bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems of understanding the text by schoolchildren: a sociological view
Authors: Mansurov Valeriy , Lombina Tamara , Yurchenko Olesya 
Published: September 2022

The article considers understanding as a social and cognitive phenomenon, analyses the conditions for the formation of understanding in oral and written communications. Text comprehension is a fundamental element of human literacy, since without comprehension it is impossible to use information, reflect and draw conclusions, on the basis of which it is possible to achieve goals and participate in social life. Thus, in the modern world it is one of the key elements of socialisation. Understanding the text is based not only on the technical skills of reading and writing, but also on the general outlook of a person, his ideas about different areas of life. Studies conducted during mass distance learning have shown that a break in personal teacher-student communication during training had a negative impact on the reading skills of schoolchildren. In addition to regularity, both social attitudes and value views of parents, as well as the cognitive experience of the student, the level of his speech development are important for effective reading and understanding.
Reading is considered by the authors not just as a set of cognitive skills, but also as a social action. Studies show that the reading skills and comprehension of new knowledge by schoolchildren are influenced by: the socio-economic status of the family, the attitudes and principles adopted in it. The article also shows that a long time spent by schoolchildren on the Internet negatively affects both their comprehension of texts and empathy. In addition, the problems of integrating the individual into the digital environment and the impact of digitalisation on consciousness and thinking are analysed. On the background of the growth of leisure preferences on the Internet, there is a decrease in the importance of reading for schoolchildren. An increase in school load also negatively affects interest in reading. The authors hypothesise that social stratification between schoolchildren with different levels of literacy can be reduced by using earlier teaching of semantic reading. The authors show that the study of these issues is important not only for pedagogical and psychological sciences, but also for sociology.
Spatial distribution and assessment of biosecurity levels of pig farms in selected local government areas in Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Awoyomi Olajoju Jokotola , Agbalu Oluwatoyin , Oladipupo Olajumoke Ramot , Adebowale Oluwawemimo Oluwaseun , Kehinde Olugbenga Olusegun , Awoyomi Femi Oyebade , Tope-Ajayi Opeyemi Oluwaseun 
Published: September 2022

This study was carried out on the spatial distribution, characterization and biosecurity assessment of pig farms in some local government areas in Ogun State, Nigeria. Data were collected with a semi-structured questionnaire. Spatial autocorrelation was used to show relations between pig farms’ locations and biosecurity measures. A scoring system ranging from 0 to 1 was developed from the biosecurity measures retained. A biosecurity measure was scored 1 if present, 0 if absent. The measures were divided into two categories: bioexclusion and biomanagement/biocontainment. The total score of each measure was obtained by summing all scores from each farm. One hundred pig farms were surveyed. The average number of years since farm establishment was 7.32 ± 5.19 years, farms were confined, mostly small scaled (81.0%), with an average herd size of 58.9 ± 99.40, and 1.8 ± 1.52 farm workers. The distribution of pig farms with different biosecurity levels was significant (p = 0.002) and leaned toward a clustered scenario with a Moran’s index of 0.27, z score of 3.18. Out of a maximum obtainable score of 100 for each measure, ‘prophylactic herd treatment’ and ‘cleaning done daily’ had scores higher than 80. On the other hand, ‘absence of rodents, wild birds and stray animals on the farm’, ‘workers mandated use of clean and disinfected protective clothing before entering the farm’ and ‘vehicle disinfected at the entrance of the farm’ had scores lower than 5. The mean scores for bioexclusion and biomanagement/biocontainment were 21.42 ± 18.07 and 49.83 ± 25.07, respectively. The overall biosecurity score of 35.63 ± 25.84 was significantly associated with herd size, number of years since farm establishment, and owners’ education levels. In order to ensure sustainable productivity and prevent disease outbreak, pig farmers must give the utmost importance to biosecurity.
