bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complement blockade with eculizumab to treat acute symptomatic humoral rejection after heart transplantation
Authors: Yerly Patrick , Rotman Samuel , Regamey Julien , Aubert Vincent , Aur Stefania , Kirsch Matthias , Hullin Roger , Pascual Manuel 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAntibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) is a major barrier preventing successful discordant organ xenotransplantation, but it also occurs in allotransplantation due to anti‐HLA antibodies. Symptomatic acute AMR is rare after heart allograft but carries a high risk of mortality, especially >1 year after transplant. As complement activation may play a major role in mediating tissue injury in acute AMR, drugs blocking the terminal complement cascade like eculizumab may be useful, particularly since “standards of care” like plasmapheresis are not based on strong evidence. Eculizumab was successfully used to treat early acute kidney AMR, a typical condition of “active AMR,” but showed mitigated results in late AMR, where “chronic active” lesions are more prevalent. Here, we report the case of a heart recipient who presented with acute heart failure due to late acute AMR with eight de novo donor‐specific anti‐HLA antibodies (DSA), and who fully recovered allograft function and completely cleared DSA following plasmapheresis‐free upfront eculizumab administration in addition to thymoglobulin, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), and rituximab. Several clinical (acute onset, abrupt and severe loss of graft function), biological (sudden high‐level production of DSA), and pathological features (microvascular injury, C4d deposits) of this cardiac recipient are shared with early kidney AMR and may indicate a strong role of complement in the pathogenesis of acute graft injury that may respond to drugs like eculizumab. Terminal complement blockade should be further explored to treat acute AMR in recipients of heart allografts and possibly also in recipients of discordant xenografts in the future.
Heat Transfer Analysis of Supercritical Methane in Microchannels With Different Geometric Configurations on High Power Electromechanical Actuator
Authors: Gao Zhigang , Wang Tianhu , Yang Yuxin , Shang Xiaolong , Bai Junhua , Li Peng 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The issue of regenerative cooling is one of the most important key technologies of flight vehicles, which is applied into both the engine and high-power electrical equipment. One pattern of regenerative cooling channels is the microchannel heat sinks, which are thought as a prospective means of improving heat removal capacities on electrical equipment of smaller sizes. In this paper, three numerical models with different geometric configurations, namely, straight, zigzag, and sinusoid, respectively, are built to probe into the thermal hydraulic performance while heat transfer mechanism of supercritical methane in microchannel heat sinks for the heat removal of high-power electromechanical actuator is also explored. In addition, some crucial influence factors on heat transfer such as inlet Reynolds number, operating pressure, and heating power are investigated. The calculation results imply the positive effect of wavy configurations on heat transfer and confirm the important effect of buoyancy force of supercritical methane in channels. The heat sinks with wavy channel show obvious advantages on comprehensive thermal performance including overall thermal performance parameter η and thermal resistance R compared with that of the straight one. The highest Nu and average heat transfer coefficient αm appear in the heat sink with zigzag channels, but the pumping power of the heat sink with sinusoidal channels is lower due to the smaller flow loss.
Liquid Droplet Impact Over Hydrophobic Mesh Surfaces and Assessment of Weber Number Dependent Characteristics
Authors: Abubakar Abba Abdulhamid , Yilbas Bekir Sami , Al-Qahtani Hussain , Mohammed Anwaruddin Siddiqui 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Impacting droplets and droplet ejection from hydrophobic mesh surfaces have interest in biomedicine, heat transfer engineering, and self-cleaning of surfaces. The rate and the size of newborn droplets can vary depending on the droplet fluid properties, Weber number, mesh geometry, and surface wetting states. In this study, impacting water droplets onto hydrophobic mesh surface is investigated and impact properties including, spreading, rebounding, and droplet fluid penetration and ejection rates are examined. Droplet behavior is assessed using high recording facilities and predicted in line with the experiments. The findings reveal that the critical Weber number for droplet fluid penetrating/ejecting from mesh screen mainly depends on the droplet fluid capillary length, and hydrophobic mesh size. The contact time of impacting droplet over mesh surface reduces with increasing droplet Weber number, which opposes the case observed for impacting droplets over flat hydrophobic surfaces. The restitution coefficient attains lower values for impacting droplets over mesh surfaces than that of flat surfaces. The rate and diameter of the ejected droplet from the mesh increases as droplet Weber increases. At the onset of impact, streamline curvature is formed inside droplet fluid, which creates a stagnation zone with radially varying pressure at the droplet fluid mesh interface. This reduces the ejected droplet diameter from mesh cells as mesh cells are located away from the impacting vertical axis.
