bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine Particulate Air Pollution and the “No-Multiple-Versions-of-Treatment” Assumption: Does Particle Composition Matter for Causal Inference?
Authors: Weichenthal Scott , Ripley Susannah , Korsiak Jill 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Here we discuss possible violations of the “no-multiple-versions-of-treatment” assumption in studies of outdoor fine particulate air pollution (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5)) owing to differences in particle composition, which in turn influence health. This assumption is part of the potential outcomes framework for causal inference, and it is needed for well-defined potential outcomes, as multiple versions of the same treatment could lead to different health risks for the same level of treatment. Since 2 locations can have the same outdoor PM2.5 mass concentration (i.e., treatment) but different chemical compositions (i.e., versions of treatment), violations of the “no-multiple-versions-of-treatment” assumption seem likely. Importantly, violations of this assumption will not bias health risk estimates for PM2.5 mass concentrations if there are no unmeasured confounders of the “version of treatment”–outcome relationship. However, confounding can occur if these factors are not identified and controlled for in the analysis. We describe situations in which this may occur and provide simulations to estimate the magnitude and direction of this possible bias. In general, violations of the “no-multiple-versions-of-treatment” assumption could be an underappreciated source of bias in studies of outdoor PM2.5. Analysis of the health impacts of outdoor PM2.5 mass concentrations across spatial domains with similar composition could help to address this issue.
Pharmacists’ role in detection and evaluation of adverse drug reactions: Developing proactive systems for pharmacosurveillance
Authors: Salazar Alejandra , Amato Mary G , Shah Sonam N , Khazen Maram , Aminmozaffari Saina , Klinger Elissa V , Volk Lynn A , Mirica Maria , Schiff Gordon D 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPurposeTo identify current challenges in detection of medication-related symptoms, and review technology-based opportunities to increase the patient-centeredness of postmarketing pharmacosurveillance to promote more accountable, safer, patient-friendly, and equitable medication prescribing.SummaryPharmacists have an important role to play in detection and evaluation of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The pharmacist’s role in medication management should extend beyond simply dispensing drugs, and this article delineates the rationale and proactive approaches for pharmacist detection and assessment of ADRs. We describe a stepwise approach for assessment, best practices, and lessons learned from a pharmacist-led randomized trial, the CEDAR (Calling for Detection of Adverse Drug Reactions) project.ConclusionHealth systems need to be redesigned to more fully utilize health information technologies and pharmacists in detecting and responding to ADRs.
Dentoskeletal and soft-tissue changes of class II malocclusion treatment with modified first class appliances: a prospective clinical trial
Authors: Anraki Carolina Caetano , Campos Cássio Bernard Alves , Sant’Anna Gabriel Querobim , Bellini-Pereira Silvio Augusto , Aliaga-Del Castillo Aron , Grec Roberto , Henriques José Fernando Castanha , Garib Daniela 
Published: November 2022

SummaryBackground/ObjectivesIntraoral distalizers are effective and conservative alternatives for Class II malocclusion treatment. However, the literature is still controversial regarding the effects of using skeletal anchorage in intraoral distalizers with different designs. The aim of this study is to compare dentoskeletal and soft-tissue changes of Class II malocclusion patients treated with three types of First Class (FC) distalizers.Materials/MethodsThe sample of this prospective clinical trial included 30 consecutive patients divided into three groups: G1—FC conventionally anchored; G2—FC skeletally anchored Type 1; G3—FC skeletally anchored Type 2. Each group consisted of 10 patients. Lateral cephalograms were analyzed in two stages: at pre-treatment (T0) and after distalization (T1). The radiographs were digitized and analyzed using the software Dolphin Imaging 11.5. Comparisons of treatment changes between groups (T1–T0) were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Tukey test.ResultsPatients treated with the conventionally anchored FC showed significantly greater incisors protrusion and labial inclination, second premolars mesial inclination and mesialization than the FCs skeletally anchored. No differences were observed regarding the amount of molar distalization and molar angulation between groups.LimitationsIt can be considered that the limitation of this study lies in its non-randomized design.Conclusions/ImplicationsFirst Class distalizers with conventional and skeletal anchorage are effective alternatives for Class II molar distalization. Distalization associated with indirect skeletal anchorage reduce the undesirable effects observed in the incisors and premolars during distalization when compared to distalization conventionally anchored.
Pain and discomfort during the first week of maxillary expansion using two different expanders: patient-reported outcomes in a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hansson Stina , Josefsson Eva , Lindsten Rune , Magnuson Anders , Bazargani Farhan 
Published: November 2022

