bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engaging Religious and Spiritual Differences
Authors: Cadge Wendy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter considers three case studies—the New England Seafarer’s Mission (NESM), the Boston Fire Department, and Massachusetts General Hospital—to show how chaplains and the organizations they serve responded to religious diversity over time. While some organizations—most notably prisons and the military—offer clear guidance around religious diversity, chaplains in most other settings improvise by neutralizing religious differences and/or code switching, moving between different religious and spiritual languages and registers depending on who they are engaging with and to what end. The chapter shows how they learn to do this in their training and daily work, and how they negotiate personal boundaries around authenticity in the process. Although the majority of chaplains interviewed make space for everyone—even if their personal beliefs and practices challenge their own—a few do not, pointing again to variation among chaplains as a group and the space these roles allow for individual improvisation.
The Curse
Authors: Wolff Nancy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe narrative underpinning this book—that before people commit crimes, they have most often been harmed repeatedly and inhumanely as children—begins in Chapter 1. While the criminal act involves a victim and an offender, in this narrative, victim and offender co-occur in the same person. For many, the curse of childhood harm casts a long shadow that affects brain and human development, increasing the likelihood of risk-taking and lawbreaking in adolescence and adulthood. In prison, harm continues. Authoritarian environments like prisons recreate the environments where harm began, causing retraumatization. To stop the harm, a harm-informed approach to custody is essential. A fifteenth-century Arthurian poem is used to weave together the themes of curse, shadow, and recovery.
Harm
Authors: Wolff Nancy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractChapter 2 provides a definition of, and framework for, harm (the curse). The recommended definition is ecologically framed and welfare-based, drawing on legal and philosophical frameworks of harm. Harm occurs when an act, inaction, incident, or condition adversely impacts the welfare interests of an individual. The ecosystem of harm has three levels: individual, household, and community. Surveys of harm used in correctional research are reviewed and compared to the original and adapted versions of the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Questionnaire. These harm surveys incompletely and inconsistently measure the harm experienced by justice-involved persons. A framework for measuring harm in accordance with the ecologically framed, welfare-based definition of harm is provided to guide the development of a standardized harm survey.
Childhood Harm and Its Shadow
Authors: Wolff Nancy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractChapter 3 summarizes the qualitative and quantitative evidence on childhood harm as reported by justice-involved youths and adults. Their personal narratives of childhood harm begin the chapter. Their stories include what happened—the curse—and their subsequent reactions as they aged—the shadow. The stories are then validated through the prevalence evidence on childhood harm drawn from the national and international research based on justice-involved samples. The qualitative data from the beginning of the chapter are combined to tell a meta-narrative of the shadow, which is then explained using developmental science theory and evidence. An ecobiodevelopmental framework describes the interplay among genes, environment, and personal experiences, which, for some, turns the curse of childhood harm into a lifelong shadow.
Epilogue
Authors: Flower Harriet I. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter, an epilogue by Harriet I. Flower, offers some concluding remarks to the volume. It focuses on the periodization of the Roman Republic and outlines the key features of the second century bce. In so many ways, the second century bce was the crucial century that formed the Roman community and its culture, whether political, social, literary, or expansionist. The changes it ushered in were enormous and their after-effects cannot easily be overestimated. These changes were the result of decisions, some fully conscious and others less deliberately made, that would shape the Roman experience for the rest of antiquity.
What's the Use of Philosophy?
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book aims to answer the question posed in its title, whether the questioner intends to dismiss philosophy or seeks a positive answer. The first three chapters explore the grounds for dismissal. Chapter 1 expresses skepticism about the value of much professional Anglophone philosophy, while recognizing virtues in work often viewed as peripheral. Chapter 2 studies a philosophical subfield, the philosophy of science, arguing that, while its condition may be better than the norm, it is far from perfect. In Chapter 3, a more systematic critique is offered, in the form of a pathology report. Its diagnosis identifies six justifiable philosophical impulses that, when pursued obsessively, generate distortions and diseases: clarity becomes a fetish, formalism becomes obfuscation, “intuition” is given burdens it cannot bear, appeals to the a priori sprinkle fairy dust on controversial claims, ideas grabbed from other fields are used in cartoon forms, and questions no longer relevant are treated as if they were “timeless.” Chapter 4 attempts to identify the legitimate goals of philosophy. It sees value in attempts to respond to questions arising from the difficulties of the age, in attempts to reform methods of inquiry, and, above all, in the construction of syntheses capable of helping people as they struggle to make sense of their lives. Philosophy is renewed when these traditional goals once again become central to its discussions. The final chapter responds to a frequently voiced worry in a letter to young philosophers who wonder how they can align their aspirations with the hyper-professionalism expected of them.
