bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
159 Effects of Dietary Energy and Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of Grow-Finish Maternal Barrows
Authors: Estrada Jorge , Hanson Andrea , Vier Carine M , Lu Ning , Navales Ron A , Cast Wayne R , Peterson Beau , Parr Eric , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of dietary energy and standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) on growth performance of grow-finish maternal barrows. A total of 1,056 barrows (L02 ′ L03, initially 35.2 kg±0.29) were used in a 107-d study. Pens of pigs were weighed, blocked by body weight (BW), and randomly allotted to treatments in a 2×2 factorial design in a randomized complete block design structure. Treatments consisted of 2 energy concentrations: 3,175 and 3,300 kcal ME/kg, and 2 levels of SID Lys: 93 or 105% of PIC recommendations. Diets were corn-soybean-meal-DDGS-based, and energy treatments were achieved increasing corn oil and lysine treatments were achieved increasing soybean meal levels. There were 11 pens per treatment and 24 barrows per pen. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models in SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Overall, there was no evidence for a significant interaction between energy and lysine for average daily gain (ADG, P &gt;0.10, Table 1) and average daily feed intake (ADFI, P &gt;0.10). Pigs fed 3,175 kcal ME/kg had significantly greater ADFI compared with those fed 3,300 kcal ME/kg. Pigs fed SID Lys at 105% of PIC recommendations had improved gain to feed (G:F, Lys×ME, P = 0.002) and marginally greater final BW (Lys×ME, P = 0.09) compared with those fed at 93% when dietary ME was 3,300 kcal ME/kg, but not when dietary ME was 3,175 kcal ME/kg. There was no evidence for dietary SID Lys or ME levels impact on ADG or removal and mortality (P &gt;0.10). Under the conditions of the current experiment, feeding PIC maternal barrows with increased SID Lys levels (105% vs. 93% of PIC recommendations) improved G:F and final BW only when dietary ME level was at 3,300 kcal/kg but not at 3,175 kcal/kg.
169 The Effect of Increasing Valine, Isoleucine, and Tryptophan:Lysine Ratios on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Pigs Fed Diets with High Leucine:Lysine
Authors: Williams Hadley , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Hastad Chad W , Post Zach , Haydon Keith D 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 4,076 pigs (initially 39.3 kg) were used across 2 experiments to evaluate the effect of increasing ratios of Val, Ile, and Trp:Lys in corn-soybean meal-DDGS-based diets on pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. In both experiments, the 4 dietary treatments were: 1) high soybean meal and low feed grade amino acids (control), 2) low soybean meal and high feed grade amino acids, with Val:Lys, Ile:Lys, and Trp:Lys at 67, 55, and 18, respectively, (low ratio) 3) diet 2 except Val:Lys, Ile:Lys, and Trp:Lys increased to 72, 60, and 21, respectively, (medium ratio), and 4) diet 2 except Val:Lys, Ile:Lys, and Trp:Lys at 80, 65, and 23, respectively (high ratio). The Leu:lys levels for the diets with increased synthetic amino acids ranged from 135 to 146 for the 4 phases. All diets contained 30% DDGS until 100 kg BW, and then 20% DDGS until trial completion. Because there was no experiment × treatment interactions, data from both experiments were combined. Overall, ADG and ADFI increased (AA ratio; linear, P &lt; 0.05) as Val, Ile, and Trp:Lys ratios increased from low to high. Pigs fed the control diet exhibited increased ADG compared with pigs fed low ratio diets, while pigs fed medium and high ratio diets performed intermediate. For carcass characteristics, pigs fed the control had increased (P &lt; 0.05) percentage lean and loin depth compared with pigs fed the medium ratio diet, with pigs fed low and high ratio intermediate. Pigs fed the medium ratio diet had increased backfat depth compared with pigs fed the control, with pigs fed the low and high ratio intermediate (P &lt; 0.05). In summary, the soybean meal level can be reduced, and synthetic amino acid levels increased in high DDGS diets as long as ratios of Val, Ile, and Trp to Lys are increased.
