bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiplicity of sustainability standards and potential trade costs in the palm oil industry
Authors: Hidalgo Laura M. G. , de Faria Rosane N. , Souza Piao Roberta , Wieck Christine 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe growing impact of the global production of agricultural commodities has created new regulations that aim at a more sustainable trade. Sustainability standards (SS) are essential tools for transnational trade governance because they increase the possibility of recognizing products from sustainable sources. However, there is currently a proliferation of SS in almost every industry. This paper proposes a conceptual framework to establish how standard interactions such as competition, cooperation, and overlap shape the impact of multiplicity on trade costs. We apply the framework to the palm oil industry by using the information on three aspects of SS schemes: the requirements, the institutional design, and the cooperation strategies. Our results indicate that the North–South multiplicity in the palm oil market is characterized by high overlap, but there exists a balanced co‐opetition in the standard market. As the cooperation strategies between the SS schemes are very shallow, there might be potential trade costs associated with the SS multiplicity in the palm oil industry. [EconLit Citations: Q01 Sustainable Development, Q17 Agriculture in International Trade, Q18 Agricultural PolicyFood Policy].
Why a clinical trial is as good as its outcome measure: A framework for the selection and use of cognitive outcome measures for clinical trials of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Jutten Roos J. , Papp Kathryn V. , Hendrix Suzanne , Ellison Noel , Langbaum Jessica B. , Donohue Michael C. , Hassenstab Jason , Maruff Paul , Rentz Dorene M. , Harrison John , Cummings Jeffrey , Scheltens Philip , Sikkes Sietske A. M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA crucial aspect of any clinical trial is using the right outcome measure to assess treatment efficacy. Compared to the rapidly evolved understanding and measurement of pathophysiology in preclinical and early symptomatic stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), relatively less progress has been made in the evolution of clinical outcome assessments (COAs) for those stages. The current paper aims to provide a benchmark for the design and evaluation of COAs for use in early AD trials. We discuss lessons learned on capturing cognitive changes in predementia stages of AD, including challenges when validating novel COAs for those early stages and necessary evidence for their implementation in clinical trials. Moving forward, we propose a multi‐step framework to advance the use of more effective COAs to assess clinically meaningful changes in early AD, which will hopefully contribute to the much‐needed consensus around more appropriate outcome measures to assess clinical efficacy of putative treatments.Highlights
We discuss lessons learned on capturing cognitive changes in predementia stages of AD.
We propose a framework for the design and evaluation of performance based cognitive tests for use in early AD trials.
We provide recommendations to facilitate the implementation of more effective cognitive outcome measures in AD trials.
A Characterization of Entangled Two‐Qubit States via Partial‐Transpose‐Moments
Authors: Zhang Lin , Zhao Ming‐Jing , Chen Lin , Xiang Hua , Shen Yi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAlthough quantum entanglement is an important resource, its characterization is quite challenging. The partial transposition is a common method to detect bipartite entanglement. In this paper, the authors study the partial‐transpose(PT)‐moments of two‐qubit states, and completely describe the whole region, composed of the second and third PT‐moments, for all two‐qubit states. Furthermore, they determine the accurate region corresponding to all entangled two‐qubit states. The states corresponding to those boundary points of the whole region, and to the border lines between separable and entangled states are analyzed. As an application, they characterize the entangled region of PT‐moments for the two families of Werner states and Bell‐diagonal states. The relations between entanglement and the pairs of PT‐moments are revealed from these typical examples. They also numerically plot the whole region of possible PT‐moments for all two‐qubit X‐states, and find that this region is almost the same as the whole region of PT‐moments for all two‐qubit states. Moreover, they extend their results to detect the entanglement of multiqubit states. By utilizing the PT‐moment‐based method to characterize the entanglement of the multiqubit states mixed by the GHZ and W states, they propose an operational way of verifying the genuine entanglement in such states.
