bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Leafminer on Beans, 1983
Authors: Waddill Van 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were direct seeded 24 Oct ’83 in Rockdale soil. Each plot was a single 25 ft long row on 3 ft centers. The plots were irrigated by an overhead sprinkler twice a week. There were 4 replications per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 17, 23, Nov, 1, and 8 Dec with a CO2 powered, 2.5 gal hand-held sprayer with 40 psi at a rate of 100 gal of water per acre. Leafminer counts were taken on 15 Dec by counting the total numbers of mines on 1 trifoliate leaf (selected from the middle of the plant) per plant on 10 randomly selected plants per plot. The leafminer population was normal. Other insect species did not build-up in the plots.
Seed Maggot Control, 1984
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A hand-pushed ‘V’ belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds and distribute insecticide granules in the furrow. Overfurrow granular treatments were applied with a hand-pushed Gandy applicator as 7-inch bands that were lightly incorporated with a hand rake after planting. A 2-4 inch band of meat and bone meal was placed over the row to increase oviposition in the vicinity of the seeds. Each plot consisted of single-row treatments 15 ft long 3 ft apart in a complete randomized block design with 4 replications. All seed treatments were made 13 Jun and each crop planted in separate plots 21 Jun. Damage counts were made 3 Jul (corn), and 6 Jul (snap beans, squash, and soybeans). Emerged seedlings in each row of the squash, soybean, and snap bean plots were counted, with an avg % calculated on the no. of damaged plants observed. In the corn plot, an avg % damage was calculated by recording the injury in 25 seed pieces/row.
Insecticide Evaluation on Fall Broccoli, 1984
Authors: Klostermeyer Lyle E. , Mullins Charles A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were tested for efficacy against broccoli insect pests at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville, TN. Broccoli was transplanted on 26 Jul. Plots were 20 ft (15 plants) x 3 rows (36 inches) with 1 border between plots. On 26 Jul and 1 Sep, 1 inch each day of irrigation water was added. Total rainfall from transplant to harvest was 6.09 inches. Treatments, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, were applied over the top and along both sides with a compressed-air hand sprayer at 30 gal/acre on 15 Aug and 5 Sep and at 50 gal/acre on 20 Sep. Rainfall from 5-20 Sep was 0.77 inches, and from 20-30 Sep was 1.03 inches. Insects were counted in situ on 3 plants from the center row of each plot on 15, 22 Aug and 5, 12, 20, 24, 27 Sep, and 3 Oct. Pretreatment means 5 Sep were 8.2 cross-striped cabbageworms, 1.7 cabbage loopers, and 1.5 imported cabbageworms per 3 plants. Heads, at least 6 inches in diam were hand cut, trimmed to 6 inches in length, bagged, weighed and diam measured on 12, 17, 20, 24, 27 Sep and 3 Oct. Heads were then soaked in a salt water bath (4 tsp/gal) for 30 min. Bath water was poured through fine cloth to recover insects present in the head. Woodchucks reduced stand in 2 blocks to 77 and 15% with very few remaining plants producing heads Data are therefore reported as means from 2 replicates only. All plots were accidentally oversprayed by other personnel on 16 Sep with Pydrin so no counts are reported until the second spraying on 5 Sep.
Yield Response and Efficacy of Penncap-M on Chinese Broccoli, 1984
Authors: Lasota Joan A. , Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Broccoli yield, population estimates and feeding damage of cruciferous pests were used as indicators to determine the efficacy of Penncap-M. There was a 3-ft row spacing, 1.5 ft between plants, and 3 ft alley spacing between replicates. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replicates. Seedlings were transplanted on 31 Jul, following incorporation of 3 lb 10-10-10 fertilizer/100 sq ft and 10 lb lime/100 sq ft into a tilled plot and fumigation with bromomethane (1 lb/100 sq ft). A compressed air sprayer, with Teejet 8003 Fan type nozzles (one for the first application and 2, with a boom spacing of 30 inches, for the second and third applications) were used to deliver a foliar broadcast spray. Applications were made on 8, 15 Aug, and 5 Sep, coinciding with the seedling, post-seedling and mature plant growth stages. On 2 Aug it was necessary to treat all plants with Lannate to reduce a flea beetle population which would have caused high seedling mortality if left uncontrolled. Yield data were collected on 20 Sep bv weighing whole plants. Adult flea beetle populations on whole plants were assessed on 15 Aug by using the following rating index: 0 = 0 beetles, 1 = 1-10 beetles, 2 = 11-20 beetles, 3 = 21-30 beetles, 4 = 31-40 beetles, 5 = 41-50 beetles, 6 = 50+ beetles. Flea beetle feeding damage was also evaluated on 8 Aug by counting the number of feeding scars in a 1 cm2 area at the center of 1 randomly chosen leaf per plant. At the time of harvest (20 Sep) all imported cabbageworm and cabbage looper larvae on 5 randomly chosen plants per replicate were counted.
