bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
262 Effect of Isoleucine and Added Valine on Performance, and gut Microbiota Composition of Pigs fed with Very low Protein Diets
Authors: Goodarzi Parniyan , Wileman Caitlyn M M , Habibi Mohammad , Walsh Katherine , Sutton Julia , Shili Cedrick n , Chai Jianmin , Zhao Jiangchao , Pezeshki Adel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Very low protein (VLP) diets decrease the nitrogen excretion from pigs, but these diets depress the performance even when the first four limiting amino acids (FFL; i.e. Lys, Met, Thr and Trp) are added. Supplementation of Val above and Ile at NRC (2012) levels has shown promising effects on performance of pigs fed with VLP diets. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a mixture of Val above and Ile at NRC levels on growth and gut microbiota in pigs fed with VLP diets. Three-week-old, weaned piglets (n = 40) were assigned to: 1) positive control (PC): normal protein diet; 2) negative control (NC): VLP diet with FFL at NRC levels; 3) VA: NC with Val above NRC; 4) IL: NC with Ile at NRC level; 5) VAIL: NC with Val above and Ile at NRC levels. Following 5 weeks of data collection, colon contents were collected. The data were analyzed by GLM procedure followed a t-test with Benjamini-Hochberg correction (SPSS). Pigs fed with NC had decreased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI), compared with PC (P&lt; 0.05). VAIL had less ADG than PC, but that tended to have greater ADG than NC (P&lt; 0.1). Further, VAIL had a similar ADFI as PC (P&gt;0.05) and tended to have greater ADFI than NC (P&lt; 0.1). Compared with PC and NC, pigs fed with VAIL had a higher thermal radiation (P&lt; 0.05). Relative to PC, the colon content of NC was enriched in Pasteurellaceae while those fed with VAIL had a greater abundance of Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Enterococcus, Actinobacteria, which might contribute to improved performance of pigs fed with VAIL diets. Overall, supplementation of a mixture of Val greater than NRC and Ile at NRC into the VLP diets partially improved the performance, which is likely linked with alterations in gut microbiota composition.
268 Effect of Functional Amino Acid Supplementation in low and Normal Birth Weight Pigs on Performance and Immune Status During Subsequent Salmonella Challenge
Authors: Rodrigues Lucas Alves , Panisson Josiane C , Kpogo Agbee L , Htoo John K , Van Kessel Andrew G , Columbus Daniel A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Functional amino acid (FAA) supplementation improves growth performance and immune status of weaned pigs. The objective was to determine the effects of birth weight and FAA supplementation in the post-weaning period on the response of pigs to a subsequent Salmonella (ST) challenge. Thirty-two low (1.09±0.11 kg; LBW) and normal birth weight (1.58±0.11 kg; NBW) pigs were assigned to a nursery feeding program for 4 wk in a 2 × 2 factorial with factors of birth weight category (LBW vs. NBW) and basal (FAA–) or supplemented FAA profile (FAA+; Thr, Met, and Trp at 120% of requirements). Pigs were then placed onto a grower diet and, after a 7-d adaptation period, were inoculated with ST (2.2 × 109 CFU/mL) and monitored for 7 d post-inoculation. Growth performance, rectal temperature, gut health, ST fecal shedding and translocation, and blood parameters were measured pre- and post-inoculation. Inoculation with ST increased rectal temperature (39.7 vs. 38.9±0.5 oC) and overall rectal temperature was higher in LBW compared with NBW pigs (39.6 vs. 39.0±0.5 oC; P&lt; 0.05). Salmonella shedding (1.8 vs. 2.3±0.1 score) and translocation to spleen (1.3 vs. 2.5±0.1 score) were less in NBW-FAA+ than NBW-FAA- pigs (P&lt; 0.05). Post-inoculation weight gain was greater in NBW-FAA+ compared with the other groups (0.57 vs. 0.45±0.03 kg/d; P&lt; 0.05). Post-inoculation haptoglobin (d 4; 1.0 vs. 0.7±0.1 g/L) and colonic myeloperoxidase (d 7; 4.3 vs. 2.5±0.6 µU/mL) were greater in LBW-FAA- pigs compared with the other groups (P&lt; 0.05). On d 4 post-inoculation, plasma superoxide dismutase was less in LBW- FAA+ than in LBW-FAA- (60.5 vs. 93.3±7.7 mU/mL; P&lt; 0.05). Reduced:oxidized glutathione at d 7 post-inoculation was greater in NBW compared with LBW pigs (2.5 vs. 1.7±0.3; P&lt; 0.05). In conclusion, negative effects of Salmonella infection are ameliorated with supplementation of FAA to a greater extent in NBW than in LBW pigs.
