bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Winter Wheat, 1980
Authors: McPherson Robert M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight insecticides were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling cereal leaf beetle larvae in winter wheat. Insecticides were applied May 22 on ‘McNair 1003’ red winter wheat grown on the W. D. Gray Farm, Richmond Co., VA. A randomized block experimental design was used with 3 replications. Individual plots were 10 rows, 20 ft long and spaced 0.6 ft apart. Each spray concentrate was applied to the foliage with a CO2 powered back-pack sprayer with a 6 ft boom set at 32 psi that delivered 26.5 gal of finished formulation per acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 72 hr after treatment by comparing the number of larvae per 3 row-feet in the treated plots to those in the untreated plots.
Laboratory Insecticide Screening Against Wireworms, Yakima, Washington, 1980
Authors: Toba H. H. , Turner J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The soil was Rltzville silt loam (Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) with an organic matter content of less than 0.5%. The larvae were field-collected and of medium size. The bioassays were conducted as follows: insecticides were mixed with air-dry soil in a Twin shell blender for 10 min, distilled water was added (6.8 parts:100 parts soil by weight) and mixed for another 10 min, and the treated soil was placed in 0.5 pt glass fruit jars. Dosage rates simulated broadcast treatments, and the incorporation of materials 6 inches deep in soil. One boiled wheat grain was pushed down ca 1 inch into the soil of each jar. One wireworm was then placed on the soil of each jar; only those that burrowed into the soil within 2 min were used in the test. The jars were covered with plastic lids and were held in a laboratory maintained at ca 20-25°C. Each treatment consisted of 10 jars (replicates), and Dyfonate was included in each test as a standard. Once a week, each jar was checked to determine mortality, the soil and larva were returned to the jar, new boiled wheat grain was added, and moisture, if required, was added to the soil as required. Percent mortality for any given week was based on the weekly cumulative total of dead larvae and moribund larvae that died the following week.
Comparative Toxicity of Three Formulations of Phosmet to Western Spruce Budworm, 1980
Authors: Haverty Michael I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Imidan 1E formulation of phosmet has been field tested against the western spruce budworm with mixed results. In an attempt to increase the amount of phosmet in the Imidan formulation so that less carrier need be applied, Stauffer Chemical Co. developed two experimental formulations of Imidan, 2E and 3E. For laboratory tests, insects were placed on fresh Douglas-fir foliage 24 hours before spraying and were held in Randall cages. Insecticide sprays were applied to 6th-stage larvae on foliage in a spray chamber. Formulations were diluted in water (12 or 32 mg ai/ml) with a delivery volume of 0.25 ml (equivalent to 9.4 l/ha). Two doses were selected from a dose response curve established for Imidan 1E; one was estimated to cause 50 percent mortality, the other 90 percent. The two doses of each formulation were applied in increasing concentration; the order of application of each formulation was randomized. After spraying, insects and foliage were replaced in the Randall cage. Mortality was evaluated at 7 days post-spray. Differences in mortality between the three formulations for each dose were evaluated with a 3 x 2 contingency table at the = 0.05 level.
Scots Pine, Pales Weevil and Northern Pine Weevil Control, Carroll Co., Ohio, 1980
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A stand of Scots pine Christmas trees, partially harvested in 1979, was used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides as stump treatments to limit reproduction of regeneration weevils. Three, 5-stump replicates arranged in a randomized complete block design were treated April 24 when the temperature was 16-18°C with clear skies and a slight breeze. Tordon was applied to only 5 stumps scattered throughout the stand. Hudson compression sprayers were used to apply ca 180 ml of finished spray to each stump. On May 4, additional stumps were treated in the aforementioned manner at the same location to evaluate 2 rates of Furadan 4F. In this case, 20 consecutive stumps in a row were treated with each rate (=4, 5-stump reps/trt.). Stumps were sampled Aug 8-Nov 7 by stripping bark to first lateral roots and counting larvae and depressions in the xylem that indicated presence of chip cocoons. No attempt was made to distinguish chip cocoons of the 2 weevil species.
