bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Apple Aphid Control, 1977
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to 16-year-old apple trees on August 5 at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi and at a rate of ca 300 gal per acre. Polyram 80W (1 lb/100 gal) and Benlate 50W (2 oz) were sprayed on the trees at 2-3 week intervals from mid-June to mid-August. There were no tank-mixtures of insecticides with the fungicides. There were 2 single-tree replications per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 1 Mcintosh and 1 Spartan cultivars per treatment. Prior to treatment, 5 succulent terminal vegetative shoots were tagged around the periphery of each tree, at a height of 3 to 6 feet. Evaluation was based on a count of all live aphids found on the distal 4 unfurled and 1 furled leaves and on the stem included by these leaves on each tagged termi-al shoot. Aphid population pressure was not severe.
Dips for Control of Black Vine Weevil Larvae in Pots, Ohio 1977
Authors: Montgomery M. E. , Nielsen D. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three-year-old yews in 7-inch pots containing 4 qt of sandy-silt loam were inoculated with 50-75 lst-instar larvae during February. Infested plants were maintained in the greenhouse until larvae were 4th and 5th instar. Pots were then moved outdoors and soil moisture allowed to approach wilting point, although soil moisture was not monitored. On April 30, pots were immersed in insecticide solutions until bubbling ceased, approx 3 min. Each pot absorbed ca. 1 qt of solution. Treatments were replicated 6 times. Soil temperature was 25°C. Soil was emptied from the pots and numbers of larvae determined 17 days post-treatment.
Taxus, Black Vine Weevil Control, Wooster, Ohio, 1977
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Boggs Joseph F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of insecticides for control of black vine weevil adults was evaluated by laboratory bioassay of foliar residues collected from the field at specified intervals. Finished spray was applied to runoff with a C02 compression sprayer operating at 50 psi with a Tee Jet SS8004 flat fan nozzle between 9:00 A.M. and 12:00 noon (EDT) on July 26, 1977 under sunny skies at 19°C with a slight breeze (8-12 kilometers/hr)- Small portions (0.5-1.0 m wide) of Taxusmedia ‘Hatfieldi’, 3+ m high, growing in the Secrest Arboretum at Wooster were thoroughly sprayed with each candidate material. One day later, 3 10-15 cm twigs were clipped from each treatment area and placed individually in 9 x 16 cm cylindrical paper cartons fitted with a screen lid. Five ovipositing weevils were added to each container; containers were held in the laboratory at ca 22°C, 15 hr light/day, and ambient humidity. All weevils used were previously field collected in the Wooster area and held in a rearing chamber with fresh taxus foliage at approximately the above conditions. Additional bioassays were conducted at intervals given in Table 1. Mortality was assessed 72 hr after caging weevils with sprayed foliage.
White Oak,

L

.

Hamadryadella

Control, Lisle, Illinois, 1977
Authors: Appleby J.E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
White oak trees of ca 50 ft in height that had foliage heavily infested with leaFmining larvae were selected for the test. Single tree plots were used with 3 replications of all treatments. Each treatment was applied onto a 3 ft long branch of each tree having numberous leaves infested with leafminers. On June 13, 1977 the treatments were applied as foliar sprays until runoff using a 1-gallon knapsack sprayer. On June 20, 3 infested leaves were removed from each treated branch and the number of live and dead larvae counted per leaf.
Soil Insecticides for Control of Larvae of the Japanese Beetle, 1976-77
Authors: Lawrence Kenneth O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were tested over 2 years at 8 locations in 3 states. Two sites were plant nurseries with a volunteer ground cover of weeds and grasses; the other sites were (mostly) golf course turf with a mixture of common grasses. Granular insecticides were applied with a push type lawn spreader to 100 sq ft plots laid out in randomized complete block design with 5 or 6 replications. Treatments were not watered and days until the first significant rainfall (ca. .25 in) was recorded. Chiordane was discontinued as the standard after 1976 since there are several sites with resistant populations. Plots were sampled by counting the larvae in each of four, 7x7 inch plugs dug at random from each plot. The November treatment were made after the grubs burrowed down 6 to 8 inch to their overwintering sites, so they were unaffected until the following spring.
