bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots Modified Dioxin‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Superior Lithium Storage
Authors: Wang Han , Zhao Lu , Tang Xuxu , Lv Li‐Ping , Sun Weiwei , Wang Yong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCovalent organic framework, as an emerging porous nano‐frame structure with pre‐designed structure and custom properties, has been demonstrated as a prospective electrode for rechargeable Li‐ion batteries. For improving the reversible capacity and long‐term cycle stability of COF materials, we propose a GQDs modified COF material (COF‐GQDs) and apply it as the anode for LIBs for the first time. This COF‐GQDs electrode delivers enhanced long‐term cycling performance with a large capacity of ∼820 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 100 mA g−1 and an improved rate performance. The enhanced lithium‐storage performance, in terms of obvious‐shortened activation process and high reversible capacities, can be attributed to the modification of carboxyl GQDs, which would activate more active sites (activated C=C groups from benzene rings) for lithium‐storage, and provide fast lithium‐ion transportation kinetic. Besides, the decreased interphase resistance, enhanced electronic conductivity, and prevented aggregation of needle‐flake COF structure, originated from the addition of GQDs, which lead to the enhanced improved cycling stability of the COF‐GQDs electrode. This manuscript can promote the further exploration on the design of COF‐related materials with modification of functionalized carbonaceous materials to achieve enhanced lithium‐storage properties for next‐generation energy storage.
Improved beetle swarm optimization algorithm for energy efficient virtual machine consolidation on cloud environment
Authors: Bhagavathi Hariharan , Rathinavelayatham Siva , Shanmugaiah Kaliraj , Kanagaraj Kamaraj , Elangovan Dinesh 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn cloud computing, virtual machine (VM) consolidation and migration are significant schemes to enhance the energy efficiency and costs of the cloud environment. The process of VM consolidation is to execute a more number of tasks with less power consumption. However, due to unreliable physical resources, energy consumption is increased. So, to solve this issue, improved beetle swarm optimization (IBSO) algorithm based on energy‐aware VM consolidation is presented in this article. IBSO algorithm joins together beetle swarm optimization (BSO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed algorithm is defined with the effective representation of solution and multi‐objective functions such as power consumption, resource wastage, and SLA violation. Results of the work are depicted that the proposed approach outperformed different previous methods in terms of different evaluation measures.
Triple‐Decker Sandwich Cultures of Intestinal Organoids for Long‐Term Live Imaging, Uniform Perturbation, and Statistical Sampling
Authors: Cambra Hailey M. , Tallapragada Naren P. , Mannam Prabhath , Breault David T. , Klein Allon M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThree‐dimensional organoid cultures enable the study of stem cell and tissue biology ex vivo, providing improved access to cells for perturbation and live imaging. Typically, organoids are grown in hydrogel domes that are simple to prepare but that lead to non‐uniform tissue growth and viability. We recently developed a simple alternative culture method to embed intestinal organoids in multilayered hydrogels, called “triple‐decker sandwiches,” that align organoids in a common z‐plane with uniform access to medium. This culture configuration improves the growth and survival of organoids over a wide working area and facilitates long‐term confocal imaging and molecular perturbation. Here, we present protocols for preparing organoids in triple‐decker sandwich cultures and using them for live imaging, immunostaining, and single‐cell RNA sequencing. We have tested our methods on mouse and human intestinal organoids and expect them to be useful for other highly proliferative three‐dimensional cell cultures. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Pre‐coating plates with PolyHEMA to prepare them for triple‐decker sandwich cultureSupport Protocol 1: Preparing PolyHEMA solution to coat glass‐bottom dishesBasic Protocol 2: Embedding intestinal organoids in triple‐decker sandwichesAlternate Protocol 1: Seeding single cells or organoids at low density in triple‐decker sandwichesSupport Protocol 2: Embedding intestinal organoids in hydrogel domesSupport Protocol 3: Production of Wnt3a‐conditioned mediumSupport Protocol 4: Production of Rspo1‐conditioned mediumBasic Protocol 3: Live imaging of mouse intestinal organoids in triple‐decker sandwich culturesAlternate Protocol 2: Live imaging of vital dye–treated mouse intestinal organoids in triple‐decker sandwich culturesBasic Protocol 4: Immunofluorescence imaging of mouse organoids liberated from triple‐decker sandwich culturesAlternate Protocol 3: Liberating and fixing mouse intestinal organoids from dome culturesSupport Protocol 5: Measuring cell proliferation by EdU staining of mouse intestinal organoidsBasic Protocol 5: Single‐cell RNA sequencing and analysis of mouse intestinal organoids
