bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Gibberellin A29 and Evidence for Abscisic Acid in Extracts from Fruits of Immature French Prune (Prunus domestica L.)1
Authors: Reed Walfred , Martin George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The presence of gibberellin A29 (GA29) in extracts of pericarp of immature prune, was established by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Another gibberellin (GA) in the extract was determined by GC-MS to be a di-hydroxy A9 derivative different from any of the 46 GAs of known structure. An inhibitor of wheat coleoptile elongation present in pericarp and seeds was tentatively identified as abscisic acid (ABA), based on Rf values on thin-layer chromatograms (TLC) and retention times of the methyl ester on gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) columns.
Some Effects of Copper, Cobalt, Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel, and Chromium on Growth and Mineral Element Concentration in Chrysanthemum1
Authors: Patel P. M. , Wallace A. , Mueller R. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Different levels of Cu, Co, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Cr (10-6, 10-5, and 10-4m) were studied in a glasshouse to evaluate effects on the yield and interactions among heavy metals in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Bright Golden Anne). A 70% growth reduction was observed at the highest level (10-4m) of Cd, Cu, and Cr. The same level of Co, Ni, and Zn depressed growth 45, 45, and 21%, respectively. Added Cd in solution had the greatest effect on growth depression at 10-5m. Copper, Co, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Cr concentrations in leaves, stems, and roots were increased with their rate of application in nutrient solution. Most Cu, Co, Cd, Ni, and Cr were associated with roots, followed by leaves and stems. No gradient from root to shoot was observed with Zn. Root to stem metal ratios were in the following order: Cr>Co>Cd>Ni>Cu>Zn. Cadmium decreased Mn concentration in leaves, stems, and roots, and increased Zn concentration in leaves. Other interactions were also noted.
Responses of Vigorous ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees to Pruning and Growth Regulator Treatments1
Authors: Elfving D. C. , Forshey C. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In March 1974 vigorous 1-year-old terminal branch sections of ‘Delicious’/Mailing 9 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees were all headed-back 2/3 or removed (3/3). Three weeks after full-bloom (AFB) the dormant-pruned trees received current-season's-shoot removal and/or 1000 ppm succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl-hydrazide (daminozide, SADH) treatments in a factorial experimental design. Total number and growth of shoots from 1- and/or 2-year-old branch sections were the same regardless of dormant pruning. Only a small amount of that growth occurred on 2-year-old branch sections where terminals were headed-back 2/3. Nitrogen movement was altered in the fruiting zone of the canopy by heading-back treatments. Shoot removal AFB affected total shoot growth only when bases where shoots were removed were treated with 1% naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). SADH reduced shoot growth 18%. Yield was primarily a function of fruit-load in the interior of the tree and was reduced by every treatment which increased shoot growth on 2-year-old branch sections. In 1974 effects of treatments on yield were independent and combinations of treatments individually increasing yield showed addtive effects. Heading-back 3/3 in 1974 reduced fruits per tree in 1975 due to spur loss. Only the 1974 shoot-removal treatments had a carry-over effect on shoot growth in 1975.
Pre- and Postharvest Factors Affecting Textural Quality of Fresh Asparagus1
Authors: Clore W. J. , Carter G. H. , Drake S. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Factors determined to have a pronounced effect on shear-press peak-force values of asparagus, Asparagus officinalis L. included sample size, spear diameter, length of green, and preharvest temperature. Shear-press values were greater following periods of cold weather in early spring. Larger diameter spears had lower peak-force values than smaller spears, indicating that larger spears are more tender than smaller spears. The number and diameter of spears produced by a particular cultivar, and not differences between cultivars, were the characteristics observed to influence shear-press values. Shear-press max peak-force values correlated well with subjective and objective determinations of asparagus fiber.
