bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nano-Fertilizers as a Novel Technique for Maximum Yield in Wheat Biofortification (Article Review)
Authors: Al-Juthery Hayyawi W. A. , Lahmoud Nabil. R. , Alhasan Ali. S. , Al-Jassani Nisreen.A.A. , Houria Adem 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The major issues influencing human health in developing countries is the nutrient deficiency in different field crops. Several problems with the low efficiency of using the traditional chemical fertilizers by plants, despite there are more development in agricultural cultivation. Therefore, biofortification with nano-fertilizers and nano-biostimulants have been proposed as potential ways to enrich diets with nutrients. Organic fertilizers confront the issue of extending the duration of nutrient release and decreasing mineral content; however, inorganic fertilizers suffer from volatilization and loss of leaching. Nanotechnology’s application in agriculture has enormous promise to address these issues. The use of nanoparticles in biofortification of wheat is gaining traction due to their capacity to provide the optimal amount of fertilizer at the optimal time, hence reducing environmental concerns, facilitating nutrient uptake and absorption, and increasing grain production and profitability. Wheat is a major field crop that can solve with applying nano-biofortification the problem of malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies in humans. Although numerous research experiments on nano-bio-fortification of wheat plants have been conducted, this review article summarizes the benefits and results of nano-bio-fortification for grain maximization through a comprehensive review of nanomaterials and fertilizers and their effective role in bio-fortification and grain yield maximization. Moreover, current trends in the usage of many nanotechnology-based biofortification methods for wheat production were highlighted. Several methods for wheat improvement, including macro and micronutrient supply, are reviewed in more details. Understanding several features of the safe use of nanoparticles and their future prospects may assist in their effective use in terms of economics and nutritional needs after the usage of nano-fertilizers and nano-biostimulants in biofortification and wheat grain yield maximization.
The Nano Silver Molecules Enhancing the Trinitrotoluene Phytoremediation Using Potato Crop
Authors: Ismail M. H. , Hamad R. M. , Shartooh S. M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPhytoremediation represents a great technique that uses green plants in the partial analysis of explosive compounds existing in soil via a variety of biochemical properties in plants to help manipulate contamination. The study was done to determine the effect of using nanosilver molecules and toluene concentrations for botanic manipulation and how to influence physiological growth characters of potato. A field experiment was done in the woody roof shade of Gardening and Farming Dept., Agriculture College, University of Anbar for the spring season 2021 on potato crop, and the study included the botanic manipulation review in different levels of trinitrotoluene and different concentrations of nanosilver molecules on some physiological properties, using simple experiments (mixes of TNT and nanosilver molecules) within the randomized complete block design in three replications as 30 experimental units. results revealed that 500 mg TNT kg-1soil + 500 mg NPs kg-1dominated in total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium percentage in averages 1.92%, 0.58%, 1.85% successively, compared with the control treatment which was noticed in in chlorophyll A, B and total chlorophyll estimation, that successively scored (45.76, 27.13, 87.50 mg/100g) to the scores of control treatment (35.70, 20.83, 71.50 mg/100g). from the study, we conclude that the treatment at level (500*500 TNT-NPS) has a positive effect on physiological properties of the studied potato.
