bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
fMRI and fNIRS Methods for Social Brain Studies: Hyperscanning Possibilities
Authors: Bazán Paulo Rodrigo , Amaro Edson 
Published: November 2022

AbstractRecently, the “social brain” (i.e., how the brain works in social context and the mechanisms for our social behavior) has gained focus in neuroscience literature – largely due to the fact that recently developed techniques allow studying different aspects of human social cognition and its brain correlates. In this context, hyperscanning techniques (Montague et al., Neuroimage 16(4):1159–1164, 2002) open the horizon for human interaction studies, allowing for the evaluation of interbrain connectivity. These techniques represent methods for simultaneously recording signals from different brains when subjects are interacting. In this chapter, we will explore the potentials of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), which are techniques based on blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal. We will start with a brief explanation of the BOLD response basic principles and the mechanisms involved in fMRI and fNIRS measurements related to brain function. We will then discuss the foundation of the social brain, based on the first studies, with one subject per data acquisition, to allow for understanding the new possibilities that hyperscanning techniques offer. Finally, we will focus on the scientific literature reporting fMRI and fNIRShyperscanning contribution to understand the social brain.
Modulating the Social and Affective Brain with Transcranial Stimulation Techniques
Authors: Rego Gabriel , Marques Lucas Murrins , da Silveira Coêlho Marília Lira , Boggio Paulo Sérgio 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTranscranial brain stimulation (TBS) is a term that denotes different noninvasive techniques which aim to modulate brain cortical activity through an external source, usually an electric or magnetic one. Currently, there are several techniques categorized as TBS. However, two are more used for scientific research, the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which stimulate brain areas with a high-intensity magnetic field or a weak electric current on the scalp, respectively. They represent an enormous contribution to behavioral, cognitive, and social neuroscience since they reveal how delimited brain cortical areas contribute to some behavior or cognition. They have also been proposed as a feasible tool in the clinical setting since they can modulate abnormal cognition or behavior due to brain activity modulation. This chapter will present the standard methods of transcranial stimulation, their contributions to social and affective neuroscience through a few main topics, and the studies that adopted those techniques, also summing their findings.
Facial EMG – Investigating the Interplay of Facial Muscles and Emotions
Authors: Wingenbach Tanja S. H. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides information about facial electromyography (EMG) as a method of investigating emotions and affect, including examples of application and methods for analysis. This chapter begins with a short introduction to emotion theory followed by an operationalisation of facial emotional expressions as an underlying requirement for their study using facial EMG. This chapter ends by providing practical information on the use of facial EMG.
The Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Unconscious Emotional Responses
Authors: Sato Wataru 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe neurocognitive mechanism of emotion without conscious awareness has long been a subject of great interest (Pribram KH, Gill MM, Freud’s “project” re-assessed: preface to contemporary cognitive theory and neuropsychology. Basic Books, 1976). Several pervious psychological studies have used subliminal presentations of emotional facial expressions in the context of the affective priming paradigm to investigate unconscious emotional processing (e.g., Murphy ST, Zajonc RB, J Person Soc Psychol 64:723–739, 1993; for a review, see Eastwood JD, Smilek D, Conscious Cognit 14:565–584, 2005). In a typical application of this paradigm, a facial expression depicting a negative or positive emotion is flashed briefly as a prime, then an emotionally neutral target (e.g., an ideograph) is presented. Participants are asked to make emotion-related judgments about the target. The studies reported that evaluations of the target were negatively biased by unconscious negative primes, compared to positive primes. This effect has been interpreted as evidence that unconscious emotion can be elicited and that it affects the evaluation of unrelated targets.
