bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An immunogenetic perspective of ANCA-associated vasculitides
Authors: Kocaaga A. , Kocaaga M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV) are a group of small vessel vasculitides characterized by necrotizan vasculitis and inflammation. The phenotypes of AAV include microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), granulomatosis and polyangiitis (GPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis and polyangiitis (EGPA). The pathogenesis of AAV is multifactorial, and it is suggested that both genetic and environmental factors can influence these disorders.

Main body
Several candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted to investigate the genetic associations with AAV in recent years. Numerous genes have been related to the pathogenesis of AAV, including the innate, adaptive immune system and coagulation systems.

Conclusion
This review summarizes the immunological mechanisms involved in the etiopathogenesis of AAV and recent advances in susceptibility genes.
Find and Replace: R&D Investment Following the Erosion of Existing Products
Authors: Krieger Joshua L. , Li Xuelin , Thakor Richard T. 
Published: March 2022

How do innovative firms react when existing products experience negative shocks? We explore this question with detailed project-level data from drug development firms. Using the Food and Drug Administration public health advisories as idiosyncratic negative shocks to approved drugs, we examine how drug makers react through investment decisions. Following these shocks, affected firms increase research and development (R&D) expenditures, driven by a higher likelihood of acquiring external innovations rather than developing novel projects internally. Such acquisition activities are concentrated in firms with weak research pipelines. We also find that competing developers move resources away from the affected therapeutic areas. Our results show how investments in specialized commercialization capital create path dependencies and alter the direction of R&D investments. This paper was accepted by Ashish Arora, entrepreneurship and innovation.
An Examination of Velocity and Initial Coin Offerings
Authors: Holden Richard , Malani Anup 
Published: March 2022

Blockchain technology offers firms a novel method of raising capital via so-called initial coin offerings (ICOs). In the most common form of an ICO, a firm creates digital assets called “utility tokens” that are tracked on a blockchain-based ledger, requires that its product be purchased only with those tokens, and then, raises capital by selling these tokens to investors prior to creating any saleable product. (Some nonfungible tokens (NFTs) may function in a similar fashion.) We model a fundamental paradox with the use of ICOs involving utility tokens and similar structures. To increase capital raised by an ICO, the firm may attempt to reduce blockchain operating costs, thus expanding the quantity of goods sold. However, because of the mechanics of miner compensation, doing so increases the number of utility token transactions that take place in any time interval (i.e., increases token velocity and thus, the effective supply of tokens). By Fisher’s equation, this lowers the dollar value of tokens and the amount investors are willing to pay for them. We show that this paradox limits the value of utility token ICOs as an alternative to traditional financing options. We discuss alternatives to and variations of utility tokens that can mitigate the conundrum and promote ICOs as a more viable form of financing. This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy.
Beneficence and non-maleficence: collaborative practice and harm mitigation
Authors: Bifarin Oladayo , Stonehouse David 
Published: February 2022

This article is the third in a series of three, discussing and applying four ethical principles as identified by Beauchamp and Childress (2019) . This final article examines the two interrelated principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. First, we will present definitions identifying the differences between the two. Then we will identify relevant and pertinent parts of the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2018) code will be identified. This will be followed by a discussion on how beneficence and non-maleficence can be demonstrated and practised within the clinical environment to patients, their families, your colleagues, and yourself.
Diagnostic, management and nursing challenges of less common dementias: Frontotemporal dementia, alcohol-related dementia, HIV dementia and prion diseases
Authors: Davis Laura , Karim Zarina , Dening Tom 
Published: February 2022

