bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The trade openness–gender wage differential nexus: Household‐level evidence from Ghana
Authors: Orkoh Emmanuel , Blaauw Derick , Claassen Carike 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe literature on trade openness–gender wage differential nexus in developing countries has revealed heterogeneous findings that reflect the opposing theoretical perspectives and the need for more country‐specific analyses that will allow for proper policy targeting and implementation. This paper contributes to the growing literature on this issue from a Ghanaian perspective using disaggregated household data. The Oaxaca decomposition estimates show a wage gap of approximately 21% and evidence of the endogenous growth theory that trade openness widens the gender wage gap particularly among urban and low‐skilled workers. The Ministry of Trade and Industry must collaborate with the Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations to review the existing labor and investment policies to improve the wages and other working conditions of women engaged in trade‐oriented economic activities, including the nontraditional export that has experienced higher integration into global trade in recent years.
Computational fluid dynamics simulation of hemodynamic changes in a hemodialysis patient with central venous stenosis treated with stent
Authors: Chen Bin , Dai Haitao , Yang Jianyong , Tang Keyu , Zhang Guiyuan , Xiang Xianhong , Lin Run , Huang Yonghui 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundIt has not been demonstrated that computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to model central venous stenosis (CVS), nor that hemodynamic changes in CVS treated with stent placement can be anticipated. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the hemodynamic performance of CVS patients treated with stent placement.MethodsPatient‐specific geometric models were constructed using computed tomography images of veins from hemodialysis patients treated with stent placement. CFD simulation based on geometry was performed using ANSYS‐15 to compare pressure quantitatively, wall shear stress (WSS), and flow velocity in the brachial vein before and after stent placement.ResultsFollowing a covered stent placement, the swelling of the left upper extremity was relieved. Prior to stent implantation, the maximum and mean brachial vein wall pressures were 465.2 Pa and 224.609 Pa, respectively. It was determined that the maximum WSS value was 8.449 Pa and that the mean WSS value was 0.743 Pa. The maximum and mean flow velocities were 1.16 and 0.173 m/s, respectively. After stent placement, the maximum wall pressure, maximum WSS, and maximum flow velocity dropped by 59.4%, 71.2%, and 57.8%, respectively. The mean wall pressure, mean WSS, and mean flow rate decreased by 43.5%, 52.7%, and 17.6%, respectively.ConclusionHemodynamics of CVS in hemodialysis patients exhibited turbulent, imbalances and disorders, which can be improved by stent placement.
Use of a novel Indentometer to evaluate skin induration in localized scleroderma and psoriasis vulgaris
Authors: Ivanova Zlatina , Aleksiev Teodor , Dobrev Hristo , Atanasov Nikolay 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroductionDiseased skin in localized scleroderma (LS) and plaque psoriasis (PPs) is characterized by induration that can be evaluated by non‐invasive bioengineering methods. In this study, we applied a new measurement device based on indentometry to determine the changes of skin mechanical properties in patients with LS and PPs.Material and methodsA total of 30 sclerodermatous plaques in 12 patients with LS and 46 psoriatic plaques in 19 patients with PPs were measured with Indentometer IDM 800 (Courage + Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). The device measures the penetration depth of the probe indenter (pin) into the skin in mm. We used two probes with pin diameters 3 and 5 mm, respectively. The stiffer the skin, the less deep is the displacement by the indenter. The smaller the diameter, the deeper the pin will go into the skin when using the same force. The measurements were made on diseased skin and in adjacent normal skin served as control. In addition, the psoriatic plaques were measured before and after treatment.ResultsThe sclerodermatous skin and the psoriatic skin showed lower Indentometer values compared to adjacent normal skin as measured with both probes. This suggests that diseased skin is stiffer than healthy skin. The values of psoriatic plaques increased after treatment applied that correlates with the clinical improvement. The Indentometric readings significantly negatively correlated with clinical scores of skin induration. There was a significant correlation between the measurements with probe 3 mm and probe 5 mm.ConclusionThe non‐invasive method used is appropriate for objective and quantitative determination of the degree of skin induration in LS and PPs as well as for assessment of the disease evaluation and treatment efficacy.
