bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
W. E. B. Du Bois, Historically Black Colleges and Universities, and Black Sociology
Authors: Wright II Earl 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
W. E. B. Du Bois is the founding father of sociology because he was the first to employ scientific sociology. While Du Bois engaged in scientific sociology, many of his White peers conducted scientific racism studies that promoted biological, intellectual, and physical differences between the races. This disconnect necessitated Du Bois’s creation of a parallel world of sociological inquiry and analysis, Black sociology, which emphasized the elimination of social oppression through scientific sociology. In this chapter it is revealed that the principles of Black sociology emerged primarily from Du Bois during his tenure at Atlanta University, where he established the first American school of sociology. In addition, Black sociology was practiced at historically Black colleges and universities, including Fisk University, which had one of the earliest programs of applied sociology in the nation under George Edmund Haynes, and Tuskegee Institute, where Booker T. Washington spearheaded the nation’s first applied rural sociology program.
The American Just Intonation Tradition
Authors: Gann Kyle 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The practice of just intonation began in America in 1928 when a young Harry Partch - inspired by the writings of Hermann von Helmholtz and Henry Cowell - burned all of his previous compositions in a pot-bellied stove in New Orleans, and began work on a new system of music. Over the next four decades Partch built his own orchestra capable of playing 43 tones to the octave. Others would follow, if less radically, Partch’s example. Partch’s apprentice Ben Johnston wrote ten string quartets exploring a wide world of tuning. Lou Harrison adopted microtonality through writing for Indonesian gamelan; Terry Riley and La Monte Young tuned pianos to just intervals. A younger generation includes Larry Polansky, Michael Harrison, David Doty, and myself. Unlike the European spectralists, the Americans sought not to imitate some natural paradigm, but to expand the materials of music and to achieve a more beautiful sonic resonance.
A Machine for Killing Time
Authors: Gunning Tom 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with cinema’s relation to time, not simply in terms of representation (the time of a story or events) but as an inherent component of the filmic apparatus. Edison modeled his invention of the kinetoscope on his previous invention of the phonograph, and both were dedicated to recording a flowing instance of time. I stress not the sound or movement captured but the actual duration of film as it records and replays time. The film image and the film viewer both partake of the same “running time,” the actual duration of a film. As a time machine, film partakes of the modern culture of clock time, in which time is understood as homogenous and measurable into standard discrete elements. This modern empty time has been critiqued and related to the modern experience of boredom and the need to “kill time.” Heidegger, Adorno, and Bernard Stiegler have analyzed this phenomenon as part of modern culture. Film as a form of mass entertainment was advertised as a means of making “time fly” to defeat boredom. This aspect of film can be seen both as exemplifying the modern culture of alienated time and as a revolt against it. I discuss the way Christian Marclay’s twenty-four-hour video piece The Clock engages this affinity of cinema to clock time, but then I discuss the way both popular genres, such as the romantic comedy, and avant-garde films, such as the work of Peter Kubelka, have creatively transformed this aspect of cinema.
Women’s Hands and the Cinematic Cut
Authors: Gerstner David A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
How might we redirect our attention to cinematic handiwork in which women’s hands push through the patriarchal-masculinist impulse that so vigorously seeks to bind them? What might the feminist filmmaker-as-artist offer through montage? What might a feminist film look like when “beauty” or “calm” is destroyed? The purpose of this chapter is to rediscover these overlooked yet ever-busy hands. I concentrate, therefore, on women’s hands that are in fact seen doing labor in cinema. But I look to these images to consider women’s-hands-at-work not to shore up positive or negative notions too easily assigned to questions of representation. Instead, I am drawn to the tensions women’s hands create as they navigate the ins and outs of patriarchal discourse in the cinematic fantasy. Man with a Movie Camera, Klute, and The Piano offer a variety of cinematic platforms to serve my task.
Notes on Some Forms of Repetition
Authors: King Homay 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Homay King’s “Notes on Some Forms of Repetition” offers an open-ended taxonomy of types of repetition found in moving images, with examples drawn from early cinema (Edison’s Fred Ott’s Sneeze), slapstick comedy (Charlie Chaplin’s Modern Times), Disney animation (Pinocchio), the French New Wave (Jean-Luc Godard’s Alphaville), documentary film (Rithy Panh’s S21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine and Joshua Oppenheimer’s The Act of Killing), contemporary video art (Victor Burgin’s The Little House and Harun Farocki’s Parallel I-IV), and others. The forms of repetition defined and discussed include those found in free indirect cinema, reenactment, habit and rote repetition, automatism and comic repetition, and zoomorphism. Theoretical texts engaged with include Gilles Deleuze, Difference and Repetition and Cinema 2: The Time-image; Pier Paolo Pasolini, “The Cinema of Poetry”; Sigmund Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle and Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious; Henri Bergson, Creative Evolution and Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic; Sergei Eisenstein, Eisenstein on Disney, and others.
