bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty in Aerosol Optical Depth From Modern Aerosol‐Climate Models, Reanalyses, and Satellite Products
Authors: Vogel Annika , Alessa Ghazi , Scheele Robert , Weber Lisa , Dubovik Oleg , North Peter , Fiedler Stephanie 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDespite the implication of aerosols for the radiation budget, there are persistent differences in data for the aerosol optical depth (τ) for 1998–2019. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the large‐scale spatio‐temporal patterns of mid‐visible τ from modern data sets. In total, we assessed 94 different global data sets from eight satellite retrievals, four aerosol‐climate model ensembles, one operational ensemble product, two reanalyses, one climatology and one merged satellite product. We include the new satellite data SLSTR and aerosol‐climate simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and the Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models Phase 3 (AeroCom‐III). Our intercomparison highlights model differences and observational uncertainty. Spatial mean τ for 60°N – 60°S ranges from 0.124 to 0.164 for individual satellites, with a mean of 0.14. Averaged τ from aerosol‐climate model ensembles fall within this satellite range, but individual models do not. Our assessment suggests no systematic improvement compared to CMIP5 and AeroCom‐I. Although some regional biases have been reduced, τ from both CMIP6 and AeroCom‐III are for instance substantially larger along extra‐tropical storm tracks compared to the satellite products. The considerable uncertainty in observed τ implies that a model evaluation based on a single satellite product might draw biased conclusions. This underlines the need for continued efforts to improve both model and satellite estimates of τ, for example, through measurement campaigns in areas of particularly uncertain satellite estimates identified in this study, to facilitate a better understanding of aerosol effects in the Earth system.
FlexBRDF: A Flexible BRDF Correction for Grouped Processing of Airborne Imaging Spectroscopy Flightlines
Authors: Queally Natalie , Ye Zhiwei , Zheng Ting , Chlus Adam , Schneider Fabian , Pavlick Ryan P. , Townsend Philip A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) effects are a persistent issue for the analysis of vegetation in airborne imaging spectroscopy data, especially when mosaicking results from adjacent flightlines. With the advent of large airborne imaging efforts from NASA and the U.S. National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), there is increasing need for methods that are flexible and automatable across images with diverse land cover. Flexible bidirectional reflectance distribution function (FlexBRDF) is built upon the widely used kernel method, with additional features including stratified random sampling across flightline groups, dynamic land cover stratification by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), interpolation of correction coefficients across NDVI bins, and the use of a reference solar zenith angle. We demonstrate FlexBRDF using nine long (150–400 km) airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS)‐Classic flightlines collected on 22 May 2013 over Southern California, where diverse land cover and a wide range of solar illumination yield significant BRDF effects. We further test the approach on additional AVIRIS‐Classic data from California, AVIRIS‐Next Generation data from the Arctic and India, and NEON imagery from Wisconsin. Comparison of overlapping areas of flightlines show that models built from multiple flightlines performed better than those built for single images (root mean square error improved up to 2.3% and mean absolute deviation 2.5%). Standardization to a common solar zenith angle among a flightline group improved performance, and interpolation across bins minimized between‐bin boundaries. While BRDF corrections for individual sites suffice for local studies, FlexBRDF is an open source option that is compatible with bulk processing of large airborne data sets covering diverse land cover needed for calibration/validation of forthcoming spaceborne imaging spectroscopy missions.
A Bayesian Approach to Recreational Water Quality Model Validation and Comparison in the Presence of Measurement Error
Authors: Potash E. , Steinschneider S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMethods for measuring recreational water quality vary in analysis time, precision, availability, and cost. Decision‐makers often use predictions from statistical models to compensate for the shortcomings of available measurements. However, model validation and comparison has largely omitted measurement error (defined here as variation in both sampling and the measurement technique) as an important source of uncertainty during validation. It is unknown how this omission affects estimates of model performance and comparisons between models. This study aims to fill this gap. First, we derive the bias incurred when omitting measurement error in calculating a model's mean squared error (MSE). We then develop a non‐parametric validation method to correct estimates of MSE. To study other metrics of prediction performance (mean absolute error, sensitivity, precision, etc.) we develop a second validation method that uses simulations from a Bayesian validation model. These methods are applied to a comparison of two prediction models (random forest and nearest neighbor) used to predict the level of fecal indicator bacteria at nine recreational beaches in the city of Chicago. We find that accounting for measurement error significantly changes estimates of model performance. Moreover, it reveals substantial uncertainty underlying some of these estimates.