Mild to moderate atopic dermatitis severity can be reliably assessed using smartphone‐photographs taken by the patient at home: A validation study
Authors: Ali Zarqa , Chiriac Andrei , Bjerre‐Christensen Theis , Isberg Ari Pall , Dahiya Priyanka , Manole Ionela , Dutei Ana‐Maria , Deaconescu Irina , Serban Adina , Suru Alina , Agner Tove , Kamstrup Maria Rørbæk , Togsverd‐Bo Katrine , Zibert John Robert , Thomsen Simon Francis , Andersen Anders Daniel 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe use of photographs to diagnose and monitor skin diseases is gaining ground.ObjectivesTo investigate the validity and reliability of photographic assessments of atopic dermatitis (AD) severity.MethodsAD severity was evaluated in the clinic by two assessors using the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), SCOring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD), and Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA). Participants photographed the lesions with their own smartphone and completed a questionnaire about the extent of eczema the same day from home. The photographs were assessed twice with an 8 weeks interval by five dermatologists experienced in photographic evaluations. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied.ResultsSeventy‐nine participants were enrolled. The ICC between clinical EASI and photographic EASI was 0.88 (95% CI 0.81–0.93), and 0.86 (0.70–0.93) between clinical SCORAD and photographic SCORAD.Perfect agreement between clinical IGA and photograph IGA was observed for 62%, with the difference between the two never deviating with more than 1 score.The inter‐rater ICC for photographic EASI and photographic SCORAD, respectively, was 0.90 (0.85–0.94), and 0.96 (0.91–0.98). The intra‐rater agreements between the first and second assessments varied from 0.95 to 0.98 for photographic EASI, and from 0.86 to 0.94 for photographic SCORAD.ConclusionThere was high agreement between mild to moderate AD severity assessed clinically and based on smartphone photographs. Further, the photographic assessments can be reproduced with high reliability.
Root system architecture in cereals: progress, challenges and perspective
Authors: Maqbool Saman , Hassan Muhammad Adeel , Xia Xianchun , York Larry M. , Rasheed Awais , He Zhonghu 
Published: January 2022

SUMMARYRoots are essential multifunctional plant organs involved in water and nutrient uptake, metabolite storage, anchorage, mechanical support, and interaction with the soil environment. Understanding of this ‘hidden half’ provides potential for manipulation of root system architecture (RSA) traits to optimize resource use efficiency and grain yield in cereal crops. Unfortunately, root traits are highly neglected in breeding due to the challenges of phenotyping, but could have large rewards if the variability in RSA traits can be fully exploited. Until now, a plethora of genes have been characterized in detail for their potential role in improving RSA. The use of forward genetics approaches to find sequence variations in genes underpinning desirable RSA would be highly beneficial. Advances in computer vision applications have allowed image‐based approaches for high‐throughput phenotyping of RSA traits that can be used by any laboratory worldwide to make progress in understanding root function and dissection of the genetics. At the same time, the frontiers of root measurement include non‐invasive methods like X‐ray computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging that facilitate new types of temporal studies. Root physiology and ecology are further supported by spatiotemporal root simulation modeling. The discovery of component traits providing improved resilience and yield advantage in target environments is a key necessity for mainstreaming root‐based cereal breeding. The integrated use of pan‐genome resources, now available in most cereals, coupled with new in‐field phenotyping platforms has the potential for precise selection of superior genotypes with improved RSA.
Estimating the risks of prehospital transfusion of D‐positive whole blood to trauma patients who are bleeding in England
Authors: Cardigan Rebecca , Latham Tom , Weaver Anne , Yazer Mark , Green Laura 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesD‐negative red cells are transfused to D‐negative females of childbearing potential (CBP) to prevent haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN). Transfusion of low‐titre group O whole blood (LTOWB) prehospital is gaining interest, to potentially improve clinical outcomes and for logistical benefits compared to standard of care. Enhanced donor selection requirements and reduced shelf‐life of LTOWB compared to red cells makes the provision of this product challenging.Materials and MethodsA universal policy change to the use of D‐positive LTOWB across England was modelled in terms of risk of three specific harms occurring: risk of haemolytic transfusion reaction now or in the future, and the risk of HDFN in future pregnancies for all recipients or D‐negative females of CBP.ResultsThe risk of any of the three harms occurring for all recipients was 1:14 × 103 transfusions (credibility interval [CI] 56 × 102–42 × 103) while for females of CBP it was 1:520 transfusions (CI 250–1700). The latter was dominated by HDFN risk, which would be expected to occur once every 5.7 years (CI 2.6–22.5). We estimated that a survival benefit of ≥1% using LTOWB would result in more life‐years gained than lost if D‐positive units were transfused exclusively. These risks would be lower, if D‐positive blood were only transfused when D‐negative units are unavailable.ConclusionThese data suggest that the risk of transfusing RhD‐positive blood is low in the prehospital setting and must be balanced against its potential benefits.
