bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Friction at the Head–Helmet Interface on Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) Blunt Impact Kinematic Performance
Authors: York Shayne , Edwards Elizabeth D , Jesunathadas Mark , Landry Tiffany , Piland Scott G , Plaisted Thomas A , Kleinberger Michael , Gould Trenton E 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The purpose of this study was to compare the rotational blunt impact performance of an anthropomorphic test device (ATD: male 50% Hybrid III head and neck) headform donning an Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) between conditions in which the coefficient of static friction (μs) at the head-to-helmet pad interface varied.

Materials and Methods
Two ACHs (size large) were used in this study and friction was varied using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), human hair, skullcap, and the native vinyl skin of the ATD. A condition in which hook and loop material adhered the headform to the liner system was also tested, resulting in a total of five conditions: PTFE, Human Hair, Skullcap, Vinyl, and Hook. Blunt impact tests with each helmet in each of the five conditions were conducted on a pneumatic linear impactor at 4.3 m/s. The ATD donning the ACH was impacted in seven locations (Crown, Front, Rear, Left Side, Right Side, Left Nape, and Right Nape). The peak resultant angular acceleration (PAA), velocity (PAV), and the Diffuse Axonal Multi-Axis, General Evaluation (DAMAGE) metric were compared between conditions.

Results
No pairwise differences were observed between conditions for PAA. A positive correlation was observed between mean μs and PAA at the Front (τ = 0.28; P = .044) and Rear (τ = 0.31; P = .024) impact locations. The Hook condition had a mean PAV value that was often less than the other conditions (P ≤ .024). A positive correlation was observed between mean μs and PAV at the Front (τ = 0.32; P = .019) and Right Side (τ = 0.57; P &lt; .001) locations. The Hook condition tended to have the lowest DAMAGE value compared to the other conditions (P ≤ .032). A positive correlation was observed between the mean μs and DAMAGE at the Rear (τ = 0.60; P &lt; .001) location. A negative correlation was observed at the Left Side (τ = -0.28; P = .040), Right Side (τ = -0.58; P &lt; .001) and Left Nape (τ = -0.56; P &lt; .001) locations.

Conclusions
The results of this study indicate that at some impact locations kinematic responses can vary as a function of the friction at the head-to-helmet pad interface. However, a reduction in the coupling of the head-helmet pad interface did not consistently reduce head angular kinematics or measures of brain strain across impact locations. Thus, for the ACH during collision-type impacts, impact location as opposed to μs seems to have a greater influence on head kinematics and rotational-based measures of brain strain.
Oral Health Disparities in the Royal Netherlands Armed Forces
Authors: van Klink Nanda 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
In the military, good oral health is essential for combat readiness. The Royal Netherlands Armed Forces (RNAF) Dental Service is responsible for delivering a high standard of dental care to soldiers to ensure that commanding officers can deploy dentally fit troops. Oral health inequalities are associated with lower socioeconomic status. Rank is reflective of social status within the military hierarchy. The aim of this study was to analyze differences in the oral health status of RNAF personnel in relation to ranks and other determinants.

Materials and Methods
All soldiers of the RNAF who underwent a regular dental inspection between January 15, 2018 and February 2, 2018 were enrolled. The decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth (DMFT) index, Dutch Periodontal Screening Index, and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) were used to assess their oral health. Dental fitness was categorized. Patients were questioned about their smoking behavior and perception of their oral health. Personnel were divided into the following three groups according to rank: officers, noncommissioned officers (NCOs), and enlisted ranks.

Results
Nine hundred and eighty-four soldiers of the RNAF were included in this study. Enlisted ranks had significantly higher DMFT index and OHI-S scores than officers and NCOs (both P &lt; .001), which was associated with smoking and older age. Enlisted ranks were also significantly more often determined to have unacceptable dental fitness than officers and NCOs after the examination (P = .033). There was also a difference in dental fitness classification between officers and NCOs, but this was not statistically significant (P = .103).

Conclusions
The lowest ranked military personnel are more frequently classified as dentally unfit for deployment than officers and NCOs due to oral health conditions. This is important when considering the allocation of dental resources to maximize the pool of deployable personnel.
Assessment of Resident Burnout After Formalization of Wellness Program
Authors: Schmeusser Benjamin , Gauthier Zoe , Nagy Kelly 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Burnout has reached epidemic levels among resident physicians. Characterized by emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization, and feelings of inefficacy, burnout negatively affects patient outcomes, increases costs, and decreases physician quality of life. These negative outcomes catalyze leaders in graduate medical education to address burnout and reverse its trends. The primary aim of this project is to design a residency Wellness Program utilizing the facets of physician wellness, assess levels of burnout among resident physicians, and determine the program’s effects on burnout.

