bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Differential Response of Two Cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium to Phosfon Applications1
Authors: Mahmoud T. A. , Steponkus Peter L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Phosfon retardation of growth was studied in 2 cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., ‘Jet Fire’ and ‘Maple Leaves’. Retarded growth of ‘Jet Fire’ was the result of fewer and shorter internodes, whereas in ‘Maple Leaves’ the number of internodes remained the same but their length was less compared to the controls. In both cultivars, the shorter internodes were the result of a reduction in cell division and hence cell number. The length of cells in the pith of fully developed internodes remained the same. Application of gibberellin overcame the growth retarding effect of phosfon while indoleacetic acid was ineffective. Combined applications of gibberellin and indoleacetic acid had the same effect on growth of phosfon-treated plants as gibberellin alone. The gibberellin content of the shoot apex was much less in phosfon-treated plants, but there was a larger reduction in the gibberellin content in ‘Jet Fire’ than in ‘Maple Leaves’. Protein, RNA and DNA contents of the leaves and apices were determined colorimetri-cally and there were no measurable differences as a result of phosfon treatment.
Effect of Phosfon on Shoot Histogenesis of Chrysanthemum morifolium1
Authors: Mahmoud T. A. , Steponkus Peter L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
By using microautoradiography to study the incorporation of thymidine-3H, uridine-3H and lysine-3H in the shoot apex of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. ‘Jet Fire’, phosfon was shown to inhibit both DNA and RNA synthesis in the apical and subapical meristems. The resultant decrease in cell division in both the apical and sub-apical meristem accounts for the reduction of both the number and length of internodes. Gibberellic acid, which reverses growth inhibition by phosfon, increased incorporation of thymidine-14C and uridine-14C into DNA and RNA respectively.
Extraction and Gas-liquid Chromatography of Sweet Potato Sugars and Inositol1
Authors: McDonald R. E. , Newson D. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The standard ethanol sugar extraction method and a chloroform-methanol-ethanol (CHCl3-MeOH-EtOH) extraction were compared. Determinations of sugar tri-methylsilyl derivatives by gas-liquid chromatography were examined.
The CHCl3-MeOH-EtOH extraction was superior to the ethanol extraction. Complete recoveries of glucose were afforded by both methods; however, the ethanol extraction yielded maltose whereas the CHCl3-MeOH-EtOH method did not.
Deionization of sweet potato sugar extracts and authentic sugars with MB-3 ion exchange resin was undesirable because only small percentages of sugars were recovered.
Discrepancies were found in the recently published determination of sugar trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives by gas-liquid chromatography. Although it was reported that the quantity of the TMS product formed was essentially independent of time, at least 6 hr were necessary to completely form the penta-o-trimethylsilyl derivatives of fructose. The penta-o-trimethylsilyl derivatives of glucose were formed within 5 min as indicated in the literature. Anomerization from α- to β-fructose occurred after the introduction of the TMS reactants.
Seed and Plant Size Effects on Cabbage Cultivars1
Authors: Halsey L. H. , Fluck R. C. , Hensel D. R. , Beeman J. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Large and small cabbage transplants of three cultivars were selected from plots produced from large, medium, small, and unsized seed. Physical measurements and yield data were obtained. Analysis of the means and the plant-to-plant variation showed the principal responses to be more readily accounted for by genetic than environmental factors. Plants of ‘King Cole’ were less variable than the other cultivars in height of heading.
The Nature and Performance of Red Cotyledon Lettuce Seedlings, Lactuca sativa L.1
Authors: James Edwin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Analysis of tissues of lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., seedlings failed to reveal the presence of anthocyanin, pheophytin or phenolic compounds as the cause of red cotyledons (physiological necrosis). Electron microscope study showed that the cells in the necrotic tissues were completely disintegrated with only the mitochondria identifiable.
In greenhouse and field plantings, necrotic seedlings that survived produced heads equal in size and total yield to those from normal seedlings. Seedlings with slight spotting were a few days behind normal seedlings in establishment, whereas those which were badly necrotic were about 2 weeks delayed. After 8 weeks in the greenhouse or field there was no differences in plant sizes. Seedlings with only slight necrosis appeared to be satisfactory for field seeding but badly necrotic ones would probably not give a satisfactory stand.
