bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1943
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Oklahoma! begins out-of-town performances, generating responses from friends, critics, and colleagues. Rodgers and Hammerstein and the Theatre Guild rebuke Rouben Mamoulian for taking undo credit. Oscar Hammerstein and his lawyer discuss how to deal with the extraordinarily high taxes being levied during the war. Casting and production begin on Carmen Jones. Edna Ferber complains to Hammerstein that he plagiarized from one of her books for something he put in Oklahoma!; Rodgers and Hammerstein are approached by William Perlberg to write the songs for the film State Fair. Rodgers and Hammerstein and the Theatre Guild begin planning their next musical, Carousel.
1949 (Preceded by a Smattering of Letters from 1948)
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rodgers and Hammerstein collaborate with writer and director Josh Logan, and producer Leland Hayward, on South Pacific. The show opens out-of-town and is from the beginning a runaway hit. Stephen Sondheim asks if he can get any curtains or drapes from Annie Get Your Gun when it closes to use in a show he’s written for Williams College. Eslanda (Mrs. Paul) Robeson writes a letter of praise after seeing South Pacific out-of-town but questions why the black sailor is always seen jitterbugging. “You’ve Got to Be Carefully Taught” receives praise and criticism. Oscar’s grammar in “Some Enchanted Evenings” is questioned and defended. Product placement in South Pacific is discussed. Rodgers and Hammerstein produce the play The Happy Time, and consider Tevye’s Daughters. Oscar gives advice to the producer of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.
1955
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Letters regarding the film of Oklahoma!—editing, production, promotion, and responses. Complaints about Yul Brynner not performing “It’s a Puzzlement.” Follow-ups regarding Hammerstein’s letter on integrated housing and racial prejudice. Gary Cooper expresses interest in starring in Pipe Dream. NBC Opera Theatre wants Hammerstein to write a new libretto for The Magic Flute. Correspondence with General Douglas MacArthur. Discussions about the United Nations, the United World Federalists and how to ensure peace. The Production Code Administration demands changes to the script of Carousel. Josh Logan reports on the filming of Picnic. Hammerstein works on behalf of Welcome House, an adoption agency for children of Asian or part Asian ancestry. John Steinbeck suggests Rodgers and Hammerstein write an opera based on Of Mice and Men.
Questions about Political Development
Authors: Berman Sheri 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the key questions motivating this book-How can we understand the fate of today's new democracies and the problems facing its older ones? What makes liberal democracy work well in some places and some times, but not others?-and why examining political development in Europe from the seventeenth century until the present day can help us answer them. The chapter also discusses the key concepts and theories employed and analyzed throughout the book, including electoral, liberal and illiberal democracy; democratization and consolidation; democratic backsliding and autocratization; fascism, populism and authoritarianism; nationalism and identity formation; state-building; modernization; and sequencing.
The Ancien Régime
Authors: Berman Sheri 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 focuses on the early modern period. It examines the type of political regime that dominated Europe during this time-monarchical and particularly absolutist dictatorships-as well as the era's most important feature, the emergence of modern states. The focus is on understanding the main features of the French ancien r�gime, with comparisons to developments in other parts of Europe. The chapter analyzes the type of state-building that occurred in France and other parts of Europe and highlights some of the ways this process influenced subsequent political development.
English Exceptionalism I
Authors: Berman Sheri 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines early modern Britain and in particular the civil wars, regime changes and Glorious Revolution of the seventeenth century. It analyzes how Britain's conflictual seventeenth century reflected previous state- and nation-building efforts and how and why seventeenth-century conflicts laid the foundation for the unusually peaceful and gradual political trajectory Britain would follow from the eighteenth century on.
1848
Authors: Berman Sheri 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines 1848, the next major turning point in Europe's political development. During this year, a democratic wave swept across much of Europe, quickly topping monarchical dictatorships. Yet barely two years later, this democratic wave had receded and Europe was back under dictatorial rule. The chapter explains why this democratic wave succeeded and then failed so spectacularly, focusing on the role played by class and communal conflicts in determining political outcomes.
The French Third Republic
Authors: Berman Sheri 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the French Third Republic. It analyzes the transition to and the nature of the Third Republic. This Third Republic turned into France's longest-lived regime since the revolution and achieved important successes but was also marred by critical weaknesses and extreme political polarization. The chapter analyzes the Third Republic's weaknesses through the prism of the Dreyfus Affair, the most important crisis the Republic confronted before the First World War.