275 Effects of Reduced Metabolizable Energy by Reducing fat Supplementation on Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Baker Jonathan , Duarte Marcos Elias E , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of reducing metabolizable energy (ME) by reducing fat supplementation on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. Nursery pigs (n = 120; 7.3 ± 0.6 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. Pigs were assigned to 5 dietary treatments with decreasing ME levels (3,400, 3,375, 3,350, 3,325, and 3,300 kcal/kg ME). ME content was gradually reduced by reducing fat supplementation (2%). Pigs were fed for 35 d in 2 phases (P1: 14 d and P2: 21 d). Titanium dioxide was added (0.4%) to P2 diets as an indigestible external marker to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. At d 35, a pig with median BW of each pen in 2 treatments (3,400 and 3,300 kcal/kg) was euthanized for sampling jejunal mucosa to analyze oxidative stress and immune status. Jejunal digesta was collected to measure viscosity. Ileal digesta was collected to analyze AID of nutrients. Data were analyzed using SAS. Reducing ME level by 3% (100 kcal/kg) had no effect on growth performance. The 3,300 kcal/kg diet reduced (P &lt; 0.05) AID of DM (59.5 to 47.3%), GE (59.1 to 43.0%), CP (63.4 to 44.6%), and EE (67.7 to 55.2%), increased (P &lt; 0.05) digesta viscosity (1.7 to 2.2 cP) and VH:CD (1.64 to 1.80), and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) VH (467 to 433 µm) when compared with 3,400 kcal/kg diet. Additionally, the 3,300 kcal/kg diet increased (P &lt; 0.05) the concentration of protein carbonyl (0.18 to 0.40 nmol/mg) in the jejunal mucosa. In conclusion, reducing ME by reducing fat supplementation by 2% increased the viscosity of jejunal digesta and protein carbonyl in the jejunal mucosa, resulting in decreased villus height and nutrient digestibility, without affecting growth performance.
242 The Impact of Feed Formulation and Feeding Methods on Pig and Poultry Production on the Environment
Authors: Pomar Candido , Remus Aline 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dietary energy and nutrient losses associated with its conversion into animal products increase production costs and contribute to the environmental footprint of farms with the excessive application of nitrogen, phosphorus, or trace minerals from manure or carbon and methane losses. Formulating diets with the appropriate levels of minerals and amino acids can help improve dietary protein and energy efficiency and reduce nutrient losses. For example, an 8% reduction in dietary crude protein in pig feeds is estimated to increase nitrogen efficiency by more than 50%, while costing 11% less than a control diet without industrial amino acids. This reduction in protein intake also increases energy availability due to reduced energy losses associated with protein deamination. Urinary and intestinal fermentation energy losses can be 24% lower for pigs fed low-protein diets compared to control diets. Nonetheless, determining the optimal level of dietary amino acid remains a difficult challenge in conventional phase feeding systems. Therefore, group or individual precision feeding is another powerful tool to increase nutrient efficiency. By feeding individual growing-finishing pigs with diets tailored to their requirements, precision feeding can decrease nitrogen excretion by 30% and greenhouse gas emissions by 22% compared to conventional 3-phase feeding. The benefits of feeding pigs with low-protein diets and precision feeding techniques are additive and might result in a 61% protein efficiency of utilization. The formulation of very-low-protein diets and the implementation of precision feeding techniques rely on sound nutritional concepts and comprehensive biological models developed to precisely estimate individual real-time nutrient requirements and animal responses. Understanding the metabolic processes responsible for the observed variation between individual animals in their ability to utilize dietary nutrients is challenging, but there is a need to further improve nutrient efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of livestock production systems.
