bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bending waves excited by irregular gas inflow along warps
Authors: Khachaturyants Tigran , Beraldo e Silva Leandro , Debattista Victor P , Daniel Kathryne J 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Gaia has revealed clear evidence of bending waves in the vertical kinematics of stars in the solar neighbourhood. We study bending waves in two simulations, one warped, with the warp due to misaligned gas inflow, and the other unwarped. We find slow, retrograde bending waves in both models, with the ones in the warped model having larger amplitudes. We also find fast, prograde bending waves. Prograde bending waves in the unwarped model are very weak, in agreement with the expectation that these waves should decay on short, approximately crossing, time-scales, due to strong winding. However, prograde bending waves are much stronger for the duration of the warped model, pointing to irregular gas inflow along the warp as a continuous source of excitation. We demonstrate that large-amplitude bending waves that propagate through the solar neighbourhood give rise to a correlation between the mean vertical velocity and the angular momentum, with a slope consistent with that found by Gaia. The bending waves affect populations of all ages, but the sharpest features are found in the young populations, hinting that short-wavelength waves are not supported by the older, kinematically hotter, populations. Our results demonstrate the importance of misaligned gas accretion as a recurrent source of vertical perturbations of disc galaxies, including in the Milky Way.
RNA polymerase pausing, stalling and bypass during transcription of damaged DNA: from molecular basis to functional consequences
Authors: Agapov Aleksei , Olina Anna , Kulbachinskiy Andrey 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCellular DNA is continuously transcribed into RNA by multisubunit RNA polymerases (RNAPs). The continuity of transcription can be disrupted by DNA lesions that arise from the activities of cellular enzymes, reactions with endogenous and exogenous chemicals or irradiation. Here, we review available data on translesion RNA synthesis by multisubunit RNAPs from various domains of life, define common principles and variations in DNA damage sensing by RNAP, and consider existing controversies in the field of translesion transcription. Depending on the type of DNA lesion, it may be correctly bypassed by RNAP, or lead to transcriptional mutagenesis, or result in transcription stalling. Various lesions can affect the loading of the templating base into the active site of RNAP, or interfere with nucleotide binding and incorporation into RNA, or impair RNAP translocation. Stalled RNAP acts as a sensor of DNA damage during transcription-coupled repair. The outcome of DNA lesion recognition by RNAP depends on the interplay between multiple transcription and repair factors, which can stimulate RNAP bypass or increase RNAP stalling, and plays the central role in maintaining the DNA integrity. Unveiling the mechanisms of translesion transcription in various systems is thus instrumental for understanding molecular pathways underlying gene regulation and genome stability.
Structural Determinants of Sugar Alcohol Biosynthesis in Plants: The Crystal Structures of Mannose-6-Phosphate and Aldose-6-Phosphate Reductases
Authors: Minen Romina I , Bhayani Jaina A , Hartman Matías D , Cereijo Antonela E , Zheng Yuanzhang , Ballicora Miguel A , Iglesias Alberto A , Liu Dali , Figueroa Carlos M 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSugar alcohols are major photosynthetic products in plant species from the Apiaceae and Plantaginaceae families. Mannose-6-phosphate reductase (Man6PRase) and aldose-6-phosphate reductase (Ald6PRase) are key enzymes for synthesizing mannitol and glucitol in celery (Apium graveolens) and peach (Prunus persica), respectively. In this work, we report the first crystal structures of dimeric plant aldo/keto reductases (AKRs), celery Man6PRase (solved in the presence of mannonic acid and NADP+) and peach Ald6PRase (obtained in the apo form). Both structures displayed the typical TIM barrel folding commonly observed in proteins from the AKR superfamily. Analysis of the Man6PRase holo form showed that residues putatively involved in the catalytic mechanism are located close to the nicotinamide ring of NADP+, where the hydride transfer to the sugar phosphate should take place. Additionally, we found that Lys48 is important for the binding of the sugar phosphate. Interestingly, the Man6PRase K48A mutant had a lower catalytic efficiency with mannose-6-phosphate but a higher catalytic efficiency with mannose than the wild type. Overall, our work sheds light on the structure–function relationships of important enzymes to synthesize sugar alcohols in plants.
Transitioning Opinion?
