bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-6 Evaluation of Later Timepoints for Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination of Beef Heifers When Using sex-Sorted Semen Following the 14-d Cidr®-PG Protocol
Authors: VanWye Genevieve , Smith Emily G , Oney Carson M , Spinka Christine , Poock Scott E , Thomas Jordan M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An experiment was designed to evaluate later timepoints for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) of beef heifers, with the hypothesis that use of a later timepoint would allow a greater proportion of heifers to express estrus prior to FTAI and result in greater conception rates among estrous heifers inseminated with sex-sorted semen. Estrus was synchronized using the 14-d CIDR®-PG protocol (1.38 g progesterone CIDR intravaginally inserted Day -33 and removed Day -19, PGF2a; 500 µg cloprostenol administered Day -3) for 1640 heifers in 7 locations. Heifers were blocked by reproductive tract score and body weight and randomly assigned to one of three FTAI timepoints: 66 ± 2 h, 70 ± 2 h, or 74 ± 2 h after PGF2a administration. Estrus detection aids (Estrotect) were applied at PGF2a administration, with activation recorded at FTAI. Heifers that expressed estrus prior to FTAI were serviced with sex-sorted semen (SexedULTRA 4M™). Heifers that failed to express estrus were serviced with conventional semen and administered gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 100 µg gonadorelin). The proportion of heifers that expressed estrus by FTAI (66 h: 63%; 70 h: 68%; 74 h: 72%) was greater at 74 h versus 66 h (P &lt; 0.01). Conception rates did not differ significantly between treatments among heifers that expressed estrus and were serviced with sex-sorted semen (66 h: 55%; 70 h: 53%; 74 h: 52%). Among heifers that failed to express estrus and were serviced with conventional semen, conception rates were greater (P = 0.02) when FTAI was performed at 66 h versus 70 h (66 h: 39%; 70 h: 26%; 74 h: 32%). Results indicate that performing FTAI later following the 14-d CIDR®-PG protocol increases the proportion of heifers that express estrus and are serviced with sex-sorted semen, but does not improve conception rates of estrous heifers inseminated at later timepoints.
PSIV-A-7 Decreasing the Frequency of Precalving Protein and Energy Supplementation Impacts Preweaning Growth of Bos Indicus-Influenced Beef Offspring but not Their dam
Authors: de Izquierdo Vinicius Souza , Vedovatto Marcelo , Palmer Elizabeth A , Oliveira Rhaiza , Vendramini Joao , Moriel Philipe 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This experiment evaluated the impacts of frequency of dried distillers grains (DDG) supplementation during late gestation on subsequent performance of cow-calf pairs. On day 0 (September), 120 multiparous Brangus cows (body weight, BW = 543 ± 4.6 kg; body condition score, BCS = 5.47 ± 0.09) were allocated into 1 of 20 bahiagrass pastures (6 cows and 4.7 ha/pasture). Treatments were assigned randomly to pastures (5 pastures/treatment) and consisted of cows offered no DDG supplementation (NOSUP), 1 kg/cow of DDG daily (7X), 2.33 kg/cow of DDG every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday (3X), or 7 kg/cow of DDG every Monday from day 0 to 77 (1X; total of 77 kg/cow of DDG dry matter for all supplemented cows). After calving (on average day 81 ± 7), all cow-calf pairs were managed similarly and remained on their respective pasture until calf weaning (day 342). Cow BW did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.13). Cow BCS on day 77 and at the start of the breeding season (day 140) were greater for supplemented vs. NOSUP cows (P ≤ 0.02) but did not differ among 1X, 3X and 7X cows (P ≥ 0.64). Overall plasma concentrations of glucose were greater for supplemented vs. NOSUP cows (P ≤ 0.05) but did not differ among 1X, 3X and 7X cows (P ≥ 0.44). Calving percentage, calving date, percentage of male calves at birth, and calf birth BW did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.15). Calf BW at weaning were lowest for NOSUP and greatest for 7X calves (P ≤ 0.05). Calf BW at weaning did not differ between 1X and 3X calves (P = 0.97) and both groups were intermediate (P ≤ 0.05). In summary, decreasing the frequency of DDG supplementation during late gestation did not impact pre- and post-partum performance of Bos indicus-influenced beef cows but reduced subsequent preweaning growth of their offspring.
