bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of systemic vitamin D on the course of dengue virus infection in adults: a single-centre dengue cohort study at a large institution in Singapore
Authors: Sadarangani Sapna P , Htun Htet Lin , Ling Weiping , Hawkins Robert , Yeo Tsin Wen , Rivino Laura , MacAry Paul A , Leo Yee-Sin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Introduction:
Host immune responses may impact dengue severity in adults. Vitamin D has multiple immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive immunity.

Methods:
We evaluated the association between systemic 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH) D] and dengue disease severity in adults. We measured plasma for total 25-(OH) D levels with an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay using stored samples from participants with laboratory-confirmed dengue, who were prospectively enrolled in 2012–2016 at our institution.

Results:
A total of 80 participants (median age 43 years) were enrolled in the study. Six participants had severe dengue based on the World Health Organization (WHO) 1997 criteria (i.e. dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome) and another six had severe dengue based on the WHO 2009 criteria. Median 25-(OH) D at the acute phase of dengue was 6.175 (interquartile range 3.82–8.21, range 3.00–15.29) mcg/L in all participants. The 25-(OH) D showed an inverse linear trend with severe dengue manifestations based on the WHO 2009 criteria (adjusted risk ratio 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.57–0.91, P < 0.01) after adjustment for age, gender and ethnicity.

Conclusion:
Limited studies have evaluated the role of systemic 25-(OH) D on dengue severity. Our study found low systemic 25-(OH) D was associated with increased dengue disease severity, particularly for severe bleeding that was not explained by thrombocytopenia. Further studies investigating the underlying immune mechanisms and effects on the vascular endothelium are needed.
Study on the Change in Freezing Depth in Heilongjiang Province and Its Response to Winter Half-Year Temperature
Authors: Meng Fanxiang , Wang Zongliang , Fu Qiang , Li Tianxiao , Yang Xu , Zheng Ennan , Zhang Ge , Zhuang Qing , Fu Qiyang , Zhang Yuan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The evolution of the average freezing depth and maximum freezing depth of seasonal frozen soil and their correlations with the average winter half-year temperature in Heilongjiang Province in China are analyzed. Linear regression, the Mann–Kendall test, and kriging interpolation are applied to freezing depth data from 20 observation stations in Heilongjiang Province from 1972 to 2016 and daily average temperature data from 34 national meteorological stations collected in the winters of 1972–2020. The results show that the average freezing depth decreases at a rate of 4.8 cm (10 yr)−1 and that the maximum freezing depth decreases at a rate of 10.1 cm (10 yr)−1. The winter half-year average temperature generally shows a fluctuating upward trend in Heilongjiang Province, increasing at a rate of 0.3°C (10 yr)−1. The correlations between the average and maximum freezing depths and the winter half-year average temperature are −0.53 and −0.49, respectively. For every 1°C increase in the average temperature during the winter half of the year, the average freezing depth decreases by 3.85 cm and the maximum freezing depth decreases by 7.84 cm. The average freezing depth sequence mutated in 1987, and the maximum freezing depth sequence mutated in 1988. The average temperature in the winter half-year displayed multiple abrupt changes from 1972 to 2020. The spatial variations in the average and maximum freezing depths are basically consistent with those in the average winter half-year temperature. These research results provide a theoretical basis for the design and site selection of hydraulic structures in cold areas and for regional development and agricultural planning.

