bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A paradox of age in early childhood education: A review of the literature and survey of Australian educators working with three-year-old children
Authors: Elwick Sheena , White E. Jayne 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA paradox concerning age exists in early childhood education (ECE) across many countries today, evident in the literature, curriculum, policy, funding, and provision. This paradox comprises two distinct approaches that call for either a specialised developmental approach to discrete age groups or a generic attitude concerning childhoods with no age distinction at all. This article traces the presence and impact of the paradox of age through an Australian study comprising two components: a review of the literature concerning age; and, a survey undertaken in two states where different treatments of age were evident: NSW and Victoria—with a particular interest in what was happening for three-year-olds. 171 responses were received 102 (NSW) and 69 (Victoria). The review of the literature generated four main themes that when considered in relation to the survey responses revealed the tendency of ECE researchers, policymakers, and educators to situate children within a “discourse of becoming” that focusses attention towards children’s maturity and skills, and school readiness. While this discourse has been used productively, its prevalence in this study suggests that many children attending ECE services are likely to experience learning environments that do not always acknowledge the importance of the here and now, or the wealth of experience and knowledge they bring to these environments. This calls attention to the attitudes and assumptions of educators themselves concerning the treatment of younger learners; as well as the constraints and opportunities that policymakers provide for effective provision, and that influence both the nature of and access to ECE.
Automotive Perception System Evaluation with Reference Data from a UAV’s Camera Using ArUco Markers and DCNN
Authors: Blachut Krzysztof , Danilowicz Michal , Szolc Hubert , Wasala Mateusz , Kryjak Tomasz , Komorkiewicz Mateusz 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTesting and evaluation of an automotive perception system is a complicated task which requires special equipment and infrastructure. To compute key performance indicators and compare the results with real-world situation, some additional sensors and manual data labelling are often required. In this article, we propose a different approach, which is based on a UAV equipped with a 4K camera flying above a test track. Two computer vision methods are used to precisely determine the positions of the objects around the car – one based on ArUco markers and the other on a DCNN (we provide the algorithms used on GitHub). The detections are then correlated with the perception system readings. For the static and dynamic experiments, the differences between various systems are mostly below 0.5 m. The results of the experiments performed indicate that this approach could be an interesting alternative to existing evaluation solutions.
The Spatial Dynamics of Homelessness in Australia: Urbanisation, Intra-City Dynamics and Affordable Housing
Authors: Batterham Deb , Cigdem-Bayram Melek , Parkinson Sharon , Reynolds Margaret , Wood Gavin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWhile homelessness in Australia has remained relatively stable at the national level, its spatial distribution is becoming more nuanced. This paper draws on homelessness estimates produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to explore the spatial dynamics of homelessness in Australia over a fifteen-year period. Building on existing work, we show that homelessness is becoming more urbanised with evidence of spatial convergence, mainly driven by a surge in severe crowding in our major cities. However, when exploring intra-city patterns, we find distinctive intra-city spatial dynamics featuring strong suburbanisation of ‘couch surfing’ in state capital cities, contrasting with shifts in severe crowding numbers toward middle and inner regions of most state capitals. We argue that these dynamics reflect the retreat of affordable rental housing supply to the outer suburban fringe, and the coping strategies that ‘couch surfers’ and those aspiring to live in the inner cities are compelled to follow in response to the changing spatial configuration of affordable housing.
Oil utilization degree at various pore sizes via different displacement methods
Authors: Li Teng , Gao Hui , Wang Chen , Cheng Zhilin , Xue Junjie , Zhang Zhe , Luo Kaiqing , Li Ning , Liu Xufei , Cao Jiangfeng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA reasonable displacement method is essential to improve the oil displacement efficiency of tight reservoirs. In this study, three different displacement methods were utilized on the tight core samples obtained from the Yanchang Formation Chang 8 and Chang 9 tight oil reservoirs: spontaneous imbibition displacement, various water flooding rate displacement and water flooding displacement after spontaneous imbibitions; furthermore, the oil utilization degree of the residual oil in various pores was discussed. The oil displacement efficiency of the spontaneous imbibitions was approximately 26.91% and 29.56% for the Chang 8 and Chang 9 samples, respectively. With an increasing water flooding rate, the oil displacement efficiency features an inverse “V”-like tendency, and a water flooding rate of 0.06 mL/min was the optimal value as; the oil displacement efficiency achieved was 63.56% and 60.27% for the Chang 8 and Chang 9, respectively. When compared with spontaneous imbibitions, at a displacement rate of 0.06 mL/min after spontaneous imbibition, the oil displacement efficiency could be further increased to 50.02% and 30.35%, respectively. The differences in the oil displacement efficiency using various displacement methods are primarily related to the degree of utilization of residual oil in various pores. The progressively refined pore classification method is used to study the degree of oil utilization in various pores, and the pores in the tight reservoir can be divided into four types: P1, P2, P3 and P4. Regarding the spontaneous imbibition displacement, the displacement of the residual oil is dominantly determined by the residual oil present in the P2 and P3 pores; as the residual oil massively accumulates in the P2 pores, the discharging of the residual oil in this part finally determines the oil displacement efficiency when the water flooding rates changed. At a water flooding rate of 0.06 mL/min after spontaneous imbibition, the oil utilization degree of residual oil in various pores is enhanced, particularly for the P2, P3, and P4 pores, and the pore structure contributes to the increase in the oil displacement efficiency. Using the progressively refined pore classification method, the complexity of the distribution of residual oil in tight reservoirs could be studied quantitatively and elaborately, and the results can efficiently guide the development of residual oil in tight oil reservoirs.