PSX-A-4 Effects of Dietary Protein Content and Crystalline Amino Acid Supplementation Patterns on Intestinal Bacteria and Their Metabolites in Weaned Pigs Raised Under Different Sanitary Conditions
Authors: Lee Jinyoung , Htoo John K , Kluenemann Martina , González-Vega Caroline , Nyachoti Martin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) content and crystalline amino acids (CAA) supplementation patterns on the bacteria and their metabolites in the intestine of weaned pigs raised under clean (CSC) or unclean sanitary conditions (USC). One hundred forty-four piglets (6.35 ± 0.63 kg BW) were assigned to 1 of 3 diets to give 8 replicates, each with 3 pigs, over a 21-days period. Diets consisted of a high CP (HCP; 21%) and two low CP (LCP; 18%) diets supplemented with all 10 essential AA as CAA or only 6 CAA (Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, and Ile). The CSC room was washed weekly, whereas the USC room had sow manure spread in the pens and was not washed throughout the experiment. Digesta from jejunum and colon were analyzed for ammonia N, short-chain fatty acids, and biogenic amines, but only colonic digesta was analyzed for microbiome composition (16s rRNA sequencing on MiSeq). Data were analyzed using R software for 16S rRNA and the MIXED procedure of SAS for microbial metabolites. Sanitation, CP content, and CAA supplementation patterns did not affect colonic bacterial composition or diversity in weaned pigs. Pigs raised under USC had greater (P &lt; 0.05) jejunal ammonia N than those under CSC. Pigs fed LCP diets had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) jejunal ammonia N compared to those fed HCP diet. No difference was found in colonic ammonia N. Interactions between sanitation and dietary CP content were observed (P &lt; 0.05) for jejunal acetate and colonic spermidine and spermine. In conclusion, reducing dietary CP lowered ammonia N content regardless of the sanitation and increased microbial metabolites in weaned pigs raised under USC. However, colonic bacterial composition and diversity were not influenced by dietary CP, sanitary conditions, or CAA supplementation patterns.
PSXIII-B-8 Effect of Supplemental myo-Inositol on Growth Performance and Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Weanling Piglets fed Reduced Protein Diets and Intestinal Cell Epithelial Barrier Integrity
Authors: Ogunribido Tobi Z , Bedford Michael R , Ajuwon Kolapo , Adeola Layi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Myo-inositol is a breakdown product of phytate produced in the gut through the action of phytase. Although the effect of phytase-released phosphorus on growth performance of animals has been well characterized, there is still little understanding of myo-inositol effects. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of added myo-inositol to a phytate-rich low-protein diet on growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) in growing piglets as well as to determine whether myo-inositol could directly affect intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and function in intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). A total of 128 weanling piglets were allotted to four dietary treatments consisting of eight replicates per treatment and four piglets per replicate in a randomized complete block design for four weeks. The experimental diets comprised the positive control (PC; 20% crude protein (CP), negative control (NC; 17% CP), negative control plus 2.0g/kg myo-inositol (NC+INO; 17% CP) and negative control plus 3000FTU/kg phytase (NC+PHY; 17% CP). Weekly average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), gain-feed ratio (G: F) were recorded. Phytase supplementation in the protein-deficient NC diet increased the G:F ratio (P&lt; 0.05) without myo-inositol effect on growth performance. Phosphorus digestibility in the phytase supplemented group increased compared to the PC, NC, and NC+INO groups whereas plasma myo-inositol concentration was significantly higher (P&lt; 0.05) in the NC+INO group. Due to lack of myo-inositol effect on growth performance, an additional in vitro study was conducted to determine direct effect of myo-inositol on the intestinal epithelium that might not be reflected in growth performance. Myo-inositol increased mRNA abundance of selected nutrient transporters in a concentration-dependent manner (P&lt; 0.05), enhanced barrier integrity in the IPEC-J2 monolayer and reduced paracellular permeability of FITC-dextran (P&lt; 0.05). In conclusion, despite the lack of myo-inositol effect on animal performance, the in-vitro data indicates that myo-inositol may directly regulate gut barrier integrity.
