bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Improved Embedded Discrete Fracture Model with Fracture Growth for Water-Induced Fracture Simulation in Low Permeability Reservoirs
Authors: Yang Chenxu , Cheng Linsong , Cao Renyi , Shi Junjie , Du Xulin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Water injection is often used to supply formation energy in low permeability reservoirs. A lot of field data shows that fractures nearby the wellbores may extend hundreds of meters because of the poor injectability which is called water-induced fractures. The presence of these fractures significantly changes the flow of injected water thus affecting the development effects. However, few studies of reservoir numerical simulation methods have been presented to simulate the dynamic changes of fractures in the long-term waterflooding process. This study is based on the embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) in which the fracture system has less dependence on the grid system. By improving the preprocessing algorithm, fracture growth can be considered in EDFM which is called the dynamic embedded discrete model (dEDFM). This new method provides an innovative idea for fracture propagation simulation by attaching new fracture elements to the original fractures once the failure criterion is satisfied. Meanwhile, there is no need to calculate the stress field once the in situ stress is provided, so the computational efficiency is greatly improved compared with the fluid-solid coupling method. Besides, dEDFM has a flexible way of handling fracture elements, so it is suitable for water-induced fracture simulation. Results show that fracture propagation speed is significantly influenced by matrix permeability, in situ stress, and injection intensity, and if the water-induced fractures propagate faster than the original waterfront movement velocity, changing law of the water content rate rising of production wells in different directions will be different. The contribution of this work lies in that it provides a suitable and efficient way for reservoir engineers to deal with water-induced fractures since the propagation of fractures can be considered when it comes to reservoir numerical simulation, and it is helpful for production data prediction and development adjustment in low permeability reservoirs.
Affective Strategies, Emotion Schemas, and Empathic Endings: Selkie Girls and A Critical Odyssey
Authors: Stephens John 
Published: January 2022

We are drawn to the aesthetic again and again because its impact is registered affectively and somatically, as well as via rational cognition.(Pence 2004, p. 273)
The idea of an ‘odyssey’ derives, of course, from Homer’s famous epic narrative, but separates itself from its eponymous hero to become a script which pervades Western literature. By ‘script’ I refer to a metanarrative structure based on an expectation that in a particular context events will unfold in a coherent and predictable order, within expected parameters, and the observer will be involved either as a participant or an observer (see Stephens 2011, p. 14). Because readers recognise a script from only a few components of its constitutive causal chain, writers have considerable scope for varying the components. Thus an odyssey-script does not require a character named ‘Odysseus’, but will involve, in some form, a long journey with many delays, by-ways and wrong movements, but moves towards a particular goal. Yet, as Tennyson’s well-known poem reminds us, an arrival constitutes a site for another departure:
It little profits that an idle king,By this still hearth, among these barren crags, Match'd with an aged wife, I mete and dole Unequal laws unto a savage race,That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me. I cannot rest from travel ...Ulysses, 1-6

As our procedures grow old and less productive, and texts seem less responsive to them, we inevitably seek livelier ways of doing things. I have spent the last 30 years or so as a discourse analyst, with a particular focus on how ideology pervades textual representations. During that time, however, I have been somewhat inattentive to the relationship of affect to ideology, perhaps because affect seems to be individually produced, whereas ideology is more a matter of social consensus or even, if we adhere to Althusser’s more extreme view, a social imposition. To put this another way, discourse analysis is less concerned with what readers do with texts than with the role of culture in the production of texts and the potential of texts to position readers. This difference need not result in an either/or choice, needless to say.
Impact of Complex Fracture Networks on Well Productivity: A Case Study of the Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site #2
Authors: Cao Meng , Zheng Shuang , Elliott Brendan , Sharma Mukul 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
For simplicity, planar fractures are usually used for simulating well performance. This is clearly an oversimplification for naturally fractured formations. Core data from both HFTS 1 and 2 show that a much more complex fracture network is created. In this work, a novel three-dimensional fracturing-reservoir simulator is applied to the Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site (HFTS2) data to provide a thorough assessment of the impact of the fracture network on well performance. A methodology is also presented to effectively represent realistic complex fracture networks generated by hydraulic fracturing when simulating well productivity.
Data that characterizes the natural fractures at HFTS 2 are used to create a realistic representation of the reservoir. A fracturing simulator which fully couples fluid flow, fracture mechanics and a black oil reservoir simulator is used to first create the fracture network and then simulate flowback and production. The complex fracture networks, generated by fracture propagation is compared with the core data collected at the site. The production flowback results are also compared with the field and are found to agree well with actual production data.
