bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creep Behavior Study of Plastic Power Package by Real Time Moiré Interferometry and FEM Modeling
Authors: Zou Daqing , Wang Jianjun , Lu Minfu , Liu Sheng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the creep behavior of the plastic power package at high temperature 155 °C was studied by real time moiré interferometry and FEM modeling. 1200 l/mm grating was replicated onto the cross-section of the specimen at room temperature. The specimen was held at 155°C (around the Tg of the epoxy molding compound) in the vacuum chamber for about 13 hours. The thermal deformation and creep of the specimen was recorded and measured in situ by moiré interferometry. The experimental results show that creep deformation occurs in the epoxy molding compound. The non-linear viscoelastic constitutive model was used for FEM simulation. The simulation results were compared with the experimental results and they were matched quite well on the global deformation of the specimen. The calculation results also show that, accompanied with the global creep deformation in molding compound epoxy, local stress concentration decreased significantly.
Resolving Deformation Field Near Corners and Interfaces by Phase Shifting Moiré Interferometry
Authors: Zou Daqing , He Xiaoyuan , Liu Sheng , Guo Yifan , Dai Fulong 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Although it is challenging to resolve deformation fields near corners or interfaces for layered structures, it is essential for a measurement technique to deal with of stress/strain concentrations, strain gradients, failure initiation and growth, local microstructure evolutions, etc. In this study, an innovative phase shifting technique is proposed, coupled with an image processing software, to investigate several interesting problems in electronic packaging. A power plastic IC package and a flip-chip package are selected to demonstrate the powerfulness of the system. A nanoscale deformation field is obtained for both the corner area and the underfilled containing flip-chip solder balls.
Testing and Constitutive Modeling of Thin Polymer Films and Underfills by a 6-Axis Submicron Tester
Authors: Qian Zhengfang , Lu Minfu , Wang Jianjun , Liu Sheng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The thermo-mechanical testing of Polycarbonate, Kapton, and Nylon films and underfill HYSOL FP4526 is reported, including the details of specimens, test procedures, and the 6-axis mini tester. The constitutive framework proposed for polymer films is, for the first time, applied to model the thermo-mechanical properties of underfill HYSOL FP4526 in this paper.
Thermal Mechanical Properties of Two Solder Alloys
Authors: Ren Wei , Qian Zhengfang , Lu Minfu , Liu Sheng , Shangguan Dongkai 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The thermal-mechanical behaviors of a new lead free solder and eutectic 63Sn37Pb are investigated in this paper. A series of tests including tensile, creep and fatigue, are carried out on a computer controlled 6-axis mini fatigue tester. The thin strip specimen is used in this research, which is specially designed and verified to be suitable for the testing of solder alloys and comparable to the data from the literature. Based on the experimental study it is clear that the new lead free solder alloy is a potential replacement for the currently used Sn-Pb solders for electronics packaging applications.
Laminar Natural Convection in a Triangular Enclosure
Authors: Hasani S. M. F. , Chung B. T. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Previous studies on buoyancy driven pure convective motion in triangular enclosures have produced conflicting results in regards to the convective stability of the fluid. The purpose of this paper is to address many of the unexplained observations of previous studies as well as to provide validation of some of the earlier results. The time-dependent, two-dimensional vorticity transport and energy equations are solved numerically for a triangular enclosure having isothermal boundary conditions at the base and inclined surfaces by using the third-order accurate QUICK scheme. All previous studies had utilized schemes of second-order accuracy. The vorticity at the boundaries is computed by using second-order accurate, third degree polynomial approximation of Jensen’s type and the stream function equation is solved by successive overrelaxation. Results are presented for air as the convective fluid with Rayleigh numbers in the range of 7.1 × 102 to 7.1 × 105 while the aspect ratio of the enclosure varies from 0.2 to 1.0. Two types of flow configurations are investigated with the inclined surfaces considered hot for one and cold for the other. The paper discusses in detail the phenomena of cell bifurcation, cell detachment and reversal in cell rotation observed for fluids heated from the base. Numerical correlations are obtained for steady state values of Nusselt number as a function of Rayleigh number and aspect ratio.
