bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary functional morphology of the proboscis and feeding apparatus of hawk moths (Sphingidae: Lepidoptera)
Authors: Reinwald Caroline , Bauder Julia A.‐S. , Karolyi Florian , Neulinger Michael , Jaros Sarah , Metscher Brian , Krenn Harald W. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe morphology of the proboscis and associated feeding organs was studied in several nectar‐feeding hawk moths, as well as a specialized honey‐feeder and two supposedly nonfeeding species. The proboscis lengths ranged from a few millimeters to more than 200 mm. Despite the variation in proboscis length and feeding strategy, the principle external and internal composition of the galeae, the stipes pump, and the suction pump were similar across all species. The morphology of the smooth and slender proboscis is highly conserved among all lineages of nectar‐feeding Sphingidae. Remarkably, they share a typical arrangement of the sensilla at the tip. The number and length of sensilla styloconica are independent from proboscis length. A unique proboscis morphology was found in the honey‐feeding species Acherontia atropos. Here, the distinctly pointed apex displays a large subterminal opening of the food canal, and thus characterizes a novel type of piercing proboscis in Lepidoptera. In the probably nonfeeding species, the rudimentary galeae are not interlocked and the apex lacks sensilla styloconica; galeal muscles, however, are present. All studied species demonstrate an identical anatomy of the stipes, and suction pump, regardless of proboscis length and diet. Even supposedly nonfeeding Sphingidae possess all organs of the feeding apparatus, suggesting that their proboscis rudiments might still be functional. The morphometric analyses indicate significant positive correlations between galea lumen volume and stipes muscle volume as well as the volume of the food canal and the muscular volume of the suction pump. Size correlations of these functionally connected organs reflect morphological fine‐tuning in the evolution of proboscis length and function.
The whole‐genome sequencing of prevalent DENV‐1 strains during the largest dengue virus outbreak in Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture in 2019
Authors: Li Daiying , Long MingWang , Li Tingting , Shu Yun , Shan Xiyun , Zhang Juan , Ma Dehong , Long Shuying , Wang Xiaodan , Jia Fan , Pan Yue , Chen Junying , Liu Pinghua , Sun Qiangming 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn 2019, a serious dengue virus (DENV) infection broke out in the Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, China. Therefore, we conducted a molecular epidemiological analysis in people that contracted DENV serotype 1 (DENV‐1) during this year. We analyzed the molecular epidemiology of six DENV‐1 epidemic strains in 2019 by full‐length genome sequencing, amino acid mutation site analysis, evolutionary tree analysis, and recombination site comparison analysis. Through the analysis of amino acid mutation sites, it was found that DENV‐1 strain (MW386867) was different from the other five epidemic DENV‐1 strains in Xishuangbanna in 2019. MW386867 had unique mutation sites at six loci. The six epidemic DENV‐1 strains in Xishuangbanna in 2019 were divided into two clusters. MW386867 was highly similar to the MG679800 (Myanmar 2017), MG679801 (Myanmar 2017), and KC172834 (Laos 2008), and the other five strains were highly similar to JQ045660 (Vietnam 2011), FJ176780 (GuangDong 2006). Genetic recombination analysis revealed that there was no recombination signal in the six epidemic DENV‐1 strains in Xishuangbanna in 2019. We speculate that the DENV‐1 epidemic in 2019 has a co‐epidemic of local strains and cross‐border strains.
COVID‐19 immunopathology: From acute diseases to chronic sequelae
Authors: Arish Mohd , Qian Wei , Narasimhan Harish , Sun Jie 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe clinical manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) mainly targets the lung as a primary affected organ, which is also a critical site of immune cell activation by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). However, recent reports also suggest the involvement of extrapulmonary tissues in COVID‐19 pathology. The interplay of both innate and adaptive immune responses is key to COVID‐19 management. As a result, a robust innate immune response provides the first line of defense, concomitantly, adaptive immunity neutralizes the infection and builds memory for long‐term protection. However, dysregulated immunity, both innate and adaptive, can skew towards immunopathology both in acute and chronic cases. Here we have summarized some of the recent findings that provide critical insight into the immunopathology caused by SARS‐CoV‐2, in acute and post‐acute cases. Finally, we further discuss some of the immunomodulatory drugs in preclinical and clinical trials for dampening the immunopathology caused by COVID‐19.
