bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Music and Language Comparisons with nPVI
Authors: VanHandel Leigh 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the analysis of rhythmic variability through computational methods, specifically the normalized pairwise variability index (nPVI). This metric was first proposed by Grabe and Low in 2002 as a metric for analyzing variability in speech, and Patel and Daniele, in 2003, applied it to the variability of melodies in their comparison of the rhythmic elements of melody and speech. This chapter covers the applications of the nPVI metric, some expansions and criticisms of it, and suggests possible ways forward as scholars continue to analyze rhythmic complexity through computational and corpus-based methods.
Immigration and Race
Authors: Chacón Jennifer M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses how the regulation of immigration and citizenship in the United States is inextricably intertwined with the history of race and racism in the United States. It surveys US history in four periods: the founding era through the Civil War, the post-Civil War era through the death of Reconstruction, the Progressive era through the passage of the federal civil rights laws of the 1960s, and the 1960s through the present. Though the legal line separating desirable from undesirable—and therefore admissible from inadmissible—immigrants has shifted over time, anti-Black racism has structured the drawing of that line across different historical periods. As a result, immigration law has not just reflected racial bias. Rather, these laws, in conjunction with citizenship laws, have also defined racial categories in the United States and delimited the racial boundaries of the nation. Understood in that way, immigration has not simply reflected prevailing forms of racial bias; rather, it has effectively legalized US racism in ways that both produced and sustained racial hierarchies. This legalized racism has not disappeared. It persists today—in color-blind form—impervious to the civil rights revolution of the mid-1960s.
Rethinking Implicit Bias
Authors: Kahn Jonathan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes implicit bias and the limits to science as a tool of racial justice. Over the past 20 years, the frame of implicit bias has emerged within legal scholarship and practice to challenge the Supreme Court’s “intentional blindness” largely on its own terms. This approach takes on the concept of intent and tries to reconfigure it in a manner more conducive to serving the interests of racial justice. Specifically, it invokes recent findings in the psychology and neuroscience of implicit social cognition (ISC) to argue that while explicit intent or bias may be increasingly difficult to identify, implicit intent or bias remains pervasive and deeply salient in society, to an extent that both supports findings of discrimination and justifies taking affirmative action to redress resulting racial inequities. Many of those adopting this approach refer to themselves as “behavioral realists.” However, a primary focus on implicit bias tends to obscure the distinctive historical place of racism in the United States that makes it different from other biases.
Race and the Criminal Law Curriculum
Authors: Lee Cynthia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter briefly sketches a few places in the substantive criminal law curriculum where law professors can include discussion of race to enrich students’ understanding of the law. These include racially based jury nullification, the void-for-vagueness doctrine, hate crimes and the actus reus requirement, voluntary manslaughter and the defense of provocation, involuntary manslaughter, rape, the doctrine of self-defense, the “Black rage” defense, and the “cultural defense.” The chapter also discusses the Guerilla Guides to Law Teaching project, which suggests that criminal law professors introduce the concept of abolition of the carceral state as a framework through which students can “question the core assumptions about the relationship between incarceration, retribution, and utilitarianism, and take seriously the scale of human devastation wrought by incarceration.” While it is critically important to acknowledge the role of race in the criminal justice system and highlight the various ways racial bias can influence the outcomes in criminal cases, it is not necessary to include discussions of race in all of the different ways listed in this chapter. It is important to start by teaching in a traditional fashion and establishing one’s authority in the classroom before incorporating discussions about race into the classroom.
Intentionally Incorporating Race into the First-Year Legal Research and Writing Curriculum
Authors: Crichton Sha-Shana 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of whether law schools should intentionally incorporate race in the first-year legal writing and research (LWR) course. First, intentionally incorporating race into the first-year LWR course is essential to preparing all law students to become competent lawyers who can effectively participate in the national and global marketplace and address the legal needs of an increasingly diverse population. Second, addressing race in the first-year LWR course contributes to a more democratic society by building student awareness early in their legal careers to the importance of providing access to justice for all persons. Additionally, exposing students to the impact of race and racial biases on legal outcomes sensitizes them to the dire consequences of inadequate or no legal representation and is likely to propel them to advocate for relevant legal and social reforms. Third, intentionally incorporating race into the first-year LWR course creates a learning environment that facilitates successful learning for all law students. This is particularly critical for law students of color whose ability to learn successfully may be compromised because of an increased risk for chronic stress caused by race-based discrimination inside and outside law school.
