bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the impact of landslides on geosyntethics-reinforced barrier using DEM-FDM analyses
Authors: Cuomo S , Camusso M , Gambardella P , Moretti S , Frigo L 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Geosynthetics-reinforced barriers can be used as protection structures for mitigating the risk posed by fast-moving flow-like landslides such as debris avalanches. In the design of such kind of barriers a crucial role is generally played by the correct analysis of the mutual interaction between the flowing mass and the barrier. This paper is focused on the evaluation of the impact forces and the deformation mechanisms of the barrier. An extensive numerical campaign of dynamic analyses has been performed by means of a coupled 3D Discrete Element Model (DEM) code, namely Particle Flow Code (PFC) and a continuum Finite Difference Method model, named Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC3D code), both provided by Itasca software. The impacting flow with given initial height and velocity is here simply schematised as a dry granular mass, made of a random distribution of rigid spherical particles. The barrier is conceived as multilayered embankment reinforced by geogrids wrapped around the facing. The geometry of the barrier and the combinations of the materials have been varied to take in account a large variety of factors, also including the size of the impacting mass, the inter-particle friction angle and the initial velocity of the flowing mass. From the numerical results it was learned that the height of the flow may change significantly (or not) during the impact process depending on some of the previously mentioned factors. On the other hand, the global response of the deformable barrier depends on the combined behaviour of the granular soil and the geosynthetics reinforcements installed inside the barrier. Other novelty of the paper is that far from the semi-empirical formulations typically used for a safe design of such barriers, here the time-space dependent mutual interactions are accurately computed along the impact front also providing the chance to adequately take into account the mechanical features of the flowing mass and of the impacted barrier.
Durability of EPDM geomembranes - Lifetime estimation by using high pressure autoclave test method
Authors: Armani A , Zanzinger H , Monami A , Hahn W , Amat B 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
For determination of end of service life different accelerated ageing tests are available. However, ageing of modern polymers in conventional oven ageing tests takes many years. In high-pressure autoclave test (HPAT), thermo-oxidative ageing is caused by elevated temperature and by elevated oxygen availability. This results in significantly shorter test times of around 8 months. An EPDM geomembrane was submitted to thermo-oxidative ageing in high pressure autoclaves (HPA) at 3 temperatures (75 °C, 80 °C and 85 °C) and 3 elevated oxygen pressures (5 bar, 10 bar and 51 bar). During exposure in HPAT the oxidation progress was monitored via tensile tests and oxygen pressure measurements. Tensile strength decreases steadily with increasing exposure time, temperature and oxygen pressure. Based on 75% residual tensile strength as theoretical failure criteria and Arrhenius based 3D extrapolation model, time till failure for service temperature at atmospheric condition was calculated. As a result, service life of about 360 years at 40 °C and atmospheric pressure was estimated.
Numerical analysis of stress concentration around bridge bank seat in Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil – Integrated Bridge Systems (GRS-IBS)
Authors: El Refai Bahia S , Naughton Patrick J 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil – Integrated Bridge Systems involve directly supporting the bridge abutment bank seat on the top of a reinforced soil structure without piles or bridge bearings. Analysis, using Plaxis 2D, found that the arrangement of geogrid in the upper part of the reinforced soil abutment, the distance of the abutment bank seat from the wall face and the direction of horizontal load application were important considerations in controlling the deformational response of the abutment. Placing the bank seat further away from the wall face reduced wall displacement, peak vertical stress and settlement under the bank seat and peak strain in the geogrid. Adding secondary reinforcement in the top of the wall reduced wall deformations, peak vertical stress and settlement under the bank seat. The secondary reinforcement redistributed the tension in the geogrid immediately under the bank seat. Longer secondary reinforcement was more efficient at controlling displacement, while shorter secondary reinforcement reduced the peak vertical stress under the bank seat. The line of maximum tension, which was largely independent of horizontal load direction, originated close to the bottom-rear corner of the bank seat and was log spiral in shape, terminating at the toe of the wall.
Current condition of recovery method of disaster embankments using geo-cell and soil reinforcement bar
Authors: Kojima K , Noda G , Yazaki S , Harata M , Yokota K 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Recently, many embankment disasters have occurred. The main causes of these disasters are natural hazards, such as earthquakes, rainfalls and the combination of these. We are proposing a sustainable seismic and rainfall countermeasures for railway and road embankments by means of geo-cells (made of HDPE) and soil reinforcement bars (Gc-Rb embankment). The soil reinforcement bar is inserted into an embankment, and the geo-cell is laid on the slope of the embankment. The characteristics of this method are the convenience of construction and the economy, in addition to the reinforcement against the natural hazards. The embankment of the Sanriku Railway Riasu Line was seriously damaged by the Tohoku Region Pacific Offshore Earthquake occurred on March 11, 2011 in Japan. Many civil structures were damaged not only in the Sanriku railway but also in Pacific ocean side of Tohoku area. In the restoration works of these structures, the shortage of the construction machine, the machine operator and related materials was the problem. Therefore easiness of construction and usual materials were demanded (such materials other than concrete and so on). The proposed method satisfies these required conditions. The operation of this railway line was restarted on April 3, 2013, two years after the earthquake. In this paper we report the current state of the embankment using this recovery method, including the maintenance, after 6 years from the restart of the service.
