bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food and beverage purchases at formal and informal outlets in Mexico
Authors: Farah Irene , Stern Dalia , Ramírez Yenisei , López-Olmedo Nancy , Pérez-Ferrer Carolina , Langellier Brent A , Colchero M Arantxa , Barrientos-Gutierrez Tonatiuh 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjective:To examine food and beverage purchasing patterns across formal and informal outlets among Mexican households’ and explore differences by urbanicity and income.Design:Cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample of households. We calculated the proportion of total food and beverage expenditure in each household by food outlet type overall and by urbanicity and income. We defined informal outlets as those which are not registered or regulated by tax and fiscal laws. Since some of the outlets within community food environments do not fall in clear categories, we defined a continuum from formal to informal outlets, adding mixed outlets as a category.Setting:Mexico.Participants:Mexican households (n 74 203) from the 2018 National Income and Expenditure Survey.Results:Of the total food and beverage purchases, outlets within the formal food sector (i.e. supermarkets and convenience stores) accounted for 15 % of the purchases, 13 % of purchases occurred in outlets within the informal food sector (i.e. street markets, street vendors and acquaintances) and 70 % in fiscally mixed outlets (i.e. small neighbourhood stores, specialty stores and public markets). Across levels of urbanicity and income, most food and beverage purchases occurred in mixed outlets. Also, purchases in informal and mixed outlets decreased as levels of urbanicity and income increased. In contrast to informal outlets, purchases in formal outlets were most likely from richer households and living in larger sized cities.Conclusions:Understanding where Mexican households shop for food is relevant to create tailored interventions according to food outlet type, accounting for regulatory and governance structures.
What determines the relative success of different war compensation policies? Comparing three unresolved compensation issues between Japan and South Korea
Authors: Lee Jun Young , Kim Yeon Joo , Kim Ji Young 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis article examines three Japan–South Korea postwar compensation cases: the comfort women issue, the Sakhalin Island forced labor issue, and Korean atomic bomb survivor issue. These compensation movements produced vastly different results, even though the basic policy directions for compensation provision in all three cases were similar. Japan's approach toward the comfort women problem has been a complete failure, while its treatment of the Sakhalin forced labor issue and the atomic bomb issues has been more successful. This article's explanation of the different outcomes focuses on the character and geographical base of the civic groups leading these compensation movements. In South Korea, women's rights activists spearheaded the comfort women compensation movement and related victim-relief activities. The Korean non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that assisted the comfort women treated this problem not only as a women's rights issue, but also as a nationalist issue. In contrast, the Red Cross, a politically neutral international organization, promoted the Sakhalin forced labor and atomic bomb issues. In short, the different receptions accorded to those championing the comfort women issue and those promoting the Sakhalin forced labor and atomic bomb issues depended on the principal agent of each compensation process. This article aims to provide some implications for successfully implementing postwar compensation policies. It suggests that, if successful postwar compensation policy depends on successful perpetrator–victim reconciliation, establishing solidarity between perpetrator and victim countries’ civic groups is important. This can only be facilitated through the depoliticized and transparent operation of leading NGOs both inside and outside the redressal-seeking nation.
Russia as a great power: from 1815 to the present day Part II
Authors: Ellman Michael 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis article is Part II of a survey of Russia's position as one of the great powers and how it has evolved from 1815 to the present day. Part 1 ended on the eve of the Great Patriotic War (1941‒1945), and Part II begins where Part 1 left off, with some data on the Great Patriotic War and its influence on the USSR's position as a great power. It deals with post-war reconstruction and then considers the Cold War and post-Soviet Russia (1992‒2022). Attention is paid to Soviet economic policies, the reasons for the long-run decline in Soviet economic growth, and the state collapse of 1991. Explanatory theories used include List's economic recommendations for medium-developed countries, Wintrobe's political economy of dictatorship, and Tilly's analysis of the war–state relationship. It is concluded that a relatively poor country can become a great power and maintain that position for long periods if it has institutions that enable it to squeeze its population for military purposes.
