bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of response time on older and young adults’ interaction experience with Chatbot
Authors: Wang Ya-Ling , Lo Chi-Wen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
Chatbots, such as Siri, Alexa, and ChatGPT, are increasingly integrated into various domains, including customer service and virtual companionship, transforming human-computer interactions. However, there remains limited understanding of how response time—a critical social cue—affects user experience across different age groups, particularly in virtual companionship contexts. This gap is especially relevant in aging societies where older adults’ emotional and relational needs require tailored technological solutions.

Methods
A 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment was conducted with 160 Taiwanese participants from two age groups: young adults (18–23 years old) and older adults (56–81 years old). Participants interacted with chatbots under two conditions: instant responses (approximately 3 s) and delayed responses (10–60 s). User experience was measured using social presence (SP), service encounter satisfaction (SAT), and intention of use (IOU) through validated questionnaires. Two-way ANOVA was employed to analyze the main and interaction effects of response time and age group.

Results
The findings revealed a significant interaction effect between response time and age group. While younger adults preferred instant responses, older adults showed a preference for delayed responses. Specifically: (1) Instant responses led to higher satisfaction and engagement for younger adults, who value efficiency and immediacy. (2) Delayed responses facilitated cognitive comfort and enhanced relational value for older adults, emphasizing the importance of conversational pacing.

Conclusions
This study highlights the critical role of response time in chatbot design, revealing how age-specific preferences influence user satisfaction in virtual companionship scenarios. Findings underscore the need for adaptive chatbot designs that align with cognitive and emotional needs across age groups. Broader implications emphasize the importance of balancing digitally assisted companionship with the risks of dehumanization. Future research should explore long-term interaction effects and cultural differences to enhance chatbot inclusivity and effectiveness.
The spatial consistency and repeatability of migratory flight routes and stationary sites of individual European nightjars based on multiannual GPS tracks
Authors: Norevik Gabriel , Åkesson Susanne , Hedenström Anders 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
The degree to which avian migrants revisit the same sites to replicate routes from previous years has received more and more attention as the possibilities of tracking small to medium-size birds over multiple annual cycles have improved. Repeated measurements of individuals with an appropriate sampling resolution can potentially inform about their navigation and migration strategies and to what extent observed variation within and between individuals may reflect the selective potential in the population.

Methods
We analysed the annual space-use of European nightjars Caprimulgus europaeus tracked with GPS-loggers in multiple years between northern Europe and southern Africa. We quantified spatial consistency of stationary sites and variation, repeatability, and latitudinal correlations in route choice and also investigated barrier-associated changes of within- and between-individual longitudinal variation in flight routes.

Results
We found that the nightjars consistently used the same breeding and wintering sites. In contrast, the birds generally varied their migration routes between years, and we could only rarely confirm site fidelity to stopover sites. Nevertheless, route variation within individuals remained low for most of both autumn and spring migration, while the between individual variation generally was larger, resulting in a high repeatability in flight routes. Although we found extensive spatial autocorrelation in both seasons across latitudes, we detected significant changes in longitudinal variation associated with the passage of ecological barriers enroute. Potential intermediate goal areas were visited prior to the crossing of the Mediterranean Sea and the Sahara Desert in both seasons. In spring, within-individual route variability dropped to a few tens of kilometres at the initiation of the Sahara crossing but increased to maximum over the barrier.

