bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Police Leadership 2.0.: A comprehensive systematic review of the literature
Authors: de Moura Rui Coelho , Borges Andreia , Morgado Sónia , Ramalho Nelson 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Police are required to operate in complex social, political, and organizational environments. Nowadays, challenging times highlight the role that police leaders play in ensuring that the organization is effective in dealing with such environments. The purpose of this paper is to expand the systematic review of literature of Pearson-Goff and Herrington (2014, ‘Police Leadership: A Systematic Review of the Literature.’ Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 8(1): 14–26) by: (1) including studies after the date considered by the authors; (2) following the PRISMA-P approach to systematic reviews; and (3) include European studies. Based on 7,041 records, which ended up in 101 eligible empirical pieces, evidence supports previous findings about what are the characteristics of police leaders as well as the actions expected by them. This comprehensive systematic review also identifies additional characteristics and actions that are important nowadays in police leadership. Overall, the current study encourages future studies on the thematic, and contributes to practitioners aiming to develop continuous improvement strategies inside the police.
Effects of a mixture of Lentilactobacillus hilgardii, Lentilactobacillus buchneri, Pediococcus pentosaceus and fibrolytic enzymes on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and performance of growing beef cattle
Authors: Nair Jayakrishnan , Yang Hee-Eun , Redman Abby-Ann , Chevaux Eric , Drouin Pascal , McAllister Tim A , Wang Yuxi 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of novel silage inoculants containing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and fibrolytic enzymes on ensiling, aerobic stability (AS), and the performance of growing beef cattle. Whole-plant corn forage was either uninoculated (CON) or inoculated with a mixture of LAB containing (cfu g−1 fresh forage) 1.5 × 105L. hilgardii (CNCM I-4785), 1.5 × 105L. buchneri (NCIMB 40788) and 1.0 × 105P. pentosaceus (NCIMB 12455) for a total of 4.0 × 105 cfu g−1 fresh forage LAB (IB), or a combination of IB plus fibrolytic enzymes (xylanase + β-glucanase) (IC). All treatments were ensiled in mini-silos, whereas CON and IC were also ensiled in silo bags for the growth performance study. Total bacteria (TB) counts were lower (P = 0.02) for IC than CON after 14 d of ensiling, whereas TB counts of IC and IB were greater (P ≤ 0.01) than CON after 60 d of ensiling in mini-silos. The LAB in IC and IB ensiled in mini-silos were greater than CON on d 60 (P ≤ 0.01) and 90 (P ≤ 0.001) of ensiling and after 3 d (P ≤ 0.01) of aerobic exposure (AE). Silage pH of IC ensiled in silo bags was lower than CON on d 3 (P &lt; 0.01), 7 (P &lt; 0.001), and 14 (P = 0.02) of AE. Yeast counts were lower for IC than CON in terminal silage (P &lt; 0.001), and after 3 (P &lt; 0.001) and 7 d (P &lt; 0.01) of AE. Acetate (AC) concentrations were higher (P ≤ 0.02) for IC than CON throughout AE, whereas lactate (LA) concentrations of IC were greater than CON on d 3 (P &lt; 0.001), 7 (P &lt; 0.01), and 14 (P &lt; 0.001) of AE. Greater AC concentration and lower yeast counts resulted in greater (P &lt; 0.001) stability for IC ensiled in silo bags than CON after 14 d of AE. Growth performance of steers was similar (P &gt; 0.05) as the nutrient composition of silage was similar across diets. Improved AS of IC could potentially have a greater impact on DMI, production efficiency, and growth performance in large-scale commercial feedlot operations where silage at the silo face may be exposed to air for longer periods of time.
Obstetric and Neonatal Outcomes 1 or More Years After a Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
Authors: Jorgensen Kirsten , Nitecki Roni , Nichols Hazel B. , Fu Shuangshuang , Wu Chi-Fang , Melamed Alexander , Brady Paula , Chavez Mac Gregor Mariana , Clapp Mark A. , Giordano Sharon , Rauh-Hain J. Alejandro 
Published: November 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate obstetric and neonatal outcomes of the first live birth conceived 1 or more years after breast cancer diagnosis.

