bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future-Proof Regulation against the Test of Time: The Evolution of European Telecommunications Regulation
Authors: Ibáñez Colomo Pablo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Regulation is sometimes designed to be future-proof, so that it can adapt to changing economic and technological realities. The EU (and UK) Regulatory Framework for electronic communications was expressly crafted to be able to adjust to the evolution of the industry. This article considers how well the regime has stood the test of time and, based on this analysis, what lessons can be drawn for regulation more generally. It appears that, by and large, the Framework has effectively accompanied the transformation of telecommunications in Europe. On the other hand, the EU legislature’s commitment to future-proof intervention has waned over time. Every new review of the regime has represented a move away from the philosophy and mechanisms conceived to ensure that regulation would adapt seamlessly to industry shifts. This experience suggests that the failure or success of future-proof intervention primarily hinges on the intertemporal consistency of legislatures.
Glucose-6-P/phosphate translocator2 mediates the phosphoglucose-isomerase1-independent response to microbial volatiles
Authors: Gámez-Arcas Samuel , Muñoz Francisco José , Ricarte-Bermejo Adriana , Sánchez-López Ángela María , Baslam Marouane , Baroja-Fernández Edurne , Bahaji Abdellatif , Almagro Goizeder , De Diego Nuria , Doležal Karel , Novák Ondřej , Leal-López Jesús , León Morcillo Rafael Jorge , Castillo Araceli G , Pozueta-Romero Javier 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the plastidial isoform of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI1) mediates photosynthesis, metabolism, and development, probably due to its involvement in the synthesis of isoprenoid-derived signals in vascular tissues. Microbial volatile compounds (VCs) with molecular masses of &lt;45 Da promote photosynthesis, growth, and starch overaccumulation in leaves through PGI1-independent mechanisms. Exposure to these compounds in leaves enhances the levels of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE/PHOSPHATE TRANSLOCATOR2 (GPT2) transcripts. We hypothesized that the PGI1-independent response to microbial volatile emissions involves GPT2 action. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the responses of wild-type (WT), GPT2-null gpt2-1, PGI1-null pgi1-2, and pgi1-2gpt2-1 plants to small fungal VCs. In addition, we characterized the responses of pgi1-2gpt2-1 plants expressing GPT2 under the control of a vascular tissue- and root tip-specific promoter to small fungal VCs. Fungal VCs promoted increases in growth, starch content, and photosynthesis in WT and gpt2-1 plants. These changes were substantially weaker in VC-exposed pgi1-2gpt2-1 plants but reverted to WT levels with vascular and root tip-specific GPT2 expression. Proteomic analyses did not detect enhanced levels of GPT2 protein in VC-exposed leaves and showed that knocking out GPT2 reduced the expression of photosynthesis-related proteins in pgi1-2 plants. Histochemical analyses of GUS activity in plants expressing GPT2-GUS under the control of the GPT2 promoter showed that GPT2 is mainly expressed in root tips and vascular tissues around hydathodes. Overall, the data indicated that the PGI1-independent response to microbial VCs involves resetting of the photosynthesis-related proteome in leaves through long-distance GPT2 action.
The Ziegler Test Is Reliable and Valid for Measuring Freezing of Gait in People With Parkinson Disease
Authors: Goh Lina , Paul Serene S , Canning Colleen G , Ehgoetz Martens Kaylena A , Song Jooeun , Campoy Stephanie L , Allen Natalie E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine interrater and test–retest reliability of the Ziegler test to measure freezing of gait (FOG) severity in people with Parkinson disease. Secondary aims were to evaluate test validity and explore Ziegler test duration as a proxy FOG severity measure.

Methods
Physical therapists watched 36 videos of people with Parkinson disease and FOG perform the Ziegler test and rated FOG severity using the rating scale in real time. Two researchers rated 12 additional videos and repeated the ratings at least 1 week later. Interrater and test–retest reliability were calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Bland–Altman plots were used to visualize agreement between the researchers for test–retest reliability. Correlations between the Ziegler scores, Ziegler test duration, and percentage of time frozen (based on video annotations) were determined using Pearson r.

