bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Container Size Influences Broccoli and Cauliflower Transplant Growth but not Yield
Authors: Dufault Robert J. , Waters Luther 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var italica) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var botrytis) were seeded and grown for 4 weeks in containers ranging from 3.8 to 30.5 cm3 in volume, 2.0 to 4.3 cm wide, 3.2 to 7.2 cm deep, and at densities of 540 to 2500 plants/m2. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of container size on growth of 4-week-old plants and on their subsequent yield. The number of leaves/plant, leaf dry weight/plant, plant height, and leaf area/plant of 4-week-old broccoli and cauliflower plants generally increased with increasing container width, volume, and decreasing plant density. Container depth did not affect these variables, except to increase plant height as depth increased. Container volume, width, and depth and density did not affect marketable yields of broccoli and cauliflower. Earliness, length of harvest season, and cull yields of broccoli and cauliflower generally were unaffected by container size. Small containers (2.0 cm wide, 3.2 to 4.5 cm deep, 3.8 to 5.9 cm3 in volume, and 2500 plants/m2) are economical and appropriate depending on seedbed conditions.
Daminozide Protects Potato Seedlings from Metribuzin Phytotoxicity
Authors: Phatak Sharad C. , Jaworski Casimir A. , Ghate Suhas R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effect of daminozide as a plant growth retardant to protect potato seedlings from metribuzin injury was investigated. Plants of 6 potato cultivars were sprayed 42 days after planting with daminozide at 0, 2500, 5000 ppm concentrations. Four days after daminozide treatment, metribuzin at 0.56 kg/ha was applied. Within 3 days after metribuzin treatment, differences between potato cultivars in metribuzin tolerance was observed. Seven days after metribuzin application 25.2% to 42% of the control plants had more than 20% necrosis, and of this percentage, 0% to 13.9% plants were dead. Only 2.3% to 10.7% of the plants exhibited more than 20% metribuzin injury when pretreated with 2500 ppm daminozide. Potato plants treated with 5000 ppm daminozide were not damaged. The soluble solids of stem sap increased with daminozide rate. Protection from metribuzin injury in potato was associated with the increase in soluble solids in daminozide treated plants. Chemical name used: butanedioic acid mono (2, 2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).
Photoperiod Affects Chrysanthemum Host Plant Selection by Leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Authors: Knodel-Montz Janet J. , Lyons Robert E. , Poe Sidney L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), was attracted more to short day (SD) grown chrysanthemums for feeding and oviposition than to long day (LD) grown chrysanthemums. Densities of feeding punctures and mines within SD grown plants were positively related to leaf height. A physical property of chrysanthemum leaves influencing the preference of feeding and oviposition sites by the female leafminer was trichome density.
Flowering Response of Mid-Century Hybrid Lilies to Bulb Vernalization and Shoot Photoperiod Treatment
Authors: Roh Mark Seungmoon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mid-Century hybrid lilies (Lilium × elegans Thunb.) ‘Kiyotsu-beni’ and ‘Enchantment’ were subjected to bulb vernalization and shoot photoperiod treatments. Both cultivars required a minimum of 4 weeks of bulb vernalization at 5°C to promote shoot emergence and rapid flowering at 21°. Flower number was not influenced by shoot photoperiod treatments. A split temperature of 5°/9° at 2-week intervals accelerated flowering of ‘Kiyotsu-beni’. Flower numbers of ‘Enchantment’ were increased when bulbs were given 2°/2°. The optimum vernalization temperature was 5° or 9° for ‘Kiyotsu-beni’, and 2° for ‘Enchantment’.
Effect of Postharvest Heat Treatments for Insect Control on the Quality and Market Life of Peaches
Authors: Kerbel Eduardo L. , Mitchell F. Gordon , Mayer Gene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The tolerance of peaches [Prunus persica (L) Batsch ‘Suncrest’] to different heat treatments, utilizing hot water and hot air at 38°, 40°, 42°, and 43°C was evaluated. Following treatment, and after 5 days at 20° (simulated marketing conditions), following 10 days at 0° (simulated holding and transit conditions), surface browning was the major symptom of heat injury. Significant injury occurred to fruit from all the treatments at 43°. However, some treatments, i.e., water dipped (40 min at 38°) + either 24 or 30 hr at 38° in air; and water dipped (40 min at 40°) + either 12 or 24 hr at 40° in air were tolerated by the peaches.
