bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imitating Christ
Authors: Dumler-Winckler Emily 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Innovatively imitating Christ, Wollstonecraft suggests, calls for a “revolution in female manners” and a denial of “sexual virtues.” Chapter 3 demonstrates that Wollstonecraft’s account of the virtues is radical in the dual sense of that term. Rooted in a premodern perfectionist theological anthropology, her account nonetheless revolutionizes those of her forebears in keeping with what Judith Butler calls performativity. But whereas Butler alternately celebrates virtue as critique or provides a critique of virtue, Wollstonecraft presents an account of ethical formation in the virtues of social criticism. These enable one to distinguish true virtues from their sexed semblances. Her denial of sexual virtues means the cultivation of virtue is neither determined by sexual difference as some worry, nor completely disconnected from embodied differences as others charge. This chapter also presents Wollstonecraft’s extensive list of the virtues, ultimately comparing her notion of modesty with Saba Mahmood’s findings.
Kant’s Early Defense of the Contemplative Life
Authors: Church Jeffrey 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 discusses Kant’s earliest naturalistic genealogy of the vocation of humanity as expressed in his Universal Natural History (1755), a speculative history of the genesis and development of the cosmos. Before his transformative encounter with Rousseau, Kant held that to understand the purpose of human life, we must first understand nature as a whole. Kant adopted the ancient view that the contemplative life is the highest life. However, he argued, the conflict within human nature made it difficult if not impossible for us to live this sort of life. The Universal Natural History concludes by questioning the value of human existence and raising the question of the purpose of humanity, which, at this point in his career, Kant could not answer.
The Purposes of Politics (1)
Authors: Church Jeffrey 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
For Kant, the political community is unlike the moral community in that the former must govern our nature in addition to our freedom. Historically, Kant argues, politics emerges in order to realize our natural ends of wholeness and for perfection. In his anthropology, Kant connects these fundamental natural ends with forms of community that human beings create in order to satisfy these ends. Perfection is achieved through culture, the form of community devoted to disciplining our desires and cultivating our capacities or “skills” to accomplish any end we wish. This chapter argues that for Kant politics may adopt the end of fostering culture as a way to realize our natural end, a precondition for a system of rights. In contrast to typical readings of “What is Enlightenment?,” I argue that Kant’s commitment to freedom of communication in that essay is largely devoted to advancing culture rather than improving politics.
The Meaningfulness of the Liberal Project
Authors: Church Jeffrey 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 11 concludes the book by arguing that Kantian liberalism is compelling because it engenders a sense of community and purpose much better than does communitarian liberal alternatives. This chapter takes up three particular problems facing contemporary liberalism. First, Kant’s conception of human dividedness captures the plight of contemporary liberal societies, divided as we are between community and individual, nation and cosmopolis, happiness and striving. Second, Kantian liberalism also addresses the “meaning deficit” in contemporary liberal communities. What our societies are lacking is not happiness, but a sense of meaning in life. Finally, in injecting meaning into liberalism, Kant’s political theory provides a centrist rival to populist illiberal politics that have commanded such political power recently because of its ability to supply its adherents with a sense of purpose and meaning. This centrism points toward a possible way to overcome the deep polarization besetting our age.
Practicing Peace in South America
Authors: Glas Aarie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter mirrors the structure of chapter 4 to examine the conflictual peace of South America. It begins with a discussion of the South American region before examining the history of cooperation and conflict here. This survey highlights the role of state power, regional norms, and organizations. The second section showcases the existence of a distinctive South American habitual disposition, paying particular attention to the relationship between diplomatic practice and regional governance norms. The third section examines the effect of the region’s diplomatic habitual disposition. This is done first by reference to the habitual disposition’s robustness for regional practitioners themselves, and then by tracing the effects of the habitual disposition on the management of the long-standing Cenepa dispute between Ecuador and Peru. The chapter finds that a distinctive habitual disposition shapes South American conflict management and regionalism, making possible the coexistence of institutionalized cooperation alongside persistent militarized interstate violence.
What kind of explanation?
Authors: Baras Dan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When facts call for explanation, what kind of explanation do they call for? One suggestion is that any kind of explanation would do. However, there are reasons to doubt this suggestion. The alternative is that when a fact calls for explanation, it calls for a specific kind of explanation. The question then is whether there is some unified account of what kind of explanation facts that call for explanation call for. This chapter examines four proposals and argues that none of them succeed. The conclusion of the chapter is that there is no unified kind of explanation called for by all facts that call for explanation.
