bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review and Comparative Study of Methodologies for Hydrodynamic Analysis of Nearshore Floating Solar Farms
Authors: Zhang Chi , Santo Harrif , Magee Allan Ross 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The ocean surface offers enormous potential for generating renewable energy, but cost-effective, reliable, and robust systems are needed. Developing floating solar farms (FSF) can contribute to the process of reducing carbon emissions. However, the rational methodology for hydrodynamic analysis of floating solar farms is still not well established. This paper aims to identify a suitable methodology for the analysis of floating solar farms for mild and moderate environments in nearshore, and eventually deeper offshore deployments.
This paper reviews the various type of FSFs developed in recent years and the methodologies applied to evaluate their hydrodynamic performance. Following that, the paper focuses on assessing three potential methodologies for the evaluation of the hydrodynamic performance of articulated FSFs in a nearshore region. The three methods are the two-step approach with multi-body radiation and diffraction analysis, hydroelastic/generalized mode method, and empirical approach utilizing Morison's equation. To evaluate these methods, a simplified small-scale FSF which is comprised of 16 articulated box-type modules, is established. A soft mooring system is introduced to constraint the horizontal motion of the farm. The small-scale farm is representative of a typical large FSF in the nearshore region of Singapore. Numerical models of the farm based on the three methods are established separately, and the dynamic responses of the farm are simulated and analyzed. The motion response operators of the modules of the FSF covering the typical wave periods in nearshore conditions are obtained, and the results from the three methods are evaluated in terms of their efficiency and accuracy.
It is found that the three methods show consistent results of the dynamic responses of the solar farm in long waves. However, some discrepancies are present in short waves, mainly due to the increasing importance of hydrodynamic interactions which are neglected in one of these methods. The results could be a useful reference for the design and hydrodynamic analysis of similar FSFs.
Significance of Neuronal Autoantibodies in Comparison to Infectious Etiologies among Patients Presenting with Encephalitis in a Region with a High Prevalence of Infections
Authors: Chang Thashi , Moloney Teresa , Jacobson Leslie , Malavige Neelika , Lohitharajah Janarthani , Wanigasinghe Jithangi , Peach Sian , Woodhall Mark , Berretta Antonio , Waters Patrick , Vincent Angela 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Prevalence of antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is reported to be comparable to infectious encephalitis in Western populations. We evaluated the frequency and significance of AE and neuronal autoantibodies in comparison to infectious etiologies among patients presenting with encephalitis in a South Asian population.

Methods:
Ninety-nine consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of encephalitis/meningoencephalitis admitted to two of the largest tertiary-care hospitals in Sri Lanka were studied. PCR and ELISA were used to screen viruses while Gram stain and culture were used to screen bacteria. Sera were tested for antibodies binding to primary embryonic rat hippocampal neuronal cultures and cell-based assays for antibodies to NMDAR, LGI1, CASPR2, Contactin2, AMPAR, GABAAR, GABABR, aquaporin-4 and MOG.

Results:
Patient ages ranged from 1 month to 73 years (mean = 24.91; SD = 21.33) with a male: female ratio of 1.75:1. A viral etiology was identified in 27.3% and bacterial meningoencephalitis was diagnosed in 17.1%. Sera of nine patients had antibodies binding to live primary neurons, but only five had specific antibodies to CASPR2 (n = 1), NMDAR (n = 2) or GABABR-antibodies (n = 2). Moreover, the patients with CASPR2 antibodies and NMDAR-antibodies were also positive for dengue antibodies. Only the two patients with NMDAR-antibodies had features and responses to immunotherapy consistent with AE.

Conclusions:
Identified infectious forms of meningoencephalitis (44.4%) greatly exceeded the occurrence of neuronal autoantibodies (9.1%) and AE (2%) in Sri Lanka, and this may be common in those regions where infections are prevalent.
Comparative performance of verbal autopsy methods in identifying causes of adult mortality: A case study in India
Authors: Gupta Mamta , Lakshmi P.V.M. , Prinja Shankar , Singh Tarundeep , Sirari Titiksha , Rao Chalapati , Kumar Rajesh 
Published: March 2022

Background & objectives:
Cause of death assignment from verbal autopsy (VA) questionnaires is conventionally accomplished through physician review. However, since recently, computer softwares have been developed to assign the cause of death. The present study evaluated the performance of computer software in assigning the cause of death from the VA, as compared to physician review.

