bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Clock: Gulf of Mexico Enters the Offshore Wind Development Race
Authors: Presley Jennifer 
Published: October 2022

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Offshore wind farms could in the next decade find a home in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), more than 8 decades after the first oil flowed from its first offshore field.
The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management in July identified the first two draft wind energy areas (WEAs)—one off the coast of Louisiana, the other off Texas—that could harness the Gulf’s steady breezes.
Offshore wind is a key piece in President Biden’s strategy of addressing climate change by transitioning the US onto renewable energy.
His administration in March 2021 set a target of deploying 30 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2030, “enough to power 10 million homes with clean energy, support 77,000 jobs, and spur $12 billion per year in private investment in offshore wind projects”, according to the announcement.
This is the equivalent to more than 2% of the US utility-scale electricity generating capacity and about 25% of the total US wind electricity generating capacity, according to a Congressional Research Service report. In 2020 the country’s total generating capacity was about 1,212 GW, with about 119 GW of that produced from wind energy resources—virtually all onshore.
Currently, the US has only two commercial offshore wind farms bringing the US total of offshore wind capacity to 42 MW. The five-turbine Block Island Wind Farm off the Rhode Island coast has a capacity of 30 MW, and the two-turbine Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind Project has a current capacity of 12 MW.

New Energy, Historic Basin
Interest in the Gulf’s offshore wind potential has increased in recent months as development efforts off the country’s East and West Coasts continue to advance and the Biden administration has pledged hundreds of millions of dollars in federal funding.
One of the Gulf’s WEAs is located about 24 nautical miles (nm) off the coast of Galveston, Texas. The area under review totals 546,645 acres and has the potential to power 2.3 million homes with clean wind energy.
The other WEA is located about 56 nm off the coast of Lake Charles, Louisiana, totaling 188,023 acres and has the potential to power 799,000 homes. This stretch of the Gulf Coast is historically significant as the location of the first free-standing platform to produce oil from the Gulf’s Creole field, installed about 1.5 miles offshore Cameron, Louisiana, in 1938.
The GOM oil and gas industry has grown from humble beginnings to become one of the country’s most important energy resource and infrastructure regions. It is its energy infrastructure—its ports, its vessels, and its skilled workforce—that offshore wind developers find attractive.
While the Gulf’s winds are not as strong as Atlantic and Pacific winds—about 7.5 to 8.5 m/s as compared to 8.0 to 10 m/s—this proximity to the oil and gas supply chain that can be leveraged and a milder climate that decreases operating costs and increases turbine access are considered its strongest advantages, according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
Approach With Simple Tools Enables Well-Spacing Optimization for Unconventionals
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: October 2022

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 208882, “No Reservoir Model? No Problem. Unconventional Well Spacing Optimization With Simple Tools,” by Patrick Miller, SPE, Darcy Redpath, SPE, and Keane Dauncey, SPE, Petronas. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

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Optimizing economics for unconventional resource development is a delicate balance. To search for the optimal pad design, operators often invest in integrated technical work flows with multiwell fracture modeling and reservoir simulation. Although useful, these work flows are not practical for every asset in a portfolio because they simply take too long. As an alternative approach, the complete paper builds on existing tools in the literature to quantify the effect of changing well spacing on well productivity for a given completion design, using a new, simple, intuitive empirical equation.

