bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Chemical Protectants against Chilling Injury of Young Cucumber Seedlings
Authors: Sasson Nathaniel , Bramlage W. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chilling of 8-day-old cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings for 48 hours at 2°C caused reversible damage; chilled seedlings collapsed but regained turgor within 6 hours at 25°. Hypocotyl segments from chilled seedlings exhibited increased solute leakage, ethylene production, and O2 uptake after transfer to 25°. Pretreatment of seedlings with 10−4m abscisic acid generally reduced symptoms of damage but did not prevent chilling injury. Pretreatment with 10−3m CaCl2 was generally ineffective, and pretreatment with 10−3m ascorbate generally intensified symptoms of injury. Oxygen uptake increased during the first 6 hours at 25° but returned to the level of unchilled seedlings within 24 hours. Chilled tissue was sensitive to 2,4-dinitrophenol during this period, although sensitivity was less than in controls during the first 12 hours after chilling. Unchilled tissue was insensitive to SHAM, but O2 uptake was inhibited by SHAM during the respiratory burst following chilling. Tissue was no longer SHAM-sensitive after 24 hours at 25°, by which time the respiratory burst had subsided. Thus, the alternative respiratory pathway was apparently operating only during the time of the respiratory burst, when the seedlings were recovering from chilling injury.
The Influence of Fungicides on Pollen Germination and Yield of Cranberry1
Authors: Bristow P. R. , Shawa A. Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Captan, captafol, and mancozeb at 10μg, and cupric hydroxide, ferbam, triforine-EC, and zineb at 100 μg active ingredient per ml of glucose-amended cornmeal agar completely inhibited pollen germination of ‘McFarlin’ cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) Triforine-F and triforine-WP at 10,000 μg/ml allowed some pollen germination. Captafol, mancozeb, and the 3 formulations of triforine all prevented pollen germination when suspensions, each at the concentration for field application, were spread on the surface of the medium immediately prior to seeding with pollen. Pollen failed to germinate on stigmas of cranberry flowers previously dipped into suspensions containing 10,000 μg/ml of captafol, cupric hydroxide, ferbam, and triforine-EC. Lower concentrations of these four fungicides and five others at 10,000 μg/ml had little or no effect on pollen germination in vivo. Triforine-EC applied twice during bloom at 0.33 kg active ingredient/ha significantly (P= 5%) reduced yield by 41%. While triforine-EC did not alter the number of berries produced per upright, it did result in the production of smaller and lighter berries.
Effects of Ethephon on Maturation and Postharvest Quality of ‘Concord’ Grapes1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Cawthon D. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Single and split applications of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at different concentrations to ‘Concord’ grapes(Vitis labrusca L.)did not influence maturation. When ethephon was applied 8 days prior to harvest, abscission was enhanced and postharvest alcohol accumulation was reduced when fruit was shaken from the vine and held at 30°C for up to 24 hours.
Alteration of Sex Expression in Cucumber by Partial or Total Removal of the Cotyledons1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J. , Omran Ali F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cotyledons of 3 cultivars of pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were partially or wholly removed during early seedling development to determine the effect of reduced seedling vigor on subsequent sex expression. Under winter conditions in the greenhouse, removal of 11/2 to 2 cotyledons led to reduced seedling vigor, an increase in the number of staminate flowers, and a reduction in the number of pistillate flowers on the first 10 nodes of the hybrid cultivars ‘Pioneer’ and ‘Pickmore’. During spring trials, removal of the cotyledons led to a vigor reduction in young seedlings, but mature plants were not stunted. Under conditions which were more favorable for plant growth, sex expression was unaltered in the plants. Sex expression was generally unaffected by cotyledon removal in an inbred line ‘MSU 713-5’ in both winter and spring trials, although the number of pistillate flowers produced was reduced by removal of both cotyledons 3 or 6 days after emergence in the spring trials. It appears that major loss of cotyledonary tissue can lead to an alteration of sex expression in hybrid cucumbers grown under less than optimum conditions for plant growth.
