bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat-Transfer Effects in Hydrostatic Thrust-Bearing Lubrication
Authors: Hughes W. F. , Osterle J. F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The limiting isothermal and adiabatic operating conditions of the hydrostatic thrust bearing have been investigated recently. However, the actual performance of such bearings is characterized by an intermediate situation in which heat transfer occurs in the lubricant and bearings. In this paper a simplified model is constructed for such intermediate situations, and it is found that the bearing performance is essentially isothermal at an elevated temperature. Expressions are derived for the temperature distribution and the results of numerical examples are compared with isothermal and adiabatic calculations.
Predominant-Peak Surface Roughness, a Criterion for Minimum Hydrodynamic Oil-Film Thickness of Short Journal Bearings
Authors: Kreisle L. F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The minimum hydrodynamic oil-film thickness of a short journal bearing is defined as that value of the minimum oil-film thickness at which marginal lubrication procedures initially begin to be substituted for full hydrodynamic-film lubrication. This appears to occur when the minimum oil-film thickness equals the sum of the predominant-peak surface roughnesses of the bearing and journal measured in the circumferential direction after run-in of the bearing and journal pair.
Kinematic Analysis and Synthesis Using Collineation-Axis Equations
Authors: Carter W. J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The angular accelerations of the crank and lever of a four-bar mechanism have been related herein to the velocity of their rotopole through an equation developed by Koenig. It is shown that the Koenig equation may be transformed in a simple manner into the collineation-axis equation derived by Freudenstein. Other collineation-axis equations are here derived which permit a direct solution for the angular acceleration of the connecting link of a four-bar mechanism. These equations are differentiated with respect to time yielding fairly simple equations for the determination of the third time derivatives of lever and connecting-link motions. The collineation-axis equations are further employed to determine the families of four-bar mechanisms which satisfy the first three derivatives of a Taylor’s series expansion of a desired functional relation between the crank and lever rotations. The fourth time-derivative relation for these mechanisms is then determined using the complex-number vector notation. Finally the solutions are given to example problems of kinematic analysis and synthesis.
A Theoretical Analysis of Heat Transfer in Natural Convection and in Boiling
Authors: Chang Yan Po 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A theoretical analysis of natural convection and of boiling heat transfer is presented. Instead of approaching these problems according to a conventional concept, a short-cut method is introduced by the application of wave motion. Above the heating surface a boundary layer is assumed whose thickness depends upon the heat flow. Inside this layer there is wave motion, stable in the lower part but unstable in the upper. It has been recognized that, if there is a temperature gradient across a stratum of liquid, a wave motion will occur. Each loop of this wave can initiate vortexes in the natural-convection process and also can facilitate the formation of bubbles in boiling. A unified formula is thus obtained for convection and for boiling. The calculated results agree excellently with experiments as conducted by previous investigators. This paper does not profess to be a complete treatise, but shows how the concept of wave motion can be made of use in giving a new picture of these heat-transfer processes.
Heat-Transfer and Flow-Friction Characteristics of Woven-Screen and Crossed-Rod Matrixes
Authors: Tong L. S. , London A. L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Woven-screen or crossed-rod types of matrixes may be of interest as fuel-element geometries for certain types of nuclear reactors as well as in many other heat-transfer and mass-transfer systems. Basic heat-transfer and flow-friction design data for these geometries are presented graphically, in nondimensional form, for a range of Reynolds numbers from 5 to 100,000 and matrix porosities from 0.60 to 0.83. Algebraic equations which adequately represent these data are also given and these may be used for interpolation and, at least tentatively, for a limited extrapolation beyond the range of porosities covered in this program.
Delayed-Yield Time Effects in Mild Steel Under Oscillatory Axial Loads
Authors: Belsheim R. O. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
An apparatus was developed which loads a tension specimen by a vibratory load superimposed on a static load. Tests of mild steel produced (a) dynamic yield points 5 to 50 per cent above the static yield point, and (b) corresponding delayed-yield times of 1000 to 10 millisec. These results showed general agreement with the results of other investigations.
Ultrafinishing—A New High-Precision Lapping Process
Authors: Lewis T. G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A number of important innovations have been made which permit the use of lapping for the production of exceptionally smooth metal surfaces with precise geometrical control. This body of patented techniques, called ultra-finishing, includes the necessary variations in velocity to permit the lapping of soft homogeneous and hard heterogeneous metals. The description of this process covers its similarity to lapping, its fields of application, and the response of materials from a metallurgical point of view. The application of this process can yield a 0.3 to 0.5-microin. finish rms with an over-all geometry control equal to or better than any commercial finishing method.
Estimation of Temperature Patterns in Multiply-Shielded Systems
Authors: Bartas J. G. , Mayer E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The method of difference equations is applied to the problem of estimating temperature patterns in multiply-shielded systems. Results are obtained in terms of elementary functions which can be evaluated readily. The equations are employed to examine the effect of shield curvature, end radiation, and gas radiation on the temperature recorded by a shielded thermocouple for a variety of operating conditions. Calculations indicate that whereas shield curvature and gas radiation may be neglected in a well-designed shielded thermocouple, end radiation can result in a substantial error in the thermocouple-temperature measurement.
Jet-Pump Theory and Performance With Fluids of High Viscosity
Authors: Cunningham R. G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Performance characteristics of the jet pump when handling viscous oil have been established. Theoretical relations describing the jet pump are developed in this paper in terms of dimensionless ratios and friction coefficients. In addition, an energy analysis is made which separates friction losses and unavoidable mixing losses. In an experimental program eight jet pumps, with nozzle-to-throat area ratios of 0.1 to 0.6, were operated over a range of jet Reynolds numbers from 700 to 30,000. Mineral and synthetic lubricating oils used covered a 5 to 100-centistoke viscosity range of the jet fluid. The results of these theoretical and experimental studies permit application of the jet pump to lubrication systems. For design use the experimental data are reduced to friction coefficients and correlated versus jet and throat Reynolds numbers. To facilitate rapid estimates of viscosity effects, simplified empirical relations are also included. It is concluded from this study that the jet pump is indeed suitable for use with viscous fluids.
Mechanism of failure of the Mount Polley Tailings Storage Facility
Authors: Zabolotnii Elena , Morgenstern Norbert R. , Wilson G. Ward 
Published: February 2022