The Microscopic Origin of Second Harmonic Generation Response: The Spatial Structure of Instantaneous Dipole Moments in Electron Excitation
Authors: Li ZhenHua , Zhang Anmin , Luo Hong‐Gang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA deep understanding on the crucial factors of the enhanced macroscopic second harmonic generation (SHG) in some deep‐ultraviolet nonlinear optical (NLO) materials is needed to design new NLO materials. Since an optical process relates to the electron excitation and polarization simultaneously, the instantaneous dipole moments and their structures in excitation should be seriously taken account to seek the principal factor in SHG response. In this work, we study the Ba4B11O20F (BBOF), a NLO material, by using the orbital projection technique. From the projected SHG of our theoretic calculation, we recognize the principal dipole moment of the dominant influence on SHG and the relevant atom groups between which the dipole moment is accommodated. With the conclusion that the dipole moment with the most significant influence on SHG is the one between the oxygen–boron polyhedral anion group and barium cation, we predict that Ba4Al11O20F (BAOF) has a comparable SHG response.
Influence of alternating magnetic field's frequency and exposure time on distribution of α‐Fe2O3/TiO2 fillers for gas separation membranes: Quantitative approach
Authors: Yap Yun Kee , Oh Pei Ching , Chew Thiam Leng , Asif Jamil 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPoly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) membrane with magnetic α‐Fe2O3/TiO2 fillers was exposed to varying alternating magnetic field (AMF) duration and frequency. The AMF threshold time was 8 min as mixed‐matrix membrane (MMM) exposed to 11 min experienced an abrupt increase in permeability of CO2 by 785% and CH4 by 1322%. Although quantitative measurements showed relatively excellent values at 11 min, prolonged exposure time reduces selectivity, possibly due to interruption in the polymer‐filler interfacial area densification process. Filler distribution measured quantitatively via optical microscope and MATLAB also revealed that MMM exposed to 3.3 kHz presents the greatest dispersion metric with the least agglomeration. MMM exposed to the frequency of 30 Hz or 330 kHz suffered from either increased agglomeration size or worse dispersion. Consequently, their gas separation performances were lower than MMM exposed to 3.3 kHz. Above a critical frequency, repulsive hydrodynamic forces overcome the attractive forces between magnetic fillers.
A dielectrophoresis proof of concept of polystyrene particles and in‐vitro human epidermal keratinocytes migration for wound rejuvenation
Authors: Deivasigamani Revathy , Maidin Nur Nasyifa Mohd , Nasir Nur Shahira Abdul , Low Mei Xian , Kayani Aminuddin Bin Ahmad , Mohamed Mohd Ambri , Buyong Muhamad Ramdzan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDiabetes affects approximately 170 million people worldwide, is expected to double by 2030, and is a severe problem. Electrical stimulation (ES) via dielectrophoresis (DEP) technique may be an effective alternative in enhancing healing rates in diabetic patients with open ulcers. This research used DEP force (FDEP) to manipulate 3.2, 4.8, 10, and 15 μm polystyrene (PS) particles to predict the migration capability of human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs). A numerical modeling method, MyDEP, was used to predict the interpretation of Clausius–Mossotti factors of PS particles and HEKs. The finite element method computes the electric field intensity and particle trajectory based on DEP and drag forces in their respective medium. DEP experiments on numerous size PS particles and alive HEKs were carried out in a tapered aluminium microelectrode array using a non‐uniform electric field. The distinct PS particles exhibit positive DEP (PDEP), crossover frequency (fXO), and negative DEP (NDEP), whereas the HEKs experience, only NDEP due to its high conductive medium in frequency ranges from 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Finally, the DIPP‐MotionV analysis shows that particle mobility between speed and acceleration is statistically considerable. When an appropriate frequency is applied to HEKs in random locations, the FDEP aligns at the desired target position based on its dielectric properties, which accelerates wound healing in in‐vivo conditions.
