bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Journey Through Purgatory
Authors: Lischer Richard 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Thomas Merton is the closest thing we have to Augustine. He, too, is all about the journey, which he narrates with the artist’s gift of scene. Like Augustine, his interior landscape yields barrenness and restlessness. And like Augustine, conversion means exiting the world with no remainder. Merton disappears into a monastery in Kentucky. The second half of his book is a less compelling, somewhat triumphalist, tribute to the monastic life. In it, the seeds of conversion’s afterlife are sown—his crisis of dissatisfaction with monastic life and his deeper struggle to understand himself as a sexual human being. At fifty-one he falls in love with a student nurse. Not without pain, he remains true to his vows. His autobiography is a journey from one death to another: from the horror of his mother’s cremation, to the death of romantic love, to his own death by electrocution. Life was never meant for happiness, only blessedness.
The Long Way Home
Authors: Lischer Richard 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In a series of memoirs, Mexican American author Richard Rodriguez performs the evolution of a self—his. It is an exercise prevalent in contemporary feminist, gay, and trans autobiographical writing. His first and most notable memoir, Hunger of Memory, is aptly subtitled The Education of Richard Rodriguez. It is a Bildungsroman in which a “scholarship boy” climbs out of his parents’ cultural orbit, achieves status as a public intellectual, and learns something painful about himself. Although a cradle-Catholic, Rodriguez’s journey is toward a new understanding of himself and his church. It is a spiritual memoir he writes because, unlike many evolutionary memoirists, he retains his home in the Catholic church. Indeed, he finds in the church (and nowhere else) a meeting place for the language of “home” (in which he was nurtured) and the public, liturgical language that befits his new role in American letters. His personal evolution continues in Darling, a lyrical celebration of his gay life and the religious women whose acceptance makes it possible.
Epilogue
Authors: Lischer Richard 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Taken together, the body of spiritual memoirs enables the reader to tell his or her own story. The book of Hebrews makes a similar point when it insists that we, the readers, are to finish, or complete, the stories of the saints. On close inspection, we find that the paradigm of sudden conversion found in the story of Saul/Paul and in later evangelicalism plays a less significant role in many Christian autobiographies and memoirs. In many, saying yes to God involves a long process of growth toward faith. In some, baptism plays an important role; in others, it assumes little significance. Thus it is not wise to impose a single stencil on so varied a genre as spiritual memoir, and this book does not attempt to. Underlying the many variations in theological emphasis, style, and plot, however, the inherent hopefulness of the genre should not be missed.
Legal and Political Opportunities of the Uneven State
Authors: Gallagher Janice K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how victims’ collectives that are engaged in sustained mobilization burrow into the walls of impunity in different, and difficult, political contexts. By taking advantage of their relationships with sympathetic state actors, utilizing divisions both within the state and among the state and its drug trafficking organization allies, and striking out on their own to search for their loved ones, they strategically exploit opportunities to advance their right to truth, justice, and non-recurrence of the disappearances. The discussion is first framed within the literature that helps to explain the interactions between these different actors (state, DTOs, civil society). Next, it looks inside the state-level justice systems to better understand the structures and incentives that shape the behavior of state investigators. Finally, it unpacks three different cases (Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Nuevo León) with differing political opportunities and shows how victims’ collectives adapted their tactics in response—enabling them to erode impunity even in the most inauspicious environments.
The Social Evolution of Postwar Politics
Authors: Wagner Regina L. , Shafer Byron E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with analysis of the convergence between the four great policy domains of the postwar world: social welfare, civil rights, cultural values, and national security. It moves to the contrasting paths by which four the major social cleavages—class, race, religion, and sex—reached this convergence. It contrasts all this with the decline of geographic regions as a countervailing influence. Finally, it brings the four major engines of political change back into the picture: policy instantiation, voter enfranchisement, partisan mobilization, and electoral alignment. And it closes with a comprehensive summary of the social evolution of postwar American politics.
The Greco-Roman World
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The dominant social, political, and cultural elements of the world into which Christianity was born and spread were Hellenism and the Roman Empire. Hellenism has been called “the civilization of the paideia”—which means very roughly, “education.” It was a cultural force that at its best valued men and women neither for their race nor their religion nor even for their sex, but for their education, by which was meant not general education in our sense, but knowledge and understanding of Hellenistic literature and culture. The Roman Empire was the dominant political fact of the time: Roman imperial power was everywhere apparent.
