bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Occurrence of Large Floods in the United States in the Modern Hydroclimate Regime: Seasonality, Trends, and Large‐Scale Climate Associations
Authors: Collins M. J. , Hodgkins G. A. , Archfield S. A. , Hirsch R. M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMany studies investigate river floods by analyzing annual maximum series that record the largest flow of each year, including many within‐bank events inconsequential for human communities. Fewer focus on larger floods, especially at the continental scale. Using 473 streamgages across the conterminous United States with near‐natural flow from 1966 to 2015, we characterized the seasonality, occurrence, and climatic associations of the 10 largest and 2 largest floods at each site. These are often overbank events that have ecosystem functions and pose risks to humans. We grouped sites into 14 clusters corresponding to climatic and physiographic regions and characterized their flood seasonality at a monthly resolution using a probabilistic method. We then evaluated annual occurrence regionally and nationally, and seasonal occurrence regionally, by complementing a traditional approach to trend analyses with a novel method based on expected occurrence. Relationships between flood occurrence and climate indices were also investigated. Large floods have strong seasonality in some regions, but in areas with numerous flood‐generating mechanisms, seasonality is more complex. There is little evidence nationally that large riverine floods are more or less frequent than expected in recent years and only two regions show significant trends in annual counts; few show seasonal trends. We found some regional relationships between flood counts and climate indices, annually and seasonally; nationally the Pacific North American pattern is related to annual counts of the 2 largest floods. Large‐flood occurrence was generally stable across the United States in the last five decades; this may or may not continue with projected warming.
Demystifying a Family-Based Epilepsy Adherence Problem-Solving Intervention: Exploring Adherence Barriers and Solutions
Authors: Williford Desireé N. , Guilfoyle Shanna M. , Modi Avani C. 
Published: February 2022

Objective: Barriers to medication adherence are common in pediatric epilepsy and associated with nonadherence, suboptimal seizure outcomes, and quality of life. A manualized, family-tailored education and problem-solving adherence intervention to address adherence barriers was tested in a randomized controlled trial in young children (2–12 years) with epilepsy. Study aims were to identify the adherence barriers and solutions chosen by families during intervention. Method: Participants with demonstrated suboptimal adherence were randomized to either education attention control or treatment. In this exploratory, secondary analysis, treatment group data were examined, including adherence barriers and solutions discussed during face-to-face problem-solving sessions and telephone follow-ups. Treatment data were independently coded utilizing codebook thematic analysis. Results: Twenty-seven children were randomized to treatment ( M = 7.5 ± 2.9; 59.1% female). Across sessions, coding revealed 10 adherence barriers: Overall Forgetting (38–57%), Change of Routine (14–24%), Competing Activities (5–19%), Opposition (0–9%), Transition of Responsibility (0–5%), Running Out of Medication (0–10%), Forgetting During Travel (0–10%), Medication Not a Priority (0–5%), Medication Taste (0–5%), and Pill Swallowing (0–5%). Eight solution types were chosen and implemented by families: Environmental Cuing (29–50%), Multi-Pronged solutions (0–24%), Positive Reinforcement (14–23%), Backup Doses (0–14%), Refill Tracking (0–10%), Caregiver Modeling of Adherence Behavior (0–5%), Pill Swallowing Intervention (0–5%), and Other (0–5%). A ninth solution type, Caregiver Reminders, was often incorporated into Multi-Pronged solutions. Conclusions: Results highlight key adherence barriers identified by families of children with epilepsy and solutions implemented to address them. These data provide guidance to health care teams on how to successfully address adherence barriers in clinical settings. Implications for Impact Statement This study reduces gaps between research and practice by highlighting family-identified medication adherence barriers and solutions successfully implemented over time by families of young children with epilepsy.
