bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les ordres militaires face aux crises politico-religieuses de la basse vallée du Rhône (seconde moitié du XIIe-XIIIe siècle) : un jeu ambigu ?
Authors: Carraz Damien 
Published: December 2022

Les ordres militaires du Temple et de l’Hôpital constituent un champ d’observation privilégié pour essayer de comprendre les origines et les manifestations de l’anticléricalisme en France méridionale. Ils sont étudiés ici dans le cadre étroit de la région du Bas-Rhône qui fut une zone d’enjeux politiques majeurs au cours de la seconde moitié du XIIe et surtout de l’ensemble du XIIIe siècle.
Un statut hybride entre le monachisme et le canonicat, ignorant de surcroît la distinction des trois ordres, et une aptitude à agréger les fidèles à leurs commanderies par le biais de la confraternité, ont pu pousser vers les templiers et les hospitaliers des individus rétifs à une trop nette séparation entre mondes religieux et laïque héritée de la réforme grégorienne. Leur esprit d’indépendance face aux évêques a pu de même séduire certains fidèles hostiles à un encadrement trop marqué du clergé séculier. De là, peut-être, les liens ambigus entretenus entre ces ordres et les contestataires de l’ordre théocratique facilement versés dans l’anticléricalisme : l’empereur Frédéric II, les comtes de Toulouse, et leurs partisans au sein de l’aristocratie provençale, nombreux notamment parmi les élites dirigeantes des communes. Les ordres militaires sont toutefois depuis leur origine étroitement soumis au Saint-Siège. Cette allégeance les a contraints à remettre en cause des solidarités anciennes tissées avec les pouvoirs laïques locaux et à se rallier à l’ordre théocratique et à ses relais -évêques et nouvelle dynastie comtale franco-angevine -dès que fut acquis le succès de la mainmise capétienne dans le Midi (1229). Ce ralliement, qui a pu être vécu comme une trahison par une partie de l’aristocratie locale, mais aussi la redoutable concurrence économique imposée aux propriétaires fonciers par d’opulentes commanderies, ont ravivé les réflexes anticléricaux aux dépens cette fois-ci des ordres militaires, alors même que le détournement de l’idéal de croisade par la papauté a pu contribuer à leur aliéner certaines sympathies.
La mystique de la Rome avignonnaise et la numérologie chrétienne de Pierre Ameilh
Authors: Bresc Henri 
Published: December 2022

The Mysticism of the French Rome and Pierre Ameilh’s Chrsistian Numerology.
Pierre Ameilh, archbishop of Naples, who was Cardinal Gui de Boulogne’s creature and in the future responsible for of the Schism, had embarked upon the writing of a notebook on Christian numerology in 1365. He carried on the writing in Embrun, where he had been relegated by Urban V. The notebook, devoted to the Bible, aims at throwing light on the numerical combinations which prophesy past - and undoubtedly future events. In his correspondance, Pierre Ameilh implies that biblical arithmetic reveal great secrets. The study of the notebook makes it possible to spot his borrowings to the Hebrew numerology technique called gematria, as well as some knowledge of the Hebraic Bible, close to the Kabbalah. From all that, it is possible to suggest the presence of a mystical sense which can be ascribed to the stay of the curia in Avignon.
Pedro de Luna/ Benoît XIII et l’université de Montpellier
Authors: Verger Jacques 
Published: December 2022

Pedro de Luna/Benedict XIII and the University of Montpellier.
Pedro de Luna studied canonical law at the University of Montpellier, where he also taught in the 1360’s and the 1370’s. This fact is not unusual since the Catalan « nation » held an important position in the university, which was still outstanding in spite of a certain decline. Benedict XIII was a highly cultured pope and a distinguished jurist. His success in the Church may be ascribed to his qualities and his studies in Montpellier. After 1378, his relationship with Montpellier slackened. As for the university, its almost complete absence from the debate and the events linked to the Great Schism can be noted.
La prière pour l’unité de l’Église
Authors: Millet Hélène , Vincent Catherine 
Published: December 2022

