bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of CO2 on Cinnamic Acid-4-Hydroxylase in Relation to Phenolic Metabolism in Lettuce Tissue
Authors: Siriphanich Jingtair , Kader Adel A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An atmosphere of air + 15% CO2 prevented the development of cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase in both lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tissues. Subsequent removal of CO2 did not allow the enzyme development to proceed, whereas total phenolic content increased and browning became visible. In addition, CO2 did not have an inhibitory effect on the enzyme, prepared from potato tissue, per se. Thus, the effects of CO2 on inhibition of lettuce tissue browning does not appear to involve this enzyme. No tyrosine ammonia lyase activity was found in lettuce tissue.
Development of a Screen for Resistance to Blueberry Shoestring Virus
Authors: Schulte Nancy L. , Hancock J.F. , Ramsdell D.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A screen to test for resistance to blueberry shoestring virus (BBSSV) was developed using rub inoculation and the ELISA technique. A high rate of infection can be obtained with a virus concentration of 0.25 mg/ml when it is applied to randomly selected leaves of container grown blueberries during any portion of the growing season. However, plants must be ELISA tested in the early spring or 5 times during the rest of the growing season to achieve >50% accuracy.
The Minitron System for Growth of Small Plants under Controlled Environment Conditions
Authors: Akers Carolyn P. , Akers Stuart W. , Mitchell Cary A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The design and operation of a system is described in which small plants can be grown under controlled environment conditions. Important features of this “Minitron” system include precise control of temperature and CO2 concentration in a flowing atmosphere. Plants can be grown either hydroponically or in solid root support medium. For either culture method, nutrient solution or water is added from an external reservoir, altering neither atmospheric composition nor temperature equilibrium within a closed Minitron chamber.
Concentration of Anthocyanins Affecting Spathe Color in Anthuriums
Authors: Iwata R.Y. , Tang C.S. , Kamemoto H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spathe color is shown to be determined by relative concentrations of the anthocyanins cyanidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside and pelargonidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside in Anthurium andraeanum Linden ex Andre. A predominance of cyanidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside results in pink to dark red colors, whereas a predominance of pelargonidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside results in coral to orange. A flavone present in large and variable amounts was characterized but not demonstrated to have a modifying effect on cyanic shades.
Relationship between Chilling Injury of Grapefruit and Moisture Loss during Storage: Amelioration by Polyethylene Shrink Film
Authors: Purvis Albert C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Polyethylene shrink film reduced pitting type chilling injury in ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) stored at low temperatures. The film did not restrict heat exchange between the fruit and air in the storage room. Chilling injury occurred most rapidly in fruit stored at 5° and 7.5°C, but after 5 weeks the severity of injury was greatest in fruit stored at 2.5°. The pattern of response to temperature was the same for unsealed fruit and sealed fruit. Prestorage conditioning of the fruit for 8 days at 21° prior to storage at 5° reduced chilling injury. Restricting moisture loss with shrink film during the prestorage conditioning treatment did not negate the beneficial effects of conditioning. Restricting moisture loss following chilling had no effect on chilling injury. Thus, although moisture loss is a contributing factor, it does not appear to be the primary factor in chilling injury of grapefruit. In order to minimize chilling injury, moisture loss should be prevented during fruit exposure to chilling temperatures.
Effects of Fall Boron Sprays and Environmental Factors on Fruit Set and Boron Accumulation in ‘Italian’ Prune Flowers
Authors: Hanson Eric J. , Breen P.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Foliar B sprays (500 ppm) applied in the fall to ‘Italian’ prune (Prunus domestica L.) trees had no effect on fruit set in a warm spring when set was high (average, 12.2%), but increased fruit set by 32% in a cool spring when set was low (3.2%). Fall B sprays increased flower B levels and decreased pistil length, but had no effect on the rate of pollen tube growth through styles in the cool spring. Calcium sprays (0.5 m) applied in the fall prior to the cool spring did not affect fruit set, pistil length, pollen tube growth or flower Ca or B levels. Flowers on cut branches forced indoors accumulated as much B as those on intact trees, indicating that flowers are supplied B from reserves in nearby branches. Simulated rain did not leach B from flower buds readily. Flowers blooming on excised branches in high relative humidity (86%) contained 13% less B per flower than flowers in low humidity (29%). The amount of set and B concentrations in flowers in a given year may influence the response to fall applied B.
