bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Several Chemical Pinching Agents on Greenhouse Forcing Azaleas, Rhododendron cv.1
Authors: Shu Lih-Jyu , Sanderson Kenneth C. , Williams J. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Applications of 0.5% dikegulac sodium (sodium salt of 2,3:4,6-bis-0-(l-methylethylidene-L-xylo-2-hexulofu-ranosonic acid) sprays produced significantly more new shoots on ‘Red wing’ or ‘King fisher’ azalea plants than manual pinching and other chemical pinching agents in 2 experiments. In 5 other experiments involving 5 other cultivars, dikegulac sodium-treated plants generally produced the most shoots, however, the shoot number was not different from shoot number on either manually pinched or 4.2% Off-Shoot-O-treated (mixture of C6 to C12 methyl ester of fatty acids) plants. Sprays of dimethyl dodecylamine caprylate at 0.2% and 0.5%, n-decanol at 2.5%, ethephon [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid)] at 0.08%, and UBI-P293 (2,3-dihydro-5,6-diphenyl-1,4-oxathiin) at 1.0% gave inconsisent results but yielded shoot number comparable to dikegulac sodium in some tests. Off-Shoot-O, dimethyl dodecylamine caprylate, and n-un-decanol were destructive pinching agents at some concentrations and caused considerable plant injury. Dikegulac sodium caused minor injury and transient chlorosis. Ethephon, PBA [6-benzylamino-9(2-tetrahydropyran-2-yl)-9H-purine], and UBI-P293 did not produce any visible phytotoxicities. Shoots of plants sprayed with 0.5% dikegulac sodium and 1.0% UBI-P293 were of similar length or shorter than shoots of either manually pinched or untreated check plants 3 weeks after treatment.
Reduction of Soft Scald in Apples with Antioxidants1
Authors: Wills R. B. H. , Hopkirk G. , Scott K. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The application of fat soluble antioxidants to ‘Jonathan’ apples (Malu.s domestics Borkh.) after harvest reduced the incidence of soft scald which developed in the fruit during cool storage, increased the amount of unsaturated fatty acidss in the surface lipids, and reduced the level of hexanol in the fruit. Diphenylamine, butylated hydroxvanisole and ethoxvquin were the most effective of the compounds tested.
Effects of Time, Temperature, and Nitrogen Source on the Composting of Hardwood Bark for Use as a Plant Growing Medium1
Authors: Yates Nancy L. , Rogers Marlin N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hardwood bark, amended with either urea (CO(NH2)2) or ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) was composted in 210 liter drums at 10 to 40°C or heated to 55°. In the supplemental heat composted (SHC) bark amended with CO(NH2)2, pH increased to 6.8 to 7.4 within the first week. Bark amended with CO(NH2)2 generated more heat than bark amended with NH4NO3. Phenolic content decreased (as indicated by the Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) method), and germination percentage of Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids seed in water extracts of bark samples increased with time. Additions of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to extracts decreased phenolic content and increased the percentage of seed germination. Plant growth assays using Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat ‘Bright Golden Anne’ revealed a possible N deficiency in SHC NH4NO3 treated bark. Plants grown in SHC CO(NH2)2 amended bark did not have as severe a N deficiency. As time of composting increased, naturally composted (NC) bark treated with either N source gave plant growth comparable to that of the control plants grown in a medium of peat:perlite:vermiculite:soil (3:2:2:1 v/v).
Involvement of Gibberellins in the Biennial Bearing of ‘Early McIntosh’ Apples1
Authors: Marino Francis , Greene Duane W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gibberellins A3 and A4+7 at 300 ppm inhibited flower bud formation on both spurs and 1-year-old wood of ‘Early McIntosh’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees when applied 10 days after full bloom (DAFB). Gibberellins A4+7 were more effective than GA3 in inhibiting flowering on spurs but not on 1-year-old wood. Seeds collected during the first 9 weeks after bloom had peak GA activity at 5, 15, and 60 DAFB. Gibberellin activity in diffusates of flowers or fruits was detected at bloom and continued to increase until 45 DAFB. Fruit-bearing spurs contained more GA activity than vegetative spurs. Peak gibberellin activity in seeds and diffusates was not paralleled by elevated activity in fruiting spurs. Inhibition of flowering in spurs may not be related solely to seed production or diffusion of gibberellins to the spurs during one short time period.
