bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population pharmacokinetic model for once‐daily intravenous busulfan in pediatric subjects describing time‐associated clearance
Authors: Lawson Rachael , Staatz Christine E. , Fraser Christopher J. , Ramachandran Shanti , Teague Lochie , Mitchell Richard , O'Brien Tracey , Hennig Stefanie 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study aimed to characterize the population pharmacokinetics (PK) of busulfan focusing on how busulfan clearance (CL) changes over time during once‐daily administration and assess different methods for measuring busulfan exposure and the ability to achieve target cumulative exposure under different dosing adjustment scenarios in pediatric stem cell transplantation recipients. Daily serial blood sampling was performed and concentration‐time data were analyzed using a nonlinear mixed‐effects approach. The developed PK model was used to assess achievement of target exposure under six dose‐adjustment scenarios based on simulations performed in RStudio (RxODE package)®. A total of 2491 busulfan plasma concentration–time measurements were collected from 95 patients characterizing 379 dosing days. A two‐compartment model with time‐associated CL best described the data with a typical CL of 14.5 L/h for an adult male with 62 kg normal fat mass (NFM; equivalent to 70 kg total body weight), typical volume of distribution central compartment (V1) of 40.6 L/59 kg NFM (equivalent to 70 kg total body weight), and typical volume of distribution peripheral compartment of 3.57 L/62 kg NFM. Model interindividual variability in CL and V1 was 14.7% and 34.9%, respectively, and interoccasional variability in CL was 6.6%. Patient size described by NFM, a maturation component, and time since start of treatment significantly influenced CL. Simulations demonstrated that using model‐based exposure estimates with each dose, and either a proportional dose‐adjustment calculation or model‐based calculated individual CL estimates to support dose adjustments, increased proportion of subjects attaining cumulative exposure within 5% of target compared with using noncompartmental analysis (100% vs. 0%). A time‐associated reduction in CL during once‐daily busulfan treatment was described.
An unusual tracheal foreign body residing for 15 years: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Sapkota Ranjan , Sharma Aakriti , Bastola Priska 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAirway foreign bodies are common in children, and usually present as emergencies. However, they may sometimes present late, due to a number of reasons. Chronic lodgement of foreign bodies in trachea is rarer than that in bronchial tree. Flexible and rigid bronchoscopies have revolutionized the management of foreign bodies at large. Here, we report a successful bronchoscopic management of an unusual foreign body residing in the trachea of a patient for 15 years.
Hierarchical robust control for variable‐pitch wind turbine with actuator faults
Authors: Ameli Sina , Anubi Olugbenga Moses 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this brief, we develop a fault tolerant control (FTC) using a hierarchical‐robust methodology with guaranteed stability for a wind turbine (WT), which is subject to an exogenous input and an actuator fault. The high‐level control is designed to robustly compensate for the nonlinearities, uncertainty, and disturbance in the system. The low‐level control is designed to robustly automatically allocate control authority among redundant actuators mitigating an actuator fault. At the low‐level, the robust control problem is transformed into an equivalent optimal control problem. Finally, the developed FTC is validated using a comprehensive simulation study on a 5 MW variable‐pitch WT model given in the Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence (FAST) simulator provided by the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The results show that the developed FTC retains robust performance in the presence of wind disturbance and a time‐varying actuator fault.
Using ALLIGATORs to Capture Circadian Bioluminescence
Authors: Zeng Aiwei , O’Neill John S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLuciferases are a popular tool in circadian biology research as longitudinal reporters of gene expression. Here, we describe a short updated protocol for the use of an Automated Longitudinal Luciferase Imaging Gas and Temperature-Optimized Recorder (ALLIGATOR) to record cellular bioluminescence over many days. The ALLIGATOR has superior capacity and flexibility compared with traditional luminometers that employ photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), with high-throughput capability and spatial resolution. It can be readily adapted to a wide variety of applications, such as different sample types and plate sizes, under a wide range of physiologically relevant conditions.
Entanglement phase structure of a holographic BCFT in a black hole background
Authors: Geng Hao , Karch Andreas , Perez-Pardavila Carlos , Raju Suvrat , Randall Lisa , Riojas Marcos , Shashi Sanjit 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We compute holographic entanglement entropy for subregions of a BCFT thermal state living on a nongravitating black hole background. The system we consider is doubly holographic and dual to an eternal black string with an embedded Karch-Randall brane that is parameterized by its angle. Entanglement islands are conventionally expected to emerge at late times to preserve unitarity at finite temperature, but recent calculations at zero temperature have shown such islands do not exist when the brane lies below a critical angle. When working at finite temperature in the context of a black string, we find that islands exist even when the brane lies below the critical angle. We note that although these islands exist when they are needed to preserve unitarity, they are restricted to a finite connected region on the brane which we call the atoll. Depending on two parameters — the size of the subregion and the brane angle — the entanglement entropy either remains constant in time or follows a Page curve. We discuss this rich phase structure in the context of bulk reconstruction.
Gravitational causality and the self-stress of photons
Authors: Bellazzini Brando , Isabella Giulia , Lewandowski Matthew , Sgarlata Francesco 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We study causality in gravitational systems beyond the classical limit. Using on-shell methods, we consider the 1-loop corrections from charged particles to the photon energy-momentum tensor — the self-stress — that controls the quantum interaction between two on-shell photons and one off-shell graviton. The self-stress determines in turn the phase shift and time delay in the scattering of photons against a spectator particle of any spin in the eikonal regime. We show that the sign of the β-function associated to the running gauge coupling is related to the sign of time delay at small impact parameter. Our results show that, at first post-Minkowskian order, asymptotic causality, where the time delay experienced by any particle must be positive, is respected quantum mechanically. Contrasted with asymptotic causality, we explore a local notion of causality, where the time delay is longer than the one of gravitons, which is seemingly violated by quantum effects.
Two-loop tensor integral coefficients in OpenLoops
Authors: Pozzorini Stefano , Schär Natalie , Zoller Max F. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We present a new and fully general algorithm for the automated construction of the integrands of two-loop scattering amplitudes. This is achieved through a generalisation of the open-loops method to two loops. The core of the algorithm consists of a numerical recursion, where the various building blocks of two-loop diagrams are connected to each other through process-independent operations that depend only on the Feynman rules of the model at hand. This recursion is implemented in terms of tensor coefficients that encode the polynomial dependence of loop numerators on the two independent loop momenta. The resulting coefficients are ready to be combined with corresponding tensor integrals to form scattering probability densities at two loops. To optimise CPU efficiency we have compared several algorithmic options identifying one that outperforms naive solutions by two orders of magnitude. This new algorithm is implemented in the OpenLoops framework in a fully automated way for two-loop QED and QCD corrections to any Standard Model process. The technical performance is discussed in detail for several 2 → 2 and 2 → 3 processes with up to order 105 two-loop diagrams. We find that the CPU cost scales linearly with the number of two-loop diagrams and is comparable to the cost of corresponding real-virtual ingredients in a NNLO calculation. This new algorithm constitutes a key building block for the construction of an automated generator of scattering amplitudes at two loops.
Haftung für chronische Arbeitszeitverstöße in der Medizin – wann drohen Bußgelder und Freiheitsstrafen?
Authors: Struck J. P. , Neugebauer F. , Stahl L. , König J. , Braun M. , Westphal J. 
Published: May 2022