Materials and Methods
A Wellness Program was formalized at a Midwestern, military-civilian Obstetrics and Gynecology residency program for the 2019-2020 academic year. Resident wellness and perceptions were assessed at three time points (0, 6, and 12 months) through surveys consisting of free response, yes–no questions, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory Scales.

Results
On average, 17 of 24 residents completed all three survey assessments. Perception of the residency program prioritization of wellness increased significantly from 52.9% to 94.4% (P = .007). Residents consistently demonstrated burnout throughout the year with low levels of EE, high levels of depersonalization, and moderate levels of personal achievement. Residents were consistently satisfied with their personal wellness (80%-92.9%) during the program. Residents wanted to see physical activity incorporated into the program.

Conclusions
This study assessed burnout during a formalization of a Wellness Program and insight on resident perceptions and wellness requests. Military medicine, graduate medical education, and other residency programs can utilize this research to better develop and study the implementation of wellness initiatives aimed at reducing burn out.
Hope and Hunger in the Łódź Ghetto
Authors: Einwohner Rachel L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Unlike in the ghettos of Warsaw and Vilna, Jews in the Łódź ghetto never planned for armed resistance against the Nazis. Chapter 5 shows that critical conclusions and resonant responses explain this outcome as well. The severe isolation of the Łódź Ghetto prevented the community from learning about massacres of Jews elsewhere, thereby precluding the critical conclusion of hopelessness. Instead, they maintained hope for their survival, despite severe food shortages and widespread hunger. Nazi-appointed Ghetto leader Chaim Rumkowski, the “Eldest of the Jews,” contributed to the community’s assessment of threat and hopes for survival by continually exhorting the community to work in the ghetto factories to protect the ghetto from destruction. This hope worked against the development of a frame that might have supported armed resistance, despite the presence of youth activist groups in the ghetto who might have otherwise been able to promote such a frame.
Resistance: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Einwohner Rachel L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The book concludes by returning to the memorials to Jewish resistance in present-day Warsaw. It uses that imagery to begin a discussion of what Jewish resistance can teach us, both about protest and resistance of the past and about politics in the present. It argues that critical conclusions and resonant responses can help explain a broader variety of examples of collective action under repressive conditions, including prison riots, mutinies, and rebellions of enslaved people. It ends by considering the politics of hope and calling for an end to anti-Semitism and other forms of hate and violence. It also asks the reader to honor the memory of victims of hate crimes everywhere.
We Are Not One People
Authors: Lee Michael J. , Atchison R. Jarrod 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
E pluribus unum was suggested for the national seal in 1776, but national oneness has been haunted by its twin, E pluribus pluria, ever since. We Are Not One People demonstrates how the persistence of separatist movements in American history reveals as much about the nation’s politics as it does about the would-be separatists. Each chapter explores how great swaths of Americans of every ideological stripe, in good times and bad, in and beyond the South, have disputed the nation’s oneness and stressed its divisibility. Trumpeted in American myths, mottos, mantras, maxims, movies, stories, and songs, separatism is omnipresent in American political culture. Separatist rhetoric has shaped Americans’ experience of what it means to be an American, and we can learn much about the durable appeal and enduring fragility of the American figment from those who tried to leave it. As one Vermont separatist quipped, leaving is as American “as apple pie.” We Are Not One People is a bold, pathbreaking, and far-reaching account of disunionists from 1776 to the present who wanted, as is enshrined in the Declaration of Independence, “to dissolve the political bands” connecting them to other Americans.
Richard Rodgers
Authors: Wilder Alec 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
All of Richard Rodgers’s songs were written for the theater or film. His career divides neatly into two halves—the years he worked with lyricist Lorenz Hart (1919–1943) and the years with Oscar Hammerstein II (1943–1960). Songs of his later period took on a new quality—one more observant of theatrical context and less likely to produce stand-alone songs. South Pacific is a case in point. Few of the melodies can stand on their own when performed out of context. Some one hundred songs by Rodgers are discussed in this chapter, most of them dating from the decades with Lorenz Hart.
Vincent Youmans and Arthur Schwartz
Authors: Wilder Alec 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Vincent Youmans was born the same year as George Gershwin, and like his contemporary, died young. Although he lived to be forty-seven years old, declining health curtailed his output after age thirty-five. Surprisingly, his legacy endures owing to a relatively small number of songs, among them “Tea for Two,” Hallelujah!,” “More than You Know,” and “Time on My Hands.” Arthur Schwarz wrote some of the finest songs in the American Songbook, but, like Youmans, he could hardly be called prolific. His best work was done with lyricist Howard Deitz. Among their hits are “Dancing in the Dark,” “Alone Together,” and “If There Is Someone Lovelier than You.”
Burton Lane, Hugh Martin, and Vernon Duke
