followed by re‐polymerization has already emerged as a long‐term strategy toward the attainment of completely sustainable cycles. Bisphenol‐A‐polycarbonates (BPA–PC) exhibit high thermal resistance, excellent mechanical properties, and high optical transparency, which make them suitable materials for commodity and engineering plastics. This review presents our vision for realizing a circular polymer economy for polycarbonate materials—from the chemical recycling of widely used BPA–PCs to the novel aliphatic polycarbonates from renewable resources.
Ultra‐highTgand ultra‐low coefficient of thermal expansion polyimide films based on hydrogen bond interaction
Authors: Jiao Long , Zhang Yanna , Du Zhijun , Dai Xuemin , Wang Hanfu , Dong Zhixin , Yao Haibo , Qiu Xuepeng 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTo tolerate high processing temperature during the fabrication of low‐temperature polycrystalline silicon thin‐film transistors (LTPS–TFT) in flexible OLED devices, the polyimide (PI) films, which are used as substrate, should have ultra‐high glass transition temperature (Tg > 450°C) and ultra‐low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE at 0–5 ppm K−1). In this paper, two novel heterocyclic monomers, namely, N,N'‐(xanthone‐2,7‐diyl)bis(4‐aminobenzamide) (p‐DAXBA) and N,N'‐(xanthone‐2,7‐diyl)bis(3‐aminobenzamide) (m‐DAXBA), which contain a xanthone moiety, are prepared and polycondensed with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), respectively. PI films (PIa and PIb) with intrinsic highTgand low CTE are designed from the perspective of rigid conjugate xanthone structure and hydrogen bonding interaction. It is found that the PIa films prepared byp‐DAXBA have better linear structure of molecular chains and show relatively higherTgand lower CTE. TheTgof PIa‐40 is greater than 450°C, and CTE can reach as low as 2.7 ppm K−1, tensile strength of 179 MPa, modulus of 5.67 GPa, indicating potential application prospect as a flexible OLED substrate.
Fluoride‐Ortho Ester Dimer‐Based pH‐Sensitive Nanoparticles for Oxygen Delivery and Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Hou Zhongkai , Li Junnan , Du Jianyong , Cheng Xu , Wang Xin , Tang Rupei 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHypoxia is one of the major factors that affect the efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, the strategy of using nano‐oxygen carriers to reverse tumor hypoxia still has some drawbacks, which limit its clinical application and translation. Herein, it is reported a method for preparing pH‐sensitive nano‐oxygen carrier for reversing tumor hypoxia and enhancing the efficiency of PDT. Briefly, perfluorocarbons (PFC) with different chain‐lengths (7F or 15F) are linked by acid‐labile ortho ester bonds, then further self‐assembled with Chlorin e6 to form two pH‐sensitive nanodrugs. In vitro tests demonstrate that these nanodrugs possessed good physicochemical properties, including high stability, anti‐adsorption capability, and high oxygen‐loading capacity (24.5 mg L−1). In vivo studies reveal that this system can remarkably alleviate tumor hypoxia and inhibit tumor growth, and 15F@OE dimer particles display the highest antitumor efficiency (84.2%). Overall, this study presents a simple and efficient strategy to deliver oxygen and drugs to tumor tissue, thereby overcoming the limitation of hypoxia‐mediated PDT in cancer treatment.