bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The problem of humanitarian access in armed conflicts
Authors: Usmanov Yu. , Vergeles O. 
Published: April 2022

Humanitarian access is an essential factor in humanitarian action in situations of armed conflict since it is impossible to provide direct humanitarian assistance without it. Unfortunately, the imposition of prohibitions and barriers to humanitarian aid by the warring parties has become a trend in modern armed conflicts worldwide, particularly in Asia, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Latin America.
The right of access to victims of armed conflict is a fundamental element of humanitarian action since it allows humanitarian aid organizations to make independent needs assessments, ensure their effectiveness and monitor the fair distribution of such aid. However, gaining and maintaining access to the population to provide humanitarian assistance is difficult for humanitarian organizations. The provision of such access may be limited by the very fact of armed conflict and the fact that humanitarian access is usually considered ad hoc, so there are often no established methods or rules for granting such access.
Although humanitarian access is not a new issue in international law, there are several challenges today in ensuring and maintaining such access in situations of armed conflict, including the understanding of the term "humanitarian access," the rights and responsibilities of participants in armed conflict, obligations, and restrictions on humanitarian organizations themselves, criteria for granting humanitarian access in various situations, etc.
This article will consider the most common problems in gaining humanitarian access during armed conflicts and suggest possible ways to solve them.
Current state of harmonization of domestic legislation in the field of protection of consumer rights with the legislation of the European Union
Authors: Shatalova L.M. 
Published: April 2022

The current state of harmonization of Ukrainian legislation, which protects the rights and legitimate interests of consumers in distance trade is analyzed. The current state of electronic communication (interaction) between public authorities, businesses and consumers.
Approaches to the formation of EU secondary legislation in the field of consumer policy are revealed. The first approach, based on the principle of full harmonization, increases the level of consumption, provides a high degree of consumers protection. Another one provides Member States with the right to go beyond consumer protection, and to maintain more strict national rules, which must comply with primary EU law.
The expediency of creating an "E-buyer" platform for sellers who carry out business activities in online stores is argued.
It is noted that the procedure of e-seller identification will simplify the identification of the seller at the stage of online shopping, should be free and carried out by the consumer himself online.
The innovations of draft laws on consumer protection in the remote conclusion of contracts are described.
Amendments to the legislation on establishing the right to apply to the competent authority on restrictions, restoring access to the website of the provider (owner or owner) of electronic communications services, where the information is posted, are proposed.
The necessity to provide a warning mechanism in case of restriction of access to e-sellers' websites and to set a deadline for providing sellers with additional time (within two days) to correct their data is considered.
It is suggested that requests to block websites should be sent to the provider (owner or owner) of electronic communications services.
It is noted that the procedure for restricting and restoring access to information resources should be provided only by law.
The implementation of the practice of the European court of human rights in the national mechanism of protection of the right to safe working conditions
Authors: Ilkiv N.V. , Ilnytskyi O.V. 
Published: April 2022

The constitutional obligation of the Ukrainian state to provide all citizens with protection of their health and life in the course of labor activity. It consists in legislative enshrinement of legal norms that determine the conditions and procedure for exercising the constitutional right of citizens to proper, safe and healthy working conditions, means of protection of this right, as well as legal mechanisms to protect this right in case of violation. The application of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights as a source of law by the courts actualizes the study of its decisions on the protection of the right to safe working conditions.
Ensuring safe working conditions is an important task in the context of the goals of sustainable development is defined in the article. The position of the European Court of Human Rights needs to be implemented into national legislation. The safety and hygiene of the working environment must not harm the life and health of the worker, and the state must provide citizens with an appropriate level of legal regulation and administrative procedures to protect their right to life and health, including in the work environment.
The right of the employee to safe and healthy working conditions is a component of the right to life in the position of the European Court of Human Rights. The positive obligation of the state to introduce an effective legislative mechanism for the protection of life also applies in the context of safety and health at work. The exercise of the right to adequate, safe and healthy working conditions in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights is carried out by examining compliance with the positive obligation of the state to create the necessary legal and administrative conditions and procedures to protect the lives and health of citizens (employees). It provides for the issuance of regulations, instructions or recommendations on the organization of labor protection, as well as ensuring appropriate supervision and control in the field of labor.
The creation of legislative and administrative mechanisms for the protection of the right to life, in which safety and labor protection are necessary components of its legal support, is Ukraine’s obligation.
International experience of legal regulation of inclusive education
Authors: Shlapko T.V. , Filonenko S.S. , Kovalevskyi M.M. , Hryb A.A. 
Published: April 2022

