bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mangrove sediment organic carbon storage and sources in relation to forest age and position along a deltaic salinity gradient
Authors: Suello Rey Harvey , Hernandez Simon Lucas , Bouillon Steven , Belliard Jean-Philippe , Dominguez-Granda Luis , Van de Broek Marijn , Rosado Moncayo Andrea Mishell , Ramos Veliz John , Ramirez Karem Pollette , Govers Gerard , Temmerman Stijn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Mangroves are widely recognised as key ecosystems for climate change
mitigation as they capture and store significant amounts of sediment organic
carbon (SOC). Yet, there is incomplete knowledge on how sources of SOC and
their differential preservation vary between mangrove sites in relation to
environmental gradients. To address this, sediment depth profiles were
sampled from mangrove sites ranging from river-dominated to marine-dominated
sites and including old and young mangrove sites in the Guayas delta
(Ecuador). The stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) and the
elemental composition (OC %, C : N) of sediment profiles, local vegetation
(i.e. autochthonous carbon) and externally supplied suspended particulate
matter (i.e. allochthonous carbon) were obtained to assess variations in
the amount and sources of SOC at different locations throughout the delta.
In general, across all sites, we found that increasing SOC contents and stocks
are associated with decreasing δ13C and increasing C : N ratios,
indicating that SOC stocks and sources are intrinsically related. The SOC
stocks (down to 0.64 m depth profiles) are significantly lower in young
mangrove sites (46–55 Mg C ha−1) than in old sites (78–92 Mg C ha−1). The SOC in the young mangrove sites is mainly of allochthonous
origin (estimated on average at 79 %), whereas in the old sites there is a
slight dominance of autochthonous OC (on average 59 %). Moreover, from
river- to marine-dominated sites, a pattern was found of increasing SOC
stocks and increasing autochthonous SOC contribution. These observed
differences along the two studied gradients are hypothesised to be mainly
driven by (1) expected higher sedimentation rates in the river-dominated and
lower-elevation younger sites, thereby `diluting' the SOC content and
decreasing the relative autochthonous contribution, and (2) potential
differences in preservation of the different SOC sources. Our finding of
high contributions of allochthonous SOC, especially in young mangroves,
implies that this carbon is not originating from CO2 sequestration by
the mangrove ecosystem itself but is externally supplied from other
terrestrial, marine or estuarine ecosystems. We argue that accounting for
lower SOC stocks and higher contribution of allochthonous SOC in young and
river-dominated mangrove sites, as compared to old and marine-dominated
sites, is particularly relevant for designing and valuing nature-based
climate mitigation programmes based on mangrove reforestation.
“The Power of Onomatopoeia in Manga,” an Essay by Natsume Fusanosuke with Translators' Introduction
Authors: Holt Jon , Fukuda Teppei 
Published: March 2022

Natsume Fusanosuke is one of the founding critics of manga that pioneered a style of formal analysis of manga in the 1990s. Natsume’s first important foray into his “theory of expression” (hyōgenron) was seen in the collaborate work, Manga no yomikata (How to read manga) in 1995. He later streamlined those ideas in a twelve-episode series Manga wa naze omoshiroi no ka: sono bunpō to hyōgen (Why is manga so interesting?: Its grammar and expression) for NHK television in 1996. The accompanying expanded book (1997) consists of well-ordered, individual essays on elements of manga such as line, character creation, and panels. In the present translated essay, the eighth chapter of part one, Natsume explores how hand-drawn onomatopoeia—or comic-book interjections—are quite nuanced, conveying additional information about time and space as a part of the larger narrative flow, which Natsume asserts is uniquely characteristic of Japanese comic books. This early essay, representing the beginning of Natsume’s scholarly arc, is important for its examination of how hand-drawn onomatopoeia are vital tools for the manga storyteller. Natsume argues that these graphic giongo, gitaigo, and other mimetic expressions also reveal how Japanese audiences are predisposed to reading and processing verbal information in both as words and as pictures. The translation and introduction make available in English for the first time a part of a key text in the history of manga studies in Japan.
La perspectiva política de Byung-Chul Han y su comprensión de la alteridad
Authors: Butierrez Luis Fernando 
Published: March 2022

