bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of lithium on suicide and suicidal behaviour: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials
Authors: Nabi Zainab , Stansfeld Jacki , Plöderl Martin , Wood Lisa , Moncrieff Joanna 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Aims
Lithium has long been believed to reduce the risk of suicide and suicidal behaviour in people with mood disorders. Previous meta-analyses appeared to support this belief, but excluded relevant data due to the difficulty of conducting meta-analysis of rare events. The current study is an updated systematic review and meta-analysis that includes all eligible data, and evaluates suicide, non-fatal suicidal behaviour (including suicidal ideation) and suicide attempts.

Methods
We searched PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase and some trial registers. We included all randomised trials comparing lithium and placebo or treatment as usual in mood disorders published after 2000, to ensure suicide was reliably reported. Trial quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Pooled data were analysed using Fisher's Exact test. In addition, meta-analysis was conducted using various methods, prioritizing the Exact method. All trials were included in the analysis of suicide initially, regardless of whether they reported on suicide or not. We conducted a sensitivity analysis with trials that specifically reported on suicides and one that included trials published before 2000. Pre-specified subgroup analyses were performed involving suicide prevention trials, trials excluding people already taking lithium, trials involving people with bipolar disorder exclusively and those involving people with mixed affective diagnoses. Non-fatal suicidal behaviour and suicide attempts were analysed using the same methods, but only trials that reported these outcomes were included. PROSPERO registration: CRD42021265809.

Results
Twelve eligible studies involving 2578 participants were included. The pooled suicide rate was 0.2% for people randomised to lithium and 0.4% with placebo or treatment as usual, which was not a statistically significant difference; odds ratio (OR) = 0.41 (95% confidence interval 0.03–2.49), p = 0.45. Meta-analysis using the Exact method produced an OR of 0.42 (95% confidence interval 0.01–4.5). The result was not substantially different when restricted to 11 trials that explicitly reported suicides and remained statistically non-significant when including 15 trials published before 2000 (mostly in the 1970s). There were no significant differences in any subgroup analysis. There was no difference in rates of all non-fatal suicidal behaviour in seven trials that reported this outcome, or in five trials that reported suicide attempts specifically. Meta-analyses using other methods also revealed no statistically significant differences.

Conclusions
Evidence from randomised trials is inconclusive and does not support the idea that lithium prevents suicide or suicidal behaviour.
Substantive and Political Learning among the US States: Abortion Policy Diffusion, 1993–2016
Authors: Pollert Isaac , Mooney Christopher Z. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDo policymakers learn from the policy experiences of other governments, and if so, what do they learn? A long-established normative claim suggests that intergovernmental learning can and should occur among the US states, which serve as “laboratories of democracy” for the nation. We put this claim to a tough test, comparing the influences on the diffusion of instrumental Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) laws with that of more symbolic abortion regulation, from 1993 to 2016. We find evidence of substantive intergovernmental learning in policy diffusion even for abortion regulation—but only for instrumental abortion regulation. On symbolic abortion policy, states appear to learn mainly political lessons. Furthermore, proponents and opponents appear to learn different lessons in these diffusions, with loss aversion motivating opponents especially highly. Our results suggest that policymakers have a sophisticated understanding of the differences among policies’ goals and act strategically in pursuit of those goals.
Conjunctive Water Management for Agriculture With Groundwater Salinity
Authors: Yao Yiqing , Lund Jay R. , Harter Thomas 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSalt accumulations in aquifers significantly affect and transform the conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater supporting irrigated agriculture. Salt accumulates in aquifers under many semi‐arid irrigated lands where pumping has lowered water levels enough to prevent drainage of saline groundwater from the basin. This paper provides new insights into optimal conjunctive management of groundwater pumping, recharge, surface water, and cropping patterns with groundwater salinity and hydrologic variability in an irrigated semi‐arid region, such as California's western San Joaquin Valley, reducing agricultural crop yields and revenues. A two‐stage stochastic quadratic model explores this problem to prescribe economically optimal crop mix and conjunctive water operation policies over a 10‐year period with probabilistic annual surface water availability, considering groundwater salinity's harm to crop yields. At low groundwater salinity, agricultural conjunctive use usually pumps most groundwater in drier years, supplied by additional recharge in wetter years. In contrast, at higher groundwater salinity, optimal conjunctive use pumps less in drier years while pumping more in wetter years, when more surface water allows more dilution of saltier groundwater. Reduced pumping in drier years substantially reduces a region's ability to support higher‐value perennial crops and reduces or eliminates lower‐value annual crops in dry years. Artificial recharge with fresh surface water in wetter years can have economic value from slowing groundwater salination which allows more groundwater use in drier years.