Is the striking principle privileged?
Authors: Baras Dan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the third part of the naïve picture. Building on the idea that there is a privileged set of epistemic principles (as developed in Chapter 2), it argues that the striking principle is not a member of this set. The main premise of this argument is that the striking principle is dispensable because, for paradigmatic facts that call for explanation, there are good explanations of what we should infer about each fact that do not appeal to the striking principle. Instead, these explanations appeal to other, better-established principles, such as Bayesian principles and enumerative induction. Towards the end of the chapter a final suggestion is explored and rejected. The suggestion is that the striking principle is dispensable as a fundamental principle, but still useful as a shortcut.
The Maangamizi and the Making of International Law
Authors: Schwarz Katarina 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter adopts a critical perspective on the history of international law, exploring the positioning and regulation of enslavement in the international legal system over time. It maps the prohibition of slavery in international law, identifying the point in time at which the international norm against slavery crystallized. It then looks beyond this norm to consider the permissive rules and restrictions in place prior to prohibition and how these rules changed over time to align with the interests of powerful states. It considers the relevance and substance of non-European perspectives on the international legality of slavery in the transatlantic period, creating space for an alternative perspective that does not frame slavery as simply “legal at the time.”
Adjudicating the “Past”
Authors: Schwarz Katarina 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the fundamental question when assessing claims for reparations for historical injustice: How does the passage of time impact the legal case for redress? It moves beyond the simple presumption that the passage of time alone frustrates an international legal case to explore the specific ways in which time can influence state responsibility and justiciability. It assesses whether claims to reparations for slavery have lapsed by virtue of attenuation, limitation, or acquiescence. It traces the history of state responsibility to determine the rules by which the case for reparations should be assessed. It further considers issues of attribution of internationally wrongful conduct to contemporary states, continuity and succession, and the ability of potential claimants to invoke international legal responsibility in the contemporary context.
Toward a Theory of Reparatory Justice
Authors: Schwarz Katarina 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores reparations theory and practice in international law to develop an understanding of the nature and scope of reparatory justice, which may be applied in cases of both historical and contemporary injustice. This new theory of reparatory justice is based on consideration of the different justice paradigms underpinning reparations throughout history, encompassing corrective justice, economic approaches, transformative justice, and distributive justice. Drawing from this underpinning theory and reparations practice, it considers five elements of reparatory justice: responsibility and violation; recognition; procedural justice; form; and impact. This theory provides guidance both for considering what redress is appropriate in a given case and how this should be structured, but also whether reparations are required in the first instance.
The Causal Chains Connecting Historical Enslavement and Contemporary Redress
Authors: Schwarz Katarina 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the fundamental question of causation in assessing the case for contemporary redress for transatlantic enslavement. It deconstructs the requirements of causation in international law, examining the frameworks for assessing both causation in fact and causation in law. It positions the causal inquiry in its proper place in considerations of international wrongdoing, as related not to the question of whether wrongdoing occurred but in the later stage consideration of reparations due. The role of judicial discretion brings the subjectivities of the legal system in considering causation in cases of historic injustice to the surface. This chapter considers causation of specific harms associated with transatlantic enslavement and highlights the relevance of multiple modalities of redress in assessing the questions of legal policy involved in test of causation in law.
Introduction
Authors: Maibom Heidi L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by looking at the public debate about the use of empathy, particularly as it arose in the context of Obama’s choosing Sotomayor for the Supreme Court. Obama stressed the importance of empathy in justice and was immediately assailed by objections from the right that empathy is subjective, biased, and incapable of leading to just decisions. This sets up the central problematic the book addresses. We have a poor understanding of empathy, understood as the capacity to put ourselves in other people’s position. Because our own way of thinking is already partial, the chapter argues, another person’s perspective helps broaden our understanding. Consequently, rather than making us more partial and subjective, empathy has the opposite effect. It makes us more objective, more impartial. The book explains what this capacity consists in, how it works, and why it is a powerful tool of interpersonal understanding. The chapter ends with a brief summary of the chapters.
