bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating magnetic field inference from the spectral region around the Mg Ib2line using the weak-field approximation
Authors: Vukadinović D. , Milić I. , Atanacković O. 
Published: June 2022

Context.The understanding of the magnetic field structure in the solar atmosphere is important in assessing both the dynamics and the energy balance of the solar atmosphere. Our knowledge about these magnetic fields comes predominantly from the interpretation of spectropolarimetric observations. Simpler approaches based on approximations such as the weak-field approximation (WFA) deserve special attention as key methods in the interpretation of large, high-resolution datasets.Aims.We investigate the applicability of the WFA for retrieving the depth-dependent line-of-sight (LOS) magnetic field from the spectral region containing the Mg Ib2spectral line and two photospheric Ti I and Fe I lines in its wings.Methods.We constructed and applied a 12-level model for Mg I atom that realistically reproduces theb2line profile of the mean quiet Sun. We tested the applicability of the WFA to the spectra computed from the FAL C atmospheric model with different magnetic and velocity fields added on an ad hoc basis . Then we extended the analysis to the spectra computed from two 3D magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) MURaM simulations of the solar atmosphere. The first MHD cube was used to estimate the StokesVformation heights of each spectral line. These heights correspond to optical depths at which the standard deviation of the difference between the WFA-inferred magnetic field and the magnetic field in the MHD cube is minimal. The estimated formation heights were verified using the second MHD cube.Results.The LOS magnetic field retrieved by the WFA is reliable for the magnetic field strength up to 1.4 kG even when moderate velocity gradients are present. The exception is the Fe I line, for which we found a strong discrepancy in the WFA-inferred magnetic fields because of the line blend. We estimated the StokesVformation heights of each spectral line to be: logτFe = −2.6, logτMg = −3.3, and logτTi = −1.8. We were able to estimate the LOS magnetic field from the MURaM cube at these heights with the uncertainty of 150 G for the Fe I and Ti I lines and only 40 G for the Mg Ib2line.Conclusions.Using the WFA, we can quickly get a reliable estimate of the structure of the LOS magnetic field in the observed region. This offers a significant advantage in comparison with otherwise time-consuming classical spectropolarimetric inversions. We find that the Mg Ib2line profile calculated from the quiet Sun MURaM simulation agrees very well with the observed mean spectrum of the quiet Sun.
Multiscale entropy analysis of astronomical time series
Authors: Audenaert J. , Tkachenko A. 
Published: June 2022

Context.The multiscale entropy assesses the complexity of a signal across different timescales. It originates from the biomedical domain and was recently successfully used to characterize light curves as part of a supervised machine learning framework to classify stellar variability.Aims.We aim to explore the behavior of the multiscale entropy in detail by studying its algorithmic properties in a stellar variability context and by linking it with traditional astronomical time series analysis methods and metrics such as the Lomb-Scargle periodogram. We subsequently use the multiscale entropy as the basis for an interpretable clustering framework that can distinguish hybrid pulsators with bothp- and g-modes from stars with onlyp-mode pulsations, such asδScuti (δSct) stars, or from stars with onlyg-mode pulsations, such asγDoradus (γDor) stars.Methods.We calculate the multiscale entropy for a set ofKeplerlight curves and simulated sine waves. We link the multiscale entropy to the type of stellar variability and to the frequency content of a signal through a correlation analysis and a set of simulations. The dimensionality of the multiscale entropy is reduced to two dimensions and is subsequently used as input to the HDBSCAN density-based clustering algorithm in order to find the hybrid pulsators within sets ofδSct andγDor stars that were observed byKepler.Results.We find that the multiscale entropy is a powerful tool for capturing variability patterns in stellar light curves. The multiscale entropy provides insights into the pulsation structure of a star and reveals how short- and long-term variability interact with each other based on time-domain information only. We also show that the multiscale entropy is correlated to the frequency content of a stellar signal and in particular to the near-core rotation rates ofg-mode pulsators. We find that our new clustering framework can successfully identify the hybrid pulsators with bothp- andg-modes in sets ofδSct andγDor stars, respectively. The benefit of our clustering framework is that it is unsupervised. It therefore does not require previously labeled data and hence is not biased by previous knowledge.
