bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrode material effect on electromechanical properties of dielectric elastomers in different ambient humidity
Authors: Zuo Yuchen , Zhang Junshi , Zhu Mingliang , Liu Lei 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The electromechanical properties of dielectric elastomers (DEs) are surely affected by the ambient humidity and electrode materials. In this article, under a varying ambient humidity, the dielectric constant, electromechanical deformation and electrical breakdown strength of Very-High-Bond (VHB) 4905 elastomer with different electrode materials are experimentally investigated. Four common electrode materials, including carbon grease, carbon powder, conductive adhesive, and conductive silicone rubber, are involved. Experimental results directly show that the electromechanical deformation and electrical breakdown strength of DEs with different electrode materials have distinct sensitivity to humidity. Under a condition of diverse humidity, the VHB film with carbon grease is found to generate the largest voltage-induced deformation, while a high electrical breakdown strength is induced by the electrode material of carbon powder.
Phylogenetic analysis of adaptation in comparative physiology and biomechanics: overview and a case study of thermal physiology in treefrogs
Authors: Moen Daniel S. , Cabrera-Guzmán Elisa , Caviedes-Solis Itzue W. , González-Bernal Edna , Hanna Allison R. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTComparative phylogenetic studies of adaptation are uncommon in biomechanics and physiology. Such studies require data collection from many species, a challenge when this is experimentally intensive. Moreover, researchers struggle to employ the most biologically appropriate phylogenetic tools for identifying adaptive evolution. Here, we detail an established but greatly underutilized phylogenetic comparative framework – the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process – that explicitly models long-term adaptation. We discuss challenges in implementing and interpreting the model, and we outline potential solutions. We demonstrate use of the model through studying the evolution of thermal physiology in treefrogs. Frogs of the family Hylidae have twice colonized the temperate zone from the tropics, and such colonization likely involved a fundamental change in physiology due to colder and more seasonal temperatures. However, which traits changed to allow colonization is unclear. We measured cold tolerance and characterized thermal performance curves in jumping for 12 species of treefrogs distributed from the Neotropics to temperate North America. We then conducted phylogenetic comparative analyses to examine how tolerances and performance curves evolved and to test whether that evolution was adaptive. We found that tolerance to low temperatures increased with the transition to the temperate zone. In contrast, jumping well at colder temperatures was unrelated to biogeography and thus did not adapt during dispersal. Overall, our study shows how comparative phylogenetic methods can be leveraged in biomechanics and physiology to test the evolutionary drivers of variation among species.
SESAME – a synchrotron light source in the Middle East: an international research infrastructure in the making
Authors: Rungius Charlotte , Flink Tim , Riedel Sebastian 
Published: February 2022

SESAME (Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East) is an international research centre located in Jordan. The centre was established in the late 1990s with the intention to foster scientific cooperation in a region of the world that has been torn by persistent conflicts. The project is built on the idea that science can help to overcome barriers and cultural differences within the common ground of science and research. SESAME’s core ambition is to operate an international state-of-the-art synchrotron users’ facility in the north of Amman that is accessible to scientists from all of its members: Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, Palestine, Turkey and Jordan. Accordingly, SESAME has been often praised as a paramount example of science diplomacy. Our intention for this report was to investigate a concrete international research infrastructure with a specific science diplomacy interest. What were the enabling conditions for such a project to come into being and what keeps SESAME running? What were the challenges and obstacles? How does the composition of member states play into that? How is SESAME related to (and embedded in) the global synchrotron community, academia, researchers and political actors in the region and the world? Did the science diplomacy ambition behind the project turn out to be successful and how does it affect SESAME's future?
10-year longitudinal study of malaria in children: Insights into acquisition and maintenance of naturally acquired immunity
Authors: Addy John W.G. , Bediako Yaw , Ndungu Francis M. , Valetta John Joseph , Reid Adam J. , Mwacharo Jedida , Ngoi Joyce Mwongeli , Wambua Joshua , Otieno Edward , Musyoki Jennifer , Said Khadija , Berriman Matthew , Marsh Kevin , Bejon Philip , Recker Mario , Langhorne Jean 
Published: February 2022

