bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overseas management in the English East India Company: a study of the Tonkin factory (1672-1697)
Authors: Tran Ngoc Dung , Dinh Phuong Hoa , Nguyen Dinh Hoang Uyen , Nguyen Van Vinh 
Published: July 2022

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate “corporate governance” of the English East India Company (EIC) in the late 17th century through a case study of the Tonkin factory (1672–1697).

Design/methodology/approach
The paper draws upon British primary materials relating to the Tonkin factory to examine and analyze the EIC’s style of management in Tonkin (Vietnam) and Bantam (Java). Qualitative and comparative methods are applied to the analysis of reports, records and letters written by EIC staff.

Findings
The paper finds that the EIC faced principal-agent problems as it had difficulties administering its distant agents and subsidiaries in the 17th century. London was strategically weakened, both by the limiting power of regional headquarters and by its use of experienced factors. Before 1682, London failed to temper the Bantam Council’s influence, and there were serious internal conflicts and power struggles between English Tonkin employees seeking to improve their positions. After 1686, London successfully forced Madras to adopt a noninterventionist stance in Tonkin’s business, but it faced the problem of “adverse selection.”

Originality/value
This paper provides evidence from the Tonkin factory (1672–1697) to show the EIC’s governance in the perspective of the agency theory.
Bending-strength evaluation of wide-flange steel beams subjected to local buckling at elevated temperatures
Authors: Zhao Xiaomin , Ozaki Fuminobu , Hirashima Takeo , Kimura Kei , Murakami Yukio , Suzuki Jun-ichi , Yotsumoto Naoya 
Published: July 2022

PurposeThe main purpose of this study was to propose theoretical calculation models to evaluate the theoretical bending strengths of welded wide-flange section steel beams with local buckling at elevated temperatures.Design/methodology/approachSteady-state tests using various test parameters, including width-thickness ratios (Class 2–4) and specimen temperatures (ambient temperature, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800°C), were performed on 18 steel beam specimens using roller supports to examine the maximum bending moment and bending strength after local buckling. A detailed calculation model (DCM) based on the equilibrium of the axial force in the cross-section and a simple calculation model (SCM) for a practical fire-resistant design were proposed. The validity of the calculation models was verified using the bending test results.FindingsThe strain concentration at the local buckling cross-section was mitigated in the elevated-temperature region, resulting in a small bending moment degradation after local buckling. The theoretical bending strengths after local buckling, evaluated from the calculation models, were in good agreement with the test results at elevated temperatures.Originality/valueThe effect of local buckling on the bending behaviour after the maximum bending strength in high-temperature regions was quantified. Two types of calculation models were proposed to evaluate the theoretical bending strength after local buckling.
Underdiversification puzzle, volatility puzzle and equity premium puzzle: a common solution
Authors: Ardalan Kavous 
Published: July 2022

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to use some of the contributions of the option pricing theory to solve three outstanding puzzles in finance: the underdiversification puzzle, the volatility puzzle and the equity premium puzzle.

Design/methodology/approach
To approach the issue, this paper considers the applications of the option pricing theory to both sides of the corporate balance sheet. Applications to the left-hand side of the balance sheet has led to the real options theory that has expressed the value of a capital budgeting project as the sum of the values of its “discounted cash flow (DCF) method” and “real options.” This paper argues that, because the balance sheet must balance, the value of equity, which appears on the right-hand side of the balance sheet, should also be expressed as the sum of the values of its “DCF method” and “equity options.”

Findings
This proposed model of equity valuation solves the three outstanding puzzles in finance: the underdiversification puzzle, the volatility puzzle and the equity premium puzzle.

Research limitations/implications
This study may not be able to explain the full extent of the three puzzles.

Practical implications
The dividend discount model of equity valuation needs to be augmented by an option component.

Social implications
The community of finance scholars will become more confident of their scholarly work because three puzzles will be solved to a great extent.

