bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Authority-Based Accountability
Authors: Bazargan-Forward Saba 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Having developed the concept of a division of agential labor, I argue that the deliberator in such an arrangement can end up accountable for what the executor does, quite apart from whether the deliberator causally contributes to the executor’s conduct. But what exactly do I mean by “accountability”? This is answered by invoking Gary Watson’s concept of responsibility-as-accountability. It is then argued that, in general, morally evaluating conduct requires adverting to the actor’s motivating reasons in favor of that conduct. But when you serve as a deliberator and I serve as an executor, your motivating reasons determine my purpose, via “protected reasons” to do as you say. The functional relationship between the deliberator and the executor enables the deliberator to furnish a purpose for the executor; by furnishing an inimical purpose, the deliberator is thereby accountable for the fact that what the executor subsequently does is wrongful. This is the argument for authority-based accountability. After contrasting this account with others, it is defended against various criticisms and ostensible counterexamples. In doing so, the worry that this account depends on the view that intentions are deontically relevant is addressed.
Respondeat Superior and Enterprise Liability
Authors: Bazargan-Forward Saba 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 is concerned with the legal doctrine “respondeat superior”, whereby a person in a position of authority can be held legally liable for the torts that her subordinate commits. Some have analyzed respondeat superior in terms of enterprise liability: insofar as foreseeable employee misconduct counts as a foreseeable negative externality, we have a basis for holding the owner accountable for the employee’s misconduct. But it is argued in the chapter that we cannot make sense of the owner’s liability by appealing to enterprise liability and further, that instead, the owners of a business have a special duty of care toward their patrons. The owner enact these duties vicariously: she serves as a deliberator and her employees serve as executors upon whom she confers the function of enacting the special duties of care. Consequently, the owner is accountable should her employees violate those duties of care. The argument for authority-based accountability, then, plays a role in analyzing respondeat superior in the law.
Institutional Racism
Authors: Bazargan-Forward Saba 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 considers how we can make sense of individual accountability in the context of institutional racism. It argues for a version of reductionism account to which an institution qualifies as racist only if at least some of its members are racist. At first, this might seem to narrow the extension of “racist institution”. But, it is argued, an attitude of indifference toward racial injustice itself counts as a racist attitude. As such, authority-based accountability can shed some light on individual accountability for institutional racism. It is argued that the moral effects of racism—including indifference-racism—can “transmit” across individuals, given the argument for authority-based accountability. This means an employee of a racist institution is inculpated in the indifference-racism of her employers, even if a) the employee harbors no racist attitudes, and b) what the employee does is permissible when described absent reference to intentions.
The Lord Admiral’s Droits and His Majesty’s Profit
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter connects the economic and administrative history of shipwrecks to the high political history of Elizabethan and Stuart England and reveals that the greatest beneficiaries of wreccum maris were the agents and appointees of the crown. The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports enjoyed Admiralty rights in the richest of all wreck zones, from Essex to Sussex, including the Goodwin Sands in the narrow seas off Kent. His lieutenants, sergeants, and droit gatherers policed southern beaches and insisted on his lordship’s share. Competing with him nationwide was the Lord High Admiral of England, who regarded wreck rights as a major perquisite. This rivalry was suspended when the same man held both offices, most energetically under the Duke of Buckingham in the 1620s and the Duke of York in the 1660s. Buckingham monetized the Admiralty, and after his assassination the crown took over the apparatus to maximize ‘his majesty’s profits’ from England’s coasts; its pursuit was an under-recognized element of Caroline fiscal feudalism. Stuart monarchs were jealous of their prerogatives, and challenged encroachments by lords of manors, local vice admirals, and other agencies. The expanding power of the state in the later seventeenth century added more layers of authority to the already crowded arena of claimants. Customs commissioners demanded duty on the ever-plentiful wine from shipwrecks, while vice admirals and lords of manors argued against such meddling. The official, royal, and seigneurial take from shipwrecks by far exceeded the ‘petty pickings’ of the much-maligned country people, on whom the labour of salvage depended.
