bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Gendered Framework of International Humanitarian Law and the Development of International Criminal Law
Authors: Jarvis Michelle , Gardam Judith 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Women (and girls) are disproportionately adversely affected by armed conflict. Attempts to address these effects have been hindered by gender stereotypes and assumptions. This chapter analyses the role of gender in international humanitarian law (IHL) and international criminal law (ICL). The aim of the chapter is to show the connection between gender in IHL and ICL and to expose the challenges this creates in successfully responding to the effects of armed conflict on women. The chapter provides an overview of gender in the context of IHL prior to the development of ICL, including the failures of IHL to fully address the experiences of women in armed conflict. It then examines how gendered concepts in IHL have influenced and been incorporated into ICL. It addresses how IHL has hindered ICL with outdated gender concepts, as well as ways in which ICL has evolved these concepts.
The International Crimes of Slavery and the Slave Trade
Authors: Sellers Patricia Viseur , Kestenbaum Jocelyn Getgen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The 1926 Slavery Convention to Suppress Slavery and the Slave Trade outlawed slavery and the slave trade as international crimes. This chapter examines the legal definitions of slavery and the slave trade, using an in-depth look at the slaves themselves to understand the historic gendered and sexual elements of slavery and the slave trade. The authors suggest that intersectional realities ‘normalized’ these aspects of slavery and continue to permeate slavery and the slave trade today. This chapter further discusses the Rome Statute’s inclusion of sexual slavery as a separate crime. The authors posit that sexual slavery as an international crime is redundant and encompasses actions that are already outlawed under customary international law’s prohibitions of slavery and the slave trade.
Victory for Women and LGBTIQ+ Rights Under International Criminal Law
Authors: Davis Lisa , Bradley Danny 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The authors contend that the Rome Statute’s definition of gender is opaque, which has hindered accountability for gender persecution, including for crimes committed against women and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer, non-binary, or otherwise gender-non-conforming (LGBTIQ+) persons. This chapter illustrates how a coalition of advocates—led by MADRE, OutRight Action International, and the Human Rights and Gender Justice Clinic of the City University of New York School of Law—prevented the inclusion of this outdated definition into a proposed treaty dealing with crimes against humanity. It looks back to the Rome Statute and the women’s rights movement that laid the groundwork for the proposed new convention, and what these legal advancements mean for gender justice and equal rights.
Is International Criminal Law Particularly Impervious to Feminist Reconstruction?
Authors: Otto Dianne 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the many resistances to feminist judging in international criminal law (ICL) courts and tribunals. The author canvases the history of feminism and criminal law, referencing a number of cautionary critiques and their resonance with feminist reform efforts in ICL. The chapter then examines the responses to feminist interventions by judges in three cases, from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and the International Criminal Court (ICC), highlighting the corrosive charges of judicial activism and lack of impartiality that they have elicited. Finally, the author addresses critiques of judicial methods and procedures enacted by several non-governmental organization (NGO)-organized women’s tribunals, which nevertheless remain hopeful about enhanced legal justice in the present. This chapter attempts to highlight the conflict between ICL and feminism, while also recognizing that feminist engagement with ICL remains necessary because of law’s power to shape our realities.
Schopenhauer’s Transcendental Aesthetic
Authors: Hogan Desmond 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Schopenhauer’s World as Will and Representation defends an idealism according to which space and time have no reality beyond the world of representation; both are “forms of knowledge, not qualities of the thing in itself.” The locus classicus of such idealism is Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason, a work regarded by Schopenhauer as the most important contribution to philosophy in two thousand years. He claims that Kant’s arguments for idealism, by wholly conquering the innate realism of our original disposition, produce an effect “like that of an operation for cataract on a blind man.” This epiphany is occasioned by the book’s Transcendental Aesthetic chapter, whose proofs have “a complete power of conviction,” and whose propositions “number among the incontestable truths.” Schopenhauer’s praise of Kant here is striking, not least because a broad consensus over two centuries has concluded that the Transcendental Aesthetic’s central argument for its idealist theory of space and time is a clear failure. Schopenhauer’s positive appraisal is usually taken to show that he too simply overlooked the fatal objection to the argument. It is argued that Schopenhauer saw exactly why the classical invalidity objection is mistaken—that he praised Kant’s argument for transcendental idealism because he understood it. His insight leads us to a deeper understanding of one of the pivotal arguments of Kant’s critical philosophy.
