bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Row Arrangement, Plant Spacing, and Nitrogen Rate Effects on Zucchini Squash Yield
Authors: Dweikat Ismail M. , Kostewicz Stephen R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two field studies were conducted in Fall 1982 and Spring 1983 to evaluate two row arrangements (single vs. double rows per bed), four within-row plant spacings (0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.75 m), and three N rates for zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo L.) grown on sandy soils. Rates of 67, 134, and 202 kg N/ha were used in the fall, while 134, 202, and 268 kg N/ha were used in spring to determine the optimum levels of N for the higher population densities. Early and total marketable yields were higher with double rows in the spring experiment. Decreasing in-row plant spacing from 0.75 to 0.30 m increased total yield in both experiments, but decreased early yield in the fall experiment. Total yields increased as the N rate increased from 67 to 202 kg·ha-1, but then decreased at 268 kg·ha-1. Combinations of row arrangements and within-row plant spacings allowed testing of seven populations ranging from 11,111 to 55,556 plants/ha. The overall response of yield to increasing plant densities was linear in the fall, but quadratic in the spring, when the higher rates of N were used.
Transplant Age and N and P Nutrition Effects on Growth and Yield of Tomatoes
Authors: Weston Leslie A. , Zandstra Bernard H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Pik-Red’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants grown in the greenhouse were fertilized with three levels of N and P. Nitrogen at 400 mg·liter-1 and P at 30 mg·liter-1 had produced the largest transplants at 5 weeks after sowing. Nitrogen at 100 mg·liter-1 produced the largest root : shoot ratio. Phosphorus had no effect on root : shoot ratios. Plants fertilized with moderate and high N levels in the greenhouse produced larger early yields in the field, but there was no effect of N or P level applied in the greenhouse on total yield. Four- and 5-week-old plants produced greatest total yields.
Cultivar Differences in Postemergence Graminicide Phytotoxicity to Juniperus
Authors: Neal Joseph C. , Senesac Andrew F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Several juniper species and cultivars were compared for sensitivity to labeled and experimental postemergence graminicides. The junipers treated were: Juniperus horizontalis Moench. ‘Wiltonii’ (blue rug), J. h. ‘Bar Harbor’ (Bar Harbor)), J. h. ‘Youngstown’ (Youngstown Andorra), J. chinensis L. ‘Pfitzeriana’ (Pfitzer), J. c. ‘Parsonii’ (Parson’s), J. c. ‘Sargentii’ (Sargent’s), and J. conferta Parl, (shore). The herbicide treatments were fluazifop-p, sethoxydim, haloxyfop, quizalofop, cycloxydim, and fenoxaprop at recommended rates for annual grassy weed control, with recommended spray adjuvants. ‘Bar Harbor’ juniper was injured, in decreasing order of severity, by haloxyfop, fenoxaprop, quizalofop, and fluazifop. Sethoxydim and cycloxydim produced no reduction in plant fresh weight for the juniper cultivars tested. However, sethoxydim plus adjuvants did reduce ‘Bar Harbor’ juniper visual quality ratings in 1986. Pfitzer juniper was slightly injured by haloxyfop in 1985 and by fenoxaprop in 1986. The other junipers were unaffected by herbicide treatments. Chemical names used: (R)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid (fluazifop-p), (±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid (fenoxaprop), 2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid (haloxyfop), (±)-2[-4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy] propanic acid (quizalofop), 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one (sethoxydim), and 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-3-hydroxy-5-(2H-tetrahydrothiopyran-3-yl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one (cycloxydim).
Flooding Responses of Vaccinium Species
Authors: Crane Jonathan H. , Davies Frederick S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Flooding damage causes millions of dollars in losses to horticultural crops every year. Plantings established on sites with poor drainage and/or an impervious soil layer may flood periodically after heavy rainfall or excessive irrigation. Planting sites with lowlying areas or where site preparation is inadequate for drainage of excess water add to the problem. Poor soil aeration associated with flooding may induce numerous soil and plant changes that adversely affect plant survival, growth, development, and yield. Organic and inorganic soil toxins may accumulate in flooded soils, adversely affecting plant metabolism and physiology.
