bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cospatial 21 cm and metal-line absorbers in the epoch of reionization – I. Incidence and observability
Authors: Bhagwat Aniket , Ciardi Benedetta , Zackrisson Erik , Schaye Joop 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTf
Overdense, metal-rich regions, shielded from stellar radiation might remain neutral throughout reionization and produce metal as well as 21 cm absorption lines. Simultaneous absorption from metals and 21 cm can complement each other as probes of underlying gas properties. We use Aurora, a suite of high-resolution radiation-hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation, to investigate the occurrence of such ‘aligned’ absorbers. We calculate absorption spectra for 21 cm, O I, C II, Si II, and Fe II. We find velocity windows with absorption from at least one metal and 21 cm, and classify the aligned absorbers into two categories: ‘aligned and cospatial absorbers’ and ‘aligned but not cospatial absorbers’. While ‘aligned and cospatial absorbers’ originate from overdense structures and can be used to trace gas properties, ‘aligned but not cospatial absorbers’ are due to peculiar velocity effects. The incidence of absorbers is redshift dependent, as it is dictated by the interplay between reionization and metal enrichment, and shows a peak at z ≈ 8 for the aligned and cospatial absorbers. While aligned but not cospatial absorbers disappear towards the end of reionization because of the lack of an ambient 21 cm forest, aligned and cospatial absorbers are associated with overdense pockets of neutral gas that can be found at lower redshift. We produce mock observations for a set of sightlines for the next generation of telescopes like the ELT and SKA1-LOW, finding that given a sufficiently bright background quasar, these telescopes will be able to detect both types of absorbers throughout reionization.
Shedding light on low-mass subhalo survival and annihilation luminosity with numerical simulations
Authors: Aguirre-Santaella Alejandra , Sánchez-Conde Miguel A , Ogiya Go , Stücker Jens , Angulo Raul E 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
In this work, we carry out a suite of specially designed numerical simulations to shed light on dark matter (DM) subhalo survival at mass scales relevant for gamma-ray DM searches, a topic subject to intense debate nowadays. We have employed an improved version of DASH, a GPU N-body code, to study the evolution of low-mass subhaloes inside a Milky-Way-like halo with unprecedented accuracy, reaching solar-mass and sub-parsec resolution. We simulate subhaloes with varying mass, concentration, and orbital properties, and consider the effect of baryons in the host. We analyse the evolution of the bound mass fraction and annihilation luminosity, finding that most subhaloes survive until present, yet losing in some cases more than 99 per cent of their initial mass. Baryons induce a much greater mass-loss, especially when the subhalo orbit is more parallel to the Galactic disc. Many of these subhaloes cross the solar Galactocentric radius, making it easier to detect their annihilation fluxes from Earth. We find subhaloes orbiting a DM-only halo with a pericentre in the solar vicinity to lose 70–90 per cent of their initial annihilation luminosity at present, which increases up to 99 per cent when including baryons. We find a strong relation between subhalo’s mass-loss and the effective tidal field at pericentre. Indeed, much of the dependence on all considered parameters can be explained through this single parameter. In addition to shedding light on the survival of low-mass Galactic subhaloes, our results can provide detailed predictions that will aid current and future quests for the nature of DM.
Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on families of children with developmental disabilities: A community-based formative study
Authors: Filler Tali , Benipal Pardeep Kaur , Minhas Ripudaman Singh , Suleman Shazeen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
COVID-19 continues to disproportionately impact families of children with developmental disabilities (DD). There is an urgent need to understand these families’ experiences, particularly those that face economic or social marginalization. This qualitative study sought to identify the experiences of families of children with DD during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
Using phenomenology, in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with caregivers and health care providers of children with DD living in a large urban Canadian city. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded using inductive coding methods by two independent coders. Transcripts were analyzed within and across stakeholder groups using thematic analysis.

Results
A total of 25 IDIs were conducted in 2020. 3 main themes and 7 sub-themes emerged related to the experiences of parents and health care providers for children with DD: families reported difficulty adhering to public health measures leading to isolation and increased parental stress; restricted access to in-person services worsened behaviour and development; and worsened household financial security in already marginalized families.