168 Evaluation of Increasing Dietary Threonine to Lysine Ratio in Corn-Soybean Meal Diets with and Without Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) on Growth Performance of Grow-Finish Pigs
Authors: Tolosa Russi Andres F , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 2,160 pigs (PIC 337×1050; initial BW 35.1 kg) were used in a 112-d growth trial to evaluate the effects of normal or high SID Thr:Lys ratio in diets with and without DDGS on growth performance. Pigs were assigned to pens (27 pigs per pen) in a randomized complete block design by BW with 20 replications per treatment. Pens of pigs were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of dietary Thr level (Normal vs High) and DDGS (with or without). Treatment diets were formulated in 4 phases from 35 to 57, 57 to 82, 82 to 105, and 105 to 136 kg BW. Diets with high DDGS were formulated to include 40% DDGS in phase 1 and 2, 30% in phase 3, and 15% in phase 4. Normal Thr diets were formulated to contain 61, 62, 63, and 65% SID Thr:Lys ratios for the 4 dietary phases, respectively. High Thr diets had SID Thr:Lys ratios of 67, 68, 69 and 72%, respectively. There were no (P&gt;0.10) DDGS×Thr interactions. For the overall period (d 0 to 112), pigs fed diets without DDGS had increased (P &lt; 0.001) ADG and BW, and reduced (P &lt; 0.001) ADFI leading to improved (P &lt; 0.001) G:F. There was no evidence for difference (P &gt; 0.10) between diets with normal or high SID Thr:Lys ratio regardless of DDGS inclusion. In summary, the addition of high levels of DDGS reduced ADG and increased ADFI, which resulted in poorer G:F and lighter final BW, regardless of the dietary SID Thr:Lys ratio. These results indicate that addition of an insoluble fiber source, such as corn DDGS, does not increase the Thr:Lys requirement of finishing pigs.
124 Early Microbiome Development for Gut Health: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Drivers
Authors: Gomez Andres , Law Kayla 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The gut microbiome, the collection of bacteria, fungi, virus and protozoa that inhabit the pig gastrointestinal tract, is promptly acquired at birth. During this seeding process, maternal and environmental microbial sources have a fundamental role, further modulated by nutritional and management interventions applied to both sow and piglet. Simultaneously, early microbiome seeding has significant impacts on the physiological landscape of the piglet gastrointestinal tract. In this talk, we will address the importance of diverse intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including nutrition, environment and sow physiology, in shaping early microbiome colonization and specific gut health traits in young pigs. Specifically, we propose that early microbiome development, including strategies for its manipulation, could potentially impact piglet survivability, immune function, pathogen susceptibility, digestion, absorption and overall well-being. We propose that, although some of these microbiome-mediated effects may be transient, others can be long lasting, possibly affecting health and productive performance along the life course. We propose that a microbiome lens could potentially contribute to better understanding health and performance in young pigs, by bridging basic and applied nutrition research.
179 Sire Distribution of Calves in a Herd with use of Fixed Time Artificial Insemination Followed by Immediate Bull Exposure for Natural Service
Authors: Hartman Ashley R , McCabe Esther D , Jacobs Devin , Grieger David M , Fike Karol E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Use of fixed time AI followed by immediate exposure of females to bulls for natural service can be a useful management strategy for commercial cow-calf producers to limit labor and time related to bull turnout as well as increase pregnancy rates earlier in the breeding season. Considering potential influence of factors such as bull fertility and time to and length of estrus in females, expectations for outcomes in natural service sire versus AI sire parentage is relatively unknown. We hypothesized that of calves born in the first 14 d of the calving season, less than 5% would be sired by natural service bulls exposed to females immediately following fixed time AI. Heifers (n = 191) and cows (n = 156) were synchronized and inseminated using the 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR fixed time AI protocol. All females were inseminated by the same AI technician using a single sire for heifers and a different single sire for cows. All females were exposed to bulls immediately following insemination. DNA was collected from a random subset of calves (Calves born from heifers n = 59; Calves born from cows n = 89) born in the first 14 d of the calving season for parentage analysis to estimate the overall percentage of calves sired by AI and natural service. Chi-Square tests were used to determine if the percentage of calves actually sired by natural service differed from the hypothesized 5% or less. Among calves born from heifers, the actual percentage sired by natural service (5.1%; n = 3/59) was similar (P = 0.98) to our hypothesized percentage. Among calves born from cows, the actual percentage sired by natural service (14.6%; n = 13/89) was greater (P &lt; 0.001) than our hypothesized percentage of 5%. If commercial producers use fixed time AI followed by immediate bull exposure in cows, natural service bulls may sire more calves early in the calving season than expected.
