bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological Axial Tibial Rotation of the Knee During a Weightbearing Flexion
Authors: Li Guoan , Zhou Chaochao , Yu Jia , Li Sophia , Foster Timothy , Bedair Hany 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Axial tibial rotation is a characteristic motion of the knee, but how it occurs with knee flexion is controversial. We investigated the mechanisms of tibial rotations by analyzing in vivo tibiofemoral articulations. Twenty knees of 20 living human subjects were investigated during a weightbearing flexion from full extension to maximal flexion using a dual fluoroscopic imaging system. Tibiofemoral articular contact motions on medial and lateral femoral condyles and tibial surfaces were measured at flexion intervals of 15 deg from 0 deg to 120 deg. Axial tibial rotations due to the femoral and tibial articular motions were compared. Articular contact distances were longer on femoral condyles than on tibial surfaces at all flexion intervals (p &lt; 0.05). The articular distance on medial femoral condyle is longer than on lateral side during flexion up to 60 deg. The internal tibial rotation was 6.8 ± 4.5 deg (Mean ± SD) at the flexion interval of 0–15 deg, where 6.1 ± 2.6 deg was due to articulations on femoral condyles and 0.7 ± 5.1 deg due to articulations on tibial surfaces (p &lt; 0.05). The axial tibial rotations due to articulations on femoral condyles are significantly larger than those on tibial surfaces until 60 deg of flexion (p &lt; 0.05). Minimal additional axial tibial rotations were observed beyond 60 deg of flexion. The axial tibial rotations were mainly attributed to uneven articulations on medial and lateral femoral condyles. These data can provide new insights into the understanding of mechanisms of axial tibial rotations and serve as baseline knowledge for improvement of knee surgeries.
Stable Inverse Dynamics for Feedforward Control of Nonminimum-Phase Underactuated Systems
Authors: Bettega Jason , Richiedei Dario , Tamellin Iacopo , Trevisani Alberto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An enhanced inverse dynamics approach is here presented for feedforward control of underactuated multibody systems, such as mechanisms or robots where the number of independent actuators is smaller than the number of degrees of freedom. The method exploits the concept of partitioning the independent coordinates into actuated and unactuated ones (through a QR-decomposition) and of linearly combined output, to obtain the internal dynamics of the nonminimum-phase system and then to stabilize it through proper output redefinition. Then, the exact algebraic model of the actuated sub-system is inverted, leading to the desired control forces with just minor approximations and no need for pre-actuation. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is assessed by three numerical test cases, by comparing it with some meaningful benchmarks taken from the literature. Finally, experimental verification through an underactuated robotic arm with two degrees of freedom is performed.
Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition (δ13C) as a Proxy of Organic Matter Dynamics in Soils on the Western Shore of Lake Baikal
Authors: Golubtsov V. A. , Vanteeva Yu. V. , Voropai N. N. , Vasilenko O. V. , Cherkashina A. A. , Zazovskaya E. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Assessing the main factors that control carbon dynamics in soils is an urgent problem in the context of modern climate change. The analysis of stable carbon isotope (δ13С) composition is one of the approaches to understanding this dynamics. The study was carried out in the landscapes of the southeastern slope and foothills of the Primorskii Range, characterized by contrasting physico-geographical conditions. Climatic parameters, spatial variations in the composition of stable carbon isotopes and their distribution in soil profiles, and soil physicochemical properties controlling carbon dynamics have been analyzed. The soil humus horizons formed in mountainous tundra and steppe landscapes manifest the highest δ13С values (–24.72 and –23.97…–24.75‰); whereas the lowest (–25.61…–27.18‰) values are registered in the mountainous taiga soils. Based on the calculation of linear dependence between δ13С values and the total carbon content in soil, which varies with the depth, the carbon turnover intensity was determined using the slope of linear regression. It was revealed that under the contrasting conditions of mountainous tundra and steppe landscapes, the climate (deficiency of heat and moisture) has a significant impact on the intensity of organic matter transformation, blocking the effect of edaphic (soil profile) factors. Under more favorable climatic conditions of mountainous taiga landscapes, the dynamics of organic matter in soils is controlled mainly by edaphic factors.
