bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Plant Establishment in Bell Pepper with a Gel Mix Planting Medium
Authors: Schultheis Jonathan R. , Cantliffe Daniel J. , Bryan Herbert H. , Stoffella Peter J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Germinated pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds were combined with plug-mix, or plug-mix and Liquagel or Laponite 445 gel at various concentrations and volumes of solution to determine their effects on plant stands and seedling growth. Treatments with pregerminated seed led to earlier, more uniform seedling emergence and larger seedlings than those with non-pregerminated seeds. Final plant stands were similar for both treatments. Plant stands and seedling growth were greater and more uniform with Liqua-gel gel mix formulations than Laponite. Seeds in planting mixes with high concentrations of Laponite (2.0% by volume) and large volumes of gel solution (1.75 liter per liter of plug-mix) in dry and moist soils emerged slower and resulted in lower and less uniform stands than the plug-mix treatments. The optimum gel mix medium for plant establishment (rate and total emergence, stand uniformity, and early seedling growth) consisted of 1.0 liter of plug-mix per 1.25 liters of gel solution at a Liqua-gel concentration of 1.0%.
Inhibition of Ethylene Synthesis and Action in Ripening Tomato Fruit by Ethanol Vapors
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. , Mencarelli Fabio 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Exposure of whole fruit, slices, or pericarp disks of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to 0.5 to 3.0 ml absolute ethanol vaporized in a 4-Iiter container for 3 hr significantly reduced the climacteric rise in CO2 and C2H4 production, lycopene synthesis, and chlorophyll loss. Inhibition of ripening occurred whether fruit were at the mature-green or breaker-turning stage. Whole fruit recovered and ripened normally after a delay that was related to the tissue ethanol concentration. Treated slices did not ripen normally, and exposure to 16 μl C2H4/liter did not promote ripening. The level of ACC was 14-fold higher in treated slices, while C2H4 production was reduced 70%. Treatments with AVG and ACC indicated that ethanol inhibited ACC conversion to C2H4. Chemical names used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC); [S-(E)]-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)-3-butyric acid (AVG).
Field Studies with Crops Treated with Colloidally Dispersed Triacontanol
Authors: Biernbaum John A. , Houtz Robert L. , Ries Stanley K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The yield response of crops to triacontanol (TRIA) applied as a colloidal dispersion was tested with 13 crop species in 45 field experiments over a 3-year period. Foliar application of TRIA resulted in treatment effects with 11 of the 13 crops and in 30 of the 45 experiments. The average yield increase was 14% with the optimum TRIA concentration in tests where yield was significantly increased, and was 5% over all 45 experiments. In seven experiments, significant yield decreases averaging 10% were measured with TRIA concentrations that increased crop yield of the same species in other tests. The most effective TRIA concentrations generally were 0.1 to 1.0 μg·liter−1. No particular stage of crop development for treatment was optimal for all crops. Based on the results of these studies, TRIA cannot be recommended for commercial application to crops in Michigan or similar environments. Chemical names used: 1-triacontanol (triacontanol).
Rabbiteye Blueberry Storage Life and Fruit Quality in Controlled Atmospheres and Air Storage
Authors: Smittle Doyle A. , Miller William R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruits of rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Read cvs. Climax and Woodard) harvested by hand in 1984 and machine in 1985 were stored in air, 100% N2, and in 10%, 15%, or 20% CO2 with 5% O2. Storage of either blueberry cultivars in high-CO2 atmospheres resulted in greater percentages of marketable and firm fruit, and better sensory ratings, than did storage in air. Fruit of ‘Climax’ lost less weight, were firmer, and developed less decay after 21 or 42 days of storage than ‘Woodard’ fruit. Fruit quality characteristics of hand-harvested ‘Climax’ stored for 42 days and machine-harvested ‘Climax’ stored for 21 days in 20% CO2 with 5% O2 were similar to those of freshly harvested fruit.
