bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Covariation of brain and skull shapes as a model to understand the role of crosstalk in development and evolution
Authors: Conith Andrew J. , Hope Sylvie A. , Albertson R. Craig 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCovariation among discrete phenotypes can arise due to selection for shared functions, and/or shared genetic and developmental underpinnings. The consequences of such phenotypic integration are far‐reaching and can act to either facilitate or limit morphological variation. The vertebrate brain is known to act as an “organizer” of craniofacial development, secreting morphogens that can affect the shape of the growing neurocranium, consistent with roles for pleiotropy in brain–neurocranium covariation. Here, we test this hypothesis in cichlid fishes by first examining the degree of shape integration between the brain and the neurocranium using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics in an F5 hybrid population, and then genetically mapping trait covariation using quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. We observe shape associations between the brain and the neurocranium, a pattern that holds even when we assess associations between the brain and constituent parts of the neurocranium: the rostrum and braincase. We also recover robust genetic signals for both hard‐ and soft‐tissue traits and identify a genomic region where QTL for the brain and braincase overlap, implicating a role for pleiotropy in patterning trait covariation. Fine mapping of the overlapping genomic region identifies a candidate gene, notch1a, which is known to be involved in patterning skeletal and neural tissues during development. Taken together, these data offer a genetic hypothesis for brain–neurocranium covariation, as well as a potential mechanism by which behavioral shifts may simultaneously drive rapid change in neuroanatomy and craniofacial morphology.
Contribution of the μ‐opioid receptor system to affective disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy: A bidirectional relationship?
Authors: Sone Daichi , Galovic Marian , Myers Jim , Leonhardt Georg , Rabiner Ilan , Duncan John S. , Koepp Matthias J. , Foong Jacqueline 
Published: November 2022

AbstractObjectiveAffective disorders are frequent comorbidities of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The endogenous opioid system has been implicated in both epilepsy and affective disorders, and may play a significant role in their bidirectional relationship. In this cross‐sectional study, we investigated the association between μ‐opioid receptor binding and affective disorders in patients with TLE.MethodsNine patients with TLE and depression/anxiety underwent 11C‐carfentanil positron emission tomography (CFN PET) and neuropsychiatric assessment, including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. The normalized CFN PET scans were compared with those of 26 age‐matched healthy controls. Correlation analyses with affective symptoms were performed by region of interest‐based analysis focusing on the limbic circuit and orbitofrontal cortex.ResultsWe observed widely reduced CFN binding potential (BP) in bilateral frontal lobes and striata in patients with TLE compared to healthy controls. In the TLE group, more severe anxiety and negative affect were associated with decreased CFN BP in the posterior cingulate gyrus.SignificanceIn patients with TLE, interictally reduced binding in the opioid system was associated with higher levels of anxiety and negative affect. We speculate that seizure‐related agonist‐driven desensitization and downregulation of opioid receptors could be a potential underlying pathomechanism.
Country‐wide genetic monitoring over 21 years reveals lag in genetic recovery despite spatial connectivity in an expanding carnivore (Eurasian otter,Lutra lutra) population
Authors: Thomas Nia E. , Hailer Frank , Bruford Michael W. , Chadwick Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractNumerous terrestrial mammal species have experienced extensive population declines during past centuries, due largely to anthropogenic pressures. For some species, including the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), environmental and legal protection has more recently led to population growth and recolonization of parts of their historic ranges. While heralded as conservation success, only few such recoveries have been examined from a genetic perspective, i.e. whether genetic variability and connectivity have been restored. We here use large‐scale and long‐term genetic monitoring data from UK otters, whose population underwent a well‐documented population decline between the 1950s and 1970s, to explore the dynamics of a population re‐expansion over a 21‐year period. We genotyped otters from across Wales and England at five time points between 1994 and 2014 using 15 microsatellite loci. We used this combination of long‐term temporal and large‐scale spatial sampling to evaluate 3 hypotheses relating to genetic recovery that (i) gene flow between subpopulations would increase over time, (ii) genetic diversity of previously isolated populations would increase and that (iii) genetic structuring would weaken over time. Although we found an increase in inter‐regional gene flow and admixture levels among subpopulations, there was no significant temporal change in either heterozygosity or allelic richness. Genetic structuring among the main subpopulations hence remained strong and showed a clear historical continuity. These findings highlight an underappreciated aspect of population recovery of endangered species: that genetic recovery may often lag behind the processes of spatial and demographic recovery. In other words, the restoration of the physical connectivity of populations does not necessarily lead to genetic connectivity. Our findings emphasize the need for genetic data as an integral part of conservation monitoring, to enable the potential vulnerability of populations to be evaluated.
