bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do Europeans quit using tobacco, e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products? A cross-sectional analysis in 28 European countries
Authors: El Asmar Marie Line , Laverty Anthony A , Vardavas Constantine I , Filippidis Filippos T 
Published: April 2022

ObjectivesWhile smoking tobacco remains a substantial cause of harm in Europe, novel products such as electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes (ECs) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) have entered the market recently. While debate still persists over the role of these novel products, they are now in widespread use. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and methods of attempts to quit EC and HTP.SettingWe analysed the 2020 Eurobarometer survey, which collected data in 28 European countries.ParticipantsA representative sample of individuals residing in these countries aged ≥15 years.Primary and secondary outcome measuresMultilevel regression analyses were performed to assess differences in quit attempts and cessation methods among tobacco smokers and exclusive EC/HTP users separately.Results51.1% of current tobacco smokers and 27.1% of exclusive EC or HTP users reported having ever made a quit attempt. The majority of former and current smokers (75.8%) who made a quit attempt did so unassisted, with 28.8% reporting at least one attempt using a cessation aid. The most popular cessation aids were nicotine replacement therapy or other medication (13.4%) and ECs (11.3%). 58.8% of exclusive EC or HTP users who had made a quit attempt did so unassisted, with 39.5% reporting the use of a cessation aid.ConclusionMost EC and HTP users in Europe try to quit unassisted, although more of them report the use of a cessation aid compared with tobacco smokers. Cessation support services should take into consideration the increasing numbers of users of EC and HTP who may be trying to quit.
One-Way Restarting Automata and Their Sensitivitys
Authors: Plátek Martin , Otto Friedrich , Mráz František 
Published: April 2022

Here we establish and study some rigorous tools suitable for the lexicalized syntactic analysis (LSA) of natural and formal languages. Motivated by the linguistic method of analysis by reduction, we are interested in correctness preserving LSA. We introduce a suitable model of automata, the h-lexicalized one-way restarting automata (h-RRWW), and compare the properties of their input languages, which are the languages considered traditionally in automata theory, to the properties of the so-called basic and h-proper languages. These languages form the basic components for LSA. With respect to their input languages, h-RRWW-automata are not sensitive to the size of the read/write window and they allow computations that are far from being correctness preserving. On the other hand, for their basic and h-proper languages, h-RRWW-automata ensure that the resulting computations are completely correctness preserving, and they yield infinite ascending hierarchies of language classes within the regular, the context-free, and the context-sensitive languages that are based on the size of the read/write window.
Decomposable groups with exactly two nonlinear non-faithful irreducible characters
Authors: Li Yali , Meng Qingyun 
Published: April 2022

In [Finite solvable groups with exactly two nonlinear non-faithful irreducible characters, J. Algebra Appl. 18(5) (2019) 1950091], the first author studied directly indecomposable, solvable groups with exactly two nonlinear non-faithful irreducible characters. In this paper, we study the decomposable case and give a classification of decomposable groups possessing exactly two nonlinear non-faithful irreducible characters. In particular, nilpotent groups with this property are also classified.
Analysis of Psychological Changes and Intervention Mechanism of Elderly Groups Based on Deep Learning Analysis Technology
Authors: Gao Yue , Fan Qi 
Published: April 2022

The elderly group is a unique social phenomenon in China. This study analyzes the typology of psychological changes in the elderly group based on the analysis of deep learning techniques and also combines crisis intervention theory to study the intervention strategies of social workers in different stages of emotional changes in the elderly group. A questionnaire survey of the elderly was conducted using the survey method, in which 10,948 valid questionnaires were screened from the Psychological Condition Self-check Scale and 11,040 valid questionnaires were screened from the Mental Health Survey Questionnaire for the Elderly. The degree of negative emotions of the elderly group in public emergencies was not related to age, but significantly correlated with age (

p

value < 0.05), and there was a tendency that the higher the age, the deeper the degree; in addition, elderly people of different professions also showed significant differences (

p

< 0.05); elderly people of different regions also showed significant differences (

p

< 0.05). In crisis intervention, social workers mainly provide services such as initial diagnosis, primary intervention, secondary intervention, and assessment for the caseworkers. The practical study found that social workers need to use strategies such as short-term focal solutions, avoiding guiding clients with their own values; crisis intervention programmes should be flexible, proactively helping clients to rebuild their support network, developing clients' self-solving skills, and implementing interprofessional teamwork and whole-person rehabilitation services.
Assessing the Influence of Dietary Pediococcus acidilactici Probiotic Supplementation in the Feed of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) (Linnaeus, 1758) on Farm Water Quality, Growth, Feed Utilization, Survival Rate, Body Composition, Blood Biochemical Parameters, and Intestinal Histology
Authors: Eissa El-Sayed H. , Baghdady Elsayed S. , Gaafar Alkhateib Y. , El-Badawi Ashraf A. , Bazina Walaa K. , Abd Al-Kareem Omayma M. , Abd El-Hamed Nadia N. B. 
Published: April 2022