Native and activated antithrombin inhibits TMPRSS2 activity and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Authors: Wettstein Lukas , Immenschuh Patrick , Weil Tatjana , Conzelmann Carina , Almeida‐Hernández Yasser , Hoffmann Markus , Kempf Amy , Nehlmeier Inga , Lotke Rishikesh , Petersen Moritz , Stenger Steffen , Kirchhoff Frank , Sauter Daniel , Pöhlmann Stefan , Sanchez‐Garcia Elsa , Münch Jan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHost cell proteases such as TMPRSS2 are critical determinants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) tropism and pathogenesis. Here, we show that antithrombin (AT), an endogenous serine protease inhibitor regulating coagulation, is a broad‐spectrum inhibitor of coronavirus infection. Molecular docking and enzyme activity assays demonstrate that AT binds and inhibits TMPRSS2, a serine protease that primes the Spike proteins of coronaviruses for subsequent fusion. Consequently, AT blocks entry driven by the Spikes of SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, hCoV‐229E, SARS‐CoV‐2 and its variants of concern including Omicron, and suppresses lung cell infection with genuine SARS‐CoV‐2. Thus, AT is an endogenous inhibitor of SARS‐CoV‐2 that may be involved in COVID‐19 pathogenesis. We further demonstrate that activation of AT by anticoagulants, such as heparin or fondaparinux, increases the anti‐TMPRSS2 and anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 activity of AT, suggesting that repurposing of native and activated AT for COVID‐19 treatment should be explored.
Shank3 influences mammalian sleep development
Authors: Medina Elizabeth , Schoch Hannah , Ford Kaitlyn , Wintler Taylor , Singletary Kristan G. , Peixoto Lucia 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSleep problems are prevalent in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), can be observed before diagnosis, and are associated with increased restricted and repetitive behaviors. Therefore, sleep abnormalities may be a core feature of the disorder, but the developmental trajectory remains unknown. Animal models provide a unique opportunity to understand sleep ontogenesis in ASD. Previously we showed that adult mice with a truncation in the high‐confidence ASD gene Shank3 (Shank3∆C) recapitulate the clinical sleep phenotype. In this study we used longitudinal electro‐encephalographic (EEG) recordings to define, for the first time, changes in sleep from weaning to young adulthood in an ASD mouse model. We show that Shank3∆C male mice sleep less overall throughout their lifespan, have increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep early in life despite significantly reduced non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and have abnormal responses to increased sleep pressure that emerge during a specific developmental period. We demonstrate that the ability to fall asleep quickly in response to sleep loss develops normally between 24 and 30 days in mice. However, mutants are unable to reduce sleep latency after periods of prolonged waking and maintain the same response to sleep loss regardless of age. This phenomenon seems independent of homeostatic NREM sleep slow‐wave dynamics. Overall, our study recapitulates both preclinical models and clinical studies showing that reduced sleep is consistently associated with ASD and suggests that problems falling asleep may reflect abnormal development of sleep and arousal mechanisms.
