bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prior test experience confounds longitudinal tracking of adolescent cognitive and motor development
Authors: Sullivan Edith V. , Thompson Wesley K. , Brumback Ty , Prouty Devin , Tapert Susan F. , Brown Sandra A. , De Bellis Michael D. , Nooner Kate B. , Baker Fiona C. , Colrain Ian M. , Clark Duncan B. , Nagel Bonnie J. , Pohl Kilian M. , Pfefferbaum Adolf 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundAccurate measurement of trajectories in longitudinal studies, considered the gold standard method for tracking functional growth during adolescence, decline in aging, and change after head injury, is subject to confounding by testing experience.MethodsWe measured change in cognitive and motor abilities over four test sessions (baseline and three annual assessments) in 154 male and 165 female participants (baseline age 12–21 years) from the National Consortium on Alcohol and NeuroDevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) study. At each of the four test sessions, these participants were given a test battery using computerized administration and traditional pencil and paper tests that yielded accuracy and speed measures for multiple component cognitive (Abstraction, Attention, Emotion, Episodic memory, Working memory, and General Ability) and motor (Ataxia and Speed) functions. The analysis aim was to dissociate neurodevelopment from testing experience by using an adaptation of the twice-minus-once tested method, which calculated the difference between longitudinal change (comprising developmental plus practice effects) and practice-free initial cross-sectional performance for each consecutive pairs of test sessions. Accordingly, the first set of analyses quantified the effects oflearning(i.e., prior test experience) on accuracy and after speed domain scores. Thendevelopmentaleffects were determined for each domain for accuracy and speed having removed the measured learning effects.ResultsThe greatest gains in performance occurred between the first and second sessions, especially in younger participants, regardless of sex, but practice gains continued to accrue thereafter for several functions. For all 8 accuracy composite scores, the developmental effect after accounting for learning was significant across age and was adequately described by linear fits. The learning-adjusted developmental effects for speed were adequately described by linear fits for Abstraction, Emotion, Episodic Memory, General Ability, and Motor scores, although a nonlinear fit was better for Attention, Working Memory, and Average Speed scores.ConclusionThus, what appeared as accelerated cognitive and motor development was, in most cases, attributable to learning. Recognition of the substantial influence of prior testing experience is critical for accurate characterization of normal development and for developing norms for clinical neuropsychological investigations of conditions affecting the brain.
Endoscopic features and clinical course of patients with asymptomatic cecal ulcers
Authors: Lin Ying-Cheng , Liao Szu-Chia , Chang Chung-Hsin , Chen Chia-Chang , Lin Wan-Tzu , Chiu Fang-We , Ko Chung-Wang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Cecal ulcers are
sometimes encountered in asymptomatic individuals. Their clinical outcomes and
management recommendations remain uncertain.

Methods
Asymptomatic patients who underwent a colonoscopic exam
for colon cancer screening were retrospectively reviewed from July 2009 to
November 2016. Patients with cecal ulcers were included. Patients who had
colorectal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, had nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs or were lost to follow-up were excluded.

Results
A total of 34,036 patients underwent colon cancer
screening. Cecal ulcers were found in 35 patients. After exclusion, 24 patients
(mean duration, 52 months) received follow-up colonoscopy. In 20 patients,
(83.3%), cecal ulcer resolved without intervention, but 4 patients (16.7%)
developed clinical significant diseases, including intestinal tuberculosis
(n = 2), Crohn’s disease (n = 1), and ulcerative colitis (n = 1). Patients who
developed clinically significant diseases had a higher percentage of ulcers
larger than 1 cm (75% vs. 15%, p = 0.035), terminal ileum involvement (100% vs.
15.4%, p = 0.006) and ulcers with irregular fold (75% vs. 5%, p = 0.008).

Conclusions
In patients with
asymptomatic cecal ulcers, the endoscopic features included larger ulcer size,
terminal ileum involvement and ulcers with irregular fold may predict
development of clinically significant diseases. If the above-mentioned features
are present, even asymptomatic patients should be closely monitored.
Development of mealtime difficulty scale for older adults with dementia in long-term care facilities
Authors: Jung Dukyoo , Choi Eunju , Yoo Leeho , Lee Hyesoon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
In older patients with dementia, functional dependence on individuals affects their eating behavior, leading to difficulties with meals. In addition to individual factors, several social, cultural, and environmental factors influence mealtime difficulties in older individuals with dementia. Therefore, a measure is required to evaluate the difficulty of eating, considering the different interacting phenomena.

