bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Composition of the Epitome
Authors: Kampianaki Theofili 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Zonaras arranged the material of the Epitome in two different ways, as explained in this chapter. The first method is the division of the chronicle into two volumes when the narrative reached 146 bc. The reason for using this date as a point to break the narrative into two is the large chronological gap between the end of the first volume and the start of the second. The other way in which the chronicler arranged his material is thematic. There are two distinct thematic sections: the first focuses on Jewish antiquities and the second on the Roman past. A secondary distinction which emerges within the Roman section is that between pre- and post-Constantinian Roman history, which indicates that Zonaras approaches in a different way the ‘Old’ Roman Empire and the ‘New’ Empire, which had Constantinople as its capital. The Jewish section is a largely self-contained unit. The chronicler originally aimed to produce a work dedicated to Jewish antiquities, but, finding more sources as he was writing, he at some point decided to broaden the subject matter of his text and include the history of the Roman nation.
Zonaras’ Working Method and Treatment of His Sources
Authors: Kampianaki Theofili 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 investigates Zonaras’ method of work and the manner in which he treats and adapts his sources. The foundation of his methodology is the adherence to a single source which provides him with the basic structure of his account. One of the key features of the Jewish section of the Epitome is the strong emphasis Zonaras places on the connection of his text to Flavius Josephus’ historical works. What characterizes Zonaras’ method in his presentation of pre-Constantinian Roman history is his attempt to adapt the data he collects from his Roman sources, Cassius Dio’s Roman History and Plutarch’s Lives, to make them meaningful and interesting to the Byzantine audience. His account of post-Constantinian Empire concentrates mainly on the Constantinopolitan environment. In the narrative of Byzantium, the dominant principle of Zonaras’ methodology is the attention to the portrayals of famous historical figures, mostly emperors.
Zonaras’ Keen Interest in Roman Antiquity
Authors: Kampianaki Theofili 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The subject of Chapter 5 is Zonaras’ prodigious interest in the Roman origins of Byzantium. His great attention to the Roman past can be seen as part of a broader upsurge of interest in Roman antiquities during that period. The practical reality of the situation in the Constantinople of his time, when a large number of Latin-speaking peoples passed through or resided in the capital, may also have fuelled a renewed interest in Roman antiquity and stimulated Zonaras to emphasize the Roman antecedents of the Empire. Unlike the majority of Byzantine chroniclers, Zonaras was keen on talking in detail about Republican Rome in order to fulfil his own authorial agenda. He aims to demonstrate the evolution of the Roman government over time and stress the institutional continuity between contemporary Byzantium and Rome. He is also very careful in the language he uses to make these changes in the constitution of the Roman state clear to his readers.
Intellectual Networks and Intended Readers
Authors: Kampianaki Theofili 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 focuses on the circumstances in which Zonaras found himself on the island of St Glykeria, where he composed the Epitome. The writer was part of a network of intellectuals who provided him with reading material and to whom he distributed his own pieces. His circle consisted of those with whom he had become acquainted when he was still a layman: educated individuals who attended the theatra, and persons of the same profession as him, namely lawyers and bureaucrats. A small number of monks who had some knowledge of the writings of the Church Fathers may be added to this circle. This group also constituted the audience for which Zonaras was originally writing. He consciously opted to use middlebrow, mildly archaizing Greek, aiming at addressing his chronicle not only to a small number of very erudite scholars but also to a more numerous group of relatively learned readers.
Readers’ Responses and the Reception of the Epitome
Authors: Kampianaki Theofili 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 follows up from Chapter 6, which concluded with the argument that the Epitome was intended to be read by a relatively cultivated audience. This chapter concentrates on the recipients of the Epitome themselves, and explores how they viewed, responded to, and made use of Zonaras’ chronicle. The first section of the chapter examines the different ways in which writers who were approximate contemporaries to Zonaras, and also later writers, employed his text. Next comes an analysis of the large number of manuscripts in which the Epitome or shorter sections of it survive. The third part of this chapter deals with scribal practices and the marginalia that can be found in a select group of codices, and the fourth with two significant texts, one in prose and one in verse, which both comment on the contents and style of the Epitome. The final section focuses on the two medieval translations of Zonaras’ chronicle into Old Church Slavonic and Aragonese. Taking into account all the evidence, the chapter concludes by outlining the reasons why the Epitome was very popular among Byzantine readers and why it was seen by foreign scholars as interesting to translate.