Twisted and coiled polymer muscle actuated soft 3D printed robotic hand with Peltier cooler for drug delivery in medical management
Authors: Singh Rippudaman , Mohapatra Sanjana , Matharu Pawandeep Singh , Tadesse Yonas 
Published: September 2022

Many robotic hands have been proposed to have unique designs and capabilities, focusing on sensing, actuation, and control. This paper presents experimental studies on a soft 3D-printed robotic hand whose fingers are actuated by twisted and coiled polymer (TCP<sub>FL</sub>) muscles, driven by resistive heating, and cooled by water and Peltier mechanism (thermoelectric cooling) for increasing the actuation frequency. The hand can be utilized for pick and place applications of drugs in clinical settings, which may be repetitive for humans. A combination of ABS plastic and thermoplastic polyurethane material is used to additively manufacture the robotic hand. The hand along with a housing tank for the muscles and Peltier coolers has a length of 380 mm and weighs 560 gm. The fabrication process of the TCP<sub>FL</sub> actuators coiled with 160 µm diameter nichrome wires is presented. The actuation frequency in the air for TCP<sub>FL </sub>is around 0.01 Hz. This study shows the effect of water and Peltier cooling on improving the actuation frequency of the muscles to 0.056 Hz. Experiments have been performed with a flex sensor integrated at the back of each finger to calculate its bend-extent while being actuated by the TCP<sub>FL</sub> muscles. All these experiments are also used to optimize the TCP<sub>FL</sub> actuation. Overall, a low-cost and lightweight 3D printed robotic hand is presented in this paper, which significantly increases the actuation performance with the help of cooling methods, that can be used in applications in medical management.
Lead Industry Influence in the 21st Century: An Old Playbook for a “Modern Metal”
Authors: Gottesfeld Perry 
Published: September 2022

In recent years, lead poisoning has received increasing attention as lead production continues to grow and the industry shifts the most polluting processes (e.g., smelting ore and recycling batteries) to low- and middle-income countries. The hazards associated with lead exposures have been well known for centuries while the industry actively promoted lead products. Less well known is how the industry continues to promote the “safe and responsible” use of lead and support research to question the underlying science and avoid regulation. Here I explore the historical context for recent actions that the industry has taken to ensure its longevity. Lead industry associations continue to employ some of the same themes that have proven successful in the past. Efforts to forestall regulatory initiatives to reduce emissions and restrict lead applications continue. Large battery manufacturers and recyclers and their associations place blame on informal-sector recycling to draw focus away from their own emissions. They have sought the cooperation of hired scientific experts and have funded United Nations organizations and nongovernmental organizations to deflect attention from their own contributions to global lead poisoning. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S7):S723–S729. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306960 )
Industries With the Highest Occupational Blood Lead Test Results, California Occupational Blood Lead Registry, 2020‒2021
Authors: Armatas Christina , Loper Brandi , Tandoc Adrian , Materna Barbara L. 
Published: September 2022

Objectives. To evaluate the focused surveillance of blood lead results of 20 micrograms per deciliter (µg/dL) of venous blood and higher received by the California Occupational Blood Lead Registry (Registry) because of new legislation concerning occupational lead poisoning. Methods. We used occupational blood lead results reported to the Registry from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2021, to describe the current industries with workers having the highest levels of lead poisoning. Results. The Registry received 239 blood lead levels (BLLs) of 20 µg/dL or higher for 151 adults with occupational lead exposure in 28 industries over the study period. Worker BLLs ranged from 20 µg/dL to 55 µg/dL. The industries with the greatest number of workers were storage battery manufacturing, painting contractors, and shooting ranges. Conclusions. Occupational lead poisoning is a health concern across numerous industries in California. The current outdated state and federal occupational lead standards would not require removal from lead work for any of the workers in this study despite extensive evidence of harm at lower BLLs. Strengthened standards could support public health initiatives for worker protection and reduce take-home lead to family members. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S7):S690–S694. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307002 )