Measuring Play Fighting in Rats: A Multilayered Approach
Authors: Pellis S. M. , Pellis V. C. , Burke C. J. , Stark R. A. , Ham J. R. , Euston D. R. , Achterberg E. J. M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRough‐and‐tumble play or play fighting is an important experience in the juvenile period of many species of mammals, as it facilitates the development of social skills, and for some species, play fighting is retained into adulthood as a tool for assessing and managing social relationships. Laboratory rats have been a model species for studying the neurobiology of play fighting and its key developmental and social functions. However, play fighting interactions are complex, involving competition and cooperation; therefore, no single measure to quantify this behavior is able to capture all its facets. Therefore, in this paper, we present a multilayered framework for scoring all the relevant facets of play that can be affected by experimental manipulations and the logic of how to match what is measured with the question being asked. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Use of Arabinonucleosides for Development and Implementation of a Novel 2′‐O‐Protecting Group for Efficient Solid‐Phase Synthesis and 2′‐O‐Deprotection of RNA Sequences
Authors: Takahashi Mayumi , Cawrse Brian M. , Grajkowski Andrzej , Beaucage Serge L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe implementation of protecting groups for 2′‐hydroxyl function of ribonucleosides is very demanding in that synthetic RNA sequences must be highly pure to ensure the safety and efficacy of nucleic acid–based drugs for treatment of human diseases. A synthetic approach consisting of a condensation reaction between 2′‐O‐aminoribonucleosides with ethyl pyruvate has been employed to provide stable 2′‐O‐imino‐2‐methyl propanoic acid ethyl esters. Conversion of these esters to fully protected ribonucleoside phosphoramidite monomers has allowed rapid and efficient incorporation of 2′‐O‐protected ribonucleosides into RNA sequences while minimizing the formation of process‐related impurities during solid‐phase synthesis. Two chimeric 20‐mer RNA sequences have been synthesized and then exposed to a solution of sodium hydroxide to saponify the 2′‐O‐imino‐2‐methyl propanoic acid ethyl ester protecting groups to their sodium salts. When subjected to ion‐exchange conditions at 65°C and near neutral pH, fully deprotected RNA sequences are isolated without production of alkylating side‐products and/or formation of mutagenic nucleobase adducts. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of uridine 2′‐O‐imino‐2‐propanoic acid ethyl ester and its fully protected 3′‐O‐phosphoramiditeBasic Protocol 2: Synthesis of N6‐protected adenosine 2′‐O‐imino‐2‐propanoic acid ethyl ester and its fully protected 3′‐O‐phosphoramiditeBasic Protocol 3: Synthesis of N4‐protected cytidine 2′‐O‐imino‐2‐propanoic acid ethyl ester and its fully protected 3′‐O‐phosphoramiditeBasic Protocol 4: Synthesis of N2‐protected guanosine 2′‐O‐imino‐2‐propanoic acid ethyl ester and its fully protected 3′‐O‐phosphoramiditeBasic Protocol 5: Automated solid‐phase RNA synthesis and deprotection using 2′‐O‐imino‐2‐proponate‐protected phosphoramidites
A design for switched capacitor and single‐switch DC–DC boost converter by a small signal‐based PI controller
Authors: Ertekin Davut , Bulut Kübra , Tekin Hakan , Moschopoulos Gerry 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this study, a switched capacitor (SC)‐based single‐switch DC–DC boost converter structure operating under the high voltage gain and the low duty ratio is proposed using the PI control technique. High current and voltage stresses across the power switches and power diodes can be reduced by using the projected SC block. In addition, the proposed converter can achieve high voltage gain through shorter duty cycles, which directly reduces the voltage stress and dynamic losses in the power semiconductors. On the other hand, because the proposed converter includes a single power switch under different output powers and different loads, the control process is simpler than multiswitch structures. With the proposed converter, an output voltage of 10 times greater rather than the input voltage is obtained at 0.57 of the duty cycle. In this study, the fundamental functions of the proposed converter and the controller design steps are analyzed mathematically and tested in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the proposed topology works with a high performance at high frequency and variable load ranges. To validate the proposed converter and theoretical calculations, a 200‐W prototype was established under a continuous conduction mode (CCM) working state, with 48‐VDC input voltage and 400‐VDC output voltage. Finally, the simulation results were tested and verified through the experimental results.
