bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WHY YOU MUST VOTE IN AN AFRICAN DEMOCRACY
Authors: Bukusi Allan D M 
Published: September 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to draw attention of election managers in Africa to the negative impact of voter apathy on poll outcomes. It encourages all eligible voters to cast their vote in democratic elections. The instances of contested elections, poor governance, election of ineffective leadership and civic violence could be avoided if the electorate came out in full to give voice to the will of the people.
Methodology: The researcher reviewed published literature discussing the performance of postcolonial democracy of independent nations across Africa. With specific reference to academic journals, electoral documents capturing voting patterns and historical records, the researcher uses descriptive statistics and thematic analyses of texts to highlight the effects voter apathy has on national leadership and governance.
Findings: Voter apathy compromises the expression of the will of the people and causes an erosion of citizen commitment to social responsibility. It also leads to the emergence of apathetic leadership and weak accountability of government institutions following general elections. The researcher suggests that voter apathy is one of the reasons for civil unrest, passage of unpalatable legislation and election of ineffective leaders.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The researcher calls for democratic governments and electoral bodies in Africa to note, examine and act to preempt the negative impact of voter apathy on election outcomes. Voters are called upon not to presume that a democratic election process will automatically guarantee effective governance outcomes without their participation. The paper also recommends that the process of voter empowerment should be formalized in electoral practice, policy and procedure.
Assessment of Awareness And Knowledge among Medical Students Regarding Radiation Exposure from Common Diagnostic Imaging Procedures
Authors: Hassan Qays Ahmed , Hussein Ali Shaker , Fadhil Ali Abbas , Kashash Mustafa Hakim , Khwam Abd-alrazak Mohammed 
Published: September 2022

Objective: to assess the awareness and knowledge of our medical students regarding dose levels of imaging procedures and radiation safety issues, and to conclude how the curriculum of clinical radiology in the college medical program impacts such knowledge.
Subjects and methods: this is a cross-sectional study conducted among 150 medical students in Alkindy College of Medicine between January 2021 to July 2021, regardless of their age or gender. The study included six grades according to the year 2020-2021. A questionnaire consisting of 12 multiple-choice questions was conducted via an online survey using Google Forms. The questions were divided into two parts (awareness concerning issues of radiation protection, and information about dose levels of frequent radiological investigations).
Results: Regarding their radiology knowledge, about one-third of all participants rated as average. Students who had not established training in radiology chose the inappropriate choice more often than individuals who had received training. Also, students without instruction/ teaching in diagnostic clinical radiology were more likely to connect MRI and ultrasound with an increased cancer possibility compared with those students receiving radiology teaching. About the desired educational method, 32% wanted a tutorial or workshops, 29% wanted a learning module, 25% chose a case study and 14% chose a lecture.
Conclusion: With increasing years in medical school, the student’s alertness demonstrates better performance regarding the radiation exposures in imaging diagnosis. The greater part of medical students has inadequate knowledge about different aspects of radiation sources, hazard, and their safety. We think that adding more theoretical and practical programs to the educational radiology curriculum will advance awareness of radiation safety and increase knowledge among medical students regarding the doses of radiological examinations.
Bayesian assessment of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and halon banks suggest large reservoirs still present in old equipment
Authors: Lickley Megan Jeramaz , Daniel John S. , Fleming Eric L. , Reimann Stefan , Solomon Susan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Halocarbons contained in equipment such as air conditioners, fire
extinguishers, and foams continue to be emitted after production has ceased. These “banks” within equipment and applications are thus potential sources of future emissions, and must be carefully accounted for in order to differentiate nascent and potentially illegal production from legal banked emissions. Here, we build on a probabilistic Bayesian model, previously developed to quantify chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113) banks and their emissions. We extend this model to a suite of banked chemicals regulated under the Montreal Protocol (hydrochlorofluorocarbon, HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, and HCFC-142b, halon 1211 and halon 1301, and CFC-114 and CFC-115) along with CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113 in order to quantify a fuller range of ozone-depleting substance (ODS) banks by chemical and equipment type. We show that if atmospheric lifetime and prior assumptions are accurate, banks are most likely larger than previous international assessments suggest, and that total production has probably been higher than reported. We identify that banks of greatest climate-relevance, as determined by global warming potential weighting, are largely concentrated in CFC-11 foams and CFC-12 and HCFC-22 non-hermetic refrigeration. Halons, CFC-11, and CFC-12 banks dominate the banks weighted by ozone depletion potential (ODP). Thus, we identify and quantify the uncertainties in substantial banks whose future emissions will contribute to future global warming and delay ozone-hole recovery if left unrecovered.
