bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Germination of Eleven Tomato Phenotypes at Constant or Alternating High Temperatures
Authors: Coons Janice M. , Kuehl Robert O. , Oebker Norman F. , Simons Nancy R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seed of 11 phenotypes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were germinated in petri dishes at a constant 25, 30, 35, or 40C or at 12-hr alternating temperatures of 40/25, 40/30, and 40/35C. At constant high temperatures, the greatest differences between phenotypes occurred at 35C, based on percentage germination, but at 30C, based on germination rates. Phenotypes that germinated best at a constant 40C were ‘Nema 1200’, P28693, and ‘UC-82-L’. Phenotypes that germinated best at 40/25C were P28693, P28793, and ‘UC-82-L’. Germination increased greatly when temperatures were lowered by 10 to 15C for 12 hr per 24 hr, compared to a constant 40C. Tetrazolium tests showed that a high percentage of seeds that had not germinated after 14 days of imbibition at 35 or 40C was still viable, whereas, at the lower temperatures, fewer nongerminated seeds were viable.
Radicle Dehydration of Germinated Seed on Seedling Emergence and Vigor in Spinach
Authors: Dainello F. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Germinated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) seed (radicle length 3 to 12 mm) were subjected to dehydration under uncontrolled room conditions for 3 to 25 days before planting. Although diminishing over time, some seedlings emerged after all dehydration periods. Seedling height and dry weight responded similarly. Dehydration of germinated seed for ≥15 days was required before seedling emergence was reduced by 50% of that produced by undehydrated germinated seed. Three cultivars responded similarly to length of dehydration period in respect to seedling emergence and vigor.
Poinsettia Irrigation Based on Evaporative Demand and Plant Growth Characteristics
Authors: Stanley C. D. , Harbaugh B. K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An easy method to estimate water requirements for poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Kl.) production with practical applications to commercial operations was developed to promote water conservation. A water-requirement prediction equation (P ≥ 0.01, R2 = 0.78) that used pan evaporation along with plant-canopy height and width as input variables was generated. Equation verification was carried out by comparing plant quality of crops irrigated according to the generated water-requirement prediction equation to crops irrigated “on-demand” or with capillary-mat irrigation. Plants irrigated with the prediction equation were smaller than plants grown with capillary mat, but plant quality ratings for ‘Annette Hegg Diva’ and ‘Dark Red Annette Hegg’ were not significantly different. ‘Gutbier V-10 Amy’ plants grown with irrigation on-demand were of higher quality than plants grown using either the capillary mat or the prediction equation. Applied water was significantly lower for plants irrigated with the prediction equation than would normally be applied in a commercial operation using a conservative fixed daily irrigation rate.
Growth Regulators and Herbicides for Delaying Apple Fruit Abscission
Authors: Marini Richard P. , Byers Ross E. , Sowers Donald L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Various chemicals were applied to whole-tree, quarter-tree, or single-limb units to determine their efficacy for delaying apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit abscission. NAA and the herbicides fenoprop, dicamba, triclopyr, lontrel, fluroxypyr, and chloroxuron delayed fruit abscission. Benzoic acid, calcium acetate; the growth regulators lactidichlor ethyl, mefluidide, BA, GA4+7, and chlormequat; and the herbicides pronamide, pendimethalin, chloramben, and DCPA did not delay fruit abscission. Chemical names used: benzoic acid,3,6-dichloro-2-methoxy,2-ethoxy, 1-methyl,2-oxoethylester (lactidichlor ethyl); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); gibberellin (GA4+7); N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino] phenyl]acetamide (mefluidide); 3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide (pronamide); N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine (pendimethalin); 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid (lontrel); 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben); 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat); 4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridinyl oxyacetic acid (fluroxypyr); butanedioic acid mono 2,2-dimethylhydrazide)4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1-H-1,2,4,triazol-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); N'-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-N,N-dimethylurea (chloroxuron); dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA); 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba); 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propanoic acid (fenoprop).
Postharvest Storage Characteristics and Respiration Rates in Five Cultivars of Red Raspberry
Authors: Robbins JoAnn , Sjulin Thomas M. , Patterson Max 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fruits of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars were harvested at the red-ripe stage and stored at 0C for up to 36 days. Firmness and titratable acidity generally decreased during storage, while anthocyanin and pH generally increased. Cultivars differed in rates and direction of change in firmness and pH during storage, and means differed at successive storage periods. Cultivars generally maintained their at-harvest ranking through storage in all characters. Cultivars differed in respiration rate. Respiration rate was positively correlated with ethylene evolution, rot, weight loss, and change in soluble solids concentration after 36 days in storage, and negatively correlated with change in firmness after all storage periods.