The Influence of Some Nutritional and Management Factors Upon Certain Physical Attributes of Peach Quality1
Authors: Reeves John , Cummings George 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The application of either N or Mg resulted in marked decreases in keeping quality, firmness, surface color, and to a lesser extent, specific gravity of peaches. The application of K was associated with increases in firmness, keeping quality and color, but a slight decrease in specific gravity of the fruit. The application of lime was not associated with changes in any quality factor determined. The application of P significantly increased firmness. Deviation from normal pruning practices resulted in increases in fruit firmness while irrigation decreased firmness. Treatments that lowered specific gravity usually lowered per cent dry weight. Evidence is presented which indicates that treatment influence upon fruit color was greatly increased in proportion to the number of years a treatment was applied.
Studies on the Ammonium Tolerance of Some Cultivated Solanaceae1,2
Authors: Hohlt Herman E. , Maynard Donald N. , Barker Allen V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato, tobacco, pepper, petunia, and eggplant were screened for their tolerance to continuous (NH4)2SO4 applications. Stem lesions, analogous to those which appear on tomato during ammonium toxicity, were formed on eggplant but not on the other species. Of the plants tested, tobacco was the most tolerant to applications of (NH4)2SO4. Potassium applications increased the ammonium concentration of tobacco tissues but lowered the ammonium concentration of tomato tissues. Diamine concentrations were increased by the application of (NH4)2SO4. The application of KCl decreased the putrescine concentration of tobacco and increased the concentration of cadaverine in tomato and tobacco. The application of putrescine-2HC1 in aqueous solution to cut stem ends of axillary shoots of tomato and tobacco induced the formation of stem lesions analogous to those formed by the (NH4)2SO4 fertilization of tomato. It is postulated that the tolerance of tobacco to stem lesion formation is related to putrescine utilization in nicotine synthesis.
Tomato Tolerance to Two Preemergence Herbicides1
Authors: Frank R. , Waywell C. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the behaviour of two preemergence herbicides, S-propyl butylethylthiocarbamate (pebulate) and N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid) in field seeded tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). In the growth chamber, tomatoes were seeded into three soil types and treated with three rates of pebulate and diphenamid and then grown under three temperature regimes for 25 days. The fresh weights of tops and roots were reduced as the concentration of herbicide was increased, and these weights were further reduced as the temperature was increased and as the clay content of the soil decreased. Under field conditions, neither pebulate nor diphenamid treatments caused these deleterious effects to tomato plants as measured by the number of emerging seedlings and the yield of fruit. Pebulate produced inconsistent and generally poor weed control. Diphenamid gave promising preemergence control of grasses but inconsistent control of broad-leaf weeds. Pebulate left no toxic residues in the soil, however, diphenamid residues remained in the soil to be phytotoxic to wheat planted in the fall of the same year. The penetration of pebulate and diphenamid down a soil column appeared to depend partly on the flow of water through the profile and partly on the adsorption by soil particles. Diphenamid moved down the profile more readily than pebulate.
Reduction of Water Loss From Chrysanthemum morifolium Following Foliar Applications of Phenylmercuric Acetate1
Authors: Cocking W. D. , Tukey H. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A foliar application of 5 × 10−5 M phenylmercuric acetate plus a wetting agent reduced water loss by transpiration from chrysanthemum plants by more than 30% for a period of 4 days following treatment without causing tissue damage or inhibiting growth and flowering. This reduction of transpiration was associated with a reduction of stomatal pore size. However, treatment concentration was critical, as foliar damage and reduction in growth occurred at high concentrations of PMA.
