bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Night Interruption on Cold Acclimation of Potted ‘Concord’ Grapevines
Authors: Wolpert James A. , Howell Gorden S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two photoperiod regimes, natural daylength (ND) and night interruption (NI) of ND with a white light source, were used to test the importance of photoperiod on growth parameters, cold acclimation, and root conductance of potted ‘Concord’ grapevines (Vitis labruscana Bailey). By 3 Sept., NI-treated plants had a greater percentage of shoots with actively growing apices and a greater number of nodes per shoot than those untreated. No differences were seen in effect of light treatment on the extent of shoot maturation, as evidenced by shoot color change from green to brown. No consistent differences in hardiness of primary buds or canes of the first 12 nodes could be attributed to light regime. Apical tissues were less hardy than basal tissues for all regimes early in the acclimation period (10 Sept.). Root conductance, measured as suction-induced water flow, decreased throughout the acclimation period but did not differ between light treatments. Results are discussed in light of current hypotheses and of evidence of interrelationships among photoperiod, shoot growth cessation, shoot maturation, and cold acclimation.
Effects of Photosynthetic Rate Maximization on Chrysanthemum Growth and Development
Authors: Heins Royal D. , Karlsson Meriam G. , Flore J. A. , Carlson William H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 2nd order equation relating net photosynthesis (Pn) to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), temperature, and CO2 was determined from single leaf CO2 depletion measurements made with an open gas analysis system. From this information, a photosynthetic optimization equation was used as the basis for computer regulation of greenhouse environment control using 2 strategies. In strategy 1, both temperature and CO2 setpoints were reset every 15 min based on the PPFD in the greenhouse. In strategy 2, only the temperature setpoint was reset, CO2 was ambient. The calculated setpoints represented temperature and/or CO2 values, where predicted Pn was maximized at the particular PPFD. Both strategies were compared to a typical commercial chrysanthemum environment of 16/20/24°C (night/day/vent) with ambient CO2. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (‘Bright Golden Anne’) grown in the temperature and CO2 optimized environment had significantly greater leaf, stem, and total dry weight at flowering compared to the other 2 environmental strategies. The percentage of stem dry weight and the stem length also were increased. For all 3 planting dates the percentage of flower dry weight was reduced but statistically significant on 1 date only. Flowering date was not affected. No consistent statistical differences in plant development were observed between the temperature optimized environment and the traditional environment.
Net Photosynthesis, Dark Respiration, Stomatal Conductance, Specific Leaf Weight, and Chlorophyll Content of Strawberry Plants as Influenced by Fruiting
Authors: Schaffer B. , Barden J. A. , Williams J. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In an initial experiment, ‘Tribute’ (day-neutral) and ‘Allstar’ (June bearing) strawberry [Fragaria × ananassa (Duch.)] plants were grouped into fruiting, partially deblossomed, and deblossomed treatments. Net photosynthesis (Pn), dark respiration (Rd), and stomatal conductance for CO2 (gs) were measured at 14-day intervals during the 1st fruiting cycle of both cultivars and at 7-day intervals during the 2nd fruiting cycle of ‘Tribute’. Pn of recently expanded leaves of fruiting plants was greater than that of deblossomed plants only during the 2nd week of the first fruiting cycle and the 2nd and 3rd weeks of the 2nd fruiting cycle. There were no differences in Rd or gs among treatments. At the end of the fruiting cycles, leaves, crowns, and roots of deblossomed plants of both cultivars had greater dry weights than those of fruiting plants. At the end of the first fruiting cycle, roots of deblossomed ‘Tribute’ had a higher percentage of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNSC) than roots of fruiting plants. In Expt. 2, ‘Tribute’ plants were grouped into fruiting and deblossomed treatments. At 7-day intervals throughout the fruiting cycle, Pn, specific leaf weight (SLW), and chlorophyll content were determined for a leaf that was fully expanded at bloom (old leaf) and for the most recently expanded leaf (young leaf) of each plant. Pn of the young leaf was greater for fruiting plants than deblossomed plants only during weeks 5 and 6 of the fruiting cycle, and no treatment effect was observed for old leaf Pn. During fruit maturation, SLW was higher for deblossomed plants than fruiting plants for both leaf ages. Deblossomed plants had a higher leaf chlorophyll content than fruiting plants during the 1st, 2nd, and 4th weeks of the fruiting cycle.
