bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plastics-to-syngas photocatalysed by Co–Ga2O3 nanosheets
Authors: Xu Jiaqi , Jiao Xingchen , Zheng Kai , Shao Weiwei , Zhu Shan , Li Xiaodong , Zhu Junfa , Pan Yang , Sun Yongfu , Xie Yi 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Plastics take hundreds of years to degrade naturally, while their chemical degradation typically requires high temperature and pressure. Here, we first utilize solar energy to realize the sustainable and efficient plastic-to-syngas conversion with the aid of water at ambient conditions. As an example, the commercial plastic bags could be efficiently photoconverted into renewable syngas by Co–Ga2O3 nanosheets, with hydrogen and carbon monoxide formation rates of 647.8 and 158.3 μmol g−1 h−1. In situ characterizations and labelling experiments unveil water is photoreduced into hydrogen, while non-recyclable plastics including polyethylene bags, polypropylene boxes and polyethylene terephthalate bottles are photodegraded into carbon dioxide, which is further selectively photoreduced into carbon monoxide. In-depth investigation illustrates that the efficiency of syngas production mainly depends on the carbon dioxide reduction process and hence photocatalysts of high carbon dioxide reduction activity should be designed to promote the efficiency of plastic-to-syngas conversion in the future. The concept for the photoreforming of non-recyclable plastics into renewable syngas helps to eradicate ‘white pollution’ and alleviate the energy crisis simultaneously.
Phase II Clinical and Translational Study of Everolimus ± Paclitaxel as First-Line Therapy in Cisplatin-Ineligible Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: Jun Tomi , Hahn Noah M , Sonpavde Guru , Albany Constantine , MacVicar Gary R , Hauke Ralph , Fleming Mark , Gourdin Theodore , Jana Bagi , Oh William K , Taik Patricia , Wang Huan , Varadarajan Ajay Ramakrishnan , Uzilov Andrew , Galsky Matthew D 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Treatment options have been historically limited for cisplatin-ineligible patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC). Given the need for alternatives to platinum-based chemotherapy, including non-chemotherapy regimens for patients with both impaired renal function and borderline functional status, in 2010 (prior to the immune checkpoint blockade era in metastatic UC), we initiated a phase II trial to test the activity of everolimus or everolimus plus paclitaxel in the cisplatin-ineligible setting.

Methods
This was an open-label phase II trial conducted within the US-based Hoosier Cancer Research Network (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01215136). Patients who were cisplatin-ineligible with previously untreated advanced UC were enrolled. Patients with both impaired renal function and poor performance status were enrolled into cohort 1; patients with either were enrolled into cohort 2. Patients received everolimus 10 mg daily alone (cohort 1) or with paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle (cohort 2). The primary outcome was clinical benefit at 4 months. Secondary outcomes were adverse events, progression-free survival (PFS), and 1-year overall survival (OS). Exploratory endpoints included genomic correlates of outcomes. The trial was not designed for comparison between cohorts.

Results
A total of 36 patients were enrolled from 2010 to 2018 (cohort 1, N = 7; cohort 2, N = 29); the trial was terminated due to slow accrual. Clinical benefit at 4 months was attained by 0 (0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0-41.0%) patients in cohort 1 and 11 patients (37.9%, 95% CI 20.7-57.7%) in cohort 2. Median PFS was 2.33 (95% CI 1.81-Inf) months in cohort 1 and 5.85 (95% CI 2.99-8.61) months in cohort 2. Treatment was discontinued due to adverse events for 2 patients (29%) in cohort 1 and 11 patients (38%) in cohort 2. Molecular alterations in microtubule associated genes may be associated with treatment benefit but this requires further testing.

