bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
California Citrus Thrips Pesticide Efficacy Trial, 1991
Authors: Morse J. G. , Brawner O. L. , Urena A. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides for the control of citrus thrips were evaluated spring, 1991 in Field 12 (21-yr-old Atwood navel oranges) located at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. Pesticides were applied with a Bean hand-sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, approximately 200 gap. The field was divided into 4 blocks with one replicate of each treatment allocated randomly within each block; each replicate consisted of 4 trees. Ten outside fruit per tree from knee to eye level were sampled for citrus thrips infestation at 4 times during the critical period (the first 6 wks after petal-fall) during which citrus thrips fruit scarring occurs. Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in Aug 1991 on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars (approximately 10% severe scarring of outside fruit as sampled in this study).
Rotations of Bacillus Thuringiensis and Esfenvalerate for Control of Cabbage Looper in Fall Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Teague T. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage transplants were set 14 Aug in a Calloway silt loam on the ASU Research Farm on single row raised beds spaced 6.6 ft apart with plant spacing at 15 inches. Plots were 1 row, 20 feet long arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. A C02 pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with 2 hollow cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart and directed at a 45° angle toward the center of the plant was used to apply insecticides at 40 psi in a volume equivalent to 20 gal/acre. Insecticide applications were made 26, 30 Aug, 2, 6, 9, 13, 15, and 20 Sep and evaluated 9 and 24 Sep. Evaluations were made by sampling 5 randomly selected plants per plot. No. of neonate, small, medium, and large larvae, and no. of damaged lower, middle, and head leaves (including 3 wrapper leaves) per plant were determined. In addition, insect damage was rated on a 1 to 5 scale with 1 = no damage, 2 = slight damage (&lt;50% of lower and middle leaves affected), 3 = moderate damage (&gt;50% of lower and middle leaves affected), 4 = heavy damage (unmarketable head with &lt;50% all leaves affected), and 5 = severe damage (unmarketable head with &gt;50% of all leaves affected and &gt;25% loss of leaf area). On 18 Oct determinations of % unmarketable heads attributable to insect damage were made. All data including log transformations of insect counts were subject to ANOVA.
Apple, Evaluation of Cygon 400 (Dimethoate) and Carzol 92 Sp (Formetanate Hydrochloride) for Control of White Apple Leafhopper in Virginia, 1991
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. W. , Cook K. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Some fruit growers in Virginia experienced difficulty in controlling leafhoppers on apple in recent years. Treatments were applied to runoff with a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi on 8 May. Test trees were 4 year old 'Ace Red Delicious.' Plots (single trees) were arranged in a randomized block design. Each treatment and the control was replicated 4 times. The total number of live leafhoppers on 20 leaves from each replicate was determined on 9 May.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly in Cantaloupe with Various Insecticide Treatments, 1991
Authors: Riley David G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cantaloupe was seeded into Sunshine Mix® potting mixture in 10 cm pots on 19 Feb in a greenhouse heavily infested with SPWF. Plants were transferred on 18 Mar into spray chambers (25 cm × 30 cm PVC cylinders) in a randomized complete block design with ten treatments and six replicates. Plants were irrigated daily using drip tubes to avoid wetting of foliage. Adults were counted on the second or third expanded leaf from the growing point. Plants were sprayed to runoff (3 seconds/31 ml/plant, ca. 100 gal/acre) using a CO2 backpack sprayer with two TX-4 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned 5 to 10 cm from the plant canopy (one above and one below) at 60 psi. Untreated plants were inter-spaced between treated plants for an added source of SPWF adults. SPWF adults were counted 24 and 72 hours after treatment.
