bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Chlorophyll in Cabbage Leaf Disks Following Cu2+ Exposure
Authors: Rousos Penelope A. , Harrison Helen C. , Palta Jiwan P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cabbage leaf disks (Brassica oleracea L., Capitata group) were floated (adaxial side up) in Cu2+ solutions (0, 0.16, and 0.40 mm Cu2+) for 1–4 days. The experiments were conducted in both light and dark environments. In light, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll a/b ratios declined linearly with increasing exposure duration and Cu2+ concentrations. The rate and magnitude of these declines were unaffected by the addition of 0.5 mm CaCl2. Between the 2 cultivars tested, the relative chlorophyll contents in ‘Market Prize’ declined faster and reached lower levels than ‘Resistant Danish’, suggesting that ‘Market Prize’ is more susceptible to Cu2+stress. In the absence of light, there was little difference between the chlorophyll loss in the controls and Cu2+-treated tissue. For light and dark experiments, loss of chlorophyll a was primarily responsible for reductions in total chlorophyll content and in chlorophyll a/b ratios.
Thidiazuron Stimulation of Apple Shoot Proliferation in Vitro
Authors: Nieuwkerk J. P. van , Zimmerman Richard H. , Fordham Ingrid 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Thidiazuron stimulated shoot proliferation on shoot tip explants of ‘Gala’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) when incorporated in Linsmaier-Skoog medium at concentrations of 10, 1, and 0.1 μm. Shoot numbers with thidiazuron were equivalent to, or greater than, the number produced when using 4.4 μm BA in the medium, but the shoots were shorter than with BA. At 10 and 1 μm thidiazuron, shoot leaves were narrow, had pointed laminae, and were somewhat distorted. Shoot proliferation continued when explants from the 2 highest thidiazuron concentrations were transferred to cytokinin-free medium. Shoots from cultures grown at all 3 concentrations of thidiazuron rooted after 1 to 2 subcultures on cytokinin-free medium. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-lH-purin-6-amine (BA) and N-phenyl-N′-l,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron).
‘Silver Sheen’, an Imposter Clone of Waukegan Juniper
Authors: Hatch Laurence C. , Fantz Paul R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Silver Sheen’ is a densely procumbent cultivar of Juniperus horizontalis Moench with steel-blue foliage that turns uniformly silvery-grey in winter. The cultivar is suitable for use as a ground cover or large container plant. ‘Silver Sheen’ is an improved selection of ‘Douglasii’, the widely marketed Waukegan juniper.
Paclobutrazol and Night Interruption Lighting Affect Episcia Growth and Flowering
Authors: Stamps Robert H. , Henny R. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Episcia cupreata (Hook.) Hanst. ‘Pink Panther’ plants were drenched with 0, 0.07, or 0.21 mg a.i. paclobutrazol and given night interruption lighting (NIL) of 4 hr (2200-0200 hr) at 2.6 μmol·s−1·m−2 or no light interruption. Paclobutrazol and NIL did not affect days to first flowering, while flower numbers per plant increased exponentially over time on paclobutrazol-treated and control plants. NIL increased flowers per plant from day 47 on. Flower longevity was greater on paclobutrazol-treated plants than controls. Plant size (canopy radius) was reduced by paclobutrazol, which caused a greater flower density per canopy area. Chemical name used: (R*, R*)-(±) β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-1H-l,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Effect of Storage Temperature on Sugar and Organic Acid Contents of Watermelon
Authors: Chisholm Duane N. , Picha David H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sugars and organic acids in ripe ‘Charleston Gray’ and ‘Jubilee’ watermelons [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] were measured at harvest and after 14 or 19 days of storage at 0°, 7°, 16°, 23°, or 27°C. Soluble solids content (SSC), sucrose, fructose, and glucose concentrations mostly did not change during storage at 0°, but all generally were reduced at the higher temperatures. ‘Charleston Gray’ contained about 3% to 4% sucrose, 2% to 3% fructose, and 1.0% to 1.5% glucose. Fructose was the major sugar in ‘Jubilee’, followed by sucrose and glucose. Malic acid was the major organic acid in both cultivars. Temperature of storage had little effect on malic acid concentration. The concentration of citric acid decreased during storage at 23° or 27°, but not consistently at low temperatures.
