bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Superior Colliculus: Cell Types, Connectivity, and Behavior
Authors: Liu Xue , Huang Hongren , Snutch Terrance P. , Cao Peng , Wang Liping , Wang Feng 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe superior colliculus (SC), one of the most well-characterized midbrain sensorimotor structures where visual, auditory, and somatosensory information are integrated to initiate motor commands, is highly conserved across vertebrate evolution. Moreover, cell-type-specific SC neurons integrate afferent signals within local networks to generate defined output related to innate and cognitive behaviors. This review focuses on the recent progress in understanding of phenotypic diversity amongst SC neurons and their intrinsic circuits and long-projection targets. We further describe relevant neural circuits and specific cell types in relation to behavioral outputs and cognitive functions. The systematic delineation of SC organization, cell types, and neural connections is further put into context across species as these depend upon laminar architecture. Moreover, we focus on SC neural circuitry involving saccadic eye movement, and cognitive and innate behaviors. Overall, the review provides insight into SC functioning and represents a basis for further understanding of the pathology associated with SC dysfunction.
In Defence of Principlism in AI Ethics and Governance
Authors: Seger Elizabeth 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIt is widely acknowledged that high-level AI principles are difficult to translate into practices via explicit rules and design guidelines. Consequently, many AI research and development groups that claim to adopt ethics principles have been accused of unwarranted “ethics washing”. Accordingly, there remains a question as to if and how high-level principles should be expected to influence the development of safe and beneficial AI. In this short commentary I discuss two roles high-level principles might play in AI ethics and governance. The first and most often discussed “start-point” function quickly succumbs to the complaints outlined above. I suggest, however, that a second “cultural influence” function is where the primary value of high-level principles lies.
Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Energy Conversion and Storage: Design Strategies Under and Beyond the Energy Scaling Relationship
Authors: Li Jiangtian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the essential module in energy conversion and storage devices such as electrolyzer, rechargeable metal–air batteries and regenerative fuel cells. The adsorption energy scaling relations between the reaction intermediates, however, impose a large intrinsic overpotential and sluggish reaction kinetics on OER catalysts. Developing advanced electrocatalysts with high activity and stability based on non-noble metal materials is still a grand challenge. Central to the rational design of novel and high-efficiency catalysts is the development and understanding of quantitative structure–activity relationships, which correlate the catalytic activities with structural and electronic descriptors. This paper comprehensively reviews the benchmark descriptors for OER electrolysis, aiming to give an in-depth understanding on the origins of the electrocatalytic activity of the OER and further contribute to building the theory of electrocatalysis. Meanwhile, the cutting-edge research frontiers for proposing new OER paradigms and crucial strategies to circumvent the scaling relationship are also summarized. Challenges, opportunities and perspectives are discussed, intending to shed some light on the rational design concepts and advance the development of more efficient catalysts for enhancing OER performance.
Biodegradable, Super-Strong, and Conductive Cellulose Macrofibers for Fabric-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Hu Sanming , Han Jing , Shi Zhijun , Chen Kun , Xu Nuo , Wang Yifei , Zheng Ruizhu , Tao Yongzhen , Sun Qijun , Wang Zhong Lin , Yang Guang 
Published: April 2022

AbstractElectronic fibers used to fabricate wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for harvesting human mechanical energy have been extensively explored. However, little attention is paid to their mutual advantages of environmental friendliness, mechanical properties, and stability. Here, we report a super-strong, biodegradable, and washable cellulose-based conductive macrofibers, which is prepared by wet-stretching and wet-twisting bacterial cellulose hydrogel incorporated with carbon nanotubes and polypyrrole. The cellulose-based conductive macrofibers possess high tensile strength of 449 MPa (able to lift 2 kg weights), good electrical conductivity (~ 5.32 S cm−1), and excellent stability (Tensile strength and conductivity only decrease by 6.7% and 8.1% after immersing in water for 1 day). The degradation experiment demonstrates macrofibers can be degraded within 108 h in the cellulase solution. The designed fabric-based TENG from the cellulose-base conductive macrofibers shows a maximum open-circuit voltage of 170 V, short-circuit current of 0.8 µA, and output power at 352 μW, which is capable of powering the commercial electronics by charging the capacitors. More importantly, the fabric-based TENGs can be attached to the human body and work as self-powered sensors to effectively monitor human motions. This study suggests the potential of biodegradable, super-strong, and washable conductive cellulose-based fiber for designing eco-friendly fabric-based TENG for energy harvesting and biomechanical monitoring.
The Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Erectile Dysfunction in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Wu Xu , Zhang Yuyang , Zhang Wei , Liu Guodong , Huang Houbao , Jiang Hui , Zhang Xiansheng 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundErectile dysfunction (ED) may be common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but its prevalence and risk factors still remain debatable.AimTo evaluate the prevalence of ED in the IBD population and the potential role of risk factors in the development of ED.MethodsAn extensive search in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was performed to identify relevant English-language articles published up to December 2021 that evaluated the prevalence of ED on IBD patients. The included studies were evaluated by 2 independent reviewers for eligibility. We used an adapted Assessment Tool for Prevalence Studies to evaluate the quality of enrolled studies. Data were analyzed and graphed using the STATA software (version 16.0; Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). The ORs with 95% CIs were pooled using a fixed or random-effects model according to heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis was performed to explore the source of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the stability of the results.OutcomesThe pooled prevalence of ED in IBD patients was calculated, and the OR value and 95% CIs were used to assess the strength of the association between IBD-related risk factors and ED.ResultsFourteen studies included 32,858 individuals totally were enrolled for this meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence estimate of ED in IBD patients was 27% (95% CI: 20–34%). Operation (OR 1.28; 95% CI: 1.17–1.39; P &lt; .00001; I2 = 0.0%), disease activity (OR 2.06; 95% CI: 1.07–3.05; P &lt; .00001), and depression (crude OR 3.31; 95% CI: 1.08–5.54; P = .004; I2 = 0.0%) significantly increase the risk of ED in people with IBD. The association of depression and ED was further confirmed by calculating the pooled estimates of adjusted OR (1.58; 95% CI: 0.05–3.12; P &lt; .05; I2 = 0.0%). The pooled prevalence estimates of ED were 30, 33, and 17% in the age &lt;40, IIEF diagnostic tool, and IPAA surgery subgroups, respectively.Clinical ImplicationsIBD patients had a significantly increased prevalence of ED, indicating that erectile function in men with IBD should be concerned by clinicians.Strengths & LimitationsThe strength of this study is that this is the first meta-analysis to assess the global prevalence and risk factors of ED in IBD patients. A limitation is that the results after pooling the included articles showed significant heterogeneity.ConclusionThe results of our meta-analysis and systematic review provide evidence of the high prevalence and risk factors of ED in IBD patients.
Individualized home-based rehabilitation after stroke in France: a pragmatic study of a community stroke rehabilitation team
Authors: Daviet Jean-Christophe , Compagnat Maxence , Bonne Guillaume , Maud Laurène , Bernikier David , Salle Jean-Yves 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT:Background:Community stroke rehabilitation teams (CSRT) provide an individualized home-based rehabilitation service to patients recovering from stroke.Objective:To examine whether there is an improvement in the social participation of patients who received a rehabilitation program provided by CSRT. The secondary objectives were to show if there is an improvement in the patients’ quality of life and a reduction in the caregiver burden.Methods:Retrospective cohort study, pragmatic in real-care conditions. The rehabilitation program delivered by the CSRT was adapted to the needs of the patients and caregivers. The outcome questionnaires included: the Frenchay Activity Index (FAI), the Minizarit, the EuroQol EQ5D, and the Barthel Index. The primary outcome measure was the FAI.Results:We included 206 patients followed by the CSRT over the 2018–2020 study period, for whom the primary endpoint was present. The mean age was 66.3 ± 12.7 years, the post-stroke delay was 16.4 ± 32.7 months, and the Barthel index was 66.42 ± 12.6. The duration of the rehabilitation program was on average 162 ± 109 days. We observed a significant improvement in the FAI, from 12.9 ± 10.4 to 17.85 ± 12.4 (p < 0.00001); in the EuroQol, from 57.51 ± 19.96 to 66.36 ± 18.87 (p < 0.00001); in the mini-Zarit, from 2.49 ± 1.75 to 2.06 ± 1.67 (p = 0.0002); and in the Barthel index, from 66.42 ± 12.67 to 84.81 ± 23.70 (p < 0.001).Conclusion:Patients who received a rehabilitation program by the CSRT have an improvement in their social participation, and their informal caregivers have a reduction in their burden.
