bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Multi-Stakeholder Perspective to Improve Development of Drugs for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Croft Nicholas M , de Ridder Lissy , Griffiths Anne M , Hyams Jeffrey S , Ruemmele Frank M , Turner Dan , Cheng Katharine , Lutsar Irja , Greco Marco , Gołębiewska Zuzanna , Laumond Floriane , Cavaller-Bellaubi Maria , Elgreey Adam , Altepeter Tara A , Pallidis Chrissi , Norga Koen , Nelson Robert , Crandall Wallace , Vassal Gilles 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackground and AimsDespite recent approvals for new drugs to treat adults with Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, there are only two approved advanced treatment options [infliximab and adalimumab] for children with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. There are many potential new therapies being developed for adult and paediatric IBD. Moreover, regulatory agencies in both the European Union and USA have processes in place to support the early planning and initiation of paediatric studies. Nevertheless, unacceptable delays in approvals for use of drugs in children persist, with an average 7-year gap, or longer, between authorization of new IBD drugs for adults and children.MethodsA 2-day virtual meeting was held during April 14–15, 2021 for multi-stakeholders [clinical academics, patient community, pharmaceutical companies and regulators] to discuss their perspectives on paediatric drug development for IBD.ResultsThe multi-stakeholder group presented, discussed and proposed actions to achieve expediting the approval of new drugs in development for paediatric IBD.ConclusionsCollaborative action points for all stakeholders are required to make progress and facilitate new drug development for children with IBD.
Predictors and associated clinical outcomes of low cardiac output syndrome following cardiac surgery: insights from the LEVO-CTS trial
Authors: Kochar Ajar , Zheng Yinggan , van Diepen Sean , Mehta Rajendra H , Westerhout Cynthia M , Mazer David Cyril , Duncan Andra I , Whitlock Richard , Lopes Renato D , Argenziano Michael , de Varennes Benoit , Alexander John H , Goodman Shaun G , Fremes Stephen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Aims
High-risk cardiac surgery is commonly complicated by low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS), which is associated with high mortality. There are limited data derived from multi-centre studies with adjudicated endpoints describing factors associated with LCOS and its downstream clinical outcomes.

Methods and results
The Levosimendan in Patients with Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction Undergoing Cardiac Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass (LEVO-CTS) trial evaluated prophylactic levosimendan vs. placebo in patients with a reduced ejection fraction undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and/or valve surgery. We conducted a pre-specified analysis on LCOS, which was characterized by a four-part definition. We constructed a multivariable logistical regression model to evaluate risk factors associated with LCOS and performed Cox proportional hazards modelling to determine the association of LCOS with 90-day mortality. A total of 186 (22%) of 849 patients in the LEVO-CTS trial developed LCOS. The factors most associated with a higher adjusted risk of LCOS were pre-operative ejection fraction [odds ratio (OR) 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–1.46 per 5% decrease] and age (OR 1.13; 95% CI: 1.04–1.24 per 5-year increase), whereas isolated CABG surgery (OR 0.44, 95% CI: 0.31–0.64) and levosimendan use (OR 0.65; 95% CI: 0.46–0.92) were associated with a lower risk of LCOS. Patients with LCOS had worse outcomes, including renal replacement therapy at 30-day (10 vs. 1%) and 90-day mortality (16 vs. 3%, adjusted hazard ratio of 5.04, 95% CI: 2.66–9.55).

Conclusion
Low cardiac output syndrome is associated with a high risk of post-operative mortality in high-risk cardiac surgery.
‘Your Marage Will Make a Change with Them All … When You Get Another Famely’: Illegitimate Children, Parenthood and Siblinghood in Ireland, c.1759–1832
Authors: calvert leanne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
William Tennent (1759–1832) was a successful businessman and banker, who made his mark in Belfast as one of the city’s richest men. He was also a father and, later, a husband. By the time of his marriage in March 1805, Tennent had fathered at least thirteen illegitimate children, with at least four women. The child he would have with his wife, a daughter named Letitia, would be his only legitimate heir. Through this series of illicit sexual relationships, William Tennent created a complex family unit that consisted of legitimate and illegitimate children, half-siblings, step-siblings and step-parents, all of whom were united through a network of unmarried mothers. The example of the Tennent family therefore offers historians the unique opportunity not only to extend knowledge about the making of the family in Ireland, but also to refine ideas about contemporary attitudes to illegitimacy. Using the Tennents as a case-study, this article furthers understanding of the family in Ireland by considering the horizontal relationships which characterised family life, drawing attention to how legitimacy, as well as gender, social rank and birth order, shaped ties between parents and children, and between siblings.