Overall Conclusions
Authors: Kampianaki Theofili 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents some broader conclusions about Zonaras and the overall character of his historical account. Zonaras was versatile as an author, composing texts in various literary genres. The contemporary historical context impacted, directly or indirectly, on various aspects of the Epitome: Zonaras’ political and social ideas; the choice of his source material; and the emphasis on particular subjects. It is explained that the Epitome is as a ‘hybrid composition’ for two reasons, because it combines elements of two different yet interconnected literary traditions: chronicle writing and historiography, and because it combines two distinct historical accounts: one dedicated to Jewish history or, from the Byzantines’ perspective, early Christian history and one to the Roman past. The unique character of Zonaras’ text made the work stand out and helped to endear the text to readers in Byzantium and beyond.
The Japanese Economy
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This book is for anyone broadly interested in Japan, for it is impossible to fully understand Japan without learning what basic economics has to say about it, which is much. To know Japan—or any country for that matter—is more than an ability to recite a litany of facts about its history, geography, institutions, and culture. Disciplined thinking is needed to organize the disparate facts into a coherent system that can be grasped whole. Modern economics is the academic discipline underlying this book. The book uses economics and explains it, but without presuming the reader has any prior knowledge of it. It starts with Japan’s economic history since the late sixteenth century through the twentieth century. It then addresses contemporary topics in Japan’s economy, beginning with ones that require an economy-wide perspective—economic growth and the business cycle, exchange rates, and the balance of trade. The discussion then moves on to sectors of the economy: the public sector, industry and trade, the financial system, the labor market, and more. The chapters can be read in any order, but four threads run through all the chapters and link them: Japan’s economic growth and development, Japan’s integration with the world economy, government policies and their effects, and peculiar economic institutions and practices.
Saving
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Japanese saving. It defines saving and how it is measured, describes the trajectory of Japanese national saving from 1885 to 2018, and explores economic theories of saving and how they apply to Japan. The national saving rate of Japan in the postwar period was among the highest in the world, the cause of Japan’s persistent trade surpluses and a contributor to the rapid accumulation of physical capital in Japan in the 1950s and 1960s that was the driver of its rapid growth. The chapter notes that spikes and dips in the national saving rate coincide with historic events like the indemnity following the 1895 Sino-Japanese war, the 1923 Tokyo earthquake, and 2008 Lehman shock. It explains the two major theories of household saving which are the life-cycle model which emphasizes saving for retirement and the Ricardian model which points to the bequest motive. In an economy such as that of Japan with a developed financial system and ample financial intermediation, life-cycle saving is reflected in societal saving. When those who are young and working and saving for retirement are more numerous or more prosperous than those who have already retired and are dissaving, the national saving rate will be high. Japan’s high postwar national saving rate and fall in national saving rate in the current century are consistent with this prediction. In short, the life-cycle model well explains the broad trajectory followed by Japan’s national saving rate. It leaves little for the Ricardian theory to explain.
Macroeconomy
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter is about Japan’s business cycles and monetary and fiscal policies. It describes the diffusion index the Cabinet office uses to identify business cycle turning points and presents estimates of the GDP gaps during recessions. After noting how aggregate demand depends on the supply and demand for money based on the quantity theory and the Keynesian model, it goes on to explain how the BOJ uses interest on reserves, Lombard-type lending, forward guidance, quantitative easing, qualitative easing, and yield curve control to control the money supply and influence aggregate demand. It addresses aggregate supply, explaining why the unemployment rate is lower in Japan than in other countries and less sensitive to the business cycle. It describes the causes of the fourteen recessions Japan has experienced since 1956, and the policy responses to each. It describes the BOJ mistaken response to the stagflation caused by the first oil shock, the coordination of monetary policy with the US and other countries under the Plaza accord and Louvre agreement that was a root cause of Japan’s bubble economy, and the contractionary monetary policy that caused the Heisei recession and led Japan into a liquidity trap with zero interest rates and difficulties in conducting monetary policy. Those difficulties persisted and complicated Japan’s efforts to respond to the Lehman shock. Fiscal policy has only added to Japan’s ballooning government debt. Raising the expected inflation rate and returning interest rates to positive levels in which monetary policy can again be effective remains elusive.
