bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Janus‐like BxC/C Quantum Sheets with Z‐Scheme Mechanism Strengthen Tumor Photothermal‐Immunotherapy in NIR‐II Biowindow
Authors: Lu Shi‐Yu , Wang Jingjing , Wang Xingyue , Yang Wenting , Jin Meng , Xu Luen , Yang Huawei , Ge Xiaoxiao , Shang Changshuai , Chao Yuguang , Zhou Lei , Yin Kun , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin , Cao Yang , Ran Haitao , Guo Shaojun , Liu Hui 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCarbon dots (CDs) are one of the most popular photothermal agents (PTAs) as a noninvasive strategy for tumor treatment. However, because of the inherent dominant fluorescent emission, the CDs‐based PTAs hardly achieve a single photothermal conversion, which causes low photothermal conversion efficiency and poor photothermal performance. In this regard, finding a new CDs‐based material system to greatly restrain its fluorescence to enhance its photothermal conversion efficiency is highly required, however, it is still a grand challenge. Herein, a kind of Z‐scheme CDs‐based PTAs consisting of 2D ultrathin nonmetallic BxC/C Janus quantum sheets (BxC/C JQSs) is reported to greatly enhance the photothermal conversion efficiency. It is demonstrated that the heterogeneous growth of Z‐scheme BxC/C JQSs enables the NIR‐driven quick injection of hot electrons from C into the conjugated BxC, realizing a single conversion of light to heat, and resulting in a high photothermal conversion of 60.0% in NIR‐II. Furthermore, these new Z‐scheme BxC/C‐polyethylene glycol JQSs display outstanding biocompatibility and show effective tumor elimination outcome both in vitro and in vivo through the synergistic photothermal‐immunotherapy in the NIR‐II biowindow with undetectable harm to normal tissues.
Photothermally Crumpled MoS2 Film as an Omnidirectionally Stretchable Platform
Authors: Park Seoungwoong , Song Jaekwang , Kim Tae Kyung , Choi Kwang‐Hun , Hyeong Seok‐Ki , Ahn Minchul , Kim Hwa Rang , Bae Sukang , Lee Seoung‐Ki , Hong Byung Hee 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMolybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is considered a fascinating material for next‐generation semiconducting applications due to its outstanding mechanical stability and direct transition characteristics comparable to silicon. However, its application to stretchable platforms still is a challenging issue in wearable logic devices and sensors with noble form‐factors required for future industry. Here, an omnidirectionally stretchable MoS2 platform with laser‐induced strained structures is demonstrated. The laser patterning induces the pyrolysis of MoS2 precursors as well as the weak adhesion between Si and SiO2 layers. The photothermal expansion of the Si layer results in the crumpling of SiO2 and MoS2 layers and the field‐effect transistors with the crumpled MoS2 are found to be suitable for strain sensor applications. The electrical performance of the crumpled MoS2 depends on the degree of stretching, showing the stable omnidirectional stretchability up to 8% with approximately four times higher saturation current than its initial state. This platform is expected to be applied to future electronic devices, sensors, and so on.
Highly Sensitive Exosome Detection for Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer Using Immunoassay Based on Hierarchical Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate
Authors: Li Juan , Li Yanru , Chen Shuai , Duan Weili , Kong Xue , Wang Yunshan , Zhou Lianqun , Li Peilong , Zhang Chengpeng , Du Lutao , Wang Chuanxin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractExosomes have emerged as potential biomarkers for pancreatic cancer (PaC). However, it is still challenging to get quantitative detection of exosomes with the specific surface receptors. In this study, a highly sensitive detection system is first constructed for the direct quantitation of specific exosomes in real samples using hierarchical surface‐enhanced Raman scattering substrate (H‐SERS substrate) and rapid enrichment strategy magnetic beads @ exosomes @ SERS detection probes (MEDP). It is found that the detection system (MEDP @ H‐SERS substrate) could provide a 3.5 times higher SERS intensity compared with MEDP sandwich immunocomplex only. Moreover, LRG1‐positive exosomes (LRG1‐Exos) and GPC1‐positive exosomes (GPC1‐Exos) are chosen to distinguish PaC through exosome proteomics and database screening. The lower limit of detection (LOD) is 15 particles µL‐1 using the MEDP @ H‐SERS substrate. Significantly, the detection in clinical samples shows that the innovative combination of LRG1‐Exos and GPC1‐Exos could improve the diagnostic efficiency of PaC, with an area under the operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.95. Even for the early‐stage PaC, the diagnostic accuracy is still high (AUC = 0.95). Collectively, the findings indicate that the MEDP @ H‐SERS substrate has great potential for the early diagnosis of PaC.