Benzaldehyde, a Major Aroma Component of Saskatoon Berries
Authors: Mazza G. , Hodgins M. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aroma of 7 cultivars of saskatoon berries (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) has been investigated by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and colorimetry. One compound, benzaldehyde, comprised 26 to 168 mg/kg of fresh berries and 76% to 96% of the essence. This is the first report of benzaldehyde in saskatoon berries.
Spring Frost Injury Relative to Phenophase Bud Development in Saskatoon Berry
Authors: Friesen Laurie J. , Stushnoff Cecil 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Frost injury to floral buds of Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt, was studied following a severe spring frost. Observations were made on several cultivars, selections from natural stands, and on the cultivar ‘Smoky’ grafted onto 3 different rootstocks. Some comparisons also were made on ‘David’ pear, ‘Dolgo’ crabapple, and ‘Patterson Pride’ plum. In all taxa, the lower portion of the fruiting canopy was injured more than the upper portion. Terminal and spur buds suffered more damage than axillary buds. Hardiness decreased as the stage of phenophase bud development increased. Rootstocks influenced phenological development and thereby injury. Within a floret, pistil tissue was damaged more frequently than other floral tissues.
Movement of Foliar Applied Boron out of Leaves and Accumulation in Flower Buds and Flower Parts of ‘Italian’ Prune
Authors: Hanson E. J. , Chaplin M. H. , Breen P. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To study the distribution of foliar applied B in ‘Italian’ prune (Prunus domestica L.) trees, 500 ppm B solutions were applied in July, September, and October. Boron applied in September or October moved readily out of senescing leaves and apparently into adjacent flower buds and subtending tissues. Boron applied in mid summer (29 July) moved out of nonsenescing leaves at a similar rate. Flower buds accumulated B slowly in the fall and winter, but rapidly during bud swelling. In flowers, the largest increases in B concentrations due to foliar sprays were in anthers (248%) and styles (162%).
Rapid Micropropagation of Paulownia tomentosa
Authors: Burger D. W. , Liu L. , Wu L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nodes from mature tissue of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. were cultured on a modified Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium containing BAP and NAA. Axillary buds elongated most rapidly from nodes of greenhouse-grown trees on a medium containing 1.0 mg BAP/liter and 0.1 mg NAA/liter. After 7 days on this medium, the elongated shoots were transferred to media containing IBA (0.5–1.0 mg/liter) or the shoots were quick-dipped (15 sec) in the K-salt of IBA (KIBA, 500–1000 ppm) and rooted under mist in the greenhouse. The shoots rooted in 7–10 days and were easily transplanted to 6 packs (6-celled plastic flat) for continued development. This propagation scheme provides a method for the rapid multiplication of plants from mature tissue Paulownia in a very short period of time (14–17 days). Chemical names used: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); benzylaminopurine (BAP); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
Jojoba Embryo Culture and Oil Production
Authors: Lee C. W. , Thomas J. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A single immature jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schnedier] embryo cultured in vitro produced as many as 18 asexual embryos per explant depending on the explant size and culture media composition. Cotyledonary structures arising from embryos contained wax bodies and liquid wax identical to that of jojoba seed. The induced asexual embryos, when excised and subcultured, frequently produced callus without forming multiple embryos.
Selection for Resistance of Onions to Botrytis allii by Scale Inoculation Method
Authors: Miyaura Kuniaki , Shinada Yuji , Gabelman W. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Botrytis neck rot, caused by Botrytis allii Munn, is one of the most serious diseases of onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars during storage. Uniform maturity of Fj hybrids has provided tolerance to natural infection in the United States. Cultivar differences in resistance to this disease have been detected by artificial inoculation in Europe. However, gain from selection for resistance by systematic artificial inoculation has not been reported (1, 2, 4, 5).
‘Pawnee’ Pecan
Authors: Thompson T. E. , Hunter R. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Pawnee’ pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] is a precocious and prolific producer of high quality nuts. It was released by the USDA 2 Nov. 1984. Early maturity, large size, and high kernel percentage make the nuts of this cultivar uniquely suited for the early Thanksgiving and Christmas holiday market. Earlier nut maturity also makes ‘Pawnee’ a potential cultivar for the northern pecan production area where there are few protandrous cultivars from which a grower can choose.