Summary

Background
Quad Helix (QH) is the appliance most preferred by orthodontists to correct unilateral posterior crossbite in the early mixed dentition while other orthodontists suggest rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on deciduous teeth in these patients.

Objectives
To evaluate and compare perceived pain intensity, discomfort, functional jaw impairment, and analgesic consumption during the first week of treatment with either RME or QH appliances.

Trial design
Two-arm parallel group, two-centre, randomized controlled trial.

Material and methods
Seventy-two patients, mean age 9.5 (SD ±0.8) years, with unilateral posterior crossbite requiring maxillary expansion were randomly allocated to either the RME (22 boys, 14 girls) or QH (22 boys, 14 girls) group. Validated questionnaires were used to assess pain intensity, discomfort, jaw function impairment, and analgesic consumption, on the first, fourth, and seventh days after appliance insertion and activation.

Blinding
Due to clinical limitations, only the outcome assessors were blinded to the groups to which the patients were allocated.

Results
Seventy patients completed the questionnaires. Pain from the tongue and chafe from the appliance were significantly higher in the QH group on the first day of treatment (P = 0.003 and P = 0.000, respectively). On the fourth day, the chafe from the appliance was still significantly higher in the QH group (P = 0.007). Speech was affected in both groups on day 1; this impairment continued and was significantly higher in the RME group days 4 and 7. No significant difference in analgesic consumption was found between the groups at any time. The analgesic consumption was highest at day 1 of treatment.

Harms
No harm was observed in any patient.

Limitations
Double blinding was not possible due to the clinical limitations.

Conclusion
During the initial 4 days of treatment, pain from the tongue and chafe from the appliance caused the most reported inconvenience in the patients in the QH group. A majority of reported visual analogue scale values were in the lower mid-range, suggesting low to moderate pain and discomfort in both groups.

