bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An iPRES‐W Coil Array for Simultaneous Imaging and Wireless Localized B0 Shimming of the Cervical Spinal Cord
Authors: Cuthbertson Jonathan D. , Truong Trong‐Kha , Stormont Robert , Robb Fraser , Song Allen W. , Darnell Dean 
Published: April 2022

PurposeTo develop a wireless integrated parallel reception, excitation, and shimming (iPRES‐W) coil array for simultaneous imaging and wireless localized B0 shimming, and to demonstrate its ability to correct for distortions in DTI of the spinal cord in vivo.MethodsA 4‐channel coil array was modified to allow an RF current at the Larmor frequency and a direct current to flow on each coil element, enabling imaging and localized B0 shimming, respectively. One coil element was further modified to allow additional RF currents within a wireless communication band to flow on it to wirelessly control the direct currents for shimming, which were supplied from a battery pack within the scanner bore. The RF signals for imaging were transferred via conventional wired connections. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the RF, B0 shimming, and wireless performance of this coil design.ResultsThe coil modifications did not degrade the SNR. Wireless localized B0 shimming with the iPRES‐W coil array substantially reduced the B0 RMSE (−57.5% on average) and DTI distortions in the spinal cord. The antenna radiation efficiency, antenna gain pattern, and battery power consumption of an iPRES‐W coil measured in an anechoic chamber were minimally impacted by the introduction of a saline phantom representing tissue.ConclusionThe iPRES‐W coil array can perform imaging and wireless localized B0 shimming of the spinal cord with no SNR degradation, with minimal change in wireless performance and without any scanner modifications or additional antenna systems within the scanner bore.
Assessing the effect of anesthetic gas mixtures on hyperpolarized 13C pyruvate metabolism in the rat brain
Authors: Healicon Richard , Rooney Catriona H. E. , Ball Vicky , Shinozaki Ayaka , Miller Jack J. , Smart Sean , Radford‐Smith Daniel , Anthony Daniel , Tyler Damian J. , Grist James T. 
Published: April 2022

