bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is patient identification of ‘comfortable’ print size a useful clinical parameter for low vision reading assessment?
Authors: Latham Keziah , Macnaughton Jane 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine what a person with vision loss considers a ‘comfortable’ print size to read, and examine whether this reflects any of three currently used parameters for identifying print size required for sustained reading tasks: minimum size to achieve maximum reading speed (the critical print size (CPS)); minimum size for functional reading at 80 wpm and/or a size that is double the reading acuity (representing an acuity reserve of 2:1).MethodsForty‐seven participants entering low vision rehabilitation (mean age 77 years, 24 with macular degeneration) were assessed using MNREAD charts to determine reading acuity, maximum reading speed, CPS and the minimum size allowing functional (80 wpm) reading. Comfortable print size was assessed by asking participants to identify ‘the smallest print size that you would find comfortable using’ on the MNREAD chart.ResultsThere was little difference between comfortable print size and CPS (mean difference 0.05 logMAR (SD 0.18); p = 0.08, limits of agreement ±0.35 logMAR), and no trend for the difference between values to differ across the functional range. Size for functional reading could only be assessed for 41 participants, and the difference between this and comfortable print size varied across the functional range. Comfortable print size was consistently smaller than twice the reading acuity size (mean difference 0.11 logMAR (SD 0.17); p < 0.001), with an average acuity reserve of 1.74:1.ConclusionsAsking people with visual impairment to identify a print size that is comfortable to read provides a print size similar to the CPS. This can be used as a guide in selecting magnification for sustained reading without having to undertake further analyses. Identification of perceived comfortable print size may offer a time‐efficient clinical method of estimating magnification requirements, and be relevant for undertaking effective remote consultations.
Principles of treatment for severe maxillofacial infection in pregnant women
Authors: Huang Qun , Chen Yuxiang , Liu Guocheng , Qian Hong , Yan Yixuan , Wang Rong , Zhao Lina , Chen Runzhe 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the principles of the surgical treatment of severe dental and maxillofacial infections in pregnant women.MethodsThere were eight pregnant women, gestational age of 20–35 weeks, diagnosed with maxillofacial cellulitis, caused by inflammation of the lower third molar. Surgeries were performed through incision and drainage intro or extraoral, systemic antibiotic treatments were also arranged, and the inflammation was cured.ResultsInfections of all patients were controlled within 1 week, Pregnancies were continued to spontaneous delivery by five patients, three patients gave birth immediately after acute inflammation control, and one patient accepted facial scar surgery 6 months after delivery.ConclusionSurgery is a good treatment method for curing severe maxillofacial space infection in pregnant women. Grasping the principle of surgery is the key to ensuring the safety of the mother and foetus.
Prediction of fluid responsiveness following liver compression in pediatric patients with single ventricle physiology
Authors: Lee Ji‐Hyun , Jang Hwan‐Suk , Kang Pyoyoon , Song In Sun , Ji Sang‐Hwan , Jang Young‐Eun , Kim Eun‐Hee , Kim Hee‐Soo , Kim Jin‐Tae 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe role of liver compression in predicting fluid responsiveness in children with a single ventricle has never been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to assess whether blood pressure changes during liver compression predict fluid responsiveness in children with single ventricle physiology.MethodsThis prospective, interventional study included children aged 3 months to 5 years who underwent surgery for bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt or extracardiac Fontan operation. Before fluid loading, the right upper abdomen was compressed at 30 mmHg for 10 s, and changes in the blood pressure waves were recorded before administering 10 ml kg−1 of crystalloid solution. Systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pleth variability index, respiratory variation in aortic blood flow peak velocity, and stroke volume were measured before and after fluid loading. A volume responder was defined as a patient with >15% increase in stroke volume index.ResultsThirty patients underwent bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt (15 responders and 15 non‐responders), and 32 underwent Fontan surgery (17 responders and 15 non‐responders). In children with bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt, Δsystolic arterial pressure > 8 mmHg (sensitivity 76.9% and specificity 93.3%), Δdiastolic arterial pressure > 7 mmHg (sensitivity 69.2% and specificity 93.3%), and Δmean arterial pressure > 7 mmHg (sensitivity 69.2% and specificity 100%) during liver compression predicted fluid responsiveness. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of Δsystolic arterial pressure, Δdiastolic arterial pressure, and Δmean arterial pressure were 0.928, 0.859, and 0.874 (all p < .001). In children who underwent Fontan surgery, only Δsystolic arterial pressure > 16 mmHg was predictive of fluid responsiveness (sensitivity of 41.2% and specificity of 100%), with the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves curve of 0.786 (p < .001). Pleth variability index and respiratory variation in aortic blood flow peak velocity had no predictive value for fluid responsiveness after both types of surgeries.DiscussionIn BCPS patients, liver compression increases the inferior vena cava flow which directly leads to an increase in preload. On the other hand, blood flow from the liver drains directly into the pulmonary arteries in Fontan circulation. Because of this characteristics for preload determination, the clinical application of liver compression to monitor hemodynamic changes might be more useful in patients with bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt than those with Fontan circulation.ConclusionIncrease in blood pressure induced by liver compression is predictive of fluid responsiveness in children with single ventricle physiology.
