bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patients’ experiences treated with open-label placebo versus double-blind placebo: a mixed methods qualitative study
Authors: Haas Julia W. , Ongaro Giulio , Jacobson Eric , Conboy Lisa A. , Nee Judy , Iturrino Johanna , Rangan Vikram , Lembo Anthony , Kaptchuk Ted J. , Ballou Sarah 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
There is increasing evidence suggesting that open-label placebo (OLP) is an effective treatment for several medical conditions defined by self-report. However, little is known about patients’ experiences with OLP, and no studies have directly compared patients’ experiences in double-blind placebo (DBP) conditions.

Methods
This study was nested in a large randomized-controlled trial comparing the effects of OLP and DBP treatments in individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We randomly selected 33 participants for interviews concerning their experiences in the parent trial. The data were qualitatively analyzed using an iterative immersion/crystallization approach. We then compared the qualitative interview data to the quantitative IBS severity data assessed during the parent trial, using a mixed methods approach.

Results
Two prominent interview themes were identified: (1) the participants’ feelings about their treatment allocation and (2) their reflections about the treatment. Both OLP and DBP participants mentioned hope and curiosity as major feelings driving them to engage with their treatment. However, while DBP participants tended to be more enthusiastic about their allocation, OLP participants were more ambivalent. Furthermore, OLP participants reflected more on their treatment, often involving noticeable cognitive and emotional processes of self-reflection. They offered a variety of explanations for their symptom improvement and were significantly less likely to attribute it to the treatment itself than DBP participants (Χ2 [3] = 8.28; p = .041). Similarly, the participants’ retrospective narratives of symptom improvement were significantly correlated with their corresponding quantitative IBS severity scores only in DBP (p’s ≤ .006) but not in OLP (p’s ≥ .637).

Conclusion
OLP and DBP participants share feelings of hope, uncertainty and curiosity but differ in the extent of conscious reflection. The counter-intuitive OLP prompts more self-examination, ambivalent feelings and active engagement compared to DBP. At the same time, OLP participants are more reluctant to attribute symptom improvement to their treatment. Our findings substantially add to the emerging picture of factors that distinguish OLP and DBP and their potential mechanisms.
Which mental model for inclusive cities that are learning
Authors: Tagliagambe Silvano 
Published: February 2022

Abstractthe complex dynamics engendered by distributive asymmetry, climate change, and the effects of mass movement of people and cultures, in the context of transformations informed by processes of shifting and permanency, pose a question of a political and social but also cultural and epistemological nature. The promotion of learning processes focusing on these problems and on pertinent solutions emerges as a central aspect for the construction of a plural and inclusive city and it implies the cognizance of what can be referred to as citizenship. The article discusses a different approach to the crucial concepts of learning, intersubjectivity, and the relationship between our body and the environment of which it is part. The objective is the formulation of a definition of the concept of mind different from those still dominant, which can support new mindfulness of the range of problems affecting urban territories and the type of solution that needs to be adopted.
Development of a patient reported outcome instrument for chronic sialadenitis
Authors: Ramazani Fatemeh , Hamour Amr , Jeffery Caroline C. , Biron Vincent , Alrajhi Yaser , O'Connell Daniel , Côté David W. J. 
Published: February 2022

Background Sialendoscopy assisted treatments are a minimally invasive management modality for chronic sialadenitis. Clinicians report improved patient quality of life (QoL) following sialendoscopy assisted treatments, but there exist gaps in current literature about patient reported outcomes (PROs). PROs are outcome measures developed based on patient perceptions. Objective The objective of this study was to create a PRO instrument for chronic sialadenitis, to assess the efficacy of sialendoscopy assisted treatments in improve patients’ QoL. Design This four-phase qualitative study employed grounded theory methodology and a modified Delphi technique. In Phase I, ten patients were interviewed to identify the QoL domains impacted by chronic sialadenitis. In Phase II, these QoL domains were presented to a focus group of different chronic sialadenitis patients, who were asked to rank them by order of importance. A conceptual framework of QoL domains impacted by chronic sialadenitis was created based on patient consensus. Itemization of the PRO questionnaire was done by a focus group of four Otolaryngologists in phase III. Lastly, the questionnaire was completed in Phase IV by cognitive interviewing of five new chronic sialadenitis patients; ensuring ease of understanding and clarity. Results Patients identified 15 domains of QoL impacted by chronic sialadenitis, divided into three sub-scales: physical symptoms, psychosocial symptoms, and activity restriction. These domains provided the basis for creation of a 22-item PRO questionnaire, with a Likert-type response scale. Conclusion Clinical application of the novel questionnaire produced by this study will allow for a patient-centered assessment of the patient reported effectiveness of sialendoscopy assisted therapies for management of chronic sialadenitis. Level of evidence Level V. Graphical Abstract
Deep learning-assisted PET imaging achieves fast scan/low-dose examination
Authors: Xing Yan , Qiao Wenli , Wang Taisong , Wang Ying , Li Chenwei , Lv Yang , Xi Chen , Liao Shu , Qian Zheng , Zhao Jinhua 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the impact of a deep learning (DL)-based denoising method on the image quality and lesion detectability of 18F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET) images.

