bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How can behavioural science contribute to qualitative research on antimicrobial stewardship in primary care?
Authors: Borek Aleksandra J. , Santillo Marta , Wanat Marta , Butler Christopher C. , Tonkin-Crine Sarah 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAntibiotic use (and misuse) accelerates antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and addressing this complex problem necessitates behaviour change related to infection prevention and management and to antibiotic prescribing and use. As most antibiotic courses are prescribed in primary care, a key focus of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is on changing behaviours outside of hospital. Behavioural science draws on behaviour change theories, techniques and methods developed in health psychology, and can be used to help understand and change behaviours related to AMR/AMS. Qualitative methodologies can be used together with a behavioural science approach to explore influences on behaviour and develop and evaluate behavioural interventions. This paper provides an overview of how the behavioural science approach, together with qualitative methods, can contribute and add value to AMS projects. First, it introduces and explains the relevance of the behavioural science approach to AMR/AMS. Second, it provides an overview of behaviour change ‘tools’: behaviour change theories/models, behavioural determinants and behaviour change techniques. Third, it explains how behavioural methods can be used to: (i) define a clinical problem in behavioural terms and identify behavioural influences; (ii) develop and implement behavioural AMS interventions; and (iii) evaluate them. These are illustrated with examples of using qualitative methods in AMS studies in primary care. Finally, the paper concludes by summarizing the main contributions of taking the behavioural science approach to qualitative AMS research in primary care and discussing the key implications and future directions for research and practice.
Pregnancy and Live Birth Rates Over Time in Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Tandon Parul , Tennakoon Aruni , Huang Vivian , Bernstein Charles N , Goetgebuer Rogier , Targownik Laura 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) negatively affects fertility and fecundity. We aimed to determine longitudinal trends in and factors that affect pregnancy rates in women with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD).

Methods
Women in the University of Manitoba IBD Epidemiology Database aged 15 to 45 were identified between 1992 and 2018 and matched up to 10 non-IBD controls. Pregnancy and live birth rates were compared between women with and without UC or CD stratified by time-period, disease duration and maternal age at conception. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Poisson regression was used to adjust these rates for year of pregnancy, disease duration, maternal age, severity of IBD, and prior IBD-related surgery.

Results
Compared to controls, women with UC had lower rates of pregnancies (IRR 0.91, 95% CI: 0.82–0.99) and women with CD had lower rates of pregnancies (IRR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.79–0.93) and live births (IRR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.75–0.92). Although rates of pregnancies and live births were significantly lower in women with UC and CD compared to controls prior to 2010, there appeared to be no differences between the two groups after 2010. Prior intestinal surgery and active disease at conception appeared to lower pregnancy rates in women with UC and CD, respectively.

