bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction of temporal integration in fourth year MBBS curriculum; Students’ experience
Authors: Shahid Rameen , Ehsan Sumera Badar , Nawaz Muhammad 
Published: January 2022

Objectives: Rapid innovations in medical science have necessitated the development of an advanced medical curriculum. Taking a step towards this, a temporal integrated system and clinic-pathological conferences themes were introduced in a public sector medical university for fourth year MBBS. This study aims to assess students’ perceptions regarding this change.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in a public sector medical university from May 2019 to April 2020. A 17 item pre-validated questionnaire was distributed among all students twice, firstly after completion of first module and then again at the end of the academic year. Results were analyzed using SPSS 21.
Results: There were 265 and 176 participants in the first and second phase of the study respectively. Majority of the students agreed that it was easier to study a topic when temporally integrated. Most commonly reported advantage was better understanding and concept of the theme under study. Suggestions included revision of the schedule regarding allocation of time for different topics and implementation of this curriculum from first year MBBS.
Conclusion: A small step was taken to make improvements in an old traditional method. Students are adapting to this change as they responded positively to various aspects of this methodology. Continuous feedback, evaluation and amendments will help to improve its effectiveness.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.3.4732
How to cite this:Shahid R, Ehsan SB, Nawaz M. Introduction of temporal integration in fourth year MBBS curriculum; Students’ experience. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(3):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.3.4732
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Bitcoin: A Natural Oligopoly
Authors: Arnosti Nick , Weinberg S. Matthew 
Published: January 2022

We argue that the concentrated production and ownership of Bitcoin mining hardware arise naturally from the economic incentives of Bitcoin mining. We model Bitcoin mining as a two-stage competition; miners compete in prices to sell hardware while competing in quantities for mining rewards. We characterize equilibria in our model and show that small asymmetries in operational costs result in highly concentrated ownership of mining equipment. We further show that production of mining equipment will be dominated by the miner with the most efficient hardware, who will sell hardware to competitors while possibly also using it to mine. This paper was accepted by Kay Giesecke, finance.
The Price of Imposing Vertical Equity Through Asymmetric Outcome Constraints
Authors: Breugem Thomas , Van Wassenhove Luk N. 
Published: January 2022

Vertical equity or fairness is an important aspect in many settings, yet has received relatively little attention in the literature. Recent developments underline the practical relevance (e.g., COVID-19 vaccination policies). It plays an important role in the performance evaluation of many (nongovernmental) organizations. For example, donors might require a family-planning organization to allocate a minimum fraction of the total utility (client volume) to a particular player (the “high-impact” subgroup of the population, e.g., young and poor clients). However, the price (decrease in client volume) of such requirements is not well-understood. Consequently, this price is not accounted for in decision making. We provide an analytical upper bound on the price (i.e., loss of overall utility) of vertical equity considerations in resource allocation. We assume that these concerns are expressed via outcome constraints, specifying a minimum percentage of the total utility for each player. Our set-up considers a decision maker maximizing total utility over a general convex set, subject to outcome constraints. The set-up is general and applicable to many practical problems. Our results depend only on high-level parameters and are therefore well-suited for strategic decision making. We conclude with two applications. First, we apply our results to practical instances in health delivery. We confirm that outcome constraints can entail a substantial price and analyze the factors driving this price close to the worst-case bound. Second, we analyze how our results can help bound the impact of prioritization in vaccine allocation. This paper was accepted by Jeannette Song, operations management. Supplemental Material: Data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.4287 .
Kindred Voices
Authors: Pifer Michael 
Published: January 2022

By the mid-thirteenth century, Anatolia had become a region of stunning cultural diversity, home not only to Armenians and Greeks but also to Persians, Turks, Arabs, Mongols, Jews, and others. Kindred Voices explores how the Muslim and Christian poets of Anatolia grappled with the multilingual and multireligious worlds they inhabited, attempting to impart resonant forms of religious instruction to their intermingled communities. This unique, under-studied convergence produced fresh poetic styles and sensibilities, native to no single people or language, that enabled the period’s literature to reach new and wider audiences. This is the first book to study the era’s major Persian, Armenian, and Turkish poets, from roughly 1250 to 1340, against the canvas of this broader literary ecosystem. Although these poets were later constructed as foundational figures in their own “national” literary histories, they first emerged, before the rise of the Ottomans, from a shared and fraught terrain.
New classification of superior semicircular canal dehiscence in HRCT
Authors: Waldeck Stephan , Lanfermann Heinrich , von Falck Christian , Froelich Matthias F. , Chapot René , Brockmann Marc , Overhoff Daniel 
Published: January 2022

