bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Animals, well-being, and moral status
Authors: Sebo Jeff 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores questions about well-being and moral status that we need to answer in order to make our duties to animals more concrete. Which animals can have well-being and moral status, and how much can they have? Can some animals have more than others? How should we answer these questions given the limits of our human perspectives? Can we aggregate benefits and harms within or across species? And what follows for how much weight we should assign to different animals in our impact assessments? This chapter shows how different sets of answers can lead to different policy decisions, but it also suggests that, on any reasonable set of answers, many nonhumans should carry at least some weight and nonhumans should carry a lot of weight overall.
From Exchange to Co-inherence
Authors: Fiddes Paul S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis chapter traces the movement from ‘exchange’ to ‘co-inherence’ in Williams’ last three novels, including the early novel Shadows of Ecstasy since it was only published in 1932. That novel’s ambiguous central figure exemplifies Williams’ theory of transmutation of passion into energy, while he contradicts Williams’ convictions about exchange in love. Descent into Hell confirms that Williams’ emphasis has moved from equilibrium and equipoise to exchange and substitution. The term ‘stillness’ is highlighted as the most comprehensive term Williams can find for the reality that embraces and transcends exchange and substitution, and this is compared to the life of the triune God. ‘Stillness’, however, is treated more negatively in the final novel, All Hallows’ Eve, and co-inherence is the assumed framework of plot, character, and theme. It is apparent that Williams has found the comprehensive concept and image for which he has been searching in his previous six novels.
The Great Dance in C. S. Lewis’Perelandra
Authors: Fiddes Paul S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis chapter reflects on why Lewis’ use of the image of dance in Perelandra has potential within it for expansion into a fuller trinitarian concept of co-inherence than Williams achieved. Lewis’ portrayal of the ‘Great Dance’ marks a high point of the impact of Williams’ idea of co-inherence, and also develops it. Lewis envisages the triune God as the centre of the dance and as engaged in its movement, which was partially anticipated by Williams. Lewis is nevertheless offering something different, first because the context of his ‘moving centre’ is a kind of ‘space theology’. Second, his particular appeal to God as the ‘centre’ develops the notion of co-inherence as an interpenetration beyond Williams’ own thought. Third, the picture of the dance offers a theodicy that is more convincing than Lewis’ conceptual approach in The Problem of Pain, moving beyond Williams’ use of dance as a symbol of cosmic necessity.
The Aesthetic Commonplace
Authors: Yousef Nancy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Aesthetic Commonplace is a study of the everyday as a region of overlooked value in the work of William Wordsworth, George Eliot, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. The Romantic poet, the realist novelist, and the modern philosopher are each separately associated with a commitment to the common, the ordinary, and the everyday as a vital resource for reflection on language, on feeling, on ethical insight, and social attunement. The Aesthetic Commonplace is the first study to draw substantive lines of connection between Wittgenstein and the cultural and literary history of nineteenth-century England. Tracing conceptual and formal affinities between the poet, the novelist, and the philosopher, the book brings to light significant links between the intellectual history of the nineteenth century and the early decades of the twentieth, making the case for a continuous cultural commitment to the aesthetic as a distinctive mode of investigating thought, feeling, and the everyday language upon which we depend for their articulation. Addressed to both literary studies and to philosophy, The Aesthetic Commonplace makes a compelling case for the interdependence of form, concept, and emotion in the history and interpretive practices of both disciplines.
Introduction
Authors: Dudney Arthur 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Reclaiming “philology” as a description of textual analysis helps us think historically because the term is relatively unfamiliar to present-day readers. This chapter explains how cosmopolitan texts, which are sometimes the classics of a literary tradition and sometimes not, build a transregional consciousness, such as in the vast territory across early modern Asia where Persian was a language of power. A challenge in interpreting the early modern world is the prejudice, used here in the philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer’s sense of the preconditions for historical understanding, that we as twenty-first-century people bring to the interpretation of texts written under different circumstances from our own. Ārzū’s career is a way into understanding the efflorescence of Persian philological scholarship in Delhi in the first half of the eighteenth century, the contemporary imagination of India as a cultural space linked to the wider Persian-using cosmopolis, and the emergence of the Persianized vernacular (Urdu) as a literary language.
