bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of different light incident angles via a head-mounted device on the magnitude of nocturnal melatonin suppression in healthy young subjects
Authors: Kubota Naoko , Tamori Yusuke , Baba Kenkichi , Yamanaka Yujiro 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBright light is a primary zeitgeber (synchronizer) for the central circadian pacemaker in humans. Recently, head-mounted devices for light therapy have been developed to treat patients suffering from circadian rhythm sleep disorders. In this study, to evaluate the influence of the light incident angle of head-mounted devices on the human circadian pacemaker, we examined the effects of bright light (ca.10000 lx) from two different angles (55° vs. 28°) on the suppression of melatonin secretion at night. Twenty-nine subjects (25.1 ± 6.3 SD years) participated in the present study. The subjects were kept under dim light conditions (< 5 lx) from 4 h before their habitual bedtime, followed by exposure to 1 h of bright light at two different angles during their habitual bedtime. Saliva samples were collected every hour under dim light conditions and then collected every 30 min during the bright light exposure. To assess the effect of the light incident angle on ipRGCs mediating light-evoked pupillary constriction, pupil size was measured in before and after exposure to bright light. Melatonin suppression in the group exposed to light at 28° was significantly higher than that in the group with light at 55° (p < 0.001). The pupillary constriction was significantly greater in the group exposed to light at 28° than that in the group with light at 55° (p < 0.001). The present findings suggest that the light incident angle is an important factor for bright light therapy and should be considered to effectively use head-mounted devices in home and clinical settings.
Evaluating the use of thermal imagery to count harbor seals in aerial surveys
Authors: Christman Cynthia L. , London Josh M. , Conn Paul B. , Hardy Stacie K. , Brady Gavin M. , Dahle Shawn P. , Hou Benjamin X. , Ziel Heather L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAerial surveys of pinnipeds are often used to estimate abundance, a critical component of stock assessments and management decisions. In Alaska, USA, aerial surveys of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) have historically relied on visual detections by human observers, a method which works well on large groups of seals at predictable haul-out locations, or when seals are located on a visually uniform substrate such as a sandy beach or exposed mudflat. However, regions such as the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, where harbor seals haul out in small numbers at variable locations and are inconspicuous on shore, are challenging to survey accurately. To determine whether the use of thermal imaging techniques would improve detections of harbor seals in the Aleutian Islands, we conducted a study to compare counts derived from visual detections documented by color photographs with those derived from thermal detections documented by infrared images. In 2019, we conducted 15 flights in the Aleutian Islands, completing 129 experimental trials. We manually reviewed color and thermal images to count harbor seals and used a Bayesian analysis to explore the effects of several covariates on seal detections. The thermal method detected more harbor seals than the visual method early in the day, when cloud cover was greater, and when observers had more experience operating the thermal imaging equipment. The relative improvement in performance of the thermal method was particularly notable when surveys occurred four or more hours prior to solar noon. We discuss the costs and benefits of incorporating thermal technology as part of the existing monitoring program for harbor seals in the Aleutian Islands, including the need to control for differences if incorporating new survey methods based on thermal detection.
