bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep learning-based NLP data pipeline for EHR-scanned document information extraction
Authors: Hsu Enshuo , Malagaris Ioannis , Kuo Yong-Fang , Sultana Rizwana , Roberts Kirk 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Objective
Scanned documents in electronic health records (EHR) have been a challenge for decades, and are expected to stay in the foreseeable future. Current approaches for processing include image preprocessing, optical character recognition (OCR), and natural language processing (NLP). However, there is limited work evaluating the interaction of image preprocessing methods, NLP models, and document layout.

Materials and Methods
We evaluated 2 key indicators for sleep apnea, Apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen saturation (SaO2), from 955 scanned sleep study reports. Image preprocessing methods include gray-scaling, dilating, eroding, and contrast. OCR was implemented with Tesseract. Seven traditional machine learning models and 3 deep learning models were evaluated. We also evaluated combinations of image preprocessing methods, and 2 deep learning architectures (with and without structured input providing document layout information), with the goal of optimizing end-to-end performance.

Results
Our proposed method using ClinicalBERT reached an AUROC of 0.9743 and document accuracy of 94.76% for AHI, and an AUROC of 0.9523 and document accuracy of 91.61% for SaO2.

Discussion
There are multiple, inter-related steps to extract meaningful information from scanned reports. While it would be infeasible to experiment with all possible option combinations, we experimented with several of the most critical steps for information extraction, including image processing and NLP. Given that scanned documents will likely be part of healthcare for years to come, it is critical to develop NLP systems to extract key information from this data.

Conclusion
We demonstrated the proper use of image preprocessing and document layout could be beneficial to scanned document processing.
Simplifying Nontargeted Analysis of PFAS in Complex Food Matrixes
Authors: Kaufmann Anton , Butcher Patrick , Maden Kathryn , Walker Stephan , Widmer Mirjam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of toxic environmental contaminants that are characterized by their high chemical stability and enormous structural diversity.

Objective
The limited availability of PFAS reference standards is the main motivation for developing nontargeted analytical methods. Current concepts are complex and rely on multiple filtering steps (e.g., assumption of homologous series, detection of mass defects, generic fragments, and spectra obtained from web-based sources).

Method
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)–based chromatograms of fish liver extracts were deconvoluted. Based on the ion abundance between the monoisotopic and the first isotopic peak, the number of carbons (C) was estimated for each extracted feature. A mass over carbon (m/C) and mass defect over carbon (md/C) ratio was calculated.

Results
PFAS-related peaks are strongly discriminated from matrix peaks when plotting m/C versus md/C. This enables nontarget detection of PFAS present at low µg/kg concentration in complex food matrixes.

Conclusions
The proposed concept is highly selective by revealing a relatively small number of high-probability PFAS candidates (features). The small number of surviving candidates permits the MS/MS-based confirmation of each feature. This strategy led to the finding of one PFAS not present in the reference standard solution, as well as the detection of an unexpected set of PFAS adducts.