On 4 August 2014, a breach developed in a portion of the embankment at the Mount Polley Tailings Storage Facility following foundation failure. This paper explores the mechanism of this progressive failure in view of pronounced three-dimensional stability effects identified in this slope. The findings of a three-dimensional deformation analysis of this failure are reported. The results demonstrate that its initiation can be explained in terms of minor strain-weakening within a thin shear band in the glaciolacustrine unit at the base of this slide, combined with the delayed mobilization of shear resistance in the shell zone owing to its relative ductility, along with the reduction in the levels of mobilized shear resistance in the upstream region of the slide resulting from a loss of confinement and (or) failure in extension caused by the translational displacements the base of the side. While recognizing the limitations of analyses alone, simulation suggests that strain localization in a shear band with a thickness not exceeding 12–13 cm is requisite for the initiation of this failure.
Targeting CaMKII-δ9 Ameliorates Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Myocardial Inflammation
Authors: Yao Yuan , Li Fan , Zhang Mao , Jin Li , Xie Peng , Liu Dairu , Zhang Junxia , Hu Xinli , Lv Fengxiang , Shang Haibao , Zheng Wen , Sun Xueting , Duanmu Jiaxin , Wu Fujian , Lan Feng , Xiao Rui-Ping , Zhang Yan 
Published: February 2022

Background:

CaMKII (Ca
2+
/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) plays a central role in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury—an important therapeutic target for ischemic heart disease. In the heart, CaMKII-δ is the predominant isoform and further alternatively spliced into 11 variants. In humans, CaMKII-δ9 and CaMKII-δ3, the major cardiac splice variants, inversely regulate cardiomyocyte viability with the former pro-death and the latter pro-survival. However, it is unknown whether specific inhibition of the detrimental CaMKII-δ9 prevents cardiac I/R injury and, if so, what is the underlying mechanism. Here, we aim to investigate the cardioprotective effect of specific CaMKII-δ9 inhibition against myocardial I/R damage and determine the underlying mechanisms.