Surface Cranial Ultrasound: The Natural Heir to X-Ray for the Screening of Skull Deformities in Infants
Authors: Pogliani Laura Maria , Zuccotti Gian Vincenzo , Reggiori Maddalena , Erbetta Alessandra , Lacerenza Michele , Prada Francesco , Furlanetto Marika , Vetrano Ignazio Gaspare , Valentini Laura Grazia 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Purpose Volumetric tomography (3D-CT) is currently considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of craniosynostosis, but its use as the first-line examination for cranial deformities is a topic of debate, because of skull X-ray radiation and low sensitivity and specificity. Cranial ultrasound is an emerging noninvasive radiation-free alternative, but its diagnostic accuracy still needs confirmation.
Materials and Methods The present prospective study included 350 infants with skull deformities, who underwent cranial ultrasound as the first-line examination, followed by 3D-CT if the echography results was positive or unclear. If the results were negative, infants underwent physical treatment and follow-up. To evaluate ultrasound reliability, we focused on cases that underwent both the index test and the gold standard and performed a double-blind comparison of the echography and 3D-CT results.
Results Ultrasound documented patent sutures in 293 infants and 9 had inconclusive results. The 293 ultrasound-negative infants were followed clinically: all improved, except 28 that underwent 3D-CT. In all of these cases, 3D-CT confirmed the ultrasonography results (no false negatives). 48 infants showed premature suture closure and underwent 3D-CT: 47 were confirmed (true positive), 1 was false positive. The sensitivity was 100%, the specificity was 99.7%, the positive and negative predictive values were 97.9% and 100%, respectively, the accuracy was 99.7%, and the diagnostic test evaluation was conclusive.
Conclusion The study documented the high sensitivity and specificity of echography for the diagnosis of craniosynostosis in a referral center, with better results being achieved before 6 months of age. Major limitations are the loss of diagnostic significance as the child grows and the learning curve needed. The advantages are avoidance of radiation and chance to evaluate the brain at the same time.
Exploring the Impact of Using Patient-Specific 3D Prints during Consent for Skull Base Neurosurgery
Authors: Mian Shan Y. , Jayasangaran Shubash , Qureshi Aishah , Hughes Mark A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objectives Informed consent is fundamental to good practice. We hypothesized that a personalized three-dimensional (3D)-printed model of skull base pathology would enhance informed consent and reduce patient anxiety.
Design Digital images and communication in medicine (DICOM) files were 3D printed. After a standard pre-surgery consent clinic, patients completed part one of a two-part structured questionnaire. They then interacted with their personalized 3D printed model and completed part two. This explored their perceived involvement in decision-making, anxiety, concerns and also their understanding of lesion location and surgical risks. Descriptive statistics were used to report responses and text classification tools were used to analyze free text responses.
Setting and Participants In total,14 patients undergoing elective skull base surgery (with pathologies including skull base meningioma, craniopharyngioma, pituitary adenoma, Rathke cleft cyst, and olfactory neuroblastoma) were prospectively identified at a single unit.
Results After 3D model exposure, there was a net trend toward reduced patient-reported anxiety and enhanced patient-perceived involvement in treatment. Thirteen of 14 patients (93%) felt better about their operation and 13/14 patients (93%) thought all patients should have access to personalized 3D models. After exposure, there was a net trend toward improved patient-reported understanding of surgical risks, lesion location, and extent of feeling informed. Thirteen of 14 patients (93%) felt the model helped them understand the surgical anatomy better. Analysis of free text responses to the model found mixed sentiment: 47% positive, 35% neutral, and 18% negative.
Conclusion In the context of skull base neurosurgery, personalized 3D-printed models of skull base pathology can inform the surgical consent process, impacting the levels of patient understanding and anxiety.
