bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How “Subclinical” is Subclinical Tuberculosis? An Analysis of National Prevalence Survey Data from Zambia
Authors: Stuck Logan , van Haaster Aimee Claire , Kapata-Chanda Pascalina , Klinkenberg Eveline , Kapata Nathan , Cobelens Frank 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Pulmonary tuberculosis infection can manifest in different states, including subclinical tuberculosis. It is commonly defined as confirmed tuberculosis without the classic symptoms (commonly, persistent cough for ≥2 weeks). This narrow definition likely poses limitations for surveillance and control measures. The aims of the current study were to characterize the clinical presentation of tuberculosis; estimate the prevalence of subclinical tuberculosis among individuals with bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis, using various definitions; and investigate risk factors for subclinical as opposed to clinical tuberculosis in a population-based survey.

Methods
We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a nationally representative tuberculosis prevalence survey from Zambia in 2013–2014, in which participants were screened for tuberculosis based on chest radiographic findings and symptoms. Tuberculosis was defined as culture-positive or GeneXpert MTB/RIF test–positive sputum. Risk factors for subclinical tuberculosis were assessed by means of multivariable logistic regression.

Results
Of 257 participants with confirmed tuberculosis, 104 (40.5%) were without cough persisting ≥2 weeks. Only 23 (22.1%) of these did not present with any other common symptoms. Those without cough persisting ≥2 weeks frequently reported other symptoms, particularly chest pain (46.2%) and weight loss (38.5%); 36 (34.6%) reported experiencing other symptoms persisting ≥4 weeks. Female subjects were more likely to report no cough persisting ≥2 weeks, as were relatively wealthier individuals.

Conclusions
The commonly used definition of subclinical tuberculosis includes a large proportion of individuals who have other tuberculosis-suggestive symptoms. Requiring cough ≥2 weeks for tuberculosis diagnosis likely misses many active tuberculosis infections and allows a large reservoir of likely transmissible tuberculosis to remain undetected.
The effectiveness of M-Health associated with cardiac rehabilitation on functional capacity and cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Campagnolo Goncalves Toledo A C , Soares De Almeida N , Pierucci A , Straioto Salomao A , Ribeiro Lemes I , Flavio Milanez V , Romero Nakagaki W , Kretli Winkelstroter Eller L , Milanez Morgado De Abreu M A , Bitencourt Oliveira C 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Smartphone applications for health (M-Health) seem to overcome barriers to access Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Programs (CRP), because of their high degree of acceptance and also their potential to influence the frequency of physical exercise in weight loss.

Objective
To analyze the effectiveness of the combination of M-Health and CRP compared to CRP alone on functional capacity, adherence to CRP, management of cardiovascular risk factors in cardiac patients.

Design
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Methods
The following databases were used Medline via Ovid, EMBASE, Central, PEDro and SPORTDiscus via EBSCOhost from their inception until July/2020. We included randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of M-Health in combination with CRP compared to CRP alone in adults with heart disease, and the interventions with M-Health consisted of text messages, e-mails, and applications. The primary outcome of this review was functional capacity, measured by VO2peak, or self-reported physical activity (METs.min/week). PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies and the GRADE approach to assess the overall quality of evidence. Pooled estimates were calculated using a random effect model to obtain mean difference (MD) or standardized mean differences (SMD) and their respectives 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results
Nineteen RCTs were eligible, the median risk of bias was 7 out of 10 points. The primary endpoint was analyzed by subgroups, time of intervention and kind of type CRP, eigthteen of these studies assessed functional capacity. CRP in combination with a m-health intervention was more effective than CRP alone in improving VO2peak, ml/min/kg, (MD: 0.84, CI: 0.30 to 1.38; I2=0%, high quality evidence, 12 trials, n=1889) at short-term follow-up, but at medium-term follow-up (MD: 0.84, CI: −0.26 to 1.41; I2=0%, high quality evidence, 8 trials, n=927,). Similarly, CRP associated with m-health was superior to CRP alone in increasing self-reported at short-term, METs.min/week, (MD:1.31, CI: −0.24 to 2.37; I2 = not aplicable, very low quality evidence, 1 trial, n=18), and at medium-term follow-up (MD: 0.18, CI: −0.01 to 0.36; I2=56%, moderate quality evidence, 4 trials, n=1107).