Methods
Fifty-two oncological patients undergoing an 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging with an acquisition of 180 s per bed position were retrospectively included. The list-mode data were rebinned into four datasets: 100% (reference), 75%, 50%, and 33.3% of the total counts, and then reconstructed by OSEM algorithm and post-processed with the DL and Gaussian filter (GS). The image quality was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale, and FDG-avid lesions were counted to measure lesion detectability. Standardized uptake values (SUVs) in livers and lesions, liver signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and target-to-background ratio (TBR) values were compared between the methods. Subgroup analyses compared TBRs after categorizing lesions based on parameters like lesion diameter, uptake or patient habitus.

Results
The DL method showed superior performance regarding image noise and inferior performance regarding lesion contrast in the qualitative assessment. More than 96.8% of the lesions were successfully identified in DL images. Excellent agreements on SUV in livers and lesions were found. The DL method significantly improved the liver SNR for count reduction down to 33.3% (p < 0.001). Lesion TBR was not significantly different between DL and reference images of the 75% dataset; furthermore, there was no significant difference either for lesions of > 10 mm or lesions in BMIs of > 25. For the 50% dataset, there was no significant difference between DL and reference images for TBR of lesion with > 15 mm or higher uptake than liver.

Conclusions
The developed DL method improved both liver SNR and lesion TBR indicating better image quality and lesion conspicuousness compared to GS method. Compared with the reference, it showed non-inferior image quality with reduced counts by 25–50% under various conditions.
Modeling and predicting individual tacit coordination ability
Authors: Mizrahi Dor , Laufer Ilan , Zuckerman Inon 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundPrevious experiments in tacit coordination games hinted that some people are more successful in achieving coordination than others, although the variability in this ability has not yet been examined before. With that in mind, the overarching aim of our study is to model and describe the variability in human decision-making behavior in the context of tacit coordination games.MethodsIn this study, we conducted a large-scale experiment to collect behavioral data, characterized the distribution of tacit coordination ability, and modeled the decision-making behavior of players. First, we measured the multimodality in the data and described it by using a Gaussian mixture model. Then, using multivariate linear regression and dimensionality reduction (PCA), we have constructed a model linking between individual strategic profiles of players and their coordination ability. Finally, we validated the predictive performance of the model by using external validation.ResultsWe demonstrated that coordination ability is best described by a multimodal distribution corresponding to the levels of coordination ability and that there is a significant relationship between the player’s strategic profile and their coordination ability. External validation determined that our predictive model is robust.ConclusionsThe study provides insight into the amount of variability that exists in individual tacit coordination ability as well as in individual strategic profiles and shows that both are quite diverse. Our findings may facilitate the construction of improved algorithms for human–machine interaction in diverse contexts. Additional avenues for future research are discussed.
The Relationship Between Visual Function and Performance in Para Swimming
Authors: Fortin-Guichard Daniel , Ravensbergen H. J. C. , Krabben Kai , Allen Peter M. , Mann David L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Paralympic swimmers with vision impairment (VI) currently compete in one of the three classes depending on their visual acuity (VA) and/or visual field. However, there is no evidence to suggest that a three-class system is the most legitimate approach for classification in swimming, or that the tests of VA and visual field are the most suitable. An evidence-based approach is required to establish the relationship between visual function and performance in the sport. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the relationship between visual function and performance in VI Para swimming. The swimming performance of 45 elite VI swimmers was evaluated during international competitions by measuring the total race time, start time, clean swim velocity, ability to swim in a straight line, turn time, and finish time. Visual function was measured using a test battery that included VA, contrast sensitivity, light sensitivity, depth perception, visual search, and motion perception.

Results
Results revealed that VA was the best predictor of total race time (r = 0.40, p < 0.01), though the relationship was not linear. Decision tree analysis suggested that only two classes were necessary for legitimate competition in VI swimming, with a single cut-off between 2.6 and 3.5 logMAR. No further significant association remained between visual function and performance in either of the two resulting classes (all |rs|< 0.11 and ps > 0.54).

