bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atonement and Action Theory
Authors: Woznicki Christopher , Vidu Adonis 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We argue that a better understanding of the nature of action descriptions can provide a more appropriate framework for relating metaphors and models of atonement than other frameworks that are on offer today. We begin by describing a problem that arises with the framework employed by what we call pluralist and hierarchalist approaches, namely, that the approaches operate with an understanding of metaphors best suited for inanimate objects. On the other hand, action theory—a philosophical subject that has for the most part been ignored by theologians—and more specifically, action descriptions, are better suited to describe the actions of agents. By shifting our attention to action descriptions, we will be able to retain both what pluralists are after—a notion of the multiple perspectives on atonement—and what hierarchalists are after—a nuanced and differentiated way to account for their metaphors and models of atonement.
Improving Opioid Prescribing Post-Discharge for Trauma Patients With Rib Fractures: Factors in Prevention of Prolonged Use and Dependency
Authors: King Sarah A , Harper Christopher , Smith Lou M , Crismon David , Heidel Robert E , Hall Genevieve , Beam Zachary , Daley Brian J 
Published: April 2022

Background Rib fracture (RF) pain management provides analgesia while reducing opioids. We postulated: (1) Prescriber factors affect opiate duration, and (2) lidocaine infusion curtails dependency. Materials and Methods Retrospective study of RF patients undergoing multimodal analgesia at ACS-verified Level 1 Trauma Center April 2018-February 2020. Exclusions: age<18 y/o, GCS < 14, hospital length of stay (LOS) <3 d, <3 RF, ventilator support, injury-related mortality, disclosed/discoverable, acute/chronic opiate Rx within 90 days preadmission, substance abuse, patient inaccessible via Controlled Substance Monitoring Database (CSMD), and/or not using opioids in-/post-hospitalization. CSMD queried regarding opioid prescriptions filled by cohort. Cohort variable analysis performed on SPSS Version 27sf (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Results 153 patients included – 113 (74%) stopped opiates by 30 days post-discharge (NORx30), 40 (26%) continued beyond 30 days (Rx+). No significant differences in age, gender, ISS, number of RF, bilaterality, flail chest, and discharge disposition. Significant differences included hospital LOS (7.62 NORx30 vs. 10.22 Rx+, p = .02), number of prescribers (1.73 NORx30 vs. 2.98 Rx+, p < .01), average MME/day during initial 30 days post-discharge (36.7 ± 17 NORx30 vs. 45.4 ± 30.2 Rx+, p = .03), and number of pills (49 ± 38 NORx30 vs. 120 ± 85 Rx+, p < .01). Patients who received lidocaine infusion (LIDO+) had lower MME/day prescribed (32.24 ± 19.9, p = .03), were younger (61.2 vs. 65.6, p < .01), had more RFs (7.1 vs. 6.05, p = .03), and shorter LOS (7.71 vs 10.2, p = .01). Discussion Prescriber attention to MME/day and number of pills dispensed affects opioid dependency. We recommend 35–40 MME/day with 50 pill/month limit prescribed by a single provider monitoring patient and CSMD. Early LI offers post-discharge opioid cessation advantage.
Effects of a Short Video Physical Activity Program on Physical Fitness Among Physical Education Students
Authors: Bulca Yeşim , Bilgin Emre , Altay Figen , Demirhan Gıyasettin 
Published: April 2022

The Brain Break (BB) short video program is designed to improve physical activity (PA), motor skills, and fitness in children. In this study, we examined the effects of an 8-week short video-based Brain Break (HOPSports Company) PA program within physical education (PE) lessons on fitness and fitness knowledge among students. We studied 62 fifth-grade students (experimental group = 28; control group = 34) in the Ankara, Turkey school district. The experimental group received PE lessons once per week for eight weeks with the BB PA program, with extra videos viewed at home three days per week, while the control group received routine PE lessons during this period. We collected student responses to the Fitness Knowledge Test for Children and the Fitnessgram Test Battery before and after the experimental BB program. Results revealed that the experimental group showed increased fitness and fitness knowledge compared to the control group, showing that the BB PA videos can increase fitness and fitness knowledge in students.
Food and Nutrition Education Using Intuitive Method and NOVA Food Classification: Implications for Food Practices of Children and Adolescents Intuitive Method in Food and Nutrition Education
Authors: Inácio Monique Louise Cassimiro , Pereira Fernanda Costa , Fernandes Lidiane Batista , Oliveira Izabela Regina Cardoso de , Pereira Rafaela Corrêa , de Angelis-Pereira Michel Cardoso 
Published: April 2022