Clinical Trial Registration
NCT04458506
Emperors, ambassadors and opera reviews in 17th-century Venice: an annotated libretto of Cesti’s L’Argia (1669)
Authors: Marcaletti Livio 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This article addresses the rare and fortunate discovery of a printed libretto currently preserved in the National Library of the Czech Republic. The libretto is filled with fascinating manuscript notes on a Venetian performance of Antonio Cesti’s L’Argia in 1669, at the Teatro S. Luca. The anonymous author—whose identity is revealed from numerous hints found in the notes themselves—wrote a sort of review of the performance, probably addressed to the emperor Leopold I, who was continuously in search of new singers for his court. The handwritten remarks present a ferocious critique of the Venetian production of L’Argia, which is considered extremely inferior to the original version (Innsbruck, 1655). Almost every scene contains entries praising or criticizing various aspects of the performance. The author’s original intention may have been solely to send reports of the performance to the imperial court, but the result constitutes a rare example of late 17th-century music criticism.
New light on the 17th-century English cathedral wind band: a (fragmentary) Canterbury tale
Authors: Roberts Helen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Despite the long-acknowledged and widespread association of wind instrumentalists with English cathedrals in the late 16th and 17th centuries, and the continued performance tradition enjoyed by sacred vocal music of the period, the performance practices of English cathedral wind bands during this time have been strangely neglected in the existing literature. Drawing on a combination of traditional musicological and archival research and bespoke practice-led research methodologies, this article discusses some possible solutions to the question of how wind instrumentalists may have been employed in the day-to-day enactment of Prayer Book services during a turbulent period of English history. New archival evidence surrounding the life of William Mather, cornettist at Canterbury Cathedral in the years before the suspension of sung worship in 1642, sheds new light on the interplay between civic and ecclesiastical music-making in the city, contributing to our knowledge of the historical and social contexts of the people and practices involved, and offering a tantalizing glimpse into life in the 17th-century gig economy.
Fermented butter aroma for plant-based applications
Authors: Gu Liuyan , Tadesse Belay Tilahun , Zhao Shuangqing , Holck Jesper , Zhao Ge , Solem Christian 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Plant-based dairy alternatives are gaining increasing interest, e.g. alternatives to yoghurt, cheese, and butter. In all these products butter flavor (diacetyl + acetoin) plays an important role. We previously have reported efficient butter flavor formation from low value dairy side streams using a dairy isolate of Lactococcus lactis deficient in lactate dehydrogenase. Here, we have tested the ability of this strain, RD1M5, to form butter flavor in plant milks based on oat and soy. We found that oat milk, with its high sugar content, supported more efficient production of butter aroma, when compared to soy milk. When supplemented with glucose, efficient butter aroma production was achieved in soy milk as well. We also carried out an extended adaptive laboratory evolution of the dairy strain in oat milk. After two months of adaptation, we obtained a strain with enhanced capacity for producing butter aroma. Despite of its high sugar content, RD1M5 and its adapted version only metabolized approximately 10% of the fermentable sugars available in the oat milk, which we found was due to amino acid starvation and partly starvation for vitamins. The study demonstrates that dairy cultures have great potential for use in plant-based fermentations.
Preceding birth interval, timing and number of antenatal contacts in Africa, 2010–2020
Authors: Tuoyire Derek Anamaale , Amo-Adjei Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
Utilization of adequate and quality prenatal healthcare services confers critical benefits to women and their unborn children. However, utilization rates remain low in many countries in Africa. Several studies have attempted to understand the primary drivers behind these low statistics. This article contributes to this discourse by examining the associations between birth interval and timing and number/frequency of antenatal care visits in Africa.

Methods
We pooled data from the publicly available Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in the last decade (2010–2020) for 32 African countries. Data were analysed using descriptive proportions and mixed effect binary logistic regression.

Results
The results illustrate moderate significant associations between spacing on the most recent birth by ≥36 months and early (first trimester) first antenatal care contact in both our bivariate (odds ratio [OR] 1.18, p&lt;0.001) and multivariate (OR 1.106, p&lt;0.001) analyses. The benefits on optimal antenatal contacts predicted on spacing are also noticed with birth intervals of 24–35 months (OR 1.08, p&lt;0.001) and ≥36 months (OR 1.48, p&lt;0.001).

