bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations Between E-cigarette Use and E-cigarette Flavors With Cigarette Smoking Quit Attempts and Quit Success: Evidence From a U.S. Large, Nationally Representative 2018–2019 Survey
Authors: Mok Yoonseo , Jeon Jihyoun , Levy David T , Meza Rafael 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Although many studies have examined the association between e-cigarette use and smoking cessation, fewer have considered the impact of e-cigarette flavors on cessation outcomes. This study extends previous studies by examining the effects of e-cigarette use and e-cigarette flavors on quit attempts and quit success of smoking.

Aims and Methods
We used data from the 2018–2019 Tobacco Use Supplement-Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS) survey. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the associations between flavored e-cigarette use with quit attempts and quit success of smoking among individuals who smoked 12 months ago. Two current e-cigarette use definitions were used in these logistic regression analyses; currently use every day or some days versus 20+ days in the past 30 days.

Results
Compared to those not using e-cigarettes, current every day or someday e-cigarette use with all nontobacco flavors had an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 2.9 (95% CI: 2.4 to 3.5) for quit attempts and 1.7 (95% CI: 1.3 to 2.2) for quit success. 20+ days e-cigarette use with flavors had stronger associations with quit attempts (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI: 3.1 to 5.5) and quit success (AOR = 4.0, 95% CI: 2.9 to 5.4). E-cigarette users with nontobacco flavors were more likely to succeed in quitting compared to those exclusively using non-flavored or tobacco-flavored e-cigarettes. Menthol or mint flavor users had slightly higher odds of quit attempts and success than users of other nontobacco flavors.

Conclusions
E-cigarette use is positively associated with both making smoking quit attempts and quit success. Those using flavored e-cigarettes, particularly menthol or mint, are more likely to quit successfully.

Implications
E-cigarette use is positively associated with both making a quit attempt and quit success, and those using flavored e-cigarettes are more likely to successfully quit smoking, with no statistically significant differences between the use of menthol or mint-flavored e-cigarettes versus the use of other nontobacco flavored products. This suggests that the potential for e-cigarettes to help people who currently smoke quit could be maintained with the availability of menthol or mint-flavored e-cigarettes, even if other nontobacco flavored products, which are associated with e-cigarette use among youth, were removed from the market.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Knowledge, Attitudes, and Self-Efficacy Among Family Planning Providers in the Southern United States: Bridging the Gap in Provider Training
Authors: Ramakrishnan Aditi , Sales Jessica M , McCumber Micah , Powell Leah , Sheth Anandi N 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention intervention, but its access and use are suboptimal, especially for women. Healthcare providers provision of PrEP is a key component of the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative. Although training gaps are an identified barrier, evidence is lacking regarding how to tailor trainings for successful implementation. Title X family planning clinics deliver safety net care for women and are potential PrEP delivery sites. To inform provider training, we assessed PrEP knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy in the steps of PrEP care among Title X providers in the Southern United States.

Methods
We used data from providers in clinics that did not currently provide PrEP from a web-based survey administered to Title X clinic staff in 18 Southern states from February to June 2018. We developed generalized linear mixed models to evaluate associations between provider-, clinic-, and county-level variables with provider knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy in PrEP care, guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.

Results
Among 351 providers from 193 clinics, 194 (55%) were nonprescribing and 157 (45%) were prescribing providers. Provider ability to prescribe medications was significantly associated PrEP knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy was lowest in the PrEP initiation step of PrEP care and was positively associated with PrEP attitudes, PrEP knowledge, and contraception self-efficacy.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that PrEP training gaps for family planning providers may be bridged by addressing unfavorable PrEP attitudes, integrating PrEP and contraception training, tailoring training by prescribing ability, and focusing on the initiation steps of PrEP care.
Recurrent Candidemia: Trends and Risk Factors Among Persons Residing in 4 US States, 2011–2018
Authors: Seagle Emma E , Jackson Brendan R , Lockhart Shawn R , Jenkins Emily N , Revis Andrew , Farley Monica M , Harrison Lee H , Schaffner William , Markus Tiffanie M , Pierce Rebecca A , Zhang Alexia Y , Lyman Meghan M 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
Candidemia is a common healthcare-associated infection with high mortality. Estimates of recurrence range from 1% to 17%. Few studies have focused on those with recurrent candidemia, who often experience more severe illness and greater treatment failure. We describe recurrent candidemia trends and risk factors.

