bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Imperial Trade to Ethnic Business? The Economic Consequences of the Tartu Peace Treaty and the Bank G. Scheel & Co.
Authors: Feest David 
Published: February 2022

Artikkel uurib Tartu rahuga kaasnenud majanduslike muutuste üht tahku, nn etnilise äri tähtsust ebakindlatel aegadel usalduse loomisel panga Georg Scheel & Co näitel. Enamik Scheeli panga kliente kuulus baltisaksa eliidi hulka, mistõttu mängis pank Eesti Vabariigis tegutsenud sakslaste kultuuri- ja sotsiaalelus keskset rolli. Artiklis aga näidatakse, et panga direktor Klaus Scheel oli aktiivne ka nn rahvuslikult ükskõiksete ning eestlaste ringkondades.
Eesti Vabariigi panganduselu pöördepunktiks võib lugeda 1920. aastat, mil nii Scheeli pank kui ka eestlastele kuulunud pangad rikastusid, kaubeldes Nõukogude Venemaalt tulnud kullaga, mis aitas luua uusi kontakte ja võimalusi nii isiklikul kui ka ärilisel tasandil. Kuigi saksa ühendused moodustasid Scheeli jaoks olulise usaldusvõrgustiku, ei olnud tema eesmärk vana korra taastamine. Koos eestlastest kolleegidega kuulus Scheel uute ärimeeste ja poliitikute ringkonda, kes kasutasid ära uues olukorras tekkinud võimalusi. Nad vaatasid tulevikku ja nende tegevuspiirkond oli vastloodud Eesti Vabariik.
Compact fiber-optic Fabry–Perot cavity based on sandwich structure adopting direct bonding of quartz glass
Authors: Hua Xiaoqiang , Zheng Yongqiu , Chen Jiamin , Wu Liyun , Zhao Xinyu , Li Zonghao , Gao Xiaoyu , Zhou Chenzheng , Gao Rui , Li Jiawei , Bai Jiandong , Zhang Zhidong , Xue Chenyang 
Published: February 2022

A compact fiber-optic Fabry–Perot (F-P) cavity for a sensor is designed based on a sandwich structure, adopting direct bonding of quartz glass. The reflective F-P cavity is manufactured by a fiber optic with a quartz glass ferrule and the sandwich structure with an air cavity, which is achieved by direct bonding of quartz glass. This fabrication process includes plasma surface activation, hydrophilic pre-bonding, high-temperature annealing, and dicing. The cross section of the bonding interface tested by a scanning electron microscope indicates that the sandwich structure is well bonded, and the air cavity is not deformed. Experiments show that the quality factor of the F-P cavity is 2711. Tensile strength testing shows that the bond strength exceeds 35 MPa. The advantage of direct bonding of quartz glass is that high consistency and mass production of the cavity can be realized. Moreover, the cavity is free of problems caused by the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients between different materials. Therefore, the F–P cavity can be made into a sensor, which is promising in detecting air pressure, acoustic and high temperature.
Factors affecting postural instability after more than one-year bilateral subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Kelemen Andrea , Halász László , Erőss Loránd , Rudas Gábor , Muthuraman Muthuraman , Zádori Dénes , Laczó Bence , Kis Dávid , Klivényi Péter , Fekete Gábor , Bognár László , Bereczki Dániel , Tamás Gertrúd 
Published: February 2022

Background
Balance impairment in Parkinson’s disease is multifactorial and its changes due to subthalamic stimulation vary in different studies.

Objective
We aimed to analyze the combination of predictive clinical factors of balance impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease treated with bilateral subthalamic stimulation for at least one year.

Methods
We recruited 24 patients with Parkinson’s disease treated with bilateral subthalamic stimulation and 24 healthy controls. They wore an Opal monitor (APDM Inc.) consisting of three-dimensional gyroscopes and accelerometers in the lumbar region. We investigated four stimulation conditions (bilateral stimulation OFF, bilateral stimulation ON, and unilateral right- and left-sided stimulation ON) with four tests: stance on a plain ground with eyes open and closed, stance on a foam platform with eyes open and closed. Age, disease duration, the time elapsed after implantation, levodopa, and stimulation responsiveness were analyzed. The distance of stimulation location from the subthalamic motor center was calculated individually in each plane of the three dimensions. We analyzed the sway values in the four stimulation conditions in the patient group and compared them with the control values. We explored factor combinations (with age as confounder) in the patient group predictive for imbalance with cluster analysis and a machine‐learning‐based multiple regression method.

