bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of incomplete childhood immunization among children aged 12–23 months in Dabat district, Northwest Ethiopia: Unmatched case- control study
Authors: Boke Moges Muluneh , Tenaw Getaw , Berhe Neamin M. , Tiruneh Woynhareg Kassa 
Published: October 2022

Background
Despite the effort to increase access to routine immunization, majority of children in low-resource countries including Ethiopia are still either unvaccinated or under-vaccinated. In Ethiopia for the past four decades, the completion rate of routine childhood immunization remains low particularly in a rural area. In this study setting, evidence regarding the socio-economic, maternal continuum care, and caregiver characteristics effect on child immunization is limited. Hence, this study aimed to identify the determinants of incomplete vaccination among children aged 12–23 months in Dabat district, Northwest Ethiopia.

Methods
A community-based unmatched case-control study design was employed among 132 cases and 262 controls. Multi-stage sampling method was used to recruit eligible study participants. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the determinants to children’s incomplete vaccination.

Results
Caregivers’ attitude towards vaccine (AOR: 6.1, 95% CI 3.4 to 11.1), knowledge on the schedule of vaccination (AOR: 4, 95% CI 2.2 to 7.1), Place of delivery (AOR: 2.7, 95% CI 1.3 to 5.5), and marital status (AOR: 2.36, 95% CI 1.22 to 4.56) were statistically significant association with incomplete childhood vaccination.

Conclusion
Home delivery, caregivers’ poor knowledge on the schedule of vaccination, caregivers’ negative perception towards vaccine and unmarried marital status were predictors to incomplete vaccination. Therefore, to enhance full vaccination coverage, immunization health education program needs to address vaccine related safety enquiries in a meaningful method to caregivers, in order to improve the perception of caregivers towards vaccine. Moreover, improving maternal continuum care coverage is crucial.
Use of traditional and complementary medicine for COVID 19 prophylaxis among healthcare professionals and students in Jordan: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Bulatova Nailya , Younes Sara , Arabiyat Majd , Abukaff Ahmad , Madanat Sara , Alqudah Eman , Hamati Anoud , Halawa Farah , Younes Abdallah 
Published: October 2022

IntroductionThere is inadequate evidence to recommend the use of any traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) methods such as vitamin, mineral, herbal or other dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID 19. Members of the medical team are particularly at risk of exposure to high viral load of coronavirus. They have also the best access to professional information regarding disease treatment and prophylaxis and disseminate such knowledge.The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of use of T&CM for the prophylaxis of COVID 19 among the healthcare professionals and students in Jordan, along with the most common types and the factors associated with T&CM use.MethodologyA cross-sectional study of T&CM use was conducted in Jordan using a snowball sampling method to distribute Google Forms and to enrol participants during coronavirus outbreak between June 10, 2021, and August 28, 2021. The study included healthcare professionals or students who consented to participate in the survey. The survey excluded those participants who had filled the questionnaire at least once or were pregnant/breast-feeding at the time of the study. The questionnaire consisted of 29 items, including screening, checkbox, dichotomous, matrix and open-ended questions.ResultsThe response rate was 97.1%. Out of 560 study respondents, 359 (64.1%) reported using T&CM for COVID 19 prevention. Vitamins and nutrients were consumed by almost half (48.4%) of study participants, while nonpharmacological methods and herbal remedies were consumed by 35.2% and 25.2%, respectively. The most common source of information regarding T&CM use for COVID 19 prophylaxis included scientific publications (59.5%), followed by disease treatment guidelines (38.0%) and social media (32.3%). Adverse effects were reported by 8.5% and possible adverse effects were reported by another 8.5% of participants. The T&CM use was associated with working in contact with COVID 19 patients (OR: 1.625 (95% CI 1.047–2.523) (P = 0.03) and having a colleague as a source of information (OR: 1.720 (95% CI 1.026–2.883) (P = 0.04).ConclusionsThe prevalence of T&CM use for COVID 19 prevention among healthcare professionals and students in Jordan is high, with a significant proportion of participants reporting adverse effects. There is an urgent need for further research toward efficacy and safety of T&CM in COVID 19 prophylaxis as well as development of appropriate public health policy on this issue specific to each country.
Bicarbonate defective CFTR variants increase risk for chronic pancreatitis: A meta-analysis
Authors: Berke Gergő , Gede Noémi , Szadai Letícia , Ocskay Klementina , Hegyi Péter , Sahin-Tóth Miklós , Hegyi Eszter 
Published: October 2022

