bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State of the art, challenges, and emerging trends: Geopolymer composite reinforced by dispersed steel fibers
Authors: Figiela Beata , Šimonová Hana , Korniejenko Kinga 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The main aim of the article is to analyze the state of the art in short steel fiber-reinforced geopolymers, taking into consideration also waste fibers. Steel fibers are currently the most widely applied additive to composites in the building industry. The work is dedicated to the usage of short steel fibers and the mechanical properties of geopolymer composites. Research methods applied in the article are a critical analysis of the literature sources, including a comparison of the new material with other, traditional concrete materials used in similar applications, especially in the construction industry. The results of the research are discussed in a comparative context. They indicate that the addition of fibers is an efficient method not only for improving compressive and flexural strength, but also mechanical properties such as fracture toughness. The potential applications in the construction industry as well barriers and challenges for the effective application of geopolymer materials reinforced with steel fibers are presented. Further research directions are discussed.
Barometric Fluctuations and Duration of Variable-Head (Slug) Field Permeability Tests
Authors: Chapuis Robert P. , Marefat Vahid , Zhang Lu 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Variable-head (VH) permeability tests are carried out in monitoring wells, driven permeameters, and between packers to assess local values of hydraulic conductivity. Most often, the water level position data are given versus time by a pressure transducer (PT) and an atmospheric pressure transducer (APT). Because the data vary with time, the PT and APT need to be synchronized. This article first shows what happens when a single correction for atmospheric pressure, patm, is used for all PT data for two slug tests, one in an aquifer, the other in an aquitard. Then, the article documents the patm fluctuation, including its maximum and minimum values during a given time, pmax and pmin, at a site and their statistical analysis for periods from 1 h up to 1 year, based on a 59-year data set. During a given time, the (pmax − pmin) value follows a lognormal distribution. For short testing times, typically less than 2 h, the patm value varies by less than 2 or 3 cm in 99 % of cases. The mean of the lognormal distribution increases with the observation time or test duration. The standard deviation is nearly constant for periods up to 30 days, and then decreases for periods from 1 month to 1 year. Synchronized data are needed to make a time-variable correction for all tests lasting more than 2 h, and the time-variable correction is the correct method for all slug tests, including short duration ones in aquifers.
Human NREM Sleep Promotes Brain-Wide Vasomotor and Respiratory Pulsations
Authors: Helakari Heta , Korhonen Vesa , Holst Sebastian C. , Piispala Johanna , Kallio Mika , Väyrynen Tommi , Huotari Niko , Raitamaa Lauri , Tuunanen Johanna , Kananen Janne , Järvelä Matti , Tuovinen Timo , Raatikainen Ville , Borchardt Viola , Kinnunen Hannu , Nedergaard Maiken , Kiviniemi Vesa 
Published: February 2022

The physiological underpinnings of the necessity of sleep remain uncertain. Recent evidence suggests that sleep increases the convection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and promotes the export of interstitial solutes, thus providing a framework to explain why all vertebrate species require sleep. Cardiovascular, respiratory and vasomotor brain pulsations have each been shown to drive CSF flow along perivascular spaces, yet it is unknown how such pulsations may change during sleep in humans. To investigate these pulsation phenomena in relation to sleep, we simultaneously recorded fast fMRI, magnetic resonance encephalography (MREG), and electroencephalography (EEG) signals in a group of healthy volunteers. We quantified sleep-related changes in the signal frequency distributions by spectral entropy analysis and calculated the strength of the physiological (vasomotor, respiratory, and cardiac) brain pulsations by power sum analysis in 15 subjects (age 26.5 ± 4.2 years, 6 females). Finally, we identified spatial similarities between EEG slow oscillation (0.2–2 Hz) power and MREG pulsations. Compared with wakefulness, nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep was characterized by reduced spectral entropy and increased brain pulsation intensity. These effects were most pronounced in posterior brain areas for very low-frequency (≤0.1 Hz) vasomotor pulsations but were also evident brain-wide for respiratory pulsations, and to a lesser extent for cardiac brain pulsations. There was increased EEG slow oscillation power in brain regions spatially overlapping with those showing sleep-related MREG pulsation changes. We suggest that reduced spectral entropy and enhanced pulsation intensity are characteristic of NREM sleep. With our findings of increased power of slow oscillation, the present results support the proposition that sleep promotes fluid transport in human brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe report that the spectral power of physiological brain pulsation mechanisms driven by vasomotor, respiration, and cardiac rhythms in human brain increase during sleep, extending previous observations of their association with glymphatic brain clearance during sleep in rodents. The magnitudes of increased pulsations follow the rank order of vasomotor greater than respiratory greater than cardiac pulsations, with correspondingly declining spatial extents. Spectral entropy, previously known as vigilance and as an anesthesia metric, decreased during NREM sleep compared with the awake state in very low and respiratory frequencies, indicating reduced signal complexity. An EEG slow oscillation power increase occurring in the early sleep phase (NREM 1–2) spatially overlapped with pulsation changes, indicating reciprocal mechanisms between those measures.
