bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Free and Conjugated Indole-3-Acetic Acid during Initiation and Early Development of Adventitious Roots in Mung Bean
Authors: Norcini J.G. , Heuser C.W. , Hamilton R.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in the levels of putative free and conjugated indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were examined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) during the first 96 hr of adventitious root formation in mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz. ‘Berken’] stem cuttings. The putative IAA was characterized as biologically and chemically similar to IAA; ester- and amide-conjugated IAA also were found. Amide-conjugated IAA was an order of magnitude more abundant than either free or ester-conjugated IAA, both of which were present at low levels. In duplicate experiments, the relative levels of free and conjugated IAA in the rooting region fluctuated similarly during root formation, although some differences in timing and magnitude were observed.
Inbreeding and Coancestry of Freestone Peach Cultivars of the Eastern United States and Implications for Peach Germplasm Improvement
Authors: Scorza Ralph , Mehlenbacher Shawn A. , Lightner Gary W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Analysis of the pedigrees of selected eastern United States freestone peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars reveals high degrees of inbreeding and coancestry. Commonly used parents include ‘Admiral Dewey’, ‘Elberta’, ‘Halehaven’, ‘J.H. Hale’, ‘Rio Oso Gem’, and ‘St. John’. These cultivars and their progeny were used as parents primarily for superior fruit quality. Selection for fruit quality has led to the intensive use of relatively few cultivars and a restriction in freestone peach germplasm. Future progress in the development of high quality, cold hardy, disease- and insect-resistant cultivars will depend upon expansion of the germplasm base, and identification and interfusion of genes conferring desired tree and fruit characters into existing eastern United States peach germplasm.
Kentucky Bluegrass and Annual Bluegrass Response to Ethephon
Authors: Eggens J. L. , Wright C. P. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effectiveness of ethephon for reducing the growth of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), when grown as single plants in pot culture in the greenhouse or outdoors, and within a Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) sod, was evaluated. Ethephon reduced the growth of annual bluegrass more than that of Kentucky bluegrass. Concentration was more important in reducing plant spread than the number of applications. Ethephon applied to field grown turf reduced the leaf area per tiller of annual bluegrass but not Kentucky bluegrass. Leaves per tiller and the shoot dry weight of field grown Kentucky bluegrass increased with increasing ethephon rates compared to nontreated plots. Although significant growth retardation occurred for both species in pot culture, only Kentucky bluegrass canopy height decreased in the field with increasing ethephon rates. Decreased Kentucky bluegrass canopy height resulted from reduced sheath length. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Light, Osmotic Stress, and Fungicides Affect Hulled Creosotebush Mericarp Germination
Authors: Tipton Jimmy L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Light reduced final percentage of germination, maximum germination rate, and time to maximum germination rate of hulled creosotebush [Larrea tridentata (D.C.) Cov.] mericarps. The final percentage of germination declined at an osmotic stress greater than −0.4 MPa, but maximum germination rate increased at a stress greater than −0.6 MPa, and inflection time increased with increasing stress. Twice the recommended level of 3 fungicides tested had a negative impact on germination, and all fungicides delayed the time to maximum germination rate at all levels.
Aflatoxin Suppression by Modified Atmospheres Containing Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Buchanan Jack R. , Sommer Noel F. , Fortlage Robert J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus growing on potato-dextrose agar, cooked rice medium, and raw pistachio nuts, was suppressed in 2 ways. First, CO suppressed growth of the fungus if O2 was low. Second, CO suppressed aflatoxin production, evidently by interfering with aflatoxin metabolism, even if the atmosphere permitted nearly normal fungal growth. Fungal growth was equal or better in 2% O2 than in air (20.8% O2). Addition of 10% CO slowed growth materially only if O2 was low, but aflatoxin accumulation was suppressed by CO only slightly more in low O2 atmospheres. After growth for 32 days at 20°C in cooked rice medium or raw pistachios in an atmosphere containing 2% O2 + 10% CO, aflatoxin was <2% of the production in an atmosphere containing 2% O2 or air without CO.