Background and purpose
The complex anatomy of the temporal bone is difficult to understand and constitutes a challenge in the daily diagnostic routine even for experienced neuroradiologists. In the context of otoneurological (oVEMP) and preoperative diagnostics, the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) is of great importance for Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) specialists. The gold standard for this diagnosis is a high-resolution CT (HRCT) of the temporal bone. In order to correctly diagnose SSCD, special oblique reconstructions are necessary in addition to standard (axial, coronal, sagittal) reconstructions. We evaluated the frequency of diagnosis and its location in HRCT in correlation with otoneurological examination. From this analysis, we present a new SSCD classification. This classification yields the potential of a differentiated analysis of the patient’s clinical symptoms with correlation to the cross-sectional anatomy and may lead to a differentiated therapy approach.

Study design and setting
We evaluated 1370 temporal bone scans of patients with residual hearing and verified 343 superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD). We conducted a subgroup analysis of these 343 HRCT scans displaying a SSCD and used them as a basis to create a classification.

Results
Three location types of SSCD were identified. These were anterior type 1, superior type 2 and posterior type 3. Type 2 were significantly more frequent in both sexes. SSCD at this location can be overlooked if diagnosis is performed only in the standard axial plane, since it can only be visualized by means of double oblique reconstruction. We present a standardized reconstruction algorithm.

Conclusion
In total, three types of SSCD with differing incidences can be extrapolated from the locations. Superior type 2 is the most frequent one. Both sexes are affected with roughly equal incidence. The use of standardized double oblique reconstruction algorithm ensures that all three types are diagnosed in the HRCT.
Asian Masculinity, Eurasian Identity, and Whiteness in Cassandra Clare’s Infernal Devices Trilogy1
Authors: Ho Elizabeth 
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, Elizabeth Ho considers how whiteness, masculinity, and Eurasian identity inform each other in Cassandra Clare’s Infernal Devices trilogy. The essay argues that, because it does not provide a thoughtful “ethics of appropriation” of past and present systems of oppression, the series ultimately reinscribes Victorian racist structures within the text and beyond.
Effiziente Navigation durch die Topologie industrieller Prozessanlagen
Authors: Berlet Andreas , Rückert Julius , Koziolek Heiko , Drath Rainer , Barth Mike 
Published: January 2022

Verfahrenstechniker entwerfen industrielle Prozessanlagen mithilfe von Rohrleitungs- und Instrumentierungsdiagrammen (R&I). Heute analysieren Datenanalysten, welche Anlagenstörungen auf Basis historischer Signaltrends diagnostizieren, diese komplexen Diagramme meist manuell auf Papier, was zeitaufwändig und fehleranfällig ist. In den letzten 15 Jahren haben Forscher daher mehrere Ansätze und Software-Werkzeuge vorgeschlagen, um diese Diagramme in maschinenlesbare Modelleumzuwandeln. Diesen Werkzeugen fehlt es jedoch an ausgefeilten Abfrageoberflächen und intuitiven Visualisierungen. In diesem Beitrag wird die TopNav-Methode für eine effiziente Navigation durch Anlagentopologiemodelle sowie deren Analysevorgestellt. Die Methode unterstützt die systematische Suche nach Elementen und Pfaden in Topologiemodellen und die Einspeisung der Ergebnisse in Analysewerkzeuge. In einer Anwenderstudie wurde eine bis zu 90-prozentige Zeitersparnis gegenüber der manuellen R&I-Analyse bei gleichzeitig deutlicher Fehlerreduzierung festgestellt.
Atualizações sobre as Propriedades Medicinais do Óleo de Copaíba (Copaifera spp.): uma Revisão Bibliográfica
Authors: Aparecida Silva Lima Carla , Povoas Violante Ivana Maria , Kelvin Souza Alves William , Tavares Carvalho Fernanda , Da Silva Dias Naudia , Ramalho dos Anjos Tais , Raianne Nunes Calixto de Andrade Kethin , Zanini Frasson Ana Paula , Diniz dos Santos Marcelo , Tavares Carvalho Ricardo César 
Published: January 2022