Conclusion
High quality of evidence shows that M-Health improves cardiorespiratory fitness at short-term follow-up. In addition, supervised program showed to be more effective than non-supervised.

Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None.
Methane production potential of pulp mill sludges: microbial community and substrate constraints
Authors: Chan-Yam Kelly , Meyer Torsten , Scott J Ashley , Basiliko Nathan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Sludges from pulp and paper mills represent a major ecological and environmental cost, and anaerobic digestion represents a method of waste reduction and energy recovery for these mills. This study compared methane production potential and microbial communities across 11 primary and biosludges from 5 pulp and paper mills using various mill processes. We measured methane production from sludges in anaerobic batch reactor experiments over 64d. Sludges were incubated with and without added substrate to test for organic substrate limitation versus inhibition of methanogens. Initial microbial communities and changes to community composition were determined using Illumina MiSeq for metabarcoding of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes. Mean methane production potential varied greatly between sludges (0.002–79 mL CH4 g–1 TS). Among primary sludges, kraft mill sludge produced more methane than other mill types. For these other mills, biosludge produced more methane than primary sludge, which had evidence of methanogen inhibition. Microbial communities and diversity were influenced by the initial community composition, and high methane production was only seen in sludges with high diversity. A number of sludges innately produced substantial methane and may be targets for further modelling and larger-scale testing of anaerobic digestion.
Enhanced anaerobic degradation of thiobencarb using horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass bioreactor
Authors: Oanh Nguyen Thi , Duc Ha Danh 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Thiobencarb is an herbicide globally used in the agricultural sector, and its extensive application leads to severe environmental pollution. In this study, the thiobencarb supplementation caused a significant shift in the bacterial community in the sediment slurry. An analysis of the degradation metabolites of microorganisms from the sediment indicated deschlorothiobencarb, S-4-chlorobenzyl ethylthiocarbamate, 4-chlorobenzyl mercaptan, 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol, 4-chlorobenzoic acid, and chlorobenzene were the main intermediates. The degradation rates were significantly enhanced using a horizontal-flow anaerobic reactor with immobilized cells in polyurethane foam. The degradation rates at 2.6, 12.9, and 25.6 mg/L concentrations by suspended microorganisms from the sediment in the mineral medium supplemented with glucose were 0.085 ± 0.000, 0.383 ± 0.010, and 0.500 ± 0.045 mg d–1, respectively. The corresponding data for degradation in the reactor were 2.54 ± 0.03, 11.69 ± 0.72, and 18.58 ± 1.83 mg d–1 at the sixth operation period. Moreover, COD removal efficiencies were more than 90% achieved in the reactor. The proposed method facilitates degradation using a horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass bioreactor. Moreover, this study reveals the degradation of metabolites of thiobencarb under anaerobic conditions.
Identification of immunodominant epitopes on nucleocapsid and spike proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 in Iranian COVID-19 patients
Authors: Maghsood Faezeh , Shokri Mohammad-Reza , Jeddi-Tehrani Mahmood , Torabi Rahvar Monireh , Ghaderi Abbas , Salimi Vahid , Kardar Gholam Ali , Zarnani Amir-Hassan , Amiri Mohammad Mehdi , Shokri Fazel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Given the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 virus as a life-threatening pandemic, identification of immunodominant epitopes of the viral structural proteins, particularly the nucleocapsid (NP) protein and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike protein, is important to determine targets for immunotherapy and diagnosis. In this study, epitope screening was performed using a panel of overlapping peptides spanning the entire sequences of the RBD and NP proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in the sera from 66 COVID-19 patients and 23 healthy subjects by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results showed that while reactivity of patients' sera