Praying for the Unity of the Church.
The Schism awakened official piety. Early on, preachers asked and invited the faithful to pray for the return of unity in the Church. In 1392, Clement VII published a votive mass to the same end. The missals which have been preserved to this day show that is was celebrated in circles close to the French monarchy. Most of the time, the prayer for unity in the Church was associated to a prayer for the king’s health. It is however difficult to give an account of private prayer, but people from all kinds of backgrounds did pray a lot for the end of the Schism, as show the processions and pilgrimages. Among the latter, the pilgrimage to Notre-Dame du Puy held an important position. Moreover, the representation of the Virgin established itself even more at the time as the image of the unity of the Church. The development of the devotion to Mary also partook of the desire to see the divided obedience come together. In that respect, the Virgin with the Coat in the Carmes in Le Puy appears as a magnificent ex voto from the end of the Schism.
Aristocratie, église et religion au village en Provence (XIe -XIVe siècle )
Authors: Mazel Florian 
Published: December 2022

Aristocracy, Church and Religion in Provence Villages (11th-14th Centuries).
By the end of the 10th century, the Provence aristocracy played a significant role in the rise of castri and the recombining of the ecclesiastical fabric. But it is only at the end of the 12th century, at the time of the actual birth of the castrai village and of the settling down of great families, that a growing evidence of a genuine religious investment in the castrum on the part of the aristocracy can be observed. There were two forms of aristocratic religion. On the one hand, the creation of seigniorial chapels, often used as funeral sanctuaries, the presence of privileged chaplains and confessors as well as hagiographie texts show the rise of domestic piety, centred on the seigniorial house and consisting in peculiar practises that created a gap between the masters of the castle and the rest of the castrai community. On the other hand, aristocratic religion also appeared as public and ostentatious at the time of the celebration of great rites such as baptism, weddings and, above all, funeral ceremonies - moments when what was also at stake was the handling over of power. This binary dimension corresponds to different rhythms and moments in the social and religious lives of lords and castrai communities but, more importantly, it corresponds to different local social realities -the emergence of a domestic piety specific to lords only affecting families belonging to the higher aristocracy from the years 1230-1250 onwards.
Maisons templières des chemins ibériques de Saint-Jacques
Authors: Fuguet Sans Joan 
Published: December 2022

Templar Houses along the Spanish Ways to St James of Compostela.
One of the activities that was profitable for the Temple Order was the control of strategic enclaves (bridges, ports, sanctuaries. . .) along the ways that led to Compostela. However, when it comes to the Iberian peninsula, historiography has only looked at some of the establishments that were found along the so-called « french way » (the section of the route that led from Estella-Navarra-to Santiago). In addition to this, this article presents other Templar houses located along secondary routes which crossed the different peninsular kingdoms (Catalunya, Aragon, Castilla, Galicia and Extremadura).
Justices ecclésiastiques et justices laïques dans les communes de la basse vallée du Rhône (XIIe -XIIIe s.)
Authors: Balossino Simone 
Published: December 2022

Church Justice and Secular Justice in Lower-Rhône Town Councils (12th-13th Centuries).
The study of the urban contentions that took place in the lower Rhone valley from the 12th to the 13th century shows that, even if church institutions were endowed with a complex judicial system that had strong jurisdictional bases, they had to give in to the more and more pressing demands for autonomy made by municipalities. The town councils of Arles and Avignon, which were created in the first decades of the 12th century, had a set of tools at their disposal which was appro¬ priate not only to show the citizens that their authority was fully legitimate, but also to develop into institutions which would be capable to offer political representation to the cives. They also became jurisdictional authorities which could head urban councils as a whole. The judicial competence of law experts who came from a diversity of social backgrounds and the unrelenting claim for political and jurisdictional autonomy that was gradually advanced by groups of urban leaders were instrumental in reaching that goal. In that regard, the shape of the relationship between justice and politics shows that town councils built a jurisdictional space which was autonomous from that of the bishop and puts to the fore the roots of the distinction that was gradually made between the different kinds of judicial competence. The latter have to be taken into account if one wants to understand the organization of power relations which establishes social practices and govemement policy in all societies.
L’impact de la justice pontificale dans le diocèse d’Uzès au temps de Jean XXII : la publication des procès contre les fils de Matteo Visconti et Louis de Bavière
Authors: Parent Sylvain 
Published: December 2022