Insulin-like growth factor I mitigates post-traumatic stress by inhibiting AMP-kinase in orexin neurons
Authors: Fernández de Sevilla M. Estrella , Pignatelli Jaime , Zegarra-Valdivia Jonathan A. , Mendez Pablo , Nuñez Angel , Torres Alemán Ignacio 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMaladaptive coping behaviors are probably involved in post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), but underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We now report that mice lacking functional insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptors in orexin neurons of the lateral hypothalamus (Firoc mice) are unresponsive to the anxiolytic actions of IGF-I and develop PTSD-like behavior that is ameliorated by inhibition of orexin neurons. Conversely, systemic IGF-I treatment ameliorated PTSD-like behavior in a wild-type mouse model of PTSD (PTSD mice). Further, systemic IGF-I modified the GABA/Glutamate synaptic structure in orexin neurons of naïve wild-type mice by increasing the dephosphorylation of GABA(B) receptor subunit through inhibition of AMP-kinase (AMPK). Significantly, pharmacological inhibition of AMPK mimicked IGF-I, normalizing fear behavior in PTSD mice. Thus, we suggest that IGF-I enables coping behaviors by balancing E/I input onto orexin neurons in a context-dependent manner. These observations provide a novel therapeutic approach to PTSD through modulation of AMPK.
Association of vision impairment and blindness with socioeconomic status in adults 50 years and older from Alto Amazonas, Peru
Authors: Nesemann John M. , Morocho-Alburqueque Noelia , Quincho-Lopez Alvaro , Muñoz Marleny , Liliana-Talero Sandra , Harding-Esch Emma M. , Saboyá-Díaz Martha Idalí , Honorio-Morales Harvy A. , Durand Salomón , Carey-Angeles Cristiam A. , Klausner Jeffrey D. , Lescano Andres G. , Keenan Jeremy D. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Objective
To determine the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and visual impairment (VI) or blindness in the rural Peruvian Amazon, hypothesizing that higher SES would have a protective effect on the odds of VI or blindness.

Methods
In this cross-sectional study of 16 rural communities in the Peruvian Amazon, consenting adults aged ≥ 50 years were recruited from ~30 randomly selected households per village. Each household was administered a questionnaire and had a SES score constructed using principal components analysis. Blindness and VI were determined using a ministry of health 3-meter visual acuity card.

Results
Overall, 207 adults aged ≥ 50 were eligible; 146 (70.5%) completed visual acuity screening and answered the questionnaire. Of those 146 participants who completed presenting visual acuity screening, 57 (39.0%, 95% CI 30.2–47.1) were classified as visually impaired and 6 (4.1%, 95% CI 0.9–7.3) as blind. Belonging to the highest SES tercile had a protective effect on VI or blindness (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.91, p = 0.034), with a linear trend across decreasing levels of SES (p = 0.019). This observed effect remained significant regardless of how SES groups were assigned.

Conclusion
Belonging to a higher SES group resulted in a lower odds of VI or blindness compared to those in the lowest SES group. The observation of a dose response provides confidence in the observed association, but causality remains unclear. Blindness prevention programs could maximize impact by designing activities that specifically target people with lower SES.
Impact of cessation of regular cataract surgery during the COVID pandemic on the rates of posterior capsular rupture and post-operative cystoid macular oedema
Authors: Theodoraki Korina , Naderi Khayam , Lam Chun Fung Jeffrey , Tan Jit Kai , Jameel Ashmal , Lai Lily , Garcia Luis Onrubia , Low Sancy , Bhogal Mani , Robbie Scott , O’Brart David 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background/objectives
During the COVID-19, elective cataract surgery (CS) was significantly curtailed. We investigated whether consequent reduction of micro-surgical skills practice might lead to higher operative complications.

Methods
Single-centre, electronic note review of consecutive patients undergoing CS during three periods: 1st February 2019 to 13th January 2020 (P1) prior to pandemic; 3rd June 2020 to 11th January 2021 after 1st lockdown (P2); and 25th January to 30th July 2021 (P3) after/during second lockdown.

Results
2276 operations occurred during P1, 999 during P2, 846 during P3. During P1, posterior capsular rupture (PCR) rate was 1.67%, similar to P2 (1.30%, p = 0.54), but lower than P3 (3.55%, p = 0.002). There was no difference in PCR risk percentage scores between routine and PCR cases during P1 (1.90% vs 2.03%, p = 0.83), P2 (2% vs 2.18%, p = 0.18), or P3 (1.87% vs. 2.71%, p = 0.08). During P2 and P3, there was a higher rate of cystoid macular oedema (CMO) compared with P1 (4.9% and 6.86% vs. 1.93%, p = 0.0001), with no differences in proportion of diabetics or cases with CMO in combination with PCR. There was no difference in surgeons grade experiencing PCR.