Potential for Production of Arrowroot in the Southern United States
Authors: Erdman M.D. , Phatak S.C. , Hall H.S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) was cultivated in Tifton, Ga., under various fertilization regimes (0, 220, 449, 668, and 897 kg·ha−1 of a 10N–4.4P–8.3 mixture), plant densities (3450, 6900, 13800, 20700, and 27600 plants ha−1), in solutions of half-strength Hoagland's solution, unfermented dairy waste solution, and anaerobically fermented dairy waste solution, or in solution-supplemented soil studies. Optimum starch yield ha−1 occurred at 220 kg·ha−1 fertilizer treatment. Calculated starch yield of 2770 kg·ha−1 could be obtained at a planting density of 20700 plants ha−1. Growth of aerial biomass was demonstrated in solution culture; however, rhizomes were not produced. Biomass and starch yields of arrowroot cultivated in solution-supplemented soil were comparable when Hoagland unfermented or fermented solutions were used.
Effect of Gynoecious Expression on Yield and Earliness of a Fresh-market Cucumber Hybrid
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Miller Conrad H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three versions of the hybrid ‘Meridian 76’ (‘Marketmore 76’ × ‘Tablegreen 72’) differing in sex expression were used to evaluate the effect of gynoecious expression on fruit yield and earliness. The versions tested were gynoecious × gynoecious (G×G), gynoecious × monoecious (G×M), and monoecious × monoecious (M×M). In 2 years of testing, the gynoecious (G×G and G×M) hybrids had 99% to 100% pistillate flowers on the first 10 nodes of the main stem of the plant, whereas the monoecious (M×M) hybrid had 3% to 5% pistillate flowers. The monoecious hybrid had a higher percentage of U.S. Fancy and No. 1 fruits and a lower percentage of culls than the gynoecious hybrids. There were few significant differences in yield among the 3 hybrids. The gynoecious hybrids were earlier than the monoecious hybrid, but there were no important differences in the yield of marketable fruit after the first harvest in either year. The G×M hybrid had a significantly higher yield than the M×M hybrid in the first harvest for both years. The G×M hybrid tended to outyield the G×G hybrid as well, but the differences were not always significant. The gynoecious hybrids (especially the G×M hybrid) of ‘Meridian 76’ provided an advantage in early yield but not in yield summed over all harvests (6 to 8 depending on year), compared to the monoecious hybrid.
Leaching of Container Media
Authors: Kerr Gregory P. , Hanan Joe J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaching of salt from container media was investigated by means of the miscible displacement theory for 6 peat-perlite-glass bead combinations plus 4 other mixes. Columns were salinized with 15 meq 1−1 each CaCl2 and NaCl, then allowed to equilibrate. Electrical conductivity of the effluent was recorded as columns were leached, using 1 cm constant water head, with solutions of 1, 4, or 7 meq 1−1 each of CaCl2 and NaCl. The replacement efficiency of the soil solution by the leaching solution increased as glass bead content increased. Replacement efficiency of the soil solution had high correlation with mixture physical properties. No relationship to particle size distribution could be ascertained. Leaching solution concentration did not influence replacement efficiency and, generally, after 1 to 1.5 container capacities of effluent, removal of the original soil solution decreased substantially.
Rock Phosphate as a Source of Phosphorus for Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizal Development and Growth of Citrus in a Soilless Medium
Authors: Graham J.H. , Timmer L.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) development of Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith and growth response of Carrizo citrange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] and sour orange (C. aurantium L.) seedlings were examined in peat-perlite medium fertilized with 4 levels of superphosphate (SP) and rock phosphate (RP). Loss of P from SP-amended medium was exponential, whereas release of P was linear from RP-amended medium. With SP, root colonization by G. intraradices and growth response of both citrus rootstocks were reduced compared to RP-amended medium. VAM colonization and growth response were less with SP-amended medium than RP, probably because of the initially high available P from SP which inhibited VAM development, and because P later declined to levels insufficient to support maximum growth. When RP was used as a controlled-release source of P, VAM colonization was comparable to that observed in mineral soils. Growth of VAM plants exceeded that of uninoculated plants fertilized with increased levels of soluble P because of P-induced Cu deficiency in absence of VAM. An additional advantage of RP was long-term availability of P, compared to SP which leached within weeks after application to peat-perlite. No further P fertilization may be necessary if RP and VAM inoculum are incorporated into soilless media before planting, whereas repeated application of soluble P would be required for slow-growing woody plants like citrus.
