bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the Magnetic Field Distribution of Normal Pulsars: Implications for the Multiple Origins for Neutron Stars
Authors: Zhang Jianwei , Zhang Chengmin , Li Di , Yang Wuming , Cui Xianghan , Ye ChangQing , Wang Dehua , Yang Yiyan , Bi Shaolan , Zhang Xianfei 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this study, we revisit the magnetic field (B-field) distribution of normal pulsars, motivated by the fact that the number of known pulsars has exceeded 3300. Here, we divided the normal pulsar samples into three subgroups by constant lines of characteristic age τ
ch, i.e., young, middle-aged, and old pulsars. We note that τ
ch is not used as the time indicator in this study; instead, it just served as cutting lines to divide the pulsar samples. Then, we applied several statistical tests, i.e., the Anderson–Darling, Shapiro–Wilk, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, and Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon tests, to the selected normal pulsar samples (N = 1970) and to a data set of 32 neutron stars (NSs) in high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) for comparison purposes. We obtained that (i) the conclusion on the characteristic B field (B
ch) log-normal distribution for the normal pulsars by the previous studies is no longer appropriate, while only young pulsars (N = 24, τ
ch < 15 kyr) follow a log-normal distribution, indicating that only the B
ch of young pulsars is close to real B fields. (ii) In the directly measured B-field range of NS-HMXBs (∼1012–1013 G), the B
ch of young pulsars (N = 15) and the real B fields of NS-HMXBs (N = 32) are inferred to be log-normal, and they are further verified to come from the same distribution, implying that there is no significant decay for real B fields, at least within the timescale of ∼10 Myr for normal pulsars. (iii) Statistically, young pulsars (N = 24) are inferred to be self-contained, suggesting that the initial spin period of pulsars is less than 515 ms. (iv) The B
ch distributions of three normal pulsar subsamples are different, hinting at the existence of multiple origins for NSs.
Integrated modelling of neon impact on JET H-mode core plasmas
Authors: Marin M. , Citrin J. , Giroud C. , Bourdelle C. , Camenen Y. , Garzotti L. , Ho A. , Sertoli M. , Contributors JET 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Nuclear fusion reactor plasmas will need to exhaust a significant proportion of energy flux through radiative processes, to enable acceptable divertor loads. This can be obtained by line radiation from impurities, injected from the plasma edge. There are however limitations on the sustainable impurity content, since radiation from the core can lead to a deleterious electron heat sink. Moreover, dilution of the main ions reduces the available fuel. Simultaneously, impurities have an impact on the turbulent transport, both by dilution and by changes in the effective charge. Recent experiments at JET point towards an improvement in plasma confinement in neon seeded discharges with respect to purer equivalent plasmas. In this paper the impact of the impurities on the confinement is studied, isolating various effects. First-principle-based integrated modelling with the QuaLiKiz quasilinear turbulent transport model explains the improvement by a combination of higher pedestal temperature, increased rotation shear, and impurity-induced microturbulence stabilization. These results are optimistic with respect to the maximum impurity levels allowed in ITER and future reactors. Comparison between QuaLiKiz and higher fidelity gyrokinetics has exposed issues with QuaLiKiz impurity peaking predictions with rotation.
