(Digital Presentation) Fabrication of Monolayer-Protected Gold Cluster Thin Films: Electrochemical and Optical Properties
Authors: Saxena Shivi , Guda Ramakrishna 
Published: July 2022

Quantum-sized monolayer-protected gold clusters have captivated the imagination of scientists over the last two decades and show exciting optical, electrochemical and catalytic properties when compared to larger-sized plasmonic gold nanoparticles, making them useful for myriad new applications in photonics, catalysis and sensors. One interesting property is the photoluminescence (PL) of gold clusters making them suitable as biological imaging labels. However, the low PL Quantum Yields (QY) are a concern for these clusters and research is focused on improving the PL QYs. One strategy, our research group has worked on is the shell-gold rigidification via the use of surfactants and proteins. Shell ligand rigidification was achieved by ion pairing with bulky tertiary alkyl ammonium groups and aromatic chromophores. Another strategy to reduce the non-radiative deactivation pathways is by making the gold cluster thin films. In a recent study, it was shown that solid state films of clusters not only have manifold increase in PL quantum yield but also their luminescent lifetimes and two photon absorption cross-sections are greatly enhanced in comparison to their solution analogues. Researchers have worked on various strategies to make gold cluster thin films for device applications. One problem with thin films of gold clusters is that the clusters lose their interesting optical and electrochemical properties that were observed in solution phase. For making the clusters useful by enhancing PL for photonic device applications, it is important for the clusters to retain their properties in solid state, which is the main objective of the study carried out here. One problem is that drying intrinsic gold clusters results in crystallization whose optical properties are difficult to characterize. In this study, we have used Nafion and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to make thin films of water-soluble glutathione-protected gold clusters. Water soluble cluster Au22(SG)18 with reported PLQY of 8% were synthesized and characterized by UV-VIS absorption and PL measurements and thin films of these clusters were made using water soluble PVP and Nafion polymers via drop casting. Enhanced PL and electrochemical properties were observed for clusters in solid state. Similarly, non-polar gold cluster films are fabricated with Polystyrene and optical absorption and PL properties were retained in the solid state.
Although drop casting with polymers was found to retain the optical properties, the uniformity of films is a problem. The uniformity of the film is dependent on solvent’s surface tension thus diminishing the quality of the film. Therefore, there is a need of depositing films of gold clusters in a controlled manner which governs their thickness and uniformity. Electropolymerization technique is known to make films during the polymerization of monomers possessing functional groups whose oxidation or reduction via anti-bonding or non-boding electrons on a heteroatom. In this study, we have used electropolymerization strategy to fabricate thin films of gold clusters on conducting substrates. The film is deposited at the working electrode during cyclic voltammetric (CV) sweep when passed through the required reduction or oxidation potential of the monomer under suitable conditions. This technique makes a uniform film throughout the exposed area of the working electrode active surface and the thickness of the film is often proportional to the number of sweep cycles employed. Therefore, introduction of gold clusters in this process with monomers which are previously known to bond with each other will incorporate clusters in the film during the polymerization process and will ease their film formation with uniform thickness. Amongst various size gold clusters, the one which shows good stability as a result of following the magic number series is Au25(SR)18
- . The stability of clustersis one of the important parameter required for practical applications. Aniline and other amine based monomers are used as precursors to make thin films of Au25 on conducting substrate such as Indium tin oxide. By solubilizing the gold clusters with the monomers they are deposited along with the polymers.