bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Total Release Aerosol Foggers on Nine Species of Insects, 1987
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Knapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An enclosed 4000 ft3 room was utilized for comparing the effectiveness of R-322 (0.5% fenvalerate 1% piperonyl butoxide 1% MGK 264); R-323 (0.1% Bay FCR 1272, 0.5% pyrethrins, 1% piperonyl butoxide, 1% MGK 264, 11.3% petroleum distillates); and R-324 (0.5% pyrethrins, 1% piperonyl butoxide, 1.67% MGK 264, 11.83% petroleum distillates) against 9 insect species. Testing was conducted at 60-70° and 90-100°F. Each species was placed separately in 6.5 (length) × 3.2 inch (diam) screen cages and suspended from the ceiling ca. 5 ft from the floor prior to testing. Three cages/species were exposed to each formulation. Also, 3 cages/species were held in an untreated room at the same temperature ranges as the treatments to serve as controls. At 2 h and 24 h posttreatment, knockdown and mortality were recorded in each test cage. At 2 h posttreatment the doors to the room were opened. The room was opened for 24 h after and prior to each test.
Laboratory Evaluation of Abg-6162A (Thuringiensin) as a Fly Larvicide, 1986
Authors: Mullens Bradley A. , Rodriguez John L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Caged-layer chicken manure was field-collected and frozen (—10°C) for 3 days to kill any existing arthropods. Manure was placed in 114 ml plastic cups with screened (50 mesh) lids, 86 g of manure per cup. In the first test, 20 F. canicularis eggs were added per cup; in the second test 25 F. canicularis or M. domestica first-instar larvae were added per cup. Thuringiensin was diluted and 1867 u,l was applied with a pipette to the surface of manure in each cup. In the first test, treatments were applied to one group of cups at day 3 (instar 1 larvae) and a second group of cups at day 10 (instar 3 larvae). In the second test, treatments were applied 4 days after larvae were added (instar 3 larvae). There were 10 cups per dilution (plus water controls) per test. Cups were held at 20°C to allow complete emergence (6 weeks), after which time adult flies were counted. From 2-4 ml of water were added to the manure in each cup every few days for the first few weeks to prevent manure drying.
Efficacy of 10% Flucythrinate Swine Ear Tags for Control of Hog Lice, 1986
Authors: Fletcher Michael G. , Roberts James E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
American Cyanamid Guardian® swine ear tags containing 10% flucythrinate were evaluated in Buckingham County, Virginia, for control of hog lice on brood sows maintained on pasture. Forty sows were tagged with 1 tag per ear 3 Oct. The efficacy of the tags was determined by counting the number of lice on one side of the body of 15 treated sows and 10 untreated gilts on 3 Oct. Lice counts were made at monthly intervals thereafter for 4 mo. Treatment and control groups were maintained in separate pastures throughout the test. The data were subjected to a general linear models procedure (SAS) and the means separated by a Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P = 0.05).
Control of DHM, 1988:
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Eigenbrode S. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 23 Jun at the Robbins Entomology Farm near Geneva N.Y. Plots consisted of two 15-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 16-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 12 times in a randomized complete block design. A 2-row tractor-mounted boom, with 3 flat fan nozzles/row and 8004 tips, delivering 31 gal/acre at 50 psi and 2.5 mph, was used to apply 2 applications of each treatment. Treatments were applied on 8 and 30 Aug and evaluated 17-21 Sep. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting 2 plants/plot, removing all leaves, and counting larvae.
Corn Earworm Control, 1987:
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Zimmerman Rick J. , Schweissing Frank 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted at the Arkansas Valley Research Center, Rocky Ford, Colo. ‘NK 199’ sweet corn, planted 5 Jun was used in the trials. Individual plots were single, 40-ft-long rows, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications. Insecticides were applied with a hand-operated mister that thoroughly wet the silks. Treatments were made 2 and 7 Aug, coinciding with early- and mid-green silking stages. Evaluations were made 14 Aug by examining 30 ears/plot. Individual ears were classified as clean, not damaged; clean, damaged; or infested, damaged.
Control of Sweet Corn Pests, 1987:
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Atlantic’ sweet corn was planted on 4 Jim near Benson, N.C. Single-row plots, 10 ft long on 42-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys ol 5 ft separated replicates. Treatments were applied using a CO2-pressurized hackpack sprayer with a single hollow-cone nozzle (18 ×) operating at 60 psi to apply 80 gal/acre. Treatments were initiated at whorl, early tassel, or early silk stage, and were applied 8 and 15 Jul (whorl); 17 and 21 Jul (tassel); 30 and 31 Jul; and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 17 Aug. All mature ears in each plot were harvested 18 and 20 Aug and scored for larval damage. Counts were combined, and the percentage of damaged ears was determined.