PurposeTo determine the effect of altering anesthetic oxygen protocols on measurements of cerebral perfusion and metabolism in the rodent brain.MethodsSeven rats were anesthetized and underwent serial MRI scans with hyperpolarized [1–13C]pyruvate and perfusion weighted imaging. The anesthetic carrier gas protocol used varied from 100:0% to 90:10% to 60:40% O2:N2O. Spectra were quantified with AMARES and perfusion imaging was processed using model‐free deconvolution. A 1‐way ANOVA was used to compare results across groups, with pairwise t tests performed with correction for multiple comparisons. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed between O2% and MR measurements.ResultsThere was a significant increase in bicarbonate:total 13C carbon and bicarbonate:13C pyruvate when moving between 100:0 to 90:10 and 100:0 to 60:40 O2:N2O % (0.02 ± 0.01 vs. 0.019 ± 0.005 and 0.02 ± 0.01 vs. 0.05 ± 0.02, respectively) and (0.04 ± 0.01 vs. 0.03 ± 0.01 and 0.04 ± 0.01 vs. 0.08 ± 0.02, respectively). There was a significant difference in 13C pyruvate time to peak when moving between 100:0 to 90:10 and 100:0 to 60:40 O2:N2O % (13 ± 2 vs. 10 ± 1 and 13 ± 2 vs. 7.5 ± 0.5 s, respectively) as well as significant differences in cerebral blood flow (CBF) between gas protocols. Significant correlations between bicarbonate:13C pyruvate and gas protocol (ρ = −0.47), mean transit time and gas protocol (ρ = 0.41) and 13C pyruvate time‐to‐peak and cerebral blood flow (ρ = −0.54) were also observed.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that the detection and quantification of cerebral metabolism and perfusion is dependent on the oxygen protocol used in the anesthetized rodent brain.
Childhood emotional neglect predicts empathic accuracy in social inclusion and exclusion contexts
Authors: Zhang Xuehan , Zhang Mengning , Zeng Mei , Lan Mengxue , Liu Yadong , Li Jiwen , Chen Haopeng , Yang Juan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that individuals with a history of childhood emotional neglect show impaired empathy. However, accurately identifying emotions in others is an essential aspect of empathic functioning. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of childhood emotional neglect on empathic accuracy. A total of 92 participants were recruited from a local university. Forty‐six participants were randomly assigned to the social exclusion context (SE), and the other 46 were assigned to the social inclusion context (SI). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was used to measure childhood emotional neglect. Participants observed real interpersonal communications in which their in‐group members were either socially included or excluded and evaluated the extent of the emotion they felt for their in‐group members. Results found participants empathized with a high level of positive emotion in the SI context (t = 8.13, p < .001) and negative emotion in the SE context (t = 10.76, p < .001) in general. Moreover, childhood emotional neglect decreased the empathic accuracy in both contexts (SI context: β = −0.42, SE = 0.04, p = .004; SE context: β = −0.38, SE = 0.04, p = .009). These results contribute to the current understanding of social functioning of childhood emotional neglect in specific contexts.
Preparation and properties of diolefin rubber based on dynamically reversible bonding crosslinking
Authors: Liu Ran , Wang Pingyin , Tian Yaozhu , Luo Zhu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEndowing polymers with self‐healing properties holds great promise for extending the life of materials and reducing environmental pressure. However, it is still a challenge to have both mechanically enhanced and self‐healing properties. Dynamic reversible bonds can be broken and regenerated in response to external stimuli, thereby repairing localized cracks in the rubber matrix during use. Click reaction is an efficient and facile way to prepare self‐healing rubbers with dynamic reversible bonds. Herein, we have obtained a self‐healing styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) (SLA) by introducing dynamic disulfide and hydrogen bonds in an “imitative” click reaction via using SBR as a model compound and lipoic acid (LA) as the cross‐linking agent. The mechanical properties and self‐healing capacity of SLA can be altered by adjusting the LA content. Furthermore, SLA‐Zn was further prepared by introducing Zn2+ to form metal‐oxygen coordination bonds with carboxyl groups. The effect of Zn2+ on the mechanical and self‐healing properties has been systematically investigated. Compared with SLA, SLA‐Zn has better mechanical properties and self‐repairing ability, with a tensile strength up to 3.85 MPa and a repair efficiency of about 76%. This facile preparation method paves the way for the development of low‐cost self‐healing diolefin rubbers.
Predicting performance of Middle Eastern female students: A challenge for sustainable education
