bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A model of wild bee populations accounting for spatial heterogeneity and climate‐induced temporal variability of food resources at the landscape level
Authors: Blasi Maria , Clough Yann , Jönsson Anna Maria , Sahlin Ullrika 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe viability of wild bee populations and the pollination services that they provide are driven by the availability of food resources during their activity period and within the surroundings of their nesting sites. Changes in climate and land use influence the availability of these resources and are major threats to declining bee populations. Because wild bees may be vulnerable to interactions between these threats, spatially explicit models of population dynamics that capture how bee populations jointly respond to land use at a landscape scale and weather are needed. Here, we developed a spatially and temporally explicit theoretical model of wild bee populations aiming for a middle ground between the existing mapping of visitation rates using foraging equations and more refined agent‐based modeling. The model is developed forBombussp. and captures within‐season colony dynamics. The model describes mechanistically foraging at the colony level and temporal population dynamics for an average colony at the landscape level. Stages in population dynamics are temperature‐dependent triggered by a theoretical generalized seasonal progression, which can be informed by growing degree days. The purpose of the LandscapePhenoBee model is to evaluate the impact of system changes and within‐season variability in resources on bee population sizes and crop visitation rates. In a simulation study, we used the model to evaluate the impact of the shortage of food resources in the landscape arising from extreme drought events in different types of landscapes (ranging from different proportions of semi‐natural habitats and early and late flowering crops) on bumblebee populations.
Experimental insect suppression causes loss of induced, but not constitutive, resistance in Solanum carolinense
Authors: Coverdale Tyler C. , Agrawal Anurag A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSpatiotemporal variation in herbivory is a major driver of intraspecific variation in plant defense. Comparatively little is known, however, about how changes in herbivory regime affect the balance of constitutive and induced resistance, which are often considered alternative defensive strategies. Here, we investigated how nearly a decade of insect herbivore suppression affected constitutive and induced resistance in horsenettle (Solanum carolinense), a widespread herbaceous perennial. We allowed replicated horsenettle populations to respond to the presence or absence of herbivores by applying insecticide to all plants in half of 16 field plots. Horsenettle density rapidly increased in response to insecticide treatment, and this effect persisted for at least 4 years after the cessation of herbivore suppression. We subsequently grew half‐sibling families from seeds collected during and shortly after insecticide treatment in a common garden and found strong effects of insect suppression on induced resistance. Feeding trials in field mesocosms with false Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa juncta), a common specialist herbivore, revealed that multiyear herbivore suppression drove rapid attenuation of induced resistance: offspring of plants from insect‐suppression plots exhibited a near‐complete loss of induced resistance to beetles, whereas those from control plots incurred ~70% less damage after experimental induction. Plants from insect‐suppression plots also had ~40% greater constitutive resistance compared with those from control plots, although this difference was not statistically significant. We nonetheless detected a strong trade‐off between constitutive and induced resistance across families. In contrast, the constitutive expression of trypsin inhibitors (TI), an important chemical defense trait in horsenettle, was reduced by 20% in the offspring of plants from insect‐suppression plots relative to those from control plots. However, TIs were induced to an equal extent whether or not insect herbivores had been historically suppressed. Although several defense and performance traits (prickle density, TI concentration, resistance against false Colorado potato beetles and flea beetles, biomass, and seed mass) varied markedly across families, no traits exhibited significant pairwise correlations. Overall, our results indicate that, whereas the divergent responses of multiple defense traits to insect suppression led to comparatively small changes in overall constitutive resistance, they significantly reduced induced resistance against false Colorado potato beetle.
PAD2 immunization induces ACPA in wild‐type and HLA‐DR4 humanized mice
Authors: Hemon Marie F. , Lambert Nathalie C. , Roudier Jean , Auger Isabelle 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with HLA‐DRB1 alleles expressing the "shared epitope." RA is usually preceded by the emergence of anti‐citrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPAs). ACPAs recognize citrulline residues on numerous proteins. Conversion of arginine into citrulline is performed by enzymes called peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs). We have previously demonstrated that C3H mice immunized with PADs can produce ACPAs by a hapten‐carrier mechanism.Here, we address the influence of HLA‐DR alleles in this model in mice expressing RA‐associated HLA‐DRB1*04:01 (KO/KI*04:01), HLA‐DRB1*04:04 (KO/KI*04:04), or non‐RA‐associated HLA‐DRB1*04:02 (KO/KI*04:02) after murine PAD2 immunization.Immunization with mPAD2 triggers production of ACPAs in wild‐type (WT) and HLA‐DR4 C57BL/6 mice. Both I‐Ab and HLA‐DR are involved in the activation of mPAD2‐specific T lymphocytes. Among HLA‐DR4 mice, mice expressing RA‐associated HLA‐DRB1*04:01 are the best responders to mPAD2 and the best anti‐citrullinated peptide antibody producers.
Impact of loading rate during hybrid simulation on seismic response of steel structures
Authors: Huang Xu , Tabkhi Amir Reza , Sadeghian Vahid , Kwon Oh‐Sung 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis study investigates the influence of loading rates on the seismic response of steel structures. A series of coupon tests under typical earthquake‐induced loading rates are carried out. In addition to the conventional monotonic tension test, the specimens are also tested under a discontinuous loading protocol that is analogous to the ramp‐and‐hold scheme employed in the pseudo‐dynamic hybrid simulations. The test results are used to develop a uniaxial steel material model to account for the strain rate effect and stress relaxation. The material model facilitates the reuse of existing steel hysteresis models and can be used to model different structural components, such as columns, beams, braces, etc. The material model is then used for a parametric study to evaluate the impact of various loading rates on the global seismic response of a single degree of freedom structural system with different structural periods, and types and intensities of ground motions. It is found that the impact of loading rates is more significant for structures with a period of 0.5 s or less and it thus requires a fast control of the physical specimen in pseudo‐dynamic hybrid testing. In addition, the material model is applied to a five‐storey buckling restrained braced frame (BRBF) building with a structural period of 1.2 s. It is found that the earthquake‐induced loading rates have a minor impact on the global response of the structure.
The myths and misconceptions of change for STEM reform: From fixing students to fixing institutions
Authors: Robinson Tykeia N. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA common critique of current programs and initiatives designed to address and eradicate persistent racial disparities in undergraduate STEM education is the focus on student outcomes as an indicator of project performance. This chapter will explore the existing literature on STEM reform through the lens of organizational change highlighting the unique ways that current practice falls short of the radical change necessary for eradicating structural barriers to inclusion in STEM education. Key concepts of organizational learning, organizational change, and institutional capacity building will be presented to inform the subsequent synthesis of the myths and misconceptions of organizational change that will follow. The myths and misconceptions of designing and implementing institutional change are presented with corresponding truths of sustaining and institutionalizing organizational change and transformation.
Comparison of infection‐induced and vaccine‐induced immunity against COVID‐19 in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: John Binu V. , Doshi Akash , Ferreira Raphaella D. , Taddei Tamar H. , Kaplan David E. , Spector Seth A. , Deng Yangyang , Bastaich Dustin , Dahman Bassam 
Published: June 2022

