bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection of blends of ethanol with petrol for SI engine using TOPSIS and VIKOR methods
Authors: Kamble AG , Bhosale VA , Naranje VG 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
India and other agricultural countries grow large quantities of sugar cane and ethanol is a by-product of the sugarcane industry. The blending of ethanol with petrol can save tremendous amount of petrol. In the present study, experiment was carried on the SI engine by means of various blends of ethanol with petrol such as E5, E8, E10 and E12, and the various engine performance variables were recorded such as brake thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, air-to-fuel ratio and exhaust heat. The two selected multi attribute decision making methods viz: technique for order preference by similar to ideal solution and compromise ranking method have been utilized in determining the rank of blends. It has been seen from the ranks obtained using both the methods that the blend E10 is the best alternative with petrol, E5 is the second best where as E8 and E12 are third and fourth best alternative respectively.
Research on Heating and Power Load Optimal Dispatch Based on the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Combined with the Levy Flight
Authors: Tu Chaoyang , Chen Guobao , Zheng Tianshuai , Yu Xiaobing , Huang Xicong , Hui Binbin , Yang Li , Liu Xueliang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Optimal dispatch of heat and power loads for combined heat and power (CHP) power plants is an effective solution to further improve energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption. To obtain a better load dispatch effect, this paper used the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm based on Levy flight (Levy-PSO algorithm) to solve the optimal dispatch problem. Meanwhile, the constraint condition processing method which is based on the characteristics of the internal thermoelectric load and external total load of electricity and heat network of thermoelectric units is also proposed to combine with the Levy-PSO algorithm for solving the problem. The optimal results are obtained via using the PSO and Levy-PSO algorithms for a typical CHP plant of seven units. The results show that the power generation cost obtained from the Levy-PSO algorithm is the lowest (10121.84$), which is close to the results of the literature and is better than the optimization results of the traditional PSO algorithm. Moreover, the results show that the constraint processing method adopted in this paper can well solve the characteristics of multiple constraints of load optimal dispatch problem. Meanwhile, the comparison results between the PSO algorithm and Levy-PSO algorithm indicate that the Levy-PSO algorithm has more obvious advantages in the performance of the algorithm. When combining with the proposed constraint processing scheme, the Levy-PSO algorithm shows better convergence and robustness, which is more suitable for solving similar practical engineering problems of heating and power optimal load distribution.
Birth-and-Death-Based Multipath Cluster Channel Model for Massive MIMO
Authors: Lu Yanping , Liu Liu , Liu Kai 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this paper the propagation characteristics of large-scale multi-antenna communication system are investigated. we give an insight into sub-channel correlation, and from which the non-stationary characteristics are deduced. Some in-field channel sounding are carried out with interesting frequencies of 1.4725GHz and 4.5GHz. Regarding to the channel measurements and data analysis we take an educated guess, and construct a birth-and-death-based Markov Model to characterize the multipath cluster’s evolution over the array, which explained the micro-changes of the radiation propagation environment. And the model is found to be highly coincide with propagation theory.
Research on Improved Current Predictive Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Authors: Yang Dongxue , Lu Huacai , Zhang Chenyan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Aiming at the motion control problem in permanent magnet synchronous motor speed control system, an improved deadbeat current predictive control algorithm based on fuzzy PID control is proposed. In this algorithm, the traditional PID control uses fuzzy control to realize real-time parameter adjustment, it eliminates the overshoot of the system; The improved deadbeat current predictive control is adopted in the current loop, and the control output of the speed loop is taken as the input of the current loop. the output speed of the motor is adjusted, so feedback control is formed to obtain accurate and fast track performance. The simulation results show that the control algorithm is fast and robust under no-load and disturbance conditions, which verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm.
A study of dynamics of marine circuit breakers based on vibration
Authors: Sun Tao , Yang Lian , Shu Peng 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Marine circuit breaker is an important equipment on board, its mechanical failure generated by the vibration can cause the power system failure. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the structure of the circuit breaker system. The finite element method is used to establish the dynamics model of the whole circuit breaker system under the vibration, and the dynamic response analysis of the circuit breaker is carried out with real vibration load. According to the analysis results, the overall structural strength of the circuit breaker and the occurrence of mis-operation are evaluated, then the sensitive weak position of the circuit breaker structure are identified, and finally the structural optimization design is carried out.
