bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification as the Process to Determine the Content of Customary International Law
Authors: Lando Massimo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Scholars recently have been arguing that one can interpret rules of customary international law. This article argues that the case for the interpretability of custom is unpersuasive and that the content of customary rules is determined by the process to ascertain the existence of such rules, known as identification. The main thrust of this article is that state practice and opinio juris are central to determining the content of customary international law, but that the case for the interpretability of custom wrongly downplays that centrality. To develop its argument, this article discusses the overlap between content and existence of customary rules, the means to distinguish between putative customary rules (called ‘individuation’), the means to interpret customary rules and the possibility for customary rules to move between levels of abstraction without evidence of state practice or opinio juris (called ‘plasticity’). This article also criticises the legitimacy of interpreting customary international law.
A Guide to Plant Intracellular Temperature Imaging using Fluorescent Thermometers
Authors: Inada Noriko 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
All aspects of plant physiology are influenced by temperature. Changes in environmental temperature alter the temperatures of plant tissues and cells, which then affect various cellular activities, such as gene expression, protein stability and enzyme activities. In turn, changes in cellular activities, which are associated with either exothermic or endothermic reactions, can change the local temperature in cells and tissues. In the past 10 years, a number of fluorescent probes that detect temperature and enable intracellular temperature imaging have been reported. Intracellular temperature imaging has revealed that there is a temperature difference &gt;1°C inside cells and that the treatment of cells with mitochondrial uncoupler or ionomycin can cause more than a 1°C intracellular temperature increase in mammalian cultured cells. Thermogenesis mechanisms in brown adipocytes have been revealed with the aid of intracellular temperature imaging. While there have been no reports on plant intracellular temperature imaging thus far, intracellular temperature imaging is expected to provide a new way to analyze the mechanisms underlying the various activities of plant cells. In this review, I will first summarize the recent progress in the development of fluorescent thermometers and their biological applications. I will then discuss the selection of fluorescent thermometers and experimental setup for the adaptation of intracellular temperature imaging to plant cells. Finally, possible applications of intracellular temperature imaging to investigate plant cell functions will be discussed.
Strigolactones act downstream of gibberellins to regulate fiber cell elongation and cell wall thickness in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Tian Zailong , Zhang Yuzhou , Zhu Liping , Jiang Bin , Wang Huiqin , Gao Ruxi , Friml Jiří , Xiao Guanghui 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of phytohormones that regulate plant shoot branching and adventitious root development. However, little is known regarding the role of SLs in controlling the behavior of the smallest unit of the organism, the single cell. Here, taking advantage of a classic single-cell model offered by the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fiber cell, we show that SLs, whose biosynthesis is fine-tuned by gibberellins (GAs), positively regulate cell elongation and cell wall thickness by promoting the biosynthesis of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and cellulose, respectively. Furthermore, we identified two layers of transcription factors (TFs) involved in the hierarchical regulation of this GA–SL crosstalk. The top-layer TF GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR 4 (GhGRF4) directly activates expression of the SL biosynthetic gene DWARF27 (D27) to increase SL accumulation in fiber cells and GAs induce GhGRF4 expression. SLs induce the expression of four second-layer TF genes (GhNAC100-2, GhBLH51, GhGT2, and GhB9SHZ1), which transmit SL signals downstream to two ketoacyl-CoA synthase genes (KCS) and three cellulose synthase (CesA) genes by directly activating their transcription. Finally, the KCS and CesA enzymes catalyze the biosynthesis of VLCFAs and cellulose, respectively, to regulate development of high-grade cotton fibers. In addition to providing a theoretical basis for cotton fiber improvement, our results shed light on SL signaling in plant development at the single-cell level.
Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles and Perinatal Injury: One Formula for Many Diseases
Authors: Delavogia Eleni , Ntentakis Dimitrios P , Cortinas John A , Fernandez-Gonzalez Angeles , Alex Mitsialis S , Kourembanas Stella 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Over the past decades, substantial advances in neonatal medical care have increased the survival of extremely premature infants. However, there continues to be significant morbidity associated with preterm birth with common complications including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), neuronal injury such as intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) or hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), as well as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Common developmental immune and inflammatory pathways underlie the pathophysiology of such complications providing the opportunity for multisystem therapeutic approaches. To date, no single therapy has proven to be effective enough to prevent or treat the sequelae of prematurity. In the past decade mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC)—based therapeutic approaches have shown promising results in numerous experimental models of neonatal diseases. It is now accepted that the therapeutic potential of MSCs is comprised of their secretome, and several studies have recognized the small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) as the paracrine vector. Herein, we review the current literature on the MSC-EVs as potential therapeutic agents in neonatal diseases and comment on the progress and challenges of their translation to the clinical setting.
Online Learning Challenges for Nursing Students in Appalachia
Authors: Morton Kelly , Phillips Brad 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
It is known that nursing students in an online learning environment may experience challenges related to their quality of life and well-being. However, it is unknown what additional challenges students face in a resource-limited environment like Appalachia. This descriptive study surveyed 154 undergraduate nursing students from a single institution in the Appalachian region at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results reveal that students experienced unique resource-related barriers specific to underserved communities that impacted their online learning experiences. Findings offer unique implications for nurse educators facilitating online learning. Specific ideas for those teaching in resource-limited areas are presented.
Symmetry of Shoe Size and Calf Girth in Children With Treated Idiopathic Clubfoot: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Baird Glen O. , Garcia Nancy L. , Mader Shelley , Mildes Rob , Harrison Barb , McMulkin Mark L. 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Treatments for idiopathic clubfoot focus on obtaining a functional foot, typical gait pattern, and activity participation. Patients and families are also concerned about practical considerations regarding shoe wear and the appearance of the calf. The purpose of this study was to quantify whether children treated for idiopathic clubfoot have symmetry differences in shoe size and calf girth when presenting with unilateral versus bilateral involvement.