PSXV-18 Effects of Drying Methods for Black Soldier fly Larva Meals on in Vitro Nutrient Disappearance
Authors: Son Jeonghyeon , Park Seol Hwa , Jung Hyun Jung , Kim Beob Gyun G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of different drying methods on nutrient utilization of black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larva meals using in vitro assays. Two-step and 3-step in vitro assays were employed to simulate the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Four methods were used to obtain BSF larva meal sources: 1) microwave-drying for 32 min, 2) hot-air drying at 60°C for 17 h, 3) water blanching for 5 min and hot-air drying for 17 h, and 4) 2% citric acid solution blanching for 5 min and hot-air drying for 17 h. After the drying process, each BSF larva was defatted and ground to obtain BSF larva meals. The crude protein (CP) concentration in the test ingredients ranged from 54.7 to 60.4% on dry matter (DM) basis and ether extract ranged from 7.1 to 11.8% DM. Hot-air-dried BSF larva meal had greater in vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of CP compared with microwave-dried BSF larva meal (86.7% vs. 84.4%; P &lt; 0.05). However, blanching BSF larva in water or 2% citric acid solution before hot-air drying resulted in less IVID of CP (81.3 or 82.5%; P &lt; 0.05) compared with microwave-dried or hot-air-dried BSF larva meal. Blanching BSF larva in water or 2% citric acid solution before hot-air drying resulted in less in vitro total tract disappearance of DM (85.0% or 84.5% vs. 90.4% or 89.6%; SEM = 0.3, P &lt; 0.05) and OM (80.6% or 81.5% vs. 85.7% or 86.6%; SEM = 0.1, P &lt; 0.05) compared with microwave-dried or hot-air-dried BSF larva meal. In conclusion, hot-air-dried BSF larva meal had greater nutrient utilization compared with microwave-dried BSF larva meal. However, blanching BSF larva in water or citric acid solution negatively affected nutrient digestibility based on in vitro assays.
PSXVI-16 Standardized Total Tract Digestibility of Phosphorus in Black Soldier fly Larvae fed to Pigs
Authors: Ha Dong Uk , Park Kwanho , Kim Beob Gyun G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus (P) in black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larvae fed to pigs. Test ingredients were fish meal (66.2% crude protein, 9.2% ether extract, and 2.63% P), 3 sources of defatted BSF larva meal (43.1 to 59.2% crude protein, 8.6 to 13.2% ether extract, and 0.91 to 1.06% P), and a source of full-fat BSF larva (34.2% crude protein, 36.0% ether extract, and 0.70% P). Six barrows with an initial mean body weight of 78.1 kg (SD = 1.0) were individually housed in metabolism crates. Six diets were assigned to the 6 pigs in a 6 × 7 Latin square design with 7 periods resulting in 7 replicates for each treatment. Five experimental diets contained fish meal, defatted BSF larva meal, or full-fat BSF larva at 25% as the sole source of P. Additionally, a P-free diet mainly based on corn starch, sucrose, and gelatin was also prepared to estimate the basal endogenous losses of P. After a 4-day adaptation period, feces were collected for 4 days according to the marker-to-marker procedure. Apparent total tract digestibility of P in full-fat BSF larva (61.9%) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that in 2 sources of defatted BSF larva meal (34.8% and 31.5%). Standardized total tract digestibility of P in full-fat BSF larva (71.8%) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that in fish meal (51.0%) or 2 sources of defatted BSF larva meal (41.0% and 38.9%). The basal endogenous losses of P were estimated to be 189 ± 62 mg per kg dry matter intake. In conclusion, P in defatted BSF larva meal was less digestible compared with full-fat BSF larva.
