bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global intellectual history in International Relations: Hierarchy, empire, and the case of late colonial Indian international thought
Authors: Bayly Martin J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe Eurocentric critique of the International Relations discipline has brought welcome attention to non-European international thinkers, and anti-colonial or anti-imperial thinkers in particular. Frequently these thinkers and associated movements are rightly described in thematic terms of emancipation, equality, and justice, in opposition to the hierarchical worldview of empires and their acolytes. Notwithstanding the broad validity of this depiction, a purely oppositional picture risks obscuring those aspects of ‘non-European’ international thought that evade simple categorisation. Drawing upon archival material and historical works, this article applies approaches offered by global intellectual history to the works of late colonial Indian international thinkers, exploring the mixed registers of equality and hierarchy, internationalism and imperialism present in their writings. Concentrating on three ‘sites’ connected by the common themes of diaspora and mobility: the plight of Indians overseas in East Africa; the concept of ‘greater India’; and the international political thought of Benoy Kumar Sarkar, the article complicates the internationalism/imperialism divide of the early twentieth century, showing how ostensibly opposed scholarly communities sometimes competed over similar forms of knowledge and ways of ordering the world. This offers a framework by which the contributions of global intellectual history can be applied to the study of international political thought.
Wideband and high-directive reflective metasurface-based Fabry–Pérot cavity antennas
Authors: El-Sewedy Mohamed F. , Abdalla Mahmoud 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this work, the use of a configuration of a reflective metasurface (MS) layer is employed to design a highly directive wideband Fabry–Pérot cavity (FPC) antenna. With the use of only one MS layer and along with the achieved high directivity, the antenna's wide bandwidth, and antenna low size/cavity thickness profile are all optimized so that they are still competitive which is the main contribution of our work. The highly reflective MS layer is placed as a superstrate of a low-cost FR4 microstrip patch antenna, as the primary radiator, at a height of half-wavelength cavity condition. Thanks to the employed MS layer, most of the power is transmitted and a very small reflected power to the primary patch. The antenna is designed to serve the 28 GHz band of 5G wireless applications. At 28 GHz, the FPC antenna has a good directivity performance, with a peak simulated directive gain of 15.46 dB and measured directive gain is 14.3 dB which is a 9 dB enhancement in directivity compared to a conventional microstrip patch antenna. The antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth of 2.9 GHz which is almost three times the microstrip patch antenna bandwidth. The achieved results are for the same size of FPC antenna whose height is almost half wavelength and its overall size 2.33λ × 2.33λ.
Small Impact of Stratospheric Dynamics and Chemistry on the Surface Temperature of the Last Glacial Maximum in CESM2(WACCM6ma)
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Otto‐Bliesner Bette L. , Garcia Rolando , Brady Esther C. , Mills Mike , Kinnison Douglas , Lamarque Jean‐Francois 
Published: October 2022

AbstractStratospheric dynamics and chemistry can impact the tropospheric climate through changing radiatively active atmospheric constituents and stratosphere‐troposphere interactions. The impact of stratospheric dynamics and chemistry on the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) climate is not well‐studied and remains an uncertain aspect of glacial‐interglacial climate change. Here we perform coupled LGM simulations using the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2), with a high‐top atmosphere—the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6 with a middle atmosphere chemistry mechanism (WACCM6ma). The CESM2(WACCM6ma) LGM simulations show a weaker stratospheric circulation than the preindustrial, 10%–35% less tropospheric ozone and 10%–50% more ozone in the lower stratosphere. These dynamical and chemical changes cause slightly more cooling (<5%) in LGM surface and tropospheric temperatures than parallel simulations using a low‐top atmosphere without active chemistry. Results from our model suggest that stratospheric dynamics and chemistry may have little direct effect on the glacial‐interglacial climate change.
