bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methyl Bromide Fumigation of Cabbage and Lettuce, 1992
Authors: Yokoyama Victoria Y. , Miller Gina T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Commercial cabbage and lettuce heads were purchased from a wholesale distributor (Fresno, Calif). The outer leaves were removed and the diameter of each head was measured. Head size ranged between 12-18 cm for lettuce. A replicate of six heads of either cabbage or lettuce were weighed individually, placed in a 28 liter fiberglass fumigation chamber, and fumigated for 2 h with either 32 g/m3 at 23°C, 40 g/m3 at 21°C or 48 g/m3 at 15°C. Each fumigation schedule was replicated six times for both cabbage and lettuce. Two control groups of 3-6 heads of either cabbage or lettuce for each fumigation schedule were handled in the same manner as treated heads but were not fumigated. The effect on commodity quality for each fumigation schedule was evaluated in three replicates and one control group after 1 wk in storage in three replicates and the second control group after 2 wk in storage at 1-2°C. Each head was weighed and examined for exterior damage and cut longitudinally through the stem to determine interior damage. Quality was scored as follows: cabbage, (0) no damage caused by methyl bromide exposure when compared with the controls, (1) slight damage appearing as yellowed on mottled necrotic areas that could not be removed with the outer three leaves, (2) moderate damage appearing as mottled necrotic areas that could not be removed with the outer three leaves, no internal damage; lettuce, (0) no damage caused by methyl bromide exposure when compared with controls, (1) slight damage, (2) moderate damage appearing as stippled areas of necrotic tissue prevalent around the stem end that could not be removed with the outer three leaves, browning of outer leaf veins and internal areas adjacent to the stem.
Insecticide Efficacy in German Cockroach Control, 1992
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Abamectin was applied into or near cracks and crevices with a Whitmire flowable dust applicator. Other forumulations were applied from self-pressurized, aerosol-type containers as pin-stream sprays into cracks and crevices. Single-family dwellings, located in Edgecombe or Lenoir counties, NC, served as test sites. Five kitchens with a minimum of 100 living German cockroaches sighted during a preliminary visual survey were assigned to each formulation. Preapplication visual tallies of living cockroaches in kitchens compared to tallies at specified intervals after treatment indicated efficacy. Insecticide reapplications were made in kitchens where any living cockroaches were observed during postapplication tallies. Non-test rooms in the dwellings were treated as needed at each visit to minimize movement of German cockroaches into treated areas. The amount of insecticide applied during the initial application and reapplications and the size, temperature, and relative humidity of the kitchens, were recorded. Analyses were based on % reduction of cockroaches (pre- versus post-treatment tallies for a kitchen). Since the area of each kitchen floor and wall space varied the active ingredient applied per kitchen was converted to a 50 m2 basis for comparative purposes. The active ingredient applied in the initial applications for all formulations ranged from 0.1 to 6.2 g and from 0.0 to 1.7 g for the reapplications, respectively. Smaller quantities of insecticide were used for the reapplications because partical cockroach control usually resulted from the initial applications.
Evaluation of Three Cyfluthrin Ear Tag Formulations for Control of Flies on Beef Cattle, 1992
Authors: Miller R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three herds (60-120 head per herd) of Angus cattle (cow-calf, or yearling heifers) located at the Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, were tagged with one of three ear tag formulations. On 19 May each of the herds was tagged (2 tags per head) with either Cutter Gold tags, experimental tags containing 10% cyfluthrin, or experimental tags containing 5% cyfluthrin and 30% piperonyl butoxide (PBO). A herd consisting of 10 yearling heifers served as untreated controls. Fly density was determined by making biweekly counts on all cattle in the untreated herd and on 15 head in the treated herds. Counts were made of face flies/face, horn flies/animal, and stable flies per front legs. One pretreatment (18 May) and 10 posttreatment counts were made.