Qualitative Study of Participant Impressions as Simulated Patients of MediLinker—A Blockchain-Based Identity Verification Application
Authors: Bautista John Robert , Usman Muhammad , Harrell Daniel Toshio , Desai Ishav , Holan Cole , Cowley Cody , Alexander Jeremiah , Hanson Ladd , Meyer Eric T. , Khurshid Anjum 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjective In this study, we obtained participants' views on using MediLinker—a blockchain-based identity verification and personal health information management application. We also gathered their views about the use of blockchain technology for controlling and managing personal health information, especially in the context of a global health crisis such as a pandemic.Methods Online semistructured interviews were conducted with 29 simulated patients (i.e., avatars) who used MediLinker between February and May 2020. Interview data were analyzed qualitatively using a phenomenological approach to thematic analysis.Results Most of the participants noted that they do not know what blockchain is nor understand how it works. Nonetheless, in the context of the study, they trust blockchain as a technology that can enhance data protection and privacy of their personal health information. Participants noted that MediLinker is a useful application that allows patients to easily input, share, and revoke personal health information. As a proof-of-concept application, participants also noted several issues and recommendations that can serve as points of improvement when developing subsequent versions of MediLinker. In the context of using MediLinker as part of a telemedicine system during a pandemic, participants noted that it facilitates social distancing, makes clinical transactions efficient and convenient, and enhances identity verification.Conclusion In general, the findings lay the foundation for a user-centered approach in developing future iterations of MediLinker and other patient-facing blockchain-based health information technologies. Also, the findings provide important insights into how people perceive blockchain-based health information technologies, especially during a pandemic.
Cosmogenic nuclide dating of
Australopithecus
at Sterkfontein, South Africa
Authors: Granger Darryl E. , Stratford Dominic , Bruxelles Laurent , Gibbon Ryan J. , Clarke Ronald J. , Kuman Kathleen 
Published: June 2022

Sterkfontein is the most prolific single source of
Australopithecus
fossils, the vast majority of which were recovered from Member 4, a cave breccia now exposed by erosion and weathering at the landscape surface. A few other
Australopithecus
fossils, including the StW 573 skeleton, come from subterranean deposits [T. C. Partridge
et al.
,
Science
300, 607–612 (2003); R. J. Clarke, K. Kuman,
J. Hum. Evol.
134, 102634 (2019)]. Here, we report a cosmogenic nuclide isochron burial date of 3.41 ± 0.11 million years (My) within the lower middle part of Member 4, and simple burial dates of 3.49 ± 0.19 My in the upper middle part of Member 4 and 3.61 ± 0.09 My in Jacovec Cavern. Together with a previously published isochron burial date of 3.67 ± 0.16 My for StW 573 [D. E. Granger
et al.
,
Nature
522, 85–88 (2015)], these results place nearly the entire
Australopithecus
assemblage at Sterkfontein in the mid-Pliocene, contemporaneous with
Australopithecus afarensis
in East Africa. Our ages for the fossil-bearing breccia in Member 4 are considerably older than the previous ages of ca. 2.1 to 2.6 My interpreted from flowstones associated with the same deposit. We show that these previously dated flowstones are stratigraphically intrusive within Member 4 and that they therefore underestimate the true age of the fossils.
Cross-linguistic influence in the acquisition of L3 variation
Authors: Park Mihi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses stylistic and obligatory variation in third language (L3) argument realization patterns. It
focuses on the effects of formal second language (L2) learning experience, typological proximity, and five linguistic factors
(discourse type, clause type, verb type, NP animacy, NP person). A corpus analysis of L3 Korean spoken production demonstrates
that the considered linguistic and developmental factors do influence spoken L3 variation patterns to a certain extent.
However, for the early bilingual participants, the analysis found a strong influence of their first languages (L1s) on their
L3 spoken production, particularly in associating animacy with case. This L1 influence overrides the benefits of formal L2
learning experience and typological proximity on variation patterns in accusative argument realization, which were found in a
prior study of L3 writing (Park & Starr 2019). The findings imply that it may
take longer to acquire target-like sociolinguistic competence in L3 speech than in L3 writing.
