bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) reduces its body mass during winter in a tropical montane ecosystem of central Mexico
Authors: Medina-Bello Kevin I. , Vázquez-Fuerte Rommy , Ayala-Berdon Jorge 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Most animals face changes in the availability of food and the environmental conditions in the places where they live. In response, they need to adjust their behavioral, physiological, and morphological traits. In temperate zones and high latitudes, bats increase their body mass (M

b
) in autumn to store fat reserves and use them during hibernation. However, other small mammals decrease their M

b
prior to winter to reduce the energetic requirements of individuals. These changes are unknown for bats inhabiting other highly energetic demanding environments. We measured changes in M

b
of 84 non-reproductive males of Eptesicus fuscus inhabiting a tropical montane ecosystem in central Mexico over seasons. We also examined the relationship of bats’ M

b
with the minimum ambient temperature (T

a
, °C) and mean precipitation (mm). Bats presented an increase in M

b
from March to June, followed by a decrease from September to November and presented the lowest M

b
from November to March, in the dry-cold season. The results suggest that the pattern of changes in M

b
could be the result of two non-exclusive components related to the bats’ energy budget, the energetic demands experienced by the bats throughout the year and the morphological adaptations animals could display to reduce their energy requirements during the winter.
First camera-trap evidence of banded civet Hemigalus derbyanus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Viverridae) in Myanmar
Authors: Thu Aye Myat , Phyo Aye Min , Quan Rui-Chang 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Banded civet Hemigalus derbyanus is a Near Threatened small carnivore species distributed in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, peninsular Thailand, and Myanmar. However, the status of banded civet in Myanmar is uncertain, as it has not been recorded there since 1914. Here, we report the first photographic evidence of banded civet in Htaung Pru Reserved Forest of Tanintharyi Region, which is located in the far northwest from the known historical location in Myanmar, and contributes to our knowledge of the current distribution of banded civet in Southeast Asia. Protection and conservation of lowland rainforest by using community-based conservation approaches is critically important for the persistence of this species in this particular area.
Nonprofit Political Engagement: The Roles of 501(c)(4) Social Welfare Organizations in Elections and Policymaking
Authors: Post Margaret A. , Boris Elizabeth T. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis paper provides a framework for understanding the role of member-based, politically active 501(c)(4) social welfare organizations in U.S. civil society. Tax-exempt social welfare (501(c)(4)) organizations make up the second largest group of nonprofit organizations in the United States. Among them are a mix of membership organizations, social clubs, professional associations, and advocates that are permitted to lobby and engage in partisan political activities. Informed by the literature, case study research, and a dataset of politically active 501(c)(4) organizations, we identify categories of politically active (c)(4) organizations involved in electoral and policy change actions including national advocacy organizations, local and state member organizations, (c)(4) funders, and shell entities. We discuss four analytic considerations that can guide future research on member-based, politically active organizations including (1) engagement activities, (2) organizational characteristics, (3) context, and (4) outcomes. We then provide an example of how we have applied this approach to a subset of organizations that build civic leadership and political capacity in communities that have experienced structural inequality and racism. We explain how these organizations engage members in grassroots organizing and advocacy strategies in order to impact elections and policy change. By explaining how the (c)(4) structure can enable organizations to involve members in political action, we enhance theoretical understanding of politically active (c)(4)s as mediating structures of political engagement. The paper concludes with proposed avenues for further empirical investigation.
Organizações Criminosas e Governança Híbrida na América do Sul: O contexto da COVID-19
Authors: Ferreira Marcos Alan 
Published: December 2022

This essay discusses how criminal organizations in South America have reconfigured themselves in the face of the pandemic scenario experienced since late 2019. In particular, it examines how the practices and actions carried out by these associations were carried forward in the pandemic, maintaining or even giving force the influence of crime on the life of South American society. It is argued that in order to understand criminal governance, it is essential to consider the discussion of how the territories in which these organizations operate are not in conflict with the state, but rather there is a hybrid governance in which criminal organizations and the state coexist as two sources of legitimacy. and authority. There is a complementarity of actions, in which criminal organizations were seen during the pandemic occupying state functions in the adoption of protective measures, and provision of assistance, but always with a clear objective of maintaining the status quo of their illicit activities. In the end, it is clear that criminal organizations have consolidated themselves as a governance space recognized as legitimate during the pandemic, complementing and, perhaps even, eclipsing the role of state bureaucracy in the face of the seriousness of the health emergency experienced, especially in the cases of Brazil and Colombia.
Compensación Ambiental en Costa Rica: Legislación y alcances
Authors: Bonilla Fabián , Monrós Juan-S. , Sasa Mahmood 
Published: December 2022