Global burden of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults, 1990-2019: systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Authors: Xie Jinchi , Wang Maoqing , Long Zhiping , Ning Hua , Li Jingkuo , Cao Yukun , Liao Yunfei , Liu Gang , Wang Fan , Pan An 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Objective
To estimate the global burden of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) from 1990 to 2019.

Design
Systematic analysis.

Data source
Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Participants aged 15-39 years from 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019.

Main outcomes measures
Age standardised incidence rate, age standardised disability adjusted life years (DALY) rate, and age standardised mortality rate for type 2 diabetes in people aged 15-39 years from 1990 to 2019, and proportional DALY attributable to different risk factors.

Results
From 1990 to 2019, significant increases in age standardised incidence rate and age standardised DALY rate were found for type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults globally (P<0.001). Age standardised incidence rate (per 100 000 population) increased from 117.22 (95% confidence interval 117.07 to 117.36) in 1990 to 183.36 (183.21 to 183.51) in 2019, and age standardised DALY rate (per 100 000 population) increased from 106.34 (106.20 to 106.48) in 1990 to 149.61 (149.47 to 149.75) in 2019. The age standardised mortality rate (per 100 000 population) was modestly increased from 0.74 (0.72 to 0.75) in 1990 to 0.77 (0.76 to 0.78) in 2019. When grouped by countries with different sociodemographic indexes, countries with a low-middle and middle sociodemographic index had the highest age standardised incidence rate and age standardised DALY rate in 2019, whereas countries with a low sociodemographic index had the lowest age standardised incidence rate but the highest age standardised mortality rate. Women generally had higher mortality and DALY rates than men at ages <30 years, but differences between the sexes were reversed in those aged >30 years except in countries with a low sociodemographic index. The main attributable risk factor for DALY for early onset type 2 diabetes was high body mass index in all regions by sociodemographic index. The proportional contribution of other risk factors varied across regions, however, with higher proportions of ambient particulate air pollution and smoking in countries with a high sociodemographic index and higher proportions of household air pollution from solid fuels and diet low in fruit in countries with a low sociodemographic index.

Conclusions
Early onset type 2 diabetes is a growing global health problem in adolescents and young adults, especially in countries with a low-middle and middle sociodemographic index. A greater disease burden in women aged <30 years was found. Specific measures are needed in countries with different levels of socioeconomic development because of the variable attributable risk factors for type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults.
Study protocol for controlled human infection for penicillin G againstStreptococcus pyogenes: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised trial to determine the minimum concentration required to prevent experimental pharyngitis (the CHIPS trial)
Authors: Hla Thel Khin , Osowicki Joshua , Salman Sam , Batty Kevin T , Marsh Julie A , Kado Joseph , Barr Renae , Enkel Stephanie L , Snelling Thomas L , McCarthy James , Steer Andrew C , Carapetis Jonathan , Manning Laurens 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionRegular intramuscular benzathine penicillin G injections have been the cornerstone of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) secondary prophylaxis since the 1950s. As the pharmacological correlate of protection remains unknown, it is difficult to recommend changes to this established regimen. Determining the minimum effective penicillin exposure required to preventStreptococcus pyogenesinfection will accelerate development of new long-acting penicillins for RHD prevention as well as inform opportunities to improve existing regimens. The CHIPS trial will address this knowledge gap by directly testing protection afforded by different steady state plasma concentrations of penicillin in an established model of experimental humanS. pyogenespharyngitis.Methods and analysisThis is a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised experimental human infection study. Sixty healthy adult volunteers aged 18–40 years will be recruited and randomised 1:1:1:1:1 to continuous intravenous penicillin infusions targeting five different steady state plasma concentrations of 0 (placebo), 3, 6, 12 and 20 ng/mL via a midline catheter. Each participant’s penicillin pharmacokinetic parameters will be established prior to the challenge, to ensure accurate dosing for the continuous infusion. Following the challenge with a well-characterised strain ofS. pyogenes, participants will be observed for up to 6 days for the development of pharyngitis and treated with antibiotics prior to discharge. The primary objective is to determine the minimum effective steady-state plasma penicillin concentration required to prevent experimental pharyngitis. Secondary objectives will explore systemic and mucosal immunoinflammatory responses during pharyngitis, bacterial colonisation dynamics, environmental contamination and qualitative evaluation of the participant experience.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained (Bellberry Human Research Ethics Committee). Findings will be reported in peer-reviewed publications and presented at national/international stakeholder forums.Trial registration numberACTRN12621000751875.
