bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical evaluation of fully Bayesian information criteria for mixture IRT models using NUTS
Authors: AlHakmani Rehab , Sheng Yanyan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis study is to evaluate the performance of fully Bayesian information criteria, namely, LOO, WAIC and WBIC in terms of the accuracy in determining the number of latent classes of a mixture IRT model while comparing it to the conventional model via non-random walk MCMC algorithms and to further compare their performance with conventional information criteria including AIC, BIC, CAIC, SABIC, and DIC. Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to evaluate these criteria under different situations. The results indicate that AIC, BIC, and their related CAIC and SABIC tend to select the simpler model and are not recommended when the actual data involve multiple latent classes. For the three fully Bayesian measures, WBIC can be used for detecting the number of latent classes for tests with at least 30 items, while WAIC and LOO are suggested to be used together with their effective number of parameters in choosing the correct number of latent classes.
Teachers’ Perceptions of an Early Intervention Coaching Program
Authors: Tupou Jessica , Waddington Hannah , Sigafoos Jeff 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objectives
Inclusive preschools appear to be logical settings for the delivery of early intervention for young autistic children. Regular preschool teachers may also be well-suited to delivering early intervention. This study is part of a larger study, in which three preschool teachers participated in a coaching program based around the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), a promising early intervention model for young autistic children. The aim of the present study was to evaluate teachers’ perceptions regarding the social validity of the coaching program and the ESDM techniques.

Methods
A quantitative questionnaire and semi-structured qualitative interviews were used to explore teachers’ perceptions of the acceptability and effectiveness of the intervention. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data.

Results
Overall, findings suggest that teachers perceived the coaching program and the ESDM strategies to be highly acceptable and effective; however, there was some variation in teachers’ perceptions of specific elements and strategies. Teachers suggested that the program could be further improved through the provision of more targeted coaching support focused on behavioral teaching strategies and more time for one-on-one practice with target children.

Conclusions
This research could be viewed as providing preliminary support for the social validity of the focus intervention for this group of teachers. It seems important for future research to address the identified limitations in the present research and to examine in further detail the social validity of this intervention for ECE teachers in inclusive preschool settings.

Trial Registration
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): Registration no. 12618000324213.
Die Rolle der Europawahl 2019 in der Online-Medienberichterstattung. Eine Blended Reading Analyse am Beispiel von Spiegel-Online
Authors: Reiter Florence 
Published: June 2022

ZusammenfassungDie quasi unbegrenzte Anzahl an frei verfügbaren Daten im Internet birgt für die politikwissenschaftliche Forschung große Chancen, aber auch methodische Herausforderungen. Letztere zeigen sich vor allem in der Erhebung, Speicherung und Verarbeitung von webbasierten Daten wie beispielsweise Medienwebsites, die wissenschaftlichen Standards entsprechen. Insbesondere intersubjektive Nachvollziehbarkeit und Reliabilität sollten im Umgang mit internetbasierten Daten gewährleistet werden können. Dabei ist es beispielsweise nicht ausreichend zur intersubjektiv nachvollziehbaren Erhebung die URL einer Webseite abzuspeichern. Die hohe Fluidität dieser Art von Daten kann dazu führen, dass die Webseite bereits wenige Minuten nach der Speicherung der URL nicht mehr dem Bild entspricht, das die Forscher*in zum Speicherzeitpunkt hatte. Webarchivierung zur Datenerhebung und -speicherung sowie der Blended Reading Ansatz zur Analyse dieser Datenmengen bieten vielversprechende Möglichkeiten für Forschende, mit diesen Herausforderungen umzugehen. Daher führt der vorliegende Beitrag eine exemplarische Analyse durch: Auf Basis von via Event-Crawl erhobenen Daten soll mit einem Blended Reading Ansatz analysiert werden, welche Rolle der Europawahl 2019 in der Online-Medienberichterstattung am Beispiel von Spiegel-Online zugeschrieben wird. Dabei geht es darum, an einem bewusst begrenzt gehaltenen Datensatz exemplarisch aufzuzeigen, über welches Potenzial die Durchführung dieser Methodenkombination verfügen und wie sie Forschung und Lehre bereichern kann.
Automatic Detection and Decryption of AES Using Dynamic Analysis
Authors: Kokeš Josef , Matějka Jonatan , Lórencz Róbert 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn this paper we propose a set of algorithms that can automatically detect the use of AES and automatically recover both the encryption key and the plaintext, assuming that we can control the code flow of the encrypting program, e.g., when an application is performing encryption without the user’s permission. The first algorithm makes use of the fact that we can monitor accesses to the AES S-Box and deduce the desired data from these accesses; the approach is suitable to software-based AES implementations, both naïve and optimized. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach we designed a tool which implements the algorithm for Microsoft Windows running on the Intel x86 architecture. The tool has been successfully tested against a set of applications using different cryptographic libraries and common user applications. We also discuss the options of recovering the same data when hardware-assisted AES implementations on Intel-compatible architectures are used.
The Low Submuscular Reservoir Placement with Transfascial Fixation for Inflatable Penile Prostheses
Authors: Khoei Amelia , Racik Nikola , Bansal Utsav , Flores Felipe , Khera Mohit 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Several techniques have been described for placement of inflatable penile prostheses (IPP) reservoirs, with variable satisfaction. Standard placement in the Space of Retzius can present with several complications and may be technically difficult in patients with a violated space. Concerns with ectopic reservoir placement have included reservoir herniation and lack of reservoir concealability.

