bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Is Employed? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa on Redefining Employment
Authors: Gaddis Isis , Oseni Gbemisola , Palacios-Lopez Amparo , Pieters Janneke 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe 19th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (in 2013) redefined thelabour statistics standards, and most National Statistical Offices are currently transitioning to the revised standards. A major change, of which few academics seem to be aware, is that the concept of employment has been narrowed to work for pay or profit. By the revised standards, farming, which is mainly intended for own use, is no longer considered employment, and such a farmer is no longer considered to be employed or in the labour force. Instead, their work is captured under a new indicator of own-use production work. This paper analyses the implications of the revised standards on measures of employment in Sub-Saharan Africa drawing on specialised agricultural surveys from Ghana and Malawi and nationally representative multi-topic household surveys from two early adapters, Malawi and Nigeria. In some contexts, 70% to 80% of farmers produce for family consumption and are therefore, based on this activity, not considered employed by the revised standards; however, there is wide geographic variation. Moreover, farmers are more likely to produce for sale at the end of the growing season of the main local crop than earlier in the season. Men are more likely than women to produce for sale. Official labour statistics, based on the revised standards, show significantly lower employment-to-population ratios in rural Africa and give the impression of rural populations much less reliant on agriculture and much further along in the process of structural change than what was indicated by the previous standards.
Gastroenterologist and Patient Attitudes Toward Yoga as a Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Authors: D’Silva Adrijana , Marshall Deborah A , Vallance Jeff K , Nasser Yasmin , Taylor Lorian M , Lazarescu Adriana , Raman Maitreyi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To identify irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients’ attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control and intention to practice yoga and gastroenterologists’ attitudes and current yoga recommendations for their patients with IBS.

Methods
Gastroenterologists and IBS patients completed online surveys including Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) constructs. Among IBS patients, multiple linear regression determined the multivariate associations between TPB variables and intention to practice yoga while controlling for significant socio-demographic variables. Gastroenterologists were asked about their attitudes and current yoga recommendations for patients with IBS. Chi-square analyses examined associations between gastroenterologists’ demographics and recommending yoga. Binomial logistic regression described associations between attitude variables and current yoga recommendations.

Results
For patients (n = 109), controllability (β = 0.5, P &lt; 0.001), affective attitude (β = 0.4, P &lt; 0.05) and self-efficacy (β = 0.3, P &lt; 0.05) were significantly associated with intention to do yoga in the regression model. TPB variables explained 34% of the variance in patients’ intentions to practice yoga. The binomial regression analysis revealed that gastroenterologists (n = 79) who have confidence in recommending yoga (39%) were seven times more likely to recommend it (odds ratio = 7.3, P = 0.002) and those who agreed yoga improves IBS symptom severity (54%) were 10 times more likely to recommend yoga (odds ratio = 10.1, P &lt; 0.001). Most (86%) wanted more evidence to support efficacy of yoga for IBS and 44% asked for more knowledge on how to refer a patient.

Conclusion
Controllability, affective attitude and self-efficacy predicted IBS patients’ intentions to practice yoga. Although gastroenterologists believed yoga is safe and beneficial for IBS patients, most do not recommend yoga due to lack of confidence and scientific evidence.
Effects of mass layoffs on local employment—evidence from geo-referenced data
Authors: vom Berge Philipp , Schmillen Achim 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUsing an event study approach and a novel data set that links administrative information on German establishments with exact distance measures from geo-referenced address data, we analyze the net impact of mass layoffs on local employment. We find that local spillovers significantly attenuate the direct impact of mass layoffs on municipal-level employment. About a quarter of the 1-year direct employment loss due to a mass layoff event is absorbed within the same municipality. Local spillovers are especially pronounced very close to the mass layoff site; the majority of the absorption is concentrated within a 1000-m radius. There is little evidence of spillovers beyond the affected municipality.
