bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
External validation and recalibration of an incidental meningioma prognostic model – IMPACT: protocol for an international multicentre retrospective cohort study
Authors: Islim Abdurrahman I , Millward Christopher P , Piper Rory J , Fountain Daniel M , Mehta Shaveta , Kolamunnage-Dona Ruwanthi , Ali Usama , Koszdin Shelli Diane , Georgious Theo , Mills Samantha J , Brodbelt Andrew R , Mathew Ryan K , Santarius Thomas , Jenkinson Michael D 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionDue to the increased use of CT and MRI, the prevalence of incidental findings on brain scans is increasing. Meningioma, the most common primary brain tumour, is a frequently encountered incidental finding, with an estimated prevalence of 3/1000. The management of incidental meningioma varies widely with active clinical-radiological monitoring being the most accepted method by clinicians. Duration of monitoring and time intervals for assessment, however, are not well defined. To this end, we have recently developed a statistical model of progression risk based on single-centre retrospective data. The model Incidental Meningioma: Prognostic Analysis Using Patient Comorbidity and MRI Tests (IMPACT) employs baseline clinical and imaging features to categorise the patient with an incidental meningioma into one of three risk groups: low, medium and high risk with a proposed active monitoring strategy based on the risk and temporal trajectory of progression, accounting for actuarial life expectancy. The primary aim of this study is to assess the external validity of this model.Methods and analysisIMPACT is a retrospective multicentre study which will aim to include 1500 patients with an incidental intracranial meningioma, powered to detect a 10% progression risk. Adult patients ≥16 years diagnosed with an incidental meningioma between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2010 will be included. Clinical and radiological data will be collected longitudinally until the patient reaches one of the study endpoints: intervention (surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery or fractionated radiotherapy), mortality or last date of follow-up. Data will be uploaded to an online Research Electronic Data Capture database with no unique identifiers. External validity of IMPACT will be tested using established statistical methods.Ethics and disseminationLocal institutional approval at each participating centre will be required. Results of the study will be reported through peer-reviewed articles and conferences and disseminated to participating centres, patients and the public using social media.
Results of histopathological revisions of major salivary gland neoplasms in routine clinical practice
Authors: Reerds Sam T H , Uijen Maike J M , Van Engen-Van Grunsven Adriana C H , Marres Henri A M , van Herpen Carla M L , Honings Jimmie 
Published: January 2022

AimsSalivary gland neoplasms are rare and are characterised by overlapping histopathological aspects. Therefore, the assessment of the correct histopathological diagnosis can be challenging. This study evaluated the frequency of pathology consultations and revisions for salivary gland neoplasms during routine clinical practice in the Netherlands. Furthermore, the concordance and discordance rates of these revisions are presented.MethodsThe Dutch Pathology Registry (PALGA) was searched for patients that underwent a resection of a major salivary gland neoplasm between 2006 and 2016. Frequencies of pathology consultations and revisions are presented and, in order to calculate the rates of concordance and discordance, the results of the initial histopathological review were compared with the results of the revision.ResultsBetween 2006 and 2016, 13 441 major salivary gland neoplasms were resected in the Netherlands. 90% (n=12 082) of these tumours were diagnosed as benign and 10% (n=1359) as malignant. The initial pathologist requested a consultation in 3.3% of resections (n=439). Revision of the histopathological specimen was performed in 2.6% (n=350) of cases. Revisions were discordant in 8.3%; including 5.8% of the initially benign diagnosed lesions reclassified as malignant by the second expert pathologist and 8% of the revised malignant tumours that underwent a subtype change.ConclusionsThe number of discordant histopathological revisions (8.3%) emphasises the complexity of the histopathological diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasms. An increase in consultations may improve the accuracy of the initial diagnosis and thus treatment in salivary gland tumours while lowering the need for revisions and the number of discordant revisions.
Marketing of flavour capsule cigarettes: a systematic review
Authors: Kyriakos Christina N , Zatoński Mateusz Zygmunt , Filippidis Filippos T 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveThis systematic review aims to identify marketing elements of flavour capsule variants (FCVs), cigarettes that release flavour when a capsule(s) embedded in the filter is crushed.Data sourcesA search of original research without restrictions in publication year, population, study design or language using a combination of cigarette and capsule terms was conducted across four databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus), indexed until 13 December 2021, along with a citation search.Study selectionStudies were included if they presented original research relevant to marketing features of FCVs.Data extractionOne author performed data extraction and coded outcomes based on ‘4Ps’ of marketing mix theory: product, place, price and promotion. The second author conducted a cross-check.Data synthesisOf 2436 unduplicated database records and 30 records from other sources, 40 studies were included in the review. Studies were published between 2009 and 2021. Study methodologies primarily included content analysis of cigarette packs/sticks, review of tobacco industry documents and content analysis of advertising information. Findings suggest FCVs are marketed using a mix of strategies, particularly characterised by product innovation, timing market launches around tobacco policies, point-of-sale advertising and packaging to communicate a high-tech, customisable and flavourful product.ConclusionFindings illuminate the marketing strategies of FCVs that are likely driving their global growth, particularly among young people and in low and middle-income countries. Comprehensive tobacco control regulations are needed to close loopholes and curb industry efforts to circumvent existing policies in order to mitigate uptake of FCVs and other product innovations.
Accuracy of body composition measurement techniques across the age span
Authors: Rose Grace L. , Farley Morgan J. , Ward Leigh C. , Slater Gary J. , Skinner Tina L. , Keating Shelley E. , Schaumberg Mia A. 
Published: January 2022