ZusammenfassungVor dem Hintergrund der Tarifvertragsänderungen, für die kommunalen Kliniken in der Fassung vom 1. Januar 2021, für die Universitätskliniken in der Fassung vom 7. März 2020, beschäftigt sich der vorliegende Artikel mit den rechtlichen Konsequenzen chronischer Verstöße gegen das Arbeitszeitgesetz in der Medizin, insbesondere aber in chirurgischen Fächern wie der Urologie. Er beinhaltet eine Übersicht über geltendes Recht und Sanktionierungen von Verstößen und beleuchtet Zuständigkeiten sowie Ausnahmeregelungen. Es gilt, die Verteilung der Zuständigkeiten hinsichtlich der Arbeitszeiten im betroffenen Betrieb zu klären, um Geldstrafen und im schlimmsten Falle Freiheitsstrafen zu vermeiden. Zudem sollte klar sein, wer im konkreten Fall von beharrlichen Arbeitszeitverstößen haftet. Bei der Umstellung von Dienstmodellen gilt es zu berücksichtigen, dass es dadurch zu einer erheblichen Verschlechterung der ärztlichen Weiterbildungsmöglichkeiten bzw. Ausbildung kommen kann, so dass auf Dauer die Vereinbarkeit von arbeitszeitgerechter Weiterbildung nur mit ausreichender personeller Ausstattung der Kliniken zu stemmen scheint. Dies steht z. T. diametral zu ökonomischen Interessen im Gesundheitswesen und stellt damit ein schier unlösbares Dilemma dar. Hier bedarf es aus der Sicht des Arbeitskreises in naher Zukunft struktureller Änderungen im Fallpauschalen (DRG) basierten, stationären Sektor.
A principle-based approach to AI: the case for European Union and Italy
Authors: Corea Francesco , Fossa Fabio , Loreggia Andrea , Quintarelli Stefano , Sapienza Salvatore 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAs Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes more and more pervasive in our everyday life, new questions arise about its ethical and social impacts. Such issues concern all stakeholders involved in or committed to the design, implementation, deployment, and use of the technology. The present document addresses these preoccupations by introducing and discussing a set of practical obligations and recommendations for the development of applications and systems based on AI techniques. With this work we hope to contribute to spreading awareness on the many social challenges posed by AI and encouraging the establishment of good practices throughout the relevant social areas. As points of novelty, the paper elaborates on an integrated view that combines both human rights and ethical concepts to reap the benefits of the two approaches. Moreover, it proposes innovative recommendations, such as those on redress and governance, which add further insight to the debate. Finally, it incorporates a specific focus on the Italian Constitution, thus offering an example of how core legislations of Member States might contribute to further specify and enrich the EU normative framework on AI.
Continuity of envelopes of unbounded plurisubharmonic functions
Authors: Nilsson Mårten 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOn bounded B-regular domains, we study envelopes of plurisubharmonic functions bounded from above by a function $$\phi $$
ϕ
which is continuous in the extended reals on the closure of the domain. For $$\phi $$
ϕ
satisfying certain additional criteria limiting its behavior at the singularities, we establish a set where the Perron–Bremermann envelope $$P \phi $$

