bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Questioning the warist orthodoxy: pacifist critical reflections on Russia's invasion of Ukraine
Authors: Christoyannopoulos Alexandre 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Pacifists are used to finding their arguments being dismissed as naive or even dangerous, especially once war has erupted. Yet this is precisely when pacifist arguments are arguably at their sharpest, and when questioning the ‘warist’ orthodoxy is most urgent. This article demonstrates the point by articulating three sets of pacifist critical reflections on the reactions to Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. First, enough evidence has mounted about the relative effectiveness of nonviolent (compared to violent) methods of civil resistance to ask the question: how might a coordinated national campaign of Ukrainian nonviolent resistance have compared to the way the war has unfolded to date? Second, the defaulting to a military response that nonetheless prevailed rests on two ingrained assumptions that pacifists query: on the efficacy of violence as an instrument, and on the place of violence in ‘human nature’. Third, war also transforms agents of violence politically, economically and culturally, thus further entrenching centralization, militarism, ‘warism’ and their concomitant dangers. It is too late to apply such pacifist reflections to the conduct of the war in Ukraine up to the present, but it is not too late to do so in the context of any ongoing tensions in the region, or indeed in the context of defence planning the world over.
Vietnam and nuclear security: a case for norm isolation
Authors: Anh Doan Linh 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this article I examine why Vietnam, a state possessing neither nuclear weapons nor nuclear power plants, adopted nuclear security purely as a preventive measure against nuclear terrorism. Although nuclear security emerged as a norm specifically related to countering nuclear terrorism following 9/11, it has received diverse responses from states. Nuclear weapon states, and states that possess nuclear materials (encompassing the United States, Japan and Canada) have actively advanced nuclear security as they face the threat of nuclear terrorism. In contrast, states without nuclear power plants have been unwilling to do so as they do not identify nuclear terrorism as a national threat. However, among these states, Vietnam began to adhere to the norm in 2012, and by 2014 was even recognized as one of the most progressive states in the nuclear security field. Drawing on Vietnamese regulations, elite statements and interviews conducted with Vietnamese officials, I endeavour to show that Vietnam actively changed its stance after nuclear security began to be diffused as an independent norm, in isolation from the other nuclear norms it had previously been grafted onto. Further, I discuss the merits of these strategies as barriers and facilitators for norm adoption in the case of Vietnam.
Two-dimensional soft balancing in central Asia and the emerging regional order
Authors: Dursun-Özkanca Oya 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The international system is experiencing economic and geopolitical power shifts, requiring scholars to develop a more informed understanding of emerging regional orders. This article examines regional balancing in central Asia, which has gained significantly in strategic importance following Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. It is one of the first attempts in the International Relations (IR) literature to analyse multiple levels of balancing, examining soft balancing at both great and secondary powers levels. The article has two goals: 1) to examine the strategies available to both secondary and great powers in central Asia; and 2) to contribute to IR theory by exploring the connections between soft balancing at two dimensions and discussing the implications for the emerging central Asian regional order. While great powers pursue soft balancing through international institutions, secondary powers exercise soft balancing through limited alignments, institutional balancing, strategic non-cooperation, ‘cheap-talk’ diplomacy, costly signalling and legitimacy denial. Despite the commonalities between soft balancing behaviour at both levels, this article shows the differences in motivations across different levels. Whereas secondary powers use soft balancing mostly for defensive purposes—to balance against perceived threats— great powers use it more proactively, to establish or preserve regional spheres of influence.
Civilizational Wilsonianism from Woodrow Wilson to Donald Trump
Authors: Gawthorpe Andrew 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The foreign policy of Donald Trump in his first term of office is often understood to have represented a sharp break with ‘the Wilsonian tradition’, which in turn is taken to mean an American foreign policy based on liberal principles. By instead advancing an alternative understanding of the Wilsonian tradition that it terms ‘civilizational Wilsonianism’, this article argues that there were actually far greater continuities between Wilson and Trump than initially meet the eye. It argues that Wilson and Trump's foreign policies, whatever their other differences, were both premised on the perceived need to ensure the survival of a particular type of ‘civilization’ in a dangerous, globalized world. If ‘Wilsonianism’ means a tradition that follows from the career of the historical Wilson, then at its core is a set of propositions about civilization, international interconnection, hierarchy and American power. Reframing ‘Wilsonianism’ in this way increases the value that the concept can bring to understanding American foreign policy in our own time and into the future by directing us to also consider the illiberal features and continuities of American foreign policy, alongside the liberal.