En el siguiente trabajo desarrollaremos una problematización del concepto de alteridad en diversas descripciones de las sociedades occidentales en la obra de Byung-Chul Han. En especial, buscamos dar cuenta de algunas tensiones entre la consideración tradicional del ego o el sujeto y la comprensión de la alteridad que contrapone, a partir de la cual presenta lineamientos para una propuesta política. Para ello analizaremos sus descripciones del deterioro de los lazos comunitarios y la configuración de nuevas subjetividades, con el objeto de poner de manifiesto sus lecturas críticas e interpretaciones de la tradición metafísica de la subjetividad. De esta manera, nos proponemos poner de manifiesto vías para un posible desarrollo comprensivo de este enfoque socio-político contemporáneo.
Saudi-Iranian Relations and the Future of the Middle East
Authors: Mason Robert 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Mason explores Saudi-Iranian rivalry in the Middle East with particular reference to the growth in political contentions post-1979. He covers work by Ghattas who provides a more social perspective on the fallout from increased Saudi-Iranian rivalry from 1979, including sectarian violence from Egypt through to Pakistan, and a more policy-orientated appraisal and outline for conflict resolution between the parties provided by Fraihat. Taken together, they afford a comprehensive overview of the causes and effects of this “conflict.” For a political science scholar, it is Fraihat who tackles substantive conflict resolution issues of enduring concern: rebalancing the regional order, reforming conflict strategies, mediation, Track II diplomacy, and bottom up peace-building, which may hold the keys to shaping the next four decades in more peaceful ways than the previous four. Given the limited avenues of exploration in these areas, a partial GCC state backlash against the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) during the Obama administration, and the political consolidation underway in both states, one might despair of a breakthrough. The Biden administration represents an opportunity to at least contemplate de-escalation measures resulting from talks such as those underway in Iraq in 2021. Meanwhile, the policies of small states such as Oman and Qatar provide insights on pragmatic foreign policy behavior, some of which could be replicated by the key protagonists.
The Israeli-Palestinian War of Narratives: Nur Masalha's Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History in Context
Authors: Rabinovich Itamar 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Palestinian academic Nur Masalha, who lives and teaches in London, published a thick volume seeking to anchor his arguments in an academic framework of a sort. Palestine: 4000 Years of History is an effort to document the argument for historical continuity between the Semitic-Arab peoples who had inhabited Palestine and the contemporary Palestinians. For Masalha, Palestine is a defined entity with its own native population embodied in the Palestinian Arabs. There was also a Jewish presence in Palestine during the biblical period but it was brief and insignificant. For the Jewish people and the Zionist Movement the term “Palestine” referred to the Land of Israel, the historical homeland of the Jewish people of the Land of the Bible. Terminology and nomenclature are important components of every national conflict. At the heart of such conflicts is the struggle for control of a specific territory and the respective claims by the contenders to absolute ownership of that territory. Such conflicts over the very name of a contested territory are not unique to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This article surveys the historical evolution of the contest over narratives between Israelis and Palestinians.
The effect of pregnancy massage on pregnant mother's anxiety before labor
Authors: Aswitami Ni Gusti Ayu Pramita , Udayani Ni Putu Mirah Yunita , Sulistianingsih Apri , Fitria Fitria , Pramana Cipta , Mutia Cut , Supinganto Agus 
Published: March 2022

Non-pharmacological treatment that can be given to overcome antenatal anxiety is Pregnancy massage. Pregnancy massage is a modification of technique and body position for pregnant women given since pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Pregnancy massage on the anxiety of pregnant women. This study is a quantitative study with a Quasy Experiment research design with Pre-Posttest Design With Nonequivalent Control Groups. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Measurement of anxiety in pregnant women using the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ). The difference test was carried out before and after treatment using a nonparametric test. Pregnancy massage had a significant effect on anxiety in both groups. The results showed that pregnancy massage was effective in reducing anxiety in third-trimester pregnant women. Pregnancy massage is most effective interventions to reduce anxiety during pregnancy period. Non pharmacological interventions may be applied by applied by nurses and midwives to reduce anxiety during pregnancy.
Effect of scapular upward rotation exercises on scapular neuromuscular tenderness in subjects with depressed scapular alignment
Authors: Al-Afify Doha H. , Kamel Ragia , Shalaby Amr S. 
Published: March 2022

