bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disentangling aNeotropicalpest species complex: genetic diversity and population structure of the native rice stink bugOebalus poecilusand the invasiveO. ypsilongriseus
Authors: Vieira Juliana L. , de Oliveira Luiz O. , Barrigossi José Alexandre F. , Guedes Raul Narciso C. , Smagghe Guy , Maebe Kevin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundA first step in any pest management initiative is recognizing the existing problem – identifying the pest species and its abundance and dispersal capacities. This is not simple and even more challenging when insidious (invasive) species are involved constituting a pest complex. Understanding a species' population diversity and structure can provide a better understanding of its adaptation and relative pest potential. Such is the need for the native rice stink bugOebalus poecilusand the invasiveO. ypsilongriseusin low and high flatlands of South America.ResultsThe genetic structure differed between both rice stink bug species (FST = 0.157,P = 0.001), where 84% of the overall genetic variability takes place within species and three genetic groups were recognized through Bayesian approach (K = 3).Oebalus poecilusexhibited slightly higher genetic diversity (HE = 0.253) and structuring (FST = 0.050,P = 0.001) than the invasiveO. ypsilongriseus(HE = 0.211;FST = 0.038,P = 0.013). Nonetheless, only the former exhibited significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances (r = 0.48,P = 0.013).ConclusionDespite the pointed peculiarities, the obtained results indicate overlap in both species' occurrence and similar genetic structure allowing for a compound problem to be dealt with as the complex requires managing without, as yet, a prevailing species or a niche specialization. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Identification and characterization of key genes in insulin signaling pathway as molecular targets for controlling the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea
Authors: Yan Liqiong , Du Hui , Li Ye , Li Xue , Sun Lili , Cao Chuanwang 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe insulin signaling pathway is closely related to metabolism, growth, reproductive capacity and lifespan of insects. However, the physiological function of the insulin signaling pathway is little known in Hyphantria cunea.ResultsFive insulin signaling pathway genes (HcInR, HcPI3K, HcAKT, HcFOXO and HcTOR) in H. cunea were identified and characterized in this study. The spatiotemporal expression profiles of the genes showed that HcInR, HcAKT, HcPI3K and HcTOR expressions were higher at the egg stage than those in other development stages, whereas HcFOXO was highly expressed in the adult stage; all of these genes were highly expressed in the larval digestive system, especially in the midgut and hindgut. After RNA interference (RNAi) of the five genes in 5th instar H. cunea larvae, weight gain and survival rate (except in the siHcAKT‐injected group) were significantly decreased, and the developmental duration of larval and pupal stages were prolonged. In addition, knockdown of five genes in 7th instar larvae decreased the pupation rate, survival rate and oviposition capacity, and resulted in abnormal development during larval–pupal transition.ConclusionOur findings indicate that the insulin signaling pathway plays essential roles in growth and development and the molting process in H. cunea, providing an important basis for developing new potentially molecular targets for RNAi‐based pest control and understanding the mechanism of H. cunea outbreak. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Immersion‐Triggered Active Switch for Spin‐Decoupled Meta‐Optics Multi‐Display
Authors: Li Zhe , Wan Chengwei , Dai Chenjie , Li Zhongyang 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMeta‐optics exhibits many promising applications in various fields of optical displays, imaging, and information encryption. However, heading towards next‐generation intelligent displays, its broad implementation is critically restricted by the lack of practical active tuning capability. Beyond the conventional electrical/optical/mechanical/thermal tuning methods, liquid immersion has recently emerged as a facile mechanism for active spectral tuning. To further conquer the challenge in achieving active complicated optical‐field manipulation, here, an environment‐compliant switch for meta‐optics multi‐display is originally proposed and experimentally realized via the liquid immersion tuning scheme. By designing the spin‐decoupled phase array for left‐/right‐handed circular polarizations, it flexibly presents quad‐fold independent‐encoded phase distributions for different medium‐relevant and polarization‐controlled channels, thus enabling four switchable holographic images through immersion tuning. Such a proposed immersion tuning design is quite a straightforward approach for meta‐optics holographic displays, enjoying full‐spatial usage, design flexibility, and large‐scale facile implementation. Overall, the proposed liquid immersion tuning strategy for a meta‐optics multi‐display would strongly benefit the practical applications in biochemical sensing, environment‐adaptive displays, and information encryption.