Leaf Water Relations, Soil-to-leaf Resistance, and Drought Stress in Pecan Seedlings
Authors: Rieger Mark , Daniell Jeff W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf water relations and soil-to-leaf resistance were studied in 3-month-old pecan [Carya illinoenis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] seedlings as soil dried progressively to minimum water potentials of −0.3, −0.6, and −1.1 MPa in three separate tests. Leaf conductance, transpiration, and predawn leaf water potential declined with increasing soil water deficits, and only predawn leaf water potential fully returned to pre-stress levels after rewatering. Reduced levels of leaf conductance following water stress were apparently caused by internal factors other than leaf water potential. Leaf conductance of well-watered seedlings decreased logarithmically and with increasing leaf-to-air vapor pressure gradient. Soil-to-leaf resistance to water flow varied diurnally and generally increased following water stress at minimum soil water potentials of −0.6 and −1.1 MPa. Osmotic adjustment and changes in the distribution of water between the apoplast and symplast in leaves did not occur in response to soil water potentials of −0.6 MPa.
Grapefruit Storage Decay and Fruit Quality after High-temperature Prestorage Conditioning at High or Low Humidity
Authors: Chun David , Miller William R. , Risse Lawrence A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Individually plastic-film-wrapped or waxed ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) were conditioned (34.5°C, 3 days) at low (30% ± 5% RH) or high (95% ± 5% RH) humidity before cold storage (10° ± 1°; 90% ± 5% RH). Predisposition to storage decay by conditioning was investigated by examining fruit inoculated with penicillium spores either before or after conditioning. Penicillium rot in fruit that was inoculated after conditioning was reduced in plastic-film-wrapped fruit (37%) relative to waxed fruit (74%) only after 2 weeks at 10° ± 1° + 1 week at 21° ± 1° storage. Of the fruit inoculated prior to conditioning, the incidence of decay was lower in fruit conditioned at high RH than in fruit not conditioned or conditioned at low RH. No coating effect of wax or plastic-film was observed. Fruit quality tended to be adversely affected by conditioning, but this effect became less obvious with storage. Fruit coated with plastic film had a better general appearance than waxed grapefruit.
Growth Analysis of Field-grown Strawberry Genotypes Differing in Yield: II. The Hill System
Authors: Strik Bernadine C. , Proctor John T.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Twelve field-grown strawberry genotypes (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) were studied. Plants were grown in a hill system and harvested weekly from early spring until the end of harvest. Genotypes differed in the progression of the natural log (In) of leaf area over time, leaf area ratio, and unit leaf rate. In all genotypes, In plant dry weight increased linearly over time, the relative growth rate was constant, and the absolute growth rate increased throughout the season. There were differences among genotypes in the number of crowns, crown dry weight, number of leaves, leaf dry weight, leaf area, specific leaf weight, number of inflorescences, and inflorescence dry weight during the fruit-filling and fruiting periods. Only crown dry weight during the fruit-filling period was correlated with yield among genotypes.
Inheritance and Stability of a Small Pustule Reaction of Snap Beans to Uromyces appendiculatus
Authors: Webster David M. , Ainsworth Peggy M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pustule size following inoculation with race 38 of the rust fungus [Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger var. appendiculatus] was measured on primary leaves of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Data from parental lines ‘Strike’, ‘Cape’, and ‘Resisto’ and F1, BC1, and F2 populations from crosses among these lines indicate that small-pustule resistance of ‘Cape’ and ‘Resisto’ is conditioned by the same dominant allele. Tests to detect race specificity of this allele were inconclusive.
Berry Thinning and Cluster Thinning Influence Vegetative Growth, Yield, Fruit Composition, and Net Photosynthesis of ‘Seyval blanc’ Grapes
Authors: Kaps Martin L. , Cahoon Garth A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Crop reduction on single-shoot ‘Seyval blanc’ grapevines by either berry or cluster thinning resulted in a decrease in total fruit weight and an accompanying increase in berry weight, °Brix, and vegetative growth. Titratable acidity and pH of the juice were not consistently affected by either berry or cluster thinning. Net leaf photosynthesis at 43 days past full bloom increased with higher cluster number per plant. Berry weight was greatest when the crop of berries were borne in three clusters per shoot rather than in a single cluster. Berry thinning appears to be an acceptable substitute to cluster thinning for crop reduction of ‘Seyval blanc’ grapes.