Significance Statement
The freeze–thaw balance in the frozen soil environment has been disrupted in recent years, and various degrees of degradation have occurred in the frozen soil. The degradation of frozen soil will further aggravate the greenhouse effect, which in turn will affect the accumulation of water in the soil and will have a significant impact on local agricultural production. This article uses Heilongjiang Province in China as an example. The results show that 1) the temperature in the winter half-year has exhibited an upward trend in recent years, 2) the temperature in the winter half-year has a considerable impact on the frozen soil environment, and 3) the response of the spatial distribution of frozen soil to temperature changes in the winter half-year is revealed.
The Influence of Shear on Deep Convection Initiation. Part II: Simulations
Authors: Peters John M. , Morrison Hugh , Nelson T. Connor , Marquis James N. , Mulholland Jake P. , Nowotarski Christopher J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This study evaluates a hypothesis for the role of vertical wind shear in deep convection initiation (DCI) that was introduced in Part I by examining behavior of a series of numerical simulations. The hypothesis states, “Initial moist updrafts that exceed a width and shear threshold will ‘root’ within a progressively deeper steering current with time, increase their low-level cloud-relative flow and inflow, widen, and subsequently reduce their susceptibility to entrainment-driven dilution, evolving toward a quasi-steady self-sustaining state.” A theoretical model that embodied key elements of the hypothesis was developed in Part I, and the behavior of this model was explored within a multidimensional environmental parameter space. Remarkably similar behavior is evident in the simulations studied here to that of the theoretical model, both in terms of the temporal evolution of DCI and in the sensitivity of DCI to environmental parameters. Notably, both the simulations and theoretical model experience a bifurcation in outcomes, whereby nascent clouds that are narrower than a given initial radius R0 threshold quickly decay and those above the R0 threshold undergo DCI. An important assumption in the theoretical model, which states that the cloud-relative flow of the background environment VCR determines cloud radius R, is scrutinized in the simulations. It is shown that storm-induced inflow is small relative to VCR beyond a few kilometers from the updraft edge, and VCR therefore plays a predominant role in transporting conditionally unstable air to the updraft. Thus, the critical role of VCR in determining R is validated.
Summarizing Relationships among Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers, Integrated Water Vapor Transport, and California Watershed Precipitation 1982–2019
Authors: Ricciotti Joseph A. , Cordeira Jason M. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are defined as corridors of enhanced integrated water vapor transport (IVT) and produce large fractions of annual precipitation in regions with complex terrain along the western coastlines of midlatitude continents (e.g., 30%–50% along the U.S. West Coast in California). This study investigates this relationship among landfalling ARs, IVT, and watershed mean areal precipitation (MAP) for a 38-yr period over California. On average, the daily average IVT magnitude at different coastal locations explains ∼34% of the variance in annual watershed MAP across 140 Hydrologic Unit Code 8 (HUC-8) watersheds with large spatial variability across California. Further investigation of the IVT magnitude and direction at coastal locations illustrated that accounting for water vapor transport direction increases the explained variance in annual MAP to an average of 45%, with highest values (∼65%) occurring in watersheds over Northern and coastal California. Similar investigation of the lower-tropospheric water vapor flux vector at 850 and 925 hPa revealed further increases in the explained variance in annual MAP to an average of >50%. The results of this study 1) emphasize the importance of both IVT direction and water vapor flux altitude to watershed MAP, 2) align well with previous studies for select locations that highlight the importance of upslope (i.e., lower tropospheric) water vapor flux during landfalling ARs and precipitation, and 3) motivate the development of AR-related and watershed-centric forecast tools that incorporate IVT direction and water vapor flux altitude parameters in addition to IVT magnitude.