Peach Flower Thinning and Possible Sites of Action of Desiccating Chemicals
Authors: Byers R. E. , Lyons C. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Airblast application of fertilizers, desiccating herbicides, or surfactants reduced fruit set and increased fruit size of ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batch]. The addition of the surfactant, aikylaryl polyoxyethylene glyco phosphate ester (Spray Aide), to ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) at rates from 0 ml/liter to 5 ml/liter did not increase thinning. When rates of ATS/ha remained constant, water volumes from 2338 Iiter/ha to 420 liter/ha did not affect thinning. Forty-six percent to 62% more flower buds developed on twigs from chemically thinned trees than on hand thinned trees. Most of this flower bud increase was on the 5 basipetal nodes of current season shoots. Treatment of the stigma, petals + anthers, peduncle, or calyx with ATS reduced fruit-set. Necrotic regions in the peduncle of some flowers could be seen under a microscope 48 hr after treatment. Flowers sprayed with DuPont WK or NH4NO3 + X-77, plus methylene blue (added as a tracer) had blue dye in the veins of the calyx, pedicle, and peduncle of some flowers after 24 hr.
Rootstock and Scion Effects on Carbon Partitioning in Apple Leaves
Authors: Brown Christopher S. , Young Eric , Pharr David M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf expansion, carbon exchange rate (CER), mass carbon transfer (MCT), and carbohydrate pools were measured in one-year-old apple trees throughout the growing season. Two rootstocks, M.9 (full dwarf) and MM111 (vigorous) and 2 scion cultivars, ‘Redchief and ‘Northern Spy’ were used in all 4 combinations to give a wide range in growth vigor. Leaves of trees on MMIII had slightly higher CER than those on M.9. MCT was higher in ‘Northern Spy’ than in ‘Redchief’. Leaves of trees on MMIII had higher daily accumulations of starch and sorbitol than those on M.9; however, when these accumulations were expressed as a percentage of CER, the differences were not significant. ‘Northern Spy’ leaves showed no net dry weight gain over 24 hr, whereas ‘Redchief leaves did. About 17% of the leaf dry weight was not accounted for by nonstructural carbohydrates or MCT in ‘Redchief’ leaves. The morning starch concentration for all the trees increased throughout the season. The specific leaf weight of ‘Redchief was higher than for ‘Northern Spy’ on all dates. Specific leaf weight also increased throughout the season. Sorbitol accumulation rate in the leaf decreased from a mid-season high, whereas sucrose accumulation rate increased from mid-season. Starch accumulation rate in the leaf also decreased from a midseason high. Accumulation rates of starch and transport carbohydrates remained parallel throughout the growing season.
Effects of Cultivar, Soil Moisture, and Hedge Height on Yield and Quality of Machine-harvested Erect Blackberries
Authors: Morris J. R. , Sims C. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response of 4 erect blackberry cultivars to 2 levels of soil moisture and 2 hedge pruning heights was evaluated. Supplemental irrigation increased yield on all cultivars, but was most effective for the highest-yielding cultivar, ‘Cherokee,’ during the first harvest season (6.03 T/ha for irrigated plots compared to 4.22 T/ha for nonirrigated plots). Increased lateral branching and yield, with no effect on fruit quality, resulted when the new primocanes were pruned mechanically to a height of 90 cm compared to 120 cm. ‘Cherokee’ and ‘Comanche’ berries had superior color compared with that of other cultivars. Irrigation resulted in a slight reduction in percentage of soluble solids and pH.
Endogenous ABA Levels in Floral Bud Parts of the Evergreen Azalea during Floral Development
Authors: Pemberton H. B. , Brenner M. L. , Wilkins H. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Individual flowers from Rhododendron L. ‘Prize’ inflorescences were used at various stages of development for quantitative analysis of endogenous free abscisic acid (ABA) content by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection. A decrease of endogenous ABA levels was observed in bud scale, petal, and gynoecium tissue during 6 weeks of cold treatment (9°C) given for release of floral bud dormancy. However, plants which received no cold treatment flowered as rapidly as plants exposed to 6 weeks of 9°. Therefore, a relationship between endogenous ABA levels and the capacity of azalea floral buds for continued development after a cold treatment could not be shown. Regression models of endogenous ABA content on respective morphological measurements of flower bud parts were computed to illustrate the relationship between destructive hormonal determinations and defined morphological changes over time.