Methods
We analyzed population-based candidemia surveillance data collected during 2011–2018. Persons with &gt;1 episode (defined as the 30-day period after a positive Candida species) were classified as having recurrent candidemia. We compared factors during the initial episode between those who developed recurrent candidemia and those who did not.

Results
Of the 5428 persons identified with candidemia, 326 (6%) had recurrent infection. Recurrent episodes occurred 1.0 month to 7.6 years after any previous episode. In multivariable logistic regression controlling for surveillance site and year, recurrent candidemia was associated with being 19–44 years old (vs ≥65 years; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.05 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.10–4.44]), being discharged to a private residence (vs medical facility; aOR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.12–2.08]), hospitalization in the 90 days prior to initial episode (aOR, 1.66 [95% CI, 1.27–2.18]), receipt of total parenteral nutrition (aOR, 2.08 [95% CI, 1.58–2.73]), and hepatitis C infection (aOR, 1.65 [95% CI, 1.12–2.43]).

Conclusions
Candidemia recurrence &gt;30 days after initial infection occurred in &gt;1 in 20 persons with candidemia. Associations with younger age and hepatitis C suggest injection drug use may play a modifiable role. Prevention efforts targeting central line care and total parenteral nutrition use may help reduce the risk of recurrent candidemia.
Beyond Sex: Human Monkeypox Virus is an Emerging Threat to Marginalized Populations
Authors: Barocas Joshua A , Strathdee Steffanie A 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The human version of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) is establishing itself to various degrees across the globe. While substantial attention has been focused on sexual risk, particularly among men who have sex with men, other populations are vulnerable to this virus. In particular, people experiencing homelessness and those with substance use disorders are vulnerable to MPXV. Overcrowded and unsanitary shelter conditions and city policies that force the relocation of people experiencing homelessness provide ample opportunity for the virus to flourish in this population. Furthermore, people with substance use disorders, specifically those who inject drugs, are at increased risk due to lack of access to sterile injection equipment. Herein, we present a spectrum of structural determinants underpinning increased risks in these populations and recommendations that could help mitigate the spread.
Anatomical adjustments of the tree hydraulic pathway decrease canopy conductance under long-term elevated CO2
Authors: Gattmann Marielle , McAdam Scott A M , Birami Benjamin , Link Roman , Nadal-Sala Daniel , Schuldt Bernhard , Yakir Dan , Ruehr Nadine K 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The cause of reduced leaf-level transpiration under elevated CO2 remains largely elusive. Here, we assessed stomatal, hydraulic, and morphological adjustments in a long-term experiment on Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) seedlings germinated and grown for 22–40 months under elevated (eCO2; c. 860 ppm) or ambient (aCO2; c. 410 ppm) CO2. We assessed if eCO2-triggered reductions in canopy conductance (gc) alter the response to soil or atmospheric drought and are reversible or lasting due to anatomical adjustments by exposing eCO2 seedlings to decreasing [CO2]. To quantify underlying mechanisms, we analyzed leaf abscisic acid (ABA) level, stomatal and leaf morphology, xylem structure, hydraulic efficiency, and hydraulic safety. Effects of eCO2 manifested in a strong reduction in leaf-level gc (−55%) not caused by ABA and not reversible under low CO2 (c. 200 ppm). Stomatal development and size were unchanged, while stomatal density increased (+18%). An increased vein-to-epidermis distance (+65%) suggested a larger leaf resistance to water flow. This was supported by anatomical adjustments of branch xylem having smaller conduits (−8%) and lower conduit lumen fraction (−11%), which resulted in a lower specific conductivity (−19%) and leaf-specific conductivity (−34%). These adaptations to CO2 did not change stomatal sensitivity to soil or atmospheric drought, consistent with similar xylem safety thresholds. In summary, we found reductions of gc under elevated CO2 to be reflected in anatomical adjustments and decreases in hydraulic conductivity. As these water savings were largely annulled by increases in leaf biomass, we do not expect alleviation of drought stress in a high CO2 atmosphere.
