bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transmission Systems for Marine Propulsion Gas-Turbine Power Plants
Authors: Hammond W. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author discusses various transmission systems now available which might be used in connecting a gas-turbine power plant to the propeller of a merchant ship. The major problems to be met by any transmission system are those relating to reversibility and maneuverability. It is concluded that alternating-current electric drive, mechanical reversing gears, and mechanical reduction gear with the controllable and reversible pitch propeller offer acceptable solutions to the problems.
Performance Criteria for Positive-Displacement Pumps and Fluid Motors
Authors: Wilson W. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The comparison of performance characteristics of positive-displacement pumps and fluid motors on the basis of dimensionless performance coefficients and dimensionless efficiency curves is presented as a substitute for the present methods. It is shown that the coefficients describe performance adequately and are subject to significant interpretation in terms of the geometry of the unit. The dimensionless efficiency curve is shown to have advantages in presenting a wide range of data and in prediction of performance characteristics under any specified operating conditions.
How Forging Acts to Enhance Metal Properties
Authors: Dixon E. O. , Foley E. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heretofore unrecognized effects of high impact pressures developed by forging steel in closed dies have been studied. Mechanical properties are compared for conditions of varying restraint to metal flow. Forging tests have been devised to permit analysis of impact pressure with and without accompanying plastic flow as separate effects. High impact pressures developed in drop forging contribute substantially to the improvement in ductility and notched-bar toughness. This is demonstrated under conditions of negligible plastic flow.
Visual Passenger Comfort
Authors: Stevens Brooks 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author outlines the problem confronting the railroad-train designer in providing the comfort and beauty which the passenger has come to expect, and which is necessary to attract his patronage in the highly competitive field of modern transportation. The over-all design conception is discussed, with decorative treatments described of such famous trains as the Olympian-Hiawathas. The author’s conception is given of the facilities and styling of passenger cars of various types which will make up the “train of tomorrow.”
A New Approach to the Design of Dynamically Loaded Extension and Compression Springs
Authors: Johnson Curt I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper contains formulas and derivations of a design procedure for dynamically loaded extension and compression springs which permits straightforward solutions to spring problems with minimum assumptions. It is based upon a new method of graphical representation of spring characteristics and includes the following equations Ce=GKπSs×1Y−1+T for extension springs, or Cc=GKπSs×1Y−Tc for compression springs. Qe=P(Y−1+T) for extension springs, or Qc=P(Y−Tc) for compression springs d=8C3QG where C is the spring index, Q is the load constant, and d is the wire diameter as determined either mathematically or graphically. These items are utilized with “spring proportion tables” (Table 1), for convenient solutions to problems. This paper also describes a method of cataloging stock springs based upon a new graphical representation.
Thermal Contact Resistance of Laminated and Machined Joints
Authors: Brunot A. W. , Buckland Florence F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Values of thermal contact resistance are reported for two types of joints: (1) the joint between two blocks of laminated steel, either in direct contact or separated by cement or shims of steel, aluminum, or aluminum foil; (2) the joint between two blocks of cold-rolled steel with various surface finishes. The resistance as measured amounts to 0.3 to 8 in. of additional material, depending upon the configuration. Results are also given in terms of contact resistance.
Thermal Resistance Measurements of Joints Formed Between Stationary Metal Surfaces
Authors: Weills N. D. , Ryder E. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Results are presented of the measurements of the thermal resistance of dry and oil-filled joints formed between two flat surfaces of various metals. Experimental apparatus consisted of two test blocks, 3 in. diam × 3 in. long, stacked axially on one another, in contact with an inductively heated copper block at one end and with a water-cooled copper block at the other, all placed between the platens of a hydraulic press. The thermal conductance of the joint formed between the two test blocks was obtained from the measured heat flow and temperature gradient through the blocks and studied as a function of temperature, pressure, and surface finish. The temperature at the joint ranged from 300 to 500 F, the thermal current across the joint from 10,000 to 130,000 Btu/(hr) (sq ft), the temperature drop across the joint from 1 to 100 F, and the pressure on the joint from 2 to 8000 psi. The thermal resistance, interpreted by analogy to the concept of electrical spreading resistance, is decreased by increasing the temperature and pressure, by the inclusion of oil, or by plating the surfaces with a soft metal.
Operating Characteristics and Requirements of Drawworks Brake Equipment
Authors: De La Mater R. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper an analysis is made of the operating characteristics, capacity, and limitations of the mechanical friction brakes and of the hydraulic and electric types of supplemental dynamic brakes used on drawworks. Consideration is then given to the relative advantages and disadvantages of various methods of drawworks operation while running in the drill pipe. The speed-load characteristics of the drawworks, for a preferred method of operation, are then compared with the speed-capacity characteristics of the several available brake systems. Consideration is also given to the requirements of the driving means for supplemental dynamic brakes.