with reduced recombinant RBD protein was significantly lower than the native form of RBD (P &lt; 0.001), no significant differences were observed for reactivity of patients' sera with reduced and non-reduced NP protein. Pepscan analysis revealed weak to moderate reactivity towards different RBD peptide pools, which was more focused on peptides encompassing amino acids (aa) 181–223 of RBD. NP peptides, however, displayed strong reactivity with a single peptide covering aa 151–170. These findings were confirmed by peptide depletion experiments using both ELISA and western blotting. Altogether, our data suggest involvement of mostly conformational disulfide bond-dependent immunodominant epitopes in RBD-specific antibody response, while the IgG response to NP is dominated by linear epitopes. Identification of dominant immunogenic epitopes in NP and RBD of SARS-CoV-2 could provide important information for the development of passive and active immunotherapy as well as diagnostic tools for the control of COVID-19 infection.
A B73×Palomero Toluqueño mapping population reveals local adaptation in Mexican highland maize
Authors: Perez-Limón Sergio , Li Meng , Cintora-Martinez G Carolina , Aguilar-Rangel M Rocio , Salazar-Vidal M Nancy , González-Segovia Eric , Blöcher-Juárez Karla , Guerrero-Zavala Alejandro , Barrales-Gamez Benjamin , Carcaño-Macias Jessica , Costich Denise E , Nieto-Sotelo Jorge , Martinez de la Vega Octavio , Simpson June , Hufford Matthew B , Ross-Ibarra Jeffrey , Flint-Garcia Sherry , Diaz-Garcia Luis , Rellán-Álvarez Rubén , Sawers Ruairidh J H 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGenerations of farmer selection in the central Mexican highlands have produced unique maize varieties adapted to the challenges of the local environment. In addition to possessing great agronomic and cultural value, Mexican highland maize represents a good system for the study of local adaptation and acquisition of adaptive phenotypes under cultivation. In this study, we characterize a recombinant inbred line population derived from the B73 reference line and the Mexican highland maize variety Palomero Toluqueño. B73 and Palomero Toluqueño showed classic rank-changing differences in performance between lowland and highland field sites, indicative of local adaptation. Quantitative trait mapping identified genomic regions linked to effects on yield components that were conditionally expressed depending on the environment. For the principal genomic regions associated with ear weight and total kernel number, the Palomero Toluqueño allele conferred an advantage specifically in the highland site, consistent with local adaptation. We identified Palomero Toluqueño alleles associated with expression of characteristic highland traits, including reduced tassel branching, increased sheath pigmentation and the presence of sheath macrohairs. The oligogenic architecture of these three morphological traits supports their role in adaptation, suggesting they have arisen from consistent directional selection acting at distinct points across the genome. We discuss these results in the context of the origin of phenotypic novelty during selection, commenting on the role of de novo mutation and the acquisition of adaptive variation by gene flow from endemic wild relatives.
Does Disease Activity After Induction Treatment With Biologics Predict Short-Term Outcome in Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis?
Authors: Larsen Michael Due , Nørgård Bente Mertz , Kjeldsen Jens 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Secondary loss of response to biological therapy is a challenge when treating Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Currently, no single marker has been found to be valid as a prognostic indicator of response to biologic therapy in patients with CD and UC. In this study, we aimed to assess whether disease activity after 14 weeks of biologic therapy has a prognostic impact on surgery and steroid-free remission during 6 months following completion of induction therapy.

Methods
In an unselected cohort study based on data from 4 national Danish health registries, we identified 493 patients with UC and 620 patients with CD who completed induction therapy with biologics from 2016 to 2019. Following induction therapy with biologics, we defined disease activity based on C-reactive protein and clinical scores of disease activity. The composite endpoint, “not being well treated,” included surgery or use of corticosteroid within 6 months following induction therapy.