Eighteenth-Century Wrecking Revisited
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Classic accounts of wrecking focus on Hanoverian Cornwall and deal primarily with episodes from the late eighteenth century. This chapter concentrates on the neglected period before 1750 and presents material from several coastlines. It builds on research in the early modern era to examine shoreline activities in a period of social, economic, and legal change. Engaging with current scholarship, it introduces fresh evidence to reveal the social breadth of participation in wrecking, as shore workers contended with their masters and betters, countrymen vied with mercantile interests, and Customs officers impounded dutiable goods. A growing volume of shipping raised the stakes and expanded opportunities. Coastal conflicts may have become more common, and more riotous, while popular culture depicted wreckers as plunderers ‘blest with fortune’s store’. The legal environment was transformed by legislation in 1714 that threatened fines and imprisonment for anyone who boarded wrecks without permission or impeded the saving of their goods. A much harsher law in 1753 railed against the ‘wicked enormities’ of those who stripped shipwrecks and made unauthorized wrecking a felony punishable by death. The courts of the Admiralty played a lesser role, as Quarter Sessions, Assizes, and newspapers generated more evidence. The state’s demands for revenue from Customs became more aggressive, sometimes backed by troops, while manorial proprietors continued to secure their share. It was in this period that the word ‘wrecker’ first appeared. Charges of ‘barbarous’ behaviour continued, but with no more justification than before. A brief Conclusion ties it all together.
Introduction
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This opening chapter describes what the book is about, how it is organized, and who it is for. The book is all about the Japanese economy, past and present, and is for anyone who is curious about Japan. It is also written for anyone who is interested in economics, whether new to the subject or an expert. Each chapter can be read independently from the others and be understood but the chapters are arranged in a logical sequence. The book begins with a discussion of Japan’s current high level of well-being and the economic history from the sixteenth century to the present that led to this outcome. This is followed by explorations of the Japanese economy in our time—roughly, from 1965 to the present—arranged according to subfields of economics, starting with macroeconomic topics, and proceeding to microeconomic ones. Four themes run through all the chapters: Japan’s economic growth and development, Japan’s integration with the world economy, Japanese government policies and their effects, and Japan’s peculiar economic institutions and practices.
Economic History, Part 1
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the economic history of Japan during the Tokugawa period (1603–1868) and Meiji era (1868–1912). It first describes how the Japanese economy developed under the baku-han political system erected by Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1603, a system that persisted until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. The durability of the baku-han system owed much to features that themselves had significant economic implications that are also explained. These features included a caste system (shi-nō-kō-shō), a system of collecting rice taxes, seclusion of the country (sakoku), and a requirement that the feudal lords called daimyō alternate their residences between their own domains (han) and the shogunal capital Edo (later renamed Tokyo). The chapter explains how the economic development that did occur within this controlled and oppressive political system comports with the logic of Malthus. Expansion of trade within Japan, epitomized by the Ohmi merchants, and the increasing sophistication of economic institutions, allowed a modest increase in the population during the eighteenth century but without significantly raising the average standard of living. Modern economic growth—sustained rise in income per person—began in Japan only after the 1868 Meiji restoration brought economic freedom. The chapter details the steps taken by the Meiji oligarchs to dismantle the previous system, leading to the formation of a modern market economy. Japan’s experience in the Meiji era fits the Gerschenkron thesis; the country had sophisticated market institutions and its growth was the result of private economic initiative, not government control and direction.
Economic History, Part 3
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the many changes in the Japanese economy introduced during the American Occupation of Japan, 1945–1962, and the famously rapid Japanese recovery from the devastations of the war. Japan still bears the stamp of laws and regulations enacted during the American Occupation under the banner of “democratization.” Land reform and zaibatsu dissolution were much touted at the time but in retrospect had few lasting effects. Other changes were more important. The Constitution, written by MacArthur’s military staff and promulgated in 1946, remains in effect without amendment. So do the labor laws enacted in 1946 and 1947, anti-monopoly laws, land use controls, regulation of the production and distribution of rice, and regulations of banking and securities. But the extensive price controls, inflation-financed government subsidies, and state control of foreign trade that bedeviled Japan’s early postwar years, thankfully, did not survive the reverse course in American policy. The Japanese miracle began the day in February 1949 that Joseph Dodge went to work dismantling government control of the Japanese economy. Once free of government restraint, Japan’s citizens set about replacing the wealth destroyed during the war. The Solow growth model is the indispensable framework needed to understand Japan’s rapid economic recovery. The chapter describes the logic of the Solow model and applies it in showing that Japan’s convergence on a steady-state growth path came about from ongoing private saving and investment in response to market incentives. Government planning and direction had nothing to do with it.