The Transition to Communist Dictatorships in East-Central Europe1
Authors: Berman Sheri 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 15 examines the transition to communism in East-Central Europe after 1945. Like Western Europe, East-Central Europe's postwar political development diverged greatly from the prewar period. But while this divergence landed Western Europe finally in the liberal democratic camp, East-Central Europe ended up ruled by communist dictatorships. The chapter investigates the domestic and international reasons for this political outcome and the main features and consequences of communist dictatorships in East-Central Europe.
The Transition to Democracy in East-Central Europe
Authors: Berman Sheri 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 17 examines the transition to democracy in East-Central Europe. It asks why attempts at political liberalization failed in East-Central Europe in the 1950s, '60s and '70s, but democratization succeeded in 1989. It also investigates why, when democratization occurred, it was peaceful and negotiated in some East-Central European countries but accompanied by mass protests and elite intransigence in others. And finally, it considers how legacies of communism continue to influence the region's political development today.
How Ballads Portrayed Murder and Violence
Authors: McIlvenna Una 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at how balladry approached the various kinds of murder, and how this apparently ahistorical crime could be represented differently across the centuries. Ballads tended to misrepresent actual levels of crime by foregrounding those that were seen as sensational or shocking because of the gender or status of the protagonists, such as murder committed by a woman. The chapter therefore focuses on the subject of gender and murder, to see how men and women who committed violence were treated differently both in the law and in balladry. Motives are also explored, with the devil regularly appearing in situations already featuring anger, alcohol, infidelity, or poverty. It also explores infanticide ballads. Given the increasingly draconian legislation against this crime in early modern Europe, the surprising dearth of ballads about this emotive topic reveals that consumers generally sympathised with young women who were vulnerable to the sexual advances of male predators.
Political Executions in Song
Authors: McIlvenna Una 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines ballads about executions for political crimes. Convictions for treason usually involved members of the nobility, so ballads about such figures were especially in demand, combining as they did spectacular executions with a celebrity subject. It looks at the fall of royal favourites, noting that social rank was the crucial factor determining whether ballads could be sympathetic or vengeful. It also looks at nationalist heroes and rebels, with the Dutch providing a national case study. An examination of the execution ballads of monarchs reveals that sympathy about their execution depended on the region in which the ballad was composed and the gender of the subject, with misogyny clearly evident in songs about queens. It closes by examining songs about those who attempted to assassinate rulers, revealing that ballads were generally conservative, frowning on the nationalist sentiments of the regicides.
Outlaw Balladry
Authors: McIlvenna Una 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how ballads contributed to the rise of the romanticised outlaw in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It reveals that there were two models of execution ballads for such robbers and highwaymen. The first, the ‘nostalgic’ model, treats its subject sympathetically, refers to the execution only obliquely, and does not use a typical execution ballad melody. These songs were usually composed much later than the execution and are often still popular today. The second, the ‘realistic’ model, more closely resembles a traditional execution ballad, treating the outlaw as a heinous criminal who, full of repentance, receives his appropriate punishment, and who acts as a lesson in deterrence. They are usually composed close to the time of the execution and use traditional execution ballad melodies. Ballads also reflect the regional differences in the kinds of crimes committed by outlaws.
The End of Execution Ballads?
Authors: McIlvenna Una 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the evolution of execution ballads into the nineteenth century and beyond, revealing that public executions still drew enormous crowds, although towards the end of the century public executions would eventually become ‘private’ affairs conducted within prison walls. Ballads focused largely on murder, and were produced about every element of the case, trial, and execution, often including large amounts of prose alongside the verse. This period saw the rise of celebrity cases, with scores of ballads being produced for a single case. The disappearance of execution ballads seems to have been linked to the move towards ‘private’ executions—in most regions there are few ballads after this shift occurs, except for especially egregious crimes. The exception is Italy, where hundreds of ballads were composed after the death penalty had been abolished, in what appears to have been a nostalgia for more brutal justice than life imprisonment.
Coda
Authors: McIlvenna Una 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter is a short overview of the many songs about the executioner, the gallows, and the entire execution ritual. There are multiple songs that imagine the voice of the executioner, who often ridicules or scolds the condemned, who is often imagined as pleading to be allowed to live. The dialogue format is common in these songs, and is evocative of the long tradition of the ‘dialogue in Hell’ genre. The executioner is also sometimes mocked, usually for his tendency to botched executions or his imagined bloodthirstiness. The number of songs about the execution ritual is evidence for how closely song and execution were linked in popular thought.
The Crises of Sovereignty and Power after the Revolution
Authors: Rodríguez Miles V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter One provides an overview of Mexico after the Revolution and the intellectual and ideological qualities of the era that mattered to movements. It focuses on the numerous national crises that affected the Mexican state and popular movements, which centered on governance, the management of state power, and conflicts over sovereignty after the Mexican Revolution. These crises and conflicts eventually led to the creation of a national state-allied party, the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (National Revolutionary Party, PNR).