Effect of Chemical and Nanoic Fertilizations N, Ca and B on the Quantitative, Qualitative and Yield Characteristics of Peppers Grown Under Greenhouses Conditions
Authors: Hussein Luma B. , Alwan Othman K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Experiment was carried out at research station, Horticulture & Landscaping Department, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, Iraq, during spring season 2019. The Objective was to study the effect of chemical and nanoic-fertilization of Nitrogen, Calcium and Boron on the quantitative, qualitative and yield characteristics of the sweet pepper (Capsicam annum L.). Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) used where nitrogen was three levels, T1 ( 2 ml / liter of normal nitrogen) and A2 (1 ml / liter of nanoic nitrogen) and A3 (control treatment is sprayed with water only), and the second factor also has three levels of Boron B1 (1 g / liter calcium with normal boron) and B2 (1 ml / liter calcium with nanoic boron ) And B3 (control treatment sprayed with water only) and the plants were sprayed with four times within Each treatment, so the following results obtained: treatment A1 resulted in highest protein percentage (7.02). Treatment A2 resulted in highest rate of fruit weight, plant yield rate, and average yield per house were (70.00, 2.79 and 3347) respectively. Treatment B1 resulted in a significant increase in the ratio of nitrogen and protein compared to control treatment, where reached (1.12 and 7.02), respectively, treatment B2 resulted in a significant increase in the fruit weight ratio and percentage of nitrogen and protein in the fruit reached (68.22, 1.10 and 6.85), respectively.
Effect of Foliar Fertilization with Zinc and Plant Density on Some Characteristics of Vegetative Growth and Yield of Two Cultivars of Faba Bean Vicia faba L.
Authors: Abd Al-Shammari Aziz Mahdi , Jaburi Saja Basheer 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A factorial experiment was carried out according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with the split-split-plot arrangement with three replications during the season of 2020-2021 at the Research Station of the College of Agriculture, University of Diyala to study the effect of three factors are the cultivar (Aguadulce and Histal), the plant density (55555 plants. h-1 and 111111 plants. h-1), and the foliar spraying with a zinc fertilizer (0.5,1 and 1.5 g..l-1) on the vegetative growth of the faba bean. The results showed that Aguadulce cultivar was superior in plant height (152.80 cm) and Histal cultivar was distinguished in pod length (21.87 cm), while there were no significant differences between cultivars in the stems number, pods number, total yield and number of seeds per pod. The grown plants on low density (55555 plants. h-1) was superior in the stems number (14.20 stems. plant -1), the pods number (29.23 pods. plant -1), the pods length (21.74 cm) and the seeds number per pod (5,191 seeds. pod-1), while the grown plants on the high density (111111 plants. ha-1) was superior in plant height (147.10 cm) and the total yield (107.63 tons.ha-1).The fertilized plants at a concentration of 1.5 g. l-1 was significantly superior in the plant height (152.80 cm), stems number (14.40 seed. pod-1), number of pods per plant (34.52 seed. pod-1), number of seeds per pod (6.20 seed. pod-1) and pod length. (22.84 cm) and the green yield (144.17 tons. h-1).As for the triple interaction, the plants of Histal cultivar that planted on low density and treated with a concentration of 1.5 g. l-1 of zinc fertilizer was superior in the number of stems, number of pods, length of pod and number of seeds per pod, while the plants of the same cultivar that planted on high density and fertilized at a concentration of 1.5 g. l-1 was superior in plant length and the total yield.
Effect of Spraying with Organics NADA LAND and GROMAX on Some Plant Growth Characteristics of Radish Raphanus sativus L.
Authors: Th Al-Khuzae Zainab H 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted in Harmoush farms located on the Najaf - Karbala road during the 2021-2022 growing season, to determine the effect of spraying with liquid organic fertilizer NADA LAND and organic solution GROMAX on some vegetative and root growth characteristics of radish plants. The experiment was a factorial with two factors, the first included three concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer (0, 3, 6) ml. Liter-1 and the second was three concentrations of the organic solution (0, 2, 4) ml. L-1 according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D). The results showed that spraying with either of the two fertilizers and their interaction had a significant effect on the characteristics of vegetative and root growth. The interaction treatment (6 ml. L-1) NADA LAND and (4 ml. L-1) GROMAX led to the highest rate for all the traits under study included plant height, number of leaves, shoot fresh and dry weight, leaf chlorophyll content, root diameter, root fresh and dry weight, with a significant difference from the control treatment and most of the single treatments.
