bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of hospital‐acquired malnutrition and modifiable determinants of nutritional deterioration during inpatient admissions: A systematic review of the evidence
Authors: Cass Alyssa R. , Charlton Karen E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundMalnutrition affects between 20% and 50% of hospital inpatients on admission, with further declines expected during hospitalisation. This review summarises the existing literature on hospital‐acquired malnutrition that examines the magnitude of nutritional deterioration amongst adult inpatients and identifies preventable barriers to optimising nutrition support during episodes of care.MethodsA systematic review was conducted to answer the question: Among adult hospital inpatients, the presence of which modifiable factors contribute to hospital‐acquired malnutrition? A database search was conducted between the 24 April and 30 June 2020 using CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus and PubMed databases according to a protocol registered with PROSPERO (CD42020182728). In addition, issues of the 10 top clinical nutrition journals published during the period of from 1 April 2015 to 30 March 2020 were hand‐searched.ResultsFifteen articles were eligible for inclusion from a total of 5944 retrieved abstracts. A narrative synthesis of evidence was completed because of the high level of heterogeneity in methodologies. Nutritional deterioration is common among previously well‐nourished and nutritionally compromised patients, with studies reporting that 10%–65% of patients experienced nutritional decline. Frequently reported barriers were mealtime interruptions, meal dissatisfaction, procedure‐related fasting, effects of illness or treatment, chewing difficulties, poor appetite and malnutrition as a low clinical priority.ConclusionsThe findings of this review support the need for routine nutritional risk screening throughout each hospital admission with hospital‐acquired malnutrition affecting up to 65% of inpatients. Clear establishment of the roles and responsibilities of each member within multidisciplinary healthcare teams in the provision of nutrition care and cost–benefit analyses are recommended to demonstrate the effectiveness of changes to models of care.
Clinicopathologic characteristics of pancreatic islet amyloidosis in the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys)
Authors: Birdwell Leeza , Levesque Denyse , Machiah Deepa , Gumber Sanjeev 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes mellitus type 2 has been linked to pancreatic islet amyloid deposition in humans and nonhuman primates. The authors hypothesized that diabetic primates would have significant differences in pathology than non‐diabetic groups.MethodsThis retrospective study used histopathology and immunohistochemistry to characterize and compare pancreatic islet amyloidosis in 58 diabetic and non‐diabetic rhesus macaque (RM) and sooty mangabeys (SM).ResultsThe pancreatic tissues from diabetic RM and SM showed higher histopathology scores for islet amyloid deposit distribution, severity, and calcification deposits compared to their respective non‐diabetic cohorts. Further, these tissues from RM and SM with amyloid deposits showed immunoreactivity to insulin, glucagon, islet amyloid polypeptide, serum amyloid P, and glucagon‐like peptide 1.ConclusionsHistopathology results showed that the defined amyloid characteristics are associated with clinical diabetes in both species. The immunohistochemistry results collectively suggest differences in pancreatic hormones and islet amyloid components among both species and diabetic status.
The genetic basis of neurocranial size and shape across varied lab mouse populations
Authors: Percival Christopher J. , Devine Jay , Hassan Chaudhry Raza , Vidal‐Garcia Marta , O'Connor‐Coates Christopher J. , Zaffarini Eva , Roseman Charles , Katz David , Hallgrimsson Benedikt 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBrain and skull tissues interact through molecular signalling and mechanical forces during head development, leading to a strong correlation between the neurocranium and the external brain surface. Therefore, when brain tissue is unavailable, neurocranial endocasts are often used to approximate brain size and shape. Evolutionary changes in brain morphology may have resulted in secondary changes to neurocranial morphology, but the developmental and genetic processes underlying this relationship are not well understood. Using automated phenotyping methods, we quantified the genetic basis of endocast variation across large genetically varied populations of laboratory mice in two ways: (1) to determine the contributions of various genetic factors to neurocranial form and (2) to help clarify whether a neurocranial variation is based on genetic variation that primarily impacts bone development or on genetic variation that primarily impacts brain development, leading to secondary changes in bone morphology. Our results indicate that endocast size is highly heritable and is primarily determined by additive genetic factors. In addition, a non‐additive inbreeding effect led to founder strains with lower neurocranial size, but relatively large brains compared to skull size; suggesting stronger canalization of brain size and/or a general allometric effect. Within an outbred sample of mice, we identified a locus on mouse chromosome 1 that is significantly associated with variation in several positively correlated endocast size measures. Because the protein‐coding genes at this locus have been previously associated with brain development and not with bone development, we propose that genetic variation at this locus leads primarily to variation in brain volume that secondarily leads to changes in neurocranial globularity. We identify a strain‐specific missense mutation within Akt3 that is a strong causal candidate for this genetic effect. Whilst it is not appropriate to generalize our hypothesis for this single locus to all other loci that also contribute to the complex trait of neurocranial skull morphology, our results further reveal the genetic basis of neurocranial variation and highlight the importance of the mechanical influence of brain growth in determining skull morphology.