Out of Time
Authors: Baron Samuel , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Out of Time is an exploration of the possibility of timelessness. Time, it is argued, might not exist. This claim is defended by attacking three reasons to think otherwise; to suppose that time must exist. First, that our concepts of time are immune to error in a special sense: no matter what we discover about the world, we will all just continue to agree that time exists. Second, that the loss of time is incompatible with what we know from science and, third, that time’s absence would do extreme violence to our self-conception as agents. In response, a range of empirical studies are used to show that everyday concepts of time are not immune to error. It is likewise argued that recent developments in physics may in fact recommend the loss of time. And, finally, a viable notion of timeless agency is rebuilt using only causation. The book is ambitious in its scope, unyielding in its naturalistic methodology, and wide-ranging in the areas of philosophy it touches on. It explores a number of themes in the study of concepts, in the metaphysics of emergence, and in spacetime metaphysics. By doing so, it deepens our understanding of the relationship between three constants of everyday life: time, causation, and agency.
This is the BBC
Authors: Potter Simon J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This book examines one hundred years of the history of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), from 1922 to 2022. It looks at that history in terms of people and programmes, and also explores the BBC as an institution. It examines the role of politicians and civil servants in shaping and guiding the work of the BBC, and the impact of successive technological innovations, from radio, to television, to the new digital age. It shows how the BBC has changed over the last century, adapting to dramatic shifts in its political, social, and cultural environment. The BBC was initially constituted as a monopoly, controlling all broadcasting in Britain, including an Empire Service for white listeners in Britain’s colonies. It went on to provide services for audiences at home and overseas throughout the Second World War and into the Cold War, seeking to ‘inform, educate, and entertain’, roughly in that order of priority. From the 1950s, it faced domestic commercial competition, as politicians overturned the idea of a public service monopoly. It has since faced multiple challenges from those who question whether the public sector has a legitimate role to play in the mass media, and from governments seeking to control and influence what gets broadcast. Today it can be regarded as a vast machine for commissioning programmes, patronizing the arts, doing journalism, promoting the Union, and projecting British cultural influence to a global audience.
Book of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin on Revealing the Origin and Reaching the Foundation (*Da Qin jingjiao xuanyuan zhiben jing大‎秦‎景‎教‎宣‎元‎至‎本‎經‎)
Authors: Nicolini-Zani Matteo 
Published: April 2022

Annotated translation of the Tang Chinese Christian Texts:
TEXT A. “Stele of the Diffusion of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin in China” (Da Qin jingjiao liuxing Zhongguo bei大秦景教流行中國碑‎)
TEXT B. (1) “Hymn in Praise of the Salvation Achieved through the Three Majesties of the Luminous Teaching” (Jingjiao sanwei mengdu zan景教三威蒙度讚‎); (2) “Book of the Honored” (Zunjing尊經‎)
TEXT C. “Discourse on the One God” (Yishen lun一神論‎):
I. “Discourse on the One Godhead” (Yitian lun diyi一天論第一‎)
II. “Metaphorical Teaching” (Yu di’er喻第二‎)
III. “Discourse of the Honored One of the Universe on Almsgiving” (Shizun bushi lun disan世尊布施論第三‎)
TEXT D. “Book of the Lord Messiah” (Xuting mishisuo jing序聽迷詩所經‎)
TEXT E. “Book on Profound and Mysterious Blessedness” (Zhixuan anle jing志玄安樂經‎)
TEXT F.	“Book of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin on Unveiling the Origin and Attaining the Foundation” (Da Qin jingjiao xuanyuan zhiben jing大秦景教宣元至本經‎)
The Push and Pull of Political Leaders
Authors: Jungmann Nils , Bieber Ina , Blumenberg Manuela , Glinitzer Konstantin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The chapter investigates the influence of changing candidate orientations on the probability to switch votes away from or toward a party between the German federal elections of 2013 and 2017. While both electoral volatility and candidate voting are considered potential consequences of an increasing partisan dealignment in Western democracies, there is still a debate about the link between these two phenomena. Employing data from an inter- and intra-election panel survey, the chapter suggests an influence of changing candidate orientations on vote switching independent of partisan attachments and other determinants of vote switching. An improvement in the evaluation of the candidate of the party a person voted for in 2013 decreased the probability of switching to another party in 2017. Likewise, viewing the candidate of the party a person voted for in 2017 more favorably than his/her predecessor was associated with a higher probability to have switched to this party.
