bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative parotid gland segmentation by using ResNet‐18 and MobileNetV2 based DeepLab v3+ architectures from magnetic resonance images
Authors: Sunnetci Kubilay Muhammed , Kaba Esat , Beyazal Çeliker Fatma , Alkan Ahmet 
Published: October 2022

SummaryNowadays, artificial intelligence‐based medicine plays an important role in determining correlations not comprehensible to humans. In addition, the segmentation of organs at risk is a tedious and time‐consuming procedure. Segmentation of these organs or tissues is widely used in early diagnosis, treatment planning, and diagnosis. In this study, we trained semantic segmentation networks to segment healthy parotid glands using deep learning. The dataset we used in the study was obtained from Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Training and Research Hospital, and there were 72 T2‐weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images in this dataset. After these images were manually segmented by experts, masks of these images were obtained according to them and all images were cropped. Afterward, these cropped images and masks were rotated 45°, 120°, and 210°, quadrupling the number of images. We trained ResNet‐18/MobileNetV2‐based DeepLab v3+ without augmentation and ResNet‐18/MobileNetV2‐based DeepLab v3+ with augmentation using these datasets. Here, we set the training set and testing set sizes for all architectures to be 80% and 20%, respectively. We designed two different graphical user interface (GUI) applications so that users can easily segment their parotid glands by utilizing all of these deep learning‐based semantic segmentation networks. From the results, mean‐weighted dice values of MobileNetV2‐based DeepLab v3+ without augmentation and ResNet‐18‐based DeepLab v3+ with augmentation were equal to 0.90845–0.93931 and 0.93237–0.96960, respectively. We also noted that the sensitivity (%), specificity (%), F1 score (%) values of these models were equal to 83.21, 96.65, 85.04 and 89.81, 97.84, 87.80, respectively. As a result, these designed models were found to be clinically successful, and the user‐friendly GUI applications of these proposed systems can be used by clinicians. This study is competitive as it uses MR images, can automatically segment both parotid glands, the results are meaningful according to the literature and have software application.
Three‐Dimensional Vessels‐on‐a‐Chip Based on hiPSC‐derived Vascular Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Bulut Merve , Vila Cuenca Marc , de Graaf Mees , van den Hil Francijna E. , Mummery Christine L. , Orlova Valeria V. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBlood vessels are composed of endothelial cells (ECs) that form the inner vessel wall and mural cells that cover the ECs to mediate their stabilization. Crosstalk between ECs and VSMCs while the ECs undergo microfluidic flow is vital for the function and integrity of blood vessels. Here, we describe a protocol to generate three‐dimensional (3D) engineered vessels‐on‐chip (VoCs) composed of vascular cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). We first describe protocols for robust differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (hiPSC‐VSMCs) from hiPSCs that are effective across multiple hiPSC lines. Second, we describe the fabrication of a simple microfluidic device consisting of a single collagen lumen that can act as a cell scaffold and support fluid flow using the viscous finger patterning (VFP) technique. After the channel is seeded sequentially with hiPSC‐derived ECs (hiPSC‐ECs) and hiPSC‐VSMCs, a stable EC barrier covered by VSMCs lines the collagen lumen. We demonstrate that this 3D VoC model can recapitulate physiological cell‐cell interaction and can be perfused under physiological shear stress using a microfluidic pump. The uniform geometry of the vessel lumens allows precise control of flow dynamics. We have thus developed a robust protocol to generate an entirely isogenic hiPSC‐derived 3D VoC model, which could be valuable for studying vessel barrier function and physiology in healthy or disease states. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Differentiation of hiPSC‐VSMCsSupport Protocol 1: Characterization of hiPSC‐NCCs and hiPSC‐VSMCsSupport Protocol 2: Preparation of cryopreserved hiPSC‐VSMCs and hiPSC‐ECs for VoC cultureBasic Protocol 2: Generation of 3D VoC model composed of hiPSC‐ECs and hiPSC‐VSMCsSupport Protocol 3: Structural characterization of 3D VoC model
Intergenerational effects of overfeeding on aversive learning in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Anwer Hamza , Mason Dominic , Zajitschek Susanne , Hesselson Daniel , Noble Daniel W. A. , Morris Margaret J. , Lagisz Malgorzata , Nakagawa Shinichi 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe obesity epidemic is concerning as obesity appears to negatively impact cognition and behavior. Furthermore, some studies suggest that this negative effect could be carried across generations from both mothers and fathers although evidence is not consistent. Here, we attempt to address how obesogenic diets in the parental generation (F0) can impact offspring's cognition and anxiety intergenerationally (F1) in a zebrafish model. We compare both mean trait values and their variances. Using a multifactorial design, we created a total of four groups: F1T (treatment mothers × treatment fathers); F1M (treatment mothers × control fathers); F1P (treatment fathers × control mothers); and F1C (control mothers × control fathers, F1C); and subjected them to anxiety