On the Recirculation Zones in a Cylindrical Container
Authors: Jahnke C. C. , Valentine D. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The flow field induced inside a cylindrical container by the rotation of the two end walls is described. It is shown that stagnation points leading to separation bubbles occur on the axis of rotation and/or the bottom end wall for certain ranges of the characteristic parameters; the Reynolds number, the aspect ratio of the container, and the ratio of the rotation rates of the end walls. Flow fields in a container of aspect ratio 2.0 is examined for Reynolds numbers from 100 to 3000 and ratios of the rotation rates of the top and bottom end walls from −0.10 to 1.0. For a range of ratios of the rotation rates of the top and bottom end walls and Reynolds numbers it is shown that ring vortices surrounding a columnar vortex core exist.
Finite Element Modeling of Submerged Aquaculture Net-Pen Systems
Authors: Gosz M. , Kestler K. , Swift M. R. , Celikkol B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the design of offshore aquaculture net-pens, computer based models are needed in order to evaluate and optimize design criteria prior to the construction and testing of expensive prototype net-pen systems. Two fundamental criteria that must be addressed are dynamic response and reliability. Practical computer modeling methods must be capable of handling the complex fluid/pen interactions that occur in high energy open ocean environments for a broad range of net-pen designs. The resulting dynamic response and stress and stress cycling information are essential input for design modification and lifetime predictions. In the paper, the finite element method is used to predict the three-dimensional dynamic response of submerged offshore net-pens and their associated moorings. Solid-framed and pre-stressed net-pen designs are modeled using simple structural elements. The solution to the nonlinear dynamic equilibrium equations is obtained using an incremental-iterative method based on an updated Lagrangian formulation. The resulting semi-discrete equations are integrated in time using the trapezoidal rule, and full Newton-Raphson equilibrium iteration is employed during each time step. Fluid loading is implemented using the Morison equation, along with Airy wave theory. The contributions to the element stiffness matrices that arise from the fluid loading are continually updated during the iterative process. Initial validation of the finite element results for a basic cage configuration is made by comparison to experimental data obtained from a simple cage model subjected to a constant current in a flume.
“Mirror, Mirror, Am I as My Coach Sees Me?”: Discrepancy Between Athlete Self-Appraisals and Reflected Appraisals of Their Coach, and Relations With Athlete Burnout
Authors: Trouilloud David , Isoard-Gautheur Sandrine , Roux Valentin 
Published: March 2022

Using a person-centered approach, this study was conducted to identify (a) specific athlete profiles in terms of degree of discrepancy between their self-appraisals and the reflected appraisals of their coach and (b) the relations between these profiles and athlete burnout. Athletes (N = 369; Mage = 21.15 years) fulfilled measures of self-appraisals, reflected appraisals of their coach, and burnout. Latent profile analysis allowed the identification of three profiles: concordance (84%), positive discrepancy (11%), and negative discrepancy (5%). Analyses revealed relationships between athletes’ profile membership and the three dimensions of burnout: emotional and physical exhaustion, sport devaluation, and reduced sense of accomplishment. More specifically, results indicated that athletes with a positive discrepancy profile (i.e., who rated themselves more positively than they think their coaches see them) were more at risk of burnout. This study contributes to existing research on psychosocial determinants of athlete burnout in the context of the coach–athlete relationship.
