bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of Alternative Respiratory Pathway in Freshly Excised Apple Root Tissue
Authors: Wang S.Y. , Steffens G.L. , Faust M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A cyanide-resistant alternative pathway was found to exist in root tissue of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). In the absence of potassium cyanide (KCN), an inhibitor of cytochrome electron transport, the alternative pathway did not contribute to overall root respiration. However, in the presence of KCN or carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), an uncoupler, active participation of the alternative pathway was detected. Inhibition of O2 uptake by salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) was observed in the presence of antimycin A (AA) or sodium azide (NaN3), but to a lesser degree than when KCN was present. The degree of inhibition by SHAM was greatest in the presence of KCN, followed by AA and then NaN3. The antioxidant n-Propyl gallate (PG) was found to be an effective inhibitor of the alternative pathway. The site of inhibition in apple root tissue by PG is very similar to that of SHAM. Sodium benzoate, another antioxidant and free radical scavenger, and tetraethylthiuram disulfide (disulfiram), a copper chelator, did not inhibit the alternative pathway in apple root tissue.
Postharvest Quality and Storage Life of Grapes as Influenced by Adding Carbon Monoxide to Air or Controlled Atmospheres
Authors: Yahia E.M. , Nelson K.E. , Kader A.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of 10% carbon monoxide (CO) added to air or controlled atmospheres (2% O2 with or without 5% CO2) on quality and storage life of grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Thompson Seedless) were compared with those of the conventional SO2 fumigation treatments for decay control. CO in air reduced respiration and C2H4 production rates, and retarded berry browning and softening, but was only partially effective in retarding decay beyond 2 months at 0°C. SO2 treatments were very effective in controlling the spread of decay, but brown discoloration of the berries increased, especially after 2 months at 0° or 1°. When combined with 2% O2 with or without 5% CO2, CO inhibited C2H4 production and retarded decay development, but the presence of CO2 increased brown discoloration of the berries. A combination of 2% O2 + 10% CO was as effective as SO2 in controlling decay of grapes held at 0° for up to 4 months and caused less browning and bleaching than SO2.
Screening of Turfgrasses and Clovers for Use as Living Mulches in Sweet Corn and Cabbage
Authors: Nicholson A.G. , Wien H.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The system of using a living sod intercropped with row crops is aimed at alleviating soil compaction, a major problem for commercial vegetable producers in the United States. Monoculture screening of 30 grasses and 52 legumes was conducted to select groundcovers suitable for use as living mulches with little or no crop suppression. Five turfgrasses and 3 dwarf white clover cultivars were selected from the trial and grown between rows of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) in the following year. Colonial bentgrass, creeping bentgrass, and a Kentucky bluegrass/white clover mixture significantly reduced sweet corn and cabbage yields. Red fescue adversely affected sweet corn, whereas 2 American white clover cultivars caused yield reductions in cabbage. Growth of Chewing’s fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and the wild white clover cultivar ‘Kent’ had no effect on sweet corn or cabbage yields. Correlations of living mulch dry weight to vegetable yield parameters were negative and highly significant in both experiments.
Effect of Some Growth Regulators and Nutritional Compounds as Substitutes for Chilling of ‘Delicious’ Apple Leaf and Flower Buds
Authors: Shaltout Assem D. , Unrath C.R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rest of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) buds was satisfied partially by applications of 6-ben-zylamino purine + gibberellic acid (BA+GA4+7 = Promalin), BA alone, potassium nitrate, and thiourea; GA4+7 alone had no effect. The combination of thiourea and potassium nitrate was as effective as Promalin or BA in stimulating flower bud development. Potassium nitrate had a pronounced effect on forcing flower buds while thiourea had more effect on forcing vegetative buds. BA and Promalin affected both flower and vegetative buds. No treatment affected bloom date or growing degree hours (GDH) required for flower bud expansion under our conditions when applied after 450, 950, or 1200 hours of chilling. Promalin and BA were both effective at 300 and 500 ppm, while thiourea and potassium nitrate were effective at 2% and 3% (w/v), respectively.