Seed and Pod Set of Red Kidney Beans
Authors: Pechan Paul M. , Webster Barbara D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of Phaseolus vulgaris ‘Red Kidney’ were studied under controlled environmental conditions to determine the effect of prefertilization events on seed and pod set. These were analyzed on flowers of the terminal receme at anthesis and 7 days postanthesis. Microscopic examination of pollen indicted that less than 7 % of the grains were aborted and that a sufficient number of grains germinated on the stigma to ensure fertilization of all ovules within an ovary. All ovules observed were fertilized; the number of ovules per ovary was 4 or 5. Results indicate that the discrepancy between the number of ovules and the final seed number per pod is due to seed abortion rather than to ovule abortion. Pod abortion appears to be a consequence of postfertilization processes.
Nitrogen Redistribution from Almond Foliage and Pericarp to the Almond Embryo
Authors: Weinbaum S.A. , Muraoka T.T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mature almond trees [Prunus dulcis (Mill) D.A. Webb] growing on a very light-textured (Delhi sand) soil were fertilized with 15N-depleted ammonium sulfate during 1980. Although uptake of labeled N from the soil N pool had ceased by 1982, label persisted within the trees at least until 1984. This label presumably represented the residual portion of the organic pool of storage N absorbed by the trees several years before. Leaf, pericarp, and embryo (kernel) samples were collected over a 2-month period during embryo maturation, and samples were processed for mass spectrometric analysis. Total leaf N did not decrease during embryo maturation, but labeled N in leaves decreased by 25%. These data are consistent with the concept of N turnover and flux through mature leaves and transport of N from leaves to fruit. These data indicate also that the N stored overwinter in perennial tissues of almond trees is redistributed within the trees throughout the growing season to support the development and function of annual plant organs such as leaves and fruit.
Growth and Incidence of Bract Necrosis in ‘Gutbier V-14 Glory’ Poinsettia
Authors: Nell Terril A. , Barrett James E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bract necrosis of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ‘Gutbier V-14 Glory’ was most frequently observed on transitional bracts (red leaf-shaped organs attached to the stem in the same alternate phyllotaxy as leaves and subtending the inflorescence). Transitional bracts lacked a palisade layer and their stomatal density was lower than on leaves. Necrosis was prevalent at the transitional bract tips in areas with a brochidodidmous-semicraspedodromous veination pattern. Plant growth was not affected when either fertilization was terminated at bract coloration or when plants were watered at wilt during the period from bract color to anthesis. Necrosis was greatest, however, on plants grown with high fertilizer and water levels. Necrosis may be associated with a toxicity of elements transported through pitted vein endings at the tip of the bract.
Genotype–Environment Interactions in Processing Tomatoes in Ontario
Authors: Poysa V.W. , Garton R. , Courtney W.H. , Metcalf J.G. , Muehmer J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Improved methods of breeding, selection, and testing for yield can be developed with information on the magnitude and nature of genotype–environment interactions. Cultivar trials of processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in Ontario for 2 years at 5 locations each year were studied for genotype–environment interactions. Cultivars were evaluated for phenotypic stability and desirability using regression coefficients, mean square deviations from linear regression, and t test comparisons of genotype means with environment means. Genotype-environment interactions were significant for yield of marketable fruit each year and in a combined analysis across years. Regression analysis indicated that low-yielding genotypes had above-average yield stability across environments, while several high-yielding genotypes were unstable. Several cultivars were found to be desirable because they had a high mean yield and did not have lower yields than the test mean in any of the 5 environments. Regression analysis alone could result in misleading conclusions about the performance of high-yielding tomato genotypes. Large genotype-environment interaction variances relative to genotype variances were detected. The interaction variance components involving year were large relative to the genotype-location interaction variance, indicating the need for multiyear evaluation and selection for stability even when breeding for a limited geographic region.
