bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological benefits of outdoor physical activity in natural versus urban environments: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of experimental studies
Authors: Wicks Claire , Barton Jo , Orbell Sheina , Andrews Leanne 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe impact of environmental context on the psychological benefits derived from physical activity has attracted research attention in recent years. Previous reviews have compared effects of indoor versus outdoor exercise. This review compares the effects of physical activity undertaken in outdoor green natural environments versus outdoor urban environments on psychological health outcomes in adult general populations. An electronic literature search identified 24 experimental studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Results were analysed via narrative synthesis (n = 24) and meta‐analysis (n = 9) of effect on six outcomes. Narrative synthesis found in favour of the natural environment for anxiety, anger/hostility, energy, affect and positive engagement. Post‐intervention effect sizes suggested duration and social context as potential moderators. The meta‐analyses revealed large or moderate effects in favour of the natural environment for anxiety, fatigue, positive affect and vigour, and a small effect for depression. Results were subject to high risk of bias and heterogeneity. Physical activity undertaken outdoors in natural environments is more beneficial for a range of psychological outcomes compared with urban environments. The various effect sizes evident in the meta‐analyses may be explained by differing mechanisms through which psychological gains are experienced during physical activity in nature.
Von Willebrand factor assays in patients with acquired immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura treated with caplacizumab
Authors: Bowyer Annette , Brown Paula , Hopkins Barbara , Scully Marie , Shepherd Fiona , Lowe Anna , Mensah Patrick , Maclean Rhona , Kitchen Steve , van Veen Joost J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAcquired immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) is a rare disease with a poor prognosis if undiagnosed. It is caused by autoantibody production to the von Willebrand factor (VWF) cleaving protease, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13 (ADAMTS13). Caplacizumab, an immunoglobulin directed to the platelet glycoprotein Ibα receptor of VWF, has been reported to induce quicker resolution of iTTP compared to placebo. The laboratory measurement of VWF activity was significantly reduced in clinical trials of caplacizumab. Several VWF assays are available in the UK and this study investigated whether differences in VWF parameters were present in 11 patients diagnosed with iTTP and treated with daily caplacizumab. Chromogenic factor VIII activity, VWF antigen, collagen binding activity, VWF multimers and six VWF activity assays were measured prior to caplacizumab therapy and on several occasions during treatment. VWF antigen and collagen binding activity levels were normal or borderline normal in all patients. Ultra‐large molecular weight multimers were present in all patients following treatment. VWF activity assays were normal or reduced during treatment, but this was reagent and patient dependant. In the unusual scenario of a caplacizumab‐treated patient requiring measurement of VWF activity, it is important that laboratories understand how their local reagents perform as results cannot be predicted.
Comparison of the prognostic value of microscopically measured invasive width versus macroscopic width in cutaneous melanoma shows the superiority of microscopic invasive width measurement
Authors: Bamford Mark , Udensi Louisa , Khanna Arushi , O'Riordan Marie , Saldanha Gerald 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundInvasive width, the distance between the most peripheral invasive melanoma cells on the section where Breslow thickness (BT) was measured, was recently identified as a prognostic feature. It is unclear whether a routine measurement is justified, given that macroscopic width is already included in many melanoma histopathology reports and may itself be a prognostic feature. This study sought to investigate this.MethodsA retrospective cohort of 718 melanoma patients in which macroscopic width had been stated in the original histopathology report was used. Survival analysis was performed.ResultsMacroscopic and invasive widths were positively correlated (p < 0.001). Invasive width was typically smaller than the paired macroscopic width (median difference 3.7 mm,p < 0.001), a difference seen across all T groups. Both macroscopic and invasive widths were significantly associated with melanoma survival in Kaplan–Meier analysis, including overall survival, but invasive width survival curves were more widely separated. Both were significantly associated with outcome after correction for BT in Cox proportional hazards regression, but the models containing invasive width had a substantially better fit.ConclusionsThis study shows that both macroscopic and invasive widths have prognostic values, but confirms that the latter is superior. It supports further investigation of this feature's prognostic value.