Conclusions
Results suggest that legitimate competition in VI swimming requires one class for partially sighted and another for functionally blind athletes.
Accelerating core characterization and interpretation through deep learning with an application to legacy data sets
Authors: Solum J. G. , Auchter N. C. , Falivene O. , Cilona A. , Kleipool L. , Zarian P. 
Published: February 2022

Core descriptions provide an essential element of ground truth to subsurface reservoir characterizations, but adequate core characterization and interpretation require a significant time commitment from geoscientists because they are usually done manually. Moreover, core characterizations and interpretations often are inconsistent because they are made at different times by different people. We have used deep-learning segmentation networks, trained using worldwide data sets labeled by specialists, to infer lithofacies and structural features on core images. These networks are not intended to provide perfect core descriptions, but rather to provide high-level fully digital characterizations that can be quickly checked for quality and manually fixed if needed. This ensures that all available and relevant data can be used and relieves geoscientists from the most repetitive characterization tasks to allow them to focus on more complex and value-adding integration and interpretation. We test the previously trained networks in legacy public data from a UK field as an example. There are more than 1300 m of released core images in the field, together with multiple vintages of fault interpretations, that significantly differ from one another. Integrating core and seismic-scale structural characterizations is critical because the best reservoir facies are the most prone to deform via permeability-reducing processes. Detailed structural characterization and identification of individual structural features achieved through deep learning provide an unprecedented amount of data to highlight areas where the seismic-scale fault interpretations and core-scale structural interpretations are inconsistent, yielding valuable insights to validate fault interpretation.
Exploring barriers and facilitators for mental health professionals delivering behavioural activation to young people with depression: qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework
Authors: Whittenbury Kate , Kroll Leopold , Dubicka Bernadka , Bull Eleanor R. 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundDepression prevalence among young people is increasing, with growing pressures on specialist mental health services. Manualised behavioural activation therapy may be effective for young people, and can be delivered by a range of mental health professionals (MHPs). This study explored clinician perspectives of barriers and facilitators to implementing behavioural activation with young people in routine practice.AimsWe conducted a qualitative study with individual semi-structured interviews with MHPs, as part of a wider feasibility study.MethodParticipants were mental health professionals (therapists and supervisors) from two UK NHS sites delivering manualised behavioural activation for young people. Data were analysed with an inductive followed by deductive approach, applying the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to understand key influences on practice change. Identified domains were mapped onto possible behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to support implementation, using the Theory and Techniques Tool (TTT).ResultsNine MHPs were interviewed. Thirteen of fourteen TDF domains were relevant, including perceived professional identity, beliefs about own capabilities and perceived positive or negative consequences of using manualised behavioural activation, social influences, memory and attention, and environmental resources. Fourteen theory-linked BCTs were identified as possible strategies to help clinicians overcome barriers (e.g. integrating behavioural practice/rehearsal, prompts and persuasive communications within training, and supervision).ConclusionsBehavioural science approaches (TDF, TTT) helped conceptualise key barriers and facilitators for MHPs delivering manualised behavioural activation with young people. Interventions using BCTs to address identified barriers could help the implementation of new therapies into routine practice, working to bridge the research–practice gap in clinical psychology.
Judging Freedom and Loyalty in Venezuela during the War of Spanish Independence
Authors: Gonzalez-Silen Olga 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis essay examines the legal inquest of José María Gonzales, a peninsular vassal of African descent whom in 1809 the authorities in the Captaincy General of Venezuela accused of being a fugitive from slavery and a traitor to the crown. In form, procedure, and outcome, this case is similar to others from the late Bourbon period. The context, however, was radically different. Following the Napoleonic invasion of Spain, Venezuela was governed by the Junta Suprema Central y Gubernativa de España e Indias. This legal inquest thus offers a point of entry to examine the transformations of the Spanish monarchy at this unique juncture. Using a microhistorical lens, this essay contextualizes Gonzales, the system of justice, and the intervening officials in the milieu of the War of Spanish Independence to illuminate significant changes to the notions of freedom and loyalty in Spain and Venezuela.
Cardiovascular contributions and energetic costs of thermoregulation in ectothermic vertebrates