The Audio-visual Nonrelation and the Digital Break
Authors: Arsenjuk Luka 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the most widely accepted narratives about the recent history of cinema, the introduction of digital technology typically figures as a significant break, in which the loss of cinema’s analog photographic basis brought about a profound transformation of its nature or ontological status. The present chapter proposes to revisit this rather straightforward and vision-centric narrative of the digital break in order to question it from the perspective of a more rigorous understanding of cinema as an audiovisual discourse. Drawing on the work of Michel Chion and psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, the chapter develops a concept of audiovisual discourse as something structured around a constitutive nonrelation between image and sound. Following this, the chapter interrogates what consequences such a discursive and nonrelational conception of audiovisual phenomena might have for our understanding of cinema’s historicity, in particular when the latter is derived from some kind of figuration of a break.
Documentary Listening Habits
Authors: Rangan Pooja 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter rethinks the documentary field’s prevailing metaphor for a film’s social perspective—“voice”—in conjunction with the “auditory turn” in media and cultural theory. Drawing on terms like “listening ear” (Jennifer Lynn Stoever), “audit” (John Mowitt), and “listening habitus” (Lisbeth Lipari), I revisit canonical documentary theorizations of voice to refocus their concerns with how documentaries speak or “give voice” to how documentary practices and conventions condition hearing and shape listening habits. I map the documentary listening habitus in terms of two divergent habits of listening: objective listening and embodied listening. These listening habits are entangled with auditory discernments that extend beyond documentary, including accent neutralization in the call center industry, audism or the pathologization of hearing impairments, and forensic listening in asylum cases. At stake in this shift is an apprehension of how documentary listeners are powerfully implicated in the distribution of political, social, and material resources.
Lesbian Photographers
Authors: Figlerowicz Marta 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Brian Massumi’s provocative analysis of the concept that cinema, and the reflexive experiences it enables, has something to tell us about affect itself can usefully frame our relationship to awareness and selfhood. This chapter takes Massumi’s hypothesis more seriously than others have taken it, earnestly accepting film as a tool of insight. To showcase this framework’s applicability even to mainstream narrative cinema, I focus on a group of films that represent romantic relationships between women. Through their flirtations with, and epistemic subversions of, photography, High Art, Carol, and Disobedience represent the moving image as a paradoxical source of queer empowerment and self-knowledge precisely because it refuses to affirm a consistent, namable vision of our sexual selves. Building on an understanding of affect’s relationship to cinema that is much like Massumi’s, these films show how misleading it is to see the clues affects give us into ourselves as all leading back to the same, deepest point of origin; to believe, as in a simple reading of Sigmund Freud, that what we desire and are defined by is ultimately some singular past or future primal scene. Privileging everyday acts of mutual observation and vulnerability over more conventionally momentous social statements, events, and acts, these films offer a model of queerness that accepts and acknowledges the intertwining of our sexual passions with non-sexual longings and needs. They force us to rethink both our specific expectations about cinematic representations of sexuality and our broader views of their medium as a tool of self-documentation and exploration.
Headphones, Cinematic Listening, and the Frame of the Skull
Authors: Stevens Kyle 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores what happens when we use headphones to listen to movies? What happens when a film’s sonic world is no longer part of a shared world? What are the political and philosophical consequences of an aesthetic experience that feels like it unfolds inside our heads? The effects are deeper than we might think. Gone is the robust, full-bodied experience of cinematic sound, the registration of vibrations in the gut, the feet. Gone is the lack of control over volume and intrusive chatter from candy wrapper-rattling audience members. Gone is the importance of the proximity of speakers, or the placement of speakers behind the screen to create the illusion that sounds issue primarily from their visual source. Perhaps most importantly, if the sound occurs inside the listener, rather than the listener occurring in the space of the sound, then gone is the sense of being immersed in a sonic environment. In this chapter I first sketch the history of film sound technology, as well as theories of film sound experience, in order to not only demonstrate just how radical the use of headphones to listen to movies is, but also to reclaim an original dream of cinematic listening. Then I make the case for considering headphonic sound as a formal structure by describing an aesthetic mode—what I call intracranial aesthetics—that curiously suits headphones. These aims come together in a consideration that headphonic listening may, ultimately, constitute a new medium of cinema.
