bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Trial Evaluations of a Switched Directional/Omnidirectional In-the-Ear Hearing Instrument
Authors: Preves David A. , Sammeth Carol A. , Wynne Michael K. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe use of directional microphones is one of the few methods available for hearing aids to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. The smaller microphones available with today's technology have increased the viability of their application for in-the-ear (ITE) hearing aids. This study evaluated an ITE hearing aid containing two nondirectional microphones that provides wearer-selectable omnidirectional/directional operating modes. Ten sensorineural hearing-impaired patients were fitted binaurally. During the first trial period, the low-frequency gain decrease produced by the directional mode was not compensated for. The frequency responses were matched during the second trial period. For both trial periods, Hearing in Noise Test results using two uncorrelated noise sources indicated significant speech recognition improvements for the directional mode relative to the omnidirectional mode. Responses on Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit questionnaires, paired-comparison judgments, and interview data revealed that most subjects preferred the directional mode in noisier environments, but many also preferred the omnidirectional mode in quiet listening.
Abbreviations: AGC-O = automatic gain control with output compression, APHAB = Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit, BTE = behind-the-ear hearing aid, CD = compact disc, Dl = Directivity Index, HINT = Hearing in Noise Test, ITE = in-the-ear hearing aid, MCL = most comfortable listening level, NAL-R = National Acoustics Laboratories' revised prescriptive formula, SNR = signal-to-noise ratio, UCL = uncomfortable loudness level
Multidimensional Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of Central Auditory Processing Disorders in Children
Authors: Bellis Teri James , Ferre Jeanane M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCentral auditory processing disorder (CAPD) may be viewed as a multidimensional entity with far-reaching communicative, educational, and psychosocial implications for which differential diagnosis not only is possible but also is essential to an understanding of its impact and to the development of efficacious, deficit-specific management plans. This paper begins with a description of some behavioral central auditory assessment tools in current clinical use. Four case studies illustrate the utility of these tools in clarifying the nature of auditory difficulties. Appropriate treatment options that flow logically from the diagnoses are given in each case. The heterogeneity of the population presenting with auditory processing problems, not unexpected based on this model, is made clear, as is the clinical utility of central auditory tests in the transdisciplinary assessment and management of children's language and learning difficulties.
Abbreviations: ADD = attention deficit disorder, ALD = assistive listening device, BF = binaural fusion, BF-CVC = consonant-vowel-consonant binaural fusion, CAPD = central auditory processing disorder, CST = Competing Sentences Test, DD = Dichotic Digits, DP = Duration Patterns, DR = Dichotic Rhyme, FP = frequency patterns, LPFS = low-pass filtered speech, RASP = Rapidly Alternating Speech Perception, SPN = speech in noise, SSW = Staggered Spondaic Words, TC = time-compressed speech, TCR = time-compressed speech with reverberation
Selective electrochemical etching of cantilever-type SOI-MEMS devices
Authors: Hao Xiuchun , He Peiling , Li Xin 
Published: April 2022

It is possible to achieve selective electrochemical etching between different materials, such as p- and n-type silicon. However, achieving selective electrochemical etching on two different regions of the same p-type silicon material is a problem that has rarely been considered. Herein, a novel selective electrochemical etching technique for cantilever-type silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer-based microswitches is proposed. In this study, a p-type handle layer was selectively etched, and a p-type device layer was passivated. This was achieved using a circuit with two voltage sources: voltages of −1.2 and 0 V were applied to the handle and device layers, respectively. It was found that the proposed etching process can effectively prevent the in-use sticking of a cantilever-type switch. This is accomplished by increasing the gap between the device layer and its underlying handle layer and increasing the roughness of these layers. The technique is applicable to the fabrication of various cantilever-type SOI microelectromechanical systems, irrespective of the resistivity of the SOI wafer.
On the dimensionality of behavior
Authors: Bialek William 
Published: April 2022