Responses of Bell Pepper to Nitrogen Sources1
Authors: Locascio S. J. , Fiskell J. G. A. , Martin F. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Maintenance of adequate available soil N for bell pepper (Capsicium annuum L.) growth is essential to high production in Florida and requires mulching, fertilizer placement, and timing of fertilizer application. Slow-release N was supplied as sulfur-coated urea, isobutylidene diurea (1BDU), or ureaformaldehyde and was compared at 3 N rates with soluble sources such as urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate on ‘Yolo Wonder’ pepper. In the first season, highest yields and N concentrations of tissue occurred where IBDU and urea were applied broadcast with mulch as compared with band placement. In the second season, broadcast fertilizer placement with mulch was compared with 3 split-fertilizer applications without mulch. Fruit yield was affected by a significant interaction among N sources, N rates, and mulch. Highest fruit yields were obtained with SCU and IBDU applied under mulch at 224 kg N/ha. Leaf N was higher during the season with slow-release N than with soluble N. Soil analyses data from samples taken throughout the season showed that N source and rate significantly influenced the soil available N measured as urea-N, NH4-N, and NO3-N.
The Effect of Temperature and Quantum Flux Density on the Morphology, Physiology, and Flowering of Hybrid Geraniums1
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Carlson W. H. , Flore J. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hybrid geraniums (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey) cv. Sooner Red were grown at temperatures ranging from 10–32°C and at various quantum flux densities. The time to visible bud stage (<0.5 cm diameter) was negatively correlated to quantum flux density at a given temperature. The time required from visible bud to flower stage was negatively correlated with temperature while light had no effect. Leaf thickness, number of palisade layers, and specific leaf weight were negatively correlated with temperature, and specific leaf weight was positively correlated with quantum flux density at a given temperature. Net photosynthetic rate ranged from 5–38 mg CO2 dm-2hr-1 for temperatures of 10-37° and was optimum at 20-32°. The Q10 of respiration for hybrid geranium leaves was about 2.2.
Phloroglucinol and in Vitro Rooting of Apple Cultivar Cuttings1
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H. , Broome Olivia C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cuttings of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) taken from in vitro proliferated shoots growing on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium were evaluated for ability to initiate adventitious roots in the presence or absence of phloroglucinol at several concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA). Phloroglucinol did not promote rooting of ‘Northern Spy’, ‘Summer Rambo’ or ‘Delicious’, had a minor or inconsistent effect upon ‘Nugget’, ‘Ozark Gold’, ‘Spuree Rome’, and ‘Stayman’ and stimulated rooting of ‘Spartan’ cuttings. However, phloroglucinol did not increase rooting of ‘Spartan’ cuttings above that obtained in preliminary experiments without phloroglucinol. Autoclaved phloroglucinol produced the same responses as filter sterilized when tested on ‘Spartan’, ‘Stayman’, and ‘Summer Rambo’. Including IBA in the medium improved rooting of all cultivars and this effect was greater than the effect of phloroglucinol except for ‘Spartan’. Phloroglucinol reduced formation of callus and misshapen roots on cuttings receiving IBA treatment. There was no evidence that phloroglucinol is essential to in vitro rooting of these apple cultivar cuttings.
Variation in Elemental Content of Lettuce Grown under Base-line Conditions in Five Controlled-environment Facilities1
Authors: Berry Wade L. , Krizek Donald T. , Ormrod Douglas P. , McFarlane James C. , Langhans Robert W. , Tibbitts T. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An interlaboratory comparison was made of the variation in elemental concentration of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids) plants grown under base-line conditions for 28 days in 5 controlled-environment facilities. Two studies were conducted by each of 5 investigators using a sphagnum peat-vermiculite mix obtained from a common source. Plant tissue from all studies was collected and analyzed at 1 laboratory for 10 essential elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu, Mo) and 10 non-essential elements (Al, Si, Ti, Sr, Ba, Na, Pb, V, Li, and Sn) by arc emission spectrography. The 10 essential elements occurred at concentrations adequate for normal lettuce growth. Tissue analysis data showed large differences in elemental concentration among experiments conducted by the same investigator as well as by different investigators suggesting inadvertent contamination of the leaf samples by the rooting media or contamination of the watering system in each controlled-environment facility. These differences, however, had no observable effect on vegetative growth. Based on a nested analysis on variance, 95% of the elements showed significant plant to plant differences in concentration. However, based on an analysis of variance components, the greatest source of variation was found among investigators.