Study of the Productivity Response to Adding Different Levels of Chenopodium quinoa Seed Powder to the Ration and Vitamin C to the Drinking Water of Broilers
Authors: Abdulhadi Evan Najah , Ali Nihad Abdul-Lateef 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in the poultry field of the Department of Animal Production College of Agriculture Al-Qasim Green University for” the period 1/10 /2021 to 4/11/2021 The study aimed to add different levels of Chenopodium quinoa seed “powder to the diet and vitamin C to the drinking water to know the best levels of quinoa seed powder to the diet that can be used in poultry diets. In the experiment 225 unsexed broiler chicks Ross 308 were used distributed randomly to 15 cages with 5 experimental treatments for “each treatment” of “45 birds and each treatment included three replicates for each replicate of 15 birds. The experimental treatments were as follows The first treatment” the “control treatment” basic diet free of any addition whether in feed or drinking water. The second treatment add 12 g of quinoa seeds/kg of feed the third treatment add 14 g of quinoa seeds/kg of feed the fourth treatment add 16 g of quinoa seeds/kg of feed the fifth treatment add 300 “mg of vitamin C/L of drinking water. The most important results “of the” study can be summarized which is a significantly improvement (“P≤0.09”) for the third fourth and fifth” treatments in “the” average live body weight “in the fifth week and the total weight” gain “compared” to “the first treatment. As for feed consumption “there were no significant differences between all treatments while the third fourth and fifth treatments recorded the best cumulative food conversion ratio with a significant difference (P≤0.09) compared to the first treatment” and no deaths were recorded among birds during the experiment period
Reinforcement of Low-Protein Diets with some Essential Amino Acids and Their Effect on the Characteristics of a Carcass and some Blood Characteristics of Broilers
Authors: Abdullah Bahaa Jalal , Albaddy Maad A.K. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe experiment was conducted in the poultry field of the Department of Animal Production - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University for the period from 18-25/10/2021, as the purpose of it was to strengthen low-protein diets with some essential amino acids (AA) and their effect on productive performance and some physiological characteristics of broilers. In this experiment, (300) ROSS 308 birds were bred with an average initial weight of 39.7 g. The birds were divided into five treatments, each treatment consisted of three replicates and was distributed in cages (20 birds per cage), the treatments were randomly distributed, (T1) the first treatment was treated The comparison contains protein according to the ROSS guide 308, and (T2) the second treatment in which the protein was reduced by 5% and fortified with essential AA (lysine, methionine, and threonine), and (T3) the third treatment in which the protein was reduced by 10% and was fortified with AA (Lysine, methionine, and threonine), and (T4) the fourth treatment, in which the protein was reduced by 15% and fortified with AA (Lysine, methionine, and threonine), and (T5) the fifth treatment, which reduced the protein by 20% less than the recommendations of the NRC ( 1994) and fortified with AA (lysine, methionine, and threonine). The results of this experiment showed that there were no significant differences between the experimental treatments in the clearance ratio for both males and females, while there were significant differences at a significant level (P<0.05) in both the first treatment and the fifth treatment in the characteristic of the relative weight of the liver for males higher than The rest of experimentalist treatments, whereas the 4th and 5th treatments were higher levels than the rest of experimentalist treatments in the characteristic of the relative weight of the heart of males, while there were no significant differences in each of (gizzard, spleen and belly fat) for male broilers, while the fourth treatment (T4) outperformed the third treatment. In the characteristic of the relative weight of the gizzard in female broilers, the significance of the fourth treatment and the rest of the experiment treated not differ in the same characteristic, while there were no significant differences at a significant level (P<0.05) in (liver, heart, spleen, and belly fat) in the Female broilers. As for the biochemical characteristics of male and female broilers, additionality treatments were superior in some of them, and there were no statistically significant differences in some others
The Influence of Fenugreek Seeds Gum on Quality of Pan Bread During Storage