The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration and Regional Implementation Practices
Authors: Burdiak Vira 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The article analyzes the essence and perception of the global community of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, which was developed under the auspices of the UN and adopted by the member countries of this organization on December 10, 2018 in Marrakesh (Morocco). This was the first international compromise agreement between the donor and recipient countries. More than 160 states have signed the Compact, believing that it is long overdue for the international community to come to a more realistic understanding of global migration. Some countries refused to sign the Compact, including seven EU states and Ukraine. The content of the Compact is aimed at liberalizing the migration regime, which explains why it was rejected by many governments and political forces. Non-acceptance of the Compact by a number of countries that have accepted migrants reduces the potential effect of its application. However, it can be useful for improving the efficiency of legal migration, regulating the employment of skilled labor, which is of interest to the recipient countries. The crisis in the migration policy of some countries has shown that the low level of harmonization of national legislation on refugee shelter has significantly contributed to the spread of the disaster and the increase in the number of asylum seekers that the countries had to accept on their territory.
The Terminal of Marriage in Czech Labor Code
Authors: Antlová Tereza , Blažek Michal 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper deals with arguments defending the purpose of the existence of the provision of Section 318 of Act No. 262/2006 Coll., Labor Code. Both the arguments of legal scholarship and arguments expressed in the explanatory memorandum to the Acts in question are analyzed. This text further presents arguments in favor of repealing this provision which prohibits the performance of dependent work between spouses (registered partners). We base our arguments on international and European Union1 legal sources, in particular on anti-discrimination legislation prohibiting discrimination on the basis of marital status. In the context of Czech law, the relationship between the provision of Section 318 of the Labor Code and constitutional standards and other statutory norms is described and analyzed. A specific regulation contained in Act No. 234/2014 Coll., Civil Service Act is also presented and considered. The authors point out the absence of similar legislation in legal orders of other Member States of the European Union. In conclusion, the authors express and defend their legal opinion on the obsolescence of the discussed provision of the Labor Code and present suggestions de lege ferenda.
Appointment as the Basis for Establishing an Employment Relationship in Local Government and the Regulations of the Labor Code
Authors: Giedrewicz-Niewińska Aneta 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The subject of the article is the assessment of the legal situation of employees with whom an employment relationship has been established on the basis of appointment in selected local government units. In particular, the considerations apply to people employed in council offices (poviat starosty), marshals’ offices and local government cultural institutions. The legal situation of the above-mentioned persons is shaped by specific and common provisions. According to the author of the article, the tendency of the legislator not to take into account the code -based employment relationship model when creating a special regulation is more and more clearly visible.
