bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor-based direct current triboelectric nanogenerators and its application
Authors: Shi Xin , Wang Weiguo , Wang Jun , Li Jian , Chen Huamin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) utilizing tribovoltaic effect can directly produce direct current with high energy conversion efficiency, which expands their application in semiconductor devices and self-powered systems. This work comprehensively summarizes the recent developments in semiconductor-based direct current TENGs (SDC-TENGs), which hold significant promise for DC energy harvesting technologies and semiconductor systems. First, the tribovoltaic effect is elucidated, and SDC-TENGs are categorized into six types based on different triboelectric structures: metal−semiconductor (M−S), metal−insulator−semiconductor (M−I−S), semiconductor−semiconductor (S−S), semiconductor−insulator−semiconductor (S−I−S), liquid−semiconductor (L−S), and metal/semiconductor−liquid−semiconductor (M/S−L−S) contact devices. Subsequent sections detail the operational mechanisms, strengths, and limitations of each category. Additionally, this paper outlines the enhancement mechanisms of SDC-TENGs providing guidance and recommendations for performance improvement. The conclusion highlights potential application scenarios for various types of SDC-TENGs, outlining the prospective benefits and challenges. SDC-TENG technology is poised to drive revolutionary developments in semiconductor devices and self-powered systems.
Research on process-induced effect in 14-nm FinFET gate formation and digital unit optimization design
Authors: Yang Yafen , Xu Hang , Feng Tianyang , Guo Jianbin , Zhang David Wei 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The advanced fin-shaped field-effect transistor (FinFET) technology offers higher integration density and stronger channel control capabilities, however, more complex process effects are also introduced which have significant influence on device performance. To address these issues, we complete a design-technology co-optimization (DTCO) focused on FinFET, including both process-induced effect during gate formation and corresponding digital unit optimization design. The 14 nm FinFET complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology is used to illustrate the sensitivity of transistor performance to process-induced effect, specifically the poly pitch effect (PPE) and cut poly effect (CPE). Predictive technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulations have been carried out to evaluate the transistor performance in advance. Based on the results, optimizations in digital unit design is proposed. Fall delay of the digital unit inverter is decreased by 0.7%, and the rise delay is decreased by 2.1%. For multiple selector (MUX2NV), the delay decreases by 4.64% for rise and 3.56% for drop, respectively.
Percolation in semicontinuum geometries
Authors: Jasna C K , Krishnadev V , Sasidevan V 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We study percolation problems of overlapping objects where the underlying geometry is such that in

D
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dimensions, a subset of the directions has a lattice structure, while the remaining directions have a continuum structure. The resulting semicontinuum problem describes the percolation of overlapping shapes in parallel layers or lanes with positional constraints for the placement of the objects along the discrete directions. Several semicontinuum percolation systems are analyzed like hypercuboids with a particular focus on 2D and 3D cases, disks, and parallelograms. Adapting the excluded volume arguments to the semicontinuum setting, we show that for the semicontinuum problem of hypercuboids, for fixed side-lengths of the hypercuboids along the directions in which a lattice structure is maintained, the percolation threshold is always independent of the side-lengths along the continuum directions. The result holds even when there is a distribution for the side-lengths along the continuum directions. Trends in the variation of the thresholds, as we vary the linear measure of the shapes along the continuum directions, are obtained for other semicontinuum models like disks and parallelograms in 2D. The results are compared with those of corresponding continuum and lattice models. For the 2D and 3D models considered, using Monte Carlo simulations, we verify the excluded volume predictions for the trends and numerical values of the percolation thresholds. Very good agreement is seen between the predicted numerical values and the simulation results. The semicontinuum setting also allows us to establish a connection between the percolation problem of overlapping shapes in 2D continuum and the triangular lattice. We also verify that the isotropy of the threshold for anisotropic shapes and standard percolation universality class is maintained in the semicontinuum setting.
On the Bisognano–Wichmann entanglement Hamiltonian of nonrelativistic fermions
Authors: Eisler Viktor 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We study the ground-state entanglement Hamiltonian of free nonrelativistic fermions for semi-infinite domains in one dimension. This is encoded in the two-point correlations projected onto the subsystem, an operator that commutes with the linear deformation of the physical Hamiltonian. The corresponding eigenfunctions are shown to possess the exact same structure both in the continuum as well as on the lattice. Namely, they are superpositions of the occupied single-particle modes of the total Hamiltonian, weighted by the inverse of their energy as measured from the Fermi level, and multiplied by an extra phase proportional to the integrated weight. Using this ansatz, we prove that the Bisognano–Wichmann form of the entanglement Hamiltonian becomes exact, up to a nonuniversal prefactor that depends on the dispersion for gapped chains.