Respiration and Ethylene Production in Harvested Watermelon Fruit: Evidence for Nonclimacteric Respiratory Behavior
Authors: Elkashif Mohamed E. , Huber Donald J. , Brecht Jeffrey K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The postharvest behavior of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai] fruit harvested at selected stages of development and stored in air or exposed to 50 μl ethylene/liter or 6500 μl propylene/liter was investigated. Characteristics measured included the effects of ethylene or propylene on ripening, respiration, ethylene production, and fruit firmness. Ethylene treatment induced a rapid deterioration of fruit at all maturation stages, as evidenced by the acute placental tissue softening and watersoaking. Melons of all maturation stages held in air showed little textural change throughout storage and produced only trace quantities of ethylene. Respiratory activity of fruit at each maturation stage was enhanced in the presence of ethylene or propylene and returned to normal rates upon removal of the gases. Ethylene production was not initiated by exposure of fruit to propylene, and was detected only in fruit exhibiting symptoms of decay. The results support the conclusion that watermelon fruit exhibit a nonclimacteric pattern of ripening.
Effects of Irrigation Regimes on Yield and Water Use of Summer Squash
Authors: Stansell J. R. , Smittle D. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Dixie hybrid) were grown in drainage lysimeters under closely controlled and monitored soil water regimes. Variables included three irrigation treatments, three growing seasons, and two soil types. Marketable fruit yield was greatest and production cost per kilogram of marketable fruit was least when squash was irrigated at 25 kPa of soil water tension. Yields were greatest for the spring season of production and least for the fall season. Regression equations are provided to describe the relationships of water use to plant age and to compute daily evapotranspiration : pan evaporation ratios (crop factors) for squash irrigated at 25, 50, and 75 kPa of soil water tension during the spring, summer, or fall production season.
Rapid Depletion of Nitrogen Applied to Kentucky Bluegrass Turf
Authors: Bowman D. C. , Paul J. L. , Davis W. B. , Nelson S. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The depletion of N applied to a moderately N-deficient Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turf was measured using a soil sampling procedure. Nitrogen as either Ca(NO3)2 or (NH4)2SO4 was applied in solution at 5 g N/m2 and washed into the thatch and soil with an additional 0.3 cm of water. Both N forms were located primarily in the thatch and upper 1 cm of soil. The was present in the soil solution, while the was mainly exchangeable (86%). The concentrations of and in the soil solution were 452 and 56 μg N/ml, respectively, in the upper 1 cm of soil. Depletion of both and from the turf was very rapid, with 70% to 80% of the applied N disappearing during the first 24 hr. Essentially all of the applied N was depleted by 48 hr. Results using (l5NH4)2SO4 indicate that ≈75% of the depletion is attributable to absorption by the turf. Similar results were obtained following fertilization of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.), and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.).
Nutrition and Yield of Young Apple Trees Irrigated with Municipal Waste Water
Authors: Neilsen G. H. , Stevenson D. S. , Fitzpatrick J. J. , Brownlee C. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Macspur McIntosh’ and ‘Red Chief Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on M.7a rootstock were subjected to treatments involving all combinations of two types of irrigation water (well-water or municipal effluent) from 1983, the year of planting, through 1987 and three rates of N fertilization (0, 200, 400 g NH4NO3/tree per year), from 1984 through 1987. The zero N treatment was increased to 100 g NH4NO3/tree per year in 1986 due to low vigor of these trees. Effluent irrigation increased leaf N, P, and K concentration in 4 of 5 years for ‘McIntosh’, while leaf N, P, and K increased in 1, 4, and 2 years, respectively, for ‘Delicious’. Effluent irrigation increased trunk diameter increment in all years and fruit number and yield in 1985-86 for both cultivars. No major horticultural limitations to the use of effluent irrigation were observed. Nitrogen fertilization increased leaf N in 3 years for ‘McIntosh’ and 2 years for ‘Delicious’, while leaf P and K were decreased at the highest N rate in 2 years for each cultivar. Nitrogen fertilization did not increase trunk diameter and increased fruit number and yield only in 1986 after 3 years of a zero N treatment. The results implied a role for P in the establishment and early growth and yield of young apple trees.