Formulasi Fast Desintegrating Tablet (FDT) Sari Buah Jambu Biji Merah dengan Perbedaan Konsentrasi Ac-Disol
Authors: Rustiani Erni , Andini Septia , Musnawati Musnawati 
Published: February 2022

Buah jambu biji merah merupakan salah satu tanaman yang berkhasiat dapat meningkatkan trombosit untuk Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD). Buah jambu biji merah mempunyai kandungan senyawa flavonoid kuersetin dan vitamin C untuk meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat Fast Disintegrating Tablet (FDT) sari buah jambu biji merah dengan perbedaan variasi konsentrasi Ac-Disol menggunakan metode cetak langsung. Buah jambu biji dibuat dengan cara dihaluskan dengan jicer dan sari yang diperoleh dikeringkan dengan alat vacuum dryer . Formula yang dibuat memiliki perbedaan konsentrasisuperdesintegran Ac-Disol yang digunakan yaitu F1 (3%), F2 (4 %) dan F3 (5 %). Parameter mutu tablet yang diuji meliputi organoleptik, kekerasan, kerapuhan, waktu dispersi in vitro, waktu pembasahan rasio penyerapan air, serta penetapan kadar flavonoid sari kering buah jambu biji merah dan sedian FDT. Tablet ketiga formula berwarna krennm dengan bau khas aromatis dan rasa manis buah jambu biji. Formula 3 dengan konsentrasi ac-Disol 5% merupakan formula terbaik dengan nilai rat-rata kekerasan 2,62 kp, lama waktu dispersi in vitro 32 detik, waktu pembasahan 20 detik, dan rasio penyerapan air 81,06%. Hasil kadar flavonoid sari kering buah jambu biji 0,79 % dan sediaan FDT Formula 1 (0,70 %), Formula 2 (0,68 %), dan Formula 3 (0,70 %).
Sintesis, Kharakteristik, Penetrasi Kulit, dan Toksisitas Nanogold: A Systematic Review
Authors: Putri Mahliga Dwi Rezky , Dahlizar Sabrina , Noviyanto Alfian 
Published: February 2022

Nanogold merupakan nanopartikel metal inorganik (5-400 nm) dan memilki sifat fisikokimia yang unik serta lebih unggul dibandingkan dengan bulk-nya. Nanogold dapat diperoleh dengan berbagai macam metode sintesis. Proses reduksi prekursor emas oleh agen pereduksi merupakan tahapan yang penting dalam proses sintesis nanogold yang dapat menghasilkan nanogold dengan karakteristik yang termodifikasi sehingga berpengaruh kepada pengaplikasian dan toksisitasnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji artikel-artikel terkait nanogold yang meliputi perkembangan metode sintesis, karakteristik, sumber bahan yang dapat digunakan sebagai agen pereduksi, penetrasi kulit nanogold, dan toksisitasnya melalui metode yang terstruktur dan sistematis yaitu Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Pencaharian artikel melalui situs PubMed dengan periode terbitan lima tahun terakhir dan menggunakan kombinasi kata kunci, yakni “gold nanoparticles”, “synthesis”, “characteristic”, “skin penetration”, “toxicity”, dan “applications”. Diperoleh 31 artikel dari 809 artikel yang memenuhi tahap kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi serta Quality Assessment (QA). Hasilnya memperlihatkan bahwa 27 artikel diantaranya yang mencantumkan metode sintesis nanogold didominasi oleh penggunaan metode dengan pendekatan “green synthesis” terutama secara biologi dengan memanfaatkan kandungan biokimia dari sumber alam sebagai agen pereduksi. Penggunaan agen pereduksi secara tidak langsung mempengaruhi karakterisitik nanogold. Instrumen FTIR (Forier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) mengkonfirmasi adanya gugus fungsi atau biokomponen utama dari sumber bahan alam sebagai agen pereduksi. Selanjutnya, nanogold akan dikarakterisasi dengan spektrofotometri absorbansi UV-Vis, analisis TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), dan (Dynamic Light Scattering). Kemampuan nanogold berpenetrasi ke dalam kulit dengan mudah, cepat, dan hanya mengakibatkan kerusakan secara lokal membuat nanogold banyak digunakan sebagai obat atau agen pembawa obat. Melalui uji perubahan warna MTT (Microtetrazolium (3-(4,5-Dimetil-2-Tiazolil)-2,5-difenil-tetrazolium Bromida) dan dilihat dari nilai IC50 dan persentase viabilitas sel, nanogold menunjukkan efek toksik terhadap sel kanker dan aman untuk sel normal dalam tubuh.