Conclusion
Everolimus plus paclitaxel demonstrates clinical activity in cisplatin-ineligible patients with metastatic UC, although the specific contribution of everolimus cannot be delineated. Patients with both impaired renal function and borderline functional status may be difficult to enroll to prospective trials. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01215136).
The Welfare Effects of Transportation Infrastructure Improvements
Authors: Allen Treb , Arkolakis Costas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Each year in the US, hundreds of billions of dollars are spent on transportation infrastructure and billions of hours are lost in traffic. We develop a quantitative general equilibrium spatial framework featuring endogenous transportation costs and traffic congestion and apply it to evaluate the welfare impact of transportation infrastructure improvements. Our approach yields analytical expressions for transportation costs between any two locations, the traffic along each link of the transportation network, and the equilibrium distribution of economic activity across the economy, each as a function of the underlying quality of infrastructure and the strength of traffic congestion. We characterize the properties of such an equilibrium and show how the framework can be combined with traffic data to evaluate the impact of improving any segment of the infrastructure network. Applying our framework to both the US highway network and the Seattle road network, we find highly variable returns to investment across different links in the respective transportation networks, highlighting the importance of well-targeted infrastructure investment.
Credit Ratings and Market Information
Authors: Piccolo Alessio , Shapiro Joel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Accurate credit ratings are important for both investors and regulators. We demonstrate that the market for credit risk provides an important source of discipline for credit rating agencies (CRAs). We examine a model in which a CRA’s rating is followed by a market for credit risk that provides a public signal – the price. More informative trading increases the CRA’s incentives to be accurate by making rating errors more transparent. We show that this source of discipline is (a) robust to moral hazard, multiple CRAs, and connected primary and secondary markets and (b) specific to the market for credit risk.
Relating Glutamate, Conditioned, and Clinical Hallucinations via 1H-MR Spectroscopy
Authors: Leptourgos Pantelis , Bansal Sonia , Dutterer Jenna , Culbreth Adam , Powers Albert , Suthaharan Praveen , Kenney Joshua , Erickson Molly , Waltz James , Wijtenburg S Andrea , Gaston Frank , Rowland Laura M , Gold James , Corlett Philip 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Hallucinations may be driven by an excessive influence of prior expectations on current experience. Initial work has supported that contention and implicated the anterior insula in the weighting of prior beliefs.

Study Design
Here we induce hallucinated tones by associating tones with the presentation of a visual cue. We find that people with schizophrenia who hear voices are more prone to the effect and using computational modeling we show they overweight their prior beliefs. In the same participants, we also measured glutamate levels in anterior insula, anterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal, and auditory cortices, using magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Study Results
We found a negative relationship between prior-overweighting and glutamate levels in the insula that was not present for any of the other voxels or parameters.

Conclusions
Through computational psychiatry, we bridge a pathophysiological theory of psychosis (glutamate hypofunction) with a cognitive model of hallucinations (prior-overweighting) with implications for the development of new treatments for hallucinations.
Unsuppressed Striatal Activity and Genetic Risk for Schizophrenia Associated With Individual Cognitive Performance Under Social Competition
Authors: Zhang Yuyanan , Li Mingzhu , Zhang Xiao , Zhang Dai , Tan Hao-Yang , Yue Weihua , Yan Hao 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Social competition affects human behaviors by inducing psychosocial stress. The neural and genetic mechanisms of individual differences of cognitive-behavioral response to stressful situations in a competitive context remain unknown. We hypothesized that variation in stress-related brain activation and genetic heterogeneity associated with psychiatric disorders may play roles towards individually differential responses under stress.

Study Design
A total of 419 healthy subjects and 66 patients with schizophrenia were examined functional magnetic resonance imaging during working memory task including social competition stressors. We explored the correlation between stress-induced brain activity and individual working memory performance. The partial least squares regression was performed to examine the genetic correlates between stress-related activity and gene expression data from Allen Human Brain Atlas. Polygenic risk score (PRS) was used to assess individual genetic risk for schizophrenia.

Study Results
Greater suppression of bilateral striatal activity was associated with better behavioral improvement in working memory manipulation under social competition (left: rPearson = −0.245, P = 4.0 × 10−6, right: rPearson = −0.234, P = 1.0 × 10−5). Genes transcriptionally related to stress-induced activation were linked to genetic risk for schizophrenia (PFDR &lt; 0.005). Participants with decreased accuracy under social competition exhibited higher PRS of schizophrenia (t = 2.328, P = .021). Patients with schizophrenia showed less suppressed striatal activity under social stress (F = 13.493, P = 3.5 × 10−4).

