bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Genome Reduction in Microsporidia
Authors: Jespersen Nathan , Monrroy Leonardo , Barandun Jonas 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMicrosporidia represent an evolutionary outlier in the tree of life and occupy the extreme edge of the eukaryotic domain with some of their biological features. Many of these unicellular fungi-like organisms have reduced their genomic content to potentially the lowest limit. With some of the most compacted eukaryotic genomes, microsporidia are excellent model organisms to study reductive evolution and its functional consequences. While the growing number of sequenced microsporidian genomes have elucidated genome composition and organization, a recent increase in complementary post-genomic studies has started to shed light on the impacts of genome reduction in these unique pathogens. This chapter will discuss the biological framework enabling genome minimization and will use one of the most ancient and essential macromolecular complexes, the ribosome, to illustrate the effects of extreme genome reduction on a structural, molecular, and cellular level. We outline how reductive evolution in microsporidia has shaped DNA organization, the composition and function of the ribosome, and the complexity of the ribosome biogenesis process. Studying compacted mechanisms, processes, or macromolecular machines in microsporidia illuminates their unique lifestyle and provides valuable insights for comparative eukaryotic structural biology.
Growing Resilient in Irish Magdalene Laundries: An Analysis of the Justice for Magdalenes’ Oral History Project (2013) and Kathy O’Beirne’s Autobiography Kathy’s Story: A Childhood Hell Inside the Magdalen Laundries (2005)
Authors: Cantueso-Urbano Elena 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, I analyse the testimonies of some survivors gathered in Justice for Magdalenes’ Oral History Project (2013) and Kathy O’Beirne’s autobiography Kathy’s Story. A Childhood Hell inside the Magdalen Laundries (2005). The narrative focuses on the life of one Magdalene survivor during her confinement and after her release, where the concepts of vulnerability, resistance and resilience gain strength. As an international political forum, the Project allows us to see how Magdalene Laundries, employed as instruments of power, rendered thousands of women in a vulnerable and precarious condition which they are still fighting to overcome. Following Judith Butler, vulnerability is part of resistance, and it is through our speech and bodily acts that we can resist social norms and precarity. Considering resilience and resistance as complementary concepts, this chapter explores how these women resisted vulnerability and if they were offered help in the aftermath of their release.
Trans-National Neo-Victorianism, Gender and Vulnerability in Kate Grenville’s The Secret River (2005)
Authors: Romero-Ruiz Maria Isabel 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe British Empire has become a new trope in neo-Victorian studies, incorporating a postcolonial trans-national approach to the re-writing of the Victorian past. Kate Grenville’s novel The Secret River is set in Australia in the early nineteenth century when issues of transportation and colonisation coalesce with the fight for survival under precarious conditions. The Secret River is the story of the confrontation between colonisers and colonised people in terms of gender and vulnerability. This chapter analyses the role of Empire in the construction of a British identity associated with civilisation and that of the native population. Following Judith Butler’s theories, my discussion is organised around two main topics: Australian history and narratives of recollection, and gender identity and vulnerability both in white settlers and indigenous communities. My contention is that both sides became involved in a relationship of mutual vulnerability.
Feedback and Discourse as a Critical Skill for the Development of Experimentation Competencies
Authors: Batzli Janet M. , Harris Michelle A. , Lee Dennis , Horn Heidi A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDeveloping experimentation competencies is enhanced through scientific discourse and feedback. Students who are able to give and receive feedback through authentic scientific discourse are better able to reason about their science, identify questions, to value collaboration, construct knowledge, and to gain intellectual confidence as practicing scientists. Although the ACE-Bio Competencies were not the driver for our work, they were an important lens and affirmation of our curriculum where students learn to reason scientifically and do biological experimentation through scientific discourse and feedback. In this chapter we discuss the value of feedback, how we scaffold opportunities to practice giving and receiving feedback into a multi-week experimentation curriculum, and some practical implementation strategies with particular focus on the influence of a feedback-rich curriculum for students’ achievement of experimentation competencies. We provide examples, evidence, and instructional materials that support student learning through feedback and discourse. We articulate implications that would be relevant to junior faculty new to teaching experimentation as well as long-time practitioners. Finally, we outline affordances and persistent challenges to this type of teaching and learning, especially important when making decisions with limited resources.
Comparison of Published Assessments of Biological Experimentation as Mapped to the ACE-Bio Competence Areas
Authors: Zelaya Anna J. , Blumer Lawrence S. , Beck Christopher W. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOne of the main challenges in teaching of experimentation is effective assessment, specifically, identifying appropriate assessment instruments and identifying aspects being assessed. In an effort to facilitate appropriate use of assessment tools and to identify gaps in our arsenal of assessments related to experimentation, we conducted a survey of assessments of different aspects of experimentation currently used in undergraduate biology courses and categorized the assessment items using the framework of the Basic Competencies of Biological Experimentation. We limited our review to assessments that are freely available, documented in the biology education literature, and focus on undergraduate biology. The assessments we reviewed varied in the number of Basic Competencies they covered, ranging from a minimum of two and to as many as all seven Competence Areas. Among the Competence Areas, Plan and Conclude have the greatest coverage, with 27 and 24 of the 30 assessments containing related items, respectively. Conversely, Identify and Conduct are poorly covered by existing assessments. We identified gaps within existing instruments as they relate to assessing experimentation and within the Basic Competencies of Biological Experimentation framework itself. We offer recommendations to biology instructors and researchers on the use of existing assessments and on ways to improve assessment of biological experimentation.
Transverse spin in the light-ray OPE
Authors: Chang Cyuan-Han , Koloğlu Murat , Kravchuk Petr , Simmons-Duffin David , Zhiboedov Alexander 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We study a product of null-integrated local operators $$ {\mathcal{O}}_1 $$