PSVII-3 Effects of Feeding Direct-fed Microbials on Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation Characteristics of Finishing Bos Indicus Cattle
Authors: de Dias Bruno Garcia Carvalho , Meschiatti Murilo A , Brixner Bárbara , Almeida Alecsander , Cappellozza Bruno , Copani Giuseppe , Ferreira Paulo , Queiroz Oscar , Santos Flavio 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Direct feed microbials (DFM) are probiotics often fed to feedlot to cattle offered to improve rumen fermentation and/or intestinal health, thus benefiting animal health and performance. We hypothesized that DFM supplementation would improve nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in finishing Bos indicus cattle. On day -1, 30 rumen-cannulated Nellore bulls were blocked based on initial body weight (BW; 350 ± 35.0 kg) in 1 of 30 pens and, within each block, animals were randomly assigned to: (1) Control: corn-based diet without DFM (n = 10), (2) EFSC: CONT + 1 gram/head per day of a DFM based on Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Probios Precise, Chr. Hansen A/S, Horsholm, Denmark; n = 10), and (3) BLBS: CONT + 2 grams/head per day of a DFM based on Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis (Bovacillus, Chr. Hansen A/S; n = 10). The experimental period lasted 35 days, while between days 30 to 33, total fecal collection was performed and on days 34 and 35, feces and rumen fluid were collected at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 h post-feeding for ammonia, VFA, and pH determination. All data were analyzed as orthogonal contrasts using SAS: (1) DFM vs. CONT and (2) EFSC vs. BLBS. Inclusion or type of DFM did not affect either nutrient digestibility or ruminal fermentation parameters (P ≥ 0.40). In contrast, DFM supplementation, regardless of type, yielded a reduced mean ammonia concentration (14.7 vs. 15.7 mg/L; P = 0.05). Moreover, ammonia concentrations were decreased in EFSC at 3 and 6 h post-feeding vs. CONT (P ≤ 0.04), but also less for BSBL vs. CONT at 6 h (P &lt; 0.01). In summary, DFM supplementation, regardless of type, reduced proteolysis, with no effect on other parameters of rumen fermentation in Bos indicus bulls fed a finishing diet.
PSVIII-19 Predict Indigestible Fiber Fraction of Barley Plant Silage by Using non-Destructive Mid-IR vs Near-IR Spectroscopic Techniques
Authors: Refat B , Yu P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to reveal the potential of using Fourier transform mid-infrared (FTIR) and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as tools for the determination of indigestible neutral (NDF) fraction (iNDF) of barley plant silage. A total of 48 barley plant silage samples collected from different farms in Western Canada provinces were analyzed for iNDF. Reference values were matched with NIR and FTIR spectra. Spectral data processing (pretreatments) included first derivative (FD), standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scattering correction (MSC), second derivative (SD) and orthogonal signal correction (OSC). Prediction equations were obtained from each model using an external validation set. The determination coefficient of external validation (R2P) of iNDF was 0.62 for FTIR, while 0.41 for NIR and the corresponding ratio performance deviation (RPD) were 1.69 and 1.38 in FTIR and NIR, respectively. Results from this research showed the high potential of applying infrared molecular spectroscopy for the examination of forage plant fiber digestibility. More studies are needed to improve the accuracy and performance of FTIR and NIR spectroscopies in predicting the iNDF of barley plant silage samples.
Seizing the moment: The opportunity and relevance of the California Conservation Genomics Project to state and federal conservation policy
Authors: Fiedler Peggy L , Erickson Bjorn , Esgro Michael , Gold Mark , Hull Joshua M , Norris Jennifer M , Shapiro Beth , Westphal Michael , Toffelmier Erin , Shaffer H Bradley 
Published: September 2022

AbstractConservation science and environmental regulation are sibling constructs of the latter half of the 20th century, part of a more general awakening to humanity’s effect on the natural world in the wake of 2 world wars. Efforts to understand the evolution of biodiversity using the models of population genetics and the data derived from DNA sequencing, paired with legal and political mandates to protect biodiversity through novel laws, regulations, and conventions arose concurrently. The extremely rapid rate of development of new molecular tools to document and compare genetic identities, and the global goal of prioritizing species and habitats for protection are separate enterprises that have benefited from each other, ultimately leading to improved outcomes for each. In this article, we explore how the California Conservation Genomics Project has, and should, contribute to ongoing and future conservation implementation, and how it serves as a model for other geopolitical regions and taxon-oriented conservation efforts. One of our primary conclusions is that conservation genomics can now be applied, at scale, to inform decision-makers and identify regions and their contained species that are most resilient, and most in need of conservation interventions.
Germline variants in cancer-predisposing genes in pancreatic cancer patients with a family history of cancer
Authors: Terashima Takeshi , Morizane Chigusa , Ushiama Mineko , Shiba Satoshi , Takahashi Hideaki , Ikeda Masafumi , Mizuno Nobumasa , Tsuji Kunihiro , Yasui Kohichiroh , Azemoto Nobuaki , Satake Hironaga , Nomura Shogo , Yachida Shinichi , Sugano Kokichi , Furuse Junji 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background
Our phase II trial (FABRIC study) failed to verify the efficacy of gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with a familial or personal history of pancreatic, breast, ovarian or prostate cancer, which suggested that a family and personal history may be insufficient to determine response to platinum-based chemotherapy.

