bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“To Do the Good”: Galatians 6:9–10, Benefaction, and Honorific Decrees
Authors: Brewer J. Brittain 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Bruce W. Longenecker has proposed a new but influential interpretation of Paul’s command to “do good to all” in his recent book, Remember the Poor. Contrary to standard readings of this passage, Longenecker suggests that Paul intends the Galatians to understand it as a command to serve the poor through financial assistance. To support that thesis, he resources past scholarship that claims “to do the good” in the Greco-Roman context, especially the honorifics and proxeny decrees, referenced material and even financial services. By suggesting such phrasing was “technical terminology for such services,” Longenecker is able significantly to bolster the plausibility of his reading. To test that thesis, this article gives a brief survey of recent discussions on Greco-Roman benefaction and looks closely at several important honorific decrees. The findings suggest that Longenecker’s conclusions are less than certain. Although “to do the good” may be used in reference to material benefits, the phrase was used in a variety of circumstances, often honoring benefactors who rendered immaterial beneficence to the city, such as military service and favorable auguries. Additionally, inscriptions commemorating material benefits often lack the phrase. This article finds that the phrase “to do the good” is a flexible phrase in the inscriptions that suggests service in general rather than a particular kind of service. Therefore, Longenecker’s proposed interpretation is found to lack important external evidence and thus to be dissatisfactory.
Paul’s Use of Jesus Tradition in 1 Corinthians: Legitimate or Otherwise?
Authors: Webster Daniel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The relationship between Paul and the Jesus Tradition (JT) has been strenuously debated, with many scholars concluding that Paul is disinterested in JT. The present article gives evidence to the contrary. First, it outlines a methodology based on the transmission models of Dunn and Bauckham. The bulk of the article then applies that method to three passages in 1 Corinthians in which Paul cites JT (1 Cor 7:10–11; 9:14; 11:23–25). These exegetical observations are summarized by identifying a pattern of nine features of the way Paul uses JT in 1 Corinthians. The article concludes that, given his audience and purpose in 1 Corinthians, Paul uses JT legitimately.
Study habits of health sciences students in a selected university
Authors: El-Kader Rabab Gad Abd , Zaidi Huma , David Sheeba M , Bhat Raghavendra , Rahman Abeer Sharmin 
Published: November 2022

Study habits have an impact on students' capacity for learning. Amongst these, the technology use has implicit a controversial part. This study aimed to assess the study habits of university students and the role of technology in learning. A cross sectional survey was conducted. A simple random sampling technique of 301 students from the different colleges of the selected university was used. A self-administered developed questionnaire about the students’ demographic data, their study habits including time management, study environment, study techniques, test preparation, device used for studying, number of hours per day spent on technology and how technology enhances learning. The findings revealed that most of students preferred to use laptop for learning. Around half of them spent 2-5 hours every day on technology for studying purpose. There was a statistical significant difference between gender, nationality and different element of the students study habits as time management and methods of studying as teacher notes and attending the revision classes. More than textbooks, students rely on technology for their academic work. The use of technology to enhance university students' psychomotor and linguistic abilities, including communication skills that are crucial for the health care team, can be the subject of further research.
Reflections of Home in Nineteenth-Century American Travel Writing of Finland
Authors: Salenius Sirpa 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the nineteenth century, Americans generally knew very little about Finland, which functioned primarily as a transitory halt for a small number of American travelers crossing from Sweden to Russia proper. As Finland never became a fashionable destination, the number of visitors remained small and the amount of time spent there brief. This essay examines American travel guides and magazine articles about travel in Finland, then a Grand Duchy of Russia, to argue that the portrayal of this marginal nation confirmed the values, beliefs, and ideologies of their American authors. Hence, although these nineteenth-century American travel texts focus on Finland and its people, the texts tend to reveal the American idealization of such concepts as whiteness and masculinity, intelligence, religiousness, and cleanliness. In this way, the images that nineteenth-century American travel writers construct of Finland are charged with a reflection constructed of the writers’ own nation.
