bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Everything Open
Authors: Katz Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on ‘openness’. An increasing number of fields describe themselves as ‘open’. The term most frequently connotes access to, and the ability to reuse data and information, but within those connotations, there is a tension between maximising the use of content, and preventing it from being re-closed (use maximisation, and anti-closure). This is not all. Transparency in governance (including access to and influence of the decision making process) is frequently connoted by the term ‘open’, as is a rejection of structures which would allow dominance by a specific entity or group of entities: ‘lock-in’. The four connotations can be described as use-freedom, transparency, open participation, and anti-lock-in. An understanding of these four different connotations assists in determining the commonality between the many different open fields.
Race and Civil Procedure
Authors: Quintanilla Victor D. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how race, racism, and structural inequalities are central to understanding the day-to-day operation of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP), and are yet obscured from most first-year Civil Procedure courses. It begins by examining the doorways of discretion, particularly within rules and standards that apply to pretrial case management. The chapter focuses on dispositive motions, which filter out claims and terminate litigation, and emphasize motions to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). It then reflects on the social construction of race and racism. Because the FRCPs require judges to justify their decisions in legal opinions, dispositive motions become hidden sites where the legal construction of race and racism take place. Finally, the chapter explores the dominant perspective in the field that the FRCPs have evolved from a neutral, apolitical, and colorblind rule-making processes rather than from highly normative and partisan contestations. Over the past several decades, dominant interests and racial insiders have enacted reforms that impede the efforts of racial outsiders to use federal courts to realize rights and advance social equality.
Dealing with the Authoritarian Past
Authors: Raimundo Filipa 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes how Portugal has dealt with the legacies and memory of its authoritarian past since 1974, from a comparative perspective. It suggests that, since the 1980s, the legacies and memories of the authoritarian past have ceased to be salient and that related political divisions have not emerged. This is very different from what happens in most post-communist and, to a lesser extent, Latin American countries, where the authoritarian past remains a source of contention and, therefore, requires an explanation. The absence of an ‘authoritarian successor party’ and the presence of other overlapping and overshadowing legacies are therefore examined as potential explanations for the Portuguese pattern. This chapter concludes with some ideas for future research in this field.
Taxation and Accountability at the Local Level
Authors: Lopes da Fonseca Mariana 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses the process of decentralization and the development of local autonomy in Portugal. It describes the evolution of intergovernmental fiscal relations, namely how state transfers, tax sharing arrangements, and municipal tax revenues have changed over time. The chapter also compares Portugal to other European countries in terms of revenue and expenditure decentralization, and the composition of local tax revenues. It reviews the literature on the distribution and management of public resources across and within municipalities, exposing the widespread opportunistic behaviour of multi-level politicians and lack of political accountability. It highlights the need to foster accountability at the local level by strengthening local fiscal autonomy, increasing transparency, and informing voters.
Secularism, Atheism, and Digital Media
Authors: Taira Teemu 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The emergence and development of the digital media environment have facilitated the proliferation of new forms of religious practice and reshaped the more traditional ones. However, these developments apply to secularism and atheism, and it could be argued that increased awareness of secularism and atheism in the 21st century has been conditioned by digitalization. This chapter proceeds by mapping the existing research on secularism and atheism in digital religion studies and in media, religion, and culture, and then moves to an examination of how the development of digital media spaces has shaped and enlivened secularist and atheist practices. Three analytically separate but interconnected areas will be studied, starting from the most general societal level, proceeding to communities and associations, and finally focusing on atheist individuals and their digital networks.
Patient experiences with clinical confirmatory genetic testing after using direct-to-consumer raw DNA and third-party genetic interpretation services
Authors: Nguyen Dolphyn Tiffany T , Ormond Kelly E , Weissman Scott M , Kim Helen J , Reuter Chloe M 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe availability of raw DNA and genetic interpretation tools allow individuals to access genetic health risk information, where analytical false-positives exist. Little is known about the experience of individuals who receive pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant(s) through raw DNA interpretation and follow-up with clinical confirmatory genetic testing. This qualitative study set out to describe the experiences of individuals who pursued clinical confirmatory genetic testing, including their perception of the process. Participants were recruited from social media and eligible if they discovered a potential pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in a raw DNA interpretation report, completed clinical confirmatory genetic testing in the U.S., and provided documentation of those results. Individuals participated in semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed and inductively coded to identify themes. Of the 12 participants, 3 received clinical genetic testing results that confirmed pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants noted in raw DNA interpretation reports (confirmation positive), and 9 were not confirmed. Nearly all (n = 11) participants described emotional distress and information-seeking behavior as a coping mechanism after discovering a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in raw DNA interpretation. When pursuing confirmatory genetic testing, many (n = 9) faced challenges with finding knowledgeable healthcare providers and obtaining insurance coverage. Despite reporting concerns over raw DNA interpretation and a desire for more safeguards, almost all (n = 10) participants stated interest in using the service again. Overall, participants’ experiences reveal they find personal utility in raw DNA interpretation results and provide insight into opportunities for patient and provider education.
