bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protective effect and possible mechanism of arctiin on broilers challenged by Salmonella pullorum
Authors: Peng Fang , Yi Jinhui , Xiao Jian , Chen Junlie , Zhang Haihan , He Xi , Song Zehe 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the effects of dietary arctiin (ARC) supplementation (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) on the growth performance and immune response of broilers after a Salmonella pullorum (S. pullorum) challenge, and we conducted in vitro antibacterial test to explore the bacteriostatic mechanism of ARC. The in vivo trial was randomly assigned to six groups: noninfected control (NC) group and positive control (PC) group received a basal diet; TET group, received a basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg chlortetracycline; ARC100, ARC200, and ARC400 groups received a basal diet containing 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg ARC, respectively. From days 14 to 16, all birds (except the NC group) were infected with 1 mL (1 × 108 CFU per mL) fresh S. pullorum culture by oral gavage per day. In vivo results showed that dietary supplementation of 200 mg/kg ARC significantly increased average daily gain (P &lt; 0.05) and decreased feed-to-gain ratio of broilers vs. the PC group during days 15 to 28 after being challenged with S. pullorum (P &lt; 0.05). The jejunal crypt depth (CD) was decreased by supplementing 100 or 200 mg/kg ARC in diets compared with PC birds at day 19 (P &lt; 0.05). The jejunal villi height (VH) was increased by supplementing 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg ARC in diets compared with PC birds at day 28 (P &lt; 0.05). Besides, dietary supplementation of 200 mg/kg ARC increased the jejunal VH to CD ratio than the PC group both at days 19 and 28 (P &lt; 0.05). Notably, the broilers had lower serum lipopolysaccharide and diamine oxidase levels in the ARC100 and ARC200 groups at day 28 than those in the PC group (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, in comparison to PC birds, the birds in ARC groups (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) had higher serum contents of IgM and IL-10, and the birds in the ARC200 group had higher serum contents of IgA at day 19 (P &lt; 0.05). At day 28, the birds in ARC groups (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) had lower serum contents of IL-8, and the birds in the ARC200 group had lower serum contents of IFN-γ compared with PC birds (P &lt; 0.05). The in vitro experiment showed that ARC significantly inhibited the biofilm formation and adhesion of S. pullorum (P &lt; 0.05). Metabonomics analysis revealed that ARC can restrain the formation of the biofilm by affecting a variety of metabolic pathways of S. pullorum. Therefore, dietary supplementation of 200 mg/kg ARC might be a potential way to substitute antibiotics to control S. pullorum infection in broilers.
A large case series of travel-related Mansonella perstans (vector-borne filarial nematode): a TropNet study in Europe
Authors: Tamarozzi Francesca , Rodari Paola , Salas-Coronas Joaquín , Bottieau Emmanuel , Salvador Fernando , Soriano-Pérez Manuel Jesús , Cabeza-Barrera María Isabel , Van Esbroeck Marjan , Treviño Begoña , Buonfrate Dora , Gobbi Federico G 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Infection with Mansonella perstans is a neglected filariasis, widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa, characterized by an elusive clinical picture; treatment for mansonellosis is not standardized. This retrospective study aimed to describe the clinical features, treatment schemes and evolution, of a large cohort of imported cases of M. perstans infection seen in four European centres for tropical diseases.

Methods
Mansonella perstans infections, diagnosed by identification of blood microfilariae in migrants, expatriates and travellers, collected between 1994 and 2018, were retrospectively analysed. Data concerning demographics, clinical history and laboratory examinations at diagnosis and at follow-up time points were retrieved.

Results
A total of 392 patients were included in the study. Of the 281 patients for whom information on symptoms could be retrieved, 150 (53.4%) reported symptoms, abdominal pain and itching being the most frequent. Positive serology and eosinophilia were present in 84.4% and 66.1%, respectively, of those patients for whom these data were available. Concomitant parasitic infections were reported in 23.5% of patients. Treatment, administered to 325 patients (82.9%), was extremely heterogeneous between and within centres; the most commonly used regimen was mebendazole 100 mg twice a day for 1 month. A total of 256 (65.3%) patients attended a first follow-up, median 3 months (interquartile range 2–12) after the first visit; 83.1% of patients having received treatment based on mebendazole and/or doxycycline, targeting Wolbachia, became amicrofilaremic, 41.1–78.4% of whom within 12 months from single treatment.

Conclusions
Lack of specific symptoms, together with the inconstant positivity of parasitological and antibody-based assays in the infected population, makes the clinical suspicion and screening for mansonellosis particularly difficult. Prospective studies evaluating prevalence of infection in migrants from endemic areas, infection-specific morbidity, presence of Wolbachia endosymbionts in M. perstans populations from different geographical areas and efficacy of treatment regimens are absolutely needed to optimize the clinical management of infection.