METHODS:
We performed a population-based study to compare live births between women with a history of breast cancer (case group) and matched women with no cancer history (control group). Individuals in the case and control groups were identified using linked data from the California Cancer Registry and California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development data sets. Individuals in the case group were diagnosed with stage I–III breast cancer at age 18–45 years between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2012, and conceived 12 or more months after breast cancer diagnosis. Individuals in the control group were covariate–matched women without a history of breast cancer who delivered during 2000–2012. The primary outcome was preterm birth at less than 37 weeks of gestation. Secondary outcomes were preterm birth at less than 32 weeks of gestation, small for gestational age (SGA), cesarean delivery, severe maternal morbidity, and neonatal morbidity. Subgroup analyses were used to assess the effect of time from initial treatment to fertilization and receipt of additional adjuvant therapy before pregnancy on outcomes of interest.

RESULTS:
Of 30,021 women aged 18–45 years diagnosed with stage I–III breast cancer during 2000–2012, 553 met the study inclusion criteria. Those with a history of breast cancer and matched women in the control group had similar odds of preterm birth at less than 37 weeks of gestation (odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% CI 0.95–1.74), preterm birth at less than 32 weeks of gestation (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.34–1.79), delivering an SGA neonate (less than the 5th percentile: OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.35–1.03; less than the 10th percentile: OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.68–1.30), and experiencing severe maternal morbidity (OR 1.61; 95% CI 0.74–3.50). Patients with a history of breast cancer had higher odds of undergoing cesarean delivery (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.03–1.53); however, their offspring did not have increased odds of neonatal morbidity compared with women in the control group (OR 1.15; 95% CI 0.81–1.62).

CONCLUSION:
Breast cancer 1 or more years before fertilization was not strongly associated with obstetric and neonatal complications.
Allostatic Load and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Lueth Amir J. , Allshouse Amanda A. , Blue Nathan M. , Grobman William A. , Levine Lisa D. , Simhan Hyagriv N. , Kim Jin Kyung , Johnson Jasmine , Wilson Fernando A. , Murtaugh Maureen , Silver Robert M. ,   for the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-Be (nuMoM2b), and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) nuMoM2b Heart Health Study (nuMoM2b-HHS)
Published: November 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To assess the association between allostatic load, as an estimate of chronic stress, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

METHODS:
This was a secondary analysis of nuMoM2b (Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-Be), a prospective observational cohort study. Our primary exposure was dichotomous high allostatic load in the first trimester, defined as 4 or more of 12 biomarkers in the “worst” quartile. The primary outcome was a composite adverse pregnancy outcome: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA), and stillbirth. Secondary outcomes included components of the composite. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test the association between high allostatic load and adverse pregnancy outcomes, adjusted for potential confounders. Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted to assess the role of allostatic load along the causal pathway between racial disparities and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

RESULTS:
Among 4,266 individuals, 34.7% had a high allostatic load. Composite adverse pregnancy outcome occurred in 1,171 (27.5%): 14.0% HDP, 8.6% preterm birth (48.0% spontaneous and 52.2% indicated), 11.0% SGA, and 0.3% stillbirth. After adjustment for maternal age, gravidity, smoking, bleeding in the first trimester, and health insurance, high allostatic load was significantly associated with a composite adverse pregnancy outcome (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.5, 95% CI 1.3, 1.7) and HDP (aOR 2.5, 95% CI 2.0–2.9), but not preterm birth or SGA. High allostatic load partially mediated the association between self-reported race and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The association between allostatic load and HDP differed by self-reported race, but not for a composite adverse pregnancy outcome, preterm birth, or SGA.

CONCLUSION:
High allostatic load in the first trimester is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly HDP. Allostatic load was a partial mediator between race and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The association between allostatic load and HDP differed by self-reported race.
A Bedside Test to Detect the Presence of Embryonic or Fetal Tissue in Vaginal Blood
Authors: Volovsky Michelle , Duarte Ayala Maria G. , Narayanamoorthy Sujatha , Chiware Tendai M. , Kotlyar Alexander M. , Taylor Hugh S. , Seifer David B. , Mor Amir 
Published: November 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate a rapid bedside test that detects alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) to identify the presence of embryonic or fetal tissue in vaginal blood.