BARC-Rust Resistant −2, −3, −4, and −5 Snap Bean Germplasm
Authors: Stavely J. R. , Steinke J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger [ = U. phaseoli (Reben) Wint.], is a major disease of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) throughout most of the world (7). Severe epidemics can cause as much as 80% to 100% crop loss. This disease often occurs in severe epidemics on snap beans in the humid Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States (1, 5). Fungicides are commonly used to reduce losses. Over 150 pathogenic races of U. appendiculatus have been identified worldwide, including 55 from the contiguous United States (4).
Clubroot-resistant Broccoli Breeding Lines OSU CR-2 to OSU CR-8
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Kean D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica Group) breeding lines OSU CR-2 to OSU CR-8 were selected and tested for clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.) resistance in the field at Corvallis and Tillamook, Oregon. All of the lines have shown resistance to downy mildew [Peronospora parasitica (Fr.) Tul.] in the field at Corvallis, and most have useful horticultural characteristics and are potentially useful as parents for F1 hybrids.
‘Summit’ Tomato
Authors: Gardner R. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Summit’ is a late-season, determinate, fresh-market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) developed at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, N.C. ‘Summit’ is adapted to ground and stake culture for mature-green and vine-ripe harvest. It was evaluated in North Carolina as NC 7993-5-39-1W-1R and in the Southern Tomato Exchange Program (STEP) as STEP 671.
‘Earlirouge’, an Early Fresh Market Red Tomato
Authors: Metcalf John G. , Reyes Andres A. , Mohr Willard P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Earlirouge’ tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) was developed to replace ‘Starfire’, the common cultivar grown in eastern Ontario, Canada, in the 1960s. It was named for its earliness and bright red color of the fruit. It is now grown for the handpick fresh market tomato in Ontario and Quebec provinces of Canada and northeastern United States.
Dormancy: Toward a Reduced, Universal Terminology
Authors: Lang G. A. , Early J. D. , Arroyave N. J. , Darnell R. L. , Martin G. C. , Stutte G. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In observing the growth phases of a plant’s many structures, a paraphrasing of J.L. Harper (7), and later Sussman and Douthit (13), comes to mind: “Some structures are born dormant, some achieve dormancy, and some have dormancy thrust upon them”. Indeed, the dormancy phenomena can be associated with essentially all meristematic regions of the plant. Accordingly, a wealth of terminology has arisen to describe various plant dormancy phenomena. While recently discussing seasonal growth processes, our use and misuse of current and historic dormancy terms led us to conclude that a simplified, descriptive dormancy terminology would be of benefit to the plant science community. Our purpose here is to review briefly the terminology now in use, critically examine dormancy phenomena and reduce terminology to a minimal number of descriptive terms, and consequently to stimulate discussion of this terminology scheme by our peers.
Recent Advances in Virus Detection
Authors: Martin Robert R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Viruses consist of nucleic acid packaged in a protective shell composed of protein or, in some cases, protein plus lipid. This shell protects the nucleic acid from enzymatic degradation while it is outside the host cell in a potentially hostile environment. Recent advances in virus detection and diagnosis are based on increased sensitivity of methods for the detection of proteins and nucleic acids.
Using Plant Viruses for Disease Control
Authors: Hamilton R. I. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The practice of using plant viruses in the control of virus diseases, originally demonstrated in 1933 by Salaman (56), arose from observations made over 50 years ago by McKinney (41), Thung (64), and others who reported plants, preinoculated with mild strains of some viruses, and later inoculated with related severe strains, often failed to show symptoms of the severe strains. The phenomenon has been termed “cross protection” (22, 32, 66). The general observation, failure of the severe strain to cause symptoms, is valid but the principles underlying the phenomenon are not understood. For example, 2 strains may exhibit reciprocal protection, but others may not (23, 24, 39). Moreover, evidence is accumulating in some experimental systems that, even though the severe strain may not induce symptoms, it does replicate in the protected plant (7, 17), so that the failure to express symptoms may not necessarily mean failure of the severe strain to infect and replicate. On the other hand, Dodds (16) provided evidence that cross protection between 2 strains of cucumber mosaic virus appears to operate by preventing infection by the challenge strain.