Musical Experience in the Bower: D. G. Rossetti, Listening, and Space
Authors: Stinis Marte 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This essay traces Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s use of the bower as a visual space in relation to musical subject matter. Following the increasing popularity of instrumental music and musical discourse in the mid-nineteenth century, the idea of art music and its expressive abilities had become a pervasive discourse for painters. Through an examination of Rossetti’s images of bowers with a musical subject – specifically The Blue Bower (1865), Veronica Veronese (1872), and La Ghirlandata (1873) – this essay explores ideas of musical temporality and artistic spatiality, tonal relations between colour and music, and Rossetti’s emphasis on subjective experience in these images. The bower became a crucial feature in this exploration of music and painting, signalling a visual space characterized by ideas of immersion, artistic correspondences, and the abstracting of colour and form. This essay proposes that Rossetti’s bowers were sites of visual immersion for its viewers, alluding and appealing to the sensuous impact music could have on a listener by mimicking listening behaviour in a visual format. My discussion uncovers new contexts for Rossetti’s musical images and draws parallels between listening and viewing behaviour for both the Victorian and current public. The essay concludes that visual sites alluding to music can act as immersive spaces, contending that abstraction and temporality are drawn out in painting by virtue of an appeal to music.
LOFAR detection of faint radio emission from the supernova remnant SRGe J0023+3625 = G116.6−26.1: probing the Milky Way synchrotron halo
Authors: Churazov E M , Khabibullin I I , Bykov A M , Chugai N N , Sunyaev R A , Zinchenko I I 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
A supernova remnant (SNR) candidate SRGe J0023+3625 = G116.6–26.1 was recently discovered in the SRG/eROSITA all-sky X-ray survey. This large (∼4° in diameter) SNR candidate lacks prominent counterparts in other bands. Here we report detection of radio emission from G116.6–26.1 in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Surveyr (LoTSS-DR2). Radio images show a shell-like structure coincident with the X-ray boundary of the SNR. The measured surface brightness of radio emission from this SNR is very low. Extrapolation of the observed surface brightness to 1 GHz places G116.6-26.1 well below other objects in the Σ–D diagram. We argue that the detected radio flux might be consistent with the minimal level expected in the van der Laan adiabatic compression model, provided that the volume emissivity of the halo gas in the lofar band is ${\sim}10^{-42}\, {\rm Wm^{-3}\,Hz^{-1}\,sr^{-1}}$. If true, this SNR can be considered as a prototypical example of an evolved SNR in the Milky Way halo. In the X-ray and radio bands, such SNRs can be used as probes of thermal and non-thermal components constituting the Milky Way halo.
Prehistoric Developments in Nigeria
Authors: Breunig Peter 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
States are characterized by a settlement system with urban sites where many people live close, by social and political structures that organize such communal living, and economic productivity that secures the population’s food supply. In Nigeria, these characteristics appear long before the first recognized states. This chapter describes the prehistoric forerunners of such states, using as examples the Chad Basin and central Nigeria and focusing on the last two millennia BCE, as it is in this period that the relevant developments can first be seen to arise. They include food production and the transition from family-based, small villages to later large-scale settlements in the Chad Basin. In central Nigeria, food-producing communities created artistic sculptures that show complex rites and offer insight into spiritual beliefs. These developments are followed by the rise of iron production, population shifts, and another rise in large-scale settlement formation. While these prehistoric developments cannot explain precisely why and how state formation occurred a short time later, they nevertheless give an impression of the basis on which state formation could build.
Culture and Self-Construal
Authors: Goto Sharon G. , Lewis Richard S. , Grayzel-Ward Sarah 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The construct of self-construal is central to our understanding of cultural differences and similarities in cognition and behavior with implications for the effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of major nervous system (MNS) disorders. Self-construal reflects the ways in which a person interacts with others and the environment. Interdependent self-construal refers to individuals whose selves are highly integrated and dependent on their significant social groups. In contrast, independent self-construal refers to those whose selves are less integrated with others and their significant social groups are based on instrumental transactions and goals. The cultural neuroscience literature triangulates the behavioral literature to help understand differences in self-construal across populations, the extent to which self-construal is determined and fluctuates based on situational factors, and the important interactions between genes and culture in understanding behavior. Theory, commonly used research methods, and implications of self-construal for understanding boundary conditions of health conditions, mechanisms of health disparity, and the possibility for intervention and prevention of MNS disorders are discussed.