Conclusions
In P3 following 9 months of curtailed elective CS, PCR rates were increased across all surgeon grades, occurring in cases with similar risk percentage scores. CMO rates were increased during COVID and not related to proportion of diabetics or increased PCR rates. The reduction in elective CS during the pandemic was associated with more complications, perhaps due to attenuation of microsurgical skills.
ACE2 binding is an ancestral and evolvable trait of sarbecoviruses
Authors: Starr Tyler N. , Zepeda Samantha K. , Walls Alexandra C. , Greaney Allison J. , Alkhovsky Sergey , Veesler David , Bloom Jesse D. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTwo different sarbecoviruses have caused major human outbreaks in the past two decades1,2. Both of these sarbecoviruses, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, engage ACE2 through the spike receptor-binding domain2–6. However, binding to ACE2 orthologues of humans, bats and other species has been observed only sporadically among the broader diversity of bat sarbecoviruses7–11. Here we use high-throughput assays12 to trace the evolutionary history of ACE2 binding across a diverse range of sarbecoviruses and ACE2 orthologues. We find that ACE2 binding is an ancestral trait of sarbecovirus receptor-binding domains that has subsequently been lost in some clades. Furthermore, we reveal that bat sarbecoviruses from outside Asia can bind to ACE2. Moreover, ACE2 binding is highly evolvable—for many sarbecovirus receptor-binding domains, there are single amino-acid mutations that enable binding to new ACE2 orthologues. However, the effects of individual mutations can differ considerably between viruses, as shown by the N501Y mutation, which enhances the human ACE2-binding affinity of several SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern12 but substantially decreases it for SARS-CoV-1. Our results point to the deep ancestral origin and evolutionary plasticity of ACE2 binding, broadening the range of sarbecoviruses that should be considered to have spillover potential.
Genome-wide analysis of 102,084 migraine cases identifies 123 risk loci and subtype-specific risk alleles
Authors: Hautakangas Heidi , Winsvold Bendik S. , Ruotsalainen Sanni E. , Bjornsdottir Gyda , Harder Aster V. E. , Kogelman Lisette J. A. , Thomas Laurent F. , Noordam Raymond , Benner Christian , Gormley Padhraig , Artto Ville , Banasik Karina , Bjornsdottir Anna , Boomsma Dorret I. , Brumpton Ben M. , Burgdorf Kristoffer Sølvsten , Buring Julie E. , Chalmer Mona Ameri , de Boer Irene , Dichgans Martin , Erikstrup Christian , Färkkilä Markus , Garbrielsen Maiken Elvestad , Ghanbari Mohsen , Hagen Knut , Häppölä Paavo , Hottenga Jouke-Jan , Hrafnsdottir Maria G. , Hveem Kristian , Johnsen Marianne Bakke , Kähönen Mika , Kristoffersen Espen S. , Kurth Tobias , Lehtimäki Terho , Lighart Lannie , Magnusson Sigurdur H. , Malik Rainer , Pedersen Ole Birger , Pelzer Nadine , Penninx Brenda W. J. H. , Ran Caroline , Ridker Paul M. , Rosendaal Frits R. , Sigurdardottir Gudrun R. , Skogholt Anne Heidi , Sveinsson Olafur A. , Thorgeirsson Thorgeir E. , Ullum Henrik , Vijfhuizen Lisanne S. , Widén Elisabeth , van Dijk Ko Willems ,   International Headache Genetics Consortium, de Boer Irene , van den Maagdenberg Arn M. J. M. ,   HUNT All-in Headache,   Danish Blood Donor Study Genomic Cohort, Aromaa Arpo , Belin Andrea Carmine , Freilinger Tobias , Ikram M. Arfan , Järvelin Marjo-Riitta , Raitakari Olli T. , Terwindt Gisela M. , Kallela Mikko , Wessman Maija , Olesen Jes , Chasman Daniel I. , Nyholt Dale R. , Stefánsson Hreinn , Stefansson Kari , van den Maagdenberg Arn M. J. M. , Hansen Thomas Folkmann , Ripatti Samuli , Zwart John-Anker , Palotie Aarno , Pirinen Matti 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMigraine affects over a billion individuals worldwide but its genetic underpinning remains largely unknown. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study of 102,084 migraine cases and 771,257 controls and identified 123 loci, of which 86 are previously unknown. These loci provide an opportunity to evaluate shared and distinct genetic components in the two main migraine subtypes: migraine with aura and migraine without aura. Stratification of the risk loci using 29,679 cases with subtype information indicated three risk variants that seem specific for migraine with aura (in HMOX2, CACNA1A and MPPED2), two that seem specific for migraine without aura (near SPINK2 and near FECH) and nine that increase susceptibility for migraine regardless of subtype. The new risk loci include genes encoding recent migraine-specific drug targets, namely calcitonin gene-related peptide (CALCA/CALCB) and serotonin 1F receptor (HTR1F). Overall, genomic annotations among migraine-associated variants were enriched in both vascular and central nervous system tissue/cell types, supporting unequivocally that neurovascular mechanisms underlie migraine pathophysiology.
