bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconsidering Personhood—From ‘Civil Death’ to ‘Civil Life’ for Persons with Disabilities
Authors: Quinn Gerard 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) is placed in a broader context. It is argued that Article 12 of the UNCRPD makes sense when viewed against the backdrop of developments across a range of disciplines that have been silently evolving over the past two decades or more. These new theories are about the nature, function, and outer boundaries of personhood. They debunk the idea that cognitive capacity is a central or ‘essentialist’ criterion of personhood. It is suggested that it is these changes that convert the seemingly utopian ideal of Article 12 into a valid legislative and policy goal for states into the future. The UNCRPD encapsulates a new approach to law reform, in terms of how received understandings of personhood have in fact changed in a variety of disciplines in recent times. Finally, it is argued that we need to move away from a traditional human rights default that aims to police how we limit rights (as in guardianship) to a human rights perch that explores how to give life to rights (through appropriate supports). This entails a completely different policy imagination.
Memorization
Authors: Ginsborg Jane 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Abstract: The chapter begins by explaining how memory is currently understood, with illustrations relevant to musicians. Next, it focuses on the spontaneous and deliberate processes underlying expert musicians’ memorization and recall for music and shows how musicians develop mental representations on which they draw when performing from memory. It goes on to provide a brief history of the pedagogy of music memorization, summarizes performers’ and teachers’ advice dating from more than 100 years ago, and discusses more recent empirical research on memorization by musicians and psychologists. It then addresses the practical implications of the theories of memory that were introduced at the beginning of the chapter, musicians’ own accounts of their memorizing strategies, and relevant research evidence. In conclusion, it makes recommendations for memorizing and recalling music from memory, reminds readers that performing from memory is a convention not a rule, and offers some reassurance in relation to memory lapses.
Emotion and Performance Practices
Authors: Rocke Stephanie , Davidson Jane W. , Kiernan Frederic 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses various aspects of emotion relevant to performers. While the primary focus is upon the music-emotion relationship, performers are also encouraged to think about emotion from societal, communal, and individual perspectives as a way of generating meaningful relationships and encounters with those who shape their musical world. The second half of the chapter is particularly relevant to Western art music performers engaging with music of the past. Providing a theoretical context for understanding emotions as historically contingent, it raises issues about how emotion—both felt and portrayed—might be generated as a form of historically informed performance practice. Adopting a history of emotions perspective, many of the ways in which emotions were conceived and practiced across the history of Western art music are laid out. The chapter concludes with practical implications, including a rubric for incorporating historical understandings of emotion into performances as an innovative approach to developing a historically informed performance practice.
Musical Creativity in Performance
Authors: van der Schyff Dylan , Schiavio Andrea 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Creativity research has generated an impressive body of literature that spans a range of disciplines. Despite this diversity, however, creativity studies have traditionally tended to focus on the evaluation of products generated by creative people, which are categorized in various ways according to their reception and impact on society. This orientation has been advanced in various ways by including factors such as process, personality, and cultural pressures. While these approaches have produced many important insights, it may be argued that the types of creativity involved in music performance involve additional aspects. Musical performance necessarily entails developing forms of bodily skill that play out in real-time interactive contexts that involve other people, musical instruments and technologies, acoustic spaces, and various socio-cultural factors. Accordingly, some scholars have recently posited relational, environmentally distributed, and cooperative models that better capture the complex nature of musical creativity in action. In this chapter, we review some key approaches to creative cognition, with a special focus on understanding creativity as it unfolds in the real-time dynamics of musical performance. In doing so, we introduce a number of concepts associated with recent work in cognitive science that may help to capture the adaptive interplay of body and environment in the co-enactment of musical events.
Readiness for Learning to Perform Music
Authors: Blackwell Jennifer , McPherson Gary E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing prominent learning theories that contextualize development and then drills down to individual components that are relevant to learning to perform music. Developmental factors, such as distinguishing giftedness from talent, predispositions to learn, sensitive and critical periods, and perceptual abilities are discussed. A section on physical maturation provides information on how to match students with instruments, including factors influencing these choices such as motor development, teeth alignment, sex differences, and gender biases. We strongly advise against using so-called standardized measures of musical aptitude to predict future success and detail some of the ways these types of measures are flawed. In the final section dealing with practical applications, we return to the broader definition of readiness as a “healthy state of mind” to provide a set of principles that can be used to guide the types of environments, approaches, and beliefs that we believe best cater for the individual needs of each child. One of the main points we stress is that there are no definitive rules for when a child is ready to learn an instrument or voice. Determining readiness is highly contextual and will vary from child to child.
