bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality after multivitamin supplementation: Nearly 35‐year follow‐up of the randomized Linxian Dysplasia Nutrition Intervention Trial
Authors: Fan Jin‐Hu , Wang Jian‐Bing , Yang Huan , Dawsey Sanford M. , Taylor Philip R. , Qiao You‐Lin , Abnet Christian C. 
Published: June 2022

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to update the association between multivitamin supplementation and total or cause‐specific mortality in a population with a high prevalence of undernutrition in China.MethodsThe Linxian Dysplasia Nutrition Intervention Trial was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial in which 3318 persons aged 40–69 years with esophageal squamous dysplasia were assigned to receive daily multivitamin supplementation or a placebo for 6 years and were followed for 29 years. The primary outcome was esophageal/gastric cardia cancer mortality. The data were analyzed with Cox proportional hazards regression models. Subgroup analyses were performed by common characteristics such as age and gender.ResultsThe cumulative total mortality was 83.5%. Multivitamin supplementation did not affect total or cause‐specific mortality in the participants as a whole (hazard ratio [HR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89–1.03). Subgroup analyses showed that no association between multivitamin supplementation and all‐cause mortality was observed in men (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81–1.01), women (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.91–1.12), younger participants (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87–1.08), or older participants (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.85–1.04). Significant reductions in heart disease mortality (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47–0.87) and cerebrovascular disease mortality (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56–1.00) were seen in older men. In a subgroup of younger men and a subgroup of moderate or severe dysplasia, subjects receiving multivitamin supplementation had a lower risk of esophageal/cardia cancer mortality (HR for younger men, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58–0.99; HR for moderate or severe dysplasia, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58–1.00). No association between multivitamin supplementation and any cause‐specific mortality was observed in a mild dysplasia population.ConclusionsMultivitamin supplementation in a population with esophageal squamous dysplasia was not associated with the risk of total mortality in the 35‐year follow‐up of this randomized controlled trial. In light of this and previous trials, multivitamin supplements should be used thoughtfully to improve health status of populations with esophageal squamous dysplasia.Lay summary

Multivitamin supplementation is common, yet its effect on mortality is unclear.

The aim of this study was to update the long‐term effects of multivitamin supplementation on total and cause‐specific mortality during nearly 35 years of follow‐up in the Linxian Dysplasia Nutrition Intervention Trial in China.

Multivitamin supplementation in a population with esophageal squamous dysplasia was not associated with the risk of total mortality in the 35‐year follow‐up of this randomized controlled trial, and this indicates that multivitamin supplements should be used thoughtfully to improve health status.
A Comprehensive Guide for Assessing Covalent Inhibition in Enzymatic Assays Illustrated with Kinetic Simulations
Authors: Mons Elma , Roet Sander , Kim Robbert Q. , Mulder Monique P. C. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCovalent inhibition has become more accepted in the past two decades, as illustrated by the clinical approval of several irreversible inhibitors designed to covalently modify their target. Elucidation of the structure‐activity relationship and potency of such inhibitors requires a detailed kinetic evaluation. Here, we elucidate the relationship between the experimental read‐out and the underlying inhibitor binding kinetics. Interactive kinetic simulation scripts are employed to highlight the effects of in vitro enzyme activity assay conditions and inhibitor binding mode, thereby showcasing which assumptions and corrections are crucial. Four stepwise protocols to assess the biochemical potency of (ir)reversible covalent enzyme inhibitors targeting a nucleophilic active site residue are included, with accompanying data analysis tailored to the covalent binding mode. Together, this will serve as a guide to make an educated decision regarding the most suitable method to assess covalent inhibition potency. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol I: Progress curve analysis of substrate association competitionBasic Data Analysis Protocol 1A: Two‐step irreversible covalent inhibitionBasic Data Analysis Protocol 1B: One‐step irreversible covalent inhibitionBasic Data Analysis Protocol 1C: Two‐step reversible covalent inhibitionBasic Data Analysis Protocol 1D: Two‐step irreversible covalent inhibition with substrate depletionBasic Protocol II: Incubation time–dependent potency IC50(t)Basic Data Analysis Protocol 2: Two‐step irreversible covalent inhibitionBasic Protocol III: Preincubation time–dependent inhibition without dilutionBasic Data Analysis Protocol 3: Preincubation time–dependent inhibition without dilutionBasic Data Analysis Protocol 3Ai: Two‐step irreversible covalent inhibitionAlternative Data Analysis Protocol 3Aii: Two‐step irreversible covalent inhibitionBasic Data Analysis Protocol 3Bi: One‐step irreversible covalent inhibitionAlternative Data Analysis Protocol 3Bii: One‐step irreversible covalent inhibitionBasic Data Analysis Protocol 3C: Two‐step reversible covalent inhibitionBasic Protocol IV: Preincubation time–dependent inhibition with dilution/competitionBasic Data Analysis Protocol 4: Preincubation time–dependent inhibition with dilutionBasic Data Analysis Protocol 4Ai: Two‐step irreversible covalent inhibitionAlternative Data Analysis Protocol 4Aii: Two‐step irreversible covalent inhibitionBasic Data Analysis Protocol 4Bi: One‐step irreversible covalent inhibitionAlternative Data Analysis Protocol 4Bii: One‐step irreversible covalent inhibition
A Visible‐Light‐Promoted C‐H Arylation and Heteroarylation of Uracil Derivatives with Diazoniums in Aqueous Conditions
Authors: Liu An‐Di , Wang Zhao‐Li , Liu Li , Cheng Liang 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe photoredox synthesis of C‐5 (hetero)arylated uracil and uridine substrates with the corresponding diazonium salts is described. The coupling proceeds efficiently without protection of the hydroxyls at the ribose or pre‐functionalization of the C5 position at the nucleobase. No transition‐metal catalyst is used in this transformation, thereby avoiding metal contamination in the final products. The use of water as the medium also eliminates the impurities caused by the use of organic solvents. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of 5‐aryl and 5‐heteroaryl uracil derivativesBasic Protocol 2: Synthesis of 5‐aryl uridine and deoxyuridine uridine derivatives
Fe‐VS2 Electrocatalyst with Organic Matrix‐Mediated Electron Transfer for Highly Efficient Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Xiu Ziyuan , Zheng Ming , Li Jiadong , Wei Feng , Dong Changchang , Zhang Mingrui , Zhou Xin , Han Xiaojun 
Published: June 2022

AbstractElectrochemical N2 fixation is considered to be a promising alternative to Haber–Bosch technology. Inspired by the composition and structure of natural nitrogenase, Fe‐doped VS2 nanosheets were prepared via one‐step solvothermal method. The electron transfer system mediated by organic conductive polymer (1‐AAQ‐PA) was constructed to promote the electron transfer between Fe‐VS2 nanosheets and the electrode in electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (NRR). The obtained 1‐AAQ‐PA−Fe‐VS2 electrode converted N2 to NH3 with a yield of 31.6 μg h−1 mg−1 at −0.35 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode and high faradaic efficiency of 23.5 %. The introduction of Fe dopants favored N2 adsorption and activation, while the Li−S bond between Fe‐VS2 and Li2SO4 effectively inhibited hydrogen evolution. The highly efficient electron utilization in the electrocatalytic NRR process was realized using the 1‐AAQ‐PA as the electron transfer medium. Density functional theory calculations showed that N2 was preferentially adsorbed on Fe and reduced to NH3 via both distal and alternating mechanism.