Conclusions
Striatal activity change and genetic risk for schizophrenia might play a role in the individually behavioral difference in working memory manipulation under stress.
Doctoring the Script: Crime Writing, Order and Medical Authority in the Oeuvre of Dr Augustin Cabanès, 1894–1928
Authors: Powell Julie M 
Published: January 2022

Summary
In 1894, Augustin Cabanès founded La Chronique médicale, a one-of-a-kind medical journal that allowed the doctor to indulge his interest in the practise of médecin historique. Historical medicine used modern forensic knowledge to ‘solve’ the mysterious deaths of history. Such retrospective diagnoses were communicated to readers in a familiar literary style, that of crime writing. Developed at the intersection of medical professionalisation and specialisation, the rise of forensic medicine, and the popularisation of crime writing, Cabanès’s work promoted a clear viewpoint on the role of the medical man in fin-de-siècle French society. Through the practise of historical medicine and the medium of crime writing, Cabanès aimed to bolster faith in forensic medicine, to promote the doctor as moral authority, and, relatedly, to establish scientific, and especially medical, practise as critical to the maintenance of the social order during volatile periods of social dislocation and war.
Sepsis and the microcirculation: the impact on outcomes
Authors: Yajnik Vishal , Maarouf Rami 
Published: January 2022

Purpose of review
Advances in the treatment of septic shock have historically focused on resuscitation endpoints, mainly mean arterial pressure and cardiac output. As the definitions of sepsis and septic shock have shifted to focus on the diversity of causes of dysregulated host-response we have seen an emerging phenotype where tissue hypoxia persists despite adequate macrocirculatory parameters. Interest in the topic of microcirculation is re-emerging as validated bedside techniques for hemodynamic monitoring, such as video microscopes, are becoming available. We review the current understanding of how sepsis induced hypoperfusion with a focus on recent advances in monitoring the microcirculation, and how a proliferation of biomarkers and emerging therapeutic targets may impact future research.

Recent findings
Conventional hemodynamic monitoring systems fail to assess the microcirculation, and it's response to treatment. Lactate and venous oxygen saturations often drive biomarker-guided sepsis management. Visual assessments such as mottling and capillary refill time are often associated with predicting outcomes, but sometimes can have issues with inter-provider reliability. Microcirculatory damage can be observed sublingually and appears to have prognostic value.

Summary
Sepsis is associated with changes in the microcirculation that can lead to tissue hypoxia and organ dysfunction. Further studies are needed to validate the usefulness of microcirculatory bedside tools in guiding resuscitative efforts.
Endotheliopathy Is Associated With a 24-Hour Fibrinolysis Phenotype Described by Low TEG Lysis and High d-Dimer After Trauma
Authors: Richter Robert P. , Joiner Danielle M. , Griffin Russell L. , Jansen Jan O. , Kerby Jeffrey D. , Wade Charles E. , Holcomb John B. , Cardenas Jessica C. , Richter Jillian R. 
Published: January 2022

Objectives:
Determine associations between biomarkers of endotheliopathy, 24-hour fibrinolysis phenotypes and clinical outcomes after trauma.

Background:
The vascular endothelium is a critical regulator of hemostasis and organ function. The relationship between markers of endotheliopathy and fibrinolysis following trauma has not been evaluated.

Methods:
We performed a secondary analysis of prospectively collected biomarker data in the Pragmatic Randomized Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratios (PROPPR) randomized controlled trial. We stratified subjects by 24-hour thromboelastography (TEG) percent clot lysis (LY30) and plasma d-dimer (DD) levels and evaluated differences in endotheliopathy biomarkers and clinical outcomes between subjects with one of four 24-hour fibrinolysis phenotypes: LY30 0.9% to 2.9% (LY30norm), LY30 > 2.9% (LY30high), LY30 < 0.9% and low DD (LY30low+DDlow), and LY30 < 0.9% and high DD (LY30low+DDhigh).

Results:
The analysis included 168 subjects with LY30norm, 32 with LY30high, 147 with LY30low+DDlow, and 124 with LY30low+DDhigh. LY30low+DDhigh subjects had greater injury severity and a higher incidence of severe head injury, multiorgan failure (MOF), and mortality than the other phenotypes. All endotheliopathy biomarkers were significantly higher in the LY30low+DDhigh phenotype. Adjusting for injury severity, mechanism, and head trauma, 24-hour angiopoietin-2 and soluble thrombomodulin were independently associated with the LY30low+DDhigh phenotype. Both endothelial biomarkers were discriminating for MOF. Subjects with thrombomodulin level >9.5 ng/mL and angiopoietin-2 level >3.6 ng/mL accounted for 64% of subjects who developed MOF.