Purpose To evaluate the impact of food and nutrition education interventions based on the intuitive method (IM) proposed by Johaan Henrich Pestalozzi (1746–1827) at different time periods on the food practices of children and adolescents. Design This was a prospective comparative intervention program assessed by a pre–post survey at shorter term (3 months) and longer term (6 months). Setting Two institutions that provide extracurricular social support for children and adolescents with social and economic vulnerabilities in the city of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The shorter-term intervention was conducted in Institution A and the longer term one conducted in Institution B. Subjects The sample consisted of 245 students aged between 5 and 14 years who attended the institutions. For each institution, they were divided into two groups (control and IM). Intervention We compared the effectiveness of the interventions performed by the IM or by expository actions (control) in both institutions. Interventions were focused on the guidelines of the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population and dealt with food choices, meal preparation, commensality, and obstacles to healthy eating. Measures The assessed outcomes were food consumption according to NOVA food classification, cooking self-efficacy, and knowledge about food and nutrition. Analysis Paired t-tests were used to compare food consumption before and after interventions. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to analyze the outcomes on food and nutrition knowledge and cooking self-efficacy. Results Subjects receiving IM interventions decreased mean intake of ultra-processed food (3.56 to 1.50 portions; P< .001) and had greater odds of increasing self-efficacy with cooking (OR = 2,33–4,17). Both methods were effective regarding teaching about food and nutrition. Intervention period did not homogeneously impact these outcomes. Conclusions The use of food and nutrition education interventions presented positive outcomes on the food practices of the participants. The IM is an alternative method to educate children and adolescents about healthy eating practices.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Major and Everyday Discrimination Among Older Adults: African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and Non-Latino Whites
Authors: Sylvers Dominque , Taylor Robert Joseph , Barnes Lisa , Ifatunji Mosi Adesina , Chatters Linda M. 
Published: April 2022

Objectives This study examined differences in major and everyday discrimination between African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and non-Latino White older adults. Methods Data are taken from the National Survey of American Life. Measures of major (e.g., unfairly fired and harassed by police) and everyday (e.g., treated with less courtesy, insulted, and followed in stores) discrimination were examined. Results Both African Americans and Black Caribbeans reported more major and everyday discrimination than non-Latino Whites. However, there were no significant differences between African Americans and Whites with regards to being fired, neighbors making life difficult and receiving poor service. There were no significant differences between African Americans and Black Caribbeans in major or everyday discrimination. Discussion The discussion notes the importance of examining racial as well as within group ethnic differences within the Black American population in the types of discrimination. It also notes the importance of examining indicators of both major and everyday discrimination.
Amprenavir in Combination with Lamivudine and Zidovudine versus Lamivudine and Zidovudine Alone in HIV-1-Infected Antiretroviral-Naive Adults
Authors: Goodgame Jeffery C , Pottage John C , Jablonowski Helmut , Hardy W David , Stein Allan , Fischl Margaret , Morrow Patrick , Feinberg Judith , Brothers Cynthia Hanson , Vafidis Imogen , Nacci Pantaleo , Yeo Jane , Pedneault Louise ,   for the Amprenavir PROAB3001 International Study Team
Published: April 2022