We demonstrate a workflow to create a realistic natural fracture network based on core data. A comparison of our simulation results with core data shows good agreement with the characteristics of the NF network based on the post-frac core analysis. The characteristics of this fracture network control the well productivity. While it is possible to use planar fractures to history match production, the results provide unrealistic fracture dimensions and reservoir drainage volumes. This directly impacts design and operational decisions related to well spacing and fracture sizing demonstrating the importance of incorporating realistic complex fracture networks into reservoir simulators for production evaluation and forecasting as well as fracture design and selecting well spacing.
In this paper the rich dataset provided by HFTS-2 is used to demonstrate a methodology to generate a realistic natural fracture network and to create hydraulic fractures that create a fracture network that can be used to simulate well productivity and reservoir drainage. The results show that it is possible to simulate the creation of complex fracture networks that provide much more realistic estimates of well productivity and reservoir drainage area. This is essential for fracture sizing and estimating the optimum well spacing.
Utilizing Data from Electrically Driven Fracturing Equipment Provides Significant Improvement to Equipment and Operational Reliability
Authors: Niemeyer Matt , Sears Eric , Bolt Travis 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
As operators continue to focus on the importance of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), in conjunction with lowering monthly costs in the hydraulic fracturing space, the requests for higher horsepower density with lower emissions and fuel consumption have risen. This analysis will explore what eFrac means for fracturing optimization, reliability, and performance compared to conventional equipment. This paper will compare the digital capabilities of conventional equipment versus electrical equipment.
This investigation is based on the historical data of a field trial spanning approximately eight months, across several basins, and varying climates. In conjunction with this case study, it will correlate the performance of eFrac to that of conventional equipment, while focusing on three areas: visibility into pump performance, control of equipment to improve reliability, and energy conversion from fuel source to hydraulic horsepower for fracturing and its impact on efficiency.
Observation Lateral Project: Direct Measurement of Far-Field Drainage
Authors: Cipolla Craig , Wolters Jennifer , McKimmy Michael , Miranda Carlos , Hari-Roy Stephanie , Kechemir Aicha , Gupta Nupur 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In 2019 the operator embarked on a very ambitious data acquisition project in the Bakken, with the goal of mapping far-field drainage and characterizing completion performance. The project consisted of a six-well pad (10,000 ft laterals) with a dedicated observation lateral located in the Three Forks (TF) formation instrumented with cemented pressure gauges and fiber optics along the 10,000 ft lateral. The observation lateral was offset by Middle Bakken (MB) wells ∼450 ft on either side (∼900 ft MB-MB well spacing). One of the MB wells was instrumented with fiber optics for cluster-level completion measurements and "frac hit" detection, while the other offset MB well was used to deploy geophones for microseismic mapping. Three different fracture treatment designs were evaluated, with the goal of understanding how fluid volume & rheology, proppant volume and size, and proppant/fluid ratio affect fracture geometry and drainage. Quantitative application of oil and water tracers was used to evaluate the productivity of each treatment design.
During the completions of the first three wells, microseismic data provided important measurements to characterize fracture geometry and "offset well" fiber provided strain data to evaluate fracture morphology (i.e. – far-field fracture behavior). Stress shadowing was evaluated by combining the microseismic and strain data. These measurements were used to calibrate a hydraulic fracture model to enable more reliable predictions of fracture geometry and morphology. Cluster-level measurements of fluid distribution provided data to support increasing clusters/stage and decreasing stage count. Production has been continuously monitored for over 12 months, including interference testing to evaluate connectivity. The pressure gauges placed along the observation lateral provided one of the first-ever measurements of far-field drainage as a function of fracture treatment design (450 ft in between two producing wells, 900 ft well spacing).
The results show that MB wells can drain the TF at distances of 450 ft and fracture treatment design can significantly impact drainage and productivity. Although the evaluation, modeling, and trials are ongoing, these results may add significant value by enabling Bakken development with fewer, more productive, wells in some portions of the basin.
Geomechanical Applications in Deepwater Fracpacks and Associated Productivity Impact
Authors: Mahadev Karthik , Zhang Jianguo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Deepwater fracpacks continue to evolve in the Miocene and Paleogene trends in Gulf of Mexico and deliver best in class skins and reliability in these high-rate high margin reservoirs. As operators move towards maximizing production in existing fields that have been produced over the past several decades, depletion has concurrently evolved as the most frequent issue that challenges drilling, cementing, perforating, and fracturing operations. The overall impact of higher overbalance operations in these depleted intervals has placed Geomechanical impacts on completions and well productivity at the forefront. The paper will examine recent advances in Geomechanical applications in high permeability formations, specifically in a fracturing context.