Acquiring sociolinguistic competence during study abroad
Authors: Pozzi Rebecca 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Recent research suggests that students make gains in the acquisition of dialectal features during study abroad;
however, much of the research conducted on this topic in Spanish-speaking contexts has focused on features characteristic of
Spain. This chapter examines the acquisition of three features of Buenos Aires Spanish by 23 North American students studying
in Buenos Aires: (1) sheísmo/zheísmo, the realization of /ʝ/ as either the voiceless palatal fricative [ʃ] or
the voiced palatal fricative [ʒ]; (2) /s/-weakening; and (3) voseo, the use of the informal second person
pronoun vos and its corresponding conjugations. By the end of the semester, learner rates of use of [ʃ] or
[ʒ] are over 90% and their rates of use of vos are over 70%. However, /s/-weakening rates remain low
throughout the semester. These results suggest that students seek to adopt the features of the local variety to which they are
exposed while abroad, particularly when they are highly salient and/or prestigious.
A state-of-art review on gallium oxide field-effect transistors
Authors: Qiao Rundi , Zhang Hongpeng , Zhao Shuting , Yuan Lei , Jia Renxu , Peng Bo , Zhang Yuming 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
As a promising ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductor, gallium oxide (Ga2O3) has recently aroused increasing attention in the area for high-power electronics, power switch for radio frequency (RF) operation, and solar blind UV detectors. The β-phase of Ga2O3 is deemed as a potential candidate for next generation high-power electronics due to its high theoretical breakdown electric field (8 MV cm−1), UWBG (4.8 eV), and large Baliga’s figure of merit. Owing to the intensive research efforts across the world since 2013, gallium oxide transistors recently make rapid advances in device design and performance. Until now, high quality large-size bulk Ga2O3 and n-type epi products are successively coming onto the market, as well as there are gratifying progress worldwide to develop more complex epi structures, including β-(Al
x
Ga1−x
)2O3/Ga2O3, β-(In
x
Ga1−x
)2O3/Ga2O3, n-Ga2O3/p-NiO, β-Ga2O3/4H-SiC heterostructures et al. In this paper, the basic physical properties of Ga2O3, and the recent research process of Ga2O3 based transistors field-effect transistor (FET) for high-power electronics and RF are introduced. Furthermore, various state-of-the-art structures and process used in Ga2O3 based FETs have been summarized and compared, including planar/vertical metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), trench MOSFET, FinFET, modulation-doped FET or called it high electron mobility transistors with two-dimensional electron gas channel, SOI MOSFET, thus the potential of Ga2O3 FETs is preliminary revealed. Finally, the prospect of the Ga2O3 based FET for high-power and RF application will be also analyzed.
Enhanced and tunable asymmetric Imbert–Fedorov and Goos–Hänchen shifts based on epsilon-near-zero response of Weyl semi-metal
Authors: Wu Jipeng , Xiang Yuanjiang , Dai Xiaoyu 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we discuss the Imbert–Fedorov (IF) and Goos–Hänchen (GH) shifts induced by the transverse magnetic polarized light penetrating a bulk Weyl semi-metal (WSM). It is found that the asymmetric IF and GH shifts emerge due to the different energies of left- and right-handed circular polarization components caused by the cross-polarized transmission coefficient t
ps. What is more, the asymmetric IF and GH shifts are enhanced significantly at the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) frequency, where the condition of the transmission coefficients |t
ps| = |t
pp| is realized because of the decreases in |t
pp|. In particular, the ENZ effect can be controlled with the tilt degree of Weyl cones and Fermi energy, thus leading to the enhanced asymmetric IF and GH shifts at different ENZ frequencies. Additionally, the enhanced asymmetric IF and GH shifts show the tunability of the WSM thickness and Weyl node separation. Finally, the enhanced asymmetric IF and GH shifts in the untilted WSM can also be adjusted with the Weyl node separation. Our findings provide easy and available methods to enhance and control the asymmetric IF and GH shifts with a WSM.