Miscanthus×giganteusgrowth and control in simulated upland and wetland habitats
Authors: Turnage Gray , Byrd John D. , Madsen John D. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGlobally, giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteusJ.M. Greef & Deuter ex Hodkinson & Renvoize [sacchariflorus × sinensis]) is used as a biofuel crop due to its ability to persist in a wide range of climates. However, little work has assessed this plant’s ability to invade and persist in wetland habitats. In outdoor mesocosms, we examinedM.×giganteus’s ability to grow in simulated wetland versus upland habitats and examined chemical control strategies for both habitats using aquatic-labeled herbicides.Miscanthus×giganteusgrowth was consistently greater in simulated wetland habitats, with wetland plants 2.4 to 3 times taller than upland plants at 6 wk after treatment (WAT) and 2.8 to 3.3 times taller than upland plants at 12 WAT.Miscanthus×giganteusaboveground biomass was 12.7 to 17.7 times greater in wetland- versus upland-grown plants at 6 WAT and 9.6 to 12.5 times greater at 12 WAT. Belowground biomass was 4.5 to 10.7 times greater in wetland versus upland grown plants at 6 WAT and 4.0 to 6.1 times greater at 12 WAT.Miscanthus×giganteusbelowground biomass was always greater than aboveground in both habitats at 6 (6.0 times greater in wetlands and 2.9 times greater in uplands) and 12 WAT (3.8 times greater in wetlands and 1.3 times greater in uplands). Generally, all herbicide treatments reducedM.×giganteusheight (66% to 100% reduction) and biomass (84% to 100%) compared with nontreated plants at 12 WAT; however, glyphosate (5,716.3 g ai ha−1) and imazapyr (1,120.8 g ai ha−1) performed better than imazamox (560.4 g ai ha−1) and penoxsulam (98.6 g ai ha−1). This is the first work to provide evidence thatM.×giganteuscan be chemically controlled in wetland habitats. Furthermore, this is the first work to show that penoxsulam (an acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicide) can reduceM.×giganteusgrowth in upland or wetland habitats.
Politics by night: histories of extraversion and rumours of body part theft on the south coast of Kenya
Authors: Dingley Zebulon 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article analyses an episode of public anxiety when, in late 2013, word spread throughout Kenya’s rural Lunga Lunga constituency that politically connected gangs calledmumianiwere abducting and killing children for their eyes, tongues and genitals. The rapid spread of these rumours coincided with a regional drought, parliamentary election campaigns, and the apparent discovery of ‘devil worship paraphernalia’ inside a shipping container at the nearby port of Mombasa. I analyse the 2013mumianiscare in relation to histories of famine survival strategies, predatory patronage and occult speculation to argue that the 2013mumianipanic condensed and expressed these histories in figural rather than temporal form. As ‘constellations’ of coastal Kenyan historical consciousness,mumianiare (and have long been) a key feature of, and at the same time iconic of, a broader critical discourse about the dark side of political largesse – ‘politics by night’.
Vitamin D impacts on the intestinal health, immune status and metabolism in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)
Authors: Shao Rui , Liu Jiayu , Lan Yawen , Liao Xinmeng , Zhang Jinjin , Xu Weiqi , Mai Kangsen , Ai Qinghui , Wan Min 
Published: January 2022

AbstractVitamin D (VD) plays a vital role in various physiological processes in addition to its classic functions on maintaining the balance of Ca and P metabolism. However, there still are gaps to understand in depth the issues on the precise requirement, metabolic processes and physiological functions of VD in fish. In this study, we investigated the effects of VD on the growth, intestinal health, host immunity and metabolism in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.), one important commercial carnivorous fish in aquaculture, through the supplementation of different doses of dietary VD3 (0, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 μg VD3/kg diet). According to our results, the optimal VD3 level in the feed for turbot growth was estimated to be around 400 μg/kg, whereas VD3 deficiency or overdose in diets induced the intestinal inflammation, lowered the diversity of gut microbiota and impaired the host resistance to bacterial infection in turbot. Moreover, the level of 1α,25(OH)2D3, the active metabolite of VD3, reached a peak value in the turbot serum in the 400 μg group, although the concentrations of Ca and phosphate in the turbot were stable in all groups. Finally, the deficiency of dietary VD3 disturbed the nutritional metabolism in turbot, especially the metabolism of lipids and glucose. In conclusion, this study evaluated the optimal dose of dietary VD3 for turbot and provided the evidence that VD has a significant impact on intestinal health, host immunity and nutritional metabolism in fish, which deepened our understanding on the physiological functions and metabolism of VD3 in fish.