Effects of Drying on Cut Douglas-fir
Authors: Montano Jose M. , Proebsting William M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cut coastal Douglas-fir trees (1.0 to 1.5 m) were allowed to dry to various water potentials in a greenhouse. About one-half of the tree population, dried to a water potential (ψ) of −3.5 MPa, lost significant quantities of needles but were otherwise comparable to undried trees. Drying to −4.0 MPa or below resulted in significantly reduced water uptake after rehydration and irreversible damage. Changes in percentage of moisture content and stomatal conductance generally paralleled ψ but were less useful indices of the damage threshold. Bark wrinkling and percentage of broken needles were useful morphological indices of the damage threshold. Subjective ratings of quality were less reliable indices of the damage threshold. Water potential was an appropriate single measurement of Christmas tree water status and a suitable index of the damage threshold.
Retention of Apple Quality in Low-oxygen Storage Followed by Standard Controlled Atmosphere Regimens
Authors: Lidster P. D. , McRae K. B. , Johnston E. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The initial storage of ‘McIntosh’ apples in a low-oxygen atmosphere (LO) of 1.5% CO2 plus 1.0% O2 at 3°C for as little as 1.25 months reduced the rate of titratable acids loss and the rate of apple softening in subsequent storage in the standard controlled atmosphere of 5.0% CO2 plus 3.0% O2 at 3°. With total storage time of 7.5 months, the initial LO storage effect on titratable acid loss was observed in 2 of the 3 years studied, whereas the effects on firmness loss were consistent over 3 crop years. ‘Spartan’ apples stored initially in LO at 0° were determined by a trained panel to retain crispness and hardness in subsequent standard controlled atmospheres of 3.0% CO2 plus 2.5% O2 at 0°, with the highest ratings obtained for durations of 3.0 months in LO and 4.5 months in standard atmospheres, whereas ‘Golden Delicious’ apples stored for 4.5 months in LO plus 3.0 months in 3.0% CO2 plus 2.5% O2 at 0° were determined to be the crispest and hardest. Extended storage of ‘McIntosh’ in LO increased the incidence of flesh browning in the 1981 crop year but decreased the incidence of senile brown core in the 1983 crop year. Storage of ‘McIntosh’ apples initially in LO for 2 to 5 months followed by the standard atmosphere reduced the risk of flesh browning resulting from low-oxygen injury and retained up to 90% of the firmness retention imparted by continuous LO storage.
Muskmelon Growth, Yield, and Nutrition as Influenced by Planting Method and Trickle Irrigation
Authors: Bhella H. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Responses of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. ‘Classic’), with respect to root development, stem and leaf growth, petiole mineral concentration and yield, to trickle irrigation and planting method (direct-seeded vs. transplanted) were evaluted. Field studies were conducted on a southwestern Indiana Lyles silt loam or fine sandy loam soil during 2 successive years using black plastic mulch. Trickle irrigation decreased depth of penetration of muskmelon roots as compared with no irrigation. Trickle irrigation significantly increased the stem length and diameter, leaf area, mean fruit weight and yield, but decreased soluble solids in fruit. Direct-seeded muskmelon plants produced deep, taproots exhibiting positive geotropism, whereas transplants produced more extensive lateral, plagiotropic or geotropically insensitive roots. Direct-seeded muskmelons had significantly larger stem length and diameter, leaf area, soluble solids, and petiole Mn concentration, and lower petiole Fe and Na concentration than transplants. Significant correlations were established between various components of muskmelon growth and development.
