bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical and Microstructural Investigations of the Bonding Mechanisms in Cold Spraying
Authors: Gärtner F. , Borchers C. , Stoltenhoff T. , Kreye H. , Assadi H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In cold spraying, for successful bonding powder particles have to exceed a critical velocity upon impact, which is dependent on properties of the particular material. So far a detailed physical explanation of the underlying mechanisms of bonding is still lacking. In the present study, computational materials science and high resolution microscopical methods are used to investigate the microstructural development at the particle-substrate interface. The modelling can show that the critical velocity is related to a transition in the flow-behaviour on the particle or substrate surfaces. The presence of microstructural features predicted by modelling in detail could be confirmed by SEM and TEM analyses of internal interfaces of cold sprayed coatings. By describing the mechanisms of bonding, the calculations could also demonstrate the influence of material properties or microstructural defects on the conditions for successful impacts. With respect to particular powder properties, the results should promote the development of optimum process parameters in cold spraying.
Potential Applications of Cold-Spray Technology in Automotive Manufacturing
Authors: McCune R.C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
While the technology of "cold gas" or "kinetic" spraying of materials has been under development for over a decade, no large-scale, commercial applications have yet established themselves in the broader thermal-spray marketplace. Similarly, automotive manufacturing has often been viewed as an important field of application for thermal spray technologies, yet this too has proven to be limited to a handful of key applications. Cold-spray technology offers some attractive features which could perhaps result in broader use for automotive applications by both OEM's and component manufacturers. This presentation firstly reviews some of the history and attributes of the cold spray process and secondly describes several potential application areas and preliminary results supporting these opportunities. Potential applications include metallizations, electric machines, advanced tooling repair, body construction and selective galvanizing.
Cold Spray Copper Application for Upper Stage Rocket Engine Design
Authors: Haynes J. , Karthikeyan J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pratt & Whitney's upper stage rocket engine development program, designated "RL60", has incorporated cold-sprayed copper to improve the design and function of this new engine. Combustion chamber designs contain two stainless steel manifolds connected by a series of copper tubes. The manifold where the hydrogen fuel exits is located near the injector face. The combustion gases from the injector would cause over-heating of this manifold. Thick copper application was needed to actively cool this manifold by conducting the cold temperatures from the hydrogen fuel inside the copper tubes. Plating copper greater than 0.050-inch thick resulted in poor adhesion following a subsequent braze cycle and required 2 weeks to plate. Cold sprayed copper was attempted which has surpassed plated copper in its ability to adhere through this braze cycle and can be applied in a few hours. In addition, the hazardous chemicals associated with copper plating have now been eliminated.
316L – an Alternative to NiCr Bondcoats for Cr2O3-Coatings on Anilox Rolls
Authors: Winkler R. , Bültmann F. , Hartmann S. , Burkard H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Anilox rolls are ink-metering rolls used in the printing industry to transfer an exact amount of ink to the printing cylinder. The importance of high quality anilox rolls has increased with the demand for higher quality printing. Improvements of the characteristics of anilox rolls have been achieved mainly by using laser-engraved, ceramic-coated rolls rather than the common chrome-plated and mechanically engraved rolls. The best results concerning the ceramic coating of anilox rolls were achieved by Cr2O3 coatings. These coatings require a bond coat for good corrosion resistance. By far the most-used technology to produce this bond coat is high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying using NiCr material. In order to lower the cost of the anilox roll coating it has been investigated if NiCr can be replaced by the chromium steel 316L as bondcoat material. 316L was applied to the surface by HVOF. The characteristics of 316L / Cr2O3 layers were compared with respect to the required quality of the coating. The results were 316L / Cr2O3 coatings with good mechanical characteristics compared to NiCr / Cr2O3 layers. In particular, the metallographic sections showed compact coatings having a tensile adhesive strength slightly higher than and a corrosion resistance similar to the coatings with a NiCr bond coat.