Activating Nanomedicines with Electromagnetic Energy for Deep‐Tissue Induction of Immunogenic Cell Death in Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Fengshuo , Pu Kanyi , Li Jingchao 
Published: November 2022

AbstractImmunotherapy is an attractive approach for cancer therapy, while its antitumor efficacy is still limited, especially for non‐immunogenic tumors. Nanomedicines can be utilized to convert the non‐immunogenic “cold” tumors to immunogenic “hot” tumors via inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD), thereby promoting the antitumor immune response. Some nanomedicines that can produce local heat and reactive oxygen species upon the stimulation of electromagnetic energy are the main candidates for inducing the ICD effect. However, their applications are often restricted due to the poor tissue penetration depths of electromagnetic energy, such as light. By contrast, ultrasound, X‐ray, alternating magnetic field, and microwave show excellent tissue penetration depths and thereby can be used for sonodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, magnetic hyperthermia therapy, and microwave ablation therapy, all of which can effectively induce ICD. Herein, the combination of deep‐tissue electromagnetic energy with nanomedicines for inducing ICD and cancer immunotherapy are summarized. In particular, the designs of nanomedicines to amplify ICD effect in the presence of deep‐tissue electromagnetic energy and sensitize tumors to various immunotherapies will be discussed. At the end of this review, a brief conclusion and discussion of current challenges and further perspectives in this subfield are provided.
Comparison of various strategies to define the optimal target population for liver fibrosis screening: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Åberg Fredrik , Jula Antti , Färkkilä Martti , Salomaa Veikko , Erlund Iris , Männistö Satu , Vihervaara Terhi , Perola Markus , Lundqvist Annamari , Männistö Ville 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackground & AimsLiver fibrosis screening is recommended in high‐risk populations, but the optimal definition of “high risk” remains to be established. We compared the performance of several risk‐stratification strategies in a population‐based setting.MethodsData were obtained from the Finnish population‐based health examination surveys Health 2000 and FINRISK 2002–2012. The Chronic Liver Disease Risk Score (CLivD) was compared to previously published risk‐stratification strategies based on elevated liver enzymes, alcohol use, diabetes, fatty liver index, body mass index, and/or metabolic risk factors for their ability to detect either advanced liver fibrosis or incident severe liver events. Advanced fibrosis was defined as an Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELFTM) score >9.8 in the Health 2000 study (n = 6084), and incident liver events were ascertained from registry linkage in the combined FINRISK 2002–2012 and Health 2000 cohort (n = 26,957).ResultsDepending on the cohort, 53%–60% of the population was considered at risk using the CLivD strategy (low‐intermediate‐high risk, excluding the minimal‐risk category), compared to 30%–32% according to the other risk‐stratification strategies. The CLivD captured 85%–91% of cases in the population with advanced liver fibrosis and 90% of incident severe liver events within 10 years from baseline. This compares to 33%–44% and 56%–67% captured by the other risk‐stratification strategies, respectively. The 10‐year cumulative incidence of liver events varied by risk‐stratification strategy (1.0%–1.4%).ConclusionsCompared to previously reported traditional risk factor‐based strategies, use of the CLivD captured substantially more cases with advanced liver disease in the population and may be superior for targeting further fibrosis screening.
The comparative effects of erythromycin and amikacin on acute respiratoryPseudomonas aeruginosainfection
Authors: Yazdanian Mohsen , Barzegar Peyman Esmaeili Fard , Ranjbar Reza , Tahmasebi Elahe , Tebyaniyan Hamid , Barzegar Keyvan Esmaeili Fard , Hayati Farhad Zadeh , Farjanikish Ghasem 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundOne of the most common causes of pneumonia isPseudomonas aeruginosa(P. aeruginosa). As with other microbial pathogens, this bacterium tends to develop resistance to various antibiotics. Amikacin and erythromycin, which are from the aminoglycoside and macrolide antibiotic families, are used to treat respiratory infections caused byP. aeruginosa.ObjectivesThis study explored whether amikacin, erythromycin or a combination of both works better againstP. aeruginosaacute lung infection.MethodsFor this study, 32 rats were used. The trachea of rats was exposed aseptically and their lung was infected withP. aeruginosathrough trachea. Then, according to the group, they received amikacin, erythromycin or a combination of both for 1 week. Finally, they were euthanised on the 3rd and 7th days post‐infection. The macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of the lungs, kidney and liver were performed. The right lung was collected for in vivo bacteriological analysis.ResultsThe amikacin group (A group) had a statistically significantly lower macroscopic and microscopic scores than the other groups (p< 0.05). In vivo bacteriological test revealed that the A group had significantly lower lung bacterial load (p< 0.05).ConclusionsIn summary, it was concluded that amikacin could help alleviate the respiratory infection caused byP. aeruginosasolely, and it was more effective than erythromycin.