Results
Sway combined from the four tasks did not differ in the patients and controls on a group level. The combination of the disease duration, the preoperative levodopa responsiveness, and the stimulation responsiveness predicted individual stimulation-induced static imbalance. The more affected patients had more severe motor symptoms; primarily, the proprioceptive followed by visual sensory feedback loss provoked imbalance in them when switching on the stimulation.

Conclusions
The duration of the disease, the severity of motor symptoms, the levodopa responsiveness, and additional sensory deficits should be carefully considered during preoperative evaluation to predict subthalamic stimulation-induced imbalance in Parkinson’s disease.
Agronegócio e a demanda por agrotóxicos no Paraná
Authors: Gaboardi Shaiane Carla , Zanetti Pessôa Candiotto Luciano 
Published: February 2022

O objetivo geral desse artigo é apresentar o panorama da utilização de agrotóxicos no Paraná, e na mesorregião Sudoeste do estado, discutindo a problemática e as consequências do uso exacerbado destes produtos para o ambiente e para a saúde humana. Para tanto, os procedimentos metodológicos estão ancorados na análise de dados secundários oficiais acerca da comercialização de ingredientes ativos, da população residente, da estrutura fundiária e da especialização produtiva. Os resultados demonstram que apesar de o Paraná ter predomínio de agricultura familiar, a especialização produtiva é um traço marcante. A produção de commodities agrícolas, principalmente de soja, milho e trigo, é extremamente dependente do uso de ingredientes ativos como os herbicidas Glifosato e 2,4-D, associados ao desenvolvimento de diversos agravos à saúde humana e ambiental. Na mesorregião Sudoeste, esta realidade não se mostra diferente, o que sugere que a população está sujeita a uma alta exposição ambiental e ocupacional, de modo que as injustiças ambientais são enraizadas ao passo em que os agrotóxicos são impulsionados pelo complexo oligárquico agroquímico e pelo governo brasileiro.
Palavras-chave: Agrotóxicos. Agronegócio. Paraná.
Factors Affecting the Level of Disclosure of Human Resources for Saudi Listed Companies
Authors: Alharbi Nawal 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Human resources (HR) information is a critical tool for assessing the effectiveness of HR management and encouraging competitive advantage between companies. Disclosing this information is especially useful for prospective employees, where they are informed on the HR services available within companies. The study aims to examine the factors affecting the level of Human Resources Disclosure (HRD) in the annual reports of listed Saudi companies. Factors are classified into factors related to governance mechanisms are the size of the board of directors, the independence of board members, the number of board meetings, and the type of auditor. Factors associated with the company characteristics are profitability, leverage, liquidity, the company's age, the size of the firm, and industry type. The final study sample consists of 363 observations of 121 Saudi non-financial companies listed on the Saudi financial market during the period from 2016 to 2018. The content analysis method was used to examine the disclosure list of 19 elements of human resources, which was developed based on previous studies. EViews software was used to analyze panel data and use a multiple regression model to test the statistical relationship between relevant factors and human resource disclosure. The regression results indicate that the independence of the board of directors, the company's profitability, the company's age, and the size of the company have a significant positive effect on the level of human resources disclosure for the listed Saudi companies. Whilst the size and number of board meetings, auditor type, financial leverage, liquidity, and industry type have no impact on the level of human resource information disclosure.
Keywords: Human Resources Disclosure, Financial Reporting, Governance mechanisms, Company characteristics.
Exploring Training Strategies to Optimize Court Performance in Older Pickleball Athletes
Authors: Terrell Sara L. , Ficquette Preston 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Pickleball is one of the fastest growing racket sports in the United States because of its high social engagement and ability to facilitate physical and emotional well-being. Although participation trends indicate the sport appeals to an array of ages and abilities, the highest purported participant demographic is 55 years and older. In spite of its rising popularity, there is limited strength and conditioning research exploring training strategies for pickleball athletes. Therefore, this article details how pickleball is played, the sport's movement and physiological demands, and injury risks. An example training program targeting the older pickleball athlete is provided.
Extrasynaptic NMDA Receptors Bidirectionally Modulate Intrinsic Excitability of Inhibitory Neurons
Authors: Yao Lulu , Rong Yi , Ma Xiaoyan , Li Haifu , Deng Di , Chen Yongjun , Yang Sungchil , Peng Tao , Ye Tao , Liang Feixue , Xu Nenggui , Zhou Qiang 
Published: February 2022

