bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Needed independent and dependent variables in multi-element behavior support plans addressing severe behavior problems
Authors: LaVigna Gary W. , Hughes Elizabeth C. , Potter Geoff , Spicer Matthew , Hume Linda , Willis Thomas J. , Huerta Elena 
Published: March 2022

AbstractEthically
, behavior analysts are required to use the least aversive and restrictive procedures capable of managing behaviors of concern. This article introduces and discusses a multi-element paradigm for devising support plans that include ecological, positive programming, and focused-support proactive strategies for reducing the frequency of problem behavior occurrence. It also includes reactive strategies, i.e., separate independent variables. In this paradigm, reactive strategies are aimed solely at getting rapid, safe control over the incident, thereby reducing measured and quantified episodic severity. Behavior analysts who publish in mainstream behavioral journals do not always make it explicit how they, in fact, successfully employed non-aversive reactive procedures to achieve rapid/safe control over the severity of a behavioral incident. Three examples of published studies in the behavioral literature which successfully, though only implicitly, used non-aversive reactive strategies (NARS) to reduce the severity of the behaviors of concern are described. The multi-element paradigm discussed in the present article is illustrated by the support plans that address the challenging behavior of three children in a pre-school setting, using both proactive and reactive strategies. Reactive strategies were used for the purpose of reducing episodic severity (ES) and proactive strategies were aimed at reducing the frequency of occurrence. Following a comprehensive functional analysis and assessment (CFA) and the implementation of a multi-element behavior support (MEBS) plan, results show successful outcomes without the need for any aversive or restrictive procedures. When addressing severe behaviors of concern, in addition to reducing behavioral occurrence, safety should also be improved by reducing ES as a measured outcome and as a function of the reactive strategies employed, including in many cases, the use of strategic capitulation, i.e., providing the identified reinforcer for the target behavior.
Regulating Thermogalvanic Effect and Mechanical Robustness via Redox Ions for Flexible Quasi-Solid-State Thermocells
Authors: Peng Peng , Zhou Jiaqian , Liang Lirong , Huang Xuan , Lv Haicai , Liu Zhuoxin , Chen Guangming 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe design of power supply systems for wearable applications requires both flexibility and durability. Thermoelectrochemical cells (TECs) with large Seebeck coefficient can efficiently convert low-grade heat into electricity, thus having attracted considerable attention in recent years. Utilizing hydrogel electrolyte essentially addresses the electrolyte leakage and complicated packaging issues existing in conventional liquid-based TECs, which well satisfies the need for flexibility. Whereas, the concern of mechanical robustness to ensure stable energy output remains yet to be addressed. Herein, a flexible quasi-solid-state TEC is proposed based on the rational design of a hydrogel electrolyte, of which the thermogalvanic effect and mechanical robustness are simultaneously regulated via the multivalent ions of a redox couple. The introduced redox ions not only endow the hydrogel with excellent heat-to-electricity conversion capability, but also act as ionic crosslinks to afford a dual-crosslinked structure, resulting in reversible bonds for effective energy dissipation. The optimized TEC exhibits a high Seebeck coefficient of 1.43 mV K−1 and a significantly improved fracture toughness of 3555 J m−2, thereby can maintain a stable thermoelectrochemical performance against various harsh mechanical stimuli. This study reveals the high potential of the quasi-solid-state TEC as a flexible and durable energy supply system for wearable applications.
Boosting Zn||I2 Battery’s Performance by Coating a Zeolite-Based Cation-Exchange Protecting Layer
Authors: Shang Wenshuo , Li Qiang , Jiang Fuyi , Huang Bingkun , Song Jisheng , Yun Shan , Liu Xuan , Kimura Hideo , Liu Jianjun , Kang Litao 
Published: March 2022

Highlights

High-performance Zn||I2 batteries were established by coating zeolite protecting layers.

The Zn2+-conductive layer suppresses I3− shuttling, Zn corrosion/dendrite growth.