Authors: Wilder Alec 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Burton Lane did not write his first full theater score until 1940 for Hold on to Your Hats. Dividing his time between New York and Hollywood, he would only write two more full theater scores, but they were blockbusters: Finian’s Rainbow (1947) and On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1965). Among his many fine songs are “Everything I Have Is Yours,” “How about You?,” and “Old Devil Moon.” Hugh Martin is remembered for writing the music for Meet Me in St. Louis, in which Judy Garland introduced three songs that have remained favorites: “The Trolley Song,” “The Boy Next Door,” and “Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas.” In addition to his successful career as a songwriter, Vernon Duke was also a composer of concert works, which he signed with his real name, Vladimir Dukelsky. Although foreign born, he had completely absorbed the style of American popular song, bringing an inventiveness not heard in other songwriters. “April in Paris,” “Autumn in New York,” and “I Can’t Get Started” rank among the most admired songs in the American Songbook.
The Great Craftsmen
Authors: Wilder Alec 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Most of the songs that comprise the American Songbook were written by composers who might be known by dedicated enthusiasts but are most likely not household names. Often the name of a tune will be enough to jar the memory, such as the mention of “Star Dust” triggering the recollection that Hoagy Carmichael wrote the song. Sometimes the composer never did achieve a level of recognition nearly equal to that of their songs, such as Harry Warren, who had numerous hits and consistently produced excellent material. Some composer’s names are forgotten with the passage of time, but their songs are not, such as Isham Jones, who wrote “It Had to Be You.” And some just went quietly along writing great songs and were never really known outside of the music business, such as Fred Ahlert, who wrote “I’ll Get By.” This chapter examines the songs of twelve accomplished composers who collectively supplied a sizable chunk of the standard songs we know today. They are Hoagy Carmichael, Walter Donaldson, Harry Warren, Isham Jones, Jimmy McHugh, Duke Ellington, Fred Ahlert, Richard Whiting, Ray Noble, John Green, Rube Bloom, and Jimmy Van Heusen.
The Tudor Sheriff
Authors: McGovern Jonathan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Sheriffs were among the most important local office-holders in early modern England. They were generalist officers of the king responsible for executing legal process, holding local courts, empanelling juries, making arrests, executing criminals, collecting royal revenue, holding parliamentary elections, and many other vital duties. Although sheriffs have a cameo role in virtually every book about early modern England, the precise nature of their work has remained something of a mystery. This monograph offers the first comprehensive analysis of the shrieval system between 1485 and 1603. It demonstrates that this system was not abandoned to decay in the Tudor period, but was effectively reformed to ensure its continued relevance. It demonstrates that sheriffs were not in competition with other branches of local government, such as the Lords Lieutenant and justices of the peace, but cooperated effectively with them. Since the office of sheriff was closely related to every other branch of government, a study of the sheriff is also a study of English government at work.
Moral Limits
Authors: McPherson David 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses moral limits. In a broad sense of “moral,” which is concerned with how we ought to live our lives, each of the limits explored in this book can be regarded as involving moral limits. But this chapter focuses on traditional areas of concern for moral philosophers. The first section discusses the issue of character formation and how this properly begins from learning to acknowledge restraints on our desires, which enables us to become the best of all animals, rather than the worst, that is, it enables us to become fully human (in the sense of realizing a normative ideal for humanity). The section focuses on the limiting virtues of reverence (as expressed through manners) and moderation, and it draws on Confucian and Aristotelian ethics. The next two sections are primarily concerned to argue against consequentialist forms of ethics. The second section argues in favor of absolute prohibitions by appealing again to the limiting virtue of reverence, and it critiques other proposed bases for such prohibitions. The third and final section then considers what we positively owe others in terms of assistance. While it maintains that we should have concern for all human beings qua human beings, it discusses how the limiting virtues of neighborliness (a form of human solidarity that recognizes the moral significance of proximity) and loyalty place constraints on what we can be asked to do on behalf of others.
Tax Cooperation in an Unjust World
Authors: Christians Allison , van Apeldoorn Laurens 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This book considers the implications of the existence of persistent and widespread subsistence rights deficits on what, on a plausible account of international justice, counts as fair cooperation in international taxation. It first establishes that the international tax system currently allows states with great wealth to claim more than they are justifiably entitled to from the global economy. It then demonstrates that that this status quo both facilitates and feeds off continued human suffering, and therefore violates even minimal conceptions of international distributive justice. Finally, it explains how this situation of ongoing injustice can be addressed through existing institutions and processes and show that a fairer international tax system could be achieved with incremental yet effective adaptation, that is, without requiring radical reform or a new world tax order.
Writing Pain in the Nineteenth-Century United States