Images of Artificial Intelligence: a Blind Spot in AI Ethics
Authors: Romele Alberto 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper argues that the AI ethics has generally neglected the issues related to the science communication of AI. In particular, the article focuses on visual communication about AI and, more specifically, on the use of certain stock images in science communication about AI — in particular, those characterized by an excessive use of blue color and recurrent subjects, such as androgyne faces, half-flesh and half-circuit brains, and variations on Michelangelo’s The Creation of Adam. In the first section, the author refers to a “referentialist” ethics of science communication for an ethical assessment of these images. From this perspective, these images are unethical. While the ethics of science communication generally promotes virtues like modesty and humility, similar images are arrogant and overconfident. In the second section, the author uses French philosopher Jacques Rancière’s concepts of “distribution of the sensible,” “disagreement,” and “pensive image.” Rancière’s thought paves the way to a deeper critique of these images of AI. The problem with similar images is not their lack of reference to the “things themselves.” It rather lies in the way they stifle any possible forms of disagreement about AI. However, the author argues that stock images and other popular images of AI are not a problem per se, and they can also be a resource. This depends on the real possibility for these images to support forms of pensiveness. In the conclusion, the question is asked whether the kind of ethics or politics of AI images proposed in this article can be applied to AI ethics tout court.
On the convergence of infinite towers of powers and logarithms for general initial data: applications to Lambert W function sequences
Authors: Toledo F. J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to provide the exact sets of initial data ensuring the convergence or divergence of a special class of real towers of powers and logarithms. All the terms forming these towers have a common value except the cusp element, that is indeed the initial data of the sequences defining the towers. The results obtained will be applied to some Lambert W function sequences, providing also the whole set of initial data which ensure their convergence or divergence.
How commodity prices and technical development has influenced exploration strategies: a case study from Sweden
Authors: Weihed Pär 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn Sweden, mining of metallic mineral resources goes back at least 1000 years, possibly much longer. This paper reviews the development of exploration over the past 500 years and discusses exploration based on 1) demand and price, 2) technical development, and 3) legislation. Without doubt, exploration efforts have been driven by an early demand, especially from the Swedish crown and well-known mines such as Falun copper mine and Sala silver mine sustained the Swedish crown and financed several wars during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries for several centuries. The fluctuation in metal prices, basically a function of demand, due to technical development and industrialization, has been an important driver for the focus of exploration over the last 100 years, and even more so during the last 50 years when exploration, besides base metals and iron, has focussed on more critical raw materials for the energy transition and green technology. The technical development has also meant that new methods have become available for exploration, not the least deep exploration methods and Swedish innovations have played a major role in drilling technology, geophysical instrument development and other areas. This is discussed based on development in drilling technology, geological, geophysical and geochemical methods. Finally, a review of the how the mining legislation has changed over the last 500 years is provided where this is placed in the context of how it has influenced private investment in exploration and what role the Swedish state has played.
Students’ feedback experiences and expectations pre- and post-university entry
Authors: Gray Keith , Riegler Robert , Walsh Michael 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFeedback on submitted work is a crucial element of students’ learning process, but UK undergraduate students are often dissatisfied with the nature and process of university feedback. This article explores the causes of this dissatisfaction by analysing students’ past feedback experiences pre-university and how these relate to their expectations regarding feedback at the Higher Education level. This study is based on a large survey undertaken at a UK Business School at the beginning of course induction meetings for 1st year undergraduate students. The results reveal that there is a significant misalignment between students’ university feedback expectations and actual university feedback. These findings highlight the importance of managing student expectations regarding the nature and timeliness of feedback. This paper offers suggestions for feedback design and managing students' feedback expectations for course leaders to facilitate students’ transition from schools and colleges to UK universities.
