bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dark-induced Abscission of Hibiscus Flower Buds
Authors: Force Andrew R. , Lawton Kay A. , Woodson William R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dark storage of Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. cv. Brilliant Red) for 5 days to simulate shipping promoted flower bud abscission. Less developed flower buds (<30 mm) were more susceptible than developed buds to dark-storage-induced abscission. Removal of mature buds (>30 mm) before dark storage reduced subsequent abscission of younger, less developed buds. Plants grown under low irradiance conditions (500 µmol·s–1·m–2 PPF) abscised more flower buds in response to dark storage than those grown in high irradiance (980 µmol·s–1·m–2 PPF). These results indicate factors that decrease the availability and partitioning of photosynthates to immature flower buds increase the incidence of abscission.
Effects of Flooding and Soil Phosphorus Levels on Pecan Seedlings
Authors: Wazir Faridullah K. , Smith Michael W. , Akers Stuart W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Thirty-six-day-old ‘Dodd’ pecan seedlings [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh) C. Koch] were flooded for 31 days or not flooded in factorial combinations with 0, 215, or 430 g P per m3 of media. Flooding decreased leaf number, leaf area, leaf and root dry weight, and induced stomatal closure. Flooding also reduced leaf, trunk, and root K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Mn concentrations. Nitrogen was lower in the leaves and trunk of flooded trees, but higher in the roots of flooded trees than unflooded trees. Flooding decreased the leaf P concentration, but did not affect the P concentration in the roots. Phosphorus application increased leaf P concentration in unflooded trees, but not flooded trees.
Development of Anthocyanin Pigments in Muscadine Grapes
Authors: Lamikanra Olusola 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The development of individual anthocyanins (Acy) in black muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx) during maturity was followed. Most of the grapes investigated contained the nonacylated 3,5-diglucoside of delphindinin (Dp), cyanidin (Cy), petundin (Pt), Peonidin (Pn), and malvidin (Mv) when pigment extracts were separated on a reverse phase HPLC C18 column. Dp was the most abundant anthocyanin (Acy) in most cultivars at maturity. The development of individual Acy, which is indicative of the nature of enzyme activity, occurred at different rates for each of the cultivars. A very high flavonoid 3' hydroxylase activity was indicated by the fact that, in most instances, Dp content was higher than those of the other Acy at the onset of pigmentation, including Cy, which is the precursor of the other pigments. The total Acy content at maturity ranged from 12 to 338 mg/100 g of berries.
Rapid Clonal Propagation of Papaya in Vitro from Mature Field-grown Trees
Authors: Drew R. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rapid development of axillary branches on rooted cuttings from mature field-grown papaya (Carica papaya L.) trees was promoted by removal of stem apices and application to the cut surface of a mixture containing 225 mg BAP/liter of lanolin. Small axillary buds were removed from these branches and cultured, initially on solid medium, and then in liquid medium on a roller drum at 3 rpm in Drew and Smith (DS) medium containing 1 µm BAP + 1 µm NAA. After two or three subcultures on the roller drum with alternate periods on hormone-free basal medium, apically dominant shoots were produced. Growth of axillary buds subsequently occurred on DS medium containing 1 µm BAP + 0.25 µm NAA. Cultures also were established from buds of 6-month-old trees, followed by enhanced axillary shoot growth on DS medium containing 2 µm BAP + 0.5 µm NAA. Roots initiated on actively growing shoots when incubated at 27°C in a 12-hr photoperiod on a reduced mineral medium containing 10 µm IBA. Rooted shoots were established in a high-humidity (>90%) cabinet in a glasshouse and planted in the field. Field plants were characterized by a reduced juvenile stage, excessive vegetation at the lower nodes, and production of flowers and fruit close to the ground. Chemical names used: N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP); 1H-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
‘Brooks’ Sweet Cherry
Authors: Hansche Paul E. , Beres W. , Doyle J. , Micke Warren C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The original ‘Brooks’ cherry (Prunus avium L.) seedling was evaluated at the Wolfskill Ranch of the University of California, Davis from 1970 to 1985. Clones of the original seedling have been evaluated for fruit quality in Contra Costa County since 1978 and in Fresno County at the University's Kearney Agricultural Center since 1981. ‘Brooks’ registered its most outstanding performance at the Kearney Field Station.