Industrial Organization
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers business groups, competition, cartels, oligopoly, industrial concentration, antimonopoly law, and government regulation of industry in Japan—all topics drawing on the subfield of economics called “industrial organization.” The most prominent business groups in Japan are the six financial keiretsu and the 40 or so enterprise groups that each include a large firm and its related family of independent materials suppliers, customers, and distributors. The chapter describes the financial keiretsu and enterprise groups, how they came to be, and what accounts for some of their key features such as cross-shareholding among members of a same group. The focus then shifts to industrial concentration and oligopoly in Japan. If an industry is dominated by large firms in Japan, then so is its analogue in the USA. The same market forces seem to be shaping the pattern of industrial concentration in both nations. Also, economic profits are a trivial percentage of national income in Japan, as in the USA, which suggests that oligopolistic pricing has not very much distorted the allocation of resources in either nation. Antimonopoly laws in Japan entail weak penalties and are not strictly enforced, but the main impediment to cartels is cheating among their own members, not government penalties. The final part of the chapter is devoted to industrial regulation in Japan. It describes the institutions of regulation in Japan and invokes economic theories of regulation to interpret the regulation and deregulation of industries in Japan including electric power, telecommunication, railroads, trucking, taxis, and airlines.
Agents of the Marian Counter-Reformation
Authors: Smith Frederick E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the significance of former émigrés for the restoration of Catholicism in Marian England. It focusses on the émigrés’ contributions to three of the most pressing issues faced by the Marian Church: the reconciliation of the realm to papal obedience, the reform of piety and spirituality and the persecution of Protestants. Overall, this chapter argues that these émigrés contributed in significant ways towards the development of a Church that was vibrant, dynamic and eclectic—a Church that drew upon the émigrés’ encounters with a diverse range of reforming ideas throughout western Europe, as well as their experiences of displacement itself. However, building upon the conclusions of the previous chapter, it also suggests that these émigrés came into conflict with some of their compatriots who had very different reform priorities as a result of their divergent experiences under Henry and Edward. The outcome was a Church more complex and more contested than historians have usually acknowledged.
Representationalism
Authors: Hill Christopher S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces and defends a representationalist account of perceptual experience, maintaining that experience constitutively involves representations of external phenomena. The chapter also argues for a teleosemantic theory of perceptual representation, according to which the representational contents of perceptual states are conferred directly or indirectly by natural selection (indirectly in cases in which learning mechanisms fostered by natural selection play a role in determining content). The literature on teleosemantics is roiled by controversies of various kinds, and this is sometimes seen as a reason for looking elsewhere for a theory of perceptual representation. The chapter maintains, however, that these controversies can on the whole be resolved by embracing representational pluralism, according to which there is more than one form of perceptual representation that is worthy of scientific and philosophical attention.
Perceptual Awareness of Particulars
Authors: Hill Christopher S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 defends perceptual existentialism, the view that experience does not function like linguistic demonstratives, picking out particular objects directly, but is rather more like linguistic descriptions, in that it picks out particulars by enumerating their properties. This can be expressed by saying that the representational contents of perceptual experiences can be captured by existential claims of the form there is an object at such and such (egocentric) location with such and such properties. The chapter offers an account of how existential contents of this form, even when somewhat erroneous, can combine with causal relations to uniquely determine external objects—objects that then become available to serve as the referents of perceptual demonstratives. It also examines and rejects the doctrine that perceptual objects are defined by a weak set of conditions involving only such general features as cohesion of parts and spatio-temporal continuity. Perceptual objects are best seen as members of familiar natural kinds.
Perceptual Consciousness
Authors: Hill Christopher S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 discusses three forms of consciousness that perceptual experience is said to possess—introspective consciousness, access consciousness, and phenomenal consciousness. Introspective consciousness is the form of consciousness that mental states possess when they are objects of introspective awareness. Access consciousness is the form that mental states possess when they are available for use by high-level cognitive faculties that are responsible for tasks planning and evaluating. It is widely acknowledged that perceptual experiences possess these two forms of consciousness, but the nature of phenomenal consciousness and its relation to perceptual experience is controversial. One of the main themes of the chapter is that there is perceptual phenomenology that is too “faint” to support either introspective consciousness or access consciousness. Another is that phenomenal consciousness is best seen as an especially “robust” form of phenomenology—robust enough to serve as a categorical base for the other two forms of consciousness.
Scandinavia and the Pharmaceutical Revolution
Authors: Sogner Knut 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the contradictory forces characterizing Nyegaard & Co.’s situation. On the one hand the tremendous influence of the penicillin breakthrough during the Second World War and the optimism about the possibilities of finding new drugs, which also included a highly inspiring breakthrough in British Glaxo and US Merck that built on Nyegaard & Co.’s pre-war research. Nyegaard & Co. invested in young scientists that were sent to Britain’s best chemists. On the other hand, the Norwegian regulatory authorities were skeptical of the privately owned pharmaceutical companies and their profit seeking and kept strict control of drug prices at a time of rising costs. Nyegaard & Co., a family company with a solid economy from before the war, chose to invest as much in shipping as in pharmaceuticals, most notably stopping a penicillin project. While Norwegian drug policies hardly caught up with the times, shipping was prioritized by the new Labour government.