The History of the Humanities and Human Flourishing
Authors: McMahon Darrin M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The effort to encourage a eudaimonic turn in the humanities marks less a turn, than a return, to the emphasis on human flourishing that was once a central feature of the liberal arts and the humanities as they developed in the West. Though eclipsed for much of the twentieth century, this long-standing emphasis is currently being rediscovered and revived for the conditions of the twenty-first century. Just as psychologists and other social scientists have taken a positive turn in recent decades, humanists and practitioners of the liberal arts are now poised to reconnect their discipline to their foundational interest in human well-being.
Character and Virtues in the Arts and Humanities
Authors: Ruch Willibald , Gander Fabian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of character in the arts and humanities. The authors introduce the most influential model of character, the Values in Action (VIA) classification of character strengths and virtues, review the relevance of the arts and humanities in the creation of this classification, and discuss earlier research and practice of character strengths in these disciplines. They review earlier studies and present new data on differences in character strengths between people working in an occupation related to the arts and the humanities (vs. other occupations), with a special focus on professional and amateur musicians. Finally, they examine whether the arts and humanities might also be associated with character strengths via role models. They conclude that in particular the character strength of appreciation of beauty and excellence might play a crucial role in the arts and humanities and discuss avenues for further research in this area.
The Flourishing Congregations Project: Character Strengths Pathways to Enhance Well-Being beyond the Individual
Authors: Hershberg Rachel M. , Niemiec Ryan M. , Kula Irwin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Researchers in philosophy and psychology have called for an integration of the science of positive psychology with the humanities, to catalyze new avenues of flourishing throughout society. Religion, as a field within the humanities, may be well poised to be integrated with positive psychology, namely character strengths, to promote flourishing. On the other hand, religious institutions have entrenched and sacrosanct perspectives and traditions, which may preclude them from using the science to become houses of human flourishing. To explore this potential integration, the Flourishing Congregations Project was developed. The project included ten distinguished rabbis who were immersed in the science of character strengths and well-being, and were tasked with developing insights and practices to modify their High Holidays services to meaningfully impact their congregants. The chapter presents qualitative findings of this project, including examples of receptivity and barriers to change among rabbis and congregants, and broader implications across congregations and communities.
Inequality and the Development of Moral Emotions
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Harkness Sarah K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the authors’ thesis that the level of economic inequality in a society is reflected in its members’ moral emotional experiences. Those living in societies with more equality regularly experience more positive, binding emotions. Conversely, those living in unequal societies are significantly more likely to experience negative, sanctioning moral emotions. Growing up and living under these various social structures affects emotional development in these directions. This chapter explores the links between societal structure and individual emotion, contending that individual moral emotions represent the distal structures of society. The authors outline a broad theory linking individual emotional development to cultural patterns and structural economic inequality, supporting a thesis that sanctioning is generated by and reinforces a pronounced social hierarchy. Their focus is not only on people’s location within social structure, but on the nature of that structure itself.
Differentiation and Language Acquisition in Children’s Understanding of Emotion
Authors: Widen Sherri C. , Nelson Nicole L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides evidence of two processes that contribute to the acquisition of emotion categories (represented by their labels). The first is a process in which children gradually differentiate an early, valence-based (i.e., feels good vs. feels bad) emotion understanding into more discrete categories, while also learning to link the various components of emotion (e.g., causes, consequences, behaviors, facial expressions, labels) until their taxonomy closely resembles the taxonomy of the adults with whom they interact. For example, children gradually learn that some bad feelings are caused by a loss, result in tears, and are called sad, whereas others are caused by danger, result in the desire to flee, and are called scared. The second process supports the first. It is a process of elimination which enables children to quickly map novel emotion components to novel emotion categories and to begin to acquire a new emotion category.
Developmental Changes in Emotion Understanding During Middle Childhood
