bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
309 Achieving Heavier Market Weights, with Similar Feed Efficiency, in Gilts Administered Improves
Authors: Vonnahme Kimberly A , Amodie Debbie , Edler Roy , Mellencamp Marnie , Galina-Pantoja Lucina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Previous reports indicate that gilts administered Improvest will have an increased ADFI, ADG, and heavier market weights. Feeder type may influence growth performance and feed efficiency. Prior to the initiation of this study, pigs were placed into pens with two different feeder types at weaning (wet/dry shelf feeders and 4-hole dry feeders). Our objective was to determine grow-finish production parameters within a feeder type. Our null hypothesis was that Improvest would not impact ADFI, ADG, or feed efficiency. Pigs (63 days of age; d0 of the study) were weighed, and pens were randomized to treatment within a feeder type (20 pens/treatment; 27 gilts/pen). The first Improvest dose was administered on d7 and the second dose administered on d67. Weights were obtained at each dietary phase change, and prior to each marketing. The heaviest 8 gilts/pen were marketed 22 days post second dose (PSD), heaviest 8 gilts/pen at 37 days PSD, and all remaining gilts marketed at 50 days PSD. The phenotypes were similar between the 2 feeder types. Prior to the 2nd dose of Improvest, ADFI, ADG, and weights were similar between Improvest-treated and control gilts. After the 2nd dose, ADFI, ADG, and live weights were increased in Improvest gilts. Feed efficiency (G:F) was similar at all times between treatment groups. There was an increased (P ≤ 0.05) market weight and carcass weight for Improvest-treated gilts; however, this was driven by gilts marketed at 37- and 50-days PSD, as weights were similar for Improvest and control gilts 22 days PSD. Feed efficiency was similar with Improvest administration in gilts. To optimize the impacts of Improvest, marketing times should be considered when planning the Improvest administration schedule, as the weight advantages were not realized until after the first marketing cut.
321 Evaluation of Heifer Forage Efficiency Through RFI and Greenhouse gas Emissions
Authors: Briggs Emma A , Horton Kade , Moore Mikayla F , Lalman David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between beef heifer feed efficiency and subsequent greenhouse gas emissions using an unprocessed hay diet. Fifty-four Angus and Angus Herford cross heifers were subject to a 71-day hay intake test using individual intake technology (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) with a stocking rate of 3.6 heifers per feeder. Heifers were blocked by BW into 2 drylot pens (HEAVY, n=21; LIGHT, n=33) at the Oklahoma State University Range Cow Research Center located near Stillwater, OK. Throughout the study, heifers were fed a long-stem, unprocessed, grass hay diet (10.8% CP, 2.0 Mcal ME, and 56% TDN) with 21-d adaptation. A subset of 39 heifers were used for the collection of gas flux data using an open-circuit, portable, gas-quantification system (GreenFeed, C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) to measure (means±SD) oxygen consumption (3,118±330.9 g/d), carbon dioxide production (4,664±467.9 g/d), and methane production (169±23.4 g/d). Phenotypic measures (means±SD) for dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), average body weight (BW), and residual feed intake (RFI) were 6.75±1.12 kg, 0.15±0.2 kg, 312.7±30.5 kg, and 0.08±0.84 kg, respectively. Predicted DMI was calculated using a multiple regression equation (-3.11 + 0.13*BW0.75+0.76*ADG; P&lt; 0.05; R2=0.43) in R. To further evaluate forage efficiency, heifers were segregated by 0.5 SD into three RFI categories of efficient (n=13), average (n=31), and inefficient (n=10) resulting in means of 5.8, 6.76, and 7.94 kg DMI and 0.16, 0.16, and 0.15 kg ADG, respectively. There was no significant difference (p&lt; 0.05) between RFI categories for ADG, CO2, CH4, and O2. Phenotypic correlations of DMI with CO2, CH4, and O2 were 0.59, 0.45, and 0.61, respectively. Efficient heifers consumed 21% less forage compared with inefficient heifers, suggesting that improvement in forage utilization can be achieved when efficiency is evaluated using an unprocessed grass hay diet.