Factors Altering Response of Plants to Triacontanol
Authors: Ries Stanley , Wert Violet , Biernbaum John A. , Gibson Thomas , Bradley W. Jack 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Triacontanol (TRIA), a 30-carbon primary alcohol, was shown to be a more effective plant growth stimulator when formulated as a colloidal dispersion than as a suspension in chloroform and Tween 20 or acetone naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and CaCl2. TRIA applied at rates of 0.1 and 1.0 μg/liter consistently increased the dry weight of maize (Zea mays L.) shoots and rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings in short-term greenhouse and growth chamber experiments. This application rate is 1000-fold lower than optimum levels applied with other formulations. A 99.45% pure sample of TRIA stimulated maize growth 2 times more than a sample containing 96.40% TRIA at a concentration of 0.5 μg/liter. Neither dispersion pH nor water hardness altered activity of TRIA formulated as a colloidal dispersion. It may be practical to apply TRIA with a controlled-droplet applicator in volumes of water as low as 8–11 liters/ha. The most important environmental factors evaluated for their effect on crop response to TRIA were time of day and temperature prior to spraying. In growth chamber studies, foliar application of TRIA 3 to 7 hours into the photoperiod resulted in twice the growth increase as applications made 11 hours into the photoperiod. In the greenhouse, with supplemental high intensity lamps, sprays were about twice as effective applied 11 hours (5 pm) as 3 hours (9 am) into the photoperiod. There was a positive correlation between the temperature of the growth chamber environment one hour before spraying and the response to TRIA; however, temperature of the environment for one hour after spray application had no effect on TRIA activity.
Quantitative and Qualitative Characterization of Carrot Root Periderm during Development
Authors: Knowles Lisa O’Rear , Flore J.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Periderm from the roots of carrot (Daucus carota L.) was isolated enzymatically and analyzed anatomically and chemically during development. The outer transverse walls of the phellem layer formed a continuous, external membrane containing chloroform/methanol-soluble lipids. Separated by thin layer chromatography, these lipids contained at least 6 major chemical groups, the most abundant of which cochromatographed with fatty acids. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the absence of surface fine structure. The periderm membrane decreased in weight with development of the root, attributable to reductions in both chloroform/methanol-soluble and insoluble material per unit area.
Imbibitional Chilling Injury during Chickpea Germination
Authors: Chen Tony H.H. , Yamamoto S.D.K. , Gusta L.V. , Slinkard A.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Either imbibition at low temperatures or fast water uptake reduced germination of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) by 15%. The combination of imbibition at low temperatures and fast water uptake reduced germination by 65%. The most chilling-sensitive period for chickpea germination is the first 30 minutes of imbibition. Slow imbibition at 20°C for 24 hours prior to seeding of mechanically damaged chickpea seeds significantly improved percentage of germination, and uniform, vigorous seedlings resulted. Such prehydrated seeds also showed better emergence under field conditions, especially in early spring when the soil was still cold. The results suggest that mechanically damaged seeds sown in cold, wet soil undergo imbibitional chilling injury and fast water uptake, leading to poor field emergence. Prehydration of seeds by slow imbibition at warm temperature and/or fungicide application increased the germination and emergence of chickpeas sown into cold, wet soils.
Increased Geranium Growth Using Pretransplant Inoculation with a Mycorrhizal Fungus
Authors: Biermann Brenda J. , Linderman R.G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Inoculation of the various potting media with the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerd. & Trappe resulted in root colonization of geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey) by the endophyte that persisted after transplanting. By flowering time, mycorrhizal transplants grown at 11 or 43 ppm P were more uniform in growth than nonmycorrhizal transplants grown at the same nutrient regimes, had greater leaf areas and leaf weights, had increased root and shoot weights, and had lower foliar Mn concentrations. Mycorrhizae were sufficiently well-established on most seedlings at a minimum of 2 weeks after emergence to persist and continue to develop after transplanting. Pretransplant inoculation with G. fasciculatum increased subsequent geranium growth over that of nonmycorrhizal controls when both were transplanted into soil heavily infested with mycorrhizal fungus inoculum, even though size of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants did not differ at the time of transplanting. Posttransplant inoculation with G. fasciculatum did not affect the growth of plants which were already mycorrhizal at transplant, but increased the growth of previously nonmycorrhizal transplants. Pretransplant inoculation in soil, peat, or vermiculite resulted in larger plants than posttransplant inoculation in these media.
