bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
East Asia and the South Seas
Authors: Dimmock Matthew , Hadfield Andrew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Following in the footsteps of Marco Polo many English travellers sought to get to China and Japan and to establish trade with these long-established, wealthy and important nations. Many also sought to make contact with the powerful Mughal dynasty in India. This chapter opens with Francis Petty’s observations of the South Sea islanders encountered on Thomas Cavendish’s circumnavigation of the globe. The chapter includes a translation of a letter from a Jesuit describing the fabulous wealth and abundance of natural resources he observed in China; Sir Henry Middleton’s account of his voyage to the Moluccas; two accounts of Japan by Arthur Hatch and John Saris; Edward Terry’s observation of the Mughal court; extracts from the logbook of William Adams, one of the few Westerners to have been accepted into Chinese society in the period; and it concludes with Peter Mundy’s observations of India.
What Is ‘Gender’ in International Criminal Law?
Authors: Rosenthal Indira , Oosterveld Valerie , SáCouto Susana 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter, authored by the editors, opens the discussion on the book’s main themes, including: the definition of the term ‘gender’ and misconceptions about it; the term’s importance in international criminal law (ICL) and in securing robust and effective accountability for crimes under international law; the mixed progress on gender within ICL to date; the existing impasse, the risks posed by the current approach and some ways forward.
Kant on Concepts, Intuitions and Sensible Synthesis
Authors: Grüne Stefanie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
For several years there has been a debate about whether Kantian intuitions have conceptual or non-conceptual content. Those who ascribe conceptual content to intuitions argue that for an intuition to be generated representations delivered by sensibility have to be synthesized by the understanding and that concepts have to be deployed in this act of synthesis. Defenders of the view that intuitions have non-conceptual content, by contrast, assume that a concept-involving synthesis is not a necessary condition for having an intuition, but for having a cognition and thus that having an intuition does not require deploying any concepts. In this chapter it is argued that Kant occupies a middle position between these two views. On the one hand, for Kant a concept-involving synthesis is indeed a presupposition for the production of intuitions. On the other hand, from this it does not follow that intuitions have conceptual content in the contemporary sense. This is because Kant distinguishes between different kinds of concepts, namely between obscure, clear, indistinct and distinct concepts. According to him, for a subject to synthesize sensible representations she only has to possess obscure concepts but does not have to possess clear or distinct ones. Yet, if one takes as a basis contemporary conceptions of concepts, then Kantian obscure concepts do not count as concepts at all. Thus, even though Kant claims that sensible synthesis requires possession of concepts, his position resembles the position of those contemporary philosophers who ascribe non-conceptual content to perceptions.
Graphs
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Let us put aside random graphs, statistical ensembles, and probabilities for a while in favour of individual graphs while we introduce a few necessary basic notions.1 First we discuss undirected graphs. Two (hyper)graphs are isomorphic iff their vertices are connected in the same way, that is, there exists a permutation of the vertices of the first graph such that the adjacent vertices of this graph, after the permutation, become the adjacent vertices of the second.
Classical Random Graphs
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Here we give an insight into two basic models of equilibrium random networks. Often they are both called the Erdős–Rényi random graph, although, strictly speaking, this name is only for the second model. This qualitative picture is generic for random networks. The general properties of a network are primarily determined by whether or not a giant connected component is present. So the first question about any network should be about the presence and relative size of this component.
Connected Components
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Let us return to the configuration model of uncorrelated networks with a given degree distribution P(q) and exploit its local tree-likeness to explore basic structural features of these networks. The elements of the techniques that we use here were first implemented in graph theory (Pittel 1990; Molloy and Reed, 1995, 1998), and physicists developed it into a convenient and powerful mathematical apparatus (Newman, Strogatz, and Watts, 2001) applicable to various locally tree-like networks, including directed, multipartite, and correlated ones, and many others. For the sake of simplicity, we first consider uncorrelated undirected networks. The generating functions techniques is ideally suited for random trees and tree-like structures (Appendix C). The generating function for the degree distribution is defined as
Networks of Networks
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In particular, if all connections are only between layers, then we get a multipartite graph, which we already discussed. In this chapter we proceed further and consider more interesting and more complicated networks having connections both within and between the layers. Distinct types of edges result in different kinds of paths between vertices, and hence to a more complex connectivity. This raises new questions, impossible for ordinary graphs. For example, we can ask about a pair of vertices: how are they interconnected by paths running within particular layers? This rich connectivity enables one to introduce new kinds of connected components playing specific roles in the integrity, robustness, and function of a network.
Spectra and Communities
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spectral properties of networks essentially determine the key features of processes and cooperative phenomena taking place in them. For example, the largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of a network determines the epidemic threshold of the SIS model in the quenched mean-field approximation, while the corresponding eigenvector indicates the probability that a vertex is infective near this threshold (Section 7.4). To gain some intuition about how the spectra of graphs are organized, the reader should review the chain of examples for small sample graphs in Section 2.9. In the present chapter, we focus on the spectra of undirected random networks. For an adjacency matrix, the key quantity of interest is the spectral density