Conclusions
Our study demonstrates that families of children with DD have been negatively impacted by the evolving environment from the COVID-19 pandemic, and even more so in those who face social and economic challenges. Public health restrictions have impaired the daily lives of these families and our study suggests that limitations to accessing in-person services may have long-lasting impacts on the well-being of families of children with DD. It is imperative that the unique needs of these families be considered and centred for future interventions.
Predictors of Persistent Post-Surgical Pain Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Authors: Ashoorion Vahid , Sadeghirad Behnam , Wang Li , Noori Atefeh , Abdar Meisam , Kim Yechan , Chang Yaping , Rehman Nadia , Lopes Luciane C , Couban Rachel J , Aminilari Mahmood , Malektojari Alireza , Ghazizadeh Sara , Rehman Yasir , Ghasemi Mehdi , Adili Anthony , Guyatt Gordon H , Busse Jason W 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectiveApproximately one in four total knee replacement patients develop persistent pain. Identification of those at higher risk could help inform optimal management.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, SPORTDiscus, and PsycINFO for observational studies that explored the association between risk factors and persistent pain (≥3 months) after total knee replacement. We pooled estimates of association for all independent variables reported by &gt;1 study.ResultsThirty studies (26,517 patients) reported the association of 151 independent variables with persistent pain after knee replacement. High certainty evidence demonstrated an increased risk of persistent pain with pain catastrophizing (absolute risk increase [ARI] 23%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12 to 35), younger age (ARI for every 10-year decrement from age 80, 4%, 95% CI 2 to 6), and moderate-to-severe acute post-operative pain (ARI 30%, 95% CI 20 to 39). Moderate certainty evidence suggested an association with female sex (ARI 7%, 95% CI 3 to 11) and higher pre-operative pain (ARI 35%, 95% CI 7 to 58). Studies did not adjust for both peri-operative pain severity and pain catastrophizing, which are unlikely to be independent. High to moderate certainty evidence demonstrated no association with pre-operative range of motion, body mass index, bilateral or unilateral knee replacement, and American Society of Anesthesiologists score.ConclusionsRigorously conducted observational studies are required to establish the relative importance of higher levels of peri-operative pain and pain catastrophizing with persistent pain after knee replacement surgery.
COMPARISON OF AIR VERSUS PERFLUOROPROPANE INTRAOCULAR TAMPONADE COMBINED WITH VITRECTOMY FOR THE TREATMENT OF MACULAR HOLE IN HIGH MYOPIA
Authors: Zhang Ke , Yang Xiaohan , Wang Zengyi , Yu Yanping , Liu Lingzi , Qi Biying , Wu Xijin , Wang Xinbo , Liu Wu 
Published: October 2022

Purpose:
To compare the efficacy of air and perfluoropropane (C3F8) with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in highly myopic macular holes (HMMHs) and explore the factors related to surgical prognosis.

Methods:
A retrospective comparison of a consecutive series of HMMHs undergone vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling. According to tamponade type, they were divided into air group and C3F8 group, which were further divided into subgroups based on hole diameter or axial length (AXL). Anatomical and functional outcomes were compared between tamponades. Related factors of initial closure rate and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were analyzed by logistic regression.

Results:
The baseline characteristics in air group (n = 63) and C3F8 group (n = 37) were similar except the age of air was older (P = 0.019). The mean follow-up period was 17.16 ± 17.97 months. After surgery, the initial closure rate of air group was 85.7% and that of C3F8 group was 83.7% (P = 0.780). And the initial closure rate showed no difference between tamponades in the same subgroup classified by hole diameter or AXL (all P > 0.05). Postoperative BCVA improved significantly in both groups (P < 0.001), but no difference between them (P = 0.793). Logistic regression showed that age, minimum linear diameter, and AXL were risk factors of initial closure rate, and preoperative BCVA was the only factor associated with postoperative BCVA (all P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
With a long-term follow-up of HMMH, we found air had a similar tamponade effect anatomically and functionally compared with C3F8. Air may also be a good choice for patients with HMMH.
Epidemiology of Norovirus in the First 2 Years of Life in an Australian Community-based Birth Cohort
Authors: El-Heneidy Asmaa , Grimwood Keith , Mihala Gabor , Lambert Stephen , Ware Robert S 
Published: October 2022

Background:
Noroviruses are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis across all age groups in Australia. We explored the epidemiology of symptomatic and asymptomatic norovirus infection and assessed risk factors and the related healthcare burden in Australian children during their first 2 years of life.

Methods:
Participants in the Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases birth cohort provided weekly stool swabs, daily gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting and loose stools) observations and healthcare data. Swabs were batch-tested for norovirus genogroups (GI and GII) using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays.

Results:
Overall, 158 children returned 11,124 swabs. There were 221 infection episodes, of which 183 (82.8%) were GII. The incidence rate was 0.90 infections per child-year [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74–1.09]. The symptomatic infection incidence rate was 0.39 per child-year (95% CI: 0.31–0.48), peaking between ages 6 and 11 months [0.58 (95% CI: 0.41–0.81)]. Incidence increased significantly with age and childcare attendance. Of 209 episodes with symptom diary data, 82 (39.2%) were symptomatic; of these 70 (85.4%) were associated with vomiting and 29 (35.4%) with diarrhea. Forty-one percent of symptomatic episodes required healthcare, including 4 emergency department presentations and 1 hospitalization. Children with initial infections had almost twice the risk of seeking primary healthcare compared to subsequent infections (adjusted risk ratio 1.92; 95% CI: 1.01–3.65).

