bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National security
Authors: Van Damme Isabelle 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the relationship between trade and essential security interests. Until recently, the WTO legal community paid relatively little attention to security exception clauses in trade agreements. What has changed today is not the use of trade measures for protecting essential security. Rather, a change can be seen in the openness with which WTO Members are invoking Article XXI of the GATT 1994 and their acceptance of the risk that a third party may review their measures. What is also new is the assertion that essential security interests might also cover, for example, economic interests, public health risks or concerns relating to climate change or cybersecurity. This chapter focuses on Article XXI of the GATT 1994, and particularly the jurisdiction of panels and the applicable standard of review and the burden of proof in cases where that defence is invoked.
State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs)
Authors: Nam Juliana 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the developments in international disciplines concerning state-owned enterprises (SOEs) with a particular focus on the outcomes in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement. Despite the uncertainty of the TPP’s future, its provisions live on in the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), and in the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). It provides a perspective on Chapter 17 of the TPP on ‘State-Owned Enterprises and Designated Monopolies’ in the context of negotiations among 12 disparate economies in the Indo-Pacific. It explains how that chapter ‘evolved’ existing international trade obligations and governance guidance on SOEs that compete with privately-owned enterprises.
Investment Law’s Monstrous Reform
Authors: Neufeld Rodney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and investment chapters in FTAs promote investment and enhance investor protection through substantive obligations, including national treatment, MFN treatment, fair and equitable treatment (FET), and the prohibition against expropriation. These obligations are often enforceable directly by investors through investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS). Despite the loud criticism of investment law, and more particularly, ISDS, States have not jettisoned the obligations or ISDS. As a review of State practice shows, new treaties contain important reform elements that clarify the meaning of vague concepts, including treatment ‘in like circumstances’, FET, and indirect expropriation. To a lesser extent, States are adopting reform elements that limit or even prevent access to ISDS. At the same time, States are eagerly pursuing procedural reform in ICSID and UNCITRAL. It remains to be seen whether these efforts will result in a new court or appellate mechanism, or whether they will contribute to the multilateralization of investment law, but even without it, the previously fragmented web of BITs are slowly being replaced by investment chapters in regional FTAs with much clearer obligations.
Financial Services Law
Authors: Lastra Rosa M. , Bodellini Marco 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Financial services law can be understood as the normative framework that governs the financial sector. Based on the activities carried out, the financial sector, in turn, has been traditionally subdivided into three sub-sectors, namely banking, securities, and insurance. Thus, financial services law has accordingly been divided into banking law, securities (or capital markets) law and insurance law. In this chapter we discuss first the legal meaning of financial services law, financial services, financial products, financial intermediaries, and financial markets. We then analyse the rationale of regulation, focusing on financial stability, depositor and investor protection, market efficiency and transparency, prevention of financial crime and fraud as well as competition. The chapter also considers the internationalization of financial institutions and services and their liberalization and how the latter interacts with prudential supervision. In doing so, this chapter looks at GATS provisions and other trade agreements and concludes with a discussion of the law-making process at the international level, with particular attention to soft law.
Procedural and Evidentiary Issues
Authors: Sennekamp Andreas , Ortino Federico 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The way in which procedural and evidentiary issues have been addressed in the litigation of international trade and investment disputes is not identical and each forum applies its proper set of rules and practices. At the same time, there are several common threads across different fora, for instance concerning the allocation of the burden and the standard of proof; the use of expert evidence; preliminary rulings; or the transparency and confidentiality of dispute settlement proceedings. Understood in a rather informal way, these elements may be seen as building blocks for the evolution of a ‘common law of international adjudication’. The following chapter identifies commonalities as well as differences in the approach to these issues in the jurisprudence of different fora.