When and Where Does a Film Begin? Putting Films in Context
Authors: Villarejo Amy 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter tests one of our discipline’s key pedagogies, putting films in context, by reading one very short film closely. Kahlil Joseph’s film, Bellhaven Meridian, accompanies the music of Shabazz Palaces but is more than a music video. Like Joseph’s work more generally, it collates aspects of African American experience, movement, rhythm, and form; it also pays tribute to Los Angeles and the filmmakers of the LA Rebellion, particularly Charles Burnett, who likewise mined everyday life for filmic material. In reading this three-minute film closely, I explore the boundless nature of what a “context” might include, from aspects of mise en scène to the histories of LA housing the film references to the artistic traditions and lineages it cites. If “context” is ultimately undecidable and uncontainable, it nonetheless can give shape to how we think about a given film and its political-aesthetic project.
Analog Corpus Studies
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although the field of “corpus studies” is often connected with digital tools, the idea of a distant reading that asks questions of large collections of works existed long before we had access to computational tools and methods. This chapter focuses on the history of distant readings that made no use of a computer, covering early concordance analyses of the Bible and the work of Parry and Lord focusing on Homeric epics and orality, as well as Knud Jeppesen’s work examining aspects of style in Palestrina’s music. It aims to provide a context through which we might better understand some of the questions asked of large collections of musical works.
Oscillatory Activity in Sensorimotor Function
Authors: van Wijk Bernadette C. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Amplitude modulations in alpha/mu, beta, and gamma frequency bands are robustly linked to several aspects of sensorimotor function. Even a simple finger tap induces a prominent suppression of alpha/mu and beta power that already starts during the preparation phase, continues during execution, and ends in a rebound after movement termination. An increase in gamma power can often be observed around movement onset in contralateral motor cortex. Recordings from other parts of the motor system such as the basal ganglia and motoneurons in the spinal cord indicate that these modulations and frequency bands are a hallmark of the sensorimotor network. Beta oscillations in particular are considered crucial in mediating the facilitation and inhibition of motor output. This is exemplified by elevated beta amplitudes in local field potential recordings from the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson’s disease. This chapter outlines current ideas about the role of individual frequency bands in motor control, how coherence estimates between recordings from distant sites have revealed functional networks, and what we know about the involvement of oscillatory activity in movement disorders.
Cortical Source Localization in EEG Frequency Analysis
Authors: Xie Wanze , Richards John E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Source localization of EEG signals identifies the loci of neural activity that generates the EEG voltage or power distribution on the scalp. This chapter provides a practical guide to source localization and its usage in EEG analysis in the frequency domain. Techniques proposed to overcome the inverse problem of source localization have progressed from equivalent dipole modeling to distributed source modeling, such as sLORETA and eLORETA. This chapter discusses the rationale behind these techniques, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using different techniques for source localization. Recent advances in high-resolution structural MRI make it possible to accurately delineate and model the tissues inside the head. This chapter discusses the importance of using realistic head models constructed with anatomical MRIs for EEG source localization. Finally, it reviews the applications of source localization as a neuroimaging tool in EEG frequency analysis.
Frequency Characteristics of Sleep
Authors: Lázár Alpár S. , Lázár Zsolt I. , Bódizs Róbert 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One of the primary clinical uses of EEG is to assess sleep. EEG can be employed to examine REM and non-REM sleep. However, recording and analyzing EEG during sleep presents unique challenges relative to traditional awake EEG recording and analysis. This chapter provides guidance on meeting these challenges in order to record high-quality EEG during sleep and assess the data in the frequency domain. Beyond a general overview of the major power spectral features of REM and NREM dependent EEG activity, the chapter focuses on hallmark oscillatory elements of sleep such as slow waves (delta band) and sleep spindles (sigma band) in the context of neurophysiological mechanisms, detection methods, individual differences, and significance for cognition and brain health across the lifespan. Finally, yet importantly, the chapter provides a brief overview of the circadian system and sleep-wake homeostasis and their dynamic interaction in modulating EEG activity across vigilance stages in men and women.
A Review of Oscillatory Brain Dynamics in Schizophrenia
Authors: Spencer Kevin M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious neuropsychiatric disorder that imposes high social and economic costs due to its severity. There is a long history of EEG research in schizophrenia, examining both spontaneous oscillatory activity, and more recently, oscillatory activity related to cognitive functions. In the past two decades there has been considerable progress in understanding the nature of neural circuit dysfunction in schizophrenia, and modern EEG approaches have played a central role in these efforts by providing a level of analysis whereby basic and translational studies of oscillation generation can be integrated with neuropathological studies of neuronal abnormalities. EEG promises to furnish biomarkers of neural circuit abnormalities for the development of new therapeutics by linking dysfunction of neural circuits to particular psychiatric symptoms and cognitive deficits.
