bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petrology and geochemistry of adakitic intrusions and dykes at Sarcheshmeh porphyry Cu‐Mo ± Au deposit, Iran: Insights into their source
Authors: Maanijou Mohammad , Mostaghimi Mohammad , Riseh Mehdi Abdollahy , Lentz David R. , Sepahi Gerow Ali A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit (PCD) is located in the southeast part of the arc‐related Urumieh‐Dokhtar volcano‐plutonic belt. This PCD was formed by intrusion of a Middle Miocene granodiorite to tonalite stock into the volcano‐sedimentary rocks that are mainly andesite exhibiting Early Tertiary thrusting and faulting. On the basis of geochemistry of intrusive rocks, they are calc‐alkalic and alkali‐calcic suites that are consistent with oxidized I‐type magmas. The Fe2O3/FeO ratio in the Sarcheshmeh PCD is 1 to 3, consistent with a high oxygen fugacity. The igneous rocks of Sarcheshmeh PCD belong to a mature arc, but related to a post‐collision arc setting. Considerable evidence supports adakitic affinities of the Sarcheshmeh rocks, including geochemical values of Sr > 300 ppm (ave., 594 ppm), high ratios of Sr/Y > 20 (ave., 75), La/Yb > 20 (ave., 30), and enrichment of LREE and LILE relative to HREE and HFSE. The adakites of Sarcheshmeh belong to high‐silica adakites (HSA) that can be formed by melting of subducting seawater‐altered oceanic plate, which interact with the mantle wedge then followed by slab break‐off with local transtension in the middle part of the Dehaj‐Sarduieh belt. In rocks of the region, the ratios of Th/Ce > 0.12 and Nb/Zr > 0.05 suggest that the subducting crust has a role in forming different groups of these rocks. Geotectonic discrimination diagrams are used to distinguish between normal arc and slab failure magmatic systems, including Nb versus Y, La/Sm versus Sm/Yb, La/Yb versus Gd/Yb, and Rb versus Nb + Y diagrams. The plutonic rocks of the Sarcheshmeh PCD have characteristics consistent with adakites derived via slab failure, which are obviously metallogenically favorable magmatic systems. Adakitic melts generated rapidly during sinking of a broken slab (into higher temperature mantle), buoyantly migrate through the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), which is related to structural evolution of that SCLM with local extension or transpression.
Equality of opportunity and the expansion of higher education in the UK
Authors: Carrieri Vincenzo , Davillas Apostolos , Jones Andrew M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractUsing nine waves of data from Understanding Society (UKHLS), we study the expansion of higher education in the UK and its consequences for levels of and inequalities in income, physical and mental health. University expansion was characterized by a large increase in the proportion of graduates, with higher rates of graduation among individuals from more advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds. Having controlled for birth cohort and lifecycle effects, there is evidence of significant inequality of opportunity (IOp) in the actual outcomes. However, comparing actual outcomes with counterfactual projections, that freeze the likelihood of university graduation and the joint distribution of graduation and circumstances to the pre‐1963 levels, we do not detect an impact of the expansion of higher education on IOp in income and only small reductions in IOp in physical and mental health.