Highlights
The proposed concept of mass over carbon versus mass defect over carbon is suited for the nontarget detection of low amounts of PFAS in complex matrixes. It should be capable of detecting any PFAS (F/H ratio should be &gt;1:1) regardless of the ionization mode.
Phencyclidine in Drivers and Decedents in Dallas County: A Five-Year Retrospective Review of Toxicological and Demographical Data
Authors: Glicksberg Lindsay , Casey Brittany K 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Presented are phencyclidine (PCP)-positive cases received by the Toxicology Laboratory at the Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences from local law enforcement agencies and the Office of the Medical Examiner (OME) between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2020. Of the 43,940 requests for testing received during that time, 898 (2.04%) were positive for PCP. These cases were evaluated for PCP concentration, additional/concurrently reported drug concentrations and demographics. For ME cases, the cause and manner of death were also evaluated. Although the number of requests received by the Toxicology Laboratory increased each year, the percentage positive for PCP remained consistent. Subjects ranged from 18 to 71 years old (median 48 years) and were predominantly black (94.19%) and male (78.49%). PCP concentrations for all case types ranged from 0.02 to 2.33 mg/L (median 0.05 mg/L); driving while intoxicated (DWI) cases ranged from 0.02 to 0.14 mg/L (median 0.04 mg/L) and ME cases ranged from 0.02 to 2.33 mg/L (median 0.13 mg/L). In addition to PCP, one or more drug(s) or metabolite(s) was identified concurrently in 69.49% of cases. Cannabinoids were the most frequently detected (39.8%), followed by cocaine and its metabolites (22.0%) and ethanol (18.5%). Results were similar when comparing the additional drugs reported in ME and DWI cases. PCP concentrations in ME samples were generally higher, especially for stimulant drugs. Of the 264 ME cases positive for PCP, the manner of death was determined to be an accident for the majority of cases (62.54%), and the most common cause of death was drug toxicity (35.61%). The results from this study facilitate comparison of laboratory- or region-specific data sets, help determine whether laboratory scopes meet testing needs, contribute to reference ranges and provide the foundation for well-informed policy decisions.
Comparison of map metrics as fitness input for assisted seismic history matching
Authors: Hallam Antony , Chassagne Romain , Aranha Claus , He Yifan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Assisted seismic history matching (ASHM) is an optimisation problem that incorporates 4D seismic data as a constraint upon a reservoir simulation update. The observed and simulated three-dimensional seismic data is typically reduced to a Cartesian map representation and the misfit between the two is calculated using the mean squared error (MSE). The MSE metric is simple to implement and understand, but it is incapable of capturing the nuances and patterns required to match seismic maps effectively. We test alternative measures of the misfit (metrics) that borrow from image processing and meteorological history matching so that more robust misfit information can be used during optimisation. In this two-part study we first test our metrics on realistic but synthetic one-dimensional problems to understand the metric characteristics, and their sensitivity to noise, better. The introduced metrics are then tested in a realistic ASHM optimisation task. We find that two of our proposed alternatives to MSE are more stable and provide superior results when used for ASHM optimisation.
An analysis for unipole acoustic logging while drilling wavefields with varying eccentered collar positions
Authors: Fu Xin , Gou Yang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The unipole logging while drilling (LWD) tool is a recently developed acoustic logging tool that uses an azimuthal emitting source to generate acoustic waves in the borehole to measure the longitudinal and transverse wave speeds of the surrounding stratum. In this study, the unipole transmitter transducer is modeled as a surface force source, and the analytical solution for unipole LWD wavefield is derived. The received waveforms are composed of infinite-order contributions owing to the directivity of the excitation of the unipole source. Using up to eight lowest-order modes, the acoustic waveforms excited by the unipole are calculated in both soft and hard formations, and then slowness-time coherence and velocity dispersion analysis are performed. The pure mode waves are obtained using the mode wave decomposition method. The influence of tool eccentricity (off-center positioning) on the wavefields excited by the unipole transmitter is also discussed. Based on the addition theorem of the Bessel function, the analytical solution of the received waveforms when the tool is eccentered can be obtained. In soft and hard formations, the received waveforms with tool eccentricities of 0 to 90% are compared. Tool eccentricity has a smaller effect for the soft formation than the hard formation. The received waveforms on the side closest to the borehole wall are also affected most when the tool is off center, with a sharp increase in amplitude in the fast formation and a late arrival wave group in the soft formation. These conclusions are important for the design and data interpretation of a unipole LWD tool.
Research on acoustic logging while drilling transmitting technologies
Authors: Tan Baohai , Zhang Kai , Su Yuanda , Li Shengqing , Zhang Lijun 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Acoustic logging while drilling (LWD) technology plays an important role in oil and gas exploration and development. Compared to traditional wireline logging, LWD must address more additional crucial problems, such as great noise confusions. This paper studies a series of technologies to improve the transmitting performances of LWD tools. First, we verified that the shear wave remote detection technology successfully adopted in wireline logging was also suitable for LWD, which could significantly expand its detection range. In addition, we calculated its dominant excitation frequency bands, which were different with wireline logging. Second, a class AB push–pull excitation circuit was designed. The results demonstrated that this circuit could obtain ideal excitation signals for LWD transmitting transducers. Furthermore, the signal shapes, excitation frequencies and cycle amounts are easily to adjust. In this study, we proposed a broadband impedance matching technology to solve the impedance mismatching problem between the excitation circuits and the excitation transducer. Acoustic experiments showed that this technology improved emitting powers of LWD transducers significantly.