The Profits and Problems of Success
Authors: Sogner Knut 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The period from the mid-1970s and just into the 1980s represented a formidable commercial success for the new product Amipaque. Amipaque succeeded not only as a new and fabulous niche myelographic medium, but it was also priced much higher than previous remedies. This new price level survived when it was transferred to the much larger mainstream market for vascular products (the blood system). Nyegaard thereby literally opened up an extremely attractive new market, and competing companies developed their own non-ionic contrast media at the same time as Nyegaard struggled in research. The small research team was fully able to make the right new molecules, but only by bringing in its large marketing partners Sterling Drug and Schering AG did the necessary product development processes commence. The family that owned the company and had helped steer it in the right directions realized that cut-throat global competition was not for them and sold the company to a larger, established Norwegian stock-listed company.
Nature Prose
Authors: Head Dominic 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This book seeks to explain the popularity and appeal of contemporary writing about nature. The argument is that nature writing, in its various formats, contains formal effects of a complexity that is not sufficiently recognized, and that these paradoxical or antithetical effects encapsulate our current ecological dilemma, and offer a fresh resource for critical thinking. Such literary effects become more easily discernible when the distinctions between fictional and nonfictional writing are (partly) set aside, so that ‘nature writing’ is set within the broader conception of ‘nature prose’. The book’s range is international, with particular emphasis on writers from Britain and the US. The treatment and construction of ‘nature’ in contemporary imaginative prose reveals some significant paradoxes beneath its dominant moods—moods which are usually earnest, sometimes celebratory, sometimes prophetic or cautionary. It is in these paradoxical or antithetical moments that the contemporary ecological predicament is formally encoded, in a progressive development of ecological consciousness from the late 1950s (or even earlier), but which is primarily illustrated in this work from texts published from the 1990s onwards. The ambiguity in the subtitle of this book—‘Writing in Ecological Crisis’—is intended to capture a mode of writing that is both contemporaneous with a defining time of crisis for humanity and formally fashioned by that context: this is writing that emerges in a time of crisis but which is also, in some ways, in crisis itself.
Introduction
Authors: Head Dominic 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A focus of the Introduction is to show that, rather than peddling unexamined holier-than-thou messages, much nature writing reveals a vision of paradox, contradiction, and uncertainty, a vision that captures the contemporary human predicament of seeking to make reparation for the ecological destruction we have caused (and continue to cause) as a species: it encodes our dilemma, the search for solutions from a position of undeniable culpability. This chapter contests the ways that imaginative writing about nature has frequently been seen as naïve by prominent ecocritics: it engages with some of the important critiques, especially concerning the ways in which the construction of nature may be seen as a hidden component, left unpacked in the haste to establish an (impossible) immediacy of affect. Instead, contemporary nature prose is shown to re-present the paradoxes and contradictions that some nature writing has been accused of fostering unintentionally. This new brand of nature prose combines knowledge drawn from natural history with a range of literary effects, and a distinctively new form of ecomimesis emerges from this synthesis, which is attuned to the cultural mediation of nature, and not unaware of it, as is often assumed.
Abundance
Authors: Head Dominic 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Creative reflections on nature often present images of abundance; but it is always a troubling topic. Abundance in nature can be evoked to inspire joy and reverence; but, at the same time, abundance now always brings with it the spectre of scarcity, in a more literal apprehension of the global predicament, and the travesty of the unequal distribution of resources. The extremity of these contrasting reflections stretches the principle of paradox in nature prose, the means through which apparently contradictory impulses and meanings are brought together in a layered mode of apprehension: nature prose treating of abundance is, potentially, a self-defeating form of ecomimesis, where the textual resonance leads inevitably back to a bleak comprehension of the world. Abundance, however, also connotes knowledge and understanding by association with the spiritual enlightenment of the elect in biblical parable. For the secular purposes of nature prose in the Western tradition, this association produces rich effects, in which cultural knowledge (rather than spiritual certitude) is assigned the a priori position of bestowing enlightenment, a dynamic that privileges knowledge as our resource of hope in otherwise complex and enigmatic moments of deliberation.