Methods:
Participants with a diagnosis of idiopathic clubfoot (treated with Ponseti or French functional methods) were prospectively recruited along with children who are typically developing. Shoe size and calf girth were measured at 5, 7, and 10 years of age.

Results:
Sixty-five participants, 45 with a diagnosis of idiopathic clubfoot (26 unilateral and 19 bilateral) and 20 who were typically developing, began the study at age 5. Children with clubfoot treated with the Ponseti versus French methods showed no differences in shoe size asymmetry, calf girth asymmetry, or absolute calf girth at age 5. Participants with unilateral clubfoot demonstrated an average of 1.5 size smaller shoes for the involved side at all 3 ages. Participants with bilateral clubfeet had a significantly smaller, <0.75 size difference between both feet. Participants with unilateral clubfoot demonstrated about a 2 cm smaller calf girth on the involved side compared with the uninvolved side at all 3 ages. Participants with bilateral clubfeet had a smaller, <0.5 cm calf difference between sides. Calf girths for involved limbs were significantly smaller than for uninvolved limbs.

Conclusions:
Children with unilateral clubfeet can expect to need a smaller shoe on their involved side. Children with bilateral clubfeet can expect a minimal shoe size discrepancy between limbs. All limbs with clubfoot involvement can expect to have a smaller calf girth than limbs that are typically developing.

Level of Evidence:
Level II. This is considered a prognostic study—investigating the effect of a treated clubfoot on shoe size and calf girth. This is a lesser-quality prospective study in which <80% of persons completed follow-up.
Appropriate Surgical Timing of Salter Innominate Osteotomy for Residual Acetabular Dysplasia in Children
Authors: Sawamura Kenta , Kitoh Hiroshi , Kaneko Hiroshi , Kitamura Akiko , Hattori Tadashi 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Salter innominate osteotomy (SIO) provides favorable results for treating residual acetabular dysplasia in young children. In this study, we examined the midterm results of SIO according to the age at surgery to determine the optimal timing of this procedure.

