bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning and Inequality in the Modern World
Authors: Xiang Xin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 1, Learning and Inequality in the Modern World, opens with compelling family stories that led the author to study educational inequality and carry out ethnographic fieldwork in four different schools across China’s socioeconomic spectrum. Bringing these stories into dialogue with existing theories and literatures, she highlights the need to rethink dominant conceptions of educational inequality. She then introduces the key conceptual framework of this book—paradigms of learning—and provides brief vignettes from her fieldwork to illustrate the four distinct paradigms of learning, which are elaborated in Chapters 3–6. Situating these observations in China’s particular economic, political, and social contexts as well as in the global history of capitalistic expansion, the author argues that Unequal Learning is as much a study of reform-era China as a study of the history of our interconnected world.
Learning in Family and Communal Endeavors
Authors: Xiang Xin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 3 (Learning in Family and Communal Endeavors) takes readers inside rural households and farms to understand how rural children learn complex skills and knowledges—such as those about tending to piglets and preparing preserved pork—through observing and participating in the livelihood of the household. Nonetheless, industrialization and urbanization has undermined the economic and social foundations of Learning in Family and Communal Endeavors, as production moves into factories, stores, and offices, and the urban-centered school system takes rural children away from the farm and their home communities. Keenly aware that subsistence farming is no longer a viable livelihood, many parents become active—sometimes torn—agents in disembedding their children from rural communities and pushing them toward a precarious future in urban marketplaces.
The Rise of Town Militias
Authors: Kudelia Serhiy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the formation of self-defense groups in various towns of Donbas in winter and spring 2014 as a response to the rising violence during protests in Kyiv and other Ukrainian towns. It explains the role of local elites in organizing these groups and shows how they later formed the core of separatist militias in their respective towns. It also shows that many of these town militias received backing from or came under the full command of Russian mercenaries arriving in the region. The chapter argues that the presence of town militias was a crucial factor that enabled the quick transfer of towns where they operated under militant control.
Governing under the Barrel of the Gun
Authors: Kudelia Serhiy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter outlines four governance models that emerged under separatist control in the towns of Donbas: (1) rebel governance, (2) shared governance, (3) parallel governance, and (4) governance by default. It shows how each of these models dictated a different degree of involvement by militants in town governance and different roles played by local administrators in exercising control over their urban centers. The chapter argues that variations of these models across the region and even within a single agglomeration suggest that the Russian intervention conditioned local elite strategies, but did not determine them. The varied choices of local elites, in turn, impinged on the ability of the militants to acquire administrative control over urban centers.
The Digamma in Early Greek Hexameter Poetry
Authors: McConnell Tom 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter concerns the digamma, and how often it is ‘observed’ or ‘neglected’ in the corpus. There are several problems involved in the counting of the digamma, and a significant space is given to addressing these. Similarly to the previous chapter, it is argued that formulae are very important and need to be taken in to account. Once a new count has been undertaken, a parallel is introduced—that of resonant lengthening. It is argued that resonant lengthening (itself quite hard to quantify) is similar to digamma in what it can tell us, and that chronology is unlikely to be a factor in the distribution of either. Instead, it is argued that poets were more likely to observe digamma or use resonant lengthening in more traditional kinds of poetry.
Tmesis in Early Greek Hexameter Poetry
Authors: McConnell Tom 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter concerns tmesis. In this way, it is a departure from the previous chapters, in analysing a linguistic feature not typically associated with question of the chronology of the corpus. Moreover, as a feature of syntax, tmesis is unlike the rest of the text so far. Nevertheless, it is argued that there is a ‘younger’ (preverbial) and an ‘older’ (initial) form which may be counted and quantified. It is argued that formulae are once again important for tmesis. The most significant finding is that Homeric speech and narrative are found to use the different kinds of tmesis very differently, which sets up discussion in Part 2 of the book.
Gandhi, the Indian National Congress, and the Jewish Question
Authors: Lal Vinay 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Holocaust is seldom taught in Indian schools and, correspondingly, there has been little exploration of how Gandhi and the other leaders of the Indian National Congress approached the ‘Jewish Question’. Gandhi was associated from his early days in South Africa with Jews and understood their plight. Nevertheless, for various reasons he found himself unable to support the Jewish claim to Palestine as a homeland, not least because that claim was backed up by British arms. Far removed as he was from what was unfolding in Palestine and the events in Europe, from Kristallnacht through to the Holocaust and until the end of the war, Gandhi nevertheless had some profound thoughts on the Jewish Question encapsulated masterfully in his essay of 2 November 1938 called ‘the Jews’. This chapter explores his views, as well as those of Jawaharlal Nehru, who had cultivated an international outlook and was well informed about developments in Europe, and Subhas Bose, who, while an Indian patriot, was opportunistic in his embrace of allies in his quest for anti-colonial solidarity. Though the Congress appears not to have had an official position on the ‘Jewish Question’, this chapter suggests that the questions at stake were never far from its members’ minds.