Why are there so many species of mining bees (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae)? The possible roles of phenology and Wolbachia incompatibility in maintaining species boundaries in the Andrena proxima‐complex
Authors: McLaughlin Gabrielle , Gueuning Morgan , Genoud David , Frey Juerg E. , Praz Christophe 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe factors leading to the extraordinary diversity of the bees of the genus Andrena Fabricius, the second most speciose genus among bees, remain largely unknown. To examine the pattern of diversification in this genus, we investigate species boundaries within the controversial Andrena proxima‐complex using a dataset of ultra‐conserved elements and various species delimitation analyses (admixture analyses, BPP, DAPC). Our results confirm the presence of three separate species in this species group (Andrena proxima (Kirby), A. ampla Warncke and A. alutacea Stöckhert) and suggest very low levels of interspecific gene flow. Andrena proxima and A. alutacea are regularly found in sympatry, suggesting an advanced stage of speciation. By contrast, A. ampla shows a parapatric distribution with both other species. Andrena alutacea harbours a unique strain of Wolbachia Hertig, absent in the other two species, which are infected by the two same strains of Wolbachia. In addition, the three species have distinct phenologies, with A. proxima flying earlier in the season and A. alutacea significantly later; the phenology of A. ampla is intermediate. Our results suggest that Wolbachia‐induced incompatibilities and phenological differences maintain species boundaries in this group. The most advanced stage of speciation is observed in the two species showing putatively incompatible strains of Wolbachia and strongly distinct phenologies, A. alutacea and A. proxima. We propose that the smaller differences in phenological differentiation between A. ampla and both other species may explain the observed pattern of parapatric distribution. We discuss how these factors may underlie the high diversification rate observed in other groups of Andrena, a genus characterized by particularly variable and short flying periods.
Optimal Sizing of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System: A Socio-Techno-Economic-Environmental Perspective
Authors: Kushwaha Pawan Kumar , Ray Priyanka , Bhattacharjee Chayan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Unprecedented power outages and load shedding significantly impact power supply reliability in a power distribution network. Furthermore, extending grid availability to far-flung regions with higher distribution losses is not economically viable. Therefore, a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is developed, and its socio-techno-economic-environmental (STEE) viability in supplying reliable electricity to the village is being examined in this paper. STEE factor-based multi-target optimization and sizing technique are designed using the homer pro software. The factors considered are namely social (land cost, human progress index, and employment generation factor), technical (unmet load, renewable energy portion, duty factor, and excess energy factor), economical (annualized cost of system, cost of energy, and total net present cost), and environmental (carbon emission and particulate matter). Three HRES setups are investigated, with various combinations of photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), battery (BAT), biogas generator (BG), and diesel generator (DG) and the optimal configuration is selected by STEE performance analysis. Compared to other evaluated setups, the HRES design with PV–WT–BAT–BG–DG is optimal for a consistent power supply. A sensitivity analysis for the optimal setup’s macro-economic variables and component costs is performed to achieve a more feasible optimal setup. Furthermore, the optimal setup’s cost of energy (0.1813 $/kW h) is lower than that of the most recent study in the literature. The closeness of the hybrid optimization of multiple electric renewables (HOMER) results (cost of energy (0.1813 $/kW h), unmet load (2.86 kW h/year)) and particle swarm optimization results (cost of energy (0.1799 $/kW h), unmet load (2.60 kW h/year)) for the optimal HRES setup supports the validity of the HOMER method used in this investigation.
Modeling the Mechanism of Water Flux in Fractured Gas Reservoirs With Edge Water Aquifers Using an Embedded Discrete Fracture Model
Authors: Geng Shaoyang , Li Chengyong , Zhai Shuo , Gong Yufeng , Jing Min 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The invasion of aquifers into fractured gas reservoirs with edge water aquifers leads to rapid water production in gas wells, which reduces their gas production. Natural fractures accelerate this process. Traditional reservoir engineering methods cannot accurately describe the water influx, and it is difficult to quantitatively characterize the influence of aquifer energy and fracture development on production, which prevents aquifer intrusion from being effectively addressed. We divided the water influx of edge water aquifers in fractured gas reservoirs into three patterns: tongue-like intrusion in the matrix, tongue-like intrusion in fractures, and channel intrusion in fractures. Detailed numerical modeling of the water influx was performed using an embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) to predict gas production. Because the strength of the aquifer and the conductivity of natural fractures have different effects on water influx, the effects of aquifers and natural fractures on the gas production of wells under the three water influx modes were studied. The results show that tongue-like intrusions lead to a stronger initial gas production of gas wells, which then become weaker after the wells are flooded, and the intrusions such as channeling in fractures cause the gas well to be flooded quickly. However, not all water influxes are unfavorable for gas production. Aquifers with water energy similar to gas formation and natural fractures with weak conductivity can improve the production of gas wells.
