bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rationality of Love
Authors: Naar Hichem 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Rationality of Love addresses the question whether love belongs, paradoxically enough, to the realm of reason, whether love belongs to the class of responses, such as belief and action, that admit of norms of justification and rationality. Are there normative reasons to love someone? Can love be an appropriate or fitting response to an individual? Or is love, like perceptual experiences, sensations, and urges, the sort of thing we just have and for which we cannot be normatively criticizable? Ordinary thinking about love seems to pull us in different directions. On the one hand, love—involving as it does lots of non-rational elements—seems to be a good example of a response we shouldn’t assess in terms of rationality. On the other hand, we find it appropriate or fitting to love certain things and not others, and we are not reluctant to ask ourselves why we love certain people. This book defends the view that love is subject to normative standards by carefully assessing the various answers to the normative question about love and by providing its own solution. An extensive critical discussion of the so-called ‘no-reasons’ view of love is given, which helps uncover important issues to be tackled by any advocate of the rationality of love. In addition, the discussion is informed by the philosophy of normativity, an area often neglected in the debate. All in all, this book provides a systematic and up-to-date discussion of a central issue in the philosophy of love.
The Normativity of Love
Authors: Naar Hichem 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Is love the sort of thing to be justified or rational? Are there reasons to love particular individuals? This chapter introduces the normative question about love. After delineating the phenomenon the book is concerned with, the chapter introduces the distinction between rational and arational responses. It then asks to which category love belongs. Drawing a connection between responses’ normative profile and their nature, the chapter then proposes two broad strategies of response to the normative question. It ends by clarifying the nature of the project and by outlining the book.
Skepticism about Reasons for Love
Authors: Naar Hichem 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The idea that love is an arational response is common. Indeed, it is a natural view to hold in light of some of love’s aspects. Looking closely at these aspects can make a skeptical view about reasons for love look inescapable. This chapter argues that this temptation should be resisted until we have a proper assessment of the view that love is subject to reasons. To this end, it discusses and assesses common arguments for the No-Reasons View of love, showing them to be inconclusive. These arguments do however motivate a crucial desideratum on any view that countenances reasons for love, namely to provide an account of reasons for love that reveal them to be of the right kind to make love fitting or appropriate.
The Decision-Theoretic Case for Intermediate Criminal Verdicts
Authors: Picinali Federico 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies the circumstances under which issuing an intermediate verdict maximises expected value and is, therefore, justified under decision theory. It starts by presenting the well-known decision-theoretic argument for the selection of the standard of proof in a binary verdict system. On the basis of this argument, the chapter identifies the condition for the superiority of an intermediate verdict with respect to acquittal and conviction – or the ‘superiority condition’. To clarify, the chapter shows that, if an intermediate verdict satisfies this condition, there is a probability range such that issuing the verdict when the probability of guilt falls within this range yields higher expected value than acquitting and convicting and is, therefore, justified on decision-theoretic grounds. The chapter draws from the superiority condition – which is a simple mathematical formula – a heuristic for the identification of a concrete superior intermediate verdict. On the basis of this heuristic, the chapter devises an intermediate verdict, called conditional acquittal, that consists in allowing for the retrial of the defendant in the presence of new incriminating evidence with substantial probative value.
Conclusion
Authors: Picinali Federico 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarises the main conclusions reached in the book and raises a series of questions for further research. In particular, it invites theorists of punishment and evidence law scholars to engage with the question of the justification of intermediate criminal verdicts and, more specifically, of the hypothetical intermediate verdict defended in Chapter 4, conditional acquittal. The chapter argues that, while ‘justice in-between’ is surely not a new idea, there is still value in engaging with it.
Domestic Politics and Investor–State Arbitration
Authors: Phillips Williams Zoe 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the argument that domestic political contestation contributes to state actors choosing to pursue policy objectives at the expense of investors’ interests. Following in the tradition of international political economy work on trade, this chapter looks at the contribution of domestic interest groups and political institutions to investor–state arbitration cases. Building on the empirical findings presented in Chapter 2 that cases of investor–state arbitration are clustered in highly politicized industries, such as extractives and utilities, this chapter puts forth an argument about which interest groups will advocate for policies that may violate international investment agreements and under what conditions they will do so. This chapter finds significant evidence that links domestic politics with the likelihood of an investment arbitration.