A hybrid convolutional neural network‐support vector machine architecture for classification of super‐resolution enhanced chromosome images
Authors: Menaka Dinesh , Ganesh Vaidyanathan Subramanian 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis article offers a framework of a hybrid convolution neural network (CNN) – support vector machine (SVM) model for the classification of human metaphase chromosome images. In this model, the features extracted by CNN were fed to the SVM classifier to label the chromosomes into 24 classes. Classification accuracy is generally affected by low‐resolution chromosome images. Hence, in the proposed work, a Laplacian pyramidal super‐resolution network (LaPSRN) was deployed to improve input chromosome images resolution before feeding them to the classifier network. The experimentation showed that due to LaPSRN, resolution‐enhanced images are obtained, which has improved the classification accuracy by 3% compared to the architecture without a super‐resolution block. In addition, instead of using the usual ReLU function in CNN architecture, a Swish activation function was utilized, which enhanced the validation accuracy by 0.8%. After experimenting with various hyper‐parameters for the CNN SVM architecture, the ADAM optimizer with step decay outperformed the other standard optimizers. The novel part of this work is the combination of Laplacian pyramidal super‐resolution with the hybrid CNN‐SVM model, which has not been employed yet for chromosome classification tasks as per our knowledge. The proposed hybrid CNN SVM architecture with the Swish activation function and super‐resolution techniques was tested on the metaphase chromosome images from the BioImLab dataset, and an improved classification accuracy of 94.6% was obtained. Moreover, the standard metrics for classification like F1 score, precision, support, and the confusion matrix values of the proposed CNN model with SVM classifier are superior to the prevailing CNN architectures for chromosome images.
High‐temperature creep‐fatigue‐oxidation behaviors of P92 steel: Evaluation of life prediction models
Authors: Wang Kang‐Kang , Wen Jian‐Feng , Xia Xian‐Xi , Wang Run‐Zi , Zhang Guo‐Dong , Zhang Xian‐Cheng , Tu Shan‐Tung 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDamages caused by the effects of cyclic loading (fatigue) and high temperature (creep and oxidation) have been considered critical and need to be appropriately evaluated. A series of strain‐controlled fatigue and creep‐fatigue tests are performed on P92 at 873 K under oxygen‐containing environment. The creep‐fatigue life prediction results are summarized using models based on strain‐range partition, Manson–Coffin equation and linear damage summation (LDS) rule. Obviously, the models based on the LDS rule show relatively good performance with an error band of ±2.5. In view of the adverse effects of oxidation on creep‐fatigue endurance, this paper further develops a physically‐based oxidation damage equation, which is incorporated into LDS rule for the improvement of life assessment. The predicted and experimental results falling into ±1.5 error band proved the accuracy of the proposed oxidation damage equation in the LDS rule. Additionally, model selection criteria are recommended to evaluate the model prediction capabilities.
