bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historis Pendidikan Islam serta Upaya Penguatannya dalam Sistem Pendidikan Nasional
Authors: Muthoharoh Miftakhul 
Published: March 2022

Pendidikan islam ialah suatu pendidikan yang bertujuan ingin membentuk seorang pribadi yang muslim sepenuhnya, serta mengembangkan semua kemampuan manusia dan menumbuhkan hubungan yang erat antara manusia dengan allah dan ciptaannya. Sejarah adalah suatu peristiwa yang terjadi di masa lampau. Jadi, Sejarah pendidikan islam di Indonesia adalah suatu peristiwa mengenai pendidikan islam pada mala lampau yang ada di Indonesia. Dalam pendidikan islam di Indonesia ada pembagian berdasarkan zamannya: pendidikan zaman kerajaan, pendidikan zaman penjajahan, pendidikan zaman kemerdekaan.
Pada zaman kerajaan pendidikan islam memiliki beberapa lembaga yang digunakan dalam proses pendidikan yakni, masjid dan langgar, pesantren. Dari pendidikan islam zaman kerajaan ke pendidikan islam zaman penjajahan ada perubahan terhadap sistem pendidikan islam tersebut, Belanda menganggap pendidikan agama islam yang diselenggarakan di pondok-pondok pesantren, masjid, mushalla, dianggap tidak membantu pemerintah belanda. Para santri dianggap buta huruf latin. Lebih jelasnya madrasah dan pesantren dianggap tidak berguna dan tingkatannya rendah, sehingga disebut sekolah desa. Oleh sebab itu, belanda mendirikan sekolah-sekolah dasar di tiap Kabupaten dimaksudkan untuk menandingi dan menyaingi madrasah, pesantren, dan pengajian di desa itu. begitu juga dengan bangsa jepang yang mengganti semua kebijakan- kebijakan bangsa indonesia untuk kepentingaan pribadi jepang. Pendidikan islam mengalami perkembangan pesat pada zaman kemerdekaan yang telah mengembangkan mulai dari proses sampai dengan lembaga-lembaganya menjadi lebih baik. Pada zaman kemerdekaan pendidikan islam sudah mendirikan madrasah dan sekolah umum yang lebih baik dari sebelumnya. Upaya penguatan terhadap posisi pendidikan Islam dalam sistem pendidikan nasional. Penguatan tersebut ditunjukkan oleh lembaga dan SDM pendidikan Islam itu sendiri, baik secara kuantitas maupun kualitasnya. Pendidikan harus terdepan dalam segala hal, sehingga eksistensinya bisa diakui secara nasional.
Sensory evaluation and proximate composition analysis of export oriented and locally consumed fishes of Bangladesh
Authors: KARMAKAR MITHUN , MANSUR MD. ABUL , UDDIN , MD. NAIM , ISLAM MD. RABIUL , MELY SHAYLA SULTANA , AKTER SHIRIN , ISLAM MD. SAIFUL 
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted to investigate the sensory quality and proximate composition of export oriented and locally consumed fishes collected from four fish processing plants, four super shops and four local fish markets of Bangladesh. Sample of Clarias batrachus, Amblypharyngodon mola, Ompok pabda, Labeo rohita and Anabas testudineus were subjected to sensory evaluation for color, odor, taste, flavor and texture characteristics by organoleptic method and proximate composition for nutritional quality assessment using standard AOAC methods. Sensory quality evaluation revealed that average defect points of fish samples collected from processing plants, super shops and local markets were between 1.40 to 1.57, 1.67 to 2.31 and 1.36 to 2.64 respectively, indicating excellent quality of samples collected from processing plants compared to good/acceptable quality for those collected from super shops and local markets. The study of proximate composition revealed that moisture ranged from 79.71±0.07% to 66.77±0.7%, crude protein 19.05±0.31% to 16.01±0.13%, crude lipid 10.41±0.02% to1.25±0.19% and ash 3.73±0.07% to 1.43±0.04% in different fish species collected from different sources. In conclusion, the organoleptic assessment and proximate composition of collected samples indicated that the fish samples of fish processing plants were of good condition for export and consumption. The fish samples from local fish markets and super shops were within the acceptable level but not as good as the fish samples of fish processing plants.
The Analyzing Online Learning Satisfaction and The Use of LLS
Authors: Dorand Pietra 
Published: March 2022

