bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of integrated water, sanitation, hygiene, health and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea disease epidemiology and microbial quality of water in a resource‐constrained setting in Kenya: A controlled intervention study
Authors: Wandera Ernest Apondi , Muriithi Betty , Kathiiko Cyrus , Mutunga Felix , Wachira Mary , Mumo Maurine , Mwangi Anne , Tinkoi Joseph , Meiguran Mirasine , Akumu Pius , Ndege Valeria , Kasiku Fredrick , Ang'awa James , Mochizuki Ryoichiro , Kaneko Satoshi , Morita Kouichi , Ouma Collins , Ichinose Yoshio 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectivesWe assessed the impact of water, hygiene and sanitation (WASH), maternal, new‐born and child health (MNCH), nutrition and early childhood development (ECD) on diarrhoea and microbial quality of water in a resource‐constrained rural setting in Kenya.MethodsThrough a controlled intervention study, we tested faecal and water samples collected from both the intervention and control sites before and after the interventions using microbiological, immunological and molecular assays to determine the prevalence of diarrhoeagenic agents and microbial quality of water. Data from the hospital registers were used to estimate all‐cause diarrhoea prevalence.ResultsAfter the interventions, we observed a 58.2% (95% CI: 39.4–75.3) decline in all‐cause diarrhoea in the intervention site versus a 22.2% (95% CI: 5.9–49.4) reduction of the same in the control site. Besides rotavirus and pathogenic Escherichia coli, the rate of isolation of other diarrhoea‐causing bacteria declined substantially in the intervention site. The microbial quality of community and household water improved considerably in both the intervention (81.9%; 95% CI: 74.5%–87.8%) and control (72.5%; 95% CI: 64.2%–80.5%) sites with the relative improvements in the intervention site being slightly larger.ConclusionsThe integrated WASH, MNCH, nutrition and ECD interventions resulted in notable decline in all‐cause diarrhoea and improvements in water quality in the rural resource‐limited population in Kenya. This indicates a direct public health impact of the interventions and provides early evidence for public health policy makers to support the sustained implementation of these interventions.
Local tumour nanoparticle thermal therapy: A promising immunomodulatory treatment for canine cancer
Authors: Castelló Carla Martí , de Carvalho Mara Taís , Bakuzis Andris Figueiroa , Fonseca Simone Gonçalves , Miguel Marina Pacheco 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDistinct thermal therapies have been used for cancer therapy. For hyperthermia (HT) treatment the tumour tissue is heated to temperatures between 39 and 45°C, while during ablation (AB) temperatures above 50°C are achieved. HT is commonly used in combination with different treatment modalities, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, for better clinical outcomes. In contrast, AB is usually used as a single modality for direct tumour cell killing. Both thermal therapies have been shown to result in cytotoxicity as well as immune response stimulation. Immunogenic responses encompass the innate and adaptive immune systems and involve the activation of macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and T cells. Several heat technologies are used, but great interest arises from nanotechnology‐based thermal therapies. Spontaneous tumours in dogs can be a model for cancer immunotherapies with several advantages. In addition, veterinary oncology represents a growing market with an important demand for new therapies. In this review, we will focus on nanoparticle‐mediated thermal‐induced immunogenic effects, the beneficial potential of integrating thermal nanomedicine with immunotherapies and the results of published works with thermotherapies for cancer using dogs with spontaneous tumours, highlighting the works that evaluated the effect on the immune system in order to show dogs with spontaneous cancer as a good model for evaluated the immunomodulatory effect of nanoparticle‐mediated thermal therapies.