Methods:
The role and mechanism of CaMKII-δ9 in cardiac I/R injury were investigated in mice in vivo, neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, and human embryonic stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes.

Results:
We demonstrate that CaMKII-δ9 inhibition with knockdown or knockout of its feature exon, exon 16, protects the heart against I/R-elicited injury and subsequent heart failure. I/R-induced cardiac inflammation was also ameliorated by CaMKII-δ9 inhibition, and compared with the previously well-studied CaMKII-δ2, CaMKII-δ9 overexpression caused more profound cardiac inflammation. Mechanistically, in addition to IKKβ (inhibitor of NF-κB [nuclear factor-κB] kinase subunit β), CaMKII-δ9, but not δ2, directly interacted with IκBα (NF-κB inhibitor α) with its feature exon 13-16-17 combination and increased IκBα phosphorylation and consequently elicited more pronounced activation of NF-κB signaling and inflammatory response. Furthermore, the essential role of CaMKII-δ9 in myocardial inflammation and damage was confirmed in human cardiomyocytes.

Conclusions:
We not only identified CaMKII-δ9-IKK/IκB-NF-κB signaling as a new regulator of human cardiomyocyte inflammation but also demonstrated that specifically targeting CaMKII-δ9, the most abundant CaMKII-δ splice variant in human heart, markedly suppresses I/R-induced cardiac NF-κB activation, inflammation, and injury and subsequently ameliorates myocardial remodeling and heart failure, providing a novel therapeutic strategy for various ischemic heart diseases.
“Höchst unerwünschte Ausländer”: The Fate of Ethnic German Expellees in Post-War Austria
Authors: Schippmann Sophie-Charlotte 
Published: February 2022

“Höchst unerwünschte Ausländer”: The Fate of Ethnic German Expellees in Post-War AustriaThe large influx of ethnic Germans from the East into Germany at the end of the Second World War is a well-known and researched fact. However, there were also about 300,000–632,000 expellees that ended up in post-war Austria. In contrast to Germany, Austria was not required by the Potsdam Agreement to take them in and consequently advocated their deportation. It was not only the financial burden associated with the expellees but also Austria’s aim to convince the Allies of the “victim myth” that motivated Austria to favour deportation over integration. Taking in ethnic German expellees would highlight Austria’s close past with Germany and could even be perceived as an acceptance of legal succession of the Third Reich. The Allies initially supported Austria’s decision but except for a large number of deportations in 1946 the plan was not carried to its conclusion. Around 350,000 expellees were able to remain in Austria. However, the fact that they were not granted equal rights in all areas until 1971 shows they were not welcome in Austria for a long time. „Höchst unerwünschte Ausländer”: Los przesiedlonej ludności niemieckiej w powojennej AustriiFakt, że pod koniec drugiej wojny światowej do Niemiec licznie napływali ze wschodu etniczni Niemcy, jest dobrze znany i zbadany. Jednak od około 300 000 do 632 000 przesiedlonych trafiło także do powojennej Austrii. Na Austrii, inaczej niż na Niemczech, nie ciążył nałożony w tzw. deklaracji poczdamskiej obowiązek ich przyjęcia, wobec czego Austria opowiedziała się za ich deportacją. Z przyjęciem przesiedleńców wiązały się dla niej ciężary finansowe, ale nie tylko: Austria chciała też przekonać aliantów do swego „mitu ofiary”. Austriacy przychylali się raczej do deportacji, a nie do integracji. Przyjęcie niemieckich przesiedlonych rzucałoby nowe światło na ścisłe związki Austrii z Niemcami w przeszłości, a nawet mogłoby być postrzegane jako akceptacja sukcesji prawnej po Trzeciej Rzeszy. Alianci początkowo popierali stanowisko Austrii w tej sprawie. Jednak pominąwszy liczniejsze deportacje, jakie miały miejsce w roku 1946, plany nie zostały urzeczywistnione. Około 350 000 przesiedlonym pozwolono pozostać w Austrii. Niemniej fakt, że nie przyznawano im równych praw we wszystkich sferach życia aż do roku 1971, świadczy o tym, iż przez długi czas nie byli oni w tym kraju dobrze widziani.
Białorusini na tle procesów narodotwórczych społeczeństw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
Authors: Radzik Ryszard 
Published: February 2022