Background: Studies of long-term malaria cohorts have provided essential insights into how Plasmodium falciparum interacts with humans, and influences the development of antimalarial immunity. Immunity to malaria is acquired gradually after multiple infections, some of which present with clinical symptoms. However, there is considerable variation in the number of clinical episodes experienced by children of the same age within the same cohort. Understanding this variation in clinical symptoms and how it relates to the development of naturally acquired immunity is crucial in identifying how and when some children stop experiencing further malaria episodes. Where variability in clinical episodes may result from different rates of acquisition of immunity, or from variable exposure to the parasite. Methods: Using data from a longitudinal cohort of children residing in an area of moderate P. falciparum transmission in Kilifi district, Kenya, we fitted cumulative episode curves as monotonic-increasing splines, to 56 children under surveillance for malaria from the age of 5 to 15. Results: There was large variability in the accumulation of numbers of clinical malaria episodes experienced by the children, despite being of similar age and living in the same general location. One group of children from a particular sub-region of the cohort stopped accumulating clinical malaria episodes earlier than other children in the study. Despite lack of further clinical episodes of malaria, these children had higher asymptomatic parasite densities and higher antibody titres to a panel of P. falciparum blood-stage antigens. Conclusions: This suggests development of clinical immunity rather than lack of exposure to the parasite, and supports the view that this immunity to malaria disease is maintained by a greater exposure to P. falciparum, and thus higher parasite burdens. Our study illustrates the complexity of anti-malaria immunity and underscores the need for analyses which can sufficiently reflect the heterogeneity within endemic populations.
“An increase in COVID-19 patients would be overwhelming”: A qualitative description of healthcare workers’ experiences during the first wave of COVID-19 (March 2020 to October 2020) at Malawi’s largest referral hospital.
Authors: Limbani Felix , Kapumba Blessings M , Mzinganjira Henry , Phiri Tamara , Mwandumba Henry C , Rylance Jamie , Morton Ben , Desmond Nicola 
Published: February 2022

Background COVID-19 is currently a global health threat. Healthcare workers are on the front-line of the COVID-19 outbreak response and therefore at heightened risk of infection. There is a dearth of evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa about healthcare worker experiences in managing COVID-19. We have reported on healthcare worker responses, experiences, and perspectives on epidemic response strategies at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Malawi’s largest referral hospital. Methods We conducted 39 face-to-face in-depth interviews with a purposively selected sample of healthcare workers during the first wave of COVID-19 in Malawi (March 2020 to October 2020). The study included healthcare workers who provided direct and indirect patient care. Results During the early phase of the first wave (March to May 2020), healthcare workers expressed concerns with inadequate working space, unconducive infrastructure, delayed and rushed training on the management of COVID-19, and lack of incentives. Additionally, the hospital had staff shortages and limited essential resources such as piped oxygen and personal protective equipment. This increased healthcare worker fears of contracting COVID-19 and they were less willing to volunteer at COVID-19 isolation units. Resource constraints and limited preparedness compromised the care pathway particularly with increased numbers of COVID-19 patients. By the peak of the first wave (June to August 2020) many of these issues had been resolved. The hospital provided refresher training courses, personal protective equipment became available, incentives were offered to healthcare workers working in COVID-19 units and piped oxygen was installed. Staff morale was boosted, and more staff were willing to work at the COVID-19 isolation centres. Conclusion Experiences of healthcare workers during the first wave of COVID-19 are critical for improving care in future COVID-19 waves. Response strategies in resource-constrained areas should prioritise timely training of staff, creation of adequate isolation areas, provision of adequate medical supplies and strengthening leadership.
Peculiarities of state-public school management
Authors: Shorobura I. 
Published: February 2022

The article analyzes the features of public administration of the school. Today, a school cannot exist separately from the needs and interests of the community, but it can be a driver of its development and implementation. In this case, the model of a socially active school can be effective, which aims not only to provide educational services to students, but also to develop the community, involve parents and community members in solving social and other problems that exist in the school. and in the community. The management of socially active schools is based on partnership and volunteer relations, namely the management is carried out on the basic principles of: democracy; prognosticity; adaptability; flexibility and mobility; focus on development, innovation, creativity; personality-oriented and individual approach.
The model of activity of an educational institution as a socially active school includes three components, namely: democratization; volunteering; mutually beneficial partnership in the school-community system, which is implemented through project activities of all participants in the educational process. An important role belongs to the educational district.The growing influence of parents and the public contributes to the creation of public administration bodies, namely the School Board, the Board of Trustees, the Public School Fund, and the Alumni Association. Public authorities of the school consider strategic issues of school development and exercise public control. In the formation of the model of public administration of educational institutions of great importance should be given to work with parents of students. Today, public school bodies are being actively created. They approve strategic development plans, have the opportunity to exercise public control over its work.
Safety and efficacy of cenobamate in patients with uncontrolled focal seizures - a review of the literature
Authors: Pietrzak Zofia , Stefaniak Martyna , Dzikowski Piotr , Nowicka Emilia , Obel Michał , Piecewicz-Szczęsna Halina 
Published: February 2022

