bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dust Activities Induced by Nocturnal Low‐Level Jet Over the Taklimakan Desert From WRF‐Chem Simulation
Authors: Han Zihang , Ge Jinming , Chen Xingyu , Hu Xiaoyu , Yang Xuan , Du Jiajing 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe formation and pronounced diurnal variation of the nocturnal low‐level jet (NLLJ), and the dust activities associated with the NLLJ over the Taklimakan Desert (TD) are revealed by the simulations from a coupled meteorology‐chemistry model WRF‐Chem. Based on the model diagnostic analysis, it is found that the NLLJ is mainly induced by the oscillation of the Coriolis force and the turbulent mixing largely accounts for the diurnal change of NLLJ over the TD. Moreover, the Hovmöller diagram indicates that a maximum dust emission exists in the early morning and dust western propagation mode frequently occurs at night. To further analyze the causal relationship between the morning dust emission and transport with NLLJ, the scale height of momentum (H) is conducted to describe the momentum vertical distribution and the surface friction velocity is used to reflect the intensity of dust flux. It is found that the downward momentum of NLLJ is transferred from the atmosphere to the ground and induces dust emissions after sunrise. Combined with potential temperature and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) analysis, turbulent mixing dominated by solar surface heating contributes to this process. Given these findings, dust emission caused by NLLJs appears to be an essential driving factor for reviving dust activities and the NLLJs can facilitate the long‐range transmission of dust particles due to the topography throughout summer.
New Craters on Mars: An Updated Catalog
Authors: Daubar I. J. , Dundas C. M. , McEwen A. S. , Gao A. , Wexler D. , Piqueux S. , Collins G. S. , Miljkovic K. , Neidhart T. , Eschenfelder J. , Bart G. D. , Wagstaff K. L. , Doran G. , Posiolova L. , Malin M. , Speth G. , Susko D. , Werynski A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe present a catalog of new impacts on Mars. These craters formed in the last few decades, constrained with repeat orbital imaging. Crater diameters range from 58 m down to <1 m. For each impact, we report whether it formed a single crater or a cluster (58% clusters); albedo features of the blast zone (88% halos; 64% linear rays; 10% arcuate rays; majority dark‐toned; 4% light‐toned; 14% dual‐toned); and exposures of ice (4% definite; 2% possible). We find no trends in the occurrences of clusters with latitude, elevation, or impact size. Albedo features do not depend on atmospheric fragmentation. Halos are more prevalent at lower elevations, indicating an atmospheric pressure dependence; and around smaller impacts, which could be an observational bias. Linear rays are more likely to form from larger impacts into more consolidated material and may be enhanced by lower atmospheric pressure at higher elevations. Light‐ and dual‐toned blast zones occur in specific regions and more commonly around larger impacts, indicating excavation of compositionally distinct material. Surfaces covered with bright dust lacking cohesion are favored to form detectable surface features. The slope of the cumulative size frequency distribution for this data set is 2.2 for diameters >8 m (differential slope 2.9), significantly shallower than the slope of new lunar craters. We believe that no systematic biases exist in the Martian data set sufficient to explain the discrepancy. This catalog is complete at the time of writing, although observational biases exist, and new discoveries continue.
Magnitude and Origin of CO2 Evasion From High‐Latitude Lakes
Authors: Verheijen H. A. , Klaus M. , Seekell D. A. , Karlsson J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractLakes evade significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere; yet the magnitude and origin of the evasion are still poorly constrained. We quantified annual CO2 evasion and its origin (in‐lake net ecosystem production vs. lateral inputs from terrestrial ecosystems) in 14 high‐latitude lakes through high‐frequency estimates of open water CO2 flux and ecosystem metabolism and inorganic carbon mass‐balance before and after ice breakup. Annual CO2 evasion ranged from 1 to 25 g C m−2 yr−1 of which an average of 57% was evaded over a short period at ice‐breakup. Annual internal CO2 production ranged from −6 to 21 g C m−2 yr−1, of which at least half was produced over winter. The contribution of internal versus external source contribution to annual CO2 evasion varied between lakes, ranging from fully internal to fully external with most lakes having over 75% of the evasion sustained through a single source. Overall, the study stresses the large variability in magnitude and control of CO2 evasion and suggests that environmental change impacts on CO2 evasion from high‐latitude lakes are not uniform.
Heterogeneity of Decoupling Between Economic Development and Carbon Emissions in China's Green Industrial Parks
Authors: Yu Xiang , Li Manqi , Kang Wenmei 
Published: June 2022

