bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
acoustical investigation of Danish intonation: preliminary results
Authors: Thorsen Nina 
Published: October 2022

The relationship between linguistic stress and fundamental frequency in short declarative sentences and the intonation contours of short declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, and non-terminal clauses in Advanced Standard Copenhagen Danish are investigated. A tentative model for Fo patterns and -contours in such short simple (i.e. non-compound) sentences is proposed. The model predicts the following (which is to a large extent confirmed by the data): A stressed syllable and all succeeding unstressed syllables within the same simple sentence constitute a stress group, irrespective of intervening morphological and syntactical boundaries. Sentence initial unstressed syllables constitute a separate entity and are lower than the first stressed syllable which is always relatively high. A stressed syllable is lower than the immediately succeeding unstressed syllable (in the same stress group). The unstressed syllables in the stress group describe a falling Fo course. The more unstressed syllables there are, the more likely the last ones are to be lower than the stressed syllable in the succeeding stress group. The stressed syllables describe a falling contour in declarative sentences and an almost level one in interrogative sentences where the only cue distinguishing the interrogative from the declarative sentence is the intonation. The rest of the interrogative sentences and the non-terminal clauses are situated between these two extremes.
Some data on North German stops and affricates
Authors: Fischer-Jørgensen Eli 
Published: October 2022

The present paper presents some data on voicing (3.1), duration (3.2), intra-oral air pressure (3.3), airflow (3.4), subglottal pressure (3.5), and lip pressure (3.6) of German stops and affricates. On the basis of these data the last section discusses some more general problems, viz. the features distinguishing ptk and bdg (4.1), the reduction of aspiration after s (4.2), the distinction between stops and affricates (4.3), differences due to place of articulation (4.4), "heightened subglottal pressure" (4.5), and the relation between air pressure and airflow (4.6).
acoustic investigation of intrinsic vowel duration in Danish
Authors: Bundgaard Michael 
Published: October 2022

The duration of twelve short and long stressed vowels in disyllabic nonsense words, embedded in a carrier sentence, recorded 10 times by each of five speakers, was measured. The vowels can be grouped (roughly) in five tongue height categories, and duration was found to increase significantly from category 1 (highest) through 5 (lowest), in about 1 cs steps. Unstressed vowels show the same tendency but the increase in duration with lower tongue height is considerably smaller. Variation in speaking rate (even rather considerable) did not significantly influence the relationship between high and low vowels. In contradistinction to earlier investigations, it seems that the difference in duration between long and short vowels is constant over different tongue heights, i.e. Vshort = Vlong – b, where b is a constant (approximately 5 cs).
Neutral stress, emphatic stress, and sentence intonation in Advanced Standard Copenhagen Danish
Authors: Thorsen Nina 
Published: October 2022

The relationship between stress and fundamental frequency in short declarative and syntactically unmarked interrogative sentences, both with emphasis for contrast in various positions, is investigated and compared to prosodically neutral statements and questions on the basis of recordings by four speakers. Emphasis for contrast has a radical influence on the course of fundamental frequency, to the extent that the stress group which contains the stressed syllable of the emphasized word and its neighbours tonally reduce to one stress group. The influence from emphasis seems to reach farther on marked (non-declarative) than on unmarked (declarative) contours. Durational differences between utterances with and without emphasis for contrast are small, consisting mainly in a slight lengthening of the emphasized stress group, a lengthening which is to some extent counterbalanced by a shortening of the preceding stress group, if any.
Intonation contours and stress group patterns in declarative sentences of varying length in ASC Danish - supplementary data
Authors: Thorsen Nina 
Published: October 2022

Intonation contours in non-compound declarative sentences containing from one to eight stress groups were analysed with special regard to the manifestation of prosodic boundaries. The results are compared with a previous analysis of a very similar material. The neat and easy match between the prosodic and some of the major syntactic boundaries exhibited by the earlier corpus is not immediately replicated by the present utterances. Resetting of the intonation contour taken rigidly to manifest prosodic phrase group boundaries leads to counterintuitive phrase contours, but on the other hand, the alternative or supplementary boundary criterion suggested in the paper cannot be applied automatically and unambiguously. This strengthens the claim that in syntactically unambiguous non-compound sentences, prosodic structure does not directly reflect or map syntactic structure. However, the four speakers' productions show a high degree of intra- as well as inter subject coherence, and the variation found in the intonation contours with varying sentence length is not random. Nevertheless, the principles governing the intonational properties, especially of the longer utterances, are not easily recovered, and it seems - maybe not surprisingly - that the semantic content of the (constituents of an) utterance must also be considered. The need for further research, also into the perception of prosodic structure, is evident.
Can "the great tone split" in Thai be phonetically explained?
Authors: Rischel Jørgen 
Published: October 2022