320 Effect of Breed of Sire and Calving Season on Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Moore Mikayla F , Briggs Emma A , Wilson Blake K , Reuter Ryan R , Beck Paul A , Foote Andrew P , Lalman David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Four years of feedlot performance and carcass characteristics were pooled on spring-(SPRING) and fall-(FALL) born steers (n=460) into a mixed model to evaluate the effects of calving season, sire breed (Angus [AN], Charolais [CHAR] or Hereford [HER]) and their interaction on feedlot performance and carcass traits. Initial and final BW, DOF, ADG, DMI, and G:F were evaluated as performance measures and HCW, YG, FT, REA, and MS were collected at harvest. There was no season by breed interaction for entry or final BW (P &gt;0.05). SPRING steers (400.2 kg, 686.4 kg) weighed more than FALL (350.9 kg, 668.3 kg) upon entering and leaving the feedyard (P&lt; 0.001). CHAR weighed 14.3 kg less than AN upon feedlot entry (P=0.01) although final BW did not differ by breed (P &gt;0.05). SPRING steers (21.8 kg/d) consumed more feed than FALL steers (18.8 kg/d; P=0.002), but there was no difference in gain:feed due to calving season nor sire breed (P≥0.575). A calving season by sire breed interaction was present for ADG and DOF (P≤0.014). FALL AN (1.70 kg/d) and FALL HER (1.80 kg/d) gained more than FALL CHAR (1.55 kg/d;P&lt; 0.001) and FALL AN were fed over a shorter period than FALL CHAR and FALL HER (P≤0.006). However, average daily gain of SPRING calves did not differ by breed (P &gt;0.05). There was a tendency for FALL (400.9 kg) steers to have lighter carcasses than SPRING steers (407.9 kg; P=0.068). HER carcasses were 18.0 kg heavier than AN carcasses (P&lt; 0.001), but did not differ from CHAR (P=0.13). CHAR had larger REA (93.5 cm2) than both AN (87.7 cm2) and HER steers (88.5 cm2;P≤0.001). Fall-born steers had less YG than spring-born steers (P&lt; 0.042). Feedlot performance was generally less for fall-born steers finished during the winter months. Under these conditions, numerous performance and carcass traits were influenced by the interaction of breed and season.
327 Parameter Updates in the Davis Growth Model for Growth, Intake, and Composition of Modern Angus-Cross Cattle
Authors: Harrison Meredith , Oltjen James W 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Davis Growth Model is a dynamic model used to estimate body composition and growth in beef cattle by simulating total body DNA and protein turnover. Since model development and parametrization in the 1980s, the model has been re-structured to account for previous rate of protein accretion and prior nutrition. Original parameter estimates for alpha (maintenance constant, where net energy for maintenance is alpha x shrunk body weight0.75; 0.08406) and K2 (protein synthesis rate constant; 0.0444) may not fit modern, heavier, more productive cattle. Angus-cross steers (n = 24; initial body weight 402 ± 12 kg) were fed using automated feed weight stations in group pens (8 steers/pen). Steers were fed a high energy ration twice daily, at 10% greater than the intake from the previous day. Steers were measured for hip height, body weight (BW), and ultrasonic measurements for ribeye area and back fat every 28 d until harvest (d 128). These measurements were used to calculate empty BW, empty body fat, and empty percent body fat for alpha and K2 estimates. Parameter estimates (± SD) were 0.12661 (0.01587) and 0.04919 (0.00220) for alpha and K2, respectively. Parameter estimates in the current study reflect a large increase in apparent maintenance. Maintenance requirements were moderately correlated with back fat thickness and feed conversion efficiency. Protein turnover had very strong correlations with ribeye area and feed conversion efficiency. Average feed conversion efficiency in the current study was 0.17. To evaluate parameter estimates, the model was re-run using the new values for alpha and K2. On average, the model underpredicted final empty body weight by 0.08 kg and empty body fat percent by 0.01%-units. Considering the relatively large variation among observed alpha values and the magnitude of increase compared with those previously reported, further research is required to determine an accurate alpha.
