bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subtype‐associated complexity and prognostic significance of the NLRP3 inflammasome landscape in pancreatic neoplasms
Authors: Németh Kristóf , Mezei Eszter , Vörös Justína , Borka Katalin , Pesti Adrián , Kenessey István , Kiss András , Budai András 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIntraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) can progress into malignant pancreatic cancer, posing challenges in accurately assessing the risk of malignancy. While the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway's role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has been extensively studied, its implications in IPMN remain unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of NLRP3 inflammasome‐related proteins across IPMN subtypes and their associations with tumor characteristics, with a secondary focus on comparing expression patterns in IPMN and PDAC. A cohort of 187 patients (100 IPMN and 87 PDAC) underwent high‐dimensional histopathological imaging using the multiplexed immunohistochemical consecutive staining on single slide method and a semi‐automated image analysis workflow. Expression levels of NLRP3, apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a caspase‐recruitment domain (ASC), caspase‐1, interleukin‐1 beta, interleukin‐18 (IL‐18), interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist, and interleukin‐18 binding protein (IL‐18BP) were evaluated and compared between IPMN and PDAC samples. The relationships between protein expression and tumor characteristics were examined. Principal component analysis distinguished between intestinal and nonintestinal clusters based on NLRP3‐associated proteins. Lower IL‐18 expression was linked to the intestinal subtype, while higher caspase‐1 was linked to the pancreatobiliary subtype. Elevated caspase‐1 and ASC expression were associated with invasiveness in IPMN. No significant correlation was found between the examined proteins and later‐stage tumor characteristics in invasive cases. The IL‐18/IL‐18BP ratio was an independent prognostic factor in invasive IPMN. Our findings highlight the prognostic significance of IL‐18 and the IL‐18/IL‐18BP ratio in invasive IPMNs. These results point to a complex regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome proteins, especially effector cytokines, in pancreatic neoplasms, which are strongly linked to subtype and prognosis.
Sarcomatoid areas of urothelial carcinoma are enriched for CD163‐positive antigen‐presenting cells
Authors: Johnson Burles A , Parimi Vamsi , Kamanda Sonia , Corney David C , Choi Woonyoung , Hoffman‐Censits Jean , Kates Max , McConkey David J , Hahn Noah M , Matoso Andres 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma (SUC) is a rare histologic subtype with poor prognosis. While there is known intra‐tumoral heterogeneity between individual SUC tumors, the relationship between sarcomatoid and conventional urothelial carcinoma (CUC) within the same patient is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to identify differences between the sarcomatoid and CUC tumor microenvironment components that may drive this aggressive phenotype. Using tissue microarrays from eight patient tumors with mixed CUC and SUC, we examined paired CUC, mixed urothelial carcinoma (UC) regions, and SUC using the Nanostring Digital Spatial Profiling platform. We found SUC and mixed UC had higher levels of stromal cells, predominately macrophages and fibroblasts, when compared with CUC within the same tumor. CD14, CD163, and transforming growth factor‐beta levels were significantly higher in SUC than in CUC. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed consistently moderate to strong expression of CD163‐positive antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) in SUC regions, whereas CD68‐positive APC expression was generally absent. Thus, in mixed histology SUC, the SUC component preferentially expressed CD163‐positive APCs and fibroblasts compared to the CUC component. As CD163‐positive APCs and fibroblasts are known to be tumor‐promoting and immune‐suppressive, this infiltration may contribute to epithelial to mesenchymal transition and other aggressive properties of SUC.
Zdravomyslov, Andrey (1928–2009)
Authors: Titarenko Larissa 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Andrey Zdravomyslov was a Soviet and Russian sociologist and social philosopher. One of the founders of Soviet sociology in the early 1960s, he contributed to the theory and methodology of sociological research. He started his sociological career at the Sociological Laboratory at Leningrad State University under the leadership of Vladimir Yadov. Their joint book,
Man and His Work
(1967), was recognized as one of the best publications of Soviet sociology. His contributions to Soviet sociology included a study guide on research methodology and works on the theory and history of sociology. In the post‐Soviet period he published on the sociology of conflict and power, the sociology of crisis, and national sociological schools and paradigms. He was an active member of the International Sociological Association and headed a Community of Professional Sociologists in Russia in 1992–2002.
World Health Organization (WHO)
Authors: Cockerham Geoffrey B. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) is the United Nations' specialized agency for global health, whose goal is to achieve the highest level of health for all people. In pursing this objective, the WHO has to balance a biomedical approach to health with an emphasis on vertical health programs and the social determinants of health with a focus on primary healthcare. The WHO's most successful health campaign has been the eradication of smallpox in the 1970s. More recently the organization has faced significant challenges in responding to the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014–2016 and the COVID‐19 pandemic in 2020.