Prime Ministers in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Grotz Florian , Berz Jan , Kroeber Corinna , Kukec Marko 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Prime ministers are the most powerful and visible politicians in established parliamentary democracies. But is this also true for post-communist Central and Eastern Europe (CEE)? Conventional wisdom suggests that prime ministers in CEE perform weakly because they lack political experience and operate in an extraordinarily difficult context, but this assumption has not been systematically examined. To close this research gap, this book presents a new approach to measuring prime-ministerial performance and offers a novel dataset of 131 cabinets in eleven CEE countries between 1990 and 2018. Comparative analyses of this data reveal that post-communist prime ministers range from politically inexperienced outsiders to insiders with long-standing careers in parliament, government, and party leadership. Their institutional, political, and economic contexts are more favourable in some countries and periods than in others. Some incumbents have performed rather poorly, while others have been very successful. Moreover, analyses of quantitative data and qualitative cases demonstrate that the variations in the careers, contexts, and performance of prime ministers are systematically connected. Their success particularly depends on their experience as party leaders, on the strength of their political allies in the executive and legislative arenas, and on favourable economic conditions. In this way, the book not only qualifies conventional assumptions about prime ministers in CEE but also substantiates the theoretical relationship between their careers, contexts, and performance. Prime Ministers in Central and Eastern Europe thus contributes to an enhanced understanding of the functioning of post-communist democracies and provides new insights for scholarly work engaging with political leadership.
Individual Characteristics
Authors: Grotz Florian , Berz Jan , Kroeber Corinna , Kukec Marko 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Prime ministers (PMs) in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are regarded as lacking the experience to perform successfully in office. The chapter examines this conventional assumption by exploring the individual characteristics of Central and Eastern European PMs from a comparative perspective. The results show that the PMs studied here have similar social backgrounds, making them a relatively homogeneous ‘ruling class’. Most of them have prior political experience, albeit to varying degrees, gained from previous positions as members of the national parliament, as cabinet ministers, or as party leaders after democratization. A few PMs also held political positions during the communist era or belonged to the leadership of anti-communist movements before 1990. PMs in CEE are therefore not politically inexperienced per se but have had different career paths that may influence their performance in office.
Measuring Prime-Ministerial Performance
Authors: Grotz Florian , Berz Jan , Kroeber Corinna , Kukec Marko 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter introduces the empirical indicator for prime-ministerial performance. It develops a series of items for an expert survey that measures the extent to which prime ministers succeed in office. These items build on the six sub-dimensions of the concept introduced in Chapter 4. The present chapter also introduces the strategy for achieving high data quality in the cases of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) considered in this study and reports the post-hoc assessment of the quality of the prime-ministerial performance data based on a series of validity and reliability tests. Moreover, it provides evidence of discriminant validity by showing the extent to which the study’s measure for prime-ministerial performance in CEE deviates from the duration of prime ministers in office—a frequently used proxy for this phenomenon. The chapter concludes by presenting the implications of these tests for the statistical analyses in the subsequent chapters.
Contextual Factors and Prime-Ministerial Performance
Authors: Grotz Florian , Berz Jan , Kroeber Corinna , Kukec Marko 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter investigates how the institutional, political, and economic context affect prime-ministerial performance in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe. It reveals that particular factors in all three contextual dimensions create both favourable and unfavourable conditions for prime ministers (PMs) in performing their tasks. On the political context dimension, PMs are aided in their performance by having strong parliamentary representation of their own party and a ‘safety margin’ provided by an oversized cabinet. On the economic dimension, higher government debt and declines in gross domestic product negatively affect prime-ministerial performance, while, on the institutional dimension, extensive presidential powers, together with control of the presidency by a fellow partisan, have a beneficial effect on PMs’ success in office. Finally, an interactionist analysis reveals that PMs with previous political experience perform better when they command strong legislative powers.