Vorticity in the Wake of Palau from Lagrangian Surface Drifters
Authors: Zeiden Kristin L. , Rudnick Daniel L. , MacKinnon Jennifer A. , Hormann Verena , Centurioni Luca 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Wake eddies are important to physical oceanographers because they tend to dominate current variability in the lee of islands. However, their generation and evolution has been difficult to study due to their intermittency. In this study, 2 years of observations from Surface Velocity Program (SVP) drifters are used to calculate relative vorticity (ζ) and diffusivity (κ) in the wake generated by westward flow past the archipelago of Palau. Over 2 years, 19 clusters of five SVP drifters ∼5 km in scale were released from the north end of the archipelago. Out of these, 15 were entrained in the wake. We compare estimates of ζ from both velocity spatial gradients (least squares fitting) and velocity time series (wavelet analysis). Drifters in the wake were entrained in either energetic submesoscale eddies with initial ζ up to 6f, or island-scale recirculation and large-scale lateral shear with ζ ∼ 0.1f. Here f is the local Coriolis frequency. Mean wake vorticity is initially 1.5f but decreases inversely with time (t), while mean cluster scale (L) increases as L ∝ t. Kinetic energy measured by the drifters is comparatively constant. This suggests ζ is predominantly a function of scale, confirmed by binning enstrophy (ζ2) by inverse scale. We find κ ∝ L4/3 and upper and lower bounds for L(t) are given by t3/2 and t1/2, respectively. These trends are predicted by a model of dispersion due to lateral shear. We argue the observed time dependence of cluster scale and vorticity suggest island-scale shear controls eddy growth in the wake of Palau.
Nonlinear Dynamics of a Hysteresis Western Boundary Current Perturbed by a Mesoscale Eddy at a Gap with an Island
Authors: Mei Huan , Qi Yiquan , Cheng Xuhua , Wu Xiangbai , Wang Qiang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We study a hysteresis western boundary current (WBC) flowing across a gap impinged by a mesoscale eddy, with an island of variable meridional size in the gap, using a 1.5-layer ocean model. The hysteresis curves suggest the island with a larger size facilitates the WBC intrusion by shedding the eddy more easily. Both anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies are able to induce the critical WBC transition from penetration regime to leap regime, and vice versa. The vorticity balance analysis indicates increased (decreased) meridional advection that induces the critical WBC shifting from the eddy shedding (leaping) regime to the leaping (eddy shedding) regime. The meridional size of the island significantly affects the critical WBC transition in terms of the critical strength of the mesoscale eddy. The regime shift from penetration to leap is most sensitive to the eddy upstream of the WBC for small islands and most sensitive to the southern anticyclonic eddy and northern cyclonic eddy for moderate and large islands. It is least sensitive to the central cyclonic eddy for small islands and to the cyclonic eddy upstream of the WBC for moderate and large islands and to the northern anticyclonic eddy regardless of island size. The regime shift from leap to penetration is most sensitive to the cyclonic eddy upstream of the WBC and to the northern anticyclonic eddy. It is least sensitive to the anticyclonic eddy from the south, and the least sensitive location of the cyclonic eddy shifts northward from the gap center as the island size increases.
Forecasting Convection with a “Scale-Aware” Tiedtke Cumulus Parameterization Scheme at Kilometer Scales
Authors: Wang Wei 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A scale-aware convective parameterization based on the Tiedtke scheme is developed and tested in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) for a few convective cases at grid sizes in the ranges of 1.5–4.5 km. These tests demonstrate that the scale-aware scheme effectively reduces the outcome of deep convection by decreasing the convective portion of the total surface precipitation. When compared to the model runs that use microphysics without the cumulus parameterization at these grid sizes, the modified Tiedtke scheme is shown to improve some aspects of the precipitation forecasts. When the scheme is applied on a variable mesh in MPAS, it handles the convection across the mesh transition zones smoothly.