Field Performance and Phenotypic Stability of Tissue Culture-propagated Strawberries1
Authors: Swartz Harry J. , Galletta Gene J. , Zimmerman Richard H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vigor, petiole length, stand, runner production, yield per square meter of matted row, and numbers of trusses per crown were greater in tissue culture-produced plants when compared to runner plants of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch). Leaf area and shape, number of serrations per leaflet, petiole pubescence density, flowers per truss, yield per crown, harvest time, small fruit weight, and percent imperfect fruits did not vary appreciably between propagation methods. Size of large fruit and mean fruit weight were less in tissue culture-produced plants. All changes in performance were caused, at least in part, by the increased vigor and axillary bud activity of tissue culture-produced plants. Tissue culture propagation of strawberry is particularly adapted to production of planting stock for nurseries because 60% more runner plants are produced from tissue culture plants. Production of variant plants from tissue culture was largely limited to 1 meristem-tip line. For certain cultivars, some adjustment of nursery inspection procedures for off-type plants will be required.
Breeding and Selection for Salt Tolerance by the Incorporation of Wild Germplasm into a Domestic Tomato1
Authors: Rush Dale W. , Epstein Emanuel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Crosses were made between a salt tolerant wild tomato [Lycopersicon cheesmanii ssp. minor (Hook) C. H. Mull.] and a domestic cultivar (L. esculentum Mill. cv. Walter). Selections were made from resulting progenies for salinity tolerance at germination, seedling establishment, and the reproductive stage of their life cycle. The selected progenies were tested for survival and fruit production in salinized solution culture experiments, and in field greenhouse trials where they were irrigated with various dilutions of seawater applied to sand. Salt tolerance was shown to be a heritable trait. Plants selected from the F2 and successive backcrosses to ‘Walter’ survived and produced fruit when irrigated with up to 70% seawater in the sandy soil culture trials, whereas ‘Walter’ did not survive.
Offshoots vs. Stumps as Planting Materials for Globe Artichokes1
Authors: Ibrahim A. M. , Ryder E. J. , Rubatzky V. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Yield/plant of both stump-planted and offshoot-planted globe artichokes (Cynara scolymus L.) decreased as spacing decreased, but total yield increased. Highest yields were obtained at intermediate levels of number and spacing of shoots: 6 shoots/location at 1.2 × 1.2 m and 3 shoots/location at 1.2 × 0.9 m. Early yield of offshoot-planted artichokes was 7× that of stump-planted artichokes. Production from offshoots occurs in 2 discrete periods, a moderate yield 4 months after planting and a heavy yield during months 9 and 10. Production from stumps increased very slowly, peaking during the last 3 months of the experiment.
Low Oxygen Storage of Special Precooled ‘Kees Nelis’ and ‘Prominence’ Tulip Bulbs1
Authors: Prince T. A. , Herner R. C. , De Hertogh A. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flowering of ‘Kees Nelis’ (Tulipa gesneriana L.) tulip bulbs was not impaired after 4 weeks of storage at 17°C in either 3 or 5% oxygen. ‘Kees Nelis’ bulbs stored in air or 1% O2 for 4 or 6 weeks and ‘Prominence’ bulbs stored at any reduced O2 level for 4 or 6 weeks flowered unsatisfactorily. Bulbs specially precooled later in the forcing season yielded unsatisfactory flowering after storage at 17°C regardless of cultivar. Low O2 levels (1 to 5%) reduced the respiration rate of bulbs stored at 17°C for 6 weeks compared to bulbs stored in air. Storage of ‘Kees Nelis’ bulbs for 3 weeks in air with 5 ppm ethylene caused flower abortion upon forcing. Three or 5% O2 reduced ethylene-induced flower abortion during storage.
