bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vascular disease and apathy symptoms in the very old: A cross‐sectional and longitudinal meta‐analysis of individual participant data
Authors: van der Klei Veerle M. G. T. H. , Poortvliet Rosalinde K. E. , Bogaerts Jonathan M. K. , Blom Jeanet W. , Mooijaart Simon P. , Teh Ruth , Muru‐Lanning Marama , Palapar Leah , Kingston Andrew , Robinson Louise , Kerse Ngaire , Gussekloo Jacobijn 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectivesPrevious findings suggest a vascular foundation underlying apathy, but transdiagnostic and prospective evidence on vascular apathy is scarce. This study examines the association between vascular disease and the presence and development of apathy symptoms in the very old.MethodsFour cohorts of the Towards Understanding Longitudinal International older People Studies (TULIPS)‐consortium were included in a two‐staged, individual participant data meta‐analysis using generalized linear mixed models. Vascular disease was defined as a history of any clinical atherosclerotic pathology (angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, intermittent claudication, transient ischemic attack, stroke or related surgeries) and was related to apathy symptoms as repeatedly measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐3A ≥2) over a maximum of 5 years.ResultsOf all 1868 participants (median age 85 years old), 53.9% had vascular disease and 44.3% experienced apathy symptoms. Participants with vascular disease had a 76% higher risk of apathy symptoms at baseline (odds ratio (OR) 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32–2.35), irrespective of depressive symptoms and only partially explained by stroke. Conversely, there was no association of vascular disease with the occurrence of apathy symptoms longitudinally, both in those with apathy at baseline (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.84–1.20) and without (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.84–1.09).ConclusionsVascular disease in the very old is associated with apathy symptoms cross‐sectionally, but not proven longitudinally, independent of depressive symptoms. These findings query a vascular cause underlying apathy symptoms. However, the consistency of our cross‐sectional findings in direction and magnitude across the TULIPS‐consortium do emphasize international relevance of the interplay of vascular factors and apathy in advanced age, which meaning needs further unravelling.
Characteristic submucosal alteration in biliary carcinogenesis of pancreaticobiliary maljunction with a focus on inflammasome activation
Authors: Yamashita Shoko , Takasu Chie , Morine Yuji , Ishibashi Hiroki , Ikemoto Tetsuya , Mori Hiroki , Yamada Shinichiro , Oya Takeshi , Tsuneyama Koichi , Shimada Mitsuo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundThis study investigated submucosal alterations in biliary carcinogenesis of pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM).MethodsThirty‐three patients with PBM (including seven with gallbladder [GB] cancer), four with neither biliary tract cancer nor PBM who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (controls), and seven with chronic cholecystitis without PBM were enrolled. Protein expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA), CD68, and CD204 in the GB lamina propria and that of NLRP3 and caspase 1 in the GB epithelium and lamina propria were examined.ResultsCompared with the control and cholecystitis groups, αSMA expression was higher in the cancerous part (stroma) of the GB in patients with GB cancer + PBM and in the lamina propria of patients with PBM. The CD204/CD68 ratio in the lamina propria was higher in the PBM group than in the control and cholecystitis groups. NLRP3 and caspase 1 expression in both the lamina propria and epithelium was higher in the PBM than control group. In the PBM group, NLRP3‐ and caspase 1‐positive cells in the lamina propria were located near the epithelium.ConclusionActivated fibroblasts and M2 macrophages in the GB lamina propria may be associated with biliary carcinogenesis of PBM, possibly through inflammasome activation.
Flagellum tapering and midpiece volume in songbird spermatozoa
Authors: Cramer Emily R. A. , Grønstøl Gaute , Lifjeld Jan T. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn contrast to numerous studies on spermatozoa length, relatively little work focuses on the width of spermatozoa, and particularly the width of the midpiece and flagellum. In flagellated spermatozoa, the flagellum provides forward thrust while energy may be provided via mitochondria in the midpiece and/or through glycolysis along the flagellum itself. Longer flagella may be able to provide greater thrust but may also require stronger structural features and more or larger mitochondria to supply sufficient energy. Here, we use scanning electron microscopy to investigate the ultrastructure of spermatozoa from 55 passerine species in 26 taxonomic families in the Passerides infraorder. Our data confirm the qualitative observation that the flagellum tapers along its length, and we show that longer flagella are wider at the neck. This pattern is similar to mammals, and likely reflects the need for longer cells to be stronger against shearing forces. We further estimate the volume of the mitochondrial helix and show that it correlates well with midpiece length, supporting the use of midpiece length as a proxy for mitochondrial volume, at least in between‐species studies where midpiece length is highly variable. These results provide important context for understanding the evolutionary correlations among different sperm cell components and dimensions.
