bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haptic Feedback for Virtual Reality Computer Aided Design
Authors: Springer Scott L. , Gadh Rajit 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Many advances in computer aided design (CAD) have been made to support more rapid product development. One key area that has not been adequately addressed is in the area of rapid model creation for the exploration and communication of initial or conceptual design ideas. The human computer interface for current CAD systems remains tedious, detail oriented, and time consuming, and because of this CAD cannot be utilized effectively in the early stages of a design project. This is a considerable deficit, since the visualization of spatial models at the most crucial (concept) stage of design would be of great value. It is during this stage that most decisions controlling overall product performance limits are made. To address this need, a new approach to shape modeling has been proposed, which incorporates a virtual reality (VR) design interface. The initial interface specification includes multi-modal input/output consisting of speech input, auditory output, spatial (glove) input, and three dimensional stereographic display output.
It is desirable to augment this interface with an additional output mode in the form of haptic or touch sensation to more efficiently and intuitively interact with concept solid models. The hypothesis is that the addition of this output mode will (i) increase the efficiency in complex geometry creation, and (ii) aid in the understanding and exploration of a wide variety of design concepts. The desire for haptic feedback is shared by many developers of VR environments, for a wide variety of applications. Thus, there has been a recent increase in research interest in this area. The development of haptic feedback systems remains a multi-disciplinary challenge as an effective system must address perceptual, comfort, control, and mechanical issues that arise from the closely coupled human-machine dynamics present in a haptic feedback system. In this paper, we evaluate the general approaches for haptic feedback design in light of CAD tasks. Inherent limitations to the various approaches are identified and evaluated. The limitations are compared with the device complexity and value added for CAD operations.
Virtual Reality for Design and Machining Processes
Authors: Bzymek Zbigniew M. , Billatos Samir B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Design engineers always look for attractive ways to demonstrate the concept of their designed systems. One of the techniques used in engineering is to draw or make physical model of the system. Computer graphics and virtual reality are new techniques that bring promising changes in this respect. The development of Virtual Machines and Virtual Machining Processes are technologies used in the design of machining equipment and in evaluating production processes. They consist of a group of recently developed techniques and approaches that allow the construction of machine computer models and the simulation of the fabrication process. What makes this group of manufacturing technologies special is that they allow the checking of machining and production parameters before actual prototyping and manufacturing of the required tooling. The possibility of using these virtual techniques could result in great savings of both time and money. In general, virtual manufacturing promises shorter design cycles with more design iterations, leading to a an optimal design and better use of resources. The end goal of any virtual manufacturing is to produce a virtual model of a machine that will virtually make the part from its database file containing the geometrical description of a physical object in terms of pre-defined geometric entities. The actual manufacturing hardware provides the physical means to machine the part, which Virtual Machining allows making as a computer model. A special software is employed to bridge the gap between the CAD data and the virtual manufacturing system. Such software should control various parameters such as the rate at which the positioning system proceeds, the tool path, the thickness of the layer of the material for removal and/or length of the path, the slice length, and others. Virtual manufacturing provides a means of motion control and easy manipulation of various manufacturing hardware. This paper describes our research effort to develop methods and software for virtual design that allow creation of different kinds of milling and grinding machines. These machines are compared with the actual existing machines and their production parts.
Concurrent Design, Analysis and Prototype of a High Pressure Optical Cell for Physico-Chemical Studies of Biological Systems
Authors: Zhou Jack G. , Ostrow Alan , Chong Parkson Lee-Gau 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The commercially available high pressure optical cells, used in biological research, can only satisfy a limited range of experimental requirements. Current high pressure cell designs only allow for the measurement of single samples, thus limiting the data which researchers can obtain. We present a new design which enables users to introduce a second component to the original sample, while both components are under high pressure. This allows researchers to observe initial molecular interactions at high pressure via fiber optics and record data which was previously unobtainable. The design innovation which distinguishes the high pressure optical cell from existing models is the introduction of a laser-activated stopper system, which separates the two biological samples until the experimenter is ready to mix them. Concurrent Engineering methodologies and tools were used in conjunction with theoretical analysis to develop this innovative system. A high pressure cell prototype was built to further verify the new design and explore new challenges.
Optimizing Designs for Quality and Environmentally Responsible Manufacturing
Authors: Wells Wayne E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Traditional economic analysis methods for manufacturing decisions include only the clearly identified and immediate cost and revenue streams. Quality and environmental issues have generally been seen as costs, in the form of wastes, material losses, inspections, rejects, compliance tests and pre-discharge treatments. The components of the waste stream, often purchased as raw materials, become liabilities at the “end of the pipe” and none of their intrinsic material value is recognized. Quality requirements have been seen as burdens placed on the system which constrain the manufacturer’s freedom of strategy for increasing profits, although recent evidence shows that firms are recognizing the value of improved quality systems.