Property Rights and Administrative Limits
Authors: Conticelli Martina 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Starting from a few words on the general setting that provides the reference framework for this book, id est the common core employed for legal comparison in the field of administrative law, this chapter points out the importance of a research on procedural limits to property rights for comparative studies, the bases of the hypothesis for the comparative effort undertaken in the volume, as well as the limits and boundaries of the investigation. The first part of this chapter explains why the field of property is an interesting terrain for our comparative study. Secondly, the contextual framework, the conceptual map for our cartography, and the boundaries of our research are discussed. The third part focuses on the importance of procedural fairness in proceedings for the restriction of property rights for reasons of public interest. The remaining paragraphs address some methodological issues, including the nature of our 'factual analysis', as well as the choice of the specific legal systems to include in our comparison. Finally, the structure of the book is presented and discussed.
South Africa
Authors: Meili Stephen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
South Africa combines many of the elements that both contribute to, and detract from, the effective use of constitutionalized human rights laws by refugee lawyers in domestic courts. On the one hand, it features one of the more progressive constitutions in the world, containing several human rights provisions. While that Constitution does not explicitly protect the rights of refugees and asylum-seekers per se, it contains a broad range of rights that apply to “everyone.” It has an active and well-established civil society, including NGOs, law school clinics, and private lawyers who have utilized the Constitution in strategic litigation on behalf of refugees and asylum-seekers over the past two decades. South Africa’s judiciary, in particular its highest courts, has struck down various government policies that adversely impact refugees and asylum-seekers because they violate the Constitution. On the other hand, the South African government, particularly the Department of Home Affairs, has consistently failed to abide by court orders resulting from strategic litigation on behalf of refugees and asylum-seekers. Government bureaucrats have likely been emboldened in their recalcitrance by xenophobia among the majority of South Africans. Refugee lawyers have developed a well-designed strategy for navigating within this socio-legal framework: starting with “low-hanging fruit,” using sympathetic claimants where possible, and focusing on cases which benefit all South Africans and those which utilize a variety of human rights protections.
Uganda
Authors: Meili Stephen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Uganda is something of an outlier in the set of countries examined in this book. It is the only one which offers prima facie refugee recognition to citizens of a particular country (South Sudan). This means that any South Sudanese national who proves their citizenship is automatically entitled to refugee protection within Uganda. On the other hand, Uganda features very little precedent-setting jurisprudence affecting refugees. Its small group of refugee lawyers focuses on direct assistance to individual asylum-seekers rather strategic litigation affecting asylum-seekers more generally. Because of the latter of these differences, there is little to say about how refugee lawyers in Uganda utilize constitutionalized human rights law in any formal setting. There is, however, much to be said about how refugee lawyers faced with obstacles to such formal advocacy can still be effective in enforcing the constitutionalized human rights of refugees, be it through education and training of government officials who work with refugees and various types of informal advocacy. In fact, in some ways, this makes Uganda the most innovative—and perhaps hopeful—of the countries featured in this book.
A Right to Opportunities for Meaningful Relationships
Authors: Couto Alexandra 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter aims to address questions about the grounds, content, and implications of our social rights. The chapter suggests that there are two ways of interpreting what exactly our social rights ultimately aim to protect: opportunities for basic social interactions (ordinary kinds of interaction, such as the interaction we have with someone at a till) or opportunities for meaningful relationships (such as the relationship we have with family members and friends). The chapter argues that (a) we have a right to have opportunities to meaningful relationships, (b) such a right is distinct from a right focusing only on protecting access to more basic social interactions, and (c) to the extent that we have rights to both kinds of social interactions, the one focused on more meaningful relationships should have priority because it secures an interest of greater importance.
Fair Equality of Opportunity, Social Relationships, and Epistemic Advantage
Authors: Cordelli Chiara 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Social relationships affect economic opportunities not simply by influencing the development of individuals’ talents and aspirations but also by generating certain relational epistemic goods, which provide employers with reasons for hiring those whom they share a social relationship with. This chapter argues that fair equality of economic opportunity requires fair epistemic opportunity—a fair distribution of opportunities for epistemic advantage, defined in terms of ‘holdings’ of relational epistemic goods. Fair epistemic opportunity can be realized by either (1) regulating upstream opportunities to acquire relational epistemic goods, through policies of social integration and associative inclusion, or (2) cancelling the downstream effects of relational epistemic goods on individual prospects by imposing a norm of anonymity on hiring practices. The chapter argues that there are reasons of justice, efficiency and practicality to prefer the latter strategy. The argument has implications for how the practical requirements of the human right to work should be understood.
Rights to Belong and Rights to be Left Alone?
Authors: Brake Elizabeth 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A just state should protect and support access to caring relationships. But this suggests a conflict with freedom of association—can rights to access relationships require anyone to enter unwanted relationships? This chapter argues that we have strong interests in avoiding unwanted relationships and that state support for caring relationships risks exacerbating the gendered maldistribution of emotional labour and the burdens of interaction. Providing access through institutions does not resolve the problem. These considerations ground a ‘right to be left alone’; state support for social resources must be combined with stronger protections against harassment, in order not to exacerbate existing injustice.
