bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common‐Sense Model
Authors: Scherr Courtney L. , Kalke Kerstin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Common‐Sense Model of Self‐Regulation (CSM) is a social cognitive framework that describes lay processes associated with adherence to health protective behavior. The CSM describes how the formation of lay beliefs about health threats (prototypes) and the subsequent parallel processing of cognitions and emotions (representations) related to the health threat give rise to threat management (coping) to assist in threat management. The CSM is an individual‐level model and includes a dynamic feedback mechanism which provides opportunities for people to evaluate their coping strategies and reconsider their mental model or selected coping strategy, should their desired outcome not be achieved. The propositions forwarded by the CSM related to information processing, decision making, and behavior change have direct implications for the design of health messages and communication interventions. The CSM provides a useful framework to guide patient–clinician communication, risk communication, health communication interventions, educational programs, brochures, and decision aids. The systematic approach of the CSM is particularly suited for adaptation in communication research as it considers the interplay of cognition and emotion in the processing of information, and explores influences on the individual from an interpersonal and societal level.
Harm Reduction Theory
Authors: Chavda Bhakti , Mattson Marifran 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Harm Reduction Theory (HRT) seeks to reduce harms associated with high‐risk behaviors without aiming for the discontinuation of these behaviors. The concept was first introduced in the 1960s for substance abuse prevention, but it gained momentum in the 1970s and 1980s due to the emergence of HIV cases across the world. Ever since, HRT has been successfully implemented for public health issues such as alcohol addiction, tobacco consumption, and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Four main beliefs have been identified that guide harm reduction approaches. First, the extent of risk is continuous and not dichotomous. Second, the discontinuation of unhealthy behaviors is a stepwise process with complete abstinence being the last step. Third, the health of affected individuals takes priority over passing moral judgments on their behavior. Fourth, goal setting for harm reduction (HR) practices needs to be realistic. Over the last several years, numerous studies have established the efficacy of HRT integration in health communication campaigns. Some of these include needle exchange programs to prevent infectious disease transmission, opioid substitution programs, and message framing around protected sex. However, ethical, and administrative issues such as allowing the continuation of risky behaviors, and limited awareness about HR resources have also been raised. Despite these limitations, HRT continues to be a part of successful HC campaigns directed toward harm regulation and risk communication.
Language Expectancy Theory
Authors: Averbeck Joshua M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Language Expectancy Theory (LET) provides an explanation for why certain individuals are persuasive when using some language choices while others fail. The expectations we have for certain social categories are predictive of the likelihood of behavior change when sources use intense or otherwise undesirable language strategies. The LET framework has been successfully applied to health campaigns, patient–clinician interactions, and communicative traits that are predictive of language preferences.
Theory of Normative Social Behavior
Authors: Liu Rain Wuyu , Lapinski Maria Knight 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This entry provides an introduction to the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB), proposed and developed by Rimal and Real and expanded by Lapinski and Rimal, including conceptualizations of key constructs, the main propositions in the TNSB, some of its research applications in health communication, as well as future directions for research on the theory. The TNSB explicates the processes by which normative influence on behaviors is exerted and moderated. It posits that the influence of perceived descriptive norms on behaviors is moderated by a series of variables, such as perceived injunctive norms, outcome expectations, group identity, and behavioral attributes. In a recent expansion of the theory, more potential moderators are identified, including individual‐level factors (e.g., involvement, self‐monitoring, self‐efficacy) and interpersonal‐ and societal‐level moderators (e.g., group proximity, interdependence). The TNSB offers a communication‐based perspective in studying the process of social influence as a function of interpersonal and mediated communication. Numerous studies using the TNSB on a variety of health‐related issues (e.g., handwashing, smoking cessation, reducing binge drinking, sunscreen application) provide empirical support to the propositions in this theory. As such, the TNSB remains one of the widely utilized theories in health communication scholarship.
Narrative Theory
Authors: Davidson Lindy Grief 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHumans are storytellers, and many disciplines are dedicated to the production, examination, and interpretation of stories. In health communication, narrative theory is particularly interested in meaning‐making as it exists in contexts of health, illness, and wellness. Delving into narrative theory in health communication is a somewhat confounding task considering the hard science frame that dominates biomedicine. Nevertheless, embracing narrative theory in health offers scholars a view of the human experience of health, wellness, and illness not available through other forms. To grasp the magnitude of narrative, one must understand the constitutive nature of communication and the ways stories (co‐, re‐, de‐)construct reality and identity. In health communication, there are innumerable examples of these ideas, so this overview of narrative theory is organized to examine the ideas behind creating and interpreting narratives, followed by a look at what it means to engage in a narrative life and the activism that flows from such a life. Examples of various expressions of health narrative are suggested for further study.