Reliable electrochemical setup for in situ observations with an atmospheric SEM
Authors: Yoshida Kaname , Sasaki Yuki , Kuwabara Akihide , Ikuhara Yuichi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A novel setup for the in situ observation of electrochemical reactions in liquids through atmospheric scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is presented. The proposed liquid-phase electrochemical SEM system consists of a working electrode (WE) on an electrochemical chip and other two electrodes inserted into a liquid electrolyte; electrochemical reactions occurring at the WE are controlled precisely with an external potentiostat/galvanostat connected to the three electrodes. Copper deposition from a CuSO4 aqueous solution was conducted onto the WE, and simultaneous acquisition of nanoscale images and reliable electrochemical data was achieved with the proposed setup.
Netflix, library analysis, and globalization: rethinking mass media flows
Authors: Lotz Amanda D , Eklund Oliver , Soroka Stuart 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe advent of subscriber-funded, direct-to-consumer, streaming video services has important implications for video distribution around the globe. Conversations about transnational media flows and power—a core concern of critical communication studies—have only just begun to explore these changes. This article investigates how global streamers challenge existing communication and media theory about transnational video and its cultural power and considers the theory rebuilding necessitated by streamers’ discrepant features. It takes particular focus on Netflix and uses the library data available from Ampere Analysis to empirically explore and compare 17 national libraries. Analyses suggest considerable variation in the contents of Netflix libraries cross-nationally, in contrast with other U.S.-based services, as well as Netflix libraries offering content produced in a greater range of countries. These and other results illustrate, albeit indirectly, the operations and strategies of global streamers, which then inform theory building regarding their cultural role.
Optimizing spectral stacking for 21-cm observations of galaxies: accuracy assessment and symmetrized stacking
Authors: Sinigaglia Francesco , Elson Ed , Rodighiero Giulia , Vaccari Mattia 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
We present an assessment of the accuracy of common operations performed in 21-cm spectral line stacking experiments. To this end, we generate mock interferometric data surveying the 21-cm emission at frequency 1310 &lt; ν &lt; 1420 MHz (0.005 &lt; z &lt; 0.084) and covering an area ∼6 deg2 of the sky, mimicking the observational characteristics of real MeerKAT observations. We find that the primary beam (PB) correction accounts for just few per cent ($\sim 8{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at 0 PB power, $\sim 3{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at 0.6 PB power) deviations from the true MHI signal, and that weighting schemes are based on noise properties provide unbiased results. On the contrary, weighting schemes based on distance can account for significant systematic mass differences when applied to a flux-limited sample ($\Delta M_{\rm HI}\sim 40{-}50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ in the studied case). We find no significant difference in the final $\mathinner {\langle {M_{\rm HI}}\rangle }$ obtained when spectroscopic redshift uncertainties are accounted for in the stacking procedure (Δz ∼ 0.000 35, i.e. $\Delta v \sim 100\, {\rm km\, s}^{-1}$). We also present a novel technique to increase the effective size of the galaxy sample by exploiting the geometric symmetries of galaxy cubelets, potentially enhancing the S/N by a factor of $\sim \sqrt{2}$ when analyzing the final stacked spectrum (a factor of 4 in a cubelet). This procedure is found to be robustly unbiased, while efficiently increasing the S/N, as expected. We argue that an appropriate framework employing detailed and realistic simulations is required to exploit upcoming data sets from SKA pathfinders in an accurate and reliable manner.
Chemical enrichment in the cool core of the Centaurus cluster of galaxies
Authors: Fukushima Kotaro , Kobayashi Shogo B , Matsushita Kyoko 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Here, we present results from over 500 ksChandra and XMM–Newton observations of the cool core of the Centaurus cluster. We investigate the spatial distributions of the O, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Ni abundances in the intracluster medium with CCD detectors, and those of N, O, Ne, Mg, Fe, and Ni with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS). The abundances of most of the elements show a sharp drop within the central 18 arcsec, although different detectors and atomic codes give significantly different values. The abundance ratios of the above elements, including Ne/Fe with RGS, show relatively flat radial distributions. In the innermost regions with the dominant Fe–L lines, the measurements of the absolute abundances are challenging. For example, AtomDB and SPEXACT give Fe = 0.5 and 1.4 solar, respectively, for the spectra from the innermost region. These results suggest some systematic uncertainties in the atomic data and response matrices at least partly cause the abundance drop rather than the metal depletion into the cold dust. Except for super-solar N/Fe and Ni/Fe, sub-solar Ne/Fe, and Mg/Fe, the abundance pattern agrees with the solar composition. The entire pattern is challenging to reproduce with the latest supernova nucleosynthesis models. Observed super-solar N/O and comparable Mg abundance to stellar metallicity profiles imply that the mass-loss winds dominate the intracluster medium in the brightest cluster galaxy. The solar Cr/Fe and Mn/Fe ratios indicate a significant contribution of near- and sub-Chandrasekhar mass explosions of Type Ia supernovae.
Comparison of romosozumab versus denosumab treatment on bone mineral density after 1 year in rheumatoid arthritis patients with severe osteoporosis: A randomized clinical pilot study
Authors: Mochizuki Takeshi , Yano Koichiro , Ikari Katsunori , Hiroshima Ryo , Okazaki Ken 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Objectives
To investigate the effect of romosozumab versus denosumab treatment on bone mineral density (BMD), disease activity, and joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and severe osteoporosis.

