bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excitation transfer in disordered two-dimensional and anisotropic three-dimensional systems: Effects of spatial geometry on time-resolved observables
Authors: Baumann J. , Fayer M. D. 
Published: July 2002

A unified treatment of dipole–dipole excitation transfer in disordered systems is presented for the cases of direct trapping (DT) in two-component systems and donor–donor transfer (DD) in one-component systems. Using the two-particle model proposed by Huber we calculate the configurational average of Gs(t), the probability of finding an initially excited molecule still excited at time t. For the isotropic three-dimensional case treated by Huber excellent correspondence is found with the previously reported infinite diagrammatic approximation. The anisotropy of the dipole–dipole interaction is included in the averaging procedure. Two regimes of orientational mobility are considered: the dynamic and static limit, rotations being much faster or slower, respectively, than the energy transfer. The following geometrical distributions are investigated: (a) Infinite systems of one, two, and three dimensions which lead to Förster-like decays. Two orientational distributions are considered for monolayers: dipoles confined to the plane or oriented isotropically. (b) Bilayers and multilayers. The averaging procedure for transfer from one layer to another is outlined in detail. The main parameters determining the decay of Gs(t) are the surface concentration and the ratio of the layer separation and the Förster radius. In a stack with a small number of layers, which is a finite system in one of the dimensions, an average over positions of the initially excited donor is included. At low surface concentration the decay gradually changes from two- to three-dimensional character as one increases the number of layers. This fractal-like behavior is solely due to the presence of excluded volumes and the finite nature of the system. Experimental observables are considered in detail. An analysis including a general formalism is presented to determine the loss of polarization memory if an excitation is transferred to a random distribution within the given geometrical constraints. It follows that after one transfer step, in the worst case, less than 10% of the initial anisotropy is conserved if the appropriate observation geometry is chosen. The anisotropy decay, which is manifested in a transient grating or fluorescence depolarization experiment, is
thus a useful observable for Gs(t) in DD transfer.
Modernization and religious intermarriage in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: O'Leary Richard 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThere are strong theoretical reasons for hypothesizing that those sections of the population who are most exposed to modernization processes are more likely to marry outside their own religious group. We examine this for Catholic‐Protestant intermarriage in the Republic of Ireland. We use a multivariate analysis on survey data to test the hypotheses that urban dwellers, persons of non‐farming parents, persons with higher levels of education and the young are more likely to be religiously intermarried. While the odds of being in an intermarriage are greater for urban dwellers, this is in large part due to their being non‐farmers. The farming effect is not necessarily related to religiosity. The odds of being in an intermarriage do not increase significantly for persons with third level education and this can be explained in terms of the marriage market for minority groups. It is shown that the historical context and the minority position of religious group should be taken into account in explanations which relate modernization to the pattern of religious intermarriage.
Evidence for the Existence of Insect Defensin‐Like Peptide in Scorpion Venom
Authors: Zhu Shunyi , Li Wenxin , Jiang Dahe , Zeng Xianchun 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInsect defensin refers to a group of antibacterial peptides derived from a variety of insect species as well as from scorpion and possessing a three‐dimensional structure highly similar to that of scorpion toxins. A full‐length cDNA encoding an insect defensin‐like peptide was isolated from the venom gland cDNA library of the Chinese scorpion
Shedding of Syndecan-1 and -4 Ectodomains Is Regulated by Multiple Signaling Pathways and Mediated by a Timp-3–Sensitive Metalloproteinase
Authors: Fitzgerald Marilyn L. , Wang Zihua , Park Pyong Woo , Murphy Gillian , Bernfield Merton 
Published: July 2002