Authors: Kramer Hannah J. , Lagattuta Kristin Hansen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In contrast to extensive research on the emergence of emotion understanding during early childhood, less work has focused on improvement and expansion in how children reason about emotions during middle childhood. In this chapter, the authors examine gains between 5 and 12 years of age in children’s awareness that emotions can arise from the interplay of multiple contextual and cognitive sources that cross time and situation. They also consider potential mechanisms of conceptual change. What becomes abundantly clear is that emotion understanding is not “achieved” by 3 to 5 years of age: There continues to be substantial development through middle childhood into adulthood, with even adults exhibiting shortfalls in emotion cognition. The authors hope to inspire further empirical inquiries into the protracted developmental timetable for understanding the complexity of human emotion.
Historicizing Emotional Development
Authors: Vallgårda Karen , Olsen Stephanie 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that emotions are biocultural and historically contingent phenomena. Our emotional experience is inextricably linked to the words we use to describe our emotions, to the values we attach to them, and to the embodied cultural codes of comportment and expression. The chapter challenges the idea that we can meaningfully speak of “emotional development” in historical contexts in which “emotions” were not yet invented, and introduces the concept of “formation” as a historically sensitive alternative. This concept helps us grasp the historicity of growth and change in collectives, as well as in individuals’ affective lives. Emotional formation is the process through which codes of emotions are learned and imparted, often unwittingly, through discourse and practice. In order to demonstrate the methodological utility of the concept, the chapter then exemplifies processes of emotional formation in children and youth in two different historical and geographical contexts.
Children’s Emotion Understanding and Cooperative Problem-Solving in Educational Settings
Authors: Viana Karine M. P. , Lucena Juliana , Zambrana Imac Maria , Harris Paul L. , Pons Francisco 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Recent research has shown that emotion understanding (EU)—the capacity to understand the nature, causes, and consequences of emotions—plays a crucial role in the development of emotional, social, and cognitive competences. However, there are still many unanswered questions about the extent to which EU facilitates children’s cooperative problem-solving in educational settings. For instance, it is not yet clear how understanding emotions positively impacts children’s interaction both when they play freely with peers and when they are engaged in problem-solving tasks. In addition, there is no conclusive answer about whether the impact of EU on cooperative problem-solving varies depending on children’s age. This chapter aims to address this shortfall. Building on empirical findings, the usefulness of EU for children engaged in different types of cooperation (dyadic, triadic, free play), and at different ages (from toddlerhood to middle childhood) is discussed.
I Feel, You Feel, We Feel
Authors: Petkova Aleksandra V. , Brownell Celia A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Prosocial behavior emerges in the second year of life. This chapter reviews recent empirical evidence showing that both negative and positive emotion relate to emerging prosocial behavior and that their associations with prosocial behavior differ, suggesting that negative and positive emotion serve different functions. Moderators (recipient emotion, type of prosocial behavior, age) of associations between the young child’s emotional and prosocial responses are discussed. Data appear stronger for effects of negative emotion on prosocial behavior; however, children’s empathic concern in response to another’s emotion is inconsistently influenced by the recipient’s emotion and type of prosocial behavior (e.g., helping vs. comforting). Recent studies suggest that young children exhibit positive emotion following prosocial behavior; however, these findings are limited by recipient characteristics (e.g., puppets), task demands (e.g., adult requests), lack of age comparisons, and lack of controls for temperamental emotionality. Challenges of conceptualization and measurement of emotion are highlighted and directions for future research are suggested.
The Development of Cognitive Reappraisal for Regulating Emotions
Authors: De France Kalee , Hollenstein Tom 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Cognitive reappraisal—or altering the emotional impact of a situation by changing the way an individual thinks about it—is strongly associated with many indicators of well-being, such as increased physiological health, optimism, life satisfaction, and more active attempts to repair negative mood, as well as decreased experience and expression of negative affect. Moreover, the ability to change emotion-related cognitions, achieved via reappraisal, is one of the main determinants of improvement across most psychopathologies. Despite the depth of knowledge reflecting the benefits of reappraisal, there remains a lack of both theory and evidence to explain how this complex emotion-regulation strategy develops. The objective of this chapter is to outline the developmental trajectory of reappraisal by identifying the social and cognitive components necessary for the successful development and use of reappraisal, as well as the maturation of these components from infancy through adolescence.
Menopause
Authors: Ellington Kelly , Link Tamara , Saccomano Scott J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract:
Menopause signifies permanent cessation of ovarian function and the end of a woman's reproductive potential. Menopausal transition plays a major role in many symptoms common in middle age and may contribute to chronic conditions and disorders of aging. An evidence-based plan of care improves outcomes, enhancing quality of life.
Epidural Analgesia and Recurrence after Colorectal Cancer Surgery: A Danish Retrospective Registry-based Cohort Study
Authors: Hasselager Rune P. , Hallas Jesper , Gögenur Ismail 
Published: January 2022

