bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overvview of Underwater Inspection and Repair for Ageing Offshore Structures
Authors: Sharp John V , Ersdal Gerhard 
Published: September 2022

Underwater inspection, monitoring and repair (IMR) are increasingly important for offshore structures, particularly in the life extension phase. In many cases, such ageing structures are experiencing an increasing amount of damage and degradation and it is vital for the integrity of these structures that these are detected, located, sized and repaired if required. Techniques for these have been developed over many years with growing experience. Monitoring may become an essential part of continuous managing the safety of such structures.
A significant amount of work has been undertaken in the area of IMR over the years since the start-up of the offshore oil and gas industry. This paper aims to give a brief review of the history and techniques of underwater inspection, monitoring and repair of offshore structures. The following topics will be described:
Life extension assessment should be based on a thorough understanding of the condition and configuration of a structure, established through inspection and monitoring. Hence, the above-mentioned topics are highly relevant for ageing and life extension. Experience has shown that a proper inspection and repair regime can contribute to avoiding structural accidents. For ageing structure an increased number of interventions and repairs place more demands on the technology and personnel available.
UK Regulatory Initiative on the Extreme Environmental Loading of Fixed Offshore Installations in the North Sea
Authors: Stacey A. 
Published: September 2022

A significant number of offshore installations on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf are considered to be ageing installations which have exceeded their original design lives and were designed to less stringent criteria than those required of modern installations using current standards. As a result, they have not been designed to survive the 10,000-year environmental event, which is now a requirement for UK waters. A study was recently completed on behalf of the HSE’s Energy Division to develop guidance providing recommendations for the development of industry practice on the assessment of extreme loading acting on fixed offshore structures and the evaluation and management of the risk of structural failure associated with extreme environmental loading.
It was concluded that current procedures may underestimate the capacity of some offshore structures to withstand the 10,000-year event and that further work is required to develop industry practice on the assessment of the extreme weather capacity of offshore structures and mitigation measures to ensure their continued safe operation. It was further concluded that a programme of stakeholder engagement is required to raise awareness of the issue. This paper outlines the work undertaken, the general findings and recommendations and the latest offshore industry initiatives to take these forward.
Learnings from the Performance of Fixed Steel Structures in Gulf of Mexico Hurricanes
Authors: Puskar Frank J. 
Published: September 2022

Starting in 1992 with Hurricane Andrew, thousands of fixed steel structures located in the Gulf of Mexico were subjected to seven major hurricanes ending with Hurricane Ike in 2008. While most structures survived with little or no damage, hundreds of structures were severely damaged and over 250 structures were destroyed. Since all of the manned structures were evacuated in advance of the hurricanes and operations shut-in, there were no lives lost and no major environmental issues. The offshore structures industry responded with multiple comprehensive studies and updated guidance documents addressing everything from metocean conditions, jacket structures, topsides structures, drilling rigs and masts, pre- and post-hurricane planning and other associated issues. The efforts involved API, government regulators, academia as well as individual operator initiatives.
This paper discusses these hurricanes and structures, looking at the types of damage and destruction, including issues such as wave-in-deck (WID), and then what went right and what went wrong. Several types of above and below water repairs related to integrity management are discussed including how some repairs installed after the first few hurricanes performed in subsequent hurricanes. Comparisons between hindcast hurricane wave conditions are described including global metocean loading compared to structure performance (survived, damaged, destroyed). Associated updates to API guidance are discussed including ongoing efforts to update the code calibration work performed at that time to some of the latest findings on metocean loading.
Life Extension of Mooring Chains - Including Effects of Mean Load and Corrosion Condition to Fatigue Capacity
Authors: Gabrielsen Øystein , Voie Per Erlend , Lone Erling , Reinholdtsen Svein-Arne 
Published: September 2022

