bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVI-4 Effect of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Ammonia Emission in Finishing Swine
Authors: Moran Kory , Chamusco Sandra , Aumiller Tobias 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two independent studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of a commercially available phytogenic feed additive (essential oils blend and saponins) to reduce ammonia (NH3) emission in finishing swine. In each experiment, 72 barrows and gilts (Exp. 1: 30.7±3.35kg; Exp. 2: 26.2±1.85kg) were used during 110 and 77 d, respectively. In each experiment, pigs were housed in 8 gas-tight sealed chambers under controlled climatic conditions. Each chamber had three pens with a fully slatted floor. Pigs were allotted into 24 pens (3 pigs/pen). Treatments were assigned to the chambers (4 chambers/treatment). Dietary treatments were: 1) Control, and 2) Phytogenics (100g/MT AromexPro, Delacon Biotechnik GmbH). Diets were offered ad libitum and in mash form. Ammonia emissions were measured during the last 14 d of the experimental period of each study. Ammonia emissions were calculated per chamber as the experimental unit. Air NH3 concentration in the chambers was measured by a Photoacoustic Gas Monitor System INNOVA every 13 minutes. The ventilation rate of each chamber was used to calculate the emission rate. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. In Exp. 1, the phytogenics treatment significantly reduced by 19.5% the daily NH3 produced per animal, and by 20% the NH3 emission per kg body weight gained compared with the control treatment (12.94 vs. 16.07 g NH3/animal/day, P &lt; 0.001 and 13.73 vs. 17.23 g NH3/kg BWG, P = 0.011). Similar findings were observed in Exp. 2, the phytogenic treatment significantly reduced by 19.8% the daily NH3 produced per animal and by 21% the NH3 emission per kg BWG compared with the control treatment (14.40 vs. 17.95 g NH3/animal/day, P = 0.01 and 13.58 vs. 17.18 g NH3/kg BWG, P = 0.01). In conclusion, the results suggest that the phytogenic feed additive used in the present studies can be implemented as a nutritional strategy to reduce NH3 emissions in finishing swine.
PSVI-7 Effects of Increasing Total Dietary Fiber During Gestation and the Pre-Farrowing Period on Sow and Litter Performance in Lactation
Authors: Martinez Gabriela E , Rosero David , Wilcock Pete , Paz Ximena , van Heugten Eric 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of increasing total dietary fiber (TDF) during gestation and the pre-farrowing period to improve sow and litter performance. Sows (n = 117) were assigned to a 2×2 factorial arrangement consisting of the following factors: 1) gestation diet with low fiber (9% TDF) or high fiber (18%TDF) using primarily wheat middlings and soyhulls as the fiber sources; and 2) pre-farrowing pelleted supplement (no top-dress or top-dress). The top-dress was formulated to contain 43% TDF, using soyhulls and wheat middlings as the fiber sources and was provided at 0.91 kg daily on top of the normal feed allotment from the time sows were transferred into the farrowing house (112±1 d of gestation) until parturition. Fiber composition of the gestation diet and additional fiber from the top-dress fed pre-farrowing did not impact sow BW at placement (P = 0.39) or at weaning (P = 0.48). High fiber supplementation during gestation reduced the entry-to-farrow days (P = 0.007). The number of pigs born alive tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for sows fed the top-dress (13.03 and 12.88, within low and high fiber diets, respectively) compared with sows not receiving top-dress (11.89 and 11.42). Number of stillborn pigs (1.58, 1.26, 1.30, and 1.64 for the high fiber without and with top-dress, and low fiber without and with top-dress, respectively, P = 0.75) and number of weaned pigs (9.96, 10.30, 9.56, and 9.72) were not impacted by dietary treatments (P = 0.64). However, number of small weaned pigs was less when top-dress was provided to sows fed low fiber diets compared with top-dress supplementation to high fiber diets (0.33 vs 1.30; interaction, P = 0.02). Results suggest that high fiber supplementation during gestation and additional fiber fed immediately pre-farrowing did not influence sow BW, whereas top-dress tended to increase the number of pigs born alive and decreased the number of non-viable pigs at weaning when added to low fiber diets.