Conclusion
This study demonstrates that women with IBD have lower pregnancy rates compared to those without IBD, though these differences are no longer evident after 2010. Factors that continue to reduce these rates include prior colectomy and underlying disease activity.
An agent-based blackboard system for multi-objective optimization
Authors: Stewart Ryan , Palmer Todd S , Bays Samuel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In the field of multi-objective optimization, there are a multitude of algorithms from which to choose. Each algorithm has strengths and weaknesses associated with the mechanics for finding the Pareto front. Recently, researchers have begun to examine how multi-agent environments can be used to help solve multi-objective optimization problems. In this work, we propose a multi-objective optimization algorithm based on a multi-agent blackboard system (MABS). The MABS framework allows for multiple agents to read and write pertinent optimization problem data to a central blackboard agent. Agents can stochastically search the design space, use previously discovered solutions to explore local optima, or update and prune the Pareto front. A centralized blackboard framework allows the optimization problem to be solved in a cohesive manner and permits stopping, restarting, or updating the optimization problem. The MABS framework is tested against three alternative optimization algorithms across a suite of engineering design problems and typically outperforms the other algorithms in discovering the Pareto front. A parallelizability study is performed where we find that the MABS is able to evaluate a set number of designs, which require an evaluation time ranging from 0 to 300 seconds, quicker than a traditional optimization algorithm: this fact becomes more apparent the longer it takes to evaluate a design. To provide context for the benefits provided by MABS, a real-world nuclear engineering design problem is examined. MABS is used to examine the placement of experiments in a nuclear reactor, where we are able to evaluate hundreds of configurations for experimental placement while maintaining a strict set of safety constraints.
Weapon compartment layout design method for improving the survivability of a naval ship by considering susceptibility distribution based on radar cross section analysis
Authors: Hwang Joon-Tae , Hong Suk-Yoon , Song Jee-Hun , Kwon Hyun-Wung 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The survivability of a naval ship refers to its ability to withstand the damage caused by enemy attacks and to maintain their missions and functions. During naval warfare, if the armed space of a naval ship is exposed to the enemy, even a single shot can damage the combat system. Therefore, it is important to minimize damage to the armed space of naval ships and improve survivability. In this study, a system was implemented to automate the ship compartment layout design process considering survivability and to derive the optimal compartment layout. The survivability of a compartment can be calculated using the susceptibility distribution obtained using the axis-aligned bounding box (AABB) model and damage ellipsoid volume. To derive the survivability suitable for each naval ship, the susceptibility distribution of the naval ship was derived by radar cross section analysis. In addition, the line distribution space division method was developed to extract the AABB model from the analysis model. A genetic algorithm was used to derive an optimal compartment layout considering survivability. To compare the differences in survivability according to the compartment layout, optimal and worst compartment layout analysis was performed.
Surrogate-based optimization of learning strategies for additively regularized topic models
Authors: Khodorchenko Maria , Butakov Nikolay , Sokhin Timur , Teryoshkin Sergey 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTopic modelling is a popular unsupervised method for text processing that provides interpretable document representation. One of the most high-level approaches is additively regularized topic models (ARTM). This method features better quality than other methods due to its flexibility and advanced regularization abilities. However, it is challenging to find an optimal learning strategy to create high-quality topics because a user needs to select the regularizers with their values and determine the order of application. Moreover, it may require many real runs or model training which makes this task time consuming. At the current moment, there is a lack of research on parameter optimization for ARTM-based models. Our work proposes an approach that formalizes the learning strategy into a vector of parameters which can be solved with evolutionary approach. We also propose a surrogate-based modification which utilizes machine learning methods that makes the approach for parameters search time efficient. We investigate different optimization algorithms (evolutionary and Bayesian) and their modifications with surrogates in application to topic modelling optimization using the proposed learning strategy approach. An experimental study conducted on English and Russian datasets indicates that the proposed approaches are able to find high-quality parameter solutions for ARTM and substantially reduce the execution time of the search.
Scripture, Satan, and the Sacrament: The Clifton Excommunication Case of 1874–1876
Authors: Atherstone Andrew 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In 1874 Flavel Cook, the evangelical vicar of Christ Church, Clifton, barred one of his parishioners, Henry Jenkins, from receiving holy communion after a dispute over the personality of Satan and the reality of eternal punishment. Jenkins sued Cook through the courts, and eventually won his case in 1876 on appeal to the judicial committee of the privy council, leading to Cook’s resignation. The controversy stimulated wide debate on church discipline, the rights of the laity, and whether Christians are obliged to obey the civil law. It also revealed deep disagreements over the relationship between reason, moral conscience, and biblical revelation, and the nature of ‘inclusion’ and ‘exclusion’ in a comprehensive Church of England.
Factors Associated with Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Initiation and Compliance Among U.S. Military Service Members
Authors: Matsuno Rayna K , Seay Julia , Porter Ben , Tannenbaum Karen , Warner Steven , Wells Natalie 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The primary objective of the current study was to assess factors associated with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine initiation and compliance in a cohort of active duty US military service members (SM).