L’impact de la justice pontificale dans ie diocèse d’Uzès au temps de Jean XXII.
Le pape Jean XXII (1316-1334) engagea dans les années 1320 une longue série de procès pour hérésie contre ses ennemis politiques dans toute l’Italie du Nord et du Centre. Parmi les accusés figuraient non seulement des membres des familles seigneuriales les plus puissantes (Les Visconti, les Este, les Montefeltro etc), de nombreux petits seigneurs locaux et des communautés comme Recanati, Osimo ou Spolète, mais aussi l’empereur Louis IV de Bavière. Après leur condamnation comme hérétiques, Jean XXII organisa une publication massive des sentences de condamnation dans de nombreux diocèses d’Occident, afin d’organiser la croisade. Le diocèse d’Uzès est particulièrement emblématique de la manière dont cette publication fut effectuée, depuis l’évêché jusque dans les endroits les plus reculés du diocèse. Il met aussi en lumière les différents acteurs qui ont contribué à ces prédications et le déroulement des publications.
Les Méridionaux face aux études universitaires, entre choix personnels et stratégies familiales
Authors: Verger Jacques 
Published: December 2022

Verger (Jacques), People from the South of France and Higher Education : Between Personal Choices and Family Strategies.
The university of the Middle Ages is traditionally seen as a rather «individualistic » institution which tore its members from traditional family structures in order to have them confronted to the challenge of individual success as well as to a new kind of solidarity due to their new the status and to communal life in the colleges. Those findings are confirmed in the south of France as elsewhere and the statutes of southern universities almost never mention that the marital status of teachers or of students - or their family ties - were taken into account (except, to a certain extent, for nobles or illegitimate children). It is clear, however, that most students did not totally lose contact with their family environment and kept relying on its financial support or on the patronage it could provide. Some colleges were, for that matter, family foundations and stayed under the control of a given family, making the access to higher education easier for its members. Besides, the study of the student population and of the list of teachers, when it is possible, shows that groups from the same family were frequent (brothers or cousins studying together, sons or nephews succeeding to their fathers or uncles). However, those groups were limited and did not span over more than two or three generations. In any case, the access to higher education was restricted to certain members of a family. Overall, there does not seem to have been actual university families in the south of France, but rather complex family strategies in which studying was an option among others.
Famille et hérésie
Authors: Paul Jacques 
Published: December 2022

Paul (Jacques), Famille et hérésie.
L’hérésie est tenue pour un fait familial et les recherches ont mis en évidence des faits indiscutables. Ils doivent être confrontés à des don- nées plus générales pour les situer dans leur cadre. Sur la base des documents d’inquisition, la présente étude s’efforce de faire le décompte des prévenus et condamnés liés par des liens de parenté. Le résultat est passablement différent selon la nature des documents. Les actes authentiques du Registre du greffier de Carcassonne et les sentences de Pierre Cellan donnent des pourcentages assez faibles qui peuvent être tenu pour des chiffres planchers. Les livres d’aveux, plus subjectifs, donnent des quantité plus fortes qui apparaissent comme un maximum. L’aspect individuel de l’adhésion à l’hérésie est souligné par le temps que les prévenus avouent avoir passé dans ces croyances. Peu nombreux sont ceux qui ont eu des parents hérétiques.
Des lieux sacrés aux territoires ecclésiaux dans la France du Midi : quelques remarques préliminaires sur une dynamique sociale
Authors: Lauwers Michel 
Published: December 2022