tank tests and aversive learning assays. When both parents were exposed, offspring (F1T) displayed the poorest aversive learning, while offspring that only had one parent exposed (F1P and F1M) learnt the aversive learning task the best. Zebrafish in all groups displayed no statistically significant differences in anxiety‐associated behaviors. Males and females also performed similarly in both anxiety and aversive learning assays. While all F1 groups had similar levels of fasting blood glucose, variance in glucose levels were reduced in F1P and F1T indicating the importance of investigating heteroskedasticity between groups. Furthermore, anxiety behaviors of these two groups appeared to be less repeatable. To our knowledge, this is the first study to test the intergenerational effects of an obesogenic diet on zebrafish cognition. Our multifactorial design as well as repeated tests also allowed us to disentangle maternal and paternal effects (as well as combined effects) and accurately detect subtle information such as between‐individual variation.
The detected effects of driptips and leaf wettability on the kinetic energy of throughfall in rubber‐based agroforestry in Xishuangbanna
Authors: Liu Jiaqing , Liu Wenjie , Zhang Wenliu , Wang Pingyuan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDriptips play important roles in controlling soil erosion and in the water cycle. The driptips size distribution and the morphology of water droplets on the leaves among rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and intercropping species (Camellia sinensis, Citrus reticulata, Flemingia macrophylla and Theobroma cacao) were measured. Driptip‐producing experiments were conducted indoors on stabilized leaves of five species with artificially mist spray. In all five foliage species, the diameter of the driptips from rubber leaves was the lowest. Furthermore, the relationship between driptips size and the mean leaf width at 3 mm from the rubber leaf tip was significantly positively correlated. Leaf wettability as measured by water droplets height linearly increase with the total volume of water which dropped on the leaves of all five species. The contact angle of the water droplets and the total volume of the droplet were significantly negatively correlated. Based on physical theory, the kinetic energy of the driptips was calculated by estimating the diameters of the driptip from all five species. The results indicated that it was important to consider the kinetic energy of driptips in selection of intercropping species when constructing rubber‐based agroforestry plantations. Understanding the relationship between driptips size and the development of leaf tips (leaf width at 3 mm from the leaf tip) will require more experiments with different leaf inclinations, and the results also confirmed that using the contact angle of water droplets to assess leaf wettability. This study can help to predict canopy water processes, such as canopy water storage and drainage.
Wildfire evacuation patterns and syndromes across Canada's forested regions
Authors: Tepley Alan J. , Parisien Marc‐André , Wang Xianli , Oliver Jacqueline A. , Flannigan Mike D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHuman exposure to wildfire is increasing in many regions globally—a trend likely to continue as climate change drives increases in wildfire activity and human populations continue to expand into fire‐prone landscapes. In Canada, this trend is reflected by a steady increase in the annual number of wildfire evacuations since the 1980s. Evacuations can be costly and cause severe stress, even when homes remain undamaged. Because many factors driving community vulnerability are likely correlated, classifying at‐risk communities into groups whose members share common drivers of wildfire vulnerability will be helpful in identifying the key wildfire evacuation “syndromes” that are repeated in different parts of the landscape. Understanding these syndromes will aid in anticipating and mitigating the effects of future fire exposure. Here, we classify the populated places across Canada's forested regions into 19 groups using variables describing their potential vulnerability to wildfire, including the surrounding land cover, land use and infrastructure, and the local fire regime. Then, we evaluate the utility of these groups by comparing actual wildfire exposure among the groups using a unique dataset of 1043 wildfire evacuations from 1980 to 2019. We identified three main evacuation syndromes that represent 79% of all evacuations and are distinct in their geographic distribution, the characteristics of the fires that drove the evacuations, the communities exposed, and the likely mode of evacuation. In remote areas dominated by conifer forest, evacuations were driven primarily by lightning‐ignited fires in the summer. Exposed communities typically lacked access to the road network, making it important to plan for evacuation by air. In less remote mixedwood forest areas, evacuations were driven largely by human‐ignited fires in the spring, and most communities had access to major roads. In interior British Columbia, evacuations were mainly in the summer and driven by both lightning‐ and human‐ignited fires. These areas experienced the greatest increase in evacuation frequency over the last two decades, reflecting the local trend of increasing wildfire activity. These differences highlight how the major risk factors vary spatially across the forested regions and temporally over the fire season—knowledge that will facilitate more effective planning for future fire seasons.