Conclusions
Optimal birth spacing is beneficial for ANC utilization in terms of timing and total number of contacts. Post-partum family planning/contraceptive use can be an effective pathway to prolonging birth intervals. We argue that maternal and child health programmes strengthen prioritizing contraceptive use between births.
Weakly supervised convolutional neural network for pavement crack segmentation
Authors: Tang Youzhi , Qian Yu , Yang Enhui 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCrack assessment plays an important role in pavement evaluation and maintenance planning. Recent studies leverage the powerful learning capability of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and have achieved good performance with computer vision-based crack detectors. Most existing models are based on the Fully Supervised Learning (FSL) approach and heavily rely on the annotation quality to achieve reasonable accuracy. The annotation cost under the FSL approach has become nontrivial and often causes heavy burdens on model development and improvement, especially for complex networks with deep layers and a large number of parameters. To combat the image annotation cost, we proposed a novel Weakly Supervised Learning U-Net (WSL U-Net) for pavement crack segmentation. With the Weakly Supervised Learning (WSL) approach, the training of the network uses weakly labeled images instead of precisely labeled images. The weakly labeled images only need rough labeling, which can significantly alleviate the labor cost and human involvement in image annotation. The experimental results from this study indicate the proposed WSL U-Net outperforms some other Semi-Supervised Learning (Semi-SL) and WSL methods and achieves comparable performance with its FSL version. The dataset cross-validation shows that WSL U-Net outperforms FSL U-Net, suggesting the proposed WSL U-Net is more robust with fewer overfitting concerns and better generalization capability.
Optimal Taxation of Robots
Authors: Thuemmel Uwe 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
I study the optimal taxation of robots, other capital, and labor income. I show that it is optimal to distort robot adoption. The robot tax (or subsidy) exploits general-equilibrium effects to compress wages, which reduces income-tax distortions of labor supply, thereby raising welfare. In the calibrated model, when robots are expensive, a robot subsidy is optimal. As robots get cheaper, it becomes optimal to tax them. Yet, when reforming the status-quo tax system, most welfare gains can be achieved by adjusting the income tax. The additional gains from taxing robots differently from other equipment capital are close to zero.
Silence of resident microglia in GPI anchorless prion disease and activation of microglia in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Authors: Noguchi Hideko , Koyama Sachiko , Yagita Kaoru , Shijo Masahiro , Matsuzono Kosuke , Hamasaki Hideomi , Kanemaru Takaaki , Okamoto Tsuyoshi , Kai Keita , Aishima Shinichi , Abe Koji , Sasagasako Naokazu , Honda Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
GPI anchorless prion diseases (GPIALPs) show numerous coarse prion protein (PrP) deposits in the CNS but neuropil spongiform changes are mild and the incidence of dementia is low. Here, we examined differences in resident microglial phenotypes between GPIALP (D178fs25) and the other prion diseases Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) with respect to homeostasis and activation. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 2 GPIALP (D178fs25), 4 GSS (P102L), and 4 sCJD cases. Homeostatic microglia expressing TMEM119 and P2RY12 were preserved in GPIALP compared to GSS and sCJD. Microglia/macrophage activation in GSS and sCJD was associated with the extent of spongiform change. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed TMEM119 and P2RY12 in PrP plaque cores. Activated microglia/macrophages expressing HLA-DR and CD68 were predominant in GSS and sCJD whereas in GPIALP, homeostatic microglia were retained and activated microglia/macrophages were rarely observed. These data suggest that PrP deposition in GPIALP is less toxic and that microglia may be immune-tolerant to PrP deposition. This may be associated with milder tissue damage and a low incidence of dementia. Whereas microglia/macrophage activation is considered to be a reaction to tissue injury, this study shows that the degree of microglia/macrophage activity might influence the extent of tissue damage.
A multiscale tissue assessment in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: San Martín Molina Isabel , Fratini Michela , Campi Gaetano , Burghammer Manfred , Grünewald Tilman A , Salo Raimo A , Narvaez Omar , Aggarwal Manisha , Tohka Jussi , Sierra Alejandra 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has demonstrated the potential to assess the pathophysiology of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) but correlations of DTI findings and pathological changes in mTBI are unclear. We evaluated the potential of ex vivo DTI to detect tissue damage in a mild mTBI rat model by exploiting multiscale imaging methods, histology and scanning micro-X-ray diffraction (SμXRD) 35 days after sham-operation (n = 2) or mTBI (n = 3). There were changes in DTI parameters rostral to the injury site. When examined by histology and SμXRD, there was evidence of axonal damage, reduced myelin density, gliosis, and ultrastructural alterations in myelin that were ongoing at the experimental time point of 35 days postinjury. We assessed the relationship between the 3 imaging modalities by multiple linear regression analysis. In this analysis, DTI and histological parameters were moderately related, whereas SμXRD parameters correlated weakly with DTI and histology. These findings suggest that while DTI appears to distinguish tissue changes at the microstructural level related to the loss of myelinated axons and gliosis, its ability to visualize alterations in myelin ultrastructure is limited. The use of several imaging techniques represents a novel approach to reveal tissue damage and provides new insights into mTBI detection.
