bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Rubus Germplasm for Reaction to Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica
Authors: Bristow P.R. , Daubeny A. , Sjulin T.M. , Pepin S. , Nestby R. , Windom G.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings from open-pollinated Rubus spp. were screened for resistance to the root rotting fungus, Phytophthora erythroseptica Pethybr., in greenhouse tests. A mycelial suspension was injected into the soil surrounding roots of seedlings and symptoms usually began to appear within 10 days after inoculation. Symptoms included stem and petiole discoloration, wilting, and often death. After 15 weeks, virtually all seedlings of the subtropical species R. glaucus Benth. and R. sumatranus Miq. survived; however, varying percentages of resistant seedlings were obtained from each of the other species or species hybrids, except R. leucodermis Dougl. A higher proportion of R. idaeus vulgatus Arrhem. seedlings survived in populations collected from wet sites than from dry sites. Similarly, populations of R. spectabilis Pursh. and R. parviflorus Nutt., which usually grow in wet locations, had higher survival rates. Resistance in R. idaeus strigosus Michx., R. idaeus vulgatus, and R. spectabilis may be more useful in breeding than that from more exotic Rubus spp. because they possess characteristics that are closer to commercial red raspberry cultivars.
Growth, Development, and Yield Potential of Short-internode Muskmelon
Authors: Knavel Dean E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A short-internode (SI) muskmelon line was compared with a normal-internode (NI) cultivar in four seasons for growth and yield differences. Vines of both plant types were divided into leaves, petioles, and stems at 58, 72, and 86 days of age. Leaf dry weight and leaf area were generally the same for both plant types early in growth. NI plants had greater leaf and stem dry weights and leaf area at 72 days; however, only stem dry weights differed at 86 days. The leaf : stem and leaf area : leaf dry weight ratios were always greater for SI than for NI plants, but NI plants produced twice the number and weight of fruit as SI plants. Mean fruit weight for SI plants was slightly smaller than fruits of NI plants. Doubling the population of SI plants by either spacing plants 0.45 m within the row or planting two per hill reduced fruit number and total fruit weight per plant. Highest total fruit weight was obtained by spacing SI plants 0.90 m apart in a triangular fashion within double rows spaced 0.30 m apart on a mulch row. SI plants contained less K and more Mg in leaves and less N and Ca but more K in stems than NI plants. Both plant types had similar Mg levels in stems at each sampling. There were significant year effects and internode type × year interactions for fruit number, fruit weight, and elemental concentrations.
Pecan Phylloplane Chemicals Influence Germination of Pecan Scab Conidia
Authors: Wood Bruce W. , Gottwald Timothy R. , Reilly Charles C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The high variability in physiologically different stages of leaves and susceptibility of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] cultivars to the pecan scab [Cladosporium caryigenum (Ell. et Lang) Gottwald] fungus prompted an evaluation of phylloplane-associated substances (PASs) that influence fungal conidia germination. Germination of conidia was evaluated in several TLC fractions derived from water or dichloromethane leachates of the phylloplane of pecan leaves. Reciprocal tests of pecan scab conidia isolated from ‘Schley’ and ‘Stuart’ against phylloplane leachates from both ‘Schley’ and ‘Stuart’ were conducted. Several PASs proved to have either inhibitory, neutral, or promotive effects on conidia germination. 5-hydroxy-1,4-napthoquinone (juglone) was identified as one such substance and was observed to be a strong inhibitor of conidia germination, but had no effect on colony growth or sporulation. The susceptibility of pecan foliage to pecan scab appears to be partially dependent on phylloplane composition.