Cervical disc arthroplasty combined with two‐level ACDF for the treatment of contiguous three‐level cervical degenerative disc disease: A comparative study
Authors: Huang Kangkang , Liu Hao , Wang Beiyu , Wu Tingkui , Ding Chen , He Junbo , Meng Yang , Wang Han , Hong Ying 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTo compare the differences among constructs with one‐level cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) and two‐level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). A retrospective study was conducted involving patients who underwent one‐level CDA and two‐level ACDF between June 2012 and July 2020. According to the different locations of CDA and ACDF, we divided the constructs into three types: type Ⅰa: CDA‐ACDF‐ACDF; type Ⅰb: ACDF‐CDA‐ACDF; type Ⅰc: ACDF‐ACDF‐CDA. The differences of clinical and radiological outcomes were evaluated. Fifty‐three patients were included with 29 in type Ⅰa group, 11 in type Ⅰb group, and 13 in type Ⅰc group. After surgery, all groups showed significant improvement in apanese Orthopedic Association, Neck Disability Index, and Visual Analog Scale scores (p < 0.001). Range of motion (ROM) of the total cervical spine in type Ⅰc group decreased significantly compared with those in type Ⅰa and type Ⅰb groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences in ROM of the arthroplasty segment and the variations in ROM of the superior adjacent segment were observed among the three groups. The fusion rates of the superior ACDF segments were significantly higher at 6 and 12 months postoperatively than those of the inferior ACDF segments (p < 0.05). The clinical outcomes were similar among constructs concerning different locations of CDA and ACDF in three‐level hybrid surgery. ROM of the cervical spine in type Ⅰc group decreased significantly compared with that in type Ⅰa and type Ⅰb groups. The fusion rates of superior ACDF segments were higher at early time points after surgery than those of inferior ACDF segments.
Vasculogenic gene therapy: No role for revitalization of structural bone allografts
Authors: Rezaie Elisa S. , Visser Noortje J. , van den Berg Catherine , Shin Alexander Y. , Bishop Allen T. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSegmental bone defects are often performed with cryopreserved allografts. They provide immediate stability, but risk nonunion, infection and late stress fracture. Improving the rate and extent of bone revitalization may improve results. Angiogenesis from surgically placed arteriovenous (AV) bundles improves bone blood flow and vitality in cryopreserved rat femora, augmented by vasculogenic growth factors. This study tests the same principal in Yucatan mini‐pigs with a tibial diaphyseal defect, combining surgical angiogenesis with angiogenic gene therapy within cryopreserved orthotopically‐placed allografts. Tibial diaphyseal defects were reconstructed with cryopreserved allografts and rigid internal fixation in 16 mini pigs. Half of the cranial tibial AV bundles placed within the allograft medullary canal were transfected with an adeno‐associated virus containing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) genes (AAV9.VEGF.PDGF). Bone remodeling, angiogenesis, and allograft healing were assessed. During the postoperative survival period 5 of 8 transfected animals developed cutaneous benign vascular lesions at sites remote from the operated hindlimb, causing excessive bleeding. Within the allograft, both medullary (p = 0.013) and cortical (p = 0.009) vascular volumes were higher and vessels more mature than nontransfected allografts. Bone turnover (p = 0.013), bone mineralization (p = 0.018), bone healing (p = 0.008) and graft incorporation (p = 0.006) were all significantly higher in the gene therapy group. In a large animal tibial defect model, gene therapy of implanted AV bundles improved revascularization, remodeling and healing of cryopreserved allografts used for limb reconstruction. However, benign vascular lesions causing excessive bleeding developed in 5 out of 8 pigs transfected with AAV containing genes for VEGF and PDGF. This unforeseen complication makes vasculogenic gene therapy unacceptable for clinical use.
Age‐related decrease in periostin expression may be associated with attenuated fracture healing in old mice
Authors: Clark Daniel , Doelling Jeffrey , Hu Diane , Miclau Theodore , Nakamura Mary , Marcucio Ralph 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOlder adults suffer more bone fractures with higher rates of healing complications and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. An improved understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanism of fracture healing and how such processes are perturbed with increasing age may allow for better treatment options to manage fractures in older adults. Macrophages are attractive therapeutics due to their role in several phases of fracture healing. After injury, bone marrow–derived macrophages are recruited to the injury and propagate the inflammatory response, contribute to resolution of inflammation, and promote bone regeneration. A tissue resident population of macrophages named osteal macrophages are present in the periosteum and are directly associated with osteoblasts and these cells contribute to bone formation. Here, we utilized bulk RNA sequencing to analyze the transcriptional activity of osteal macrophages from old and young mice present in primary calvarial cultures. Macrophages demonstrated a diverse transcriptional profile, expressing genes involved in immune function as well as wound healing and regeneration. Periostin was significantly downregulated in macrophages from old mice compared to young. Periostin is an extracellular matrix protein with important functions that promote osteoblast activity during bone regeneration. An age‐related decrease of periostin expression was verified in the fracture callus of old mice compared to young. Young periostin knockout mice demonstrated attenuated fracture healing outcomes that reflected what is observed in old mice. This study supports an important role of periostin in fracture healing, and therapeutically targeting the age‐related decrease in periostin may improve healing outcomes in older populations.