Study on engineering process and equipment operation of total treatment project of leachate and concentrated solution
Authors: Chen Changzhong , Jia Qiang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The accumulation of a large amount of leachate and concentrated liquid caused by MSW is a serious potential safety hazard and environmental hazard. A full treatment project of leachate and concentrate were performed, with treatment capacity of leachate 1100 t/d and concentrate 550 t/d. The leachate treatment process adopts “pretreatment + second-stage A/O biochemistry + ultrafiltration + chemical softening + second-stage DTRO+HPRO+RO+ ion exchange”. The main processing equipment is jet aerator, submersible mixer, centrifugal pump, ultrafiltration membrane assembly, softening membrane assembly, DT membrane column, RO system, ion exchange tank, sludge mixer, sludge dehydrator, etc. The concentrated liquid treatment process adopts “pretreatment +MVR forced circulation evaporation + triple-effect evaporation +RO+ ion exchange”. The main processing equipment is filter press, feed pump, compressor, MVR heater, circulating pump, discharge pump, original liquid pump, triple-effect evaporator, RO system, ion exchange tank, etc. The treatment results show that each indicator of external drainage meets the standard requirements of GB16889-2008 and DB37/3416.4-2018. The engineering process and equipment of the project run stably, with high recovery rate, and can properly solve the problem of concentrated liquid. So, engineering process and equipment operation of total treatment project of leachate and concentrated solution were studied, which has important reference significance for the full treatment of leachate from the national waste treatment plant.
Fracture Failure Analysis of Gear Teeth
Authors: Liu Chunjiang , Ouyang Kang , Jiang Tao , Liu Changkui 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Gears are important transmission components in the field of aviation industry. Failure cases such as fatigue fracture and fatigue spalling often occur due to poor conditions, and the status of teeth surface is usually one of the important elements for the failure cause analysis, but few have analyzed how the machining status of gear end surface affects the fracture failure. In this paper, one engagement failure of two gears was studied, and the failure phenomenon is as follows: all teeth of the driving gear fractured, two adjacent teeth of the driven gear fractured and several locations of teeth bottom cracked. According to the fracture morphology of the gear, it is judged that the driven gear fatigue-cracked firstly, and the fatigue zone is located at the lower end surface rather than the tooth bottom. Material structure, machining status of gear end surface, and the thickness of nitriding layer were inspected. In addition, the difference of the machining status between the lower and the upper end surface was analyzed. The results show that compared to the upper end surface, the lower end surface is smoother and the grinding amount is relatively larger. The residual stress tested by XRD shows that there is a residual compressive stress of about 84 MPa on the upper end surface and a residual tensile stress of about 238 MPa on the lower end surface. The tensile stress and the working stress cause the local stress level of the lower end surface of the gear to be higher than the fatigue strength, causing fatigue cracking from the lower end surface.
Design of Flash Dryer Cum-UV for Improving the Quality of Drying Cassava Chip
Authors: Hermanuadi D , Brilliantina A , Sari EKN 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Drying is a scientific operation, which includes the transient transfer of heat and mass at some rate of process. The purpose of this study was to design and create a flash system dryer, which is equipped with UV. The selection of flash system dryers is based on conditions where some materials to be dried are sensitive to hot air contact due to prolonged drying. As a heat source, this dryer uses a heater to heat the air. In order to spread the heat evenly in the dryer room, the blower is installed on the heater. The intake of air blower is 60 m/s, while the air temperature on the air heater is conditioned at 50 and 60ºC. In order to collect data of air temperature, a thermocouple is placed on heat channel pipe and dryer room. The performance test of the dryer by using cassava chips, showed that the lowest cassava chip water content was 7,2% at 50ºC treatment temperature, and the highest water content by 18.5% at treatment temperature of 60ºC.
Fermented meat and digestive tract of snail as amino acid supplements for functional feed of native chickens
Authors: Suryadi U , Hertamawati R T , Imam S 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Sources of amino acids and lactic acid bacteria have been developed from the hydrolysis of snail meat and its digestive tract through a fermentation process using a consortium of microorganisms present in cow’s milk whey, which is fermented by microorganisms from rice washing water with internal microorganisms from snails. The fermentation process used the Submerged Fermentation (SmF) method. The fermentation process was carried out using Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) inoculants contained in rice washing water. This product was researched and developed with the aim of being a feed supplement to reduce the use of fish meal or other protein sources such as concentrates in the preparation of feed for poultry. Product development studies were carried out on the LAB content in rice washing water and fermented snail meat and its digestive tract, as well as their amino acid content. The results of the study showed that at the dilution of rice washing water, approximately 3 different colonies of LAB were found, the dilution of 10-1 to 10-4 could not be counted but at the dilution of 10-5, 50 colonies of LAB were obtained with an amount of 5 x 107 CFU/ml. The fermented snail meat and its digestive tract contained approximately 4 different LAB colonies and found 3 x 104 CFU/ml at a dilution of 10-3, and contained 6 types of amino acids, namely; alanine, glycine, cysteine, arginine, lysine, and proline. The conclusion of this research is that fermented snail meat and digestive tract have potential as an amino acid supplement for functional feed for native chickens.