Bronze Birch Borer Control on European White Birch, Richland Co., Ohio, 1979
Authors: Akers R. C. , Nielsen D. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An abandoned nursery with a block of several hundred birches 3-5 m tall, growing on 1.8 m centers in rows 2.4 m apart, were used to evaluate efficacy of selected Insecticides. Trees showing evidence of larval infestation but enough vigor to survive another year were selected. A hydraulic Meyer’s sprayer operating at 200 psi was used to apply treatments to run-off on all bark surfaces. The canopy was also sprayed to maximize exposure of adults to insecticide. Each treatment was applied 3 times at 2-week intervals to the same 4 trees (=replicates) beginning Jun 13 when skies were sunny, 24-26°C, and no breeze. Conditions were the same during the second and third applications, except for a slight breeze ( 5 kph). Trees received permanent metal tags and color-coded surveyor’s tape to ensure treatment identification the following year when treatment effectiveness was evaluated. Trees were felled May 22, and all old emergence holes were circled with a red wax pencil. Total bark surface area was estimated for each tree. Threes were cut to fit in a screenhouse where they were stored until adult emergence was completed. New emergence holes were counted in late Jul to assess treatment effectiveness.
Chemical Control of Eastern Tent Caterpillar on Choke Cherry, Carroll, Co., Ohio, 1980
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Choke cherry (204 m) growing on a north-facing slope in a 0.5 hectare area were used for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 psi with a TeeJet SS8004 flat fan nozzle was used to apply ca 1 liter of finished spray to each of 3, single-tree replicates containing at least 1 tent with living larvae. Treatments were applied May 15 when the ambient temperature was 16-18°C with cloudy skies and 24 kph winds. Spray was first directed to the tent(s) and then to surrounding branches and foliage. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 5 days later and required 2-man-hours. One tent in each tree was dismantled, and living and dead caterpillars were counted.
Dogwood Borer Control, Lexington, Kentucky, 1979
Authors: Potter D. A. , Timmons G. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were applied to the trunk and crown of flowering dogwoods (5-10 cm dia) on the University of Kentucky campus. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, and were applied Jun 11, 14 days after the estimated date of first adult emergence based on pupal skin counts. Trees were sprayed to run-off using a 7.6 liter (2 gal) compressed air sprayer, under sunny skies at 23°C with a slight breeze (8-16 kph). Approximately 160 ml of finished spray was applied per tree. Counts of live borers were made on Nov 1, by inspecting trees for fresh frass. As applied, none of the materials was phytotoxic.
Control of Elm Leaf Beetles on Siberian Elm, 1981
Authors: King Ed , Pinkston Ken , Price Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted on a windbreak planting of Siberian elms, approximately 20 ft tall, located 2 mi south of Stillwater, OK. Trees were treated on Jul 8 when the temperature was 85°F and the wind velocity was 15-20 mph. Larvae were 3-7 mm long. Application equipment consisted of a John Bean 55 Sprayer and Spraying Systems Gun, Jet #43, which delivered 3.1 gal/min at 300 psi. Trees were treated to run-off. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Larval counts were made by examining 18 inches of terminal branch at 10 locations per tree.
Apple, Mid-Season Miticide Evaluations, 1981
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied on Jun 8 following a Jun 5 count, analysis of which showed no significant differences (P = .01) in mite populations. Single tree plots were arranged in a randomized block design and replicated four times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean 35 gal/min (132.49 litres/min) hydraulic pump operating at 300 psi (21.09 kg/cm2) for this spray and two subsequent test sprays on Jun 23 and Jul 16. (Note: On the dinobuton plot the first spray was delayed until Jun 29.) Mites and eggs were counted at approximately weekly intervals from Jun 5 to Aug 3, on randomly selected 25 leaf samples using 2 modified Henderson-McBurnie leaf brushing technique. Mite predators were counted on Jul 14 on five limbs on each tree by jarring them onto a one square meter sheet of white muslin by striking each limb 5 times with a rod. In addition to the materials being evaluated, the following were used on these trees: pre-bloom, chlorpyrtfos (Lorsban), oil, benomyl (Benlate) and metiram (Polyram); bloom, benomyl (Benlate) and metiram (Polyram); post-bloom, benomyl (Benlate), metiram (Polyram), azinphosmethyl (Guthion), carbaryl (Sevin) as thinning agent, parathion (Penncap-M), methomyl (Lannate), Alar, Dikar, and captan.