Mono‐ and bis‐edaravone adducts formed in the presence of vanillin in an aqueous solution
Authors: Regnault Romain , Kouach Mostafa , Goossens Laurence , Thuru Xavier , Bailly Christian , Goossens Jean‐François 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEdaravone is an antioxidant drug used for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Edaravone has been shown to react with aldehydes, such as 6‐formylpterin. We investigated the reaction of edaravone with vanillin (used as a model aromatic aldehyde) to evidence the reaction products formed in an aqueous solution. Mono‐ and bis‐adducts vanillin‐(edaravone)1‐2 were characterized by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry. Kinetic analysis revealed that the bis‐adduct vanillin‐(edaravone)2 formed more intensely and more rapidly than the mono‐adduct vanillin‐(edaravone)1. Decay rates of 2.4 and 3.4 μM/min were calculated for vanillin and edaravone, respectively. The Michael addition of a second edaravone molecule onto the vanillin‐(edaravone)1 hybrid corresponds to a facile reaction compared to the initial Knoevenagel‐type condensation between edaravone and vanillin. However, the bis‐adduct vanillin‐(edaravone)2 can decompose in solution to provide the mono‐adduct and regenerate small amounts of edaravone and vanillin. The regeneration of vanillin from vanillin‐(edaravone)2 was kinetically characterized. We compared the condensation of edaravone with fifteen aromatic aldehydes, to show that only vanillin and 3‐methoxy‐benzaldehyde can react easily with edaravone, the other aromatic aldehydes being less or not reactive. The study opens perspectives to apprehend the reactivity of edaravone with biologically relevant aldehydes.
Direct Quantification of Ligand‐Induced Lipid and Protein Microdomains with Distinctive Signaling Properties**
Authors: Wirth Daniel , Paul Michael D. , Pasquale Elena B. , Hristova Kalina 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLipid rafts are ordered lipid domains that are enriched in saturated lipids, such as the ganglioside GM1. While lipid rafts are believed to exist in cells and to serve as signaling platforms through their enrichment in signaling components, they have not been directly observed in the plasma membrane without treatments that artificially cluster GM1 into large lattices. Here, we report that microscopic GM1‐enriched domains can form in the plasma membrane of live mammalian cells expressing the EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase in response to its ligand ephrinA1‐Fc. The GM1‐enriched microdomains form concomitantly with EphA2‐enriched microdomains. To gain insight into how plasma membrane heterogeneity controls signaling, we quantify the degree of EphA2 segregation and study initial EphA2 signaling steps in both EphA2‐enriched and EphA2‐depleted domains. By measuring dissociation constants, we demonstrate that the propensity of EphA2 to oligomerize is similar in EphA2‐enriched and ‐depleted domains. However, surprisingly, EphA2 interacts preferentially with its downstream effector SRC in EphA2‐depleted domains. The ability to induce microscopic GM1‐enriched domains in live cells using a ligand for a transmembrane receptor will give us unprecedented opportunities to study the biophysical chemistry of lipid rafts.
From farm to fork: The difficult journey of healthy food
