bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silence of the Empress
Authors: Hillner Julia 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter covers the decades of the fourth century, between the late 330s and 80s, during which little mention was made of Helena. It discusses the reasons for such silence, including the need of Helena’s grandsons to repair relations with their “Theodoran” relatives in the face of continuing violent divisions. To assess the extent of Helena’s immediate influence and legacy, the chapter follows the trail of two female descendants of the Constantinian dynasty: Helena’s granddaughter Constantina and Theodora’s (probable) great-granddaughter Justina. Their respective activities replicated aspects of Helena’s role at the court of Constantine, but changed historical circumstances allowed them to considerably expand on Helena’s spheres of action. The chapter also discusses the greater visibility and negative publicity that especially Justina attracted, which became the framework for Helena’s rediscovery as a significant figure from the Constantinian past.
Midnight Sun: Johnny Mercer
Authors: Furia Philip , Patterson Laurie J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Because of Johnny Mercer, the rules for the Oscars now require that songs must be specifically written for the screen to be eligible for an Academy Award for Best Song. Mercer wrote a song, “Blues in the Night,” for a movie of the same title. He lost to Oscar Hammerstein and Jerome Kern, who had written the winning song, “The Last Night I Saw Paris,” for Lady Be Good. Mercer was unique as a songwriter: a southerner (in a world of mostly New Yorkers), he wrote both music and words, and he sang. His business acumen culminated in the co-creation of Capitol Records with Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs. But perhaps he is best known for his songs that reflect his heartbreak over his love of Judy Garland: “That Old Black Magic” and “One for My Baby (and One More for the Road).”
Call Me Irresponsible: Sammy Cahn
Authors: Furia Philip , Patterson Laurie J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This new chapter of The Poets of Tin Pan Alley celebrates the works of lyricist Sammy Cahn. Perhaps one of the songs Cahn is best known for is “Bei Mir Bist Du Schoen” (frequently thought to be “My Beer, Mister Shane”). Cahn wrote the better-known English lyrics for this song, which was originally written in Yiddish, with Saul Chaplin. Working with Jule Styne, Cahn had such hits as “I’ve Heard That Song Before,” “I’ll Walk Alone,” and “Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!” Cahn and Styne because Sinatra’s “house” songwriters, writing many of the songs for his movies.
Pluralism and Priority
Authors: Kelly Thomas 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter argues for a robust pluralism about bias, a pluralism that has two aspects. First, many different kinds of things are genuinely biased: the fact that in the normal course of everyday life we unhesitatingly attribute bias to a radically diverse collection of things is not a matter of overly casual speech or sloppy thought on our part, but rather reflects reality. Second, this pluralism is robust, in the sense that no one of type of biased thing is fundamental in the order of explanation across contexts. In addition to arguing that robust pluralism is true, the chapter offers a speculative hypothesis about why such pluralism holds. It explores the relationships between biased processes, biased outcomes, and biased people, and argues that biased processes sometimes produce unbiased outcomes, that unbiased processes sometimes produce biased outcomes, and that biases of people are typically not fundamental in the order of explanation.
The Norm-Theoretic Account of Bias
Authors: Kelly Thomas 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces the norm-theoretic account of bias, according to which biases typically involve systematic departures from norms. It explores the perspectival character of bias attributions, or the ways in which our first order views about a topic rationally influence and constrain our higher-order judgments about who is and who isn’t biased about that topic. It shows how this general framework explains a familiar phenomenon: the fact that accusations of bias often inspire not only denials but also countercharges of bias. It explores the circumstances in which we are rationally required to believe that those who disagree with us are not only mistaken but also biased simply because they disagree with us in the way that they do. In addition, it argues that theoretical rationality, practical rationality, and morality can all require us to be biased, in the pejorative sense of “bias.”
Biased People
Authors: Kelly Thomas 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBiases of people are best understood as multiply realizable dispositions that admit of degrees. “Bias” and its cognates often function like thick evaluative terms, and attributions of bias are frequently used to make or implicate normative claims. A person might count as biased against something because of what she thinks, how she acts, or what she feels; and different people might count as biased against the same thing despite a lack of overlap in their mental states, their actions, and their dispositions. One common way in which a person can end up biased is by trying not to be, as in cases of overcompensation. The contrasts between biased believers and biased agents, and between biased agents and unreliable agents, are further explored.