High‐Resolution Vessel Wall MRI in Assessing Postoperative Restenosis of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease Before Drug‐Coated Balloon Treatment: An Outcome Prediction Study
Authors: Jiang Shu , Liu Qingwei , Zhang Chao , Chen Kunjian , Dou Weiqiang , Wang Xinyi 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundPostoperative restenosis frequently occurs in intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) patients after drug‐coated balloon (DCB) treatment. However, high‐risk plaques associated with postoperative restenosis remain to be explored.PurposeTo assess whether high‐resolution vessel wall MRI (HR‐VWI) contributes to the identification of high‐risk plaques associated with postoperative restenosis before DCB treatment.Study TypeRetrospective.SubjectsA total of 70 patients with ICAD who underwent DCB treatment.Field Strength/Sequence3.0 T; magnetic resonance angiography, HR‐VWI.AssessmentAll patients underwent HR‐VWI examination prior to DCB treatment. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) measurement was assessed 6 months (±1 month) after operation to determine the vessel restenosis, classifying patients into three groups of no stenosis, mild stenosis (<50%), and restenosis (>50%). Clinical factors and HR‐VWI characteristics, including vessel and lumen area at maximal lumen narrowing (MLN), plaque area and length, degree of stenosis, plaque burden, remodeling index, and enhancement amplitude, were compared among three groups. Clinical factors and HR‐VWI characteristics were separately evaluated for the association with postoperative restenosis.Statistical TestsKolmogorov–Smirnov test, intra‐class correlation coefficient, Kruskal Wallis H test, Mann–Whitney U test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, multivariable linear regression analysis. P‐values <0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsDuring the follow‐up DSA measurement, 13 lesions (18.5%) showed restenosis. With HR‐VWI, significant differences among three groups were observed in plaque length, lumen area of MLN, degree of stenosis, enhancement amplitude, and plaque burden. In ROC analysis, plaque length (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.809), and enhancement amplitude (AUC = 0.880) provided higher efficacy in identification of high‐risk plaques associated with postoperative restenosis than degree of stenosis (AUC = 0.746) and plaque burden (AUC = 0.759). Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that plaque length and enhancement amplitude were independent prognostic factors of postoperative restenosis.Data ConclusionHR‐VWI has the potential to identify high‐risk plaques in ICAD patients before DCB treatment.Level of Evidence4Technical EfficacyStage 2
A discussion on the kinetic behavior of Ziegler–Natta ethylene polymerization at early moments of the reaction via modeling
Authors: Parvazinia Mahmoud 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe gas‐phase ethylene polymerizations with SiO2‐supported Ziegler–Natta (ZN) catalyst at early moments of reaction is modeled. The experimental data used in this work show that at initial stages of the polymerization there is a sharp reduction in the reaction rate and a sharp rise in molecular weight. In the modeling, multi‐active sites assumption and diffusion limitations inside the particle are studied. Energy balance to calculate the temperature at early moment is applied. Kinetic model including initiation, propagation, chain transfers and active site deactivation steps are used to predict the reaction rate and molecular weights. Polymeric flow model (PFM) is applied for single particle model (SPM). The results show two distinct regions. First region with sharp gradient for reaction rate and molecular weights and then, shortly there is a smooth region in which the changes in rate and molecular weights are slow. To fit this sharp gradient followed by a nearly steady state behavior two types of active sites are necessary. A group of highly active sites which deactivated soon and the active sites with lower activity and relatively long‐lasting.