Kant on the Epistemology of the Obvious
Authors: Rosenkoetter Timothy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The launching point for this chapter is Kant’s striking claim that all and only mathematical cognition is “evident.” After proposing the hypothesis that “evident” propositions are a proper subset of “obvious” propositions (namely, the subset of the obvious grounded in a priori intuition), the chapter fills a lacuna in the secondary literature by developing a systematic account of when and why Kant conceives of this or that proposition as “obvious.” The core idea is that certainty regarding an obvious truth is accessible to any subject who possesses “common human understanding.” The fact that there are two modes of access available to a subject who currently lacks that certainty (or is outright mistaken)—one through rule-based instruction, the other through measures that regain the healthy use of common human understanding—partitions the obvious into two classes, including most of mathematics in the former class and truths such as the causal principle, basic moral principles, and tautologies in the latter. Overall, the chapter argues that Kant’s theory of the obvious plays a previously unrecognized role rationalizing and tying together disparate Kantian positions that might otherwise seem unimportant or merely idiosyncratic.
Kant’s One-World Phenomenalism
Authors: Chignell Andrew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to sketch an account of Kant’s signature metaphysical doctrine (transcendental idealism) that (a) apparently has no supporters in the contemporary literature, and (b) draws its primary motivation (as interpretation) from considerations regarding our practical situation and needs as agents. The consideration focused on here is that people not only have mental and moral features but also appear to us—in our daily experience—to have such features. The same presumably goes for vice: Your character shines through in your actions, and I can then make a defeasible inference from those appearances to the moral reality. An interpretation of transcendental idealism that gives primacy to the practical will thus seek to analyze the concepts of experience, acquaintance, and appearance/phenomenon in a capacious enough way that they apply to mental and moral features too. “One-World Phenomenalism” does this by saying that there is just one set of real things, for Kant—namely, substances with their intrinsic and relational features. Some of the key features of these substances (like their moral features) are also features that they appear to us to have. They are “straddling” features. However, many of the features that they appear to us to have (spatio-temporal-causal features) are not features that they really have. If successful, such an interpretation would have a clear practical advantage over those that leave us merely conjecturing from experiences of bodies, gestures, and various secondary qualities to moral features that do not appear, or even to the non-appearing features of a distinct set of things.
Dynamic Changes in the Antioxidative Defense System in the Tea Plant Reveal the Photoprotection-Mediated Temporal Accumulation of Flavonoids under Full Sunlight Exposure
Authors: Zhang Qunfeng , Ruan Jianyun , Mumm Roland , de Vos Ric C H , Liu Mei-Ya 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To reveal the mechanisms underlying how light affects flavonoid metabolism and the potential role of flavonoids in protecting against photooxidative stress in tea leaves, tea plants adapted to low-light conditions were exposed to full sunlight over 48 h. There was an increase in the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as greater accumulation of reactive oxygen species, lutein, tocopherols, ascorbate and malondialdehyde, suggestive of a time-dependent response to photooxidative stress in tea leaves. Analysis of the time dependency of each element of the antioxidant system indicated that carotenoids and tocopherols exhibited the fastest response to light stress (within 3 h), followed by SOD, CAT and catechin, which peaked at 24 h. Meanwhile, flavonols, vitamin C and glutathione showed the slowest response. Subsequent identification of the main phytochemicals involved in protecting against oxidative stress using untargeted metabolomics revealed a fast and initial accumulation of nonesterified catechins that preceded the increase in flavonol glycosides and catechin esters. Gene expression analysis suggested that the light-induced accumulation of flavonoids was highly associated with the gene encoding flavonol synthase. Ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation further validated the time-dependent and collaborative effects of flavonoids in photoprotection in tea plants. Intriguingly, the dynamics of the metabolic response are highly distinct from those reported for Arabidopsis, suggesting that the response to light stress is not conserved across plants. This study additionally provides new insights into the functional role of flavonoids in preventing photooxidative stress and may contribute to further improving tea quality through the control of light intensity.
