bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In search of the behavioral effects of fear: A paradigm to assess conditioned suppression in humans
Authors: Gerlicher Anna M. V. , Metselaar Vivian N. , Kindt Merel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractConditioned fear can substantially reduce the likelihood that an individual will engage in reward‐related behavior––a phenomenon coined conditioned suppression. Despite the unmistakable relevance of conditioned suppression for excessive fears and their adverse consequences, the phenomenon has primarily been observed in animal models and is not yet well understood. Here, we aimed to develop a conditioned suppression paradigm that enables a robust quantification of the effect of Pavlovian fear on subsequent reward‐related behavior in humans and assess its potential relation to physiological measures of fear. In phase 1, an instrumental response was incentivized with monetary rewards. In phase 2, one of two conditioned stimuli (CS+) was reinforced with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US, i.e., electric stimulus). During Pavlovian fear learning we assessed differential skin conductance (SCR) and fear‐ potentiated startle responses (FPS). Lastly, we tested the effect of the fear conditioned CS+ on the response rate of the instrumental response in a transfer phase. Despite strong Pavlovian fear conditioning, as indicated by large effect sizes in differential SCR and FPS, we did not find any evidence for conditioned suppression: that is, there was no significant reduction of instrumental responding in the presence of the CS+ compared to a new control stimulus. This lack of conditioned suppression is in line with previous studies that reported difficulties inducing conditioned suppression and points toward a general challenge in investigating conditioned suppression in humans. Implications and directions for future research on the highly relevant behavioral effects of fear and anxiety are discussed.
Will there be a Nordic model in the platform economy? Evasive and integrative platform strategies in Denmark and Sweden
Authors: Ilsøe Anna , Söderqvist Carl Fredrik 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe entry of gig‐platforms to labor markets world‐wide has caused significant frictions with national institutions and regulators, including trade unions. In this article, we compare the interactions between taxi and food delivery platforms with the industrial relations (IR) systems of Denmark and Sweden, where we observe isolated instances of unions striking collective agreements with platforms. We assess and compare platform strategies and interactions with IR system agents, using an RIT‐framework (rulemaker‐intermediary‐ruletaker) which considers how rulemaking capacity is allocated within the Nordic IR systems. We detect both IR system evasion and integration in Denmark and Sweden, with significant variation in causes and mechanisms. We find that IR system integration can be explained by public backlash, pressure from IR system insiders, and gaining first‐mover advantages. Our findings shed light on integrative mechanisms of the Nordic IR systems allowing us to identify and discuss future challenges posed by the platform economy.
Are resources out of reach? Analyzing the accessibility of domestic violence shelter services
Authors: Freer Erica 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackground and purposeDomestic violence is a serious public health issue. Resources such as domestic violence shelters have a vital impact on victim outcomes and, consequently, on the economic costs associated with domestic violence. Although accessibility is known to be an important factor for the utilization of social services, little research has been done on analyzing accessibility to shelter services for victims. This article seeks to mend this disparity by examining the spatial relationship between victims and shelter services and various factors associated with spatial mismatch and inefficiency in the location of shelter sites.MethodsUsing Los Angeles County as a study area, the enhanced two‐step floating catchment area method was used to measure domestic violence shelter site accessibility. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the demographic characteristics of census tracts experiencing greater spatial mismatch and inefficiencies related to the location of shelter sites.ResultsThe results reveal that census tracts characterized by a greater proportion of whites in poverty, males aged 18–35, and children have detrimental spatial mismatch and greater inefficiency present.ConclusionThis research highlights the importance of utilizing spatial analysis to better understand victims’ accessibility to domestic violence shelter services and the resulting spatial mismatch and inefficiencies in their distribution. From an efficiency perspective, it is important to proportionately match service accessibility with the level of need.
Retroperitoneal abscess and splenitis with Clostridium spp. in a dog
Authors: Gregory Carly W. , Zersen Kristin M. , Schlemmer Samantha N. , Daniels Joshua B. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAn 11‐year‐old spayed female Basset Hound was presented to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of a 7‐week history of intermittent collapse, waxing and waning lethargy, and hyporexia. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a 6‐mm hypoechoic splenic nodule that, on cytologic evaluation, revealed marked neutrophilic inflammation with intracellular and extracellular bacterial rods frequently producing oval subterminal to terminal endospores, suggestive of Clostridium. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF) performed on bacteria isolated from this nodule initially identified a Clostridium species, which was eventually confirmed with 16 s rDNA sequencing. Computed tomography (CT) and exploratory laparotomy subsequently identified a 2.5‐cm diameter tubular structure beginning at the caudal aspect of the right kidney and coursing caudally containing gas and fluid, consistent with a retroperitoneal abscess, which was resected and also cultured Clostridium spp. The dog was discharged 3 days postoperatively and was alive at the time of writing, 7 months after discharge. This case highlights a previously unrecognized bacterial agent in a retroperitoneal abscess. The use of cytologic evaluation yielded a diagnosis of endospore‐forming bacteria suggestive of Clostridium sooner than culture and histopathology, which allowed for adjustment in the antibiotic protocol.
Bioprospecting of an Endolichenic Fungus Phanerochaete sordida Isolated from Mangrove-Associated Lichen Bactrospora myriadea
Authors: Weerasinghe Ramani H. , Shevkar Chaitrali D. , Maduranga Kasun , Pandey Komal H. , Attanayake Renuka N. , Kate Abhijeet S. , Weerakoon Gothamie , Behera Santosh K. , Kalia Kiran S. , Paranagama Priyani A. 
Published: April 2022