Dietary supplementation of thiamine enhances colonic integrity and modulates mucosal inflammation injury in goats challenged by lipopolysaccharide and low pH
Authors: Ma Yi , Wang Chao , Elmhadi Mawda , Zhang Hao , Liu Fuyuan , Gao Xingliang , Wang Hongrong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe current study aimed to investigate the protective effects of dietary thiamine supplementation on the regulation of colonic integrity and mucosal inflammation in goats fed a high-concentrate (HC) diet. Twenty-four Boer goats (live weight of 35·62 (sem 2·4) kg) were allocated to three groups (CON: concentrate/forage = 30:70; HC; concentrate/forage = 70:30 and HCT: concentrate/forage = 70:30 with 200 mg thiamine/kg DMI) for 12 weeks. Results showed that compared with the HC treatment, the HCT group had a significantly higher ruminal pH value from 0 to 12 h after the feeding. The haematoxylin–eosin staining showed that desquamation and severe cellular damage were observed in the colon epithelium of the HC group, whereas the HCT group exhibited more structural integrity of the epithelial cell morphology. Compared with the HC treatment, the HCT group showed a markedly increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzymes activity. The mRNA expressions in the colonic epithelium of SLC19A2, SLC19A3, SLC25A19, Bcl-2, occludin, claudin-1, claudin-4 and ZO-1 in the HCT group were significantly increased in comparison with the HC diet treatment. Compared with the HC treatment, the HCT diet significantly increased the protein expression of claudin-1 and significantly decreased the protein expression of NF-κB-related proteins p65. The results show that dietary thiamine supplementation could improve the colon epithelial barrier function and alleviate mucosal inflammation injury in goats after lipopolysaccharide and low pH challenge.
Significance of application timing, formulation, and cytochrome P450 genotypic class on sweet corn response to dicamba
Authors: Landau Christopher A. , Bernards Mark L. , Hager Aaron G. , Williams Martin M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSweet corn (Zea mays L.) tolerance to dicamba and several other herbicides is due to cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism and is conferred by a single gene (Nsf1). Tolerance varies by CYP genotypic class, with hybrids homozygous for functional CYP (Nsf1Nsf1) being the most tolerant and hybrids homozygous for mutant CYP alleles (nsf1nsf1) being the least tolerant. The herbicide safener cyprosulfamide (CSA) increases tolerance to dicamba by stimulating the expression of several CYPs. However, the extent to which CSA improves the tolerance of different sweet corn CYP genotypic classes to dicamba is poorly understood. Additionally, the effect of growth stage on sweet corn sensitivity to dicamba is inadequately described. The objective of this work was to quantify the significance of application timing, formulation, and CYP genotypic class on sweet corn response to dicamba. Hybrids representing each of the three CYP genotypes (Nsf1Nsf1, Nsf1nsf1, nsf1nsf1), were treated with dicamba or dicamba + CSA at one of three growth stages: V3, V6, or V9. Across all timings, the nsf1nsf1 hybrid was the least tolerant to dicamba, displaying 16% higher crop injury levels 2 wk after treatment and 2,130 kg ha−1 lower ear mass yields compared with the Nsf1Nsf1 hybrid. The V9 growth stage was the most susceptible time for dicamba injury regardless of genotypic class, with 1.89 and 1,750 kg ha−1 lower ear mass yields compared with the V3 and V6 application timings, respectively. The addition of CSA to dicamba V9 applications reduced the injury from dicamba for all three genotypic classes; however, it did not eliminate the injury. The use of Nsf1Nsf1 or Nsf1nsf1 sweet corn hybrids along with herbicide safeners will reduce the frequency and severity of injury from dicamba and other CYP-metabolized herbicides.
Kinematics of the East Pacific Rise Retrodicted From Pacific and Farallon/Nazca Subduction‐Related Torques: Support for Significant Deep Mantle Buoyancy Controlling EPR Spreading
Authors: Rowley David B. , Forte Alessandro M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSlab‐pull together with other boundary‐related torques of the Pacific and Farallon/Nazca plates are reconstructed from paleo‐agegrid datasets over the past 80 Ma in the no‐net rotation (NNR) frame of reference. The resulting reconstructions of both the retrodicted Pacific‐Farallon/Nazca age distribution and relative motion history of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) are compared with global plate kinematic reconstructions of these same aspects of Pacific basin evolution. There are mismatches between the predicted and observed age distributions and relative motion history of the EPR. Slab‐pull related torques mostly retrodict west to east motion of the EPR, whereas global kinematics result in south to north motions, orthogonal to each other. Slab‐pull torques are augmented with estimates of subduction and transform resistances together with spatially variable viscosities to assess their potential contributions to Pacific‐Farallon/Nazca relative motions and EPR motions in the NNR frame of reference. We argue that the discrepancies between these different reconstructed histories result from contributions associated with basal tractions acting on the Pacific and Farallon/Nazca plates resulting from deep mantle buoyancy. We propose that the latter has controlled the EPR evolution over the past 80 Ma and significantly contributed to driving plate motions at least in the Pacific basin.