Mini-Review: The potential of raffinose as a prebiotic
Authors: Anggraeni A A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Prebiotics are dietary fiber components that cannot be digested by the human gastrointestinal tract but can be selectively fermented by bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, prebiotics provides health effects for humans. The specificity of prebiotics is determined by the bacteria that are specifically capable of fermenting the prebiotic substrate. The characteristics of prebiotic substrate need to be investigated in-vitro and in-vivo to determine the function and effectiveness of the substrate as a prebiotic. The prebiotic production process must be able to keep the prebiotic components stable. Raffinose is an oligosaccharide that has potential as a prebiotic. This article will discuss raffinose chemical structure, degrading enzymes, and health benefits as a prebiotic. Raffinose consists of 3 monomers, namely α-D-galactose, α-D-glucose, and α-D-fructose. Substrates containing raffinose-family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are the source of raffinose. Those substrates can be degraded to raffinose by the α-1,6-galactosidase. Raffinose can increase the growth of lactic acid bacteria, suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria, increase short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), reduce constipation, inhibit the formation of putrefactive compounds from protein, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Low-cost on-line monitoring system for agriculture based on raspberry pi zero
Authors: Setyohadi D P S , Kautsar S , Rosdiana E , Riskiawan H Y , Firgiyanto R , Putra D E 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Based on data from the National Defense Agency, the trend of conversion of agricultural land in the 1990s reached around 30,000 ha/year. However, in 2011 there was an increase of 110,000 ha/year and reached 150,000 ha/year in 2019. In fact, with the growing human population, the need for food is increasing from year to year. On the other hand, the slow regeneration of farmers and the lack of dissemination & technological innovation to increase agricultural productivity are challenges in realizing food security. In line with the ongoing industrial revolution in the industrial era 4.0, it has brought very significant changes, not only the type of technology that has shifted, but more importantly a change in mindset in this industrial era. This has a real impact on the direction of national development and has an impact on the agricultural system. The agricultural system is no longer just a cultivation activity, but agriculture is also part of the industrial system which is characterized by a transformation, both in terms of raw materials, economy, social and environment. The development of modern agriculture is marked by mindset changing of using biological and non-biological resources by the needs. The precise use of resources in agricultural production systems is then called precision agriculture. Precision agriculture is an agricultural concept with a systems approach towards low-input, high-efficiency, and sustainable agriculture. In a previous study, a CNC-based precision farming system (Farming-BOT) was developed. The device could perform vegetable crop cultivation automatically. To properly observe the development of cultivation, an online monitoring device based on the minicomputer was developed. The Raspberry Pi Zero, equipped with a 5MP camera and a temperature & humidity sensor, is used. The device is placed on the top of the Farming-BOT device. Image data, temperature, and humidity are sent to the cloud database periodically every day. Users can access the data through the website and Android application. Based on the testing result, with a stable internet connection, data on environmental conditions can be monitored perfectly.
The enlightenment of foreign power market monitoring index system design to China’s power market
Authors: Yu Dan , Guo Yuhan , Tang Ren 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
China is currently in the process of power market reform. With the continuous deepening of power reform, there will be more and more uncertain factors in the future power market. Although the advancement of marketization will bring benefits to market players, it will also Bringing huge risks. Thus, a power market monitoring indicator system is of great significance to achieve market risk management. The indicator system needs to fully consider the particularity of power commodities. In the design process, the power market indicator system should be designed in accordance with local conditions and local conditions. This article first studies the risks faced by the power generation side, power sales companies and user side transaction entities in the power market environment. And expounding the reasons for these risks, and proposes countermeasures to adapt to the power market transaction risks. And then analyzing and summing up the United States, Nordic, and Singapore electricity market monitoring indicator system design. Finally putting forward reasonable suggestions for the design of China’s electricity market indicator system, which has an enlightening effect on the countermeasures of multiple transaction entities in China’s electricity market.
A detection method for biological electric shock based on improved sample entropy
Authors: Xiong Xiaoyi , Shi Yunyun 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Biological electric shock detection is the key to safeguarding of persons in grids. However, present methods cannot make protectors trip correctly by extracting the characteristics of living things. To improve the situation, this paper presents an innovation by which the protectors can be adaptive to trip correctly when the biological electric shock happens. The basic principle of proposed method is extracting biological electric shock characteristics (BESC) from measured current based on the sample entropy (SampEn). It can distinguish whether the electric shock is caused by mammals or not. Besides, for practical need, a fast BESC calculation method is proposed in order to reduce redundant computation. Moreover, an execution module for electric shock protection based on DSP is developed. And electric shock experiments have been carried out to validate the effectiveness of proposed method. The results show that accuracy of biological electric shock detection is improved and proposed method is practical even in strong noise environment.
