bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of the Therapeutic Antibody Ocrelizumab in Mouse Brain Interstitial Fluid by Cerebral Open Flow Microperfusion and Simultaneous Monitoring of the Blood Brain Barrier Integrity
Authors: Altendorfer-Kroath Thomas , Hummer Joanna , Kollmann Denise , Boulgaropoulos Beate , Raml Reingard , Birngruber Thomas 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background: Pharmacokinetic (PK) assessment of drugs in brain is especially challenging, as the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) impedes the access of substances to the brain. However, rising incidence of monoclonal antibodies as treatment option for diseases of the central nervous system makes continuous measurement of their brain PK profile with verifiably intact BBB increasingly relevant. Such measurements can be performed with continuous brain interstitial fluid (ISF) sampling techniques like e.g., cerebral open flow microperfusion (cOFM). Although cOFM has already provided antibody concentrations in brain ISF in a time-resolved manner, accurate time-resolved quantification of antibody in brain to record the PK profile requires continuous sampling over an extended period of time and knowledge on the BBB integrity for the respective study drug during the entire sampling period.
We thus aimed to absolutely quantify the therapeutic antibody ocrelizumab (OCR) in mouse brain ISF over 96 hours, and to record its PK profile. OCR, with a target on human CD20+ B-cells, was selected as study drug. We also aimed to monitor the BBB integrity during the entire study duration using an endogenous antibody as tracer with similar molecular size as OCR.
Methods: Direct and absolute OCR quantification was performed using cOFM combined with the quantification protocol Zero Flow Rate, and data were corrected with the cOFM probe´s in vivo relative recovery. For PK profile recording the cOFM samples were collected bi-hourly, and brain tissue and plasma at the end of the sampling period. BBB monitoring was performed simultaneously during the entire PK profile recording using the endogenous mIgG1. This study was performed in male C57Bl/6 mice.
Results: We directly, absolutely quantified OCR, and reliably recorded its brain PK profile over 96 hours. BBB integrity was sustained during the entire study.
Conclusions: Results demonstrated that cOFM is able to accurately, absolutely quantify OCR in brain ISF and to record its brain PK profile over a prolonged duration with verifiably intact BBB. Our data provide the basis for reliable PK assessment of therapeutic antibodies in brain, which is likely to promote the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies to treat neurological diseases.
Strong impacts of lianas on tree allometry lead to overestimation of tropical forest carbon stocks and sink
Authors: Moorthy Sruthi M. Krishna , Meunier Felicien , Calders Kim , Aguilar Antonio , Pausenberger Nancy , Schnitzer Stefan A. , Visser Marco D. , Muller-Landau Helene , Verbeeck Hans 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Lianas are quintessential components of tropical forests competing strongly with trees for resources. Yet, their role in the structure and functioning of forests is rarely studied. Here, we investigate the impact of lianas on the carbon stocks and sink potential of an intact moist tropical forest in Panama using 3D terrestrial laser scanning. We find that liana-infested trees are significantly shorter with smaller crown areas, thereby resulting in a significant liana-induced reduction in stand-level carbon stocks (5.3%) and coarse woody productivity (24.5%). The widely used pantropical allometric model overestimates the carbon stocks by 10% and underestimates the liana impact on woody productivity by 1.5% at the study site with current infestation level. Increasing liana abundance across Neotropics will further worsen this impact. We show that by ignoring liana impact in carbon estimation, we are currently overestimating the potential of nature-based climate solutions to lock up atmospheric carbon.
