bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated System Modelling and Its Applications on Unconventional Wellpad Design Planning
Authors: Nguyen Thao , Anandhan Muthu 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper aims to describe the capabilities of an end to end, fully integrated system model and the potential opportunities for its application. This integrated system modelling approach can be applied not only to unconventionals, but any value stream, including onshore, offshore, and conventional wells. The ultimate goal of this approach is to drive business decisions through systems modelling that are strongly anchored on historic data and knowledge.
When considering procuring oil and gas in any discipline, extensive planning must take place to achieve maximum value. Within unconventionals, the type of planning involved for drilling, completions, and production vary greatly from one another, but are inexplicably interconnected. For example, the effect of a design change made within completions on the other sub-functions are not fully clear. The desire for fully connected and streamlined operations within each sub-function necessitated full transparency of KPI's (Key Performance Indicators) and mutually agreed upon value drivers for the businesses. This incentivized the development of the integrated system model, abbreviated ISM.
The ISM presents a holistic view of the impacts that a well manufacturing design change makes on financial metrics such as FCF (Free Cash Flow) and VIR (Value Investment Ratio). Through the integration of CAPEX, production and economic models, the ISM provides a platform for the front-end working team to quickly assess the end-to-end impact of changing drilling or completions design parameters. The ISM contains detailed drilling, completions, and production models to perform design studies within each of these sub-functions. At any point during the design study an engineer can look at the impact of the design choice they made within one of these sub-functions on to the higher-level business operational/financial metrics (time to first oil, time on online, free cashflow, etc.) It also takes a reference type curve as an input for the selected basin and scales it for different design options. The ISM simulates the cycle time, critical path, capital spend and supply chain for the given design. The ISM also has an economics module where the financial metrics are estimated.
The integrated system model has delivered tangible monetary value to the businesses through identification of optimal design choices with high confidence while maximizing three-year free cash flow. The tool has uncovered additional possibilities of increasing the well's production through design exercises such as unchoking wells, further frac spacing/lateral length optimization, etc. The ISM has delivered these tangible values at a fraction of the time that would take multiple full-time employees to do. Additionally, the ISM has improved team efficiency by integrating across multiple silos and provides a standardized platform for exploring quantifiable future ideas.
Determining Ceramic Sand Screen Operational Envelop and Service Lifetime Prediction Model
Authors: Barth Peter , Zimmermann-Ptacek Johanna , Saeby Jan , Hicking Steven , Xu Hui , La Pointe Michael , Kamsvag Trygve , Brysch Jessica M. , Gutierrez Luis Gerardo , Jackson Richard Steven , Gundemoni Bhargava Ram , Danielsen Trond Helge 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Downhole sand control selection plays a vital role in sand free production optimization over the well lifecycle. Design and selection criteria to assess the optimum sand control methodology requires consideration of many inputs to assess the sand control service life. A qualified sand control method, offering high erosion resistance is critical to enhance service life, especially in cases where small particles may be entrained in the produced fluids at high velocity. An integrated approach considering advances in filter media material, allow integration of ceramic components, to redefine operating envelope of sand control screen.
In the process of designing and selecting a suitable sand control method for a high-rate gas well application in Norway, ceramic sand screens were considered as a possible solution to manage the high erosion loading expected during production.
To estimate the operational limits for stand-alone ceramic sand screens, a series of erosion tests were conducted by a third party research and testing agency defined by the operator to evaluate the erosion behavior of the ceramic filter element. As indicator for erosion the filtration cut point (FCP) of the ceramic filter element was used. The testing allowed the operating envelope of the ceramic screens to be defined in terms of FCP and erosion load. For a specific increase in FCP value the operational limits for a stand-alone ceramic sand screen can estimated. This methodology was then applied to a specific field application to predict ceramic sand screen lifetime for the expected production profile.
This paper presents the results of the study, using CFD simulations and, independent industry testing methodology to investigate the suitability and expected service life for stand-alone ceramic sand screen. Understanding the operational erosion risk profiling enables the operator to apply an erosional resistant stand-alone screen approach offering reducing planning, deployment complexity, lower HS&E risk and increased flexibility in optimising the wells production envelope.