Hebrews and the Son of God
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hebrews is in form a homily rather than a letter. Despite its evident differences from the style and content of Paul’s letters, differences which were noted in antiquity, Hebrews maintains and develops the confession of Jesus as Lord and as Son of God, using “Lord” to speak of the risen and exalted Jesus’ relationship to us, and “Son of God” to speak of his relationship to God, contrasting Jesus’ role as God’s son with Moses as God’s servant. Hebrews emphasizes Jesus’ superiority to angels, associating him with divine Wisdom and speaking of him as God’s agent in creation, and also speaks of Jesus as high priest, contrasting the greatness, permanence and finality of his offering with the offerings of the Aaronic priesthood.
The Synoptics and the Son of God
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Jesus is remembered as praying to God as his Abba, a form of address used by children in speaking to their fathers, and also as a polite way of speaking to elderly men. In this Jesus seems to be unique, not because this as a form of address to God is un-Jewish or without parallel elsewhere—it is not. Notably the Hasidim are remembered for their sense of filial closeness to God. But Jesus is unique in that this address is remembered as utterly characteristic of him, his idiolect. Matthew and Luke further describe his teaching his disciples to pray (the Lord’s Prayer), encouraging them address God as he did.
“Who Then Is This?”
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
When and where does the worship of Jesus as Son of God begin? Early Aramaic speaking followers of the Way were already calling him “Lord.” The maranatha prayer indicates a freedom from earliest time to address Jesus directly. Ultimately, this and the understanding of Jesus as Lord and Son of God must be traced to the impact Jesus himself had on his followers. This impact led to an apparent paradox: Christians remained committed to belief in One God, but they also were clear that they experienced God in and through Jesus of Nazareth. This led directly to the centuries of theological debate, and eventually to the homoousion.
Religion's Power
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
How does power manifest itself in religious practices? What forms does it take? Who sets the rules? Do the rules work? The question is not how religion affects other things, but how power is exercised within religion itself. These were addressed by Durkheim and Weber, Berger and Geertz, and others. There has, however, been a “turn to power,” as Stephen Bush observes, inspired in religious studies by Talal Asad but also through the influences of Judith Butler, Pierre Bourdieu, Michel Foucault, and others. Similar questions in the social sciences have been driven by ethnographic studies of congregations, gender relations, race, and social movements in which power dynamics are present. The author examines how power is enacted as religious participants interact with one another in rituals, formulate and recite narratives they hope will communicate sincerely and persuasively, create institutions that organize dedicated space and make use of codified and pragmatic knowledge in that space, intersect with gendered and racialized identities, put symbols and storytelling to work for political purposes, and work out the mechanisms for mobilizing political protests. The book seeks to make three contributions: first, bringing closer and more specific attention to the role of power in the rapidly expanding literature on religious practices; second, specifying the mechanisms through which religion’s power is exercised; and third, using this framework to discuss empirical examples that illustrate in greater detail how power works.
Religion and Political Power
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Political power is the use of or capacity to use coercive force, from which in the United States religious groups are constitutionally excluded. However, the constitutional boundary separating church and state is both porous and fungible. This means that religion frequently does exercise a kind of “soft power” in politics. This chapter examines four ways in which that power is expressed: signaling, storytelling, political engagement, and protest. It offers examples from presidential speeches, religious monuments in public spaces, religious leaders’ accounts of political awakenings, the debate over the Charitable Disclosure Bill, and religious leaders’ role in the Black Lives Matter movement.
Introduction
Authors: Sloss David L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The introduction is divided into three sections. Section I presents a brief history of the rules-based international order. It shows that—between 1945 and the first decade of the twenty-first century—the international system evolved from a primarily sovereignty-based order to a much more rules-based order. However, since about 2008, we have witnessed significant backsliding toward a more sovereignty-based order, especially in the areas of international trade and international human rights law. Section II briefly surveys the major, current threats to the rules-based international order. Finally, section III outlines a potential strategy to mitigate those threats in the interest of preserving a rules-based international order that is consistent with liberal, humanitarian values. The book as a whole generally supports the conclusion that the rules-based international order confronts significant challenges, but it is not unraveling—at least, not yet. Climate change is the biggest wild card in trying to predict the future. If the world’s major powers—especially the United States and China—cooperate with each other to combat climate change, then other threats to the rules-based order should be manageable. If the world’s major powers fail to address the climate crisis by 2040 or 2050, the other threats addressed in this volume may come to be seen as trivial in comparison.