Methodology: Understanding Well-Performance Changes With Well Spacing
The four key drivers of pad economics for unconventional plays are commodity prices, reservoir deliverability, completion design, and well spacing. Completion design and well spacing must be considered together because the drainage area of an unconventional well is driven by the size of the fracture stimulation.
Finding the global maximum of the optimization criteria with traditional technical work flows is intensive in terms of human resources and time. Furthermore, these traditional work flows are still only estimates of well performance under different conditions.
This section of the complete paper provides a set of visual references for what is happening in the subsurface when well spacing is changed for a given fracture stimulation design and then discusses how this can be represented mathematically. The goal of the authors, in discussing currently used approaches, is to set the background for an alternative, easy-to-understand approach to define shared reservoir factor (SRQ) as a function of well density in a way that creates the expected concave down shape initially but which transitions to a linear relationship and trends toward a relative estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of 0% at 0 well spacing. The methodology of this approach is provided mathematically in this section of the complete paper.
Advanced Process and Technology Enablers for Accelerated Onboarding of Young Petro-Technical Professionals
Authors: Cristea Theodor , Cristea Dorothea 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper identifies and assesses issues found in the oil and gas industry, specifically pertaining to the demographics issues that the industry is dealing with and will continue to deal with. More specifically, the paper provides an indirect method of mitigating the issue of fewer young people joining the industry. To this end, the paper proposes a twofold method of improving the competence of young professionals who have already made the choice to enter the industry, specifically in the domain of upstream flow assurance. The first component of this method is procedural. The objective is to change how data is visualized. This is done by making changes to a pre-existing flow assurance workflow to allow for flow assurance data used in a training context to be visualized intuitively. This comes in the form of three-dimensional models instead of abstract graphs, charts, and spreadsheets. The second component of this method is technological. This component is used to facilitate the first. The application of real-time three-dimensional game development engines has been used to create a digital tool that has a wide range of relevant functionalities. Combined, the change in visualization and the technology that enables it will allow young petro-technical professionals to more efficiently get a clearer understanding of what is going on in the flow assurance process, saving them time and effort which can be spent on other areas of their training. This will make their training faster and more well-rounded. To support the potential viability of this method, several pieces of anecdotal evidence as included towards the end.
A Numerical Evaluation of the Impact of Wettability on CO2 Trapping Capacity: Implications for Carbon Geo-Sequestration
Authors: Zhang Haiyang , Arif Muhammad , Al Kobaisi Mohammed 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Subsurface reservoir wettability is of vital importance in the prediction of CO2 trapping capacity and containment security. However, quantifying the effect of reservoir wetting behavior on CO2 sequestration potential in heterogeneous reservoirs remains to be challenging. This study conducts field-scale numerical simulations to understand the role of wetting characteristics and injection duration on the migration trend of CO2 plume and trapping capacity. These simulations were conducted on a heterogeneous sandstone reservoir with realistic relative permeability curves. The results indicate that CO2 plume migration and storage efficiency are influenced by wettability and injection duration. A water-wet system leads to higher residual gas trapping with less mobile CO2 and less dissolution. Moreover, an increase in injection duration would result in a decrease in residual trapping but the solubility trapping and plume migration distance would both increase.
Onshore Abu Dhabi Carbonate Saline Aquifer CO2 Storage - An Integrated Technical Feasibility Study
Authors: Mascagnini Carlos , Khalfan Al Keebali Aaesha , Xu Siqing , Parra Humberto , Masalmeh S.K. , Chughtai Muhammad , Perumalla Satya , Harper Chris , Singh Hemant , Banerjee Anirban , Cranfield Colin , Khamatdinov Rafael 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is recognized as an important technology in the decarbonisation of the energy system and saline aquifers are potential geological storage candidates. A major integrated feasibility study was conducted to screen and rank carbonate saline aquifer candidates for subsurface CO2 storage, onshore Abu Dhabi. The objectives were to obtain a range of potential CO2 storage capacities and annual injection rates and establish CO2 technical feasibility by integrating subsurface, well performance, cap rock integrity and economic analysis.