American Cockroach Trapping and Control, 1977
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Blythe Ron , Ree Bill , Bogle David , Mussett Kevin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test site consisted of a meats laboratory building located on the Oklahoma State University Campus, Stillwater, Oklahoma. The building contained two floors, one above ground and a basement, which contained a total of approximately 22,000 sq ft of floor space. The building had 40 rooms which were used for classrooms, offices, storage, animal slaughter, and meat processing. Application equipment consisted of 2 gal B & G compressed air sprayer equipped with a Mulfi-Teejet Spraying Systems nozzle plus a crack and crevice extension. Two gal of 2% microencapsulated diazinon finish spray were applied on March 16 at 15 - 20 psi to the area. Food handling areas were treated with the crack and crevice extension while other areas were treated according to standard procedures used by commerical pest control operators. Pretreotment and post-treatment cockroach populations consisted of trapping the cockroaches in qt (wide mouth) fruit jars which contained one tablespoon of bentonite clay (Montmorillonoid type N. B. 77-100-1) and a 1 1/2 X 1 1/2" piece of white bread. Forty eight traps were placed throughout the building except as noted in the table. At each trapping date, the jars were left for 1 week at which time cockroaches were collected and recorded. The jars were numbered and replaced in the same location for each trapping period.
Cattle, Horn Fly Control with Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides Applied as Sprays and Dusts, 1977
Authors: Burns Edward C. , Mayeux Miles W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
ICI PP 557 (ECTIBAN) and Burroughs-Wellcome BW 21Z were each applied as 0.025% or 0.05% sprays to cattle at two different locations. At a third location, ECTIBAN (0.25%) and BW 21Z (0.5% and 1.0%) were applied as dusts. In each study, a herd of cattle was sprayed with 0.125% dioxathion (standard), and at the first and third locations, an untreated control was used. Cattle in spray treatments received ca. 2.84 liters/animal of finished spray while those in dust treatments received ca. 5.7g/animal/day of dust from double thickness burlap bags hung beneath open sheds which provided the only shade in the pastures. Horn flies were counted in early morning on one side of the animals with the aid of binoculars. Random counts were made on 10 animals/herd. Horn fly counts are given as total flies per animal averages.
Apple, Oystershell Scale Control, 1977
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to 16-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi at a rate of ca. 500 gal per acre. Spray dates were May 26 (petal fall) and June 6 (first cover); each insecticide was applied on both dates. The standard pesticide program through mid-July consisted of captan 80W (1.0-1.25 lb/100 gal) on 10 dates, Epsom salts (15 lb) and Marlate 50W (3 lb) on May 27, June 6, and 16, Solubor (1 lb) on June 6, and Sevin 80W (.62 - 1.25 lb) on June 13, 19, and July 13. There were no tank-mixtures of insecticides with other pesticides. There were 3 single-tree replications per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 1 Mcintosh and 2 Golden Delicious cultivars per treatment. On August 31-September 1, a count was made of all scales found on the 1977 vegetative growth of 10 terminals per tree; only those terminals which bore scales on 1976 growth were examined. European red mites were counted on 33 or 34 leaves collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. The leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; the mites were counted the same day. Scale and mite populations were somewhat vigorous in this orchard. There were frequent and heavy rains in June.
Cattle, Hypoderma Lineatum Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1977
Authors: Drummond R. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Government-owned Hereford and Angus calves and yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp Bui I is, Bexar County, Texas, that are naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (de Villers), are treated with new animal systemic insecticides discovered in the mouse-Cuterebra animal systemic insecticide test (Drummond, R. O., 1977, Insect. Acaric. Tests 2: 144-5). In initial tests, animals are weighed and given insecticides either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or dermally by whole-body spray consisting of 4 liters/animal at &gt; 150 psi (usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Tritone X-100 (10 parts), and Al (25 parts)). Normally, cattle are treated at the highest nonlethal dosages as determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists, but maximum dosages for initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. In succeeding tests, insecticides may be administered dermally by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC as described above or solution in oil) per body weight or intramuscularly by injection (usually technical grade insecticide in diethyl succinate).
