bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diastolic Dysfunction With Preserved Ejection Fraction After the Fontan Procedure
Authors: Chowdhury Shahryar M. , Graham Eric M. , Taylor Carolyn L. , Savage Andrew , McHugh Kimberly E. , Gaydos Stephanie , Nutting Arni C. , Zile Michael R. , Atz Andrew M. 
Published: January 2022

Background
Heart failure phenotyping in single‐ventricle Fontan patients is challenging, particularly in patients with normal ejection fraction (EF). The objective of this study was to identify Fontan patients with abnormal diastolic function, who are high risk for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and characterize their cardiac mechanics, exercise function, and functional health status.

Methods and Results

Data were obtained from the Pediatric Heart Network Fontan Cross‐sectional Study database. EF was considered abnormal if <50%. Diastolic function was defined as abnormal if the diastolic pressure:volume quotient (lateral E:e’/end‐diastolic volume) was >90th percentile (≥0.26 mL
‐1
). Patients were divided into: controls=normal EF and diastolic function; systolic dysfunction (SD) = abnormal EF with normal diastolic function; diastolic dysfunction (DD) = normal EF with abnormal diastolic pressure:volume quotient. Exercise function was quantified as percent predicted peak VO
2
. Physical Functioning Summary Score (FSS) was reported from the Child Health Questionnaire. A total of 239 patients were included, 177 (74%) control, 36 (15%) SD, and 26 (11%) DD. Median age was 12.2 (5.4) years. Arterial elastance, a measure of arterial stiffness, was higher in DD (3.6±1.1 mm Hg/mL) compared with controls (2.5±0.8 mm Hg/mL),
P
<0.01. DD patients had lower predicted peak VO
2
compared with controls (52% [20] versus 67% [23],
P
<0.01). Physical FSS was lower in DD (45±13) and SD (44±13) compared with controls (50±7),
P
<0.01.