Phytotoxicity of Lorsban to Direct-Seeded Cabbage, 1984
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Grower concerns for reduced and uneven stands of Lorsban-treated cabbage in the spring of 1984 prompted a test to determine the potential for phytotoxicity of Lorsban to direct-seeded cabbage. The plots were seeded on 21 Sep using a John Deere Flexiplanter unit mounted on a tractor. The soil was wet and planting conditions were marginal. These planting conditions were similar to the conditions in the spring when the uneven stands had occurred. Plots consisted of 30-ft single-row treatments replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The entire plot was planted twice, one plot being irrigated with 1 inch of water on 24 Sep and the other left unirrigated. Treatments in each plot consisted of 2 series of 5 rates of Lorsban 4E, plus an untreated check. Lorsban 4E for 1 of the series of treatments (Lorsban I) was donated by a grower who had noted uneven stands. Lorsban 4E for the other series (Lorsban II) was supplied to us by Dow Chemical Corp. The Lorsban treatments were applied in 30 gal of water/acre as a 2-3 inch band over the furrow after planting. A CO2 power sprayer mounted on wheels with an attached speedometer was used to apply the spray. All water and insecticide calculations were made on a 36-inch row width basis. Stand counts were taken and plant heights were measured from the center 20 ft of each treatment on Oct 10, Fifteen plants/treatment were measured. Heights given are in inches.
Yield Response and Efficacy of Penncap-M on Chinese Cabbage, 1984
Authors: Michael Saluta , Lasota Joan A. , Roberts James E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A randomized complete block design replicated 4 times was used. Plots were 7.5 ft by 3 ft and consisted of 10 plants per replicate. There was a 3-ft row spacing, 1.5 ft between plants and a 3-ft alley spacing between replicates. Prior to planting, 3 lb 10-10-10- fertilizer/100 sq ft and 10 lb lime/100 sq ft were incorporated into a tilled plot. The soil was fumigated with bromomethane (1 lb/100 sq ft). Seedlings were transplanted on 31 Jul. Insecticide was applied as a foliar broadcast spray over the row using a compressed air sprayer. A Teejet 8003 Fan type nozzle (25-30 psi, 20 gal/acre) was used for the first application, and 2 Teejet 8003 nozzles, with a boom spacing of 30 inches, were used for the second and third applications. Applications, which were made on 8 Aug, 15 Aug and 5 Sept, corresponded with the seedling, post-seedling and mature plant growth stages, respectively. Prior to these experimental treatments, an application of methomyl was delivered to all plants on 2 Aug. This was necessary to reduce a heavy flea beetle infestation which would have resulted in heavy seedling mortality if left untreated (Penncap-M was not vet available for use). The presence of flea beetle adults and their damage was assessed on 15 Aug. The following rating index was used to assess the quantity of adult flea beetles per plant; (0 = ((beetles, 1 = 1- 10 beetles, 2 = 11 - 20 beetles, 3 = 21 - 30 beetles, 4 = 31 - 40 beetles, 5 = 41-50 beetles, 6 = 50+ beetles). The number of flea beetle feeding scars in a 1 cm2 area at the center of 1 randomly chosen leaf per plant was used for rating flea beetle feeding damage. Yield data were collected on 20 Sep by weighing marketable heads.
Collard Insect Control, 1983
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Johnson E. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Collards were transplanted 2 Jun near Benson, NC. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots consisted of single rows 10 ft long on 42-inch centers. White plastic mulch was used on all plots. Terraclor was used in the transplant water. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow-cone nozzle (HC 17 70°) delivering 50 gal/acre at 60 psi. Insecticide applications were made on 16, 23, 30 Jun, 7, 14 and 25 Jul. Dipel WP (0.5 lb (AI)/acre) and Sevin 80SP (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) were applied to ABG-6146 treatment plots on 16 Jun and 23 Jun, respectively. Insects were counted 16, 23 and 30 Jun, and damage was evaluated 30 Jun, 19 Jul and 8 Aug. Harlequin bug damage was evaluated 8 Aug.