Social and Affective Neuroscience of Embodiment
Authors: da Silveira Coêlho Marília Lira , Wingenbach Tanja S. H. , Boggio Paulo Sérgio 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEmbodiment has been discussed in the context of social, affective, and cognitive psychology, and also in the investigations of neuroscience in order to understand the relationship between biological mechanisms, body and cognitive, and social and affective processes. New theoretical models have been presented by researchers considering not only the sensory–motor interaction and the environment but also biological mechanisms regulating homeostasis and neural processes (Tsakiris M, Q J Exp Psychol 70(4):597–609, 2017). Historically, the body and the mind were comprehended as separate entities. The body was considered to function as a machine, responsible for providing sensory information to the mind and executing its commands. The mind, however, would process information in an isolated way, similar to a computer (Pecher D, Zwaan RA, Grounding cognition: the role of perception and action in memory, language, and thinking. Cambridge University Press, 2005). This mind and body perspective (Marmeleira J, Duarte Santos G, Percept Motor Skills 126, 2019; Marshall PJ, Child Dev Perspect 10(4):245–250, 2016), for many years, was the basis for studies in social and cognitive areas, in neuroscience, and clinical psychology.
Sex Differences in Social Cognition
Authors: Proverbio Alice Mado 
Published: November 2022

Abstract Several studies have demonstrated sex differences in empathy and social abilities. This chapter reviews studies on sex differences in the brain, with particular reference to how women and men process faces and facial expressions, social interactions, pain of others, infant faces, faces in things (pareidolia), living vs. non-living information, purposeful actions, biological motion, erotic vs. emotional information. Sex differences in oxytocin-based attachment response and emotional memory are also discussed. Overall, the female and male brains show some neuro-functional differences in several aspects of social cognition, with particular regard to emotional coding, face processing and response to baby schema that might be interpreted in the light of evolutionary psychobiology.
Development of Morality and Emotional Processing
Authors: Marques Lucas Murrins , Cabral Patrícia , Comfort William Edgar , Boggio Paulo Sérgio 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEmotions play a very important role in moral judgments. Hume argues that morality is determined by feelings that make us define whether an attitude is virtuous or criminal. This implies that an individual relies on their past experience to make a moral judgment, so that when the mind contemplates what it knows, it may trigger emotions such as disgust, contempt, affection, admiration, anger, shame, and guilt (Hume D. An enquiry concerning the principles of morals, 1777 ed. Sec. VI, Part I, para, 196, 1777). Thus, even so-called “basic” emotions can be considered as moral emotions. As Haidt (The moral emotions. In: Handbook of affective sciences, vol 11, 852–870, Oxford University Press, 2003) points out, all emotional processing that leads to the establishment and maintenance of the integrity of human social structures can be considered as moral emotion. Consequently, the construct of “morality” is often characterized by a summation of both emotion and cognitive elaboration (Haidt J. Psychol Rev, 108(4):814, 2001).
Trust in Social Interaction: From Dyads to Civilizations
Authors: Christov-Moore Leonardo , Bolis Dimitris , Kaplan Jonas , Schilbach Leonhard , Iacoboni Marco 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHuman trust can be construed as a heuristic wager on the predictability and benevolence of others, within a compatible worldview. A leap of faith across gaps in information. Generally, we posit that trust constitutes a functional bridge between individual and group homeostasis, by helping minimize energy consumed in continuously monitoring the behavior of others and verifying their assertions, thus reducing group complexity and facilitating coordination. Indeed, we argue that trust is crucial to the formation and maintenance of collective entities. However, the wager that trust represents in the face of uncertainty leaves the possibility of misallocated trust, which can result in maladaptive outcomes for both individuals and groups. More specifically, trust can be thought of as a scale-invariant property of minimizing prediction error within ascending levels of social hierarchy ranging from individual brains to dyads, groups and societies, and ultimately civilizations. This framework permits us to examine trust from multiple perspectives at once, relating homeostasis, subjective affect and predictive processing/active inference at the individual level, with complexity and homeostasis at the collective level. We propose trust as a paradigmatic instance of an intrinsically dialectical phenomenon bridging individual and collective levels of organization, one that can be observed in daily experience and empirically studied in the real world. Here, we suggest collective psychophysiology as a promising paradigm for studying the multiscale dynamics of trust. We conclude with discussing how our integrative approach could help shine light on not only the bright but also the dark sides of trust.