Background and Aims:
Immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2 can be infection or vaccine‐induced. Cirrhosis is associated with vaccine hyporesponsiveness, but whether there is decreased immunity after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in unvaccinated patients with cirrhosis is unknown.
The objective of our study was to compare infection‐induced and vaccine‐induced immunity against COVID‐19 among patients with cirrhosis.

Methods:
This was a retrospective cohort study among US Veterans with cirrhosis between November 27, 2020, and November 16, 2021, comparing a vaccine‐induced immunity group, defined as participants without a documented SARS‐CoV‐2 infection but fully vaccinated with two doses of an mRNA vaccine, and infection‐associated immunity group, defined as unvaccinated participants who had a positive SARS‐CoV‐2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Both groups were propensity score matched for observed characteristics, including location, and the date of the immunity acquiring event, to control for the community prevalence of COVID‐19 variants. The outcome was a positive SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR more than 60 days after previous infection in the infection‐induced, or after full vaccination in the vaccine‐induced immunity group.

Results:
We compared 634 participants in the infection‐induced immunity group with 27,131 participants in the vaccine‐induced immunity group using inverse propensity of treatment weighting. Vaccine‐induced immunity was associated with a reduced odds of developing SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16–0.20, p < 0.0001). On multivariable logistic regression, vaccine‐induced immunity was associated with reduced odds of developing symptomatic (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.36; 95% CI, 0.33–0.41, p < 0.0001), moderate/severe/critical (aOR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.22–0.31, p < 0.0001), and severe or critical COVID‐19 (aOR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.16–0.26, p < 0.001), compared with infection‐induced immunity.

Conclusions:
In participants with cirrhosis, vaccine‐induced immunity is associated with reduced risk of developing COVID‐19, compared with infection‐induced immunity.
SDHA/B reduction promotes hepatocellular carcinoma by facilitating the deNEDDylation of cullin1 and stabilizing YAP/TAZ
Authors: Yuan Tao , Zhou Tianyi , Qian Meijia , Du Jiamin , Liu Yue , Wang Jia'er , Li Yonghao , Fan Guanghan , Yan Fangjie , Dai Xiaoyang , Li Xiawei , Wu Yulian , Dong Xin , He Qiaojun , Zhu Hong , Yang Bo 
Published: June 2022

Background and Aims:
Succinate dehydrogenase enzyme (SDH) is frequently diminished in samples from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and SDH reduction is associated with elevated succinate level and poor prognosis in patients with HCC. However, the underlying mechanisms of how impaired SDH activity promotes HCC remain unclear.