Opening and Vase Life Extension of Peach Flowers on Detached Shoots with Sucrose and Ethanol1
Authors: Davies Frederick S. , Muñoz Carlos E. , Sherman Wayne B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Detached shoots of double-flowered peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] selections Fla. 6-1 and Fla. 0-5 were successfully opened in floral solutions containing 1 to 10% sucrose in deionized water. Addition of 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC), gibberellic acid (GA3), or 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) to solutions did not extend vase life. Solution uptake rate decreased over the 8-day life of the shoots and was influenced by solution molarity. Xylem plugging by pectic-type materials increased with time in solution. Addition of 1% ethanol to the floral solution hastened time of first opening, decreased the extent of xylem plugging, and extended vase life. Ethanol at 2% extended vase life and increased solution uptake rate over solutions containing sucrose alone.
Frost Injury of Tender Plants Increased by Pseudomonas syringae van Hall1
Authors: Anderson J. A. , Buchanan D. W. , Stall R. E. , Hall C. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae van Hall, an ice nucleation active (INA) bacterium, increased frost susceptibility of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) when sprayed on leaves prior to low temperature stress. Tomato and soybean plants inoculated with INA bacteria were nucleated and frozen at −4° and −5°C respectively. Control plants that were free of INA bacteria supercooled and survived to −8°. A threshold INA bacterial concentration of about 4 × 105 cells/ml was necessary for ice nucleation. Ice nucleating active bacteria preconditioned at 2° showed a marked increase in efficiency of ice nucleation. Preconditioned INA bacteria had ice nucleation temperatures 5° higher than INA bacteria held at 21°.
Inhibitory Effects of Ammoniacal Nitrogen on Growth of Radish Plants. II. Investigation on the Possible Causes of Ammonium Toxicity to Radish Plants and Its Reversal by Nitrate1
Authors: Goyal S. S. , Huffaker R. C. , Lorenz O. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of NH4+ on several physiological and biochemical parameters of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) were determined. Photosynthetic CO2 fixation rates of radish plants cultured with NH4+ as the source of N were about 50% of those with NO3− but dark respiration rates were the same. Plants grown with NO3− fixed at least twice as much, 14CO2 in vitro into acid stable products using ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate, ribose 5-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric acid and phosphoenolpyruvic acid as substrates. This suggests that CO2 fixation both in light and darkness was decreased by NH4+ nutrition. Chlorophyll and total soluble protein concentration of plants, cultured with NH4+ as the source of N, were about 33% and 70%, respectively, of those cultured with NO3−. In vitro activities of glutamate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were higher and lower, respectively, in plants cultured with NH4+ over those with NO3. Results indicate that NH4+ toxicity in radish plants is closely related to inhibition of photosynthesis. Evidence is presented suggesting that NO3− facilitated NH4+ assimilation in radish plants.
Fluoride induced Chlorosis and Necrosis of Dracaena fragrans ‘Massangeana’1
Authors: Conover Charles A. , Poole Richard T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf mottling (chlorosis and necrosis) of Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker-Gawl. ‘Massangeana’ was most severe on plants receiving either superphosphate or sodium fluoride (NaF). Plants with most severe leaf mottling also had highest tissue levels of fluoride (F). Application of dolomite increased pH and reduced leaf mottling on plants that did not receive F applications, but had little effect on plants receiving 180 or 360 mg F/20 cm pot. Fluoride was implicated in leaf mottling of D. fragrans ‘Massangeana’ under interior environments.