Authors: Lewis Daniel C , Flores Andrew R , Haider-Markel Donald P , Miller Patrick R , Taylor Jami K 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Few public opinion surveys addressed transgender rights prior to 2015, but scholarly attention to these issues began to proliferate with a series of surveys from 2015 and 2016 that identified a number of important variables shaping attitudes toward transgender people and policies. Yet, the political environment surrounding transgender rights has changed significantly since 2015, with increasing public attention to these issues, more prominent position taking by partisan political figures, and substantial shifts in public policy on a wide variety of transgender issues. We examine a wide range of survey items throughout this period to explore how public opinion has evolved over time. Further, using national surveys from 2015 and 2020, we explore whether and how the structure of public opinion may have changed. Our analyses reveal growing support for transgender rights, the increasing importance of political orientations and elite cues in shaping opinion, and substantial variation in attitudes across issues.
Rotating particles in AdS: Holography at weak gauge coupling and without conformal symmetry
Authors: Kitamura Tomotaka , Miyashita Shoichiro , Sekino Yasuhiro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We consider the gauge/gravity correspondence between maximally supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory in (p + 1) dimensions and superstring theory on the near-horizon limit of the Dp-brane solution. The string-frame metric is AdSp + 2 × S8 − p times a Weyl factor, and there is no conformal symmetry except for p = 3. In a previous paper by one of the present authors, the free-field result of gauge theory has been reproduced from string theory for a particular operator that has angular momentum along S8 − p. In this paper, we extend this result to operators that have angular momenta along AdSp + 2. Our approach is based on a Euclidean formulation proposed by Dobashi et al. [Nucl. Phys. B 665, 94 (2003)] and on the “string bit” picture. We first show that the spinning string solution in Lorentzian AdS, found by Gubser et al. [Nucl. Phys. B 636, 99 (2002)], can be recast in a form that connects two points on the boundary of Euclidean AdS. The transition amplitudes of such strings can be interpreted as gauge theory correlators. We study the case of zero gauge coupling by ignoring interactions among string bits (massless particles in 10D spacetime that constitute a string), and show that the free-field results of gauge theory are reproduced.
Center vortex and confinement in Yang–Mills theory and QCD with anomaly-preserving compactifications
Authors: Tanizaki Yuya , Ünsal Mithat 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We construct an anomaly-preserving compactification of 4D gauge theories, including SU(N) Yang–Mills theory, $\mathcal {N}=1$ supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory, and quantum chromodynamics (QCD), down to 2D by turning on the ’t Hooft flux through T2. This provides a new framework to analytically calculate nonperturbative properties such as confinement, chiral symmetry breaking, and the multi-branch structure of vacua. We give a semiclassical description of these phenomena based on the center vortex and show that it enjoys the same anomaly-matching condition as the original 4D gauge theory. We conjecture that the weak-coupling vacuum structure on small $T^2 \times \mathbb {R}^2$ is adiabatically connected to the strong-coupling regime on $\mathbb {R}^4$ without any phase transitions. In QCD with fundamental quarks as well, we can turn on the ’t Hooft flux either by activating the SU(Nf)V symmetry twist for Nf = N flavors or by introducing a magnetic flux of baryon number U(1)B for arbitrary Nf flavors. In both cases, the weak-coupling center-vortex theory gives a prediction consistent with the chiral Lagrangian of 4D QCD.
How Intersectional Threat Shapes Views of Gun Policy: The John Wayne Solution
Authors: Drakulich Kevin , Craig Brandon M 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Guns are highly visible in the news, in politics, and in American culture more broadly. While most Americans support some gun control, a significant and vocal minority of Americans are firmly opposed. Drawing on work from the recently developing sociology of modern gun culture, we propose an intersectional threat model—wherein perceived threats to multiple privileged identities provoke a distinct response—for understanding the positions Americans take on gun policies. Using data from a 2018 national survey conducted by the American National Election Survey, we find a robust role for perceived threats along gender, race, and citizenship lines in opposition to background checks for private sales and an assault weapons ban as well as support for arming teachers. Interactions reveal multiplicative effects: that gender threats matter more when racial and immigrant threats are also felt. We discuss implications for the prospect of policy and for understanding the pro-gun alt-right movement and other potential applications of intersectional threat.
Cesarean section delivery rates, determinants, and indications: a retrospective study in Dekemhare Hospital
Authors: Idris Idris M. , Menghisteab Selam 
Published: March 2022

