bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The secrets to successful entrepreneurship: how occupational experience shapes the creation and performance of start-ups
Authors: Wu Yongqiu , Maas Gideon , Zhang Yi , Chen Fengwen , Xia Senmao , Fernandes Kiran , Tian Kun 
Published: November 2022

PurposePrevious experience is a critical factor affecting entrepreneurial activities; however, it has not been fully studied in the existing literature. This study attempts to comprehensively reveal the routes and mechanisms of occupational experience that affect entrepreneurial activities and assess the entrepreneurial potential of different occupational practitioners.Design/methodology/approachBy matching occupational characteristics with entrepreneurs' competence, this study proposes ten hypotheses about how occupational experience affects entrepreneurial entry and performance. This empirical study is based on the Occupational Information Network database and Chinese survey data. Factor and regression analyses were used in the empirical research.FindingsThis study verifies that different occupational practitioners have varied entrepreneurial potential. Occupational experience, including occupational uncertainty, market contact and social capital, gained from previous experience significantly affects entrepreneurial entry. Meanwhile, occupational characteristics, including management experience, marketing experience, social capital, financial capital, risk-taking ability and creativity, accumulated from previous experience, have a significant impact on entrepreneurial performance.Originality/valueThis study is a pioneering attempt to reveal the relationship between occupational experience and entrepreneurial activities. The transmission mechanism of previous experiences affecting entrepreneurial activities is comprehensively revealed by relaxing the assumption of a representative occupation. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for empirical evidence and have important practical value.
Online silence: why do people not challenge others when posting misinformation?
Authors: Gurgun Selin , Arden-Close Emily , Phalp Keith , Ali Raian 
Published: November 2022

PurposeThere is a scarcity of research studies on why people remain inactive when encountering and recognising misinformation online. The main aim of this paper is to provide a groundwork for future research into why users do not challenge misinformation on digital platforms by generating hypotheses through a synthesis of pertinent literature, including organisational behaviour, communication, human-computer interaction (HCI), psychology and education.Design/methodology/approachGiven the lack of directly related literature, this paper synthesised findings from relevant fields where the findings might be relevant, as the tendency to withhold opinions or feedback is a well-documented practice in offline interaction.FindingsFollowing the analysis of relevant literature, the potential reasons for online silence towards misinformation can be divided into six categories: self-oriented, relationship-oriented, others-oriented, content-oriented, individual characteristics and technical factors.Originality/valueAlthough corrections coming from peers can effectively combat misinformation, several studies showed that people in cyberspace do not take such action. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there has been scarce and virtually non-existent research investigating why people refrain from challenging others who post misinformation online. Thus, this paper attempts to address this gap and identify reasons in adjacent domains. The reasons provide a starting point for researching interventions to reduce reluctance and abstinence regarding the challenge of misinformation. The findings can be beneficial beyond the area of challenging misinformation and are extensible to other types of content and communication that people are hesitant to discuss and challenge, such as online injustice, prejudice and hate speech.
Mental health, stigma and psychologists’ lived experience of caring
Authors: Burrows Angela , Warner Claire , Heath Jennifer , Keville Saskia 
Published: November 2022

Purpose
Mental health (MH) and caring can be demanding for those directly and indirectly impacted. An under-researched area is that of professionals’ personal experiences of caring for a loved one with MH difficulties. This study aims to provide an in-depth exploration of psychologists’ experiences of caring and its impact on clinical practice.

Design/methodology/approach
A total of 11 psychologists with experiences of caring for a loved one with a diagnosed MH condition and/or MH distress participated in semi-structured interviews focused on caring experiences and its impact. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings
Themes identified were as follows: personal and professional roles; the emergence of a carer identity; carer stress and strain; impact on professional practice; and dual positioning.

Originality/value
This study highlighted the knowledge and value of listening to professionals with lived experiences. Their ability to understand stigmatisation through personal caring experiences may facilitate the mitigation of this for vulnerable people attending clinical services.
Activity recognition from trunk muscle activations for wearable and non-wearable robot conditions
Authors: Gonsalves Nihar , Ogunseiju Omobolanle Ruth , Akanmu Abiola Abosede 
Published: November 2022