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract of Phanerochaete sordida, an endolichenic fungus (ELF) isolated from the host lichen Bactrospora myriadea, collected from Negombo lagoon, Sri Lanka, led to the isolation of a bioactive compound. Following the identification of the fungus using morphological and DNA barcoding techniques, the pure compound was isolated using column chromatography, preparative TLC, and semipreparative HPLC. The structure elucidation was carried out using IR, HR-ESI-MS and 1H, 13C & 2D NMR spectroscopic methods. The in vitro bioassays conducted revealed that compound 1 has a high antioxidant activity with ABTS•+ (IC50

58.91
±
1.35

μ
M

), moderate anti-inflammatory activity (IC50

254.79
±
1.41

μ
M

), comparable antibacterial activity against the oral-bacterial strain Streptococcus mutans (MIC 898.79 μM and MLC 1797.58 μM), moderate tyrosinase inhibition (IC50

1713.69
±
8.65

μ
M

), and moderate cytotoxicity against oral cancer (IC50

13.65
±
0.02

μ
M

), in comparison with respective positive controls. The in silico experiments conducted for tyrosinase inhibition and cytotoxicity using Schrödinger revealed results in line with the in vitro results, thus confirming the bioactivities. The molecule also satisfies the key features of drug likeliness according to pharmacokinetic studies.
Ginseng-plus-Bai-Hu-Tang Combined with Western Medicine for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhou Min , Yu Rong , Liu Xiu , Lv Xialin , Xiang Qin 
Published: April 2022

Objective. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, which is also accompanied by changes in blood lipids and protein. According to research reports, Ginseng-plus-Bai-Hu-Tang (GBHT) has significant antihyperglycemic activity. Nevertheless, the evidence of effectiveness is not enough. In order to verify the effectiveness and safety of GBHT combined with conventional Western medicine (CWM) in the treatment of T2DM, we carried out this meta-analysis. Method. We collected 7 electronic databases from the inception to September 1, 2021; then, 12 studies were selected. The data analysis and methodological evaluation were conducted by the software RevMan 5.3.3 and Stata 12.0. Results. The meta-analysis revealed that when GBHT was adopted in combination with CWM, the effective rate (OR = 2.98, 95% CI = [2.01, 4.43],

P

< 0.00001), the FBG (MD = −0.86, 95% CI = [−1.06, −0.65],

P

< 0.00001), 2hBG (MD = −0.80, 95% CI = [−1.05, −0.55],

P

< 0.00001), and HbA1c (MD = −0.64, 95% CI = [−0.98, −0.30],

P

= 0.0002) of T2DM patients improved significantly compared with the control group. After GBHT combined with CWM treatment, HOME-RI (MD = −0.75, 95% CI = [−1.38, −0.12]

