bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design, modeling and control of an index finger exoskeleton for rehabilitation
Authors: Talat Hassan , Munawar Hammad , Hussain Hamza , Azam Usama 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWith diverse areas of applications, wearable robotic exoskeleton devices have gained attention in the past decade. These devices cover one or more human limbs/joints and have been presented for rehabilitation, strength augmentation and interaction with virtual reality. This research is focused towards design, modeling and control of a novel series elastic actuation (SEA) based index finger exoskeleton with a targeted torque rendering capability of 0.3 Nm and a force control bandwidth of 3 Hz. The proposed design preserves the natural range of motion of the finger by incorporating five passive and two actively actuated joints and provides active control of metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints. Forward and inverse kinematics for both position and velocity have been solved using closed loop vector analysis by including human finger as an integral part of the system. For accurate force control, a cascaded control structure has been presented. Force controlled trajectories have been proposed to guide the finger along preprogrammed virtual paths. Such trajectories serve to gently guide the finger towards the correct rehabilitation protocol, thus acting as an effective replacement of intervention by a human therapist. Extensive computer simulations have been performed before fabricating a prototype and performing experimental validation. Results show accurate modeling and control of the proposed design.
Of Judge Quota and Judicial Autonomy: An Enduring Professionalization Project in China
Authors: Sun Ying , Fu Hualing 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article presents the findings of original research on “judge quota” reform. The reform's agenda was essentially aimed at professionalization: by edging out a given percentage of judges, only the better qualified judges would be re-appointed to create a more professionalized judiciary. A key component of the reform was to reduce the level and the intensity of both political and bureaucratic control over judges in adjudication and to decentralize judicial power to the rank-and-file judges, restoring individualized judging while enhancing judicial accountability. This article critically examines the potential and limits of the judge quota reform in the context of incremental legal reform in a party-state.
The Rising Threat of Terrorist Attacks Against Hospitals
Authors: McNeilly Bryan , Jasani Gregory , Cavaliere Garrett , Alfalasi Reem , Lawner Benjamin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntroduction:Hospitals are vulnerable to terrorist attacks, as they must remain easily accessible to the general public. Hospitals are also occupied with both staff and patients 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, meaning that any attack is almost guaranteed to inflict a multitude of casualties. In addition to the immediate effects of attacking a hospital, there are also uniquely devastating second- and third-order effects when hospitals are attacked.Methods:A focused search of the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was performed to identify terrorist attacks against hospitals throughout the world. Data between the years 1970-2018 were selected, which included 191,465 entries in total. These entries were then searched for incidents containing the term “hospital” and the results were manually searched to identify trends in the number of incidents occurring per year, as well as the armament that was employed, and the regions of the world where the attacks occurred.Results:A total of 430 terrorist attacks on hospitals were identified in the GTD, resulting in 1,291 deaths and an additional 1,921 wounded. The frequency of terrorist attacks against hospitals has been steadily increasing over the last two decades and is disproportionate to the overall increase in terrorist attacks against all target types. Attacks have been carried out against hospitals in 61 different countries. The most common method used in these attacks was “bombing/explosion,” which accounted for 299 attacks. Of the known terrorist groups identified in the GTD, “Houthi extremists (Anshar Allah)” and “Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)” carried out the greatest number of attacks on hospitals.Conclusion:There has been a disproportionate rise in the frequency of terrorist attacks on hospitals when compared to other target types, highlighting the vulnerability of these key structures. Unsurprisingly, these attacks have inflicted large casualty counts in addition to disrupting community health care and disaster response. Attacks against hospitals have been reported on every inhabited continent except Australia, making their protection a matter of international security. The rate of terrorist attacks on hospitals has increased dramatically over the last two decades, creating an urgent need to develop improved defense strategies that will better ensure their protection.
The Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities
Authors: Cole Richard W. , Kubow Kristopher E. , Ngila Jane Catherine 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:The Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities (ABRF) members typically work in cores (shared resources) or in support of them. ABRF's mission is to define excellence for shared resources worldwide. While our vision is to accelerate breakthroughs in scientific discovery, ABRF is committed to advancing the integration of technologies, education, communication, and reproducible research in the operations of shared scientific resources worldwide. Our members support best practices, research excellence, and reproducibility in scientific discovery. ABRF promotes a collaborative community that cultivates professional development and technological innovation. This document outlines a number of things about ABRF, including ABRF's mission and value statements, examples of its research groups and activities, an example of an ABRF outreach program to inform and guide the scientific community about optimization of shared resources nationwide, and an example of an international outreach and collaborative program with like-minded colleagues and organizations in Africa.
Depressive symptoms, but not anxiety, predict subsequent diagnosis of Coronavirus disease 19: a national cohort study
Authors: Meinlschmidt G. , Guemghar S. , Roemmel N. , Battegay E. , Hunziker S. , Schaefert R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Aims
Several diseases are linked to increased risk of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Our aim was to investigate whether depressive and anxiety symptoms predict subsequent risk of COVID-19, as has been shown for other respiratory infections.

Methods
We based our analysis on UK Biobank participants providing prospective data to estimate temporal association between depressive and anxiety symptoms and COVID-19. We estimated whether the magnitude of these symptoms predicts subsequent diagnosis of COVID-19 in this sample. Further, we evaluated whether depressive and anxiety symptoms predicted (i) being tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and (ii) COVID-19 in those tested.

Results
Based on data from N = 135 102 participants, depressive symptoms (odds ratio (OR) = 1.052; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.017–1.086; absolute case risk: (moderately) severe depression: 493 per 100 000 v. minimal depression: 231 per 100 000) but not anxiety (OR = 1.009; 95% CI 0.97–1.047) predicted COVID-19. While depressive symptoms but not anxiety predicted (i) being tested for SARS-CoV-2 (OR = 1.039; 95% CI 1.029–1.05 and OR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.978–1.002), (ii) neither predicted COVID-19 in those tested (OR = 1.015; 95% CI 0.981–1.05 and OR = 1.021; 95% CI 0.981–1.061). Results remained stable after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, multimorbidity and behavioural factors.

Conclusions
Depressive symptoms were associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 diagnosis, irrespective of multimorbidities. Potential underlying mechanisms to be elucidated include risk behaviour, symptom perception, healthcare use, testing likelihood, viral exposure, immune function and disease progress. Our findings highlight the relevance of mental processes in the context of COVID-19.
Nitrogen Speciation in Silicate Melts at Mantle Conditions From Ab Initio Simulations
Authors: Huang D. , Brodholt J. , Sossi P. , Li Y. , Murakami M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNitrogen (N) is a major ingredient of the atmosphere, but a trace component in the silicate Earth. Its initial inventory in these reservoirs during Earth's early differentiation requires knowledge of N speciation in magmas, for example, whether it outgasses as N2 or is sequestered in silicate melts as N3−, which remains largely unconstrained over the entire mantle regime. Here we examine N species in anhydrous and hydrous pyrolitic melts at varying P‐T‐redox conditions by ab‐initio calculations, and find N‐N bonding under oxidizing conditions from ambient to lower mantle pressures. Under reducing conditions, N interacts with the silicate network or forms N‐H bonds, depending on the availability of hydrogen. Redox control of N speciation is demonstrated valid over a P‐T space encompassing probable magma ocean depths. Finally, if the Earth accreted from increasingly oxidized materials toward the end of its accretion, an N‐enriched secondary atmosphere might be produced and persist until later impacts.