Influence of Nutrition, Propagation Techniques, Light Intensity, and Insecticides on Episcia cupreata1
Authors: Harbaugh B. K. , Waters W. E. , Price J. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Experiments were designed to develop information on commercial production systems for Episcia cupreata (Hook.) Hanst. (flame violet) encompassing nutrition, propagation, light intensity, and insect pest management. A 200–250 ppm N and 150 ppm K solution applied at a rate of 50 ml/10-cm pot per week provided adequate nutritional requirements for these major elements. Propagation techniques involving combinations of rooted or unrooted plantlets 5–13 cm in canopy diameter provided crop turnover rates from 4 to 12 weeks for production in 10-cm pots. Optimum light intensity was established at 17–22 klx. Acephate and oxamyl eliminated mealybugs (Ferrisia virgata) on Episcia plants and were not phytotoxic to the foliage.
Influence of Physical Stress on Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Apple Leaves1
Authors: Ferree D. C. , Hall F. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Various treatments resulting in physical stress to leaves of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were tested for their influence on net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr). Brushing to simulate handling or wind rubbing reduced both Pn and Tr in one study and had little effect in another. Shaking 1 min/day had no influence on Pn or Tr. Six or more 1-cm cuts/leaf reduced Pn and had no effect on Tr. Removal of 20% of the leaf area and twenty-four 1-cm cuts/leaf reduced Pn in young expanding leaves; the amount of cut surface exposed by injury was more important than the amount of leaf area removed. Scoring and feeding of two-spotted spider mites [Tetranychus urticae (Koch)] reduced Pn.
In Vitro Cotyledonary Development and Anthocyanin Synthesis in Zygotic and Asexual Embryos of Theobroma cacao1
Authors: Pence Valerie Creaser , Hasegawa Paul M. , Janick Jules 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cotyledonary development of asexual embryos of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in liquid medium on a rotary drum apparatus was similar to that of zygotic embryos in vivo. Immature zygotic and asexual embryos synthesized anthocyanins, characteristic of the developing zygotic embryo in vivo, when cultured in vitro in liquid or on semisolid media containing high concentrations of sucrose.
Inheritance of Short Fruit Development Period in Peach1
Authors: Vileila-Morales E. A. , Sherman W. B. , Wilcox C. J. , Andrews C. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Length of the fruit development period in Florida breeding populations of low-chilling peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) had estimated heritability values of 0.73 to 0.98. High genetic correlations were found between leaf color classes and length of fruit development periods.
Rest Prediction Model for Low-chilling ‘Sungold’ Nectarine1
Authors: Gilreath Phyllis R. , Buchanan D. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Floral bud break of 1-year-old rooted cuttings of ‘Sungold’ nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) was observed following chilling at constant and diurnal temperature regimes. Continuous exposure to 10°C was as effective as 7°. Rate of bud break increased as chilling increased up to 750 hours. Floral bud break of plants exposed to 14 days at 30° during the middle of the chilling period was more rapid but failed to reach the level of activity of plants exposed to constant temperatures. A chill unit model developed for ‘Sungold’ nectarine which has a chilling requirement of 550 hours indicated a broader range of effective temperatures and a higher optimum for rest completion as compared to the Utah model and predicted rest completion more accurately than other methods when applied to orchard temperature data.
Fruit Set and Seed Number from Self- and Cross-pollinated Highbush (4x) and Rabbiteye (6x) Blueberries1
Authors: El-Agamy S. Z. A. , Sherman W. B. , Lyrene P. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit set from self-pollination averaged 67% in 4x highbush type complex (blueberry cultivars derived from at least 5 species including Vaccinium corymbosum L.) as compared to 18% in 6x rabbiteye (V. ashei Reade) cultivars. Fruit set from cross-pollination within highbush averaged 82% as compared to 47% in rabbiteye. Seed per berry from self-pollination averaged 3.9 in highbush and 1.5 in rabbiteye. Seed per berry from cross-pollination within highbush averaged 11.2 as compared to 8.5 within rabbiteye. Cross-pollination is desirable for maximum fruit set in both highbush and rabbiteye but appears especially critical in rabbiteye.
Effect of Low Oxygen Storage on Sweet Potato Roots1
Authors: Chang L. A. , Kays S. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Respiration of sweet potato roots was significantly depressed by low oxygen concentrations from 5 to 15% compared to 20% O2, but respiration at 2.5% O2 was high. Total sugar accumulated with low oxygen (2.5 and 5.0%) storage. Protopectin was low in roots stored at low O2 concentrations but water soluble pectin was not significantly affected. Physical parameters Ew and δf the storage roots were high when stored at low O2 concentrations. Ey and Ef were not significantly affected. Ew was correlated with total sugar (r = 0.79).
