bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrolytic Depolymerization of Polyethylene Terephthalate by Reactive Extrusion
Authors: Yalçinyuva T. , Kamal M.R. , Lai-Fook R.A. , Özgümüs S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Continuous hydrolytic depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin at high temperature and pressure was carried out in a co-rotating twin screw extruder. In this novel process, hydrolysis is achieved by injection of saturated steam at high pressure. Optimum conditions occur at relatively low screw speeds and water/PET ratios. Hydrolysis extent was measured using carboxyl end group titration, and by determination of molecular weights using NMR and GPC analysis. Low molecular weight products are obtained at low residence times in the extruder, suggesting high depolymerization rates. This is supported by the results of a simple kinetic model.
Single and Double Bubble Tubular Film Extrusion of Polybutylene Terephthalate
Authors: Song K. , White J. L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAn experimental study of film formation and structure development of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) in single and double bubble tubular film extrusion processes is presented. PBT was found largely stable in the first stage. In the second stage, the bubble was unstable and biaxial inflation was achieved only with a blow-up ratio of one. The sources of second bubble instabilities were related to the crystalline nature of the first bubble being inflated in the second stage. The structure and properties in the films varied substantially with processing conditions. While the first bubble had poorly ordered α-structure, the double bubble possessed oriented polymorphic texture. The second deformation that induced high film-line stress favored the formation of a stable β phase. The mechanical behavior of the films reflected the crystal perfection as well as orientation in the films.
Mechanical Properties of Isotactic Polypropylene with Oriented and Cross-hatched Lamellae Structure
Authors: Kech A. , Ludwig H.-C. , Möginger B. , Eyerer P. , deClaville Christiansen J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The mechanical properties of injection moulded unreinforced isotactic, polypropylene depend on the crystalline structure and lamellae orientation. Push-pull processing is an injection moulding technique that allows the user to produce parts with oriented structures. Mostly applied for short fibre reinforced thermoplastics in order to align fibres parallel to the flow direction, this technique can also be used to orient the polymeric matrix of LCP and polypropylene. A comparison of mechanical properties as well as investigations on morphology between the samples produced using conventional injection moulding and push-pull processing are presented trying to improve the knowledge about this so far rather unknown technique.
Modification of self-reinforced composites (SRCs) via film stacking process
Authors: Jakob Fabian , Pollmeier Joshua , Bisevac Sinan , Heim Hans-Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This work presents the mechanical behavior of self-reinforced composites (SRCs) manufactured and modified via film stacking. For modification, interleaved films made of polypropylene (PP), a thermoplastic elastomer and a polyolefin engage were combined in different ways to induce the elastic modifier into the matrix material. The content of modifier was also varied in two ways. First, the films were produced out of a single material and second out of a compound. So, the same content of modifier was implemented in two different ways. It is shown that, in case of this research, only the kind of modifier and the content but not the way of implementation are responsible for the mechanical behavior of SRCs. It is shown that the modification can adjust the tensile strength, tensile stiffness and impact properties in a broad range. It is also shown that different mechanical properties of the composite can be predicted by a regression model that uses the Shore A hardness and the content of modifier.
Non-isothermal viscoelastic melt spinning with stress-induced crystallization: numerical simulation and parametric analysis
Authors: Wang Rui , Hao Kuangrong , Wang Huaping , Wang Chaosheng , Chen Lei , Xie Ruimin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper considers a model of melt spinning with stress-induced crystallization, where the melt uses the Phan Thien-Tanner model, and the solid adopts the rubber elastic model. We design a computationally efficient algorithm for solving the model. The temperature, radius, and birefringence profile in low-speed and high-speed spun PET fibers were predicted and compared with the published experimental data. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental data from the literature. Then a parametric analysis is conducted to investigate the effects of operating conditions on the spinning dynamics and reveal the relationship between the operating conditions and the final properties. The change of take-up speed has a significant influence on the crystallinity and birefringence of the fiber.