P
ϕ

is guaranteed to be continuous. This result is a generalization of a classic result in pluripotential theory due to J. B. Walsh. As an application, we show that the complex Monge–Ampère equation $$\begin{aligned} (dd^cu)^n = \mu \end{aligned}$$

(
d

d
c

u
)

n

=
μ

being uniquely solvable for continuous boundary data implies that it is also uniquely solvable for a class of boundary values continuous in the extended reals and unbounded from above.
Applying pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic measurements for linezolid in critically ill patients: optimizing efficacy and reducing resistance occurrence
Authors: El-Gaml Rasha M. , El-Khodary Noha M. , Abozahra Rania R. , El-Tayar Ayman A. , El-Masry Soha M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Linezolid (LZD) levels are frequently insufficient in intensive care unit (ICU) patients receiving standard dose, which is predictive of a poor prognosis. Alternative dosing regimens are suggested to address these insufficient levels, which are substantial factors contributing to the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality among people who are critically ill.

Methods
Forty-eight patients admitted to the intensive care unit were enrolled in an open-label, prospective, randomized study and assigned to one of three LZD administration modes: intermittent groupI (GpI) (600 mg/12 h), continuous infusion groupII (GpII) (1200 mg/24 h) or continuous infusion with loading dose groupIII (GpIII) (on Day 1, 300 mg intravenously plus 900 mg continuous infusion, followed by 1200 mg/24 h on Day 2). We evaluated serum levels of LZD using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) technique.