Seedbed Preparation for Carrot Production on Organic Soil1
Authors: Millette J. A. , Vigier B. , Hogue E. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five sets of basic tillage operations were carried out for 5 consecutive years on an organic soil, each followed by seeding on the flat or on raised beds to determine the cultural methods that would provide the best yield of quality fresh market carrots (Daucus carota L.) without adversely affecting the soil structure. Raised beds offered no yield advantage in a wet season and no yield reduction in a dry season. In a wet season, the bed system favored harvesting operations by reducing soil moisture and rendering the field surface firmer. Minimum tillage consisting of a fall and a spring disking did not reduce yields or increase soil bulk density as compared to spring plowing and rototilling.
Sources of Variation of Self Seed Set in Pseudo-self-compatible Nemesia strumosa1
Authors: Robacker Carol D. , Ascher Peter D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genotypes and pollination dates, but not cuttings, contributed significantly to variance in percent pseudo-self-compatibility (PSC) from self pollinations of F2 sibling Nemesia strumosa Benth. plants. Genotypes selected from different families which were self- and cross-pollinated on several dates in 4 locations having varying environmental conditions responded differently to environments. Correlations between seed set and daily temperatures were significant in only a few cases. Tests of the effect of plant age on seed set revealed that plants generally set fewer seeds following either self- or compatible-pollinations when old, but the ratio of self- to compatible-cross seed sets (percent PSC) varied with genotype.
Chemical Control of Abscission and Degreening in Stored Lemons1
Authors: Einset John W. , Lyon J. Lorene , Johnson Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three auxins (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid; 3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-oxyacetic acid; and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2 inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis (i.e., aminoethoxyvinylglycine and aminoxyacetic acid) have been shown to inhibit abscission of stem parts (buttons) from fruit of lemon (Citrus limon Burm. f.) stored in controlled ethylene (about 5 ppm) atmosheres. Freshly picked lemons were treated by dipping them in aqueous solutions containing 500 ppm Triton X-100 plus-or-minus additions and then were stored at a packing house for 13 days; the fruit then were color-stored and analyzed for evidence of button abscission. When the abscission inhibitors were tested in concentrations equal to or greater than commercial concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (2|0 ppm) and its isopropyl ester (250 ppm), only 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid (picloram) was found to be as effective in inhibiting button abscission. As little as 50 ppm picloram gave inhibition of abscission comparable to 250 ppm isopropyl ester of 2,4-D. All of the auxin inhibitors of button abscission including the free acid and isopropyl ester of 2,4-D delayed the degreening of fruit in the packing house. Triclopyr (3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-oxyacetic acid) had the severest effect, picloram had a moderate effect, and the free base and isopropyl ester of 2,4-D had mild delaying effects on degreening. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (200 ppm) and aminoxyacetic acid (1840 ppm) did not inhibit degreening.
Calcium Efficiency among Tomato Strains1
Authors: English Jean E. , Maynard Donald N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of 44 tomato strains were screened in low (16.5 mg/plant) Ca nutrient solutions. Tolerance to low Ca was rated according to plant appearance and efficiency ratios, i.e., tissue produced (g) per unit of Ca (mg) in the tissue. Correlations among various symptom ratings and Ca-efficiency ratios for roots, stems and petioles, and laminar tissue showed that only 1 deficiency symptom and dry weight or 1 symptom and 1 efficiency ratio were necessary to rank plants. These methods showed that Plant Introductions (PI) 340909, 341984, and 341988 (all L. esculentum) were Ca-inefficient, whereas PI 205040 (L. esculentum cv. Yellow Peach) and PI 129021 (L. esculentum × L. pimpinellifolium) were Ca-effi-cient. Differences in efficiency were maintained when these selections were grown with higher Ca concentrations.