Use of ASTM D8058 Flexural Strength Test Method to assess overall GCCM performance
Authors: Kujawski M , Church L , Crawford W 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
ASTM D8058, a flexural strength test, is currently used as the main index test for Geosynthetic Cementitious Composite Mats (GCCMs) within Factory Production Control and is also used to assess comparative performance of GCCMs for durability and chemical resistance testing. This paper provides an overview of the suitability of ASTM D8058, three-point flexural strength test as an indicative method for assessing overall GCCM performance. Specifically, this paper will look at the relationship between GCCM Initial Flexural Strength (IFS) values obtained using ASTM D8058 and characteristics associated with the cementitious fill material. It also recommends further research to assess the relationship between Final Flexural Strength (FFS) values and characteristics associated with the geosynthetic components of the GCCM. IFS is obtained at the end of the first stage of a three-point bending test in the form of the first peak that is observed when the cementitious material first cracks in the tested specimen. The value of that first peak is mainly governed by the strength of the cementitious component of the GCCM. The relationship between IFS and the following GCCM properties is examined: Dry (uncured) mix density, Hardened (cured) density, Comressive strength development, Resistance to abrasion, Freeze and thaw durability and Resistance to chemicals.
Field measurements in a partly submerged woven geotextile-reinforced pile-supported embankment
Authors: van Eekelen S J M , Zwaan R A , Nancey A , Hazenkamp M , Jung Y H 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The geosynthetic reinforcement in a pile-supported (GRPS) embankment can be designed using the CUR226 (2016) design guideline. This design guideline adopted the Concentric Arches model (Van Eekelen et al, 2013, 2015). The validated application of this model is limited to GRPS embankments whose geometry and materials meet the conditions of the field cases and experiments used for the validation of the Concentric Arches model. This means for example that: the whole embankment should be located above the groundwater table and that at least one geogrid layer should be used as reinforcement. If these requirements are not met, additional measurements are requested by CUR226 to demonstrate that the system comes within the framework of the guideline. This paper presents and discusses field measurements that were therefore conducted in a partially submerged GRPS embankment. The embankment was reinforced with two layers woven geotextile and no geogrid. It was concluded that the Concentric Arches model matches the measured geotextile strains very well, so that we may conclude that the CUR226 is also applicable for geotextile-reinforced piled embankment without geogrids. Furthermore, an increasing groundwater level seems to result in a reduction of the geotextile strain. It is recommended to conduct more research to further analyse the influence of water in GRPS embankments.
Geogrid stabilisation application – review of strain measurement methods, research and implications on design approaches
Authors: Zamara K , Fowmes G , Kawalec J 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Geogrids have been used in the construction industry for stabilisation applications for decades, however, there is still a lot of conflicting information relating to the mechanical properties required to achieve this stabilisation function. Many designers adopt traditional tensile strength against tensile strain approaches that reflect membrane effect and ignore the actual mechanism of interlock and confinement. Recent ISO 10318-1:2015 defines geogrid stabilisation function by means of aggregate interlock and confinement, whereas tensile strength is seen as a function of reinforcement. Researchers across the globe have attempted to quantify the strain developed in geogrid used in a stabilising function exposed to heavy loads. Instruments used for monitoring typically comprise of standard wire strains gauges, fibre optics or foil strain gauges. Considering the harsh construction environment where the geogrids, and hence the strain gauges are exposed to damage or penetration by sharp aggregate edges, installation of sophisticated and sensitive monitoring systems can be challenging. There are several issues that can affect monitoring results such as the size of the monitoring instrument or the ability to achieve an adequate bond to the grid. Monitoring results have a major influence on geotechnical design and how practitioners perceive stabilisation mechanism in geogrids. Whilst the mechanisms of interlock and increased confinement have been studied, there still exists few design tools to provide designers with a straightforward analysis. This paper reviews research on the methods for in-situ strain measurement of geogrid installed in a stabilisation function, summarises results obtained by researchers and provides a summary of how these are reflected in geotechnical design approaches for geogrid stabilised soil.
