bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying river avulsion activity from satellite remote sensing: Implications for how avulsions contribute to floodplain stratigraphy in foreland basins
Authors: Valenza Jeffery M. , Edmonds Douglas A. , Weissmann Gary S. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACTThe rarely witnessed process of river avulsion repositions channels across floodplains, which influences floodplain geomorphology and stratigraphic architecture. The way avulsions redirect water and sediment is typically generalized into one of two styles. Avulsions proceeding through rapid channel switching and producing little to no floodplain disturbance are annexational, while those that involve sequential phases of crevassing, flooding, and eventual development of a new channel are progradational. We test the validity of these avulsion style categories by mapping and characterizing 14 avulsion events in Andean, Himalayan, and New Guinean foreland basins. We use Landsat data to identify how avulsions proceed and interpret the possible products of these processes in terms of geomorphic features and stratigraphy. We show that during annexation the avulsion channel widens, changes its meander wavelength and amplitude, or increases channel thread count. During progradation, avulsion channels are constructed from evolving distributary networks. Often beginning as crevasse splays, these networks migrate down the floodplain gradient and frequently create and fill ponds during the process. We also see evidence for a recently defined third avulsion style. Retrogradation involves overbank flow, like progradation, but is marked by an upstream-migrating abandonment and infilling of the parent channel. Avulsion belts in this study range from 5 to 60 km in length, and from 1 to 50 km in width. On average, these events demonstrate annexational style over 22.4% of their length. Eleven of 13 events either begin or end with annexation, and seven both begin and end with annexation. Only one event exhibited progradation over the entire avulsion-belt length. While there are many documented examples of purely annexational avulsions, we see little evidence for completely progradational or retrogradational avulsions, and instead suggest that a given avulsion is better envisioned as a series of spatiotemporal phases of annexation, progradation, and retrogradation. Such hybrid avulsions likely produce significantly greater stratigraphic variability than that predicted by the traditional end-member model. We suggest that a time-averaged, formation-scale consideration of avulsion products will yield more accurate characterizations of avulsion dynamics in ancient fluvial systems.
Multiple biomarker responses in female Clarias gariepinus exposed to acetaminophen
Authors: Erhunmwunse Nosakhare Osazee , Tongo Isioma , Ezemonye Lawrence Ikechukwu 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
There are increasing concerns over the detection of acetaminophen (APAP) in surface and ground waters across the globe. Its impacts on nontarget aquatic organisms have often been under monitored due to cost implications, with specific biomarkers in the exposed organisms increasing the underestimation of the impacts of APAP, thus generating some questions on the credibility of the choice of a single monitored marker. This study evaluated the possible multi-toxic effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of APAP in female catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed for 28 days using multiple biomarkers. Our results show that acetaminophen triggered oxidative stress, with superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) activities significantly differing in the acetaminophen-exposed female catfish from the control. Histopathological alterations in the liver of acetaminophen-exposed female fish showed apoptotic hyperplasia, sinusoidal congestion, and necrosis of the hepatocytes, which were concentration-dependent. APAP exposure enhanced the fusion and shortening of some filaments, hyperplasia of the epithelial gill cells, aneurism, congestion and epithelial rupture of the gills and was ovarian toxic. Multivariate results indicated that there was a distinct response from the acetaminophen-exposed female catfish, with over 95% of the biomarkers significantly contributing to the discrimination between the acetaminophen-exposed female catfish and the control groups. Based on the data presented in this study for female catfish exposed to acetaminophen, it can be concluded that monitoring multiple biomarkers provides a more comprehensive picture of the exposed fish's health than single markers. As a result, pharmaceuticals may cause several alterations or multiple effects in nontargeted exposed organisms in the aquatic environment, yielding a less realistic risk assessment result in monitoring programs using a single marker. Our research provides evidence supporting the use of a multiple-biomarker approach to evaluate the impacts of drugs on the health status of female C. gariepinus over single markers.