Evaluation of the long‐term safety and biodegradability of hyaluronic acid dermal fillers (YVOIRE®) for the correction of nasolabial folds: Two multicenter, prospective, observational cohort studies
Authors: Xie Yun , Wu Sufan , Li Shirong , Li Qingfeng , Zhao Hongyi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe therapeutic effects of hyaluronic acid dermal fillers to correct facial wrinkles and folds usually last up to 6–12 months. Few studies have evaluated their long‐term safety.AimsTo evaluate the long‐term safety and biodegradability of two hyaluronic acid dermal fillers (YVOIRE® classic s and YVOIRE® volume s) for the correction of nasolabial folds (NLFs) in two prospective, observational studies.MethodsSubjects scheduled to receive the injections of YVOIRE® classic s (N = 503) or YVOIRE® volume s (N = 503) at NLFs were followed up until complete clinical biodegradation, defined as a change in Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS) score of ≥0 from baseline. The primary biodegradation endpoint was the proportion of subjects with complete clinical biodegradation during or after the 104‐week post‐treatment period.ResultsComplete clinical biodegradation was observed in 93.5% [95% CI 91.0%–95.5%] of 494 assessable YVOIRE® classic s recipients and 98.5% [95% CI 97.0%–99.4%] of 469 YVOIRE® volume s recipients during the 104‐week post‐treatment period. In most subjects, complete clinical biodegradation was observed within 52 weeks of the last treatment. Treatment‐related adverse events (AEs) (mostly mild local injection‐site reactions) occurred within 52 weeks post‐treatment, in 68.2% and 75.0% of YVOIRE® classic s and YVOIRE® volume s recipients, respectively. During the 12 to 18 months after YVOIRE® volume s injection, 0.6% of subjects had treatment‐related AEs (local injection‐site reactions). No treatment‐related AEs occurred 12 to 24 months after YVOIRE® classic s injection.ConclusionsYVOIRE® classic s and YVOIRE® volume s can be safely used to correct NLFs. Total clinical biodegradation tends to occur within 12 months of injection.
Unravelling the consecutive glycosylation and methylation of flavonols in peach in response to UV‐B irradiation
Authors: Xie Linfeng , Guo Yan , Ren Chuanhong , Cao Yunlin , Li Jiajia , Lin Jing , Grierson Donald , Zhao Xiaoyong , Zhang Bo , Sun Chongde , Chen Kunsong , Li Xian 
Published: March 2022

AbstractFlavonol glycosides are bioactive compounds important for plant defence and human nutrition. Glycosylation and methylation play an important role in enriching the diversity of flavonols in response to the environment. Peach flowers and fruit are rich in flavonol diglycosides such as isorhamnetin 3‐O‐rutinoside (I3Rut), kaempferol 3‐O‐rutinoside and quercetin 3‐O‐rutinoside, and flavonol monoglycosides such as I 3‐O‐glucoside and Q 3‐O‐galactoside. UV‐B irradiation of fruit significantly induced accumulation of all these flavonol glycosides. Candidate biosynthetic genes induced by UV‐B were identified by genome homology searches and the in vitro catalytic activities of purified recombinant proteins determined. PpUGT78T3 and PpUGT78A2 were identified as flavonol 3‐O‐glucosyltransferase and 3‐O‐galactosyltransferase, respectively. PpUGT91AK6 was identified as flavonol 1,6‐rhamnosyl trasferase catalysing the formation of flavonol rutinosides and PpFOMT1 was identified as a flavonol O‐methyltransferase that methylated Q at the 3'‐OH‐OH to form isorhamnetin derivatives. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed the specificity of PpUGT78T3 as a flavonol 3‐O‐glucosyltransferase, PpUGT78A2 as a 3‐O‐galactosyltransferase, PpUGT91AK6 as a 1,6‐rhamnosyltrasferase and PpFOMT1 as an O‐methyltransferase. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of glycosylation and methylation of flavonols, especially the formation of flavonol diglycosides such as I3Rut, and will also be useful for future potential metabolic engineering of complex flavonols.