Among the numerous scapular mal-alignments, scapular downward rotation (SDR) presents with depression, abduction and scapular tilt, attributed to upper trapezius elongation and levator scapulae stiffness, which consequently impacts scapular upward rotation. Scapular upward rotation exercise (SURE) that increase scapular upward rotators’ strength and stretch scapular downward rotator, provide the SDR patient with optimum muscle conditions in terms length and strength. This study was carried out to investigate the impact of upward rotation exercises on scapular muscles tenderness in subjects with scapular downward rotation alignment. Setting the p value at p < 0.001, the six weeks of intervention significantly improved pressure pain threshold (PPT) post-treatment of median, ulnar, radial nerves, upper trapezius, and upper and lower cervical facet joints (C2/C3 and C5/C6 zygapophyseal joints) compared to those of pre-treatment, with a percent of increase of 81.85%, 93.38%, 92.68%, 87.54%, 76.32% and 69.66 % respectively. These results suggest that scapular upward rotation exercises regain optimal scapular function and posture that reduces neuromuscular tenderness in subjects with SDR.
Surface functionalization of nano graphene oxide by amino acid
Authors: Radey Hawraa Hameed , Naijm Safaa Sabri 
Published: March 2022

In this study, nano graphene oxide (NGO) was synthesized by modified Hummer's method, the functionalization surface of nano graphene oxide (NGO) by amino acid (methionine, cysteine) by covalent functionalization of NGO with amino acid group using microwave 20% power (140 W) and characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FESEM). The calculated particle size of prepared compounds GO, GOM, and GOC is dependent on the pattern X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), XRD using (Debye – Scherer) and (Williamson – Hall) equation GO (16 nm), GOM (16.83nm), and GOC (19.nm). The FESEM exhibited for graphene oxide surface has many layers of light grey and has kinked regions and wrinkled edges, while re-stacked layers are light colored. The surfaces of GOM and GOC have sharp edges, crumpled and rippled.
Causes of primary cesarean section in Abo Ghraib general hospital
Authors: Alwan Buthaina Ahmed , Nassar Nadia Fadhil , Sabti Sahar Abdul Baqi 
Published: March 2022

Aim of the study: To evaluate the causes of primary cesarean section in Abu Ghraib general hospital with the intention to reduce cesarean section rate. Patients and methods: A descriptive study done prospectively in Abo Ghraib general hospital in Baghdad, Iraq during the period from first of January till 30th of June 2021, there were 2799 of deliveries (beyond 28 weeks of gestation), 466 of them delivered by cesarean section. The study included all cesarean sections that collected from labor ward, general and private sector. Results: The most common primary Cs (57.4%) was found in age group between (21-30) years old, then (31.4%)) in age ?20 years, (9.9 %) in age between (31-40) years, and only (1.3%) in group of age >40 years. the most common indication was fetal distress in 65 (29.1%), then FTP in 57 (25.6%), then malpresentation in 27 (12.1%) and the least cause was preeclampsia and rupture uterus in 4 (1.8 %) for each cause. Conclusion: The most common causes of primary cesarean section in Abo Ghraib general hospital was fetal distress this may be due to low hospital resources.
Perancangan Sistem Alat Kontrol Lampu menggunakan Perintah SMS dengan Modul GSM SIM 800l berbasis Metode Arduino
Authors: Pandiangan Dosman Tonggotua 
Published: March 2022

Pemanfaatan teknologi untuk menjalankan fungsi peralatan dalam rumah tangga saat ini sudah banyak digunkaan dengan berbagai inovasinya. Salah satunya mikrokontroler seperti Arduino, ARMcortex-M0 yaitu board berbasis mikrokontroler pada ATMega 328. Pada penelitian ini akan dibahas pemanfaatan mikrokontroler dengan perintah short message untuk mengoperasikan saklar lampu. Ide penelitian ini dengan mengobservasi kebiasaan masyarakat dalam mengoperasikan saklar lampu pada waktu-waktu yang tidak tepat seperti lupa atau sedang bepergian. Mengkolaborasikan Arduino Uno dan GSM Sim800l sebagai penghubung antara perangkat dan handphone melalui sms akan bekerja berdasarkan perintah yang diberikan melalui perintah sms, module GSM Sim800l digunakan sebagai alat perintah sms yang diterima dari android dalam kendali alat mematikan dan menghidupkan lampu. Agar Module GSM Sim800l dalam Arduino uno dapat memberikan suatu instruksi untuk mengontrol lampu dari jarak jauh, Module GSM Sim800l atau pun Arduino uno tersebut memerlukan sebuah program yang di input kedalam Arduino uno R3 dalam aplikasi arduino uno, biasanya program dibuat dengan menggunakan bahasa Bahasa C. Dengan menggunakan program arduino dengan command “void”, maka pemograman mendapatkan banyak kemudahan dalam mengatur sistem kerja dari Arduino uno R3 atau arduino uno.
ANALISIS BAHASA LISAN DALAM PELAYANAN SURAT MENYURAT KAPAL DI KANTOR KESYAHBANDARAN DAN OTORITAS PELABUHAN K.S.O.P (KELAS 1) BANJARMASIN
Authors: Desy Hidayati , Rosaria Santi Irnita 
Published: March 2022