Root Distribution of ‘Climax’ Rabbiteye Blueberry as Affected by Mulch and Irrigation Geometry
Authors: Patten Kim D. , Neuendorff Elizabeth W. , Peters Stan C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We studied the horizontal and vertical root distribution of 3-year-old ‘Climax’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) in a sandy loam soil. Root density decreased logarithmically in the horizontal direction from the crown and linearly with depth. Ninety percent of the roots were within 0 to 0.38 m from the crown and 0 to 0.45 m depth. Roots spread more within the rows than across rows. Sawdust mulch increased the radial spread of roots, but did not promote rooting in the top 0.15 m of soil. Compared to one or two drip emitters per plants, low-volume spray emitters increased radial spread of roots, but only in combination with mulching. Greatest vertical rooting occurred with a single emitter at the base of the plant without mulch. Emitters placed 0.46 m from the crown of the plant did not help the spread of roots towards these emitters.
Production of Snap Beans as Affected by Soil Tillage Method and Row Spacing
Authors: Mullins Charles A. , Straw R. Allen , Coffey David L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT), and rotary strip-tillage (RT) methods were combined with row spacings of 0.46 m (28 plants/m2) and 0.92 m (56 plants/m2) in 1985 and 1986 snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tests with a split-plot factorial arrangement of treatments. Yields were lowest with NT and 0.92-m row spacings both years, while plant stands were lowest with NT and RT. Plant lodging was lowest with NT and highest with CT each year. Pod clustering and broken pods following machine harvest were lowest with NT both years, while rotten pods and percentage no. 2 to 4 sieve-size pods were lowest with NT in 1986. Incidence of broken pods was higher with the 0.46-m row spacing than with the 0.92-m row spacing in 1985 and the incidence of rotten pods was greatest with the 0.46-m row spacing in 1986. The 0.46-m row spacing improved yields over the 0.92-m spacing, with minimal difference in pod quality. Weed control was less effective with NT than with CT and RT methods.
Putrescine Influences Ovule Senescence, Fertilization Time, and Fruit Set in ‘Comice’ Pear
Authors: Crisosto C.H. , Lombard P.B. , Sugar David , Polito V.S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Putrescine at 10−5, 10−4, 10−3, and 10−2 m applied at anthesis increased fruit set of ‘Cornice’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) in 1985 and 1986. Ovule longevity and the effective pollination period were extended 2 days in 1985 and 5 days in 1986 by putrescine at 10−3 m. Pollen tubes reached the micropyle 2 days earlier in treated than in untreated flowers. High levels of evolved ethylene in flowers were related to pollination and fertilization and were unaffected by putrescine application. Increased ovule longevity and fruit set in treated flowers were associated with increased foliar and flower N and B levels after fertilization. Chemical name used: 1,4-diaminobutane dihydrochloride (putrescine).
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Maturity of ‘McIntosh’ Apples as Influenced by Ethylene-releasing Compounds
Authors: Murphey Anne Swindeman , Dilley David R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Solvolytic fragmentation of (2-chloropropyI)phosphonic acid, ethephon, and 2-chloroethyl-methylbis-(phenylmethoxy)-silane (CGA 15281) was studied. Ethephon and CGA 15281 were applied 2 or 3 weeks before the onset of autogenous ethylene production in ‘McIntosh’ apple. Solvolytic fragmentation of the compounds and autocatalytic ethylene production, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and flesh firmness changes of the fruit were monitored. Ethephon at 2.0 mM (290 ppm) applied at either date degraded at a slow, constant rate accompanied by a significant increase in anthocyanin biosynthesis within 6 days of applying the chemical. This subsequently led to initiation of autocatalytic ethylene production and flesh softening. CGA 15281 generated ethylene within 3 hr of application. Ethylene levels of fruit treated 3 weeks before harvest with 1.0 mM CGA 15281 returned to low levels within 24 to 48 hr of application. Anthocyanin increased significantly within 6 days; this was not accompanied by autocatalytic ethylene production or accelerated flesh softening. Results suggest that anthocyanin biosynthesis may be enhanced in apples using ethylene-releasing compounds without necessarily inducing other ripening changes. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); (2-chloroethyl)methylbis(phenylmethoxy)silane (CGA 15281).
