bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The performance of gelling fibre wound dressings under clinically relevant robotic laboratory tests
Authors: Lustig Adi , Gefen Amit 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe effectiveness of wound dressing performance in exudate management is commonly gauged in simple, non‐realistic laboratory setups, typically, where dressing specimens are submersed in vessels containing aqueous solutions, rather than by means of clinically relevant test configurations. Specifically, two key fluid–structure interaction concepts: sorptivity—the ability of wound dressings to transfer exudate, including viscous fluids, away from the wound bed by capillary action and durability—the capacity of dressings to maintain their structural integrity over time and particularly, at removal events, have not been properly addressed in existing test protocols. The present article reviews our recent published research concerning the development of clinically relevant testing methods for wound dressings, focussing on the clinical relevance of the tests as well as on the standardisation and automation of laboratory measurements of dressing performance. A second objective of this work was to compile the experimental results characterising the performance of gelling fibre dressings, which were acquired using advanced testing methods, to demonstrate differences across products that apparently belong to the same “gelling fibre” family but differ remarkably in materials, structure and composition and, thereby, in performance.
Accuracy and repeatability of different intraoral instruments on shade determination compared to visual shade selection
Authors: Ebeid Kamal , Sabet Ahmed , El Sergany Omar , Della Bona Alvaro 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of intraoral instruments used for shade determination compared to visual shade selection (VSS).Materials and MethodsA total of 20 subjects and 10 observers, balanced by gender, participated in the study. Observers performed VSS of the upper right central incisor from each subject. Instrumental shade determination of the same teeth was performed using a spectrophotometer (Easyshade V) and intraoral scanners (CEREC Omnicam, Primescan, Trios 3 and Trios 4). Vita Classical shade nomenclature was used to record the shade designation for all instruments and VSS. The accuracy of the instruments was determined by comparing the instrument readings with the most frequent visual shade selected. The percentage of accuracy was obtained by comparing the number of agreements with the number of comparisons. The percentage of repeatability was obtained by comparing the number of repeated shades with the number of shade measurements in each group. Accuracy was compared using Cochran Q test followed by pairwise comparisons using multiple McNemar's tests with Bonferroni correction. Repeatability of the instruments was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha.ResultsOmnicam showed a significant lower accuracy than the other instruments (p < 0.05). No statistical difference on repeatability was found among the different instruments (p > 0.05). It was not found any statistical differences for VSS accuracy among the observers (p = 0.437) and between genders (p = 0.867).ConclusionInstrumental repeatability (≥75%) and similar accuracy between the best performed instruments (69%–77.5%) and the observers performance (65%–90%) supports the use of high‐performance instruments for dental shade determination.Clinical SignificanceMost instruments (Easyshade V, Primescan, Trios 3, and Trios 4) showed similar accuracy performance to observers in the VSS.
Castoff from the West, pearls in Kantamanto? A critique of second‐hand clothes trade
Authors: Manieson Lydia Ayorkor , Ferrero‐Regis Tiziana 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAfrican countries are today the major importers of the lowest grade of second‐hand clothing (SHC). With the opening of global markets and the intense circulation of fast fashion in the Global North from the 1990s, the trade of SHC has exploded in the twenty‐first century. The fast fashion business model, which fuels the SHC trade, has led to reduced quality of clothes, limited clothing lifetime, and accelerated discard of clothing, which end up as donations or become waste. The complexity of the international geographies of the SHC trade creates opacity and secrecy, maintaining inequalities and imbalances between Global North (GN) and South (GS), which continue a relationship of colonial dependence. This paper presents a critical look at SHC exchange in Kantamanto, the biggest SHC market in West Africa, situated within the central business district of Accra, Ghana. The paper scrutinizes the export of unwanted donated clothing, popularly known as “Obroni w'awu” (white man is dead), to Kantamanto. We use direct observation along with an interpretive research design through the analysis of photos taken from Kantamanto, and scholarly and gray literature. The paper documents local practices of reuse, exposing a duality: on the one hand, clothing's symbolic value that is lost in the GN is reconstituted in the GS through exchange and labor‐creating local economies. On the other, the global trade of SHC has become synonymous with dumping, continuing a colonialist relationship between the GN and GS whereby the GN exports unwanted clothing to predominantly African countries’ landfills.
Social security and risk sharing: A survey of four decades of economic analysis
Authors: Cottle Hunt Erin , Caliendo Frank N. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWith looming fiscal pressure from an aging population, policy makers must grapple with the question of how to restore solvency to the Social Security budget. At this crossroads, it seems wise to evaluate the effectiveness of the program in making people better off. Specifically, we survey four decades of economic theory to examine Social Security as a potential solution to underutilized, missing, or incomplete markets. We synthesize and highlight the ways in which the program improves wellbeing through mandatory saving and collective risk‐sharing, as well as the ways in which behavioral responses of individuals may unwind or even over‐turn the welfare gains of the program.