Authors: Pilotti Maura A. E. , Nazeeruddin Emaan , Alkuhayli Halah , Elmoussa Omar 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe present research aimed to uncover individual differences that can be used to predict, at the start of a course, performance difficulties in female students of an understudied population who are at the beginning of their academic journey. Measures of active and passive procrastination and general self‐efficacy were collected at the start of the semester from students enrolled in one of two courses representative of the general education curriculum at a university in the Middle East. Grades on the first homework assignment and test in each course were used as indices of students' early performance. Measures of procrastination and self‐efficacy failed to adequately predict either early performance or attendance rates. Yet, attendance predicted a portion of the variance in assignment performance. This study suggests that class presence, rather than dispositional individual differences, can shape the early academic success of an understudied student population.
Finding the right hazard function for time‐to‐event modeling: A tutorial and Shiny application
Authors: Van Wijk Rob C. , Simonsson Ulrika S. H. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractParametric time‐to‐event analysis is an important pharmacometric method to predict the probability of an event up until a certain time as a function of covariates and/or drug exposure. Modeling is performed at the level of the hazard function describing the instantaneous rate of an event occurring at that timepoint. We give an overview of the parametric time‐to‐event analysis starting with graphical exploration by Kaplan–Meier plotting for the event data including censoring and nonparametric hazard estimators such as the kernel‐based visual hazard comparison for the underlying hazard. The most common hazard functions including the exponential, Gompertz, Weibull, log‐normal, log‐logistic, and circadian functions are described in detail. A Shiny application was developed to graphically guide the modeler which of the most common hazard functions presents a similar shape compared to the data in order to guide which hazard functions to test in the parametric time‐to‐event analysis. For the chosen hazard function(s), the Shiny application can additionally be used to explore corresponding parameter values to inform on suitable initial estimates for parametric modeling as well as on possible covariate or treatment relationships to certain parameters. Moreover, it can be used for the dissemination of results as well as communication, training, and workshops on time‐to‐event analysis. By guiding the modeler on which functions and what parameter values to test and compare as well as to assist in dissemination, the Shiny application developed here greatly supports the modeler in complicated parametric time‐to‐event modeling.
Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Properties of Intrinsic Self‐Healing Polyurethane Nanocomposites
Authors: Soleimani Adel , Sadeghi Gity Mir Mohamad 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA hybrid thermo‐reversible crosslinking polyurethane nanocomposite containing 0.5, 1, and 2 wt.% of nano‐silica was prepared with three intrinsic self‐healing bonds (reversible covalent bonds supported by intrinsic hydrogen bonds and dangling chains). Owing to the introduction of pseudo‐tannin and polyester diol that could form phenol‐urethane networks and using nano‐silica that causes dangling chains and hydrogen bonds, the prepared polyurethanes are capable of being reversed at 110 °C and rejoin at low temperatures. Thermoset self‐healing polyurethane nanocomposites are prepared from pseudo‐tannin, nano‐silica, and a urethane‐based prepolymer. The investigations of chemical structure, self‐healing behavior, and cross‐link network are carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) technique, and swelling test. dissociation of phenolic urethane at 110 °C was confirmed by temperature variable FTIR. By swelling test, it was found that the self‐healing polyurethane nanocomposites with 0.5 wt.% of nano‐silica have the most hard‐domain, gel content, and crosslink density in the samples. DSC technique shows that polyurethane samples have two heat transfer transitions (dangling chains and self‐healing). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) findings show that nanocomposites decompose at elevated temperatures than neat PU, and the rate of degradation diminishes as silica content increases.
Separation of 1‐Naphthol from Wastewater Using HF‐Free Microwave‐Assisted Synthesized MIL‐101(Cr): Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Reusability Studies**
Authors: Gholipour Fatemeh , Rahmani Mohammad , Panahi Farhad 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMicrowave‐assisted synthesis of Chromium (III) Terephthalate Metal Organic Framework, MIL‐101(Cr), was achieved in an aqueous media in the absence of hydrofluoric acid (HF). The synthesized material was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms and field emission scanning electron microscope. Results indicate that the synthesized MIL‐101(Cr) using microwave irradiation poses higher surface area than those obtained using autoclave in a conventional oven method. Adsorptive removal of 1‐naphthol from aqueous solution using synthesized MIL‐101(Cr) was evaluated at various temperatures and concentrations. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms are used to describe the adsorption equilibrium behavior. The pseudo–second order and intraparticle kinetic models were applied to understand the rate limiting step and the mechanism of 1‐naphthol adsorption. The thermodynamic analysis of solid‐liquid system was investigated. The synthesized MIL‐101(Cr) showed higher 1‐naphthol adsorption capacity, compared to other adsorbents like biochar and multiwall carbon nanotube.
