bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Legal Status of Historic Bays in the Light of the Works of the League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law
Authors: Kamiński Tomasz 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The status of historic bays has developed over time and forms a part of customary international law. Interestingly, that issue has never been codified in international treaties regarding the law of the sea. However, it has always been discussed in the codification works on that topic carried out in the 20th century within the international organisations. This article discusses, in brief, the origins and evolution of the legal status of bays in international law until the beginning of the twentieth century. However, most of all, it addresses in detail the beginning of codification works carried out after World War I by the League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law, with a special reference to the legal position of historic bays. Furthermore, it addresses the questions of so-called vital bays and establishment of International Waters Office, that were also discussed during the Committee works.
Unpacking the Causes and Catalysts of Insurgencies in Africa
Authors: Butime Herman 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the 20th and 21st centuries, insurgency has emerged as a mechanism for violently reconstituting the post-colonial state in Africa. Yet, despite its enduring influence on the politics of Africa, insurgency continues to present with intriguing dynamics. Existing literature tends to split the origins of insurgencies on this continent into underlying and immediate causes. Also, with the upsurge in Islamist terrorism in the Post-Cold War era, there has emerged a tendency to treat Islamist insurgencies as different from non-Islamist insurgencies in terms of the contradictions that trigger these phenomena. This article asserts that the fluid dynamics in the onset of insurgency blur the imaginary line separating causes from catalysts of insurgencies in Africa. Equally, the causes and catalysts of Islamist insurgencies are not significantly different from those that precipitate non-Islamist insurgencies.
Legal Implications of Inscribing the Oromo Gadaa System (OGS) in United Nations’ Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) List of Intangible Heritage
Authors: Aga Firdissa Jebessa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Gadaa, an indigenous governance system of the Oromo, has been inscribed by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage. The purpose of the study was, therefore, to assess the inherent legal implications within the inscription. A qualitative approach was used to generate data from interviews and literatures. The findings have shown that the designations given by the Federal Proclamation are too broad to be applicable – and are alien – to the peculiarities of the OGS. No lifelike efforts are being witnessed for putting in place legal grounds following the inscription. There is a need for reinvigorating the values and principles inherent within the OGS-guaranteeing authentic peaceful and stable political, administrative, economic, social and cultural (co)existence of the Oromo in the Continent. The Oromo people, headed by Abbaa Gadaa and the Oromia National Regional State, also should request UNESCO to rename the OGS instituting both intangible and tangible World Heritage of Humanity.
Upstage Rate of Complex Sclerosing Lesions/Radial Scars
Authors: Jones Veronica M. , Pearce Jane B. , Khalil Maryam , Cain Olivia , Coldren Daniel , Martin Harrison , Howard-McNatt Marissa , Levine Edward , Chiba Akiko 
Published: March 2022

Background Radial scars (RS) and complex sclerosing lesions (CSL) are breast radiologic findings described as small, stellate lesions causing architectural distortion. This can mimic malignancy. Core needle biopsy (CNB) is often performed. Advances in breast imaging have led to increased detection of RS/CSL. The upstage rate of RS/CSL to in situ or invasive disease is 0-40%. We sought to determine the upstaging rate of RS/CSL to in situ, invasive disease, or high-risk lesion at our institution to create excision guidelines. Methods The pathology database of a single center was searched for RS/CSL, from January 2013 to September 2020. We included CNB without malignancy or high-risk lesion (eg, atypical ductal hyperplasia). Patient demographics, indications for biopsy, imaging findings, biopsy procedure, and final pathology were collected. Results Forty-four patients were included. 52.3% had CNB for architectural distortion on mammography, 18.2% for mass, 11.4% for calcifications, 2.3% for abnormal MRI, and 15.9% for multiple reasons (eg, calcifications and mass). Most had an ultrasound: 43.2% had no abnormality and 34.1% had a mass. All CNB were vacuum assisted, 65.9% with 9-gauge needle, and averaged 10.0 cores. 77.3% were stereotactic biopsies, 13.6% ultrasound, and 6.8% MRI. 59.1% had excision after CNB. 82.1% of patients did not upstage. One patient upstaged to invasive ductal carcinoma (3.6%) and two patients to high-risk lesion (7.1%). Discussion There was low upstage rate of RS/CSL on excisional biopsy. Centers could consider close surveillance for RS/CSL on CNB. Longer follow-up in cases of deferred excision is needed to ensure oncologic safety.
Distortive Assumptions in the Literature on White’s Thesis: Toward Theologically Sensitive Measures of Dominion and Stewardship Ideology
Authors: Brown Caleb , Volk Fred , Wallsgrove Richard 
Published: March 2022