Effect of the amount of oxazoline compatibilizer on the mechanical properties of liquid crystalline polymer/polypropylene blends
Authors: Takasuka Shogo , Takahashi Tatsuhiro 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The effect of the amount of 2,2′-Bis(2-oxazoline) on the spectral, thermal, morphological, and tensile properties of polypropylene (PP)/liquid crystalline polymer (LCP)/maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP-g-MAH) blends was investigated. A wholly aromatic LCP having a low melting point, namely a AL-7000 copolyester was used, because it also uses a compatibilizer with a low decomposition temperature. As the amount of 2,2′-Bis(2-oxazoline) increased, the dispersibility of the LCP improved and the tensile properties were improved, but when it was added in excess, a loss in function was observed. In particular, when 0.5 wt% of 2,2′-Bis(2-oxazoline) were added, the tensile strength and elastic modulus were the highest, and cohesive fracture (fracture within the matrix, not at the PP/LCP interface) was observed in the scanning electron microscope image.
Study of distributive mixing in a journal bearing flow geometry
Authors: Mostafaiyan Mehdi , Wießner Sven , Heinrich Gert 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We implicitly assess the distributive mixing of generalized Newtonian fluids with shear-thinning behavior in a journal bearing flow geometry. For this purpose, we firstly develop a finite element code to calculate the flow field parameters. Our numerical algorithm splits the viscous stress tensor into arbitrary Newtonian stress and a source term, which grows gradually during the iterative solution. Therefore, we get a better converging solution than the Picard method, especially for highly shear-thinning fluids. Secondly, considering two inert fluids in the mixing domain, we employ a Lagrangian-Eulerian approach to predict the shape of the interface between two fluids. The results of our numerical analysis provide us the required information to evaluate three implicit mixing criteria: the concentration variance, the striation thickness, and the mean strain function. Then we conduct a parametric study to investigate the effects of different parameters (geometry and rheology) on the distributive mixing state. In addition, we discuss which mixing criteria provide a better evaluation for distributive mixing.
Exploring the applicability of a simplified fully coupled flow/orientation algorithm developed for polymer composites extrusion deposition additive manufacturing
Authors: Wang Zhaogui 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Prior literature employed a finite element based fully coupled algorithm that solved the flow/orientation coupling effects in extrusion deposition additive manufacturing, i.e., a key component for identifying the material properties of solidified deposited polymer composites. However, the complex iterative solution protocol reduces the computational capability of the algorithm. This paper simplifies the finite element based fully coupled algorithm by employing a scalar representation of the fourth order orientation tensor affected viscosity tensor. The revised code predicts similar fiber orientation results as compared to a related prior study. With the simplified fully coupled algorithm, effects of material deposition rate and fiber aspect ratio on a 2D planar large area extrusion deposition flow are explored, where the power law rheology model is employed for the flow simulation. Computed results show that an increased material deposition rate reduces the extrudate-swell ratio of the melt front and varies the local fiber orientation of the deposited bead especially near the flow region in contact with the substrate. Higher fiber aspect ratio enhances the principal fiber alignment of the extrusion and deposition flows, where the maximum local difference of the principal A
11 component is 23% with increasing fiber aspect ratio from 10 to 25.
Prophylactic management of radiation-induced mucositis using herbal mouthwash in patients with head and neck cancer: an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kongwattanakul Sirikorn , Petchann Nutjaree , Petroch Petcharat , Thanthong Saengrawee , Tungfung Sunanta , Chamchod Sasikarn , Pitiporn Supaporn , Nantajit Danupon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Radiation-induced mucositis (RIOM) is one of the most common side effects from head and neck radiotherapy. Several reagents have been introduced to manage the symptom; however, there is still a limited number of effective reagents. Herbal mouthwashes with payayor (Clinacanthus nutans Lindau) and fingerroot (Boesenbergia rotunda) were tested their efficacies in preventing and reducing severity of RIOM in comparison with normal saline with sodium bicarbonate.

