bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Short Commentary Concerning Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine and the Jus in Bello
Authors: Sayapin Sergey 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Since 24 February 2022, Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has entailed large-scale violations of international humanitarian law (ihl), which are being investigated by Ukraine, some of its European allies, and the International Criminal Court (icc) as war crimes. This short commentary provides an overview of selected jus in bello issues raised by the invasion, and highlights implications for the dissemination and implementation of ihl in Russia, Ukraine and beyond in a mid-term perspective.
Data Surveillance Since the Snowden Revelations: A Grotian Moment in International Law?
Authors: Tahraoui Milan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mass data surveillance practices have received heightened attention in international law since the Snowden revelations of 2013. In this article, I examine whether that attention has given rise to a “Grotian moment” regarding the regulation of these activities under international law. At the outset, I answer that question in the negative and conclude that no general customary international law rules have emerged. Yet, that is not the end of the story. At a more fundamental and conceptual level, far reaching transformative process are underway in international law within the context of datafication. These concern new forms of power and/or control over data flows, and data surveillance practices are an inherent feature of that power. I contend that although there is no accelerated process of customary international law formation regarding data surveillance activities, it may be that a prolonged, epochal, Grotian moment is taking place. To that end, I argue that data surveillance must be understood as one manifestation of a broader constellation of shifts, through which ‘developments that profoundly impact the logic of territory or/and the “logic of capital” without signalling the arrival of a new international order’ are arguably in the making.
Hugo Grotius’s De iure belli ac pacis: a Report on the Worldwide Census of the Second Edition (1626)
Authors: Corredera Edward Jones , Muschel Lara , Somos Mark 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The first edition of Hugo Grotius’s De iure belli ac pacis was published in Paris by Nicolas Buon in 1625. An unauthorised second edition appeared in Frankfurt a year later, from the reputable Wechel press. After Grotius made hundreds of changes to the first and second states of the first edition, and failed to convince the publisher Nicolas Buon of the merits of printing yet another edition of the book, the Wechels’s release of a new edition sought to capitalise on the high demand for the text, as copies had sold out in Central Europe by the summer of 1625. In this preliminary report on the 1626 edition, using online and card catalogues, we have located 59 surviving copies. We examined thirteen copies in person, and another three fully digitised copies online, and on the basis of this small sample we have been able to draw a number of conclusions. We hope that this research note on preliminary results will generate interest in this unduly neglected edition, and that readers will kindly bring further copies to our attention.
Insights into the Mixing Efficiency of Submesoscale Centrifugal–Symmetric Instabilities
Authors: Chor Tomas , Wenegrat Jacob O. , Taylor John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Submesoscale processes provide a pathway for energy to transfer from the balanced circulation to turbulent dissipation. One class of submesoscale phenomena that has been shown to be particularly effective at removing energy from the balanced flow is centrifugal–symmetric instabilities (CSIs), which grow via geostrophic shear production. CSIs have been observed to generate significant mixing in both the surface boundary layer and bottom boundary layer flows along bathymetry, where they have been implicated in the mixing and water mass transformation of Antarctic Bottom Water. However, the mixing efficiency (i.e., the fraction of the energy extracted from the flow used to irreversibly mix the fluid) of these instabilities remains uncertain, making estimates of mixing and energy dissipation due to CSI difficult. In this work we use large-eddy simulations to investigate the mixing efficiency of CSIs in the submesoscale range. We find that centrifugally dominated CSIs (i.e., CSI mostly driven by horizontal shear production) tend to have a higher mixing efficiency than symmetrically dominated ones (i.e., driven by vertical shear production). The mixing efficiency associated with CSIs can therefore alternately be significantly higher or significantly lower than the canonical value used by most studies. These results can be understood in light of recent work on stratified turbulence, whereby CSIs control the background state of the flow in which smaller-scale secondary overturning instabilities develop, thus actively modifying the characteristics of mixing by Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities. Our results also suggest that it may be possible to predict the mixing efficiency with more readily measurable parameters (viz., the Richardson and Rossby numbers), which would allow for parameterization of this effect.