Flux of Ethylene from Leaves Treated with a Polar or Non-polar Ethylene-releasing Compound
Authors: Beaudry Randolph M. , Kays Stanley J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flux of ethylene from adaxial applications of Ethrel and Silaid to amphi- and hemistomatous leaves was examined. Following application of Ethrel to amphistomatous leaves in the dark (i.e., closed stomata) or hemistomatous leaves in the light, steady-state ethylene evolution was almost entirely adaxial. When stomata of amphistomatous leaves were fully open, abaxial ethylene flux for Ethrel was about 45% of the total ethylene evolved. Abaxial ethylene flux could then be dramatically reduced by stomatal closure induced by low light levels. Steady-state abaxial flux of ethylene from Silaid on amphistomatous leaves in the dark or hemistomatous leaves in the light was usually equal to or greater than adaxial ethylene flux. When stomata of amphistomatous leaves were fully open, flux of ethylene from Silaid was invariably equal from both leaf surfaces. Flux of Silaid- or Ethrel-derived ethylene from one leaf surface was reduced by increasing air velocity on the opposite side of the leaf, but only on amphistomatous leaves following light-induced stomatal opening. For Ethrel, the effect of air velocity was greater when the side of the leaf to which Ethrel had been applied was exposed to the increased air flow. No similar effect was found for Silaid. Closure of stomata on amphistomatous leaves and use of hemistomatous leaf material prevented any air velocity effect. Data indicate little to no entry of Ethrel or Ethrel-derived ethylene into the side of a leaf that lacks stomata or whose stomata are tightly closed. Significant movement of Silaid into leaf tissues probably occurs regardless of stomatal status, resulting in considerable release of ethylene within the leaf. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (Ethrel); (2-chloroethyl) methylbis(phenylmethoxy)silane (Silaid).
Modeling and Simulation of Tree Wraps and Microsprinkler Irrigation for Young Citrus Freeze Protection: I. Model Development and Validation
Authors: Rieger Mark , Smerage Glen H. , Davies Frederick S. , Jackson Larry K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A dynamic heat transfer model was developed for simulation of freeze protection of young citrus trees by tree wraps and microsprinkler irrigation. Heat exchange at the surface of the tree wrap was a function of heat input from irrigation and heat losses to evaporation, radiation, and convection. A finite difference form of a transient heat conduction equation was used to calculate rates of trunk temperature change as a result of heat exchange at the wrap surface. Predicted trunk temperatures were generally within 1 SE of observed means when simulating the effects of tree wraps without irrigation, with high correlation (r = 0.99) between observed and predicted minimum temperatures. When simulating the effects of microsprinkler irrigation combined with tree wraps, however, predicted trunk temperatures were generally 1° to 3°C lower than observed means (r = 0.81). Under-prediction of trunk temperature was attributed to underestimation of sensible heat transfer from the irrigation water and/or inaccuracies in parameters associated with irrigation. The behavior of the real and model systems was qualitatively similar in a majority of validation trials. Thus, the simulation model could be used to analyze factors affecting freeze protection.
Vegetative and Reproductive Yield Components of Primocane-fruiting Red Raspberries
Authors: Hoover Emily , Luby James , Bedford David , Pritts Marvin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Selection criteria to identify primocane-fruiting red raspberry seedlings (Rubus idaeus L.) with high, early yield are desirable in regions with short growing seasons. To identify possible parents contributing these desirable characteristics, ‘Heritage’, ‘Redwing’, and two genotypes from the Minnesota breeding program were subjected to yield component analysis. In all genotypes, yield was determined by canes/meter of row, fruit per node, and fruit weight. Over the 3-year period, ‘Heritage’ had the highest yield/meter of row, yield per cane, fruit per cane, and number of fruit per fruiting node among all genotypes. Component compensation was highest for ‘Redwing’, while MN 652 had the greatest degree of independence among components. In selecting seedlings for early fruiting and high yield, high cane densities and/or large fruit size will be needed.