Objectives To compare the antiviral activity and safety of a new protease inhibitor, amprenavir (141W94) in combination with lamivudine and zidovudine, versus lamivudine and zidovudine alone in HIV-1 infected, antiretroviral-naive subjects. Design Subjects ( n=232) with a CD4 T cell count of ≥200 cells/mm3, plasma HIV-1 RNA levels of ≥10000 copies/ml, and ≤4 weeks of prior nucleoside antiretroviral therapy, were stratified according to baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA level (10000–30000; 30000–100000; or >100000 copies/ml). Subjects received double-blind treatment with either 1200 mg amprenavir twice daily in combination with lamivudine (150 mg twice daily) and zidovudine (300 mg twice daily) (amprenavir/lamivudine/zidovudine) or matched placebo, lamivudine and zidovudine for 16 weeks. Thereafter, subjects with confirmed plasma HIV-1 RNA levels of ≥400 copies/ml could add open-label amprenavir or switch to other antiretrovirals and continue treatment for up to a minimum of 48 weeks. The primary endpoint of the study was defined as the proportion of subjects with plasma HIV-1 RNA of <400 copies/ml at 48 weeks. Results At 48 weeks, a significantly greater proportion of amprenavir/lamivudine/zidovudine subjects had plasma HIV-1 RNA levels <400 copies/ml than lamivudine/ zidovudine subjects in the overall population: 41 versus 3% (intent-to-treat missing equals failure analysis) ( P<0.001); 93 versus 42% (as-treated analysis) ( P<0.001); and within each of the three randomization strata ( P<0.001). Subjects on amprenavir/lamivudine/ zidovudine experienced longer time to event (permanent discontinuation of randomized therapy or viral rebound) than those on lamivudine/ zidovudine (median of 33 versus 13 weeks; P<0.001). A significantly greater incidence of drug-related nausea, vomiting, rash and oral/perioral paresthesia was observed with amprenavir/lamivudine/zidovudine than with lamivudine/zidovudine. Conclusions Amprenavir, in combination with lamivudine and zidovudine, has potent and durable antiviral activity in antiretroviral-naive subjects over 48 weeks. Amprenavir was safe and generally well tolerated.
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Tmp/Smx) Potentiates Indinavir Nephrotoxicity
Authors: de Araujo Magali , Seguro Antonio Carlos 
Published: April 2022

Objectives Indinavir is a widely prescribed protease inhibitor in the treatment of HIV infection. It has been associated with nephrolithiasis, crystalluria and tubulointerstitial nephritis. Nelfinavir is another protease inhibitor used successfully in AIDS treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of both indinavir and nelfinavir individually, and in association with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), on renal function in Wistar rats. Methods Doses of indinavir (80 mg/kg body weight [BW] daily), nelfinavir (75 mg/kg BW daily) and TMP/SMX (100 mg TMP/kg BW daily) were given by gavage for 15 days. Seven groups were studied: control, vehicle, TMP/SMX, indinavir, indinavir+TMP/SMX, nelfinavir, and nelfinavir+TMP/SMX. Results No changes were observed in body weight, urine volume and blood pressure. The vehicle group did not differ from the control group. TMP/SMX induced a small decrease in inulin clearance with no tubular alterations. Indinavir decreased inulin clearance (indinavir: 0.48 ±0.03 vs control: 0.93 ±0.08, P<0.001) and renal blood flow (indinavir: 6.2 ±0.2 vs control: 8.0 ±0.3, P<0.05). These effects were potentiated by TMP/SMX, which produced high vasoconstriction associated with alterations in tubular functions, characterised by increased fractional excretion of sodium (indinavir+TMP/SMX: 1.14 ±0.16 vs control: 0.39 ±0.07, P<0.01). Nelfinavir either alone or in combination with TMP/SMX did not change the renal function of the rats. Conclusion These results suggest that indinavir nephrotoxicity in rats is potentiated by TMP/SMX and that nelfinavir alone or in combination with TMP/SMX is not nephrotoxic.
Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Twice-Daily Saquinavir Soft Gelatin Capsules (SGC), with or without Nelfinavir, and Three Times Daily Saquinavir-SGC, in Triple Combination Therapy for HIV Infection: 100-Week Follow-Up
Authors: Greenberg Richard N , Feinberg Judith , Goodrich James , Pilson Robert S , Siemon-Hryczyk Peggy 
Published: April 2022