Tropospheric and stratospheric ozone profiles during the 2019 TROpomi vaLIdation eXperiment (TROLIX-19)
Authors: Sullivan John T. , Apituley Arnoud , Mettig Nora , Kreher Karin , Knowland K. Emma , Allaart Marc , Piters Ankie , Van Roozendael Michel , Veefkind Pepijn , Ziemke Jerry R. , Kramarova Natalya , Weber Mark , Rozanov Alexei , Twigg Laurence , Sumnicht Grant , McGee Thomas J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. A TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) validation campaign
was held in the Netherlands based at the CESAR (Cabauw Experimental Site for
Atmospheric Research) observatory during September 2019. The TROpomi
vaLIdation eXperiment (TROLIX-19) consisted of active and passive remote
sensing platforms in conjunction with several balloon-borne and surface
chemical (e.g., ozone and nitrogen dioxide) measurements. The goal of this
joint NASA-KNMI geophysical validation campaign was to make intensive
observations in the TROPOMI domain in order to be able to establish the
quality of the L2 satellite data products under realistic conditions, such
as non-idealized conditions with varying cloud cover and a range of
atmospheric conditions at a rural site. The research presented here focuses
on using ozone lidars from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center to better
evaluate the characterization of ozone throughout TROLIX-19. Results of
comparisons to the lidar systems with balloon, space-borne and ground-based
passive measurements are shown. In addition, results are compared to a
global coupled chemistry meteorology model to illustrate the vertical
variability and columnar amounts of both tropospheric and stratospheric
ozone during the campaign period.
Intercomparison of methods to estimate gross primary production based on CO2 and COS flux measurements
Authors: Kohonen Kukka-Maaria , Dewar Roderick , Tramontana Gianluca , Mauranen Aleksanteri , Kolari Pasi , Kooijmans Linda M. J. , Papale Dario , Vesala Timo , Mammarella Ivan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Separating the components of ecosystem-scale carbon exchange is crucial in order to develop better models and future predictions of the terrestrial carbon cycle. However, there are several uncertainties and unknowns related to current photosynthesis estimates. In this study, we evaluate four different methods for estimating photosynthesis at a boreal forest at the ecosystem scale, of which two are based on carbon dioxide (CO2) flux measurements and two on carbonyl sulfide (COS) flux measurements. The CO2-based methods use traditional flux partitioning and artificial neural networks to separate the net CO2 flux into respiration and photosynthesis. The COS-based methods make use of a unique 5-year COS flux data set and involve two different approaches to determine the leaf-scale relative uptake ratio of COS and CO2 (LRU), of which one (LRUCAP) was developed in this study. LRUCAP was based on a previously tested stomatal optimization theory (CAP), while LRUPAR was based on an empirical relation to measured radiation. For the measurement period 2013–2017, the artificial neural network method gave a GPP estimate very close to that of traditional flux partitioning at all timescales. On average, the COS-based methods gave higher GPP estimates than the CO2-based estimates on daily (23 % and 7 % higher, using LRUPAR and LRUCAP, respectively) and monthly scales (20 % and 3 % higher), as well as a higher cumulative sum over 3 months in all years (on average 25 % and 3 % higher). LRUCAP was higher than LRU estimated from chamber measurements at high radiation, leading to underestimation of midday GPP relative to other GPP methods. In general, however, use of LRUCAP gave closer agreement with CO2-based estimates of GPP than use of LRUPAR. When extended to other sites, LRUCAP may be more robust than LRUPAR because it is based on a physiological model whose parameters can be estimated from simple measurements or obtained from the literature. In contrast, the empirical radiation relation in LRUPAR may be more site-specific. However, this requires further testing at other measurement sites.
