bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jus ad Curiam and Jus ad Bellum Decisions in Syria
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The chapter presents the inability of the UN Security Council to maintain peace and security in Syria. The P-5 consensus reached in Libya disappeared in a few months. The Syrian government attacked its own citizens and the United States promoted the opposition, and adopted a jus ad Bellum decision in Syria supporting proxy forces. Russia supported President Assad and condemned foreign armies’ interventions in a sovereign country to produce a regime change. However, in September 2013, President Putin facilitated an agreement to dismantle Syria’s chemical weapons arsenal. For a few months, the council dynamic changed, and it adopted resolutions by consensus on Syria demanding justice and access to humanitarian assistance. But the conflict in Ukraine created a political confrontation between Western countries and Russia affecting the council dynamics. On January 2013, Switzerland took the lead and sent a letter to the UN Security Council on behalf of fifty-seven states calling for referring Syria to the ICC. The United States requested informally to Switzerland to suspend the request. In 2014, after the Ukraine conflict started, France tabled a referral to the ICC. This time, the US supported the referral forcing Russia and China to use their veto power to stop the initiative. Meanwhile, the Islamic State was taking control of parts of Syria. The US Congress adopted a jus ad Bellum decision to use armed forces against the Islamic State and other terrorist groups in Syria without the Assad government’s consent. President Obama consolidated a new blueprint: a combination of high-tech attacks and proxy forces in the ground as a new permanent state of war in some nations. Syria became a contained global war by proxy. In 2015, after a brutal terrorist attack in Paris, the UN Security Council overcame the divisions and by consensus adopted Resolution 2249, authorizing “all necessary means” against the Islamic State in Syria. The War on Terror became a council policy.
Ordinary Talk about Ordinary Trouble
Authors: Zoloth Laurie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the final chapter, I consider the problem of error and the role of memory in Jewish ethics and turn to the work of Walter Benjamin to comment on a Talmudic story about Lot’s wife. We think about a case of two children, discussed several years apart, and consider how a mistake made in the first case affects our judgment in the second case. That thinking is initiated by action and that it needs a second interpretive look is the premise of this book. The gesture of medicine is surely shaped by this and the practice of bioethics as a discipline as well. In this chapter, I consider the practices of memory, and second thoughts. We will look at two cases where intuitions proved incorrect, and where family, loyalty, and the boundless acts of love played a central role in the ethical process of decision making.
Conclusion
Authors: Zoloth Laurie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
I conclude by considering the problems of memory in the work of religious ethics and bioethics. I reflect on how memory itself is a “second text,” and how the work bioethics is to have a second, reflective opinion. This chapter considers how better and more complete attention to issue of race, class, and ethnicity are important in the practice of bioethics and how our theoretical work must be done with such attention. I consider the act of translation—a moral act—as a metaphor for what we do when we do bioethics consultation when we “translate” the languages of families into the language of the clinic and when we “translate” the language of medicine into words that families can understand, and when all of this is again restated in moral language.
Locked Out
Authors: Brier Bob 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
As Carter proceeded with the excavation of the tomb, he encountered several difficulties, both logistical and political. The four wood shrines that surrounded Tutankhamun’s sarcophagus were extremely fragile and had to be dismantled, but they nearly filled the Burial Chamber, leaving little room to work. This chapter describes the ingenious system Carter’s team devised to successfully take apart the four nested shrines, and then goes on to describe Carter’s even greater political difficulties. He and Carnarvon had sold the exclusive rights to the Tutankhamun story to the Times of London, shutting out Egyptian journalists, who were furious. With political pressure being put on Carter, he walked out and refused to work in the tomb. The Antiquities Service responded by locking him out. The chapter ends with Carter sailing off to America for a lecture tour with the problem unresolved and the lid of the sarcophagus literally suspended in air.
Scanning Tutankhamun
Authors: Brier Bob 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In recent times, Tutankhamun’s mummy was CAT-scanned, yielding some definitive results but also some controversial ones. On the definitive side, the scans showed that Tutankhamun did not die from a blow to the back of the head, as had been theorized; there was no evidence of an injury to the skull. The chapter discusses the history of the murder theory and why it had been suggested. Some of the researchers on the scanning project suggested that the scans showed that Tutankhamun suffered from a clubbed foot that would have caused him to walk on the side of his foot. This claim is discussed and rejected. Another claim that is mentioned is that Tutankhamun may have died from a broken femur; the reasons for rejecting this claim are given.