Effects of external kink and fishbone-like modes on energetic particle transport in tokamak plasmas
Authors: Wang Y.Q. , Hao G.Z. , Zou Y.P. , Liu Y.Q. , Chen W. , Yang G.M. , Meng G. , Miao Y.T. , Zhao Y.F. , Xia Y.B. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Transport and loss of beam injected energetic particles (EPs) due to three-dimensional perturbations, associated with the external kink (XK) instability and fishbone-like mode (FLM), are numerically investigated utilizing the guiding center following code ORBIT for static toroidal plasmas in HL-2A. The perturbation structure for the XK is computed by the MARS-F code and then mapped to the Boozer coordinates as defined in ORBIT. The simulation shows that the EP profile experiences a significant change in the middle of the plasma column, when the XK-induced radial magnetic field perturbation amplitude, normalized by the equilibrium field, exceeds a threshold value of about

10

−
2

. The EP transport is found to be dominated by a diffusion process instead of convection. Furthermore, by scanning the perturbation frequency as a free parameter while maintaining the XK mode structure (thus mimicking the FLM as observed in DIII-D and JT-60U tokamaks), redistribution and loss of EPs are found to be substantially enhanced due to strong resonances between the FLM and EPs, when the mode frequency exceeds a threshold value of ∼2 kHz for the case considered. For either XK or FLM, the response of passing EPs to the perturbation is dominant due to the assumed tangential neutral beam injection. Most lost EPs due to these instabilities are initially passing particles but are eventually lost through trapped orbits.
Penalization-induced shrinking without rotation in high dimensional GLM regression: a cavity analysis
Authors: Massa E , Jonker M A , Coolen A C C 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In high dimensional regression, where the number of covariates is of the order of the number of observations, ridge penalization is often used as a remedy against overfitting. Unfortunately, for correlated covariates such regularisation typically induces in generalized linear models not only shrinking of the estimated parameter vector, but also an unwanted rotation relative to the true vector. We show analytically how this problem can be removed by using a generalization of ridge penalization, and we analyse the asymptotic properties of the corresponding estimators in the high dimensional regime, using the cavity method. Our results also provide a quantitative rationale for tuning the parameter controlling the amount of shrinking. We compare our theoretical predictions with simulated data and find excellent agreement.
The infection and recovery periods of the 2022 outbreak of monkey-pox virus disease
Authors: Al-Raeei Marwan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Monkey-pox virus disease (MPXD) is a type of the pox disease similar to the smallpox disease. This disease produces rashes with lesions on the skin. The MPXD is an endemic in some countries of Africa, however, a recent outbreak of this disease started to appear in some countries, such as the United Kingdom, Spain, Greece, Portugal, Australia, Brazil, and the United States. Lots of indicators are employed for forecasting the 2022 outbreak of the MPXD such as the infection period, the recovery period, the force of infection, the incubation period of the disease…..etc. The aim of this study is finding the infection period, and the recovery period of the 2022 outbreak of the monkey-pox virus disease in two countries: the United States, and Spain. We apply the simulation and analytical methods on a simple epidemic model, which is the SIRD infectious disease model, for finding the previous periods. We found that the infection period of the recent outbreak of the MPXD varies from 10 days to 20 days, while we found that the recovery periods of the recent outbreak of the MPXD varies from 15 days to 30 days. Besides, we found that the average value of the infection period of the 2022 outbreak of the MPXD is about two weeks, and the average value of the recovery period of the 2022 outbreak of the MPXD is about three weeks. The analytical solution with the simulation algorithm which we used in this study can be expanded for other forecasting parameters of the MPXD, and also for multiple countries.
Developing a Culturally Competent Neuropsychological Assessment Battery for Farsi-speaking Patients with Suspected Dementia
Authors: Henry Samantha K , Talavari Donna , York Michele K , Stinson Jennifer M , Strutt Adriana M , McCauley Stephen R 
Published: November 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo assemble a comprehensive neuropsychological battery appropriate for differential diagnosis of dementia in Farsi-speaking Iranian adults in the United States.MethodSystematic searches of PubMed, PsychInfo, and Google Scholar databases were conducted to obtain test instruments relevant to Farsi speakers in consultation with a Farsi-speaking cultural broker.ResultsA proposed battery assessing the domains of attention, executive function, verbal and visual episodic memory, language, visuospatial/visuoconstruction abilities, and mood/anxiety was assembled that includes core measures developed, either specifically for a Farsi-speaking Iranian population or validated/normed with a Farsi-speaking Iranian sample. Though not ideal, additional measures were selected that can be administered using translated instructions with English normative data to supplement the limited tests available for use in this population. The rationale for test selection and caveats for their clinical use are presented along with a case study.ConclusionsThe number of neuropsychological measures available in Farsi and/or with normative data for Farsi speakers is extremely limited. Cognitive tests either developed for or validated with a bilingual Farsi-English sample also represent a significant gap in the literature. Appropriate measures for these populations are urgently needed to provide a culturally competent assessment of a growing older adult segment of an underserved community.
