bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative evaluation of root fracture resistance using different root canal sealers
Authors: Chaudhari Wasifoddin A. , Bhadrarao Vundavalli V. , Jani Karna , Mohani Sana , Vairagare Swapneel , Kulkarni Tarani 
Published: August 2022

Background : Fracture resistance is a mechanical property that describes the resistance of brittle materials to the catastrophic propagation of flaws under an applied load. Therefore any material that can compensate for this weakening effect could be useful. Thus to reinforce the instrumented teeth against fracture; sealers are used in conjugation with a core filling material. Material and Methods: One hundred and twenty extracted caries-free and visually assessed fracture-free, human single rooted mandibular premolar teeth were selected for the study. The prepared teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups and two control group of 20 teeth each. One control group of 20 teeth where access opened and left unistrumented and unobturated.Group- I: Teeth obturated with gutta percha and epoxy resin based sealer;Group- II: Teeth obturated with polymer based core and methacrylate based Sealer;Group- III: Teeth obturated with gutta percha and calcium silicate based sealer. ;Group IV: Teeth obturated with gutta percha and zinc oxide eugenol based sealer.;Group V: Teeth instrumented and obturated with gutta percha without use of sealer (Positive control).;Group VI – Teeth with no instrumentation or obturation (Negative control).
Correlation of COPD and Metabolic syndrome and role of serum CRP level as a marker of systemic inflammation
Authors: Meher Bhanjan Kumar , Meher Sasmita , Patra Gopabandhu , Dhone Pravin G. , Rai Neeta 
Published: August 2022

Introduction: -Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has effects that seems to be related with systemic inflammation. The objective of the current study was to find the relationship of metabolic syndrome and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, as a marker of systemic inflammation in stable COPD patients with different severity levels and in age and sex matched control group .Materials and Methods:-100 stable COPD patients and 50 control subjects were included in the study. The severity level in patients with COPD were determined according to GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) criteria. ATP III (The National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III) was used in diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Hs-CRP levels were measured in venous samples of patients and control subjects. Results: - The frequency of metabolic syndrome was found higher in-patient group than control subjects, especially in GOLD stages I, II (p= 0.004). Abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycaemia components of metabolic syndrome were significantly more prevalent in-patient group (p< 0.0001). Increased CRP levels were higher in control and patient groups in all GOLD stages, with metabolic syndrome than without metabolic syndrome (p= 0.046, p= 0.216, p< 0.001, p= 0.05, p= 0.466).
The Legal Character of Due Diligence: Standards, Obligations or Both?
Authors: Samuel Katja L.H. 
Published: August 2022

The Legal Character of Due Diligence: Standards, Obligations or Both?
The concept of due diligence and its associated legal principles and obligations are of increasing significance in the global arena. Yet its definition, parameters and potential reach are often not clearly identified or understood. Notably, there can be a tendency, including by academics, courts and tribunals, to conflate due diligence standards with corresponding obligations, partly attributable to unclear and fluid definitional contours.Attaining increased clarity between what is merely influential and what is formally binding is important since different legal consequences can ensue in the event of their breach. Whereas no formal consequences will accompany non-compliance with a non-legally binding standard, the breach of a primary rule or obligation can trigger international responsibility as articulated in the International Law Commission (ILC) Articles on State Responsibility 2001.Specifically, the article examines whether due diligence constitutes a non-binding interpretative standard for other obligations and/or creates its own binding obligations; the contexts in which standards and obligations tend to exist; and the associated normative parameters of these findings. These issues are examined in legal contexts where due diligence is most developed – diplomatic law, the protection of aliens, international environmental law, law of the sea and international human rights law – although its findings are of wider significance. An overarching aim is to develop a generically applicable framework of global relevance on this important but largely under-researched issue. As such, it is expected to have significant impact potential.
MFN in BITs: The Deconstruction of State Consent to Dispute Settlement?
Authors: Pecoraro Alberto 
Published: August 2022