PSVII-10 Tonisity PxW Improves Pig Performance to End-Nursery
Authors: Putrino CallaBria , Buzoianu Stefan G , Kahler Katlyn , Firth Ava M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of administering Tonisity PxW to pigs for 5 d post-weaning on water intake, weight, mortality and fall-behinds until 6 weeks post-weaning. Tonisity PxW (Tonisity Inc, St. Joseph, MO) is a water-soluble supplement containing gut-enhancing amino acids and electrolytes. Tonisity PxW was compared with a commercially available electrolyte (named as Electrolyte-B). The study randomly allocated 5,665 gilts (8 batches; ~21-day weaning; ~3-hour travel), over an 8-month period on a single USA gilt-multiplication farm. Tonisity PxW was administered at a 0.2%-0.1%-0.1%-0.05%-0.05% concentration on d 1-2-3-45 post-weaning. Electrolyte-B was administered as per manufacturer’s instructions (0.2% for 5 d post-weaning). Both treatments were administered ad libitum through the waterlines, with separate water meters for each treatment. Data was collected by treatment for water intake, mortality and fall-behinds, and by pen for weights (weaning, day 14 and day 42 post-weaning; N = 430). Mortality and fall-behinds were analyzed using Fisher’s test. Weights and water intake were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Treatment was a fixed effect. Study day (for water) and weighing day (for weights) were included as repeated measures. Batch was included as random. Weaning weight was a covariate in the weight analysis. Data are presented as LSM±SEM. P ≤ 0.05 is considered significant. The PxW pigs consumed 22% more water on d 1 post-weaning (1.08±0.06 vs 0.89±0.06 L; P = 0.04), and 9% more water over 5 d post-weaning (1.34±0.05 vs 1.23 ±0.05 L; P = 0.19) than Electrolyte-B pigs. The PxW group had 65% fewer fall-behinds (P &lt; 0.0001) and 17% less mortality (P = 0.28) than the Electrolyte-B group. PxW pigs weighed 300 g more than Electrolyte-B pigs at d 42 post-weaning (21.8±0.18 vs 22.1±0.18 kg; P = 0.17). Tonisity PxW resulted in significantly greater water intake in the first 24 hours post-weaning and significantly fewer fall-behinds until d 42 post-weaning compared with Electrolyte-B.
PSVII-6 Effects of Carbohydrase Mixture Supplementation and Fiber Level on Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Nutrients in Diets Fed to Gestating Sows
Authors: Shipman Garrin , Perez-Palencia Jorge Y , Patterson Rob , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Supplementation of multi-carbohydrase enzyme cocktails increase nutrient digestibility of fibrous diets in grower pigs, in particular, dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSP); while NSP degrading enzymes are extensively used in sow diets there is little data characterizing NSP enzyme effect in sow diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbohydrase mixture (CM) supplementation on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients in diets with low or high fiber content fed to pregnant sows. A total of 45 gestating sows (parity 0 to 5; BW 187 ± 28 kg) were blocked by parity in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement to either a high (HF; 17.5% NDF) or low fiber (LF; 13% NDF) diet and 1 of 3 levels of CM supplementation (0, 0.08, and 0.10%). Sows were fed once daily at 2.2 kg/d. Fecal and urine samples were collected for 4 d following a 10-day adaption period. Dietary CM supplementation to gestating sow diets increased ATTD of dry matter, energy, crude fat, and fiber (NDF and ADF; P &lt; 0.05) with tendencies (P &lt; 0.10) for crude fiber. Digestibility of calcium, phosphorus, NSPs along with ME and DE contents of the diets were not affected (P &gt; 0.05). Dietary CM supplementation to the LF diet, but not the HF diet, increased the ATTD of NDF (P = 0.02). Inclusion at 0.08% did not differ from the 0.1% inclusion for effects on ATTD (Table 1). Irrespective of CM supplementation, sows fed the HF diet had improved digestibility of total NSP, xylose, glucose, and uronic acids (P &lt; 0.05) with a tendency for galactose (P = 0.08) as well as increased DE and ME content (P &lt; 0.01). Inclusion of CM in high fibrous gestating sow diets can be utilized to increase ATTD of nutrients and energy.