Methods
Fifty-one postmenopausal women were enrolled and randomized equally into two groups to receive either romosozumab or the denosumab. Changes (Δ) in the BMD (at lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck), disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28)-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and van der Heijde-modified Total Sharp Score (TSS) from baseline to 12 months after treatment were evaluated.

Results
The ΔBMD at 12 months in the romosozumab and denosumab groups were 10.2 ± 5.6% and 5.0 ± 3.1% (p = .002) for the lumbar spine, 3.7 ± 4.9% and 3.5 ± 3.0% (p = .902) for the total hip, and 3.6 ± 4.7% and 3.2 ± 4.9% (p = .817) for the femoral neck, respectively. The ΔDAS28-ESR and ΔTSS at 12 months did not differ between these two groups.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that romosozumab treatment was more effective in increasing the BMD at the lumbar spine than denosumab and may be selected for patients who require a significant increase in the lumbar spine BMD.
A ferrocene-containing nucleoside analogue targets DNA replication in pancreatic cancer cells
Authors: Rana Marium , Perotti Alessio , Bisset Lucy M , Smith James D , Lamden Emma , Khan Zahra , Ismail Media K , Ellis Katherine , Armstrong Katie A , Hodder Samantha L , Bertoli Cosetta , Meneguello Leticia , de Bruin Robertus A M , Morris Joanna R , Romero-Canelon Isolda , Tucker James H R , Hodges Nikolas J 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a disease that remains refractory to existing treatments including the nucleoside analogue gemcitabine. In the current study we demonstrate that an organometallic nucleoside analogue, the ferronucleoside 1-(S,Rp), is cytotoxic in a panel of PDAC cell lines including gemcitabine-resistant MIAPaCa2, with IC50 values comparable to cisplatin. Biochemical studies show that the mechanism of action is inhibition of DNA replication, S-phase cell cycle arrest and stalling of DNA-replication forks, which were directly observed at single molecule resolution by DNA-fibre fluorography. In agreement with this, transcriptional changes following treatment with 1-(S,Rp) include activation of three of the four genes (HUS1, RAD1, RAD17) of the 9-1-1 check point complex clamp and two of the three genes (MRE11, NBN) that form the MRN complex as well as activation of multiple downstream targets. Furthermore, there was evidence of phosphorylation of checkpoint kinases 1 and 2 as well as RPA1 and gamma H2AX, all of which are considered biochemical markers of replication stress. Studies in p53-deficient cell lines showed activation of CDKN1A (p21) and GADD45A by 1-(S,Rp) was at least partially independent of p53. In conclusion, because of its potency and activity in gemcitabine-resistant cells, 1-(S,Rp) is a promising candidate molecule for development of new treatments for PDAC.
Removing race from the CKD-EPI equation and its impact on prognosis in a predominantly White European population
Authors: Fu Edouard L , Coresh Josef , Grams Morgan E , Clase Catherine M , Elinder Carl-Gustaf , Paik Julie , Ramspek Chava L , Inker Lesley A , Levey Andrew S , Dekker Friedo W , Carrero Juan J 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
While American nephrology societies recommend using the 2021 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equation without a Black race coefficient, it is unknown how this would impact disease distribution, prognosis and kidney failure risk prediction in predominantly White non-US populations.