Pyramid and Ponzi schemes and the repercussions of the differing regulatory approaches
Authors: Tajti (Thaythy) Tibor 
Published: February 2022

AbstractApart from a few shorter papers inspired by the nomination of a new crime prohibiting the organization of ‘pyramid games’ by the Hungarian Criminal Code in 1996, the topic of ‘pyramid and Ponzi schemes’ remained of little interest to Hungarian legal scholars. Internationally, the topic has garnered increased attention due to the grave socio-economic effects of ever newer scheme-collapses, from the high-profile American Madoff (2009) to the myriad less-known cases from emerging systems like the fiasco of the Albanian pyramid schemes in the mid-1990s, pyramid schemes camouflaged as multi-level marketing (MLM) ventures, or their online versions more recently. Comparative works that would juxtapose the pertaining laws and experiences of the United States with those of Hungary are lacking.To fill the void, this article contrasts a select number of differing regulatory approaches. At one end of the spectrum is the United States (US), which, instead of passing sector-specific laws, mobilized and adapted the enforcement tools of all utilizable branches of law to combat the schemes. While in the US this has been uniquely primed by securities laws, in Hungary the task remains limited to what criminal law and the criminal justice system could offer, coupled with the dominantlyad hocreactions of the Hungarian Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Development of tests to distinguish legitimate Multi-Level Marketing (MLM) companies from pyramid schemes disguised as such represents the only segment where significant rapprochement occurred between the US, the European Union (EU) and therefore also Hungary.For contrast and illustration of the other end of the spectrum, the systems that were forced to react to risks corollary to the schemes by enacting sector-specific laws, the most recent regulatory reactions of India, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka had to be resorted to. As the latter two imposed complete bans on all MLMs, it is only the Indian 2019 comprehensive act that attempts to combat the schemes and akin forms of financial fraud relying on a new comprehensive regulatory model.The Philippines is an interesting mixture made of local and transplants that readily proves that the solutions of the most developed US system could successfully be transplanted into a significantly different socio-economic environment.
A reforma trabalhista e a liquidez das relações de trabalho
Authors: Brandalise Machado Leonardo 
Published: February 2022

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar como a reforma trabalhista, aprovada no Brasil através Lei Ordinária 13467/2017, atua como legitimadora para que as relações de trabalho se tornem cada vez mais líquidas. A partir da leitura das obras de Bauman enumeramos as principais características da sociedade pós-moderna e líquida como a mudança da ética do produtor para do consumidor, a perca da capacidade do trabalho de dar identidade ao ser humano, e também analisamos aspectos históricos que levaram o mundo a sair de seu estágio sólido para o líquido. Diante de tais características analisamos as alterações promovidas pela recente reforma do direito do trabalho e verificamos que ela veio para legitimar uma nova forma de pensar as relações laborais defendida pelo modelo de capitalismo neoliberal na qual predomina a mentalidade de curto prazo e a falta de identidade do trabalhador com a empresa. Por fim concluímos que apesar de necessário a reforma das leis trabalhistas, esta deveria ser feita com o intuito de defender o trabalhador tendo em vista ser uma relação de pessoas e não entre sujeito e objeto, levando em conta os direitos humanos e que possibilitasse a emancipação da sociedade em relação ao capital. Palavras-chave: Modernidade líquida, Reforma trabalhista, Relações de Trabalho
Using unfair means in undergraduate E-learning programmes in English: an analytical survey
Authors: Alkhaza'leh Bilal Ayed , Kumar Tribhuwan , Kumar Tribhuwan 
Published: February 2022

This study aims to emphasize students’ views on using unfair means in e-learning programmes in English at undergraduate level. The research examines further how they trick, why they trick, and possible approaches to decrease this unfair practice. This investigation was carried out after the second half of 2020 when the whole world was witnessing the impact of COVID. Data from 60 students of undergraduate programmes in English offered different Indian universities in correspondence mode have been obtained. This study utilized a mixed-method research strategy by use of a tailor-made, fourteen closed-ended and one open-ended item questionnaire. Frequency and percentage analysis was performed in the quantitative portion and open questions were thematically analyzed. The data show that the majority of students cheated on others by receiving the right answers from or sending the right answers to their peers. Another technique, as claimed by some of them, being employed was copying answers from electronic website susing the internet resources and then pasting them onto the screen of the exam portal. The survey further indicated that grounds for fraudulent e-learning programmes, often without virtual classrooms, were not always attributable to technical difficulties and to students who wished to graduate and gain knowledge.