332 Evaluating the Effects of Lactic Acid Adaptation in Beef Cattle Prior to an Acidosis Challenge
Authors: Buessing Zachary , Gaffney Bree , McNelis Jenna , Linder Haley F , Tondini Sara M , McCann Joshua C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective was to determine if a 7-day lactic acid adaptation in cannulated steers affected ruminal fermentation during an acidosis challenge. Steers (n=18; 790 ± 68 kg) were assigned to one of two treatments: control (CON) 500 mL of H2O or 1 mM DL-Lactic acid solution per kg steer BW (LAC). Steers were dosed with treatments via the cannula prior to feeding for seven days during the adaptation period. The adaptation diet consisted of 25% corn silage, 30% grass hay, 15% dry distillers grains, 25% dry rolled corn, 5% molasses and 10% supplement. To induce acidosis, steers were fasted for 24 hours and subsequently fed a high concentrate diet consisting of 15% corn silage, 15% dry distillers grains, 55% high moisture corn, 5% molasses, 10% supplement. Rumen fluid was collected throughout the acidosis challenge to measure fermentation characteristics including rumen pH, redox, ammonia, volatile fatty acids, and lactic acid. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with a repeated measures analysis. Dry matter intake was not affected (P ≥ 0.65) by treatment before or after the acidosis challenge. A treatment × time interaction was not observed (P = 0.83) for ruminal pH, but pH was affected (P &lt; 0.01) by time and remained between 5.6 and 5.0 for about 14 hours during the challenge. A treatment × hour interaction tended (P = 0.08) to be observed for lactate; LAC had a greater concentration than CON at hour 14 during the challenge. However, a treatment × hour interaction was not detected (P ≥ 0.38) for ammonia, volatile fatty acids, fecal pH and redox potential. In conclusion, these results indicate that a 7-day lactic acid adaption at 1 mM per kg BW did not affect ruminal fermentation characteristics during an acidosis challenge.
333 Development of a 4-Plex Quantitative PCR Assay for the Detection and Quantification of Species and Subspecies of Fusobacterium Necrophorum and Fusobacterium Varium in Bovine Rumen Fluid
Authors: Deters Alyssa K , Nagaraja T G , Bai Jianfa , Shi Xiaorong , Kang Qing 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Fusobacterium genus contains Gram-negative, rod-shaped anaerobic bacteria. Fusobacterium necrophorum and its two subspecies, necrophorum and funduliforme, are normal ruminal inhabitants of cattle. Subsp. necrophorum is the primary causative agent of liver abscesses in feedlot cattle. Fusobacterium varium is also a normal rumen inhabitant, but its role in ruminal fermentation and involvement in liver abscesses is unknown. Currently, no PCR assays exist to quantify F. varium and both subspecies of F. necrophorum. Therefore, our objective was to develop, validate, and determine the applicability of a quantitative PCR assay for quantification of F. varium and the two subspecies of F. necrophorum. Assay targets were the species-specific hgdA gene, encoding for (R)-2-hydroxyglutarylCoA dehydratase subunit alpha, and the subspecies-specific promoter sequence of the leukotoxin gene, lktA. Assay specificity was validated with different species and strains of Fusobacterium, and other bacterial species. Assay sensitivity was determined using pure cultures. Applicability of the assay for quantification of F. necrophorum and F. varium was determined using ruminal fluid from slaughtered cattle. Species and subspecies-level specificity was confirmed. Pure culture quantification limits (CFU/ml) were 2.1x103 for the F. necrophorum species, 5.6x102 for subsp. necrophorum, 1.5x103 for subsp. funduliforme, and 1.8x103 for F. varium. Analysis of ruminal fluid collected from cattle with healthy livers (n=83) and abscessed livers (n=68) indicated that 97% of samples contained F. funduliforme, with mean concentrations of 7.8 x103, and 8.1x103, respectively. Additionally, subsp. necrophorum and F. varium were more prevalent in ruminal fluid from cattle with abscessed livers (41% and 59%) compared with samples from cattle with healthy livers (31% and 41%). In conclusion, subsp. funduliforme appears to be the normal inhabitant of the rumen, while subsp. necrophorum and F. varium are more prevalent in the rumen of cattle with abscessed livers than those with healthy livers.