MFN in BITs: The Deconstruction of State Consent to Dispute Settlement?
In international law, all tribunals, whether arbitral or judicial, are of attributed jurisdiction. The attribution of this jurisdiction is based on state consent and is limited by the terms thereof. Yet the rigours of state consent to investment dispute settlement have been eroded through the broad interpretation of most favoured nation clauses (or MFN clauses) by investment tribunals. The question addressed by the present article is whether an investment treaty’s MFN clause may be used to alter the terms of state consent to international arbitration by incorporating a more favourable dispute settlement clause contained in a third treaty. Its conclusion is that where an MFN clause merely refers to “treatment” and “all matters”, an investor cannot rely thereon in order to avoid the conditions attached by a state to its standing offer to arbitrate. In any way, MFN clauses encompass treatment accorded within a contracting party’s territory, and, by definition, international arbitration lies outside of a state’s territory and control.
Differences in Application of Proportionality Test by the Russian Constitutional Court and European Court of Human Rights in the Konstantin Markin Case
Authors: Ziyadov Nazim 
Published: August 2022

Differences in Application of Proportionality Test by the Russian Constitutional Court and European Court of Human Rights in the Konstantin Markin Case
The first critical case that created serious tensions between the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Russian Constitutional Court was Konstantin Markin v Russia, which by its nature was “non-political”. In Markin, the ECtHR openly criticized the Constitutional Court’s reasoning for the first time during this country’s interactions with the ECtHR. The main issue at stake in Markin was whether the Russian laws providing parental leave rights to mothers serving in the military were discriminatory in regard to male military fathers who did not enjoy identical rights. Both courts were required to evaluate whether the different treatment and limitations of a human right were allowed on the basis of the argument that the defence and security of the country as a public interest was at stake. The ECtHR found this practice to be discriminatory. By contrast, the Constitutional Court, in its earlier decision of 2009, had declared the application of Markin inadmissible. Accordingly, the Constitutional Court deemed the Russian legislation that was at issue to be non-discriminatory. The ECtHR selected the proportionality test for its evaluation of the limitations imposed on Markin. The Constitutional Court, in its turn, did not use any of the tests that are considered to be possible alternatives to the proportionality test. It started to apply the proportionality test, which is widely used in constitutional adjudication, but the test was not fully applied. No balancing between the private interests of a minority representative and a public interest to be protected by the imposition of such a limitation was performed. The overall objective of this article is to attempt to answer the two following research questions: were the starting grounds used for legal analysis applied with respect to the Markin case by the two courts comparable, and were the judicial reasoning techniques used by the Constitutional Court in line with the minimal standards applicable to the interpretation of human rights law?
Theoretical Background and Legislative Framework for Implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in Kazakhstan
Authors: Shangirbayeva Beibit 
Published: August 2022

Theoretical Background and Legislative Framework for Implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in Kazakhstan
This article aims to explore the theoretical background and legislative framework for the implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in Kazakhstan. The author discusses monistic and dualistic approaches to correlations of international law with national law to clarify the policy of Kazakhstan towards international human rights treaties, in general, and the ICCPR, in particular. Kazakhstan is seen by the researcher as a country that has adopted policy that lies between monism and a moderate dualism. The amendments to the Constitution of March 2017 reflect the country’s position on the issue. In Kazakhstan, expression of consent to be a party to an international treaty usually requires parliamentary approval authorizing the president to ratify an international agreement. By analysing the national law of Kazakhstan, the author has found that the ICCPR is placed above domestic law, but below the Constitution of the State and that the provisions of the ICCPR have supremacy over national legislation, but not over the Constitution of the Republic. This article discusses the problems of incorporation into and applicability of international treaties in domestic law. The researcher doubts that all ICCPR provisions are directly applicable at the domestic level and that this impedes the viability of the instrument. The article raises questions of interpretation of the ICCPR provisions in Kazakhstan and the impact of the ICCPR on the Kazakh judiciary. Studying all these issues is helpful in explaining the legal conditions for implementation of the ICCPR in Kazakhstan as the instrument that will ultimately have an impact on people’s lives. In the case of Kazakhstan, one may observe that implementation of the ICCPR provisions transforms per se the domestic law of Kazakhstan.
Legal Instruments of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: A Case of Missed Opportunities?
Authors: Tsybulenko Evhen , Platonova Anastassiya 
Published: August 2022