Originality/value
To the best of author’s knowledge, the extant literature does not either solve any single one of the three puzzles through the contributions of option pricing theory or solve all three puzzles at the same time with a single solution. The originality of this paper is that it makes both of these contributions to the extant literature.
Context‐dependent costs and benefits of endosymbiotic interactions in a ciliate–algae system
Authors: Horas Elena L. , Metzger Sarah M. , Platzer Barbara , Kelly Joseph B. , Becks Lutz 
Published: July 2022

AbstractEndosymbiosis, an interaction between two species where one lives within the other, has evolved multiple times independently, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Evolutionary theory suggests that for an endosymbiotic interaction to remain stable over time, births of both partners should be higher than their deaths in symbiosis and deaths of both partners should be higher than their births when living independently. However, experimentally measuring this can be difficult and conclusions tend to focus on the host. Using a ciliate–algal system (Paramecium bursaria host and Chlorella endosymbionts), we estimated the benefits and costs of endosymbiosis for both organisms using fitness measurements in different biotic environments to test under which environmental conditions the net effects of the interaction were positive for both partners. We found that the net effects of harbouring endosymbionts were positive for the ciliate hosts as it allowed them to survive in conditions of low‐quality bacteria food. The algae benefitted by being endosymbiotic when predators such as the hosts were present, but the net effects were dependent on the total density of hosts, decreasing as hosts densities increased. Overall, we show that including context‐dependency of endosymbiosis is essential in understanding how these interactions have evolved.
Biogeographical variation in antimicrobial resistance in rivers is influenced by agriculture and is spread through bacteriophages
Authors: Andersson Tilde , Adell Aiko D. , Moreno‐Switt Andrea I. , Spégel Peter , Turner Charlotta , Overballe‐Petersen Søren , Fuursted Kurt , Lood Rolf 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAntibiotic resistance is currently an extensive medical challenge worldwide, with global numbers increasing steadily. Recent data have highlighted wastewater treatment plants as a reservoir of resistance genes. The impact of these findings for human health can best be summarized using a One Health concept. However, the molecular mechanisms impacting resistance spread have not been carefully evaluated. Bacterial viruses, that is bacteriophages, have recently been shown to be important mediators of bacterial resistance genes in environmental milieus and are transferrable to human pathogens. Herein, we investigated the biogeographical impact on resistance spread through river‐borne bacteriophages using amplicon deep sequencing of the microbiota, absolute quantification of resistance genes using ddPCR, and phage induction capacity within wastewater. Microbial biodiversity of the rivers is significantly affected by river site, surrounding milieu and time of sampling. Furthermore, areas of land associated with agriculture had a significantly higher ability to induce bacteriophages carrying antibiotic resistance genes, indicating their impact on resistance spread. It is imperative that we continue to analyse global antibiotic resistance problem from a One Health perspective to gain novel insights into mechanisms of resistance spread.
The revolt of the Rust Belt: place and politics in the age of anger
Authors: McQuarrie Michael 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis paper argues that the election of Donald Trump is the product of a confluence of historical factors rather than the distinctive appeal of the victor himself. By paying particular attention to the geography of unusual voting behaviour the analytical question comes into view: why did so much uncharacteristic voting occur in the Rust Belt states of the upper Midwest? It is impossible to answer this question adequately using conventional categorical attributes. The usual hypotheses of ‘economic anxiety’ and white revanchism are unable to account for sudden shifts in the voting behaviour of both white and black voters in post‐industrial territories. Instead, it is necessary to turn to the history of the region and the institutional apparatus that connected voters there to the federal government and the Democratic Party. From this perspective we can see that the active dismantling of the Fordist social order set the region on a divergent path from the rest of the country. But this path had no political outlet due to the reorientation of the Democratic Party around a new class and geographic base. Due to this, the party pursued policies that would magnify the region's difficulties rather than alleviate its circumstances. Moreover, the elaborate institutional ties that connected the region's voters to the Democratic Party and the federal government meant that the political implications of regional decline would be muted. However, as these institutions frayed, Rust Belt voters were made available to candidates that challenged the policy consensus that had done so much damage to the region. The election was decided by a Rust Belt revolt that unified black and white working‐class voters against Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party.