Symptoms of Calcium Deficiency on Leaves and Fruit of ‘York Imperial’ Apple1
Authors: Shear C. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Symptoms of Ca deficiency on the foliage and fruit of ‘York Imperial’ apple trees grown in controlled nutrient cultures are described. Earliest leaf symptoms are chlorosis and upward cupping of youngest leaves followed by marginal necrosis. Fully expanded leaves may develop, on their upper surfaces, chlorotic spots and pustules which later become necrotic. Some leaves may develop almost white margins without necrosis. Earliest fruit symptom is a diffused, golden-amber skin color on exposed surface. Lenticels become prominent, turn brown and develop a brown to black halo. Cracks may radiate from the calyx and, in extreme cases, encircle the fruit which soon drops. Fruit symptoms occur at levels of Ca nutrition above those at which leaf symptoms occur. High N aggravates the development of symptoms on both leaves and fruit.
The Influence of Strins and Rootstocks on Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Morphology of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Ferree M. E. , Barden J. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The performance of young container grown apple trees of two ‘Delicious’ strains was studied under greenhouse conditions in a 2 year experiment. ‘Redspur Delicious’, a spur type strain, and ‘Richared Delicious’ were grown on seedling rootstocks in the first season and on seedling, MM 106, and M VII-A rootstocks the following year. Net photosynthesis (Pn) of ‘Redspur’ leaves tended to be higher than the Pn of ‘Richared’ leaves. One season’s data indicated that the Pn of leaves of greenhouse grown trees on seedling rootstocks was higher than those on MM 106. Leaves of trees on M VII-A were intermediate in Pn. The respiration rates were not affected by strains or rootstocks. Standard2 ‘Delicious’ trees were more vigorous than trees of the spur type as indicated by greater shoot length, internode length, leaf number and total leaf area. The spur type trees had, however, a greater bark-wood ratio. Rootstocks affected both leaf size and leaf dry weight, but strains did not.
Effect of Kinetin and 1-Naphthylacetic Acid on Root-Knot Nematodes in Resistant and Susceptible Peach Rootstocks1
Authors: Kochba J. , Samish R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The root-knot nematode M. javanica did not develop on two-month-old peach seedlings of the resistant cvs. Nemaguard and Okinawa, even when they were copiously inoculated with egg masses of the nematode, under conditions in which seedlings of the susceptible ‘Baladi’ supported a considerable nematode population. However, when “resistant” seedlings were wick-fed with kinetin or NAA, the development of a normal nematode population became possible. The 2 substances produced synergistic stimulating effects on nematode development; they also increased the nematode population in the susceptible cultivar.
The effect on the plant of NAA supplied by this technique was expressed in increased root growth and reduced top growth. It caused the development of swelled, non-suberized branch roots which became the favored habitat of the nematodes. Kinetin at the concentrations used, on the other hand, had no visible effect on the growth of the seedlings. The possible role of kinetin and NAA in altering the host-parasite relationship is discussed.
The Effect of Succinic Acid-2,2-dime thy lhydrazide (SADH) on the Sensory Quality of ‘McIntosh’ Apples1
Authors: Murphy Elizabeth F. , Stiles Warren C. , True Ruth H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In November and December 1967, 32°F air stored apples from trees treated with 2,000 ppm succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) were ranked significantly poorer in flavor than fruits from non-treated trees and trees treated with 2, 4, 5-TP, NAA and 2, 4, 5-TP plus NAA. Flavor was not consistently related to soluble solids, sugars, pH, or acid. In May 1970, CA-stored apples from trees treated with zero, 500 and 1,000 ppm were similar in flavor and superior in comparison with apples treated with 2,000 ppm SADH. None of the samples was characterized as “off-flavor”. All SADH treated samples were significantly higher in titratable acid in 1970 but not in 1967.
Synthesis of a Jointless Fusarium Resistant Strain of Tomato by Circumvention of the X Gametophytic Factor1
Authors: Honma S. , Vriesenga J. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The development of a jointless, Fusarium resistant tomato strain was complicated by a gametophytic factor. The backcross was made using the F1 as the female parent with the recessive parent as the male to eliminate competition. The backcross population was screened for Fusarium resistance. Survivors were selected for the jointless character and selfed to obtain progenies to test for Fusarium resistance. One plant family showing the predicted 4:1 ratio was recovered but no plant family showing the predicted 3:1 ratio was recovered.
Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium on Yield and Leaf Analysis of Southern Pea1
Authors: Worley Ray E. , Hegwood D. A. , Harmon S. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although variation between years was large, yield responses were obtained from N in 3 years, P in 2 years, and K in 1 year of the 4 year test. Results indicated that application levels should be 25-50 lb of N/A, 11-22 lb of P/A, and not over 42 lb of K/A. A complete fertilizer supplying 50-22-42 lb of N-P-K/A gave the highest average yield. Fertilizer treatments had little effect on leaf analysis at harvest in 1963, and correlation coefficients were not significant for leaf mineral concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Fe, B, Zn, Al, Mo, Ni, Sr, Ba, and Ti with yield. Significant negative correlation coefficients were found for yield with leaf Cu, Zn, Al, and Ti, but they were all -.36 or less.
Hybrid Broccoli Seed Production Utilizing the ms6 Gene for Male Sterility1
Authors: Borchers E. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Broccoli plants homozygous for the ms6 male sterility gene were grown in the field and greenhouse in several experiments under fluctuating temperatures that averaged from 59° to 64°F. In these environments male sterile plants produced small amounts of pollen with relatively high percentages of abortive grains, and they did not function well in setting seed. In crossing experiments in field and greenhouse, using male sterile seed plants and male fertile pollinators, high percentages of hybrid seed were obtained.
Aromatic or Hetero-aromatic Directly Attached Tri and Tetrasubstituted
Methanes: New Chemical Entities as Anti-Infectives
Authors: Roy Deblina , Thakare Ritesh P. , Chopra Sidharth , Panda Gautam 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Tri and Tetra-substituted Methanes (TRSMs) are a significant structural motif
in many approved drugs and prodrugs. There is increasing use of TRSM units in medicinal
chemistry, and many derivatives are specifically designed to make drug–target interactions
through new chemical space around TRSM moiety. In this perspective, we describe
synthetic challenges for accessing a range of functionalized selective TRSMs and their
molecular mechanism of action, especially as anti-infectives. Natural anti-infectives like
(+)-Bionectin A, B, (+)-Gliocladine C, Balanocarpol having TRSMs selectively and effectively
bind to target proteins in comparison to planar motif having more sp2 carbons perhaps
due to conformation which reduces the penalty for conformational entropy with the
enhancement of three-dimensionality. Properties of repurposed TRSMs like Almitrine,
Ifenprodil, Baricitinib and Remdesivir with their recent progress in COVID-19 therapeutics
with their mode of action are also delineated. This perspective is expected to deliver a
user guide and reference source for scientists, researchers and academicians in pursuing
newly designed TRSMs as therapeutics.
A Unifying Perspective in Blunting the Limited Oral Bioavailability of Curcumin: A Succinct Look
Authors: Balakumar Pitchai , Alqahtani Taha , Alqahtani Ali , Lakshmiraj R. Sulochana , Singh Gurfateh , Rupeshkumar Mani , Thangathirupathi A. , Sundram Karupiah 
Published: August 2022

Background:Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound derived from rhizomes of Curcuma longa, the golden spice. Curcumin has drawn much attention in recent years of biomedical research owing to its wide variety of biologic and pharmacologic actions. It exerts antiproliferative, antifibrogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects, among various imperative pharmacologic actions. In spite of its well-documented efficacies against numerous disease conditions, the limited systemic bioavailability of curcumin is a continuing concern. Perhaps, the poor bioavailability of curcumin may have curtailed its significant development from kitchen to clinic as a potential therapeutic agent. Subsequently, there have been a considerable number of studies over decades researching the scientific basis of curcumin’s reduced bioavailability and eventually improvement of its bioavailability employing a variety of therapeutic approaches, for instance, in combination with piperine, the bio-active constituent of black pepper. Piperine has remarkable potential to modulate the functional activity of metabolic enzymes and drug transporters, and thus there has been a great interest in the therapeutic application of this widely used spice as alternative medicine and bioavailability enhancer. Growing body of evidence supports the synergistic potential of curcumin against numerous pathologic conditions when administered with piperine.Conclusion:In light of current challenges, the major concern pertaining to poor systemic bioavailability of curcumin, its improvement, especially in combination with piperine, and the necessity of additional research in this setting are together described in this review. Besides, the recent advances in the potential therapeutic rationale and efficacy of curcumin-piperine combination, a promising duo, against various pathologic conditions are delineated.
