bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological-clinical, Therapeutic and Evolutionary Profile of Children Treated for Bacterial Meningitis at CHU-MEL (Benin)
Authors: Yakoubou Annatou , Ayedadjou Linda , Tchiakpe Nicole Enianloko , Ladipo Omoyélé , Yerima Eurydice , Adjanohoun Adolphe , Sina Haziz , Baba-Moussa Lamine 
Published: September 2022

Aims: Bacterial meningitis remains a public health problem due to an unfavorable geographical environment and socioeconomic context. Our study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological-clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary profile of children treated for bacterial meningitis in the pediatric department of CHU-MEL in Benin.
Methodology: The methodology consisted in carrying out a retrospective and descriptive study of children admitted to the pediatric department of the CHU-MEL in Cotonou from January 2019 to December 2020. All children admitted in the study period were taken in consideration. Data collection (epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and evolutionary) was made from registers and files and by telephone call.
Results: Our data reveal that 68 children were treated for bacterial meningitis between January 2019 to December 2020. It was also noted that the most represented age group was between 3 months and 3 years with a rate of 52.9%. Most (95.6%) of the children had no particular history. The antibiotics used were ampicillin (17.4%), ceftriaxone (52.2%), cefotaxime (4.3%) and ciprofloxacin (8.7%). For the exploration of cases of meningitis, apart from the cytobacteriological examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the blood culture, the complete blood count (NFS) and the C-reactive protein (CRP) were the examinations commonly requested.
Conclusion: It is observed that children treated as meningitis have varying clinical signs. Meningitis cases have different ends. In case of bacterial meningitis, it is important to determine the germs to ensure proper antibiotic therapy to be conducted.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Aqueous Extract of Cashew Apple Cake (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Rats and Mice
Authors: Mamadou Dosso , Adama Coulibaly , Innocent Kouadio N’guessan , Doudjo Soro 
Published: September 2022

Aims: The aqueous extract of cashew apple cakes, rich in molecules of pharmacological interest, could be used against many diseases. Thus, the aim of the present work is to evaluate its hepatoprotective activity in rats and mice.
Methodology: Two batches of rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams, with five rats per batch, were pretreated for eleven days with the aqueous extract of cashew apple cakes at concentrations ranging from 150 to 300 mg.Kg-1 bw, then intoxicated with paracetamol at 2 g.Kg-1 bw, for three days. The blood of these rats was collected and submitted to biochemical analyses.
Two batches of mice weighing between 20 and 30 grams, with five mice per batch, were pretreated with the same test substance at concentrations also ranging from 150 to 300 mg.Kg-1 bw, then intoxicated with paracetamol before receiving phenobarbital. Afterwards, their sleep time was evaluated.
Results: In rats, paracetamol intoxication materialized by the increase in serum ALT activity ranging from 109±5.19 to 571±20.28 IU.L-1 and that of AST ranging from 144±5.77 to 428±14.19 IU.L-1. Similarly, direct bilirubin increased from 0 to 1.08± 0.58 mg.dl-1. These increases in transaminase activity and bilirubin levels were significantly decreased in rats pretreated with the aqueous extract of cashew apple cake. In mice, the phenobarbital test showed a 29.82 to 38.59% decrease in sleep time in mice pretreated with the aqueous extract of cashew apple cakes.
Conclusion: The aqueous extract of cashew apple cakes influencing biochemical parameters such as ALT, AST, bilirubin and sleep time, could therefore be used in the prevention of liver diseases, in traditional medicine.
Causes and Impacts of Drought and Flood Events in Haryana, India: A Regional Perspective
Authors: Yadav Manisha 
Published: September 2022