The reference genome of the Vernal Pool Tadpole Shrimp, Lepidurus packardi
Authors: Kieran Blair Shannon Rose , Hull Joshua , Escalona Merly , Finger Amanda , Joslin Shannon E K , Sahasrabudhe Ruta , Marimuthu Mohan P A , Nguyen Oanh , Chumchim Noravit , Morris Emily Reister , Velazquez Samantha , Schreier Andrea 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we report on the scaffold-level assembled genome for the federally endangered, California endemic crustacean Lepidurus packardi (the Vernal Pool Tadpole Shrimp). L. packardi is a key food source for other conserved California species including the California Tiger Salamander Ambystoma californiense. It faces significant habitat loss and fragmentation as vernal pools are threatened by urbanization, agricultural conversion, and climate change. This resource represents the first scaffold-level genome of any Lepidurus species. The assembled genome spans 108.6 Mbps, with 6 chromosome-length scaffolds comprising 71% of total genomic length and 444 total contigs. The BUSCO score for this genome is 97.3%, suggesting a high level of completeness. We produced a predicted gene set for this species trained on the Daphnia magna set of genes and predicted 17,650 genes. These tools can aid researchers in understanding the evolution and adaptive potential of alternative reproductive modes within this species.
Deep learning-based super-resolution and de-noising for XMM-newton images
Authors: Sweere Sam F , Valtchanov Ivan , Lieu Maggie , Vojtekova Antonia , Verdugo Eva , Santos-Lleo Maria , Pacaud Florian , Briassouli Alexia , Cámpora Pérez Daniel 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
The field of artificial intelligence based image enhancement has been rapidly evolving over the last few years and is able to produce impressive results on non-astronomical images. In this work, we present the first application of Machine Learning based super-resolution (SR) and de-noising (DN) to enhance X-ray images from the European Space Agency’s XMM-Newton telescope. Using XMM-Newton images in band [0.5, 2] keV from the European Photon Imaging Camera pn detector (EPIC-pn), we develop XMM-SuperRes and XMM-DeNoise – deep learning-based models that can generate enhanced SR and DN images from real observations. The models are trained on realistic XMM-Newton simulations such that XMM-SuperRes will output images with two times smaller point-spread function and with improved noise characteristics. The XMM-DeNoise model is trained to produce images with 2.5× the input exposure time from 20 to 50 ks. When tested on real images, DN improves the image quality by 8.2 per cent, as quantified by the global peak-signal-to-noise ratio. These enhanced images allow identification of features that are otherwise hard or impossible to perceive in the original or in filtered/smoothed images with traditional methods. We demonstrate the feasibility of using our deep learning models to enhance XMM-Newton X-ray images to increase their scientific value in a way that could benefit the legacy of the XMM-Newton archive.
Primordial dusty rings and episodic outbursts in protoplanetary discs
Authors: Kadam Kundan , Vorobyov Eduard , Basu Shantanu 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
We investigate the formation and evolution of ‘primordial’ dusty rings occurring in the inner regions of protoplanetary discs, with the help of long-term, coupled dust-gas, magnetohydrodynamic simulations. The simulations are global and start from the collapse phase of the parent cloud core, while the dead zone is calculated via an adaptive α formulation by taking into account the local ionization balance. The evolution of the dusty component includes its growth and back reaction on to the gas. Previously, using simulations with only a gas component, we showed that dynamical rings form at the inner edge of the dead zone. We find that when dust evolution, as well as magnetic field evolution in the flux-freezing limit are included, the dusty rings formed are more numerous and span a larger radial extent in the inner disc, while the dead zone is more robust and persists for a much longer time. We show that these dynamical rings concentrate enough dust mass to become streaming unstable, which should result in a rapid planetesimal formation even in the embedded phases of the system. The episodic outbursts caused by the magnetorotational instability have a significant impact on the evolution of the rings. The outbursts drain the inner disc of grown dust, however, the period between bursts is sufficiently long for the planetesimal growth via streaming instability. The dust mass contained within the rings is large enough to ultimately produce planetary systems with the core accretion scenario. The low-mass systems rarely undergo outbursts, and, thus, the conditions around such stars can be especially conducive for planet formation.
