bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical implementation gap: an interrupted time series analysis with interviews examining the impact of surgical trials on surgical practice in England
Authors: Schmidtke Kelly Ann , Evison Felicity , Grove Amy , Kudrna Laura , Tucker Olga , Metcalfe Andy , Bradbury Andrew W , Bhangu Aneel , Lilford Richard 
Published: October 2022

ObjectivesLandmark studies published near the turn of the 21st century found an implementation gap concerning the effect of evidenced-based findings on clinical practice. The current study examines the uptake of six trials that produced actionable findings to describe the effects of evidence on practice and the reasons for those effects.DesignA sequential, explanatory mixed methods study was conducted. First, a quantitative study assessed whether actionable findings from large, publicly funded elective surgical trials influenced practice. Subsequently, qualitative interviews were conducted to explain the quantitative findings.SettingChanges in NHS-funded practice were tracked across hospitals in England. Interviews were conducted online.Data and participantsThe six surgical trials were funded and published by England’s National Institute for Health Research’s Health Technology Assessment programme between 2006 and 2015. Quantitative time series analyses used data about the frequencies or proportions of relevant surgical procedures conducted in England between 2001 and 2020. Subsequently, qualitative interviews were conducted with 25 participants including study authors, surgeons and other healthcare staff in the supply chain. Transcripts were coded to identify major temporal events and Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) domains/constructs that could influence implementation. Findings were synthesised by clinical area.ResultsThe quantitative analyses reveal that practice changed in accordance with findings for three trials. In one trial (percutaneous vs nasogastric tube feed after stroke), the change took a decade to occur. In another (patella resurfacing), change anticipated the trial findings. In the third (abdominal aortic aneurysm repair), changes tracked the evolving evidence base. In the remaining trials (two about varicose veins and one about gastric reflux), practice did not change in line with findings. For varicose veins, the results were superseded by a further trial. For gastric reflux, surgical referrals declined as medical treatment increased. The exploratory qualitative analysis informed by CFIR found that evidence from sources apart from the trial in question was mentioned as a reason for non-adoption in the three trials where evidence did not affect practice and in the trial where uptake was delayed. There were no other consistent patterns in the qualitative data.ConclusionWhile practice does not always change in the direction indicated by clinical trials, our results suggest that individuals, official committees and professional societies do assimilate trial evidence. Decision-makers seem to respond to the totality of evidence such that there are often plausible reasons for not adopting the evidence of any one trial in isolation.
Experiences using a progestin-only pill in an over-the-counter environment in the United States: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Grindlay Kate , Key Katherine , Zuniga Carmela , Wollum Alexandra , Grossman Daniel , Blanchard Kelly 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundEfforts are underway to make a progestin-only pill (POP) over the counter (OTC) in the United States (US); however, little is known about POP user experiences, which could impact uptake and continuation.MethodsFrom January 2020–September 2021, we conducted a cross-sectional online survey with individuals who used OTC POPs in a US trial. We calculated descriptive statistics and Pearson chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests to assess menstrual bleeding acceptability, how OTC POP experiences compared with prior contraceptive methods, and preferred ways to get answers to questions during OTC POP use.ResultsAmong 550 adult and 115 adolescent participants, 80% (n=531) felt their menstrual bleeding was acceptable. Participants reported a range of menstrual bleeding experiences compared with prior long-acting or hormonal methods used; 58% (n=84) said the POP bleeding was similar or better and 36% (n=53) said it was worse. Among participants who used contraception in the month prior to the trial, 77% (n=201) said their overall OTC POP experience was similar or better. Top benefits compared with prior methods included less worry about pregnancy, ease of access, fewer side effects, and greater decision-making power. Adults preferred to get answers about OTC POPs via webpage or app, whereas teens preferred asking pharmacists or other healthcare providers.ConclusionsOverall, OTC POP users in a trial setting found the menstrual bleeding acceptable and the method similar to or better than previous methods. POP labelling should provide clear messaging about bleeding changes users may experience.