Robust and Self‐Cleaning Electrochemical Production of Periodate
Authors: Kisukuri Camila M. , Bednarz Roland Jan‐Reiner , Kampf Christopher , Arndt Sebastian , Waldvogel Siegfried R. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPeriodate, a platform oxidizer, can be electrochemically recycled in a self‐cleaning process. Electrosynthesis of periodate is well established at boron‐doped diamond (BDD) anodes. However, recovered iodate and other iodo species for recycling can contain traces of organic impurities from previous applications. For the first time, it was shown that the organic impurities do not hamper the electrochemical re‐oxidation of used periodate. In a hydroxyl‐mediated environment, the organic compounds form CO2and H2O during the degradation process. This process is often referred to as “cold combustion” and provides orthogonal conditions to periodate synthesis. To demonstrate the strategy, different dyes, pharmaceutically active ingredients, and iodine compounds were added as model contaminations into the process of electrochemical periodate production. UV/Vis spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to monitor the degradation of organic molecules, and liquid chromatography‐MS was used to control the purity of periodate. As a representative example, dimethyl 5‐iodoisophthalate (2 mm), was degraded in 90, 95, and 99 % while generating 0.042, 0.054, and 0.082 kilo equiv. of periodate, respectively. In addition, various organic iodo compounds could be fed into the periodate generation for upcycling such iodo‐containing waste, for example, contrast media.
Cells infected with human papilloma pseudovirus display nuclear reorganization and heterogenous infection kinetics
Authors: Molenberghs Freya , Verschuuren Marlies , Barbier Michaël , Bogers Johannes J. , Cools Nathalie , Delputte Peter , Schelhaas Mario , De Vos Winnok H. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHuman papillomaviruses (HPV) are small, non‐enveloped DNA viruses, which upon chronic infection can provoke cervical and head‐and‐neck cancers. Although the infectious life cycle of HPV has been studied and a vaccine is available for the most prevalent cancer‐causing HPV types, there are no antiviral agents to treat infected patients. Hence, there is a need for novel therapeutic entry points and a means to identify them. In this work, we have used high‐content microscopy to quantitatively investigate the early phase of HPV infection. Human cervical cancer cells and immortalized keratinocytes were exposed to pseudoviruses (PsV) of the widespread HPV type 16, in which the viral genome was replaced by a pseudogenome encoding a fluorescent reporter protein. Using the fluorescent signal as readout, we measured differences in infection between cell lines, which directly correlated with host cell proliferation rate. Parallel multiparametric analysis of nuclear organization revealed that HPV PsV infection alters nuclear organization and inflates promyelocytic leukemia protein body content, positioning these events at the early stage of HPV infection, upstream of viral replication. Time‐resolved analysis revealed a marked heterogeneity in infection kinetics even between two daughter cells, which we attribute to differences in viral load. Consistent with the requirement for mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown, pharmacological inhibition of the cell cycle dramatically blunted infection efficiency. Thus, by systematic image‐based single cell analysis, we revealed phenotypic alterations that accompany HPV PsV infection in individual cells, and which may be relevant for therapeutic drug screens.
Individual variation in growth and physiology of symbionts in response to temperature
Authors: terHorst Casey P. , Coffroth Mary Alice 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn many cases, understanding species’ responses to climate change requires understanding variation among individuals in response to such change. For species with strong symbiotic relationships, such as many coral reef species, genetic variation in symbiont responses to temperature may affect the response to increased ocean temperatures. To assess variation among symbiont genotypes, we examined the population dynamics and physiological responses of genotypes of Breviolum antillogorgium in response to increased temperature. We found broad temperature tolerance across genotypes, with all genotypes showing positive growth at 26, 30, and 32°C. Genotypes differed in the magnitude of the response of growth rate and carrying capacity to increasing temperature, suggesting that natural selection could favor different genotypes at different temperatures. However, the historical temperature at which genotypes were reared (26 or 30°C) was not a good predictor of contemporary temperature response. We found increased photosynthetic rates and decreased respiration rates with increasing contemporary temperature, and differences in physiology among genotypes, but found no significant differences in the response of these traits to temperature among genotypes. In species with such broad thermal tolerance, selection experiments on symbionts outside of the host may not yield results sufficient for evolutionary rescue from climate change.