Since Lynn White’s 1967 discussion of Christianity and environmentalism, numerous quantitative sociological studies have attempted to assess whether White’s historical claim is born out in Christians’ current perspectives. These studies do so in large part by assessing Christians’ dominion and stewardship tendencies, about which they make two assumptions: (1) dominion ideology is inherently anti-environmental and (2) dominion and stewardship ideologies are opposed. Many Christians reject these assumptions, a fact we demonstrate by surveying Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and North American Evangelical sources. Each of these discourses, in clear contradistinction to the quantitative sociological literature, portray dominion as leading to self-sacrificial stewardship of creation, all of which is considered intrinsically valuable. Taking a 2015 study of Christians in Nigeria as a case-study, we demonstrate that this conflict between a) the perspectives assumed in the quantitative literature and b) the perspectives held by many Christians leads to a forced and distortive portrayal of these Christians’ dominion and stewardship perspectives. Finally, we propose ways of measuring dominion and stewardship perspectives that, while not devoid of assumptions, are flexible enough for Christians to register a variety of competing understandings of these concepts.
Education, Science, and Technology Policies during Ecuador’s Citizens’ Revolution: Between Cognitive Dependency and the Struggle for the Social State
Authors: Maniglio Francesco , Barragán Vicente 
Published: March 2022

Now that the global development of economies is knowledge-based, there is increasing pressure on peripheral and semiperipheral countries, technologically and economically trapped by their dependency on the advanced economies. In this context, the education, science, and technology policies of the Citizens’ Revolution in Ecuador (2007–2017) must be considered the product of political emergencies and urgent social needs such as the need to halt the continual increase in inequality, poverty, and institutional instability. The knowledge economy has created a contradictory relationship between cognitive dependency and social development. The Citizens’ Revolution government attempted to resist and challenge knowledge rent, opposing appropriation and pillage by transnational companies while pursuing a public system of higher education in science and technology with increasing participation in human capital flows and access for historically excluded groups. Whereas these policies have had an impact in terms of access, democratization, and poverty reduction, they have had the perverse effect of reinforcing the power of the national elites, reproducing Ecuador’s inequalities and historic injustices. Ahora que el desarrollo global de las economías se basa en el conocimiento, aumenta la presión sobre los países periféricos y semiperiféricos, los cuales se encuentran tecnológica y económicamente atrapados a raíz de su dependencia de las economías avanzadas. En este contexto, las políticas de educación, ciencia y tecnología de la Revolución Ciudadana en el Ecuador (2007–2017) deben ser consideradas como el producto de emergencias políticas y necesidades sociales urgentes, incluyendo la necesidad de frenar el continuo aumento de la desigualdad, la pobreza y la inestabilidad institucional. La economía del conocimiento ha creado una relación contradictoria entre la dependencia cognitiva y el desarrollo social. El gobierno de la Revolución Ciudadana intentó resistir y desafiar la renta del conocimiento, oponiéndose a la apropiación y el saqueo por parte de las empresas transnacionales mientras buscaba establecer un sistema público de educación superior en ciencia y tecnología con una creciente participación en los flujos de capital humano y el acceso de grupos históricamente excluidos. Si bien estas políticas han tenido un impacto en términos de acceso, democratización y reducción de la pobreza, también han tenido el efecto perverso de reforzar el poder de las élites nacionales, reproduciendo las desigualdades e injusticias históricas del Ecuador.
Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool—Thai Version: Translation, Validity, and Reliability
Authors: Singhala Kochaporn , Mills Andrew C. , Wong-Anuchit Choochart 
Published: March 2022

Background: In 2019, 14.0% of infants in Thailand were exclusively breastfed up to 6 months of age. To increase exclusive breastfeeding, an objective assessment measure would be useful to maternity care providers for appraising the problems encountered by new mothers’ experiences with breastfeeding. Research Aims: To translate the Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool from English into Thai; to assess the reliability and validity of the Thai Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool; and to explore the relationship of a mother’s self-efficacy to successful breastfeeding. Methods: Using a methodological design, we purposively sampled 302 new mothers from two tertiary hospitals in Thailand who had given birth to a single baby with an uncomplicated vaginal birth. The Thai Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool’s structure was examined using confirmatory factor analysis. Concurrent and convergent validity were assessed using the Thai LATCH instrument and Thai Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale, respectively. Results: The inter-item Thai Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool correlation coefficients were positive and strong. The correlation between scores of the Thai Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool and Thai LATCH instrument were positive and strong and had acceptable concurrent validity. The confirmatory factor analysis model fit the Thai Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool data perfectly and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient had acceptable internal reliability. Conclusions: The Thai Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool is a cross-culturally translated instrument equivalent to its English version and demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. The instrument provides a mechanism for an objective assessment and monitoring system of optimal breastfeeding practices in Thai mothers with newborns.
Oral cancer awareness and education within the pharmacy profession
Authors: Saadat Soheyl , Longridge Nicholas , Shaw Richard , Walker Andrew , McCarthy Caroline 
Published: March 2022