Losing power safely: Explaining the variation in dictators' responses to anti‐regime protests
Authors: Yukawa Taku , Hidaka Kaoru , Kubota Masanori , Kushima Kaori 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study aims to understand a dictator's response to large‐scale anti‐regime protests regarding their safety. While dictators tend to order the repression of such protests, in some cases, they voluntarily cede power without such repression. Earlier studies based on the assumption that leaders always act to maintain power cannot explain this variation. This article presents a novel claim that dictators choose the way in which they lose power. It argues that since dictators who lose power bycoupssuffer a worse fate than those who lose power following protests, they prefer to relinquish power by the latter if they anticipate that repressing dissent will result in acoup. Thus, dictators prefer a safer way of losing power over maintaining their office at all costs. Data on the post‐tenure fate of dictators from 1946 to 2010 and the case of South Korean anti‐regime protests in 1987 support this theory.Related ArticlesHellmeier, Sebastian. 2016. “The Dictator's Digital Toolkit: Explaining Variation in Internet Filtering in Authoritarian Regimes.”Politics & Policy44(6): 1158–91.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12189Hiroi, Taeko, and Sawa Omori. 2013. “Causes and Triggers ofCoups d'état: An Event History Analysis.”Politics & Policy41(1): 39–64.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12001Hunter, Lance Y., Josh Rutland, and Zachary King. 2020. “Leaving the Barracks: MilitaryCoupsin Developing Democracies.”Politics & Policy48(6): 1062–103.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12383
Prior distributions expressing ignorance about convex increasing failure rates
Authors: Gåsemyr Jørund , Hubin Aliaksandr 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper deals with the specification of probability distributions expressing ignorance concerning annual or otherwise discretized failure or mortality rates, when these rates can safely be assumed to be increasing and convex, but are completely unknown otherwise. Such distributions can be used as noninformative priors for Bayesian analysis of failure data. We demonstrate why a uniform distribution used in earlier work is unsatisfactory, especially from the point of view of insensitivity with respect to the time scale that is chosen for the problem at hand. We suggest alternative distributions based on Dirichlet distributed weights for the extreme points of relevant convex sets, and discuss which consequences a requirement for scale neutrality has for the choice of Dirichlet parameters.
Stability of hematologic analytes in New Zealand white rabbits using an impedance‐based analyzer
Authors: Bibay Jan Irving , Margallo Shiela 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe validity of hematologic data is crucial for correctly diagnosing certain conditions and providing accurate research results. However, delays in blood testing are inevitable.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine whether prolonged storage at different temperatures affects CBC measurand stability in rabbit whole blood using the impedance‐based Scil Vet ABC hematology analyzer.MethodsHematologic tests were performed on whole blood samples collected from 20 New Zealand white rabbits at <1 hour post‐blood collection as the baseline and at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours post‐blood collection, with aliquots stored at 21 and 4°C. CBC measurand stability was determined by comparing the obtained values at each time point to the baseline value. Statistically significant variations were compared with current quality specifications to determine if a meaningful bias existed.ResultsHematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration remained stable for 72 hours in blood stored at 4°C. No meaningful bias was observed for mean corpuscular volume after 48 and 72 hours of storage at 4°C. Only the white blood cell count was stable for 72 hours at 21°C. The platelet count, hemoglobin concentration, and mean platelet volume were not stable at 6 hours post‐blood collection at either temperature.ConclusionsThe results of this study showed that the hematocrit can be tested for 72 hours in blood stored at 4°C, without a significant change from the baseline value. However, if all hematologic measurands are of interest, the immediate testing of blood samples, namely <1 hour post‐blood collection, remains highly recommended.
