bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Accuracy of Sonoelastographic Ultrasound with Biopsy in the Assessment of Breast Masses among Nigerian Women in the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Mirian Akujuobi, Obianuju , Nneamaka Ogbonna, Adaobi , Angela Ayonote, Uzoramaka 
Published: September 2022

Background: Breast cancer is the commonest cause of cancer related deaths globally, particularly in Africa where late presentation is prevalent. Early diagnosis demands the evolution of non-invasive, highly sensitive and specific screening and diagnostic investigation. This study assessed the diagnostic properties of Sonoelastography ultrasonography, in classifying breast masses compared to biopsy among women receiving care at the Lagos University Teaching hospital (LUTH), Lagos.
Methods: Using a cross-sectional, analytical study design, 100 women with breast masses were recruited consecutively as they presented to a multidisciplinary breast clinic in LUTH. They were assessed by history taking, clinical examination, and sonoelastography ultrasound was done to classify the breast masses. Breast masses were also biopsied to get a histological diagnosis. The outcomes were compared in a cross tabulation and the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy were calculated for sonoelastography USS to assess its diagnostic properties. These indicators were also calculated for the 3 parameters (Elastography score, Strain and Lesion ratio) of sonoelastography USS.
Results: The mean age of the women with breast mass was 39.4 years with a standard deviation of 13.4 years. Above half of the women were overweight (53.0%) with tertiary education (58.0%), Mean weight of breast mass was 368.7±627.6mg. Histology report and sonoelastography USS classified 46.0% and 47.0% of breast masses respectively, as malignant breast masses. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of sonoelastography USS in relation to histology report was 87.0% in the study. The diagnostic performance of each parameter was good but Elastogram score was best with 69.6% sensitivity, 87.0% specificity and 79.0% accuracy.
Conclusion: This study concluded that sonoelastography is useful in characterizing breast masses as either benign or malignant which can be compared to the use of histologic diagnosis in characterizing breast masses. The Elastography score was the elastography parameter that yielded the highest diagnostic accuracy, and the lesion ratio yielded the least diagnostic accuracy. More research may be needed for better standardization of the cut-off values to be applied for the elastography parameters (Elastography score, strain ratio and lesion ratio)to improve their diagnostic performance.
In vitro and In vivo Control of Fungal Cobweb Disease of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq), Using Organic Materials
Authors: Nmom F. W. , Nrior R. R. , Jumbo F. S. 
Published: September 2022

Aim: Assessment of In vitro and In vivo Control of Fungal Cobweb Disease of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq), using organic materials.
Study Design: This study was designed to control the disease by using plant materials as organic control agent; both In vitro and in vivo.
Methodology: In Pleurotus ostreatus. In the In vitro test; food poison method was used while the in vivo test was undertaken by inoculation of fully colonized substrate bags of Pleurotus ostreatus infected with cobweb disease with crude extracts of Piper guineense and lime juice as treatment stock.
Results: The results indicated P. guineense inhibition of the growth of the pathogen at 22mm while lime juice did not show any impact on the growth of the pathogen. Additionally, P. guineense inhibited the growth of the pathogen in fully colonized but infected substrates bags of P. ostreatus invivo; such that the treated samples grew and developed the fruiting bodies of the mushroom, 3 days after treatment; whereas the one treated with lime juice developed the cobweb disease.
Conclusion: The study showed that effectiveness of P. guineense extract on the pathogen was possibly due to the bioactive chemicals such as phenols, tannins, flavonoid etc which concentration in the plant material occurred in surplus. These may have interfered with the molecular targets of the pathogen and caused it to loose cellular integrity and leakage of cell content. Alternatively, the study revealed that lime juice was ineffective; possibly because of the solvent used for it's preparation which could not enhance the release of the essential bioactive chemicals in lime juice for anti fungals. Consequently, this study recommends the use of P. guineense to mushroom farmers against fungal cobweb disease of oyster mushrooms.
A Virtual Laboratory Ecosystem in Medical Education: Effectiveness of Simulations Made by Instructor
Authors: Khorasani Fatemeh Shiran , Nour Ghazal Ghasemi , Pisheh Ali Farsi , Assadi Reza 
Published: September 2022