Effects of state opioid prescribing cap laws on opioid prescribing after surgery
Authors: Schmid Ian , Stuart Elizabeth A. , McCourt Alexander D. , Tormohlen Kayla N. , Stone Elizabeth M. , Davis Corey S. , Bicket Mark C. , McGinty Emma E. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of state opioid prescribing cap laws on opioid prescribing after surgery.Data SourcesOptumLabs Data Warehouse administrative claims data covering all 50 states from July 2012 through June 2019.Study DesignWe included individuals from 20 states that had implemented prescribing cap laws without exemptions for postsurgical pain by June 2019 and individuals from 16 control states plus the District of Columbia. We used a difference‐in‐differences approach accounting for differential timing in law implementation across states to estimate the effects of state prescribing cap laws on postsurgical prescribing of opioids. Outcome measures included filling an opioid prescription within 30 days after surgery; filling opioid prescriptions of specific doses or durations; and the number, days' supply, daily dose, and pill quantity of opioid prescriptions. To assess the validity of the parallel counterfactual trends assumption, we examined differences in outcome trends between law‐implementing and control states in the years preceding law implementation using an equivalence testing framework.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsWe included the first surgery in the study period for opioid‐naïve individuals undergoing one of eight common surgical procedures.Principal FindingsState prescribing cap laws were associated with 0.109 lower days' supply of postsurgical opioids on the log scale (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: −0.139, −0.080) but were not associated with the number (Average treatment effect on the treated [ATT]: −0.011; 95% CI: −0.043, 0.021) or daily dose of postsurgical opioid prescriptions (ATT: −0.013; 95% CI: −0.030, 0.005). The negative association observed between prescribing cap laws and the probability of filling a postsurgical opioid prescription (ATT: −0.041; 95% CI: −0.054, −0.028) was likely spurious, given differences between law‐implementing and control states in the pre‐law period.ConclusionsPrescribing cap laws appear to have minimal effects on postsurgical opioid prescribing.
Stakeholder‐driven principles for advancing equity through shared measurement
Authors: Hilliard‐Boone Tandrea , Firminger Kirsten , Dutta Tania , Cowans Tamika , DePatie Holly , Maurer Maureen , Schultz Ellen , Castro‐Reyes Paige , Richmond Al , Muhammad Michael , Pathak‐Sen Ela , Powell Wizdom 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo advance equity by developing stakeholder‐driven principles of shared measurement, which is using a common set of measurable goals that reflect shared priorities across communities and systems, such as health care, public health, and human and social services.Data SourcesFrom October 2019 to July 2021, we collected primary data from leaders in cross‐systems alignment, measurement, and community engagement—including community members and community‐based organization leaders—across the United States.Study DesignIn partnership with equity and community engagement experts, we conducted a mixed‐methods study that included multiple formative research activities and culminated in a six‐week, stakeholder‐engaged modified‐Delphi process.Data CollectionFormative data collection occurred through an environmental scan, interviews, focus groups, and an online survey. Principles were developed using a virtual modified Delphi with iterative rapid‐analysis. Feedback on the final principles was collected through virtual focus groups, an online feedback form, and during virtual presentations.Principal FindingsWe developed a set of five guiding principles. Measurement that aligns systems with communities toward equitable outcomes: (1) Requires upfront investment in communities; (2) Is co‐created by communities; (3) Creates accountability to communities for addressing root causes of inequities and repairing harm; (4) Focuses on a holistic and comprehensive view of communities that highlights assets and historical context; and (5) Reflects long‐term efforts to build trust. Using an equity‐focused process resulted in principles with broad applicability.ConclusionsLeaders across systems and communities can use these shared measurement principles to reimagine and transform how systems create equitable health by centering the needs and priorities of the communities they serve, particularly communities that historically have been harmed the most by inequities. Intentionally centering equity across all project activities was essential to producing principles that could guide others in advancing equity.
Implementation of Eco‐schemes in Fifteen European Union Member States
Authors: Runge Tania , Latacz‐Lohmann Uwe , Schaller Lena , Todorova Kristina , Daugbjerg Carsten , Termansen Mette , Liira Jaan , Le Gloux Fanny , Dupraz Pierre , Leppanen Jussi , Fogarasi József , Vigh Enikő Zita , Bradfield Tracy , Hennessy Thia , Targetti Stefano , Viaggi Davide , Berzina Inga , Schulp Catharina , Majewski Edward , Bouriaud Laura , Baciu Gabriela , Pecurul Mireia , Prokofieva Irina , Velazquez Francisco Jose Blanco 
Published: July 2022

