bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Claims and Political Inclusion
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the vast range of cultural accommodation claims that are made in democratic states. They are exemption claims; assistance claims; affirmative claims; special representation claims; self-determination claims; and recognition claims. The chapter suggests that on the grounds of political inclusion, these are claims are nearly all justified. The chapter then considers cultural preservation claims and argues, against critics of multiculturalism, that most preservation claims can and should be accommodated because they permit and encourage political inclusion. They do not, as critics have claimed, support segregation nor do they manifest a failure to integrate.
We Are All Neutralists Now!
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces and explains the concept of neutral institutions. If the aim is to address the relative institutional disadvantage commonly faced by minorities, then neutral institutions are required. It is commonly thought that neutrality and minority rights are opposed, with multicultural minority rights uniquely being the pathway to minority accommodation. But neutrality can be achieved in two broad ways: one where majority advantage is simply removed, and another where minority rights are added to counter relative majority advantage. This means that multicultural minority rights are a form of neutrality, even if many of its proponents remain critical of neutrality.
Neutrality without Minority Rights
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides the main argument against multicultural minority rights. A narrower understanding of neutrality, called “active indifference,” is introduced which can accommodate minority ways of life without granting minority rights. If majority privilege is the problem, then that privilege should be removed rather than adding new balancing forms of privilege in the form of multicultural minority rights. Active indifference not only avoids the problems of multicultural minority rights—problems such as reification and essentialism that are acknowledged by the advocates of multicultural minority rights—but has the added advantages of offering more freedom, both in terms of less restrictions and more opportunities.
Choosing Freedom
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This book is a reader-friendly introduction to the ethical thought of Immanuel Kant. It is structured as a guide to living in accordance with Kantian ideals of rationality and freedom, despite our human flaws, failings, and weaknesses. The book draws on a wide selection of Kant’s writings so as to make his ethical framework accessible and thought-provoking for modern readers, as well as responsive to contemporary ethical concerns. Part One provides an overview of Kant’s general ethical framework, starting with his conception of freedom and his view of human nature. It covers his account of moral motivation, the three main formulations of his categorical imperative, key Kantian concepts like respect, autonomy, dignity, and love, and it also includes a broad overview of Kant’s entire system of duties. Part Two takes up Kant’s views on self-knowledge and moral assessment of ourselves and others. Part Three consists in an overview of seven crucial Kantian vices: servility, arrogance, contempt, gossiping, mockery, deceitfulness, and drunkenness. Part Four sets out five Kantian life goals—self-development, cheerfulness, reserve, beneficence, and gratitude, while Part Five focuses on Kant’s remarks on social relationships, including friendship, romantic encounters, politeness, and dinner parties. Part Six concludes with Kant’s argument for being hopeful about moral progress, even in the face of despair and disillusionment about the current state of the world. The book aims to present Kantian ethics as an appealing guide for life, one that emphasizes freedom, self-improvement, and optimism about the future.
Moral Commitment
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on moral motivation, virtue, and what it means to have a Kantian good will. For Kant, a person with a good will is committed to morality in a way that means that we can always count on them to do the right thing, no matter what temptations they face or what pressures they are under. It is that commitment that distinguishes the truly good person from the rest of us. And this commitment is what Kant means when he talks about having a good will. A person with a good will has a commitment to doing what is right because it is right, a commitment that takes the form of acting for morally good reasons. Kantian virtue is strength in living up to this commitment.
The Categorical Imperative
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the universal law formulation of Kant's categorical imperative, emphasizing the importance of moral equality. Kant sees the principle he calls the "categorical imperative" as simply articulating a central moral idea that we already have, or at least, that we would have if we were thinking rationally. It is the principle that a morally good person (or a person with a good will) employs when deciding what to do. Kant's universal law formulation instructs us to think beyond our own case and imagine what it would be like if other people were proposing to act like we are acting. Indeed, the universal law formulation reflects a crucial concept in Kant's ethics, which is the necessity of seeing ourselves as the moral equals of other rational beings.
Love and Respect
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the foundational Kantian moral attitudes of love and respect. These two great moral forces play an important role in Kant's thinking about what it means to be a good person. For Kant, both love and respect generate moral obligations for us. We owe people respect. Often that means leaving them alone or giving them space. We also owe people care and concern. Often that means coming close enough, literally or figuratively, to take on some of their burdens and ease their pain. The chapter then considers how Kant sometimes talks about love and respect as attitudes, and sometimes as duties that require specific actions from us.
