bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Margin Squeeze in the Telecommunications Sector: A More Economics-based Approach
Authors: Gohari Ramin Silvan 
Published: April 2022

A margin squeeze occurs when a vertically integrated company, dominant in the supply of an indispensable upstream input, pursues a pricing policy which prevents downstream competitors from trading profitably, thereby leading to their ultimate exclusion from the downstream market. In the telecommunications sector, where large ex-State firms still enjoy considerable market power, margin squeeze has long been frequent. Interestingly, the United States and the European Union have tackled this problem in considerably different ways. Dismayed by the idea of an antitrust court intervening in a company's price setting, the US Supreme Court held that margin squeeze was exclusively the domain of regulation. Conversely, the Court of Justice of the European Union has endorsed a modern economics-based approach enabling competition authorities to engage in a coherent and verifiable antitrust assessment of the price differentials that potentially amount to a margin squeeze. This paper will argue that (1) the economics-based approach is the right solution in the European context, but that (2) this approach will only lead to convincing results if it includes a rigorous and transparent analysis of the effects on competition and consumers.
Why Managers Engage in Price Fixing? An Analytical Framework
Authors: Monnier-Schlumberger Constance , Combe Emmanuel 
Published: April 2022

This article analyses the incentives for a manager to engage in a cartel, by mobilizing the framework of the ‘economics of crime’. We apply a cost-benefit analysis, relating to the decision of starting and/or remaining in a cartel, at an individual level, including psychological and behavioural factors. It also examines the various solutions – both at company and public authority level – to limit individual incentives to engage in this type of practice, and the role of public policy, in the broad sense of the term, in preventing these behaviours.
antitrust policy, public policy, cartels, criminal antitrust enforcement, leniency, dissuasive fines, whistleblowing, illegal Behaviour, corporate fraud, incentives
COVID-20: The Comfort Letter Is Dead. Long Live the Comfort Letter?
Authors: Henry David , Buhart Jacques 
Published: April 2022

On 8 April 2020 the European Commission issued its first comfort letter for a competitor collaboration in the context of its Temporary Framework in response to Covid-19. The issuance of this comfort letter is remarkable, particularly given the paradigm shift from the system of comfort letters before 2003 under Regulation 17 towards a system of self-assessment under Regulation 1/2003. While the EC has since ushered in comprehensive guidance – via block exemptions and guidelines – to assist businesses with the task of self-assessing their compliance with the EU competition rules, such guidance still leaves too much room for error und uncertainty. This is notably the case with respect to non-full function joint ventures, and in particular those that are long-term, complex and high in value. A corollary of this is that, rather than enter into pro-competitive collaboration for fear of antitrust repercussions, companies may prefer to desist. With a view to achieving enhanced legal certainty for such joint ventures, and capitalizing on the good work it is currently doing under the Temporary Framework, the EC may wish, therefore, to give meaningful thought to the introduction of a more generalized system of comfort letters – at least for non-full function joint ventures.
COVID-19, Temporary Framework, comfort letter, non-full function joint venture, Regulation 17, legal certainty, Regulation 1/2003, Article 101(3), self-assessment, Informal Guidance Notice
The German Facebook Saga: Abuse of Dominance or Abuse of Competition Law?
Authors: Weber Franziska , Van den Bergh Roger 
Published: April 2022

This article provides a critical analysis of the German Facebook case and stresses the limits of competition law. Facebook’s terms and conditions regarding the use of Off-Facebook data were qualified as an exploitative abuse at various stages of the German Facebook proceedings. However, it is far from certain that Facebook would have written its terms any different if it was operating on a competitive market. From an economic viewpoint the market failure at hand is a pervasive information asymmetry rather than market power. Therefore, it is doubtful that the correct response lies within competition law. If competition rules must be rewritten in order to cope with market failures in digital markets, there is a serious risk that the abuse found is not an abuse of market power but an abuse of the market power provisions in competition law. Alternative routes that can be found in consumer contract, unfair competition or data protection laws might be viable options. The latter rules can be applied without a complicated finding of causality between market dominance and the use of ‘unfair’ contract terms. Admittedly, also the information paradigm can be called into question but amending rules of contract law avoids Herculean interpretations of competition law that go against a broadly supported ‘more economic approach’. Abusing competition law or enhancing contract law to improve the efficiency of digital markets, that is the question.
Facebook case, goals of competition law, market failures, data law, information disclosure, consent, signing-without-reading problem, abuse of dominance, unfair contract terms, unfair commercial practice
Valor del protocolo abreviado de resonancia magnética de mama en el cribado de pacientes de moderado / alto riesgo.
Authors: Ramírez Hernández Yariadny Alejandra , Capecchi Alcira 
Published: April 2022