Ensemble inequivalence in Ising chains with competing interactions
Authors: Campa Alessandro , Hovhannisyan Vahan , Ruffo Stefano , Trombettoni Andrea 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We study the effect of competing interactions on ensemble inequivalence. We consider a one-dimensional Ising model with ferromagnetic mean-field interactions and short-range nearest-neighbor (NN) and next-NN couplings which can be either ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic. Despite the relative simplicity of the model, our calculations in the microcanonical ensemble reveal a rich phase diagram. The comparison with the corresponding phase diagram in the canonical ensemble shows the presence of phase transition points and lines which are different in the two ensembles. As an example, in a region of the phase diagram where the canonical ensemble shows a critical point and a critical end point, the microcanonical ensemble has an additional critical point and also a triple point. The regions of ensemble inequivalence typically occur at lower temperatures and at larger absolute values of the competing couplings. The presence of two free parameters in the model allows us to obtain a fourth-order critical point, which can be fully characterized by deriving its Landau normal form.
Bioresorbable fibers for interstitial null-separation diffuse optical spectroscopy using fast temporal gating
Authors: Damagatla Vamshi , Boetti Nadia G , Di Sieno Laura , Pugliese Diego , Bargigia Ilaria , Janner Davide , Dalla Mora Alberto , Pifferi Antonio 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Bioresorbable fibers are an exciting prospect as probes and implants to provide optical access to the human body. In this work, we demonstrate interstitial spectroscopy with bioresorbable fibers at null distance, using time-domain diffuse optics that disentangles absorption from scattering properties and probes the tissues up to a depth of a few cm around the fiber tips. We exploit a fast-gated single-photon avalanche diode with

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55 dB of dynamic range to overcome the burst of ‘early’ photons hiding the information of absorption from deep tissues. We tested the absorption linearity—retrieving the water spectrum in the 700–950 nm range with

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85% accuracy over two decades of absorption change—and verified the hypothesis of a scattering-independent absorption retrieval. Further, we were able to detect spectral changes at a distance of 1 cm from an inclusion embedded in a biological tissue. Time-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy with bioresorbable fibers could detect spectral changes without being affected by blood extravasation at the fiber tips and could help for long-term monitoring in tissue healing, thermal treatment, photodynamic therapy and ultimately, towards minimally invasive medical procedures.
A group of integral equations based on the thin-shell approximation approach for calculating current sharing between multiple layers of high-temperature superconducting tapes
Authors: Dai Xiang , Li Xiao-Fen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The second-generation high-temperature superconducting tapes are one of the most attractive materials for constructing high-field, large current application devices. To improve the thermal stability of the equipments, there is no insulating material between the tapes, which allows the current to be transferred between the tapes. However, electromagnetic calculations involving current sharing problems are still difficult because of the huge computational effort associated with the extremely high aspect ratio structure of the tape. Therefore, we improve the classical thin-shell approximation approach in this paper, and then propose a new group of 3D integral equations, which can be widely used to calculate the current sharing between multiple layers of high-temperature superconducting tapes. The highlight of the model is that it allows the use of 2D surface elements for all conductor domain meshes and no air domains, which significantly reduces the computational effort. The model can effectively calculate the current distribution in the tape-to-tape joints and no-insulation coils, and the validity of the model is verified by comparing with the H formulation and experimental data, respectively. Finally, the computational efficiency of the model is discussed as well as some key issues that exist. In the future, with the help of fast algorithms, the model will be more attractive than the finite element method for large-scale problems.
Disappearing Ink
Authors: O'Neill Eileen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
As this chapter documents in great detail, women made numerous widely acknowledged contributions to philosophy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; yet they disappeared from subsequent histories. This is “the problem of disappearing ink.” What accounts for this disappearance? The chapter considers a number of explanations: the move, following Kant, to “purify” philosophy of topics relating to gender; the fact that women often worked in an outmoded style; the prejudice that women were by nature unfit for philosophical work. Yet, while these help to explain why women’s work failed to play a central role in nineteenth-century (and later) histories, they do not explain their total erasure. The missing element concerns the threat that women philosophers posed to the hegemony of male authority following the French Revolution. The chapter also addresses the question: what model of historiography should the historian who seeks to rectify this erasure adopt? The chapter considers three models: rational reconstruction, historical reconstruction, and a variant of Hegelian Geistesgeschichte, arguing that a historical narrative loosely based on the latter is the preferred method for the feminist historian.