The syndecan family of four transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans binds a variety of soluble and insoluble extracellular effectors. Syndecan extracellular domains (ectodomains) can be shed intact by proteolytic cleavage of their core proteins, yielding soluble proteoglycans that retain the binding properties of their cell surface precursors. Shedding is accelerated by PMA activation of protein kinase C, and by ligand activation of the thrombin (G-protein–coupled) and EGF (protein tyrosine kinase) receptors (Subramanian, S.V., M.L. Fitzgerald, and M. Bernfield. 1997. J. Biol. Chem. 272:14713–14720). Syndecan-1 and -4 ectodomains are found in acute dermal wound fluids, where they regulate growth factor activity (Kato, M., H. Wang, V. Kainulainen, M.L. Fitzgerald, S. Ledbetter, D.M. Ornitz, and M. Bernfield. 1998. Nat. Med. 4:691–697) and proteolytic balance (Kainulainen, V., H. Wang, C. Schick, and M. Bernfield. 1998. J. Biol. Chem. 273:11563–11569). However, little is known about how syndecan ectodomain shedding is regulated.
To elucidate the mechanisms that regulate syndecan shedding, we analyzed several features of the process that sheds the syndecan-1 and -4 ectodomains. We find that shedding accelerated by various physiologic agents involves activation of distinct intracellular signaling pathways; and the proteolytic activity responsible for cleavage of syndecan core proteins, which is associated with the cell surface, can act on unstimulated adjacent cells, and is specifically inhibited by TIMP-3, a matrix-associated metalloproteinase inhibitor. In addition, we find that the syndecan-1 core protein is cleaved on the cell surface at a juxtamembrane site; and the proteolytic activity responsible for accelerated shedding differs from that involved in constitutive shedding of the syndecan ectodomains. These results demonstrate the existence of highly regulated mechanisms that can rapidly convert syndecans from cell surface receptors or coreceptors to soluble heparan sulfate proteoglycan effectors. Because the shed ectodomains are found and function in vivo, regulation of syndecan ectodomain shedding by physiological mediators indicates that shedding is a response to specific developmental and pathophysiological cues.
A class of unitarily invariant norms on 𝐵(𝐻)
Authors: Chan Jor-Ting , Li Chi-Kwong , Tu Charlies 
Published: July 2002

Let

H
H

be a complex Hilbert space and let

B
(
H
)

B(H)

be the algebra of all bounded linear operators on

H
H

. For

c
=
(

c

1

,
…
,

c

k

)

c=(c_{1},\dots ,c_{k})

, where

c

1

≥
⋯
≥

c

k

>
0

c_{1}\ge \cdots \ge c_{k}>0

and

p
≥
1

p\ge 1

, define the

(
c
,
p
)

(c,p)

-norm of

A
∈
B
(
H
)

A\in B(H)

by
\[

‖
A

‖

c
,
p

=

(

∑

i
=
1

k

c

i

s

i

(
A

)

p

)

1
p

,

\|A\|_{c,p}=\left (\sum _{i=1}^{k} c_{i} s_{i}(A)^{p}\right )^{\frac {1}{p}} ,

\]
where

s

i

(
A
)

s_{i}(A)

denotes the

i
i

th

s
s

-numbers of

A
A

. In this paper we study some basic properties of this norm and give a characterization of the extreme points of its closed unit ball. Using these results, we obtain a description of the corresponding isometric isomorphisms on

B
(
H
)

B(H)

.
Bifurcation problems for the 𝑝-Laplacian in 𝑅ⁿ
Authors: Drábek Pavel , Huang Yin 
Published: July 2002

In this paper we consider the bifurcation problem−div⁡(|∇u|p−2∇u)=λg(x)|u|p−2u+f(λ,x,u),\begin{equation*} -\operatorname {div} (|\nabla u|^{p-2}\nabla u)=\lambda g(x)|u|^{p-2}u+f(\lambda , x, u), \end{equation*}inRNR^Nwithp>1p>1. We show that a continuum of positive solutions bifurcates out from the principal eigenvalueλ1\lambda _{1}of the problem−div⁡(|∇u|p−2∇u)=λg(x)|u|p−2u.\begin{equation*}-\operatorname {div} (|\nabla u|^{p-2}\nabla u)=\lambda g(x)|u|^{p-2}u. \end{equation*}Here both functionsffandggmay change sign.
Antibiotic resistance in Gram-positive bacteria: epidemiological aspects
Authors: Witte Wolfgang 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in Gram-positive bacterial pathogens has become an increasing problem. There has been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococci. This is mainly due to the clonal dissemination of certain epidemic multiply- resistant strains, for example, those of MRSA and S. pneumoniae, as well as to the spread of resistance genes as exemplified by those causing glycopeptide resistance in enterococci.
Beijerinck's work on tobacco mosaic virus: historical context and legacy
Authors: Bos L. 
Published: July 2002