Mechanism analysis and modelling of surface roughness for CeO2 slurry assisted grinding of BK7 optics considering both particle size and mass fraction
Authors: Zhang Xianpeng , Yao Peng , Li Yueming , Jiang Long , Jin Xiyong , Xu Jimiao , Liang Shitong , Zhu Jiahao , Huang Chuanzhen , Zhu Hongtao , Liu Hanlian 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Prolonged polishing deteriorates the shape accuracy of an optical element and reduces production efficiency simultaneously. In order to reduce the amount of polishing and polishing time, even obtain polish-free fine surfaces, a cerium oxide (CeO2) slurry assisted grinding (SAG) is investigated. A novel theoretical model was established to predict the surface roughness of the workpiece processed by CeO2 SAG. The modelling considered the effects of the protrusion height of active grains in the grinding wheel and the sizes and mass fractions of CeO2 particles in the grinding zone on undeformed chip thickness (UCT). Then, the mechanism of CeO2 SAG was investigated through nanoindentation method. Indentation hardness and energy spectrum of the surface were estimated to verify the softened layer. The results showed that the model of surface roughness was well consistent with the experiment. The CeO2 particle size significantly influenced on the surface roughness than the mass fraction. The load-bearing effect of larger CeO2 particle size reduced the protruding height of the grinding wheel grains and reduced the UCT to a greater extent in grinding process. The chemical reaction between CeO2 slurry and BK7 glass results in a softening layer which enhances the critical load and critical depth of ductile-brittle transition of grinding. Finally, the optimized parameters were used for CeO2 SAG of an ellipsoid BK7 optics.
Sorption of long-lived 94Nb on magnetite: Spectroscopic and electrochemical investigation of the associated mechanism
Authors: Ghosh M , Yadav AK , Debnath AK , Dey MK , Swain KK 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
94Nb is a long-lived radioisotope generated upon neutron irradiation of Zr-Nb pressure tube in natural uranium fueled pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR). The discharged pressure tubes are generally stored in deep tile holes with a concrete cap. Contact of ground water with radioactive waste may lead to leaching and migration of 94Nb, which may create long-term radiological impact. Therefore, a sorption study of 94Nb on magnetite was carried out in the pH range of 1–10, both in aerobic and anaerobic conditions to understand its effect on the mobility of the radionuclide. The sorption mechanism of 94Nb on magnetite and the role of Fe(II) site were investigated using classical (solvent extraction), electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry) and the spectroscopic techniques (X-ray photoelectron, X-ray absorption spectroscopy). Insignificant difference in the sorption pattern and percentage sorption was observed under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, suggesting similar sorption mechanism in both the conditions. The oxidation states of Nb and Fe of magnetite remain unchanged after sorption process. In acidic pH condition, the sorption mainly occurs via ion exchange phenomenon whereas in neutral/ basic medium Nb may be coordinated with magnetite via covalent bond formation. The study is important to understand the sorption mechanism of 94Nb on magnetite, which is essential to predict the migration behaviour of 94Nb as well as the retarding effect of magnetite in natural aquatic environment.
Synthesis versus Salvage of Ester- and Ether-linked Phosphatidylethanolamine in the Intracellular Protozoan Pathogen Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Gupta Nishith , Ren Bingjian , Liang Xiaohan , Brouwers Jos , shen Bang 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a prevalent zoonotic pathogen infecting livestock as well as humans. The exceptional ability of this parasite to reproduce in several types of nucleated host cells necessitates a coordinated usage of endogenous and host-derived nutritional resources for membrane biogenesis. Phosphatidylethanolamine is the second abundant phospholipid in T. gondii, but how its requirement in the acutely-infectious and fast-dividing tachyzoite stage is satisfied remains enigmatic. This work reveals that the parasite deploys de novo synthesis and salvage pathways to pacify its demand for ester- and ether-linked PtdEtn, respectively. Auxin-mediated depletion of the phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (ECT) caused a lethal phenotype in tachyzoites due to impaired invasion and cell division, disclosing a vital role of the CDP-ethanolamine pathway during the lytic cycle. In accord, the inner membrane complex and mitochondrion were disrupted concurrent with a decline in major phospholipids. Not least, integrated lipidomics and stable isotope analyses of the TgECT mutant unveiled the endogenous synthesis of ester-PtdEtn, and salvage of ether-linked lipids from host cells. In brief, this study demonstrates how T. gondii operates various means to produce distinct forms of PtdEtn while featuring the therapeutic relevance of its de novo synthesis.