Walks and Search
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Milgram’s algorithm is actually the standard one in computer science, belonging to the class of decentralized search algorithms. A number of routing algorithms exploit geographic information about vertices of communication networks (Karp and Kung, 2000). The simplest geographic routing implements the greedy routing algorithm assuming that: (i) each vertex in a network has its geographic coordinate, and (ii) a vertex forwards messages (packets) to that its nearest neighbour in the network, which is geographically closest to the destination.
Cooperative Systems on Networks
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Many of the problems considered in this book are equivalent to models of interacting spins or agents. For instance, the bond percolation problem is equivalent to the 1-state Potts model (Kasteleyn and Fortuin, 1969; Kasteleyn and Fortuin, 1969), the k-core problem is equivalent to the ferromagnetic Ising model in a heterogeneous magnetic field (Section 6.9), and so on. This chapter touches upon a few basic cooperative models demonstrating various behaviours.
What’s Next?
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The science of complex networks has been explosively expanding over the last twenty-plus years, resulting in a number of new research directions. Some have already reached maturity, some became less exciting for the research community with time, and none of the directions has disappeared. Figure 14.1 gives an idea of how this field developed in the respect of objects, phenomena, and processes, putting aside applications. One can see the recent trends and the topics attracting particular attention and efforts of numerous academicians, whose studies on complex networks were essentially induced and multiplied by three major issues: the Big data problem, the Artificial Intelligence algorithms, and the COVID-19 pandemic. We suggest that these key problems, in addition to the growing needs of biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, will largely determine the progress of the science of complex networks in the forthcoming years.
Role of caspase-3-cleaved/activated PAK2 in brusatol-triggered apoptosis of human lung cancer A549 cells
Authors: Huang Chien-Hsun , Wang Fu-Ting , Chan Wen-Hsiung 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBrusatol, a major quassinoid extract of Bruceae fructus, is an important bioactive component with antineoplastic capacity. Several beneficial pharmacological and biological properties of brusatol have been uncovered to date, including anti-inflammatory, anticolitis, antimalarial, and anticancer activities. To confer anticancer benefits, brusatol is reported to effectively inhibit the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response and trigger apoptotic signaling. In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanisms underlying apoptotic processes in brusatol-treated A549 cells in detail. Our experiments showed that brusatol induces cell death through intracellular ROS-triggered mitochondria-dependent apoptotic events and does not involve necrosis. Mechanistically, p21-activated protein kinase 2 (PAK2) was cleaved by caspase-3 to generate an activated p34 fragment involved in brusatol-induced apoptosis of A549 cells. Notably, PAK2 knockdown led to downregulation of caspase-3-mediated PAK2 activity, in turn, effectively attenuating brusatol-induced apoptosis, highlighting a crucial role of caspase-3-activated PAK2 in this process. Moreover, knockdown of PAK2 resulted in significant inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity in brusatol-treated A549 cells, clearly suggesting that JNK serves as a downstream substrate of caspase-3-cleaved/activated PAK2 in the apoptotic cascade. SP600125, a specific JNK inhibitor, significantly suppressed brusatol-induced JNK activity but only partially prevented apoptosis, implying that JNK serves as only one of a number of substrates for PAK2 in the brusatol-triggered apoptotic cascade. Based on the collective results, we propose a signaling cascade model for brusatol-induced apoptosis in human A549 cells involving ROS, caspases, PAK2, and JNK.
Impact of connected and autonomous vehicles on traffic safety of mixed traffic flow: from the perspective of connectivity and spatial distribution
Authors: Dong Jiakuan , Wang Jiangfeng , Luo Dongyu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEquipped with high driving automation and advanced communication technologies, connected and autonomous vehicles (CAV) are expected to possess a shorter reaction time and a wider vision, which are promising to improve traffic safety and efficiency. However, little attention has been paid to the effect of connectivity and spatial distribution on the safety performance of mixed traffic flow. In this paper, we attempt to investigate the impact of CAV on traffic safety considering these factors. To this end, a car-following model for CAV is proposed first. Then, the cooperative driving strategy for CAVs is designed. Precisely, the feedback gains of the information are adjusted in real-time and are designed based on the derived stability criterion of the mixed traffic flow. Microscopic simulations of mixed traffic flow in traffic oscillation are designed and conducted to explore how the distribution and connectivity of CAV affect the safety performance of mixed traffic flow. Simulation results show that increasing the penetration rate of CAV is promising to shift the safety performance of mixed traffic flow. In addition, the safety performance of mixed traffic flow is related to the spatial distribution and communication range of CAV. Besides, increasing communication range does not inevitably improve the safety performance of mixed traffic flow when the penetration rate of CAV is low. Moreover, it is also found from the spatial–temporal trajectory of the mixed traffic flow that introducing CAV can mitigate the propagation of the stop-and-go wave and increase the throughput.
Evaluation of a Viable-Cell Detection Assay for Xanthomonas fragariae with Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Turechek William W. , Wang Hehe 
Published: August 2022