Prevention and treatment of premature ischaemic heart disease with European Society of Cardiology Guidelines
Authors: Zeitouni Michel , Sulman David , Silvain Johanne , Kerneis Mathieu , Guedeney Paul , Barthelemy Olivier , Brugier Delphine , Sabouret Pierre , Procopi Niki , Collet Jean-Philippe , Montalescot Gilles 
Published: October 2022

ObjectiveTo determine if the changes in the European Society Cardiology/European Atherosclerotic Society (ESC/EAS) guidelines improved the identification for primary prevention therapy in young adults at risk of a premature myocardial infarction.MethodsPatients admitted for a first ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the ePARIS registry (n=2757) between 2010 and 2018 were classified by age: <55, 55–65 and >65 years old. Using Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation 2, we evaluated whether patients would have been detected and treated with primary prevention statins before their first STEMI based on the 2021 EAS/ESC guidelines versus 2019 and 2016 guidelines. Eligibility for intensive proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9i) in secondary prevention was also assessed.ResultsFollowing 2021 ESC guidelines, 62.5% of individuals aged <55 years old would have been eligible for statins before their first STEMI, similarly to older age categories. In comparison, only 17% and 18% of young individuals would have been eligible for primary prevention statins prior to their first STEMI with 2016 and 2019 guidelines, compared with group 55–65 years (41% and 35%) and >65 years old (19% and 72%), p<0.01. After their first STEMI, 25% of patients <55 years would be eligible for PCSK9i, compared with 23.2% and 15% in patients aged 55–65 years and >65 years.ConclusionsThe 2021 ESC guidelines allowed a much better detection of young individuals before their first STEMI than prior ESC guidelines. In secondary prevention, most of young individuals did not reach low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels recommended, but only one quarter would be eligible for PCSK9i.
Systematic comparison with autoimmune liver disease identifies specific histological features of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse events
Authors: Coukos Alexander , Vionnet Julien , Obeid Michel , Bouchaab Hasna , Peters Solange , Latifyan Sofiya , Wicky Alexandre , Michielin Olivier , Chtioui Haithem , Moradpour Darius , Fasquelle François , Sempoux Christine , Fraga Montserrat 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become a mainstay of cancer treatment. Their immune-boosting quality has one major drawback, their proclivity to induce a broad array of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) affecting, among others, the liver and sharing some similarities with classic autoimmune liver diseases (AILD).We aimed to compare clinical, laboratory and histological features of patients with liver-related irAEs and AILD.MethodsWe systematically compared liver irAEs with AILD, namely autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cholangitis, regarding their clinical, laboratory, and histological features.ResultsTwenty-seven patients with liver irAEs (ICI group) and 14 patients with AILD were identified. We observed three distinct ICI-induced histological liver injury patterns: hepatitic (52%), cholangitic (19%), and mixed (29%). When comparing the ICI and AILD groups, centrilobular injury as well as granuloma formation were more prevalent in the former (p=0.067 and 0.002, respectively). CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios were heterogeneous between the two groups, without statistically significant difference but with a trend toward increased CD8+ T cells among hepatitic irAEs as compared with AIH. Pattern of liver function test alteration was predictive for the type of irAEs but did not correlate with histological severity.ConclusionsLiver irAEs have broad clinical, laboratory and histological presentations. Histological features of irAEs and AILD are distinct, likely underpinning their different immunological mechanisms.