Hardwood Chips as an Alternative Medium for Container Plant Production
Authors: Kenna Susan W. , Whitcomb Carl E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hardwood chips of post oak, Quercus stellata Wangh, and Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila L., were used as components of container growth media for Pyracantha X ‘Mojave’ and Formosan sweetgum, Liquidambar formosana Hance. Both species grew at least as well in the wood chip media as in conventional pine bark medium. Micronutrients were of little benefit to plants in the oak chip medium but did increase plant growth in the elm chip medium. Drainable pore space decreased dramatically during the growing season, indicating decomposition; however, roots appeared normal when the study ended. Adding additional N above the level generally used with a pine bark medium did not improve growth.
Avoidance of Herbicide Injury by Placement between Rows of Polyethylene Mulch
Authors: Teasdale John R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Several herbicides which usually are toxic to muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) did not reduce melon yield when applied to soil between crop rows mulched with black polyethylene. These herbicides include metolachlor, alachlor, oryzalin, linuron, acifluorfen, metribuzin, and paraquat. However, oxyfluorfen and atrazine cause severe injury and reduced yield in some instances. Herbicide injury appeared to result from movement of herbicide to plants by rainfall runoff or by volatilization rather than by root uptake from the treated area. Chemical names used: 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid (acifluorfen); 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-methoxymethyl)acetamide (alachlor); N’-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea (linuron); 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide (metolachlor); 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide (oryzalin); 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium salts (paraquat); (4-amino-6-[1,1-dimethylethyl]-3-[methylthio]-1,2,4- -triazin-5 [4H]-one) (metribuzin); 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (oxyfluorfen); 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N’-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (atrazine).
Comparison of Three Experimental Vegetable Plot Planters
Authors: Ells James E. , McSay Ann E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cone, belt, and baffle planters built to fit on standard Planet Jr. planting units, were evaluated for vegetable plot seeding. On the basis of field tests with cabbage, cucumber, and lettuce seed, the belt planter was preferred. The cone planter had difficulty in transferring seed from the cone plate to the delivery tube and the baffle planter did not seed cabbage and lettuce uniformly.
A Technique for Accurately Measuring Water Use by Entire Greenhouse Crops
Authors: Moss Gerald I. , Meyer C. P. , Ceresa A. , Sale P. J. M. , Shell G. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Equipment for measuring water use of a greenhouse crop of up to ± 1 kg h-1 over 30 m2 is described. It is based on growing a crop in nutrient film, with a nutrient tank replenished from a water tank, and controlled by accurate level sensors. The water tank is suspended from a load cell interrogated at frequent intervals by a data logging computer. Examples of data collected are given. Peak daytime transpiration rates varied from 50 mg s-1 m-2 to 150 mg m2 s-1 with a maximum error of 5%. With low transpiration rates, the errors were increased, but accuracy could be improved by calculating the rates over a prolonged time interval.
Control of Erysiphe cichoracearum on Zinnia elegans, with a Polymer-based Antitranspirant
Authors: Kamp Marihelen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A polymer-based antitranspirant was compared to a fungicide, Acti-Dione PM for control of Erysiphe cichoracearum on Zinnia elegans and its effects on plant growth. Plants treated with the antitranspirant had a significant increase in height, fresh and dry weight, and length of the flowering period. In addition, the antitranspirant treated plants had significantly reduced powdery mildew. SEM studies showed that the antitranspirant treated plants had closed stomata, and presumably this had an effect on water uptake as well as the plant host interactions.
Promotion of Adventitious Root Formation on Cuttings by Paclobutrazol
Authors: Davis Tim D. , Sankhla Narendra , Walser Ronald H. , Upadhyaya Abda 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The promotion of adventitious root formation by paclobutrazol was tested by placing cuttings in solutions of the chemical for 24–40 hr, and then observing the rooting response. Paclobutrazol at relatively low concentrations (3 to 6 mg·liter-1) increased the number of roots formed on cuttings of Creeping Charlie (Plectranthus australis R. Br.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by about 100% and 85%, respectively. Paclobutrazol did not affect root length greatly but reduced shoot length by about 20% compared to controls.