Measurements of Turbulent Transport in a Square Channel With One Ribbed Wall
Authors: Ruck Sebastian , Arbeiter Frederik 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The velocity field of the fully developed turbulent flow in a one-sided ribbed square channel (rib-height-to-channel-height ratio of k/h=0.0667 and rib-pitch-to-rib-height ratio of p/k=9) was measured at Reynolds numbers (based on the channel height h and the mean bulk velocity uB) of Reh=5.0×104 and 1.0×105 by means of laser Doppler anemometry (LDA). Triple velocity correlations differed slightly between both Reynolds numbers when normalized by the bulk velocity and the channel height, similarly to the first- and second-order statistical moments of the velocity. Their near-wall behavior reflected the crucial role of turbulent transport near the rib crest and within the separated shear layer. Sweep events occurred with the elongated flow structures of the flapping shear layer and gained in importance toward the channel bottom wall, while strong ejection events near the rib leading and trailing edges coincided with flow structures bursting away from the wall. Despite the predominant occurrence of sweep events close to the ribbed wall within the inter-rib spacing, ejection events contributed with higher intensity to the Reynolds shear stress. Ejection and sweep events and their underlying transport phenomena contributing to the Reynolds shear stress were almost Reynolds number-insensitive in the resolved flow range. The invariance to the Reynolds number can be of benefit for the use of scale-resolving simulation methods in the design process of rib structures for heat exchange applications.
Second Moment Closure Modeling and Direct Numerical Simulation of Stratified Shear Layers
Authors: Jain Naman , Pham Hieu T. , Huang Xinyi , Sarkar Sutanu , Yang Xiang , Kunz Robert 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBuoyant shear layers encountered in many engineering and environmental applications have been studied by researchers for decades. Often, these flows have high Reynolds and Richardson numbers, which leads to significant/intractable space–time resolution requirements for direct numerical simulation (DNS) or large eddy simulation (LES). On the other hand, many of the important physical mechanisms, such as stress anisotropy, wake stabilization, and regime transition, inherently render eddy viscosity-based Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) modeling inappropriate. Accordingly, we pursue second-moment closure (SMC), i.e., full Reynolds stress/flux/variance modeling, for moderate Reynolds number nonstratified, and stratified shear layers for which DNS is possible. A range of submodel complexity is pursued for the diffusion of stresses, density fluxes and variance, pressure strain and scrambling, and dissipation. These submodels are evaluated in terms of how well they are represented by DNS in comparison to the exact Reynolds-averaged terms, and how well they impact the accuracy of full RANS closure. For the nonstratified case, SMC model predicts the shear layer growth rate and Reynolds shear stress profiles accurately. Stress anisotropy and budgets are captured only qualitatively. Comparing DNS of exact and modeled terms, inconsistencies in model performance and assumptions are observed, including inaccurate prediction of individual statistics, non-negligible pressure diffusion, and dissipation anisotropy. For the stratified case, shear layer and gradient Richardson number growth rates, and stress, flux and variance decay rates, are captured with less accuracy than corresponding flow parameters in the nonstratified case. These studies lead to several recommendations for model improvement.
A Numerical Study of Heat Transfer From an Array of Jets Impinging on a Flat Moving Surface
Authors: Shah Sanil 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A numerical study of heat transfer between circular jet arrays and the flat moving surface is carried out. Two jet patterns, inline and staggered, are chosen. A total of nine circular jets are used in both jet patterns. The analysis is carried out for steady and transient conditions with the turbulent flow of jet fluid. The steady-state analysis analyzes the effect of surface motion on the flow field and heat transfer through the jet arrays. The surface-to-jet velocity ratio (r) varies from 0 to 2. In transient analysis, the effect of jet pattern on the cooling of hot moving plate is analyzed. The two-equation shear stress transport (SST) k–ω turbulence model is used to solve Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy for incompressible turbulent flow. The steady-state analysis shows that surface motion has a significant effect on the flow field and heat transfer. The results of the transient analysis show that a staggering jet pattern cools the plate more uniformly than an inline jet pattern.