Authors: Parlin Adam F. , Schaeffer Paul J. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Ectothermic vertebrates use a suite of physiological and behavioral mechanisms to thermoregulate, which result in various thermoregulatory strategies from thermoconformity to thermoregulation. Here, we present a novel synthesis of theoretical and empirical methods to determine cardiovascular contributions to heat transfer in free-living ectothermic vertebrates. We start by identifying the fundamental components of heat transfer and the cardiovascular mechanisms for physiological modulation of heat exchange, and then integrate these components into a single, integrative framework: the cardiovascular heat exchange framework (CHEF). We demonstrate that this framework can identify details of the thermoregulatory strategy in two turtle species, most notably the preponderance of instances where turtles use physiological mechanisms to avoid overheating, suggesting vulnerability to climate change. As modulated physiological contributions to heat flow incur a greater energy demand than relying on unmodulated passive heat transfer, we then asked whether we could characterize the energetic costs of thermoregulation. We measured field metabolic rate (FMR) in free-living turtles and used the CHEF to determine FMR while actively or passively thermoregulating. Comparing an individual's actual FMR to the rate calculated assuming absence of thermoregulation revealed that painted turtles, a partial thermoregulator, elevate their daily energy expenditure (DEE) by about 25%, while box turtles, a thermoconformer, have a DEE that is nearly unchanged as a result of thermoregulation. This integrative framework builds a new paradigm that provides a mechanism to explain correlations between energy demand and thermoregulatory strategy, quantifies the energetic costs of thermoregulation, and identifies the role of cardiovascular contributions to thermoregulation in free-living animals.
2D and 3D visualizations of archosaur jaw muscle mechanics, ontogeny and phylogeny using ternary diagrams and 3D modeling
Authors: Cost Ian N. , Sellers Kaleb C. , Rozin Rachel E. , Spates Anthony T. , Middleton Kevin M. , Holliday Casey M. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Comparing patterns of performance and kinematics across behavior, development and phylogeny is crucial to understand the evolution of complex musculoskeletal systems such as the feeding apparatus. However, conveying 3D spatial data of muscle orientation throughout a feeding cycle, ontogenetic pathway or phylogenetic lineage is essential to understanding the function and evolution of the skull in vertebrates. Here, we detail the use of ternary plots for displaying and comparing the 3D orientation of muscle data. First, we illustrate changes in 3D jaw muscle resultants during jaw closing taxa the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Second, we show changes in 3D muscle resultants of jaw muscles across an ontogenetic series of alligators. Third, we compare 3D resultants of jaw muscles of avian-line dinosaurs, including extant (Struthio camelus, Gallus gallus, Psittacus erithacus) and extinct (Tyrannosaurus rex) species to outline the reorganization of jaw muscles that occurred along the line to modern birds. Finally, we compare 3D resultants of jaw muscles of the hard-biting species in our sample (A. mississippiensis, T. rex, P. erithacus) to illustrate how disparate jaw muscle resultants are employed in convergent behaviors in archosaurs. Our findings show that these visualizations of 3D components of jaw muscles are immensely helpful towards identifying patterns of cranial performance, growth and diversity. These tools will prove useful for testing other hypotheses in functional morphology, comparative biomechanics, ecomorphology and organismal evolution.
Connecting materials, performance and evolution: a case study of the glue of moth-catching spiders (Cyrtarachninae)
Authors: Diaz Candido , Baker Richard H. , Long John H. , Hayashi Cheryl Y. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Morphological structures and extended phenotypes are made possible by materials that are encoded by the genome. Nearly all biomaterials are viscoelastic, which means that to understand performance, one must understand the strain rate-dependent properties of these materials in relevant ecological interactions, as the behavior of a material can vary dramatically and rapidly. Spider silks are an example of materials whose properties vary substantially intra- and inter-specifically. Here, we focus on aggregate silk, which functions as a biological adhesive. As a case study to understand how a material manifests from genome through organism to ecology, we highlight moth-specialist spiders, the Cyrtarachninae, and their glues as an ideal experimental system to investigate the relationship between genomics and ecologically variable performance of a biological material. There is a clear eco-evolutionary innovation that Cyrtarachne akirai and related species have evolved, a unique trait not found in other spiders, a glue which overcomes the scales of moths. By examining traditional orb-weavers, C. akirai and other subfamily members using biomechanical testing and genomic analysis, we argue that we can track the evolution of this novel bioadhesive and comment on the selection pressures influencing prey specialization. The importance of the ecological context of materials testing is exemplified by the poor performance of C. akirai glue on glass and the exceptional spreading ability and adhesive strength on moths. The genetic basis for these performance properties is experimentally tractable because spider silk genes are minimally pleiotropic and advances in genomic technologies now make possible the discovery of complete silk gene sequences.