Control of European Corn Borer on Early Sweet Corn, 1984
Authors: Bowman James S. , Everich Robert C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was performed on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham N.H. and utilized sweet corn that was planted on 25 May ’84. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. The spray treatments were applied using a B & G CO2 pressurized (40psi) single nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 14.4 gal/acre. The granular treatments were applied by hand. All applications were directed into the whorls when 58.6% of the corn plants showed signs of European corn borer leaf feeding injury and before tassels began to emerge from the whorls. Two spray applications were made 5 days apart and the granular treatment was applied once. Evaluations for the % of injured stalks and ears were made at harvest time on 20 Jul ’84 by examining all plants in each treatment.
Spirea Aphid Control, 1985
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Appelboom T. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 5-tree plots replicated 5 times. Materials were applied dilute on 8 May using a truck mounted sprayer with a hand gun at 200 psi applied to runoff using ca 1.25 gal/tree. Ten growth terminals were randomly selected around each tree and tagged. The 250 tagged terminals per treatment were examined for apterous aphids pretreatment and 2, 7, 14 and 21 days posttreatment. Control was measured by % infestation of tagged terminals.
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1984
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on mature ‘Stuart’ trees at the LSU Pecan Research-Extension Station, Shreveport, Louisiana. A randomized block design was used consisting of 3 blocks, with 1 tree per treatment, per block. Pretreatment counts were made on 26 Jul. Applications of foliar applied materials were made on 27 Jul, using an FMC 957 speed sprayer delivering 30 gal of finished material per tree. Aphid counts were made on 30 Jul. Sampling consisted of counting the number of aphids—both nymphs and adults—on 10 compound leaves per tree.
Yellow Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1985
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on mature ‘Stuart’ trees at the LSU Pecan Research-Extension Station, Shreveport, Louisiana. A randomized block design was used consisting of 3 blocks, with 1 tree per treatment, per block. Pretreatment counts were made on 26 Jul. Applications of foliar applied materials were made on 29 Jul using an FMC 957 speed sprayer delivering 29 gal of finished material per tree. Posttreatment counts were made at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after treatment. Sampling consisted of counting the number of aphids—both nymphs and adults—on 10 compound leaves per tree.
Navel Orangeworm Control on Walnuts, 1985
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Barclay L. W. , Barnett W. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted at the Westside Field Station at Five Points, CA. Seven treatments were replicated 8 times using a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Materials were applied to run-off (600 gal spray mixture per acre) with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 270 PSI. Applications were made on 4 Sep when the walnut husks had just begun to split. Control was evaluated by inspecting 100 nuts per replicate (tree) for navel orangeworm on 18 Sep.
Timing Dimilin Applications Against Codling Moth, 1984
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at the Tree Fruit Research Center. Four single-tree replicates were used in a randomized complete block design. Dimilin was applied at approximate degree day intervals shown in the tables. Degree days were calculated from daily maximum and minimum temperatures using a sine wave method and initiated after first moth catch in pheromone traps. Two applications were made against first generation in most instances, while only 1 application was made against second generation. All fruit on test trees were examined after first generation on 13 Jul and at harvest on 26 Sep.
Apple, Control of the White Apple Leafhopper, 1985
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two identical tests were conducted in a 6-year-old apple orchard to evaluate efficacy of insecticides in controlling white apple leafhopper. Insecticides were applied as dilute sprays to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal per acre) using a handgun sprayer at 400-500 psi. Four single-tree replicates were used per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Pretreatment counts were made 15 May when first 4th stage nymphs were present in samples. Twenty-five leaves from each tree were examined and nymphs counted and recorded. Treatments were applied 15 May. Posttreatment counts using the same method as described above were made on 22 May.