Apple, Efficacy of Insecticide Residues on Codling Moth, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were applied to apple (Red Delicious) with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gallons per acre. Four to five trees in the same row were treated with the same product. All treatments were made on 4 Sep. Fruit were collected at 3-4 d intervals for 25 d following the application. Ten fruit were collected from each treatment each sample date. Fruit were picked by the stem so as not to disrupt residues, placed directly into 14-oz paper cups held in a large plastic food storage container. Fruit were returned to the laboratory and allowed to remain at room temperature overnight with the exception of the first sample which was allowed to come to room temperature and dry before larvae were introduced onto the apples. Codling moth eggs were obtained from a colony maintained at the USDA-ARS Fruit Research Laboratory in Yakima. This colony is known to be susceptible to azinphosmethyl and probably to all the insecticides used in this test. Five newly hatched CM larvae (less than one h old) were transferred to each apple (50 larvae per treatment) using a small camel's hair brush. Lids were placed on the food storage containers and kept at room temperature (70-75°F) for 4 d. After 4 d, fruit were removed from the cups and the number of entries (as indicated by the presence of frass) counted. Entry sites were then dissected to determine if the CM larvae were alive or dead.
Pear, Laboratory Screening of Pesticides Against Grape Mealybug, 1992
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Candidate pesticides were applied as topical sprays in a Potter spray tower to overwintering crawler-stage nymphs collected from commercial pear orchards in the Wenatchee area. Five serial dilutions and a water control were applied to two replications of 10 crawlers held in 50 X 9 mm Petri dishes. After 48 h exposure the number of dead crawlers was determined with the aid of 15 X magnification. Diazinon, the standard treatment used in commercial pear orchards, was tested against two populations; one from an orchard where this material had not provided control in 1991, the other from a pear block on the Research Center that had not been treated with insecticides during the last 20 yr. All other materials were tested against the population from the commercial orchard. Percent kill was corrected for mortality in water controls using Abbott's formula.
Tomato Fruitworm Control on Processing Tomato, 1977
Authors: Kennedy George G. , Wade Henry F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Campbell 37’ processing tomatoes were direct seeded on June 2, 1977, at the North Carolina State University, Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, North Carolina. There were 40 single-row plots 20 ft long and 3.75 ft wide. Plots were separated within rows by 5 ft of bare ground and between rows by one untreated row of tomatoes. Treatments, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, were applied as sprays using a CO2-Powered back-pack sprayer equipped with 3 hollow-cone nozzles and delivering 100 gal/A at 40 psi on July 28, August 4, 11, 19, 26, and September 2, 1977. All ripe, ripening, and rotten fruits were harvested on August 28 and September 12 and examined for injury by FT. zea.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Insect Pests of Tomatoes, 1977
Authors: Waddill Van 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were direct seeded November 9, 1976, in Rockdale soil and later thinned to 1 plant per ft. Each plot was a single row, 15 ft long on a 6-ft center. There were 4 replica-tions per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied weekly (except for Temik which was applied as a preplant, 1-ft-wide band) from December 16 to March 31 with a tractor-mounted sprayer using 5 nozzles per row and delivering 100 gal water/A at 250 psi. On January 5 the number of live L. sativae larvae and apterous M. persicae per terminal trifoliate of 10 randomly selected leaves (fourth fully expanded leaf from the growing terminal) per plot were counted. The number of live K. lycoperscella larvae were determined from the same sampling procedure on April 1. Pink and ripe fruit were harvested March 17, 24, 30, and April 7. The percent S. eridania and K. lycoperscella damaged fruit was determined by examining 10 randomly selected fruit from each plot on March 30 and April 7. Leafminer and pinworm pressure was less severe than normal as a result of the severe freeze January 20. The plants were saved by the use of overhead irrigation. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was used to separate treatment means.
Alfalfa Insect Control, Rosemount, Minnesota, 1977
Authors: Amaya Luz M. , Radcliffe Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticidal sprays were applied to ‘Vernal’ alfalfa in 3 experiments at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Experiment A was sprayed July 8, experiment B sprayed August 1 and again August 16, and experiment C sprayed September 6. Second year alfalfa was used for experiment A and B, 1st year alfalfa for experiment C. A complete randomized block design was used for each experiment with 3 replications in experiment A and B and 4 replications in experiment C. For experiment A, individual plots were 16 X 85 ft; for experiment B, 22 X 150 ft; and for experiment C, 10 X 60 ft. The sprays were applied by a tractor-drawn boom sprayer in 60 gal water/acre at 175 psi. Arthropods were sampled by sweep net in experiments A and B and by vacuum-machine in experiment C. In experiment A, samples were based on 25 sweeps per plot of a standard insect net, in experiment B on 50 sweeps per plot, and in experiment C samples were based on 10 “put-downs” of an 8 inch dia vacuum-hose (equivalent to a sample of ca 3.5 ft2/plot). In each experiment, plots were sampled 1 day following application of insecticidal sprays.