The mooring systems on floating offshore installations are typically designed for a life of 25 years. Life extension of installations beyond the original design life thus requires either mooring system replacement or assessment to document life extension of the mooring system components. Mooring chains are normally the components with the shortest design life, where the design codes define how break strength and fatigue capacity reduce with time, due to an annual expected corrosion loss.
Equinor has replaced many mooring chains, and these have been thoroughly inspected, where some have been tested to document actual break capacity and fatigue capacity. The effect of corrosion on breaking strength is found to be low, while the effect of corrosion on fatigue capacity is found to be significantly larger than specified in design codes. Another key finding is that the fatigue capacity is dependent on mean load. For mooring systems with low pretension or mean load, the mooring lines may have better fatigue capacity than initially calculated in design. By analyzing full scale fatigue test data from both new and used chain, it is now possible to establish formulas for mooring chain fatigue capacity which also account for the effects of mean load and corrosion condition.
The total number of chain replacements has, together with installation specific chain replacements, made it possible to estimate corrosion condition and forecast future corrosion development. It has thus been possible to perform fatigue reassessment including fatigue capacity with the effect of chain degeneration.
This paper presents the fatigue life reassessment of the mooring chains for an FPSO on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS), utilizing the new knowledge. The reassessment documents a significant increase of the service life for certain mooring line segments, while some are confirmed due for replacement. As a result, the initially planned chain replacement scope has been reduced, with large cost savings. The paper presents and discusses the assumptions and data used in the analysis, including comparison with standard fatigue analysis for the same mooring system.
Lifetime Extension of Mooring Anchors
Authors: Gabrielsen Øystein , Liengen Turid , Molid Solfrid , Skåum Gro 
Published: September 2022

The mooring systems for floating offshore installations are typically designed for a life of 25 years. Life extension of the installations beyond original design life require either replacement of components or life extension of the existing, where keeping components in the systems as is require assessments knowing the condition of the components. Some of the components are difficult or impossible to inspect in operation, such as chain in the seabed and the anchors. On the NCS typically suction anchors have been used, where all the load bearing parts, including connection to mooring lines, are buried in the soil.
Assumptions with respect of degradation were established in design of the anchors. However, actual degradation of the parts buried in the soil has been uncertain, and in situ inspection of the anchors has been impossible. Equinor has retrieved several anchors to shore which has enabled degradation investigation. Two suction anchors have been retrieved as mooring lines were taken out of service, while a third anchor has been retrieved and substituted from a mooring system in operation. By bringing the anchors to shore, thorough inspection followed by life extension evaluation for remaining anchors has been possible.
This paper presents the work done on retrieving used mooring anchors, including description of condition and degradation mechanisms. The paper presents our conclusions for life extension of mooring anchors on the NCS.
Stability of the Boundary Layer with Internal Heat Release and Gas Injection through a Porous Wall
Authors: Gaponov S. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The problem of stability of a subsonic boundary layer is solved under the conditions of heat supply inside the boundary layer with injection of a homogeneous gas through a porous plate that partially simulates the problem of stability of a boundary layer with diffuse combustion. Two-dimensional waves are the most growing waves over the entire range of investigated parameters. It is found that in the case of a fixed norm of heat supply the maximum temperature in the boundary layer increases with the Reynolds number, i.e., with increase in the distance from the leading plate edge. This is in agreement with available experiments and calculations of parameters of the boundary layer with diffuse combustion. In this case the dependence of the degrees of amplification on the Reynolds number, which are maximum in the frequency, is nonmonotonic. It is shown that gas injection with heat supply destabilizes the boundary layer, as it occurs without heat supply. On the other hand, the stabilizing role of heat supply is also shown under the conditions of gas injection through a porous wall. As the frequency of growing wave increases, the phase velocity tends to the velocity at the generalized inflection point. Despite fairly large degrees of growing, the Gaster relation is valid. In accordance with this relation the spatial degree of amplification is equal to the temporal degree of amplification divided by the group velocity.
Effects of short-term exposure to air pollution on hospital admissions for autism spectrum disorder in Korean school-aged children: a nationwide time-series study
Authors: Kim Kyoung-Nam , Sohn Ji Hoon , Cho Sung Joon , Seo Hwo Yeon , Kim Soontae , Hong Yun-Chul 
Published: September 2022