Conclusions:
In a multicenter trauma cohort, subjects with a fibrinolysis phenotype characterized by low TEG lysis and elevated DD 24 hours after injury have significantly worse endotheliopathy and clinical outcomes. Our findings support mechanistic evaluations of the role of the endothelium in fibrinolysis dysregulation that may drive late-stage organ injury.
Complexity-Adjusted Learning Curves for Robotic and Laparoscopic Liver Resection
Authors: Krenzien Felix , Benzing Christian , Feldbrügge Linda , Ortiz Galindo Santiago Andres , Hillebrandt Karl , Raschzok Nathanael , Nevermann Nora , Haber Philipp , Malinka Thomas , Schöning Wenzel , Pratschke Johann , Schmelzle Moritz 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Minimally invasive liver surgery (MILS) has a high variance in the type of resection and complexity, which has been underestimated in learning curve studies in the past. The aim of this work was to evaluate complexity-adjusted learning curves over time for laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) and robotic liver resection (RLR).

Methods:
Cumulative sum analysis (CUSUM) and complexity adjustment were performed using the Iwate score for LLR and RLR (n = 647). Lowest point of smoothed data was used to capture the cutoff of the increase in complexity. Data were collected retrospectively at the Department of Surgery of the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin.

Results:
A total of 132 RLR and 514 LLR were performed. According to the complexity-adjusted CUSUM analysis, the initial learning phase was reached after 117 for LLR and 93 procedures for RLR, respectively. With increasing experience, the rate of (extended) right hemihepatectomy multiplied from 8.4% to 18.9% for LLR (P = 0.031) and from 21.6% to 58.3% for RLR (P < 0.001). Complication rates remained comparable between both episodes for LLR and RLR (T1 vs T2, P > 0.05). The complexity-adjusted CUSUM analysis demonstrated for blood transfusion, conversion, and operative time an increase during the learning phase (T1), while a steady state was reached in the following (T2).

Conclusions:
The learning phase for MILS after adjusting for complexity is about 4 times longer than assumed in previous studies, which should urge caution.
Context, COVID-19 and comorbidities: exploring emergent directions in syndemics and HIV research
Authors: Logie Carmen H. , Coelho Madelaine , Kohrt Brandon , Tsai Alexander C. , Mendenhall Emily 
Published: January 2022

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to identify themes across articles that aimed to explore HIV-related syndemics in 2020 and 2021 and to discuss their implications for research on syndemics.Recent findingsWe identified 189 articles on syndemics between 2020 and 2021. Key themes across studies included COVID-19; mental health and psychosocial challenges; substance use; socio-structural factors; protective factors; and methodological approaches. COVID-19's implications for HIV syndemic research were discussed. Mental health and substance use research largely examined linkages with sexual practices or reduced HIV care retention. Researchers examined associations between socio-structural variables (e.g. poverty) and elevated HIV exposure, reduced HIV testing and poorer health. Concepts of water insecurity and ‘ecosyndemics’ were also raised, as was the importance of attending to noncommunicable diseases and comorbidities. Most studies did not assess interactions between health conditions, signalling the need for methodological grounding in the foundational concepts of syndemic theory.SummaryMost studies recommended that HIV prevention and care research attend to the interplay between poor mental health, substance use and multidimensional violence. Increased attention to structural factors, particularly exacerbated poverty in the COVID-19 pandemic, is required. Research can identify protective factors to harness to advance HIV prevention and care.
A Primer for Success as an Early Career Academic Plastic Surgeon
Authors: Lin Lawrence O. , Barker Jenny C. , Khansa Ibrahim , Janis Jeffrey E. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
The early career academic plastic surgeon strives to be an expert surgeon, an innovative researcher, and an impactful educator. Navigating these challenges is difficult in a healthcare landscape with diminishing public research funding, increasing demand from institutions for clinical productivity, and decreased value of surgical education. To help the junior academic plastic surgeon, this article discusses the fundamental aspects of developing an early academic plastic surgery practice, rooted in clinical care, research, and education.

Methods:
Using published literature, expert opinion, and faculty interviews, the authors prepared this primer for education and guidance of plastic surgery residents considering a career in academic plastic surgery and early career academic plastic surgeons.