Root Growth and Water Status of Trickle-irrigated Cucumber and Tomato
Authors: Randall Harold C. , Locascio Salvadore J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two trickle irrigation experiments were conducted during two successive years with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown on a coarse-textured soil in ground beds in a greenhouse. Several trickle irrigation design characteristics (emitter spacings of 15, 30, and 45 cm and one or two laterals per crop row) and water management variables (2 or 8 liters/hr per emitter water application rates and water quantities equivalent to 0.25- and 0.50-times pan evaporation) were examined for their effect on soil water content, root distribution, and plant water status. Water application rates did not influence root density distributions or plant water status; however, the 8 liters·hr−1 water application rate resulted in higher water content in the top 20 cm of soil than the lower application rate. The higher water quantity resulted in higher soil water content, higher root density, and improved plant water status than with the lower quantity. Mature plants had root systems that were well-adapted to the different soil water distributions. Only the amount of water applied influenced the water status of mature cucumber plants and cucumber fruit yields.
A Degree Day Model for Predicting the Emergence of Swamp Dodder in Cranberry
Authors: Bewick Thomas A. , Binning Larry K. , Yandell Brian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A simple model that predicts the onset of swamp dodder (Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex R. & S. # CVCGR) emergence was developed. The use of growing degree days (GDD) with low-temperature thresholds (LTT) of 3.3° or 0°C had a better fit as a predictor for the beginning of emergence than either air temperature or soil temperature at a depth of 30 mm alone. This model can be used to time preemergence herbicide applications to coincide with the period of maximum dodder sensitivity, thereby increasing herbicide efficacy.
Growth Analysis of Field-grown Strawberry Genotypes Differing in Yield: I. The Matted Row System
Authors: Strik Bernadine C. , Proctor John T.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven field-grown strawberry genotypes (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) were grown in matted rows and harvested weekly from early spring until the end of harvest. An increase in plant dry weight through the season was due mainly to inflorescence and leaf development. Genotypes differed in the progression of the natural log of plant dry weight and leaf area over time, relative growth rate, absolute growth rate, leaf area ratio, and unit leaf rate. Genotypes differed in growth variables through the season, but only crown dry weight during the fruiting period was correlated with yield among genotypes. Total plant dry weight was not correlated with yield, indicating the importance of the percent dry matter partitioned to the inflorescence.
The Consequences of Inbreeding on Fertility in Vaccinium corymbosum L.
Authors: Krebs Stephen L. , Hancock James F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seed counts from self- and cross-pollinated highbush blueberry cultivars suggested that fertility in both mating systems is under similar genetic control. Viable seed set following selfing and outcrossing was inversely correlated with zygotic levels of inbreeding, and percentage of seed abortion in both crosses showed a positive association with zygotic F values. Among six genotypes, cross- and self-fertility were highly correlated. Fluorescent microscopy revealed no differences in the frequency of self and foreign pollen tube growth into ovules. Variation in self- and cross-fertility among these cultivars was attributed to differences in zygotic levels of homozygosity and cumulative expression of recessive mutations that promote seed abortion.
Orchard Soil Management Systems Influence Rainfall Infiltration
Authors: Glenn D. Michael , Welker William V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of four soil management systems: herbicide strip (H), cultivated strip (C), mowed sod (MS), and killed sod strip (KS) on rainfall infiltration in two young peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] orchards. Soil water content (0- to 0.90-m depth) was measured immediately before a rainfall event and then as soon as possible after the rain. During the first growing season, MS captured more rainfall than KS, H, or C in the spring and summer months. In the fall, when soil water levels were reduced, all of the soil management systems were equally effective in reducing rainfall runoff. During the second and third growing seasons, the KS system often captured as much rainfall as MS and more than H and C, when killed sod residue covered 50% or more of the surface. When < 10% soil cover remained in the KS treatment, it was no more effective in reducing runoff than the H or C treatments. Growth and yield parameters were lowest in the MS due to sod interference. KS generally provided greater growth and yield than the C and H.