Establishment of reference standards for multifaceted mosaic variant analysis
Authors: Ha Yoo-Jin , Oh Myung Joon , Kim Junhan , Kim Jisoo , Kang Seungseok , Minna John D. , Kim Hyun Seok , Kim Sangwoo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDetection of somatic mosaicism in non-proliferative cells is a new challenge in genome research, however, the accuracy of current detection strategies remains uncertain due to the lack of a ground truth. Herein, we sought to present a set of ultra-deep sequenced WES data based on reference standards generated by cell line mixtures, providing a total of 386,613 mosaic single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertion-deletion mutations (INDELs) with variant allele frequencies (VAFs) ranging from 0.5% to 56%, as well as 35,113,417 non-variant and 19,936 germline variant sites as a negative control. The whole reference standard set mimics the cumulative aspect of mosaic variant acquisition such as in the early developmental stage owing to the progressive mixing of cell lines with established genotypes, ultimately unveiling 741 possible inter-sample relationships with respect to variant sharing and asymmetry in VAFs. We expect that our reference data will be essential for optimizing the current use of mosaic variant detection strategies and for developing algorithms to enable future improvements.
The involvement of cyclotides in mutual interactions of violets and the two-spotted spider mite
Authors: Slazak Blazej , Jędrzejska Aleksandra , Badyra Bogna , Sybilska Anna , Lewandowski Mariusz , Kozak Marcin , Kapusta Małgorzata , Shariatgorji Reza , Nilsson Anna , Andrén Per E. , Göransson Ulf , Kiełkiewicz Małgorzata 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPlants employ different chemicals to protect themselves from herbivory. These defenses may be constitutive or triggered by stress. The chemicals can be toxic, act as repellents, phagosuppressants and/or phago-deterrents. The two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) is a generalist arthropod herbivorous pest and its feeding causes extensive damage both to crops and wild plants. Cyclotides are cyclic peptides involved in host-plant defenses. A single Viola sp. can produce more than a hundred cyclotides with different biological activities and roles. The organ and tissue specific cyclotide patterns change over the seasons and/or with environment, but the role of biotic/abiotic stress in shaping them remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of cyclotides in mutual interactions between violets and mites. We used immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry imaging to show the ingested cyclotides in T. urticae and assess the Viola odorata response to mite feeding. Moreover, to assess how mites are affected by feeding on violets, acceptance and reproductive performance was compared between Viola uliginosa, V. odorata and Phaseolus vulgaris. We demonstrate that cyclotides had been taken in by mites feeding on the violets. The ingested peptides were found in contact with epithelial cells of the mite digestive system, in the fecal matter, feces, ovary and eggs. Mites preferred common bean plants (P. vulgaris) to any of the violet species; the latter affected their reproductive performance. The production of particular cyclotides in V. odorata (denoted by molecular weights: 2979, 3001, 3017, 3068, 3084, 3123) was activated by mite feeding and their levels were significantly elevated compared to the control after 5 and 21 days of infestation. Specific cyclotides may affect mites by being indigestible or through direct interaction with cells in the mite digestive tract and reproductive organs. A group of particular peptides in V. odorata appears to be involved in defense response against herbivores.
