bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prehistoric Copper Production and Exchange in Southeast Asia
Authors: Pigott Vincent C. , Pryce Thomas Oliver 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In ore-rich Mainland Southeast Asia, the advent of copper-base metallurgy was a transitional moment in later Holocene prehistory. Its significance lay not in substantive societal change, but in the role its production and consumption behaviors played in reaffirming social networks critical to regional technology transfer. This chapter summarizes archaeological and analytical evidence for chaînes opératoires from prehistoric metalworking sites in northern and central Thailand and central Laos. In northeast Thailand, first millennium BC Phu Lon yielded evidence of mining and ore processing. In central Thailand, the Khao Wong Prachan Valley (KWPV) and the neighboring Khao Sai On mineral district were focal points of massive copper production beginning in the late second millennium BC. In central Laos, Sepon’s massive copper mines, ranging in date from circa 1000 BC well into the Historic Period, are yielding significant evidence, including for smelting. The discussion concludes by addressing the question “Where did the copper go and how and by whom was it used?” For example, the major lead isotope provenancing program suggests that KWPV copper was moving northeast to consumer sites like Ban Non Wat and the Vilabouly Complex copper was moving south to Ban Chiang.
Champa
Authors: Southworth William A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the current state of archaeological research on the Champa culture of central Vietnam. Although recognized since the late nineteenth century, Champa is still far better known for its architecture and sculpture than for its archaeology in a broader sense. Excavations at Tra Kieu and Go Cam have revealed the importance of Han China to the emerging polities of central Vietnam, such as Linyi, during the first half of the first millennium AD. Sanskrit and Cham-language inscriptions can also be used to link the historical and archaeological heritage, revealing a localized development of Hindu-Buddhist temple architecture and the design of defensive enclosures or citadel sites. Our understanding of the ceramic sequence after the fourth century AD however remains very limited, restricting the dating and identification of domestic sites, but there is great potential for ethno-archaeology.
Community and Kinship during the Transition to Agriculture in Northern Vietnam
Authors: Huffer Damien , Bentley R. Alexander , Oxenham Marc F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This study investigates how social organization and mobility changed during the Neolithic Demographic Transition (NDT) in northern Vietnam. Dental nonmetric traits were assessed for pre-Neolithic Con Co Ngua (early seventh millennium BP; n = 38) and Neolithic Man Bac (c. 3800–3600 BP; n = 65), along with cranial nonmetric data for the same Man Bac individuals. It identifies five putative kin lineages for Con Co Ngua and six for Man Bac, with little evidence for spatial organization by lineage in either cemetery. The mean 87Sr/86Sr for Con Co Ngua was 0.70947 ± 0.00017 (n = 40), and for Man Bac 0.70927 ± 0.00055 (n = 27). Man Bac had more variance in overall 87Sr/86Sr, but Man Bac females showed lower variance and a different mean than males within three of the putative lineages identified. While this may signal the presence of uxorilocal postmarital residence at Man Bac, overall, we find no evidence for a marked change in social organization.
The Expansion of Farmers into Island Southeast Asia
Authors: Bellwood Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the spread by migration of Neolithic farmers from southern China and Taiwan into and through the islands of Southeast Asia between 4000 and 3000 years ago. Data are drawn from archaeology, genetics, and the comparative study of the Austronesian languages. Also discussed are counterarguments that favor indigenous development of Island Southeast Asian agriculture and Neolithic material culture. This chapter supports the concept of Neolithic migration involving Austronesian language speakers, but points out that indigenous genetic descent from pre-Neolithic Holocene populations is strongly present in Wallacea, and also that both food production and maritime resource exploitation fueled the population expansion. Island Southeast Asia served as a springboard for further expansions into coastal regions of Mainland Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands beyond New Guinea and the Solomons.
Before the Convention: The Spanish Civil War and Challenges for Research on Refugee History
Authors: Rodrigo Javier , Alegre Lorenz David 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article uses the tools of comparative history to address an important aspect of the Spanish Civil War: the fact that it generated waves of both internally displaced persons and cross-border refugees. Situating the conflict within the context of inter-war Europe, and particularly historical processes of deportation, forced migration, and exile, it analyses the challenges that the crisis of the war and subsequent post-war period in Spain introduced in the realm of humanitarian protection for displaced populations, and how existing international policies largely failed to protect those displaced by the conflict. Drawing on the Spanish Civil War example, the article shows how this kind of engagement with the history of refugees can produce insights that are useful for the broader body of scholarship on refugees, even for scholars who are not historians.
Unrecognized introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into the US state of Georgia shaped the early epidemic
Authors: Babiker Ahmed , Martin Michael A , Marvil Charles , Bellman Stephanie , Petit III Robert A , Bradley Heath L , Stittleburg Victoria D , Ingersoll Jessica , Kraft Colleen S , Li Yan , Zhang Jing , Paden Clinton R , Read Timothy D , Waggoner Jesse J , Koelle Katia , Piantadosi Anne 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In early 2020, as diagnostic and surveillance responses for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ramped up, attention focused primarily on returning international travelers. Here, we build on existing studies characterizing early patterns of SARS-CoV-2 spread within the USA by analyzing detailed clinical, molecular, and viral genomic data from the state of Georgia through March 2020. We find evidence for multiple early introductions into Georgia, despite relatively sparse sampling. Most sampled sequences likely stemmed from a single or small number of introductions from Asia three weeks prior to the state’s first detected infection. Our analysis of sequences from domestic travelers demonstrates widespread circulation of closely related viruses in multiple US states by the end of March 2020. Our findings indicate that the exclusive focus on identifying SARS-CoV-2 in returning international travelers early in the pandemic may have led to a failure to recognize locally circulating infections for several weeks and point toward a critical need for implementing rapid, broadly targeted surveillance efforts for future pandemics.
Examining intersectionality in anesthesiology training, academics, and practice
Authors: Gouger Daniel H. , Sankaran Raval Marie , Hussain Rashid S. , Bastien Alexandra 
Published: February 2022