Numerical Analysis of Guided Wave Transmission Through a Long Defect in a Rail Track
Authors: Loveday Philip W. , Long Craig S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Guided wave ultrasound has been used to continuously monitor welded rail track by transmitting guided wave ultrasound between alternate transmit and receive stations along the rail. A section of rail was encountered where transmission was not reliably achieved. It was found that there was considerable flank wear on the head of the rail, which varied in a sinusoidal pattern over approximately 10 m. The scattering due to the wear is investigated in this paper using numerical modeling. A 3D finite element (FE) model of the section of rail containing the wear defect was coupled to two semi-analytical finite element models of the incoming and outgoing waveguides. In the case of a 10 m long defect, which is over 100 wavelengths long, the 3D FE matrices were excessively large, and the global matrices could not be assembled nor solved. An approach of successively assembling layers of the mesh and reducing out internal degrees-of-freedom in the dynamic stiffness matrix was successfully adopted. The influence of the length of wear on the transmission loss was computed. It was found that short wear lengths generally cause more transmission loss although the relationship is not monotonic. It was found that the long-wear seen in the field does not cause transmission loss. In this case, where the change in cross section is gradual the incoming mode converted to a single mode in the smallest cross section and this mode converted back to the incoming mode in the second half of the wear section.
Evaluation of the Stiffness Mechanism on the Performance of a Hinged Wave Energy Converter
Authors: Kamarlouei Mojtaba , Hallak Thiago S. , Gaspar José F. , Soares C. Guedes 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the numerical and experimental study of a new spring mechanism adapted to a cone-shaped point absorber wave energy converter (WEC). The WEC is intended to be hinged to a floating wind platform with a long arm to create a combined wind and wave harvesting concept. The main objective of the spring mechanism is to improve the platform by restoring moments against the wind thrust forces, generated by the wind turbine. However, the study is presented for the case where the WEC dynamics is investigated outside the platform and attached to a fixed frame, to validate the mathematical model of the WEC concept and study the effects of the spring mechanism on wave energy absorption. In addition, the impact on the power harvesting performance is investigated with and without spring mechanism scenarios and different sea states.
Static Force Characteristic of Annular Gaps – Experimental and Simulation Results
Authors: Kuhr Maximilian M. G. , Lang Sebastian R. , Pelz Peter F. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe discuss the static characteristics, i.e., the induced force on the rotor, the attitude angle and the pressure difference, of off-centered annular gaps with an axial flow component without cavitation. The paper focuses on turbulent flow inside the annulus. Instead of modeling the inertia effects using the bulk-flow approach, the presented model uses an integro-differential approach in combination with power-law ansatz functions for the velocity profiles and a Hirs’ model to calculate the resulting pressure field. For an experimental validation of the model and comparison to the bulk-flow approach, an annular gap test rig is presented using magnetic bearings to inherently measure the position as well as the force on the rotor induced by the flow field inside the gap. The experimental investigations are performed using three different annuli with three different lengths. The impact of a variation of a modified Reynolds number, the flow number and the preswirl ratio on the resulting force on the rotor, the attitude angle and the pressure difference across the annulus is investigated and compared to the presented model and the bulk-flow approach.
Design of Unmanned Cable Shovel Based on Multiobjective Co-Design Optimization of Structural and Control Parameters
Authors: Zhang Tianci , Fu Tao , Song Xueguan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In autonomous excavation, design and optimization of the unmanned cable shovels (UCS) are important issues in the full life cycle of the equipment. However, the design of physical structure and control system of the UCS are performed at different stages, which makes it difficult for traditional sequential optimization strategy to generate global optimal solution. To enhance the working performance of the UCS, in this article, a multistage multiobjective (MSMO) co-design optimization strategy is proposed to perform global optimization considering excavation and loading processes by simultaneous optimization for the structure and control parameters of UCS. Under this framework, first, a point-to-point motion model based on 4-5-4 piecewise polynomial is proposed to describe the motion trajectory, and the dynamical model of the working device is established to predict the energy consumption in the working process. Then, the physical and geometric constraints in practical working are analyzed, and a multiobjective optimization model considering excavation and loading processes is established to improve mining efficiency and reduce energy consumption in unmanned excavation scenarios. Finally, the structural and control parameters are optimized synchronously to generate optimal physical structure, excavation, and loading trajectory. Numerical results show that the proposed MSMO co-design method can further improve the operational performance of UCS compared with the traditional optimization strategy.
