bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voice Tremor
Authors: Xavier Laura de Lima , Simonyan Kristina 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Voice tremor is one of the most common and arguably most socially debilitating forms of tremor as it significantly impairs daily communication and social interactions of an affected individual. It is, however, clinically under-evaluated, partially due to unclear voice tremor classification and challenges with its differential diagnosis. While the understanding of the voice tremor is still being developed, in this chapter we define it as a symptom present in a spectrum of neurological disorders. We focus on essential tremor and laryngeal dystonia where voice tremor represents one of the common symptoms and briefly discuss voice tremor presentations in other neurological disorders. Our goal is to summarize the most recent interdisciplinary developments in voice tremor classification, pathophysiology, and treatment, as well as outline the prospective diagnostic and therapeutic horizons for those who suffer from it.
Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonian Tremor
Authors: Dirkx Michiel F. , Helmich Rick C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTremor is a common symptom of hypokinetic-rigid syndromes such as Parkinson disease. The classical tremor of Parkinson disease is an asymmetric pill-rolling resting tremor of the arms, but postural tremor (including re-emergent and pure postural tremor) and kinetic tremor are also very common. Tremor in atypical parkinsonism is often a symmetric postural tremor that can be jerkier in nature. The pathophysiology of rest tremor in Parkinson disease involves abnormal activity within both the basal ganglia and a cerebello-thalamo-cortical motor circuit, driven by altered dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic projections arising from the midbrain. The dopaminergic basis of Parkinson’s tremor differs markedly between individuals and between clinical tremor phenotypes. Dopaminergic treatment (levodopa and dopamine agonists) is the first-choice treatment for rest and re-emergent tremor in Parkinson disease, and probably also rest tremor in atypical parkinsonism. Other pharmacological options include anticholinergics, beta-blockers, or even clozapine, although evidence for these treatment strategies is limited. Additionally, stereotactic surgery including focal lesioning and deep brain stimulation of both basal ganglia (GPi and STN) and thalamus (ventral intermediate nucleus, VIM) are effective treatments for most types of tremor in Parkinson disease.
Myoclonus
Authors: Merchant Shabbir , Hallett Mark 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Myoclonus and tremor are two distinct categories of hyperkinetic movement disorders with distinctive neurophysiologic characteristics, which can sometimes have overlapping clinical features. In this chapter we describe two such overlap clinical syndromes, namely “cortical tremor” and “palatal tremor.” Cortical tremor is clinically characterized by tremulous movements mainly involving fingers and hands, whereas palatal tremor is characterized by repetitive jerk-like movements of the palatal muscles. On the other hand, the physiologic and pathophysiologic characteristics of cortical and palatal tremor are most consistent with those of cortical and brainstem myoclonus, respectively. Cortical tremor and palatal tremors can thus best be characterized as repetitive myoclonus of cortical and brainstem origin based on objective electrophysiology; however, by virtue of their arrhythmic or semi-rhythmic clinical phenomenology, they are characterized as tremors.
Bulimia nervosa
Authors: McNaught Elizabeth , Treasure Janet , Pollard Nick 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by covering the epidemiology of the bulimia nervosa (BN), and details the biological, psychological, and socio-cultural risk factors. The presentation of the condition is examined, including clinical features and methods for taking a history. Differential diagnosis is outlined, and physical examination and laboratory investigations are explained. Diagnostic criteria are then given. The chapter then moves on to the neurobiological changes associated with BN, and an overview of treatments, both psychological and pharmaceutical. Complications, comorbidities are then outlined, and finally prognosis is discussed.
Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED)
Authors: McNaught Elizabeth , Treasure Janet , Pollard Nick 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) was introduced in 2013 to replace eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). All the subset disorders are eating pathologies that have a significant impact on the patient’s function and/or cause significant distress, but do not fulfil the diagnostic criteria of another eating disorder. This chapter covers atypical anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa of low frequency and/or limited duration, binge eating disorder of low frequency and/or limited duration, purging disorder, and night eating syndrome.
Social epidemiology
Authors: Craig Tom J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSocial epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology that explores how variation in the prevalence and incidence of disease is determined by social factors such as poverty, income inequality, and social capital. This information is useful for planning the delivery of health care and for identifying potential targets for prevention. This chapter examines features of design and measurement in the and discusses key findings in relation to common mental disorders and psychosis. A final section explores how these findings are already informing preventive interventions.