A Quantitative Analysis of the Source of Inter‐Model Spread in Arctic Surface Warming Response to Increased CO2 Concentration
Authors: Hu Xiaoming , Liu Yanchi , Kong Yunqi , Yang Qinghua 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study exams the main sources of inter‐model spread in Arctic amplification of surface warming simulated in the abrupt‐4 × CO2 experiments of 18 CMIP6 models. It is found that the same seasonal energy transfer mechanism, namely that the part of extra solar energy absorbed by Arctic Ocean in summer due to sea‐ice melting is temporally stored in ocean in summer and is released in cold months, is responsible for the Arctic amplification in each of the 18 simulations. The models with more (less) ice melting and heat storing in the ocean in summer have the stronger (weaker) ocean heat release in cold season. Associated with more (less) heat release in cold months are more (less) clouds, stronger (weaker) poleward heat transport, and stronger (weaker) upward surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. This explains why the Arctic surface warming is strongest in the cold months and so is its inter‐model spread.
How Unexpected Was the 2021 Pacific Northwest Heatwave?
Authors: McKinnon Karen A. , Simpson Isla R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe 2021 Pacific Northwest heatwave featured record‐smashing high temperatures, raising questions about whether extremes are changing faster than the mean, and challenging our ability to estimate the probability of the event. Here, we identify and draw on the strong relationship between the climatological higher‐order statistics of temperature (skewness and kurtosis) and the magnitude of extreme events to quantify the likelihood of comparable events using a large climate model ensemble (Community Earth System Model version 2 Large Ensemble [CESM2‐LE]). In general, CESM2 can simulate temperature anomalies as extreme as those observed in 2021, but they are rare: temperature anomalies that exceed 4.5σ occur with an approximate frequency of one in a hundred thousand years. The historical data does not indicate that the upper tail of temperature is warming faster than the mean; however, future projections for locations with similar climatological moments to the Pacific Northwest do show significant positive trends in the probability of the most extreme events.
The Contribution of Climate Change to Increasing Extreme Ocean Warming Around Japan
Authors: Hayashi M. , Shiogama H. , Ogura T. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractGlobal warming is attributed to human activities that potentially cause record warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) worldwide. However, to what extent climate change has altered discrete extreme ocean warming (EOW) around Japan remains unclear. Here, we show the impact of global warming on EOW events (high SSTs less frequent than once per 20 years at the preindustrial level) surrounding Japan in each calendar month for 1982–2022 using climate models. In contrast to the gradually increasing occurrences of EOW events, the most frequent events occurred in approximately 1998 and the mid‐2010s, especially in southern Japan. We found climate change was not yet dominant in the 1998 events but has multiplied the occurrence probability of most events by at least twice since 2000. Furthermore, we estimated that the possibility of the future normal climate exceeding record high SSTs can be sharply reduced by limiting global warming from 2°C to 1.5°C.
The Local Time and Altitude Dependences of Long‐Lived Nonspecular Meteor Echoes With Weak Magnetic Aspect Sensitivity at Low Latitudes
Authors: Wang Ye , Li Guozhu , Xiao Zhuowei 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLong‐lived nonspecular meteor echoes backscattered from meteor trail nonfield‐aligned irregularities (NFAIs) were observed sporadically at high latitudes. In this study, we employ the observations by the all‐sky radar of Meteor and ionospheric Irregularity Observation System (MIOS) at Ledong (18.4°N, 109°E) in October 2018, January, April, and July 2019, to investigate the occurrences of meteor trail NFAIs at low latitudes. A deep learning method was developed to identify long‐lived meteor echo events with durations of more than 5 s. The long‐lived echo events with triangular shape (a typical feature of nonspecular echo) in radar range‐time intensity maps were manually distinguished from those with nontriangular shape. Based on the cutoff magnetic aspect angle 12° of nonspecular meteor echoes from field‐aligned irregularities (FAIs), the local time and altitude dependences of meteor NFAIs producing long‐lived nonspecular echoes are investigated. A total of 846 meteor events due to the backscatters of NFAIs were observed. These events peak around the morning hours, with the beginning (end) altitudes up to (down to) 120 km (∼80 km). Their mean heights are about 2–6 km higher than specular meteor echoes. The occurrence of NFAI echoes peaks on certain days that is likely associated with meteor showers. The ratio of the observed NFAI echo to specular echo events is, on average, less than 1‰. Possible factors responsible for the NFAIs at low latitudes are discussed based on the current understanding of meteor dust trail.