A candidate screening matrix was developed taking into account onshore Abu Dhabi saline aquifer geological characteristics. Saline aquifers "A" and "B" within the syncline area were among the highest ranked candidates. A large-scale 3D static model was developed, utilising seismic and well data. Extensive CO2 storage simulation runs were performed, covering sensitivities and capturing major storage process/mechanisms applicable to carbonate formation. Combining geomechanics, geoscience, well performance, integrity and dynamic modelling, a CO2 storage site design was completed with slanted/horizontal injectors drilled radially from a centralised well pad. Ranges of CO2 storage capacity and maximum injection rates were obtained, depending on number of injectors and accounting for water offtake in nearby areas. Additionally, CO2 plume migration within several tens of thousands of years was simulated to aid CO2 containment assurance. Separate studies were performed to locate potential CO2 storage surface sites and used as part of the input for CO2 pipeline and surface facilities high level design. CAPEX, OPEX and abandonment cost estimates were generated as input for economic analysis. A multi-disciplinary risk assessment was performed, identifying potential risk factors throughout the life cycle of CO2 storage. De-risking and mitigation measures were considered and a detailed measurement, monitoring and verification (MMV) plan was developed.
This paper presents the first integrated study on saline aquifer CO2 storage technical feasibility in this syncline area. A novel integrated workflow is employed, from initial candidate screening through dynamic modelling, surface facilities and risk assessment to recommendations for additional data acquisition. Key aspects which improved on published major international CO2 sequestration assessments are highlighted. The results and conclusions offer valuable insights for other Operators considering or planning CO2 sequestration in saline aquifer projects.
Determinants of Value Benefits in Adopting an Engineering Procurement and Construction Management (EPCM) Contracting Model
Authors: Al Zaabi Abdulla Rashed 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Thinking outside the box implies a box. This box consists of all your beliefs and preconceived ideas about reality. It is a group of concepts you accept and don't question. Unfortunately, this tendency to conceptualize reality also has side effects. In fact, this box destroys creativity. It sets fences in your mind. It establishes a perimeter that determines what conscious thoughts can arise. When you think inside the box, you are limited. You copy what already exists. This is not necessarily problematic, but it often is suboptimal.
If you aim at the same target everyone else is aiming at, your shots will end up where everyone else's do. If you till the same soil that everyone else tills, plant the same seeds they plant, and use the same water, you'll get the same garden.
Ideas are constantly flowing in your subconscious mind. You're not aware of most of them because they are blocked. They fall outside the box. Your mind constantly filters out stuff that it doesn't consider relevant. To develop creativity, you need the ability to suspend that filter. You have to step out of concepts. It's certainly doable.
"Thinking Out of the Box" means you're indifferent to rules and standards being imposed by others, and do things a different way. This way, you're unrestrained by convention, and don't see the world through a lens of set rules or expectations. This trait lends itself well to creativity and innovation, as you don't feel bound by certain ways of producing work or fitting in with the status quo.
To think outside the box, you have to step out of it. That means suspending judgments and labels. It's impossible to be creative if you're caught in prejudice.
So, let's step out of the box and ponder on the below strategy:
"Execution of Oil & Gas Projects in UAE through Engineering Procurement and Construction Management (EPCM) Contracting Model instead of the mundane Engineering Procurement & Construction (EPC) Model"
Leadership Huddle Board
Authors: Elkallaf Abdelrahman Molham 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Leadership Huddle Board is a simple agile tool used to maintain a satisfied level of alignment between top management from one side and employees working across different departments at the other side. Pharaonic Petroleum Company (where I worked for at these times) succeeded in 2020 to launch this amazing agility approach.
Working from home derived us to search for better flexible ways that maintain level of employees' engagement as it was regardless of the sudden change of working style. According to the Ministerial Decree, 50% of actual work force is the maximum capacity allowed to work. Workers who have chronic diseases or females who own children below 12 years were allowed as well to work from home.
Leadership Huddle Board is just one board/slide/page/frame discussed weekly in one hour between leaders and their subordinates. It represents Key actions of departments associated with their priorities, accountable person, due dates and the status of actions using traffic lights coding. This board covers key important dates, pressing/emerging issues, blockers/support required, successes, key matrices and critical dashboards.
HR always has a strategic role especially when it comes to aligning workers on one goal and yearly objectives. We had succeeded to push department's heads to arrange for a weekly huddle board where both two types of workers (physical and virtual ones) meet together to discuss, update, raise issues and plan the way forward to contribute to the success story of Pharaonic Petroleum Company.
EV Adoption Case Study: Analysis of the Infrastructure Required
Authors: Haider Syed Tabish 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
The Middle East has one of the highest per-capita power consumption globally. The governments have set ambitious goals to mitigate climate change and reduce carbon footprint. In this context, a large-scale transition to electric vehicles is expected in the coming decades. This study aims to quantify and analyze the carbon footprint reduction, and the infrastructure (power distribution hubs, primary energy, superchargers/standard chargers, metals/minerals) required to support this transition for a sample population.