Internationalism as Political Praxis: Everyday Actions and Transnational Solidarity Building in the Brazilian Landless Rural Workers’ Movement
Authors: Furukawa Marques Dan , Lagier Claire 
Published: August 2022

Contrarily to “nation-based” or “classic” internationalism, internationalism as political praxis today shows a dynamic relationship between different scales of action that influence each other, notably according to structural changes in the social, cultural, and political-economic system. Furthermore, it differs from classic internationalism in focusing on different political struggles and debates, mobilizing more horizontal methods of organization, acknowledging a diversity of tactics, embracing a larger set of political principles and struggles (going beyond class to address the environment, race, and gender), and being more concerned with empowerment than with taking power. What is more, although contemporary internationalism is still guided by “socialism,” the term is loosely defined, allowing for ideological plurality based on political experimentation. Ao contrário do internacionalismo baseado na nação ou “clássico”, o internacionalismo como práxis política hoje mostra uma relação dinâmica entre diferentes escalas de ação que se influenciam mutuamente, notadamente de acordo com as mudanças estruturais no sistema social, cultural e político-econômico. Além disso, concentra-se em diferentes lutas e debates políticos do internacionalismo clássico, mobiliza métodos mais horizontais de organização, reconhece a diversidade de táticas, abraça um conjunto maior de princípios e lutas políticas (indo além da classe para abordar o meio ambiente, raça e gênero), e está mais preocupado com o empoderamento do que com a tomada de poder. Além disso, embora o internacionalismo contemporâneo ainda seja guiado pelo “socialismo”, o termo é vagamente definido, permitindo a pluralidade ideológica baseada na experimentação política.
Prevention and management of hypertrophic scars after laparoscopic surgery using silicone gel sheets: a pilot study
Authors: Kakinuma Toshiyuki , Kagimoto Masataka , Kaneko Ayaka , Ichii Naoki , Kakinuma Kaoru , Kawarai Yoshimasa , Yanagida Kaoru , Tanaka Hirokazu , Ohwada Michitaka , Takeshima Nobuhiro 
Published: August 2022

Objective To assess the effectiveness and safety of modified silicone gel sheets applied to hypertrophic scars and keloids following laparoscopic surgery. Methods Patients who had undergone laparoscopic surgery and who had either conventional or modified silicone gel sheets affixed to their surgical lesions for 6 months postoperatively (treatment groups), and control patients who had not received postsurgical treatment involving silicone gel sheets, were enrolled. The surgical wounds were assessed visually and using the Japan Scar Workshop (JSW) Scar Scale. Patients were interviewed before, 3 months after, and 6 months after sheet affixation. Results A total of 45 patients were included, comprising 15 patients per group. Both silicone gel-sheet groups had significantly lower JSW Scar Scale scores at 3 and 6 months after affixation compared with controls. The scores were not significantly different between the conventional and modified treatment groups and no adverse events were observed in the latter. Conclusions Modified silicone gel sheets were more effective than controls and comparable to conventional gel sheets, and there were no adverse events related to laparoscopic surgical wounds in the improved silicone gel sheet group, demonstrating the safety and effectiveness of the modified silicone gel sheets.
Effect of irradiation on cytokine production in cancer patients
Authors: Meirovitz Amichay , Gross Menachem , Cohen Shani , Popovtzer Aron , Barak Vivian 
Published: August 2022

Background Irradiation, which affects cytokine secretion, is used to treat cancer patients. Cytokine levels have correlations to disease parameters, serving as biomarkers for patients. We aim to explore the effect of irradiation on cytokine production both in vitro (using lymphocytes from healthy donors) and in vivo (using serum levels of head and neck cancer patients following irradiation) and correlating them to mucositis severity/need for percutaneous endoscopic gastroscopy (PEG) tube installation. Methods Cytokine production by cultured lymphocytes from healthy donors, in vitro, following irradiation of 5 or 10 Gy. In addition, blood from 23 patients with head and neck cancers, irradiated by 60–72G in vivo, were assessed for inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-18), the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and the general marker sIL-2R. Following radiation, selected patients who were developing mucositis were treated by PEG tube installation. Changes in cytokine levels were studied as predictive biomarkers of response to therapy/PEG tube installation. Cytokine production levels were measured using ELISAs kits. Results Irradiation decreased the levels of all tested cytokines, most notably IL-6 and IL-8, proportional to irradiation dose. In patients, increases in cytokine levels, correlated with mucositis severity and potentially the need for PEG tube installation. Conclusions Irradiation decreased the levels of all cytokines of healthy lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner, especially those of IL-6 and IL-8. This study shows a correlation between high and increasing levels of inflammatory cytokines, sIL-2R, plus radiation toxicity and the need for PEG. The reduction of cytokine levels after radiotherapy predicts that PEG will not be required. Thus, our study shows that cytokine changes are predictive biomarkers in head and neck cancer patients.