This study investigated the acceptable accuracy of common body composition techniques compared with the reference 4-compartment (4C-R) model, which has not been investigated in a sample with diverse characteristics, including age and sex. Techniques included components of the 4C-R model [dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography, deuterium dilution (DD)] and surrogate compartment models, which utilised bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) rather than DD. Men and women (sex = 1:1, 18–85 years, n = 90) completed body composition testing under best-practice guidance. For measurement of individuals, only the reference 3-compartment (3C-R) equation met acceptable error limits (<5% error among individuals) within the a priori cut-point (80%) for fat-free mass (FFM; CV = 0.52%) and fat mass (FM; CV = 1.61%). However, all investigated techniques reached equivalency to the 4C-R model for FFM on average (CV = 0.52–4.31%), but for FM only the 3C and 4C equations that included quantification of total body water (TBW) by DD or BIS reached equivalency overall (CV = 1.61–6.68%). Sex and age minimally influenced accuracy. Only the 3C-R or 4C-R equations are supported for acceptable individual accuracy for both FFM and FM. For group estimates any investigated technique could be used with acceptable accuracy for FFM; however, for FM, inclusion of TBW measurement within a compartment model is necessary. Novelty: Only the referent 3C and 4C models (including deuterium dilution) provide accurate body composition results that are acceptable for measurement of individuals in the general population. For group estimates of lean mass in the general population, compartments models that include TBW must be used for accurate measurement.
Bacterial community of reindeer lichens differs between northern and southern lichen woodlands
Authors: Alonso-García Marta , Villarreal A. Juan Carlos 
Published: January 2022

Lichens cover nearly 7% of the earth’s surface, and in eastern Canada, lichen woodlands occupy over 300 000 km2. Reindeer lichens (genus Cladonia) are the main component of lichen woodlands and they play a crucial role in boreal forest ecology. We study, for the first time, the bacterial community of four species of reindeer lichens from eastern North America’s boreal forests. Using the 16S rRNA gene, we characterize the bacterial community of 189 lichen samples. We aim to analyse the effect of geography and host identity in the bacterial community composition and structure, verify the presence of a common core bacteria, and identify the most abundant core taxa. Our results suggest that host-lichen identity does not determine bacterial community composition and structure in reindeer lichens, but we confirm the influence of geography in shaping the diversity and abundance of bacteria associated with Cladonia stellaris. We also reveal that reindeer lichens share a reduced common core bacteria composed exclusively by Alphaproteobacteria. Northern lichen woodlands exhibit a significantly higher diversity and abundance of bacteria associated with C. stellaris than southern lichen woodlands do. The presence of the species Methylorosula polaris in the core bacteria is evident and may have a particular importance for reindeer lichens.
A cautionary tale of decorrelating theory uncertainties
Authors: Ghosh Aishik , Nachman Benjamin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA variety of techniques have been proposed to train machine learning classifiers that are independent of a given feature. While this can be an essential technique for enabling background estimation, it may also be useful for reducing uncertainties. We carefully examine theory uncertainties, which typically do not have a statistical origin. We will provide explicit examples of two-point (fragmentation modeling) and continuous (higher-order corrections) uncertainties where decorrelating significantly reduces the apparent uncertainty while the true uncertainty is much larger. These results suggest that caution should be taken when using decorrelation for these types of uncertainties as long as we do not have a complete decomposition into statistically meaningful components.
A spinning construction for virtual 1-knots and 2-knots, and the fiberwise and welded equivalence of virtual 1-knots
Authors: Kauffman Louis H. , Ogasa Eiji , Schneider Jonathan 
Published: January 2022