Introducción: La compensación ambiental es un instrumento técnico-jurídico de gestión ambiental utilizado para compensar el daño ambiental debido a los impactos irreversibles e inevitables de proyectos de desarrollo. Por lo general, las regulaciones de compensación se incluyen en la legislación ambiental nacional. Este artículo resume la legislación de compensación ambiental en Costa Rica, un país con una reconocida tradición de conservación y conciencia ambiental. Nuestro objetivo es describir cómo se formula la compensación en ese país e identificar posibles vacíos regulatorios.
Métodos: Realizamos una revisión sistemática de la legislación ambiental a través del Sistema Costarricense de Información Jurídica (http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/avanzada_pgr.aspx), considerando tanto normativa como pronunciamientos sobre medidas de compensación y mitigación.
Resultados: La Constitución Política de Costa Rica reconoce el medio ambiente sano como un derecho fundamental de todos los ciudadanos. Actualmente se encuentran en vigencia al menos siete leyes que tratan de temas ambientales y sus respectivos reglamentos. Esta voluminosa legislación tiene como objetivo proteger los recursos naturales regulando su uso y creando un conjunto de áreas silvestres protegidas. Sin embargo, la legislación es algo repetitiva y abierta a interpretación, lo que facilita la confusión. Las acciones que requieren compensación están reguladas de manera general, lo que dificulta establecer cuándo y cómo aplicarlas. Además, la compensación se considera en función de cuándo se identifica el daño y no debido a su nivel de impacto ambiental. Asimismo, la normativa no hace explícitos los principios y objetivos que sustentan las medidas compensatorias ni cómo deben llevarse a cabo, mencionando brevemente algunas acciones que no aseguran que la pérdida ambiental neta sea cero.
Conclusiones: Esta revisión revela la necesidad de estandarizar los mecanismos para determinar las medidas compensatorias a nivel regulatorio, analizando además las estrategias que se seguirán para asegurar la proporcionalidad y la equivalencia ecológica. La legislación debe enfatizar la importancia de la compensación como práctica positiva, la cual debe ser incorporada dentro de los lineamientos del Estudio de Impacto Ambiental.
The Frequency of Watching Television Media Programs of Students and Its Relation to Their Moral
Authors: Daniel Yudi Irfan , Jamilah Lulu Nur Latifhah , Miftakh Fauzi , Abdurohim Nandang 
Published: December 2022

Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui secara ilmiah (1) bagaimana frekuensi menonton tayangan media televisi bagi peserta didik di tingkat SMKN, (2) bagaimana akhlak peserta didik di tingkat SMKN serta, (3) bagaimana frekuensi menonton tayangan media televisi peserta didik hubungannya dengan akhlak mereka di tingkat SMKN. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif korelasionner dengan metode explanatory research. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah angket, wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Sedangkan teknis analisis datanya dilakukan dengan dua tahap, yaitu analisis deskriptif dan regresi linier sederhana. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa (1) skor relatan frekuensi menonton tayangan media televisi peserta didik di tingkat SMKN, sebesar 64 dengan kategori kurang setuju (2) skor relatan akhlak mereka, sebesar 52 dengan kategori kurang setuju.(3) Adapun hasil analisis pada pengujian statistik inferensial yaitu uji t diperoleh hasil uji hipotesis bahwa t0 = 16,705 dan t tabel = 1,662. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara frekuensi menonton tayangan media televisi terhadap akhlak peserta didik di tingkat SMKN di Bandung. Oleh karena itu, guru dan orang tua harus dapat mendampingi dan mengarahkan peserta didik untuk dapat memilih tayangan media televisi yang baik.
SİVİL HAVACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE ÇALIŞANLARIN İŞ MEMNUNİYET DÜZEYLERİNİN YAŞAM DOYUMUNA ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: YÜKSEKBİLGİLİ Özgül 
Published: December 2022