Interaction of Peach Seedlings to NO3:NH4 Ratios in Nutrient Solutions1
Authors: Edwards J. H. , Horton B. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] seedlings of ‘Siberian C’, ‘Tzim Pee Tao’, NA 8, and 152A1–2 were grown for 64 days in nutrient solutions with constant N concentration, but the ratio of NO3 to NH4 in the nutrient solution varied from 100:0 to 0:100. The greatest growth occurred when the NO3:NH4 treatment was 50:50 or 25:75. The poorest growth occurred when NO3 was the sole N source in the nutrient solution. Significant interaction of nutrient concentrations occurred with the different rootstock and N ratios in all tissues studied. The N concentration in leaves and roots was highest in seedlings grown in N treatments of 100:0 or 75:25. The concentrations of P, Ca, and Mg in the leaves, stems, and roots of all cultivars decreased with each increment increase in the NH4 concentration in the nutrient solution. The relative growth rate and N uptake rate of all seedlings increased with high NH4 concentrations. The uptake rates of P, K, Ca, and Mg were highest for NO3:NH4 treatments of 50:50 or 25:75. Chlorosis developed on margins of leaves mid-way on the main stem on all seedlings with NO3:NH4 treatments 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100. The disorder occurred in the mature leaves of all cultivars but did not affect expanding leaves.
Net Photosynthesis, Dark Respiration, Transpiration, and Stomatal Resistance of Young and Mature Apple Trees as Influenced by Summer or Dormant Pruning1
Authors: Marini Richard P. , Barden John A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Young container-grown apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees and mature bearing trees were summer pruned either before or after shoot extension had ceased. Net photosynthesis, dark respiration, and transpiration of shoot leaves were increased by summer pruning, while stomatal resistance was decreased as compared to dormant pruned controls. These effects were more pronounced and of longer duration in basal leaves of container-grown trees and interior leaves of orchard trees than in distal or peripheral leaves, respectively.
Activated Carbon Protects Direct-seeded Tomatoes from Partially Selective Herbicides1
Authors: Romanowski R. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Activated carbon was applied in an anticrustant mixture with direct-seeded tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to protect them from diphenamid (N, N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide) and metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4-H)-one] injury. Commercially acceptable weed control and increased crop safety were obtained by the application of activated carbon with both herbicides.
Conditioning Florida Grapefruit to Reduce Chilling Injury during Low-temperature Storage1
Authors: Hatton T. T. , Cubbedge R. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Reduction of chilling injury (CI) during 1°C storage by conditioning treatments was determined on early (1975–76 test), midseason and late (1977–78 and 1978–79 tests) ‘Marsh’ and ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.). Constant storage at 1° for 28 days resulted in excessive CI; however, conditioning the fruit for 7 days at 10°, 16°, or 21° significantly reduced CI during 21 days of storage at 1°. Conditioning for fewer than 7 days resulted in significantly more CI. Treatment with 40% CO2 during 3 days of conditioning at 21° also reduced CI during low-temperature storage. Conditioning for 7 days at 10°, 16°, or 21° followed by a gradual lowering of the temperature to 1° was also effective. Placing the fruit at 10° for 14 days after 21 days of storage at 1° had no adverse effects; neither did an additional holding period of 7 days at 21°. Decay, mostly green mold rot caused by Penicillium digitatum Sacc., was negligible during storage but increased at 21°. At 21°, decay was sometimes related to the extent of CI during storage.
New Method of Degreening Lemons by a Combined Treatment of Ethylene-releasing Agents and Seal-packaging in High-density Polyethylene Film1
Authors: Ben-Yehoshua S. , Shapiro B. , Kobiler Ilana 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Conventional degreening of fruits of lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm f.] by ethylene gas or treating with the ethylene-releasing agents (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) or 2-chloroethyl-tris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, aggravates the development of various blemishes resulting, at times, in a loss of more than half of the fruit. Seal-packaging of lemons in 10 μm-thick film of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) markedly inhibited the development of blemishes. After 3 weeks’ storage, fruit commercially degreened with ethylene was 19.8 % blemished when unpackaged and 6.3% blemished when sealed in HDPE. Furthermore, this treatment delayed deterioration of fruit for a period longer than 6 months, much beyond that required for marketing. Spoilage resulting from blemishes, decay, softening, or overripe-coloration was much lower in sealed than in the non-sealed fruit. The combination of treatment with ethylene-releasing agents and HDPE seal-packaging permits degreening of lemons.