bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mycorrhizal symbiosis pathway and edaphic fertility frame root economics space among tree species
Authors: Yan Han , Freschet Grégoire T. , Wang Huimin , Hogan James Aaron , Li Shenggong , Valverde‐Barrantes Oscar J. , Fu Xiaoli , Wang Ruili , Dai Xiaoqin , Jiang Lei , Meng Shengwang , Yang Fengting , Zhang Miaomiao , Kou Liang 
Published: March 2022

Summary

The root economics space (RES) is multidimensional and largely shaped by belowground biotic and abiotic influences. However, how root–fungal symbioses and edaphic fertility drive this complexity remains unclear.

Here, we measured absorptive root traits of 112 tree species in temperate and subtropical forests of China, including traits linked to functional differences between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) hosts.

Our data, from known mycorrhizal tree species, revealed a ‘fungal‐symbiosis’ dimension distinguishing AM from ECM species. This divergence likely resulted from the contrasting mycorrhizal evolutionary development of AM vs ECM associations. Increased root tissue cortical space facilitates AM symbiosis, whereas increased root branching favours ECM symbiosis. Irrespective of mycorrhizal type, a ‘root‐lifespan’ dimension reflecting aspects of root construction cost and defence was controlled by variation in specific root length and root tissue density, which was fully independent of root nitrogen content. Within this function‐based RES, we observed a substantial covariation of axes with soil phosphorus and nitrate levels, highlighting the role played by these two axes in nutrient acquisition and conservation.

Overall, our findings demonstrate the importance of evolved mycorrhizal symbiosis pathway and edaphic fertility in framing the RES, and provide theoretical and mechanistic insights into the complexity of root economics.
A systematic review of inequalities in the uptake of, adherence to, and effectiveness of behavioral weight management interventions in adults
Authors: Birch Jack M. , Jones Rebecca A. , Mueller Julia , McDonald Matthew D. , Richards Rebecca , Kelly Michael P. , Griffin Simon J. , Ahern Amy L. 
Published: March 2022

