bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an all-in-one hybrid model (EUS Magic Box) for stepwise teaching and training in multiple interventional EUS procedures
Authors: Dhir Vinay , Udawat Priyanka , Shah Rahul , Alahari Aruna 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background and study aims While multiple interventional endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided procedures have evolved over the past two decades, there is no model that allows for training in all of these procedures. We aimed to develop and validate an all-in-one hybrid model for stepwise learning in multiple EUS interventions.
Methods A hybrid model was created utilizing a pig esophagus and stomach, a silicon-based duodenum and pancreato-biliary system, a pseudocyst, and biopsy targets. This model was designed to provide hands-on training in multiple interventional EUS procedures, such as EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB), biliary drainage (BD), pancreatic duct drainage (PD), pseudocyst drainage (PSD), and gastro-enterostomy (GE). Thirty-six trainees underwent training on this model over 6 days, in two batches. Lumen apposing metal stents were used for PSD and GE. Trainees were assessed for objective criteria of technical difficulties. Subjective assessment by trainees was done via a questionnaire.
Results All the trainees were able to complete the requisite steps for all the procedures under supervision. On subjective assessment, 30 trainees (83 %) graded the model as good or excellent. A total of 107 technical difficulties were noted (scope position 55, duct puncture 27, guidewire-related problems 25). Time taken to complete the requisite steps of biopsy, PSD, and GE (10.5 minutes; range 3.5 to 22) was significantly less than that for BD and PD (28 minutes; range 17 to 40) (P < 0.001).
Conclusions The hybrid model provided training for multiple EUS interventions with good acceptance by trainees. Stepwise mentoring with the possibility of performing multiple procedures in a single model with or without X-ray could prove useful in conference as well as institutional settings.
Factors contributing to changes in viscosity and flow rate of a dedicated gel for gel immersion endoscopy
Authors: Hiraki Yuji , Ohata Atsushi , Yano Tomonori , Miura Yoshimasa , Lefor Alan Kawarai , Yamamoto Hironori 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background and study aims Gel immersion endoscopy is a novel technique for securing the visual field during endoscopy. Clinical application of a dedicated gel for this technique with an appropriate viscosity to prevent mixing with blood and its efficacy was reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in gel viscosity and flow rate under different conditions.
Methods The viscosity of the gel after injection and flow rate were measured under various conditions changing the injection route and method. Gel viscosity was measured at 25, 10, and 4 °C.
Results A decrease in gel viscosity was found when the gel was injected via the water jet channel compared to the accessory channel. The flow rate and decrease in viscosity of the gel injected via the water jet channel were 220 mL/min and 63.2 %, while when injected via the accessory channel with a clip device inserted were 560 mL/min and 35.8 %. When the gel was kept at a low temperature, the viscosity increased.
Conclusions Gel injection via the accessory channel should be the first choice for efficient use considering the viscosity and flow rate.
Tuning the resonance frequency of piezoelectric energy harvesters by applying direct current electric field on piezoelectric elements
Authors: Duan Guan , Li Yingwei , Tan Chi 
Published: May 2022

Different from previous strategies utilized to improve the energy conservation efficiency of piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) from the environment, by broadening the frequency-bandwidth of energy harvesters using a specifically designed structure or tuning their resonance frequency (RF) through changing the geometrical/dynamical constraints, we report a method—by applying a direct current (DC) electric field on piezoelectric elements—to tune the RF of PEH based on the phenomenon that the elastic parameters of piezoelectric material are related to its electric field boundary condition. The results of a confirmatory experiment revealed that with a pre-loading DC electric field of −0.5 to 0.75 kV/mm, the RF of a piezoelectric cantilever energy harvester can be tuned from 144 to 156 Hz. The effectiveness of this strategy was further verified by comparing the energy conservation output of the PEH at a frequency that deviates from its RF, and at the same frequency, with pre-loading DC electric field adjustment.