The article is devoted to the study of international experience of legal regulation of inclusive education. The Basic Laws of the democracies of the world declare that all people are equal in their rights. No one shall be discriminated against on the basis of a person's physical or mental condition. The right to education is one of the most important, because it depends on the level at which it is provided, the human potential of the state, without which its development is impossible.Civilized countries have long realized that a society is not complete if a certain part of it is isolated and does not take an active part in it. Therefore, they have created an education system that includes people with special educational needs in the general education system. This form of education is called inclusive education.
The main idea of inclusive education is to reaffirm the value of human diversity, which eliminates discrimination and reflects one of the hallmarks of a democratic society, particularly in the field of education. Inclusive education is not introduced to make students equal. In a broad sense, it is designed to provide equal opportunities for all children and provide the same skills and abilities for continued existence in society.
The international standards of inclusive education implemented by UNESCO and the UN, which are the main initiators of the adoption of new provisions on ensuring the rights of children with SEN at the level of educational opportunities, are analyzed. International law recognizes children with SEN as full participants in the educational process, while defining a new approach to the organization of education. It is based on the principles of accessibility, free of charge, obligation, non-discrimination and equality.
The article considers the experience of legal support of the right to education for children with SEN and the functioning of inclusive education in foreign countries such as the Italian Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Norway.
European Union criminal procedure policy as part of the European Union's policy in the field of the fight against criminality
Authors: Mykytyn Y. I. 
Published: April 2022

This article is devoted to finding the term that would be optimal for naming the procedural part of the European Union's policy in the field of the fight against criminality.
The terms «EU policy in the field of the fight against criminality», «EU criminal policy», «EU law enforcement policy» are used to refer to a separate type of European Union policy.
Adhering to the position of giving preference to the use of the term «policy in the field of the fight against criminality», it is seen that such a construction can be applied in the context of the European Union and, as we see, is in demand. However, it should be recognized that a significant number of European scholars use the term «criminal policy of the European Union».
Thus, it is proposed to use the term «European Union policy in the field of the fight against criminality» as a generalized concept that better reflects its non-level, but namely complex structure and relatively independent but interconnected basic elements, parts, first of all, EU criminal policy and EU criminal procedure policy.
Of course, we can talk about other parts of the European Union's policy in the field of the fight against criminality, in particular, criminology, but the primary interest in the study is its procedural component.
There are various terminologies in the literature that define it. For example, the following options can be identified: 1) «EU policy in the field of judicial and law enforcement cooperation»; 2) «European Union Justice and Home Affairs Policy». The term «EU policy in the field of justitia and home affairs», which is as close as possible to the latter wording and also used; 3) «European Union policy on criminal procedure»; 4) «European justice policy».
The most common term is «procedure». For example, «criminal procedure policy of the EU» and its interpretation. The words «procedure» and «process» are synonymous words.
Accordingly, to denote the procedural part of the European Union's policy in the field of the fight against criminality, it is acceptable to use the term «criminal procedural policy of the European Union» as the optimal.
Synergetics of the criminal procedural system
Authors: Tsyganyuk Y. V. 
Published: April 2022

The article examines the problematic scientific issue of synergy of the criminal procedure system. It is determined that one of the prerequisites for the correct application of criminal procedure law, as well as lawmaking in the field of criminal procedure and in the study of objects of criminal procedural science is the use of philosophical methods of studying legal phenomena. One of them is the synergetic method (approach) used in research. In the absence of its use, chaos may occur in the criminal justice system.
he author emphasizes that the study of the criminal justice system through the use of a synergistic approach is important both in terms of determining the internal structure of this system and the relationships between its components and elements. And its use is carried out in order to apply this approach to theoretical and practical ways to solve problems that arise in the science of criminal procedure and in law enforcement practice in particular.
It is established that the system of criminal procedure from the point of view of the synergetic approach is the system artificially created by the person. Its nature is not primary to man, but in itself it is derived from human existence and is aimed at ensuring such existence. Such provision is provided by organizing processes within the criminal procedure system itself and in order to meet the needs of both the state and the population.
Using a synergetic approach to the study of the criminal process, the article identifies the inherent properties of this system, dynamism, integrity, divisibility, setting goals (objectives) of this system, versatility, maintaining its shape and focus on achieving objectives in interaction with the environment, flexibility, complementarity and consistency. The author points out that these properties should be taken into account in rule-making, law enforcement and recommended for use in research on criminal procedure.
The essence of the conflict of interest in the professional activities of a lawyer
Authors: Zaborovsky V.V. 
Published: April 2022