Belarus Vis a Vis Nation-Building Processes in Central and East European CommunitiesThe text explores the nation-building factors that determined the intensity with which certain nations in Central and East Europe were formed in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century – with some reference to their contemporary situation, especially of today’s Belarus. In addition to Belarus, the analyses also briefly cover nation-building processes in Ukraine (Galicia and Dnieper Ukraine), Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Three categories of factors that are crucial for the processes under discussion have already been distinguished – namely civilization, culture and politics. All three types decisively benefited the Czechs, who succeeded in developing nation-building processes the soonest; the Czechs, among all the other nations in the region, thus first acquired a national awareness at the popular level. On the contrary, the above-mentioned factors did not work to the benefit of the Belarussians and Dnieper Ukrainians. The territories they inhabited were very weakly industrialized and urbanized, while their languages differed from Russian and Polish much less than was the case, on the one hand, of the Slovaks and Czechs, and on the other, of the Hungarians and Austrians (Germans). At the same time, Russian policies obviously hampered the formation of the Belarussian and Ukrainian nations. This article shows the strength with which objective conditions exerted an influence on nation-building processes in our part of the continent.
Consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer in referral centers in Italy
Authors: Solaini Leonardo , Bencivenga Maria , Rosa Fausto , D’ignazio Alessia , Marino Elisabetta , Ministrini Silvia , Sofia Silvia , Sacco Michele , Mura Gianni , Rausa Emanuele , Prizio Marco De , Graziosi Luigina , Degiuli Maurizio , Tiberio Guido Alberto Massimo , Alfieri Sergio , Marrelli Daniele , Morgagni Paolo , Ercolani Giorgio 
Published: February 2022

Background: The coronavirus pandemic had a major impact in Italy. The Italian health system’s re-organization to face the emergency may have led to significant consequences especially in the diagnosis and treatment of malignancies. This study aimed to assess the impact of the pandemic in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer in nine Gruppo Italiano RIcerca Cancro Gastrico (GIRCG) centers. Methods: All patients assessed for gastric adenocarcinoma at nine GIRCG centers between January 2019 and November 2020 were included. Patients were grouped according to the date of “patient 1’s” diagnosis in Italy: preCOVID versus COVID. Clinico-pathological and outcome differences between the two groups were analyzed. Results: A total of 632 patients were included in the analysis (205 in the COVID group). The cT4 weighted ratios were higher in 2020 from April to September, with the greatest differences in May, August and September. The cM+ weighted ratio was significantly higher in July 2020. The mean number of gastrectomies had the greatest reduction in March and May 2020 compared with 2019. The median times from diagnosis to chemotherapy, to complete diagnostic work-up or to operation were longer in 2019. The median time from the end of chemotherapy to surgery was 17 days longer in the preCOVID group. Conclusions: A greater number of advanced or metastatic cases were diagnosed after the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially after the “full lockdown” periods. During the pandemic, once gastric cancer patients were referred to one of the centers, a shorter time to complete the diagnostic work-up or to address them to the best treatment option was required.
Improving corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of AZ31 magnesium alloy by ultrasonic cold forging and micro-arc oxidation
Authors: Zhu Bowu , Wang Lei , Wu Yuanzhi , Yue Wen , Liang Jun , Cao Baocheng 
Published: February 2022