Methods
This ancillary analysis aimed to investigate the prevalence of germline variants of homologous recombination repair (HRR)-related genes and clarify the association of germline variants with the efficacy of GEMOX and patient outcome in PDAC patients. Of 45 patients enrolled in FABRIC study, 27 patients were registered in this ancillary analysis.

Results
Of the identified variants in HRR-related genes, one variant was considered pathogenic and eight variants in six patients (22%) were variants of unknown significance (VUS). Objective response to GEMOX was achieved by 43% of the seven patients and tended to be higher than that of patients without such variants (25%). Pathogenic/VUS variant in HRR-related genes was an independent favorable factor for progression-free survival (hazard ratio, 0.322; P = 0.047) and overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.195; P = 0.023) in multivariable analysis.

Conclusions
The prevalence of germline variants in PDAC patients was very low even among patients with a familial/personal history of pancreatic, breast, ovarian or prostate cancer. Patients with one or more germline variants in HRR-related genes classified as pathogenic or VUS may have the potential to obtain better response to GEMOX and have better outcomes.
Realized GARCH, CBOE VIX, and the Volatility Risk Premium
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Huang Zhuo , Tong Chen , Wang Tianyi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe show that the realized GARCH model yields closed-form expression for both the volatility index (VIX) and the volatility risk premium (VRP). The realized GARCH model is driven by two shocks, a return shock and a volatility shock, and these are natural state variables in the stochastic discount factor (SDF). The volatility shock endows the exponentially affine SDF with compensation for volatility risk. This leads to dissimilar dynamic properties under the physical and risk-neutral measures that can explain time-variation in the VRP. In an empirical application with the S&P 500 returns, the VIX, and the VRP, we find that the realized GARCH model significantly outperforms conventional GARCH models.
Concentration without cumulative advantage: the distribution of news source attention in online communities
Authors: Hagar Nick , Shaw Aaron 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many attention markets exhibit stable patterns of concentration, where a few producers attract and sustain a far greater share of the audience than others. This inequality often follows patterns consistent with cumulative advantage, a process in which performance compounds over time. Attention to news sources online possesses these characteristics; however, online audiences also fragment across many disparate news producers. How do social media and recommender systems contribute to these attention dynamics? In this study, we examine two paradigmatic models: concentration driven by cumulative advantage and fragmentation driven by stochasticity. We evaluate these models against a large-scale empirical dataset of news source attention in the popular social media site Reddit. While we find high levels of attention concentration, we do not find the stable popularity over time that characterizes cumulative advantage. Rather, sources gain and lose popularity seemingly at random, aligning with a stochastic model. These results demonstrate the persistence of attention inequality, even in the absence of a strong driving mechanism. They also suggest that social media systems can undermine the accumulation of attention to the most prominent news sources. Digital attention markets striving for more equitable allocation require novel mechanisms of organizing and distributing information.
Sirtuins are not conserved longevity genes
Authors: Brenner Charles 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIt is central to biology that sequence conservation suggests functional conservation. Animal longevity is an emergent property of selected traits that integrates capacities to perform physical and mental functions after reproductive maturity. Though the yeast SIR2 gene was nominated as a longevity gene based on extended replicative longevity of old mother cells, this is not a selected trait: SIR2 is selected against in chronological aging and the direct targets of SIR2 in replicative lifespan are not conserved. Though it would be difficult to imagine how a gene that advantages 1 in 5 million yeast cells could have anticipated causes of aging in animals, overexpression of SIR2 homologs was tested in invertebrates for longevity. Because artifactual positive results were reported years before they were sorted out and because it was not known that SIR2 functions as a pro-aging gene in yeast chronological aging and in flies subject to amino acid deprivation, a global pursuit of longevity phenotypes was driven by a mixture of framing bias, confirmation bias, and hype. Review articles that propagate these biases are so rampant that few investigators have considered how weak the case ever was for sirtuins as longevity genes. Acknowledging that a few positive associations between sirtuins and longevity have been identified after thousands of person-years and billions of dollars of effort, we review the data and suggest rejection of the notions that sirtuins (i) have any specific connection to lifespan in animals and (ii) are primary mediators of the beneficial effects of NAD repletion.