Control of Bagw0Rms on Chinese Juniper, 1981
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , King Ed 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bagworm control was evaluated on Chinese Junipers that were located at a nursing home in Stillwater, OK. The plants were 4-5 feet high and 10-15 ft wide. Treatments were randomized and replicted 3 times. Plants were sprayed until run-off with a John Bean 55 Sprayer and a Spraying system Gun, Jet #43, which delivered 2.6 gal/min at 200 psi. The plants were treated Jun 26 when the temperature was 90°F and the wind velocity ranged 0-5 mph. A pre-treatment count from 10 locations on each of the 15 plants showed an average of 8.8 larvae, 0.25 to 0.75 inches long, per 18 inches of terminal branch. Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each treatment at 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after appl icat ions.
Phytotoxicity Evaluations with Methomyl, Virginia, 1981
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Parnell L. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials were conducted on 6 species of ornamental plants at X, 2X and 4X rates. This corresponds to 0.45, 0.90 and 1.8 lb ai/100 gal of Lannate 1.8L. Treatments were applied on Jul 28 using a 1 gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi. Sprays were applied to run-off. Evaluation for possible injury was conducted on Aug 6 and 13. Temperature at the time of treatment was 75°F. Rainfall from Jul 29 to Aug 13 was 2.02 inches. No phytotoxicity was observed on any of the 6 species tested in this study.
Apple, Aphicide Trials on Established Aphid Colonies, 1981
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Ponton L. F. , David P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six materials plus a water control were applied (runoff) on May 7 and May 14 to four randomly selected trees per treatment at Steeles Tavern, VA. The compounds were evaluated for control of established colonies of A. pomi and D. plantaginea. All treatments were applied at 14.06 kg/cm 9200 psi) with a handgun on a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer equipped with a 132.49 litre/min (35 gpm) pump. For the post-treatment count, twenty-five damaged terminals were examined per tree for presence of live aphids.
Candidate Formulations for Disinfesting Transport Vehicles, 1981
Authors: Kirkpatrick Robert L. , Fons James F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory-reared stored-product insects were exposed to I insecticidal formulations in transport trailers (ca 71 m3) in Miami, FL. For each test, 40 insects of each species were held in 10 cm dia open petri dishes placed on the floor at the midsection of each trialer ca 30 cm from a side wall. The aerosols were propelled by CO2 or freon and released within closed trailers by an individual walking the length of the trailer and releasing the aerosol for the required amount of time. Dusts were formulated with either Diabrite or HiSil 233 as a carrier and introduced into the trailer by CO2 propellant through an open rear door. The exposure period was 5 hr; 10 min in the closed trailer after each aerosol application, 20 min with one door of the trailer opened for aeration, and 4.5 hr in the original containers after their removal from the trailers and before the insects (treated and untreated) were transferred to clean petri dishes. Insects were observed after 24 hr for knockdown (those that could not walk or remain in an upright position) and at 14 days post-exposure for mortality, expressed as dead plus moribund insects (those that showed little or no movement when lightly stimulated with a small camel-hair brush). Each test was replicated 3 times. The average air temperature inside the trailer at treatment was 21°±3°C and the relative humidity was 80 ± 12%.
Apple, Insecticide Trials on Rosy Apple Aphid, 1981
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied at delayed dormant to early pink stage of bud development (Apr 7) on 6 year old Golden Delicious trees using a Hardie hydraulic sprayer operating at 500 psi (35.15 kg/cm2). Trees were sprayed to run-off. Single tree plots were arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. In addition to the insecticides being tested, other materials used included metiram (Polyram), mancozeb (Manzate), thiophanate-methyl (Topsin), phosalone (Zolone), azinphosmethyl (Guthion) and captan. No phytotoxicity was observed and all treatments were consistent with normal horticultural practices. Treatments were evaluated for effects on rosy apple aphid populations on May 4 and Jun 3. All colonies on each tree that were found in a 2 min search were counted.