The incidence of oral cancers are rising in the UK, with early detection a significant positive prognostic factor. The Covid-19 pandemic has negatively impacted patients access to dental services, reducing a potential avenue to diagnosis. Community pharmacists are well positioned to play an expanded role in supporting earlier detection. This study seeks to identify levels of awareness and knowledge of oral cancer amongst community pharmacists, to inform development of educational resources. A cross-sectional digital survey was distributed via social media between August and September 2021. Data were collected on participant's demographics, oral cancer awareness and educational resources relevant to oral cancer. The results obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics in IBM SPSS software. 61 pharmacists completed the survey. The majority were female (n = 40; 65.6%) aged 18–30 (n = 33; 54.1%). Less than half of respondents reported feeling confident in recognising risk factors (37.7%; n = 23). A substantial minority (n = 8; 13.1%) incorrectly selected fluoride toothpaste use as a risk factor for oral cancer. Most respondents correctly suggested signposting patients with signs or symptoms of oral cancer to a General Medical or General Dental Practitioner (GDP) (n = 35; 57.3%, n = 46; 75.4%). 91.8% of respondents (n = 56) would welcome an educational resource to support professional development. This study demonstrates a need for further educational resources regarding oral cancer, specifically aimed at community pharmacists. Community Pharmacists have a crucial role in efforts to improve rates of early detection of oral cancers. Work should be completed to explore the establishment of direct referral pathways from community pharmacy to secondary care.
Multimodal imaging of soccer ball-related ocular posterior segment injuries
Authors: Carrera William , Ng Caleb , Koppinger Jayson , Saud Asma , Chen Judy J , Agarwal Anita , Johnson Robert N , Jumper J. Michael , Lujan Brandon , McDonald H. Richard 
Published: March 2022

Purpose To investigate the clinical and anatomic characteristics of soccer ball-induced posterior segment injuries in the era of modern multi-modal imaging. Methods Retrospective case series of patients with soccer ball injury and diagnostic imaging from 2007 to 2020 at a single vitreoretinal practice. Results Eight patients met inclusion criteria. Fundus photographs (FP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were obtained in eight patients, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) in five patients, fluorescein angiography (FA) in three patients, and en-face OCT and OCT-Angiography (OCT-A) were obtained in two patients each. FA and FAF identified traumatic pigment epitheliopathy secondary to commotio. Increased hypo-autofluorescence was associated with shallow, peripheral retinal detachment on FAF. OCT of the macula displayed outer retinal changes associated with commotio, and offered insight into the acute and subacute changes of traumatic macular hole formation. A patient displayed foveal hyper-reflectivity in the shape of an hourglass with retinal cyst at the level of the external limiting membrane (ELM) as seen on OCT and En-face OCT. A patient with commotio involving the macula lacked microvascular changes on OCT-A. Conclusion OCT, FA, and FAF imaging may aid in the work-up and management of the soccer ball-related posterior segment injuries.
Coping strategy enhancement for the treatment of distressing voices in young people: A service evaluation within routine clinical practice
Authors: Hayward Mark , Frost Hazel , Naito Akira , Jones Anna-Marie 
Published: March 2022

Background Hearing voices is a common experience in young people, irrespective of diagnosis. This experience can be associated with distress, self-harm and an increased risk of attempting suicide. However, there are currently no evidence-based interventions which specifically target distressing voice hearing experiences in young people. Method This was a service evaluation exploring the engagement, outcomes and experiences of young people who were offered a brief 4-session intervention for distressing voices within a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) in the UK’s National Health Service. The intervention was based on the principles of Coping Strategy Enhancement (CSE). Results A total of 24 young people were offered the CSE intervention over a 20-month period. The intervention was completed by 15 young people. Pre-post outcomes suggested clinically meaningful reductions in the negative impact of voices for the majority of the young people. Qualitative feedback was positive and highlighted the value of both a space to talk about voice hearing experiences and a focus upon coping strategies. Conclusions The findings from this service evaluation suggest that CSE can be a brief, acceptable and helpful way for young people within a CAMHS context to start a therapeutic conversation about their distressing voice hearing experiences.
Investigation on the fire behaviour and propagation rule of fire overflow in the high-rise concave building structure
Authors: Lu Xin-Xiao , Shi Guo-Yu , Song Si-Yuan 
Published: March 2022