Experimental Investigation of Biohythane Performance on Thermal Barrier-Coated Compression Ignition Engine
Authors: Deheri Chinmay , Acharya Saroj Kumar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The performance, combustion, and emission parameters of a thermal barrier-coated (TBC) compression ignition (CI) engine were experimentally examined using biohythane (biohydrogen + biomethane) as leading fuel and diesel as secondary fuel. The mixture of supplied fuel was blended with 85–95% biomethane and 5–15% biohydrogen, mixed with the inlet air, and supplied through the intake manifold for both coated and uncoated conditions. Yttria-stabilized zirconia with a thickness of 0.4 mm was used as the top coat on the valves and piston crown over 0.1 mm thickness NiCrAlY bond coat using the plasma spray method. Baseline data were obtained by running the engine with conventional diesel fuel, and the same was compared with dual-fuel operation at constant engine speed and variable loading conditions. Results indicated that 15% biohydrogen enrichment with TBC operation improved the engine brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 6% compared to diesel-only mode. Further, peak cylinder pressure and heat release rate were improved up to 16.5–20% with TBC and biohythane under dual-fuel mode compared to diesel-only mode. Moreover, the emission characteristics such as hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke were reduced up to 16.2, 29.1, and 62.6%, respectively, with TBC and biohythane compared to the base diesel operation owing to low carbon concentration and improved combustion characteristics.
How Do Interfacial Shear and Gravity Affect the Oil Film Characteristics Near an Aero-Engine Bearing?
Authors: Sinha Avick , Brewster Benjamin , Johnson Kathy , Walsh Mike , Hann David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Recent demand for reducing carbon emission and for increasing engine efficiency has led aero-engine manufacturers to strive for a better oil flow system. Aero-engine bearing chambers that house the shaft-support bearings are among the most challenging parts of the engine systems and it is imperative to have a proper understanding of the oil flow characteristics inside a bearing chamber to increase the engine efficiency. The present work is focused on experimentally investigating the oil film characteristics near a ball bearing static slot in the co- and counter- current regions at various rotational Reynolds number (Reω), loads and liquid flow rates. The experimental investigation has been carried out over a wide range of engine relevant Reω up to 1.7×106 using high-speed imaging and a long distance microscope. The results show that formation of the oil film on the static elements of the bearing is governed by both gravity and interfacial forces at low Reω but only governed by interfacial forces at high Reω. The nondimensional film thickness ranged from 0.71 to 0.18 and decreases with increasing Reω. A regime map was obtained based on the waviness of the film interface showing three different types of wave. At all conditions investigated all waves were capillary waves. Reω, oil flowrate and gravity were found to have a significant effect on the film thickness (δ) with transitions matching the wave regime map.
