bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Depth of Planting Affects the Garden Peony
Authors: Howard Gene S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two peony varieties were field planted at 5 depths ranging from ground-level to 8 inches in 4 replications. Survival and flower production notes were taken in 1965, 1966, and 1967. Only the 8-inch depth had significantly adverse effects on survival. Ground-level and 2-inch depths had significantly higher flower production than deeper plantings.
Use of Benzimidazoles for Control of Fungi in Peel Cultures of Citrus Fruits1
Authors: Oberbacher M. F. , Brown G. Eldon 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth of fungi from the surface of excised peel taken from Florida citrus fruit interfered with controlled studies on pigment changes of the flavedo. Control of these fungi was not achieved even though whole fruits were dipped in various concentrations of sodium hypochlorite before removing discs of peel for incubation in culture on a defined medium (5). Normally, the presence of fungal growth was evident on all discs of excised peel after 3 to 5 days incubation at 30°C. Development of a technique to control these fungi was necessary to allow longer incubation of discs to observe pigment changes.
Selectivity of Nitrofen Between Cabbage Cultivars
Authors: Hopen H. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Increasing herbicide selectivity between weeds and economic crops has facilitated row crop production with a decreasing demand for labor to be used for mechanical weed control. However, selectivity has been identified in several cases (1, 2, 3) to be of an intra-specific nature. Intra-specific selectivity by growth regulating compounds (i.e. herbicides) provides interesting academic concepts for more adequate physiological models (4, 5, 6) than inter-specific comparisons. The increased selectivity does creat problems in the use of herbicides in commercial production practices because several cultivars of a crop are usually available. Robinson (3) has suggested that with close selectivity and the rapid changing of cultivar utilization, inbred lines may be the most appropriate indicator plants to utilize in determining herbicide tolerances.
Induction of Parthenocarpy in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Using Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Chacko E. K. , Singh R. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The fact that Gustafson (2) and many other workers after him obtained fruit set without pollination by application of auxins, gibberellins or kinins, and the reports of their natural occurrence in a number of fruits suggests that these substances play a crucial role in the fruit setting and development (5, 3, 4). Attempts to induce parthenocarpy in fruits like plum with auxins, gibberellins or kinetin either alone or in combination have given negative results. Similarly, efforts to induce parthenocarpic fruit growth in mango has not been successful (6).
Promotion of Leaf Abscission of Deciduous Tree Fruit Nursery Stock with Abscisic Acid1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Following publication in 1965 (9) of the identity of Abscisin II isolated from cotton by Addicott's group, it was established that sycamore dormin and Abscisin II have the same structure (3). Abscisin II was later named abscisic acid (1). This and other research (4, 8, 10) shows that this is apparently a widely distributed compound.
Germinating Response of the Tomato at High Temperature1
Authors: Berry S. Z. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Differences in germination response at 35°C were found in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Varieties with tolerance to germination at high temperature were characteristically cold-germinating types with the notable exception of the variety, Fireball. The ability to respond at high temperature was not found to be associated with earliness.
Mushroom Crops from Beds Cased 7 to 42 Days After Spawning
Authors: San Antonio James P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Compost spawned with the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing. ‘White’, was cased 7-42 days after spawning. Uncased spawned compost was stored by covering it with polyethylene plastic film. Results indicated that the earlier the beds were cased, the earlier the fruit appeared. The earliest crops tended to yield less than later crops. A 10 to 14-day spawn growth period before casing was optimum. A potential use of plastic film to regulate crop production is discussed.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Sims William L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
During the past five years, mechanized growing and harvesting of certain fruit and vegetable crops made tremendous gains. Within the next five years several additional crops will probably be mechanized. The degree of mechanization varies with the area and with the crop. Factors such as climate, varieties, cultural practices, machine development, labor supply and whether the crop is grown for fresh market or processing, all have influenced the present status of mechanization.