O
1

and $$ {\mathcal{O}}_2 $$

O
2

on the same null plane in a CFT. Such null-integrated operators transform like primaries in a fictitious d − 2 dimensional CFT in the directions transverse to the null integrals. We give a complete description of the OPE in these transverse directions. The terms with low transverse spin are light-ray operators with spin J1 + J2− 1. The terms with higher transverse spin are primary descendants of light-ray operators with higher spins J1 + J2− 1 + n, constructed using special conformally-invariant differential operators that appear precisely in the kinematics of the light-ray OPE. As an example, the OPE between average null energy operators contains light-ray operators with spin 3 (as described by Hofman and Maldacena), but also novel terms with spin 5, 7, 9, etc. These new terms are important for describing energy two-point correlators in non-rotationally-symmetric states, and for computing multi-point energy correlators. We check our formulas in a non-rotationally-symmetric energy correlator in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM, finding perfect agreement.
On acceleration in three dimensions
Authors: Arenas-Henriquez Gabriel , Gregory Ruth , Scoins Andrew 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We go “back to basics”, studying accelerating systems in 2 + 1 AdS gravity ab initio. We find three classes of geometry, which we interpret by studying holographically their physical parameters. From these, we construct stationary, accelerating point particles; one-parameter extensions of the BTZ family resembling an accelerating black hole; and find new solutions including a novel accelerating “BTZ geometry” not continuously connected to the BTZ black hole as well as some black funnel solutions.
Renormalization in String-Localized Field Theories: A Microlocal Analysis
Authors: Gaß Christian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractUsing methods of microlocal analysis, we prove that the regularization of divergent amplitudes stays a pure ultraviolet problem in string-localized field theories, despite the weaker localization. Thus, power counting does not lose its significance as an indicator for renormalizability. It also follows that standard techniques can be used to regularize divergent amplitudes in string-localized field theories.
“Please understand we cannot provide further information”: evaluating content and transparency of GDPR-mandated AI disclosures
Authors: Wulf Alexander J. , Seizov Ognyan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the EU confirms the protection of personal data as a fundamental human right and affords data subjects more control over the way their personal information is processed, shared, and analyzed. However, where data are processed by artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, asserting control and providing adequate explanations is a challenge. Due to massive increases in computing power and big data processing, modern AI algorithms are too complex and opaque to be understood by most data subjects. Articles 15 and 22 of the GDPR provide a modest regulatory framework for automated data processing by, among other things, mandating that data controllers inform data subjects about when it is being used, and its logic and ramifications. Nevertheless, due to the phrasing of the articles and the numerous exceptions they allow, doubts have arisen about their effectiveness. In this paper, we empirically evaluate the quality and effectiveness of AI disclosures as mandated by the GDPR. By means of an online survey (N = 835), we investigated how data subjects expect to be informed about the automated processing of their data. We then conducted a content analysis of the AI disclosures of N = 100 companies and organizations. The combined findings reveal that current GDPR-mandated disclosures do not meet the expectations and needs of data subjects. Explanations drawn up following the guidelines of the generic formulations of the GDPR differ widely and are often vague, incomplete and lack transparency. In our conclusions we identify a path towards standardizing and optimizing AI information notices.
Ex situ analysis of high-strength quenched and micro-alloyed steel during austenitising bending process: numerical simulation and experimental investigation
