bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 16-gene signature associated with homologous recombination deficiency for prognosis prediction in patients with triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Wang Daodu , Shi Yifeng , Huang Hanyang , Zhao Qijiong , He Yongyue , Su Wenzhi 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) commonly occurs in breast cancer, which is the second cause of cancer death in women with a high rate of relapse and poor outcomes. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer. Thus, we aim to develop a prognostic signature based on HRD expecting to help improve outcomes in TNBC. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)–TNBC cohort was divided into the training set and the testing set randomly. Sixteen genes were filtered from the prognostic HRD-associated genes to establish a prognostic model in the training set. Patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups based on the median value of the risk score. Prognosis analysis showed that the high-risk group was associated with a worse prognosis in the training set, the testing set, the entire TCGA–TNBC cohort, and the METABRIC–TNBC cohort. The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve showed that our model had very good accuracy in the prediction of 1–5-year overall survival in the TCGA–TNBC cohort. Besides, a comparison of the area under curve value and C-index between our model and four published models showed that our model had the best predictive efficiency compared to other models. Subsequently, a nomogram was established. Finally, our finding also indicated that our model was associated with immunoregulation in TNBC and had the potential to be the target for TNBC treatment. Therefore, our findings not only provided a new strategy in the personalized prognosis management of TNBC but also offered new insight into precision treatment in TNBC.
Rethinking Dionysus and Apollo: Redrawing Today’s Philosophical Chessboard
Authors: Segovia Carlos A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis essay pursues Gilbert Durand’s plea for a new anthropological spirit that would overcome the bureaucracy-or-madness dichotomy which has since Nietzsche left its imprint upon contemporary thought, forcing it to choose between an “Apollonian” ontology established upon some kind of first principle and a “Dionysian” ontology consisting in the erasure of any founding norm. It does so by reclaiming Dionysus and Apollo’s original twin-ness and dual affirmation in dialogue with contemporary anthropological theory, especially Roy Wagner’s thesis on the interplay of “elicitation” and “containment” in sociocultural life. What would happen then, I ask, if we were to reimagine today’s philosophical game – which after Heidegger Deleuze, and Derrida turns variously and increasingly around subtraction – otherwise: as a chiastic board on which Apollo would cut Dionysus’s continuum, which Dionysus would in turn restore despite Apollo’s cuts, and on which the obliteration of any of the two gods would entail the inevitable dismemberment of the other? Accordingly, I offer a full reassessment of Dionysus’s and Apollo’s complementary roles in ancient-Greek culture in discussion not only with Nietzsche’s Dionysian philosophy but also with Ihab Hassan’s postmodern critique of Orpheus. All of it less with the purpose of putting forward a new metaphysics than with the intent of restating the translucent-ness that keeps together reality and thought against any claim that they are either transparent or opaque to one another.
A review of the characteristic properties of selected tobacco chemicals and their associated etiological risks
Authors: Maiyo Alfayo K. , Kibet Joshua K. , Kengara Fredrick O. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Despite the quantum of research findings on tobacco epidemic, a review on the formation characteristics of nicotine, aldehydes and phenols, and their associated etiological risks is still limited in literature. Accordingly, knowledge on the chemical properties and free radical formation during tobacco burning is an important subject towards unravelling the relationship between smoking behaviour and disease. This review investigates how scientific efforts have been advanced towards understanding the release of molecular products from the thermal degradation of tobacco, and harm reduction strategies among cigarette smokers in general. The mechanistic characteristics of nicotine and selected aldehydes are critically examined in this review. For the purpose of this work, articles published during the period 2004–2021 and archived in PubMed, Google Scholar, Medley, Cochrane, and Web of Science were used. The articles were selected based on the health impacts of cigarette smoking, tobacco burning kinetics, tobacco cessation and tobacco as a precursor for emerging diseases such as Covid-19.

Content
The toxicity of cigarette smoke is directly correlated with its chemical composition derived from the pyrolysis of tobacco stem and leaves. Most of the harmful toxic substances are generated by pyrolysis during smoking and depends on pyrolysis conditions. Detailed studies have been conducted on the kinetics of nicotine by use of robust theoretical models in order to determine the rate constants of reactions in nicotine and those of nicotine dissociation via C–C and C–N scission, yielding pyridinyl and methyl radicals, respectively. Research has suggested that acetaldehyde enhances the effect of nicotine, which in turn reinforces addiction characteristics whereas acrolein and crotonaldehyde are ciliatoxic, and can inhibit lung clearance. On the other hand, phenol affects liver enzymes, lungs, kidneys, and the cardiovascular system while m-cresol attacks the nervous system.