Chemigation for Onion Thrips Control, 1988:
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Bogle Clyde 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Polyethylene drip irrigation tubing with 18-inch emitter spacings was buried 8 inches deep in 40-inch beds and onions direct seeded to the beds on 29 Oct 1987. Soil was a sandy clay loam and plants were spaced in 2 rows/bed, 6 inches from the center of the bed with 3 inch in-row spacing. Onion plants were surveyed weekly after 1 Jan, and treatments were begun on 29 Feb after thrips populations reached levels greater than 5/plant. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments consisted of untreated checks and applications of oxamyl either through the drip irrigation system or by a hand-held pressurized 1-nozzle sprayer at a rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre. Total volume of water with which oxamyl was applied through the drip system was 2,500 gal/acre and for the sprayer was 185 gal/acre. Three separate treatments were made; 29 Feb and 10 and 21 Mar. Surveys for thrips were conducted on 7 and 25 Mar by counting all live thrips on 3 plants/plot. Numbers were transformed to log10(x + 1) and subjected to ANOVA and DMRT.
Evaluation of Pesticide Effects on Fruit Finish, 1988
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two formulations of Guthion, 2 rates of Lorsban, and 1 treatment of Lorsban + Lannate were applied to mature ‘Golden Delicious’ trees throughout the season. Trees were sprayed to run-off using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Treatment dates were 15 Apr, 11 May, 1 Jun, 17 Jun, 8 Jul, and 28 Jul. An application of Lorsban 4 E (1.0 qt/acre) + Sunspray 60 sec. oil (4.0 gal/acre) was applied to all treatments on 1 Apr. Other materials used during the season were Polyram 80 W, Rubigan 1 E, Solubor, Benlate 50 DF, Dikar 76 W, and calcium chloride. A final insecticide application of Guthion 35 W (1.0 lb/acre) + Lannate 1.8 L (24 fl oz/acre) was applied on 19 Aug to all treatments. Apples were evaluated on 6 Sep by randomly selecting 50 apples/tree (200/treatment) and rating each on a scale of 1-5 with 1 being the best.
Onion Maggot Control, 1988:
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The plot was planted 12 Apr in muck soil near Potter, N.Y., on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments applied with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting 9 seeds/ft and delivering 75 gal/acre through a gravity-fed system. Insecticide band treatments were based on a 15-inch row width. Drench treatments were applied (150 gal/acre) on 31 May over the newly emerged plants just prior to the first onion maggot peak. Dithane M-45 (80 W) was applied in the furrow at 2.4 lb (AI)/acre for control of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) with each treatment. Stand counts were taken 26 May. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants twice each week from the time of stand counts until 28 Jul.
Control on Peppers, 1988:
Authors: Oi David H. , Mau Ronald F. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seedlings were transplanted on 19 May in 5 lines of offset double rows. Spacing within the double rows was 18 inches between rows and 2 ft between plants. Spacing between double rows was 5 ft. Treatments were assigned according to a randomized complete block design consisting of 6 blocks, with 10 plants/treatment/block. Treatments were applied weekly trom 16 Jun to 21 Jul and on 4 Aug with a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 37 psi. Approximately 250 gal/acre was applied to obtain full coverage. Lannate (methomyl) was applied to all treatments on 21 Jul to reduce aphid populations. Treatment evaluations were based on thrips counts, and the percentage of downgradable fruit due to thrips scarring. Counts were obtained by randomly selecting from the top of the plant canopy 1 fully expanded leaf/plant, for 10 plants/treatment/block. Posttreatment leaf samples were obtained weekly from 22 Jun to 17 Aug. The percentages of downgradable fruit due to scarring were determined for fruit harvested weekly from 1.3 Jul to 17 Aug. A mean of 562 (±85 S.D.) fruits/treatment were examined.
Phytotoxicity Evaluations on Vegetables, 1988:
Authors: Powell R. L. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Javelin DF was evaluated for potential phytotoxic effects on 9 varieties of field-grown vegetables. Treatments were initiated on 2 Jun, under sunny conditions, 26°C, and calm winds. Foliar applications were applied to 15 plants of each variety at or near maturity. A CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a 20-inch boom and 2 Teejet size 18 nozzles angled inward was used to apply the treatments at a rate of 40 gal/acre. Plants were examined on 7, 10, and 16 Jun for symptoms of phytotoxicity.
