bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Dosis Pupuk NPK dan Pupuk Kandang Ayam Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Paprika (Capsicum annuum var. grossum L.) di Dataran Rendah
Authors: Jessa DM  , Jayaputra  , Nurrachman  
Published: July 2022

Paprika (Capsicum annuum var grossum L.) menjadi salah satu komoditi unggulan sebagai komoditas ekspor karena mempunyai nilai ekonomi yang tinggi. Selain itu permintaan pasar dalam negeri juga kian bertambah seiring meningkatnya wisatawan yang masuk ke Indonesia. Permintaan dari hotel berbintang rata-rata sekitar 15 kg/hari, sedangkan pasar modern membutuhkan sekitar 5 kg/hari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dosis pupuk NPK dan pupuk kandang ayam terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman paprika (Capsicum annuum var-grossum L.) di dataran rendah, dilakukan dengan metode eksperimental di lapangan. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial dengan dua faktor. Faktor pertama adalah dosis pupuk NPK dengan tiga aras yaitu (U1) Dosis 100 kg/ha, (U2) Dosis 200 kg/ha dan (U3) Dosis 300 kg/ha. Faktor kedua adalah dosis pupuk kandang ayam yang terdiri dari 4 aras yaitu (P1) Dosis 0 ton/ha, (P2) Dosis 5 ton/ha, (P3) Dosis 10 ton/ha dan (P4) Dosis 15 ton/ha. Dari kedua faktor tersebut terdapat 12 kombinasi perlakuan, masing-masing perlakuan diulang sebanyak 3 kali sehingga diperoleh 36 unit percobaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat interaksi antara dosis pupuk NPK (U) dan pupuk kandang ayam (P) mempengaruhi laju jumlah daun. Secara mandiri dosis pupuk kandang ayam 15 ton/ha memberikan hasil terbaik pada laju tinggi tanaman 3,1 cm/minggu dan laju jumlah daun 2,5 helai/minggu. Dosis pupuk NPK 300 kg/ha memberikan hasil terbaik pada laju tinggi tanaman3 cm/minggu, laju jumlah daun 2,5 helai/minggu, jumlah buah per petak 5,8, berat buah per tanaman 72,3 g dan berat buah per petak 320,6 g.
Capital Expenditure Analysis In District And City Province Of Central Java
Authors: Atichasari Anna Sofia , Rida Ristiyana  
Published: July 2022

The demands of public accountability and transparency make local governments have to be able to optimize capital expenditures to improve public services and increase economic productivity, so that equitable development can be successful both at the center and the regions. The motivation of the research is to analyze capital expenditure in terms of the level of economic growth, regional revenue allocation, general allocation funds, special allocation funds, value for money (economical, efficient, effective). The type of causality and descriptive approach involves 29 districts and 6 cities in Central Java province for the 2014-2019 period using purposive sampling so that the number of observation data (n) = 210. The analysis technique uses panel data regression. The results of the study found that the level of economic growth had a negative and significant impact on capital expenditures for the allocation of local revenue, general allocation funds, special allocation funds had a positive and significant impact on capital expenditures. Economical has no impact on capital expenditures. Efficient and has a negative impact on capital expenditures. Ratio analysis shows economic performance; efficient ratio indicates efficient performance and effective ratio indicates ineffective performance.
Comparative Analysis of Financial Performance Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic at BTPN Syariah
Authors: Riani Desmy , Maulani Denia , Megawati Dewi , Rahmaniar Hannisa , Sari Puspita , Rumiasih NA 
Published: July 2022

This research aims to see the financial performance of BTPN Syariah before and after the COVID-19 pandemic as measured by profitability and liquidity ratios. The method used in this research is the quantitative data method, the type of data used is secondary data. By using financial data sourced from the balance sheet and profit and loss statements of BTPN Syariah in 2016-2020. This study uses a descriptive analysis method with a quantitative approach. Based on the results of research on financial performance as measured by profitability ratios with indicators of ROA, there was decrease before and after covid by 5.03 percent, which was caused by decrease in profit. The BOPO ratio there was decrease before and after covid by 6.35 percent, which was caused by decrease in operating income. However, ROA and BOPO are still in very healthy categorization, both before the pandemic and after the pandemic. In the NOM ratio, the performance before pandemic in less healthy category and after pandemic there was decrease by 0.39 percent to be unhealthy which cause by decrease in net operating income. The ROE ratio before the pandemic was in very healthy condition, after the pandemic there is decrease by 11.89 percent to be healthy enough. Then the measurement of financial performance using the liquidity ratio by the FDR parameter, financial performance both before and during the pandemic was in quite a Healthy condition. In the ratio of NPF, FAR, and Quick Ratio, the performance before and after the pandemic was in very healthy condition.
Pergantian Kantor Akuntan Publik: Analisis Berdasarkan Pergantian CEO Dan Opini Audit Modifikasi
Authors: Hapsari Denny Putri , Wijaya Herman , Umdiana Nana 
Published: July 2022