Chickens, Insecticide Screening for Control of Chicken Lice, 1977
Authors: Darrow D. I. , LeMeilleur C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chickens naturally or artificially infested with the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch), were treated with acetone, athanol, or water solutions of technical or finer grade experimental compounds. Material (40 ml of solution) was applied to the infested chickens with an artist’s airbrush modified to give a coarse spray at a pressure of 40 psi. The applications were made while the chickens were suspended by the legs with a soft cotton rope and rotated to assure complete and adequate coverage. Treated chickens were confined separately in cage-layer cells for a 28-day posttreatment observation period. Animals treated similarly were placed in adjacent cells, but those treated with different materials or concentrations were separated by one cell. Any reinfestation that occurred was limited to lice hatching from viable eggs present on the test animals at time of treatment. Pretreatment louse populations were estimated by counting the motile forms found in 10 partings of feathers; 2 each at the vent, breast, back, neck, and wings.
Mouse, Cuterebra Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1977
Authors: Drummond R. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
White mice are infested ocularly with 5 newly hatched larvae of Cuterebra fontinella. Two days later, female mice are weighed and treated orally (mg/kg basis) with candidate insecticides formulated in Tween 20; male mice have a plastic collar placed around their necks (to prevent grooming) and are dipped (body only) into 100-200 ml of an emulsion of the candidate insecticide usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and Al (25 parts). Highest dosages are 100 mg/kg and 1%. Four days later, mice are killed and bodies examined carefully for encapsulated larvae (usually in inguinal region). Effectiveness is determined by comparing numbers of larvae in treated mice with numbers in untreated mice. Probit analysis is conducted with corrected percent kill data. Details of the test have been presented by Gingrich, R. E.,etal., 1972, J. Econ. Entomol. 65 (3): 742-5, and Drummond, R. O., and R. E. Gingrich, 1972, J. Econ. Cntomol. 65 (4): 1211-2. Recent results were presented by Drummond, R. O., 1977, Insect. Acaric. Tests 2: 144-5.
The Importance of Reporting Soil Properties in Insecticide and Acaricide Tests and Methods of Determination
Authors: Nesmith William C. , Averre Charles W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A large number of tests are performed annually to evaluate the efficacy of chemicals for controlling plant pathogenic microorganisms and insects in the soil. Many of these testsare reported with minimal or no reference to soil conditions. Yet, the soil can have profound effects on the efficacy of a chemical in two major ways: 1) it can affect the susceptibility of a organism to the chemical and 2) it can have a direct effect on the toxicological properties of the chemical (10). For example: Most organisms, to varying degrees, are less sensitive to toxicants when in a dormant or resting state which is often encouraged by unfavorable soil conditions such as cold temperature, drought, and flooding. Also, soils are very reactive chemically and physically. Many chemicals are adsorbed or absorbed on soil particles such as clay and organic matter and thus may become inactivated. In other cases, the soil structure, texture, temperature and moisture may limith the dispersal of the toxicant throughout the plow layer from the point of application; this is especially critical with fumigant type products. The soil pH can have a marked influence on the toxicity of the chemical.
Apple, Plum Curculio, Insecticidal Efficacy, 1976
Authors: Holloway Rodney L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were made by dipping thinning apples in a formulated solution of each respective insecticide. After drying 3 apples were placed in a screenwire covered plastic container. Ten laboratory reared plum curculios were placed in each plastic cup with 5 containers being used per treatment.
Apple, Evaluation of Sprayers, 1977
Authors: Hull L. A. , Hickey K. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Distribution pattern, amount of deposit and biological efficacy of pesticides applied by different commercial airblast sprayers were measured in a mature block of ’Stayman Winesap’ apple trees. Trees used were planted at a distance of 9.1 m in rows 10.7 m apart and were well pruned to a height of 3.7 to 4.3 m. Three major objectives were: 1) to determine by gas chromatographic analyses the deposit of dicofol on leaves in different areas of the tree; 2) to determine the eradicative effect of a single application of endosulfan on a high population of apple aphid; 3) to estimate the amount of leaf surface covered by spray droplets as measured visually using a fluorescent chemical tracer for comparison with actual chemical deposits measured by gas chromatographic techniques. Comparisons of three conventional and two low-volume, mist-type airblast sprayers with a high pressure hydraulic hand sprayer (dilute spray) were made.