Velocity Anomalies Around the Mantle Transition Zone Beneath the Qiangtang Terrane, Central Tibetan Plateau From Triplicated P Waveforms
Authors: Li Guohui , Bai Ling , Zhang Heng , Xu Qiang , Zhou Yuanze , Gao Yuan , Wang Mujiangshan , Li Zihao 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Qiangtang terrane exhibits many unique features compared with surrounding areas in the Tibetan plateau. It has been largely remodeled by the northward downwelling of the Indian lithosphere and the vertical upwelling of the Eurasian asthenosphere. Here, we investigate the P‐wave velocity around the mantle transition zone (MTZ) beneath the Qiangtang terrane using high‐frequency triplicated waveforms recorded by the China Digital Seismic Network. We found a low‐velocity layer (LVL) atop the MTZ and a high‐velocity anomaly (HVA) in the lower part of the MTZ. They are characterized by thickness of 36 km with velocity drop of −2.0% and 155 km with velocity increment of 1.2%, respectively. The 410 and 660 km discontinuities are depressed by different depths of 12 and 30 km, suggesting a thickened MTZ. In combination with previous multi‐disciplinary observations, we infer that the LVL is a hydrous partial melt affected by dehydration and high temperature, and the HVA is due to water and low temperature conditions. The downwelling cold continental lithosphere may have accumulated in the lower MTZ and induced the hydrous hot MTZ materials to upwelling until the shallow depths of the upper mantle beneath the Qiangtang terrane.
Effects of the Laschamps Excursion on Geomagnetic Cutoff Rigidities
Authors: Gao Jiawei , Korte Monika , Panovska Sanja , Rong Zhaojin , Wei Yong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractToday's geomagnetic field can prevent energetic particles, including solar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays, from directly hitting the Earth's atmosphere. However, when the geomagnetic field strength is significantly decreased during geomagnetic field excursions or reversals, the geomagnetic field shielding effect becomes less prominent. Geomagnetic cutoff rigidity, as a quantitative estimation of the shielding effect, can be calculated using trajectory tracing or theoretical equations. We use a recent high‐resolution continuous geomagnetic field model (LSMOD.2) to study the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity during the Laschamps excursion. Global grids of the geomagnetic cutoff rigidities are presented, in particular for the excursion midpoint when the geomagnetic field is weak and not dipole‐dominated anymore at Earth's surface. We compare the cutoff rigidity calculation results between a trajectory tracing program and theoretical equations and we find that the influence of the non‐dipole component of the geomagnetic field cannot be ignored during the excursion. Our results indicate that the exposure of Earth's atmosphere to energetic particles of cosmic and solar origin is high and nearly independent of latitude in the middle of the Laschamps excursion. Our results will be useful for future studies associated with cosmic radiation dose rate and cosmogenic isotope production rate during the Laschamps excursion.
Eastern‐Pacific and Central‐Pacific Types of ENSO Elicit Diverse Responses of Vegetation in the West Pacific Region
Authors: Wang Cong , Li Jing , Liu Qinhuo , Huete Alfredo , Li Longhui , Dong Yadong , Zhao Jing 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the main factors causing extreme climate events and, thus, has a significant influence on global climate systems. However, the long‐term effects of ENSO on vegetation are not well understood due to the complexity of the ENSO phenomenon under global warming. Here, we examined the variations in the response of Leaf Area Index (LAI) to different types of ENSO from 1982 to 2017 in the west Pacific region and explored their relationship with climatic factors. Results show that about 34.5% of the vegetated area in the west Pacific region displayed LAI anomalies correlated with ENSO index from 1982 to 2017, which distributed differently across climatic types. Moreover, LAI anomalies elicited by the Central‐Pacific type and by the Eastern‐Pacific type of ENSO events were significantly different, which were contributed to the controls of the different types of ENSO on precipitation and temperature.