Methods
Mealtime Difficulties Scale for older adults with Dementia (MDSD) was developed through a literature review. A pilot test was undertaken to confirm the meaning of the items and the relevance of mealtime difficulties for older patients with dementia. A panel of six experts examined the content validity of the MDSD. Convenience sampling was used to recruit direct care workers from long-term care facilities, of which 150 were recruited for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and 208 for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

Results
The final version of the MDSD included 19 items, with a Cronbach’s α of 0.91. The EFA identified three factors (“functional,” “caregiving,” and “behavioral”) that account for 54.6% of the total variance. The CFA confirmed the validity of the instrument.

Conclusions
Evidence to substantiate the validity and reliability of MDSD was found. While this tool has limitations in that it does not ensure convergent validity, it can be considered significant as it can assess the mealtime difficulty among older patients with dementia from different perspectives.
Retinal ganglion cell layer thickness and volume measured by OCT changes with age, sex, and axial length in a healthy population
Authors: Al-Hawasi Abbas , Lagali Neil 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
The ganglion cell layer (GCL) measurements with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) are important for both ophthalmologists and neurologists because of their association with many ophthalmic and neurological diseases. Different factors can affect these measurements, such as brain pathologies, ocular axial length (AL) as well as age and sex. Studies conducted to measure the GCL have overlooked many of these factors. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of age, sex, and AL on normal retinal GCL thickness and volume in a healthy population without any neurological diseases.

Methods
A prospective cross-sectional study was designed to measure GCL thickness and total volume with OCT with automated segmentation and manual correction where needed. Visual acuity, AL, and autorefraction were also measured. A mixed linear model was used to determine the association of the effect of the various parameters on the GCL thickness and volume.

Results
One hundred and sixteen eyes of 60 subjects (12–76 years of age, 55% female) were examined of which 77% had 0 ± 2 D of spherical equivalent, and mean axial length was 23.86 mm. About 25% of the OCT-automated GCL measurements required manual correction. GCL thickness did not differ in similar anatomic regions in right and left eyes (P > 0.05). GCL volume was greater in males relative to females after adjustment for age and axial length (1.13 ± 0.07 mm3 for males vs 1.09 ± 0.09 mm3 for females; P = 0.031). GCL thickness differed between males and females in the inner retinal ring (P = 0.025) but not in the outer ring (P = 0.66). GCL volume declined with age (P = 0.031) but not after adjustment for sex and axial length (P = 0.138). GCL volume declined with longer axial length after adjustment for age and sex (P = 0.048).

Conclusion
Age, sex and axial length should be taken into consideration when measuring the GCL thickness and volume with OCT. Automated OCT segmentation should be reviewed for manual adjustments.
A prospective randomized self-controlled study of LASIK combined with accelerated cross-linking for high myopia in Chinese: 24-month follow-up
Authors: Dong Ruilan , Zhang Yu , Yuan Yifei , Liu Yan , Wang Yuexin , Chen Yueguo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
To assess the visual and refractive outcomes of femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) concurrent with accelerated cross-linking (LASIK Xtra) compared with conventional FS-LASIK (convLASIK) for high myopia in Chinese individuals.

Methods
In this prospective, randomized, fellow-eye comparison study, 25 patients with high myopia were treated randomly with LASIK Xtra in one eye and convLASIK in the other. A 24-month follow-up was conducted, and the main outcome measures included uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) and corneal tomography.

Results
The UDVA was 0.09 ± 0.15 logMAR in the LASIK Xtra group, which was significantly worse than that in the convLASIK group 1 day postoperatively (P = .001), but the difference became nonsignificant from 1 week after surgery. The efficacy index was 0.88 ± 0.18 in the LASIK Xtra eyes and 0.99 ± 0.13 in the convLASIK eyes at 24 months (P = .028). Throughout the follow-up period, a slight myopic shift in the MRSE and keratometry values were observed in both groups without significant intergroup differences. The coefficient of determination was 0.9982 in the LASIK Xtra eyes and 0.9987 in the convLASIK eyes. The corneal density was significantly higher, and demarcation lines were visible in the first 6 months in LASIK Xtra eyes, but both signs of cross-linking gradually disappeared during follow-up. No severe complications were detected in either group.