Cattle grazing results in greater floral resources and pollinators than sheep grazing in low‐diversity grasslands
Authors: Cutter Jasmine , Hovick Torre , McGranahan Devan , Harmon Jason , Limb Ryan , Spiess Jonathan , Geaumont Benjamin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLand‐use and land‐cover change associated with agriculture is one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss. In heavily modified agricultural landscapes, grazing lands may be the only areas that can provide essential resources for native grassland species. Management decisions, such as choice of livestock species, affect the extent to which grazing lands provide suitable habitat for native species such as pollinators.Our study compared how sheep versus cattle herbivory affected floral resources and butterfly abundance across low‐diversity, former Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) pastures managed with patch‐burn grazing.Across all years (2017–2019), flowering species richness and abundance were significantly higher in cattle pastures than sheep pastures. On average, we recorded 6.9 flowering species/transect in cattle pastures and 3.8 flowering species/transect in sheep pastures. The average floral abundance per transect was 1278 stems/transect in cattle pastures and 116 stems/transect in pastures grazed by sheep.Similarly, we observed higher butterfly species richness, diversity, and abundance in cattle than in sheep pastures. In cattle pastures, we observed an average of 75 butterflies and 6.75 species per transect, compared with an average of 52 butterflies and 3.37 species per transect in sheep pastures. However, the butterfly community composition did not significantly differ between grazing treatments likely because agricultural‐tolerant, habitat generalists comprised the majority of the butterfly community. Five generalist butterflies comprised 92.3% of observations;Colias philodicewas the most abundant (61% of observations).Speyeria idaliaandDanaus plexippus, two butterflies of conservation concern, comprised less than 0.5% of butterfly observations.Our results, which are among the first attempt quantifying butterfly use of post‐CRP fields grazed by livestock, show that increased precipitation and cattle grazing promoted higher forb abundance and richness. However, additional interventions may be needed to enhance floral resources to sustain and improve pollinator diversity in these landscapes.
Trans‐specific polymorphism and the convergent evolution of supertypes in major histocompatibility complex class II genes in darters (Etheostoma)
Authors: Million Kara M. , Lively Curtis M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMajor Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes are one of the most polymorphic gene groups known in vertebrates. MHC genes also exhibit allelic variants that are shared among taxa, referred to as trans‐specific polymorphism (TSP). The role that selection plays in maintaining such high diversity within species, as well as TSP, is an ongoing discussion in biology. In this study, we used deep‐sequencing techniques to characterize MHC class IIb gene diversity in three sympatric species of darters. We found at least 5 copies of the MHC gene in darters, with 126 genetic variants encoding 122 unique amino acid sequences. We identified four supertypes based on the binding properties of proteins encoded by the sequences. Although each species had a unique pool of variants, many variants were shared between species pairs and across all three species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the variants did not group together monophyletically based on species identity or on supertype. An expanded phylogenetic analysis showed that some darter alleles grouped together with alleles from other percid fishes. Our findings show that TSP occurs in darters, which suggests that balancing selection is acting at the genotype level. Supertypes, however, are most likely evolving convergently, as evidenced by the fact that alleles do not form monophyletic groups based on supertype. Our research demonstrates that selection may be acting differently on MHC genes at the genotype and supertype levels, selecting for the maintenance of high genotypic diversity while driving the convergent evolution of similar MHC phenotypes across different species.