Women's trajectories of postpartum depression and social support: A repeated‐measures study with implications for evidence‐based practice
Authors: Lee Li‐Chun , Hung Chich‐Hsiu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundPostpartum depression is one of the most common psychological disorders of women after childbirth. Despite the importance of social support as an influencing factor, there have been few studies on the trends and characteristics of social support as it relates to postpartum depression.AimsTo explore the trends in postpartum depression and social support, to cross‐analyze the correlation between the postpartum depression trajectory and the social support trajectory, and to investigate predictors of changes in postpartum depression trajectories.MethodsA prospective repeated‐measure study and convenience sampling were used to recruit 230 women at 1, 3, and 6 months after childbirth. Structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Trajectory analysis was used to explore the trajectories of postpartum depression and social support during the 6 months after childbirth, and polynomial logistic regression was used to explore predictors of the trajectory of postpartum depression.ResultsPostpartum depression was at its most serious in the third month after childbirth, showing patterns of low‐risk, moderate‐risk, and high‐risk trajectories. Social support also showed low, moderate, and high patterns, and the trajectory of postpartum depression was significantly related to the trajectory of social support. The predictors of moderate‐risk and high‐risk postpartum depression were also found in this study.Linking Evidence to ActionPostpartum mental health education and online learning systems should be used to increase social support for women after childbirth and reduce the incidence of postpartum depression.
Analytical Solution of Heat Exchange in Typical Electrocaloric Devices
Authors: Najmi Farrukh , Shen Wenxian , Cheng Z.-Y. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTo date, most of electrocaloric devices reported can be simplified as a multilayer structure in which thermal source and sink are different materials at two ends. The thermal conduction in the multilayer structure is the key for the performance of the devices. In this paper, the analytical solutions for the thermal conduction in a multilayer structure with four layers are introduced. The middle two layers are electrocaloric materials. The analytical solutions are also simplified for a hot/cold plate with two sides being different media—a typical case for thermal treatment of materials. The analytical solutions include series with infinite terms. It is proved that these series are convergent so the sum of a series can be calculated using the first N terms. The equation for calculating the N is introduced. Based on the case study, it is found that the N is usually a small number, mostly less than 40 and rarely more than 100. The issues related to the application of the analytical solutions for the simulation of real electrocaloric devices are discussed, which includes the usage of multilayer ceramic capacitor, influence of electrodes, and characterization of thin film.
Development of Methods of Asymptotic Analysis of Transition Layers in Reaction–Diffusion–Advection Equations: Theory and Applications
Authors: Nefedov N. N. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This work presents a review and analysis of modern asymptotic methods for analysis of singularly perturbed problems with interior and boundary layers. The central part of the work is a review of the work of the author and his colleagues and disciples. It highlights boundary and initial-boundary value problems for nonlinear elliptic and parabolic partial differential equations, as well as periodic parabolic problems, which are widely used in applications and are called reaction–diffusion and reaction–diffusion–advection equations. These problems can be interpreted as models in chemical kinetics, synergetics, astrophysics, biology, and other fields. The solutions of these problems often have both narrow boundary regions of rapid change and inner layers of various types (contrasting structures, moving interior layers: fronts), which leads to the need to develop new asymptotic methods in order to study them both formally and rigorously. A general scheme for a rigorous study of contrast structures in singularly perturbed problems for partial differential equations, based on the use of the asymptotic method of differential inequalities, is presented and illustrated on relevant problems. The main achievements of this line of studies of partial differential equations are reflected, and the key directions of its development are indicated.
Cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer: dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Han Minghui , Qie Ranran , Shi Xuezhong , Yang Yongli , Lu Jie , Hu Fulan , Zhang Ming , Zhang Zhenzhong , Hu Dongsheng , Zhao Yang 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveCurrent evidence of the associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mortality is limited. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the dose–response association of CRF with mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer in healthy population.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched up to 26 December 2019 for reports of cohort studies giving risk estimates for all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality by level of CRF. Cohort studies were included if CRF was assessed by an exercise stress test and reported as at least three levels or per incremental increase, and the association of CRF with all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality was evaluated. Generalised least-squares regression models were used to assess the quantitative relation of CRF with all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality.Results34 cohort studies were eligible for the meta-analysis. The pooled relative risks (RRs) for all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality per one-metabolic equivalent increase in CRF were 0.88 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.93), 0.87 (95% CI0.83 to 0.91) and 0.93 (95% CI 0.91 to 0.96), respectively. As compared with lowest CRF, with intermediate CRF, the summary RRs for all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality were 0.67 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.74), 0.60 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.69) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.84), respectively, and with highest CRF were 0.47 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.56), 0.49 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.56) and 0.57 (95% CI 0.46 to 0.70), respectively.ConclusionOur analysis showed inverse dose–response associations of CRF with all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality, which provides evidence for public health recommendations for preventing all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020208883.