El cáncer de mama es el más común entre las mujeres en todo el mundo: representa el 16% de todos los cánceres femeninos. Se diagnostica a más mujeres con cáncer de mama que ningún otro cáncer y se ha convertido de nuevo en la principal causa de cáncer de todo el mundo desplazando al de pulmón (1). En 2020, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) reportó más de 2,2 millones de nuevos casos y 685.000 mujeres fallecieron como consecuencia de esa enfermedad., cerca de una de cada 12 mujeres enfermarán de cáncer de mama a lo largo de su vida. La detección precoz sigue siendo la mejor estrategia para mejorar el pronóstico del cáncer de mama, y la mamografía sigue siendo el método estándar de detección en mujeres mayores de 40 años, con una sensibilidad del 70% y una especificidad del 92% en la población general. Diferentes estudios han demostrado que la detección con mamografía tiene un efecto sobre la mortalidad por cáncer de mama. A pesar de esto, la mamografía ha demostrado un bajo rendimiento en la detección de cáncer en pacientes con tejido mamario denso, para contrarrestar este problema, se han propuesto otras modalidades de estudios de imagen, como la tomosíntesis, la cual es una variación de la mamografía que genera imágenes tridimensionales, el ultrasonido mamario, que es útil como estudio complementario e imágenes por resonancia magnética (RM), que actualmente se propone como una alternativa eficaz de detección en la población de alto riesgo.
Experiencia de Reconstrucción Funcional en Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello
Authors: Mijares Briñez Alirio Jose , Sánchez G Aída del Carmen 
Published: April 2022

Objetivo: Evaluar preservación funcional pacientes sometidos a cirugías reconstructivas de cabeza y cuello de la unidad de cabeza y cuello del CMDLT, enero-diciembre 2021. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, tipo serie de casos, longitudinal contemporáneo. Se evaluaron pre y post quirúrgica las funciones de apertura y cierre oral, fase I y II deglutoria, articulación del lenguaje oral, competencia velofaríngea, indemnidad de nervios laríngeos recurrentes y superior por aducción y abducción de cuerdas vocales, indemnidad motora branquial del nervio facial, espinal e hipogloso. Resultados: 40 pacientes que totalizan 52 procedimientos. 55% pacientes masculinos y 45% femeninas; promedio de edad 49, 95 años. Los procedimientos fueron 7 resecciones oncológicas de tumores en cavidad oral, 5 resecciones en pirámide nasal y senos paranasales, 2 resecciones oncológicas de tumores faríngeos, 2 laringectomías parciales, 11 tiroidectomías, 15 disecciones cervicales, 10 resecciones oncológicas de tumores de glándulas salivales mayores. 4 pacientes con eventualidades post operatorias; 2 compromiso de la articulación de la palabra y 2 pacientes con parálisis transitoria del nervio facial; 90% de mantenimiento de función en el postoperatorio inmediato y 98% en el postoperatorio mediato. Conclusiones: Modalidades reconstructivas van desde el cierre primario hasta colgajos libres. Mejores resultados oncológicos, y funcionales se traducen en mejor en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y reinserción social. Palabras claves: Reconstrucción, resultados funcionales, cáncer de cabeza y cuello.
Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Organo-Clay-Wood Fiber in Cement-Based Mortar
Authors: Aloulou Fadhel , Sammouda Habib 
Published: April 2022