Public Economy, Part 1
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This is the first of two chapters describing the scope and funding of Japan’s public sector. This one discusses Japanese government expenditures. It begins by documenting the goods and services not only provided by the Japanese government but produced by it. These are mostly the labor services of the government employees, including the lean but efficient bureaucracy, a high-status cadre motivated by prospects of amakudari upon leaving government service. Attention is then turned to the aspects of politics and voting that affect Japan’s overall scale of government spending: that Japan is a parliamentary democracy long dominated by a single political party, with a unitary and centralized system of government in which rural prefectures are overrepresented. Given all this, public choice considerations favor disproportionate provision of government services per person in the rural prefectures. In Japan as elsewhere, much but not all government spending is devoted to the provision of public goods—goods like national defense that are non-congested and indivisible. Advantages and disadvantages of government provision as opposed to private provision of public goods are described. Also, the tension that arises among allies in the provision of mutual defense which is a public good shared by both are discussed with reference to the Japan–US alliance. The chapter ends with discussion of the main categories of Japanese government spending—defense, social security, health insurance, and education.
Public Economy, Part 2
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes up all aspects of Japanese taxes, including Japanese government debt which amounts to the shifting of taxes through time. The first part discusses the structure of taxes from the Meiji period through the first half of the twentieth century, which resembled that of developing countries of today. It then describes the current tax system of Japan which evolved from the tax system adopted in 1950 under the American occupation. It comprises personal and corporate income taxes, consumption and excise taxes, wage taxes, inheritance taxes and customs duties. The discussion then turns toward tax incidence and tax shifting, tax burden, and excess burden. Assuming that all taxes are shifted onto labor, it suggests that Japan’s total tax revenue of 30% of GDP imposes an excess burden of about 2% of GDP. Tax reform aimed at broadening the tax base and lowering the marginal tax rates, would lower the excess burden. The final part of the chapter is devoted to Japanese government debt. First is the question of how to measure it. The correct measure is net debt, which subtracts from gross debt the government debt held within the government itself including the BOJ. The trajectory of government debt that is consonant with minimum excess tax burden, given the stream of government spending, entails tax smoothing. Given this logic, one should ask whether taxes are too low, not whether government debt is too high. Japanese taxes are almost high enough to be judged sustainable.
Finance
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter is about the financial system of Japan. It begins by detailing the different categories of financial intermediary in Japan and then describing the different types of financial instruments traded in Japan’s money markets and capital markets and in euromarkets (xenomarkets), taking note of the many amalgamations of the 1990s and sweeping changes in regulations culminating in the 2001 “Big Bang.” Until the 1980s, those regulations amounted to the cartelization of Japan’s commercial banks. The 1980s opening of euromarkets to Japanese corporations seeking funds forced banks to compete and led to an unraveling of the regulations that had until then cartelized their industry. As the bank profits eroded, their lending grew reckless, which led to the severe financial crisis of the 1990s, all of which the chapter fully explains. Despite the turmoil of the 1990s, banks have retained their dominance of Japanese financial intermediation. The chapter describes the main bank system, in which most Japanese corporations have each developed a special relationship with a particular bank that is its largest creditor and often also a shareholder. The advantages of bank shareholding in the companies to which they are lending are explained. The Modigliani–Miller theorem, the core idea in thinking about how corporations acquire funds, is invoked as an essential frame of reference in considering the main bank system. The chapter closes with a discussion of corporate governance in Japan which is also much affected by the bank dominance of financial intermediation.
Marketing
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Japan’s distribution sector exhibits some peculiarities that this chapter explores and explains—ubiquity of small stores, convoluted wholesale channels, and myriad contractual arrangements by which manufacturers constrain the independent retailers and wholesalers who handle their products. The chapter begins by presenting data on the numbers of retail stores per person in Japan compared to other countries, and changes since the 1950s in Japan’s numbers of stores, employment in retailing and wholesaling, and numbers of stores of differing formats. It goes on to detail the regulation of large stores in Japan and its effects, arguing that the fundamental forces behind Japan’s relative ubiquity of stores are rooted in geography and economics, not regulation. The second part of the chapter describes many specific instances of vertical restraints in Japan. It explains that the common motivations for these customer restrictions, price stipulations, exclusive dealing, and the like are to improve the incentives of downstream distributors to promote products, inform customers about products, or maintain the quality of products.