Results
In patients with UC with disease activity following induction therapy, the adjusted odds ratio for surgery or steroid treatment during 6 months of follow-up was 3.9 (95% CI, 1.6-9.3) compared with patients without disease activity, and in patients with CD, the adjusted odds ratio was 3.6 (95% CI, 1.7-7.6).

Conclusions
A positive treatment response to biologic treatment after induction therapy (measured by C-reactive protein and clinical scores) predicts a better short-term outcome in patients with CD and UC.
Citizens’ Aversion to Pay Raises for Politicians: The Risk of Self-Interest Matter More Than the Promise of Competence
Authors: Pedersen Rasmus T , Hansen Kristina J , Pedersen Lene H 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Citizens value competence in politicians. However, while offering high pay is a key strategy when recruiting competent candidates in the job market, most citizens are highly averse to paying politicians higher salaries. We argue that this aversion arises from one fundamental concern among citizens: self-interested politicians. Using data from a large-scale preregistered survey experiment, we show that citizens are affected by the argument that higher salaries may attract self-interested politicians, whereas they are not affected by the argument that higher salaries will attract competent politicians. Surprisingly, the more positively citizens view politicians, the more they are affected by the argument about self-interested politicians. These results suggest that citizens may view modest salaries as a guard against self-interested politicians.
Large-Data Equicontinuity for the Derivative NLS
Authors: Harrop-Griffiths Benjamin , Killip Rowan , Vişan Monica 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe consider the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation in one spatial dimension, which is known to be completely integrable. We prove that the orbits of $L^2$ bounded and equicontinuous sets of initial data remain bounded and equicontinuous, not only under this flow, but also under the entire hierarchy. This allows us to remove the small-data restriction from prior conservation laws and global well-posedness results.
A time-series effect of phytase supplementation on phosphorus utilization in growing and finishing pigs fed a low-phosphorus diet
Authors: Babatunde Olufemi Oluwaseun , Adeola Olayiwola 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were carried out to determine a time-series effect of phytase on phosphorus (P) utilization in growing and finishing pigs using growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, P excretion, and plasma concentrations of minerals as the response criteria for evaluation. In both experiments, treatments were arranged as a 3 × 4 factorial in a randomized complete block design with 3 corn–soybean meal-based diets including a P-adequate positive control (PC), a low-P negative control (NC; no inorganic P), and NC supplemented with phytase at 1,000 FYT/kg (NC + 1,000); and 4 sampling time points at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 in experiment 1, and days 14, 26, 42, and 55 in experiment 2. In both trials, 96 growing pigs with average body weight (BW) of 19.8 ± 1.16 and 49.8 ± 3.21 kg, respectively, were allocated to the 3 diets with 8 replicates pens (4 barrows and 4 gilts) and 4 pigs per pen. In experiment 1, pigs fed the PC had higher (P &lt; 0.01) BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) when compared with pigs fed the NC. There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.01) between time and diet on the BW and ADG of pigs while a linear and quadratic increase (P &lt; 0.01) was observed with the ADFI and G:F, respectively, over time. Phytase supplementation improved (P &lt; 0.01) all growth performance responses. Pigs fed the PC had greater (P &lt; 0.01) ATTD of P and Ca than pigs fed the NC. There was no interaction effect on the ATTD of nutrients. Phytase addition improved the ATTD of P and Ca over pigs fed the NC. There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.01) between diet and time on the total and water-soluble P (WSP) excreted. There was a quadratic decrease (P &lt; 0.01) in plasma concentration of Ca in pigs over time. In experiment 2, there was a quadratic increase (P &lt; 0.01) in BW, ADG, and G:F of pigs over time. Similarly, the inclusion of phytase improved (P &lt; 0.05) all growth performance parameters except ADFI. A linear increase (P &lt; 0.05) in the ATTD of DM, P, and Ca occurred over time. Phytase inclusion improved (P &lt; 0.01) the ATTD of P and Ca. Plasma concentrations of P were improved by phytase addition. Phytase supplementation of the NC reduced WSP excretion by 45%, 32%, and 35% over the growing, finishing, and entire grow-finish period, respectively. In conclusion, phytase improves the utilization of P in growing and finishing pigs; however, the magnitude of effect on responses may vary over time.
Meat grinder injury of the arm: how to extract an arm safe, fast and pain free: case report and literature review
Authors: Al-Hassani Ammar , Wahlen Bianca M , Ayasa Mohammed A M , Hakim Suhail , Khoschnau Sherwan , El-Menyar Ayman , Al-Thani Hassan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Among the work-related injuries, meat grinder injuries are not uncommon. One of the major challenges in the trauma resuscitation room is the appropriate choice of anesthesia/analgesia when the patient is still conscious and the second challenge is to find the best way to early extract the patient’s limb out of the machine without adding more suffering. Herein, we presented a 23-year-old male patient who was brought fully conscious in a kneeling position with the right forearm entrapped in a big meat grinder machine with part of the crushed fingers being extruded out of the machine. The patient was in severe pain; however, his vital signs were stable. Analgo-sedation with Midazolam/Ketamine followed by ultrasound guided upper limb regional anesthesia was used and showed to be a fast and safe alternative in a conscious, not fasting patient when the extremity is still entrapped in a meat grinder machine.
The ‘Gluttonous Child’ Narrative in Italy and Britain: A Transnational Analysis
Authors: Gasperini Anna 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article compares images of food as temptation, and hunger as test, in two samples of late-nineteenth century British and Italian children’s literature. It reads the narratives alongside coeval popular medical manuals on child health, examining recurring descriptions of children as natural gluttons in works dedicated to child nutrition. Putting the select fiction and non-fiction in dialogue with moral, scientific, and nation-building middle-class discourses circulating in both countries, the article finds that the ‘gluttonous child’ narrative was both transnational and transtextual.
Latent Class Patterns of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Their Relationship to Veteran Status and Sex in the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave III
Authors: Tynan Mara , Wooldridge Jennalee S , Rossi Fernanda , McLean Caitlin L , Gasperi Marianna , Bosch Jeane , Timko Christine , Herbert Matthew , Afari Niloofar 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with poor psychosocial and health outcomes in adulthood. Veterans and females experience ACEs disproportionately. A greater understanding of this disparity may be achieved by examining the relationship between distinct ACE patterns and these demographic characteristics. Therefore, this study examined distinct ACE patterns and their association with Veteran status, sex, and other demographics in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults to inform interventions tailored to ACE patterns experienced by specific groups.