The Development from European Communities to European Union
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the origin of the European Union, which goes back to the European Communities established in 1951 and 1957. The legal provisions that were brought about in the framework of these Communities have been generally referred to as 'Community law'. Prior to this 'Community' integration process and in parallel thereto, European States have engaged in other forms of cooperation. Indeed, the Member States of the European Union have concluded agreements amongst themselves concerning cooperation in areas falling outside the Communities' sphere of operation to which they did not attach the same legal consequences as Community action. In 1992, the link which existed in practice between the two integration paths was institutionalized by packaging them into the European Union, yet without altering the specific legal character of either path. As a result, the distinction remained between Community and non-Community action, whereby only acts of the institutions based on one of the Community Treaties constituted a source of 'Community law'. This distinction largely disappeared with the entry into force on December 1, 2009, of the Lisbon Treaty, which merged both Community and non-Community provisions into one European Union based on the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
Amendment of the Treaties
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter sets out the procedures for amending the Treaties. An amendment to the Treaties enables amending or supplementing provisions to be adopted that have the same legal force as the original Treaty provisions. In this way, the original Treaties were amended and supplemented by the Single European Act and the EU Treaty, the Treaty of Amsterdam, the Treaty of Nice, and the Treaty of Lisbon. Since the last Treaty amendment (the Treaty of Lisbon), the Treaties contain simplified procedures for amending specific provisions alongside the ordinary revision procedure. Article 48(3) TEU provides for an initial phase during which the institutions can reflect on possible Treaty revisions, followed by the convening of a Convention, which will make recommendations as to the revisions, which will, in a third stage, be decided by the 'intergovernmental conference' or IGC. The chapter then considers whether the Treaties subject their amendment not only to procedural, but also to substantive constraints.
Other Institutions and Bodies of the Union
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the three other institutions of the European Union: the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the European Central Bank (ECB), and the Court of Auditors. The CJEU consists of two independent courts: the Court of Justice and the General Court. It ensures that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed (Article 19(1), first subpara., TEU). Meanwhile, the ECB conducts the monetary policy of the Union together with the national central banks of the Member States which adopted the euro as their currency; together they form the 'Eurosystem' (Article 282(1) TFEU). Finally, the European Court of Auditors examines the accounts of all revenue and expenditure of the Union. The institutional framework of the Union consists of a range of other bodies, offices, and agencies, some of which having legal personality. The political institutions are assisted by advisory committees, such as the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions (Article 13(4) TFEU). Moreover, the European Investment Bank fulfils its tasks as an independent legal person. After discussing the European Ombudsman, who also acts independently (Article 288 TFEU), the chapter presents the other Union bodies, offices, and agencies.
The Procedure for Concluding International Agreements
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the procedure for the conclusion of international agreements. Article 218 TFEU sets out the internal procedure for negotiating and concluding 'agreements between the European Union and third countries or international organizations'. That Treaty provision does not itself confer any power on the Union to act internationally, but applies whenever the Union wishes to conclude an agreement. The Union is empowered to do so where the Treaties expressly so provide, where it is necessary in order to achieve one of the objectives of the Union, where it is provided for in a legally binding Union act, or where it is likely to affect common rules or alter their scope (Article 216 TFEU). This procedure of Article 218 TFEU applies in all fields of Union activity, including the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters. The same procedural requirements apply to amendments of agreements and to additional or implementing protocols concluded together with or on the basis of the agreement itself. In principle, the denunciation of an agreement also comes under Article 218 TFEU.
The Invention of Constitutional Ratification
Authors: Lenowitz Jeffrey A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the first instances of constitutional ratification. Primarily, this involves focusing on the invention of the procedure in 1770s Massachusetts and the Berkshire Constitutionalists, a group of revolutionaries in the Western part of the state who first advocated for ratification and produced what is still its most comprehensive justification. The chapter also discusses the efforts of the New York Mechanick’s union, who led a similar but unsuccessful attempt to utilize ratification in New York during the same period. Both the Massachusetts and New York experience involved a ratification referendum. The remainder of the chapter explores the invention of two other prominent forms of ratification, both of which also took place in Early America: regional ratification conventions used to approve the U.S. Constitution in 1787 and a polity-wide ratification convention used to approve the Georgia Constitution in 1789. Throughout, possible justifications for ratification are drawn out from this history.