Feminist History of Philosophy
Authors: O'Neill Eileen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the role that feminism has played in the recovery and evaluation of women’s philosophical writings. It argues that how we understand the role of women in our histories depends on the methodology we use in doing the history of philosophy. “Pure” history of philosophy, the author maintains, allows for the reconstruction of women’s role in philosophical endeavors in terms of the motives, presuppositions, and argumentational strategies and standards of the past without the distorting influence of contemporary conceptions of what counts as “philosophy” or what counts as “feminist.” In addition, the historian of philosophy’s great debt to feminism is acknowledged. It is through feminism that we come to realize that women philosophers’ erasure from history is due to religious, economic, political, and social forces, which reinforce tradition, custom, and “common sense” in creating structural barriers to women’s taking their rightful place in our histories of philosophy.
Introduction to Observations on Experimental Philosophy
Authors: O'Neill Eileen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to the natural philosophy of Margaret Cavendish, providing sufficient historical and biographical context for the reader to approach her Observations on Experimental Philosophy (1666). In Observations, Cavendish developed a non-Aristotelian alternative to the mechanical philosophy of the seventeenth century, one nonetheless consonant with strands of the new science. On her view, nature is an organism—a mixture of animate (self-moving) and inanimate matter. The chapter shows in detail how Cavendish’s conception of matter—at once panpsychist and panorganicist—informs her understanding of natural change, tracing the origins of her views to the Stoic’s doctrine of pneuma.
(Re)presentations of Eros
Authors: O'Neill Eileen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores ways of representing women’s bodies erotically that lie beyond the male gaze. Focusing on feminist erotic art of the late 1980s (both erotica and pornography), it highlights representations that sexualize yet avoid objectification by emphasizing women’s agency. Whereas Jeanne Duval is “represented-as” (to adopt Nelson Goodman’s terminology) a lifeless doll in Manet’s sketch, the women depicted in the paintings of, for example, Margot Machida are represented-as erotically vigorous. The chapter also points to potential complications of this strategy, such as lesbian S/M portrayals of physical harm as erotic. The chapter suggests that by representing participants as agents, such depictions do not harm the participants as persons, despite a degree of physical pain that may be intimated.
Ambiguous Rationality
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter applies the general approach of Chapter 9 to the special case of rationality. It distinguishes the rationality of a belief (complying with the evidence) from the rationality of a believer (being disposed to believe rationally), which in turn generates a derivative norm of belief (being what a rational believer would believe). Conflating primary and derivative norms of belief generates a form of internalism about epistemic justification, given that dispositions tend to be treated as internal. Such confusion is illustrated from the epistemological literature. The upshot of the discussion is to undermine the assumption that false beliefs can comply with the primary norm of rationality. A knowledge norm of belief remains defensible.
Four Schools in a Stratified Educational System
Authors: Xiang Xin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 2, Four Schools in a Stratified Educational System, paints richly textured portraits of the four schools and communities featured in Unequal Learning, describing the surroundings, facilities, people, and social dynamics of each school as well as the myriad relationships that shaped the author’s positionality. Red River Middle School is a rural public school serving the children of local farmers, including those who work in cities yet can’t afford to bring their children there. Yiping Experimental is a public school serving the children of workers, small business owners, and suburban farmers as well as a small number of teachers and civil servants in an emerging city in an impoverished region. Morningstar Academy is a low-cost, not-for-profit private school in Guangzhou primarily serving the children of migrant workers and migrant entrepreneurs shut out of public schools. Future Leader Academy is a prestigious metropolitan public school whose students mostly come from families of elite professionals, successful entrepreneurs, and government officials.
Municipal Authorities
Authors: Kudelia Serhiy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the chaotic and haphazard response of the local elites to the rising separatist challenge in their towns. It shows that rather than engaging in a coordinated effort to bargain with Kyiv, the municipal authorities in each town were trying to adjust their strategy to a local context. While initially they tried accommodating protesters through talks and rhetorical support for greater autonomy rights for the region, they dismissed more radical secessionist demands. Their strategies diverged substantially after the militants established coercive control over their towns. Most sought to remain in their positions and focus on municipal governance, but quickly faced the need to respond to militant requests. While some resigned in protest or fear of personal repercussions, others engaged in tacit or open collaboration. Yet others felt strong enough to sabotage separatist initiatives without explicitly rejecting them. Although Donbas avoided a major governance breakdown at the outset of the conflict, the administrative machinery in most towns was gradually coopted to advance the separatist cause.