Race and Tort Law
Authors: Chamallas Martha 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the shape of contemporary tort law—from the types of claims recognized, to application of basic torts concepts, to judgments about causation, to valuation of injuries—has been affected by the social and personal identities of the parties and cultural views on race and ethnicity. The significance of race is not confined to a particular doctrinal area but crops up in intentional tort, negligence, and strict liability cases, and it spills over into debates about the proper measure of damages. The chapter begins by looking at the legacy of slavery and segregation as it relates to tort law and considers some of the major themes of critical race theory that have been used to critique this area of private law. It then provides an overview of the contemporary “race and torts” legal landscape. Borrowing frames from critical race and interdisciplinary scholarship, the chapter organizes key cases, issues, and debates into four somewhat overlapping categories: racial discrimination, harassment, and insult; stereotyping and racialized contexts; racial devaluation; and racially disparate effects.
Moscow Conceptualism
Authors: Leiderman Daniil , Lipovetsky Mark 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The circle of artists, poets, and theorists that became known as Moscow Conceptualists united several aesthetic trends originating in the underground of the 1960s. Its main practitioners and theorists—such as Eric Bulatov, Boris Groys, Ilya Kabakov, Vitaly Komar and Alexander Melamid, Andrei Monastyrsky, Viktor Pivovarov, Dmitry Prigov, and Lev Rubinshtein—had different artistic backgrounds and met when their individual manners had been already shaped. However, the distinction of this group from other nonconformist circles concerns not only their art, but also their lifestyle (“conformist” rather than “bohemian”) and, most importantly, their shared quasi-theoretical language of self-description. Thanks to this language, informal, friendly relations produced a whole set of cultural institutions—from domestic seminars, readings and shows, and trips out of town, which become performance art for the “Collective Actions” group, to an international journal representing the groups’ work to a broader audience. Using one of central categories in Conceptualists’ vocabulary—mertsanie, or shimmering—the chapter shows how this principle of critique and deconstruction of ideological or authoritative discourses defined their approaches to the legacy of the avant-garde, shaped their work with Soviet discourses and led to the creation of Sots Art, produced new conceptualizations of the author as a character, and, eventually, defined the uniquely recognizable aesthetics of Moscow Conceptualism. The chapter analyzes Conceptualists’ visual art along with their literary texts and performances.
Neo-primitivist Art and Lifestyle
Authors: Mihailovic Alexandar 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDuring the late Soviet period, members of the Leningrad artistic underground often engaged in playfully confrontational modes of interaction with one another. What has been left out of accounts of the unruly lived theatre of Soviet non-conformist art from 1984 to 1987 is the evolving lifeworld of the mitki in their relation to other groups such as Timur Novikov’s “New Artists,” who were renamed as the “New Academy” after the January 1987 TEII exhibition. In this chapter, we will examine the interaction between the mitki and the New Artists at that exhibition, over the “disappearance” of Timur Novikov’s and Ivan Sotnikov’s “Zero Object.” We will consider the ways in which the mitki’s theatricalized “partnership” with Novikov’s group complemented their own attempts to reinvigorate themselves as practitioners of neo-primitivist art, which had become somewhat overshadowed by the comical representation of their sociality in Vladimir Shinkarev’s popular samizdat book, Mitki.
Imperialism and Its Critics
Authors: Cope Zak 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a broad overview of the literature on economic imperialism. The first part of the chapter defines the concept of economic imperialism and the distinctive heuristics according to which related phenomena may be analysed. The second part of the chapter describes five modes of economic imperialism, namely, colonialism, internal colonialism, settler colonialism, investment imperialism, and unequal exchange. Each of these is both predicated upon and reinforces national oppression, that is, the de facto or de jure denial of self-determination to national groups and their capacity to democratically determine their own economic development. The chapter concludes by highlighting the limits of much contemporary ‘anti-imperialism’, and the tendency for ‘anti-imperialist’ discourse to provide cover for authoritarian and imperialist states outside ‘the West’.
