bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Enhanced Negative Pressure Wave NPW-Based Sensing for Spontaneous Leak Detection in Offshore Risers: A Gulf of Mexico Case Study
Authors: Grimes Matthew , Rensburg Nico Van , Mitchell Stuart 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a novel, IoT-based digital solution for spontaneous leak detection which combines enhanced negative pressure wave (NPW) sensing with advanced signal processing to determine both the presence (∼0.20 - 0.50% of the pipeline cross section) and location of spontaneous leaks in pressurized pipelines within seconds. The solution is appliable to lines carrying any medium (liquid or gas). Possible applications include offshore risers, long-distance transmission lines, gas gathering networks at well sites, and saltwater disposal systems (among others).
The paper provides a description of the solution and outlines the process for its implementation on a jack-up installation in the Gulf of Mexico, where it was used for real-time leak detection on four crude oil risers. The entire system installation and commissioning was completed in one full day offshore. Currently, it is undergoing the "bedding in" process to verify performance. To date, no false positive leak events have been initiated.
HDPE Lining as Enabler for Cost Effective Replacement of Corroded Offshore Water Injection Network?
Authors: Delaplace Thomas , Gouriou Morgan , Bovo Nicolo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
HDPE lining has been used offshore for reeled water injection lines since decades, especially in the North Sea. It has been proven to be a cost-effective alternative solution to CRA materials when corrosion allowance is not an option. There have also been several developments in the last years to unlock the use of HDPE lining for other pipelay methods, using HDPE sleeves for the field joints. This paper presents investigations performed on the use of HDPE lining for a study case of a corroded water injection network replacement in a shallow water environment.
A case study has been built based on a typical shallow water architecture including several platforms, connected to a shared water injection network. It is composed of a large water pipeline on which each platform is connected through a static riser, some spools, including goosenecks, a small water line and a shutdown valve. Design, system architecture and manufacturing of such pipe network to be prefabricated onshore were investigated to assess technical feasibility and costs of HDPE lining as an alternative to CRA (Corrosion Resistant Alloys).
It is technically feasible to have HDPE lined static risers and spools which include short radius bends and goosenecks with basically any shape. Additional lined flanges (when compared to a usual steel or CRA lined assembly) have to be added to allow for the connection between straight and bended sections of the tie-in connections. Any spool or riser shape can be prefabricated, assembled and tested onshore prior to be installed offshore as a classical static riser or spool. The use of the FBJ (Fusion Bonded Joint) technology developed by Saipem was considered to try to further reduce the costs of such design and to reduce the quantity of lined flanges. Even with the additional lined flanges required for the HDPE lined riser/spool assembly, there is significant room for cost savings since expensive CRA lining materials will not be used.
While the usual investigations/developments with HDPE lining usually focuses on water pipelines, this study focused on the rigid pipe connections such as static risers and spools, to be prefabricated onshore and presents a technical solution to use HDPE lining for such applications. This could typically be used for corroded water injection network replacement as an alternative to expensive CRA materials and would allow to consider full network with HDPE lining as an option.
Unattended Floating Production Unit FPU and Attended Floating Storage Offloading FSO
Authors: Rossi Thierry , Munoz Jean-Michel , Mateen Khalid 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective is to present a normally unattended Floating Production Unit (FPU) and an attended Floating Storage Offloading vessel (FSO) concept as an alternative to an unattended FPSO. The unattended FPU operating philosophy is for one year with a two-week maintenance campaign.
The study considers a greenfield developed unattended FPU with a rented attended FSO. The focus is the FPU and what is different compared to current design principals for a FPSO. To ensure a lean design, TotalEnergies encouraged to use a Justify-in based approach, starting with the simplest design and then justifying required functions and systems. The FPU has fewer systems but the ones onboard needs to meet requirements of the core process, be robust, simple, reliable and easy to maintain. The focus is on simplification, reliability and efficiency, allowing the use of robotics as supporting tools.