Background: Most cases of dementia are due to Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia, but attention on these disorders means that other important causes of dementia may be relatively neglected. About 10–15% of people with dementia have other diagnoses, and there are numerous causes of the less common types of dementia. Aims: This paper provides information about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and nursing management of some of the different types of less common dementias, with the aim of helping nurses to provide better care to patients and families affected. Methods: This is one of two connected papers and provides a narrative review of the literature on the clinical presentation of frontotemporal dementia, HIV dementia, prion dementias and alcohol-related dementia. Findings: Frontotemporal dementia has important clinical subtypes with distinct different presentations; for example, predominantly behavioural symptoms or progressive language dysfunction. Alcohol-related dementia is one of several types of alcohol-related brain damage. This is important as, with abstinence, its progression may be halted or even to some extent improved. HIV dementia has become less common since the introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy, but, nonetheless, the less severe picture of HIV-associated cognitive dysfunction remains prevalent despite treatment. Prion dementias encompass sporadic, familial and acquired Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and are incurable, therefore requiring extensive palliative care. Conclusions: These forms of dementia all have different symptoms and courses from common types of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease. It is important for nurses to be aware that dementia may have several causes and that people with different dementias will have different needs. Nonetheless, the general skills of nurses in supporting patients and families remain essential in order to develop appropriate care plans and to provide individualised, person-centred care.
Facial ulcers in patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU: review of the evidence
Authors: Madueño Jaime Moreno , Sayer Lynn 
Published: February 2022

Objective: Many patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care undergo prone positioning. These patients are at risk of developing facial pressure ulcers (PUs). This study aimed to identify evidence-based recommendations to prevent or reduce their incidence. Method: A multi-case study was undertaken using secondary data published between November 2020 and April 2021 discussing facial PUs in patients with COVID-19. CINAHL and MEDLINE electronic databases were analysed. Sixteen publications met the inclusion criteria. The overall quality of evidence was low. Result: Studies reported a high incidence of facial PUs. The evidence suggests key preventive areas are skin assessment, pressure-redistribution surfaces, eye coverings, education, medical devices and prophylactic dressings. Recommendations included skin cleaning and moisturising, eye coverings, replacing endotracheal tube holders and using hydrocolloid or film dressings. Conclusion: Considering the severe implications for patients and healthcare systems caused by facial PUs, ICUs should develop strategies to prevent and minimise them.
The association between surgeon grade and risk of revision following total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Fowler Timothy J. , Aquilina Alex L. , Reed Mike R. , Blom Ashley W. , Sayers Adrian , Whitehouse Michael R. 
Published: March 2022

Aims Total hip arthroplasties (THAs) are performed by surgeons at various stages in training with varying levels of supervision, but we do not know if this is safe practice with comparable outcomes to consultant-performed THA. Our aim was to examine the association between surgeon grade, the senior supervision of trainees, and the risk of revision following THA. Methods We performed an observational study using National Joint Registry (NJR) data. We included adult patients who underwent primary THA for osteoarthritis, recorded in the NJR between 2003 and 2016. Exposures were operating surgeon grade (consultant or trainee) and whether or not trainees were directly supervised by a scrubbed consultant. Outcomes were all-cause revision and the indication for revision up to ten years. We used methods of survival analysis, adjusted for patient, operation, and healthcare setting factors. Results We included 603,474 THAs, of which 58,137 (9.6%) procedures were performed by a trainee. There was no association between surgeon grade and all-cause revision up to ten years (crude hazard ratio (HR) 1.00 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94 to 1.07); p = 0.966), a finding which persisted with adjusted analysis. Fully adjusted analysis demonstrated an association between trainees operating without scrubbed consultant supervision and an increased risk of all-cause revision (HR 1.10 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.21); p = 0.045). There was an association between trainee-performed THA and revision for instability (HR 1.14 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.30); p = 0.039). However, this was not observed in adjusted models, or when trainees were supervised by a scrubbed consultant. Conclusion Within the current training system in England and Wales, appropriately supervised trainees achieve comparable THA survival to consultants. Trainees who are supervised by a scrubbed consultant achieve superior outcomes compared to trainees who are not supervised by a scrubbed consultant, particularly in terms of revision for instability. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(3):341–351.
Characteristics and outcomes of L-shaped and reverse L-shaped rotator cuff tears
Authors: Lee Kyung Jae , Kim Yong Tae , Choi Minseok , Kim Sae Hoon 
Published: March 2022