A Sense of Terijoki: The Discourse of Karelia in the Karelian Borderlands
Authors: Lähteenmäki Maria 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Karelia, the borderland between Finland and Russia, has been a “land of quarrels” for centuries. The Swedish kingdom, the Novgorod realm, and the Russian Empire, one after another, have colonized the area. In 1812 the southwest part of Karelia, the Karelian Isthmus, was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Finland. This incorporation was practical: for hundreds of years the area had already been a region of Finnish-speaking people. After Finland's declaration of independence (1917) and civil war (1918) and the birth of Soviet Russia (1917), political tensions sharpened in the Karelian Isthmus. In those days, the borderline between Finnish Terijoki and Russian St. Petersburg became the most important ideological barrier between revolutionary Russia and Finland, where the right-wing Whites had won the civil war and begun an unequalled campaign against the Bolshevist power. In 1939 and again in 1944, Soviet troops occupied the Karelian Isthmus, and the area ever since has been a part of the Soviet Union/Russia.
Towards a Better Life: Family Capital and Upward Social Mobility Among Finnish Forestry Employees in the Extended 1950s
Authors: Paaskoski Leena 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The article focuses on the questions of the vocational choice, education, and occupation of forestry employees in post-WWII Finland. Extensive oral history material and biographical interviews with Finnish forestry officers and foresters illuminate the concepts of family capital and upward social mobility at the individual, everyday level. In Finland, occupations in forestry are often inherited. The sons of forestry employees profit from family capital as they become forestry employees themselves, and there are many so-called “forestry families” in Finland. Because the situation in Finland after the war strongly favored education, young men were encouraged to educate themselves in the hope of obtaining a better future, economically and socially, for themselves, and also to provide more skilled workers for the nation. The pursuit and acquisition of upward social mobility, occupational prestige, and higher socio-economic positions as compared to their fathers was typical for these forestry employees, as well as the whole of Finnish society in the extended 1950s. The article was written as part of a project called Happy Days? The Everyday Life and Nostalgia of the Extended 1950s, led by Professor Hanna Snellman of Jyväskylä University and Helsinki University and financed by the Academy of Finland.
“I Wish There Had Been a Little Bit More Finland”: Finnish Crime Novels in English Translation
Authors: Kaukonen Scott 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Readers of Finnish crime novels in translation often seek more than just another good tale of cops and criminals—they're also seeking a taste of Finland and Finnish culture. So they tend to judge the book in two ways: as crime novels certainly, but also as literary tour guides to Finland. But the books that most appeal to readers as distinctly Finnish crime novels often suffer from the same faults as more traditional forms of tourism—self-conscious constructions that reduce Finland and Finnishness to a series of familiar tropes and artifacts, the literary equivalent of the dockside trinket shop, whereas books judged least successful as distinctly Finnish crime novels simply fail to accommodate for the literary tourist's preconceived notions of what Finland and Finnishness—and a Finnish crime novel—must be.
Lapland Dislocated: Jorma Puranen's Photography and Anthropology
Authors: Markowska Martyna 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The photographic art of Jorma Puranen (1951–) depicts Lapland through the intersection of image and text. Over the course of his career, Puranen's publications have emerged as a consequence of his photographic projects. For instance, Imaginary Homecoming records a haunting trip to the indigenous past of Lapland and the Sami people, and has become one of Puranen's most recognized works. Lapland, as a geographical place, can be considered “dislocated” because of its specific lingual and ethnographic character. Spread across the territories of four nations without a single common language, Lapland remains one of the most unknown and scarcely described regions in the world. Puranen, working in the Nordic photographic tradition, has created several projects in which he analyzes the roots of Sami ethnicity. Moreover, the displacement of Lapland and the Sami people reflects other types of displacement present in Puranen's art. One type is the dislocation of images into the landscape, and another type, the displacement of images into text. This article examines these metaphors along with the artistic strategies applied by the artist. Three dichotomies are present in Puranen's albums and necessary to understand his project: art versus anthropology, nature versus cultural heritage, and photographs versus text. These three distinctions provide the starting point for this article, and, further, they provide theoretical framework for the examination.
“And Then All of the Sudden, You're Still Here with Bad Finnish”: American Women's Narratives of Cultural Adjustment in Finland
Authors: Clarke Kris 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The enormous growth in the number of international female migrants reflects a tectonic shift in women's diverse positions in family structures and as wage earners. This qualitative study examines how sixteen American women narrate their cultural adjustment to Finnish society as longterm residents. It focuses on how individual women have dealt with the complexity of gendered and privileged migrant identities in an increasingly globalized Finland. Though arriving as citizens with higher-education degrees, most of the married women were not employed and did not feel that they had a place in Finnish society except via their husbands. Single women had short-term contracts and few plans to stay in Finland. The study suggests that married female immigrants from the United States tend to be gendered in Finland, despite an official policy of gender equality, because they have few prospects to step outside of the role of wife through employment or participation in the community.