Randomised trial evaluating chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy and a novel monoclonal antibody for canine T‐cell lymphoma: A multicentre US study
Authors: Musser Margaret L. , Clifford Craig A. , Bergman Philip J. , Treml Laura S. , McAnulty Lydia C. Cook , McNiel Elizabeth A. , Johannes Chad M. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundCanine peripheral nodal T‐cell lymphoma is considered chemotherapy resistant and carries a relatively poor prognosis. Prospective evaluations reporting the impact of chemotherapy on progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival time for dogs with T‐cell lymphoma are lacking. This study examined the impact of L‐CHOP (L‐asparaginase, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone) chemotherapy or L‐CHOP in combination with AT‐005, a US Department of Agriculture‐licensed caninised monoclonal antibody, on PFS and response rates in dogs with clinical intermediate‐ and high‐grade peripheral nodal T‐cell lymphoma.MethodsA prospective, randomised, placebo‐controlled, investigator‐ and owner‐blinded, multicentre study was completed. All dogs received a 19‐week L‐CHOP chemotherapy protocol with randomisation (1:1) into placebo or AT‐005 groups. Response was evaluated via the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group criteria for canine lymphoma.ResultsForty‐nine dogs were enrolled (25 received placebo and 24 received AT‐005). Most demographic factors were similar between the two groups, with the exception that more dogs with stage IV and V disease were treated with AT‐005 (34% vs. 8%; p = 0.03). Median PFS was 103 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 56–118) in the placebo group versus 64 days (95% CI, 36–118) in the AT‐005 group. The overall response rate (ORR) for all dogs was 98% (48 of 49); complete response rate in the placebo group (64%) was not different from the AT‐005 group (67%).ConclusionsTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first prospective study to document that treatment with L‐CHOP chemotherapy, with or without AT‐005, may result in a high ORR, but relatively brief PFS in dogs with clinical intermediate‐ and high‐grade T‐cell lymphoma.
Unfair and Illegal Discrimination
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten , Schroeder Doris , Rodrigues Rowena 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThere is much debate about the ways in which artificial intelligence (AI) systems can include and perpetuate biases and lead to unfair and often illegal discrimination against individuals on the basis of protected characteristics, such as age, race, gender and disability. This chapter describes three cases of such discrimination. It starts with an account of the use of AI in hiring decisions that led to discrimination based on gender. The second case explores the way in which AI can lead to discrimination when applied in law enforcement. The final example looks at implications of bias in the detection of skin colour. The chapter then discusses why these cases are considered to be ethical issues and how this ethics debate relates to well-established legislation around discrimination. The chapter proposes two ways of raising awareness of possible discriminatory characteristics of AI systems and ways of dealing with them: AI impact assessments and ethics by design.
Flail chest injury—changing management and outcomes
Authors: Marasco Silvana F. , Nguyen Khuong Jacqueline , Fitzgerald Mark , Summerhayes Robyn , Sekandarzad Mir Wais , Varley Vincent , Campbell Ryan J. , Bailey Michael 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to assess trends in management of flail chest injuries over time and to determine impact on patient outcomes.

Methods
A retrospective review of data from a prospectively collated database of all trauma patients admitted to a level 1 trauma service in Victoria was conducted. All trauma patients admitted to the hospital between July 2008 and June 2020 with an Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) code for flail chest injury were included.