Authors: Lu Yao , Xie Haibo , Wang Jun , Jia Fanghui , Lin Fei , Zhou Cunlong , Xu Jianzhong , Han Jingtao , Jiang Zhengyi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis paper compares the microstructure and mechanical evolution in a high-strength quenched and micro-alloyed steel during the austenitising bending process. Simulation results indicated a new finding that the stress neutral layer (SNL) tends to move to the tension zone during straining. The hardness gradient detected from the centre to compression/tension zones was resulted from comprehensive factors: First of all, the location of SNL revealed a prominent impact on strength. Second, the dislocation accumulation would be responsible for the hardness gradient on the surfaces. In addition, the overall strength decrease during straining was mainly ascribed to integrated effects of dynamic recovery (DRV) and dynamic recrystallisation (DRX). Apart from that, overall smaller martensite packet size and coarser prior austenite grains resulted in the increased hardness value at a lower bending degree. Also, the high consistency between experimental and simulation results is instructive for the practical forming process of railway spring fasteners.
Histopathological Characteristics of N1b Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma are Associated with Risk of Recurrence
Authors: Carmel Neiderman Narin N. , Duek Irit , Kuzmenko Boris , Ringel Barak , Warshavsky Anton , Muhanna Nidal , Horowitz Gilad , Fliss Dan M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe presence of cervical lymph node (LN) metastasis at the initial presentation of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) constitutes an independent risk factor for disease recurrence, increases the risk for mortality, and impacts overall outcome. The 2016 American Joint Committee on Cancer raised the age cutoff for PTC staging from 45 to 55 years for better prediction of overall survival. Age > 55 years is considered a significant risk factor for a more aggressive and advanced disease with worse outcomes. We identified histopathological factors for disease recurrence in PTC patients younger and older than 55 years of age.MethodsData on all patients who underwent thyroid surgery due to PTC between 2006 and 2018 in the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center were retrieved for this retrospective cohort study. Patients with lymph node (LN) metastases were further investigated for preoperative presentation, pathological characteristics, and recurrence. A multivariate analysis was used to detect predictors for recurrence and patient outcome for each age‐group.ResultsTwenty‐two of the 183 patients (12%) with PTC who met the inclusion criteria and had sufficient follow‐up period sustained recurrence. The predictors of recurrence varied between the two age‐groups. The size of thyroid lesions (p = 0.003) was identified as a risk factor in the older group, while the number of metastatic cervical LNs (p = 0.001) and the ratio of metastatic‐to‐total dissected cervical LNs (p = 0.027) were the main predictors of recurrence for the younger group.ConclusionThe histopathological factors predictive for disease recurrence differed among PTC patients younger and older than 55 years of age.
The effects of two gold-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes in ovarian cancer cells: a redox proteomic study
Authors: Massai Lara , Messori Luigi , Carpentieri Andrea , Amoresano Angela , Melchiorre Chiara , Fiaschi Tania , Modesti Alessandra , Gamberi Tania , Magherini Francesca 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Standard treatment consists of tumor debulking surgery followed by platinum and paclitaxel chemotherapy; yet, despite the initial response, about 70–75% of patients develop resistance to chemotherapy. Gold compounds represent a family of very promising anticancer drugs. Among them, we previously investigated the cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic properties of Au(NHC) and Au(NHC)2PF6, i.e., a monocarbene gold(I) complex and the corresponding bis(carbene) complex. Gold compounds are known to alter the redox state of cells interacting with free cysteine and selenocysteine residues of several proteins. Herein, a redox proteomic study has been carried out to elucidate the mechanisms of cytotoxicity in A2780 human ovarian cancer cells.

Methods
A biotinylated iodoacetamide labeling method coupled with mass spectrometry was used to identify oxidation-sensitive protein cysteines.

Results
Gold carbene complexes cause extensive oxidation of several cellular proteins; many affected proteins belong to two major functional classes: carbohydrate metabolism, and cytoskeleton organization/cell adhesion. Among the affected proteins, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibition was proved by enzymatic assays and by ESI–MS studies. We also found that Au(NHC)2PF6 inhibits mitochondrial respiration impairing complex I function. Concerning the oxidized cytoskeletal proteins, gold binding to the free cysteines of actin was demonstrated by ESI–MS analysis. Notably, both gold compounds affected cell migration and invasion.