Civilization as a concept in foreign policy
Authors: Ehrhardt Andrew 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This article examines whether there is any value in thinking in terms of civilizations when we look to craft foreign policy. It returns to a historical precedent—specifically the way that some British statesmen and officials in the 1940s conceived of the term ‘civilization’—and describes how this was one influence among many in the shaping of British postwar policy, including the early origins of NATO. While this case comprises an interesting and undervalued example of civilizational thinking in diplomatic history, the article, in its concluding sections, attempts to go further: to describe how the concept of civilization might provide a useful notion in future foreign policy-making. It argues that while most modern connotations of the word tend to be toxic to western commentators and analysts, there are practical benefits to thinking in these terms, provided we remain selective in how we conceive of it. It might best be thought of not as a value judgement denoting hierarchy, progress or superiority, but rather as a mode of thinking about international affairs and foreign policy that embodies deep historical and philosophical reflection.
Weapons for Ukraine as force-short-of-war
Authors: Braun Christian Nikolaus 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This article presents arguments about the ethics of sending weapons to Ukraine in support of its war of self-defence against Russian aggression. It does so by situating the debate about the rights and wrongs of supplying arms to Ukraine within the frame of jus ad vim (the just use of force-short-of-war). Concentrating on the German debate, which has been particularly polarized, the article demonstrates how the moral vocabulary of jus ad vim can illuminate the difficult moral choices associated with providing lethal aid to Ukraine. In particular, the article shows how the objective of not getting drawn into war with Russia foregrounds the ‘probability of escalation’ principle of jus ad vim. In addition, the German chancellor's avoidance of the term ‘victory’ as the desired outcome of his nation's support for Ukraine points to the concept of a ‘moral truncated victory’ and the re-establishment and containment principles of jus ad vim. However, while the moral vocabulary of jus ad vim leads to a deeper understanding of the ethical challenges NATO leaders are facing in their provision of weapons to Ukraine, the article concludes that the acceptance of moral truncated victory highlights one of the main critiques of this new framework, namely that it risks creating a morally problematic regime of perpetual force, or vis perpetua.
Pregnancy With a Stoma is Feasible, Though Associated With Manageable Complications
Authors: Bouwknegt Dianne Gelien , van der Weide Albertina Henrika Chantall , Dijkstra Gerard , Goetgebuer Rogier Leon , Oldenburg Lotte , van Dop Willemijn Alexandra , Hirdes Meike Madeleine Catherine , Prins Jelmer Riemer , Hoogenboom Froukje Jantien , van der Woude Christien Janneke , Visschedijk Marijn Caroline 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often diagnosed in young adults, and therefore frequently coincides with pregnancy. Patients may require surgery that includes (temporary) stoma placement. Literature on the occurrence of stoma-complications during pregnancy and the effect on pregnancy outcomes is limited. To evaluate stoma- complications peri- and postpartum, a retrospective study was performed in women who were pregnant while having a stoma.

Methods
This multicentre cohort and survey study included all pregnant patients with IBD and a stoma who delivered between 2016 and 2023 from 5 Dutch university hospitals. Stoma-complications and pregnancy outcomes were retrospectively collected from electronic patient files. A questionnaire assessed patient-reported complications and long-term stoma-related complaints.

Results
In total, 50 patients were included (median age at conception 31.0 years; 55.2% Crohn’s disease and 44.8% ulcerative colitis), comprising 67 pregnancies, 5 of which ended in pregnancy loss. Stoma complications occurred in 44 full-term pregnancies (71.0%), most commonly obstruction (35.5%) and decreased output (29.0%). Surgery was required in four pregnancies due to obstruction (n = 3) and prolapse (n = 2). In the first-year postpartum, 7 patients required surgery for stoma-complications. Amongst 29 women who completed the questionnaire, 10 (34.5%) reported unresolved complications 6 months postpartum. Cesarean sections were performed in 31 (50.0%) pregnancies. Adverse pregnancy outcomes included prematurity (n = 9, 14.5%), low birth weight (n = 9, 14.5%), and dysmaturity (n = 5, 8.1%).

Conclusions
Pregnancy with a stoma is feasible, though manageable complications often occur. Counseling before pregnancy and close monitoring of symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum are essential for women with IBD and a stoma.