Judging Others
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights our habit of judging other people, a habit Kant thinks we would be better off without. There are two different kinds of problems with being judgmental. The first is what philosophers call an epistemic problem, or a problem about knowledge. We often lack enough information to justify our negative judgments about other people. The second is a problem about self-conceit. The person who is being judgmental is putting themselves on a higher plane than the other person. We can do a lot of damage when we are quick to criticize and blame other people. Even more importantly, focusing on what other people are doing wrong distracts us from the really important questions we need to be asking ourselves about our own behavior.
Servility
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Part Three is an overview of seven central Kantian vices or moral failings. Chapter 13 focuses on servility, or the failure to treat oneself with appropriate self-respect. Chapter 14 focuses on arrogance, explaining why it is also a failure of Kantian self-respect insofar as it involves making mistakes about one’s value relative to others. Chapter 15 explores the vice of contempt, which is a denial of fundamental respect to others as rational agents. Chapter 16 takes up the vice of defamation or spreading negative gossip for its entertainment value. Chapter 17 focuses on the related vice of mockery or taking pleasure in ridiculing others. Chapter 18 explains Kant’s opposition to lying and the reasons why deceitfulness is such a serious Kantian vice. The chapter emphasizes the relationship between honesty and social trust. Chapter 19 explores Kant’s concerns about drunkenness and its negative moral effects on dignity and mutual respect.
Drunkenness
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Kant's concerns about drunkenness and its negative moral effects on dignity and mutual respect. For Kant, the morality of alcohol depends on why and how we are using it. What bothers him is using alcohol as a way of deliberately or at least carelessly interfering with our rational capacities for no particularly good reason, whether just for an evening or as a way of life. As Kant sees it, there is a self-deceptiveness about using drugs or alcohol as a way of forgetting problems. Not only do the problems not go away, but the effects of overindulgence linger in ways that reduce our ability to solve them. Moreover, drunkenness interferes with our ability to engage in the kinds of relationships with others that Kant thinks are so important to the moral community.
Judicious Reserve
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes why Kant thinks that candor is overrated and why we should strive for reserve about our thoughts and our moral flaws. Knowing when to be candid and when to be reserved is a skill we need in conducting our moral lives. Just as we owe it to other people and to the moral community as a whole to be truthful, so we also owe it to them to be reserved when the occasion demands it. Given what we human beings are like, some degree of reserve is essential to our ability to maintain the appropriate attitudes of respect and love for each other. Being reserved does not mean being deceptive; it is more of a way of shifting our focus to better things.
Useful Beneficence
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the Kantian imperfect duty to promote the happiness of others, or the duty of beneficence. In Kant's framework, our reasons have to be tied to our obligations to our fellow rational agents. Technically, Kant categorizes beneficence as a duty of love. Helping people is a way of showing that we care about them and their needs. But Kantian beneficence can just as easily be understood as a duty of respect. Helping someone out is also a way of respecting them as a setter of ends. To be a setter of ends is to be someone who has plans, projects, and goals. Beneficence, as Kant understands it, is something that we owe to all rational beings, not just our friends and relatives.
Heartfelt Gratitude
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies what Kant calls the sacred duty of gratitude, explaining why it is so important and also why it is sometimes quite challenging. Kant describes gratitude as a duty that we owe to people who have benefited us. Gratitude is a way of honoring them. He immediately rules out the idea, perhaps widely held, that the main point of doing things like writing thank you notes is to encourage the givers to keep on giving to you. Thank you notes written out of that kind of motivation are simply acts of self-interest, not an expression of moral commitment. But he does think that the importance of gratitude is tied to the importance of beneficence. It is because beneficence is such a valuable thing that it deserves honor in the form of gratitude. This means that the person who is ungrateful fails to value beneficence properly.
Friends and Frenemies
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Part Five explores the role of social life in Kant’s ethics. Chapter 25 focuses on his account of friendship and his arguments for its moral value. It also addresses what Kant took to be the risks of friendship among flawed human beings. Chapter 26 considers Kant’s views on romantic relationships. The chapter takes up his worries about the moral dangers of sexual desire, with its ability to turn persons into mere objects of pleasure, as well as his remedies for those dangers. Chapter 27 explores Kant’s view that we have a moral duty to cultivate good manners, on the grounds that they help us become more virtuous as individuals and improve our communities. Chapter 28 explains Kant’s carefully considered views about the best way to conduct a dinner party and why he thinks that a well-planned dinner party has moral benefits for the people who participate in it.