Greenhouse gases emissions and agronomic productivity as influenced by varying levels of N fertilizer and tank silt in degraded semiaridAlfisol of Southern India
Authors: Reddy Sharan Bhoopal , Srinivasarao Cherukumalli , Rao Palli Chandrasekhar , Lal Rattan , Rakesh Suresh , Kundu Sumanta , Singh Ram Nagina , Dubey Pradeep Kumar , Abhilash Purushothaman Chirakkuzhyil , Venkateswara Rao Kondru , Abrol Vikas , Somasundaram Jayaraman 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe study aimed to assess the effects of combined application of urea nitrogen (N) and tank* silt (TS) on greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions [i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O)] and agronomic productivity of maize‐horsegram system. A factorial [urea (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha−1)] and tank silt (0 and 30 t ha−1) replicated thrice randomized block design was employed for this investigation. Results of the study showed that maize grain yield was significantly influenced by the sole application of both N fertilizer and TS. When both the N fertilizer and TS were combined, the grain yield was significantly (p < 0.01) improved by 5% (4870 kg ha−1) over the highest yield observed under only N. We have noticed a significant (p < 0.01) residual effect of N and TS on horsegram straw yield during all the years of experimentation. With the increase in N‐rate, there was an increasing trend in CO2emission noticed in all the years including the pooled year data. Compared to CO2emission, N2O emission was greatly influenced by nutrient management and amendment application. Among the seasons, the post‐rainy season (Rabi) had a slightly lower emission trend of CO2, during all the years as compared to the rainy season (Kharif). The observed results marked the marginal increasing trend of cumulative CO2(cCO2) emissions with regard to increasing doses of urea. Tank silt addition slightly favoured a CO2emissions. The trend of cumulative N2O (cN2O) emission was greatly influenced by the dose of urea following the order of N180 > N120 > N60 > N0. However, N fertilizer application influenced the cCO2emissions (r = 0.83), and significantly increased the cN2O emission (r = 0.99). Therefore, optimum and timely application of urea combined with TS is recommended as an effective strategy to combat GHG‐based emissions (specifically N2O based) in semiarid rainfed regions.
High‐Speed Photodetectors on Silicon Photonics Platform for Optical Interconnect
Authors: Chen Guanyu , Yu Yu , Shi Yang , Li Nanxi , Luo Wei , Cao Lin , Danner Aaron J. , Liu Ai‐Qun , Zhang Xinliang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA photodetector (PD) converts optical signals into electrical ones and is widely used in optical interconnect. High‐speed PDs are in high demand as they are necessary to meet requirements of large‐capacity optical interconnect. Many high‐performance PDs with various absorption materials and structures are demonstrated on silicon photonics platform, including germanium (Ge) PDs, germanium tin (GeSn) PDs, heterogeneous integrated III–V PDs, all silicon (Si) PDs, 2D material PDs, etc. These kinds of PDs continue to set new records of speed and open an era of ultrahigh‐speed optical interconnect. A comprehensive summary of the state‐of‐the‐art high‐speed PDs on silicon photonics platform is necessary and meaningful. In this review, the basic metrics and key process technologies for the PDs are introduced, and various types of high‐speed PDs based on silicon photonics platform are reviewed and discussed. Furthermore, the summary and perspectives are provided. It is hoped that this review can provide readers more insights into recent advances in high‐speed PDs on silicon photonics platform and contribute to the further development.
Thiol‐ene emulsion step polymerization in a photochemical stirred tank reactor: Molecular weight, cyclization, and fragmentation
Authors: Le Cuong Minh Quoc , Chemtob Abraham 
Published: October 2022

AbstractUnlike many step polymerizations, the polymerization of bifunctional thiol and alkene monomers can be carried in emulsion to prepare a range of sulfur‐containing polymer particles differing markedly from conventional emulsion chain polymers. This study examines how the change of polymerization mechanism affects polymer molecular weight, structure and composition. A 2,2′‐dimercaptodiethyl sulfide/diallyl phthalate emulsion is photopolymerized in a photochemical stirred‐tank reactor equipped with Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) to yield a 30% solids content latex with a high weight‐average molecular weight (100 kDa) and a broad molecular weight distribution (Đ = 8.5). Intramolecular cyclization occurs during polymerization by the addition of a thiyl radical to the unsaturated end group of the same molecule. Irreversible ring‐closure takes place to produce “dead” cyclic oligomers in the early stage of the reaction, whereas chain‐growth continues at high conversion. Consequently, the particles are composed of high molecular weight linear chains and a fraction of stable oligomer cycles, showing a broad and bimodal molecular weight distribution. The linear poly(thioether) chains include occasionally disulfide units due to thiyl radical recombination. The reversibility of disulfide bonds causes a decrease of molecular weight during storage. The addition of radical inhibitor to the latex stops fragmentation of SS bonds.