EEG Frequency Techniques for Imaging Control Functions in Anxiety
Authors: Moser Jason S. , Louis Courtney , Gloe Lilianne , Russman Block Stefanie , Fix Spencer 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Anxiety has been studied using EEG/ERP approaches for many years, and substantive effects have been observed across the frequency spectrum. This chapter introduces the reader to the wide variety of work that has been done examining associations between anxiety and oscillatory measures. It focuses particularly on the nature of the relationship between anxiety and oscillatory metrics reflecting motivational/emotional and cognitive control dynamics involved in balancing bottom-up and top-down influences on behavior. The chapter discusses these findings in the context of cognitive, affective, and motivational models of anxiety. Furthermore, it covers the approaches to indexing the processes relevant to those models.
Multivariate Methods for Functional Connectivity Analysis
Authors: Aviyente Selin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Conventional functional connectivity metrics such as correlation, coherence and phase synchrony are mostly limited to quantifying bivariate relationships in the brain. Thus, they cannot capture the whole brain dynamics, i.e. multivariate synchronization patterns, which are important for understanding the underlying oscillatory networks. In the past two decades, two complementary sets of approaches have been developed to address this issue. The first class of methods focus on computing metrics based on the spectrum of the pairwise bivariate connectivity matrix. The second class of methods have been inspired by progress in graph theory. Graph theoretic measures have emerged as an important way to characterize the topology of the functional connectivity network. In this chapter, we review both of these approaches illustrating the advantages of each class of metrics and discussing the shortcomings.
Brain Stimulation Approaches to Investigate EEG Oscillations
Authors: Kasten Florian H. , Herrmann Christoph S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Current approaches to record and analyze oscillatory brain activity provide validated measures for assessing the activity’s associations with cognitive functioning. However, the vast majority of these approaches are limited to correlational evidence about such relationships. An important open question is whether brain oscillations play a direct, causal role in cognition. In recent years, transcranial brain stimulation approaches, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), have been used to modulate brain oscillations. These methods provide new pathways to assess causal relationships between brain oscillations and cognition. This chapter discusses conceptual and practical aspects of these stimulation approaches and covers the current state of research using stimulation and future directions needed to advance work in this area.
Time Frequency Analyses in Event-Related Potential Methodologies
Authors: Weinberg Anna , Ethridge Paige , Oumeziane Belel Ait , Foti Dan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Event-related potential (ERP) components are well characterized in terms of their temporal and spatial characteristics as well as the cognitive, affective, and motor processes they implicate. Revealing the oscillatory activity underlying the components can implicate such activity in various cognitive processes. Thus, time-frequency analyses of ERPs are valuable. Further, such analyses may help distinguish between “background” oscillatory activity and changes in frequency power associated with a particular cognitive, affective, or motor process. This chapter discusses additive benefits of time-frequency decompositions of ERPs, and includes practical demonstrations from feedback-related ERPs across different tasks. We are particularly interested in within-task associations (between ERPs and frequency bands) as well as the extent to which oscillatory activity in different frequencies can be helpful in clarifying associations with individual difference measures.
The Arab Novel of Latin America
Authors: Civantos Christina E. , Maher Tracey 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines novels written by Arabic-speaking immigrants to Latin America and their descendants, emphasizing their diversity and commonalities with respect to language and theme. Providing an overview of the history of Arab migration from Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine to Latin America, the chapter addresses how these migrants’ home-country concerns meshed with those of the differing national and regional contexts to which they arrived, configuring life in the mahjar, or place of emigration. The chapter shows that the Arab Latin American novel includes works written in Arabic, Spanish, and Portuguese, while highlighting the complex ways this body of novels engages multiple languages, dialects, and registers, as well as the literary heritages of the Arab world and Latin America. These novels can be grouped according to shared orientations and themes: exile novels oriented toward the sociopolitical concerns of the home region in the Levant, migration novels focused on the travel and transitions between old and new homes, and diaspora novels oriented toward the experience of second- and third-generation members of the Latin American mahjar. These novels sustain and challenge prevalent discourses and ideologies pertaining to “Arabness” and conceptions of identity in countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. Moreover, they address intergenerational relationships and struggles, and they navigate issues of linguistic and cultural loss (and gain) over time. Arab Latin American novels confront displacement and dislocation, respond to discrimination and alienation associated with orientalist stereotyping and prejudice, imagine new ways of belonging, and create unique conceptions of place.