bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race, ethnicity and mortality in the United States during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: an assessment
Authors: Dendir Seife 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe fact that a disproportionate share of the disease burden from COVID-19, including mortality, has been borne by racial and ethnic minority communities is well documented. The purpose of this paper is to reassess the “race/ethnicity effect” in COVID-19 mortality in the United States. Using an ecological regression framework and county-level data, the study aims to make two contributions. First, it estimates the race/ethnicity effect forallmajor racial/ethnic groups atfourimportant junctures during the first year of the pandemic. In doing so, it seeks to provide the fullest possible picture of the nature and evolution of the race/ethnicity effect. Second, it estimates the race/ethnicity effect net of basic socioeconomic factors (SEF). This helps to identify the likely mechanisms through which the race/ethnicity effect operates. Racial/ethnic composition is flexibly measured in two ways—by percentage contributions to county population and by indicators of group plurality. The ecological regressions revealed a positive association between the size of three racial/ethnic groups—non-Hispanic Blacks, non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaskan Natives (AIAN) and Hispanics—and county mortality, although the association was stronger and more consistent for Blacks and AIANs. Furthermore, accounting for basic SEF had different impacts on the race/ethnicity-mortality association for the three groups. For Hispanics, it was almost fully mediated. For Blacks, it decreased but remained statistically significant [62–6% higher mortality associated with a 1-standard deviation increase in Black share of county population; 2.3–1.1 times higher mortality in the average Black plurality county]. For AIANs, it was largely unaffected or even increased [44–10% higher mortality associated with a 1-standard deviation increase in AIAN share; 6.2–1.8 times higher mortality in AIAN plurality county). For all groups, the race/ethnicity effect generally decreased as the pandemic wore on during the first year.
Homeostatic medicine: a strategy for exploring health and disease
Authors: Wang Songlin , Qin Lizheng 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHomeostasis is a process of dynamic balance regulated by organisms, through which they maintain an internal stability and adapt to the external environment for survival. In this paper, we propose the concept of utilizing homeostatic medicine (HM) as a strategy to explore health and disease. HM is a science that studies the maintenance of the body’s homeostasis. It is also a discipline that investigates the role of homeostasis in building health, studies the change of homeostasis in disease progression, and explores ways to restore homeostasis for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease at all levels of biological organization. A new dimension in the medical system with a promising future HM focuses on how homeostasis functions in the regulation of health and disease and provides strategic directions in disease prevention and control. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the control of homeostasis in multiple systems. Nitrate is an important substance that regulates NO homeostasis through the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Sialin interacts with nitrate and participates in the regulation of NO production and cell biological functions for body homeostasis. The interactions between nitrate and NO or sialin is an important mechanism by which homeostasis is regulated.
SOFA and modified SOFA score for accessing outcomes among trauma patients in intensive care unit
Authors: Emadi Seyed Abdollah , Baradari Afshin Gholipour , Charati Jamshid Yazdani , Taghavi Fatemeh , Kiabi Farshad Hassanzadeh 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Objective
Admission to the intensive care unit is a forecaster of mortality and disability. The sequential organ failure assessment is used to predict patients’ outcomes and mortality in these cases. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between patients’ mortality and standardized SOFA & modified SOFA scores among patients in the ICU.

Methods
This is a prospective descriptive study (cohort) that was conducted on patients with trauma in ICU. The patients were evaluated using SOFA standard and modified scoring systems. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software.

Results
Of 44 patients who completed the study, the mean age of patients was 36.84 ± 14.23, which was 16% female and 84%, male. The average age of women was 32.28 and the mean age of men was 37.70. The average SOFA score was 8 among patients who died whereas, modified SOFA was 6. In patients who were rescued, on the first day, the mean SOFA score was 1.95 and modified SOFA score was 1.51. The results showed that the average scoring of modified SOFA was lower than the average scoring of standard SOFA (P = 0.001)

Conclusion
Modified SOFA may be effective in predicting mortality similar to SOFA among the patients however, further studies are required in this domain.