Fruit Moisture Status Effects on the Texture and Mechanical Properties of Sweet Cherries
Authors: Patten K.D. , Patterson M.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When the water content of cherries (Prunus avium L.) was increased by more than 5% of the initial weight following immersion in distilled water, the force to bioyield (FBY) and the maximum slope of a compression curve (slope 2) decreased, and impact-induced surface pitting increased. When water content of cherries was decreased by more than 2% of the initial weight following dehydration, FBY increased and the minimum slope of a compression curve (slope 1) and impact-induced surface pitting decreased. Force to bioyield and slope 1 and 2 increased with an increase in fruit turgor potential (ψp) and a decrease in fruit osmotic potential (ψπ). There was a slight positive correlation between fruit water potential (ψ) and FBY and slope 1. Fruit texture changed diurnally, corresponding to changes in fruit ψ. This diurnal texture change, however, was largely a response to diurnal differences in fruit temperature.
Relationships between Stem Length, Leaf Area, Stem Weight, and Accumulated Growing Degree-days in Apple Shoots
Authors: Johnson R.S. , Lakso A.N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relationship of leaf area and stem weight, with stem length at different times during the year, was studied on 5 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars. Leaf area was related linearly to stem length, but the slope differed by up to 2-times between cultivars. Stem dry weight increased curvilinearly with respect to stem length and showed less variation among cultivars than did leaf area. These 2 relationships combined indicated that the stem constitutes an increasing proportion of the total shoot weight with increasing stem length. Dormant stems had a greater weight per unit length than stems of growing shoots. Both stem length and leaf area showed strong fitting linear relationships with accumulated growing degree-days, but the stem length relationship showed less variability among cultivars than did leaf area.
Sample Size Estimates for Peach Tree Growth and Yield Experiments
Authors: Marini Richard P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trunk cross sectional area (TCA), TCA enlargement, yield, yield efficiency, and terminal shoot length were recorded for each of 10 peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees in plantings ranging in age from 4-15 years. Sample variances were used to estimate the number of trees per treatment needed to detect differences of a desired magnitude in experiments comparing 2 treatments. In general, 30 trees per treatment were required to detect a 15% difference in TCA and yield, while more than 40 trees per treatment were needed to detect a similar difference for TCA enlargement and yield efficiency. Twelve trees per treatment and 6 to 22 shoots per tree, depending on cultivar, could be expected to detect a 15% difference in terminal shoot length.
Relationships between Parental, Seed, and Seedling Chilling Requirement in Peach and Nectarine
Authors: Rodriguez-A. Jorge , Sherman Wayne B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Attempts to select for flower bud chilling requirement (CR) at the seed stage were made in 58 families obtained from crosses and open-pollination of low chill selections and cultivars of peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] from the Florida breeding program. A nonsignificant correlation (r = 0.08) between midparent bud CR and family seed CR was obtained. A low significant correlation (r = 0.21**) was obtained between individual seed CR and the CR of the resultant seedling. Seed coat removal had no effect on these correlations. Narrow sense heritability for bud CR as determined by parent-offspring regression was 0.50 ± 0.06. The small range in CR of the seed and pollen parents, 300 to 450 and 200 to 400 chill units, respectively, may explain the low correlation values obtained. The data suggest that it is impractical to screen for seedling CR based on seed CR where the CR for climatic adaptability must be held within a range of less than 300 chill units.