Recent increase in autumn temperature has stabilized tree growth in forests near the tree lines in Chilean Patagonia
Authors: Gibson‐Carpintero Stephanie , Venegas‐González Alejandro , Urra Vinci D. , Estay Sergio A. , Gutiérrez Álvaro G. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIt is widely accepted that global warming is affecting forests near the tree line by increasing tree growth in these cold‐limited environments. However, since about 1970, a reduction in tree growth near the tree line has been observed in response to warming and increased drought stress. This reduction in tree growth has been mainly reported in forests of the northern hemisphere but less studied in southern forests. In this study, we investigated tree populations of Nothofagus pumilio located near the arboreal altitudinal limit in the central Patagonian Andes (45–47° S, Aysén region, Chile). In this region, warming has been accompanied by increased drought conditions since the 2000s. We explored whether this climatic variability has promoted or reduced tree growth at the regional scale in tree lines of these broadleaved temperate forests of central Patagonia. We constructed tree‐ring chronologies and determined common growth patterns and trends, and then analyzed the influence of recent climate. We detected a significant change in the slope of regional growth trends between the periods 1955–1985 and 1985–2015. We found that positive growth trends in the period 1955–1985 were associated with warmer and drier springs. However, after 1985, we found a stabilization in N. pumilio growth associated with a steady increase in temperature in autumn. Our results support the idea that more frequent warm autumns, with very thin or no snow cover, have stabilized tree growth due to water deficit at the end of the growing season of N. pumilio. The predicted climate change scenario of increasing temperatures and drought in central Patagonia may increase competition among trees for water, particularly at the end of the growing season. Consequently, we could expect a decreasing forest growth trend in central Patagonia, potentially impacting forest dynamics of these southern forests.
Evaluating Coordinative Binding Mechanisms through Experimental and Computational Studies of Methoxy‐Substituted Arylazothioformamide Copper(I) Complexes
Authors: Pradhan Rabina , Groner Vincent M. , Gutman Kaylaa L. , Larson Garrett E. , Kan Yuwei , Zhang Qiang , Heiden Zachariah M. , Roll Mark F. , Moberly James G. , Waynant Kristopher V. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractRedox‐active arylazothioformamide (ATF) ligands, when reacted with CuI salts, coordinate to form a variety of 1 : 1 dimers and 2 : 1 ligand‐metal complexes through a N=N−C=S chelation motif. In this study, monosubstituted (ortho/meta/para) methoxy regioisomers of ATF were synthesized and evaluated with CuI halide and BF4 salts. UV‐Vis binding association studies revealed a 2 : 1 binding association model against all species producing a para ≫ ortho > meta pattern across the methoxy substitution range. To understand why the 2 : 1 non‐linear binding model was preferred over a 1 : 1 model for CuI halide salt dimers (i. e., A2B2), a series of mechanisms were computed indicating that metal salt dimers (i. e., B+B→B2) or ligand‐metal salt‐metal salt‐ (i. e., AB+B→AB2) interactions provide favorable pathways. Combined, the data substantiate the 2 : 1 binding association mechanistically even as the substitution pattern, steric bulk, and electronics alter the coordination strength of the ligands to the CuI center.
