bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Revolutions in Nineteenth-Century Nigeria
Authors: Falola Toyin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The 19th century proved to be a watershed period not across the world. In 1804, the vast land of what later came to be known as Northern Nigeria was overwhelmed by the Sokoto Jihad championed by Uthman dan Fodio. In 1807, Britain called an end to slavery, considering the act illegal and against the law while in 1851, the British Royal Navy bombarded Lagos in other to enforce and abolish totally the Atlantic Slave Trade in that territory. Before then, the vast Oyo Empire that had reigned from the 16th century was in a state of decline by 1825. The scramble for Africa commenced after the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885. All these events created large movements of people displaced either by war or territorial expansion. This chapter explores the continuous occurrence of migrations, conquests, and new settlements in Nigeria during the nineteenth century. Projects of power acquisition and accumulation and territorial expansionism and consolidation, pursued at varying degrees by several ambitious leaders and states, upturned the previous centuries’ gains and were completed by the British colonial power. The events of the nineteenth century created the foundation of the modern Nigerian state.
Colonial Economies of Nigeria
Authors: Pierce Steven 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The history of Nigeria’s colonial economy is intertwined with its political history. Colonization brought to power a government determined to “develop” the country by making it an exporter of crops attractive to global markets, on terms that favored Britain and western countries. A vast expansion of cash cropping, other opportunities for wage labor, and the end of slavery not only created a new kind of economy but also touched off radical social change and altered the most intimate of family and gendered relationships. Ongoing government attempts to foster and facilitate exports then contributed to inter-regional competition that ultimately undermined Nigerian democracy and led to the Nigerian Civil War.
Dictatorship and Democracy in Nigeria, 1966–1999
Authors: Osaghae Eghosa E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses the alternation and contestations of dictatorship and democracy in Nigeria in the period 1966–1999. The period was dominated by military dictatorial rule that was vigorously challenged by civil society. The major plank for this was the abiding norm of military subordination to civil authority that made military rule an aberration, even when it could be justified. The main points of the struggles to restore democracy in the period under review are analyzed within the framework of democratic transition plans that provided the middle grounds for satisfying the democratic imperative. The triumph of democratic forces over those of military dictatorship are attributed to the resilience of civil society, the deconstruction of the myth of superior morality and attendant precipitate loss of legitimacy and social capital, and, finally, the intervening but supportive variables of economic decline and adjustment and the global democratic revolution that attracted tremendous support for the democratic struggles in Nigeria.
Psychophysiological Approaches in Cultural Neuroscience and Global Mental Health
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Sadato Norihiro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Advances in cultural neuroscience demonstrate that culture affects how neural systems maintain and regulate social and emotional information. Understanding how neural representations dynamically interact with environmental and cultural factors provides novel insight into how psychophysiological and neural mechanisms encode culture. Research on psychophysiological approaches in cultural neuroscience provide novel ways to observe and measure dynamic cultural influences on the nervous system with temporal precision. Theory and methods on psychophysiological approaches in cultural neuroscience may provide foundational ways of understanding how cultural dynamics shape neural and physiological response and its relation to behavior. Challenges and opportunities for psychophysiological approaches in cultural neuroscience to address issues of population health disparities and global mental health are discussed.
How Awe Works in Humanitarian Setting in East Asia: Cultural Differences in Describing the Experience of Awe
Authors: Nomura Michio , Tsuda Ayano , Rappleye Jeremy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Whether an individual copes with loss in a positive and constructive manner or a negative one depends on cultural values, individual differences, and the quality of support they receive. For example, the experience of awe has been shown to diminish the sense of self, which in turn increases generosity, helping behavior, or healthy mental conditions. To date, however, few studies have examined awe in non-Western contexts. This chapter contributes an empirical study with behavioral methods as well as a theoretical literature review on culture and positive emotion, specifically the awe-related experiences among individuals from East Asia, providing novel insights into how awe experiences work in the face of loss. We found that interpersonal situations and natural disasters (e.g., the earthquake of March 2011) were the most common awe-inspiring events described by the participants, which mostly elicited negative emotions indicating that awe-related experiences may motivate people to connect with others in interdependent contexts and may serve to alleviate negative emotions in the face of natural disasters. The findings from these studies highlight the how culture serves as a protective factor in mental health, particularly for interdependent cultures, and the importance of awe in humanitarian settings, such as natural disasters, were among the most awe-inspiring emotional events.