This study aims to determine the factors that can affect the turnover of Public Accounting Firms. The factors used are CEO (Chief Executive Officer) changes and audit opinions. The population of this study is mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2016 to 2020. To obtain samples with the required criteria use the purposive sampling method. Hypothesis testing is done by logistic regression due to the dependent variable, which is the change of public accounting firm used is a dummy. The results of this test indicate that (1) the CEO (Chief Executive Officer) change has a significant effect on the change in the Public Accounting Firm (2) Audit opinion has no significant effect on the change in the Public Accounting Firm.
Cíborgs ficticios y reales: notas sobre literatura, cine, tecnociencia y psicoanálisis
Authors: Suárez Claudia 
Published: July 2022

Este artículo brinda ejemplos de “ciborgs ficticios” en obras de literatura y cine de ciencia ficción y destaca algunos efectos psicológicos. También recupera testimonios de “ciborgs reales” del documental Cyborgs entre nosotros (Duran, 2017), y señala procesos de identificación y de idealización. Agrega notas sobre: - el desarrollo histórico de la tecnociencia, - cuestiones éticas en los avances tecnológicos. El recorrido termina con los conceptos de cuerpo, lazo social y discurso según el psicoanálisis y breves consideraciones sobre su ética.
‘सिकोफाइभ’ कथामा प्रजाति, परिवेश र क्षण {Subnationalities, Surroundings and Circumstances in the Story 'Sikofive'}
Authors: गुरुङ Gurung गौरीसरा Gaurisara 
Published: July 2022

प्रस्तुत अध्ययन साहित्यको समाजशास्त्रसँग सम्बन्धित छ । प्रजाति, परिवेश र क्षण साहित्यको समाजशास्त्रीय चिन्तन परम्परामा हिप्पोलाइट तेनद्वारा प्रतिपादित समाजशास्त्रीय अवधारणा हो । यसले समाजको भौगोलिक, आर्थिक, राजनीतिक र सामाजिक परिवेशले कृतिमा कसरी प्रभाव पार्छ भन्ने कुराको अध्ययन गर्दछ । बिना थिङद्वारा लिखित ‘सिकोफाइभ’ कथा २०७७ सालमा प्रकाशित याम्बुनेर कथासङ्ग्रहमा सङ्गृहीत छ । यस कथामा मङ्गोल प्रजातिकी महिलाले पितृसत्तात्मक समाजमा आफ्नो अस्तित्व रक्षाका लागि गरेको कठिन सङ्घर्षको दर्दनाक यथार्थ चित्रण गरिएको छ । कलकत्ताको वेश्यालयमा बेचिएकी नेपाली चेलीले आफ्नो जन्मभूमि नेपालफर्केपछि पितृसत्तात्मक समाजमापुनःस्थापित भएर बाँच्न र आफ्नो अस्तित्व रक्षा गर्नका लागि गरेको सामाजिक, आर्थिक, राजनैतिक, सांस्कृतिक अवस्थाको सन्दर्भलाई क्षणको रूपमा, हेटौँडा, पशुपतिनगरको समाजमा सङ्घर्षपूर्ण जीवन बाँचिरहेकी महिलालाई मङ्गोल प्रजातिकी महिलाका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गर्दै साहित्यिक कृतिमा समाजको भौगोलिक, आर्थिक, राजनीतिक, सामाजिक परिवेशको प्रभाव पर्ने कुरालाई कथामा चित्रण गरिएको छ ।
{The presented study is related to the sociology of literature. Species, milieu and moment are sociological concepts propounded by Hippolytus Ten in the sociological thinking tradition of literature. It studies how the geographical, economic, political and social environment of the society affects the work. The story 'Cyco Five' written by Bina Thing is collected in Yambuner Katha Sangrah published in 2077. In this story, the painful reality of Mongolian women's struggle to protect their existence in the patriarchal society is depicted. The reference to the social, economic, political, and cultural conditions of a Nepali girl who was sold in a brothel in Calcutta after returning to her native land of Nepal to survive and protect her existence in a patriarchal society, as a moment, presenting a woman living a struggling life in the society of Hetauda, ​​Pashupatinagar as a woman of the Mongol race, in a literary work, the geography of society, The story depicts the effects of economic, political and social environment.}
‘याम्बुनेर’ कथामा अनुभूतिको संरचना {The structure of cognition in the story 'Yambuner'}
Authors: सापकोटा Sapkota दामोदर Damodar 
Published: July 2022