Ridicule
Authors: McGinnis Reginald , Smyth John Vignaux 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with an analysis of Patrice Leconte’s 1996 film Ridicule. Set in the court of Louis XVI prior to the French Revolution, this film illustrates several aspects of mock ritual, where the initiation and ritualized mockery of newcomers at Versailles is often patterned on archaic models. Although the film seems to conclude with the purging of such decadent aristocratic practices by the Revolution, commentary has likened its systems of humiliation to those of the contemporary Western world, as illustrated by such films as Mark Waters’s Mean Girls and Francis Veber’s Le dîner de cons. This chapter also briefly considers the sexual games of Laclos’s Dangerous Liaisons, where Enlightenment sexuality appears to reinvent the very kind of sacrificial rituals that it mocks in religion. Voltaire’s treatment of rites and ceremonies, especially expiation, is discussed in a similar light, where mockery of ritual becomes an expiatory ritual in itself.
Structural Racism in Black Maternal Healthcare
Authors: Bartley Shana , Beane Susan , Burse Nakeitra , Crear-Perry Joia , Villarosa Linda 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The contributors to this chapter, all Black women, bring historical knowledge, contextual perspective, and personal experience as they address the harms of structural racism in maternal healthcare. A journalist offers a context rooted in history for considering Black women’s health and their interactions with the U.S. healthcare system today. An obstetrician/gynecologist from the National Birth Equity Collaborative deepens our understanding of the role of bias and structural racism on Black maternal healthcare, while a public health practitioner explores the impact of racial bias on the birth experiences of Black women. Healthfirst’s executive medical director, describes interventions in New York, while a director from the National Women’s Law Center extends the discussion to the experience of child-care users and workers.
Learning the Lessons of History
Authors: England Madeline , Limón Cristy Johnston , Orey Byron D’Andra , Reece Jason , Ward Geoff K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers perspectives on the enduring impact of racist violence in the United States and suggests ways to use history as a framework to promote justice and health equity. A historical sociologist from Washington University in St. Louis connects the history of lynching and slavery to current violence. An Ohio State University city and regional planning researcher acknowledges the role of past housing policies in shaping the opportunities available for the Black population today. A political scientist at Jackson State University explores the physiological and emotional impacts of racist symbols. A former community health researcher at the Mississippi State Department of Health shares insights about the health impact of addressing civil rights historical preservation in a Mississippi River community. And a former Youth Speaks executive director advocates for youth raising their voices for change.
Fair Housing, Equitable Communities
Authors: Acevedo-Garcia Dolores , Greene Solomon , McCain Demetria , Mitchell-Bennett Nick , Wheeler Primus 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter contributors offer historical and contemporary perspectives on equitable communities, the affordable housing crisis, and the public policies that can generate needed change. A Brandeis University professor describes disparities across the nation’s neighborhoods and presents findings from the Child Opportunity Index. A senior fellow at Urban Institute addresses the risks and benefits of zoning and land use reforms, while fair housing advocate Former president of the Inclusive Communities Project describes ways to ensure that people have genuine housing choice. Executive director of come dream. come build. draws on his experience as a nonprofit housing developer to explain how low-income people on the southern U.S. border can build home equity. Executive director of the Jackson Medical Mall Foundation describes this enterprise, which combines healthcare, community development (including affordable home ownership), arts and culture, and innovation and technology to renew and strengthen a Jackson, Miss., community.
Transforming Research and Evaluation
Authors: Dean-Coffey Jara , Gwynn Charon , Mertens Donna M. , Aragón Alfredo Ortiz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers perspectives on refocusing traditional research and evaluation within a values-based framework. Founder of the Equitable Evaluation Initiative asks us to consider the origins of evaluation and how the underlying beliefs and values limit our knowledge, and points us toward a new paradigm in which evaluation is in service of equity. A University of the Incarnate Word researcher advocate for employing the full range of ways humans learn in order to uncover new perspectives, increase the inclusion of marginalized people, and effect real social change. A Gallaudet University researcher and evaluator offers a transformative approach to research and evaluation that captures complexity, addresses justice and equity, builds coalitions, and develops community capacity. An epidemiologist offers an example of collaboration across institutions and between health department and academic researchers to conduct research that informs equity-directed policymaking.
The Global Refugee Crisis
Authors: Androff David K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the current state of forcibly displaced people through a snapshot of the global situation. It defines the various types of refugees, discusses the latest statistics and trends in global forced displacement, reviews the causes and consequences of forced displacement, and confronts myths about forced displacement. The myths of refugees as dangerous or economically threatened are confronted with evidence showing no correlation between refugees and terrorism or crime and that refugees bring long-term economic growth, despite significant scaremongering. The myth of the refugee crisis itself is criticized by linking policy decisions to forced displacement. This chapter lays the foundation for the book by tying subsequent chapters to the current moment and grounding them in the basics of refugee issues. This serves as an orientation to readers on the global refugee crisis and it sets the stakes for finding solutions.