ObjectivesThis study explored the effects of short-term exposure to air pollution on hospital admissions for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a proxy for symptom aggravation, among Korean children aged 5–14 years.DesignTime-series study.Setting, participants and outcome measuresWe used data from the National Health Insurance Service (2011–2015). Daily concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) levels in each region were used as exposures. ASD cases were defined based on a principal admission diagnosis of the claims data. We applied distributed lag non-linear models and a generalised difference-in-differences method to the quasi-Poisson models to estimate the causal effects of air pollution for up to 6 days. We also performed weighted quantile sum regression analyses to assess the combined effects of air pollution mixtures.ResultsPM2.5levels at lag day 1, NO2levels at lag day 5 and O3levels at lag day 4 increased the risks of hospital admissions for ASD (relative risk (RR)=1.17, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.25 for PM2.5; RR=1.09, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.18 for NO2and RR=1.03, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.06 for O3). The mean daily count of hospital admissions for ASD was 8.5, and it would be 7.3, 7.8 and 8.3 when the PM2.5levels would be decreased by 10.0 µg/m3, NO2by 10 ppb and O3by 10 ppb, respectively. The weighted quantile sum index, constructed from PM2.5, NO2and O3levels, was associated with a higher risk of hospital admissions for ASD (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.46), where NO2was found to contribute to the effects most (the weight of 0.80).ConclusionsThese results emphasise that reduction of air pollution exposure should be considered for ASD symptom management, with important implications for the quality of life and economic costs.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic upon self-reported physician burnout in Ontario, Canada: evidence from a repeated cross-sectional survey
Authors: Gajjar Jainita , Pullen Naomi , Li Yin , Weir Sharada , Wright James G 
Published: September 2022

ObjectivesTo estimate the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic on levels of burnout among physicians in Ontario, Canada, and to understand physician perceptions of the contributors and solutions to burnout.DesignRepeated cross-sectional survey.SettingActive and retired physicians, residents and medical students in Canada’s largest province were invited to participate in an online survey via an email newsletter.ParticipantsIn the first survey wave (March 2020), 1400 members responded (representing 76.3% of those who could be confirmed to have received the survey and 3.1% of total membership). In the second wave (March 2021), 2638 responded (75.9% of confirmed survey recipients and 5.8% of membership).Key outcome measureLevel of burnout was assessed using a validated, single-item, self-defined burnout measure where options ranged from 1 (no symptoms of burnout) to 5 (completely burned out).ResultsThe overall rate of high levels of burnout (self-reported levels 4–5) increased from 28.0% in 2020 (99% CI: 24.3% to 31.7%) to 34.7% in 2021 (99% CI: 31.8% to 37.7%), a 1-year increase of 6.8 percentage points (p<0.01). After a full year of practising during the COVID-19 pandemic, respondents ranked ‘patient expectations/patient accountability’, ‘reporting and administrative obligations’ and ‘practice environment’ as the three factors that contributed most to burnout. Respondents ranked ‘streamline and reduce required documentation/administrative work’, ‘provide fair compensation’ and ‘improve work–life balance’ as the three most important solutions.ConclusionsDuring the first 12 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, prevalence of high levels of burnout had significantly increased. The contributors and solutions ranked highest by physicians were system-level or organisational in nature.
Are better existing WASH practices in urban slums associated with a lower long-term risk of severe cholera? A prospective cohort study with 4 years of follow-up in Mirpur, Bangladesh
Authors: Kang Sophie , Chowdhury Fahima , Park Juyeon , Ahmed Tasnuva , Tadesse Birkneh Tilahun , Islam Md. Taufiqul , Kim Deok Ryun , Im Justin , Aziz Asma Binte , Hoque Masuma , Pak Gideok , Khanam Farhana , Ahmmed Faisal , Liu Xinxue , Zaman K , Khan Ashraful Islam , Kim Jerome H , Marks Florian , Qadri Firdausi , Clemens John D 
Published: September 2022