280 The Effect of Bromocriptine Mesylate and Heat Stress on Innate and Adaptive Immune Function in Beef Cattle
Authors: Zeltwanger Joshua M , Bailey Eric , Spiers Don , Petzel Emily , Nelson Benjamin , Brake Derek 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Injection of bromocriptine mesylate has been used to mimic the symptoms of tall fescue toxicosis in beef cattle. Twelve steers (351 ± 11.82 kg) were used to investigate the effect of bromocriptine mesylate and heat stress on serum prolactin, rectal temperature, respiration rate, and innate/adaptive immune function. Steers were randomly assigned to receive an injection of saline (CON) or bromocriptine mesylate (BROMO; 0.1mg/kg BW) every three days. Animals were housed for 22 d in the Brody Climatology Laboratory at thermoneutrality (TN; 19.5±0.26°C; 10-d) before transitioning (2-d) to heat stress (HS; 27.2±0.26°C nighttime, 34.5±0.26°C daytime; 10-d). Cattle were fed 1.8% of BW (DM-basis) daily across two feedings. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates were measured daily at 0600, 0900, 1500, and 1800 h. Serum and plasma were harvested from blood collected on d 1, 9, and 21 (9th d of thermoneutrality and heat stress, respectively) and analyzed for prolactin and cytokines. Dry-matter intake was not affected by treatment (P=0.52) or temperature (P=0.78). Prolactin concentrations decreased (P=0.02) throughout the trial and decreased (P&lt; 0.01) with BROMO. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were greater (P&lt; 0.01) for BROMO during TN and HS. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were increased (P&lt; 0.01) during HS. Pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-18) concentrations were greater (P&lt; 0.01) for BROMO steers than CON. Heat stress increased (P&lt; 0.01) pro-inflammatory cytokines with the exception of IL-18 (P=0.98) regardless of treatment. Anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-13, IL-1-F5, IL-21, IFN-β, LIF) were decreased (P&lt; 0.07) for BROMO steers with the exception of IL-10 (P=0.58). Regardless of treatment IL-13, IL-21, IL-10, and LIF concentrations were greater (P&lt; 0.05) during HS. These results demonstrate that bromocriptine mesylate successfully mimicked the symptoms of fescue toxicosis. Innate and adaptive immune responses were influenced by treatment and temperature, potentially affecting beef cattle immune competency.
285 Effect of low Protein Diets on Oxidative Stress, Plasma Metabolomics and Cecal Microbiome of Broiler Chickens During Experimentally Induced Heat Stress
Authors: Sutton Julia , Habibi Mohammad , Shili Cedrick n , Pezeshki Adel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Low-protein diets mitigate the negative outcome of heat stress in birds; however, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of low-protein diets on broilers oxidative stress, plasma metabolomics and cecal microbiota composition during experimentally induced heat stress. Two-hundred-day-old male broiler chicks were assigned into 36 pens with of 5-6 chicks/pen. All pens were weight-matched and randomly subjected into either thermoneutral (TN) or heat stress (HS) with 18 pens/treatment. Within each treatment, the birds were randomized to receive either normal protein (NP) or low protein (LP) diets with 9 pens/diet (50 birds/diet). The study lasted 6 weeks with 2 weeks of acclimation (starter phase) and 4 weeks of data collection (grower and finisher phases). On week 6, birds were euthanized and blood and cecal samples were collected. Oxidative stress biomarkers and peak height of metabolites in plasma were analyzed using GLM procedure (SPSS). Paired t-test was used for comparing diet treatments within TN and HS groups. Under TN condition, birds fed with LP had a decreased plasma superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxidation compared with NP (P&lt; 0.05), but no differences on these measurements were detected during HS (P&gt;0.05). Birds fed with LP diet had a greater lipid hydroperoxides than NP under HS (P&lt; 0.05). Principal component analysis showed a clear separation for plasma metabolites found between NP and LP diets under TN and HS. Dietary protein content impacted plasma metabolites related with metabolism and biosynthesis of alanine, aspartate, glutamate and phenylalanine during both TN and HS. Compared with NP, cecal contents of chickens fed with LP diet had greater abundances of p_Tenericutes, c_Mollicutes, c_Mollicutes_RF9, and f_tachnospiraceae under HS. Thus, dietary protein content influenced the plasma metabolites with similar pattern during TN and HS, but that had differential effects on cecal microbiota composition under TN and H.