373 Growth Performance, Efficiency of Dietary net Energy Utilization, and Carcass Traits of Lambs Supplemented Encapsulated Butyric Acid and Zinc Abruptly Transitioned to a Finishing Diet
Authors: Francis Forest L , Ribeiro Thiago Maia , Gubbels Erin R , LaFleur Doug , Hergenreder Jerilyn , Smith Zachary K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if supplementing encapsulated butyric acid and zinc (BZ) in lambs abruptly transitioned to a finishing diet has effects on growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy utilization, and carcass traits following a 59.5 d finishing period. Polypay wethers (n = 32; initial shrunk BW = 39 kg ± 4.8 kg) were grouped by initial shrunk BW and assigned to dietary treatment (CON: 0 g BZ/kg diet DM; BZ: 2 g BZ/kg diet DM) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with pen (n = 16) as experimental unit. Wethers were abruptly transitioned from growing diet (based upon grass hay, dried distillers grains plus solubles, and a soybean meal based pellet; 1.65 Mcal/kg NEm, 0.95 Mcal/kg NEg) to finishing diet (based upon whole corn, soybean hulls, and a soybean meal pellet; 2.02 Mcal/kg NEm, 1.33 Mcal/kg NEg) upon study initiation. Lambs were harvested at the South Dakota State University meat lab and empty body measures and carcass traits were recorded. Growth performance was calculated on a shrunk live basis (BW × 0.96). Data were analyzed as an RCBD with fixed effect of treatment and random effect of block. No differences (P ≥ 0.15) were observed for final shrunk BW, ADG, DMI, feed conversion efficiency, observed-to-expected (O:E) DMI, O:E NEm, O:E NEg, EBW, dressed yield, or HCW. Percentage of boneless closely trimmed retail cuts (BCTRC) and red meat yield (RMY) were decreased (P = 0.03) for BZ vs. CON. Body wall thickness was increased (P = 0.02) for BZ vs. CON. Supplementing wethers BZ during an abrupt transition to a finishing diet had no effects on growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy, or empty body measures and had minor effects on body wall thickness, percentage BCTRC, and RMY.
382 Essential Skills for Future Equine Sports Rehabilitation Careers
Authors: Reed Sarah A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The field of equine sports medicine and rehabilitation is rapidly expanding with increasing career opportunities for individuals (non-veterinarians) in equine rehabilitation facilities. However, throughout the United States, there are limited educational opportunities for undergraduate students to prepare for this career. The objective of this study was to determine what practical skills and theoretical knowledge are deemed most useful for employment by professionals in this industry. To meet this objective, an Qualtrics survey was distributed through email and social media to veterinarians, veterinary professionals, rehabilitation service providers, and horse owners. In addition to demographics, the survey asked respondents to list practical skills and theoretical knowledge that are essential for professionals in the equine rehabilitation industry. The majority of the 117 respondents (84%) were located in the United States, with the remainder from Canada (5%), the United Kingdom (5%) and several other countries. Eighteen percent of respondents were veterinarians, 26% owned or managed rehabilitation facilities, 8.5% were veterinary technicians, and the remainder were horse owners, rehabilitation service providers, and others. Horse handling skills (19%) and communication skills (18%) were the most commonly listed practical skills deemed essential for rehabilitation professionals. Of the theoretical skills, evaluation of lameness (29.5%), anatomy (31%), and fundamentals of equine reconditioning programs (32%) were deemed similarly important for rehabilitation professionals. Together, these data indicate that an educational program in equine sports rehabilitation should include fundamental knowledge in lameness evaluation and rehabilitation methods as well as significant hands-on opportunities with rehabilitating horses and communicating about rehabilitation methods and progress with clients.
78 Young Scholar Award Talk: How Advances in Animal Efficiency and Management Have Affected Beef's Water Intensity Across the United States: 1991 Compared to 2019
Authors: Klopatek Sarah C , Oltjen James W 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Updating the static model by Beckett and Oltjen (1993), we determined that from 1992 to 2019, U.S. beef cattle water consumption per kg of beef decreased by 38%. As with the 1993 model, water use included direct water intake by animals, water applied for irrigation of crops that were consumed by the cattle, water applied to irrigated pasture, and water used to process animals at marketing. Numbers of cattle, crop production, and irrigation data were used from USDA census and survey data. On January 1, 2019, a total of 31.7 million beef cows and 5.8 million replacement heifers were in U.S. breeding herds, and 26 million animals were fed annually. In total, the U.S. beef cattle herd (feedlot and cull cows) produced 7.7 billion kg of boneless beef, an increase of 10% since 1992. Beef cattle directly consumed 600 billion L of water per year. Feedlot cattle were fed various grain and roughage sources corresponding to the regions in which they were fed. Feeds produced in a state were preferentially used by cattle in that state with that state's efficiency; any additional feedstuffs required used water at the national efficiency. Irrigation of crop feedstuffs for feedlot cattle required 5,827 billion L of water. Irrigated pasture for beef cattle production required an additional 6,445 billion L of water. Carcass processing required 91 billion L of water. The model estimates 2,271 L of developed water per kilogram of boneless meat for beef cattle production in the United States. As with the previous model, the current model was most sensitive to changes in dressing percentage and percentage of boneless yield in carcasses of feedlot cattle (62.8 and 65, respectively). In conclusion, with more beef, fewer cows, and lower rates of irrigation, beef cattle’s water footprint has decreased at an annual rate of by 1.35% over 28 years.