Feasibility study of a prototype extended‐wear insulin infusion set in adults with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Kastner Jasmin R. , Venkatesh Nisha , Brown Katie , Muchmore Douglas B. , Ekinci Elif , Fourlanos Spiros , Joseph Jeffrey I , Shafeeq Miami , Shi Leon , Strange Poul , Strasma Paul J. , O'Neal David N. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimTo assess the feasibility of a prototype insulin infusion set (IIS) for extended wear in adults with type 1 diabetes.Materials and MethodsThe prototype Capillary Biomedical investigational extended‐wear IIS (CBX IIS) incorporates a soft, flexible, reinforced kink‐resistant angled nylon‐derivative cannula with one distal and three proximal ports to optimize insulin delivery. Twenty adult participants with type 1 diabetes established on insulin pump therapy used the CBX IIS for two 7‐day test periods while wearing a Dexcom G5 continuous glucose monitor.ResultsParticipants were able to wear the CBX IIS for an average of 6.6 ± 1.4 days. Eighty‐eight percent (36 of 41) of sets were worn for 7 days. No serious adverse events were reported. Five infusion sets failed prematurely because of: unresolvable hyperglycaemia (three); hyperglycaemia with elevated ketones (one); or infection (one). Median time in range (3.9‐10.0 mmol/L) was 62% (54‐76). Average glucose levels per day of infusion set wear showed a statistically significant increase over time (p < .001).ConclusionsOur preliminary observations confirm the tolerability of the prototype CBX IIS for extended wear, albeit with a deterioration in glucose control after the third day.
Prevalence of disability improvement in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with cladribine tablets
Authors: Signori Alessio , Ponzano Marta , Alexandri Nektaria , Giovannoni Gavin , Sormani Maria Pia 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackground and purposeThe aim was to show the application of the prevalence estimator of Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) improvement over time in patients treated with cladribine tablets in the phase III CLARITY/CLARITY extension trials.MethodsRelapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients who entered the CLARITY extension study were evaluated. Patients originally randomized in CLARITY to cladribine tablets 3.5 mg/kg and placebo in CLARITY extension (early cladribine [EC]) were compared to patients originally randomized to placebo and then assigned to cladribine tablets 3.5 mg/kg (delayed cladribine [DC]). The EC group was compared to the DC group on the prevalence of EDSS improvement over time and on the cumulative incidence of EDSS improvement. Prevalence of improvement was assessed by a new approach based on the difference of Kaplan–Meier estimators, whilst the incidence of improvement was assessed by standard Kaplan–Meier curves.ResultsA total of 98 patients in the EC group and 244 patients in the DC group were compared. Patients in the EC group showed a significantly higher (p = 0.011) prevalence of improvement at year 2 (EC 21.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 13.6–29.3; DC 8.9%, 95% CI 5.5–12.8) and at year 5 (EC 15.7%, 95% CI 8.2–23.7; DC 8.3%, 95% CI 4.5–12.4). The cumulative incidence of improvement was also significantly different (hazard ratio 1.82, 95% CI 1.13–2.94, p = 0.013).ConclusionsAssessment of the prevalence of EDSS improvement is an alternative outcome to assess if a treatment induces and maintains an improvement over the long term. This estimator was found to be more powerful than the cumulative incidence of improvement to detect a treatment effect of cladribine versus placebo over 5 years.
Searching for veterinary evidence: A guide for equine professionals
Authors: White Constance , Moberly Heather K. , Fausak Erik D. , Boulton Clare , Shrubb Julia , McGillycuddy Laura , Everitt Sally M. , Nunn Sandra D. , Brennan Marnie Louise 
Published: March 2022

SummaryThere is more and more online information available at our fingertips, but how do we efficiently identify and extract relevant information for good clinical decision making? The aim of this review article is to provide equine professionals with the building blocks to be able to develop skills for expertly navigating the scientific literature in a timely fashion. This includes what key questions you need to ask before starting (why am I searching and how much time do I have), where the best places are to search and how to find freely available legal copies of papers (articles, conference proceedings, book chapters and dissertations). Additionally, how to best conduct an information search and what you get from searches of varying comprehensiveness. Finally, this article will cover where to find databases of research syntheses where others have already carried out the hard work for you and some advanced techniques which are likely to save you substantial amounts of time. This article draws together expertise from a panel of veterinary clinicians, nurses and technicians, information specialists and librarians and clinical researchers.
A hybrid one‐class approach for detecting anomalies in industrial systems
Authors: Zayas‐Gato Francisco , Jove Esteban , Casteleiro‐Roca José‐Luis , Quintián Héctor , Piñón‐Pazos Andrés , Simić Dragan , Calvo‐Rolle José Luis 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe significant advance of Internet of Things in industrial environments has provided the possibility of monitoring the different variables that come into play in an industrial process. This circumstance allows the supervision of the current state of an industrial plant and the consequent decision making possibilities. Then, the use of anomaly detection techniques are presented as a powerful tool to determine unexpected situations. The present research is based on the implementation of one‐class classifiers to detect anomalies in two industrial systems. The proposal is validated using two real datasets registered during different operating points of two industrial plants. To ensure a better performance, a clustering process is developed prior the classifier implementation. Then, local classifiers are trained over each cluster, leading to successful results when they are tested with both real and artificial anomalies. Validation results present in all cases, AUC values above 90%.