The probiotics are being used as ecofriendly and bioremediation tools for developing sustainability to aquaculture. The present study was conducted to explore the practical capability of using dietary lactic acid bacteria (Pediococcus acidilactici) probiotics and see how its dose variation affected the water quality, growth performance, survival rate, body composition, blood biochemical parameters, and intestinal histology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). A total of 120 fingerlings with an initial weight of

9
±
0.2

g were divided into four groups, each with three replicates. The feeding experiment lasted for 60 days. In addition to the control (without probiotics) (T0), fish were fed diets containing (T1) 2.0, (T2) 2.5, and (T3) 3.0 g of probiotics per kg of diet twice a day. When compared to the control, sea bass fed probiotic-supplemented diets had significantly higher growth parameters, fish body “crude lipid,” and villi height (

p
<
0.05

,

p
<
0.01

, and

p
<
0.001

). The P. acidilactici probiotic treatments improved survival rate, feed conversion ratio, body composition, and blood biochemical markers, but not statistically significant (

p
>
0.05

). Also, in regard to water quality, P. acidilactici drastically reduced ammonia and pH levels. In this experiment, fish fed with a dosage of 3.0 g of this commercial probiotic per kg of probiotics performed better. The study found that including probiotics in the diets of European sea bass improved growth, body composition, survival rate, blood biochemical markers, intestinal histology, and some water quality parameters.
From East-West Balancing to Militant Anti-Communism
Authors: Costa Ettore 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The journal known as Socialist World—the short-lived publication of the Committee of the International Socialist Conference—is instructive for what it reveals about European Social Democracy at the beginning of the Cold War and about the problems of internationalism among Socialists. At first, the journal served to mediate between West European anti-Communist Socialists and the Communists in Eastern Europe. The Socialists tried to reach a common understanding of world affairs through a dialogue across borders, but divergent ideas and the impact of international events tore this cohabitation apart. After the Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, Socialist World became an instrument of anti-Communist propaganda. The articles in the journal also reveal the interests, concerns, and opinions of Socialists during the early Cold War regarding bipolar confrontation, planning, European integration, and colonialism. The journal was too public to allow frank discussion and too overburdened with rules to focus on topics of greater interest. Socialist parties that aspired to gain election in their countries wanted to protect their respectability—a concern made more urgent by the Cold War.
Feudal Contradictions between Communist Allies
Authors: Delury John 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the late 1970s, the People's Republic of China (PRC) and North Korea arrived at contradictory answers regarding the question of succession, testing the strength of bilateral ties at a complex moment in the two countries’ domestic politics and in the Cold War. Blaming the excesses of Maoist radicalism on “feudal thinking,” Deng Xiaoping launched a campaign in the summer of 1980 to “eliminate feudalism” from the Chinese Communist Party and elevate a new generation of leaders. Just a few months later, at the Sixth Congress of the Korean Workers’ Party, Kim Il Sung went public with what Deng saw as the ultimate “feudal” act: a plan to pass down the role of Supreme Leader to his eldest son, Kim Jong Il. By scrutinizing the public record and secret transcripts of Sino-Korean diplomacy, this article traces the origins of their contradictory approaches to political succession and the evolution of Deng's response to Kim's plan from disapproval to acquiescence.
Bulgaria as the Sixteenth Soviet Republic?
Authors: Nehring Christopher 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Throughout the Cold War, Bulgaria was a close ally of the Soviet Union. After the Cold War ended and the Soviet Union disintegrated, evidence emerged that Todor Zhivkov, the long-time leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party, had proposed that Bulgaria officially join the USSR as the “sixteenth Soviet republic.” However, these offers, which would have entailed the sacrifice of national sovereignty, are best understood as tactical maneuvers. Zhivkov used the tactic not just once, but at least three times. Nonetheless, it is highly unlikely that he ever intended for Bulgaria to be fully incorporated into the Soviet Union. Instead, he used Bulgarian national sovereignty as a bargaining chip during negotiations for financial and economic support to strengthen his personal rule.
The Weight of the Soviet Past in Post-1991 Russia
Authors: Tumarkin Nina , Suny Ronald Grigor , Wood Elizabeth , Hanson Stephen E. , Graziosi Andrea 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Four distinguished experts on Soviet history and Soviet politics discuss the issues raised by Andrea Graziosi in his article “The Weight of the Past in Post-Soviet Russia,” which appeared in the Winter 2020–2021 issue of the JCWS. The article and the discussion forum are the first of several items that will be published in the journal over the next few years assessing a variety of legacies of the Cold War.
About the Need for a Harmonised Labelling for Locally Produced Food
Authors: Kapała Anna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Consumers are increasingly interested in buying locally produced food but often cannot recognise it on the market. As the European Union has not introduced a local food labelling scheme, the study examines how selected countries defined and labelled local food and whether the implemented brands are suitable for fulfilling their functions of identifying, promoting and guaranteeing local products, avoiding misleading consumers. The question of to what extent geographical indications can be used as a tool to identify locally produced food is also considered. The analysis shows that there is a variety of local or regional, public and private brands that are the result of bottom-up initiatives and local self-governance, but their proliferation, differences in legal nature and the meaning of the messages conveyed adversely affect their function. Therefore, a harmonised labelling should be introduced at the UE level, otherwise at a national level, as a ready-made tool for promoting and distinguishing local products on the market, ensuring a uniform understanding of the label for all participants in the food chain, preventing fraud and unfair competition, and giving consumers confidence in its message.
Zur Ethik ärztlichen Handelns bei Gebärunvermögen
Authors: Sahmland Irmtraut 
Published: April 2022