Management of bloating
Authors: Serra Jordi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAbdominal bloating is a subjective sensation of trapped abdominal gas, producing abdominal pressure, fullness sensation, and, in some patients, associated objective abdominal distension. In this month's edition of the journal, a new validated questionnaire to assess the prevalence and impact of gas‐related symptoms is presented by Duracinsky et al., showing that gas‐related abdominal symptoms are prevalent in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and have a measurable impact on patients daily life. A parallel study by Gardiner et al. assessing the severity of bloating in functional gastrointestinal disorders shows that severe bloating is associated with the severity of abdominal pain, constipation, and somatization, advancing our understanding of the clinical characteristics and relevance of gas‐related symptoms in the broad spectrum of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Management of bloating includes non‐pharmacological and pharmacological strategies. Dietary interventions to reduce intestinal fermentation and ingestion of food supplements like prebiotics or probiotics can reduce bloating by reducing gas production. The main targets of pharmacological treatments are to improve transit and evacuation with prokinetics, to improve intestinal gas tolerance with antispasmodics and/or neuromodulators, and to modify intestinal microbiota with antibiotics. Secretagogues act by increasing intestinal secretion and decreasing visceral sensitivity and have been reported to be an effective treatment alternative for patients with bloating associated with constipation. Biofeedback therapy addressed to correct abdomino‐phrenic dysynergia may be useful for patients with objective abdominal distension, and patients with bloating associated with outlet obstructed defecation may benefit from anorectal biofeedback.
Comparison of antennal responses of Ovalisia festiva and Phloeosinus aubei to volatile compounds of their common host, Thuja occidentalis
Authors: Bozsik Gábor , Molnár Béla Péter , Szőcs Gábor 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe cypress jewel beetle, Ovalisia festiva L. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae, Chrysochroinae), and the cypress bark beetle, Phloeosinus aubei Perris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), are invasive wood‐boring pests of scale‐leafed conifers (Cupressaceae), threatening tree nurseries and urban green areas. In order to reveal which volatile compounds of their common host, the American arborvitae, Thuja occidentalis L. cultivar ‘Smaragd’, they can perceive, we collected headspace volatiles from live attached twigs and screened them for bioactivity by gas chromatography coupled to an electroantennographic detector (GC‐EAD). Compounds eliciting antennal responses were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (GC‐MS). Synthetic samples of bioactive compounds were then screened by electroantennography. GC‐EAD analyses of volatile collections revealed that E–β–caryophyllene elicited antennal responses only from O. festiva (from both sexes), whereas borneol only from P. aubei. Electroantennography screening of synthetic compounds showed further differences between the two species. Even many of those compounds, which elicited responses from both species, differed in the relative intensities of responses they evoked. This indicates that O. festiva and P. aubei probably use different key compounds in the Thuja volatile blend for host recognition.
Regional citrate and systemic heparin are adequate to maintain filter half‐life for COVID‐19 patients on continuous renal replacement therapy
Authors: Chiao Cassandra , Faust Hilary , Singh Tripti 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of our study is to compare clotting of CRRT filters in patients with COVID‐19‐associated AKI versus septic shock‐associated AKI.MethodsRetrospective study of adult ICU patients with COVID‐19 compared to those with septic shock admitted to a tertiary hospital April–October 2020. Independent t test and chi‐square test used to determine statistical significance of CRRT filter clotting between the two groups. Time‐to‐event data analyzed with Kaplan–Meier curves. Analyses performed on Microsoft Excel and MedCalc.ResultsTwenty‐seven ICU patients with AKI requiring CRRT were included, 13 with COVID‐19 and 14 non‐COVID‐19 patients with septic shock. The mean half‐life of CRRT hemofilter was similar in COVID‐19 patients compared to non‐COVID‐19 patients (27.4 vs. 27.5 h, p = 0.79). The number of CRRT hemofilter changes per day was similar in both groups (0.6 filter changes per day, p = 0.84). However, significantly more patients with COVID‐19 were on systemic heparin (69% vs. 13%, p = 0.02).ConclusionWe found that COVID‐19 patients with AKI requiring CRRT had similar CRRT hemofilter half‐life compared with sepsis‐associated AKI patients with use of regional citrate and systemic heparin. Further studies are needed to find which methods of anticoagulation are optimal in patients with COVID‐19 infection with AKI requiring CRRT.