Persuasive Technologies for Health
Authors: Lustria Mia Liza A. , van Weert Julia C. M. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPersuasive health technologies are technologies that are designed to change attitudes or health behaviors of users through persuasion and social influence without using coercion. This entry introduces what persuasive health technology is, how it is used to support behavior change interventions, and what the relative advantages are. Technology‐based health interventions have high potential because of the many technological affordances they offer, but problems related to engagement and participation significantly limit their effectiveness. Health communication scholars can contribute to the effectiveness of persuasive health technologies by using theory‐ and evidence‐based approaches in developing and testing them. We describe three different models that can help improve the design and persuasiveness of persuasive health technologies: Fogg's behavioral model (FBM), persuasive system design model (PSD), and behavioral intervention technology model (BIT). We also reflect on the ethical concerns that should be taken into account in the development of persuasive technologies. Future health communication research can play an essential role in understanding how applying persuasive health technology and behavioral intervention technology models can impact the use and effectiveness of persuasive technologies for health.
Mobile Health, Design Of
Authors: Kim Heewon , van Essen Christina 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis entry provides an overview of mHealth design from a communication perspective. First, this entry offers a typology of core dimensions of mHealth design that classify the existing features into the self‐management dimension, the educational and informational dimension, and the communicative and relational dimension. Next, we review key principles of mHealth design across different phases of planning and preparation, design and prototyping, testing and evaluation, and dissemination and marketing. Finally, this entry proposes future directions that can advance mHealth design.
Social Media: Facebook
Authors: Guidry Jeanine P. D. , Miller Carrie A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Facebook, with 2.8 billion monthly users, is the world's largest social media platform, and is frequently used for health communication purposes. However, this is often used by organizations as a one‐way form of communications. Some of the most frequent uses of Facebook for health communications are providing information or education related to a specific health issue, social support for those dealing with a specific health issue, and social listening. In addition, Facebook increasingly is used to communicate details of health‐related interventions. One of the primary benefits of the use of Facebook for health communication is that the platform can reach the general public, patients, and clinicians. Facebook's use for health communication also has its potential drawbacks. The platform is often associated with the proliferation of health misinformation, particularly related to vaccination and infectious diseases. In addition, conflicting reports exist linking Facebook use to both improvement as well as deterioration in mental health, especially among teen users. Best practices for the use of Facebook for health communication include using two‐way communication, using visuals as part of messaging, and being vigilant dealing with misinformation appearing on the platform.
US National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS)
Authors: Blake Kelly D. , Finney Rutten Lila J. , Moser Richard P. , Hesse Bradford W. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
HINTS (the US National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey) is a cross‐sectional, nationally representative survey of the US noninstitutionalized adult population (18 and older) that collects data on the public's need for, access to, and use of health‐related information and health‐related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. HINTS was first fielded in 2002–2003, and at the time of this publication, this general population survey has been administered 14 times over 17 years, with the most recent iterations including annual data collection cycles. HINTS data can be used to derive population prevalence estimates, conduct inferential statistics, and to track trends over time using aggregated data to examine health communication and technology‐related phenomena related to cancer prevention and control. The purpose of this entry is to provide an overview of HINTS and its content, to provide details on the data collection methods used for each iteration of the survey, and to describe public resources that are available for analyzing HINTS data.
Chronic Diseases: Pain
Authors: Subramanian Roma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This entry provides an introduction to communication issues in patient–clinician interactions in the context of chronic pain, a commonly encountered problem in medical care. Clinician–patient interactions in the context of chronic pain management can be contentious for various reasons, such as contrasting views about the cause of pain and treatment goals. Clinicians often cite patient factors, such as self‐management problems, as barriers to delivering optimal care, whereas patients criticize clinicians for failing to demonstrate empathy and trust. Patient‐centered communication, which is characterized by elements such as shared decision making, epistemic humility, and a holistic view of health, can help foster trust in the relationship between clinicians and chronic pain patients.