Role of spatial ability, motivation and anxiety in learning neuroanatomy
Authors: Newman Hamish , Carr Sandra , Meyer Amanda 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: In the last decade, medical student neuroanatomy knowledge has been below an acceptable level. Teaching interventions targeted towards factors relevant to learning neuroanatomy, such as spatial ability or motivation, may be developed to improve knowledge acquisition and long-term retention. This paper seeks to characterise the relationship between spatial ability, motivation and anxiety on learning neuroanatomy. Methods: Students (n = 131) enrolled in a neuroanatomy course (males n = 53; females n = 78; age = 22±6 [mean ± SD] years) completed a mental rotations test (MRT), condensed Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) survey to assess spatial ability, motivation and anxiety, respectively. Spearman correlations were calculated between students’ scores on these tools and examination/unit results. Results: Final unit score and perceived task value were weakly positively correlated (rs = 0.22, p = 0.016, n = 112), whereas final unit score and anxiety were weakly negatively correlated (rs = -0.22, p = 0.04, n = 82). There was a weak positive correlation between spatial ability and spatial MCQ results (rs = 0.232, p = 0.016, n = 108) but no other assessment modality. Conclusions: Targeting interventions to increase students’ perceptions of the value of learning neuroanatomy and to reduce anxiety will further improve student performance in this subject. Data from this report may guide the development of personalised educational techniques with the aim of improving knowledge acquisition. Future research into devising these interventions and characterising their effect on neuroanatomy learning would be beneficial.
Theoretical Study of the Electronic and Transport Properties of Lateral 2D–1D–2D Graphene–CNT–Graphene Structures
Authors: Valeev B. Yu. , Toksumakov A. N. , Kvashnin D. G. , Chernozatonskii L. A. 
Published: March 2022

The electronic and transport properties of new hybrid 2D–1D–2D structures of carbon atoms, which are graphene sheets continuously connected through a fragment of a single-layer carbon nanotube, frequently observed experimentally, are theoretically studied. The evolution of the electronic properties of such systems with “zigzag” carbon nanotubes of various diameters with chirality indices (14, 0), (15, 0), (16, 0), and (18, 0) is studied using the tight coupling method within electron density functional theory. The calculation of the transmission coefficient demonstrates a strong nonlinearity in the behavior of the transport properties of these structures near the Fermi energy as a function of the diameter of carbon nanotubes, which explains discrepancies in the previously obtained experimental data.
NDP-related retinopathies: clinical phenotype of female carriers
Authors: Huang Li , Sun Limei , Li Xiaoyu , Li Songshan , Zhang Ting , Zhang Zhaotian , Ding Xiaoyan 
Published: March 2022

Background/aimsNorrin cysteine knot growth factor (NDP) located on the X chromosome, was previously reported to cause Norrie disease and familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), which are blindness-causing ocular disorders, in males. In this study, we aimed to explore the clinical characteristics of female carriers withNDPmutations.MethodsTwelve female carriers from 11 unrelated families with pathogenicNDPmutations were recruited. Clinical data were collected from theNDPcarriers. Comprehensive ocular examinations, including best corrected visual acuity, slit lamp examination, fundus photography and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) were evaluated. Targeted gene or whole exome sequencing was performed in the probands, and Sanger sequencing was performed to confirmNDPmutations in female carriers.ResultsOf the 12 females, 1 (1/12, 8.3%) presented with decreased visual acuity and 11 (11/12, 91.7%) were asymptomatic. Based on the FFA, peripheral vascular changes were noted in 66.7% (16/24) of the eyes of 75.0% (9/12) of the carriers. A total of 33.3% (8/24) had typical FEVR phenotype, 33.3% (8/24) had mild vascular abnormalities and 33.3% (8/24) was unremarkable. In addition, predominant changes such as telangiectatic endings (66.7%), anomalous circumferential vessel (37.5%), supernumerary vascular branching (33.3%), fluorescein leakage (29.2%), avascular area (8.3%), retina fold (8.3%) and peripheral straightening of retinal vessels (33.3%) were noted.ConclusionAlthoughNDP-related retinopathy is an X-linked recessive disorder, most of the female carriers ofNDPexhibited clinical features of FEVR. Thus, timely examinations and lifelong monitoring should be conducted in theNDPfemale carriers.