Language Bias in International Legal Scholarship: Symptoms, Explanations, Implications and Remedies
Authors: Ammann Odile 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In her much-acclaimed book published in 2017, Anthea Roberts examines whether international law is indeed international. The answer to this question is ‘no’, one reason being the deep language biases that pervade international legal scholarship. One of the clearest symptoms of this distortion is the unprecedented dominance of English. While such a lingua franca has numerous advantages, it is connected to significant drawbacks. In this article, I first define what I mean by language bias in international legal scholarship before highlighting some of its symptoms. I then show that language bias is an underexplored topic in international legal scholarship and that this lack of engagement with the issue warrants further analysis. Next, I identify possible explanations for language bias, and I delineate its main implications for international legal scholarship and international law-making. Finally, I examine various strategies that can be pursued to minimize the negative consequences of language bias. While there are no easy answers, this article is a first attempt at highlighting the problematic effects of language bias on international legal scholarship, at outlining several strategies for tackling these effects and, importantly, at generating a scholarly debate on the dangers of language bias for the international, legal and scholarly character of our research.
Post-infarction ventricular septal defect: percutaneous or surgical management in the UK national registry
Authors: Giblett Joel P , Matetic Andrija , Jenkins David , Ng Choo Y , Venuraju Shreenidhi , MacCarthy Tobias , Vibhishanan Jonathan , O’Neill John P , Kirmani Bilal H , Pullan D Mark , Stables Rod H , Andrews Jack , Buttinger Nicolas , Kim Wan Cheol , Kanyal Ritesh , Butler Megan A , Butler Robert , George Sudhakar , Khurana Ayush , Crossland David S , Marczak Jakub , Smith William H T , Thomson John D R , Bentham James R , Clapp Brian R , Buch Mamta , Hayes Nicholas , Byrne Jonathan , MacCarthy Philip , Aggarwal Suneil K , Shapiro Leonard M , Turner Mark S , de Giovanni Joe , Northridge David B , Hildick-Smith David , Mamas Mamas A , Calvert Patrick A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Aims
Post-infarction ventricular septal defect (PIVSD) is a mechanical complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with a poor prognosis. Surgical repair is the mainstay of treatment, although percutaneous closure is increasingly undertaken.

Methods and resuts
Patients treated with surgical or percutaneous repair of PIVSD (2010–2021) were identified at 16 UK centres. Case note review was undertaken. The primary outcome was long-term mortality. Patient groups were allocated based upon initial management (percutaneous or surgical). Three-hundred sixty-two patients received 416 procedures (131 percutaneous, 231 surgery). 16.1% of percutaneous patients subsequently had surgery. 7.8% of surgical patients subsequently had percutaneous treatment. Times from AMI to treatment were similar [percutaneous 9 (6–14) vs. surgical 9 (4–22) days, P = 0.18]. Surgical patients were more likely to have cardiogenic shock (62.8% vs. 51.9%, P = 0.044). Percutaneous patients were substantially older [72 (64–77) vs. 67 (61–73) years, P &lt; 0.001] and more likely to be discussed in a heart team setting. There was no difference in long-term mortality between patients (61.1% vs. 53.7%, P = 0.17). In-hospital mortality was lower in the surgical group (55.0% vs. 44.2%, P = 0.048) with no difference in mortality after hospital discharge (P = 0.65). Cardiogenic shock [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.97 (95% confidence interval 1.37–2.84), P &lt; 0.001), percutaneous approach [aHR 1.44 (1.01–2.05), P = 0.042], and number of vessels with coronary artery disease [aHR 1.22 (1.01–1.47), P = 0.043] were independently associated with long-term mortality.

Conclusion
Surgical and percutaneous repair are viable options for management of PIVSD. There was no difference in post-discharge long-term mortality between patients, although in-hospital mortality was lower for surgery.
Determinants of dropout and compliance of children participating in a multidisciplinary intervention programme for overweight and obesity in socially deprived areas
Authors: Hassan Hevy , Snoeck Henkemans Selinde , van Teeffelen Jolande , Kornelisse Kees , Bindels Patrick J E , Koes Bart W , van Middelkoop Marienke 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundChildren with overweight and obesity in socially deprived areas (SDAs) are less likely to complete and be compliant to a weight-loss programme.ObjectivesTo identify factors associated with dropout and compliance of a multidisciplinary weight-loss programme in SDA.MethodsThis prospective longitudinal cohort study included children (6–12 years) with overweight and obesity in a 12-week multidisciplinary intervention living in SDA in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Potential predictive variables for dropout and compliance included were age, sex, the weight of the child and parents, quality of life, and referral status (self-registration or referral). A Cox proportional hazards model was performed to study the association between dropout and its potential predictive variables, whereas logistic regression analyses were used for the potential predictors for compliance.ResultsA total of 121 children started the intervention programme. Forty-one (33.9%) children dropped out and 68 (56.2%) were compliant with the intervention. The risk of dropping out of the intervention was significantly lower for a child with overweight parents than for those with parents with normal weight (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.22 [95% confidence interval, CI 0.063–0.75]), and for those with parents with obesity (adjusted HR 0.18 [95% CI 0.060–0.52]). No other potential predictive variables were associated with dropout or compliance.ConclusionChildren from SDA participating in a weight-loss programme have a relatively high dropout and a low compliance rate. Parental weight seems to be an important predictor for dropout of children from SDA, where children with normal weight or obese parents have the highest risk of dropout compared with children of overweight parents.