Potato Insect Control, 1987:
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes, planted 19 May at the Colorado State University Department of Horticulture Field Research Station north of Fort Collins were used in this study. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, at 34-inch row spacing surrounded by untreated borders. Plot design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 25 Jul and 14 Aug using a CO2 compressed-air sprayer delivering 68 gal/acre. Plots were evaluated by randomly selecting 35 leaves/plot.
Control in Potatoes, 1988:
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Superior’ white potatoes were planted on 4 Apr in a Sassafras sandy loam soil field. Plots consisted of 3 rows of potatoes, each row 25 ft long and 3 ft wide, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on each side of the row and 1 over the center of each row calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 10, 15, and 24 Jun and 7 and 15 Jul. Percentage of defoliation was recorded on 22 Jun and 13 Jul. The number of CPB larvae/5 hills was recorded on 30 Jun. Plots were harvested and yields were recorded (cwt/acre) on 10 Aug.
Miticide Evaluations, 1988
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to mature trees using single-tree plots arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to run-off using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi. Morestan 25 W was applied at pink stage of bud development (15 Apr), and other treatments were applied on 29 Jun when average mite counts were 3.83/leaf. Mites and eggs were counted by randomly selecting 25 leaves/replicate, brushing onto glass plates with a modified Henderson-McBurnie brushing machine, and counting all motile forms and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. Due to the slow buildup of mite populations in this block, trees were seeded on 3 Jun by taping mite-infested shoots from several locations into each tree. Mite predators were kept at low levels during the early season with sprays of Asana, Sevin, and Lannate.
Control of Aphids, 1988:
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar and systemic experiments were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates each conducted at Presque Isle, Maine, on land that was in clover in 1987. The planting dates were 19 May for the systemic experiment and 20 May for the foliar experiment. In the foliar experiment the 3.0-m space between blocks and the 1.4-m space between columns and at the sides and ends of the experiments were sown to oats after planting. Each replicate consisted of 4 rows of potatoes, each row 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long. The healthy Katahdin seed pieces (75 g each) were planted with a tractor-pulled, assisted-feed planter. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by 6 foliar applications ofDithane FZ (2338 ml/ha the weeks of 11 and 18 Jul, 2806 ml/ha the weeks of 25 Jul and 1, 8, and 15 Aug). Sidedress applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha. The number of aphids (by species) was counted on top, middle, and bottom leaves of 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using log10(x + 1). Means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using DMRT and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was 3.7, 8.3, and 13.7 cm, respectively. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 15.7, 20.4, and 18.9°C.
Mite Management, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 0.1-acre blocks of 4-tree plots in a randomized complete block design consisting of 4 replicates/treatment. Each plot contained one each ofcultivars ‘Yorking,’ ‘Delicious,’ ‘Golden Delicious,’ and ‘Rome Beauty.’ Sprays were applied as alternate-row middle applications with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated at 50 gal/acre, driven at 2 mph. Spray dates were 24 and 30 Jun and 26 Jul (Carzol + Vendex treatment only). A routine schedule of fungicides and insecticides (Dithane M-45, Guthion, and calcium chloride) was maintained throughout the experiment. Effectiveness of treatments against ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree (‘Yorking’). The predator S. punctum was observed by making 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of ‘Yorking’ trees.
Systemic Insecticides for Control on Summer Squash, 1987:
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Criswell J. T. , Fargo W. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted at the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater. ‘Hyrific’ summer squash was direct seeded on 20 Aug into single-row beds (48-inch centers) on a clay loam soil. The experiment was arranged in a double latin square design (5 by 5) and overlaid on plots consisting of a single-row of 5 plants seeded at 3-ft intervals. Granular formulations of the systemic insecticides were applied in a 6-inch band over the row at planting. The granules were lightly raked into the soil and the rows were irrigated using a surface trickle irrigation system. The treatments were evaluated by counting the dead SB (nymphs and adults pooled) and SCB on or directly beneath each plant at 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 d after the squash plants emerged from the soil.
