bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National application of the European visual field standards for driving: a survey study
Authors: Sudmann Thea Melsen , Jonsdottir Thora Elisabet , Rowe Fiona J , Jørstad Øystein Kalsnes 
Published: February 2022

AimsTo provide an overview of how the European visual field standards for driving (specified in Commission Directive 2009/113/EC) are applied and determine whether individuals with visual field defects are treated equally across Europe.MethodsOne ophthalmic expert from each of 32 European countries was invited to participate in an electronic survey. They were presented with threshold and Esterman perimetry results of 15 cases of visual field defects and asked to classify each case as either passed or failed in reference to their national standards. The results were compared with the European Driving Test Group 1 (EDT1), which is a new perimetry algorithm that adheres to the recommendations by the Eyesight Working Group. Fleiss’ kappa was used to determine the inter-rater agreement.ResultsTwenty-five countries responded. Three of 15 cases were passed by all. Full agreement on a failed case was not reached. Denmark graded most leniently and passed 12 cases. Bulgaria, Romania and Slovakia graded most strictly and passed five cases. The Fleiss’ kappa score was 0.52 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.55). Only Slovenia was in full agreement with the EDT1. Fifteen countries endorsed specific perimetric tests for assessing fitness to drive. Five of these also defined pass/fail criteria.ConclusionThe directive fails to establish a uniform approach to the visual field requirements, as evident by moderate pass/fail agreement between the national experts. Because the visual standards for driving are enforced differently, identical visual field loss can result in either revocation or approval of a driving license.
A game for all shapes and sizes? Changes in anthropometric and performance measures of elite professional rugby union players 1999–2018
Authors: Bevan Trystan , Chew Stephen , Godsland Ian , Oliver Nick S , Hill Neil E 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundRugby union player size has increased since the game turned professional in 1995. Changes in physical and performance capability over this period have yet to be fully described.HypothesisIncreases in player momentum would result from changes in body mass.MethodsWithin-player rates of change in anthropometric and kinetic variables with season played were sampled in three successively studied professional rugby union club cohorts playing at the highest level of European competition between 1999 and 2019. Data comprised 910 seasons of observation for 291 elite male players. Most players had 2, 3 or 4 seasons of observation. Mixed-effects modelling distinguished changes independent of position played, club and international status.ResultsWith each season played, player body mass, fat-free mass and maximum speed increased significantly, while per cent fat decreased. The mean maximal velocity of a rugby player in 1999 was 8.2 (±0.18) m/s, which in 2019 had risen to 9.1 (±0.10) m/s. Player’s momentum in 2019 was 14% more than those playing in 1999. In the Front Five, momentum increased in this period by >25%, mainly driven by greater running speed, disproving our hypothesis.ConclusionsThe momentum of players, particularly forwards, increased markedly over 20 seasons of professional rugby. The resulting forces generated in collisions are thus significantly greater, although these may be mitigated by better player conditioning. Proactive regulation to address player safety may be required to address the changing nature of anthropometric measures and physical performance, minimising injury rates and potential long-term sequelae.