Phytophthora Root Rot and Irrigation Schedule Influence Growth and Phenology of Processing Tomatoes
Authors: Ristaino J. B. , Duniway J. M. , Marois J. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in field plots with soil infested or not infested with Phytophthora parasitica Dastur. were furrow-irrigated for 4 to 8 hr every 14 days (normal) or 28 days (less frequent) or with alternating 4- to 8-hr and 24-hr irrigations every 14 days (prolonged). Disease developed more rapidly and symptom severity was significantly greater on shoots and roots of plants that received prolonged irrigations. Disease symptoms on roots progressed more rapidly and were observed earlier than those on shoots in plants given prolonged or normal irrigation. Severe disease during early vegetative and reproductive growth caused significant reductions in total plant, leaf, and fruit dry matter and in the numbers of flowers and fruit in plants receiving either prolonged or normal irrigation. Diseased plants given prolonged irrigation also partitioned less total dry matter into leaves and fruit and more into stems than noninoculated plants. Less frequent irrigation of infested plots caused a delay in disease onset and reduced the impact of disease on numbers of flowers, fruit, and dry matter accumulation. Phytophthora-induced water stress during critical stages of crop development apparently can have major impacts on plant growth, phenology, and yield in processing tomato.
Density Separation of Imbibed and Primed Vegetable Seeds
Authors: Hill H. J. , Taylor A. G. , Min T.-G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between seed density and seed quality of vegetable seeds hydrated by imbibing or priming procedures. Species studied were: lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), onion (Allium cepa L.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), and carrot (Daucus carota L.). Seeds of each crop were soaked in either aerated distilled water at 25C (imbibed seeds) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 at 15C (primed seeds). After soaking, seeds were separated into density classes with a float-sink procedure using aqueous solutions of Maltrin 600 (Maltrin 500 for lettuce) with 0.02 g·cm−3 density increments. Significant (P > 0.01) positive relationships were determined between seed density classes and germination percentages for lettuce, tomato, and onion seeds, whether separated after imbibition (R2 = 0.93, 0.83, and 0.66, respectively) or after priming (R2 = 0.95, 0.94, and 0.91, respectively). High-density classes of hydrated lettuce, tomato, and onion seeds in either the imbibed or primed treatment usually exhibited faster and more uniform rates of radicle emergence and, after 6 days, had longer hypocotyls (cotyledon for onions) than low-density classes. The significant quality differences exhibited among the density classes of lettuce, tomato, and onion seeds after priming will enable seedlots of these species to be upgraded by discarding the low-density, poor-quality seeds.
Yield and Tree Size of Four Citrus Cultivars on 21 Rootstocks in California
Authors: Roose M. L. , Cole D. A. , Atkin D. , Kupper R. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit production and tree size were measured and yield efficiency was computed for 11-year-old trees of ‘Washington’ navel and ‘Olinda Valencia’ oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], ‘Minneola’ tangelo (C. paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata Blanco), and ‘Lisbon’ lemon (C. limon Burm. f.) on 21 rootstocks in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Performance of most rootstocks was similar over all scions, and several rootstocks produced trees with higher yields than ‘Troyer’ and ‘Carrizo’ citranges [C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], the current standard rootstocks. ‘Yuma Ponderosa’ lemon (× C. limon) had the highest yields, but several trees on this rootstock died or were declining. Trees on ‘C-32’ citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata) were largest, and yielded nearly as much as those on ‘Yuma Ponderosa’ lemon. ‘C-35’ citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata) produced smaller trees with excellent yield efficiencies, and should be suitable for higher-density plantings with most scions, except perhaps navel orange, because this combination yielded poorly at other locations. ‘Rangpur’ lime (C. limonia Osbeck) was promising only with lemon scion, and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (C. paradisi × P. trifoliata) only with ‘Minneola’.