Thin Filaments in an Average Magnetosphere: Pure Interchange Versus Ballooning Oscillations
Authors: Toffoletto F. R. , Wolf R. A. , Derr J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis paper describes magnetospheric waves of very long wavelength in thin magnetic filaments. We consider an average magnetospheric configuration with zero ionospheric conductance and calculate waves using two different formulations: classic interchange theory and ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ballooning. Classic interchange theory, which is developed in detail in this paper, is basically analytic and is relatively straightforward to determine computationally, but it cannot offer very high accuracy. The eigenfrequencies from the two formulations cover a range of a factor of seven and generally agree with a root‐mean‐square difference between the common logarithms of interchange and MHD frequencies to be ∼0.054. The pressure perturbations in the classic interchange theory are assumed constant along each field line, but the MHD computed pressure perturbations along the field line vary in a range ∼30% in the plasma sheet but are larger in the inner magnetosphere. The parallel and perpendicular displacements, which are very different in the plasma sheet and inner magnetosphere, show good qualitative agreement between the two approaches. In the plasma sheet, the perpendicular displacements are strongly concentrated in the equatorial plane, whereas the parallel displacements are spread through most of the plasma sheet away from the equatorial plane; and can be regarded as buoyancy waves. In the inner magnetosphere, the displacements are more sinusoidal and are more like conventional slow modes. The different forms of the waves are best characterized by the flux tube entropy PVγ.
Ocean Mixed Layer Response to Two Post‐Monsoon Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal in 2018
Authors: Jarugula Sree Lekha , McPhaden Michael J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Bay of Bengal (BoB) is characterized by a shallow (∼10–20 m deep) fresh layer associated with 40–60 m deep warm near‐surface layer during the post‐monsoon season (October–November). We use hourly observations from a moored buoy at 15°N, 90°E along with satellite and ocean analysis data sets to understand the evolution of the near‐surface layer during the passage of two category‐3 cyclonic storms: Cyclone Titli (7–11 October 2018) and cyclone Gaja (10–15 November 2018). The mooring was ∼200 km away to the right of the two cyclone tracks. A 15 day (22 September–7 October) break in the Indian summer monsoon resulted in clear skies, calm winds, and sea surface temperature warming (SST) by 2.8°C before Titli. During Titli, near‐surface thermal stratification restricted vertical mixing to 20 m depth and limited SST cooling at the mooring. During passage of cyclone Gaja, fresh Irrawaddy River water associated with a subsurface warm layer was advected to the mooring by mesoscale eddy flow. Cyclone winds could not break through the near‐surface density stratification associated with this river water. Shear associated with near‐inertial currents led to delayed mixed layer deepening after the cyclone's passage but there was no cold wake along the track of Gaja due to mixing of subsurface warm water to the surface. We illustrate the relevant processes at work for the two cyclones based on mixed layer salt and heat balance at 15°N, 90°E. This study demonstrates the importance of ocean preconditioning and thermohaline stratification on SST evolution under the influence of post‐monsoon cyclones in BoB.
Modeling Gas Flow Velocities in Soils Induced by Variations in Surface Pressure, Heat, and Moisture Dynamics
Authors: Massman W. J. , Frank J. M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChanges in atmospheric pressure continuously ventilate soils and snowpacks. This physical process, known as pressure pumping, is a major factor in the exchange fluxes of H2O, CO2, and other trace gases between the soil and atmosphere. Thus models of pressure pumping are relevant to many areas of critical importance. This study compares the three principal models used to describe pressure pumping. Beginning with the fundamental physical principles and whether the flow field is compressible or incompressible, these models are categorized as linear parabolic (one model—compressible) or nonlinear hyperbolic (two models—incompressible). Using observed soil surface pressure data, measured vertical profiles of soil permeability and standard linear analysis and numerical methods, this study shows that nonlinear models produce advective velocities that are one to two orders of magnitude greater than those associated with the linear model. Incorporating soil temperature and moisture dynamics made very little difference to the linear model, but a significant difference in the nonlinear models suggesting that advective velocities induced by pressure changes associated with soil heating and moisture dynamics may not always be small enough to ignore. All numerical results are sensitive to the frequency of the pressure forcing, which was band‐pass filtered into low, mid and high frequencies with the greatest model differences at low frequencies. Partitioning the pressure forcing and model responses helped to establish that mid‐frequency weather‐related phenomena (empirically identified as inertia gravity waves and solitons) are important drivers of gas exchange between the soil and the atmosphere.