Glucosinolates in Radish Cultivars
Authors: Carlson Diana G. , Daxenbichler M. E. , VanEtten C. H. , Hill C. B. , Williams P. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Intact roots of 109 radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cultivars were analyzed for glucosinolates (GS’s) and found to contain primarily 4-methylthio-3-butenyl-GS with small amounts of 4-methylsulfinylbutyl-, 4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl-, and 3-indolylmethyl-GS’s. Cultivars included oil radishes (ssp. oleifera) and food radishes (ssp. radicola) available in European, European-American, Japanese, and Korean markets. Regarding total GS’s, 80% or more of the red European-American radishes had 100-199 pmole/100 g, the Korean 100-299, and the Japanese 200-399. No correlation was found between root size and 4-methylthio-3-butenyl-, 3-indolylmethyl-, or total GS’s. Japanese radish peelings contained significantly greater concentrations of these 3 constituents than did the peeled root.
Effects of Growth Regulators on Abscission of Young Macadamia Fruit
Authors: Nagao Mike A. , Sakai William S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The abscission of young Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche fruit was investigated in vitro with explants consisting of a single fruit attached at the distal end of a segment of the peduncle. A 30% reduction in fruit removal force (FRF) of explants incubated in distilled water was evident within 48 hr after excision and was correlated with increased ethylene production. Pretreatment of explants with 5 and 10 mm ethephon accelerated FRF reduction. Pretreatment with increasing concentrations of silver nitrate (AgNO3) to 1.47 mm or AOA to 0.05 mm, inhibited the reduction in FRF. FRF reduction also was inhibited by 1000 μm NAA and 100 pM 2,4-D. GA3 and BA had no effect. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); (2,4-dichloro- phenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D); gibberellic acid (GA3); N-(phenylmethyl)-H-purin-6-amine (BA); (aminooxy)acetic acid (AOA).
Sorbitol Metabolism, the Climacteric, and Watercore in Apples
Authors: Marlow Gary C. , Loescher Wayne H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Extraction and assay of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) throughout fruit maturation of 3 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars, watercore-resistant ‘Golden Delicious,’ occasionally susceptible ‘McIntosh’, and normally susceptible ‘Starkrimson,’ showed no relationship between susceptibility to watercore and extractable enzyme activity. There was, however, a relationship between increased SDH activity and onset of the climacteric as measured by ethylene and CO2 evolution, suggesting that SDH, like certain other enzymes, increases during maturation.
Relationship between Clone Age and Selection Trait Expression in Mature Walnuts
Authors: McGranahan Gale , Forde Harold I. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Data on 15 traits collected from 30 walnut selections were analyzed for changes in relation to both clone and rootstock age. Data collection began at first flowering (age 3 or 4) and continued annually for up to 28 years on each clone. Significant correlations were found between seasonal timing of the expression of phenological traits and clone age. The general trend was towards earlier leafing, bloom, and time of nut maturity as the clone aged. Correlations with rootstock age were lower than with clone age for phenological traits. Shell and kernel trait expression was more highly correlated with rootstock age than clone age, suggesting that changes may be due to vigor and other effects of grafting rather than aging per se. Estimates of the age of stabilization for phenological traits ranged between 9 and 18 years from germination. It is suggested that changes in leafing, bloom, and nut maturity dates be considered prior to commercial release of walnut cultivars.
Comparison of Four Sampling Methods for Predicting Poststorage Senescent Breakdown of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Fruit from Preharvest Mineral Composition
Authors: Weis Sarah A. , Bramlage William J. , Drake Mack 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 4-year study compared 4 methods of subsampling ‘McIntosh’ apples for mineral analyses intended for use in predicting postharvest senescent breakdown. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, P, and N were determined in outer cortex, whole fruit, and juice in 1979 and 1980, and in outer cortex and cortical plugs in 1981 and 1982. Multiple linear regression equations were developed for each sampling in 1979 and 1981 relating the natural logarithms (In) of Ca and P concentrations and Mg:Ca, K:Ca, and N:Ca ratios to In (breakdown percentage +1). Effectiveness of each equation as a predictor of breakdown during and following storage was tested using data collected the following year. Paired t tests comparing predicted breakdown, using 1979 equations and 1980 mineral analyses, to breakdown observed after storage in 1980-1981 showed that outer cortex- and whole fruit-based predictions were not significantly different from observed breakdown, but juice equations predicted significantly more breakdown than was observed. Correlation coefficients relating actual to predicted breakdown were positive and significant for all 3 methods. In 1981, separate equations were developed to predict fruit breakdown after air and after controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. Paired t tests showed the predicted incidence of breakdown following CA storage was not significantly different from actual breakdown incidences for either outer cortex or cortical plug equations. Breakdown incidence following air storage was less than predicted. In all instances, correlation between actual and predicted breakdown incidence was positive and significant. Outer cortex, whole fruit, and cortical plug analyses showed promise as breakdown predictors, but juice analyses were ineffective.