A Kantian Love Life
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights Kant's views on romantic relationships. It considers his worries about the moral dangers of sexual desire, with its ability to turn persons into mere objects of pleasure, as well as his remedies for those dangers. Kant holds that the only natural purpose of sexual desire is procreation; any employment of sexual desire that is not aimed at procreation is going to raise moral problems for him. Employing a person purely as a sexual object is, on Kant's view, an extraordinarily effective way of degrading and dehumanizing them. When we ask what counts as a mutually respectful sexual relationship, we are asking about what it means to respect one's partner as an end in both senses. Kant thinks that sexual relationships can only meet this standard in the context of marriage.
Scars on the Land
Authors: Silkenat David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Scars on the Land examines how the environment shaped the lives of the enslaved and how slavery remade the landscape of the American South. Over two centuries from the establishment of slavery in the Chesapeake to the Civil War, one simple calculation had profound consequences: rather than measuring productivity based on outputs per acre, Southern planters sought to maximize how much labor they could extract from their enslaved workforce. They saw the landscape as disposable, relocating to more fertile prospects once they had leached the soils and cut down the forests. The expanding enslaved frontier irrevocably transformed the environment. On its leading edge, slavery laid waste to fragile ecosystems, draining swamps and clearing forests to plant crops and fuel steamships. On its trailing edge, slavery left eroded hillsides, rivers clogged with sterile soil, and the extinction of native species. Although the precise mechanisms and effects varied in Virginia’s tobacco fields, Louisiana’s swamps, and North Carolina’s pine forests, slavery exacted the same swift price. While environmental destruction fueled slavery’s expansion, no environment could long survive intensive slave labor. The scars manifested themselves in different ways, but the land too fell victim to the slave owner’s lash.
Dragged Out by the Roots
Authors: Silkenat David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of slavery in the destruction of Southern forests and how enslaved people used forests. Enslaved lumbermen cut down millions of acres of Southern woodlands, timber that built plantation buildings and fence rails and fueled iron furnaces and steamboats. The destruction of native forests had profound consequences for the broader ecosystem, changing the temperature and turbidity of rivers and prompting the extinction of indigenous birds, reptiles, and amphibians that made their home in the forest. Enslaved Southerners saw forests not only as sites of labor but as places of refuge. Forests provided the venue for a world beyond the watchful eyes of whites. While white Southerners saw forests as boundaries delineating property and the border between wild and cultivated space, enslaved people saw the woods as liminal spaces that created opportunities for freedom.
Breaches in the Levee
Authors: Silkenat David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how rivers shaped slavery’s development and how enslaved people used rivers. The South’s waterways served as arteries for slavery’s expansion. Yet these same rivers that made enslaved agriculture possible also proved dangerously unpredictable, as the risk of flooding kept slave owners awake at night. To control water’s creative and destructive potential, planters used enslaved labor to alter the flow of Southern rivers, build levees, and dig canals. The chapter focuses on the use of enslaved labor to create elaborate hydraulic works on rice plantations and levees on the Mississippi. Enslaved people who worked on rivers used them as a means of escape from bondage.
A Southern Cyclone
Authors: Silkenat David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how the South’s capricious and violent weather affected the lives of the enslaved. Throughout the South, sudden summer thunderstorms could quickly inundate fields, swell rivers and streams over their banks, and wash away roads and bridges. Along both the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, hurricane season could bring devastation, while inland regions experienced frequent tornadoes. In the Upper South, sudden winter ice storms could descend without warning. In an era without meaningful forecasting, the South’s violent and unpredictable weather could wreak profound devastation. While all Southerners could suffer from inclement weather, enslaved people often felt its effects most acutely. Working outside and living in vulnerable housing, they suffered disproportionately when violent weather struck. Human choices made capricious weather events into “natural” disasters.
An Inhospitable Refuge
Authors: Silkenat David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how enslaved people used swamps. For some, the swamp served as a larder, a site where they could supplement meager rations. For others, the swamp was a refuge, an inhospitable landscape preferable to a life in bondage. While enslaved people often ventured into the swamp, white Southerners viewed them with fear and disgust. They elided easy categorization: neither land nor water, swamps did not fit into the schemas white Southerners used to divide the environment. They saw swamps as unruly slaves, requiring discipline before they would submit to cultivation and mastery. Forbidding and menacing, swamps across the South hosted dozens of maroon communities that took advantage of the ecological defenses that swamps created. In South Carolina, Louisiana, and Virginia, these swamp maroon communities struggled to maintain an alternative to slavery in profoundly challenging environmental conditions.