EarCV: An open‐source, computer vision package for maize ear phenotyping
Authors: Gonzalez Juan M. , Ghosh Nayanika , Colantonio Vincent , Pereira Francielly de Cássia , Pinto Ricardo A. , Wasson Chase , Leach Kristen A. , Resende Marcio F. R. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractFresh market sweet corn (Zea mays L.) is a row crop commercialized as a vegetable, resulting in strict expectations for ear size, color, and shape. Ear phenotyping in breeding programs is typically done manually and can be subjective, time consuming, and unreliable. Computer vision tools have enabled an inexpensive, high‐throughput, and quantitative alternative to phenotyping in agriculture. Here we present a computer vision tool using open‐source Python and OpenCV to measure yield component and quality traits relevant to sweet corn from photographs. This tool increases accuracy and efficiency in phenotyping through high‐throughput, quantitative feature extraction of traits typically measured qualitatively. EarCV worked in variable lighting and background conditions, such as under full sun and shade and against grass and dirt backgrounds. The package compares ears in images taken at varying distances and accurately measures ear length and ear width. It can measure traits that were previously difficult to quantify such as color, tip fill, taper, and curvature. EarCV allows users to phenotype any number of ears, dried or fresh, in any orientation while tolerating some debris and silk noise. The tool can categorize husked ears according to the predefined USDA quality grades based on length and tip fill. We show that the information generated from this computer vision approach can be incorporated into breeding programs by analyzing hybrid ears, capturing heritability of yield component traits, and detecting phenotypic differences between cultivars that conventional yield measurements cannot. Ultimately, computer vision can reduce the cost and resources dedicated to phenotyping in breeding programs.
Analysis of Post‐Blast Residues in Soil Sample by 1H qNMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Dalal Anu , Sethi Jaswant Rai , Gangwar Upanshu , Gholap Shivajirao L. , Shukla Sudhir , Munjal Priyanka 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAnalysing active chemical components of explosives, propellants and post‐blast residues have been challenging as it involves massive complexity. The increased use of energetics in various activities like military conflicts, terrorist's activities, and accidental explosions has made the task even more difficult for forensic scientists and environmentalists to analyse post‐blast debris. The present studies reported the quantitative analysis of energetic materials present in post‐blast soil by 1H qNMR. The three methods have been used for quantitative studies, i. e. calibration curve method, co‐axial stem insert method, and ERETIC method (Electronic to Access In Vivo Concentration). All three methods have been compared with the studies of post‐blast residues of explosives such as PETN, Tetryl and TNT. The technique is selective, sensitive, rapid, reliable, and reproduce the result with good accuracy. The study merely requires a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (400 MHz or 500 MHz) as an instrument.
Examining preservice science teachers' implementation of language‐ and literacy‐integrated science through a cultural historical activity theory lens
Authors: Rutt Alexis A. , Mumba Frackson 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe increasing attention in science education reform documents to language and literacy, coupled with the growing linguistic diversity of United States classrooms, means that science teacher educators and researchers are facing an important task of preparing secondary science preservice teachers (PSTs) to teach a language‐ and literacy‐integrated form of science in linguistically diverse classrooms. Unfortunately, research in this field is in its nascency, and while some studies have addressed PSTs' instructional planning for and implementation of language‐ and literacy‐integrated science instruction, none have considered the unique contextual factors that inform PSTs' uptake of these reform‐oriented instructional practices, despite many studies suggesting student‐teaching contexts are a key factor in PSTs' instructional decisions. The purpose of this multiple case study was to consider the unique contextual factors that supported and constrained three PSTs' uptake of language‐ and literacy‐integrated science practices through a Cultural‐Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) lens. Findings indicated that PSTs' implementation of language‐ and literacy‐integrated science instruction was shaped by interactions among the mediating elements of their student teaching activity systems, including PSTs' division of labor with mentor teachers, the classroom and school norms, PSTs' perceptions of their classroom communities, and PSTs' past life experiences and resources. These findings highlight the roles that different elements of learning‐to‐teach contexts can play in PSTs' enactment of reform‐oriented instruction. Implications for science teacher education, instruction for emergent bilinguals, and research are discussed.