buscando assim a descoberta de novos fármacos que possam produzir efeitos semelhantes ou até mais efetivos quando comparados aos fármacos convencionais. A Copaifera spp. (copaíba) é uma planta da flora brasileira muito utilizada na medicina popular para dores e infecções pulmonares e urinárias. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o óleo de copaíba, no que se refere ao seu uso como fitoterápico, para tratamento e prevenção de patologias, além de discutir a importância das atividades farmacológicas da Copaifera spp., avaliando seu uso e eficácia. O óleo resina de Copaifera spp., obtido através de pequenos cortes na casca do seu caule, apresenta compostos químicos triterpênicos com diversas atividades farmacológicas, entre as quais as ações anti-inflamatória, cicatrizante, antimicrobiana, antiparasitária e larvicida frente a larvas de Aedes aegypti e Anopheles darlingi. A ação antiparasitária foi observada frente a Trypanosoma cruzi, Schistosoma mansoni e contra formas amastigotas de Leishmania amazonensis. Com base nisso, o óleo de resina de copaíba pode ser um potente candidato na concepção de produtos farmacêuticos para o tratamento de diversas doenças negligenciadas.

Palavras-chave: Copaibeira. Anti-inflamatório. Antimicrobiano. Cicatrizante. Antiprotozoário.

Abstract
There is a currently growing interest of the scientific community in the use of medicinal plants, leading to the discovery of new substances which produce similar or better effect than conventionally used drugs. Copaifera spp. (Copaíba) is a Brazilian flora plant which is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of pain, as well as for pulmonary and urinary infections,. This study aimed to carry out a literature review concerning the use of Copaíba oil, specifically concerning its use in phytotherapy for the treatment and prevention of illnesses, in addition to discussing the importance of its pharmacological properties by evaluating its uses and efficacy. The resin oil of Copaifera spp., obtained through small cuts in the stem bark, contains triterpenes with various pharmacological properties, among which are anti-inflammatory action, wound healing, anti-parasitic and larvicide towards the larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles darlingi. Anti-parasitic effect was observed against Trypanosoma cruzi, Schistosoma mansoni and against amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Thus, the resin oil of Copaíba may be a potent candidate for the development of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of various neglected diseases.

Keywords: Copaíba Tree. Anti-inflammatory. Antimicrobial. Wound Healing. Antiprotozoal.
Benthic Foraminifera of Tropical Estuarine-Lagoonal-Bays System, in the Suape Harbor, Brazil: A Case Study
Authors: de Oliveira Taiana Regina Silva , dos Santos Luciana Dantas , Eichler Patrícia Pinheiro Beck , Barker Christofer Paul , Barcellos Roberto Lima 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
The Suape Industrial Port Complex is one of the main Brazilian public ports that has caused several geomorphological changes in Ipojuca and Suape estuarine-lagoonal-bays since its construction. The present study deals with the first status on the Suape port ecosystem, recorded from 41 sediment samples throughout the Massangana/Tatuoca and Ipojuca/Merepe estuarine systems. Species diversity values are higher in the seaward part of the bays and decreases toward the inner parts. The dominance of Ammonia tepida in the inner portions of the bays is indicative of environmental instability and pollution of coastal waters. Eggerella spp., unusual in Brazilian fauna, was present only in the innermost portion of the Tatuoca estuary, in the dredged channel, where heavy metal impacts have been reported. Amphistegina gibbosa, Triloculina oblonga, and Quinqueloculina lamarckiana are represented on the outside of the bays and are indicative of high hydrodynamic marine environments. The Ipojuca and Merepe rivers presented the highest ecological index, possibly attributed to the marine and terrestrial/mangrove influence for the region. We infer that geomorphological transformation caused by the Suape Port installation modified and established environments with distinct characteristics, mainly in the Suape Bay dredged area, indicative of possible eutrophication of this environment. The new data may be useful for determining environmental conditions and establishing new ways to monitor the consequences of anthropogenic interference and dredging in the Massangana/Tatuoca and Ipojuca/Merepe estuarine systems.
PEMANFAATAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN AUDIO VISUAL DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPS TERPADU
Authors: Muhammad Ikhsan  , Muhammad Syafiq Humaisi  
Published: January 2022

ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh keingin tahuan peneliti dalam pemanfaatan media pembelajaran audio visual yang ada di SMP Negeri 1 Jenangan, Media audio visual adalah media yang mempunyai unsur suara dan unsur gambar, Jenis media ini mampu memberikan pengalaman belajar yang lebih baik karena meliputi suara dan gambar. Untuk menunjang kesuksesan media ini haruslah dengan sarana dan prasarana yang memadai dan layak untuk difungsikan. Sejumlah peralatan yang dipakai oleh para guru dalam menyampaikan konsep, gagasan dan pengalaman yang ditangkap oleh indera pandang dan pendengaran berdasarkan pengertian-pengertian yang telah diberikan. Pemanfaatan media pembelajaran berbasis audio visual didasari adanya masalah rendahnya motivasi belajar peserta didik dalam proses pembelajaran yang menyebabkan peserta didik kurang aktif dalam memperhatikan pelajaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian studi kasus. Menggunakan studi kasus karena dalam penelitian, peneliti menekankan pada penjelasan kasus, yakni pemanfaatan media audio visual pada mata pelajaran IPS Terpadu di SMP Negeri 1 Jenangan. Data yang didapatkan dengan teknik pengumpulan data observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi.

ABSTRACT
This research was motivated by the researcher's curiosity in the use of audio-visual learning media at SMP Negeri 1 Jenang. Audio-visual media is media that has sound and image elements. This type of media is able to provide a better learning experience because it includes sound and images. . To support the success of this media, it must be with adequate facilities and infrastructure that are appropriate to function. A number of tools used by teachers in conveying concepts, ideas and experiences that are captured by the sense of sight and hearing based on the meanings that have been given. The use of audio-visual based learning media is based on the problem of low learning motivation of students in the learning process which causes students to be less active in paying attention to lessons. This research uses a qualitative approach with the type of case study research. Using case studies because in research, researchers emphasize case explanations, namely the use of audio-visual media in Integrated Social Studies subjects at SMP Negeri 1 Jenang. The data obtained by using observation data collection techniques, interviews and documentation.
Quantitative Assessment of Circulating Tumor Cells in Cerebrospinal Fluid as a Clinical Tool to Predict Survival in Leptomeningeal Metastases
Authors: Diaz Maria , Singh Priya , Kotchetkov Ivan , Skakodub Anna , Meng Alicia , Tamer Christel , Young Robert , Reiner Anne , Panageas Katherine , Ramanathan Lakshmi , Pentsova Elena 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Circulating tumor cells (CTC) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are a quantitative diagnostic tool for leptomeningeal metastases (LM) from solid tumors, but their prognostic significance is unclear. Our objective was to evaluate CSF-CTC quantification in predicting outcomes in LM.
Methods
This is a single institution retrospective study of patients with solid tumors who underwent CSF-CTC quantification using the CellSearch® platform between 04/2016-06/2019. Information on neuroaxis imaging, CSF results, and survival was collected. LM was diagnosed by MRI and/or CSF cytology. Survival analyses were performed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling, and CSF-CTC splits associated with survival were identified through recursive partitioning analysis.
Results
Out of 290 patients with CNS metastases, we identified a cohort of 101 patients with newly diagnosed LM. In this group, CSF-CTC count (median 200 CTCs/3ml) predicted survival continuously (HR = 1.005, 95% CI: 1.002-1.009, p = 0.0027), and the risk of mortality doubled (HR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.45-5.56, p = 0.0023) at the optimal cutoff of ≥ 61 CSF-CTCs/3ml. Neuroimaging findings of LM (assessed by 3 independent neuroradiologists) were associated with a higher CSF-CTC count (median CSF-CTCs range 1.5-4 for patients without radiographic LM vs 200 for patients with radiographic LM, p<0.001), but did not predict survival.
Conclusion
Our data shows that CSF-CTCs quantification predicts survival in newly diagnosed LM, and outperforms neuroimaging. CSF-CTC analysis can be used as a prognostic tool in patients with LM and provides quantitative assessment of disease burden in the CNS compartment.
Prediction of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus By Different Obesity Indices