Conclusions
LASIK Xtra showed comparable safety and predictability with convLASIK for high myopia in Chinese, but lower efficacy and no greater stability was observed up to 24-month follow-up.
Prismatic treatment of acute acquired concomitant esotropia of 25 prism diopters or less
Authors: Wu Yan , Feng Xueliang , Li Junhong , Chang Min , Wang Jingjing , Yan Hua 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of prismatic treatment in a step-by-step manner to reduce prismatic strength in acute acquired concomitant esotropia (AACE) of 25 prism diopters (PD) or less.

Methods
In this retrospective comparative study, 36 patients with AACE with deviation angle ≤ 25 PD were treated with Fresnel prism in a step-by-step manner to reduce prismatic strength. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether they regained orthophoria and were weaned off the press-on prisms within 1 year: (1) the treatment-success group, which consisted of patients who had their esotropia eliminated and were weaned off the press-on prisms within 1 year after prism correction, and (2) the treatment-continuing group, which comprised patients who needed to continue wearing a Fresnel prism at 1 year after the beginning of prismatic correction because diplopia and esotropia still existed. Clinical characteristics and cooperation were analyzed and compared between groups.

Results
Fourteen of 36 patients (38.9%) were weaned off the prism and regained orthophoria and binocular single vision within 1 year after prismatic treatment. Compared with the treatment-continuing group, the treatment-success group showed smaller deviation at near and distant fixations (P = 0.024 and P = 0.006, respectively) measured at the beginning of prismatic correction, a shorter time from onset to prismatic treatment (P = 0.02), and a greater percentage of patients exhibiting good cooperation (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Prismatic treatment in a step-by-step manner to reduce prismatic strength can lead to good outcomes of motor alignment and binocular function in patients with AACE of 25 PD or less. Patients showing good cooperation, smaller angle of esotropia, and shorter duration from onset to treatment tend to eliminate esotropia and be weaned off press-on prisms within 1 year after prismatic correction.
Risk factors of extrauterine growth restriction in very preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a multi-center study in China
Authors: Wang Lian , Lin Xin-Zhu , Shen Wei , Wu Fan , Mao Jian , Liu Ling , Chang Yan-Mei , Zhang Rong , Ye Xiu-Zhen , Qiu Yin-Ping , Ma Li , Cheng Rui , Wu Hui , Chen Dong-Mei , Chen Ling , Xu Ping , Mei Hua , Wang San-Nan , Xu Fa-Lin , Ju Rong , Zheng Zhi , Tong Xiao-Mei ,   the Chinese Multicenter EUGR Collaborative Group, Wang Lian , Lin Xin-Zhu , Shen Wei , Zheng Zhi , Wu Fan , Mao Jian , Liu Ling , Chang Yan-Mei , Tong Xiao-Mei , Zhang Rong , Ye Xiu-Zhen , Qiu Yin-Ping , Ma Li , Cheng Rui , Wu Hui , Chen Dong-Mei , Chen Ling , Xu Ping , Mei Hua , Wang San-Nan , Xu Fa-Lin , Ju Rong , Li Gui-Nan , Li Long , Zhang Zhe , Bei Fei , Deng Chun , Su Ping , Luo Ling-Ying , Liu Xiao-Hong , Wang Li-Jun , Yu Shu-Qun 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objective
Nutritional deficiency soon after birth is a risk factor of chronic lung disease (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, BPD). Afflicted infants are further prone to inadequate growth during hospitalization (extrauterine growth restriction, EUGR). This multi-center retrospective study investigated risk factors of EUGR, specifically in very preterm infants with BPD.

Method
Data of infants with BPD who were born less than 32 weeks gestation (n = 1010) were collected from 7 regions of China. All infants were non-small for gestational age at birth. Infants were characterized as EUGR or non-EUGR at 36 weeks gestation or discharge, or stratified by gestational age or birthweight. Logistic regression analysis was applied.