The effect of nut growth limitation on triose phosphate utilization and downregulation of photosynthesis in almond
Authors: Gutiérrez-Gordillo S , García-Tejero I F , Durán Zuazo V H , Diaz-Espejo A , Hernandez-Santana V 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThere is a controversy regarding when it is appropriate to apply the irrigation restriction in almond trees (Prunus dulcis Mill.) to save water without penalizing yield. We hypothesized that knowing when plants demand fewer photoassimilates would be a good indicator of less sensitivity of the crop to water deficit. One parameter that defines the photosynthetic capacity is the triose phosphate utilization (TPU). Due to its connection to the export of sugars from the leaves to other sink organs, it is a good candidate for being such an indicator. The objective was to analyze the seasonal evolution of the photosynthetic capacity of three almond cultivars (cvs Guara, Marta and Lauranne) subjected to water stress during vegetative, kernel-filling and postharvest stages. Two sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) treatments (SDI75 and SDI65 with water reductions of 25 and 35%, respectively) and a control treatment (FI) consisting of fully irrigated trees were applied. The response of curves AN-Ci was analyzed to assess the maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax), maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax), TPU and mesophyll conductance to CO2. In addition, leaf water potential and yield were measured. Our experimental findings showed any significant differences in the variables analyzed among cultivars and irrigation treatments. However, consistent differences arose when the results were compared among the phenological stages. During the kernel-filling and the postharvest stages, a progressive limitation by TPU was measured, suggesting that the demand for photoassimilates by the plant was reduced. This result was supported by the correlation found between TPU and fruit growth rate. As a consequence, a downregulation in Jmax and Vcmax was also measured. This study confirms that the kernel-filling stage might be a good time to apply a reduction in the irrigation and suggests a method to detect the best moments to apply a regulated deficit irrigation in almond trees.
Dissecting an island radiation: systematic revision of endemic land snails on Lord Howe Island (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Microcystidae)
Authors: Hyman Isabel T , Caiza Jennifer , Köhler Frank 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe Lord Howe Island Microcystidae currently comprise two endemic genera containing nine species. We revise their taxonomy comprehensively using comparative morphology and phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial genes COI and 16S and demonstrate that the Lord Howe Island microcystids probably represent a single radiation. Based on our findings, we recognize Melloconcha, Tribocystis and Annacharis as junior synonyms of Innesoconcha and provide a revised generic diagnosis of Innesoconcha and redescriptions for all species. In addition, we reinstate Innesoconcha segna from synonymy and describe Innesoconcha doppelganger sp. nov., bringing the total number of accepted species in the genus to 11. Most species are well differentiated, in terms of both morphological differences and basal branch lengths in the mitochondrial trees. However, members of the Innesoconcha catletti species complex reveal lower levels of genetic and morphological differentiation and are likely to represent examples of more recent, perhaps even ongoing, speciation which might be driven by reinforcement. We recommend conservation assessments of all species, particularly Innesoconcha aberrans and Innesoconcha grata, which are rare species that have declined in abundance over the past 50 years, and note that Innesoconcha rosacea and Innesoconcha delecta appear to have become geographically more restricted. Innesoconcha miranda and I. segna are probably extinct.
Pathogenicity Variation in Two Genomes of Cercospora Species Causing Gray Leaf Spot in Maize
Authors: Cheng Zixiang , Lv Xiangling , Duan Canxing , Zhu Hanyong , Wang Jianjun , Xu Zhennan , Yin Huifei , Zhou Xiaohang , Li Mingshun , Hao Zhuafang , Li Fenghai , Li Xinhai , Weng Jianfeng 
Published: October 2022

