bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Closer than they Appear: A Bayesian Perspective on Individual-Level Heterogeneity in Risk Assessment
Authors: Lum Kristian , Dunson David B. , Johndrow James 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Risk assessment instruments are used across the criminal justice system to estimate the probability of some future event, such as failure to appear for a court appointment or re-arrest. The estimated probabilities are then used in making decisions at the individual level. In the past, there has been controversy about whether the probabilities derived from group-level calculations can meaningfully be applied to individuals. Using Bayesian hierarchical models applied to a large longitudinal dataset from the court system in the state of Kentucky, we analyse variation in individual-level probabilities of failing to appear for court and the extent to which it is captured by covariates. We find that individuals within the same risk group vary widely in their probability of the outcome. In practice, this means that allocating individuals to risk groups based on standard approaches to risk assessment, in large part, results in creating distinctions among individuals who are not meaningfully different in terms of their likelihood of the outcome. This is because uncertainty about the probability that any particular individual will fail to appear is large relative to the difference in average probabilities among any reasonable set of risk groups.
Moral distress experienced by care leaders’ in older adult care: A qualitative study
Authors: Ahokas Fanny , Hemberg Jessica 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundMany healthcare professionals have left their professions recently because of increased moral distress, and the COVID‐19 pandemic has had a further major impact on the ever‐changing healthcare environment.AimThe purpose of the study was to examine care leaders’ experiences of moral distress in their daily work in older adult care.MethodologyA qualitative design was used. The data consisted of texts from interviews with care leaders (N = 8) in an older adult care context. Content analysis was used to analyse the data.FindingsFive themes emerged: (1) moral distress arises from a lack of time, (2) moral distress contributes to a sense of inadequacy but also a sense of responsibility, (3) moral distress arises from an imbalance in values, (4) increased knowledge and open discussion help reduce moral distress and (5) reflection, increased support and increased resources can reduce moral distress.ConclusionMoral distress is something that care leaders, according to this study, experience daily in an older adult care context and it is considered to have increased. Care leaders can experience moral distress from a lack of time; patient‐related, relative‐related or other ethically difficult situations or an imbalance between own values and an organisation's, other caregivers’, patients’ and/or patients’ relatives values. Increased staffing resources, more knowledge (training and lectures) and time for reflection individually, in groups or with an outside expert could increase care leaders’ insights into and ability to reduce moral distress. Although situations that are characterised by moral distress are burdensome, care leaders have the opportunity to learn from such situations through reflection and discussion and can develop strategies for future ethical challenges. Future research could focus on exploring caregivers’ experiences of moral distress.
Influence of muscle‐belly and tendon gearing on the energy cost of human walking
Authors: Monte Andrea , Tecchio Paolo , Nardello Francesca , Bachero‐Mena Beatriz , Ardigò Luca Paolo , Zamparo Paola 
Published: February 2022

This study combines metabolic and kinematic measurements at the whole‐body level, with EMG and ultrasound measurements to investigate the influence of muscle‐tendon mechanical behavior on the energy cost (Cnet) of walking (from 2 to 8 km·h−1). Belly gearing (Gb = Δmuscle‐belly length/Δfascicles length) and tendon gearing (Gt = ∆muscle‐tendon unit length/∆muscle‐belly length) of vastus lateralis (VL) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) were calculated based on ultrasound data. Pendular energy recovery (%R) was calculated based on kinematic data, whereas the cumulative activity per distance travelled (CMAPD) was calculated for the VL, GM, tibialis anterior, and biceps femoris as the ratio between their EMG activity and walking speed. Finally, total CAMPD (CMAPDTOT) was calculated as the sum of the CMAPD of all the investigate muscles. Cnet and CMAPDTOT showed a U‐shaped behavior with a minimum at 4.2 and 4.1 km·h−1, respectively; while %R, VL, and GM belly gearing showed an opposite trend, reaching a maximum (60% ± 5%, 1.1 ± 0.1 and 1.5 ± 0.1, respectively), between 4.7 and 5 km·h−1. Gt was unaffected by speed in GM (3.5 ± 0.1) and decreased as a function of it in VL. A multiple stepwise linear regression indicated that %R has the greatest influence on Cnet, followed by CMAPDTOT and GM belly gearing. The role of Gb on Cnet could be attributed to its role in determining muscle work: when Gb increases, fascicles shortening decreases compared with that of the muscle‐belly, thereby reducing the energy cost of contraction.