This mixed-method approach study is conducted to find out the positive relationship between students’ satisfaction and their LLS use in the context of ICT for ELL. Having wed out for the sake of validity and reliability, 46 sets of both SERVQUAL and SILL questionnaires were then administered to 83 students of telecommunication engineering at Akademi Telkom Jakarta. The result of the study was explained in inferential and descriptive as well as qualitative in nature. The statistical result confirmed the positive effect of online learning satisfaction on the use of LLS. The low correlation coefficient is detected between students’ satisfaction and the use of LLS (r =.235, p <.05); however, the regression model Y=74.3+0.20X is then eligible to estimate and generalize. Thus, by paying attention to SERVQUAL dimensions, the students will more explore their LLS use. The findings provide a greater understanding of students’ satisfaction and LLS use. LLS – CALL integration model could be developed as the implications of the research for further study.
Keywords: ICT, Language Learning Strategies, Online Learning, Student Satisfaction, SERVQUAL
An Overview of Digital Resources for the Study of Victorian Fiction
Authors: Craig Lydia 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Utilizing open-access, institutional, and subscription-only digital databases for research can advance studies in Victorian literature. Despite occasional issues with sample size, barriers to access, or bad OCR, these databases hold unprecedented quantities of nineteenth-century literature awaiting scrutiny, as indicated by research examples provided. Several long-standing or recent projects on the novel, literary culture, or race in the Victorian era are discussed in terms of their application for personal research and classroom instruction. Among these are the recently unveiled databases One More Voice and Undisciplining the Victorian Classroom, which bring non-European perspectives to the forefront of discourse in answer to the recent call to center and engage with marginalized nineteenth-century voices previously buried in archives due to racial difference. Primary sources, by offering new perspectives on life in the nineteenth century, can now enrich both scholarship and academic syllabi. Digital scans, if defined as free access or fair use, can be requisitioned for groundbreaking projects centered around literary writing, publication, and culture, or historical inquiry.
Evaluation for the Potential Use of Silicate Rocks from FourVolcanoes in Indonesia as Fertilizer and Soil Ameliorant
Authors: Priyono Joko , Sutriono Raden , Arifin Zaenal 
Published: March 2022

Silicate rocks, the abundant plant nutrient source in Indonesia, have not been evaluated for use as a fertilizer/and soil ameliorant. This research was aimed to identify (1) mineral and elemental compositions of silicate rocks originated from Galunggung, Kelud, Tambora, and Rinjani Volcanoes and (2) soil properties determining dissolution rate of plant nutrients from the silicate rock fertilizers (SRFs). The rocks were ground with a ball mill for 10 min providing SRFs with medians of particle size of 30 – 50 mm. Each SRF was added to 6 soils from West Java, East Java, and Lombok Island at a rate equivalent to 20 t ha-1, incubated for 28 days in a laboratory condition. Results indicate that adding SRFs clearly increased soil pH with negligible effect on soil salinity. Adding SRFs also increased quantity of citric-oxalic-extractable plant nutrients (Ca, K, Zn, and Cu) and activity of soil micro-organisms. Dissolution of plant nutrients from the SRFs in the soils was mainly determined by combination factors of C-organic content and pH of soils before application of the SRFs. It was concluded that SRFs originated from those volcanoes may be used as a plant-multi nutrient source and a remedial agent for acidic and biologically degraded soils. However, the true effectiveness of SRFs for those uses needs to be further tested under various soil-plant systems.
Lives within Lives: Plutarch's “Life” of Perseus
Authors: Bailey C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article examines Plutarch's treatment of Perseus of Macedonia in the Life of Aemilius and argues that Perseus is a secondary biographical subject. By directing our attention to aspects of the king's birth and death, as well as his central moral traits, outstanding ancestors, and responses to changes in fortune, Plutarch integrates Perseus fully into the moral themes of the Aemilius-Timoleon. Aemilius, in his meetings with the king, reflects upon him as Plutarch suggests he himself studies his biographical subjects in the prologue to the pair, becoming a model reader of the Lives.
StatiusSilvae2.3: The Garden of Atedius Melior: A Change for the Better
Authors: Putnam Michael 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMy essay offers a close reading of poem 3 from the second book of the Silvae of Statius. A genethliacon and, in conclusion, eulogy for the writer's friend Atedius Melior, it directs us to the latter's garden and centers on an expansive aition, of the poet's invention, devoted to the god Pan's attraction for the nymph Pholoe. My primary focus rests on Statius's brilliant word usage and, more generally, on the intellectual background on which he draws. I refer regularly to the poetry of Horace, Tibullus, and especially Virgil in my search to elucidate Statius's original genius.
The Use of Corporate Mobility Instruments and Brexit: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Biermeyer Thomas , Meyer Marcus 
Published: March 2022