Evaluation of the Nallasamy formula: a stacking ensemble machine learning method for refraction prediction in cataract surgery
Authors: Li Tingyang , Stein Joshua , Nallasamy Nambi 
Published: April 2022

AimsTo develop a new intraocular lens power selection method with improved accuracy for general cataract patients receiving Alcon SN60WF lenses.Methods and analysisA total of 5016 patients (6893 eyes) who underwent cataract surgery at University of Michigan’s Kellogg Eye Center and received the Alcon SN60WF lens were included in the study. A machine learning-based method was developed using a training dataset of 4013 patients (5890 eyes), and evaluated on a testing dataset of 1003 patients (1003 eyes). The performance of our method was compared with that of Barrett Universal II, Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO), Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, PearlDGS and SRK/T.ResultsMean absolute error (MAE) of the Nallasamy formula in the testing dataset was 0.312 Dioptres and the median absolute error (MedAE) was 0.242 D. Performance of existing methods were as follows: Barrett Universal II MAE=0.328 D, MedAE=0.256 D; EVO MAE=0.322 D, MedAE=0.251 D; Haigis MAE=0.363 D, MedAE=0.289 D; Hoffer Q MAE=0.404 D, MedAE=0.331 D; Holladay 1 MAE=0.371 D, MedAE=0.298 D; PearlDGS MAE=0.329 D, MedAE=0.258 D; SRK/T MAE=0.376 D, MedAE=0.300 D. The Nallasamy formula performed significantly better than seven existing methods based on the paired Wilcoxon test with Bonferroni correction (p<0.05).ConclusionsThe Nallasamy formula (available athttps://lenscalc.com/) outperformed the seven other formulas studied on overall MAE, MedAE, and percentage of eyes within 0.5 D of prediction. Clinical significance may be primarily at the population level.
Development and validation of the 40-item Glaucoma Visual Functioning Questionnaire
Authors: Huang Haishun , Lin Junxiong , Luo Man , Li Zhidong , Zhu Yingting , Han Jiaxu , Jin Ling , Li Yiqing , Zhuo Yehong 
Published: April 2022

AimsTo evaluate the psychometric properties of a newly designed questionnaire, the 40-item Glaucoma Visual Functioning Questionnaire (GVFQ-40), in a Chinese sample to capture the visual ability of patients with glaucomatous vision impairment in five domains.MethodsEighty-four glaucoma suspects (controls) and 270 glaucoma patients were recruited from the Glaucoma Clinic at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre in this cross-sectional, observational study. All subjects completed two questionnaires during routine clinical visits: the GVFQ-40 and the validated National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25). The discriminant, criterion-related and construct validity of the GVFQ-40 were assessed. A subset of subjects completed the GVFQ-40 twice, with an interval of 7–21 days, to determine test–retest reliability.ResultsDomain-specific and total GVFQ-40 scores were significantly higher (worse visual ability) in glaucoma patients than in controls (all p<0.001). All pairwise subgroup comparisons were statistically significant except for the ‘mobility’ domain comparison between the mild visual field loss and control groups (p=0.189). Significant differences between these two groups were observed in only 2 of the 12 dimensions on the NEI VFQ-25. The GVFQ-40 results demonstrated strong correlations with better-eye mean deviation and Visual Field Index (glaucoma severity measures). Exploratory factor analysis tended to confirm a three-domain structure. Test–retest intraclass correlation coefficients were higher than 0.927 for domain-specific and total GVFQ-40 scores.ConclusionsThe GVFQ-40 possesses good validity and reliability. It can be used to evaluate the impact of glaucomatous damage on visual ability and has potential in the evaluation of intervention efficacy.Trial registration numberNCT04722861.
Combating antimicrobial resistance: an evidence-based overview of bacteriophage therapy
Authors: Au Tsz Yuen , Assavarittirong Chanika 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) problems cause an enormous challenge to our world in medicine and in agriculture and many other fields. The current situation makes bacteriophage therapy an attractive therapeutic candidate. Nevertheless, very limited clinical trials on bacteriophage therapy were performed and completed as of presence. Bacteriophage therapy alludes to infecting bacteria with a virus, this often results in a bactericidal effect. The compiled studies support the feasibility of treating AMR with bacteriophage. However, the efficacy of specific bacteriophage strains and the accurate dosage have to be further studied and tested rigorously.