This article is devoted to the disclosure of problematic issues related to the study of the essence of the conflict of interest in the aspect of advocacy. The article reveals the various positions of scholars to determine the legal nature of the conflict of interest as a whole through its general theoretical perception, and directly - during the implementation of the lawyer's professional activity.
Within the framework of this study, the positions of the Ukrainian legislator on the regulation of such a fundamental principle of advocacy as the principle of avoiding conflicts of interest were revealed. The study also focused on revealing the relationship between this principle and other defining principles of advocacy. It is concluded that the positivity of domestic legal regulation of this principle is manifested primarily in the fact that the main goal is precisely preventive measures that would prevent its occurrence. Such leg*al regulation generally complies with international standards of advocacy (Charter of Core Principles of the European Legal Profession, The Code of Conduct for European Lawyers etc.) and the legislation of a number of foreign countries.
The position is argued that the absence of conflict of interest, as a determining component of trust is a fundamental aspect of the relationship between a lawyer and his client, and trust should be the quintessence of professional advocacy in general.
To achieve the goal set before the author, methods typical of legal science were used, namely the study was carried out using primarily formal-dogmatic method, which provided an opportunity to reveal the essence and interpret the content of domestic and international regulations that determine the principle of avoiding conflicts of interest activities of a lawyer. General scientific methods of analysis and synthesis have also become widely used.
Design of Three Control Algorithms for an Averaging Tank with Variable Filling
Authors: Kolankowski Michał , Piotrowski Robert 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An averaging tank with variable filling is a nonlinear multidimensional system and can thus be considered a complex control system. General control objectives of such object include ensuring stability, zero steady-state error, and achieving simultaneously shortest possible settling time and minimal overshoot. The main purpose of this research work was the modeling and synthesis of three control systems for an averaging tank. In order to achieve the intended purpose, in the first step, a mathematical model of the control system was derived. The model was adapted to the form required to design two out of three planned control systems by linearization and reduction of its dimensions, resulting in two system variants. A multivariable proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control system for the averaging tank was developed using optimization for tuning PID controllers. State feedback and output feedback with an integral action control system for the considered control system was designed using a linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) and optimization of weights. A fuzzy control system was designed using the Mamdani inference system. The developed control systems were tested using theMATLAB environment. Finally, the simulation results for each control algorithm (and their variants) were compared and their performance was assessed, as well as the effects of optimization in the case of PID and integral control (IC) systems.
Numerical Study of Transient Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Subjected to Sinusoidal Dynamic Loads for Rough Contact Surfaces
Authors: Abd Alsamieh Mohamed F. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to study the behaviour of transient elastohydrodynamic contacts subjected to forced harmonic vibrations, including the effect of surface waviness for concentrated counterformal point contact under isothermal conditions. Profiles of pressure and film thickness are studied to reveal the combined effects of sinusoidal external load and surface roughness on the lubrication problem. The time-dependent Reynolds’ equation is solved using Newton–Raphson technique. The film thickness and pressure distribution are obtained at different snap shots of time by simultaneous solution of the Reynolds’ equation and film thickness equation including elastic deformation and surface waviness. It is concluded that the coupling effects of the transient sinusoidal external load and wavy surface would result in increase in modulations of the pressure and film thickness profile in comparison to the case where the smooth contact surfaces are subjected to sinusoidal external load.
Growth kinetics of diiron boride (Fe2B) layer on a carbon steel by four approaches
Authors: Bouarour B. , Keddam M. , Boumaali B. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The pack-boriding kinetics of SAE 1020 steel has been addressed through utilizing four mathematical approaches in case of the formation of diiron boride layers. The values of boron diffusivities and activation energies in Fe2B were assessed in the interval of 1123 to 1223 K by using four models. Finally, the four models were experimentally verified by comparing the predicted results to the experimental value of Fe2B layer thickness determined at 1198 K for 6 hours. Finally, the simulated layers’ thicknesses agreed with the experimental result. In addition, similarities and differences observed in the models were also discussed.
Prediction models for the kinetics of iron boride layers on AISI 316L steel
Authors: Mansour S. , Keddam M. , Boumaali B. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The boronizing kinetics of AISI 316L steel has been analyzed by employing five prediction models. The boron diffusion coefficients as well as the growth rate constants in the FeB and Fe2B phases were firstly evaluated in the range of 1123-1223 K. Afterwards, the values of boron activation energies in FeB and Fe2B were secondly deduced by adopting the Arrhenius relationships.In addition, the prediction models have been validated experimentally for two boronizing conditions (1170 K for 1.6 h and 1210 K for 1.1 h). The predicted results were deemed very concordant with the experiments. Furthermore, advantages and limitations about the applicability of these models were also discussed.
Determination of ionization constants for sequinidazole in aqueous solutions and mixtures of water with isopropanol, acetonitrile and ethanol
Authors: Shovkova Z. V. , Tkachenko O. V. , Seniuk I. V. 
Published: April 2022