Conclusions:
Norovirus infections, particularly GII, are common in Australian children 6–23 months of age. Estimates of norovirus incidence, including symptomatic infections and healthcare utilization in community settings in young children, are crucial for planning norovirus vaccine programs and determining vaccine effectiveness.
ON Path: outpatient nonunion pathway for lower-extremity nonunions
Authors: Rice Olivia M. , Ganta Abhishek , Bailey Gisele , Seymour Rachel B. , Hsu Joseph R. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of outpatient and short-stay surgical nonunion treatment by incorporating minimally invasive surgical techniques, multimodal pain control, and a modernized postoperative protocol.

Design:
Retrospective case series.

Setting:
Tertiary referral hospital and hospital outpatient department.

Patients:
All consecutive nonunion surgeries performed by 1 surgeon between 2014 and 2019 were identified. Outpatient and short-stay surgeries for patients with nonunion of the tibia and femur were eligible (n = 50).

Intervention:
Outpatient and short-stay surgical nonunion treatment by incorporating minimally invasive surgical techniques, multimodal pain control, and a modernized postoperative protocol.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Length of stay, postoperative emergency department visits, all complications, reoperations, and time to union.

Results:
Fifty patients were eligible, with 32 male patients (64%) and an average age of 46.5 years. The patient cohort consisted of 28 femur (56%) and 22 tibia (44%) nonunions. The average length of stay was 0.36 days. Seven patients (14%) required reoperation, 6 patients because of deep infection and 1 patient because of painful implant removal. Four patients (8%) presented to the emergency department within 1 week of surgery. One patient requiring amputation and patients lost to follow-up were excluded from the union rate calculation. For the remaining patients (46/50), 100% (46/46) united their nonunion. The average time to radiographic union was 7.82 months.

Conclusions:
An outpatient pathway is safe and effective for medically appropriate patients undergoing nonunion surgery. Outpatient nonunion surgery is a reasonable alternative that achieves similar outcomes compared with inpatient nonunion studies in the published literature.

Level of Evidence:
IV.
Staffing Up and Sustaining the Public Health Workforce
Authors: Leider Jonathon P. , McCullough J. Mac , Singh Simone Rauscher , Sieger Annie , Robins Moriah , Fisher Jessica Solomon , Kuehnert Paul , Castrucci Brian C. 
Published: October 2022

Objectives:
Estimate the number of full-time equivalents (FTEs) needed to fully implement Foundational Public Health Services (FPHS) at the state and local levels in the United States.

Methods:
Current and full implementation cost estimation data from 168 local health departments (LHDs), as well as data from the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials and the National Association of County and City Health Officials, were utilized to estimate current and “full implementation” staffing modes to estimate the workforce gap.

Results:
The US state and local governmental public health workforce needs at least 80 000 additional FTEs to deliver core FPHS in a post–COVID-19 landscape. LHDs require approximately 54 000 more FTEs, and states health agency central offices require approximately 26 000 more.

Conclusions:
Governmental public health needs tens of thousands of more FTEs, on top of replacements for those leaving or retiring, to fully implement core FPHS.

Implications for Policy and Practice:
Transitioning a COVID-related surge in staffing to a permanent workforce requires substantial and sustained investment from federal and state governments to deliver even the bare minimum of public health services.
Optimization of protocols using neuromuscular electrical stimulation for paralyzed lower-limb muscles to increase energy expenditure in people with spinal cord injury
Authors: Ma Yiming , de Groot Sonja , Vink Ad , Harmsen Wouter , Smit Christof A.J. , Stolwijk-Swuste Janneke M. , Weijs Peter J.M. , Janssen Thomas W.J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate if using surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for paralyzed lower-limb muscles results in an increase in energy expenditure and if the number of activated muscles and duty cycle affect the potential increase.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Results
Energy expenditure during all NMES protocols was significantly higher than the condition without NMES (1.2 ± 0.2 kcal/min), with the highest increase (+ 51%; +0.7 kcal/min, 95% CI: 0.3 - 1.2) for the protocol with more muscles activated and the duty cycle with a shorter rest period. A significant decrease in muscle contraction size during NMES was found with a longer stimulation time, more muscles activated or the duty cycle with a shorter rest period.