The Mechanized Growing and Harvesting of Vegetable Crops in the West
Authors: Lorenz Oscar A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
I welcome this opportunity to discuss this topic but would preface the discussion by giving some information as to how far along we are in vegetable mechanization. We shall be talking primarily about mechanization at harvest because with all vegetables there is mechanized planting and subsequent culture, but with various degrees of precision, depending upon the crop and its environment
Some Effects of Ethrel (2-chloroethanephosphonic Acid) on Vegetable Crops1
Authors: Miller C. H. , Lower R. L. , McMurray A. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Twenty-one cultivars of vegetables were treated in the greenhouse with Ethrel (2-chloroethanephosphonic acid) at concentrations of 240, 480 or 960 ppm. The stages of growth at treatment varied from 1 to 4 true leaves for the various cultivars.
The earliest observable response was stunting. With some cultivars, the stunting was permannent; but with others it appeared to be temporary. The degree and duration of stunting varied with cultivar and ethrel concentration.
Ethrel caused a strong tendency toward pistillate flowers on most of the monoecious cucurbits tested and in some cases almost complete absence of staminate flowers. The chemical greatly reduced the number of staminate flowers but had no observable effect on the number of perfect flowers of the muskmelon. The chemical also altered fruit shape of ‘Butternut’ squash.
Response of ‘McIntosh’ Apple to Differential Placement of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers1
Authors: Michelson L. F. , Lord W. J. , Drake M. , Baker J. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response to surface placement of Nitrogen and Potassium fertilizer materials at: 1) dripline, 2) inside and 3) broadcast was observed for 5 years. Inside placement of equal or lesser amounts of fertilizer was as effective, and at times more effective, than dripline or broadcast placement. It appears possible that herbicides and fertilizer may be applied close to the bole of the tree in a single operation.
A Rapid and Accurate System for Scoring Tomato Fruit Cracking
Authors: Armstrong R. J. , Thompson A. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Many studies have been conducted concerning the crack resistance of tomato fruits. Various means of measuring crack susceptibility of tomato fruits have been used. Iverson (3), Reynard (6), and Prashar and Lambeth (5) have used rating systems to evaluate cracking of tomato fruits. These systems were rapid and suitable for distinguishing between relatively large differences in crack resistance. Johannessen (4), Voisey and MacDonald (10), and Voisey and Lyall (9) have devised instruments to measure the mechanical strength of the tomato skin. Methods using these instruments are slow and the relationship between crack resistance of tomato fruits and the mechanical strength of the skin has not been definitely established. White and Whatley (11) have suggested the use of a map measure to measure the lengths of cracks in tomatoes and apples. This method is very accurate, but it is slow and limits the number of fruits that can be evaluated. Hepler (2) developed, and Thompson et al.(7) and Thompson (8) used the Illinois vacuum-immersion technique for testing the resistance of fruit cracking in tomatoes. It consists of placing in water fruits selected at incipient color, drawing a partial vacuum and holding the vacuum until bubbles are no longer emitted from the stem scar, then continuing the immersion for a certain period at normal pressure. The resulting cracks are measured with a map measure. This method has the advantage in that it can differentiate crack resistance among lines that appear resistant to cracking in the field. The conditions under which cracking occurs can be controlled by using this method, and a large part of the environmental effect upon cracking can be eliminated. This method is rapid as far as inducing cracking is concerned, but extremely time—consuming when it comes to measuring the induced cracks. This is especially true on lines where large amounts of cracking are induced on the fruit.
Reaction of Tomato Breeding Lines to Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Stoner A. K. , Mason H. C. , Webb R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mason, Henneberry, and Lehr (1) and Stoner and Mason (2, 3) reported differences in the resistance of tomato varieties to Drosophila melanogaster. They compared varieties representing a wide sample of those developed and grown commercially in the United States in recent years. Their tests included varieties with large and small fruits, round and paste types, those adapted for hand and machine-harvesting, and those used for processing and fresh market.
Phosphorus Nutrition of Plants in Soils1
Authors: Black C. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical account of the phosphorus nutrition of plants in soils, including some of the evidence and thinking related to it. Because these remarks are directed to the “nutrient-solution fraternity,” a comparison of nutrient solutions and soils in respect of certain aspects of phosphorus nutrition may be an appropriate introduction.