Results
In 65.5% of the population, the BPD was mild. Infants with severe BPD (8.3%) had the highest rate of EUGR (72.6%, P < 0.001). Groups stratified by gestational age did not differ in rates of EUGR, but the birthweight of the EUGR group was significantly lower than that of the non-EUGR (P < 0.001). Birthweights of < 1000, 1000–1499, and ≥ 1500 g showed EUGR rates of 65.9%, 43.4%, and 23.8%, respectively (P < 0.001). Overall, the independent risk factors of EUGR were: moderate-to-severe BPD, gestational hypertension, cesarean section, cumulative fasting time, time required to achieve 110 kcal/kg/d, and hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA).

Conclusion
In very preterm infants with BPD, the lower the birthweight or the more severe the BPD, the greater the risk of EUGR. In those with hsPDA, or moderate-to-severe BPD, it is especially important to prevent EUGR through perinatal management, enteral nutrition, and nutritional strategies.
Prognostic factors for advanced lung cancer patients with do-not-intubate order in intensive care unit: a retrospective study
Authors: Shen Chia-I , Yang Shan-Yao , Chiu Hwa-Yen , Chen Wei-Chih , Yu Wen-Kuang , Yang Kuang-Yao 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
The survival of patients with lung cancer undergoing critical care has improved. An increasing number of patients with lung cancer have signed a predefined do-not-intubate (DNI) order before admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). These patients may still be transferred to the ICU and even receive non-invasive ventilation (NIV) support. However, there is still a lack of prognostic predictions in this cohort. Whether patients will benefit from ICU care remains unclear.

Methods
We retrospectively collected data from patients with advanced lung cancer who had signed a DNI order before ICU admission in a tertiary medical center between 2014 and 2016. The clinical characteristics and survival outcomes were discussed.

Results
A total of 140 patients (median age, 73 years; 62.1% were male) were included, had been diagnosed with stage III or IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (AJCC 7th edition), and signed a DNI. Most patients received NIV during ICU stay. The median APACHE II score was 14 (standard error [SE], ± 0.66) and the mean PaO2/FiO2 ratio (P/F ratio) was 174.2 (SD, ± 104 mmHg). The APACHE II score was significantly lower in 28-day survivors (survivor: 12 (± 0.98) vs. non-survivor: 15 (± 0.83); p = 0.019). The P/F ratio of the survivors was higher than that of non-survivors (survivors: 209.6 ± 111.4 vs. non-survivors: 157.9 ± 96.7; p = 0.006). Patients with a P/F ratio ≥ 150 had better 28-day survival (p = 0.005). By combining P/F ratio ≥ 150 and APACHE II score < 16, those with high P/F ratios and low APACHE II scores during ICU admission had a notable 28-day survival compared with the rest (p < 0.001). These prognostic factors could also be applied to 90-day survival (p = 0.003). The prediction model was significant for those with driver mutations in 90-day survival (p = 0.021).

Conclusions
P/F ratio ≥ 150 and APACHE II score < 16 were significant prognostic factors for critically ill patients with lung cancer and DNI. This prediction could be applied to 90-day survival in patients with driver mutations. These findings are informative for clinical practice and decision-making.
Withdrawing or withholding treatments in health care rationing: an interview study on ethical views and implications
Authors: Strand Liam , Sandman Lars , Tinghög Gustav , Nedlund Ann-Charlotte 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
When rationing health care, a commonly held view among ethicists is that there is no ethical difference between withdrawing or withholding medical treatments. In reality, this view does not generally seem to be supported by practicians nor in legislation practices, by for example adding a ‘grandfather clause’ when rejecting a new treatment for lacking cost-effectiveness. Due to this discrepancy, our objective was to explore physicians’ and patient organization representatives’ experiences- and perceptions of withdrawing and withholding treatments in rationing situations of relative scarcity.

Methods
Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted in Sweden with physicians and patient organization representatives, thematic analysis was used.

Results
Participants commonly express internally inconsistent views regarding if withdrawing or withholding medical treatments should be deemed as ethically equivalent. Participants express that in terms of patients’ need for treatment (e.g., the treatment’s effectiveness and the patient’s medical condition) withholding and withdrawing should be deemed ethically equivalent. However, in terms of prognostic differences, and the patient-physician relation and communication, there is a clear discrepancy which carry a moral significance and ultimately makes withdrawing psychologically difficult for both physicians and patients, and politically difficult for policy makers.