Apple, Insect Control, 1977
Authors: Mouzin T. E. , Reed D. K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two replications of 18 tree plots (6 Jonathan - 6 Red Del. - 6 Golden Del.) were treated with phosmet (0.5 lb ai/100 gal), captan (0.5 lb ai/100 gal), and Dikar (1.6 lb ai/100 gal) using different application schedules: A - 3 appl. (May5, Jun7, Jul27), B - appl. (May5, Jull, Jul27), C - 4 appl (May5, Jun7, Jull, Jul27), D - 7 appl (May5, Mayl7, May25, Jun7, Jun20, Jull, Jul27), E - 10 appl (May5, Mayl7, May25, Jun7, Jun20, Jull, Jull3, Jul27, Aug8, Augl7) and F - no treatment. Applications were made with a John Bean sprayer operated at 400-450 psi at the rate of 5 gal/tree. Fruit infestation ratings were obtained by picking fruit at random and examining for damage at the end of the season. Pheromone survey traps revealed a low population of codling moth during 1977.
Apple, Aphid Control, 1977
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Los Lorraine 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for toxicity to Rosy Apple Aphids and Green Apple Aphids. There was 2 replicates of each treatment with each replicate containing 5 infested terminals to achieve a nested design. Treatments were applied on June 24 to 13 year old Sungold trees by using a back pack sprayer to saturate infested terminals. Live aphids were counted 72 hours after treatment.
Apple, Mite Control, Hudson Valley, 1977
Authors: Weires R. W. , Smith G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide treatments were evaluated for their effects on mite populations in a seasonal control program conducted in a thirteen-year-old planting on the EM 2 rootstock. Eight-tree plots containing from 5 to 7 dif-ferent apple cultivars were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied dilute to runoff using ca 3.8 gal spray/tree (370 gal/acre) with a handgun sprayer at 425 psi. Treatments were applied at pink (Mcintosh) Apr 19, petal fall May 13, and in six cover sprays - May 25, June 13, June 27, July 14, and July 28, and Aug 11. The Ambush, Croneton + Guthion, Dipel, and Penncap treatments were applied June 9, but 2.2 in. of rain fell shortly after application and the treatments had not dried so they were reapplied with the rest of the treatments on June 13.
Pear, Psylla And Codling Moth Control on Pear, 1977
Authors: Riedl H. W. , Hoying S. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 1.1 acre section of a 15 year-old pear block at the U. C. Deciduous Fruit Station in San Jose, CA was used to test the efficacy of SD 43775 25WP. Treatments varied in dosage and the number of applications (see tables for details). Material was applied until runoff using a handgun sprayer operating at 20684 kPa. Each treatment including the untreated check consisted of four 16-tree plots with only the inner four trees in each plot being sampled. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized design. Effectiveness on adult psylla was evaluated by beating tray counts from 16 trees/treatment. Effectiveness on psylla nymphs and eggs was evaluated by spur (48/treatment) and leaf (96/treatment) samples. Codling moth damage was assessed on June 24 on 160 fruit/treatment and Aug 3 on all the fruit on 4 trees on each replicate (av. 156 fruit/tree). Phytophagous mite populations were assessed at harvest. Sample size consisted of 80 leaves/treatment.
Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mites on Strawberries, 1971
Authors: Linduska James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plictran was compared with a mixture of Kelthane + Tedion. The variety ‘Midway’ was selected because of its susceptibility to attack by mites. Both treatments were applied with a Kinkelder (Model - Marvel) low volume row crop sprayer with a 3-sided row %fop head. Sprays were applied at the rate of 10 gal/acre at 15 psi. The air velocity produced by the sprayer was 160-180 mph. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. The plots were 30 ft long and 3 rows wide, the center row being used as the record row. All rows were planted on a 42-inch row spacing. Check plots were obtained by covering certain rows with clear 4 mil polyethylene plastic film. Check plots remained covered for 12 hr. All samples for mite counts consisted of 5 trifoliate leaves per plot. The record row was located 12.25 ft from the center of the sprayer.