PurposeRecognizing construction workers' activities is critical for on-site performance and safety management. Thus, this study presents the potential of automatically recognizing construction workers' actions from activations of the erector spinae muscles.Design/methodology/approachA lab study was conducted wherein the participants (n = 10) performed rebar task, which involved placing and tying subtasks, with and without a wearable robot (exoskeleton). Trunk muscle activations for both conditions were trained with nine well-established supervised machine learning algorithms. Hold-out validation was carried out, and the performance of the models was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score.FindingsResults indicate that classification models performed well for both experimental conditions with support vector machine, achieving the highest accuracy of 83.8% for the “exoskeleton” condition and 74.1% for the “without exoskeleton” condition.Research limitations/implicationsThe study paves the way for the development of smart wearable robotic technology which can augment itself based on the tasks performed by the construction workers.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the research on construction workers' action recognition using trunk muscle activity. Most of the human actions are largely performed with hands, and the advancements in ergonomic research have provided evidence for relationship between trunk muscles and the movements of hands. This relationship has not been explored for action recognition of construction workers, which is a gap in literature that this study attempts to address.
Reduced seed set under water deficit is driven mainly by reduced flower numbers and not by changes in flower visitations and pollination
Authors: Höfer Rebecca J. , Lindner Tina , Ayasse Manfred , Kuppler Jonas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Water deficit can alter floral traits with cascading effects on flower‐visitor interactions and plant fitness. Water stress induction can diminish productivity, directly resulting in lower flower production and consequently seed set. Changes in floral traits, such as floral scent or reward amount, may in turn alter pollinator visitations and behaviour and consequently can reduce pollination services resulting in lower reproduction output. However, the relative contribution of this indirect in comparison to the direct effects to changes in seed set are not fully understood.

We manipulated water availability using rain‐out shelters in a field experiment and measured effects on floral scent bouquet, morphology, phenology, flower‐visitor interactions, pollination and seed set. Plant individuals of Sinapis arvensis (Brassicaceae) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: mean precipitation (=control), reduced mean precipitation or drought period treatment.

Our results show that decreasing water availability lowers the number of flowers and seed set. This indicates a direct link between water stress and seed set, as seed mass increases with increasing flower number. The indirect link of water stress via floral traits, pollinator visits and pollination has weaker effects on seed set. However, floral traits remain relatively stable under decreased water availability, whereas plant growth and flower abundance decrease, potentially in order to allow investment in more resources in fewer flowers to maintain pollination success. Thus, plants are able to compensate for water stress and can maintain floral trait expression, such as a stable scent emission and bouquet, to retain pollinator attraction.

These findings indicate that the direct link from water stress to seed set has a stronger impact on plants reproductive success than the indirect link through altered floral trait expression and pollinator visits in a generalist plant species.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Severe environmental conditions create severe conflicts: A novel ecological pathway to extreme coyote attacks on humans
Authors: Gehrt Stanley D. , Muntz Erich M. , Wilson Evan C. , Power Jason W. B. , Newsome Seth D. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIdentifying the circumstances and causes of carnivore attacks on humans is important for prevention of future incidents as well as employing effective wildlife management strategies. Cape Breton Highlands National Park (CBHNP) in Nova Scotia has experienced multiple attacks by coyotesCanis latranson humans, including a fatal attack on an adult in 2009.Here we use a combination of data on space use and diet collected from 2011 to 2013 to reveal that limited resources and a reliance on a large ungulate (moose,Alces americanus) as the mechanism leading to aggression by coyotes in CBHNP.Resident coyotes exhibited large home range sizes (mean = 77.5 km2) indicative of limited resources and spatiotemporal avoidance of human activity. Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope values of sub‐sampled coyote whiskers (n = 32), which provide a longitudinal record of diet over the months before collection, revealed little intra‐ and inter‐individual variation with nearly all individuals specializing on moose, a pattern that agrees with indices of natural resource availability. Specifically, stable isotope mixing models show that moose was the most important prey for most coyotes (25/32), representing between 41% and 78% of dietary inputs. Only four coyotes exhibited use of anthropogenic resources (human foods), and only one of seven coyotes involved in attacks on people had been consuming human foods before the attacks.Synthesis and Applications: We have described a unique ecological system in which a generalist carnivore has expanded its niche to specialize on a large prey species, with the unfortunate consequence of also expanding pathways to conflicts with people. Our results suggest extreme unprovoked predatory attacks by coyotes on people are likely to be quite rare and associated with unique ecological characteristics. Extreme management actions such as bounties are unnecessary, but managers may need to employ hazing or lethal removal earlier in the conflict process than under normal circumstances. Also, users of these areas should be made aware of the risks coyotes pose and encouraged to take precautions.
Nitrogen addition and warming modulate the pathogen impact on plant biomass by shifting intraspecific functional traits and reducing species richness
Authors: Yan Xuebin , Kohli Mayank , Wen Yue , Wang Xiaoyi , Zhang Yuanyuan , Yang Fei , Zhou Xianhui , Du Guozhen , Hu Shuijin , Guo Hui 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Foliar fungal pathogens can substantially reduce plant biomass. This effect can be modulated by environment conditions, such as soil nitrogen availability and air temperature. The ongoing global changes are altering these variables and thus interact with pathogens to influence plant biomass, but experimental test of their interactions is scarce.