Conjugate Free Convection Heat Transfer and Thermodynamic Analysis of Infrared Suppression Device With Cylindrical Funnels
Authors: Chandrakar Vikrant , Mukherjee Arnab , Senapati Jnana Ranjan , Barik Ashok Kumar 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA convection system can be designed as an energy-efficient one by making a considerable reduction in exergy losses. In this context, entropy generation analysis is performed on the infrared suppression system numerically. In addition, results due to heat transfer are also shown. The numerical solution of the Navier–stokes equation, energy equation, and turbulence equation is executed using ansysfluent 15.0. To perform the numerical analysis, different parameters such as the number of funnels, Rayleigh number (Ra), inner surface temperature, and geometric ratio are varied in the practical range. Results are shown in terms of heat transfer, entropy generation, irreversibility (due to heat transfer and fluid friction), and Bejan number with some relevant parameters. Streamlines and temperature contours are also provided for better visualization of temperature and flow field around the device. Results show that heat transfer and mass flow rate increase with the increase in the number of funnels. Entropy generation and the irreversibility rise with an increase in the number of funnels and geometric ratio. Also, the Bejan number decreases with an increase in Ra and the number of funnels. A cooling time is also obtained using the lumped capacitance method.
Hierarchical Robust Adaptive Control for Wind Turbines With Actuator Fault
Authors: Ameli Sina , Moses Anubi Olugbenga 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article solves the problem of regulating the rotor speed tracking error for wind turbines in the full-load region by an effective robust adaptive control strategy. The developed controller compensates for the uncertainty in the control input effectiveness caused by a pitch actuator fault, unmeasurable wind disturbance, and nonlinearity in the model. Wind turbines have multilayer structures such that the high-level structure is nonlinearly coupled through an aggregation of the low-level control authorities. Hence, the control design is divided into two stages. First, an L2 controller is designed to attenuate the influence of wind disturbance fluctuations on the rotor speed. Then, in the low-level layer, a controller is designed using a proposed adaptation mechanism to compensate for actuator faults. The theoretical results show that the closed-loop equilibrium point of the regulated rotor speed tracking error dynamics in the high level is finite-gain L2 stable, and the closed-loop error dynamics in the low level is globally asymptotically stable. Simulation results show that the developed controller significantly reduces the root mean square of the rotor speed error compared to some well-known works, despite the largely fluctuating wind disturbance, and the time-varying uncertainty in the control input effectiveness.
Para athletes’ perceptions of abuse: a qualitative study across three lower resourced countries
Authors: Rutland Emily Anne , Suttiratana Sakinah C , da Silva Vieira Sheila , Janarthanan Rekha , Amick Michael , Tuakli-Wosornu Yetsa A 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesInterpersonal violence is an increasingly recognised risk of sport participation and causally linked to negative physical and mental health outcomes. Para athletes from low- and middle-income countries may be at highest risk of physical, psychological, sexual and neglect-related violence due to various factors; however, their perceptions of these abusive behaviours are unknown. This study examined the perceptions and experiences of abuse in para athletes from three lower resourced countries: Ghana, India and Brazil.MethodsQualitative data from semistructured focus group interviews conducted with 26 individuals were collected to explore characteristics of abuse observed, navigated and experienced by para athletes. The framework method for multidisciplinary qualitative research guided data analysis.ResultsAthletes identified a wide range of abusive behaviours they experienced within and outside of sport, including psychological, emotional, physical, sexual and neglect-related violence, which operated on both interpersonal and systemic levels. Most athletes described three less easily recognised forms of abuse in greater detail and more frequently than others: financial abuse, neglect and disability stigma.ConclusionIt is important to hear directly from athletes with diverse experiences and backgrounds and to integrate their insights and priorities into sport safeguarding policies, programmes and interventions. Understanding the requirements and challenges of para athletes and para sport is needed to achieve safe, equitable and inclusive sport. As new insights from diverse sport settings are added to the evidence base, globally balanced, athlete-generated and locally relevant preventative strategies can better protect all athletes.
Effect of superior trunk block on diaphragm function and respiratory parameters after shoulder surgery
Authors: Robles Constantin , Berardone Nick , Orebaugh Steven 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundThe interscalene brachial plexus block has been used effectively for intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing shoulder surgery, but it is associated with high rates of diaphragmatic dysfunction. Performing the block more distally, at the level of the superior trunk, may reduce the incidence of phrenic nerve palsy. We hypothesized that superior trunk block would result in diaphragmatic paralysis rate of less than 20%.Methods30 patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery received superior trunk block under ultrasound guidance. Measurements of diaphragm excursion were determined with ultrasound prior to the block, 15 min after the block, and postoperatively in phase II of postanesthesia care unit, in conjunction with clinical parameters of respiratory function.Results10 patients (33.3%, 95% CI 17.3% to 52.8%) developed complete hemidiaphragmatic paralysis at the postoperative assessment. An additional eight patients (26.7%) developed paresis without paralysis. Of the 18 patients with diaphragm effects, seven (38.9%) reported dyspnea. 83.3% of patients with abnormal diaphragm motion (56.7% of the total sample) had audibly reduced breath sounds on auscultation. Oxygen saturation measurements did not correlate with diaphragm effect and were not significantly reduced by the postoperative assessment.ConclusionAlthough injection of local anesthetic at the superior trunk level is associated with less diaphragmatic paralysis compared with traditional interscalene block, a significant portion of patients will continue to have ultrasonographic and clinical evidence of diaphragmatic weakness or paralysis.