Isotopic ratios for C, N, Si, Al, and Ti in C-rich presolar grains from massive stars
Authors: Schofield Jordan , Pignatari Marco , Stancliffe Richard J , Hoppe Peter 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Certain types of silicon carbide (SiC) grains, e.g. SiC-X grains, and low density (LD) graphites are C-rich presolar grains that are thought to have condensed in the ejecta of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe). In this work, we compare C, N, Al, Si, and Ti isotopic abundances measured in presolar grains with the predictions of 21 CCSN models. The impact of a range of SN explosion energies is considered, with the high energy models favouring the formation of a C/Si zone enriched in 12C, 28Si, and 44Ti. Eighteen of the 21 models have H ingested into the He-shell and different abundances of H remaining from such H-ingestion. CCSN models with intermediate to low energy (that do not develop a C/Si zone) cannot reproduce the 28Si and 44Ti isotopic abundances in grains without assuming mixing with O-rich CCSN ejecta. The most 28Si-rich grains are reproduced by energetic models when material from the C/Si zone is mixed with surrounding C-rich material, and the observed trends of the 44Ti/48Ti and 49Ti/48Ti ratios are consistent with the C-rich C/Si zone. For the models with H-ingestion, high and intermediate explosion energies allow the production of enough 26Al to reproduce the 26Al/27Al measurements of most SiC-X and LD graphites. In both cases, the highest 26Al/27Al ratio is obtained with H still present at XH ≈ 0.0024 in He-shell material when the SN shock is passing. The existence of H in the former convective He-shell points to late H-ingestion events in the last days before massive stars explode as a supernova.
Rotation of hot normal, peculiar and Be stars from space photometry
Authors: Balona L A 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
The periods of 34 376 main-sequence stars hotter than 6000 K are derived from Kepler, K2, and TESS light curves. From the effective temperatures and GAIA DR3 luminosities, the radii, and hence the equatorial rotational velocities, can be estimated. Comparison with the projected rotational velocities shows that the photometric periods are indistinguishable from the rotational periods. Rotational light modulation in cool stars appears to continue to the hottest B stars. In fact, it is the most common type of light variation and is seen in 20–50 per cent of F, A, and B stars. The rotation rates of Am, Ap, and Bp stars do not appear to be very different from those of non-peculiar stars. Mixing of the surface layers by rotation cannot be the sole reason why element diffusion is not present in stars with normal surface abundances. The rotation rate of Be stars is well below the rate required to trigger mass-loss by non-radial pulsation. Surface activity leading to ejection of material into co-rotating clouds is suggested as the mass-loss mechanism. The rotational amplitudes of non-Be stars increases rapidly with effective temperature, possibly due to an increasing proportion of incipient Be stars in the sample. The simplest way to explain these results is to assume that surface convection is present in all main-sequence stars, from the coolest M star to the hottest B star.
Radio monitoring of transient Be/X-ray binaries and the inflow–outflow coupling of strongly magnetized accreting neutron stars
Authors: van den Eijnden J , Degenaar N , Russell T D , Miller-Jones J C A , Rouco Escorial A , Wijnands R , Sivakoff G R , Hernández Santisteban J V 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Strongly magnetized (B ≥ 1012 G) accreting neutron stars (NSs) are prime targets for studying the launching of jets by objects with a solid surface; while classical jet-launching models predict that such NSs cannot launch jets, recent observations and models argue otherwise. Transient Be/X-ray binaries (BeXRBs) are critical laboratories for probing this poorly explored parameter space for jet formation. Here, we present the coordinated monitoring campaigns of three BeXRBs across four outbursts: giant outbursts of SAX 2103.5+4545, 1A 0535+262, and GRO J1008–57, as well as a Type-I outburst of the latter. We obtain radio detections of 1A 0535+262 during ten out of twenty observations, while the other targets remained undetected at typical limits of 20–50 $\mu$Jy. The radio luminosity of 1A 0535+262 positively correlates with its evolving X-ray luminosity, and inhabits a region of the LX–LR plane continuing the correlation observed previously for the BeXRB Swift J0243.6+6124. We measure a BeXRB LX–LR coupling index of β = 0.86 ± 0.06 ($L_R \propto L_X^\beta$), similar to the indices measured in NS and black hole low-mass X-ray binaries. Strikingly, the coupling’s LR normalization is ∼275 and ∼6.2 × 103 times lower than in those two comparison samples, respectively. We conclude that jet emission likely dominates during the main peak of giant outbursts, but is only detectable for close-by or super-Eddington systems at current radio sensitivities. We discuss these results in the broader context of X-ray binary radio studies, concluding that our results suggest how supergiant X-ray binaries may host a currently unidentified additional radio emission mechanism.