The NMDA subtype glutamate receptors (NMDARs) play important roles in both physiological and pathologic processes in the brain. Compared with their critical roles in synaptic modifications and excitotoxicity in excitatory neurons, much less is understood about the functional contributions of NMDARs to the inhibitory GABAergic neurons. By using selective NMDAR inhibitors and potentiators, we here show that NMDARs bidirectionally modulate the intrinsic excitability (defined as spontaneous/evoked spiking activity and EPSP-spike coupling) in inhibitory GABAergic neurons in adult male and female mice. This modulation depends on GluN2C/2D- but not GluN2A/2B-containing NMDARs. We further show that NMDAR modulator EU1794-4 mostly enhances extrasynaptic NMDAR activity, and by using it we demonstrate a significant contribution of extrasynaptic NMDARs to the modulation of intrinsic excitability in inhibitory neurons. Together, this bidirectional modulation of intrinsic excitability reveals a previously less appreciated importance of NMDARs in the second-to-second functioning of inhibitory GABAergic neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNMDA subtype of glutamate receptors (NMDARs) have important roles in brain functions, including both physiological and pathologic ones. The role of NMDARs in inhibitory neurons has been less elucidated compared with that in excitatory neurons. Our results demonstrate the importance of GluN2C/GluN2D-containing but not GluN2A/GluN2B-containing extrasynaptic NMDARs in modulating the intrinsic excitability of inhibitory neurons. These results further suggest distinct contributions of subsynaptic locations and subunit compositions of NMDARs to their functions in excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The above findings have implications for better understanding of brain diseases, such as schizophrenia.
Urgensi Penerapan Responsibility to Protect Guna Menangani Pemerkosaan Sistematik Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Internasional
Authors: Harris Rahadyan Fajar , Nugroho Inaz Indra , Assabili Farabi 
Published: February 2022

Kepenulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui urgensi penerapan prinsip Tanggung Jawab untuk melindungi (Responsibility to Protect) dalam menangani kasus pemerkosaan sistematik yang terjadi di wilayah yang sedang mengalami sengketa konflik bersenjata internasional (International armed conflict). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Penelitian ini menemukan fakta bahwa pemerkosaan sistematik telah menjadi strategi peperangan selama berabad-abad dengan wanita dan anak perempuan sebagai korbannya. PBB memperkirakan lebih dari 60.000 wanita diperkosa selama perang saudara di Sierra Leone (1991-2002), 40.000 di Liberia (1989-2003), 60.000 di bekas Yugoslavia (1992-1995), dan setidaknya 200.000 di Republik Demokratik Kongo sejak 1998. Sehingga secara yuridis, pemerkosaan sistematik tergolong ke dalam pelanggaran berat (grave breach) dalam kerangka hukum humaniter Internasional. Selain itu, tergolong pula ke dalam kejahatan perang (war crimes) ataupun kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan (crime against humanity) berdasarkan Statuta Roma 1998. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini merekomendasikan penerapan prinsip Responsibility to Protect sebagai alternatif penyelesaian kasus pemerkosaan sistematik pada sengketa konflik bersenjata Internasional. Kebaruan penelitian ini ialah penyajian analisis topik pemerkosaan sistematik dalam sengketa konflik bersenjata internasional melalui kerangka hukum humaniter internasional, yang mana belum banyak diteliti di Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan, bahwasanya meskipun telah terdapat instrumen hukum internasional, masih terdapat banyak pelanggaran berat, kejahatan perang, ataupun kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan yang terjadi dalam sengketa konflik bersenjata Internasional. Oleh karena itu, penerapan prinsip Responsibility to Protect menjadi suatu urgensi guna mendorong tanggung jawab negara dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap korban pemerkosaan sistematik dengan sistem intervensi dalam rangka mencegah dan menghentikan pelanggaran berat yang terjadi dalam konflik bersenjata internasional.
Dampak Permasalahan Pinjaman Online dan Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen Pinjaman Online
Authors: Arvante Jeremy Zefanya Yaka 
Published: February 2022