Detecting Changes in Global Extremes Under the GLENS‐SAI Climate Intervention Strategy
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth A. , Hurrell James W. , Sun Lantao 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAs anthropogenic activities continue to drive increases in extreme events, the fundamental solution of reducing greenhouse gas emissions remains elusive. Thus, there is growing interest in stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) to offset some of the most dangerous consequences of climate change. Although global SAI deployment would likely be easy to detect by some metrics, the detectability of SAI on extreme events might be more difficult. We examine this question in climate model simulations of SAI; specifically, the Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Large Ensemble (GLENS‐SAI) scenario. We train a logistic regression model to predict whether a map of global extremes came from climate simulations with or without SAI. The timing of accurate predictions is a quantification of the time required to detect SAI impacts. We find that regional changes in extreme temperature and precipitation under GLENS are robustly detected within 1 and 15 years of initial SAI injection, respectively.
A Statistical Model of Inner Magnetospheric Electron Density: Van Allen Probes Observations
Authors: Lv Jing‐Tian , Zhang Xiao‐Xin , He Fei , Lin Rui‐Lin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBased on electron density observations between September 2012 and July 2019 from the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) on board the Van Allen Probes (VAPs) spacecraft, this paper makes a statistical investigation on the distribution of inner magnetospheric electron density in the magnetic equatorial plane (MEP) under different Kp levels, and further develops a new model of inner magnetospheric electron density in the MEP with multi‐parameters (Kp, SYM‐H, Pdyn, F10.7). The statistical results show that the plasmaspheric electron density in the inner magnetosphere in the MEP has an obvious Magnetic Local Time (MLT) distribution characteristic. With the increase of Kp index, the asymmetrical distribution of plasmaspheric electron density in the MEP increases, reaching the maximum value of erosion at MLT = 02:00, and the erosion at MLT = 14:00 is much less than that at MLT = 02:00. The distribution of plasmaspheric electron density in the low L‐value (L is shell parameter) region (L ≤ 2.8) is less affected by the geomagnetic activity than that in the high L‐value region (L ≥ 3.6). Comparison between the model outputs and the VAP's observations indicates that this statistical model could accurately describe the dynamic distribution characteristics of plasmaspheric electron density in the MEP during geomagnetic storms, such as erosion and refilling, and can be applied to space weather forecast.
Nitrate transport velocity data in the global unsaturated zones
Authors: Yang Congyu , Wang Lei , Chen Shengbo , Li Yuanyin , Huang Shuang , Zeng Qinghong , Chen Yanbing 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNitrate pollution in groundwater, which is an international problem, threatens human health and the environment. It could take decades for nitrate to transport in the groundwater system. When understanding the impacts of this nitrate legacy on water quality, the nitrate transport velocity (vN) in the unsaturated zone (USZ) is of great significance. Although some local USZ vN data measured or simulated are available, there has been no such a dataset at the global scale. Here, we present a Global-scale unsaturated zone Nitrate transport Velocity dataset (GNV) generated from a Nitrate Time Bomb (NTB) model using global permeability and porosity and global average annual groundwater recharge data. To evaluate GNV, a baseline dataset of USZ vN was created using locally measured data and global lithological data. The results show that 94.50% of GNV match the baseline USZ vN dataset. This dataset will largely contribute to research advancement in the nitrate legacy in the groundwater system, provide evidence for managing nitrate water pollution, and promote international and interdisciplinary collaborations.
Towards an absolute light pollution indicator
Authors: Deverchère Philippe , Vauclair Sébastien , Bosch Gonzague , Moulherat Sylvain , Cornuau Jérémie H. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe growing concern about the negative impact of artificial light at night on biodiversity and human health increases the need of defining a general indicator that could be used for characterizing light pollution as well as performing both spatial and temporal comparisons. In this paper, we show that the traditional indicators based on direct numerical measurements of sky brightness suffer from significant limitation due to calibration bias and lack of reproducibility. Furthermore, these measures are most often performed in periods of clear sky. They do not reflect the wide variety of meteorological conditions that can produce highly inhomogeneous levels of light pollution on a given site. To overcome these issues, we propose a statistical indicator called NSB Dispersion Ratio. This indicator is derived from a statistically significant number of individual night sky brightness measurements, under various meteorological conditions. It is independent of any absolute photometer calibration. It only requires on-time precise corrections of the contribution of natural light sources such as the Galactic plane.