Exploring Adolescents’ Perspectives on and Experiences with Post-primary School-based Suicide Prevention: A Meta-Ethnography Protocol
Authors: Walsh Eibhlin Helen , Herring Matthew P. , McMahon Jennifer 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
BackgroundGlobally, suicide is the fourth leading cause of adolescent mortality. Although post-primary school-based suicide prevention (PSSP) interventions are an evidence-based strategy for targeting adolescent suicidal thoughts and behaviours (STBs), PSSP effectiveness does not easily translate to school settings. Although adolescents’ perspectives on PSSP are particularly important for: (1) intervention effectiveness and implementation in both research and practice, (2) addressing PSSP evidence-practice gaps, and (3) enhancing meaningful adolescent involvement in PSSP, there is gap in understanding adolescents’ experiences of engaging with PSSP. As such, this protocol outlines a meta-ethnography which will explore and synthesise adolescents’ perspectives on engaging with PSSP interventions, as participants/end-users, intervention advisors, facilitators, and co-designers and co-researchers.MethodsThe meta-ethnography protocol follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. The meta-ethnography study design was guided by Noblit and Hares’ (1988) seven stage process for meta-ethnography. Searches of PsycINFO, Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL, ERIC, Scopus and study reference lists will identify peer-reviewed studies. Grey literature will be identified by searches in ProQuest, British Library EThOS, and DART-Europe E-theses Portal. The main reviewer will initially assess the eligibility of studies based on title and abstract, with full texts reviewed by at least two reviewers. Findings of the included studies will be synthesised in line with Noblit and Hare’s stages and evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist. DiscussionTo our knowledge, this is the first proposed meta-ethnography to explore and integrate the findings of qualitative studies exploring adolescents’ perspectives on engaging with PSSP interventions. Understanding adolescents’ experiences of engaging with PSSP will impact the field of PSSP in several ways by: (1) enhancing research processes and intervention effectiveness and implementation, (2) informing decision-making and policymaking relevant to practice, (3) guiding meaningful adolescent involvement in PSSP, and (4) contributing to knowledge on the safety implications of engaging adolescents in PSSP. Finally, it is expected that the insights from this meta-ethnography will be widely applicable, given the growing demand for meaningful youth involvement in health-related fields. Registration This protocol is under submission with PROSPERO for preregistration.
Deformity Removal from Handwritten Text Documents using Variable Cycle GAN
Authors: Nigam Shivangi , Behera Adarsh Prasad , Verma Shekhar , Nagabhushan P 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Text document recognition systems perform well in the case of printed documents but fails to produce similar results for handwritten text documents. The significant challenges include different writing styles, various background complexities, added noise of image acquisition methods, and the presence of deformed text images such as strike-offs and underlines. Any deformity can be posed as a change in structural information, resulting in intensity variations of the original text. The restoration of deformed images aims to recover clean images while maintaining the structural information and preserving the semantic dependencies of the local pixels. The current adversarial networks are unable to preserve the structural and semantic dependencies as they consider each individual pixel-to-pixel variations and encourage the perceptually non-meaningful aspects of the images. We propose a Variable Cycle Generative adversarial network (VCGAN) to consider the perceptual quality of the images in the learning objective which is based on the variable content loss to preserve the dependencies. We propose a Top-k Variable Loss (TV-k) to compute the similarity of images by accounting the intensity variations that do not interfere with image semantic structures. The results show that VCGAN is able to remove most of the deformities with an elevated F1 score of 97.40%. We also tested the images generated by VCGAN with a handwritten text recognition system. VCGAN outperforms the current state of the art algorithms with a character error rate of 7.64% and word accuracy of 81.53%.
Use of the MLST technique to describe the allelic profile of Treponema pallidum in CSF samples: a systematic review
Authors: Rangel Isabelle , Azevedo Beatriz Pereira , Lopes Marcia Quinhones , Rodrigues Mariana Munhoz , Carvalho Ricardo Souza , Ferry Fernando Raphael Almeida 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that has recently become a serious public health problem in Brazil. At the same time, the World Health Organization estimates that among 56 million individuals are infected with syphilis. Multilocus Sequence Typing consists of a high resolution molecular typing technique that is based on the amplification and sequencing of fragments of conserved genes called housekeeping (loci). The technique was recently developed and used for the study of syphilis, but there are few studies related to neurosyphilis (NS), a nosological entity with greater severity and morbidity. For Tp typing, three genes are identified: TP0136, TP0548 and TP0705. This systematic review aimed to analyze original studies that addressed the MLST technique, describing the allelic profile and discrimination of Tp clades present in each population and its relationship with clinical-epidemiological aspects, especially in neurosyphilis, through a bibliographic survey in databases with the following DECS: MLST, Multilocus Sequence Typing and Treponema pallidum. As a result, 57 articles were found, of which only 7 were selected for full reading. After reading the selected articles, only two reported CSF analysis. It is concluded that the determination of the allelic profile through MLST is a high resolution genotyping tool that allows the distinction of subspecies and species of Treponema pallidum, and can be used for differentiation of strains within each phylogenetic tree of these microorganisms. The mutation most associated with macrolide resistance is A2058G, which is commonly found in Clade SS14-like samples, in addition, the most studied gene to assess macrolide resistance is 23s rRNA. The MLST technique presents a great perspective for the deepening of questions related to the study of different strains of Tp, especially the characterization of neurotropic strains that cause NS, antibiotic resistance, phylogeny and geographic distribution.