A reconstruction of Apennine uplift history and the development of transverse drainages from longitudinal profile inversion
Authors: Pazzaglia* Frank J. , Fisher† James A. 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Numerous examples of transverse drainages in the Apennines inspired early, forward-thinking models to describe how rivers established and maintained their courses as mountains were being raised beneath them. We assemble the rate of base-level fall (τ-U) and associated channel χ-z data of ten transverse rivers draining the Apennine pro-wedge using a channel stream power linear inverse approach. We apply the results to evaluate competing models of transverse drainage development as well as the underlying dynamic and tectonic processes responsible for Apennine topography. The channel inversion approach employs the simplifying assumption of uniform uplift and erosion at the catchment scale, but accounts for variable rock erodibility as the first-order determinant of regional, mean channel steepness. Accordingly, local deviations in channel steepness are interpreted by the model as transient upstream-propagating waves of base-level fall originating at the catchment mouth. Modeled timing, rate, and unsteadiness of these base-level falls are broadly consistent with geomorphic, geologic, thermochronologic, and paleo-elevation isotopic data, indicating that the Apennines emerged impulsively at ~2.5 Ma at rates ranging from ~0.2–0.3 mm/yr for the central Apennines to rates of ~0.7 mm/yr for the southern Apennines. Syn-deformation and foreland-propagating superposition dominate transverse drainage development for the northern and north-central Apennines, which are underlain by an intact Adriatic slab. In contrast, further south where a slab window separates the Adriatic slab from the base of the Apennine wedge, dynamic uplift prevails and the transverse drainages have developed in response to regional superposition and integration of catchments through spillover and headwater capture processes.
Application of mydriasis and eye steering in ultrawide field imaging for detecting peripheral retinal lesions in myopic patients
Authors: Li Meiyan , Yang Danjuan , Shen Yang , Shang Jianmin , Niu Lingling , Yu Yongfu , Wang Xiaoying , Yao Peijun , Zhou Xingtao 
Published: March 2022

PurposeTo compare mydriatic and eye-steering ultrawide field imaging (UWFI) with standard non-mydriatic UWFI examination in detecting peripheral retinal lesions in myopic patients.MethodsCross-sectional, observational study. 220 eyes of 110 myopic patients with known peripheral retinal lesions in at least one eye under Goldmann three mirror contact lens examination were recruited. Non-mydriatic standard and eye-steering UWFI images were taken centrally and with eye-steering technique in upper, lower, nasal and temporal gazes under Optomap UWFI (Daytona, Optos, UK). Mydriatic standard and eye-steering UWFI was captured in central gaze and four different peripheral gazes. Sensitivity of detecting peripheral retinal lesions under different UWFI settings was compared.Results141 (64.09%) eyes were with peripheral retinal lesions. The sensitivity for detecting peripheral lesions from low to high was 41.84% (95% CI 33.62% to 50.54%) under non-mydriatic standard UWFI setting, 52.48% (95% CI 44.08% to 60.75%) under mydriatic standard setting, 75.18% (95% CI 67.21% to 82.06%) under non-mydriatic eye-steering setting and 86.52% (95% CI 79.76% to 91.69%) under mydriatic eye-steering setting. Both mydriasis and eye-steering technique increased sensitivity of detecting peripheral lesions with statistical significance (p<0.001). By applying eye-steering technique, sensitivity of detecting lesions located in superior and inferior quadrants witnessed a greater increase compared with other two quadrants (p<0.05). Neither spherical equivalence (p>0.05) nor axial length (p>0.05) was an independent influence factor for detecting peripheral lesions.ConclusionsEye-steering technique and mydriasis could both efficiently improve the sensitivity of detecting peripheral retinal lesions in myopic patients. Lesions of superior and inferior quadrants benefited more from eye-steering technique.
Getting there together: highlights, challenges and opportunities for tobacco control in the Oceania region
Authors: Gifford Heather , Tautolo El-Shadan , McCool Judith P , Gartner Coral E , Edwards Richard , Maddox Raglan 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundThe paper focuses on the geographical region of Oceania. We highlight the tobacco control leadership demonstrated in this region and describe the challenges and opportunities to achieving country-specific smoke-free goals.ResultsSignificant achievements include smoke-free nation goals, world-leading initiatives such as plain packaging, and a bold plan by New Zealand to reduce the retail availability of smoked tobacco products and remove virtually all the nicotine from cigarettes and rolling tobacco. There are significant challenges and opportunities before reaching smoke-free status including implementation pathways requiring strong governance and leadership and compliance monitoring and enforcement.ConclusionsWe conclude that achieving a smoke-free Oceania is possible through already existing bold country and regional smoke-free goals, excellent tobacco control leadership, experience and resources, and an understanding of how to work collectively. However, a commitment to focus tobacco control efforts regionally is required to achieve a smoke-free Oceania together.