Study focus has been on topsides layout, grouping critical equipment into retrievable Plug and play modules on a one-deck solution constituting a series of individual pancakes, robots friendly design for inspection, operation and maintenance support and, material handling and intervention. Key differences for the unattended FPU concept vs a typical conventional attended FPSO have been identified. Equipment dry weight for different systems for the unattended FPU vs an attended FPSO has been assessed. There is considerable reduction in weight for the unattended FPU, driven by simplifications or elimination of functions. Topside dry weight has been assessed −50% lower than an attended FPSO, based on equipment weight and on ratio of structural weight since the unattended FPU layout is designed on a one-deck solution. CAPEX and OPEX of the unattended FPU and attended FSO have been assessed respectively −33% lower and −64% lower than an attended FPSO. Environmental footprint is reduced primarily as a consequence of having a power from shore delivered with green energy and because of reduced transportation and logistics.
The novelty is to propose an environmentally friendly and economical concept driven by simplicity, reliability and efficient maintenance. The application of NUF (Normally Unattended Facilities) principles to simple facilities has become an established practice in the industry. TolalEnergies recognizes an opportunity to expand such principles into more complex and larger facilities. The challenge is the willingness to implement new ways of working, update regulatory requirement and be target focused rather than process/regulatory focused.
Holistic Approach to Mitigating Well Integrity Risk in Deepwater Surface Casing Strings in All Phases of Execution
Authors: Angelle Jeremy R. , Thibodeaux Robert L. , Norman Roger A. , Fadaol Seth J. , Snell Taylor D. , Smith Logan E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
As well construction progressed into increasingly deeper water depths targeting deeper reservoirs, surface casing strings became exposed to additonal risks during various phases of execution and well design requirements. Beginning with handling and installation, they are subjected to handling and environmental loads from various metocean conditions. Once set in place, they see increased exposure to higher well and structural loads while being subjected to deeper hole sections before additional casing strings are set in place.
Deepwater casing strings are installed prior to the drilling riser being installed, which creates additional exposure to loads and risks not seen by other casing strings as well as loads induced by the well. To ensure the casing string is fit for duty, a "cradle to grave" approach is utilized to identify and classify the risks created by loads induced on the casing string. Each risk is analyzed and mitigated with a technological solution or best practice to ensure the design parameters of the well are achieved.
Introducing advanced mechanized tubular running technologies resulted in up to 20% reduction in exposure of the surface casing string to dangerous seastates and ocean currents and a 41% reduction in red zone entries. Exposure of the surface casing string to environmental loads was further reduced by 7% with the use of an innovative hands-free anti-rotation key, which requires no installation on the rig floor during tubular handling operations and lowers red zone entries beyond current mechanized handling solutions.
Once set in place, surface casing strings are subjected to a higher classification of well service as structural and well loads increase in severity. To address this, a new weld-on connector qualified to connection assessment level I+ for gas tight service with elevated temperature per API RP 5C5 / ISO 13679 was installed, allowing deeper wells in deeper waters to be achieved.
It is sometimes necessary to temporarily protect the well with deeper hole sections exposed to the surface casing string. Additional challenges to effectively seal the well are present when the string contains internal weld seams and inside diameter restrictions such as the high-pressure wellhead housing and supplemental casing adapters. To overcome these challenges, a unique retrievable packer system was developed and validated to API 11D1 and ISO 14310, allowing well protection from the surface casing string and below.
A Standardized Qualification Approach for Subsea All-Electric Drop-in-Place Actuators
Authors: Mahler Carsten , Schuhmacher Harald , Thiele Birthe , Pocher Johannes Reiner 
Published: April 2022

AbstractElectric actuation technology represents the future of subsea production systems. So far there are no standardized generic requirements documented for electrical actuators. A recent Joint Operator Specification attempted to address this lack of information, but it provided only a few details about how electric actuators could meet subsea industry requirements.Recently, there has been a visible increase in the use of electric actuators, especially on less safety-critical valves. Considering the UN sustainability goals, companies will likely implement more all-electric technologies to reduce the CO2 footprint of the upstream sector in the near future. Hence, large suppliers and smaller companies see their chance to establish corresponding products in the marketplace.This paper proposes the development of a documented qualification program for subsea all-electric actuators based on a foundation of existing industry standards. To clarify and enhance those standards, comprehensive research was conducted and requirements were derived and documented based on customer specifications as well as engineering and project organization experience.The proposed program outlines specifications and documents a wealth of information based on project organization and engineering experience. This comprehensive list of requirements will serve as the basis for a generic comparison and qualification program, which has already been carried out for various drop-in-place actuators and has, so far, led to smooth acceptance of the technology by the operators, wherever it has been implemented.This paper will serve as a further step in advancing an all-electric approach for the industry. The methods outlined herein will help operators compare different products on a uniform basis and will give suppliers the opportunity to compete fairly. To this end, the paper presents the above-mentioned approach for obtaining the requirements and identifies the main sources as well as the procedure for developing a generic qualification approach.