External Validation of the Passive Surveillance Stroke Severity Indicator
Authors: Joundi Raed A. , King James A. , Stang Jillian , Nicol Dana , Hill Michael D. , Kapral Moira K. , Smith Eric E. , Yu Amy Y. X. 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT:Background:The Passive Surveillance Stroke Severity (PaSSV) Indicator was derived to estimate stroke severity from variables in administrative datasets but has not been externally validated.Methods:We used linked administrative datasets to identify patients with first hospitalization for acute stroke between 2007-2018 in Alberta, Canada. We used the PaSSV indicator to estimate stroke severity. We used Cox proportional hazard models and evaluated the change in hazard ratios and model discrimination for 30-day and 1-year case fatality with and without PaSSV. Similar comparisons were made for 90-day home time thresholds using logistic regression. We also linked with a clinical registry to obtain National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and compared estimates from models without stroke severity, with PaSSV, and with NIHSS.Results:There were 28,672 patients with acute stroke in the full sample. In comparison to no stroke severity, addition of PaSSV to the 30-day case fatality models resulted in improvement in model discrimination (C-statistic 0.72 [95%CI 0.71–0.73] to 0.80 [0.79–0.80]). After adjustment for PaSSV, admission to a comprehensive stroke center was associated with lower 30-day case fatality (adjusted hazard ratio changed from 1.03 [0.96–1.10] to 0.72 [0.67–0.77]). In the registry sample (N = 1328), model discrimination for 30-day case fatality improved with the inclusion of stroke severity. Results were similar for 1-year case fatality and home time outcomes.Conclusion:Addition of PaSSV improved model discrimination for case fatality and home time outcomes. The validity of PASSV in two Canadian provinces suggests that it is a useful tool for baseline risk adjustment in acute stroke.
“The Answers Come from The People”: The Highlander Folk School and the Pedagogies of the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Slate Nico 
Published: April 2022

AbstractScholars have demonstrated that a range of institutions, organizations, and “social movement schools” aimed to advance the civil rights movement through education. What remains unclear is how those institutions balanced conversation, direct instruction, role-play, and other pedagogical methods. This article focuses on the Highlander Folk School, a radical, racially integrated institution located in the hills of Tennessee. Drawing upon audio tapes of civil rights workshops at Highlander, I argue that the folk school's workshops blended a variety of pedagogical styles in a way that previous scholarship has failed to acknowledge, and that close attention to Highlander's varied pedagogies can help us rethink the relationship between education and the civil rights movement.
Social Participation and Quality of Best Friendship of Students With Moderate Learning Difficulties in Early Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Avramidis Elias , Aroni Katerina , Strogilos Vasilis 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRecent sociometric research has described students with special educational needs (SEN) as less accepted and experiencing more social difficulties than their classmates without SEN. This study addresses the social participation of students with moderate learning difficulties (MLD) in regular schools while also focusing on the quality of their best friendship. In this longitudinal study, 313 secondary students, including 46 with MLD, were first examined while at Grade 7 (T1) and 2 years later at Grade 9 (T2). In line with previous studies, the students with MLD held reduced peer acceptance, had fewer friendships, and engaged less often in social interactions with peers than their typically developing classmates on both administrations. However, students with MLD held positive perceptions of social self-concept and friendship quality, with the two measures being positively associated. At T2, students with MLD reported poorer socio-emotional skills, which were positively correlated with their perceptions of both social self-concept and friendship quality. The paper concludes by outlining the importance of supporting students’ socio-emotional development through implementing relevant school-based interventions.