Insolation evolution and ice volume legacies determine interglacial and glacial intensity
Authors: Mitsui Takahito , Tzedakis Polychronis C. , Wolff Eric W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Interglacials and glacials represent low and high ice
volume end-members of ice age cycles. While progress has been made in our
understanding of how and when transitions between these states occur, their
relative intensity has been lacking an explanatory framework. With a simple
quantitative model, we show that over the last 800 000 years interglacial
intensity can be described as a function of the strength of the previous
glacial and the summer insolation at high latitudes in both hemispheres
during the deglaciation. Since the precession components in the boreal and
austral insolations counteract each other, the amplitude increase in obliquity cycles after 430 000 years ago is imprinted in interglacial
intensities, contributing to the manifestation of the so-called Mid-Brunhes
Event. Glacial intensity is also linked to the strength of the previous interglacial, the time elapsed from it, and the evolution of boreal summer
insolation. Our results suggest that the memory of previous climate states
and the time course of the insolation are crucial for understanding
interglacial and glacial intensities.
A new global dataset of mountain glacier centerlines and lengths
Authors: Zhang Dahong , Zhou Gang , Li Wen , Zhang Shiqiang , Yao Xiaojun , Wei Shimei 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The length of a glacier is a key determinant of its geometry and is an important parameter in glacier inventories and modeling; glacier centerlines are the lines along which the main flow of glaciers takes place
and, thus, are crucial inputs for many glaciological applications. In this
study, the centerlines and maximum lengths of global glaciers were extracted using a self-designed automatic extraction algorithm based on the latest global glacier inventory data, digital elevation model (DEM), and European allocation theory. The accuracy of the dataset was evaluated through random visual assessments and comparisons with the Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) version 6.0. A total of 8.25 % of the outlines of the RGI were excluded, including 10 764 erroneous glacier polygons, 7174 ice caps, and 419 nominal glaciers. A total of 198 137 glacier centerlines were generated, accounting for 99.74 % of the input glaciers. The accuracy of glacier centerlines was 89.68 %. A comparison between the dataset and the previous dataset suggested that most glacier centerlines were slightly longer than those in RGI v6.0, meaning that the maximum lengths of some glaciers had been likely underestimated in the past. The constructed dataset comprises 17 sub-datasets, including global glacier centerlines, maximum lengths, and DEMs, all of which can be found at https://doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.01643 (Zhang and Zhang, 2022).