Droughts and floods are inherent in our country and worldwide, though they often occur in successive years, causing severe losses to agriculture, livestock, and human life. They are the most complex disasters affecting more people than any other disaster. A recent IPCC (2022) report indicates an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts and floods over India during the twenty-first century. Therefore, flood and drought assessments are necessary to understand future planning and enhance decision-making. Haryana majorly depends on groundwater and rainfall for its agriculture and domestic water needs. This paper emphasizes assessing different aspects of drought and floods, including their causes and impacts. The paper also presents a set of recommendable measures to avoid potential loss and cope with the drought and flood impacts in Haryana. The study is based on secondary data; data has been taken from the statistical abstract of Haryana and the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). Historical data on rainfall, droughts, and floods have been analyzed and assessed for interpretation. This study directs that the primary reasons for the flooding and drought in Haryana are excess and deficit rainfall during the monsoon and an increased in urbanization.
Status of Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health Services in Primary and Secondary Health Facilities of Public Sector in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Case Study
Authors: Nargus Shumaila 
Published: September 2022

The case study aimed to assess the efforts being carried out by the public sector to decrease Maternal, Neonatal, and Child mortality in Pakistan to establish an information base for future planning, and assessment of the Maternal, neonatal, and child health services being provided in primary and secondary health facilities to establish an information base for future planning. It was a descriptive/cross-sectional case study. A universal sample of the District Head Quarters Hospitals, Tehsil Head Quarters Hospitals, Rural Health Centers, and 20% Basic Health Units by using a stratified sampling technique surveys were conducted. Data was collected by using a questionnaire. The findings of the study showed the assessment of the availability of essential staff as per the required standard of the facility and availability was determined at 4,33, 53, and 86 percent in public sectors respectively. Preventive services are rendered at 86% of Basic Health Units, basic emergency obstetric and newborn care at 6% of Rural Health Centers, and comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care is being rendered at 4% and 33of by District Head Quarters Hospitals, Tehsil Head Quarters Hospitals respectively. Status of resuscitation with incubation is poor in Tehsil Head Quarters Hospitals (17%) and District Head Quarters Hospitals (51%), it is a very essential service to save the life of neonates if in the presence of staff at 4% of District Head Quarters Hospitals. The study recommended the expedited indefinite quantity of Maternal, neonatal, and child health services in primary and secondary health facilities of public sectors to drop off the mortality rate and to achieve targets regarding maternal and child mortality.
Loss of Taste and Smell Sensation in COVID-19: A Questionnaire Based Multicontinental Study with Review
Authors: Akhter Fatema , Afroz Mohammed Malik , Haque Tahsinul , Alarady Khetam , Yaqoub Agharid Fouad Al , Salim Ghadah Salim Abu 
Published: September 2022

Introduction: Taste buds are the peripheral organs of gustation and are located mainly in the tongue epithelium and palate. Taste buds further sample the chemical makeup of foods and beverages for nutrient content, palatability, and potential toxicity. On the other hand, the smell acts as a major factor and mostly functions involuntarily thereby identify chemical makeup and protecting from potential toxic insult. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing viral pandemic that emerged from East Asia and quickly spread to the rest of the world. An important highlight is an atypical new presentation of the disease: patients with olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions.
Objectives: To know whether the loss of taste and smell are a reliable symptomatic indicator in early diagnosis of COVID as well as how it impacts on the nutrition and early patient’s recovery.
Results: A questionnaire originally developed by AAO – NHS (American academy of oto – laryngology neck and head surgery) was modified to include the questions related to loss of taste. We have included a total of 512 patient of which 82.4% were females. The common risk factor reported by our patients was close contact with a potentially confirmed case which accounted for 46.1%. The common comorbidities reported in the population has largely been related to breathing problems in the form of asthma 10.2%, sinus and smoking allergies of 5.7% which is a known factor in the spread of Covid in these patients. We have noticed in our population that there was a loss of smell and taste noticed in all the subjects and among them 66.5% reported with anosmia and 52.3% reported with ageusia which was either overlooked or not understood by most of the patients. Hyposmia and Parosmia was 18.6% and 14.9% respectively while Hypogeusia and dysgeusia was 32.2% and 15.4% indicating that though complete loss of taste is less when compared to complete loss of smell but alteration in taste is much higher and was felt for a much longer duration of time and often reported but complete remission from loss of taste is not completed.
Conclusion: Loss of smell and taste should be considered as one of the reliable symptomatic indicators to covid infection and an active attempt should be made for its early remission for the patients to return back to normal intake of food leading to adequate nutrient supply
Effects of Real-time Prescription Benefit Recommendations on Patient Out-of-Pocket Costs
Authors: Desai Sunita M. , Chen Alan Z. , Wang Jiejie , Chung Wei-Yi , Stadelman Jay , Mahoney Chris , Szerencsy Adam , Anzisi Lisa , Mehrotra Ateev , Horwitz Leora I. 
Published: September 2022