Cross-Cultural Mental Health Promotion and Prevention for Global Mental Health
Authors: Tang Yi-Yuan , Tang Rongxiang 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Global mental health has increasingly adopted a medicalized approach to addressing challenges and problems. However, medicalizing global mental health produces a narrow view of the problems and solutions because it mainly emphasizes biomedical factors in the globalization of mental health and is disputed cross-culturally. The focus of this chapter is to summarize the cultural differences associated with mental health such as attention, beliefs and attitudes, and feelings and experiences of symptoms and mental disorders, and conclude with suggestive future directions of research pertaining to cultural influences on global mental health. The chapter proposes an integrative health model to promote global mental health and prevent mental disorders cross-culturally.
Service-Connected Disability and Poverty Among US
Veterans
Authors: London Andrew S. , Landes Scott D. , Wilmoth Janet M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) service-connected disability (SCD) status and poverty among US veterans using data from the 2019 American Community Survey (ACS). Participation in the US Armed Forces simultaneously entails occupational exposure to military harm and access to military capital. SCD is different from other forms of adult-onset and occupationally acquired disability because it connects veterans who have an SCD to an array of federally funded benefits that are unavailable to non-veterans and veterans without an SCD. Because access to these resources does not preclude employment, SCD may not have the same association with poverty as early-onset disability and other kinds of adult-onset, occupationally acquired disability. This chapter argues that it is the combination of VA benefits and earnings in the civilian labor market that contributes to the apparent advantage that veterans with SCD have with respect to poverty reduction. For example, veterans with an SCD rating of 70% or higher: receive the highest VA disability compensation; participate in the civilian labor force at modest levels (one-third are employed, and 28% work fifty to fifty-two weeks per year); and have the lowest rate of poverty relative to other groups of veterans, with and without SCD, and non-veterans. Generally, sociologists who study disability and socioeconomic outcomes have not taken veterans and SCD into account. Greater collaboration between sociologists who study disability and sociologists who study the life-course consequences of military service would be beneficial.
French Drug Control from Poisons to Degeneration
Authors: Black Sara 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Morphine and other psychotropic drugs were staples of therapeutic medicine in nineteenth-century France. However, they also gained widespread use as stimulants and intoxicants. In the 1870s and 1880s, amid growing concerns about the degeneration of France’s population, new medical research on the dangers of morphine addiction alarmed doctors and social reformers. Earlier legislation from the 1840s had regulated opiates and other such drugs alongside arsenic and strychnine to protect the public from harmful poisons. However, fin-de-siècle discourses in calls for more stringent drug regulations increasingly targeted particular types of consumption as deviant behaviors, ones that would weaken and corrupt the French population and empire. Ultimately, the French government passed new drug legislation in 1916. This law criminalized the consumption of drugs in public in an attempt to curtail social forms of drug use which legislators considered to be a threat to the moral and physical health of the French nation.
The Creation and Impact of Global Drug Prohibition
Authors: Bewley-Taylor David 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the development of the international drug control system from its inception in 1909 through to the United Nations General Assembly on Drugs (UNGASS) in 1998. It begins by charting the shifting impact of US campaigns to export its prohibitionist ideology via international legal structures in the foundational years between the Shanghai Opium Commission and the outbreak of the World War II in Europe. US ideals and efforts remained ineffective during the League of Nations decades. The chapter then examines the rapid transformation of drug politics after World War II under the auspices of the United Nations and into the modern era of international drug control. This led to the bedrock of the global drug prohibition regime, the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and the modern UN institutions around it. The chapter then traces the development and perpetuation of the international control system since the watershed 1961 treaty until UNGASS 1998.
Individuals as Perpetrators of Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Smeulers Alette 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses individuals as perpetrators of atrocity crimes and focuses on the research conducted in this inter- and multidisciplinary field. It aims to identify the main findings, the current state of the art, the core debates, and the crucial questions. Some of the main findings so far are that most perpetrators are ordinary human beings in extraordinary circumstances, and that many get caught up and obey their superiors and conform to others. This chapter, however, also concludes that perpetrators differ, and that there can be many different reasons for people to become involved in mass atrocities. It ends by stating that human behavior is extremely complex, but that doing research on perpetrators, while not easy, nevertheless needs to be done, as knowledge is the only thing that might help us to—in the future—try to stop perpetrators and prevent atrocity crimes.
Transitional Justice in the 21st Century
Authors: Tolbert David , Prieto Rudolphy Marcela 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the development, effectiveness, and history of transitional justice in the 20th and 21st centuries. Then, it reviews some of the key issues facing transitional justice in the 21st century. These include the emergence of a normative framework for the field of transitional justice, arising in the 20th century in the shadows of World War II and the Holocaust. It then addresses a number of the key issues that have emerged in the 21st century, including transitional justice and its relationship with criminal justice, gender justice, the role of victims, transformative justice, the template or ‘check the box’ approach and the role donors play in transitional justice efforts. This chapter thus suggests that practitioners and scholars alike are challenging the limits of transitional justice and moving past the approaches, dogmas, and conventional boundaries of the field as it arose in the mid-1990s.