DEFINABILITY OF HENSELIAN VALUATIONS BY CONDITIONS ON THE VALUE GROUP
Authors: KRAPP LOTHAR SEBASTIAN , KUHLMANN SALMA , LINK MORITZ 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGiven a Henselian valuation, we study its definability (with and without parameters) by examining conditions on the value group. We show that any Henselian valuation whose value group is not closed in its divisible hull is definable in the language of rings, using one parameter. Thereby we strengthen known definability results. Moreover, we show that in this case, one parameter is optimal in the sense that one cannot obtain definability without parameters. To this end, we present a construction method for a t-Henselian non-Henselian ordered field elementarily equivalent to a Henselian field with a specified value group.
Decoupling Topological Explanations from Mechanisms
Authors: Kostić Daniel , Khalifa Kareem 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe provide three innovations to recent debates about whether topological or “network” explanations are a species of mechanistic explanation. First, we more precisely characterize the requirement that all topological explanations are mechanistic explanations and show scientific practice to belie such a requirement. Second, we provide an account that unifies mechanistic and non-mechanistic topological explanations, thereby enriching both the mechanist and autonomist programs by highlighting when and where topological explanations are mechanistic. Third, we defend this view against some powerful mechanist objections. We conclude from this that topological explanations are autonomous from their mechanistic counterparts.
Petrogenesis of a nepheline syenite from parts of the Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex: implications for Neoproterozoic crustal extension in the East Indian Shield
Authors: Das Satabdi , Sinha Deepak K , Sanyal Sanjoy , Karmakar Subrata , Panigrahi Biswajit , Roy Choudhury Sirina , Sengupta Shyamal , Sengupta Pulak 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe North Purulia Shear Zone that dissects the granulite basement of the Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex of the East Indian Shield exposes a deformed and metamorphosed nepheline syenite. The studied ‘foid-monzosyenite’ shows high abundances of large ion lithophile elements and high field strength elements with low abundances of compatible elements. Trace-element signatures show negative U, Th, Zr, Ti and Pb and positive Sr, Ba and Eu anomalies with respect to the primitive mantle. The chondrite-normalized diagram shows strongly fractionated rare earth element patterns ((La/Lu)N ∼23–87). Geochemical fingerprints suggest that the basanitic protolith was formed by low-degree partial melting of garnet peridotite in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle. The enriched large ion lithophile, high field strength element and light rare earth element concentrations (relative to primitive mantle) can be explained by a mixed mantle source with components from a previously deformed alkaline rock/carbonatite. Geochemical data do not support any significant crustal contamination and suggest variable fractionation of clinopyroxene, ilmenite, titanite and apatite from the parental melt. Petrological data are consistent with the view that the nepheline syenite magma was emplaced in a rift setting with a minimum temperature of 800–900°C, low fO2 conditions (below the fayalite–magnetite–quartz buffer) at a mid-crustal depth between 950 and 900 Ma. The continental rift zone, however, did not lead to the formation of an open ocean basin. Subsequently, the studied rock and its basement was deformed and metamorphosed in a continent–continent collisional setting at ∼900 Ma. Combining information from the other Indian occurrences with this study, it is demonstrated that the deformed alkaline rocks and carbonatite are potentially valuable for tracing the birth and demise of the palaeo-supercontinents.