The Zeolite-Zn||I2 batteries achieve long lifespan (91.92% capacity retention after 5600 cycles), high coulombic efficiencies (99.76% in average) and large capacity (203–196 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1) simultaneously.

Abstract
The intrinsically safe Zn||I2 battery, one of the leading candidates aiming to replace traditional Pb-acid batteries, is still seriously suffering from short shelf and cycling lifespan, due to the uncontrolled I3−-shuttling and dynamic parasitic reactions on Zn anodes. Considering the fact that almost all these detrimental processes terminate on the surfaces of Zn anodes, modifying Zn anodes’ surface with protecting layers should be one of the most straightforward and thorough approaches to restrain these processes. Herein, a facile zeolite-based cation-exchange protecting layer is designed to comprehensively suppress the unfavored parasitic reactions on the Zn anodes. The negatively-charged cavities in the zeolite lattice provide highly accessible migration channels for Zn2+, while blocking anions and electrolyte from passing through. This low-cost cation-exchange protecting layer can simultaneously suppress self-discharge, anode corrosion/passivation, and Zn dendrite growth, awarding the Zn||I2 batteries with ultra-long cycle life (91.92% capacity retention after 5600 cycles at 2 A g−1), high coulombic efficiencies (99.76% in average) and large capacity (203–196 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1). This work provides a highly affordable approach for the construction of high-performance Zn-I2 aqueous batteries.
Sexual dimorphism in toothed whales (Odontoceti) follows Rensch’s rule
Authors: Caspar Kai R. , Begall Sabine 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRensch’s rule entails that male-biased sexual size dimorphism scales allometrically with body size and is assumed to generally apply to polygynous taxa. However, so far only few mammalian groups have been shown to conform to it. Toothed whales (Odontoceti) not only span a substantial range of body sizes, but are commonly presumed to be predominantly polygynous, thus representing a promising candidate group to test for Rensch’s rule. Here we compiled a dataset of sex-specific body lengths in 57 species of toothed whales and demonstrate that sexual size dimorphism in this group does indeed follow Rensch’s rule. When focusing on selected subgroups of toothed whales, conformity to the rule was prominent among lineages of the speciose superfamily Delphinoidea, while it was not found in the beaked whales of the family Ziphiidae. These results support the assumption that polygynous and polygynandrous mating systems and marked precopulatory intrasexual competition between males are common among toothed whales. However, female-biased sexual size dimorphism as well as monomorphism occur at notable frequencies as well, suggesting that reproductive strategies are nevertheless variable among these marine mammals.
What is Normal Pornography Use in a Highly Religious Area? Exploring Patterns of Pornography Use in Utah
Authors: Esplin Charlotte R. , Hatch S. Gabe , Ogles Benjamin M. , Wood David , Rasmussen Benjamin D. , Braithwaite Scott R. 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundPornography has become mainstream in society, including in the state of Utah, which is a highly religious, conservative state.AimThe purpose of this study is to gather basic descriptive norms for pornography use in the state of Utah (given its unique religious profile), establish clinical cutoffs based on frequency and duration of pornography consumption, and begin to establish a clinical picture of problematic pornography use in a regionally representative sample.MethodsWe recruited a representative sample of 892 Utahns via CloudResearch.com. Participants completed the following measures: Consumption of Pornography – General (COPS); Problematic Pornography Use Scale; Clear Lake Addiction to Pornography Scale; The Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (Second Version).OutcomeDocumentation of pornography use norms among Utahns.ResultsIn our sample, 79% reported viewing pornography in their lifetime (85% of men, 75% of women). The most common frequency of pornography viewing was weekly or monthly among men, and monthly or every 6 months among women, which is comparable to national averages. Men and women showed significantly different pornography