Grundlagen einer ethisch-fachlich fundierten Pflege und Betreuung von Menschen mit Demenz
Authors: Ritzi Sebastian 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Kapitel sollen übergeordnete Grundlagen analysiert und diskutiert werden, die die Voraussetzungen einer ethisch sowie fachlich fundierten Pflege und Betreuung von Menschen mit Demenz bilden. Dabei bildet die Anerkennung der Personalität von Menschen mit Demenz (Abschn. 3.1) den Ausgangspunkt jeder abgeleiteten ethischen Forderung. Die Anerkennung der Personalität sollte dabei jedoch stets von einer Anerkennung der Vulnerabilität des Menschen mit Demenz begleitet sein, die sich bei genauerem Hinsehen als Versichtbarung der prinzipiellen Vulnerabilität aller Menschen erweist (Absch. 3.2). Auch wenn diesen Grundlagen zunächst eine gewisse Abstraktheit zu eignen scheint, wird es im Verlauf dieses Kapitels stets auch darum gehen, die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse auf die Problematik von FeM anzuwenden, um deren unmittelbare Relevanz für die vorliegende Thematik aufzuzeigen. Eine besondere Bedeutung kommt dabei der Konzeption der Leiblichkeit zu, da diese jeweils hilft, die konkrete phänomenale Erfahrbarkeit von Personalität und Vulnerabilität aufzuweisen. Auch soll am Ende dieser beiden Abschnitte jeweils die Frage thematisiert werden, wie sich die ethischen Implikationen des Personalitäts- bzw. des Vulnerabilitätskonzeptes mithilfe pflegetheoretischer Ansätze in die pflegerische Praxis übersetzen lassen. Das Kapitel schließt mit einem Zwischenfazit (Abschn. 3.3).
Leptogenesis and dark matter through relativistic bubble walls with observable gravitational waves
Authors: Borah Debasish , Dasgupta Arnab , Saha Indrajit 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We study a scenario where both dark matter and heavy right handed neutrino (RHN) responsible for leptogenesis acquire masses by crossing the relativistic bubble walls formed as a result of a TeV scale supercooled first order phase transition (FOPT). While this leads to a large out-of-equilibrium abundance of right handed neutrino inside the bubble sufficient to produce the required lepton asymmetry, the dark matter being lighter can still remain in equilibrium with its relic being set by subsequent thermal freeze-out. A classical conformal symmetry ensures the origin of mass via FOPT induced by a singlet scalar while also ensuring supercooling leading to enhanced gravitational wave amplitude within the sensitivity of the LISA experiment. A minimal scenario with three RHN, one inert scalar doublet and one singlet scalar as additional fields beyond the standard model is sufficient to realize this possibility which also favours inert RHN dark matter over inert scalar doublet.
DMRG study of the higher-charge Schwinger model and its ’t Hooft anomaly
Authors: Honda Masazumi , Itou Etsuko , Tanizaki Yuya 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The charge-q Schwinger model is the (1 + 1)-dimensional quantum electrodynamics (QED) with a charge-q Dirac fermion. It has the ℤq 1-form symmetry and also enjoys the ℤq chiral symmetry in the chiral limit, and there is a mixed ’t Hooft anomaly between those symmetries. We numerically study the charge-q Schwinger model in the lattice Hamiltonian formulation using the density-matrix renormalization group (DMRG). When applying DMRG, we map the Schwinger model to a spin chain with nonlocal interaction via Jordan-Wigner transformation, and we take the open boundary condition instead of the periodic one to make the Hilbert space finite-dimensional. When computing the energy density or chiral condensate, we find that using local operators significantly reduces the boundary effect compared with the computation of corresponding extensive quantities divided by the volume. To discuss the consequence of the ’t Hooft anomaly, we carefully treat the renormalization of the chiral condensates, and then we confirm that Wilson loops generate the discrete chiral transformations in the continuum limit.