Results
Time spent with a drug concentration more than 85% over the minimum inhibitory concentration (T > MIC) was substantially more common in GpII and III than in GpI (P < 0.01). AUC/MIC values greater than 80 were obtained more frequently with continuous infusion GpIII and GpII than with intermittent infusion GpI, at 62.5%, 37.5% and 25%, respectively (P < 0.01). In GpI, the mortality rate was significantly higher than in the other groups.

Conclusion
In critically ill patients, continuous infusion with a loading dose (GpIII) is obviously superior to continuous infusion without a loading dose (GpII) or intermittent infusion (GpI) for infection therapy. Additionally, it might limit fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which may help overcome LZD resistance.
Thermo-hygro-mechanically coupled modelling of wood including two-phase moisture diffusion for transient simulation of wooden structures at mechanical and climatic loads
Authors: Stöcklein Josef , Kaliske Michael 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA model to predict the thermo-hygro-mechanical behaviour of wood is introduced. The description of the transport processes of moisture and heat are combined with a model for the mechanical response. Moisture transport is represented by a two-phase multi-Fickian approach, considering bound water and water vapour. For the mechanical response, a moisture- and temperature-dependent, orthotropic, elastic material formulation is used. The theoretical basis of the model and the numerical implementation of the monolithic solution into a Finite Element framework are discussed as well as its verification and validation. With this model at hand, arbitrary wooden structures can be simulated in a transient manner subjected to climatic and mechanical loads. In the contribution, the approach is applied to the analysis of a panel painting by L. Cranach the Elder.
50 Jahre universitärer Informatik-Studiengang an der TU Dresden aus der Sicht von Zeitzeugen in einem Zeitstrahl
Authors: Demuth Birgit , Rohde Frank , Aßmann Uwe 
Published: May 2022

ZusammenfassungIm Jahr 2019 haben deutsche Universitäten das Jubiläum einer 50-jährigen Informatikausbildung gefeiert. Die TU Dresden blickt dabei seit 1969 als erste Universität auf Erfahrungen in beiden deutschen Staaten zurück. Während die historische Entwicklung in der Informatikausbildung für die BRD gut dokumentiert ist, besteht in der Dokumentation durch dasInformatik Spektrumfür die DDR eine Lücke. Die Informatikausbildung in der DDR befand sich seit ihren Anfängen auf Augenhöhe mit den Entwicklungen in der BRD. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird die historische Entwicklung des Informatik-Studienganges an der TU Dresden unter Berücksichtigung der Entstehungs- und Entwicklungsphase in der DDR und der Wendezeit bis zur heutigen Fakultät Informatik dargestellt. Aus Anlass des 50-Jahre-Jubiläums im Jahr 2019 wurde die historische Entwicklung in einem webbasierten Zeitstrahl dokumentiert und mit Interviews von Zeitzeugen ergänzt. Dabei lag der Schwerpunkt auf der Lehre einschließlich der Einheit von Lehre und Forschung.
Using deep learning to safely exclude lesions with only ultrafast breast MRI to shorten acquisition and reading time
Authors: Jing Xueping , Wielema Mirjam , Cornelissen Ludo J. , van Gent Margo , Iwema Willie M. , Zheng Sunyi , Sijens Paul E. , Oudkerk Matthijs , Dorrius Monique D. , van Ooijen Peter M.A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Objectives
To investigate the feasibility of automatically identifying normal scans in ultrafast breast MRI with artificial intelligence (AI) to increase efficiency and reduce workload.

Methods
In this retrospective analysis, 837 breast MRI examinations performed on 438 women from April 2016 to October 2019 were included. The left and right breasts in each examination were labelled normal (without suspicious lesions) or abnormal (with suspicious lesions) based on final interpretation. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) images of each breast were then used to train a deep learning model. A high sensitivity threshold was calculated based on the detection trade - off (DET) curve on the validation set. The performance of the model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analysis of the independent test set. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) with the high sensitivity threshold were calculated.