Objectives To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of saquinavir soft gelatin capsules (SQV-SGC) (Fortovase®) in twice-daily, with or without nelfinavir (NFV), and three-times-daily regimens. This was an extension of a 48-week study, with follow-up to 100 weeks. Design Patients were randomized to one of three treatment arms: arm A, SQV-SGC 1200 mg three times daily plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs); arm B, SQV-SGC 1600 mg twice daily plus two NRTIs; or arm C, SQV-SGC 1200 mg twice daily plus NFV 1250 mg twice daily plus one NRTI. At week 48, patients could either withdraw or continue in the study to the common study closure date. Antiretroviral activity was assessed by changes in HIV-1 RNA values and CD4 cell counts from 48 weeks until 100 weeks. Results In the modified intention-to-treat population, the proportion of patients with HIV-1 RNA values <400 copies/ml was statistically different between arms A and C (49 vs 28%, P=0.017), and arms B and C (48 vs 28%, P=0.027). Continued suppression of HIV-1 replication (HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/ml) was observed through 100 weeks in 83% (30/36), 73% (29/40) and 62% (16/26) of patients in treatment arms A, B and C, respectively, in the on-treatment (OT) population. At 100 weeks, sustained increases were achieved in mean CD4 cell counts of +361, +273 and +309 cells/mm3, respectively (OT population). No additional adverse events or increase in the proportion of patients reporting adverse events were observed from 48 weeks to 100 weeks. Conclusions This study demonstrates the long-term efficacy and safety of SQV-SGC twice daily, with or without NFV, and three times daily, in triple combination therapy for HIV-1-infected patients. However, the evidence suggests that long-term treatment with SQV-SGC plus NFV may be less acceptable to patients.
Antiviral Agents from Plants and Herbs: A Systematic Review
Authors: Martin Karen W , Ernst Edzard 
Published: April 2022

Background and aims Many antiviral compounds presently in clinical use have a narrow spectrum of activity, limited therapeutic usefulness and variable toxicity. There is also an emerging problem of resistant viral strains. This study was undertaken to examine the published literature on herbs and plants with antiviral activity, their laboratory evaluation in vitro and in vivo, and evidence of human clinical efficacy. Methods Independent literature searches were performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE, CISCOM, AMED and Cochrane Library for information on plants and herbs with antiviral activity. There was no restriction on the language of publication. Data from clinical trials of single herb preparations used to treat uncomplicated viral infections were extracted in a standardized, predefined manner. Results Many hundreds of herbal preparations with antiviral activity were identified and the results of one search presented as an example. Yet extracts from only 11 species met the inclusion criteria of this review and have been tested in clinical trials. They have been used in a total of 33 randomized, and a further eight non-randomized, clinical trials. Fourteen of these trials described the use of Phyllanthus spp. for treatment of hepatitis B, seven reporting positive and seven reporting negative results. The other 10 herbal medicines had each been tested in between one and nine clinical trials. Only four of these 26 trials reported no benefit from the herbal product. Conclusions Though most of the clinical trials located reported some benefits from use of antiviral herbal medicines, negative trials may not be published at all. There remains a need for larger, stringently designed, randomized clinical trials to provide conclusive evidence of their efficacy.
Fat Distribution and Metabolic Abnormalities in HIV-Infected Patients on First Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Including Stavudine or Zidovudine: Role of Physical Activity as a Protective Factor
Authors: Domingo Pere , Sambeat María A , Pérez Antonio , Ordoñez Jordi , Rodríguez José , Vázquez Guillermo 
Published: April 2022