Introduction
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) plays a central role in pancreatic ductal fluid secretion by mediating Cl- and HCO3- ion transport across the apical membrane. Severe CFTR mutations that diminish chloride conductance cause cystic fibrosis (CF) if both alleles are affected, whereas heterozygous carrier status increases risk for chronic pancreatitis (CP). It has been proposed that a subset of CFTR variants characterized by a selective bicarbonate conductance defect (CFTRBD) may be associated with CP but not CF. However, a rigorous genetic analysis of the presumed association has been lacking.

Aims
To investigate the role of heterozygous CFTRBD variants in CP by meta-analysis of published case-control studies.

Materials and methods
A systematic search was conducted in the MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and CENTRAL databases for published studies that reported the CFTRBD variants p.R74Q, p.R75Q, p.R117H, p.R170H, p.L967S, p.L997F, p.D1152H, p.S1235R, and p.D1270N in CP patients and controls.

Results
Twenty-two studies were eligible for quantitative synthesis. Combined analysis of the 9 CFTRBD variants indicated enrichment in CP patients versus controls (OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.17–4.56). Individual analysis of CFTRBD variants revealed no association of p.R75Q with CP (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.89–1.40), whereas variants p.R117H and p.L967S were significantly overrepresented in cases relative to controls (OR = 3.16, 95% CI = 1.94–5.14, and OR = 3.88, 95% CI = 1.32–11.47, respectively). The remaining 6 low-frequency variants gave inconclusive results when analyzed individually, however, their pooled analysis indicated association with CP (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.38–3.13).

Conclusion
Heterozygous CFTRBD variants, with the exception of p.R75Q, increase CP risk about 2-4-fold.
Comparison of the predictive ability for perinatal acidemia in neonates between the NICHD 3-tier FHR system combined with clinical risk factors and the fetal reserve index
Authors: Pruksanusak Ninlapa , Chainarong Natthicha , Boripan Siriwan , Geater Alan 
Published: October 2022

Background
Electronic fetal monitoring alone is a poor screening test for detecting fetuses at risk of acidemia or asphyxia. We aimed to evaluation of predictive ability of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) 3-tier fetal heart rate (FHR) system combined with the maternal, obstetric, and fetal risk factors for predicting perinatal acidemia, and to compare this with the predictive of the NICHD 3-tier system alone, and the Fetal Reserve Index (FRI).

Methods
A retrospective cohort study was conducted among singleton term pregnant women. Fetal heart rate tracings of the last two hours before delivery were interpreted into the NICHD 3-tier FHR classification system by two experienced obstetricians. Demographic data were compared using the χ2 or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and the Student’s t test for continuous variables. Logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with perinatal acidemia in neonates. The Odds ratios (OR) and probabilities with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.

Results
A total of 674 pregnant women were enrolled in this study. Using the NICHD 3-tier FHR categories I and II combined with the selected risk factors (AUC 0.62) had a better performance for perinatal acidemia prediction than the NICHD 3-tier FHR alone (AUC 0.55) and the FRI (AUC 0.52), (P<0.01). Improvement of predicting perinatal acidemia was found when NICHD category I was combined with preeclampsia or arrest disorders of labor (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.30‒7.82) or combined with abnormal second stage of labor (OR 6.19, 95% CI 1.07‒36.06) and when NICHD category II was combined with meconium-stained amniotic fluid (OR 4.73, 95% CI 2.17‒10.31).