Materials and Methods
We included active-duty participants aged 18-26 years from the Millennium Cohort Study, a longitudinal cohort study of over 200,000 military SMs. The eligible study population included 22,387 female SMs and 31,705 male SMs. Vaccination was assessed over the period 2006–2017. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of vaccine initiation and compliance (3 doses within a 1-year period) in relation to demographic, military, health, and behavioral characteristics.

Results
Among female SMs, 37.8% initiated the vaccine and 40.2% of initiators completed the series within a year. Among male SMs, 3.9% initiated the vaccine and 22.1% of initiators completed the series within a year. Differences by sociodemographic factors, deployment status, branch of service, occupation, and smoking status–but not by selected mental health conditions–were observed.

Conclusion
HPV vaccination uptake is subpar across all military service branches. Certain subgroups of SMs could be targeted to increase overall HPV vaccine coverage in the US military population.
Can Phase Angle Be Associated With Muscle Strength in Healthy Male Army Cadets?
Authors: Langer Raquel D , Guimarães Roseane F , Guerra-Júnior Gil , Gonçalves Ezequiel M 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Phase angle (PhA) determined by bioelectrical impedance (BIA) is related to body fluid balance and cell membrane integrity. Handgrip strength (HGS) is used to assess muscle strength and as an indicator of health. We aimed to determine the relationship between PhA and HGS in healthy young males and to verify whether this relationship is dependent on body components.

Materials and Methods
Hundred and sixty-three healthy male army cadets (18.8 ± 0.6 years old) participated in the study. PhA was determined by BIA, HGS was assessed by a hydraulic dynamometer, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry determined: fat mass (FM), bone mineral content (BMC), and lean soft tissue (LST). Participants were divided according to the PhA tertile (first tertile: PhA &lt; 7.14°, second tertile: 7.14° ≤ PhA &lt; 7.83°, and third tertile: PhA ≥ 7.83°).

Results
Youth from the first tertile of PhA had lower BMC (2.8 kg vs. 3.0 kg and vs. 3.1 kg) and LST (51.7 vs. 53.8 kg and vs. 57.6 kg) compared to youth from the second and third tertile of PhA (P &lt; .001), respectively. Additionally, lower HGS (83.0 kg vs. 93.1 kg) was found in the first tertile compared to the third tertile of PhA (P &lt; .001). PhA explained 3% of the HGS variation (R2 = 0.029), while LST and BMC explained 39% (R2 = 0.385) and 22% (R2 = 0.221), respectively. Furthermore, the correlation between PhA and HGS was dependent on LST (P = .567) and BMC (P = .182).