This paper will expand upon a simple and innovative method for the determination of maximum horizontal stresses with calibrated minifrac data that will have an impact on fracturing and proppant placement. Use of pore pressure ranges to correlate fracture initiation and breakdown pressures will also be demonstrated as a valuable aid to design surface equipment pressure limits to enable fracturing.
Applying depletion related Geomechanical concepts to fracpacks has resulted in understanding of high treating pressures, bring successful investigations on trouble fracturing treatments to closure, and capture lessons to avoid problems on future wells. A robust workflow process has also been developed to anticipate these potential challenges and appropriate mitigations such as higher ratings for surface equipment, differential packer ratings and completion fluid weight to gain higher margins and were incorporated to enable fracture placement as designed. This will be discussed in the context of a few actual case histories from the Gulf of Mexico. The effect of depletion and well bore trajectory on fracture placement will also be discussed.
Modeling Proppant Transport in Casing and Perforations Based on Proppant Transport Surface Tests
Authors: Kolle Jack , Mueller Alan , Baumgartner Steve , Cuthill David 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The results of a series of proppant transport surface tests (PTSTs) were used in conjunction with Eulerian multiphase-computational fluid dynamics (EMP-CFD) modeling to develop an engineering model of proppant distribution. The PTSTs were carried out to evaluate proppant placement through perforated casing. In these tests, sand slurry was pumped at realistically high flow rates through perforated casing and the distribution of sand and slurry from each perforation cluster was observed. The tests show that gravitational settling in horizontal casing, proppant slip past perforations and the visco-elastic properties of slickwater fluids strongly affect the distribution of proppant from the heel to the toe of the completion.
The EMP-CFD modeling was used to estimate the gravitational settling of sand in fully-developed turbulent slurry flow in horizontal casing as a function of casing velocity. A survey of 36 calculations was carried out to generate tables of sand concentration in a cross section through the casing as a function of flow rate and particle size. A single-phase CFD analysis showed how sand exiting each perforation is taken from a limited ingestion area which is proportional to the ratio of flow through the perforation to total flow in the casing. A detailed EMP-CFD analysis of flow through single perforations showed how sand slips past the perforation. The results of 28 EMP-CFD calculations provided slip factors as a function of particle size, casing flow velocity, and perforation flow velocity in straight and angled perforations. The EMP-CFD settling tables and a parameterization of the slip factors were integrated into an engineering model. The model predicts the distribution of slurry and sand through each perforation based on the proppant size, perforation phase angle, and pump rate.
The engineering model was used to predict the sand distributions observed in the PTSTs. The PTSTs were conducted with a range of sand sizes and with low-viscosity friction reducing polymer (FR) additives, while the EMP-CFD analysis assumed water. A weight factor is introduced in the settling model to account for the increased dispersion of sand in water with low viscosity FR and to match the observed sand distributions in the PTSTs. The observed slip of 100 Mesh and 40/70 Mesh sand is consistent with the EMP-CFD calculations in water.
The model reflects the PTST observations that fine sand is distributed relatively uniformly throughout the length of a perforated completion while coarser sand tends to slip past the heel perforations and concentrate on the bottom towards the toe of the completion.
Changes in social communication and mental health status among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 in Japan
Authors: Nagai-Tanima Momoko , Odake Yu , Shimoura Kanako , Aoyama Tomoki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background

The pandemic due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought the change of social communication. For university students, friendships considered to be important to reduce stress and mental difficulties, and a decrease in social interaction with friends may have an impact on their mental health. This study aimed to investigate the association between changes in social communication during the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health status among university students in Japan.
Methods

This study followed a cross-sectional observational design using an online questionnaire survey. The participants were undergraduate and graduate students in Japan. The questionnaire was distributed only once between October 12 and 31, 2020. Of the 194 respondents who agreed to participate in the study, 149 who completed their online survey were included in the analysis.The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Japanese version of the Three-item Loneliness Scale were used to assess depression, anxiety, and loneliness. Regarding social communication, participants asked the frequency of contact with friends and family by methods (in-person, phone call, and text) and the number of people who have been communicated with. Responses were also obtained for communication during the same period in the previous year to determine changes between the two periods. A multiple regression analysis was conducted for depression, anxiety, and loneliness scores as dependent variables.