Extensive recrystallization of Cenozoic dolomite during shallow burial: A case study from the Palaeocene–Eocene Umm er Radhuma formation and a global meta‐analysis
Authors: Ryan Brooks H. , Kaczmarek Stephen E. , Rivers John M. , Manche Cameron J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRecrystallization of dolomite can alter textural, mineralogical and geochemical attributes used to infer environmental conditions of initial dolomitization. A meta‐analysis of the published literature shows that extensive recrystallization is most common in old and deeply buried dolomites, but data from the Palaeocene–Eocene Umm er Radhuma Formation in Qatar show that this can also happen in geologically young carbonates that have never been deeply buried. Evidence of extensive recrystallization comes from a principal component analysis of published mineralogical and geochemical data that are integrated with new clumped isotope (∆47) measurements and cathodoluminescence petrography. The observations indicate that dolomite stoichiometry and cation ordering correlate with dolomite texture and depth: shallow mimetic dolomites are less stoichiometric and poorly‐ordered whereas coarser and deeper planar‐e and planar‐s to nonplanar dolomites with mottled cathodoluminescence signatures are more stoichiometric and well‐ordered, suggesting they have recrystallized. Dolomite δ18O data (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) also covary with texture, as mimetic dolomites have the narrowest range (−0.45‰ to +0.38‰), planar‐e dolomites are generally ≤0‰ (−2.4‰ to +0.68‰) and planar‐s to nonplanar dolomites exhibit the widest range (−2.3‰ to +1.4‰). The principal component analysis results indicate one component with positive loadings for dolomite stoichiometry (+0.752) and cation ordering (+0.813), and negative loading for δ18O (−0.833), trends predicted in recrystallized dolomites. The ∆47‐derived temperatures (32 to 46°C) and δ18Ow (+0.18 to +2.6‰ Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water) reflect recrystallization by warm, slightly evaporated seawater at shallow depths. In the context of a meta‐analysis of recrystallized dolomites in the literature, this study implies that extensive dolomite recrystallization in Cenozoic dolomites and shallow‐burial conditions is an under‐appreciated phenomenon. The results of this study also demonstrate that initial petrological attributes can be significantly altered after dolomitization, hindering interpretations of past seawater chemistry and environmental conditions of dolomitization.
Individual difference in perceptions of social structure: Social standing predicts accuracy in social network perception
Authors: Lee Emily S. , Lease A. Michele , Robinson Dawn T. , Neuharth‐Pritchett Stacey , Xu Jiajun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study examined the extent to which social standing based on reputation (i.e., popularity), affective regard (i.e., peer acceptance and peer rejection), and affiliation‐network centrality (i.e., degree, betweenness, and closeness centrality), in addition to gender and grade in school, predicted children's accuracy in detecting affiliation patterns within peer networks. Third through fifth‐grade students (n = 400) were from three semi‐rural elementary schools and clustered in eight grade‐level units. The relationship between a child's perception of the affiliation (i.e., “hanging‐out”) network and the collective perception of the affiliation network served as the indicator of network perception accuracy. In general, girls, older children, and more popular and well‐connected children had more accurate perceptions of the social environment. In particular, girls, popular children, children with high degrees centrality, and fifth graders, were more likely to report ties that existed in the collectively perceived network (made fewer false‐negative reports). Fifth graders’ specific patterns of accuracy/inaccuracy suggested a more developed cognitive model of social network structures. Children experiencing peer rejection made more false negative errors (failed to report existing ties). Interestingly, net of the other network variables in the model, closeness centrality was related to a decrease in falsely reporting ties (improving accuracy) but an increase in failing to report ties that existed (worsening accuracy). These relationships between children's social standing and grade level on their accuracy of network perception has conceptual and methodological implications for studies of children's social functioning within their school‐based peer networks.
OBTAINING AND DETERMINATION OF IMMUNOGENIC PROPERTIES OF TRX-PD-1 RECOMBINANT PROTEIN
Authors: Adish Zh. , Mukantaev K.N. , Tursunov K.A. , Kaukabayeva G.K. , Kanaev D.B. , Ramankulov Ye.M. , Mukanov K.K. 
Published: February 2022

Monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death receptor PD-1 are of particular interest for immunotherapy and blocking control points for tumor development. The PD-1 T-cell receptor is a regulator capable of inhibiting or completely suppressing the immune response. One of the important stages of obtaining monoclonal antibody is the immunization of BALB/c mice, the scheme of which depends on the nature of the antigen and its immunogenicity.
The gene of PD-1 was synthesized by a two-step polymerase chain reaction using the Phusion High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase. The resulting construction based on the pET32 vector was transformed by electroporation into the E. coli BL21 expression strain, which resulted in the E. coli strain BL21/pET32/Trx-PD-1. Molecular weight of the protein Trx-PD-1 was 34 kDa. Western blot demonstrated presence of a hexahistidine tag in a protein with a molecular mass of 34 kDa. The highest antibody titers were observed in mice immunized with recombinant protein at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. Western blot revealed a specific reaction of PD-1 protein without thioredoxin with sera from immunized mice.