Conditioning Cucumbers for Quarantine Heat Treatments
Authors: Chan Harvey T. , Linse Edward 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cucumber fruit (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Burpee Hybrid II) were more tolerant of hot water immersions (30 to 60 min at 45C or 30 to 50 min at 46C) after being conditioned at 32.5 ± 0.5C in air for 24 hr. This increased tolerance was associated with a significant decrease in surface pitting. Hot water-treated cucumbers held for 3 days at 24C after storage at 10C for 7 days were yellower than untreated fruit. Degreening was greatest for the 30-min immersion and decreased with increasing immersion times.
Phytotrons: Tools for Horticultural Research
Authors: Heilmers Henry 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A phytotron is a way of thinking, of testing ideas, and is a vehicle for predicting results. Dr. Hellmers outlines the concept and provides many stimulating examples of phytotron use. The 1968 annual meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science at Davis, California, was the scene for presentation of this paper as a General Session address.
An Opposing View on Plant Patents for Sexually Propagated Plants
Authors: Parker M. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plant patents for asexually propagated species apparently work to the satisfaction of breeders of this class of plants. Some of the reasons for this are: man must make a conscious effort to propagate asexually reproduced plants; he may have to be a specialist and, if he is, should be aware of plant patents and consequences of infringement; these plants are generally novel and relatively easy to identify; asexually propagated plants usually “remain” where planted for several seasons; and, this type of plant seldom enters more than one trade channel.
Potassium in Relation to Food Production
Authors: Humbert Roger P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Potassium is required by most plants in amounts greater than any other nutrient. The functions of potassium are many-it is known to be required for cell structure, carbon assimilation, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, starch formation, translocation of protein and sugars, the water balance in plants, normal root development and many other life processes. Fig. 1 illustrates some of the many functions of potassium in plant life.
Effect of Irrigation on Autumn Leaf Coloration in the Purpleblow Maple, Acer Truncatum Bunge1
Authors: Toy S. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Acer truncatum trees, 8-11 years old were irrigated three times during the summer, and autumn leaf coloration was compared with unirrigated trees. The irrigated trees colored significantly better, and the coloring period occurred 4-5 days later than the unirrigated trees. Irrigation had no effect on the length of the period of coloration or on the average color of the leaves.
Effects of Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide and Spray Oils on Blossom Delay and Floral Development of Tung Buds1
Authors: Raese J. Thomas , Forrester E. Malone 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Excised dormant tung buds were dipped in 2 spray oils and succinic acid-2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) to determine the effects on blossom delay and floral development. Naphthenic and paraffinic oil increased the extent of blossom inhibition at increased rates of oil from 1 to 50%, but injury to the buds resulted, particularly at the high rates. However, injury to floral buds was significantly reduced when SADH, at 0.5 and 1%, was added to the 5% paraffinic or 2 to 10% naphthenic oil. Blossoming was delayed up to 17 days with 1% SADH in 5% paraffinic oil. By contrast SADH without oil did not delay bloom.
The Effect of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid (Ethephon) on Maturation of a Processing Peach1
Authors: Rom Roy C. , Scott K. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethephon applications at 250 to 1500 ppm rates during final swell of ‘Babygold-9’, a clingstone peach, accelerated maturation as measured by firmness and skin and flesh color changes and reduced titratable acidity. High rates were phytotoxic and detrimental to fruit quality. Increased immature fruit abscission appears to limit the practical use of ethephon at this growth stage in peach.
Breeding for Cold Hardiness in Subtropical Fruits
Authors: Knight Robert J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The need to breed for cold hardiness (where opportunities permit) is obvious to anyone who grows fruit, under temperate or subtropical conditions, where plants or bloom and young fruit are liable to frost damage or winter injury. The present report will be confined to progress to date with avocados, mangos and passion fruit, and to discussion of some of the possibilities inherent in 2 other fruits, the guanabana and acerola.
Supplemental Lighting Effects on Newly Planted and Cut-back Greenhouse Roses1
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Rodriguez R. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Supplemental lighting nightly during late spring and early summer with Wide Spectrum Gro-Lux fluorescent lamps at 29 lamp watts/ft2 has been found to improve the development of newly planted dormant and cut-back rose plants. Lighted plants of cvs Electra, Red American Beauty and Forever Yours produced a higher percentage of flowering stems than unlighted plants. Plants receiving supplemental lighting had significant increases in the no. of flowering stems developing after a hard pinch, and generally significant increases in bottom breaks. Cut flower production was increased 18-41% after plant development had been completed, but for ‘Electra’ this increase was in flower stem lengths less than 15 inches.
The Concept of Bulk Storage Processing and Its Implications to Industry
Authors: Pearl Robert C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide a general introduction to the topic of bulk storage processing, to describe the overall concept of bulk storage processing, and to review why the concept has become of greater interest to the fruit and vegetable processing industries. Further, I wish to suggest some major changes in present harvesting, handling, and processing systems that will be required for adaptation of the bulk storage processing technique in the fruit and vegetable processing industries.