We conducted a 4‐year field experiment in a Tibetan alpine meadow to examine the interactive effects of nitrogen addition, warming and foliar pathogens (via fungicide application) on plant biomass. We also measured plant functional traits, species richness and abundance to test the possible mechanisms underlying these interactions.

Our results showed that foliar fungal pathogens reduced plant community biomass under nitrogen addition, which in turn weakened the positive nitrogen effect on community biomass. Mechanistically, nitrogen addition shifted the plant communities towards fast‐growing traits; this happened predominantly because of changes in within‐species trait values, including an increase in specific leaf area and height. These trait changes resulted in greater suppression of plant biomass by pathogens, likely because of the trade‐offs associated with the allocation of resources to plant growth and defense. Moreover, the reduction in species richness amplified the pathogen effect under nitrogen addition due to the increased density and susceptibility of the most dominant species (i.e. Kobresia capillifolia). Furthermore, warming did not interact with pathogens and nitrogen addition to influence plant community biomass, but their three‐way interaction modified the biomass of K. capillifolia. Specifically, warming enhanced the positive effect of nitrogen addition on the biomass of K. capillifolia in the fungicide, low infection plots, while it weakened the nitrogen effect in the no fungicide, high infection plots.

Synthesis. Our results demonstrate how pathogens interact with nitrogen addition and warming to influence the biomass of dominant species and the whole plant community. Our study highlights the importance of considering foliar fungal pathogens when assessing ecosystem responses to multiple global change factors.
Drying conditions alter the defensive function of seed mucilage against granivores
Authors: LoPresti Eric F. , Stessman Madison E. , Warren Sara E. , Toll Katherine 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Environmental conditions alter the function of many plant traits that drive species interactions, producing context‐dependency in the outcomes of those interactions. Seed mucilage is a common, convergently evolved trait found in thousands of plant species. When wetted, the seed coat swells into a viscid mass; when dried, the mucilage strands strongly cement the seed to whatever it is in contact with.

This binding to the ground has been previously shown to protect seeds from granivory. Previous research found both that mucilage volume—and the correlated attachment strength—are higher in species from hot, dry, areas suggesting an environmental component of this trait's function.

Here, we (1) quantified the effect of temperature on attachment across many species in a lab setting, (2) tested the potential mechanism behind this correlation by accelerating desiccation speed without changing temperature, and (3) tested whether these relationships introduce context dependency of the defensive function of mucilage in the field, using field trials with harvester ants.

We found that (1) increasing temperature during mucilage drying strongly reduced the force needed to dislodge seeds for most species, (2) drying time was likely the driving mechanism behind the loss of attachment strength at higher temperatures, not temperature per se, (3) seeds attached to substrate during higher temperatures or under accelerated drying conditions were far more susceptible to granivory.

Synthesis. These results show not only the mechanism behind an abiotic modification of a functional trait of seeds, but that this change majorly alters a key interaction contributing to seed survival. These results add to a small, but growing, literature on the importance of seed mucilage in seed survival and demonstrate strong and largely predictable context‐dependency in this trait's defensive function.
Legacy effects in radial tree growth are rarely significant after accounting for biological memory
Authors: Klesse Stefan , Babst Flurin , Evans Margaret E. K. , Hurley Alexander , Pappas Christoforos , Peters Richard L. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Drought legacies in radial tree growth are an important feature of variability in biomass accumulation and are widely used to characterize forest resilience to climate change. Defined as a deviation from normal growth, the statistical significance of legacy effects depends on the definition of “normal”—expected growth under average conditions—which has not received sufficient scrutiny.

We re‐examined legacy effect analyses using the International Tree‐Ring Data Bank (ITRDB) and then produced synthetic tree‐ring data to disentangle four key variables influencing the magnitude of legacy effects. We hypothesized that legacy effects (i) are mainly influenced by the auto‐correlation of the radial growth time series (phi), (ii) depend on climate‐growth cross‐correlation (rho), (iii) are directly proportional to the inherent variability of the growth time series (standard deviation, SD), and (iv) scale with the chosen extreme event threshold.