Conclusions
The nightjars incorporate individual-specific space use within their annual cycle that allows for a degree of flexibility during migration, possibly driven by the energetic benefits of allowing adaptive wind drift while airborne. Our data demonstrate how topography and spatial autocorrelation of positions influence flight path variability that may diminish or reinforce individuality in route choice. Hence, this study highlights that identifying and quantifying past and present external influences on emergence of realised routes can be critical for distinguishing the genetic basis and environmental variation in migration.
Factors influencing open gingival embrasures in orthodontic treatment: a retrospective clinical study
Authors: Tian Erkang , Luo Kaihui , Zhou Yimei , Jiang Fulin , Zhang Rongxiu , Liu Lisa , Zhao Hui , Hong Jiawei , Li Juan , Cheng Fangyuan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Objective
This study aims to evaluate the incidence of open gingival embrasures (OGES) after orthodontic treatment and analyze its correlation with various clinical and radiographic parameters.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 330 orthodontic patients at West China Hospital of Stomatology from 2016 to 2023, categorizing them into Non-OGES (200) and OGES (130) groups based on post-treatment OGES presence in the central incisor area. Basic information of patients, pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs, and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data were collected. Chi-square tests, two-sample t-tests, Welch’s t-tests, and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to compare differences in gender, initial age, treatment duration, and cephalometric and CBCT indicators between the two groups. Binary logistic regression analysis was further employed to explore the clinical characteristics and cephalometric indicators of the study population.

Results
Univariate analysis revealed that the occurrence of maxillary central incisor OGES was significantly correlated with gender, initial age, treatment duration, and related cephalometric and CBCT indicators (P < 0.05). Similarly, the occurrence of mandibular central incisor OGES was also significantly associated with gender, initial age, treatment duration, and specific cephalometric changes (P < 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that the occurrence of maxillary central incisor OGES was significantly related to initial age, treatment duration, and the change in the U1-SN angle, while the occurrence of OGES in the mandibular central incisor area was mainly related to initial age and treatment duration.

Conclusion
Orthodontic treatment plans should consider a variety of influencing factors, including initial age, treatment duration, anterior tooth angle and position, root-bone relationship, and the distance from the anterior tooth contact point to the alveolar crest, to prevent or reduce the occurrence of OGES after orthodontic treatment, thereby improving patients’ aesthetic outcomes and periodontal health.
Trapped-ion based nanoscale quantum sensing
Authors: Yoo Jieun , Kim Hyunsoo , Kim Hyerin , Kim Yeongseo , Choi Taeyoung 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Recent development of controlling quantum systems has enabled us to utilize the systems for quantum computing, communication, and sensing. In particular, quantum sensing has attracted attention to a broad community of science and technology, as it could surpass classical limitations in measuring physical quantities such as electric and magnetic field with unprecedented precision. Among various physical platforms for quantum sensing, trapped-ion based system possesses several advantages—atomic size, outstanding quantum coherence, and quantum properties. In this review, we introduce previous research efforts to utilize the trapped-ion system for reaching ultimate sensitivity and discuss future perspective and research directions in this emerging field.

