bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of bilingualism in executive functions in healthy older adults: A systematic review
Authors: Degirmenci Merve Gul , Grossmann Judith Alina , Meyer Patric , Teichmann Birgit 
Published: January 2022

Aims and Objectives: Bilinguals have been claimed to develop superior executive functioning compared to monolinguals due to their continuous experience of controlling two languages. Given the developmental trajectory of executive functions, a bilingual advantage could be more pronounced at an advanced age. To gain a clearer understanding, we reviewed the effect of bilingualism executive functions in healthy older adults. Methodology: The present paper systematically examines the methods and the results of 24 studies from 22 articles comparing healthy older monolinguals and bilinguals in at least one domain of executive functions. Data and Analysis: Data of each study were extracted for sample characteristics, country, language background and measures, controlled confounders and task paradigms. Study quality was also calculated for each study. Findings and Conclusions: In general, nine out of the 24 studies fully supported the notion of a bilingual advantage. Four studies showed a bilingual disadvantage. The rest of the studies challenged the existence of a bilingual advantage, as neither full support for bilingual advantages nor bilingual disadvantages were seen in various domains. The available data did not clearly support the widespread notion that bilingualism is related to a general advantage in executive control. However, when looking at the domains of executive functions separately, bilingualism was reliably associated with an advantage in inhibition, especially in two commonly applied tasks: the Stroop test and the Simon task. Originality: This is the first systematic review aimed at exploring the link between bilingualism and executive functions in healthy older adults. Significance/Implications: Heterogeneity in study characteristics and control of confounding variables may partially explain some of the inconsistencies found between studies. Therefore, well-designed studies that measure all core domains of executive functions and consider confounding variables are urgently needed.
Uighur college students’ irony comprehension in Chinese
Authors: Chen Xiaoli , Li Degao , Wang Xiaolu 
Published: January 2022

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: Irony comprehension can be more demanding than literal comprehension in L1. This study aimed to seek an answer to how bilinguals perform in L2 in irony comprehension. Design/methodology/approach: Totally, 85 Uighur College students participated in a self-paced reading task in Chinese, with 81 Chinese native speakers as the controls. In Experiment 1, a scenario was followed by a commentary statement in which the critical word either was literally congruent with the context in meaning or could only be ironically understood. In Experiment 2, the same statement was preceded by three sentences which were either literally consistent with the critical word or created a context for the critical word to be understood ironically. Data and analysis: ANOVAs were conducted on participants reading times (RTs) to the critical words and commentary statement endings in the 14 pairs of discourses. They did not have different RTs for the critical words across the ironic and non-ironic conditions in L1, but had significantly longer RTs in the ironic condition than in the non-ironic condition in L2. Their RTs for the commentary statement endings were significantly longer in the ironic condition than in the non-ironic condition in both experiments, regardless of whether the materials were presented in L1 or L2. Findings/conclusions: Irony comprehension is similar in L2 to how it is in L1. However, salient meaning retrieval (in Experiment 1) and inference-making (in Experiment 2) in irony comprehension, as assumed by the Graded Salience Hypothesis, were more likely to be revealed in L2 than in L1. Originality: This seems to be the first study in the native and non-native domain of irony processing in the procedure of discourse reading. Significance/implications: L2 learners should do as many practices as possible to improve their reading proficiency in the target language.
Dementia-friendly communities: The involvement of people living with dementia
Authors: Mathie Elspeth , Antony Arthur , Killett Anne , Darlington Nicole , Buckner Stefanie , Lafortune Louise , Mayrhofer Andrea , Dickinson Angela , Woodward Michael , Goodman Claire 
Published: January 2022

Background Dementia Friendly Communities (DFCs) offer an approach to community engagement to improve the lives of people living with dementia and their family supporters. The involvement of those living with dementia is key to creating successful DFCs. This paper examines how people affected by dementia were involved in developing and designing DFCs in England, and the impact of their involvement. Methods This study used a mixed method case study design in six DFCs in England. Data collection involved documentary analysis, a survey, and interviews and focus groups with service providers and people living with dementia and their supporters. Findings All six DFCs aspired to involve people living with dementia and their family supporters, but often relied on a small number of people living with dementia. The range of involvement activities in DFCs included Steering Group meetings, wider public consultations, and enabling feedback through data collection methods such as surveys and ‘ad hoc’ conversations. Organisations within the DFCs with experience of public consultation offered structured opportunities for involvement. There was no evidence of people living with dementia initiating or co-leading the organisation, its direction and/or the activities of the DFCs. Conclusion The involvement of people living with dementia in DFCs went beyond rhetoric, with some evidence of context sensitive and meaningful participation. Approaches towards involvement should focus on involvement in strategic planning, and on harnessing expertise in delivering different involvement activities to optimise participation of a greater breadth of people living with dementia. Engagement with local organisations who work with, and for, people living with dementia, and dedicating the resources needed for involvement work, are crucial for creating DFCs. The success of DFCs are determined by how the needs of people living with dementia are identified, discussed and reviewed by those within the community who are most affected.
Risk factors associated with mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes following an episode of severe hypoglycaemia. Results from a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Pearson Sam M , Kietsiriroje Noppadol , Whittam Beverley , Birch Rebecca J , Campbell Matthew D , Ajjan Ramzi A 
Published: January 2022