Approach and Results:
In this study, we observed remarkable downregulations of SDH subunits A and B (SDHA/B) in chronic liver injury–induced murine HCC models and patient samples. Subsequent RNA sequencing, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry analyses of HCC samples revealed that Yes‐associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ‐binding motif (TAZ) were significantly upregulated in HCC, with their levels inversely correlating with that of SDHA/B. YAP/TAZ stability was greatly enhanced in SDHA/B‐depleted HCC cells along with accumulation of succinate. Further mechanistic analyses demonstrated that impaired activity of SDHA/B resulted in succinate accumulation, which facilitated the deNEDDylation of cullin1 and therefore disrupted the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCFβ‐TrCP complex, consequently leading to YAP/TAZ stabilization and activation in HCC cells. The accelerated in vitro cell proliferation and in vivo tumor growth caused by SDHA/B reduction or succinate exposure were largely dependent on the aberrant activation of YAP/TAZ.

Conclusions:
Our study demonstrated that SDHA/B reduction promotes HCC proliferation by preventing the proteasomal degradation of YAP/TAZ through modulating cullin1 NEDDylation, thus binding SDH‐deficient HCC cells to YAP/TAZ pathway and rendering these cells vulnerable to YAP/TAZ inhibition. Our findings warrant further investigation on the therapeutic effects of targeting YAP/TAZ in patients with HCC displaying reduced SDHA/B or elevated succinate levels.
Exploring the perspectives of clinicians on solutions to tackling physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour in older hospital patients
Authors: Jasper Unyime , Visvanathan Renuka , Dollard Joanne , Yu Solomon , Jadczak Agathe Daria 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectiveDespite growing research on sedentary behaviour and physical activity among hospitalised older people, there is little evidence of effective intervention strategies. This study sought input from clinical staff from various health professions on strategies to increase physical activity and reduce sedentariness for hospitalised older people.MethodsA 60‐minute focus group discussion involving two physiotherapists, two occupational therapists, one doctor, one nurse and one social worker was conducted. Participants were recruited from a subacute geriatric ward and an acute orthopaedic ward with an orthogeriatric service at a general hospital. Data were thematically analysed.ResultsSix strategies to reduce sedentary behaviour and increase physical activity were identified: clear and positive communication for patients and family/carers; educating patients and family/carers; involving family/carers and volunteers; setting physical activity goals; utilising group activities and activities of daily living (ADL); and making the hospital environment activity‐friendly.ConclusionsThis research has revealed novel strategies to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour in hospital. The next step is to design interventions for testing.
Effect of economic uncertainty on public health expenditure in Economic Community of West African States: Implications for sustainable healthcare financing
Authors: Iheoma Chukwunonso Gerald 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis study investigates the dynamic effect of economic uncertainty on public health expenditure in the Economic Community of West African States region. The investigation is motivated by the recent volatilities in the global economy in the face of increasing demand for adequate funding of health systems in the region, and the need to fill the existing gap in the literature. The study employs the panel autoregressive distributed lag model to express the theoretical relationship between public health expenditure per capita, economic uncertainty and population growth rate, and estimates the model parameters using the mean group and the pooled mean group estimators, after accounting for stationarity and cointegration. Results reveal that on the aggregate, economic uncertainty and population growth are significant determinants of per capita health spending in the long run. When the countries are disaggregated by income groups, evidence suggests that in low‐income countries, economic uncertainty is negatively associated with health spending in the short run, while a growing population reduces health spending per capita in the long run. In lower‐middle‐income countries, economic uncertainty increases health spending in the short run, but reduces it in the long run as uncertainty persists, while population growth negatively impacts health spending in the long run. We conclude that the dependence on public funding of the health system in the region appears unsustainable. Thus, health financing policies need to explore alternative funding mechanisms that entrench cost‐sharing between the public and private financiers.