Second Cutting Alfalfa Insect Control Study, 1976
Authors: Gauthier Norman L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Alfalfa was planted at the Agway Farm Research Center, Fabius, New York, on April 23, 1975. First spray went on when alfalfa was 4-6 in. high; however, heavy rain of 1/4 in. washed off sprays which were reapplied on July 1, 1976 when alfalfa was 8-10 in. high. A complete randomized block design of 3 replications was used. Each plot was 12 x 25 ft (300 sq ft/plot). Clear seeding was done with seed drill 2 in. between units at 20 lb/A. On April 27, 1976, 600 lb/A of 1-10-40 fertilizer with boron was applied. Eptam and other PPI treatments applied on April 23, 1976. Broadcast foliar sprays were applied with 6 ft hand held boom with a CO2 bottle sprayer using 1/2 gallon bottles per plot and applying 72.6 GPA.
Furadan 10G (Carbofuran) Applied to Alfalfa at Planting for Potato Leafhopper Control, 1977
Authors: Pienkowski R. L. , Blakeslee R. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The insecticide was applied to the soil surface at planting (Apr 15, 1977). Field size was ca. 1.2 ha with 3 other similar fields nearby on a contour planted slope in Montgomery Co., Va. Soil type and fertility prior to planting was Allen sandy-loam, pH 6.5, Ca 1959, Mg 398, P 165, K 210. Plot size was 3 x 6 m, replicated 4 times. Insects were sampled using 15 pendulum sweeps per plot with a 37.5 cm diameter net. Alfalfa height was measured at 5 locations in each plot on July 5. Stem density at a height of 25 cm was measured July 6 at 3 locations per plot for a total area of 0.1 m2/plot. No direct yield samples were taken because of the high density of common ragweed, Ambrosiaartemisiifolia L., and common lambsquarters, Chenopodiumalbum L. An estimate of yield was obtained by multiplying average height times average stem density.
Corn, Fall Armyworm Control, 1977
Authors: Akers R. C. , Roberts J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In a field test at Charlotte Court House, Virginia, five insecticides were tested to determine their efficacy in controlling fall armyworm on conventionally tilled corn. Furadan 10G, Dyfonate 20G, and Dyfonate I0GK were applied with a cyclone seeder to large non-replicated plots (0.1 m x 44.2m). Penncap-M and two concentrations of Lorsban 4E were applied with a 11.4 litre hand compressed air sprayer calibrated at the rate of 87.1 litre per acre at 25-30 psi. Three replications of each treatment were applied to .9 m x 44.2 m plots per replicate in a randomized block design. Evaluations of treatments were made 48 hr after application by counting the number of live fall armyworms from the center 10.1 m row of each replicate. Percent control was calculated on untreated checks. All insecticides were compared to controls witbin the design.
Control of Grasshoppers on Rangeland, 1977
Authors: Onsager Jerome A. , Mazuranich Philip C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An undiluted formulation containing 92% technical fenitrothion (supplied by Stauffer Chemical Company) was applied at rates of 4 and 6 fluid oz/acre to 4 square 10-acre plots per dosage near Laurel, Montana on July 12, 1977. Applications were made at 45 psi pressure with a Piper Pawnee aircraft equipped with 2 or 4 Tee-jet flat fan No. 8001 nozzles. Flight speed was 90 mph, flight height was 20 ft, and swath width was 75 ft. These treatments were compared with a standard application of 8 fluid oz of ULV malathion/acre applied under the same conditions except that 8 nozzles were used. All nozzles were directed 45 degrees down and back to prevent atomization of droplets. Results were assessed by counting grasshoppers in 50 estimated 1-yd2 subsamples in each treated plot and also in 4 contiguous untreated plots located outside of the experimental area. Counts were made on ‘ July 11, 15, 19, and 26. The species listed above comprised 49, 25, 6, and 11% of the pretreatment infestation, respectively.