SummaryThe extent to which behavioral weight management interventions affect health inequalities is uncertain, as is whether trials of these interventions directly consider inequalities. We conducted a systematic review, synthesizing evidence on how different aspects of inequality impact uptake, adherence, and effectiveness in trials of behavioral weight management interventions. We included (cluster‐) randomized controlled trials of primary care‐applicable behavioral weight management interventions in adults with overweight or obesity published prior to March 2020. Data about trial uptake, intervention adherence, attrition, and weight change by PROGRESS‐Plus criteria (place of residence, race/ethnicity, occupation, gender, religion, education, socioeconomic status, social capital, plus other discriminating factors) were extracted. Data were synthesized narratively and summarized in harvest plots. We identified 91 behavioral weight loss interventions and 12 behavioral weight loss maintenance interventions. Fifty‐six of the 103 trials considered inequalities in relation to at least one of intervention or trial uptake (n = 15), intervention adherence (n = 15), trial attrition (n = 32), or weight outcome (n = 34). Most trials found no inequalities gradient. If a gradient was observed for trial uptake, intervention adherence, and trial attrition, those considered “more advantaged” did best. Alternative methods of data synthesis that enable data to be pooled and increase statistical power may enhance understanding of inequalities in behavioral weight management interventions.
Oral carcinogenesis triggers a nociceptive behavior and c‐Fos expression in rats’ trigeminal pathway
Authors: Alves Joana Maria dos Santos , Viana Khalil Fernandes , Pereira Anamaria Falcão , Lima Júnior Roberto César Pereira , Vale Mariana Lima , Pereira Karuza Maria Alves , Gondim Delane Viana 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo recognize changes that occur along the trigeminal pathway in oral cancer in order to establish an effective approach to pain control.MethodsWistar rats were divided into control and 4‐NQO groups for 8, 12, 16, or 20 weeks. 4‐NQO suspension was administered on the animals’ tongues. Mechanical hyperalgesia, assessment of facial expressions, and an open‐field test were performed. After euthanasia, the animals’ tongues were removed for macro‐ and microscopic analysis. c‐Fos expression was analyzed in the trigeminal pathway structures.Results4‐NQO induced time‐dependent macroscopic lesions that were compatible with neoplastic tumors. Histopathological analysis confirmed oral squamous cell carcinoma in 50% of the animals on the 20th week. There was a significant nociceptive threshold reduction during the first two weeks, followed by a threshold return to the baseline levels, decreasing again from the 12th week. Facial nociceptive expression scores were observed on the 20th week, while increased grooming and exploratory activity were observed on the 8th week. Trigeminal ganglion showed an increased c‐Fos immunoexpression on the 20th week, and in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis, it occurred on the 16th and 20th. The long‐term carcinogenic exposure caused changes in the nociceptive behavior and c‐Fos expression in the rats’ trigeminal pathway.
Can listening provide a useful clinical estimate of low vision reading parameters?
Authors: Latham Keziah , Subhi Hikmat 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine whether a clinician can assess critical print size (CPS) and/or reading fluency by listening to a visually impaired patient reading aloud across a range of print sizes on an MNREAD chart, rather than needing to plot and analyse reading speed data as a function of print size.MethodsFifty‐six low vision participants were audio‐recorded reading an MNREAD chart under standard conditions. Two experienced raters listened to the recordings and made judgments of the CPS (logMAR), and of the level of reading fluency achieved at large print sizes on a 4‐point rating scale. Reading times were plotted as a function of print size to determine the CPS as the smallest print size that supported the participant's maximum reading speed (MRS) by inspection, and the MRS as the mean reading speed across print sizes including, and larger than, the CPS.ResultsListened CPS judgments made for each rater were slightly larger than the CPS values obtained by inspection (mean differences 0.04logMAR (p = 0.06), 0.08logMAR (p < 0.01); limits of agreement (LoA) ±0.28logMAR, ±0.39logMAR, respectively). CPS judgments were consistent both between raters (mean difference 0.04logMAR [p = 0.18]; LoA ±0.42logMAR) and between two judgments made by each rater (mean differences 0.00logMAR (p = 1.0), 0.03logMAR (p < 0.05); LoA ±0.23logMAR, ±0.17logMAR). Reading fluency could be categorised as ‘functional’ (MRS > 80 wpm) or ‘non‐functional’ (MRS < 80 wpm) with a sensitivity of 88%–90% and a specificity of 100%.ConclusionsExperienced raters listening to a patient reading an MNREAD chart can determine a clinically useful estimate of critical print size and can discriminate maximum reading speeds that are above and below that likely to provide sustained reading ability. Listening to a patient reading an MNREAD chart is an option for the low vision clinician's armoury of assessments.
Ink test: A useful technique to enhance extragenital lichen sclerosus diagnosis
Authors: Ramos‐Rodríguez Daniel , Arteaga‐Henríquez María , Lukoviek Vania , Markthaler Marcella 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLichen sclerosus (LS) is a rare and chronic autoimmune disease, and extragenital LS is particularly challenging to diagnose in children. Histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosis. Dermoscopy is a useful tool when follicular plugs (FP) are observed, though FP are sometimes hard to recognize. The ink test may provide a useful technique to enhance FP visualization and support a diagnosis of extragenital LS, thereby avoiding diagnostic delays or biopsy.
Verification of water‐use efficiency estimates via carbon isotope discrimination in potato under varying nutrient statuses and CO2 conditions
Authors: Yi Yan , Yano Katsuya 
Published: March 2022