Local monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 variants in two large California counties in 2021
Authors: Kojima Noah , Khorosheva Eugenia , Lopez Lauren , Hanewich-Hollatz Mikhail , Ignacio-Espinoza J. Cesar , Brobeck Matthew , Chen Janet , Geluz Matthew , Hess Victoria , Quasem Sophia , Sandhu Nabjot , Salfati Elias , Shacreaw Maria , Way George , Xie Zhiyi , Slepnev Vladimir , Klausner Jeffrey D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to persist due to mutations resulting in newer, more infectious variants of concern. We aimed to leverage an ongoing private SARS-CoV-2 testing laboratory’s infrastructure to monitor SARS-CoV-2 variants in two large California counties. Study enrollment was offered to adults aged 18 years or older in Los Angeles County and Riverside County who recently tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. A cycle threshold value less than or equal to 30 cycles was considered a positive test for sequencing purposes. Within 5 days of study enrollment, clinician-monitored, self-collected oral fluid and anterior nares swab specimens were obtained from participants. Specimens were transported and stored at 8 °C or cooler. Samples underwent ribonucleic acid extraction, library preparation, and sequencing. SARS-CoV-2 lineages were identified using sequencing data. Participant and genomic data were analyzed using statistical tools and visualized with toolkits. The study was approved by Advarra Institutional Review Board (Pro00053729). From May 27, 2021 to September 9, 2021, 503 individuals were enrolled and underwent specimen collection. Of the 503 participants, 238 (47.3%) participants were women, 329 (63.6%) participants were vaccinated, and 221 (43.9%) participants were of Hispanic or Spanish origin. Of the cohort, 496 (98.6%) participants had symptoms at the time of collection. Among the 503 samples, 443 (88.1%) nasal specimens and 353 (70.2%) oral specimens yielded positive sequencing results. Over our study period, the prevalence of the Alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2 decreased (initially 23.1% [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0–0.49%] to 0% [95% CI 0.0–0.0%]) as the prevalence of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 increased (initially 33.3% [95% CI 0.0–100.0%] to 100.0% [95% CI 100.0–100.0%]). A strain that carried mutations of both Delta and Mu was identified. We found that outpatient SARS-CoV-2 variant surveillance could be conducted in a timely and accurate manner. The prevalence of different variants changed over time. A higher proportion of nasal specimens yielded results versus oral specimens. Timely and regional outpatient SARS-CoV-2 variant surveillance could be used for public health efforts to identify changes in SARS-CoV-2 strain epidemiology.
Intrinsic bitunable magnetism/polarity behavior in 2D Janus Cr2I3Y3 (Y = F, Cl, or Br) systems
Authors: Sun Zhenning , Li Xinru , Li Jianwei , Wei Yadong , Guo Hong , Wang Jian 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) magnetoelectric (ME) materials with spontaneous magnetism and polarity have drawn a lot of research interest due to their potentially valuable physics and spintronic applications. One of the obstacles in the current study of 2D ME materials is to achieve flexible magnetism/polarity switches because of a fundamental contradiction between magnetism and polarity. In this work, we propose an intrinsic magnetism/polarity switchable 2D Janus structure Cr2I3Y3 (Y = F, Cl, or Br) with mechanical and thermodynamic stability. Janus Cr2I3Y3 monolayers show indirect-gap semiconductors with ferromagnetic ordering. Intrinsic vertical electric polarity (EP) in Janus Cr2I3Y3 structures is investigated by surface potential difference analysis and dipole calculations. We discover that there is an obvious ME coupling between magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) and EP. MAE can be obviously tuned by rotating the orientations of spins within yz and zx vertical planes, and the easily distinguishable MAE on vertical planes has strong inherent relevance with vertical EP. Simultaneously, magnetic phase transition and magnetic moments can be manipulated by introducing vertical strain, which directly corresponds to the linear response of the EP strength. Our work provides a promising candidate for realizing the spintronic devices with multiple functionalities.