Citrus, D. Abbreviatus Control, Plymouth, Florida, 1975
Authors: Schroeder W. J. , Sutton R. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Granular formulations of soil insecticides were applied to m2-areas in a citrus grove near Apopka, FL, April 7, 1975. The soil type was Astatula fine sand, type quartzipsamment. Each insecticide was applied at rates of 4.49, 13.46, and 22.43 kg Al/ha; each treatment was replicated 5 times. Rainfall for April, May, and June was 5.64, 13.77, and 7.41 cm, respectively. Soil samples were taken from each plot at 7, 14, 32, 46, 58, and 73 days posttreatment by inserting a 50 ml beaker 6 cm into the soil and removing a plug. The sample was placed in a 150 ml beaker 6 cm into the soil and removing a plug. The sample was placed in a 150 ml shallow, waxed paper cup having a fine, screen bottom; 20 neonate larvae were placed on the soil surface; and the cup was covered and placed over a container of water. Larvae moved through the soil, and survivors fell into the water. The effect of treatment was measured by the number of larvae failing to pass through the soil.
Snap Beans, Seed Corn Maggot Control, 1977
Authors: Webb Ralph E. , Cawley Bryant M. , Gauthier Norma L. , Sanborn Stephen M. , Libby John L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Snap Beans, Seed Corn Maggot Control, 1977: ‘Early Gallatin’ beans were planted with a cone seeder in 20-ft rows on 36-inch centers on June 13 and 14, 1977, near Hancock, Wisconsin. Thirteen double-row treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicates were compared with an untreated control. Treatments included 4 materials applied as seed treatments and 9 granular insecticides. Infestations of seed com maggots were enhanced by sprinkling meat meal (0.5 lb per 20 ft) over the furrow. Soil type was Plainfield Sand with adequate irrigation. Average soil temperatures on June 13 and 14, 1977, were 63.5° and 73°F, respectively. Seed com maggot damage was assessed on June 23 and 24 by determining the percentage of plants damaged in each row.
Cabbage Looper Control in Broccoli with Orthene Granules, 1976
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
’Waltham 29’ broccoli was transplanted August 15 in 3-ft rows with 17-inch spacing. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single 10-ft long row with an untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. Various methods of treatment were employed and are designated as follows: Band at transplant - Banded 2 to 3 inches from plant and about 3 inches deep on both sides of the row on August 31. Furrow cut alongside row with hand cultivator, the granules dropped therein with a hand shaker and then covered. Foliar at transplant-Distributed over top of broccoli plants with a hand shaker on August 31. Foliar at transplant and lay-by - Orthene 5G (5 lb ai/acre) distributed over plants with hand shaker on August 31 and again at lay-by on September 28; Foliar at transplant and 1 lb ai/acre foliar as needed - Orthene 5G (3 lb ai/acre) distributed over plants with hand shaker on August 31 followed by Orthene 5G (1 lb ai/acre) foliar applications on September 21 and 28; Foliar at transplant plus 2 lb ai/acre foliar at 2-week intervals - Orthene 5G (2 lb ai/acre) dis-tributed over plants with hand shaker on August 31 followed by Orthene 5G (2 lb ai/acre) foliar applications on September 14 and 28; Foliar weekly - Orthene 5G (1 lb ai/acre) distributed over foliage on August 31 followed by subsequent applications at same rate on September 14, 21, and 28; Foliar spray - Applied August 31, September 7, 14, 21, and 28 with D. B. Smith 5-gallon knapsack, hand-operated compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 100 gal/acre using a D. B. Smith #147 adjustable cone nozzle. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of loopers per 5 broccoli plants or by foliage injury ratings.
Granular Insecticide Whorl Applications to Cabbage, 1976
Authors: Gauthier Norman L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at Agway Farm Research Center, Fabius, NY, to correlate the performance of a controlled release insecticide formulation, Orthene, by measuring the total degree of insect feeding injury and percent insect control. A randomized block design of 3 replications was used with 24-inch row spacing (21/780 linear feet of row/acre) in a plot of 5 x 30 ft. Two hundred lb of 20-20-20 was fall applied and disced in; Dacthal 75W herbicide was applied at 12 lb/acre preemergence. White cabbage of the variety ‘Penn State Ballhead’ was direct seeded with model JD-37 seeder June 10, 1976, and insecticide applications were made postemergence August 24, 1976. A hand-held shaker can was used to deliver premeasured granular insecticide amounts per plot over the tops of plants. At this time the cabbage was approximately 12 inches high with the first several head leaves formed.