Finansal ve istihdam edilen kişi bakımından önemli ve stratejik öneme sahip olan sivil havacılık sektöründe çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Bu araştırmada yaşam kalitesinin yordayıcıları olarak iş memnuniyeti ile yaşam doyumu ele alınmıştır. İş memnuniyetinin yaşam doyumuna etkisi incelenmiş olup, bununla birlikte iş memnuniyeti ve yaşam doyumunun demografik değişkenlere göre de farklılık gösterip göstermediği de incelenmiştir.
Çalışma ile ilgili veriler anket aracılığıyla 403 sivil havacılık yer hizmetleri çalışanından toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini Gaziantep ilinde çalışan sivil havacılık yer hizmetleri personeli oluşturmaktadır. Tanımlayıcı istatistikler, t-testi, anova analizi ve regresyon analizleri kullanılarak anket yöntemi ile elde edilen verilerin analizleri yapılmıştır.
Analiz sonuçlarına göre, sivil havacılık sektöründe çalışanların iş memnuniyetleri açısından cinsiyet, medeni durum, eğitim durumu ve çalışma süresi değişkenleri açısından anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yaşam doyumu açısından ise; cinsiyet, medeni durum, eğitim durumu ve çalışma süreleri değişkenleri açısından anlamlı fark olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca bulgular çalışanların iş memnuniyeti, çalışanların yaşam doyumlarını toplam varyansın yaklaşık %73’ünü açıkladığını ve çalışanları iş memnuniyetlerinin arttırılması yaşam doyumunda önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
US policy towards Iran in the context of the growth of regionalism
Authors: Gegelashvili Nana 
Published: December 2022

The article identifies Washington&apos;s priorities on the way of its policy implementation towards Iran in the context of the Ukrainian crisis. An analysis of the US approaches to Iran regarding the events in Ukraine is given, the reasons for the increased interest in this country from both the US and the EU are identified.
Currently, Tehran, despite extremely tough sanctions from the West - the US and the EU - has significantly strengthened its position on the global arena both in the context of the growing importance of the regionalization factor, as well as one of the main gas suppliers in the world market.
Under the sanctions regime, Tehran&apos;s main concern will primarily relate to the prospects associated with the JCPOA, which will influence the choice of the country&apos;s foreign policy priorities in the future. Thus the foreign policy alignment of this country will depend on whether its rapprochement with the US and the EU will become situational or will it be of a long-term and strategic nature.
In its turn, currently Washington is of great concern about the penetration of China into the Middle East, in general, and into Iran, aimed at real connection with the Silk Road Initiative, in particular. And although at present this process is determined by the economic dimension, it is clear that this is far from the limit, which the United States cannot but understand.
Canada&apos;s Digital Charter becomes law
Authors: Shchukina Tatiana 
Published: December 2022

Canadians increasingly rely on digital technology to connect with each other, to work and innovate. That’s why the Government of Canada is committed to making sure Canadians can benefit from the latest technologies, knowing that their privacy is safe and secure, and that companies are acting responsibly. In June 2022, the government proposed the Digital Charter Implementation Act, 2022, which will significantly strengthen Canada’s private sector privacy law, create new rules for the responsible development and use of artificial intelligence (AI), and continue advancing the implementation of Canada’s Digital Charter.
Canada&apos;s Digital Charter sets out principles to ensure that privacy is protected, data-driven innovation is human-centred, and Canadian organizations can lead the world in innovations that fully embrace the benefits of the digital economy. Canadians must be able to trust that their personal information is protected, that their data will not be misused, and that organizations operating in this space communicate in a simple and straightforward manner with their users. This trust is the foundation on which Canadian digital and data-driven economy will be built.
This legislation takes a number of important steps to ensure that Canadians have confidence that their privacy is respected and that AI is used responsibly, while unlocking innovation that promotes a strong economy. The Digital Charter Implementation Act, 2022 will include three proposed acts: the Consumer Privacy Protection Act, the Personal Information and Data Protection Tribunal Act, and the Artificial Intelligence and Data Act.
Izabela z Czartoryskich Działyńska w Hiszpanii w 1856 roku w świetle korespondencji rodzinnej
Authors: Obtułowicz Barbara 
Published: December 2022