SignificanceHow do we characterize animal behavior? Psychophysics started with human behavior in the laboratory, and focused on simple contexts, such as the decision among just a few alternative actions in response to sensory inputs. In contrast, ethology focused on animal behavior in the natural environment, emphasizing that evolution selects potentially complex behaviors that are useful in specific contexts. New experimental methods now make it possible to monitor animal and human behaviors in vastly greater detail. This “physics of behavior” holds the promise of combining the psychophysicist’s quantitative approach with the ethologist’s appreciation of natural context. One question surrounding this growing body of data concerns the dimensionality of behavior. Here I try to give this concept a precise definition.
Human herpesvirus diversity is altered in HLA class I binding peptides
Authors: Palmer William H. , Telford Marco , Navarro Arcadi , Santpere Gabriel , Norman Paul J. 
Published: April 2022

Significance
Viruses evolve to evade immune recognition that may otherwise limit transmission. Presentation of virus peptides by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I is a necessary step in the recognition of infection by immune cells. Virus adaptation to evade this immune recognition has not been formally tested across the diversity of HLA class I allotypes and virus strains. We analyzed genetic diversity of three human herpesviruses across peptides that bind diverse HLA class I allotypes. We find that adaptation to evade HLA class I recognition may be a general phenomenon shaping human herpesvirus genetic diversity, particularly for those proteins expressed during viral latency. This broad scope, across human and virus diversity, provides a unique comparative perspective of human–herpesvirus coevolution.
Endogenous pannexin1 channels form functional intercellular cell–cell channels with characteristic voltage-dependent properties
Authors: Palacios-Prado Nicolás , Soto Paola A. , López Ximena , Choi Eun Ju , Marquez-Miranda Valeria , Rojas Maximiliano , Duarte Yorley , Lee Jinu , González-Nilo Fernando D. , Sáez Juan C. 
Published: April 2022

Significance
Pannexin1 is a glycoprotein that has been shown to form functional plasma membrane channels and mediate many cellular signaling pathways. However, the formation and function of pannexin1-based intercellular cell–cell channels in mammalian cells and vertebrate tissue is a question of substantial debate. This work provides robust electrophysiological evidence to demonstrate that endogenously expressed human pannexin1 forms cell–cell channels and lays the groundwork for studying a potential new type of electrical synapses between many mammalian cell types that endogenously express pannexin1.
Conservative management of post-traumatic pneumolabyrinth
Authors: Aguiar Cristina , Ribeiro Leandro , Larangeiro João , Condé Artur 
Published: April 2022

Introduction
Pneumolabyrinth, defined by the presence of air in the labyrinth, is a rare clinical finding that can occur as a result of middle ear trauma, such as a traumatic injury with Q-tips.

Case report
We report the case of a patient that presented to the emergency department with vertigo and hearing loss complaints after aural cleansing with a Q-tip. On examination, the left tympanic membrane was perforated and there were signs of left vestibulopathy. A high-resolution CT scan was performed, and it showed the presence of air in the inner ear. Conservative management, instead of a surgical approach, was performed, with overall good vestibular and hearing outcomes.

Discussion
There is no clinical consensus on the best treatment of pneumolabyrinth, since, even with surgery, outcomes, mainly hearing outcomes, are usually poor. Nevertheless, surgery is usually reserved for patients with incapacitating vertigo or worsening hearing loss.
Comparison BIPM.RI(I)-K6 of the standards for absorbed dose to water of the PTB, Germany, and the BIPM, in accelerator photon beams
Authors: Kessler C , Burns D T , Roger P , Krauss A , Kapsch R-P 
Published: April 2022