A Study on High‐Quality RDX‐Based Flexible Explosives with High Energy and Low Vulnerability
Authors: Liu Bingxin , Li Wantong , Chen Shixiong , Qian Hua , Liu Dabin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA new type of flexible explosive(HFE) with high energy and low vulnerability based on H‐RDX(High‐quality RDX) was proposed. Fundamental characterizations of H‐RDX, including infrared testing and particle size measurement, were carried out. The technological parameters of the process were researched. Mechanical sensitivities were characterized by impact sensitivity tester and friction sensitivity tester on the base of the explosion probability method. Energetic properties containing densities, initiation properties, and detonation velocities were investigated. For comparison, normal RDX was introduced. It is concluded that HFE with great flexibility was obtained under the sulfuration condition of 80 °C, 10d. The surface of H‐RDX is smoother with fewer defects and a smaller specific surface, leading to the better safety performance of HFE. The impact and friction sensitivities of HFE were 50 % and 22 % less than those of RDX‐based flexible explosive, respectively. Moreover, higher densities and a 6∼19 % rise in detonation velocities indicate that HFE(6700∼7500 m ⋅ s−1) has better energy performance. The precise incision was realized as the dosage of HFE rose(thickness, from 3 mm to 5 mm). The waterproofness of HFE was also tested by the detonation of the sample(submerged in 1 m water for 24 h) with the optimum proportion of the formula(explosive/rubber/functional agents=92/6/2). An excellent application prospect of the flexible explosive was observed in this work.
Catalytic Oxidative Depolymerization of Sodium Lignosulfonate into Valuable Esters over CuxO/m‐Sep Catalyst in H2O Solvent Systems
Authors: Sheng Zhiyuan , Shao Lishu , Zhang Lin , Zhan Peng , Wu Zhiping 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe catalytic oxidative depolymerization is one of the main means for lignin depolymerization to produce various value‐added chemicals, such as ketones, aldehydes and organic acids, et al. However, the high‐efficiency cleavage of lignin interlinkage is often challenging due to the high recalcitrance of C−C bonds and the weak activity of catalyst. Herein, a series of modified sepiolite (m‐Sep) supported metal oxide catalysts (MxO/m‐Sep) were prepared by the precipitation method with assistance of ultrasonic wave, and firstly used in the oxidative depolymerization of sodium lignosulfonate (SLS). Three MxO /m‐Sep catalysts (CuxO, CoxO, and FexO) were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, N2 adsorption‐desorption, FT‐IR, XPS, and O2‐TPD to study their microstructure and surface chemical state. The effect of the reaction conditions (temperatures, O2 initial pressure, and time) for the oxidative depolymerization of SLS in H2O solvent were investigated over CuxO/m‐Sep catalyst, respectively. Correspondingly, the orthogonal experiment was also performed for obtaining the optimal depolymerization conditions. The results indicated the conversion rate of SLS could reach the highest value of 99.2 wt% under 1 MPa O2 at 210 °C for 4 h, and the optimal yield rate of ethyl acetate‐soluble products (EA‐soluble products) was 11.1 wt%. All these EA‐soluble products were analyzed by GC‐MS, and the selective esters including diethyl maleate (18.41 %) and diethyl succinate (22.91 %) could be obtained over CuxO/m‐Sep catalyst under the optimal reaction conditions. In addition, CoxO/m‐Sep and FexO/m‐Sep also exhibited comparable catalytic performance for SLS. This work developed a new approach for the effective oxidative depolymerization of SLS with low‐cost catalysts and mild conditions, and provided references for the production of lignin‐derived high‐value chemicals.