bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paid Care Services and Transitioning out of the Community Among Black and White Older Adults With Dementia
Authors: Roche-Dean Maria , Baik Sol , Moon Heehyul , Coe Norma B , Oh Anna , Zahodne Laura B 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjectivesPaid care provided in the home includes important support services for older adults with dementia such as cleaning and personal care assistance. By reducing unmet needs, these services could delay the transition to residential long-term care, but access may differ across racial groups. This study examined the relationship between paid care and transitioning out of the community among Black and White older adults with dementia.MethodsUsing data from 303 participants (29.4% Black) with probable dementia in the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study, competing risk hazards models estimated the association between receiving paid care at baseline and the probability of transitioning out of the community over 8 years (through 2019). Covariate selection was guided by the Andersen model of health care utilization.ResultsPaid care was associated with lower risk of transitioning out of the community (subhazard ratios [SHR] = 0.70, 95% CI [0.50, 0.98]). This effect was similar after controlling for predisposing factors and most prominent after controlling for enabling and need for services factors (SHR = 0.65, 95% CI [0.44, 0.95]). There was no racial difference in the use of paid care despite evidence of greater care needs in Blacks. Furthermore, Black participants were less likely to transition out of the community than Whites.DiscussionPaid care services may help delay transitions out of the community. Future research should seek to explain racial differences in access to and/or preferences for home-based, community-based, and residential care.
The role of TREM2 N-glycans in trafficking to the cell surface and signal transduction of TREM2
Authors: Shirotani Keiro , Hatta Daisuke , Wakita Naoki , Watanabe Kaori , Iwata Nobuhisa 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Variants of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) are associated with an increased incidence of Alzheimer’s disease, as well as other neurodegenerative disorders. TREM2 is glycosylated in vitro and in vivo, but the significance of the modification is unknown. We previously established a sensitive and specific reporter cell model involving cultured Jurkat cells stably expressing a luciferase reporter gene and a gene encoding a TREM2DAP12 fusion protein to monitor TREM2-dependent signalling. In the present study, we prepared modified reporter cells to investigate the role of the N-glycans at N20 and N79. We show that the N-glycans at N79 have a requisite role in translocation of TREM2 to the cell surface, while the N-glycans at both N20 and N79 have a critical role in intracellular signal transduction. Our results indicate that structural changes to the TREM2 N-glycans may cause microglial dysfunction that contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and that maintaining the integrity of TREM2 N-glycosylation and the responsible glycosyltransferases may be a novel therapeutic strategy to treat these disorders.
Redressing the balance: how Australia’s approach under the Hague Abduction Convention is still endangering victims of domestic violence
Authors: Gray Annabelle , Kaye Miranda 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This article explores how Australian courts consider allegations of domestic violence under Article 13(1)(b) of the Hague Convention on Child Abduction. As is now well known, there has been a paradigm shift since the Convention’s introduction, which has seen the circumstances and underlying reasons for international child abduction change. Through an examination of Australian case law from the past 5 years, this article reveals the issues that taking mothers continue to face in Australian return proceedings and the concerning reality that the courts continue to prioritise a prompt return over the safety and well-being of women and children exposed to domestic violence. This is despite feminist legal scholars and activists demonstrating for over 20 years that domestic violence is not being adequately dealt with in return proceedings and calling for change. The article discusses how the huge inequality in legal representation for taking mothers and left-behind fathers adds to the imbalance in these matters. Unfortunately, the recent Hague Conference Guide to Good Practice in such cases is unlikely to affect any substantive change to redress that imbalance. Suggestions for ways to redress the balance between taking mothers and left-behind fathers are suggested.
Generating extremely large-volume reionization simulations
Authors: Greig Bradley , Wyithe J Stuart B , Murray Steven G , Mutch Simon J , Trott Cathryn M 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Preparing for a first detection of the 21-cm signal during reionization by large-scale interferometer experiments requires rigorous testing of the data analysis and reduction pipelines. Validating that these do not erroneously add/remove features mimicking the signal (e.g. from side lobes or large-scale power leakage) requires simulations extending beyond the primary field of view. However, the Murchison Wide Field Array (MWA) with a field of view of ∼252 deg2 would require simulations spanning several Gpcs, which are currently infeasible. To address this, we developed a simplified version of the seminumerical reionization simulation code 21cmfast, sacrificing some physical accuracy (linear structure formation) in favour of extremely large volumes. We then constructed a 7.5 Gpc comoving volume specifically tailored to the binned spectral resolution of the MWA (∼1.17 cMpc), required for validating the pipeline used in the 2020 MWA 21-cm power spectrum (PS) upper limits. With this large-volume simulation, we then explored: (i) whether smaller volume simulations are biased by missing large-scale modes, (ii) non-Gaussianity in the cosmic variance uncertainty, (iii) biases in the recovered 21-cm PS following foreground wedge avoidance, and (iv) the impact of tiling smaller simulations to achieve large volumes. We found (i) no biases from missing large-scale power, (ii) significant contribution from non-Gaussianity, as expected, (iii) a 10–20 per cent overestimate of the 21-cm PS following wedge mode excision, and (iv) tiling smaller simulations underestimates the large-scale power and cosmic variance.