The Carbon Budget of a Young Apple Tree1
Authors: Proctor J. T. A. , Watson R. L. , Landsberg J. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Photosynthesis and dark respiration of the above ground components of young orchard-grown apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) were measured by infrared gas analysis. Soil and root respiration were determined by CO2 absorption. Maximum net photosynthesis (Pn) of shoots was 2.0 g CO2 m–2 hr–1 and light saturation level was 500 Wm–2 (global solar radiation). Photosynthetic efficiencies of shoots were at a maximum (6%) at 100 Wm–2 was 2 to 3% at light saturation. Pn rates of stems and fruits were very low and even at high irradiance did not exceed the compensation point. Dark respiration (Rd) increased exponentially with temperature. Rd per unit weight was comparable for leaves and stems, less for roots and very little for fruits; per unit area the rates for leaves and fruit were small, while those for stems were large. Estimates of dry matter accumulation by growth analysis and by net CO2 uptake were remarkably similar, despite a gross simplifying assumption with regard to light interception by the leaves.
Response of ‘Sweet Spanish’ Onion to Soil-applied Zinc1
Authors: Ajakaiye M. B. , Greig J. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of soil applications of Zn as ZnSO4 at 2, 4, 6, and 8 ppm and as ZnNa2-EDTA (disodium zinc ethylenediamine tetraacetate dihydrate) at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ppm on Allium cepa L. cv. Sweet Spanish dry matter and mineral composition were investigated in the greenhouse. Soil used was a sandy loam with pH 7.6, cation exchange capacity of 4.2 meq/100 g and available Zn of 0.63 ppm.
Total dry matter (TD) increased with Zn up to 6 ppm as ZnSO4 but decreased significantly at 8 ppm, indicating Zn toxicity 108 days after planting. TD, however, was less than the control at all levels of Zn as ZnNa2-EDTA tested, and 1.5 and 2.0 ppm killed plants 87 days after they were sowed; that also suggested serious Zn toxicity. Zinc concentrations in all plant parts sampled increased with Zn applications. Leaf Zn concentrations correlated significantly with bulb dry matter. For correlations with bulb dry matter, leaf tissue determined Zn status of bulb onion better than did pseudostem or leaf plus pseudostem. Zinc distribution was influenced by Zn source. For the ZnSO4 source, bulb Zn was higher than leaf Zn; the reverse was true for the ZnNa2-EDTA source, at both 69 and 108 days after sowing. Zinc as ZnNa2-EDTA significantly increased Na concentrations in bulbs. Zn at high rates depressed leaf tissue concentrations of Fe, Cu, Mn, Ca, and Mg. NPK increased tissue content of Zn, P, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ca, Mg, and Na in the control plots in which NPK was supplied.
Degreening of Waxed Citrus Fruit with Ethephon and Temperature1
Authors: Jahn Otto L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Postharvest application of 500 ppm (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) induced degreening in ‘Bearss’ lemon at 15, 18 and 21°C, reducing the coloring time by 20 to 30%. Waxing delayed degreening slightly, but, on ethephon-treated fruit, degreening was as rapid or more rapid than on untreated, unwaxed fruit. Combination of thiabendazole (TBZ) with ethephon had little effect on the degreening rate. ‘Marsh’ grapefruit from an interior Florida grove was more responsive to ethephon than was fruit from an east coast grove. Waxing and TBZ treatments delayed degreening more in grapefruit than in lemon. Waxed east coast grapefruit did not satisfactorily degreen with or without the addition of ethephon. Degreening occurred in waxed ‘Hamlin’ orange and ‘Dancy’ tangerine, but color was not satisfactory, mainly because of poor carotenoid development.
Influence of a Substituted Oxathiin, a Localized Growth Inhibitor, on the Stem Elongation, Branching, and Flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat1
Authors: Cathey Henry M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
2,3-dihydro-5,6-diphenyl-1,4-oxathiin, (UBI-P293) acts as localized blocker of cell division and expansion while well formed tissues are exempt and develop normally. When applied to vegetative chrysanthemum plants, UBI-P293 blocked development of the top 8–10 nodes; whereas lateral shoots developed at the same rate, number, and weight as those observed on manually pruned plants. When applied to plants initiating flowers, UBI-P293 caused chemical disbudding by blocking development of laterals while the terminal bud was exempt and expanded into a normal inflorescence. The optimum concentration for the 35 cultivars evaluated varied from 0.25 to 1.0% when applied between 15 to 24 short days. Higher concentrations or earlier applications of UBI-P293 inhibited all development.