Seismic Anisotropy Within the Subducting Northern Philippine Sea Plate, SW Japan, Using DONET Seafloor Observation Network
Authors: Liu Yuan , Xue Mei , Guo Zhen , Zhu Ailan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAnisotropy within subducted slabs carries important information about the deformation history of the slabs. Seismic waves propagating a long distance within a subducted slab can be utilized to invert for the slab anisotropy. The Dense Ocean Floor Network System (DONET) deployed near the Nankai trough are located in a suitable position to record seismic waves guided along the subducted northern Philippine Sea plate (nPSP). In this study, we perform the shear wave splitting analysis on local event data recorded by ocean bottom seismometers from DONET to measure the anisotropy within the subducting nPSP. The obtained fast axis is sub‐trench‐parallel with inferred strength of 1%–3% anisotropy, arising likely from the fossilized fabric formed during the seafloor spreading period and strengthened by trench‐parallel serpentinized hydrated faults. This result shows that the fossilized anisotropy of nPSP is preserved during the subduction.
The Circum‐Isidis Capping Unit: An Extensive Regional Ashfall Deposit Exposed in Jezero Crater
Authors: Hundal C. B. , Mustard J. F. , Kremer C. H. , Tarnas J. D. , Pascuzzo A. C. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSeveral mineralogically diverse regions across Mars are capped by dark‐toned rock formations emplaced during the Noachian‐Hesperian transition, an era encompassing a shift in volcanism from dominantly explosive to effusive. However, these caprocks' origins are uncertain, limiting insight into the nature of this shift. We explore the potential volcanic ash origin of a widespread (∼50,000 km2) mafic caprock in the Circum‐Isidis region via an integrated photogeologic and remote‐compositional analysis. We also investigate whether this unit is genetically equivalent to a mafic rock formation exposed in the floor of Jezero Crater. We find: (a) the Jezero Floor and Capping Units are morphologically, stratigraphically, and compositionally similar, suggesting a shared formation mechanism, and (b) the tonal layering and draping characteristics of the Capping Unit are most consistent with a volcanic ash origin atop the ultramafic Olivine‐Rich Unit, also an ash. Our hypotheses can be tested by the Perseverance rover and studies of returned samples.
Model Spread in the Tropical Cyclone Frequency and Seed Propensity Index Across Global Warming and ENSO‐Like Perturbations
Authors: Hsieh Tsung‐Lin , Yang Wenchang , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Zhao Ming 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe future projection of tropical cyclone frequency is highly uncertain. Recent multi‐model studies showed that the model spread in tropical cyclones is correlated with the model spread in seeds, which are defined as convective weak vortices. However, it was unclear how the model spread is related to the large‐scale circulation. Here we apply a downscaling theory recently developed using aquaplanet experiments to explain the seed frequency across four global atmospheric models having different parameterizations of convection and resolutions. The seed frequency has a larger model spread in response to uniform warming than to CO2 doubling or El Niño/La Niña‐like sea surface temperature perturbations. Across all climate perturbations, the seed frequency is captured by the downscaling theory, expressed as a seed propensity index. The index highlights the connection between the tropical cyclone seeds and the climatological mean ascent pattern.
How Does Antarctic Bottom Water Cross the Southern Ocean?
Authors: Solodoch A. , Stewart A. L. , Hogg A. McC. , Morrison A. K. , Kiss A. E. , Thompson A. F. , Purkey S. G. , Cimoli L. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAntarctic Bottom Water (AABW), which fills the global ocean abyss, is derived from dense water that forms in several distinct Antarctic shelf regions. Previous modeling studies have reached conflicting conclusions regarding export pathways of AABW across the Southern Ocean and the degree to which AABW originating from distinct source regions are blended during their export. This study addresses these questions using passive tracer deployments in a 61‐year global high‐resolution (0.1°) ocean/sea‐ice simulation. Two distinct export “conduits” are identified: Weddell Sea‐ and Prydz Bay‐sourced AABW are blended together and exported mainly to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, while Ross Sea‐ and Adelie Land‐sourced AABW are exported mainly to the Pacific Ocean. Northward transport of each tracer occurs almost exclusively (>90%) within a single conduit. These findings imply that regional changes in AABW production may impact the three‐dimensional structure of the global overturning circulation.
