bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Giovanni Battista Montini (Paul VI): From the legacy of Christian Democracy to the encounter with fascism, 1925–33
Authors: Dagnino Jorge 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis article seeks to address Giovanni Battista Montini's attitude towards the Christian Democrat party of the day‐the PPI‐ and his reactions to the Fascist movement and regime between 1925 and 33. Contrary to most observers, the article argues that the future Paul VI was not a Christian Democrat at heart. With regard to his anti‐Fascism, the article aims to qualify his attitudes and concludes that these were of a strong moralistic and religious character rather than characterized by political underpinnings.
Clinicopathologic features of undetected dysplasia found in total colectomy or proctocolectomy specimens of patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Bahceci Dorukhan , Lauwers Gregory Y , Choi Won‐Tak 
Published: April 2022

AimsIt remains controversial as to whether targeted biopsies should completely replace random biopsies for dysplasia surveillance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Several histologic patterns of nonconventional dysplasia have been described in IBD. This study aimed to investigate the rate and clinicopathologic features of dysplastic lesions found in total colectomy or proctocolectomy specimens that were undetected on prior colonoscopy.Methods and resultsThe study analyzed 207 consecutive IBD patients who underwent a total colectomy or proctocolectomy and had at least one high‐definition colonoscopy prior to colectomy. Dysplasia found in the colectomy specimens was classified as undetected, only when there was no corresponding site of dysplasia detected on previous colonoscopic biopsies. Twenty‐seven (13%) patients had 49 undetected dysplastic lesions found only at colectomy, while 22 (11%) had 31 previously detected dysplastic lesions only. The remaining 158 (76%) patients had no dysplasia. A greater proportion of the undetected (19%) or previously detected (23%) dysplasia group had concurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis compared with only 3% in the group without dysplasia (P < 0.001). The undetected dysplastic lesions were more likely to have nonconventional dysplastic features (76%), low‐grade dysplasia (94%), and a flat/invisible gross appearance (73%) compared with the previously detected dysplastic lesions (13%, 68%, and 48%, respectively) (P < 0.05). Almost all patients with undetected dysplasia (93%) had a colonoscopy within 1 year of colectomy.ConclusionThe rate of undetected dysplasia is not insignificant (13%), suggesting that increased random biopsies may improve the rate of dysplasia detection, including nonconventional dysplasia.
AN AFROPESSIMIST ACCOUNT OF HISTORY
Authors: PONTON DAVID 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTThis article addresses four questions: What is Afropessimism? What is history? What can history (not) do in service of black people given the insights of Afropessimism? If history fails to service black people, what should be done with history? It argues that an unavoidable conclusion of Afropessimism is that history, a disciplinary mode of knowledge production, is tethered to the historical construct of the Human and thus is exploitative of the Slave/the Black, which is the negative image of the Human. This article elaborates on the implications of this indictment of history, suggesting that invention of different ways of being becomes at least possible to imagine—to think about—when history is brought into relief, not as the form by which historians account for the past but rather as the evidence of who historians are and what they value in the world as it exists.
Differences between capillary and venous blood counts in children—A data mining approach
Authors: Becker Mathias , Gscheidmeier Thomas , Groß Hans‐Jürgen , Cario Holger , Woelfle Joachim , Rauh Manfred , Metzler Markus , Zierk Jakob 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundCapillary sampling of blood counts is a well‐established alternative to venipuncture in paediatrics. However, the sampling method has to be considered when interpreting test results, as measurements differ. Ethical and practical considerations prevent simultaneous venous and capillary sample acquisition in comprehensive paediatric cohorts that span all ages for the purpose of a direct method comparison, resulting in uncertainty regarding the interpretation of capillary test results.MethodsWe applied a data mining method to calculate the differences between capillary and venous blood count analytes using laboratory data collected during patient care. We examined 486 401 blood counts performed between 2010 and 2017 in two German paediatric tertiary care centers in children from birth to 18 years analysed on SYSMEX XE‐2100 and SYSMEX XE‐5000 devices, and analysed the differences between capillary and venous test results in 15 218 paired samples performed within 24 h.ResultsWe identified the mean systematic differences between capillary and venous (capillary–venous) test results for haemoglobin (+6.5 g/L), haematocrit (+2.38%), platelet count (−7.01 × 109/l), red cell count (+0.18 × 1012/L), white cell count (−0.64 × 109/L), mean corpuscular cell volume (+2.07 fl), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (+0.33 pg), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (−4.4 g/L) and red cell distribution width (+0.40%). The effect of age on these mean deltas is negligible, while the levels of test results influence the difference between capillary and venous test results in most analytes.ConclusionsOur results improve guidance regarding the interpretation of capillary test results for children of all ages and in both physiological and pathological ranges.
Association between body mass index and varicocele among 211 989 Chinese reproductive‐age males
Authors: Hu Xuhuai , Yang Xueying , Zhao Jun , Guan Ting , Dai Qiaoyun , Yang Juan , Zhang Hongguang , Zhang Dongmei , Zhang Yue , Shang Li , Ma Xu 
Published: April 2022