Exploring the Criterion Validity of Pragmatic Person-Centered Care/Culture Change Measures
Authors: Kunkel Miranda C. , Madrigal Caroline , Moore Reese , Bowblis John R. , Straker Jane , Nelson Matt , Van Haitsma Kimberly , Abbott Katherine M. 
Published: August 2022

Background Nursing homes (NHs) are required to provide person-centered care, efforts often folded into broader culture change initiatives. Despite the known benefits of culture change, it is difficult to measure. This study aims to assess the criterion validity of the Preferences for Everyday Living Inventory (PELI) Implementation Indicator with other culture change measures. Methods Using data from Ohio-based NHs ( n = 771), logistic regression techniques demonstrated the relationship between the PELI Implementation Indicator and two validated culture change measures, the Resident Preferences for Care (RPC) and Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) Empowerment scales. Results There was a significant relationship between the two scales and complete PELI implementation holding all other variables constant. The RPC and CNA Empowerment scales were significantly associated with complete PELI implementation. Discussion Findings suggest that the PELI Implementation Indicator can be used as a pragmatic indicator of a community’s adoption of person-centered care and culture change.
Gastrointestinal Symptom Cluster is Associated With Epigenetic Regulation of Lymphotoxin Beta in Oncology Patients Receiving Chemotherapy
Authors: Harris Carolyn S. , Miaskowski Christine A. , Conley Yvette P. , Hammer Marilyn J. , Dhruva Anand A. , Levine Jon D. , Olshen Adam B. , Kober Kord M. 
Published: August 2022

Objectives While the gastrointestinal symptom cluster (GISC) is common in patients receiving chemotherapy, limited information is available on its underlying mechanism(s). Emerging evidence suggests a role for inflammatory processes through the actions of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. This study evaluated for associations between a GISC and levels of DNA methylation for genes within this pathway. Methods Prior to their second or third cycle of chemotherapy, 1071 outpatients reported symptom occurrence using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale. A GISC was identified using exploratory factor analysis. Differential methylation analyses were performed in two independent samples using EPIC ( n = 925) and 450K ( n = 146) microarrays. Trans expression-associated CpG (eCpG) loci for 56 NF-κB signaling pathway genes were evaluated. Loci significance were assessed using an exploratory false discovery rate (FDR) of 25% for the EPIC sample. For the validation assessment using the 450K sample, significance was assessed at an unadjusted p-value of 0.05. Results For the EPIC sample, the GISC was associated with increased expression of lymphotoxin beta ( LTB) at one differentially methylated trans eCpG locus (cg03171795; FDR = 0.168). This association was not validated in the 450K sample. Conclusions This study is the first to identify an association between a GISC and epigenetic regulation of a gene that is involved in the initiation of gastrointestinal immune responses. Findings suggest that increased LTB expression by hypermethylation of a trans eCpG locus is involved in the occurrence of this cluster in patients receiving chemotherapy. LTB may be a potential therapeutic target for this common cluster.