Non‐linear loss of suitable wine regions over Europe in response to increasing global warming
Authors: Sgubin Giovanni , Swingedouw Didier , Mignot Juliette , Gambetta Gregory Alan , Bois Benjamin , Loukos Harilaos , Noël Thomas , Pieri Philippe , García de Cortázar‐Atauri Iñaki , Ollat Nathalie , van Leeuwen Cornelis 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEvaluating the potential climatic suitability for premium wine production is crucial for adaptation planning in Europe. While new wine regions may emerge out of the traditional boundaries, most of the present‐day renowned winemaking regions may be threatened by climate change. Here, we analyse the future evolution of the geography of wine production over Europe, through the definition of a novel climatic suitability indicator, which is calculated over the projected grapevine phenological phases to account for their possible contractions under global warming. Our approach consists in coupling six different de‐biased downscaled climate projections under two different scenarios of global warming with four phenological models for different grapevine varieties. The resulting suitability indicator is based on fuzzy logic and is calculated over three main components measuring (i) the timing of the fruit physiological maturity, (ii) the risk of water stress and (iii) the risk of pests and diseases. The results demonstrate that the level of global warming largely determines the distribution of future wine regions. For a global temperature increase limited to 2°C above the pre‐industrial level, the suitable areas over the traditional regions are reduced by about 4%/°C rise, while for higher levels of global warming, the rate of this loss increases up to 17%/°C. This is compensated by a gradual emergence of new wine regions out of the traditional boundaries. Moreover, we show that reallocating better‐suited grapevine varieties to warmer conditions may be a viable adaptation measure to cope with the projected suitability loss over the traditional regions. However, the effectiveness of this strategy appears to decrease as the level of global warming increases. Overall, these findings suggest the existence of a safe limit below 2°C of global warming for the European winemaking sector, while adaptation might become far more challenging beyond this threshold.
High‐level compliance to opt‐out HIV testing in the emergency department (ED) of a large teaching hospital using the biochemistry sample as the sample type for HIV screening
Authors: Marchant Rebecca , Patterson Anne , Dragovic Bojana , Kelly Bernard , Hamzah Lisa , Hempling Melissa 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroductionHIV remains a key public health issue. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and British HIV Association guidance recommends that patients should be offered HIV testing when admitted to hospital or attending emergency departments (EDs) in areas with a prevalence ≥ 2 per 1000. We report a novel method of testing and the first 3‐year results from our HIV ED testing programme utilizing biochemistry samples for HIV testing, with the aim of improving uptake while ensuring no changes to clinical practice in EDs.MethodsRoutine ED HIV testing was implemented on 1 October 2018; it was initially opt‐in and was subsequently changed to opt‐out on 1 February 2019. HIV testing was added to all ED blood test order sets and was performed on the biochemistry samples of those aged 18–59 years. The age range was extended to include those aged 16+ years on 1 March 2021 along with a move to notional consent.ResultsA total of 78 333 HIV tests were performed from an estimated 110 683 attendees who had bloods taken in the same age range, demonstrating an overall 69.5% testing coverage. On implementation of opt‐out testing after the first 4 months, the proportion of tests increased (from 57.9% to 69%). After increase in age range to 16+ years and a move to notional consent, the overall testing coverage improved to 74.2%. Of 1054 reactive results, 728 (69%) were known people living with HIV, eight (0.8%) were not contactable, two (0.2%) re‐tested elsewhere and three (0.3%) declined a re‐test. A total of 259 false‐positives were determined by follow‐up testing and 50 (4.8%) were newly diagnosed with HIV. An HIV diagnosis was suspected in only 22%, and 48% had never previously tested for HIV.ConclusionsAn opt‐out HIV testing programme with notional consent and using biochemistry samples within the ED is feasible, acceptable and provides an excellent opportunity to diagnose patients who do not perceive themselves to be at risk or have never tested before.
