bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping wheel-ruts from timber harvesting operations using deep learning techniques in drone imagery
Authors: Bhatnagar Saheba , Puliti Stefano , Talbot Bruce , Heppelmann Joachim Bernd , Breidenbach Johannes , Astrup Rasmus 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWheel ruts, i.e. soil deformations caused by harvesting machines, are considered a negative environmental impact of forest operations and should be avoided or ameliorated. However, the mapping of wheel ruts that would be required to monitor harvesting operations and to plan amelioration measures is a tedious and time-consuming task. Here, we examined whether a combination of drone imagery and algorithms from the field of artificial intelligence can automate the mapping of wheel ruts. We used a deep-learning image-segmentation method (ResNet50 + UNet architecture) that was trained on drone imagery acquired shortly after harvests in Norway, where more than 160 km of wheel ruts were manually digitized. The cross-validation of the model based on 20 harvested sites resulted in F1 scores of 0.69–0.84 with an average of 0.77, and in total, 79 per cent of wheel ruts were correctly detected. The highest accuracy was obtained for severe wheel ruts (average user’s accuracy (UA) = 76 per cent), and the lowest accuracy was obtained for light wheel ruts (average UA = 67 per cent). Considering the nowadays ubiquitous availability of drones, the approach presented in our study has the potential to greatly increase the ability to effectively map and monitor the environmental impact of final felling operations with respect to wheel ruts. The automated mapping of wheel ruts may serve as an important input to soil impact analyses and thereby support measures to restore soil damages.
The impact of security force assistance in Niger: meddling with borders
Authors: Wilén Nina 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
How does Security Force Assistance (SFA) impact Niger's security sector and beyond? I draw on extensive fieldwork in Niger and identify and analyse two developments taking place in Niger's security sector: the development of an expanded Special Forces Command and the elaboration of multiple mobile hybrid units. I build upon, and contribute to, existing studies related to the politicization and securitization of borders in the Sahel and research discussing the blurring of borders between internal and external security forces. The aim is twofold: first, to unpack SFA efforts and effects through a focus on both geopolitical borders in Niger, and borders between and within corps and units in the security sector; and second, to contextualize and compare the developments in Niger's security sector with broader, global security trends. I find that both of the SFA projects constitute and feed into institutional games and inter-agency rivalry regarding task division, equipment and training. The overuse of the newly created Special Forces Command mirrors global trends of the latter as an ‘easy button to push’, while the multiplication of hybrid units to secure geopolitical borders reinforces the status and power of intermediary agencies that are at the interface between internal and external security forces. On an overarching level, the two trends of meddling with borders are found to be co-constituted by external and local actors who decide which developments that should be considered threats and how they should be addressed, questions that are deeply intertwined with power and control.
Role of interferons (IFNs) in the differentiation of T peripheral helper (Tph) cells
Authors: Tanemura Shuhei , Seki Noriyasu , Tsujimoto Hideto , Saito Shuntaro , Kikuchi Jun , Sugahara Kunio , Yoshimoto Keiko , Suzuki Katsuya , Kaneko Yuko , Chiba Kenji , Takeuchi Tsutomu 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-21-producing T peripheral helper (Tph) cells are thought to contribute to extra-follicular B cell activation and play a pathogenic role in autoimmune diseases. In this study, we investigated the relationship between Tph cells and interferons (IFNs) in several autoimmune diseases because our previous study demonstrated that type I IFNs promote the differentiation of IL-21-producing Tph-like cells. The frequency of Tph cells in the blood as well as serum IFN-α2a and IFN-λ1 were markedly elevated in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared to other autoimmune diseases or healthy controls. Notably, the frequency of Tph cells was positively correlated with the SLE disease activity index, serum IFN-α and serum IFN-λ1 in SLE patients. Additionally, we found that type III IFNs (IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2 and IFN-λ3) promote the differentiation of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)+ CXCR5 −CD4+ T cells and enhance the secretion of IL-21, IFN-γ and CXCL13. IFN-λ1, like IFN-α, up-regulated the mRNA expression of IL21, IFNG, CXCL13, CD244, SLAMF7, GZMB, PRF1, CCR5 and PRDM1, whereas it down-regulated that of CXCR5 and BCL6, reflecting a Tph-related gene expression pattern. IFN-α in combination with IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2 or IFN-λ3 significantly increased the differentiation of PD-1+CXCR5− Tph-like cells and the secretion of Tph-related cytokines as compared with each IFN alone, suggesting a cooperative interaction. From these findings, it is highly probable that type III IFNs in addition to type I IFNs play a key role in the differentiation of Tph cells and that high levels of IFN-α and IFN-λ1 trigger the differentiation and expansion of Tph cells in SLE.