use frequencies. We demonstrate a relationship between higher levels of pornography use and higher perceived levels of pornography use as a problem or “addiction” and depression scores and explore the typical demographics of our highest pornography users.Clinical TranslationThis study will aid clinicians in using the COPS to derive normal pornography use compared to above average pornography use among pornography users from a religious background, especially for clinicians who seek to provide normative data to clients presenting with problematic pornography use like in motivational interviewing interventions.Strengths and LimitationsStrengths include our measures generally demonstrated strong validity, we provide the beginnings of sound clinical implementation of the COPS for benchmarking pornography use in a clinical setting in Utah, and that our sample was representative of the state of Utah according to current census data. Limitations include those commonly seen in survey-based data collection methods, and that findings from our unique Utah sample may not be as relevant among other religious or cultural samples.ConclusionOur findings provide an updated picture of pornography use in the state of Utah and suggest that even those high in religiosity continue to use pornography. Our results can provide a spectrum of pornography use, aiding a pornography user in treatment to be able to compare his or her use to this norm.
Design and analysis of variable camber wing of propeller aircraft using the actuator disc method
Authors: Liu R. , Bai J. , Qiu Y. , Li Y. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractVariable camber flap technology can adjust the spanwise circulation distribution, thereby reducing the induced drag. Therefore, the concept of variable camber flap is introduced into the design of propeller aircraft wing, and the design for drag reduction of propeller aircraft is carried out. The numerical simulation of the propeller aircraft is carried out by using the actuator disc method with non-uniform distribution of radial and circumferential loads. Through the unsteady simulation of a single propeller, the aerodynamic load on a periodic propeller is extracted as a boundary condition to the steady simulation of the full aircraft. The load extracted by the actuator disc is compared with the unsteady simulation result, which verifies the reliability of the method. The design for drag reduction at cruise and climb design conditions are respectively carried out with the variable camber flap technology. The variable camber cruise configuration is evaluated at both the begin and end cruise conditions. The results show that, after the flaps deflecting at a small angle according to the circulation distribution, the camber distribution of the wing is adjusted to make the circulation distribution closer to the elliptical circulation distribution. At the design cruise condition, the drag coefficient is reduced by 1.4 counts, and the lift-drag ratio increase by 0.1. At both begin and end cruise conditions, the drag coefficient decreases by 1 count, and the lift-drag ratio increases by 0.07. At the design climb condition, the drag coefficient decreases by 1 count, and the lift-to-drag ratio increases by 0.09.
To wait or not to wait: Optimal time interval between the first and second blood-culture sets to maximize blood-culture yield
Authors: Fabre Valeria , Jones George F. , Hsu Yea-Jen , Carroll Karen C. , Cosgrove Sara E. ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The optimal timing of blood culture (BCx) sets collection has not been evaluated with continuous BCx detection systems. The yield of BCx was similar between short intervals (median, 3 minutes) and longer intervals (median, 16 or 43 minutes) among 5,856 BCx, except for improved polymicrobial bacteremia detection with long-interval BCx.
Insufficient Supply, Diagnostic Services, and Lack of Trained Personnel in Primary Hospitals in North-West Ethiopia Worsened Trauma Care: A Mixed-Method Study
Authors: Denu Zewditu Abdissa , Yassin Mensur Osman , Azale Telake , Biks Gashaw Andargie , Gelaye Kassahun Alemu 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective:
Although there has been a massive expansion of hospitals in Ethiopia in the last 2 decades, most are primary-level hospitals. Assessing the capability of the hospitals in managing trauma victims is essential to strengthening the hospitals.