The concave building structure (CBS) featured with a partial sunken façade is prevalent in the high-rise residence and comprehensive buildings. The building is a 3/4 enclosed longitudinal shaft that creates a new channel for longitudinal fire propagation. The objective of the paper is to reveal the dynamic mechanism of fire propagation in CBS. A small-scale experiment and Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) were conducted to investigate the fire behaviour. The results show that CBS could enhance the longitudinal propagation velocity of the flame and smoke with a slender profile. It could reduce the heat loss and create a higher space temperature than no-concave building structure (NBS). The maximum temperature and smoke concentration extended from the external facade centre to two flanks with the building height increase. Raising the structure factor extended the flame length from 7.0 m to 8.6 m. It exhibited a typical three stages of entrainment velocity growth: rapid growth, medium growth and slow growth. The flame transferred from the external façade to the lateral façade when the heat release rate was 8–10 MW. The research is essential to distinguish the hazardous region and provide a basis for architectural design and personal safe evacuation in the CBS fire scenario.
Exploring Primary Care Non-Attendance: A Study of Low-Income Patients
Authors: Chapman Kyle A. , Machado Stephanie S. , van der Merwe Katie , Bryson Ashley , Smith Dwight 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: While evidence has been established on the impact of medical appointment non-attendance on the healthcare system and patient health, previous research has not focused on how poverty and rurality may influence patient experiences with non-attendance. This paper explores patient perceptions of non-attendance among those experiencing poverty in a rural U.S county to better inform providers to the context in which their patients make attendance-related decisions. Methods: Using a grounded theory approach, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 32 U.S. low-income adults in the rural Western U.S. who recurrently missed primary care appointments. We also used a questionnaire to assess individual characteristics related to health, resiliency, personal mastery, medical mistrust, life chaos, and adverse childhood experiences. Results: Participants identified 3 barriers to attending appointments: appointment disinterest, competing demands, and insufficient systems. Appointment disinterest stemmed from physical and mental health issues, misalignment between needs and treatment, and comfort with the provider. Competing demands included family responsibilities, employment, and relationships. Finally, participants reported that current scheduling and transportation systems were helpful but insufficient. To provide further context, participants also reported low overall health, moderate levels of medical mistrust, life chaos, and mastery, moderate to low resilience, and very a high number of adverse childhood experiences. Conclusions: Results point to the need for modified structures that allow low-income patients more control over their personal health and highlight opportunities for clinics to address patients’ lack of interest and fear in the medical encounter.
Demographic, Health and Pandemic-Related Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccination Intention Among Filipino Emerging Adults
Authors: Cleofas Jerome V. , Oducado Ryan Michael F. 
Published: March 2022

Emerging adults have become more susceptible to COVID-19 because of the emergence of the Delta and Omicron variants. Vaccination can help protect them from contracting the virus. However, in the Philippines, vaccine acceptance rates are low. This cross-sectional study sought to determine the demographic, health, and pandemic-related determinants of COVID-19 vaccination intention among Filipino emerging adults. A total of 1692 Filipinos aged 18–24 years old participated in this study by answering an online survey. Findings reveal that 57.03% of the respondents do not intend to complete their COVID-19 vaccinations. Logistic regression analysis results suggest that less than “very good” self-reported health, lower life satisfaction, previous exposure to a COVID-19 patient, and lower pandemic fatigue were associated with greater odds of intending to vaccinate among Filipino emerging adults ( p < 0.05).
Influence of Mutual Support on Burnout among Intensive Care Unit Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Haruna Junpei , Unoki Takeshi , Ishikawa Koji , Okamura Hideaki , Kamada Yoshinobu , Hashimoto Naoya 
Published: March 2022

Introduction Burnout among healthcare professionals in intensive care units (ICUs) is a serious issue that leads to early retirement and medication errors. Their gender, lower years of experience, and lower education have been reported as risk factors. Simultaneously, mutual support—commonly referred to as “back-up behavior,” in which staff members support each other—is critical for team performance. However, little is known about the influence of mutual support among ICU healthcare professionals on burnout. The U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality refers to mutual support as the involvement of team members in: assisting one another, providing and receiving feedback, and exerting assertive and advocacy behaviors when patient safety is threatened. Objective This study aimed to verify the hypothesis that lower mutual support among ICU healthcare professionals is associated with increased probability of burnout. Methods A web-based survey was conducted from March 4 to 20, 2021. All ICU healthcare professionals in Japan were included. An invitation was sent via the mailing list of the Japanese Society of Intensive Care Medicine and asked to mail to local communities and social network services. We measured burnout severity using the Maslach Burnout-Human Services Survey and mutual support using the TeamSTEPPS Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire, as well as occupational background. The cutoff value for burnout was predefined and conducted logistic regression. Results We received 335 responses, all of which were analyzed. The majority of respondents were nurses (58.5%), followed by physicians (18.5%) and clinical engineers (10.1%). The burnout group scored significantly lower on mutual support than the non-burnout group. After adjusting for covariates in a logistic regression, low mutual support was an independent factor predicting a high probability of burnout. Conclusions This study suggests that it is important to focus on mutual support among ICU healthcare professionals to reduce the frequency of burnout.