What facilitates policy audacity in tobacco control? An analysis of approaches and supportive factors for innovation in seven countries
Authors: Hefler Marita , Bianco Eduardo , Bradbrook Shane , Arnold Daniëlle , Dorotheo E Ulysses 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundTobacco control policy audacity can make radical ideas seem possible, and set in motion a ‘domino’ effect, where precedents in one jurisdiction are followed by others. This review examines tobacco control policy audacity from seven countries to identify and compare factors that facilitated it.MethodsA targeted search strategy and purposive sampling approach was used to identify information from a range of sources and analyse key supportive factors for policy audacity. Each case was summarised, then key themes identified and compared across jurisdictions to identify similarities and differences.ResultsIncluded cases were Mauritius’ ban on tobacco industry corporate social responsibility, Uruguay’s tobacco single brand presentation regulations, New Zealand’s Smokefree Aotearoa 2025 Action Plan proposals and 2010 parliamentary Māori Affairs Select Committee Inquiry into the Tobacco Industry, Australia’s plain packaging legislation, Balanga City’s (Philippines) tobacco-free generation ordinance, Beverly Hills City Council’s (USA) ordinance to ban tobacco sales and the Netherlands’ policy plan to phase out online and supermarket tobacco sales. Each case was one strategy within a well-established comprehensive tobacco control and public health approach. Intersectoral and multijurisdiction collaboration, community engagement and public support, a strong theoretical evidence base and lessons learnt from previous tobacco control policies were important supportive factors, as was public support to ensure low political risk for policy makers.ConclusionsTobacco control policy audacity is usually an extension of existing measures and typically appears as ‘the next logical step’ and therefore within the risk appetite of policy makers in settings where it occurs.
Evaluating tobacco industry ‘transformation’: a proposed rubric and analysis
Authors: Edwards Richard , Hoek Janet , Karreman Nancy , Gilmore Anna 
Published: March 2022

Some tobacco companies claim they are ‘transforming’ by adopting harm reduction goals or even seeking to achieve a ‘smokefree’ world. What characterises transformation and whether companies can or are transforming is unclear. Nevertheless, such claims are gaining traction. We critically investigated tobacco industry transformation by exploring the definition and criteria for evaluating transformation, and assessed whether transformation is occurring and feasible.Companies’ transformation claims centre on increasing sales of new tobacco and nicotine products like e-cigarettes (‘new products’) with little attention to reducing sales of more hazardous smoked and oral products (‘conventional products’).We define a transforming tobacco company as one demonstrating substantial, rapid and verifiable progress towards eliminating the production and sale of conventional tobacco products within 5 years in all markets where it operates.We found no evidence any tobacco company is meeting the three essential criteria of rapidly progressing towards eliminating conventional products, ceasing to obstruct effective tobacco control measures and taking action to minimise smoking uptake and disparities. While some companies are developing new product portfolios, their actions are more consistent with profit maximisation than eliminating conventional product use. This approach is best described as ‘pseudo-transformation’, designed to delay implementation of effective tobacco control policies. In addition, our analysis suggests replacing conventional products with new nicotine products is unlikely to be a viable long-term business model.Public health practitioners should not rely on tobacco industry claims but should lead the transformation debate, establish credible definitions and criteria, and monitor and assess whether transformation is occurring.