Methods, Procedures, Process
The transition to the clean energy infrastructure is power intensive and depends on reasonable resource allocation. While supporting this transition, the resource allocation simultaneously must address the present energy demand. In this paper, we model realistic time required to transition to electric vehicle infrastructure constrained by the present/future energy demand. We also model the achievable transition rate constrained by the available resources (metals, minerals, power supply). We quantify the feasibility of charging cars at home and its effect on power grids. We also compare the number of superchargers required to compete with the high throughput of gasoline fuel stations. The impact of different charging modes (superfast chargers) and the associated cost are analyzed.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
We show that the amount of rare earth elements (RRE) and other minerals required to build high-end electric vehicle is significantly high, and the security of the resource availability will have a huge impact on the transition rate. At homes, the electricity usage pattern with respect to time will have a huge impact on the power rating of the electric cables required to support charging infrastructure. It will also require careful changes to the transformer's peak power. In the field, the number of superchargers required to match high throughput of gasoline fuel stations are comparatively high. Finally, we show that compared to the personal car segment, the electrification of the public transport system will have better economic impact and higher effect of carbon footprint reduction.

Novel/Additive Information
We provide a workflow to assess the resource, and infrastructure required to develop and operate an electric vehicle infrastructure. The results presented will acts as the base to further economic and resource requirement analysis required to develop, and support future energy transition decisions and strategy.
Organisational Management System in the Digital Transformation Era
Authors: Muhamed Salim Muzahidin , Traboulay Ian , Ibrahim Elfadl , Al Wehaibi Sara , Ballaith Nasser 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Oil and gas operators embark on a digital transformation journey in order to maximize their value from every barrel and deliver their greatest possible return to the shareholders in order to meet the world's growing demand for energy. To achieve this, the organization must come up with their new growth strategy that will be sustained through active engagement with the employees and stakeholders who are core to the development and sustainable implementation of their integrated strategy.
To align with this strategy, the organization must set up a DOF (Digital Oil Field) organization to identify and implement digital opportunities across the company. During execution, the DOF organization is often faced with multiple challenges to realize the digital vision. To understand these challenges and pain points a detailed study was conducted to assess the maturity level of the DOF organization. Discussions were held with key stakeholders from various departments focusing on their current challenges and pain points of DOF organization. The current state analysis is a combination of inputs received during discussions and through supporting documents.
This paper highlights the common practices and pain points of an organization and provides recommendations for improving their future mode of DOF operations through a unified management system framework. The paper also outlines a list of key goals, objectives, and KPIs along with key digital capabilities, enabling tools and technologies required for the organisation to realize their digital vision. To overcome the current challenges of DOF, a new operating model and organization structure has been suggested along with a defined set of operations. To set up the operating model and initiate operations, an indicative roadmap and implementation plan has been outlined highlighting a critical set of activities to be executed over the near term for the new digital organization to be fully operational.
Practical Solutions for Small Volume Associated Flare and Vent Gas at Offshore Platforms Towards GHG Emissions Reduction
Authors: Shaffee Siti Nur Amira , Myo Thant Maung Maung , Mohd. Sahak M Zakwan , Sedaralit M Faizal 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Flaring of associated gas at hydrocarbon production facilities contributes to Scope 1 of GHG emissions and is a wastage of a valuable energy resource. A wide range of technical and technological solutions have been proposed to address this issue. However, the volumes of flared associated gas are rarely large enough to capture and monetize economically at a single location hence the struggle to achieve ZRF, especially at offshore locations. This paper presents the practical solutions to monetize this small-volume associated gas and the resulting techno-economic assessments of these options at five different offshore locations.
A thorough state-of-the-art review has been conducted categorizing external outlooks on process improvement initiatives and/or technologies that can be applied for flaring and venting management. The study focuses on solutions for offshore facilities where the volume of associated gas is small, within the range of 5MMSCFD or less. Five fields in offshore Malaysia were considered for this purpose. A two-steps techno-economic assessment with a case study field was carried out to firm up IRR, NPV, CAPEX, OPEX, variable cost and revenue for each technology solutions.
The four leading solutions were: 1. recovering the flare gas and utilizing it as fuel gas to generate electric power using small-scale generators, 2. recovering the flare gas and utilizing it for gas reinjection through existing idle reinjection facilities, 3. installing in-situ small-scale gas-to-liquids conversion process, and 4. improving the efficiency of the existing processing system using data analytics to further reduce or eliminate the gas volumes. Except for the fourth option, additional equipment are required with their respective footprints.
The existing processing system and platform size played a major role in determining the right solution for a given location. For the identified offshore field case studies, the vent gas reduction is achieved through Solution 1 at two fields, Solution 2 at one field, and Solution 3 at two fields. The techno-economics assessment shows that power generation (Solution 1) requires the lowest CAPEX and provides the highest IRR 21% with an NPV of USD4.2 million. The gas reinjection (Solution 2) also has lower CAPEX but the production increment is not significant and hence lowest IRR.
In conclusion, there is no single standard or generic solution to help recover associated flare and vent gases and monetize it. Operators need to consider several factors especially on flare or vent volume variation, low pressure, and limited space at brownfield facilities.
Managing Russian Mega-Projects Amid Geopolitical Turbulence: Challenges and Opportunities for International Cooperation
Authors: Irina Akimova 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Beginning of 2022 was marked by unprecedented geopolitical turbulence between Russia and Ukraine which followed by military conflict and sanctions applied to major Russian companies and projects. Most of the international energy majors announced cutting ties with Russian state-owned and private companies and a number of mega oil and gas projects. Among them BP, Shell, Caterpillar, Eni, Equinor and others. Some mega projects were temporary put on hold but after a very short break continue its development. This conflict made serious pressure on gas prices in Europe and costs for many industrial and domestic consumers in EU. In spite of strained relationships, Russian companies still supply gas to EU according to existing long-term contracts and even were able to increase trade volumes to Asia. As Russia is still main gas supplier to EU and its very unlikely for EU to substitute such volumes in a short-term, so its very important for international gas market security to made assessments of this geopolitical turbulence on the market volatility.