Inheritance of Stem Elongation Tendency in Determinate Forms of Common Bean
Authors: Detongnon Jean , Baggett James R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The inheritance of internode length and plant height in bush forms of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was studied in crosses of E6211, a bush bean of ‘Blue Lake’ type with elongated internodes, with three lines having a more compact growth habit. Apparent dominance of long internode expressed by the F1 and backcrosses of one cross, E6211 × K19, in both greenhouse and field, was not supported by the F2, which showed additive gene action. For both internode length and plant height, the trend was for slight dominance of either the tall or short parental type in the F1, with the F2 showing more additivity or greater dominance of the short parent than the F1 or backcrosses. Field results supported additive inheritance more than did greenhouse results.
Studies of Three New Genes, Linkage, and Epistasis in Lettuce
Authors: Ryder Edward J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three new lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) genes were described and named: shiny green (Sgsg), salmon (Sasa), and apple green (Agag). Plump involucre and male sterile are linked, with p = 0.345. Plump involucre and Early flowering are linked closely, with p approaching zero. Twenty-five gene pairs tested for linkage were independently inherited. In achene color, the order of recessive epistasis is white > yellow > brown. The double-recessive combination vivicd-2cd-2 (virescent and chlorophyll deficient) is phenotypically virescent and partially lethal.
Responses of ‘Bartlett’ Pear to Withholding Irrigation, Regulated Deficit Irrigation, and Tree Spacing
Authors: Mitchell Peter D. , van den Ende B. , Jerie P.H. , Chalmers D.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit yield was increased, summer pruning decreased, and water saved when regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and withholding irrigation (WI) were used over 5 years to manage mature ‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees planted at three levels of within-row spacing (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 m) and trained to a Tatura trellis. Three levels of irrigation, 23%, 46%, and 92% replacement of evaporation from the planting square (Eps), were compared during the RDI period. Weight of summer prunings was positively and linearly related to level of irrigation in each year, including a relatively wet year. When compared between years, the degree of this response on the dried treatment was positively and significantly related to net evaporation (evaporation – rainfall) recorded during the period of rapid shoot growth. Fruit number also tended to be greater on the 23% and 46% Eps treatments in all years. Cumulative yield over 10 years of cropping did not differ between tree spacing, although fruit size was larger at the 1-m spacing. High yields were obtained at all levels of tree spacing. Yield and tree growth responded most to RDI for the 0.5-m-spaced trees.
Hydrology of Horticultural Substrates: I. Mathematical Models for Moisture Characteristics of Horticultural Container Media
Authors: Milks Robert R. , Fonteno William C. , Larson Roy A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Moisture retention data were collected for five porous materials: soil, phenolic foam, and three combinations of commonly used media components. Two mathematical functions were evaluated for their ability to describe the water content–soil moisture relationship. A cubic polynomial function with linear parameters previously used on container media was compared to a closed-form nonlinear parameter model developed to describe water conductivity in mineral soils. In most tests for precision, adequacy, accuracy, and validation, the nonlinear function was superior to the simpler power series. The nonlinear function provides an excellent tool for describing the water content for media with widely varying physical properties.
Permeability of Flexible Polymer Films Used to Wrap Citrus Fruit to the Fumigants Ethylene Dibromide and Methyl Bromide
Authors: Houck Laurie G. , Mackey Bruce E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Permeability to the postharvest fumigants ethylene dibromide (EDB) and methyl bromide (MB) varied among 10 plastic films tested on grapefruit (EDB) and oranges (MB). Permeability was determined by comparing fumigant residue levels in fumigated film-wrapped citrus fruit and fumigated nonwrapped fruit. Some films restricted passage of the fumigants to the fruit, and residue levels in fruit wrapped with these films were lower than in fumigated, nonwrapped fruit. Residue levels in fruit wrapped with other films were equal to those in fumigated, nonwrapped fruit and these films were judged to be highly permeable to the fumigants. EDB and MB residues were slightly higher in fruit wrapped with three of the films than those in nonwrapped fruit, indicating that these films were slightly less permeable to EDB and MB than to other films tested, and also that desorption of the fumigants from the fruit during post-fumigation aeration was slowed by these three films. The permeability of flexible polymer films to fumigants such as EDB and MB should be a prime consideration when selecting films for wrapping citrus fruit in quarantine situations.