This paper orientated to study the compressive resistance and thermal conductivity of compressed and stabilized clay blocks in the cement matrix. The effect of the content of wood fiber (WF) became studied as a reinforcement material in cement mortars. The porosity, compressive energy, thermal conductivity and composite of cement hydration had been investigated. The addition of NFC suggests a very good pore reduction, and the fine result becomes acquired with the emulsion of a combination incorporating 2%wt of WF inside the presence of an anionic surfactant (SDBS). The results revealed that used in this study were a mix of water with ordinary portland cement and organo-clay (OC) modified with Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide at water-to-solid ratios 1%. The effect depending on w/s ratio of OC used samples with cement substitution for organoclay showed from 2% higher compressive strength results than that of the plain cement paste and a decrease of the thermal conductivity by addition of 2%wt of WF from 2.26 to 0.8 W/m °C. It was also observed that with increasing w/s ratio higher amount of cement can be replaced by OC. These analyses have revealed that the presence of WF promoted the hydration, by producing more portlandite and calcium silicate gel.
Remote Nondestructive Thermal Control of Elastic Abrasive Cutting
Authors: Stoynova Anna , Aleksandrova Irina , Aleksandrov Anatoliy 
Published: April 2022

High temperatures during abrasive cutting lead to increased harmful gas emissions released into the environment, intensified cut-off wheel wear, microstructural changes in the machined material, and occurrence of thermal flaws. Temperature measurement in abrasive cutting is difficult due to the small size of the heated area (only tenths of mm2), high temperatures (above 1000°C), continuous change of the conditions within one cut-off cycle, large temperature gradient (more than 200°C), high cutting speed (above 50 m/s) and high mechanical load. The infrared thermography (IRT) application for thermal control of elastic abrasive cutting have been studied. The performed thermal measurements have been verified with the results obtained from the temperature models of workpiece, cut-off wheel, and cut piece depending on the conditions in elastic abrasive cutting of two structural steels C45 and 42Cr4. The parameters of effective abrasive cutting have been determined by applying multi-objective optimization.
Most Frequently Cited Accreditation Inspection Deficiencies for Clinical Molecular Oncology Testing Laboratories and Opportunities for Improvement
Authors: Sidiropoulos Nikoletta , Daley Sarah K. , Briggs Marian , Fernandes Helen , Lockwood Christina M. , Mahmoud Amer Z. , Merker Jason D. , Vasalos Patricia , Wielgos Lynnette M. , Moncur Joel T. , Farkas Daniel H. 
Published: April 2022

Context.—
The College of American Pathologists (CAP), a laboratory accreditation organization with deemed status under the Clinical Laboratories Improvement Amendments of 1988 administers accreditation checklists. Checklists are used by laboratories to ensure regulatory compliance. Peer-level laboratory professionals audit laboratory records during inspections to assess compliance.

Objective.—
To identify the most frequently cited deficiencies for molecular oncology laboratories undergoing CAP accreditation inspections and describe laboratory improvement opportunities.

Design.—
The CAP Molecular Oncology Committee (MOC), which is involved in maintaining the Molecular Pathology checklist, reviewed data and inspector comments associated with the most frequently observed citations related to molecular oncology testing from laboratories inspected by the CAP during a 2-year period (2018–2020).

Results.—
Of 422 molecular oncology laboratories that underwent accreditation inspections, 159 (37.7%) were not cited for any molecular oncology–related deficiencies. For the All Common (COM) and Molecular Pathology checklists, there were 364 and 305 deficiencies, corresponding to compliance rates of 98.8% and 99.6%, respectively. The most frequently cited deficiencies are described. The COM checklist deficiencies were associated most often with the analytic testing phase; the MOL checklist deficiencies were more evenly distributed across the preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic phases of testing.

Conclusions.—
Molecular oncology laboratories demonstrated excellent compliance with practices that support high-quality results for patients and the health care providers who use those test results in patient management. This review includes a critical assessment of opportunities for laboratories to improve compliance and molecular oncology testing quality.
Relationship between the actors and the environment: an analysis of positive and negative feelings about an entrepreneurial ecosystem
Authors: Fialho Camila Borges , Costa Vânia Medianeira Flores , Nunes Andrieli de Fatima Paz , Castro Beatriz Leite Gustmann de , Rodrigues Maria Carolina Martins 
Published: April 2022

Objective of the study – To analyse the positive and negative feelings regarding the domains of an entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Design/methodology/approach – The present work is characterized as exploratory and descriptive in relation to the procedures as field research, and the approach is qualitative.