Major Citrus Cultivars of the World as Reported from Selected Countries
Authors: Rouse Robert E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The citrus industry of the world is immense. Citrus-producing regions extend around the world and are located on both sides of the equator from approximately lat.35°N to lat.35°S. Citrus is produced under a wide variety of climatic conditions, including the humid tropics, arid subtropics, and intermediate climates. Citrus areas such as Florida, Texas, and Brazil have conditions intermediate to tropical and subtropical climates, whereas California, Arizona, Australia, and the Mediterranean countries have semiarid subtropical climates. The true size of this citrus industry is basically unknown because no documented statistics are available from numerous production areas that supply only local markets.
Citrus Cultivars in Australia
Authors: Forsyth John B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sweet oranges, particularly ‘Valencia’ and ‘Washington’ navel, are the main cultivars grown. Processing into juice products has become the most important market. A number of cultivars of Australian origin, ‘Leng’ and ‘Lane Late’ navels, ‘Imperial’ mandarin and ‘Ellendale’ tangor, are important and several have created worldwide interest.
The Major Citrus Cultivars in Spain
Authors: Ortiz Jesus M. , Zaragoza Salvador , Bono Rafael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
CITRUS AREAS: SURFACES AND PRODUCTION
Most of the citrus fruit are grown in two regions of Spain: a) the Levante area, which extends along the East coast and includes the provinces of Castellón, Valencia, Alicante, and Murcia, with about 80% of the total plantations; and b) the Andalusian area, with plantings both along the Guadalquivir river in the provinces of Cordoba and Sevilla, and near the coast, mainly in the provinces of Huelva, Málaga, and Almería, the area representing about 15% of the country's total (4). The rest of citrus area is scattered in many other provinces of Spain (4), mostly near the coast (Fig. 1). Plantings of citrus by varietal groups are listed in Table 1 (5).
Source Limitation by Defoliation and Its Effect on Dry Matter Production and Yield of Cucumber
Authors: Ramirez Denis R. , Wehner Todd C. , Miller Conrad H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Source-sink ratios were modified in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) by defoliation and defruiting to investigate the role of assimilate supply and demand in regulating fruit growth. Plants of the cultivar Calypso were subjected to 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% defoliation levels. Each level was applied by three different methods of defoliation involving removal of whole or half leaves or a combination of the two. Plants in the 0% defoliation treatment (control) were divided into two groups: defruited and pollinated. Defoliation treatments were begun at fruit set and maintained throughout growth. Defoliation of the plants significantly decreased total plant weight and the fresh and dry weight of the fruits relative to the fruited control. An increase in the level of defoliation caused an increase in accumulation of dry weight in the leaves and a decrease in the dry weight of the fruits. Defoliation of 50% or 75% was followed by an increase in carbon exchange rates determined 7 days after defoliation. Vegetative controls had equal plant dry weight but only half as much fresh weight as the fruited controls. Carbon exchange rate was significantly reduced in defruited compared to fruited plants 16 days after defoliation.
Diurnal Variation of Glutathione Levels in Tomato Seedlings
Authors: Koike Setsuo , Patterson Brian D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Grosse Lisse) seedlings were grown with a 12-hr photoperiod starting at 0600 hr. Twelve days after sowing, levels of reduced glutathione were found to vary depending on the time of day. The level was lowest around the middle of the dark period (about 200 nmol·g–1), and highest (about 400 nmol·g–1) around the middle of the light period. Levels of oxidized glutathione were highest when the levels of reduced glutathione were decreasing. The possibility of a link between changes in reduced glutathione and reported diurnal variations in herbicide action is discussed.
Soil Compaction Reduces Modulation, Module Efficiency, and Growth of Soybean and White Bean
Authors: Tu J. C. , Buttery B. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effect of soil compaction on nodulation, nodule efficiency, and growth of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was investigated in a controlled environment. There was an inverse relationship between soil compaction and root biomass, shoot growth and total leaf area of plant. Fresh weight and number of nodules per plant, nitrogenase activity, and leghemoglobin content per unit weight of nodule decreased in both soybean and white bean as bulk density of soil increased from 1.2 to 1.6 g·cm–3.