प्रस्तुत आलेखमा बिना थिङद्वारा रचित याम्बुनेर (२०७७) कथाको समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययन गरिएको छ । समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययनका विभिन्न आयाम मध्ये रेमन्ड विलियम्सद्वारा प्रस्तावित अनुभूतिको संरचनालाई विश्लेषणको आधार बनाइएको छ । यो अध्ययन याम्बुनेर कथामा के कस्ता पिँढीआएका छन् र ती पिँढीहरूले प्रभुत्वशाली पिँढीका परिप्रेक्षमा के कस्तो दबाब र तनावको अनुभूति गरेका छन् भन्ने समस्यामा आधारित छ । यही समस्यामा केन्द्रित रहेर ‘याम्बुनेर’ कथाको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनका निम्ति सामग्रीको सङ्कलन पुस्तकालय विधिबाट गरिएको छ भने ती प्राप्तसामग्रीको विश्लेषण गरी निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । अध्ययनका अन्त्यमा प्रभूत्वशाली पिँढीका रूपमा रहेको शासकीय सत्ता र त्यसको दबाबमा दोस्रो पिँढीले गरेको विशिष्ट अनुभूतिलाई देखाइएको छ । प्रभूत्वशाली पिँढीले काँठका तामाङ समुदायमाथि गरेको दमन र शोषणबाट त्यो समुदायका मानिसले दबाब र तनावजन्य अनुभूति गरेका छन् । यसमा उदीयमान पिँढीका रूपमा सोममाया आएकी छ । उसले दबाबजन्य अनुभूतिबाट विद्रोहको जन्म दिएकी छ । यहाँ पिँढी र समुदायबीचको दबाब र तनावको समाधान स्वरूप वैकल्पिक संस्कृतिको निर्माण नभएपनि त्यसको सुरुवातको छनक भने सोममायाका कार्यबाट देख्न सकिन्छ । यसर्थ यसमा उदीयमान पिँढीले नयाँ संस्कृतिको निर्माण गर्ने प्रयास गरेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । राजधानीको नजिक रहेर पनि सँधै सत्ताभन्दा टाढा रहेको अनुभूति गर्नेकाँठका तामाङ समुदायको जीवनानुभूतिलार्ई यस कथामा निकै कलात्मक र मार्मिक ढङ्गले प्रस्तुत गर्नसक्नु लेखकको वैशिष्ठ्य हो र यो नै यसको प्राप्ति पनि हो ।
{In the presented article, a sociological study of Yambuner (2077) story written by Bina Thing has been done. Among the different dimensions of sociological studies, the structure of cognition proposed by Raymond Williams has been made the basis of analysis. This study is based on the problem of what kind of generations have come in the Yambuner story and what kind of pressure and stress have those generations felt from the perspective of the dominant generation. The story of 'Yambuner' has been analyzed focusing on this problem. In the presented article, a sociological study of Yambuner (2077) story written by Bina Thing has been done. Among the different dimensions of sociological studies, the structure of cognition proposed by Raymond Williams has been made the basis of analysis. This study is based on the problem of what kind of generations have come in the Yambuner story and what kind of pressure and stress have those generations felt from the perspective of the dominant generation. The story of 'Yambuner' has been analyzed focusing on this problem. Although there is no creation of an alternative culture as a solution to the pressure and tension between generations and communities, the beginning of it can be seen from the work of Sommayaka. Therefore, it has been concluded that the emerging generation is trying to build a new culture. Being close to the capital, but always feeling far from power, the life experience of the Tamang community in Kanth is presented in this story in a very artistic and poignant way, and this is also its achievement.}
स्थानीय विकासमा भौगोलिक सुचना प्रणालीको महत्व {Significance of Geographical Information System in Local Development}
Authors: ओली Oli लाल बहादुर Lal Bahadur 
Published: July 2022