Summary and Outlook
The characteristics of chemical release during tobacco burning are very important in the tobacco industry and the cigarette smoking community. Understanding individual chemical formation from cigarette smoking will provide the necessary information needed to formulate sound tobacco reform policies from a chemical standpoint. Nonetheless, intense research is needed in this field in order to prescribe possible measures to deter cigarette smoking addiction and ameliorate the grave miseries bedevilling the tobacco smoking community.
Cloudbasierte Zustandsdiagnose von Straßenbahnschienen
Authors: Wolf Maik , Rudolph Mathias , Leutritz Uwe , Köllner Johannes , Günther Andreas , Zschocke Dominik 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Die Auslastung des schienengebundenen ÖPNV wird durch Urbanisierung und energiepolitische Trends zunehmen. Für die dafür erforderliche Umsetzung einer zustandsabhängigen Instandhaltungsstrategie wurde ein innovatives schwingungsbasiertes Verfahren zur Zustandsdiagnose von Straßenbahnschienen entwickelt. Die klassifizierten Messdaten in Form von Gleismeterobjekten werden cloudbasiert in einer Kartenansicht zur Verfügung gestellt. Dadurch ist die Analyse historischer und aktueller Messdaten möglich, um die Notwendigkeit oder den Erfolg von Schienenschleifungen zu bewerten.
Datenbasierte Standortauswahl
Authors: Schuh Günther , Gützlaff Andreas , Adlon Tobias , Schupp Steffen , Endrikat Morten , Schlosser Tino X. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Bestehende Methoden zur Standortauswahl sind meist für die heutigen Anforderungen nicht mehr ausreichend. In diesem Beitrag wird ein systematischer und quantitativer Ansatz zur datenbasierten Standortauswahl vorgestellt, welcher es ermöglicht, durch einen individuellen Einbezug unterschiedlicher Daten der Ökonomie, Infrastruktur sowie Informationen zu Foreign Direct Investments und weiterer Indikatoren sowohl die Entscheidungsqualität als auch die Transparenz im Entscheidungsprozess zu erhöhen.
A Collective Review of the Research on Training the Oldest-Old
Authors: Capanema Bruna da Silva Vieira , Franco Pedro Silvelo , Gil Priscila Rodrigues , Mazo Giovana Zarpellon 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
To synthesize the scientific evidence on physical exercise protocols for the oldest-old we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Medline, and gray literature up to January 2021. Eligibility criteria included investigation of the oldest-old population (≥80 years); use of intervention protocols with appropriate and effective variables for a physical exercise program (type, intensity, frequency, and duration); reporting positive effects of the interventions on physical fitness, execution of activities of daily living, and quality of life of the oldest-old; an experimental and/or quasiexperimental (randomized or nonrandomized) study design. Twenty studies were included. Physical exercise protocols for the oldest-old should include strength, power, aerobic endurance, flexibility, balance, and joint mobility exercises. These exercises are effective in attenuating or minimizing the declines that occur during aging, improving factors such as gait, fall rate, and functional capacity.
Sex Differences in the Spatial Behavior Functions of Adult-Born Neurons in Rats
Authors: O’Leary Timothy P. , Askari Baran , Lee Bonnie H. , Darby Kathryn , Knudson Cypress , Ash Alyssa M. , Seib Desiree R. , Espinueva Delane F. , Snyder Jason S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAdult neurogenesis modifies hippocampal circuits and behavior, but removing newborn neurons does not consistently alter spatial processing, a core function of the hippocampus. Additionally, little is known about sex differences in neurogenesis since few studies have compared males and females. Since adult-born neurons regulate the stress response, we hypothesized that spatial functions may be more prominent under aversive conditions and may differ between males and females given sex differences in stress responding. We therefore trained intact and neurogenesis-deficient rats in the spatial water maze at temperatures that vary in their degree of aversiveness. In the standard water maze, ablating neurogenesis did not alter spatial learning in either sex. However, in cold water, ablating neurogenesis had divergent sex-dependent effects: relative to intact rats, male neurogenesis-deficient rats were slower to escape the maze and female neurogenesis-deficient rats were faster. Neurogenesis promoted temperature-related changes in search strategy in females, but it promoted search strategy stability in males. Females displayed greater recruitment (Fos expression) of the dorsal hippocampus than males, particularly in cold water. However, blocking neurogenesis did not alter Fos expression in either sex. Finally, morphologic analyses revealed greater experience-dependent plasticity in males. Adult-born neurons in males and females had similar morphology at baseline but training increased spine density and reduced presynaptic terminal size, specifically in males. Collectively, these findings indicate that adult-born neurons contribute to spatial learning in stressful conditions and they provide new evidence for sex differences in their behavioral functions.
Conditions for Synaptic Specificity during the Maintenance Phase of Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Huertas Marco A. , Newton Adam J. H. , McDougal Robert A. , Sacktor Todd Charlton , Shouval Harel Z. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractActivity-dependent modifications of synaptic efficacies are a cellular substrate of learning and memory. Experimental evidence shows that these modifications are synapse specific and that the long-lasting effects are associated with the sustained increase in concentration of specific proteins like PKMζ. However, such proteins are likely to diffuse away from their initial synaptic location and spread out to neighboring synapses, potentially compromising synapse specificity. In this article, we address the issue of synapse specificity during memory maintenance. Assuming that the long-term maintenance of synaptic plasticity is accomplished by a molecular switch, we carry out analytical calculations and perform simulations using the reaction-diffusion package in NEURON to determine the limits of synapse specificity during maintenance. Moreover, we explore the effects of the diffusion and degradation rates of proteins and of the geometrical characteristics of dendritic spines on synapse specificity. We conclude that the necessary conditions for synaptic specificity during maintenance require that molecular switches reside in dendritic spines. The requirement for synaptic specificity when the molecular switch resides in spines still imposes strong limits on the diffusion and turnover of rates of maintenance molecules, as well as on the morphologic properties of synaptic spines. These constraints are quite general and apply to most existing models suggested for maintenance. The parameter values can be experimentally evaluated, and if they do not fit the appropriate predicted range, the validity of this class of maintenance models would be challenged.
Callosal Fiber Length Scales with Brain Size According to Functional Lateralization, Evolution, and Development
Authors: Yang Liyuan , Zhao Chenxi , Xiong Yirong , Zhong Suyu , Wu Di , Peng Shaoling , Thiebaut de Schotten Michel , Gong Gaolang 
Published: May 2022