War and Words
Authors: Sukin Lauren , Weiner Allen S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Does the UN Charter’s use of force regime remain relevant and effective in regulating or constraining the behavior of states? This chapter answers this question in part by examining the incidence of the transnational use of force since 1945. The chapter finds that the level of transnational use of force has not significantly increased, despite the emergence of new security threats. The chapter also investigates how states engage with the Charter’s use of force regime by examining their justifications for military action. The chapter finds that states remain committed to the existing UN Charter’s legal framework. The proportion of transnational instances of the use of force for which states provide formal justifications to the Security Council has remained relatively static since 1945. The changing patterns of justificatory discourse also reveal limited reliance by states on legally contested bases for using force, suggesting an absence of state claims for the adaptation of black letter law. The one notable exception reflects evolving recognition that the right of states to exercise self-defense against nonstate actors located in other states prevails over the territorial integrity of the state where force is used. The chapter also finds increasing reliance by states on extralegal justifications, which frequently complement contested legal arguments. The use of extralegal justifications in this way suggests that even when states use force in circumstances that are difficult to reconcile with the black letter law of the Charter, they do not directly challenge the applicability of the Charter’s use of force regime.
The Jus in Bello under Strain
Authors: Dickinson Laura A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The jus in bello is perhaps the most stable branch of public international law. Yet multiple contemporary forces have placed even this relatively sturdy body of law under considerable strain. These forces include: (1) the rise of nonstate armed groups, in particular the proliferation of transnational terrorist organizations; (2) the increased use of military and security contractors; (3) the emergence of new military technologies; and (4) rapid urbanization, such as the proliferation of megacities. This chapter argues that the fact that the jus in bello has already weathered some of these challenges indicates that it may well survive the others. Fundamentally, most states remain committed to the core values that undergird this body of law. It therefore appears less likely that the jus in bello will unravel than that gaps and fissures will emerge as states seek to translate the underlying values and norms to meet new challenges. Moreover, these gaps and fissures may expand, enabling states and others to adopt competing, often self-serving, interpretations. In short, the risk is one of long-term dilution rather than rapid disintegration.
The Experimental Evolution of Trade Law
Authors: Claussen Kathleen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the once-dominant trade law narrative, grievances that have arisen under it, and prospects for the future. It argues that trade law and its institutions continue to evolve and that experimentation in trade law has not reached its end. The chapter presents three broad areas where trade law is unsettled: in the relationship between domestic and international tools; in the place and space for wealth redistribution; and in the shape of an institutional framework that can itself be flexible and establishment view of the trade rule of law and how it has come under challenge. What some see as a “fraying” of an ideal structure for managing trade law and policy, the chapter identifies as another turn in trade law’s experimentation. Second, the chapter analyzes four institutional challenges that arise from this turn, although there are others. It considers the work of the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system, the WTO’s other institutional features, the invocation of national security as a justification to depart from the establishment view, and trade agreements. Finally, the chapter concludes by looking to the future, imagining the possibilities for institutional change and a new conception of the trade rule of law going forward.
Migration and International Legal Disorder
Authors: Ramji-Nogales Jaya 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses the question whether the international legal order is unraveling from the vantage of international migration law. This field demonstrates the gaps in the international rules-based order, as most cross-border migration is barely governed by formal international law. Though flows of labor migrants should be an expected response to globalization, the international legal framework on migration fares poorly in anticipating and addressing such movement. International migration law focuses on crisis response rather than regulation of quotidian and predictable migrant flows. This approach is problematic for states, which could play a much greater role in facilitating and regulating migration, and for migrants themselves, who often have no other migratory option than to move irregularly. This human movement outside the law has been leveraged by populist politicians to kindle nativist fears, a development that threatens to undermine the international legal order. Though the political space is highly constrained, regional and plurilateral agreements may present a promising starting point for effective supranational regulation of migration. Taking seriously the motivations of migrants and the interest of destination states in migrant labor, regional law could regulate transit, entry, reception, and integration of migrants. Such a legal regime could coordinate both labor migration and protection functions, sharing responsibility for refugee protection and providing safe and regular pathways for migrants seeking employment and family reunification. Beyond regional migration agreements, migration issues should be incorporated more cohesively into other fields of international law, including development, environmental law, labor law, and trade law.