Based on a dataset between 1 January 2017 and 30 November 2019, it can be concluded that UK companies make use of cross-border mergers and cross-border seat transfers of Societates Europaeae (SEs) in order to move from the UK to other EU Member States. Such cross-border transactions primarily concern companies from the financial sector, but also companies from other sectors are relocated.
cross-border merger, cross-border seat transfer, Societas Europaea, Brexit
AI and the Board Within Italian Corporate Law: Preliminary Notes
Authors: Domenico Mosco Gian 
Published: March 2022

Artificial Intelligence (hereafter: AI) is transforming our everyday life in many important respects. The corporate realm is no exception. Many corporations cannot avoid facing the variety of issues raised by the increasing importance that AI plays within firms. Can an AIbased system be appointed as a board member? Can boards delegate specific tasks to AI-based systems? What are the implications and consequences of AI-involvement when designing the corporate structure? How does the choice to resort to, or to depart from the suggestions of an AI-based system expose, eliminate, or alleviate directorial liability? After a general discussion of AI and its projected use in the corporate context, this article aims to address, in a preliminary fashion, these basic questions within the framework of Italian corporate law.
Artificial Intelligence, AI, Corporate Governance, Board of Directors, Blockchain, FinTech, RegTech, Business Judgment Rule, Director´s Liability
Comparing LED and GDPR Adequacy: One Standard Two Systems
Authors: Drechsler Laura 
Published: March 2022

The 2015 Schrems decision established that for an adequacy decision authorizing personal data transfers from the European Union (EU) to a third country, that third country has to have a level of protection of fundamental rights and freedoms ‘essentially equivalent’ to that in the EU. Since May 2018, the European Commission (Commission) has the exclusive competence not only to assess third countries for an adequacy decision in relation to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) but also in relation to the Law Enforcement Directive (LED). However, so far, no LED adequacy decision has been adopted.
The absence of any LED adequacy decisions and the presence of GDPR adequacy decisions (the latest concerning Japan) invites a comparative analysis of adequacy decisions under both EU instruments, also to assess whether GDPR adequacy decisions could serve as orientation for the adequacy assessment under the LED as suggested by the Commission. Having conducted this comparison, I argue that actually LED adequacy decision would have to be properly separated from GDPR adequacy decisions, as even though they aim to achieve the same standard of essential equivalence, their system of protection for issues connected to the processing of personal data in a law enforcement context differs.
Adequacy decisions, law enforcement, LED, international personal data transfers, fundamental rights, standard of essential equivalence, GDPR
The General Data Protection Law in Brazil: What Comes Next?
Authors: Sombra Thiago Luís 
Published: March 2022