Recent Developments and Trends in Asymmetric Organocatalysis
Authors: García Mancheño Olga , Waser Mario 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAsymmetric organocatalysis has experienced a long and spectacular way since the early reports over a century ago by von Liebig, Knoevenagel and Bredig, showing that small (chiral) organic molecules can catalyze (asymmetric) reactions. This was followed by impressive first highly enantioselective reports in the second half of the last century, until the hype initiated in 2000 by the milestone publications of MacMillan and List, which finally culminated in the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This short Perspective aims at providing a brief introduction to the field by first looking on the historical development and the more classical methods and concepts, followed by discussing selected advanced recent examples that opened new directions and diversity within this still growing field.
Electrochemical Bromination of Substituted Thiophenes in Batch and Continuous Flow
Authors: Lu Hao‐Kuan , Liu Ting , Shi Zhaojiang , Yan Hong , Li Zhen , Ye Ke‐Yin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAn electrochemical bromination of thiophenes from ammonium bromide is developed both in batch and continuous‐flow conditions. Substituted thiophenes possessing 2‐hydrogens selectively afford a series of 2‐bromothiophenes while 2‐substituted benzothiophenes generate 3‐bromobenzo[b]thiophenes. Based on the cyclic voltammetric studies and literature, a bromine cation involved mechanism was proposed.
Palladium‐ and Iridium‐Catalyzed Deracemization of Allylic Oxygen Compounds with Oxygen Nucleophiles
Authors: Gais Hans‐Joachim 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAllylic oxygen compounds (AOCs) are an important class of versatile building blocks in natural and non‐natural product synthesis. Catalytic in‐situ deracemization is an attractive means for their enantioselective synthesis. Particularly attractive is the deracemization of AOCs through transition metal‐catalyzed dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT) with oxygen nucleophiles (ONus). This review describes pertinent aspects of the palladium‐catalyzed DYKAT of racemic allylic carboxylates, vinyl oxiranes and vinyl dioxolanones with carboxylates, hydrogen carbonate, alcohols, phenols, oximes, diosphenols and water and the iridium‐catalyzed DYKAT of racemic allylic alcohols, imidates and carboxylates with alcohols and carboxylic acids. Included in the discussion is the palladium‐catalyzed desymmetrization ofmeso‐cycloalkene bis(carboxylates) with hydrogen carbonate. While Trost's bisphosphinobenzamides, Zhou's spiro‐phosphoramidite and Feringa's BINOL‐phosphoramidite are highly efficient ligands in palladium‐catalyzed DYKAT, Carreira‐Dorta's BINOL‐phosphoramidite‐olefin is an excellent ligand in iridium‐catalyzed DYKAT. This review also discusses mechanistic and structural aspects of η3‐allylpalladium‐bisphosphinobenzamide and η3‐allyliridium‐BINOL‐phosphoramidite‐olefin complexes and of the corresponding catalysts.
Photoredox/Copper‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylamino‐Cyanation of 1,3‐Enynes
Authors: Liu Shuai , Huang Yangen , Qing Feng‐Ling , Xu Xiu‐Hua 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA photoredox/copper‐catalyzed 1,4‐difunctionalization of 1,3‐enynes with readily available trifluoromethylaminating reagent and TMSCN was developed. This reaction proceeded at mild conditions, affording the corresponding trifluoromethylaminated allenes in good yields and excellent regioselectivity. The synthetic application of the resulting products has also been demonstrated by the transformation toN−CF3oxazolidinones.
Palladium/Norbornene Cocatalyzed Catellani‐Type Domino Reaction with Aryl Diazonium Salts
Authors: Fu Ying , Guo Liang‐Liang , Zhang Yu‐Xia , Du Zhengyin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe palladium/norbornene co‐catalyzed difunctionalization of haloarenes provides a facile and efficient method for the synthesis of polyfunctional aromatic compounds. However, the suitable substrates for such a transformation have been strictly limited to haloarenes. We here demonstrate that aryl diazonium salts could be well employed as substrates in these reactions, enabling arylbromides with electron‐withdrawing groups to be used as cross‐coupling partners.