Lead Levels in Tap Water at Licensed North Carolina Child Care Facilities, 2020–2021
Authors: Redmon Jennifer Hoponick , Kondash A. J. , Norman Ed , Johnson Joseph , Levine Keith , McWilliams Andrea , Napier Melanie , Weber Frank , Stella Laurie , Wood Erica , Jackson Crystal Lee Pow , Mulhern Riley 
Published: September 2022

Objectives. To evaluate lead levels in tap water at licensed North Carolina child care facilities. Methods. Between July 2020 and October 2021, we enrolled 4005 facilities in a grant-funded, participatory science testing program. We identified risk factors associated with elevated first-draw lead levels using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results. By sample (n = 22 943), 3% of tap water sources exceeded the 10 parts per billion (ppb) North Carolina hazard level, whereas 25% of tap water sources exceeded 1 ppb, the American Academy of Pediatrics’ reference level. By facility, at least 1 tap water source exceeded 1 ppb and 10 ppb at 56% and 12% of facilities, respectively. Well water reliance was the largest risk factor, followed by participation in Head Start programs and building age. We observed large variability between tap water sources within the same facility. Conclusions. Tap water in child care facilities is a potential lead exposure source for children. Given variability among tap water sources, it is imperative to test every source used for drinking and cooking so appropriate action can be taken to protect children’s health. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S7):S695–S705. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307003 )
Las PROPIEDADES ÓPTICAS Y MECÁNICAS DEL ZIRCONIO TRANSLÚCIDO COMO MATERIAL RESTAURADOR ÓPTIMO EN PRÓTESIS FIJA UNA REVISIÓN DE LA LITERATURA
Authors: Escuza Gonzalez Sergio 
Published: September 2022

Introducción: La principal consecuencia de no tratar a tiempo la caries dental es la pérdida total o parcial del diente,una de las alternativas para reemplazar la pieza dentaria perdida y devolver las funciones es mediante las prótesis fijas.Hoy en día existen 3 generaciones del policristal del zirconio estabilizado con itrio (Y-TZP).Viendo que en la tercera Generación el contenido de itrio se incrementó hasta aproximadamente un 5% en moles (5Y) , estabilizando los materiales aproximadamente un 50% de fase cúbica y un 50 % de fase tetragonal, dando así un zirconio translúcido (5Y) con una alta estética y mayor naturalidad a la corona dental. Objetivo: Identificar las diferentes propiedades ópticas y mecánicas del zirconio translúcido frente a otros materiales restauradores utilizados en prótesis fija. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron 115 artículos científicos de las fuentes de información Medline (vía PUBMED), SCIENCE DIRECT, SCOPUS, SCIELO y LILACS de los últimos 5 años, publicados en español, portugués e inglés. Se incluyeron 51 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de selección que fueron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y estudios observacionales, estudios in vitro y estudios in vivo que evaluaron las propiedades ópticas y mecánicas del zirconio translúcido como material óptimo restaurador en prótesis fija.Se excluyeron revisiones sistemáticas,informes de casos y editoriales. Resultados: El zirconio al ser un material relativamente nuevo y en evolución constante cuenta con estudios en su mayoría in vitro, entre los que destacan los que hablan tanto de las propiedades mecánicas y ópticas que varían dependiendo de la generación a la que pertenezca el material, así como la adhesividad del material la cual es por ahora no viable, por lo cual es indispensable que se realicen más estudios sobre este material. Conclusiones: Podemos mencionar que el zirconio ha ido evolucionado a lo largo del tiempo, proporcionando mejores propiedades ópticas, pero como consecuencia ha ido reduciendo la resistencia flexural y tenacidad a la fractura. Sin embargo, este material brinda una buena biocompatibilidad con las estructuras orales. Por otro lado, el zirconio translúcido según estudios es un material no grabable, por lo que se busca nuevos métodos para mejorar su adhesión.
Technology Focus: Gas Production (August 2022)
Authors: Veeken Cornelius (Kees) 
Published: September 2022

While natural gas will remain an indispensable source of energy for several decades, public opinion seems to be looking forward to its demise, prompted by valid concerns regarding global warming. Case in point: The Dutch government has decided to abandon the 98-Tcf Groningen gas field as soon as practical, foregoing domestic production of some 21 Tcf and the $100 billion–$200 billion in associated revenue. Decarbonization has become a key part of the energy future, in part using technology developed during the past 50 years of significant gas production.