The importance of enhancer methylation for epigenetic regulation of tumorigenesis in squamous lung cancer
Authors: Cho Jae-Won , Shim Hyo Sup , Lee Chang Young , Park Seong Yong , Hong Min Hee , Lee Insuk , Kim Hye Ryun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is a subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). LUSC occurs at the bronchi, shows a squamous appearance, and often occurs in smokers. To determine the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of tumorigenesis, we performed a genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in tumor and adjacent normal tissues from LUSC patients. With the Infinium Methylation EPIC Array, > 850,000 CpG sites, including ~350,000 CpG sites for enhancer regions, were profiled, and the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) overlapping promoters (pDMRs) and enhancers (eDMRs) between tumor and normal tissues were identified. Dimension reduction based on DMR profiles revealed that eDMRs alone and not pDMRs alone can differentiate tumors from normal tissues with the equivalent performance of total DMRs. We observed a stronger negative correlation of LUSC-specific gene expression with methylation for enhancers than promoters. Target genes of eDMRs rather than pDMRs were found to be enriched for tumor-associated genes and pathways. Furthermore, DMR methylation associated with immune infiltration was more frequently observed among enhancers than promoters. Our results suggest that methylation of enhancer regions rather than promoters play more important roles in epigenetic regulation of tumorigenesis and immune infiltration in LUSC.
LRG1 as a novel therapeutic target in eye disease
Authors: De Rossi Giulia , Da Vitoria Lobo Marlene E. , Greenwood John , Moss Stephen E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRetinal and choroidal diseases are major causes of blindness and visual impairment in the developed world and on the rise due to an ageing population and diabetes epidemic. Standard of care is centred around blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but despite having halved the number of patients losing sight, a high rate of patient non-response and loss of efficacy over time are key challenges. Dysregulation of vascular homoeostasis, coupled with fibrosis and inflammation, are major culprits driving sight-threatening eye diseases. Improving our knowledge of these pathological processes should inform the development of new drugs to address the current clinical challenges for patients. Leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is an emerging key player in vascular dysfunction, inflammation and fibrosis. Under physiological conditions, LRG1 is constitutively expressed by the liver and granulocytes, but little is known about its normal biological function. In pathological scenarios, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD), its expression is ectopically upregulated and it acquires a much better understood pathogenic role. Context-dependent modulation of the transforming growth-factor β (TGFβ) pathway is one of the main activities of LRG1, but additional roles have recently been emerging. This review aims to highlight the clinical and pre-clinical evidence for the pathogenic contribution of LRG1 to vascular retinopathies, as well as extrapolate from other diseases, functions which may be relevant to eye disease. Finally, we will provide a current update on the development of anti-LRG1 therapies for the treatment of nvAMD.
A novel cyclic dinuclear gold(i) complex induces anticancer activity via an oxidative stress-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells
Authors: Abogosh Ahmed K. , Alghanem Meshal K. , Ahmad Saeed , Al-Asmari Abdullah , As Sobeai Homood M. , Sulaiman Adam A. A. , Fettouhi Mohammed , Popoola Saheed A. , Alhoshani Ali , Isab Anvarhusein A. 
Published: January 2022

The complex was found to display cytotoxic effect via oxidative stress-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, as indicated by Annexin V-FITC/Propidium iodide double staining, ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential and migration assays.