Background Severe hypoglycaemia may pose significant risk to individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and evidence surrounding strategies to mitigate this risk is lacking. Methods Data was re-analysed from a previous randomised controlled trial studying the impact of nurse-led intervention on mortality following severe hypoglycaemia in the community. A Cox-regression model was used to identify baseline characteristics associated with mortality and to adjust for differences between groups. Kaplan-Meier curves were created to demonstrate differences in outcome between groups across different variables. Results A total of 124 participants (mean age = 75, 56.5% male) were analysed. In univariate analysis, Diabetes Severity Score (DSS), age and insulin use were baseline factors found to correlate to mortality, while HbA1C and established cardiovascular disease showed no significant correlations. Hazard ratio favoured the intervention (0.68, 95% CI: 0.38–1.19) and in multivariate analysis, only DSS demonstrated a relationship with mortality. Comparison of Kaplan-Meier curves across study groups suggested the intervention is beneficial irrespective of HbA1c, diabetes severity score or age. Conclusion While DSS predicts mortality following severe community hypoglycaemia in individuals with T2D, a structured nurse-led intervention appears to reduce the risk of death across a range of baseline parameters.
Evaluation of the SafeHeal Colovac+ Anastomosis Protection Device: A Preclinical Study
Authors: De Hous Nicolas , Khosrovani Charam , Lefevre Jérémie H. , D’Urso Antonio , Komen Niels 
Published: January 2022

Background The protective ostomy is the current standard of care to protect a low colorectal anastomosis from leakage, but exposes patients to complications requiring an alternative strategy. The Colovac+ is a vacuum-based intraluminal bypass device designed to shield the anastomosis from fecal content, preventing the clinical outcomes of anastomotic leakage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the preliminary efficacy, safety, and technical feasibility of the Colovac+ in a porcine model. Methods: Twelve pigs received a colorectal anastomosis with Colovac+ implantation. The device was left in situ for 10 days and then retrieved endoscopically. Six pigs were to be sacrificed immediately after device retrieval and the other 6 were to be sacrificed on day 38. Clinical, endoscopic, and histopathological examinations were performed to evaluate the following endpoints: prevention of contact between the anastomosis and fecal content, device migration, feasibility of the implantation and retrieval procedure, collateral damage to the colonic wall, colon healing after device retrieval, and systemic toxicity related to the device. Results: Eleven pigs completed the study. One pig died prematurely due to a surgical complication unrelated to the device (bladder damage with uroperitoneum). There was no evidence of contact between the anastomosis and fecal content, none of the pigs developed symptomatic anastomotic leakage, there were no significant device migrations, and there was no evidence of systemic toxicity. Colovac+ implantation was easily performed in all cases except 1 (due to an inappropriate lubricant). Colovac+ retrieval was achieved successfully in all cases. Postretrieval examinations on day 10 revealed ulcerations at the anchoring site in 4 cases indicating mechanical damage caused by the stent. However, in the recovery group, no ulcerations were observed on day 38, and the colonic wall had properly healed in all animals. Conclusions: The Colovac+ is a technically feasible, safe, and efficient device for the protection of a colorectal anastomosis in a porcine model. The device holds promise for clinical use and warrants further research.
Compensated and non-compensated patient injury claims in internal carotid artery interventions in Finland, 2004–2017
Authors: Laukkavirta Minna , Blomgren Karin , Rautio Riitta , Nikulainen Veikko , Helmiö Päivi 
Published: January 2022