Cannabis use disorder in patients with chronic pain: overestimation and underestimation in a cross-sectional observational study in 3 German pain management centres
Authors: Bialas Patric , Böttge-Wolpers Claudia , Fitzcharles Mary-Ann , Gottschling Sven , Konietzke Dieter , Juckenhöfel Stephanie , Madlinger Albrecht , Welsch Patrick , Häuser Winfried 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
There are concerns that cannabis use disorder (CUD) may develop in patients with chronic pain prescribed medical cannabis (MC). The criteria for CUD according to the Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders Version 5 (DSM-5) were not developed for the identification of patients using cannabis for therapeutic reasons. In addition, some items of CUD might be attributed to the desire of the patient to relieve the pain. Therefore, alternative strategies are needed to identify the true prevalence of CUD in persons with chronic pain being treated with MC. The prevalence of CUD in patients with chronic pain according to the DSM-5 criteria was assessed using an anonymous questionnaire in 187 consecutive patients attending 3 German pain centres in 2021. Questionnaires were rated as follows: (1) all criteria included, (2) removal of items addressing tolerance and withdrawal, and (3) removal of positive items if associated with the desire to relieve pain. Abuse was assessed by self-report (use of illegal drugs and diversion and illegal acquisition of MC) and urine tests for illegal drugs. Physicians recorded any observation of abuse. Cannabis use disorder according to the DSM-5 criteria was present in 29.9%, in 13.9% when items of tolerance and withdrawal were removed, and in 2.1% when positive behaviour items were removed. In 10.7%, at least 1 signal of abuse was noted. Urine tests were positive for nonprescribed drugs (amphetamines and tranquilizer) in 4.8% of subjects. Physicians identified abuse in 1 patient. In this study, the DSM-5 criteria overestimated and physicians underestimated the prevalence of CUD in patients prescribed MC for chronic pain.
68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT and PET/MRI in Rectal Linitis Plastica Secondary to Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhao Qian , Dong Hui , Dong Aisheng , Zuo Changjing 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Primary or secondary rectal linitis plastica is rare. We describe MRI, 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT, and PET/MRI findings in a case of rectal linitis plastica secondary to prostate adenocarcinoma. In this case, the rectal linitis plastica was the first manifestation of the prostatic adenocarcinoma, and the rectum was the only metastatic site of the prostate adenocarcinoma. The rectal wall showed circumferential thickening with a concentric ring pattern on MRI, and diffuse intense 68Ga-PSMA-11 uptake on PET/CT and PET/MRI. Familiarity with the imaging findings of rectal linitis plastica secondary to prostate adenocarcinoma may be helpful for recognition of this rare entity.
Predicting Effectiveness of Antihypertensive Medications for Heart Failure based on Longitudinal Patient Records and Deep Learning
Authors: Chowdhury Shaika , Chen Yongbin , Ma Xiao , Dai Qiying , Yu Yue , Zong Nansu 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDrug treatment for heart failure (HF) condition includes different medications. As patients could respond variably to a particular medication, being able to predict drug effectiveness is crucial for personalized treatment. Laboratory tests in EHR summarize different aspects of the patient’s physiological process related to a diagnosis, where blood pressure (BP) is deemed a critical hemodynamic parameter for HF prognosis. This work first proposes a novel method based on combinations of different clinical end points to generate the positive and negative samples corresponding to HF patients on whom the drug is effective and not effective respectively. We then formulate drug effectiveness prediction as a time series classification problem and experiment with several deep learning models, leveraging the temporal BP laboratory measurements from EHR as the features. Over thorough comparative evaluations among 3 categories of HF medications and two types of lab features, we achieved the best F1 performance of ∼0.97.
Education in the Time of COVID-19: The Improvised Experiment of Virtual Assessments
Authors: Guevara Hidalgo Esteban 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTOne of the aspects in which the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the most was education. Teachers and students had to face a new reality for which they were not prepared adapting in an improvised way new methods and strategies to teach and to learn. Within virtual education, exams reduced in some cases to multiple choice tests while others tried to mimic traditional (pen and paper) exams. In this paper, these two kind of evaluations are compared. Although the results appear to be similar, a deeper look shows that their structure is completely different and some groups of students are unfairly harmed or benefited depending on the assessment applied. Beyond analyzing the reasons of this discrepancy, it is determined that for some type of evaluation, at least 21.1% of students maybe passing a course irregularly meanwhile, at least 5.5% could be failing a course despite their actual capabilities.
Do newcomers with high political skill benefit more from the formal mentoring program?
Authors: Liu Jia , Yao Li , Cai Di , Liu Shengming 
Published: November 2022