Spun-knots (respectively, spinning tori) in [Formula: see text] made from classical 1-knots compose an important class of 2-knots (respectively, embedded tori) contained in [Formula: see text]. Virtual 1-knots are generalizations of classical 1-knots. We generalize these constructions to the virtual 1-knot case by using what we call, in this paper, the spinning construction of submanifolds. The construction proceeds as follows: For a virtual 1-knot [Formula: see text], take an embedded circle [Formula: see text] contained in (a closed oriented surface [Formula: see text])×(a closed interval [Formula: see text]), where [Formula: see text] is called a representing surface in virtual 1-knot theory. Embed [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] by an embedding map [Formula: see text], and let [Formula: see text] stand for [Formula: see text] Regard the tubular neighborhood of [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] as the result of rotating [Formula: see text] around [Formula: see text]. Rotate [Formula: see text] together then with [Formula: see text]. When [Formula: see text], we obtain an embedded torus [Formula: see text]. We prove the following: The embedding type [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] depends only on [Formula: see text], and does not depend on [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, the submanifolds, [Formula: see text] and “the embedded torus made from [Formula: see text] by using Satoh’s method”, of [Formula: see text] are isotopic. Fiberwise equivalence of diagrams refers to fiberwise equivalence of tori in 4-space that lie over the diagrams. We prove that two virtual 1-knot diagrams [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are fiberwise equivalent if and only if [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are rotational welded equivalent (see the body of the paper for this definition). We generalize the construction in the virtual 1-knot case written in the first paragraph, and we also succeed to make a consistent construction of one-dimensional-higher submanifolds from any virtual two-dimensional knot. Note that Satoh’s method says nothing about the virtual 2-knot case. Rourke’s interpretation of Satoh’s method is that one puts “fiber-circles” on each point of each virtual 1-knot diagram. If there is no virtual branch point in a virtual 2-knot diagram, our way gives such fiber-circles to each point of the virtual 2-knot diagram. Furthermore we prove the following: If a virtual 2-knot diagram [Formula: see text] has a virtual branch point, [Formula: see text] cannot be covered by such fiber-circles. Hence Rourke’s method cannot be generalized to the virtual 2-knot case. Only the spinning construction introduced in this paper works for now.
Tin Alloy Nanoparticles for Selective Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formate
Authors: Camilo Mariana R. , Lima Fabio H. B. 
Published: January 2022