Effect of Dimilin on Broccoli for Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1985
Authors: Saluta Michael A. , Lasota Joan A. , Roberts James E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The plot consisted of broccoli and cabbage arranged in a total of 12 blocks (10 plants per block) with 7 ft of row spacing, 1.5 ft between plants, and a 5-ft alley spacing between replicates. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates per treatment. Seedlings were transplanted into the field on 1 Aug at the VPI & SU Hortic Res Farm, following incorporation of 200 lb/ac nitrogen, 100 lb/acre phosphate, 100 lb/acre potash fertilizer, and 1.74 tons/acre lime. Metolachlor was also incorporated for nutsedge and broadleaf weed control. A compressed air sprayer, uniformly calibrated to spray until runoff 2 application rates (0.5 and 1.0 lb (AI)/100 gal water) of Dimilin to broccoli seedling, was used in the greenhouse on 2 Jul and 12 Jul. Post-seedling spray applications of Dimilin at similar rates were made in the field on 8 Aug, 19 Aug, and 26 Aug. Applications to mature plants were made on 3 Sep, 9 Sep, and 17 Sep. A compressed air sprayer with two Teejet 8003 fan-type nozzles was used to deliver a foliar broadcast spray of 20 gal/acre. Maintenance fungicide applications of chlorotholonil were made at each insecticide date, on treated and control plants. At the time of harvest (25 Oct), a damage rating was used to evaluate feeding damage on 5 randomly chosen broccoli plants per replicate. The following rating index was used: 1 = 0-5% defoliation; 2 = 6-25% defoliation; 3 = 26-50% defoliation; 4 = 51-75% defoliation; 5 = 76-100% defoliation. Also at harvest, all imported cabbageworm larvae (small = instars 1-3; large = instars 4 & 5) were counted on 5 randomly chosen plants per replicate. Larvae were counted on both broccoli leaves and heads.
Insect Control on Cabbage, 1985
Authors: Carson W. G. , Nakakihara H. , Trumble J. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Greenback’ cabbage seedlings were transplanted on 7 Mar at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (40 inch centers) by 36 ft long separated by a 3-ft buffer. The cabbage transplants were sprinkler irrigated for 2 wk, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alternate week applications were initiated when transplants were 2 wk of age. Application dates included 21 Mar, 4 and 18, Apr and 2 and 16 May. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer was operated at 100 psi. As plant height and foliage density increased, nozzles varied from 1-6 per row and carrier (water) increased from 50 gal/acre (21 Mar-4 Apr) to 100 gal/acre (18 Apr on). Disk type cone nozzles incorporated D 1-3 disks, #23 or 25 cores and 50 mesh screens. All treatments included 0.04% spreader-sticker (Leaf Act 80A). Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on no. of larvae/plant found on 10 plants/replicate (40 per treatment) from the center 2 rows of each replicate every week. The diamondback moth, and cabbage looper, were recorded separately. Aphid counts were indexed as follows: 1 = 0-10, 2 = 11-25, 3= 26-50, 4 = 51 +. Because of high initial densities, and the rapid movement of alate aphids between plots, index values approaching one can be considered good.
Biological Insecticides to Control Cabbage Insect Pests, 1985
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Ranger’ cabbage were seeded on 15 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were single rows 25 ft long and 5 ft wide replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 41 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 6 Sep and 17 Sep. Number of larvae/10 plants was recorded on 26 Sep. Foliage injury ratings were recorded on 20 Sep and are expressed as percent defoliation. Yield (percent marketable heads) were taken on 2 Oct and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and having at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves.
Imported Cabbageworm Control, 1985
Authors: Gurecki Thomas , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul , Thomas Cathy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Golden Acre’ seeds were planted on 3 Jul in a Hagerstown silt loam soil. Seed spacing was 3 inch. Plants were thinned to ca. 1 plant every 18 inch. Plots consisted of a single row 25-ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied 16 Sep using a CO2-pressurized Bak-Pak sprayer delivering 20 gallons per acre at 20 psi. Imported cabbageworm was sampled on 5 plants per plot. At harvest (1 Nov) heads were rated for insect damage using a 1-6 scale (1 = no apparent insect feeding, 6 = severe head and leaf damage). A rating &gt;3 was considered not suitable for fresh market. Rainfall totalled 4.44 inch for Jul, 2.76 inch for Aug, 2.44 inch for Sep and 1.55 inch for Oct. Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures (F) were 85.0 and 51.8 for Jul, 86.8 and 51.0 for Aug, 84.8 and 40.0 for Sep, and 73.8 and 32.8 for Oct.