Control of Thrips Tabaci on Cabbage, 1992
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 16 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10 ft rows on 36 inch centers with 18 inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips, and delivering 38 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply applications of each treatment. Javelin at 1.0 lb/acre was added to M-pede, Cygon and the check treatments to control Lepidoptera and insure readable plants at harvest. Bond sticker-spreader was applied at .01% v/v with all treatments. Treatments were applied on 27 Jul, 6, 14, 27 Aug, 4, 11, 18 Sep and 2 Oct. Harvest evaluations for thrips were made on 8 Oct. Evaluations for thrips damage were made by randomly selecting 2 mature heads per plot, cutting them in half along the core, and peeling back 10 layers. Each layer was assessed for the presence of thrips injury. The overall damage rating (intensity of injury plus the number of layers injured) was also made on a scale of 0 (no damage) to 4 (each of the 10 leaves severely injured). Data were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA. For analysis of damage ratings we used the average damage rating per replicate, transformed this to a rank, and analyzed ranks. For layers injured, we used the average number of layers per two plants in a replicate and then analyzed these averages.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller in String, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine pesticides or pesticide combinations were evaluated for their ability to control overwintered PLR larvae. The test was conducted in a commercial orchard located near Wenatchee. Test trees were four-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The test design consisted of five-tree plots replicated five times in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were applied as handgun sprays at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. First application of the first three treatments was applied on 8 Apr, at half-inch green-tip stage of fruit bud formation. Due to high winds, the first application of the remaining treatments was not made until 11 Apr, at tight cluster stage of fruit bud formation. The second application of Bt products and Cryolite was made on 18 Apr, at pink stage of fruit bud formation. The final application was made on 26 Apr, at full bloom stage of apple. Pre-treatment samples (4 Apr) consisted of four buds from each tree in a replicate (20 buds per replicate, 100 buds per treatment). In the laboratory buds were examined under magnification and the number infested recorded. The first post-treatment sample was taken on 22 Apr after the first two Bt treatments had been made. Each tree was examined and the number of active feeding sites (live leafroller larvae) recorded. The final post-treatment sample was taken on 15 May. Each tree was examined and the number of active leafroller feeding sites recorded. Wind and some rain during the test period interferred with application timing.
Insecticidal and Biological Control of Fall Armyworm in Florida Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Cawley B. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 10 Sep with 10 in. between plants in double rows spaced 10 inches apart on raised beds mulched with polyethylene film. Three 240 ft beds on 6 ft centers were divided into four replicate blocks, containing nine, 15 ft single row treatment plots and one, 15 ft control plot (5 ft per row). One neonate fall armyworm was placed in each leaf whorl 1 week prior to treatment. Six weekly applications were made beginning on 2 Oct. Biosafe (nematodes) was applied the first 3 weeks only, followed by Lannate on subsequent dates. The first Biosafe application was made by automatic pipette to the whorl (into which 3.5 g of washed sand had already been introduced in treatment 3), and subsequently by hand-held trigger sprayer. Dipel 10 G was applied directly to the whorl from pre-weighed cups for the first two applications, followed by spray applications with Dipel 2 X. Remaining applications were made with a CO2 pressurized sprayer at a tank pressure of 40 psi, timed to deliver 100 gal/acre.
Control of Garden Egg Leaf Skeletonizer, Ghana, 1990
Authors: Owusu Ebenezer O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Evaluation of insecticides for the control of the garden egg leaf skeletonizer was carried out at the experimental farm of the University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Each replicate consisted of five main plots, four treated and one control (untreated). Individual plots consisted of five rows with each row containing five plants planted at a spacing of 60 cm x 60 cm. Adequate soil moisture content was ensured by irrigating when necessary with a sprinkler. Spraying was effected when plants were six weeks old, and data taken on insect counts every week thereafter, for three weeks.
Evaluation of Wood-Ash for Garden Egg Borer and Leafminer Control, Ghana, 1990
Authors: Owusu Ebenezer O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Wood-ash from cocoa tree was evaluated in the field for efficacy in control of pests of garden eggs. The experiment, which was carried out in a randomized complete block design, had four replicates with each consisting of five main plots, i.e. four treated and one untreated. Individual plots consisted of four rows with each row containing three plants at a spacing of 60 cm x 60 cm. Treatments commenced two weeks after transplanting and were carried out at a bi-weekly interval until plants were twelve weeks old. Dimethoate 20 EC was used at a rate of 80 g Al/ha to assess the efficacy of the ash. Treatments consisted of T0 = untreated; T1 = Ash used throughout period of study; T2 = Ash used till 4 weeks i.e. when flower formation commenced, and dimethoate used for remainder of study; T3 = dimethoate used throughout period of study.