The selective electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to formate ions or to formic acid is attracting the attention of several researchers. This is mainly because these products can be utilized as hydrogen carriers and as fuels for direct or for indirect fuel cells. In aqueous media, electrocatalysts formed by metals with high hydrogen evolution overpotential, such as Pd, Hg, In, and Sn, are selective for the production of formate (or formic acid, depending on the electrolyte pH). Among these metals, Sn has gained notice because it is abundant and relatively nontoxic. The reasons for the selectivity observed on Sn electrodes are still in debate and has been the subject of recent papers [1,2]. It seems that tin allows the carbon dioxide reduction intermediate to be adsorbed via the oxygen atoms after a proton-couple electron transfer step, so conducting the reaction to the production of formate. In addition, the studies have been discussed the effect of the surface hydroxides, which may enhance the CO2 reduction mainly via two effects: (i) suppressing or decelerating the water electro-reduction and; (ii) allowing a first chemical reaction step with CO2, so producing an adsorbed bicarbonate intermediate (via oxygen atoms), so facilitating the protonation of the carbon atom. In this paper, we will present some results obtained for the CO2 electrochemical reduction on nanostructured tin-alloys, such as Sn-Pd and Sn-Co. The faradaic efficiencies for formate (or formic acid) production were determined via quantitative determination by cyclic voltammetry and experiments of on-line Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (DEMS) for the formate electro-oxidation after experiments of CO2 electrolysis. It will be discussed the correlation between the nanostructure morphology and Sn oxidation state with the stability and faradaic efficiency for the production of formate (or formic acid) on different electrolytes and pHs. We expect that the obtained results will serve to further understand the main electrocatalyst features that control the selectivity and stability for the CO2 reduction to formate.
[1] J.T. Feaster, C. Shi, E.R. Cave, T. Hatsukade, D.N. Abram, K.P. Kuhl, C. Hahn, J.K. Norskov, T.F. Jaramillo, ACS Catal. 7 (2017) 4822 – 4827.
[2] J.E. Pander, M.F. Baruch, A.B. Bocarsly, ACS Catal. 2016, 6, 7824−7833.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from FAPESP (2016/13323-0 and 2013/16930-7) and CNPq (306469/20162).
(Invited) Ligand-Directed CO2 Conversion at Bimetallic Au/Cu Nanocatalysts
Authors: Kauffman Douglas R. , Alfonso Dominic R 
Published: January 2022

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising approach for converting waste CO2 emissions into value-added chemicals and fuels. Product selectivity will be a key requirement because down-stream chemical separation steps will introduce cost barriers and reduce the efficiency of large-scale systems. Gold electrocatalysts selectively convert CO2 into CO, which can be further processed into a wide range of other commodity chemicals, industrial precursors, and fuel additives. Copper is another popular material because it is less expensive and can directly produce hydrocarbons, but it typically demonstrates a wider product distribution than gold. Bimetallic gold-copper electrocatalysts have emerged as promising candidates for selective CO2 conversion with lower precious metal loadings, but most Au/Cu systems reported to date demonstrate lower product selectivity than pure gold.
Here, we’ve combined experiment and theory to describe the CO2RR performance of monodisperse (~1.5 nm), thiol-capped, gold-copper nanoparticles (Au/Cu NPs) containing between 0-64% copper. NPs containing 49% Cu demonstrated the best performance with 94±5% CO Faradaic efficiency between -0.5V to -1.0V vs. RHE and turnover frequencies reaching 60 molecules site-1 s-1. This activity represents a 4-8 fold improvement in catalytic activity and improved product selectivity compared with identically sized, thiol capped Au NPs. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis characterized the Au/Cu NP electronic structure and identified unique copper-thiol structures at the NP surface. Complementary density functional theory modeling with realistic, thiol-capped Au/Cu NP structures identified key relationships between NP composition and electrocatalytic performance. Our results show that unique copper-thiol surface structures on the Au/Cu NPs influenced CO2RR performance by stabilizing bound *CO reaction intermediates and preventing H2 evolution. Experiment and theory both indicated less-selective CO2RR at ligand-free NPs, and ligand-free Au/Cu NPs produced H2 with approximately 95% selectivity. Our combination of experiment and theory demonstrate that ligand-directed surface structuring can influence NP chemistry, improve CO2RR product selectivity, and produce highly active electrocatalysts with reduced precious metal loadings.
Is Routine Postdilation During Angiography-Guided Stent Implantation as Good as Intravascular Ultrasound Guidance?: An Analysis Using Data From IVUS-XPL and ULTIMATE
Authors: Lee Yong-Joon , Zhang Jun-Jie , Mintz Gary S. , Hong Sung-Jin , Ahn Chul-Min , Kim Jung-Sun , Kim Byeong-Keuk , Ko Young-Guk , Choi Donghoon , Jang Yangsoo , Kan Jing , Pan Tao , Gao Xiaofei , Ge Zhen , Chen Shao-Liang , Hong Myeong-Ki 
Published: January 2022

Background:
There are 2 competing approaches to optimize drug-eluting stent implantation: angiography-guided routine postdilation or intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance.