General anesthesia vs procedural sedation for failed NeuroThrombectomy undergoing rescue stenting: intention to treat analysis
Authors: Mohammaden Mahmoud H , Haussen Diogo C , Al-Bayati Alhamza R , Hassan Ameer E , Tekle Wondwossen , Fifi Johanna T , Matsoukas Stavros , Kuybu Okkes , Gross Bradley A , Lang Michael , Narayanan Sandra , Cortez Gustavo M , Hanel Ricardo A , Aghaebrahim Amin , Sauvageau Eric , Farooqui Mudassir , Ortega-Gutierrez Santiago , Zevallos Cynthia B , Galecio-Castillo Milagros , Sheth Sunil A , Nahhas Michael , Salazar-Marioni Sergio , Nguyen Thanh N , Abdalkader Mohamad , Klein Piers , Hafeez Muhammad , Kan Peter , Tanweer Omar , Khaldi Ahmad , Li Hanzhou , Jumaa Mouhammad , Zaidi Syed F , Oliver Marion , Salem Mohamed M , Burkhardt Jan-Karl , Pukenas Bryan , Kumar Rahul , Lai Michael , Siegler James E , Peng Sophia , Alaraj Ali , Nogueira Raul G 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundThere is little data available to guide optimal anesthesia management during rescue intracranial angioplasty and stenting (ICAS) for failed mechanical thrombectomy (MT). We sought to compare the procedural safety and functional outcomes of patients undergoing rescue ICAS for failed MT under general anesthesia (GA) vs non-general anesthesia (non-GA).MethodsWe searched the data from the Stenting and Angioplasty In Neuro Thrombectomy (SAINT) study. In our review we included patients if they had anterior circulation large vessel occlusion strokes due to intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) or middle cerebral artery (MCA-M1/M2) segments, failed MT, and underwent rescue ICAS. The cohort was divided into two groups: GA and non-GA. We used propensity score matching to balance the two groups. The primary outcome was the shift in the degree of disability as measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days. Secondary outcomes included functional independence (90-day mRS0-2) and successful reperfusion defined as mTICI2B-3. Safety measures included symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and 90-day mortality.ResultsAmong 253 patients who underwent rescue ICAS, 156 qualified for the matching analysis at a 1:1 ratio. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were balanced between both groups. Non-GA patients had comparable outcomes to GA patients both in terms of the overall degree of disability (mRS ordinal shift; adjusted common odds ratio 1.29, 95% CI [0.69 to 2.43], P=0.43) and rates of functional independence (33.3% vs 28.6%, adjusted odds ratio 1.32, 95% CI [0.51 to 3.41], P=0.56) at 90 days. Likewise, there were no significant differences in rates of successful reperfusion, sICH, procedural complications or 90-day mortality among both groups.ConclusionsNon-GA seems to be a safe and effective anesthesia strategy for patients undergoing rescue ICAS after failed MT. Larger prospective studies are warranted for more concrete evidence.