Automatic Drilling Feed Controls for Rotary Drilling Rigs
Authors: Crake W. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A considerable amount of detailed study and thought, design, and field testing of various means of achieving the desired results has gone to bring work on drilling controls to their present status. Up to the present, however, the results of this study and work have not been recorded except in improvement in machine performance. This paper is not primarily intended to be an evaluation of the results of automatic-controlled versus hand-controlled drilling, but it is felt by the author that the subject is of major importance in reducing drilling costs, and that all those factors which have been considered, and the analyses of the problems, should be placed on record. Others may wish to extend or revise the analyses and build or purchase similar devices, and this report will, it is hoped, save them from having to duplicate the efforts of the past few years and to determine if the machines designed or offered have the required characteristics.
Pressure Surges and Vibration in Reciprocating-Pump Piping
Authors: Squire J. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the early days of the petroleum industry in America, the long pipe lines through which oil was pumped gave constant trouble from bursts caused by “shock” pressures. The author traces pump and other developments through the years which were intended to reduce the surge problem. Practically all solutions were based upon the use of air chambers, equalizer lines, or otherwise designing piping to prevent these surges from becoming dangerous. With the pumps in use today, pressure swings of 50 to 60 per cent of the mean pressure are experienced. Steps taken to so arrange the flow in the pump that these pressure surges are held within a reasonable percentage of the theoretical value are outlined in the paper. These consist mainly of changes in the pump-valve system, which the author describes at some length, supported by mathematical and test data.
Anisotropic Plastic Flow
Authors: Fisher J. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mathematical theory of plasticity has been generalized to apply to plastically anisotropic materials. The anisotropic flow theory has been shown to reduce to the resolved shear stress - shear strain relationship for single crystals, and to the distortion energy theory for isotropic polycrystals. Experimental data concerning the plastic flow of anisotropic polycrystalline aluminum indicate that the predictions of the anisotropic flow theory are in good agreement with experiment, and are significantly better than the predictions of the distortion energy theory. As plastic anisotropy is the rule rather than the exception, caution is indicated in interpreting the results of combined stress tests by means of the distortion energy theory.
The Laminar-Film Hypothesis
Authors: Miller Benjamin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The laminar-film hypothesis which plays so prominent a part in current heat-transfer literature grew out of a formula relating the pressure gradient along a tube through which a fluid is passing to the rate of heat transfer between the tube and the fluid. Perry derived this formula by combining Péclet’s idea that heat transferred between a body of fluid in violent motion and a bounding solid must flow by conduction through a fluid film at the boundary, with Reynolds analogy between heat convection and momentum convection. Prandtl and later Taylor identified the surface film, invented to explain heat-transfer findings, with a layer of fluid assumed in fluid mechanics to move in laminar flow along the tube wall while the body of fluid forms a turbulently moving core, and they modified Perry’s formula accordingly. Stanton pointed out that the film thickness could be calculated by the modified formula from heat-transfer measurements, and that proof by velocity measurements that there was indeed a laminar film having the calculated thickness would substantiate the hypothesis; but his experiments showed only that there was a region characterized by velocity gradients intermediate between those in the central part of the tube and those calculated for laminar flow. Eagle and Ferguson offered a formula having a term for the intermediate zone as well as one for the laminar film and one for the turbulent core, and calculated the numerical constants from their heat-transfer measurements. Von Kármán adopted the three-zone scheme, but obtained his numerical constants from a velocity distribution published by Nikuradse. If the velocity distribution used by von Kármán had actually been determined experimentally by Nikuradse, the laminar-film hypothesis would be strongly supported, but Nikuradse’s experimental results were inconsistent with the laminar-film hypothesis; having more faith in the hypothesis than in his experimental results, Nikuradse adjusted the results to make them seem to be in accord with the hypothesis, and published the adjusted results as well as the unadjusted, without explaining the discrepancy.
A Critical Review of Skin-Friction and Heat-Transfer Solutions of the Laminar Boundary Layer of a Flat Plate
Authors: Rubesin M. W. , Johnson H. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A review is made of existing literature concerned with the analytical investigation of the velocity and temperature distributions in the boundary layers of a heated (or cooled) flat plate. The plate is postulated infinitely thin and is parallel to a uniform fluid stream. The more recent solutions include the combined effects of frictional dissipation and variable fluid properties. Only the results pertaining to the transfer phenomena occurring at the plate surface are included, i.e., skin drag and over-all heat transfer; the individual temperature and velocity distributions leading to these results are omitted.