Spatial and Temporal Confinement of the Ionospheric Responses During the St. Patrick's Day Storm of March 2015
Authors: Kader Sk Samin , Dashora N. , Niranjan K. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe present study provides a multi‐instrument analysis of the ionospheric response to the effects of the St. Patrick's Day storm of 17–18 March 2015. Simultaneous observations from 85 global positioning system stations and multiple satellites along the past observations from the literature survey are utilized to ascertain the spatio‐temporal confinements between −20°E and 150°E longitudes. The main results include longitudinal differences in the episodic equatorward expansions of the auroral oval which is shown to relate with varying high‐latitude Joule heating and equatorward wind surges at different local times. The zonal movement of equatorial ion density depletions from initially east to west followed by a sluggish westward pattern on the night of 17 March is observed. The zonal movement is found to be better explained by the longitudinally decreasing impact of the disturbance dynamo in the nightside. The enhancements in total electron content during morning on 17 March are observed over mid‐latitudes, which are found to move equatorward in the noon time. These enhancements could be associated with the enhanced O density bulge resulting from the thermospheric expansion during the main phase. A daytime sustained and confined electron density depletion between about 100°E and 170°E is observed on 18 March which is being discussed in detail for the first time. Interestingly, large longitudinal differences are observed in the response of the disturbance dynamo, including no observable effect during morning (−20°E–20°E) but dominant afternoon and westward progression during the day of 18 March.
Fitness is positively associated with hippocampal formation subfield volumes in schizophrenia: a multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Maurus Isabel , Roell Lukas , Keeser Daniel , Papazov Boris , Papazova Irina , Lembeck Moritz , Roeh Astrid , Wagner Elias , Hirjak Dusan , Malchow Berend , Ertl-Wagner Birgit , Stoecklein Sophia , Hasan Alkomiet , Schmitt Andrea , Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas , Falkai Peter 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHippocampal formation (HF) volume loss is a well-established finding in schizophrenia, with select subfields, such as the cornu ammonis and dentate gyrus, being particularly vulnerable. These morphologic alterations are related to functional abnormalities and cognitive deficits, which are at the core of the insufficient recovery frequently seen in this illness. To counteract HF volume decline, exercise to improve aerobic fitness is considered as a promising intervention. However, the effects of aerobic fitness levels on HF subfields are not yet established in individuals with schizophrenia. Therefore, our study investigated potential associations between aerobic fitness and HF subfield structure, functional connectivity, and related cognitive impact in a multiparametric research design. In this cross-sectional study, 53 participants diagnosed with schizophrenia (33 men, 20 women; mean [SD] age, 37.4 [11.8] years) underwent brain structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging and assessments of aerobic fitness and verbal memory. Multivariate multiple linear regressions were performed to determine whether aerobic fitness was associated with HF subfield volumes and functional connections. In addition, we explored whether identified associations mediated verbal memory functioning. Significant positive associations between aerobic fitness levels and volumes were demonstrated for most HF subfields, with the strongest associations for the cornu ammonis, dentate gyrus, and subiculum. No significant associations were found for HF functional connectivity or mediation effects on verbal memory. Aerobic fitness may mitigate HF volume loss, especially in the subfields most affected in schizophrenia. This finding should be further investigated in longitudinal studies.Clinical Trials Registration: The study on which the manuscript is based was registered in the International Clinical Trials Database, ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT number: NCT03466112) and in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS-ID: DRKS00009804).
Maternal and infant NR3C1 and SLC6A4 epigenetic signatures of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: when timing matters
Authors: Nazzari Sarah , Grumi Serena , Mambretti Fabiana , Villa Marco , Giorda Roberto , Provenzi Livio ,   MOM-COPE Study Group, Borgatti Renato , Biasucci Giacomo , Decembrino Lidia , Giacchero Roberta , Magnani Maria Luisa , Nacinovich Renata , Prefumo Federico , Spinillo Arsenio , Veggiotti Pierangelo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractStress exposure during pregnancy is critically linked with maternal mental health and child development. The effects might involve altered patterns of DNA methylation in specific stress-related genes (i.e., glucocorticoid receptor gene, NR3C1, and serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4) and might be moderated by the gestational timing of stress exposure. In this study, we report on NR3C1 and SLC6A4 methylation status in Italian mothers and infants who were exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown during different trimesters of pregnancy. From May 2020 to February 2021, 283 mother–infant dyads were enrolled at delivery. Within 24 h from delivery, buccal cells were collected to assess NR3C1 (44 CpG sites) and SLC6A4 (13 CpG sites) methylation status. Principal component (PC) analyses were used to reduce methylation data dimension to one PC per maternal and infant gene methylation. Mother–infant dyads were split into three groups based on the pregnancy trimester (first, second, third), during which they were exposed to the COVID-19 lockdown. Mothers and infants who were exposed to the lockdown during the first trimester of pregnancy had lower NR3C1 and SLC6A4 methylation when compared to counterparts exposed during the second or third trimesters. The effect remained significant after controlling for confounders. Women who were pregnant during the pandemic and their infants might present altered epigenetic biomarkers of stress-related genes. As these epigenetic marks have been previously linked with a heightened risk of maternal psychiatric problems and less-than-optimal child development, mothers and infants should be adequately monitored for psychological health during and after the pandemic.