Memetics
Authors: Sanford Adam G. , Smith Stacy L. , Blum Dinur 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Memetics, or the study of memes, is an emerging discipline in cultural evolution. At its core, memetics is based on the idea that culture can be reduced to the study of cultural units, called
memes
: ideas, behaviors, beliefs, and expressions that spread from person to person in a culture through imitation. In this view, the meme is the cultural version of a gene, a unit of cultural transmission. As memetics is a new discipline, the definitions and boundaries of its scope are still up for debate and discussion, including what the meme is, how it should be studied, and whether memetics qualifies as a science. Most current memetics research focuses on using memetics as a methodology to examine culture and the movement of ideas through culture.
Age, Period, and Cohort Effects
Authors: Fosse Ethan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Age–period–cohort (APC) analysis is a technique widely used in the social sciences to disentangle the different roles of age, period, and cohort effects on a given outcome. Although age, period, and cohort are recognized as inter‐related temporal dimensions, APC analysis treats them as observed indicators of underlying causal factors. This makes it difficult to identify unique APC effects because, while the causal factors are thought to vary independently, the temporal dimensions are deterministically related, leading to the well‐known identification problem. Alternative methods, such as period and cohort analysis, focus on characterizing observed trends and patterns in the data, and provide valuable insights that help circumvent the limitations inherent in the APC paradigm.
Cybercrime
Authors: Martin Greg 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Cybercrime refers to the commission or facilitation of criminal acts in cyberspace using information and communications technologies across various networks and servers. Cyberspace has created increased and new opportunities to commit traditional offenses and has enabled the emergence of new types of crime that are wholly dependent on cybertechnologies. The transnational nature of much cybercrime poses problems for law enforcement agencies, and, even when international agreements exist between countries, cross border co‐operation is hampered by jurisdictional and territorial issues. Although technological innovation is rapid, the law is often slow to catch up, which means that new conduct that causes harm through cyberspace and computers can go undetected and unpunished. However, while cybertechnologies may be used to commit or facilitate criminal acts or perpetrate harms not yet legally defined as crimes, these technologies can also be used to bring about positive social change using the Internet and cyberspace as a medium for protest and activism.
Ecofeminism
Authors: Bertana Amanda , Blanton Natalie 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Ecofeminism is both an ideology and a movement with historical roots in intellectual inquiry and political activism that makes connections between environmentalism, gender equality, and social injustice. By linking environmentalism and gender equality, ecofeminism relates the oppression of marginalized groups (e.g., women, those who are poor, communities of color, LGBTQI+ people, people with disabilities) to the exploitation of nature (e.g., animals, land, water, forests). As an activist and academic area of inquiry, ecofeminism provides a lens through which society can critique systems of domination, specifically capitalism and patriarchy, and their role in perpetuating social injustices and ecological degradation.
Environmental Criminology
Authors: Schneider Jacqueline L. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
“Environmental criminology,” also known as “crime science,” is a generic phrase that refers to different approaches aimed at reducing crime events by examining the physical context in which the crimes occur. These were the origin of the field of environmental criminology, which has been renamed “crime science” to describe it more accurately and to help eliminate the confusion with research focusing on crimes against the environment. Rooted in human and social ecology, environmental criminology/crime science studies crime, criminality, and victimization as they relate to place, space, and their interaction. Specifically, crime science explores how criminal opportunities are generated given the characteristics of the existing setting. The aim is to identify ways to manipulate attributes of space to reduce opportunities to commit crime at various points of time and space.
Global Politics
Authors: Biddolph Caitlin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Global, or world, politics refers to the multiple, entangled, and complex processes and practices through which our world(s) are experienced and understood. The term is difficult to define, in part because the parameters of what is considered “global,” “politics,” and the “political” are always already plural and subject to contestation. While mainstream perspectives within the discipline of international relations (IR) might conceive of global politics as consisting of relations across state borders, between states, and concerning political, economic, legal, and social dynamics, critical perspectives within the discipline have moved away from a clear definition and instead offer a multiplicity of perspectives on the concept. Through the intellectual developments and contributions within and beyond IR, questions of
who
does global politics,
where
global politics takes place, and
what
issues constitute global politics have been deepened, broadened, and reimagined to acknowledge the multiple worlds and lives of the global.