Conclusion
Using NMES for paralyzed lower-limb muscles can significantly increase the energy expenditure compared to sitting without NMES with the highest increase for the protocol with more muscles activated and the duty cycle with a shorter rest period. Muscle fatigue occurred significantly with the more intense NMES protocols which might cause a lower energy expenditure in a longer protocol. Future studies should further optimize the NMES parameters and investigate the long-term effects of NMES on weight management in people with SCI.
High Prevalence of Long-COVID Among Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Authors: Amorim Carlos Eduardo Neves , Gomes Vinicius Lafico Teixeira , Cristelli Marina Pontello , Viana Laila Almeida , de Luca Correa Hugo , Lima Gierisson Brenno Borges , de Sousa Silva Flaviana Santos , de Castro Lima Gabriel Santos , Rosa Thiago dos Santos , Nakamura Monica Rika , Quintino Priscilla Monteiro , Tedesco-Silva Helio , Medina-Pestana José 
Published: October 2022

Background.
Kidney transplant recipients are at a higher risk to develop more severe clinical forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), perhaps increasing the risk of presenting its long-term clinical complications, labeled as Long-COVID.

Methods.
This single-center, observational, prospective study included adult kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction between March 20, 2020, and May 31, 2021, who were alive and with functioning graft 3 mo after the onset of symptoms. The prevalence of Long-COVID was investigated by a phone survey using a structured questionnaire of organic symptoms. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate independent risk factors.

Results.
Of 1741 patients who developed COVID-19, 465 died, and 37 returned to dialysis. Of the 1239 eligible patients, 780 (63%) answered the survey during the window period. The mean age was 48 ± 12 y, 41% were women, and the mean time from transplantation was 8 ± 6 y. During acute illness, 45% needed hospitalization. Long-COVID was identified in 214 (27%) of the subjects, with body aches being the most prevalent symptom (44%). Of 233 who provided working status, 17% did not return to work within 3 mo. No baseline characteristics or infection-related variables predicted Long-COVID; actually, the number of symptoms in the acute illness was the only independent risk factor identified (hazard ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.22).

Conclusion.
In this cohort of kidney transplant recipients, Long-COVID was prevalent and associated with a reduced return to work. The burden of acute phase symptoms was the only risk factor associated with Long-COVID.
Neurological adverse events of immune checkpoint blockade: from pathophysiology to treatment
Authors: Cuzzubbo Stefania , Carpentier Antoine F. 
Published: October 2022

Purpose of review
We review the recent advances in neurological toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors, with a focus on underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and the implications on their therapeutical management.

Recent findings
A growing number of cancer patients benefit from immune checkpoint agents and oncologists are increasingly confronted with these novel autoimmune syndromes. During the last years, further progresses have occurred in this field, notably in the identification of specific clinical patterns, such as the association of myasthenic syndrome with myositis and myocarditis, and polyradiculoneuropathies accompanied by cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytic pleocytosis. In addition, recent immune-histological studies improved the understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms behind immune-related neurotoxicities.

Summary
Neurological toxicity is rare compared with other organs and systems, but its potential morbidity and mortality requires a prompt management. If there is a consensus for steroids as a first-line treatment, no exhaustive clinical data exist for other treatments. Recent advances in the knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms (behind these toxicities) should be taken into account for the management of these patients. Drugs targeting T-cell mediated inflammation should be preferred in patients who are refractory to steroids, whereas therapies targeting humoral mechanisms should be considered in specific cases associated with autoantibodies such as immune-related myasthenic syndrome.
The final size of an epidemic in a heterogeneous society
Authors: de Jong Peter 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis note describes the outcome of an epidemic in a heterogeneous population with a very simple structure. The population is split into two sections in which the epidemic runs a different course. The reproduction numbers of the two epidemics are unobserved, only the overall reproduction number is known. For such a population the outcome of the epidemic can be as well far worse as far better than expected on the basis of the overall reproduction number.By considering a very simple model of this population some calculations are feasible under general assumptions on the epidemic itself. These calculations show in which direction models based on the overall reproduction number can misrepresent the real-world situation.
Acupuncture for emotional disorder and quality of life in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome-A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Chunping , Zhang Yiwen , Chen Jian , Yan Chuanzhu 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundInfertility, obesity, hairiness, acne and other symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome can easily lead to emotional disorders, such as anxiety and depression, and also affect the patients’ quality of life. A large number of studies have shown that acupuncture has a good effect on polycystic ovary syndrome, but there is no evidence that acupuncture can relieve the affective disorders and improve the quality of life in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.ObjectivesTo assess the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for emotional disorder and quality of life in patients with PCOS.Methods and analysisFrom inception to July 31, 2022, a total of four English-language databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) and four Chinese-language databases (the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, VIP, Chinese Biomedical) were searched. The randomized clinical trial (RCT) of acupuncture for polycystic ovary syndrome was selected for inclusion in the study. Statistical analysis will be performed by using the Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan 5.4) software. The strength of the evidence will be assessed according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE).Results and conclusionThis study will systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for emotional disorder and quality of life in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.