Locating TWAIL Scholarship in China
Authors: WANG Yilin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis paper opens a scholarly discourse about Chinese scholars’ engagement with TWAIL (Third World Approach to International Law). This paper shows that Chinese international law scholars and TWAIL align in their resistance to Eurocentrism in international law, while they differ in their attitude towards whether to refrain from “national allegories” and criticize international law as a state-centric invention. A state-centric approach means that mainstream Chinese international lawyers tend to adopt a pragmatic attitude towards international law, employing it as a strategic weapon. During the course of this inquiry, this paper also observes a critical strand in Chinese academics – mostly outside of the international law discipline, and within the disciplines of history and philosophy – that is dedicated to redeeming China's subjectivity and history, which may be useful to understand Chinese critical spirit.
Linking Critical Zone With Watershed Science: The Example of the Heihe River Basin
Authors: Li Xin , Cheng Guodong , Fu Bojie , Xia Jun , Zhang Ling , Yang Dawen , Zheng Chunmiao , Liu Shaomin , Li Xiubin , Song Changqing , Kang Shaozhong , Li Xiaoyan , Che Tao , Zheng Yi , Zhou Yanzhao , Wang Haibo , Ran Youhua 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWatersheds are the basic unit of Earth's terrestrial systems and are therefore ideal units for the study of critical zones (CZs). However, grand challenges remain regarding the observation, modeling, and management of CZs and watershed systems. We synthesize the progress and breakthroughs associated with watershed science and CZ research in the Heihe River basin (HRB), a large‐scale endorheic river basin with unique mountain cryosphere‐oasis‐desert landscapes and prominent human‐nature competition for water resources. The HRB observation system consists of mountain cryosphere, agricultural oasis, and natural oasis observatories and is promoted by large‐scale comprehensive experiments to achieve multiscale observations. A watershed system model that couples ecohydrological models with socioeconomic models is developed to investigate the complex interactions among water, ecology, and socioeconomics in the HRB. The model is embedded in a decision support system to bridge science and decision‐making and to better serve river basin sustainability. Significant progress and breakthroughs have been made in CZ and watershed process research (e.g., cryospheric hydrological processes, ecological and hydrological interactions, and surface‐groundwater interactions) in the HRB. Nevertheless, observation and modeling of geochemical and geomorphological processes in the CZ have not been well addressed in integrated watershed studies of the HRB. In the future, new observation technologies, agent‐based models, machine learning, and data assimilation will benefit both watershed science and CZ science and help to address complexity and dynamics in the CZ at the river basin scale. Overall, the HRB has successfully demonstrated how an experimental river basin can link CZ science with watershed science.
Quantifying Inclination Shallowing and Representing Flattening Uncertainty in Sedimentary Paleomagnetic Poles
Authors: Pierce James , Zhang Yiming , Hodgin Eben B. , Swanson‐Hysell Nicholas L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractInclination is the angle of a magnetization vector from horizontal. Clastic sedimentary rocks often experience inclination shallowing whereby syn‐ to post‐depositional processes result in flattened detrital remanent magnetizations relative to local geomagnetic field inclinations. The deviation of recorded inclinations from true values presents challenges for reconstructing paleolatitudes. A widespread approach for estimating flattening factors (f) compares the shape of an assemblage of magnetization vectors to that derived from a paleosecular variation model (the elongation/inclination [E/I] method). Few studies exist that compare the results of this statistical approach with empirically determined flattening factors and none in the Proterozoic Eon. In this study, we evaluate inclination shallowing within 1.1 billion‐year‐old, hematite‐bearing red beds of the Cut Face Creek Sandstone that is bounded by lava flows of known inclination. Taking this inclination from the volcanics as the expected direction, we found that detrital hematite remanence is flattened with whereas the pigmentary hematite magnetization shares a common mean with the volcanics. Using the pigmentary hematite direction as the expected inclination results in . These flattening factors are consistent with those estimated through the E/I method supporting its application in deep time. However, all methods have significant uncertainty associated with determining the flattening factor. This uncertainty can be incorporated into paleomagnetic poles with the resulting ellipse approximated with a Kent distribution. Rather than seeking to find “the flattening factor,” or assuming a single value, the inherent uncertainty in flattening factors should be recognized and incorporated into paleomagnetic syntheses.