Theory: The technological revolution has profoundly changed our lives. Learning has also been affected by the significant advances in technology, leading human society to a place where distance learning would become inevitable. One of the many tools facilitating distance learning is virtual laboratories that use simulations for educational purposes and turn theoretical knowledge into practical skills. Virtual laboratories can break down the barriers of time and place for skill acquisition among learners. They offer access to laboratories or clinical equipment at a lower cost.
Hypotheses: This study aimed to set up a digital ecosystem (VirtuLab) where instructors can create customized interactive simulators for medical students. We hypothesized that VirtuLab can motivate students and help them improve technical skills through steps.
Methods: To compare the traditional teaching method (physical testing and working with real-life devices) and the virtual method (using a simulator), we initially created a graphic, virtual environment with the help of computer software and programming languages. We defined a simulated device that can help medical students (interns and externs) learn four different defibrillator applications (AED MODE, CARDIOVERSION, DC SHOCK, and PACEMAKER) virtually. After completing the virtual experiment, participants were invited to provide feedback for better performance. Then, using a questionnaire, users' opinions and scores were collected, and statistical comparisons were performed to determine the effectiveness of the virtual laboratory.
Results: Our findings showed that the time spent on each step, the total number of clicks, and the number of mistakes (failed clicks) had decreased significantly from the initial steps to the last one. The feedback obtained from the learners showed that VirtuLab has made the educational content understandable and tangible for 93% of them. Also, 87% of participants expressed their satisfaction with the simulator and found it motivating.
Conclusion: The times recorded by users during the steps indicated that with the help of a virtual simulator, learners' time and mistakes were significantly reduced through steps. With VirtuLab, it was possible to repeatedly learn and test different options without additional cost and improve practical skills in a series of steps. Besides, it was an appealing environment to up motivation, confidence, and effective learning in users.
Fecal Microbiota Transplant
Authors: Silva Mariana Araujo Mendes , Barud Mariana Dias Lopes , Barkett Gabriel Vieira , Almeida Maria Eduarda Gonçalves , Leão Mariella Vieira Pereira 
Published: September 2022

Aims: The fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be a possible solution for symptoms reduction and improvement of the clinical condition in Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD). In addition to being effective in other conditions associated with disequilibrium in gastrointestinal microbiota, such as recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (RCDI) and Metabolic Syndrome (MS). The aim of this study was to review the applicability of FMT: in UC, CD, RCDI and MS.
Study Design: Minireview.
Place and Duration of Study: Faculty of Medical Sciences of São José dos Campos- Humanitas, between June 2021 and August 2022.
Methodology: A literature search was performed in the PubMed database for clinical trial studies and review articles, published in the last 10 (ten) years. The remission of clinical conditions was established as the primary outcome and exclusion criteria was not blind or incomplete blinding studies. Based on these studies, a review regarding the applications of FMT in patients with IBD, RCDI and MS, especially its therapeutic effects, was performed.
Results: In total, 53 (fifty-three) articles were selected. Studies have shown that FMT can be useful in the treatment of RCDI with cure rates ranging from 85% to 90% and represent a possible alternative to antibiotic therapy in cases of primary infection by C. difficile. FMT seems to be effective in inducing remission of UC, but its durability and long-term safety are still not well defined. Furthermore, in the treatment of Crohn's disease and metabolic syndrome, some studies show beneficial effects, but further studies are needed.
Conclusion: The studies are optimistic and, even if modest, suggest that FMT has the potential for treatment and/or remission of different inflammatory and infectious conditions.
Atypical Clinical Presentation of Childhood Osteosarcoma: Case Report
Authors: Ihuarula Eneh Chizoma , Franklin Nduka Ugochukwu 
Published: September 2022