Seknidazole is a drug from the 5-nitroimidazole group with a number of side-effects. This drug is virtually unexplored from the point of view of chemico-toxicological analysis (CTA). Therefore, the development of a set of methods for the detection and quantification of secnidazole in biological fluids for use in CTA is an urgent task.
Aim. To study the acid-base equilibrium of secnidazole in aqueous solutions and mixtures of water with amphiphilic solvents and determine the corresponding ionization constants.
Materials and methods. Spectrophotometric measurements were performed using a SPEKOL®1500 single-beam spectrophotometer. An EV-74 ionomer was used to control the pH of the solutions. Seknidazole solutions in the concentrationof 1000 μg/ml were used in the experiment.
Results and discussion. Absorption spectra of secnidazole in water and mixtures of water and amphiphilic solvents in the pH range studied showed four isobestic points characterizing two protolytic equilibria (equilibrium 1 – 240 and 295 nm, equilibrium 2 – 261 and 297 nm). The position of the isobestic points of equilibrium 2 fluctuated in the range ± 3 nm; it was due to the presence of tautomeric transformations for the molecular form of secnidazole.
Conclusions. The acid-base equilibria of secnidazole in aqueous solutions and mixtures of water with amphiphilic solvents have been studied. It has been shown that in a strongly alkaline medium there is an anionic form of secnidazole R–, with further decrease in the pH value the molecular form HR appears, in a strongly acidic medium the final product – a protonated form H2R+ – is formed. The ionization constant 1 has been determined for aqueous solutions of secnidazole, mixtures of water with isopropanol, acetonitrile and ethanol. It is impossible to determine the equilibrium constant 2 by the method specified.
Monetary policy instruments and the achievement of three macroeconomic goals in the USA and Japan
Authors: Afanasyeva Oxana Nikolaevna 
Published: April 2022

Currently, the issues of the implementation of monetary policy, the use of its tools to achieve economic growth and other macroeconomic goals are particularly relevant. It is of great importance to identify the results of using various transmission channels in achieving the main macroeconomic targets. The use of monetary policy instruments can have both a stabilizing character and the opposite of what is expected, which must be taken into account when implementing monetary policy.The purpose of the study is to select monetary policy instruments to influence the achievement of such macroeconomic goals as: GDP growth, inflation, unemployment in the United States and Japan. The study develops the principle of "goals-tools" in relation to monetary policy. The possibility of achieving three macroeconomic goals simultaneously is being considered. В The methodology of the study is represented by the theory of economic policy of Ya. Tinbergen. To assess the possibility of achieving three macroeconomic goals simultaneously (GDP growth, inflation, unemployment rate) in the USA and Japan due to changes in the use of monetary policy instruments, the toolkit of a system of independent equations has been implemented. The overall result of the study is to determine the impact of monetary policy instruments in order to achieve a combination of three macroeconomic goals in the United States and Japan. The analysis of the countries presented showed that each of them has a specific impact of instruments, even with a similar impact, its strength differs in different countries, which must be taken into account when using the same type of monetary policy instruments to achieve macroeconomic goals.