The International Trading System—Looking to 2100
Authors: Bethlehem Daniel , McRae Donald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion poses the question of whether the international trading system, as an integral part of the rules-based international legal order, is fit for purpose, to carry the global trading community towards 2100. Its conclusion is that the international trading system is still deeply rooted in Westphalian notions of international engagement, which are both increasingly out-of-step with contemporary international society and detached from some of the core principles that informed the emergence of the international trading system 75 or so years ago. There is a need for radical revision, structurally, as regards applicable rules, and as regards the international law-making process and sources of law, particularly in light of the challenges to the multilateral system likely to be posed by the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
The Sources of International Trade Law
Authors: Kennedy Matthew 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The multilateral rules of international trade law are administered by the WTO through a series of agreements containing both horizontally applicable rights and obligations as well as individually scheduled commitments. Although these rules are mostly set out in agreements concluded in 1994, they incorporate instruments from the prior GATT framework as well as rules developed in other international fora. They are supplemented by decisions taken after 1994, some of which are specifically provided for in the rules. The main source of clarification has been the rulings of the WTO dispute settlement system. Bilateral and regional rules have proliferated since the establishment of the WTO. They may exist within spaces created by exceptions in the multilateral rules but they are independent sources of law. Their subject matter overlaps considerably with multilateral rules. While they tend to diverge from multilateral rules in certain areas, such as market access, they do so less in other areas. Later generations of regional trade agreements often contain chapters covering topics on which there is no dedicated multilateral agreement. Preferential trade arrangements are authorized under exceptions in multilateral trade rules but they are established in the national laws of the preference-granting Members.
Invisible Women and Intangible Property
Authors: Bartow Ann C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recognizing the significant gender disparities promulgated by intellectual property laws requires a feminist gaze. Gender disparities in the intellectual property law areas of patents, copyrights, and trademarks negatively affect women’s economic and social status. Accurately mapping these disparities can be thwarted by bad data sets that amplify bias, suggesting that we need better, more inclusive data as well as feminist insights. This chapter focuses on the ways that gender and feminism intersect with intellectual property laws and policies, asserting two basic claims: first, that gender itself can be property, and is exploited as such in several intellectual property contexts, and second, that gender can affect the creation, distribution and consumption of works protected by intellectual property laws. The chapter then turns to issues of gender inequality in three major areas of intellectual property: patents, copyrights and trademarks. The final section discusses two legal areas adjacent to intellectual property: naming rights and artificial intelligence in the form of robots.
Fringe or Middle? Assessing Rock as Late Twentieth-Century Middlebrow
Authors: McDonald Chris 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses the cases for and against rock as a late-twentieth-century middlebrow cultural form. Keightley and Michelsen make the case that rock played a role for middle-class and upwardly mobile working-class American youth that was similar to the middlebrow orchestral pop of their parents’ generation, but replaced the “middlebrow-from-above” paradigm that mediated high culture for society’s middle layers with a “middlebrow-from-below” approach that raised the intellectuality and respectability of lowbrow and folk forms. The chapter explores the merits of the argument and considers counterarguments that theorize rock as a cultural form valorizing a fringe (not middling) identity; it also notes that middlebrow culture’s mediation, aesthetics, and goals through the early and middle twentieth century contrast those of rock and make the middlebrow a theoretical frame for rock somewhat difficult to reconcile. Rock flourished during an era in American history when the sense of a “broad middle” in political and social terms was eroding and fragmenting. As an artifact, rock played a cultural role in American society’s transformation from the “expanding middle” of the postwar era to the “fringes against the middle” ethos that marked the neoliberal era.
Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders
Authors: Lee Eric B. , Arendtson Myles , Wall Andy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders share many functional components and are often comorbid with one another. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for OCD and related disorders is described and is situated as a version of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Also described are the key psychological inflexibility measures for each of these disorders and the outcomes work with OCD and related disorders. Research supports ACT and ACT plus exposure therapy for OCD, and ACT plus habit reversal as a treatment for trichotillomania. The work in skin picking, hoarding disorder, and BDD is limited but is growing. Finally, guidance on the integration of ACT with exposure exercises and habit reversal, as well as future directions for work in this area, are presented.
Spirituality, Mission, and Liturgy
Authors: Chia Edmund Kee-Fook 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It would not be possible to understand Christianity without an appreciation of its spirituality, mission, and liturgy. These three themes are integral to Christianity, and the Christian faith that is expressed is a function of how they are understood. This chapter examines the variety of Christian expressions, taking the principle of sacramentality as the lens through which spirituality, mission, and liturgy are appreciated. It focuses on interrogating spirituality from a creation-centred perspective, mission from the perspective of missio Dei, and liturgy with reference to the liturgy of life. Throughout the chapter, the three themes of spirituality, mission, and liturgy will mutually inform one another and give meaning to how they are articulated from the sacramental perspective.