AbstractElevated CO2 (eCO2) has the potential to increase plant biomass while decreasing water demand due to enhanced water‐use efficiency (WUE), which interacts with nutritional status. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) has been shown to be a valid proxy for estimating WUE; however, its validity is uncertain for plants in an environment where the interaction between CO2 and nutrition strongly affects WUE. Using a single potato cultivar (Irish Cobbler), we examined its validity through three independent trials with varying levels of P, N, or K (Trial P, N, and K, respectively) in growth chambers at two CO2 concentrations. WUE at the plant level varied with CO2 conditions and nutrient supply rates. Plant biomass was positively regressed against WUE in Trials P and K, and water use in Trial N. WUE was negatively regressed against Δ13C across various nutrient supply rates within each CO2 environment. However, the relationship between WUE and Δ13C was altered with CO2 enrichment by elevating the intercept along the y‐axis (WUE) without affecting the slope, implying the involvement of isotopic discrimination in respiration or photorespiration. These results suggest that Δ13C can be used to estimate WUE across various nutrient statuses, not only at the current CO2 but also at eCO2 when the comparisons are made within each CO2 condition.
Oral health status and the etiology and prevention of nonventilator hospital‐associated pneumonia
Authors: Scannapieco Frank A. , Giuliano Karen K. , Baker Dian 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNonventilator hospital‐associated pneumonia has recently emerged as an important preventable hospital‐associated infection, and is a leading cause of healthcare‐associated infection. Substantial accumulated evidence links poor oral health with an increased risk of pneumonia, which can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens, each with their own distinct mechanisms of transmission and host susceptibility. These infections are frequently polymicrobial, and often include microbes from biofilms in the oral cavity. Evidence documenting the importance of oral care to prevent nonventilator hospital‐associated pneumonia is continuing to emerge. Reduction of oral biofilm in these populations will reduce the numbers of potential respiratory pathogens in the oral secretions that can be aspirated, which in turn can reduce the risk for pneumonia. This review summarizes up‐to‐date information on the role of oral care in the prevention of nonventilator hospital‐associated pneumonia.
Periodontal microorganisms and Alzheimer disease – A causative relationship?
Authors: Jungbauer Gert , Stähli Alexandra , Zhu Xilei , Auber Alberi Lavinia , Sculean Anton , Eick Sigrun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn the initiation or exacerbation of Alzheimer disease, the dissemination of oral microorganisms into the brain tissue or the low‐level systemic inflammation have been speculated to play a role. However, the impact of oral microorganisms, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease and the potential causative relationship is still unclear. The present review has critically reviewed the literature by examining the following aspects: (a) the oral microbiome and the immune response in the elderly population, (b) human studies on the association between periodontal and gut microorganisms and Alzheimer disease, (c) animal and in vitro studies on microorganisms and Alzheimer disease, and (d) preventive and therapeutic approaches. Factors contributing to microbial dysbiosis seem to be aging, local inflammation, systemic diseases, wearing of dentures, living in nursing homes and no access to adequate oral hygiene measures. Porphyromonas gingivalis was detectable in post‐mortem brain samples. Microbiome analyses of saliva samples or oral biofilms showed a decreased microbial diversity and a different composition in Alzheimer disease compared to cognitively healthy subjects. Many in‐vitro and animal studies underline the potential of P gingivalis to induce Alzheimer disease‐related alterations. In animal models, recurring applications of P gingivalis or its components increased pro‐inflammatory mediators and β‐amyloid in the brain and deteriorated the animals' cognitive performance. Since periodontitis is the result of a disturbed microbial homoeostasis, an effect of periodontal therapy on the oral microbiome and host response related to cognitive parameters may be suggested and should be elucidated in further clinical trials.
Cultural diversity and inclusion in UK medical schools