प्रस्तुत लेखमा भौगोलिक सुचना प्रणालीको परिभाषा तथा विकास, भौगोलिक सुचना प्रणाली (Geographic Information System) का मुख्य कार्यहरु र स्थानीय विकासमा भौगोलिक सूचना प्रणालीको महत्वबारे द्धितिय स्रोतहरुबाट प्राप्त तथ्याङ्क र सुचनाको उपयोग गरि वर्णनात्मकविधिबाट व्याख्या र विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । भौगोलिक सुचना प्रणाली कम्प्युटरमा आधारित प्रणाली हो जसमा एउटै थलोवाट कुनै क्षेत्रको भौगोलिक, सामाजिक, आर्थिक तथा वातावरणीय अवस्था र विकासका पूर्वाधारको अवस्था आदि पक्षहरुवारे छिटो छरितो रुपमा भरपर्दो सूचना उपलव्ध गराउन सकिन्छ । यसर्थ GIS भौगोलिक सूचनाहरुको विश्लेषण गरी सहि नतिजा प्राप्त गर्ने भरपर्दो साधन मानिन्छ । सन् १९६० पछि विकास भएको GIS प्रविधि परिमार्जिन र विकास हुदै व्यापक प्रयोगमा आएको छ र शुरुवातमा भौगोलिक अवधारणासंग जोडिएर आए पनि वर्तमान समयमा GIS अन्तरविषयक विधाको रुपमा स्थापित भैसकेको छ । GIS प्रविधीले भौगोलिक सूचनाहरुको भण्डारण,एकिकरण गरी विश्लेषण गर्ने र सहि नतिजा प्राप्त गरी त्यसलार्ई प्रभावकारी रुपमा प्रस्तुत गर्ने कार्य गर्दछ । भौगोलिक सुचना प्रणालीबाट उपलव्ध सुचनाहरुलाई स्थानीय क्षेत्रका आर्थिक, सामाजिक, वातावरणीय र सेवा व्यवस्थापनका समस्याहरु समाधान गर्न तथा छिटोछरितो रुपमा सेवा उपलब्ध गराउन उपयोग गर्न सकिन्छ । मुख्यतःस्थानीय स्तरमा स्रोतनक्सांकन, सेवाव्यवस्थापन (सडक सञ्जाल, खानेपानी, विजुली, कृषि तथा पशुबजार, पर्यटन सेवा सञ्चार आदि), विद्यालय तथा स्वास्थ्यचौकी नक्सांकन School and Health post Mapping बन तथा प्रकोप व्यवस्थापन Forestry and Disaster Management आदि मानव जीवनका विविध क्षेत्रमा GIS प्रविधीको उपयोग गर्न सकिन्छ । भौगोलिक सुचना प्रणालीले उपलव्ध गराउने डाटावेशवाट स्थानीय आवश्यकता अनुसार नतिजा प्राप्त गरी त्यसलार्ई उपयुक्त विकास योजना निर्माण र छनौटमा प्रयोग गर्न तथा सही निर्णय लिनपनि मद्दत पुर्याउँछ । यसवाट स्थानीय विकासको गतिलार्ई तिव्र वनाई सामाजिक आर्थिक विकासका लक्ष्यहरु हासिल गर्न मद्दत पुग्दछ ।
‘मधेसतिर’ कथामा चार्वाक दर्शन {Charvak Darshan in the story 'Madhestir'}
Authors: धिताल Dhital सरोज Saroj 
Published: July 2022