Health information use by patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pre and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Cardwell Francesca S , Elliott Susan J , Chin Ricky , St Pierre Yvan , Choi May Y , Urowitz Murray B , Ruiz-Irastorza Guillermo , Bernatsky Sasha , Wallace Daniel J , Petri Michelle A , Manzi Susan , Bae Sang-Cheol , Shin Jung-Min , Mak Anselm , Cho Jiacai , Peschken Christine A , Ramsey-Goldman Rosalind , Fortin Paul R , Hanly John G , Pons-Estel Bernardo A , Nieto Romina , Askanase Anca D , Romero-Diaz Juanita , Mosca Marta , Bruce Ian N , Rowbottom Leigha , Mielczarek Leanne , Tse Karin , Marion Ashley , Cáhiz-González Juan Carlos , Cattoni Teresa G , Cornet Alain , Clarke Ann Elaine 
Published: October 2022

ObjectiveWe conducted an international survey of patients with SLE to assess their access, preference and trust in various health information sources pre-COVID-19 and during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsPatients with SLE were recruited from 18 observational cohorts, and patients self-reporting SLE were recruited through five advocacy organisations. Respondents completed an online survey from June 2020 to December 2021 regarding the sources of health information they accessed in the 12 months preceding (pre-11 March 2020) and during (post-11 March 2020) the pandemic. Multivariable logistic regressions assessed factors associated with accessing news and social media post-11 March 2020, and self-reporting negative impacts from health information accessed through these sources.ResultsSurveys were completed by 2111 respondents; 92.8% were female, 76.6% had postsecondary education, mean (SD) age was 48.8 (14.0) years. Lupus specialists and family physicians were the most preferred sources pre-11 March 2020 and post-11 March 2020, yet were accessed less frequently (specialists: 78.5% pre vs 70.2% post, difference −8.3%, 95% CI −10.2% to −6.5%; family physicians: 57.1% pre vs 50.0% post, difference −7.1%, 95% CI −9.2% to −5.0%), while news (53.2% pre vs 62.1% post, difference 8.9%, 95% CI 6.7% to 11.0%) and social media (38.2% pre vs 40.6% post, difference 2.4%, 95% CI 0.7% to 4.2%) were accessed more frequently post-11 March 2020 vs pre-11 March 2020. 17.2% of respondents reported negative impacts from information accessed through news/social media. Those outside Canada, older respondents or with postsecondary education were more likely to access news media. Those in Asia, Latin America or younger respondents were more likely to access social media. Those in Asia, older respondents, males or with postsecondary education in Canada, Asia or the USA were less likely to be negatively impacted.ConclusionsPhysicians, the most preferred and trusted sources, were accessed less frequently, while news and social media, less trusted sources, were accessed more frequently post-11 March 2020 vs pre-11 March 2020. Increasing accessibility to physicians, in person and virtually, may help reduce the consequences of accessing misinformation/disinformation.
Trends in the treatment of undescended testes: a pediatric tertiary care center experience from Croatia
Authors: Bašković Marko , Zaninović Luca , Sansović Ivona , Meašić Ana Maria , Katušić Bojanac Ana , Ježek Davor 
Published: October 2022

ObjectiveUndescended testes (UDT) is the most common anomaly of the male genitourinary tract. The guidelines suggest that orchidopexy in congenitally UDT should be performed between 6 months and 18 months of age, while in acquired UDT, orchidopexy should be performed before puberty. Delay in treatment increases the risk of cancer and infertility. The main aim of this study was to determine whether we meet international standards in the treatment of UDT.MethodsThe present study included all boys who underwent orchidopexy either due to congenital or acquired UDT in 2019 (from January 1 to December 31). For each group, laterality, location, associated anomalies, premature birth and in how many cases ultrasound was applied were determined. Additionally, for each group, the types of surgery, the number of necessary reoperations, and in how many cases atrophy occurred were determined. Finally, ages of referral, of clinical examination, and of orchidopexy were determined.ResultsDuring this period, 198 patients with 263 UDT underwent orchidopexy. The median time of orchidopexy for the congenital group was 30 months, while that for the acquired group was 99 months. In the congenital group up to 18 months of age, orchidopexy was performed in 16 (16%) boys, while in the acquired group up to 13 years of age, orchidopexy was performed in 95 (96.94%) boys.ConclusionGiven the well-known risks of late treatment of UDT, orchidopexy needs to be performed much earlier, especially in the congenital group.