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between existing household water quality, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices and severe cholera risk in a dense urban slum where cholera is highly endemic.Design, setting and participantsWe assembled a large prospective cohort within a cluster randomised trial evaluating the effectiveness of oral cholera vaccine. Our dynamic cohort population (n=193 576) comprised individuals living in the ‘non-intervention’ clusters of the trial, and were followed over 4 years. This study was conducted in a dense urban slum community of Dhaka, Bangladesh and cholera surveillance was undertaken in 12 hospitals serving the study area.Primary outcome measureFirst severe cholera episode detected during follow-up period.MethodsWe applied a machine learning algorithm on a training subpopulation (n=96 943) to develop a binary (‘better’, ‘not better’) composite WASH variable predictive of severe cholera. The WASH rule was evaluated for performance in a separate validation subpopulation (n=96 633). Afterwards, we used Cox regression models to evaluate the association between ‘better’ WASH households and severe cholera risk over 4 years in the entire study population.ResultsThe ‘better’ WASH rule found that water quality and access were the most significant factors associated with severe cholera risk. Members of ‘better’ WASH households, constituting one-third of the population, had a 47% reduced risk of severe cholera (95% CI: 29 to 69; p<0.001), after adjusting for covariates. The protective association between living in a ‘better’ WASH household and severe cholera persisted in all age groups.ConclusionsSalutary existing household WASH practices were associated with a significantly reduced long-term risk of severe cholera in an urban slum of Dhaka. These findings suggest that WASH adaptations already practised in the community may be important for developing and implementing effective and sustainable cholera control programmes in similar settings.Trial registration numberThis article is a re-analysis of data from a cluster randomized trial; can be found on ClinicalTrials.govNCT01339845
Effects of healthcare system transformations spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic on management of stroke and STEMI: a registry-based cohort study in France
Authors: Lesaine Emilie , Francis-Oliviero Florence , Domecq Sandrine , Bijon Marine , Cetran Laura , Coste Pierre , Lhuaire Quentin , Miganeh-Hadi Sahal , Pradeau Catherine , Rouanet François , Sevin Floriane , Sibon Igor , Saillour-Glenisson Florence 
Published: September 2022