Effectiveness of Anti-Erythropoietin Producing Hepatocellular Receptor Type-A2 Antibody in Pancreatic Cancer Treatment
Authors: Chang Fu-Ling , Tsai Keng-Chang , Lin Tsai-Yu , Chiang Chen-Wei , Chen Wang-Chuan , Pan Shiow-Lin , Lee Yu-Ching 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Related to the pathogenesis of cancers in humans, the interaction between erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte receptors and ephrins (Ephs/ephrins) affects and regulates various biological functions. Erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte receptor type A2 (EphA2) is a tyrosine kinase that binds to ephrins (e.g., ephrin-A1) to initiate bidirectional signaling between cells. The binding of EphA2 and ephrin-A1 leads to the inhibition of Ras-MAPK activity and tumor growth. During tumorigenesis, the normal interaction between EphA2 and ephrin-A1 is hindered, which leads to the overexpression of EphA2 and induces cancer. The overexpression of EphA2 has been identified as a notable tumor marker in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Results
In this study, we used phage display to isolate specific antibodies against the active site of EphA2 molecules by using a discontinuous recombinant epitope for immunization. The therapeutic efficacy and inhibition mechanism of the generated antibody against pancreatic cancer was validated and clarified. The generated antibodies were bound to the conformational epitope of endogenous EphA2 on cancer cells, thus inducing cellular endocytosis and causing EphA2 degradation. Molecule signals pAKT, pERK, pFAK, and pSTAT3 were weakened, thereby inhibiting the proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer cells. The humanized antibody hSD5 could effectively inhibit the growth of the xenograft pancreatic cancer tumor cells BxPc-3 and Mia PaCa-2 in mice, respectively. When antibody hSD5 was administered in combination with gemcitabine, significantly synergistic effects on tumor growth inhibition (reach 79.3%) were observed.
Conclusions
On the basis of the efficacy of the IgG hSD5 antibody, clinical administration of the hSD5 antibody is likely to suppress tumors in patients with pancreatic cancer and abnormal activation or overexpression of EphA2 signaling.
Statistical Analysis of Geochemical Data of Groundwater from a part of Cuttack District, Odisha, India
Authors: Nayak Madhusmita , Hota Rabindra Nath 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Fifty pre-monsoon groundwater samples from the Cuttack district of India have been analyzed by correlation, factor, cluster and multiple regression analyses for understanding the controlling processes which influence the groundwater chemistry. Five factors have been extracted from the data set out of which first three factors, accounting for 65.76% of variance are strongly loaded on TDS, TA, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Fe2+, Cl−, HCO3−, SO42− and NO3−. The phenom line at 0.60 level brings out three clusters comprising TDS-TH-Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3−, Na+-Cl− and pH-TA. Multiple regression analysis indicates the significant contribution of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl−, HCO3−, SO42− and NO3− to the total dissolved solid (TDS). All the three multivariate techniques, in conjunction, suggest that the groundwater chemistry is mostly controlled by Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, HCO3− and Cl− and the dominant groundwater facies are Ca-HCO3, Mg-HCO3 and Na-Cl. The chemical constituents of the groundwater are derived from weathering of feldspars, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas and apatite as well as from domestic wastes, leakage from septic tanks and agricultural fertilizers.
Probing strong-field QED in beam-plasma collisions
Authors: Matheron Aime , Claveria Pablo San Miguel , Ariniello Robert , Ekerfelt Henrik , Fiuza Frederico , Gessner Spencer , Gilljohann Max , Hogan Mark , Keitel Christoph , Knetsch Alexander , Litos Michael , Mankovska Yuliia , Montefiori Samuele , Nie Zan , O'Shea Brendan , Peterson John Ryan , Storey Doug , Wu Yipeng , Xu Xinlu , Zakharova Viktoriia , Davoine Xavier , Gremillet Laurent , Tamburini Matteo , Corde Sebastien 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Ongoing progress in laser and accelerator technology opens new possibilities in high-field science, notably for the study of the largely unexplored strong-field QED regime where electron-positron pairs can be created directly from light-matter or even light-vacuum interactions. Laserless strategies such as beam-beam collisions have also been proposed with the prospect of pushing strong-field quantum electrodynamics (SFQED) in the nonpertubative regime. Here we report on an original concept to probe strong-field QED by harnessing the interaction between an electron beam and a solid target. When a high-density, ultrarelativistic beam impinges onto an even denser plasma, the beam self fields are reflected at the plasma boundary. In the rest frame of the beam electrons, these fields can exceed the Schwinger field, leading to strong-field QED effects such as quantum nonlinear inverse Compton scattering and nonlinear Breit-Wheeler electron-positron pair creation. We show that such beam-plasma collisions can produce results similar to beam-beam collisions with the advantage of a much simpler experimental setup including the automatic overlap between the beam and the reflected fields. This scenario opens the way to precision studies of strong-field QED, with measurable clear signatures in terms of gamma-ray photon and pair production, and thus is a very promising milestone on the path towards laserless studies of nonperturbative SFQED.
Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ESR1) gene polymorphism (rs2234693 and rs2046210) with breast cancer risk in Pashtun population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Authors: Shahzad Savera , Khan Najeeb Ullah , Sombal Wafa , Shah Rizwan Ullah , Khan Aakif Ullah 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background: Breast cancer susceptibility is greatly influenced by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) both in penetrance and non-penetrance genes. The Estrogen Receptor Alfa (ESR1- rs2234693 and rs2046210) have been reported as risk factor of breast cancer in different ethnic groups with inconsistent results. In this study the association ofESR1(rs2234693 and rs2046210) with breast cancer risk was investigated in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa patients. Methods: A total of 222 women including 162 breast cancer patients and 60 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The polymorphism was confirmed using T-ARMS-PCR. Results: Our results revealed thatESR1-rs2234693 risk allele (C) (P = 0.2, OR = 1.34, CI = 0.7 to 2.3) and containing genotypes CC (P = 0.61, OR = 1.50, CI = 0.31 to 7.30) and TC (P = 0.7, OR = 1.11, CI = 0.59 to 2.09) were not associated with the risk of breast cancer. In case of rs2046210, the risk allele A (P = 0.0006, OR = 7.50, CI = 0.77 to 2.33) and corresponding genotypes GA (P = 0.003, OR = 2.44, CI = 1.33 to 4.47) and AA (P = 0.3, OR = 3.15, CI = 1.06 to 9.38) were significantly associated with higher risk of breast cancer. Moreover,ESR1-rs2234693 was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with family history, stages, PR status, ER status and luminal B. TheESR1-rs2046210 showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) association with menstrual status, tumor grade and TNBC. Both the SNPs showed non-significant (P > 0.05) association with nulliparity, nodal status, HER2 status, metastasis, HER2 enriched subtype and luminal A. Conclusion: It is concluded thatESR1-rs2234693 is not associated with breast cancer, while rs2046210 is significantly associated with the risk of breast cancer in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa population. Further, to confirm the exact situation ofESR1polymorphism,ESR1existing and other SNPs need to be checked in diverse data sets.
Sleep Buffer-based Cyclic Sleep / Doze model &amp; framework for ITU Next Generation PONs
Authors: Ahmed Faisal , Arfeen M. Zuhair , Butt Rizwan Aslam , Nguyen Quang N. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The power consumption of Next Generation Passive Optical Network (PON) has increased due to the higher number of Optical Network Units (ONU). The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has provided the options of Cyclic Sleep Mode (CSM) and Cyclic Doze Mode (CDM) schemes for energy conservation. The performance of these low-power modes is critically dependent on traffic arrival rate and traffic threshold on which Local Wakeup Indication (LWI) events are triggered. Therefore, an analytical model of ONU to study different CSM / CDM control schemes is of prime importance. The existing models do not incorporate the sleep buffer which results in limited performance evaluation of the CSM process at low traffic arrival rates and they are unable to possess the CSM / CDM process at higher traffic loads. Therefore, this work improves the existing Discrete-Time Markov Chain (DTMC) based power model by considering a sleep buffer at each ONU to control the local wakeup indication events at the ONU and the Optical Line Terminal (OLT). The proposed model accurately computes the ONU sojourn in each CSM / CDM state, power consumption of ONU, and energy savings as a function of traffic arrival rate. Based on the proposed model a CSM / CDM framework is also added to configure all the parameters efficiently under the given average delay limits.