Soybean, Potato Leafhopper Control, 1977
Authors: Pedigo Larry P. , Hammond Ron 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-eight soybean plots were located 2 miles northeast of Ames, Iowa. Each plot measured 50 ft by 4 rows (30 in. centers) and was bordered by 2 buffer rows. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, 4 blocks each with 7 treatments. Treatments were applied in-furrow at planting on May 23. Granular insecticidetwere applied with a 2-row John Deere 71 flex planter. Plants emerged June 1 and were rotary hoed June 4. Plots were samples (10-ft2/plot) with a D-Vac vacuum insect net (1-ft2 sampling core) on June 15 (15-days post-emergence, plants with 2 trifoliate leaves), June 30 (30-days post-emergence, 6 trifoliate leaves), July 15 (45-days post-emergence, beginning bloom) and July 29 (59-days post-emergence, pods beginning to form). Samples were examined for potato leafhoppers in the laboratory. Stand counts were taken and plants examined for visual signs of phytotoxicity, viz., discoloration of leaves and stunting of plants on July 15. Total rainfall for the sampling period was 2.94 in., 8.07 in. less than normal for the same period.
Wireworm Control on Tobacco, 1977
Authors: Reagan T. E. , Horton R. H. , Collins W. K. , Todd F. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On-farm tests were conducted in Craven, Hertford, Lee, Martin, Orange, Sampson, and Wayne counties to determine the effectiveness of insecticides applied separately and in various combinations for control of wireworms on flue-cured tobacco. Four replications were used at Craven and Wayne while other sites had only 2 replications, with 4 rows (42 in apart and 78 ft long) per plot. Additionally, at Hertford, Martin, and Sampson sites, small plots consisting of 2 rows 26 ft long were established with 4 replications. Some insecticides were disced into the soil and rows riged while others were placed in the transplanter water. Ten to 14 days after transplant, 25 plants per plot (which had been double set on the center 2 rows) were dug and removed to the laboratory where stems were washed, split lengthwise and examined for wireworm injury according to the following numerical evaluation criteria: 0 - no damage; 1 - no apparant damage other than scarification feeding on the epidermis; 2 - little apparent damage but feeding holes reach pith of stem; 3 - plants greatly weakened from tunneling in stem; 4- plants killed due to extensive tunneling. Wireworm specimens were collected and identified from plants and adjacent soil. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and orthogonal partitioning of treatments.
Knockdown and Residual Effects of Foliar Sprays, IRRI Laboratory, 1976
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Valencia S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four replications of one 45 day old plant each were sprayed with 12.5 ml of a 0.04% spray solution per plant using a fine drop atomizer while revolving on a turntable. Plants were placed in an air conditioned room at a temperature of 25 ± 2°C. One day after treatment (DT) 15 adult insects of each species were placed on the treated plants which were covered with a mylar cage. Mortality values were determined at 48 hours after placing the insects on the treated plants. At 7 and 14 DT a new group of insects were placed on the plants and mortality values recorded to determine residual activity. Mortality values were adjusted using Abbott’s formula.
Contact Toxicity of O,O-Dimethyl 2,2,2-Trichloro-l-Hydroxyethyl Phosphonate and Its Acyloxy and Vinyl Derivatives, 1970-71
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Crisp Carl E. , Look Melvin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Topical application tests of the contact toxicity of trichlorfon and a congeneric series of acyloxy and vinyl derivatives were conducted on last-stage western spruce bodworm. Except for the lower acyloxy derivatives, all acyloxy trichlorfon derivatives were synthesized by the slight excess (5%) of trichlorfon and freshly distilled acid chloride in refluxing benzene. After termination of the hydrogen chloride evolution, the benzene solution was washed with water to remove unreacted trichlorfon, dried with sodium sulfate, and the solvent removed to yield acyloxy trichlorfon. The lower acyloxy (C1 to C4) trichlorfon derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of acid anhydride with trichlorfon. After termination of the reaction, they were processed in the same way as the higher derivatives. Insects tested were from the 28th to 30th generations of a non-diapausing laboratory colony. Four concentrations serially diluted from a freshly prepared concentrate were used in each of 3 replications of each test. All chemicals were applied in reagent grade acetone. Treatment was performed with an ISCO model M micro-applicator equipped with a 1/4-cc tuberculin syringe. A dose of 1 μl/100 mg body weight was applied to the thoracic dorsa of CO2-anesthetized larvae weighing 70-110 mg. After treatment, larvae were fed artificial diet. Mortality was tallied after 7 days.