Effects of Gene B in Cucurbita moschata
Authors: Paris Harry S. , Nerson Haim , Zass Nurit 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of gene B in Cucurbita moschata Poir. were studied by comparing 2 near-isogenic lines, PI 165561 (B+B+) and Precocious PI 165561 (BB) at 2 locations in Israel. B significantly increased femaleness and number of fruits, but decreased fruit size and yield and numerically decreased seed yield at one or both locations. Fruits of B+B heterozygotes were distinctly bicolor. There was a deficiency in the number of bicolor-fruited plants in BC6 progeny, the deviation from the expected 1:1 ratio of green-fruited to bicolor-fruited being significant. Overall, the effects of B in C. moschata were no different from its effects in C. pepo L.
Variability in Rubber and Resin Content Within and Among Eight Guayule Cultivars
Authors: Naqvi Himayat H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mean rubber concentration of 3-year-old guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) ranged from 7.37% to 9.72% among 8 cultivars. Resin concentration ranged from 4.48% to 6.69%. All cultivars were homogeneous for rubber and resin concentration, except N565. Rubber concentration was highly correlated with resin concentration.
Rapid Multiplication of Heuchera sanguinea Engelm. ‘Rosamundi’ Propagated in Vitro
Authors: Stapfer R. E. , Heuser C. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shoots tips from in vitro cultures of Heuchera sanguinea Engelm. ‘Rosamundi’ were cultured on a modified woody plant medium containing one of 3 cytokinins (BA, 2iP, kinetin) or cytokinin plus NAA. BA and kinetin were the most effective stimulators of axillary shoot growth. Maximum shoot production (≥1 mm) occurred with 2, 4, 8, and 16 μm BA, or 16, 32, and 64 μm kinetin. The addition of NAA had no effect or reduced the number of shoots produced. Because of the rosette growth pattern, rooting of the resultant shoots was best accomplished by placing whole cultures in a soilless medium under high humidity and later dividing the rooted shoot masses. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP); N-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin); and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
In Vitro Culture of Crape Myrtle
Authors: Zhang Z. M. , Davies F. T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L. ‘Near East’) explants of 2 nodes were cultured on woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with PBA, BA, or kinetin. PBA was most effective in promoting axillary shoot proliferation. Maximum number of axillary budbreaks occurred on modified WPM containing 3-9 μm PBA. Subcultured shoots ≥2 cm in length rooted in medium without auxin, and ex vitro rooting and acclimization was also obtained. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); N-(phenylmethyl)-9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purin-6-amine (PBA), N- (phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); N-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin).
In Vitro Propagation of Quercus shumardii Seedlings
Authors: Bennett Lisa K. , Davies Fred T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Single node stem sections of Quercus shumardii Buckl. seedlings were used to propagate Shumard oak in vitro. Stem sections in liquid woody plant medium (WPM) with 8.9 μm (2 mg liter−1) BA produced the greatest number of shoots ≥10 mm. The cytokinin 2iP did not promote axillary shoot growth. Shoots were rooted with 73% success under ex vitro conditions in Jiffy-7 peat pellets after a basal dip in 2.5 μm (0.5 g-liter−1) IBA. Plantlets were acclimatized successfully to greenhouse conditions. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP), 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA), (1α,2β,4aα,4bβ,10β)-2,4a,7-trihy- droxy-1-methyl-8-methylenegibb-3-ene-1,10-dicarboxylic acid 1,4a-lactone (GA3).
Blueberry Shoestring Virus in Natural Populations of Highbush and Lowbush Blueberry
Authors: Hancock J. F. , Morimoto K. M. , Pritts M. P. , Ramsdell D. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Blueberry shoestring virus (BBSSV) is the most serious disease in Michigan, and it has been reported in New Jersey, Washington, North Carolina, and Nova Scotia (4, 8). Shoestring is particularly difficult to eradicate, since there is no known control other than removing diseased bushes, and infected bushes do not show external symptoms for up to 4 years. Also, no cultivars of highbush blueberry are immune to the disease (2).