Objectives:
Cesarean section delivery is at increasing rate worldwide. The present study was designed to explore the cesarean section delivery rate, and its common indications along with their socio-demographic determinants in Dekemhare Hospital, Southern region of Eritrea.

Methods and Materials:
A retrospective study was utilized to retrieve data of all women who delivered in Dekemhare Hospital during 2019. Using a structured questionnaire, all information required was recorded using data files such as birth (vaginal and cesarean) files, pregnancy registration file, and neonatal data. All women who delivered by cesarean section, their indications were collected reviewing registration records of the operating theater where the procedure was conducted. To describe the results, both descriptive and analytical analysis were conducted using SPSS version 25. χ2 test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were done to identify determinants of cesarean section. A significance level of 0.05 was used as a cut point of statistical significance.

Main Findings:
The rate of cesarean section delivery was 10.1%. The top 6 indications of cesarean section were: malposition (26.3%), prolonged and obstructed labor (21.2%), mal-presentation (14.4%), previous/repeat cesarean section (10.2%), amniotic fluid disorders (9.3%), and fetal distress (5.9%). Mothers who were nulliparous [odds ratio (OR): 9.2; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.8–14.3; P-value: 0.007], referral from other health facility (OR: 7.8, 95% CI: 3.7–16.5, P-value <0.0001), and who had delivered stillbirths (OR: 8.2; 95% CI: 1.7–38.9; P-value: 0.008) were more likely to deliver through cesarean section.

Conclusion:
The rate of cesarean section in Dekemhare hospital is fairly optimal (10.1%). Prolonged and obstructed labor, mal-presentation and malposition were the most common indications. Nulliparous and referral mothers had higher risk of cesarean section. Decision-making for cesarean section should outweigh the benefits and risks of the intervention within the context of women’s entire reproductive life-cycle.
Impact of estimated pulse wave velocity and socioeconomic status on the risk of stroke in men: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Jae Sae Young , Heffernan Kevin S. , Kim Hyun Jeong , Kunutsor Setor K. , Fernhall Bo , Kurl Sudhir , Laukkanen Jari A. 
Published: March 2022

Objective:
High pulse wave velocity (PWV) and low socioeconomic status (SES) are each associated with increased risk of stroke, but clarification of the interplay between PWV, SES and the risk of stroke appears to be warranted to identify vulnerable populations at high risk of stroke. We conducted a prospective study that examined the independent and joint associations of PWV and SES with the risk of stroke in the general population.

Methods:
The current study included 2666 men aged 42–61 years, who were enrolled in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Study cohort. Estimated PWV (ePWV), a proxy of carotid-femoral PWV, was calculated from an equation based on age and mean blood pressure. SES was assessed using self-reported questionnaires and classified as tertiles, whereas ePWV was categorized as high (≥10m/s) and low (<10m/s).

Results:
Individuals with high ePWV had a 48% higher risk of stroke after adjusting for confounding factors, whereas individuals with low SES had a similar 35% increased risk of stroke, compared with those high SES. Results of the joint associations of ePWV and SES with stroke showed high ePWV-high SES and high ePWV-low SES to be each associated with an increased risk of stroke: hazard ratios 1.53, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (1.12–2.08) and hazard ratio 1.63, 95% CI (1.21–2.20), respectively, but low ePWV-low SES was not associated with a heightened risk of stroke (hazard ratio 1.12, 95% CI 0.87–1.44) compared with the low ePWV-high SES group.