Penelitian ini sebagai Kaidah bahasa sebenarnya tidak semata berurusan dengan usaha menggambarkan lisan ke bentuk tulisan. Dalam konteks pembicaraan ini, baik kita katakan bahwa ejaan adalah sebuah ikhtiar merekam bahasa lisan sepersis mungkin ke bentuk tulisan dan kemudian menatanya sedemikian rupa demi mendapatkan kualitas komunikasi yang efektif, sehingga sangat berpengaruh pada pelayanan. Pelayanan pada dasarnya dapat didefinisikan sebagai aktifitas seseorang, sekelompok atau organisasi baik langsung maupun tidak langsung untuk memenuhi kebutuhan. Tujuan pada penelitian ini Mengetahui penggunaan bahasa lisan dalam pelayanan surat menyurat kapal menyurat di Kantor Kesyahbandaran dan Otoritas Pelabuhan K.S.O.P (Kelas 1) Banjarmasin, dan Mendeskripsikan penggunaan bahasa lisan dalam pelayanan surat menyurat kapal menyurat di Kantor Kesyahbandaran dan Otoritas Pelabuhan K.S.O.P (Kelas 1) Banjarmasin.
Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif, yaitu data yang dikumpulkan berbentuk kata-kata, gambar, bukan angka-angka. Penelitian kualitatif adalah prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan dari orang-orang dan perilaku yang diamati Moleong, (3:2000) Teknik pengumpulan data menurut Arikunto adalah cara-cara yang dapat digunakan oleh peneliti untuk mengumpulkan data, di mana cara tersebut menunjukan pada suatu yang abstrak, tidak dapat di wujudkan dalam benda yang kasat mata, tetapi dapat dipertontonkan penggunaannya.
Hasil pembahasan Pelayanan surat menyurat untuk calon penumpang sebagai salah satu kegiatan yang terfokuskan pada penggunaan bahas lisan saat mengurus berkas administrasi tersebut. Pada bahasa lisan sesuai faktor waktu maka bahasa lisan sangat baik dalam penggunaan Bahasa resmi dalam pelayanan surat menyurat, adapun bahasa resmi menyesuaikan waktu pada pelayanan sehingga di jam istirahat bisa saja menggunakan bahasa resmi lisan dan tidak lisan. Bahasa ,lisan yang digunakan pun sesuai pada dialog dari calon penumpang yang memerlukan syarat sebagai surat-menyurat tersebut.Pada ragam bahasa resmi pafa faktor waktu sebagai salah satu bahasa resmi saat bekerja, bukan hanya untuk pelayanan namun juga untuk menyakinkan bahwa bahasa resmi Indonesia sebagai salah satu Bahasa persatuan dengan banyaknya kegiatan saat dialog lisan dituturkan, salah satunya pada saat diskusi bidang rapat, penyuluhan, seta pelayanan bidang surat-menyurat di K.S.O.P Tersebut.
ANALISIS KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP PENGUNJUNG PERPUSTAKAAN BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG
Authors: Sari Novita , Syahbudi Muhammad 
Published: March 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kualitas pelayanan terhadap pengunjung perpustakaan Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Deli Serdang. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap pengunjung perpustakaan BPS Kabupaten Deli Serdang. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara membagikan quisioner terhadap informan sesuai dengan permasalahan yang diteliti dengan memberikan pernyataan kepada responden. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan deskriptif kuantitatif, dimana metode penelitian ini menggunakan alat koefisien determinasi dengan menggunakan SPSS For windows. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara nilai R-square yang besarnya 2,619 menunjukkan bahwa proporsi pengaruh variabel kualitas pelayanan (X) terhadap pengunjung perpustakaan (Y) Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaetn Deli Serdang sebesar 2,619% . artinya variabel kualitas pelayanan (X). artinya variabel kualitas pelayanan (X) memiliki pengaruh sebesar 2,619%. Sedangkan sisanya (2,619% - 100%) dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti.
Due Diligence: Worth a Look?
Authors: Parr Chris 
Published: March 2022