The gray leaf spots caused by Cercospora spp. severely affect the yield and quality of maize. However, the evolutionary relation and pathogenicity variation between species of the Cercospora genus is largely unknown. In this study, we constructed high-quality reference genomes by nanopore sequencing two Cercospora species, namely, C. zeae-maydis and C. zeina, with differing pathogenicity, collected from northeast (Liaoning [LN]) and southeast (Yunnan [YN]) China, respectively. The genome size of C. zeae-maydis-LN is 45.08 Mb, containing 10,839 annotated genes, whereas that of Cercospora zeina-YN is 42.18 Mb, containing 10,867 annotated genes, of which approximately 86.58% are common in the two species. The difference in their genome size is largely attributed to increased long terminal repeat retrotransposons of 3.8 Mb in total length in C. zeae-maydis-LN. There are 41 and 30 carbohydrate-binding gene subfamilies identified in C. zeae-maydis-LN and C. zeina-YN, respectively. A higher number of carbohydrate-binding families found in C. zeae-maydis-LN, and its unique CBM4, CBM37, and CBM66, in particular, may contribute to variation in pathogenicity between the two species, as the carbohydrate-binding genes are known to encode cell wall–degrading enzymes. Moreover, there are 114 and 107 effectors predicted, with 47 and 46 having unique potential pathogenicity in C. zeae-maydis-LN and C. zeina-YN, respectively. Of eight effectors randomly selected for pathogenic testing, five were found to inhibit cell apoptosis induced by Bcl-2-associated X. Taken together, our results provide genomic insights into variation in pathogenicity between C. zeae-maydis and C. zeina. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
NR4A1 modulates intestinal smooth muscle cell phenotype and dampens inflammation‐associated intestinal remodeling
Authors: Szczepanski Holly E. , Flannigan Kyle L. , Mainoli Barbara , Alston Laurie , Baruta Grace M. , Lee Joshua W. , Venu Vivek Krishna Pulakazhi , Shearer Jane , Dufour Antoine , Hirota Simon A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractStricture formation is a common complication of Crohn's disease (CD), driven by enhanced deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and expansion of the intestinal smooth muscle layers. Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1) is an orphan nuclear receptor that exhibits anti‐proliferative effects in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). We hypothesized that NR4A1 regulates intestinal SMC proliferation and muscle thickening in the context of inflammation. Intestinal SMCs isolated from Nr4a1+/+ and Nr4a1−/− littermates were subjected to shotgun proteomic analysis, proliferation, and bioenergetic assays. Proliferation was assessed in the presence and absence of NR4A1 agonists, cytosporone‐B (Csn‐B) and 6‐mercaptopurine (6‐MP). In vivo, we compared colonic smooth muscle thickening in Nr4a1+/+ and Nr4a1−/− mice using the chronic dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of colitis. Second, SAMP1/YitFc mice (a model of spontaneous ileitis) were treated with Csn‐B and small intestinal smooth muscle thickening was assessed. SMCs isolated from Nr4a1−/− mice exhibited increased abundance of proteins related to cell proliferation, metabolism, and ECM production, whereas Nr4a1+/+ SMCs highly expressed proteins related to the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and contractile processes. SMCs isolated from Nr4a1−/− mice exhibited increased proliferation and alterations in cellular metabolism, whereas activation of NR4A1 attenuated proliferation. In vivo, Nr4a1−/− mice exhibited increased colonic smooth muscle thickness following repeated cycles of DSS. Activating NR4A1 with Csn‐B, in the context of established inflammation, reduced ileal smooth muscle thickening in SAMP1/YitFc mice. Targeting NR4A1 may provide a novel approach to regulate intestinal SMC phenotype, limiting excessive proliferation that contributes to stricture development in CD.
Identification of key genes and active anti-inflammatory ingredients in Panax medicinal plants by climate-regulated callus culture combined with gene-component-efficacy gray correlation analysis
Authors: Ai Jiao , Ren Yongshen , Cheng Long , Liu Xinqiao , Li Yanqiu , Jiao Majing , Wang Yingzhou , Deng Xin , Chen Linlin 
Published: October 2022

Objective:
We aimed to establish a novel strategy for identifying key genes and active anti-inflammatory ingredients in Panax medicinal plants.