EKO: evolution kernel operators
Authors: Candido Alessandro , Hekhorn Felix , Magni Giacomo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe present a new QCD evolution library for unpolarized parton distribution functions: . The program solves DGLAP equations up to next-to-next-to-leading order. The unique feature of is the computation of solution operators, which are independent of the boundary condition, can be stored and quickly applied to evolve several initial PDFs. The approach combines the power of N-space solutions with the flexibility of a x-space delivery, that allows for an easy interface with existing codes. The code is fully open source and written in Python, with a modular structure in order to facilitate usage, readability and possible extensions. We provide a set of benchmarks with similar available tools, finding good agreement.
Neutrino flavor oscillations in a rotating spacetime
Authors: Swami Himanshu 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe study neutrino oscillations in a rotating spacetime under the weak gravity limit for the trajectories of neutrinos which are constrained in the equatorial plane. Using the asymptotic form of the Kerr metric, we show that the rotation of the gravitational source non-trivially modifies the neutrino phase. We find that the oscillation probabilities deviate significantly from the corresponding results in the Schwarzschild spacetime when neutrinos are produced near the black hole (still in the weak-gravity limit) with non-zero angular momentum and detected on the same side, i.e., the non-lensed neutrino. Moreover, for a given gravitational body and geometric parameters, there exists a distance scale for every energy scale (and vice versa), after which the rotational contribution in the neutrino phase becomes significant. Using the sun-sized gravitational body in the numerical analysis of the one-sided neutrino propagation, we show that even a small rotation of the gravitational object can significantly change the survival or appearance events of a neutrino flavor registered by the detector, which is located on the earth. These effects are expected to be prominent for cosmological/astrophysical scenarios where neutrinos travel past by many (rotating) gravitational bodies and for large distances. Thus rotational effects of all such bodies must be incorporated in analyzing oscillations data.
Revisiting diagonal tetrads: new Black Hole solutions in f(T) gravity
Authors: Awad Adel , Golovnev Alexey , Guzmán María-José , El Hanafy Waleed 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe study various forms of diagonal tetrads that accommodate Black Hole solutions in f(T) gravity with certain symmetries. As is well-known, vacuum spherically symmetric diagonal tetrads lead to rather boring cases of constant torsion scalars. We extend this statement to other possible horizon topologies, namely, spherical, hyperbolic and planar horizons. All such cases are forced to have constant torsion scalars to satisfy the anti-symmetric part of the field equations. We give a full classification of possible vacuum static solutions of this sort. Furthermore, we discuss addition of time-dependence in all the above cases. We also show that if all the components of a diagonal tetrad depend only on one coordinate, then the anti-symmetric part of the field equations is automatically satisfied. This result applies to the flat horizon case with Cartesian coordinates. For solutions with a planar symmetry (or a flat horizon), one can naturally use Cartesian coordinates on the horizon. In this case, we show that the presence of matter is required for existence of non-trivial solutions. This is a novel and very interesting feature of these constructions. We present two new exact solutions, the first is a magnetic Black Hole which is the magnetic dual of a known electrically charged Black Hole in literature. The second is a dyonic Black Hole with electric and magnetic charges. We present some features of these Black holes, namely, extremality conditions, mass, behavior of torsion and curvature scalars near the singularity.
Values throughout the Game Space
Authors: Jerrett Adam , Howell Peter Mark 
Published: October 2022

Pro-social themes like empathy and wellbeing are gaining popularity within games to contrast the medium's stigmatised explorations of themes like violence, often to catalyse reflection or even change players' beliefs surrounding complex scenarios. These abstract themes can be classified as a game's "values": elements that are "useful or important" to game designers and their audience.
Exploration of values in games was spearheaded by Values at Play, which described how values manifest in games and advocated for their explicit consideration within games and their discourse. Frameworks such as empathy, ethical, and anti-oppressive design all discuss similar values, but present ontological diversity that makes it difficult to collate games and frameworks under the values-conscious design umbrella. Such frameworks also often focus on design approaches and small-scale prototypes but pay less attention to how values influence aspects like publication and play. As such, the present research examines values within each stage of a game's lifecycle: design, development, publication, interaction, and reportage. Doing so provides an understanding of values in multiple game contexts. This provides new perspectives that form the basis of a taxonomy for values in games, which is then presented alongside practical questions for values-conscious designers, publishers, and players to guide its use.