Open Banking Ecosystem and Infrastructure: Banking on Openness
Authors: Wolberg-Stok Andres 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes how the traditional banking and payments ecosystem transformed with the entry of financial data aggregators and fintech service apps. In this first chapter, “Open Banking Ecosystem and Infrastructure: Banking on Openness,” Andres Wolberg-Stok, Global Head of Strategy, Office of the CTO, at Citi, provides a historical overview beginning in the 1980s. Wolberg-Stok explores the flow of customer-permissioned data between financial institutions, data aggregators, and fintechs and how today’s data revolution is impacting the traditional business of banking, including some of the costs and benefits for consumers, monetary policy, and financial stability. He chronicles how consumers’ awareness of the importance and value of their data is growing and how financial services became one of the very first domains in which consumers are starting to gain a measure of agency over their data.
Defining Data Rights and the Role of the Individual
Authors: Asrow Kaitlin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Chapter 2, “Defining Data Rights and the Role of the Individual,” Kaitlin Asrow, Senior Fintech Policy Advisor at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, interrogates the core principle of “data privacy” and an evolution to “data protection” and ultimately to “data rights.” Data privacy, once just a term to describe keeping personal data private, has grown to encompass bigger concepts, such as “data protection” under the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation and “data empowerment” in India under its Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture. In this chapter, Asrow argues that a baseline of consumer “data protection” and “data rights” can help to effectively manage a data-based economy, including structures such as Open Banking. She analyzes the challenges of current US data regimes under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, Section 1033 of the Dodd-Frank Act, and the California Data Privacy Act, and proposes a path toward modernizing our data governance frameworks, with a particular focus on the role of the consumer.
Customer Protection and the Liability Conundrum in an Open Finance Ecosystem
Authors: Boms Steven , Taussig Sam 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3, “Customer Protection and the Liability Conundrum in an Open Finance Ecosystem,” examines what is arguably the most difficult challenge in open banking. Authored by Steven Boms, Executive Director of the Financial Data and Technology Association’s North American Chapter and President of Allon Advocacy, and Sam Taussig, Kabbage’s former Global Head of Policy and Special Product Development, this chapter explores why this issue is particularly challenging in various jurisdictions, such as the United Kingdom, continental Europe, and the United States. Boms and Taussig describe current gaps in the US customer liability framework under Regulation E of the Electronic Fund Transfers Act and suggest shared liability and traceability-based policy options for modernizing the US regulatory environment.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: The Opportunities and Challenges of Using Big Data
Authors: Bruckner Matthew Adam 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Chapter 4, “Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: The Opportunities and Challenges of Using Big Data,” Matthew Adam Bruckner, Associate Professor of Law, Howard University School of Law, explores the potential offered by Big Data, artificial intelligence, and machine learning in financial services. Using data from fintech lenders such as Lending Club and Upstart, several recent studies suggest that fintech lenders’ use of nontraditional (“alternative”) data present significant opportunities to greatly improve financial inclusion. For example, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s analysis of Upstart’s lending data found that “the tested model approves 27% more applicants than the traditional model, and yields 16% lower average APRs for approved loans.” But a recent report from the Student Borrower Protection Center warned that fintech lenders’ use of educational data points may penalize Black and Hispanic borrowers for attending a community college, a historically Black college or university, or a Hispanic-serving institution. Bruckner explains the current regulatory environment, including how certain fair lending rules can foster innovation in credit underwriting and where the use of nontraditional data can violate these legal and regulatory protections. He also outlines key trade-offs regulators need to consider and the limits of building fair artificial intelligence/machine learning–based credit algorithms and underwriting models.
Open Banking and the Economics of Data
Authors: Carrière-Swallow Yan , Haksar Vikram 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Chapter 7, “Open Banking and the Economics of Data,” by the IMF’s Yan Carrière-Swallow and Vikram Haksar, provides an economic framework for thinking about the value of individual data and the game-changing implications of data’s unique economic features for the broader economy. The authors explain how data is poorly characterized by the common analogy of being the “new oil.” Due to its nonrival economic characteristic, data can be reused, consumed by multiple parties, transferred across networks, and combined with other data to create new products and services. This piece explores the economics of how data is produced, consumed, and monetized, the implications of data proliferation for the provision of financial services, and discusses key economic questions surrounding open banking as a consumer-centric data policy framework for the financial sector.