The Political Philosopher and the Political Life
Authors: Stuhr John J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that James developed a full-blown political philosophy, explicates its main features, and argues on behalf of its several insights. Viewing James’s politics from the context of his psychology, Section 1 explains that political theories, as conceptualizations, are the results of selective attention and interests, but they also contribute to the production of particular kinds of lives and societies. In section 2, accordingly, James’s political theory is examined under the various headings of democracy, liberalism, individualism, anti-imperialism, communitarianism, and anarchism. And, in the face of much scholarship that claims James had no political philosophy, it is shown that in fact just the opposite is the case. Section 3 details the ways in which this political philosophy is pragmatic, radically empirical, and pluralistic. In the final section, this political perspective is applied to contemporary issues such as sexism, racism, environmental degradation, war, and authoritarianism. Throughout, its democratic commitments are stressed.
The Temperament of Pragmatism
Authors: Stuhr John J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
After explaining James’s pragmatism as a philosophical method, a theory of truth, and, above all, a personal temperament, this chapter argues for the philosophical strength and value of this pragmatism. Section 1 details the three central meanings of pragmatism, linked but distinct: method, truth, temperament. Critics of pragmatism, particularly those who view pragmatism as some form of subjectivism or overly rosy view of the world, are rebutted. Section 2 explains how pragmatism naturalizes mysticism and its truth claims. Section 3 provides a critical assessment of James’s own claim that his pragmatism would be a “conquering destiny” and “epoch-making.” In section 4, this pragmatism is assessed (with a mixed verdict) from the perspective of its next century. The stress here is, in pragmatic and melioristic spirit, on practical results rather than logical argument.
Everything Here Is Plastic
Authors: Stuhr John J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains and defends a radically empirical worldview, a view of the real world as a world of dynamic relations. Section 1 explicates James’s radical empiricism and shows how he affirmed this view throughout his writings. Section 2 establishes similarities and differences between James’s theory and the transcendental empiricism and account of immanence of Gilles Deleuze, and through this detailed comparison further refines radical empiricism. Section 3 provides a companion comparison between radical empiricism and the non-reductive naturalism of George Santayana and pays special attention to the pragmatic rejection of any notion of an experience-independent nature. Finally, in section 4 these metaphysical differences are linked to temperamental differences. What appears to naturalists to be radical empiricism’s egoism is shown instead to be hope, meliorism, and belief in possibility.
Predicting and Simulating Liquidity
Authors: Lie Erik 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how to predict future cash levels. It starts by teaching how to predict the cash levels based on a set of simple assumptions. Then it extends to predicting cash distributions based on assumed distributions for sales and other relevant variables. This is done with simulations in Crystal Ball. The chapter also gives hints on how to make assumptions about standard deviations, explains the concept Value at Risk (VaR), and shows how to make histograms.
Debt Payouts and Capital Structure
Authors: Lie Erik 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The chapter argues that payouts to debtholders is yet another way to manage cash holdings. The advantage of debt payouts is their superior tax treatment compared to that for shareholder payouts. The disadvantage is that debt payouts impose a strong commitment for the firm and can result in default. Thus, debt is preferable to high shareholder payouts for firms with strong and steady prospects. The chapter concludes with a payout matrix that helps managers chose whether to pay out funds and how to do so based on various firm characteristics.
Introduction
Authors: Shattuck, Jr. Gardiner H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This introduction provides an explanation of the author’s reasons for undertaking this study of the history of the Episcopal Church’s activities in the Middle East during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries—a largely overlooked topic among historians of American Anglicanism. In addition, it offers an overview of the historiography of the American Protestant churches’ involvement in missionary activities in the Middle East, including the missionaries’ engagement with and support of Eastern Christians; a summary of the book’s narrative structure; and a brief introduction to the history of the major churches of Eastern Christianity between the first and early nineteenth centuries, including information about their theological disagreements, their ethnic and linguistic differences, and their relationship with Ottoman authorities prior to the arrival of American missionaries in the 1820s.