Constraining SIDM with halo shapes: Revisited predictions from realistic simulations of early-type galaxies
Authors: Despali Giulia , Walls Levi G , Vegetti Simona , Sparre Martin , Vogelsberger Mark , Zavala Jesús 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
We study the effect of self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) and baryons on the shape of early-type galaxies (ETGs) and their dark matter haloes, comparing them to the predictions of the cold dark matter (CDM) scenario. We use five hydrodynamical zoom-in simulations of haloes hosting ETGs ($M_{\rm vir}\sim 10^{13}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ and $M_{*}\sim 10^{11}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$), simulated in CDM and a SIDM model with constant cross-section of σT/mχ = 1 cm2g−1. We measure the 3D and projected shapes of the dark matter haloes and their baryonic content using the inertia tensor and compare our measurements to the results of three HST samples of gravitational lenses and Chandra and XMM–Newton X-ray observations. We find that the inclusion of baryons greatly reduces the differences between CDM and a SIDM, together with the ability to draw constraints based on shapes. Lensing measurements reject the predictions of CDM dark-matter-only simulations and prefer one of the hydro scenarios. When we consider the total sample of lenses, observational data prefer the CDM hydro scenario. The shapes of the X-ray emitting gas are compatible with observational results in both hydro runs, with CDM predicting higher elongations only in the very centre. Contrary to previous claims at the scale of elliptical galaxies, we conclude that both CDM and our SIDM model can still explain observed shapes once we include baryons in the simulations. Our results demonstrate that this is essential to derive realistic constraints and that new simulations are needed to confirm and extend our findings.
A pilot ASKAP survey for radio transients towards the Galactic Centre
Authors: Wang Ziteng , Murphy Tara , Kaplan David L , Bannister Keith W , Lenc Emil , Leung James K , O’Brien Andrew , Pintaldi Sergio , Pritchard Joshua , Stewart Adam J , Zic Andrew 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
We present the results of a radio transient and polarization survey towards the Galactic Centre, conducted as part of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder Variables and Slow Transients pilot survey. The survey region consisted of five fields covering $\sim 265\, {\rm deg}^2$ (350○ ≲ l ≲ 10○, |b| ≲ 10○). Each field was observed for 12 min, with between 7 and 9 repeats on cadences of between one day and four months. We detected eight highly variable sources and seven highly circularly polarized sources (14 unique sources in total). Seven of these sources are known pulsars including the rotating radio transient PSR J1739–2521 and the eclipsing pulsar PSR J1723–2837. One of them is a low-mass X-ray binary, 4U 1758–25. Three of them are coincident with optical or infrared sources and are likely to be stars. The remaining three may be related to the class of Galactic Centre Radio Transients (including a highly likely one, VAST J173608.2–321634, that has been reported previously), although this class is not yet understood. In the coming years, we expect to detect ∼40 bursts from this kind of source with the proposed 4-yr VAST survey if the distribution of the source is isotropic over the Galactic fields.
Mughal Politics
Authors: Faruqui Munis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the shifting nature of Mughal succession politics between the sixteenth and early eighteenth centuries. It argues that generations of Mughal princes played a central role in extending and deepening Mughal control across the Indian subcontinent. Particularly after the 1580s, princes accomplished this by constructing alliances and formidable households, engaging in acts of disobedience and violence against the emperor and one another, and participating in wars of succession. During the latter half of ‘Alamgir’s reign, however, diminishing access to money, the rise of a powerful coterie of nobles who did not feel beholden to ‘Alamgir’s sons, and intergenerational competition among ‘Alamgir’s many heirs weakened the princely institution. Ultimately, the decline of princely power matched that of the Mughal Empire.
Transcending Ethnicity
Authors: Everett Yayoi Uno 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This article uses case studies of three composers of East Asian or of East Asian descent—Xu Yi, Anthony Cheung, and Yoshiaki Onishi—to shed light on questions such as: What are the “common solutions” that Julian Anderson suggests underlie post-spectral music? What does it mean to write in a “post-spectral style”? How does the composer’s ethnicity/cultural background shape his/her approach to adopting spectral aesthetics and techniques, if at all? Following an in-depth analysis of selected works by Yi, Cheung, and Onishi, the chapter explores how spectral music has made the interstices of culture and ethnicity more permeable because it offers diverse avenues for transcending ethnic barriers and how it will continue to evolve in new directions through such means.