Nation-wide mapping of tree level carbon stocks in Rwanda
Authors: Mugabowindekwe Maurice , Brandt Martin , Chave Jerome , Reiner Florian , Skole David , Kariryaa Ankit , Igel Christian , Hiernaux Pierre , Ciais Philippe , Mertz Ole , Tong Xiaoye , Li Sizhuo , Rwanyiziri Gaspard , Dushimiyimana Thaulin , Ndoli Alain , Uwizeyimana Valens , Lillesø Jens-Peter , Gieseke Fabian , Tucker Compton , Saatchi Sassan S , Fensholt Rasmus 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Trees sustain livelihoods and mitigate climate change, but a predominance of trees outside forests and limited resources make it difficult for many developing countries to conduct frequent nation-wide inventories. Here, we propose a rapid and accurate approach to map the carbon stock of each individual tree and shrub at the national scale of Rwanda using aerial imagery and deep learning. We show that 72% of the mapped trees are located in farmlands and savannas, and 15% in plantations. These non-forest trees account for 41% of the national carbon stocks. Natural forests cover 5% of the country and 11% of the total tree count, but comprise 59% of the national carbon stocks. The mapping of all trees facilitates any landscape stratification and is urgently needed for effective planning and monitoring of landscape restoration activities as well as for optimization of carbon sequestration, biodiversity and economic benefits of trees.
Clostridium myonecrosis, a rare and underdiagnosed condition in the elderly: a case with severe skipping lesions and an overview of treatment guidelines
Authors: Asbroeck Ellen Van , Vasileiadou Ourania , De Laere Sylvie , Hedent Eddy Van , Devue Katleen 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
An unusual, by the severe skipping lesions spread in the body, and severe case of spontaneous Clostridial myonecrosis in an elderly patient is presented. Diagnosis is confirmed by the combination of imaging and postmortem available blood cultures. Reviewing case reports in the literature over the last decade, an under representation in the cohort of elderly patients (≥ 85 years) is seen. However this age group, with demographic change worldwide more frequently visits emergency departments. It is likely that spontaneous Clostridium myonecrosis is underdiagnosed in these elderly patients. Reporting this case aims to increase awareness of emergency physicians to recognize the disease as well as to provide a treatment guideline, in order to provide better care and outcome.
Infosphere Is Reshaping How the Internet of Things Leads Smart Campuses for Knowledge Management
Authors: ibrahem usama mohamed , Alblaihed Munthir , Altamimi Ahmed , Alqirnas Hind , Salem magdy 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The article gauges Saudi universities’ readiness to integrate the Internet of things (IoT) in Knowledge Management (KM) and identifies the challenges relating to its use. A descriptive-analytical approach was used to discuss the concepts, development, and general structure that characterize the IoT and its related challenges and to find ways to address them. This study used a three-axis questionnaire, which was applied to 275 faculty members and information technology officials in Saudi universities. The results revealed that a strategy related to the development of infrastructure and the provision of equipment and applications to deal with and analyze big data is needed, besides the conviction of the faculty and specialists in its potential in developing the teaching and learning environment in universities and providing unique research by interlinking the network of laboratories and research and training laboratories. The results also revealed that its effects on the university learning environment are gender, rank, and experience agonistic. Finally, 11 main criteria and 44 sub-applications were reached to manage the smart campus's information generated by IoT.
Does fiscal capacity and governance matter in finance-growth nexus? Evidence from high and middle-income countries
Authors: Singh Bhanu Pratap , Neog Yadawananda 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The current study investigates the role of fiscal capacity and governance in the finance-growth nexus in a large sample of high and middle-income countries from 2002 to 2017. The panel fixed effect regressions are applied to estimate finance's linear and threshold effects on economic growth. Estimation results based on threshold regression confirm that the too-much-finance-is-bad hypothesis is not valid in high-income countries. In contrast, the tipping point beyond which finance negatively affects economic growth is found in middle-income countries. Furthermore, complementarity between bank and market finance is only found in high-income countries. In addition, the level of economic development, trade openness, and human capital significantly affect the finance-growth nexus. Finally, fiscal capacity and governance are found vital in determining the finance-growth nexus, but its effect varies with the level of economic development.
Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth – Case Study of See Countries
Authors: Shkodra Jehona , Ahmeti Njomza , Krasniqi Arjeta 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

The main focus of this study is foreign direct investment (FDI), which (through its direct and indirect contributions) can serve as the main driving force behind enterprise restructuring in particular and the economic restructuring of countries in general. The study will examine countries in Southeastern Europe (SEE) — Kosovo, Albania, Montenegro, Serbia, North Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina — during the period 2005–2020. The techniques used to analyse the data include the regression model, the DW test, and (for multicollinearity between the variables) the VIF test. The study finds a positive and significant relationship between economic growth and FDI flow in some countries. In Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina, however, such investment does not have a positive impact on economic growth.