Kicks and induced spins of neutron stars at birth
Authors: Coleman Matthew S B , Burrows Adam 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Using simulations of non-rotating supernova progenitors, we explore the kicks imparted to and the spins induced in the compact objects birthed in core collapse. We find that the recoil due to neutrino emissions can be a factor affecting core recoil, comparable to and at times larger than the corresponding kick due to matter recoil. This result would necessitate a revision of the general model of the origin of pulsar proper motions. In addition, we find that the sign of the net neutrino momentum can be opposite to the sign of the corresponding matter recoil. As a result, at times the pulsar recoil and ejecta can be in the same direction. Moreover, our results suggest that the duration of the dipole in the neutrino emissions can be shorter than the duration of the radiation of the neutron-star binding energy. This allows a larger dipole asymmetry to arise, but for a shorter time, resulting in kicks in the observed pulsar range. Furthermore, we find that the spin induced by the aspherical accretion of matter can leave the residues of collapse with spin periods comparable to those inferred for radio pulsars and that there seems to be a slight anticorrelation between the direction of the induced spin and the net kick direction. This could explain such a correlation among observed radio pulsars. Finally, we find that the kicks imparted to black holes are due to the neutrino recoil alone, resulting in birth kicks ≤100 km s−1 most of the time.
Intersex Bodies, Language, and Medical Authority
Authors: Dauphinais Ashlee L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Intersex bodies have long functioned as a theoretical keystone for understanding the performative nature of gender. With few exceptions, however, research on intersex communities has been absent from linguistics and the social sciences more broadly. Concentrating on Brazilian individuals with Turner Syndrome, one of the most common intersex conditions, this chapter presents an overview of work in linguistics on intersex communities. The discussion analyzes ethnographic data from Brazilian Turner Syndrome communities within a discourse analysis framework, examining daily interactions surrounding height, femininity, and medical authority. In addition, the discussion explores gendered discourses surrounding the doctor-patient-parent dynamic for intersex individuals and highlights the implications of this research for language, gender, and sexuality studies at large. Most critically, the chapter considers future avenues for the incorporation of intersex voices at a time when the field is reexamining the relationship between the linguistic and the material.
Ezekiel in Christian Interpretation
Authors: Mein Andrew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ezekiel’s Gog (chs. 38–39) is the distillation of biblical traditions about an eschatological enemy whom God will defeat as a prelude to final restoration. The apocalyptic tone of the chapters and Gog’s lack of a historical anchor make him a remarkably malleable figure for later interpreters, who are able to project on to his story both their deepest enmities and their aspirations for the future. This chapter introduces Christian interpretation of Ezekiel by exploring three significant approaches to Gog and Magog. First, Christian readers have often read Gog in terms of current geopolitics. Secondly, they have read the oracle in terms of theology and church politics. And thirdly, they have remythologized the Gog oracle, incorporating it into new eschatological frameworks. In each case, the chapter examines both the ways in which interpreters engage with the biblical text, and the ways they relate Ezekiel’s eschatology to their own political contexts.