The Biochemistry and Physiology of Ripening
Authors: Dostal H. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The obvious changes which occur during ripening have long been the mainstay of man’s evaluation of fruit and vegetable quality. Influence of environment on these changes have been investigated over the past decade. More recently, research has focused on the basic physiological processes which occur prior to and in close association with the manifested ripening changes.
Endosperm Development in ‘Maygol’ Peach1
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Buchanan D. W. , Aitken J. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The development of the endosperm of the ‘Maygold’ peach may be used to predict the optimum time for chemical thinning. With this variety 3-chlorophenoxy alpha-propionamide (CPA) was most effective when fruit diameter and seed length were 24 and 13-14 mm, respectively. This stage occurred 29 days after full bloom when cytogenesis was completed in 35 per cent of the fruit.
Effects of Five Herbicides on Young Apple and Peach Trees1
Authors: Skroch Walter A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of five herbicides, simazine, terbacil, DP 733, trifluralin and dichlobenil were studied at two or three rates and three methods of placement around young apple and peach trees. Golden Delicious apple seedlings exhibited a greater inherent tolerance to the herbicides than June budded Candor peaches. Simazine, terbacil, and DP 733 significantly reduced the growth of both apples and peaches at all levels. Trifluralin and dichlobenil were toxic only when high rates were mixed in the soil around the tree root systems.
Lucite—A Molding Plastic on Biological Slides1
Authors: Edwards T. W. , Sherman W. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Permanent microscopic slides generally consist of mounting stained tissues in Canada balsam or resin and protecting them with a cover glass. Application of the correct amount of mounting material is necessary to prevent cleaning of excess resin from slides. In addition, air bubbles are often caught under the cover glass and cannot easily be removed. Fast-drying liquid plastics offer a simple technique for solving this problem. Satisfactory permanent slides have been made by using a form of Lucite (methyl methacrylate polymer) to mount tissues (1). This form was soluble in xylene to yield 30 to 40% solutions (w/v).
Vein Tracts, Not Sutures, in Cantaloupe1
Authors: Davis R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The term “vein tract” is better than “suture” to denote the longitudinal indentations or unnetted strips which sometimes characterize the outward appearance of fruits of Cucumis melo L., reticulatus Naud. The term “suture” has a botanical ring in comparison to “grooves” or “stripes,” and I confess to having used it as much as anybody. Unfortunately, “suture” is here applied incorrectly; thus it is misleading to one who may be considering physiological explanations for unexplained variations in this surface feature.
Muskmelon vs. Cantaloupe1
Authors: Whitaker Thomas W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The common name for botanical varieties and cultivars of Cucumis melo L. is muskmelon. This term includes those forms with both edible and inedible fruits. In the United States the word “cantaloupe” has been applied to cultivars belonging to C. melo var. reticulatus Naud. The fruits of var. reticulatus are medium in size, the surface is netted, and has shallow vein tracts. The flesh is usually salmon colored, but it may vary from green to deep salmon-orange. The vines usually bear andromonoecious flowers, and the fruit generally separates from the stem when mature (slips). Most cultivars grown for commercial purposes in this country belong to C. melo var. reticulatus. The name “cantaloupe” has become firmly imbedded in American culture to indicate these medium-sized, netted melons found in season on shelves of nearly every grocery store and supermarket in the country. For this reason, little can be done to correct its usage except to point out that “cantaloupe” is a misnomer.
Texts in Tropical Horticulture, a Difficult Choice
Authors: Martin Franklin W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To most North American horticulturists, tropical horticulture is an “exotic” science. Familiar concepts such as length of growing season, degree of hardiness, winter dormancy, and critical day length are inappropriately applied to many tropical situations. Ignorance of tropical agriculture may lead one to believe that very little research has been done in tropical crops. A missionary attitude may prevail: We ought to send some of our horticulturists down there to show them how. These attitudes and beliefs are inappropriate in an age when American “know-how” is being widely exported.