Correctional rehabilitation and positive psychology: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Morse Stephanie J. , Wright Kevin A. , Klapow Max 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAt this point it is clear that the pursuit of the rehabilitative ideal is stitched into the DNA of American corrections. However, in our collective quest to establish and defend ‘what works,’ correctional rehabilitation has lingered in a state of preoccupation with risks, deficits, and individual pathology. The framework of Positive Psychology provides an alluring blueprint for an approach to correctional rehabilitation where people are not considered different humans who are reduced to their deficits and their worst decisions. In the current paper we explore the possibilities of incorporating the principles of Positive Psychology into correctional rehabilitation to help promote a notion of correctional success that is more dynamic, humanizing, and inclusive. We begin by discussing the development, progression, and current state of correctional rehabilitation. We then turn to discussing the development, progression, and current state of Positive Psychology, suggesting that there is a missed opportunity in applying its principles to people who are impacted by the criminal justice system. We conclude with a section discussing the opportunities and challenges of bringing correctional rehabilitation and Positive Psychology together.
Superhydrophobic Cobalt–Graphene Composite for the Corrosion Protection of Copper Bipolar Plates in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed E. , Abd-El-Nabey Beshier A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Superhydrophobic cobalt and cobalt–graphene films were fabricated on copper bipolar plates (BPPs) using potentiostatic electrodeposition to improve their corrosion resistance and surface conductivity. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the surface morphology of the prepared superhydrophobic films. The results show that the cobalt film modified by stearic acid (Co-SA) and cobalt–graphene composite modified by stearic acid (Co–G-SA) exhibit micro–nano structures. The results of the Fourier transforming infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer confirm that the copper substrate was coated by Co-SA and Co–G-SA films. The wettability results of the prepared superhydrophobic films demonstrate that the films display superhydrophobicity, where the fabricated Co-SA and Co–G-SA films have contact angles (CAs) of 159 deg and 165 deg, respectively. Chemical stability, mechanical abrasion resistance, surface conductivity, and corrosion resistance in a simulated proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) environment are significantly higher for copper coated by Co–G-SA film. Because the copper coated with Co–G-SA has a low interfacial contact resistance (ICR) value and a high corrosion resistance, it is thought to be a good choice for PEMFC bipolar plates.
Advances in the management of cardioembolic stroke associated with patent foramen ovale
Authors: Mac Grory Brian , Ohman E Magnus , Feng Wuwei , Xian Ying , Yaghi Shadi , Kamel Hooman , Reznik Michael E 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTPatent foramen ovale (PFO) describes a valve in the interatrial septum that permits shunting of blood or thrombotic material between the atria. PFOs are present in approximately 25% of the healthy population and are not associated with any pathology in the vast majority of cases. However, comparisons between patients with stroke and healthy controls suggest that PFOs may be causative of stroke in certain patients whose stroke is otherwise cryptogenic. Options for the diagnosis of PFO include transthoracic echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. PFOs associated with an interatrial septal aneurysm seem to be more strongly linked to risk of recurrent stroke. Therapeutic options for secondary stroke prevention in the setting of a PFO include antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulation, and percutaneous device closure. Recent randomized clinical trials suggest that percutaneous closure reduces the subsequent risk of stroke in appropriately selected patients, with a large relative benefit but small absolute benefit. Referral for percutaneous PFO closure should therefore be considered in certain patients after a multidisciplinary, patient centered discussion. Areas for future study include structural biomarkers to aid in determining the role of PFO closure in older people with possible PFO associated stroke, the role of direct oral anticoagulants, and very long term outcomes after device closure.
Physical therapy and orthopaedic equipment-induced reduction in the biomechanical risk factors related to knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Huang Xi-Meng , Yuan Fu-Zhen , Chen You-Rong , Huang Ying , Yang Ze-Xi , Lin Lin , Yu Jia-Kuo 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveAre physical therapy or orthopaedic equipment efficacious in reducing the biomechanical risk factors in people with tibiofemoral osteoarthritis (OA)? Is there a better therapeutic intervention than others to improve these outcomes?DesignSystematic review with network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomised trials.Data sourcesPubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase and MEDLINE were searched through January 2021.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesWe included randomised controlled trials exploring the benefits of using physical therapy or orthopaedic equipment in reducing the biomechanical risk factors which included knee adduction moment (KAM) and knee adduction angular impulse (KAAI) in individuals with tibiofemoral OA.Data extraction and synthesisTwo authors extracted data independently and assessed risk of bias. We conducted an NMA to compare multiple interventions, including both direct and indirect evidences. Heterogeneity was assessed (sensitivity analysis) and quantified (I2statistic). Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation assessed the certainty of the evidence.ResultsEighteen randomised controlled trials, including 944 participants, met the inclusion criteria, of which 14 trials could be included in the NMA. Based on the collective probability of being the overall best therapy for reducing the first peak KAM, lateral wedge insoles (LWI) plus knee brace was closely followed by gait retraining, and knee brace only. Although no significant difference was observed among the eight interventions, variable-stiffness shoes and neuromuscular exercise exhibited an increase in the first peak KAM compared with the control condition group. And based on the collective probability of being the overall best therapy for reducing KAAI, gait retraining was followed by LWI only, and lower limb exercise.ConclusionThe results of our study support the use of LWI plus knee brace for reducing the first peak KAM. Gait retraining did not rank highest but it influenced both KAM and KAAI and therefore it was the most recommended therapy for reducing the biomechanical risk factors.