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of changes in use of care and implementation of hospital reorganisations spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic (first wave) on the acute management times of patients who had a stroke and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).DesignTwo cohorts of patients who had an STEMI and stroke in the Aquitaine Cardio-Neuro-Vascular (CNV) registry.Setting6 emergency medical services, 30 emergency units (EUs), 14 hospitalisation units and 11 cathlabs in the Aquitaine region.ParticipantsThis study involved 9218 patients (6436 patients who had a stroke and 2782 patients who had an STEMI) in the CNV Registry from January 2019 to August 2020.MethodHospital reorganisations, retrieved in a scoping review, were collected from heads of hospital departments. Other data were from the CNV Registry. Associations between reorganisations, use of care and care management times were analysed using multivariate linear regression mixed models. Interaction terms between use-of-care variables and period (pre-wave, per-wave and post-wave) were introduced.Main outcome measuresSTEMI cohort, first medical contact-to-procedure time; stroke cohort, EU admission-to-imaging time.ResultsPer-wave period management times deteriorated for stroke but were maintained for STEMI. Per-wave changes in use of care did not affect STEMI management. No association was found between reorganisations and stroke management times. In the STEMI cohort, the implementation of systematic testing at admission was associated with a 41% increase in care management time (exp=1.409, 95% CI 1.075 to 1.848, p=0.013). Implementation of plan blanc, which concentrated resources in emergency activities, was associated with a 19% decrease in management time (exp=0.801, 95% CI 0.639 to 1.023, p=0.077).ConclusionsThe pandemic did not markedly alter the functioning of the emergency network. Although stroke patient management deteriorated, the resilience of the STEMI pathway was linked to its stronger structuring. Transversal reorganisations, aiming at concentrating resources on emergency care, contributed to maintenance of the quality of care.Trial registration numberNCT04979208.
Artificial intelligence (AI) for home support interventions in dementia: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Qi Jinghan , Wu Chuntao , Yang Longfei , Ni Cuiping , Liu Yu 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionDementia has become one of the significant causes of disability and dependency among older people globally. The proportion of people with dementia who are cared for at home has soared. The rapid growth of technology and data has stimulated artificial intelligence (AI) in patients with dementia at home. However, there are still tremendous opportunities and challenges in applying AI to patients with dementia at home, and there is no systematic overview.Methods and analysisThe review will adopt the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. This scoping review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology. The structure and content of this protocol follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. The proposed study will consider applying AI technology for dementia patients living at home and their families. Authors will conduct systematic searches: China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database, China Biology Medicine disc, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science Cochrane database, EBSCO, Ovid, PsycINFO, Embase. The extracted data will be processed qualitatively and described through tables. The findings are integrated by a narrative synthesis. This review aims to evaluate the nature and extent of the application of AI technology in patients with dementia at home through a systematic search of the literature.Ethics and disseminationScoping review is an analysis of existing data and therefore does not require ethical approval. We will publish our findings in a peer-reviewed journal.Scoping review protocol registration . DOI:10.17605/OSF.IO/3NU9C.
Cohort profile: pathways to care among people with disorders of sex development (DSD)
Authors: Goodman Michael , Yacoub Rami , Getahun Darios , McCracken Courtney E , Vupputuri Suma , Lash Timothy L , Roblin Douglas , Contreras Richard , Cromwell Lee , Gardner Melissa D , Hoffman Trenton , Hu Haihong , Im Theresa M , Prakash Asrani Radhika , Robinson Brandi , Xie Fagen , Nash Rebecca , Zhang Qi , Bhai Sadaf A , Venkatakrishnan Kripa , Stoller Bethany , Liu Yijun , Gullickson Cricket , Ahmed Maaz , Rink David , Voss Ava , Jung Hye-Lee , Kim Jin , Lee Peter A , Sandberg David E 
Published: September 2022

PurposeThe ‘DSD Pathways’ study was initiated to assess health status and patterns of care among people enrolled in large integrated healthcare systems and diagnosed with conditions comprising the broad category of disorders (differences) of sex development (DSD). The objectives of this communication are to describe methods of cohort ascertainment for two specific DSD conditions—classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia with 46,XX karyotype (46,XX CAH) and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS).ParticipantsUsing electronic health records we developed an algorithm that combined diagnostic codes, clinical notes, laboratory data and pharmacy records to assign each cohort candidate a ‘strength-of-evidence’ score supporting the diagnosis of interest. A sample of cohort candidates underwent a review of the full medical record to determine the score cutoffs for final cohort validation.Findings to dateAmong 5404 classic 46,XX CAH cohort candidates the strength-of-evidence scores ranged between 0 and 10. Based on sample validation, the eligibility cut-off for full review was set at the strength-of-evidence score of ≥7 among children under the age of 8 years and ≥8 among older cohort candidates. The final validation of all cohort candidates who met the cut-off criteria identified 115 persons with classic 46,XX CAH. The strength-of-evidence scores among 648 CAIS cohort candidates ranged from 2 to 10. There were no confirmed CAIS cases among cohort candidates with scores <6. The in-depth medical record review for candidates with scores ≥6 identified 61 confirmed cases of CAIS.Future plansAs the first cohort of this type, the DSD Pathways study is well-positioned to fill existing knowledge gaps related to management and outcomes in this heterogeneous population. Analyses will examine diagnostic and referral patterns, adherence to care recommendations and physical and mental health morbidities examined through comparisons of DSD and reference populations and analyses of health status across DSD categories.