A comparative study on the results of beating and arrested heart isolated tricuspid valve surgery: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Bigdelu Leila , Azari Ali , Mashayekhi Zarrin , Dadgarmoghaddam Maliheh , Baradaran Rahimi Vafa 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackground and AimsThe isolated tricuspid valve surgery is performed using beating or arrested heart surgery. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the results of patients who underwent isolated tricuspid valve surgery using the beating and arrested heart techniques.MethodsIn this retrospective observational study, all patients undergoing isolated tricuspid valve surgery between 2011 and 2018 were included. The patient's demographic information, echocardiographic, surgery, and hospitalization results were collected, and the EuroSCORE was calculated from the patient's medical records.ResultsFifty‐three patients were included in the study of which 21 (39.63%) and 32 (60.37%) underwent a beating heart and arrested heart surgeries, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two studied groups in the echocardiographic results before and after the surgery, total hospitalization days (p = 0.56), and the mortality in the first 30 days after the surgery (p = 0.152). However, the duration of surgery (p < 0.001), EuroSCORE (p = 0.005), and patients who underwent lateral thoracotomy (p = 0.007) were notably lower in the arrested heart than in the beating heart group. In contrast, the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and hospitalization in an intensive care unit after the surgery was remarkably lower in the beating heart than in the arrested heart group (p < 0.001 for both cases).ConclusionAlthough there were some significant differences between the two kinds of surgery techniques, it seems superficial that made a particular decision to consider each method's superiority. Therefore, further studies with larger populations and meta‐analyses are required to recommend the preferred method for the surgeons certainly.
Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage presenting as an acute scrotum: A case report on the rare presentation of right adrenal hemorrhage and contralateral left scrotal hematoma
Authors: Okamoto Takashi , Kajiwara Sinya , Sekito Sho , Shibahara Takuji , Onishi Takehisa 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionAcute swelling and discoloration of the scrotum in a newborn is a rare condition and can have several causes such as testicular torsion, trauma, inguinal hernia, hydrocele, or adrenal hemorrhage.Case presentationWe report a neonate of adrenal hemorrhage presenting clinically as the acute scrotum. Definitive diagnosis was defined by ultrasonography and computed tomography scan, and the conservative management was successfully performed.ConclusionAdrenal hemorrhage should be considered as one of the causes of acute scrotum in newborns. The abdominal ultrasonography, as well as the scrotal ultrasonography, should be performed routinely to achieve a definitive diagnosis to avoid unnecessary invasive procedures.
Inhibition of HMGB1/RAGE Signaling Reduces the Incidence of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) in Mice
Authors: Gkouveris Ioannis , Hadaya Danny , Elzakra Naseim , Soundia Akrivoula , Bezouglaia Olga , Dry Sarah M , Pirih Flavia , Aghaloo Tara , Tetradis Sotirios 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a severe complication of antiresorptive or antiangiogenic medications, used in the treatment of bone malignancy or osteoporosis. Bone necrosis, mainly represented by osteocytic death, is always present in MRONJ sites; however, the role of osteocyte death in MRONJ pathogenesis is unknown. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a non-histone nucleoprotein that in its acetylated form accumulates in the cytoplasm, whereas non-acetylated HMGB1 localizes in the nucleus. SIRT1 deacetylase regulates cellular localization of HMGB1. Interestingly, HMGB1 is released during cell necrosis and promotes inflammation through signaling cascades, including activation of the RAGE receptor. Here, we utilized a well-established mouse MRONJ model that utilizes ligature-induced experimental periodontitis (EP) and treatment with either vehicle or zolendronic acid (ZA). Initially, we evaluated HMGB1-SIRT1 expression in osteocytes at 1, 2, and 4 weeks of treatment. Significantly increased cytoplasmic and perilacunar HMGB1 expression was observed at EP sites of ZA versus vehicle (Veh) animals at all time points. SIRT1 colocalized with cytoplasmic HMGB1 and presented a statistically significant increased expression at the EP sites of ZA animals for all time points. RAGE expression was significantly higher in the submucosal tissues EP sites of ZA animals compared with those in vehicle group. To explore the significance of increased cytoplasmic and extracellular HMGB1 and increased RAGE expression in MRONJ pathogenesis, we used pharmacologic inhibitors of these molecules. Combined HMGB1/RAGE inhibition resulted in lower MRONJ incidence with statistically significant decrease in osteonecrotic areas and bone exposure versus non-inhibitor treated ZA animals. Together, our data point to the role of HMGB1 as a central alarmin, overexpressed at early phase of MRONJ pathogenesis during osteocytic death. Moreover, HMGB1-RAGE pathway may represent a new promising therapeutic target in patients at high risk of MRONJ. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Frontline polatuzumab vedotin for diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: A survey of clinician impressions
Authors: Major Ajay , Cliff Edward R. Scheffer , Ermann Daniel A. , Durani Urshila , Russler‐Germain David A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn the POLARIX trial, pola‐R‐CHP demonstrated improved progression‐free survival (PFS) compared to R‐CHOP in untreated intermediate‐ to high‐risk DLBCL. We surveyed practicing clinicians regarding their interpretation of POLARIX, including impressions of efficacy, safety, and cost. Of 174 respondents, most from academic centers (82%) in the United States (57%), 70% stated they would not replace R‐CHOP with pola‐R‐CHP due to insufficient PFS difference, lack of overall survival benefit, and excessive cost. Respondents not recommending pola‐R‐CHP expressed concerns about financial implications for both society and patients. We observed considerable heterogeneity in both study interpretation and plans for real‐world implementation of pola‐R‐CHP.