A Comprehensive Study to Explore Tyrosinase Inhibitory Medicinal
Plants and Respective Phytochemicals for Hyperpigmentation; Molecular
Approach and Future Perspectives
Authors: Insaf Areeba , Parveen Rabea , Gautam Gaurav , Samal Monalisha , Zahiruddin Sultan , Ahmad Sayeed 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Tyrosinase is acopper-containing key substance in the pigmentation of mammalian hair and skin. Melanin synthesis is influenced by variety of extrinsic and internal variables, including hormone fluctuations, inflammation, ageing, and subsequent ultraviolet light exposure. Melasma, senile lentigines, freckles, and diminished colour are all undesirable side effects of excessive melanin production. The current review provides the pursuit of effective and safe tyrosinase inhibitors derived from medicinal plants, and ascribes an updated inferences on current practices. Commercially available tyrosinase inhibitors provide an even skin tone and are used clinically to treat hyperpigmentation and related disorders. This review focuses on the mechanism of melanogenesis and on experimentally verified potent and natural tyrosinase inhibitors. Bioactive compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, stilbenes, and a few traditional herbal formulations from the Indian system of medicine, have been used since long in India and subcontinents for the effective management of melanogenesis and related problems. Scientific information was gathered from different sources of databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer, Scopus, and Science Direct, as well as the literature found in medicinal plant books. This critically summarized review ensures to aid researchers and enterprises working on tyrosinase inhibitors and on conditions associated with melanogenesis, to get one-step solutions for identifying more safe and effective natural remedies.
Nanoformulations of Plant-Derived Compounds as Emerging Therapeutic Approach for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Biganeh Hossein , Dizaji Sahand Mirzaei , Taghipour Yasamin Davatgaran , Murtaza Ghulam , Rahimi Roja 
Published: August 2022

Background:Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most daunting health problems accompanied by progressive undesirable socio-economic effects. Phytochemicals, bioactive ingredients majorly found in plants, have gained momentum for their potential against CRC occurrence and regression. However, these phytoconstituents are not exempt of biopharmaceutical drawbacks; therefore, novel strategies, especially nanotechnology, are exploited to surmount the aforementioned bottlenecks. The current paper aims to comprehensively review the phytochemical-based nanoformulations and their mechanisms in the setting of CRC.Methods:Electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched with the keywords "colon cancer" or "colorectal cancer", and "plant", "phytochemical", "extract", or "herb", and "nano", "nanoformulation", "Nanoencapsulation", "nanoparticle", "nanostructure", or "nanoliposome", until January 2021.Results:Of the 1230 research hits, only 69 articles were consequently analyzed. The results indicated nanoformulations of several secondary plant metabolites such as berberine, camptothecin, colchicine, apigenin, chrysin, fisetin, quercetin, curcumin, gallic acid, resveratrol, and ursolic acid have profound effects in a broad range of preclinical models of CRC. A wide variety of nanoformulations have been utilized to deliver these phytochemicals, such as nanocomposite, nanocolloids, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles, which have consequently decreased tumor angiogenesis and mitochondrial membrane potential, increased radical scavenging activity, induced cell cycle arrest at different phases of the cancer cell cycle, and induction of apoptosis process via decreased anti-apoptotic proteins (BRAF, CD44, and Bcl-2) and increased in pro-apoptotic ones (Bax, Fas, caspase 3,8, and 9), as well as modulated biopharmaceutical properties. Chitosan and PEG and their derivatives are among the most polymers exploited in the phytochemicals’ nanoformulations.Conclusion and perspective:To conclude, nanoformulated forms of natural ingredients depicted outstanding anti-CRC activity that could hold promise for help in treating CRC. However, well-designed clinical trials are needed to build up a whole picture of the health profits of nanoformulation of natural products in CRC management.