Thinning of Peaches by Temporary Inhibition of Photosynthesis with Terbacil
Authors: DelValle T. B.G. , Barden J. A. , Byers R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Greenhouse studies were conducted to identify a chemical that would temporarily suppress net photosynthesis (Pn) of peach leaves. Antitranspirants and photosynthetic inhibitors were tested on leaves of greenhouse-grown peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. Leaf dips of 8% Vapor Gard (poly-1-p-methen-8-9 diyl), 10−3 m ABA, 10−3 m diuron, and 10−3 m terbacil reduced Pn by more than 50% within 1 day after treatment, without causing excessive visual phytotoxicity. Since terbacil strongly reduced Pn with minimal phytotoxicity, it was applied as limb treatments to bearing ‘Madison’ peach trees in the field. Treatments were single applications at 1000 or 2000 ppm, double applications a week apart at 1000 ppm, or 2000 ppm at week 1 followed by 1000 ppm at week 2. Fruit drop was 73% to 90% on terbacil-treated limbs compared to 20% natural drop on nonthinned controls. All terbacil treatments increased the size of remaining fruit over that of the nonthinned checks. The 1000 ppm treatment resulted in fruit size similar to the hand-thinned check, but higher concentrations caused smaller fruit than the hand-thinned control.
Chemical names used: abscisic acid (ABA); N’-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea (diuron); 5-chloro-3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (terbacil).
Nitrogen Source and Application Timing for Trickle Irrigated Strawberries
Authors: Locascio S. J. , Martin F. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Dutch.) were grown during 2 seasons to evaluate 5 N sources and 2 times of N and K application using trickle irrigation with N and K rates of 134 and 149 kg ha−1, respectively. Fruit yields were influenced by significant interactions between N-source and time of N and K application during both seasons. With 100% of the N and K applied preplant, marketable fruit number and weight were significantly greater with sulfur coated urea (SCU) or isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) than with urea, NH4NO3 or KNO3 + Ca(NO3)2 as the N sources. With 40% of the N from the above 5 sources applied preplant and 60% of the N and K supplied with the trickle irrigation from NH4NO3 + K2SO4 or KNO3 + Ca(NO3)2, production was similar with all N sources. Leaf tissue N and K concentrations were not influenced consistently by N source. During both seasons, leaf N concentrations were higher with the split than with the 100% preplant treatments.
Net CO2 Assimilation Rate and Nitrogen Content of Grape Leaves Subsequent to Fruit Harvest
Authors: Williams L. E. , Smith R. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relationship between net CO2 assimilation rate (A) and nitrogen (N) content during leaf senescence was determined on field grown Vitis vinifera L. ‘Thompson Seedless’ leaves. Measurements commenced subsequent to fruit harvest and were made at weekly intervals until leaf fall. Maximum A was greater than 2.0 nmoles CO2 cm-2s-1 when leaf N content was greater than 3.0%. There was a linear relationship between A and percent N content regardless of whether A was expressed on an area or dry weight basis. However, the correlation between A on a dry weight basis and percent leaf N was greater than that between A on an area basis and percent leaf N. The percent N content and net CO2 assimilation rate decreased as weight per unit leaf area (W) increased. There was no effect on leaf N content on stomatal conductance (gs) when N content was greater than 2%. The results suggest that leaf N content could be used an as indicator of a grapevine's leaf photosynthetic capacity subsequent to fruit harvest.
Hydraulic Conductivity of Roots, Mineral Nutrition, and Leaf Gas Exchange of Citrus Rootstocks
Authors: Syvertsen J. P. , Graham J. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Whole plant transpiration and maximum rates of net gas exchange of CO2 and H2O vapor from single leaves were positively correlated with the hydraulic conductivity of roots of seedlings of 5 citrus rootstock species, [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, P. trifoliata, C. autantium L., C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata, and C. reticulata Blanco]. Leaf N and P content and shoot:root ratio also were positively correlated with root conductivity. Differences in soil water depletion and plant water relations of 2 of the rootstocks during drought and recovery cycles apparently were related to their root conductivity. The ranking of root conductivities of these seedlings generally reflects the vigor that these rootstocks impart to trees in the field. Thus, the capability of root systems to conduct water and mineral elements is an important factor in plant growth and physiological activity.