Consensus on potential biomarkers developed for use in clinical tests for schizophrenia
Authors: Lin Ping , Sun Junyu , Lou Xiaoyan , Li Dan , Shi Yun , Li Zhenhua , Ma Peijun , Li Ping , Chen Shuzi , Jin Weifeng , Liu Shuai , Chen Qing , Gao Qiong , Zhu Lili , Xu Jie , Zhu Mengyuan , Wang Mengxia , Liang Kangyi , Zhao Ling , Xu Huabin , Dong Ke , Li Qingtian , Cheng Xunjia , Chen Jinghong , Guo Xiaokui 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundSchizophrenia is a serious mental illness affecting approximately 20 million individuals globally. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the illness. If left undiagnosed and untreated, schizophrenia results in impaired social function, repeated hospital admissions, reduced quality of life and decreased life expectancy. Clinical diagnosis largely relies on subjective evidence, including self-reported experiences, and reported behavioural abnormalities followed by psychiatric evaluation. In addition, psychoses may occur along with other conditions, and the symptoms are often episodic and transient, posing a significant challenge to the precision of diagnosis. Therefore, objective, specific tests using biomarkers are urgently needed for differential diagnosis of schizophrenia in clinical practice.AimsWe aimed to provide evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations, with a summary of laboratory measurements that could potentially be used as biomarkers for schizophrenia, and to discuss directions for future research.MethodsWe searched publications within the last 10 years with the following keywords: ‘schizophrenia’, ‘gene’, ‘inflammation’, ‘neurotransmitter’, ‘protein marker’, ‘gut microbiota’, ‘pharmacogenomics’ and ‘biomarker’. A draft of the consensus was discussed and agreed on by all authors at a round table session.ResultsWe summarised the characteristics of candidate diagnostic markers for schizophrenia, including genetic, inflammatory, neurotransmitter, peripheral protein, pharmacogenomic and gut microbiota markers. We also proposed a novel laboratory process for diagnosing schizophrenia in clinical practice based on the evidence summarised in this paper.ConclusionsFurther efforts are needed to identify schizophrenia-specific genetic and epigenetic markers for precise diagnosis, differential diagnosis and ethnicity-specific markers for the Chinese population. The development of novel laboratory techniques is making it possible to use these biomarkers clinically to diagnose disease.
Prospective analysis of gender-related characteristics in relation to cardiovascular disease
Authors: Bolijn Renee , Kunst Anton E , Appelman Yolande , Galenkamp Henrike , Moll van Charante Eric P , Stronks Karien , Tan Hanno L , van Valkengoed Irene GM 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveDifferences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence between men and women have been widely reported. Next to sex-related (biological) characteristics, gender-related (sociocultural) characteristics may partly explain how these differences arise. In this exploratory study, we examined the associations between selected gender-related characteristics and CVD incidence.MethodsWe linked baseline data of 18 058 participants without CVD from the population-based, multiethnic HEalthy LIfe in an Urban Setting study (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) to CVD incidence data, based on hospital admission and death records from Statistics Netherlands in 2013–2018. Using Cox regression analyses, we studied associations of time spent on household work, doing home repairs, primary earner status, type of employment, working in a male-dominated or female-dominated occupation and desire for emotional support with CVD incidence, stratified by sex. Analyses were adjusted for age, ethnicity and socioeconomic status.ResultsIn men, gender-related characteristics were not associated with higher CVD incidence. In women, homemakers had a higher hazard for CVD compared with full-time workers (HR 2.34, 95% CI 1.35 to 4.04), whereas those spending a moderate amount of time on household work had a lower hazard for CVD than those spending little time (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.95).ConclusionAlthough we found no evidence for associations between gender-related characteristics and CVD incidence in men, being the homemaker and moderate time spent on household work appeared to be associated with CVD incidence in women. Thus, attention to gender-related characteristics might in future help to identify subgroups that may benefit from additional prevention strategies.
Effectiveness of child burn prevention campaigns in Mongolia
Authors: Gunsmaa Gerelmaa , Inada Haruhiko , Badarch Tumen-Ulzii , Erdenetsetseg Galbadrakh , Ichikawa Masao 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of child burn prevention campaigns on medically attended burn injuries in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.MethodsWe conducted an interrupted time-series analysis using data on patients aged<5 years who were treated for burn injuries at the Emergency Department of the National Trauma and Orthopaedic Center from January 2009 to December 2018. Since the campaigns focused on scald prevention, we calculated the monthly rate of scald injuries per 10 000 children aged<5 years by sex and injury severity, regressing it on the number of months after January 2009 (the beginning of the study), after June 2014 (the first nationwide campaign started) and after January 2017 (the second facility-based campaign started).ResultsDuring the 10-year study period, there were 23 459 patients, of whom 18 433 (79%) were treated for scald injuries, including 6920 severe injuries. The monthly rate of overall scald injuries started to decrease after the first campaign, with a relative change of −32% at the end of the intervention. However, the rate started increasing before the initiation of the second campaign; this trend continued during and after the campaign. The rate of severe scald injuries did not show any significant changes throughout the study period. The results were consistent for both sexes.ConclusionsThe nationwide burn prevention campaign was effective in reducing non-severe burn injuries among young children. Since the campaign was primarily aimed at increasing public awareness of child burn injury risks, further interventions should be considered with passive measures to prevent severe burn injuries.