AbstractOn the path to carbon neutrality, the journey to net‐zero emissions in the industry is achievable, and the green development of industrial parks is crucial for a smooth transition. We examined a sample of 171 green industrial parks certified by China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT). Using the Tapio decoupling model, we conducted decoupling analyses at both the national and regional scales of their economic growth and environmental conservation for three consecutive years. Spatial heterogeneity is found in carbon‐economy decoupling states and carbon‐pollutant synergy effects. Industrial parks in the east of China present better carbon‐economy decoupling states and carbon‐pollutant synergy effects than the other regions. The CO2 emissions determinants were explored by using the STIRPAT model. The variable industrial value‐added per capita, which is representative of economic growth, presents a positive and significant effect on emissions; the energy output and the proportion of high‐tech industries present a negative effect. However, after dividing the parks into groups by their leading industries, the influence of the variables started to show a power discrepancy. The heterogeneity analysis of this study can provide a basis for developing diversified strategies for Chinese industrial parks under the net‐zero emission goal.
Closing the Global Marine 226Ra Budget Reveals the Biological Pump as a Dominant Removal Flux in the Upper Ocean
Authors: Xu Bochao , Cardenas M. Bayani , Santos Isaac R. , Burnett William C. , Charette Matthew A. , Rodellas Valentí , Li Sanzhong , Lian Ergang , Yu Zhigang 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRadium isotopes are powerful proxies in oceanography and hydrology. Radium mass balance models, including assessments of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), often overlook particle scavenging (PS) as a pathway for dissolved radium removal from the world ocean. Here, we build a global ocean 226Ra mass balance model and reevaluate the potential importance of PS. We find that PS is the major 226Ra sink for the upper ocean, removing about 96% of the total input from various sources. Aside from vertical exchange with the lower ocean, SGD is the largest 226Ra source into the upper ocean. The biological pump transfers particles to the deep ocean, resulting in a major but often overlooked impact on the global 226Ra marine budget. Our findings suggest that radium mass balance models should consider PS in systems with high siliceous algae production and export fluxes and long water residence times to prevent underestimation of large‐scale SGD fluxes.
Amplitude Dependence of Nonlinear Precipitation Blocking of Relativistic Electrons by Large Amplitude EMIC Waves
Authors: Bortnik Jacob , Albert Jay M. , Artemyev Anton , Li Wen , Jun Chae‐Woo , Grach Veronika S. , Demekhov Andrei G. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRecent work has shown that ElectroMagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) waves tend to occur in four distinct regions, each having their own characteristics and morphology. Here, we use nonlinear test‐particle simulations to examine the range of energetic electron scattering responses to two EMIC wave groups that occur at low L‐shells and overlap the outer radiation belt electrons. The first group consists of low‐density, H‐band region b waves, and the second group consists of high‐density, He‐band region c waves. Results show that while low‐density EMIC waves cannot precipitate electrons below ∼16 MeV, the high density EMIC waves drive a range of linear and nonlinear behaviors including phase bunching and trapping. In particular, a nonlinear force bunching effect can rapidly advect electrons at low pitch‐angles near the minimum resonant energy to larger pitch angles, effectively blocking precipitation and loss. This effect contradicts conventional expectations and may have profound implication for observational campaigns.
Persistence of Soil Enthalpy Drives the Winter and Summer Climate Connection in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Lin Zouxing , Zuo Zhiyan , Zhang Renhe , Xiao Dong , You Qinglong , Qiao Liang 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAlthough some outcomes have been reported, our knowledge of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) climate and its prediction remains unclear due to land surface complexity and observational uncertainty. Here, long‐term observations and reanalysis data revealed a significant positive relationship between winter and the subsequent summer surface air temperatures (SATs) over the TP, in which we highlighted the role of the persistence of soil enthalpy (SE) process. The winter SE can memorize the winter SAT anomaly, and the signal decays with depth gradually, but the consistency with spring SE increases substantially. This persistence of the SE process facilitates the winter SAT signals to be preserved for months until summer, resulting in homogeneous SAT anomalies in summer. The atmospheric response to the SAT anomaly further demonstrates the significant effect of winter thermal conditions on the subsequent summer climate over the TP. Hence, this work brings a new perspective for understanding the TP climate.