Significance Statement
Representing convection accounting for variations in the size of grid mesh is crucial in numerical models with variable resolutions, and in precipitation events where convection is not well depicted even by a model mesh of a few kilometers. Many convective parameterizations have already considered this grid-size dependency. This paper fills a gap by applying the same concept to a different convective parameterization, and evaluating it in a few precipitation forecast scenarios.
Grade 1 Internal Carotid Artery Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury Persistence Risks Stroke With Current Management: An EAST Multicenter Study
Authors: Yang Sarah , Esposito Emily , Spalding Chance , Simpson Joshua , Dunn Julie A. , Zier Linda , Burruss Sigrid , Kim Paul , Jacobson Lewis E. , Williams Jamie , Nahmias Jeffry , Grigorian Areg , Harmon Laura , Gergen Anna , Chatoor Matthew , Rattan Rishi , Young Andrew J. , Pascual Jose L. , Murry Jason , Ong Adrian W. , Muller Alison , Sandhu Rovinder S. , Appelbaum Rachel , Bugaev Nikolay , Tatar Antony , Zreik Khaled , Lieser Mark J. , Scalea Thomas M. , Stein Deborah M. , Lauerman Margaret 
Published: June 2022

Background Higher blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) grade and lack of medical therapy are associated with stroke. Knowledge of stroke risk factors specific to individual grades may help tailor BCVI therapy to specific injury characteristics. Methods A post-hoc analysis of a 16 center, prospective, observational trial (2018-2020) was performed including grade 1 internal carotid artery (ICA) BCVI. Repeat imaging was considered the second imaging occurrence only. Results From 145 grade 1 ICA BCVI included, 8 (5.5%) suffered a stroke. Grade 1 ICA BCVI with stroke were more commonly treated with mixed anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy (75.0% vs 9.6%, P <.001) and less commonly antiplatelet therapy (25.0% vs 82.5%, P = .001) compared to injuries without stroke. Of the 8 grade 1 ICA BCVI with stroke, 4 (50.0%) had stroke after medical therapy was started. In comparing injuries with resolution at repeat imaging to those without, stroke occurred in 7 (15.9%) injuries without resolution and 0 (0%) injuries with resolution (P = .005). At repeat imaging in grade 1 ICA BCVI with stroke, grade of injury was grade 1 in 2 injuries, grade 2 in 3 injuries, grade 3 in 1 injury, and grade 5 in one injury. Discussion While the stroke rate for grade 1 ICA BCVI is low overall, injury persistence appears to heighten stroke risk. Some strokes occurred despite initiation of medical therapy. Repeat imaging is needed in grade 1 ICA BCVI to evaluate for injury progression or resolution.
Surgery is Associated With Improved Overall Survival in Patients With Metastatic Gastric Cancer: A National Cancer Database Analysis
Authors: Greco Stephanie H. , Chao Joshua C. , Heath Nicole G. , Lin Yong , Gall Victor A. , Grandhi Miral S. , Kennedy Timothy J. , Carpizo Darren R. , Alexander H. Richard , Langan Russell C. , August David A. 
Published: June 2022

Background The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate for patients with metastatic gastric cancer (mGC) is 5.3%. Surgery for mGC is controversial. Methods We identified all mGC patients who received chemotherapy using the National Cancer Database (2004-2015). Patients were grouped according to surgery of: (1) the primary site (PS) only, (2) primary and distant sites (PDS), (3) distant site only (DS), or (4) no surgery (NS). A propensity score adjustment and multivariate regression was used to compare OS. Results Overall, 18,772 patients met the inclusion criteria: (1) PS (n = 962, 5.1%), (2) PDS (n = 380, 2.1%), (3) DS (n = 984, 5.2%), and 16,446 NS (87.6%). Surgery was associated with improved OS in the PS and PDS groups (hazard ratios: .489 (95% CI: .376-.636); .583 (95% CI: .420-.811), P < .001) (median OS 15.8 and 15.9 months vs 8.6 for NS patients, respectively). Conclusions Gastrectomy with or without metastasectomy is associated with improved survival in stage IV gastric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. This warrants further prospective studies.
Convolutional Neural Networks in ENT Radiology: Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Hasan Zubair , Key Seraphina , Habib Al-Rahim , Wong Eugene , Aweidah Layal , Kumar Ashnil , Sacks Raymond , Singh Narinder 
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) represent a state-of-the-art methodological technique in AI and deep learning, and were specifically created for image classification and computer vision tasks. CNNs have been applied in radiology in a number of different disciplines, mostly outside otolaryngology, potentially due to a lack of familiarity with this technology within the otolaryngology community. CNNs have the potential to revolutionize clinical practice by reducing the time required to perform manual tasks. This literature search aims to present a comprehensive systematic review of the published literature with regard to CNNs and their utility to date in ENT radiology. Methods: Data were extracted from a variety of databases including PubMED, Proquest, MEDLINE Open Knowledge Maps, and Gale OneFile Computer Science. Medical subject headings (MeSH) terms and keywords were used to extract related literature from each databases inception to October 2020. Inclusion criteria were studies where CNNs were used as the main intervention and CNNs focusing on radiology relevant to ENT. Titles and abstracts were reviewed followed by the contents. Once the final list of articles was obtained, their reference lists were also searched to identify further articles. Results: Thirty articles were identified for inclusion in this study. Studies utilizing CNNs in most ENT subspecialties were identified. Studies utilized CNNs for a number of tasks including identification of structures, presence of pathology, and segmentation of tumors for radiotherapy planning. All studies reported a high degree of accuracy of CNNs in performing the chosen task. Conclusion: This study provides a better understanding of CNN methodology used in ENT radiology demonstrating a myriad of potential uses for this exciting technology including nodule and tumor identification, identification of anatomical variation, and segmentation of tumors. It is anticipated that this field will continue to evolve and these technologies and methodologies will become more entrenched in our everyday practice.
Suicide crises among women and mothers during and around the time of pregnancy: Prevalence and timing of initial contact with first responders and health services
Authors: Meurk Carla , Roberts Susan , Lam Michael , Wittenhagen Lisa , Callaway Leonie , Moss Katherine , Lucke Jayne , Barker Ruth , Waterson Elissa , Rawlinson Catherine , Malmstrom Natasha , Weaver Edward , Hoehn Elisabeth , Bosley Emma , Watson Shelby , Heffernan Ed 
Published: June 2022