Hugues Dufourt’s Epistemology of Fields, vis-à-vis Varèse and Bachelard
Authors: Mendez Matthew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Hugues Dufourt’s music-historical appreciations of Edgard Varèse, whose notion of “art-science” was an all-important inspiration for his conception of musique spectrale. For Dufourt, Varèse was the first composer to grasp the ramifications of then-recent discoveries in modern physics, particularly quantum field theory’s revision of the relationship between space and elementary particles. The chapter discusses how, in Dufourt’s view, this led Varèse to formulate analogous ideas about sonic space—above all, a fundamentally spatial understanding of sound objects as being co-constitutive with their surrounding medium. For Dufourt, this idea has been the foundation stone for the spectral approach, albeit in a radicalized form made possible by the psychoacoustic timbre space research of the 1970s. In order to take the full measure of Dufourt’s historiographical claims about this new field-inspired approach to sound, the chapter subsequently attends to some of his philosophical sources, particularly the work of Gaston Bachelard, founder of the French epistemological tradition. Dufourt follows Bachelard in insisting that “objectivity,” and thus the sound object, is a function of historically contingent processes of mediation, measurement, and visualization. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the extent to which Dufourt’s fusion of ideas from Varèse and Bachelard commits him to a new sonic ontology, or whether he can instead be read as arguing that ontologies are always thoroughly historical phenomena, tied up with changes in the scientific method, the scale of objects of measurement, and technical “relays.”
Locals and Immigrants in Medieval Central Europe
Authors: Donecker Stefan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the complex interplay of various migratory relations in Central Europe, namely, those between migrants and their host societies, as well as diverse forms of social mobility that did not necessarily reflect the region’s usual ethnic or social distinctions. As the frequent cases of coerced settlement and the slave trade show, the individuals who were the least free often happened to be among the most mobile. Spatial mobility should be considered the default state in medieval society, its prevalence always assumed unless there is a particularly convincing reason not to do so. In this respect, the territories of Central Europe were no exception. The concept of situational identities, the idea that individuals take on different roles in different social and cultural settings, seems not only applicable here, but essential. The chapter then explains the term Landesausbau, which implies both a spatial expansion of (arable) land and a qualitative improvement of land utilization.
Religious Practices (and Confessional Variants) in Medieval Central Europe
Authors: Kuzmová Stanislava 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the common aspects of medieval Central Europe’s religious practices. Here the focus is on the lay population; in addition to the secular powers, the laity interacted constantly with the Church and lay involvement and initiative grew over time. In the first stage of Christianization, the rulers and elites adopted Christianity, which then spread from above, mostly basic and formalized practices limited to monks, clerics, and the elites. The sources for the early period up to the twelfth century are scarce, but the number and variety increase over time. The second stage was a continuation of the Christianization process, when religious practices and beliefs spread and began to be internalized among the broader population. This was manifested in changes in devotional practices starting from the turn of the thirteenth century. The third phase, from the second half of the fourteenth to the early sixteenth century, was marked by an increasing plurality of practices, both communal and personal, and by calls for reform and renewal.
From Avars and Slavs to the First Medieval Kingdoms in Central Europe
Authors: Ziemann Daniel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses medieval people in Central Europe—diverse groups settled there from the East during the early Middle Ages, including the Avars and Slavs (sixth to eighth century), their encounters with the Franks in the West, and later settlers, such as the Hungarians (ninth to tenth century) and other nomadic groups that followed during the High Middle Ages. The period between 700 and 1100 is the time when the general structure of the region took shape. The specific political landscape of Central Europe was formed by migration processes, the emergence and disappearance of tribes and peoples, religious developments with the sometimes violent spread of Christianity, the emergence of ruling elites, and the monopolization of power by certain dynasties. In Central Europe, both the state building processes and Christianization came later than in the regions of the Latin West and the Greek East of the former Roman Empire. Between the mid-ninth century and the year 1000, large polities emerged that developed more centralized structures.
Between Splitting and Lumping
Authors: Desai Ashwin , Vahed Goolam 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The idea of legalized racial separation premised on white minority rule in the second half of the twentieth century in South Africa is identified in the global popular imagination with the apartheid regime. With the coming of apartheid in 1948, the Population Registration Act sought to label and divide African, Coloured, Indian, and White into neatly parceled categories. However, the idea of white racial supremacy has a much longer history in South Africa, dating to the arrival of Europeans in the seventeenth century. The coming of the Union of South Africa in 1910 gave legislative sanction to the entrenching of white minority rule. Against this background this chapter examines the making of the racial categories of Coloureds and Indians before apartheid. The narrative is one of both injunctions from above and impulses from below that drove the project of race making. This is a captivating story of the attempts of movements from below to confront this idea of racial separation and heroic attempts to build an identity that went beyond race, running the gamut from the non-racialism of the Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM) to the orientation of the Congress Alliance led by the African National Congress (ANC), which sought to bring together the “four nations” in a united front against apartheid. This chapter concludes with reflections on the continued salience of apartheid racial categories in post-Apartheid South Africa.