Objectives Analysis of patient injuries offers possibilities for improving quality in patient care. The aim of this study was to identify errors and adverse events leading to patient injuries in the treatment of internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on data from Finnish patient injury claims and patient insurance center decisions in the treatment of ICAS, 2004–2017. Contributing factors to injury were identified and evaluated. Results During the 14-year study period, 42 patient injury claims involving ICAS treatment were closed in Finland. One claim involved carotid artery stenting, and the other operations were carotid artery endarterectomies. Nine of the claims were compensated (seven for operations and two for evaluations). Fully trained vascular surgeons had carried out all the operations and evaluations. Stroke was the most common complaint in the claims ( n = 12). Six of the compensated patients were symptomatic prior to the interventions. Injuries were related to errors in decision-making and patient selection in two cases. Four patients received compensation for nerve injury and three for stroke. No deaths were compensated as patient injuries. Most negative claim decisions were related to the injury having been unavoidable. Conclusion Compensated patient injuries involving the treatment of ICAS are rare but often serious and mostly involve open surgery. Patient injury claims provide a valuable source of information for recognizing errors in care and offer possibilities to improve patient safety.
Parental Views on Minimally Invasive Dentistry versus General Anaesthesia Extractions of Children’s Compromised First Permanent Molars: An Exploratory Qualitative Study
Authors: Agel Mona , Scambler Sasha , Hosey Marie Therese 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: The current standard of care for first permanent molars (FPMs) requiring extraction is removal of these teeth between the chronological ages of eight to ten years, as per UK guidelines.1 This often involves a general anaesthetic (GA) with surgical admission to hospital. This study explores parental views on minimally invasive (MI) techniques as an alternative to the UK current standard of care for extractions of FPMs deemed to require removal between the chronological ages of eight to ten years. Methods: A qualitative investigation, using semi-structured interviews was conducted with parents/carers of children attending a teaching hospital for extraction of compromised FPMs under GA. Thematic framework analysis was used to present the findings. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) were used as a guide to ensure quality. Results: The main themes emerging were: participants’ surprise at how poor the prognosis was for their child’s FPMs; acceptance that care was beyond the scope of primary care; willingness by some to undergo GA again; requests for information about the guarantee of success of MI treatment; concerns about the residual black staining from silver diamine fluoride (SDF); and acceptance of extraction spaces because of potential future failure of MI. Conclusion: This exploratory qualitative study has shown that, while extraction of compromised FPMs under GA is accepted by most parents/carers, there appears to be a growing acceptance of MI approaches to restore FPMs instead of extraction of these teeth.
Factors affecting subjective health of child-rearing-aged Japanese adults, considering the effect of healthy life expectancy: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Taira Kazuya 
Published: January 2022

Objectives: The extension of healthy life expectancy is an important policy issue in Japan. This study aimed to clarify the association between subjective health and healthy life expectancy and identify the factors that improve subjective health of child-rearing-aged adults in Japan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. We used data from 2718 participants of the Japanese General Social Survey 2009 Life Course Study. The mean age was 35.5 ± 4.10 years, and 56% were female. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed on subjective health, which was treated as a binary variable when calculating healthy life expectancy as an objective variable. The predictors were gender, age, marital status, number of family members living in the home, household income, mental health score, age of youngest child, and the person from whom one seeks help. The prefecture where the participants resided was treated as a control variable. Results: There was no association between individual subjective health and healthy life expectancy. Mental health score (measured by the Mental Health Inventory-5, MHI-5) was significantly associated with subjective health. With a MHI-5 score of ⩽ 10 points as the reference criterion, as the score increased, the odds ratio of subjective health increased, and for MHI-5 scores ⩾ 16 points, odds ratio was 14.14 (confidence interval: 7.57–26.38). Conclusion: Among the child-rearing-aged adults, prefectural healthy life expectancy was not associated with individual subjective health. Mental health was significantly associated with subjective health and may be underestimated in calculating healthy life expectancy.
The effect of watching shoulder ROM changes on functional outcome and quality of life following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair
Authors: Ozcamdalli Mustafa , Eken Gokay , Misir Abdulhamit , Oguzkaya Sinan , Uzun Erdal 
Published: January 2022