Findings – Most of the feelings regarding the entrepreneurial ecosystem in the study are negative (30 feelings). However, there are positive perceptions (14 feelings) about the arrangement. This can be seen through the importance of the people, actors and entrepreneurs in the ecosystem, as they act as agents in transforming actions. Concerning the negative aspects, the Public Policy and Culture domains also contain several indicators, mainly for the search for incentives and policies to disseminate entrepreneurship in the ecosystem.

Practical & Social implications of the Study – This work sought to collaborate with studies in the field of entrepreneurship, specifically, in the domains of the ecosystem. Its strength lies in its theoretical and practical relevance, guiding entrepreneurs towards other specific aspects of the entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Originality – The study is original due to the environment in which it was conducted, unlike other studies on this theme, and the local arrangement had not yet been considered. Furthermore, regarding similar studies conducted in Brazil, few studies were found approaching this theme of the entrepreneurial ecosystem (Capes, 2020), which indicates the possibility of exploring this theme.
Performing the Vikings
Authors: Price Neil 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: With a starting point in Jens Peter Schjødt’s studies of Ibn Faḍlān, this article explores the performative dimensions of late Iron Age ritual practice, as mediated especially through mortuary behaviour and ceremony. The interplay of textual and archaeological perspectives is in focus here, including a critical contribution to the interdisciplinary discussion on what has been termed the ‘performance turn’ in Viking studies. In several short case studies, notably the new work on the textile fragments from the Oseberg ship burial, the positive potential of this line of research is asserted as a source of considerable insight into Viking-Age world-views.
RESUME: Med udgangspunkt i Jens Peter Schjødts studier af Ibn Faḍlān, undersøger denne artikel de performative aspekter af den ældre jernalders rituelle praksis som den kommer til udtryk i begravelsesadfærd og -ceremoni. Samspillet mellem skriftlige og arkæologiske perspektiver er i fokus i denne artikel, inklusiv et kritisk bidrag til den interdisciplinære diskussion omkring det, der er blevet kaldt ’the performance turn’ i studier af vikingetiden. Gennem flere korte casestudier, især nyt arbejde omkring tekstilfragmenterne fra Oseberg-skibsbegravelsen, fastslås det positive potentiale i denne form for forskning som en kilde til betragtelig indsigt i vikingetidens verdenssyn.
The Ceremony of “King Taking” at the Swedish Mora Stone
Authors: Sundqvist Olof 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: There are no sources which explicitly describe the complete initiation ritual of a pre-Christian king in ancient Scandinavia. However, there are sources from Scandinavia and Europe more broadly describing medieval royal inaugurations that may be based on older ceremonies related to the initiations of pre-Christian rulers. Whether or not elements in the medieval royal inauguration at Mora, south of presentday Uppsala (Sweden), are based on pre-Christian traditions is an old research problem. This royal initiation ritual is visible in the medieval provincial laws of Sweden and other sources. This study argues that there are traces of older traditions behind the medieval versions of the ritual sequence called “king taking” (OSw taka konong) performed at the Mora Stone. Focus is on the location of the ritual site, the terminology used in the preserved textual sources, and the ritual actions and paraphernalia applied when performing this ceremony. A comparative method is applied, which includes archaeological finds and written sources related not only to ancient Sweden and Scandinavia, but also to the Germanic, Slavic, and Celtic areas of Europe. Finally, the question of the mythical dimensions of inaugurations are discussed and the study’s results are related to theories about cultic continuation during the transition to Christianity and theories about religious legitimation of rulership.