Methods
One hundred twenty patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy participated in the study and were randomly assigned into three treatment groups using block randomization method. The participants were assigned one of the three mouthwashes for use throughout their radiotherapy course and were assessed for their mucositis scores from week one to six into their radiotherapy course as well as at one-month follow-up. Body mass index was also measured for comparison of nutritional status.

Results
The two mouthwashes were similarly effective in prophylaxis of RIOM in term of severity. The averaged mucositis scores were less than two for all groups. For the onset of RIOM, both herbal mouthwashes could slightly delay the symptom but not statistically significant. Patients’ body mass index across the three treatment groups was also comparable. The patients were largely satisfied with all the mouthwashes with no clear preference on any of them.

Conclusions
Prophylactic treatment of RIOM using herbal mouthwashes could substitute the current standard of normal saline with bicarbonate. A different formulation of the two herbs could potentially improve the prophylactic outcome.

Trial Registration No
NCT03359187.
Nilpotent groups with balanced presentations
Authors: Hillman Jonathan A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We show that if a nilpotent group 𝐺 has a balanced presentation and Hirsch length

h
⁢

(
G
)

>
3

h(G)>3

, then

β
1

⁢

(
G
;
Q
)

=
2

\beta_{1}(G;\mathbb{Q})=2

.
There is one such group which is torsion-free and of Hirsch length

h
=
4

h=4

, and none with

h
=
5

h=5

.
We also construct a torsion-free nilpotent group 𝐺 with

h
⁢

(
G
)

=
6

h(G)=6

and

β
2

⁢

(
G
;
F
)

=

β
1

⁢

(
G
;
F
)

\beta_{2}(G;F)=\beta_{1}(G;F)

for all fields 𝐹.
Research on intelligent interactive music information based on visualization technology
Authors: Liao Ningjie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Combining images with music is a music visualization to deepen the knowledge and understanding of music information. This study briefly introduced the concept of music visualization and used a convolutional neural network and long short-term memory to pair music and images for music visualization. Then, an emotion classification loss function was added to the loss function to make full use of the emotional information in music and images. Finally, simulation experiments were performed. The results showed that the improved deep learning-based music visualization algorithm had the highest matching accuracy when the weight of the emotion classification loss function was 0.2; compared with the traditional keyword matching method and the nonimproved deep learning music visualization algorithm, the improved algorithm matched more suitable images.
The impact of self-efficacy on nonoperative treatment of atraumatic shoulder pain
Authors: Grandizio Louis C. , Choe Lisa J. , Follett Lisa , Laychur Andrew , Young Amanda 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Context
Atraumatic shoulder pain is frequently encountered in primary care and surgical clinics. With increased recognition of the biopsychosocial model, there has been an increased emphasis on identifying patient factors associated with less effective coping strategies such as pain catastrophizing. It remains uncertain what impact self-efficacy has on the response to nonoperative treatment of shoulder pain.

Objectives
Our purpose is to determine the influence of patient coping strategies (self-efficacy) on the outcome of nonoperative treatment of atraumatic shoulder pain. We hypothesize that higher levels of self-efficacy are associated with increased self-reported function after nonoperative treatment.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective case-control study for a consecutive series of patients seen in our clinic with nonoperatively managed atraumatic shoulder pain. Baseline demographics and range of motion were recorded. Patients completed the Simple Shoulder Test (SST), PROMIS Pain Interference (PI), and PROMIS Self-Efficacy for Managing Symptoms (SE). After 3 months of nonoperative treatment, patients were placed into two groups: patients who clinically improved (Group 1) and those that did not (Group 2), with clinical improvement defined as an increase of 2 or greater on the SST.

Results
Seventy-eight patients returned for follow-up and completed all questionnaires. There were no statistically significant differences for age, sex, or tobacco use between the two groups. Half of the patients in our series had symptoms for >12 months, with rotator cuff syndrome being the most frequent diagnosis (40.0%). Patients in Group 1 had significantly higher PROMIS SE scores (42 vs. 39, p=0.0094) at initial evaluation. At 3-month follow-up, patients in Group 1 also had significantly lower Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) scores (4.5 vs. 6.5, p=0.0067), compared to Group 2.