Maternal age and maternal environment affect egg composition, yolk testosterone, offspring growth and behaviour in laying hens
Authors: Widowski Tina M. , Cooley Leanne , Hendriksen Simone , Peixoto Mariana Roedel Lopez Vieira 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMaternal effects have been reported to alter offspring phenotype in laying hens. In this study, we investigated the effects of maternal environment and maternal age on egg traits and offspring development and behaviour. For this, we ran two experiments. First (E1), commercial hybrid hens were reared either in aviary or barren brooding cages, then housed in aviary, conventional cages or furnished (enriched) cages, thus forming different maternal housing treatments. Hens from each treatment were inseminated at three ages, and measures of egg composition, yolk testosterone concentration and offspring’s development, anxiety and fearfulness were assessed. In experiment 2 (E2), maternal age effects on offspring's growth and behaviour were further investigated using fertile eggs from commercial breeder flocks at three different ages. Results from E1 showed that Old hens laid heavier eggs with less yolk testosterone and produced offspring with fewer indicators of anxiety and fearfulness. Maternal rearing and housing affected egg traits, offspring weight and behaviour, but not in a consistent way. Effects of maternal age were not replicated in E2, possibly due to differences in management or higher tolerance to maternal effects in commercial breeders. Overall, our research confirms that maternal age and maternal environment affects egg composition, with maternal age specifically affecting yolk testosterone concentration, which may mediate physical and behavioural effects in offspring.
Semantic segmentation of COVID-19 lesions with a multiscale dilated convolutional network
Authors: Zhang Jianxiong , Ding Xuefeng , Hu Dasha , Jiang Yuming 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAutomatic segmentation of infected lesions from computed tomography (CT) of COVID-19 patients is crucial for accurate diagnosis and follow-up assessment. The remaining challenges are the obvious scale difference between different types of COVID-19 lesions and the similarity between the lesions and normal tissues. This work aims to segment lesions of different scales and lesion boundaries correctly by utilizing multiscale and multilevel features. A novel multiscale dilated convolutional network (MSDC-Net) is proposed against the scale difference of lesions and the low contrast between lesions and normal tissues in CT images. In our MSDC-Net, we propose a multiscale feature capture block (MSFCB) to effectively capture multiscale features for better segmentation of lesions at different scales. Furthermore, a multilevel feature aggregate (MLFA) module is proposed to reduce the information loss in the downsampling process. Experiments on the publicly available COVID-19 CT Segmentation dataset demonstrate that the proposed MSDC-Net is superior to other existing methods in segmenting lesion boundaries and large, medium, and small lesions, and achieves the best results in Dice similarity coefficient, sensitivity and mean intersection-over-union (mIoU) scores of 82.4%, 81.1% and 78.2%, respectively. Compared with other methods, the proposed model has an average improvement of 10.6% and 11.8% on Dice and mIoU. Compared with the existing methods, our network achieves more accurate segmentation of lesions at various scales and lesion boundaries, which will facilitate further clinical analysis. In the future, we consider integrating the automatic detection and segmentation of COVID-19, and conduct research on the automatic diagnosis system of COVID-19.
Cyber-physical defense in the quantum Era
Authors: Barbeau Michel , Garcia-Alfaro Joaquin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNetworked-Control Systems (NCSs), a type of cyber-physical systems, consist of tightly integrated computing, communication and control technologies. While being very flexible environments, they are vulnerable to computing and networking attacks. Recent NCSs hacking incidents had major impact. They call for more research on cyber-physical security. Fears about the use of quantum computing to break current cryptosystems make matters worse. While the quantum threat motivated the creation of new disciplines to handle the issue, such as post-quantum cryptography, other fields have overlooked the existence of quantum-enabled adversaries. This is the case of cyber-physical defense research, a distinct but complementary discipline to cyber-physical protection. Cyber-physical defense refers to the capability to detect and react in response to cyber-physical attacks. Concretely, it involves the integration of mechanisms to identify adverse events and prepare response plans, during and after incidents occur. In this paper, we assume that the eventually available quantum computer will provide an advantage to adversaries against defenders, unless they also adopt this technology. We envision the necessity for a paradigm shift, where an increase of adversarial resources because of quantum supremacy does not translate into a higher likelihood of disruptions. Consistently with current system design practices in other areas, such as the use of artificial intelligence for the reinforcement of attack detection tools, we outline a vision for next generation cyber-physical defense layers leveraging ideas from quantum computing and machine learning. Through an example, we show that defenders of NCSs can learn and improve their strategies to anticipate and recover from attacks.