Graphical Abstract
Role of grain size on the corrosion resistance of pipeline steels in acidic environment
Authors: Nnoka Meekness , Jack Tonye Alaso , Yadav Sandeep , Szpunar Jerzy 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The microstructure of pipeline steels plays an important role in determining their resistance to corrosion. Among various microstructural features, grain size has been a topic of ongoing debate regarding its influence on the corrosion resistance of pipeline steels. While it is established that grain size inversely correlates with yield strength, its impact on corrosion resistance in acidic environments remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of grain size on the corrosion resistance of pipeline steels exposed to an acidic environment. Heat treatments were conducted to vary the grain size from 8 to 19 µm while minimizing contributions from other microstructural features. The findings revealed that reducing grain size significantly enhanced corrosion resistance by promoting passivation. Grain boundaries were identified as the preferred sites for forming protective oxide layers, compared to grain interiors. Consequently, samples with finer grains, which inherently possess a higher density of grain boundaries, exhibited enhanced passivation, resulting in greater surface coverage by protective oxide layers. In contrast, samples with larger grains primarily formed oxide layers along the grain boundaries, leaving the grain interiors more susceptible to attack by corrosive species. Additionally, a phenomenological model was developed based on the experimental results. This model was validated through independent measurements, confirming that passivation coverage increases with decreasing grain size in acidic environment.
Beyond boundaries: a location-based toolkit for quantifying group dynamics in diverse contexts
Authors: Elkin-Frankston Seth , McIntyre James , Brunyé Tad T. , Gardony Aaron L. , Hancock Clifford L. , O’Donovan Meghan P. , Bode Victoria G. , Miller Eric L. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Existing toolkits for analyzing movement dynamics in animal ecology primarily focus on individual or group behavior in habitats without predefined boundaries, while methods for studying human activity often cater to bounded environments, such as team sports played on defined fields. This leaves a gap in tools for modeling and analyzing human group dynamics in large-scale, unbounded, or semi-constrained environments. Examples of such contexts include tourist groups, cycling teams, search and rescue teams, and military units. To address this issue, we survey existing methods and metrics for characterizing individual and collective movement in humans and animals. Using a rich GPS dataset from groups of military personnel engaged in a foot march, we develop a comprehensive, general-purpose toolkit for quantifying group dynamics using location-based metrics during goal-directed movement in open environments. This toolkit includes a repository of Python functions for extracting and analyzing movement data, integrating cognitive factors such as decision-making, situational awareness, and group coordination. By extending location-based analytics to non-traditional domains, this toolkit enhances the understanding of collective movement, group behavior, and emergent properties shaped by cognitive processes. To demonstrate its practical utility, we present a use case utilizing metrics derived from the foot march data to predict group performance during a subsequent strategic and tactical exercise, highlighting the influence of cognitive and decision-making behaviors on team effectiveness.
Transparent systems, opaque results: a study on automation compliance and task performance
Authors: Pharmer Rebecca L. , Wickens Christopher D. , Clegg Benjamin A. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In two experiments, we examine how features of an imperfect automated decision aid influence compliance with the aid in a simplified, simulated nautical collision avoidance task. Experiment 1 examined the impact of providing transparency in the pre-task instructions regarding which attributes of the task that the aid uses to provide its recommendations. Results showed that transparency here positively influenced compliance with the aid, leading to better task performance. Experiment 2 manipulated transparency via confidence estimates presented alongside the aid’s recommendations. There were no benefits from this form of transparency. In Experiment 2, lower compliance with the aid’s recommendations was found on more difficult collision problems, via a mediating loss of aid reliability and therefore trust. This runs contrary to the hypothesis that harder problems to solve ought to make participants more, rather than less dependent on the aid. Both experiments produced relatively low correlations between trust and compliance. The findings have important implications for the effectiveness of different kinds of transparency implementations, as well as providing a model/framework for understanding how generic factors such as automation reliability and problem difficulty influence both compliance and trust.
Development and refinement of the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement for Non-seizure Symptoms measure in Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
Authors: Andrews J. Scott , Shah Drishti , Nacson Alise , Symonds Tara , Hughes Sophie , Asgharnejad Mahnaz , Benitez Arturo , Sams Lara 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
Dravet syndrome (DS) and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) are rare, severe, childhood-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathies characterized by treatment-resistant epilepsy and varying intellectual disability levels. Clinical outcome assessments (COAs) describe how patients feel, function, or survive, thus providing valuable information on a therapy’s efficacy and impact. Individuals with DS or LGS are heterogeneous, and many have limited verbal abilities and intellectual disability. Existing epilepsy-specific COA measures are unsuitable for DS and LGS clinical trials as many items demonstrate floor effects in these populations. As patients often cannot self-report symptoms, caregiver feedback on the measures’ relevance and understandability is critical when developing COAs to ensure their suitability for the intended population, and that caregivers can help clinicians complete the measures when necessary.

Methodology
We aimed to develop a novel clinician-reported outcomes measure, to be completed in consultation with caregivers at clinic visits, to assess non-seizure symptoms in individuals with DS or LGS using a Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI–I) approach: the CGI-I Non-seizure Symptoms measure. A 13-item initial draft measure was reviewed by experts in a three-round Delphi panel to confirm each item’s relevance and refine descriptions, reduce overlap, and limit respondent burden.