Cost of Producing Easter Lilies in North Carolina1
Authors: Brumfield Robin G. , Nelson Paul V. , Coutu Arthur J. , Willits Daniel H. , Sowell Robert S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The total costs of producing Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum, Thunb.) were developed for firms with 1,800 m2, 9,000 m2, and 36,000 m2 of production area. Economies of size existed in 2 market channels (mass market and full service florist). The total costs of Easter lilies to producers in the mass market marketing channel, including the cost of 6.31% bulbs that did not emerge, were $2.08, $1.83, and $1.63 per pot for the 1.800 m2, 9,000 m2, and 36,000 m2 firms, respectively. Costs were $0.48, $0.36, and $0.32 higher per pot for the florist producers than for the mass market producers for the small, medium, and large firms, respectively.
Influences of Potassium, Cultivar, and Season on Tomato Graywall and Blotchy Ripening1
Authors: Picha D. H. , Hall C. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Healani’, ‘Homestead-24’, ‘Walter’, and ‘Flora-Dade’ tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown with 0, 93, 186, 372, or 744 kg K/ha during spring and fall to determine the influence of K rate, cultivar, and season on the separate fruit disorders of graywall (GW) and blotchy ripening (BR). Susceptibility to GW was determined by inoculating a GW-inducing type of bacteria, Erwinia herbicola (Dye), into the outer pericarp of immature green fruit. All 4 cultivars developed more GW without added K than with it during the spring season. In both field and greenhouse conditions, ‘Flora-Dade’ and ‘Homestead-24’ were more resistant to GW than ‘Healani’ and ‘Walter’. Natural GW, contrasted to bacterially induced GW, occurred in ‘Healani’ and ‘Homestead-24’ fruit grown with low K concentrations in a sand culture experiment. Both cultivars were free of natural GW with the high-K treatment. ‘Flora-Dade’ was resistant to natural GW under all K treatments. Fruit from all cultivars had significantly less BR with K fertilization in both seasons. External blotchy ripening (EBR) and internal blotchy ripening (IBR) were more severe in the spring than in the fall. ‘Healani’ showed resistance to yellow shoulder, the primary EBR symptom, which was severe during the spring in all other culti vars. ‘Healani’ was generally the most BR-resistant cultivar and ‘Flora-Dade’ the most BR-susceptible. Pericarp K concentration increased with K rate in all cultivars during both seasons, but differences in susceptibility to BR between cultivars were not associated with differences in pericarp K, Ca, Mg, or P content.
Effect of Sex Type, Season, and other Factors on in Vitro Establishment and Culture of Carica papaya L. Expiants1
Authors: Litz Richard E. , Conover Robert A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoot tips were removed from field-grown staminate, pistillate and bisexual selections of Carica papaya L. at intervals during a 21 month period, and were cultured in vitro on a sterile establishment formulation consisting of Murashige and Skoog basal medium (MS) supplemented with 50 μm kinetin and 10 μm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in a growth room at 25°C and with a 16 hr photoperiod at 1.5 klx. Established expiants were transferred to proliferation medium consisting of MS with 2 μm 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 1 μm NAA. Establishment of expiants was influenced by season, sex type and degree or type of microbial infection. Proliferation rates varied for different clones and declined sharply after about 13 subcultures. Bacterial contamination was a severe problem; however the nearly ubiquitous Pseudomonas sp. contaminant did not cause mortality. Expiants could not be established from stock plants affected by a disease of unknown etiology that appeared in experimental plantings. Frequency of rooting on MS media with or without auxin declined with increased time in culture.
Sources of Variability in Apple Shoot Selection and Handling for Bud Rest Determinations1
Authors: Latimer Joyce G. , Robitaille Henry A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Many shoot sampling variables were found to influence bud rest of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Unlike terminal buds, uppermost lateral buds on decapitated stem pieces were stimulated by wounding and developed throughout the rest period under forcing conditions in a growth chamber and their rate of development was an accurate measure of depth of rest. Neither segment length nor location on the original intact shoot affected bud rest intensity, but single-node segments were avoided because they became desiccated. Rate of development of resting buds in darkness increased with increasing temperature between 20° and 30°C. Bud rest intensity decreased with decreasing shoot length. Shoot location in the tree crown (shaded interior vs. exterior) did not affect bud rest intensity, but there was a significant interaction between crop load and shoot height in the tree. Many interactions were significant between various shoot characteristics and bud rest intensity. Spurs were compared to shoots on the basis of the percent of a population showing terminal budbreak after 28 days of forcing. Terminal buds on spurs entered rest later and emerged earlier than did terminal buds on short, medium or long shoots.