Efficacy of smokeless tobacco for smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Stjepanović Daniel , Phartiyal Preeti , Leung Janni , Lim Carmen C W , Sun Tianze , Chung Jack Yiu Chak , Gartner Coral E , Hall Wayne D , Chan Gary C K 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveSmoking remains prevalent in many countries despite rigorous tobacco control strategies. The use of Swedish snus, a type of low-nitrosamine smokeless tobacco, has been promoted as a tobacco harm reduction strategy.Data sources and study selectionThree databases were searched for studies that assessed the effectiveness of snus in promoting smoking abstinence. A total of 28 studies were reviewed (5 randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 7 longitudinal and 16 cross-sectional studies).Data extractionSeparate meta-analyses were conducted by study type, pooling effect estimates where outcome measures and design were sufficiently comparable. Study details and quality assessment (Risk of Bias 2 for RCTs, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies) are provided for each study.Data synthesisWhile the meta-analysis of RCTs did not show a significant association between snus use and smoking cessation (risk ratio (RR)=1.33, 95% CI 0.71 to 2.47 and RR=0.62, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.41), the results of the meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies (RR=1.38, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.82, p=0.022) and cross-sectional studies (OR=1.87, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.72, p=0.001) indicated that use of snus was associated with an increased likelihood of quitting or having quit smoking. There was significant heterogeneity in the cross-sectional studies, and leave-one-out analysis indicated that the longitudinal cohort results were driven by one study. Most studies examined were subject to an elevated risk of bias.ConclusionThere is weak evidence for the use of snus for smoking cessation. Better RCTs and longitudinal studies are needed; meanwhile, existing cessation aids may be better placed than snus to promote abstinence.
Content of physical activity documentation in Canadian family physicians’ electronic medical records
Authors: Lindeman Cliff , Klein Doug , Stickland Michael , Drummond Neil , Kim Yeong-Bae , Lamboglia Carminda , Mangan Amie , McCurdy Ashley , Affleck Ewan , Garrison Scott , Sargent Randall , Spence John C. 
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study was to examine the content of physical activity inputs in Canadian family physician electronic medical records. Of 1 225 948 patients aged 18–64 years, a sample of 1535 patients’ charts were reviewed. A minority (n = 148; 9.6%) of patients had at least 1 mention of physical activity at any time. Insufficient information existed to determine physical activity domain (21.6%), purpose (50.0%), or meeting of guidelines (98.1%). Novelty: This study examines the physical activity content of what Canadian family physicians document in their electronic medical records.
Academic failures and co-location social networks in campus
Authors: Lu Shan , Zhao Jichang , Wang Huiwen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSocial network structures have an additional effect on success other than individual factors. Whether this is true for failure, the opposite of success, still remains unclear. This paper focuses on the associations between academic failures, that defined by not passing course exams, and campus social networks based on students’ co-location occurrences. A novel method with statistical validation is first established to infer co-location social networks reliably from campus behaviors recorded by smart cards. It is found that network structures indicated by degree and clustering are indeed significantly associated with academic failures and failed students usually locate in small, dense but heterogeneous clusters. While their connections are more stable over time, failed students seem to be not positively influenced by those non-failed ones and even demonstrate a failure momentum. In fact, further exploitations imply that failed students have less incentives to adjust their social structures when compared to the non-failed ones. Additionally, we show that messages reflected in co-location social networks and behavioral activities indeed help predict failures and the network snapshot at mid-term offers competent prediction power on individual academic failure such that interventions in pursuit of avoiding failures can be applied within a substantial time window. Our findings underline the importance of understanding co-location social networks beyond failure in educational settings.