Effect of Time of Disbudding on Single-Harvest Yields and Maturity of ‘Jade Cross’ Brussels Sprouts1
Authors: Cutliffe J. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The terminal bud was removed from ‘Jade Cross’ Brussels sprout plants when sprouts began to develop and at various later stages of sprout development. Total marketable single-harvest yields increased as time of disbudding was delayed and equalled those of normal plants when disbudding was delayed to the 9- whorl stage or later. Thus, terminal bud removal on ‘Jade Cross’ cannot be justified on the basis of increased single-harvest marketable yields. However, time of removal of the terminal bud affected maturity and the optimum harvest period of disbudded plants was advanced as much as 12 to 14 days. This effect of disbudding can be of assistance to a grower or processor in obtaining earlier production or in scheduling an extended harvesting period.
Use of Soil Analysis in Osmocote Fertilizer Programs1
Authors: Matkin O. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A method of determining the reserve fertilizer content of soil containing encapsulated slow-release fertilizer was tested. The procedure involved dual analysis by extraction before and after rupturing fertilizer capsules using a cereal grinder.
Dry soil bulk density measurement permitted calculation of theoretical fertilizer concentration. Comparison of calculated versus concentrations found were very close for potassium and nitrogen. Phosphorus found by analysis was lower than theoretical.
Nutrient Removal by Papaya Fruits1
Authors: Awada M. , Suehisa R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nutrient analysis of harvested papaya fruits from trees grown at Waimanalo, Oahu, Hawaii and at Malama-Ki, Puna, Hawaii showed the following descending order of removal: K, N, Ca, Mg, P. Quantities of N and K removed by Malama-Ki fruits represented 38 and 56%, respectively, of the amounts applied as fertilizer.
Effects of Plant Population and Pattern on Yield of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) in Single Harvest1
Authors: Palevitch Dan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of plant population density and arrangement on the yield of broccoli cv. ‘Spartan Early’ in a single destructive harvest. Higher yields were obtained by increasing the plant population density, especially through the use of spacings approaching equidistant arrangements.
Alleviating the Effects of Pollution by Modifying the Plant
Authors: Gabelman W. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
From the earlier papers in this symposium it should be apparent that horticulturists have 2 basic concerns with pollution; namely, how do pollutants effect the growth of the plant and how do pollutants effect the animals that utilize the plant. We are interested in exclusion of the pollutant from the metabolic areas of the plant and tolerance to the pollutants when in the metabolic areas or both. The response of plants may be lethal, sublethal, or without any apparant change. But if the effect is not lethal, the plant has built-in adaptive systems to enhance its probability for adaptation and survival. This knowledge gives mankind a tool for survival also.
Carryover Effect of Succinic Acid 2, 2-Dimethylhydrazide on Fruit Shape of ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Williams M. W. , Bartram R. D. , Carpenter W. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhy drazide (Alar) applied commercially to 'De licious’ apple trees at a concentration of 1,000 ppm at 8 and 125 days after full bloom in 1968 caused flattened misshapen fruit to be produced in 1969.
Ethylene: Involvement in Shuck Dehiscence in Pecan Fruits [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch1]
Authors: Lipe John A. , Morgan Page W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethylene evolution by detached pecan fruits was measured periodically from mid-season until the completion of shuck dehiscence. Less than 1 µ1 ethylene per kg fresh wt/hr was produced until approximately 1 wk before the initiation of shuck dehiscence, when a maximum rate of almost 20 µ1. per kg/hr was attained. The timing and magnitude of the ethylene peak suggests that ethylene may be a hormonal regulator of dehiscence.
Cold Resistance and Acclimation in Woody Plants12
Authors: Weiser C. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Low temperature is acknowledged to be the single most important factor limiting the distribution of plants (70). Freezing damage to horticultural crops is a ubiquitous problem of major economic significance even in sub-tropical regions. Among the more commonly recognized types of freezing injury are sunscald and frost splitting of tree trunks, winter burn on conifer foliage, blackheart in stems of trees and shrubs, soil heaving damage and crown kill of herbaceous perennials, die-back in citrus, mid-winter kill of dormant flower buds, and spring and autumn frost damage of tender annuals, flowers and fruits.