Automated Global Classification of Surface Layer Stratification Using High‐Resolution Sea Surface Roughness Measurements by Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar
Authors: Stopa Justin E. , Wang Chen , Vandemark Doug , Foster Ralph , Mouche Alexis , Chapron Bertrand 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA three‐state global estimator of marine surface layer atmospheric stratification is demonstrated using more than 600,000 Sentinel‐1 synthetic aperture radar wave mode images at incidence angle ≈36.8°. Stratification is quantified using a bulk Richardson number, Ri, derived from collocated ERA5 surface analyses. The three stratification states are defined as unstable: Ri < −0.012, near‐neutral: −0.012 < Ri < +0.001, and stable: Ri > +0.001. These boundaries are identified by the characteristic boundary layer coherent structures that form in these regimes and modulate the surface roughness imaged by the radar. An automated machine learning algorithm identifies the coherent structures impressed on the images. Data from 2016 to 2019 are used to examine spatial and temporal variation in these state estimates in terms of expected wind and thermal forcing. This new satellite‐based approach for detecting air‐sea stratification has implications for weather modeling and air‐sea flux products.
Influence of Magnetic Fields on Precipitating Solar Wind Hydrogen at Mars
Authors: Henderson Sarah , Halekas Jasper , Girazian Zach , Espley Jared , Elrod Meredith 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSolar wind protons can interact directly with the hydrogen corona of Mars through charge exchange, resulting in energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) able to penetrate deep into the upper atmosphere of Mars. ENAs can undergo multiple charge changing interactions, leading to an observable beam of penetrating protons in the upper atmosphere. We seek to characterize the behavior of these protons in the presence of magnetic fields using data collected by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft. We find that backscattered penetrating proton flux is enhanced in regions where the magnetic field strength is greater than 200 nT. We also find a strong correlation at CO2 column densities less than 5.5 × 1014 cm−2 between magnetic field strength and the observed backscattered and downward flux. We do not see significant changes in penetrating proton flux with magnetic field strengths on the order of 10 nT.
Seasonal Variation of Thermospheric Composition Observed by NASA GOLD
Authors: Qian Liying , Gan Quan , Wang Wenbin , Cai Xuguang , Eastes Richard , Yue Jia 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe examine characteristics of the seasonal variation of thermospheric composition using column number density ratio ∑O/N2 observed by the NASA Global Observations of Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission from low‐mid to mid‐high latitudes. We also use ∑O/N2 derived from the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) limb measurements onboard the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite and estimated by the NRLMSISE‐00 empirical model to aid our investigation. We found that the ∑O/N2 seasonal variation is hemispherically asymmetric: in the southern hemisphere, it exhibits the well‐known annual and semiannual pattern, with highs near the equinoxes, and primary and secondary lows near the solstices. In the northern hemisphere, it is dominated by an annual variation, with a minor semiannual component with the highs shifting toward the wintertime. We also found that the durations of the December and June solstice seasons in terms of ∑O/N2 are highly variable with longitude. Our hypothesis is that ion‐neutral collisional heating in the equatorial ionization anomaly region, ion drag, and auroral Joule heating play substantial roles in this longitudinal dependency. Finally, the rate of change in ∑O/N2 from one solstice season to the other is dependent on latitude, with more dramatic changes at higher latitudes.
Adaptive Feedback Convolutional‐Neural‐Network‐Based High‐Resolution Reflection‐Waveform Inversion
Authors: Wu Yulang , McMechan George A. , Wang Yanfei 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFull‐waveform inversion (FWI) applies non‐linear optimization to estimate the velocity model by fitting the observed seismic data. With a smooth starting velocity model, FWI mainly inverts for the shallower background velocity model by fitting the observed direct, diving and refracted data, and updates the interfaces by fitting the observed reflected data. As the deeper parts of background velocity model cannot be effectively updated by fitting the reflected data in FWI, the deeper interfaces are less accurate than the shallower interfaces. To update the deeper background velocity model, many reflection‐waveform inversion (RWI) algorithms were proposed to separate the tomographic and migration components from the reflection‐related gradient. We propose a