Health and Social Class
Authors: Lahelma Eero 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Research on social class inequalities in health has progressed from the work of late nineteenth‐century social theorists into a strong stream within medical sociology and social epidemiology. Evidence has accumulated from various countries, and can be encapsulated into the
health inequalities invariance
, which stipulates that the lower the social class the poorer the health. Health inequalities are found across various sociodemographic subgroups, domains of social class (education, occupation, income, and wealth), and domains of health (self‐reported health, functioning, somatic and mental diseases, and causes of death). Over time, health inequalities have either remained or widened. The causes of health inequalities include social‐structural backgrounds, selection and social mobility, early and adult living conditions, lifestyles and health behaviors, psychosocial factors, and healthcare. Social class inequalities in health are largely avoidable and unfair. Policy programs suggest measures to tackle health inequalities.
Immigration Policy
Authors: Brown Susan K. , Bean Frank D. , Aygenc Berfu 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Immigration policy specifies the laws, regulations, and practices that allow persons to move permanently to other countries and petition for citizenship or to enter and stay for delimited lengths of time without the right to apply for citizenship. Such policies include not only occupation‐ and family‐based migration but also the admissions of refugees and the acceptance of asylum‐seekers. In its most comprehensive form, immigration policy involves the admission of immigrants as well as the co‐ordination and control of migrant flows, the integration of newcomers into the socioeconomic fabric of the destination society, and the rights of people under international protection.
Income Inequality, Global
Authors: van Marrewijk Charles 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Global income inequality can rise and fall at the same time depending on focus and measure of inequality. Additional problems have to be solved before global inequality can be analyzed using suitable measures. Global inequality is high but was falling because of rapid growth in China and India. The COVID‐19 pandemic seems to have increased inequality again. Undue attention to the top and bottom shares is unwarranted as these are bad inequality measures.
Migration: International
Authors: Kritz Mary M. , Ortiz Pamela Zabala 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
International migration is the cross‐border movement of people from their country of origin to another country of residence. People may be pulled to new locations by labor and educational opportunities, and pushed out of their countries by conflict, natural disasters, or changing laws, or experience some combination of both. Migrants can be distinguished by the nature of their departure or arrival, the amount of time they spend outside their country of origin, how they migrate, and whether their arrival is recognized by their country of reception. Global inconsistencies in how migrants are defined make it difficult to compare migration statistics, though general trends can be observed. Sociological research on migration addresses topics such as immigrant adaptation and acculturation, the factors that influence people's decisions to migrate, the maintenance of transnational connections between migrants and their countries of origin, and the effect of migration on both receiving and sending societies.
Money
Authors: Beamish Rob 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

The modern world is unimaginable without money. Money has been described as the world's operating system. Ironically, people's knowledge about money and monetary institutions is rudimentary. Beyond its economic function, people rarely realize how deeply money is woven into the fabric of contemporary societies. The full sociological understanding of money should begin with Georg Simmel's
Philosophy of Money
(1907) which takes a bird's‐eye view of the world as a great marketplace and shows how money enables one to see how everything exists in relation to everything else. Simmel uses money to gain critical insight into what is important to all that is human. Recent scholarship in the sociology of money shows how money is profoundly shaped through networks of social interaction and systems of meaning. It addresses how different kinds of monies are shaped by specific cultural and social factors and how money is a qualitatively heterogeneous phenomenon within social life.
Politics and Media
Authors: Hobbs Mitchell John 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This entry examines the complex relationship between media and politics. It begins by exploring the evolution of the media as the fourth estate of democracy, highlighting its dual role in protecting the public interest through monitoring political elites and facilitating a contest of ideas essential for public deliberation and electoral politics. The rise of political public relations is then discussed, and its potential to enhance public information against the risks posed by bad actors and unethical practices is evaluated. The transformative influence of social media on politics is explored and its ability to empower citizens is highlighted, as are the challenges posed by disinformation, the misuse of digital data, and populism. The analysis emphasizes the need to address unethical uses of media by political actors to protect the future of democracy.
Qualitative Computing
Authors: Cisneros‐Puebla César A. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Qualitative computing refers to the ensemble of technology and methodologies for qualitative data analysis. Its development is rooted in qualitative sociology and the tradition of symbolic interactionism, and is embedded in the evolution of computers. Qualitative computing goes beyond simple data management, incorporating features such as critiques of traditional approaches to data analysis, new logical strategies for theory building, and innovative ways to visually represent the findings of qualitative methodology. Using tools for working with still images, texts from different sources, audio and video files (whether or not synchronized) with transcripts, and geographic co‐ordinates, it brings together the different components of research projects. It is gradually integrating ways of working with big data. Criteria for assessing the software programs include ease of integration of different research stages, types of data, analysis process, memo‐writing managers, categorization and code book access, analysis inventory and assessment, ability to export and import quantitative data, and options for merging data from different projects. It is also expanding into mobile computing, providing free applications for preparing fieldwork data, and into the cloud computing, to retain, analyze, and represent data.