New prospects on the cranial evolution of non-avialan paravian theropods based on geometric morphometrics
Authors: Pei Rui , Xu Xing 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The cranial morphology of theropod dinosaurs has been used to examine the phylogeny, ontogeny, ecology and biomechanics of the clade. Previous studies have recognized that paedomorphosis and peramorphosis occurred multiple times throughout theropod evolution, with skull paedomorphism being one of the major changes during the transition from non-avialan theropods to birds. This study supplemented previous works with more detailed sampling of the morphological data of non-avialan paravians. Principal component analyses based on the cranial geometry confirm that the small-bodied non-avialan paravians have paedomorphic skulls compared with the early-diverging theropods, but independent peramorphosis is also observed in various groups. The secondary elongation of the preorbital portion of the cranium was present in both the late-diverging troodontids and the late-diverging dromaeosaurids, but it was achieved through different morphological configurations in these two lineages.
For a Few Dollars More: Verified Fine-Grained Algorithm Analysis Down to LLVM
Authors: Haslbeck Maximilian P. L. , Lammich Peter 
Published: February 2022

We present a framework to verify both, functional correctness and (amortized) worst-case complexity of practically efficient algorithms. We implemented a stepwise refinement approach, using the novel concept of
resource currencies
to naturally structure the resource analysis along the refinement chain, and allow a fine-grained analysis of operation counts. Our framework targets the LLVM intermediate representation. We extend its semantics from earlier work with a cost model. As case studies, we verify the amortized constant time push operation on dynamic arrays and the
O
(
n
log
n
) introsort algorithm, and refine them down to efficient LLVM implementations. Our sorting algorithm performs on par with the state-of-the-art implementation found in the GNU C++ Library, and provably satisfies the complexity required by the C++ standard.
Toward systematic architectural design of near-term trapped ion quantum computers
Authors: Murali Prakash , Debroy Dripto M. , Brown Kenneth R. , Martonosi Margaret 
Published: February 2022

Trapped ions (TIs) are a leading candidate for building Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) hardware. TI qubits have fundamental advantages over other technologies, featuring high qubit quality, coherence time, and qubit connectivity. However, current TI systems are small in size and typically use a single trap architecture, which has fundamental scalability limitations. To progress toward the next major milestone of 50--100 qubit TI devices, a modular architecture termed the Quantum Charge Coupled Device (QCCD) has been proposed. In a QCCD-based TI device, small traps are connected through ion shuttling. While the basic hardware components for such devices have been demonstrated, building a 50--100 qubit system is challenging because of a wide range of design possibilities for trap sizing, communication topology, and gate implementations and the need to match diverse application resource requirements.
Toward realizing QCCD-based TI systems with 50--100 qubits, we perform an extensive application-driven architectural study evaluating the key design choices of trap sizing, communication topology, and operation implementation methods. To enable our study, we built a design toolflow, which takes a QCCD architecture's parameters as input, along with a set of applications and realistic hardware performance models. Our toolflow maps the applications onto the target device and simulates their execution to compute metrics such as application run time, reliability, and device noise rates. Using six applications and several hardware design points, we show that trap sizing and communication topology choices can impact application reliability by up to three orders of magnitude. Microarchitectural gate implementation choices influence reliability by another order of magnitude. From these studies, we provide concrete recommendations to tune these choices to achieve highly reliable and performant application executions. With industry and academic efforts underway to build TI devices with 50-100 qubits, our insights have the potential to influence QC hardware in the near future and accelerate the progress toward practical QC systems.