Authors: Ginanneschi Marco 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe new European “Farm to Fork” Strategy has been praised for addressing the issue of the long‐run sustainability of the food system. In this document, the link between human and planetary health is often recalled. However, consumers' aspiration to healthy food is dealt with only superficially. This article analyzes and challenges the position assumed by the European Commission on this topic, using a holistic and transdisciplinary approach to food, called pantrophy. Drawing on several disciplines beyond food science and economics, the author argues that health is not only a question of diet. As a social fact, healthy food is a blend of moral dilemma, a luxury, a fashion item, an object of desire, and a sign of distinction. Therefore, it will hardly become cheap and easily available, as suggested by the Strategy. For the same reason, even the market mechanism envisaged to spread healthier eating habits might prove ineffective. The author calls for a radical change of the European policy in order to ensure that access to healthy food does not become unjust, discriminatory, and a cause of social conflict. The challenge consists in shifting part of the governmental institutions' effort from changing consumption styles to guaranteeing the intrinsic quality of food at its source.
Reconstruction of the Hippocampus
Authors: Romani Armando , Schürmann Felix , Markram Henry , Migliore Michele 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe hippocampus is a widely studied brain region thought to play an important role in higher cognitive functions such as learning, memory, and navigation. The amount of data on this region increases every day and delineates a complex and fragmented picture, but an integrated understanding of hippocampal function remains elusive. Computational methods can help to move the research forward, and reconstructing a full-scale model of the hippocampus is a challenging yet feasible task that the research community should undertake.In this chapter, we present strategies for reconstructing a large-scale model of the hippocampus. Based on a previously published approach to reconstruct and simulate brain tissue, which is also explained in Chap.10, we discuss the characteristics of the hippocampus in the light of its special anatomical and physiological features, data availability, and existing large-scale hippocampus models. A large-scale model of the hippocampus is a compound model of several building blocks: ion channels, morphologies, single cell models, connections, synapses. We discuss each of those building blocks separately and discuss how to merge them back and simulate the resulting network model.
Distributed Control for Conservation Laws
Authors: Bayen Alexandre , Monache Maria Laura Delle , Garavello Mauro , Goatin Paola , Piccoli Benedetto 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on control of systems of conservation laws with distributed parameters. Problem with different parameterized fluxes is addressed: in particular, we deal with cases where the control is the maximal speed and look for continuous dependence of the solution on parameters.
Control Problems for Hamilton-Jacobi Equations Co-authored by Alexander Keimer
Authors: Bayen Alexandre , Monache Maria Laura Delle , Garavello Mauro , Goatin Paola , Piccoli Benedetto 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, we introduce Hamilton-Jacobi PDEs. These PDEs are related to conservation laws and their solutions are the anti-derivative (in space) of the Entropy solutions of the corresponding conservation law, given that some assumptions are satisfied.
Do Targeted R&D Grants toward SMEs Increase Employment and Demand for High Human Capital Workers?
Authors: Daunfeldt Sven-Olov , Halvarsson Daniel , Tingvall Patrik Gustavsson , McKelvie Alexander 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMost previous studies on the employment effects of government R&D grants targeting SMEs are characterized by data-, measurement-, and selection problems, making it difficult to construct a relevant control group of firms that did not receive an R&D grant. We investigate the effects on employment and firm-level demand for high human capital workers of two Swedish programs targeted toward growth-oriented SMEs using Coarsened Exact Matching. Our most striking result is the absence of any statistically significant effects. We find no robust evidence that the targeted R&D grant programs had any positive and statistically significant effects on the number of employees recruited into these SMEs, or that the grants are associated with an increase in the demand for high human capital workers. The lack of statistically significant findings is troublesome considering that government support programs require a positive impact to cover the administrative costs associated with these programs.