Alternative pathway activation in pregnancy, a measured amount “complements” a successful pregnancy, too much results in adverse events
Authors: Smith‐Jackson Kate , Harrison Richard Alexander 
Published: November 2022

SummaryDuring pregnancy, the maternal host must adapt in order to enable growth of the fetus. These changes affect all organ systems and are designed both to protect the fetus and to minimize risk to the mother. One of the most prominent adaptations involves the immune system. The semi‐allogenic fetoplacental unit has non‐self components and must be protected against attack from the host. This requires both attenuation of adaptive immunity and protection from innate immune defense mechanisms. One of the key innate immune players is complement, and it is important that the fetoplacental unit is not identified as non‐self and subjected to complement attack. Adaptation of the complement response must, however, be managed in such a way that maternal protection against infection is not compromised. As the complement system also plays a significant facilitating role in many of the stages of a normal pregnancy, it is also important that any necessary adaptation to accommodate the semi‐allogenic aspects of the fetoplacental unit does not compromise this. In this review, both the physiological role of the alternative pathway of complement in facilitating a normal pregnancy, and its detrimental participation in pregnancy‐specific disorders, are discussed.
Burden and severity of children's hospitalizations by respiratory syncytial virus in Portugal, 2015–2018
Authors: Bandeira Teresa , Carmo Mafalda , Lopes Hugo , Gomes Catarina , Martins Margarida , Guzman Carlos , Bangert Mathieu , Rodrigues Fernanda , Januário Gustavo , Tomé Teresa , Azevedo Inês 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children and is of considerable burden on healthcare systems. Our study aimed to evaluate ALRI hospitalizations related to RSV in children in Portugal.MethodsWe reviewed hospitalizations potentially related to RSV in children aged <5 years from 2015 to 2018, using anonymized administrative data covering all public hospital discharges in mainland Portugal. Three case definitions were considered: (a) RSV‐specific, (b) (a) plus unspecified acute bronchiolitis (RSV‐specific & Bronchiolitis), and (c) (b) plus unspecified ALRI (RSV‐specific & ALRI).ResultsA total of 9697 RSV‐specific hospitalizations were identified from 2015 to 2018—increasing to 26 062 for RSV‐specific & ALRI hospitalizations—of which 74.7% were during seasons 2015/2016–2017/2018 (November–March). Mean hospitalization rates per season were, for RSV‐specific, RSV‐specific & Bronchiolitis, and RSV‐specific & ALRI, respectively, 5.6, 9.4, and 11.8 per 1000 children aged <5 years and 13.4, 22.5, and 25.9 in children aged <2 years. Most RSV‐specific hospitalizations occurred in healthy children (94.9%) and in children aged <2 years (96.3%). Annual direct costs of €2.4 million were estimated for RSV‐specific hospitalizations—rising to €5.1 million for RSV‐specific & ALRI—mostly driven by healthy children (87.6%).ConclusionRSV is accountable for a substantial number of hospitalizations in children, especially during their first year of life. Hospitalizations are mainly driven by healthy children. The variability of the potential RSV burden across case definitions highlights the need for a universal RSV surveillance system to guide prevention strategies.
Reproductive cycles of the oviparous sponges Cinachyrella apion (Spirophorida) and Tethya maza (Tethyida) in a tropical intertidal environment
Authors: Vasconcellos Vivian , Lanna Emilio 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEnvironmental factors are constantly changing in the intertidal region. Consequently, the various benthic organisms that densely colonize this ocean area had to adapt to these constant changes. Reproductive strategy might be considered one of these adaptations. However, knowledge about this aspect of the biology of marine invertebrates is still contentious for some groups, especially with regard to sponges (Porifera). Here, we investigated the effects of different environmental factors on the timing and effort of sexual and asexual reproduction in Cinachyrella apion and Tethya maza, two oviparous demosponges in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. We analyzed the influence of humidity, atmospheric temperature, seawater temperature, photoperiod, rainfall, height of low tides, and chlorophyll‐a concentration on the density and size of oocytes and buds of these sponges. Both species reproduced aperiodically. Cinachyrella apion had a maximum 2.8 ± 4.04 oocytes/mm2 and 0.73 ± 0.15 buds/mm2, whereas T. maza had a maximum 6.0 ± 12.21 oocytes/mm2 and 0.31 ± 0.13 buds/mm2. The density of oocytes in C. apion was positively influenced by chlorophyll‐a concentration, whereas that of T. maza was negatively modulated by relative humidity. We did not observe any relationship between the environmental factors and bud density in C. apion, but bud density variation in T. maza was positively related to chlorophyll‐a concentration and to seawater temperature. It seems that individuals of both species alternated between the production of sexual and asexual propagules, suggesting a trade‐off between reproductive modes. Therefore, asexual and sexual reproduction seems to impact population growth and reproduction of both species, likely contributing to the recruitment of new sponges. In tropical intertidal regions, multiple environmental factors seem to contribute more to determining the quantity of sexual and asexual reproductive elements rather than the species' reproductive period.