Petrogenesis of continental intraplate alkaline basalts in the Tuoyun Basin, western Central Asian Orogenic Belt: implications for deep carbon recycling
Authors: Cheng Zhiguo , Zhang Zhaochong , Wang Zhenchao , Jin Ziliang , Hao Jinhua , Jin Lei , Santosh M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The origin of intraplate volcanic provinces in continental interiors remains equivocal. One of the major gaps is the absence of a clear understanding of thermal state and the role of recycled carbon. Here we present results from detailed temperature estimation, trace element content of olivine and integrated Sr-Nd-O-Mg-Zn isotopic studies on Meso-Cenozoic basalt and basanite from the Tuoyun Basin in the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The calculated crystallization temperatures are in the range of 1101-1273 °C for basalt and 1037-1295 °C for basanite, consistent with ambient upper mantle-derived melts. Olivine Zn/Fe, Mn/Zn and Fe/Mn ratios fall in the hybrid source region composed of peridotite and pyroxenite for both basalt and basanite, which is also in agreement with their bulk-rock CaO-MgO trends, FeO/MnO ratios (62.8-77.4 for basalt and 57.8-65.1 for basanite) and FCKANTMS values (overall major element compositions; 0.52-0.68 for basalt and 0.43-0.64 for basanite). Trace elemental modeling shows that the basalt was produced by higher degrees of partial melting with more pyroxenite contribution than basanite. Mg and Zn isotopes show lighter Mg (-0.45 to -0.55 ‰ for basalt and -0.45 to -0.47 ‰ for basanite) and heavier Zn (0.37-0.41 ‰ for basalt and 0.38 to 0.48 ‰ for basanite) isotopic compositions than primitive mantle, indicating the possible involvement of recycled sedimentary carbonate in mantle source. Conversely, the basalt and basanite lack typical “carbonatitic fingerprints” such as high CaO/Al2O3 ratios and negative Zr, Hf and Ti anomalies. Furthermore, the Sr-O isotopes display typical mantle-affinity without explicit crustal signatures. Such a decoupling is attributed to carbonate species transition and decarbonation reactions between carbonate and surrounding silicate during plate subduction at a depth of &gt; 150 km where the following reactions take place: CaMg(CO3)2 (dolomite) = MgSiO3 (magnesite) + CaCO3 (aragonite), and MgCO3 (magnesite) + SiO2 (coesite) → MgSiO3 (enstatite) + CO2. When the recycled carbonates are exhausted, crustal Sr-O is released but the Mg-Zn isotopic anomalies are inherited by the silicate products (“ghost carbonate”). These silicates are expected to be involved in the subsequent mantle upwelling that induces decompression melting to generate intraplate magmas. We therefore propose recycled carbonates in the mantle sources of the Tuoyun lavas underwent recycling at depths &gt; 150 km and were incorporated as “ghost carbonate” with recycled Mg and Zn elements in the partial melting process rather than directly in the carbonate form.