Population density estimates for terrestrial mammal species
Authors: Santini Luca , Benítez‐López Ana , Dormann Carsten F. , Huijbregts Mark A. J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimPopulation density is a key parameter in ecology and conservation, and estimates of population density are required for a wide variety of applications in fundamental and applied ecology. Yet, in terrestrial mammals these data are available for only a minority of species, and their availability is taxonomically and geographically biased. Here, we provide the most plausible predictions of average population density, their natural variability and statistical uncertainty for 4,925 terrestrial mammal species.LocationGlobal.Time period1970–2021.Major taxa studiedTerrestrial mammals.MethodsWe fitted an additive mixed‐effect model accounting for spatial and phylogenetic autocorrelation on a dataset including 5,412 average population density estimates for 737 species. Average density was modelled as a function of body mass, diet, locomotor habits and environmental conditions. We validated the model using spatial and taxonomic block cross‐validation and used the estimated error to quantify the uncertainty around statistical predictions of population density for 4,925 mammal species.ResultsSmall body size, fossorial behaviour and herbivorous diets were associated with the highest population densities, whereas large size, aerial behaviour and carnivorous diets were related to the lowest densities. Species in non‐seasonal environments yielded higher densities than species in environments with high precipitation seasonality. Empirical estimates of population density vary by about four times on average within the same species, and statistically independent predictions for the majority of species deviate by about five times from observed values, indicating that prediction errors are similar to the natural variability in population densities.Main conclusionsOur predictions and uncertainty estimates of average population densities open up a number of applications in macroecology and conservation biogeography, including biomass estimation, setting population targets in conservation assessments and planning, and supporting Red List assessments. The methodology can be replicated easily for other taxonomic groups with a representative sample of georeferenced density estimates.
THEORIZING AND PRACTICING HISTORY AS THE METABOLIZATION OF THE WORLD: A CONVERSATION WITH HANS ULRICH GUMBRECHT
Authors: JONES‐KATZ GREGORY 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTIn this exchange, Gregory Jones‐Katz and Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht discuss Gumbrecht's oeuvre, his book on Denis Diderot, and what this all might offer historians as they grapple with a transforming professional and intellectual landscape in the not‐so‐early twenty‐first century. Of broad significance to the field of historical theory and practice are Gumbrecht's explorations into the “presence”‐based epistemologies embedded in often‐canonical cultural protagonists’ lives and works. In his new book on Diderot, for example, Gumbrecht creates and employs a concept of our metabolic relationship to the environment to understand Diderot's “implicit epistemology” as a way of thinking that was peripheral to Enlightenment and its “historical worldview.” Gumbrecht's concept of metabolism describes certain intellectual operations that were emblematic for Diderot (and his times) and can also prove useful for historians (and humanists) in different contemporary contexts.
Pilot study for immunoglobulin E as a prognostic biomarker in coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: Aydin Guclu Ozge , Goktas Seda S. , Gorek Dilektasli Asli , Acet Ozturk Nilufer A. , Demirdogen Ezgi , Coskun Funda , Ediger Dane , Ursavas Ahmet , Uzaslan Esra , Erol Hasim A. , Karacay Nurdan D. , Kaya Sel Umut , Karadag Mehmet 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundLaboratory biomarkers to estimate the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) are crucial during the pandemic since resource allocation must be carefully planned.AimsTo evaluate the effects of basal serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and changes in inflammatory parameters on the clinical progression of patients hospitalised with COVID‐19.MethodsPatients hospitalised with confirmed COVID‐19 were included in the study. Laboratory data and total IgE levels were measured on admission. Lymphocyte, eosinophil, ferritin, d‐dimer and C‐reactive protein parameters were recorded at baseline and on the 3rd and 14th days of hospitalisation.ResultsThe study enrolled 202 patients, of which 102 (50.5%) were males. The average age was 50.17 ± 19.68 years. Of the COVID‐19 patients, 41 (20.3%) showed clinical progression. Serum total IgE concentrations were markedly higher (172.90 (0–2124) vs 38.70 (0–912); P < 0.001) and serum eosinophil levels were significantly lower (0.015 (0–1.200) vs 0.040 (0–1.360); P = 0.002) in clinically worsened COVID‐19 patients when compared with stable patients. The optimal cut‐off for predicting clinical worsening was 105.2 ng/L, with 61% sensitivity, 82% specificity, 46.3% positive predictive value and 89.2% negative predictive value (area under the curve = 0.729). Multivariable analysis to define risk factors for disease progression identified higher total IgE and C‐reactive protein levels as independent predictors.ConclusionsOur single‐centre pilot study determined that total IgE levels may be a negative prognostic factor for clinical progression in patients hospitalised due to COVID‐19 infection. Future studies are required to determine the impact of individuals' underlying immune predispositions on outcomes of COVID‐19 infections.