Process Temperature-Hardness-Wear Relationships for HVOF-Sprayed Nanostructured and Conventional Cermet Coatings
Authors: Marple B.R. , Lima R.S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
High velocity oxy-fuel spraying of WC-12Co was performed using a feedstock in which the WC phase was either principally in the micron size range (conventional) or was engineered to contain a significant fraction of nanosized grains (multimodal). Three different HVOF systems and a wide range of spray parameter settings were employed to study the effect on both the in-flight particle characteristics and coating properties. A process window with respect to particle temperature was identified for producing coatings with the highest resistance to dry abrasion. Although the presence of a nanosized WC phase produced harder coatings, there was little difference in the abrasion resistance of the best-performing conventional and multimodal coatings. However, there is a potential benefit in using the multimodal feedstock because of the possibility of higher deposition efficiencies and a more robust thermal spray process.
The Use of Tungsten Carbide Materials for Oil Sand Wear Applications
Authors: Anderson M. , Chiovelli S. , Llewellyn R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The unique wear protection properties of tungsten carbide metal matrix composite materials are resulting in their increasing use in the oilsand industry to combat severe low stress sliding abrasion and various types of slurry abrasion and erosion. Their successful application, mainly in bulk welding and spray coating forms, has extended component service lives, improved reliability and reduced maintenance costs. Increased use of tungsten carbide metal matrix composite hardfacing deposits in oil sands applications is the direct result of understanding carbide thermal degradation and the processes used to deposit these materials. Plasma transferred arc welding (PTAW) has proven to be an effective process for applying these materials. Current and future work on PTAW and other candidate processes to establish the optimum carbide hardfacing method will be reviewed.
“RECAST” The Repair of Airfoils When Welding is Unacceptable
Authors: Burke J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The age-old problem of fixing a flaw in an airfoil of a vane or bucket that is otherwise serviceable, has been resolved by the careful blending of two known technologies, HVOF (High Velocity Oxy Fuel) and HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressing). This recently patented process facilitates the successful replacement of parent material as to allow a component which would otherwise be taken out of service to be reused in a “like new” condition. HVOF spraying of an airfoil employs the same material as the parent part. This process by itself will not provide sufficient adhesion to cause a complete marriage of materials. HIP’ing completes the union. Resulting “RECAST” repaired components display the same mechanical and physical properties as the parent material.
New Abradable Seals for Industrial Gas Turbines
Authors: Hajmrle K. , Fiala P. , Chilkowich A.P. , Shiembob L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Abradable seals are used in compressors of aircraft and industrial gas turbines to decrease clearance between the stator casing and rotor blade tips and hence to increase compressor efficiency and decrease fuel consumption. The main interest of abradable materials producers has been concentrated on abradable seals for aircraft engines, and special requirements of industrial gas turbine manufacturers have not been met so far. The most significant requirement in industrial gas turbines is durability. This is driven by the need for several times longer periods between overhauls in industrial gas turbines compared to aircraft engines. Westaim Ambeon has developed a new composite powder, Durabrade2413, that meets these requirements. The new abradable seals fabricated by using this powder have been extensively tested over a prolonged period of time. This paper will present the results of an intensive development, evaluation and abradability testing of seal properties. This paper will also show that Durabrade2413 series coating properties can be altered in a broad range by changing spray parameters to tailor the coating to a particular application. The abradable seals are suitable to rub against steel and Ni alloy blades. The abradability results of Durabrade2413 are compared to Durabrade2222 (the Metco 307-NS equivalent), the well known 75Ni25 Graphite abradable that has been on the market for the last 30 years.
Epoxies Used in Tensile Testing: Film vs. Liquid-Why is There a Difference?