Izabela Czartoryska (od 1857 r. hrabina Działyńska) mieszkała wraz z rodziną w Paryżu i podobnie jak jej najbliżsi była emigrantką. Jest znana przede wszystkim jako kolekcjonerka i twórczyni muzeum w gołuchowskim zamku, który przebudowała z pomocą francuskich i polskich architektów. Bardzo ważną rolę w kształtowaniu zdolności artystycznych oraz pasji kolekcjonerskich księżniczki stanowiły jej liczne podróże po Europie i Afryce Północnej (Bliski Wschód, Algieria).
W połowie listopada 1856 r. Izabela wspólnie z bratem Władysławem i jego żoną Marią Amparo Muñoz y de Borbón wyjechała do Hiszpanii. W prezentowanym tekście dokonuję przede wszystkim odtworzenia przebiegu tego wojażu. Umieszczam go w kontekście skomplikowanej sytuacji politycznej Hiszpanii oraz tajnych zabiegów dyplomatycznych Władysława Czartoryskiego pod auspicjami Hotelu Lambert. Staram się ustalić, w jakim stopniu pobyt córki Adama Jerzego Czartoryskiego w Hiszpanii wpłynął na rozwój jej zainteresowań artystycznych. Zwracam uwagę na podobieństwa i różnice relacji księżniczki z opisami innych podróżników. Poruszam także kwestię przeciągającego się zamążpójścia Izabeli, które w przyszłości okaże się nieudane.
Artykuł powstał na podstawie korespondencji rodzinny Czartoryskich, zwłaszcza listów Izabeli pisanych po francusku do matki, księżnej Anny z Sapiehów Czartoryskiej.
Epidemiology, species distribution, antifungal susceptibility, and outcome of candidemia in intensive care units in Isfahan, Iran
Authors: Haghighatfard Azam , Abbasi Saeed , Alijani Pegah , Afyooni Akbari Farzaneh , Rashidi Hossein , Dehghan Parvin 
Published: December 2022

Background and Purpose: Candidemia is known as an invasive fungal infection with high mortality. The prevalence of candidemia in intensive care unit (ICU) patients is more than in other hospital wards. Early diagnosis of candidemia in these patients is essential for disease management.
Materials and Methods: This study included 250 patients suspected of candidemia. Blood samples were taken from patients and incubated. The fungal isolates were identified by PCR-RFLP method using MSP I restriction enzyme. Demographic characteristics, risk factors, underlying diseases, and laboratory analysis results were mined in this study.
Results: In total, 22 blood samples were identified as positive for Candida yeasts in culture. The most common underlying diseases in these patients were heart disease and hypertension (36.4%). Candida albicans with 12 cases (54.5%) was the most isolated species, followed by C. parapsilosis (n=5, 22.7%), C. glabrata (n=4, 18.2%), and C. tropicalis (n=1, 4.5%) in descending order. Intravenous catheter use was recognized as the most common risk factor in patients with candidemia (77.3%), and after that, the use of mechanical ventilation (68.2%) and urinary catheter (40.9%) obtained the highest frequency. Furthermore, 17 patients were prescribed at least one antifungal drug, of which fluconazole was the most used (36.4%). The mortality rate in patients in this study was 63.6%. All C. albicans isolates were susceptible to antifungal agents but in non-albicans Candida (NAC), drug resistance to fluconazole, voriconazole, and caspofungin were observed.
Conclusion: Although C. albicans was the most common fungal species in this study, the prevalence of NAC species was high. The increasing frequency of NAC species is a concern because they have different patterns of drug resistance. Recognition of risk factors in patients admitted to ICUs can help prevent candidemia or properly manage the disease.
PROTEÇÃO SOCIAL ANTE O AVANÇO DO CONSERVADORISMO NO BRASIL: território, lugar e Política de Assistência Social
Authors: Gambardella Alice Dianezi , Araújo Cleonice Correia , Silva Emanuel Luiz Pereira da , Araújo Maria do Socorro Sousa de , Conserva Marinalva de Sousa 
Published: December 2022

O presente artigo objetiva contribuir no debate acerca da complexidade das Políticas de Proteção Social no Brasil, de modo especial, às reflexões e experiências da Política Pública de Assistência Social, no contexto da ofensiva liberal conservadora. Analisa os dilemas que envolvem a implementação de uma Política que busca assegurar direitos no âmbito de um movimento conservador que é histórico e reatualizado, sustentado em preceitos fundamentalistas que postulam a redução da intervenção do Estado na proteção social. A partir desse contexto, problematiza os critérios utilizados para adoção da territorialização da Política de Assistência Social, construindo um caminho de análise que propõe diferentes perspectivas de território e lugar como ponto de partida para reflexão sobre a Proteção Social garantida através da Política de Assistência Social mediante a ofensiva neoliberal conservadora
Authors: Simbolon Camelina , Samiyarsih Siti , Herawati Wiwik 
Published: December 2022