Growth of Ten Species of Ornamental Tree Seedlings Exposed to Different Photoperiods
Authors: Broschat T.K. , Donselman H.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ten species of tropical to temperate ornamental tree seedlings. [Bauhinia variegata L., Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton, T. caraiba (Mart.) Bur., Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf., Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg., Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don, Tamarindus indica L., Acer rubrum L., and Quercus virginiana Mill.] were grown outdoors under natural photoperiods or long day (LD) photoperiods during the autumn, winter, and early spring months. Growth response to photoperiod and temperature varied widely among both tropical and temperate species. Jacaranda mimosifolia, B. variegata, and T. indica were classified as quantitative LD plants since growth was enhanced by LD, but not prevented by short days. However, temperature appeared to be an overriding factor in the growth of T. indica. Delonix regia and A. rubrum grew continuously under LD, but ceased all growth when natural daylength (ND) became shorter than 10.8 h. Quercus virginiana, P. pinnata, B. simaruba, and T. heterophylla showed virtually no response to photoperiod, but temperatures below 15°C prevented growth in Q. virginiana. LD increased growth rate in T. caraiba during the autumn months, but low temperature prevented growth in either LD or ND in the winter. ND plants of this species grew more rapidly in the spring than those maintained under LD. This negative influence of LD on growth during the spring months also was noted in other species in this study.
Role of the Endocarp in ‘Manzanillo’ Olive Seed Germination
Authors: Crisosto Carlos , Sutter Ellen G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The endocarp of ‘Manzanillo’ olive (Olea europaea L.) seeds was subjected to several treatments in order to determine its effect on germination of the olive seed. The endocarp inhibited germination in stratified as well as unstratified olive seeds. Removing the endocarp resulted in high percentages of germination, but only when it was completely removed or when the radicle end was removed. The endocarp did not inhibit germination by preventing imbibition, since water uptake occurred in the seed through the untreated endocarp and through the clipped cotyledon end. The endocarp also did not contain water soluble inhibitors that prevent germination. Rather, the endocarp seemed to inhibit germination through mechanical resistance. High percentages of germination can occur only when the structure of the endocarp is altered, reducing its resistance to embryo expansion.
Ground Color as a Peach Maturity Index
Authors: Delwiche Michael J. , Baumgardner Reginald A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in peach ground color were analysed over the periods of growth, maturation, and ripening for an early, mid-season, and late maturing cultivar. Color was measured with a tristimulus colorimeter in Hunter “L”, “a”, “b” coordinates. Ground color progressions over time were similar for the 3 cultivars. All color coordinates increased during the 3 weeks prior to harvest, with the “a” coordinate showing the largest rate of change with time. Ground color also was compared with a trial series of 6 uniformly spaced color references. High correlations between color reference selection and measured “a” value demonstrated the feasibility of a ground color reference maturity index even when color matches were not exact. Effects of packing house operations on ground color were investigated. Removal of fuzz by brushing had little effect on measured color, whereas wetting of the brushed surface caused a distinct decrease in lightness (“L” value) but little change in chromaticity (“a” and “b” value).