Increase of Future Summer Rainfall in the Middle and Lower Reach of the Yangtze River Basin Projected With a Nonhomogeneous Hidden Markov Model
Authors: Guo Lianyi , Jiang Zhihong , Li Laurent , Wang Huijun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAmong the statistical downscaling tools available for regional climate simulation, the nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model (NHMM) is a powerful and efficient algorithm. It consists of establishing statistical relations between predictand and predictors through a hidden layer of Markov process and a covariate nonhomogeneous term as external forcing. Here, it is used to simulate summer daily precipitation in the middle and lower reach of the Yangtze River basin (MLYRB), including future projection. Results show that NHMM well identifies large‐scale circulation features that are physically consistent with regional rainfall patterns. MLYRB exhibits a general wetness for 1.5°C and 2°C global warming targets, with smaller (larger) increase for the west (east). Such changes correspond to increases in the occurrence frequency of synoptic weather patterns with stronger and more westward Western Pacific Subtropical High and stronger westerly jet. This contributes to moistening MLYRB with increasing occurrence frequency for those wetter rainfall patterns.
Estimation of Vs30 at the EarthScope Transportable Array Stations by Inversion of Low‐Frequency Seismic Noise
Authors: Wang J. , Tanimoto T. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOne of the main sources of seismic noise below 0.05 Hz is the atmospheric pressure variation, especially when surface pressure variations are large. When surface broadband seismic stations are equipped with pressure sensors, there is high coherence between pressure and seismic signals at low frequencies. The amount of ground deformation under surface pressure variations reflects the characteristics of near‐surface elastic structure and allows us to estimate near‐surface shear‐modulus structure using an inversion method. In the inversion method, we have the surface observable η(f) = Sz/Sp, where f is a frequency between 0.01 and 0.05 Hz, and Sz and Sp are the power spectral densities of vertical seismic data and of surface pressure data. We derive depth sensitivity kernels for η(f) with which we invert for elastic moduli of the shallow structure. Between 0.01 and 0.05 Hz, sensitivity kernels typically have peaks at depths within the uppermost 100 m. Based on vertically heterogeneous 1‐D structures, we estimate Vs30 at 744 USArray Transportable Array stations. Vs30 is the time‐averaged shear‐wave velocity from the surface to the 30‐m depth. We compare our results with various surficial geology maps. Although Vs30 has high horizontal variability over a short distance on the scale of hundreds of meters, we find correlations between Vs30 and large‐scale geological structures, such as mapped units and surficial materials. We find good agreement between estimated Vs30 and mapped Quaternary sediment depths, where stations with thicker underlying sediment tend to have slower Vs30.
Iron‐Carbon Alloy Under Shock Compression: Implications for the Carbon Concentration in Earth’s Inner Core
Authors: Huang Yuqian , Hou Mingqiang , Gan Bo , Li Xiaohong , He Duanwei , Jiang Gang , Zhang Youjun , Liu Yun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCarbon has been proposed to be a potential light element in the Earth’s solid inner core. However, its presence and concentration in the core remain limited constrained. In this study, we measured the equation of state of an iron‐carbon alloy with ∼1.5 wt.% (∼6.64 at.%) carbon up to ∼185 GPa and ∼3,750 K via shock compression. The Hugoniot equation of state of the Fe‐1.5wt.%C alloy was determined to be Us (km/s) = 3.94 (0.15) + 1.62 (0.08) Up with an initial density of 7.77 (0.03) g/cm3, where Us and Up are the shock wave velocity and particle velocity, respectively. Hugoniot data combined with the Mie‐Grüneisen equation of state allow us to build the thermal equations of state of the Fe‐C alloy at high pressure‐temperature (P‐T) conditions. Investigations on the pressure‐density relation of Fe‐C alloys by the shock experiments and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction measurements by Pamato et al. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jb020159 have indicated that carbon should occupy interstitial sites of iron lattice at high P‐T conditions. The thermal equation of state of the Fe‐1.5wt.%C alloy provided here shows that Fe‐1.5wt.%C is ∼1.65% denser than the inner core under conditions relevant to the inner‐core boundary. This study indicates that iron alloyed with an upper bound of ∼2.2 (0.3) wt.% (∼10.7 [1.6] at.%) carbon may match with the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) in the Earth’s inner core. Thus, interstitial carbon in iron helps to explain the observed density deficit of the inner core, although other light elements are also expected.