P

= 0.02) of T2DM patients was superior to CWM alone. In comparison, the benefit from FINS (MD = −1.42, 95% CI = [−4.46, −1.62],

P

= 0.36) was not apparent. In addition, none of the adverse events mentioned occurred, indicating that it is safe enough. Conclusion. GBHT combined with CWM is an effective and safe as adjunctive treatment for patients with T2DM. Nevertheless, due to the limitation of the quality of the included studies, additional high-quality researches are required to further confirm these results.
Outcomes of Symptomatic Anterior Large Vessel Occlusion by Initial Imaging Assessment Using Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging Versus Noncontrast Computed Tomography
Authors: Kamogawa Naruhiko , Tanaka Kanta , Yamagami Hiroshi , Yoshimoto Takeshi , Uchida Kazutaka , Morimoto Takeshi , Imamura Hirotoshi , Sakai Nobuyuki , Ohara Nobuyuki , Matsumoto Yasushi , Takeuchi Masataka , Shigeta Keigo , Toyoda Kazunori , Yoshimura Shinichi 
Published: April 2022

Background
We aimed to compare outcomes after stroke due to anterior circulation large vessel occlusion with initial imaging assessments using diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) or noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT).

Methods
Among 2399 patients with large vessel occlusion stroke in a prospective, multicenter registry, patients with (1) prestroke modified Rankin Scale scores 0 to 1, (2) occlusion of the internal carotid artery or M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery, and (3) onset‐to‐hospital‐arrival time <6 hours were included. The primary effectiveness outcome was good functional outcome, defined as modified Rankin Scale scores 0 to 2 at 3 months. Safety outcomes included symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. Intergroup biases were accounted for by mixed‐effects multivariable modeling and inverse probability of treatment weighting.

Results

A total of 343 patients (130 women [37.9%]; median age, 74 years [interquartile range, IQR, 66–82 years]) were analyzed. DWI‐based assessment was performed in 217 patients, and NCCT‐based assessment was performed in 126 patients. The DWI group showed a lower baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (
P
<0.01) and lower Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (
P
<0.01) than the NCCT group. Frequency of endovascular therapy was lower in the DWI group (71.9%) than in the NCCT group (84.1%;
P
<0.01). Median hospital‐arrival‐to‐arterial‐puncture time was 55 minutes (IQR, 40–77.5 minutes) in the DWI group and 55 minutes (IQR, 35–80 minutes) in the NCCT group (
P
=0.89), with similar rates of successful recanalization (77.6% versus 76.4%, respectively;
P
=0.88). Frequency of good functional outcome was 47.0% in the DWI group and 41.3% in the NCCT group (adjusted odds ratio, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.49–3.55). Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was encountered in 2.8% in the DWI group and 1.6% in the NCCT group (
P
=0.71).

Conclusions
Potential difference in accuracy of ischemic damage assessment between the 2 modalities did not seem to affect outcomes of anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02419794.
Frailty as a Predictor of Surgical Outcomes Following Femoral Hernia Repair
Authors: Shehadeh Ayman A. , McLaren Graham W. , Collins John T. , Munene Gitonga , Sawyer Robert G. , Shebrain Saad A. 
Published: April 2022

Background Femoral hernias are associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to risk of strangulation. Frailty has shown to be strongly associated with adverse outcomes. A modified five-factor frailty index (mFI-5) is a simple validated predictor of postoperative complications and mortality within the ACS-NSQIP® database. This study aims to evaluate the impact of frailty and age on 30-day outcomes after femoral hernia repair. Methods Patients who underwent femoral hernia repair were queried using the ACS-NSQIP database (2017) and divided into two groups based on frailty score (FS): Frail (FS = 1-5) and Non-frail (FS = 0). We evaluated the association between postoperative outcomes and frailty, age, sex, presentation, ASA class, timing of surgery, and surgical approaches. Univariate analysis followed by a multivariable logistic regression model was performed to evaluate postoperative morbidity. Results Of a total of 1,295 patients, 540 (42.7%) were in the Frail group. No differences in sex and race proportions were observed between groups. The Frail group had a higher rate of serious morbidity (4.4% vs 1.9%, P < .001), overall morbidity (7.8% vs 3.4%, P < .010), readmission rate (5.4% vs 2.3%, P = .003), and median (IQR) hospital length of stay (1 [0, 4] vs 0 [0, 1] days, P < .001). In multivariable analysis, male sex, presentation with complication, emergency surgery, and FS were associated with increased odds of overall morbidity. All deaths were in the Frail group. Conclusion(s) Frailty, male sex, presentation with obstruction/strangulation, and emergency surgery are independent predictors of increased 30-day morbidity. Thirty-day mortality was noted in the Frail group.
Narcotic Utilization After Cleft Lip Repair: Does Local Anesthetic Choice Matter?
Authors: Kalmar Christopher L , Zapatero Zachary D , Kosyk Mychajlo S , Swanson Jordan W , Taylor Jesse A 
Published: April 2022