Conclusions
Fontan patients with abnormal diastolic function and normal EF have decreased exercise tolerance, decreased functional health status, and elevated arterial stiffness. Identification of patients at high risk for HFpEF is feasible and should be considered when evaluating Fontan patients.
Neural Circuits for Dynamics-Based Segmentation of Time Series
Authors: Teşileanu Tiberiu , Golkar Siavash , Nasiri Samaneh , Sengupta Anirvan M. , Chklovskii Dmitri B. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe brain must extract behaviorally relevant latent variables from the signals streamed by the sensory organs. Such latent variables are often encoded in the dynamics that generated the signal rather than in the specific realization of the waveform. Therefore, one problem faced by the brain is to segment time series based on underlying dynamics. We present two algorithms for performing this segmentation task that are biologically plausible, which we define as acting in a streaming setting and all learning rules being local. One algorithm is model based and can be derived from an optimization problem involving a mixture of autoregressive processes. This algorithm relies on feedback in the form of a prediction error and can also be used for forecasting future samples. In some brain regions, such as the retina, the feedback connections necessary to use the prediction error for learning are absent. For this case, we propose a second, model-free algorithm that uses a running estimate of the autocorrelation structure of the signal to perform the segmentation. We show that both algorithms do well when tasked with segmenting signals drawn from autoregressive models with piecewise-constant parameters. In particular, the segmentation accuracy is similar to that obtained from oracle-like methods in which the ground-truth parameters of the autoregressive models are known. We also test our methods on data sets generated by alternating snippets of voice recordings. We provide implementations of our algorithms at https://github.com/ttesileanu/bio-time-series.
Dynamical Mechanism of Sampling-Based Probabilistic Inference Under Probabilistic Population Codes
Authors: Ichikawa Kohei , Kataoka Asaki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Animals make efficient probabilistic inferences based on uncertain and noisy information from the outside environment. It is known that probabilistic population codes, which have been proposed as a neural basis for encoding probability distributions, allow general neural networks (NNs) to perform near-optimal point estimation. However, the mechanism of sampling-based probabilistic inference has not been clarified. In this study, we trained two types of artificial NNs, feedforward NN (FFNN) and recurrent NN (RNN), to perform sampling-based probabilistic inference. Then we analyzed and compared their mechanisms of sampling. We found that sampling in RNN was performed by a mechanism that efficiently uses the properties of dynamical systems, unlike FFNN. In addition, we found that sampling in RNNs acted as an inductive bias, enabling a more accurate estimation than in maximum a posteriori estimation. These results provide important arguments for discussing the relationship between dynamical systems and information processing in NNs.
Manifold Alignment Aware Ants: A Markovian Process for Manifold Extraction
Authors: Mohammadi Mohammad , Tino Peter , Bunte Kerstin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The presence of manifolds is a common assumption in many applications, including astronomy and computer vision. For instance, in astronomy, low-dimensional stellar structures, such as streams, shells, and globular clusters, can be found in the neighborhood of big galaxies such as the Milky Way. Since these structures are often buried in very large data sets, an algorithm, which can not only recover the manifold but also remove the background noise (or outliers), is highly desirable. While other works try to recover manifolds either by pushing all points toward manifolds or by downsampling from dense regions, aiming to solve one of the problems, they generally fail to suppress the noise on manifolds and remove background noise simultaneously. Inspired by the collective behavior of biological ants in food-seeking process, we propose a new algorithm that employs several random walkers equipped with a local alignment measure to detect and denoise manifolds. During the walking process, the agents release pheromone on data points, which reinforces future movements. Over time the pheromone concentrates on the manifolds, while it fades in the background noise due to an evaporation procedure. We use the Markov chain (MC) framework to provide a theoretical analysis of the convergence of the algorithm and its performance. Moreover, an empirical analysis, based on synthetic and real-world data sets, is provided to demonstrate its applicability in different areas, such as improving the performance of t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) and spectral clustering using the underlying MC formulas, recovering astronomical low-dimensional structures, and improving the performance of the fast Parzen window density estimator.
Revisiting the Religious Openness Hypothesis in a Migration Context: The Case of Muslims with a Turkish Migration Background in Germany
Authors: Demmrich Sarah , Akçe Havagül 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The religious openness hypothesis, which states that religious traditions have the potential to integrate faith with intellect, is examined in this study within a migration context for the first time. Based on two lines of research, our central question is whether the sociological context or the Islamic tradition per se explains the (in)compatibility of faith and intellect orientation and their relation to psychological openness. Religious openness, psychological openness (ambiguity tolerance and acculturation strategies) and religiosity were measured among Muslims with a Turkish migration background in Germany. Our findings show a non-significant relationship between faith and intellect orientation and we therefore propose that the secular context is the crucial explaining factor. Religious reflection also moderates the link between different forms of religiosity and ambiguity tolerance. Finally, heterogeneous religious rationalities were uncovered that challenge the negative view of Muslims as fanatic, closed-minded people which prevails among the German majority society.
The Detection, Genesis, and Modeling of Turbulence Intermittency in the Stable Atmospheric Surface Layer
Authors: Allouche Mohammad , Bou-Zeid Elie , Ansorge Cedrick , Katul Gabriel G. , Chamecki Marcelo , Acevedo Otavio , Thanekar Sham , Fuentes Jose D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Intermittent transitions between turbulent and nonturbulent states are ubiquitous in the stable atmospheric surface layer (ASL). Data from two field experiments in Utqiaġvik, Alaska, and from direct numerical simulations are used to probe these state transitions so as to (i) identify statistical metrics for the detection of intermittency, (ii) probe the physical origin of turbulent bursts, and (iii) quantify intermittency effects on overall fluxes and their representation in closure models. The analyses reveal three turbulence regimes, two of which correspond to weakly turbulent periods accompanied by intermittent behavior (regime 1: intermittent; regime 2: transitional), while the third is associated with a fully turbulent flow. Based on time series of the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), two nondimensional parameters are proposed to diagnostically categorize the ASL state into these regimes; the first characterizes the weakest turbulence state, while the second describes the range of turbulence variability. The origins of intermittent turbulence activity are then investigated based on the TKE budget over the identified bursts. While the quantitative results depend on the height, the analyses indicate that these bursts are predominantly advected by the mean flow, produced locally by mechanical shear, or lofted from lower levels by turbulent ejections. Finally, a new flux model is proposed using the vertical velocity variance in combination with different mixing length scales. The model provides improved representation (correlation coefficients with observations of 0.61 for sensible heat and 0.94 for momentum) compared to Monin–Obukhov similarity (correlation coefficients of 0.0047 for sensible heat and 0.49 for momentum), thus opening new pathways for improved parameterizations in coarse atmospheric models.