METHOD:
This was a prospective cohort study. Reproductive-aged individuals were recruited into three groups: a negative control group consisting of nonpregnant individuals undergoing dilation and curettage (D&C) or experiencing vaginal bleeding; a positive control group of individuals with confirmed intrauterine pregnancy undergoing D&C; and the study group of pregnant individuals with first-trimester bleeding. Lateral flow immunoassay strips capable of detecting both AFP and IGFBP-1 were used to test vaginal blood for the presence of embryonic or fetal tissue.

RESULTS:
Ninety individuals were recruited: 31 in the positive control group, 23 in the negative control group, and 36 in the study group, including 12 individuals with ectopic pregnancies, 16 with active miscarriages, four with threatened miscarriages, and four with complete miscarriages. Vaginal blood from 14 of the 16 individuals with active miscarriages was correctly positive for embryonic or fetal tissue. Vaginal blood from all individuals with ectopic pregnancies, threatened miscarriages, and complete miscarriages was negative for embryonic or fetal tissue. Overall, 45 of 47 individuals with confirmed embryonic or fetal tissue in vaginal blood correctly tested positive using the test strips, a test sensitivity of 95.7% (95% CI 85.5–99.5%). Of the 43 individuals with confirmed absence of embryonic or fetal tissue in their vaginal blood, 42 were correctly negative, a test specificity of 97.7% (95% CI 87.7–99.9%).

CONCLUSION:
A rapid test strip detecting both AFP and IGFBP-1 can accurately identify the presence of embryonic or fetal tissue in vaginal blood. When positive, this could aid in diagnosing miscarriage and ruling out ectopic pregnancy at the bedside.
Association of Myomectomy With Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels and Ovarian Reserve
Authors: Aharon Devora , Sekhon Lucky , Getrajdman Chloe , Naert Mackenzie , Hanley William , Kerr Ahmad , Ghofranian Atoosa , Hernandez-Nieto Carlos , Lee Joseph A. , Copperman Alan , Ascher-Walsh Charles 
Published: November 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To assess whether open and minimally invasive myomectomy are associated with changes in postoperative ovarian reserve as measured by serum anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) level.

METHODS:
This prospective cohort study included patients who were undergoing open abdominal myomectomy that used a tourniquet or minimally invasive (robot-assisted or laparoscopic) myomectomy that used vasopressin. Serum AMH levels were collected before the procedure and at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery. The mean change in AMH level at each postsurgery timepoint was compared with baseline. The effect of surgical route on the change in AMH level at each timepoint was assessed by using multivariable linear regression. A subanalysis evaluated postoperative changes in AMH levels among the open myomectomy and minimally invasive myomectomy groups individually.

RESULTS:
The study included 111 patients (mean age 37.9±4.7 years), of whom 65 underwent open myomectomy and 46 underwent minimally invasive myomectomy. Eighty-seven patients contributed follow-up data. Serum AMH levels declined significantly at 2 weeks postsurgery (mean change −0.30 ng/mL, 95% CI −0.48 to −0.120 ng/mL, P=.002). No difference was observed at 3 months or 6 months postsurgery. On multiple linear regression, open myomectomy was significantly associated with a decline in AMH level at 2 weeks postsurgery (open myomectomy vs minimally invasive myomectomy: β=−0.63±0.22 ng/mL, P=.007) but not at 3 months or 6 months. Subanalysis revealed a significant decline in mean serum AMH levels in the open myomectomy group at 2 weeks (mean change −0.46 ng/mL, 95% CI −0.69 to −0.25 ng/mL, P<.001) postsurgery but not at three or 6 months. In the minimally invasive myomectomy group, no significant differences in mean AMH levels were detected between baseline and any postoperative timepoint.

CONCLUSION:
Myomectomy is associated with a transient decline in AMH levels in the immediate postoperative period, particularly after open surgery in which a tourniquet is used. Anti-müllerian hormone levels returned to baseline by 3 months after surgery, indicating that myomectomy is not associated with a long-term effect on ovarian reserve, even with the use of a tourniquet to decrease blood loss.