Tower carbon: a new large-cell carbon allotrope
Authors: Fan Qingyang , Chen Shuaiming , Zhao Yingbo , Yu Xinhai , Yun Sining 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The structural development of novel carbon materials has always been a hot spot in theoretical and experimental research, due to carbon possess a wide range of applications in the fields of industry and electronic technology. In this work, an sp
2 + sp
3 hybrid carbon allotrope, named tower carbon, is proposed and studied based on density functional theory, including its structure, stability, electronic and mechanical properties. The crystal structure of tower carbon is like a Chinese classical architectural tower, so it is named tower carbon, which belongs to the cubic crystal system, and it is stable in thermodynamics, dynamics, and mechanics. The electronic band structure of tower carbon is calculated by Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof hybrid functional. The results show that tower carbon is metallic material. In addition, the anisotropy factor of tower carbon and the directional dependence of Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio are estimated. Compared with cF320, the tower carbon has less anisotropy.
Non-Floquet engineering in periodically driven dissipative open quantum systems
Authors: Wang Huan-Yu , Zhao Xiao-Ming , Zhuang Lin , Liu Wu-Ming 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Floquet engineering plays a key role in realizing novel dynamical topological states. The conventional Floquet engineering, however, only applies to time-periodic non-dissipative Hermitian systems, and for the open quantum systems, non-Hermitian processes usually occur. So far, it remains unclear how to characterize the topological phases of time-periodic open quantum systems via the frequency space Floquet Hamiltonian. Here, we propose the non-Floquet theory to solve the problem and illustrate it by a continuously time-periodic non-Hermitian bipartite chain. In non-Floquet theory, a temporal non-unitary transformation is exercised on the Floquet states, and the transformed Floquet spectrum restores the form of the Wannier–Stark ladder. Besides, we also show that different choices of the starting points of the driving period can result in different localization behavior, effects of which can reversely be utilized to design quantum detectors of phases in dissipative oscillating fields. Our methods are capable of describing topological features in dynamical open quantum systems with various driving types and can find its applications to construct new types of dynamical topological materials.
An improved method for real-time PPP timing and time transfer with broadcast ephemerides
Authors: Ge Yulong , Cao Xinyun , Zhou Feng , Shen Fei , Ke Fuyang , Yang Xuhai 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Due to the problem of network communication, it is difficult to ensure the reliability of real-time precise point positioning (PPP) timing/time transfer with real-time precise products. With the continued reduction in the signal-in-space range error, the performance and feasibility of GPS and Galileo PPP timing/time transfer with broadcast ephemeris were analyzed for the first time in real time. Then, we present a smoothing method and time-series decomposition method to reduce the noise and the interpolation error for GPS and Galileo PPP timing\time transfer with broadcast ephemeris in real time. The results show that GPS or Galileo PPP timing with broadcast ephemeris can achieve a 4 × 1 × 10−14 level at 15 360 s in the current state. The accuracy is about (0.46–0.81) ns and (0.44–0.61) ns for GPS and Galileo PPP time transfer. The frequency stability is at about 7.0 × 1 × 10−14 and 5.0 × 1 × 10−14 levels at 15 360 s for GPS and Galileo PPP. It is important to note that by applying our approach, the maximum improvement in frequency stability for GPS and Galileo PPP timing/time transfer is up to 99%. Furthermore, the average accuracy of GPS or Galileo PPP time transfer can achieve approximately 0.3 ns, which is an improvement of up to 67.3% compared to the traditional method.
Optical system for the measurement of the surface topography of additively manufactured parts
Authors: Vilar Narcís , Artigas Roger , Bermudez Carlos , Thompson Adam , Newton Lewis , Leach Richard , Duocastella Martí , Carles Guillem 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is now regularly used for customised fabrication of parts with complex shapes and geometries. However, the large range of relevant scales, high slopes, step-like transitions, undercuts, alternation between dark and overly bright regions and other complex features present on the surfaces, in particular of metal additive parts, represent a significant challenge for current optical measurement technologies. Measuring surfaces with such complex features requires high numerical aperture (NA) optics, and state-of-the-art systems commonly include optics that can only reliably acquire surface topographies over a small field of view (FOV), typically tens or hundreds of micrometers. Such measurements are often insufficient for practical applications. Here, we present an optical system that features a large NA (

>

0.3) and a wide FOV

2.9
×
2.9

mm, capable of measuring AM parts in a single measurement, without the need for lateral stitching to increase the FOV. The proposed system exhibits optical properties that provide facility for large-field, high-resolution measurement of industrially-produced additively manufactured parts.