In the meantime, in response to sustained global demand, the development of gas production technology continues unabated. The chain starts with enabling production from an ever-wider range of resources, including source rock (shale), coal-seam gas, deep offshore gas, contaminated gas, and methane-hydrate sediment or by maximizing recovery from existing reservoirs by enhanced-gas-recovery schemes based on injection of nitrogen or carbon dioxide.
Recovering these resources requires novel drilling, completion, and process techniques to ensure that sufficient gas volume is connected and gas capacity is realized economically. Next, proper measurement and surveillance is needed to characterize, analyze, and optimize asset performance. With the advent of the digital age, data has become abundant, and machine learning and artificial intelligence are being deployed to distill its value. While progress is made characterizing the microscopic behavior of reservoir rock and computing power is ever-expanding, predicting the macroscopic production forecast of gas wells and reservoirs remains a challenge, given their unseen and fickle nature.
Hence, a continuous need exists for interventions that mitigate deferment and sustain production. Water in particular tends to be an eternal companion and frequent enemy of gas production. Remedial techniques are indispensable and continue to evolve, again aided by digitization.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE 205119 - The Key Factors of Low-Frequency Electric-Heating-Assisted Depressurization Method in the Exploiting of Methane-Hydrate Sediments by Ermeng Zhao, China University of Petroleum, et al.
SPE 209531 - Dvalin Gas Field Developments and Optimization by Using Inflow Tracer Technology Information by Alireza Roostaei, Resman, et al.
SPE 206195 - Data-Driven Optimization of Intermittent Gas Production in Mature Fields Assisted by Deep Learning and a Population-Based Global Optimizer by Javier Fatou Gómez, TNO, et al.
Identification of RT-qPCR reference genes suitable for gene function studies in the pitaya canker disease pathogen Neoscytalidium dimidiatum
Authors: Wang Meng , Wang Zhouwen , Wei Shuangshuang , Xie Jun , Huang Jiaquan , Li Dongdong , Hu Wenbin , Li Hongli , Tang Hua 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Neoscytalidium dimidiatum is the main causal agent of pitaya canker. Most studies of virulence and pathogenicity genes have measured expression levels using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Suitable reference genes are essential for ensuring that estimates of gene expression levels by RT-qPCR are accurate. However, no reference genes can be robustly applied across all contexts and species. No studies to date have evaluated the most effective reference genes for normalizing gene expression levels estimated by RT-qPCR in N. dimidiatum. In this study, RT-qPCR data for individual candidate reference genes were analyzed using four different methods: the delta Ct method and the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper algorithms. We evaluated the utility of eight candidate reference genes (18S rRNA, Actin (1), Actin (2), Actin, GAPDH (1), GAPDH (2), UBQ, and Tubulin) for normalizing expression levels estimated by RT-qPCR in N. dimidiatum at different developmental stages, at different temperatures, and during interaction with pitaya. All candidate reference genes were suitable for gene expression analysis except for Actin (2). Tubulin and Actin (1) were the most stably expressed reference genes under different temperatures. Actin (1) and Actin were the most stably expressed reference genes in N. dimidiatum at different developmental stages. Tubulin and UBQ were the most stably expressed reference genes during interaction with pitaya. Actin and 18s rRNA were the most stably expressed across all experimental conditions. Subsequently, Tubulin and UBQ were further investigated in analyses of pectinase expression during the pitaya–N. dimidiatum interaction. Our results provide insights that will aid future RT-qPCR studies of gene expression in N. dimidiatum.
Double-tract reconstruction is superior in controlling reflux esophagitis and enhancing quality of life after proximal gastrectomy: Results from a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial in China
Authors: Zhang Yinan , Ji Xin , Yan Yan , Ji Ke , Jia Ziyu , Yang Heli , Fan Biao , Wang Anqiang , Wu Xiaojiang , Zhang Ji , Ji Jiafu , Bu Zhaode 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
Proximal gastrectomy (PG) is an alternative function preserving surgery. The aim of this study was to prospectively compare double-tract reconstruction (DTR) and esophagogastrostomy (EG) after PG regarding the incidence of reflux esophagitis, quality of life (QOL)，nutritional status and surgical safety.