High-pressure polycrystalline thin-film synthesis and semiconducting property of platinum pernitride
Authors: Niwa Ken , Iizuka Tomoki , Kurosawa Masashi , Nakamura Yuto , Okadome Valencia Hubert , Kishida Hideo , Nakatsuka Osamu , Sasaki Takuya , Gaida Nico Alexander , Hasegawa Masashi 
Published: May 2022

A polycrystalline platinum pernitride (PtN2) thin-film was successfully synthesized via nitridation of a platinum thin-film deposited on α-Al2O3 substrate at the pressure of ∼50 GPa by using the laser-heated diamond anvil cell. The current–voltage characteristic and optical reflectance of the synthesized PtN2 thin-film were measured under ambient conditions. Combined with first-principles calculations, these experimental results have revealed that PtN2 exhibits semiconducting property with a bandgap of ∼2 eV. This high-pressure thin-film synthesis technique could also be applied for revealing the physical properties of other novel pernitrides synthesized under ultra-high pressure, which can offer new insights into the physical properties and functionality of the pernitrides and related nitrides.
Enhanced hole injection and transport property of thermally deposited copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) for organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Hwang Hui Ung , Yoon Jiyoung , Lee Youn-Seoung , Lee Jangwon , Lee Jonghee , Lim Kyung-Geun , Kim Jeong Won 
Published: May 2022

Due to its high conductivity, broad bandgap, and low manufacturing cost, copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) thin film has been considered a good hole injection layer (HIL)/transport layer in many opto/electronic devices. However, the CuSCN thin films made by the conventional wet process have limitations in terms of interfacial deterioration due to solvent incorporation and charge trap formation due to impurities. We produce a CuSCN film for HIL in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices using vacuum deposition and compare it to a solution-processed film. In comparison to the control device, the CuSCN HIL insertion lowers the driving voltage of fabricated OLEDs by 1.0–1.5 V. The low-voltage operation corresponds to better hole transport in hole-only devices. The vacuum-deposited CuSCN, in particular, has an impurity-free composition and a high density of band-tail states, according to chemical and electronic structural studies. Because of their outstanding quality, vacuum-deposited CuSCN films show clear advantages over solution-based films in device performance and manufacture.
Hinge point emergence in mammalian spinal neurulation
Authors: de Goederen Veerle , Vetter Roman , McDole Katie , Iber Dagmar 
Published: May 2022

Significance
Spinal neural tube folding shows a transition from medial to dorsolateral neural plate bending sites (hinge points) along the embryo’s body axis. While hinge points are considered an important driving force in neural tube closure, their biomechanical origin is poorly understood. Here we use a computational model based on mouse and human embryo imaging data to show that the median hinge point emerges in simulations combining mesoderm expansion, nonneural ectoderm expansion, and neural plate adhesion to the notochord. Furthermore, dorsolateral hinge points emerge through a medial pulling force exerted by dorsal nonneural ectoderm (zippering). This indicates that spinal neural tube folding could be primarily driven by mesoderm expansion and zippering, with hinge points passively emerging in response to extrinsic forces.
Crescent-shaped shadow of second harmonic generation in dielectric microsphere/TMD monolayer heterostructure
Authors: Xia Chuansheng , Cui Qiannan , Ding Haibo , Chen Jinping , Wang Ru , Zhang Lu , Yang Ying , Wang Xiaoxuan , Xu Wenxiong , Shi Zengliang , Li Yuanyuan , Zhu Gangyi , Xu Chunxiang 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
For heterointerfaces at micro/nano scales, extremely-space-confined second harmonic generation (SHG) of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers can facilitate the extraction of TMD monolayers’ 3D dielectric environment. Here, we construct SiO2 microsphere/MoS2 monolayer (3D/2D) heterostructures and spatially resolve their SHG distributions via pixel-to-pixel spatial mapping. Asymmetric 3D refractive index distribution of the microsphere is successfully projected to 2D plane of TMD monolayer and visualized by corresponding 2D image of SHG intensity distribution, which presents a crescent-shaped shadow. Out results open up new possibilities for 3D interfacial sensing and imaging with SHG of 2D monolayers.