Substance use among vocational trainees in Australia: differences between medical specialties
Authors: Wong Rachel X. Y. , Farrell Michael , Degenhardt Louisa , Memedovic Sonja , Harvey Samuel B. , Petrie Katherine 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundThere have been few large‐scale nationally representative studies on the prevalence of substance use among doctors. In addition, the association of different medical specialties with the use of different substances requires further research.AimsTo investigate how the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs varied between junior doctors enrolled in different specialty training programmes.MethodsA secondary analysis was conducted on a national survey of 12 252 Australian doctors. The population of interest was junior doctors currently enrolled in a specialty training programme, termed vocational trainees (VT; n = 1890; 15.4% of the overall sample). Self‐report prevalence of current alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use were assessed and hazardous alcohol use was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between specialty and substance use, adjusting for demographic characteristics when required.ResultsOne in six VT reported hazardous levels of alcohol use (n = 268; 17.3%). After adjusting for confounders, the association between the prevalence of alcohol use and the specialties of emergency medicine/intensive care unit (odds ratio (OR) 2.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40–3.32; P < 0.001), anaesthetics (OR 2.53; 95% CI 1.35–4.76; P = 0.004) and obstetrics/gynaecology (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.19–3.02; P = 0.007) remained significant. No significant associations were found between tobacco use/illicit drug use/hazardous alcohol use and medical specialty.ConclusionsWhile rates of substance use and hazardous alcohol use in VT are similar, if not lower, than the general population, it poses a concern that there are higher rates of alcohol use in certain medical specialties.
An Uncertainty Argument for the Identified Victim Bias
Authors: Zameska Jay A. 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTDo we have a reason to prioritize saving identified lives over statistical lives? Most philosophers say no. Many find it difficult to offer a reason for doing so that does not violate other moral constraints – for example, respect for the moral equality of persons. In this article, I provide an argument in favor of the ‘identified victim bias’. I rely on a contractualist framework to argue that in cases of ex ante uncertainty – that is, cases where individuals are unaware whether they will ultimately end up in either the identified or statistical group and, thus, do not know the exact probabilities assigned to their choices – we should prioritize saving identified lives. Further, I explain that in ‘real world’ cases, this kind of uncertainty is very common. I demonstrate the consequences of this argument by examining an applied case that deals with the question of identified versus statistical lives – choosing between providing expensive retroviral treatment for current AIDS patients or increasing the availability of preventive measures for HIV. I argue that the uncertainty argument gives us a reason to fund AIDS treatment, even though HIV prevention may be more cost effective and save more lives.
Artificial intelligence and atrial fibrillation
Authors: Sehrawat Ojasav , Kashou Anthony H. , Noseworthy Peter A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundIn the context of atrial fibrillation (AF), traditional clinical practices have thus fallen short in several domains, such as identifying patients at risk of incident AF or patients with concomitant undetected paroxysmal AF. Novel approaches leveraging artificial intelligence have the potential to provide new tools to deal with some of these old problems.AimsTo discuss the roles of artificial intelligence (AI)‐enabled electrocardiogram (ECG) pertaining to AF, potential roles of deep learning (DL) models in the context of current knowledge gaps, as well as limitations of these models.Materials & MethodsAn extensive search and review of the currently available literature on the topics.ResultsOne key area where DL models can translate to better patient outcomes is through automated ECG interpretation. Challenges with regards to the benefits and harms of AF screening remain. In this context, a unique model was developed to detect underlying hidden AF from sinus rhythm.DiscussionKnowledge gaps remain regarding the best ways to monitor patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) and identifying those who would benefit most from oral anticoagulation. The AI‐enabled AF model is one potential way to tackle this complex problem as it could be used to identify a subset of high‐risk ESUS patients likely to benefit from empirical oral anticoagulation. The role of DL models assessing AF burden from long‐duration ECG data is also discussed as a way of guiding management. There is a trend towards the use of consumer‐grade wristbands and watches to detect AF from photoplethysmography data. However, ECG currently remains the gold standard to detect arrythmias including AF. Lastly, the role of adequate external validation of the models and clinical trials to study true performance is discussed.ConclusionAlgorithms using AI to interpret ECGs in various new ways have been developed. While still, much work needs to be done, these technologies have shown enormous potential in a short span of time. With further advancements and continuous research, these novel ways of interpretation may well become part of everyday clinical workflow.