Initial Heading Height Influences Branch Development in ‘Bing’ Sweet Cherry
Authors: Southwick Stephen M. , Yeager James T. , Grant J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effect of initial heading height on primary branch development in ‘Bing’ sweet cherry (Prunus avium) was examined in the first year of growth. Trees headed 51 cm above the soil surface resulted in fewer primary branches produced by 1-year-old trees than those headed at 75 cm and delay-headed at 142 cm, respectively. Branches on trees with lower heading height had narrow angles and longer branches than those on trees that were headed higher. Trees delay-headed at 142 cm produced the greatest number of primary branches with the widest crotch angles and shortest branch length. Branches were distributed along the entire length of the main leader in each treatment, but more branches with narrow angles and longer lengths were located 50 cm below the heading cut along the tree trunk. A significant linear relationship existed between branch angle and branch length in the 0- to 50-, 50- to 100-, and 100- to 142-cm sections along the tree trunk.
Correlation of Low Seed Quality with Growing Environment of Carrot
Authors: Dean Bill B. , Noland Thomas , Maguire James D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two surveys were conducted to evaluate the problem of low germination of carrot (Daucus carota L.) seed grown in the Columbia Basin area of Washington and Oregon. Analyses of weather data via a heat unit model demonstrated that the major difference in growing environment was the number of heat units (10C base) occurring before or during early bloom. The correlation between pre-bloom period heat units (May + June) and final percent germinability of seed lots from survey number one resulted in an r2 of 0.42 with the probability of F > 0.12. The second survey showed that the greatest reason for low seed germination among seed lots in 1984 was an increased percentage of abnormal germinants compared to 1983. This indicates that the seed germination problem in carrots may be due to seed being harvested at an immature stage, which resulted in low seed germination percentage.
Clonal Propagation of Pecan by Mound Layering
Authors: Wood Bruce W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The lack of satisfactory methods for clonal propagation of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] rootstocks resulted in the examination of mound stooling as a propagation technique. Semi-hardwood shoots from severed stumps received several treatments involving phloem girdling and IBA. Rooting occurred only in girdled or girdled plus IBA (3000 and 6000 ppm) treatments. Girdling triggered, whereas IBA enhanced, rooting. Roots per clone was related to shoot diameter but not height. Clones were able to survive harsh field conditions, thus providing a method for cloning rootstocks and facilitating rootstock research. Chemical name used: 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Cupric Carbonate Controls Green Ash Root Morphology and Root Growth
Authors: Arnold Michael A. , Struve Daniel K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dormant 1-year-old bare-root green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) seedlings were grown in CuCO3-treated (inner surfaces of plastic containers were painted with 100 g CuCO3/liters flat-white exterior acrylic latex paint) and untreated plastic containers to study the effects of CuCO3 on root growth. Plants grown in CuCO3-treated containers were nearly 50% taller than plants grown in untreated containers (119 vs. 81 cm, respectively). Root contacting CuCO3-treated surfaces had near zero elongation rates within 3 days. Roots inhibited by contacting CuCO3-treated surfaces were not killed and resumed elongation rates similar to non-CuCO3-treated roots within 3 to 6 days of release from CuCO3. Roots contacting CuCO3-treated surfaces were 50% shorter (14 vs. 28 cm), branched closer to the root apex (2.4 vs. 4.7 cm), and had more higher-order lateral roots (10.6 vs. 7.6) than roots contacting untreated container surfaces. Seedlings grown in CuCO3-treated containers had higher Cu concentrations in main roots, root tips, stems, and foliage than seedlings grown in untreated containers.
Biomass and Nutrient Accumulation in Fraser-fir Christmas Trees
Authors: Eric Hinesley L. , Wright Robert D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Accumulation of biomass and nutrients was examined in a chronosequence of fraser-fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] Christmas trees. Estimated above-ground biomass of fraser-fir (2.4 to 2.7 m tall, 4444 trees/ha) after 7 years in the field was 40 t·ha-1, including foliage at 17 t·ha-1. At harvest, trees of this size removed 499 kg N, 33 kg P, 156 kg K, 160 kg Ca, and 26 kg Mg/ha. Foliage made up 46% and 42% of the total dry weight for 1.5- and 2.6-m trees, respectively. Forty-three percent to 63% of the above-ground nutrient content, depending on the element, was in foliage.