Deoxygenative Intramolecular Minisci‐Type Reaction to Access Fused Heterocyclic Scaffolds
Authors: Troyano Francisco José Aguilar , Anwar Khadijah , Mohr Fabian , Robert Guillaume , Gómez‐Suárez Adrián 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHerein, we present a straightforward strategy for the synthesis of fused heterocycles through a deoxygenative, intramolecular Minisci‐type reaction. This approach grants access to complex polycyclic scaffolds in three steps from readily available starting materials, such as chlorinated heteroarenes and 1,3‐diols. The use of saccharide derivatives as the starting 1,3‐diol motif allows for the synthesis of novel heterocyclic scaffolds with excellent diastereoselectivity and formal retention of configuration at the newly formed C−C bond.
Analysis of drug interactions with serum proteins and related binding agents by affinity capillary electrophoresis: A review
Authors: Sharmeen Sadia , Kyei Isaac , Hatch Arden , Hage David S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBiomolecules such as serum proteins can interact with drugs in the body and influence their pharmaceutical effects. Specific and precise methods that analyze these interactions are critical for drug development or monitoring and for diagnostic purposes. Affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) is one technique that can be used to examine the binding between drugs and serum proteins, or other agents found in serum or blood. This article will review the basic principles of ACE, along with related affinity‐based capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods, and examine recent developments that have occurred in this field as related to the characterization of drug–protein interactions. An overview will be given of the various formats that can be used in ACE and CE for such work, including the relative advantages or weaknesses of each approach. Various applications of ACE and affinity‐based CE methods for the analysis of drug interactions with serum proteins and other binding agents will also be presented. Applications of ACE and related techniques that will be discussed include drug interaction studies with serum agents, chiral drug separations employing serum proteins, and the use of CE in hybrid methods to characterize drug binding with serum proteins.
A double fixed rank kriging approach to spatial regression models with covariate measurement error
Authors: Ning Xu , Hui Francis K. C. , Welsh Alan H. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn many applications of spatial regression modeling, the spatially indexed covariates are measured with error, and it is known that ignoring this measurement error can lead to attenuation of the estimated regression coefficients. Classical measurement error techniques may not be appropriate in the spatial setting, due to the lack of validation data and the presence of (residual) spatial correlation among the responses. In this article, we propose a double fixed rank kriging (FRK) approach to obtain bias‐corrected estimates of and inference on coefficients in spatial regression models, where the covariates are spatially indexed and subject to measurement error. Assuming they vary smoothly in space, the proposed method first fits an FRK model regressing the covariates against spatial basis functions to obtain predictions of the error‐free covariates. These are then passed into a second FRK model, where the response is regressed against the predicted covariates plus another set of spatial basis functions to account for spatial correlation. A simulation study and an application to presence–absence records of Carolina wren from the North American Breeding Bird Survey demonstrate that the proposed double FRK approach can be effective in adjusting for measurement error in spatially correlated data.
An energy‐frequency parameter for earthquake ground motion intensity measure
Authors: Chen Guan , Yang Jiashu , Liu Yong , Kitahara Takeshi , Beer Michael 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA novel scalar ground motion intensity measure (IM), termed the energy‐frequency parameter, is proposed based on the Hilbert‐Huang transform. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed IM, the correlation analysis between the engineering demand parameter (EDP) and energy‐frequency parameter is performed using 1992 recorded ground motions, in which EDP is the maximum inter‐storey drift of structures obtained by nonlinear time‐history analysis. Results show that the energy‐frequency parameter has a strong linear correlation with EDP at natural logarithm, and this correlation is applicable for various structural fundamental periods. We also verified that the lognormal cumulative distribution function can characterize the energy‐frequency parameter‐based fragility function, which can further facilitate the application of the parameter in seismic risk analysis. Besides, the strong correlation between the energy‐frequency parameter and other IMs (such as PGA, PGV, PGD, CAV, , , and SI) potentially makes the proposed IM widely applicable in seismic risk analysis. Moreover, since the energy‐frequency parameter depends only on the frequency‐domain characteristics of the ground‐motion signal, it may closely link to seismological theory and provide new insights into seismology engineering.