Results:
This primer highlights elements important to succeeding as a junior academic plastic surgeon including defining goals and priorities, institutional and financial support, mentorship, education of students and residents, developing a practice niche, promotion and tenure, and social support and burnout.

Conclusion:
The early career academic plastic surgeon can create an environment for academic success with appropriate institutional support, mentorship, personal, and social support, to progress toward promotion while minimizing burnout and professional exhaustion.
Glaucoma Evaluation and Management in Eyes With Boston Type 1 and Aurolab Keratoprostheses in an Indian Cohort
Authors: Senthil Sirisha , Mohamed Ashik , Shanbhag Swapna S. , Durgam Shravya Sri , Bagga Bhupesh , Sangwan Virender S. , Basu Sayan 
Published: January 2022

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate glaucoma and its management in eyes with Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis (Boston-Kpro) and Aurolab keratoprosthesis (Auro-Kpro) in an Indian cohort.

Methods:
This retrospective comparative case series included 175 eyes of 175 patients who underwent type 1 keratoprosthesis from 2009 until 2017; type 1 Boston-Kpro was performed in 107 eyes (107 patients) and Auro-Kpro in 68 eyes (68 patients). The eyes with <1-month follow-up were excluded, and hence, for the analysis of glaucoma, 62 eyes with Auro-Kpro and 99 eyes with Boston-Kpro were included. Progression was defined as the worsening of optic disc damage/progression by visual field/uncontrolled IOP needing additional medications or glaucoma surgery.

Results:
The post-Kpro mean follow-up was 1.8 ± 1.7 years. After Kpro, overall glaucoma was noted in 61% of eyes (98/161). Preexisting glaucoma was noted in 28% of eyes (45/161), postoperative glaucoma was noted in 33% of eyes (53/161), and 39% of eyes (63/161) did not have glaucoma. Among those with preexisting glaucoma, 49% of eyes (22/45) progressed after Kpro implantation. The proportion of eyes with glaucoma in Auro-Kpro (56.5% of eyes) and Boston-Kpro (63.6% of eyes) was similar (P = 0.46). The Kaplan–Meier curve for cumulative survival (Kpro-retention rate) was similar in eyes with and without glaucoma (83% vs. 76% at 1 year, 72% vs. 70% at 2 years; P = 0.65). A higher number of prior intraocular surgeries (P = 0.04) was significantly associated with risk for postoperative glaucoma.

Conclusions:
Glaucoma was seen in more than half of the eyes with type 1 keratoprosthesis. The presence of glaucoma did not seem to affect the retention of keratoprosthesis. A high rate of postoperative glaucoma and the progression of preexisting glaucoma need close monitoring and appropriate management.
Trends in Diagnosed Dry Eye Disease Incidence, 2001 to 2015: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Taiwan
Authors: Lin I-Chan , Kuo Yu-Kai , Liu Hung-Yi , Chien Li-Nien 
Published: January 2022

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to estimate the longitudinal trend in the incidence of diagnosed dry eye disease (DED) from 2001 to 2015 in Taiwan.

Methods:
We obtained data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database that covers 99.9% of Taiwanese residents. The incident DED cases were identified according to diagnoses, drug codes, and procedure codes. We estimated age-specific and sex-specific incidence rates (IRs) between 2001 and 2015.

Results:
The annual age-adjusted IRs of DED increased from 0.97 per 1000 in 2001 to 2.52 per 1000 in 2015 among male population and from 2.06 in 2001 per 1000 to 4.91 in 2015 per 1000 among female population. From 2001 to 2015, the annual IRs increased starting from age 20 to 39 years to age 70 to 79 years in both the male and female population. The men in both 20 to 39 and 50 to 59 age groups showed 3-fold higher IRs in 2015 than in 2001. However, the IRs were consistently lower in men than in women from 2001 to 2015. Overall, the IR was highest, between 10.3 (95% confidence interval, 10.1–10.5) and 13.8 (13.5–14.1) per 1000 population, in the population with the highest socioeconomic status.

Conclusions:
The IRs of DED increased from 2001 to 2015 for all demographics, particularly in the 20 to 39 and 50 to 59 years aged male population. These findings highlight the disease burden of DED and are expected to grow substantially.