Management of Thrips on Potato, 1992
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Castillo J. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘La Rouge’ potato seed pieces were planted into a Krome very gravelly loam soil in a 0.2 ha research plot at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 31 Jan. Fertilizer (1344 kg/ha of granular 8:16:16) was applied and incorporated into the soil on 21 Jan. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 246 kg/ha) and covered with white on black plastic mulch on 22 Jan. Sencor 4 was applied (0.84 kg (AI)/ha) between the beds on 27 Jan for weed control. Plastic mulch was removed on 27 Jan and a furrow was dug in the center of each bed. Seed pieces were cut and dipped in 10 ppm Pro-Gib and then in Manzate 45 (0.26 kg/liter) on 29 Jan. Seed pieces were spaced 23 cm apart within beds on 1.8 m-center beds. Plants were irrigated twice per week (1.27 cm/irrigation) with overhead sprinklers. Four insecticide treatments and a nontreated check were compared. Treatments were: weekly applications of AC 303630 36 SC (0.11, 0.22, and 0.33 kg (AI)/ha); weekly applications of Guthion 2L (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Lannate 1.8 L (0.50 kg (AI)/ha) and SunSpray Ultra-Fine Spray Oil (4.7 liters/ha); and nontreated check. All treatments were applied with Bond (2.0 liters/ha). Treatments were applied on six dates between 27 Feb and 2 Apr. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design.
Evaluation of Phorate in Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Verndale, MN, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Miller Jennifer 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A systemic and a systemic plus foliar regime were evaluated in an irrigated commercial potato field. The insect control system being examined was based on a systemic insecticide, phorate, being applied at first layby and several foliars alone or in combination. Soils at this site were sandy loam of a mixture that did not cake with irrigation and compaction. The field was planted on 11 May using cut A-size certified ‘Russet Burbank’ potato. Plots were 4 rows, 0.9 m in width x 9.1 m in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design. There were 4 replications. The soil systemics were applied on 5 Jun when emergence was about 30%. Foliars were applied on 25 Jun, 12, 18 and 27 Jul using 2 liters of total material on 0.0134 ha.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1992
Authors: Sirota J. M. , Grafius E. , Boylan-Pett W. , Bommarito M. , Ferrari B. , Kolarik P. , Scriber B. , Tindall M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twelve insecticides were tested at the MSU Montcalm Research Farm in Entrican, MI. Potatoes were planted 10 inches apart with a 34 inch row spacing on 7 May. Plots were 45 feet long and three rows wide. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two rows of potatoes treated with Temik applied in 8 inch bands at planting, or six feet of bare ground separated plots. ASC 66824 was applied with a hand-held single nozzle CO2 sprayer. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer. Both methods applied solutions at 30 gal/acre and 45 psi. Applications were done on 26 Jun, 2, 5, 15, and 21 Jul. Monitor + Asana + piperonyl butoxide (PBO), Danitol, Imidan + PBO, and AC 303630 were applied on 2 Jul but spraying was interrupted by wind. Remaining foliar treatments were applied on 5 Jul. Two randomly selected plants from the middle row of each plot were sampled for all stages of CPB on 29 Jun, 6-10 Jul, 17 and 24 Jul. A visual defoliation assessment was done on 17 Jul. Potatoes were harvested from the middle row of each plot on 3 Sep, separated by size and weighed.
Summer Squash: Hydrated Lime as an Insect Repellent, 1991:
Authors: Boucher J. , Adams R. , Johnson F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Early Prolific Straightneck’ summer squash was planted 24 May, in Storrs, Connecticut. Plots consisted of 30 plants, 2 ft apart in 3 rows of 10 plants each. Rows were 4 ft apart. Three treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Asana and hydrated lime were applied on 31 May, 7, 14, 21, 28 Jun, and 4 Jul. Upper and lower leaf surfaces of all plants were sprayed with water immediately prior to applying treatments. Water and Asana applications were made with a 3 gal COa backpack sprayer operating at 25 psi and delivering 40 gal/acre. Plants were sprayed from the top and from each side, by hand with a single hollow cone nozzle. Hydrated lime was applied with a crank-style duster at 50 lb/acre. SCB and SB data were collected from the 10 plants in the center row of each plot. MA were counted on 5 leaves from each of 4 center row plants per plot. The SVB infestation was assessed on 9 Aug by dissecting all plants in the row right of center in each plot and counting larvae. Fruit was harvested, counted and weighed on 12, 19, 26 Jul and 2, 9, 16, 23, and 29 Aug.
Soil Insect Control in Sweet Potatoes, Virginia, 1992
Authors: Speese J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet potatoes were transplanted on 18 May in a commercial field owned by J. H. Drewer & Sons near Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 3 35 ft rows bordered on each side by an untreated row with 3 ft between rows. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a 5 nozzle flat fan boom backpack sprayer delivering 17 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Temik was applied in a 12 inch band with a hand-held shaker. The water volume for the Sevin foliar sprays was increased to 35 gal/acre on 10 Aug after the vines began to run. Foliar sprays were initiated when flights of wireworm adults were observed in the black light trap operated at Painter, VA. Treatments were applied on the dates indicated in the table. The center row of each plot was harvested on 8 Oct and yields (50 lb bu/acre) were determined. Twenty-five roots were randomly selected from the marketable roots in each plot and evaluated for insect damage. Damage due to Wireworm, Southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica) and Systena flea beetle feeding was analyzed together as WDS complex.