The Digital Platform Economy and the Entrepreneurial State: A European Dilemma
Authors: Acs Zoltan J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe application of big data, new algorithms, and cloud computing is creating a digital platform economy (DPE) built around platform organizations and their platform-based ecosystem. We use the DPE Index to examine Europe’s digital efficiency across countries and explain its global position by analyzing Brexit and the electric vehicle industry. We argue that the United Kingdom left the European Union because E.U. regulations were holding back the U.K.’s strong DPE and that a weak DPE is holding German back from being a leader in the electric vehicle industry. The problem for Europe’s DPE is that the entrepreneurial state is strong and the private sector is weak.
An Effectual Analysis of Markets and States
Authors: Sarasvathy Saras D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEntrepreneurial expertise consists in nonpredictive heuristics grouped under the rubric of effectuation. The principles and process of effectuation specify ways to tackle multiple uncertainties, allowing the cocreation of innovative upsides even without large, upfront investments. In focusing attention on the differences between risk and uncertainty, effectuation compels us to rethink the familiar relationships between risk and reward. Entrepreneurs and their stakeholders self-select into the effectual process not only to build products and ventures but also to reshape their environments, including markets and states. An effectual perspective, therefore, offers new frameworks to analyze the role of markets and states in innovation, especially in shaping and choosing goals worth pursuing in the face of complex interacting uncertainties. Additionally, it suggests that the question, “What are we willing to live with if we get it wrong?” has to become a larger part of the public discourse than it is today.
EDM of Ti6Al4V under nano-graphene mixed dielectric: a detailed roughness analysis
Authors: Ishfaq Kashif , Maqsood Muhammad Asad , Anwar Saqib , Harris Muhammad , Alfaify Abdullah , Zia Abdul Wasy 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSurface finish has an essential role in superior performance of machined products which becomes crucial for sophisticated applications like invasive biomedical implants and aerospace components. Ti6Al4V is popular in these applications due to its exceptional characteristics of weight-to-strength ratio. However, Ti6Al4V is a difficult-to-cut material; therefore, non-traditional cutting techniques especially, electric discharge machining (EDM), are widely adopted for Ti6Al4V cutting. The engagement of nano-powders are used to upsurge the cutting rate and surface quality. Among the different powders, a novel nano-powder additive, i.e., graphene, has not been tested in EDM of Ti6Al4V. Therefore, the potential of nano-graphene is comprehensively investigated herein for roughness perspective in EDM of Ti-alloy. The experimental design is based on Taguchi L18 orthogonal framework which includes six EDM parameters. The experimental findings are thoroughly discussed with statistical tests and physical evidence. The surface quality achieved with an aluminum electrode was found best amongst its competitors, whereas the worst surface asperities were noticed when brass electrode was used under graphene mixed dielectric. Moreover, it is conceived that the positive tool polarity provides lower roughness for all types of electrodes. Furthermore, optimal settings have been developed that warrant a reduction of 61.4% in the machined specimen’s roughness compared to the average roughness value recorded during the experimentation.
In vitro measurements of radiation exposure with different modalities (computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography) for imaging the petrous bone with a pediatric anthropomorphic phantom
Authors: Steiniger Beatrice , Lechel Ursula , Reichenbach Jürgen R. , Fiebich Martin , Aschenbach Rene , Schegerer Alexander , Waginger Matthias , Bobeva Anelyia , Teichgräber Ulf , Mentzel Hans-Joachim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Various imaging modalities, such as multi-detector computed tomography (CT) and cone beam CT are commonly used in infants for the diagnosis of hearing loss and surgical planning of implantation hearing aid devices, with differing results.