Investigating the roles of hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and elevated free fatty acids in cardiac function in patients with type 2 diabetes via treatment with insulin compared with empagliflozin: protocol for the HyperCarD2 randomised, crossover trial
Authors: Thirumathyam Roopameera , Richter Erik Arne , Goetze Jens Peter , Fenger Mogens , Van Hall Gerrit , Dixen Ulrik , Holst Jens Juul , Madsbad Sten , Vejlstrup Niels , Madsen Per Lav , Jørgensen Nils Bruun 
Published: August 2022

IntroductionType 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterised by elevated plasma glucose, free fatty acid (FFA) and insulin concentrations, and this metabolic profile is linked to diabetic cardiomyopathy, a diastolic dysfunction at first and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Shifting cardiac metabolism towards glucose utilisation has been suggested to improve cardiovascular function and CVD risk, but insulin treatment increases overall glucose oxidation and lowers lipid oxidation, without reducing CVD risk, whereas SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) increase FFA, ketone body concentrations and lipid oxidation, while decreasing insulin concentrations and CVD risk. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the importance of different metabolic profiles obtained during treatment with a SGLT2i versus insulin for myocardial function in patients with T2D.Methods and analysesRandomised, crossover study, where 20 patients with T2D and body mass index>28 kg/m2 receive 25 mg empagliflozin daily or NPH insulin two times per day first for 5 weeks followed by a 3-week washout before crossing over to the remaining treatment. Insulin treatment is titrated to achieve similar glycaemic control as with empagliflozin. In those randomised to insulin first, glycaemia during an initial empagliflozin run-in period prior to randomisation serves as target glucose. Metabolic and cardiac evaluation is performed before and at the end of each treatment period.The primary endpoint is change (treatment—washout) in left ventricular peak filling rate, as assessed by cardiac MRI with and without acute lowering of plasma FFAs with acipimox. Secondary and explorative endpoints are changes in left atrial passive emptying fraction, left ventricular ejection fraction, central blood volume and metabolic parameters.Ethics and disseminationThis study is approved by the Danish Medicines Agency (ref. nr.: 2017061587), the Danish Data Protection Agency (ref. nr.: AHH-2017-093) and the Capital Region Ethics Committee (ref. nr.: H-17018846). The trial will be conducted in accordance with ICH-GCP guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki and all participants will provide oral and written informed consent. Our results, regardless of outcome, will be published in relevant scientific journals and we also will seek to disseminate results through presentations at scientific meetings.Trial registration numberEudraCT: 2017-002101.
Cost-effectiveness of implementing HIV and HIV/syphilis dual testing among key populations in Viet Nam: a modelling analysis
Authors: Coomes David , Green Dylan , Barnabas Ruanne , Sharma Monisha , Barr-DiChiara Magdalena , Jamil Muhammad S , Baggaley R , Owiredu Morkor Newman , Macdonald Virginia , Nguyen Van Thi Thuy , Vo Son Hai , Taylor Melanie , Wi Teodora , Johnson Cheryl , Drake Alison L 
Published: August 2022

ObjectivesKey populations, including sex workers, men who have sex with men, and people who inject drugs, have a high risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections. We assessed the health and economic impacts of different HIV and syphilis testing strategies among three key populations in Viet Nam using a dual HIV/syphilis rapid diagnostic test (RDT).SettingWe used the spectrum AIDS impact model to simulate the HIV epidemic in Viet Nam and evaluated five testing scenarios among key populations. We used a 15-year time horizon and a provider perspective for costs.ParticipantsWe simulate the entire population of Viet Nam in the model.InterventionsWe modelled five testing scenarios among key populations: (1) annual testing with an HIV RDT, (2) annual testing with a dual RDT, (3) biannual testing using dual RDT and HIV RDT, (4) biannual testing using HIV RDT and (5) biannual testing using dual RDT.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome is incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Secondary outcomes include HIV and syphilis cases.ResultsAnnual testing using a dual HIV/syphilis RDT was cost-effective (US$10 per disability-adjusted life year (DALY)) and averted 3206 HIV cases and treated 27 727 syphilis cases compared with baseline over 15 years. Biannual testing using one dual test and one HIV RDT (US$1166 per DALY), or two dual tests (US$5672 per DALY) both averted an additional 875 HIV cases, although only the former scenario was cost-effective. Annual or biannual HIV testing using HIV RDTs and separate syphilis tests were more costly and less effective than using one or two dual RDTs.ConclusionsAnnual HIV and syphilis testing using dual RDT among key populations is cost-effective in Vietnam and similar settings to reach global reduction goals for HIV and syphilis.