Introduction
Authors: Mayer Benoit 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s project, which is to develop a doctrinal analysis of the international law on climate change mitigation. First of all, it shows that the need for such doctrinal analysis remains largely unmet. It goes on to outlines the tenets of the standard doctrinal methodology on which the following chapters rely, recognizing certain difficulties, for instance relating to the tension between ascending and descending reasoning in the identification of international legal norms. Finally, the chapter introduces the conceptual and terminological framework used throughout the book, presents the outline of the following chapters, and responds to some possible objections.
The Nature of Mitigation Obligations
Authors: Mayer Benoit 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The first part of the monograph has identified, among other things, certain general obligations on climate change mitigation arising from customary international law and from general provisions of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The second part seeks to determine the implications of these general mitigation obligations. Chapter V provides an introductory reflection on the nature of general mitigation obligations. Chapter VI shows the perils of a judicial interpretation of states’ requisite level of mitigation action in the absence of any reliable benchmark. Chapter VII suggests an alternative approach to the judicial interpretation of general mitigation obligation, relying on the identification of corollary duties, that is, the appropriate measures implied by general mitigation obligations.
The EU’s Diplomatic Framework
Authors: Duquet Sanderijn 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the legal architecture of the EU’s diplomatic framework. It addresses the patchwork of legal and political arrangements that the EU constructed to execute its diplomatic and consular roles. First, the chapter looks at how the Union ensures that privileges and immunities of its delegations to third states and international organizations are up to diplomatic standard, including as regards their staff, communication, and property (active ius legationis). Second, it determines how the EU can accredit permanent missions of member states, third states and international organizations, thereby asserting a protection that equals the protection granted to its own delegations abroad (passive ius legationis).
The Interplay between the EU and Its Member States
Authors: Duquet Sanderijn 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter concerns the triangular relationship of the Union, its member states, and diplomatic and consular law and the three sets of rules governing their regulatory and executive actions: EU law, public international law (PIL), and the national law of member states. It starts with a study on coexisting norms that examines how the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) has addressed diplomatic and consular law in the EU legal order. A following section tests how rights of legation can coexist in the international legal order and proposes a model of EU diplomacy, with both parallel and interactive features.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Duquet Sanderijn 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers conclusions to the handbook on EU diplomatic law, which has found that EU diplomacy, despite its practices and wide recognition, gives rise to a considerable number of vexed legal problems and questions. It makes the case for the Union functioning as a diplomatic actor in its own right as an entity separate from its member states. Concretely, it looks at the EU in the general international diplomatic legal system, how the Union’s propensity for conformism in the diplomatic arena works in practice, and the contributions made by the EU to diplomatic and consular law.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris 
Published: November 2022

AbstractObserving that Wytham’s badgers live in groups, we begin by querying the adaptive significance of badger behaviour, in the context of their ecological circumstances, framed by the constraints of their mustelid phylogeny and, in turn, their mammalian ancestry. We start this quest, which is woven through all 19 chapters, at the beginning, with birth. Setting the scene we ask: What are the conditions, social and physical, deep inside setts into which badgers are born? What proportion of cubs dies along their journey from birth to emergence from the sett, and from what? What challenges do badgers face from birth to weaning? How do they first start to engage with their other social group compatriots? The chapter ends, in badger chronology, with the scene now set, and young cubs preparing to venture above ground. From the birth of a badger, we then turn to the birth of badgers, and review the evidence for the evolutionary origin of the species. By the end of the chapter readers have been introduced to Wytham Woods, the early life of the badgers that live there, and the broader perspective of the origins of badgers amongst the Carnivora.
Sex
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDo all individuals mate and, if not, what factors determine winners and losers? Using infrared video cameras we describe Rabelaisian badger mating encounters in a polygynandrous system of promiscuity. This led to discoveries about the mating oestrous period in Wytham, and how this varies between badger populations, according to density and likelihood of mating assurance. But there is also mating outside of these fertile periods, so what is the function of this non-conceptive intercourse? Why would female badgers mate with many males without appearing to be choosy on her suitor’s qualities, and what opportunities does she have for selecting between candidate mates, including post-copulatory selection of whose embryos to implant?