Aim: Highlight childhood Osteosarcoma as uncommon in a pre-adolescent female’s scapula.
Presentation of Case: 9-year-old female with left scapular outgrowth, weight loss, paleness cachexia and axillary lymphadenopathy. Mass measured 27 by 53 cm, hard, tender with smooth, shiny unattached skin. Shoulder and Chest CT showed huge, well demarcated, heterogenous 14.6cm by 13.4cm by 14.4cm soft tissue mass with lobulated margins on the left scapular with its lytic destruction. Multiple nodules were seen on ipsi-lateral lung involving adjacent pleura. Malignant mesenchymal moderately pleomorphic cells with large pleomorphic hyperchromatic occasionally mitotic nuclei in a fibrous background with neoplastic lacy bone trabeculae, alternating hyper-cellular and hypo-cellular areas, dilated congested vessels were visualized on histology. Metastatic Osteosarcoma was diagnosed. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy was given. Surgical tumor debulking awaited.
Discussion: The peak age for childhood Osteosarcoma is reported as 10–14years for females and 15–19 years in males which coincides with the adolescent growth spurt in both sexes (Tanner stage 3 or Sexual Maturation Rating (SMR) 3 in girls). Our pre-adolescent patient is noteworthy hence our documentation. In children Osteosarcoma occur primarily in the metaphyseal region of tubular long bones with 42% in the femur, 19% tibia and 10% humerus. Rarely in skull, pelvis or scapular (8%). The inflammatory features seen in osteosarcoma mimic osteomyelitis, cellulitis, trauma and benign bone tumors as strong differentials. Our patient’s late presentation features rather mimic our diagnosis. Our patient’s histology support Osteoblastic Osteosarcoma with high grade histology. A variant previously reported in sacrum, iliac crest and pubis. Late presentation seen has been cited as a major factor affecting surgical method as it will in this case. Otherwise limb salvage surgery with chemotherapy remains the management with best outcome.
Conclusion: Scapular Osteosarcoma in a pre-adolescent female is an uncommon presentation, hence this report.
Digital Microscopy using Online Mapping Technology: a Solution for Oral Pathology Education in Virtual Learning
Authors: Nour Ghazal Ghasemi , Ghazi Narges , Pisheh Ali Farsi , Assadi Reza , Asadi Elham 
Published: September 2022

Objective: Our study aimed to develop a database containing high-quality digital oral and maxillofacial pathology (OMFP) slides without the high cost of whole slide imaging (WSI) for students and educators in low-income countries.
Methods and Materials: First, general expectations and criteria of the software were determined by asking the OMFP specialists and students during focus group meetings. Then, we generated a digital OMFP slides database available in different angles and magnifications. Next, with assistance from programmers, the offline software was linked to the database and piloted to evaluate the software faults. Users were also asked to assess the software and the evaluation continued until reaching the desired outcome. Finally, the updated version was presented to 27 dental students (third- and fourth-year) during their clinical pathology course. Students’ opinion toward the database was then evaluated using a standard questionnaire. Students’ scores were also compared to that of the last semester.
Results: Our findings showed that most students found the digital pathology software helpful, easy to use, reliable, well-organized, consistent, inclusive, and helpful. Overall, the participants regarded the experience as satisfactory. There was no significant difference between the students’ exam scores compared with the population average.
Conclusion: According to our results, digital pathology slides can improve oral pathology education and help dental students and professors in clinical and practical learning.
To Evaluate Preliminary Pharmacological Screening of Plant Extract of Ficus auriculata Lour for Anti - ulcer Activity
Authors: Joshi Deepak Chandra , Joshi Nirmal , Harshita . , Kumar Tirath 
Published: September 2022