Retirement
Authors: Damman Marleen , Tunney Orlaith 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Retirement broadly refers to older workers' withdrawal from paid working life. Given the demographic development of population aging and its associated societal challenges, the transition from work to retirement is garnering increased attention, both in policy debates and in scientific literature. The nature and timing of retirement are also changing, as evidenced by rising retirement ages across OECD countries and the proliferation of retirement pathways. This entry provides a brief description of the scientific literature about retirement and discusses topics that are central in sociological retirement research, such as the role of (1) life histories, (2) social stratification, (3) spousal context, and (4) organizational and country context for understanding retirement transitions. Directions for future research are also described.
Social Exclusion
Authors: Silver Hilary 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Social exclusion is a rupturing of the social bond, that is, a multidimensional process of declining participation, access, and solidarity. At the societal level, it reflects circumscribed social cohesion or integration. At the institutional and group mesolevel, exclusion enforces membership boundaries, eligibility rules, and social norms. At the individual level, it refers to the incapacity to participate in normatively expected social activities and to build meaningful social relations.
Tribalism
Authors: Trencher Susan R. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Historically, “tribalism” was defined as loyalty to tribes in Africa, Asia, and North and South America with shared customs and beliefs, which were viewed in the west as insular and “primitive.” The study of these groups began in the discipline of anthropology but now encompasses a broad range of disciplinary interests, each with its own focus. By the 1970s, the term “tribalism” had been so inconsistently used and misapplied in anthropology that there was a call for the term to be abandoned. While these terms were largely absent in anthropology, interest in them in multiple disciplines remained. In the 1990s “tribes” and “tribalism” re‐emerged with new emphases and references to “retribalization” as a degeneration of society and culture appeared. Simultaneously, us‐versus‐them differentiations between groups grew, with the understanding that the “them” are uncivilized. The exception to this reciprocal us and them positioning is in shared consumer interests engendered and encouraged by marketers, advertisers, and businesses. Tribalism has become a growth industry, as the construction of real and virtual consumer meetings engenders and encourages the purchase of goods, services, and experiences in ways that increase profit for vendors.
Unemployment as a Social Problem
Authors: Ehlert Martin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Unemployment is a social problem in industrialized and postindustrial societies because it leads to material and social deprivation for individuals, which in turn has far‐reaching negative effects on communities and whole countries. Work is the main income source in modern societies and frequently the prerequisite to be eligible for social security coverage. Furthermore, work is related to social integration and social status. Thus, losing employment leads to serious deprivation not only for the unemployed themselves but also for their children and other dependents in the household. Unemployment becomes a social problem for communities and societies where unemployment spreads and large groups of people are without employment. Consequently, many governments have social policies to decrease the dependence on labor income, including unemployment insurance and public pension systems, or to help those who are unemployed find new jobs.
Evaluation of the effect of metal stents on dose perturbation in the carbon beam irradiation field
Authors: Miyasaka Yuya , Ishizawa Tetsuya , Nawa Yoshihito , Souda Hikaru , Kawashiro Shohei , Chai Hongbo , Ishizawa Miyu , Sato Hiraku , Iwai Takeo 
Published: February 2025

AbstractProposeCarbon ion therapy is indicated for cases in which stents have been inserted, such as bile ducts, but the effect of metal stents on carbon ion therapy is unclear. In this study, the dose perturbation of carbon ion therapy caused by metallic bile duct stents was evaluated by dosimetry.Materials and methodsFive different types of metal stents (EGIS Double Bear Biliary Stent, EGIS Single Bear Covered Biliary Stent, BileRush Selective, Niti‐S Less Shortening D‐type Stent, and ZEO Stent V) were placed between solid phantoms and Gafchromic film were placed around the stents and at each depth. The phantom was irradiated with a Carbon ion Beam to form a 5 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm spread‐out Brag peak. The dose change due to the stent was evaluated by comparing the film values of similar irradiations without the stent in place.ResultThe results showed that the dose perturbation with and without the stent was <10%. A dose reduction area along the shape of the stent appeared at the end of the irradiation field.ConclusionThe effect of metal stents on the carbon dose distribution was assumed to be comparable to that of x‐rays and protons.