Imported Cabbageworm Control, 1985
Authors: Gurecki Thomas , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul , Thomas Cathy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Golden Acre’ seeds were planted on 3 Jul in a Hagerstown silt loam soil. Seed spacing was 3 inch. Plants were thinned to ca. 1 plant every 18 inch. Plots consisted of a single row 25 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied 16 Sep using a CO2-pressurized Bak-Pak sprayer delivering 20 gal per acre at 20 psi. Imported cabbageworm was sampled on 5 plants per plot. At harvest (1 Nov) heads were rated for insect damage using a 1-6 scale (1 = no apparent insect feeding, 6 = severe head and leaf damage). A rating &gt;3 was considered not suitable for fresh market. Rainfall totalled 4.44 inch for Jul, 2.76 inch for Aug, 2.44 inch for Sep and 1.55 inch for Oct. Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures (F) were 85.0 and 51.8 for Jul, 86.8 and 51.0 for Aug, 84.8 and 40.0 for Sep, and 73.8 and 32.8 for Oct.
Carrot Weevil Control in Carrots, 1985
Authors: Wells Art , Olsen Larry , Comegys George 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fresh market carrots were interplanted in a celery field with a history of severe carrot weevil problems in Cass County, Michigan, on 17 Jun. Soil type was muck. After carrot emergence, the celery was cut to maximize the likelihood of movement of the pest into the carrots. Three plots of single rows, 30 ft long, arranged in a complete randomized design were sprayed with foliar insecticides. Directed applications were made with a CO2 hand boom sprayer with 1 nozzle over the row and a nozzle on either side of the row directed toward the base of the plants. Materials were applied in 50 gpa using 70 psi and TJ-6502 nozzles. The experimental pyrethroids Baythroid 2EC and Pydrin 2.4EC were applied on 3, 12, 20, 30 Aug and 6 and 13 Sep. Spray dates for the standard Vydate were 3, 12, and 20 Aug only, due to label restrictions. The entire plot area was oversprayed with Bravo on 30 Aug for disease control. On 20 Sep the number of plants/10 ft of row, the number of plants damaged by carrot weevil, and the weight of the plants were recorded. Percent damage values were calculated for carrot weevil feeding and the yield was expressed as number of 50 lb bags/acre.
Wireworm Control in Sweet Corn, 1985.
Authors: Cheshire J. M. , Slaughter W. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide-treated and untreated corn seed were planted in Pike Co., GA on 6 Apr. The test was arranged as a randomized complete block experimental design with 4 replicates. The soil type was a Cecil clay loam. All plots were planted with a 2-row cone-type small plot planter (double-disk opener, press wheel, 32-inch row spacing). The planter was equipped with pressurized canisters for delivery of liquid insecticides (30 gal/acre at 20 psi) and an electric metering unit for delivery of granular insecticides. Liquid and granular formulations were applied at planting in a 7-inch band in front of each press wheel. Data were collected from 2-row × 30-ft plots which were separated on each side by an untreated border row. The numbers of healthy and wireworm damaged plants were counted in each plot 17 and 42 days after planting. Each plant with wireworm damage was identified by characteristic damage symptoms (dead or dying central whorl, stunting or complete wilting). Examination of the subterranean parts of damaged plants and soil sampling in untreated border rows of each replicate resulted in the collection of no corn infesting soil insects other than the 3 wireworm species listed above.
Foliar Insecticide Efficacy Trial, European Corn Borer, 1984
Authors: Gurecki Thomas , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Silver Queen’ was planted 25 May at Rock Springs Agricultural Research Center, Centre Co., PA. Each plot consisted of 2 rows 25 ft in length with 4 replicates arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 16, 22, 30 Aug, and 6 Sep using a Hi-Boy tractor equipped with a spray boom delivering 30 gal per acre. ECB damage was evaluated by selecting 5-10 stalks per plot and counting the number of entrance holes. On 11 Sep all ears larger than 6 inch were harvested and classified “damaged” or “marketable.” Rainfall totalled 6.07” for Jun, 3.22” for Jul and 5.33” for Aug. Average maximum and minimum daily temperatures (°F) were 87.0 and 47.3 for Jun, 86.5 and 49.0 for Jul, and 85.8 and 53.8 for Aug.