Nitrogen Form Ratio Influence on Muskmelon Growth, Composition, and Manganese Toxicity
Authors: Elamin Osman M. , Wilcox Gerald E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) ‘Harvest Queen’ was grown in sand culture to investigate the effects of NH4:NO3 ratios on melon growth and elemental composition. Plants grown at NH4:NO3 ratios of 98:14, 84:28, and 56:56 developed NH4 toxicity symptoms, whereas plants grown with 20 ppm Mn and NH4:NO3 ratios of 0:112, 14:98, 28:84, and 56:56 developed Mn toxicity symptoms. Increasing the proportion of NH4 in nutrient solution up to 1:1 with NO3 decreased Mn concentrations in plant tissues and alleviated Mn toxicity symptoms, whereas at NH4:NO3 ratios of 84:28 and 98:14 uptake of Mn was inhibited and never reached a concentration in the tissue that developed toxicity symptoms. Shoot and root growth was greatest when grown at the 14:98 NH4:NO3 ratio. Increasing NH4 in the solution beyond 14 ppm in the 112-ppm N mixture resulted in increasing limitation of growth. Increasing Mn concentration in the nutrient solution to 20 ppm restricted growth at NH4:NO3 ratios ≤1. However, Mn treatment did not influence the growth of plants grown at NH4:NO3 ratios >1 at 84:28 and 98:14.
Flower Position, Growth Regulators, and Fruit Set of Rabbiteye Blueberries
Authors: Davies Frederick S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seasonal patterns of fruit drop and the influence of flower position and bloom date on fruit set were studied for ‘Woodard’, ‘Bluegem’, and ‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade). The pattern of fruit drop was similar for the 3 cultivars, with most the drop occurring within 3 to 4 weeks of full bloom. Fruit drop was most severe for ‘Tifblue’, which set only 21% to 27% of its flowers, compared with 46% to 60% for ‘Woodard’ and 53.5% to 55% for ‘Bluegem’. Position of flowering shoots in the bush and time of flower opening had no consistent effect on the percentage set, although flowers in a terminal position on the shoot generally set a higher percentage of fruit than those in a lateral position for ‘Woodard’. Spray application of gibberellic acid (GA) or (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid (2,4–D) at various times during bloom did not affect yields. The percentage of fruit set was poorly correlated with yields within a season for ‘Woodard’ and ‘Bluegem’, indicating that flower number is also an important determinant of yields. However, poor fruit set for ‘Tifblue’ was associated with low yields.
Acclimation and Winterhardiness Patterns in the Eastern Thornless Blackberry
Authors: Kraut Joseph L. , Walsh Christopher S. , Ashworth Edward N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An attempt was made to alter the late-season growth habit of eastern thornless blackberry plants (Rubus sp.) with foliar sprays of growth regulators and plant nutrients. While fall applications of ethephon hastened leaf abscission, they did not affect shoot dieback or yield. Cultivar effects were very strong. ‘Dirksen’ plants had the least cane dieback and highest yield, ‘Hull’ plants were intermediate, and ‘Smoothstem’ plants were the least hardy and had the lowest yield. A significant negative correlation was found between the number of leaves retained throughout November and the subsequent yield of these 3 cultivars. Artificial freezing tests throughout the winter demonstrated that buds were less hardy than bark tissue. Bark and pith tissue from plants defoliated 30 Sept, were injured more than those tissues from plants defoliated later in the fall. No apparent relationship between fall defoliation and bud hardiness was observed. ‘Dirksen’ buds were 0.2° to 5.9°C hardier than were ‘Smoothstem’ buds. Differential thermal analysis showed that a freezing event occurred in both stems and buds at about −5°. A 2nd exotherm occurred in buds at about the LT50.
The Influence of Fruiting and Shading of Spurs and Shoots on Spur Performance
Authors: Rom Curt R. , Ferree David C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaves of spurs and/or shoots of small fruiting ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ apple trees were exposed to light or shade treatments from 60 days after petal fall until fruit maturity. Shading spurs reduced spur leaf photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr), but shading shoots had no effect on spur leaf Pn. There was no difference between fruiting and nonfruiting spur Pn and Tr. Shading shoots reduced fruit growth and delayed maturity, but shading spurs had no effect on either. Fruiting reduced—but did not eliminate—spur flowering the following year. Light conditions late in the season had no effect on flowering or spur leaf development the following spring.