Objectives: To Evaluate Preliminary Pharmacological screening of plant extract of Ficus Auriculata Lour for Anti - Ulcer activity.
Materials and Methods: The fresh leaves of plant ficus auriculata lour werecollected from the wild forest area of village Mushyoli Distt. Bageshwar (Uttarakhand), India. The identification and authentication of the plant leaf’s of ficusauriculta lour (BSI/NRC/Tech./Herb.(Ident.)/2019-20/433) was done byDr S.K.Singh Research officer Botany (Scientist E) at Botanical Survey of India, (Northern regional centre, Dehradun).
Results: The results of the pyloric ligation model showed that one or more processes were responsible for the reduction in baseline gastric output, the inhibition of ulcers index, the rise in stomach capacity, and the elevation in pH of gastric fluid. The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been shown to significantly increase the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), while the consumption of the leaves of the Ficus auriculata tree has been shown to significantly reduce the damage to the gastric mucosa caused by the consumption of alcoholic beverages.
Conclusion: There was a greater reduction in the severity of ulcers in patients who took the ethanolic extract of Ficus auriculata. Treatment with an ethanolic extract of Ficus lour leaves at dosages of 200 and 400mg/kg body weight exhibited statistically significant anti-ulcer action (p 0.0001) on the percent protection against the formation of ulcers in models produced by indomethacin. It displays a lowered stomach ulcer index, decreased total gastric acidity, increased total gastric volume, and increased total gastric protein, in contrast to the disease control. Additionally, it demonstrates an enhanced gastric pH. All of these data point to the possibility that the high flavonoid content is responsible for some of its anti-ulcer actions.
Inflation Rate Volatility and Household Final Consumption Expenditure: Evidence from Cameroon
Authors: Ewane Enongene Betrand , Abonongi Andigema Snota 
Published: September 2022

Aims: The study aims to examine the effects of inflation rate volatility on household final consumption expenditure in Cameroon. Studies on inflation rate and household final consumption expenditure in Cameroon are limited. This study provides a new insight into how inflation rate fluctuations affect household consumption expenditure in Cameroon.
Study Design: The study made use of an ex-post facto research design as the researcher has no control over the variables.
Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in Cameroon using World Bank data from 1980-2020.
Methodology of the Study: The objectives of the study were accomplished using the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) bound test and error correction model (ECM) based on the conclusion of the unit root test.
Results: The findings indicate that the inflation rate has a positive and significant effect on household final consumption expenditure in both the short and long run.
Conclusion: The study concludes that an unstable inflation rate has a great impact on household final consumption expenditure in Cameroon.
Impact of Watershed Management on Stream Flow and Build-up Water Storage in Parasai-Sindh Watershed of SAT Region, India
Authors: Kumari Reena , Sharma Babloo , Kumari Pratibha 
Published: September 2022

Aims: The study of runoff and base flow estimates and their impact on groundwater status in the semi-arid region of India is typically limited. We are focused on runoff and base flow in the Parasai-Sindh watershed, and impact of rain water harvesting structure on harvesting of stream flow and change ground water status.
Place and Duration of Study: The study site is located in Jhansi district (Bundelkhand region) of Uttar Pradesh and started from 2012 and completed at end of 2013.
Methodology: Total six rainwater harvesting structure (RHS) or checkdams were constructed on the drainage line from ridge to final outlet of watershed. Daily rainfall data was observed with automatic rain gauge during the study period. For discharge estimation, the runoff gauging station was installed at the outlet of watershed. The runoff and base flow of watershed were estimated by subtracting barometric pressure from the stage recoded by Baro and Diver install at outlet to get actual stage of runoff passing over it. The water pressure head of 200 randomly selected open wells were monitored on monthly interval.
Results: The geological area of watershed is 12.46 km2 and it’s main stream is found to be of 4th order. The results indicate that out of 49.2 mm rainfall event, runoff and base flow at outlet of watershed were found as 20.98% and 4.19%, respectively. Whereas, runoff and base flow were recorded 14.12% and 11.18%, respectively against 86.2 mm rainfall. Total runoff and base flow produced from outlet was recorded as 16 and 7%, respectively. The water head pressure of open wells was improved 92.45% after the rainy season as compared to before the rainy season.
Conclusion: The findings of the study are useful and show relationship between rainfall: runoff and estimation of base flow separation from the total discharge at the outlet of watershed. The estimation of volume of runoff which was harvested as surface runoff during rainy season and it's indirectly effected groundwater recharging through construction of RHS in ephemeral drain of Bundelkhand region.
A Polyherbal Formulation Katakakhadiradi Kashayam in Treatment of Diabetes – Review
Authors: Jessica S. Angelie , Kavimani M. , Prabhu K. , Ramadoss Mukilan , Sathish Kumar M. , Amalraj Julie Christy , Dhamodharan Jagadeesh 
Published: September 2022