Culture and mental illness
Authors: Watson Cameron , Wijesuriya Rajiv , Bhugra Dinesh 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCultures are an integral part of a person’s life and influence an individual’s social and cognitive development. They can thus contribute to the onset, perpetuation, and outcomes of many psychiatric illnesses. These have a major role in defining abnormal behaviours and deviance, but cultures can also heavily influence pathways to care by influencing explanatory models and resources. In addition, culture moulds an individual’s worldview. Cultures are incipient, with institutions of education, employment, and training having their own microcultures. Individuals learn to navigate these multiple cultural and microidentities in order to achieve their aims. The relationship between the culture and prevalence of various psychiatric disorders is quite complex. Hence, it is important to recognize that cultures have relativist characteristics rather than universalist, although some features may be common in designing, developing, and delivering services. The role of culture in mental illness is described in this chapter.
Culture and identity
Authors: Berry John W. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFor individual humans, identity is an important aspect of their being. Identity has various components, including both social attributes and personal attributes. Social attributes include gender, class, and ethnicity; personal attributes include age, personality, and other abilities. Social identity has three features: centrality, ingroup affect, and ingroup ties. The distinction between ingroups and outgroups can be particularly important for those who are migrants, refugees, and other minority groups. Identity can be cultural, religious, and place. Identity can also be bicultural or multicultural, and may be integrated. The relationship between identity, acculturation, and well-being is important, and data from studies are reported in this chapter. A knowledge and understanding of individual identities can be used to promote higher levels of well-being.
Globalization and social psychiatry
Authors: Bhavsar Vishal 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Epistemological challenges in understanding the impact of globalization on mental health are reviewed, including in conceptualization and attribution. Something about globalization is inherently social and informs and influences social determinants of mental health as they are currently understood. The literature on globalization provides an important and often overlooked context to conversations within psychiatry on training, practice, and policy. In clinical encounters, phenomenological approaches that raise a conversation with local expressions of modernity and its impact can be helpful for understanding how patients present and how they experience healing. An awareness of the increasingly complex, multilayered and porous boundaries that people experience can help to contextualize global mental health movements, and to broaden the scope and horizon of social psychiatry, which remains ‘national’ in focus.
Gender
Authors: Zanca Federico , Caporusso Edoardo , Giordano Giulia Maria , Galderisi Silvana 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Recently, the interest in gender differences in mental disorders has increased dramatically, both in research and clinical settings. Gender has been defined as a result of socially constructed ideas about the behaviour, actions, and roles that a subject performs. These features contribute to the heterogeneity between women and men in the areas of epidemiology, clinical presentation, functional outcome, and biological features of mental disorders. In this chapter, we summarize the literature regarding gender differences in psychiatric conditions, focusing on epidemiological and clinical aspects, as well as offering a perspective on biological features, that could contribute to determining such differences. Major depressive disorder, anxiety- and trauma-related disorders, borderline personality disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and eating disorders are more frequently diagnosed in women than in men, while antisocial personality disorder, alcohol use, substance use, and conduct disorders are more frequent in men. Overall, women, as compared with men, show a more severe clinical presentation, more comorbidities with other psychiatric conditions, and a higher frequency of an ‘internalizing’ pattern. Men more often present an ‘externalizing’ pattern and comorbidity with substance use and conduct disorders. Genetic studies and magnetic resonance studies suggest gender differences in reaction to stress, which could partially explain the different gender-related features of psychiatric conditions. Despite the presence of an extensive literature, further work is needed in order to achieve an overall vision that integrates social and neurobiological aspects of gender with epidemiological and clinical features, as well as to implement the non-binary concept of gender that is absent in the available literature.
Discrimination and stigma
Authors: Pathare Soumitra , Kapoor Arjun 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDiscrimination and stigma operate as two distinct but concomitant phenomena and, as a result, affect attitudes, behaviours, and policies against underprivileged populations and often those with mental illnesses. Stigma has been defined as the ‘social devaluation’ of an individual or group. This is based on certain characteristics that such an individual or group is identified with and is an outcome of cognitive processes and negative attitudes that lead to rejecting behaviours at physical, social, or psychological levels. Stigma arises from the implicit belief and bias (conscious or unconscious) that individuals with certain undesired characteristics are inferior and therefore unworthy of equal treatment, respect, and dignity. Discrimination entails a range of behaviours, practices, laws, or policies that result in the marginalization of certain individuals or groups in society. It may manifest as unequal treatment, human rights violations, and social exclusion. Discrimination often can be tackled in law; therefore, it is important to understand the role of laws and policies in addressing discrimination. Persons with psychosocial disability are often discriminated against, do not have equal rights, and, in many countries, cannot marry, vote, make a will, or have employment rights. Preventing discrimination requires a range of anti-discrimination laws, policies, and decisions that address specific disadvantages and harms caused to such individuals. This needs a fundamental transformation of existing social structures and the removal of barriers to ensure that people with mental illnesses and consequent psychosocial disabilities have equal rights.