Methods:
VA of 600 adult deaths was conducted using open- and close-ended questionnaires in Nandpur Kalour Block of Punjab, India. Entire VA forms were used by two physicians independently to assign the cause of death using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)-10 codes. In case of disagreement between them, reconciliation was done, and in cases of persistent disagreements finally, adjudication was done by a third physician. InterVA-4-generated causes from close-ended questionnaires were compared using Kappa statistics with causes assigned by physicians using a questionnaire having both open- and close-ended questions. At the population level, Cause-Specific Mortality Fraction (CSMF) accuracy and P-value from McNemar’s paired Chi-square were calculated. CSMF accuracy indicates the absolute deviation of a set of proportions of causes of death out of the total number of deaths between the two methods.

Results:
The overall agreement between InterVA-4 and physician coding was ‘fair’ (κ=0.42; 95% confidence interval 0.38, 0.46). CSMF accuracy was found to be 0.71. The differences in proportions from the two methods were statistically different as per McNemar’s paired Chi-square test for ischaemic heart diseases, liver cirrhosis and maternal deaths.

Interpretation & conclusions:
In comparison to physicians, assignment of causes of death by InterVA- 4 was only ‘fair’. Hence, it may be appropriate to continue with physician review as the optimal option available in the current scenario.
Evaluation of Frontal Sinus Index in Establishing Sex Dimorphism Using Three-Dimensional Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Northern Saudi Arabian Population
Authors: Rao Krishna A. , Doppalapudi Radhika , Al-Shammari Naif Tami , Patil Santosh , Vundavalli Sudhakar , Alam Mohammad Khursheed 
Published: March 2022

Purpose:
Identification of sex of unknown people becomes important in situations of mass disaster. Previous studies have shown that morphological characteristic of frontal sinus is distinctive to particular individual and hence, literature suggests that it can be used in establishing identification of a person. However, few researches have concluded that, its use in determining sexual dimorphism is limited.

Aim:
This study aimed to evaluate frontal sinus index using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and differentiate sex dimorphism based on the index obtained.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective cross-sectional study was undertaken using three-dimensional-CBCT scans. By simple random sampling method, 150 scans were selected, out of which 74 were of male and 76 were of female within the age group of 20–64 years. The frontal sinus width and the height were measured, and the ratio was taken as frontal sinus index. This index was correlated to the differentiation of sex. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and sex dimorphism was assessed using discriminant function analysis.

Results:
The mean height of the frontal sinus in both males and females was 30.12 ± 7.6 mm and 30.14 ± 7.8 mm, respectively. The mean width of frontal sinus in males (13.39 ± 3.6 mm) was slightly more than that of females (12.06 ± 3 mm).

Conclusion:
The parameter frontal sinus index measured using CBCT was found to be a contributing factor in sex determination in forensic identification within the sample population.
On the Possibilities of Using Some Modern Three-Dimensional Modeling Means in Forensic Examination
Authors: Afonin Dmitry S , Hora Iryna V , Kolesnyk Valerii A , Popovych Inna I , Kuchynska Iryna V 
Published: March 2022

Background:
The paper examines the state and prospects of using 3D modeling in solving identification, classification, diagnostic and situational tasks of forensic examination.

Aims and Objectives:
The aim of this study is to analyze the world expert practice of using scientific and technical means of three-dimensional modeling in solving problems of forensic examination, using the example of our country, the leading countries of Europe, as well as the United States. Materials and Methods: The empirical basis of the study is the results of the systematization of scientific and technical means for 3D modeling in solving identification, classification, diagnostic and situational problems of forensic examinations used in the expert practice of Ukraine, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and the USA.