Study of oxygen plasma treatment on solution-processed SnO
x
thin-film transistors
Authors: Ren Yajie , Zhang Danna , Ding Yanan , Liu Guoxia , Shan Fukai 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this study, the effect of oxygen plasma treatment (OPT) on the electrical performance of the SnO
x
thin film transistors (TFTs) were investigated. The SnO
x
thin films were fabricated by solution process and integrated into the TFTs as channels. According to the x-ray photoelectric spectroscopy analysis, the oxygen vacancies in the SnO
x
thin films are significantly reduced after OPT. The electrical performances of the SnO
x
TFTs treated with various plasma power and treatment time were systematically studied. Compared with untreated SnO
x
TFT, the one with OPT of 40 W for 90 s exhibits optimum electrical performance, including the variation of the current on/off ratio (I
on/I
off) from ∼103 to 107 and threshold voltage (V
TH) from −10.78 to 3.97 V. Meanwhile, the operation mode of the SnO
x
TFTs is changed from depletion mode to enhancement mode. When the SnO
x
TFT is integrated with high-k Al2O3 dielectric, the TFT exhibits better electrical performance, including the V
TH of 0.14 V, an I
on/I
off of 107, a field-effect mobility (µ
FE) of 5.57 cm2 V−1 s−1, and a subthreshold swing of 570 mV dec−1. These results prove that the OPT process for SnO
x
TFTs is a facile and efficient method in the flat panel display industries.
The 2022 solar fuels roadmap
Authors: Segev Gideon , Kibsgaard Jakob , Hahn Christopher , Xu Zhichuan J , Cheng Wen-Hui (Sophia) , Deutsch Todd G , Xiang Chengxiang , Zhang Jenny Z , Hammarström Leif , Nocera Daniel G , Weber Adam Z , Agbo Peter , Hisatomi Takashi , Osterloh Frank E , Domen Kazunari , Abdi Fatwa F , Haussener Sophia , Miller Daniel J , Ardo Shane , McIntyre Paul C , Hannappel Thomas , Hu Shu , Atwater Harry , Gregoire John M , Ertem Mehmed Z , Sharp Ian D , Choi Kyoung-Shin , Lee Jae Sung , Ishitani Osamu , Ager Joel W , Prabhakar Rajiv Ramanujam , Bell Alexis T , Boettcher Shannon W , Vincent Kylie , Takanabe Kazuhiro , Artero Vincent , Napier Ryan , Cuenya Beatriz Roldan , Koper Marc T M , Van De Krol Roel , Houle Frances 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Renewable fuel generation is essential for a low carbon footprint economy. Thus, over the last five decades, a significant effort has been dedicated towards increasing the performance of solar fuels generating devices. Specifically, the solar to hydrogen efficiency of photoelectrochemical cells has progressed steadily towards its fundamental limit, and the faradaic efficiency towards valuable products in CO2 reduction systems has increased dramatically. However, there are still numerous scientific and engineering challenges that must be overcame in order to turn solar fuels into a viable technology. At the electrode and device level, the conversion efficiency, stability and products selectivity must be increased significantly. Meanwhile, these performance metrics must be maintained when scaling up devices and systems while maintaining an acceptable cost and carbon footprint. This roadmap surveys different aspects of this endeavor: system benchmarking, device scaling, various approaches for photoelectrodes design, materials discovery, and catalysis. Each of the sections in the roadmap focuses on a single topic, discussing the state of the art, the key challenges and advancements required to meet them. The roadmap can be used as a guide for researchers and funding agencies highlighting the most pressing needs of the field.
Large-area large-grain CsPbCl3 perovskite films by confined re-growth for violet photodetectors
Authors: Guo Tong , Zhao Shiqi , Chu Zihao , Ma Jingli , Xu Wanjin , Li Yanping , Shi Zhifeng , Ran Guangzhao 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
CsPbCl3 perovskite is an attractive semiconductor material with characteristics such as a wide bandgap, high chemical stability, and excellent optoelectronic properties, which broaden its application prospects for ultraviolet (UV) and violet photodetectors (PDs). However, large-area CsPbCl3 films with high coverage, large grains, and controllable thickness are still difficult to prepare by using the solution method due to the extremely low solubility of their precursors in conventional solvents. Herein, a water-assisted confined re-growth method is developed, and a CsPbCl3 microcrystalline film with an area of 3 cm × 3 cm is grown, the thickness of which is controllable within a range of several microns. The as-prepared thin film exhibits a flat and smooth surface, large grains, and enhanced photoluminescence. Furthermore, the fabricated violet PDs based on the prepared CsPbCl3 film show a high responsivity of 2.17 A W−1, external quantum efficiency of 664%, on/off ratio of 2.58 × 103, and good stability. This study provides a prospective solution for the growth of large-area, large-grain, and surface-smooth CsPbCl3 films for high-performance UV and violet PDs.