Authors: Al-Shammari Bushra B. , Al-Ali Rawdhah M. , Al-Sahi Ali A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This search was conducted to extract the gum from fenugreek seed and studying the effects on bread staling, and its application a gum in controlling bread staling by replacing 0.5,0.75.1.1.5 and 2% wheat flour. Bread staling was measured under different storage conditions,. loaves were stored in polyethylene bag for 1,5and 7 days and temperature 25-30,4 and 18- C°, two techniques were used to study bread staling such Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Scanning Electron Microscopic, the moisture concent in the crumb and the crust range between1.5 – 2.66, 1.99 – 3% and 1.9 – 3.88% and 0.45 – 0.27, 0.3 – 0.21,1.90 - 1.9 % at concentrations 1.5 and 2%, the result of Swelling Power and volume of sediment showed range between 7 – 9, 8 – 9.66, 4 – 5.88% and 41 – 45.44, 46 – 50, 47 – 50.88 ml respectively, the test of pH showed between 6.2 – 6, 6.4 – 6.48 and 6.1 – 6.4 respectively, two methods were used to determine bread staling, the values of Electrical conductivity and Turbidity showed range between 3 – 4.11, 4 – 5, 3.57 – 4.5 cm /mm respectively and 11 – 13.99, 19 – 23.01, 29.55 – 34.44 NTU respectively, the results of DSC showed that the highest enthalpy of retrogradation showed range between 57.98 - 75.69, 41.86 -54.12 respectively and 27.67 - 38.91 J/g respectively was found in control sample compared to bread containing Fenugreek seeds gum 26.24 – 28.14, 26.78 - 29.41 and 13.30 -15.90 J/g respectively after 1and 7 days of storage at different temperature storage., The microstructure of the bread was tested by Scanning Electron Microscopic, the result indicated that bread containing Fenugreek seeds gum had lower staling compared to control sample due to able to retain moisture in the bread crumb. Therefore, the present research, gum addition reduces retro gradation of starch and improved the microstructure crumb during storage.
Oxidative Reaction of Frozen-Stored and Heat Treatments Meat Products
Authors: Al-Shibli Mayada A. , Al-Ali Rawdah M. , Hashim Alia Z. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The exhaustion of ready-to-eat (RTE) products, have become growingly popular over recent years. In the United States, for example, 82.6% of consumers frequently eat fast food in restaurants at least once a week. Frozen storage is easiest way to preserve food from the negative impact of temperature, so It is included thorough evaluation of the quality parameters. In general, a reasonable temperature to store food is -18 °C for most frozen foods, and this will keep the quality in commercial storage meat products, in specially, the very popular meat products and widely consumed world wide. Meat and Its products are essential component for human nutrition. They compose of proteins, vitamins and minerals, as well as vital fatty acids. Meat is necessary to meet all of the dietary requirements, on the other hand, they are subjected to degrading processes, such as microbial deterioration, oxidative processes which are the most important among them. Oxidative processes cause oxidation of lipids, pigments, proteins and vitamins. Furthermore, there is a nutritional loss that leads to produce hazardous compounds, therefore the meat industry’s control of oxidative processes is requisite. The purpose of this study is to determine the significant alterations that happening in frozen meat products quality.
The Productive Performance of Three Lines of Laying Hens and Their Crosses During Three Life Stages
Authors: Tawfeq Esraa Mobasher , Sabri Al-Nuaimi Majid Ahmed 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to compare the productive performance of two local lines chickens (brown and black-feathered chickens) and laying brown Lohman strain and cross-breeding between them for the period from one day to six months old. The birds were divided into seven treatments and the study was on three life stages, the first of (day-8) weeks of age, the second (9-16) weeks and the third (17-24) weeks for the following traits: live body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and sex maturity, weight of the first egg weight, sexual maturity age, egg production HD%, egg mass, average egg weight for the seven groups. The results showed that there were significant superiority (P<0.05) in the most productive performance for the four ceosses hybrids compared to the pure lines. and it was noted that there was a significant positive correlation coefficient between the weight of The body at the age of six months and the weight of the first egg (0.80), the average egg weight of (0.79) and the weight of the first egg and the average egg production was (0.72) and The average weight of eggs and egg production (0.61).