मधेसतिर कथामा चार्वाक दर्शन शीर्षकको यस आलेख पूर्वीय दर्शनअन्तर्गत चार्वाक दर्शनमा आधारितभई तयार गरिएको छ । विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइरालाद्वारा लिखित मधेसतिर कथामा आएका विभिन्नपात्र सुखको खोजीमा मधेसतिर झरेको प्रसङ्ग कथामा प्रस्तुत छ । पूर्वीय दर्शनअन्तर्गत वैदिक रअवैदिक गरी दुई भेद रहेका छन् । पूर्वीय अवैदिक दर्शनमा बौद्ध, जैन र चार्वाक दर्शन पर्दछन् ।चार्वाक दर्शनसम्बन्धी विद्वानहरूका परिभाषा, मान्यता र विशेषतालाई यस अध्ययनमा समेटिएको छ ।चार्वाक दर्शनले वैदिक षड्दर्शनले राख्ने ईश्वर, आत्मा, पूर्वजन्म, पुनर्जन्म जस्ता मान्यतालाई अस्वीकार गर्दछ । भौतिकवादी दर्शनका रूपमा चिनिने यो दर्शनले राख्ने विभिन्न मान्यताहरूको निरूपण गर्दै मधेसतिर कथाका घटनाक्रम र त्यहाँ उपस्थित भएका विधवा, बूढो, भोटे, गोरे र धनेजस्ता पात्रका कार्यव्यापारहरूलाई चार्वाक मतका दृष्टिकोणबाट विश्लेषण गरिएको छ ।
{This article titled Charvak Darshan in Madhestir Katha has been prepared based on Charvak Darshan under Eastern philosophy. Written by Vishweshwar Prasad Koirala, the story of various characters who came to Madhes in search of happiness is presented in the story. There are two distinctions in Eastern philosophy, Vedic and Non-Vedic. Eastern non-Vedic philosophy includes Buddhist, Jain and Charvaka philosophy. The definitions, beliefs and characteristics of scholars related to Charvaka philosophy are included in this study. Charvaka philosophy rejects the beliefs of God, soul, pre-birth, reincarnation held by Vedic philosophy. Depicting the various beliefs held by this philosophy known as materialist philosophy, the events of the Madhestir story and the actions of the characters present there such as widows, old men, bhotes, whites and riches have been analyzed from the point of view of Charvak Mat.}
Asymptomatic Massive Fibrous Dysplasia Obliterating Maxillary Sinus Extending to the Skull Base: a Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Sigdel Brihaspati , Neupane Bhima , Pokhrel Amrit , Kshetri Bikash , Sharma Keshab , Ghimire Ashish , Jha Avinash 
Published: July 2022

Fibrous dysplasia is a rare bone condition in which normal bone is replaced by aberrant fibrous tissue. The patient may come to evaluate with other diseases and while doing investigations, it is observed. Here we present a case of 24 years male with fibrous dysplasia who came to our OPD with swelling around the left cheek region for 5 days. The patient underwent a Computerised tomography scan which revealed an expansile, sclerotic, cystic ground-glass appearance that extended to the maxillo-alveolar ridge, right sphenoid sinus wall, right pterygoid plate, and zygomaticofacial suture. The right maxillary sinus was almost obliterated. These radiographical features of the lesion were indicative of fibrous dysplasia in the maxilla.
Microbiological and Antibiotic Profile of Broncho-Alveolar Lavage Aspirate in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Yadav Rajesh , Thapa Ajay Singh , Basnet Rajan 
Published: July 2022

Introduction: VAP increases the patient stay in the ICU and indirectly increases the cost of patient management. Based on the time of onset of VAP, it can be divided into two types. Early-onset VAP occurs during the first four days of mechanical ventilation and is usually caused by antibiotic sensitive bacteria. Late-onset VAP develops five or more days after initiation of MV and is caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens.5 Early diagnosis of VAP with appropriate antibiotic therapy can reduce the emergence of resistant organisms.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan after taking clearance from the institutional review committee. Study included all the patients who required mechanical ventilation for more than 72 hoursAll the included patients had their endotracheal tube aspirated using an ambu bronchoscope and sent to microbiology department for culture and sensitivity. The reports were collected after 72.
Results: The most common organism grown during culture and gram staining were Acinetobacter Baumannii (81), followed by Klebsiella Peumoniae (44) than Pseudomonas Aeroginosa (32).. We observed a higher rate of culture positivity from the samples of male patients than those obtained from the female patients. Similar findings were observed by Morehead et al13and debjita debnath et al12 . In our study, gram-negative bacilli were the most commonly isolated pathogen from BAL which is similar to studies done by, debjita debnath, Fagon et al14 and Şimşek et al15. In our study, Acinetobacter Baumannii (81) was the most common followed by Klebsiella Peumoniae (44) than Pseudomonas Aeroginosa (32),first line of antibiotics in patients who were mechanically ventilated were piperacillin plus tazobactam, meropenem,cotrimoxazole, amikacin and gentamicin. The second line drugs were polymyxin B, colistimethate and tigecycline.
Conclusions: Acinetobactor Baumanni is the most common causative organism of ventilator associated pneumonia. In most of the cases first line antibiotics ( meropenem, amikacin and clotrimoxazole) are sensitive. Among the second line antibiotics, Polymyxin B was found to be most effective.
Characterizing mental, behavioural, and physical health among active duty U.S. sailors and Marines
Authors: Barczak-Scarboro Nikki E. , Stone Michael S. , Hernández Lisa M. , Taylor Marcus K. 
Published: July 2022