PSVII-11 Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Prototype Maintained Growth in Finishing Pigs Fed Diets with Reduced Energy and Protein
Authors: Kieser Joel , Levesque Crystal L , Perez-Palencia Jorge Y 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
During warm summer months, dietary intake levels of finishing pigs can drastically decrease, which may impact overall growth performance through macronutrient insufficiencies resulting from decreased intake. The goal of this 77-d finishing pig trial was to investigate the inclusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation prototype (SCFP) in diets with reduced nutrient content on growth performance. A total of 44 pens (237 finishing gilts and barrows) were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: CON formulated in 4 diet phases using corn, soybean meal, and DDGS, CON+ where 1% SCFP was added, and RED5+ and RED8+ where protein, amino acids, and energy were reduced 5% and 8%, respectively with the inclusion of soy hulls plus 1% SCFP. Dietary NDF was 16% and 17.5% in RED5+ and RED8+, respectively and 13% in CON and CON+. Pigs and feeders were weighed every 2 weeks; data were analyzed as a completely random design with pens as the experimental unit. In d28-d42, gain:feed ratio (G:F) was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in RED8+ and RED5+ pigs than CON and CON+, and in d42-d56 G:F was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in RED5+ than CON+ with CON and RED8+ intermediate. In d56-d70, average daily gain and BW were reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in RED8+ pigs than CON, and G:F was less (P &lt; 0.05) in RED8+ than CON and CON+. In all other weigh periods, BW was similar across all groups. There was no difference in dry matter digestibility of diets in any phase. The similar growth and feed intake between CON, CON+, and RED5+ pigs suggest that the SCFP may provide a nutrient uplift by way of enhanced nutrient digestion to offset the 5% reduction in dietary protein and energy.
PSVIII-8 Physiological Response of Broiler Chickens Fed Cold-Pressed Canola Cake-Based Diets with Soluble Fiber Source or Feed Additives
Authors: Hong Jinsu , Sellner Courtney , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Effects of soluble fiber source or feed additive supplementation in cold-pressed canola cake (CPCC) containing diets on growth performance, organ weights, and blood thyroid hormones, and pH of digesta of broilers were investigated. A total of 96 one-day-old broilers were assigned to 6 dietary treatments, consisting of 8 cages of 2 birds each. The diets included a corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based diet and corn-SBM-CPCC 20% diets without or with barley, acidifier, encapsulated butyric acid, and probiotics. Birds were fed a commercial diet for the first week and fed experimental diets for 2 weeks. Body weight (BW) and feed intake of broilers were measured on d 7 and 21. On d 21, all birds were euthanized to collect samples of blood, organs, and digesta. Collected blood samples were analyzed for serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4), and pH of digesta in gizzard, ileum, ceca, and large intestine was measured. Broilers fed CPCC diet with butyric acid or probiotics had greater (P &lt; 0.05) growth performance than broilers fed CPCC diet. There were no significant differences in relative weights of thyroid glands and liver to BW. Supplementation of either butyric acid or probiotics in CPCC diets reduced (P &lt; 0.05) serum T3 concentration compared with CPCC diet by 34% and 21%, respectively. Also, supplementation of butyric acid in CPCC diet showed no difference in serum T3 concentration compared with corn-SBM diet. Dietary treatments in CPCC diets did not affect pH of digesta in gizzard and ileum, whereas supplementation of barley or acidifier decreased pH of cecal digesta compared with that of broilers fed CPCC diet by 0.5 and 0.51 pH units, respectively. Supplementation of encapsulated butyric acid in the 20% CPCC diet can improve growth performance of broilers by mitigating the toxic effects of dietary CPCC as evidenced by reduced serum T3 concentration.
PSVIII-9 Survey us Soybean Meal: Does Region Influence Quality and Antinutritional Factors?