Investigating the effect of interstage pressure on cooling performance of a real-world CO2 heat pump system
Authors: Wang Ji , Belusko Martin , Semsarilar Hesam , Evans Michael , Liu Ming , Bruno Frank 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The study reveals the effect of interstage pressure with the consideration of gas cooler outlet temperature on the cooling performance of an operating CO2 heat pump system currently in use at a dairy plant. Based on the numerical model and CO2 properties, it was found that the maximum mass fraction of liquid allocated for cooling can be achieved in the middle of the operating range of interstage pressure when the enthalpy at the location of the gas cooler outlet is between 341 kJ/kg. K and 399 kJ/kg. K (that is, the gas cooler outlet temperature is between 37.34 °C and 43.02 °C with a fixed discharge pressure of 85 bar), however, the maximum liquid fraction can be achieved at the upper limit of the pressure when the enthalpy is less than 341 kJ/kg. K and can be achieved at the lower limit of the pressure when the enthalpy is higher than 399 kJ/kg. K, respectively. In the comparative study on fixed and variable interstage pressure, it was found that there is small difference in cooling COP when the gas cooler outlet temperature is lower than 38.5 °C , while the COPs with variable interstage pressures surpass those with fixed pressures when the gas cooler outlet temperatures are even higher.
The accumulation characteristics of NO and N2O in A/O-SBR for treating ammonium-rich organic wastewater
Authors: Zhao Junkai , Zhao Jianqiang , Huang Ting , Ma Xiaoqing , Yan Chunxiao , Xie Shuting , Lei Shuhan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The emissions of NO and N2O during biological nitrogen removal harm the environment. In this study, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used to treat ammonium-rich organic wastewater. The nitrogen transformation and characteristics of NO and N2O accumulation in typical cycles under different nitrification conditions were monitored, and the mechanisms of NO and N2O production in A/O-SBR were analyzed. The results showed that NO accumulated in the anoxic phase under a fixed concentration of organic carbon source during denitrification with nitrite as electron acceptor or nitrate as electron acceptor. NO production in the aerobic phase could be related to hydroxylamine oxidation and nitrite reduction caused by high ammonia nitrogen. The accumulation of N2O mainly occurred in the aerobic phase, and the cumulative concentration of N2O at the end of the four typical cycles was above 4.02 mg/L. N2O accumulation attributed to the inhibition of free nitrous acid (FNA) and NO, and electronic competition, which made N2O reductase (N2OR) activity insufficient, failing N2O reduction.
The effect of S/N ratio on NO and N2O accumulation during sulfide autotrophic denitrification
Authors: Xie Shuting , Zhao Jianqiang , Dai Wei , Lei Shuhan , Zhao Junkai , Yan Chunxiao , Ma Xiaoqing , Min Jia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Nitro oxide (NO) and Nitrous oxide (N2O) are inevitable intermediates of sulfide autotrophic denitrification (SAD) process, and have huge environmental hazard. This study investigated the produce mechanism and accumulation characteristic of NO and N2O in SAD process under different S/N ratios. The results showed that the lower S/N ratio, the higher NO accumulation. Which was due to the strong reducing effect of S2- and the electronic competition between nitrogen reductase. And under S/N ratio = 2, N2O level reached its peak, which was caused by electronic competition. When the S/N ratio = 1, although the electronic competition was more intense, the total amount of electrons was less, thus the N2O produced is lower than that produced when S/N=2. Microbial community analysis showed that Thiobacillus sp. (62.44%) was the predominant genus, and conducted the suldide-oxiding autotrophic denitrification process.
Carbon emission analysis of two crystalline silicon components throughout the life cycle
Authors: Yin Aiming , Zhang Zhen , Jin Xuliang , Wang Haigang , Zhang Meng , Wang Han 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Take PERC P-type monocrystalline silicon and PERC P-type polycrystalline black silicon modules as examples to establish a life cycle carbon emission inventory of crystalline silicon modules. Study the contribution of five recycling technologies to the life cycle carbon emission reduction of two crystalline silicon modules, and the impact of the life cycle of 1MWP PERC P-type monocrystalline silicon and PERC P-type polycrystalline black silicon module systems on the environment. The results show that the carbon emissions of the two photovoltaic systems are concentrated in the production stage, and the carbon emissions of the crystalline silicon purification process are the highest, accounting for more than 41%. Through green low-carbon recycling technology to process waste photovoltaic modules to obtain glass, aluminum, silicon and other materials to achieve resource recycling, it can reduce the energy consumption of the module production process and life cycle carbon emissions. According to calculations, 1 MWp PERC P-type monocrystalline silicon system has 10% higher life cycle carbon emissions than PERC P-type polycrystalline black silicon system.