176 Are Ovarian Reserve Parameters Related to Reproductive Tract Development and Fertility in Ewes?
Authors: Cushman Robert , Yake Hannah K , Snider Alexandria P , Murphy Thomas , Freking Bradley 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
There are differences between cows and ewes in ovarian reserve parameters. No major genes influencing follicle numbers have been identified in cows, whereas several genes have variants reported to influence follicle numbers in ewes. In contrast, antral follicle count is associated with fertility in cows, and we reported that beef cows that failed to conceive in 2 consecutive years had fewer antral follicles and smaller reproductive tracts than cows that had never failed to conceive. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that ewes that had failed to lamb (BARREN) in 4 consecutive annual breeding seasons of 21– 35 d with rams that had passed a breeding soundness exam have fewer follicles and smaller reproductive tracts than ewes that consistently produced lambs (FERTILE) under the same breeding protocols. BARREN ewes (n = 19) were paired by breed, age, and sire to a FERTILE control ewe (n = 19) and reproductive tracts were recovered at necropsy. All visible antral follicles in both ovaries were counted and a representative cross section of one ovary was embedded for histological evaluation of primordial follicle numbers. The reproductive tract was weighed, and ovulatory status was evaluated. Paired t-tests indicated that BARREN ewes had 25.6 ± 5.0 fewer antral follicles per pair of ovaries, 17.3 ± 4.4 fewer primordial follicles per histological section, and 54.5 ± 18.7 g lighter reproductive tracts than FERTILE ewes (P ≤ 0.01). The odds of FERTILE ewes being ovulatory at necropsy were 2.25 that of BARREN ewes, but this did not differ from expectation by McNemar’s test (P = 0.13). The results indicate that size of the ovarian reserve influences fertility in ewes as it does in cows. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
194 Evaluation of Dietary Roughage Inclusion in a Single or Two-Diet System for Backgrounding and Finishing Steers
Authors: Hamilton Thomas G , Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the influence that equal cumulative roughage inclusion in a single diet or two-diet system during a 210-d growing-finishing period has on growth performance responses, efficiency of dietary net energy (NE) utilization, and carcass traits in beef steers. Pre-conditioned beef steers (n = 46; initial shrunk [4%] BW = 281 ± 40.4 kgs) were fed once daily, and bunks were managed according to a slick bunk management system at the Ruminant Nutrition Center in Brookings, SD. Treatments included: 1) A single diet program (targeted a 1.30 Mcal/kg NEg diet fed for 210-d; 1D) or 2) two diet program (targeted a 1.21 Mcal/kg NEg diet fed for 98-d, a 1.30 Mcal/kg NEg diet fed for 14-d, and a 1.39 Mcal/kg NEg diet fed for 98-d; 2D). All steers were implanted on d 1 with a 100 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA) and 14 mg estradiol benzoate (EB) implant and re-implanted with a 200 mg TBA and 28 mg EB implant on d 112. Average daily gain tended (P = 0.06) to be 9.5% greater for 1D compared with 2D during the backgrounding portion and ADG was increased (P = 0.01) for 2D compared with 1D by 11.3% during the finishing phase of the experiment. Cumulative ADG did not differ between treatments (1.61 vs. 1.62 ± 0.046 kgs) for 1D and 2D, respectively. Cumulative observed dietary NEm and NEg did not differ (P ≥ 0.96) between treatments. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.18) detected between treatments for HCW, DP, REA, RF, USDA marbling score, KPH, yield grade, retail yield, EBF, or body weight at 28% estimated EBF. In conclusion, Northern Plains feedlot producers can feed a single growing-finishing diet to preconditioned beef steers with minimal effects on overall growth performance or carcass traits.
