bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Security Governance
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 elaborates the theoretical argument. It defines the concept of security governance and lays out an approach to measuring variation. It discusses the political tradeoffs that arise around security governance due to the importance of security forces for consolidating authority after civil war. The chapter then outlines a framework for examining how these tradeoffs affect security governance, focusing on how political networks and revenue sources shape the political costs, benefits, and risks of decisions to institutionalize security governance or maintain informal forms of control. It then examines how the roles and influence of external actors vary with internal political dynamics. It concludes with observable implications for the empirical analysis.
Hume’s “Two Definitions” of Cause and the Ontology of “Double Existence”
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This essay provides an interpretation of Hume’s “two definitions” of causation. It argues that the two definitions of causation must be interpreted in terms of Hume’s fundamental ontological distinction between perceptions and (material) objects. Central to Hume’s position on this subject is the claim that, while there is a natural tendency to suppose that there exist (metaphysical) causal powers in objects themselves, this is a product of our failure to distinguish perceptions and objects. Properly understood, our idea of causation involves no suggestion that there is anything more to causation among objects themselves than constant conjunction. A new appendix is added, discussing the relevance of this interpretation to the recent debate concerning Hume’s “causal realism.”
Hume’s Lucretian Mission
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Hume’s famous and influential contributions to the philosophy of religion pursue two broad themes that have deep links with his general skeptical and naturalistic commitments throughout his philosophy as a whole. The first is his skeptical critique of the philosophical arguments and doctrines of various (Christian) theological systems. The second is his naturalistic account of the origins and roots of religion in human nature. Taken together, these two themes serve to advance Hume’s “Lucretian mission,” which was to discredit and dislodge the role of religion in human life. This chapter considers the criticism that Hume’s entire Lucretian mission is fundamentally misguided and misconceived as judged in terms of his own claims and hypotheses concerning religion. Drawing from Hume’s writings on this subject, the chapter provide a set of replies and responses to these criticisms.
Hume’s Skepticism and the Problem of Atheism
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
David Hume was clearly a critic of religion. It is still debated, however, whether or not he was an atheist who denied the existence of God. According to some interpretations he was a theist of some kind and others claim he was an agnostic who simply suspends any belief on this issue. This chapter argues that Hume’s theory of belief tells against any theistic interpretation—including the weaker, “attenuated” accounts. It then turns to the case for the view that Hume’s criticisms of theism were limited to the “soft” skeptical (agnostic) aim of discrediting theist arguments, and show that he was committed to a “harder” skeptical view that denies the theist hypothesis (in all its forms). On the basis of this account, the chapter concludes by way of showing that Hume’s atheistic commitments, so interpreted, are entirely consistent with his mitigated skeptical principles.
“True Religion” and Hume’s Practical Atheism
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Atheists agree that the religious hypothesis is false but may still disagree about the practical significance of this conclusion. Some claim that for the good of society we need to retain and accommodate religion in some preferred or more benign form (e.g., “true religion” of some kind). Others argue that the atheist should eradicate all traces of religion. Hume, this essay argues, rejects both these proposals. The first proposal, he maintains, mistakenly supposes that there is some benign and constructive form of religion available to the masses that will effectively support and sustain ethical life. The second proposal fails to acknowledge the extent to which religious propensities are, in various ways, an inescapable feature of human life and society. In the final analysis, both these proposals rest on optimistic assumptions that Hume rejects. The practical atheism that Hume defends is founded on a more pessimistic understanding of the human predicament.
Hume’s Legacy and the Idea of British Empiricism
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Hume’s legacy over the past two centuries has been structured primarily around the idea of “British Empiricism.” This way of categorizing Hume’s philosophy has largely shaped the way in which Hume’s key problems and contributions have been received and criticized. It is evident, nevertheless, that this general interpretation of Hume’s philosophy, as constructed around the idea of British Empiricism, is both philosophically and historically unconvincing. A more accurate and adequate interpretation of Hume’s philosophy, it is argued, rests with his fundamental concern with problems of religion and his irreligious aims and objectives. There is, therefore, a disconnect between (accurate) interpretation and (actual) legacy as it relates to Hume’s philosophy. The appropriate response to this situation is one that both challenges the accuracy and adequacy of this dominant interpretation, while, at the same time, giving due weight to Hume’s philosophical contributions and achievements as understood through the lens of “British Empiricism.”