Changes in Epicuticular Wax on Watermelon Fruits During Ripening
Authors: Corey Kenneth A. , Schlimme Donald V. , Chaney Norita A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ripening of ‘Charleston Gray’ watermelon fruits was accompanied by changes in the appearance and quantity of surface waxes. The structure of surface wax platelets observed with a scanning electron microscope changed from an intricate porous appearance for unripe fruits to a smoother, less porous appearance for optimally ripe and overripe fruits. Structural changes in waxes as fruit matured from the unripe to overripe stages were accompanied by a 71% increase in the quantity of epicuticular waxes. These observations suggest the possibility of monitoring the ripeness of watermelon fruit through changes that occur in the appearance and structure of surface waxes.
Effect of Ethylene Source on Abscission of Pepper Plant Organs
Authors: Beaudry Randolph M. , Kays Stanley J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethylene-induced abscission of pepper (Capsicum frutescens L. cv. Hungarian Hot Yellow Wax) flower buds, leaves, and fruit depended on ethylene source (i.e. ethylene gas from a compressed gas source vs. ethylene released from Silaid) and concentration. In response to ethylene from either source, flower buds and small fruit (< 10 mm long) abscised most readily and fully expanded leaves least readily. Concentrations of Silaid that induced fruit abscission comparable to a given concentration of ethylene gas induced significantly greater leaf abscission than ethylene gas. Application of Silaid at dusk resulted in a small, but significant, increase in abscission relative to early morning application. Progressive increases in temperature between 18° and 32°C enhanced fruit and leaf abscission in response to ethylene gas. Abscission mediated by ethylene gas was not affected by light intensities between 120 and 300 µmol·m–2·s–1 PAR. Chemical name used: (2-chloroethyl)methylbis(phenyImethoxy)silane (Silaid, CGA-15281).
Pollen Source Effects on Peach Embryo Size
Authors: Chaparro José , Sherman Wayne B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Heterosis for embryo length was observed in interspecific crosses between the peach clones ‘Flordaking’ and FL 82–27, and ‘Nonpareil’ almond. No consistent differences in embryo length were observed in peach when selfing was compared to outcrossing to the unrelated peach selection FL 9-26C.
Using an Isozyme Marker to Identify Doubled Haploids from Anther Culture of Asparagus
Authors: Colby L. W. , Peirce Lincoln C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ten enzymes of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) were examined on both starch and Polyacrylamide gels to identify polymorphic loci useful as genetic markers. Two polymorphic loci were discovered, one a root peroxidase (PER-1) and the other a stem shikimic acid dehydrogenase (skd-1). Electrophoretic analysis of 17 totipotent calli derived from anthers that were heterozygous for PER-1 showed 14 to be heterozygous somatic clones and three to be homozygous doubled haploids. The procedure described represents a significant improvement in efficiency over the current method of sexing and progeny testing for the recovery of gametic genotypes from asparagus anther culture.
Sucrose and NAA Influence Growth of Subcultured Shoots and in Vitro Production of Roots in Vitis
Authors: Chée Raymond , Pool Robert M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We previously reported a method for shoot tip micropropagation of the Vitis hybrid ‘Remaily Seedless’ (1, 2). In preliminary trials, rooting of subcultured shoots was erratic and shoots deteriorated after 2 weeks in culture. Herein we report the effects of sucrose and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) concentrations on the physical condition of subcultured shoots and subsequent root production in an attempt to increase the efficiency of grape micropropagation.
NC EBR-1 and NC EBR-2 Early Blight Resistant Tomato Breeding Lines
Authors: Gardner Randolph G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Early blight, incited by Alternaria solani (Ellis and Martin) Jones and Grout, is a severe foliar disease of tomatoes in western North Carolina. Resistance breeding, initiated in 1976 at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Fletcher, N.C. has resulted in the development of NC EBR-1 and NC EBR-2. Both lines exhibit a moderate level of foliar resistance to early blight.