Highlights
Community health workers and promotoras’ perspectives of a research best practice course: A focus group study
Authors: Varma Deepthi S. , Samuels Elias , Piatt Gretchen , Watkins Daphne C. , Spiroff Meghan , Cottler Linda B. , Gaxiola Sergio Aguilar , Murphy Susan L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Introduction:
Community Health Workers and Promotoras (CHW/Ps) are valued for their role in helping to engage community members in research. CHW/Ps have traditionally received variable training in research fundamentals, including importance and promotion of research rigor to establish consistency in the methods used over time. Research best practices training exists for research professionals, but no standard training is provided as part of the CHW/P job role. To develop this CHW/P research best practices training, our team engaged English- and Spanish-speaking CHW/Ps to watch an early version of an online module and to examine perceptions of the relevance of such a training and optimal delivery methods.

Methods:
Six virtual focus group discussions were conducted (three in English and three in Spanish) across different US geographic regions with currently employed CHW/Ps.

Results:
Forty CHW/Ps participated (95% female, mean age 44 years, 58% identifying as Hispanic/Latino). Four themes emerged: relevance of training, benefits of providing a certificate of completion, flexible training delivery modalities, and peer-led training.

Discussion:
With participation from representatives of the intended learner group of CHW/Ps, our team found that CHW/Ps valued learning about research best practices. They perceived culturally- and linguistically appropriate health research training to be highly relevant to their role, particularly for communicating key information to community members about their participation in health research. Additionally, participants provided input on effective dissemination of the training including the benefit of having proof of course completion, involvement of peer trainers, and value of providing the option to participate in online training.
Pedagogy Behind and Beyond Bars: Critical Perspectives on Prison Education in Contemporary Documentary Film from Argentina
Authors: Wilson-Nunn Oliver 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSince 2008, numerous Argentine documentary films have explored the complexities of prison education. Prison education documentaries from other countries usually focus overwhelmingly on the possible success of “rehabilitation.” In contrast, this article argues that contemporary Argentine prison education documentaries encourage critical, at times quasi-abolitionist, perspectives on imprisonment by challenging both punitive attitudes and liberal beliefs in thereinserción(reintegration) of prisoners into society. Analyzing the documentariesEl almafuerte(dir. Roberto Sebastián Persano, Santiago Nacif Cabrera, and Andrés Martínez Cantó, Argentina, 2009),13 puertas(dir. David Rubio, Argentina, 2014),Lunas cautivas(dir. Marcia Paradiso, Argentina, 2012), andPabellón 4(dir. Diego Gachassin, Argentina, 2017), it draws on insights from film studies and criminology to show how these films provide intersectional and structural critiques of imprisonment. “Touristic” and affective encounters between incarcerated and non-incarcerated people serve to challenge comfortable viewing positions predicated on internal-external carceral and cinematic divides. These films teach spectators that outside spaces, people, and institutions are all central to the meaning, problems, and incoherence of incarceration in Argentina.
Atypical violence and conflict dynamics: evidence from Jerusalem
Authors: Weiss Chagai M. , Tsur Neal , Miodownik Dan , Lupu Yonatan , Finkel Evgeny 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWhat is the impact of uncommon but notable violent acts on conflict dynamics? We analyze the impact of the murder of a Palestinian child on the broader dynamics of Israeli-Palestinian violence in Jerusalem. By using novel micro-level event data and utilizing Discrete Fourier Transform and Bayesian Poisson Change Point Analysis, we compare the impact of the murder to that of other lethal but more typical Israeli-Palestinian events. We demonstrate that the murder had a large and durable impact on the average number of daily riots in Jerusalem, whereas the other events caused smaller, short-term effects. We demonstrate that scholars should devote more attention to the analysis of atypical violent acts and indicate a set of tools for conducting such analyses.
Phosphorus cycling byUrochloa decumbensintercropped with coffee
Authors: Baptistella João Leonardo Corte , Bettoni Teles Ana Paula , Favarin José Laércio , Pavinato Paulo Sergio , Mazzafera Paulo 
Published: September 2022