PurposePrevious research on the factors influencing mentoring received has primarily focused on protégés' personalities and the similarity between protégés and mentors, whereas understanding on the role of protégés' skills is still limited. Drawing upon the social influence theory, this study investigated how newcomers' political skill influences newcomers' mentoring received and further affects newcomers' socialization outcomes (i.e. person-organization fit perception [P-O fit], performance proficiency and well-being).Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 255 newcomers at a large Chinese information and technology (IT) company using a three-wave, time-lagged design.FindingsThe authors found that newcomers' political skill positively predicted mentoring received, which in turn positively affected newcomers' socialization outcomes.Originality/valueThese findings indicate that political skill enables newcomers to exert social influence on organizational insiders to achieve desirable socialization outcomes, enlarging both the mentoring and political skill literature.
Is job autonomy really a blessing for empowering leadership–intrapreneurial behaviour nexus?: empirical evidence for situational strength theory
Authors: Alam Muhammad Zubair , Rafiq Muhammad , Rehman Sumaira , Nasir Sobia 
Published: November 2022

PurposeIn this study, the situation strength theory (SST) has been applied to assess the predictability of empowering leadership (EL) in explaining intrapreneurial behaviour (IB) under the strong situation effect of job autonomy (JA).Design/methodology/approachThe proposed theoretical framework was assessed using cross-sectional survey data from 237 engineers employed in Pakistan's automotive firms. Covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) was used to analyse the survey data.FindingsThe study's results revealed a positive relationship of EL with JA and IB. Drawing from the conceptualisation of SST, JA serves as an organisational strong situation by offering sufficient cues and significantly intensifies the relationship between EL and IB.Practical implicationsThe study contributes by establishing the requirement of strong organisational situations for nurturing IB in organisations. The study's outcomes are useful for academia, practitioners and industry to identify strong situations for employees' organisational behavioural outcomes like IB to dampen the personality impacts of employees on organisational processes. Hence, the study offered a major shift or an alternative in existing human resource practices, from personality assessments to creating cues from strong situations for fostering human behaviours. This will impact organisational human resource management scope during talent management, selection, promotion and employment.Originality/valueThe present study is novel from the IB investigation due to situational response in organisations, as assessed by employees. The study contributes towards SST by extending its epistemology to explain IB as an outcome of EL. The present study offers important empirical evidence for the role of the strong organisational situation of JA.
Towards a consumer social behavior theory for sharing economy: an integrated view
Authors: Abutaleb Soha , El-Bassiouny Noha , Hamed Sara 
Published: November 2022

PurposeThe current study is exploring factors affecting social and sharing behavioral intentions. The paper proposes a new theory, the consumer social behavior theory, which aids in understanding social behaviors. This is through the convergence of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and norm activation theory (NAT) to foster the understanding of sharing and social behaviors. Religiosity, as a cultural and psychological factor, along with five major predictors of sharing practices are also incorporated. These predictors are economic benefits, sustainability, enjoyment, trust and difficulties in sharing practices.Design/methodology/approachThe current study takes a new route through proposing a new theoretical contribution and developing a new theory termed consumer social behavior theory (CSBT) to be commonly used in social behavioral contexts.FindingsThe CSBT is an output of integrating two prominent theories in pro-social and pro-environmental contexts. It is found that integrating both theories help in thoroughly examining behavioral intentions. Religiosity is found to significantly impact intentions towards social behaviors, yet no study examined its role in sharing and social behaviors contexts.Originality/valueThis study is contributing to and enriching the sharing economy research domain through new theoretical developments. A theory adaptation for TPB and NAT was conducted to advance a thorough understanding of sharing and social behavioral intentions. This work is considered the first of its kind to develop an integrated view for sharing and social behaviors.
Interrupting the conversation: Donald MacKinnon, wartime tutor of Anscombe, Midgley, Murdoch and Foot
Authors: Mac Cumhaill Clare , Wiseman Rachael 
Published: November 2022