What Every Law Student Needs to Know About Reparations
Authors: Westley Robert 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains the origins of the modern usage of the term reparations and how the significance of reparations has evolved as instances have multiplied, encompassing cases of historical injustice while remaining distinct from ordinary civil justice. The concept of entity liability is used to explain how reparative obligations incurred long ago can remain valid in the present, at least with respect to heritable restitution claims. The moral danger of unredressed mass atrocity is explained and its intergenerational effects in the form of racism and the racial wealth gap are explored. Although recognizing the difficulties inherent in holding government actors accountable, the chapter argues that the example of racism furnishes reason to impute accountability to those who may have been merely complicit in the wrongdoing of others. It is argued that both racism and the racial wealth gap are remnants of state-sponsored injustice against persons of African descent that will require an active role for government and the private sector to remedy.
Automating Racial Alibis
Authors: Robson Cierra , Benjamin Ruha 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines new technologies that promise to promote greater objectivity and efficiency in healthcare, hiring, housing, and crime prevention than existing systems and applications. In practice, however, these tools reflect and reproduce social inequities even as they hide the biases and assumptions they encode. In this chapter, the authors discuss four mechanisms through which technology enables racist outcomes, including the data used to develop algorithms, the choices programmers make while coding, the “democratization” of digital tools to surveil particular populations, and the development of algorithms to maximize profit. The authors conclude by discussing legal and educational approaches to address the ways that computer systems perpetuate systemic racism.
The Brazilian Novel
Authors: de Sousa Rocha Fernando , Simon Luiz Carlos 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter aims to provide readers with an overview of the Brazilian novel from its incipient publications in the early 1840s to the present time. Following a chronological organization, the chapter is divided into five sections, each focusing on decades that, together, encompass a body of works that bring common or analogous issues to the fore, even if in disparate styles or directions. The chapter is divided into different sections, covering the following decades: 1840s to the 1870s, centered on romanticism; 1880s to the 1910s, focusing on realism and naturalism; 1920s to 1940s, devoted to different forms of modernisms; 1950s to 1980s, where we foreground the novels’ reengagement with new forms of literary language; and finally, the last section is dedicated to contemporary fiction.
Nineteenth-Century Women Writers and the Nation
Authors: Denegri Francesca 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an account of the robust emergence of women writers in nineteenth-century Latin America and of the narratives they produced, focusing on the complex relationship between national and gender ideology, the literary field and the consolidation of the new republics, especially in the second half of the century. Rather than focusing on aestheticist frameworks for the myriad novels, novellas, and short stories; poems, essays, and plays; and diaries, letters, and press articles produced by them, it examines their interaction with the dominant male discourse and the strategies that women of letters developed in order to move beyond the age-old patriarchal mandate of “not saying what they knew, or saying that they didn’t know, or saying the opposite of what they knew” (Ludmer 48).1 If intellectuals of the so-called national period had an impossibly idealized concept of the literary woman, later critics’ and writers’ respect for them, from modernistas and throughout the twentieth century, was negligible. This rich and diverse corpus of writing published in the periodical press and in book form, from Chile to Mexico, had all but disappeared from literary memory and from the canon until it was rediscovered more than a century later by feminist activists in Latin American, (USA) North American, and European academia from the late 1990s and beyond.
Historical, Critical, and Theoretical Work on the Latin American Novel
Authors: González José Eduardo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that the reading of the novel in Latin American criticism was, since its origins in the nineteenth century, tied to a view of this genre as connected to the concept of the nation. In contrast to the emergence and popularity of the novel in the Anglo-European world, which was marked by the possibilities that the individualism of capitalist modernity created, Latin American critics have always emphasized the role of this literary form in expressing collective feelings and ideals. This tendency led to embracing and praising the type of novels that could lend themselves to this kind of allegorical interpretation and ignoring the contributions to the history of Latin American fiction of periods or styles (such as modernismo and the avant-garde) where narrations took more of an individually oriented form. Important changes came with the Boom phenomenon as the authors belonging to this group moved the novel away from representation through national content to an originality that was expressed using innovative writing techniques. However, the view that the Latin American novel must be assigned the task of representing the nation (or region) continued to be an important part of how the genre was read until the 1980s, when new theories begin to challenge traditional concepts of writing.