The Ecological Foundations to Badger Group Living
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWhy do badgers live in groups? If not for benefits linked to alloparenting or hunting success, what might favour Wytham’s 23 groups of c. 8 badgers, versus hundreds of individual burrows? The answer lies in the transition from behaviour to ecology, and so this transitional chapter begins by documenting badger diet in Wytham. An important element is the earthworm, and we use almost 40 years of data to reveal that young badgers, with least resilience to tolerate periods of food scarcity, present the greatest starvation risk. We revisit ideas, such as the Resource Dispersion Hypothesis, that interpret society as an emergent property of ecology combined with factors such as ability to tolerate food insecurity. Moving from ethological observations of badgers foraging for worms, and an exploration of optimal foraging theory, we document how badger social group geometry has changed over the decades. We ask what aspect of sociology imposes a glass ceiling on group size, and show the time scale of the fissioning of the original 12 progenitor groups in the 1970s into the 23 contemporary millennial groups. How does this affect interpretation of latrine-marked boundaries? This chapter leads to the question of whether the badgers’ evolutionary past has prepared them for twenty-first-century Wytham Woods. Do the ecological circumstances of Wytham in 2020 fit within the envelope of adaptive intra-specific variation (the sociological phenotype) that defines a badger, or might sociality be an as-yet not fully exploited compromise for high-density living?
In Sickness and in Health
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAmongst the factors buffeting animal populations, badgers included, is contagious disease. In Chapter 2 we learnt that surviving intestinal coccidiosis was a crucial first hurdle to badger cubs being recruited to Wytham’s population. In this chapter we turn to the badgers’ natural pathogens, their immune defences against them, and the sickly influence of stress. A particularly remarkable case is Mustelid herpesvirus, which, intriguingly, is revealed to be a venereal disease amongst Wytham’s badgers, raising evolutionary questions as to whether the scent of infection influences mate selection. We also ask whether psychological stress, for example perhaps provoked by living in a particularly dense population, compounds the risks to good health amongst Wytham’s badgers. The answers lead us deeply into oxidative stress and imbalances caused by cellular stress responses and a consequential build-up of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These molecular phenomena tie up with ecology when we analyse how antioxidant capacity of badgers is inhibited when the going gets tough, for example when food is limited, and then, in evolutionary theory, is there a developmental trade-off, where cubs investing in antioxidant defences cope better with ROS arising from catabolic stress? And to draw back to a wider perspective, how might the increasingly unseasonable, variable and extreme, conditions predicted under UK climate change scenarios interact with oxidative stress and investment in antioxidants? We explore this through the development of the leucocyte coping capacity test. This leads us to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and how it might link badger pathogen resistance and mate choice.
The Story of Badgers and TB
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAlthough for much of the 40 years that we have studied Wytham’s badgers, there was no sign of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) amongst them, they were at the heart of the controversy over management of this disease. The reason is that Wytham was used as the paradigm of an uninfected, unperturbed population. This chapter provides a crisp summary of the impact of Wytham’s badgers on thinking and policy, and especially the perturbation hypothesis. However, we do not dwell on well-rehearsed material: instead we take a fresh look at how the revelations in this book offer new thinking about bTB and its control. That insight is deepened because in recent years bTB has entered Wytham’s badgers, and we have studied its progress and initiated a vaccination programme.
Senescence, Telomeres, and Life history Trade-offs
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe began with birth, and we arrive at old age. How well do Shakespeare’s ‘Seven Ages of Man’ match the badger’s reality? We explore the sex steroid profile of badgers throughout their lives, documenting how these steroids ebb with age, but that a subset of elderly individuals remain fertile. Meanwhile, curiously for a wild animal, a remaining proportion lives on in post-reproductive condition. This leads us to senescence and questions about what goes wrong, or impedes repair, at the cellular level, and the puzzle of why badgers, like most other larger mammals, don’t make telomerase continuously, regenerate their telomeres, and avoid cellular senescence. Interestingly, we find that badger telomeres get longer in meline middle age. Why? And in this chapter, as in others, we find that it’s the start each individual gets in life that counts. Why should cubs experiencing tough times early in life, linked again to inclement weather, have longer telomeres? The answer leads to a comparison of different preparations for life.
The Cult of Stephen in Jerusalem
Authors: Méndez Hugo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAs the site of only a small and obscure Christian population, Jerusalem witnessed few instances of anti-Christian persecution between 135 and 313 ce. This fact became a source of embarrassment to the city in late antiquity—a period when martyr traditions, relics, and shrines were closely intertwined with local prestige. At that time, the city had every incentive to stretch the fame of its few apostolic martyrs as far as possible—especially the fame of the biblical St. Stephen, the figure traditionally regarded as the first Christian martyr (Acts 6–8). What Jerusalem lacked in the quantity of its martyrs, it believed it could compensate for in an exclusive, local claim to the figure widely hailed as the “Protomartyr,” “firstborn of the martyrs,” and “chief of confessors.” This book traces the rise of the cult of Stephen in Jerusalem, exploring such historical episodes as the fabrication of the saint’s relics, the construction of a grand basilica in his honor, and the multiplication of his feast days. It argues that local church authorities promoted devotion to Stephen in the fifth century in a conscious attempt to position him as a patron saint for Jerusalem—a symbol of the city’s Christian identity and power.