Objectives: Suicide is a leading cause of maternal mortality. Suicidality during and around the time of pregnancy can have detrimental impacts on a child’s development and outcomes. This paper examines prevalence, demographic characteristics, and timing of initial contact with first responders and health services for a cohort of women who experienced suicidality during and around the time of pregnancy. Methods: Findings are drawn from the Partners in Prevention (PiP) study, a population-wide linked data set of suicide-related attendances by police or paramedics in Queensland, Australia. A sub-cohort of women was identified, who were between 6 months preconception and 2 years postpartum at the time of a suicide-related contact with police or paramedics (PiP-Maternal). Findings are compared to other girls and women who had a suicide-related contact with police or paramedics (PiP-Female). Prevalence, demographic characteristics, timing of contact with first responders and health services, re-presentations, and mortality are reported. Results: The PiP-Maternal cohort comprised 3020 individuals and 3400 births. Women in the PiP-Maternal cohort were younger, more likely to be of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander descent and live outside of a major city than the PiP-Female cohort. There were high rates of out-of-hours calls to police and ambulance, and similar perceived seriousness of the call between women in the PiP-Maternal and PiP-Female cohorts. Women in the PiP-Maternal cohort were less likely to be admitted to an emergency department within 24 hours, even after matching on covariates. Prevalence of suicidality for women who were pregnant and up to 2 years postpartum was 1.32% (95% CI = [1.27, 1.37]). Conclusion: Vulnerabilities and high rates of contact with police or paramedics, coupled with lower levels of follow-up, highlight the critical need to improve service responses for women with mental health needs during these phases of life.
Retention of Knowledge and Skills After a Basic Life Support Course for Schoolchildren: A Prospective Study
Authors: Borovnik Lesjak Vesna , Šorgo Andrej , Strnad Matej 
Published: June 2022

Courses on basic life support (BLS) and automated external defibrillator (AED) in schools lead to increase in knowledge but its retention is less well explored. We aimed to explore the long-term retention of knowledge and practical skills among schoolchildren after a BLS and AED course to be able to tailor future courses accordingly. Study was conducted in 3 parts and included 823 seventh and ninth graders from different elementary schools in Maribor, Slovenia. In Study 1 (n=611) we assessed students' baseline knowledge and immediate knowledge gain after our BLS and AED course with a validated questionnaire; in Study 2 (n=116) we assessed retention of gained knowledge and skills after 5 months with a modified Cardiff test and Little Anne QCPR manikin; in Study 3 (n=96) we assessed retention of knowledge 2 years after the course. Mean differences in knowledge before and after the course in Study 1 and between studies were analyzed using paired t-tests and independent t-tests. Differences between individual question scores at different time points were compared using Mann – Whitney U test. A two-sided P<0,05 was considered significant. Practical skills retention was presented with descriptive statistics. Knowledge gain was significant immediately after the course with 83% correct answers compared to 60% at baseline. Scores dropped significantly after 5 months (73%) and after 2 years (75%), but remained significantly better than at baseline (P<0.001). Practical skills perfomance score as per Cardiff test after 5 months was 63%. Overall BLS performance score as per QCPR app was 59%, with an overall cardio score of 77% (average compression rate: 124/min and depth: 52 mm) and ventilation score of 44%. This study showed that long term retention of theoretical knowledge was satisfying whereas poor practical skills performance after 5 months calls for a more intense practical training on repeat courses.