Results:
The systematization of modern scientific and technical means for 3D modeling, used in solving identification, classification, diagnostic and situational tasks of forensic examination, has been carried out. We analyzed and identified 3D modeling software that most fully meets the requirements of effective forensic expert activities. The features of the use of effective 3D modeling mean for solving identification, classification, diagnostic and situational tasks of forensic examination, namely the software systems “ToolScan” and “TrasoScan”, and the SketchUp program have been disclosed.

Conclusion:
The introduction of the SketchUp 8 software into forensic expert activities will increase the effectiveness of the modeling method in forensic examinations, which, in turn, will have an impact on the effectiveness of expert conclusions, increase their evidentiary value and, as a result, contribute to the entire process of a criminal investigation.
The Effect of COVID 19 on Liver Parenchyma Detected and measured by CT scan Hounsfield Units
Authors: Fataftah Jehad Z , Tayyem Raed , Qandeel Haitham , Baydoun Haneen A , Al Manasra Abdel Rahman A , Tahboub Ahmad , Al-Dwairy Salem Y , Al-Mousa Alaa 
Published: March 2022

Background:
COVID 19 may affect organs other than lungs, including liver, leading to parenchymal changes. These changes are best assessed by unenhanced computed tomography (CT). We aim to investigate the effect of COVID 19 on liver parenchyma by measuring the attenuation in CT scan Hounsfield unit (HU).

Materials and Methods:
A cohort of patients, who tested COVID 19 polymerase chain reaction positive, were enrolled and divided into two groups: fatty liver (FL) group (HU ≤ 40) and nonfatty liver (NFL) group (HU > 40) according to liver parenchyma attenuation measurements by high resolution noncontrast CT scan. The CT scan was performed on admission and on follow up (10–14 days later). Liver enzyme tests were submitted on admission and follow up.

Results:
Three hundred and two patients were enrolled. Liver HU increased significantly from 48.9 on admission to 53.4 on follow up CT scan (P<0.001) in all patients. This increase was more significant in the FL group (increased from 31.9 to 42.9 [P =0.018]) Liver enzymes were abnormal in 22.6% of the full cohort. However, there was no significant change in liver enzymes between the admission and follow up in both groups.

Conclusion:
The use of unenhanced CT scan for assessment of liver parenchymal represents an objective and noninvasive method. The significant changes in parenchymal HU are not always accompanied by significant changes in liver enzymes. Increased HU values caused by COVID 19 may be due to either a decrease in the fat or an increase in the fibrosis in the liver.
Status of breast cancer screening strategies and indicators in Iran
Authors: Omidi Zahra , Koosha Maryam , Nazeri Najme , Khosravi Nasim , Zolfaghari Sheida , Haghighat Shahpar 
Published: March 2022

Background:
This scoping review aimed to investigate the status of breast cancer (BC) preventive behaviors and screening indicators among Iranian women in the past 15 years. BC, as the most common cancer in women, represents nearly a quarter (23%) of all cancers. Presenting the comprehensive view of preventive modalities of BC in the past 15 years in Iran may provide a useful perspective for future research to establish efficient services for timely diagnosis and control of the disease.

Materials and Methods:
The English and Persian articles about BC screening modalities and their indicators in Iran were included from 2005 to 2020. English electronic databases of Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, and Persian databases of Scientific Information Database (SID) and IranMedex were used. The critical information of articles was extracted and classified into different categories according to the studied outcomes.

Results:
A total of 246 articles were assessed which 136 of them were excluded, and 110 studies were processed for further evaluation. Performing breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, and mammography in Iranian women reported 0%–79.4%, 4.1%–41.1%, and 1.3%-45%, respectively. All of the educational interventions had increased participants’ knowledge, attitude, and practice in performing the screening behaviors. The most essential screening indicators included participation rate (3.8% to 16.8%), detection rate (0.23–8.5/1000), abnormal call rate (28.77% to 33%), and recall rate (24.7%).