Purpose of review
Intersectionality, or the overlapping nature of social categorizations, such as race, class, and gender, creates interdependent systems of discrimination, disadvantage, and health disparities. The present review examines common shortcomings to diversity management, and proposes targeted improvement frameworks for anesthesiology departments that would offer competitive advantage in training, hiring, and retention, and improved care delivery aimed toward reducing health disparities.

Recent findings
Studies highlight that physicians equipped to care for diverse populations enhance patient–doctor interactions and reduce health disparities. Moreover, untrained providers and staff who engage in disrespectful behaviors like microaggressions can lead to staff turnover and millions of dollars in lost revenue. Underrepresented minorities continue to have lower faculty academic rank in anesthesiology, fewer partnership opportunities in private practice, and disparate research funding. Diversity-based education and training often overlooks intersectionality and reductively illustrates diverse groups as internally homogenous. Even these developing diversity efforts have become politicized and are perceived as uninteresting, irrelevant to medical practice, or unable to create organizational change.

Summary
The synergy of intersectionality mounts considerable challenges that impact patients, colleagues, and communities of practice. Examining intersectionality in education and workplace policy affords tremendous opportunity for improving quality of care for marginalized populations, reducing healthcare costs, and normalizing culture that is inclusive, equitable, and empowering.
A Retrospective Study of Acute Postoperative Pain After Cesarean Delivery in Patients With Opioid Use Disorder Treated With Opioid Agonist Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Cobb Johanna , Craig Wendy , Richard Janelle , Snow Elizabeth , Turcotte Heather , Warters Robert , Quaye Aurora 
Published: February 2022

Objective
We aimed to quantify the effect of opioid agonist pharmacotherapy on pain management after cesarean delivery, compared with patients not on these medications.