Synthesis of statistical poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐2,6‐naphthalate) (co)polymers and study on their properties: Thermal and barrier properties
Authors: Quan Lijun , Liu Zhenguo , Zhang Qiuyu , Li Zhongming , Chen Yanhui 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this paper, a series of poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐2,6‐naphthalate) (PETN) (co)polyesters with different naphthalene ring contents were synthesized via a two‐step transesterification and polycondensation. The effects of the monomer compositions on the sequence distribution, crystallization, mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of the (co)polymers were investigated systematically. The results showed that the introduction of naphthalene ring units (NDC) changed the sequence length of the PETN and disrupted the orderly arrangement of the PETN molecular chains, thus affecting the aggregated structure and properties of the copolymer. When the NDC content was less than 30%, the PETN copolymers displayed good ductility and higher yield strength comparable to PET, and the heat distortion temperature (HDT), thermal stability properties, and barrier properties of the copolymer were also improved. In addition, the diffusion kinetics of water and oxygen molecules in the (co)polymer were investigated by the MS program simulation software. The differences in gas barrier properties of the different PETN (co)polymers were explained at the molecular level. This study provides a systematic theoretical basis and comprehensive practical guidance for the preparation of high‐performance copolyester materials.
Human‐in‐the‐loop development of spatially adaptive ground point filtering pipelines—An archaeological case study
Authors: Doneus Michael , Höfle Bernhard , Kempf Dominic , Daskalakis Gwydion , Shinoto Maria 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLiDAR data have become indispensable for research in archaeology and a variety of other topographic applications. To derive products (e.g. digital terrain or feature models, individual trees, buildings), the 3D LiDAR points representing the desired objects of interest within the acquired and georeferenced point cloud need to be identified. This process is known as classification, where each individual point is assigned to an object class. In archaeological prospection, classification focuses on identifying the object class ‘ground points’. These are used to interpolate digital terrain models exposing the microtopography of a terrain to be able to identify and map archaeological and palaeoenvironmental features. Setting up such classification workflows can be time‐consuming and prone to information loss, especially in geographically heterogeneous landscapes. In such landscapes, one classification setting can lead to qualitatively very different results, depending on varying terrain parameters such as steepness or vegetation density. In this paper, we are focussing on a special workflow for optimal classification results in these heterogeneous environments, which integrates expert knowledge. We present a novel Python‐based open‐source software solution, which helps to optimize this process and creates a single digital terrain model by an adaptive classification based on spatial segments. The advantage of this approach for archaeology is to produce coherent digital terrain models even in geomorphologically heterogenous areas or areas with patchy vegetation. The software is also useful to study the effects of different algorithm and parameter combinations on digital terrain modelling with a focus on a practical and time‐saving implementation. As the developed pipelines and all meta‐information are made available with the resulting data set, classification is white boxed and consequently scientifically comprehensible and repeatable. Together with the software's ability to simplify classification workflows significantly, it will be of interest for many applications also beyond the examples shown from archaeology.
Determination and analysis of sex ratios in heme oxygenase 1 gene targeted mouse embryos
Authors: Jain Sidhant , Nandi Gouri , Choubey Pooja , Rana Meenakshi , Basu‐Modak Sharmila 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHeme oxygenase 1 or Hmox1 enzyme is involved in catalyzing the first and rate‐limiting step in heme breakdown reactions. Many studies have reported a partial lethality of Hmox1 knockout mice obtained from heterozygous breeding pairs. Similar results were obtained in our transgenic mice colony and a sex specific bias was observed in the favor of males in the adult mice. Hmox1 independent factors which could have caused this bias were initially analyzed and it was found that those factors were not a reason behind this anomaly. Certain studies involving gene knockout hinted toward a prenatal or neonatal lethality of female knockout mice embryos or pups, respectively. In order to check if this bias was occurring in embryonic stages, that is, either if mutant female embryos were dying or if heterozygous mothers were not carrying embryos to term, we analyzed the sex‐ratios in mid‐ and late‐gestational ages (9.5–13.5 dpc and 14.5–18.5 dpc, respectively). Our results did not indicate any significant difference in the sex ratios in embryonic stages; hence, it was concluded that females are not dying in embryonic stages. It can be speculated that these deaths were probably occurring at neonatal age. More studies are required to confirm that the lack of Hmox1 gene products is the sole reason for this female lethality.