Conclusion
In this sample, PhA showed a small relationship with HGS, remaining dependent on BMC and LST values. These results reinforce the importance of maintaining a physically active lifestyle with great lean mass and muscle strength values.
Cryo-EM structure of the ancient eukaryotic ribosome from the human parasite Giardia lamblia
Authors: Hiregange Disha-Gajanan , Rivalta Andre , Bose Tanaya , Breiner-Goldstein Elinor , Samiya Sarit , Cimicata Giuseppe , Kulakova Liudmila , Zimmerman Ella , Bashan Anat , Herzberg Osnat , Yonath Ada 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Giardiasis is a disease caused by the protist Giardia lamblia. As no human vaccines have been approved so far against it, and resistance to current drugs is spreading, new strategies for combating giardiasis need to be developed. The G. lamblia ribosome may provide a promising therapeutic target due to its distinct sequence differences from ribosomes of most eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the G. lamblia (WB strain) ribosome determined at 2.75 Å resolution. The ribosomal RNA is the shortest known among eukaryotes, and lacks nearly all the eukaryote-specific ribosomal RNA expansion segments. In contrast, the ribosomal proteins are typically eukaryotic with some species-specific insertions/extensions. Most typical inter-subunit bridges are maintained except for one missing contact site. Unique structural features are located mainly at the ribosome’s periphery. These may be exploited as target sites for the design of new compounds that inhibit selectively the parasite’s ribosomal activity.
Klf4 methylated by Prmt1 restrains the commitment of primitive endoderm
Authors: Zuo Zhen-yu , Yang Guang-hui , Wang Hai-yu , Liu Shu-yu , Zhang Yan-jun , Cai Yun , Chen Fei , Dai Hui , Xiao Yi , Cheng Mo-bin , Huang Yue , Zhang Ye 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The second cell fate decision in the early stage of mammalian embryonic development is pivotal; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is largely unexplored. Here, we report that Prmt1 acts as an important regulator in primitive endoderm (PrE) formation. First, Prmt1 depletion promotes PrE gene expression in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry assays demonstrated that Prmt1 depletion in mESCs contributes to an emerging cluster, where PrE genes are upregulated significantly. Furthermore, the efficiency of extraembryonic endoderm stem cell induction increased in Prmt1-depleted ESCs. Second, the pluripotency factor Klf4 methylated at Arg396 by Prmt1 is required for recruitment of the repressive mSin3a/HDAC complex to silence PrE genes. Most importantly, an embryonic chimeric assay showed that Prmt1 inhibition and mutated Klf4 at Arg 396 induce the integration of mouse ESCs into the PrE lineage. Therefore, we reveal a regulatory mechanism for cell fate decisions centered on Prmt1-mediated Klf4 methylation.
Synthetic robust perfect adaptation achieved by negative feedback coupling with linear weak positive feedback
Authors: Sun Zhi , Wei Weijia , Zhang Mingyue , Shi Wenjia , Zong Yeqing , Chen Yihua , Yang Xiaojing , Yu Bo , Tang Chao , Lou Chunbo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Unlike their natural counterparts, synthetic genetic circuits are usually fragile in the face of environmental perturbations and genetic mutations. Several theoretical robust genetic circuits have been designed, but their performance under real-world conditions has not yet been carefully evaluated. Here, we designed and synthesized a new robust perfect adaptation circuit composed of two-node negative feedback coupling with linear positive feedback on the buffer node. As a key feature, the linear positive feedback was fine-tuned to evaluate its necessity. We found that the desired function was robustly achieved when genetic parameters were varied by systematically perturbing all interacting parts within the topology, and the necessity of the completeness of the topological structures was evaluated by destroying key circuit features. Furthermore, different environmental perturbances were imposed onto the circuit by changing growth rates, carbon metabolic strategies and even chassis cells, and the designed perfect adaptation function was still achieved under all conditions. The successful design of a robust perfect adaptation circuit indicated that the top-down design strategy is capable of predictably guiding bottom-up engineering for robust genetic circuits. This robust adaptation circuit could be integrated as a motif into more complex circuits to robustly implement more sophisticated and critical biological functions.
Physical ARTEMIS:DNA-PKcs interaction is necessary for V(D)J recombination
Authors: Niewolik Doris , Schwarz Klaus 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The nuclease ARTEMIS and the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) are involved in the repair of physiological and pathogenic DNA double strand breaks. Both proteins are indispensable for the hairpin-opening activity in V(D)J recombination and therefore essential for the adaptive immune response. ARTEMIS and DNA-PKcs interact, however experimental evidence for in vivo significance is missing. We demonstrate that mutations abolishing this protein-protein interaction affect nuclease function. In DNA-PKcs, mutation L3062R impairs the physical interaction with ARTEMIS and was previously identified as pathogenic variant, resulting in radiosensitive severe combined immunodeficiency. In ARTEMIS, specific mutations in two conserved regions affect interaction with DNA-PKcs. In combination they impair V(D)J recombination activity, independent of ARTEMIS autoinhibitory self-interaction between the ARTEMIS C-terminus and the N-terminal nuclease domain. We describe small fragments from both proteins, capable of interaction with the corresponding full-length partner proteins: In DNA-PKcs 42 amino acids out of FAT region 2 (PKcs3041-3082) can mediate interaction with ARTEMIS. In the nuclease we have defined 26 amino acids (ARM378-403) as minimal DNA-PKcs interacting fragment. The exact mapping of the ARTEMIS:DNA-PKcs interaction may pave the way for the design of specific inhibitors targeting the repair of DNA double strand breaks.