Authors: Sauer John P. , Ruoff Steve 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tensile testing of thermal spray coatings is currently covered by a variety of internal company specifications and generally by ASTM C-633. It is a highly recognized fact that liquid epoxies, on average, produce higher results in side by side comparisons with their film counterparts. However, the liquid epoxies show a higher standard deviation in those same comparisons. This raises questions about the interaction of liquid epoxies with porous thermal spray coatings. Tensile data from side by side comparisons was analyzed and optical microscopy work performed to determine how the epoxies affected the coatings and if the epoxy infiltration actually occurs. In the case of porous plasma coatings, it is shown that liquid epoxies penetrate into the coatings and, thereby, increase the apparent tensile strength.
Improved Oxidation Life of Segmented Plasma Sprayed 8YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Smialek James L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Somewhat unconventional plasma sprayed TBC systems were produced and evaluated by interrupted or cyclic furnace oxidation life testing. Approximately 250 µm thick 8YSZ coatings were directly sprayed onto grit blasted surfaces of PWA 1484, without a bond coat, in order to take advantage of the excellent oxidation resistance of this superalloy. For nominal sulfur contents of 1 ppmw, total coating separation took place at relatively short times (200 hr at 1100oC). Reductions in the sulfur content, by melt desulfurization commercially (0.3 ppmw) or by hydrogen annealing in the lab (0.01 ppmw), improved scale adhesion and extended life appreciably, by factors of 5-10. However, edge-initiated failure persisted, producing massive delamination as one sheet of coating. To subvert this mechanism, samples surfaces of melt desulfurized PWA 1484 were EDM’ed with a grid of grooves or ribs (~250 µm wide and high), resulting in a segmented TBC surface macrostructure. Now failure only occurred as independent single segments events. For grooved samples, 1100 C segment life was extended to ~1000 hr for 5 mm wide segments, with no failure observed out to 2000 hr for segments ≤ 2.5 mm wide. Ribbed samples were even more durable, and segments ≤ 6 mm remained intact for 2000 hr. Larger segments failed by buckling at times inversely related to the segment width and decreased by oxidative effects at higher temperatures. This critical buckling size was consistent with that predicted for elastic buckling of a TBC plate subject to thermal expansion mismatch stresses. Thus, low sulfur substrates demonstrate appreciable coating lives without a bond coat, while rib segmenting extends life considerably.
Wear Resistance of Nanostructured Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Soltani R. , Coyle T.W. , Mostaghimi J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
For more than two decades researchers have been working on thermal barrier coatings to improve the performance of diesel engines. However, these coatings have still not achieved widespread application in conventional diesel engines. The original motivation for this work was the improvement of fuel economy, since even a few percent improvement would result in huge savings in the transportation industries, but the coatings also effect exhaust emissions, component wear, and the sensitivity of engines to fuel quality. Wear at high temperatures, where conventional lubricants are not effective, is a serious problem in low heat rejection engines. Ceramic materials such as thermal barrier coatings in cylinder liners must have an acceptable wear rate and coefficient of friction. In this work we compare the wear behaviour of nanostructured thermal spray zirconia coatings with conventional zirconia coatings. First, process parameters that allowed the nanoparticles present in the feedstock powder to be retained in the coating were found. Then pin on disc wear tests of the two types of coatings were carried out at room temperature. The coating containing retained nanoparticles exhibited a lower coefficient of friction and less wear loss under discontinuous testing than the conventional coating.
Thermal Spraying of Polymers: Spraying Processes, Materials and New Trends
Authors: Winkler R. , Bültmann F. , Hartmann S. , Jerz A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This article gives an overview of thermal spraying of polymers with respect to the different spraying processes, the polymer materials in use for thermal spraying and new trends of using polymers as separate spraying material and in combination with plastic and non-plastic materials. Flame spraying is by far the most common process used for thermal spraying of plastic materials. In addition in the past years two other processes have been used to produce thermal sprayed plastic coatings: plasma spraying and high-velocity oxy fuel spraying (HVOF). The areas where the different processes are used as well as the modifications to conventional plasma and HVOF devices and the advantages and disadvantages using these two processes to produce plastic coatings will be described. In addition to the common materials used for flame spraying (e.g., PA 11, PA 12 or EVAL), other materials giving new opportunities of application of thermal sprayed coatings have been used like PEEK and LCPs. The areas where these materials are used are described as well as the special features of these materials. Furthermore there are new trends in using plastic materials for thermal spraying. Thermal sprayed polymer materials are for example combined with plastic as well as non-plastic materials or pigments giving special effects to the coatings, e.g, reflective or anti-skidding coatings. It is described how coatings with the mentioned effects can be produced.