With mergers and acquisitions activity is prominent in the business world and ??due diligence?? is a vital aspect of that activity. But what is ??due diligence?? and what is its relevance and impact on merger and acquisition deals?
The author discusses the potential ??battleground?? of due diligence, highlights its importance and value and provides potential business buyers and sellers with examples and areas consider, which may be helpful in future business deals.
Beyond the Pitfalls of Bad Contract Drafting Practices: A Selection of Cross-border Legal and Cultural Misunderstandings
Authors: Dawson Frank Griffith , Styllis Stella 
Published: March 2022

The preparation of e.ective cross-border contracts in English by common and civil law drafters can be undermined by faulty traditional English drafting practices. They encourage ambiguity, vagueness, verbosity, over-use of the passive voice, jargon, legalese and other impediments to understanding. Even if such practices are avoided, however, diferences between the common and civil law cultures may still throw up barriers to constructive cross-border communication.
The authors, who are experienced practitioners as well as trainers in legal drafting and related skills, highlight some of these barriers. They begin by contrasting the length of contracts in the two systems and explore the reasons for some startling divergences. They then proceed to examine troublesome expressions and concepts such as representations and warranties, terms and conditions, liquidated damages, good faith, false friends and consideration.
The conclusion deals briefly with attempts to harmonize contract law in the EC and comments upon the possible impact of harmonisation on contract drafting practice.
Economic Torts: Where Are We Now?
Authors: Lewis Rupert 
Published: March 2022

Following the decisions in OBG Ltd & Ors v Allan & Ors [2007] UKHL 21, Meretz Investments NV & Anor v ACP Limited & Ors [2007] EWCA Civ 1303 and Total Network SL v HMRC [2008] UKHL 19, the main economic torts are now: procuring a breach of contract; causing loss by unlawful means; and conspiracy (lawful means and unlawful means). It is also probable that the tort of intimidation continues to exist as a separate tort in situations involving two parties, although none of the above decisions expressly answered this question.
The first part of this two–part article sought to simplify the key findings in those cases. This second part provides an overview of the new landscape for economic torts and identifies some areas which are likely to see further developments in the future.
New Developments in Casino Gaming Business: Singapore’s Approach to Responsible Gambling
Authors: Swee Kian Catherine Tay 
Published: March 2022

Gambling is ancient leisure pursuit. In Asia, the practice of casino gaming is spreading in recent years. Now, even the idea of a casino in the sky is becoming a reality as passenger aeroplanes become fully fitted casinos.
Casual, recreational gambling can become a compulsive and pathological activity. Gambling addicts live a chaotic life, using an average of 25 credit cards by the time they declare bankruptcy. Their families are disrupted, with many members developing stress-related health problems. The social problems that accompany compulsive gambling include loss of time and productivity in the workplace, theft and embezzlement.
This article looks at how Singaporean legislation has introduced new measures not only to deal with the law and order aspects of casino operations but also to contain social problems by imposing corporate social responsibility on casino operators.
Identifying the Trans-National Enterprise for Tax and Other Purposes: An Economic Entity
Authors: Aljazy Ibrahim M. H. , Shabeeb Lina Abdallah Khalil 
Published: March 2022

Since the first instances of establishing the notion of artificial legal personhood, the corporate form has been developing to the extent that it can claim rights that are closer in nature to individuals. In the past few decades, the simple national corporate form has grown in complexity and capital to unprecedented levels, where major TNEs are becoming more politically and economically influential, to the extent that a few large TNEs control assets and human resources more than the GDP and population of some large developing countries. Ironically, the larger TNE becomes the chances for holding it liable for the legal obligations of its members diminishes, regardless of whether these obligations are based on national or international laws. Applying the 'economic entity' theory provides the chance for addressing the TNE as one entity that can assume responsibility within its economic boundaries; a personhood that goes beyond the legal separation of its national members to a different transnational level that corresponds to its special nature, but does not reach the international personhood level. This opens the door for the national and international liability of the TNE, and provides a suitable infrastructure for an equitable tax treatment thereof.