bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Violence, Excommunication, and Dispute Settlement
Authors: Hill Felicity 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses one particularly well-documented conflict to illuminate the role of excommunication in disputes, showing how vividly we can reconstruct such quarrels in the period. The struggle for the benefice of Thame took place between two prominent families over the course of two years. The key records for the case are the register of the bishop of Lincoln and depositions made at the ecclesiastical court of Canterbury, but these are supplemented by royal letters, proceedings before the king’s bench, inquests, and the parliament rolls, allowing for a full analysis of the events. The chapter assesses the importance of excommunication in this conflict alongside other strategies used by the rival claimants, which included violence and appeals to secular and ecclesiastical courts. The chapter argues against using a narrow definition of the ‘efficacy’ of excommunication: in this case, the sanction did not succeed in forcing either side to capitulate. Yet excommunication played a crucial part in a number of ways. The case also demonstrates how the complicated and intricate legal requirements governing excommunication could be circumvented by using ipso facto sentences.
Governing Doubt and Belief
Authors: Callard Caroline 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Because in sixteenth-century societies ghosts have a strong capacity to act, they were the object of particular scrutiny and interest on the part of political and religious powers. This chapter and the next examine the effects of this confrontation. Both the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation sought to control spectres and their comings and goings, and paid increasing and critical attention to the ability of human beings to manipulate them. This chapter focuses particularly on the attitude of the Catholic Church to apparitions and how it seeks, despite the tricks and impostures, to maintain a place on earth for the apparitions of souls, safe from sceptical and reformed doubt.
Spectral Politics
Authors: Callard Caroline 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This final chapter examines how political powers have sought to capture the power of spectres. It is first of all about its capacity to represent an absent power: as a spiritual body, the king is in a sense always a ghost ‘already there’, capable of appearing everywhere and at any time. It also concerns the legitimising power of ghosts: the ghost is the bearer of a prophetic, extra-lucid word, in contact with the divinity as well as with the deep genealogies of royalty. But the king does not have a monopoly on the manipulation of ghosts: there are several of them in the polemics of the sixteenth century, to the point that in the middle of the seventeenth century, the king sought to exorcise ghosts more than to enlist them in his service. This power of exorcism met with other changes, notably the end of the Wars of Religion, the rise of experimental science, and the affirmation of a scholarly decorum that kept the preternatural at a distance. The ‘spectral moment’ of the long Renaissance was coming to an end, in the expectation of a future ‘recharge’.
Lost in Translation
Authors: Ugelvik Thomas 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Sykes’s The Society of Captives is an undisputable classic. It can be said to have spawned a whole penological tradition of studies of the phenomenology of imprisonment. It has also been hugely influential internationally, including in Norway where criminology students have been assigned Sykes’s book at least since the 1980s. In this chapter, I look at how Norwegian criminologists have read and used Sykes’s classic text as part of their own research. I discuss why some parts of the book have been referred to extensively while other parts seem to have been mostly ignored by Norwegian scholars, and I show how selective interpretation of some of Sykes’s key terms (one might even say “misinterpretation”) have contributed to this lopsided focus.
The Society of “Sex Offenders”
Authors: Ievins Alice 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the differences and similarities between Trenton, the institution described in The Society of Captives, and HMP Stafford, an English prison that only held men convicted of sex offenses. It argues that the nature of the convictions of men in Stafford, and their resulting social identities as “sex offenders”, drastically altered the institutional form that the prison took and the effects that it had. One significant difference was in the location of the defects of total power in each prison. Stafford had very different dynamics of authority and resistance to Trenton: prisoners were normally very compliant, but the prison struggled to exercise power over prisoners’ sexualities, relationships with their families, and moral identities. Prisoners in Stafford also experienced a hitherto undescribed pain of imprisonment, “stain”, which impacted the shape of the prisoner society. The chapter concludes by arguing that Stafford was a morally communicative institution – it said something to the people it held about the type of person they were – and argues that thinking about Stafford in this way draws our attention to some significant forms and functions of punishment.
1,3-dibromo-2,5-diethyl-4,6-dimethylbenzene (Bemb2)
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This system provides an excellent example of how the use of the modulation-wave approach to modeling disorder can provide insights into the origins of diffraction features. In the disordered crystal the molecule may take up one of two different orientations in each molecular site. The rather broad diffuse scattering indicates that the intermolecular correlations generally extend only over a few unit cells but close to some Bragg positions there is a ‘hole’ in this scattering. The size of this points to correlations extending over many unit cells. The phenomenon is explained in terms of forces on a local scale that favour preserving c-glide symmetry but over larger distances (modulations close to q=0) the forces prefer to maintain a screw axis.