The resulting construct pET32/PD-1 provided a high level of expression of the recombinant Trx-PD-1. The recombinant Trx-PD-1 induced high titers of antibody and stimulated B-lymphocytes.
Solving Inverse Heat Transfer Problems Without Surrogate Models: A Fast, Data-Sparse, Physics Informed Neural Network Approach
Authors: Oommen Vivek , Srinivasan Balaji 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Physics informed neural networks have been recently gaining attention for effectively solving a wide variety of partial differential equations. Unlike the traditional machine learning techniques that require experimental or computational databases for training surrogate models, physics informed neural network avoids the excessive dependence on prior data by injecting the governing physical laws as regularizing constraints into the underlying neural network model. Although one can find several successful applications of physics informed neural network in the literature, a systematic study that compares the merits and demerits of this method with conventional machine learning methods is not well explored. In this study, we aim to investigate the effectiveness of this approach in solving inverse problems by comparing and contrasting its performance with conventional machine learning methods while solving four inverse test cases in heat transfer. We show that physics informed neural network is able to solve inverse heat transfer problems in a data-sparse manner by avoiding surrogate models altogether. This study is expected to contribute toward a more robust and effective solution for inverse heat transfer problems. We intend to sensitize researchers in inverse methods to this emerging approach and provide a preliminary analysis of its advantages and disadvantages.
Design Evaluations in Educational Settings: A Neuroscientific Study of Incentivized Test/Retest on Student Performance
Authors: Shah Devanshi , Kames Elisabeth , Pelham Jaslynn , Morkos Beshoy 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
To understand the impact of incentivized test/retest scenarios—where students are afforded an opportunity to retest for an incentive—in design education settings, this study examines participants' brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG) during stressful retest situations. This study mimics educational scenarios where students are allowed to retest after a first attempt. Twenty-three student participants were randomly divided into two cohorts: control and experimental. Participants were asked to complete a preliminary questionnaire self-assessing their ability to handle stressful situations. Both cohorts were subsequently asked to complete the typing test and complete an Emotional Stress Reaction Questionnaire (ESRQ), indicating their emotional response during the typing test. The participants were subsequently asked to complete the typing test and accompanying ESRQ a second time. However, prior to the second test, the participants in the experimental cohort were incentivized with a monetary reward for improving their typing speed. This stimulus is used to increase the already stressful situation for the experimental cohort and examine changes in brain activity when the “retest” is incentivized. The results indicate no significant changes in brain activity, emotions, or typing performance for the control group. However, the experimental group showed an increase in EEG sensor activity; specifically, the sensors that control vision and emotion. The experimental group’s performance was correlated to their emotional responses, rather than their EEG sensor data. Additionally, the experimental groups’ positive emotions were increased for the incentivized typing test. The findings provide recommendations for educational retests practices.
Conventional Machining of Single Crystal Metals and Super Alloys: A Review
Authors: Abdallah Said , Ali Shafahat , Pervaiz Salman , Kannan Sathish 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn recent years, with higher demand on the sustainability aspects of engineering materials, single crystal-based products have gained a good reputation because of many different advantages. Single-crystal materials provide a uniform set of properties with fewer defects, such as the traditional casting process facilitates polycrystalline formation, which has grain boundaries that lead to creep failure. Besides, it has a high hardness and strength, making it very difficult to machine. A few studies only have discussed the conventional machining of single crystals metals and superalloys. This study conducted a comprehensive review on different traditional machining and different single-crystal metals such as aluminum, copper, and nickel-based superalloys. The main feature of this review is to provide a general recommendation for the optimum selection of the process parameters, which will guide to produce a good quality and a high precision dimensional surface during the single-crystal machining operation. In addition, this study discusses the challenges that restrict the machining of single-crystal metals and superalloys. Such a review rarely exists in the literature.
Design for Inspectability: A Framework to Increase Inspectability of Additive Manufacturing Parts for Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Inspection Methods
Authors: Mahan Tobias , Katch Lauren , Arguelles Andrea P. , Menold Jessica 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is used to produce load-bearing, safety-critical components in industries like aerospace, automotive, and medical devices. Designers can create AM components with complex internal features, organic topologies, and lattice structures to reduce part mass or part count. However, such complex features can make designs difficult or impossible to inspect using mature nondestructive testing (NDT) methods. Professional organizations suggest designers keep quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) in mind early in the design process. The Design for Inspectability (DfI) framework is suggested as a way of meeting the need for early-stage QA/QC considerations. This work presents a case study, where a group of designers considered one type of NDT, known as Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic (PEU) testing. Using heuristics derived from relevant literature, designers were able to create designs with increased inspectability. This improved inspectability came at the cost of other design objectives, however, such as strength and mass. This implies that certain design objectives may be inversely related to increased inspectability, raising significant concerns for the field. This work marks the first step toward mapping out the trade-offs between inspection and performance objectives.