The Classical Education of W. E. B. Du Bois
Authors: Withun David 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
W. E. B. Du Bois’s education was steeped in classical languages and literature. The philosophy of Plato and Cicero, classical mythology, and classical rhetorical forms first encountered in his student years marked Du Bois’s work, thought, and style throughout his life. Du Bois’s classical education, however, also presented him with the challenge that would later form the basis of much of his treatment of classical literature in his later writing, namely, that he found a passion for the tradition of received canonical texts and thought, but simultaneously found himself excluded from full participation in it because of the racist ideas of his contemporaries. The central role of classics in Du Bois’s education also provides the background for a more complete understanding of Du Bois’s later conflict with Booker T. Washington. This chapter discusses that background by positioning Du Bois as a simultaneous critic and defender of the classical tradition.
Disaffiliation
Authors: Rahmani Masoumeh 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a detailed examination of the narratives of individuals who left Goenka’s Vipassana movement after years of intense commitment. The analysis is done in light of the recent developments in religious disengagement literature. Through detailed linguistic analysis of a case study, the chapter argues that Vipassana disaffiliation narratives are characterised by an ambivalent language, which involved the participants’ ongoing convictions about the transformative efficacy of the technique and a certain doubt about their own abilities to progress towards enlightenment. Despite this characteristic, many facets of Vipassana disaffiliation narratives corresponded with the existing literature on religious disengagement, even though the process of conversion was tacit for these individuals.
Disaffiliation Trajectories
Authors: Rahmani Masoumeh 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores (1) drifters in samsara and (2) pursuers of the gateless gate as two common Vipassana disaffiliation trajectories. The chapter argues that deconversion or migration outside of the movement’s universe of discourse is a rare exit pattern in this movement. It shows that in the vast majority of cases the participants’ search for an alternative universe of discourse post exit did not land them outside the Buddhist tradition; that, in fact, the language and reasoning of most participants remained close to that of the movement. The chapter contextualises this claim by borrowing from Bromley’s (1998a; 1998b) tripartite typology, which asserts that organisations that occupy a low-tension position in their host environment are likely to exert control over the exit process and its narrative and consequently the departing members tend to reaffirm the goals and values of the group.
Deconversion
Authors: Rahmani Masoumeh 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores deconversion as a rare exit pattern from Goenka’s Vipassana movement. Through a detailed exploration of a single case study, this chapter explores the narrator’s attempt to flee the movement’s universe of discourse. The chapter introduces the term ‘authenticity talk’ to refer to a style of discourse that functions both as (1) a recourse for self-reconstruction post exit, and (2) a rhetoric that provided the narrator with a sense of autonomy, empowerment, and self-validation. The chapter argues that the disengagement literature takes authenticity talk at face value and mistakenly conceives of it as an actual motive behind exit.
Concluding Discussions
Authors: Rahmani Masoumeh 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a general discussion of the study at hand, disengagement in the context of tacit conversion. It summarises the main arguments of the book and highlight its contribution to the existing body of knowledge. Most notably, the chapter raises questions about the normative participant-recruitment approach in conversion studies, arguing that a simple reliance on the informants’ identification or rejection of categories fails to encompass the tonalities of conversion in the contemporary spiritual landscape. Lastly, the chapter address the major limitations and implications of this research for current scholarship such as study of unbelief and nonreligion and conclude this book with several recommendations for future research.
Introduction
Authors: Johansen Robert C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
If the United States worked with like-minded governments to implement the peacebuilding insights of peace and security research, they probably could prevent war and build sustainable peace with enhanced justice, human rights, and economic well-being for all, as well as avert environmental destruction. Instead, policymakers continue traditional “political realist” policies that have caused unnecessary wars and other security losses, because the unprecedented security challenges are more amenable to enhanced global governance than to national military power. These challenges require an “empirical realism” that would initiate a global grand strategy for human security, designed to implement the correlates of peace, rather than continue a national grand strategy focused on maximizing military power. The proposed strategy pursues policies that are safe to implement today while enabling a gradual transformation of the international system tomorrow. Citizens and policymakers committed to sufficient global governance to serve the common good can turn this vision into reality.