This paper deals with the so-called "Great Tone Split" in Thai, which in most dialects has taken a course contrary to the general contention that initial voiced and voiceless consonants, if they have any conditioning effect on tonogenesis, will trigger a difference between a lower tone in the former case, and a higher tone in the latter case. On this background it is discussed to what extent tonogenesis of this type is at all phonetically explicable at present.
Object-transactional Extension of Cilk++
Authors: Pekunov Vladimir Viktorovich 
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we consider the problem of developing compact tools that support programming in dynamic transactional memory, implying operational generation of transactional pages, for the Cilk++ language. It is argued that such an implementation requires weakened transaction isolation. The current state of the problem is analyzed. It is noted that the existing solutions are quite cumbersome, although they allow you to work with complex data structures such as lists and trees. It is argued that it is necessary to develop new solutions in the style of minimalism based on the use of specialized classes (generating transactional pages; implementing consistent transactional variables) in combination with a set of keywords characteristic of Cilk++. Appropriate new solutions are proposed. New syntax elements are introduced, implemented using language extension tools specific to the Planning C platform. The semantics of new language elements is described. It is noted that, unlike analogues, the developed tools allow declaratively to "build" transactions into a network (network schedule of work), which determines the order of execution of transactions and the potential for parallelism that exists at the same time. The proposed approach was tested on the example of the task of constructing a histogram. It is also mentioned about the successful solution, using the developed tools, of the problem of training an artificial neural network by the method of error back propagation and the problem of integer linear programming by the method of branches and boundaries.
Prevalence and associated risk factors of avian influenza A virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 in LBMs of East Java province, Indonesia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Rehman Saifur , Effendi Mustofa Helmi , Shehzad Aamir , Rahman Attaur , Rahmahani Jola , Witaningrum Adiana Mutamsari , Bilal Muhammad 
Published: October 2022

Background
Avian influenza A virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 are contagious zoonotic diseases that are circulating in Indonesia and have raised increasing concern about their potential impacts on poultry and public health. A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of avian influenza A virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 among poultry in the live bird markets of four cities in East Java province, Indonesia.

Methods
A total of 600 tracheal and cloacal swabs (267 from backyards, 179 from broilers, and 154 from layers) from healthy birds were collected. The samples were inoculated into specific pathogenic-free embryonated eggs at 9-day-old via the allantoic cavity. qRT-PCR was used for further identification of avian influenza.

Results
The overall prevalence of circulating influenza A virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 was 3.8% (23/600, 95%CI [0.0229–0.0537]). Prevalence was higher in backyards at 5.99% (16/267) followed by broilers (2.23% (4/179)) and layers (1.68% (3/154)). The final multivariable model revealed five risk factors for H9N2 infections: presence of ducks (p = 0.003, OR = 38.2), turkeys (p = 0.017 OR = 0.032), and pheasants in the stall (p = 0.04, OR = 18.422), dry (p = 0.006) and rainy season (p < 0.001), and household birds (p = 0.002) and seven factors for H5N1 infections including: observing rodents (p = 0.036, OR = 0.005), stray dogs access (p = 0.004 OR ≤ 0.001), presence of turkeys (p = 0.03 OR = 0.007), chukars/partridges (p = 0.024 OR = 2500), and peafowls in the stalls (p = 0.0043 OR ≤ 0.001), rainy season (p = 0.001) and birds from the household sources (p = 0.002) in the live bird markets.

Conclusions
The findings of the current study illustrate the recurring infection and presence of both avian influenza viruses and associated risk factors in the surveyed marketplaces. Effective protective measures and mitigation strategies for risks outlined in this study could help to reduce the burden of H5N1 and H9N2 AI subtypes into the live bird markets of Indonesia.
Body distribution of impetigo and association with host and pathogen factors
Authors: Yerramilli Arvind , Bowen Asha C. , Marcato Adrian J. , McVernon Jodie , Carapetis Jonathan R. , Campbell Patricia T. , Tong Steven YC 
Published: October 2022

Background
Impetigo or skin sores are estimated to affect >162 million people worldwide. Detailed descriptions of the anatomical location of skin sores are lacking.

Methods
We used prospectively collected data from a randomised control trial of treatments for impetigo in Aboriginal children in Australia. We generated heat-map distributions of skin sores on the human body from 56 predefined anatomical locations and stratified skin sore distribution by sex, age, causative pathogen and co-infection with scabies, tinea and head lice. We compared the distribution of sores between males and females, between sores with only Streptococcus pyogenes and sores with only Staphylococcus aureus; and across age groups with a Fisher’s exact test.