Authors: Constantinesco Thomas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This book examines how pain is represented in a range of literary texts and genres from the nineteenth-century United States. It considers the aesthetic, philosophical, and ethical implications of pain across the works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Harriet Jacobs, Emily Dickinson, Henry James, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, and Alice James, as the national culture of pain progressively transformed in the wake of the invention of anesthesia. Through these writers, it argues that pain, while undeniably destructive, also generates language and identities, and demonstrates how literature participates in theorizing the problems of mind and body that undergird the deep chasms of selfhood, sociality, gender, and race of a formative period in American history. Writing Pain considers first Emerson’s philosophy of compensation, which promises to convert pain into gain. It then explores the limitations of this model, showing how Jacobs contests the division of body and mind that underwrites it and how Dickinson challenges its alleged universalism by foregrounding the unshareability of pain as a paradoxical measure of togetherness. The book investigates next the concurrent economies of affects in which pain was implicated during and after the Civil War and argues, through the example of James and Phelps, for queer sociality as a response to the heteronormative violence of sentimentalism. The last chapter on Alice James extends the critique of sentimental sympathy while returning to the book’s premise that pain is generative and the site of thought. By linking literary formalism with individual and social formation, Writing Pain eventually claims close reading as a method to recover the theoretical work of literature.
Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Economy of Pain
Authors: Constantinesco Thomas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Transcendentalist philosophy of pain and centers on its economic structure of compensation. It argues that Emerson’s philosophy, while recognizing the reality of pain, works to cancel it eventually by promising to convert present pain into future gain and spiritual ecstasy. The chapter further demonstrates how the death of Emerson’s son Waldo in 1842 and his progressive commitment to the cause of abolition presented a double challenge to this metaphysics of pain. On the one hand, it shows that the psychological shock of his son’s death laid bare the limits of his idealism, as the dream world of transcendental, pain-free joy turned into a nightmarish vision of extreme yet immaterial suffering. On the other hand, it illuminates how the representation of the pain of enslavement in Emerson’s abolitionist lectures complicated his earlier, critical engagement with the demands of sentimentality and its underlying logic of sympathetic identification, evincing the problematic uses of Black pain in the imagination of white freedom and safety. The chapter thus makes the claim that reading Emerson’s engagements with pain across his writing career helps to reveal the ethical and political difficulties attendant to his literary philosophy.
Henry James, Invisible Wounds, and the Civil War
Authors: Constantinesco Thomas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates forms of attachment through pain in the wake of the Civil War by reading closely one of Henry James’s first published stories, “A Most Extraordinary Case” (1868). In this tale of invisible suffering, a veteran comes back from the front unscathed, yet dies of a mysterious wound, which nineteenth-century medicine was only beginning to recognize as psychic injury. The chapter examines how the narrative conflates the conventions of the medical case study with those of the sentimental war story and nursing romance. It shows how the account of war trauma is thus intertwined with an exploration of the gendered politics of affects, whereby the soldier’s suffering becomes the object of concurrent desires which complicate his relation to the language and entitlements of manhood. It further argues that the protagonist’s pain is triangulated between heterosexual normativity and homosexual longings, as he struggles to find a place within the national community that the war produced. The chapter eventually contends that the queering of the soldier’s pain helps to connect this early story with James’s autobiography, Notes of a Son and Brother (1914), where he remembered his own invisible injury sustained at the outset of the War yet outside of the battlefield, and tried to articulate his “obscure hurt” with the demands of national manhood.
Coda
Authors: Constantinesco Thomas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The coda considers the ways literary forms produce and circulate our thinking about the function of pain in individual and social formations, relating the book’s claims and interventions to the critical purchase of literature and literary studies. While the work of literature has often been reduced to its dimension of storytelling and to its capacity to foster empathetic identification through narratives of pain, attending to the labor of form shows how literature effectively theorizes the affordances of pain—its challenges and its potentials—outside the frameworks of medicalization and sentimental sympathy, as a generative feeling to be neither anesthetized nor bemoaned.
‘The many-headed multitude’
Authors: Peacey Jason 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs the mental world of John Smyth junior, who pursued the Warrens Court dispute after his father’s death in 1641. Often described as a political moderate, who took sides only reluctantly during the civil wars, and who was inclined to reach a settlement with Benjamin Crokey, Smyth can instead be depicted as a determined if careful royalist, whose ‘localism’ was strategic, and whose ‘neutrality’ was only skin deep. By examining Smyth’s career, networks, and civil war activities, as well as his political and religious patronage, this chapter engages with methodologies for addressing civil war allegiance while also suggesting that he had the means and motives to prolong the contestation over Wotton school.