Methods
We studied 1.6 million Stockholm adults with serum/plasma creatinine measurements between 2007 and 2019. We calculated changes in eGFR and reclassification across KDIGO GFR categories when changing from the 2009 to 2021 CKD-EPI equation; estimated associations between eGFR and the clinical outcomes kidney failure with replacement therapy (KFRT), (cardiovascular) mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events using Cox regression; and investigated prognostic accuracy (discrimination and calibration) of both equations within the Kidney Failure Risk Equation.

Results
Compared with the 2009 equation, the 2021 equation yielded a higher eGFR by a median [interquartile range (IQR)] of 3.9 (2.9–4.8) mL/min/1.73 m2, which was larger at older age and for men. Consequently, 9.9% of the total population and 36.2% of the population with CKD G3a–G5 was reclassified to a higher eGFR category. Reclassified individuals exhibited a lower risk of KFRT, but higher risks of all-cause/cardiovascular death and major adverse cardiovascular events, compared with non-reclassified participants of similar eGFR. eGFR by both equations strongly predicted study outcomes, with equal discrimination and calibration for the Kidney Failure Risk Equation.

Conclusions
Implementing the 2021 CKD-EPI equation in predominantly White European populations would raise eGFR by a modest amount (larger at older age and in men) and shift a major proportion of CKD patients to a higher eGFR category. eGFR by both equations strongly predicted outcomes.
Two Attitudes towards Textuality in International Law: The Battle for Dualism
Authors: d’Aspremont Jean 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This article sketches out two distinct attitudes towards textuality in international law, namely international hermeneutics and international poetics. It argues that these two attitudes towards textuality espouse very different types of dualism of thought. This difference bears major implications on how the international lawyer approaches international legal texts. In exposing these two attitudes towards textuality and the distinct types of dualism they reveal, this article makes a plea for a greater embrace of international poetics by international lawyers, and thus for a complete remoulding of international lawyers’ dualist patterns of thought.
Construct Validity of the Revised High-Level Mobility Assessment Tool for Children Who Are Developing Typically
Authors: Hill Bridget , Eldridge Beverly , Williams Gavin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this project was to evaluate the construct validity of the high-level mobility assessment tool (HiMAT) for children who are developing typically with no underlying condition that may affect mobility.

Methods
The HiMAT is a revised 8-item measure of high-level mobility. Rasch analysis was used to assess fit to the Rasch model indicating unidimensionality, person separation index local dependency, targeting of items, and differential item functioning.

Results
Children with typical development aged 5 to 12 years (n = 1091; 554 girls and 537 boys) were recruited from 8 schools. The mean HiMAT score was 22.4/32 (range, 8–32). Data fit the Rasch model, indicating that the HiMAT was a unidimensional scale assessing a single construct (high-level mobility). The person separation index was .86, indicating good reliability. The skip item exhibited differential item functioning by sex. Although items were well targeted, the fit residual mean for persons was 2.40, indicating most found the tasks easy to complete. Unlike in adult populations, 2 items (walk and walk over obstacle) exhibited local dependency &gt;0.2.

Conclusion
The HiMAT is a unidimensional targeted performance measure of high-level mobility for children with typical development aged 5 to 12 years. Further examination of the relationship between the test items “walk” and “walk over an obstacle” may be required to ensure that scores on these items are truly independent of one another.