A new mathematical treatment of manufacturing economics is proposed in which the costs of quality along with the costs for separation of the waste stream and costs of external quality problems are compared with the intrinsic value of the waste materials to show how their recovery can provide an economic advantage to the manufacturer. The model is based on the application of thermodynamic analysis to economic modeling. This paper describes the proposed model, and examines case studies in which the changed decision rules have yielded significant savings while protecting the environment. The premise proposed is that by including quality costs and the value of the waste materials in the profit objective of the firm and applying the appropriate technological solutions, manufacturing processes can approach closed systems in which losses are minimized and environmental problems are converted into economic savings.
A New Approach to Mold Design Using Manufacturable Entities
Authors: Krishnan Subramanian , Magrab Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A new approach using two process specific entities is presented for generating the shape of the mold for an injection molded part simultaneously as the part is being created. The user creates the part, and the mold is generated dynamically and transparently to the user. The mold is created using six stages of analysis; (1) the part is analyzed for undercuts based on the accessibility of the entities from the bottom most plane of the part to determine if the mold is either a two piece or a multi piece mold; (2) the number of mold pieces is determined from the number of undercuts and their locations; (3) the parting direction and the parting line for each mold piece are determined from the properties of a rectangular box surrounding each entity in the mold piece (called an extent) and from the properties of a vector field normal to the parting line; (4) the stock size is determined for each mold piece from the properties of the extents; (5) the process plan for machining each mold piece is determined; and (6) the complete mold is created by assembling all the mold pieces. It is demonstrated that using process specific entities simplifies the different stages of mold creation process. Furthermore, generating the process plan for each mold piece requires only arranging the entities to be machined in each mold piece based on their accessibility from the surface of its stock. It is demonstrated that by creating the mold incrementally after each stage of a part’s creation allows one to perform manufacturability evaluation of the part and the mold simultaneously. The advantages of our approach over the current methodologies for determining the mold from the part are enumerated.
Tolerance Analysis for Sheet Metal Assembly Using a Beam-Based Model
Authors: Ceglarek Dariusz J. , Shi Jianjun 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The tolerance study is one of the most critical and neglected issues in sheet metal assembly manufacturing research. The fundamental shortcoming of currently existing tolerancing methods is the lack of physical significance of the model. This paper presents a new tolerance analysis methodology for sheet metal assembly based on physical/functional modeling of the fabrication error using the developed beam-based model. The modeling method includes principles of decoupling automotive parts into beam members, modeling of beam-to-beam joint geometry, and identification of part locating points. Tolerance analysis is conducted in three steps: (1) input of part and assembly tooling variability based on the statistical distribution; (2) calculation of accumulated tolerances for key process characteristics using statistical models; and (3) calculation of resultant tolerances based on the flexible beam-based model.
Disassembly Planning Analysis for Electromechanical Products
Authors: Kuo Tsai C. , Yu Steve Y. , Zhang Hong C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
It has been recognized that appropriate disassembly of used products is necessary in order to make recycling economically and environmentally viable in the current state of the art reprocessing technology. This paper describes a graph-based heuristic approach to automatically generate the disassembly planning for electromechanical products. The planning is divided into four stages, geometric assembly representation, cut-vertex search analysis, disassembly precedence matrix analysis, and disassembly sequences and plan generation. A personal computer is used to illustrate the example of disassembly sequences generation.
Evaluation of Composite Boat Manufacturing Processes With Green Quality Function Deployment (GQFD)
Authors: Jiang Shunliang , Han Kerang , Wang Ben , Zhang Chuck , Deshmukh Ahbijit 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In today’s globally competitive market, design and manufacturing of ideal products that meet customer requirements, especially cost less and are environmental constraints has become the goal for most manufacturing organizations. In this paper, a technique that can aid designers to achieve this goal, namely Green Quality Function Deployment (GQFD), is introduced. Based on the analysis of the different processes for manufacturing of composite boats, the GQFD is used to evaluate each process by examining the sub-processes. With this technique, the best process for manufacturing of composite boats was selected.