Aims The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics and outcomes of L-shaped and reverse L-shaped rotator cuff tears. Methods A total of 82 shoulders (81 patients) after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were retrospectively enrolled. The mean age of the patients was 62 years (SD 6), 33 shoulders (40.2%) were in male patients, and 57 shoulders (69.5%) were the right shoulder. Of these, 36 shoulders had an L-shaped tear (group L) and 46 had a reverse L-shaped tear (group RL). Both groups were compared regarding characteristics, pre- and postoperative pain, and functional outcomes. Muscle status was assessed by preoperative MRI, and re-tear rates by postoperative ultrasonography or MRI. Results Patients in group RL were significantly older than in group L (p = 0.008), and group RL was significantly associated with female sex (odds ratio 2.5 (95% confidence interval 1.03 to 6.32); p = 0.041). Mean postoperative pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score was significantly greater (group L = 0.8 (SD 1.5), group RL = 1.7 (SD 2.2); p = 0.033) and mean postoperative American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score was significantly lower in group RL than group L (group L = 91.4 (SD 13.1), group RL = 83.8 (SD 17.9); p = 0.028). However, postoperative mean VAS for pain and ASES score were not lower than the patient-acceptable symptom state scores. Mean retracted tear length was significantly larger in group L (group L = 24.6 mm (SD 6.5), group RL = 20.0 mm (SD 6.8); p = 0.003). Overall re-tear rate for 82 tears was 11.0% (nine shoulders), and re-tear rates in group L and RL were similar at 11.1% (four shoulders) and 10.9% (five shoulders), respectively (p = 1.000). No significant intergroup difference was found for fatty degeneration (FD) or muscle atrophy. Within group L, postoperative FD grades of supraspinatus and subscapularis worsened significantly (p = 0.034 and p = 0.008, respectively). Mean postoperative pain VAS (male = 1.2 (SD 1.8), female = 1.3 (SD 2.0)) and ASES scores (male = 88.7 (SD 15.5), female = 86.0 (SD 16.8)) were similar in male and female patients (p = 0.700 and p = 0.475, respectively). Regression analysis showed age was not a prognostic factor of postoperative pain VAS or ASES scores (p = 0.188 and p = 0.150, respectively). Conclusion Older age and female sex were associated with reverse L-shaped tears. Although the postoperative functional outcomes of patients with reverse L-shaped tears were satisfactory, the clinical scores were poorer than those of patients with L-shaped tears. Surgeons should be aware of the differences in clinical outcome between L-shaped and reverse L-shaped rotator cuff tears. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(3):394–400.
240  Gb/s optical transmission based on an ultrafast silicon microring modulator
Authors: Zhang Yuguang , Zhang Hongguang , Zhang Junwen , Liu Jia , Wang Lei , Chen Daigao , Chi Nan , Xiao Xi , Yu Shaohua 
Published: February 2022

An ultrafast microring modulator (MRM) is fabricated and presented with

V

π

·
L

of

0.825

V
·
cm

. A 240 Gb/s PAM-8 signal transmission over 2 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) is experimentally demonstrated. PN junction doping concentration is optimized, and the overall performance of the MRM is improved. Optical peaking is introduced to further extend the EO bandwidth from 52 to 110 GHz by detuning the input wavelength. A titanium nitride heater with 0.1 nm/mW tuning efficiency is implemented above the MRM to adjust the resonant wavelength. High bit rate modulations based on the high-performance and compact MRM are carried out. By adopting off-line signal processing in the transmitter and receiver side, 120 Gb/s NRZ, 220 Gb/s PAM-4, and 240 Gb/s PAM-8 are measured with the back-to-back bit error ratio (BER) of

5.5
×

10

−
4

,

1.5
×

10

−
2

, and

1.4
×

10

−
2

, respectively. A BER with different received optical power and 2 km SSMF transmission is also investigated. The BER for 220 Gb/s PAM-4 and 240 Gb/s PAM-8 after 2 km SSMF transmission is calculated to be

1.7
×

10

−
2

and

1.5
×

10

−
2

, which meet with the threshold of soft-decision forward-error correction, respectively.
Terahertz topological photonic waveguide switch for on-chip communication
Authors: Liu Xudong , Huang Jialiang , Chen Hao , Qian Zhengfang , Ma Jingwen , Sun Xiankai , Fan Shuting , Sun Yiwen 
Published: February 2022