Legal Instruments of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: A Case of Missed Opportunities?
Since its creation in 2001, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) has not produced legal instruments that could have a significant impact on the legal environment in the region, although its organisational goals call for such action. This chapter will explore the following hypothesis: the SCO is in a good position to propose treaties that will benefit the development of Asian region and strengthen ties between states, and doing so would satisfy its organisational goals. First, it will be established whether the SCO indeed has enough influence over its member states and provides, or is capable of providing, tools for international law making. Thereafter, common needs of the region will be highlighted, and those needs will be matched against the SCO’s goals, in order to establish which needs the SCO should address, such as drug trafficking and weapon trafficking, energy partnership, information exchange related to the threat of terrorism, a rational regime for using natural resources and a support system in case of natural disasters. Selected issues will be examined separately, and components to be addressed by hypothetical legislation will be identified. The chapter will conclude by answering or reiterating why the SCO, as an international organisation, is not yet as effective as it could be.
Central Asian States’ Compliance with International Refugee and Human Rights Law
Authors: Azhigulova Khalida 
Published: August 2022

Central Asian States’ Compliance with International Refugee and Human Rights Law
Both China and Central Asian states are parties to the major international human rights instruments that demand protection of the human rights of ethnic and religious minorities as well as protection of refugees from persecution based on their ethnicity and religious and political views. This chapter explores how Central Asian states have been balancing their international human rights obligations towards Chinese Uyghur asylum seekers and their regional obligations under the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) to fight against terrorism, extremism and separatism. The author finds that Central Asian states have continuously treated Chinese asylum seekers as a political matter and have given preference to their regional commitments towards China over their international human rights obligations, which has resulted in the absence of any real protection for Chinese asylum seekers in the region. This chapter argues that while Central Asian states may see compliance with human rights obligations to be politically inconvenient, only due compliance with international refugee and human rights law in good faith will benefit these states in the long run. In particular, a strictly legal approach to Chinese asylum seekers will help Central Asian states assert their sovereign equality and independence within the SCO and balance out China’s growing influence on their domestic policy.
Olivier Beauvallet (ed.), Dictionnaire encyclopédique de la justice pénale internationale (Berger-Levrault, 2017), 1052 pp.
Authors: Atadjanov Rustam B. 
Published: August 2022

Olivier Beauvallet (ed.), Dictionnaire encyclopédique de la justice pénale internationale (Berger-Levrault, 2017), 1052 pp.
A good encyclopedic dictionary aims at offering a complete description of the topic, with a choice of entries arranged alphabetically and selected to convey a range of knowledge. The “Dictionnaire encyclopédique” under this review deals with international criminal justice and lays out fundamental elements of the modern system of international criminal justice as well as the underlying theory and present practice. The review explains the coverage, purposes, language aspects, and substantive elements of the entries in the dictionary citing several selected examples out of those entries. It also points out some of the missing elements in the dictionary’s content which, if included, could have only benefited the already very well written and edited volume. The main conclusion of the review is that the “Dictionnaire encyclopédique de la justice pénale internationale” represents a comprehensive, easy-to-navigate and mostly up-to-date collection of 250 brief encyclopedic articles which is strongly recommended as a reference tool for legal specialists, jurists, and students.
Justice caught between being and having
Authors: Garapon Antoine 
Published: August 2022