Results
Twenty-four physical therapists participated. Overall, the Ziegler test showed good interrater (ICC2,1 = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.65–0.92) and excellent test–retest (ICC3,1 = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.82–0.96) reliability when used to measure FOG. It was also a valid measure, with a high correlation (r = 0.72) between the scores and percentage of time frozen. Ziegler test duration was moderately correlated (r = 0.67) with percentage of time frozen and may be considered a proxy FOG severity measure.

Conclusion
The Ziegler test is a reliable and valid tool to measure FOG when used by physical therapists in real time. Ziegler test duration may be used as a proxy for measuring FOG severity.

Impact
Despite FOG being a significant contributor to falls and poor mobility in people with Parkinson disease, current tools to assess FOG are either not suitably responsive or too resource intensive for use in clinical settings. The Ziegler test is a reliable and valid measure of FOG, suitable for clinical use, and may be used by physical therapists regardless of their level of clinical experience.
The Term Structure of Equity Risk Premia: Levered Noise and New Estimates
Authors: Boguth Oliver , Carlson Murray , Fisher Adlai , Simutin Mikhail 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Levered noise occurs when no-arbitrage replication hedges fundamentals but amplifies price errors. Motivated by our theory, we use widely-available end-of-day OptionMetrics data to improve accuracy of synthetic dividend strip prices and provide longer samples than prior studies. Term structure point estimates are approximately flat in simple returns (88 bp/month vs. 87 bp/month for short-term dividends vs. index), and upward-sloping in measurement-error-robust logarithmic returns (43 bp/month vs. 77 bp/month). These results from prominent index options show the importance of diagnosing noise in no-arbitrage prices. Prior conclusions of an average downward slope in the equity term structure are not robust.
Fear of Religious Hate Crime Victimization and the Residual Effects of Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia
Authors: Scheitle Christopher , Mabute-Louie Bianca , Ferguson Jauhara , Hawkins Emily , Ecklund Elaine Howard 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An individual’s fear of hate crime victimization might be partially explained by direct experiences that influence their assessment of victimization risk. In some cases, though, fear of hate crime victimization is driven not by direct, personal experiences, but by historical and contemporary trauma suffered by those holding the targeted status. Using data from the 2019 nationally representative Experiences with Religious Discrimination Study (ERDS) survey, we show that part of Jewish and Muslim adults’ greater fears of victimization is explained by their past personal victimization experiences, their knowledge of close friends and family who have been victimized, and their greater religious visibility. Still, even after accounting for these factors, Jewish and Muslim adults report greater fears of religious hate crime victimization compared to Christian adults. We attribute this residual fear to the culture of anti-Semitism and Islamophobia within the United States and violence attributable to that culture, as well as the collective memory of historical religion-based victimization of Muslim and Jewish communities. These findings suggest the collective memory and knowledge of contemporary religious victimization may continue to affect Jewish and Muslim adults via a mechanism of fear, which has implications for scholarly and policy efforts to decrease religious victimization and its impact.
What have we learned about sleep from selective breeding strategies?
Authors: Harbison Susan T 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Selective breeding is a classic technique that enables an experimenter to modify a heritable target trait as desired. Direct selective breeding for extreme sleep and circadian phenotypes in flies successfully alters these behaviors, and sleep and circadian perturbations emerge as correlated responses to selection for other traits in mice, rats, and dogs. The application of sequencing technologies to the process of selective breeding identifies the genetic network impacting the selected trait in a holistic way. Breeding techniques preserve the extreme phenotypes generated during selective breeding, generating community resources for further functional testing. Selective breeding is thus a unique strategy that can explore the phenotypic limits of sleep and circadian behavior, discover correlated responses of traits having shared genetic architecture with the target trait, identify naturally-occurring genomic variants and gene expression changes that affect trait variability, and pinpoint genes with conserved roles.
Sports Medicine Physicians Comfort and Competence in Caring for Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Patients and Athletes
Authors: Eberman Lindsey E. , Winkelmann Zachary K. , Crossway Ashley K. , Lopez Rebecca M. , Nye Emma A. , Rogers Sean M. , Walen Daniel R. , Olewinski Luci H. 
Published: September 2022