From Sacred Places to Ecclesiastical Territories in Southern France : Preliminary Remarks on Social Dynamics.
This study is a preliminary contribution introducing the collected papers of the 46th Congress of Fanjeaux. It aims at emphasizing the process according to which the Church has made its place within the medieval society by getting progressively rooted in sites consecrated by priests, places around which religious establishments were being set up as well as communities and institutional powers. In Southern France, « constructions » and « consecrations » of churches have been developing extensively starting with the 10th-11th centuries, almost literally staged by means of a variety of memorial and documentary types of sets. Questions raised by this volume concern : the possible specifically Southern rites and symbolic constructions that have fostered this tendency of valorizing places of worship ; the unifying role played by papacy during the Gregorian Reform ; post-Gregorian transformations particularly related to the installation of popes in Avignon and to the emergence of new religious orders, such as the Mendicants. The preliminary contribution presents the logic that articulates the contributions to the volume in the three sections - « places of worship », « polarization », « territories » - according to a progression that intends to account for the mechanisms of spatialization of social practices under the control of the clerics.
Limitatio, termini, predicatio. Réflexions sur les limites dans les couvents dominicains, entre nord et sud. Autour du dossier documentaire du couvent dominicain de Rodez
Authors: Bertrand Paul 
Published: December 2022

Limitatio, Termini, Predicatio. Some Thoughts About the Limits in Dominican Convents in North and South, With Special Regard to the Dominican Convent of Rodez.
Based upon an important case study concerning preaching and collect boundaries of the Dominican convent of Rodez, which will be soon deeper studied and edited, a preliminary approach of spatial areas conceived and lived by friars (especially Dominicans) is proposed, comparing the situations in the convents settled northern of the Loire and in the convents settled in the provincia of Provence. Preaching and collecting areas in and out the city are distinguished ; some remarks are proposed about the used terms (limitatio , predicatio, termini ) ; the concept of « terminary house » is discussed ; the main functions of the specific areas defined by the Dominicans outside the city are analysed.
La parole franciscaine autour de Louis de Toulouse
Authors: Delmas Sophie 
Published: December 2022

Les formes de la parole sacrée concernant la figure de Louis de Toulouse sont variées : aux sermons de Jacques de Viterbe, de Bertrand de la Tour et de François de Meyronnes s’ajoutent différents offices et légendes liturgiques. Certaines fonctions sont traditionnelles, puisqu’elles visent à un enseignement moral par l’exaltation des vertus, notamment dans les sermons, et à l’intercession, notamment dans les prières. Cependant, la figure singulière de Louis de Toulouse a fait apparaître des fonctions plus spécifiques : ces prises de parole sont l’occasion d’exalter la dynastie angevine. L’exaltation des vertus de l’évêque, le contraste entre l’humilité du saint et son origine royale permettent également de passer sous silence la vertu de pauvreté et le choix de l’ordre franciscain, à un moment où la papauté entretenait des relations difficiles avec les Spirituels. Un texte fait cependant exception, la Légende liturgique : cette exception s’explique sans aucun doute par les choix personnels de son auteur.
Ces paroles sacrées permettent aussi de montrer l’impact de la parole sur les choix artistiques : en dépit de la Légende liturgique, la représentation la plus répandue dans l’art est celle de Louis évêque. Ce n’est donc pas la parole franciscaine des Spirituels qui s’est imposée, mais la parole sacrée soutenue par les pouvoirs politiques.
L’histoire occitano-catalane de la Kabbale (XIIe-XIIIe siècles) et ses ramifications
Authors: Iancu-Agou Danièle 
Published: December 2022

The Occitano-Catalan history of the Kabbalah in the 12th-13th centuries, and its ramifications.
In this communication, Jewish mysticism in the Occitano-Catalan area is treated in historical terms : the actors of this movement (both masters and disciples) are seen through the prism of their lessons, which are often oral, and their behaviour, faced with Astral magic, philosophy and Cathar dualism. Secondarily, the successors of this movement are discussed, and its Spanish, Italian and Levantine extensions.
Voir et entendre : des paroles dans l’image. À propos d’une enluminure du manuscrit 121 de la Bibliothèque municipale d’Avignon
Authors: Voyer Cécile 
Published: December 2022

Seeing and hearing : words in the picture, with reference to an illumination in ms 121 in the City Library at Avignon.
Drawing letters, or writing a word within an image, is not an anodyne act, and proceeds from the desire to represent the invisible, the latter being not necessarily immaterial or divine. As for music and its representation in pictures, this consists of translating a sound principle, the voice, into a pictorial field in the form of a word.
To investigate the way words can act and modify things, we have chosen a unique and exceptional image, an illumination, painted between 1330-1340, whose visual content reaches a high degree of sophistication (Avignon, BM, ms. 121, fol. 73 v). It represents the death of a Religious, and, as it belongs to the vast field of caritas, it includes prayers, mediation and gestures, which are essential and should be effective.
L’écriture hagiographique en Gallia méridionale à l’époque grégorienne (XIe -XIIe siècle)
Authors: Rosé Isabelle 
Published: December 2022