Significance Statement
Airflow in the lowest layer of the atmosphere is often modulated by a strong gradient of temperature when the surface is much cooler than the air. Such a regime results in weak turbulence and mixing, and is ubiquitous during nighttime and in polar regions. Understanding and modeling atmospheric flow and turbulence under such conditions are further complicated by “turbulence intermittency,” which manifests as periods of strong turbulent activity interspersed in a more quiescent airflow. The turbulent periods dominate the air–surface exchanges even when they occur over a small fraction of the time. This paper develops approaches to detect and classify such intermittent regimes, examines how the turbulent bursts are generated and advected, and offers guidance on representing such regimes in geophysical models. The findings have the potential to advance weather forecasting and climate modeling, particularly in the all-important polar regions.
The Role of Educational Podcast Use Among Otolaryngology Residents
Authors: Vanstrum Erik B. , Badash Ido , Wu Franklin M. , Ma Harrison J. , Sarode Deepika N. , Chambers Tamara N. , Johns Michael M. 
Published: January 2022

Objective: Medical podcasts are becoming increasingly available; however, it is unclear how these new resources are being used by trainees or whether they influence clinical practice. This study explores the preferences and experiences of otolaryngology residents with otolaryngology-specific podcasts, and the impact of these podcasts on resident education and clinical practice. Methods: An 18-question survey was distributed anonymously to a representative junior (up to post-graduate year 3) and senior (post-graduate year 4 or greater) otolaryngology residents at most programs across the US. Along with demographic information, the survey was designed to explore the preferences of educational materials, podcast listening habits and motivations, and influence of podcasts on medical practice. Descriptive statistics and student t-tests were used to analyze the results. Results: The survey was distributed to 198 current otolaryngology residents representing 94% of eligible residency programs and was completed by 73 residents (37% response rate). Nearly 3-quarters of respondents reported previous use of otolaryngology podcasts, among which 83% listen at least monthly. Over half of residents changed their overall clinical (53%) and consult (51%) practice based on podcast use. Residents rank-ordered listening to podcasts last among traditional options for asynchronous learning, including reading textbooks and watching online videos. Conclusions: While other asynchronous learning tools remain popular, most residents responding to this survey use podcasts and report that podcasts influence their clinical practice. This study reveals how podcasts are currently used as a supplement to formal otolaryngology education. Results from the survey may inform how medical podcasts could be implemented into resident education in the future.
Responsibilities, Opportunities, and Challenges for Human Factors in the Digital Age
Authors: Radwin Robert G. 
Published: January 2022

Today’s challenges for scientific publications require operating at a time when trust in science depends upon effective vetting of data, identifying questionable practices, and scrutinizing research. The Editor-in-Chief has an invaluable opportunity to influence the direction and reputation of our field but also has the responsibility to confront contemporary trends that threaten the publication of quality research. The editor is responsible for maintaining strict scientific standards for the journal through the exercise of good judgment and steadfast commitment to upholding the highest ethical principles. Opportunities exist to create and implement new initiatives for improving the peer review process and elevating the journal’s stature. The journal must address the challenges as well as effectively communicate with the public, who seek a reliable source of information.
Dysphagia Outcomes Following Surgical Management of Unilateral Vocal Fold Immobility: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Coulter Michael , Marvin Kastley , Brigger Matthew , Johnson Christopher M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo assess dysphagia outcomes following surgical management of unilateral vocal fold immobility (UVFI) in adults.Data SourcesOvid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central.Review MethodsA structured literature search was utilized, and a 2‐researcher systematic review was performed following PRISMA guidelines. Extractable data were pooled, and a quantitative analysis was performed with a random effects model to analyze treatment outcome and complications by procedure.ResultsA total of 416 publications were screened and 26 met inclusion criteria. Subjects encompassed 959 patients with UVFI who underwent 916 procedures (n = 547, injection laryngoplasty; n = 357, laryngeal framework surgery; n = 12, laryngeal reinnervation). An overall 615 were identified as having dysphagia as a result of UVFI and had individually extractable outcome data, which served as the basis for a quantitative meta‐analysis. In general, dysphagia outcomes after all medialization procedures were strongly positive. Quantitative analysis demonstrated a success rate estimate of 90% (95% CI, 75%–100%) for injection laryngoplasty and 92% (95% CI, 87%–97%) for laryngeal framework surgery. The estimated complication rate was 7% (95% CI, 2%–13%) for injection laryngoplasty and 15% (95% CI, 10%–20%) for laryngeal framework surgery, with minor complications predominating. Although laryngeal reinnervation could not be assessed quantitatively due to low numbers, qualitative analysis demonstrated consistent benefit for a majority of patients for each procedure.ConclusionDysphagia due to UVFI can be improved in a majority of patients with surgical procedures intended to improve glottal competence, with a low risk of complications. Injection laryngoplasty and laryngeal framework surgery appear to be efficacious and safe, and laryngeal reinnervation may be a promising new option for select patients.
Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on exercise capacity, muscle strength and quality of life in COPD patients: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Authors: Alves Iura Gonzalez Nogueira , da Silva e Silva Cássio Magalhães , Martinez Bruno Prata , de Queiroz Rodrigo Santos , Gomes-Neto Mansueto 
Published: January 2022