Conclusion
Authors: Grotz Florian , Berz Jan , Kroeber Corinna , Kukec Marko 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The concluding chapter brings together the comparative findings of the book to make a comprehensive statement about the relationship between the political careers of prime ministers in Central and Eastern Europe, the context in which they operate, and their performance in the top executive position. It discusses these findings in light of the main research questions and highlights their implications for the understanding of the working of parliamentary democracy in post-communist countries and in other contexts. Based on these considerations, it also suggests several avenues for future research. Most importantly, further studies could also investigate the political consequences of prime-ministerial performance, that is how it affects the performance of parliamentary democracy in the short term and medium term, as suggested by the principal-agent model of delegation and accountability.
Churchyard Collapse
Authors: Metcalf James 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Charlotte Smith’s paired poems ‘Sonnet XLIV. Written in the Church-Yard at Middleton in Sussex’ and ‘Elegy’ (both 1789) are less uneasy than they are unstable, collapsing the churchyard into the sea, exhuming the dead, and revealing their status as mere bones. The calamity of this event, related across both poems, organises another generic reworking as Smith overhauls elegy’s internal mechanics, as discussed in this chapter. In the masculinist tradition defined by poets such as John Milton and Thomas Gray elegy typically finds consolation in the collaborative mourning of nature and the comforting inheritance of earlier writers. Violently displacing Gray’s ‘rude forefathers’, Smith’s gutting of the genre tracks wildly free of these expectations. That it does so in the churchyard—elegy’s paradigmatic landscape following the publication of Gray’s Elegy—tips the genre’s compensatory structures of mourning into a condition of marginality, turbulence, and erasure. Like Leapor and Yearsley, Smith recodes generic convention by illuminating then displacing its norms, and her elegies burst through the foundation of masculine consolation on the silence of women as they sweep away the churchyard in their tides of excess feeling.
‘All ploughd & buried now’
Authors: Metcalf James 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 4 takes up another eighteenth-century genre, the long poem, to show how John Clare’s ‘The Village Minstrel’ (1821) combines georgic, pastoral, topographical poetry, and elegy as generic signatures brought into creative tension over the span of a poem charting the life of a rural poet named Lubin. As these genres generate a cross-hatched correspondence, looping back into new formations, the long poem accommodates other interlocking rhythms like the working day, the seasons, and the lives of rural labourers that find their close in the churchyard. For Clare, however, writing in the industrial intensification of the changes wrought by capital, the churchyard punctures his poetry’s patterns of time and becomes a disruptive centre of difficult feeling as these patterns are warped by agricultural ‘improvement’. The churchyard in Clare’s poem indexes social changes contorting the arc of this already arduous life of labour, as those buried there are hailed as strangers to their native landscape, rearranged by enclosure. Here, and in a series of shorter lyrics written across his career, Clare turns back to the churchyard and disinters evidence of the harms allotted to those compelled to work in the grip of a new era of the brutal reorganization of rural life and landscape.
Stress across the lifecourse and adult mental and physical health outcomes
Authors: Suglia Shakira F , Shelton Rachel C , Factor-Litvak Pam , Kezios Katrina , Batayeh Brian , Cirillo Piera , Cohn Barbara , Link Bruce 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Introduction
Economic, social, and traumatic stressors have been shown to impact mental and physical health. Few studies have considered whether different domains of stressors have a differential effect on health outcomes or have considered stressors across the lifecourse. We characterize stress cumulatively (life stress) and across different domains and examine their relation to adult mental and physical health using prospectively collected data from the DISPAR study.

Methods
At 4 timepoints (birth, age 9, 15, and 50), economic, relational, and traumatic stressors were assessed, and interviews were conducted between 1959 and 2012. Experiences of major discrimination were assessed at age 50. Life stress scores and domain-specific stress scores, (occurring in either childhood or adulthood), were created. The Kessler distress scale, self-reported health, and objective measured allostatic load (AL) were assessed at age 50.

Results
Adjusting for race and sex, life stress was associated with all 3 outcomes. Domain-specific analysis showed that only SES stressors impacted all outcomes (poorer self-rated health, higher distress, and higher AL). Relational stress was associated with distress only; experiences of discrimination were associated with poor self-rated health and distress.

Conclusion
Stressors across the lifecourse have been proposed to affect wear and tear on multiple bodily systems and to affect multiple health outcomes. Our empirical test supported this hypothesis in a 50-year old cohort and in particular the impact of economic stress across physical and mental health outcomes.