Comparison of Banded Ammonium Polyphosphate and Acid Urea Phosphate as P Sources for Potatoes
Authors: Stark J. C. , Ojala J. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Field studies were conducted in 1985 and 1986 to compare the effects of banded ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and acid urea phosphate (AUP) on P nutrition and yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank). The studies were conducted on a Declo silt loam containing 9% CaCO3 equivalent. Soil NaHCO3-P values were 6.9 and 12.1 mg·kg-1 in 1985 and 1986, respectively. Ammonium polyphosphate and AUP were applied at planting in bands above the seedpiece at 0, 60, and 120 kg P/ha in 1985 and 0, 40, and 80 kg P/ha in 1986. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at a uniform rate of 240 kg N/ha. In both years, petiole P concentrations for the APP treatments were higher than those for the AUP treatments during most of the tuber growth period and tuber yields were 9% to 15% higher with APP than with AUP.
Predicting Physical and Chemical Properties of Container Mixtures
Authors: Jenkins J. R. , Jarrell W. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a system for predicting container mixture physical and chemical properties from component properties. An additive model is presented that assumes that a mixture property is the weighted sum of the properties contributed by the individual components. To test this hypothesis, 24 combinations of sandy loam soil (Typic Xerothent), sand (Typic Xeropsamment), bark, and perlite were tested for bulk density, total and air-filled porosities, container capacity, available water, saturated hydraulic conductivity, pH, and cation exchange capacity. The measured experimental data were compared with values predicted from the additive model. Measured and predicted values were in good agreement for most properties, except saturated hydraulic conductivity and air-filled porosity for mixtures with low total porosity. Application of the same approach also worked well for previously published data.
Tolerance of Tall Fescue to Postemergence Grass Herbicides
Authors: McCarty Lambert B. , Higgins Jeffrey M. , Whitwell Ted , Miller Landon C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted with the objective of determining the response of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.‘CIemfine’) to various amounts of single and sequential treatments of sethoxydim and fluazifop at 0.10, 0.20, or 0.30 kg·ha-1 and xylafop, haloxyfop, fenoxaprop, and poppenate at 0.07, 0.15, or 0.30 kg·ha-1 These herbicides are known to control grass weeds such as crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) and goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] Turf color was acceptable following single and sequential fenoxaprop applications through 49 days after treatment (DAT). Turf density was not affected by single applications, but was slightly reduced by sequential applications. Single and sequential applications of poppenate provided acceptable turf color in 1985, except at 14 DAT at the high rate. In 1987, turf color was acceptable at 49 DAT. Turf density was reduced with the 0.30 kg·ha-1 single poppenate application. Sequential applications of poppenate also reduced turf density. Fenoxaprop provided acceptable turf color and density for either single or sequential applications, while poppenate provided acceptable turf color for single application at 49 DAT. Unacceptable turf color and density were observed for both years with single and sequential applications of fluazifop, sethoxydim, haloxyfop, and xylafop. Chemical names used: 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)buty]–5–[2–(ethylthio)propyl]–3–hydroxy–2–cyclohexen–1–one (sethoxydim); (±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxylphenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop); 2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)–2–pyridinyl]–propanoic acid (haloxyfop); (2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)-oxy]phenoxyl]propanoic acid (xylafop); (±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fenoxaprop); and methyl 3-hydroxy-4-[4-[[5–(trifluoromethyl)–2–pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]–pentanoate (poppenate).
Using Glyphosate to Control Eastern Dodder on Citrus in Jordan
Authors: Abu-Irmaileh Barakat E. , Fucik John E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Glyphosate [41% a.i. isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] at 0, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg·liter-1 was sprayed on mature lemon and tangerine trees to control a heavy infestation of eastern dodder (Cuscuta monogyna Vahl.). All concentrations completely eliminated the weed from the tree canopies. At the higher concentrations, the herbicide appeared to slightly reduce leaf size, cause some minor fruit deformation, and increase the number of abnormal shoots.