A Different Vision
Authors: Mehta Uday Singh 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter considers the idea, central to Gandhi’s thinking, that there was something deeply misguided in conceiving of the turpitude of the empire in political terms, and from which the political articulation of the nation was the derivative and encompassing response. Because Gandhi did not subscribe to this view of the empire and the nationalist riposte that was predicated on it, he expresses both objections and an indifference to many of the concerns that were central to the nationalist aspirations. In particular he expresses an indifference, and sometimes pointed objections, to three concerns that were, and which in many ways remain, crucial to the nationalist project. The three concerns are the articulation of the grounds of a unitary people; the issue of how they are to be represented or how they would represent themselves; and the role of the state in mediating the relations among people and the linked, but distinct, issue of mediating among different communities that made up the people and the nation. That indifference stemmed from a very original conceptualization of the empire and it implied an equally original response to the empire. Among the things that followed from Gandhi’s demurral was a muted valuation of the importance of democratic political institutions including the challenges posed by the representation of the people.
Historical Memory and American Nonviolence
Authors: Danielson Leilah 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Christian radical A. J. Muste was the person most responsible for making Gandhian nonviolence a central feature of US political culture and was known worldwide as the foremost American peace activist, yet, in contrast to figures like Martin Luther King and Bayard Rustin, he remains largely invisible in American historical memory and has been neglected in the historical scholarship. This chapter explores this paradox by, firstly, tracing the origins, evolution, and influence of Muste’s theory of radical nonviolence and, secondly, analysing Muste’s involvement in the World Peace Brigade, a transnational collaborative effort by American, Indian, and British Gandhians in the late 1950s and early 1960s to apply nonviolence to the challenges of decolonization and the nuclear era. In so doing, the chapter highlights the hybrid roots, diverse genealogies, and transnational reach of American nonviolence. It further illustrates the similarities and differences between American and Gandhian nonviolence, showing that both traditions ultimately existed uneasily within the paradigm of the nation state, which limited their effectiveness in state-building projects, but it also speaks to their radical, transformative vision of human liberation.
On the Exchanges between Gandhi and Tagore
Authors: Kaviraj Sudipta 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter first sets out a distinction between two types of ‘theory’—systematic and critical—and suggests that we should place Gandhi’s theoretical reflections in the second category. The major part of the chapter analyses two types of differences between the two. In the first kind, they have different opinions, conclusions, or judgments about significant questions of social and political life; in the second kind, their opinions or judgments coincide, but they derive them from very different grounds or background assumptions. The chapter argues that we should attend to both types of differences, because that would offer us a truer assessment of the richness of the modern Indian tradition of social thought. Finally, the chapter discusses arguments about two distinct, but not conflicting, ideals of a good human life—one based on a predominantly ethical, the other on an aesthetic, orientation to the world.
On Sorcery of Peace and Nonviolence
Authors: Grinshpon Yohanan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
How much of Mahatma Gandhi’s exceptional self-confidence and fearlessness of death is due to his connectedness with traditional yoga theory and practice? Mahatma Gandhi’s self-understanding as a yogin has been underrated. He was familiar with Patanjali’s Yoga Sūtra and practised yogic postures and breathing exercises under a mentor. He was also familiar—however reserved he may have been—with Patañjali’s theory of the unnatural powers (siddhis). Thus, for example, he highly appreciated Patañjali’s Yoga Sūtra 2.35 (‘for a yogin well established in the practice of ahiṃsā there ceases every kind of violence’), which seems the epitome of his essential strategy in life. However, a staunch optimist deeply rooted in the value of goodness, and a believer of the infinite power of moral behaviour, Gandhi was far from being a yogin and a naïve believer in the siddhis. Thus, traditional yoga theory and practice as well as his connectedness to ethics and moral values and power nourished his characteristic self-confidence and fearlessness.
Satyagraha in America—Gandhi, King, and the Politics of Fasting
Authors: Lal Vinay 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This conversation with Rev. James M. Lawson (1928–2024), a principal architect of the American civil rights movement, author of the Nashville Student Movement and the sit-ins, and one of the founders of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), revolves around the place of fasting in satyagraha. Gandhi has long been associated with fasting, and his deployment of fasting has been studied by activists the world over. The leaders of the American civil rights movement were careful and assiduous students of Gandhi’s thought, and Lawson conducted workshops on nonviolence for something like seven decades. Gandhi’s ideas were used widely by black Americans; nevertheless, though fasting was part of the Gandhian arsenal, American leaders and activists generally did not resort to fasting. In this conversation, Vinay Lal probes Lawson on the politics of fasting, Gandhi’s own use of fasting, the relationship of fasting to penitence, inner healing, and spiritual preparation, and Martin Luther King’s understanding of nonviolence and fasting.