Materials and Methods
Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted with data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions-III, a nationally representative structured diagnostic interview conducted from 2012-2013. The target population was the noninstitutionalized adult population living in the USA. The analytic sample was 36,190 (mean age 46.5 years; 48.1% male). Of these participants, 3,111 were Veterans. Data were analyzed between September 2020 and January 2021.

Results
Latent class analysis revealed a four-class solution: (1) “Low adversity” (75.3%); (2) “Primarily household dysfunction” (9.0%); (3) “Primarily maltreatment” (10.7%); and (4) “Multiple adversity types” (5.1%). Compared to “Low adversity,” members in the other classes were more likely to be Veterans (odds ratio (OR)C2vC1 = 1.33, ORC3vC1 = 1.55, ORC4vC1 = 1.98) and female (ORC2vC1 = 1.58, ORC3vC1 = 1.22, ORC4vC1 = 1.65). While lower education and income were also related to higher adversity class membership, Veteran status and sex were the strongest predictors, even when controlling for education and income.

Conclusions
Distinct and meaningful patterns of ACEs identified in this study highlight the need for routine ACE screenings in Veterans and females. As in the current study, operationalizing and clustering ACEs can inform screening measures and trauma-informed interventions in line with personalized medicine. Future work can test if classes are differentially associated with health outcomes.