Methods
Patients undergoing cesarean delivery at our institution between January 2016 and December 2018 were stratified by peripartum use of opioid agonist pharmacotherapy versus no agonist therapy. We compared 24-hour postoperative opioid consumption not including buprenorphine and methadone, in milligram morphine equivalents (MME) (primary outcome), highest pain score on a 0 to 10 numerical rating scale in the first 24 postoperative hours, and postoperative length of stay in hours (secondary outcomes) between groups. These outcomes were also compared after covariate adjustment using logistic regression.

Results
We identified 123 patients on opioid agonist pharmacotherapy – in the form of buprenorphine or methadone and 2856 patients not on these medications. The groups differed in demographic characteristics, including age, smoking, and marital status. Opioid consumption during the first 24 postoperative hours (median [interquartile range]) was 99 [75,120] MME for patients on agonist therapy and 30 [0, 64] MME among parturients not taking these medications (P < 0.001). Highest pain scores during this time were also higher for patients on opioid agonist pharmacotherapy (mean [standard deviation]: 8.2 [1.6] vs 5.5 [2.2], P < 0.001 for the no agonist group). Postoperative length of stay was 73 [68, 77] hours for patients on agonist pharmacotherapy, and 71 [62, 76] hours for parturients taking no agonist (P < 0.001). All differences remained significant after covariate adjustment.

Conclusions
Parturients on opioid agonist pharmacotherapy have markedly increased opioid utilization and pain severity after cesarean delivery.
Logistical Facilitators and Barriers to PrEP Implementation in Methadone Clinic Settings: Provider and Staff Perspectives
Authors: Jaiswal Jessica , Griffin Marybec , Hascher Kevin , Cox Amanda B. , Dunlap Kandyce , Walters Suzan , LoSchiavo Caleb , Burton Wanda M. , Mumba Mercy 
Published: February 2022

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of implementing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a daily oral medication for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention, in methadone clinics.

Methods
Medical and nonmedical staff (n = 30) at 2 methadone clinics in Northern New Jersey were qualitatively interviewed about various aspects of substance use treatment, clinical operations, and HIV risk and prevention among their patient populations. Audio-recorded interviews were professionally transcribed, then coded and analyzed by the research team.

Results
Themes surrounding the viability of PrEP implementation emerged for both logistical facilitators and barriers. Facilitators included availability of prescribing clinicians, ability to conduct lab testing on-site, and availability of existing hepatitis C programs as a blueprint for PrEP management. Barriers included increased provider burden, financial concerns, and perceptions that PrEP provision is outside the clinic’s treatment scope.

Conclusions
Although staff expressed willingness and potential ability to provide PrEP, they identified barriers regarding insurance reimbursement, limited funding, and concerns that PrEP would extend the clinic’s treatment scope. However, given the enabling factors such as availability of providers and existing clinical infrastructure, providing PrEP could increase clinic revenue through insurance reimbursement and federal funding for PrEP-related services. Clinic-level education is needed for clinical and nonclinical staff to better understand the logistics of implementing PrEP, particularly regarding prescribing practices, billing and insurance concerns, and the essential nature of HIV prevention as a critical component of substance use treatment.
Shifting Medication Treatment Practices in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Statewide Survey of Pennsylvania Opioid Treatment Programs
Authors: Krawczyk Noa , Maniates Hannah , Hulsey Eric , Smith Jennifer S. , DiDomenico Ellen , Stuart Elizabeth A. , Saloner Brendan , Bandara Sachini 
Published: February 2022

Objectives
We sought to understand how opioid treatment programs (OTPs) adapted OTP operations to the COVID-19 pandemic and new federal regulations around methadone and buprenorphine.

Methods
In fall 2020, we conducted an online survey of all 103 OTPs licensed by the Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs, including clinical directors. Survey domains included changes to methadone take-home and telehealth practices; overdose and diversion prevention tactics; perceptions regarding how such changes influence patient well-being; and financial/operational concerns related to the new policies and practices. We calculated descriptive statistics and conducted Chi-square test to test for differences between not-for-profit versus for-profit and large versus small OTPs.