Brown Amphibole as Tracer of Tectono-Magmatic Evolution of the Atlantis Bank Oceanic Core Complex (IODP Hole U1473A)
Authors: Ferrando Carlotta , Tribuzio Riccardo , Lissenberg C Johan , France Lydéric , MacLeod Christopher J , Basch Valentin , Villeneuve Johan , Deloule Etienne , Sanfilippo Alessio 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Brown amphibole is a minor but common mineral component in lower oceanic crust. It is generally interpreted as products of migrating SiO2 and H2O-rich fluids or melts, which can be either residual melts from advanced magmatic differentiation of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB), or hydrothermal fluids including a seawater component. Within the lower oceanic crust exhumed at the Atlantis Bank Oceanic Core Complex, along the ultraslow Southwest Indian Ridge, brown amphibole is ubiquitous in all lithologies from olivine- to oxide-gabbros and diorites, including both undeformed and plastically deformed varieties. We here show the results of a systematic petrological study conceived to unravel the nature of the H2O-rich component recorded in brown amphiboles and document: (i) the evolution of migrating melts during the magmatic stage and (ii) different extents of melt-bearing deformation events recorded throughout the entire crustal transect. The low Cl contents and the light over heavy rare earth elements (LREE/HREE) ratios and high Ti contents in brown amphiboles indicate they crystallized from melts with a magmatic hydrous component. Consistently, their δ18O values are in equilibrium with Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB) composition, except for diorite amphiboles that possibly record the local assimilation of altered minerals. In undeformed olivine gabbros, interstitial pargasite crystallized at hypersolidus conditions (~1000°C) from the melt residual after late stages of MORB differentiation. We speculate that before the olivine gabbro crystal mush reached fully solid state, some aliquots of residual melts were extracted and accumulated within discrete intervals. There, ferrobasaltic melts differentiated through the early crystallization of Fe-Ti oxides and clinopyroxene as liquidus phases, ultimately forming the oxide gabbros. This process promoted rapid Si enrichment and depletion in Fe, Ti, V in the residual melt, later extracted to form the crosscutting diorite veins. The mylonitic olivine gabbros record high-temperature plastic deformation (~900°C ± 50°C) under hypersolidus conditions, involving melts residual from previous crystallization of the gabbroic rock. Further solid-state plastic deformation led to substantial grain size reduction and, consequently, to an increase in porosity. This created pathways for subsequent melt focusing, which likely represent late-stage differentiated melts migrating throughout the lower crustal section. This study shows that brown amphibole in the Atlantis Bank lower oceanic crust is the crystallization product of melts residual from advanced magmatic differentiation, which are also locally involved in the plastic deformation events during crustal accretion.
Experimental Pain Measurements Do Not Relate to Pain Intensity and Pain Cognitions in People Scheduled for Surgery for Lumbar Radiculopathy
Authors: Huysmans Eva , Goudman Lisa , Van Bogaert Wouter , Nijs Jo , Putman Koen , Moens Maarten , Buyl Ronald , Ickmans Kelly , Garcia Barajas Guillermo , Fernández-Carnero Josue , Coppieters Iris 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objective
The present cross-sectional study aims to unravel associations of pain intensity and cognitions with quantitative sensory testing in people scheduled for surgery for lumbar radiculopathy. Additionally, insight will be provided into the presence of dysfunctional nociceptive processing and maladaptive pain cognitions in this population.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Setting
Data from three hospitals in Belgium.

Subjects
The final sample comprised 120 participants with lumbar radiculopathy scheduled for surgery, included between March 2016 and April 2019.

Methods
Self-reported pain intensity was assessed on a visual analog scale, and pain cognitions were assessed with self-reported questionnaires (Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, and Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire). Quantitative sensory testing (detection thresholds, pain thresholds, temporal summation, and conditioned pain modulation) was evaluated, as well.

Results
Evidence was found for the presence of an impaired inhibitory response to nociceptive stimuli and maladaptive pain cognitions in this population. Kinesiophobia was found to be present to a maladaptive degree in the majority of the patients (n = 106 [88%]). Significant, but weak, associations between electrical pain thresholds at the sural nerves and leg pain intensity (sural nerve symptomatic side: r = –0.23; P = 0.01; non-symptomatic side: r = –0.22; P = 0.02) and kinesiophobia levels (sural nerve non-symptomatic side: r = –0.26; P = 0.006) were identified.

Conclusions
Electrical detection thresholds and correlates for endogenous nociceptive facilitation and inhibition were not found to be related to any of the pain cognitions or to pain intensity in people scheduled to undergo surgery for lumbar radiculopathy.