Conclusion:
ePWV and SES are each independently associated with stroke risk. The association between elevated ePWV and the heightened risk of stroke is regardless of low or high SES.
High Prevalence of Tuberculosis Infection and Disease in Child Household Contacts of Adults With Rifampin-resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: Kim Soyeon , Wu Xingye , Hughes Michael D. , Upton Caryn , Narunsky Kim , Mendoza-Ticona Alberto , Khajenoori Saltnat , Gonzales Pedro , Badal-Faesen Sharlaa , Shenje Justin , Omoz-Oarhe Ayotunde , Rouzier Vanessa , Garcia-Prats Anthony J. , Demers Anne-Marie , Naini Linda , Smith Elizabeth , Churchyard Gavin , Swindells Susan , Shah N. Sarita , Gupta Amita , Hesseling Anneke C. ,   for the ACTG A5300/IMPAACT 2003/PHOENix Feasibility Study Team
Published: March 2022

Background:
Household contact (HHC) investigation is an important strategy to identify individuals with tuberculosis (TB) exposure, infection and disease, including those who may benefit from tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT). Data in children exposed to rifampin-resistant TB are limited.

Methods:
In preparation for and to inform the feasibility of an interventional trial, HHC of adults with pulmonary rifampin-resistant TB from high TB-burden countries were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. Using interferon-gamma release assay and study-specific and 2015 international consensus definitions of intrathoracic TB in children, we evaluated the prevalence and predictors of TB infection and disease in child (<15 years) HHCs.

Results:
Of 303 child HHCs, median age (range) 7 years (0−14), 57% [95% confidence interval (CI): 50%–64%] had a positive interferon-gamma release assay result (TB infected). TB infection was associated with the index case smoking (P = 0.034), being the parent or sleeping in the same room (P = 0.002) and the child HHC being age ≥5 years and having attended school (P = 0.013). Four had study-defined confirmed TB and 9 had probable TB, a prevalence of 4.3% (95% CI: 2.6%−7.1%). Using the international consensus definitions, 4 had confirmed TB and 49 had unconfirmed TB, a prevalence of 17.2% (95% CI: 12.9%–22.4%). Twenty (7%) children had received TPT.

Conclusions:
The prevalence of TB infection and disease was high in child HHC exposed to rifampin-resistant TB. Few children had routinely received TPT. High-quality evidence is needed to inform strong recommendations for and access to TPT in children exposed to TB resistant to rifampin.
Neuroscientific evidence for pain being a classically conditioned response to trauma- and pain-related cues in humans
Authors: Franke Laila K. , Miedl Stephan F. , Danböck Sarah K. , Grill Markus , Liedlgruber Michael , Kronbichler Martin , Flor Herta , Wilhelm Frank H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Psychological trauma is typically accompanied by physical pain, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often cooccurs with chronic pain. Clinical reports suggest that pain after trauma may be part of re-experiencing symptomatology. Classical conditioning can underlie visual re-experiencing because intrusions can occur as conditioned responses (CRs) to trauma-related cues. If individuals also experience pain to cues previously paired with, but not inflicting nociceptive stimulation anymore (ie, conditioned stimuli, CS), conditioning could also explain re-experiencing of pain. Sixty-five participants underwent classical conditioning, where painful electrocutaneous stimulation and aversive film clips served as unconditioned stimuli (US) in a 2 (pain/no pain) × 2 (aversive/neutral film) design. Conditioned stimuli were neutral pictures depicting contextual details from the films. One day later, participants were re-exposed to CS during a memory-triggering task (MTT). We assessed pain-CRs by self-report and an fMRI-based marker of nociceptive pain, the neurological pain signature (NPS), and recorded spontaneous daily-life pain intrusions with an e-diary. During conditioning, pain-signaling CS elicited more self-reported pain and NPS responses than no-pain–signaling CS. Possibly because the aversive film masked differences in participants' responses to pain-signaling CS vs no pain–signaling CS, pain-CRs during acquisition were most evident within the neutral film condition. When participants were re-exposed to CS during MTT, self-reported pain-CRs during the neutral film condition and, although more uncertain, NPS-CRs during the aversive film condition persisted. Of importance, participants with stronger pain-CRs showed a greater probability and severity of experiencing spontaneous pain intrusions during daily life. Our data support that spatiotemporally associating innocuous cues with pain (CS) endows these cues to elicit conditioned pain responses in the absence of noxious stimulation. In this way pain can emerge as a CR with emotional and sensory components. Classical conditioning presents a possible mechanism explaining pain intrusions and, more broadly, pain experienced without a nociceptive input.
Respiratory ECMO Survival Prediction (RESP) Score for COVID-19 Patients Treated with ECMO
Authors: Joshi Hariom , Flanagan Mindy , Subramanian Rakeshkumar , Drouin Michelle 
Published: March 2022

Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) has been used as a life-supporting modality for patients with severe respiratory failure because of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aim to evaluate the performance of the RESP score in predicting the hospital survival of COVID-19 patients undergoing VV ECMO. We performed retrospective analysis of the extracorporeal life support organization (ELSO) dataset for COVID-19 patients requiring ECMO support to evaluate the performance of RESP score in predicting in hospital survival.
All adult (age ≥18) COVID-19 patients receiving VV ECMO for acute respiratory failure enrolled in the ELSO database from March to August 2020 were included in the analysis.
A total of 1985 patients from the ELSO registry were identified and analyzed based on pre-ECMO variables. Median RESP score of survivors was 3 (IQR 1–5) compared to 2 (IQR 0–4) in deceased. A logistic model including RESP score variables poorly discriminated survival and death with AUC (area under curve) 0.61 (95% confidence interval: 0.59–0.64). In-hospital survival for COVID-19 patients based on RESP score class from I to V was 69.7%, 59.3%, 45.7%, 42.5%, and 32.3%, respectively. Patients with immunosuppression (relative risk = 0.43) and pre-ECMO cardiac arrest (relative risk = 0.48) had lower survival.
RESP score is a poor predictor of survival in COVID-19 patients undergoing ECMO. Compared to the original cohort used for RESP score creation, COVID-19 patients in RESP class I–III had worse survival whereas the patients in RESP class IV–V had better survival.
Restless Legs Syndrome and the Eyes
Authors: Can Usta Nuray , Gunay Betul Onal 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a movement disorder thought to be caused by impaired dopamine action. This study aimed to evaluate possible changes in ocular biometric and optic coherence tomography (OCT) parameters in RLS patients.

Methods:
This is a prospective, cross-sectional comparative study. Consecutive primary and secondary (with iron-deficiency anemia) RLS patients and age-matched and sex-matched controls were enrolled in the study. All participants underwent comprehensive neurological and ophthalmological examinations. Ocular biometric and OCT parameters, such as choroidal thickness, macular thickness, macular volume, ganglion cell layer thickness, inner nuclear cell layer thickness, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, were compared.

Results:
Fifty-one RLS patients and 50 healthy controls were included in this study. There was no difference between the groups’ refraction status, ocular biometric data (axial length, anterior chamber depth, central corneal thickness), or OCT parameters (choroidal thickness, macular thickness, macular volume, ganglion cell layer thickness, inner nuclear cell layer thickness). Primary and secondary (with only iron-deficiency anemia) RLS patients were compared, and there was no difference in their axial length, anterior chamber depth, central corneal thickness or OCT parameters. No significant relationship was found between disease severity or duration and OCT parameters.

Conclusions:
Disease severity and disease duration do not affect OCT parameters in primary or secondary RLS patients. OCT data do not seem to provide information about the course of this disease.
Current Understanding of the Effects and Potential Clinical Utility of Kratom: A Review
Authors: Larsen Inna , Zhang Emily , Farahmand Pantea 
Published: March 2022

Objective:
The increasingly widespread use of kratom in the United States has raised concerns about its safety as well as spurring research into potential applications of its active ingredients in medical treatments.

Methods:
We reviewed the literature published over the past 20 years, including peer-reviewed publications and data released by United States government health agencies to provide an overview of this topic.

Results:
A variety of potentially beneficial and adverse effects of kratom use related to its opioid and stimulant properties have been documented, including addiction and withdrawal. Preliminary research in animals and case reports in humans have suggested medical utility for kratom in treating alcohol and opioid use disorders, pain, depression, and anxiety. However, the lack of controlled, standardized studies limits the clinical utility of this agent and is a barrier to safe consumption.

Conclusions:
Historically, kratom has been used for medical purposes and for the treatment of alcohol and substance use disorders. The currently available literature suggests a potential for similar clinical applications. However, without controlled research studies or regulation, kratom poses numerous health risks to consumers.