ObjectivesTo explore the relationship between body mass index and varicocele, the range of body mass index that leads to increased odds of varicocele, and the association between body mass index with the position and grade of varicocele.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study of 211 989 Chinese males aged 18–65 years participated in the National Free Pre‐conception Check‐up Projects from January 2013 to December 2018. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to assess the association between body mass index and varicocele.ResultsOverweight and obese males had 13.1% (odds ratio 0.869, 95% confidence interval 0.838–0.902) and 32.3% (odds ratio 0.677, 95% confidence interval 0.632–0.725) lower odds of varicocele than those with normal body mass index, respectively. The association between them was non‐linear, and males with body mass index of 17.74 to 23.09 kg/m2 had an increased odds of varicocele. The overweight and obese males had lower odds of left and bilateral varicocele, but the right varicocele odds was increased by 63.3% in obese males.ConclusionBody mass index was associated with the odds of varicocele among reproductive‐age males, but the odds varied by position. The effects of weight management and varicocele on fertility should be taken into account in fertility guidance.
Control of innate immunity by the cGAS‐STING pathway
Authors: Mosallanejad Kenta , Kagan Jonathan C 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWithin the cytoplasm of mammalian cells is a protein called cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase (cGAS), which acts to defend against infection and other threats to the host. cGAS operates in this manner through its ability to detect a molecular occurrence that should not exist in healthy cells – the existence of DNA in the cytosol. Upon DNA binding, cGAS synthesizes cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP), a cyclic dinucleotide that activates the endoplasmic reticulum‐localized protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING). STING‐mediated signaling culminates in host defensive responses typified by inflammatory cytokine and interferon expression, and the induction of autophagy. Studies over the past several years have established a consensus in the field of the enzymatic activities of cGAS in vitro, as it relates to DNA‐induced production of cGAMP. However, much additional work is needed to understand the regulation of cGAS functions within cells, where multiple sources of DNA can create a problem of self and non‐self discrimination. In this review, we provide an overview of how the cGAS‐STING pathway mediates innate immune responses during infection and other cellular stresses. We then highlight recent progress in the understanding of the increasingly diverse ways in which this DNA‐sensing machinery is regulated inside cells, including how cGAS remains inactive to host‐derived DNA under conditions of homeostasis.
Assessment of occlusion and temporomandibular joint after placing preformed metal crowns on all primary molars in children
Authors: Shih Yi‐Chun , Yang Ran , Zou Jing 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundPlacing preformed metal crowns (PMCs) on all eight primary molars at one single clinical visit may disrupt a child's occlusion; the literature regarding the effects on occlusion and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is scarce.AimThis study aimed to quantify the changes in occlusion using T‐Scan III and to investigate whether there was TMJ dysfunction after placing eight PMCs at the same time.DesignIn this study, we enrolled children with severe early childhood caries (S‐ECC) and dental phobia, who needed eight PMCs to be placed under general anesthesia. The participants underwent occlusal examinations with a computed occlusal analysis system. The vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) was measured using a dental vertical dimension gauge, TMJ dysfunction signs were recorded by the clinical dysfunction index (Di), and TMJ dysfunction symptoms were recorded using a questionnaire. The data were collected before treatment (T0), 1 week after treatment (T1), and 1 month (T2) and 3 months (T3) after treatment during follow‐up visits. Repeated‐measures analysis of variance and Friedman's test were used for occlusal data analysis. In addition, the Di and symptoms were compared over time using McNemar's test.ResultsForty patients (mean age = 4.25 ± 0.63 years, age range = 3–5 years, 21 boys and 19 girls) were followed up for 3 months. The occlusal contact area 3 months after treatment did not return to the pretreatment status (p = .03). The total of force at the 3‐month follow‐up visit increased significantly (p = .009) compared with that at the pretreatment. The asymmetric ratio of occlusal force at the 1‐month follow‐up visit was restored to pretreatment. Concerning the occlusion time, no significant changes were observed for any time intervals (p = .069). The VDO was recovered at the 1‐month follow‐up visit. The statistical analysis of TMJ dysfunction showed no significant differences in the Di and TMJ dysfunction symptoms before and after treatment (p > .05).ConclusionAfter undergoing eight PMC restorations under general anesthesia, occlusal re‐equilibration was attained approximately after 1 month. There were no significant signs and symptoms of TMJ dysfunction after treatment.
Comparing the care experiences of Medicare Advantage beneficiaries with and without Alzheimer's disease and related dementias
Authors: Meyers David J. , Rivera‐Hernandez Maricruz , Kim Daeho , Keohane Laura M. , Mor Vincent , Trivedi Amal N. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe Medicare Advantage (MA) program is rapidly growing. Limited evidence exists about the care experiences of MA beneficiaries with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia (ADRD). Our objective was to compare care experiences for MA beneficiaries with and without ADRD.MethodsWe examined MA beneficiaries who completed the Medicare Advantage Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) and used inpatient, nursing home, or home health services in the past 3 years. We classified beneficiaries with ADRD using the presence of diagnosis codes in hospitals, nursing homes, and home health records. Our key measures included overall ratings of care and health plan, and indices of receiving timely care, care coordination, receiving needed care, and customer service. We compared differences between beneficiaries with and without ADRD using regression analysis adjusting for demographic, health, and plan characteristics, and stratifying by proxy response status.ResultsAmong beneficiaries sampled by CAHPS, 22.2% with ADRD completed the survey compared to 38.5% without ADRD. Among proxy responses, beneficiaries with ADRD were 4.2 (95% CI: 0.1–8.4) percentage points less likely to report a high score for receiving needed care, and 3.5 percentage points (95% CI: 0.2–6.9) less likely to report a high score for customer service. Among non‐proxy responses, those with ADRD were 9.0 (95% CI: 5.5–12.5) percentage points less likely to report a high score for needed care, and 8.5 (95% CI: 5.4–11.5) percentage points less likely to report a high score for customer service.ConclusionsADRD respondents to the CAHPS were more likely to be excluded from CAHPS performance measures because they did not meet eligibility requirements and rates of non‐response were higher. Among responders with or without a proxy, MA enrollees with an ADRD diagnosis reported worse care experiences in receiving needed care and in customer service than those without an ADRD diagnosis.
Nurses' attitudes towards the use of physical restraint in psychiatric care: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies
Authors: Wong Wai Kit , Bressington Daniel Thomas 
Published: April 2022