Conclusions
The NICHD 3-tier FHR categories I or II combined with selected risk factors can improve the predictive ability of perinatal acidemia in neonates compared with the NICHD 3-tier system alone or the FRI.
Stakeholder engagement in a hypertension and diabetes prevention research program: Description and lessons learned
Authors: Shrestha Archana , Tamrakar Dipesh , Shrestha Bhawana , Karmacharya Biraj Man , Shrestha Abha , Pyakurel Prajjwal , Spiegelman Donna 
Published: October 2022

Background
Stakeholder engagement is important from the management point of view to capture knowledge, increase ownership, reduce conflict, encourage partnership, as well as to develop an ethical perspective that facilitates inclusive decision making and promotes equity. However, there is dearth of literature in the process of stakeholder engagement. The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of increasing stakeholder engagement and highlight the lessons learnt on stakeholder engagement while designing, implementing, and monitoring a study on diabetes and hypertension prevention in workplace settings in Nepal.

Methodology
We identified the stakeholders based on the 7P framework: Patients and public (clients), providers, payers, policy makers, product makers, principal investigators, and purchasers. The identified stakeholders were engaged in prioritization of the research questions, planning data collection, designing, implementing, and monitoring the intervention. Stakeholders were engaged through focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, participatory workshops, individual consultation, information sessions and representation in study team and implementation committees.

Results
The views of the stakeholders were synthesized in each step of the research process, from designing to interpreting the results. Stakeholder engagement helped to shape the methods and plan, and process for participant’s recruitment and data collection. In addition, it enhanced adherence to intervention, mutual learning, and smooth intervention adoption. The major challenges were the time-consuming nature of the process, language barriers, and the differences in health and food beliefs between researchers and stakeholders.

Conclusion
It was possible to engage and benefit from stakeholder’s engagement on the design, implementation and monitoring of a workplace-based hypertension and diabetes management research program in Nepal.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition for splenic lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy
Authors: Pan Xiao , Huang Shu , Gan Peiling , Shi Lei , Xia Huifang , Zeng Xinyi , Zhang Han , Lü Muhan , Zhou Xian , Tang Xiaowei 
Published: October 2022

Background and aims
At present, it is difficult and risky to diagnose splenic lesions by conventional needle biopsy using computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound (US). Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided tissue acquisition is increasingly being used as a new technique to determine the tissue diagnosis of splenic lesions. Therefore, our goal was to determine the efficacy and safety of EUS-guided tissue acquisition for splenic lesions.

Methods
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the pooled sensitivity and specificity of EUS-guided tissue acquisition for the diagnosis of splenic lesions using Metadisc. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies Questionnaire, a quality assessment tool, was used to scrutinize the quality of the studies.

Results
Six eligible studies between January 2000 and June 2022 were identified, and a total number of 62 patients (aged range from 19 to 84) were enrolled. One patient was excluded because of insufficient specimens. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of included studies were 0.85 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.73–0.93] and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.46–0.95), respectively. The pooled positive likelihood ratio (LR) was 2.38 (95% CI, 1.24–4.57), the pooled negative LR was 0.31 (95% CI, 0.17–0.55), the pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 8.67 (95% CI, 2.80–26.82), the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was 0.8100 (Standard Error 0.0813).

Conclusion
EUS-guided tissue acquisition is a safe technique with high sensitivity in the diagnosis of splenic lesions. However, because of the small sample sizes, more studies with more cases are needed to further validate these results.
Information about confirmatory studies required for new drugs conditionally approved by Health Canada: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Lexchin Joel 
Published: October 2022

Background
Health Canada conditionally approves new drugs using its Notice of Compliance with conditions (NOC/c) policy. Under this policy Qualifying Notices (QNs) list confirmatory studies that need to be conducted to confirm the drug’s efficacy. This study examines the depth of information about methodology and patient demographics in the confirmatory studies. It also compares the outcomes (surrogate or clinical) used to approve the drugs with the outcomes proposed in the confirmatory studies.