Growth Capacity of ‘Valencia’ Orange Buds on Different Rootstocks during Cold-hardening Temperatures
Authors: Yelenosky G. , Wutscher H. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Initial growth and development of ‘Valencia’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] shoots from buds grafted on 7 different rootstocks were determined during cold-hardening and nonhardening temperature regimes for the 1st 4 months after budbreak. Cold hardening included 12 hr each of 15.6°/4.4°C day/night (D/N) in controlled-environment rooms, where 80% fluorescent and 20% incandescent light averaged 450 μmol m-2s-1. Nonhardening included 32.2°/21.1° D/N as well as greenhouse conditions with natural daylight. Rootstocks influenced growth of ‘Valencia’ during cold-hardening temperatures. Cold-hardening temperatures, however, did not stop ‘Valencia’ growth on any of the rootstocks. Total growth was less than 1/20 of the dry weight accumulated during the warm temperatures. During the cold-hardening treatment, ‘Valencia’ grew the most on the relatively cold-tender volkamer lemon [C. volkameriana (Ten. and Pasq.)] rootstock. The least growth was on the more cold-hardy Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstock. The amount of growth during cold-hardening temperatures generally coincided with the cold hardiness of the rootstocks, but statistical separation was poor. Trees grown at the warm temperatures started to freeze at higher temperatures than trees grown at cold-hardening temperatures. Rootstocks did not influence freeze avoidance, and no differences were apparent in freeze (ice) tolerance. Three layers of palisade cells were found in leaves that were grown at the cold temperatures.
Ethylene and Water Stress in the Senescence of cut Anthurium Flowers
Authors: Paull Robert E. , Goo Theodore T. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Anthurium flower (Anthurium andraeanum Andre) postharvest life was studied relative to water balance. Rate of water uptake declined to 20% of the harvest rate within 10 days. Silver nitrate pulsing reduced the water uptake rate decline and helped to maintain an increased rate 10 days after harvest. The spadix was the site of 50% to 60% of water loss while 20% to 40% of the loss occurred via the spathe and 10% to 20% via the stem. Water loss can be reduced by waxing with carnauba and other commerical fruit waxes, and this treatment can double postharvest life. The inhibitors Co2+ and amino-ethoxyvinylglycine significantly reduced the peak of ethylene produced, whereas inhibitors of ethylene response (Ag+, nitrogen and carbon dioxide bubbling) reduced autocatalytic ethylene production from cut anthurium flower stem sections. The cut stem ethylene production peaked 10 hr after cutting, then declined. Cytokinin also affected postharvest life, apparently via effects on water balance. Biocides (quaternary ammonium compound, streptomycin, nystatin, chloramphenicol, and a commercial flower preservative) had little effect on vase life. Wound ethylene-induced stem clogging and not microbial clogging of vascular tissue probably was the major factor limiting postharvest life, inducing water stress and senescence.
Pruning and Deblossoming Effects on Shoot Growth and Leaf Area of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Trees
Authors: Forshey C. G. , Marmo C. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fourteen-year-old ‘McIntosh’/M 26 apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) were deblossomed, pruned, or deblossomed and pruned, and separated into different shoot and leaf types after harvest. Both deblossoming and pruning increased shoot growth; the former by increasing shoot numbers and the latter by increasing mean shoot length. In spite of differences in total shoot growth, there were no differences in the relative proportions of the 3 shoot types. Treatment did not affect total leaf area, but both deblossoming and pruning increased the proportion of shoot leaves with corresponding decreases in spur leaves.
Differential Tolerance of Tomato Strains to Maintained and Deficient Levels of Phosphorus
Authors: Coltman R. R. , Gerloff G. C. , Gabelman W. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven strains of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), with similar growth rates under adequate P availability, differed in dry matter accumulation by up to 73% when grown under P deficiency in a sand-alumina medium. The rate of P uptake per unit of root weight or length was a primary factor in strain capacity to acquire P under low-P stress. Variation in efficiency of internal P use also contributed to differential tolerance to P deficiency. The factors indicated to be responsible for tolerance to P-deficiency stress were present to different degrees in the different strains. Uptake rates per unit root were equally well correlated with total P absorption whether based on root length or root weight, suggesting that it may be most practical to screen for superior uptake capacities on the basis of root weight.