Autism, autistic traits and multiple risk behaviours in adolescence: a longitudinal birth cohort study
Authors: Ly Amanda , Heron Jon , Rai Dheeraj , Wright Caroline 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundMultiple risk behaviours (MRBs), typically beginning in adolescence, are associated with increased risk of adverse health and social outcomes. The association between autism and MRBs is little understood.MethodsData were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, an UK-based longitudinal, birth cohort study. Exposures were diagnosed autism and four autistic traits: social communication difficulties, pragmatic language, repetitive behaviours and reduced sociability. Outcomes were participation in up to 14 risk behaviours, including alcohol consumption, smoking, risky sexual behaviours and physical inactivity. Outcome data were collected at ages approximately 12, 14, 16 and 18.ResultsUp to 4300 participants were included in latent basis growth curve analyses with adjustment for confounders. Social communication difficulties were associated with an above average level of MRBs engagement at ~12 years (mean difference β 0.26; 95% CI 0.13–0.40), and above average rate of engagement from ages ~12–18 (β 0.08; 95% CI 0.02–0.13). Repetitive behaviours were associated with above average levels of engagement in MRBs at ~12 years (β 0.24; 95% CI 0.09–0.38). Contrastingly, reduced sociability was associated with a reduced rate of engagement in MRBs from ages ~12–18 (β −0.06; 95% CI −0.11 to −0.02). In sex-specific analyses, persisting differences in MRB engagement patterns from ages ~12–18 were observed in males with social communication difficulties and females with reduced sociability temperament.ConclusionsHaving elevated levels of some autistic traits appear to have differentiated effects on MRB engagement patterns. These findings could reflect difficulties fitting in and/or coping mechanisms relating to difficulties with fitting in.
Trends in suicide attempts and suicide deaths before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in New Taipei City, Taiwan: an interrupted time-series analysis
Authors: Su Yi-Jen , Yu Hsiu-Ting , Liu Ting-Yu , Lu Kuan-Hung , Tu Chung-Chieh , Lin Yu-Ching , Chen Ran-Chou 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an unprecedented global health crisis that may cause mental health problems and heighten suicide risk. We investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on trends in suicide attempts and suicide deaths in New Taipei City, Taiwan.MethodsThe current study used the official daily data on suicide attempts and deaths in New Taipei City, Taiwan (4 million inhabitants) between 2015 and 2020 from the Taiwan National Suicide Prevention Reporting System. Interrupted time-series (ITS) analyses with parameters corrected by the estimated autocorrelations were applied on weekly aggregated data to examine whether the suicide trends during the early COVID-19 pandemic (late January to July 2020) deviated from previous trends (January 2015 to late January 2020). The impact due to the suicide prevention policy change was also examined (since August 2020).ResultsITS analyses revealed no significant increases in both mean and trend on weekly suicide deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic and after the policy change. In contrast, there was a significant increasing trend in weekly suicide attempts since the COVID-19 outbreak at the rate of 1.54 attempts per week (95% confidence interval 0.49–2.60; p = 0.004). Sex difference analysis revealed that, however, this increasing trend was observed only in females not in males.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic has different impacts on suicides attempts and deaths during the early pandemic in New Taipei City, Taiwan. The COVID-19 outbreak drastically increased the trend of suicide attempts. In contrast, the number of suicide deaths had remained constant in the investigated periods.
The ICC and the situation in Afghanistan: A critical examination of the role of the Pre-Trial Chambers in the initiation of investigations proprio motu
Authors: Chigowe Lloyd T. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOne of the revolutionary aspects of the Rome Statute was the decision to grant the Prosecutor the power to trigger the International Criminal Court’s (ICC or the Court) jurisdiction in the absence of a state or United Nations Security Council referral. To guard against the abuse of this power, the Prosecutor was granted the power to initiate investigations proprio motu subject to a caveat that the decision to initiate investigations will be reviewed by the Pre-Trial Chamber (PTC) pursuant to Article 15(4) of the Statute. The interpretation of this provision came under the spotlight in the situation in Afghanistan where a turf battle between the Prosecutor and the PTC over the control of Prosecutor-initiated investigations emerged. While the Appeals Chamber’s decision to authorize investigations in Afghanistan gave a lifeline to the Prosecutor’s power to initiate investigations, it also raises questions regarding the extent of the PTC’s powers vis-à-vis the Prosecutor’s decision to initiate investigations. This article argues that the Appeals Chamber erred in its finding that the PTC has no review powers over the Prosecutor’s decision to open investigations. It further argues that the Appeals Chamber erred in its determination of the factors which the PTC must take into account when it considers the Prosecutor’s request to initiate investigations. The article argues that the decision undermines the balance of power between the Prosecutor and the PTC which was an important consideration for some states when they agreed to be part of the Rome Statute. The article also contests the Prosecutor and the Court’s interpretation of Article 18 of the Statute.