Chemical survey of Class I protostars with the IRAM-30 m
Authors: Mercimek S. , Codella C. , Podio L. , Bianchi E. , Chahine L. , Bouvier M. , López-Sepulcre A. , Neri R. , Ceccarelli C. 
Published: January 2022

Context. Class I protostars are a bridge between Class 0 protostars (≤105 yr old), and Class II (≥106 yr) protoplanetary disks. Recent studies show gaps and rings in the dust distribution of disks younger than 1 Myr, suggesting that planet formation may start already at the Class I stage. To understand what chemistry planets will inherit, it is crucial to characterize the chemistry of Class I sources and to investigate how chemical complexity evolves from Class 0 protostars to protoplanetary disks.
Aims. There are two goals: (i) to perform a census of the molecular complexity in a sample of four Class I protostars, and (ii) to compare the data with the chemical compositions of earlier and later phases of the Sun-like star formation process.
Methods. We performed IRAM-30 m observations at 1.3 mm towards four Class I objects (L1489-IRS, B5-IRS1, L1455-IRS1, and L1551-IRS5). The column densities of the detected species were derived assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) or large velocity gradients (LVGs).
Results. We detected 27 species: C-chains, N-bearing species, S-bearing species, Si-bearing species, deuterated molecules, and interstellar complex organic molecules (iCOMs; CH3OH, CH3CN, CH3CHO, and HCOOCH3). Among the members of the observed sample, L1551-IRS5 is the most chemically rich source. Different spectral profiles are observed: (i) narrow lines (~1 km s−1) towards all the sources, (ii) broader lines (~4 km s−1) towards L1551-IRS5, and (iii) line wings due to outflows (in B5-IRS1, L1455-IRS1, and L1551-IRS5). Narrow c-C3H2 emission originates from the envelope with temperatures of 5–25 K and sizes of ~2′′−10′′. The iCOMs in L1551-IRS5 reveal the occurrence of hot corino chemistry, with CH3OH and CH3CN lines originating from a compact (~0.′′15) and warm (T > 50 K) region. Finally, OCS and H2S seem to probe the circumbinary disks in the L1455-IRS1 and L1551-IRS5 binary systems. The deuteration in terms of elemental D/H in the molecular envelopes is: ~10−70% (D2CO/H2CO), ~5−15% (HDCS/H2CS), and ~1−23% (CH2DOH/CH3OH). For the L1551-IRS5 hot corino we derive D/H ~2% (CH2DOH/CH3OH).
Conclusions. Carbon chain chemistry in extended envelopes is revealed towards all the sources. In addition, B5-IRS1, L1455-IRS1, and L1551-IRS5 show a low-excitation methanol line that is narrow and centered at systemic velocity, suggesting an origin from an extended structure, plausibly UV-illuminated. The abundance ratios of CH3CN, CH3CHO, and HCOOCH3 with respect to CH3OH measured towards the L1551-IRS5 hot corino are comparable to that estimated at earlier stages (prestellar cores, Class 0 protostars), and to that found in comets. The deuteration in our sample is also consistent with the values estimated for sources at earlier stages. These findings support the inheritance scenario from prestellar cores to the Class I phase when planets start forming.
Assessment of [Fe/H] determinations for FGK stars in spectroscopic surveys
Authors: Soubiran C. , Brouillet N. , Casamiquela L. 
Published: January 2022

Context. The iron abundance [Fe/H] in the atmosphere of FGK-type stars is crucial in stellar and galactic physics. The number of stars with a measured value of [Fe/H] is increasing considerably thanks to spectroscopic surveys. However, different methodologies, inputs, and assumptions used in spectral analyses lead to different precisions in [Fe/H] and possibly to systematic differences, which need to be evaluated. It is essential to understand the characteristics of each survey to fully exploit their potential, in particular if the surveys are combined to probe a larger galactic volume and to improve statistics.