A Study On Effects of Flaw Shape Idealization On the Interaction of Co-Planar Surface Flaws Subjected to Tension Load
Authors: Samadian Kaveh , Hertelé Stijn , De Waele Wim 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) guidelines contain rules to assess flaw interaction. Major flaw dimensions (depth or height and length) are typically characterized assuming the flaws to be contained entirely within a bounding rectangle through a procedure known as flaw idealization. In fracture mechanics based calculations, flaws are often assumed to be (semi-)elliptical when evaluating possible interaction. This paper investigates the implication of this simplification for the specific case of two identical co-planar surface breaking flaws. Two flaw shapes are considered and compared: semi-elliptical and canoe-shaped (quarter-circular ends with constant depth elsewhere). Especially for long and shallow flaws, the canoe-shaped configuration best approximates the bounding rectangle, whereas the semi-elliptical shape only touches the bounding rectangle at three points (deepest point and two points at the surface). Several flaw dimensions and spacing distances are studied through an extensive parametric study comprising both linear elastic and elastic-plastic finite element simulations. The results, evaluated in terms of stress intensity factor (SIF) and J-integral, show that the flaw shape idealization, particularly for long and shallow flaws, can significantly affect the degree of interaction between identical co-planar flaws. The inconsistency between semi-elliptical and canoe-shaped flaw shapes is observed in a linear elastic analysis and becomes more pronounced at higher loading levels evaluated in elastic-plastic analyses
Analysis of the Unsteady Flow Field at Stall Conditions for a Low-Speed Low-Pressure Ratio Axial Fan With Full-Annulus Simulation
Authors: Bousquet Yannick , Binder Nicolas , Rojda Ludovic , Thacker Adrien 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The present work analyzes the three-dimensional unsteady flow structure of a low-speed low-pressure ratio axial fan stage operating at stall conditions. Unsteady numerical simulations were conducted with the elsA software, which solves the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations on a full-annulus calculation domain for the rotor and the stator. The analyses will focus on a near stall operating point, the stall inception mechanisms, and the final rotating stall pattern. Numerical simulations are confronted with experimental measurements from high-frequency Kulite transducers mounted on the casing near the rotor blades and the stator blades. The results show that boundary layer separation occurs on the stator blade close to the hub region at near stall conditions. The reverse flow interacts with the main flow to form a vortex shedding phenomenon. The frequency is not clocked with the blade passage frequency, requiring unsteady full-annulus methodology even for a stable operating point. It is also shown that the final state of the rotating stall region is composed of a single part-span cell that occupies three-quarters of the circumference and rotates at 60% of the shaft speed. This pattern agrees with the experimental measurements in terms of both the number of cells and the rotational speed. Finally, the paper demonstrates that without inlet distortion, the mechanism of the onset of the rotating stall is incorrectly predicted by the simulation. However, when a total pressure inlet distortion is applied, the computational fluid dynamics produces the same inception mechanism that is observed experimentally.
A Longitudinal Examination of Stress and Mental Ill-/Well-Being in Elite Football Coaches
Authors: Baldock Lee , Cropley Brendan , Mellalieu Stephen D. , Neil Rich 
Published: June 2022

A novel concurrent, independent mixed-methods research design was adopted to explore elite association football coaches’ stress and mental ill-/well-being experiences over the course of an entire season. Elite coaches (N = 18) completed measures of perceived stressor severity, coping effectiveness, and mental ill-/well-being, with a sample (n = 8) also participating in semistructured interviews, across four time points. Linear mixed-model and retroductive analyses revealed (a) lower mental well-being at the beginning of the season due to negative appraisals/responses to stressors and ineffective coping attempts, (b) higher emotional exhaustion and depersonalization at the end of the season, (c) stressors high in severity led to decreased mental well-being (unless coaches coped effectively) and increased symptoms associated with burnout, and (d) ineffective coping attempts led to increased emotional exhaustion. These findings offer novel insight into the specific components of elite football coaches’ stress experiences influencing their mental ill-/well-being over time.
On the Theory of Optical Diode on Iron Ions in FeZnMo3O8
Authors: Vasin K. V. , Eremin M. V. , Nurmukhametov A. R. 