Direct electrical brain stimulation of human memory: lessons learnt and future perspectives
Authors: Kucewicz Michal T , Worrell Gregory A , Axmacher Nikolai 
Published: November 2022

AbstractModulation of cognitive functions supporting human declarative memory is one of the grand challenges of neuroscience, and of vast importance for a variety of neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Despite a recent surge of successful attempts at improving performance in a range of memory tasks, the optimal approaches and parameters for memory enhancement have yet to be determined. On a more fundamental level, it remains elusive as to how delivering electrical current in a given brain area leads to enhanced memory processing. Starting from the local and distal physiological effects on neural populations, the mechanisms of enhanced memory encoding, maintenance, consolidation or recall in response to direct electrical stimulation are only now being unravelled. With the advent of innovative neurotechnologies for concurrent recording and stimulation intracranially in the human brain, it becomes possible to study both acute and chronic effects of stimulation on memory performance and the underlying neural activities. In this review, we summarize the effects of various invasive stimulation approaches for modulating memory functions. We first outline the challenges that were faced in the initial studies of memory enhancement and the lessons learnt. Electrophysiological biomarkers are then reviewed as more objective measures of the stimulation effects than behavioural outcomes. Finally, we classify the various stimulation approaches into continuous and phasic modulation with an open or closed loop for responsive stimulation based on analysis of the recorded neural activities. Although the potential advantage of closed-loop responsive stimulation over the classic open-loop approaches is inconclusive, we foresee the emerging results from ongoing longitudinal studies and clinical trials will shed light on both the mechanisms and optimal strategies for improving declarative memory. Adaptive stimulation based on the biomarker analysis over extended periods of time is proposed as a future direction for obtaining lasting effects on memory functions. Chronic tracking and modulation of neural activities intracranially through adaptive stimulation opens tantalizing new avenues to continually monitor and treat memory and cognitive deficits in a range of brain disorders. Brain co-processors created with machine-learning tools and wireless bi-directional connectivity to seamlessly integrate implanted devices with smartphones and cloud computing are poised to enable real-time automated analysis of large data volumes and adaptively tune electrical stimulation based on electrophysiological biomarkers of behavioural states. Next-generation implantable devices for high-density recording and stimulation of electrophysiological activities, and technologies for distributed brain–computer interfaces are presented as selected future perspectives for modulating human memory and associated mental processes.
Predictive models for starting antiseizure medication withdrawal following epilepsy surgery in adults
Authors: Ferreira-Atuesta Carolina , de Tisi Jane , McEvoy Andrew W , Miserocchi Anna , Khoury Jean , Yardi Ruta , Vegh Deborah T , Butler James , Lee Hamin J , Deli-Peri Victoria , Yao Yi , Wang Feng-Peng , Zhang Xiao-Bin , Shakhatreh Lubna , Siriratnam Pakeeran , Neal Andrew , Sen Arjune , Tristram Maggie , Varghese Elizabeth , Biney Wendy , Gray William P , Peralta Ana Rita , Rainha-Campos Alexandre , Gonçalves-Ferreira António J C , Pimentel José , Arias Juan Fernando , Terman Samuel , Terziev Robert , Lamberink Herm J , Braun Kees P J , Otte Willem M , Rugg-Gunn Fergus J , Gonzalez Walter , Bentes Carla , Hamandi Khalid , O’Brien Terence J , Perucca Piero , Yao Chen , Burman Richard J , Jehi Lara , Duncan John S , Sander Josemir W , Koepp Matthias , Galovic Marian 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
More than half of adults with epilepsy undergoing resective epilepsy surgery achieve long-term seizure freedom and might consider withdrawing antiseizure medications. We aimed to identify predictors of seizure recurrence after starting postoperative antiseizure medication withdrawal and develop and validate predictive models.