Conclusions
In this study, we deepened the mode of action of Au(NHC) and Au(NHC)2PF6, identifying common cellular targets but confirming their different influence on the mitochondrial function.
The formation of three-grain junctions during solidification. Part I: observations
Authors: Holness Marian B. , Fowler A. C. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe thermodynamic equilibrium dihedral angle at grain junctions in crystalline rocks is set by the grain boundary interfacial surface energies, but the long times required to attain equilibrium mean that the observed dihedral angles in igneous rocks are generally set by the kinetics of crystallisation. We distinguish three types of augite–plagioclase–plagioclase dihedral angle in mafic igneous rocks. In the first, augite grows in the pores of a pre-existing plagioclase framework accompanied by little to no inwards-growth of the plagioclase pore walls. In the second, the plagioclase pore walls grow inwards simultaneously with the augite, and the dihedral angle is generally larger than the original angle at which the two plagioclase grains impinged except when the impingement angle itself is large. The first type is seen in rapidly crystallised rocks, whereas the second is observed in slowly cooled rocks. The third type is highly asymmetric and resembles (and so we call) an eagle’s beak: it is only seen in slowly cooled rocks. It is common in gabbroic cumulates, and is also present in strongly orthocumulate troctolites. Using the mode of interstitial phases to calculate the amount of interstitial liquid present in a series of mafic cumulates from the Rum and Skaergaard layered intrusions, we show that the asymmetry of three-grain junctions in troctolites increases as the rocks progress from adcumulate to orthocumulate (i.e. as the olivine–plagioclase crystal mush becomes more liquid-rich), with eagles’ beaks becoming the dominant three-grain junction geometry for troctolitic mushes containing ∼ 12 vol.% interstitial material (corresponding to ∼ 30 vol.% liquid in the mush). The geometry of three-grain junctions in mafic rocks is thus a function not only of cooling rate, but also of the progression along the liquid line of descent during fractionation. The first two types of junction are formed in relatively primitive liquids, during which the crystal mushes on the margins of the solidifying magma body are formed predominantly of plagioclase and olivine, whereas the eagle’s beak geometry occurs once augite forms an important component of the crystal framework in the accumulating mush, either because it is a framework-forming primocryst phase or because it grows from highly abundant interstitial liquid.
Technical note: A comparison between rehydrating solutions in the pretreatment of mummified and corified skin for forensic microscopic examination
Authors: Tambuzzi Stefano , Gentile Guendalina , Bilardo Gianluigi , Boracchi Michele , Bailo Paolo , Casalino Teresa , Andreola Salvatore , Zoja Riccardo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMicroscopic examination of mummified or corified skin may be of extreme importance for forensic purposes. However, standard histological samples in these cases are low-end, and preparation is burdened by several problems and so are diagnostic results: an improvement of these types of specimens is therefore advantageous. This study aims to identify the best performing rehydration solution among a fabric softener, a body lotion, and Sandison’s rehydrating solution. Samples of skin undergoing mummification or corification were collected from 25 corpses and each sample was divided into 4 fragments: one of these fragments was directly fixated in 4% formalin, one was previously treated with a tissue softener, another one was previously treated with a body lotion, and the last one was treated with Sandison’s solution. After 72 h, the pretreated samples were post-fixated in 4% formalin and then prepared for standard histological examination staining the histological slides with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson’s trichrome. At the microscopic examination, samples directly fixated in formalin were characterized by usual marked structural alterations and altered stainability, typical of such dry tissues. Vice versa, those previously treated appeared to be better-preserved even though with different improvement levels: body lotion made a medium–low-grade restoration of the tissues, and fabric softener a high-grade restoration, while Sandison’s rehydrating solution produced an optimal grade restoration. Sandison’s rehydrating solution was confirmed to be the best rehydrating substance for mummified and corified skin. Fabric softener could be, however, considered a valid substitute, being productive of high-grade microscopic yield.
Inflammatory cytokine profile and T cell responses in African tick bite fever patients
Authors: Rauch Jessica , Jochum Johannes , Eisermann Philip , Gisbrecht Jana , Völker Katrin , Hunstig Friederike , Mehlhoop Ute , Muntau Birgit , Tappe Dennis 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAfrican tick bite fever, an acute febrile illness, is caused by the obligate intracellular bacteriumRickettsia africae. Immune responses to rickettsial infections have so far mainly been investigated in vitro with infected endothelial cells as the main target cells, and in mouse models. Patient studies are rare and little is known about the immunology of human infections. In this study, inflammatory mediators and T cell responses were examined in samples from 13 patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmedR. africaeinfections at different time points of illness. The Th1-associated cytokines IFNγ and IL-12 were increased in the acute phase of illness, as were levels of the T cell chemoattractant cytokine CXCL-10. In addition, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and also IL-22 were elevated. IL-22 but not IFNγ was increasingly produced by CD4+and CD8+T cells during illness. Besides IFNγ, IL-22 appears to play a protective role in rickettsial infections.