Most molecular diagnostic assays are designed to detect the simple presence of a protein or nucleic acid without regard to whether that protein or nucleic acid originated from a viable and presumably pathogenic organism at the time of isolation. We recently developed a viable-cell detection assay (propidium monoazide [PMA]-qPCR) for specific detection of viable (living) cells of Xanthomonas fragariae, the pathogen causing angular leaf spot of strawberry, and herein describe a unique set of statistical analyses for validation of this assay. For any detection assay or test, calculation of its sensitivity and specificity is essential for determining its diagnostic capabilities, particularly when evaluating competing assays or tests. This is often achieved by running competing tests concurrently on a set of samples with known pathogen density or disease status and cross-tabulating results. However, the PMA-qPCR assay is unique among PCR-based diagnostics because it is designed specifically to detect DNA from living cells only, whereas most traditional PCR assays are designed to detect DNA from the target organism regardless of its state of viability. Thus, one cannot directly compare the results from a cell-viability assay with those from a general assay to gauge the performance of either assay because the assays target two different but overlapping populations (i.e., the viable-cell population and the viable- plus nonviable-cell population). To address this challenge, two standard statistical approaches to diagnostic test evaluation were used jointly to estimate the test performance of the PMA-qPCR assay relative to two common assays for detection of X. fragariae. In both analyses, the PMA-qPCR outperformed the qPCR for detection of viable cells under a range of conditions. Viability testing is extremely useful in certification and disease management applications, and with the information on test performance generated here, the test can be put to practical use to design sampling strategies to account for the errors in testing. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 “No Rights Reserved” license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2023.
Minimally Displaced Lateral Humeral Condyle Fractures: Optimizing Follow-up and Minimizing Cost
Authors: Kraft Denver B. , Moore Theresa J. , Pargas Carlos , Rogers Kenneth , Thacker Mihir M. 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Minimally displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle (LHC) may be treated nonoperatively in a long arm cast, but there is not a standardized evidence-based protocol. The aim of this study was to evaluate our nonoperatively treated LHC fractures, determine the risk of subsequent displacement, analyze our practice variability, and develop an evidence-based protocol to safely manage children with LHC fractures and to evaluate potential savings related to this analysis.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed clinical and radiographic parameters of all patients with LHC fractures at our institution from 2009 to 2015. All patients treated nonoperatively initially were included. We recorded demographic data and calculated the number of visits, casts applied, and radiographs within the first 4 weeks. We also analyzed practice variation among 27 treating providers. The number of children with subsequent displacement needing operative fixation was determined. We also looked at the average duration for each follow-up visit and the charges/costs associated with casting and radiographs.