Endovascular thrombectomy after acute ischemic stroke of the basilar artery: a meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials
Authors: Adusumilli Gautam , Kobeissi Hassan , Ghozy Sherief , Hardy Nicole , Kallmes Kevin M , Hutchison Kristen , Kallmes David F , Brinjikji Waleed , Albers Gregory W , Heit Jeremy J 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundPrevious randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses were underpowered to demonstrate the superiority of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) over medical therapy (MEDT) in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion of the posterior circulation (PC-LVO). We performed an updated systematic review and meta-analysis after the publication of the BAOCHE and ATTENTION trials to determine whether EVT can benefit patients presenting with PC-LVO.MethodsUsing Nested Knowledge, we screened literature for RCTs on EVT in PC-LVO. The primary outcome was 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 0–3, and secondary outcomes included 90-day mRS score 0–2, 90-day mortality, and rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH). A random-effects model was used to compute rate ratios (RRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsFour RCTs with 988 patients, 556 patients in the EVT arm and 432 patients in the MEDT arm, were included in the meta-analysis. EVT resulted in significantly higher rates of mRS score 0–3 (RR=1.54; 95% CI 1.16 to 2.04; P=0.002) and functional independence (RR=1.83; 95% CI 1.08 to 3.08; P=0.024), and lower rates of mortality (RR=0.76; 95% CI 0.65 to 0.90; P=0.002) at 90-day follow-up compared with MEDT alone. However, EVT patients had higher rates of sICH (RR=7.48; 95% CI 2.27 to 24.61; P<0.001).ConclusionsEVT conferred significant patient benefit over MEDT alone in the treatment of PC-LVO. Future studies should better define patients for whom EVT is futile and determine factors that contribute to higher rates of sICH.
More thanMycobacterium tuberculosis:site-of-disease microbial communities, and their functional and clinical profiles in tuberculous lymphadenitis
Authors: Nyawo Georgina R , Naidoo Charissa C , Wu Benjamin , Sulaiman Imran , Clemente Jose C , Li Yonghua , Minnies Stephanie , Reeve Byron W P , Moodley Suventha , Rautenbach Cornelia , Wright Colleen , Singh Shivani , Whitelaw Andrew , Schubert Pawel , Warren Robin , Segal Leopoldo , Theron Grant 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundLymphadenitis is the most common extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) manifestation. The microbiome is important to human health but uninvestigated in EPTB. We profiled the site-of-disease lymph node microbiome in tuberculosis lymphadenitis (TBL).MethodsFine-needle aspiration biopsies were collected from 158 pretreatment presumptive TBL patients in Cape Town, South Africa. 16S Illumina MiSeq rRNA gene sequencing was done.ResultsWe analysed 89 definite TBLs (dTBLs) and 61 non-TBLs (nTBLs), which had similar α- but different β-diversities (p=0.001). Clustering identified five lymphotypes prior to TB status stratification:Mycobacterium-dominant, Prevotella-dominant andStreptococcus-dominant lymphotypes were more frequent in dTBLs whereas aCorynebacterium-dominant lymphotype and a fifth lymphotype (no dominant taxon) were more frequent in nTBLs. When restricted to dTBLs, clustering identified aMycobacterium-dominant lymphotype with low α-diversity and non-Mycobacterium-dominated lymphotypes (termedPrevotella-Corynebacterium,Prevotella-Streptococcus). TheMycobacteriumdTBL lymphotype was associated with HIV-positivity and features characteristic of severe lymphadenitis (eg, larger nodes). dTBL microbial communities were enriched with potentially proinflammatory microbial short-chain fatty acid metabolic pathways (propanoate, butanoate) vs nTBLs. 11% (7/61) of nTBLs hadMycobacteriumreads BLAST-confirmed asMycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex.ConclusionsTBL at the site-of-disease is not microbially homogeneous. Distinct microbial community clusters exist that, in our setting, are associated with different clinical characteristics, and immunomodulatory potentials. Non-Mycobacterium-dominated dTBL lymphotypes, which contain taxa potentially targeted by TB treatment, were associated with milder, potentially earlier stage disease. These investigations lay foundations for studying the microbiome’s role in lymphatic TB. The long-term clinical significance of these lymphotypes requires prospective validation.
Determining the strain rate of controlled-strain loading consolidation test with hydraulic conductivity
Authors: Raheena M. , Robinson Retnamony G. 
Published: December 2022

This note presents a rational procedure to determine the initial strain rate of controlled-strain loading (CSL) consolidation test and control the strain rate during the test within the permissible limits of pore pressure ratio. The initial strain rate is determined by measuring the hydraulic conductivity of soil specimen by conducting a rapid falling head hydraulic conductivity test using a stand pipe of 3 mm diameter. The strain rate is controlled during the test by restricting the maximum allowable pore pressure ratio at the base of the specimen close to 15%. The testing procedure is validated by performing a series of experiments on reconstituted and undisturbed soil samples. The results from the proposed method are compared with those obtained from the incremental loading consolidation test. The test results proved that the proposed method can be conveniently used to perform the CSL consolidation tests for the determination of the consolidation properties of soils.