Simultaneous Characterization of Wildfire Smoke and Surface Properties With Imaging Spectroscopy During the FIREX‐AQ Field Campaign
Authors: Brodrick Philip G. , Thompson David R. , Garay Michael J. , Giles David M. , Holben Brent N. , Kalashnikova Olga V. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe introduce and evaluate an approach for the simultaneous retrieval of aerosol and surface properties from Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer Classic (AVIRIS‐C) data collected during wildfires. The joint National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality field campaign took place in August 2019, and involved two aircraft and coordinated ground‐based observations. The AVIRIS‐C instrument acquired data from onboard NASA's high altitude ER‐2 research aircraft, coincident in space and time with aerosol observations obtained from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) DRAGON mobile platform in the smoke plume downwind of the Williams Flats Fire in northern Washington in August 2019. Observations in this smoke plume were used to assess the capacity of optimal‐estimation based retrievals to simultaneously estimate aerosol optical depth (AOD) and surface reflectance from Visible Shortwave Infrared (VSWIR) imaging spectroscopy. Radiative transfer modeling of the sensitivities in spectral information collected over smoke reveal the potential capacity of high spectral resolution retrievals to distinguish between sulfate and smoke aerosol models, as well as sensitivity to the aerosol size distribution. Comparison with ground‐based AERONET observations demonstrates that AVIRIS‐C retrievals of AOD compare favorably with direct sun AOD measurements. Our analyses suggest that spectral information collected from the full VSWIR spectral interval, not just the shortest wavelengths, enables accurate retrievals. We use this approach to continuously map both aerosols and surface reflectance at high spatial resolution across heterogeneous terrain, even under relatively high AOD conditions associated with wildfire smoke.
Primary Emissions and Secondary Aerosol Processing During Wintertime in Rural Area of North China Plain
Authors: Chen Chun , Qiu Yanmei , Xu Weiqi , He Yao , Li Zhijie , Sun Jiaxing , Ma Nan , Xu Wanyun , Pan Xiaole , Fu Pingqing , Wang Zifa , Sun Yele 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe vast rural areas often experience more severe haze pollution than megacities during wintertime in North China Plain (NCP), yet the sources and evolution processes of aerosol particles, particularly organic aerosol (OA) remain poorly understood. Here we conducted real‐time measurements of submicron aerosol (PM1) species using a high‐resolution aerosol mass spectrometer at a representative rural site in NCP in winter 2019. Our results showed the dominance of organics (36%) and nitrate in PM1 (22%) in 2019. Positive matrix factorization analysis illustrated similarly important primary sources from traffic emissions, coal combustion, and biomass burning, yet secondary OA (SOA) from photochemical and aqueous‐phase related processing exceeded primary OA (53% vs. 47%). Substantial decreases in primary species and considerable increases in nitrate and sulphate were observed since winter 2018, demonstrating enhanced secondary formation in winter 2019. OA composition changed significantly from clean period to fog events with the contribution of aqueous phase‐related oxygenated OA increasing from 6% to 44%, while the photochemical SOA decreased correspondingly from 51% to 19%. The size distributions of aerosol species also changed by shifting toward large sizes during fog events. Elemental analysis of OA and the Van Krevelen diagram (H/C vs. O/C) illustrated the different roles of photochemical and aqueous‐phase processing during daytime and nighttime, respectively, and aqueous‐phase processing is subject to the formation of organic compounds with high H/C and O/C ratios. The large differences in fog processing of submicron aerosol species between 2018 and 2019 due to different temperatures were also elucidated.