Glückliche Fügung: Experiments’ Potential to Integrate Disciplines**
Authors: Schürch Caterina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis essay reviews the discipline‐connecting potential of experimentation. Two examples are used to illustrate how researchers in the first half of the twentieth century profitably combined resources from different disciplines in their experiments. These experiments were designed to test mechanism models describing chemical processes underlying the behavior of biological systems. The researchers had clear expectations about how certain interventions should affect the behavior of the organisms studied, if that behavior was indeed based on the presumed chemical processes. They manipulated the organisms in the relevant ways and determined how the behavior of the organisms changed as a result.
Experimental Systems in the Co‐Construction of Scientific Knowledge**
Authors: Morange Michel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe publication of Toward a History of Epistemic Things 25 years ago was a landmark in science studies. Not only was the book a brilliant overview of new research trends, but it was also a personal and highly original contribution because of its emphasis on the major role of experimental systems in the construction of scientific knowledge. The paths that it opened have not yet been fully explored. More seriously, the ambition of the author to reinforce the value of scientific knowledge by the role of experimental systems in its construction has not been pursued.
An Epistemology of Scientific Practice: Positioning Hans‐Jörg Rheinberger in Twentieth‐Century History and Philosophy of Biology**
Authors: Méthot Pierre‐Olivier 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this article, I first outline the professionalization of the history and philosophy of biology from the 1960s onward. Then, I attempt to situate the work of Hans‐Jörg Rheinberger with respect to this field. On the one hand, Rheinberger was marginal with respect to Anglo‐American philosophical tradition; on the other, he was very influential in building up an integrated history and philosophy of the life sciences community at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin and beyond. This marginality results, I suggest, from three main sources: his use of concepts coming from continental traditions in the study of the life sciences, which are foreign to Anglo‐American philosophers of science; his focus on practices instead of theories; and his research trajectory as a molecular biologist, which led him to be critical of disciplinary boundaries. As a first step in situating and historicizing Rheinberger's trajectory, this article invites comparative studies and calls for a history of “continental philosophy of biology” in the twentieth century.
From Organismic Biology as History and Philosophy to the History and Philosophy of Biology—the Work of Hans‐Jörg Rheinberger in the German Context**
Authors: Reiß Christian 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this paper, I ask about the broader context of the history and philosophy of biology in the German‐speaking world as the place in which Hans‐Jörg Rheinberger began his work. Three German philosophical traditions—neo‐Kantianism, phenomenology, and Lebensphilosophie—were interested in the developments and conceptual challenges of the life sciences in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Their reflections were taken up by life scientists under the terms theoretische Biologie (theoretical biology) and allgemeine Biologie (general biology), i. e., for theoretical and methodological reflections. They used historical and philosophical perspectives to develop vitalistic, organicist, or holistic approaches to life. In my paper, I argue that the resulting discourse did not come to an end in 1945. Increasingly detached from biological research, it formed an important context for the formation of the field of history and philosophy of biology. In Rheinberger's work, we can see the “Spalten” and “Fugen”—the continuities and discontinuities—that this tradition left there.