Introduction
Authors: Méndez Hugo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThrough the numerous disruptions affecting Jerusalem in the first and second centuries, the burial sites of those apostolic-era figures killed in or around the city were lost. There is also no evidence that the city’s Christians experienced episodes of local persecution in later centuries. Thus, although Aelia/Jerusalem boasted numerous pilgrimage sites associated with the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, it lacked even a single tomb or shrine for a Christian martyr up to the mid-fourth century. In a period in which cities articulated their prestige around local martyr cults, the absence of any such cult in Jerusalem was embarrassing. In this context, the city’s local church had every incentive to stretch the fame of its few early martyrs as far as possible. In time, the community opted to stress its unique connections to the biblical St. Stephen, the figure traditionally regarded as the first and chief Christian martyr (Acts 6–8).
The Prestige of Stephen
Authors: Méndez Hugo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis first chapter traces the long-term motivations for Jerusalem’s investments in the cult of the Protomartyr. In the explosion of martyr piety in the early fourth century, Stephen’s memory rose to new heights of prominence. Nowhere was that prominence more visibly inscribed than in Stephen’s 26 December feast, now rapidly spreading across the Mediterranean. By design, that feast occupied the first open date on many ancient Christian liturgical calendars, symbolizing Stephen’s priority and pre-eminence among all martyrs. In a period, then, when cities seized on the fame of local martyrs to claim importance themselves as spaces, the city of Jerusalem could not ignore its connections to a saint hailed as the “chief of confessors.”
A Very Great Sanctuary
Authors: Méndez Hugo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the enshrinement of Stephen’s relics in various churches throughout Jerusalem—a process culminating in the construction of a “Martyrion of St. Stephen” outside the city’s principal gate. In the 430s, Juvenal of Jerusalem secured funds for the construction of a dedicated martyr shrine to Stephen—a structure anchoring what became the single largest complex of ecclesiastical buildings in the city. This chapter argues that the size of the structure and its prominent place in local ritual life symbolized the unique profile of Stephen among all saints venerated in the city. Through it, the city articulated its unique attachment to Stephen as a patron martyr and civic symbol.
Obligations to Blow the Whistle
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains the circumstances in which workers may be obliged by contractual or fiduciary obligations to make disclosures of information to their employer in relation to wrongdoing by others or their own wrongdoing. It also addresses whether there may be a duty on the worker to investigate wrongdoing. It then considers various statutory and regulatory obligations upon workers to make what will in effect be disclosures of information, for example by the imposition of a duty of candour on health service professionals and on employees under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations. The benefits of a whistleblowing policy in such circumstances are explained.
Macro-level Assessment of Deliberative Quality
Authors: Fleuß Dannica 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines a strategy for assessing deliberative quality at a systemic level, that is, for measuring the ‘macro-deliberativeness’ of democratic political systems. To meet the challenges associated with this enterprise, it suggests combining two strands of research: the theoretical groundwork of systemic deliberative theory and the methodological guidelines of democracy measurements. The chapter outlines recommendations for conceptualization, operationalization, and aggregation procedures that reflect the conceptual requirements of deliberative theorists. It then compiles a ‘methodological toolkit’ and provides practical advice for how researchers can apply and combine existing methodological tools from deliberative democracy scholarship to arrive at a theoretically sound and empirically valid measurement of macro-deliberativeness.
Mixed Methods
Authors: Escobar Oliver 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The areas of inquiry in deliberative democracy are multifaceted and often call for methodological approaches that can grapple with complexity. Deliberative studies cover diverse foci, from individuals, groups, collectives, and networks, to artefacts, practices, processes, systems, and cultures. This chapter argues that mixed methods research (MMR) is well suited to investigating deliberative democracy, while also noting the limitations of this approach to social and political science. Mixing methods entails the integration of findings gleaned from qualitative and quantitative strands within a coherent research design. The chapter reviews methodological foundations and outlines questions and puzzles where mixed methods can contribute to deliberative scholarship. It also covers research design, data generation, analysis and quality standards, while offering examples that illustrate different types of research design and how they can be applied. The chapter concludes with a call to strengthen the mixed methods community of practice within the deliberative community of inquiry.