Tracking spoilage bacteria in the tuna microbiome
Authors: Gadoin Elsa , Desnues Christelle , Bouvier Thierry , Roque D'orbcastel Emmanuelle , Auguet Jean-Christophe , Crochemore Sandrine , Adingra Antoinette , Bettarel Yvan 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Like other seafood products, tuna is highly perishable and sensitive to microbial spoilage. Its consumption, whether fresh or canned, can lead to severe food poisoning due to the activity of specific microorganisms, including histamine-producing bacteria. Yet, many grey areas persist regarding their ecology, conditions of emergence, and proliferation in fish. In this study, we used 16S rRNA barcoding to investigate postmortem changes in the bacteriome of fresh and brine-frozen yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), until late stages of decomposition (i.e. 120 h). The results revealed that despite standard refrigeration storage conditions (i.e. 4°C), a diverse and complex spoilage bacteriome developed in the gut and liver. The relative abundance of spoilage bacterial taxa increased rapidly in both organs, representing 82% of the bacterial communities in fresh yellowfin tuna, and less than 30% in brine-frozen tuna. Photobacterium was identified as one of the dominant bacterial genera, and its temporal dynamics were positively correlated with histamine concentration in both gut and liver samples, which ultimately exceeded the recommended sanitary threshold of 50 ppm in edible parts of tuna. The results from this study show that the sanitary risks associated with the consumption of this widely eaten fish are strongly influenced by postcapture storage conditions.
Modelling tree diameter of less commonly planted tree species in New Zealand using a machine learning approach
Authors: Lin Yue , Salekin Serajis , Meason Dean F 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA better understanding of forest growth and dynamics in a changing environment can aid sustainable forest management. Forest growth and dynamics data are typically captured by inventorying a large network of sample plots. Analysing these forest inventory datasets to make precise forecasts on growth can be challenging as they often consist of unbalanced, repeated measures data collected across large geographic areas with corresponding environmental gradients. In addition, such datasets are rarely available for less commonly planted tree species, and are often incomplete and even more unbalanced. Conventional statistical approaches are not able to deal with such datasets and identify the different factors that interactively affect forest growth. Machine learning approaches offer the potential to overcome some of the challenges with modelling complex forest dynamics in response to environmental and climatic factors, even with unbalanced inventory data. In this study, we employed a widely used machine learning algorithm (random forests) to model individual tree diameter at breast height (DBH, 1.4 m) in response to age, stocking, site and climatic factors for the following five less commonly planted tree species groups in New Zealand: Cupressus lusitanica (North Island); Cupressus macrocarpa (South Island); Eucalyptus nitens; Sequoia sempervirens; Podocarpus totara; and Leptospermum scoparium. Data to build machine learning models were extracted and combined from three national level databases, and included stand variables, information about sites and climate features. The random forest models were able to predict tree DBH with high precision for the five-tree species (R2 &gt; 0.72 and root-mean-square error ranged from 2.79–11.42 cm). Furthermore, the random forest models were interpretable and allowed us to explore the effects of site, environmental and climate factors on forest growth. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to utilize machine learning approaches to model tree diameter of less common planted forest tree species in New Zealand. This approach can be used to forecast more precise forest growth and carbon sequestration to help us understand how different forest types and species are affected by the changing climate.
Revolutionary Ideals and International Aggression
Authors: Timmerman Matthew N 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article assesses the international conflict propensity of leaders that come to power through revolutions. I argue that when revolutions result in the overthrow of governments perceived as enabling the interference of outside powers in internal affairs, the leaders that assume office afterward are especially inclined to provoke international conflict. I code these revolutions as “external” and juxtapose them against “internal” revolutions motivated by domestic grievances rather than animus against foreign meddling. Regression analysis and survival analysis suggest that leaders assuming office following external revolutions are more prone to conflict than leaders that assume office through internal revolutions. To illustrate the relationship between external revolution and international aggression, the paper utilizes a case study to examine Iranian foreign policy under Ayatollah Khomeini.