Chemical Height Control of Reiger Elatior Begonia1
Authors: Krauskopf D. M. , Nelson P. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chemical growth retardants (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat), succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH, daminozide) and α-cyclopropyl-α-(ρ-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol) were tested on Reiger Elatior begonia ‘Schwabenland Red’ (Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch). Chlormequat applied as a spray of 0.30% active ingredient (a.i.) (1:40 dilution of commercial product) caused height retardation in high and low light periods, being most effective in the winter. A 0.30% drench was excessive under low light conditions whereas both 0.30 and 0.60% drenches were ineffective under high light conditions. No significant height retardation was found when SADH was applied as a spray at concentration up to 0.50% a.i. Ancymidol was effective as a drench at 0.125 mg per 15 cm pot under both high and low light conditions. Ancymidol sprays at concentrations up to 33 ppm were ineffective.
Histochemical and Ultrastructural Studies of Fruit Abscission in the Olive after Treatment with 2-Chloroethyl-tris-(2-methoxy ethoxy)-silane1
Authors: Reed Nu-may R. , Hartmann Hudson T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Following the application of 2-chloroethyl-tris-(2-methoxyethoxy)-silane (CGA 13586), an ethylenereleasing compound, to olive (Olea europaea L.) shoots, 2 abscission zones were observed. One occurred at the proximal, the other at the distal end of the pedicel. Actual separation occurred mostly at the distal end of the pedicel. Changes observed during the development of the abscission zone included: cell plasmolysis, cell wall and middle lamella dissolution, starch grain accumulation and a general breakdown of cells at the abscission zone.
Enhancement of Calcium Transport to Inner Leaves of Cabbage for Prevention of Tipburn1
Authors: Palzkill D. A. , Tibbitts T. W. , Williams P. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Heading cabbage plants, Brassica oleracea L. (Capitata group) grown under humidity conditions which allowed root pressure flow to occur during the dark period, as indicated by the occurrence of guttation from the leaf margins, remained free of tipburn. Plants grown under conditions which prevented root pressure flow from occurring developed tipburn on both wrapper and inner head leaves. The effect of root pressure flow on 45Ca transport was studied in cabbage plants in the rosette stage of growth. Heads were simulated by covering the inner leaves of the plants. 45Ca was readily transported to inner “head” leaves under high humidity which allowed root pressure flow to occur, while very little 45Ca was moved to these leaves under low humidity which prevented root pressure flow. The data indicate that root pressure flow is required to move adequate amounts of Ca to prevent tipburn in head leaves of cabbage.
Chilling Sensitivity of Avocado Fruit at Different Stages of the Respiratory Climacteric1
Authors: Kosiyachinda S. , Young R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chilling sensitivity of ‘Fuerte’ and ‘Hass’ avocados (Persea americana Mill.) is a function of the stage of the climacteric. The least sensitive stage is postclimacteric where fruit can be kept at 2°C for 6 to 7 weeks. ‘Hass’ avocados on the climacteric rise and at the climacteric peak were most sensitive to chilling and showed injury after 19 days of treatment at 2°. Postclimacteric fruit could be transferred to 2° at 36 to 48 hours after the climacteric peak. The time preclimacteric fruit could be held at 2° varied during the picking season but could be as long as 30 days.
Analysis of Thermal Environments in Polyethylene Overwintering Structures1
Authors: Wiest Steven C. , Good George L. , Steponkus Peter L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Equal average container temperatures during prolonged periods of low outside air temperatures were achieved by unheated structures covered with either a double-layer of clear polyethylene or a double-layer with the inner layer translucent and the exterior clear polyethylene. Single-layer structures were less effective, with clear polyethylene affording more protection than translucent. Excessively high mid-day temperatures in both the single- and double-layer clear houses increased the probability of desiccation injury and affected the quality of the nursery stock. Fluctuations of air temperatures below 0°C were most rapid in the clear houses, and appear to depend greatly on the relative humidity, which affects the thermal conductivity of the air. Container temperature fluctuations were similar whether the container soil water was frozen or unfrozen. The best covering tested thus far appears to be a double-layer with the interior translucent and the exterior clear polyethylene. This covering moderates low container temperatures, high mid-day temperatures, desiccation problems, rapid temperature fluctuations and concomitant management problems.