Blackfly Larval Control in Irrigation Canals with

Bacillus

thuringiensis

var

israelensis

, 1981
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A wettable powder formulation of B.t. was tested in irrigation canals in south central Idaho to determine mortal ity to S. vitattum larvae. For each treatment the appropriate amount of formulated material to achieve a given concentrate in the canal was mixed with 15 gall of water in a high pressure sprayer. The mixture was sprayed into canals at the rate of 1 gal spray per minute to achieve a 15 minute application period. Blackfly larval populations were monitored on 0.375 inch yellow polypropylene rope. Sections of rope 4 ft long were suspended above the water surface and allowed to trail in the water current at distances 10 m-1600 m downstream from the treatment site. Ropes were placed in the canals 14 days prior to the application dates. Each rope had sections 5 cm long marked along the center. Larval counts were taken from 4 of the marked sections at each distance downstream before and after treating. Larval detachment or moribund, non-mobile larvae were both used in the tests as evidence of mortality. Test numbers 1-4 were applied Aug 6, Sep 28, Oct 2, and Oct 16, respectively.
Laboratory Screening of Materials to Control the Vector of Bluet0Ngue Disease, 1980-81
Authors: Holbrook Frederick R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Adulticides were evaluated as technical grade materials dissolved in acetone, and were applied to caged colonized insects by injection into the airstream of a wind tunnel. There were 3 replications of 4 doses and a control treatment. Mortality counts were made at 24 h after exposure (or treatment). Larvicides (except Bactimos) were evaluated as technical grade materials initially dissolved in acetone with emulsifier and then added to deionized water to give the selected doses. There were 3 reDlications of 4 doses and a control treatment. Mortality counts were made at 24 h. All data were subjected to probit analyses.
Aerial Applications of Ac-217,300 (American Cyanamid Company) Baits for Control of Red Imported Fire Ants, 1979
Authors: Williams D. F. , Lofgren C. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Aerial applications of baits containing AC-217,300 against natural infestations of the red imported fire ant were conducted in GA and FL during Aug. The treatments were made alone the shoulders and median strips of 2 highways. The chemical was formulated in soybean oil and applied on 4 carriers; pre-gel defatted corn grits, pre-gel degermed corn grits, puffed (extruded) corn and corncob grits (12/30 mesh). The concentration of AC-217,300 was 0.75% on all the carriers except corncob grits (0.375%). Corncob grits contaned 15% soybean oil and all other carriers 30%. The applications were made using a gravity flow hopper and tube system mounted on a Bell 47 helicopter flying at 75 ft altitude and 75 mph with a swath width of 70 ft. The pre-gel defatted and degermed corn grit carriers were applied at 3 rates; 0.75, 1.5, and 2.25 lb/acre. The puffed corn was applied at 0.75 lb/acre while the corncob grits were applied at 2.5 lb/acre.
Residual Treatments for House Fly Control in Wooden Stanchion Swine Barns, 1981
Authors: Quisenberry Sharron S. , Yoran C. Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Atroban 25% WP, Ectiban 25% WP, or Rabon 50% WP were applied to the interior and exterior surfaces of 3, 39 x 4.9 m, multiple stanchion, manually cleaned swine barns located on the Iowa State University Bilsland Swine Farm near Madrid. Treated surface areas were primarily unfinished wood. A 4th barn served as an untreated-control. Atroban and Ectiban were applied at a rate of 0.05 liter/m2 (1 gal/750 ft2) and Rabon at 0.08 liter/m2 (1 gal/500 ft2) using a sprayer delivering 40 psi. Two separate test trials were conducted. Treatments were assessed by monitoring fly populations with 3, white, 76 x 127 mm cards and 3, white, 25 x 216 mm strips placed at equal intervals inside each barn. Samples were taken pre-treatment and at weekly intervals post-treatment.
Apple, Rosy Apple Aphid Insecticide Test, 1981
Authors: Swift Fred C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied on May 19 to non-replicated 4-tree plots of 11-year-old Red Delicious. The trees were heavily infested with rosy apple aphid and the infested leaf clusters were severely curled at the time of treatment. The insecticides were applied with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 225 psi. Trees were sprayed to runoff, using ca 6 gallons per tree. The treatments were evaluated by counting the number of aphlds on 10 severely damaged leaves on each tree (40 leaves/treatment), on May 26, one week after treatment.