Turpentine‐Derived sec‐p‐Menthane‐1‐amine Derivatives: Synthesis, Herbicidal Activity, and 3D‐QSAR Study
Authors: Zhang Hongmei , Wang Jing , Chen Yuxiang , Xu Shichao , Duan Wengui , Jiang Jianxin , Zhao Zhendong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this study, a series of turpentine‐derived secondary amines (4 a–4 y) were synthesized and their structures were characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and HRMS. The post‐emergence herbicidal activities against barnyard grass and rape were evaluated by the Petri dish method. The preliminary results showed that most of the amines exhibited higher herbicidal activities than that of glyphosate. Compound 4 n was the most potential compound whose IC50 values against root and shoot growth of barnyard grass were 1.75 mg L−1, and 9.33 mg L−1, against shoot growth of rape was 13.12 mg L−1, which were 6.9‐folds, 4.5‐folds, and 13.5‐folds, higher than that of glyphosate, respectively. In addition, compounds 4 e, 4 c, and 4 n were found to be selective to monocotyledons such as Lolium perenne, Setaria viridis, Digitaria sanguinalis and Echinochloa crus‐galli, and they were safe to wheat, sorghum, maize, and peanut at 100 mg L−1. Furthermore, a 3D‐QSAR model was built by the CoMFA method to study the relationship between herbicidal activities with structures, and its coefficient were r2=0.85, q2=0.58, indicating the 3D‐QSAR model was reasonable and predictable.
Synthesis and Application of a Thiol Photolabile Protecting Group
Authors: Yang Hongpeng , Chen Lei , Zhang Shouguo , Wang Gang , Chen Tingting , Xu Jing , Peng Tao , Wang Lin , Hu Liming 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe successfully designed and synthesized a photolabile protecting group (PLPG) for thiol that can be rapidly photolyzed by irradiation at 365 nm to release thiol groups within 100 s. The photolytic reaction has mild conditions and avoids acid cleavage, leading to good yields with no side reactions as validated by HPLC. The PLPG has good acid/alkali tolerance
Racism, shame, and stress reactivity among young black women
Authors: Johnson Amber J. , Urizar Guido G. , Nwabuzor Jessica , Dinh Peter 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBlack women experience disproportional rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) warranting further exploration of CVD risk factors. Growing evidence suggests acute stress reactivity studies may elucidate the mechanisms driving psychosocial correlates of CVD risks. Race‐related stress has been identified as a CVD risk factor among Black women though recent evidence suggests emotions may facilitate these risks. Black women may be vulnerable to shame related to frequent racist experiences. Yet, no study to date has examined racism, shame, and stress reactivity in this population. The current study utilized mixed linear models to test for time and group effects of racism and shame on stress reactivity (e.g., cortisol and C‐reactive protein [CRP]) among 34 Black women who completed the Trier Social Stress Test. Tests for two‐way interactions (i.e., shame by racism) were also performed. Significant time and group effects were observed for shame and racism on stress reactivity. Black women who experienced greater lifetime racism, stress appraised, but lower racism during the past year, exhibited greater CRP responses. Black women who experienced high levels of shame and racism during the past year and their lifetime demonstrated greater cortisol reactivity. These results prompt further research on racism and shame as CVD risk factors among Black women.
The Sphaera in Jesuit Education
Authors: Grendler Paul F. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWhen the Jesuits began to teach mathematics, they adopted the existing European curriculum which included Sacrobosco’sSphaera.Christoph Clavius, the most influential Jesuit mathematician, published a commentary on theSphaerain 1570 which was widely used. Its publication also marked a change in publication policy by the Roman Jesuits. As the Jesuits prepared a uniform curriculum for the Society’s schools in the 1580s and 1590s, Clavius offered a comprehensive mathematics curriculum and urged the Society to teach more mathematics and to train more Jesuit mathematicians. But some Jesuit philosophers rejected mathematics as unscientific. The Ratio Studiorum of 1599 included theSphaerabut did not expand Jesuit mathematical education. Jesuits continued to teach theSphaeraand to use Clavius’ commentary until about 1650.
From Anarchy to Enlightened Absolutism? Sverre Lodgaard
Authors:   Interviewed by Hilde Henriksen Waage
Published: April 2022