Beijerinck's entirely new concept, launched in 1898, of a filterablecontagium vivum fluidumwhich multiplied in close association with the host's metabolism and was distributed in phloem vessels together with plant nutrients, did not match the then prevailing bacteriological germ theory. At the time, tools and concepts to handle such a new kind of agent (the viruses) were non–existent. Beijerinck's novel idea, therefore, did not revolutionize biological science or immediately alter human understanding of contagious diseases.That is how bacteriological dogma persisted, as voiced by Loeffler and Frosch when showing the filterability of an animal virus (1898), and especially by Ivanovsky who had already in 1892 detected filterability of the agent of tobacco mosaic but kept looking for a microbe and finally (1903) claimed its multiplication in an artificial medium. The dogma was also strongly advocated by Roux in 1903, when writing the first review on viruses, which he named ‘so–called “invisible” microbes’, unwittingly including the agent of bovine pleuropneumonia, only much later proved to be caused by a mycoplasma. In 1904, Baur was the first to advocate strongly the chemical view of viruses. But uncertainty about the true nature of viruses, with their similarities to enzymes and genes, continued until the 1930s when at long last tobacco mosaic virus particles were isolated as an enzyme–like protein (1935), soon to be better characterized as a nucleoprotein (1937). Physicochemical virus studies were a key element in triggering molecular biology which was to provide further means to reveal the true nature of viruses ‘at the threshold of life’.Beijerinck's 1898 vision was not appreciated or verified during his lifetime. But Beijerinck already had a clear notion of the mechanism behind the phenomena he observed. Developments in virology and molecular biology since 1935 indicate how close Beijerinck (and even Mayer, Beijerinck's predecessor in research on tobacco mosaic) had been to the mark. The history of research on tobacco mosaic and the commitments of Mayer, Beijerinck and others demonstrate that progress in science is not only a matter of mere technology but of philosophy as well. Raemaekers' Mayer cartoon, inspired by Beijerinck, artistically represents the crucial question about the reliability of our images of reality, and about the scope of our technological interference with nature.
Heparin binding by the HIV‐1 tat protein transduction domain
Authors: Hakansson Susanna , Jacobs Amy , Caffrey Michael 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe protein transduction domain from the HIV‐1 tat protein (termed PTD‐tat) has been fused to the C‐terminus of a model cargo protein, the IgG binding domain of streptococcal protein G. We demonstrate that PG‐Ctat (PTD‐tat fused to the C‐terminus of protein G) binds to a heparin affinity column. PG‐Ctat binds with relatively high affinity, as shown by its elution at 1.6 M NaCl. The heparin binding properties of PTD‐tat are consistent with the idea that heparan sulfate, an analog of heparin found at the cell surface, plays a role in the translocation of PTD‐tat fusions. We suggest that the heparin‐binding properties of PTD‐tat can be exploited for purification of PTD‐tat fusions in the absence of affinity tags.
Recovery Characteristics of Hydrogen-Damaged  ( Pb , La )  ( Zr , Ti )  O 3 Capacitors with Pt and IrO2 Top Electrodes
Authors: Yoon Soon-Gil , Kingon A. I. 
Published: July 2002

The effect of hydrogen on ferroelectric properties was investigated for

(
Pb
,
La
)
(
Zr
,
Ti
)

O

3

(
PLZT
)

films with Pt and

IrO

2

top electrodes. The P-E hysteresis loop and fatigue properties of the Pt/PLZT/Pt capacitor are completely recovered by recovery anneal at 700°C in

O

2

ambient after a hydrogen-forming gas anneal. On the other hand,

IrO

2

/
PLZT
/
Pt

capacitor after recovery anneal does not show a complete recovery for ferroelectric properties. The

IrO

2

top electrode in the

IrO

2

/
PLZT
/
Pt

capacitor is completely reduced to Ir metal in 4%

H

2

at 300°C and then change to the

IrO

2

/
Ir

complex phase after recovery anneal at 700°C in

O

2

ambient. The ferroelectric properties of PLZT capacitors greatly depend on the residual hydrogen near the film/top electrode interface after recovery anneal. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Classification of biological signals and time domain feature extraction using capsule optimized auto encoder‐electroencephalographic and electromyography
Authors: Sharma Neeraj , Ryait Hardeep Singh , Sharma Sudhir 
Published: April 2022

AbstractElectroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) signal classification seem to be a modulus topic in engineering and the medical field. The nature of the EEG and EMG signal is non‐stationary, noisy and high dimensional. The intrusion of noise in the signal may distress movement recognition. A novel methodology is being developed in this research to deal with these issues. Here, the EEG and EMG signals are recorded using the BCI2000 system. The proposed model comprises three phases: pre‐processing, feature extraction (FE), and motion classification. The pre‐processing method can be used to enhance visual appearances and the quality of the signal. The hybrid discrete wavelet based delayed error normalized least mean square error (DWT‐DENLMS) is introduced to eliminate the presence of motion artifacts in the recorded EEG and EMG signal. After pre‐processing, the recorded signals are combined and forwarded to the FE stage. The hybrid Dual tree complex wavelet transforms based on Walsh Hadamard transform (DTCWT‐WHT) is proposed to extract the indispensable time domain features from the combined biological signal. The hybrid capsule transient autoencoder (HCTAE) algorithm is proposed to classify the motion recognition (T0‐rest, T1‐left fist and both fists, and T2‐right fist, both feet). The error in the network model is diminished by transient search optimization (TSO) strategy. The Python platform is used to implement the developed approach, and the performance of the optimized classification approach yields accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score and specificity of 98.51%, 97.25%, 97.94%, 97.58% and 98.94%, respectively.
Macro‐ and Nano‐Porous 3D‐Hierarchical Carbon Lattices for Extraordinarily High Capacitance Supercapacitors
Authors: Katsuyama Yuto , Haba Nagihiro , Kobayashi Hiroaki , Iwase Kazuyuki , Kudo Akira , Honma Itaru , Kaner Richard B. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSupercapacitors, which can be charged/discharged rapidly, play important roles in a sustainable society. Thick electrodes can reduce the ratio of inactive components in the overall cell while simultaneously improving energy and power densities. However, thick electrodes induce longer ion diffusion pathways, and capacitance drops dramatically after a certain thickness. To overcome this, precisely designed macro‐ and nano‐porous 3D‐hierarchical carbon lattices, where ions can diffuse freely inside the electrode, are prepared by combining an inexpensive stereolithography‐type 3D printer, whose resolution is 50 µm, with a simple CO2 activation process. The activated 3D carbon lattice with a 66% burn‐off ratio (3D‐CL‐A66%) has ordered macropores (≈150 µm) and uniform nanopores (2–3 nm), exhibiting a maximum areal capacitance of 5251 mF cm–2 at 3 mA cm–2. Furthermore, manganese oxide is electrochemically deposited on 3D‐CL‐A16% for 8 min (3D‐CL‐A16%‐MnO2‐8 min), increasing the areal capacitance by 2.5‐times. Finally, an all‐3D‐printed asymmetric 1.8 V supercapacitor is prepared by combining 3D‐CL‐A16%‐MnO2‐8 min and 3D‐CL‐A66% as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively, demonstrating a maximum energy density of 0.808 mWh cm–2 at a power density of 2.48 mW cm–2. The achieved values are one of the highest areal energy and power densities reported so far.
Bronze‐Phase TiO2 as Anode Materials in Lithium and Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liang Suzhe , Wang Xiaoyan , Qi Ruoxuan , Cheng Ya‐Jun , Xia Yonggao , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Hu Xile 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTitanium dioxide of bronze phase (TiO2(B)) has attracted considerable attention as a promising alternative lithium/sodium‐ion battery anode due to its excellent operation safety, good reversible capacity, and environmental friendliness. However, several intrinsic critical drawbacks, including moderate electrochemical kinetics and unsatisfactory long cyclic stability, significantly limit its practical applications. It is crucial to develop reliable strategies to resolve these issues to advance the TiO2(B) based materials into practical applications in lithium/sodium‐ion batteries. In this review, both the theoretical and experimental investigations on the TiO2(B) based materials over the last few decades are chronically elaborated. Insights on the general and detailed evolution trends of the research on TiO2(B) anodes are provided. The review also points to future directions for the TiO2(B) anode research to advance the practical application of TiO2(B) anodes.
Atomic/Molecular Layer Deposition for Designer's Functional Metal–Organic Materials
Authors: Multia Jenna , Karppinen Maarit 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAtomic layer deposition (ALD) for high‐quality conformal inorganic thin films is one of the cornerstones of modern microelectronics, while molecular layer deposition (MLD) is its less‐exploited counterpart for purely organic thin films. Currently, the hybrid of these two techniques, i.e., ALD/MLD, is strongly emerging as a state‐of‐the‐art gas‐phase route for designer's metal–organic thin films, e.g., for the next‐generation energy technologies. The ALD/MLD literature comprises nearly 300 original journal papers covering most of the alkali and alkaline earth metals, 3d transition metals, and lanthanides as the metal component and a variety of aliphatic, aromatic, and natural organic components. Some of these ALD/MLD processes yield in situ crystalline coordination‐polymer‐ or metal–organic‐framework‐like structures. Another attractive aspect is that many of the metal–organics realized through ALD/MLD are fundamentally new materials, and even unaccessible through conventional synthesis. Here, the current state of research in the field is presented, by i) providing a comprehensive account of the ALD/MLD processes so far developed, ii) addressing the constraints/possibilities for growing in situ crystalline metal–organic films, iii) highlighting some intriguing ALD/MLD materials and their application potential, and iv) making a brief outlook to the future perspectives and challenges in the field.
Integrating Terminal CoBrn Salts into a 2D Cobalt(II) Coordination Polymer to Promote the β‐(E)−Selective Hydroboration of Alkynes
Authors: Jia Jun‐Song , Wu Tai‐Xue , Fu Yi‐Jia , Hu Zhi‐Rong , Tang Hai‐Tao , Pan Ying‐Ming , Huang Fu‐Ping 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn the present study, 2D Co(II) coordination polymers (CP‐1), which integrate terminal CoBrn (CoBr2 and CoBr3) sites immobilized on the framework, are synthesized at the gram level. As a special heterogeneous catalyst, CP‐1 shows regioselectivity (β:α>99:1) and stereoselectivity (only E configuration) in the hydroboration of alkynes. The hydroboration reaction conditions are mild and cover a broad substrate range (31 examples). In addition, the heterogeneous catalyst can be recycled for at least five times.magnified image
Influence of Molecular Weight of Polymer Electret on the Synaptic Organic Field‐Effect Transistor Performance
Authors: Wang Le , Zheng Chaoyue , Fu Jingwei , Hua Jing , Chen Jiefeng , Gao Jincheng , Ling Haifeng , Xie Linghai , Huang Wei 
Published: April 2022