Unemployment and work
Authors: Boardman Jed , Craig Tom J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Work and unemployment play key roles in the health and well-being of individuals and societies. The relational component of work and its susceptibility to wider social, political, and economic forces make it an important focus for social psychiatry. This chapter examines the importance of work for peoples’ mental health and the damaging effects of worklessness. Not all work is health promoting and there is clear evidence for the detrimental effects of poor-quality work environments and precarious employment. Unemployment and poor working environments are not equally distributed across socio-economic groups and contribute to health inequalities. People with mental health conditions, particularly long-term conditions, are disadvantaged in the labour market. Mental health conditions are costly, not only to individuals, but also to the workplace and the economy. Solutions to breaking these unhealthy links are examined from a public health perspective, along with the introduction of evidence-based vocational rehabilitation.
Social media
Authors: Hariman Keith 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSocial media, which includes social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter, and other websites, including YouTube and Pinterest, are used by more than a quarter of the global population. While some social media platforms aim to connect users or provide entertainment to viewers, there has been a plethora of research on social media and its association with mental illnesses. This chapter will outline how social media may have an effect on certain mental conditions, including affective disorders, self-harm and suicide, addiction, and attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder. Given the potential to reach a wide audience, the chapter will further describe how clinicians can make use of social media for the provision of information and research. The caveats of using social media and maintaining an online presence will also be discussed.
Urbanization as the new framework for psychiatry
Authors: Krausz Reinhard M. , Kianpoor Kiana , Jang Kerry , Vigo Daniel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Since 2008, the majority of the global population has been living in metropolitan areas, and the United Nations (UN) predicts that urban areas will account for 64% of the population by 2050. The UN also expects that all population growth up to 2030 will happen in the metropolitan areas with over 15 million inhabitants, especially in Asia and Africa. This polarization of societies is causing a paradigm shift for the rules and social framework for health care and social services to deal with the impact on social development and the way services—especially health care—will be organized. For vulnerable urban populations, the risk of serious mental illness such as psychosis will increase owing to increased stress from living in a more crowded and growing urban environment. Environmental concerns, social frameworks, and housing will be an enormous challenge for the mega-cities of tomorrow. How can psychiatry prepare itself to meet these challenges and its appropriate role of the future?
Social capital
Authors: Rotenberg Martin , McKenzie Kwame 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSocial capital is a theory that attempts to describe societal factors that shape the quality and quantity of our existence. It provides a way of thinking and naming societal forces which impact upon health. Social capital is relevant to social psychiatry because it provides a way to understand complex social processes that affect mental health and illnesses. This chapter discusses whether social capital can prevent or cause mental illness, and what types of social capital have impacts on the rates of mental illness. There have been a number of broad reviews of social capital and mental illness, and more specific reviews, including a focus on the impact of social capital interventions. Although it has been concluded that there is an association between some types of social capital and a lower risk of mental health problems, this conclusion is limited by the quality of the literature and strength of the associations.
Schizophrenia
Authors: Keshavan Matcheri S. , Padmanabhan Jaya 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly disabling, common, complex, and severe psychiatric disorder characterized by impairments in cognition, thinking, perception, emotions, sense of self, social function, and behaviour. Schizophrenia affects as many as 24 million people worldwide. Several decades of research have established that schizophrenia likely results from a complex interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors, and their interaction. Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with possible derailments both in early development, as well as in brain maturation around adolescence involving synaptic refinements. The pathophysiology of schizophrenia involves dopaminergic and other neurotransmitter aberrations, notably in glutamatergic neurons. Widespread alterations are seen in brain circuits that underlie cognition, affect, and behaviour. Despite the progress in our understanding of this illness, treatments remain symptomatic. While dopamine-blocking drugs are still the mainstay of pharmacological treatment, individual and family psychosocial interventions are critically important.