Mining Ultraconserved Elements From Transcriptome and Genome Data to Explore the Phylogenomics of the Free-living Lice Suborder Psocomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea)
Authors: Saenz Manchola Oscar Fernando , Samacá Sáenz Ernesto , Virrueta Herrera Stephany , D’Alessio Lorenzo Mario , García Aldrete Alfonso Nerí , Johnson Kevin P 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The order Psocodea includes the two historically recognized groups Psocoptera (free-living bark lice) and Phthiraptera (parasitic lice) that were once considered separate orders. Psocodea is divided in three suborders: Trogiomorpha, Troctomorpha, and Psocomorpha, the latter being the largest within the free-living groups. Despite the increasing number of transcriptomes and whole genome sequence (WGS) data available for this group, the relationships among the six known infraorders within Psocomorpha remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the utility of a bait set designed specifically for parasitic lice belonging to suborder Troctomorpha to extract UCE loci from transcriptome and WGS data of 55 bark louse species and explored the phylogenetic relationships within Psocomorpha using these UCE loci markers. Taxon sampling was heavily focused on the families Lachesillidae and Elipsocidae, whose relationships have been problematic in prior phylogenetic studies. We successfully recovered a total of 2,622 UCE loci, with a 40% completeness matrix containing 2,081 UCE loci and an 80% completeness matrix containing 178 UCE loci. The average number of UCE loci recovered for the 55 species was 1,401. The WGS data sets produced a larger number of UCE loci (1,495) on average than the transcriptome data sets (972). Phylogenetic relationships reconstructed with Maximum Likelihood and coalescent-based analysis were concordant regarding the paraphyly of Lachesillidae and Elipsocidae. Branch support values were generally lower in analyses that used a fewer number of loci, even though they had higher matrix completeness.
Thermal Biology ofLiorhyssus hyalinus(Hemiptera: Rhopalidae) andNysius simulans(Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), Fed on the Milky Stage of Maize Grains
Authors: Cruces Luis , de la Peña Eduardo , De Clercq Patrick 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWhen quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd., is cultivated in South America outside of its Andean origin, the heteropterans Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius) and Nysius simulans Stål may emerge as important pests. Here we studied the development and reproduction of both species at different constant temperatures in the laboratory. Egg and nymphal development were investigated at 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, and 36°C. For both species, egg incubation time significantly decreased as the temperature increased. Nymphs did not successfully develop at 18°C and the total nymphal time significantly decreased as the temperature increased from 22 to 36°C. Based on a linear day-degree (DD) model, the lower developmental threshold (LDT) temperatures for eggs and nymphs were estimated to be 16.0 and 17.9°C for L. hyalinus, and 16.1 and 19.7°C for N. simulans, respectively. Thermal requirements for egg and nymphal development were 68.6 and 114.8 DD for L. hyalinus, and 77.7 and 190.3 DD for N. simulans, respectively. Reproduction and adult longevity were studied at 22, 26, 30, and 34°C. For both species preoviposition time decreased as temperature increased, and the oviposition period was longest at 26°C. The highest fecundity and egg viability were observed at 30°C, whereas longevities were higher at 22–26°C than at 30–34°C. As the lowest tested temperatures were not suitable to both heteropterans and 30°C was found to be the optimal temperature for development and reproduction, peak densities are expected in warm areas and seasons.