The Role of Solitude in the Politics of Sociability
Authors: Gheaus Anca 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores a so-far neglected way of avoiding the bads of loneliness: by learning to value solitude, where that is understood as a state of ‘keeping oneself company’, as J. David Velleman puts it. Unlike loneliness, solitude need not involve any deprivation, whether subjective or objective. This chapter considers the various goods to which solitude is constitutive or instrumental, with a focus on the promise that proper valuing of solitude holds for combating loneliness. The overall argument is this: If loneliness significantly detracts from individual wellbeing, and if the ability to value solitude protects against loneliness, then such an ability is obviously valuable to human flourishing. If, further, loneliness raises concerns of justice, then supporting people’s ability to value solitude is a way to implement a desideratum of justice. Individuals can cultivate their ability to value solitude, an ability that others can promote or hinder.
The Familial and the Familiar
Authors: Banerjee Swapna M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Historicizing fatherhood and children from ancient India to the present, this chapter examines a variety of vernacular sources and engages with the current historiographical debates to recover an important topic missing in Indian history. It recuperates the subject-position of educated Indian males, principally the male members of the reformist Bengali Hindu and Brahmo communities of colonial Bengal, as “fathers,” both biological and imaginary, who assumed a moral guardianship of an incipient nation and rested their hopes and dreams on the future generation. The male intellectuals, often subjects of derogatory criticism by the colonial government, were the first to envision new models of womanhood, family, children, nation, and new ideas of fatherhood as well. Ascribing fatherhood to this native group of interlocutors, this chapter demonstrates that both “children” and “fathers,” as plural and unstable categories, are critical for an understanding of childhood, masculinity, and the evolving national identity of India.
Supplemental Vitamin D Doesn't Reduce Risk of Fracture in Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Rosenberg Karen 
Published: October 2022

According to this study:

In a study of healthy midlife and older adults who weren't recruited based on vitamin D deficiency, low bone mass, or osteoporosis, supplemental vitamin D didn't lower the risk of total, nonvertebral, or hip fractures compared with placebo.Only one dose of vitamin D was evaluated, and the study results may not be generalizable to adults who have osteoporosis.
Patient-derived extracellular matrix demonstrates role of COL3A1 in blood vessel mechanics
Authors: Doherty Elizabeth L. , Aw Wen Yih , Warren Emily C. , Hockenberry Max , Krohn Grace , Howell Stefanie , Diekman Brian O. , Legant Wesley R. , Nia Hadi Tavakoli , Hickey Anthony J. , Polacheck William J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractVascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (vEDS) is a rare autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in theCOL3A1gene, which renders patients susceptible to aneurysm and arterial dissection and rupture. To determine the role ofCOL3A1variants in the biochemical and biophysical properties of human arterial ECM, we developed a method for synthesizing ECM directly from vEDS donor fibroblasts. We found that the protein content of the ECM generated from vEDS donor fibroblasts differed significantly from ECM from healthy donors, including upregulation of collagen subtypes and other proteins related to ECM structural integrity. We further found that ECM generated from a donor with a glycine substitution mutation was characterized by increased glycosaminoglycan content and unique viscoelastic mechanical properties, including increased time constant for stress relaxation, resulting in a decrease in migratory speed of human aortic endothelial cells when seeded on the ECM. Collectively, these results demonstrate that causalCOL3A1mutations lead to the synthesis of ECM that differs in composition, structure, and mechanical properties from healthy donors. These results further suggest that ECM mechanical properties could serve as a prognostic indicator for patients with vEDS, and the insights provided by the approach demonstrate the broader utility of cell-derived ECM in disease modeling.
Transient and delay chemical master equations
Authors: Gorin Gennady , Yoshida Shawn , Pachter Lior 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe serial nature of reactions involved in the RNA life-cycle motivates the incorporation of delays in models of transcriptional dynamics. The models couple a bursty or switching promoter to a fairly general set of Markovian or deterministically delayed monomolecular RNA interconversion reactions with no feedback. We provide numerical solutions for the RNA copy number distributions the models induce, and solve several systems with splicing and degradation. An analysis of single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing data using these models reveals that the kinetics of nuclear export do not appear to require invocation of a non-Markovian waiting time.