Rapid Gas Decompression RGD and Sealing Performance of Elastomer Seals in Oil and Gas Field
Authors: Chen Xuming , Cheng Hoi Ling , von Hacht Marius , Salem Hamid A. , Zonoz Ray H. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between rapid gas decompression (RGD) damage and sealing performance of elastomer seals in simulated well conditions; hence, develop useful advice for dealing with the impact of RGD damage on sealing performance. The goal is to obtain an improved seal validation program. Radially energized rounded-face nonextrusion elastomer seals (or S-seals) and metal endcap seals (MEC seals) fabricated from nonRGD-resistant grades of elastomers were used for this study. The RGD damage to elastomer seals made from hydrogenated nitrile-butadiene rubber (HNBR) materials for wellheads, Christmas trees, and frac tree applications were investigated according to ISO 23936-2, NORSOK M-710, and API 6A Annex F PR2 test procedures. The in-situ sealing performance was evaluated after the RGD exposure to determine the relationship between RGD damage and sealing performance. The test results revealed that the S-seals showed significant RGD damage. The RGD ratings were found to be similar to standard RGD test results based on NORSOK M-710 for the same elastomer. It is noteworthy that all of the seals could still hold pressure in sealing pressure validation tests at both room temperature and 100°C, even though the RGD damage to the seals was significant. These results revealed that the conventionally acceptable criteria based on ISO 23936-2 and NORSOKM-710 are not suitable for the pressure validation test of an actual seal. As for the RGD question during API 6A Annex F PR2 test, the MEC seals also showed extensive RGD damage, which only affected the PR2 test performance significantly at lower temperature, further demonstrating that the sealability of seals is heavily influenced by test conditions such as test temperature. In conclusion, the RGD rating acceptance criteria per ISO 23936-2 and NORSOK M-710 is not representative of the application of a seal.
Applied Methodology as a Model Based Digital Solution for Analysis of Brownfield Decommissioning Alternatives
Authors: Basilio Leandro Pereira , Machado Priscilla Badega , de Sousa Débora Calaza , de Castro Rafael Vinicius , Juliano Diego Russo , Andreotti Marcelo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
As an offshore asset approaches its designed life, and hydrocarbon production tends to decrease to a non-economic level, the operators have two options: extend the field's life or decommissioning.
Decommissioning is the removal or abandonment of the field's assets. The process is complex and can be divided into five main pillars: wells’ plugging and abandonment, subsea structure decommissioning, umbilical/risers/flowlines decommissioning, topside removal, and jacket/hull decommissioning. The processes and alternatives depend on the field's characteristics, such as water depth, distance to coast, the weight of subsea equipment, wells’ history and condition, type of hull, as well as local legislation. All these nuances require comprehension regarding the decommissioning processes to target the most cost- effective alternative.
Decommissioning is a costly process. It is necessary to understand the whole development, calculate time for each step and map the daily rate of the infrastructures (boats and equipment) required to estimate the cost by its availability. Depending on the equipment's integrity assessment, the field's life extension can be feasible and should be considered a viable alternative. Based on that, the development of an integrated model based computational system can help abstract the enormous complexity faced in real life, allowing operators to choose the most economically attractive option for a brownfield.
This study aims to propose a methodology developed as a digital solution for analyzing alternatives of decommissioning based on user's input. The methodology consists of gathering the possibilities for decommissioning or life extension, applied to each of the main pillars. Based on the results, it is expected that the present work will deliver an important contribution to the industry regarding the adoption of integrated design practices for the technical and economic analysis of brownfields.
Numerical Assessment of Mechanical Behavior of Mooring Lines Using Hybrid Synthetic Fiber-Rope Segments
Authors: Da Cruz Daniel Magalhães , Guilherme Carlos Eduardo Marcos , Stumpf Felipe Tempel , Bastos Milton Briguet 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The continuous evolution of the offshore business has created demands associated with new types of installations and in increasingly deeper waters. Mooring systems made from synthetic fiber ropes, and in particular the materials used in these systems, have evolved to meet these demands. However, a single type of fiber may be insufficient to anticipate the best performance (cost/benefit). In this work, the mechanical behavior of hybrid lines composed of segments of different polymeric fiber is studied. For this, experimental data of multifilaments are used for each of the materials, and for hybrid specimens in different proportions. Numerical simulation of mechanical behavior of hybrid mooring system are carried out based on viscoelastic theory.
As a result, the behavior of the experimental test is checked against numerical simulation results, that validates the proposed model. Furthermore, a fundamental part of the result is integrated with the idea of optimizing the mooring systems, where it is possible to work with rope segments proportions for the hybrid mooring system, reducing the lifetime Total Cost of Ownweship, but without compromising the structural integrity or floating structure offset. From a practical point of view, it is extremely promising, as this optimization of the proposed mooring system, using a series of rope segments made of different fibrous materials, can, from a maximum allowable horizontal displacement, determine the sequence and proportion of rope segments employed, decreasing the rope manufacturing and/or installation costs.