Results:
There were 271 children with LHC fractures treated nonoperatively. Twenty-one were excluded because of the lack of adequate radiographs. There were 157 boys and 93 girls (average age 6.7 y). According to the Jakob classification, fracture types were as follows: 1 (230), 2 (20), and 3 (0). Within the first 4 weeks, the average number of visits was 2.6 (range: 1 to 5), average number of casts was 2.4 (range: 1 to 4), and the average number of radiographs was 9.4 (range: 2 to 31). Only 3 patients with LHC fracture type Jakob 1 were taken to the operating room post injury (9, 12, and 15 d, respectively) for subsequent displacement.

Conclusion:
Displacement in appropriately selected LHC fractures treated nonoperatively was rare (3/250, 1.2%) in this cohort, and the data question the need for multiple visits and radiographs in the first 4 weeks. Optimal follow-up (proposed follow-up at 10 to 15 d after injury and then 4 to 6 wk with radiographs, including an internal oblique view) would be safe, minimize waste, and result in better value-based care.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Using the Pediatric Patient-reported Outcomes–common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events to Longitudinally Measure Symptom Adverse Events of Children With Advanced Cancer
Authors: Montgomery Kathleen E. , Raybin Jennifer L. , Ward Jessica , Grinde Krista , Smith Corey , Brown Roger 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Children with advanced cancer are frequently enrolled on clinical trials and experience multiple symptoms. Inclusion of patient-reported outcomes in pediatric cancer trials to monitor for symptom adverse events (AEs) of treatment is limited.

Objective:
To (1) determine the feasibility and acceptability of administering the Ped-PRO-CTCAE biweekly over a 6-month period to children with advanced cancer, and (2) describe symptom AEs.

Interventions/Methods:
A multisite prospective longitudinal design was used to electronically collect information about symptom AEs using the Ped-PRO-CTCAE and acceptability of a biweekly assessment interval in children 2–18 of age with a diagnosis of advanced cancer who spoke English or Spanish. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze sample characteristics and symptom AE data.

Results:
Forty-nine children completed the study with a mean age of 11.1 years with diverse cancer diagnoses. Participants completed 85% of 515 administered symptom measures over an average of 16 weeks. Fatigue severity and frequency attributes for anxiety, pain, nausea, and anorexia were the most reported symptom AEs across all participants and time points, while severity attributes of pain, nausea, headache, and abdominal pain had the highest mean scores.

Conclusions:
Biweekly electronic symptom assessment using the Pediatric PRO-CTCAE is feasible and acceptable.

Implications for Practice:
Using the Ped-PRO-CTCAE to longitudinally measure symptom AEs in children with advanced cancer may support clinicians and researchers alike to understand patient-reported symptom experiences and toxicities from treatment across the continuum of care.

What is Foundational:
Inclusion of patient-reported symptom AE monitoring in therapeutic and nontherapeutic clinical trials is necessary to illuminate symptom experiences.
Androgen receptor signaling–mitochondrial DNA–oxidative phosphorylation: A critical triangle in early prostate cancer
Authors: Sakellakis Minas , Flores Laura Jacqueline 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mitochondria are more than just the cellular powerhouse. They also play key roles in vital functions such as apoptosis, metabolism regulation, and other intracellular interactions. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes for 12 subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. Depletion of mtDNA in androgen-dependent prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines renders them androgen-independent and more aggressive. Paradoxically, pharmaceutical inhibition of OXPHOS is lethal for subsets of PCa cells, whereas others become dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling for survival. Given that the AR-mitochondria interaction is critical for early PCa, it is crucial to understand the details of this interaction. Technical hurdles have made mitochondria traditionally difficult to study, with many techniques used for isolation masking the properties of given individual mitochondria. Although the isolation of mitochondria enables us to study OXPHOS, we miss the context in which mitochondria interact with the rest of the cell. Both AR signaling and mtDNA affect apoptosis, metabolism regulation, cellular calcium storage and homeostasis, intracellular calcium signaling, and redox homeostasis. In this review, we will attempt to understand how the crosstalk between AR-mtDNA-OXPHOS is responsible for “life or death” decisions inside the cells. Our aim is to point toward potential vulnerabilities that can lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets.
Subphenotypes of acute kidney injury in children
Authors: Gist Katja M. , Fuhrman Dana , Stanski Natalja , Menon Shina , Soranno Danielle E. 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to describe acute kidney injury (AKI) phenotypes in children.

Recent findings
AKI is a heterogenous disease that imposes significant morbidity and mortality on critically ill and noncritically ill patients across the age spectrum. As our understanding of AKI and its association with outcomes has improved, it is becoming increasingly apparent that there are distinct AKI subphenotypes that vary by cause or associated conditions. We have also learned that severity, duration, and repeated episodes of AKI impact outcomes, and that integration of novel urinary biomarkers of tubular injury can also reveal unique subphenotypes of AKI that may not be otherwise readily apparent.

Summary
Studies that further delineate these unique AKI subphenotypes are needed to better understand the impact of AKI in children. Further delineation of these phenotypes has both prognostic and therapeutic implications.