The Evolutionary Psychology of Conflict and the Functions of Falsehood
Authors: Petersen Michael Bang , Osmundsen Mathias , Tooby John 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter seeks to explain why “truth is the first casualty of war.” It questions the assumption that humans are solely motivated to pursue accurate beliefs, arguing that the current circulation of fake news, conspiracy theories, and hostile political rumors is the expected outcome of a deep-seated motivation to dispense with truth in situations of conflict. The authors theorize that the occurrence of intergroup conflict throughout human evolutionary history has built psychological motivations into the human mind to spread information that (a) mobilizes the ingroup against the outgroup, (b) facilitates the coordination of attention within the group and (c) signals commitment to the group to fellow ingroup members. The authors hypothesize that, in all of these instances, human psychology is designed to select information that accomplishes these goals most efficiently rather than to select information on the basis of its veracity. Thus, they conclude that when intergroup conflict is salient, humans are psychologically prepared to prioritize misinformation over truth.
Intuitive Politics and Why Thinking Isn’t Guaranteed to Save Us
Authors: Arceneaux Kevin , Vander Wielen Ryan J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFor many people, politics is like sports. Our intuition is to root for our team, even when the players behave poorly. From antiquity to the Enlightenment, philosophers have proposed thought as the best way to govern messy human impulses. Recent research, however, shows that intuitions play a powerful role in political decision-making, and people often use thinking as a way to rationalize their comfortable but counterproductive gut feelings. In this chapter, the authors explain how this human tendency produces undesirable dynamics in modern electoral democracies. The authors then discuss the conditions under which people can use thinking to be more reflective and what implications it has for democracy. They conclude by considering whether the design of democratic institutions can minimize the negative side effects of intuitive politics.
Solidarity in a Secular Age
Authors: Lesch Charles H.T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Liberal democracies need solidarity. They need citizens who sacrifice for their country, rally for justice, and help their neighbors. Yet according to critics of liberalism like Carl Schmitt, the solidarity liberal democracies need comes from sources they cannot themselves produce, like religion. Thus in a time of declining religiosity and rising nationalism, how can we form strong social bonds without racism, demagoguery, and xenophobia? Can we have not only solidarity, but liberal solidarity, in a secular age? Solidarity in a Secular Age responds to Schmitt’s challenge by proposing a new liberal-democratic solidarity rooted in personal sacrifice, shared fate, and moral destiny. Narrating an untold story of European political theology and spotlighting a neglected strand of Jewish philosophy, the book diagnoses solidarity’s pathologies, reinterprets canonical theorists, and forges a new theoretical path. Part 1 uncovers religion’s underlying role in European thinking about solidarity since the Enlightenment through readings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, and Jürgen Habermas. Each thinker rejects Schmitt’s argument. Yet the way they do that, the book shows, is by secularizing different concepts from religion. Their political theologies leave behind not-fully-secularized religious remainders: Rousseau’s “general will,” Kant’s concept of “spontaneity,” and Habermas’ “linguistification of the sacred.” Part 2 reimagines liberal-democratic solidarity by looking to the thought of Emmanuel Levinas, Martin Buber, and George Eliot. Rather than secularizing theological ideas, they propose imitating elements of religion in our everyday solidarity with others. They give us resources for responding to Schmitt’s challenge, and show how Jewish ideas can contribute to rethinking our social bond for the twenty-first century.
Historical Sources on the Concert Stage
Authors: Schab Alon 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter explores the advantages and disadvantages of performing from various types of editions, as well as some of the common issues that arise when working from historical sources. Three historical sources are examined: the printed sources for a fantasia by Jacob Van Eyck (from the 1640s), the printed sources for a ricercar by Andrea Gabrieli in keyboard intabulation (published in the 1590s), and the manuscript partbooks containing a gigue by James Paisible (c. 1700). The chapter shows how, for a person engaged in creating tailor-made transcriptions of sources, a thorough understanding of the historical sources allows some flexibility when deciding which notational features to modernize and which to retain.
The Musical Text as a Point of Departure
Authors: Schab Alon 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter analyses the various paths that performers may take when performing from a treatise on improvisation. Diego Ortiz’s Tratado de Glossas (1553), one of the most important treatises on performance, contains a technical “catalogue” of ornaments and several recercadas—exemplary written-down improvisations from it. The chapter shows discrepancies between Ortiz’s theoretical teachings and his exemplary works and elucidates various ways a performer can approach such treatises: the performer can treat the exemplary works as closed texts, add counterpoint, or improvise newly composed pieces. The contrapuntal underpinning of Ortiz’s recercadas is analyzed in order to facilitate the improvisation of new recercadas.