convolutional‐neural‐network‐based reflection‐waveform inversion (CNN‐RWI) to repeatedly apply the iteratively updated convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict the true velocity model from the smooth starting velocity model (the tomographic components), and the high‐resolution migration image (the migration components). The CNN is iteratively updated by the more representative training data set, which is obtained from the latest CNN‐predicted velocity model by the proposed spatially constrained divisive hierarchical k‐means parcellation method. The more representative the training velocity models are, the more accurate the CNN‐predicted velocity model becomes. Synthetic examples using different portions of the Marmousi2 P‐wave velocity model show that CNN‐RWI inverts for both the shallower and deeper parts of velocity models more accurately than the conjugate‐gradient FWI (CG‐FWI). Both the CNN‐RWI and the CG‐FWI are sensitive to the accuracy of the starting velocity model and the complexity of the unknown true velocity model.
The Transition of Stratospheric Polar Vortex Intensity: A Case Study of Winter 1987/88
Authors: Shan Qi , Fan Ke 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) is a key part of the stratospheric system. A better understanding of its variability and its interaction with the troposphere might help us to improve tropospheric predictability. In winter 1987/88, the SPV intensity exhibited the most significant positive transition (enhanced from weak to strong) between the early winter (November and December) and late winter (January and February) during 1979–2019. Therefore, we selected winter 1987/88 as an extreme case to analyze its stratosphere–troposphere interaction processes. Results indicate that the positive transition of SPV intensity was probably caused by the negative transition of upward planetary wave intensity entering the stratosphere, especially planetary wave‐1. We further found that the anomalous strong (weak) upward planetary wave‐1 in the stratosphere might originate from the increased (reduced) generation of planetary wave‐1 in the lower troposphere. Accompanied by anomalous SPV intensity, the positive (negative) stratospheric zonal wind anomalies were able to propagate downwards into the troposphere during strong (weak) SPV stages. And these out‐of‐phase downward propagating anomalies might have contributed to the out‐of‐phase tropospheric zonal wind anomalies between these two stages, which appeared as North Atlantic Oscillation‐like zonal wind anomalies in the North Atlantic region and similar dipole‐like anomaly mode but in the Asia‐Arctic region at 500 hPa. Moreover, we found that this downward influence of SPV anomalies can also manifest in its statistical relationship with the 500‐hPa zonal winds on simultaneous monthly scales.
Global Hydrogen Abundances on the Lunar Surface
Authors: Lawrence David J. , Peplowski Patrick N. , Wilson Jack T. , Elphic Richard C. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA global map of bulk hydrogen abundances on the Moon is presented. This map was generated using data from the Lunar Prospector Neutron Spectrometer. This map required corrections for variations due to rare‐earth elements, and was calibrated to Apollo sample hydrogen abundances. Since neutron‐derived measurements sample hydrogen content to a depth of tens of cm, these results provide complementary insights to those provided by studies using spectral reflectance data, which sample depths of order μm. Comparison of these abundances to Apollo sample values suggest that the samples reflect actual hydrogen content on the lunar surface, not dominantly from non‐lunar contamination. The average lunar hydrogen abundance is 47 ppm with a systematic uncertainty of ∼10 ppm. This is consistent with bulk hydrogen from solar wind emplacement. A bulk hydrogen enhancement (50–68 ppm) has been identified at the Moon's largest pyroclastic deposit (Aristarchus Plateau), which corroborates prior observations that hydrogen and/or water plays a role in lunar magmatic events. Global data show a correlation between hydrogen and evolved materials rich in incompatible trace elements (i.e., KREEP type rocks), with a hydrogen excess of 14–36 ppm in these materials. Based on this hydrogen enhancement, we estimate a lower‐limit water abundance within urKREEP materials (i.e., the final ∼2% of the lunar magma ocean) of 320–820 ppm H2O. This observation implies that water played a role in the original magma‐ocean formation and solidification with a lower‐limit water content in the original lunar magma ocean of 7–16 ppm or higher.
Lactoferrin for iron-deficiency anemia in children with inflammatory bowel disease: a clinical trial
Authors: El Amrousy Doaa , El-Afify Dalia , Elsawy Abdallah , Elsheikh Mai , Donia Amr , Nassar Mohammed 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is common in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, oral iron supplements are commonly associated with poor compliance due to gastrointestinal side effects. We compared the effect of lactoferrin versus oral ferrous sulfate for the treatment of IDA in children with IBD.