Hurricanes and Anomalous Heat in the Caribbean
Authors: Guido Zack , Allen Teddy , Mason Simon , Méndez‐Lázaro Pablo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCo‐occurring hazards present unparalleled challenges to development and disaster recovery. In this study, we investigate the relationship between anomalous heat in the aftermath of tropical cyclones in the eastern Caribbean between 1991 and 2020. We analyze the spatial patterns of anomalous heat index (HI) values for 53 tropical storms and hurricanes using a Lagrangian analysis framework. Furthermore, we analyze temporal patterns of 205 city‐storms pairings. The spatial patterns displayed distinct and statistically significant areas of anomalously warm conditions regardless of the storm intensity classification. Moreover, all 205 city‐storm events had positive HI anomalies following the storms' passage with a maximum of 5°C. The results show that HI anomalies can be high, have a time lag of days, and be observed in locations not directly impacted by the storm. The results have implications for tropical cyclones preparedness, including suggesting that preparedness include informing the public about heat impacts.
Velocity Gradients Below the 410‐km Discontinuity Beneath Eastern Asia and Its Implication on Water Content Distribution
Authors: Wang Yi , He Yumei , Li Juan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe velocity gradient below the 410‐km discontinuity provides clues for the water content gradient in the mantle transition zone. Here we report an abnormal X phase refracted below the 410, providing a unique opportunity to constrain the velocity gradient at that depth. We observe the X phase sampling the MTZ beneath south and southwest China close to the subducted Paleo‐Pacific slab, compared to the typical triplication waveforms sampling northeast Asia, the modern Pacific subduction system. The P velocity gradient below the 410 is 0.0028 s−1 or lower beneath south and southwest China, indicating a uniform water content; while it is 0.0037 s−1 or higher beneath northeast Asia, suggesting a water content decreasing from the 410‐km downward. Our research provides seismic evidence for water infiltrating the MTZ from a hydrous layer atop the 410 and then widely diffused into the MTZ after long‐term subduction.
Quantifying Ice‐Sheet Derived Lead (Pb) Fluxes to the Ocean; A Case Study at Nioghalvfjerdsbræ
Authors: Krisch Stephan , Huhn Oliver , Al‐Hashem Ali , Hopwood Mark J. , Lodeiro Pablo , Achterberg Eric P. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractConcentrations of the toxic element lead (Pb) are elevated in seawater due to historical emissions. While anthropogenic atmospheric emissions are the dominant source of dissolved Pb (dPb) to the Atlantic Ocean, evidence is emerging of a natural source associated with subglacial discharge into the ocean but this has yet to be constrained around Greenland. Here, we show subglacial discharge from the cavity underneath Nioghalvfjerdsbræ floating ice tongue, is a previously unrecognized source of dPb to the NE Greenland Shelf. Contrasting cavity‐inflowing and cavity‐outflowing waters, we constrain the associated net‐dPb flux as 2.2 ± 1.4 Mg·yr−1, of which ∼90% originates from dissolution of glacial bedrock and cavity sediments. We propose that the retreat of the floating ice tongue, the ongoing retreat of many glaciers on Greenland, associated shifts in sediment dynamics, and enhanced meltwater discharges into shelf waters may result in pronounced changes, possibly increases, in net‐dPb fluxes to coastal waters.
Faster Tropical Upper Stratospheric Upwelling Drives Changes in Ozone Chemistry
Authors: Strahan Susan E. , Coy Lawrence , Douglass Anne R. , Damon Megan R. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTropospheric trends in long‐lived source gases N2O and the chlorofluorocarbons cause trends in O3 through changes in their reactive product gases. Transport affects the product gases because it controls the distribution of the long‐lived source gases. We find that large changes in tropical upwelling 10–5 hPa since 2012 have strengthened the northern branch of the upper stratospheric (UpS) transport circulation, dramatically altering the abundances of N2O and its odd nitrogen product gases, NOx and HNO3. Increased upwelling is connected to stronger and more frequent Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation easterly winds at 10 hPa and above. We use simulations with and without time varying MERRA2 meteorology to quantify the impact of dynamical changes on O3 loss via the NOx and ClOx cycles. We find that dynamical impacts on these cycles explain the mid‐stratospheric tropical O3 increase and Arctic UpS O3 decrease since 2005.