International Degree Students’ Integration into the Finnish Higher Education and Labor Market
Authors: Korhonen Vesa 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Highly educated immigrants are an important and conflicting question in the labor market in Finland. The Finnish labor market traditionally has been fairly closed, and even advanced degrees have not necessarily guaranteed job opportunities for immigrants corresponding to their qualifications from the countries of departure. This article examines how international degree students integrate into the academic community in Finland and into Finnish society. The results of the mixed-method study strengthen the idea that if one wants to understand international degree students’ integration more comprehensively, attention must be paid to all aspects of integration: cultural, social, academic, and career. There is a general satisfaction with Finnish higher education and its quality; however, the reserved social culture is considered as a primary reason for weaknesses in cultural or social integration. According to the students’ views, language barriers and a lack of social networks are the main obstacles. Hence, if other areas of international students’ integration can be improved, such as cultural, social, and academic, in higher education and beyond, this would also improve the international students’ possibilities for employment in the Finnish labor market.
The Making of the Finnish Working Class in Early Twentieth-Century Working-Class Literature
Authors: Launis Kati 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Working-class literature was one of the cultural areas that defined social class in early twentieth-century Finland. As a starting point for this article, it stems from E. P. Thompson's key points: first, the working class was active in its own making, and, second, that class needs to be understood as a relationship between people. In the present article, I consider how the working class is represented and valued in poems, newspaper articles, labor-movement songs, novels, and political leaflets written by Kössi Kaatra, Hilja Pärssinen, and Esa Paavo-Kallio—three working-class writers in whose works we witness the various discourses on class as well as the different genres of working-class writing. As I will show here, the representations of the working class created by these writers are in conflict with the hegemonic discourses on class, and these representations are produced through processes that include gender and nationality.
Women in Early Capitalism and Other Irrelevant Issues: Elvira Willman's Struggle for Working-Class Authorship
Authors: Hyttinen Elsi 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The article discusses the early Finnish working-class writer Elvira Willman (1875–1925). Through a reading of a recently found manuscript of the 1916 play “Rakkauden orjuus” [The slavery of love], the article demonstrates how in Willman's writing “the woman question” was one of the central themes in texts aimed at the working-class cultural field. Theoretically, the article promotes a view according to which an author does not become a working-class author by being born into a certain social class or living within it, but by signaling in various ways in her writing a desire to be interpreted as an author of working-class literature and by garnering affirmation from the gatekeepers of that field.
Cooking and Cookbooks in Nineteenth-Century Finland: Changes in Cooking Methods, Recipe Writing, and Food Textualization
Authors: Knuuttila Maarit 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This article examines what the two most significant cookbooks of nineteenth-century Finland—Kokki-Kirja (Cookbook, 1849) and Anna Olsoni's Keittokirja yksinkertaista ruuanlaittoa varten kodissa ja koulussa (A cookbook for the simple preparation of food in the home and the school, 1893)—tell us about the circumstances and methods of cooking at the time, as well as the writing of recipes. The article also discusses how the early ideas of food science and home economics affected the food culture and the writing of cookbooks. The data (mostly recipes) were read and interpreted by using the author's own cooking skills, body techniques, and experiences of cooking, first to discover past ways of cooking, and secondly to understand how culinary skills and practices were textualized.
Multilingualism and Finnish Americans: New Perspectives from Sociolinguistics and Ethnography
Authors: Karjalainen Anu 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This article examines the various ways in which the Finnish language gets manifested in Finnish American lives in the present-day United States, and the methodologies that help to investigate these manifestations. It joins the line of the latest sociolinguistic and ethnographic research that conceptualizes language as a set of context-based, socially constructed, and multimodal resources. Methodologically, the article employs language biographies and material ethnography as tools to gain a deeper understanding of the experiences that Finnish Americans relate to their heritage language. The methodologies are presented through a case study of a third-generation Finnish American woman who has taken strong agency concerning her heritage language. The findings suggest that in order to understand individual experiences, the Finnish language needs to be conceptualized as a multimodal phenomenon. Recognizing material and emotional resources as parts of the language repertoire gives credit also to those with less fluent Finnish skills and shows the heritage language speakers' situation in a more positive light.