Aims. The purpose of this study is to compare [Fe/H] determinations from the largest spectroscopic surveys to other catalogues taken as reference. Offsets and dispersions of the residuals are examined, as are their trends with other parameters. The investigated surveys are the latest public releases of APOGEE, GALAH, RAVE, LAMOST, SEGUE, and the Gaia-ESO Survey.
Methods. We use reference samples that provide independent determinations of [Fe/H], which are compared to those from the surveys for common stars. The distribution of the residuals is assessed through simple statistics that measure the offset between two catalogues and the dispersion representative of the precision of both catalogues. When relevant, linear fits are performed. A large sample of FGK-type stars with [Fe/H] based on high-resolution, high-signal-to-noise spectroscopy was built from the PASTEL catalogue to provide a reference sample. We also use FGK members in open and globular clusters to assess the internal consistency of [Fe/H] of each survey. The agreement of median [Fe/H] values for clusters observed by different surveys is discussed.
Results. All the surveys overestimate the low metallicities, and some of them also underestimate the high metallicities. They perform well in the most populated intermediate metallicity range whatever the resolution. In most cases, the typical precision that we deduce from the comparisons is in good agreement with the uncertainties quoted in the catalogues. Some exceptions to this general behaviour are discussed.
Classical Cepheid period-Wesenheit-metallicity relation in the Gaia bands
Authors: Ripepi V. , Catanzaro G. , Clementini G. , De Somma G. , Drimmel R. , Leccia S. , Marconi M. , Molinaro R. , Musella I. , Poggio E. 
Published: January 2022

Context. Classical Cepheids (DCEPs) represent a fundamental tool to calibrate the extragalactic distance scale. However, they are also powerful stellar population tracers in the context of Galactic studies. The forthcoming Data Release 3 of the Gaia mission will allow us to study, with unprecedented detail, the structure, the dynamics, and the chemical properties of the Galactic disc, and in particular of the spiral arms, where most Galactic DCEPs reside.
Aims. In this paper we aim to quantify the metallicity dependence of the Galactic DCEPs’ period-Wesenheit (PWZ) relation in the Gaia bands.
Methods. We adopted a sample of 499 DCEPs with metal abundances from high-resolution spectroscopy, in conjunction with Gaia Early Data Release 3 parallaxes and photometry to calibrate a PWZ relation in the Gaia bands.
Results. We find a significant metallicity term, of the order of −0.5 mag dex−1, which is larger than the values measured in the near-infrared (NIR) bands by different authors. Our best PWZ relation is W = ( − 5.988 ± 0.018)−(3.176 ± 0.044)(log P − 1.0)−(0.520 ± 0.090)[Fe/H]. We validated our PWZ relations by using the distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud as a benchmark, finding very good agreement with the geometric distance provided by eclipsing binaries. As an additional test, we evaluated the metallicity gradient of the young Galactic disc, finding −0.0527 ± 0.0022 dex kpc−1, which is in very good agreement with previous results.
Glucocorticoids Increase Fracture Risk and Fracture Prevalence
Independently from Bone Mineral Density and Clinical Risk Factors: Results from
the Gliwice Osteoporosis (GO) Study
Authors: Pluskiewicz Wojciech , Adamczyk Piotr , Drozdzowska Bogna 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe aim of the study was to establish the influence of glucocorticoids (GC) on
fracture risk, probability, and prevalence. A set of 1548 postmenopausal women
were divided into study group – treated with GC (n=114, age
66.48±7.6 years) and controls (n=1434, age 66.46±6.83
years). Data on clinical risk factors for osteoporosis and fractures were
collected. Hip bone densitometry was performed using a device Prodigy (GE, USA).