205 Evaluation of a Direct Fed Microbial and/or an Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Cell Wall + Yeast Culture Product on Growth Performance, Dietary Net Energy Utilization, and Carcass Traits in Beef Steers
Authors: Gubbels Erin , Rusche Warren C , Rehberger Tom G , Block Elliot , Smith Zachary K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This research determined the influence a direct fed microbial (DFM) and/or enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast (EHY) product (both from Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Princeton, NJ) have on growth performance and carcass characteristics in beef steers fed in the Northern Plains (NP). Single-sourced, newly weaned steers (n = 256; initial BW = 246 ± 1.7 kg; n = 8 pens/treatment with 8 steers/pen) were blocked by location in a 2×2 factorial treatment arrangement of DFM (Certillus CP B1801 dry; Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum; 28 g/steer·d-1) and EHY (Celmanax; 18 g/steer·d-1). Steers were individually weighed on d 1, 14, 42 (end of receiving phase; implant with 200 mg progesterone and 20 mg estradiol benzoate), 77, 105 (end of growing phase), 133, 161 (implant with 200 mg trenbolone acetate and 28 mg estradiol benzoate), 182, 230 (start ractopamine HCl at 300 mg/steer·d-1) and 258. No DFM × EHY interactions (P ≥ 0.05) were observed for cumulative growth performance. No health parameters were influenced by treatment (P ≥ 0.08). EHY steers had reduced (P = 0.04) dry matter intake compared with DFM and had a tendency (P &lt; 0.08) for improved applied energetics measures. A DFM × EHY interaction (P = 0.02) was noted for the distribution of USDA yield grade (YG) 1 carcasses. Control steers had a greater proportion (P &lt; 0.05) of YG1 carcasses compared with other treatments. A DFM × EHY interaction (P = 0.04) was noted for the distribution of USDA Prime carcasses. Steers from DFM × EHY had a greater proportion (P &lt; 0.05) of USDA Prime carcasses compared with DFM or EHY, but did not differ from control, which were similar to DFM and EHY. Use of DFM and EHY alone or in combination had minimal effects on growth performance and carcass traits in NP steers.
206 Effects of a Direct Fed Microbial and/or an Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Yeast Product Fed to Beef Steers Provided Ractopamine Hydrochloride 28 d Before Harvest During Summer Months in the Northern Plains
Authors: Gubbels Erin , Rusche Warren C , Rehberger Tom G , Block Elliot , Smith Zachary K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This research determined the influence a direct fed microbial (DFM) and/or enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast (EHY) product (Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Princeton, NJ) have on heat stress measures in beef steers administered ractopamine hydrochloride (RH; 300 mg/steer·d-1) the final 28-d on feed, during summer months in the Northern Plains (NP). At weaning, single-sourced steers (n = 256; initial BW = 246 ± 1.7 kg; n = 64 steers/treatment; 8 steers/pen) were blocked by location in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of DFM (Certillus CP B1801 dry; Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum; 28 g/steer·d-1) and EHY (Celmanax; 18 g/steer·d-1). The final diet provided 1.44 Mcal/kg of NEg and 30 g/907kg of monensin sodium. Temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated from: 0.81 × ambient temperature + [relative humidity × (ambient temperature - 14.40)] + 46.40. On d 1 and 2 and d 21 and 22 on RH, respiration rate (RR) and panting scores (PS) were determined before and after AM and PM feedings (0700h, 1100h, 1400h, 1700h). RR (n = 3 steers/pen) was calculated from: 600/seconds required for 10 flank movements. PS was determined from: 0 (not distressed) to 4.5 (severely distressed). Two separate heat events occurred and average THI was greater than 75 for 10-d of the 28-d period. A DFM×EHY interaction was noted for the proportion of steers categorized as PS 2.0 at 1100h on d21 (P = 0.03) and RR on d21 at 1400h (P = 0.02). Control steers had a greater proportion of PS 2.0 at 1100h on d21 compared with DFM or EHY steers (P ≤ 0.05), while DFM×EHY steers did not differ from others (P ≥ 0.10). On d21 DFM×EHY steers had greater (P &lt; 0.05) RR compared with DFM steers, control and EHY steers did not differ from others (P ≥ 0.10). DFM and EHY used alone or in combination had minimal effects on heat stress measures in steers fed RH in the NP under minimal heat stress conditions.