Cultural Neuroscience
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Mano Yoko , Li Zhang , Bebko Genna M. , Blizinsky Katherine D. , Turner Robert 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cultural neuroscience is a field of study that examines the bidirectional influences of cultural and biological factors on the brain and behavior, including mental processes. Research in cultural neuroscience comprises theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding how cultural and biological factors affect the etiology of behavior. Empirical programs in cultural neuroscience seek to determine the root causes and neurobiological mechanisms underlying the etiology of complex behavior across cultures, including mental, neurological, and substance abuse (MNS) disorders. This chapter reviews theoretical, methodological, and empirical advances in cultural neuroscience and its implications for the discovery of cures and development of effective interventions for MNS disorders in global mental health.
Culture and Genomics
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Li Zhang , Sadato Norihiro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cultural and genomic systems maintain and regulate neural systems and behavior underlying mental health. Cultural and genomic systems affect the functional organization of the nervous system. Cultural processes influence the behavioral and genetic expression of functional neural circuitry. Cultural and genetic systems contribute to the neurodevelopmental trajectory of behavioral adaptation. The interaction of genes and environment affects behavioral expression within a cultural context. The goal of this chapter is to provide a review of pathways of interaction in cultural and genomic systems and their influence on the functional organization of the nervous system and behavioral phenotypes of mental health.
Interdisciplinary Experiential Learning
Authors: Clark Terry , Williamon Aaron 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Identifying optimal strategies for developing expertise is a topic of considerable interest and debate within music performance. The key knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors underpinning musical expertise, as in so many other performance domains, are complex and often idiosyncratic. They can be obscured from view due to their tacit, embodied nature. Imparting expertise from the musical “master” to the “apprentice,” meanwhile, can be fraught with challenges due to the limitations inherent within the transmission of such information. Furthermore, it is clear that attaining musical expertise requires more than just engaging with a sufficient quantity of practice, whether 10,000 hours or some other figure. In this chapter, we propose experiential learning involving interdisciplinary engagement as an innovative pedagogical strategy that can address these challenges. We present simulation-based experiential learning as a forum for engagement and exchange between learners and practitioners from different domains who would typically not have access or insight into one another’s worlds. We then discuss what has been termed reciprocal illumination, whereby learners have the opportunity to see another’s response to or understanding of their own field. Finally, this chapter discusses a series of recent interdisciplinary experiential learning initiatives to help demonstrate the potential opportunities and practical implications arising from such approaches.
Enhancing Music Performance Appraisal
Authors: McPherson Gary E. , Schubert Emery 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this chapter we deconstruct some of the (often unwritten) assumptions of assessment so that readers are aware of the flaws and limitations that are inherent in any form of evaluation made by humans. A section on assessing musical performance covers aspects of norm-referenced and criterion-based assessment issues, and the lack of standardized criteria for assessing music performance. Discussion of measurement error, extra-musical factors, and performance-related aspects including self-efficacy, expressive variations, attractiveness and flair, and the influence of modalities other than music (movement and vision), leads into a section dealing with aspects of performance assessment such as communication within the ensemble, acoustics, social factors, and audience support. Evaluator characteristics are explained according to the influence of memory, first impressions, mood of the assessor, familiarity with the repertoire, and the halo effect. Non-musical factors include stereotyping and order of the performance. Our focus is on the performance traditions of classical music, and we use the Johari window to summarize a number of practical implications and to frame the central purpose of the chapter, which is to explain what musicians can do to maximize their ability to focus on their playing and ensure that their performance is well received and appreciated by others.
Judgmental Biases in the Perception of Competitive Advantage: On Choosing the Right Race to Run
Authors: Dunning David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Competing successfully often means choosing the right competitions to enter, preparing for them adequately, and knowing when to quit. Many psychological phenomena, however, lead people to misjudge how their skills, talents, and prospects compare to peers they are competing against. Typically, these psychological tendencies lead people to a sense of illusory superiority, in which people overestimate their chances in competition. Example phenomena include relying on self-flattering conceptions of skill, focusing on optimistic scenarios while neglecting pessimistic ones, emphasizing one’s intentions and agency in producing outcomes while neglecting the impact of external forces, failing to have the competence to fully recognize competence in others, and quizzically not considering the skills of others when making decisions about whether to compete with them. Some specific circumstances, however, lead to underestimation of self. Those with negative self-views may discount their performances unduly. Top performers may not know how distinctive their skills are. In short, mistaken or biased views of the self may lead people to make decisions about competition that undermine their potential success in them.