Hydrogen sulfide as a therapeutic option for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and other muscle-related diseases
Authors: Kaziród Katarzyna , Myszka Małgorzata , Dulak Józef , Łoboda Agnieszka 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been known for years as a poisoning gas and until recently evoked mostly negative associations. However, the discovery of its gasotransmitter functions suggested its contribution to various physiological and pathological processes. Although H2S has been found to exert cytoprotective effects through modulation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and pro-angiogenic responses in a variety of conditions, its role in the pathophysiology of skeletal muscles has not been broadly elucidated so far. The classical example of muscle-related disorders is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common and severe type of muscular dystrophy. Mutations in theDMDgene that encodes dystrophin, a cytoskeletal protein that protects muscle fibers from contraction-induced damage, lead to prominent dysfunctions in the structure and functions of the skeletal muscle. However, the main cause of death is associated with cardiorespiratory failure, and DMD remains an incurable disease. Taking into account a wide range of physiological functions of H2S and recent literature data on its possible protective role in DMD, we focused on the description of the ‘old’ and ‘new’ functions of H2S, especially in muscle pathophysiology. Although the number of studies showing its essential regulatory action in dystrophic muscles is still limited, we propose that H2S-based therapy has the potential to attenuate the progression of DMD and other muscle-related disorders.
Extended tolerance modelling of dynamic problems for thin uniperiodic cylindrical shells
Authors: Tomczyk B. , Gołąbczak M. , Litawska A. , Gołąbczak A. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDynamic problems of thin linearly elastic Kirchhoff–Love-type circular cylindrical shells having geometrical, elastic and inertial properties densely and periodically varying in circumferential direction (uniperiodic shells) are studied. In order to take into account the effect of a cell size on the global dynamic behaviour of such shells (the length-scale effect), a new mathematical averaged non-asymptotic model is formulated. This so-called the general tolerance model is derived by applying a certain extended version of the well-known tolerance modelling technique. Governing equations of this averaged model have constant coefficients depending also on a microstructure size, contrary to the starting exact shell equations with periodic, non-continuous and highly oscillating coefficients (the well-known governing equations of linear Kirchhoff–Love theory of thin elastic cylindrical shells). The effect of a cell size on the transversal free vibrations of an uniperiodic shell strip is studied. It will be shown that within this general tolerance model not only fundamental cell-independent, but also the new additional cell-dependent free vibration frequencies can be derived and analysed. The obtained results will be compared with the corresponding results derived from the knownnon-asymptotic standard tolerance model and from the asymptotic one.
Urban density and COVID-19: understanding the US experience
Authors: Carozzi Felipe , Provenzano Sandro , Roth Sefi 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis paper revisits the debate around the link between population density and the severity of COVID-19 spread in the USA. We do so by conducting an empirical analysis based on graphical evidence, regression analysis and instrumental variable strategies borrowed from the agglomeration literature. Studying the period between the start of the epidemic and the beginning of the vaccination campaign at the end of 2020, we find that the cross-sectional relationship between density and COVID-19 deaths changed as the year evolved. Initially, denser counties experienced more COVID-19 deaths. Yet, by December, the relationship between COVID deaths and urban density was completely flat. This is consistent with evidence indicating density affected the timing of the outbreak—with denser locations more likely to have an early outbreak—yet had no influence on time-adjusted COVID-19 cases and deaths. Using data from Google, Facebook, the US Census and other sources, we investigate potential mechanisms behind these findings.
Comparative study of error determination of machine tools
Authors: Elmelegy Ahmed , Zahwi Sarwat 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The increasing demands of highly precise industrial products lead to continuous seeking for the improvements in cabapility of manufacturing machines, i.e., machine tools. Machine tools include different types of manufacturing machines, i.e., turning, lathe, drilling, and milling machines whatever computerized numerical control (CNC) type or manual type. The cabaplity improvement in machine tools requires a real understanding of their productivity, accuracy, and operating parameters, i.e., their geometrical errors. These errors can be accurately identified through measurements with highly accurate measuring instruments. These machine errors have different error sources. The angular errors, horizontal and vertical straightness errors, paralleism errors, and squarness errors are clear examples for these sources. In this work, a comparative study for the determination of machine tools errors is carried out. Two main instruments of laser interferometer system and autocollimator system are used. The geometric errors are identified, measured, and analyzed.