Photoperiodic Control of Flowering of Salvia leucantha
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Laushman J. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of Salvia leucantha were subjected to 8, 10, 12, or 14 hr of light under controlled environmental conditions. Salvia leucantha is a short-day plant with a critical photoperiod of 12 hr for macrobud development, but 10 hr for subsequent flower development. About 14 photoperiodic cycles are necessary for flower initiation, but at least 42 cycles are required for normal anthesis and raceme elongation. Apices that had initiated under < 6 weeks of short days failed to develop when placed under long days. Flower initiation did not occur when night break lighting of 1.3 μmol·s−1·m−2 was provided by incandescent lamps.
Susceptibility of Blackberry Tissues to Freezing Injury after Exposure to 16C
Authors: Warmund M. R. , George M. F. , Ellersieck M. R. , Slater J. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Experiments were performed on ‘Cherokee’ blackberry (Rubus sp.) floral buds and cane tissue collected from field plantings on 12 Jan. and 18 Feb. 1987 to determine the susceptibility of floral primordia, phloem, and xylem to freezing injury after exposure to 16C for 0, 4, 12, 24, or 48 hr. Before rest completion in January, floral primordia, phloem, and xylem subjected to 16C were hardier than those tissues tested in February when rest was completed. Floral primordia and cane tissues dehardened slowly with time at 16C before rest completion. After rest was completed, the rate of deacclimation of floral primordia and xylem increased. Some blackberry canes were subjected to two thawing episodes at 16C for 4 hr. In January, phloem and xylem of canes thawed twice were as hardy or hardier than those tissues in samples thawed once. Conversely, two thawing episodes in February resulted in greater xylem injury than a single episode, but two episodes did not affect the hardiness of the phloem. The number of thawing episodes did not affect floral bud hardiness at either sampling date.
Genetic Parameters Estimated for an Advanced-cycle Strawberry Breeding Population at Two Locations
Authors: Shaw D. V. , Bringhurst R. S. , Voth V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) seedlings were evaluated for yield, fruit weight, and commercial appearance in two field trials established in 1985 and 1986. Genetic analyses for unbalanced diallels were performed to quantify genetic, environmental, and interaction variance for each trial separately, and for crosses common to two locations in a single year. When data from crosses common to two test locations were analyzed simultaneously, narrow-sense heritabilities (h2) averaged 0.35 (±0.11), 0.21 (±0.07), and 0.08 (±0.06) for yield, fruit weight, and appearance score. Broad-sense heritabilities (H2) were 0.35 (±0.11), 0.27 (±0.12), and 0.21 (±0.11) for the same traits, respectively. These estimates do not differ significantly from heritabilities estimated from the ancestral breeding population 20 years ago. Estimates of H2 for single-location analyses were biased upwards by dominance × location interactions for all traits. Additive × location interactions were detected for appearance score and contributed a small bias to single-location estimates of h2. Use of biased estimates in predicting genetic gain could lead to errors in choice of appropriate selection strategy.
Transmission of the Common Blight Pathogen in Bean Seed
Authors: Aggour Ahmed R. , Coyne Dermot P. , Vidaver Anne K. , Eskridge Kent M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Common blight in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye, is a serious seedborne disease in various parts of the world. We tried to detect possible differences in seed infection and transmission of bacteria in selected bean cultivars/lines. Dry seeds, flower buds (24 to 36 hr before anthesis), small pods (2 to 3 days old), and green seeds of individual plants of Bac-6, ‘Venezuela 44% ‘Pompadour Checà’ dry beans, and of dry seed of Great Northern (GN) ‘Tara’ were examined for possible internal infection after inoculating the seeds, seedlings, and plants with common blight bacterium at various sites. Inoculation of the pedicels of the flower buds and small pods resulted in transmission of the bacteria through the vascular tissue of the pod to the seeds, causing internal infection without any external symptoms shown either by the pods or seeds. Bac-6 was resistant to seed infection, and ‘Venezuela 44’ was most susceptible, followed by ‘Pompadour Checà’ and GN ‘Tara’. Planting infected seeds did not result in a systemic transmission of the bacteria in the vascular tissue of the plants to the seeds. Infected leaves were likely to be the main source for the external infection of pods, which could lead to internal and/or external seed infection. Breeding for resistance to seed infection and transmission of bacteria should aid the control of this disease. A useful technique for assessing internal infection of seeds with the bacteria was developed.