Citation impact and social media visibility of Great Barrington and John Snow signatories for COVID-19 strategy
Authors: Ioannidis John P 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveThe Great Barrington Declaration (GBD) and the John Snow Memorandum (JSM), each signed by numerous scientists, have proposed hotly debated strategies for handling the COVID-19 pandemic. The current analysis aimed to examine whether the prevailing narrative that GBD is a minority view among experts is true.MethodsThe citation impact and social media presence of the key GBD and JSM signatories was assessed. Citation data were obtained from Scopus using a previously validated composite citation indicator that incorporated also coauthorship and author order and ranking was against all authors in the same Science-Metrix scientific field with at least five full papers. Random samples of scientists from the longer lists of signatories were also assessed. The number of Twitter followers for all key signatories was also tracked.ResultsAmong the 47 key GBD signatories, 20, 19 and 21, respectively, were top-cited authors for career impact, recent single-year (2019) impact or either. For comparison, among the 34 key JSM signatories, 11, 14 and 15, respectively, were top cited. Key signatories represented 30 different scientific fields (9 represented in both documents, 17 only in GBD and 4 only in JSM). In a random sample of n=30 scientists among the longer lists of signatories, five in GBD and three in JSM were top cited. By April 2021, only 19/47 key GBD signatories had personal Twitter accounts versus 34/34 of key JSM signatories; 3 key GBD signatories versus 10 key JSM signatories had >50 000 Twitter followers and extraordinary Kardashian K-indices (363–2569). By November 2021, four key GBD signatories versus 13 key JSM signatories had >50 000 Twitter followers.ConclusionsBoth GBD and JSM include many stellar scientists, but JSM has far more powerful social media presence and this may have shaped the impression that it is the dominant narrative.
Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among primary healthcare patients in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area: the SeroCAP sentinel network protocol
Authors: Sentís Alexis , Torán Pere , Esperalba Juliana , Agustí Cristina , Ángel Munoz Miguel , Fernández Gema , Dopico Eva , Salvador-González Betlem , González Maria Victoria , Bordas Anna , Antón Andrés , Violan Concepció , Montoro-Fernández Marcos , Aceiton Jordi , Egea-Cortés Laia , Alonso Lucía , Dacosta-Aguayo Rosalia , Calatayud Laura , Lejardi Yolanda , Mendioroz Jacobo , Basora Josep , Reyes-Urueña Juliana , Casabona Jordi 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionSARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies are currently being recommended and implemented in many countries. Forming part of the COVID-19 monitoring and evaluation plan of the Catalan Government Health Department, our network aims to initiate a primary healthcare sentinel monitoring system as a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2 exposure in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area.Methods and analysisThe seroCAP is a serial cross-sectional study, which will be performed in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area to estimate antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. From February 2021 to March 2022, the detection of serum IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike protein will be performed on a monthly basis in blood samples collected for diverse clinical purposes in three reference hospitals from the three Barcelona healthcare areas (BCN areas). The samples (n=2588/month) will be from patients attended by 30 primary healthcare teams at 30 basic healthcare areas (BHA). A lab software algorithm will systematically select the samples by age and sex. Seroprevalence will be estimated and monitored by age, sex, BCN area and BHA. Descriptive and cluster analysis of the characteristics and distribution of SARS-CoV-2 infections will be performed. Sociodemographic, socioeconomic and morbidity-associated factors will be determined using logistic regression. We will explore the association between seroprevalence, SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases and the implemented measures using interrupted time series analysis.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the University Institute Foundation for Primary Health Care Research Jordi Gol i Gurina ethics committee. An informed consent is not required regarding the approval of the secondary use of biological samples within the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic. A report will be generated quarterly. The final analysis, conclusions and recommendations will be shared with the stakeholders and communicated to the general public. Manuscripts resulting from the network will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals.