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of watching video records of their shoulder motion changes on functional outcomes and quality of life after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR). Methods The patients were divided into two groups. In Group 1, video records of pre- and postoperative shoulder motions were recorded and showed. In Group 2, no video was showed to the patients. In Group 1, the first postoperative evaluation was done before video watching, and the second evaluation was done just after watching video records. In Group 2, the first and second postoperative measurements were performed with 10–20 days interval. The Constant Murley score (CS), the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (ASES), the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) score, and active shoulder range of motion (ROM) values were used as an outcome tool. Results A total of 196 patients (Group 1; 76 patients and Group 2; 120 patients) with a mean age of 62.06 ± 7.17 years were included. There was a significant improvement in postoperative scores of SF-36 subscales (except emotional well-being and energy/fatigue), ASES, CM scores, and joint ROM values when compared to preoperative values for both groups ( p < .001). The first postoperative outcomes were similar between groups ( p > .05). In the second postoperative evaluation, emotional role functioning, energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, health change subscales of SF-36, and ASES scores were significantly higher in Group 1 compared with Group 2 ( p < .05). Conclusion When patients watch the pre- and postoperative video records of their shoulder ROM after ARCR, patients’ satisfaction and well-being perception increase in the short-term despite unchanged shoulder ROM.
Administration of Tranexamic Acid to Reduce Intra-articular Hemarthrosis in ACL Reconstruction: A Systematic Review
Authors: Na Yuyan , Jia Yanbo , Shi Yuting , Liu Wanlin , Han Changxu , Hua Yinghui 
Published: January 2022

Background: Although tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to reduce bleeding in joint replacement procedures, its effectiveness for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) has not been widely reported. Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of TXA to reduce postoperative hemarthrosis and improve clinical outcomes after ACLR. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A systematic review of the literature following the PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) was performed; literature retrieval was carried out using the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library electronic databases. The inclusion criteria were comparative studies in English that reported the administration of intravenous or intra-articular TXA versus other modalities or placebo in patients undergoing ACLR. Results: Six studies comprising 418 patients who were treated with TXA were included. Heterogeneity among studies did not allow for the pooling of data. Five studies showed decreased drainage volume in the first 24 or 48 hours postoperatively as compared with control (ACLR with no TXA). Four studies showed lower hemarthrosis grades and visual analog scale scores in TXA versus control in the early postoperative period, although this difference was not evident at 4 weeks postoperatively. No studies showed differences in infection, deep venous thrombosis, or adverse events between the TXA and control groups. Conclusion: The current best available evidence suggests that TXA administration at the time of ACLR results in decreased intra-articular bleeding (measured using a drainage system), hemarthrosis grade, and pain when compared with control.
Stable isotope and geochemical evidence for genesis of secondary copper deposits at Girilambone, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Melchiorre Erik B. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Girilambone copper deposit of New South Wales, Australia, serves as an end-member model for development of a classic oxidation-zone profile in an environment virtually free of both the effects of active tectonics and significant fluctuation in the local water table. The oxidation zone of other copper deposits may be interpreted for history of recently active tectonics, palaeoclimate, and water-table stability by comparison to the Girilambone deposit. Unlike the oxidation profiles of porphyry copper deposits of western North America, which have been overprinted by many water-table fluctuations produced by active tectonics, the Girilambone deposit appears to have little modification to the original oxidation profile. Oxidation of primary sulfides at Girilambone was an exothermic process facilitated by chemolithotrophic bacteria, recorded by malachite oxygen isotope thermometry estimates of up to 52°C, and very light malachite carbon isotope values. The bacteria generated CO2 which migrated upwards to react with copper rich meteoric fluids of the vadose zone to precipitate malachite. Unlike porphyry copper deposits of western North America which experienced recent tectonic activity, the secondary minerals (clays, iron oxides and copper carbonates) at Girilambone were not repeatedly fractured and offset during oxidation to re-establish permeability. This reduced permeability of the oxidation zone and slowed the release of CO2 from the system, producing significantly elevated partial pressure of CO2, sufficient for azurite formation to dominate. Azurite oxygen and carbon isotope values indicate formation at lower temperatures up to 32°C, and with less bacterial activity than for malachite. The sulfide-digesting bacteria at Girilambone were relatively free of seasonal swings in population, as the deposit does not have the interbanded azurite and malachite typical of episodic bacterial populations triggered by seasonal precipitation. Thus the absence of significant Cu-carbonate banding at Girilambone serves as a palaeoclimate indicator. Deeper in the Girilambone oxidation zone, native copper and cuprite dominate, whereas chalcocite formed an enrichment blanket just above and at the modern water table. Oxygen and carbon isotope values for pseudomorphs of malachite after azurite indicate that these were generated as a retrograde reaction when CO2 production from bacterial digestion of sulfides waned and temperatures in the oxidation zone were near ambient. In the post mining environment, chloride-rich groundwater seeps actively precipitate atacamite, while exposed remnants of sulfide masses form an outer rind of porous malachite. Exceptions to this oxidation zone sequence occur due to localised fluid channelisation and perched water-table lenses that generated mineralogical overprints.