Main text
A key comparison has been made between the absorbed dose to water standards of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany, and the BIPM, in accelerator photon beams. The results show the standards to be in agreement within the standard uncertainty of the comparison of 5.7 parts in 103. The results are analysed and presented in terms of degrees of equivalence, suitable for entry in the BIPM key comparison database.
To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Nonclassical photon statistics and photon squeezing in the dissipative mixed quantum Rabi model
Authors: Chen Xu-Min , Chen Zhe-Kai , Che Han-Xin , Wang Chen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Nonclassical two-photon statistics and photon squeezing are considered as representative features of the nonclassicality of light. In this work we investigate two-photon correlation function and quadrature photon squeezing in the dissipative mixed quantum Rabi model (QRM), which includes both the one-photon and two-photon qubit–resonator interactions. The quantum dressed master equation combined with squeezed-coherent states is applied to obtain the steady state. Based on the zero-time delay two-photon correlation function, it is found that with the increase of the two-photon qubit–resonator interaction strength the photon antibunching behavior is monotonically suppressed, whereas the photon bunching signature persists. One additional giant photon bunching feature is unraveled at deep-strong two-photon coupling, which mainly stems from efficient successive transition trajectories. The finite-time delay two-photon correlation function asymptotically approaches the unit by raising the delayed time. Moreover, the steady-state quadrature photon squeezing becomes significant at strong two-photon coupling, which may become perfect in the zero temperature limit.
Structural and optical changes in GaAs irradiated with 100 keV and 2 MeV protons
Authors: Liu Xueting , Liu Ning , Zhang Guoqiang , Zhang Limin , Wang Tieshan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
To clarify the proton energy dependence of proton irradiation damage in GaAs materials, intrinsic and Si-doped GaAs were irradiated with 100 keV and 2 MeV protons at different fluences. The evolution of lattice defects and optical properties of GaAs were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The results of Raman and XRD results show that the structures of the intrinsic GaAs and Si-doped GaAs does not change much after proton irradiation, which exhibits excellent radiation resistance. At the same time, the Raman results also prove that the radiation resistance of structural stability of Si-doped GaAs is lower than that of the intrinsic GaAs. However, in contrast to the structural properties, the optical properties of intrinsic GaAs degrade severely after irradiation in the PL spectrum, indicating that the optical properties of Si-doped GaAs are more stable than intrinsic GaAs. This is due to the changes of the light-emitting mechanism for Si-doped GaAs. In addition, the Raman and PL results also confirm that the damage produced by protons at 100 keV is greater than 2 MeV, which is consistent with the SRIM simulation.
Exploring the nature of electron-pair bonds: an energy decomposition analysis perspective
Authors: Zhang Yang , Wu Xun , Su Peifeng , Wu Wei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the nature of electron-pair bonds is explored from an energy decomposition perspective. The recently developed valence bond energy decomposition analysis (VB-EDA) scheme is extended for the classification of electron-pair bonds, which divides the bond dissociation energy into frozen, reference state switch, quasi-resonance and polarization terms. VB-EDA investigations are devoted to a series of electron-pair bonds, including the covalent bonds (H–H, H3C–CH3, H3C–H, and H2N–NH2), the ionic bonds (Na–Cl, Li–F), the charge-shift (CS) bonds (HO–OH, F–F, Cl–Cl, Br–Br, H–F, F–Cl, H3Si–F and H3Si–Cl), and the inverted central carbon–carbon bond in [1.1.1] propallene. It is shown that the VB-EDA approach at the VBSCF level is capable of predicting the characters of the electron-pair bonds. The perspective from VB-EDA illustrates that a relatively high value of quasi-resonance term indicates a CS bond while a large portion of polarization term suggests a classical covalent bond.
Adaptive weighted particle swarm optimization (AWPSO) attitude determination algorithm based on Chi-square test
Authors: Liao Zhiming , Sun Xiyan , Ji Yuanfa , Wei Zhaochuan , Cheng Gui 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The optimal search algorithm based on double-difference carrier phase is one of the methods to solve the attitude angle. An adaptive weighted particle swarm optimization (AWPSO) algorithm based on the Chi-square test is proposed to solve the attitude angle of ultra-short baseline. We establish the fitness function by introducing the relationship between attitude angle and baseline vector into the observation equations of double-difference carrier phase. Searching the attitude according to the fitness model instead of calculating the angle directly, which avoids solving the integer ambiguity. Using adaptive inertial weights and synchronous adaptive learning factors to speed up the convergence of attitude search. Constructing the candidate solution sequence to save the search result and calculating the Mahalanobis distance of the candidate solution. The local optimal solution is eliminated by the Chi-square test, and the attitude angle is gained by weighting the filtered sequence. Various static experimental results show that the new algorithm performs better than the direct solution method, the least square estimation method, and the PSO-based attitude solution method. The root mean square error of yaw angle and pitch angle is 0.245° and 0.236° directly at 0.575 m baseline.
Controllable photonic spin hall effect of bilayer graphene
Authors: Qi Song , Da Haixia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Bilayer graphene, composed of two layers of monolayer graphene in AB stacking order, has emerged as an alternative platform for atomically thin plasmonic and optoelectronic devices. However, its behavior of photonic spin hall effect remains largely unexplored. In this work, we have theoretically observed that bilayer graphene has two obvious discontinuities but monolayer graphene only has a single step in the spectra of the spin shifts as a function of wavelength at the Brewster angle over the midinfrared frequency range, which enables a possible route of distinguishing monolayer graphene and bilayer graphene. Additionally, the magnitudes and positions of the peak and valley values in the spectrum of spin shifts of bilayer graphene can be tuned by its Fermi energy. We also achieved the enhanced out-of-pane spin shift of the glass-AB stacking bilayer graphene-air structure at both the Brewster angle (