Results

The ratios of positive for depression and anxiety were 38.3% and 34.2%, respectively. For communication with friends, changes in frequency were negatively associated with loneliness, and changes in number were negatively associated with depression and loneliness. Regarding text communication, a change in number was negatively associated with loneliness. For communication with families, a change in the number of people regarding text communication was positively associated with anxiety.
Conclusion

The impact of students’ communication with friends and families on their mental health may need to be considered before conducting university initiatives to prevent COVID-19.
Effects of Antenatal Exercises on Clinical Outcomes in Pregnant Females with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Anum Anum Sattar , Fahad Fahad Tanveer , Ahmad Ashfaq Ahmad Ashfaq , Amir Syed Amir Gillani Syed , Asif Asif Hanif , Rabia Rabia Khalil 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
BackgroundGestational diabetes mellitus is the most common complication that affects the health of the child and mother during pregnancy. The study was aimed to determine the effects of Antenatal exercises on glucose levels, mode of delivery and APGAR Score in females with gestational diabetes mellitus.MethodsThis Randomized controlled trial study was conducted on 72 pregnant females at department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Mian Munshi DHQ Hospital, Lahore. The females in 20-35 years of age, at 20-24 weeks of gestation with diagnosed GDM were included to make sure that all the data could find out easily and genuinely. Group-A received Routine Physical Therapy with Insulin therapy and Group –B- received Antenatal exercises along with Insulin therapy. Total 3 sessions per week were given to the patients for 60 mins, from 20- 24 weeks of gestation, in which 1st six session given to the patient under supervision of therapist, remaining sessions was performed by the patients at home till the time of delivery. The outcome tools were APGAR scale for neonatal outcome and HbAc1 test % was measured for Glucose level. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS Version 24. Nonparametric Mann Whitney u test was used to determine mean difference of glucose level and APGAR Scores between groups due to abnormal distribution of data. Chi square test was applied for mode of delivery among both groups. P-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsMajority (69.4%) of the participants in experimental group had normal delivery, while 30.6% underwent C-section (P=0.00).The APGAR Score at 5 min was 8.86 ± 1.24(P=0.035) in Group A and9.38 ±1.07 in Group B(P=0.030). The HbAc1 was 6.25 ±0.98 in group A and in Group-B was 5.43 ±1.14(P=0.000).ConclusionAntenatal care is one of the essential components for pregnancy related outcomes. The antenatal exercise can decrease the chances of cesarean section, glucose level and APGAR score can be improved with use of antenatal exercise.Initial date of registration: 21/04/2021, Final Date of registration: 26/04/2021 ,Registration no: NCT04859348 ‘ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration and Results System (PRS).’
Challenges and Benefits of Adopting Snus in Low-Middle Income Countries: Factors that May Affect the Availability and Accessibility of Snus in Malawi
Authors: Sikwese Kate , Jekete Wilfred 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background: The study was conducted to project challenges and benefits that may affect the availability and accessibility of snus in Malawi, focusing on the three districts of Mchinji, Rumphi and Balaka.Methods: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design which consisted of both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The rationale for using the qualitative approach was to meet people’s smoking and quitting experience, attitude and perceptions. The quantitative approach was used to quantify the information related factors that can affect the availability, accessibility and consumption of snus in the country. The Study population comprised of ex-smokers and current smokers within the age range of 15-54 targeting a randomly selected sample size of 100. The data were collected through direct interviews using semi-structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed to generate simple descriptive statistics in a form of frequencies, means and percentages.Results: The results of the study have indicated that there is high unsuccessful quitting attempts rate. Out of the 68.0% of respondents who attempted to quitting smoking, only 6.0% managed to quit smoking with the remaining 62.0% getting back to smoking citing stress, nicotine craving and lack of alternative to nicotine consumption apart from combustible cigarette as some leading factors to unsuccessful quitting attempts. The results of the study have revealed lack of political willingness and commitment, taxation and lack of policies and regulations as some of the factors that may negatively affect the availability and accessibility of snus in the country.Conclusion: The use snus as a harm reduction product can be of greater importance in helping to reduce cases of non-communicable infections as a safer means of switching and quitting smoking as evidenced in Pakistan , with regards to the socio-economic status of most rural based combustible cigarette consumers, snus tends to provide a better option for switching to safer nicotine as it is cheaper hence quite affordable by the majority which may directly contribute to a significant decline in combustible cigarette use hence improving the health wellbeing of individuals who have opted to switch thereby attaining the Sustainable Development Goal 3.