Disability in the Transition from K–12 to Higher
Education
Authors: Shifrer Dara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the structural underpinnings of the educational experiences of young adults with disability in the United States, drawing connections and distinctions along the trajectory from kindergarten through grade 12 and then into higher education. With relatively little sociological engagement with educational disabilities, the chapter contributes a theoretical framing for understanding disability in higher-education settings by integrating ideas from disability studies and classic sociology-of-education literature, particularly documenting tensions between disability ideology and dominant US educational ideals of merit, individual accountability, and standardization. This chapter demonstrates how complete understandings of educational inequality depend on sociologists’ more frequent engagement with disability and the integration of ideas from disability studies. Finally, the chapter concludes with tangible ways that practitioners, parents, and youth can disrupt the reproduction of disability as a category of inequality.
On Saariaho’s Microsonology
Authors: Lochhead Judith 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates some of the motivating aesthetic interests that Kaija Saariaho articulates early in her career and specifically in the 1987 article “Timbre and Harmony: Interpolations of Timbral Structures.” It also shows how these concerns are manifest in two works of the twenty-first century: Terrestre (2002, for flute, harp, percussion, violin, and cello) and D'om le vrai sens (2010, concerto for clarinet). Through these analyses, the chapter develops a broader understanding of Saariaho's aesthetic through what can be called “microsonology.” More than simply attending to detail, Saariaho approaches overall form through microscopic details, or in other words, her microsonology enacts a formal design saturated by minute details. Finally, the chapter links Saariaho's microsonology to a concept of “intimate immensity” developed by the twentieth-century French philosopher Gaston Bachelard and then considers how the “intimate immensity” of Saariaho's microsonology intersects with Spectralism.
Drugs in Early South Asia
Authors: McHugh James 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Contrary to myth, little evidence exists for extensive drug use in ancient India and South Asia. In the earliest texts, the Vedas, a plant beverage called soma was prepared for offerings to the gods and ritual consumption. The source of soma is now forgotten and the quest to identify it, from alcohol to mushrooms, best reflects modern theories of drugs and religion. Soma was a singular ritual drug yet with early substitutes. Research identifies alcohol as the sole ancient intoxicant consistently consumed and regulated in India. Betel arrived in the early first millennium and unlike alcohol was universally acceptable, if often classified as a perfume rather than intoxicant. Evidence for cannabis and opium use comes much later in the early second millennium CE. Yet once established, these drugs thrived, rapidly assimilated into traditional theories and practices. Notably newer drugs became incorporated into the ancient origin myth of alcohol, the prototypical intoxicant.
Latin American and Caribbean Drug Trafficking Groups
Authors: Arias Enrique Desmond 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
For two generations, key countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have suffered from high levels of criminal activity and violence driven by the drug trade. At the heart of this market are complex organizations that produce, process, ship, and sell drugs throughout the region and around the world. The criminal organizations behind the drug trade are not the centralized transnational structures—so-called cartels—usually depicted in the journalistic and policy literature. Rather, these groups tend to operate in their home country and connect to other criminal organizations as they work to bring drugs to market. Criminal organizations, as most institutions, emerge from and exist in a particular local context. This chapter focuses on the recent histories of Brazil, Colombia, and Jamaica, three extensively researched cases, analyzing and comparing how national political and social dynamics shaped criminal organizations, how these groups operate, and their distinctive roles in the global drug trade.
Psychoactive Drugs in European Prehistory
Authors: Guerra-Doce Elisa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The relationship between humans and mind-altering substances can be traced back over millennia. However, as many of them presently fall under the category of illicit or illegal “drug” products, there is a tendency to view use of these substances as largely a modern phenomenon. Archaeological evidence shows that the need and desire to temporarily alter states of consciousness through the use of drug plants, fungi, and many kinds of fermented beverages goes back to prehistoric times, in multiple regions of the world, and across most cultures. This chapter explores the deepest origins of these practices in Europe, where growing archaeological research demonstrates that psychoactive substances were already long in use, prior to the well-known cultural influence of wine in ancient Greece and Rome and the probable use of drug plants in ancient religious rituals such as the Eleusinian mysteries.