Intergenerational Family Dynamics
Authors: Marsh Jaclyn S. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntergenerational family dynamics are ever changing as our populations around the world are living longer. When multiple generations live together there are many positives to the overall strength of the family. Both younger generations and elderly generations living together simultaneously can be a benefit as each learn from the other. However, this has potential for conflicts to arise and affect the overall health and well‐being of the family members. If merging of the families is not done well it can create issues among the different individuals and, if not dealt with, can fester to create problems for the family as a whole. Communication is very important for the success of intergenerational bonding and if done positively, all members can benefit from the merger and gain important knowledge. There are practical health implications if intergenerational family bonding occurs. For example, family members will have help related to their health issues and/or the aging process in general.
Men's Health
Authors: Bareiss Warren 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Men face health challenges that are in many ways different from those experienced by women. Disparities between men's and women's longevity, morbidity, and mortality are associated with traditional perceptions of masculinity and lack of government health programs specifically for men, although some differences are, of course, biological in nature. Although the number of studies on health communication pertaining to men is still quite small compared to women's health communication, some studies have started to open doors toward understanding relationships among masculinity, health, and communication. Recent progress has also been made in recognizing diverse challenges to men's health with respect to sexuality, race, and ethnicity. Nevertheless, much more can be done to develop information‐based programs in prevention, treatment, and education specifically pertaining to men's health as informed by health communication scholarship.
Internet Patient vs. Internet‐Informed Patient
Authors: Jäger Simone , Linn Annemiek J. , Brew‐Sam Nicola , Sanders Remco 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the ongoing Internet Age, the theory and practice of health communication experience noticeable changes due to advancing technologies. As part of a patient empowerment process in this eHealth era, patients have more options to access relevant health information, share this information with peers or clinicians in patient‐centered communication, and actively participate in shared health decision making. Theories about motivations and drivers to use the Internet, such as the Goals–Plans–Action Model (GPA) or the Optimal Matching Theory (OMT), help grasp two trends in patients' health information behaviors which relate to the Internet as a source of health information on the one hand and as an interaction and communication channel on the other. These are either reflected in the Internet‐informed patient increasingly seeking health information on the web or the Internet patient using various online channels to communicate with clinicians and/or other patients. While the two terms sound similar, they actually differ considerably and thus should not be used interchangeably. In this entry, explanations of the two distinct concepts are provided, considering elements of both and their context of use. Light is shed on resulting effects for patients, clinicians, their encounter, and relationship. Using the Internet for health information purposes may either trigger unreasonable fears (cyberchondria) or better equip patients for coping with their health issues (uncertainty management). Moreover, Internet technology enables different formats for the clinician–patient interaction such as telemedicine consultations, or for patients' self‐management behaviors (e.g., health apps).
Online Health Information Exchange and Privacy
Authors: Börsting Johanna 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Exchanging personal data and disclosing one's self to others on the Internet is an integral part of everyday life for many users. Social media especially provides many opportunities for exchanging and sharing personal and sometimes even intimate data. Increasingly, users also exchange health information (e.g., concerning physical fitness or even diseases) with other users and institutions, which can bring several positive but also negative outcomes. Advantages of online health information exchange can involve receiving information, social support, or diagnoses independent of time and location. Disadvantages occur if users' privacy is threatened. Users might feel uncomfortable when their private data are not treated confidentially by other users or third parties, which might lead to negative emotions, decreased intention of using online healthcare services in the future, or even serious privacy breaches. Users' willingness to share personal health‐related information via Internet‐based systems depends on the expected positive and negative outcomes related to contextual (e.g., platform) and personal (e.g., concerns) factors. Since health information contains sensitive data, the willingness to exchange such data is always related to users' experienced and actual level of privacy. Analyzing the processes of online health information exchange against the background of users' privacy is valuable for the understanding of users' needs and provides a foundation for improving online healthcare services.
Unique approaches for testicular shielding during total‐body irradiation for pediatric patients
Authors: Agarwal Mohit Shiv , Kelly Kathryn Bales , Papanikolaou Panos , Kirby Neil , Ha Chul Soo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTotal‐body irradiation (TBI) has been used as a part of the conditioning regimen for patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for certain nonmalignant conditions such as sickle cell disease. Although effective, TBI can cause lasting side effects for pediatric patients. One of these potential side effects includes oligospermia or even permanent azoospermia. Although many investigators have studied ways to shield the testicles during the TBI for nonmalignant conditions, there is no set standard. We describe the technical aspects of effective techniques to shield the testicles of male pediatric patients undergoing TBI. We verified that our techniques reduced the testicular dose by approximately 80%–85% of the TBI prescription dose in four male pediatric patients, keeping the dose well below the documented doses that can cause permanent infertility and hypogonadism.