Review of national contaminated land management frameworks in front of the new EU Soil Monitoring Law era—the case study of Greece
Authors: Panagiotakis Iraklis , Strompoula Eleni , Dermatas Dimitris 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The European Union (EU) currently addresses the issue of contaminated land management through the national frameworks of its member states, as there is no such EU legislation thus far. However, with the introduction of the new EU Soil Strategy and the anticipated Soil Monitoring Law, EU countries are poised to receive a unified legislative tool that is expected to enhance their soil policies significantly. These legislative developments are set to introduce key initiatives such as the establishment of a contaminated site registry and the imposition of restrictions on soil contamination using screening values and soil monitoring practices. Although these advancements are significant, disparities in contaminated soil management practices are likely to remain among countries following the implementation of the new legislation. Presently, Greece's approach to contaminated land management is deemed inadequate, lacking essential policymaking tools, like soil screening values. The primary aim of the study was to compile a database of good practices and lessons learned on contaminated land management as a practical policymaking resource for Greece and other EU member states as well as countries in the pre-accession phase, like the Western Balkans. To achieve this goal, an extensive review of EU and national legislations was conducted, complemented by a questionnaire survey that engaged a diverse group of local and international experts from the EU, the UK, and New Jersey (USA).
Burn Patient Education in the Modern Age: A Comparative Analysis of ChatGPT and Google Performance Answering Common Questions on Burn Injury and Management
Authors: Pandya Sumaarg , Alessandri Bonetti Mario , Liu Hilary Y , Jeong Tiffany , Ziembicki Jenny A , Egro Francesco M 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Patients often use Google for their medical questions. With the emergence of artificial intelligence large language models, such as ChatGPT, patients may turn to such technologies as an alternative source of medical information. This study investigates the safety, accuracy, and comprehensiveness of medical responses provided by ChatGPT in comparison to Google for common questions about burn injuries and their management. A Google search was performed using the term “burn,” and the top 10 frequently searched questions along with their answers were documented. These questions were then prompted into ChatGPT. The quality of responses from both Google and ChatGPT was evaluated by 3 burn and trauma surgeons using the Global Quality Score scale, rating from 1 (poor quality) to 5 (excellent quality). A Wilcoxon paired t-test evaluated the difference in scores between Google and ChatGPT answers. Google answers scored an average of 2.80 ± 1.03, indicating that some information was present, but important topics were missing. Conversely, ChatGPT-generated answers scored an average of 4.57 ± 0.73, indicating excellent quality responses with high utility to patients. For half of the questions, the surgeons unanimously preferred their patients receive information from ChatGPT. This study presents an initial comparison of Google and ChatGPT responses to commonly asked burn injury questions. ChatGPT outperforms Google in responding to commonly asked questions on burn injury and management based on the evaluations of 3 experienced burn surgeons. These results highlight the potential of ChatGPT as a source of patient education.
“Double Trouble” – the impact of iron infusion and antiresorptive therapy on calcium-phosphate homeostasis
Authors: Stokes Gabrielle , Sheu Angela , Girgis Christian M , White Christopher P 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Intravenous iron infusions (particularly ferric carboxymaltose) are associated with hypophosphataemia. This is mediated by increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), resulting in decreased activation of 25(OH)vitamin D to 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D and increased urinary phosphate excretion. Similarly, parenteral antiresorptive agents can lead to hypocalcaemia due to reduced bone calcium mobilisation, increasing parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and exacerbating kidney phosphate excretion 3. When given concurrently, electrolyte disturbances can be severe and refractory to treatment, necessitating intravenous replacement, frequent monitoring, and prolonged hospitalisation.
We describe a case series of six patients, with severe hypophosphataemia and hypocalcaemia from concurrent administration of intravenous iron and antiresorptive therapy. The average time to hypophosphataemia following iron therapy in the presence of antiresorptives was 17.5 days. This is consistent with the nadir of phosphate two weeks following iron infusion and appears to be prolonged and exacerbated by antiresorptive therapy, increasing urinary phosphate loss through increased PTH activity.
With increasing popularity of intravenous iron infusions and parenteral antiresorptive agents, the interplay of these medications is an important consideration for clinicians. The emerging administration of these agents in the community and fragmentation of care across primary and specialist networks creates the risk of unintentional concurrent use. Increased awareness of their impact on calcium-phosphate homeostasis is needed to mitigate the risk of severe electrolyte derangements with consideration of alternate iron formulations preferentially in those receiving medications for osteoporosis.