Jacobite Sentiment in Eighteenth-Century Irish Poetry, in Word and in Song
Authors: Nic Éinrí Úna , Ó Cearbhaill Pádraig 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines and illustrates eighteenth-century Irish Jacobite poetry and song against the British and European historical background of the time. Several of the relevant tunes, encompassing both traditional and borrowed material, are examined. Beginning with the defeat of King James II’s army in Ireland, some texts allude to European wars and battles and other historic events in the context of the hoped-for return of the ‘rightful king’ while others are less specific in detail. Certain tunes which were used to create a series of literary songs by poets in response to one another’s compositions have been looked at. In addition to manuscript titles, various sources of tunes for texts—such as internal textual evidence—are elucidated. Special emphasis is placed on eighteenth-century Munster poets and poetry, including compositions of the aisling genre in which an allegorical woman, who is the embodiment of Ireland, conveys a Jacobite message, usually one of hope or defiance. Special consideration is given to songs in which the otherworldly woman is given a vernacular personal name (and often a surname), such as ‘Caitlín Ní Uallacháin’. Finally, the overall value of the material, both textual and musical, is contextualized and affirmed.
Indigenizing the Sociology of Class
Authors: Walter Maggie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The concept of social class (class) is intricately entwined into the discipline of sociology. Both the discipline and societal concern with class emerged from disruption of the Industrial, American, and French Revolutions in the 18th and 19th centuries. All noted sociological scholars since those times have addressed class as a core aspect of their work. Yet the literature on the class position of Indigenous Peoples is scant to the point of nonexistence. This chapter examines the place and conceptualizations of class as understood within the Western sociological literature. These conceptualizations are then interrogated on their applicability and their usefulness for Indigenous Peoples living in Anglo-colonized nation-states. The concept of class is then re-envisioned through the theoretical lens of the Indigenous lifeworld. The chapter concludes that the Indigenous class position cannot be understood unless it is placed and analyzed within its present and past social-structural context of colonization.
Strange Encounters?
Authors: Ruffa Chiara , Tulp Chiara 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Jane Addams is increasingly recognized as a founding figure of the social sciences. This chapter focuses specifically on the legacy of Jane Addams for researchers who engage with fieldwork in its different forms. The modern fieldworker—a researcher who immerses her-/him-/themselves in a research site to observe, deeply understand, and analyze a topic of interest—has to navigate several tensions, ranging from positionality to research ethics and security in the field. Addams was confronted with and had to negotiate similar dilemmas as researcher and social worker in Chicago’s Hull House settlement, as well as throughout her pacifist work during World War I. This chapter identifies and elaborates on six key lessons that Jane Addams’s work and legacy provide to the modern field researcher
Introduction
Authors: Meissner Fran , Sigona Nando , Vertovec Steven 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Old immigration hubs and new ones worldwide have experienced rapid and increasing movements of people from more varied national, ethnic, linguistic, and religious backgrounds. These movements have emerged along with a diversification of migration channels and migrant legal statuses. Migration-driven trends are profoundly transforming societies’ social, demographic, cultural, economic, and political structures in concurrent but differing ways. Across a range of disciplines and bodies of literature, these complex processes and patterns of social transformation are summarized in the concept of superdiversity. This introduction explores the notion of complex social transformation and its links to researching superdiversity. It also explains the organization of the handbook and briefly introduces the chapters.
Behaviorally Informed Economic and Social Rights
Authors: Gauri Varun 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Economic and social rights are incorporated into many national constitutions, and courts in many countries are effectively and legitimately enforcing them. However, the large majority of rights rulings addresses the cost of goods and services and focuses exclusively on access. There is now strong evidence that internal, psychological factors limit the enjoyment of economic and social rights, and that behaviorally informed policies can increase welfare and support rights fulfillment. These facts suggest there may exist a duty to use behavioral insights in the provision of social and economic goods and services. The evidence suggests that shifting choice architecture in a manner that moves the burden of proof to powerful actors, simplifying procedures for program eligibility and sign-up, establishing agencies to balance private advertising, promoting medications adherence, changing student beliefs about learning, providing opt-out savings programs, and using behaviorally informed regulation are particularly promising.