The Brazilian Data Protection Law (LGPD) will enter into force in August 2020. Brazil was one of the few countries among the major global economies not to have a regulatory framework for personal data protection, which means, it was a minor player in the subject with sparse regulations such as the Civil Rights Framework for the Internet, Civil Code and the Consumer Protection Code. The cultural change to be imposed by LGPD can be noticed by the principles that give legal grounds to the law. With around ten general principles, including purpose, necessity, open access, transparency, security, liability and accountability, which are particularly emphasized, LGPD aims to rebalance the games of power, increase transparency, responsiveness and empower the subjects of personal data in their interactions in cyberspace.
Data Protection, cybersecurity, data subjects, LGPD, GDPR, Brazil
The Multilateral Trade Regime: Which Way Forward? A Look at the Warwick Report
Authors: Vadi Valentina S. 
Published: March 2022

In the light of the complex negotiations of the Doha Development Agenda, the Warwick Commission has been charged with carrying out independent analysis with the goal of making recommendations about how the World Trade Organization (WTO) should move forward. In December 2007, the Commission has released its fi rst report, entitled The Multilateral Trade Regime: Which Way Forward?
This article attempts to review the most significant findings and proposals of the Report, and to criticize some of its shortcomings. The composition of the Commission and its focus almost exclusively on procedural issues constitute serious defects of the Report albeit not altering the value of the proposals. The author calls for a more representative study, carried out on more substantial issues. Importantly, multidisciplinary approaches would promote creative and constructive thinking about the future of the world trade.
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Conviction of Lindsey Manufacturing May Embolden U.S. Authorities, But Should It?
Authors: Ritcey-Donohue Joanna , Schafer Jamie A. 
Published: March 2022

On May 10, 2011, a jury verdict in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California made California-based Lindsey Manufacturing Company the first company ever to be criminally convicted of violating the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).1 In a press statement, the Assistant Attorney General Lanny Breuer of the U.S. Department of Justice's (DOJ's) Criminal Division stated that ''Lindsey Manufacturing is the first company to be tried and convicted on FCPA violations, but it will not be the last.'' Understanding what led to the first ever criminal conviction of a corporation in the history of a law that is over thirty years old may add to attorneys' understanding of the current and evolving risks their clients face under the FCPA and how best to mitigate those risks. Neither has there been any recent change to U.S. law nor have U.S. authorities announced any official changes to enforcement policy. However, enforcement of anti-bribery laws in the United States, as well as in other jurisdictions, has become more aggressive and widespread. Increasingly aggressive enforcement also has intensified doubts about the value to corporations of cooperation with the U.S. and other enforcement authorities during FCPA investigations. This evolution of the enforcement landscape seems likely to have contributed to the Lindsey decision to defend against anti-bribery charges, and the conviction may in turn shift companies' calculation as to the benefits of cooperation. Companies worldwide have been watching the Lindsey trial closely and now await the sentence, as a gauge of what outcome may await other companies that choose to fight the U.S. Government in an FCPA case. However, the Lindsey conviction may not necessarily spur greater cooperation with enforcement authorities if current aggressive enforcement trends continue and the benefits of cooperation are sufficiently dubious. Regardless of the final outcome in Lindsey, now more than ever, clients should appreciate the value and importance of implementing an effective FCPA compliance program, as U.S. authorities have now amply demonstrated that they are willing and able to criminally prosecute uncooperative companies under the FCPA.
Customs Law Violations and Penalties in Europe/Where Do We Stand After fifty Years of Customs Union?
Authors: Anaboli Panayota 
Published: March 2022

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Customs Union, the paradox of the EU customs sanctioning system in a fully harmonized field such as EU customs law, generates questions about its impact to the efficient management of the Customs Union including the impact on to the EU duty recovery system, its impact on the Single Market and its economic operators as well as on the fundamental rights of the EU citizens. This requires an update of the question of customs penalties, briefly referring to previous attempts of harmonization, taking into account recent developments in the institutional and legislative context. The main features of the EU proposal on the approximation of customs penalties and the harmonization of customs infringements within a common EU framework as well as the reaction of the European Parliament and Council and relevant legislation emerging from other policies are presented in this article.
Mutual Recognition as a Method to Deal with Regulatory Divergence: What Is Its Reach in EU FTAs?
Authors: Romanchyshyna Iulianna 
Published: March 2022