Results
Following panel review, three items reached consensus (≥70% agreement of no revision required) and were included in the final measure: communication, alertness, and disruptive behaviors. To ensure caregivers can help clinicians complete the measure, and to establish levels of change in each item domain considered meaningful from their perspective, the three-item measure was cognitively debriefed with caregivers of individuals with DS or LGS. Caregivers showed that each item was understandable by describing their child using the descriptions provided in the measure and reported that items were relevant or important to assess in DS or LGS. Most caregivers reported that even a minimal change to their child’s condition in each domain would be meaningful to them and their child.

Conclusions
This CGI-I Non-seizure Symptoms measure represents relevant non-seizure outcomes considered important to individuals with DS or LGS and their families. The systematic development and refinement approach presented here supports its use in DS and LGS clinical trials.
Study on solidification modification and engineering characteristics of solid waste-based cementitious materials on pile spoil
Authors: Cai Yanbiao , Wu Yuxian , Zhou Zuo , Zhao Jihui , Liu Jinyu , Ou Wei , Liang Jiankai , Li Zhong 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In view of the problem of difficult treatment of pile spoil in infrastructure construction, the solid waste-based cementitious material was designed and used as the solidifier for pile spoil. The modification of solidifier on pile spoil was studied from the aspects of physical and chemical characteristics, microstructure, and engineering characteristics. The results show that the solid waste-based cementitious material, primarily composed of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) powder, steel slag powder, steel slag dust, and desulfurization gypsum, exhibits excellent synergistic hydration effects. Under the action of alkaline solution, a large amount of Ca2+, [SiO4]4−, [AlO4]5− and SO4
2− are released from the system, to form C-S–H, Ca(OH)2, N-A-S–H, AFt, and other hydration products through a series of chemical reaction processes. With a slag/(steel slag) ratio of 6:3, the cementitious material S631 shows superior hydration and hardening performance, achieving compressive strengths of 15.9 MPa, 25.7 MPa, and 49.8 MPa at 3, 7, and 28 days, respectively. Solid waste-based cementitious material S631 was further used as solidifier to treat the pile spoil. The solidified pile spoil begins to harden within about 5 to 16 h and loses its plasticity between 67.5 and 84.1 h. The higher the dosage of solidifier, the quicker the hardening rate, with the spoil containing 10% solidifier reaching unconfined compressive strengths of 0.68 MPa and 1.13 MPa at 7 and 28 days, respectively. The active silicoaluminate minerals of the solidifier produce C-S–H gels and other products through solution-precipitation reaction, which connects the mineral particles of pile spoil. Macroscopically, it is manifested as the hardening of the solidified soil and the generation of strength. In terms of engineering characteristics, the use of solidifier reduces the liquid and plastic limits of pile spoil while increasing its plasticity index, optimum moisture content, and maximum dry density. In the experiments of simulating the influence of compaction degree and wheel loading rate on the strength of engineering soil in actual roadbed engineering, the solidified soil has shown better strength performance, indicating that the solidifier improved and optimized the engineering characteristics of the pile spoil.
Cervical cerclage versus cervical pessary with or without vaginal progesterone for preterm birth prevention in twin pregnancies and a short cervix: A two-by-two factorial randomised clinical trial
Authors: He Yen T. N. , Pham Ha N. H. , Nguyen Tri C. , Bui Trung Q. , Vuong Nhu T. , Nguyen Diem T. N. , Le Thanh V. , Li Wentao , Le Cam H. , Ho Tuong M. , Mol Ben W. , Dang Vinh Q. , Vuong Lan N. 
Published: February 2025

Background
Pregnant women with twins and a short cervical length (CL) are at greater risk of preterm birth (PTB). The comparative efficacy of cervical cerclage and cervical pessary with or without additional progesterone to prevent PTB is unknown. We aimed to assess, in women with twin pregnancies and a short CL, the effectiveness of cerclage versus pessary and the additional treatment with 400 mg vaginal progesterone versus no progesterone in preventing PTB.