PSXIII-7 Field Testing of Lora-wan Sensors for Real-Time Tracking and Biosensing of Brangus and Raramuri Criollo Cattle Grazing a Small Pasture
Authors: Nyamuryekung'e Shelemia , Duff Glenn C , Estell Richard , Utsumi Santiago , Funk Micah , Cibils Andres , Cox Andrew , Gong Qixu , Cao Huiping , Spiegal Sheri , Gouvêa Vinicius , Brandani Carolina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The study’s objective was to investigate the use of Internet of Things (IoT) biosensors using Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRa-WAN) communication to compare the foraging behavior of two desert adapted cattle breeds. Two groups of mature Brangus (BA) and Raramuri Criollo (RC) cows were introduced into a small irrigated pasture (38ha) at the New Mexico State University’s Clayton Livestock Research Center during Dec-Jan, 2021 (41-days). The real-time position and activity count data (15- and 1-minute interval, respectively) were retrieved continuously from 4 BA and 5 RC cows collared with commercially available trackers (Abeeway Industrial-trackers). Response variables derived from GPS records included daily distance traveled (Dist) and daily area explored (Area). Response variables derived from accelerometers included daily percentage motion (%Act) and cumulative activity data (CumAct). All variables were grouped into six consecutive weekly periods and analyzed by a repeated measures mixed model that included the fixed effects of BREED, WEEK, and the BREED*WEEK interaction in a completely randomized design. A significant (P&lt; 0.01) BREED*WEEK interaction was detected on all GPS-derived variables, with RC exhibiting a trend to explore larger areas than BA (P=0.06). For the accelerometer-derived variables, the BREED*WEEK interaction was only significant (P=0.01) for CumAct. Overall, BA spent a larger percentage of the day active (%Act; BA= 76.74 vs. RC= 73.16; P=0.02), while investing a significantly greater overall activity (CumAct; BA= 8816.63 vs. RC= 6311.31; P=0.03) compared to RC cows. The insensitivity of GPS-derived variables is hypothesized to be the result of aggregating errors associated with less frequent GPS location measurements coupled with position errors (~5m) and a low success rate of data packet transmission (~40%). The spatial scale of the study is hypothesized to have influenced the foraging behavior differences that were observed between the breeds, and the better performance of the accelerometer vs. GPS-derived variables.
PSXI-14 Effects of Footpad Dermatitis on Gene Expression of Host Defense Peptides in Laying Hens
Authors: Zhang Runxiang , Chen Yanqing , Wang Rui , Bao Jun 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Footpad dermatitis (FPD) has a negative impact on the welfare and health production of poultry. The present study aimed to determine the effect of FPD on the expression of host defense peptides (HPDs). A total of fifty-four 55-week-old Hy-line brown hens housed individually in furnished cages were selected for investigating the mRNA expression of HPDs in foot, spleen, liver, and small intestine tissues. FPD score 0 group with normal foot, FPD score 1 with a small lesion of the foot pad epithelium and FPD score 2 with a larger lesion were divided by visual examination. The results showed that compared with group 0, hens from FPD group 1 and 2 had increased mRNA expression of HPDs of AvBD1, AvBD3, AvBD4, AvBD5, AvBD6, AvBD7, AvBD8, AvBD9, AvBD10, AvBD11, AvBD12, AvBD13, AvBD14 and LEAP2in foot and spleen tissues (P &lt; 0.05). The relative expression of HPDs genes AvBD2, AvBD3, AvBD4, AvBD5, AvBD7, AvBD8, AvBD11, AvBD12, AvBD13, AvBD14, and LEAP2 in liver tissue increased, while the relative mRNA expression of AvBD6, AvBD9, and AvBD10 decreased (P &lt; 0.05), and the expression levels of AvBD1, AvBD3, AvBD5, AvBD6, AvBD7, AvBD9, AvBD10, AvBD12, and LEAP2 in small intestinal tissue increased (P &lt; 0.05), while the expression of AvBD2, AvBD8, and AvBD14 decreased (P &lt; 0.05). Therefore, FPD can affect the expression of AVBDs in laying hens that the foot and spleen tissue had stronger responsiveness to the FPD. It is speculated that the increase in the expression of AVBDs on account of the possible infection with pathogenic bacteria. Then the increased HPDs participated in the host's defense responses and strengthened the immune regulation after FPD occurred.