Objective To determine the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on disabilities and activity limitation of individuals affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Data sources MEDLINE, PEDro database, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and SciELO, were searched from inception until October 2021. Review methods Inclusion criteria were patients with COPD, randomized controlled trials comparing neuromuscular electrical stimulation alone or combined conventional pulmonary rehabilitation and neuromuscular electrical stimulation versus control or sham or pulmonary rehabilitation in disabilities and activity limitation in COPD. There were no mandatory language or publication date restrictions. Two reviewers selected studies independently. Weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results 32 studies met the study criteria, including 1.269 participants. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation improved exercise capacity (MD 1.10, 95% CI: 0.33, 1.86, N = 147), and muscle strength (0.53, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.87, N = 147) compared to sham group. Combined neuromuscular electrical stimulation and conventional rehabilitation improved exercise capacity (MD 34.28 meters, 95% CI: 6.84, 61.73, N = 262) compared to conventional rehabilitation alone. No adverse events were reported. Conclusions Neuromuscular electrical stimulation resulted in small improvement in disabilities and activity limitation (below the MCID) in COPD. Thus, the inclusion of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in rehabilitation programs must consider the cost Because of inadequate methodological conduction and reporting of methods, some studies were of low quality.
Physicians under Pressure: Evidence from Antibiotics Prescribing in England
Authors: Allen Thomas , Gyrd-Hansen Dorte , Kristensen Søren Rud , Oxholm Anne Sophie , Pedersen Line Bjørnskov , Pezzino Mario 
Published: January 2022

Background Many physicians are experiencing increasing demands from both their patients and society. Evidence is scarce on the consequences of the pressure on physicians’ decision making. We present a theoretical framework and predict that increasing pressure may make physicians disregard societal welfare when treating patients. Setting We test our prediction on general practitioners’ antibiotic-prescribing choices. Because prescribing broad-spectrum antibiotics does not require microbiological testing, it can be performed more quickly than prescribing for narrow-spectrum antibiotics and is therefore often preferred by the patient. In contrast, from a societal perspective, inappropriate prescribing of broad-spectrum antibiotics should be minimized as it may contribute to antimicrobial resistance in the general population. Methods We combine longitudinal survey data and administrative data from 2010 to 2017 to create a balanced panel of up to 1072 English general practitioners (GPs). Using a series of linear models with GP fixed effects, we estimate the importance of different sources of pressure for GPs’ prescribing. Results We find that the percentage of broad-spectrum antibiotics prescribed increases by 6.4% as pressure increases on English GPs. The link between pressure and prescribing holds for different sources of pressure. Conclusions Our findings suggest that there may be societal costs of physicians working under pressure. Policy makers need to take these costs into account when evaluating existing policies as well as when introducing new policies affecting physicians’ work pressure. An important avenue for further research is also to determine the underlying mechanisms related to the different sources of pressure.JEL-code: I11, J28, J45 Highlights Many physicians are working under increasing pressure. We test the importance of pressure on physicians’ prescribing of antibiotics. The prescribed rate of broad-spectrum antibiotics increases with pressure. Policy makers should be aware of the societal costs of pressured physicians. [Formula: see text]
Interleukin-17 and vascular endothelial growth factor: new biomarkers for the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Authors: Li Shuiping , Li Shilin , Lin Min , Li Zuolin , He Jinghua , Qiu Jincheng , Zhang Jiantang 
Published: January 2022

Objective The incidences of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) have shown increasing trends. Numerous studies have shown a close relationship between the two diseases, but the exact mechanism linking PTC with HT is still unclear. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) plays an important role in the development of malignant tumors. However, information on the association between IL-17 and thyroid disease is lacking. Methods Tissue samples were collected from patients with thyroid diseases admitted to the thyroid surgery department of our hospital between May 2015 and December 2017. The characteristics of the thyroid were observed by ultrasonography, hematoxylin-eosin staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and immunohistochemistry. Results We found that HT with carcinoma (HTC) showed unique characteristics in two-dimensional ultrasound images. Moreover, IL-17 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels showed gradually increasing trends during the process of HT malignant transformation, with a significant positive correlation between the two cytokines. Serum IL-17 and VEGF levels could distinguish between HTC and HT with benign adenoma. Conclusion Our data suggest that serum IL-17 and VEGF levels may represent novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of HT malignant nodules.