Reflections on beam configuration optimization for intensity-modulated proton therapy
Authors: Cao Wenhua , Rocha Humberto , Mohan Radhe , Lim Gino , Goudarzi Hadis M , Ferreira Brígida C , Dias Joana M 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Presumably, intensity-modulated proton radiotherapy (IMPT) is the most powerful form of proton radiotherapy. In the current state of the art, IMPT beam configurations (i.e. the number of beams and their directions) are, in general, chosen subjectively based on prior experience and practicality. Beam configuration optimization (BCO) for IMPT could, in theory, significantly enhance IMPT’s therapeutic potential. However, BCO is complex and highly computer resource-intensive. Some algorithms for BCO have been developed for intensity-modulated photon therapy (IMRT). They are rarely used clinically mainly because the large number of beams typically employed in IMRT renders BCO essentially unnecessary. Moreover, in the newer form of IMRT, volumetric modulated arc therapy, there are no individual static beams. BCO is of greater importance for IMPT because it typically employs a very small number of beams (2-4) and, when the number of beams is small, BCO is critical for improving plan quality. However, the unique properties and requirements of protons, particularly in IMPT, make BCO challenging. Protons are more sensitive than photons to anatomic changes, exhibit variable relative biological effectiveness along their paths, and, as recently discovered, may spare the immune system. Such factors must be considered in IMPT BCO, though doing so would make BCO more resource intensive and make it more challenging to extend BCO algorithms developed for IMRT to IMPT. A limited amount of research in IMPT BCO has been conducted; however, considerable additional work is needed for its further development to make it truly effective and computationally practical. This article aims to provide a review of existing BCO algorithms, most of which were developed for IMRT, and addresses important requirements specific to BCO for IMPT optimization that necessitate the modification of existing approaches or the development of new effective and efficient ones.
Ohmic contact morphology improvement with reduced resistance using Si/Au/Ti/Al/Ni/Au (AlGaN) and Si/Au/Ti/Al/Ni/Au (InAlN) stack layers in III-Nitride HEMTs
Authors: Visvkarma Ajay Kumar , Laishram Robert , Kapoor Sonalee , Rawal D S , Vinayak Seema , Saxena Manoj 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article reports a Ti/Al-based ohmic contact utilizing a thin interfacial Au layer for improved morphology, edge acuity and low contact resistance for applications to III-Nitride high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). Conventional Ti/Al contacts are based on a metal stack of the form Ti/Al/X/Au, where X is any suitable barrier layer such as Ni. The formation of ohmic contact in GaN and its alloy systems is governed by the formation of TiN during annealing; Au inter-diffusion during annealing also assists the formation of TiN islands and aids in reducing the contact resistance. Furthermore, inter-metallic phase formation between Ti and Al lowers the contact resistance. It is observed that the contact surface morphology strongly depends on the top Au layer thickness. Insertion of a very thin Au layer (2–3 nm) has drastically improved the surface quality with the achievement of contact resistance as low as 0.36 Ω mm and a specific contact resistance of 2.4 × 10−6 Ω cm2 on AlGaN/GaN HEMT. The reduction in contact resistance is due to the formation of more conducting intermetallic phases during annealing, which is assisted due to the thin Au layer insertion. Further reduction in the contact resistance to 0.13 Ω mm was also achieved with the introduction of Si as a dopant layer in the reported metal scheme. The measured rms surface roughness was reduced to ∼8 nm from 0.12 µm in comparison to the conventional ohmic contact.
Topological phase transitions and Weyl semimetal phases in chiral photonic metamaterials
Authors: Han Ning , Liu Jianlong , Gao Yang , Zhou Keya , Liu Shutian 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Recently, topologically nontrivial phases in chiral metamaterials have been proposed. However, a comprehensive description of topological phase diagrams and transitions in chiral metamaterials has not been presented. In this work, we demonstrate several forms of topological phase transitions and study the existence of edge states in different phases. In the local/lossless chiral media system, the topological phase transitions are associated with Weyl points. Along with the transitions, the edge state and Fermi arc exhibit a series of changes. When the nonlocal effect is introduced, the system shows phase transition between type-I/II Weyl semimetal phase and trivial phase. Moreover, the dissipative system also undergoes topological phase transitions owing to the annihilation of the topological charges. Our work could be helpful for the application of topological concepts and rich the topological wave physics in metamaterials.