Method
This study was a prospective, randomized controlled trial conducted in a single institute. Patients eligible for PG were enrolled and randomly assigned to the EG group and DTR group. The characteristic of patients, parameters of surgical safety, the incidence of reflux esophagitis which was the primary outcome of this trial, nutrition status and the QOL were compared between the EG and the DTR group. Blinding was not involved in this trial.
Results
73 patients eligible for PG were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to the EG group (37 patients) and DTR group (36 patients). The incidence of reflux esophagitis after PG was significantly lower in the DTR group than that of the EG group (8.3% vs. 32.4%, P=0.019). In multivariate analysis, reconstruction method was the only significant factor affecting the incidence of reflux esophagitis. The DTR group demonstrated a more favorable QOL than the EG group after PG in the global health status, emotional functioning and symptoms such as fatigue, nausea and vomiting, pain, insomnia, appetite loss, dysphagia, reflux, eating restrictions, anxiety, dry mouth and taste change were more severe in the EG group patients. Nutritional status was balanced within the EG group and the DTR group after PG including BMI, levels of hemoglobin, serum albumin and serum total protein. The operation time was longer in the DTR group than in the EG group (191min vs. 221min, P=0.001) while surgical safety was similar in the two groups regarding blood loss volume, postoperative complications and hospital stays.
Conclusion
Our research demonstrated that DTR was superior to EG after PG in terms of the incidence of reflux esophagitis and provided a more satisfied QOL without increasing surgical complications or sacrificing nutritional status, thus making DTR a better reconstruction method after PG.
Trial registration:
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03613142, registered on August 2, 2018.
Convolutional Neural Networks for automated detection of Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Bangar Manisha , Chaudhary Prachi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) is a diabetes induced pathology which is responsible for degradation of visual health among diabetic patients. Its initial effects are blurred vision and may lead to complete loss of eyesight. Hence, it is crucial to detect the symptoms of DME at an early stage. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are the most preferred systems for medical image classification. This paper proposes an efficient CNN model for automated classification of DME. Additionally, transfer learning is employed for 2 Pre-trained CNNs i.e. VGG16 & DenseNet. The performance of proposed CNN is compared with VGG16 and DenseNet in terms of classifier accuracy, loss function and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve. The proposed CNN has exceeded the performance of DenseNet in classifier accuracy by 0.48% and has lesser system loss function by 1.47%. VGG16 has performed best in these three with classifier accuracy, loss function and ROC as 87.41%, 29.64% and 0.96 respectively.
The Inhibitory Effect of Haloxylon, Cichorium spp and Capparis spp on Cercospora leaf spot disease on sugar beet in vitro and vivo
Authors: Abdullah Ahmed Ameen , El.Nabi Heba M.Abd , Arnous Mohamed , Bayoumi Tarek 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is one of the most important sugar crops in the world, which considered the second important sugar crop in Egypt after sugar cane. In Egypt, sugar beet is attack by Cercospora leaf spot disease caused by pathogenCercospora beticolafungal, which caused losses can reach to 40% of yield. In the present study, three plant extracts of Flower ofHaloxylon spp,Cichorium spp, and the leaf ofCapparis spp were used.Different concentration of the three plant extracts (10%,20%,30%,35% and 40%) previously were used in experimentin vitroto determine Antifungal activity on the linear growth ofCercospora beticola .Whilein vivo, the concentration which recorded highest effect againstCercospora beticola in vivowere tested.In vivothe experiment conducted in two treatments, the first one sprayed sugar beet plants by plant extracts before the inoculation and the second treatment sprayed plant extracts after the inoculation. Experimental result show under laboratory, all tested plant extracts at concentrations (30,35 and 40%) showed highly effective on mycelial growth ofCercospora beticolaand inhibited fungal growth compared to the control treatment and (10 and 20%) concentration. Whilein vivoresult show that the treated sugar beet plants with plant extracts before inoculated then byCercospora beticolagive the best result for reduction the disease severity of CLS disease comparing with the control .In addition to result revealed that the treated sugar beet plants with tested extracts after inoculated byCercospora beticolagave the best result for value total of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b which recorded the highest value comparing with the control treatment.