ImportanceRising drug costs contribute to medication nonadherence and adverse health outcomes. Real-time prescription benefit (RTPB) systems present prescribers with patient-specific out-of-pocket cost estimates and recommend lower-cost, clinically appropriate alternatives at the point of prescribing.ObjectiveTo investigate whether RTPB recommendations lead to reduced patient out-of-pocket costs for medications.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cluster randomized trial, medical practices in a large, urban academic health system were randomly assigned to RTPB recommendations from January 13 to July 31, 2021. Participants were adult patients receiving outpatient prescriptions during the study period. The analysis was limited to prescriptions for which RTPB could recommend an available alternative. Electronic health record data were used to analyze the intervention’s effects on prescribing. Data analyses were performed from August 20, 2021, to June 8, 2022.InterventionsWhen a prescription was initiated in the electronic health record, the RTPB system recommended available lower-cost, clinically appropriate alternatives for a different medication, length of prescription, and/or choice of pharmacy. The prescriber could select either the initiated order or one of the recommended options.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPatient out-of-pocket cost for a prescription. Secondary outcomes were whether a mail-order prescription and a 90-day supply were ordered.ResultsOf 867 757 outpatient prescriptions at randomized practices, 36 419 (4.2%) met the inclusion criteria of having an available alternative. Out-of-pocket costs were $39.90 for a 30-day supply in the intervention group and $67.80 for a 30-day supply in the control group. The intervention led to an adjusted 11.2%; (95% CI, −15.7% to −6.4%) reduction in out-of-pocket costs. Mail-order pharmacy use was 9.6% and 7.6% in the intervention and control groups, respectively (adjusted 1.9 percentage point increase; 95% CI, 0.9 to 3.0). Rates of 90-day supply were not different. In high-cost drug classes, the intervention reduced out-of-pocket costs by 38.9%; 95% CI, −47.6% to −28.7%.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cluster randomized clinical trial showed that RTPB recommendations led to lower patient out-of-pocket costs, with the largest savings occurring for high-cost medications. However, RTPB recommendations were made for only a small percentage of prescriptions.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04940988; American Economic Association Registry: AEARCTR-0006909
Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivity of Linear Open‐Shell 3d‐Metal(I) Complexes
Authors: Werncke Christian Gunnar , Gómez Andrés G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Linear complexes with two‐coordinate, open‐shell 3d‐metal(I) ions are a young and rare class of compounds in coordination chemistry and are known so far for chromium to nickel. These complexes combine an uncommon coordination motif with an, for these metals, unusual oxidation state. The isolation of such compounds relies mostly on the use of sterically encumbering and/or electronically stabilizing ligands, such as bulky amides or
N
‐heterocyclic carbenes, to support the highly unsaturated metal center. Given the labile nature of these linear complexes as well as their only recent history, the physical properties, as well as their reactivity concerning small molecules and various bonding types are only partially explored. Reports concerning their respective behavior indicate a high potential, for example remarkable single‐molecule magnetic properties or first use in catalysis. Herein, we wish to give a comprehensive overview about the current knowledge, and by this shed the scientific spotlight on this, in our eyes, underused yet highly intriguing class in coordination chemistry.
Redox‐Switchable Catalysis
Authors: Regenauer Nicolas I. , Doll Julianna S. , Roșca Dragoș‐Adrian 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe ability to control catalytic properties, such as selectivity and rateduringthe reaction, represents an attractive tool which can potentially deliver the synthesis of specialized products from a large pool of building blocks. This can be achieved by the incorporation of an on / off switch into the backbone of (pre‐)catalysts. The electronic or solubility properties of the switch can be then reversibly modified through the action of external triggers, a process which in turn modulates the catalytic activity. Incorporation of switches that can be reversibly reduced or oxidized represents one of the most versatile methods for controlling the catalytic activity in situ. This article describes the current state of research in the field of redox‐switchable catalysis, with a focus on homogenous metal‐mediated processes. The first part presents an overview of the types of redox switches and of the methods employed for delivering the redox stimuli. The second part then focuses on the catalytic transformations which can be controlled in this fashion, which include polymerization catalysis, metathesis, hydroelementation, and other catalytic reactions for the synthesis of fine chemicals.
Transition Metal Diborane and Diborene Complexes: An Overview
Authors: Bag Ranjit , Bairagi Subhash , Rout Bikram K. , Ghosh Sundargopal 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Diborane(6), generally known as diborane, is highly reactive and versatile reagent with large number of applications. Although known for more than a century, recent years have witnessed substantial growth due to its fundamental research and significant applications in catalysis. In addition, massive efforts have been engaged to synthesize the transition metal diborane and diborene complexes to understand their structure and bonding. One of the interesting structural features of this type of complex is that they mimic transition metal alkene or alkyne complexes. Despite the exciting synthetic interest, the synthesis of transition metal diborane or diborene complexes is challenging, irregular, and uncontrollable. Nevertheless, a considerable amount of progress has been observed over decades that made this field very appealing. This article provides an overview of their synthesis, structure, and bonding along with some of their reactivities.
Application report of automatic unlocking baseplate in radiotherapy
Authors: Li Lintao , Wang Xianliang , Xin Xin , Fan Ming , Lu Shun , Wang Wei , Yin Gang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPurposeTo reduce the potential risk during radiotherapy treatment of patients with head and neck tumors, we improved upon the design of an existing immobilization device by adding a feature to improve patient safety during emergency releases, and we verified its clinical application.MethodWe designed an improved automatic unlocking baseplate (AUB), and conducted a dosimetry comparison with Solo Align Full Body System (SAFBS, Klarity, China). The dosimetry comparison included dose‐attenuation measurements and results from human simulation. We selected four points for measurement to allow comparison between the SAFBS and our AUB. A simulated human body model was used for CT scanning, whereby the target area and structure and simulated radiotherapy plan were conducted according to the American Academy of Pain Medicine Task Group–119 report (TG‐119), whereby the dose differences were compared. The purpose of the clinical test was to verify the reliability of the AUB system in practical clinical applications. The application tests were conducted in CT simulation (CT‐sim) and treatment rooms. The test included assessments of the stability of the system and the reliability of our device.ResultsThe dose‐attenuation measurements of the two baseplates were as follows: The transmission values with our unlocking system were 0.10% higher at the first point and 0.67% lower at the third. The same dose was obtained at points 2 and 4. In the simulation study, the PTV of the AUB was lower than that of the SAFBS, including 0.39% lower D99 and 0.18% lower D90. Among the organ‐at‐risk doses, the average dose of the AUB in the spinal cord was 0.6% higher than that of the SAFBS, and the average dose in the left and right parotid glands was more than 1.4% lower than that of SAFBS. The clinical test results were applied in treatment room and a CT‐sim room, which show a 100% success rate after being unlocked more than 5000 times.ConclusionThe AUB designed for head and neck patients had good functional versatility, the dose distribution met the requirements, and the automatic unlocking function was demonstrated to be stable and reliable.
Examining Rehabilitation Dose in Adults With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Association With Baseline Factors and Change in Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Thoma Louise M. , Wellsandt Elizabeth , Wipfler Kristin , Michaud Kaleb 
Published: September 2022