How to teach life sciences students about dual-use research—a view from the field
Authors: Gemünden Michèle , Vinke Svenja 
Published: December 2022

To reduce biological risks, raising awareness for dual-use issues already at the level of university education is essential. Currently, most life sciences education programs do not incorporate biosecurity and dual-use in their regular curricula. Consequently, the responsibility rests with individual lecturers and depends on their initiative to incorporate dual-use topics into teaching activities. Students interested in biosecurity and dual-use topics often only have the option to educate themselves in external or online courses. Here, we provide practical guidance on how to initiate and integrate a dual-use education program within the curriculum and provide a selection of existing teaching materials. In addition, we suggest key learning objectives to guide the planning of dual-use courses. Different course formats like lectures, seminars, or stand-alone events are discussed regarding their advantages, disadvantages, and suitability for conveying the learning objectives to different educational stages and audiences. As a minimum, we recommend the incorporation of dual-use issues into at least one mandatory course. Ideally, students should additionally participate in in-depth seminars, which can be voluntary and offered in cooperation with external organisations.
Searching for dark matter axions with Berry phase
Authors: Lambiase G. , Papini G. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWe discuss novel aspects of the interaction of axions-like particles (ALP) with superfluids, superconductors in particular, and determine an induced Berry phase that is topologically singular and contributes to the generation of string-like structures. The latter are similar to vortices in superfluids. We suggest that measuring the currents generated by the Berry phase of ALP axions would enable the study of low mass regions of the ALP spectrum otherwise unobservable.
CAN BE A PREFERABILITY BETWEEN INDUCTION ANESTHETIC AGENTS FOR FRACTURE SURGERY. HISTOPATHOLOGICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL APPROACH ON RATS
Authors: KUYUBASI SABIT NUMAN , INAL CANAN , INAL SERMET , INAL MEHMET TURAN , DEGER AYSENUR , GÖK KADIR , ONER SULEYMAN KAAN , KURT MEHMET 
Published: December 2022

As the effect of many medical agents such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or antibiotics were investigated on bone fracture healing, there is no study about the anesthetic agents when compared histopathologically and biomechanically. We asked the question that if a superiority can be between them since we operate many fractures and see the delayed or nonunions. Although different anesthetic agents are used in general anesthesia, the effects of these substances on bone fracture healing are not clear. Here, we intended to research different anesthetic agents on fracture union in rats. The study was done between January 2020 and November 2021 in a university animal research laboratory. Totally 48 male Wistar-Albino rats weighing 250–300[Formula: see text]g were seperated into 3 groups as Tiyopental Na in Group 1, Ketamin in Group 2 and Propofol in Group 3. For anesthesia; 40, 100, 100[Formula: see text]mg/kg of single dosages were injected intraperitoneally, respectively. A shaft fracture was created bilaterally to the tibia of all rats. Kirschner (K) wire is used for the fixation of fractures. Biomechanical and histopathological examination in bones is performed at the end of the first and second months in terms of fracture healing. It has been found that the fracture union in group 1 was statistically signifigant higher than group 3 at the end of the first and second months histopathologically (P = 0.006, P = 0.002). It is also found there is a statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 3 after the second month biomechanically (P = 0.013). Although the union was higher in group 1 than group 2 histopathologically and biomechanically after the first and second months, there was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.376, 0.039; P = 0.028, 0.867). There was a general trend in the decrease of union measurements starting from group 1 to 3 at the end of the first and second month both histopathologically and biomechanically. In this study, it is found that there was a positive consistency between histopathological and biomechanical results with respect to bone union. They supported each other. Fracture healing is stronger in rats that were anesthetized by using thiopental than those using ketamine and propofol, we think that this may affect the choice of anesthetic agent and further studies are needed.