Effects of Insecticides on Lepidopterous Larvae and Leafminers on Tomatoes, 1991
Authors: Carson W. G. , White K. K. , Trumble J. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 17 Jun at the University of California South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5 ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5 ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 week, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 1, 7, 15, 22, 29 Aug and 5, 7 Sep. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for all treatments at 0.04%. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/replicate from 30 Jul through 16 Sep, inclusive. On 16-18 Sep, 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicon).
Management of the Sweetpotato Whitefly and Geminivirus on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1992
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 10 Feb, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 3 rows 20 ft long on 5 ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Insecticidal spray treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 6, 16, 26, 31 Mar, 6, 13, 21 Apr, 4, 13, 19, 27 May, 3 and 11 June. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with #3 disks and 25° cores. The number of nozzles per row was increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 60 gal/acre were applied the first four applications (4 nozzles), 90 gal/acre the next three applications (6 nozzles) and 120 gal/acre for the remaining six applications (8 nozzles). The Bay NTN treatments were applied as soil drenches on 2-3 Mar. On 5 Jun the number of Liriomyza spp. leafmines were counted in a 1 minute search of each plot. The terminal leaflet was collected from a leaf from the upper third of each of ten plants from the middle row of each plot on 8 Jun. The numbers of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs, pupae and pupae exuviae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. All plants were examined weekly for characteristic symptoms of tomato mottle virus, a geminivirus transmitted by the whitefly. One to two days following each insecticide application, a single, 1% inch square yellow sticky trap was placed in the middle row of each plot for 24 hrs and the number of whitefly adults trapped were counted. The traps were located adjacent to a plant 9-10 inches above the soil surface perpendicular to the ground surface and to the row. All fruit of marketable size was harvested on 18, 29 May and 9 Jun and the fruit was sized, counted and weighed.
Insect Control on Staked Tomatoes, 1992
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set on 18 Jun at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Plants were set 2 ft apart within rows and rows were on 10 ft centers. Single-row plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticide applications were initiated at first fruiting, and applied on 26 Jul, 4, 14 and 25 Aug, and 1 and 9 Sep. All applications were made with a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 50 psi and delivering 50-100 gal/acre (volume increased as plants grew) through 6 hollowcone nozzles per row. Each row was sprayed on both sides with three nozzles spaced 12 inches apart on the spray wand. Rainfall was abundant throughout the trial period, with 5.83 inches in Jun, 1.72 inches in Jul, 8.11 inches in Aug, and 2.9 inches in Sep. PA populations were monitored by observing 10 leaves (1st leaf below terminal flower) per treatment (40 total) and recording number infested with &gt;1 apterous aphid. Thrips were sampled by counting total thrips in each of 10 flowers per treatment (40 total). Mature fruit (pink stage) were harvested weekly from 26 Aug to 30 Sep, and those damaged by SB and lepidopterous pests (TFW and CL), and infested with sooty mold were recorded.
Black Cutworm Control in No-Till Corn, 1992
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Townsend L. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine insecticide formulations were evaluated for control of black cutworm larvae. The test plot was planed in a continuous com field on the UK Spindletop Research Farm in Fayette Co., KY, on 1 May as a randomized block design with replicates. Individual plots consisted of 2 rows of no-till corn, 11 m long, with 96.5 row spacing. All insecticides were applied as a T-band at planting with a Gandy granular applicator. Gramoxone Extra 2.5 S and Bicep 6 WDL were applied on May 1, 1992, for weed control at 2.25 pt/acre and 2.4 qt/acre, respectively. Ten-inch aluminum barriers were buried 4 to 5 inches into the soil around a 2 m by 2 m section in the middle of each plot. Plants began to emerge on 12 May. On 15 May, 16 third instar black cutworms, obtained from the USDA-ARS Com Insect Research Unit, Ankeny, IA, were released inside each of the barriers. Stand counts and numbers of cut plants were recorded on 15, 16, 19, 22, and 25 May. A plant was considered cut if at any time it was cut off by cutworms; regrowth was disregarded. Data were transformed by acrsin-squareroot then subjected to ANOVA and treatment means compared to the control by LSD (SAS Institute).