SummaryPhosphorus (P) is a limiting resource for agricultural production in the tropics.Urochloa spp. is commonly used as a cover crop and has mechanisms to mobilize partially the nonavailable P forms from the soil. The use ofUrochloaintercropped with Arabica coffee (Coffea arabicaL.) is increasing in Brazil, but P cycling has been overlooked in this system. Here, we proposed two experiments to test the hypothesis thatUrochloadecumbens could mobilize and absorb P from deep soil layers and increase overall P cycling of the intercrop system. We measuredU. decumbensroot and shoot dry mass (SDM), root morphology and activity, nutrient uptake, soil nutrient availability, and soil P fractionation in both experiments. To better understand P cycling byUrochloaalone, in the first experiment,U. decumbenswas cultivated in rhizotrons where adequate P was supplied in distinct soil layers – 0.0 to 0.3 m, 0.3 to 0.8 m, 0.8 to 1.3 m, and 1.3 to 2 m. Root dry mass (RDM) and morphology were not affected by P availability. Moreover, total biomass production (root plus shoot) and P uptake were higher when P was available in the superficial top soil layer compared to P availability in more than one layer or only in the bottom layer. Nevertheless,U. decumbenswas able to reach and acquire P from depth. Correlation analysis showed that P cycling was strongly dependent on SDM, labile, and moderately labile fractions of soil P and was not significantly correlated with RDM. The second experiment aimed at verifying P uptake and mobilization from different soil depths in field conditions. P was supplied in different depths of the soil profile – 0.3 m, 0.6 m, and 0.9 m – in the field with preestablishedU. decumbensintercropped with Arabica coffee plants. Shoot P content was higher at the first sample date when P was supplied at 0.3 m, compared to 0.6 m, 0.9 m, and control with no P. Soil P fractionation showed that there was no P mobilization of less labile forms byU. decumbensduring the evaluated time. Our results showed that P fertilization in the top layer rather than suppling P trough the soil profile can maximizeU. decumbensgrowth. Also,UrochloaP accumulation was enough to support coffee demand even in high yields and can be an alternative to increase P use efficiency in coffee production systems, being an effective recycler of P.
Determination of N-acetylneuraminic and N-glycolylneuraminic acids in unprocessed milk of four cattle breeds
Authors: Crisà Alessandra , Marchitelli Cinzia , Failla Sebastiana , Contò Michela 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis research communication reports concentrations of two sialic acids (SA), N-acetylneuraminic (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic (Neu5Gc), in fresh milk from different cow breeds throughout lactation. According to published studies, the two SA types found in animal-derived products have diverse and conflicting effects on human health, but SA content is not routinely analysed in individual milk cows samples. We measured the content of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc in milk from Holstein Friesian (HO), Simmental (SM), Simmental × Holstein crossbred (SM×HO), and Podolica (POD) cows at 60 and 120 d following calving. HO, SM and SM×HO were reared in an intensive production while POD were raised in an extensive system. Results showed that total Neu5Ac was overall thirty times more abundant than Neu5Gc, and their concentrations were higher at 120 d than at 60 d (P < 0.001). Neu5Gc values were greater in HO, SM, and SM × HO than in POD (P < 0.001), while HO had a higher Neu5Ac value than the other three breeds (P < 0.001). These findings shed light on the differences in SA content among cow breeds and lay the groundwork for future research to select animals that produce milk with desirable characteristics for human health.
The Social and Economic Impact of Hadrian's Wall on the Frontier Zone in Britain
Authors: Bruhn James , Hodgson Nick 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACTRecent research projects, publications, and above all the results of developer-funded archaeology provide materials for a re-assessment of the impact of Hadrian's Wall on the indigenous peoples whose lands it transected. Previous analysis has been concerned with the greater or lesser degree of ‘Romanisation’ of an Iron Age society perceived as little changed under Roman rule, with the Wall seen as a bureaucratic border running through an homogeneous frontier zone, as described by C.R. Whittaker. Although the local settlement pattern survived the original Flavian conquest of the region intact, it is now apparent that the building of the Wall under Hadrian had profound and far from benign consequences for local people. To the north of the barrier the traditional settlement pattern was largely abandoned and new social authorities emerged, while to the south there is evidence for new economic structures imposed from outside and the settlement of immigrants. The paper considers the extent to which these developments were the outcome of conscious policies by the Roman authorities.
The effect of children’s prior knowledge and language abilities on their statistical learning
Authors: Stärk Katja , Kidd Evan , Frost Rebecca L. A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractStatistical learning (SL) is assumed to lead to long-term memory representations. However, the way that those representations influence future learning remains largely unknown. We studied how children’s existing distributional linguistic knowledge influences their subsequent SL on a serial recall task, in which 49 German-speaking seven- to nine-year-old children repeated a series of six-syllable sequences. These contained either (i) bisyllabic words based on frequently occurring German syllable transitions (naturalistic sequences), (ii) bisyllabic words created from unattested syllable transitions (non-naturalistic sequences), or (iii) random syllable combinations (unstructured foils). Children demonstrated learning from naturalistic sequences from the beginning of the experiment, indicating that their implicit memory traces derived from their input language informed learning from the very early stages onward. Exploratory analyses indicated that children with a higher language proficiency were more accurate in repeating the sequences and improved most throughout the study compared to children with lower proficiency.