Colonialism and the Racialization of Indigenous Identity
Authors: Gonzales Angela A. , Kertész Judy 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the emergence of “race” as a handmaiden to colonialism and the consequential racialization of Indigenous Peoples. We argue that colonialism and the ideas that inform colonial structures, such as race, not only serve to hide their existence but also to legitimate the power relations that they establish. As a consequence, the larger context of colonialism created and required “race” to justify the dispossession and displacement of Indigenous Peoples. Here, dispossession and displacement carry a number of meanings, from territorial expropriation to the usurpation and replacement of Indigenous self-identifications. The chapter also calls attention to the process of racialization and the historical legacies of racialized science to make appreciable how colonialism reinscribes both Native nations and their members as racialized subjects.
Was Jane Addams a Sociologist?
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
There is widespread agreement that despite the general scarcity of women among classical sociologists, Jane Addams was the first and probably most influential of early American sociologists. Apart from being a leading figure in the settlement movement, she carried out early sociological research in the Chicago slums and had close ties to contemporary pragmatist thinkers like William James, John Dewey, and George Hebert Mead. This chapter reconsiders the general designation of Addams as an “early sociologist.” It discusses which criteria are adequate to define someone as a sociologist and considers Addams’s activities and writings in light of such criteria. Significant in this assessment is Addams’s inspiration from the Christian tradition, evident in her invocation of Christian ethics as a regenerative force and her echoing of principles from social gospel theology. The chapter concludes that Addams’s work, both as a turn-of-the-century social critic and intellectual, was shaped as much by Christian values as by activities that would merit the term “sociologist.” Paying attention to how Addams articulated notions like “Christian renaissance,” “social salvation,” and “brotherly love” complicates assessments of her as a pioneer in pragmatist, empirical sociology. Addams’s blend of Christian ideas and early social science discourse is not unique but resonates with streams of reformist, sociological writing around the turn-of-the-20th-century North America and Europe. This chapter concludes that rather than constituting a stumbling block for the development of modern sociology, Christian inspirations can be an impetus for critical sociological practice in times of fragmentation and instrumentalization of sociological research.
Governance via Explainability
Authors: Danks David 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
AI governance often requires knowing why the system behaved as it did, and explanations are a common way to convey this kind of why-information. Explainable AI (XAI) thus seems to be particularly well-suited to governance; one might even think that explainability is a prerequisite for AI governance. This chapter explores this intuitively plausible route of AI governance via explainability. The core challenge is that governance, explanations, and XAI are all significantly more complex than this intuitive connection suggests, creating the risk that the explanations provided by XAI are not the kind required for governance. This chapter thus first provides a high-level overview of three types of XAI that differ based on who generates the explanation (AI vs. human) and the grounding of the explanation (facts about system vs. plausibility of the story). These different types of XAI each presuppose a substantive theory of explanations, so the chapter then provides an overview of both philosophical and psychological theories of explanation. Finally, these pieces are brought together to provide a concrete framework for using XAI to create, support, or enable many of the key functions of AI governance. XAI systems are not necessarily more governable than non-XAI systems, nor is explainability a solution for all challenges of AI governance. However, explainability does provide a valuable tool in the design and implementation of AI governance mechanisms.
The Structure of The Lexical Item and Sentence Meaning Composition
Authors: Piñango Maria Mercedes 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the full-entry model according to which lexical meaning is a generalization that results from, and is maintained by, continued exposure to a conceptual structure through linguistics means. It focuses on the iteration reading in “durative” for, as in “Sam jumped for an hour,” and the observation that such iteration has no overt morphophonological support, raising the question of its source. Composition of the for-adverbial exerts greater computational load than the non-iterative counterpart. The root of this cost is explained as the real-time search for a partition measure demanded by for’s meaning. Hence, for’s meaning determines the context that is relevant for the utterance construal. In this way, the lexical item built in a full-entry fashion captures the semantic combinatorial and generative burden by capitalizing on a simplified lexically-driven constraint-satisfaction dynamic for the processor and a lexicon-based grammar.
Neural encoding of speech and word forms
Authors: Poeppel David , Sun Yue 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSpeech perception is a collection of procedures that make possible the mapping from continuously varying acoustic input to discrete mental representations that form the basis for stored words in the mental lexicon. The chapter focuses on experiments supporting abstractionist versus episodic approaches to the representation of speech and words. Studies using electrophysiological approaches are reviewed that are consistent with both the generation of abstract categories and the maintenance of episodic information, suggesting that both types of representations are carried forward during the recognition process. The functional neuroanatomy that underpins speech recognition is reviewed, and both neurophysiological and neuroimaging data are discussed that, jointly, are consistent with a perspective that privileges abstract representations but allows for the concurrent incorporation of episodic or indexical information in speech perception. The integrative, neurally inspired model that emerges accommodates both abstractionist and episodicist approaches.