Results
There were 663 episodes of impetigo infections among 508 children enrolled in the trial. For all 663 episodes, the lower limbs were the most affected body sites followed by the distal upper limbs, face and scalp. On the anterior surface of the body, the pre-tibial region was the most affected while on the posterior surface, the dorsum of the hands and calves predominated. There was no observable difference between males and females in distribution of sores. Children up to 3 years of age were more likely to have sores on the upper posterior lower limbs and scalp than older age groups, with the distribution of sores differing across age groups (p = 3 × 10−5). Sores from which only Staphylococcus aureus was cultured differed in distribution to those with only Streptococcus pyogenes cultured (p = 3 × 10−4) and were more commonly found on the upper posterior lower limbs.

Conclusions
Skin sores were predominantly found on exposed regions of the lower leg and distal upper limbs. The distribution of sores varied by age group and pathogen. These results highlight key areas of the body for clinicians to pay attention to when examining children for skin sores.
When disturbances favour species adapted to stressful soils: grazing may benefit soil specialists in gypsum plant communities
Authors: Cera Andreu , Montserrat-Martí Gabriel , Luzuriaga Arantzazu L. , Pueyo Yolanda , Palacio Sara 
Published: October 2022

Background
Herbivory and extreme soils are drivers of plant evolution. Adaptation to extreme soils often implies substrate-specific traits, and resistance to herbivory involves tolerance or avoidance mechanisms. However, little research has been done on the effect of grazing on plant communities rich in edaphic endemics growing on extreme soils. A widespread study case is gypsum drylands, where livestock grazing often prevails. Despite their limiting conditions, gypsum soils host a unique and highly specialised flora, identified as a conservation priority.

Methods
We evaluated the effect of different grazing intensities on the assembly of perennial plant communities growing on gypsum soils. We considered the contribution of species gypsum affinity and key functional traits of species such as traits related to gypsum specialisation (leaf S accumulation) or traits related to plant tolerance to herbivory such as leaf C and N concentrations. The effect of grazing intensity on plant community indices (i.e., richness, diversity, community weighted-means (CWM) and functional diversity (FD) indices for each trait) were modelled using Generalised Linear Mixed Models (GLMM). We analysed the relative contribution of interspecific trait variation and intraspecific trait variation (ITV) in shifts of community index values.

Results
Livestock grazing may benefit gypsum plant specialists during community assembly, as species with high gypsum affinity, and high leaf S contents, were more likely to assemble in the most grazed plots. Grazing also promoted species with traits related to herbivory tolerance, as species with a rapid-growth strategy (high leaf N, low leaf C) were promoted under high grazing conditions. Species that ultimately formed gypsum plant communities had sufficient functional variability among individuals to cope with different grazing intensities, as intraspecific variability was the main component of species assembly for CWM values.

Conclusions
The positive effects of grazing on plant communities in gypsum soils indicate that livestock may be a key tool for the conservation of these edaphic endemics.
Detection and Quantification of Gastrointestinal Parasites among Inmates of Social Welfare Homes and Low Socio-economic Areas in Metropolitan Port Harcourt
Authors: Amudatu Adedokun Ambali , Barine Gboeloh Le Bari , Orevaeghene Onosakponome Evelyn , Adah Okafor Roseanne 
Published: October 2022

Background: Detection and quantification of gastrointestinal parasitic infections (GIPIs) causing public health problems among poorer layers of the society are still one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in developing countries.
Objective: The aim of the study was to detect gastrointestinal parasites among inmates of Social Welfare Homes and Low Socioeconomic Areas in Metropolitan Port Harcourt.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out for the evaluation of all the 1500 participants for GIPs among residents of social welfare homes and low socioeconomic areas in Rivers State, Nigeria for a period of one year (July 2019- June 2020). Stool samples were collected from each participant for isolation of GIPs in stool sample. Formol-ether concentration methods and Modified Ziehl-Neelson Staining techniques was used for the isolation and identification of gastrointestinal parasites. Descriptive and Chi square statistical analysis was applied.
Results: Out of 1500, 1,381 (92.1%) participants showed negative report, while 119(7.9%) participants were positive for GIPs. Females account for 839 (55.9%) while males were 661 (44.1%). Positivity in males accounted for 9.8% (65/661) and the females had 6.4% (54/839). Age group with high prevalence occurred among 11-15yrs (13.5%)/340. Both variables were statistically significant (p<0.05). Seasonal distribution of GIPs was high during the wet season (p<0.05). Overall, A. lumbricoides was the most predominant gastrointestinal parasites, accounting for 35.3% of the total identified. Others were as follows; T. Trichiura 26.1%, hookworm 21.9%, C. sinensis and S. mansoni 2.5%, tapeworm 1.7%, while H. nana and H. diminuta had 0.8% each. Co-infection of A. lumbricoides + hookworm and hookworm + T. Trichiura recorded 4.2% each. Protozoa species were not identified. Risk factor of the use of toilet papers was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05) among others.
Conclusion: We recommend that knowledge of epidemiology and transmission routes of C. sinensis and H. diminuta needs to be improved and effective health education on personal hygiene and mass treatment should be sustainable to control the spread of gastrointestinal parasites.
Synergetic Approach for the Harbor Sediment Management: The Damietta Harbor (Egypt) Case Study
Authors: El-Masry Esraa Aziz , El-Sammak Amr Abd El-Aziz 
Published: October 2022