Authors: Song Zhimin , Cheng Yan , Fan Yongfang , Zhang Qingying , Cheng Haidong 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background: The incidence rate of obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing in parallel. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between different obesity indices including pre-pregnancy body mass index(preBMI), the first trimester abdominal circumference (AC), the first trimester abdominal circumference/height ratio (ACHtR) and GDM, and the efficacy of these three indices in predicting GDM.Methods: A total of 15472 pregnant women gave birth to a single child at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Weight before pregnancy, height and AC were asked and measured at the first prenatal examination at 11-13+6 gestational weeks. GDM was diagnosed through a 75g oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 gestational weeks. Using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, we evaluated the association between the obesity indices and GDM. Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that AC, the ACHtR，and preBMI（P＜0.001） were all independent risk factors for the development of GDM. In the normal BMI population, the higher the AC or the ACHtR, the more likely the pregnant women were to suffer from GDM. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.63 (95% CI 0.62-0.64) for AC ,0.64 (95% CI 0.63-0.65) for the ACHtR and 0.63 (95% CI 0.62-0.64) for preBMI. An AC ≥ 80.25cm(sensitivity 61.6%, specificity 57.9%), an ACHtR of ≥0. 49 (sensitivity 67.3%, specificity 54%), and a preBMI ≥22.74 (sensitivity 48.4%, specificity 71.8%) were determined to be the best cut-off levels for identifying subjects with GDM. Conclusions: AC, the ACHtR and preBMI had value in predicting GDM. The increase in AC and the ACHtR in the first trimester of pregnancy and preBMI could be independent risk factors for GDM. Even in the normal BMI population, the higher the AC is, the more likely the pregnant women are to suffer from GDM.
Evolution of multicellular longitudinally dividing oral cavity symbionts (Neisseriaceae)
Authors: Nyongesa Sammy , Weber Philipp , Bernet Eve , Pullido Francisco , Nieckarz Marta , Delaby Marie , Nieves Cecilia , Viehboeck Tobias , Krause Nicole , Rivera-Millot Alex , Nakamura Arnaldo , Vischer Norbert , VanNieuwenhze Michael , Brun Yves , Cava Felipe , Bulgheresi Silvia , Veyrier Frédéric 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In spite of the staggering number of bacteria that live associated with animals, the growth mode of only a few symbionts has been studied so far. Here, we focused on multicellular longitudinally dividing (MuLDi) Neisseriaceae occurring in the oral cavity of mammals and belonging to the genera Alysiella, Simonsiella and Conchiformibius. Firstly, by applying comparative genomics coupled with ultrastructural analysis, we inferred that longitudinal division evolved from a rod-shaped ancestor of the Neisseriaceae family. Secondly, transmission electron microscopy on cells and sacculi showed that, within each A. filiformis, S. muelleri or C. steedae filament, neighbouring cells are attached by their lateral cell walls. Thirdly, by applying a palette of peptidoglycan metabolic precursors to track their growth, we showed that A. filiformis septates in a distal-to-proximal fashion. In S. muelleri and C. steedae, instead, septation proceeds synchronously from the host-attached poles to midcell. Strikingly, based on confocal-based 3D reconstructions, PG did not appear to be inserted concentrically from the cell periphery to its centre, but as a medial sheet guillotining each cell. Finally, comparative genomics revealed MuLDi-specific differences that set them apart from rod-shaped members of the Neisseriaceae. These MuLDi-specific genetic differences comprise the acquisition of the amidase-encoding gene amiC2, the loss of dgt, gloB, mraZ (an activator of the dcw cluster), rapZ, and amino acids changes in 7 proteins, including the actin homolog MreB and FtsA. Strikingly, introduction of amiC2 and allelic substitution of mreB in the rod-shaped Neisseria elongata resulted in cells with longer septa. In conclusion, we identified genetic events that may have allowed rod-shaped Neisseriaceae to evolve multicellularity and longitudinal division. The morphological plasticity of Neisseriaceae together with their genetic tractability, make them archetypal models for understanding the evolution of bacterial shape, as well as that of animal-bacterium symbioses.