RESUME: Der er ingen kilder, som eksplicit beskriver en initiation af en førkristen konge i Skandinavien. Til gengæld er der kilder fra Skandinavien og andre dele af Europa, som beskriver kongelige indsættelsesritualer i middelalderen, ritualer som kan være baseret på ældre ceremonier knyttet til initiationer af førkristne herskere. Hvorvidt elementer af kongelige indsættelsesritualer ved Mora, syd for nutidens Uppsala (Sverige) er baseret på førkristne traditioner, er et gammelt forskningsspørgsmål. Dette studie argumenterer for, at der er spor af ældre traditioner bag de middelalderlige 90 Olof Sundqvist versioner af den ritualsekvens, som kaldes ”at tage konge” (OSw taka konong), som fandt sted ved Mora sten. Studiet fokuserer på ritualpladsens lokalitet, den terminologi, som anvendes omkring ritualet i de overleverede skriftlige kilder og de rituelle handlinger og genstande, som benyttes ved udførelsen af ceremonien. En komparative metode benyttes, idet studiet baserer sig på arkæologiske fund og skriftlige kilder, som knytter sig ikke blot til Sverige og Skandinavien, men også til de germanske, slaviske og keltiske områder af Europa. Til slut diskuteres den mytiske dimension af indsættelsesritualerne, og studiets resultater relateres til teorier dels om kultkontinuitet ved overgangen til kristendommen og dels om religiøs legitimering af herskerrollen.
The Sanctuaries in Uppsala and Lejre and their Literary Antecedents
Authors: Simek Rudolf 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: Much weight has been attached to the description of a pagan cult at Uppsala written about in Adam of Bremen’s Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae pontificum, although this description was already anachronistic by the time he wrote in the 1070s. Many scholars have tried to salvage some hard historical information both from Adam’s imaginative text and the even more fanciful information contained in the scholia to the text which were added later. Little attention, however, has been paid to the literary sources used by this well-read scholar who had a substantial library at his disposal, let alone oral sources. This paper tries to highlight the use Adam has made of a description about a cult at Lejre on Zealand in the Chronicon written by Thietmar of Merseburg three quarters of a century earlier. It also asks for the motivations behind those two descriptions.
RESUME: Stor vægt er blevet tillagt beskrivelsen af en hedensk kult i Uppsala, der beskrives i Adam af Bremens Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae pontificum, selvom denne beskrivelse allerede var anakronistisk, da han skrev i 1070'erne. Mange forskere har forsøgt at redde nogle hårde historiske oplysninger ud af både Adams fantasifulde tekst og den endnu mere fantasifulde information indeholdt i scholia til teksten, som blev tilføjet senere. Der har dog været ringe opmærksomhed omkring de litterære kilder, der blev brugt af denne lærde mand, som havde et betydeligt bibliotek til rådighed samt mundtlige kilder. Denne artikel forsøger at fremhæve den brug, Adam har gjort af en beskrivelse af en kult ved Lejre på Sjælland i Chronicon skrevet af Thietmar fra Merseburg trekvart århundrede tidligere. Også motivationerne bag disse to beskrivelser undersøges.
Visualiseringsstrategier og erindringsarkitektur i Snorri Sturlusons Edda
Authors: Hermann Pernille 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: This article investigates Snorri Sturluson’s Edda seen in light of medieval memory theory. It is argued that the pagan myths that are treated in bookish culture are adjusted to ideas about memory that circulated in the 13th century. It is shown that important mnemonic principles, such as spatiality and visuality, have put their stamp on the Edda and other mythological texts, which seem to describe and transmit to their readers comprehensive memory architectures and topographies. The mnemonic dimensions of the texts are important to include in source critical discussions, when the medieval texts are used as sources to pre-Christian mythology.
RESUME: Denne artikel undersøger Snorri Sturlusons Edda i lyset af antik og middelalderlig erindringsteori. Der argumenteres for, at skriftkulturens behandling af de hedenske myter har medført en tilpasning til ideer om erindringen, som cirkulerede i 1200-tallet. Det bliver vist, at centrale erindringsprincipper, såsom spatialitet og visualitet, har sat deres præg på Edda og andre mytologiske tekster, som beskriver og formidler omfattende erindringsarkitekturer og –topografier til deres læsere. Teksternes erindringsmæssige dimensioner er væsentlige at medtænke i den kildekritik, som de underlægges, når de bruges som kilder til den før-kristne nordiske mytologi.