The Logic and Vitality of Ends in Peirce and James
Authors: Goldman Loren 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs the role of hope in the work of the American pragmatists Charles S. Peirce and William James. It argues that Peirce puts hope at the center of his philosophical system, and moreover, situates his hope in a grandly metaphysical philosophy of history, according to which the world inevitably progresses toward the manifestation of greater truth and rationality. In this regard Peirce parallels Bloch, albeit from very different foundations. The chapter argues that James makes hope a constitutive feature of social action, wherein certain states of affairs only become real thanks to a prior faith that they may be possible. Hope, therefore, underlies creative social action. In this regard James parallels Kant, albeit from very different foundations. Finally, the chapter argues that the problems encountered in the earlier chapters on Kant and Bloch then also effect these early American pragmatists.
Conclusion: Hope and the Production of a Transformable World
Authors: Goldman Loren 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This final chapter reprises the argument of the book and then examines the idea of a democratic experiment. It offers three concepts of experimentation: a laboratory model drawn from science, the idea of experiments in living drawn from John Stuart Mill, and the idea of an experimentum mundi drawn from theatre. It argues that political theory largely favors the first model at the expense of the second two, yet that hopeful political practice requires a shift in perspective that privileges experiments in living and performative experiments as the foundation of any possible progress. It concludes with an appeal to the prefigurative and aesthetic politics of Vaclav Havel.
Assistive Technology
Authors: Power Jessica , Smith Emma M. , Ebuenyi Ikenna D. , MacLachlan Malcolm 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFor many individuals who experience short- or long-term disability access to assistive products (APs) (e.g., glasses, communication aids, walking sticks) can improve quality of life by minimising or removing functional limitations and barriers to participation in society. However there is an estimated 1 billion people in need of APs globally and with aging populations this demand will continue to increase over time. Assistive technology (AT), which includes different types of APs and may incorporate various aspects of assistive technology systems (ATS), is delivered in diverse contexts, with differing resources, needs and capacity. This chapter will outline how use of a systems thinking approach for AT can address the complexity of how APs are perceived, designed, produced, manufactured, distributed, serviced, and financed, and may help in achieving greater access to APs for those who need them.
Using a Systems Approach to Understand Quality Improvement in a Nursing Home in Japan
Authors: Kodate Naonori , Obayashi Kazuko , Mannan Hasheem , Masuyama Shigeru 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
As one of the most rapidly ageing economies, Japan currently faces a shortage of care workers and a relatively low intake of migrant workers. Faced with increasing demand, rising expectations for better care, and a declining number of care workers, there is the opportunity to rethink and analyze how care can and should be provided in residential care homes, including through the support of technology, such as robots. This chapter explores a nursing home in western Tokyo where robotics-aided care has been introduced and has previously been shown to improve standards of care. Although evaluations of socially assistive robots (SARs) and safety monitoring system suggest a positive impact, the mechanism through which the technology-driven system improves care and residents’ quality of life remains unclear. Using a systems approach, the authors sought to uncover this mechanism. They found that key factors for the successful implementation of robotics-aided care stem from within the organization, with a particular focus on the concepts drawn from resilience engineering, key attributes of which are anticipating, responding, monitoring, and learning. The chapter details some of the tools that pre-dated the introduction of these technologies in the care home and use a resilience framework to analyze interview data with care staff. Using a systems approach, the researchers unearth considerations (i.e., opportunities and challenges) for the future of care delivery in an institutional setting and highlight the characteristics of a context in which technologies can be effectively introduced and successfully implemented in nursing homes.
Stillbirth
Authors: Murphy Margaret M. , Dandona Rakhi , Blencowe Hannah , Quigley Paula , Leisher Susannah Hopkins , Storey Claire , Siassakos Dimitrios , Heazell Alexander , Flenady Vicki 
Published: November 2022

AbstractStillbirth, the death of a baby at or before the time of birth, affects at least 2 million families around the world each year. The global burden of stillbirth is borne unequally, with families in Sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia, and South America most affected. Although similar to the numbers of newborn deaths, stillbirth is only recently being addressed as a global public health issue. Utilizing a systems-thinking approach to stillbirth is necessary to address the inherent complexities in reducing its burden. This chapter discusses addressing the complexities of stillbirth using the WHO Health Systems Framework and provides salient examples from global partners who are all working to reduce the ongoing deaths from stillbirth.