Accessible SummaryWhat is known on the subject?

Application of physical restraint is a common practice to protect service users and staff in psychiatric care.

Nurses' attitudes towards physical restraint and its influencing factors in psychiatric settings in different countries are variable.

Previous reviews include studies on different coercive methods, making it difficult to differentiate attitudes specific to physical restraint.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

Nurses' attitudes were marked by negative feelings and moral conflict towards the use of physical restraint and consider it a necessary nursing intervention and a last resort.

The barriers for restraint‐free environment practice included contextual demand, lack of knowledge on restraint and lack of alternatives to restraint.

What are the implications for practice?

Nurse educators should develop and evaluate related educational training programmes to promote the development of alternative effective skills in handling violence instead of physical restraint.

Policy makers should develop strategies to remove the barriers to a restraint‐free environments.

AbstractIntroductionPhysical restraint is common in psychiatric care; nurses' attitudes are crucial as nurses often implement the procedure. Previous reviews include studies exploring coercive methods but do not specifically focus on physical restraint.AimsThis integrated mixed‐method systematic review aimed to examine nurses' attitudes towards the use of physical restraint in psychiatric care and the factors influencing these attitudes.MethodsSix databases were searched from 2000 to 2021. Thematic integrative analysis was used to synthesize the data.ResultsTen studies were included. Five themes encapsulate nurses' attitudes towards physical restraint: “emotional responses,” “moral conflicts,” “ensuring safety for all,” “a necessary nursing intervention” and “a last resort.” Three themes were identified for factors influencing attitudes: “contextual demands,” “level of knowledge” and “alternatives to restraint.”DiscussionNurses' attitudes were marked by negative feelings and moral conflict towards the use of physical restraint. However, nurses applied physical restraint as an ordinary nursing intervention. Educational interventions and the leadership role may facilitate the change of current practice to a restraint‐free environment.Implications for PracticeMental health nurses should work to remove the barriers to restraint‐free environment and develop effective skills that can be used as alternatives to physical restraint.
Sleep quality in persons with mental disorders: Changes during inpatient treatment across 10 diagnostic groups
Authors: Meule Adrian , Riemann Dieter , Voderholzer Ulrich 
Published: April 2022