Terahertz (THz) topological photonic structures are promising for last-centimeter communication in intra/interchip communication systems because they support bit-error-free THz signal transmission with topological robustness. Active and dynamically tunable THz topological photonic components have not yet been experimentally realized. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a THz topological switch (270–290 GHz) based on a valley Hall photonic crystal structured high-resistivity silicon substrate, in which the THz waves can be dynamically turned on/off by an external 447 nm continuous-wave laser. Our device exhibited an on/off ratio of 19 dB under a pumping light intensity of

240

mW
/
mm

2

. The 3 dB switching bandwidth was

∼
60

kHz

.
Arbitrary manipulations of focused higher-order Poincaré beams by a Fresnel zone metasurface with alternate binary geometric and propagation phases
Authors: Zeng Xiangyu , Zhang Yuqin , Gu Manna , Zhan Zijun , Zhang Ruirui , Zhang Yu , Sun Rui , He Changwei , Liu Chunxiang , Cheng Chuanfu 
Published: February 2022

The manipulation of high-quality vector beams (VBs) with metasurfaces is an important topic and has potential for classical and quantum applications. In this paper, we propose a Fresnel zone (FZ) metasurface with metallic nanoslits arranged on FZs, which sets alternate binary geometric and propagation phases to cancel the incident spin component and focus the converted spin component (CSC). The rotation designs of nanoslits transform the incident polarization state on the conventional Poincaré sphere to VBs on the higher-order Poincaré (HOP) sphere. The two orbital angular momentum states of the CSCs were manipulated, and the focused HOP beams were generated. The experimental results demonstrate the broadband generation of arbitrarily focused HOP beams of high quality under the illumination of the red (632.8 nm), green (532 nm), and blue (473 nm) light. This work will be of significance for the applications of VBs in different areas, such as precision metrology, optical micromanipulation, and quantum information.
Trophoblast inclusions and adverse birth outcomes
Authors: Firestein Morgan R. , Kliman Harvey J. , Sania Ayesha , Brink Lucy T. , Holzer Parker H. , Hofmann Katherine M. , Milano Kristin M. , Pini Nicolò , Shuffrey Lauren C. , Odendaal Hein J. , Fifer William P. 
Published: March 2022

Objective
Trophoblast inclusions—cross sections of abnormal trophoblast bilayer infoldings—have previously been associated with aneuploidy, placenta accreta, and prematurity. This study was conducted to establish the relationship between trophoblast inclusions and a range of placental, pregnancy, and birth outcomes in a patient population with high smoking and alcohol exposure. Specifically, we sought to evaluate the association between the presence of trophoblast inclusions and 1) three primary birth outcomes: full-term birth, preterm birth, and stillbirth; 2) gestational age at delivery; and 3) specific placental pathologies.

Methods
Two slides containing chorionic villi were evaluated from 589 placentas that were collected from Stellenbosch University in Cape Town, South Africa as part of the prospective, multicenter cohort Safe Passage Study of the Prenatal Alcohol and SIDS and Stillbirth Network. The subsample included 307 full-term live births, 212 preterm live births, and 70 stillbirths.

Results
We found that the odds of identifying at least one trophoblast inclusion across two slides of chorionic villi was significantly higher for placentas from preterm compared to term liveborn deliveries (OR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.22, 2.49, p = 0.002), with an even greater odds ratio for placentas from stillborn compared to term liveborn deliveries (OR = 4.95; 95% CI: 2.78, 8.80, p < 0.001). Gestational age at delivery was inversely associated with trophoblast inclusion frequency. Trophoblast inclusions were significantly associated with small for gestational age birthweight, induction of labor, villous edema, placental infarction, and inflammation of the chorionic plate.