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association of baseline factors with rehabilitation dose and the association of rehabilitation dose with meaningful change in physical function, pain, and fatigue over 6 months among adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsUsing data from the National Databank for Rheumatic Diseases registry, we extracted baseline characteristics and self‐reported physical function (Health Assessment Questionnaire), pain (visual analog scale [VAS]), fatigue (VAS), rehabilitation dose (low: 1–2 visits, medium: 3–8 visits, high: >8 visits), and follow‐up outcomes 6 months later. Changes in clinical outcomes were categorized as improved, no change, or worsened. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) using proportional odds logistic regression models to examine the association of the baseline factors with rehabilitation dose and the association of rehabilitation dose with changes in clinical outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsThe sample included 1,381 adults with a new episode of rehabilitation (dose: low 27%, medium 42%, high 31%). Worse baseline physical function (adjusted OR 1.29 [95% CI 1.04–1.60]), but not pain (adjusted OR 1.04 [95% CI 0.99–1.10]) or fatigue (adjusted OR 0.98 [95% CI 0.93–1.03]), were associated with a higher rehabilitation dose. A high rehabilitation dose was associated with a favorable change in physical function (OR 1.51 [95% CI 1.14–1.98]), pain (OR 1.44 [95% CI 1.06–1.96]), and fatigue (OR 1.45 [95% CI 1.06–1.99]) compared to a low dose; only the association with physical function change persisted in adjusted models (adjusted OR 1.41 [95% CI 1.03–1.92]).ConclusionUsing real‐world data, this study supports a higher rehabilitation dose to improve physical function in adults with RA.
Racial Differences in Multimorbidity and Comorbidities in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kronzer Vanessa L. , Dykhoff Hayley J. , Stevens Maria A. , Myasoedova Elena , Davis John M. , Crowson Cynthia S. 
Published: September 2022