Two mechanisms in reinforced soil structures subjected to seismic forces
Authors: Sharma S , Prashant A 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Internal stability analysis of reinforced soil structures assumes different failure surface generally applicable to geosynthetic reinforcement and steel reinforcement, considering those as extensible and inextensible, respectively. The same assumption is applicable to seismic design too. However, a wall reinforced with geosynthetic reinforcement of high stiffness or small spacing and comparatively rigid facia can depict behaviour similar to walls reinforced with inextensible reinforcement. It is imperative to understand this behaviour and see applicability of different mechanisms depending on relative extensibility of reinforcements during seismic loading. A 2D Finite Element model of a wrap-around reinforced soil structure is developed in OpenSees and subjected to seismic forces. Analysis is focused on the development of failure plane, defined on the basis of the locus of maximum reinforcement forces. The reinforcements with low stiffness in general showed a failure plane that follows Rankine’s active condition and with relatively high stiffness it showed roughly vertical failure mechanism. The locus of maximum reinforcement forces was also observed to be coincident with the zone of localized shear strains. These observations are useful in developing guidelines for safe and economical seismic design of reinforced soil structures.
Embodied Intelligence in Plants
Authors: Mazzolai Barbara , Dottore Emanuela Del , Tramacere Francesca , Mondini Alessio , Margheri Laura 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Envisioning a rethink of the design of robotic systems is necessary for a step-change in developing more sustainable and efficient artificial machines. Recent trends in robotics have embraced the idea of taking inspiration from plants to create energy-efficient components, self-morphing growing robots, biodegradable robots, and the definition of novel models of embodied intelligence and morphological computation. Plants can move and grow in air, soil, and water. They can sense and explore the surrounding environment, continuously grow and adapt their shape, and even communicate with each other and with other organisms. Their role for us and our planet is fundamental: for the oxygen we breathe, the food we eat, and to preserve the equilibrium of biodiversity and global climate. Understanding their functioning is of paramount importance and represents an opportunity not only for scientific advancements but also for rethinking the design of artificial technologies that can better integrate with our ecosystems. With a specific focus on the aspects of plants’ embodied intelligence, this contribution highlights some of the features of plants that have been investigated for engineering design and introduces new research lines currently at the forefront of the field. A perspective for innovation in science and robotics inspired by plants is also discussed, with a vision toward a new generation of sustainable robots.
From bioinspired to biological robots, and back again.
Authors: Bongard Josh 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The histories of the Artificial Intelligence and robotics communities have been primarily those of bioinspiration: observing, distilling, and instantiating a wealth of biological structures and mechanisms into machines. However, this transferal from biology to technology has been uneven: the machine learning community has focused on non-physical mechanisms, like synaptic plasticity, while the robotics community has focused on physical structures, like the quadrupedal body plan. Organisms however offer a wealth of physical mechanisms, like bones that strengthen in response to load or tissues that regenerate in response to amputation, that have yet to be instantiated in machines. Biological robots—machines built entirely from biological tissue–exhibit many of these morphological mechanisms ‘for free’, suggesting that biobots could be designed in future to exaggerate these adaptive mechanisms, or provide hints for how they can be incorporated into morphologically self-editing robots.
Adopting Physical Artificial Intelligence in Soft Aerial Robots
Authors: Nguyen Pham Huy , Kovač Mirko 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a lot more attention towards the utilization of physically intelligent features in robotics. In this work, we provide a perspective on the physical artificial intelligence (PAI) paradigm and its impact on the conceptualization, design, and manufacturing of current and future aerial robots and infrastructure. We highlight the theory, enabling technologies, system features, and the tasks that the PAI paradigm will improve beyond the current approaches with conventional rigid aerial robots. We also discuss the multi-disciplinary effort required to collaborate with and educate researchers in the development of physically intelligent robots. PAI promises to lead the development of a new era of robust flying robotic organisms that are capable of adapting to and performing multi-functional tasks autonomously in a complex and unstructured environment. Aerial robotics is a great field of study to validate PAI as a development methodology.
Multifunctional Underwater Soft Robots: A Simulation Essay
Authors: Mathew Anup Teejo , Armanini Costanza , Alshehhi Aysha Ali Samra Ali , Hmida Ikhlas Mohamed Ben , Renda Federico 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Underwater soft robotics is receiving growing popularity within the scientific community, thanks to its prospective capability of tackling challenges that are hard to deal with using traditional rigid technologies, especially while interacting with an unstructured environment. Recently, we proposed a multi-module underwater robotic system with deformable propellers, inspired by bacteria morphology [1]. Here, the same bio-inspired modular structure is employed to perform manipulation tasks, in order to design a multi-functional integrated system. Employing the Geometric Variable Strain Approach, we simulate a scenario where the flagellated robot moves towards a preferred target and, using the same soft appendages, it hooks to it, simulating a monitoring task. The modeling approach and the design allow the Embodied Intelligence principles to exploit the robot’s surrounding environment (water), the shape of the grip-target and the robot’s compliant nature to mediate effective navigation and safe interaction with the target, using few control inputs.