Andorra Juniper, Fletcher Scale Control, 1977
Authors: Schuder Donald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On May 27, 1977, a series of five treatments were applied to an experimental planting of Andorra junipers at the Purdue Agronomy Farm. The junipers were infested with the Fletcher scale and at the time of treatment the crawlers were emerging. Sprays were applied with a B & G stainless steel sprayer operating at 30 psi. Air temperature was 85 F and the wind was calm. The experiment was replicated five times. One month after treatment 6 inch twig samples were removed, placed in paper sacks and returned to the laboratory and refrigerated until counts of the nymphs were made under a binocular microscope. There was no evidence of phytotoxicity.
Euonymus, Euonymus Scale Control, 1977
Authors: Schuder Donald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On May 26, 1977 a series of four treatments was applied to Bigleaf Wintercreeper Euonymus vines growing against a brick wall on a local landscaped home in West Lafayette, Indiana. The vines were infested with the euonymus scale and crawlers of the first generation were emerging. Sprays were applied to runoff with a B & G stainless steel sprayer operating at 30 psi. The systemic insecticide was applied as a soil drench using one gallon of water poured into a cultivated ring around the base of the plant with the measured amount of insecticide. The soil was then replaced and a gallon of water applied to seal the soil and wash the insecticide below soil level. The experiment was replicated five times. One month after treatment, 6 inch twig samples were removed, placed in paper sacks and transported to the laboratory where they were refrigerated until counts were made under a binocular microscope. There was no evidence of phytotoxicity.
Purple Passion, Mealybug Control, 1974
Authors: Poe S. L. , Matthews S. R. , Childs G. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliage mealybugs Phenacoccussolani group infesting purple passion plants were treated with five insecticides and numbers compared to those of untreated plants before and three, seven and 14 days after treatment. Counts were made on three leaves and the two internodal regions between them from each of five, one plant replicates. Insecticides were applied to foliage with a hand sprayer to the point of runoff. Plants were grown in containers under greenhouse conditions.
Scots Pine,

D

.

Zimmermani

Control, Illinois, 1977
Authors: Appleby J. E. , Randell R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 5-acre nursery of Scots pine trees of 4-6 ft in height planted 4 feet apart and consisting of 14 rows with ca 100 trees per row was selected in Whiteside County, Illinois because of the high incidence of Zimmerman pine moth damage. On September 10, 1976, 9 trees that had symptoms of Zimmerman pine moth infestations were tagged in each of 14 rows. On September 14, 1976, insecticide sprays were applied until runoff onto the branches and trunks of the trees, using a 100 gallon hydraulic sprayer. Each treatment was applied onto 9 trees in each of 2 adjoining rows. On April 16, 1977 other trees in adjoining rows were treated as described in the September 14 applications, using the same insecticides. On May 20, 1977 the hardened sap exudate from previous infestations was scraped off all the tagged trees. On August 12, 1977 the number of new infestation sites seen as sap exudate was counted on each tree.
Scotch Pine, Pales Weevil and Pissodes Weevils Control, 1977
Authors: Schuder Donald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Scotch pine Christmas tree stumps, cut the previous holiday season, in a local plantation were treated on April 15 and second treatment was applied to half of the previously treated stumps on May 8. Materials were applied with a one gallon B & G stainless steel sprayer operating at 30 psi. The exposed portion of the stump and the surrounding area were sprayed until thoroughly wet. The overwintering adult weevils were crawling on the stumps and ovipositing at the time of the first treatment. The experiment was replicated four times. On September 26th the bark was removed from the stumps and the number of chip cocoons counted.