Methods:
We retrospectively examined 50 hips of 42 patients (8 boys and 34 girls) with acetabular dysplasia who underwent SIO and were followed up until skeletal maturity. The center-edge angle (CEA) was measured based on the anteroposterior radiographs of the hip obtained before surgery, 5 weeks after surgery, and at the latest follow-up. Severin classification was evaluated at the latest follow-up. Patients were categorized into 3 groups according to age at surgery: younger than 7 years of age (group A), 7 to 8 years of age (group B), and 9 years of age or older (group C).

Results:
The mean preoperative CEA level of 0.9 degrees improved to 17.1 degrees postoperatively, which was increased to 28.1 degrees at the latest examination. Overall, 45 hips (90%) were classified as Severin I or II, with 96% in group A, 94% in group B, and 57% in group C. In group C, postoperative acetabular coverage was similar to that in the other groups (16.6 degrees in group A, 14.8 degrees in group B, and 18.1 degrees in group C), although the final outcome was unsatisfactory. The average improvement in CEA from postoperative to skeletal maturity was significantly smaller in group C than in the other groups (12.7 degrees in group A, 11.3 degrees in group B, and 3.0 degrees in group C).

Conclusions:
SIO showed favorable outcomes with satisfactory acetabular coverage at skeletal maturity. However, satisfactory acetabular coverage could not be obtained in some older patients because of limited postoperative remodeling capacity and smaller secondary improvement of CEA. We recommend that SIO should be performed in patients aged 8 years or younger.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative study.
Optimizing Recognition and Management of Patients at Risk for Infection-Related Decompensation Through Team-Based Decision Making
Authors: Martinez Elizabeth M. , Sepanski Robert J. , Jennings A. Dawn , Schmidt James M. , Cholis Thomas J. , Dominy Meaghan E. , Devlin Sanaz B. , Eilers Lindsay Floyd , Zaritsky Arno L. , Godambe Sandip A. 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Pediatric sepsis is a leading cause of death among children. Electronic alert systems may improve early recognition but do not consistently result in timely interventions given the multitude of clinical presentations, lack of treatment consensus, standardized order sets, and inadequate interdisciplinary team-based communication. We conducted a quality improvement project to improve timely critical treatment of patients at risk for infection-related decompensation (IRD) through team-based communication and standardized treatment workflow.

Methods:
We evaluated children at risk for IRD as evidenced by the activation of an electronic alert system (Children at High Risk Alert Tool [CAHR-AT]) in the emergency department. Outcomes were assessed after multiple improvements including CAHR-AT implementation, clinical coassessment, visual cues for situational awareness, huddles, and standardized order sets.

Results:
With visual cue activation, initial huddle compliance increased from 7.8% to 65.3% (p < .001). Children receiving antibiotics by 3 hours postactivation increased from 37.9% pre–CAHR-AT to 50.7% posthuddle implementation (p < .0001); patients who received a fluid bolus by 3 hours post-CAHR activation increased from 49.0% to 55.2% (p = .001).

Conclusions:
Implementing a well-validated electronic alert tool did not improve quality measures of timely treatment for high-risk patients until combined with team-based communication, standardized reassessment, and treatment workflow.
Is Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Seasonal?
Authors: Simani Liam , Oron Yahav , Shapira Udi , Handzel Ophir , Abu Eta Rani , Warshavsky Anton , Horowitz Gilad , Muhanna Nidal , Shilo Shahaf , Ungar Omer J. 
Published: August 2022

Objective
To investigate the circannual rhythm (seasonal incidence) of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL).

Methods
Data were retrieved from the medical files of an original cohort of all consecutive patients with ISSNHL in a tertiary medical center between 2012 and 2020. A systematic literature search of “MEDLINE” via “PubMed,” “Embase,” and “Web of Science” on comparable published cases was performed. A Google Trends analysis of the term [sudden hearing loss] and related terms between 2014 and 2020 was also performed.