Christian Mission and International Development
Authors: Drønen Tomas Sundnes 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter will start by introducing briefly the discussion between mission as evangelizing activities and mission as diaconal activities. It will then show through examples, mainly from Central and Eastern/Southern Africa (Cameroon and Madagascar), how mission organizations and local churches (independently and in companionship) have dealt with the tensions between evangelism and development activities. Of importance will be how and to what extent churches have been influenced by the emerging and professionalized “development industry,” and how this has influenced the theological discourse related to the diaconal work of the mission organizations and the independent churches. Particular attention will be directed towards the fight against poverty through educational and health-oriented activities in a historical perspective, drawing attention to the development of UN’s development goals and African churches’ engagement with these goals.
Christian Mission and Social Action
Authors: Kung Lap Yan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Christian mission is social action rooted in God’s creation and salvation with an intention to bring the whole creation to share God’s company and glory. Different from relief and development work, the church engages in advocacy to confront the power of sin directly. Christian social action should be done in a spirit of prophetic dialogue, not empire mentality. Two issues for Christian social action are highlighted, namely, religious liberty in China, and civil rights in Malaysia. Christians in China are politically weak to confront the government for defending their liberty but they witness to how enabling human flourishing begins with defending human dignity expressed in religious liberty. Civil rights are restricted in different ways in Malaysia. Christians engaged in Bersih in recent years is an example of Christian mission, because the activity protects the call of people being God’s co-workers.
Christian Mission and Secularism
Authors: Jansen Mechteld 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter elucidates the prospects and pitfalls for Christian witness and public engagement provoking as well as confronting multiple secularisms. It disputes the claim of secularism to be a progressive, urban, gender-equal, non-colonial principle of statecraft and personal conviction. It questions mission theories that either neglect or deny contemporary secularism by overemphasizing the persistence of Christianity in ethics and new spirituality, or by a retreat into fundamentalism. The chapter scrutinizes the thesis that mission and secularism can become mutual exorcists, liberating each other from various evils. The endeavor to understand—and not merely denounce—different secularisms, is imperative for any contextualized Christian mission. Witness and public engagement may seek varying encounters with secularism, striving to overcome demeaning attitudes and prejudice on both sides. Communication by faith communities and mass media on the science–religion dichotomy, on religion–state relations, and on both colonial mission as well as colonial secularism, is crucial.
Christian Mission and Religious Studies
Authors: Longkumer Atola 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Christian mission and religious studies share an ambiguous relationship. Simultaneously, polemical discourse and constructive production have characterized the encounter between Christian mission and religious studies. Two major strands undergird the debate. On one hand, scholarship remains critical of Christian mission as “conquering” other world religions. On the other hand, another perspective recognizes the role of Christian mission in establishing the systematic study of world religions including the translation of sacred texts, production of ethnography, and establishment of the first academic chairs dedicated to the study of other world religions. Within this general scaffolding, the essay demonstrates that both dimensions exist in the study of Indigenous religions. Profiles of missionary-academics and their writings illustrate the role of Christian mission in the recognition and critical study of Indigenous religions.
Theologies of Mission
Authors: Bevans Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
After surveying four theologies of mission articulated in the twentieth century, this chapter suggests that three theologies of mission, rooted in the missiological and theological breakthroughs of the previous century, have emerged in the twenty-first century and will set the agenda for decades to come. These theologies are (1) Mission as Prophetic Dialogue, (2) Mission as Transforming/Missionary Discipleship, and (3) Mission as Attraction. The author sees these three theologies of mission as taking mission on a new path, shaping the spirit and practice of mission for the future, and enabling the church to commit itself first and foremost to be a credible witness in the world.
Mission and Ecclesiology
Authors: Petraru Gheorghe 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the twentieth century, Orthodox theologians made a significant impact on Western theology, and on missiology in particular, but it was selectively appropriated. This chapter gives an in-depth and contemporary account of Orthodox thinking on the relationship between the church and mission. Such a presentation requires, first, consideration of the nature of Orthodox ecclesiology; second, appreciation of mission in the New Testament; and third, examination of Patristic ecclesiology. Written from a Romanian Orthodox perspective, the chapter also applies these insights to some current missiological issues facing the church, particularly in the global and post-communist context.