AnICA: analyzing inconsistencies in microarchitectural code analyzers
Authors: Ritter Fabian , Hack Sebastian 
Published: October 2022

Microarchitectural code analyzers, i.e., tools that estimate the throughput of
machine code basic blocks, are important utensils in the tool belt of
performance engineers. Recent tools like llvm-mca, uiCA, and Ithemal use a
variety of techniques and different models for their throughput predictions.
When put to the test, it is common to see these state-of-the-art tools give
very different results. These inconsistencies are either errors, or they point
to different and rarely documented assumptions made by the tool designers.
In this paper, we present AnICA, a tool taking inspiration from differential
testing and abstract interpretation to systematically analyze inconsistencies
among these code analyzers. Our evaluation shows that AnICA can summarize
thousands of inconsistencies in a few dozen descriptions that directly lead to
high-level insights into the different behavior of the tools. In several case
studies, we further demonstrate how AnICA automatically finds and characterizes
known and unknown bugs in llvm-mca, as well as a quirk in AMD's Zen
microarchitectures.
Incremental type-checking for free: using scope graphs to derive incremental type-checkers
Authors: Zwaan Aron , van Antwerpen Hendrik , Visser Eelco 
Published: October 2022

Fast analysis response times in IDEs are essential for a good editor experience.
Incremental type-checking can provide that in a scalable fashion.
However, existing techniques are not reusable between languages.
Moreover, mutual and dynamic dependencies preclude traditional approaches to incrementality.
This makes finding automatic approaches to incremental type-checking a challenging but important open question.
In this paper, we present a technique that automatically derives incremental type-checkers from type system specifications written in the Statix meta-DSL.
We use name resolution queries in scope graphs (a generic model of name binding embedded in Statix) to derive dependencies between compilation units.
A novel query confirmation algorithm finds queries for which the answer changed due to an edit in the program.
Only units with such queries require reanalysis.
The effectiveness of this algorithm is improved by
(1) splitting the type-checking task into a context-free and a context-sensitive part, and
(2) reusing a generic mechanism to resolve mutual dependencies.
This automatically yields incremental type-checkers for any Statix specification.
Compared to non-incremental parallel execution, we achieve speedups up to 147x on synthetic benchmarks, and up to 21x on real-world projects, with initial overheads below 10%.
This suggests that our framework can provide efficient incremental type-checking to the wide range of languages supported by Statix.
A general construction for abstract interpretation of higher-order automatic differentiation
Authors: Laurel Jacob , Yang Rem , Ugare Shubham , Nagel Robert , Singh Gagandeep , Misailovic Sasa 
Published: October 2022

We present a novel, general construction to abstractly interpret higher-order automatic differentiation (AD). Our construction allows one to instantiate an abstract interpreter for computing derivatives up to a chosen order. Furthermore, since our construction reduces the problem of abstractly reasoning about derivatives to abstractly reasoning about real-valued straight-line programs, it can be instantiated with almost any numerical abstract domain, both relational and non-relational. We formally establish the soundness of this construction.We implement our technique by instantiating our construction with both the non-relational interval domain and the relational zonotope domain to compute both first and higher-order derivatives. In the latter case, we are the first to apply a relational domain to automatic differentiation for abstracting higher-order derivatives, and hence we are also the first abstract interpretation work to track correlations across not only different variables, but different orders of derivatives.We evaluate these instantiations on multiple case studies, namely robustly explaining a neural network and more precisely computing a neural network’s Lipschitz constant. For robust interpretation, first and second derivatives computed via zonotope AD are up to 4.76× and 6.98× more precise, respectively, compared to interval AD. For Lipschitz certification, we obtain bounds that are up to 11,850× more precise with zonotopes, compared to the state-of-the-art interval-based tool.