Conclusions
Patients who experience clinical improvement with nonoperative treatment of atraumatic shoulder conditions demonstrate higher self-efficacy than patients who fail to improve. Guiding patients with atraumatic shoulder pain and low self-efficacy toward interventions aimed at improving coping strategies, rather than addressing musculoskeletal factors alone, may contribute to the goal of improving outcomes.
Tort Theory and Restatements: Of Immanence and Lizard Lips
Authors: Engstrom Nora Freeman , Green Michael D. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This Essay gingerly enters the tort theory “wars” that torts scholars have been debating for many decades. Is the essence of tort law instrumentalism in some form, including most notably in providing appropriate incentives to minimize the costs of accidents, as Guido Calabresi normatively proposed and William Landes and Richard Posner descriptively claimed? Or, on the other hand, is tort law simply about the injurer and victim and the just manner for allocating the victim’s loss—blind to any collateral consequences?
We address these debates from our perspective as Restatement Reporters, honing in on the question of what role tort theory plays in our work. Our answer is virtually none. There are two independent and sufficient reasons for this conclusion. First, we are deeply skeptical that there is an immanent meta-theory that explains tort law or guides its development. Instead, we think tort law is a hodgepodge, influenced by public policy, culture, administrative concerns, evidentiary lacunae, technological developments, and random events. These eclectic and shifting forces influence what tort law is and how it evolves with the felt needs of any given era. Tort law, in short, is built from the bottom up, not the top down and is far too messy to be the product of intelligent design. Beyond that, even if there were such a force at tort law’s heart, that force would still have little influence on our work. The doctrinal level at which Restatements operate and the case law that fuels the production of Restatements—ground level law—is a disjunction from theory, which operates at 30,000 feet. This disjunction means that the latter is of little assistance when it comes to addressing the quotidian matters important to tort law and Restatements. Whether tort law is entirely instrumental or solely about corrective justice cannot answer the question of whether parents should have immunity from tort suits by their children. The answer to that question must be found in the case law, not in Kant.
Revisiting taxonomic disparities in the genus Naemorhedus: new insights from Indian Himalayan Region
Authors: Joshi Bheem Dutt , Singh Vinaya Kumar , Singh Hemant , Bhattacharjee Saurav , Singh Ashutosh , Singh Sujeet Kumar , Chandra Kailash , Sharma Lalit Kumar , Thakur Mukesh 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Gorals are distributed in varied ranges of habitats in South and South–East Asia, and the existence of the number of species in the genus Naemorhedus has been greatly debated from time to time. A school of thought supports the presence of three species, while a recent genetic study recognizes five species of goral throughout their distribution range. However, the unavailability of DNA sequences of gorals from India left a gap in understanding the species occurrence in Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). We revisited goral taxonomy by sequencing mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene (∼404 bp) and control region (∼225 bp) of 75 Himalayan gorals from Western and Central Himalayas in India. Based on various species delineating methods, we suggest that Himalayan goral (N. goral) is a highly diverged species and possibly exists into two subspecies, i.e. N. g. bedfordi in Western Himalayas and N. g. goral in the Central Himalayas. We validate the presence of plausibly six species of gorals across the distribution and recognize N. griseus and N. goral are two distinct species considering the observed discrepancy in the available sequences. We also propose that goral populations distributed in Western and Central Himalayas may be considered as two evolutionary significant units (ESUs). This recognition will bring concentrated efforts in further exploring the natural populations and ecological information required for prioritizing conservation and management of Himalayan goral.
Unbiased estimation of the gradient of the log-likelihood for a class of continuous-time state-space models
Authors: Ballesio Marco , Jasra Ajay 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we consider static parameter estimation for a class of continuous-time state-space models. Our goal is to obtain an unbiased estimate of the