Results
Most of the published series (9/12) reported the highest ISSNHL incidence in the spring and the lowest in the winter (8/12). In our local series, the incidence during the winter was significantly lower than that for the other seasons by a factor of 0.69 (95% confidence interval, 0.65–0.77; p = 0.041; r = 0.36). Google Trends data showed no significant correlation between the calendric month and the incidence of ISSNHL in any of the analyzed countries (p = 0.873, r
2 = 0.029).

Conclusion
The ISSNHL incidence was lowest during the winter season in our cohort and reported for other cohorts worldwide. Google Trends–based model analysis did not determine any circannual rhythm.
Meta-analysis of the association between new hypoglycemic agents and digestive diseases
Authors: Wang Yu-Wen , Lin Jin-Hao , Yang Cui-Shan 
Published: August 2022

Background:
New hypoglycemic agents include sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1RAs), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4is). The association between each class of these new hypoglycemic drugs and the risks of various digestive system diseases is unknown. We aimed to explore this relationship by performing a meta-analysis.

Methods:
We included large randomized trials of SGLT2is, GLP1RAs, and DPP4is. Outcomes of interest were 91 kinds of digestive diseases including 75 kinds of gastrointestinal disorders and 16 kinds of hepatobiliary disorders. Meta-analysis was done to generate pooled risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analysis was conducted according to 3 different drug classes.

Results:
We included 21 large trials in this meta-analysis. Compared with placebo, GLP1RAs were associated with the higher risks of gastric ulcer hemorrhage (RR 2.68, 95% CI 1.07–6.68; P
drug = .035; I
2 = 0), pancreatitis (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.02–2.15; P
drug = .041; I
2 = 0), cholangitis acute (RR 5.96, 95% CI 1.04–34.08; P
drug = .045; I
2 = 0), and cholecystitis acute (RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.08–2.15; P
drug = .017; I
2 = 1.5%), but were not significantly associated with the occurrences of the other 87 kinds of digestive diseases (P
drug ranged from .064 to .999). SGLT2is versus placebo were not significantly associated with the occurrences of 91 kinds of digestive diseases (P
drug ranged from .077 to .995). DPP4is versus placebo were not significantly associated with the occurrences of 91 kinds of digestive diseases (P
drug ranged from .085 to .999).

Conclusions:
Neither SGLT2is nor DPP4is are associated with the occurrences of various kinds of digestive diseases, whereas GLP1RAs are associated with the higher risks of 4 kinds of digestive diseases, namely, gastric ulcer hemorrhage, pancreatitis, cholangitis acute, and cholecystitis acute. These findings seem to suggest that GLP1RAs are not applicable for patients at high risk of 4 specific digestive diseases, whereas SGLT2is and DPP4is are safe for patients susceptible to digestive diseases. However, our findings require to be further verified by future studies with sufficient statistical power.
Benign optic nerve gliomas in an adult: A case report
Authors: Cao Yarong , Tang Xinpu , Zan Xin , Li Shuangqing 
Published: August 2022

Rationale:
Benign optic nerve gliomas were rarely found in adults, and total resection of these lesions seems impossible. We aimed to share a rare clinical case with an unusual and instructive treatment process.

Patient concerns:
A 52-year-old woman complained of a 4-month history of visual disturbance. Automated perimetry revealed visual field defect in her both eyes.

Diagnosis:
This patient was diagnosed with optic nerve glioma. We found its pathological features consistent with the pilocytic astrocytomas (WHO grade I).

Interventions:
A total resection of the tumor was smoothly performed.

Outcomes:
Repeat MRI 3 months after the surgery demonstrated no recurrence of the lesion. Two years of postoperative telephone follow-up showed a stable status of improved vision.