Brain size significantly impacts the organization of white matter fibers. Fiber length scaling, the degree to which fiber length varies according to brain size, was overlooked. We investigated how fiber lengths within the corpus callosum, the most prominent white matter tract, vary according to brain size. The results showed substantial variation in length scaling among callosal fibers, replicated in two large healthy cohorts (∼2000 human subjects, including both sexes). The underscaled callosal fibers mainly connected the precentral gyrus and parietal cortices, whereas the overscaled callosal fibers mainly connected the prefrontal cortices. The variation in such length scaling was biologically meaningful: larger scaling corresponded to larger neurite density index but smaller fractional anisotropy values; cortical regions connected by the callosal fibers with larger scaling were more lateralized functionally as well as phylogenetically and ontogenetically more recent than their counterparts. These findings highlight an interaction between interhemispheric communication and organizational and adaptive principles underlying brain development and evolution.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBrain size varies across evolution, development, and individuals. Relative to small brains, the neural fiber length in large brains is inevitably increased, but the degree of such increase may differ between fiber tracts. Such a difference, if it exists, is valuable for understanding adaptive neural principles in large versus small brains during evolution and development. The present study showed a substantial difference in the length increase between the callosal fibers that connect the two hemispheres, replicated in two large healthy cohorts. Together, our study demonstrates that reorganization of interhemispheric fibers length according to brain size is intrinsically related to fiber composition, functional lateralization, cortical myelin content, and evolutionary and developmental expansion.
Spontaneously Recycling Synaptic Vesicles Constitute Readily Releasable Vesicles in Intact Neuromuscular Synapses
Authors: Egashira Yoshihiro , Kumade Ayane , Ojida Akio , Ono Fumihito 
Published: May 2022

Emerging evidence shows that spontaneous synaptic transmission plays crucial roles on neuronal functions through presynaptic molecular mechanisms distinct from that of action potential (AP)-evoked transmission. However, whether the synaptic vesicle (SV) population undergoing the two forms of transmission is segregated remains controversial due in part to the conflicting results observed in cultured neurons. Here we address this issue in intact neuromuscular synapses using transgenic zebrafish larvae expressing two different indicators targeted in the SVs: a pH-sensitive fluorescent protein, pHluorin, and a tag protein, HaloTag. By establishing a quantitative measure of recycled SV fractions, we found that ∼85% of SVs were mobilized by high-frequency AP firings. In contrast, spontaneously recycling SVs were mobilized only from <8% of SVs with a time constant of 45 min at 25°C, although prolonged AP inhibition mobilized an additional population with a delayed onset. The mobilization of the early-onset population was less temperature-sensitive and resistant to tetanus toxin, whereas that of the late-onset population was more sensitive to temperature and was inhibited by tetanus toxin, indicating that prolonged AP inhibition activated a distinct molecular machinery for spontaneous SV fusion. Therefore, the early-onset population limited to <8% was likely the only source of spontaneous release that occurred physiologically. We further showed that this limited population was independent from those reluctant to fuse during AP firing and was used in both the hypertonic stimulation and the immediate phase of AP-evoked releases, thereby matching the characteristics of the readily releasable pool.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSynaptic vesicles (SVs) are divided into functionally distinct pools depending on how they respond to action potential (AP) firing. The origin of SVs used for spontaneous fusion remains enigmatic despite intensive studies in cultured preparations. We addressed this question in intact neuromuscular synapses and provided two findings. First, prolonged AP inhibition activated a distinct population of fusion, which needs to be distinguished from genuine spontaneous fusion arising from a highly limited fraction. Second, the limited fraction observed early in the AP inhibition period exhibited the characteristics of readily releasable pool in the subsequent round of stimulation. Our study revealed that the origin of spontaneous SV fusion is restricted to the readily releasable pool among the SV pools involved in AP-evoked fusion.
The The Implementation of Initiationâ€“Responseâ€“Feedback (IRF) in EFL Writing Class
Authors: Atmojo Fajar Nugroho Dwi , Saleh Mursid , Widhiyanto Widhiyanto 
Published: May 2022