Adanya pinjaman online atau peer to peer lending sebagai salah satu bentuk financial technology (fintech) adalah imbas dari kemajuan teknologi yang banyak menawarkan pinjaman dengan syarat serta ketentuan yang lebih mudah dan fleksibel kalau dibandingkan dengan lembaga keuangan konvensional seperti bank.Di Indonesia pasar Fintech dalam bentuk pinjaman online dianggap cocok, bahkan penetrasi kepemilikan dan penggunaan telepon selularpun sangat tinggi meskipun masyarakat belum memiliki akses keuangan. Apalagi disaat kondisi ekonomi yang sulit akibat pandemi Covid-19 seperti ini ditambah lagi perilaku masyarakat digital yang konsumtif membuat pinjaman online menjadi solusi terbaik bagi mereka tanpa memikirkan dampak yang timbul dikemudian hari. Dampak permasalahan yang muncul bagi konsumen layanan pinjaman online salah satunya adalah saat penagihan pembayaran, mereka dibuat tidak nyaman, merasa diperas, diteror dan diintimidasi. Tindakan dari penyelenggara Pinjaman online ini diindikasikan bukan hanya melanggar hukum namun juga melanggar hak asasi manusia terutama pada Undang- Undang Nomor 39 tahun 1999 Tentang Hak Asasi Manusia Pasal 29 Ayat (1) dan Pasal 30. Dengan adanya Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 77/POJK.01/2016 Tentang Layanan Pinjam Meminjam Uang Berbasis Teknologi Informasi, Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik dan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 Tentang Perlindungan Konsumen (UU Perlindungan konsumen) masyarakat pengguna jasa / konsumen pinjaman online berharap ada perlindungan hukum dari pemerintah. yang rendah. oleh karena itu penulis berharap untuk pendidikan dan perbaikan dalam hal pemerintah.
Thyroid and bone turnover markers in type 2 diabetes: results from the METAL study
Authors: Chen Yi , Zhang Wen , Chen Chi , Wang Yuying , Wang Ningjian , Lu Yingli 
Published: February 2022

Objective
We aimed to evaluate whether thyroid hormones, autoimmune and thyroid homeostasis status were related to bone turnover in type 2 diabetes.

Methods
The data were obtained from a cross-sectional study, the METAL study. In this study, 4209 participants (2059 men and 2150 postmenopausal women) with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. Thyroid function, thyroid antibodies and three bone turnover markers (BTMs), including a large N-mid fragment of osteocalcin (N-MID osteocalcin), β-C-terminal cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen (β-CTX) and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), were measured. Thyroid homeostasis parameters, including the sum activity of step-up deiodinases (SPINA-GD), thyroid secretory capacity (SPINA-GT), Jostel’s TSH index (TSHI) and the thyrotroph thyroid hormone resistance index (TTSI), were calculated. The associations of thyroid parameters with BTMs were analyzed using linear regression.

Results
Free and total triiodothyronine were positively associated with N-MID osteocalcin and P1NP in both sexes and positively associated with β-CTX in postmenopausal women. Thyroid-stimulating hormone was negatively associated with β-CTX in postmenopausal women, and free thyroxine was negatively associated with N-MID osteocalcin and P1NP in men. SPINA-GD was positively associated with N-MID osteocalcin and P1NP in both sexes. There was a positive relationship of SPINA-GT with β-CTX, a negative relationship of TTSI with β-CTX, and a negative relationship of TSHI with β-CTX and P1NP in postmenopausal women.

Conclusions
Among men and postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes, significant associations were observed between N-MID osteocalcin, β-CTX and P1NP with thyroid function and thyroid homeostasis. Further prospective studies are warranted to understand the causal relationship and underlying mechanism.
Association of Models of Care for Kawasaki Disease With Utilization and Cardiac Outcomes
Authors: Money Nathan M. , Hall Matthew , Quinonez Ricardo A. , Coon Eric R. , Tremoulet Adriana H. , Markham Jessica L. , Erdem Guliz , Tamaskar Nisha , Parikh Kavita , Neubauer Hannah C. , Darby John B. , Wallace Sowdhamini S. 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVES
Describe the prevalence of different care models for children with Kawasaki disease (KD) and evaluate utilization and cardiac outcomes by care model.

METHODS
Multicenter, retrospective cohort study of children aged 0 to 18 hospitalized with KD in US children’s hospitals from 2017 to 2018. We classified hospital model of care via survey: hospitalist primary service with as-needed consultation (Model 1), hospitalist primary service with automatic consultation (Model 2), or subspecialist primary service (Model 3). Additional data sources included administrative data from the Pediatric Health Information System database supplemented by a 6-site chart review. Utilization outcomes included laboratory, medication and imaging usage, length of stay, and readmission rates. We measured the frequency of coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) in the full cohort and new CAAs within 12 weeks in the 6-site chart review subset.