Aim
To present a novel technique to achieve reservoir concealment with decreased postoperative complications as an alternative to standard approaches of ectopic reservoir placement.

Methods
We describe our novel low submuscular reservoir (LSM) placement with transfascial fixation (TFF) for inflatable penile prostheses.

Outcomes
Patient satisfaction with reservoir concealment, complication rate or need for additional surgeries.

Results
A total of 31 cases successfully underwent our technique. The low submuscular placement with TFF of the IPP reservoir offers an optimal approach for reservoir placement with a high degree of patient satisfaction with significant ease of placement compared to alternative methods.

Clinical Implications
Penile prosthetic surgeons should be familiar with several techniques for concealment of reservoir as an option to improve patient satisfaction.

Strengths and Limitations
Given the small sample size of patients who have undergone this novel technique, current literature regarding the topic is limited.

Conclusion
Low submuscular reservoir placement with transfascial fixation for IPPs is a technically feasible approach that can be employed to achieve patient satisfaction and decrease the risk of reservoir herniation.
The Ethics of Consciousness
Authors: Glannon Walter 
Published: June 2022

This Element examines the main ethical aspects of consciousness It argues that consciousness is not intrinsically valuable but has value or disvalue for individuals depending on its phenomenology (what it is like to be aware) and content (what one is aware of). These two components of awareness shape normative judgments about how ordered, disordered, altered, restored, diminished and suppressed conscious states can benefit or harm individuals. They also influence moral judgments about whether intentionally causing these states is permissible or impermissible and how these states can affect behavior. After describing its neurobiological basis, this Element discusses ethical and legal issues in six categories of consciousness: phenomenal and access consciousness; intraoperative awareness; prolonged disorders of consciousness, dissociative disorders, the role of consciousness in determining death; and altering and suppressing awareness near the end of life.
Increasing COVID-19 vaccination intentions: a field experiment on psychological ownership
Authors: Keppeler Florian , Sievert Martin , Jilke Sebastian 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWith the increasing availability of life-saving vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, government agencies face the challenge of promoting vaccine uptake. Thus, encouraging vaccine uptake marks an urgent policy challenge in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. This study builds on the theory of psychological ownership to design a behaviorally inspired local government vaccination campaign. We conducted a large-scale, cluster-randomized field experiment (N = 27,298 residents nested in 6,442 addresses) delivered to all registered residents of a German municipality via an official mailing campaign. The campaign included a psychological ownership intervention designed to boost residents’ intentions to get vaccinated – measured through unique link clicks on a municipal website where people can schedule a COVID-19 vaccination appointment. Findings suggest that adding possessive pronouns (i.e., ‘YOUR vaccination’) increases vaccination intentions by 39%, or 2.5 percentage points (p < 0.0001 [95% CI = 1.8%, 3.3%], control letter: 6.4%, treatment letter: 8.9%). The discussion outlines the value of using psychological ownership-based nudge interventions to increase vaccine uptake and other desirable behaviors.
Agentic preferences: a foundation for nudging when preferences are endogenous
Authors: Fabian Mark , Dold Malte 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSince the publication of the seminal book Nudge by Thaler and Sunstein, several critics have highlighted preference endogeneity as a serious obstacle to nudging. When individuals hold preferences that are dynamic and endogenous to the nudge frame, it is unclear what the normative benchmark for libertarian paternalistic policies should be. While acknowledging this issue, the pro-nudging camp has not yet sufficiently addressed it. This article aims to fill this void by presenting a conditional defence of nudging when preferences are endogenous. We explain the learning process through which individuals establish ‘agentic’ preferences: preferences that are sufficiently stable, reasonable, autonomous and associated with organismic well-being to ground the ‘welfare’ principle of libertarian paternalism. To describe this process, we draw on theories from psychological science, in particular self-discrepancy theory and self-determination theory. We argue that agentic preferences are not only welfare-relevant and thus appropriate to libertarian paternalism but can also be identified by choice architects.
Assessment of existing anthropometric indices for screening sarcopenic obesity in older adults
Authors: Kim Jin Eui , Choi Jimi , Kim Miji , Won Chang Won 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSarcopenic obesity is defined as the presence of high fat mass and low muscle mass combined with low physical function, and it is closely related with the onset of cardiovasular diseases (CVD). The existing anthropometric indices, which are being utilised in clinical practice as predictors of CVD, may also be used to screen sarcopenic obesity, but their feasibility remained unknown. Using cross-sectional data of 2031 participants aged 70–84 years (mean age, 75·9 ± 3·9 years; 49·2 % women) from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study, we analysed the association of anthropometric indices, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and weight-adjusted waist index (WWI) with sarcopenic obesity. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Higher WWI, WHtR and WC quartiles were associated with higher risk of sarcopenic obesity; the odds ratio (OR) of sarcopenic obesity were highest in the fourth quartile of the WWI (OR: 10·99, 95 % CI: 4·92–24·85, Pfor trend < 0·001). WWI provided the best diagnostic power for sarcopenic obesity in men (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0·781, 95 % CI: 0·751–0·837). No anthropometric indices were significantly associated with sarcopenic obesity in women. WWI was the only index that was negatively correlated with physical function in both men and women. WWI showed the strongest association with sarcopenic obesity, defined by high fat mass and low muscle mass combined with low physical function only in older men. No anthropometric indices were associated with sarcopenic obesity in older women.
COMIC SEX AND ‘FRAGMENTARY THINKING’: DAMOXENUS, FR. 3PCG
Authors: Wright Matthew 
Published: June 2022