Time hysteresis-switching algorithm assisted dual-hop relaying for hybrid FSO/RF system
Authors: Singh Deepak Kumar , Tiwari B B 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A less-complex and efficient time-hysteresis (TH)-switching algorithm assisted hybrid free-space optics (FSO)/millimeter wave (mm)-radio frequency (RF) system is presented in the paper. For improving the long-haul communication efficiency we blend a decode-and-forward (DF) relaying scheme in the proposed hybrid FSO/RF system along with maximal-ratio-combining (MRC) at receiver end for signal reconstruction.TH-switching is utilized for link transient between FSO and RF links. The exact closed-form expressions for average symbol-error-rate (ASER) and outage-probability (OP) have been derived for the performance evaluation of the system. We also present asymptotic-analysis of the ASER and OP with lower computational-complexity of the proposed system and obtain the diversity-order. To achieve target-SER value for the proposed TH-switching, the optimum-threshold-SNR value has been obtained numerically. It is observed that the proposed switching technique assisted selective-DF-relaying scheme based hybrid system along with MRC outperforms a cooperative single-FSO system as well as single-hop (SH) switching-assisted hybrid system on account of diversity as well as switching technique benefits. The proposed hybrid system achieves SER of 10− 7 in the lower SNR regimes.
Thermal Deformation Analysis and Measurement of the Triple Grid for a 30cm Diameter Ion Thruster
Authors: SUN Mingming , GENG Hai , CHEN XINwei , Long jianfei 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Critical ion thruster component that affects operation and service life is the grids assembly, and the hot gap variation of the grids directly determines the erosion process of the grids. In order to obtain the hot gap variation of the triple grid for a 30cm diameter ion thruster under 5kW work condition, finite element analysis is used to calculate the distribution of temperature and thermal deformation, then a deflection measurement experiment is carried out to verify the simulations. The results show that the temperature change of the screen grid is the fastest for the lowest heat capacity and the highest deposition energy among the three grids. The hot gap between the center area of the screen grid and the accelerator grid is decreased from 0.95 mm to 0.45 mm in the first 5 minutes. Meanwhile, the central gap is decreased from 0.85 mm to 0.42 mm between the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid after the thruster works about 2000s. The thermal deformation of the decelerator grid presents a “trapezoid” shape. On the contrary, that of the accelerator grid presents a “parabolic” shape. The results of simulation and measurement of temperature in the edge of the screen grid are 338 ℃ and 321 ℃ , respectively. The thermal displacement test results show that the hot gap in the center area between the screen grid and the accelerator grid, the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid are decreased from 0.95 mm to 0.48 mm, and 0.85 mm to 0.46 mm, respectively. The simulation results are consistent with test results, and the errors are considered mainly come from the structural equivalent model and which is calculated to be less than 10%.
Shallow structure imaging using multi-mode dispersion curves based on multi-window HLRT in DAS observation
Authors: Wang Xin , Feng Xuan , Dong Xuri , Liu Qian , Wang TaiHan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is a high-density seismic observation system emerging in recent years. It can achieve low-cost and high-density observation and is one of the important methods for imaging city shallow structure. However, the high-mode dispersion spectrum information recorded by DAS system is difficult to utilize effectively. To solve this problem, we propose to extract multi-mode dispersion curves of active and passive sources through multi-window high-resolution linear Radon transform (HLRT) method, and invert multi-mode dispersion curves of active and passive sources to construct shallow surface underground S-wave velocity structure. The research results show that the multi-window HLRT transform method can effectively extract multi-mode dispersion curves from DAS records by adding time windows, the improved objective function further improves the stability and accuracy of inversion. The development of multi-mode dispersion curves extraction and inversion technology provides a new method for low-cost and high-resolution exploration of underground structures with DAS system.
Switchable single and dual-wavelength single longitudinal mode Pr:YLF laser at 607nm and 604nm
Authors: Jin Long , Jin Yushi , Yu Yongji , Dong Yuan , Jin Guangyong 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This letter presents a orthogonally polarized dual-wavelength single-longitudinal-mode Pr:YLF laser output at 607 nm and 604 nm by using combine F-P etalons. The experimental results shows that switchable single and dual-wavelength single-longitudinal mode laser output can be realized by selectively combining the F-P etalons with 0.3 mm and 1mm thickness. We obtained the maximum orthogonally polarized dual-wavelength single longitudinal mode laser output power at 604 nm and 607 nm is reaches 32 mW and the measured dual-wavelength single longitudinal mode laser spectral line-widths are 174.4 MHz and 102.2 MHz. The maximum single wavelength single longitudinal mode laser output at 607 nm and 604 nm are 201 mW and 81 mW and the measured single wavelength single longitudinal mode laser spectral line-widths are 52.3 MHz and 111.3 MHz, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to investigate the orthogonally polarized dual-wavelength single longitudinal mode CW Pr:YLF laser.