Conclusions
We conclude that the distinction between withdrawing and withholding treatment as unified concepts is a simplification of a more complex situation, where different factors related differently to these two concepts. Following this, possible policy solutions are discussed for how to resolve this experienced moral difference by practitioners and ease withdrawing treatments due to health care rationing. Such solutions could be to have agreements between the physician and patient about potential future treatment withdrawals, to evaluate the treatment’s effect, and to provide guidelines on a national level.
Myths and misconception of COVID-19 among hospital sanitary workers in Pakistan: Efficacy of a training program intervention
Authors: Malik Jamil Ahmad , Musharraf Sadia , Safdar Razia , Iqbal Mazhar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objective
Hospital sanitary workers are among the prime source to disseminate information at a massive level, however they received least attention during the pandemic COVID-19. The study was designed to investigate the prevailing myths and misconceptions of the coronavirus pandemic among the sanitary workers of health care system. Further, a systematic training program is devised and tested to demystify the false myths with discerning truth and awareness-raising in hospital sanitary workers.

Method
A pre-post face-to-face intervention design was opted and the intervention was conducted at five locations by the project team. The intervention consisted a 3 days training program to target myths and misconceptions of hospital sanitary workers. The study was completed in 8 months starting from August, 2019 to March, 2020. Participants were recruited from local hospitals having a specialized indoor COVID treatment facility. The sample consisted of 82 participants (n = 25, 30.09% females) with age ranging from 18 to 60 years (M ± SD = 37.41 ± 10.09).

Findings
The results indicated that 86.4% of the participants never heard the name of the coronavirus before the pandemic in Pakistan. A majority of the participants (> 50%) believed on a very alarming but unrealistic rate of mortality i.e., 30–60%. The pre-testing showed a high prevalence of myths in all four domains (i.e., popular treatments = 24.44, conspiracy myths = 7.93, home remedies = 16.46, and COVID-reliance = 7.82). The pre and post comparison of individual myths showed significant improvement on 24 of the 26 myths with a decline ranging from 0.18 to 1.63. Overall, the intervention significantly decreased scores on all four domains of coronavirus myths.

Conclusion
The training intervention appeared to effectively reduce myths and misconceptions of sanitary staff workers and is advised to be included as a standard training program for sanitary workers of health care system.
Gut archaea associated with bacteria colonization and succession during piglet weaning transitions
Authors: Xiong Xinwei , Rao Yousheng , Tu Xutang , Wang Zhangfeng , Gong Jishang , Yang Yanbei , Wu Haobin , Liu Xianxian 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Host-associated gut microbial communities are key players in shaping the fitness and health of animals. However, most current studies have focused on the gut bacteria, neglecting important gut fungal and archaeal components of these communities. Here, we investigated the gut fungi and archaea community composition in Large White piglets using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, and systematically evaluated how community composition association with gut microbiome, functional capacity, and serum metabolites varied across three weaning periods.

Results
We found that Mucoromycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most common fungi phyla and Euryarchaeota was the most common archaea phyla across individuals. We identified that Methanosarcina siciliae was the most significantly different archaea species among three weaning periods, while Parasitella parasitica, the only differential fungi species, was significantly and positively correlated with Methanosarcina siciliae enriched in day 28 group. The random forest analysis also identified Methanosarcina siciliae and Parasitella parasitica as weaning-biased archaea and fungi at the species level. Additionally, Methanosarcina siciliae was significantly correlated with P. copri and the shifts of functional capacities of the gut microbiome and several CAZymes in day 28 group. Furthermore, characteristic successional alterations in gut archaea, fungi, bacteria, and serum metabolites with each weaning step revealed a weaning transition coexpression network, e.g., Methanosarcina siciliae and P. copri were positively and significantly correlated with 15-HEPE, 8-O-Methyloblongine, and Troxilin B3.

Conclusion
Our findings provide a deep insight into the interactions among gut archaea, fungi, bacteria, and serum metabolites and will present a theoretical framework for understanding gut bacterial colonization and succession association with archaea during piglet weaning transitions.