Comparison of Development of Two Bean Crosses
Authors: Hoover Emily E. , Brenner Mark L. , Ascher Peter D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A nondestructive measurement technique for predicting the developmental stage of young embryos was devised and used to study developmental patterns of 2 Phaseolus crosses. While selfed P. coccineus Lam. produces normal seeds, P. coccineus × P. vulgaris L. aborts embryos when the seeds reach 10 mm in length. Seed growth of the interspecific cross was reduced with respect to days after pollination. Other characteristics of the interspecific cross included reduced pod length, an increased (pod length)/(number seeds per pod) ratio, reduced embryo fresh weight, and an increased volume of liquid endosperm. Between the self and the cross, pod thickness did not differ, and thus can be used to predict developmental stage of young embryos.
Genotype and Environment Effects on the Relationship between Protein Concentration and Trypsin Inhibitor Levels in Sweet Potatoes
Authors: Bouwkamp J. C. , Tsou S. C. S. , Lin S. S. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Samples of sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] grown in field trials during 4 seasons in 1981 and 1982 were analyzed for trypsin inhibitor levels and protein concentration. A significant positive correlation between trypsin inhibitor levels and protein concentration was found in each season and between trypsin inhibitor level and dry matter content in 3 of the seasons. Clones were identified which had less trypsin inhibitor activity than predicted by multiple linear regression.
Changes in Carbohydrate Concentration during Watermelon Juice Storage
Authors: Brown Alex C. , Summers W. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsumura and Nakai] juice samples of ‘Allsweet’ and ‘Crimson Sweet’ were stored at 0° and −30°C. Concentrations of fructose, glucose, and sucrose were determined by using HPLC over a period of 44 days at 2- to 7-day intervals. Changes in sugar concentrations suggest that sucrose is hydrolyzed to fructose and glucose within a period of 10 days for samples stored at 0°. A 19.6% decrease in total sugar concentration was observed after 37 days storage. A 17.8% sugar loss also was observed in samples stored at −30° for 37 days.
Seed Treatments for Improved Germination of Tetraploid Watermelon
Authors: Nerson H. , Paris H. S. , Karchi Z. , Sachs M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Schrad.) Matsum. & Nakai] seeds of the tetraploid ‘Alena’ and the diploid ‘Sugar Baby’ were subjected to one of several treatments prior to germination at 17°, 21°, and 25°C, including lateral splitting, soaking in H2O (aerated or nonaerated), GA4+7, or benzyladenine (BA) for 24 hr, or in KNO3 for 5 days, followed by drying. These treatments were successful in increasing germination percentage of ‘Alena’ seeds. Soaking treatments increased ‘Alena’ embryo length. ‘Alena’ seeds possessed thicker seed coats, larger seed cavities, and absorbed more water than those of their diploid counterpart, ‘Sugar Baby’.
Vine Decline in Muskmelon as Influenced by Cultivar and Planting Date
Authors: Bruton B. D. , Hartz T. K. , Cox E. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Infection by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassie) Goid and subsequent symptom expression were investigated on ‘Perlita’ and ‘TAM Uvalde’ muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) at 3 spring planting dates. Infection exceeded 80% within 49 days of planting in both cultivars at all planting dates. Symptom expression at harvest was significantly greater in ‘Perlita’ than ‘TAM Uvalde’ for all planting dates, indicating a useful level of tolerance in ‘TAM Uvalde’.
Factors Controlling Fruit Set of ‘Napoleon’ Sweet Cherry in Western Oregon
Authors: Guerrero-Prieto V. M. , Vasilakakis M. D. , Lombard P. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
During 1982–84, pollen tube growth rate in styles of ‘Napoleon’ sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) was related to genotype and temperature. At temperatures of 7.3° and 9.9°C, ‘Corum’ pollen tube growth was the slowest, ‘Bada’ the fastest. Maximum stigma receptivity of ‘Napoleon’ occurred for 5 days after anthesis at 9.4°. Ovules were functional for at least 13 days after anthesis. Hand pollination of ‘Napoleon’ resulted in a high fruit set irrespective of pollinizer source or weather conditions during the 3 years. Open pollination developed adequate fruit set for a commercial yield in all 3 years, although it was variable, 24% to 50%. Data in 1984 suggest that insect pollinators were active below 13°.