Epilepsy is one of the most common diseases of the nervous system, characterized by the occurrence of recurrent and unprovoked seizures, which are an expression of abnormal brain activity associated with sudden and excessive bioelectric discharges. Partial seizures come from specific areas of the brain. They can run with motor, autonomic, sensory, and psychological symptoms. Currently, new active substances are sought that can be used in the treatment of drug-resistant partial seizures.
The aim of the study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cenobamate in the treatment of patients with uncontrolled, partial seizures. Our study material consisted of publications, which were found in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase databases. In order to find the proper publications, the search has been conducted with the use of a combination of keywords like: “cenobamate”, “focal seizures”, “cenobamate in epilepsy”. The first step was to find proper publications from the last 10 years. The second step was to carry out an overview of the found publications.
Studies have shown that treatment with cenobamate significantly improved seizure control in adults with uncontrolled focal seizures. Long-term use of cenobamate is safe and well-tolerated by patients. Most adverse events are mild or moderate.
TERRITÓRIO E MUDANÇA: CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA PROFESSORA JÚLIA ADÃO BERNARDES NO ESTUDO SOBRE O AGRONEGÓCIO NO BRASIL
Authors: Silva Catia Antonia da 
Published: February 2022

O presente artigo intenciona fazer a reflexão sobre o agir científico e o trabalho de formação de pesquisadores para o tema do agronegócio, efetuado pela professora Doutora em Geografia Júlia Adão Bernardes. A professora atua neste campo desde 1993, quando coordenou o estudo sobre a modernização agrícola no Brasil. Bastante versátil na sua relação entre ensino e pesquisa, ministra uma série de disciplinas que contribuem no entendimento sobre os conceitos de modernização, técnica, relações de poder e formas de reprodução das hegemonias, tendo como foco de investigação os setores: cadeia carne-grãos e sucroenergético. No presente artigo, a finalidade é divulgar o papel da pesquisadora e professora no fortalecimento da pesquisa cientifica geográfica sobre o tema do agronegócio no Brasil, contribuindo na elaboração de estratégias de organização de rede de estudos que fomentam produções acadêmicas, ementas de disciplinas dos cursos de geografias das universidades públicas nos estados de atuação dos impactos do agronegócio no Brasil e orientações de jovens pesquisadores. O exercício, efetuado de forma crítica e atualizada, acaba por contribuir na luta da visibilidade dos problemas da expansão da modernização agrícola na história dos lugares. As mazelas e impactos nas histórias dos lugares e das regiões são elementos que a Geografia tem assumido o compromisso de dar visibilidade, e Júlia Bernardes tem um papel protagonista importantíssimo na revelação desse modelo de modernização agrícola no território brasileiro
Platelets mediate trained immunity against bone and joint infections in a mouse model
Authors: Gao Tao , Lin Junqing , Wei Haifeng , Bao Bingbo , Zhu Hongyi , Zheng Xianyou 
Published: February 2022

Aims Trained immunity confers non-specific protection against various types of infectious diseases, including bone and joint infection. Platelets are active participants in the immune response to pathogens and foreign substances, but their role in trained immunity remains elusive. Methods We first trained the innate immune system of C57BL/6 mice via intravenous injection of two toll-like receptor agonists (zymosan and lipopolysaccharide). Two, four, and eight weeks later, we isolated platelets from immunity-trained and control mice, and then assessed whether immunity training altered platelet releasate. To better understand the role of immunity-trained platelets in bone and joint infection development, we transfused platelets from immunity-trained mice into naïve mice, and then challenged the recipient mice with Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli. Results After immunity training, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-17A) and chemokines (CCL5, CXCL4, CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL12) increased significantly in platelet releasate, while the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-13) decreased. Other platelet-secreted factors (e.g. platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, PDGF-AB, PDGF-BB, cathepsin D, serotonin, and histamine) were statistically indistinguishable between the two groups. Transfusion of platelets from trained mice into naïve mice reduced infection risk and bacterial burden after local or systemic challenge with either S. aureus or E. coli. Conclusion Immunity training altered platelet releasate by increasing the levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and decreasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Transfusion of platelets from immunity-trained mice conferred protection against bone and joint infection, suggesting that alteration of platelet releasate might be an important mechanism underlying trained immunity and may have clinical implications. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(2):73–81.
High-performance unbiased Ge metal–semiconductor–metal photodetector covered with asymmetric HfSe2 contact geometries
Authors: Shao Jifang , Zhang Yichi , Huang Ziqiang , Wang Liming , Liu Tao , Zhang Ningning , Hu Huiyong 
Published: February 2022

A Ge metal–semiconductor–metal photodetector covered with asymmetric

H
f
S
e

2

contact geometries has been proposed to realize high-performance unbiased photodetection at 1550 nm. At -1 V bias, the responsivity of this device shows a 71% improvement compared to the device without

H
f
S
e

2

. Moreover, the responsivity and detectivity of this device at zero bias can reach to 71.2 mA/W and