33.55
°

) and the critical angle (

41.31
°

) with the aid of the high order of Laguerre–Gaussian beam. The realization of large and controlled spin shift in bilayer graphene indicates its promising applications in precision measurements and refractive index sensors at the midinfrared frequency region.
External bias dependent dynamic terahertz propagation through BiFeO3 film
Authors: Jana Arun , Rane Shreeya , Roy Choudhury Palash , Roy Chowdhury Dibakar 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Interactions of terahertz radiations with matter can lead to the realization of functional devices related to sensing, high-speed communications, non-destructive testing, spectroscopy, etc In spite of the versatile applications that THz can offer, progress in this field is still suffering due to the dearth of suitable responsive materials. In this context, we have experimentally investigated emerging multiferroic BiFeO3 film (∼200 nm) employing terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) under vertically applied (THz propagation in the same direction) electric fields. Our experiments reveal dynamic modulation of THz amplitude (up to about 7% within 0.2–1 THz frequency range) because of the variation in electric field from 0 to 600 kV cm−1. Further, we have captured signatures of the hysteretic nature of polarization switching in BiFeO3 film through non-contact THz-TDS technique, similar trends are observed in switching spectroscopy piezoresponse force microscope measurements. We postulate the modulation of THz transmissions to the alignment/switching of ferroelectric polarization domains (under applied electric fields) leading to the reduced THz scattering losses (hence, reduced refractive index) experienced in the BiFeO3 film. This work indicates ample opportunities in integrating nanoscale multiferroic material systems with THz photonics in order to incorporate dynamic functionalities to realize futuristic THz devices.
Simultaneous transverse loading and axial strain for REBCO cable tests in the SULTAN facility
Authors: Fry Vincent , Estrada Jose , Michael Philip C , Salazar Erica E , Vieira Rui F , Hartwig Zachary S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We present the design and first results of an assembly that enables rare earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) superconducting cables—the VIPER cable in this work—to be tested in the SULTAN facility under the simultaneous application of transverse electromechanical loading and axial mechanical strain. The objective is to emulate the loads that a REBCO cable would experience in a three-dimensional coil but in shorter and simpler straight cables, reducing the cost, schedule, and complexity of high-fidelity conductor qualification. The assembly uses two methods for inducing axial strain in the cables. First, hydraulic jacks stretch the assembly and inserted Invar shims lock in up to ∼0.3% axial cable strain on the benchtop at room temperature. Second, the different coefficients of thermal expansion between Invar clamps and the copper cable are exploited to induce an additional ∼0.3% axial strain on the cable when the sample is cooled in the SULTAN test well from room temperature to below 50 K. Finite element analysis modeling shows that the soldered matrix of the VIPER cable transfers approximately 50%–60% of the external cable strain into the REBCO stack. The assembly was successfully employed at SULTAN, enabling two VIPER cables to be cycled 500 times at 382 kN m−1 transverse electromechanical loads with ∼0.5% mechanical strain on the cable (corresponding to ∼0.3% mechanical strain in the REBCO stacks) demonstrating critical current degradation stabilizing after 30 cycles at less than 5% and providing confidence in VIPER cables under realistic high-field magnet conditions.
On the maximum volume of
collapsing structures