Conclusion:
This study demonstrated heterogeneity in population and design of research about BC early detection in Iran. The necessity of a cost-effective screening program, presenting a proper educational method for increasing women's awareness and estimating screening indices can be the priorities of future researches. Establishing extensive studies at the national level in a standard framework are advised
A comparative analysis of morphological mutations-clippings and blends/portmanteaux in English and Urhobo languages
Authors: Idialu Princess O. 
Published: March 2022

Language, the major means of human communication, grows and changes in form as nations garner new experiences and engage in new technologies. The creation of new words to capture the new experiences and technologies becomes inevitable. This work researches into neologisms in the forms of clippings – shortening of words; and blends – combination of parts of two or more source words in both the English and the Urhobo languages. The exploratory, descriptive, quantitative and comparative research methods were used, while data collection was done through library search, interviews and extensive internet search. From the result of the analysis of accessed data, English has back clips (52%) and fore-clips (19%) as its two most frequently occurring types of clips; the Urhobo has the most frequenting occurring as the median clips (44%) and fore-clip (38%) as the next most frequent. Again, while the English language has the most blend as the (BE) (41%), followed by (WE) (19.1% and ((BW) at (13.7%), the Urhobo blend patterns are more varied with (BW) as highest (25.5%); followed by (MW) (15.7%) and (WE=O) (11.8%) respectively. This shows that there are word mutations appearing in clips and blends, and, therefore, recommend that these are studied and included in our daily use, especially in informal settings.
Up-regulation of miR-30b suppresses glioblastoma by negatively regulating MEF2D through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Authors: Bai Jianfeng , Yu Qingqing , Ning Tongbo 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To study miR-30b’ significance on glioblastoma, and its underlying mechanism of action.
Methods: Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) while 3-(4,5)- dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di- phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT), Transwell, and xenograft tumor formation assays were carried out to study miR-30b’s effect on glioblastoma while luciferase reporter assay was employed to study the interaction between MEF2D and miR-30b. Glioblastoma cells treatment with miR-30 mimic or inhibitor were subjected to Western blot assay to study the effect of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on miR-30b/MEF2D axis-mediated cell progression.
Results: MiR-30b was lowly expressed in glioblastoma tissues (p = 0.007), and this was associated with poor prognosis of patients (p = 0.022). The direct target of miR-30b was identified as MEF2D (p = 0.036). Increasing miR-30b blocked MEF2D expression in glioblastoma cells (p = 0.029). Moreover, MEF2D overturned miR-30b’ inhibitory effect on glioblastoma cell progression (p = 0.041; p = 0.006; p = 0.037). In vivo, restoration of miR-30b inhibited tumor growth (p = 0.01) and MEF2D. Interestingly, restoration of miR-30b inhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.
Conclusion: These results indicate the critical role of miR-30b/MEF2D axis in glioblastoma via EMT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Thus, the miR-30b/MEF2D axis might be a beneficial therapeutic target for the management of glioblastoma patients.
Evaluation of locally-administered controlled-release doxycycline hyclate gel in smokers and non-smokers in the management of periodontitis: An Indian study
Authors: Singh Garima , Gokhale Shankar T. , Manjunath Shiva , Al-Qahtani Saad M. , Reddy Nagate Raghavendra , Venkataram Vatsala , Joseph Betsy 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To assess the clinical and biological effect of locally-administered controlled-release 10 % doxycycline hyclate gel in smokers and non-smokers for the management of periodontitis.
Methods: Forty periodontitis patients were enrolled in this study from December 2012 to February 2013 at the Department of Periodontology and Implantology of the Institute of Dental Sciences and Dental Unit of Rohilkhand Medical College, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh (UP), India. For each patient, probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and sulcular bleeding index (SBI) were recorded. Changes in microbial counts were assessed by measuring colonyforming units (CFU) of three major periodontal pathogens. Clinical and microbial parameters were recorded at baseline and one month after scaling and root planing plus controlled local drug delivery of 10 % doxycycline hyclate gel in smokers and non-smokers.
Results: A statistically significant change (p < 0.01) in PPD was observed among smokers between baseline (4.26 ± 0.12mm) and re-evaluation at one month (3.20 ± 0.11) with a change of 24.88 %. A statistically significant difference was found between smokers and non-smokers in PPD at the end of a 1-month re-evaluation (p < 0.05). None of the other parameters showed improvement in smokers following treatment.