Total, Extractable, and Oxalate Calcium and Other Elements in Normal and Mouse Ear Pecan Tree Tissues1
Authors: Gallaher R. N. , Jones J. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mouse ear is an abnormal condition in pecans [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] in which the leaflets of the compound leaf fail to elongate in a normal manner and develop into a “mouse ear” shape. Mouse-ear trees had more Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mo and less Mg in leaf and stem tissues than normal trees. In both normal and mouse ear pecan, 92–96% of total Ca in leaves and stems was nonextractable in 2% acetic acid solution, being in the form of Ca-oxalate crystals. Crystals of cross-sectional area as large as 2000 μm2 and 6000 μm2 were found in leaves and stems, respectively. Although only 600 to 1200 ppm of Ca was available for physiological functions in leaf tissue other than for precipitation of oxalic acid. There was no significant evidence to show that mouse ear is a Ca-deficiency problem.
Effe-gi, Magness-Taylor, and Instron Fruit Pressure Testing Devices for Apples, Peaches, and Nectarines1
Authors: Abbott Judith A. , Watada Alley E. , Massie David R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pressure test values obtained on various fruits with 2 manual fruit pressure testers (the Magness-Taylor and the smaller Effe-gi) and the Instron Universal Testing Instrument were compared. Tests were made on 5 apple, 1 nectarine, and 3 peach cultivars on an individual fruit basis. Differences in pressure readings were marked among instruments. Responses to the instruments differed among cultivars. Some apples were classified in different ripeness categories according to different pressure testers. For nectarines and peaches, high correlations, but not complete agreement, were obtained among instruments. For all 3 fruits, differences were sufficient to require specification of instrument and method of measurement when fruit pressure test values are reported and to necessitate compensation when measurements made with different types of instruments are compared. Regression equations such as we report should be used to permit accurate comparisons.
Application of Trend Analysis to Horticultural Field Trials1
Authors: Kirk H. J. , Haynes F. L. , Monroe R. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Experimental results from horticultural field trials are obscured by the effect of systematic variation. This variation is directly related to the position of the plot in the field and is referred to as a fertility gradient(s). Trend analysis eliminates the effect of fertility gradients by fitting a polynomial regression equation (response surface model) to the systematic variability in the experimental units. Two cultivar trials of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) conducted to compare results from trend analysis with that using the standard design analysis indicated that fertility gradients existed in the fields and were of a form that could be adequately fitted by a response surface model. A 3-dimensional plot of the response surface model indicated that the fertility gradients formed a very complex surface which could not be eliminated by experimental design. Of the 3 experimental designs used, the Latin square was the most efficient while the completely random was the least efficient. Trend analysis resulted in a large gain in relative efficiency over the standard analyses of completely random and randomized block designs. It also resulted in a substantial gain over that of a Latin square design. Adjusting the means using a response surface model in trend analysis also improved treatment estimates. Tests of significance using adjusted means were more precise and easier to interpret. Trend analysis proved to be the most efficient way to analyze the data, regardless of the experimental design used.
New Sources of Resistance to Watermelon Anthracnose1
Authors: Sowell Grover , Rhodes B. B. , Norton J. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Watermelons Plant Introductions (PI) 189225, PI 271775, PI 271778, and PI 299379 were resistant to a population of Colletotrichum langenarium (Pass.) Ell. & Halst. in 3 states. Entries PI 203551, PI 270550, and PI 271779 were resistant in some field and greenhouse tests.