Optimal Joins Using Compressed Quadtrees
Authors: Arroyuelo Diego , Navarro Gonzalo , Reutter Juan L. , Rojas-Ledesma Javiel 
Published: February 2022

Worst-case optimal join algorithms have gained a lot of attention in the database literature. We now count several algorithms that are optimal in the worst case, and many of them have been implemented and validated in practice. However, the implementation of these algorithms often requires an enhanced indexing structure: to achieve optimality one either needs to build completely new indexes or must populate the database with several instantiations of indexes such as B

\( + \)

-trees. Either way, this means spending an extra amount of storage space that is typically one or two orders of magnitude more than what is required to store the raw data.

We show that worst-case optimal algorithms can be obtained directly from a representation that regards the relations as point sets in variable-dimensional grids, without the need of any significant extra storage. Our representation is a compressed quadtreefor the static indexes and a quadtreebuilt on the fly that shares subtrees (which we dub a qdag) for intermediate results. We develop a compositional algorithm to process full join queries under this representation, which simulates navigation of the quadtreeof the output, and show that the running time of this algorithm is worst-case optimal in data complexity.
We implement our index and compare it experimentally with state-of-the-art alternatives. Our experiments show that our index uses even less space than what is needed to store the data in raw form (and replaces it) and one or two orders of magnitude less space than the other indexes. At the same time, our query algorithm is competitive in time, even sharply outperforming other indexes in various cases.
Finally, we extend our framework to evaluate more expressive queries from relational algebra, including not only joins and intersections but also unions and negations. To obtain optimality on those more complex formulas, we introduce a lazy version of qdagswe dub lqdags, which allow us navigate over the quadtreerepresenting the output of a formula while only evaluating what is needed from its components. We show that the running time of our query algorithms on this extended set of operations is worst-case optimal under some constraints. Moving to full relational algebra, we also show that lqdagscan handle selections and projections. While worst-case optimality is no longer guaranteed, we introduce a partial materialization scheme that extends results from Deep and Koutris regarding compressed representation of query results.
Dissociating the Neural Correlates of Planning and Executing Tasks with Nested Task Sets
Authors: Cookson Savannah L. , Schumacher Eric H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Task processing (e.g., the preparation and execution of responses) and task representation (e.g., the activation and maintenance of stimulus–response and context information) are two facets of cognitive control supported by lateral frontal cortex (LFC). However, the mechanistic overlap (or distinction) between these two facets is unknown. We explored this by combining a complex task mapping with a precueing procedure. Participants made match/nonmatch judgments on pairs of stimuli during fMRI recording. Precues on each trial gave variable amounts of information to the participant in anticipation of the stimulus. Our results demonstrated that regions throughout LFC were more active at the stimulus (when responses could be executed) than at the cue (when they could only be prepared), indicating that they supported execution of the task agnostic to the specific task representation. A subset of regions in the left caudal LFC showed increased activity with more cue information at the cue and the reverse at the stimulus, suggesting their involvement in reducing uncertainty within the task representation. These results suggest that one component of task processing is preparing and executing the task according to the relevant representation, confined to left caudal LFC, whereas nonrepresentational functions that occur primarily during execution are supported by different regions throughout the rest of LFC. We further conducted an exploratory investigation of connectivity between the two groups of regions in this study and their potential relationship to the frontoparietal and cingulo-opercular networks. Regions with both patterns of activity appear to be part of the frontoparietal network.
Ingold’s Animism and European Science
Authors: Kochan Jeff 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAnthropologist Tim Ingold promotes Indigenous animism as a salve for perceived failures in modern science; failures he claims also hobbled his own early work. In fact, both Ingold’s early and later work rely on modern scientific ideas and images. His turn to animism marks not an exit from the history of European science, but an entrance into, and imaginative elaboration of, distinctly Neoplatonic themes within that history. This turn marks, too, a clear but unacknowledged departure from systematic social analysis. By re-embracing social analysis, Ingold would overcome the obscurity that now hobbles his later work.