Quantification of the Dominant Drivers of Acidification in the Coastal Mid‐Atlantic Bight
Authors: Wright‐Fairbanks E. K. , Saba G. K. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn shallow coastal shelves like the Mid‐Atlantic Bight (MAB), ocean acidification due to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is compounded by highly variable coastal processes including riverine freshwater inputs, nutrient loading, biogeochemical influence, coastal currents and water mass mixing, and seasonal transitions in physical parameters. Past deconstructions of carbonate system drivers in the MAB have focused on nearshore zones or single season data, and thus lack the spatial and temporal resolution required to assess impacts to important species occupying the shelf. Deconstructing highly resolved data collected during four seasonal Slocum glider deployments in the MAB, this study uses a Taylor Series decomposition to quantify the influence of temperature, salinity, biogeochemical activity, and water mass mixing on pH and aragonite saturation state from sea surface to bottom. Results show that water mass mixing and biogeochemical activity were the most significant drivers of the carbonate system in the MAB. Nearshore water was more acidic year‐round due to riverine freshwater input, but photosynthesis reduced acidity at certain depths and times. Water mass mixing increased acidity in bottom water on the shelf, particularly in summer. Gulf Stream intrusions at the shelf break during fall acted to mitigate acidification on the shelf in habitats occupied by carbonate‐bearing organisms. The relationships quantified here can be used to improve biogeochemical forecast models and determine habitat suitability for commercially important fin and shellfish species residing in the MAB.
A systematic review of non-surgical management in Peyronieʼs disease
Authors: Hayat Sulaiman , Brunckhorst Oliver , Alnajjar Hussain M , Cakir Onur Omer , Muneer Asif , Ahmed Kamran 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe efficacy of many non-surgical treatments for Peyronie’s disease is unclear. This systematic review aims to critically assess the currently available options and provide a recommendation for treatment based on this. A systematic literature search utilising the Medline (Pubmed), Embase, global health and Cochrane library databases was conducted up to May 2021. All randomised controlled trials assessing non-surgical treatment modalities for Peyronie’s Disease were included. Individual study risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane tool and GRADE was used to assess evidence strength. Outcome measures were the change in penile curvature (degrees), plaque size (volume or size), International Index of Erectile Function score, pain scores and change in penile length. Prospero registration number: CRD42017064618. Amongst the 5549 articles identified, 41 studies (42 reports) were included. Seven different oral treatment options including vitamin E supplementation showed evidence for improving outcomes such as penile curvature and plaque size. Of the intralesional treatments, Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum showed evidence for improving penile curvature (Range: 16.3–17 degrees, moderate level certainty of evidence). Intralesional Interferon demonstrated some improvement in curvature (Range: 12–13.5 degrees), plaque size (Range: 1.67–2.2 cm2) and pain, whilst intralesional calcium channel blockers such as Verapamil showed variable evidence for changes in the plaque size and pain. Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy consistently demonstrated evidence for improving penile pain in stable disease, and two mechanical traction devices improved curvature. Iontophoresis, topical medications, and combination therapies did not demonstrate any consistent improvements in outcome measures. Intralesional options demonstrate the best potential. Overall, results varied with few high-quality randomised trials present.