Amnesties and Truth Commissions
Authors: Sarkin Jeremy Julian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the, so far neglected, role of truth commissions in amnesty processes. It first examines what amnesties and truth commissions are and explores how past amnesties affect the work of truth commissions in various countries. Subsequently, it discusses the amnesty process in South Africa, as the South African truth commission has been the only one with the power to directly grant amnesty. The chapter then explores truth commissions in a number of other countries to understand how the fact that these bodies only had the power to recommend amnesty affected their role in their quest to deal with the past. Generally, truth commissions have not dealt separately with atrocity crimes versus less serious ones. The debates about whether states have duties to investigate and prosecute atrocity crimes are outlined, and existing (empirical) research on truth commissions and amnesties is summarized. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research.
Guatemala
Authors: Roht-Arriaza Naomi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Genocide against several groups of Indigenous peoples who descended from the Maya took place in Guatemala in the early 1980s. This chapter explores the origins, explanations, and different views on whether the events in Guatemala meet the legal definition of genocide, and why it matters. It discusses the 2013 genocide trial of former dictator Efraín Ríos Montt—the first time a national court tried to hold its own citizens to account for genocide. It then turns to the aftermath of the trial and to other efforts to come to terms with genocide in Guatemala. It concludes with some thoughts on the current significance of these efforts.
Genocide against the Êzidîs in Iraq
Authors: Anderson Kjell 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In 2014 the “Islamic State” commenced a systematic campaign of violence against the Êzidîs (Yazidis) religious group within their traditional homelands in northern Iraq. This chapter systematically analyzes this campaign through the lens of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention). It considers intercommunal relations before the Sinjār Massacre, as it came to be known, as well as the nature of ISIS’ campaign, and questions of identity, legal accountability, and victim trauma after the massacre. It is concluded that the Sinjār Massacre and its aftermath may constitute the crime of genocide. This crime was enacted through multiple methods, including, but not limited to, killing, forced displacement, forced conversion, forced marriage, and the destruction of cultural property.
Korean Reunification
Authors: Yoon Young-Kwan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A review of German reunification in 1990 shows that a peaceful reunification can be explained as the result of an interaction between the centrifugal forces in international dimension in favour of the status quo and the centripetal forces in internal dimension towards reunification. Similarly, a peaceful reunification of Korea is assumed to occur when international forces against reunification can be minimized, while internal (inter-Korean) forces for reunification are maximized. On the one hand, the geostrategic concerns of Korea’s four neighbouring states (the United States, China, Japan, and Russia) about the uncertain future of reunified Korea have been the important source of strong centrifugal forces. Four states view the issue of Korean reunification from the perspective of their strategic games with others. Three major factors—the lack of multilateral security cooperation mechanism in Northeast Asia, hostile US–North Korea relations, and China’s concern on losing strategic buffer zone—have strengthened centrifugal forces. On the other hand, South Korean governments’ political efforts to improve inter-Korean relations, and thereby strengthen centripetal forces, could not bear fruit. Two major factors—the lack of bipartisan consensus on North Korea policy between the liberal and conservative political camps in South Korea and top leaders’ fear of regime instability and nuclear development in North Korea—weakened centripetal forces. Whether and how effectively the Koreans will be able to influence the operation of these five factors will probably affect the likelihood of peaceful reunification significantly in the future.
The Circle of Metarealist Poets
Authors: Zhitenev Aleksandr 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes Aleksei Parshchikov, Aleksandr Eremin, and Ivan Zhdanov as representatives of “metarealism” in order to examine the school’s poetic theory and practice in the context of the late-Soviet underground “lifeworld.” Metarealism is treated in the context of its reception, taking account of discussions regarding its creative strategies and the terms “metametaphor,” “metabole,” “metacode,” and “metarealism.” The author notes that metarealism arose in a situation of disintegrating Soviet sociality and that its practitioners, to legitimize themselves, made proactive use of tools associated with both official and unsanctioned literature in an effort to get beyond this binary scheme. Metarealists’ interest in the conventionality of literary form, elaborate metaphor, and uninterpreted reality reflect the crisis of Soviet ideology. The “metametaphor,” as a means for showing the multi-layered nature of reality and the mutual intersection of distant phenomena, can justifiably be seen as, among other things, a reaction to the Soviet world’s “opacity.” The article describes metarealism’s poetic concepts—“perfection,” “aura,” “complexity,” and more.