Supersonic Convective Heat-Transfer Correlation From Skin-Temperature Measurements on a V-2 Rocket in Flight
Authors: Fischer W. W. , Norris R. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Coefficients of convective heat transfer have been evaluated by analysis of the skin-temperature measurements made at several points on the nose of a V-2 (German A-4) rocket during flight in New Mexico. On one side, the surface of the nose was smooth but on the other side, 4 in. from the nose tip, a transverse ridge about ⅛ in. high, was purposely provided as a turbulence promoter.
The test results are compared in dimensionless form with various proposed correlations for both laminar and turbulent conditions of the boundary layer. The test results, thus correlated, seem to justify the following conclusions: (1) Boundary-layer transition seems to be more dependent, at supersonic speed, on Mach number than on Reynolds number. (2) The theoretical heat-transfer correlation for a laminar layer is confirmed by the appropriate sets of test points to the estimated order of accuracy of the test. (3) For turbulent layer conditions, the subsonic correlation for a flat plate provides better agreement with the supersonic test results than does Eber’s correlation, but there still remains a range of uncertainty as to the best choice of temperature for evaluation of the air properties.
An Evaluation of the Performance of Thirty-Three Residential-Stoker Coals
Authors: Purdy J. B. , Nelson H. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper is based upon experience gained from evaluation tests, sponsored by individual coal producers during the past 12 years, to determine the suitability of various coals for use in residential underfeed stokers of the clinkering type. The conclusions reached through the evaluation tests are in general agreement with the marketing experiences of the producers in the field. Comparisons are also made between the characteristics of the coals as determined by the evaluation tests and data determined by standard laboratory-test methods. Correlation in this regard was not good.
Elements of Graphical Solution of Water-Hammer Problems in Centrifugal-Pump Systems
Authors: Stepanoff A. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Since publication of the “Symposium on Water Hammer,” in 1933, considerable progress has been made abroad in the development of the graphical method of solution of water-hammer problems. Although based upon the same fundamental relationships as the analytical solutions, the graphical method does not require an exact knowledge of the theoretical background and, at the same time, it gives a clear mental pattern of the events which enables one to use it with confidence for solution of practical problems. Early studies of water-hammer problems were carried out almost entirely in connection with water-turbine applications. Water-hammer problems in the centrifugal-pump field are more numerous and varied, but owing to the smaller size of units, the effects of water hammer were learned by experience, damage being repaired at a relatively low cost. Centrifugal-pump designers and users are little familiar with water-hammer theory. Fear of involved mathematical treatment has been a major factor to such neglect. The author attempts to present the water-hammer theory, and the graphical method of solution in its simplest terms. This will enable a pump engineer to recognize the conditions leading to water hammer, to estimate the possible maximum pressure rise and, when necessary, to provide means to reduce the pressure rise to a safe limit.
Film-Pressure Distribution in Grease-Lubricated Journal Bearings
Authors: Cohn Gunther , Oren Jess W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Measurements of the pressure developed in the load-carrying film of a grease-lubricated journal bearing show that grease can operate under hydrodynamic conditions. In a testing fixture, constructed for the purpose, the magnitude and the distribution of that pressure is investigated using a cup grease under conditions of copious feed. The graphical analysis of the results shows a grease dome similar to that of oil, but flatter and extending over a larger arc.
Viscosities and Densities of Lubricating Fluids From −40 to 700 F
Authors: Murphy C. M. , Romans J. B. , Zisman W. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The viscosities and densities of a large group of high-boiling synthetic and petroleum fluids were investigated over a wide range of temperatures. These were selected because of their promise for use at extreme temperatures or their ability to supply fundamental data for viscometry and lubrication. The variation of density with temperature was practically linear over the range investigated. The ASTM viscosity-temperature chart, extended from −100 to 700 F for this work, proved very satisfactory for analysis of the data obtained. Deviations from linearity at the extreme temperatures were studied and classified and nearly all could be explained on the basis of certain physical or chemical transformations shown to occur at the extreme temperatures The linear portions of the graphs are explained qualitatively in terms of the ability of many types of linear molecules to coil as helices. Convexity at high temperatures is believed general, caused by the disappearance of the helical configuration under conditions of violent thermal agitation.
Comparison of High-Temperature Alloys Tested as Blades in a Type B Turbosupercharger
Authors: Stewart W. C. , Ellinghausen H. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The authors describe briefly a series of jet tests, utilizing gas produced from the combustion of Diesel fuel oil, as a means for comparing the resistance of a number of high-temperature alloys to hot-gas impingement. The deficiencies of this method for simulating conditions in a gas turbine are discussed. The paper is concerned principally with comparative tests of a number of high-temperature alloys when tested in the form of blades in a Type B turbosupercharger. The test rotor contains 142 blades, representing 12 different alloys. Both wrought and precision-cast blades are included. Tests were made at eight temperatures, ranging from approximately 1200 to 1500 F, test runs at each temperature being of 50 to 150 hr duration, except in the case of the 1500 F test run, which was continued for 1000 hr. After several of the test runs, measurements were made to determine the amount of permanent extension in the blades and disk. The extension of the blades and disk accompanying progressively higher testing temperatures is shown graphically. A procedure for correlating the metal temperature of the blades with that of the combustion gas in the nozzle chamber of the supercharger is described.