AbstractElizabeth Anscombe, Mary Midgley, Iris Murdoch and Philippa Foot all studied at Oxford University during the Second World War. One of their wartime tutors was Donald MacKinnon. This paper gives a broad overview of MacKinnon's philosophical outlook as it was developing at this time. Four talks from between 1938 and 1941—‘And the Son of Man That Thou Visiteth Him’ (1938), ‘What Is a Metaphysical Statement?’ (1940), ‘The Function of Philosophy in Education’ (1941) and ‘Revelation and Social Justice’ (1941)—give a foretaste of the conception of moral philosophy that he later articulated in A Study of Ethical Theory (1957). We identify aspects of his philosophical outlook and unusual treatment of method that likely shaped his teaching. We trace his influence in the work of Midgley, Murdoch and Foot, all of whom studied with him from Trinity Term 1940 until their finals in 1942. In the case of Anscombe, though she was briefly his student—he taught her Plato—she and MacKinnon moved in shared intellectual circles, and there is reason to think that some of the forces that shaped MacKinnon's outlook also shaped hers. The sketch we offer is incomplete—in particular, we are not able to do justice to MacKinnon's explicitly theological writings—but we hope to achieve three things. First, to go some way towards indicating the importance of the teacher MacKinnon to understanding the work of his better-known pupils. Second, to introduce a philosopher for whom the teaching of philosophy, practical ethics and metaphysical theory were deeply entwined. Third, to reflect on the relationship between, on the one hand, a conception of the practice and significance of metaphysics and, on the other, a view on the role and nature of philosophical teaching and learning.
The role of vocabulary components in second language learners' early reading comprehension
Authors: Röthlisberger Martina , Zangger Christoph , Juska‐Bacher Britta 
Published: November 2022

BackgroundIn countries with German as an official language, children with German as a second language perform overall worse in school than their German native speaking peers. This particularly affects written language skills, which require advanced language knowledge. The reasons are manifold, but one is prominent, namely poor vocabulary knowledge. Vocabulary, however, consists not only of the number of known words but also of a complex and hitherto under‐researched lexico‐semantic framework, which is referred to as vocabulary depth.MethodIn the present study, a sample of 373 children (322 German native speakers and 51 with German as a second language) was examined longitudinally in Grade 2 and 3 for their reading comprehension and vocabulary breadth and depth. Vocabulary depth was defined as relational and semantic word knowledge. Latent change score models on vocabulary breadth and depth development including reading precursor skills, non‐verbal intelligence and SES were conducted.ResultsThe children with German as a second language scored lower than the native German speakers in reading and vocabulary tests, with the difference in vocabulary depth being more pronounced than in vocabulary breadth. Importantly, the differences did not tend to diminish over time, which could have been expected. The differences in reading comprehension can be accounted for mainly by the variations in vocabulary, especially in vocabulary depth.ConclusionsThese findings emphasise the importance of including not only vocabulary breadth but also vocabulary depth in the context of reading research on children who do not speak the majority language.
Issues in calibrating models with multiple unbalanced constraints: the significance of systematic model and data errors
Authors: Cameron David , Hartig Florian , Minnuno Francesco , Oberpriller Johannes , Reineking Björn , Van Oijen Marcel , Dietze Michael 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Calibrating process‐based models using multiple constraints often improves the identifiability of model parameters, helps to avoid several errors compensating each other and produces model predictions that are more consistent with underlying processes. However, using multiple constraints can lead to predictions for some variables getting worse. This is particularly common when combining data sources with very different sample sizes. Such unbalanced model‐data fusion efforts are becoming increasingly common, for example when combining manual and automated measurements.

Here we use a series of simulated virtual data experiments that aim to demonstrate and disentangle the underlying cause of issues that can occur when calibrating models with multiple unbalanced constraints in combination with systematic errors in models and data. We propose a diagnostic tool to help identify whether a calibration is failing due to these factors. We also test the utility of adding terms representing uncertainty in systematic model/data systematic error in calibrations.

We show that unbalanced data by itself is not the problem—when fitting simulated data to the ‘true’ model, we can correctly recover model parameters and the true dynamics of latent variables. However, when there are systematic errors in the model or the data, we cannot recover the correct parameters. Consequently, the modelled dynamics of the low data volume variables departs significantly from the true values. We demonstrate the utility of the diagnostic tool and show that it can also be used to identify the extent of the imbalance before the calibration starts to ignore the more sparse data. Finally, we show that representing uncertainty in model structural errors and data biases in the calibration can greatly improve the model fit to low‐volume data, and improve coverage of uncertainty estimates.

We conclude that the underlying issue is not one of sample size or information content per se, despite the popularity of ad hoc approaches that focus on ‘weighting’ datasets to achieve balance. Our results emphasize the importance of considering model structural deficiencies and data systematic biases in the calibration of process‐based models.