Crowned dens syndrome—case of crystal deposition in cervical spine
Authors: Shams Sabeeh , Khan Behram , Jeffries Andrew 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Neck pain can be very bothersome for patients, and most will seek analgesic relief as soon as possible. We present a case of crystal deposition in the cervical spine where a frail patient admitted for pneumonia developed severe neck pain raising suspicion of discitis, and did not respond to standard analgesic medications. Investigations revealed crystal deposition around the dens and alar ligaments (C1 and C2 Spine) suggestive of crowned dens syndrome, which responded promptly to steroid therapy and averting the patient from invasive investigations and intense treatment with antibiotics.
Splinters in the fingernails, heart and brain: thromboembolic complications of non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis despite treatment with a direct-acting oral anticoagulant
Authors: Wang Louis W , Phan Justin , Schuetz Priyanka , Omari Abdullah , Watson Alasdair J , Subbiah Rajesh N 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) is a rare condition characterized by non-infectious vegetations affecting the cardiac valves. Although systemic thromboembolism is a commonly associated condition, antiphospholipid syndrome is less common. Nevertheless, treatment generally involves long-term anticoagulation. We report a case of a patient with previously undiagnosed NBTE who suffered systemic thromboembolic events despite pre-existing treatment with a direct-acting oral anticoagulant.
Building a Single Market with No Single Regulator
Authors: Glachant Jean-Michel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The European Union is the only large multi-country entity having built an open internal electricity market at a continental scale. Large single countries such as Canada and the United States have not done so. This is not an accident, as the building of an open electricity market is demanding and cannot emerge spontaneously from traditional market players. Another reason it was not easy to create such a market is that the European Union has only weak regulatory powers and typically lacks the strong federal agencies characteristic of the United States. The EU case is that of a long-term (from 1996 to 2019) step-by-step process, including successive layers of legislative acts without strong regulatory frames but a very dynamic toolbox mixing voluntary and statutory involvement of many stakeholders, plus a progressive mutualization of the relevant national bodies. Only beginning in 2020 did the legal frame and the regulatory agreements start fully matching.
Three Waves of Cooperation
Authors: De Moor Tine 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Parallel to current social, economic, and ecological crises, new institutions for collective action are rapidly developing. In domains where the government withdraws and the market fails, citizen collectives in care, energy, infrastructure, and other areas offer accessible and affordable alternatives at the local level. This chapter explains, through a thousand years of history, what institutions for collective action are, and which factors influence how they function. It analyzes how current developments differ from earlier waves in the development of institutions for collective action. Just like today, periods of growth for this type of institutions were preceded by periods of accelerated development of the free market. These institutions constitute a correction mechanism and can play an important role in society as a third governance model, alongside market and state, although the potential of the commons as a governance model for global resources remains disputed.
Natural Resources and the Politics of Distribution
Authors: Al-Suwaidan Mohannad , Mazaheri Nimah 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the politics of distribution in natural resource-rich states and explores what factors influence the extent to which natural resource wealth is used to benefit the public. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first section gives a brief overview of the various ways that states have distributed the benefits of natural resource wealth, such as public investment and “direct distribution” programs like cash transfers and universal subsidies. The second section concerns the political logic of distribution from the government’s perspective, with a focus on the role of state capacity. The third section concerns how domestic politics and citizen mobilization have shaped the contours of distribution in natural resource-rich contexts. It discusses the role of protest following distribution reforms, anti-extraction movements, and public opinion.