SummarySleep disturbances have been documented across a range of mental disorders, particularly depression. However, studies that have examined sleep quality in large samples of different diagnostic groups and that report how sleep quality changes during inpatient treatment have been scarce. This retrospective, observational study examined changes in sleep quality during inpatient treatment at a psychosomatic hospital in Germany from admission to discharge as a function of 10 diagnostic groups. Data of 11,226 inpatients were analysed who completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index as part of the routine diagnostic assessment at admission and discharge. All diagnostic groups showed impaired sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score > 5). Patients with trauma‐related disorders had the lowest sleep quality and patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder had the highest sleep quality. While sleep quality significantly improved in each diagnostic group, changes differed in size, with patients with trauma‐related disorders showing the smallest improvement and patients with eating disorders showing the largest improvement. The current study documents impaired sleep quality in inpatients with mental disorders and shows that sleep problems are a transdiagnostic feature in this population. Results also resonate with earlier suggestions that sleep disturbances represent a key feature of trauma‐related disorders in particular and the need for trauma‐specific sleep interventions. Although sleep quality significantly improved during disorder‐specific inpatient treatment in all diagnostic groups, average scores were still clinically elevated at discharge. Thus, a future avenue would be to examine whether adding sleep‐specific treatment elements fosters both short‐ and long‐term success in the treatment of mental disorders.
Factors associated with successful passage of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine general examination
Authors: Boudreaux Bonnie , Hill Tracy 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundBoard certification relies on passing the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) general examination. Pass rates might depend on properties of residency training programs (RTP).HypothesisWe hypothesized that <4 weeks of dedicated study time, lack of board preparation lectures, status as a re‐taker, and private practice RTP would result in lower pass rates of the ACVIM general examination.SubjectsTwo hundred forty‐eight ACVIM general examinees.MethodsCross‐sectional study. Examinees were surveyed using a Qualtrics survey over a 3‐year period. Factors included: study weeks, on‐call duty, board preparation lectures, academic or private practice program, and status as a re‐taker.ResultsFirst‐attempt examinees were more likely to pass (P < .0001, OR 5.12, 95% CI [2.53, 10.52]). For first‐attempt examinees, on‐call duty during study weeks resulted in a lower pass rate (P = .002, OR 0.31, 95% CI [0.16, 0.67]). General didactic and specific board‐preparation lectures resulted in higher pass rates (P = .003, OR 3.08, 95% CI [1.44, 6.61]; P = .02, OR 3.04, 95% CI [1.20, 7.68]). Diplomate‐led board‐preparation lectures resulted in higher pass rates than resident‐led (P = .007, OR 10.67, 95% CI [1.75, 64.91]). Using a mixed effect logistic model, predicted pass rates were highest with both lack of on‐call duty and presence of didactic lectures (predicted pass rate 95%, 95% CI [0.87, 0.98]).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceTo optimize pass rates, RTP should provide study time without on‐call duty. Provision of didactic lectures and specific board‐preparation lectures by diplomates assist in candidate preparation.
Carryover effects of pesticide exposure and pond drying on performance, behavior, and sex ratios in a pool breeding amphibian
Authors: Thompson C. M. , Sweeney M. R. , Popescu V. D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNeonicotinoid pesticides are widely used to combat agricultural and forest pests, yet the extent of their biological effects and synergies with other stressors is not well understood, particularly for species with complex life cycles such as amphibians. While there is extensive research on the impacts of agricultural chemicals on amphibians (particularly larval stage), research on the effects of the new class of widely used neonicotinoid pesticides across life stages is lacking. In this study, we used aquatic mesocosm manipulations and terrestrial locomotor and behavior trials to evaluate demographic, behavioral, and fitness carryover effects of sublethal neonicotinoid pesticide (imidacloprid) exposure and hydroperiod length on the wood frog (Rana sylvatica), a model organism. We found that the interaction of imidacloprid exposure and shorter hydroperiod led to decreased larval survival to metamorphosis (0.54 ± 0.14, compared to control 0.75 ± 0.04). When exposed to their thermal optimum (18°C), individuals exposed to imidacloprid as larvae had higher terrestrial locomotor performance (284.08 ± 28.62 body lengths traveled) but also experienced the largest decreases in performance (147.88 ± 19.27 fewer body lengths traveled) after terrestrial imidacloprid exposure. In a 48‐h substrate choice experiment, post‐metamorphic frogs did not show behavioral avoidance of imidacloprid‐treated substrates. Finally, we observed a skewed juvenile sex ratio from imidacloprid treatments (~10% fewer males compared to control), and we were not able to assign 15.7% of individuals from imidacloprid treatments to either sex due to ambiguous reproductive organ morphology. Our empirical assessment of carryover effects of chemical exposure and pond drying provides insights into the physiological capacity of taxa with complex lifecycles to respond to contaminants experienced at multiple life stages and informs best practices for neonicotinoid pesticide use in forest settings and conservation strategies for pond‐breeding amphibians.