Facile Synthesis of Medium‐Entropy Metal Sulfides as High‐Efficiency Electrocatalysts toward Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wu Lei , Shen Xiaoping , Ji Zhenyuan , Yuan Jiaren , Yang Shaokang , Zhu Guoxing , Chen Lizhi , Kong Lirong , Zhou Hongbo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDeveloping highly efficient and durable electrocatalysts toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an urgent demand to produce clean hydrogen energy. In this study, a series of medium‐entropy metal sulfides (MEMS) of (NiFeCoX)3S4 (where X = Mn, Cr, Zn) are synthesized by a facile one‐pot solvothermal strategy using molecular precursors. Benefiting from the multiple‐metal synergistic effect and the low crystallinity, these MEMS show significantly enhanced electrocatalytic OER activity compared with the binary‐metal (NiFe)3S4 and ternary‐metal (NiFeCo)3S4 counterparts. Especially, (NiFeCoMn)3S4 delivers a low overpotential of 289 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a decent Tafel slope of 75.6 mV dec−1 and robust catalytic stability in alkaline medium, outperforming the costly IrO2 benchmark electrocatalyst and the majority of the reported metal sulfide‐based electrocatalysts until now. These MEMS with facile synthesis and excellent electrocatalytic performance bring a great opportunity to design desirable electrocatalysts for practical application.
Ultralow Loss and High Tunability in a Non‐perovskite Relaxor Ferroelectric
Authors: Li Ruitao , Xu Diming , Avdeev Max , Zhang Lei , Chen Xinfeng , Gou Gaoyang , Wang Dong , Liu Wenfeng , Zhou Di 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDielectric ceramics are fundamental for electronic systems, including energy storages, microwave applications, ultrasonics, and sensors. Relaxor ferroelectrics show superb performance among dielectrics due to their high efficiency and energy density by the nature of nanodomains. Here, a novel non‐perovskite relaxor ferroelectric, Bi6Ti5WO22, with ultralow loss, ≈10−3, highly tunable permittivity, ≈2200 at room temperature with 40% tunability and the superparaelectric region at room temperature is presented. The actual crystal structure and the nanodomains of Bi6Ti5WO22 are demonstrat Various‐temperature neutron powder diffraction and in situ high‐resolution transmission‐electron‐microscopy illustrate the twinning effect, subtle structure change and micro‐strain in the material influenced by temperature, manifesting the actual crystal structure of Bi6Ti5WO22. Compared with dielectric loss of BaTiO3‐based dielectric tunable materials, the loss of Bi6Ti5WO22 is more than an order of magnitude lower, which makes it exhibit a figure of merit (≈240), much higher than that of conventional dielectric tunable materials (< 100), endorse the material great potential for direct applications. The present research offers a strategy for discovering novel relaxor ferroelectrics and a highly desirable material for fabricating energy storage capacitors, microwave dielectrics, and ultrasonics.
Chemical Tuning Meets 2D Molecular Magnets
Authors: Huang Yulong , Zhang Qiang , Li Yuguang C. , Yao Yu , Hu Yong , Ren Shenqiang 
Published: November 2022

Abstract2D magnets provoke a surge of interest in large anisotropy in reduced dimensions and are promising for next‐generation information technology where dynamic magnetic tuning is essential. Until recently, the crucial metal‐organic magnet Cr(pyz)2·xLiCl·yTHF with considerable high coercivity and high‐temperature magnetic order opens up a new platform to control magnetism in metal‐organic materials at room temperature. Here, an in–situ chemical tuning route is reported to realize the controllable transformation of low‐temperature magnetic order into room‐temperature hard magnetism in Cr(pyz)2·xLiCl·yTHF. The chemical tuning via electrochemical lithiation and solvation/desolvation exhibits continuously variable magnetic features from cryogenic magnetism to the room‐temperature optimum performance of coercivity (Hc) of 8500 Oe and energy product of 0.6 MGOe. Such chemically flexible tunability of room‐temperature magnetism is ascribed to the different degrees of lithiation and solvation that modify the stoichiometry and Cr‐pyrazine coordination framework. Furthermore, the additively manufactured hybrid magnets show air stability and electromagnetic induction, providing potential applications. The findings here suggest chemical tuning as a universal approach to control the anisotropy and magnetism of 2D hybrid magnets at room temperature, promising for data storage, magnetic refrigeration, and spintronics.