Integrating Health and Social Care Services
Authors: Blockley David , Stirrat Gordon , Alexander Kirsty , Phillips Sabrina 
Published: August 2022

Background A recent UK Government draft Heath White Paper follows the NHS England long term plan when it states that NHS England requires “a new framework that builds on changes already being made as well as building in the flexibility to support the system to tackle challenges of the future”. At present the structure of Health and Social Care Services UK reporting to Government seems unhelpfully complex and opaque. Objective The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the building of a new framework using a generic approach to identify and use ‘systemic processes’ to facilitate the integration of Health and Social Care services in NHS England and elsewhere. Methods We highlight some of the critical issues that are currently hindering integration and set out a new way of understanding the structure of NHS England through an ‘inside-out’ analysis of systemic processes. Results We describe and give three examples of existing systemic processes as ‘Consulting a patient’, ‘Enhancing a Single point of access’ - to mental health services and ‘Delivering health and social care services England’. Conclusions Rethinking the interactions between existing organisations could arguably bring considerable benefits including cost savings, better co-ordination, less ‘admin’ stress on staff where the work is done and provide more organisational adaptability in an uncertain future. Ultimately our suggestions are aimed at helping people to deliver better patient care - the impelling purpose of all health and social care services.
Revision Rates After Primary ACL Reconstruction Performed Between 1969 and 2018: A Systematic Review and Metaregression Analysis
Authors: Liukkonen Rasmus J. , Ponkilainen Ville T. , Reito Aleksi 
Published: August 2022

Background: Numerous studies, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), have been published on the optimal graft choice for primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Purpose: To review existing studies to investigate whether advances in orthopaedics have affected revision rates after primary ACL reconstruction. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: The PubMed database was searched from inception to December 31, 2020, using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Patient series, observational studies, clinical trials, and registry-based studies investigating primary ACL reconstruction were included, as were high-quality RCTs from an additional study. The minimum required follow-up time for inclusion was 1 year. The primary outcome measure was the pooled prevalence of revision ACL reconstruction. The effect of the year the surgery was performed on revision rates was evaluated with metaregression analysis. All graft types were analyzed simultaneously, and all analyses were repeated separately for each graft type. Results: Overall, 330 articles with 52,878 patients were included, with a median patient age of 28 years (range, 15-57 years). The primary ACL reconstructions were performed between 1969 and 2018. At a median of 2.3 years of follow-up, the overall revision rate was 3.14% (95% CI, 2.76% to 3.56%); it was 2.71% (95% CI, 2.25% to 3.27%) for hamstring autografts, 2.38% (95% CI, 1.82% to 3.11%) for bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) autografts, and 5.24% (95% CI, 4.02% to 6.80%) for other graft types. For hamstring grafts, the revision rate increased over time (year of surgery), with a 0.0434 (95% CI, 0.0150 to 0.0718) increase effect in the logit-transformed scale for every additional year. There was a slight decrease in revision rates for BPTB (β = –0.0049; 95% CI, –0.0352 to 0.0254) and other graft types (β = –0.0306; 95% CI, –0.0608 to −0.0005) over time; however, confidence intervals for BPTB included the zero change. Conclusion: Based on this systematic review and meta-analysis, ACL reconstruction is a reliable procedure with overall low historical revision rates. BPTB autograft had the lowest revision rate and a slightly decreasing trend of failures during the past 45 years, although both BPTB and hamstring autografts are reliable graft choices.
EMD originates from hyaluronan-induced homophilic interactions of CD44 variant-expressing MM cells under shear stress
Authors: Kikuchi Jiro , Kodama Nobuyuki , Takeshita Masataka , Ikeda Sho , Kobayashi Takahiro , Kuroda Yoshiaki , Uchiyama Michihiro , Osada Naoki , Bogen Bjarne , Yasui Hiroshi , Takahashi Naoto , Miwa Akiyoshi , Furukawa Yusuke 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Extramedullary disease (EMD) is known to be associated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis in multiple myeloma (MM); however, the mechanisms of its development are not fully understood. Elucidating the mechanism of EMD development and its therapeutic targeting would greatly contribute to further improvement of treatment outcome in patients with MM. Here, we show that bone marrow stroma cell–derived hyaluronan (HA) elicits homophilic interactions of MM cells by binding to surface CD44, especially long-stretch variants, under physiological shear stress and generates cell clusters that might develop into EMD. We recapitulated the development of EMD via administration of HA in a syngeneic murine MM model in a CD44-dependent manner. HA-induced MM cell clusters exhibited the specific resistance to proteasome inhibitors (PIs) in vitro and in murine models via γ-secretase–mediated cleavage of the intracellular domains of CD44, which in turn transactivated PI resistance-inducible genes. Treatment of HA-injected mice with anti-CD44 antibody or γ-secretase inhibitors readily suppressed the development of EMD from transplanted MM cells and significantly prolonged the survival of recipients by overcoming PI resistance. The HA-CD44 axis represents a novel pathway to trigger EMD development and could be a target of the prediction, prevention, and treatment of EMD in patients with MM.