Bungee Cord Danger Analysis
Authors: Brickman Dennis B. , Barnett Ralph L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The utility of bungee cords is so persistently attractive that they continue to gain in popularity. Unfortunately, one of the characteristics of bungee cords is the sudden release of stored energy which results from opening of hooks, failure of the bungee cord and hook connection, inadvertent release of the bungee cord during application, and failure of the structure receiving the hook. Each of these failure modes allows the free end of the bungee cord to attain high speeds which produce injuries through impact. The design of personal protection equipment and the evaluation of the danger level related to a released bungee cord require information on hook speed. This paper presents a first order analysis of the maximum attainable speed.
Hand Motion During Trip and Fall Scenarios
Authors: Barnett Ralph L. , Glowiak Suzanne A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The location of workplace hazards, the design of fall intervention systems, the development of climbing and walking strategies, and the forensic analysis of slip and fall accidents all benefit from a knowledge of hand motion under the combined effects of gravity and human response. This paper calculates the maximum simple reaction time that will enable the hands to elevate during a drop or trip event. Hand trajectories are characterized for both scenarios.
Optimization of Fluid-Structure Interaction Using the Sensitivity Equation Approach
Authors: Bhaskaran Rajesh , Berkooz Gal 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A methodology for the optimization of coupled fluid-structure systems that couples flow and structural analysis codes without requiring iteration between the two codes is presented here. This method is valid in the nonlinear transonic and high-alpha regimes. It requires the sensitivity of the flow solution to perturbations in the geometry, in addition to the flow solution for the undeformed configuration. The flow solution for the base configuration and its sensitivity to geometric parameters are generated and transferred to the finite-element structural code. The structural code then solves the direct and sensitivity problems for the coupled fluid-structure system using a modified stiffness matrix. Results for the direct problem axe presented for the static aeroelastic effects on a wing section in inviscid transonic flow. The wing section is mounted through a torsion spring, in which case the geometry variation is due to deformation as well as rotation about the hinge point. The displacements show the expected aeroelastic relief effect due to the flexible loads increment. Both the flow sensitivity and the sensitivity of the coupled fluid-structure system are calculated using the sensitivity equation or direct differentiation approach. The flow sensitivity calculation is implemented by altering an existing flow code, CFL3D from NASA Langley. Implementation of optimization of the coupled system is being performed using the commercial C++ class library, PDESolve. Code snippets are presented to illustrate that an object-oriented library like PDESolve significantly reduces the effort in implementing the direct and sensitivity solutions.
Exploration of Flow-Induced Vibration at Low Mass and Damping
Authors: Gharib Mohammed R. , Shiels Douglas G. , Gharib Morteza , Leonard Anthony , Roshko Anatol 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Elastically supported cylinders in cross flow are investigated experimentally and by numerical simulation. For very low values of cylinder mass ratio, it is found that the oscillation frequency is controlled by vortex shedding, with no lock-in to the mechanical frequency. In the numerical simulations the systems studied have zero mass and damping. A range of values of spring constant, including zero, is investigated at Reynolds number 100. It is found that the oscillation frequency stays in a narrow range 0.15 &lt; fd/U∞ &lt; 0.2 and the amplitude is in the range 0.4 &lt; A/D &lt; 0.6, eventually decreasing at large values of spring force.
A Numerical Study of Oscillatory Flow Around Circular and Square Cylinders
Authors: Okajima Atsushi , Yasuda Takahiro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The flow patterns around and the forces acting on an oscillating bluff body submerged in a fluid at rest have been studied by numerical simulations. An ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian) finite difference method has been employed to simulate the flow around an oscillating bluff body, e.g., a circular cylinder and a square one, submerged in a still water. Simulations have been carried out under the assumption of 2- and 3-dimensional, unsteady, incompressible and viscous flow. The results predicted by numerical simulations are compared with our recent results of measurements of fluiddynamic forces on and flow-visualized patterns around a bluff body that is set in a planar oscillatory flow generated by a U-tube water tank up to Keulegan Carpenter (KC) numbers of 30 and at a value of β of 95 and 153. Although flow-patterns around a bluff body are complicatedly produced by both the vortex-shedding from a bluff body and the planar oscillatory flow, the major vortex-shedding regimes observed in experiments, flow pattern of “3-dimensional structures” at low KC numbers, “transverse street” and “double pair” all can be successfully reproduced in the present simulations, and there is good agreement between the simulated and measured flow patterns. Notable differences are also confirmed for flow configurations around a bluff body with a different shaped-section, e.g., a circular section and a square one. There is found to be good agreement also between the predicted and measured in-line forces, i.e., the values of drag and inertia coefficients, CD, CM, represented by the well-known Morison’s equation and the fluctuating transverse force (lift force) CL across a range of KC values. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the values of transverse force depending on KC numbers correspond well to the process of flow pattern variation.