Mutual recognition may seem to be an attractive option to tackle regulatory divergences across jurisdictions, as, in comparison to harmonization, it allows the parties to preserve their domestic regulations. However, in reality, it might be difficult to achieve and is a subject to certain conditions and limitations. This article investigates the notion of mutual recognition and outlines its limits in the EU free trade agenda aiming to answer the question in which form mutual recognition may be applied within the framework of an FTA.
mutual recognition, EU FTAs, regulatory divergence, cassis de Dijon, conformity assessment.
Customs Valuation: A Bosnian and Herzegovinian Perspective
Authors: Alagic Ognjen 
Published: March 2022

When is litigation successful? Using the example of trade defence measures, this article addresses the effect of and compliance with judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Its premise is that if a favourable judgment does not result in an improvement of the legal or economic position of the applicant, there is no incentive to litigate. This reduces accountability for EU institutions, turning the effect of and compliance with judgments into a fundamental question of judicial protection. With that in mind, this article sets out the differences in the effect of annulments and invalidations. It then turns to how this effect translates into compliance obligations, and how the EU institutions have complied with judgments in trade defence cases.
Court of Justice of the European Union, litigation, effect of judgments, annulment, invalidation, implementation, measures taken to comply, Article 266 TFEU, trade defence, anti-dumping, anti-subsidy
Borders and Protectionism: US Trade Policy and Its Impact on law, Economy and International Trade
Authors: Armella Sara , Conti Maurizio 
Published: March 2022

Between 2008 and 2018 the major world economies have significantly increased protectionist measures and the most significant impulse is due to the new policy of the USA. We are witnessing a formal and substantial override of WTO rules and, more generally, the perception is conveyed that the WTO rules do not bind the United States and that there is a recovery of sovereignty on these issues. From the economic point of view, the article focus on the short-run effects of the tariffs: spikes in consumer as well as producer prices and higher profit margins for domestic producers. The washing machine industry provides a flavour of the costs that consumers have to pay in order to finance a new job in the protected industry. Economists compute a cost on US consumers of about USD 1.5 billion, i.e. about USD 820000 per additional job.
Protectionism, GATT, WTO, Sovereignty, Tariffs, Trade war, National security, exemptions, Disengagement, US consumers, Washing machine industry
The Preferential and Non-preferential Certification of Origin in Colombia: Trends on the Origin Verification Process
Authors: Mariño Juan David Barbosa , López Vergara Juan David 
Published: March 2022

This article presents the institutional framework of preferential and non-preferential certificate of origin in Colombia. Special emphasis is made in the process of verification, the sanctioning regime and the common errors that Companies incur, also describing some current trends of the Authority to disregard the Proof of Origin.
Preferential Origin, Suspension of Preferential Tariff Treatment, Verification, Free Trade Agreement, Sanctions and Penalties, Authorized Exporter, Transshipment, Non-preferential origin, Proof of Origin.
Eradicating Forced Labour in Global Supply Chains
Authors: C. Hok Donald , M. Natta Pierfilippo , Acuff Olivia , Zaharatos George 
Published: March 2022

Whilst globalization has taken command of supply chains worldwide, and human rights practices are being respected with stricter conviction, the burden to eradicate forced Labour and modern slavery from global supply chains has shifted from governments to corporations. In this article Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler (KPMG) offers a global perspective on how the US government has ramped up efforts in eliminating forced Labour linked to the importation of goods into the US. The article addresses both policy and legislative authorities as well as case studies linked to company initiatives. A further observance addressing leading practices is offered in order to provide a more human rights compliant policy for corporations.
Forced Labour, Human Rights, Customs, Imports, Uyghur, Xinjang, Convict Labour, Consumptive Demand, Section 1307, USTR.