Results
Our study included 720 patients, mean age was 59.5 ± 17.3 years old, and 76.5% of patients were male. Length of ICU stay decreased on average by 9 h each year. Regional anaesthesia use increased by 15% per year (0% in 2009 to 36% in 2020) (p < 0.001). Surgical stabilisation of rib fractures increased by 16% per year (2.9% in 2009 to 22.3% in 2020) (p = 0.006). The use of invasive ventilation decreased by 14% per year (70% in 2008 to 27% in 2020) (p < 0.001), and invasive ventilation time decreased by 8 h per year (p = 0.007).

Conclusion
Over the past decade, we have seen increasing rates of regional anaesthesia and surgical rib fixation in the management of flail chest. This has resulted in lower requirements for and duration of invasive mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit stay but has not impacted mortality in this patient cohort.
Citrus limon peroxidase-assisted biocatalytic approach for biodegradation of reactive 1847 colfax blue P3R and 621 colfax blue R dyes
Authors: Riaz Arjumand , Kalsoom Umme , Bhatti Haq Nawaz , Jesionowski Teofil , Bilal Muhammad 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOne of the big environmental problems in today’s world is dye-contaminated toxic waste. Peroxidase is known as highly efficient for the degradation of various pollutants, including dyes. Environmental contamination caused by the discharge of dyes into water bodies is an onerous challenge that poses both human and ecological hazards. In the current studies, biocatalysts used for enzyme decolorization (1847 Colafx Blue P3R and 621 Colafx Blue) are regarded as an eco-friendly method utilizing commonly available low-cost material lemon peels (Citruslimon peroxidase). Peroxidase was extracted in a phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 and partially purified by 20–80% ammonium sulfate precipitation technique from Citruslimon peels. The soluble enzyme was characterized in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. The values of Km and Vmax (23.16 and 204.08 μmol/ml/min) were determined, respectively. The enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 5.0 and a temperature of 55 °C. Citruslimon efficiently degraded 1847 Colafx Blue P3R and 621 Colafx Blue R dyes with maximum degradation of 83 and 99%, respectively, with an initial dye concentration of 200 ppm at pH 4 and 35 °C temperature within 5–10 min of incubation time. The effect of the redox mediator on the degradation process was examined. Results showed that the peroxidase HOBT system efficiently enhanced the degradation of dyes from water. Hence, Citruslimon peroxidase is an efficient biocatalyst for the treatment of effluents.
Faster Cut Sparsification of Weighted Graphs
Authors: Forster Sebastian , de Vos Tijn 
Published: November 2022

AbstractA cut sparsifier is a reweighted subgraph that maintains the weights of the cuts of the original graph up to a multiplicative factor of$$(1\pm \epsilon )$$(1±ϵ). This paper considers computing cut sparsifiers of weighted graphs of size$$O(n\log (n)/\epsilon ^2)$$O(nlog(n)/ϵ2). Our algorithm computes such a sparsifier in time$$O(m\cdot \min (\alpha (n)\log (m/n),\log (n)))$$O(m·min(α(n)log(m/n),log(n))), both for graphs with polynomially bounded and unbounded integer weights, where$$\alpha (\cdot )$$α(·)is the functional inverse of Ackermann’s function. This improves upon the state of the art by Benczúr and Karger (SICOMP, 2015), which takes$$O(m\log ^2 (n))$$O(mlog2(n))time. For unbounded weights, this directly gives the best known result for cut sparsification. Together with preprocessing by an algorithm of Fung et al. (SICOMP, 2019), this also gives the best known result for polynomially-weighted graphs. Consequently, this implies the fastest approximate min-cut algorithm, both for graphs with polynomial and unbounded weights. In particular, we show that it is possible to adapt the state of the art algorithm of Fung et al. for unweighted graphs to weighted graphs, by letting the partial maximum spanning forest (MSF) packing take the place of the Nagamochi–Ibaraki forest packing. MSF packings have previously been used by Abraham et al. (FOCS, 2016) in the dynamic setting, and are defined as follows: anM-partial MSF packing ofGis a set$$\mathcal {F}=\{F_1, \ldots , F_M\}$$F={F1,…,FM}, where$$F_i$$Fiis a maximum spanning forest in$$G{\setminus } \bigcup _{j=1}^{i-1}F_j$$G\⋃j=1i-1Fj. Our method for computing (a sufficient estimation of) the MSF packing is the bottleneck in the running time of our sparsification algorithm.