AbstractChargeable polymer electret‐based organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) memory devices are attractive for intrinsically flexible artificial synapse. However, the effects of molecular weight (Mw) of polymer electret on the charge trapping properties, especially the implementation of synaptic functions, are not yet well‐understood. In this work, the authors study pentacene‐based synaptic OFET memory made from two different molecular weight polymer electrets, with poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK) as the case study. Utilizing the synergistic effect of smooth surface morphology, higher polymer chain‐end density and lower dielectric constant, OFET memory device with lower Mw PVK electret showed a larger memory window (28.2 V) and faster write speed (1 ms) compared to that with higher Mw PVK. Benefiting from its charge‐trapping ability, the synaptic OFETs with lower Mw PVK delivered a better modulation of synaptic weight. The co‐modulation of photonic and electric operations enabled the reconfigurable short‐term plasticity and long‐term plasticity (LTP) in lower Mw PVK devices, further leading to the STP‐based emulation of visible color recognition and LTP‐based neural network simulation. This work enlightens a detailed understanding of the molecular weight‐dependent charge trapping behavior for the future integration of visible information sensing‐memory‐processing in optoelectronic OFET memory.
Combined medical therapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: Systematic review and meta‐analyses
Authors: Chitsuthipakorn Wirach , Hoang Minh P. , Kanjanawasee Dichapong , Seresirikachorn Kachorn , Snidvongs Kornkiat 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundAntihistamines (ATH) and intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) are primary treatments for patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). When monotherapy of either primary treatment fails to control symptoms, combined medical therapy is an option. In this meta‐analysis we assessed the additional effects of different medical combinations compared with primary treatments.MethodsSystematic searches on PubMed and EMBASE were updated on November 4, 2021. Randomized, controlled trials comparing the effects of combinations with monotherapy were included. There were 7 comparisons: (1) ATH‐decongestant vs ATH; (2) ATH‐leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) vs ATH; (3) INCS‐ATH vs INCS; (4) INCS‐LTRA vs INCS; (5) INCS‐decongestion vs INCS; (6) INCS‐saline irrigation vs INCS; and (7) ATH‐saline irrigation vs ATH. Data were pooled for meta‐analysis. Outcomes were composite nasal symptom score, composite ocular symptom score, quality of life (QoL), and adverse events.ResultsFifty‐three studies were included. Compared with ATH alone, the ATH‐decongestant combination improved composite nasal symptoms; ATH‐LTRA improved nasal symptoms in patients with perennial AR; and ATH‐nasal saline improved both symptoms and QoL. Compared with INCS alone, the INCS‐intranasal ATH combination improved nasal symptoms, ocular symptoms, and QoL; INCS‐LTRA improved ocular symptoms but not nasal symptoms; and INCS‐nasal saline improved QoL but not symptoms. There were no additional effects observed from adding oral ATH or topical decongestant to INCS.ConclusionAfter ATH monotherapy fails to control symptoms, addition of decongestant, saline, or LTRA can improve the outcomes. When INCS monotherapy is ineffective, addition of intranasal ATH can improve nasal symptoms; LTRA can improve ocular symptoms, and saline irrigation can improve QoL.