Dredged material dumping is one of the most important locally generated problems to be considered in harbors’ management. The present work was carried out to assess the physical and particle size characteristics of the seabed and core sediments of the Damietta harbor basin and offshore area, with the main aim of proposing a synergetic approach to harbor sediment management. In addition tosuggestinga new offshore dumping site that will solve the problem of redispersing of the dumped sediment and re-shoaling of the harbor entrance. To achieve the study objectives, thirty-three sediment samples were collected from the harbor basin and the offshore area during the years 2007 and 2017, and the satellite image of the study area was obtained during the year 2022. Sediments were subjected to grain size analysis, total solids determination, estimation of carbonate and organic matter contents, and marine bottom communities’ analysis. Results show that the mean grain size of samples ranged between 4.75-7.99 Ø (silt). Carbonate content in samples ranged from 0.41 to 3.13% and the total organic matter in samples reached a value of 2.95%. These results would help in assessing sediments that will be dredged from this area to be dumped in the middle shelf off the Damietta promontory. Management measures proposed by the present study consider the harbor basin deepening, extension of the harbor basin and the beneficial use of the dredged sediment. Moreover, sediment bypassing supposed to mitigate scour problem and acting as a feeder to the adjacent shorelines and the littoral cell in the study area.
Longer-Term All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality With Intensive Blood Pressure Control
Authors: Jaeger Byron C. , Bress Adam P. , Bundy Joshua D. , Cheung Alfred K. , Cushman William C. , Drawz Paul E. , Johnson Karen C. , Lewis Cora E. , Oparil Suzanne , Rocco Michael V. , Rapp Stephen R. , Supiano Mark A. , Whelton Paul K. , Williamson Jeff D. , Wright Jackson T. , Reboussin David M. , Pajewski Nicholas M. 
Published: October 2022

ImportanceThe Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) showed that intensive blood pressure control reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the legacy effect of intensive treatment is unknown.ObjectiveTo evaluate the long-term effects of randomization to intensive treatment with the incidence of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality approximately 4.5 years after the trial ended.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized clinical trial, randomization began on November 8, 2010, the trial intervention ended on August 20, 2015, and trial close-out visits occurred through July 2016. Patients 50 years and older with hypertension and increased cardiovascular risk but without diabetes or history of stroke were included from 102 clinic sites in the US and Puerto Rico. Analyses were conducted between October 2021 and February 2022.InterventionsRandomization to systolic blood pressure (SBP) goal of less than 120 mm Hg (intensive treatment group; n = 4678) vs less than 140 mm Hg (standard treatment group; n = 4683).Main Outcomes and MeasuresExtended observational follow-up for mortality via the US National Death Index from 2016 through 2020. In a subset of 2944 trial participants, outpatient SBP from electronic health records during and after the trial were examined.ResultsAmong 9361 randomized participants, the mean (SD) age was 67.9 (9.4) years, and 3332 (35.6%) were women. Over a median (IQR) intervention period of 3.3 (2.9-3.9) years, intensive treatment was beneficial for both cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49-0.89) and all-cause mortality (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.68-1.01). However, at the median (IQR) total follow-up of 8.8 (8.3-9.3) years, there was no longer evidence of benefit for cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.84-1.24) or all-cause mortality (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.94-1.23). In a subgroup of participants, the estimated mean outpatient SBP among participants randomized to intensive treatment increased from 132.8 mm Hg (95% CI, 132.0-133.7) at 5 years to 140.4 mm Hg (95% CI, 137.8-143.0) at 10 years following randomization.Conclusions and RelevanceThe beneficial effect of intensive treatment on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality did not persist after the trial. Given increasing outpatient SBP levels in participants randomized to intensive treatment following the trial, these results highlight the importance of consistent long-term management of hypertension.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01206062