Using the Balloon Flower as a Cut Flower
Authors: Evensen Kathleen , Beattie David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The balloon flower, Platycodon grandiflorum cv. Mariesii, is an attractive, long-lived, hardy herbaceous perennial with thick, fleshy, carrot-like roots and dark blue campanulate flowers (Fig. 1). Plant height is about 60 cm for ‘Mariesii’, 45 cm in ‘Apoyama’, and 60-90 cm for the other cultivars (1). Flower colors are blue (‘Mariesii’), white, and light pink, and flower buds mature acropetally. Before the flower opens, the petals remain fused, giving the swollen bud a ballon-like appearance. Flowers are borne erect, solitary, and terminal, but the close arrangement on the stem gives the appearance of a loose raceme. Although Platycodon usually is grown as a garden perennial, recent interest in perennial cut flowers as well as the upright growth habit, attractive buds and flowers, and long period of time that the plants remain in flower suggest that, if forced in the greenhouse, they could be used as cut flowers. This paper describes the longevity, response to preservatives, and tolerance of typical handling procedures of cut Platycodon.
Effect of Zeatin and 2iP on Shoot Proliferation of Three Highbush Blueberry Clones in Vitro
Authors: Chandler Craig K. , Draper Arlen D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP) has been used to promote multiple shoot formation in previous tissue culture studies with ericaceous plants (1, 3-7). Fordham et al. (3), however, found that (E)-2-methyl-4-(1H-purin-6-ylamino)-2-buren-1-ol (zeatin) was the most effective cytokinin for stimulating shoot proliferation of cultured Exbury azalea (Rhododendron sp.). This study was conducted to determine if highbush blueberry is similar to Exbury azalea in its response to zeatin.
A Double-pot Technique for Observing Potato Tuber Growth
Authors: Koller David C. , Hiller Larry K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A method was developed to allow nondestructive growth measurements of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.). The technique, consisting of 2 basic components, is simple and effective for observing tuber growth from initiation through maturity. The first component is a “double-pot”, which facilitates washing the growth medium from the tubers. The other component filters the growth medium from the wash water for retrieval and reuse of the medium. Any number of double pots can be used, but only one filtering system is necessary. After observations and measurements have been made, the growth medium can be replaced with little disturbance to the tubers. We generally take tuber growth measurements at 2-week intervals, but we have uncovered tubers at less than one-week intervals without any visible damage.
Small-plot Liquid Injection Wheel Implements for Fertilizing Polyethylene-mulched Vegetables
Authors: Hochmuth G. J. , Maynard D. N. , Csizinszky A. A. , Mitchell Rick , Gilreath Phyllis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
First introduced for strawberries in the late 1950s, polyethylene mulch has been used widely for vegetable culture in Florida (4, 5). Currently, about 40,000 ha of vegetables are produced in Florida using polyethylene ground mulches. A full-bed mulch system is used for most of the tomato, pepper, and strawberry crops in Florida (2, 3).
Polyamines as Antiozonants for Tomato
Authors: Ormrod D. P. , Beckerson D. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Polyamines acted as antisenescence agents (2, 5), increased membrane stability of beet root, rose petal, and spinach leaf tissue (8, 9), and decreased the rate of chlorophyll degradation in radish cotyledons (2). Ozone is a major air pollutant causing economic losses to crops in agricultural areas (1). One approach to controlling the damage caused by ozone has been the use of chemical protectants (7), but consistent responses have been difficult to achieve. The antisenescence properties of polyamines may confer protectant properties that will reduce or prevent ozone-induced injury to plants. Previous studies have shown increased membrane permeability by ozone at 0.15 μl·liter−1 (4) and increased senescence with ozone at 0.15 μl·liter−1 (3). The objective of this study was to determine if the polyamines—spermine, spermidine, and putrescine—could act as protectants in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.).
‘Shoshoni’ Viburnum
Authors: Egolf Donald R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Shoshoni’ is a diminutive Viburnum plicatum Thunb. f. tomentosum (Thunb.) Rehd., double-file viburnum, with fine-textured foliage; masses of cream-white flowers; abundant, long-persistent scarlet fruit; and a dense growth habit. The common name is derived from the parallel rows of flat-topped inflorescences along the top of the horizontal branches. This is the 14th viburnum introduction by the U.S. National Arboretum (1–6).