Authors: Hilton Katie , de Souza Ana Lucia P , Zarate Maurice , Remus Janet C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is one of the protein ingredients fed to commercial pigs. With recent increases in cost of this ingredient, evaluation of quality is critical. This study evaluated a total of 122 SBM samples collected from commercial feed mills, from 9 different states, 6 different SBM suppliers, 4 different regions and included 2 separate harvest years (2019 and 2020). Samples were sent to 2 separate labs (University of Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, and Eurofins) and analyzed for amino acids, digestibility factors, anti-nutritive factors and trypsin inhibitors. The model was a factorial in an 9 x 6 x 4 x 2 arrangement, consisting of 9 states, 6 suppliers, 4 regions, and 2 harvest years where all samples were tested. Data was analyzed by ANOVA JMP PRO 15 (SAS Institute Inc, 2019) and means were separated by Tukey HSD with significance level set at P &lt; 0.05. Results showed state was significant (P &lt; 0.05) for trypsin inhibitor, protein dispersibility index (PDI), and protein solubility. While SBM supplier and region was significant for trypsin inhibitor and PDI only. For those parameters that were significant, northeastern region were of the highest (P &lt; 0.05) for trypsin inhibitor, PDI and protein solubility. Typical benchmark of urease activity to evaluate SBM quality was not significant for supplier, region or state. However, the coefficient of variation of urease activity ranged from 31% to 70%, indicating this parameter is too variable to utilize as an indicator of SBM quality. Total oligosaccharides (stachyose+raffinose+verbascose) was analyzed and indicated a significant (P &lt; 0.05) difference for state, with samples from Mississippi being the lowest, while samples from the Midwest region had the greatest (P &lt; 0.05). This study indicates the significant differences between supplier, the state in which supplier resides and the region the soy comes from can play a role in the overall quality.
PSVIII-14 Zinc Oxide Augments Early Nursery Pig Feed Intake
Authors: De Mille Carson M , Burrough Eric R , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Pharmacological concentrations of zinc (Zn) are commonly fed in the nursery to benefit early post-weaning performance and reduces scours. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effect of pharmacological Zn on post-weaning pig daily feed intake and performance. Three-hundred weaned pigs (5.7 ± 1.03 kg BW) were selected and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (n = 10 pens/treatment, 10 pigs/pen). Diets were fed over 2 phases (phase 1: d 0-7, phase 2: d 8-21) and consisted of: 1) Control diet with no growth promoting additives, CON; 2) CON + 3,000 ppm Zn and 200 ppm Cu (phase 1), no pharmacological minerals in phase 2, ZC1; and 3) CON + 3,000 ppm Zn and 200 ppm Cu (phase 1), CON + 2,000 ppm Zn and 200 ppm Cu (phase 2); ZC2). Bodyweights were collected at d 0, 7, and 21. Feed disappearance was recorded daily from d 0-14, and within phase. In phase 1, ZC1 and ZC2 pigs had 29% greater feed consumption compared with the CON pigs (0.09, 0.09, 0.07 kg/d; P &lt; 0.0001). Within 2 d of phase 2 diet change, feed intake of the ZC1 pigs sharply decreased to the same level of the CON pigs, while ZC2 pigs consumed 29% more (P &lt; 0.05). In phase 1, ZC1 and ZC2 pens had increased ADG compared with CON pigs (P &lt; 0.001). In phase 2, ADG was 14% greater in the ZC2 compared with ZC1 and CON pigs (P = 0.023). Overall, ADG was 15% greater in the ZC2 pigs and ADFI was 13 and 24% higher than ZC1 and CON pens, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, early post-weaning feed intake was augmented with pharmacological levels of Zn. These data suggest that pharmacological Zn potentially enhances voluntary feed intake regulation in pigs.
PSVIII-10 Calcium Chloride is a Better Calcium Source Rather Than Calcium Carbonate for Weaned Pigs
Authors: Mun JunYoung , Hosseindoust Abdolreza , Ha SangHun , Moturi Joseph , Tajudeen Habeeb , Kim JinSoo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study investigated the effect of Ca source and level on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, and bone characteristics of weaned pigs. The experiment was operated for 4 weeks in 2 phases (phase 1, d 0 to 14; and phase 2, d 15 to 28). Two hundred and forty pigs were assigned to 4 treatments including 2 Ca sources (CaCO3 and CaCl2), and 2 Ca levels (Phase 1: NC, normal Ca, 0.6% and 0.5% in phase 1 and 2, respectively; LC, low Ca, 0.5% and 0.4% in phase 1 and 2, respectively). The average daily gain (ADG) was improved in weaned pigs fed the NC or CaCl2 diets, in phase 2. The overall result showed the greater ADG and gain to feed ratio in the NC and CaCl2 treatments. The digestibility of crude protein, Ca, and P was increased in the NC and CaCl2 treatments at phases 1 and 2. There was an interaction between Ca source and level, with the NC and CaCl2 treatments increased blood chloride content in phase 1, and decreased HCO3 and base excess content in phases 1 and 2. The concentration of blood chloride was increased in pigs fed the NC diet in phase 1. The hematocrit (phases 1 and 2) and electrolyte balance (phased 2) were decreased in the NC treatment compared with the LC. An increase in blood chloride content, and a decrease in HCO3, base excess, and electrolyte balance were observed in pigs fed with CaCl2 in phases 1 and 2. The bone-breaking strength, bone ash, Ca, and P were increased in pigs fed the NC or CaCl2 diets. In conclusion, CaCl2 can be an alternative for dietary CaCO3 due to greater growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and bone health. Moreover, decreasing dietary Ca is not recommended for weaned pigs.