Differential Growth Response to the Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus fasciculatus of Southern Magnolia and Bar Harbor Juniper Grown in Containers in Composted Hardwood Bark-shale1
Authors: Maronek Dale M. , Hendrix James W. , Kiernan Jennifer 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.) and ‘Bar Harbor’ juniper (Juniperus horizontalis Moench) were grown in a composted hardwood bark: expanded shale medium in 7.6 cm square containers in a greenhouse. All plants received either a low rate (1.1 kg/m3) or the manufacturer's recommended rate (4.5 kg/m3) of 18N-6P-12K slow-release fertilizer, and half the plants received inoculum of Glomus fasciculatus. After 6 months, height of magnolia plants inoculated with G. fasciculatus was nearly twice that of uninoculated plants, and the height difference between the two groups of plants increased with time. In contrast, plants of ‘Bar Harbor’ juniper demonstrated little or no growth response to infection with the mycorrhizal fungus. Fertilization of magnolia plants at the recommended rate as compared with ¼ that rate did not inhibit the degree of mycorrhizal infection of roots. Roots of inoculated ‘Bar Harbor’ juniper plants were heavily infected at both fertilizer rates, but the degree of infection was significantly greater at the lower fertilizer rate.
Peach Leaf Abscission following CGA-15281 and CGA-17856 Applications as Affected by Temperature1
Authors: Porpiglia Peter J. , Barden John A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two experimental growth regulators, CGA-15281 (beta-chloroethyl-methyl-bis-benzyloxy-silane) and an analogue, CGA-17856, induced leaf abscission in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). Responses paralleled temperature following treatment. Older leaves were more responsive than younger ones and abscission occurred prior to leaf senescence. Applications prior to rainfall indicated about 6 hours without wetting was needed for maximum chemical activity. CGA-17856 tended to cause more leaf abscission than CGA-15281.
Maturation Temperature Influences on Seed Quality and Resistance to Mechanical Injury of Some Snap Bean Genotypes1
Authors: Siddique M. A. , Goodwin P. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Of 10 genotypes of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) studied, all produced better quality seeds at low maturation temperatures. Resistance to mechanical injury was also maximal in low temperature matured seeds. In general, the colored seeded genotypes unlike the white seeded genotypes, tolerated a wide range of maturation temperatures. However, ‘Spartan Arrow’, which has colored and large seeds was susceptible to mechanical injury at all maturation temperatures, and the white seeded line 26W showed good tolerance at all temperatures. It appears that it will be possible to breed white-seeded lines showing improved tolerance of high seed maturation temperatures.
Effects of Medium Components on Shoot Formation from Cultured Tuber Discs of Potato1
Authors: Jarret Robert L. , Hasegawa Paul M. , Erickson Homer T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of the components of Lam's 1977 potato nutrient medium on adventitious shoot formation were systematically evaluated. A low concentration (0.03 mg/liter) of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) stimulated shoot initiation and increased survival of tuber discs of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Indoleacetic acid (IAA), however, did not affect shoot initiation in the concentration range from 0 to 10 mg/liter. Both 6-benzyl-amino purine (BA) at 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/liter and N6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enylamino)-purine (zeatin) at 0.3 and 1.0 mg/liter stimulated adventitious shoot formation while N6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin) had no effect. Sucrose was essential for shoot formation with a concentration of 30 g/liter being optimal. Although not essential, i-inositol enhanced the initiation of adventitious shoots at concentrations of 60 and 100 mg/liter. Casein hydrolysate and additional inorganic phosphate had no promotive effect on shoot formation and adenine sulfate was inhibitory at all concentrations examined.
Influence of Siberian C Rootstock on Peach Bloom Delay, Water Potential, and Pollen Meiosis1
Authors: Young Eric , Houser Jean 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A four-year-old planting of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cvs. Cresthaven and Harken on Halford, Lovell, and Siberian C rootstocks was monitored for date of completion of chilling requirement and date of bloom, and change in xylem water potential with bloom. Siberian C rootstock delayed the completion of chilling requirement by 2 days and time of bloom by 4 days in both cultivars. Xylem water potential of fruiting shoots decreased to a minimum just after the swollen bud stage then increased sharply until petal fall. The change in water potential and all 5 bloom stages were delayed by Siberian C but not by Halford or Lovell seedling rootstocks.