AbstractSverre Lodgaard (b. 1945) served time in prison for refusing to do military service on political grounds. In this interview, he expands on his experience as a peace researcher and later director of PRIO, UNIDIR (the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research) and NUPI (the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs). While at PRIO, he carried out a transition from decision-making at plenary meetings to an “enlightened absolutism” of Director and Board.
Fresh Grounded Peace Research: Åshild Kolås
Authors: Interviewed by Wenche Iren Hauge  
Published: April 2022

AbstractWhen first arriving in Yunnan, China, the anthropologist Åshild Kolås (b. 1961) learned that the Tibetan county of Zhongdian had asked to change its name to Shangri-La. How this led to a reformulation of Tibetan culture became the topic of her doctoral thesis. This interview presents her memories of a life in peace anthropology. She deplores the tendency for academics to share their findings mainly with other academics and not with their local research participants.
The Democratic Civil Peace and Beyond: Scott Gates
Authors:   Interviewed by Nils Petter Gleditsch
Published: April 2022

Abstract“On the day that Martin Luther King was assassinated, my mother intervened and laid down the law against … play with guns.” In this interview, Scott Gates (b. 1957), political science professor at the University of Oslo, former director of PRIO’s Centre for the Study of Civil War and now editor of the Journal of Peace Research, takes stock of peace research today, and calls for disaggregating data in time and space as a basis for ascertaining causal inference.
Invasive intrauterine Therapien
Authors: Vonzun Ladina , Ochsenbein-Kölble Nicole 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungFortschritte in Bildgebung und Medizintechnik haben mittlerweile dazu geführt, dass fetale Erkrankungen früh erkannt und in bestimmten Fällen auch intrauterin behandeln werden können. Ethisch darf eine fetale Therapie nur dann angeboten werden, wenn die intrauterine Behandlung einen deutlichen Vorteil gegenüber der postnatalen Behandlung darstellt bzw. wenn die intrauterine Therapie bleibende Schäden oder den intrauterinen Fruchttod (IUFT) verhindern kann. Invasive fetale Therapien werden z. B. bei einer fetalen Anämie, dem fetofetalen Transfusionssyndroms, der fetalen Spina bifida und der kongenitalen Zwerchfellhernie angeboten. Eine der Hauptkomplikationen der invasiven fetalen Eingriffe ist der vorzeitige Blasensprung.
Photonic-aware neural networks
Authors: Paolini Emilio , De Marinis Lorenzo , Cococcioni Marco , Valcarenghi Luca , Maggiani Luca , Andriolli Nicola 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPhotonics-based neural networks promise to outperform electronic counterparts, accelerating neural network computations while reducing power consumption and footprint. However, these solutions suffer from physical layer constraints arising from the underlying analog photonic hardware, impacting the resolution of computations (in terms of effective number of bits), requiring the use of positive-valued inputs, and imposing limitations in the fan-in and in the size of convolutional kernels. To abstract these constraints, in this paper we introduce the concept of Photonic-Aware Neural Network (PANN) architectures, i.e., deep neural network models aware of the photonic hardware constraints. Then, we devise PANN training schemes resorting to quantization strategies aimed to obtain the required neural network parameters in the fixed-point domain, compliant with the limited resolution of the underlying hardware. We finally carry out extensive simulations exploiting PANNs in image classification tasks on well-known datasets (MNIST, Fashion-MNIST, and Cifar-10) with varying bitwidths (i.e., 2, 4, and 6 bits). We consider two kernel sizes and two pooling schemes for each PANN model, exploiting $$2\times 2$$

2
×
2

and $$3\times 3$$

3
×
3

convolutional kernels, and max and average pooling, the latter more amenable to an optical implementation. $$3\times 3$$

3
×
3

kernels perform better than $$2\times 2$$

2
×
2

counterparts, while max and average pooling provide comparable results, with the latter performing better on MNIST and Cifar-10. The accuracy degradation due to the photonic hardware constraints is quite limited, especially on MNIST and Fashion-MNIST, demonstrating the feasibility of PANN approaches on computer vision tasks.
Von der Bottom-up-Bewegung zum UNESCO-Programm: Geoparks in Deutschland
Authors: Ellger Christof 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungGeoparks haben sich in den letzten 30 Jahren – weltweit und in Deutschland – als neue und besondere Kategorie von Großschutzgebiet etabliert. Ohne Verankerung in der Naturschutzgesetzgebung sind die bestehenden Geoparks – bottom-up – als Projekte einzelner regionaler Initiativen entstanden, haben sich in internationalen Netzwerken organisiert und werden seit 2015 als Teil eines UNESCO-Programms geführt. Mit ihren spezifischen Aufgaben (Vermittlung der Geowissenschaften in die Öffentlichkeit, Geotopschutz, Regionalentwicklung durch Geotourismus) bilden sie ein interessantes Arbeitsfeld für integratives raumbezogenes Arbeiten. Aus einer Basisbewegung entstanden, weisen Geoparks unterschiedliche Organisationsformen auf; auch geht ihre räumliche Verteilung auf die Zufälligkeit regionaler Einzelentscheidungen zurück und nicht auf eine übergeordnete Planung. Für die Anerkennung von Geoparks gelten Zertifizierungsrichtlinien, was zur Qualitätssicherung beiträgt. Hinsichtlich ihrer regionalwirtschaftlichen Wirkung besteht ebenso Forschungsbedarf wie zu Produktion und Rezeption geodidaktischer Materialien in den Geoparks.
Hopping between distant basins
Authors: Goodridge Maldon , Moriarty John , Vogrinc Jure , Zocca Alessandro 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe present and numerically analyse the Basin Hopping with Skipping (BH-S) algorithm for stochastic optimisation. This algorithm replaces the perturbation step of basin hopping (BH) with a so-called skipping mechanism from rare-event sampling. Empirical results on benchmark optimisation surfaces demonstrate that BH-S can improve performance relative to BH by encouraging non-local exploration, that is, by hopping between distant basins.