Japan, Taiwan and the “One China” Framework after 50 Years
Authors: Liff Adam P. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study analyses the “one China” framework's significance for Japan–Taiwan relations since Tokyo switched diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing in 1972. Drawing on Chinese-, Japanese- and English-language sources, it examines developments since the breakthrough Japan–PRC normalization communiqué and the “Japan formula,” which enabled Tokyo to normalize relations – six years before Washington – without recognizing Beijing's claim of sovereignty over Taiwan, and while maintaining robust, if unofficial, ties with Taipei thenceforth. Highlighting distinctions between Beijing's self-asserted “one-China principle” and Japan's ambiguous official position and subsequent effective policies, it assesses incremental but practically significant evolutions of Japan–Taiwan relations over the past half-century. In the 21st century, the trend towards incrementally closer ties has proven strikingly resilient to political transitions in Japan and Taiwan, China's growing power, pushback from Beijing and worsening cross-Strait frictions. Beyond Japan–Taiwan relations and theoretical debates on “one China,” this article's findings carry significant implications for Taiwan's international space, cross-Strait dynamics and China–Japan–United States relations.
Gender, work, and family economies: wet nurses in rural Galicia (1850–1900)
Authors: Dubert Isidro , Muñoz-Abeledo Luisa 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this article we study the distinct formative stages of the labour market for external wet nurses employed by Galician foundling hospitals in the second half of the nineteenth century. We focus on changes in the nature of wet nurses’ work due to the benevolence laws (1822, 1836, 1849) that were driven by Spain’s liberal state. We also examine wet nurses’ socio-demographic profile and the geographic distribution of their labour markets. Finally, we explore the economic impact that Galician foundling hospitals had on rural districts, looking closely at the importance of external wet nurse wages for family budgets.
Learning Success and Influencing Factors in Out-of-Hospital Placement of Intravenous Catheters
Authors: Häske David , Dorau Wolfgang , Eppler Fabian , Heinemann Niklas , Hochgreve Bernd , Schempf Benjamin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIntroduction:Placing peripheral intravenous catheters (“IV lines”) is a standard procedure for health care professionals in acute and emergency medicine. The study aimed to determine the learning curve and success rates in applying IV lines during a three-year paramedic training and the factors influencing successful placement.Methods:This was a prospective and noninterventional observational study to determine the influencing factors, learning outcomes, and performance in the placement of IV lines by trainees and experienced paramedics. Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register, ID DRKS00024631.Results:From February 1, 2016 through December 31, 2021, a total of 3,547 peripheral venous accesses attempts were performed: 76.5% (n = 2,712) by trainees and 23.5% (n = 835) by experienced practitioners. The trainee group had one-to-three years of training and the experienced group had 11 (SD = 11) years of work experience after training (one-to-35 years). The learning or success curve in the successful placement of peripheral venous accesses was 85.2% in the first year of training, 88.5% in the second year of training, and 92.5% in the third year (and the end of training). It was then 94.3% in the fourth year (first year of being experienced). Successful insertion of peripheral venous accesses in the experienced group was up to 97.0%. The first-attempt success rate was 90.4% across the entire trainee group versus 95.9% in the experienced group (P <.0001).Significant factors influencing successful placement of IV lines were puncture site (P = .022), catheter size (OR = 0.600; P = .002), and number of attempts (OR = 0.370; P <.001). The time of day (or night) was not influential. Work experience, patient age, or blood pressure were also not significant.
Influence of soil water content on growth and panicle production of fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum)
Authors: Chiruvelli Venkatanaga Shiva Datta Kumar Sharma , Sandhu Hardev S. , Cherry Ron , Odero D. Calvin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFall panicum is a problematic weed in cropping systems including rice in southern Florida. There is limited information on growth and reproductive ability of fall panicum in water-stressed environments. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% pot soil water content (SWC) levels on fall panicum growth and panicle branch production under greenhouse conditions. Fall panicum height, number of leaves, and tillers decreased over time as SWC decreased. Fall panicum height decreased by 65% and 50% at 12.5% and 25% SWC, respectively, relative to height achieved at 100% SWC. Plants at 50% to 100% SWC were able to achieve 50% tiller production within 31 to 43 d compared with 28 d at 25% SWC. The 50% tiller production was not reached at 12.5% SWC during the duration of the study. Fall panicum shoot and root biomass, total leaf area, and number of panicle branches per plant at 56 d after SWC treatment initiation decreased as SWC decreased. Fall panicum biomass decreased 83% to 85% and 66% to 68% at 12.5% and 25% SWC, respectively, relative to 100% SWC. Leaf area declined 79% and 65% at 12.5% and 25% SWC levels, respectively, compared to the 100% SWC. Fall panicum was able to produce panicles at all SWC levels, although the plant produced significantly fewer panicle branches as SWC decreased. Plants at 12.5% and 25% SWC produced 82% and 59% fewer panicle branches, respectively, compared with plants at 100% SWC. This study shows that SWC influences the growth and reproductive capacity of fall panicum. Although fall panicum did not reach its full growth potential at low SWC levels, it was able to survive and develop panicles, showing its ability to adapt and reproduce under dry conditions.
Pflegekompetenz
Authors: Olbrich Christa 
Published: September 2022