Arthropod Community in Hybrid Hazelnut Plantings in the Midwestern United States
Authors: Chediack Ariadna , Liesch Patrick J , Shanovich Hailey N , Aukema Brian H 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge of the arthropod communities in both wild hazelnut and cultivated hybrid hazelnut ecosystems in the Midwestern United States. Our goal was to characterize the composition of these arthropod communities in hazelnut plantings. We surveyed six experimental plantings of hazelnuts in Wisconsin and two in Minnesota during growing seasons, from May 2017 to August 2021. We used four methods to survey the arthropod community of these plantings: ad libitum survey of specimen observations and collection, dissection of hazelnut buds and nuts, cone traps placed on the ground, and beat sheet sampling of plants. We registered 116 different morphospecies of five classes and 83 families. Arthropods with known feeding habits were grouped into four guilds: 59 herbivores, 36 carnivores (predators, parasites, and parasitoids), 4 decomposers (detritivores and scavengers), and 4 omnivores. While we registered 12 herbivorous species that could potentially cause damage to hazelnuts, we directly observed nine of them feeding upon or damaging plant parts: Phytoptus avellanae s.l. Nalepa (Eriophyoidea: Phytoptidae), Curculio obtusus Blanchard and Strophosoma melanogrammum Förster (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabeidae), Parthenolecanium sp. (Hemiptera: Coccidae), Euschistus servus euschistoides Say (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Acleris sp., and Choristoneura rosaceana Harris (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). We also registered eight species of parasites or parasitoids that could offer biocontrol services in the cropping system. These findings provide a foundation for future targeted studies on potential pests and beneficial arthropods, as well as ecological interactions within the hybrid hazelnut ecosystem in the Midwest.
Infectivity of Entomopathogenic Fungal Isolates Against Tarnished Plant Bug Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Maniania Nguya K , Portilla Maribel M , Amnulla Fayaz M , Mfuti David K , Darie Andrei , Dhiman Geetika , Rao Ishtiaq M 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Twelve isolates of entomopathogenic fungi belonging to Metarhizium robertsii, M. pinghaense, M. brunneum, Beauveria bassiana, and Isaria fumosorosea were screened against tarnished plant bug. All isolates were pathogenic, causing mortality from 28.8 ± 3.4 to 96.3 ± 2.7%. The LT50 values ranged from 2.7 to 6.0 d while the LT90 values varied between 6.6 and 15.0 d. Metarhizium robertsii isolate CPD6 (will be under the trade name NoVil) was among the isolates that caused high mortality within shorter times and was selected for study on developmental stages and greenhouse trial. The third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar nymphs, and adults were inoculated with 106, 107, and 108 conidia per ml of NoVil. All the stages were susceptible to fungal infection. However, third and fourth instars were the most susceptible with no significant differences in mortality across the three concentrations. On the other hand, mortality was dose-dependent with fifth-instar nymph and adult stages. The LT50 and LT90 values were also dose-dependent, with higher concentrations having shorter lethal-time values as compared to the lower concentrations. In the greenhouse, pepper plants were sprayed with NoVil and chemical insecticide Flonicamid (as industrial standard), before releasing adult tarnished plant bug. Mortality of 37.3, 75.5, and 76.3% was recorded in the control, NoVil, and Flonicamid, respectively. This study has identified NoVil as a potential mycoinsecticide candidate for the control of tarnished plant bug under greenhouse conditions. Further field testing on juvenile and adults is needed to evaluate the potential for in-field control.
Detection limit of electron spin resonance for Japanese deciduous tooth enamel and density separation method for enamel–dentine separation
Authors: Oka Toshitaka , Takahashi Atsushi , Koarai Kazuma , Kino Yasushi , Sekine Tsutomu , Shimizu Yoshinaka , Chiba Mirei , Suzuki Toshihiko , Osaka Ken , Sasaki Keiichi , Shinoda Hisashi 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry is one of the most powerful tools for radiation dose reconstruction. The detection limit of this technique using human teeth is reported to be 56 mGy or 67 mGy; however, the absorbed dose of Fukushima residents after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) accident was estimated to be lower than this detection limit. Our aim is to assess the absorbed radiation dose of children in Fukushima Prefecture after the accident; therefore, it is important to estimate the detection limit for their teeth. The detection limit for enamel of deciduous teeth of Japanese children separated by the mechanical method is estimated to be 115.0 mGy. The density separation method can effectively separate enamel from third molars of Japanese people. As we have collected thousands of teeth from children in Fukushima, the present technique may be useful to examine their external absorbed dose after the FNPP accident.