Background
Surgery is the main curative treatment for colorectal cancer. Yet the immunologic and humoral response to surgery may facilitate progression of micro-metastases. It has been suggested that epidural analgesia preserves immune competency and prevents metastasis formation. Hence, the authors tested the hypothesis that epidural analgesia would result in less cancer recurrence after colorectal cancer surgery.

Methods
The Danish Colorectal Cancer Group Database and the Danish Anesthesia Database were used to identify patients operated for colorectal cancer between 2004 and 2018 with no residual tumor tissue left after surgery. The exposure group was defined by preoperative insertion of an epidural catheter for analgesia. The primary outcome was colorectal cancer recurrence, and the secondary outcome was mortality. Recurrences were identified using a validated algorithm based on data from Danish health registries. Follow-up was until death or September 7, 2018. The authors used propensity score matching to adjust for potential preoperative confounders.

Results
In the study population of 11,618 individuals, 3,496 (30.1%) had an epidural catheter inserted before surgery. The epidural analgesia group had higher proportions of total IV anesthesia, laparotomies, and rectal tumors, and epidural analgesia was most frequently used between 2009 and 2012. The propensity score–matched study cohort consisted of 2,980 individuals in each group with balanced baseline covariates. Median follow-up was 58 months (interquartile range, 29 to 86). Recurrence occurred in 567 (19.0%) individuals in the epidural analgesia group and 610 (20.5%) in the group without epidural analgesia. The authors found no association between epidural analgesia and recurrence (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.02) or mortality (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.10).

Conclusions
In colorectal cancer surgery, epidural analgesia was not statistically significantly associated with less cancer recurrence.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
A Minimally Invasive and Highly Effective Extracorporeal CO2 Removal Device Combined With a Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Zanella Alberto , Pesenti Antonio , Busana Mattia , De Falco Stefano , Di Girolamo Luca , Scotti Eleonora , Protti Ilaria , Colombo Sebastiano Maria , Scaravilli Vittorio , Biancolilli Osvaldo , Carlin Andrea , Gori Francesca , Battistin Michele , Dondossola Daniele , Pirrone Federica , Salerno Domenico , Gatti Stefano , Grasselli Giacomo 
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal is used to treat patients suffering from acute respiratory failure. However, the procedure is hampered by the high blood flow required to achieve a significant CO2 clearance. We aimed to develop an ultralow blood flow device to effectively remove CO2 combined with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT).

DESIGN:
Preclinical, proof-of-concept study.

SETTING:
An extracorporeal circuit where 200 mL/min of blood flowed through a hemofilter connected to a closed-loop dialysate circuit. An ion-exchange resin acidified the dialysate upstream, a membrane lung to increase Pco
2 and promote CO2 removal.

PATIENTS:
Six, 38.7 ± 2.0-kg female pigs.

INTERVENTIONS:
Different levels of acidification were tested (from 0 to 5 mEq/min). Two l/hr of postdilution CRRT were performed continuously. The respiratory rate was modified at each step to maintain arterial Pco
2 at 50 mm Hg.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Increasing acidification enhanced CO2 removal efficiency of the membrane lung from 30 ± 5 (0 mEq/min) up to 145 ± 8 mL/min (5 mEq/min), with a 483% increase, representing the 73% ± 7% of the total body CO2 production. Minute ventilation decreased accordingly from 6.5 ± 0.7 to 1.7 ± 0.5 L/min. No major side effects occurred, except for transient tachycardia episodes. As expected from the alveolar gas equation, the natural lung Pao
2 dropped at increasing acidification steps, given the high dissociation between the oxygenation and CO2 removal capability of the device, thus Pao
2 decreased.

CONCLUSIONS:
This new extracorporeal ion-exchange resin-based multiple-organ support device proved extremely high efficiency in CO2 removal and continuous renal support in a preclinical setting. Further studies are required before clinical implementation.