Using a data simulation approach, we were able to reproduce observed lag patterns, demonstrating that legacy effects are a direct outcome of ubiquitous biological memory. We found that stronger legacy effects for conifers compared to angiosperms is a consequence of their higher auto‐correlation, and that the detectability of legacy effects following rare drought events at individual sites is compromised by strong background stochasticity.

Synthesis. We propose two pathways forward to improve the assessment and interpretation of legacy effects: First, we highlight the need to account for auto‐correlated residuals of climate‐growth regression models a posteriori, thereby retrospectively adjusting expectations for “normal” growth variability. Alternatively, we recommend including lagged climate variables in regression models a priori. By doing so, the magnitude of detected legacy effects is greatly reduced and biological memory is directly attributed to antecedent climatic drivers. We argue that future analyses should focus on understanding the functional reasons for how and why key statistical parameters describing this biological memory differ across species and sites. These two pathways should also stimulate improved process‐based representation of vegetation carbon dynamics in mechanistic models.
A historical narrative review of paired oral reading practices in elementary classrooms
Authors: Downs Jake , Mohr Kathleen , Young Chase 
Published: November 2022

BackgroundPaired Reading (PR), Neurological Impress Method (NIM), Dyad Reading (DR), and Read Two Impress (R2I) share a fundamental trait – paired synchronous oral reading between a higher‐level tutor and a lower‐level tutee. Collectively, we refer to these practices as Synchronous Paired Oral Reading Techniques (SPORT). This historical narrative review investigates the origin, development, and current state of SPORT.MethodsFive academic databases were searched for reports of SPORT from the years 1960–2021. This process yielded 3972 results, from which 456 full‐text articles were assessed for eligibility. Finally, 77 publications were reviewed to inform this historical narrative.ResultsFour distinct waves of SPORT research dating back to 1966 were identified in the review. These waves are characterised by popularity in the United Kingdom and United States, evolving theoretical frameworks, varying configurations and implementations, and concerted focus on reading achievement. Consistently positive outcomes are reported in the SPORT literature, specifically in oral reading fluency and reading comprehension.ConclusionsThe theory and practice of SPORT have evolved significantly throughout its extensive history. We call for a fifth wave of SPORT research to consolidate the findings of the last 60 years, develop new lines of inquiry, and implement novel and varied applications of SPORT.
Innovation context and technology traits explain heterogeneity across studies of agricultural technology adoption: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Schulz Dario , Börner Jan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDespite a wealth of case‐specific insights from agricultural adoption studies, we lack systematic evidence on which technology characteristics matter for adoption across different innovation contexts. We synthesise the results of 304 quantitative farm‐level adoption studies for a wide range of agricultural innovations across more than 60 countries using multi‐level meta regression. Our results show that land, capital and knowhow are generally more important when an innovation uses the respective factor intensively, but this effect is reduced in contexts where the factor is abundant. Our findings have implications for the design of rural development and agricultural extension programmes. Both should consider the interplay of geographic context and innovation characteristics to develop more effective sustainable intensification strategies.
New application of Aspergillus versicolor in promoting plant growth after suppressing sterigmatocystin production via genome mining and engineering
Authors: Ma Siqi , Zhao Donglin , Han Xiaobin , Peng Yulong , Ren Tingting , Wang Mei , Wan Jun , Ding Jilin , Du Xiuchun , Zhao Fubin , Li Yiqiang , Zhang Chengsheng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAspergillus genus is a key component in fermentation and food processing. However, sterigmatocystin (STE)—a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus—limits the use of some Aspergillus species (such as Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus inflatus, and Aspergillus parasiticus) because of its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Here, we engineered an STE‐free Aspergillus versicolor strain based on genome mining techniques. We sequenced and assembled the Aspergillus versicolor D5 genome (34.52 Mb), in which we identified 16 scaffolds and 54 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). We silenced cytochrome P450 coding genes STC17 and STC27 by insertional inactivation. The production of STE in the Δstc17 mutant strain was increased by 282% but no STE was detected in the Δstc27 mutant. Metabolites of Δstc27 mutant exhibited growth‐promoting effect on plants. Our study makes significant progress in improving the application of some Aspergillus strains by restricting their production of toxic and carcinogenic compounds.