Authors: Forrest Dominique , George Sherie , Stewart Vanessa , Dutta Nina , McConville Kevin , Pope Lindsey , Kumar Sonia 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundRacially minoritised groups across the globe continue to experience differential outcomes in both health and education. Medical schools can play an instrumental role in addressing both these disparities, by creating inclusive student communities and ensuring that tomorrow's doctors can care for our increasingly diverse populations.ObjectivesThis collaborative, qualitative study led by three United Kingdom (UK) institutions aimed to explore the perspectives of Heads of Primary Care Teaching (HOTs) on cultural diversity and inclusion across UK medical schools.MethodsIn December 2020, five focus groups were conducted remotely with 23 HOTs, or a nominated deputy. We explored participants' opinions regarding opportunities and barriers to cultural diversity and inclusion in medical education, ways to overcome these challenges and shared examples of best practice. Data were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed by three researchers.ResultsInvestigators identified six themes from the data: lack of faculty diversity, tokenistic faculty training, institutional mindset, diversifying the formal and hidden curricula, intersectionality and student voice.ConclusionMedical schools worldwide face similar challenges, uncertainties and opportunities when integrating diversity and inclusion throughout the learning environment. Although the importance of the topic is increasingly acknowledged, current efforts are viewed as being passive and tokenistic, hindered by challenges at multiple levels. Partnership with students and collaboration within and between institutions nationally and internationally will enable us to move forwards with both local and global positive, sustainable change.
Comparison of three hematocrit measurement methods in the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)
Authors: Steyrer Christof , Pohlin Friederike , Meyer Leith C. R. , Buss Peter , Hooijberg Emma H. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundHematocrit (HCT) determination is an integral part of health and disease assessments in captive and wild white rhinoceroses. Several affordable automated hematology analyzers have been developed for in‐clinic and field use and have the advantage of being able to measure a large number of additional measurands. However, the accuracy of these analyzers for rhinoceros HCT measurements has not yet been investigated.ObjectivesWe aimed to compare the HCT results generated by the EPOC portable analyzer system and the Abaxis VetScan HM5 with the gold standard of a manual packed cell volume (PCV) measured using the microhematocrit method.MethodsHematocrits were measured with the EPOC and the Abaxis VetScan HM5 (bovine setting) and compared with the PCVs of 69 white rhinoceros whole blood samples. Results were compared using Bland–Altman difference plots and Passing‐Bablok regression analysis. A total allowable analytical error of 10% was set as the performance goal.ResultsA significant positive bias, with a mean of 7.7% for the EPOC and 17.9% for the Abaxis, was found compared with the manual PCV method.ConclusionsThe allowable error goal of 10% was not exceeded with the EPOC analyzer. Although not analytically equivalent to the gold standard, the EPOC results could therefore be used as approximations in critical situations where manual measurements cannot be performed. The Abaxis exceeded this allowable error and overestimated HCTs in rhinoceroses. Therefore, method‐specific reference intervals should be used.
Epidemiological survey and risk factors associated with hepatitis E virus in small ruminants in southern Spain
Authors: Caballero‐Gómez Javier , García‐Bocanegra Ignacio , Jiménez‐Martín Débora , Cano‐Terriza David , Risalde María A. , López‐López Pedro , Jiménez‐Ruiz Saúl , Rivero Antonio , Rivero‐Juarez Antonio 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAutochthonous cases of hepatitis E (HE) associated with zoonotic genotypes HEV‐3 and HEV‐4 have significantly increased in industrialized countries over the last decade. Suidae are generally recognized as the main reservoirs of these genotypes. Susceptibility to HE virus (HEV) infection and zoonotic potential have also been confirmed in other species, including sheep and goat. However, the information about their role in the epidemiology of HEV remains very scarce. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence, spatial distribution and risk factors associated with HEV exposure in sheep and goats in southern Spain, the country with the highest census of small domestic ruminants in the European Union. Blood samples from 240 sheep and 240 goats were collected between 2015 and 2017. Sera were analysed in parallel using a commercial double‐antigen ELISA and real‐time PCR. A total of 38 (7.9%; 95%CI: 5.5–10.3) out of 480 sampled animals showed anti‐HEV antibodies. By species, the seroprevalences found in sheep and goats were 2.1% (5/240; 95%CI: 0.3–3.9) and 13.8% (33/240; 95%CI: 9.4–18.1) respectively. Anti‐HEV antibodies were found on 19 (59.4%; 95%CI: 42.4–76.4) of the 32 sampled farms. The GEE model showed that species (goat) and number of small ruminants in the farm (≤348 animals and ≥538 animals) were risk factors potentially associated with HEV exposure in small ruminants in the study area. HEV RNA was not detected in any of the 480 (0.0%; 95%CI: 0.0–0.8) tested animals. Our results confirm that sheep and goats are naturally, but not equally exposed to HEV and indicate the widespread spatial distribution of HEV among small ruminant populations in southern Spain. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of sheep and goat in the epidemiology of HEV and their potential implications for public health.
Factores constituyentes identitarios en la maestra de educación infantil
Authors: Robinson-Seisdedos María Soledad , Tejada-Fernández José , Blanch-Gelabert Sílvia 
Published: March 2022