Justice caught between being and having
This article proposes a new philosophical framework for restorative justice: restorative justice is concerned with being, whereas conventional justice is implicitly focused on having. I will take two examples to illustrate that this quest for new forms of justice is more focused on being than on measures and on equivalences: mass atrocities on the one hand, and widespread sexual violence on the other (committed either within the Catholic Church, or in society in general that provoked strong reactions as shown recently by the #MeToo movement). These two situations seem very different from one another, but they reveal common features. In both examples, the aim of justice is to re-establish the individual and the political into their being. Massacres and rape have long existed, but there were traditional healing processes and an usnchallenged patriarchal order. Liberal societies decided to do without the consoling role of religion (that still exist but emigrated in privacy), and to contest violence even in the intimacy of societies such as patriarchal order. This explains why courts pay an increasing and overall transformed role in our democracies: they became an instance for recognition and not only of arbitration on rights. Justice plays a more central role because it deals with the symbolic efficacy of meaning, the fact that we are affected by our common values in a shared understanding of life. The function of justice is neither to solve problems nor to provide care for individuals, but to re-enact the reasons why we go on living together and to eventually modify them for a better future.
ANALISIS SPASIAL PERUBAHAN TUTUPAN LAHAN TAHUN 1998 DAN TAHUN 2018 DI DESA TANATORO KABUPATEN SIDENRENG RAPPANG
Authors: Asra Reza 
Published: August 2022

Perubahan penutupan dan penggunaan lahan adalah salah satu langkah dalam mengontrol lingkungan dan ekosistem yang didalamnya termasuk aktivitas manusia. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mendeteksi perubahan tutupan lahan tahun 1998 dan tahun 2018 dengan menggunakan data penginderaan jauh dan sistem informasi geografis (GIS). Citra satelit yang digunakan yaitu citra Landsat 5 untuk tahun 1998 dan citra Landsat 8 untuk tahun 2018. Untuk pembagian kelas klasifikasi dibuat berdasarkan kondisi (data) penutupan lahan sebenarnya di lapangan dan dibatasi menurut kebutuhan pengklasifikasian. Untuk mendapatkan hasil klasifikasi yang baik, peta penutupan lahan tahun 2018 dilakukan pengujian akurasi (accuracy assessment). Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis menggunakan analisis spasial menggunakan GIS (Geographic Information System) dengan metode overlay. Output analisis spasial dan data yang diperoleh perubahan penutupan lahan tahun 1998 dan tahun 2019. Pada rentang waktu 20 tahun yakni pada tahun 1998 sampai pada tahun 2018 terjadi penurunan atau pengurangan luas sebesar 1.062,33 ha (7,05%) pada hutan primer sedangkan hutan lahan sekunder mengalami peningkatan luas sebesar 609,62 ha (4,04%), peningkatan luas juga terjadi pada pertanian lahan kering campuran sebesar 275,7 ha (1,83%), semak belukar bertambah luas sebesar 45,4 ha (0,3%) dan tanah terbuka bertambah luasan sebesar 131,61 ha (0,87%).
UJI ADAPTASI DAN ANALISIS MOLEKULER BEBERAPA MUTAN JAGUNG TERHADAP KEKERINGAN
Authors: Nurnawati Andi Ayu , BDR Muh. Farid , Musa Yunus 
Published: August 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui genotipe mutan jagung yang berkerabat paling jauh dengan induknya serta mendapatkan genotipe jagung yang adaptif dan toleran terhadap kekeringan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli - November 2014 di Laboratorium Biologi Molekuler Balitsereal Maros dan lahan di Desa Bontosunggu Kecamatan Galesong Utara Kabupaten Takalar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode isolasi DNA marka SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats) terhadap 14 genotipe jagung dan uji adaptasi di lahan kering menggunakan Rancangan Petak Terpisah dalam 3 ulangan dengan petak utama perlakuan pengairan yang terdiri atas tanpa pengairan dengan pengairan normal. Anak