Corrosion resistant and biocompatible AZ31 magnesium alloy surfaces were successfully prepared by ultrasonic cold forging and subsequent micro-arc oxidation. The properties of these ultrasonic cold forging pretreated (UCFT)AZ31 magnesium alloy surfaces containing Sr–Ca–P micro-arc oxide coating (MAO/UCFT/AZ31) were studied. Results showed that surface grain refinement of AZ31 Mg alloy in the depth of 400 μm owing to the ultrasonic cold forging pretreatment was verified, and which provides more discharge channels for subsequent micro-arc oxidation. Comparing with the AZ31 magnesium alloy (AZ31) and ultrasonic cold forging technology treated AZ31 magnesium alloy samples (UCFT/AZ31), the corrosion resistance of MAO/UCFT/AZ31 significantly improved, which is also supported by the immersion experiments and electrochemical tests in simulated body fluid. Meanwhile, the MAO/UCFT/AZ31 samples also had excellent cytocompatibility as well as MAO/AZ31 samples. These results may beneficial to the developing of biodegradable medical materials in future.
Ag-Ag2O-TiO2@Eggshell membrane polymer nanocomposite: Conductivity and healing the wound infected with S. aureus studies ICSEM-2021
Authors: Ali Majeed MA , Husain Talib Kh. , Ali Aisha H , Mahmood Ahmed R , Alheety Mustafa A , Singh Pramod K 
Published: February 2022

The natural polymer-containing nanocomposite (Ag-Ag2O-TiO2@Eggshell membrane protein) was prepared using a rapid and efficient one-pot method. Diagnosis of this nanostructure was performed by X-ray diffraction, Energy dispersive X-ray, and SEM. The characterization results proved that this multifunctional nanocomposite was successfully synthesized within the scale of nanoscience. The conductivity of this polymer was studied in the presence of sodium iodide using acetonitrile as a solvent by complex impedance spectroscopy. The conductivity measurements prove that the highest conductivity was obtained with the highest salt concentration 1:5=Na:O. Furthermore, Ag-Ag2O-TiO2@Eggshell membrane protein nanocomposite was used to study its ability for healing the wound infected with antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus for 2 weeks. The histopathological results have shown that there is an improvement in all the indicative signs of disease with rapid development of the epidermal layer proliferating and then healing of the infected wounds rapidly.
Effect of Ultraviolet B Irradiation on Melanin Content Accompanied by the Activation of p62/GATA4-Mediated Premature Senescence in HaCaT Cells
Authors: Yan Juan , Ma Li-Ping , Liu Fang , Sun Bo , Tian Mei , Lu Xue , Liu Hai-Xiang , Gao Ling , Liu Qing-Jie 
Published: February 2022

Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of ultraviolet B (UVB) on melanin synthesis and premature senescence in human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells. Methods HaCaT cells were irradiated with 0, 20, 50, 80, 100, 150, and 200 mJ/cm2 of UVB. NaOH method was used for melanin content assay, cellular tyrosinase (TYR) activity was determined by 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) oxidation to dopachrome, premature senescence was analyzed by senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining kit, and the levels of p21, p16, p62, and GATA4 proteins were detected by Western blotting. Premature senescence was inhibited by the inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) or ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3–related (ATR), and the p53 signaling pathway was activated by Nutlin-3. The mRNA levels of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in HaCaT cells after 80 mJ/cm2 of UVB irradiation. Results The melanin level increased significantly with the elevation of irradiation dose ( F = 28.19, 43.82, 143.60, P < .05), reaching the peak at the dose of 80 mJ/cm2. The tyrosinase activity increased significantly ( F = 84.50, P < .05), the percentage of premature senescence increased ( F = 16.31, P < .05), the levels of p62 decreased, and the level of GATA4 increased obviously with the increase of UVB dose after irradiation. The UVB-induced promotion of GATA4 level was significantly inhibited by being treated with ATM or ATR inhibitor. However, this did not occur in the Nutlin-3-treated group. The mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α increased significantly at 72 h at 80 mJ/cm2 of UVB irradiation. Conclusions Melanin contents increased first and decreased afterward with the increasing of UVB irradiation. The decrease of p62-mediated selective autophagy was accompanied by the accumulation of GATA4 after different doses of UVB irradiation. Activation of this p62/GATA4 pathway depends on the ATM and ATR but is independent of p53, and the SASP factor was activated in HaCaT cells at 80 mJ/cm2 of UVB irradiation.