Factors Controlling the Flow and Connectivity in Fracture Networks in Naturally Fractured Formations
Authors: Cao Meng , Sharma Mukul M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The productivity and injectivity of hydraulically fractured geothermal wells in naturally fractured formations depends on the connectivity of fracture networks created by the interaction of hydraulic fractures with natural fractures. The primary objectives of this paper are (a) to determine the factors that control the connectivity of fracture networks bounded by wells, (b) propose ways in which the flow capacity and fracture connectivity can be improved by changes to the hydraulic fracture design.
A fully 3-D hydraulic fracturing simulator has been developed that considers the interaction of hydraulic fractures with natural fractures by solving for the stresses, fluid flow, fracture growth and intersection. An efficient and practical algorithm is developed to automatically detect and quantify the connectivity of the propagated fracture networks. These propagated fractures, which include hydraulic fractures and reactivated natural fractures, are divided into backbone, dead-end, and isolated fractures. Different well patterns that aim to maximize the connectivity of the injector to the producer (maximize the area of the backbone fractures) are simulated. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to investigate the effect of various parameters on the connectivity of wells through fractures. An optimal well pattern is suggested to maximize the connected fracture area that provides a conductive path for heat extraction from naturally fractured geothermal reservoirs. Our results show that the connectivity of fracture networks is dramatically impacted by the degree of deflection, crossing, and merging of hydraulic fractures with natural fractures.
The detailed parametric study based on the fracture-type-detection algorithm helps us better understand the factors that influence the geometry of fracture networks and guides us in hydraulic fracture design and well spacing optimization in naturally fractured geothermal reservoirs.
The Digital Twin: Optimizing the System Design from the First Draft to the Cloud
Authors: Kubacki Markus , Pedro Duarte da Silva Joao , Placido Neto Amadeu 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In order to realize the benefits of the digitalization and automation of production and processing systems, users first need to increase the level of integration, controllability and monitoring capabilities of each component applied. Therefore, digital twins turn out to be a highly important asset not only for designing greenfield applications, but also for improving brownfield machines. Up to now, digital twins were barely implemented to their full potential throughout the design, integration, and operation phases of production and processing equipment.
Based on the experiences gained during the development of a subsea valve actuator, this paper highlights the importance of the digital twin to speed up the engineering and qualification of an innovative mechatronic system, reducing not only the time to market, but also increasing quality and allowing a fast reaction to the experience of the users.
As a perspective, the paper shows how an accurate digital twin is a key to successful integration of a new component into complex machines. This includes the entire product lifecycle, from the conceptual work of a system and its virtual commissioning up to remote cloud-based monitoring systems.
This paper finishes with an overview of some of the challenges which need to be resolved by the cooperation among different players in order to allow a wide and deep application of Digital Twin in the energy sector industry.
1-Click Automatic Well Design Using Integrated Cloud Software
Authors: Hassan Mohamed Ali , Strand Jim 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWell Construction Automation is gradually becoming more prominent in oil & gas industry. It encompasses the application of digital technology in all aspects of well drilling and completion (i.e., automatic well design, digitalization of downhole tools & surface equipment, remote monitoring, real time data transmission, and robotic rig systems). This paper presents a new workflow of Automatic Well Design, at a mere click of a computer mouse, using integrated cloud software.A software tool, named WellDesign, is used to demonstrate Automatic Well Design workflow. It utilizes networks and cloud computers for data storage and collaboration and offers a set of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), enabling full automation, where whole or parts of the software can be operated by other computers. The software can be accessed via any modern web browser across all kinds of computers and any other smart devices (tablets, phones).Two automatic design workflows shall be illustrated in detail:Automatic Well Trajectories Automatic Casing Design
Evacuation Procedure Modeling and Optimization for Offshore Structures
Authors: Dillon-Gibbons Craig , Kilner Andrew , Thurumella Hemant , Carra Chris , Ryan Victoria 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Disconnectable FPSOs are important systems employed by operators in regions that are subject to hurricanes and cyclones. A key to the successful disconnect of the mooring and riser systems is a robust evacuation procedure. To this end, this paper presents an evacuation procedure developed for an FPSO with a disconnectable internal turret mooring system. The advantage of the developed evacuation procedure is that by combining the forecast site wind and wave data, the analysis showed an increase in the number of times the facility could evacuate safely and, at the same time, provided increased uptime.