Political institutions, punctuated equilibrium theory, and policy disasters
Authors: Fagan E. J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper develops a theory of the relationship between policy disasters and political institutions. Policy disasters, defined as avoidable, unintended extreme negative policy outcomes, are important political, and historical events above that receive relatively little attention from political scientists and scholars of public policy. Using the predictions of punctuated equilibrium theory, I argue that systems with higher error accumulation will experience more policy disasters. Systems with more veto players and weaker information flows will experience more policy disasters, but information flows will have a stronger impact than veto players. I test this theory using data on financial crises and natural and technological disasters across 70 countries over 60 years. I find strong evidence that systems with weaker information flows and more veto players tend to have greater policy disaster risk.
3D building model simplification method considering both model mesh and building structure
Authors: She Jiangfeng , Chen Bo , Tan Junzhong , Zhao Qiang , Ge Rongcun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe simplification of three‐dimensional (3D) building models to improve rendering efficiency has gained widespread attention. To maintain the model's overall appearance features while increasing the simplification rate, we propose a novel 3D building simplification method that considers both the model mesh and building structure. The method divides a 3D building into a primary structure and subsidiary structures. It then organizes these structures using StructureTree, a multi‐way tree. The structures are organized according to the dependency relationships between building structures. When simplifying a building, the decision whether to simplify the mesh or remove the subsidiary structure in the leaf node of the StructureTree depends on the volume change caused by the edge collapse and the visual saliency of the removed structure. The experimental results show that our method exhibits a better simplification effect than the traditional simplification method, and the proposed method can achieve a high simplification rate while maintaining the simplification quality. Furthermore, the results of some spatial analyses based on the highly simplified building model are consistent with those of the original model.
Framing the detection of incipient tuberculosis infection: A qualitative study of political prioritisation
Authors: James Rosemary , Theron Grant , Cobelens Frank , Engel Nora 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveIncipient Tuberculosis (ITB) refers to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection that is likely to progress to active disease in the absence of treatment, but without clinical signs, symptoms, radiographic or microbiological evidence of disease. Biomarker‐based tests to diagnose incipient TB hold promise for better prediction and, through TB preventive therapy, prevention of disease. This study explored current and future framing and prioritisation of ITB.MethodsTwenty‐two interviews across eight countries were conducted. A modified Shiffman & Smith Framework, containing four categories—Ideas, Issue Characteristics, Actor Power, and Political Contexts—was used to analyse the current landscape and potential for prioritisation of diagnosis and treatment of ITB.ResultsLatent TB policy implementation has been slow due to technical, logistical and financial challenges, and because it has been framed in a manner non‐conducive to gaining political priority. Framing ITB testing as ‘early detection’ rather than ‘prediction’, and its management as ‘treatment’ rather than ‘preventive therapy’, may help raise its importance in policies, and its acceptance among actors.ConclusionConsensus surrounding the framing of ITB will be crucial for the successful adoption of ITB diagnostics and treatment. When designing ITB tools and policies, it will be important to address challenges that pertain to latent TB policies.
Burden of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in Santa Rosa, Guatemala in active health‐services surveillance during 2008–2009 and 2014–2015
Authors: Jarquin Claudia , Morales Oneida , McCracken John P. , Lopez Maria R. , Lopez Beatriz , Reyes Lisette , Gómez Gerardo A. , Bryan Joe P. , Peruski Leonard F. , Parsons Michele B. , Pattabiraman Vaishnavi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology of laboratory‐confirmed Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) cases from active facility‐based surveillance in Guatemala.MethodsWe collected clinical and risk factor data on enrolled patients (aged 0–52 years) with acute diarrhoea at government healthcare facilities (1 hospital and 6 clinics) in Santa Rosa, Guatemala, during 2008–2009 and 2014–2015. Stool samples were analysed, E. coli identified through culture and biochemical tests, PCR amplification of genes encoding pathotype‐specific virulence factors identified specific DEC pathotypes. Healthcare‐seeking adjusted incidence rates were calculated.ResultsA total of 3041 diarrhoea cases were captured by surveillance (647 hospitalisations (H), 2394 clinic visits (CV)); general E. coli prevalence was 17.9%. DEC pathotypes were identified in 19% (n = 95/497) and 21% (n = 450/2113) in diarrhoea H and CV, respectively. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was most frequently isolated (8.2% (n = 41) in diarrhoea H, 12.0% (n = 255) in diarrhoea CV), followed by ETEC (6.8% (n = 34) in H, 6% (n = 128) in CV) and STEC (0.6% (n = 3) in H, 0.6% (n = 13) in CV). We did not find evidence of a difference in severity between DEC and non‐DEC diarrhoea. Incidence of DEC clinic visits and hospitalisations was 648.0 and 29.3, respectively, per 10,000 persons aged ≤5 years and 36.8 and 0.4, respectively, per 10,000 persons aged >5 years.ConclusionsDEC pathotypes, especially EPEC and ETEC, were detected frequently from patients presenting with diarrhoeal illness in Santa Rosa, Guatemala. Our findings suggest that preventive interventions should be prioritised for young children.