Unravelling pine response to Fusarium circinatum through Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Martín Daniel , Santos Inês P. , Monteiro Pedro , Amaral Joana , da Costa Ricardo M. F. , Martín‐Garcia Jorge , Batista de Carvalho Luís A. E. , Marques Maria Paula M. , Pinto Glória 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPine Pitch Canker (PPC), caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum, is associated to significant economic and ecological losses worldwide. The effectiveness of PPC monitoring, early detection in nurseries and plantations, and the identification of resistant plant material relies on the development of objective, non‐destructive, and cost‐effective tools. This study analyzed the potential of employing Raman Spectroscopy (RS) for the early detection of biochemical changes associated with PPC in Pinus spp. with different susceptibilities to F. circinatum (highly susceptible Pinus radiata vs relatively resistant Pinus pinea), while unveiling possible mechanisms of action on these pathosystems. Our results indicate lignin as a key constitutive component of pine resistance against PPC and thus the potential of using this technology for the selection of PPC resistant trees. Moreover, we demonstrate the power of RS‐based approaches for the rapid detection of the disease in susceptible species. Early spectral variations were found in P. radiata upon inoculation with F. circinatum from 3 days post‐inoculation (dpi) onwards, whereas changes in histological analysis, relative internal stem necrosis measurements, and visual disease symptoms were only visible at 6, 8, and 9 dpi, respectively. These spectral changes have been associated to cell wall degradation and induction of phenolic compounds synthesis upon infection in P. radiata. Altogether, we believe that RS is an innovative promising tool able to reduce disease detection time in pine species and providing an appealing alternative for the development of new and eco‐friendly disease control measures.
Ultrasound‐Guided Capsular Thyroid Injection Therapy With Dexamethasone and Lidocaine Mixture for Subacute Thyroiditis
Authors: Huo Jinlong , Chen Chen , Gao Dan , Yang Li , Qu Rui , Jiang Hang , Chen Xin , Guo Youming , Zhu Shuanghong , Ou Dong , Zhao Lijin 
Published: September 2022

ObjectivesSubacute thyroiditis (SAT) is a self‐limiting, inflammatory thyroid disease possibly caused by viral infection. In recent years, the incidence of SAT is increasing, especially during the pandemic of the COVID‐19. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and recovery time of capsular thyroid injection therapy under ultrasound guidance for SAT.MethodsA total of 73 patients with SAT were divided into two groups. Patients in group A (n = 48) received an ultrasound‐guided capsular injection consisting of dexamethasone (DEX) and lidocaine in the thyroid lesion area, while patients in group B (n = 25) received oral prednisolone (PSL). The two groups were compared for pain relief and treatment duration, the recovery time of thyroid function, recurrence rates, hypothyroidism incidence, and drug‐related side effects.ResultsThe follow‐up time was 1 year. In group A, the duration of pain relief, treatment, and recovery time of thyroid function were significantly shorter than that in group B (P < .05), and no statistically significant differences in recurrence rate or incidence of hypothyroidism were observed (P > .05). Weight gain was significantly higher in group A at the end of treatment (P < .001).ConclusionsCompared with oral PSL treatment, ultrasound‐guided local injection of DEX and lidocaine into the capsular thyroid is a safe and effective procedure that can significantly reduce the treatment time of SAT.
Advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of renal epithelioid angiomyolipoma: A narrative review
Authors: Yang Jian‐Wei , Liang Cheng , Yang Li 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRenal epithelioid angiomyolipoma (EAML) is a unique subtype of angiomyolipoma that contains a variety of cytoplasmic‐rich, eosinophilic cytoplasm epithelioid cells in addition to mature adipocytes, hyaline thick‐walled vessels, and smooth muscle‐like spindle cells. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that EAML is a potentially malignant tumor. Due to the lack of typical clinical manifestations and imaging features, it is difficult to diagnose before surgery, and the diagnosis mainly depends on postoperative histopathological examination. With the advancement of pathological diagnostic techniques, more EAML cases has been discovered, but clinicians still lack a comprehensive understanding of EAML. This review comprehensively describes some pathological and clinical features of EAML, with special attention to the pathogenesis and treatment of malignant EAML in order to assist with clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Changes in quantity and quality of dissolved organic carbon in purple soil: Roles of land use and soil depth
Authors: Liang Ke , Bi Yunfei , He Binghui , Feng Mengdie , Xi Peidong , Li Tianyang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the substrate for microbial activities and regulates the biogeochemical cycle of carbon. Considerable areas of croplands have been converted to secondary forest and economic plantation following the implementation of Grain‐for‐Green Program projects in China, markedly altering the quantity and quality of topsoil DOC. However, the extent and magnitude of these land use changes affecting soil DOC remain largely unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of different land uses and soil depths on topsoil DOC quantity and quality. Soil samples were collected from secondary forest (SF), orchards/plantations (OP), and cropland (CL) at 0–5, 5–10, 10–15, and 15–20 cm soil depths, respectively, from a representative purple soil hillslope, Southwest China. Soil DOC concentration and related UV–visible absorbance characteristics were determined to assesss respectively the quantity and quality of DOC. Results showed that DOC concentration was 44% lower in the OP than in the SF and CL. Higher ratios of UV absorbance value at 254, 260, and 400 nm to DOC concentration (i.e., SUAV254, SUVA260, and C:C ratio), electronic conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total nitrogen (TN) concentration were found in the OP rather than in the SF and CL. The SUAV254, SUVA260, SOC, and TN concentration were the highest at 0–5 cm soil depth. DOC concentration showed negative relationships with most UV absorbance values, SUAV254, SUVA260, and C:C ratio. Soil EC, CEC, and pH were closely correlated with the DOC concentration and its UV–visible variables. Our results indicated that DOC was relatively richer in aromatic and humic substances in the OP, providing valuable information for sustainable ecological restoration and land use management.
Spatial–temporal variation analysis of water storage and its impacts on ecology and environment in high‐intensity coal mining areas
Authors: Sun Yilin , Jiang Jinbao , Yang Fei , Chen Xuhui , Yu Zijian , Guo Qiyu , Zhao Yinpeng 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn common with other important coal bases in northwestern China, the hydrology and ecology and environment of Ordos, northern Shaanxi (Shanbei), and Shanxi Provinces have much. Terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA), soil moisture anomaly (SMA), and groundwater storage anomaly (GWSA), are important water storage qualities that play a critical role in the distribution and growth of vegetation. In this paper, multi‐source remote sensing data were used to analyze the spatial–temporal changes and relationships of water storage, ecology and environment from 2002 to 2020. The numerical results showed the TWSA and GWSA in the study area had a declining trend and the rates were −7.512 mm yr‐1 and −8.268 mm yr‐1, respectively. On the contrary, the SMS showed an increasing trend, and the rate was 0.840 mm yr‐1. By trend variation and correlation analysis, we found GWSA is the main part in the variation of TWSA. By further analysis, it was found that the climate factors are not the major factors causing the variation of GWSA, but coal mining and artificial irrigation activities, which are especially clear in the Taihang Mountains in eastern Shanxi Province. The ecology and environment have been improving, and water storage and climate factors have played a different role in different regions. The warm climate conditions and the increased 0–40 cm of soil water have promoted the growth of vegetation and the improvement of the ecology and environment. The research results are helpful to understand the impacts of water storage on the ecology and environment in high‐intensity coal mining areas.