292 Evaluation of two Beef cow Fixed-Time AI Protocols That Utilize pre-Synchronization
Authors: Ketchum Jaclyn N , Quail Lacey K , Epperson Kaitlin M , Guy Chloey , Rich Jerica J J , Zoca Saulo Menegatti , Kline Adalaide , Andrews Taylor , Walker Julie , Fontes Pedro , Johnson Sandy , Owen Megan P , Harvey Kelsey M , Summers Adam F , Perry George A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pre-synchronization has been evaluated as a method to improve synchrony of ovulatory follicles before fixed-time AI (FTAI). The objective was to compare FTAI results in beef cows from two protocols that utilize pre-synchronization. Blood samples were collected on d-14 (d0=CIDR removal) to determine progesterone concentration at the start of synchronization (P4start: ≥1ng/mL=high, &lt; 1ng/mL=low). In a subset (n=1,032), an additional blood sample was taken between d-21 and -29 to determine cyclicity. Cows (n=1,119), from 21 herds, were grouped by days postpartum and age and randomly assigned to one of two protocols. Cows assigned to the PG 6-day CIDR protocol (PG6d) received prostaglandin F2α (PG) on d-9, CIDR insertion and GnRH on d-6, and CIDR removal and PG on d0. Cows assigned to the 7&7 Synch protocol (7&7) were administered PG and CIDR insertion on d-14, GnRH on d-7, CIDR removal and PG on d0. For both protocols, FTAI occurred coincident with GnRH 66 h after second PG. Pregnancy was determined by transrectal ultrasonography 30-40 d following FTAI. The GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (9.4) was used to detect differences in estrus response and pregnancy success with herd included as a random variable. Estrus response (0 to 66 h) was influenced by treatment (P&lt; 0.01; PG6d=60±5% and 7&7=74±4%), Body Condition Score (P&lt; 0.01), cycling status (P=0.03), P4start (P&lt; 0.01), and a P4start by treatment interaction (P&lt; 0.001; PG6d-highP4=62±6%, PG6d-lowP4=58±6%, 7&7-highP4=84±3%, 7&7-lowP4=60±6%). Pregnancy success was influenced by estrus expression (P&lt; 0.01; estrus=38±4% and no estrus=62±6%), and a treatment by P4start interaction (P=0.04; PG6d-highP4=58±5%, PG6d-lowP4=39±7%, 7&7-highP4=49±5%, 7&7-lowP4=55±8%) but was not influenced by treatment (P=0.45; PG6d=49±4% and 7&7=52±4%). In conclusion, effectiveness of pre-synchronization method depends on a cows’ physiological status at the beginning of the protocol. The 7&7 protocol increased estrus response compared to PG6d, but there was no difference in pregnancy success.
293 Awardee Talk: Innovations in Bovine Reproductive Management: What the Future Holds
Authors: Pohler Ky G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
At least 1 billion people globally still experience inadequate protein intake of which 16.5% represent children under the age of 5. To further complicate matters, resources for food and agriculture production will become more limited as the planet becomes more populated and urban areas expand. This demands a dramatic and timely increase in agricultural efficiency to meet the global food demand within a sustainable framework. As the human population grows and dietary preferences increasingly include animal protein, global meat consumption is expected to increase by 30%, requiring a 72% increase in current meat production to meet these goals. One major protein source cattle, represent a major opportunity to increase overall efficiency of our herds globally. In the past 50 years, we have seen drastic increases in innovative technology, specifically in the area of reproductive biology and management. This talk will focus on what has been accomplished to date and what the future may hold for cattle producers around the world. More specifically, focus and discussion on embryonic mortality which is the number one driver of reproductive inefficiency. This project was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2017-67015-26457, 2019-67015-28998 and 2022-67015-33675 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
302 Implications of the Paternal Environment for Future Generations
Authors: Bailey Janice L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The use of genetically superior males for artificial insemination has arguably been the most important tool to maximize the dissemination of desirable genes and improve the performance traits of agriculturally important species. The sire’s reproductive fitness traditionally focuses on breeding soundness, with the narrow assumption that role of the male is restricted to providing sperm to the oocyte, such that once fertilization occurs, the gestational outcome depends entirely on the dam. The sire’s role, however, extends beyond fertilization as the sperm epigenome mediates early embryo gene expression, thereby influencing subsequent embryo quality and developmental competence. Since the epigenome is sensitive to the environment, including nutrition, we used a rodent model of paternal exposures to test the hypothesis that multigenerational effects are transmitted through the paternal lineage. We also demonstrate that a possible mechanism for paternal transmission of environmental information is via the sperm epigenome. These findings should inspire animal industry to increase their consideration of the sire’s environment in the context of optimizing productivity. (This research was funded by CIHR, FRQNT and NSERC.)