Induction of Dormancy and Cold Hardiness in Citrus
Authors: Young Roger 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although citrus is grown in the southern regions of the United States, it is exposed to periodic freezes. Freezes are a serious production problem, as evidenced by the enormous loss of fruit and trees in recent years in the major citrus-growing areas (8). In 1962 in Florida, approximately 50 million boxes of fruit were lost, and substantial wood damage and loss of bearing surface occurred in approximately two-thirds of the citrus-producing areas (12). The monetary loss was estimated to exceed 500 million dollars. In Texas in 1951, 85,000 acres of trees were killed, and in 1962, 40,000 acres. Surviving trees lost their entire bearing surface. Many trees were killed back to 2-inch wood (27). Severe freezes also occur periodically in California and Arizona. In 1963, for instance, temperatures as low as 20°F occurred in some areas in California for eight consecutive nights. Injury was primarily to the fruit and very young trees (12). Studies of long-term weather records have indicated that freezes of 22°F minimums and lower occur in all major citrus-growing areas in the United States every 8 to 13 years on the average (5). Thus, it is expected that citrus-growing areas will be exposed to damaging freezes periodically.
Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Nitrogen on the Strawberry cv. ‘Redcoat’1
Authors: Blatt C. R. , Crouse D. N. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field grown plants receiving gibberellic acid (GA) 4 weeks or 4 and 8 weeks after planting produced significantly more runners than the control. Compared with the controls, there were no significant vegetative or cropping differences due to rate of GA application. Increasing the rate of applied nitrogen increased runner, runner plant, and % leaf N values in greenhouse grown plants and a GA spray of 50 ppm combined with 120 ppm N gave the highest runner plant yield. Time of GA application was the significant factor in the vegetative response of this cultivar; however, compared with the control the increases were relatively small.
An Economic Evaluation of Bulk Transport Handling of Tomatoes for Processing1
Authors: Sullivan G. H. , Uyeshiro R. Y. , Wilcox G. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Traditional methods of bulk handling mechanically harvested tomatoes in pallet bins were compared with handling in bulk trailer units. Substantially greater cost reduction resulted from the bulk trailer system; costs per ton to handle and transport mechanically harvested tomatoes in pallet bins averaged $4.59 compared to $1.86 under the bulk trailer system. Additional savings were realized from utilization of the equipment in the bulk trailer system with more than 1 mechanical harvesting unit.
Cork Spot (Pit) of ‘Anjou’ Pear Related to Calcium Concentration in Fruit1
Authors: Mason J. L. , Welsh M. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Normal fruits of ‘Anjou’ pear and fruits with cork spot (pit) symptoms collected at harvest time from trees of various ages, were peeled, cored, and halved and the calyx ends analyzed for mineral nutrient concentration. Pitted fruits were significantly lower in Ca concentration, but there were no differences in Mg, K, Zn, Fe, Mn or Cu. Pitted fruits had a mean of 219 ppm Ca (dry-weight basis) with a range from 187 to 255 ppm. Normal fruits had a mean of 319 ppm with a range of 244 to 453 ppm.
A Clustering Technique Applied to Sweetpotato Incompatibility Classification1
Authors: Martin Franklin W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sweetpotato cultivars both as males and as females were classified into groups of related individuals on the basis of an index of similarity (correlation coefficients based on pollen tubes per stigma data). By gradually lowering the criterion of similarity the majority of the varieties were classified into one large group. At no stage of the process were inter-compatible, intra-incompatible groups found. A few cultivars, either as male or female, did not fit into the large group, and were also not clearly related to each other. Thus, this technique, as well as previous techniques, demonstrates the difficulty of incompatibility classification in sweetpotato, and the resultant lack of predictability of crossing ability.