Keywords: Unfair means; E-learning; UG programmes in English; Students’ opinions; Virtual classrooms; Academic dishonesty
Grapevine rootstock genotypes influences berry and wine phenolic composition (<i>Vitis vinifera </i> L. cv. Pinot noir)
Authors: Blank Magali , Samer Sabrina , Stoll Manfred 
Published: February 2022

Grapevine rootstocks can affect the nitrogen (N) status of the grafted plant due to discrepancies in their nutrient uptake and their efficiency in the allocation of assimilates. When N becomes a limiting factor, the production of phenolic compounds in grapes is enhanced as a result of a down-regulation of the flavonoid production pathway. However, it is still not fully understood if the impact of rootstocks on fruit and wine composition is mediated by their effect on the vegetative growth and N status of the scion. The main objective of the study was to test if rootstock influence on Pinot noir berry and wine phenolic composition could be related to the N status of the scion. An investigation was carried out on Pinot noir (Vitis vinifera L.) vines grafted onto six rootstocks over three vintages (2012–2014). A micro-scale fermentation technique was used to produce wines from each field replicate. Scions grafted onto SO4, a high vigour rootstock, were characterised by a 15 % higher tannin concentration in berry seed and skin compared to those grafted onto the low vigour Riparia Gloire de Montpellier, while final tannin concentration in wines depended on the rootstock. Anthocyanin concentration was higher in berries of Pinot noir grafted onto R110 compared to 125AA, which was also reflected in the wines. A Multiple Linear Regression analysis suggested that rootstock influence on berry anthocyanins was linked to the N status of scion leaves (higher Leaf NBI_R). Understanding the interaction between the N uptake efficiency of rootstocks and scion berry/wine phenolic composition will help improve the selection of suitable rootstocks that match the desired wine profile.
Fabrication and Characterization of Passive Sampler using Polymeric Inclusion Membrane (PIM) as Diffusion Layer for Phosphate Measurement
Authors: Rumhayati Barlah , Wiryawan Adam , Dinira Layta , Afifah Sakhiyah 
Published: February 2022

<p>The PIM-passive sampler is a passive sampler using PIM as a diffusion layer. This research aimed to optimize the concentration of PIM plasticizer and the concentration of phosphate ions in bulk solution to produce a PIM-passive sampler for phosphate measurement with high accuracy. In this study, a passive sampler was made of a 15 ml glass bottle containing 0.2 M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution as the receiving phase and PIM as a diffusion membrane. PIM was prepared by mixing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as the base membrane, Aliquat 336-Cl as a carrier, and 1-decanol as a plasticizer. Sampling was done by immersing the passive sampler in the bulk phase solution for three hours. The phosphate concentrations in bulk and receiving phases were determined regularly every 30 minutes using the visible spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 690 nm. The results showed that the optimum concentration of 1-decanol for PIM was 15% w/w. The higher the plasticiser concentration, the PIM was oily, thus preventing the analyte from contacting the extractant. The range of phosphate ion concentrations in the sample that the PIM-passive sampler could detect was 0.1-1.3 mg P/L. The calibration curve for phosphate measurement was C<sub>TWA</sub> = 1.0664. Cs – 0.0088 with a correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) was 0.9998. This shows that the PIM-passive sampler can be used for the measurement of phosphate ions with high accuracy. </p>