Authors: Ostrowski Jan J. , Delgado Gaspar Ismael 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In many cosmological models, including the ΛCDM concordance model, there exist theoretical upper bounds on the size of collapsing structures. The most common formulations in the literature refer to a turnaround radius in spherical symmetry or a turnaround surface, defined as the zero-expansion boundary separating the outer Hubble flow from the inner flow of a collapsing fluid. In order to access a generic scenario, we propose an improvement of this cosmological test in terms of the maximum volume of the cosmological structures, which is equivalent to a zero-averaged expansion — instead of the zero-local expansion. By combining the Lagrangian perturbations method and the scalar averaging of Einstein's equations, we obtain a maximum volume for a collapse model without any restricting symmetries.
We compare this result with some exact, inhomogeneous solutions and discuss further potential developments.
Variability in quasar light curves: using quasars as standard candles
Authors: Solomon R. , Stojkovic D. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A relation between the variational slope, sF
, and the mean absolute magnitude, 〈M〉, in the light curves of 58 spectroscopically confirmed quasars is measured with a dispersion of 0.15dex.
Assuming it holds for quasars in general, not only does this relation add to our working knowledge of quasar variability but it also shows great promise at accurately measuring luminosity distance to a quasar in a model independent way.
An accurate, model independent measure of the luminosity distance would allow quasars to be added to the cosmic distance ladder, easily extending the ladder out far beyond the redshifts accessible to type Ia supernovae where cosmological parameters can be better constrained.
Multi-outlet single photon quantum router between optics and microwave based on a hybrid optomechanical system
Authors: Wang Qiong , Xu Lan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A Multi-outlet single photon quantum router between microwave and optical frequency domain is investigated in a system consisting of a superconducting microwave cavity and an optical nanomechanical cavity coupled to a commom nanomechanical resonator (NAMR). It is demonstration that the single-photon of optical frequency can be routed into three different output ports by adjusting microwave power. More importantly, the two output signals can be selected according to microwave power. Meanwhile, we also show that thermal noise will be insignificant for the optical performance of the single-photon router at temperature of the order of 20 mK. Our proposal may have paved a new avenue towards multi-channel router and quantum network.
Classification of salivary gland tumors in optical coherence tomography images based on deep learning
Authors: Wu Guangyi , Yang Zihan , Yuan Zhuoqun , Shang Jianwei , Zhang Jun , Liang Yanmei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The diagnosis of oral diseases mainly relies on visual examination by doctors with clinical experience. Histopathological examination is still the gold standard of oral disease diagnosis, but it is invasive and time-consuming. In recent years, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has played an important role in the field of biomedicine with its unique advantages of non-invasiveness, high resolution, real-time and three-dimensional imaging, which can be well applied to the imaging of oral lesions. In this paper, four deep learning (DL) models including LeNet-9, VGG-16, ResNet-18 and ResNet-50 were used to classify oral tumors including two benign and two malignant salivary gland tumors (SGTs), which were imaged by our home-made swept-source OCT. The results indicated that ResNet-18 has the best classification performance, with accuracy, precision, recall (sensitivity), F1 score and specificity all above 98%. Then, we analyzed the visualization process of DL and explored how the DL model extracts features. It is demonstrated that the DL model has a good clinical auxiliary role in the classification of SGTs.