Local Integration in the Country of First Asylum
Authors: Androff David K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter defines the second durable solution of local integration and concepts such as asylum, assimilation, acculturation, and self-reliance. Formal local integration is practically nonexistent, yet many refugees precariously exist in a de facto integration. The chapter shows how over time the decline of other solutions, donor fatigue, and neoliberalism led to widespread de facto local integration, contributed to host nations’ exhaustion of hospitality, increased hostility, and gave way to the rise of encampment. It reviews key factors that impact local integration, such as host community perceptions, economic impact, and social supports. Models of refugee integration are reviewed, including the processes and outcomes of integration, the role of social capital, and its relationship to rights and citizenship. It is argued that while most host states balk at providing political or legal integration of refugees, socio-economic integration promises to benefit both refugee and host communities.
The Case of the Arizona Refugee Empowerment Project
Authors: Androff David K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter profiles my work with refugees from Bhutan, Burma-Myanmar, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, Somalia, and Syria who have been resettled to Arizona. This case study illustrates refugee resettlement in the United States, the largest resettlement program in the world. The U.S. resettlement program is explained, and role of refugee communities is highlighted. The Arizona Refugee Empowerment Project’s participatory approach delivered technical assistance, capacity building, community organizing, social entrepreneurship, and leadership development to refugee communities. The case study shows how sustainable development of refugee-led non-profit organizations resulted in increased cultural adaption, integration, and social entrepreneurship. It presents implications for improving resettlement policy, such as reconceptualizing self-sufficiency, offering more assistance, and facilitating social entrepreneurship. It is argued that third country resettlement needs to be expanded, strengthened, and refocused on integration and entrepreneurship.
Thomas Jefferson and an Empire of Liberty
Authors: Finley Emily B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Thomas Jefferson has long been in the American pantheon of democratic (small “d”) champions, but this chapter argues that he has been a major contributor to the antidemocratic ideology of democratism. Famous for his agrarian encomia and faith in the common people, Jefferson nonetheless reveals a desire for his countrymen to change in fundamental ways. Specifically, he hopes that they will adopt his rational and “enlightened” views about life and politics. Jefferson proposes schemes for education programs, including his chimeric “ward system” and the University of Virginia, that ultimately lack the elements of democracy he claims to aspire to. In addition, Jefferson’s actions as president toward native peoples and his pursuit of a paradoxical “empire of liberty” suggest that his commitment to genuine popular sovereignty is more theoretical than real.
Woodrow Wilson
Authors: Finley Emily B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Some of the more sinister foreign and domestic policy consequences of democratism come to light clearly in the thought and actions of Woodrow Wilson. Taking America to war to “make the world safe for democracy,” Wilson illustrates the paradoxical nature of democratism’s foreign policy: armed intervention in the name of democracy. This chapter argues that Wilson’s turn from pacifism to war represents the consistent pursuit of the democratist mission to transform Europe into a nation of like-minded democracies. In addition, “Leaders of Men,” Wilson’s famous treatise on democratic leadership, argues that a strongman is needed to accomplish worthwhile goals in a democracy, plagued as it is with decentralization and, in the case of America, federalism. Wilson, like the other democratists, believed that the right leader could elicit the “true” will of the people.
Institutionalizing Violence
Authors: Drevon Jerome 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Institutionalizing Violence offers a detailed focus on the two most influential Egyptian jihadi groups—al-Jama‘a al-Islamiyya and Islamic Jihad. From the killing of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in 1981 to their partial association with al-Qaeda in the 1990s, the two groups illustrate the range of choices that jihadis make overtime including creating political parties. Jerome Drevon argues that these groups’ comparative trajectories show that jihadis embracing the same ideology can make very different strategic decisions in similar environments. Drevon’s analysis of these groups’ histories over the past four decades illustrates the evolution of jihadism in Egypt and beyond. Institutionalizing Violence develops an institutional approach to radicalization to compare the two Egyptian groups’ trajectories based on ethnographic field research and hundreds of interviews with jihadi leaders and militants in Egypt. Drevon provides a unique perspective on how jihadi groups make and implement new strategic decisions in changing environments, as well as the evolution of their approaches to violence and non-violence.