Methods:
First, fresh roots of 2-year-old Panax plants, including P. ginseng C. A. Mey., P. quinquefolium L., P. notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, P. japonicus C.A.Mey., P. japonicus Mey. var. major (Burk.) C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng, were selected as explants, and callus formation was induced under three experimental temperatures (17, 24, and 30°C). Second, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the saponin content of the callus. Nitric oxide reduction efficacy was used for “component-efficacy” gray correlation analysis to find the active anti-inflammatory ingredients. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to determine the inflammatory factors and verify the active ingredients’ anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of key genes in the callus, and “gene-component” gray correlation analysis was used to examine the relationships between the regulatory pathway of the genes and the components.

Results:
Among the three experimental temperatures (17, 24, and 30°C), the lowest temperature (17°C) is the most suitable for generating Panax callus. Lower-latitude native Panax notoginseng is more adaptable under high culture temperatures (24°C and 30°C) than other Panax plants. The ginsenoside contents of the callus of P. notoginseng and P. japonicus were the highest under similar climate conditions (17°C). Major anti-inflammatory components were G-Rh1, G-Rb1, G-Rg3, and G-Rh6/Floral-GKa. CYP76A47 contributed to the accumulation of anti-inflammatory components.

Conclusions:
This study provides a strategy for the gene-component-efficacy correlational study of multi-component, multi-functional, and multi-purpose plants of the same genus.

Graphical abstract:

http://links.lww.com/AHM/A38
Expert Panel Consensus on Clinical Assertion Statements Describing Noninvasive Tools for Diagnosing Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Authors: Jacobson Ira M. , Wong Vincent Wai-Sun , Castera Laurent , Anstee Quentin M. , Noureddin Mazen , Cusi Kenneth , Harrison Stephen A. , Bugianesi Elisabetta , Younossi Zobair M. 
Published: October 2022

Goals and Background:
A panel of 9 experts in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis gathered to assess multiple components of the diagnostic process.

Materials and Methods:
The Clinical Assertion Statements covered screening of patients with type 2 diabetes for high-risk nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which—if any—noninvasive tests could determine whether to delay or defer biopsy, whether primary care providers and endocrinologists should routinely calculate Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) scores in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or those at risk for it, optimal noninvasive tests to stage fibrosis, the need to consider fibrosis in patients with normal transaminase levels, periodic monitoring for progressive fibrosis, whether patients should undergo biopsy before pharmacotherapy, and the clinical utility of genetic testing.

Results and Conclusions:
Evidence was presented to support or refute each Clinical Assertion Statement; the panel voted on the nature of the evidence, level of support, and level of agreement with each Statement. Panel level of agreement and rationale of each Clinical Assertion Statement are reported here.
Updated management for antibody-mediated rejection: opportunity to prolong kidney allograft survival
Authors: Townamchai Natavudh , Avihingsanon Yingyos 
Published: October 2022

Purpose of review
Antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) is an important barrier to achieve long-term kidney allograft survival. Human leukocyte antibody (HLA)-incompatibility and ABO-incompatibility are the two main mechanisms of ABMR. Nevertheless, the advances in managing ABMR have changed the paradigm for kidney transplantation. This review aimed to emphasize the HLA-incompatibility and ABO-incompatibility kidney transplant and update the management of ABMR.

Recent findings
HLA-incompatibility kidney transplantation is a strong risk factor for ABMR. Donor-specific antibody (DSA) is a surrogate biomarker that prevents long-term allograft survival. The standard treatment for ABMR has unfavorable results. New drugs that target the B cell are a promising approach to treat ABMR. In the past, ABO-incompatibility kidney donor was an absolute contraindication but now, it is widely accepted as an alternative organ resource. The advancement of ABO antibody removal and B-cell depletion therapy has been successfully developed. ABO isoagglutination remains the main biomarker for monitoring ABMR during the transplantation process. C4d staining without inflammation of the kidney allograft is the marker for the accommodation process.

Summary
With the shortage of organ donors, transplant experts have expanded the organ resources and learned how to overcome the immunological barriers by using novel biomarkers and developing new treatments that support long-term graft survival.