The Economic Feasibility and Market Impact of Bulk Storage Processing1
Authors: Sullivan Glenn H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Historically, the seasonal nature of the tomato processing industry has contributed significantly to the economic inefficiency within the industry (4, 8, 9, 11). Uncertainty of raw product supply, seasonality of finished goods production, and an inelastic demand for canned tomato products have resulted in unstable prices and profits for growers and processors throughout the industry (4, 5, 8).
Effect of Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and Heading-back on Pecans1
Authors: Hooks R. F. , Storey J. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Heading-back of about 50% of the previous season’ shoot growth increased leaflet area, internode length and total N of the leaflets. Heading-back did not affect P, K, Zn content of the leaflets or nut yield and quality. SADH increased Zn content of the leaflets, with no effect on N, P, and K. Internode length was reduced with increases in concn of SADH and leaflet area was not affected. Yield and quality were not affected the year of application, but 4,000 ppm significantly increased the yield the next year, an off-production year.
Association of Stem-Cavity Browning and Core Browning of ‘McIntosh’ Apples1
Authors: Webster D. H. , Eaves C. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In ‘McIntosh’ apples, the incidence of stem-cavity browning and core browning increased with increase in fruit size. Stem-cavity browning was more severe in terminal apples than in lateral apples and decreased with increase in stem-cavity depth. In contrast, there was no consistent relationship between core browning and either position in the blossom cluster or stem-cavity shape.
Response of Cucumber to Soil Application of (2-Chloroethyl)Phosphonic Acid1
Authors: Cantliffe D. J. , Robinson R. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Soil application of (2-chloroe thyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) strongly promoted pistillate flower formation of cucumber. Soil treatment had a prolonged effect, for plants transplanted 4 weeks after the chemical was added to the soil were greatly modified in growth and development.
Use of Hermaphrodite Cucumber Lines in Development of Gynoecious Hybrids1
Authors: Pike L. M. , Mulkey W. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A true hermaphrodite cucumber was derived from the andromonoecious cultivar ‘Crystal Apple’. Hybrids developed by using gynoecious lines and the hermaphrodite line, TAMU 950, were 100% gynoecious. Fruits produced on the hybrids were similar in size and shape to that of the gynoecious parent. Use of the hermaphrodite in the production of such totally gynoecious hybrids permits the blending of precise quantities of a monoecious pollinator with hybrid seed before planting. Production of 100% gynoecious hybrids in this manner make parthenocarpic hybrids feasible.
Resistance in Cucumber, Cucumis Sativus L. to Three Species of Cucumber Beetles1
Authors: Da Costa C. P. , Jones C. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Resistance to the spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, the western striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittata (Fabricius) and the banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata LeConte was studied in “near isogenic populations” of cucumbers for the Bi locus. These 3 insects reacted similarly to cucurbitacins in cucumbers but in vitro studies indicated differences in other cucurbits. Bacterial wilt desease was less severe in non-bitter than bitter cucumbers.
Improving Rooting of Carnation and Poinsettia Cuttings with Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide1
Authors: Read Paul E. , Hoysler Vernon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dipping the basal inch of cuttings in 2500 ppm succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydiazide (SADH) solutions for 15 sec promoted rooting of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) and poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild). Materials such as (2-chlorethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat), N-pyrrolidino-succinamic acid (SAPL), gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) and ethylhydrogen 1-propylphosphonate (EHPP) either decreased or had little effect on rooting.
Ethyl Hydrogen 1-Propylphosphate as a Ripening Inductant of Green Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Boe A. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethyl hydrogen l-propylphosphate3 (EHPP) was compared with ethephon3 and ethylene as a ripening agent of tomato fruit. EHPP increased the ripeness level of tomato fruit treated either in the field or under lab conditions and advanced the respiratory climacteric of the ripening fruit. Both EHPP and (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) compared favorably with ethylene as ripening agents.
Influence of Physical Conditions on Summer Temperatures in Nursery Containers1
Authors: Fretz Thomas A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Media temperatures surpassed 120°F in 1 gal nursery containers of both steel and high density polyethylene without plants when exposed to direct solar radiation. White, silver, and yellow exterior colors significantly reduced media temperatures when compared to darker colored metal containers. Surface barriers of black or clear polyethylene increased media surface temperatures significantly while aluminum foil and pressed white fiberglass disks had no effect on media temperatures in comparison to containers without surface barriers. In a 6 × 6 container to container configuration, those on the southern exposure exhibited significantly higher media temperatures than similar containers on the northern exposures or toward the center of the configuration. None of the artificial media examined significantly reduced temperatures in the containers.