Effective dose Estimation in Whole Body 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging
Authors: Karimipourfard M , Sina S , Shobeiry M , Alavi M S , Faghihi R 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPositron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET–CT) with internal administration of the FDG-18 is characterized as a widespread functional imaging modality in diagnostic radiation medicine, which increases the patient effective doses owing to the presence of internal and external radiation sources. Hence, patient effective dose estimation has been pinpointed as a significant factor in radiation protection assessment. A large number of studies have been published in this regard, and various dosimetry methods have been surveyed. According to our previous research, 10 patients had participated in PET–CT scans with three static time sequences imaging. PET effective doses were estimated using a simple method derived from Anderson et al. and Kaushik et al. coefficients, and the CT effective doses were surveyed with a CTDI phantom and cylindrical ionization chamber. The CT dose was tripled owing to the three static time-sequences imaging. The effective doses were calculated using different coefficients and the results of the PET effective doses were compared. The PET–CT effective dose was varied from 17.14 to 18.42 mSv based on Kaushik et al. coefficients which were measured for one low-dose CT scan. This study aimed to survey simple PET–CT effective dose estimation using three static-time imaging approaches which increases the total patient effective doses.
Direct Shock Experience vs. Tangential Shock Exposure: Indirect Effects of Flood Shocks on Well-Being and Preferences
Authors: Stein Wiebke , Weisser Reinhard A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
With extreme weather events on the rise, the question of how witnessing adverse weather events may affect individuals’ perception, and consequently their subjective well-being, gains in relevance. To identify events that have been witnessed, i.e., tangential exposure to a weather shock, satellite-based data on flooding is linked to an extensive household panel survey from rural Southeast Asia. Contrasting direct shock experience with tangential shock exposure, we find that mere proximity to a potentially adverse shock, without reporting any actual direct shock experience, could be sufficient to reduce subjective well-being. This effect is not only restricted to the present but can also impinge on expected future well-being dynamics. Eventually, such a persistent effect from witnessing a weather shock may have further politico-economic repercussions, for instance, by altering support for redistribution policies.
Bacillus-Secreted Oxalic Acid Induces Tomato Resistance Against Gray Mold Disease Caused byBotrytis cinereaby Activating the JA/ET Pathway
Authors: Yu Yi-Yang , Si Fang-Jie , Wang Ning , Wang Ting , Jin Yu , Zheng Ying , Yang Wei , Luo Yu-Ming , Niu Dong-Dong , Guo Jian-Hua , Jiang Chun-Hao 
Published: August 2022

Bacillus spp. are known for their ability to control plant diseases; however, the mechanism of disease control by Bacillus spp. is still unclear. Previously, bacterial organic acids have been implicated in the process of disease suppression. We extracted the total organic acid from Bacillus cereus AR156 culture filtrate and identified oxalic acid (OA) as the programmed cell death–inducing factor. OA strongly suppressed the lesion caused by Botrytis cinerea without significant antagonism against the fungus. Low concentration of OA produced by Bacillus spp. inhibited cell death caused by high concentrations of OA in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Pretreatment with a low concentration of OA led to higher accumulation of active oxygen-scavenging enzymes in tomato leaves and provoked the expression of defense-related genes. The activation of gene expression relied on the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway but not the salicylic acid (SA) pathway. The disease suppression capacity of OA was confirmed on wild-type tomato and its SA accumulation–deficient line, while the control effect was diminished in JA synthesis–deficient mutant, suggesting that the OA-triggered resistance relied on JA and ethylene (ET) signaling transduction. OA secretion ability was widely distributed among the tested Bacillus strains and the final environmental OA concentration was under strict regulation by a pH-sensitive degradation mechanism. This study provides the first systematic analysis on the role of low-concentration OA secreted and maintained by Bacillus spp. in suppression of gray mold disease and determines the dependence of OA-mediated resistance on the JA/ET signaling pathway.[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 “No Rights Reserved” license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2022.