Racialized economic segregation and Black youth suicide in the US
Authors: Das Abhery , Huo Shutong , Bustos Brenda , Masoumirad Mandana , Bruckner Tim A , Stolte Allison 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Between the early 2000s and 2020s, the suicide prevalence among non-Hispanic (NH) Black youth increased more than three-fold, making suicide the second leading cause of death in this population. Structural factors such as poverty and place-based racial inequities may contribute to the high prevalence of suicide among this population. We examine whether changes in racialized economic segregation correspond with changes in Black youth suicide prevalence, over time. As our exposure, we utilize longitudinal measures of the Index of the Concentration of the Extremes (ICE) race/income. As the outcome, we use counts of suicides among NH Black youth aged 5-19, across three epochs (2000-2004, 2006-2010, 2014-2018) in 703 counties in the US. We use county-level fixed effects Poisson models that include population offsets and adjust for time trends, percent poverty, unmarried households, educational attainment, and public assistance. A standard deviation increase in ICE race/income, or less concentrated Black poverty, coincides with a 7% decline in NH Black youth suicide over time (Incidence Rate Ratio [IRR]: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87 – 0.99). Despite overall increases in Black youth suicide in the US, reductions in concentrated Black poverty may attenuate this trend.
ProtGraph: a tool for the quick and comprehensive exploration and exploitation of the peptide search space derived from protein sequence databases using graphs
Authors: Lux Dominik , Marcus-Alic Katrin , Eisenacher Martin , Uszkoreit Julian 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Due to computational resource limitations, in mass spectrometry based proteomics only a limited set of peptide sequences is used for the matching against measured spectra. We present an approach to represent proteins by graphs and allow not only the canonical sequences but also known isoforms and annotated amino acid variations, e.g. originating from genomic mutations, and further common protein sequence features contained in Uniprot KB or other protein databases. Our C++ and Python implementation enables a groundbreaking comprehensive characterization of the peptide search space, encompassing for the first time all available annotations in a protein database (in combination more than $10^{200}$ possibilities). Additionally, it can be used to quickly extract the relevant subset of the search space for peptide to spectrum matching, e.g. filtering by the peptide mass. We demonstrate the advantages and innovative findings of our implementation compared to previous workflows by re-analysing publicly available datasets.
The network structural entropy for single-cell RNA sequencing data during skin aging
Authors: Liu Zhilong , Lin Hai , Li Xiang , Xue Hao , Lu Yuer , Xu Fei , Shuai Jianwei 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Aging is a complex and heterogeneous biological process at cellular, tissue, and individual levels. Despite extensive effort in scientific research, a comprehensive understanding of aging mechanisms remains lacking. This study analyzed aging-related gene networks, using single-cell RNA sequencing data from &gt;15 000 cells. We constructed a gene correlation network, integrating gene expressions into the weights of network edges, and ranked gene importance using a random walk model to generate a gene importance matrix. This unsupervised method improved the clustering performance of cell types. To further quantify the complexity of gene networks during aging, we introduced network structural entropy. The findings of our study reveal that the overall network structural entropy increases in the aged cells compared to the young cells. However, network entropy changes varied greatly within different cell subtypes. Specifically, the network structural entropy among various cell types may increase, remain unchanged, or decrease. This wide range of changes may be closely related to their individual functions, highlighting the cellular heterogeneity and potential key network reconfigurations. Analyzing gene network entropy provides insights into the molecular mechanisms behind aging. This study offers new scientific evidence and theoretical support for understanding the changes in cell functions during aging.
Multimodal deep learning approaches for precision oncology: a comprehensive review
Authors: Yang Huan , Yang Minglei , Chen Jiani , Yao Guocong , Zou Quan , Jia Linpei 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The burgeoning accumulation of large-scale biomedical data in oncology, alongside significant strides in deep learning (DL) technologies, has established multimodal DL (MDL) as a cornerstone of precision oncology. This review provides an overview of MDL applications in this field, based on an extensive literature survey. In total, 651 articles published before September 2024 are included. We first outline publicly available multimodal datasets that support cancer research. Then, we discuss key DL training methods, data representation techniques, and fusion strategies for integrating multimodal data. The review also examines MDL applications in tumor segmentation, detection, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment selection, and therapy response monitoring. Finally, we critically assess the limitations of current approaches and propose directions for future research. By synthesizing current progress and identifying challenges, this review aims to guide future efforts in leveraging MDL to advance precision oncology.