The Third Millennium BCE: Late Neolithic Sign Systems
Authors: Demattè Paola 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the material evidence relating to the origin of Chinese writing during the Late Neolithic. It concentrates on third millennium BCE inscribed material excavated in coastal and inland contexts, such as Dawenkou, Liangzhu, Shijiahe, Longshan and Taosi with the intent of showing how the interaction between these cultures led to the sharing of graphic signs and eventually to the emergence of a common (non-glottic) signing system.
Evangelicals, the Bible, and Technology
Authors: Dyer John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the key reasons why evangelicals have come to dominate the Bible software industry. Defining evangelism is a perennial challenge, and this chapter takes an integrated approach to drawing on historical, doctrinal, phenomenological, and sociological accounts. It argues that evangelicalism can be understood as both a set of doctrinal convictions and a unique orientation toward societal change generally and technological change in particular. This chapter shows that, for all the changes in evangelicalism over time, evangelicals have always placed a unique emphasis on the importance of the Bible. In addition, this chapter argues that evangelicals have a distinct approach to technological changed called Hopeful Entrepreneurial Pragmatism, showing that evangelical technologists tend to have a hopeful attitude toward technology, an entrepreneurial approach to business and ministry, and a pragmatic outlook on mission and outcomes.
Programmers and the Business of Bible Software
Authors: Dyer John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter shifts from a historical approach to Bible software to an analysis of interviews with current leaders at three Bible software companies, Logos Bible Software, Bible Gateway, and YouVersion, exploring their evangelical and technological identities. This analysis shows that each company focuses on a different technology—desktop software, Bible websites, and mobile apps respectively—and has a different business model—software and content sales, advertising, and donations. And yet, for all these differences, all three companies share a common set of values, goals, and beliefs around scripture. This chapter explores the individuals behind the software as well as the product, process, and profit models that drive the companies.
Sage Writing
Authors: Russell David 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses a tradition of thinking about the literary imagination in relation to “the positive,” in psychology and culture. In particular, it examines the ways literature cannot be recruited to positive plans for human well-being, and proposes that it is through this very resistance that literature has something to offer to the human task of “facing reality.” Drawing on the anthropologist Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing’s discussion of “scalability,” via a reading of Thomas De Quincey, the chapter explores literature’s resistance to data-driven uses. Connecting the philosopher Cora Diamond’s thinking about the “difficulty of reality” to the social criticism of John Ruskin, it suggests how certain genres of literary writing seek to reorient readers to new ways of facing reality.
Black Ecological Optimism and the Problem of Human Flourishing
Authors: Posmentier Sonya 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Black literary studies raises the question: Is it possible for individuals or groups to “flourish” without collective freedom? After an introduction to Black ecological tropes of flourishing, this chapter draws attention to the late writings of feminist writer Audre Lorde, with emphasis on her accounts of surviving both breast cancer and natural disaster. By framing her story ecologically, Lorde foregrounds not a lyrical account of individual flourishing but rather the socioeconomic, political, and environmental contexts of unfreedom in and through which Black women survive. Deemphasizing the individual psyche as the site of resilience, she nonetheless portrays poetry as the site of resistance because of the access it affords to affect. Thus, Lorde’s writings on survival have further implications for redefining the “positive” in positive psychology, insofar as they direct us away from data-driven (or positivist) methods of measurement and toward feeling as epistemology.
Merely Ameliorative
Authors: Love Heather 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter tracks the fortunes of repair as a motive for reading in recent discussions in literary studies, considering it alongside the eudaimonic turn. In her influential account of paranoid and reparative reading practices, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick suggests a novel object for criticism: participation in an “ecology of knowing” that aims toward the repair of the person. Addressing recent discussions about critique and postcritique as well as the mood of criticism, this chapter tracks the possibilities for such a eudaimonic program in literary criticism. In particular, it is concerned with the place of joy and pleasure in Left literary and cultural criticism—especially in the fields of queer, critical race, and disability studies. To offer a broader context for these contemporary discussions, the chapter looks to the presence of happiness in the writings of Theodor Adorno. The chapter considers the politics of pain and pleasure in the work of Sedgewick and Adorno. It draws a connection between them on the basis of their sensitivity to experience, arguing that their attempt to stay close to their objects attunes them to the affective complexities of modernity.