Classroom interaction has been an interesting discussion in the research of discourse as well as language education itself. This research was aimed to analyze the implementation of initiation-response-feedback (IRF) model in EFL writing class. IRF is a pattern of classroom interaction found by Sinclair and Coulthard in 1975 that stands for teacher initiation, studentsâ€™ response and feedback by teacher. This study was a case study with several steps conducted by its researcher in analyzing the data. The analysis of the data began with the process of organizing data from the result of recording, transcribing data into paper-based transcriptions, coding the data, calculating the occurences of the teaching exchange pattern and IRF pattern, reporting the findings, and interpreting the findings. The results of the study showed that both teacher and students implemented the IRF model in teaching and learning process, especially in writing class. In this study there are five teaching exchanges which occurred based on Sinclair and Coulthard (1975)â€™s model including teacher inform, teacher direct, teacher elicit, student inform, and check. Furthermore, the classroom interaction process in EFL writing class reflected the patterns of IRF sequence. As the conclusion, it is recommended that the teacher should maintain the effectiveness of classroom interaction and give much opportunity to the students to take role in classroom verbal interaction through reflecting the IRF pattern in teaching learning process particularly in EFL writing class.
English Teachersâ€™ Perception on Strategies in Teaching Reading Comprehension to Motivate the Students
Authors: Nugroho Toto , Bharati Dwi Anggani Linggar , Hartono Rudi 
Published: May 2022

A teacher should have good perception of teaching and strategies to deal with some difficulties that can be aroused in the process of reading. However, the teachersâ€™ background of State Senior High School of Pemalang Regency are various. This condition make different perception when they performed in their teaching English in their classroom. The present study sought to explore English teachersâ€™ perception of learning second language. Motivation is one of the important factors which impacts greatly on language learning. One of the most important factors which receives the special focus in foreign language teaching is reading motivation. More recently, studies on reading motivation have also gained much interest. This review paper is going to consider the impact of reading motivation on reading comprehension. In this paper, the researcher explains the terms of strategies, motivation, reading comprehension, and different models of reading comprehension. The review of this study showed that teachersâ€™ strategies on teaching reading comprehension had a considerably positive effect on reading comprehension activities.
The Implementation of Translation Ideology of Cultural Terms in Andrea Hirataâ€™s Novel Laskar Pelangi
Authors: Pahlawanita Nur Via , Hartono Rudi , Faridi Abdurrachman 
Published: May 2022

This research is concerned with translation study, which is the translation ideology used in the translation of cultural terms found in Andrea Hirataâ€™s novel LaskarPelangi into its English version, The Rainbow Troops. The objectives of the research are to answer the following four things : (1) to describe the cultural terms items categories found in the novel (2) to describe the techniques of translation applied in the translation of term items found in the novel to its translation (3) to describe the ideology of translation applied, in the translation of cultural term items found in the novel and its translation, and (4) to describe the degree of meaning equivalence of the Indonesian cultural terms in the novel as realized in its translation. The writer uses qualitative descriptive method in order to reach the objective of the research. The writer employs himself to collect data; by reading the novel and its translation, marking the cultural words, classifying, selecting and analyzing them based on the theories of translation procedure and translation strategy which are taken from some relevant references. The findings of this research show that: first, there were 168 data of cultural terms found in the novel, and categorized into Newmarkâ€™s five categories of cultural terms, with the following results : ecology category 48 data, material culture 27 data, social culture 14 data, social organization 77 data, and gesture and habit 2 data; second, the are 12 translation techniques applied by the translator, third, based on the techniques of translation used, that mostly tend to Target Language, it can be concluded that the translation ideology used by the translator is domestication ideology; fourth, the degree of meaning equivalence were 60.12 % fully equivalence, 31.55 % partly equivalence, 5.95 %non-equivalence, and 2.38% unrealized.