Protocol for the development of a core outcome set for stillbirth care research (iCHOOSE Study)
Authors: Bakhbakhi Danya , Fraser Abigail , Siasakos Dimitris , Hinton Lisa , Davies Anna , Merriel Abi , Duffy James M N , Redshaw Maggie , Lynch Mary , Timlin Laura , Flenady Vicki , Heazell Alexander Edward , Downe Soo , Slade Pauline , Brookes Sara , Wojcieszek Aleena , Murphy Margaret , de Oliveira Salgado Heloisa , Pollock Danielle , Aggarwal Neelam , Attachie Irene , Leisher Susannah , Kihusa Wanijiru , Mulley Kate , Wimmer Lindsey ,   UK iCHOOSE parent involvement group, Burden Christy 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionStillbirth is associated with significant physical, psychosocial and economic consequences for parents, families, wider society and the healthcare system. There is emerging momentum to design and evaluate interventions for care after stillbirth and in subsequent pregnancies. However, there is insufficient evidence to inform clinical practice compounded by inconsistent outcome reporting in research studies. To address this paucity of evidence, we plan to develop a core outcome set for stillbirth care research, through an international consensus process with key stakeholders including parents, healthcare professionals and researchers.Methods and analysisThe development of this core outcome set will be divided into five distinct phases: (1) Identifying potential outcomes from a mixed-methods systematic review and analysis of interviews with parents who have experienced stillbirth; (2) Creating a comprehensive outcome long-list and piloting of a Delphi questionnaire using think-aloud interviews; (3) Choosing the most important outcomes by conducting an international two-round Delphi survey including high-income, middle-income and low-income countries; (4) Deciding the core outcome set by consensus meetings with key stakeholders and (5) Dissemination and promotion of the core outcome set. A parent and public involvement panel and international steering committee has been convened to coproduce every stage of the development of this core outcome set.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for the qualitative interviews has been approved by Berkshire Ethics Committee REC Reference 12/SC/0495. Ethical approval for the think-aloud interviews, Delphi survey and consensus meetings has been awarded from the University of Bristol Faculty of Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee (Reference number: 116535). The dissemination strategy is being developed with the parent and public involvement panel and steering committee. Results will be published in peer-reviewed specialty journals, shared at national and international conferences and promoted through parent organisations and charities.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018087748.
Digital auscultation as a novel childhood pneumonia diagnostic tool for community clinics in Sylhet, Bangladesh: protocol for a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ahmed Salahuddin , Mitra Dipak Kumar , Nair Harish , Cunningham Steven , Khan Ahad Mahmud , Islam ASMD Ashraful , McLane Ian Mitra , Chowdhury Nabidul Haque , Begum Nazma , Shahidullah Mohammod , Islam Muhammad Shariful , Norrie John , Campbell Harry , Sheikh Aziz , Baqui Abdullah H , McCollum Eric D 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionThe WHO’s Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) algorithm for diagnosis of child pneumonia relies on counting respiratory rate and observing respiratory distress to diagnose childhood pneumonia. IMCI case defination for pneumonia performs with high sensitivity but low specificity, leading to overdiagnosis of child pneumonia and unnecessary antibiotic use. Including lung auscultation in IMCI could improve specificity of pneumonia diagnosis. Our objectives are: (1) assess lung sound recording quality by primary healthcare workers (HCWs) from under-5 children with the Feelix Smart Stethoscope and (2) determine the reliability and performance of recorded lung sound interpretations by an automated algorithm compared with reference paediatrician interpretations.Methods and analysisIn a cross-sectional design, community HCWs will record lung sounds of ~1000 under-5-year-old children with suspected pneumonia at first-level facilities in Zakiganj subdistrict, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Enrolled children will be evaluated for pneumonia, including oxygen saturation, and have their lung sounds recorded by the Feelix Smart stethoscope at four sequential chest locations: two back and two front positions. A novel sound-filtering algorithm will be applied to recordings to address ambient noise and optimise recording quality. Recorded sounds will be assessed against a predefined quality threshold. A trained paediatric listening panel will classify recordings into one of the following categories: normal, crackles, wheeze, crackles and wheeze or uninterpretable. All sound files will be classified into the same categories by the automated algorithm and compared with panel classifications. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values, of the automated algorithm will be assessed considering the panel’s final interpretation as gold standard.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol was approved by the National Research Ethics Committee of Bangladesh Medical Research Council, Bangladesh (registration number: 09630012018) and Academic and Clinical Central Office for Research and Development Medical Research Ethics Committee, Edinburgh, UK (REC Reference: 18-HV-051). Dissemination will be through conference presentations, peer-reviewed journals and stakeholder engagement meetings in Bangladesh.Trial registration numberNCT03959956.