bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liposomes as carriers of resveratrol and vitamin E: Evaluating ameliorative antioxidant effect using chemical and cellular test systems
Authors: Kenchappa Vanaja , Wahl Martin , Heinle Helmut 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Resveratrol (RES) in combination with antioxidant vitamins is reported to be more effective in protecting the cells from oxidative stress rather than any of these antioxidants alone. In continuation to our previous work using resveratrol and vitamin C, our main aim was to evaluate the antioxidant restorative effect using chemical and cellular test systems on resveratrol co-encapsulated vitamin E (VE) within liposomes. Z-average size was less than 135 nm, polydispersity index < 0.3; zeta potential > than ± 30 mV and encapsulation efficiency of RES and VE > 90% and 79% respectively. Chemiluminescence measurement indicated that the antioxidative activity of RES could be increased when VE was additionally loaded into liposomes. Inhibition of AAPH induced luminol enhanced chemiluminescence displayed 90% improvement (P < 0.001) in comparison to control; on the other hand 70% luminescence inhibition of ROS production in isolated blood leukocytes (P < 0.001) was observed. Intracellular oxygen-derived radicals measured by flow cytometry using 2’-7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate demonstrated about 1.7 fold (P < 0.05) and 1.5 fold (P < 0.001) enhancement of radical scavenging activity in buffy coats under basal conditions and human umbilical vein endothelial cells after stimulation by H2O2respectively. The cellular systems evidenced the ability of liposome loaded antioxidants to scavenge ROS in the extra and intracellular space, confirming enhanced antioxidative effectivity of RES in the presence of VE, which did not occur in combination with vitamin C. Hence it might be possible to improve the antioxidative effectivity of RES by other/additional antioxidants.
Evaluation of Biological Carbon Pump Metrics in the Subtropical Gulf of Aqaba, Northern Red Sea
Authors: Kienast Stephanie. S. , Torfstein Adi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe oceanic biological carbon pump modulates atmospheric CO2 concentrations by transporting carbon from the sunlit surface to greater depths. The efficiency of the biological pump and its response to warming temperatures are of great importance to future projections of global change. Here, we investigate a time series of organic carbon fluxes from a monthly resolved sediment trap mooring in the Gulf of Aqaba (GOA), northern Red Sea, between 2014 and 2016. We evaluate the attenuation of sinking organic carbon in the context of the seasonally changing euphotic zone and provide the first estimates of biological pump efficiency in this region. The base of the euphotic zone changed seasonally as the system transitioned from oligotrophic and stratified conditions in summer to mesotrophic conditions during the winter mixing period. Carbon attenuation assessed using a power law fit yields an average coefficient of b = 0.80 ± 0.37, lower than expected based on the warm temperatures in the GOA. Estimates of export efficiency decreased from 40% in summer to 20% in winter, and show the opposite seasonal pattern as transfer efficiencies, which increased from 50% in summer to ∼95% in winter. Overall, the efficiency of the carbon pump was close to ∼20% in both seasons. These observations challenge the notion of a globally uniform positive correlation between increasing temperature and increasing carbon attenuation in the ocean and imply that warm subtropical ecosystems can support moderately enhanced carbon pump efficiencies, possibly also related to increased, dust‐driven, mineral ballasting in low latitude regions such as the GOA.
Direct Evidence of Interchange Instabilities at Dipolarization Fronts
Authors: Yu Y. , Wang Z. , Fu H. S. , Cao J. B. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUsing the high‐resolution measurements from magnetospheric multiscale mission, here we present the observational evidence of kinetic interchange instabilities (ICIs) at dipolarization fronts (DFs). Specifically, we present the observation of two DFs caused by ICI, and discover the sub‐ion scale magnetic depression caused by kinetic‐scale ICI at the second DF. By using multi‐spacecraft observation, the typical process inside the magnetic hole (MH)—by electron trapping process—is clearly shown in the magnetic depression, evidencing that the depression is a sub‐ion MH generated at DF by kinetic ICI. Based on observations and Minimum Variance Analysis (MVA) analysis, we present a two‐dimensional image of the ICI in the nonlinear stage. This observational study demonstrates the kinetic ICI at DFs, confirming the existence of MH generated by ICI at DF, and improves the understanding of dynamics at DFs.