“A Gynoecious Line of B+B+Genotype in Cucurbita pepo”
Authors: Shifriss Oved 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The author of the article “A Gynoecious Line of B+B+Genotype in Cucurbita pepo” (HortScience 21:319, Apr. 1986), Oved Shifriss, wishes it noted that: “The genetic synthesis of gynoecism in Cucurbita is a subject of a pending application for a U.S. patent.”
Polyethylene Glycol Incorporation in Table Beet Seed Pellets to Improve Emergence and Yield in Wet Soil
Authors: Khan Anwar A. , Taylor A. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Improved emergence rate and final stand occurred when ‘Ruby Queen’ beet seed pellets, amended with 1.10 to 3.95 mg polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG) per seedball, were field planted. The number of seedlings per seedball 17 days after planting ranged from 1.39 to 1.60 for PEG-amended pellets, compared to 0.71 plants for non-PEG pellets or dry seeds. The PEG-amended seed pellets yielded 16 to 18 marketable roots per meter of row compared to 11 roots from non-PEG pellets.
Transmission of Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni in Plum and Apricot Nursery Trees by Budding
Authors: Goodman C. A. , Hattingh M. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A study was made of the importance of the source of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and plum (P. salicina Lindl.) buds on subsequent development of bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni (Smith) Dye on scion shoots and their rootstocks. Visibly infected buds budded onto ‘Marianna’ rootstock took poorly, and all developing shoots became infected. Symptomless, suspect buds from diseased trees had an increased rate of take, and fewer shoots were infected. Visually healthy buds collected from healthy trees gave the highest rate of take and lowest percentage of shoot infection.
Grapevine Girdling by Morphactin in Oil
Authors: Shulman Y. , Nir G. , Bazak H. , Lavee S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Morphactin in spray oil and butanol as emulsifier applied to the bark of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) trunks caused girdling effects. Treatment of ‘Thompson Seedless’ after fruit set increased berry size and treatment of ‘Perlette’ and ‘Muscat of Hamburg’ before harvest advanced maturation. A comparison between chemical and mechanical girdling showed that the former was somewhat less effective than the latter.
Comparison of Seedling and Mature Plant Resistance to Phytophthora parasitica in Tomato
Authors: Blaker N. S. , Hewitt J. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of 11 genotypes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill.) were inoculated at the first true leaf stage with zoospores of Phytophthora parasitica under controlled conditions and evaluated for resistance based on seedling death. The same lines also were transplanted into two fields naturally infested with P. parasitica and grown to maturity. Disease severity in the field was evaluated based on plant death and canopy collapse prior to harvest. Resistance to P. parasitica was present in both commercial lines and accessions of L. esculentum var. cerasiforme (Dun.) A. Gray. Seedling resistance was generally a good predictor of resistance in mature plants. The relative resistance and susceptibility expressed in seedlings was reflected in 10 of 11 genotypes in the field. One cultivar that was susceptible in the seedling test appeared resistant in the field. Expression of resistance in both the seedling test and field was influenced by environmental factors.
Pollen Tube Growth and Fruit Set in a Self-compatible Almond Selection
Authors: Socias i Company R. , Felipe A. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pollen tube growth in a self-compatible almond [Prunus amygdalus Batsch, syn. P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] selection was similar both after self- and crosspollinations either at 12° and 22°C, showing its genetic self-compatibility. Natural fruit set in the field with open pollination was 14.1% (1984) and 21.3% (1985). This percentage set, considered low for almond, resulted in a full commercial crop because of the very high bloom density of this selection. A 70% reduction in the number of flowers in 1984 did not reduce the number of fruit set significantly. Fruit set in the field after hand-pollination was significantly lower with self-pollination (18.3%) than with crosspollination (25.7%). The receptive stigma and dehiscing anthers are in close proximity, thus facilitating self-pollination.
Liquid-shake Culture for Improved Micropropagation of Begonia × hiemalis
Authors: Simmonds J. A. , Werry T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A large number of adventitious buds were induced on petiole explants of Begonia × hiemalis (Fotsch), but, after 9 weeks on agar culture, only a very few had grown large enough to be used in micropropagation trials. A period of liquid-shake culture increased bud growth. The optimum time to begin liquid culture was after 6 weeks on agar. This procedure increased the number of established plants significantly. Gibberellic acid in the liquid medium enhanced bud growth but these shoots did not root well and the establishment of multistemmed plants also was reduced.