To test the evacuation procedure, an evacuation procedure modeling tool was developed that evaluated the procedure using historical hurricane/cyclone information such as the track position, forward speed, wind speed and wind radius, as well as 60 hour site wind and wave forecast data. Evaluated storms ranged from major cyclones to tropical storms that developed close to the offshore location of interest. The program performed evaluations from initial formation of the weather system through to the disconnect and sail away of the FPSO. An evacuation disconnect was deemed successful if all required evacuation procedures took place within the designated time constraints, as well as the disconnect operation occurring within wind and wave height limitations. Furthermore, the overall evacuation was considered successful if the FSPO was subsequently able to sail out of the hurricane path and not experience wind conditions of greater than 34 knots.
The tool was used to assess an example evacuation procedure for a disconnectable FPSO facility at 3 locations in the GOM and develop an understanding of the critical operations in the procedure and where optimizations could be made. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to understand the impact of changes in disconnect duration, vessel sailing speed, the disconnect and reconnect limits. Additionally, an assessment was conducted to understand the typical duration that the field would be shut-in when a disconnect was completed, and thereby understand how long it took for the FPSO to return to site and recommence normal operations.
Nozzle Check Valve for Subsea Application
Authors: Gupta Abhineet , G V Praveen , Shirras Holly , Kaars-Sijpesteijn Nicholas , Kamdar Prashant 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Check valves are critical to the safe and efficient operation of many facilities. By using field data and various analysis techniques, check valve designs can be optimized to provide maintenance-free operation in addition to low-pressure loss and fast-dynamic performance.
Success in onshore applications provided an opportunity to repurpose highly reliable check valve technology for offshore use. The design was modified by scaling to suit the application, reducing the number of components, reducing sources of component wear, using iterative analysis techniques, such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to reduce the pressure loss, and focusing on proper sizing to ensure optimal performance during operation, such as providing an accurate evaluation of opening/closing forces.
Common field issues such as worsening seat leakage rates and inconsistent performance are generally caused by the constant movement of components within a check valve during normal operation, which causes wear and ultimately failure. It is critical to have accurate fluid flow information and size the check valve accordingly. To avoid these common field issues, check valve designs should be selected to ensure no unnecessary movement of internal components during normal operation. With proper attention to detail, check valves can be designed to eliminate field issues while also providing lower pressure loss characteristics and fast-dynamic response.
This paper presents field data from existing applications of the technology, performance data from the analytical methods, and field data from the temporary application in the offshore/subsea industry. This paper also discusses a reliable alternative to ball check valves, which are commonly used in the subsea industry. It provides a better understanding of the check valve design and how specific design details influence performance and reliability.
Forward Simulation and Backward Calibration on Fracture Morphology in Shale Formation Based on Finite Element Method and Ensemble Method
Authors: Zhang Ruxin , Shan Qinglin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a workflow is proposed to investigate fracture morphology in shale formations, integrating two parts: forward simulation and backward calibration. Uncertainty in the forward simulation should be quantified by backward calibration, in order to get the efficient simulation results.
The workflow is based on the combination of finite element method and ensemble method. Finite element method is used to establish a forward simulation to study fracture initiation and propagation under the effect of natural fracture. Ensemble method is adopted in the backward calibration process, in order to quantify the uncertain parameters, such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, damage factor of cracks, and horizontal stress contrast, based on injection treatment pressure. Moreover, before the backward calibration, sensitivity analysis is conducted for each type of data misfit to find the most influential parameters.
The simulation results indicate that induced hydraulic fractures prefer to propagate along the maximum horizontal stress, forming a bi-wing fracture. Under the effect of natural fractures, two different propagation behaviors, diversion and cross, could be observed, resulting in a tortuous fracture geometry in the shale formation. Sensitivity analysis claims that Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and damage factor of cracks are the three main influential parameters for the forward simulation. A set of ensemble models are established based on above three parameters as initial state for the data assimilation algorithm. The injection treatment pressure are matched well after model calibration by ensemble method.
The highlights of this workflow: 1) the interaction between induced fractures and natural fractures is involved, resulting in a torturous fracture morphology; 2) model calibration is conducted to reduce and quantify uncertainty; 3) The calibrated fracture model could be used to do production prediction. This workflow provides the theoretical basis for fracture initiation and propagation, but also generates the more reliable fracture morphology for further research.