FUNDING SOURCE:
This study was funded in part by a Roche Diagnostics Investigator-Initiated Study Grant.
Risk of Severe Postpartum Hemorrhage in Twin Pregnancies According to the Sum of Birth Weights
Authors: Loussert Lola , Schmitz Thomas , Korb Diane , Seco Aurélien , Azria Elie , Sentilhes Loïc , Goffinet François , Deneux-Tharaux Catherine ,   for the JUmeaux Mode d’Accouchement (JUMODA) study group and the Groupe de Recherche en Obstétrique et Gynécologie (GROG)
Published: November 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To characterize the strength and patterns of association between birth weights and severe postpartum hemorrhage in twin pregnancies.

METHODS:
This was a secondary analysis of the JUMODA (JUmeaux Mode d’Accouchement) cohort, a national, prospective, population-based study of twin deliveries, conducted from February 2014 to March 2015 in France. We excluded patients with a fetal death, medically indicated termination of pregnancy, antepartum hemorrhage, placenta previa, placental abruption, or missing birth weight. The primary outcome was severe postpartum hemorrhage, defined as a postpartum hemorrhage requiring at least one of the following: transfusion of 4 or more units of red blood cells, uterine artery embolization, uterine balloon tamponade, vascular ligation, uterine suture, emergency hysterectomy, admission to an intensive care unit, or postpartum hemorrhage considered severe by the obstetrician or leading to maternal death. The exposure was the sum of the birth weights of the two twins. To assess the association between the sum of twins' birth weights and severe postpartum hemorrhage, we used multilevel multivariable modified Poisson regression modeling. Analyses were conducted for the overall population and by planned and actual mode of delivery.

RESULTS:
A total of 8,373 patients were analyzed. Severe postpartum hemorrhage occurred in 4.5% (379/8,372, 95% CI 4.1–5.0), from 2.1% (15/722) for a sum of twins’ birth weights less than 3,000 g up to 8.8% (12/136) for a sum exceeding 6,500 g. In the multivariable analysis, the association between the sum of the twins’ birth weights and severe postpartum hemorrhage was linear, with an adjusted relative risk of severe postpartum hemorrhage of 1.36 (95% CI 1.24–1.49) for each 500-g increase in the sum of twins' birth weights.

CONCLUSION:
In twin pregnancies, the risk of severe postpartum hemorrhage increased linearly with the sum of the twins' birth weights.
Ultrasound-Confirmed, Age-Specific Uterine Leiomyoma Incidence in a Cohort of Black Individuals
Authors: Wegienka Ganesa , Havstad Suzanne , Coleman Chad , Cooper Tracy , Wesselink Amelia , Upson Kristen , Marsh Erica E. , Vines Anissa I. , Harmon Quaker , Baird Donna , Wise Lauren A. 
Published: November 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To estimate the age-specific incidence of uterine leiomyomas identified by transvaginal ultrasonography among participants in SELF (Study of Environment, Lifestyle & Fibroids).

METHODS:
SELF is a longitudinal cohort study of individuals aged 23–35 years who self-identified as Black. Participants were recruited from the Detroit, Michigan, area and underwent up to five transvaginal ultrasonograms over a period of up to 10 years to identify uterine leiomyomas. We randomly imputed incidence dates between the last ultrasonogram date in which no leiomyomas were detected and the date of the ultrasonogram in which leiomyomas were first detected. We used Poisson regression to estimate age-specific incidence rates per 1,000 person-years with 95% CIs. The rates were then compared with those of the BWHS (Black Women's Health Study) and the NHS II (Nurses' Health Study II)—two prospective cohort studies based on self-reported leiomyoma diagnoses.

RESULTS:
In this cohort, 1,693 participants completed a baseline interview and ultrasonogram. We excluded 385 (22.7%) participants with leiomyomas detected during baseline, seven participants whose ultrasonograms were poor quality, and 60 participants with only a baseline ultrasonogram. Among the remaining 1,241 participants, the overall incidence rate was 53.9 cases per 1,000 person-years (95% CI 48.6–59.6). The age-specific incidence rates (cases/1,000 person-years) were: younger than 30 years: 49.7, 95% CI 40.9–59.9; 30–34 years: 55.2, 95% CI 47.0–64.3; and 35–39 years: 58.2, 95% CI 47.3–70.9. Among participants aged younger than 30 years, the incidence rate in SELF was more than double that of the BWHS or the NHS II.