Genes for Cold Resistance from Wild Tomatoes
Authors: Patterson Brian D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although the tomato is a warmth-loving plant that is adversely affected by low temperatures, some of its wild relatives are more resistant to cold. The genes for cold resistance present in these wild plants could perhaps be used to overcome some of the limitations that low temperatures impose on the tomato, both before and after harvest. Because the different species of Lycopersicon can be crossed, this could be done by conventional plant breeding. However, if the gene products that allow cold tolerance could be identified, there is the additional possibility that homologous genes from even more cold-resistant species could be isolated and transferred using genetic engineering. The cover photograph shows a green-fruited tomato (Lycopersicon hirsutum LA 1363) that was originally collected in Peru at an altitude of ≈3000 m (7). At such altitudes, night temperatures are generally <10°C (17). This article summarizes the progress that has been made towards understanding and using the cold resistance of this and other wild species.
Horticultural Science in a Changing World; Presidential Address1
Authors: Moore James N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The world in which we live and work is in a rapid state of change. Change is evident in all aspects of life—technological, scientific, sociological, economic, demographic, political. Changes are occurring rapidly in the science and technology of horticulture, and changes occurring in other arenas of life are having, or will have, a significant impact on our profession. It has been said that there have been more significant developments in science and technology in the 20th century than in all the preceding history of humankind. Associated with changing technology have been great sociological changes. The impact of these changes, and others predicted to occur, on the science and profession of horticulture is the subject of my Presidential Address.
Effect of Growth Regulators on the Vegetative Growth of Boronia megastigma ‘Lutea’
Authors: Lewis David H. , Warrington Ian J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A survey experiment was carried out to examine the effect of five growth regulators on the vegetative growth of Boronia megastigma. Promalin, daminozide, and chlormequat chloride were shown to have potential for modifying plant growth in the development of a commercial pot plant. Promalin restricted plant height and promoted lateral branch formation; concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 g·liter–1 restricted height by ≈40% while branch number doubled. Daminozide significantly restricted plant height at concentrations of 5 and 10 g·liter–1. Plants that received a single application of daminozide also showed an increase in branch number. Dikegulac-sodium completely inhibited vegetative growth even at the lowest concentration used (2.5 g·liter–1) while chlormequat chloride, applied as a foliar spray (3 and 6 g·liter–1), restricted both height growth and plant dry weight. Chlormequat chloride and paclobutrazol, applied as root drenches, were ineffective. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide)(daminozide); N-(phenyImethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine and GA4+7 (Promalin); Na 2,3:4,6-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-α-l-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac-sodium); 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride); (2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-l-yl) pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol).
Rootstock Influenced Peach Flower Bud Survival after a Natural Freeze
Authors: Brown Susan K. , Cummins James N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Flower bud survival following a freeze of –26°C was determined for ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch,] on its own roots and on eight other root-stocks. ‘Redhaven’ on GF655-2 and on ‘Amandier’ (GF677) had the lowest flower bud survival, with those on ‘Citation’ and ‘Damas’ (GF1869) having the highest percent survival. The effect of the rootstock on the number of flower buds per node and on the relative survival of these two bud types (single vs. paired) was not significant.
Leaf Potassium Content and Yield in the Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Hancock James F. , Nelson John 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Commercial blueberry fields in Michigan were treated with K at either 0 or 67.5 kg·ha–1 for 3 years. Soil and foliar levels of K at harvest were determined. There were no significant associations between soil K and yield, even though many values were below 25 ppm. Leaf K was significantly correlated with yield in only 1 year and the optimum was about 0.43%.
Chemigation of Peach Trees with a Center Pivot
Authors: Evert Dean R. , Bertrand Paul , Harrison Kerry , Young John 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pesticides were applied to ‘Rio Grande’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees at recommended rates from bloom to harvest using three sprinkler configurations on a center pivot and an air-blast sprayer. Fruit scab infection rates with a patented sprinkler configuration (Piggy-back) that has spray nozzles mounted on a lower truss rod of the center pivot were equivalent on 12 and 23 June 1987 to those with the air-blast sprayer. Scab infection rates for standard impact-nozzles and for a deflector nozzle configuration were equivalent to each other, and tended to be lower than the infection rate for the unsprayed fruit, but higher than the rate for the air-blast sprayer or piggy-back configuration. Brown rot, bacterial spot, and insect catfacing (the other fruit defects observed at harvest) were independent of the method of pesticide application. It may be feasible to chemigate peach orchards with center-pivot irrigation systems.