Truths and Polemics
Authors: Yakherds The 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the background of the controversy sparked by Taktsang’s doxographical work Freedom from Extremes Accomplished through Comprehensive Knowledge of Philosophy, in which he accuses Tsongkhapa of “18 great burdens of contradiction” in his presentation of the two truths (relative and ultimate). It begins with a discussion of how Madhyamaka became popular in Tibet and some of the key debates inherited from India, and how various thinkers staked out their interpretations. In addition to philosophical analyses, we consider how political factors impacted the development of Madhyamaka prior to Tsongkhapa’s and Taktsang’s time and how conflicts between Buddhist orders formed the historical background of the controversy. We then discuss the Buddhist doctrine of two truths and how the problem of erroneous perception was negotiated by various exegetes who attempted to formulate coherent systems of doctrine and practice while also maintaining that all cognitions of ordinary beings are overlaid with falsity.
From More Parties to No Parties
Authors: Santucci Jack 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of the early American movement for proportional representation (PR), showing how it settled on the single transferable vote (STV). Reformers in the 1890s consider several forms of PR, but only STV is wholly compatible with nonpartisan elections. By the mid-1910s, amidst the Progressive Era dealignment, dozens of cities are fusing majority-preferential systems with nonpartisan elections to small councils. The PR League sees an opening to promote STV. Socialists protest the emerging nonpartisan bargain, warning that “nonpartisanship” is fiction in practice. New data shed light on list PR’s is defeat in Los Angeles, 1913, which convinces reformers to fuse STV with council-manager government. A national, anti-party reform lobby emerges.
Racial Hierarchy, Race Narrative, and the Structures That Sustain Them
Authors: Christopher Gail C. , Hannah-Jones Nikole , Johnson Derrick 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The contributors to this chapter build on RWJF’s call to action with complementary perspectives on racism and inequity. From different angles, they come to a shared conviction that meaningful change is imperative and urgent. The chapter opens with a discussion of the racial hierarchy of human value that spawns profound racial injustice, and thoughts on how to achieve racial truth, healing, and transformation. Author of the Pulitzer Prize–winning 1619 Project, which exposes the legacy of slavery and calls for reparations, aims to reframe the ways in which people understand oppression and its effects, even as doubt remains about the prospect for real progress. President of the NAACP concludes the chapter by examining how institutions and power imbalances sustain racial injustice, using examples from history and observations from current events.
War Democratism
Authors: Finley Emily B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter brings into special focus the foreign policy implications of the democratist ideology. It analyzes the Bush Doctrine and U.S. intervention in Iraq and Afghanistan and the underlying democratist philosophy of history. Those in the George W. Bush administration illustrate the belief in a democratic dialectic that regimes becoming democratic will bring an end to or seriously lessen wars, conflicts, political strife, and poverty. The foreign policy manifestation of this philosophy is what has been called “benevolent global hegemony” or “humanitarian interventionism.” Paradoxically, the result of such a foreign policy seems invariably to be more war. It may appropriately be termed war democratism, for like war communism, it refers to comprehensive military, political, economic, and cultural-institutional efforts to undermine a people’s existing ways of life and overthrow their ruling elites.
Conclusion
Authors: Finley Emily B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Previously understood as a regime type among others with, at best, limited potential for good in the concrete, the idea of democracy has been transformed into an ideal in the imagination of many prominent Western intellectuals. Guided by this abstract and idealized notion of democracy, political leaders pursue legislation and foreign and domestic policies that promise to bring about a new age of liberation and equality. Yet in practice, policies guided by such idealism often undermine democracy. Democratist proposals to alleviate the ills of historical democracy may take the form of subtle and democratic-sounding ideas like the “civic exchange” or “dialogue” of deliberative democracy, or they might be more overtly antidemocratic, such as Woodrow Wilson’s Committee on Public Information, meant to proselytize a war that he interpreted as the final battle before the dawn of a new age of peace and democracy. In all cases, democratists would rather defer to their own interpretation of what the popular will ought to be than what it actually is.
Institutionalizing Violence
Authors: Drevon Jerome 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the analytical framework of this book in the contentious politics research agenda and outlines the concepts of radicalization and institutionalization that underpin the two main arguments developed in the book. Here, jihadi groups are situated in a multilevel environment constituted by their political environment, social movement, the security services, the public, and a potential counter-movement. This chapter argues that jihadi groups can successively radicalize in interaction with any of these actors. The chapter also introduces the book’s two arguments: that specific mechanisms of radicalization requires jihadi groups to institutionalize along one dimension and that the succession of several phases of radicalization and institutionalization shapes their long-term trajectories and strategic choices.