Innovative Subsea Electrical Field Architecture and Technology Solutions for Longer Tiebacks and Offshore Energy Management
Authors: Manach Julien , Verdeil Julien , Bouzard Vincent , Serrentino Ana , Sommer Burkhard , Fløisand John Olav 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The paper discusses integrated all-electric solutions (iAES) that offer significant optimisation of field architecture and enhanced viability of both greenfield and brownfield developments. The discussion will be on field optimisations related to power and subsea chemical distribution to fully enhance the subsea electric field of the future.
Conventional subsea field developments rely on electrohydraulic architectures to distribute chemicals, power, control, and communications from the host to the drill centres. The multiplication of tiebacks and their distance to a single host, as well as the increasing depths of subsea development, provide opportunities for a change in the technologies used subsea today, to improve the overall project economics. Yet the pace of change in technologies and field architectures remains slow.
Over the last two decades, major improvements have been made in the development and qualification of subsea electrical equipment. The track record of the equipment installed on the seabed is now significant, although all-electric architecture has not become the new standard yet. The main advantages of an iAES lie in the simplification of subsea architecture and the reduction in the number of components. This lighter design allows a reduction of capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX), as well as shorter project delivery times and installation campaigns. The energy efficiency is also greatly improved, leading to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The iAES is an enabler toward the energy transition, facilitating the integration of renewable sources into power subsea equipment.
This paper will introduce the iAES and show how it offers significantly optimised field architecture and enhances viability of both greenfield and brownfield projects. It will provide the all-electric technology building blocks for subsea structures and will also explain how to optimise power in the field and in subsea chemical distribution to fully enhance the subsea electric field of the future. And it will include an outline of integrated control concepts for subsea production systems, boosting systems, and the subsea chemical storage and injection skids.
Practical Application of Sustainability Criteria to Floating Production, Storage and Offloading Systems - Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Grove Todd , Stamopoulos Stergios 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
With the offshore industry's growing focus on sustainable design, construction, operation, and recycling there is a need for independent third-party monitoring and certification to a recognized and relevant standard. Initial Classification Society criteria have been developed and presented in a published Guide [1], to specifically address the sustainability related aspects of floating production systems. The requirements have been developed to allow practical alignment with U.N. Sustainable Development Goals [2], and related, evolving, goal-based standards to the offshore environment. This includes aspects related to energy efficiency management, mitigation of ozone depleting substances, and management of hazardous materials throughout the life cycle as related to floating production systems.
In assessing the practical relevance of the developed Guide, these foundational criteria have been applied to a new construction FPSO project. Elements of the design, documentation, and operational procedures were developed by the designer / operator for compliance with the baseline criteria. Adherence to the criteria also lays the groundwork for efficient planning for the ultimate end-of-life planning and execution of recycling of assets. Although this project has been successful in addressing the practical application of criteria to an FPSO project, it is recognized that this initial application was primarily focused on the physical arrangements and systems. The experience gained has helped frame the essential next steps now being implemented for extension of the sustainability criteria to guide development of operational procedures addressing emissions from the production facilities, including flaring, as well as effluents to the sea. Further development to company level management and holistic field level application is being contemplated.