Asymmetric song recognition does not influence gene flow in an emergent songbird hybrid zone
Authors: Brooks William E , Wimberger Peter H 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Hybrid zones can be used to examine the mechanisms, like song recognition, that affect reproductive isolation and speciation. Song has mixed support as a driver of speciation; we did not find song to be associated with reproductive isolation in White-crowned Sparrow subspecies (Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis and Z. l. gambelii). We examined an emerging secondary contact zone in these subspecies by measuring song variation, song recognition, plumage, morphology, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Plumage and morphological characters provided evidence of hybridization in the contact zone, with some birds possessing intermediate phenotype and song characteristics, and some possessing discordant phenotype and mitochondrial haplotype. Playback experiments revealed asymmetric song recognition: male pugetensis displayed greater response to their own song than gambelii song, whereas gambelii did not discriminate significantly. If female choice operates similarly to male song discrimination, we predicted asymmetric gene flow, resulting in a greater number of hybrids with gambelii mtDNA. Contrary to our prediction, more gambelii and putative hybrids in the contact zone possessed pugetensis mtDNA haplotypes, possibly due to greater pugetensis abundance and female-biased dispersal.
More-than-Human Leadership?
Authors: Huopalainen Astrid 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
How can the relational, embodied, and affective dynamics between horses and humans enrich, develop, or even change common understandings about leadership? Moving away from hu-man-centred conceptualizations of leadership towards radically novel, species-inclusive, and posthuman terrains, this chapter investigates the co-creation of leadership in horse–human relationships within Finnish equestrian culture. Theoretically, it combines insights from the literature on relational leadership and horse–human relationships to develop micro-level understandings of how multispecies relationships—and what the author calls expressions of more-than-human leadership—emerge and co-become in situated practices. Drawing on ethnographic material on horse–human interactions (as in groundwork and in riding), combined with interviews with professional riding instructors, the chapter analyses how horses and humans co-construct leadership relationally. Further, it develops novel, care-based understandings of leadership through sensing, relating to, and learning from horses. By seeking to shift ordinary knowing positions and power distributions through care and respect for the horse, this chapter opens up novel possibilities for co-creating leadership across species boundaries and for conceptualizing and researching leadership differently.
Political Parties and Party System
Authors: Pratas Mafalda , Bizzarro Fernando 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the foundation, evolution, organization, and societal connections of Portugal’s main political parties, and reviews the main cleavages and lines of competition of the party system. It argues that Portugal is home to an institutionalized, consolidated, and nationalized party system of moderate pluralism, and that Portuguese parties have an electoral-professional organization with relatively weak roots in society. These features make the Portuguese party system stand out when compared to other third wave democracies, where party systems are generally less stable, more fragmented, and in which political parties include organizations that are less durable and professionalized than in older democracies. Perhaps surprisingly, the Portuguese party system closely resembles party systems in other Western European countries, where democracy was consolidated much earlier than in Portugal.
Gender and Politics in Portugal
Authors: Espírito-Santo Ana , Catalano Weeks Ana 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter surveys the literature on gender and politics in Portugal, focusing on explanations for gender differences in political participation and representation. We map trends in women’s inclusion in key areas of political life: from conventional to unconventional political participation, to the election of women to parliamentary parties (descriptive representation), and responsiveness to women’s policy demands (substantive representation). Examining Portugal in comparative perspective, we highlight the crucial roles of state feminism, women activists within parties, and strategic incentives for parties to advance gender equality. We propose several avenues for developing future research which leverages the Portuguese case, including the downstream impacts of political gender quotas, intersectional and non-binary analysis, and the symbolic impact of women’s inclusion in public life.