Mental illness in prisoners
Authors: Ryland Howard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There are over 10 million people in prison worldwide at any one time. Rates of mental illness are higher in prison than in the community. There is overlap between the social determinants of incarceration and the aetiology of certain mental disorders. Prisons can be stressful places and this can contribute to the precipitation or exacerbation of mental illness. Suicide and self-harm are serious concerns, which prison authorities should act to prevent. Effective treatments are available, but services for prisoners with mental illness vary considerably. The services that are offered are often inadequate to meet the level of need. Particular groups of prisoners, such as women and older people, have specific mental health needs that should be considered. International guidelines set out basic minimum standards of care and treatment that all prisoners should benefit from.
Mental illness in the family: The view of a family member
Authors: Männikkö Miia , Helin Mari 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWhen an individual is distressed and develops symptoms or illness, often it is the family that is involved in informal care. However, the role of the family is often misunderstood and expectations of their role on the part of professionals can be unrealistic. This chapter describes the process related to both the emotional and cognitive needs of a family member as a carer. This can be seen at three different stages: before, during, and after diagnosis. Mental illness changes the thinking, emotions, and actions the affected individual, and is equally likely to affect the interactional and emotional relationships between them and their carers and family members. Mental health and community-based training for the general public and awareness-raising campaigns can increase the chances of family members identifying mental illness at an earlier stage, thereby reducing severity and improving outcomes.
Social interventions in common mental disorders
Authors: Kelly Brendan D. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSocial environments have a decisive influence on both the global distribution of mental illness and the treatments provided. As a result, social factors need to be considered when planning any form of mental health care: all psychiatry is social. This position is consistent with the fundamental ideas of biopsychosocial psychiatry, which accord great importance to social interventions as part of a comprehensive treatment package for all mental illness. Common mental disorders such as depression and anxiety disorders are widely distributed, exert an enormous burden on populations, and urgently require treatments in all modalities: biological, psychological, and social. There are now growing evidence bases to support the use of psychosocial interventions such as social support, group interventions, psychoeducation, online therapies, family therapy, and bibliotherapy in depression and anxiety. Suicide is also a highly socially patterned phenomenon, and the greatest evidence for suicide prevention relates to interventions at group level, community level or population level that limit access to lethal means (e.g. erecting barriers at potential suicide spots, restricting paracetamol pack sizes, and restricting access to guns). Other measures include removing ligature points in psychiatric hospitals and prisons, early intervention in psychosis, and, possibly, raising more general awareness about suicide. Given the lengthy delays in biological and neuroscientific research delivering new treatments, it is likely that population-level interventions, changes in mental health policies, legislative reforms, and psychosocial treatments hold the most immediate prospects for better care for most mental disorders, including depression and anxiety, over the coming years.
Recovery and the mental health system
Authors: Hare-Duke Laurie , Ng Fiona , Slade Mike 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The concept of recovery, especially related to serious mental illnesses, is of great significance and relevance in rehabilitation processes. The concept itself emerged from two somewhat distinct bodies of knowledge, which have subsequently become known as clinical recovery and personal recovery. Clinical recovery involves permanent remission (i.e. getting back to normal), whereas personal recovery is living as well as possible, irrespective of the presence of symptoms. Personal and clinical recovery are related but distinct. The human rights of people with severe mental illnesses need proper recognition. Peer support among other models can help recovery. A diverse set of approaches is needed to promote personal recovery. This chapter describes various strategies to improve mental health services in order to deliver recovery both at personal and clinical levels. Recovery-based interventions can be successful in housing and employment. Educational approaches to mental health care can help to promote human rights of individuals with mental illnesses.
Mental health in Africa
Authors: Ndetei David , Mutiso Victoria , Musyimi Christine , Alietsi Rita , Kameti Frida 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
On average, the mental health treatment gap in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is 80% versus 35% in high-income countries. This disparity can be accounted for by several factors found in LMICs, including unresponsive health systems, poor human and financial resources, inadequate supply of many medications, stigma, poor awareness, an inadequate legislative framework, and misconceptions and cultural beliefs about mental illness. Africa, and other LMICs, have to develop socioculturally and economically appropriate and sustainable innovations if they are to significantly reduce the treatment gap and move towards mental health for all. These include dialogue that involves all, to determine their own context-appropriate priorities; comprehensive documentation and maximum utilization of all existing community resources; context-appropriate use of technology for critical reach; a multidisciplinary stakeholder approach that goes beyond mental health specialists; global partnerships to discuss on experiences and best practices.