Bermudagrass Turf Responses to Nitrogen Sources
Authors: Horst G. L. , Fenn L. B. , Dunning N. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Turfgrass quality usually is related to fertilization management practices. Nitrogen fertilizer formulations are undergoing change in order to produce acceptable turfgrass response and reduce management costs. Field experiments conducted during 1979–81 evaluated the influence of Ca on urea and nitrate N sources on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) turfgrass color, quality, verdure, and root-rhizome dry matter production. Color, quality, and verdure were significantly improved and persisted longer with the addition of Ca to urea N sources. Early season root and rhizome production also was increased with the urea + calcium application. Verdure was not significantly affected among the N sources. There was not a significant increase in tissue N content. Addition of Ca to the fertilizer formulation apparently enhanced N utilization.
Low Temperature Induced Azide-insensitive Oxygen Uptake in Grapefruit Flavedo Tissue
Authors: Purvis Albert C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
O2 uptake by tissues of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) was measured using manometric Warburg techniques. The highest rate of uptake was by flavedo tissue and the lowest rate was by intact juice vesicles. O2 uptake by flavedo tissue increased exponentially when temperature increased, and the proportion of O2 uptake insensitive to azide (N3), an inhibitor of the cytochrome path, was greater at low temperatures than at high temperatures. Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), an inhibitor of the alternative path, was only marginally inhibitory at all temperatures. Arrhenius-type plots of O2 uptake showed discontinuities at 12°C in the presence and absence of respiratory inhibitors. O2 uptake increased in flavedo tissue of grapefruit during the low temperature hardening of young trees. The increase was primarily in the N3-insensitive component. Low temperatures also induced N3-insensitivity in detached stored fruit, and induction was greater in chilling-resistant interior canopy fruit than in chilling-susceptible exterior fruit. Thus, N3-insensitive O2 uptake may be related to chilling resistance of sensitive fruit.
Strawberry Receptacle Growth and Endogenous IAA Content as Affected by Growth Regulator Application and Achene Removal
Authors: Archbold Douglas D. , Dennis F. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Parthenocarpy was induced in emasculated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) flowers with aqueous solutions of 10−3M NAA, GA3 or GA4+7 in 2% DMSO plus 0.1% Tween 80. All fruit except those treated with NAA stopped growing within 12 days of treatment. Repeat application with NAA or GA4+7 20 days after initial treatment stimulated continued growth of NAA-induced fruit, but had little or no effect on growth of GA4+7-induced fruit. The diameters of mature parthenocarpic fruit ranged from 70% to 90% of that of pollinated fruit. Achene removal 12 days after pollination greatly reduced subsequent growth of receptacle tissue, complete removal being more effective than partial removal. Following achene removal 16 days after pollination, treatment with aqueous solutions of NAA in 2% DMSO and 0.1% Tween 80 produced receptacles 75% the size of controls with intact achenes, but neither GA3 nor GA4+7 stimulated growth. Achene removal 24 days after pollination did not influence further receptacle enlargement. Concentration of free indoleacetic acid (IAA) in NAA-treated fruit was 5-times that in controls and 3-times that in GA4+7-treated fruit 6 days after treatment. By 14 days after treatment, the levels had declined in all treated fruit. Free IAA concentration in the receptacle tissue of intact fruit was nearly equal to or greater than that in achenes 14 days after pollination. The growth rates of receptacles were positively correlated with numbers of intact achenes and free IAA content of the receptacle. Chemical names used: naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); gibberellins (GA3 or GA4+7); dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)