Eruption Forecasting of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland, Using Permutation Entropy
Authors: Sudibyo Maria R. P. , Eibl Eva P. S. , Hainzl Sebastian , Hersir Gylfi Páll 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA volcanic eruption is usually preceded by seismic precursors, but their interpretation and use for forecasting the eruption onset time remain a challenge. A part of the eruptive processes in open conduits of volcanoes may be similar to those encountered in geysers. Since geysers erupt more often, they are useful sites for testing new forecasting methods. We tested the application of Permutation Entropy (PE) as a robust method to assess the complexity in seismic recordings of the Strokkur geyser, Iceland. Strokkur features several minute‐long eruptive cycles, enabling us to verify in 63 recorded cycles whether PE behaves consistently from one eruption to the next one. We performed synthetic tests to understand the effect of different parameter settings in the PE calculation. Our application to Strokkur shows a distinct, repeating PE pattern consistent with previously identified phases in the eruptive cycle. We find a systematic increase in PE within the last 15 s before the eruption, indicating that an eruption will occur. We quantified the predictive power of PE, showing that PE performs better than seismic signal strength or quiescence when it comes to forecasting eruptions.
Modern Silicate Weathering Regimes Across China Revealed by Geochemical Records From Surface Soils
Authors: Guo Licheng , Wu Jiabin , Chen Yulu , Xiong Shangfa , Cui Jingyi , Ding Zhongli 
Published: September 2022

AbstractKnowledge of modern kinetically limited (i.e., silicate weathering depends on temperature and precipitation) and supply‐limited (i.e., weathering is limited mainly by the supply of fresh material) weathering regimes is important for analyzing the weathering–CO2–climate system on geological timescales. However, on the global scale, there are large knowledge gaps in modern silicate weathering regimes and their possible shifts, due to the lack of spatial information on in situ weathering processes. Here, we present the first detailed compilation of the major element concentrations in bulk and fine fraction (<2 μm) samples of surface soils from across China, which we use to investigate modern silicate weathering regimes across China and possible shifts between regimes induced by tectonic uplift and climate changes. The results show that changes in climatic factors, especially precipitation, exert a first‐order control on spatial variations in silicate weathering intensity (expressed by the chemical index of alteration, CIA), with additional contributions from nonclimatic factors. Comparison of silicate weathering regimes with the CIA suggests that for bulk samples the supply‐limited weathering regime prevails in areas with CIA > 80, and the kinetically limited regime prevails in areas with CIA < 80. A significant inference from the results is that tectonic uplift and global warming could cause shifts between supply‐limited and kinetically limited weathering regimes in the active mountain belts and floodplains of southern China and in areas dominated by intermediate chemical weathering. However, no shifts would occur in some of the arid to extremely arid areas of northern China and in highland areas with extreme chemical weathering.
A Posteriori Learning for Quasi‐Geostrophic Turbulence Parametrization
Authors: Frezat Hugo , Le Sommer Julien , Fablet Ronan , Balarac Guillaume , Lguensat Redouane 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe use of machine learning to build subgrid parametrizations for climate models is receiving growing attention. State‐of‐the‐art strategies address the problem as a supervised learning task and optimize algorithms that predict subgrid fluxes based on information from coarse resolution models. In practice, training data are generated from higher resolution numerical simulations transformed in order to mimic coarse resolution simulations. By essence, these strategies optimize subgrid parametrizations to meet so‐called a priori criteria. But the actual purpose of a subgrid parametrization is to obtain good performance in terms of a posteriori metrics which imply computing entire model trajectories. In this paper, we focus on the representation of energy backscatter in two‐dimensional quasi‐geostrophic turbulence and compare parametrizations obtained with different learning strategies at fixed computational complexity. We show that strategies based on a priori criteria yield parametrizations that tend to be unstable in direct simulations and describe how subgrid parametrizations can alternatively be trained end‐to‐end in order to meet a posteriori criteria. We illustrate that end‐to‐end learning strategies yield parametrizations that outperform known empirical and data‐driven schemes in terms of performance, stability, and ability to apply to different flow configurations. These results support the relevance of differentiable programming paradigms for climate models in the future.