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to explore primary care sports medicine physicians' comfort, competence, education, and scope of training in caring for transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) patients/athletes.

Design:
Mixed-methods, cross-sectional survey.

Setting:
Online.

Patients (or Participants):
In total, 4300 e-mails were successfully sent with 252 eligible responses received from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine members.

Independent Variables:
Previous relationships with TGNC persons; previous relationships with TGNC patients/athletes; frequency of care for TGNC patients/athletes.

Main Outcome Measures:
The participants completed a 38-item tool used to assess perceived comfort and competence treating TGNC patients/athletes. Physicians defined “transgender” and described their thoughts on unfair competitive advantage of transgender athletes.

Results:
Most participants had worked with a TGNC patient (70.2%, n = 177), but far fewer worked with a TGNC athlete (n = 26.6%, n = 67). Among the participants who provided a definition of transgender (n = 183), only 28.4% (n = 52) of participants were able to correctly define the term, whereas most were able to partially (57.9%, n = 106) characterize the term. The most common mechanisms identified for learning about TGNC patients were reading peer-reviewed journal articles (44.8%, n = 113) and CME (41.3%, n = 104). Those with previous TGNC friend/family, patient, and athlete relationships had a significantly different level of comfort and competence treating TGNC patients/athletes.

Conclusions:
Previous care relationships with TGNC strongly influences comfort and perceived competence of primary care sports medicine physicians. Training, from unbiased peer-reviewed sources of data, is critical to improve care for TGNC patients/athletes.
Demonstrating the Value of a Standardized Cognitive Assessment Tool Through the Use of Interprofessional Rapid Safety Rounds
Authors: Hayes Mariah , Wheeling Dianne , Kaul-Connolly Sabine 
Published: September 2022

Background:
Understanding patients' cognitive functional status is critical to prevent adverse outcomes, such as falls and injuries. However, there is variation in nurses' proficiency in assessing patients' cognitive status, and cognitive screening tools often do not provide guidance on safety interventions to keep patients safe.

Problem:
Lack of appropriate cognitive screening and interventions may have contributed to increased fall rates on an acute care trauma unit.

Approach:
A comprehensive 6-level Cognitive Pyramid, including guidance on safety interventions for each level, was developed and used during interprofessional Rapid Safety Rounds to assess patients' cognitive status.

Outcomes:
The Cognitive Pyramid demonstrated appropriate face validity from 12 subject matter experts. After implementing the Cognitive Pyramid during interdisciplinary rounds, the fall rate decreased to 0 per 1000 admissions.