We performed an international multicentre observational cohort study in nine tertiary epilepsy referral centres. We included 850 adults who started antiseizure medication withdrawal following resective epilepsy surgery and were free of seizures other than focal non-motor aware seizures before starting antiseizure medication withdrawal. We developed a model predicting recurrent seizures, other than focal non-motor aware seizures, using Cox proportional hazards regression in a derivation cohort (n = 231). Independent predictors of seizure recurrence, other than focal non-motor aware seizures, following the start of antiseizure medication withdrawal were focal non-motor aware seizures after surgery and before withdrawal [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 5.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7–11.1], history of focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures before surgery (aHR 1.6, 95% CI 0.9–2.8), time from surgery to the start of antiseizure medication withdrawal (aHR 0.9, 95% CI 0.8–0.9) and number of antiseizure medications at time of surgery (aHR 1.2, 95% CI 0.9–1.6). Model discrimination showed a concordance statistic of 0.67 (95% CI 0.63–0.71) in the external validation cohorts (n = 500). A secondary model predicting recurrence of any seizures (including focal non-motor aware seizures) was developed and validated in a subgroup that did not have focal non-motor aware seizures before withdrawal (n = 639), showing a concordance statistic of 0.68 (95% CI 0.64–0.72). Calibration plots indicated high agreement of predicted and observed outcomes for both models.
We show that simple algorithms, available as graphical nomograms and online tools (predictepilepsy.github.io), can provide probabilities of seizure outcomes after starting postoperative antiseizure medication withdrawal. These multicentre-validated models may assist clinicians when discussing antiseizure medication withdrawal after surgery with their patients.
Cell-free DNA-based liquid biopsies in neurology
Authors: Gaitsch Hallie , Franklin Robin J M , Reich Daniel S 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This article reviews recent developments in the application of cell-free DNA-based liquid biopsies to neurological diseases.
Over the past few decades, an explosion of interest in the use of accessible biofluids to identify and track molecular disease has revolutionized the fields of oncology, prenatal medicine and others. More recently, technological advances in signal detection have allowed for informative analysis of biofluids that are typically sparse in cells and other circulating components, such as CSF. In parallel, advancements in epigenetic profiling have allowed for novel applications of liquid biopsies to diseases without characteristic mutational profiles, including many degenerative, autoimmune, inflammatory, ischaemic and infectious disorders. These events have paved the way for a wide array of neurological conditions to benefit from enhanced diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment abilities through the use of liquid biomarkers: a ‘liquid biopsy’ approach.
This review includes an overview of types of liquid biopsy targets with a focus on circulating cell-free DNA, methods used to identify and probe potential liquid biomarkers, and recent applications of such biomarkers to a variety of complex neurological conditions including CNS tumours, stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis and neuroinfectious disease. Finally, the challenges of translating liquid biopsies to use in clinical neurology settings—and the opportunities for improvement in disease management that such translation may provide—are discussed.
Effects of hypertension and aging on brain function in spontaneously hypertensive rats: a longitudinal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Yang Yingying , Zhu Qingfeng , Wang Lixin , Gao Duo , Wang Zhanqiu , Geng Zuojun 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTo investigate the dynamic evolution of brain function under the comorbidities of hypertension and aging. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were longitudinally acquired at 10, 24, and 52 weeks in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto rats. We computed the mean amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (mALFF), mean regional homogeneity (mReHo), and functional connectivity (FC). There was no interaction between hypertension and aging on brain function. The main effect of aging reflects primarily the cumulative increase of brain activity, especially the increase of mALFF in amygdala and mReHo in cingulate cortex, accompanied by the decrease of brain activity. The main effect of hypertension reflects primarily decreased brain activity in default modal network, accompanied by increased brain activity. The main effect of aging shows reduced brain FC as early as 24 weeks, and the main effect of hypertension shows higher brain FC in SHRs. The novel discovery is that 1 brain FC network increased linearly with age in SHRs, in addition to the linearly decreasing FC. Hypertension and aging independently contribute to spatiotemporal alterations in brain function in SHRs following ongoing progression and compensation. This study provides new insight into the dynamic characteristics of brain function.