ObjectiveTo identify differences in multimorbidity and individual comorbidities among individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), separated by race and ethnicity.MethodsThis case–control study within OptumLabs Data Warehouse from 2010 to 2019 matched RA cases (defined by 2 codes plus prescription of an RA drug) to non‐RA controls 1:1 on age, sex, race and ethnicity, region, index date of RA, and insurance coverage duration. We defined multimorbidity as the presence of ≥2 or ≥5 validated comorbidities. Logistic regression models calculated adjusted odds of multimorbidity with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) within each race and ethnicity.ResultsWe identified 154,391 RA cases and 154,391 controls (mean age 59.6, 76% female). Black enrollees had the most multimorbidity ≥2/≥5 (73.1%, 34.3%); Asian enrollees had the least (52.4%, 17.3%). Adjusted odds of multimorbidity ≥2 and ≥5 in RA cases versus controls was 2.19 (95% CI 2.16–2.23) and 2.06 (95% CI 2.02–2.09), respectively. This increase was similar across race and ethnicity. However, we observed elevated occurrence of certain comorbidities by race and ethnicity versus controls (P < 0.001), including renal disease in White enrollees (4.7% versus 3.2%) and valvular heart disease in Black and White enrollees (3.2% and 2.8% versus 2.6% and 2.2%).ConclusionMultimorbidity is a problem for all RA patients. Targeted identification of certain comorbidities by race and ethnicity may be a helpful approach to mitigate multimorbidity.
High Efficiency Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells Based On Low Trap Density and High Carrier Mobility CsPbI3 Films
Authors: Yuan Jifeng , Zhang Di , Deng Binbin , Du Jiuyao , Choy Wallace C. H. , Tian Jianjun 
Published: September 2022

AbstractInorganic perovskite CsPbI3 has exhibited promising performance in single‐junction solar cells, but the grain boundaries (GBs) in its film cause the formation of the defects with deep energy levels (such as iodide vacancy (VI)) and impede the transport of carriers, worsening the efficiency and stability of the solar cells. Here, a CsPbI3 precursor is devised with thiophenol series ligands (TP‐ligands) containing both SH and π‐conjugated molecules. The strong interaction between the SH group (Lewis base) and PbI2 (Lewis acid) suppresses the formation of PbI42− in perovskite solution, thus suppressing the formation of VI in the film accordingly. The terminal groups, such as ‐F and ‐NH2, are employed to achieve an appropriate evaporation speed of the ligands and prevent the oxidation of the thiophenol group, then a high‐quality perovskite film with low trap density is obtained. In addition, the functional group π‐conjugated molecules provide additional carrier transmission channels at the GBs to increase carrier mobility, which facilitates the exciton separation and prolongs the charge lifetime. The CsPbI3 solar cell shows a considerable power conversion efficiency of 20.1% with an open‐current voltage of 1.18 V and a high fill factor of 83.5% and excellent working stability.