Near‐surface controls on peatland hydrology: Implications for rapid adaptation and enhanced resilience to disturbances
Authors: Tilak Amey S. , Hoyne Seamus , Kettridge Nicholas 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNorthern peatlands faced compounding disturbances that transformed such critical ecosystems from long‐term carbon sinks into carbon sources. Considerable investment is therefore directed for restoring their carbon sequestration potential through large‐scale rewetting/rehabilitation. However, rapid need to transform their carbon dynamics contrasts with millennial timescales over which peat profiles that control key ecohydrological processes within these ecosystems have developed. This study demonstrates the sensitivity of vadose zone hydrology of northern peatlands to hydrophysical properties of the very near‐surface peat layer and therefore the potential capability of at least some ecohydrological processes to respond rapidly to developments in peat properties as a result of restoration. HYDRUS 1‐D Monte Carlo simulations were undertaken of near‐surface peat layers of various species and depths overlying degraded peat layer during periods of sustained drying. The modelling results showed that shallow additions of newly developed Sphagnum peat, just a couple of centimetres in depth, substantially modified near‐surface hydrology of peat profiles and significantly altered the time taken for reaching important ecohydrological pressure heads. Whilst a degraded peat layer reached threshold pressure head (TP) of −100 cm in 119 h, addition of 2.5‐cm layer of S. magellancium reduced the average time to TP by 18 hours, whilst S. fuscum and amalgamated Sphagnum overlying degraded peat across initial WTDs (5, 10, 15 and 20 cm) increased average time to TP by 304 and 540 h, respectively. This demonstrates that whilst peat hydrophysical properties have developed over millennia, ecohydrological dynamics of these systems rapidly adjusted through restoration approaches in response to disturbances.
Canopy opening increases leaf‐shredding arthropods and nutrient mineralization but not mass loss in wet tropical forest
Authors: Moreno Ivia I. , Barberena‐Arias Maria F. , González Grizelle , Lodge D. Jean , Cantrell Sharon A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHurricanes alter forest habitat by opening the canopy and depositing fresh wood and leaves. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of hurricane and drought‐driven changes to forests on green litter decomposition, invertebrate communities, and nutrient mineralization over a short period (6 months) after disturbance. We used three complete replicated blocks with two canopy treatments: control and trim + detritus. Green leaves were enclosed in litterbags of three different mesh sizes to determine the effect of soil fauna of varying body sizes. Litterbags were retrieved from the field after 21, 35, 84, and 168 days and transported to the laboratory in individually sealed plastic bags. We extracted and identified invertebrates, measured leached and mineralized litter nutrients using ion resin membranes placed for 1 week under the leaves inside the litterbags, and determined litter mass loss. Additional resin membranes were placed in the lowest litter layer above the mineral soil. The number of arthropod taxonomic groups and nutrient mineralization differed significantly between control and trim + detritus. Regardless of mesh size, bags in control plots had consistently higher invertebrate richness than in trim + detritus plots. Nitrogen mineralization and phosphorous mineralization were significantly higher in trim + detritus in large mesh size, and decomposer arthropod abundance was highest in large‐sized mesh bags. These data suggest that within functional categories, variations in feeding behavior among arthropod orders may affect the release of nutrients from organic matter. Percent mass loss did not differ between canopy treatments or litterbag mesh sizes, but instead decreased during drought. Invertebrate composition, but not abundance, differed significantly between canopy treatments with greater dominance by shredders (Lepidoptera and Diptera larvae) in trim + detritus, which corresponded to higher rates of nutrient mineralization from green leaves. These results suggest that regional drought dominated the mesoclimate surpassing any microclimate variation in response to canopy treatments. Since mass loss did not differ between canopy treatments or litterbag mesh sizes, our results suggest that differences in short‐term nutrient fluxes from green litter are mostly related to changes in the litter invertebrate food web rather than rates of decomposition.