Objective To compare body composition, serum lipid profile, parameters of insulin secretion and endocrine measurements in HIV-1-infected patients whose first combination antiretroviral regimen differed only in a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Design and setting Cross-sectional study in an AIDS clinic of a university hospital. Patients One-hundred-and-fifty HIV-infected patients on long-term first highly active antiretroviral therapy including stavudine (n=75) or zidovudine (n=75). Main outcome measure Fat wasting was assessed by physical examination. Regional fat distribution was estimated using calliper measurements of skinfold thickness at four sites. Central adiposity was assessed by measurement of waist–hip ratio. Fasting glucose, insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol and its fractions, testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone levels, CD4 cell count and HIV viral load were determined. Daily caloric intake and physical activity level were also calculated. Results Total body fat was significantly lower in patients taking stavudine, whereas the lean body mass was not statistically different amongst both groups. Ninety-four patients (62.7%; 95% CI: 54.9–70.4%) had fat redistribution, being isolated lipoatrophy in 20 (13.3%; 95% CI: 7.9–18.8%), isolated lipohypertrophy in 33 (22.0%; 95% CI: 15.4–28.6%) and mixed syndrome in 41 (27.3%; 95% CI: 20.2–34.5%). There were not statistically significant differences between stavudine- and zidovudine-treated patients with respect to the overall prevalence of fat redistribution syndromes (P=0.34). The prevalence of lipoatrophy (OR=1.86; 95% CI: 0.58–6.33, P=0.37), lipohypertrophy (OR=0.65; 95% CI: 0.25–1.69, P=0.45) and mixed syndromes (OR=1.05; 95% CI: 0.43–2.54, P=0.93) was not statistically different in both groups of patients. The only independent predictor for the appearance of mixed syndrome and lipoatrophy was sedentarism (OR=4.418; 95% CI: 1.565–12.472, P=0.005) and (OR=4.515; 95% CI: 1.148–17.761, P=0.03), respectively. Independent predictors of lipohypertrophy were age (OR=1.138; 95% CI: 1.061–1.220, P<0.0001) and prior AIDS (OR=0.305; 95% CI: 0.100–0.931, P=0.04). There were no statistically significant differences between stavudine and zidovudine-based groups with respect to metabolic and hormonal parameters. Conclusion The use of stavudine or zidovudine in the context of the first combination antiretroviral therapy is not associated either with an increased likelihood of lipid or gonadal hormones abnormalities, and although there was a trend to a lesser body fat content in the stavudine group, there was no increase in the overall likelihood of fat redistribution syndromes with respect to zidovudine group. Physical activity is a protective factor for the development of fat redistribution syndromes.
A Once-Daily Haart Regimen Containing Indinavir + Ritonavir plus One Or Two Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (Pipo Study)
Authors: Burger David M , Aarnoutse Rob E , Dieleman Jeanne P , Gyssens Inge C , Nouwen Jan , de Marie Siem , Koopmans Peter P , Stek Michael , van der Ende Marcina E 
Published: April 2022

Introduction There is an increased interest in developing once-daily regimens for the treatment of HIV-infected patients. A Phase II study was conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetics, and short-term safety and efficacy of an indinavir/ritonavir combination as part of a once-daily regimen. Methods HIV-infected patients with either proven poor compliance to HAART regimens in the past or an anticipated poor compliance to such a regimen in the future were eligible for this study. They received a once-daily regimen consisting of indinavir 1200 mg, ritonavir 400 mg, and one or two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), also administered once daily with food. A 24 h pharmacokinetic profile was constructed in a subset of patients. Short-term safety and efficacy were evaluated at 4, 12 and 24 weeks after initiation of treatment. Results A total of 64 patients were included in this study, of whom 27 (42.2%) were treatment-naive. The geometric mean (+95% CI) of indinavir AUC0–24h, Cmax and Cmin as determined in an unselected group of 16 patients were 84.9 (69.7–103.5) mg/l.h, 12.0 (10.2–14.1) mg/l and 0.15 (0.09–0.26) mg/l, respectively. A large interpatient variability was observed, with five out of the 16 subjects having a Cmin value below the minimum effective concentration of 0.10 mg/l. During the 24 weeks of follow-up nine patients (14.1%) discontinued study medication, two due to medication-related toxicity. Gastrointestinal adverse events were reported most frequently (50.0%), followed by skin effects (45.3%), joint pain (9.4%) and urological complaints (7.8%). No patient developed nephrolithiasis. The median (+interquartile range) serum creatinine level in the 64 patients increased slightly from 74 (63–88) μmol/l to 79 (66–92) μmol/l during the 24 weeks of follow-up. One new patient reached a grade 1 elevation in serum creatinine, which normalized during the follow-up; five other patients with elevated serum creatinine at baseline remained stable. During the 24 weeks of follow-up, the proportion of patients with a viral load <500 copies/ml increased from 35.1% at baseline to 71.4% (ITT NC=F analysis) or 83.3% (OT analysis), and from 0% at baseline to 76.2% (ITT NC=F analysis) or 100.0% (OT analysis) in treatment-experienced and -naive patients, respectively. This was accompanied by a mean increase in CD4 cell count of 52 and 220 cells/mm3 in these two sub-groups, respectively. Conclusion The 24-week follow-up data of this study indicate favourable pharmacokinetics of an indinavir/ritonavir 1200/400 mg combination as part of a once-daily regimen consisting also of one or two NRTIs. Short-term safety and efficacy were also satisfactory. Long-term follow up is planned to evaluate the durability of these results.