Potential Impact of Long-Acting Products on the Control of Tuberculosis: Preclinical Advancements and Translational Tools in Preventive Treatment
Authors: Ammerman Nicole C , Nuermberger Eric L , Owen Andrew , Rannard Steve P , Meyers Caren Freel , Swindells Susan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A key component of global tuberculosis (TB) control is the treatment of latent TB infection. The use of long-acting technologies to administer TB preventive treatment has the potential to significantly improve the delivery and impact of this important public health intervention. For example, an ideal long-acting treatment could consist of a single dose that could be administered in the clinic (ie, a “1-shot cure” for latent TB). Interest in long-acting formulations for TB preventive therapy has gained considerable traction in recent years. This article presents an overview of the specific considerations and current preclinical advancements relevant for the development of long-acting technologies of TB drugs for treatment of latent infection, including attributes of target product profiles, suitability of drugs for long-acting formulations, ongoing research efforts, and translation to clinical studies.
Prospects for Long-Acting Treatments for Hepatitis C
Authors: Thomas David L , Owen Andrew , Kiser Jennifer J 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In 2019, more than 4 years after the widespread availability of safe, oral, curative treatments, an estimated 58 million people were living with hepatitis C virus infections (PLWHC). Additional tools may enable those not yet reached to be treated. One such tool could be long-acting parenteral formulations of HCV treatments, which may allow PLWHC to be diagnosed and cured in a single encounter. Although existing highly effective oral medications might be formulated as long-acting parenteral treatments, pharmacological, regulatory, patent, and medical challenges have to be overcome; this requires the concerted efforts of PLWHC, researchers, funding agencies, industry, the World Health Organization, and other stakeholders.
Barriers to Uptake of Long-Acting Antiretroviral Products for Treatment and Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in High-Income Countries
Authors: Cooper Stanley E , Rosenblatt Joshua , Gulick Roy M 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy (LAI-ART) for the treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) holds great potential to shift treatment paradigms by offering an alternative to daily oral medication. However, significant challenges at the drug, patient, and system levels risk impeding the uptake and implementation of LAI-ART. This review aims to describe the known and anticipated barriers to uptake of LAI-ART in high-income countries, as well as the ongoing research addressing some of these barriers to improve the delivery and uptake of LAI-ART products.
The LEAP Process: Streamlining the Development of Long-Acting Products and Formulations for Infectious Diseases
Authors: Flexner Charles , Siccardi Marco , Bunglawala Fazila , Owen Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Developing long-acting products and formulations for infectious diseases is a nontrivial undertaking that is frequently classified as high risk and low reward by the pharmaceutical industry. The Long-Acting/Extended Release Antiretroviral Research Resource Program (LEAP) was founded in 2015 with the support of the National Institutes of Health to encourage, promote, and accelerate the development of such products. Assessment methodology for any new proposal brought to this group is part of a framework—the LEAP Process—that includes a landscape analysis of what is currently available in the public domain. This is followed by in silico modeling and simulation offered as a service to the relevant scientific community. A variety of preclinical and clinical outcome metrics are applied to each new agent as part of a continuous feedback loop to improve product characteristics. This allows us to catalog knowledge gaps and barriers that can be addressed by engaged stakeholders. Results are communicated in scientific articles, reviews, and position papers. This undertaking serves to de-risk discovery, development, and implementation by bridging the gaps between academic, regulatory, and industrial investigators, and by engaging those in the community who will be the eventual users of these medicines. The LEAP Process has supported formulations now approved for human immunodeficiency virus, as well as products in clinical and preclinical development for tuberculosis and hepatitis viruses B and C.