Incomplete recovery of seeds from scatterhoards by granivorous rodents: Implications for plant establishment
Authors: Geluso Keith , Longo Peter C. , Harner Mary J. , White Jeremy A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGranivorous rodents are important components of ecosystems not only because they consume seeds but also because some aid in seed dispersal through seed‐caching behaviors. Some rodents bury seeds in shallow pits throughout territories, called scatterhoards, that individuals recover, pilfer, or transfer to other caches. We suspect some single‐seed caches in environments represent missed seeds from reclaiming or pilfering caches. We documented the sloppiness of seed removal from scatterhoards of soapweed yucca (Yucca glauca) seeds by Ord's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ordii). We quantified the frequency and location of seeds remaining. In an experiment with artificial caches of three sizes, kangaroo rats harvested 51% of caches after one night, and 53% had incomplete recovery with at least one seed remaining. The greater the number of seeds in caches, the greater frequency of incomplete recovery. In another experiment with natural and artificial caches, 75% of caches were excavated after 8 days, with at least 70% having at least one seed remaining. Regardless of original cache size, a single seed represented the mode for seeds remaining. Incomplete recovery of seeds likely benefits plant establishment, potentially significantly in some systems. Remaining seeds, especially those buried at bottoms of caches, likely will stay undetected in landscapes, yielding propagules for subsequent plant generations. Soapweed yucca has large but light, flat wind‐dispersed seeds, and removal of caches with smaller seeds might have greater frequency of missed seeds during recovery and pilfering by rodents. Our results suggest that scatter‐hoarding granivores also contribute to plant establishment by leaving limited numbers of seeds behind when removing caches, at least in some systems.
Recent progress in self‐powered multifunctional e‐skin for advanced applications
Authors: Chen Yunfeng , Gao Zhengqiu , Zhang Fangjia , Wen Zhen , Sun Xuhui 
Published: January 2022

AbstractElectronic skin (e‐skin), new generation of flexible wearable electronic devices, has characteristics including flexibility, thinness, biocompatibility with broad application prospects, and a crucial place in future wearable electronics. With the increasing demand for wearable sensor systems, the realization of multifunctional e‐skin with low power consumption or even autonomous energy is urgently needed. The latest progress of multifunctional self‐powered e‐skin for applications in physiological health, human–machine interaction (HMI), virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence (AI) is presented here. Various energy conversion effects for the driving energy problem of multifunctional e‐skin are summarized. An overview of various types of self‐powered e‐skins, including single‐effect e‐skins and multifunctional coupling‐effects e‐skin systems is provided, where the aspects of material preparation, device assembly, and output signal analysis of the self‐powered multifunctional e‐skin are described. In the end, the existing problems and prospects in this field are also discussed.
Comprehensive lipidomic analysis of the lipids extracted from freshwater fish bones and crustacean shells
Authors: Lv Shuang , Xie Suya , Liang Yunxia , Xu Long , Hu Liangbin , Li Hongbo , Mo Haizhen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA comprehensive lipidomic analysis of the lipids extracted from grass carp bones, black carp bones, shrimp shells, and crab shells was performed in this study. First, HPLC analysis revealed that the lipids extracted from shrimp and crab shells contained 60.65% and 77.25% of diacylglycerols, respectively. Second, GC‐MS analysis identified 18 fatty acid species in the lipids extracted from fish bones and crustacean shells, in which polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were highly enriched. PUFAs were present at 45.43% in the lipids extracted from shrimp shells. Notably, the lipids extracted from shrimp and crab shells contained a considerable amount of eicosapentaenoic acids and docosahexaenoic acids. Finally, multidimensional mass spectrometry‐based shotgun lipidomics showed that various lipids including acetyl‐L‐carnitine, sphingomyelin (SM), lysophosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were all identified in the lipid samples, but PC and SM were the most abundant. Specifically, the total content of PC in shrimp shells was as high as 6.145 mmol/g. More than 35 species of PC were found in all samples, which were more than other lipids. This study is expected to provide a scientific basis for the application of freshwater fish bones and crustacean shells in food, medicine, and other fields.