Usefulness of pro-gastrin-releasing peptide as a predictor of the incidence of brain metastasis and effect of prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Ueki Kazuhito , Matsuo Yukinori , Kishi Noriko , Yoneyama Masahiro , Yoshida Hironori , Sakamori Yuichi , Ozasa Hiroaki , Hirai Toyohiro , Mizowaki Takashi 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is recommended for patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) who respond well to initial treatment. However, PCI is often omitted because of its potential neurotoxicity in the era of modern diagnostic imaging devices. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the risk factors for brain metastasis (BM) in patients eligible for PCI and who may benefit more from it. Patients with LS-SCLC who responded well to definitive thoracic chemoradiotherapy were included in the present study. Competing risk regression was used to identify factors associated with BM, and the Kaplan–Meier method was used to assess overall survival (OS). Between 2004 and 2017, 62 patients were eligible for PCI and were analyzed. Of these, 38 (61.3%) underwent PCI. Overall, 17 patients (27.4%) developed BM, with a 2-year cumulative incidence of 22.8%. Multivariate analysis (MVA) revealed that pretreatment elevated pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP) levels were associated with an increased risk for BM (HR, 7.96, P = 0.0091). PCI tended to reduce the risk of BM (HR, 0.33; P = 0.051). The use of PCI was associated with improved OS in patients with ProGRP levels &gt; 410 pg/mL (P = 0.008), but not in those with ProGRP ≤ 410 pg/mL (P = 0.9). Pretreatment ProGRP levels may be useful in predicting the development of BM in patients with LS-SCLC who achieved a good response to initial therapy and to determine which patients should undergo PCI.
Comparing the toxicity and disease control rate of radiotherapy for prostate cancer between salvage settings after high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy and initial settings
Authors: Kuroki Toshihisa , Shoji Sunao , Uchida Toyoaki , Akiba Takeshi , Kabuki Shigeto , Nagao Ryuta , Fukuzawa Tsuyoshi , Matsumoto Yoshitsugu , Katsumata Tomomi , Futakami Natsumi , Mikami Tatsuya , Nakano Yoji , Toyoda Yuri , Takazawa Tsuyoshi , Kunieda Etsuo , Sugawara Akitomo 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the toxicity and disease control rate of radiotherapy for prostate cancer in salvage settings after high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy (HIFU cohort) with those in radical settings (non-HIFU cohort). From 2012 to 2020, 215 patients were identified for this study and 17 were treated in the salvage settings after HIFU. The median follow-up time was 34.5 months (range: 7–102 months, inter-quartile range [IQR]: 16–64 months). Genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events were evaluated in acute and late periods with Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5, and the rates of biochemical-clinical failure free survival (BCFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated. The cumulative incidence of late GU Grade 2 or greater toxicity after five years was significantly different between the non-HIFU and HIFU cohorts with rates of 7.3% and 26.2%, respectively (P = 0.03). Regarding GI Grade 2 or greater toxicity, there was no significant difference between the two cohorts. The 5y-BCFS was 84.2% in the non-HIFU cohort and 69.5% in the HIFU cohort with no significant difference (P = 0.10) and the 5y-OS was 95.9% and 92.3%, respectively (P = 0.47). We concluded that the possibility of increased late GU Grade 2 or greater should be considered when applying salvage radiotherapy for local recurrence after HIFU.
Spectropolarimetry of magnetic Chemically Peculiar stars in the Orion OB1 association
Authors: Semenko Eugene , Romanyuk Iosif , Yakunin Ilya , Kudryavtsev Dmitry , Moiseeva Anastasiya 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
We summarize the results of a spectropolarimetric survey of 56 chemically peculiar (CP) stars in the association of Orion OB1. We uniformly collected the observational material with the 6-m telescope BTA of the Special Astrophysical Observatory in 2013–2021. We identify 14 new magnetic CP stars with a longitudinal magnetic field exceeding approximately 500 G. The studied sample contains 31 magnetic stars or 55 per cent of the whole CP population in Orion OB1. We show that the percentage of the magnetic CP stars and the field strength drop sharply with age. The mean longitudinal magnetic field in the young subgroup OB1b (log t = 6.23) is confidently almost three times stronger than in the older subgroups OB1a (log t = 7.05) and OB1c (log t = 6.66). In the Orion Nebula, a place with the youngest stellar population (log t &lt; 6.0), we detect the magnetic field only in 20 per cent of CP stars. Such an occurrence drastically differs from 83 per cent of magnetic CP stars in the nearby subgroup OB1c. We consider this effect an observational bias caused by a significant portion of a very young population with the signatures of Herbig Ae/Be stars. The technique we used for magnetic measurements and the quality of available data do not allow us to detect weak fields in the case of stars with a limited number of lines and emissions in spectra.