Methods:
We employed a mixed-method approach using quantitative descriptive design triangulated with qualitative research. We audited 10 hospitals using WHO essential trauma care checklist. We interviewed 37 health care professionals, 9 hospital managers, and 12 decision-makers using a semi-structured interview guide. We used the COREQ checklist to report the qualitative finding.

Results:
The physical structures of the hospitals were good in all cases. Airway, breathing and circulation management were partially available, with a score ranging from 0 - 3. The extent of injury, lack of radiology service, and scarcity of drugs and supplies were common causes for the referral of trauma victims to Gondar University hospital.

Conclusion and recommendation:
Unavailability of drugs and supplies, lack of diagnostic services, inability to recruit specialist professionals, lack of training, and inconvenient working and living environment were stated as the main barriers to providing trauma care. In the study area, the gaps in trauma care in the primary hospitals can be improved by further commitment of the hospitals, the district, zonal administrators, and the regional health bureau.
The Effects of a Disaster Preparedness app on Community Knowledge and Intentional Behavior in Hurricane Risk Areas
Authors: Susmini Susmini , Feri Jhon , Wijaya Sapondra , Wibowo Wahyu Dwi Ari , Arifin Hidayat , Lee Bih-O 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective:
With the advancement of technology, disaster preparedness related to hurricane hazards can be taught through an app. This study aimed to examine the effect of using an android-based disaster preparedness app on community knowledge and intentional behavior in hurricane risk areas.

Methods:
A quasi-experimental study was conducted from October to November, 2020 and a total of 80 respondents were recruited using cluster sampling. The treatment group was given the intervention in the form of the disaster preparedness app for 2 weeks. Meanwhile, the control group received home visits and conventional education about hurricane disasters twice throughout the same period. We then used a Wilcoxon Signed Rank test to analyze the pre-test and post-test and a Mann-Whitney U test to compare between treatment and control groups.

Results:
After the implementation of the SiBen app, we found a statistically significant difference in knowledge between treatment and control groups (P < 0.003) and intentional behavior between treatment and control groups (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
The findings indicate that the disaster preparedness app was an effective educational program able to improve the knowledge and intentional behavior among community members in a hurricane risk area.
Epistemological Disjunctivism and the Conditionality Problem for Externalism
Authors: Echeverri Santiago 
Published: March 2022