Amenable deaths among adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities including Down syndrome: An Ontario population‐based cohort study
Authors: Lin Elizabeth , Lunsky Yona , Chung Hannah , Durbin Anna , Volpe Tiziana , Dobranowski Kristin , Benadict Mary Benisha , Balogh Robert 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundRates of death and avoidable deaths are reportedly higher among people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. This study contributes to our understanding of how mortality and intellectual and development disabilities are associated.MethodGeneral population and intellectual and developmental disabilities adult cohorts were defined using linked administrative data. All‐cause and amenable deaths between 2010 and 2015 were reported for these cohorts and subcohorts with and without Down syndrome. Cox proportional hazards models evaluated the impact of potential contributors to amenable deaths.ResultsAdults with intellectual and developmental disabilities had higher all‐cause (6.1 vs. 1.6%) and amenable death percentages (21.4 vs. 14.1%) than general population comparators. Within intellectual and developmental disabilities, those with Down syndrome had higher all‐cause (12.0 vs. 6.0%) but lower amenable death percentages (19.2 vs. 21.8%) than those without.ConclusionsResults suggest that interventions to reduce amenable deaths target provider‐care‐recipient interactions and coordination across care and support sectors.
Rationale and design of the Lead Evaluation for Defibrillation and Reliability study: Safety and efficacy of a novel ICD lead design
Authors: Crossley George H. , Sanders Prashanthan , De Filippo Paolo , Tarakji Khaldoun G. , Hansky Bert , Shah Maully , Mason Pamela , Maus Baerbel , Holloman Keith 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundImplantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) are indicated for primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac arrest. Despite enhancements in design and technologies, the ICD lead is the most vulnerable component of the ICD system and failure of ICD leads remains a significant clinical problem. A novel, small‐diameter, lumenless, catheter‐delivered, defibrillator lead was developed with the aim to improve long‐term reliability.Methods and ResultsThe Lead Evaluation for Defibrillation and Reliability (LEADR) study is a multi‐center, single‐arm, Bayesian, adaptive design, pre‐market interventional pivotal clinical study. Up to 60 study sites from around the world will participate in the study. Patients indicated for a de novo ICD will undergo defibrillation testing at implantation and clinical assessments at baseline, implant, pre‐hospital discharge, 3 months, 6 months, and every 6 months thereafter until official study closure. Patients may be participating for a minimum of 18 months to approximately 3 years. Fracture‐free survival will be evaluated using a Bayesian statistical method that incorporates both virtual patient data (combination of bench testing to failure with in‐vivo use condition data) with clinical patients. The clinical subject sample size will be determined using decision rules for number of subject enrollments and follow‐up time based upon the observed number of fractures at certain time points in the study. The adaptive study design will therefore result in a minimum of 500 and a maximum of 900 patients enrolled.ConclusionThe LEADR Clinical Study was designed to efficiently provide evidence for short‐ and long‐term safety and efficacy of a novel lead design using Bayesian methods including a novel virtual patient approach.