Results
Forty-seven percent (46%) OTPs responded to the survey. 10% and 25%, respectively, endorsed offering telephone and video-based telemedicine buprenorphine induction. Sixty-six percent endorsed extending take-home supplies of methadone, but most indicated that these extensions applied to a minority of their patients. Most respondents agreed that provision of buprenorphine via telehealth and extended take-home methadone reduced patient burden in accessing medications and prevented exposure to COVID-19, while not significantly increasing risk of overdose. We did not find major differences in COVID-19 practice modifications by nonprofit status or size of OTP.

Conclusions
In Pennsylvania, the COVID-19 pandemic led to rapid changes in provision of opioid treatment services. Findings on relatively low uptake of longer methadone take-home regimens and virtual buprenorphine initiation despite general support for these practices imply a need to further develop guidelines for best clinical practices and understand/address barriers to their implementation.
Clinical and Radiological Outcome of Vancouver B2 Fracture Treated With Open Reduction and Internal Fixation. A Multicenter Cohort Analysis
Authors: Biberthaler Peter , Pflüger Patrick , Wurm Markus , Hanschen Marc , Kirchhoff Chlodwig , Aderinto Joseph , Whitwell George , Giannoudis Peter V. , Kanakaris Nikolaos 
Published: February 2022

Objectives:
To determine whether open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of periprosthetic Vancouver B2 fractures can lead to successful fracture healing in selected patients, when attention is given to the surgical exposure and the creation of a balanced extramedullary construct.

Design:
Retrospective.

Setting:
Two Level-1 trauma centers in Germany and United Kingdom.

Methods:
Patients with a B2 fracture receiving solely ORIF using a polyaxial locking plate were included for analysis. Patients with other fracture types, or treated with other methods, or with follow-up less than 12 months were excluded. Clinical characteristics, including the Charlson index, the American Society for Anesthesiologists score, and their preinjury functional levels, were recorded. Main outcome measures were 1-year mortality, revision rate, and radiological healing according to the Beals–Tower criteria.

Results:
A total of 32 patients (mean age ,79 ± 12 years) were enrolled. Six patients died within the first year (1-year mortality: 19%), and 5 were unavailable for follow-up studies. The remaining 21 patients had a mean follow-up of 30 months. Of 21, 20 had an excellent/good result using the criteria of Beals–Tower. One patient required revision surgery due to loosening and secondary subsidence of the stem.

Conclusion:
ORIF can be offered to selected patients suffering from B2 fractures, especially if their functional demand is limited, and perioperative risk high for revision arthroplasty. In this challenging cohort of patients, ORIF was a safe and effective therapeutic option.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
What Is the Therapeutic Reference Range for Levetiracetam? Grand Round/A Case Study
Authors: Couderc Sylvain , Chouchane Mondher , Saint-Marcoux Franck 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:
The Therapeutic Drug Monitoring guidelines of Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Neuropsychopharmakologie und Pharmakopsychiatrie had proposed a therapeutic reference range of 10–40 mg/L for levetiracetam in 2011. In the first version of the 2017 update, it was changed to 20–40 mg/L; however, 5 months later, in an erratum version, it was changed back to 10–40 mg/L. In this study, the authors agree with the range to 10–40 mg/L but discuss to what extent a wider interval may be proposed for certain patients.
Effects of E2/P4 oral capsules on bone turnover in women with vasomotor symptoms
Authors: McClung Michael R. , Kagan Risa , Graham Shelli , Bernick Brian , Mirkin Sebastian , Constantine Ginger 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective:
To evaluate bone turnover markers (BTM) in the REPLENISH trial (NCT01942668).

Methods:
REPLENISH evaluated oral estradiol/progesterone (E2/P4) for the treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms (VMS) in postmenopausal women with a uterus. Eligible women for this analysis had ≥50 moderate to severe VMS/wk, were <5 years since last menstrual period, and had BTM measurements at baseline, and months 6 and 12. Percent changes for three BTM (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [BSAP], C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX-1], and N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen [P1NP]) assessed by immunoassay methods were evaluated from baseline to months 6 and 12 for the 1 mg E2/100 mg P4, 0.5 mg E2/100 mg P4, and placebo groups.