Accumulation of Reducing Sugar and Resistance of Grapefruit Peel to Chilling Injury as Related to Winter Temperatures1
Authors: Purvis A. C. , Grierson W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Resistance of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) to chilling injury (CI) was compared with the concentration of reducing sugars in the peel through 3 harvesting seasons. Accumulation of reducing sugars preceded increased resistance to CI. The increase in reducing sugar concentration at mid-season (December – February) resulted from the hydrolysis of sucrose which is regulated by temperature. Accumulation of reducing sugars may be prerequisite to increased resistance of grapefruit to CI, but the role(s) of reducing sugars in the resistance mechanism has not been determined.
Levels of Pectic Substances and Calcium in Gibberellic Acid-treated Sweet Cherry Fruit1
Authors: Facteau T. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Foliar applications of gibberellic acid (GA3) to mature ‘Lambert’ sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium L.) about 21 days before harvest increased fruit weight (fresh and dry), soluble solids (SS), alcohol-insoluble substances (AIS) (both concentration and per fruit), ash weight, and fruit firmness at harvest. Application of GA3 did not affect concentrations of ethylene diamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or pectinase-soluble pectins and fruit Ca. GA3-treated fruit had lower concentrations of water-soluble pectins and reduced surface pitting. Fruits sampled at 3–7 day intervals (starting about 21 days before harvest) from control and GA3-treated trees showed that as an average response over a 29-day sampling period GA3 increased fruit weight, firmness, AIS concentration, AIS per fruit, pectinase-soluble pectins, and decreased water-soluble pectins. Neither total, residual, or soluble fruit Ca were affected by treatment with GA3. Fruit Ca levels remained constant, on a per fruit basis, during the last 3 weeks of fruit maturation but Ca concentration, expressed as fresh or dry weight, decreased as a result of increased fresh and dry weight. Higher Ca levels were not associated with firmer fruit (comparing GA3 and nontreated fruit), but were correlated positively with firmness in nontreated fruit.
Effects of Magnesium on Tobacco Mosaic Virus-infected Eggplants1
Authors: Seaker E. M. , Bergman E. L. , Romaine C. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eggplants (Solanum melongena L. cv. Long Purple) were grown hydroponicajly with 3 levels of Mg, and inoculated with the U-l strain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) to determine the influence of host Mg nutrition on concentrations of infectious virus in the leaves. There was a decrease in concentration of infectious TMV in leaves as leaf-Mg increased. Severely Mg-deflcient plants had higher virus concentrations than plants that received adequate or excessive Mg.
Accumulation of 14C-Labelled Material from Foliar-applied 14C Sucrose by Tomato Ovaries during Fruit Set and Initial Development1
Authors: Archbold Douglas D. , Dennis F. G. , Flore J. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A determinate cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Farthest North) was used to test whether fruit set involves mobilization of sucrose to the ovary, or whether mobilization occurs only after fruit growth commences. Following auxin treatment, average ovary fresh weight increased 0.4 mg and 3.6 mg during the first 24 and 36 hours, respectively. Radioactivity from foliar-applied 14C-sucrose was not significantly greater in auxin-treated ovaries than in water controls until 48 hours after treatment. Parallel data were obtained following pollination. Labelling with l4CO2 did not alter the response, nor did the time of labelling with 14C-sucrose. Thus, tomato fruit set per se does not appear to involve mobilization.
Ethylene Levels in Flask Atmospheres of Dahlia pin-nata Cav. Leaf Segments and Callus Cultured in Vitro1
Authors: Gavinlertvatana P. , Read Paul E. , Wilkins H. F. , Heins R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Biologically active levels of ethylene were accumulated in flask atmospheres of leaf segments and callus of dahlia cultured in vitro. The ethylene levels were dependent on concentrations of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-fur-furylamino purine (kinetin) in the medium. NAA promoted ethylene levels to a greater degree than kinetin. NAA at 1 mg liter, but not 5 or 10 mg liter, interacted with kinetin to stimulate ethylene synthesis. Reducing ethylene concentrations in the flasks by potassium permanganate absorption had no effect on callus formation from leaf tissue.