AbstractOur extant texts never give a fully comprehensive or representative impression of classical literature. Fragments are valuable because they tell—or hint at—a different story. They represent vestigial traces of a counterfactual alternative version of literary history, and they offer tantalizing glimpses of voices or varieties of human experience that were (accidentally or deliberately) excluded from the classical canon. To ‘think fragmentarily’ is to think beyond the canon and to question traditionally dominant modes of thought. This article uses a neglected fragment of Damoxenus (fr. 3 PCG) as a case study for ‘fragmentary thinking’. This extraordinary fragment reveals that Damoxenus’ comedy dramatized a homosexual love story, in sharp contrast to the familiar heteronormative marriage plots of Menander and other Greek and Roman comic playwrights. Careful examination of a single fragment can prompt us to re-examine conventional scholarly narratives of sexuality in New Comedy.
General Average, Human Jettison, and the Status of Slaves in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Dyble Jake 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis article proposes a transition in Western European thinking on slavery by examining the legality of slave jettison and its indemnification in the seventeenth-century Christian Mediterranean and comparing this with the late eighteenth-century Atlantic. Under the law of general average (GA), a shipmaster may legally sacrifice cargo or parts of a vessel to save a maritime venture from peril. GA then mandates that the costs of this sacrifice be shared proportionally between all interested parties. However, the status of human cargo with respect to pre-modern GA remains unclear, beyond the well-known example of the eighteenth-century British slave ship, theZong. A jettison, a moment of crisis, forces the slave's dual conception as person and property to be definitively resolved. This article uses historical GA records and early modern jurisprudence on human jettison to shed light on the legal conceptualization of the slave in the two contexts. It finds that seventeenth-century jurisprudence generally ruled against slave jettison and that such a jettison could not be indemnified. In some Mediterranean operational contexts, slaves were excluded from GA altogether. To a certain extent, this finding justifies the conceptual divide historians have placed between Atlantic bondage and earlier forms of slavery.
Branchial cleft cyst and branchial cleft cyst carcinoma, or cystic lymph node and cystic nodal metastasis?
Authors: Stefanicka P , Profant M 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundLateral cervical cysts are usually considered as of branchial cleft origin, despite many studies showing that branchial cysts do not arise from the remnants of the branchial apparatus. In the same way, some authors still consider that a true clinicopathological entity such as ‘branchial cleft cyst carcinoma’ could exist, at least in theory. Despite insufficient evidence in support of the branchial theory, a number of publications continue to emphasise this concept.MethodsA literature review of articles in Medline and PubMed databases was carried out to retrieve papers relevant to the topic.Results and conclusionThe evidence from lateral cervical cyst studies and knowledge about cystic metastasis of Waldeyer's ring could be applicable for both diagnoses. Terms such as ‘branchial cleft cyst’ and ‘branchial cleft cyst carcinoma’ are confusing and misleading, and it is questionable as to whether their usage is still tenable.
A critical appraisal of clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Authors: Pandya S , Suresh N V , Shah V , Romeo D , De Ravin E , Barrette L-X , Moreira A , Rajasekaran K 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundDelays in the diagnosis and therapy of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo can greatly impact quality of life and increase healthcare costs for patients. This study aimed to appraise the quality of clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.MethodsA comprehensive database search of clinical practice guidelines was completed up to 30 October 2021. Four independent reviewers used the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument in the quality appraisal.ResultsThe highest score was in ‘clarity and presentation’ (58.33 ± 22.7). The lowest score was in ‘applicability’ (13.96 ± 30.1). Overall, four clinical practice guidelines were ‘low quality’ and only one guideline was ‘high quality’.ConclusionThis review identified a significant lack of quality in clinical practice guideline development for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, highlighting the need for a more rigorous approach for future guideline development.