Morphology and The Mental Lexicon
Authors: Embick David , Creemers Ava , Goodwin Davies Amy J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter looks at the most basic question for the study of morphology and the mental lexicon: whether or not words are decomposed into constituent parts. Theories of the mental lexicon range from those that generalize decomposition as much as possible to those that posit no internal structure for words; various intermediate positions are also found. The key question at the center of this overview is what it means for a word to be decomposed in the first place; as it turns out, this is a complex notion, and there are at least three independent but related questions that have been connected with it in the literature. The goal of this chapter is to distinguish these different notions of decomposition from each other, in order to both provide points of reference for understanding prior work, and to pose specific questions to be addressed in future research.
Syntax and The Lexicon
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTaking as point of departure Chomsky’s Remarks, this chapter discusses the relationship between syntax and the lexicon and how this has changed in the last 50 years. It then examines the syntax-lexicon relationship from the perspective of Distributed Morphology, focusing on transitivity alternations, nominalization, and adjectival passives. The main question addressed is the locus of introduction of arguments, focusing on external and internal arguments as well as on different types of external arguments. The Distributed Morphology perspective is compared to Ramchand’s (2008, 2018) First Phase Syntax framework, and Borer’s (2005a, b, 2013) Exoskeletal model. The chapter is structured from the perspective of a theory of grammar that dispenses with the lexicon component and discusses the consequences of this choice for argument introduction.
Contributions of pragmatics to word learning and interpretation
Authors: Grigoroglou Myrto , Papafragou Anna 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the role of pragmatic reasoning in language learning and interpretation. The first half of the chapter assesses the extent to which young children use pragmatic mechanisms of intention recognition to build a mental lexicon (i.e., to learn new words). The second half discusses the extent to which children use pragmatic inference to employ their mental lexicon in conversation (i.e., to interpret known words). The evidence reviewed points to rich and massive effects of pragmatic reasoning in both domains. The sophistication of children’s pragmatic system and its relation to the mature adult system are discussed throughout the chapter.
Spoken word recognition
Authors: Magnuson James S. , Crinnion Anne Marie 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter considers the challenges of recognizing spoken words from the speech signal. We focus initially on theoretical and computational challenges that remain even under a set of common simplifying assumptions (most notably that much work on spoken word recognition sidesteps signal-level challenges by assuming abstract inputs of some sort, e.g., phonemes, phonetic features, or human confusion probabilities). We review key theories and debates, as well as findings and challenges that will require theories to abandon common simplifying assumptions. We conclude that progress will require models that process the actual speech signal and leverage constraints from lower (speech perception) and higher levels (semantics, sentence processing, and beyond) of language processing, as well as constraints from neurobiology, rather than avoiding the challenges those levels present.
Introduction
Authors: Papafragou Anna , Trueswell John C. , Gleitman Lila R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction to the topic of the “mental lexicon,” the representation of language in the mind/brain, at the level of individual morphemes and words. The chapter summarizes the structure of the contributions within the volume, focusing on how the mind/brain represents lexical knowledge, how lexical knowledge is acquired, and how the mental lexicon contributes to language use, in listening, speaking, and conversation. Part I (‘Representing the Mental Lexicon’) introduces modern linguistic and cognitive theories of how the mind/brain represents words and sub-word units at the phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic levels. Part II (‘Acquiring the Mental Lexicon’) turns to the process through which children learn the phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic properties of words in their native language. Finally, Part III ‘(Accessing the Mental Lexicon’) examines how the mental lexicon contributes to language use during listening, speaking, and conversation, and includes perspectives from bilingualism, sign languages, and disorders of lexical access and production.
Logic and The Lexicon
Authors: Hacquard Valentine 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on a special instance of logical vocabulary, namely modal words, like “might” or “must,” which express possibility and necessity. Modal statements involve a complex interplay of morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, which make it particularly challenging to identify what lexical meanings the modal words encode. This chapter surveys how possibilities and necessities are expressed in natural language, with an eye toward cross-linguistic similarity and variation, and introduces the framework that formal semantics inherits from modal logic to analyze modal statements. It then turns to the challenges—for both the semanticist and for the child learner—of figuring out the right division of labor between semantics and pragmatics for modal statements, and the exact lexical contributions of the modal words themselves.