Tumbuhan kantong semar (Nepenthes spp.) merupakan salah satu tumbuhan karnivora yang tergolong unik, karena kantong pada Nepenthes spp. merupakan modifikasi ujung daun yang berubah bentuk dan fungsinya menjadi perangkap serangga atau hewan kecil lainnya. Kebun Raya Baturraden merupakan kawasan yang digunakan untuk konservasi berbagai jenis tumbuhan baik ex-situ maupun in-situ termasuk Nepenthes spp. /Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) mengetahui karakter anatomi dan morfologi daun Nepenthes spp. yang tumbuh di kawasan Kebun Raya Baturraden, 2) menentukan karakter yang berbeda dari masing-masing spesies Nepenthes spp. yang tumbuh di kawasan Kebun Raya Baturraden berdasarkan anatomi dan morfologi daun. Penelitian dilakukan dengan observasi langsung, metode purposive sampling, pengambilan sampel daun Nepenthes spp. di rumah kaca Kebun Raya Baturaden. Pengamatan karakter anatomi daun dengan metode embedding, pewarnaan dengan safranin 1%. dalam alkohol 70%. Hasil pengamatan karakter anatomi dan morfologi dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA pada taraf kepercayaan 95% dan 99%, dilanjutkan dengan uji Beda Nyata Terkecil (BNT) dan pengamatan hasil pengamatan morfologi dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedelapan spesies Nepenthes memiliki struktur anatomi yang sama yang terdiri dari kutikula, epidermis, dan mesofil dengan ukuran yang bervariasi antar spesies. Karakter morfologi delapan spesies Nepenthes bervariasi antar spesies dengan ukuran yang berbeda. Tangkai daun hanya dimiliki oleh N. ampullaria, N. mirabilis, N. rafflesiana, kantong yang memiliki bentuk seperti kendi hanya dimiliki oleh N. mirabilis, N, gracilis, dan N. tobaica, warna kantong yang paling mencolok adalah N. rafflesiana. Perbedaan karakter anatomi daun kedelapan spesies Nepenthes terdapat pada lebar stomata, tebal kutikula, tebal epidermis, tebal mesofil, panjang daun, lebar daun, tangkai daun, panjang sulur, diameter kantong, bentuk kantong, warna kantong.
Authors: Fa'is Jimmy Al , Dewi Ratna Stia , Sari Ajeng Arum 
Published: December 2022

Penggunaan plastik di Indonesia khususnya sebagai kemasan sangat populer di kalangan masyarakat, karena bersifat praktis dan memiliki banyak kegunaan. Konsumsi plastik pada tahun 2020 bahkan mencapai 67,8 juta ton per hari. Oleh karena itu, salah satu cara untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah dengan memproduksi dan menggunakan plastik biodegradable atau bioplastik. Agen pendegradasi bioplastik yang cukup efektif adalah fungi. Biodegradasi bioplastik dapat dilakukan dengan fungi. Tempat potensial ditemukannya fungi pendegradasi bioplastik adalah Ex-Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Gunung Tugel. Mengingat fakta bahwa bioplastik memiliki tingkat degradasi cukup baik, maka pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji biodegradasi bioplastik berbasis pati dengan menggunakan isolat fungi indigenous yang berasal dari Ex-TPA Gunung Tugel dengan menggunakan metode penghitungan pengurangan bobot bioplastik (weight loss). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh isolat fungi pendegradasi bioplastik berbasis pati dari Ex-TPA Gunung Tugel, Kabupaten Banyumas dan mengetahui kemampuan biodegradasi tertinggi pada bioplastik berbasis pati oleh isolat fungi dari Ex-TPA Gunung Tugel, Kabupaten Banyumas.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa diperoleh isolat fungi indigenous yang berpotensi mendegradasi bioplastik berbasis pati dari Ex-TPA Gunung Tugel, Kabupaten Banyumas berasal dari genus Aspergillus (isolat GT2 & GT3) dan Penicillium (isolat GT1, GT4, GT5, dan GT6). Kemampuan biodegradasi bioplastik berbasis pati tertinggi oleh fungi dari genus Aspergillus, isolat GT1, GT2, dan GT5 dengan pengurangan bobot bioplastik (weight loss) sebesar 17,87%, 21,84%, dan 18,68% dalam waktu 30 hari. Pengamatan tekstur bioplastik menghasilkan perubahan warna yang cukup signfikan, yaitu dari lembaran bioplastik yang berwarna putih menjadi kecoklatan. Pengamatan tersebut juga menunjukkan pelekatan miselium fungi di atas permukaan bioplastik disertai dengan permukaan bioplastik yang berongga dan tidak rata.
Kata kunci : Biodegradasi, Bioplastik berbasis pati, Fungi Indigenous, TPA.