A Step Forward: Functional Diversity and Emerging Themes of Slow-Speed Locomotion in Vertebrates
Authors: Gibb Alice C , Amplo Haley , Struble Mikayla , Kawano Sandy M 
Published: September 2022

Synopsis
Walking can be broadly defined as a slow-speed movement produced when appendages interact with the ground to generate forward propulsion. Until recently, most studies of walking have focused on humans and a handful of domesticated vertebrates moving at a steady rate over highly simplified, static surfaces, which may bias our understanding of the unifying principles that underlie vertebrate locomotion. In the last few decades, studies have expanded to include a range of environmental contexts (e.g., uneven terrain, perturbations, deformable substrates) and greater phylogenetic breadth (e.g., non-domesticated species, small and/or ectothermic tetrapods and fishes); these studies have revealed that even a gait as superficially simple as walking is far more complex than previously thought. In addition, technological advances and accessibility of imaging systems and computational power have recently expanded our capabilities to test hypotheses about the locomotor movements of extant and extinct organisms in silico. In this symposium, scientists showcased diverse taxa (from extant fishes to extinct dinosaurs) moving through a range of variable conditions (speed perturbations, inclines, and deformable substrates) to address the causes and consequences of functional diversity in locomotor systems and discuss nascent research areas and techniques. From the symposium contributions, several themes emerged: (1) slow-speed, appendage-based movements in fishes are best described as walking-like movements rather than true walking gaits, (2) environmental variation (e.g., deformable substrates) and dynamic stimuli (e.g., perturbations) trigger kinematic and neuromuscular changes in animals that make defining a single gait or the transition between gaits more complicated than originally thought, and (3) computational advances have increased the ability to process large data sets, emulate the 3D motions of extant and extinct taxa, and even model species interactions in ancient ecosystems. Although this symposium allowed us to make great strides forward in our understanding of vertebrate walking, much ground remains to be covered. First, there is a much greater range of vertebrate appendage-based locomotor behaviors than has been previously recognized and existing terminology fails to accurately capture and describe this diversity. Second, despite recent efforts, the mechanisms that vertebrates use to modify locomotor behaviors in response to predictable and unpredictable locomotor challenges are still poorly understood. Third, while computer-based models and simulations facilitate a greater understanding of the kinetics and kinematics of movement in both extant and extinct animals, a universal, one-size-fits-all, predictive model of appendage-based movement in vertebrates remains elusive.
Debt-GDP cycles in historical perspective: the case of the USA (1889–2014)
Authors: Stockhammer Engelbert , Gouzoulis Giorgos 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSince the Global Financial Crisis, interest in financial cycles has risen significantly. While much of modern macroeconomics conceives financial crises as the results of exogenous shocks, Minsky’s financial instability hypothesis posits that financial cycles are endogenous to the economic system. The main contribution of this paper is to use historical macroeconomic data for the United States (1889–2014) to econometrically test for endogenous Minsky cycles: the interaction of procyclical private debt-to-income ratios and a dampening effect of private debt on economic activity. We analyze corporate debt-gross domestic product (GDP) growth cycles, which feature in Minsky’s original writings, and mortgage debt-GDP growth cycles as in some recent Minsky-inspired models. We find robust evidence of endogenous corporate debt-GDP cycles over the last 125 years. These results are driven by the pre-World War II (WWII), and post-1973 periods, which had a more liberal economic policy orientation. We find no evidence of mortgage debt-GDP cycles.
Ceasefire Violations: Why They Occur and How They Relate to Strategic Decision-Making Processes
Authors: Sticher Valerie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Almost all ceasefires experience violations, yet we know little about how such violations relate to the military and political aspirations of conflict parties. This article builds on ceasefire and bargaining literature to understand why ceasefire violations occur and how they relate to strategic decision-making processes. Building on these theoretical insights, it proposes a typology of four main types of ceasefire violations: strategic violations serve to strengthen the military advantage of a conflict party, retaliatory violations seek to ensure ceasefire compliance, spoiling violations aim to undermine the efforts of leaders, and localized violations are delinked from strategic decision-making processes. A case study of a major ceasefire violation in the Bangsamoro peace process illustrates how we may use informal Bayesian reasoning to empirically distinguish between these different types of violations. Treating ceasefire violations as part of wider military and political processes enables us to better understand the causal conditions under which ceasefire violations occur and identify strategic interests of different actors to carry out these violations. This helps explain the varied responses to ceasefire violations and sharpens our understanding of how to address them.