Test Line Assessment of Mechanical Power Flow in Overhead Conductors and Efficiency of Damping Devices
Authors: Leblond André , Van Dyke Pierre , Bibeau Louis-Philippe , Hardy Claude 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper deals with a method for evaluating the flow of vibration power in single overhead conductors along a full-scale test line. Aeolian vibrations of these conductors are represented by two opposite-moving traveling wave trains which convey vibration energy. The method leads to the determination of vibration power flow as well as the spectral content of these waves. Whenever a damping device is attached to the conductor, an average traveling wave reflection coefficient can be calculated, yielding the damping device efficiency. The efficiency of three different devices is calculated: a Stockbridge-type damper, a bretelle damper and a typical suspension clamp. The magnitude of the inherent error in the method is also evaluated.
Numerical Study on Aeroelastic Behavior of a Circular Cylinder With Two Degrees of Freedom
Authors: Tamura Tetsuro , Hayakawa Akira , Okada Ray 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
When a circular cylinder is transversely set in fluid flows, various kinds of oscillations in the in-line as well as the cross-flow direction occur due to the aerodynamic forces, which are mainly induced by periodic vortex sheadings. In case of large amplitude, an oscillating cylinder interacts with flows close to the cylinder surface and generates the distinct vortex shedding patterns. We numerically simulate the aeroelastic behaviors of a circular cylinder. Namely, a cylinder is elastically mounted for both in-line (x) and cross-flow (y) directions, therefore can translationally oscillate in any direction in uniform flows. We examine the aeroelastic characteristics in the in-line and the cross-flow vortex-induced oscillations, and relations among different types of modal motions of a circular cylinder with two degrees of freedom. It is shown that, with regard to the response characteristics, computational results based on three-dimensional simulations agree with the experimental results. In order to clarify the mechanism of the vortex-induced oscillation, we also investigate flow structures under oscillation, for example, the behaviors of separated layers from the cylinder and their following process of vortex formation in the near wake.
Nonlinear Galerkin Methods Applied in the Dimension Reduction of Vibrating Fluid Conveying Tubes
Authors: Steindl A. , Troger H. , Zemann J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this paper we use the nonlinear Galerkin method to reduce the infinite dimensional system describing the oscillations of a fluid conveying tube to a finite low dimensional system. In fact we are able to replace a system of nonlinear partial differential equations by a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations which are the amplitude equations of the critical modes. Three important problems are addressed in this respect. First, the choice of the form of the critical modes (ansatz functions), second the choice of the number m of the critical modes and finally the construction of the reduced system. For the latter point the so-called approximate inertial manifold (AIM) theory is used. Its explanation is one of the central goals of this paper.
By means of numerical simulations for large amplitude oscillations of a fluid conveying tube we compare the results of various choices of ansatz functions and various numbers m. Further we compare the inertial manifold approximation with the flat Galerkin method which usually is used by engineers.
Nonlinear Lateral Vibration of a Vertical Fluid-Conveying Pipe With End Mass: Effect of Horizontal Excitation at the Upper End
Authors: Yoshizawa Masatsugu , Watanabe Masanobu , Hashimoto Kouji , Takayanagi Masaya 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The flow-induced vibration of a vertical cantilevered pipe with an end mass, is examined for the case that the upper end of the pipe is excited periodically in a horizontal direction. The fluid velocity of the axial flow in the pipe is over the critical value, above which the nonplanar pipe vibration is self-excited due to the internal flow. First, the effect of horizontal excitation at the upper end of the pipe is discussed with the nonlinear coupled equations governing the nonplanar pipe vibration. Second, the experiments were conducted with the silicon rubber pipe conveying water, and the spatial behaviors of the pipe were observed using the image processing system.
An Inverse Method for the Identification of a Distributed Random Excitation Acting on a Vibrating Structure: Part 1 — Theory
Authors: Granger S. , Perotin L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In many practical situations, it is difficult, if not impossible, to perform direct measurements or calculations of the external forces acting on vibrating structures. Instead, vibrational responses can often be conveniently measured. This paper presents an inverse method for estimating a distributed random excitation from the measurement of the structural response at a number of discrete points. Part 1 is devoted to the presentation of the theoretical development. The force identification method is based on a modal model for the structure and a spatial orthonormal decomposition of the excitation field. The estimation of the Fourier coefficients of this orthonormal expansion is presented. As this problem turns out to be ill-posed, a regularization process is introduced. The minimization problem associated to this process is then formulated and its solution is developed. Part 2 is devoted to the application of this force identification method to a practical flow-induced vibration problem.