petak yaitu perlakuan genotipe dengan tingkat ketersediaan air (KA) yang berbeda-beda pada penelitian sebelumnya diantaranya Bisma 100 Gy KA 60%, Bisma 100 Gy KA 80%, Bisma 100 Gy KA 100%, Bisma 200 Gy KA 60%, Bisma 200 Gy KA 80%), Bisma 200 Gy KA 100%, Lamuru 100 Gy KA 60%, Lamuru 100 Gy KA 80%, Lamuru 100 Gy KA 100%, Lamuru 200 Gy KA 60%, Lamuru 200 Gy KA 80%, Lamuru 200 Gy KA 100%, Bisma tanpa iradiasi, dan Lamuru tanpa iradiasi. Hasil penelitian di laboratorium menunjukkan bahwa 34 – 91 % polimorfisme dalam suatu populasi dimana genotipe Bisma 100 Gy dan Bisma 200 Gy yang sebelumnya ditanam pada kondisi KA masing-masing 100%, genotipe Lamuru 100 Gy dan Lamuru 200 Gy yang sebelumnya ditanam pada KA masing-masing 60%, serta genotipe Lamuru 200 Gy yang sebelumnya ditanam pada KA 80% mempunyai kekerabatan paling jauh dengan induknya. Uji adaptasi di lapangan memperlihatkan hasil bahwa genotipe berasal dari Bisma 200 Gy yang dianggap toleran terhadap kekeringan dengan nilai tertinggi pada berbagai komponen parameter pengamatan di lapangan. Parameter pengamatan tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, bobot tongkol kupasan basah, jumlah biji per baris, dan diameter tongkol merupakan karakter yang dapat dipakai sebagai tolok ukur ketahanan terhadap cekaman kekeringan
RESPON PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN SELADA (Lactuca sativa L.) PADA BERBAGAI KOMBINASI MEDIA TANAM DAN PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH AIR TAHU
Authors: R. Asmuliani , Megasari Ria 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh berbagai kombinasi media tanam terhadap pertumbuhan selada, untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemanfaatan limbah air tahu terhadap pertumbuhan selada, dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh interaksi antara berbagai kombinasi media tanam dengan pemanfaatan limbah air tahu terhadap pertumbuhan selada. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Petak Terpisah (RPT). Faktor pertama sebagai petak utama adalah media tanam yang terdiri dari 4 taraf yaitu tanah + pupuk kandang + arang sekam (M1) ; tanah + pupuk kandang + serbuk gergaji (M2) ; tanah + pupuk kandang + cocopeat (M3) ; dan tanah + pupuk kandang + pasir (M4). Faktor kedua sebagai anak petak adalah limbah air tahu yang terdiri dari tiga taraf yaitu 0% (T0) ; 50% (T1) ; dan 100% (T2). Setiap perlakuan diulang 4 kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa perlakuan M3 dan memberikan hasil terbaik pada tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, dan berat segar, dan M4 memberikan hasil terbaik pada luas daun. Perlakuan T2 memberikan hasil terbaik pada tinggi tanaman, berat segar dan luas daun, T0 memberikan hasil terbaik pada jumlah daun. Tidak terjadi interaksi antara media tanam dengan limbah air tahu.
Kata Kunci : Limbah Air Tahu, Media Tanam, Selada

ASTRACT
The research aims at finding the effect of a number of growing medium combinations and the utilization of liquid waste of tofu on the growth the lettuce plants and understanding the influence of interaction among several combinations of growing mediums with the liquid waste of tofu to the growth of lettuce plants. The research employs the split-plot design (RPT). The first factor as the main plot is the growing medium consisting of four combinations of soils + manure + husk charcoal (M1) ; soil + manure + sawdust (M2) ; soil + manure + cocopeat (M3) ; and soil + manure + sand (M4). The second factor as the subplot is the liquid waste of tofu consisting of three combinations of 0% (T0) ; 50% (T1) ; dan 100% (T2). Every treatment is repeated four times. The findings of the research indicate that the M3 gives the best result to the height of the plants, the number of leaves, and the fresh weight, and the M4 gives the best result to width of the leaves. The T2 treatment gives the best result to the height of the plants, fresh weight, and the width of the leaves. The T0 gives the best result to the number of leaves. There is no interaction between the growing medium and the liquid waste of tofu.
Keywords : liquid waste of tofu, growing medium, lettuce.