Plant Regeneration in Vitro of Selected Allium Species and Interspecific Hybrids
Authors: Phillips Gregory C. , Hubstenberger John F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The procedures for micropropagation and plant regeneration from callus were developed for Allium fistulosum L., A. altaicum Pall., A. galanthum Kar. & Kir., A. roylei Stearn, and selected progeny of interspecific crosses of A. cepa × fistulosum, A. cepa × galanthum and A. cepa × oschaninii O. Fedtsch. Each of the genotypes exhibited shoot multiplication in micropropagation systems, and most regenerated plants from callus. The results demonstrate the general applicability of the picloram-based tissue culture model for the genus Allium. Chemical names used: 4-amino-3,5,6-tri-chloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (picloram).
Technology Transfer Within the Apple, Blueberry, and Juice Grape Industries in Michigan
Authors: Othman Kamariah , Bittenbender H. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), and juice grape (Vitis labrusca L.) growers in selected Michigan counties were surveyed to determine the major sources of technical information used in their decisionmaking for seven production practices; whether a common pattern of information sources exist among the seven technologies within each grower group; and whether patterns of information sources among different grower groups are similar within each technology. Major information sources averaged across the seven production practices in order of importance to each grower group were: apple growers—Michigan State Horticultural Society (MSHS) annual meetings, local growers, Cooperative Extension Services (CES) agents, CES bulletins, and agribusiness representatives; blueberry growers—Michigan Blueberry Growers Association (MBGA) members-MBGA representatives, MBGA handbooks and local growers, and independent blueberry growers-CES agents, local growers, and CES bulletins; grape growers—National Grape Cooperative (NGC) members-local growers, CES agents, NGC newsletters and NGC representatives, and, independent juice grape growers—local growers and CES agents. Information sources used by growers for each practice were discussed. Chemical-requiring technologies, such as fertilizer use, weed control, pest control, growth regulator use, and disease control had similar ranking patterns for information sources within each industry.
Darkfield Illumination, an Alternative Technique for Photomicrography
Authors: Williamson J. G. , Coston D. C. , Williamson D. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The cover depicts a cross-sectional photomicrograph of a root from peach treated with a soil application of paclobutrazol. The 14-μm section was taken about 2 mm from the root apex. The tissue was fixed and embedded by conventional methods similar to those described by Sass (8), then doublestained with safranin and fast green. Photomicrographs were taken at × 180 with Ektachrome film (Kodak) using a Leitz Dialux 20 research microscope equipped with an Orthomat automatic microscope camera.
Tomato Yield and Nitrogen Recovery as Influenced by Irrigation Method, Nitrogen Source, and Mulch
Authors: Sweeney D. W. , Graetz D. A. , Bottcher A. B. , Locascio S. J. , Campbell K. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Factorial combinations of trickle or overhead irrigation, polyethylene mulch or no mulch, and 100% NH4NO3 or 50% sulfur-coated urea (SCU) and 50% NH4NO3 were evaluated for their effects on yield and N recovery by tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). In treatments using 100% NH4NO3, 15N-depleted NH4NO3 was applied. Neither tomato yield nor N uptake were affected by irrigation method but both were increased by the use of polyethylene mulch. Higher yields were obtained with NH4NO3 than with 50% NH4NO3 and 50% SCU. An average of 65% of the N in the plant and fruit originated from fertilizer N. Nitrogen recovery from plants and soil at the end of the season in treatments using 15N-depleted fertilizer ranged from 52% to 95%. Highest recovery was obtained with mulch plus overhead irrigation. With this system, 53% of the added N was recovered by the plant and 42% remained in the soil. Only 5% of the added N was lost from the system. All of the other treatments resulted in loss of an average of 46% of the added N.
Reflective Mulches Influence Plant Survival, Production, and Insect Control in Fall Tomatoes
Authors: Schalk J. M. , Robbins M. LeRon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Aluminum mulches lowered soil temperatures and reduced heat stress for young tomato transplants, increasing their survival and height. Yields were improved in all mulch treatments. Greatest yields of large and extra-large fruits were obtained from plants grown on aluminum alone, on aluminum in combination with black plastic, and on black plastic alone. Aphids were repelled by the aluminum mulches, while fruit injury increased due to tomato pinworm and tomato fruit worm feeding in these plots.