Labor
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores topics related to the Japanese employment system, which famously embodies lifetime employment, seniority-based wages, and enterprise unions, and which seems not to have afforded equal opportunities for women. It first describes the data on average tenure of employment of men and women in Japan and estimates of the effect of tenure on wages in Japan, which show that lifetime employment and seniority-based wages indeed characterize the terms of employment enjoyed by a large fraction of the male employees of large companies in Japan. It then goes on to describe the two theories that identify the economic rationale for such practices, the company-specific-skills theory and agency theory, and discusses the evidence supporting each theory; the theories are not mutually exclusive. The chapter then turns attention to enterprise unions in Japan, documenting their declining membership, and explaining the economic rationales behind their existence and strike behavior. The last part of the chapter is devoted to the experiences of women in the Japanese labor market. Exit from the labor force during the years of child rearing is a common thread that runs through the many ways in which Japanese women’s educational and labor market choices differ from men’s. The gender gap in wages and employment opportunities in Japan is deeply embedded in the system of educating, hiring, training, and motivating workers that evolved in Japan over the last hundred years, supported by a web of mutually reinforcing laws, regulations, and social norms.
Aftermaths
Authors: Colla Marcus 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the Prussian legacy in East Germany in the immediate post-war decades. It charts how the inescapable presence of the Prussian past helped produce collisions of incompatible and often incoherent historical narratives which frustrated the SED’s efforts to generate a credible legitimising backstory for the geopolitical accident that was the German Democratic Republic. After outlining the development in the GDR of new theoretical and historiographical frameworks for comprehending Prussian history, the chapter closely analyses a series of case studies of Prussian architecture demolished or preserved by the SED, including the Berlin Schloss, the Potsdam City Palace, and the Potsdam Garnisonkirche. It concludes that, while Prussia may have been taboo in the politics of history of post-war East Germany, it was in fact far from forgotten.
Life after Exile
Authors: Smith Frederick E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses upon the ambiguous legacy of flight for Henrician and Edwardian émigrés after their return home during the reign of Mary I. These émigrés used the fact that they had endured the difficulties of displacement rather than compromise their faith as a mark of spiritual distinction that set them apart from their compatriots. However, at the same time, their unlawful flight from the realm opened them up to suspicions of political treachery and ‘foreignness’. Such suspicions were first articulated by Protestants, but they came to be shared by at least some English Catholics, and they continued to hang over the heads of former émigrés following their Marian repatriation. In this way, this chapter alerts us to the possibility of considerably more friction within the Marian Church hierarchy than is usually acknowledged.
Elizabethan Legacies
Authors: Smith Frederick E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter draws together the arguments developed throughout the book and considers their longer-term significance for our understandings of English Catholicism and the broader European Counter-Reformation. It explores the ways in which the Henrician and Edwardian emigration set important precedents for the experiences, responses and challenges faced by Elizabethan Catholics, precedents which ranged from the purely practical, to the devotional, doctrinal and definitional. This chapter also explores the posthumous legacy of Henrician and Edwardian émigrés amongst Catholic reformers elsewhere throughout western Europe, underlining the extent to which the reform programme they had attempted to implement in Marian England subsequently shaped European ideas about Catholic reform. In this way, it not only reinforces the core argument of this book—that, from the very beginning of the Reformation, English Catholicism was a religion shaped, defined and sustained by the mobility of people between England, the wider British Isles and the continent—but also underlines the extent to which English Catholicism and the broader European Counter-Reformation were not just connected, but interdependent.
Sustainability of Food Production and Livelihoods
Authors: Narang Harpreet Kaur 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ensuring food security for the future generations is akin to the issue of inclusive and sustainable development. It is a sound ecological base and a conducive public policy, that will ensure potential livelihood security. This part of the book addresses the issue by investigating the quality of ecological base in the state and the direction of public policy in achieving the objective of sustainability.
Public Policy for Food Security in Punjab
Authors: Narang Harpreet Kaur 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The eighth chapter addresses the public policy pursued in India, to tackle the problem of hunger and malnutrition. The problem of food insecurity needs a multipronged approach covering all the dimensions—availability, access, absorption, and sustainability—with a focus on inclusive growth; employment generation; women’s empowerment; provision of education, health, sanitation, drinking, water and hygiene; direct nutritional interventions for the more vulnerable sections of the population. After presenting an understanding of the importance, features, new developments, and shortcomings of the PDS and the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, the chapter looks at wide-ranging government programmes that directly or indirectly affect food security in the state.