To analyze whether the choice of intraoperative local anesthetic for cleft lip repair is associated with the amount of perioperative narcotic utilization. Retrospective cohort study. Hospitals participating in the Pediatric Health Information System. Primary cleft lip repairs performed in the United States from 2010 to 2020. Local anesthesia injected—treatment with lidocaine alone, bupivacaine alone, or treatment with both agents. Perioperative narcotic administration. During the study interval, 8954 patients underwent primary cleft lip repair. Narcotic utilization for unilateral ( P < .001) and bilateral ( P = .004) cleft lip repair has decreased over the last 5 years. Overall, 21.8% (n = 1950) of infants were administered perioperative narcotics for cleft lip repair, such that 14.3% (n = 1282) required narcotics on POD 0, and 7.2% (n = 647) required narcotics on POD 1. In this study, 36.5% (n = 3269) patients received lidocaine, 22.0% (n = 1966) patients received bupivacaine, and 19.7% (n = 1762) patients received both local anesthetics. Administration of any perioperative narcotic was significantly lower in patients receiving both lidocaine and bupivacaine than those receiving only lidocaine ( P = .001, 17.5% vs 21.7%) or only bupivacaine ( P < .001, 17.5% vs 22.9%). Narcotic utilization on the day of surgery was significantly lower in patients receiving both lidocaine and bupivacaine than those receiving only lidocaine ( P < .001, 11.5% vs 15.1%) or only bupivacaine ( P = .004, 11.5% vs 14.6%). Narcotic utilization on the first postoperative day was significantly lower in patients receiving both lidocaine and bupivacaine than those receiving only bupivacaine ( P = .009, 5.9% vs 8.1%). Conclusions In children undergoing cleft lip repair, local anesthetic combination of lidocaine and bupivacaine is associated with decreased perioperative narcotic use compared to lidocaine or bupivacaine alone.
Proper location of the transducers for an active noise barrier
Authors: Sohrabi Shahin , Pàmies Gómez Teresa , Romeu Garbí Jordi 
Published: April 2022

The main intention of this study is to propose general criteria for the locations of the control sources and error microphones that improve the performance of the active noise barrier. Based on the proposed criteria of this study, the greater reduction is attained when the diffracted field of the noise source is canceled with the diffracted field of the control sources, that is, it is suggested to locate the control sources on the incident side and below the path that connects the furthest point in the shadow zone to the edge of the barrier. Furthermore, it is suggested that the error microphones are most suitably placed on the shadow side of the barrier where they are under the diffracted field of both the primary and control sources. The results also show that with these general criteria, the active noise control achieves an extra reduction that varies from 14.9 to 3.9 dB (for the one-third octave bands from 63 Hz to 1 kHz) and 9.3 dB for the broadband noises.
Postoperative antiplatelet and/or anticoagulation use does not impact complication or reintervention rates after vein repair of arterial injury: A PROOVIT study
Authors: Stonko David P , Betzold Richard D , Azar Faris K , Edwards Joseph , Abdou Hossam , Elansary Noha N , Gerling Kimberly A , White Joseph , Feliciano David V , DuBose Joseph J , Morrison Jonathan J 
Published: April 2022