Methods
A list of drugs approved under the NOC/c policy and their QNs were sourced from two previous publications as well as Health Canada’s NOC/c website. Patient demographics and study methodology in the confirmatory studies listed in the QNs was recorded and counted. The primary outcome used to approve new drugs was recorded from Health Canada’s Summary Basis of Decision website and compared to the type of outcome for studies mentioned in the QNs.

Results
Seventy-eight drugs were approved using a NOC/c from the time the first drug was approved under the program in July 1998 until May 18, 2022. QNs were missing or all information was redacted for 3 drugs, the remaining 75 QNs listed 154 studies (median of 2 studies per QN, interquartile range 1,3). The outcome, randomization and blinding could not be determined for any study in 43 (57.3%), 36 (48.0%) and 42 (56.0%) QNs, respectively. No study gave the distribution of men and women and the number of patients was given in 23 (14.9%) studies. The expected time of completion of the studies was available for 36 (23.4%) out of 154 and information to identify studies was present for 77 (50.0%), absent for 23 (14.9%) and unclear for 26 (16.9%). Surrogate outcomes were used to approve 54 (84.4%) of 64 drugs. Eight (14.8%) confirmatory studies for these 54 drugs used clinical outcomes, 15 (27.8%) used surrogate outcomes and outcomes were unknown for 31 (57.4%). Specifically for oncology drugs, 44 were approved with surrogate outcomes and one with a clinical outcome. Eight (18.2%) of the 44 oncology drugs approved with surrogate outcomes had confirmatory studies that used clinical outcomes, 14 (31.8%) used surrogate outcomes and the outcome could not be determined for 22 (50.0%). The sole oncology drug approved with a clinical outcome had a confirmatory study with a surrogate outcome.

Discussion
QNs contain little information about the methodology or patient demographics of confirmatory studies. Confirmatory studies with surrogate outcomes were used almost one-third of the time to validate efficacy in drugs initially approved using surrogate outcomes. Health Canada needs to develop a template about what information regarding confirmatory studies should be contained in a QN and rethink its use of confirmatory studies using surrogate outcomes. All the data were gathered by a single individual possibly introducing unintended biases.
Javanese Culture Maintenance throughTheTradition of Cutting Natural Dreadlock Hair of Dieng’s Children
Authors: Sundari Wiwiek 
Published: October 2022

Javanese culture is one of many great cultures in the world possessing seven universal elements of culture covering the complex systems of belief, social organization, knowledge, language, art, livelihood, and living tools. The languageitself has been used for ages and taught in some countries for quite some time as it has its own orthography, grammar, politeness levels, and dictionary. To preserve the culture, Javanese people supported by the government put various efforts such us teaching the culture, practicing the culture, and documenting parts of the culture that has no longer being used. This research appliedDundees’s folklore research method and Sania’s research on culture maintenance to show how Dieng people along with Banjarnegara’s local government preservethe culture through the tradition of cutting the natural dreadlock hair of particular Dieng’schildren. The result shows that this sacred ceremonyutilize the seven universal elements of Javanese cultureItmeans that tradition can be one of the ways to preserve culture so that it does not have to be threatened, replaced, or even extinct. Keywords: Javanese culture, culture maintenance, tradition, cutting children’s dreadlock hair, Dieng.
Idiomatic Expression in The American Sitcom Series “Fresh Off The Boat” Directed By Nahnatchka Khan
Authors: Permatasari Ayunda , Ocktarani Yesika Maya , Mutmainnah Yulia 
Published: October 2022