AbstractEpistemological disjunctivism (ED) has been thought to solve the conditionality problem for epistemic externalism. This problem arises from externalists’ characterization of our epistemic standings as conditional on the obtaining of worldly facts which we lack any reflective access to. ED is meant to avoid the conditionality problem by explicating subjects’ perceptual knowledge in paradigmatic cases of perceptual knowledge via their possession of perceptual reasons that are both factive and reflectively accessible. I argue that ED's account of reflectively accessible factive perceptual reasons is also prey to the conditionality problem. After that, I submit that Stroud's influential formulation of the conditionality problem relies on a methodological requirement that is potentially dissociable from ED. So, it is possible to put ED in the service of a more modest anti-skeptical strategy. I close by suggesting that this modest anti-skeptical strategy successfully undercuts the underdetermination-based skeptical paradox. Nevertheless, it does not have substantial advantages over some forms of epistemic externalism.
A multiplicative ergodic theoretic characterization of relative equilibrium states
Authors: ANTONIOLI JOHN , HONG SOONJO , QUAS ANTHONY 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this article, we continue the structural study of factor maps between symbolic dynamical systems and the relative thermodynamic formalism. Here, one is studying a factor map from a shift of finite type X (equipped with a potential function) to a sofic shift Z, equipped with a shift-invariant measure
$\nu $
. We study relative equilibrium states, that is, shift-invariant measures on X that push forward under the factor map to
$\nu $
which maximize the relative pressure: the relative entropy plus the integral of
$\phi $
. In this paper, we establish a new connection to multiplicative ergodic theory by relating these factor triples to a cocycle of Ruelle–Perron–Frobenius operators, and showing that the principal Lyapunov exponent of this cocycle is the relative pressure; and the dimension of the leading Oseledets space is equal to the number of measures of relative maximal entropy, counted with a previously identified concept of multiplicity.
Almost blenders and parablenders
Authors: BIEBLER SÉBASTIEN 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA blender for a surface endomorphism is a hyperbolic basic set for which the union of the local unstable manifolds robustly contains an open set. Introduced by Bonatti and Díaz in the 1990s, blenders turned out to have many powerful applications to differentiable dynamics. In particular, a generalization in terms of jets, called parablenders, allowed Berger to prove the existence of generic families displaying robustly infinitely many sinks. In this paper we introduce analogous notions in a measurable setting. We define an almost blender as a hyperbolic basic set for which a prevalent perturbation has a local unstable set having positive Lebesgue measure. Almost parablenders are defined similarly in terms of jets. We study families of endomorphisms of
$\mathbb {R}^2$
leaving invariant the continuation of a hyperbolic basic set. When an inequality involving the entropy and the maximal contraction along stable manifolds is satisfied, we obtain an almost blender or parablender. This answers partially a conjecture of Berger, and complements previous works on the construction of blenders by Avila, Crovisier, and Wilkinson or by Moreira and Silva. The proof is based on thermodynamic formalism: following works of Mihailescu, Simon, Solomyak, and Urbański, we study families of skew-products and we give conditions under which these maps have limit sets of positive measure inside their fibers.
Microbiology, empiric therapy and its impact on the outcomes of nonventilated hospital-acquired, ventilated hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia in the United States, 2014–2019
Authors: Zilberberg Marya D. , Nathanson Brian H. , Puzniak Laura A. , Shorr Andrew F. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjective:To explore whether microbiology profiles and the impact of inappropriate empiric treatment differ in the setting of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia that requires subsequent mechanical ventilation (vHABP) versus one that does not (nvHABP) versus ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (VABP).Design:Multicenter retrospective cohort study within Premier Research database, 2014–2019.Methods:We identified cases based on a previously publishedInternational Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision/Tenth Revision Clinical Modification(ICD-9/ICD-10-CM) algorithm, and we compared the 3 groups with respect to the bacterial pathogens isolated from their blood, sputum, or lower airway samples, and their respective rates of exposure to inappropriate empiric treatment. Using regression modeling we computed the effect of inappropriate empiric treatment on outcomes.Results:Among 17,819 patients who met enrollment criteria, 26.5% had nvHABP, 25.6% vHAPB, and 47.9% VABP.S. aureus(majority methicillin-susceptible) was the most frequently isolated organism, followedP. aeruginosa,K. pneumoniae, andE. coliwith variations across the conditions. Rates of carbapenem resistance were highest in VABP (9.1%) and to third-generation cephalosporins in vHABP (14.9%). Patients with nvHABP were most likely to receive inappropriate empiric treatment (8.5%). Although inappropriate empiric treatment was associated with an increase in adjusted postinfection-onset hospital length of stay (2.3 days) and cost ($12,142), its greatest magnitude was in the nvHABP group (4.9 days, $13,147).Conclusions:Substantial microbiologic differences exist among populations who suffer nvHABP, vHABP, and VABP, and inappropriate empiric treatment significantly worsens utilization outcomes. Given the moderate rates of carbapenem resistance and third-generation cephalosporin resistance, all patients require empiric coverage for a range of bacteria, including those targeting extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenem resistance where appropriate.
Knowledge Hiding and Hider's Innovative Behavior in Chinese Organizations: The Mediating Role of Silence Behavior and the Moderating Role of Zhongyong Thinking
Authors: Chen Liangyong , Luo Xiaozhen , Zhou Fei , Zhang Tianqi 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTDrawing from the theory of territorial behavior, this article predicts the explanatory role of silence behavior in the relationship between knowledge hiding and hider's innovative behavior in Chinese organizations, and the potential of Zhongyong thinking in mitigating the detrimental effect of knowledge hiding. Results derived from a time-lagged and multi-source survey support our hypotheses. Specifically, knowledge hiding is negatively associated with the innovative behavior of the hider. Silence behavior mediates the relationship between knowledge hiding and innovative behavior. Meanwhile, Zhongyong thinking moderates the positive relationship between knowledge hiding and silence behavior, as well as the indirect relationship between knowledge hiding and innovative behavior through silence behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed based on these findings.