We Are Not Sure What Public Health Is
Authors: Stein Michael D. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Public health focuses on the causes of health. How can health be caused? Maybe a better way of saying this is by turning it around: Which life conditions and contexts (in concert with genetics and luck), when properly attended to, keep us well? Emphasis on the Us. Worldly conditions always apply to more than an individual. The public health perspective introduces life expectancy as an average. Unlike a doctor focused on the Me perspective, the public health practitioner does not look to measure the risk of any single person precisely, but only the health of a population living in a community with a clear eye on the range and full spectrum of health across community members. The richest American men live 15 years longer than the poorest men; the highest income women live 10 years longer than lowest. This inequality is stunning, profound, and disconcerting.
If Public Health Work Is Preventive, It’s Invisible and Becomes Visible Only During Crises
Authors: Stein Michael D. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Public health is continually losing out to health care in the conversation of the public square and in the court of public opinion because health care is bought and sold, accessed at the time when people need it, whereas public health concerns itself with the visible and invisible dangers in the world and how people might avoid them when they might not even know the dangers are present. Perhaps there is less commitment to prevention because people valorize risk. Perhaps prevention implies restriction—stop smoking, lose weight, wear a mask—and people take pride in defying orders. For freedom, danger must be accepted.
Public Health Is Missing Health Care’s Personal Stories
Authors: Stein Michael D. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Medical stories are easy for people to understand because they have all experienced insults to their bodies. Public health injuries—air pollution inducing lung disease, diets predisposing to obesity—are more difficult to visualize but are no less real. During July 1995, Chicago, Illinois, experienced a heat wave that killed thousands—the perfect example of a public health story of anonymized lives. Social conditions directed the deadliness of this heat wave; the victims were most often elderly, Black, poor, and isolated. A typical public health narrative is about the forces in the world that overtake Us, rather than a health care story (Me story) about how one person feels in the grip of a particular force: illness. The Chicago heat wave is a clarifying tale for those who think of the world in terms of and contingent on structure and context, and not in terms of a single person. Giving public health a story can be done. But it’s tricky and it often has a detective-tale element.
Health Indivisible
Authors: Stein Michael D. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In Part 1, explanations of health were classified into two perspectives. One focuses on the social forces that drive groups of people toward poor health (e.g., poverty, racism), a structure of overt and unspoken rules that can only be addressed through a politics that takes up the perspective of public health. A second perspective examines how individuals choose to resist these forces through their daily personal decision-making. Health can be viewed from either side of this so-called structure–agency distinction. In Part 2, it is argued that health care professionals, across thousands of private offices and clinics, need to engage with the social forces that shape health, becoming, in effect, public health practitioners. Doctors have traditionally been taught to take limited family and social histories. However, more extended patient interviews, providing a wider focus on the socioeconomic drivers of health, on the forces that produce health, can provide the perspective that lets doctors truly support health rather than just treat disease. Clinicians can see themselves throughout their careers as being part of the community-based ensemble that generates peoples’ health rather than playing a role only when patients are sick.
Establishment of Geology at the Universities and the Golden Age
Authors: Goudie Andrew S. , Brunsden Denys 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the early nineteenth century, geology became established in the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and London. Geology became more professional with the foundation of the Geological Society of London. Individuals from this period, who had a major role on the Jurassic Coast, included William and Mary Buckland, William Conybeare, and Henry De La Beche. It was also a time when the Ice Age concept developed and thus helped to explain deposits and landforms previously thought to have been the result of diluvial action.
Gifted Stratigraphers and Palaeontologists
Authors: Goudie Andrew S. , Brunsden Denys 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Jurassic Coast of England attracted a number of gifted scientists, and they were often based in either Lyme Regis or Charmouth. They made very detailed and significant contributions to our understanding of the Lias and to other parts of the Jurassic. Notable figures who studied the Lias included Muriel Arber, William Dickson Lang, Leonard Spath, and Edward Day, while William Fitton, Joseph Prestwich, Osmond Fisher, Sydney Buckman, and Michael House worked on other aspects of Jurassic history. Muriel Arber also did work on the landslips and mudflows at Axmouth, Black Ven, and Stonebarrow.