This research aims to classify the form and meaning of idiomatic expressions in the American Sitcom entitled “Fresh Off the Boat”. This research focus on seasons 5 and 6 that released on 2019 and 2020. The data of this research is in the form of utterances which contains idiomatic expressions uttered by three main characters, Eddie Huang, Louis Huang, and Jessica Huang. The researcher uses descriptive qualitative method to analyze the research finding. From those series, there are 93 idiomatic expressions based on theory proposed by Adam Makkai, they are 21 Phrasal Verb Idioms, 50 Tournure Idioms, 1 Irreversible Binomial Idiom, 18 Phrasal Compound Idioms, and 3 Incorporating Verb Idioms. From those data, the researcher compares the lexical and contextual meaning of idiomatic expressions in the utterances. Based on the research’s finding, several idiomatic expressions have the same lexical and contextual meaning. However, the contextual meaning dominated the meaning of idiomatic expressions in this series because an idiomatic expression cannot be seen lexically or based on the dictionary meaning. It should be seen based on the context of the idiomatic expression is used because sometimes, it carried figurative meaning. Keywords: idiom; form of idiomatic expressions; meaning of idiomatic expression.
The Analysis of Social Deixis Used in the Downton Abbey and Made in Dagenham Movies Set in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Chandra Oktiva Herry 
Published: October 2022

Communication plays an essential role for humans in making great conversations where some addressee forms are used by the speakers to give respect to others. The researcher discusses how 20th-century society represents the usage of the addressee form in showing honor or relationship to their interlocutors using social deixis theory by Levinson and social dimensions by Holmes. The study aims to demonstrate the social deixis types used and its reference meaning and explain how external factors influence social deixis forms in Downton Abbey and Made in Dagenham movies set in 20th century. This study focuses on the pragmatic approach conveying the use of linguistic choices by all movie characters. The research design includes the descriptive qualitative type. In collecting the data, the researcher uses non-participatory observation. This research shows that the relational and absolute social deixis type existed in the movie characters' utterances in 20th-century society. However, the Authorized Speaker type of absolute social deixis is not found in both movies. Beside that, this study discovers all components of social dimensions that could figure the social factors which influenced the characters' addressee forms: solidarity, relative status, formality, and two functional scales.Keywords: social deixis, pragmatics, movie, social dimension, social factor
Pengaruh Tingkat Pendapatan, Tingkat Pendidikan, dan Kepercayaan terhadap Pengambilan Keputusan Investor Milenial dalam Berinvestasi di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 (Studi pada Komunitas Investor Tjuanmuda)
Authors: Kristina Anna Tince , Hadi Sudharto P , Wijayanto Andi 
Published: October 2022

The Covid-19 pandemic that has paralyzed many countries economic enforced new motivation for the millennial generation in managing their finances. Data obtained from the IDX shows an increase in the number of investors during the Covid-19 pandemic, which dominated by the millennial generation, amid the weakening economy in Indonesia. This study aims to provide a description of factors influence millennial investor decision making in investing during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study the influencing factors, namely income level, education level, and confidence. The theory used in this study is based on the theory of investor behaviour by Baker & Ricciardi. The type of this research is quantitative explanatory with purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through a questionnaire from 58 respondents who join the investor community named Tjuanmuda. Linear regression analysis using SPSS for windows version 26 is used to process the data. The results of this study indicate the influence of income level, education level, and confidence on investment decision making simultaneously, but partially education level has no effect on decision making. Pandemi Covid-19 yang melumpuhkan ekonomi banyak negara telah mendorong motivasi baru bagi generasi milenial dalam menata keuangan mereka. Data yang diperoleh BEI menunjukan peningkatan jumlah investor selama pandemi Covid-19 yang didominasi oleh generasi milenial, di tengah melemahnya perekonomian di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi pengambilan keputusan investor millenial dalam berinvestasi di masa pandemi Covid-19. Dalam penelitian ini faktor yang mempengaruhi, yakni tingkat pendapatan, tingkat pendidikan, dan kepercayaan. Teori yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berlandaskan pada teori perilaku investor dari Baker & Ricciardi (2014). Tipe penelitian ini ialah kuantitatif eksplanatif dengan teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui kuesioner terhadap 58 responden yang tergabung dalam komunitas investor bernama Tjuanmuda. Analisis data yang digunakan ialah analisis regresi linier menggunakan SPSS untuk windows versi 26. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan adanya pengaruh tingkat pendapatan, tingkat pendidikan, dan kepercayaan terhadap pengambilan keputusan secara simultan, namun secara parsial tingkat pendidikan tidak berpengaruh terhadap pengambilan keputusan.