Locating potential historical fire‐maintained grasslands of the eastern United States based on topography and wind speed
Authors: Hanberry Brice B. , Noss Reed F. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHistorically, grasslands with limited tree presence were embedded in a matrix of predominantly open oak and pine forests in the eastern United States. These open ecosystems mostly have been lost to other land uses, particularly agriculture, and also to closed forests under fire exclusion because frequent surface fire prevents tree encroachment. We located the potential extent of eastern fire‐maintained grasslands by applying the random forests and C5.0 classifiers to determine the relationship between mapped areas of historical grasslands and topography and wind speed, which are proxies for surface fire frequency. A generalized ruleset was that fire‐maintained grasslands occurred at roughness values of less than 95, or flatter sites, and wind speeds ≥3.4 m s−1, which created large fire compartments. Potential grasslands covered 27 million ha, or 14% of the 200 million ha of the eastern United States, although these fire‐maintained locations also may have been savannas or open woodlands historically. Currently, potential grassland locations are 40% crops, 25% pasture, 18% forests, and 13% developed land, with about 1.5% each of herbaceous upland vegetation, herbaceous wetlands, and shrublands. According to historical accounts, fire‐maintained grasslands generally transitioned to dense young tree growth within a 20‐year interval after fire exclusion; in Kentucky, the transition transpired during the periods 1790–1810 or 1810–1830, but dates vary with Euro‐American settlement time. Finding the forgotten grasslands of the eastern United States, with this mechanistic approach to estimate fire disturbance, is an important first step for recovering and managing eastern grassland biodiversity.
Mammalian eDNA on herbaceous vegetation? Validating a qPCR assay for detection of an endangered rodent
Authors: Lyman Jacque A. , Sanchez Daniel E. , Hershauer Samantha N. , Sobek Colin J. , Chambers Carol L. , Zahratka Jennifer , Walker Faith M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractVegetation is an underutilized medium for environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling. eDNA methods leveraging water as a substrate exclude application to many terrestrial species. The use of eDNA to detect small mammals can complement current survey approaches (live capturing, track plating, and camera trapping) while reducing risks to the animals. The endangered New Mexico meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius luteus) is specialized to herbaceous riparian zones, making it an ideal candidate for developing a terrestrial eDNA detection method. We developed a species‐specific assay for quantitative real‐time PCR, then tested the long‐term persistence of jumping mouse eDNA on plant material using four herbaceous day nests collected three to six months after occupancy. We conducted a field trial using sterile cotton swabs at six locations along two occupied streams to evaluate our assay's capability to detect present‐day eDNA. Each of 60 swabs was used to swab a 0.50 m2 area along streamside transects that included vegetation such as forbs, grasses, and sedges. We also opportunistically swabbed plants (n = 9) following visual observation of jumping mice. We determined the limit of detection for both assays are fewer than eight copies per reaction. We detected eDNA in three of four nests. From field trial samples, we successfully detected the species from randomly swabbed vegetation (N = 3), and four of nine swabs from vegetation recently used by individuals. Further work is required to develop a robust survey method using this eDNA detection approach. Our study demonstrated that mammalian eDNA can persist on nest vegetation long after the animal was present, highlighting the promise of using eDNA from plants to detect rare or endangered terrestrial species.
Nutritional composition and phytochemical screening in different parts of Hibiscus syriacus L.
Authors: Park Yunmi , Kwon Soon‐ho , Jang You Lim , Lee Doo‐Hee , Yang Seung‐Ok , Eo Hyun Ji , Park Gwang Hun , Kwon Hae‐Yun 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAs the national flower of Korea, the Hibiscus syriacus L. (Rose of Sharon) is symbolic in its abundance and is a prominent feature of Korean culture. H. syriacus has played an important role in Korea, not only as an ornamental plant but also as an essential ingredient in folk remedies through its various parts. This study aimed to characterize the nutritional and biochemical composition of each plant unit of H. syriacus “Wonhwa.” The units are namely: the petals, leaves, roots, and sprouts from its seeds. According to the results each unit produced, the sprouts had the highest content of amino acids and fatty acids which adhere to the requirements of nutritionally excellent food ingredients. The petals produced high quantities of glucose, sucrose, and fumaric acid, with the highest antioxidant activity among the four units. The main bioactive compounds detected in H. syriacus extracts in the four units were o‐coumaric acid, p‐coumaric acid, schaftoside, isoschaftoside, apigenin‐6‐C‐glucoside‐7‐o‐glucoside, and kaempferol‐3‐O‐galactoside‐7‐O‐rhamnoside. Overall, the highest number of bioactive compounds, 2 phenolic acids and 22 flavonoids, were identified in the petals. These results suggest the possibility of excellent pharmacological activity in the petals.