2, 5-Norbornadiene Retards Apple Softening
Authors: Blankenship Sylvia M. , Sisler Edward C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
2,5-NBD, a compound which competes with ethylene for binding sites and inhibits ethylene action in plant tissues, was applied to ‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) as a gas in either a closed or flowing system. Apples held in the closed system for 30 days at 25C in either 2000 or 4000 µl 2,5-NBD/liter were as firm as fruit held equally long at 5C; apples held in air at 25C were 19 N softer. Softening appeared to be mediated by ethylene. Soluble solids content and starch loss were similar for fruit held in air or in 2,5-NBD at 25C. The fruit’s internal ethylene concentration showed that 500 or 2500 µl 2,5-NBD/liter suppressed, but did not completely inhibit, autocatalytic ethylene production. The preserving effect of 2,5-NBD diminished after 50 days at 25C. Chemical names used: Bicyclo [2-2-l]-hepta-2,5-diene (2,5-norbornadiene; 2,5-NBD).
Individual Shrink Wrapping: A Technique for Fruit Fly Disinfestation in Tropical Fruits
Authors: Shetty Kiran K. , Klowden Marc J. , Jang Eric B. , Kochan Walter J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Papayas (Carica papaya L.) that were infested with eggs and first instar larvae of the Oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis Hendel) showed a reduction in the number of insects present when the fruits were subsequently wrapped for at least 96 hr with plastic shrink-wrap film. In a related study, individually wrapped mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) that were artificially infested with larvae of Drosophila melanogaster no longer harbored living larvae when the wrap remained for 72 hr. These studies suggest that further development of individual film wrapping techniques may provide a method for eliminating insect infestation from some edible fruits.
Is Ethylene Required for Apple Seed or Embryo Germination?
Authors: Ozga Jocelyn , Dennis Frank G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We were unable to confirm the observations made by others that ethylene (C2H4) is required for germination of stratified embryos of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) In addition, silver thiosulfate and norbornadiene (1000 µl·liter-1), which in-hibit C2H4 action, either slightly promoted or did not affect seed or embryo germination. The addition of 166 or 332 µl C2H4/liter significantly inhibited rate and final percentage of germination of fully stratified seeds. Removal of atmospheric C2H4 or addition of C2H4 (up to 332 µl·liter-1) did not reduce the inhibitory effect of high temperature (30C) on seed or embryo germination. We conclude that the presence of atmospheric C2H4 at concentrations >20 nl·liter-1 is not essential for germination of apple seeds or embryos.
Interactive Effects of Temperature, Photoperiod, and Cultivar on Tuberization of Potato Cuttings
Authors: Snyder Richard G. , Ewing Elmer E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cuttings of young potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) were used as a technique for evaluating the influence of temperature and photoperiod on the degree of tuber induction. Growth chambers were used to create four combinations of two air temperature regimes (“hot”, 30C day/25C night, or “cool”, 20C day/15C night) and two photoperiods (“long photoperiod”, 16 hr of light, or “short photoperiod”, 10 hr of light). The six cultivars and clones tested exhibited varying degrees of induction. Early maturing cultivars, such as ‘Norchip’ and ‘Cl-884’, were less affected by increased temperature with short photoperiod or by longer photoperiod under cool temperatures than were other cultivars. Raising the temperature under short photoperiod caused a reduction of about 50% in tuber dry weight from cuttings of the late-maturing ‘Katahdin’. Long photoperiod intensified the effects of higher temperature in reducing induction, especially with later-maturing cultivars such as ‘Katahdin’ and ‘Désirée’.
Changes in Acidic and Basic Peroxidase Activities during Tomato Fruit Ripening
Authors: Rothan C. , Nicolas J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Activities of the acidic and basic peroxidases from tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Flora Dade) were determined at six ripening stages, from green to red-ripe fruits. Both the acidic and basic peroxidases reached a maximum during the climacteric, at the pink stage, but the relative increase in basic peroxidase activity was much more pronounced. Changes in the peroxidase, IAA oxidase, and ACC oxidase activities of the basic peroxidases paralleled the changes in ethylene production. However, in the presence of calcium, the degree of activation of peroxidase was constant throughout ripening, whereas the IAA and ACC oxidase activities of the basic peroxidases were only activated at the pink stage.