Design Study of a Hydrostatic Gas Bearing With Inherent Orifice Compensation
Authors: Grinnell S. K. , Richardson H. H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A hydrostatic gas bearing can provide shaft support with very low friction in high-speed devices such as centrifuges and gyroscopes and in precision static devices such as dynamometers. For comparable load conditions, the friction torque required to rotate a hydrostatic bearing is from 100 to 10,000 times less than the friction torque required to rotate ball or hydrodynamic oil bearings. This paper presents information directly applicable to designs with optimum performance characteristics for hydrostatic gas bearings with inherent orifice compensation. An analytical and experimental study of a simplified model of the basic unit of which the bearing is composed and a similar study of a complete journal bearing lead to a readily usable design procedure for the hydrostatic gas bearing. The load capacity, or stiffness, and weight flow rate predicted by the design procedure are verified within 10 and 20 per cent, respectively, by experimental results obtained with an optimized bearing.
Investigations of the Properties of Corrugated Diaphragms
Authors: Wildhack W. A. , Dressler R. F. , Lloyd E. C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The pressure-deflection characteristics of corrugated diaphragms are correlated by methods of dimensional analysis. Experimental results for various sizes, materials, thicknesses, and shapes of diaphragms indicate that the performance for diaphragms of any given shape may be computed from a dimensionless formula derived from experimental data on other diaphragms of that shape. Linear shell equations are derived for combined bending and stretching effects with lateral loading terms for rotationally symmetrical shells in appropriate independent and dependent variations suitable for complicated meridial shapes, and with boundary conditions associated with practical diaphragm applications. The method used for solving this system of equations on an electronic digital computer is described and numerical solutions are presented for a specific diaphragm subjected to uniform pressure loading. Suggestions are presented for future research, both theoretical and experimental, on diaphragm properties and performance.
Certain Departures From Plastic Ideality at Small Strains
Authors: Lequear H. A. , Lubahn J. D. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Room-temperature experiments involving strains up to about 1 per cent have been performed on OFHC copper. These experiments show that the results of creep tests and tensile tests can be related, within certain limitations, in terms of the rate sensitivity. Rate sensitivity is the increase in stress required to cause a certain increase in strain rate at a given strain. The foregoing relation between creep and tensile behaviors is a consequence of the concept that plastic-deformation behavior depends only on current conditions, and not on the prior history. This relation is restricted to isothermal conditions and monotonic loading (increasing or constant, but not decreasing, load). Room-temperature creep curves are essentially straight lines on log-log paper. Extrapolation of these curves indicates that there would not be much more creep in long-time service at room temperature than in a short-time laboratory test.
The New Zealand Thermal Area and Its Development for Power Production
Authors: Banwell C. J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The main thermal area in the North Island of New Zealand is described, and a short account given of its geological history and of its relation to the Pacific seismic and volcanic belt. The prospecting and development drilling program, commenced at Wairakei in 1950, is presented. Temperature information from the drill holes has been used to prepare several temperature sections through the development area. Wairakei drill holes have nearly all tapped a mixture of steam and water, with a mean enthalpy for all producing holes of 450 Btu/lb. In the month of November, 1954, 16 producing holes were discharging a total mass of 1.38 million lb/hr, the steam fraction of which, at 70 psi wellhead pressure, represents a generated power output of 20,000 kw. The total estimated natural heat output of the Wairakei area is equivalent to approximately 100,000 kw of generated power.
A Résumé of the Development and Literature of Nonlinear Control-System Theory
Authors: Higgins T. J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
“Es gibt nichts Praktischeres als eine gute Theorie (There is nothing more practical than a good theory)” —Boltzmann.
The first section of this paper stresses the fact that nonlinear control-system theory is rooted in the theory developed earlier for the solution of other types of nonlinear systems, especially those of nonlinear mechanics and nonlinear electric circuits; whence the control engineer interested in nonlinear systems should gain a thorough knowledge of nonlinear system theory in the large. To facilitate such study this paper advances a concise résumé of the major stages of development of nonlinear system theory to date; a list of papers which encompasses a more detailed account of development; a list of the principal books on general theory; and a list of sources on special aspects of the general theory—each item being characterized as to its particular merit. The principal methods of nonlinear analysis and the phenomena of particular interest in nonlinear systems are noted. Finally, the possible use of these methods and the actual occurrence of these phenomena in nonlinear control-system analysis are emphasized.