RESULTS
We included 2080 children from 44 children’s hospitals; 21 hospitals (48%) identified as Model 1, 19 (43%) as Model 2, and 4 (9%) as Model 3. Model 1 institutions obtained more laboratory tests and had lower overall costs (P &lt; .001), whereas echocardiogram (P &lt; .001) and immune modulator use (P &lt; .001) were more frequent in Model 3. Secondary outcomes, including length of stay, readmission rates, emergency department revisits, CAA frequency, receipt of anticoagulation, and postdischarge CAA development, did not differ among models.

CONCLUSIONS
Modest cost and utilization differences exist among different models of care for KD without significant differences in outcomes. Further research is needed to investigate primary service and consultation practices for KD to optimize health care value and outcomes.
Rejtőzködő hungarikumok a Bibliothèque Nationale de France kézirattárában
Authors: Tóth Ferenc 
Published: February 2022

A Bibliothèque Nationale de France Kézirattára az egyik legjelentősebb francia központi archívum. A kézirattárban számos kiemelkedően fontos magyar vonatkozású forrás található, de szintén jelentős számban lelhetünk itt olyan „rejtőzködő” magyar vonatkozású munkát, amelyek a kéziratok beosztásának köszönhetően eddig elkerülték a kutatók figyelmét. A tanulmány egy ilyen forráscsoportban, a török nyelvű kéziratokban található, a 18. századi konstantinápolyi École des jeunes de langues hallgatóinak tollából származó fordítások között folytatott kutatások magyar vonatkozású eredményeit szeretné megosztani az olvasókkal. A magyarorszá török háborúk több oszmán krónikájának fordításán kívül Ibrahim Müteferrika magyar származású oszmán hivatalnok és diplomata által működtetett nyomda szinte valamennyi művének francia nyelvű változata is megtalálható. Az könyvészeti és levéltári források összehasonlításával a tanulmány rámutat II. Rákóczi Ferenc vezettte szabadságharc bukása utáni magyar emigráció kultúraközvetítő szerepére is.
Distribution of anaerobic bacteria and their sensitivity pattern to several antibiotics at the clinical microbiology laboratory of school of medicine, universitas Indonesia, Jakarta in 2019-2020
Authors: Tjampakasari Conny Riana , Prasetyo Dimas Seto , Ningsih Ika , Kiranasari Ariyani 
Published: February 2022

Background and Objectives: Anaerobic bacteria are a common cause of endogenous infections, some of which can be life threatening. These bacteria are not easily cultured and isolated and often cannot even found from infected sites. Delayed or inappropriate treatment of these microorganisms can lead to failure in eradicating these infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of anaerobic bacteria at present and their pattern of sensitivity to several antibiotics.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted over a period of two years on various specimens. Specimens derived from body fluids are inoculated on a BacT/Alert (bioMérieux). Anaerobic isolates were identified by Gram staining and continued identification using Vitek 2® automated system. Antibiotic sensitivity examination was carried out using ATBTM ANA (bioMérieux).
Results: A total of 440 specimens were received in microbiology laboratory for anaerobic culture from patients with mul- tiple infections from 13 hospitals in Jakarta. Our research was able to identify 18 species on anaerobic bacteria, consisting 52.5% Gram positive and 47.5% Gram negative bacteria. The most common bacteria found were Clostridium perfringens (15%) from Gram positive and Provetella bivia (10%) from Gram negative. The sensitivity pattern shows that antibiotic piperacilline-tazobactam is 100% effective against anaerobic bacteria, while metronidazole as the drug of choice is only 75% effective. Against Gram positive, several antibiotics such as piperacilline-tazobactam, ticarcilin-clavunic acid, cefoxi- tin, cefotetan, imipenem and chloramphenicol were 100% effective, however metronidazole occupied the lowest position (61.9%). Meanwhile against Gram negative antibiotics piperacilline-tazobactam is 100% effective and chloramphenicol in the second position (94.75%).
Conclusion: Clostridium perfringens and Provetella bivia are the most common bacteria found. The antibiotics piperacil- line-tazobactam is 100% effective against both Gram positive and negative. The accuracy of specimen management, isola- tion, identification and sensitivity examination will determine the successful microbiological investigations.