Nitrogenous Constituents in Tissues of Growing and Dormant Lowbush Blueberry Plants1
Authors: Kocher Federico , Valenzuela Jorge 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Growing and dormant lowbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) were analyzed for changes in nitrogenous constituents in their stem, rhizome and root tissues. Concn of total N, insoluble N, and soluble N were significantly higher in dormant plants. The total N/soluble N ratio also decreased in the dormant stage.
Factors Affecting the Determination of Net Photosynthesis of Apple Leaves1
Authors: Barden John A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Net photosynthesis (Pn) was determined on individual leaves of greenhouse grown ‘Golden Delicious’ on seedling rootstocks. Saturation light intensity varied among experiments, but was typically between 2000 and 4000 ft-c. Pn increased with increasing air flow rates up to about 2.5 liters min−l with only slight increases above this rate. Good comparisons of Pn could be made on either a dry wt or unit area basis within a similar set of trees. However, in comparing different groups of trees, the unit area basis gave a more suitable basis of comparison. No major diurnal trends were found nor did leaf size affect the Pn obtained. The data therefore, indicated that dependable determinations can be made at 4000 ft-c. and an air flow rate of 3 liters min−1.
Effect of Combinations of Growth Regulators on Maturity and Quality of ‘Tydeman's Red’ Apples1
Authors: Schomer Harold , Williams M. W. , Billingsley H. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Combination sprays of the growth regulators succinic acid-2-2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH), (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), and 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (fenoprop) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), applied on ‘Tydeman's Red’ apple trees 4 weeks before the estimated normal harvest date, advanced red coloration and maturity of the fruit sufficiently to permit harvest of approx ¾ of the fruit 2 weeks ahead of the normal harvest date. Of die materials tested the combination of SADH (2,000 ppm), ethephon (500 ppm) and fenoprop (20 ppm) produced the most pronounced effects.
Tree Trunk Spray Boom1
Authors: Lagerstedt H. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Exterior white latex paint has been satisfactory in protecting young orchard trees against summer sunscald. Brush application of latex paint to tree trunks has proved to be slow and sometimes thorough coverage at the groundline is not obtained. A 3-nozzle spray boom has been developed to solve these application problems. Directions for its construction are given.
A Technique for Measuring Peeling and Failure Forces of Sweetpotato Periderm1
Authors: Birnbaum E. H. , Kushman L. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A technique is described for pulling a 1/8-inch wide strip of periderm (skin) from a sweetpotato root with an Instron Model TM. Peeling force values from 3.6 to 14.0 g were recorded. Root skin of ‘Earlyport’ and ‘Julian’ showed lower peeling forces than those of ‘Gem’ and ‘Centennial’. Failure force values were 2 to 4 times as great as peeling force values and did not differ significantly among cultivars. The data are related to known cultivar differences in skin characteristics.
The Unusual Mechanism of Alternate Bearing in the Pistachio1
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Nelson M. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In contrast to other fruit tree species that produce flower buds in limited quantity at the same time a heavy crop is being produced, the pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) produces abundant inflorescence buds which, for the most part, abscise during the summer. Thus, alternate bearing in the pistachio is effected by a unique mechanism. Evidence is presented which suggests that the abscission of the inflorescence buds is the result of assimilate depletion when a heavy crop is produced.
Highbush Blueberry Fruit Set in Relation to Flower Morphology12
Authors: Eck Paul , Mainland C. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Various flower parts were measured from 35 different cultivars and selections of highbush blueberry and correlated to their fruit setting capability. High fruit set was associated with a short distance between stigma and anther tip. The ideal flower from the standpoint of max fruit set appears to be one with a short corolla that widened at the middle to more than 8 mm and then narrowed perceptibly at the base. It is suggested that flower structure might serve the plant breeder as an additional criterion for evaluating the potential fruit setting capability of a blueberry selection.
Gibberellin-like Activity in Apple Rootstocks1
Authors: Ibrahim I. M. , Dana M. N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Exudate was extracted from ‘East Mailing (EM) I’, ‘EM IX’ and ‘EM XXV’ roots by applying an external vacuum to the cut surface of the trunk. ‘EM IX’ exudate failed to stimulate leaf disc expansion. GA-like substances were highest in ‘EM I’ and lowest in ‘EM IX’ exudate.
The Breeding Aspects of Vegetable Seed Quality
Authors: Morris John L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The past quarter century has been a “Golden Era” for the development of a multitude of vegetable cultivars. We have seen the development of tomatoes that can be mechanically harvested with only slight injury to the fruit; sweet corn that is “super-sweet” with an extremely tender pericarp; green beans that are stringless and peas tha-t are very determinate and adaptable to mechanical harvesting. Countless other breeding achievements have been made in vegetable quality and adaptability, not to mention the broad spectrum of disease and insect resistance that has been bred into nearly every vegetable species. We can be thankful for our highly competitive system for bringing about so many of these advances in such a short time.