Hormonal Regulation of Growth and Development of Tomato Embryos in Vitro
Authors: Neal Catherine A. , Topoleski Leonard D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and kinetin were incorporated into tissue culture media to determine the effective concentrations for sustaining growth of excised immature tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) embryos. GA3 (10-7 to 10-5 M) stimulated growth of 13- and 15-day-old embryos but resulted in morphological abnormalities. Kinetin (10-8 or 10-7 M) promoted embryonic development and expansion of cotyledons but inhibited subsequent growth. Combinations of kinetin and GA3 or kinetin and IAA were most beneficial for embryos excised 12 days after pollination, when embryonic development was at a globular to early heart-shaped stage.
Crossability of a Diverse Group of Polyploid Blueberry Interspecific Hybrids
Authors: Chandler Craig K. , Draper Arlen D. , Galletta Gene J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five blueberry interspecific hybrids (3 tetraploids, 1 pentaploid, and 1 hexaploid) and 2 highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L., 2n = 4x = 48) blueberry clones were crossed in all combinations. Seeds per pollination and seed germination were the criteria used to measure the success of these crosses. The tetraploid interspecific hybrids were fully cross-fertile with the highbush clones and with each other. The pentaploid and hexaploid interspecific hybrids were only partially cross-fertile with the highbush clones and with the tetraploid interspecific hybrids; nonetheless, they still produced an adequate amount of viable seed in most combinations. Significant reciprocal differences in crossability were detected for 4 of the 5 species hybrids.
Self- and Cross-compatibility Relationships among Genotypes and between Ploidy of the Rose
Authors: Cole Patricia , Melton Bill 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The breeding of hybrid rose cultivars is part of the ornamental rose industry, but there have been few studies concerned with the factors limiting reproduction in the genus Rosa L. In this study, 28 species of Rosa were examined under field conditions for self- and cross-compatibility relationships. Twenty-five specimens of 25 species were tested for self-compatibility. All of the 23 diploid plants tested exhibited more than 96%. Twelve of the 16 polyploid plants preserved the 96% self-incompatibility reaction. A distinct separation existed between self-compatible and self-incompatible polyploid plants. Four of the 5 diploid cross-fertilizations produced unexpected reciprocal differences. Significant reciprocal differences were not obtained from the polyploid level cross-fertilizations. Some parthenocarpy occurred in the R. stellata species. Pollen viability and abundance, daily maximum and minimum temperature, and maximum and minimum relative humidity were not correlated with the compatibility reactions.
Influence of Genotype and Cytokinins on in Vitro Shoot Proliferation of Grapes
Authors: Reisch B. I. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The in vitro shoot proliferation responses of 4 Vitis genotypes in the presence of 3 cytokinins was examined. All genotypes grew best in media containing 6-benzyladenine (BA), but the concentration response was variable. Kinetin had no effect upon the 2 interspecific hybrid cultivars but evoked a slight response with 2 genotypes of V. labrusca and V. labruscana. Adenine sulfate had no effect alone; however, when combined with BA, it decreased the rate of shoot proliferation. Addition of the auxin picloram (PIC; 0.1–2.5 μm) to BA-containing (5.0–10.0 μm) medium reduced the rate of shoot proliferation. Using low concentrations of PIC combined with 0.0 or 1.0 μm BA, there was a small increase in shoot tip multiplication. Callus growth was rapid in the presence of 5–10 μm BA and 1–2.5 μm PIC. In summation, the rate of shoot proliferation in grape shoot tip cultures is governed to a large extent by the interaction of cytokinins and genotypes.
Role of Vase Solution Microorganisms in the Life of Cut Flowers
Authors: Zagory D. , Reid M. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Out of the 25 microorganisms commonly occuring in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. ‘Improved White Sim’) vase solutions, 3 greatly reduced carnation vase life when added individually to vase solutions. Some of these microorganisms also reduced the vase life of roses (Rose hybrida ‘Cara Mia’), chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum × morifloium Ramat. ‘May Shoesmith’) and other cultivars of carnation (‘Improved Red Sim’ and ‘Improved Pink Sim’). The microorganisms that reduced flower vase life were tentatively identified as a yeast, a fluorescent pseudomonad and a nonfluorescent pseudomonad. A 10-fold reduction in the initial inoculum level affected neither the final microbial concentrations nor the vase life of the test flowers. The effects of the different microbes were not correlated with their effects on solution pH.