Metabolic Response of ‘Delicious’ Apples to Carbon Dioxide in Anoxic and Low-oxygen Environments
Authors: Patterson Max E , Nichols William C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were transferred from commercial controlled atmosphere (CA) storage after 7 months into a factorial series of CO2 (0%, 3%, 6%, and 12%) and O2 (0.0%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) concentration mixtures at 0.5°C for up to 14 weeks. Fruit tolerance to specific atmospheres that yielded anaerobic products was determined. Tissue ethanol levels ranged from about 2700 to 5800 µl·liter–1 in apples stored in 12:0 (CO2:O2) and 0:0 atmospheres, respectively, indicating CO2 inhibition of ethanol accumulation in the absence of O2. Less than 360 µl ethanol/liter was produced in the 0.5% and 1.0% O2 treatments, No CO2 inhibition of ethanol or acetaldehyde production occurred in the 0.5% and 1.0% O2 treatments. Tissue acetaldehyde concentrations ranged from 6 to 14 µl·liter–1 in fruit held in 0.0% O2 and 3 to 9 µl·liter–1 in fruit held in 0.5% O2. No visible injury developed from the high CO2 and low O2 concentrations used in any of the storage treatments. After a week in air at 20°, following 0.0% O2 storage, the fruit tissue ethanol content decreased while the acetaldehyde content increased.
Use of Sodium Chloride Solution to Overcome Self-incompatibility in Brassica campestris
Authors: Monteiro Antonio A. , Gabelman Warren H. , Williams Paul H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sodium chloride solution applied to the stigma of self-compatible Brassica campestris L. plants induced self seed setting. Maximum seed per set silique occurred on flowers treated 10 to 15 min before self-pollination with 15 g·liter–1 NaCl solution applied either with a micropipette (8.2 seeds/silique) or with a moistened cotton swab (7.2 seeds/silique). The salt treatments were shown to increase pollen adhesion and pollen germination on the stigma and to reduce callose formation on the papillae.
Cytokinins in Apple Leaves and Their Relationship to Spotted Tentiform Leafminer Injury
Authors: Shantz Gretchen M. , Proctor John T. A. , Chiba Mikio 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The formation of green islands in response to BA and zeatin application suggested that cytokinins were involved in the natural green island phenomenon of senescing apple leaves. The accelerated loss of chlorophyll and abscission of apple leaves following treatment with BA at 300 mg·liter–1 in both 1984 and 1985 resembled the symptoms of spotted tentiform leafminer (STLM) (Phyllonorycter blancardella F.) damage. The zeatin content of STLM-damaged leaves determined by HPLC was greater than that of undamaged leaves during the development of the third generation pre-adult STLM. The first generation STLM induced no change in zeatin levels of infested leaves. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyI)-1H-purine-6-amine (BA); (±-2-methyl-4-(1H-purine-6-ylamino)-2-buten-1-ol (zeatin).
Assessment of Fruit Firmness in Selected Sour Cherry Genotypes
Authors: Brown Susan K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Significant differences in firmness were detected when the Instron Universal Testing Machine was used to test fruit firmness in a group of 13 sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) cultivars and selections. Deformation testing of intact fruit resulted in the establishment of seven statistically distinct firmness groups. Selections and cultivars that were firmer than ‘Montmorency’ were identified. Differences in skin strength, as determined by an Instron puncture test, were not as distinct. At harvest, firmness was not correlated with soluble solids content, fruit removal force or fruit weight, indicating the inadequacy of any of these parameters alone as an index of fruit maturity. Deformation testing with the Instron can be used to accurately assess whole fruit firmness in sour cherry breeding programs. Modification of the puncture test would be required to increase the precision in detecting differences in skin strength.