Published: June 2022

The parameters of the interaction of 3d electron states with an electromagnetic wave, as well as the probabilities of magnetic and electric dipole transitions between states of the ground term of an iron ion, which is split by the crystal field, exchange interaction, and spin–orbit coupling, have been calculated. The dependences of the absorption lines on the magnitude and direction of the applied magnetic field have been determined. It has been shown that the optical diode effect discovered in [Sh. Yu, B. Gao, J. W. Kim, S.-W. Cheong, M. K. L. Man, J. Madeo, K. M. Dani, and D. Talbayev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 037601 (2018)] can be explained by the interference of magnetic and electric dipole transitions.
’[We] learned how to speak with love’: a qualitative exploration of accredited social health activist (ASHA) community health worker experiences of the Mobile Academy refresher training in Rajasthan, India
Authors: Scott Kerry , Ummer Osama , Chamberlain Sara , Sharma Manjula , Gharai Dipanwita , Mishra Bibha , Choudhury Namrata , LeFevre Amnesty Elizabeth 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionMobile Academy is a mobile-based training course for India’s accredited social health activist (ASHA) community health workers (CHW). The course, which ASHAs access by dialling a number from their phones, totals 4 hours of audio content. It consists of 11 chapters, each with their own quiz, and provides a cumulative pass or fail score at the end. This qualitative study of Mobile Academy explores how the programme was accessed and experienced by CHWs, and how they perceive it to have influenced their work.MethodsWe conducted in-depth interviews (n=25) and focus group discussions (n=5) with ASHAs and other health system actors. Open-ended questions explored ASHA perspectives on Mobile Academy, the course’s perceived influence on ASHAs and preferences for future training programmes. After applying a priori codes to the transcripts, we identified emergent themes and grouped them according to our CHW mLearning framework.ResultsASHAs reported enjoying Mobile Academy, specifically praising its friendly tone and the ability to repeat content. They, and higher level health systems actors, conceived it to primarily be a test not a training. ASHAs reported that they found the quizzes easy but generally did not consider the course overly simplistic. ASHAs considered Mobile Academy’s content to be a useful knowledge refresher but said its primary benefit was in modelling a positive communications approach, which inspired them to adopt a kinder, more ‘loving’ communication style when speaking to beneficiaries. ASHAs and health system actors wanted follow-on mLearning courses that would continue to compliment but not replace face-to-face training.ConclusionThis mLearning programme for CHWs in India was well received by ASHAs across a wide range of education levels and experience. Dial-in audio training has the potential to reinforce topical knowledge and showcase positive ways to communicate.
Association between dietary carotenoid intakes and the risk of asthma in adults: a cross-sectional study of NHANES, 2007–2012
Authors: Zhang Wei , Li Weijie , Du Jie 
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between dietary carotenoid intake and asthma using data from a nationally representative sample of US adults.DesignCross-section study.SettingThe National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2012.ParticipantsA total of 13 039 participants aged 20–80 years (current asthma n=1784, non-current asthma n=11 255) were included in this study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAsthma was defined by self-report questionnaires. Weighted logistic regression analyses and the smooth curve fittings were performed to explore the association between total carotenoid intake, dietary carotenoid subgenera, including (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein with zeaxanthin and lycopene) and the risk of asthma.ResultsThe ORs with 95% CIs of dietary α-carotene, dietary β-carotene, dietary β-cryptoxanthin, total lutein with zeaxanthin, total lycopene, dietary carotenoid and total carotenoid intake for individuals with current asthma after adjusting the confounders in model 3 were 0.80 (0.67 to 0.95), 0.67 (0.57 to 0.79), 0.68 (0.55 to 0.85), 0.77 (0.61 to 0.98), 0.71 (0.57 to 0.87), 0.75 (0.59 to 0.96) and 0.61 (0.48 to 0.76) in the highest versus lowest quartile, respectively. The smooth curve fittings suggested a non-linear relationship between total carotenoid intake and the risk of current asthma.ConclusionsHigher intake of a-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein with zeaxanthin and total carotenoid were associated with lower odds of having current asthma in the US adults. This is a cross-sectional study and no causal relationship can be drawn, so caution is needed to interpret the results.