The Retirement Challenge
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We need a new retirement paradigm as private pensions disappear. Families must take more responsibility for their retirement by saving consistently, working long enough to accumulate enough savings, and spending their savings at an appropriate rate in retirement. Families cannot build a secure retirement by themselves, however; they need help from government and employers. This book discusses the strengths and weaknesses of our current retirement system and suggests feasible, sensible reforms to make it much better. Policymakers must put Social Security and Medicare on a sound financial footing. They should provide incentives for all employers to set up retirement savings plans and, for workers who lack access to an employer-provided plan, create federal- or state-run plans so that all workers can save for retirement. Policymakers should reform the large tax incentives for retirement saving that mostly benefit affluent families so that they help all families. Insurance markets can help families manage the risks of uncertain lifetimes and the cost of long-term care, but they don’t work well. Neither does the market for reverse mortgages that could help families deploy the equity in their homes. Most companies have shut down their traditional pension programs, but they can contribute to 401(k)-type plans for their employees and encourage all employees to contribute to them as well. They can give employees the option to buy annuities and long-term care insurance as part of their retirement packages and negotiate group rates for these policies.
Retirement
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Broad generalizations about retirement readiness are hard to make. The affluent middle class is doing well; retirement-age families usually own their homes and have saved to support themselves as they age. Some still have pensions dating back to the old retirement regime. Poor and lower middle-class families, however, are often not doing well. Their retirements can be threatened by illness, divorce, or economic downturns. Saving for retirement is a struggle, and many such families resign themselves to living off Social Security, perhaps supplemented by some work income. Families that enjoyed stable middle-class livelihoods during their working years may face difficult choices, often tied to health and long-term care. These challenges are compounded by rising life expectancy, a positive development but one for which families must budget for more years from their savings. The current retirement landscape is not bleak for all families, but there is a lot of room for improvement.
Working Longer
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Many families can improve their standard of living in retirement if they decide to work longer. Some families have a sizable nest egg for retirement, so they can choose to retire early or keep working. Other families have had mentally or physically demanding jobs and others are forced to retire because of poor health or job loss. People should not be forced to work longer to make ends meet. Social Security retirement and disability programs should ensure that older Americans are not pushed into poverty if they cannot keep working. However, for those who can make a choice, working a few extra years pays off. If someone postpones collecting Social Security (which they can up to age 70), each year they postpone gives them 5–8 percent more on their monthly benefit for the rest of their lives. Also, working longer gives people more years in which to save and fewer years over which to spread their retirement savings.
Reverse Mortgages
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Many families have savings in financial assets but considerable wealth as home equity. They can sell the house, but then the family must find another place to live. Naturally, some retirees want to remain in their own homes and “age in place.” Reverse mortgages were created to help older people remain in their homes, using their home equity for support. With a reverse mortgage, the homeowner takes out an interest-accruing loan against the value of the house but does not make interest payments until the homeowner dies or decides to leave their home. Reverse mortgages can be an appealing product to access home equity, although the market suffers from reputational challenges and widespread design flaws. This chapter explores the reverse mortgage market, its pros and cons, and how to make it more attractive to retirees while reducing the risks of loan default.
How to Improve Retirement Accounts
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The best way to build retirement preparedness is to fix the system we have. The most important step is to ensure that more people have access to a retirement account at work. The government could mandate that all employers provide accounts, but small employers would strongly resist it. Instead, policymakers should provide tax incentives to companies to cover the cost of setting up retirement accounts. They also could create a government-run program available to everyone, and many states have begun to do so. In addition, they should reform the savings incentives for families. The annual federal tax break on retirement savings provides around $250 billion in benefits, and most of it goes to wealthy families. Policymakers should use the same money to help lower-income families build assets in retirement savings plans. This chapter looks at steps that could enhance retirement accounts.
Improving Opportunities for Older Workers
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The authors have explained the advantage of working longer—for those who can—as pensions disappear and life expectancy rises. One proposal to increase the employment of older workers is to automatically move retirement-age workers onto Medicare, thereby eliminating employer costs of providing them with health insurance and making them less expensive to employ. Policymakers could incentivize low-wage older workers to keep working by enhancing the Earned Income Tax Credit, a wage subsidy that is currently unavailable to older workers. Another important way to increase older worker employment is by strengthening anti-discrimination laws. In principle, age-related discrimination in the workplace is prohibited. But judges interpret the law in ways that largely vitiate it, creating the need for legal reform. This chapter examines proposals to encourage workers to stay on the job and give them greater work opportunities.