PSIV-2 Dry Matter Intake in Beef Cows is Influenced by Weather Variables
Authors: Yusuf Mustapha , Swanson Kendall C , Hanna Lauren L Hulsman , Bauer Marc L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Models that can predict dry matter intake (DMI) of cows will help in efficient allocation and management of feed resources. A study was undertaken to understand the relationship between weather variables and DMI of beef cows in the Northern Great Plains of North America. Data from 155 beef cows with 2,161 observations (cow - weeks) was utilized. The variables utilized for this study were BW (455 to 875 kg), DMI (9.03 to 27.69 kg/d), NEm intake (9.16 to 46.12 Mcal/d), ambient temperature (-18.9 to 23.9°C), range of temperature (4.54 to 13.82 °C), wind speed (2.29 to 5.39 m/s), solar radiation (30.97 to 292.61 W/m2) dew point (-21.4 to 19.2 °C), and 2-week lag (average of previous 2 weeks values) and monthly lag (average of previous 4 weeks values) of each weather variable. Residuals of DMI fitting week of the year (fixed), and treatment (random), were used to generate scatter plots to identify if linear relationships existed. BW and weather variables had a linear relationship with DMI, while NEm intake had both linear and quadratic relationships with DMI. For the model, MIXED linear regression of SAS was used using stepwise regression. Model fits were determined using P-values, AIC, and BIC values. Absolute ambient temperature and range of temperature were important (P &lt; 0.05) weather predictors of DMI. Wind speed interacted (P &lt; 0.05) with ambient temperature and range of temperature, and this accounted for additional variation in DMI of beef cows. These results improved our understanding of the relationship between weather variables and DMI in beef cows like what was previously reported in beef steers.
PSIV-6 Engineering Microbes to Develop Novel Direct Fed Microbials as an Alternative to Prophylactic Antibiotic Use in Beef Cattle Production
Authors: Neujahr Alison , Doan Tien , Kubwimana Fiacre , Anderson Christopher , Fernando Samodha 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One of the largest animal health related issues in the beef industry is liver abscesses. While the liver is not a significant loss, abscesses formed results in reduced animal performance and carcass yield resulting in reduced feed intake, reduced weight gain, decreased feed efficiency, and decreased carcass dressing percentage. Currently, the most effective method for controlling liver abscesses is the use of antibiotics belonging, to the macrolide family, named Tylosin. Tylosin has been a great resource, however increased use of antibiotics in the beef industry has come under great scrutiny due to emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Therefore, it is critical to develop new methods and technologies to improve beef production while reducing antimicrobial use to feed the growing population. Apart from prophylactic use of antibiotics, a proven strategy for reducing liver abscesses has not been developed. We believe, direct fed microbials (DFM) are promising alternatives to reduce antibiotic use in beef cattle production and to improve animal health, well-being, and productivity. However, many of the strains with the highest potential to reduce antibiotic use are found in non-GRAS (generally accepted as safe) organisms. Additionally, since a single microbe can’t inhibit all pathogens, DFM cocktails need to be used to be effective broad spectrum. In this study, we genetically engineered a GRAS approved Bacillus pumilus strain to carry bacteriocins from a non-GRAS approved strain to enhance the capacity of the GRAS approved strain to inhibit liver abscess causing pathogens. We utilized CRISPR/Cas9 system to identify naturally occurring bacterial genes that inhibit pathogen growth and introduced such genes into a GRAS approved strains using transposon mutagenesis and screened for isolates with increased inhibition against pathogens. Such genetically modified bacteria were able to inhibit the pathogens to a greater extent than the wild type B. pumilus strain in in-vitro experiments.