Conclusions:
Assessment of patients' cognition using the Cognitive Pyramid, and implementing appropriate interventions, may help improve patient safety.
Tunable, soft robotics-enabled patient-specific hydrodynamic model of aortic stenosis and secondary ventricular remodeling
Authors: Rosalia Luca , Ozturk Caglar , Goswami Debkalpa , Bonnemain Jean , Wang Sophie X. , Bonner Benjamin , Weaver James , Nguyen Christopher T. , Roche Ellen T. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAortic stenosis (AS) affects approximately 1.5 million people in the US and is associated with a 5-year survival rate of 20% if untreated. In these patients, aortic valve replacement is performed to restore adequate hemodynamics and alleviate symptoms. The development of next-generation prosthetic aortic valves seeks to provide enhanced hemodynamic performance, durability, and long-term safety, emphasizing the need of high-fidelity testing platforms for these devices. We propose a soft robotic model of AS capable of recapitulating patient-specific hemodynamics of AS and secondary ventricular remodeling, validated against clinical data. The model leverages 3D printed replicas of each patient’s cardiac anatomy and patient-specific soft robotic sleeves to recreate the patients’ hemodynamics. An aortic sleeve allows mimicry of AS lesions due to degenerative or congenital disease, while a left ventricular sleeve recapitulates loss of ventricular compliance, and impaired filling associated with AS. Through a combination of echocardiographic and catheterization techniques, this system is shown to recreate clinical metrics of AS with greater controllability compared to methods based on image-guided aortic root reconstruction, and parameters of cardiac function which rigid systems fail to mimic physiologically. Finally, we demonstrate the use of this model for the evaluation of transcatheter aortic valves in a subset of patients with diverse anatomies, etiologies, and disease states. Through the development of a high-fidelity model of AS and secondary remodeling, this work pioneers the use of patient-specific soft robotic platforms of cardiovascular disease, with potential application in device development, procedural planning, and outcome prediction in industrial and clinical settings.One Sentence SummaryA high-fidelity, soft robotics-driven model recreates patient-specific biomechanics and hemodynamics of cardiovascular disease.
A cross-sectional study of quantitative CT measurements associated with the diffusion capacity of the lung in recovered COVID-19 patients with normalised chest CT
Authors: Wen Han , Kanth Shreya , Carrera Julio Huapaya , Sun Junfeng , Do Michael , Chen Marcus Y. , Malayeri Ashkan A. , Suffredini Anthony F. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractImpairment of the diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLco) is commonly reported in convalescent and recovered COVID-19 patients, although the cause is not fully understood especially in patients with no radiological sequelae. In a group of 47 patients at 7 - 51 weeks post infection with either none or minimal scarring or atelectasis on chest CT scans (total < 0.1% of lung volume), dispersions in DLco-adj % and total lung capacity (TLC) % of predicted were observed, with median(quartiles) of 87(78, 99)% and 84(78, 92)%, respectively. Thirteen(27.1%) patients had DLco-adj% < 80%. Although the DLco-adj% did not significantly correlate with the severity of the illness in the acute phase, time since the onset of symptoms, the volume of residual lesions on CT, age or sex, DLco-adj/alveolar volume (Kco-adj) % predicted was correlated with the measurements of small blood vessel volume fraction (diameter <= 5mm) and parenchyma density on CT. Multivariate analysis revealed that these two CT metrics significantly contributed to the variance in DLco-adj% independent of TLC%. Comparing to between-subject variability of DLco-adj in healthy individuals, patients in this cohort with DLco-adj% < 80% were likely abnormal with a degree of disease not visually detectable on CT. However, it is not clear whether the associated variance of parenchyma density and small vessel volume fraction were a consequence of the COVID-19 disease or a pre-existing background variance.
Revising the global biogeography of plant life cycles
Authors: Poppenwimer Tyler , Mayrose Itay , DeMalach Niv 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPlants exhibit two primary life cycles – annual and perennial – which vary in their effects on ecosystem functioning. Here, we assembled a database of 235,000 species to assess the worldwide distribution of plant life cycles. We found that annuals are half as common as previously thought (6% of all plant species). Furthermore, our analysis demonstrates that annuals are favored under hot and dry conditions, especially under a prolonged dry season. Strikingly, this pattern remains consistent among different families, indicating convergent evolution. Moreover, we show that increasing climate variability and anthropogenic disturbance further increase the favorability of annuals. Overall, our analysis raises concerns for the future of ecosystem services provided by perennials because the ongoing climate and land-use changes are leading to an annuals-dominated world.One-Sentence SummaryThis extensive update to plant life cycle biogeography deciphers their dependence on temperature, rainfall, and disturbance.
Microglial colonisation of the developing brain is facilitated by clonal expansion of highly proliferative progenitors and follows an allometric scaling
Authors: Barry-Carroll Liam , Greulich Philip , Marshall Abigail R. , Riecken Kristoffer , Fehse Boris , Askew Katharine E. , Li Kaizhen , Garaschuk Olga , Menassa David A. , Gomez-Nicola Diego 
Published: September 2022

SUMMARYMicroglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and arise from yolk sac-derived macrophages during early embryogenesis. On entering the brain, microglia undergo in situ proliferation and eventually colonise the entire brain by the second and third postnatal weeks in mice. However, the intricate dynamics of their developmental expansion remain unclear. Here, we examine and characterise the proliferative dynamics of microglia during embryonic and postnatal development. Using complementary fate-mapping techniques, we demonstrate that the developmental colonisation of the brain by microglia is facilitated by clonal expansion of highly proliferative microglial progenitors that occupy spatial niches throughout the brain. We also find that the distribution of microglia switches from a clustered to a random pattern between embryonic and late postnatal development. Moreover, the developmental increase in microglia follows the proportional growth of the brain in an allometric manner with the density of microglia eventually stabilising when the mosaic distribution has been established. Overall, our findings offer insight into how the competition for space acts as a driving force for microglial colonisation by clonal expansion during development.
Sister chromatid cohesion establishment during DNA replication termination
Authors: Cameron George , Gruszka Dominika , Xie Sherry , Nasmyth Kim A , Srinivasan Madhusudhan , Yardimci Hasan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe cohesin complex tethers sister chromatids together from the moment they are generated in S-phase until their separation in anaphase1,2. This fundamental phenomenon, called sister chromatid cohesion, underpins orderly chromosome segregation. The replisome complex coordinates cohesion establishment with replication of parental DNA3. Cohesion can be established by cohesin complexes bound to DNA before replication4,5, but how replisome interaction with pre-loaded cohesin complexes results in cohesion is not known. Prevailing models suggest cohesion is established by replisome passage through the cohesin ring or by transfer of cohesin behind the replication fork by replisome components5. Unexpectedly, by visualising single replication forks colliding with pre-loaded cohesin complexes, we find that cohesin is pushed by the replisome to where a converging replisome is met. Whilst the converging replisomes are removed during DNA replication termination, cohesin remains on nascent DNA. We demonstrate that these cohesin molecules tether the newly replicated sister DNAs together. Our results support a new model where sister chromatid cohesion is established during DNA replication termination, providing important insight into the molecular mechanism of cohesion establishment.
School enculturation discourse: a meta synthesis from research in the learning sciences
Authors: Hod Yotam , Sagy Ornit 
Published: September 2022

Purpose
Enculturation is a central and defining idea within socioculturally minded research that informs the design of school learning environments. Now, three decades since the idea has emerged in the field, the authors believe it is time to reflect on it because of several ambiguities that have emerged from its use, which is the purpose of this study

Design/methodology/approach
The authors carried out a metasynthesis of learning scientists’ school enculturation discourse. This included reviewing the concept within 84 articles found in six leading and relevant learning sciences journals.

Findings
This study’s findings show that school enculturation discourse is divided between those that view it unidirectionally, bidirectionally or both, and that three reifications of associated cultures (authentic, designed and traditional) together with various conduits frame the way learning environments are designed to facilitate enculturation.

Research limitations/implications
This metasynthesis can help advance sociocultural research in schools by clarifying the meaning and conceptualization of a central idea in the field.

Practical implications
This study can help teachers and educational researchers clarify the role that culture has in the designs of their learning environments.

Social implications
Culture is a vital facet of learning; designers of learning environments need to understand the way culture interplays with learning.

Originality/value
As this research shows, current school enculturation discourse is vague and often appears to be applied inconsistently. It is vital for any field to reflect on its own discourse to sharpen the conceptual tools that it uses so that it can advance.