216 Assessment of Equations Relating Carcass with Empty Body Chemical Components in Growing/Finishing Cattle
Authors: Lancaster Phillip A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Existing equations to estimate empty body chemical composition from carcass chemical composition developed over 40 years ago using different cattle genetics. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate existing equations using cattle genetics from then to today. A literature search was performed to identify experiments measuring carcass and offal chemical composition by proximate analysis resulting in 88 treatment means from 11 experiments since 1982. Two sets of equations 1) Garrett and Hinman (1969; 10.2527/jas1969.2811) and 2) Ferrell et al. (1976; 10.2527/jas1976.4251158x) were used to compute empty body chemical components from carcass chemical components. Mean (SD) carcass fat and protein were 18.86 (8.37) and 18.18 (2.94) % of HCW, respectively, and empty body fat and protein were 18.25 (7.85) and 18.69 (2.32) % of EBW, respectively. Carcass chemical components were strongly correlated (≥ 0.98) with empty body chemical components. For Eq. 1, simultaneous testing of intercept equal to 0 and slope equal to 1 indicated that the intercept and slope for water, fat, ash, and energy were different than 0 and 1, but were not different for protein, whereas the intercept and slope were different for all components when using Eq. 2. Mean bias for chemical components ranged from -2.43 to 7.94% for Eq. 1, and -2.41 to 3.56% for Eq. 2. The mean bias was closer to 0 for water, fat and energy when using Eq. 2, but were closer to 0 for protein and ash when using Eq. 1. Offal chemical composition was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) predictor of the difference between observed and predicted empty body components. Publication year was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) predictor of the difference for protein and ash using either set of equations. In conclusion, both sets of equations were highly precise for all chemical components, and moderately to highly accurate, although later publication years had greater overprediction for protein.
251 Effects of Cross-Fostering and Number of Litters Used to Create Cross-Fostered Litters on Piglet Pre-Weaning Mortality and Weaning Weight
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine D , Olivio Alicia , Harper Heath , Shull Caleb M , Brown Katie , Ellis Michael 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective was to determine effects of cross-fostering and number of litters used to create cross-fostered litters on piglet pre-weaning mortality (PWM) and weight. The study was conducted on 2 commercial farrowing facilities using a RCBD (53 blocks; total of 265 litters/3675 piglets). Blocking factors were farrowing day, sow parity, body condition score, functional teat number, and average and CV of piglet birth weight. Treatments involved cross-fostering different percentages of the litter (0% = no cross-fostering; 50% = half cross-fostered, half from the birth sow; 100% = all piglets cross-fostered) and differing number of litters used in cross-fostering. The 5 Treatments were (% fostered/number of litters used): 1) 0%/1 litter; 2) 100%/1 litter; 3) 100%/6+ litters; 4) 50%/4+ litters; 5) 50%/2 litters. Litter sizes at cross-fostering (13 or 14 piglets) were equalized across Treatments within block. Piglets were weighed 24 h after birth (when cross-fostering was carried out) and at weaning (19.2 ± 0.97 d); all PWM was recorded. Data were analyzed using SAS, models accounted for the fixed effect of Treatment and random effects of sow, block, and farm. The 0%/1 litter and 100%/1 litter Treatments were similar (P &gt; 0.05; Table 1) for all measurements, indicating no effect of cross-fostering per se. Litter sizes at 7 and 14 d, and weaning were lower (P ≤ 0.05) for the two 1-litter Treatments compared with the 50%/2 litters Treatment; other Treatments were intermediate. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of Treatment on piglet weight. Pre-weaning mortality was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for the two 1-litter treatments compared with the other 3 Treatments, which were similar (P &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, cross-fostering had no effect on piglet performance, however, PWM was greater for treatments comprised of piglets from a single litter compared with those from several litters.
84 What Does “Found Dead” Mean? Tools for Better Record Keeping
Authors: Ketchem Ronald T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
I have been in the swine industry for 49 years and I have seen a lot of changes. Record keeping has been one of those change starting in 1975 with a program called PigTails which was collected on small pads to PIGCHAMP starting in 1983 and expanded to 26+ programs being used today. Each program has been unique in how data are collected, development of equation and how data are reported. On March 1, 1999, a group of producers, university personal, record keeping companies, and companies doing swine industry were assembled to standardize terminology, equations used for reporting data to the industry from this there was a publication called the “NPPC Production & Financial Standards”. Standardizing was not accomplished as shown by different record programs having different report, equations, and long lists for reasons for animal deaths and culling. I have seen farm with up to 75 reasons for sow deaths and culling. For the industry to move forward and do a better job standardizing death loss and culling reasons, changes need to take place. In 2017 SMS wrote an article called “It is time for an overhaul of removal records” in HHF. Suggested were 6 categories: Disease/Health, Reproduction, Performance, Intestinal, Locomotion and Other. Under each were 2 to 6 reasons for being culled, dying, or euthanized. The same review of the grower/ finisher reasons should be done. When reviewing records for deaths the records are not very accurate with a very high percent being other or unknown. Conclusion: What is swine industry going to do about standardizing death loss and culling reasons so better analysis can be done to improve industry numbers?