ChinaCropSM1km: a fine 1km daily Soil Moisture dataset for Crop drylands across China during 1993–2018
Authors: Cheng Fei , Zhang Zhao , Zhuang Huimin , Han Jichong , Luo Yuchuan , Cao Juan , Zhang Liangliang , Zhang Jing , Xu Jialu , Tao Fulu 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Soil moisture (SM) is a key variable of regional hydrological cycle and has important applications for water resource and agricultural drought management. Various global soil moisture products have been mostly retrieved from microwave remote sensing data. However, there is currently rare spatially explicit and time-continuous soil moisture information with a high resolution at a nation scale. Here we generated a 1km soil moisture dataset for stable crop drylands in China (ChinaCropSM1km) over 1993−2018 through random forest (RF) algorithm, based on numerous in situ daily observations of soil moisture. We used independently in situ observations (181327 samples) from the Agricultural Meteorological Stations (AMS) across China for training (164202 samples) and others for testing (17125 samples). An irrigation module was firstly developed according to crop type (i.e. wheat, maize), soil depth (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm) and phenology. We produced four daily datasets separately by crop type and soil depth, and their accuracy is all satisfactory (wheat r 0.93, ubRMSE 0.033 m3 m–3; maize r 0.93, ubRMSE 0.035 m3 m–3). The spatio-temporal resolutions and accuracy of ChinaCropSM1km are significantly better than those of global soil moisture products (e.g. r increased by 116 %, ubRMSE decreased by 64 %), including the global remote-sensing-based surface soil moisture dataset (RSSSM) and the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) SM. The approach developed in our study could be applied into other regions and crops in the world, and our improved datasets are very valuable for many studies and field managements such as agriculture drought monitoring and crop yield forecasting. The data are published in Zenodo at https://zenodo.org/record/6834530 (wheat0–10) (Cheng et al., 2022a), https://zenodo.org/record/6822591 (wheat10–20) (Cheng et al., 2022b), https://zenodo.org/record/6822581 (maize0–10) (Cheng et al., 2022c) and https://zenodo.org/record/6820166 (mazie10–20) (Cheng et al., 2022d).
Invited perspectives: Managed realignment as a solution to mitigate coastal flood risks – optimizing success through knowledge co-production
Authors: Schuerch Mark , Mossman Hannah L. , Moore Harriet E. , Christie Elizabeth , Kiesel Joshua 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Nature-based solutions are increasingly suggested for mitigating coastal flood risks in the face of climate change. Managed realignment (MR), a coastal adaptation strategy that entails the landward realignment of coastal defences to restore coastal habitats (often salt marshes), plays a pivotal role in implementing nature-based solutions in the coastal zone. Across Europe, more than 130 sites have been implemented so far, often to harness their potential to mitigate coastal flood risks while restoring coastal habitats (ABPmer, 2021). However, local communities often oppose MR projects, not only because they are seen as returning hard-won land to the sea but also because their coastal protection function is less trusted than traditional hard engineering techniques. This scepticism has foundation. The proclaimed coastal protection function of MRs is based on a broad body of literature on the protective function of natural salt marshes. However, contrary to natural salt marshes, MRs are often semi-enclosed tidal basins with narrow breaches to the open sea/estuary. Recent studies indicate that MR-internal hydrodynamics may significantly reduce their coastal protection, depending on their engineering design. To successfully implement MR, a much-improved scientific knowledge base is needed, as well as a process for addressing community concerns and genuinely engaging stakeholders in decision-making beyond the usual obligatory consultancy approach. Here, we propose the co-production of scientific knowledge with local communities and stakeholders to optimize the success of coastal nature-based solutions and promote community acceptance.
SYNERGIZED THERMAL STABILIZATION EFFECT OF ACID ACCEPTORS ON PEROXIDE CROSSLINKED CHLOROPRENE RUBBER
Authors: Shahroodi Zahra , Katbab Ali Asghar 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Chloroprene rubber (CR) vulcanizates have been widely used in various industrial applications due to their excellent mechanical properties such as elasticity, elongation at break, and superior resistance to chemicals, flame, atmospheric conditions, aging, oil, and ozone. Because of the specific microstructures of CR, it is mainly vulcanized by metal oxide vulcanizing systems. However, CR undergoes rapid thermal degradation when it is crosslinked by peroxide curing systems at high temperatures. Although peroxide curing systems such as dicumyl peroxide (DCP) have attracted tremendous attention in the vulcanization of various saturated and unsaturated elastomers to achieve high-performance engineering properties, it is avoided for CR due to the occurrence of thermal decomposition, which is catalyzed by hydrochloric acid (HCl) vapors released during crosslinking. In the present work, by exploiting different acid acceptors, attempts have been made to design a vulcanizing system composed of inorganic–organic materials as acid acceptors to increase the potential of hindering the thermal decomposition in the CR phase. The designed system provides an accelerated system with a high crosslink density and mechanical properties comparable to metal oxide cured CR with elongation at break of ∼1000% and tensile strength of 10.3 MPa. The extent of thermal stabilization in the CR phase provided by the designed acid acceptor system was studied with thermogravimetric analysis.