Diabetes is a common non-transmittable disease in the world today. It is the fourth leading cause of mortality in most developed nations and there is significant proof that it is widespread in many developing and newly developed nations. Diabetes patients are at risk of developing is chemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease, all of which can result in severe morbidity and death. The most widely used alternative therapy for glycaemic control is herbal medication. The effectiveness of botanicals in lowering sugar levels has been confirmed scientifically for a variety of Indian plant species. Numerous plants have been shown to be effective in treating a variety of systemic illnesses in traditional medical systems. Although many traditional/indigenous medical systems are more effective than modern medications, one of the biggest problems facing traditional medicine is the absence of comprehensive standardisation. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective qualities of Katakakhadiradi kashayam may be responsible for its antidiabetic effects, but further research is needed to fully comprehend this kashayam's protective effects against a variety of ailments.
Association of Research and Development Investments With Treatment Costs for New Drugs Approved From 2009 to 2018
Authors: Wouters Olivier J. , Berenbrok Lucas A. , He Meiqi , Li Yihan , Hernandez Inmaculada 
Published: September 2022

ImportanceDrug companies frequently claim that high prices are needed to recoup spending on research and development. If high research and development costs justified high drug prices, then an association between these 2 measures would be expected.ObjectiveTo examine the association between treatment costs and research and development investments for new therapeutic agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 2009 to 2018.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study analyzed 60 drugs approved by the FDA between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2018, for which data on research and development investments and list or net prices were available. Data sources included the FDA and SSR Health databases.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary independent variable was estimated research and development investment. The outcome was standardized treatment costs (ie, annual treatment costs for both chronic and cycle drugs, and treatment costs for the maximum length of treatment recommended for acute drugs). Standardized treatment costs were estimated separately using list and net prices obtained from SSR Health at the time of launch and in 2021. To test the association between research and development investments and treatment costs, correlation coefficients were estimated and linear regression models were fitted that controlled for other factors that were associated with treatment costs, such as orphan status. Two models were used: a fully adjusted model that was adjusted for all variables in the data set associated with treatment costs and a parsimonious model in which highly correlated variables were excluded.ResultsNo correlation was observed between estimated research and development investments and log-adjusted treatment costs based on list prices at launch (R = −0.02 and R2 = 0.0005; P = .87) or net prices 1 year after launch (R = 0.08 and R2 = 0.007; P = .73). This result held when 2021 prices were used to estimate treatment costs. The linear regression models showed no association between estimated research and development investments and log-adjusted treatment costs at launch (β = 0.002 [95% CI, −0.02 to 0.02; P = .84] in the fully adjusted model; β = 0.01 [95% CI, −0.01 to 0.03; P = .46] in the parsimonious model) or from 2021 (β = −0.01 [95% CI, −0.03 to 0.01; P = .30] in the fully adjusted model; β = −0.004 [95% CI, −0.02 to 0.02; P = .66] in the parsimonious model).Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this study indicated that research and development investments did not explain the variation in list prices for the 60 drugs in this sample. Drug companies should make further data available to support their claims that high drug prices are needed to recover research and development investments, if they are to continue to use this argument to justify high prices.