Flavours and flavourings in waterpipe products: a comparison between tobacco, herbal molasses and steam stones
Authors: Bakker-'t Hart Ingrid M E , Bakker Frank , Pennings Jeroen L A , Weibolt Naömi , Eising Selma , Talhout Reinskje 
Published: March 2022

ObjectivesFlavoured products are especially appealing to youth and contribute to the onset of waterpipe smoking and continued use of waterpipe tobacco. The goal of database and chemical analysis was to provide a clear overview of commonly used flavours and flavourings in tobacco and related waterpipe products, that is, herbal molasses and steam stones.MethodsIn 2019, 249 waterpipe tobacco products were registered in the European Common Entry Gate by manufacturers to be marketed in The Netherlands. Flavour categories were assigned to the registered products based on their brand names and product descriptions. Nicotine and eleven 1111 flavourings were identified and quantified in waterpipe tobacco (n=8), herbal molasses (n=7) and steam stones (n=4) by extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis.ResultsFlavour categories could be assigned to 237 of 249 registered waterpipe tobacco products. Eight flavour main categories and 48 unique subcategories were identified and presented in a flavour wheel. All registered waterpipe tobacco products were flavoured, and the majority (78%) was fruit flavoured. Herbal molasses contained similar median flavouring levels, and steam stones contained lower median levels compared with waterpipe tobacco. Flavourings in waterpipe products were almost exclusively fruity and sweet, often in combination with menthol/mint flavourings.ConclusionsThis study is the first to present a waterpipe tobacco flavour wheel, providing a quick overview of waterpipe tobacco flavours and thereby aiding communication among experts around the globe. GC–MS analysis revealed that the most prevalent flavourings are present in similar levels in herbal and tobacco waterpipe products. Banning flavourings in all waterpipe products would be a good strategy to reduce waterpipe smoking among youth.
Position-space representation of charged particles’ propagators in a constant magnetic field as an expansion over Landau levels
Authors: Iablokov S. N. , Kuznetsov A. V. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe have obtained propagators in the position space as an expansion over Landau levels for the charged scalar particle, fermion, and massive vector boson in a constant external magnetic field. The summation terms in the resulting expressions consisted of two factors, one being rotationally invariant in the 2-dimensional Euclidean space perpendicular to the direction of the field, and the other being Lorentz-invariant in the 1+1-dimensional space-time. The obtained representations are unique in the sense that they allow for the simultaneous study of the propagator from both space-time and energetic perspectives which are implicitly connected. These results contribute to the development of position-space techniques in QFT and are expected to be of use in the calculations of loop diagrams.
Effects of Thymosin β4 on Myocardial Apoptosis in Burned Rats
Authors: Wu Xiaoming , Li Shusong , Feng Xinshu , Wen Hailing , Meng Xiangxi , Sun Kui 
Published: March 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of thymosin β4 on myocardial apoptosis following burns. Fifty healthy Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the normal control group, resuscitation group the low-dose Tβ4 (thymosin β4) group (2g), the medium-dose Tβ4 group (6g), and the high-dose Tβ4 group (18g). The rats were immersed in 95°C hot water for 18 seconds, and then the model of 30% body surface area (TBSA) III° scald was established. The resuscated rats were injected with lactate Ringer’s solution for antishock rehydration, while the Tβ4 treatment group was injected with lactate Ringer’s solution for antishock rehydration, and the animals were sacrificed 6 h after scald. The degree of histopathological damage was observed by HE (hematoxylin and eosin) staining. Western blot was used to detect STAT1 and STAT3 protein expression levels. Real-time PCR was used to detect mRNA expressions of STAT1 and STAT3. The results showed that the apoptosis rate of the resuscitation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (

P

< 0.01). Compared with the resuscitation group, the apoptosis rate of thymosin β4 in the treatment group was significantly reduced (

P

< 0.01). Compared with the normal control group, the expression of STAT1 protein was increased and the expression of STAT3 protein was decreased in model group rats after ischemia and reperfusion. Compared with the model group, the expression of STAT1 protein decreased and the expression of STAT3 protein increased after ischemia-reperfusion in the thymosin β4 treatment group. Thymosin β4 may protect the myocardium by downregulating STAT1 and upregulating STAT3 expression and inhibiting myocardial apoptosis induced by ischemia and reperfusion after severe scald injury.