Simulation and Observational Evaluation of Space Debris Detection by Sanya Incoherent Scatter Radar
Authors: Wang Junyi , Yue Xinan , Ding Feng , Ning Baiqi , Jin Lin , Ke Changhai , Zhang Ning , Wang Yonghui , Yin Hanlin , Li Mingyuan , Cai Yihui 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Sanya incoherent scatter radar (SYISR) is a newly built active digital phased array, all solid‐state transmitting and digital receiving incoherent scatter radar in Sanya (18.3°N, 109.6°E). The radar frequency band is from 430 to 450 MHz. The Sanya site is a low latitude station in China dedicated for ionospheric investigation. Meanwhile, SYISR is also suitable for detecting a wide range of space debris because of its high power and flexible beam steering ability. In this paper, we first calculate the detectable lower limit size of space debris with respect to integration time and range based on SYISR parameters through theoretical simulation. Then, we selected several typical space debris, with a size near the theoretical detectable lower limit, to perform the experiment. We found that the estimated radar cross section versus range accorded well with the theoretical curve, which confirmed our simulation. Specifically, the detectable lower limit size of space debris is ∼8 cm in a range of 1,000 km given a threshold signal‐to‐noise ratio of 14 dB. This value decreases to ∼3 cm if a 200‐ms coherent integration is implemented. We further performed several experiments on objects with different inclinations using signals with 0.3 and 4 MHz under both static staring and tracking modes. In comparison with the two‐line element file predicted raw orbit, the tracking error of 0.3 and 4 MHz are 7 km and 400 m, respectively, without coherent integration in the processing. The study expands the function of the SYISR and should be beneficial to our ionospheric data inversion given the frequent occurrence of space debris around the SYISR.
Meteor Detection With a New Computer Vision Approach
Authors: Li Yanlin , Galindo Freddy , Urbina Julio , Zhou Qihou , Huang Tai‐Yin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA novel computer vision‐based meteor head echo detection algorithm is developed to study meteor fluxes and their physical properties, including initial range, range coverage, and radial velocity. The proposed Algorithm for Head Echo Automatic Detection (AHEAD) comprises a feature extraction function and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The former is tailored to identify meteor head echoes, and then a CNN is employed to remove false alarms. In the testing of meteor data collected with the Jicamarca 50 MHz incoherent scatter radar, the new algorithm detects over 180 meteors per minute at dawn, which is 2 to 10 times more sensitive than prior manual or algorithmic approaches, with a false alarm rate less than 1 percent. The present work lays the foundation of developing a fully automatic AI‐meteor package that detects, analyzes, and distinguishes among many types of meteor echoes. Furthermore, although initially evaluated for meteor data collected with the Jicamarca VHF incoherent radar, the new algorithm is generic enough that can be applied to other facilities with minor modifications. The CNN removes up to 98 percent of false alarms according to the testing set. We also present and discuss the physical characteristics of meteors detected with AHEAD, including flux rate, initial range, line of sight velocity, Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio, and noise characteristics. Our results indicate that stronger meteor echoes are detected at a slightly lower altitude and lower radial velocity than other meteors.
Reply to Comment on “On the Estimation of Potential Evaporation Under Wet and Dry Conditions” by Jozsef Szilagyi
Authors: Yang Yuting , Tu Zhuoyi , Roderick Michael 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe appreciate Dr. Szilagyi's interest in our work of recovering surface temperature and evaporation to a “hypothetical” saturated condition. Dr. Szilagyi criticized our approach by arguing that the recovered surface temperature is unphysically low. Here we reply to Dr. Szilagyi's concern by showing that our recovered surface temperature is not unphysically low and is physically attainable. In addition, our approach strictly follows the definition of potential evaporation by Wilfried Brutsaert (2015).