Wisdom comes with age? The role of grammatical gender in predictive processing in Russian children and adults
Authors: Aumeistere Anna , Bultena Sybrine , Brouwer Susanne 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis study investigated whether adult and 3- to 6-year-old native speakers of Russian can use gender-marked adjectives to predict the upcoming noun during sentence comprehension. In a visual world paradigm, participants heard questions (e.g., Где хороший синий ёжик? Gde horošij sinij ëžik? “Where is the nicemasc bluemasc hedgehogmasc?”) including two gender-marked adjectives and a noun while seeing pictures of a target and a distractor of either the same (e.g., ёжик ëžik “hedgehogmasc,” мишка miška “bearmasc”) or different gender (e.g., ёжик ëžik “hedgehogmasc,” собачка sobačka “dogfem”) on the screen. We examined whether participants could use gender-marking anticipatorily (i.e., before the onset of the noun). Mixed-effects logistic regression analyses revealed that both adults and children anticipated the upcoming noun before its onset. The magnitude of the anticipation effect was stronger for adults than children. Subsequent analyses on the child data did not show evidence that age modulated their anticipation ability. The results of this study extend and improve knowledge regarding the role of adjectives that carry a grammatical gender cue in online sentence processing.
Dietary changes based on food purchase patterns following a type 2 diabetes diagnosis
Authors: Edenbrandt Anna Kristina , Ewers Bettina , Storgaard Heidi , Smed Sinne 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjective:The study explores whether type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnosis affects food consumption patterns in line with the dietary recommendations provided to individuals in relation to a diagnosis.Design:Based on detailed food purchase data, we explore which dietary changes are most common following a T2D diagnosis. Changes are investigated for several energy-adjusted nutrients and food groups and overall adherence to dietary guidelines.Setting:We use data on diagnosis of T2D and hospitalisation in relation to T2D for a sample of adult Danes registered in the official patient register. This is combined with detailed scanner data on food purchases, which are used as a proxy for dietary intake.Participants:We included 274 individuals in Denmark who are diagnosed during their participation in a consumer panel where they report their food purchases and 16 395 individuals who are not diagnosed.Results:Results suggest some changes in dietary composition following diagnosis, as measured by a Healthy Eating Index and for specific food groups and nutrients, although the long-term effects are limited. Socio-economic characteristics are poor predictors of dietary changes following diagnosis. Change in diet following diagnosis vary with the pre-diagnosis consumption patterns, where individuals with relatively unhealthy overall diets prior to diagnosis improve overall healthiness more compared to individuals with relatively healthy diets prior to diagnosis.Conclusions:Adherence to dietary advice is low, on average, but there is large variation in behavioural change between the diagnosed individuals. Our results stress the difficulty for diagnosed individuals to shift dietary habits, particularly in the long term.
Astrophysical existential threats: a comparative analysis
Authors: Burns Niamh , Parsons William T. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractUsing a simple, coarse-grained Poisson process model, we calculate – for seven types of astrophysical catastrophe – both their individual and combined threat to complex lifeforms (extraterrestrial intelligences (ETIs)) throughout the Milky Way Galaxy. In terms of cumulative effects, we calculate that ETIs are likely to be astrophysically driven extinct on timescales of roughly once every 100 million years. In terms of comparative effects, large bolide impactors represent the most significant type of astrophysical contribution to the galaxy-wide debilitation of hypothesized ETI civilizations. Nonetheless, we conclude that astrophysical existential threats – whether taken singly or in combination – are likely insufficient, alone, to explain the Fermi Paradox. Astrophysical catastrophes, while both deadly and ubiquitous, do not appear to be frequent enough to wipe out every species in the Galaxy before they can attain or utilize spacefaring status.