gradient of the log-likelihood (score function), which is an estimate that is unbiased even if the stochastic processes involved in the model must be discretized in time. To achieve this goal, we apply a doubly randomized scheme, that involves a novel coupled conditional particle filter (CCPF) on the second level of randomization. Our novel estimate helps facilitate the application
of gradient-based estimation algorithms, such as stochastic-gradient Langevin descent. We illustrate our methodology in the context of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) in several numerical examples and compare with the Rhee–Glynn estimator.
Festigkeitsnachweis unter Mixed-Mode-Beanspruchung
Authors: Richard Hans Albert 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Die im Jahr 2001 erschienene FKM-Richtlinie „Bruchmechanischer Festigkeitsnachweis“ [1] enthält wichtige Hinweise und Regeln zur bruchmechanischen Beurteilung von mechanisch beanspruchten Bauteilen mit Fehlern wie z.B. Rissen. Dabei werden insbesondere Risse betrachtet, bei denen sich infolge Bauteilbelastung oder Bauteilgeometrie symmetrische Spannungsfelder in der Umgebung der Rissspitze ergeben (Mode I-Beanspruchung von Rissen). Liegen jedoch unsymmetrische Spannungsfelder in der unmittelbaren Umgebung des Risses vor, spricht man von Mixed-Mode-Beanspruchung. Dabei können in Sonderfällen auch reine Mode II (lokale ebene Schubbeanspruchung des Risses) und reine Mode III (lokale nichtebene Schubbeanspruchung des Risses) auftreten. Die bruchmechanische Behandlung von Mixed-Mode-Rissproblemen ist zwar etwas komplexer als die Betrachtung von reinen Mode I-Rissproblemen, der Erkenntnisstand für Fälle mit unsymmetrischer Rissbeanspruchung ist in den letzten Jahren aber so weit gewachsen,zdass sich dieser in die Konzepte der FKM-Richtlinie integrieren lässt. Wie ein bruchmechanischer Festigkeitsnachweis bei Mixed-Mode-Beanspruchung von Rissen aussehen kann, wird in diesem Beitrag dargestellt.
Bruchmechanisches Bewerten dünnwandiger Strukturen
Authors: Zerbst Uwe , Schödel Manfred 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn Ergänzung der europäischen SINTAP-Prozedur wird eine spezielle Option zum bruchmechanischen Bewerten dünnwandiger Strukturen vorgeschlagen, bei der die Grundgleichungen von SINTAP mit dem CTOD-δ5-Konzept verknüpft werden. Das Konzept ist mit Normvorschlägen der ASTM und ISO zum Ermitteln bruchmechanischer Kennwerte für Strukturen mit geringer Dehnungsbehinderung kompatibel. Als dünnwandig werden Strukturen definiert, bei denen das Verhältnis aus Risstiefe oder Ligamentlänge zu Probendicke mindestens vier beträgt. Die experimentelle Validierung an drei Aluminium-Legierungen sowie zwei ferritischen und einem austenitischen Stahl unter Zug-, Biege- und biaxialer Zugbelastung ergab konservative Vorhersagen der Maximallast und der Risswachstumscharakteristik für die Plattendicken größer als 5 mm und annähernd exakte Vorhersagen für die Plattendicken von 1,6, 2,5 und 3mm.
Alterungsprüfung transparenter Kunststoffdächer
Authors: Schulz Ulrich , Tjandraatmadja Grace 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Um die Lebensdauer von transparenten Kunststoffdächern voraussagen zu können, werden für die am häufigsten eingesetzten Polymere, Polymethylmetacrylat (PMMA) und Polycarbonat (PC), materialspezifische künstliche Bewitterungsmethoden mit vertretbarer Untersuchungsdauer vorgestellt. Sie berücksichtigen diejenigen für jeden Werkstoff charakteristischen Wetterepisoden, die zur schnellsten Alterung führen, dem Worst-Case-Szenarium. Ein für alle Polymerwerkstoffe geeignetes Bewitterungsverfahren ist nicht sinnvoll.
Bestimmung der elastischen Eigenschaften von Festkörpern – Teil 1
Authors: Beckmann Jörg , Rehmer Birgit , Finn Monika , Glaubitz Steffen 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Für die Berücksichtigung mechanischer Belastungen unterhalb der Streckgrenze ist im Rahmen einer zuverlässigen Bauteilauslegung die Kenntnis der elastischen Konstanten von besonderer Bedeutung. Für die experimentelle Bestimmung des Elastizitätsmoduls wurde eine Vielzahl von Verfahren entwickelt, die zum Teil werkstoffspezifisch Eingang in die Normung gefunden haben. Prinzipiell können diese Verfahren in zwei Gruppen unterteilt werden: die statischen und die dynamischen Prüfverfahren. Die statischen Verfahren beruhen auf der direkten Messung des Spannungs-Dehnungs-Zusammenhangs während einer mechanischen Belastung im elastischen Verformungsbereich (Zug, Biegung, Druck). Die dynamischen Verfahren basieren auf der Schwingungsanregung eines Prüfkörpers und der Analyse der resultierenden Schwingungen (Resonanzmethode oder Impulsanregungsmethode) oder auf der Messung der Ultraschallausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit. Stellvertretend für die dynamischen Verfahren wird im ersten Teil dieses Beitrages die Resonanzmethode vorgestellt. Der zweite Teil dieses Beitrages fasst die werkstoffabhängigen Ergebnisse der E-Modulbestimmung mit statischen Verfahren im Zug- und Biegeversuch zusammen.