Confronted with the inability to give birth to a child, delivery could be achieved by embryotomy - that was only permitted, when the foetus was dead - or by Caesarean section - where the chance to save mother and child as well was merely theoretical until the end of the 19th century. In two statements of the Theological Faculty of the Sorbonne in Paris embryotomy was absolutely rejected (1648), in nearly all cases of impossible delivery the Caesarean section was required (1733).
In 1749 Johannes Stähelin starts a daring attempt to justify embryotomy by application of natural law to the situation of critical childbirth. Keywords of the theological statements are confronted with categories of the natural law in a sophisticated way, nevertheless the basis of Christian confession is maintained. This argumentation in order to justify embryotomy as a lawful method to deliver a woman seemed to be more adequate to the medical sphere than claiming the Caesarean section.The ethical debate continued until the problem was solved by mastering Caesarean section.
Neurophysiologie de l'inspiration: un chapitre des relations entre science et littérature autour de 1900
Authors: Piccand Marc 
Published: April 2022

How does the literary inspiration phenomenon find an explanation around 1900? As an unexpected glimpse of imagination, is inspiration opposed to the idea of making? Does the individual attend as a passive spectator the work of his motive system or is he its master? Can we suppose that the opposition between automatic and self-willed language is legitimate?
By investigating models of physiological psychology, which are focused on the brain and the nervous system, we will try to answer these questions. And by reading some doctor's, neurologist's and philosopher's writings, we will go in search of a concrete representation of the literary inspiration phenomenon. Indeed, if inspiration is a process which results from an organic motive combination, as several scientists seem to consider, it should be visible enough to have its own physiological model.
Medikamentöse Therapie psychisch Kranker in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts: Der Arzneischatz von Ludwig Binswanger sen. in seinem «Asyl Bellevue»
Authors: Wittern Ursula , Hirschmüller Albrecht 
Published: April 2022

This paper examines the drugs used in Ludwig Binswangens private sanatorium "Bellevue" in Kreuzlingen on the Lake of Constance between 1857 and 1870. The available patient records have revealed the administrated drugs, prescriptions have been transcribed, and the guidelines for the use of the drugs have been reconstructed by means of the literature.
It becomes obvious that the armamentarium of drugs prescribed was limited and can be connected with the treatment of physical ailments which the "somatist" Binswanger considered as the main cause for psychic disorders. Binswanger was very careful when prescribing one of the few available "psychotropic" drugs like opium and morphine. This restraint in using drugs is in contrast with many recommendations and habits of Binswangens contemporaries and shows that he put higher emphasis on the effectiveness of the "therapeutic milieu" than on a pharmacotherapy of insanity.
Strategic Management in Further Education Colleges: A Pilot Study
Authors: McTavish Duncan 
Published: April 2022