cine y los sentidos: una reflexión estética, filosófica y antropológica
Authors: Fernández Díaz Hamlet 
Published: September 2022

El objetivo del ensayo es desarrollar una reflexión estético-filosófica, a partir de análisis concretos de filmes, de cómo un texto audiovisual puede desencadenar efectos estéticos que además de la vista y el oído, activen sentidos como el tacto, el gusto o el olfato. ¿Se producen transferencias de estímulos de un sentido a otros en la recepción cinematográfica? ¿A partir del estímulo audiovisual, puede el cine desencadenar efectos estéticos multisensoriales? ¿El olfato, el tacto, el gusto también juegan su papel en la recepción audiovisual? ¿Cómo el cine logra semejante efecto? La reflexión que se propone en el ensayo recurre a la articulación interdisciplinar de referentes teóricos como la semiótica de la recepción, la antropología de los sentidos y la teoría del cine contemporánea. Considero que la argumentación teórica desarrollada es de vital importancia, tanto para los estudios actuales sobre análisis fílmico, como para las metodologías de enseñanza de arte que recurren a textos audiovisuales como dispositivos estéticos y cognoscitivos.
Скринінг прямих іноземних інвестицій: між Сціллою та Харибдою
Authors: МАЗАРАКІ Наталія 
Published: September 2022

Вступ. Іноземні інвестиції можуть бути як умовою процвітання у державі-реципієнті, так і нести суттєві ризики для національних інтересів та економічної безпеки. Саме тому задекларована державами світу беззастережна відкритість для міжнародних інвестицій компен­сується механізмами управління відповідними ризиками, що частіше за все набувають форму механізмів скринінгу іноземних інвестицій.
Проблема. Протиборство міркувань необхід­ності, бажаності іноземних інвестицій і міркувань національної безпеки та публічного порядку є Сціллою та Харибдою для сучасних законодавців, які намагаються вибудувати збалансовані механізми державного контролю. Але цій проблематиці не приділяється достатньої уваги вітчизняними науковцями.
Мета статті – визначити напрями форму­вання політики України щодо запровадження скри­нінгу прямих іноземних інвестицій через призму практики Європейського Союзу та забезпечення власних національних інтересів.
Результати. Розвинуті держави та держави, що розвиваються, запровадили нові або посилили наявні механізми скринінгу прямих іноземних інвестицій, встановлюючи нові регуляторні вимоги для інвесторів, розширюючи спектр галузей економіки, що підпадатимуть під моніторинг, надаючи додаткові повноваження регуляторним органам.
Основні критерії для проведення скринінгу прямих іноземних інвестицій – національна безпека та публічний порядок – набувають нового розши­реного тлумачення у різних юрисдикціях, що несе ризики збільшення обсягів іноземних інвестицій.
Висновки. Механізми скринінгу прямих іноземних інвестицій традиційно будуються на принципах прозорості, недискримінації, обґрун­то­ваності, об’єктивності, конфіденційності, що дає змогу певною мірою нейтралізувати негативний ефект від такої регуляторної перешкоди.
Вітчизняні законодавці мають у своєму розпорядженні значний іноземний досвід запро­вадження скринінгу прямих іноземних інвестицій та потенційно можуть втілити найкращі практики та захищати національні інтереси України. Запро­вадження механізму скринінгу прямих іноземних інвестицій супроводжується певними викликами та ризиками, для подолання яких необхідна ретельна законопроєктна робота та високопрофесійна підго­товка кадрів для реалізації механізму скринінгу прямих іноземних інвестицій.