Tadalafil treatment for fetuses with early-onset growth restriction: a protocol for a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase II trial (TADAFER IIb)
Authors: Maki Shintaro , Tanaka Hiroaki , Takakura Sho , Nii Masafumi , Tanaka Kayo , Ogura Toru , Kotera Mayumi , Nishimura Yuki , Tamaru Satoshi , Ushida Takafumi , Tanaka Yasuhiro , Kikuchi Norihiko , Kinjo Tadatsugu , Kawamura Hiroshi , Takano Mayumi , Nakamura Koji , Suga Sachie , Kasai Michi , Yasui Osamu , Nagao Kenji , Maegawa Yuka , Kotani Tomomi , Endo Masayuki , Yasuhi Ichiro , Aoki Shigeru , Aoki Yoichi , Yoshida Yoshio , Nakata Masahiko , Sekizawa Akihiko , Ikeda Tomoaki 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionTheTADAlafil treatment for Fetuses with early-onset growth Restriction: multicentrer, randomizsed, phase II trial (TADAFER II) study showed the possibility of prolonging the pregnancy period in cases of early-onset fetal growth restriction; however, it was an open-label study. To establish further evidence for the efficacy of tadalafil in this setting, we planned a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.Methods and analysisThis trial will be conducted in 180 fetuses with fetal growth restriction enrolled from medical centres in Japan; their mothers will be randomised into three groups: arm A, receiving two times per day placebo; arm B, receiving one time per day 20 mg tadalafil and one time per day placebo and arm C, receiving 20 mg two times per day tadalafil. The primary endpoint is the prolongation of gestational age at birth, defined as days from the first day of the protocol-defined treatment to birth. To minimise bias in terms of fetal baseline conditions and timing of delivery, a fetal indication for delivery as in TADAFER II will be established in this trial. The investigator will evaluate fetal baseline conditions at enrolment and decide the timing of delivery based on this indication.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by Mie University Hospital Clinical Research Review Board on 22 July 2019 (S2018-007). Written informed consent will be obtained from all mothers before recruitment. Our findings will be widely disseminated through peer-reviewed publications.Trial registrationjRCTs041190065.
Systematic review of changed smoking behaviour, smoking cessation and psychological states of smokers according to cigarette type during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Chun Hae-ryoung , Cheon Eunsil , Hwang Ji-eun 
Published: June 2022

ObjectivesAlthough the global COVID-19 pandemic has increased interest in research involving high-risk smokers, studies examining changed smoking behaviours, cessation intentions and associated psychological states among smokers are still scarce. This study aimed to systematically review the literature related to this subject.DesignA systematic review of published articles on cigarettes and COVID-19-related topicsData sourcesOur search was conducted in January 2021. We used the keywords COVID-19, cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and psychological factors in PubMed and ScienceDirect and found papers published between January and December 2020.Data selectionWe included articles in full text, written in English, and that surveyed adults. The topics included smoking behaviour, smoking cessation, psychological state of smokers and COVID-19-related topics.Data extraction and synthesisPapers of low quality, based on quality assessment, were excluded. Thirteen papers were related to smoking behaviour, nine papers were related to smoking cessation and four papers were related to psychological states of smokers.ResultsOwing to the COVID-19 lockdown, cigarette users were habituated to purchasing large quantities of cigarettes in advance. Additionally, cigarette-only users increased their attempts and willingness to quit smoking, compared with e-cigarette-only users.ConclusionsOwing to the COVID-19 outbreak, the intention to quit smoking was different among smokers, according to cigarette type (cigarette-only users, e-cigarette-only users and dual users). With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, policies and campaigns to increase smoking cessation intentions and attempts to quit smoking among smokers at high risk of COVID-19 should be implemented. Additionally, e-cigarette-only users with poor health-seeking behaviour require interventions to increase the intention to quit smoking.