Objective
We compared three different imaging modalities available in our institution, including a high-class CT scanner, a mid-class CT scanner and an angiography system with a cone beam CT option, for image quality and radiation exposure in a phantom study.

Materials and methods
While scanning an anthropomorphic phantom imitating a 1-year-old child with vendor-provided routine protocols, organ doses, surface doses and effective doses were determined for these three modalities with thermoluminescent dosimeters. The image quality was evaluated using the signal difference to noise ratio (SDNR) and the spatial resolution of a line-pair insert in the phantom head. The dose efficiency, defined as the ratio of SDNR and effective dose, was also compared.

Results
The organ and surface doses were lowest with the high-class CT protocol, but the image quality was the worst. Image quality was best with the cone beam CT protocol, which, however, had the highest radiation exposure in this study, whereas the mid-class CT was in between.

Conclusion
Based on our results, high-end CT should be used for surgical planning because it has the lowest dose, while the image quality is still sufficient for this purpose. However, if highest image quality is needed and required, e.g., by ENT surgeons, the other modalities should be considered.
Syringing has limited reliability in differentiating nasolacrimal duct stenosis from functional delay
Authors: Shapira Yinon , Juniat Valerie , Macri Carmelo , Selva Dinesh 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Purpose
To elucidate the role of syringing in assessing nasolacrimal duct (NLD) stenosis and non-anatomical functional NLD delay.

Methods
Consecutive adult patients with epiphora attending a tertiary lacrimal clinic from June 2011 to March 2021 were reviewed. Cases with evidence of canalicular stenosis or other identifiable causes of epiphora were excluded. Following syringing, patients were investigated with dacryocystography (DCG) and dacryoscintigraphy (DSG). The sensitivity and specificity of syringing were evaluated using the combined findings on DCG and DSG.

Results
A total of 289 symptomatic lacrimal systems (197 patients; mean age 65.5 ± 14.9 years, 66% females) were included. More than one-third of cases with both normal DCG and DSG were noted to have some degree of reflux on syringing (specificity = 65.1%, 95% CI 50.2–77.6%). The sensitivities were considerably low for NLD stenosis (i.e., stenosis on DCG and delay on DSG) and for functional NLD delay (i.e., normal DCG and delay on DSG), of which 43.7% (95% CI 32.2–55.9%) and 54.3% (95% CI 45.7–62.7%) had full patency on syringing, respectively (p = 0.17).

Conclusions
Full patency on syringing was unreliable for ruling out NLD stenosis and functional delay. Furthermore, a positive syringing may be associated with functional NLD delay and cannot reliably differentiate it from stenosis.
Minimum Hitting Set of Interval Bundles Problem: Computational Complexity and Approximability
Authors: Gottschau Marinus , Leichter Marilena 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe minimum hitting set of bundles problem (Mhsb) is a natural generalization of the minimum hitting set problem, where instead of hitting single elements, bundles of elements are hit. More specifically, we are given a ground set of elements and a family of sets. Every set in this family contains bundles of elements, which are subsets of the ground set. The task is to find a collection of elements of minimum size such that at least one bundle of every set in the family is hit. Motivated by several applications, we consider Mhsb restricted to interval and 2-dimensional interval bundles. We study the computational complexity and give polynomial-time algorithms for several classes of instances with these special structured bundles.
Computational model predicts risk of spinal screw loosening in patients
Authors: Fasser Marie-Rosa , Gerber Gabriela , Passaplan Caroline , Cornaz Frédéric , Snedeker Jess G. , Farshad Mazda , Widmer Jonas 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Pedicle screw loosening is a frequent complication in lumbar spine fixation, most commonly among patients with poor bone quality. Determining patients at high risk for insufficient implant stability would allow clinicians to adapt the treatment accordingly. The aim of this study was to develop a computational model for quantitative and reliable assessment of the risk of screw loosening.

Methods
A cohort of patient vertebrae with diagnosed screw loosening was juxtaposed to a control group with stable fusion. Imaging data from the two cohorts were used to generate patient-specific biomechanical models of lumbar instrumented vertebral bodies. Single-level finite element models loading the screw in axial or caudo-cranial direction were generated. Further, multi-level models incorporating individualized joint loading were created.

Results
The simulation results indicate that there is no association between screw pull-out strength and the manifestation of implant loosening (p = 0.8). For patient models incorporating multiple instrumented vertebrae, CT-values and stress in the bone were significantly different between loose screws and non-loose screws (p = 0.017 and p = 0.029, for CT-values and stress, respectively). However, very high distinction (p = 0.001) and predictability (R2Pseudo = 0.358, AUC = 0.85) were achieved when considering the relationship between local bone strength and the predicted stress (loading factor). Screws surrounded by bone with a loading factor higher than 25% were likely to be loose, while the chances of screw loosening were close to 0 with a loading factor below 15%.

Conclusion
The use of a biomechanics-based score for risk assessment of implant fixation failure might represent a paradigm shift in addressing screw loosening after spondylodesis surgery.