Conclusions
The novel associations that we report warrant further investigation in order to understand the complex network of biological mechanisms through which the factors that lead to trophoblast inclusions may influence or reflect the trajectory and health of a pregnancy. Ultimately, this line of research may provide critical insights that could inform both clinical and research applications.
Estresse Ocupacional de Cirurgiões-Dentistas que exercem Docência em uma Faculdade Privada / Occupational Stress in Dentists exercising Teaching in a Private College
Authors: Chaves Raíssa Santos , Pinheiro Cláudia De Jesus , Mania Taiomara Vieira 
Published: March 2022

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a prevalência do estresse e da Síndrome de Burnout (SB) e fatores associados entre cirurgiões-dentistas exercendo a docência em uma faculdade privada. Nesta pesquisa de campo, observacional e analítica, transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, foram entrevistados todos os 43 cirurgiões-dentistas docentes, utilizando um questionário autoaplicável envolvendo questões biodemográficas e profissionais e os Inventários de Lipp (ISSL) e Burnout Maslach – General Survey. Obtiveram-se 40 questionários respondidos válidos. A maioria dos docentes sentia-se sobrecarregada (67,5%), estressada (72,5%) e esgotada (57,5%). O estresse foi confirmado pelo ISSL em 40,0% dos participantes, sendo a fase de resistência predominante (35,0%). A SB não foi identificada. Os principais fatores estressantes foram o trabalho extra sala de aula e questões relacionadas aos discentes. Conclui-se que o estresse, na fase de resistência, esteve presente no exercício docente de cirurgiões-dentistas, associado ao sexo feminino e à autopercepção de estresse, sobrecarga e esgotamento. Abtract: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of stress and Burnout Syndrome (BS) and associated factors among dentists teaching at a private college. In this field research, observational and analytical, cross-sectional, with a quantitative approach, all 43 teaching dentists were interviewed, using a self-administered questionnaire involving biodemographic and professional issues and the Lipp Inventory (ISSL) and Burnout Maslach – General Survey. There were obtained 40 valid answered questionnaires. Most professors felt overwhelmed (67.5%), stressed (72.5%) and exhausted (57.5%). Stress was confirmed by ISSL in 40.0% of the participants, being the predominant resistance phase (35.0%). SB has not been identified. The main stressing factors were work outside classroom and issues related to students. It is concluded that stress, in the resistance phase, was present in the teaching practice of dentists, associated with the female gender and with self-perception of stress, overload and exhaustion.
Interfaces entre Psicanálise e Teorias Queer: Análise Documental da Autobiografia de um Sujeito Transexual / Interfaces between Psychoanalysis and Queer Theories: Documentary Analysis of the Autobiography of a Transsexual Subject
Authors: Gonçalves Ana Geiciane , Viana Beatriz Alves , Araújo Ana Ramyres Andrade de , Nunes Henrique Riedel , Farias Isabela Cedro 
Published: March 2022

A Associação de Travestis e Transexuais (ANTRA) indica que no Brasil há o maior número de mortes de pessoas transexuais, demonstrando que tal violência tem se agravado a cada ano e confirmando a necessidade de discussões com intuito de desconstruir os preconceitos em relação à transexualidade. Este artigo discute a transexualidade a partir da teoria psicanalítica e das teorias queer. Foi realizada uma análise documental da autobiografia do artista transexual Tarso Brant. Observou-se um diálogo profícuo entre os estudos queer e as produções psicanalíticas, principalmente nos debates sobre gênero e sexualidade na cultura. Esses aspectos permitiram aprofundarmos a noção de transexualidade e de gênero. Sustenta-se que a complexidade proveniente da história de Tarso abre possibilidades para a compreensão da vivência transexual, tendo em vista a aposta em dar visibilidade ao lugar de fala desse sujeito por meio de suas narrativas autobiográficas, o que aponta para o posicionamento político deste artigo. Abstract: The Association of Transvestites and Transsexuals (ANTRA) indicates that in Brazil there is the highest number of deaths of transsexual people, demonstrating that such violence is worsening and confirms the need each year in order to deconstruct prejudices in relation to transsexuality . This article discusses transsexuality from the point of view of psychoanalytic theory and queer theories. A documentary analysis of the autobiography of the transsexual artist Tarso Brant was carried out. A fruitful dialogue was observed between queer studies and psychoanalytic productions, especially in debates about gender and sexuality in culture. These aspects will make it possible to deepen the notion of transsexuality and gender. It is argued that the complexity of Tarso's story opens up possibilities for understanding the transsexual experience, in view of the bet on giving visibility to this subject's place of speech through his autobiographical narratives, which points to the political position of this article .Keywords: Transsexuality; Psychoanalysis; Gender; Queer Theory.