An Ethnography of Nostalgia: Nordic Museum Curators Interviewing Finnish Immigrants in Sweden
Authors: Snellman Hanna 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In using the concept of nostalgia as defined by anthropologist David Berliner, this article aims to analyze both the exo-nostalgia of the curators of the Nordic Museum in Stockholm, who researched the everyday life of immigrants from Finland in Sweden during the 1970s, and the endo-nostalgia of the immigrants themselves. The research is based on fourteen interviews conducted in 1974 in Upplands Väsby, Sweden, with migrants from Finland, who arrived from the late 1950s to the early 1970s. Because of the important role of food in daily culture, especially the importance of heritage food for immigrants, the article focuses on food-related nostalgia. After an introduction to the ideas of the museum project and about the conditions of the fieldwork, the text contains the description of how the interviewers followed their own nostalgia and how they found the expected nostalgia of their interviewees by asking questions about the émigrés' daily food consumption. Most of the Finns interviewed came from relatively urban backgrounds. However, they were still portrayed as rustic.
Poverty and Tax Exemptions in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Finland
Authors: Voutilainen Miikka 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The topic of this article is the nature and social character of Finnish rural poverty during the early stages of industrialization. Specifically, I analyze households exempted from two separate taxes in order to locate and study the rural poor. Contrary to several previous considerations deeming taxation sources unreliable in poverty studies, it is shown that under controlled settings tax exemption information does display promising features. These include a high exemption percentage of households without adult male members, small average household size of the tax exempted and a clear concentration of the exemptions on the lower rural social classes. My findings also highlight the fact that conclusions on the usability of the exemption information depend heavily on the selection of the tax studied. Taxes levied at individual level were not necessarily dependent on the households' economic status, and similarly household level taxes may have been independent of the inhabitants' social and economic conditions. On average, the exemption rates are in line with several accounts from pre-industrial Western Europe.
Crimes of Desperation: Poverty-Related Filicides 1810–1860
Authors: Koskivirta Anu 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Using Finnish upper court records as a source, this article is concerned with parental child homicides, newborn infanticides excluded, committed in Finland in the period 1810 to 1860. It focuses on the development in the rate and geographical distribution of these crimes, as well as the social and gendered distribution of the perpetrators. This information forms the basis for analyzing the connection between the motivation for the crime and the pauperization that culminated in these decades as a result of a rapid population growth, which manifested itself in an increase in the landless agrarian proletariat. Dire economic distress over subsistence was a motive for over a half of all filicides. Such crimes of desperation took place especially in periods of crisis: in the years following the Finnish War (1808–09) and after crop failures in the 1830s and the late 1850s. Filicides where the victim was older than a newborn child were, however, as an object of the authorities' concern, overshadowed in the public debate by neonaticides and other major contemporary social problems.
Psychological Capital and Psychological Career Mobility among Finnish Business School Graduates
Authors: Järlström Maria , Brandt Tiina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This article studies the relationship between psychological capital and psychological career mobility through a sample of 624 Finnish business-school graduates. The findings indicate that psychological capital and its dimensions are positively related to internal and external psychological career mobility. A typology of four careerist types is defined from psychological capital and internal and external psychological career mobility dimensions through cluster analysis. The Finnish respondents could be divided into four distinct groups: Ambitious Careerist, Change-Oriented Careerist, Insecure Anti-Careerist, and Stable Career-Developer. The Ambitious Careerist demonstrated far higher levels of psychological capital than any other careerist type. At the end of the article, new insights related to psychological elements of career research are discussed.
EVALUATION OF THE USEFULNESS OF SHEAR WAVE ELASTOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS FOR NONCANCEROUS SOFT TISSUE MASSES
Authors: SATTAR A , ANJUM S , MUSHTAQ S , YOUSAF J , NASIR U 
Published: November 2022

Current study was carried out to assess efficacy of SWE as an adjunct to sonography in investigating superficial benign lesions. The retrospective study was conducted in Radiology department of Nishtar Medical Hospital from July 2021 to July 2022. The study included 45 patients with 49 lesions. Doppler and grayscale ultrasound and SWE was performed. Conventional ultrasonic features like depth (mm), size (mm), margin (ill defined or well defined), vascularity (present or absent) and echogenicity (isoechoic, anechoic, hyperechoic or hypoechoic) were investigated. Median shear modulus and ultrasonic features were documented. Mean shear modulus for epidermoid, ganglion and lipomatous cyst was 23.6kPa, 5.9kPa and 9.1kPa respectively. Difference between lipomatous tumors, ganglion cysts and epidermoid cysts were significant (P=0.018). Median shear modulus of epidermoid cyst was higher than ganglion cysts and lipomatous tumors. Shear wave elastography is valuable modality for diagnosis of superficial benign soft tissue masses through direct quantitative analysis.