Control of Grape Berry Moth, 1981
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Mayes R. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One insecticide (Ambush) was evaluated for control of the grape berry moth (GBM) in a commercial vineyard near Rogers, AR. There were six randomly selected plots (replicates) per treatment and each contained 2 vines. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows by 8 ft in the row at 544 vines/acre. Sprays were applied Apr 13, Apr 26, May 12, May 19, Jun 11 and Jul 20. Peak pheromone catches occurred on Jun 9 and Jul 20 which produced a low infestation. A hand sprayer was used at 40 psi to apply 0.4 qt/vine (50 gpa) to runoff with an adjustable conejet nozzle. Sampling involved post-treatment counts of GBM damaged berries in 56 clusters from each plot on Aug 12.
Aerial Applications of Lannate For Control of Omnivorous Looper on Avocados, Jul 1980
Authors: Bailey J. B. , Hoffmann M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 2 unreplicated tests, commercial helicopter applications of Lannate L at 1 lb aiin 20 gal water/acre were evaluated for control of mid-to-late instar omnivorous looper (OL) larvae on avocados. Both tests were conducted in commercial groves, 7-9 yrs old, located in San Diego County, CA an untreated grove was not available for comparative counts. Ten trees (20 nests/tree) were sampled for live larvae 1-2 days pre-treatment and the same trees were sampled again at various post-treatment intervals. Nests were randomly selected from inner and outer areas of the trees at a height of 1-8 ft above the ground. Nests were not sampled more than once unless reconstructed by larvae.
Citrus Rust Mite Control with Avermectin B1, 1981
Authors: French J. Victor 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Avermectin, citrus oil spray (Sunspray 6N), and avermectin with citrus oil were compared to Vendex for efficacy against the citrus rust mite (CRM). Treatments were completely randomized and replicated on 4 single-tree plots of Ruby Red grapefruit on 30 ft x 25 ft spacing. All treatments were applied initially on May 29 with a John Bean Model 1010-MTBYT sprayer hand-gun at 225 psi, ca 10 gal/tree. Treatments were not reapplied until residual control of CRM was lost. At each count date, 25 fruit/replicate were randomly selected and CRM counted in a 1 cm2 lens field at 10X on the top, medium and bottom of each fruit. CRM counts were terminated after Sep 2 due to extensive fruit russet and low CRM populations in the untreated control. Fifty fruit/replicate were randomly selected and evaluated for CRM damage. Damage was expressed as percent russet, i.e. fruit with moderate to severe damage (US#2 fresh or process fruit).
Orange, Citrus Rust Mite Control (Crm) 1981
Authors: Childers C. C. , Sorreli R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to single-tree plots replicated 4 (Test 1), 6 (Test 2), and 5 (Test 3) times. An unsprayed buffer tree separated trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a hand-gun at 200 psi, ca 8 gal/tree on Jun 29 (Test 1) and 150 psi, ca 12 gal/tree on Jun 30 (Test 2) using a John Bean sprayer and at 435 psi, ca 10 gal/tree, using a truck-mounted sprayer on Jul 10 (Test 3). Water pH was 7.9 in all tests.- Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tree-at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm2 count per fruit of motile CRM was recorded as 1 observation.
Insect Control in Late Snap Bean, 1981
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Spurt’ snap beans were seeded Jul 20 to a field of Sassafras sandy loam. Plots consisted of a single row of beans 25 ft long and 5 ft wide; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Soil treatments were applied in-furrow at planting time. Foliar treatments were applied Sep 3 and Sep 8 with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on each side of the row and 1 over the center calibrated to deliver 85 gal/acre at 250 psi. Categories for the foliage injury ratings are as follows: (0) no damage; (1) slight damage, 10% defoliation; (2) moderate damage, 25% defoliation; (3) heavy damage, 50% defoliation; (4) severe damage, 75% defoliation; and (5) defoliated. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal. Yield data were taken on Sep 22.
Mexican Bean Beetle Control in Snap Beans, 1981
Authors: Linduska James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Provider’ snap beans were planted in double row plots, 75 ft in length, on Jun 8. Each plot was buffered on either side by untreated guard rows. The distance between rows was 3 ft. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Spray treatments were applied on Jul 23. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each of the center 2 rows was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/A at 90 psi. The soil type was a Matapeake silt loam. Insect counts were made on Jul 27 by counting the number of Mexican bean beetle larvae and adults/20 ft of row.