PEG@ Carbon Nanotubes Composite as an Effective Nanocarrier of Ixazomib for Myeloma Cancer Therapy
Authors: Elgamal Hanady A. , Mohamed Samah Abdelsabour , Farghali Ahmed A. , Hassan Abeer M. E. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this work, the preparation of a PEG@ multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composite has shown a great potential effect in tumor therapy using graphite powder at room temperature. PEGylated MWCNTs were created and used as a carrier for targeting the antineoplastic drug Ixazomib to myeloma cancer cells (abnormal plasma cells). Ixazomib (MLN2238) was covalently encapsulated into functionalized carbon nanotubes modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG 600) to obtain MWCNTs-PEG-MLN2238. The Ixazomib@ MWCNTs-PEG composite shows promising results as an effective nanocarrier and using a small amount of MWCNTs-PEG-Ixazomib that has a low toxicity compared with that of Ixazomib alone. A multifunctional MWCNTs-PEG-Ixazomib composite is used to test biological effects on multiple myeloma cell lines RPMI 8226 using the MTT assay to enhance treatment efficiency. The cytotoxicity of free Ixazomib citrate (69% cell viability of RPMI8226 cells) was higher than that of MWCNTs-PEG-Ixazomib (91% cell viability) at the same maximum concentration of Ixazomib citrate (50 µg/ml). In this work, we performed a study of preparation of MWCNTs with an acceptable Ixazomib loading efficiency and determination of the drug systemic toxicity for the first time. In this study, the preparation of MWCNTs with acceptable Ixazomib loading efficiency and determination of the drug systemic toxicity was performed for the first time. The MTT assay results show decreasing the toxicity of Ixazomib after loading with the MWCNTs-PEG composite. The MWCNTs-PEG @ Ixazomib show promising results as an effective carrier of Ixazomib and lead to a decrease in the cost of using Ixazomib.
Graphical Abstract
In-silico design of an immunoinformatics based multi-epitope vaccine against Leishmania donovani
Authors: Saha Subhadip , Vashishtha Shubham , Kundu Bishwajit , Ghosh Monidipa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundVisceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal vector-borne parasitic disorder occurring mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. VL falls under the category of neglected tropical diseases with growing drug resistance and lacking a licensed vaccine. Conventional vaccine synthesis techniques are often very laborious and challenging. With the advancement of bioinformatics and its application in immunology, it is now more convenient to design multi-epitope vaccines comprising predicted immuno-dominant epitopes of multiple antigenic proteins. We have chosen four antigenic proteins of Leishmania donovani and identified their T-cell and B-cell epitopes, utilizing those for in-silico chimeric vaccine designing. The various physicochemical characteristics of the vaccine have been explored and the tertiary structure of the chimeric construct is predicted to perform docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations.ResultsThe vaccine construct is generated by joining the epitopes with specific linkers. The predicted tertiary structure of the vaccine has been found to be valid and docking studies reveal the construct shows a high affinity towards the TLR-4 receptor. Population coverage analysis shows the vaccine can be effective on the majority of the world population.In-silicoimmune simulation studies confirms the vaccine to raise a pro-inflammatory response with the proliferation of activated T and B cells.In-silicocodon optimization and cloning of the vaccine nucleic acid sequence have also been achieved in the pET28a vector.ConclusionThe above bioinformatics data support that the construct may act as a potential vaccine. Further wet lab synthesis of the vaccine and in vivo works has to be undertaken in animal model to confirm vaccine potency.