El presente artículo analiza los factores claves que inciden en la construcción identitaria de la educadora infantil en sus primeros años de trabajo y en diferentes realidades educativas. La metodología aplicada consistió en un estudio de caso múltiple, con particularidades de tipo biográfico-narrativo, y la recogida de información se realizó a través de relatos de vida, específicamente incidentes críticos y biogramas, junto con entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales. Los resultados dan cuenta de tres grandes dimensiones: biográfica, formación inicial y ejercicio profesional. Los hallazgos permiten concluir que el proceso de construcción identitaria resulta ser complejo, relacional, contextual y variable.
La identidad del educador infantil desde las narrativas biográficas
Authors: Hernández-Prados María de los Ángeles , Ayala de la Peña Amalia 
Published: March 2022

El trabajo presenta el análisis de 123 entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a profesionales de educación infantil de la región de Murcia (España), durante el curso 2019/2020, con la finalidad de identificar los factores que inciden en la construcción identitaria del docente.El contenido se trató de forma sistemática, cualitativa y cuantitativamente, siguiendo las fases de Cisterna (2005), midiendo la frecuencia de aparición de las categorías establecidas mediante triangulación. Los resultados muestran la relevancia de las experiencias de la infancia-adolescencia, la docencia con los alumnos, la formación permanente y la capacidad de adaptabilidad, en contraposición al paso por la universidad y los aspectos normativos.
Wellbore Stability Analysis of Horizontal Wells for Shale Gas With Consideration of Hydration
Authors: Mao Liangjie , Lin Haoyu , Cai Mingjie , Zhang Juan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
With the wide application of extended reach wells and horizontal wells, the geological conditions faced during the drilling process have become increasingly complicated, and the resulting wellbole collapse problem has become serious. Based on an L-1 horizontal well, this study provides a method for calculating collapse pressure considering the influence of formation hydration. This method is used to obtain the stress distribution around the well and collapse situation at 4100 m underground. The wellbore stability can be evaluated by the method. The factors affecting the stress and collapse of the well are analyzed by changing the construction parameters and geological parameters. Studies have shown that the rock near the well has collapsed to a certain extent and shale hydration increases the formation Poisson's ratio, resulting in more serious collapse. The study also found that hydration, drilling fluid density, and borehole size have the greatest impact on the stability of the borehole wall, followed by the well deviation angle, and the bedding angle the least. Carefully exploring the situation of the shale gas reservoir in the drilling design stages, considering the impact of hydration, and selecting appropriate construction parameters are necessary to avoid the collapse of the shaft wall and affect the shale gas production process. This study can provide a reference for ensuring the stability of the wellbore.
A Bioreactor for Controlled Electrical and Mechanical Stimulation of Developing Scaffold-Free Constructs
Authors: Van Houten Sarah K. , Bramson Michael T. K. , Corr David T. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBioreactors are commonly used to apply biophysically relevant stimulations to tissue-engineered constructs in order to explore how these stimuli influence tissue development, healing, and homeostasis, and they offer great flexibility because key features of the stimuli (e.g., duty cycle, frequency, amplitude, and duration) can be controlled to elicit a desired cellular response. However, most bioreactors that apply mechanical and electrical stimulations do so to a scaffold after the construct has developed, preventing study of the influence these stimuli have on early construct development. To enable such exploration, there is a need for a bioreactor that allows the direct application of mechanical and electrical stimulation to constructs as they develop. Herein, we develop and calibrate a bioreactor, based on our previously established modified Flexcell system, to deliver precise mechanical and electrical stimulation, either independently or in combination, to developing scaffold-free tissue constructs. Linear calibration curves were established, then used to apply precise dynamic mechanical and electrical stimulations, over a range of physiologically relevant strains (0.50%, 0.70%, 0.75%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) and voltages (1.5 and 3.5 V), respectively. Following calibration, applied mechanical and electrical stimulations were not statistically different from their desired target values and were consistent whether delivered independently or in combination. Concurrent delivery of mechanical and electrical stimulation resulted in a negligible change in mechanical (&lt;2%) and electrical (&lt;1%) values, compared to their independently delivered values. With this calibrated bioreactor, we can apply precise, controlled, reproducible mechanical and electrical stimulations, alone or in combination, to scaffold-free, tissue-engineered constructs as they develop.