Big Data and State Capitalism
Authors: Misra Anupriya , Sena Vania 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter has explored the relationship between big data and state capitalism. Our starting premise is that big data offer several opportunities. Like any other organization, SOEs produce large volumes of data while undertaking their routine activities. As a result, they end up storing data of different type and complexity that can be used to improve our understanding of the drivers of their performance and by governments and practitioners to improve the SOEs performance. The chapter has analyzed the benefits that big data can offer to limit the liability of stateness and the challenges they can pose.
State Capitalism
Authors: Boyer Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
States and capitalisms have coevolved and formed contrasted configurations from feudalism to contemporary configurations. Under the same label of state capitalism, economic history exhibits some definite mixes of various components: economic nationalism, public ownership of firms and banks, planning or large public spending, and income redistribution. The French state capitalism variant is one of these configurations. The coordination among public entities from industry to finance, an indicative planning as an anti-uncertainty device and complementary economic policy instruments used to define a rather coherent and dynamic regime. The large opening to European and world competition and the financial deregulation have progressively eroded the performance of this successful modernization. The early twenty-first century evolution raises an intriguing issue: are not the nation-states and the transnational platform capitalism trading place? Governments react to price signals whereas GAFAM exert the strategic leadership in the redeployment of contemporary capitalism. Will the COVID-19 mean a reversal and the revival of various brands of state capitalism?
State Capitalism and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Brejnholt Alan , Rintamäki Jukka , Schnyder Gerhard , Svystunova Liudmyla 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Typically, the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and state action is considered to be one of complementing or substitution. However, growing numbers of governments consider CSR as a potential policy tool and attempt to actively shape organizational CSR policies and outcomes. Yet, different types of states exhibit different levels of interventionism and different preferences regarding the means and ends of state intervention in the economy. This suggests that CSR policies and outcomes vary across different types of states. The extant literature has given scant attention to this. In this chapter we seek to remedy this shortcoming. We systematically explore the relationship between varieties of states and corporate social responsibility, by constructing a typology of corporate responsibilities indifferent types of states. We combine existing typologies of states and of government-CSR configurations, to answer the question how different types of state lead to different firm-level CSR practices and overall outcomes. We find that a regulatory state seeks a minimum role in facilitating CSR, largely leaving CSR to the market for self-regulation. A welfare state takes an active role shaping CSR practice through direct affiliations in cross-sector collaboration and mandatory CSR policy. A developmental state also has a direct involvement in CSR practice through frequent partnerships involving social projects or CSR facilitated through subsidies as well as CSR as a form of government. Lastly, we theories that predatory states have little interest in CSR, and when they do it is mostly in an opportunistic fashion with limited social and environmental outcomes.
State Capitalism in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: van der Walt Lucien , Klerck Gilton , Helliker Kirk 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Historical and contemporary analyses of state capitalism have largely by-passed Sub-Saharan Africa in that state capitalism, as a conceptual framework, has generally been absent from analyses of the region, and experiences in the region have generally been absent in discussions of, and theory-building about, state capitalism. This chapter helps redress the situation, by examining African cases, with a focus on the period from the late nineteenth century to the present, covering the modern European colonial, early post-independence, and contemporary, neoliberal periods. An examination of African experiences suggests the need to rethink standard typologies of state capitalism, to embrace, inter alia, colonial capitalism—including étatiste-peasant regimes, and regimes of competitive exploitation—and militarized forms of state capitalism—such as those seen under colonial charter companies, and more recently, under predatory independent states. African experiences underline that there is no simple sequence of types, as some older forms recur later, and there are overlaps and coexistences of types. Finally, attention to African variants of some better-known types—for example, racialized forms of import-substitution industrialization under apartheid—enrich existing typologies. It is important, therefore, to take account of the great variation in African state forms, capacities, class structures, and political economies when considering regional patterns and making international comparisons.
State Capitalism in the United States
Authors: Hockett Robert C. , Omarova Saule T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, we outline what we call “The American Plan” of state capitalism, developed by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in the early years of the American republic, and trace its defining elements through two centuries down to the present. In the modern era, these elements jointly define what we call a “Development Finance State,” an American tradition of hybrid public-private financing of continuous economic progress. We identify the key attributes and functions of the Development Finance State and discuss both their continuing relevance and their untapped potential. We argue that rediscovery and rebirth of this forgotten but powerful American tradition is the key to the country’s ability meet the many challenges it faces today.