Was zeigt sich im Pflegealltag an Können und Wissen als Kompetenz einer Pflegefachperson?

Die erfahrene Autorin klärt in ihrem erfolgreichen Fachbuch, was die Pflegepraxis an Kompetenzen von Pflegepersonen fordert, wie sich Wissen und Können als Kompetenz einer Pflegefachperson zeigen und welche Bedingungen Pflegekompetenz fördern oder behindern.
Sie thematisiert aktuelle Themen, wie ethisch spirituelle Kompetenz und kommunikative Kompetenz, am Beispiel des eigensprachlichen Konzepts der Idiolektik. Sie entwickelt und visualisiert in diesem Buch eine Theorie der Pflegekompetenz, in der sich die Komplexität der Pflege, des Umfelds und des pflegerischen Handelns widerspiegeln und sich erkennen lassen.
Die vierte Auflage wurde überarbeitete und erweitert, um ein Kapitel zum Thema intuitive Kompetenz ergänzt und bezügliche spiritueller Kompetenz vertieft. Die vier Dimensionen des pflegerischen Handelns wurde inhaltlich weiter differenziert und mit Fallbeispielen exemplifiziert.

Aus dem Inhalt
•Verständnis und Konzepte von Kompetenz
•Kompetenzforschung
•Kompetenzforschung in der Pflege
•Theorie der Pflegekompetenz
•Analyse und Interpretation der Pflegekompetenz
•Europäischer Qualifikationsrahmen (EQR)
•Kompetenzentwicklung in Lern- und Handlungsdimensionen
•Individuelle Kompetenzentwicklung
•Institutionelle Kompetenzentwicklung
•Zusammenfassung und Ausblick
•Idiolektische Kompetenz
•Spirituelle Kompetenz
•Intuitive Kompetenz