Results
The independent test set consisted of 178 examinations of 149 patients (mean age, 44 years ± 14 [standard deviation]). The trained model achieved an AUC of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.75–0.88) on the independent test set. Applying a threshold of 0.25 yielded a sensitivity of 98% (95% CI: 90%; 100%), an NPV of 98% (95% CI: 89%; 100%), a workload reduction of 15.7%, and a scan time reduction of 16.6%.

Conclusion
This deep learning model has a high potential to help identify normal scans in ultrafast breast MRI and thereby reduce radiologists’ workload and scan time.

Key Points
• Deep learning in TWIST may eliminate the necessity of additional sequences for identifying normal breasts during MRI screening.
• Workload and scanning time reductions of 15.7% and 16.6%, respectively, could be achieved with the cost of 1 (1 of 55) false negative prediction.
Determining voluntary activation in synergistic muscles: a novel mechanomyographic approach
Authors: Cè Emiliano , Coratella Giuseppe , Doria Christian , Borrelli Marta , Rampichini Susanna , Limonta Eloisa , Longo Stefano , Esposito Fabio 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Drawing on correlations between the mechanomyographic (MMG) and the force signal, we devised a novel approach based on MMG signal analysis to detect voluntary activation (VA) of the synergistic superficial heads of the quadriceps muscle. We hypothesized that, after a fatiguing exercise, the changes in the evoked MMG signal of each quadriceps head would correlate with the changes in the level of VA in the whole quadriceps.

Methods
Twenty-five men underwent a unilateral single-leg quadriceps exercise to failure. Before and after exercise, VA was assessed by interpolated-twitch-technique via nerve stimulation during and after maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). The force and MMG signal were recorded from vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris. The MMG peak-to-peak was calculated and the voluntary activation index (VAMMG), defined as the superimposed/potentiated MMG peak-to-peak ratio, was determined from the MMG signal for each head.

Results
VAMMG presented a very high intraclass correlation coefficient (0.981–0.998) and sensitivity (MDC95%: 0.42–6.97%). MVC and VA were decreased after exercise in both the exercising [MVC:−17(5)%, ES −0.92; VA: −7(3)%, ES −1.90] and the contralateral limb [MVC: −9(4)%, ES −0.48; VA: −4(1)%, ES −1.51]. VAMMG was decreased in both the exercising [~ −9(6)%, ES −1.77] and contralateral limb [~ −3(2)%, ES −0.57], with a greater decrease in VAMMG noted only in the vastus medialis of the exercising limb. Moderate-to-very high correlations were found between VAMMG and VA (R-range: 0.503–0.886) before and after exercise.

Conclusion
VAMMG may be implemented to assess VA and provide further information when multiple synergistic muscle heads are involved in fatiguing exercises.
Experimentally manipulated food availability affects offspring quality but not quantity in zebra finch meso-populations
Authors: Gerritsma Yoran H. , Driessen Merijn M. G. , Tangili Marianthi , de Boer Sietse F. , Verhulst Simon 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFood availability modulates survival, reproduction and thereby population size. In addition to direct effects, food availability has indirect effects through density of conspecifics and predators. We tested the prediction that food availability in isolation affects reproductive success by experimentally manipulating food availability continuously for 3 years in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) housed in outdoor aviaries. To this end, we applied a technique that mimics natural variation in food availability: increasing the effort required per food reward without affecting diet. Lower food availability resulted in a slight delay of start of laying and fewer clutches per season, but did not affect clutch size or number of offspring reared per annum. However, increasing foraging costs substantially reduced offspring growth. Thus, food availability in isolation did not impact the quantity of offspring reared, at the expense of offspring quality. Growth declined strongly with brood size, and we interpret the lack of response with respect to offspring number as an adaptation to environments with low predictability, at the time of egg laying, of food availability during the period of peak food demand, typically weeks later. Manipulated natal brood size of the parents did not affect reproductive success. Individuals that were more successful reproducers were more likely to survive to the next breeding season, as frequently found in natural populations. We conclude that the causal mechanisms underlying associations between food availability and reproductive success in natural conditions may be more complex than usually assumed. Experiments in semi-natural meso-populations can contribute to further unravelling these mechanisms.