There is an urgent need for academic research in further education in Scotland. This study exploring models of strategy operating in Scottish Further Education colleges has two broad aims: to assess the applicability of each of the models and to outline the policy and practical implications of the findings; and to identify areas requiring further and sustained research to bring Scottish further education into mainstream education and management research.
The first model of strategy considered was strategic control from the centre. This model had some relevance but was limited in providing a full explanation of the relationship between colleges and their principal stakeholder, the SOEID. Further research is required on the further education policy community and on the roles which existing agents play in this community. Second, a model of strategic fit emphasising the management of resources in an externally competitive environment was observed. This model was contextualised by a post-incorporation environment where colleges, now removed from local authority control, are relatively autonomous. An autonomy/competition matrix was constructed to diagrammatically represent this. The research found management practice attuned to this model, though 'excess competition' was in evidence with consequential policy implications.
Two emerging models of strategy were observed. One saw a growing use of organisational and sectoral strengths (core competencies) to grasp developmental opportunities. This perspective of strategy—‘strategic stretch’—highlights the requirement of colleges to address their organisational infrastructure and internal capabilities. The final model—strategy as the management of networks—accentuated the strategic importance of group and network activity. The colleges studied illustrated considerable managerial activity which was group based. Three broad implications of this were identified: first, a need for colleges to understand the management of networks and the roles played by network members; second, a likely reconfiguration of the autonomy/competition matrix due to the strains the current configuration places on collaborative working; third, the desirability of constructing an agenda to research the further education policy community as it progresses through change.
University Funding in Scotland: Trends and Developments Since 1993
Authors: Midwinter Arthur , Mcvicar Murray 
Published: April 2022

This article charts the modernisation of higher education funding during the Thatcher years, and examines trends in funding since 1995–6. It demonstrates that support based on unit costs have been reduced in this period. The 1996 Research Assessment Exercise ( which allocates funding to universities by assessing research performance) resulted in an increasing concentration of funding in high rated departments, with the traditional universities attracting more of the research-based funding and less resources awarded to the central institutions.
The authors also examine the implications for higher education funding of the Government’s Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). They show that, by maintaining the Conservatives’ spending plans, further real reductions have occurred in 1998-9. Thereafter, the figures show a modest growth in spending but less than implied in Government press statements about the impact of the CSR. The authors conclude that the continuing emphasis on ‘efficiency-based’ savings will lead to increased teaching loads and a further squeeze in the higher education sector.
Gender and Pupil Performance: Where do the Problems Lie?
Authors: Croxford Linda , Tinklin Teresa , Frame Barbara , Ducklin Alan 
Published: April 2022

Over the last 30 years policies to promote equal opportunities in education focused on overcoming the disadvantages experienced by females. More recently there has been concern about lower levels of attainment by males in national examinations. The article suggests that policies aimed at recent male underachievement in secondary schooling are too simplistic. It presents statistical evidence to show a gender gap in attainment since 1975; gender differences from pre-school onwards; relatively greater progress by males than females in post-compulsory schooling; wide social class differences in attainment; preponderance of boys referred to learning and behavioural support; continuing differences in subject choice which reflect gender differences in careers.
This article is based on research commissioned by the Scottish Executive. The research was carried out over one year, in 2000, and was based on a review of the relevant research literature and policy documents, statistical analysis of official data and case studies of six secondary schools in different parts of Scotland, together with their associated primary schools. Overall, 76 members of staff were interviewed in the case study schools, of whom 14 were in primary schools. Further findings from the research are detailed in Tinklin, et al., 2001.
Values and Attitudes – Positive and Negative: A Study of the Impact of Teaching the Holocaust on Citizenship among Scottish 11–12 Year Olds
Authors: Cowan Paula , Maitles Henry 
Published: April 2022

Previous research on teaching the Holocaust, notably case studies in the primary or the secondary sectors, suggests that Holocaust education can make a significant contribution to citizenship by developing pupils’ understandings of justice, tolerance, human rights issues, and the many forms of racism and discrimination. Yet, there have been no longitudinal studies into its impact on primary pupils.
This paper, reports on the first stages of ongoing longitudinal research (sponsored by the Scottish Executive Education Department), and concentrates on the relevance of Holocaust education to citizenship, by comparing the attitudes of primary 7 pupils before and after Holocaust teaching using data from questionnaires.
Results show an improvement in pupils’ values and attitudes after learning about the Holocaust in almost every category related to minority groups, ethnic or otherwise. One significant finding was a deep anti-English feeling and this in itself the need for further investigation.
The Effectiveness of School Placements in Facilitating Student Teacher Learning and Professional Development
Authors: Dewhurst Yvonne , McMurtry David 
Published: April 2022

Student placements are an integral element in teacher education and commonly, both students and teachers consider placements a critical aspect of initial teacher education. Within this context, the contemporary nature of placements and their success in meeting professional development needs was investigated throughout the period 2003–2005 by surveying the views of student teachers and teachers.
The findings of this research indicate that students and teachers share many views and consequently several key experiences and opportunities emerge. Different priorities are, however, also highlighted. Overall, perceptions suggest that school placements must be orientated towards a social constructivist paradigm.