Getting Things Right
Authors: McHugh Conor , Way Jonathan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book has two main aims. First, it develops and defends a constitutive account of normative reasons as premises of good reasoning. This account says, roughly, that to be a normative reason for a response (such as a belief or intention) is to be premise of good reasoning, from fitting responses, to that response. Second, building on the account of reasons, it develops and defends a fittingness-first account of the structure of the normative domain. This account says that there is a single normative property, fittingness, which is normatively basic, and on which all other normative properties depend. On this view, reasons, oughts, value, and other normative phenomena all ultimately depend on fittingness. The account of normative reasons is a part of this general view of the normative domain. The book begins, in Chapter 1, by motivating the account of reasons as premises of good reasoning. Chapter 2 argues that good reasoning is, roughly, reasoning that preserves fittingness. Chapter 3 addresses the question of what fittingness is. Chapter 4 defends constitutive accounts of evaluative properties, like goodness, in terms of fitting attitudes. Chapters 5 and 6 shows how the view provides an attractive account of how reasons determine the deontic status of a response—whether you ought or may so respond. Chapter 7 addresses some challenges concerning certain reasons for belief, the relationship between reasons for action and reasons for intention, and reasons for emotion.
Working the city
Authors: Goodfellow Tom 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the economy of the marketplace and the street. In each of the three cities, major efforts to territorially restructure market trading have been undertaken in the early twenty-first century, but with divergent outcomes. The chapter explores these before then considering the arena of street vending and hawking, and the different forms of marginalization, persecution, and negotiation that characterize street life in the three cities. The chapter argues that differences in both legitimation strategies and legacies of infrastructural power here combine with varying modalities of political informality to explain the variation in street economies, and consequently the experiences of vendors, hawkers, and hustlers. The chapter argues that how these groups are connected to political regimes through negotiation, attempts at incorporation, or agendas of outright ‘invisibilization’ provide a lens onto the broader politics of urbanization in each of the three cities.
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Establishment and Maintenance of Vascular Stem Cells inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Shimadzu Shunji , Furuya Tomoyuki , Kondo Yuki 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe vascular system plays pivotal roles in transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant body. Primary vasculature is established as a continuous strand, which subsequently initiates secondary growth through cell division. Key factors regulating primary and secondary vascular developments have been identified in numerous studies, and the regulatory networks including these factors have been elucidated through omics-based approaches. However, the vascular system is composed of a variety of cells such as xylem and phloem cells, which are commonly generated from vascular stem cells. In addition, the vasculature is located deep inside the plant body, which makes it difficult to investigate the vascular development while distinguishing between vascular stem cells and developing xylem and phloem cells. Recent technical advances in the tissue-clearing method, RNA-seq analysis and tissue culture system overcome these problems by enabling the cell-type-specific analysis during vascular development, especially with a special focus on stem cells. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the establishment and maintenance of vascular stem cells.
Mapping of the Classical MutationrosetteHighlights a Role for Calcium in Wound-Induced Rooting
Authors: Modrego Abelardo , Pasternak Taras , Omary Moutasem , Albacete Alfonso , Cano Antonio , Pérez-Pérez José Manuel , Efroni Idan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractRemoval of the root system induces the formation of new roots from the remaining shoot. This process is primarily controlled by the phytohormone auxin, which interacts with other signals in a yet unresolved manner. Here, we study the classical tomato mutation rosette (ro), which lacks shoot-borne roots. ro mutants were severely inhibited in formation of wound-induced roots (WiRs) and had reduced auxin transport rates. We mapped ro to the tomato ortholog of the Arabidopsis thaliana BIG and the mammalians UBR4/p600. RO/BIG is a large protein of unknown biochemical function. In A. thaliana, BIG was implicated in regulating auxin transport and calcium homeostasis. We show that exogenous calcium inhibits WiR formation in tomato and A. thaliana ro/big mutants. Exogenous calcium antagonized the root-promoting effects of the auxin indole-3-acetic-acid but not of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, an auxin analog that is not recognized by the polar transport machinery, and accumulation of the auxin transporter PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) was sensitive to calcium levels in the ro/big mutants. Consistent with a role for calcium in mediating auxin transport, both ro/big mutants and calcium-treated wild-type plants were hypersensitive to treatment with polar auxin transport inhibitors. Subcellular localization of BIG suggests that, like its mammalian ortholog, it is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. Analysis of subcellular morphology revealed that ro/big mutants exhibited disruption in cytoplasmic streaming. We suggest that RO/BIG maintains auxin flow by stabilizing PIN membrane localization, possibly by attenuating the inhibitory effect of Ca2+ on cytoplasmic streaming.