Developing a Security-Enhancing Strategy
Authors: Johansen Robert C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The best way to increase US national security is to maximize the effectiveness of the correlates of peace rather than merely to maximize US military power. A synthesis of peace research and security studies identifies the main correlates as addressing all nations’ security fears; emphasizing human security no less than national security; entrenching positive reciprocity in all relationships; implementing equity in political, economic, and environmental affairs; expanding the rule of law in the international community; and building democratic global governance to enable formation and enforcement of laws essential for human security and institutionalizing peace. Replacing current US grand strategy for national security, advocated by political realists, with a global grand strategy for human security, recommended by empirical realists, is more likely to yield sustainable security with lasting peace, environmental protection, economic justice, and human rights for the United States and all nations. Extensive evidence confirms that such change is possible.
Comparative Historical Analysis I
Authors: Bulutgil H. Zeynep 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the historical analysis of France and Spain beginning with the seventeenth century. It analyses both the relatively early emergence and success of secular movements in France compared to Spain and studies the variation over time within each case. The analysis shows that the timing and volume of Enlightenment ideas and the existence of associational hubs largely account for the difference in the timing and robustness of political parties with a secularizing agenda in the two cases. Moreover, due to the earlier emergence of secularism as a political movement in France, by the 1870s, political parties with an anti-clerical agenda were sufficiently organized to successfully compete with their rivals and implement reforms. In contrast, in Spain such organizations appeared later and, once in place, had to contend with both religious political mobilization and with internal divisions among the secular parties along ethnic and class lines.
Expanded Archives
Authors: Kim Jihoon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ways in which the interactive platforms of the World Wide Web and mobile media transform and expand the formation of memory in traditional documentary cinema. It focuses on interactive documentaries (i-docs), a variety of web-based or locative documentary projects that furnish users with the experience of interacting with their textual elements to various degrees. In order to complement the weaknesses of the existing studies on i-docs, this chapter develops the concept of “performative archive.” This refers to the ways in which i-docs dismantles the traditional idea of documentary cinema as the stable and organized repository of memory objects, records, or testimonies by activating intersections of two types of performativity: the user’s different degrees of performative engagement with i-docs’ audiovisual and textual elements, and the digital platforms’ automatic performativity. The differing operations of the performative active are discussed in relation to the three subgenres—hypertextual, participatory, and experiential—of the i-doc.
Harun Farocki and COVID-19
Authors: Kim Jihoon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The afterword of this book rehearses the five horizons of documentary expansion that have been enabled by the various applications of digital technologies and non-theatrical experiential platforms. It starts with remapping Harun Farocki’s postcinematic media installation projects in the twenty-first century, proposing how his subject matters, ideas, and techniques are seen to engage and illustrate the five expanded fields of documentary: expanded image, vision, apparatus, archive, and activism. This is also the case not merely with the corpus of a single director or artist, but also with a corpus of interconnected media practices aimed to engage and document the most urgent crisis of the world. The global pandemic of COVID-19 has stimulated the documentary impulse, yet it has also suspended the professional, full-fledged production of documentary moving images. The practices of data visualization, citizens’ vlogging, and drone cinematography, then, have been fulfilling that impulse, therefore situating themselves as examples of “pandemic media” or “disaster media.”
The Car-tographies of Adventure
Authors: Winter Tim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Part Two of the book turns to consider another Silk Road, that of adventure and travel. This chapter begins by explaining how the idea gains popularity in Europe in the 1930s as a depiction of grand adventures by car and cross-cultural encounters. The discussion shows how a historical framing of boundless regions and cultures in dialogue converges with the motifs common to modern travel cultures, resulting in regions and events separated by centuries being dissolved into a seamless geocultural Silk Road. Depictions of “traveling the Silk Road” told in film, image, and text fold the past and the present back on one another, where modern travelers proclaim to follow the iconic sojourners of previous centuries, namely Marco Polo.
Closed Worlds, Open Minds
Authors: Winter Tim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 turns to the decades after World War II to show how politics and conflicts, as well as shifting borders and technologies of mobility, have defined the routes of modern Silk Road adventures. The discussion focuses on the narratives of Central Asia that emerge in Western journalism and travel writing in the Cold War period and how they contribute to the mysticism of the Silk Road. It finishes by examining the first years of mass tourism, beginning with Japanese tourists visiting Silk Road sites in China in the 1980s. This is followed by a discussion of the development of Silk Road heritage tourism in the republics of Central Asia in the post–Cold War period.