CONCLUSION:
The high age-specific leiomyoma incidence rates in this prospective ultrasound-based study indicate that many young Black individuals with leiomyomas go undiagnosed. These data suggest that individuals could benefit from ultrasound screening when they experience symptoms compatible with leiomyomas (eg, heavy menstrual bleeding, anemia, pelvic pain).
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)–Related Stress and Menstrual Changes
Authors: Anto-Ocrah Martina , Valachovic Tori , Chen Michael , Tiffany Kimberly , DeSplinter Lindsey , Kaukeinen Kimberly , Glantz J. Christopher , Hollenbach Stefanie 
Published: November 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate how stress related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected women's menstrual cycles. We hypothesized that women with high levels of COVID-19–related stress would have more menstrual changes compared with those with lower levels of stress.

METHODS:
Using a cross-sectional study design, we recruited a representative sample of U.S. adult women of reproductive age (18–45 years) using nonhormonal birth control to participate in an online REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture, Vanderbilt University) survey. COVID-19–related stress was assessed with the PSS-10-C (COVID-19 Pandemic-related Perceived Stress Scale) and dichotomized as low stress (scores lower than 25) and high stress (scores 25 or higher). Self-reported menstrual outcomes were identified as changes in cycle length, duration, or flow and increased frequency of spotting between cycles. We used χ2 and Fisher exact tests to compare differences in outcome between the two stress groups and logistic regression models for effect estimates.

RESULTS:
A total of 354 women of reproductive age across the United States completed both the menstrual and COVID-19–related stress components of our survey. More than half of these women reported at least one change in their menstrual cycles since the start of the pandemic (n=191), and 10.5% reported high COVID-19–related stress (n=37). Compared with those with low COVID-19–related stress, a greater proportion of women with high COVID-19–related stress reported changes in cycle length (shorter or longer; P=.008), changes in period duration (shorter or longer; P<.001), heavier menstrual flow (P=.035), and increased frequency of spotting between cycles (P=.006) compared with prepandemic times. After adjusting for age, smoking history, obesity, education, and mental health history, high COVID-19–related stress was associated with increased odds of changes in menstrual cycle length (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.32; 95% CI 1.12–4.85), duration (aOR 2.38; 95% CI 1.14–4.98), and spotting (aOR 2.32; 95% CI 1.03–5.22). Our data also demonstrated a nonsignificant trend of heavier menstrual flow among women with high COVID-19–related stress (aOR 1.61; 95% CI 0.77–3.34).

CONCLUSION:
High COVID-19–related stress is associated with significant changes in menstrual cycle length, alterations in period duration, and increased intermenstrual spotting as compared with before the pandemic. Given that menstrual health is frequently an indicator of women's overall well-being, clinicians, researchers, and public health officials must consider the association between COVID-19–related stress and menstrual disturbances.
A literature review of the impact of exclusion criteria on generalizability of clinical trial findings to patients with chronic pain
Authors: Salmasi Vafi , Lii Theresa R. , Humphreys Keith , Reddy Vinay , Mackey Sean C. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The ability of clinical trials to inform the care of chronic pain may be limited if only an unrepresentative subset of patients are allowed to enroll. We summarize and report new insights on published studies that report on how trial exclusions affect the generalizability of their results. We conducted a PubMed search on the following terms: ((“eligibility criteria” AND generalizability) OR (“exclusion criteria” AND generalizability) OR “exclusion criteria”[ti] OR “eligibility criteria”[ti]) AND pain. We only considered studies relevant if they analyzed data on (1) the prevalence and nature of exclusion criteria or (2) the impact of exclusion criteria on sample representativeness or study results. The 4 articles that were identified reported differences in patients who were included and excluded in different clinical trials: excluded patients were older, less likely to have a paid job, had more functional limitations at baseline, and used strong opioids more often. The clinical significance of these differences remains unclear. The pain medicine literature has very few published studies on the prevalence and impact of exclusion criteria, and the outcomes of excluded patients are rarely tracked. The frequent use of psychosocial exclusions is especially compromising to generalizability because chronic pain commonly co-occurs with psychiatric comorbidities. Inclusion of more representative patients in research samples can reduce recruitment barriers and broaden the generalizability of findings in patients with chronic pain. We also call for more studies that examine the use of exclusion criteria in chronic pain trials to better understand their implications.