Fatigue fracture mechanism of amorphous materials from a density-based coarse-grained model
Authors: Kurotani Yuji , Tanaka Hajime 
Published: October 2022

AbstractFatigue fracture is a unique failure mode of materials induced by repeated loading and is crucial for the long-term stability of materials used in cars and aeroplanes. Fatigue is the progressive and localised structural damage of a material subjected to cyclic loading. The minimum strain amplitude that causes such damage is much less than the material’s yield strain under simple loading. This observation leads to a widespread belief that the threshold strain amplitude for fatigue fracture is much smaller than that for monotonic fracture under continuous loading. Here, we study the physical mechanism of the low-cycle fatigue fracture of amorphous solids by considering the complex coupling between density, deformation (velocity), and stress. Contrary to the common belief, we find that the critical strain amplitude, i.e., the onset of irreversible deformation, is the same for fatigue and monotonic fractures. Experimental verification of this prediction is desirable.
A mobile-optimized artificial intelligence system for gestational age and fetal malpresentation assessment
Authors: Gomes Ryan G. , Vwalika Bellington , Lee Chace , Willis Angelica , Sieniek Marcin , Price Joan T. , Chen Christina , Kasaro Margaret P. , Taylor James A. , Stringer Elizabeth M. , McKinney Scott Mayer , Sindano Ntazana , Dahl George E. , Goodnight William , Gilmer Justin , Chi Benjamin H. , Lau Charles , Spitz Terry , Saensuksopa T. , Liu Kris , Tiyasirichokchai Tiya , Wong Jonny , Pilgrim Rory , Uddin Akib , Corrado Greg , Peng Lily , Chou Katherine , Tse Daniel , Stringer Jeffrey S. A. , Shetty Shravya 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Fetal ultrasound is an important component of antenatal care, but shortage of adequately trained healthcare workers has limited its adoption in low-to-middle-income countries. This study investigated the use of artificial intelligence for fetal ultrasound in under-resourced settings.

Methods
Blind sweep ultrasounds, consisting of six freehand ultrasound sweeps, were collected by sonographers in the USA and Zambia, and novice operators in Zambia. We developed artificial intelligence (AI) models that used blind sweeps to predict gestational age (GA) and fetal malpresentation. AI GA estimates and standard fetal biometry estimates were compared to a previously established ground truth, and evaluated for difference in absolute error. Fetal malpresentation (non-cephalic vs cephalic) was compared to sonographer assessment. On-device AI model run-times were benchmarked on Android mobile phones.

Results
Here we show that GA estimation accuracy of the AI model is non-inferior to standard fetal biometry estimates (error difference −1.4 ± 4.5 days, 95% CI −1.8, −0.9, n = 406). Non-inferiority is maintained when blind sweeps are acquired by novice operators performing only two of six sweep motion types. Fetal malpresentation AUC-ROC is 0.977 (95% CI, 0.949, 1.00, n = 613), sonographers and novices have similar AUC-ROC. Software run-times on mobile phones for both diagnostic models are less than 3 s after completion of a sweep.

Conclusions
The gestational age model is non-inferior to the clinical standard and the fetal malpresentation model has high AUC-ROCs across operators and devices. Our AI models are able to run on-device, without internet connectivity, and provide feedback scores to assist in upleveling the capabilities of lightly trained ultrasound operators in low resource settings.
Early SARS-CoV-2 dynamics and immune responses in unvaccinated participants of an intensely sampled longitudinal surveillance study
Authors: Gunawardana Manjula , Webster Simon , Rivera Sofia , Cortez John M. , Breslin Jessica , Pinales Cristian , Buser Christopher , Ibarrondo F. Javier , Yang Otto O. , Bobardt Michael , Gallay Philippe A. , Adler Amy P. , Ramirez Christina M. , Anton Peter A. , Baum Marc M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
A comprehensive understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics and the ensuing host immune responses is needed to explain the pathogenesis as it relates to viral transmission. Knowledge gaps exist surrounding SARS-CoV-2 in vivo kinetics, particularly in the earliest stages after exposure.