Protective Effects of Vaccinium Uliginosum Extracts on Rat Retina Against Microwave- induced Damage
Authors: Yin Lan , Fan Si-jun 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objective
To study the protective effect of Vaccinium Uliginosum (VU) extracts on rat retina against microwave radiation induced injury.
Methods
The rats were randomized into 3 groups (12 in each) and treated as follows: group 1: no irradiation; group 2: irradiation without administration; group 3: irradiation with administration in advance. After administration to group 3 with VU extracts for 1 week, group 2 and 3 were irradiated. 24 hours later, all the rats were recorded with electroretinography (ERG). Half of each group were performed with pathological examination, and the rest were performed with biochemical detection [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)].
Results
1.Compared with group 2, both of group 1 and group 3 showed a significant increase in a-wave ERG amplitudes in scotopic and photopic conditions, and the b-wave amplitude of group 3 was significantly higher than group 2 but lower than group 1 in photopic condition. 2. The thickness of outer nuclear layer (ONL) in group 2 was thicker than group 1 and group 3; The cell density of inner nuclear layer (INL) and the ganglion cells layer (GCL) both showed that group 3 was more than group 2 but less than group 1. 3. The SOD activitiy in group 2 was lower than group 1 and 3. The GPx activitiy in group 3 was lower than group 1, but higher than group 2.
Conclusions
VU extracts can protect rat retina against microwave-induced damage. And these results may provide a base for exploring the possible preventive and therapeutic measures.
Determinants of low fifth minute Apgar score among newborns delivered by cesarean section at Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Southern Ethiopia: an unmatched case control study
Authors: Obsa Mohammed , Ajibo Bahiru Darma , Wolka Eskinder , Aseffa Andualem , Adem Abdi Oumer , Nugusse Mitiku Ayele , Mamo Mebratu , Temesgen Ashagrie sintayehu , Debalke Getachew 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Apgar score is a practical method of systemically assessing newborn baby immediately after birth to identify those requiring resuscitation and to predict survival in neonatal period. This study was aimed to identify determinant of low fifth minute Apgar score among newborns delivered by Cesarean section.
Methods
An unmatched case control study design was conducted. Cases were newborns with Apgar score of < 7; controls were newborns with an Apgar score of > = 7. The study participants were selected by simple random sampling technique. Data was entered into Epi data version 4.6 and exported to SPSS software version 24. Multivariable logistic regression to identify the independent effect of different factors at P < 0.05.
Result
In this study, factors associated with low Apgar score (LAS) were fetal birth weight < 2.5kg [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03 ‒ 64.59] p = 0.046, skin incision to delivery time (AOR = 5.27; 95% CI: 2.20 ‒ 12.60) p = 0.001, Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) (AOR = 4.58, 95% CI: 1.75 ‒ 11.92) p = 0.002, antepartum hemorrhage (APH) (AOR = 3.96; 95% CI: 1.75 ‒ 8.94) 0.001, type of anesthesia (AOR = 3.37, 95% CI: 1.72 ‒ 6.62) p = 0.001, meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) (AOR = 3.07, 95% CI: 1.32 ‒ 7.12) p = 0.009 and type of cesarean section (CS) (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.13 ‒ 4.15) p = 0.019.
Conclusions
Fetal birth weight < 2.5kg, skin incision to delivery time, PIH, APH, type of anesthesia, MSAF and type of CS were independently associated with LAS. Therefore, it was strongly recommended that working on identified risk factors were paramount to improve then neonatal outcomes.
Episodic Magma Hammers in the Recent Cataclysmic Eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai
Authors: Zheng Yingcai , Hu Hao , Spera Frank , Scruggs Melissa , Thompson Glenn , jin Yuesu , Lapen Thomas , McNutt Stephen , Mandli Kyle , Peng Zhigang , Yuen Dave 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption is arguably the most explosive since Krakatoa erupted in 1883. Understanding how magma dynamics are regulated by volcanic plumbing systems on timescales of seconds to minutes remains challenging. Here we identify four similar seismic subevents within a 5-minute interval during the intensifying early eruptive phase. Each subevent is similar in waveform and duration and is characterized by a sequence of four stages, A-D. Initial stage A is marked by an unusual negative P-wave polarity which is best explained by an upward, single-force mechanism at the volcano created by a magma hammer related to a transiently closed or blocked conduit. Renewed high mass flow in the second stage (B) produced a single force down at the volcano which was followed by reverberations that represent stages C and D and recovery to the initial state. This episodic magma hammer model, which is consistent with thermodynamic properties of the multiphase magmatic mixture, yields an estimate of magma mass flow in the conduit that is remarkably consistent with discharge into the atmosphere estimated from satellite imagery of plume heights.