Investigations into the concentration and metabolite profiles of stanozolol and LGD-4033 in blood plasma and seminal fluid using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Breuer Johanna , Thomas Andreas , Delahaut Philippe , Schänzer Wilhelm , Geyer Hans , Thevis Mario 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Potential scenarios as to the origin of minute amounts of banned substances detected in doping control samples have been a much-discussed problem in anti-doping analysis in recent years. One such debated scenario has been the contamination of female athletes’ urine with ejaculate containing doping agents and/or their metabolites. The aim of this work was to obtain complementary information on whether relevant concentration ranges of doping substances are excreted into the ejaculate and which metabolites can be detected in the seminal fluid (sf) and corresponding blood plasma (bp) samples. A method was established to study the concentration and metabolite profiles of stanozolol and LGD-4033—substances listed under anabolic substances (S1) on the World Anti-Doping Agency’s Prohibited List—in bp and sf using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). For sf and bp, methods for detecting minute amounts of these substances were developed and tested for specificity, recovery, linearity, precision, and reliability. Subsequently, sf and bp samples from an animal administration study, where a boar orally received stanozolol at 0.33 mg/kg and LGD-4033 at 0.11 mg/kg, were measured. The developed assays proved appropriate for the detection of the target substances in both matrices with detection limits between 10 and 40 pg/mL for the unmetabolized drugs in sf and bp, allowing to estimate the concentration of stanozolol in bp (0.02–0.40 ng/mL) and in sf (0.01–0.25 ng/mL) as well as of LGD-4033 in bp (0.21–2.00 ng/mL) and in sf (0.03–0.68 ng/mL) post-administration. In addition, metabolites resulting from different metabolic pathways were identified in sf and bp, with sf resembling a composite of the metabolic profile of bp and urine.
Graphical Abstract
Characterisation of cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory effects of glycolipid biosurfactants on human keratinocytes
Authors: Adu Simms A. , Twigg Matthew S. , Naughton Patrick J. , Marchant Roger , Banat Ibrahim M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Skin irritation and allergic reactions associated with the use of skincare products formulated with synthetically derived surfactants such as sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) have encouraged the search for naturally derived and biocompatible alternatives. Glycolipid biosurfactants such as sophorolipids (SL) and rhamnolipids (RL) offer a potential alternative to SLES. However, most studies on the bioactive properties of microbial glycolipids were determined using their mixed congeners, resulting in significant inter-study variations. This study aims to compare the effects of highly purified SL (acidic and lactonic) and RL (mono-RL and di-RL) congeners and SLES on a spontaneously transformed human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT cells) to assess glycolipids’ safety for potential skincare applications. Preparations of acidic SL congeners were 100% pure, lactonic SL were 100% pure, mono-RL were 96% pure, and di-RL were 97% pure. Cell viability using XTT assays, cell morphological analyses, and immunoassays revealed that microbial glycolipids have differing effects on HaCaT cells dependent on chemical structure. Compared with SLES, acidic SL and mono-RL have negligible effects on cell viability, cell morphology, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, at non-inhibitory concentrations, di-RL significantly attenuated IL-8 production and CXCL8 expression while increasing IL-1RA production and IL1RN expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated HaCaT cells. Although further studies would be required, these results demonstrate that as potential innocuous and bioactive compounds, microbial glycolipids could provide a substitute to synthetic surfactants in skincare formulations and perform immunopharmacological roles in topical skin infections such as psoriasis.

Key points
• Purified glycolipid congeners have differing effects on human keratinocytes.
• Compared with SLES, acidic sophorolipids and mono-rhamnolipids have innocuous effects on keratinocytes.
• Di-rhamnolipids and mono-rhamnolipids modulate cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide stimulated human keratinocytes.