“How Many Individuals Consider Themselves to Be Cell Biologists but Are Informed by the Journal That Their Work Is Not Cell Biology”**
Authors: Worliczek Hanna Lucia 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWhat can we gain from co‐analyzing experimental cultures, regionalization, and disciplinary phenomena of late twentieth century life sciences under our historiographic looking glass? This essay investigates the potential of such a strategy for the case of cell biology after 1960. By merging perspectives from historical epistemology inspired by the work of Hans‐Jörg Rheinberger with a focus on boundary work in the realm of scientific publishing, community building, and disciplinary norms, a set of understudied scientific practices is exposed. These practices, historically subsumed under the label descriptive, have been as central in cell biology as hypothesis‐driven research aiming at mechanistic explanations of cellular function. Against the background of an increasing molecular‐mechanistic imperative in cell biology since the late 1960s, knowledge from descriptive practices was often judged as having low value but was nonetheless frequently cited and considered essential. Investigating the underlying epistemic practices and their interactions with disciplinary gatekeeping phenomena (as policed by journals and learned societies) provides historiographic access to the plurality of experimental cultures of cell biology, scattered into many interdisciplinary research fields—with some of them only partially engaged with mechanistic questions.
Approaches in Post‐Experimental Science. The Case of Precision Medicine**
Authors: Meunier Robert 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the introduction to hisSpalt und Fuge, Hans‐Jörg Rheinberger points to the possibility that we are currently experiencing a new turning point regarding forms of experimentation, which is characterized by the growing importance of high‐throughput methods and big data analytics. This essay will explore the thesis that data‐intensive research indeed constitutes a form of post‐experimental research by interrogating research practices in precision medicine. Section 1 will introduce this thesis and highlight salient features of precision medicine as an example of post‐experimental research. Section 2 suggestsapproachas a category that is broader thanexperimental system, as discussed by Rheinberger, and can serve to analyze and compare diverse forms of research, including experimental and post‐experimental practices. The essay concludes with a reflection on how categories developed for the historiography of recent science might require an update when the science or its context changes (section 3).
“You've Got to Work on This Axon”: J. Z. Young and Squid Giant Axon Preparations in 20th‐Century Neurobiology**
Authors: Maxson Jones Kathryn 
Published: September 2022

AbstractEmploying and extending Hans‐Jörg Rheinberger's analytical concept of epistemic things, this essay proposes one reason why squid giant axons, unusually large invertebrate nerve fibers, had such great impacts on twentieth‐century neurobiology. The 1930s characterizations of these axons by John Zachary Young reshaped prevailing assumptions about nerve cells as epistemic things, I argue. Specifically, Young's preparations of these axons, which consisted of fibers attached to laboratory technologies, highlighted similarities between giant axons and more familiar ones via lines of comparative study common to aquatic biology. Young's work convinced other biologists that the squid giant fibers were, in fact, axons, despite their unusual fused (syncytial) structures, thereby promoting further studies, such as intracellular measurements, made possible by the fiber's size. Tracing direct relations between preparations of squid axons and broader interpretations of neurons as epistemic things, this paper renders an actors’ category, “preparations,” into an analytical one. In turn, it offers glimpses into how aquatic organisms shaped twentieth‐century neurobiology and how local experiments can drive broader, disciplinary changes.
Narratives of Genetic Selfhood**
Authors: Creager Angela N. H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis essay considers the mid‐twentieth century adoption of genetic explanations for three biological phenomena: nutritional adaptation, antibiotic resistance, and antibody production. This occurred at the same time as the hardening of the neo‐Darwinian Synthesis in evolutionary theory. I argue that these concurrent changes reflect an ascendant narrative of genetic selfhood, which prioritized random hereditary variation and selection through competition, and marginalized physiological or environmental adaptation. This narrative was further reinforced by the Central Dogma of molecular biology and fit well with liberal political thought, with its focus on the autonomous individual. However, bringing biological findings into line with this narrative required modifying the notion of the gene to account for various kinds of non‐Mendelian inheritance. Hans‐Jörg Rheinberger's reflections on narrative and experiment are valuable in thinking about the friction between the postwar ideal of genetic selfhood and actual observations of how organisms adapt in response to the environment.