Validation of Full Transient Hole Cleaning Model, with At-Scale Datasets, Implementation into an Automated Advisory System
Authors: Forshaw Matthew J. , Qahtani Yazeed S. , Starostin Alexander Borisovitch , Aragall Roger , May Roland , Dahl Thomas 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTransport of drilled cuttings, from bit to outlet at surface, is one of the most fundamental processes underpinning well construction, and yet the industry is long overdue proliferation of fit-for-purpose models in this area. Currently, the majority of operations globally use steady-state models based on empirical correlations or mechanistic models to determine acceptable operational parameters. Annually, NPT and ILT associated with inadequate hole cleaning costs the industry millions, which furthermore reinforces the urgent need for comprehensive transient hole cleaning models to become more widely utilized. Lack of deployment of transient models in real-time is not due to lack of understanding of the physical process, the barriers have been accuracy and robustness of developed algorithms, as well as computational processing power constraints which have made real-time deployments challenging.This paper details the features of a transient hole cleaning model capable of accurately solving the temporal and spatial course of both pressure and cuttings concentration along the wellbore. Specifically, for the latter, a drift-flux-model is employed, populated with coefficients from high resolution 2D and 3D CFD simulations.For primary validation of the model, output of cuttings mass exiting the wellbore is compared against measured mass from drilled cuttings waste (skips). Secondary validation is through comparison of simulated stand-pipe pressure, including the effect of modelled spatial distribution of both static beds and concentrations, with the measured pressure on surface. Results show a good fit between model outputs and measured data successfully validating the model. A sensitivity analysis is detailed demonstrating the relative importance of various input variables including cuttings size, drilled lithology density and signal source for ROP.Finally, integration of the transient hole model into an advisory software-service is described, highlighting the importance of UX to concisely and intuitively convey simulation data to end-users, ultimately facilitating de-risking of well construction operations.
Integrated Acoustic Unit I.A.U.: A Novel Technology for Continuous Piggability Detection During Pipeline Laying Operation
Authors: Arcangeletti Giorgio , Smareglia Alessandro , Busco Mariella , Catena Paolo , Esposito Andrea , Monacchi Giulio , Pierozzi Natalia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the offshore oil and gas industry the pipeline integrity during the whole life cycle is an aspect of paramount importance. During Installation phase pipeline structural integrity can be compromised by fabrications defects and by the action of external forces in case of accidental events, that could generate pipe instability and, in the worst-case scenario, thepipe collapse.
Current offshore regulations provide the requirements to be respected during pipelaying operations in terms of Buckle Detection to meet the pipeline Piggability requirements. The debate on the use of a Mechanical Buckle Detector (MDB), i.e., a gauge plate trolley pulled through the pipeline by a wire connected to the vessel and placed at a certain distance behind the touchdown point, is still open. Indeed, Buckle Detection by deploying the MBD may introducesome operational risks, i.e., the cable break, the stacking during motion and the damage of the internal coating. This may lead toadditional vessel time, extra launch/recovery operations and false readings/bias. With the main target to overcome the above issues, Saipem has developed a tool based on acoustic technique to detect deformations of the internal sections of pipes during installation operations: the Integrated Acoustic Unit, IAU (Patented Technology, see Ref. [1]). The tool works by means of a non-intrusive technique andcan provide the continuous characterization of the whole pipe span up to the touchdown point in a single shot.
This paper gives an overview of recent developments of Saipem Integrated Acoustic Unit. It describes the working principle and the available IAU Functions, the pipe defects characterization campaign through modelling (FEA) and laboratory tests, the system validation activity through the experimental campaign, the third-party qualification and the new Saipem Procedure for Technology Qualification that was at the basis of the process.
COVID-19 frontline primary health care professionals’ perspectives on health system preparedness and response to the pandemic in the Mahalapye Health District, Botswana
Authors: Tshitenge Stephane T. , Nthitu Justus M. 
Published: April 2022

Background: The World Health Organization issued interim guidelines on essential health system preparedness and response measures for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The control of the pandemic requires healthcare system preparedness and response.Aim: This study aimed to evaluate frontline COVID-19 primary health care professionals’ (PHC-Ps) views on health system preparedness and response to the pandemic in the Mahalapye Health District (MHD).Setting: In March 2020, the Botswana Ministry of Health directed health districts to educate their health professionals about COVID-19. One hundred and seventy frontline PHC-Ps were trained in MHD; they evaluated the health system’s preparedness and response.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that involved a self-administered questionnaire using the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Health System response guidelines.Results: The majority (72.5%) of participants felt unprepared to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic at their level. Most of the participants (70.7%) acknowledged that the health system response plan has been followed. About half of the participants attributed a low score regarding the health system’s preparedness (44.4%), its response (50.0%), and its overall performance (55.6%) to the COVID-19 pandemic. There was an association between participants’ age and work experience and their overall perceptions of preparedness and response (p = 0.009 and p = 0.005, respectively).Conclusion: More than half of the participants gave a low score to the MHD regarding the health system’s preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Further studies are required to determine the causes of such attitudes and to be better prepared to respond effectively.