Morphological Computation and Control Complexity
Authors: Thuruthel Thomas George , Iida Fumiya 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Morphological computation proposes the idea that in a physical system, certain computational processes can be off-loaded to the body. However, the concept has still eluded serious theoretical quantification attempts, unlike traditional computational theory. This perspective examines the notion of morphological computation from the well established theories of traditional computation and computational complexity, drawing parallels between the two, to understand the differences and similarities. Further, we look at the quantification efforts of morphological computation and attempt to link it to the unexplored field of control complexity. We argue that the development of complexity theory for control problems is necessary to study and utilize the concept of morphological computation, if it is possible.
Benefits and Challenges of Morphological Adaptation in Real-world Robots
Authors: Nygaard Tønnes F. , Glette Kyrre 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
For many years, the main target of robotics research has been how to improve control and behavior to allow robots to solve more challenging tasks. Recently, the concept of embodied intelligence has shifted this focus from pure control to a more holistic approach. The mind, body, environment, and the interactions between all these are all highly important for the performance of a robot system. This has previously been investigated in virtual robots in simulation or very simple physical robots in the lab, but the benefits for more advanced and capable real-world robots are still to be determined. We present a case study with several examples of real-world adaptation of morphology, and discuss the benefits and challenges as this direction becomes more important in the field of robotics. Taking an embodied approach promises more adaptive and robust robots, but there are many challenges that need to be addressed before wide-spread adoption in the robotics community.
Embodiment and metaphorising in the learning of mathematics
Authors: Soto-Andrade Jorge , Díaz-Rojas Daniela , Valdés-Zorrilla Amaranta 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this paper we undertake a critical reading of the Ouroboric (circular) relationship between the guiding metaphors of artificial intelligence and those of natural human intelligence, which has evolved from a vicious circle, triggered by the metaphorising of cognition as information processing, to a virtuous one, fostered by the advent of the embodied and enactive turn in cognitive science. We describe then our own experimental and theoretical approach to mathematical thinking and learning, where metaphorization plays a key role, besides embodiment and enaction. We comment on some concrete examples of mathematical thinking with different types of learners, in combinatorics, arithmetic, geometry and probability, where idiosyncratic metaphorization emerges and enacting and embodiment make a dramatic difference. We outline finally some significant challenges to contemporary AI, cognitive sciences, and mathematics proper, suggested by our examples. These challenges involve metaphorising as the tip of the iceberg in human cognition, metaphorising in intelligent systems, Ouroboric circularity, mathematical collective improvisation as an analogue of musical improvisation, group creativity and human swarm intelligence.
On the Importance of Embodiment for Artificial Design Intelligence in the Context of Sociotechnical Systems
Authors: Witte Thomas E. F. , Schwarz Jessica , Nitsch Verena 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Artificial intelligence methods are increasingly used in the design of sociotechnical systems. The design of such systems can be described as an ill-defined problem. The problem space often changes while working on a design solution. Further, an anticipation of future system states is challenging, because of possible changes of organisational, technological or other environmental aspects during the lifecycle of a sociotechnical system. Embodied artificial intelligence can help to structure the problem space. It can also act as a feedback mechanism of the inner workings of a system and its surroundings for a designer. Therefore, this short article discusses the emphasis of embodied artificial intelligence for the theory of design in the context of sociotechnical systems and its implications.
Thinking like a State : Embodied intelligence in the deep history of our collective mind
Authors: Guénin—Carlut Avel 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This article aims to show how the deep history of early State societies entails the development of a collective form of cognitive agency. It relates classical works in the anthropology of States (in particular Scott’s Seeing like a State) with the enactive account of biological and cognitive organisation, thanks to the unified ontology for self-organisation dynamics across scales offered by the Active Inference framework.
Active Inference conceives of cognition as synchronisation across individuated sensorimotor states. It entails that biological or sociocultural constraints display a minimal form of cognition by shaping the behaviour of faster dynamics in a certain way. When such constraints collectively define a basic life form (an integrated, operationally closed system), they can therefore be said to embody adaptive knowledge properly speaking.
The (en)Active Inference account I articulate here strongly motivates and methodologically grounds a holist approach in the social sciences. Indeed, it grounds the study of human societies in the role of structural constraints, whose “meaning” depends both on the broader system’s activity and in the historical context of their emergence. The present account of the dynamics of early urbanisation and State genesis aims to illustrate this approach.