Metaphors of Power
Authors: Winter Tim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Part Four of the book enters the terrain of geopolitics. This chapter explains why a number of governments take up the Silk Road to orient foreign policies from the 1990s onward. To understand what’s at stake here, it returns to some key metaphorical concepts that have shaped geopolitical analysis in the past century or so, notably Heartland and Rimland. It will be argued that such terms have not merely reflected the realities of a particular period but have actively contributed to their formulation. This provides the basis for understanding what norms, values, and ideas are being advanced through the “Silk Roads of the twenty-first century.”
Arguments against Denying Protection
Authors: Snow Ned 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers theoretical objections. It responds to the following three arguments against denying intellectual property protection for reasons of morality: first, denying protection in many instances may actually increase the output of the undesired work; second, laws other than intellectual property can better address the moral problems at issue; and third, the government should not interfere with the laissez-faire market approach of letting the public decide the moral worth of an intellectual creation. This chapter contends that although each argument raises valid points, none implies that the law should extend protection to immoral intellectual creations. The chapter concludes that despite these arguments, specific conditions may warrant denial of protection.
Works Involving Unlawful Conduct
Authors: Snow Ned 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the exceptional situation in which a court should refuse to enforce rights to a patent or copyright—namely, where intellectual works involve unlawful activity. This chapter explains the equitable doctrine of unclean hands, which allows courts to refuse to enforce rights to such works. It recites the relevant case law that supports the application of this doctrine in the intellectual property context. It also argues that two specific situations should trigger this doctrine: namely, unlawful activity during the creative process and unlawful activity in the exercise of rights. Finally, this chapter proposes other factors that should be relevant in a court’s discretionary decision of whether to apply unclean hands in an intellectual property lawsuit.
“The Deification of the World”
Authors: Medhananda Swami 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides a detailed reconstruction of the main tenets of Vivekananda’s philosophy of Integral Advaita, as expounded in lectures and writings in the 1890s. Militating against the dominant view that his philosophy follows Śaṅkara’s Advaita Vedānta in all or most of its essentials, the chapter contends that Vivekananda, under the influence of Ramakrishna, reconceived Advaita Vedānta as a nonsectarian, world-affirming, and ethically oriented philosophy. Vivekananda, in contrast to Śaṅkara, held that (1) the impersonal Brahman and the personal Śakti are equally real aspects of one and the same Infinite Divine Reality; (2) the universe is a real manifestation of Śakti; (3) since we are all living manifestations of God, we should make Vedānta practical by loving and serving human beings in a spirit of worship; and (4) each of the four Yogas (i.e., basic forms of spiritual practice)—Bhakti-Yoga, Jñāna-Yoga, Karma-Yoga, and Rāja-Yoga—is a direct and independent path to salvation.
“The Science of Religion”
Authors: Medhananda Swami 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines Vivekananda’s doctrine of the “science of religion,” which involved both a defense of the scientific credentials of religion and a Vedāntic critique of the scientism that was becoming prevalent during his time. Situating him in his late nineteenth-century historical context, the chapter argues that Vivekananda’s attempt to reground religion in spiritual experience was a cosmopolitan response to the global crisis of religious belief. Vivekananda’s science of religion had both a negative and a positive dimension. Negatively, he criticized various forms of scientism, the tendency to overvalue the natural sciences and to deny the existence of realities that cannot be investigated through these sciences. Positively, Vivekananda defended a “wide empiricism,” the view that while experience is the primary source of knowledge, the category of experience encompasses both the sensory and the supersensuous. While sensory experience is the basis of the natural sciences, supersensuous experience is the basis of the science of religion.
From Agnosticism to “Metagnosticism”
Authors: Medhananda Swami 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines Vivekananda’s views on the powers and limits of theological reason, which he developed through a subtle cosmopolitan engagement with two groups of thinkers: Immanuel Kant, William Hamilton, Herbert Spencer, and John Stuart Mill on the one hand and Śaṅkara and Ramakrishna on the other. Siding with Ramakrishna against Śaṅkara, Vivekananda held that spiritual experience is the only authoritative means of knowing Brahman. Moreover, while he followed Vedānta and the Kantian tradition in arguing that reason can neither prove nor disprove the existence of supersensuous entities like God or the soul, he also criticized Kantian thinkers from a Vedāntic standpoint, arguing that they were not justified in ruling out the possibility of supersensuous knowledge. However, in spite of his rational agnosticism, Vivekananda defended the limited rational force of the argument from religious experience, which infers God’s existence from the testimony of mystics who claim to have perceived God.