Analysis of the gel properties, microstructural characteristics, and intermolecular forces of soybean protein isolate gel induced by transglutaminase
Authors: Huang Zhanrui , Sun Jing , Zhao Liangzhong , He Wanying , Liu Teyuan , Liu Binbin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSoybean protein isolate (SPI) is a high‐quality plant protein that is primarily used to process various soybean products coagulated by transglutaminase (TGase). In this study, the degree of hydrolysis (DH), sulfhydryl content (SH), surface hydrophobicity (H0
), secondary structural constitution, and microstructure of TGase‐treated soybean protein (SPI, 7S, and 11S) were determined, as well as the effects of NaCl, urea, and SDS on the properties and intermolecular forces of SPI gel were analyzed. The results show that the H0
and SH content of SPI, 7S, and 11S decreased significantly with TGase treatment time (p < .05), while the DH gradually increased and reached its highest value (3.72%, 7.41%, and 1.27%, respectively) at 30 min. As the concentration of these two secondary structures exhibited an inverse relationship, the degradation of β‐turns resulted in the increase in β‐sheets. The microstructures of SPI and 11S gels were similar, being denser and more ordered than 7S gel. The low concentration of NaCl solution (0.2 mol/L) enhanced gel properties and intermolecular forces, promoting the formation of SPI gel, whereas a high concentration (0.4–0.8 mol/L) had a significant inhibitory effect. Urea and SDS solutions substantially inhibited the formation of SPI gel, leading to significant decreases in the water holding capacity and hardness as well as a considerable increase in the coagulation time (p < .05). The results revealed that hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions were the main intermolecular forces responsible for the gel formation. This study provides adequate technical support and a theoretical basis for soybean protein gel products.
Risk‐neutral skewness and commodity futures pricing
Authors: Fuertes Ana‐Maria , Liu Zhenya , Tang Weiqing 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper investigates the predictive content of risk‐neutral skewness (RNSK) for the dynamics of commodity futures prices. A trading strategy that buys futures with positive RNSK and sells futures with negative RNSK generates a significant excess return. Unlike traditional commodity risk factors' signals, the positive return generated from the RNSK signal is more pronounced in the contango phase. After controlling traditional commodity risk factors, the RNSK signal exhibits a more stable and prolonged predictive ability. The directional‐learning hypothesis explains the RNSK impact when commodity futures show higher idiosyncratic risks and illiquidity (positive RNSK) and overpriced (negative RNSK).
A critical review: Application of methanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines and effects of blending methanol with diesel/biodiesel/ethanol on performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of engines
Authors: Pandey Shyam 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article presents a comprehensive overview of methanol as a potential oxygenated fuel for internal combustion engines. Here two approaches have been examined to evaluate the utilization of methanol, namely blending with diesel/biodiesel/methanol and premixing with intake air or fumigation. In conventional compression ignition engines, up to 95% and 25% diesel can be replaced by methanol through fumigation and blending, respectively. Higher latent heat of vaporization of alcohol led to lower peak in‐cylinder pressure and NOx; however, it negatively affects thermal efficiency and hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. Fumigation of alcohol requires modifications in the existing engine, whereas blending needed surfactants or additives to produce stable alcohol–diesel blends. High injection pressure and late direct injection, methanol–diesel blends have shown lower emissions and proved their potential as a suitable replacement for ethanol–diesel blends from the components durability perspective.