Introduction The use of antiplatelet (AP) and anticoagulation (AC) therapy after autogenous vein repair of traumatic arterial injury is controversial. The hypothesis in this study was that there is no difference in early postoperative outcomes regardless of whether AC, AP, both, or neither are used. Methods The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) PROspective Observational Vascular Injury Treatment (PROOVIT) registry was queried from November, 2013, to January, 2019, for arterial injuries repaired with a vein graft. Demographics and injury characteristics were compared. Need for in-hospital reoperation was the primary outcome in this four-arm study, assessed with two ordinal logistic regression models (1. no therapy vs. AC only vs. AC and AP; 2. no therapy vs. AP only vs. AC and AP). Results 373 patients (52 no therapy, 88 AP only, 77 AC only, 156 both) from 19 centers with recorded Injury Severity Scores (ISS) were identified. Patients who received no therapy were younger than those who received AP (27.0 vs. 34.2, p = 0.02), had higher transfusion requirement ( p < 0.01 between all groups) and a different distribution of anatomic injury ( p < 0.01). After controlling for age, sex, ISS, platelet count, hemoglobin, pH, lactate, INR, transfusion requirement and anatomic location, there was no association with postoperative medical therapy and in-hospital operative reintervention, or any secondary outcome, including thrombosis ( p = 0.67, p = 0.22). Conclusions Neither AC nor AP alone, nor in combination, impact complication rate after arterial repair with autologous vein. These patients can be safely treated with or without antithrombotics, recognizing that this study did not demonstrate a beneficial effect.
Evaluating Trust in the Patient–Dentist Relationship: A Mixed-Method Study
Authors: Tiwari T. , Maliq N.N. , Rai N. , Holtzmann J. , Yates L. , Diep V. , Tranby E.P. , Frantsve-Hawley J. 
Published: April 2022

Background: The objective of this article was to understand the trust of study participants in dental providers and trust-building practices used by dentists to establish and maintain trust with their patients. Methods: This study used a concurrent cross-sectional mixed-methods design to measure the participants’ trust in their dental providers. An 11-item Dental Trust Scale (DTS) questionnaire was administered to 150 White, Black, and Hispanic study participants. In addition, the research team conducted semistructured interviews with 7 dentists in order to understand their perspectives related to patient trust. The internal consistency of the DTS was tested using Cronbach’s α. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were run to test the association between the DTS mean score and individual participant factors. Qualitative information from interviews was analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Results: The overall mean score of dental trust for the entire sample was 3.4. The DTS had good internal consistency (α = 0.93). Overall, dental trust was significantly higher in participants who had a regular dentist (F = 8.74, P = 0.003). The qualitative data were grouped under these key thematic categories: the importance of trust, building trust, and trust in treatment planning. Qualitative analysis also showed that the 2 main trust-building tools used by dentists were communication and understanding the patient’s lifestyle or social determinants of health. Knowledge Transfer Statement: This study provides insight into the dentist–patient relationship. It increases our understanding of levels of dental trust among patients and examines methods used by the dentist to build trust. The outcomes of this study can be considered by dentists in their everyday practice as they seek to build trust with their patients.
Reduced olfactory acuity in recently flightless insects suggests rapid regressive evolution
Authors: Neupert Stefanie , McCulloch Graham A. , Foster Brodie J. , Waters Jonathan M. , Szyszka Paul 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Insects have exceptionally fast smelling capabilities, and some can track the temporal structure of odour plumes at rates above 100 Hz. It has been hypothesized that this fast smelling capability is an adaptation for flying. We test this hypothesis by comparing the olfactory acuity of sympatric flighted versus flightless lineages within a wing-polymorphic stonefly species.

Results
Our analyses of olfactory receptor neuron responses reveal that recently-evolved flightless lineages have reduced olfactory acuity. By comparing flighted versus flightless ecotypes with similar genetic backgrounds, we eliminate other confounding factors that might have affected the evolution of their olfactory reception mechanisms. Our detection of different patterns of reduced olfactory response strength and speed in independently wing-reduced lineages suggests parallel evolution of reduced olfactory acuity.

Conclusions
These reductions in olfactory acuity echo the rapid reduction of wings themselves, and represent an olfactory parallel to the convergent phenotypic shifts seen under selective gradients in other sensory systems (e.g. parallel loss of vision in cave fauna). Our study provides evidence for the hypothesis that flight poses a selective pressure on the speed and strength of olfactory receptor neuron responses and emphasizes the energetic costs of rapid olfaction.