Methods
Ninety-two IBD children with IDA were included but only 80 children completed the study and they were randomized into two groups: ferrous sulfate group (n = 40) who received ferrous sulfate 6 mg/kg/day for 3 months and lactoferrin group (n = 40) who received lactoferrin 100 mg/day for 3 months. Complete blood count, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation (TS), serum ferritin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and hepcidin 25 were measured before and after the treatment.

Results
Hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume, serum iron, TS, and serum ferritin significantly increased, while TIBC decreased significantly after the administration of either ferrous sulfate or lactoferrin compared to their baseline data. In addition, lactoferrin significantly increased Hb, serum iron, TS, and serum ferritin compared to ferrous sulfate. Moreover, lactoferrin significantly decreased IL-6 and hepcidin levels.

Conclusion
Lactoferrin is a promising effective treatment with fewer side effects than oral elemental iron in children with IBD and IDA.

Clinical trial registration
The study was registered at www.pactr.org (PACTR202002763901803).

Impact

Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is treated with oral iron therapy; however, oral iron supplements are commonly associated with poor compliance due to gastrointestinal side effects.

To the best of our knowledge, our study was the first in pediatrics that compared the effect of lactoferrin versus oral ferrous sulfate as an iron supplement for the treatment of IDA in children with IBD.

We found that lactoferrin is a promising effective treatment with fewer side effects than oral elemental iron in children with IBD and IDA.
Severe cellular stress drives apoptosis through a dual control mechanism independently of p53
Authors: Wang Yen-Chun , Wang Li-Ting , Hung Ta I , Hong Yi-Ren , Chen Chung-Hwan , Ho Cheng-Jung , Wang Chihuei 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFor past two decades, p53 has been claimed as the primary sensor initiating apoptosis. Under severe cellular stress, p53 transcriptional activity activates BH3-only proteins such as Bim, Puma, or Noxa to nullify the inhibitory effects of anti-apoptotic proteins on pro-apoptotic proteins for mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Cellular stress determines the expression level of p53, and the amount of p53 corresponds to the magnitude of apoptosis. However, our studies indicated that Bim and Puma are not the target genes of p53 in three cancer models, prostate cancer, glioblastoma, and osteosarcoma. Bim counteracted with Bcl-xl to activate apoptosis independently of p53 in response to doxorubicin-induced severe DNA damage in prostate cancer. Moreover, the transcriptional activity of p53 was more related to cell cycle arrest other than apoptosis for responding to DNA damage stress generated by doxorubicin in prostate cancer and glioblastoma. A proteasome inhibitor that causes protein turnover dysfunction, bortezomib, produced apoptosis in a p53-independent manner in glioblastoma and osteosarcoma. p53 in terms of both protein level and nuclear localization in combining doxorubicin with bortezomib treatment was obviously lower than when using DOX alone, inversely correlated with the magnitude of apoptosis in glioblastoma. Using a BH3-mimetic, ABT-263, to treat doxorubicin-sensitive p53-wild type and doxorubicin-resistant p53-null osteosarcoma cells demonstrated only limited apoptotic response. The combination of doxorubicin or bortezomib with ABT-263 generated a synergistic outcome of apoptosis in both p53-wild type and p53-null osteosarcoma cells. Together, this suggested that p53 might have no role in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer, glioblastoma and osteosarcoma. The effects of ABT-263 in single and combination treatment of osteosarcoma or prostate cancer indicated a dual control to regulate apoptosis in response to severe cellular stress. Whether our findings only apply in these three types of cancers or extend to other cancer types remains to be explored.