Identification of child mental health problems by combining electronic health record information from different primary healthcare professionals: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Koning Nynke R , Büchner Frederike L , Leeuwenburgh Nathalie A , Paijmans Irma JM , van Dijk-van Dijk DJ Annemarie , Vermeiren Robert RJM , Numans Mattijs E , Crone Mathilde 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesTo investigate the potential value of combining information from electronic health records from Dutch general practitioners (GPs) and preventive youth healthcare professionals (PYHPs) in predicting child mental health problems (MHPs).DesignPopulation-based retrospective cohort study.SettingGeneral practice, children who were registered with 76 general practice centres from the Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC) primary care academic network Extramural LUMC Academic Network in the Leiden area, the Netherlands. For the included children we obtained data regarding a child’s healthy development from preventive youth healthcare.Participants48 256 children aged 0–19 years old who were registered with participating GPs between 2007 and 2017 and who also had data available from PYHPs from the period 2010–2015. Children with MHPs before 2007 were excluded (n=3415).Primary outcomeFirst MHPs based on GP data.ResultsIn 51% of the children who had MHPs according to GPs, PYPHs also had concerns for MHPs. In 31% of the children who had no MHPs according to GPs, PYHPs had recorded concerns for MHPs. Combining their information did not result in better performing prediction models than the models based on GP data alone (c-statistics ranging from 0.62 to 0.64). Important determinants of identification of MHPs by PYHPs 1 year later were concerns from PHYPs about MHPs, borderline or increased problem scores on mental health screening tools, life events, family history of MHPs and an extra visit to preventive youth healthcare.ConclusionsAlthough the use of combined information from PYHPs and GPs did not improve prediction of MHPs compared with the use of GP data alone, this study showed the feasibility of analysing a combined dataset from different healthcare providers what has the potential to inform future studies aimed at improving child MHP identification.
Statistical methods for non-adherence in non-inferiority trials: useful and used? A systematic review
Authors: Dodd Matthew , Fielding Katherine , Carpenter James R , Thompson Jennifer A , Elbourne Diana 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundIn non-inferiority trials with non-adherence to interventions (or non-compliance), intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses are often performed; however, non-random non-adherence generally biases these estimates of efficacy.ObjectiveTo identify statistical methods that adjust for the impact of non-adherence and thus estimate the causal effects of experimental interventions in non-inferiority trials.DesignA systematic review was conducted by searching the Ovid MEDLINE database (31 December 2020) to identify (1) randomised trials with a primary analysis for non-inferiority that applied (or planned to apply) statistical methods to account for the impact of non-adherence to interventions, and (2) methodology papers that described such statistical methods and included a non-inferiority trial application.OutcomesThe statistical methods identified, their impacts on non-inferiority conclusions, and their advantages/disadvantages.ResultsA total of 24 papers were included (4 protocols, 13 results papers and 7 methodology papers) reporting relevant methods on 26 occasions. The most common were instrumental variable approaches (n=9), including observed adherence as a covariate within a regression model (n=3), and modelling adherence as a time-varying covariate in a time-to-event analysis (n=3). Other methods included rank preserving structural failure time models and inverse-probability-of-treatment weighting. The methods identified in protocols and results papers were more commonly specified as sensitivity analyses (n=13) than primary analyses (n=3). Twelve results papers included an alternative analysis of the same outcome; conclusions regarding non-inferiority were in agreement on six occasions and could not be compared on six occasions (different measures of effect or results not provided in full).ConclusionsAvailable statistical methods which attempt to account for the impact of non-adherence to interventions were used infrequently. Therefore, firm inferences about their influence on non-inferiority conclusions could not be drawn. Since intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses do not guarantee unbiased conclusions regarding non-inferiority, the methods identified should be considered for use in sensitivity analyses.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020177458.