Експорт зернових: європейський хаб в ланцюгах постачання
Authors: НЕЧИПОРУК Аліна , ПРИЙМУК Ольга , КОТОВА Марина 
Published: September 2022

Вступ. Блокування чорноморських портів, які зазвичай приймають близько 90 % експорту продовольства, є важливою проблемою для експорту українського зерна, відсутність якого на світо­вому ринку може призвести до глобальної продо­вольчої кризи.
Проблема. Порушення поставок сільсько­господарських товарів матиме значні наслідки для продовольчої безпеки в тих країнах, які є імпортерами цих товарів. Тож питання віднов­лення експорту зернових вантажів саме заліз­ничним транспортом на сьогодні є надзвичайно актуальним.
Метою цієї статті є дослідження про­пускної спроможності експорту зернових ван­тажів заліз­ничним транспортом, визначення проблем управління ланцюгами постачання сільсько­господарської про­дукції та пошук шляхів їх вирішення в умовах війни.
Методи. Використано методи елементарно-теоретичного аналізу та синтезу, дедукції, економіко-статистичні, зокрема групування та графічні, завдяки яким візуально представлені результати дослідження.
Результати. Війна в Україні призвела до стрімкого зростання цін на найнеобхідніші товари, що має найгірші наслідки для найбідніших верств населення. Уряди в усьому світі намагаються впоратися зі стрімким зростанням цін на сільськогосподарську продукцію.
Україна увійшла в ТОП-5 країн, що експор­тують зерно, попри величезні збитки сільсько­господарської галузі через війну. Результати аналізу експорту аграрної продукції свідчить, що після російського вторгнення залізничний транспорт є основним видом перевезень зернових вантажів.
Висновки. Серед основних напрямів збільшення пропускної спроможності залізничної інфра­структури можна виділити будівництво «сухих портів», відновлення залізничного сполучення між Україною та Молдовою, переорієнтація логістики на західні кордони України, а також залучення іноземних інвестицій у розвиток цього напряму перевезень.
Digitization of banking processes and operations
Authors: ERKES Olena , KALYTA Oksana , SUNDUK Tetiana 
Published: September 2022

Introduction. Due to the total digitization of banking processes and operations, foreign and domestic banks are actively transforming their activities from the traditional format of customer service in bank branches to the remote format of providing services online.
Problem. Banks strive to function in the format of financial assistants available 24 hours a day. Therefore, virtual banks or neobanks which carry out their activities exclusively through remote sales channels with the help of Internet banking tools and mobile applications are actively developing.
The aim of the article is to study foreign trends in the development of neobanks and prospects for the development of neobanking in Ukraine.
Methods. The methods of theoretical genera­lization, analysis and synthesis, grouping, and systematic approach were used in the research process.
Results. The key trends in the development of neobanks in Ukraine and the world have been studied. The foreign experience of the licensing mechanism of neobanks is considered. The dynamics of the number of neobanks in the world and their geographical affiliation are analyzed. The global trend of growth in the number of clients-users of neobanks is indicated. The peculiarities of the activity of domestic neobanks have been studied. The general problems and prospects for the development of neobanks in Ukraine have been identified.
Conclusions. Neobanking in the world is in great demand by consumers of financial services and is interesting for investors, so the number of neobanks and their users in the world is growing at a high rate. The domestic banking sector is gradually introducing and implementing innovations in accor­dance with global trends in the development of banking services. Domestic neobanking gained a particularly noticeable development during the coronavirus pandemic and in the conditions of martial law. Due to the lack of a legislative initiative regarding the licensing and regulation of the activity of neobanks in Ukraine, their potential development is restrained. Currently, the development of domestic neobanks directly depends on state support for their activities, internal regulatory policy and competitive environment.