An Experimental Arrangement for the Measurement of the Pressure Distribution on High-Speed Rotating Blade Rows
Authors: Leist K. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
For several years past the research staff of the Institute for Turbomachines of the Aachen Technical University has carried out measurements on rotating turbine blading. This program is part of a comprehensive effort directed toward the experimental investigation of the three-dimensional flow through axial-flow turbomachines.
Experimental Study of the Velocity and Temperature Distribution in a High-Velocity Vortex-Type Flow
Authors: Hartnett J. P. , Eckert E. R. G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The vortex tube represents a simple device in which a particular type of vortex motion may be studied in the laboratory in an attempt to obtain a better understanding of such flows. Such an investigation has been pursued in the Heat Transfer Laboratory of the University of Minnesota. The present paper summarizes the major results of this vortex-tube investigation.
On the Dynamics of Pneumatic Transmission Lines
Authors: Rohmann C. P. , Grogan E. C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
An analysis of pneumatic transmission tubing dynamics based on a system of evenly distributed fixed parameters is presented. The driving-point impedance and the output-input frequency response of pneumatic tubing are derived from the frequency-response approach with small signals. Both calculated and experimental results are plotted for selected lengths of tubing. The correlation between calculated and test results for frequency response with amplitudes of ±5 per cent of conventional full-scale signal (3–15 psig) or less is good. The relations obtained are very useful in determining the effects of output loads on pneumatic-device dynamics and the limitations imposed on process control by various-length pneumatic transmission lines.
Design Criteria for Heated Aircraft Structures
Authors: Goldin Robert 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Engineering considerations which constitute structural criteria are briefly reviewed, and the use of “safety factor” in the “working-stress” approach is compared with its use in the “limit-load” design concept. It is recalled that in current aircraft-design practice, primary “limit conditions” are arbitrarily formulated on the basis of not combining two or more maximum severity conditions. Aerodynamic heating superimposes: (a) Maximum temperature, (b) temperature gradients, and (c) creep life as additional parameters which severely influence design. The design-criteria problem is to define realistic combinations of these with each of the previous key parameters used in aircraft design. The possible design combinations are vastly increased, and it is contended that only a criteria framework and basic philosophy can be generally applicable to all heated aircraft. Proposals relative to safety factors, creation of limit load-and-temperature condition combinations, and how to introduce creep life are presented, together with illustrative examples of criteria for two types of aircraft.
Description and Prediction of Human Response to Aircraft Thermal Environments
Authors: Taylor Craig L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The power and weight requirements of refrigeration equipment constitute a real limitation of aircraft performance at the present stage of aircraft development from the standpoint of thermal tolerance. Since man is the weak link among the components of the aircraft system, a clear understanding of the responses of humans to heat is vital to the achievement of an optimal balance between air conditioning and performance characteristics of the airplane. To obtain the highest combined fitness of man and aircraft for the exigencies of modern air warfare, it is necessary to abandon the time-honored concept that human thermal comfort must be assured, and to substitute the principle of maintaining the physiological and performance effectiveness of the crew for the limited period of the particular flight duration. When this duration is to be many hours, the efficiency criterion will probably demand an environment which also meets the traditional comfort standards.
Predicting Performance of Large Steam Turbine-Generator Units for Central Stations
Authors: Hegetschweiler H. , Bartlett R. L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide the power industry with an up-to-date method for predicting the performance of large steam turbine-generator units.
The efficiency-calculation method given has been adjusted carefully to show a true comparison between machines of different types, sizes, steam conditions, reheat and nonreheat, and so on.
The level of performance obtained by use of this method is judged to be the highest justifiable for prediction purposes at the present state of the art. Fig. 1 shows the correlation of the method with recent representative test results.
Based upon the performance-calculation method presented in this paper, relative heat-rate curves have been prepared comparing the performance of various turbine-generator units at normal nameplate rating. A complete heat-balance diagram and an efficiency-calculation example are included illustrating the use of the method.
Turbulent Free-Convection, Heat-Transfer Rates in a Horizontal Pipe
Authors: Fraser J. P. , Oakley D. J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Heat-transfer rates are reported for turbulent free convection in a finite-length horizontal pipe containing sodium. Heat is added at one end and removed at the other. A generalized equation which correlates the data is proposed giving the ratio of heat transfer with turbulent convection to that on pure conduction in terms of the L/D ratio, Prandtl number, Grashof number, and Reynolds number. The solution is extended to inclined pipe with one or both ends open to plenums.