SummaryEco‐schemes are set to play an important role in the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) post‐2022 for the delivery of environmental and climate benefits and enhanced animal welfare. This article surveys current plans for the design of eco‐schemes in fifteen European Union Member States. The number of eco‐scheme measures to be offered per country varies between 3 and 21, and the complexity and level of ambition of the individual measures are quite heterogeneous. The majority of the proposed eco‐scheme measures either build upon components from greening obligations or stem from agri‐environmental and climate schemes currently offered under Pillar 2. All fifteen Member States address Green Deal targets, with particular emphasis being given to biodiversity enhancement and non‐productive land. Eight of the countries surveyed are planning to provide support for organic farming through an eco‐scheme. The greater creative freedom offered by the CAP’s New Delivery Model has resulted in a situation where similar measures are programmed as eco‐schemes in some countries and as Pillar 2 measures in others. By adding yet another policy instrument to the CAP’s toolbox, the complexity of the CAP is vastly increased. It remains to be seen how farmers will respond.
The inhibition of mineralisation by fibroblast growth factor 2 is associated with the altered expression of genes regulating phosphate balance
Authors: Parsegian Karo 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe study aimed to determine whether inhibitory effects of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) on mineralisation in dental pulp (DP) cultures were associated with changes in the expression of genes regulating phosphate balance (Enpp1, Ank, Slc20a2, Alpl, Phospho1, and Xpr1). DP cultures growing under mineralisation‐inducing conditions were exposed to FGF2 and inhibitors of the FGFR and MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Mineralisation, culture cellularity, and gene expression were examined at various time points. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance followed by the Holm‐Šídák test. Control cultures exhibited transient increases in Enpp1 and Ank, continuous increases in Alpl, Phospho1, and Xpr1, and continuous decreases in Slc20a2. FGF2 increased Enpp1, Ank, and Slc20a2 and decreased Alpl, Phospho1, and Xpr1, whereas the FGF2 withdrawal and inhibition of FGFR and MEK/ERK1/2 exerted opposite effects. These changes suggest that FGF2‐mediated decreases in mineralisation could be functionally coupled to the altered regulation of phosphate formation and transport.
Post‐treatment apical periodontitis associated with a missed root canal in a maxillary lateral incisor with two roots: A case report
Authors: Pessotti Vanessa P. , Jiménez‐Rojas Luis F. , Alves Flávio R. F. , Rôças Isabela N. , Siqueira José F. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMissed canals can be a common cause of persistent intraradicular infection and post‐treatment apical periodontitis. This article reports on a rare case of a maxillary lateral incisor with two roots exhibiting symptomatic post‐treatment apical periodontitis regardless of a radiographically adequate root canal treatment. The second root, which was only revealed by cone‐beam computed tomography, had passed unnoticed during the first treatment, and its missed canal was the most likely cause of symptoms and treatment failure. Reintervention including the proper management of the extra root canal and retreatment of the main canal resulted in the resolution of symptoms and periradicular tissue healing. This case report reinforces the need for three‐dimensional radiographic diagnosis to search for the cause of post‐treatment disease and guide the decision‐making process for proper management.
Aged care employment and the productivity commission: Fixing the data gaps may be the most useful thing it can do
Authors: Gibson Diane 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the gaps and anomalies in Australia's national aged care workforce data with a particular focus on casualisation and insecure employment in residential aged care.MethodsSecondary analysis of data from the National Aged Care Workforce Census and Surveys, the Aged Care Workforce Census and the Australian Bureau of Statistics Characteristics of Employment Survey.ResultsThere are significant and disturbing gaps in our knowledge of the aged care workforce deriving from disruptions to the time series as a result of methodological changes, reduced reliability resulting from declining response rates and the historical weighting system. Scope is also a critical factor due to data inadequacies relating to a non‐Pay As You Go (non‐PAYG) workforce and regarding the use of minimum hours contracts. This reduces our understanding of insecure employment.ConclusionsAustralia needs better quality and more reliable data on its aged care workforce if the labour shortages confronting the sector are to be better understood and addressed. There is a critical need to determine the optimum strategy to obtain such data, whether by specific research projects of sufficient scale to accurately document the scale and scope of these issues, or in creative strategies to make use of automatically generated data.
Documenting surgical triage in rural surgical networks: Formalising existing structures
Authors: Robinson Alana , Kornelsen Jude 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveIt is essential that the embedded process of rural case selection be highlighted and documented to provide reassurance of rigour across rural surgical services supported by generalist surgeons, general practitioners with enhanced surgical skills and general practitioner anaesthetists. This enables feedback and improves the triage and case selection process to ensure the highest quality outcomes. Therefore, this research aims to explore participants' rational criteria for decision making around rural case selection.DesignParticipants participated in a series of semi‐structured in‐depth interviews which were coded and underwent thematic analysis.SettingSix community hospitals in British Columbia, Canada.ParticipantsGeneral practitioners with enhanced surgical skills, general practitioner anaesthetists, local maternity care providers, and specialists.ResultsBased on participant accounts, rural surgical and obstetrical decision‐making processes for local patient selection or regional referral had five major components: (1) Clinical Factors, (2) Physician Factors, (3) Patient Factors, (4) Consensus Between Providers and (5) the Availability of Local Resources.ConclusionDecision‐making processes around rural surgical and obstetrical patient selection are complex and require comprehensive understanding of local capacity and resources. Current policies and guidelines fail to consider the varying capacities of each rural site and should be hospital specific.