The Development and Control of Husk Scald on ‘Wonderful’ Pomegranate Fruit during Storage
Authors: Ben-Arie Ruth , Or Esther 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A superficial browning disorder (scald) develops on the husk of ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit during storage. The severity of this disorder could be diminished by delaying the harvest time and by reducing storage temperature, but these 2 measures were insufficiently effective for storage periods exceeding 6 weeks, and at temperatures of 6°C or lower, chilling injury also occurred. Scald incidence was correlated with the amount of o-dihydroxyphenols extractable from the husk, and was significantly controlled by measures that inhibited their oxidation by polyphenol oxidase. Such postharvest measures included dipping the fruit in boiling water for 2 minutes and in anti-oxidant solutions, in bisdithiocarbamate-containing maneb for 30 seconds, or storing the fruit in a low-O2 atmosphere. The most effective control of husk scald was obtained by storing late-harvested fruit in 2% O2 at 2°. However, this treatment resulted in accumulation of ethanol, which caused off-flavor development. When the fruit were transferred to air at 20°, ethanol and off-flavors dissipated.
Responses of Daminozide-sprayed ‘McIntosh’ Apples to Various Concentrations of Oxygen and Ethylene in Simulated CA Storage
Authors: Liu F.W. , Ci Long-Jun 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Daminozide-sprayed ‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were stored for 7.5 to 8 months in 19-liter jars with flow-through controlled atmosphere (CA) at 3.3°C. Various combinations of gases were tested in 2 years: 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% O2; 0%, 3%, and 3→5% (3% for one month and then 5%) CO2; and <1 and 500 μl·liter−1 ethylene. High ethylene caused significant softening of apples in 3% O2 + 3% CO2 or 3% O2 + 3→5% CO2 (3 + 3 or 3 + 3→5), but its effect diminished by lowering O2 concentrations. In 1 + 3, the 2 concentrations of ethylene made only a slight difference in fruit firmness in one year and no difference in another year. In <1 μl·liter−1 ethylene, lowering O2 concentrations from 3% to 2% and 1% did not increase fruit firmness, but did reduce rates of ethylene production. A small percentage of apples developed skin injury in 1 + 3 and 1.5 + 3 in one year, and apples of one of 3 jars stored in 1 + 3 developed slight off-flavors in another year. A storage atmosphere of 2 + 3 and <1 μl·liter−1 ethylene, which kept apples firm without injury or off-flavor and with very low rates of ethylene production, may be ideal for low-ethylene CA storage of daminozide-sprayed ‘McIntosh’ apples. Chemical names: butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).
Whole Plant Photosynthesis and Dry-matter Partitioning in Fruiting and Deblossomed Day-neutral Strawberry Plants
Authors: Schaffer B. , Bar den J.A. , Williams J.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
On a whole-plant basis, deblossomed ‘Tribute’ strawberry plants had higher rates of net photosynthesis (Pn) and greater leaf area than fruiting plants during the last 3 weeks of a 6-week fruiting cycle. Leaves of both fruiting and deblossomed plants had a greater dry weight and total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNSC) content than the roots, crown, or fruit. At the end of the fruiting cycle, dry weight and TNSC content of leaves were higher for deblossomed plants than fruiting plants. There was no difference in crown or root dry weights between treatments. Pn was highly correlated with plant dry weight and TNSC during the 3rd, 5th, and 6th weeks of the fruiting cycle.
Growth and Photosynthesis of Easter Lily in Response to Flower Bud Removal
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung , Breen Patrick J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Buds or open flowers are often removed in the production of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) bulbs. To determine if time of flower removal affects bulb size or plant growth, flower buds of container-grown ‘Nellie White’ plants were removed when the length of the largest flower bud was 1.0 cm (early) or 3.5 cm (late). Net photosynthesis of the 5th (upper) and 25th (mid-shoot) leaves was monitored and plants were harvested 2 months after full bloom of intact controls. Early disbudding stopped pedicel growth, inhibited stem elongation, and reduced total leaf area 12%, but did not affect bulb weight. Stem elongation was inhibited less by late disbudding; leaf area and plant weight were unaffected. Both fresh and dry bulb weights of late disbudded plants increased by 15%. Early disbudding reduced the rate of net photosynthesis of leaf 5 (particularly during the 3 weeks following full bloom), whereas late disbudding had less effect. Treatments did not affect photosynthesis of leaf 25. Reduced stem growth under late disbudding, without a severe reduction in photosynthesis, may have increased the availability of assimilate for bulb growth. Early disbudding caused 81% of the daughter bulbs to sprout prematurely, compared to 27% for late disbudding and 9% for controls. In a field study, removing flower buds at 1.5 cm or 4.0 cm in length increased bulb fresh weight over intact controls by 12% and 30%, respectively. Disbudding did not increase sprouting of field-grown plants. Delaying removal until the first flower bud is 3.5–4.0 cm long reduces deleterious effects on shoot growth while significantly improving bulb size.