Examining trends in gun violence injuries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic across six trauma centers
Authors: McGraw Constance , Jarvis Stephanie , Carrick Matthew , Lieser Mark , Madayag Robert M , Berg Gina M , Banton Kaysie L , Hamilton David , Bar-Or David 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesThe onset of the national stay-at-home orders accompanied by a surge in firearm sales has elevated the concerns of clinicians and public health authorities. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the stay-at-home orders among gunshot wound (GSW) trauma admissions.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study at six level I trauma centers across four states. Patients admitted after the onset of COVID-19 restrictions (March 16, 2020–June 30, 2020) were compared with those admitted during the same period in 2019. We compared (1) rate of patients with GSW and (2) characteristics of patients with GSW, by period using Χ2tests or Fisher’s exact tests, as appropriate.ResultsThere were 6996 trauma admissions across the study period; 3707 (53%) in 2019 and 3289 (47%) in 2020. From 2019 to 2020, there was a significant increase in GSW admissions (4% vs. 6%, p=0.001); 4 weeks specifically had significant increases (March 16–March 23: 4%, April 1–April 8: 5%, April 9–April 16: 6%, and May 11–May 18: 5%). Of the 334 GSWs, there were significant increases in patients with mental illness (5% vs. 11%, p=0.03), alcohol use disorder (2% vs. 10%, p=0.003), substance use disorder (11% vs. 25%, p=0.001), and a significant decrease in mortality (14% vs. 7%, p=0.03) in 2020. No other significant differences between time periods were identified.ConclusionOur data suggest that trauma centers admitted significantly more patients with GSW following the national guidelines, including an increase in those with mental illness and substance use-related disorders. This could be attributable to the stay-at-home orders.Level of evidenceLevel III, retrospective study.
Effects of gravitational lensing on neutrino oscillation in $$ \gamma $$-spacetime
Authors: Chakrabarty Hrishikesh , Borah Debasish , Abdujabbarov Ahmadjon , Malafarina Daniele , Ahmedov Bobomurat 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe study the effects of gravitational lensing on neutrino oscillations in the $$\gamma $$
γ
-spacetime which describes a static, axially-symmetric and asymptotically flat solution of the Einstein’s field equations in vacuum. Using the quantum-mechanical treatment for relativistic neutrinos, we calculate the phase of neutrino oscillations in this spacetime by considering both radial and non-radial propagation. We show the dependence of the oscillation probability on the absolute neutrino masses, which in the two-flavour case also depends upon the sign of mass squared difference, in sharp contrast with the well-known results of vacuum oscillation in flat spacetime. We also show the effects of the deformation parameter $$\gamma $$
γ
on neutrino oscillations and reproduce previously known results for the Schwarzschild metric. We then extend these to a more realistic three flavours neutrino scenario and study the effects of the parameter $$\gamma $$
γ
and the lightest neutrino mass while using best fit values of neutrino oscillation parameters.
Sedimentary dynamics and topographic controls on the tidal-dominated Zagra Strait, Early Tortonian, Betic Cordillera, Spain
Authors: Puga-Bernabéu Ángel , Braga Juan Carlos , Aguirre Julio , Martín José Manuel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The approximately 350 m-thick stratigraphic succession of the Zagra Strait records an important oceanographic phase of basin interconnection between the Atlantic Ocean (Guadalquivir Basin) and the Mediterranean Sea through the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain) during the early Tortonian. The Zagra Strait developed as a narrow structurally controlled marine corridor. The sedimentary dynamics of the Zagra Strait were interpreted from the sedimentological features observed in six sections at well-exposed outcrops. Large-scale (>10 m high) compound dunes and compound–dune complexes moved parallel to the strait margins under strong tidal currents generated by tidal amplification at the strait entrance and exit. Dune distribution can be divided into three sectors with different palaeocurrent migration, lithological and topographical characteristics. The northern and central sectors were separated by a deep depression (>75 m water depth) where tidal currents were weaker and dunes were not generated. The southern sector records a relative decrease in current strength compared with the northern and central sectors, and a significant increase in the bioclastic content in the sediment. Terrigenous content generally increases towards the strait margins, and reciprocally, carbonates towards its axis. The closure of the Zagra Strait resulted from tectonic uplift of that part of the Betic Cordillera before the late Tortonian.