3.27

×

10

10

Jones, respectively. Furthermore, the fall time of this device is 2.2 µs and 53% shorter than the device without

H
f
S
e

2

. This work provides a feasible way to develop unbiased Ge-based photodetectors in the near-IR communications band.
Measurement of absorption cross sections of Co2+:MgAl2O4 crystals with transition of Co2+ ions along two orthogonal directions
Authors: Wang Yu , Wu Weichong , Zhu Zhanda , Hui Yongling , Lei Hong , Li Qiang 
Published: February 2022

The nonlinear transmission curves of the

C

o

2
+

:

M
g
A

l

2

O

4

crystal at 1.5 µm are experimentally measured by the pump–probe technique. The measurement results demonstrate that the transition into the near-infrared absorption band is polarized not only along the

C
3

local symmetry axis, but also along the direction perpendicular to the

C
3

axis, arising from the distortion of oxygen tetrahedrons about the

C

o

2
+

ions along the four

C
3

local symmetry axes. The obtained saturation curves are analyzed using a theoretical model taking into account the transition of

C

o

2
+

ions along two orthogonal directions. The ground-state absorption cross sections for polarization parallel and perpendicular to the

C
3

axis are calculated to be

3.4
×

10

−
19

c

m
2

and

2.6
×

10

−
20

c

m
2

, respectively. The excited-state absorption cross section for polarization parallel to the

C
3

axis is estimated to be

4.2
×

10

−
20

c

m
2

.
Theories of indirect chiral coupling and proposal of Fabry–Perot resonance as a flexible chiral-coupling interface
Authors: Ma Pingzhun , Zhu Junda , Zhong Ying , Liu Haitao 
Published: February 2022

The chiral coupling of an emitter to waveguide mode, i.e., the propagation direction of the excited waveguide mode is locked to the transverse spin (T-spin) of a circularly polarized emitter, has exhibited unprecedented applications in nanophotonics and quantum information processing. This chiral coupling can be largely enhanced in terms of unidirectivity, efficiency, and spontaneous emission rate by introducing resonant modes as coupling interfaces. However, this indirect chiral coupling still undergoes limitations in flexibility and miniaturization, and the underlying physical mechanisms are to be clarified. Here, we present an intuitive and rigorous approach for analyzing the direct/indirect chiral coupling, and thereout, derive some general relations between the chiral-coupling directionality and the T-spin of the field or emitter. Based on the theories, we propose an indirect chiral-coupling system on the platform of surface plasmon polariton (SPP), with a nanocavity supporting Fabry–Perot (FP) resonance of dual SPP modes serving as a novel coupling interface. The FP resonance provides flexible design freedoms which can modulate the chirality of the T-spin (and the resultant chiral-coupling directionality) to flip or disappear. A unidirectivity up to 99.9% along with a high coupling efficiency and enhancement of spontaneous emission rate is achieved. Two first-principles-based SPP models for the reciprocal and original problems are built up to verify the decisive role of the FP resonance in achieving the chiral coupling. The proposed theories and novel chiral-coupling interface will be beneficial to the design of more compact and flexible chiral-coupling systems for diverse applications.
Influence of preoperative frailty on quality of life after cardiac surgery: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bezzina Kathryn , Fehlmann Christophe A. , Guo Ming Hao , Visintini Sarah M. , Rubens Fraser D. , Wells George A. , Mazzola Rosetta , McGuinty Caroline , Huang Allen , Khoury Lara , Boczar Kevin Emery 
Published: February 2022

Background
Frailty has emerged as an important prognostic marker of adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery, but evidence regarding its ability to predict quality of life after cardiac surgery is currently lacking. Whether frail patients derive the same quality of life benefit after cardiac surgery as patients without frailty remains unclear.

Methods
This systematic review will include interventional studies (RCT and others) and observational studies evaluating the effect of preoperative frailty on quality-of-life outcomes after cardiac surgery amongst patients 65 years and older. Studies will be retrieved from major databases including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and Medline. The primary exposure will be frailty status, independent of the tool used. The primary outcome will be change in quality of life, independent of the tool used. Secondary outcomes will include readmission during the year following the index intervention, discharge to a long-term care facility and living in a long-term care facility at one year. Screening, inclusion, data extraction and quality assessment will be performed independently by two reviewers. Meta-analysis based on the random-effects model will be conducted to compare the outcomes between frail and non-frail patients. The evidential quality of the findings will be assessed with the GRADE profiler.

Conclusion
The findings of this systematic review will be important to clinicians, patients and health policy-makers regarding the use of preoperative frailty as a screening and assessment tool before cardiac surgery.

Study registration
OSF registries (https://osf.io/vm2p8).