Response of Beans to Simulated Ambient and Uniform Ozone Distributions with Equal Peak Concentration
Authors: Musselman R.C. , Huerta A.J. , McCool P.M. , Oshima R.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Response of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. California Dark Red Kidney to 2 different ozone concentration distributions was examined at 2 dose levels in controlled fumigations. When peak ozone concentrations were equal and total doses equivalent, there was no difference in injury, growth, or yield between a simulated ambient distribution with normal diurnal ozone fluctuations and a uniform distribution typical of laboratory fumigation at constant concentration. Plants fumigated with either ambient or uniform ozone distribution had oxidant stipple leaf necrosis and reduced growth and yield. There was significantly increased injury and reduced growth and yield at a high ozone dose for both types of distribution. The data indicate that with equal peak concentration and equivalent total dose, the constant square-wave, ozone concentration distributions in laboratory fumigations are adequate to describe mode of action and magnitude of response to ambient exposures.
Response of Vegetable Crops to Nitrogen Rates in Tillage Systems With and Without Vetch and Ryegrass
Authors: Knavel Dean E. , Herron J.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Direct-seeded bush beans, sweet corn, summer squash, and transplanted tomato and cabbage were grown under varying tillage and cropping systems in 1982 and 1983. Cultural treatments were conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage without cover crop (NT–CC), and no-tillage with a cover crop (NT + CC) of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) in 1982 and perennial ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in 1983. Split applications of N were 56 and 112 kg·ha−1 in CT plots and 0, 56, and 112 kg·ha−1 in NT plots. Plant stand and yields of bush beans and sweet corn were highest in CT plots in both years. Plant stand of squash was less for CT in 1982, but greater for CT than for NT + CC in 1983. Yields of squash were similar, but plant dry weight was greater in CT than in NT + CC. Plant stand of tomato and cabbage for NT + CC was similar to CT in 1982, but cabbage stand was greatest for CT in 1983. Total tomato yields were greater for NT – CC in 1982 and similar to those for CT in 1983, but yields were greatly reduced for NT + CC in 1983. Only in 1982 were cabbage heads of certain treatments marketable and they were greatest for CT. Sidedressing bush bean, sweet corn, cabbage, and summer squash plants with N in NT – CC plots increased yields linearly in 1982. Of the crops grown by NT + CC, only yields of bush beans and cabbage in 1982 and green fruit of tomato in 1982 showed a linear increase by sidedressing with N. Sidedressing with N increased N contents of all crops linearly in 1982, but not in 1983. Weed control was excellent in CT sweet corn and satisfactory in CT and NT – CC plots of the other crops. For the other crops in NT + CC plots, most of the weed and/or cover crop growth was the regrowth of vetch in 1982 and perennial ryegrass in 1983 after weed control chemicals were applied.
Effects of Oxygen and Temperature During Imbibition on Seeds of Two Bean Lines at Two Moisture Levels
Authors: Ladror Uri , Dyck Ray L. , Silbernagel Matt J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Low temperature and oxygen stresses were imposed during the first 48 hr of germination on 2 lines of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), stress tolerant (PI-165426-BS) and stress-sensitive (‘Goldcrop’). At 22°C, O2 concentrations of 0%, 1%, and 2% increased leakage from the seeds, delayed emergence, and reduced growth, compared to 5% and 21% O2. These effects were aggravated by reducing the initial seed moisture from 12% to 8% in ‘Goldcrop’, but not in PI-165426-BS. At 10°, the effect of oxygen deficiency was minimized. Low temperatures inhibited growth of ‘Goldcrop’, but not of PI-165426-BS, and increased leakage from seeds of both lines. The survival of seeds exposed to the low temperature decreased when initial seed moisture was reduced from 12% to 8%. Flooding the seeds for 24 hr increased leakage and reduced emergence and growth much more than 24 hr of complete anoxia. Since the effects of anoxia are different than flooding injury, a mechanism of flooding injury not related to oxygen deficiency is discussed.