West Africa and the Global Illegal Drug Trade
Authors: Klantschnig Gernot 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs the history of the drug trade and control in West Africa. Debates in drug histories of West Africa help connect and contextualize the region with the field of global drug history. The chapter starts by sketching the rise of cannabis, opiates, and cocaine trades, whose origins remain contested in academic and policy circles for methodological and political reasons. The chapter next explores sometimes unconnected policy responses to the evolving trades in West Africa. Policy research raises questions about the impact and limits of foreign, particularly colonial and US influences on domestic West African drug control, much like debates in other “developing regions.” Finally, the chapter assesses two particularities of the West African trade: its novel modes of smuggling and the role of the “weak” state. These alleged features of drug trades underscore the need for genuine research on drug smuggling and drugs in West Africa.
Ancient American Civilizations, States, and Drugs
Authors: Schwartzkopf Stacey 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Early states in the Americas integrated drugs and alcohol into their strategies of rule in diverse ways and to varying degrees. This chapter evaluates current scholarship on the relationships between rulers and drugs in the two main areas of primary state formation: Mesoamerica and the Andes, with a particular focus on the Maya, Aztec, and Incan states as they emerged and developed in the centuries before European contact. Key issues considered are the variable incorporation of shamanic ritual and hallucinogenic drugs into state cults centered on rulers, the effects of such integration on early state attempts to control consumption through sumptuary laws and other such “drug policies,” and the material and cultural dynamics of drug trade and use among the populations of these regions. The chapter ends on the historical legacies: the degree to which such politics and dynamics affected options of later colonial and national states in the Americas.
The Involvement of Corporations in Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Huisman Wim , Karstedt Susanne , van Baar Annika 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
While political and military leaders are generally seen as the most responsible perpetrators, corporations often also have an important role to play in the commission of atrocity crimes. This chapter broadly explores the involvement of corporations in atrocity crimes, where links between the company and its activities and the commission of such types of crimes can be identified. It is based on data from a set of cases collected by the authors, which includes 105 cases since World War II. The chapter starts by defining features of corporate involvement in such crimes, and then provides an overview of types of crimes, corporations, industries, and involvement in atrocity crimes since 1945. It then proceeds to detail the processes, mechanisms, and gains of such involvement or the “crime scripts.” An in-depth analysis of two historical cases, one from the Holocaust and one from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, complements this overview.
Victimology of Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Pemberton Antony , Letschert Rianne 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Recent years have seen a flourishing interest in victimology—the social science of the experience of suffering wrongdoing—of atrocity crimes. However, like victimology more generally, supranational victimology is still in its infancy. This chapter draws upon the phenomenology of Susan Brison to develop ethical experience of victimization of victims of atrocity crimes. In this perspective a key ethical quality of victimization is its nature as an ontological assault, an attack on being that reveals features of being in precisely what it damages/diminishes/destroys. This has implications for the reactions to atrocity crimes, such as various initiatives to deliver justice to victims. The chapter develops the differences between countering injustice and doing justice, and sketches how processes of justice given their inherent limitations can contribute to counter injustice.
Reparations and the Role of Apologies
Authors: Wolfe Stephanie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Reparations and apologies have become deeply intertwined over the years and form two key components of transitional justice after mass atrocity crimes. Reparations without an apology has been derogatorily referred to as “blood money,” a payout for lives lost, but no true responsibility taken or sorrow acknowledged. Apologies without reparation have likewise been flawed, often seen by the victims as hollow words utilized to deflect true responsibility. In isolation, these measures can be used by the state to avoid coming to terms with past injustices. Utilized together, however, apologies and reparations can form the beginning of an apologetic stance in which the state truly engages with those that it victimized and politically atones for past abuses. This chapter will explore the normative trend of coming to terms with past state abuses, with an emphasis on reparations and the role that apologies play within these movements.
Crimes against Humanity in Indonesia (1965–1966)
Authors: Melvin Jess , Pohlman Annie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a case study of crimes against humanity committed in Indonesia in 1965–1966. In October 1965, the Indonesian military took over the government and mobilized national and religious militias to assist in wiping out the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). Up to one million people were killed, and a further one-and-a-half million were rounded up and held in detention camps for their alleged Communist affiliations. The military-led government fell in 1998, and in the two decades since, there has been little political will to investigate or redress the crimes committed in 1965–66, or the other cases of state-led atrocities by Indonesia’s military. In 2012, the Indonesian National Commission for Human Rights released a landmark report into atrocity crimes perpetrated during the 1965–66 period, finding strong evidence of crimes against humanity, the results of which are outlined in this chapter. This report has been buried, just as Indonesia’s government is determined to bury the past.