Hagiographical writing in Southern France during the Gregorian Period (Xth-XIIth centuries).
In order to understand what kinds of themes and vocabulary are characteristic of the Gregorian period, this paper examines 26 hagiographical texts written in southern France. The vocabulary which historians commonly associate with the ideas of reform is virtually absent from this area, as also are the concepts of simony or nicolaism, while no-one wrote a Life of either reformers or legates. Nevertheless, the texts reveal a uniformity characteristic of the period in the manner in which they treat certain themes such as, for example, childhood curtailed, a polemical vocabulary is used, and nearly all the texts emphasise the relationship between the saint and Rome, reflecting certain Gregorian developments. The environment of the writing explains moreover the different treatment or absence of several themes. For example, the episcopal circles concentrate on a redefinition of the function of the bishop, and of his place in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, through election processes, his activity as a builder, and his conservation of diocesan property, while the monastic circles are oriented towards confirming seigneurial power. This involves negating relations with certain lay people, and legitimising dubious acquisitions by the monastery and the management of its resources.
Le dossier de Marie-Madeleine dans les Acta Sanctorum des Bollandistes
Authors: Joassart Bernard 
Published: December 2022

The dossier of Mary Magdalene in the Acta Sanctorum of the Bollandists.
In his edition of Usuard’s Martyrology (1714), the Bollandist Jean-Baptiste Du Sollier stated that he agreed with the opinion that a distinction had to be made between the anonymous sinner mentioned in the Gospel of St. Luke, and Mary of Bethany and Mary Magdelene. This thesis is held by Adrien Baillet and Claude Chastelain, among others, as well as by the French Church in general. However, when the fifth volume of the Acta Sanctorum was published in July 1727, in the section devoted to Mary Magdalene the traditional view was adopted, i.e. that held by the majority in the West, which was inherited from Gregory the Great. According to this the three women are one and the same person. Moreover, as opposed to the view of Jean de Launoy, the Provençal legend regarding the saint’s relics was accepted. In all of this he adopted, it would seem, an anti-Gallican position.
La problématique de l’hérésie dans les sermons d’Innocent III
Authors: Grasso Christian 
Published: December 2022

Christian Grasso, La problématique de l’hérésie dans les sermons d’Innocent III.
Innocent III a été l’un des prédicateurs les plus ambitieux du début du XIIIe siècle. Son habileté d’orateur est manifeste, en particulier, dans le recueil de sermons qu’il a publié entre 1202 et 1204. Aux yeux du pape, l’édition de ses sermons devait non seulement servir de témoignage de son engagement pastoral, mais aussi être un outil voué à l’affirmation de l’autorité pontificale sur l'officium predicationis. De ce point de vue, le traitement réservé dans ces textes à l'heretica pravitas est emblématique. Innocent III établit un lien entre condamnation de l’hérésie, que lui-même considère comme une perversion de la doctrine et de la théologie chrétienne, et polémique contre le clergé corrompu et indifférent à la pratique de la prédication. Le pape dénonce avec insistance la négligence pastorale du clergé en la présentant à la fois comme l’une des causes de la propagation de l’hérésie et comme l’une des raisons de l’intervention directe de la papauté au niveau local. La conséquence la plus immédiate de cette analyse fut l’envoi de légats-prédicateurs en Languedoc à partir de 1202. A ses représentants actifs dans la région de la chrétienté la plus exposée à la propagation de l’hétérodoxie, il confia une double tâche : prêcher pour diffuser la bonne doctrine et superviser l’activité du clergé languedocien. Nul hasard, donc, si Innocent III a choisi comme destinataire officiel de la collection de ses sermons un des protagonistes majeurs de la lutte contre l’hérésie cathare, l’abbé de Cîteaux Arnaud Amalric.