Dental manifestations of hypophosphatasia: translational and clinical advances
Authors: Lira dos Santos Elis J , Mohamed Fatma F , Kramer Kaitrin , Foster Brian L 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is an inherited error in metabolism resulting from loss-of-function variants in the ALPL gene, which encodes tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). TNAP plays a crucial role in biomineralization of bones and teeth, in part by reducing levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), an inhibitor of biomineralization. HPP onset in childhood contributes to rickets, including growth plate defects and impaired growth. In adulthood, osteomalacia from HPP contributes to increased fracture risk. HPP also affects oral health. The dentoalveolar complex, that is, the tooth and supporting connective tissues of the surrounding periodontia, include 4 unique hard tissues: enamel, dentin, cementum, and alveolar bone, and all can be affected by HPP. Premature tooth loss of fully rooted teeth is pathognomonic for HPP. Patients with HPP often have complex oral health issues that require multidisciplinary dental care, potentially involving general or pediatric dentists, periodontists, prosthodontists, and orthodontists. The scientific literature to date has relatively few reports on dental care of individuals with HPP. Animal models to study HPP included global Alpl knockout mice, Alpl mutation knock-in mice, and mice with tissue-specific conditional Alpl ablation, allowing for new studies on pathological mechanisms and treatment effects in dental and skeletal tissues. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in the form of injected, recombinant mineralized tissue-targeted TNAP has been available for nearly a decade and changed the prognosis for those with HPP. However, effects of ERT on dental tissues remain poorly defined and limitations of the current ERT have prompted exploration of gene therapy approaches to treat HPP. Preclinical gene therapy studies are promising and may contribute to improved oral health in HPP.
A Theoretical Framework for Transformative Corporate Intergenerational Equity
Authors: Cheong Ben Chester 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This article argues for the integration of intergenerational equity principles into UK company law to address the growing environmental challenges of the future. Drawing on these principles, it develops a theoretical framework for reconceptualising the corporate form under UK law. The article explores the justifications for this approach, including the need to promote long-term corporate success and address intergenerational equity concerns. It lays the groundwork for future research on operationalising this framework within the UK legal context. Ultimately, the article contends that the integration of intergenerational equity principles into UK company law is not only desirable but also feasible. As such, it contributes to the ongoing debate on corporate purpose, offering a fresh perspective on the role of UK company law in achieving fairness for future generations.
Adaptive analysis on in-situ accelerometer calibration in strong-motion observation network in China
Authors: Ding Lisha , Wu Huadeng , Huang Hui , Lu Zijin , Lao Qian , Yan Xing , Ye Shishan , Chen Jiantao , Zhang Xin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The sampling filters used in the National Strong-Motion Observation Network System (NSMONS) of China are linear-phase filters for both real-time transmitted data and locally stored raw data. The performance evaluation of accelerometer is based on human visual assessment through their step calibration response. However, a new re-sampling requirement has been added for the real-time transmitted data of the Earthquake Early Warning System (EEWS) in China, which has a large number of stations. This involves utilizing minimum-phase filters. There are significant challenges in the performance evaluation of accelerometers and the verification of parameter consistency for different data sets within the EEWS in China. Therefore, we propose a method that integrates waveform adaptive identification and analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the accelerometer's step response in the time domain to calculate the overshoot ratio and its changes over time. Our findings indicate that the overshoot ratios of accelerometers, decimated from linear-phase filters and minimum-phase filters, are approximately 7%–9% and 21%–23% respectively under normal sensor operation. Additionally, we reveal the effects of humidity and instrument aging on changes in the transform function of a Force-Balanced Accelerometer (FBA). In practical applications at NSMONS and EEWS in China, the proposed method can automatically identify the starting point of step calibration and detect parameter setting errors and faulty stations. This method has significant generalization potential.
An ACO-LSSVM-Based Identification Method of Fracture-Vug Fillings
Authors: Xu Hao , Lai Fuqiang , Li Jiao , Zeng Chengxiang , Liu Yuejiao , Zeng Yu 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The types of fracture-vug fillings in carbonate reservoirs play a key role in the storage and transportation of hydrocarbons. Accurate identification of fracture-vug fillings is crucial for evaluating reservoir quality. For the deep carbonate reservoirs of Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in Muxi Block, we summarized the response characteristics of fillings from coring data, conventional logging data, and electric imaging logging data, and proposed an ant colony algorithm (ACO)-based optimization method of the important parameters of the least-squares support vector machine (LSSVM) for the fracture-vug fillings identification (ACO-LSSVM). Then, based on the refined core descriptions, ACO-LSSVM was applied and validated. The validation results showed that the fracture-vug fillings could be mainly classified as mud fillings, quartz fillings, and carbonate mineral fillings. In addition, reconstructed natural gamma relative value, sonic ratio, density ratio, and other combination curves gave the more obvious responses to different types of fracture-vug fillings than conventional logging curves. Compared to traditional support vector machines (SVM) and random forest (RF) methods, the ACO-LSSVM identification method demonstrates superior performance, with an overall accuracy improvement of more than 10% over the random forest method. Additionally, it exhibits better robustness and a positive feedback mechanism, allowing it to find the optimal solution in a shorter time. The accurate identification of fracture-vug fillings provided the foundation for valid fracture-vug parameter extraction and accurate evaluation of carbonate reservoirs.