Multi-omics characterization of autophagy-related molecular features for therapeutic targeting of autophagy
Authors: Luo Mei , Ye Lin , Chang Ruimin , Ye Youqiong , Zhang Zhao , Liu Chunjie , Li Shengli , Jing Ying , Ruan Hang , Zhang Guanxiong , He Yi , Liu Yaoming , Xue Yu , Chen Xiang , Guo An-Yuan , Liu Hong , Han Leng 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAutophagy is a major contributor to anti-cancer therapy resistance. Many efforts have been made to understand and overcome autophagy-mediated therapy resistance, but these efforts have been unsuccessful in clinical applications. In this study, we establish an autophagy signature to estimate tumor autophagy status. We then classify approximately 10,000 tumor samples across 33 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas into autophagy score-high and autophagy score-low groups. We characterize the associations between multi-dimensional molecular features and tumor autophagy, and further analyse the effects of autophagy status on drug response. In contrast to the conventional view that the induction of autophagy serves as a key resistance mechanism during cancer therapy, our analysis reveals that autophagy induction may also sensitize cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs. We further experimentally validate this phenomenon for several anti-cancer drugs in vitro and in vivo, and reveal that autophagy inducers potentially sensitizes tumor cells to etoposide through downregulating the expression level of DDIT4. Our study provides a comprehensive landscape of molecular alterations associated with tumor autophagy and highlights an opportunity to leverage multi-omics analysis to utilize multiple drug sensitivity induced by autophagy.
Juxtaposition of Bub1 and Cdc20 on phosphorylated Mad1 during catalytic mitotic checkpoint complex assembly
Authors: Fischer Elyse S. , Yu Conny W. H. , Hevler Johannes F. , McLaughlin Stephen H. , Maslen Sarah L. , Heck Albert J. R. , Freund Stefan M. V. , Barford David 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn response to improper kinetochore-microtubule attachments in mitosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) assembles the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) to inhibit the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome, thereby delaying entry into anaphase. The MCC comprises Mad2:Cdc20:BubR1:Bub3. Its assembly is catalysed by unattached kinetochores on a Mad1:Mad2 platform. Mad1-bound closed-Mad2 (C-Mad2) recruits open-Mad2 (O-Mad2) through self-dimerization. This interaction, combined with Mps1 kinase-mediated phosphorylation of Bub1 and Mad1, accelerates MCC assembly, in a process that requires O-Mad2 to C-Mad2 conversion and concomitant binding of Cdc20. How Mad1 phosphorylation catalyses MCC assembly is poorly understood. Here, we characterized Mps1 phosphorylation of Mad1 and obtained structural insights into a phosphorylation-specific Mad1:Cdc20 interaction. This interaction, together with the Mps1-phosphorylation dependent association of Bub1 and Mad1, generates a tripartite assembly of Bub1 and Cdc20 onto the C-terminal domain of Mad1 (Mad1CTD). We additionally identify flexibility of Mad1:Mad2 that suggests how the Cdc20:Mad1CTD interaction brings the Mad2-interacting motif (MIM) of Cdc20 near O-Mad2. Thus, Mps1-dependent formation of the MCC-assembly scaffold functions to position and orient Cdc20 MIM near O-Mad2, thereby catalysing formation of C-Mad2:Cdc20.
Monolithically integrated, broadband, high-efficiency silicon nitride-on-silicon waveguide photodetectors in a visible-light integrated photonics platform
Authors: Lin Yiding , Yong Zheng , Luo Xianshu , Azadeh Saeed Sharif , Mikkelsen Jared C. , Sharma Ankita , Chen Hong , Mak Jason C. C. , Lo Patrick Guo-Qiang , Sacher Wesley D. , Poon Joyce K. S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractVisible and near-infrared spectrum photonic integrated circuits are quickly becoming a key technology to address the scaling challenges in quantum information and biosensing. Thus far, integrated photonic platforms in this spectral range have lacked integrated photodetectors. Here, we report silicon nitride-on-silicon waveguide photodetectors that are monolithically integrated in a visible light photonic platform on silicon. Owing to a leaky-wave silicon nitride-on-silicon design, the devices achieved a high external quantum efficiency of >60% across a record wavelength span from λ ~ 400 nm to ~640 nm, an opto-electronic bandwidth up to 9 GHz, and an avalanche gain-bandwidth product up to 173 ± 30 GHz. As an example, a photodetector was integrated with a wavelength-tunable microring in a single chip for on-chip power monitoring.