A novel stress-based intervention reduces cigarette use in non-treatment seeking smokers
Authors: Barnabe Alexandra , Gamache Karine , de Camargo João Vitor Paes , Allen-Flanagan Erin , Rioux Mathilde , Pruessner Jens , Leyton Marco , Nader Karim 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTobacco use is the leading cause of preventable mortality worldwide. Since current smoking cessation aids show only modest efficacy, new interventions are needed. Given the evidence that stress is a potent trigger for smoking, the present randomized clinical trial tested whether stress could augment the effects of a memory updating (retrieval-extinction) intervention. Non-treatment seeking smokers (n = 76) were assigned to one of four conditions composed of either a stressful or non-stressful psychosocial challenge followed by either smoking or neutral cues. Ten minutes after this manipulation, all underwent a 60-minute extinction procedure during which they viewed smoking-related videos and images and manipulated smoking paraphernalia. Compared to participants who were not exposed to the laboratory stressor, the stressor-exposed groups exhibited greater psychophysiological responses during their intervention and greater decreases in cigarette use at two- and six-weeks follow-up independent of smoking cue exposure. Together, these findings suggest that the ability of stress to activate cigarette seeking processes can be exploited to decrease cigarette use. With replication, the stress-based intervention could become a novel strategy for decreasing cigarette use in non-treatment seeking smokers.Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04843969.
Longitudinal liquid biopsy anticipates hyperprogression and early death in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Zulato Elisabetta , Del Bianco Paola , Nardo Giorgia , Attili Ilaria , Pavan Alberto , Boscolo Bragadin Andrea , Marra Ludovica , Pasello Giulia , Fassan Matteo , Calabrese Fiorella , Guarneri Valentina , Conte Pier Franco , Indraccolo Stefano , Bonanno Laura 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionised treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC), but a proportion of patients had no clinical benefit and even experienced detrimental effects. This study aims to characterise patients experiencing hyperprogression (HPD) and early death (ED) by longitudinal liquid biopsy.

Methods
aNSCLC receiving ICIs were prospectively enrolled. Plasma was collected at baseline (T1) and after 3/4 weeks of treatment, according to the treatment schedule (T2). Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) was quantified and analysed by NGS. cfDNA quantification and variant allele fraction (VAF) of tumour-associated genetic alterations were evaluated for their potential impact on outcome. The genetic alteration with the highest VAF (maxVAF) at baseline was considered as a reference.

Results
From March 2017 to August 2019, 171 patients were enrolled. Five cases matched criteria for HPD and 31 ED were recorded; one overlapped. Quantification of cfDNA at T2 and its absolute and relative variation (T2–T1) were significantly associated with the risk of ED (P = 0.012, P = 0.005, P = 0.009). MaxVAF relative change (T2–T1/T1) was significantly associated with the risk of HPD (P = 0.02). After identifying optimal cut-off values, a two-step risk assessment model was proposed.

Discussion
Liquid biopsy performed early during treatment has the potential to identify patients at high risk of ED and HPD.
Exploiting dietary fibre and the gut microbiota in pelvic radiotherapy patients
Authors: Eaton Selina E. , Kaczmarek Justyna , Mahmood Daanish , McDiarmid Anna M. , Norarfan Alya N. , Scott Erin G. , Then Chee Kin , Tsui Hailey Y. , Kiltie Anne E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWith an ageing population, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to current standard-of-care chemoradiation schedules in the treatment of pelvic malignancies. The gut microbiota may be exploitable, having shown a valuable role in improving patient outcomes in anticancer immunotherapy. These bacteria feed on dietary fibres, which reach the large intestine intact, resulting in the production of beneficial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids. The gut microbiota can impact radiotherapy (RT) treatment responses and itself be altered by the radiation. Evidence is emerging that manipulation of the gut microbiota by dietary fibre supplementation can improve tumour responses and reduce normal tissue side effects following RT, although data on tumour response are limited to date. Both may be mediated by immune and non-immune effects of gut microbiota and their metabolites. Alternative approaches include use of probiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Current evidence will be reviewed regarding the use of dietary fibre interventions and gut microbiota modification in improving outcomes for pelvic RT patients. However, data regarding baseline (pre-RT) gut microbiota of RT patients and timing of dietary fibre manipulation (before or during RT) is limited, heterogenous and inconclusive, thus more robust clinical studies are required before these strategies can be applied clinically.