Conclusion: These results indicate that 10 % doxycycline hyclate gel, when administered locally into the periodontal pocket, shows clinical and microbial improvement, among smokers and non-smokers, in the management of periodontitis. Therefore, 10 % doxycycline gel is potentially an effective therapeutic strategy in the management of periodontitis.
Puerarin modulates apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 and ATDC5 cells by attenuating the expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers
Authors: Zhang Shuqin , Li Xin , Bai Yating , Fu Lixin , Cui Yanjiang 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To investigate the protective effect of puerarin against apoptosis of osteoblasts and chondrocytes.
Methods: Osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells and chondrocyte ATDC5 were used as cellular models. Dexamethasone (Dex) was used to induce cellular stress. Cell viability was determined with cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Cell apoptosis and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also measured. Changes in ERS markers were measured with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting.
Results: Treatment with puerarin reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis, and inhibited the production of ROS. Furthermore, the expression levels of ER stress markers (ATF6, IRE1α, GRP78, XBP1, and eIF2α) were decreased after treatment with puerarin.
Conclusion: Puerarin protected MC3T3-E1 and ATDC5 cells from apoptosis via attenuation of the expression levels of ER stress markers. Thus, puerarin may be a potential drug for treatment of ONFH.
FOXP2 regulates the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of thyroid carcinoma cells via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Authors: Zou Hui , Tang Caiyi , Chen Hao 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To determine the effect of Forkhead box P2 (FOXP2) on thyroid carcinoma cell growth and metastasis.
Methods: Expression of FOXP2 in thyroid carcinoma cells was determined using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. The 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]- 2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was applied to evaluate cell viability, while cell migration and invasion were assessed by wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively. Flow cytometry and western blot were conducted to investigate cell apoptosis. The underlying mechanisms were investigated using western blot assay.
Results: Expression of FOXP2 was lower in primary thyroid carcinoma tissues than in normal tissues based on data from the TCGA database. Similarly, FOXP2 was lower in thyroid carcinoma cells at the mRNA and protein levels. Ectopic FOXP2 expression decreased cell viability, and retarded the migration and invasion of thyroid carcinoma cells. FOXP2 overexpression in thyroid carcinoma cells led to down-regulated expression of matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) 2, MMP 9, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), as well as induction of cell apoptosis. Moreover, FOXP2 overexpression resulted in enhanced Bax expression while Bcl-2 was reduced. Ectopic expression of FOXP2 decreased β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1 in thyroid carcinoma cells.
Conclusion: FOXP2 suppresses the proliferation and metastasis of thyroid carcinoma cells, but promotes apoptosis through suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These results provide an insight that may lead to the development of a novel potential therapeutic strategy for treating thyroid carcinoma.
Final year pharmacy students’ knowledge and perceptions towards generic medicines: A survey-based pilot study from Eastern province, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ghosn Sherihan Ahmad , Ali Mohammad Daud , Alzaher Zahra Ahmed , Ahmad Ayaz 
Published: March 2022

Objective: A prospective cross-sectional survey-based pilot study was conducted amongst final year pharmacy students at a private pharmacy college in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, to evaluate the knowledge and perception toward generic medicines.
Methods: This online survey-based study was carried out amongst all final year students enrolled in the pharmacy programme between 1 February and 30 April 2020.
Results: The response rate was 95.56%. Most participants (66.27%) agreed that generic products are therapeutically equivalent to the innovator brand product, and 75.57% reported the need for more information on how bioequivalence tests are conducted for generic medicines. Furthermore, 34.88% agreed that generic medicines are of inferior quality to brand drugs and 73.24% reported the need for more information on the issues pertaining to the safety and efficacy of generic medicines.
Conclusion: This study showed that fifth-year pharmacy students had a basic knowledge of generic medicines, with an ambivalent perception of generics’ quality and safety standards. A number of collaborative initiatives should be planned and executed to equip future pharmacists with broad knowledge concerning generic medications.