306 Cattle Performance and Forage Nutrients While Grazing an Integrated Crop-Livestock System Compared with Grass Pasture in the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Christensen Rachael G , Kronberg Scott L , Hendrickson John R , Archer David W , Liebig Mark A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many integrated crop-livestock system (ICL) studies have been conducted, but few report cattle performance and forage nutrients. Here, we report one year of cattle weight gains for Angus yearling heifers and steers grazing ICL plots (ICL) or tame grass pastures (PAS) in four replicates. Five yearlings (avg. BW 390 ± 26 kg) were randomly assigned to graze each plot while provided ad libitum water and trace mineral salt. Cattle assigned to ICL grazed three crop rotations: 1) corn interseeded with soybean (C/S), 2) spring wheat interseeded with cover crop and 3) cover crop planted into spring wheat from the previous year. Yearlings in ICL were stocked first on green C/S, grazing an average of 60 days. Beginning C/S biomass was 1,827 ± 638 g m−2, yearling end BW was 465 ± 34 kg and ADG 1.28 ± 0.27 kg. Yearlings then grazed residual cover crop growth, averaging additional 42 d grazing while supplemented with a ration of baled cover crop forage, wheat straw, and corn. Ration intake averaged 15.35 ±0.6 kg animal-1 d-1. Final BW of ICL yearlings on cover crops averaged 499 ± 34 kg, ADG of 0.79 ± 0.29 kg. Yearlings assigned PAS were provided 1,911 ± 162 g m−2 at the beginning of grazing for 69 days, had final BW 443 ± 35 kg, ADG of 1.01 ± 0.22. Forage nutrient analyses are reported in Table 1, showing that individual crops are similar in ADF and TDN, but vary in crude protein content. Performance of ICL cattle exceeded that of PAS while on corn and soybean but decreased ICL performance while grazing cover crop was likely due to extreme cold weather at the time of grazing. Nutrient values reported here can be used to plan and predict cattle growth while grazing crop residues instead of pastures.
312 Characterizing Riding Tendencies of Owners, Managers, or Riders of Indoor Arena Through an Anonymous Survey
Authors: McGill Staci , Hayes Morgan , Coleman Bob 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Indoor riding and training facilities allow for horses to be worked no matter the weather conditions which prevents downtime that could result in lost profits. Research on these facilities has been limited so during the summer of 2018, an anonymous online survey was conducted to begin to characterize indoor arenas. Respondents, grouped by designations of owners, managers, and riders, were asked common questions regarding the region they were from, their main discipline and riding interest, their preference of riding indoors or outdoors, how often they rode, and the average duration of their rides. These questions were analyzed for associations or trends based on whether the respondents were owners, managers, or riders. While many of the respondents were riders at facilities and did not own or manage an indoor arena, trends were visible in the data. All respondents favored riding outdoors rather than in an indoor arena and tended to ride for 30 minutes to one hour on average. In regards to disciplines, most of the managers and owners tended to prefer riding disciplines with a flat emphasis, while riders were evenly split amongst eventing, a flat emphasis, and a flat and over fence emphasis. Examining how often the respondents rode yielded unsurprising results as most respondents who identified as owners and/or managers rode multiple times per day while those who identified as riders typically rode multiple times a week. Understanding how the respondents use and interact with an indoor arena facilitates better opportunities to develop future research as well as allows for programming and publications that can help build and manage facilities that work best for those in the industry using them.