SGC-CAMKK2-1: A chemical probe for CAMKK2
Authors: Wells Carrow , Liang Yi , Pulliam Thomas L. , Lin Chenchu , Awad Dominik , Eduful Benjamin , O’Byrne Sean , Hossain Mohammad Anwar , Catta-Preta Carolina Moura Costa , Ramos Priscila Zonzini , Gileadi Opher , Gileadi Carina , Couñago Rafael M. , Stork Brittany , Langendorf Christopher G , Nay Kevin , Oakhill Jonathan , Mukherjee Debarati , Racioppi Luigi , Means Anthony , York Brian , McDonnell Donald P. , Scott John W. , Frigo Daniel E. , Drewry David H. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe serine/threonine protein kinase calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) plays critical roles in a range of biological processes. Despite its importance, only a handful of inhibitors of CAMKK2 have been disclosed. Having a selective small molecule tool to interrogate this kinase will help demonstrate that CAMKK2 inhibition can be therapeutically beneficial. Herein, we disclose SGC-CAMKK2-1, a selective chemical probe that targets CAMKK2.
Natural and synthetic inhibitors of a phage-encoded quorum-sensing receptor affect phage-host dynamics in mixed bacterial communities
Authors: Silpe Justin E. , Duddy Olivia P. , Bassler Bonnie L. 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTViruses that infect bacteria, called phages, shape the composition of bacterial communities and are important drivers of bacterial evolution. We recently showed that temperate phages, when residing in bacteria (i.e., prophages), are capable of manipulating the bacterial cell-to-cell communication process called quorum sensing (QS). QS relies on the production, release, and population-wide detection of signaling molecules called autoinducers (AI). Gram-negative bacteria commonly employN-acyl homoserine lactones (HSL) as AIs that are detected by LuxR-type QS receptors. Phage ARM81ld is a prophage of the aquatic bacteriumAeromonassp. ARM81, and it encodes a homolog of a bacterial LuxR, called LuxRARM81ld. LuxRARM81lddetects hostAeromonas-produced C4-HSL, and in response, activates the phage lytic program, triggering death of its host and release of viral particles. Here, we show that phage LuxRARM81ldactivity is modulated by non-cognate HSL ligands and by a synthetic small molecule inhibitor. We determine that HSLs with acyl chain lengths equal to or longer than C8 antagonize LuxRARM81ld. For example, the C8-HSL AI produced byVibrio fischerithat co-exists withAeromonadsin marine environments, binds to and inhibits LuxRARM81ld, and consequently, protects the host from lysis. Co-culture ofV. fischeriwith theAeromonassp. ARM81 lysogen suppresses phage ARM81ld virion production. We propose that the cell density and species composition of the bacterial community could determine outcomes in bacterial-phage partnerships.SIGNIFICANCEBacteria use the cell-to-cell communication process called quorum sensing to orchestrate group behaviors. Quorum sensing relies on extracellular molecules called autoinducers. Bacteria-infecting viruses (phages) can possess homologs of bacterial quorum-sensing receptors that detect autoinducers to control lysis-lysogeny transitions. We show that a phage LuxR-type quorum-sensing receptor is activated by the autoinducer produced by its host bacterium and is inhibited by non-cognate autoinducers made by bacteria that naturally co-exist with the phage’s host and by a synthetic quorum-sensing inhibitor. Our findings demonstrate that microbial community composition, mediated through quorum-sensing-communication, influences phage lysis-lysogeny transitions. These results deepen the understanding of host-phage interactions in communities and could inspire new phage-specific, quorum-sensing interventions.
Two forms of asynchronous release with distinctive spatiotemporal dynamics in central synapses
Authors: Malagon Gerardo , Myeong Jongyun , Klyachko Vitaly A 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTAsynchronous release is a ubiquitous form of neurotransmitter release that persists for tens to hundreds of milliseconds after an action potential (AP). How asynchronous release is organized and regulated at the synaptic active zone (AZ) remains debatable. Using nanoscale-precision imaging of individual release events in rat hippocampal synapses, we observed two spatially distinct subpopulations of asynchronous events, ~75% of which occurred inside the AZ and with a bias towards the AZ center, while ~25% occurred outside of the functionally defined AZ, i.e., ectopically. The two subpopulations also differed markedly in temporal properties, with ectopic events occurring at significantly longer time intervals from synchronous events. Both forms of asynchronous release did not, to a large extent, utilize the same release sites as synchronous events. Both asynchronous event subpopulations also differ from synchronous events in some aspects of exo-endocytosis coupling. Specifically, for synchronous but not asynchronous events, coupling with the fast calcium-dependent endocytosis had a gradient decreasing from the AZ center towards its periphery. These results identify two distinct subpopulations of asynchronous release events with distinctive spatiotemporal organization and coupling to endocytic mechanisms.