Modification of Ozone Sensitivity in Seedlings by Ethylenediurea: Soil Application vs. Stem Injection
Authors: Roberts B. R. , Jensen K. F. , Cathey H. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An anti-oxidant chemical, EDU, was applied in the greenhouse as a soil drench or by stem injection to 2-year-old containerized seedlings 7 days prior to fumigation with 0.35 or 0.95 ppm ozone (O3) for 3 hr. EDU treatment reduced the appearance of O3-induced symptoms (surface bleaching, bifacial necrosis, and chlorosis) on the foliage of red maple, Acer rubrum L.; honeylocust, Gleditsia triacanthos L.; sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua L.; and pin oak, Quercus palustris Muenchh. Stem injection of EDU was significantly more effective than soil drench at the same concentration, although both treatments afforded some protection at the low O3 level (0.35 ppm). About 50 times more EDU was required for comparable levels of O3 protection using soil application as opposed to stem injection. Honeylocust showed the greatest physiological response to EDU as evidenced by changes in root, stem, and leaf dry weight of stem-injected seedlings. All 4 species showed some sensitivity to O3 at 0.95 ppm in the absence of EDU. Chemical name used: N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl)ethyl]-N’-phenylurea (EDU).
Extractable Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu from a Peat-based Container Medium Amended with Various Micronutrient Fertilizers
Authors: Broschat Timothy K. , Donselman Henry M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Extractability (in 1 n NH4OAc, pH 7.0) of Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu from a Canadian peat, perlite, and sand medium amended with 6 commercial micronutrient fertilizer mixes was determined over an 80-week period with semi-weekly leaching. With the exception of Fe from FeDTPA, which dropped rapidly from very high levels to almost zero, and Fe from Esmigran, which was not extractable by NH4OAc, levels of all 5 elements from most fertilizer sources decreased slightly during the 1st month but then remained rather constant for the remainder of the 18 month experimental period. Extractable Mn, Zn, and Fe were reduced significantly by the superphosphate in Micromax Plus.
Pistillate Flower and Fruit Abortion in Pecan as a Function of Cultivar, Time, and Pollination
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Madden George D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Abortion of pistillate flowers and fruit was determined in ‘Cherokee’, ‘Success’, ‘Stuart’, and ‘Desirable’ pecans [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch]. Abortion occurred in 4 periods during the growth cycle of the fruit. The distinctness and magnitude of the drops varied greatly among cultivars. Total seasonal abortion was inversely related to the alternate bearing tendency of the cultivars. The 1st drop varied inversely with shoot length, the 2nd drop coincided with abortion of nonpollinated flowers and was increased by selling, and the 3rd drop coincided with abortion induced by self-pollination. The majority of fruit loss during the 4th drop followed fruit split or discoloration. This drop correlated with high soil moisture and humidity. However, a lesser drop, from embryo abortion, also is proposed to occur at this time.
Composition and Color of Fruit and Juice of Thornless Blackberry Cultivars
Authors: Sapers Gerald M. , Burgher Anita M. , Phillips John G. , Galletta Gene J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ripe fruit of 40 thornless blackberry cultivars and selections, and juice samples obtained therefrom, were compared to determine differences in color and composition after freezing, thawing, and heating. Color changes (reddening) during frozen storage were associated with within-sample variability in ripeness. Red subsamples of frozen blackberries were lower than black subsamples in soluble solids and total anthocyanin contents and higher in titratable acidity and anthocyanin recovery in the pressed juice. When juice samples were standardized to compensate for differences in pH and anthocyanin concentration, ripeness and cultivar effects on juice tristimulus parameters were small. Rapid thawing of frozen fruit resulted in less anthocyanin loss than did slow thawing. Heating darkened blackberry juice samples and increased values of A440/A513.
Quality Acceptance of Juices of Two Cultivars of Muscadine Grapes Mixed with Other Juices
Authors: Sistrunk W.A. , Morris J.R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Juices from 2 cultivars of muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolio Michx.), ‘Noble’ (dark-skinned) and ‘Carlos’ (bronze-skinned), were mixed with juices of ‘Concord’ and ‘Niagara’ grapes, cranberry or apple. ‘Noble’ juice, combined with ‘Concord’ juice, resulted in the highest quality among the dark mixtures prepared. Also, the mixtures retained most color and flavor during a 12 month storage period. ‘Carlos’ juice rated higher in quality when blended with the light-colored juices of apple and ‘Niagara’ than with the dark colored juice. The light amber color was stable during a 12 month storage period, and the flavor and overall acceptance of the mixture were rated higher than for the others.