Energy loss correction on multiple Coulomb scattering of muons simulated by Geant4
Authors: Zhang Chao , Cao Xingzhong , Li Chong , Zhai Jiajia , Kuang Peng , Jin Shuoxue , Wang Baoyi , Wei Long 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The scattering angle distribution of muons passing through an object is crucial reference data for the application of the accelerator muon scattering imaging. In this study, the scattering angle distribution of muons in the accelerator energy region was simulated using the Monte Carlo toolkit Geant4 and calculated using the Molière’s theory. The results show that a significant deviation occurs when Molière’s theory is used to calculate the scattering angle distribution of muons in the accelerator energy region. We demonstrated that the deviation is due to the energy loss. Therefore, an energy loss correction was introduced on Molière’s theory, after which the calculated results are in good agreement with the Geant4 simulation. Furthermore, the relative error caused by using Moliere’s theory with different energy losses was calculated for muons of different energies, which can help clarify the importance of energy loss for accelerator muon scattering imaging.
Structural, electronic and optical DFT investigation of ruthenium doped anatase TiO2 for photocatalytic applications
Authors: Hedhili Fekhra , Gandouzi Mohamed , Al-Shomar Shereen M , Mahmood Q , Chebaane Saleh , Alimi Fathi , Meftah Abdelaziz 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Structural, electronic and optical properties of Ru doped anatase TiO2 have been carried out by density functional theory (DFT) calculation method in order to investigate the effect of ruthenium doping fraction and explore new properties of the material. The doped TiO2 exhibits good tetragonal structural stability. Beside the pure TiO2, we have studied the properties of the compositions RuTi15O32 and RuTi7O16. We have noticed that TiO2 semiconductor with a calculated band gap of 3.09 eV, when doped to RuTi15O32, exhibits a remarkable decrease of the bandgap width resulting from spin-up and spin-down states. Moreover, when increasing the Ru fraction no bandgap has been observed. In fact, the RuTi7O16 material has shown a metallic behavior. In addition, the dielectric function and the absorption coefficient have been discussed for the different doped systems.
The results obtained herein suggest that the incorporation of ruthenium in TiO2 crystal structure may form new materials with novel properties suitable for possible use in prospective technologies such as photocatalytic applications, as well as in spintronic and optoelectronic devices.
Design, production, burn-in and tests of the hybrid circuits of the Upstream Tracker at the LHCb detector
Authors: Citterio M. , Conti N. , De Benedetti F. , Gandini P. , Merli A. , Neri N. , Petruzzo M. , Spadaro Norella E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We present a description of the design process, prototyping and production of the hybrid circuits for the front-end electronics of the Upstream Tracker at LHCb. The multilayer polyamide-based printed circuit boards, or hybrids, are designed to host the front-end ASICs. The ASICs require an optimized power delivery network from 0 to 120 MHz, with a maximum of 10−2 Ohms round-trip resistance, and 100 Ohms differential traces. Hybrids are required to have minimal radiation length, and to withstand the harsh environmental conditions of the data taking through intrinsic radiation hardness characteristics.
The central role of forests in the 2021 European floods
Authors: Insua-Costa Damián , Senande-Rivera Martín , Llasat María Carmen , Miguez-Macho Gonzalo 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Plants play a key role in the hydrological cycle, yet their contribution to extreme rainfall remains uncertain. Here we show that more than half of the vast amounts of water accumulated in the recent Germany and Belgium floods were supplied by vegetation (41% from transpiration, 11% from interception loss). We found that intercontinental transport of moisture from North American forests (which contributed more than 463 billion liters of water to the event) was a more important source than evaporation over nearby seas, such as the Mediterranean or the North Sea. Our results demonstrate that summer rainfall extremes in Europe may be strongly dependent on plant behavior and suggest that significant alterations in vegetation cover, even of remote regions, could have a direct effect on these potentially catastrophic events.