Effect of Using Azolla as A protein Source on Cuts and Carcass Characteristics of Awassi Lambs
Authors: Majeed Al Baldawy Mustsfs Ali , Mohammad Afraah Mustafa 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted in the animal field of the College of Veterinary Medicine - Tikrit University, for the period from 13-10-2021 to 12-1-2022 preceded by a preliminary period of 10 days, where 15 Awassi lambs were used, ages ranged between 5-6 months, with a starting weight of 20. 13 ± 0.56 kg The lambs were randomly distributed to three treatments (T1) A ration free of azolla plants (T2) Replacement of 3% of wheat bran with azolla from the dry matter of the ration (T3) Replacement of 5% of wheat bran with azolla of the dry matter of the ration. The results in this study indicated the following: 1- Significant differences were found between the treatments in some results where the second and third treatments were significant over the first treatment in carcass characteristics for the traits (empty body weight, hot carcass weight and cold carcass weight), slaughtering residues, where the second and third treatments were significant over the first treatment in carcass traits for the traits ( Empty body weight, hot carcass weight and cold carcass weight), the results of chemical analysis of the carcass, where the third treatment outperformed the first and second treatments with a difference of (3.607 and 5.177) % for the first and second treatments, respectively, in moisture content. Also, the second treatment outperformed the first and third treatments with a difference of (1.57 and 5.177)% for the first and third treatments, respectively, in the percentage of dry matter, and the second treatment exceeded the first and third treatments with a difference of (1.563 and 2.603)% for the first and third treatments, respectively, in the percentage of protein. There were also arithmetic differences, where the second treatment outperformed in the percentage of weight of the main pieces (thigh, shoulder) compared to the rest of the treatments. The first treatment gave the highest percentage of weight for the ribs and cotton compared to the rest of the treatments. 2- There were no significant differences for each of the secondary cuts of the carcass (chest, flank and ulna), as well as the neck and buttocks, the area of the ocular muscle and the thickness of the fat layer, slaughter residues (head, limbs, skin, heart, heart fat, liver, lungs and trachea, full rumen, Full intestine, belly fat and digestive system contents), physical separation of the proportions (meat, fat and bone) of the ribs, (grooming ratio based on hot carcass weight, dressing ratio based on cold carcass weight and carcass weight loss percentage), chemical analysis results (ratio fat, ash and carbohydrates).
Effect of Marlubium vulgare Plant on Experimentally Infected Albino Mice with Trichomonas muris Parasite and Compare with Metronidazole Drug
Authors: Shahatha S S , Abood N M , Mousa M O 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of Marlubium vulgare plant on albino mice experimentally infected with Trichomonas muris parasite and compared it with Metronidazole drug. The oral administration method was used to estimate the effect of the plant extract. where each group of mice was administered a different concentration of the plant alcoholic extract (500, 1500, 2500, 3500) mg/kg, and 30 mg/kg of metronidazole drug was administered to another group, while the control group was administered an equal amount of normal saline solution. The results showed a significant effect of the concentrations of alcoholic extract and the drug metronidazole in the treatment of infected albino mice and showed a high treatment efficiency of 100% with a variation in the time required for complete treatment and complete elimination of parasites. The highest concentration of 3500 mg/kg resulted in complete recovery in the affected albino mice on the fourth day after treatment, while the use of the drug led to a complete recovery on the fifth day after treatment, while the infection in the control group continued to the fifth day and then died. The conclusion of this study confirmed the high therapeutic efficacy of different concentrations of alcoholic extract of M. vulgare plant in treating T. muris parasite in mice experimentally infected with it, which is comparable to the effectiveness of Metronidazole drug.