Fracture probability was established by FRAX, and fracture risk by Garvan
algorithm and POL-RISK. Fracture risk and fracture probability were
significantly greater for GC-treated women in comparison to controls. In the
study group, there were 24, 3, 24, and 6 fractures noted at spine, hip, forearm,
and arm, respectively. The respective numbers of fractures reported in controls
at those skeletal sites were: 186, 23, 240, and 25. The use of GCs increased
significantly prevalence of all major, spine and arm fractures. Also the number
of all fractures was affected by GC use. Following factors significantly
increased fracture probability: age (OR 1.04 per each year; 95% CI:
1.03–1.06), GC use (OR 1.54; 95% CI: 1.03–2.31), falls
(OR 2.09; 95% CI: 1.60–2.73), and FN T-score (OR 0.62 per each
unit; 95% CI: 0.54–0.71). In conclusion, in patients treated
with GCs the fracture risk, probability, and prevalence were increased. This
effect was evident regardless of whether GC therapy is included in the algorithm
as a risk factor (FRAX, POL-RISK) or not taken into consideration (Garvan
nomogram).
Stereoselective Michael Additions of Arylacetic Acid Derivatives by Asymmetric Organocatalysis
Authors: Kim Byungjun , Kim Yongjae , Lee Sarah Yunmi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBecause of the versatility of chiral 1,5-dicarbonyl structural motifs, the development of stereoselective Michael additions of arylacetic acid derivatives to electron-deficient alkenes is an important challenge. Over recent decades, an array of enantio- and diastereoselective methods of this type have been developed through the use of chiral organocatalysts. In this article, three distinct strategies in this research area are highlighted. Catalytic generation of either a chiral iminium electrophile (iminium catalysis) or a chiral enolate nucleophile (Lewis­ base catalysis) has allowed the efficient construction of stereogenic C–C bonds. We also introduce a synergistic catalytic approach involving the merger of these two catalytic cycles that provides selective access to all four stereoisomers of products with vicinal stereocenters.1	Introduction2	Iminium Catalysis3	Lewis Base Catalysis4	Synergistic Organocatalysis5	Summary
Facilitators and Barriers to Implementing a Digital Informed Decision Making Tool in Primary Care: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Puccinelli-Ortega Nicole , Cromo Mark , Foley Kristie L. , Dignan Mark B. , Dharod Ajay , Snavely Anna C. , Miller David P. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background Informed decision aids provide information in the context of the patient's values and improve informed decision making (IDM). To overcome barriers that interfere with IDM, our team developed an innovative iPad-based application (aka “app”) to help patients make informed decisions about colorectal cancer screening. The app assesses patients' eligibility for screening, educates them about their options, and empowers them to request a test via the interactive decision aid.
Objective The aim of the study is to explore how informed decision aids can be implemented successfully in primary care clinics, including the facilitators and barriers to implementation; strategies for minimizing barriers; adequacy of draft training materials; and any additional support or training desired by clinics.
Design This work deals with a multicenter qualitative study in rural and urban settings.
Participants A total of 48 individuals participated including primary care practice managers, clinicians, nurses, and front desk staff.
Approach Focus groups and semi-structured interviews, with data analysis were guided by thematic analysis.
Key Results Salient emergent themes were time, workflow, patient age, literacy, and electronic health record (EHR) integration. Saving time was important to most participants. Patient flow was a concern for all clinic staff, and they expressed that any slowdown due to patients using the iPad module or perceived additional work to clinic staff would make staff less motivated to use the program. Participants voiced concern about older patients being unwilling or unable to utilize the iPad and patients with low literacy ability being able to read or comprehend the information.
Conclusion Integrating new IDM apps into the current clinic workflow with minimal disruptions would increase the probability of long-term adoption and ultimate sustainability.
NIH trial registry number R01CA218416-A1.
Imaging of Dentate Nucleus Pathologies: A Case Series
Authors: M.K Usha Chowdary , S.V Naveen Prasad , Gudla Satish , Bhuma Vengamma 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The dentate nucleus is the largest cerebellar nucleus, and it controls cognition and voluntary movement. It is found in each cerebellar hemisphere medially and posterolateral to the lateral ventricle. Pathologies of the dentate nucleus can be detected using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Here, we present a case series of seven different dentate nucleus diseases and their neuroimaging findings recovered from archives of our institution.