Results:
A total of 157 women (40-61 y, 69% White) were analyzed. Mean baseline values ranged from 14.0 to 14.3 U/L for BSAP, 0.34 to 0.39 ng/mL for CTX-1, and 76.9 to 79.3 ng/mL for PINP. Mean differences in percent change from baseline for both E2/P4 doses versus placebo significantly decreased at months 6 and 12 and ranged from −8% to −16% for BSAP (all, P < 0.05), −30% to −41% for CTX-1 (all, P ≤ 0.001), and −14% to −29% for PINP (all, P < 0.01).

Conclusions:
REPLENISH data provide support for a potential skeletal benefit of E2/P4 when it is used for the treatment of moderate to severe VMS. Further studies are warranted.

Video Summary
: http://links.lww.com/MENO/A894.
Safety and efficacy of compounded bioidentical hormone therapy (cBHT) in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Liu Yi , Yuan Ying , Day A.J. , Zhang Wen , John Princy , Ng Danielle J. , Banov Daniel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Importance:
More information is needed about the efficacy and safety of compounded bioidentical hormone therapy (cBHT) in the published literature. A thorough synthesis of existing data is not currently available.

Objective:
To provide a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing evidence related to the safety and efficacy of commonly prescribed cBHT preparations in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.

Evidence Review:
PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing cBHT with a placebo or FDA-approved products in perimenopausal or postmenopausal women were eligible. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The primary safety outcome was changes in lipid profile and glucose metabolism, and the primary efficacy outcome was the change of vaginal atrophy symptoms. The secondary outcomes included the change of endometrial thickness, risk of adverse events, vasomotor symptoms, change of serum hormone levels, and change of bone mineral density.

Findings:
A total of 29 RCTs reported in 40 articles containing 1,808 perimenopausal and postmenopausal women were included. Two risk factors of cardiovascular disease, lipid profile, and glucose metabolism, were evaluated with cBHT. The results showed that compounded androgen was not associated with change of lipid profile or glucose metabolism. There was no change in endometrial thickness or serious adverse events. There were more androgenic side effects with compounded dehydroepiandrosterone compared with placebo as expected. Other safety measures including clinical cardiovascular events, endometrial biopsy, and risk of breast cancer were not studied. cBHT in the form of compounded vaginal androgen was found to significantly improve vaginal atrophy symptoms (SMD -0.66 [95% CI, -1.28 to -0.04]; I2
= 86.70%). This finding was supported by the association between compounded vaginal androgen and improved female sexual function scores. The changes of serum hormone levels were also evaluated. Despite the variations in absorption from different types of compounded hormones, routes, and strengths, the trends were consistent with published data from FDA-approved products.

Conclusions and Relevance:
This review found that cBHT used in primarily short-term RCTs is not associated with adverse changes in lipid profile or glucose metabolism. cBHT in the form of vaginal androgens appears beneficial for vaginal atrophy symptoms. There are insufficient RCTs of cBHT to assess clinical risk of breast cancer, endometrial cancer, or cardiovascular disease. Long-term studies with clinical endpoints are needed.
Working Hours and Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms According to Shift Work and Gender
Authors: Lee Yesung , Park Hwanjin 
Published: February 2022

Objectives:We aimed to analyze the relationship between long working hours and depressive and anxiety symptoms according to gender and shift work.Methods:After dividing shift and day workers according to sex, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between weekly working hours and both depressive and anxiety symptoms.Results:Both depressive and anxiety symptoms were significantly higher in weekly working 40 to 52 and more than 52 hours compared with working fewer than 40 hours in female day workers. Male day workers and both male and female shift workers, showed the association between weekly working more than 52 hours and both depressive and anxiety symptoms, compared with working fewer than 40 hours.Conclusions:Our study demonstrated a significant association between long working hours and depression and anxiety symptoms, regardless of gender and shift work schedule.