Effect Insecticides on Lepidopter and Leafminers on Tomatoes, 1987:
Authors: Carson W. G. , Nakakihara H. , Trumble J. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 7 Jul at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 wk and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 7, 20, and 27 Aug; 3, 10, 17, and 14 Sep; and 1 and 8 Oct. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 4-6 nozzles/row (as plant height and density increased) incorporated D-3 orifice disks, 23-25 cores, and 50-mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for some treatments at 0.04%. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in 4 9- by 11-inch trays/replicate from 26 Aug through 7 Oct. On 14 and 15 Oct, 200 mature green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800/treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily tomato fruit worm) and external damage (primarily beet army worm) and for tomato pinworm.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1988
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Blodgett S. , Evans B. , McClain-Williams D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1988: Nonirrigated alfalfa, 10 inches tall, was sprayed 14 Apr. Insecticides were applied in water (20 gal/acre) with I a CO2-powered backpack sprayer. The sprayer boom was equipped with 70° hollow-cone nozzles positioned to deliver a broadcast spray pattern. Mean wind speed was 7 mph. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Plots measured 20 by 20 ft with unsprayed alleys separating adjacent plots. Eight stems were collected from undisturbed areas within each plot on each sample date. Samples from each plot were individually bagged, returned [ to the laboratory, and frozen. Samples were later thawed and examined under magnification for AW larvae. Pretreatment counts were taken and sampling I was repeated at 1, 4, 6, 8, 11, 15, and 21 DAT. J. B. Graves, A. M. Pavloff, and B. E. Leonard Department of Entomology Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (504) 388-1634
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1988
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were conducted on the Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs. Test 1 was conducted on the second alfalfa cutting and Test 2 was conducted on the third alfalfa cutting. Plots of 40 by 40 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with an untreated control in each of 5 replicates. For Test 1, PLH densities were estimated from 20 pendulum sweeps taken randomly across each plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net on 23 Jun. All treatments were applied as foliar spray on 24 Jun. PLH densities were sampled on 30 Jun and 7, 14, and 20 Jul. Alfalfa height at treatment was 4-6 inches. Sprays were applied in 20 gal water/acre at 26 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20-ft boom with 80° flat-fan nozzles and 50-mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was determined from to 60-ft2 swaths taken from each plot on 20 Jul. Treatments in Test 2 were similarly applied. PLH density was evaluated on 2 Aug before foliar spray was applied on 3 Aug and on 9, 17, 24, and 31 Aug. Alfalfa yield was determined from 2 60-ft2 swaths collected from each plot on 1 Sep.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1987
Authors: Jensen Bryan , Wedberg John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots, 12 by 12 m, were established in a field of ‘Magnum’ alfalfa at the Arlington Research Station in Columbia County, Wis. Each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 10 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with Teejet 8003 flat-fan nozzles that delivered 263 liters finished spray/ha at 25 psi. Insect abundance samples were taken using pendulum sweeps with a standard 38-cm sweep net.
Late-Season Control, 1988
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Babcock J. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This work was conducted in a 3-yr-old stand of ‘Agate’ alfalfa seed near Gardena, Walla Walla County, Wash. Plots were 0.01 acre, and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray treatments were applied 4 Aug with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi from a 4-ft boom with 4 8003 flat-fan nozzles on 19-inch spacings. Samples of 5 180° sweeps from a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net were collected 11 and 16 Aug.
Alfalfa Pest Control, 1988
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots (10.5 by 12 m) were established in a field of‘Arrow’ alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Research Station in Columbia County. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and applied 1 Jul from a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles delivering 188 liters finished spray/ha at 35 psi. The insecticide-impregnated dry fertilizer mixture was prepared by placing the dry fertilizer in a cement mixer and slowly spraying the formulated insecticide into the revolving drum with a hand-held mist sprayer. The mixture was applied in a checkerboard pattern with a push-type broadcast spreader. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 20 pendulum sweeps in each plot with a standard 38-cm-diam sweep net.
Cereal Aphid Control, 1987
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Barley was planted 29 Apr near Kimberly, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the field was surface irrigated. Two rates of Asana were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer in 50 gal finished spray/acre. The Asana plots and an untreated control plot were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plot size was 25 by 25 ft. Aphids were counted at 2, 6, and 13 DAT; 10 tillers/plot were randomly selected and examined, aphids/head and tillers were recorded. Aphids in the heads at the first posttreatment count were exclusively the English grain aphid. Aphids on the tillers were 90% rose grass aphid and about 3% each bird cherry-oat aphid and corn leaf aphid.