Constitutional Law and Human Rights: The Call to Civility
Authors: Michelman Frank I. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
“The zeal to embody the whole truth in politics is incompatible with an idea of public reason that belongs with democratic citizenship.” So declares John Rawls. As a corollary, Chapter 4 maintains, it would follow for Rawls that your conviction of a certain rights-claiming proposition’s qualification as a real and true human right does not yet give you conclusive reason to urge that proposition for inclusion in a justification-bearing constitution, as envisaged by Rawls’s proposed liberal principle of legitimacy. A ground for this stance of self-restraint is not, however, immediately clear. Since, presumably, you want your country’s constitution to be morally the best it can be, how can you hold back from urging inclusion in it of protection for a real and true human right? The stance of self-restraint finds its Rawlsian ground not in the possibility that the issue in question could be too specific or transitory or otherwise unfit for inclusion in constitutional law, nor does acceptance of a fact of reasonable political disagreement yet fully explain it. The ground ultimately lies in acceptance of an obligation of civility, an aspect of the political reasonability of citizens as envisaged by the Rawlsian proposition for justification-by-constitution, and what that might imply for the idea of moral excellence in matters constitution. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the idea of civility may carry differing practical guidance for judges in a constitutional democracy than for citizens at large.
Bargaining Applications
Authors: Cooter Robert D. , Gilbert Michael D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter applies the theories of bargaining developed earlier to problems in public law. It begins by addressing regulations, especially regulations to correct negative externalities like air pollution. It contrasts two methods for correcting inefficiency: “Hobbesian” solutions that impose a rule on feuding parties, and “Coasean” solutions that make it easier for people to cooperate. Next, the chapter studies federalism, meaning the allocation of powers between national and state governments. It provides an interpretation of Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, which establishes federalism in the United States. Finally, the chapter studies the separation of government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
Theory of Voting
Authors: Cooter Robert D. , Gilbert Michael D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the economic theory of voting. It begins with the positive theory, considering why people vote and when abstention is rational. Next, it presents the median voter theorem, which predicts the outcomes of some elections. Turning to normative theory, the chapter relates the median voter theorem to efficiency and social welfare. The interpretive analysis introduces the “median theory of interpretation.” This theory provides a way to interpret laws enacted by casting separate votes on separate issues, as when voting on ballot initiatives. The chapter addresses topics such as direct democracy, the organization of the executive branch, and voting by judges.
Voting Applications
Authors: Cooter Robert D. , Gilbert Michael D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter applies the theories of voting developed earlier to problems in public law. It begins by studying the right to vote and restrictions thereon. The discussion covers voter information, fraud, campaign finance, and the legal concept of a “political community.” Next, the chapter studies structures of representation, including the size and composition of the legislature, the “one-person, one-vote” principle, gerrymandering, and a concept called the “republican compromise.” The chapter concludes by discussing two forms of government competition, direct democracy and voter mobility. The discussion includes an interpretation of the “single subject rule,” a widespread constitutional provision.
Entrenchment Applications
Authors: Cooter Robert D. , Gilbert Michael D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter applies the theories of entrenchment developed earlier in this book to problems in public law. To begin, the chapter studies rights in general. It relates rights to transaction costs and two solutions to inefficiency: “Hobbesian” solutions, which impose a rule on feuding parties, and “Coasean” solutions, which make it easier for people to cooperate. It considers the legal doctrine of “unconstitutional conditions” and the question of whether rights should be local or universal. It also addresses the vexing problem that arises when rights conflict. Next, the chapter studies two rights, equality and free speech, in detail. The chapter concludes by addressing constitutional progress and the choice between amendment by legislators and “updating” by courts.
Rules with Compliance Built In
Authors: Giles Cynthia 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Because rules are the foundation of compliance outcomes, and case studies are the most powerful demonstration of that fact, this first chapter is an in-depth exploration of the compliance design of eight programs: four successful and four compliance disasters. The examples include regulations about air pollution (Acid Rain Program, New Source Review, Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program), water pollution (secondary treatment for sewage plants), drinking water (pathogens and lead), pesticides (paraquat), and even one criminal catastrophe from South Korea (the Sewol Ferry), and illuminate both the benefits of compliance-resilient programs and the public health dangers created by poor compliance structure. Two examples regulate coal-fired power plants, but with dramatically different results, illustrating that it’s not the compliance culture of the regulated industry that determines success on the ground, it’s the design of the rule that matters.