Leukocyte Esterase and Nitrite Urine Reagent Strip Utility Under Altered Assay Conditions in Dogs
Authors: Farris Justin , Camus Melinda S. , Krimer Paula M. 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
The study evaluated leukocyte esterase (LE) and nitrite reagent pad usefulness in canine urine using multiple time endpoints and decision thresholds. Whole and sedimented urine samples from 116 client-owned dogs were analyzed with reagent strips from four manufacturers. Results for LE and nitrite were recorded every 30 s up to 150 s using “trace” and “+” positive thresholds and compared to microscopic urine sediment analysis and culture results. Sedimented urine assessed at 150 s with a “trace” positive threshold for LE had significantly or trending higher sensitivity (brand dependent) for pyuria detection compared with manufacturer recommendations. Using these parameters, LE sensitivity and negative likelihood ratio were 66.67–89.47%, and 0.13–0.37, respectively. Following manufacturer recommendations, LE specificity and positive likelihood ratio were 96.91–100% and 17.02–30.63, respectively. Nitrite performance for pyuria and bacteriuria detection was poor for all conditions. LE reagent pads are a useful screening test for pyuria detection using sedimented urine and a “trace” positive threshold at 150 s, whereas LE use with traditional manufacturer recommendations is a good confirmatory test for pyuria detection. Nitrite reagent pads are not useful for pyuria or bacteriuria detection.
Impact on the Physician - A Signature Reflection Dealing with Death
Authors: Verjee Mohamud A 
Published: September 2022

Home visits on patients require checks for the request, the illness, the date last seen, current medications, and who the carer is. Globally, especially in the Middle East, cultural awareness and sensitivity are paramount, particularly in palliative care. Family physicians care for terminally ill patients. Often in the last stages, fatigued, dyspneic, anemic, cachectic, relatively anorexic, a patient’s mind may still be needle-sharp. Sincere empathy should never be standardized. Questions should be answered truthfully. No two caring moments are the same, making each interaction unique. In palliative care, the quality of physician conversations can assume wide empathetic dimensions.
Training in family medicine, while thorough, usually provides lighter exposure to cancer patients. The first serious cancer death experience can be stressful for the carer. However, responsibility for palliative care is a reality. There is no respite. In family practice, deaths from cancer are common. Some bête-noirs include multiple myeloma, ovarian, lung, and breast cancer. Intrinsic patient conversations occur after each diagnosis, at the beginning, in between, and in palliation. What vital information needs relaying by the physician? How much is shared with spouses or family relatives, with consent? What impact does that make on both the patient and physician?
Patient self-awareness being near death in terminal illness is common. It is still unsettling. A physician of care considers the choice of a dying patient choosing to stay home. The gain is avoiding moving to a hospital or a hospice in unfamiliar settings. More poignantly, it enables loving care from one’s lifetime partner and family at home.
After death, an exchange of warm words with facial expressions evokes everyone’s emotions. Personal feelings resonate in care, empathy, hope, truth, trust, and professional respect for one another. The end feels more like losing a friend. Such patients are not forgotten; physicians learn from them.
The dead do not suffer pain, only those left behind. Is healing ever complete when looking after sick patients for the practicing physician grappling with professional and personal emotions? How long does that take? Do multiple deaths cumulate the impact? Recovery is part of being resilient, critical in the profession, and feeling vocational compassion satisfaction in work. What if one does not always cope adequately? Is compassion fatigue a danger? Who tends for the wounded carer? When is physician resilience needed most? What keeps physicians motivated? How do they care for themselves and stay well-balanced? Reflections on practice experiences keep life in perspective. Dying patients, subconsciously, are often our best teachers.