Methods:
From the pooled data of 2 randomized trials, IVUS-XPL (Impact of Intravascular Ultrasound Guidance on the Outcomes of Xience Prime Stents in Long Lesions) and ULTIMATE (Intravascular Ultrasound Guided Drug Eluting Stents Implantation in All-Comers Coronary Lesions), that compared IVUS- versus angiography-guided drug-eluting stent implantation, we compared 1037 patients (1265 lesions) with IVUS-guided postdilation, 905 patients (1170 lesions) with angiography-guided postdilation, and 383 patients (397 lesions) with angiography-guided drug-eluting stent implantation without postdilation as a reference group; all patients required ≥28 mm long stents. The primary end point was composite of cardiac death, target lesion–related myocardial infarction, or ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization at 3 years.

Results:

Postintervention quantitative coronary angiography–based minimum lumen diameter was not different between the angiography guidance with postdilation versus the angiography guidance without postdilation group (2.5±0.4 mm versus 2.5±0.4 mm;
P
=0.367). However, it was larger in the IVUS guidance with postdilation versus the angiography guidance without postdilation group (2.6±0.5 mm versus 2.5±0.4 mm;
P
=0.046), and also in the IVUS guidance with postdilation versus the angiography guidance with postdilation group (2.6±0.5 mm versus 2.5±0.4 mm;
P
<0.001). The rate of the primary end point was not different between the angiography guidance with postdilation versus the angiography guidance without postdilation group (8.6% versus 9.8%; hazard ratio, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.58–1.29];
P
=0.473). However, it was lower after IVUS guidance with postdilation versus angiography guidance without postdilation (4.5% versus 9.8%; hazard ratio, 0.44 [95% CI, 0.28–0.68];
P
<0.001) and also after IVUS guidance with postdilation versus angiography guidance with postdilation (4.5% versus 8.6%; hazard ratio, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.35–0.74];
P
<0.001).

Conclusions:
In patients undergoing long drug-eluting stent implantation, IVUS-guided postdilation was associated with improved long-term clinical outcomes, unlike angiography-guided postdilation.
Ten-Year Trends in Patient Characteristics, Treatments, and Outcomes in Myocardial Infarction From National Cardiovascular Data Registry Chest Pain–MI Registry
Authors: Gandhi Sanjay , Garratt Kirk N. , Li Shuang , Wang Tracy Y. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Davis Leslie L. , Zeitouni Michel , Kontos Michael C. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
The Chest Pain–MI registry affords a 10-year perspective of the acute myocardial infarction (MI) patient characteristics, management, and clinical outcomes in the United States. We report the changes in the treatment and cardiovascular outcomes of acute MI patients over 10 years.

Methods:
Annual trends in patient characteristics, in-hospital treatment, and outcomes of 604 936 ST-segment–elevation MI (STEMI) and 933 755 non–ST-segment–elevation MI (NSTEMI) patients at 1230 hospitals from 2009 to 2018 were analyzed. Using the validated Acute Coronary Intervention and Outcomes Network mortality risk model, trends in in-hospital risk-adjusted mortality rates were tested between 2011 and 2018.

Results:

Over 10 years, the prevalence of diabetes (22.8%–28.3% [STEMI] and 35.7%–41.3% [NSTEMI]) and atrial fibrillation (4.1%–6.1% and 9.4%–11.7%) increased, whereas the prevalence of smoking decreased (43.5%–37.9% and 30.2%–27.5%,
P
<0.001 for all) in patients with STEMI and NSTEMI, respectively. Among eligible patients with STEMI, primary percutaneous coronary intervention use increased (82.3%–96.0%) with shorter median first medical contact to device time (90 to 82 minutes,
P
<0.001). Among patients with NSTEMI, percutaneous coronary intervention use increased significantly (43.9%–54.5%,
P
<0.001). Adherence to guideline-directed medical therapies improved in both groups. From 2011 to 2018, risk-adjusted mortality rate (2.8%–2.7%,
P
=0.46) was stable in STEMI and declined significantly in patients with NSTEMI (1.9%–1.3%,
P
=0.0001).

Conclusions:
Risk factors of patients presenting with acute MI have changed modestly while treatment improved over time. Risk-adjusted mortality rates remained stable for patients with STEMI and declined significantly for patients with NSTEMI.