Reflections on educational leadership for sustainability: a Brazilian case study
Authors: Sudan Daniela Cassia , Zuin Vânia Gomes 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLarge-scale socio-environmental education to foster a culture of sustainability and transform degrading situations is considered a matter of worldwide urgency. Considering this, we present and discuss results from a thesis that investigated the potentials and challenges of a participatory methodology, capillarity architecture, to educate sustainability leaders used on a socio-environmental training programme for public servants from a Brazilian Higher Education Institution. Capillarity architecture, launched by the Brazilian Federal Government in 2005, is a methodological strategy that encompasses participatory action research and collective networks of educators for training in an exponential format. The participants in the process undergo training while developing educational practices for their university peers. The overall study included 2500 individuals, who were assigned to one of 160 learning collectives in seven university campuses. The research method includes a participatory-research approach, a focus group, participant observation and discursive textual analysis of process documents. The results are discussed considering two points: (1) Impacts of capillarity architecture on the university experience and; (2) Challenges and tensions between the commitment to leadership formation on a large scale and the search for emancipation in EE. It can be concluded that even considering the permanent risk of impairing quality in exponential Environmental Education training, capillarity (in its critical principles) allows for: gains in autonomy, critical reflection, exchanging experiences and repertoires within the university, educating new leaders, in addition to the concomitant engagement of a larger audience. The results of this project also provide us with evidence that leadership formation in sustainability is influenced by the access or not of the participants and coordinators to material conditions (budget, infrastructure, personnel). The relevance of promoting concrete investments in environmental education and training towards sustainability is indicated, so that large-scale training can take place in territories that have significant social inequalities. Capillarity architecture questions the traditional format of organisational training. It provides for the exchange of experiences among its participants, elaboration and development of courses in the socio-environmental area in a collective way, based on problems and social relations of the local territory. These are fundamental aspects when we think about leadership formation on a large scale in broad policies, which involve different cultures and diverse socioeconomic conditions worldwide.
Opportunities for antibiotic stewardship in emergency department or hospitalized patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria: identifying risk factors for antibiotic treatment
Authors: Bixby Morgan L. , Raux Brian R. , Bhalla Aakansha , McCoy Christopher , Hirsch Elizabeth B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Antibiotic treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is considered inappropriate and may lead to adverse events. This 2-center, retrospective cohort study including emergency department or inpatient adults identified pyuria (odds ratio, 2.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.17–5.01; P = .02) as the only independent risk factor for antibiotic treatment of ASB.
Developing a consensus-driven, plain-language clinical research glossary for study participants and the clinical research community
Authors: Baedorf Kassis Sylvia , White Sarah A. , Bierer Barbara E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Clinical research is complex, and research-related terms can be challenging to understand. Clear, supportive communication with patients, potential study participants, and their caregivers must be prioritized by healthcare providers as well as investigators and their research teams. In clinical research, health literacy best practices support the ethical tenets of respect, justice, and beneficence. Plain language advances the understanding of informed consent documents, as well as comprehension of educational information, recruitment materials, study instructions, and study results summaries, among others. Further, a more collaborative research partnership is fostered when study participants are given understandable materials, while a lack of understanding can delay accrual and decrease adherence. We launched a pilot initiative to develop a consensus-driven, plain language clinical research glossary to promote clarity, consistency, and transparency across clinical research stakeholder groups. The resulting resource, described herein, is intended to be used widely to support a greater understanding of clinical research and empower study participants. Considerations for expansion are also discussed.
Ambient high-frequency seismic surface waves in the firn column of central west Antarctica
Authors: Chaput Julien , Aster Rick , Karplus Marianne , Nakata Nori 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFirn is the pervasive surface material across Antarctica, and its structures reflect its formation and history in response to environmental perturbations. In addition to the role of firn in thermally isolating underlying glacial ice, it defines near-surface elastic and density structure and strongly influences high-frequency (> 5 Hz) seismic phenomena observed near the surface. We investigate high-frequency seismic data collected with an array of seismographs deployed on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) near WAIS Divide camp in January 2019. Cross-correlations of anthropogenic noise originating from the approximately 5 km-distant camp were constructed using a 1 km-diameter circular array of 22 seismographs. We distinguish three Rayleigh (elastic surface) wave modes at frequencies up to 50 Hz that exhibit systematic spatially varying particle motion characteristics. The horizontal-to-vertical ratio for the second mode shows a spatial pattern of peak frequencies that matches particle motion transitions for both the fundamental and second Rayleigh modes. This pattern is further evident in the appearance of narrow band spectral peaks. We find that shallow lateral structural variations are consistent with these observations, and model spectral peaks as Rayleigh wave amplifications within similarly scaled shallow basin-like structures delineated by the strong velocity and density gradients typical of Antarctic firn.