Methods and findings
This multicenter, two-by-two factorial randomised trial was conducted in 2 hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Asymptomatic women with twin pregnancies and a CL ≤28 mm at 16 to 22 gestational weeks were recruited. Between March 2019 and July 2023, we randomised 219 participants (64.4% of the planned sample size) to cerclage plus progesterone (n = 55), Arabin pessary plus progesterone (n = 56), cerclage alone (n = 54) or Arabin pessary alone (n = 54). Primary outcome was any PTB <34 weeks. Following the second interim analysis, the study was terminated due to significantly lower rates of perinatal deaths and deliveries <28 weeks in the cerclage group. The primary outcome occurred in 20 (19.8%) participants receiving cerclage versus 20 (19%) participants receiving pessary (relative risk [RR] 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60 to 1.8). Delivery <28 weeks occurred in 1% versus 8.6% (RR 0.12; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.52) and perinatal death occurred in 1% versus 5.8% (RR 0.17; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.62) in the cerclage group and the pessary group, respectively. However, PTB <24 weeks, <32 weeks, and other neonatal outcomes were not significantly different between the 2 groups. For maternal side effects, vaginal discharge was significantly less frequent in the cerclage group. In participants allocated to progesterone, PTB <34 weeks occurred in 19 (18.4%) versus 21 (20.4%) participants who did not have progesterone (RR 0.90; 95% CI, 0.52 to 1.6).

Conclusions
In this prematurely halted study on pregnant women with twins and a CL ≤28 mm, cerclage and cervical pessary were comparably effective on PTB <34 weeks prevention. However, compared to pessary, cerclage was associated with significantly lower rates of PTB <28 weeks and perinatal mortality.
ClinicalTrials.gov Registration: NCT03863613 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03863613)
Topic: Distribution of Anopheles stephensi bioforms in selected districts of Rajasthan, India
Authors: Singh Sangeeta , Marwal Robin , Lata Suman , Saroha Poonam , Gupta Sanjeev Kumar , Singh Himmat 
Published: February 2025

Introduction
Anopheles stephensi is a major urban malaria vector in Rajasthan, India, and is responsible for spreading persistent malaria throughout the year. In Rajasthan, An. stephensi is invariably distributed and has three bioforms discriminated based on the number of the ridge on the eggs viz; Type, Mysorensis, and Intermediate. The present study aimed to understand the distribution pattern of these bioforms in rural and urban setups as they also have differences in their malaria transmission capacity.

Methods
Gravid mosquitoes and the larvae were collected from different habitats of districts of Rajasthan. The gravid females An. stephensi were allowed to lay eggs. These eggs then were subjected to morphometric analysis and counted for the number of ridges for bioform identification.

Results
About 15000 ± 200 eggs were obtained from ~190 gravid An. stephensi collected from 45 localities (11 Urban & 34 Rural) of eight districts of Rajasthan. Out of which 3569 eggs were subjected to morphometric analysis. Mysorensis bioform (49.7%) was observed to have higher percent over Intermediate (25.5%) and Type (24.6%) bioforms. Mysorensis and Intermediate were found more in rural areas whereas the Type bioform dominated higher in urban areas.

Discussion
The Mysorensis bioform was found to be dominant throughout the year in all seasons in rural areas. Type bioform preferred indoor breeding places like underground tanks, cement tanks whereas other bioforms preferred outdoor breeding places. Egg size was found to be directly proportional to the number of ridges on the eggs (r = 0.55). No reproductive isolation was observed among these bioforms.

Conclusions
The Mysorensis bioform is more prominent than other bioforms. Subspecies level understanding helps to plan effective control measures according to the breeding site selection majorly by Type bioform, an efficient vector in this region.