Diagnostic accuracy of urinary antigen tests for pneumococcal pneumonia among patients with acute respiratory failure suspected pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yasuo Shunsuke , Murata Maki , Nakagawa Natsuki , Kawasaki Takeshi , Yoshida Takuo , Ando Koichi , Okamori Satoshi , Okada Yohei 
Published: August 2022

Background/objectivesUrinary antigen tests have been used for the rapid identification ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeinfection in patients with pneumonia, thereby leading to earlier targeted therapy than when using conventional diagnostic culture methods. This study aimed to update the knowledge on the diagnostic accuracy of urinary antigen tests forS. pneumoniaeamong patients with acute respiratory failure suspected of pneumonia based on a systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsA systematic search was performed using MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies published up to 3 June 2020. Prospective and retrospective cohort studies (in English) that reported on the diagnostic performance of urinary antigen tests versus culture or smear diagnostic methods in adult patients with clinically diagnosed pneumonia were selected and analysed. The QUADAS-2 tool was used to assess the risk of bias, and a bivariate random effects model was applied to perform a meta-analysis of the selected studies.ResultsA total of 2179 studies were screened, of which 30 met the eligibility criteria for quality assessment and meta-analysis. Overall, data from 12 366 patients, including 1548 patients (12.5%) with the target condition and suspected pneumococcal pneumonia, were included in the analysis. The overall quality of the included studies was determined to be serious. The calculated pooled sensitivity and specificity were of 0.66 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.69) and 0.90 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.93), respectively.ConclusionsThe urinary antigen test is useful for achieving a definitive diagnosis ofS. pneumoniaeinfection in patients with pneumonia.
Linkages between health systems and communities for chronic care: a scoping review protocol
Authors: George Nicole C , Radman Dennis , Zomahoun Hervé Tchala Vignon , Boivin Antoine , Ahmed Sara 
Published: August 2022

IntroductionLinkages between health systems and communities may leverage community assets to address unmet needs and provide services for improved continuity and coordination of care. However, there are limited examples of specific strategies for such linkages for chronic disease management. Guided by a local need from stakeholders, this scoping review aims to clarify and map methods and strategies for linkages between communities and health systems across chronic diseases, to inform future implementation efforts.Methods and analysisThe scoping review will be conducted following Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework and latest Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines, with continuous stakeholder engagement throughout. A structured literature search of records from January 2001 to April 2022 will be completed in MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, in addition to grey literature. Two reviewers will independently complete study selection following inclusion criteria reflecting population (chronic disease), concept (integrated care) and context (health systems and communities) and will chart the data. Data will be analysed using descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods, to map and operationalise the linkages between health systems and communities.Ethics and disseminationThe scoping review does not require ethics approval as it will examine and collect data from publicly available materials, and all stakeholder engagement will follow guidelines for patient and public involvement. Findings will be reported through a summarising list of considerations for different linkage strategies between health systems and community resources and implications for future research, practice and policy will be discussed and presented. The results will also be used to inform an integrated knowledge translation project to implement community-health system linkages to support chronic pain management.Registration number10.17605/OSF.IO/UTSN9.
Convergence of a Godunov scheme for degenerate conservation laws with BV spatial flux and a study of Panov-type fluxes
Authors: Ghoshal Shyam Sundar , Towers John D. , Vaidya Ganesh 
Published: August 2022

We prove the convergence of the Godunov-type scheme for a scalar conservation law in one space dimension with possibly infinitely many spatial discontinuities, which may have accumulation points. In contrast to the study appearing in Ghoshal, Jana and Towers [Convergence of a Godunov scheme to an Audusse–Perthame adapted entropy solution for conservation laws with BV spatial flux, Numer. Math. 146(3) (2020) 629–659], we do not restrict the flux to be unimodal and allow for the case where the flux has degeneracies due to which the corresponding singular map may not be invertible and hence, the so-called singular mapping technique is not applicable. We present two proofs of convergence depending on the nature of the flux. For fluxes which are piecewise constant in the space variable, convergence is established by proving [Formula: see text] bounds on the finite volume approximations away from the set of spatial discontinuity. On the other hand, if the fluxes are of Panov-type, i.e. [Formula: see text], we prove the convergence by establishing a novel [Formula: see text] property, which in turn implies the existence of [Formula: see text] bounds on the solution. We present numerical examples that illustrate the theory.