The Applicability of Ceramics and Ceramals as Turbine-Blade Materials for the Newer Aircraft Power Plants
Authors: Bobrowsky A. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ceramic and ceramal materials have been investigated for use as turbine-blade materials for aircraft gas turbines. Tensile, flexure, thermal-shock, and oxidation data for these materials at temperatures up to 2400 F are presented. These data are discussed with respect to applicability for turbine use. Results of turbine-blade operation at the NACA Cleveland laboratory are given.
Changes in Internal Damping of Gas-Turbine Materials Due to Continuous Vibration
Authors: Wilkes G. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A pneumatically driven elevated-temperature fatigue machine and its control are described briefly. The use of this machine to determine qualitatively the initial damping as well as the changes in damping of the test specimen during vibration are discussed. The variation in high-stress initial damping versus temperature has been determined qualitatively on four high-temperature alloys. The elevated-temperature damping has been checked qualitatively during continuous vibration at high stresses. Two materials with extremely high initial damping tended to lose a large portion of it with time. The other materials showed damping changes of as high as 25 per cent with some increasing and some decreasing. Most of the data were taken below the fatigue limit and at temperatures of 1200 F, 1350 F, and 1500 F.
Energy in the Engine Exhaust
Authors: Schweitzer P. H. , Tsu T. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The maximum amount of energy which an ideal turbine can recover from the exhaust gas of an engine is the same as the additional energy obtainable from an ideal, complete-expansion piston engine. This energy, known as the convertible blowdown energy, is equal to the tail triangle of the p-v diagram. A chart is presented for the quick determination of the convertible blowdown energy for exhaust release pressures between 10 and 1000 psia, exhaust release temperatures between 0 and 4000 F, and altitudes between sea level and 40,000 ft.
High-Pressure Boilers With Reheaters
Authors: Rowand W. H. , Raynor A. E. , Gilg F. X. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When power generating equipment is designed to operate within the reheat steam cycle, the steam generating unit includes a reheat section in which partly expanded steam, returned from the turbine, is reheated before final expansion takes place. Reheat boiler units which have been in service for more than 20 years are described, together with some modern high-pressure high-temperature units. Comparison of reheat with nonreheat steam generating units to generate the same kilowatt capacity at the same boiler efficiency and draft loss is shown, together with estimated cost increase of the reheat boilers.
Cleaning Tubular Heat Exchangers
Authors: Dougherty P. F. , Brooks C. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A discussion is presented covering various methods available for cleaning tubular beat-transfer equipment, with particular emphasis on the use of an emulsifying oil for “in-place” cleaning, and on the use of sandblasting. The relative merits of the in-place and the mechanical methods are outlined as well as the factors to be considered in selecting a particular procedure for a given application.
Rates of Fouling and Cleaning of Unfired Heat-Exchanger Equipment
Authors: Weiland J. H. , McCay R. C. , Barnes J. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper presents heat-exchanger performance data and describes exchanger cleaning procedures during the period 1943–1947 at the Port Arthur Works of The Texas Company. The performance data are presented in the form of tables and graphs which show the rates of over-all heat-transfer and exchanger fouling, and the changes in these rates after bundle cleansing.
Discussion: “The Fouling and Cleaning of Surfaces in Unfired Heat Exchangers” (John, A., Loucks, C. M., Groom, C. H., Campobasso, J. J., Latham, Jr., Allen, Dougherty, P. F., Brooks, C. H., Butler, R. C., McCurdy, Jr., W. N., Weiland, Jr., J. H., McCay, R. C., Barnes, J. E., and Bethon, H. E., 1949, Trans. ASME, 71, pp. 825–869)
Authors: Bergelin O. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report summarizes the proceedings of the panel discussion meeting of the Symposium on Folding and Cleaning of Heat Exchange Equipment. Fouling in water circuits, in steam power plants, in marine power plants, in the process industries, and the effect of fouling upon the design of equipment are covered by the papers of the panel leaders. Topics brought up during the general discussion include fouling by calcium-sulphate scale, the suitability of certain “cleanliness factors” used in marine-equipment specifications, the use of additives to reduce fouling by fuel oil, and the effect of manufacturing tolerances and design upon the rate of fouling.