Antibiotics for Preventing Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Jent Philipp , Berger Julia , Kuhn Annette , Trautner Barbara W , Atkinson Andrew , Marschall Jonas 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Recurrent urinary tract infections are a common health problem. The only comprehensive synthesis on antibiotic prophylaxis in the last 15 years has been a guideline-embedded meta-analysis. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials published up to October 13, 2020, evaluating patients age ≥12 years with either ≥2 episodes of lower urinary tract infection (UTI) within 6 months or ≥3 in the past year. Placebo or antibiotics were allowed as comparators. Study quality was low. In the 11 placebo-controlled trials, the risk for developing UTI was 85% lower with prophylaxis in comparison with placebo (risk ratio [RR], 0.15; 95% CI, 0.08–0.29). In the 9 head-to-head trials, the efficacy of the antibiotic agents appeared similar: The pooled RR indicated no difference between nitrofurantoin and comparators (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.74–1.37), nor trimethoprim (+/- sulfamethoxazole; RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.89–2.03) or norfloxacin and comparators (RR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.43–1.70). Studies comparing intermittent (postcoital) with continuous strategies revealed intermittent application to be equally effective.
RADIOPROTECTION SURVEILLANCE OF THE TJ-II OPERATION BY TLD
Authors: Noguerales C , Álvarez A , Ascasibar E , Carrasco R , Liniers M , Medrano M , Rodríguez-Rodrigo L , Vico A 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The TJ-II stellarator presently in operation at the National Laboratory of Fusion is subject to radiological surveillance in compliance with the Spanish Nuclear Regulation. During its pulsed operation hard X-rays are emitted by the runaway electrons, and soft X-rays are generated by bremsstrahlung of thermalized electrons. Inside the experimental hall, the plasma heating systems and some active diagnostics are additional sources of radiation. Outside the experimental hall, some auxiliary systems, such as high-voltage power supplies, must be checked for radiological influence. In order to verify the adequate radiological classification of the different working areas, 15 dosemeters are distributed in radiologically controlled areas close to the machine, as well as in areas of public use in the TJ-II building. The integrated dose equivalent is analyzed to help establish the range of radiological influence of the stellarator. The results of the period 2015–20 are presented and analyzed.
Scoring sleep with artificial intelligence enables quantification of sleep stage ambiguity: hypnodensity based on multiple expert scorers and auto-scoring
Authors: Bakker Jessie P , Ross Marco , Cerny Andreas , Vasko Ray , Shaw Edmund , Kuna Samuel , Magalang Ulysses J , Punjabi Naresh M , Anderer Peter 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Study Objectives
To quantify the amount of sleep stage ambiguity across expert scorers and to validate a new auto-scoring platform against sleep staging performed by multiple scorers.

Methods
We applied a new auto-scoring system to three datasets containing 95 PSGs scored by 6–12 scorers, to compare sleep stage probabilities (hypnodensity; i.e. the probability of each sleep stage being assigned to a given epoch) as the primary output, as well as a single sleep stage per epoch assigned by hierarchical majority rule.

Results
The percentage of epochs with 100% agreement across scorers was 46 ± 9%, 38 ± 10% and 32 ± 9% for the datasets with 6, 9, and 12 scorers, respectively. The mean intra-class correlation coefficient between sleep stage probabilities from auto- and manual-scoring was 0.91, representing excellent reliability. Within each dataset, agreement between auto-scoring and consensus manual-scoring was significantly higher than agreement between manual-scoring and consensus manual-scoring (0.78 vs. 0.69; 0.74 vs. 0.67; and 0.75 vs. 0.67; all p &lt; 0.01).

Conclusions
Analysis of scoring performed by multiple scorers reveals that sleep stage ambiguity is the rule rather than the exception. Probabilities of the sleep stages determined by artificial intelligence auto-scoring provide an excellent estimate of this ambiguity. Compared to consensus manual-scoring, sleep staging derived from auto-scoring is for each individual PSG noninferior to manual-scoring meaning that auto-scoring output is ready for interpretation without the need for manual adjustment.