LAY SUMMARY Optimal health is critical for military personnel’s performance and readiness. To date, military research on mental and behavioural health has primarily focused on men in the U.S. Army. Indicators of physical health (e.g., blood pressure) and how they relate to mental and behavioural health are also understudied in military populations. To explore the impact of occupational stress and to simultaneously assess different types of health in a more diverse military population, this study evaluated mental, behavioural, and physical health factors in a large group of U.S. Navy and Marine Corps service members that included men and women from various occupational specialties. Military job stress (e.g., time of service, number of deployments) was related to mental, behavioural, and physical health. A more well-rounded approach to health status assessment in large, diverse military populations may support the development of targeted disease prevention strategies.
Liberarisasi Jasa Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Masuknya FDI dan Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Domestik
Authors: Fawaiq Muhammad 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe researchâ€™s purposes is to analyze Causality between FDI in telecommunication service sector and the empolyment in that sector. The method used are the descriptive and the linear regression through PVECM estimation. The results showed that the FDI in telecommunication service sector in the period of 2000-2016, only concentrated in Java and Bali with an average contribution of 98 percent per year. The PVECM estimation showed that the FDI has a strong two-way relationship with the employment. This means that FDI significantly encourages labor and vice versa. The ECT coefficient showed that the change in FDI due to changes in employment to achieve equilibrium is 89 percent and the change of employment due to changes in FDIÂ by 10 percent per year. Thus, the FDI provides benefits for the employment absorption and the availability of emploment is also an important consideration for investors to invest in Indonesia's telecommunications sector.
„Strzec” (šmr) słów Przymierza – deuteronomistyczny model posłuszeństwa słowu Boga
Authors: Lemański Janusz 
Published: July 2022

Uso della radice šmr nel Deuteronomio permette di vederlo come un termine tecnico per esprimere la realta riguardo all'alleanza sia da parte di Dio, sia da parte del popolo eletto. La radice descrive sopratutto lo sforzo per trasmettere la legge divina ed osservarla in prattica.
Zmartwychwstanie, odpłata po śmierci i życie wieczne w literaturze międzytestamentalnej
Authors: Parchem Marek 
Published: July 2022

The belief in resurrection, judgment of individuals and reward after death was introduced into Judaism in the context of apocalypticism in the books of Enoch (The Book of the Watchers: l Enoch 22.24-27; The Animal Apocalypse: l Enoch 90,33; The Letter of Enoch: l Enoch 91,10; 92,3; 104,2-6) and Daniel. Especially Dan 12,1-3 was inspired. There was a considerable variety in the forms of the belief in the resurrection of the dead in the intertestamental literature. The hope for resurrection and judgment beyond death was one of the crucial elements of the apocalyptic writings, but was spreading also to other Jewish groups in the second century B.C. (cf. Jubilees 23,31; T. Judah 25,1-5, T. Benjamin l 0,5-1 O; T. Zebulun l O, 1-3). The evidence of Qumran is ambiguous (e.g. l Q H). 4QPseudo-Ezechiel (4Q385) contains a description of bodily resurrection, but it is uncertain whether this document was composed at Qumran. A clear attestation of resurrection is found in 4QMessianic Apocalypse (= 4Q521). The major sectarian documents place great emphasis on retribution after death and eternal life (e.g. lQS; 1Q34; 4Ql81). The belief in resurrection, judgment of the dead, exaltation of the righteous and punishment of the wicked was widespread in Judaism by the first century CE (e.g. 4 Ezra 4,35-42; 7,32-37; 14,35; 2 Baruch 49-51; The Book of the Parables: l Enoch 46,6; 48,10; 51,1-2; 62,15-16; Ps. Sol. 2,30-31; 3,11-12; Sib Or 4,179-182).