Simulating the Solar Wind‐Magnetosphere Interaction During the Matuyama‐Brunhes Paleomagnetic Reversal
Authors: Gong Fan , Yu Yiqun , Cao Jinbin , Wei Yong , Gao Jiawei , Li Hui , Zhang Binzheng , Ridley Aaron 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDuring a paleomagnetic reversal, Earth's geomagnetic field is about 10% of today's magnitude and its topology is far more complex than dipolar. Revealing the solar wind energy transmission during the reversal is of importance for understanding the historic space environment. Using a global magnetohydrodynamic model implemented with a data‐reconstructed time‐dependent paleomagnetic field, this study simulates the solar wind‐magnetosphere interactions during the last Matuyama‐Brunhes reversal that occurred about 780,000 years ago. As the magnetosphere shrinks in the midst of the reversal, the stand‐off distance of the subsolar magnetopause approaches as close as 3 Re. Moreover, multiple magnetic reconnection sites emerge due to the irregular geomagnetic configuration, opening up many channels on the magnetopause surface for the solar wind to directly access. The power transmission efficiency through the magnetopause increases to 18%.
HMB Variations Measured by SuperDARN During the Extremely Radial IMFs: Is the Coupling Function Applicable in Radial IMF?
Authors: Wang Zhiwei , Lu Jianyong , Hu Hongqiao , Liu Jianjun , Hu Zejun , Wang Ming , Li Bin , Chen Xiangcai , Wu Yewen , Zhang Hua , Guan Haiyan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe effect of radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF ) has been ignored in the solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere (S‐M‐I) coupling. We present a statistical study of IMF Bx effects on the Heppner‐Maynard Boundary (HMB) midnight latitude calculated from SuperDARN measurements between January 2002 and December 2017. The HMB represents the equatorward extent of the ionospheric convection pattern and can be used as a proxy for the equatorward boundary of the auroral oval. That is, the HMB expands toward lower latitude when the level of S‐M‐I coupling is enhanced. It is found that the averaged HMB midnight latitudes during both sunward and antisunward radial IMFs are around 64–65° magnetic latitude (MLAT). HMB midnight latitude is negatively correlated with the magnitude of IMF Bx as well as solar wind speed, while no significant trend is found between HMB midnight latitude and IMF Bz or By during radial IMF. For antisunward radial IMF, the relationship between upstream parameters and HMB is more dependent than in sunward radial direction. As the first long‐term statistical study focused on HMB during radial IMF conditions, this work provides observational evidence that the IMF Bx plays an important role in the coupling process and the traditional coupling function could not be applicable in the case of radial IMF.
Observations and Modeling of a Buoyant Plume Exiting Into a Tidal Cross‐Flow and Exhibiting Along‐Front Instabilities
Authors: Simpson Alexandra J. , Shi Fengyan , Jurisa Joseph T. , Honegger David A. , Hsu Tian‐Jian , Haller Merrick C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAerial image sequences of an ebbing river plume propagating into a tidal cross‐flow demonstrate the presence of along‐front instabilities at multiple scales, which appear to propagate along‐front in the direction of the shear flow. We hypothesize the instabilities are due to cross‐front shear in the along‐front velocity field. Image analysis quantifies the horizontal shear across the plume front as well as the length scales and propagation speeds of the instabilities. In situ measurements from cross‐front ship transects are also used to examine shear and the width of the shear layer. A non‐hydrostatic numerical simulation of an ebb plume in an idealized tidal cross‐flow was conducted using comparable flow parameters and confirms the presence of shear instabilities. An additional numerical simulation without a tidal‐cross flow demonstrates that shear instabilities are not present; rather, lobe‐and‐cleft structures on the nose of the gravity current emerge. According to the scaling of White and Helfrich (2013), utilizing both the observed and modeled parameters, it is shown that shear instabilities are likely in the observed and modeled cross‐flow scenario, and confirms that they are unlikely to emerge in the no cross‐flow model case.