Making the Constituent Power Speak
Authors: Lenowitz Jeffrey A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This is the first of three chapters dedicated to investigating the first core justification of ratification, the constituent power justification, which argues that ratification should be implemented because it plays a critical role in ensuring that the constituent power makes the constitution. Constituent power, made famous by Emmanuel Sieyès and Carl Schmitt and recently resurrected by a host of contemporary authors, is both the unique power of the people to create an authoritative constitution and their name when exercising it. This chapter explains the constituent power, its theoretical presuppositions, the central theoretical questions it raises, and how it might justify ratification. Several different constituent power justifications are analyzed, varying depending on how they see constituent power emerging in the constitution-making process. For instance, a multiple moment justification portrays ratification as one of several moments during the constitution-making process when constituent power manifests, whereas a multiple attempts justification sees ratification as one of many procedures that operate together to increase the likelihood that constituent power is exercised. Each of these arguments, the chapter concludes, has fundamental weaknesses, leaving the only plausible constituent power justification to be one in which constituent power is confined to the ratification process. This argument is developed and analyzed in chapters 5 and 6.
Conclusion
Authors: Lenowitz Jeffrey A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The primary conclusion of this book is that despite being common, intuitive, and recommended, ratification lacks a general justification. Until new arguments are invented and tested, ratification should not be part of the best practices of constitution-making. This chapter explains how this conclusion was reached by summarizing how the three core justifications of ratification—those having to do with constituent power, representation, and legitimacy—were built, evaluated, and found wanting. It then reflects upon these findings, discussing what one can and cannot conclude about constitutional ratification’s recommended role, and draws out general lessons and observations that emerged throughout. The chapter concludes by asking and sketching out answers to a new yet related question that constantly surfaced in previous chapters: what content-dependent, ex post reasons are there to use ratification? In other words, what are some general scenarios in which specific constitution-makers might rationally want to use ratification?
Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGenetics is the study of the inheritance of differences among individuals. Genomic approaches now make it possible to better understand the genetic basis and adaptive significance of phenotypic differences among individuals. Population-level differences in disease resistance will have important implications for population persistence in the face of emergent infectious diseases. In addition, understanding the genomic basis for that phenotype will be crucial for conservation efforts such as genetically informed breeding for reintroductions, genetic rescue of infected populations, and population restoration following declines. Most phenotypic differences between individuals within populations have both genetic and environmental causes. Raising individuals from different populations in the same environmental conditions can be used to test if there is a genetic component to phenotypic differences among populations. Understanding and maintaining phenotypic differences between individuals within populations and between populations can play a crucial role in conservation.
Genetic Variation in Natural Populations
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGenetic variation among individuals within populations and among populations can be assessed at the chromosomal, protein, or DNA sequence level. The best tool or approach depends on the question being asked. Variation in the number or structure of chromosomes can result in reproductive incompatibilities and reduced fitness that influences the success of conservation efforts. Differences in amino acid sequence that alter the electrophoretic mobility of proteins, termed allozymes, were widely used to measure genetic variation and population differentiation on a gene-by-gene basis prior to advances in DNA sequencing. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain circular DNA molecules that are usually inherited from one parent and are useful for assessing population history and structure. Most studies of genetic variation now rely on the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)—variations in nucleotides at a single location within the genome—to understand both selectively neutral and adaptive processes.
Random mating populations: Hardy–Weinberg Principle
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe introduce the Hardy–Weinberg principle, which is the fundamental model of population genetics. The use of mathematical models is essential to understand the effects of Mendelian inheritance and the evolution of allele frequencies in natural populations. The Hardy–Weinberg model assumes random mating, infinite population size, no natural selection, no mutation, and no immigration. There are two primary outcomes of the Hardy–Weinberg model: (1) Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and (2) Hardy–Weinberg proportions. Testing for Hardy–Weinberg proportions in population samples is usually the first step in describing genotypic variation in natural populations. We consider several explanations for why genotypic proportions might not be in Hardy–Weinberg proportions. The Hardy–Weinberg model is useful for estimating allele frequencies in natural populations. We describe two measures for comparing the amount of genetic variation in natural populations: heterozygosity and allelic richness.
Natural Selection
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNatural selection is the differential contribution of genotypes to the next generation due to differences in survival and reproduction. Understanding the effects of natural selection on allele frequencies involves using a variety of mathematical models along with the fitness of different genotypes. Finesses are not constant. For example, fitness sometimes changes when allele frequencies change. Frequency-dependent selection is a powerful mechanism for maintaining genetic variation in natural populations. Natural selection is less effective in small populations because genetic drift can swamp the effects of differential survival or fertility. Understanding the interaction between natural selection and genetic drift is crucial for the conservation of natural and managed populations.