Pepper Seed Respiration, Germination, and Seedling Development Following Seed Priming
Authors: Sundstrom F. J. , Edwards R. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seeds of jalapeno (Capsicum annuum L.) and tabasco (Capsicum frutescens L.) peppers were placed in aerated distilled water for 9.5 or 8 hr, respectively, or primed for 144 hr in aerated 3.0% or 2.75% KNO3 solutions, respectively. After treatment, seeds from each replication were placed on moist filter paper in Petri dishes for germination tests, in rolled paper towels for radicle and hypocotyl development tests, or in 70-ml incubation jars for 24-hr respiration studies. All tests were maintained at 25C. Jalapeno seed germination percentage was not affected by seed priming, but the mean rate of germination was increased. Jalapeno hypocotyl development was advanced at 7 and 14 days following seed priming. Compared to the soak controls, primed jalapeno seed respiration rates were greater at 0.15 and 0.45 hr following removal from incubation solution, but were no different thereafter. Tabasco seed germination percentage and rate were positively influenced by priming treatment, but seedling hypocotyl development was only advanced at 7 days following treatment. Primed tabasco seed respiration rates were depressed significantly relative to the soak control, suggesting that priming treatment inhibits some aspect of seed metabolism during germination. These data support earlier observations that seed priming is not useful in tabasco field stand establishment efforts.
Outcrossing in Peach
Authors: Miller Pete J. , Parfitt Dan E. , Weinbaum Steven A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isozyme variability in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] cultivars allowed estimation of outcrossing. After correction for undetectable pollen (of the same genotype as the homozygous Mdh-aa female parents), mean rates of outcrossing of 33% in 1984 and 15% in 1985 were observed. Although no significant cultivar or season effects were observed, a large amount of random variation was present, probably due to uncontrolled variables, such as pollinator behavior and weather conditions. Differences in floral morphology (showy vs. nonshowy flowers, flower color, and petal shape) did not influence rates of outcrossing. Chemical name used: L-Malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.37, malate dehydrogenase).
Virulence Studies and Resistance to Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis in Tomato Germplasm
Authors: Berry S. Z. , Madumadu G. G. , Uddin M. R. , Coplin D. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Six strains of bacterial canker (Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis), isolated from tomato plants from greenhouses or fields near Cleveland, Ohio, were tested for virulence. The most virulent of the strains was used to evaluate 13 cultivars reported to be resistant to bacterial canker. Eleven of the cultivars were resistant at a high inoculum level (8.5 × 108 cells per plant) and the other two only at a lower level (8.5 × 102 cells per plant). It was demonstrated that it is possible to identify plants with intermediate resistance using a dilute inoculum of a virulent strain of C. michiganensis
Callus Production and Somatic Embryogenesis from White Ash
Authors: Preece John E. , Zhao Ji-Iiang , Kung Fan H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nonstratified white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) seeds, with one-third or one-half of their length excised, germinated 100% in vitro compared to 0% for noncut seeds on Driver and Kuniyuki walnut (DKW) medium with no plant growth regulators. Explants, therefore, consisted of one-third or one-half of the seeds containing the embryonic axis with portions of the cotyledons. More callus formed on the cut end of the cotyledons on media with 1 μΜ than 10 μΜ 2,4-D. More callus and somatic embryos formed on seedlings that remained on primary medium for 4 weeks with 5 μM BA and 2,4-D than when BA was not present. The most embryogenesis was observed on seedlings on secondary media with Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrients and BA and NAA, both at 0.5 μΜ, or DKW nutrients with no plant growth regulators. Both direct and indirect embryogenesis were observed. Somatic embryos were quite variable; some had up to five cotyledons. Only a few embryos developed into small plantlets. The embryogenic ability of the callus lines persisted during several months of subcultures. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (benzyladenine, BA); (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D); (lαβ,4abβ,10β)-2G4a,7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylegibb-3-ene,1,10-dicarboxylic acid 1,4a-lactone (GA3, GA4+7); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid NAA).