Understanding Deep Learning with Statistical Relevance
Authors: Räz Tim 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper argues that a notion of statistical explanation, based on Salmon’s statistical relevance model, can help us better understand deep neural networks. It is proved that homogeneous partitions, the core notion of Salmon’s model, are equivalent to minimal sufficient statistics, an important notion from statistical inference. This establishes a link to deep neural networks via the so-called Information Bottleneck method, an information-theoretic framework, according to which deep neural networks implicitly solve an optimization problem that generalizes minimal sufficient statistics. The resulting notion of statistical explanation is general, mathematical, and subcausal.
The Perils of Estimating Disengagement Effects of Deadly Terrorist Attacks Utilizing Social Media Data
Authors: Hansen Tanja Marie 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis comment discusses the impact of social media rule enforcement protocols on research on online data sources. It argues that the conclusions of the article ‘Do Islamic State's Deadly Attacks Disengage, Deter, or Mobilize Supporters?’ concerning the recruitment effects of deadly attacks cannot be assumed to hold when considering the timing of Twitter account suspensions. It highlights four ways in which suspensions can confound evidence of demobilization despite the introduction of control variables and fixed-effects model specifications. All change the composition of the sample in four non-random ways. First, suspending connected Islamic State accounts may result in follower loss. Secondly, Twitter suspension procedures may be tied to account characteristics, such as follower accrual rates. Thirdly, suspended accounts that re-emerge introduce replication bias. Fourthly, account closure may reflect user movement to other platforms in response to changing security environments following deadly attacks. In conclusion, caution is advised when platform-introduced variation risks altering the sample composition in non-random ways.
Healing after transoral carbon dioxide laser surgery for early glottic cancer
Authors: Jabbour N , Tracy J C , Du E , Tracy L F 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of granulation tissue after endoscopic carbon dioxide laser surgery for glottic cancer.MethodThis was a retrospective review of 36 patients who underwent endoscopic carbon dioxide laser surgery for T1 and T2 glottic cancer. Post-operative, endoscopic examinations were rated by three blinded otolaryngologists for time to heal and presence of granulation. Patient and surgical factors were compared with time to heal and granulation.ResultsA total of 16 of 36 wounds (44 per cent) developed granulation tissue, and 24 wounds (67 per cent) healed without requiring surgical intervention. A total of 7 of 8 wounds biopsied more than 3.5 months after surgery had persistent cancer versus 1 of 4 wounds biopsied at equal to or less than 3.5 months (85.7 per cent vs 25 per cent; p = 0.03). Biopsy at more than 3.5 months was associated with 28-fold increased odds of cancer in biopsy compared with biopsy at equal to or less than 3.5 months (odds ratio, 28.0; 95 per cent confidence interval, 1.088–373.3).ConclusionAfter carbon dioxide laser surgery for glottic cancer, development of granulation tissue is common. Granulation that persists for more than 3.5 months necessitates biopsy because of increased risk of persistent cancer.
Emergence speed comparison by non-linear regression and approached by time-to-event models for censored data
Authors: Michelon Thomas B. , Belniaki Andreza C. , Taconeli Cesar A. , Vieira Elisa S. N. , Panobianco Maristela 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDetermining the germination speed is essential in experiments in the field of seed technology, as it allows the performance evaluation of a seed lot and the creation of predictive models. To this end, the literature addresses several methods and indexes. The objective of this study was to compare the main methods of emergence speed analysis in seeds, namely the non-linear regression models and the Emergence Speed Index (ESI), with the time-to-event models. The research was conducted with peach palm seeds (Bactris gasipaes) that were measured for viability and vigour through daily evaluations for 4 months. Vigour was evaluated by the quantification of the seed emergence speed, which was performed in three ways: ESI, non-linear regression and non-linear regression considering germination as a time-to-event event. From the results obtained, we conclude that the ESI is not a good indicator to evaluate the emergence speed; the non-linear regression model underestimates the errors and, thus, increases the probability of misclassifying treatments; the time-to-event model is more reliable in classifying treatments according to the emergence speed.