Protein structural transitions critically transform the network connectivity and viscoelasticity of RNA-binding protein condensates but RNA can prevent it
Authors: Tejedor Andres R. , Sanchez-Burgos Ignacio , Estevez-Espinosa Maria , Garaizar Adiran , Collepardo-Guevara Rosana , Ramirez Jorge , Espinosa Jorge R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBiomolecular condensates, some of which are liquid-like during health, can age over time becoming gel-like pathological systems. One potential source of loss of liquid-like properties during ageing of RNA-binding protein condensates is the progressive formation of inter-proteinβ-sheets. To bridge microscopic understanding between accumulation of inter-proteinβ-sheets over time and the modulation of FUS and hnRNPA1 condensate viscoelasticity, we develop a multiscale simulation approach. Our method integrates atomistic simulations with sequence-dependent coarse-grained modelling of condensates that exhibit accumulation of inter-proteinβ-sheets over time. We reveal that inter-proteinβ-sheets notably increase condensate viscosity but does not transform the phase diagrams. Strikingly, the network of molecular connections within condensates is drastically altered, culminating in gelation when the network of strongβ-sheets fully percolates. However, high concentrations of RNA decelerate the emergence of inter-proteinβ-sheets. Our study uncovers molecular and kinetic factors explaining how the accumulation of inter-proteinβ-sheets can trigger liquid-to-solid transitions in condensates, and suggests a potential mechanism to slow such transitions down.
Cost-effective methylome sequencing of cell-free DNA for accurately detecting and locating cancer
Authors: Stackpole Mary L. , Zeng Weihua , Li Shuo , Liu Chun-Chi , Zhou Yonggang , He Shanshan , Yeh Angela , Wang Ziye , Sun Fengzhu , Li Qingjiao , Yuan Zuyang , Yildirim Asli , Chen Pin-Jung , Winograd Paul , Tran Benjamin , Lee Yi-Te , Li Paul Shize , Noor Zorawar , Yokomizo Megumi , Ahuja Preeti , Zhu Yazhen , Tseng Hsian-Rong , Tomlinson James S. , Garon Edward , French Samuel , Magyar Clara E. , Dry Sarah , Lajonchere Clara , Geschwind Daniel , Choi Gina , Saab Sammy , Alber Frank , Wong Wing Hung , Dubinett Steven M. , Aberle Denise R. , Agopian Vatche , Han Steven-Huy B. , Ni Xiaohui , Li Wenyuan , Zhou Xianghong Jasmine 
Published: September 2022

AbstractEarly cancer detection by cell-free DNA faces multiple challenges: low fraction of tumor cell-free DNA, molecular heterogeneity of cancer, and sample sizes that are not sufficient to reflect diverse patient populations. Here, we develop a cancer detection approach to address these challenges. It consists of an assay, cfMethyl-Seq, for cost-effective sequencing of the cell-free DNA methylome (with > 12-fold enrichment over whole genome bisulfite sequencing in CpG islands), and a computational method to extract methylation information and diagnose patients. Applying our approach to 408 colon, liver, lung, and stomach cancer patients and controls, at 97.9% specificity we achieve 80.7% and 74.5% sensitivity in detecting all-stage and early-stage cancer, and 89.1% and 85.0% accuracy for locating tissue-of-origin of all-stage and early-stage cancer, respectively. Our approach cost-effectively retains methylome profiles of cancer abnormalities, allowing us to learn new features and expand to other cancer types as training cohorts grow.
Increased household transmission and immune escape of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron compared to Delta variants
Authors: Jalali Neda , Brustad Hilde K. , Frigessi Arnoldo , MacDonald Emily A. , Meijerink Hinta , Feruglio Siri L. , Nygård Karin M. , Rø Gunnar , Madslien Elisabeth H. , de Blasio Birgitte Freiesleben 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the epidemic growth of the novel SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is critical for public health. We compared the ten-day secondary attack rate (SAR) of the Omicron and Delta variants in households using Norwegian contact tracing data, December 2021 - January 2022. Omicron SAR was higher than Delta, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.41 (95% CI 1.27-1.56). We observed increased susceptibility to Omicron infection in household contacts compared to Delta, independent of contacts’ vaccination status. Among three-dose vaccinated contacts, the mean SAR was lower for both variants. We found increased Omicron transmissibility from primary cases to contacts in all vaccination groups, except 1-dose vaccinated, compared to Delta. Omicron SAR of three-dose vaccinated primary cases was high, 46% vs 11 % for Delta. In conclusion, three-dose vaccinated primary cases with Omicron infection can efficiently spread in households, while three-dose vaccinated contacts have a lower risk of being infected by Delta and Omicron.