Methods
An ongoing, workplace clinical surveillance study was used to intensely sample a small cohort longitudinally. Nine study participants who developed COVID-19 between November, 2020 and March, 2021 were monitored at high temporal resolution for three months in terms of viral loads as well as associated inflammatory biomarker and antibody responses. CD8 + T cells targeting SARS-CoV-2 in blood samples from study participants were evaluated.

Results
Here we show that the resulting datasets, supported by Bayesian modeling, allowed the underlying kinetic processes to be described, yielding a number of unexpected findings. Early viral replication is rapid (median doubling time, 3.1 h), providing a narrow window between exposure and viral shedding, while the clearance phase is slow and heterogeneous. Host immune responses different widely across participants.

Conclusions
Results from our small study give a rare insight into the life-cycle of COVID-19 infection and hold a number of important biological, clinical, and public health implications.
Complications of Peripheral Arterial Access in Preterm and Term Neonates: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ma Yangmyung , Salem Ahmed , Jester Andrea 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive review of vascular complications secondary to peripheral arterial catheterization in preterm and term neonates. The systematic review consisted of searching PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and references of journals using pre-trialed MeSH terms and articles. Eight studies were included for full text analysis from 2,369 initial articles: six retrospective reviews and two prospective studies. Rate of complication was 8.6% and all complications were ischemic in nature. Complications most often occurred in neonates with pulmonary/cardiac comorbidities and lower gestational ages. No association was found for weight and sex of neonates. The radial artery site presented with lower rates of complication of 6% and the femoral presented with the highest (16%). Complications predominately occurred in catheter sizes larger than 22 gauge and most often within 1 day of insertion. A low rate of complications (7.4%) was observed in studies that used heparinized saline at the time of catheterization. This study demonstrates an increasing overall rate of complications with ischemia presenting as the most common complication. There seems to be an association between gestational age, comorbidities, site of catheter, size of catheter, and duration of catheter with such complications. This study also demonstrates the association between the use of heparinized saline and a reduction in rate of complications. The authors advocate for a national data collection tool of all pediatric arterial catheters and its complications to be able to analyze and work on best practice to minimize life changing iatrogenic complications.
Fluid Overload in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Authors: Sallee Colin J. , Fitzgerald Julie C. , Smith Lincoln S. , Angelo Joseph R. , Daniel Megan C. , Gertz Shira J. , Hsing Deyin D. , Mahadeo Kris M. , McArthur Jennifer A. , Rowan Courtney M. ,   on behalf of the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe aim of the study is to examine the relationship between fluid overload (FO) and severity of respiratory dysfunction in children posthematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS). This investigation was a secondary analysis of a multicenter retrospective cohort of children (1month to 21 years) postallogeneic HCT with PARDS receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) from 2009 to 2014. Daily FO % (FO%) and daily oxygenation index (OI) were calculated for each patient up to the first week of IMV (day 0 = intubation). Linear mixed-effect regression was employed to examine whether FO% and OI were associated on any day during the study period. In total, 158 patients were included. Severe PARDS represented 63% of the cohort and had higher mortality (78 vs. 42%, p <0.001), fewer ventilator free days at 28 (0 [IQR: 0–0] vs. 14 [IQR: 0–23], p <0.001), and 60 days (0 [IQR: 0–27] v. 45 [IQR: 0–55], p <0.001) relative to nonsevere PARDS. Increasing FO% was strongly associated with higher OI (p <0.001). For children with 10% FO, OI was higher by nearly 5 points (adjusted β, 4.6, 95% CI: [2.9, 6.3]). In subgroup analyses, the association between FO% and OI was strongest among severe PARDS (p <0.001) and during the first 3 days elapsed from intubation (p <0.001). FO% was associated with lower PaO2/FiO2 (adjusted β, −1.92, 95% CI: [−3.11, −0.73], p = 0.002), but not mean airway pressure (p = 0.746). In a multicenter cohort of children post-HCT with PARDS, FO was independently associated with oxygenation impairment. The associations were strongest among children with severe PARDS and early in the course of IMV.