Lessons:
We reported this interesting case to show a rare kind of condition regarding optic nerve gliomas in adults, which might help neurosurgeons like us to diagnose and treat these “invisible” tumors.
Research hotspots and trends of multimodality MRI on vascular cognitive impairment in recent 12 years: A bibliometric analysis
Authors: Xia Mei-Hui , Li Ang , Gao Rui-Xue , Li Xiao-Ling , Zhang Qinhong , Tong Xin , Zhao Wei-Wei , Cao Dan-Na , Wei Ze-Yi , Yue Jinhuan 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Multimodality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used to detect vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). However, a bibliometric analysis of this issue remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the research hotspots and trends of multimodality MRI on VCI over the past 12 years based on the Web of Science core collection using CiteSpace Software (6.1R2).

Methods:
Literature related to multimodality MRI for VCI from 2010 to 2021 was identified and analyzed from the Web of Science core collection database. We analyzed the countries, institutions, authors, cited journals, references, keyword bursts, and clusters using CiteSpace.

Results:
In total, 587 peer-reviewed documents were retrieved, and the annual number of publications showed an exponential growth trend over the past 12 years. The most productive country was the USA, with 182 articles, followed by China with 134 papers. The top 3 active academic institutions were Capital Medical University, Radboud UNIV Nijmegen, and UNIV Toronto. The most productive journal was the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease (33 articles). The most co-cited journal was Neurology, with the highest citations (492) and the highest intermediary centrality (0.14). The top-ranked publishing author was De Leeuw FE (17 articles) with the highest intermediary centrality of 0.04. Ward Law JM was the most cited author (123 citations) and Salat Dh was the most centrally cited author (0.24). The research hotspots of multimodal MRI for VCI include Alzheimer disease, vascular cognitive impairment, white matter intensity, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, mild cognitive impairment, neurovascular coupling, acute ischemic stroke, depression, and cerebral ischemic stroke. The main frontiers in the keywords are fMRI, vascular coupling, and cerebral ischemic stroke, and current research trends include impact, decline, and classification.

Conclusions:
The findings from this bibliometric study provide research hotspots and trends for multimodality MRI for VCI over the past 12 years, which may help researchers identify hotspots and explore cutting-edge trends in this field.
Using Sankey diagrams to explore the trend of article citations in the field of bladder cancer: Research achievements in China higher than those in the United States
Authors: Lee Yen-Ling , Chien Tsair-Wei , Wang Jhih-Cheng 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Urology authors are required to evaluate research achievements (RAs) in the field of bladder cancer (BC). However, no such bibliometric indices were appropriately applied to quantify the contributions to BC in research. In this study, we examined 3 questions: whether RAs in China are higher than those in the United States, how the Sankey-based temporal bar graph (STBG) may be applied to the analysis of the trend of article citations in the BC field, and what subthemes were reflected in China’s and the United States’ proportional counts in BC articles.

Methods:
Using the PubMed search engine to download data, we conducted citation analyses of BC articles authored by urology scholars since 2012. A total of 9885 articles were collected and analyzed using the relative citations ratios (RCRs) and the STBG. The 3 research goals were verified using the RCRs, the STBG, and medical subject headings (MesH terms). The choropleth map and the forest plot were used to 1 highlight the geographical distributions of publications and RCRs for countries/regions and 2 compare the differences in themes (denoted by major MeSH terms on proportional counts using social network analysis to cluster topics) between China and the United States.

Results:
There was a significant rise over the years in RCRs within the 9885 BC articles. We found that the RCRs in China were substantially higher than those in the United States since 2017, the STBG successfully explored the RCR trend of BC articles and was easier and simpler than the traditional line charts, area plots, and TBGs, and the subtheme of genetics in China has a significantly higher proportion of articles than the United States. The most productive and influential countries/regions (denoted by RCRs) were {Japan, Germany, and Italy} and {Japan, Germany, New York}, respectively, when the US states and provinces/metropolitan cities/areas in China were separately compared to other countries/regions.

Conclusions:
With an overall increase in publications and RCRs on BC articles, research contributions assessed by the RCRs and visualized by the STBGs are suggested for use in future bibliographical studies.