Resistance to targeted therapies in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Mecklenbrauck Rabea , Heuser Michael 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe introduction of new targeted therapies to the treatment algorithm of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) offers new opportunities, but also presents new challenges. Patients diagnosed with AML receiving targeted therapies as part of lower intensity regimens will relapse inevitably due to primary or secondary resistance mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the main mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies in AML. Resistance to FLT3 inhibitors is mainly mediated by on target mutations and dysregulation of downstream pathways. Switching the FLT3 inhibitor has a potential therapeutic benefit. During treatment with IDH inhibitors resistance can develop due to aberrant cell metabolism or secondary site IDH mutations. As a unique resistance mechanism the mutated IDH isotype may switch from IDH1 to IDH2 or vice versa. Resistance to gemtuzumab-ozogamicin is determined by the CD33 isotype and the degradation of the cytotoxin. The main mechanisms of resistance to venetoclax are the dysregulation of alternative pathways especially the upregulation of the BCL-2-analogues MCL-1 and BCL-XL or the induction of an aberrant cell metabolism. The introduction of therapies targeting immune processes will lead to new forms of therapy resistance. Knowing those mechanisms will help to develop strategies that can overcome resistance to treatment.
Wildfire detection in large-scale environments using force-based control for swarms of UAVs
Authors: Tzoumas Georgios , Pitonakova Lenka , Salinas Lucio , Scales Charles , Richardson Thomas , Hauert Sabine 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWildfires affect countries worldwide as global warming increases the probability of their appearance. Monitoring vast areas of forests can be challenging due to the lack of resources and information. Additionally, early detection of wildfires can be beneficial for their mitigation. To this end, we explore in simulation the use of swarms of uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) with long autonomy that can cover large areas the size of California to detect early stage wildfires. Four decentralised control algorithms are tested: (1) random walking, (2) dispersion, (3) pheromone avoidance and (4) dynamic space partition. The first three adaptations are known from literature, whereas the last one is newly developed. The algorithms are tested with swarms of different sizes to test the spatial coverage of the system in 24 h of simulation time. Best results are achieved using a version of the dynamic space partition algorithm (DSP) which can detect 82% of the fires using only 20 UAVs. When the swarm consists of 40 or more aircraft 100% coverage can also be achieved. Further tests of DSP show robustness when agents fail and when new fires are generated in the area.
Genetic Variations of ferroportin-1(FPN1-8CG), TMPRSS6 (rs855791) and Hemojuvelin (I222N and G320V) Among a Cohort of Egyptian β-Thalassemia Major Patients
Authors: El-Gharbawi Nesrine , Shaheen Iman , Hamdy Mona , Elgawhary Somaya , Samir Mohamed , Hanna Baher Matta , Ali Eman Yousief , Youssef Eman Ahmed 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIron overload remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among β-thalassemia major (β-TM) patients. Iron regulatory proteins and their genetic variants together with changes in hepcidin levels in thalassemic patients could affect the disease manifestations. This work aimed to study genetic variations of ferroportin-1 (FPN1-8CG), Transmembrane Serine Protease 6 (TMPRSS6 rs855791) and hemojuvelin (HJV I222N and G320V) genes within a cohort of 97 β-TM Egyptian patients by Polymerase chain reaction Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in comparison to fifty normal control subjects. Among β-TM patients; the CG variant of FPN1 was significantly higher, while the TT and TC variants of TMPRSS6 were significantly lower in comparison to controls. Liver Iron Concentration (LIC) was significantly higher among β-TM patients harboring the FPN1 (GG) genotype and we found that FPN1gene mutation acts as independent predictor of MRI LIC (p = 0.011), Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) was significantly higher in patients harboring the mutant FPN1 (GG and CG) genotypes (p value 0.04). β-TM patients having the HJV I222N (AA) genotype were having significantly higher cardiac iron overload (p value = 0.026). The studied genetic variants of iron regulatory proteins could alter the manifestations of iron overload thus resulting in different clinical phenotypes of thalassemic patients, these findings need to be confirmed by larger cohorts of patients with longer follow-up periods.