Pentachloronitrobenzene, C6Cl5NO2
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Monte Carlo computer simulation has been used to interpret and model observed single-crystal diffuse X-ray scattering data for pentachloronitrobenzene, C6Cl5NO2. Each site in the crystal contains a molecule in one of six different basic orientations with equal probability. However, no short-range order amongst these different orientations has been detected. The strong, detailed and very distinctive diffraction patterns can be accounted for almost entirely on the assumption of random occupancy of each molecular site, but with very large local relaxation displacements that tend to increase the neighbouring distances for contacts involving NO2 – NO2 and NO2 – Cl with a corresponding reduction for those involving Cl– Cl. The results show that the mean NO2 – NO2 distance is increased by ~0.6 Å, compared with that given by the average structure determination.
(Why) Is the Recent Recovery So Different from the Past?
Authors: Woo Jaejoon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The prospect of the economy returning to high growth looks increasingly like a pipe dream for many Koreans. The unusually weak pace of the recent economic recovery amid continued decline in trend growth has become a major concern. Yet the unpleasant economic downtrend has been years in the making, as suggested by a wide range of economic indicators. This chapter explores the debate on the nature of the growth deceleration from a short-term business cycle perspective. A new event-study of recovery episodes shows that the most recent recovery was the weakest among eleven business cycles since 1970 and uncovers important (and some surprising) new features about the recent recovery episode, shedding some light on a likely future growth path. Against the backdrop of post-crisis sluggish global growth amid retreat from globalization, unusual weakness is a result of a series of adverse shocks (domestic, external) compounding the already slowing growth trend on structural problems. In particular, negative shocks amplified repercussions owing to Korea’s unique industrial structure, with heavy reliance on manufacturing exports, highly concentrated exports sensitive to certain types of shocks, and substantial linkage with China playing a significant role in dramatically weakening the strength of economic recovery.
Taking the Long View of Economic Growth, Part 1
Authors: Woo Jaejoon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
From a long-term perspective, this chapter addresses the important question of whether the continuing growth decline should be attributed to the convergence process. The magnitude of growth deceleration turned out to be greater than what is predicted by the well-established convergence argument alone, as suggested by our new cross-country growth regression. Moreover, our analyses based on gross domestic product (GDP) decomposition and growth accounting methods show that the GDP growth drop-offs are largely explained by sharply lower growth in labor productivity, which is in turn driven by marked declines in growth of total factor productivity and capital stock over the recent years. Contrary to popular belief, however, there still exists sizable scope for catching up on the productivity and technology gap with advanced economies, and hence for further growth. Paradoxically, the low productivity holds a key to future growth. For Korea, structural rigidities and poor-quality institutions have a bearing on it, which makes a strong case for structural reforms and institutional modernization. A range of GDP growth rates for the next decade are then calculated for various scenarios. While the long-term economic forecast is inherently fraught with challenges and errors, the result sends a clear message that underscores our view that Korea is at a critical juncture.
Taking the Long View of Economic Growth, Part 2
Authors: Woo Jaejoon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
More worryingly, there are multiple risks that threaten to self-perpetuate low or stagnant growth in Korea over the next decade or so, akin to Eurosclerosis symptoms or, worse, Japan-style stagnation. This is the subject of Chapter 4. There are a few channels that may lead to such an outcome. One is a negative feedback loop between weakening growth and rising financial and economic distress due to already high private debt. A more severe case will be an outright financial crisis resulting from household debt, for example, with a housing market crash or an interest rate shock or a combination of both. Yet another channel is the rise of populism in knee-jerk reactions to the growth deceleration amid rising income inequality and social polarization, which can lead to the adoption of myopic and unsustainable policies that entrench structural rigidities, induce fiscal largesse and rent seeking, and cause macroeconomic volatility, ultimately harming long-term growth further. With deepening political polarization, the lack of effective political mechanism to deal with rising social risks is most concerning. Furthermore, population aging can certainly compound these risks. The chapter provides a careful assessment of these potential systemic risks for the economy.
Jobs and Wages
Authors: Woo Jaejoon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Importantly, standard aggregate measures of inequality mask much more pronounced changes in wage dispersion in many different dimensions, such as firm size, industry (manufacturing versus service, or high- versus low-technology industry), types of occupation, employment status, educational level, gender, and age. Wage inequality reflects individual differences in talent and motivation, but there are also significant socioeconomic, structural, and cultural causes. Chapter 6 explores the underlying drivers of wage inequalities in multiple areas, presenting a new analysis. The common forces such as new technology, automation, globalization, sectoral shifts, and changing skill requirements of the workforce are important drivers. But wage disparities also reflect long-standing structural problems, including gaping disparities between productive and unproductive sectors, labor market rigidities and duality, and outdated business regulations. Our analysis shows that the structural problems amplify wage differentials, while causing misallocations of labor and hence lower productivity. Therefore, addressing productivity disparities could help boost economic growth and at the same time reduce wage disparities in some important ways.
Are There Political Business Cycles in Korea?
Authors: Woo Jaejoon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Does having a left- or right-wing government matter for Korea? Conventional wisdom has it that the right and the left are of little consequence for the country’s economy. There are some reasons for thinking like this. For example, technocrats including at the Ministry of Strategy and Finance who are more practical and less driven by political ideology tend to act as a counterbalance to political swings. The traumatic and humiliating experience of the 1997–1998 financial crisis constrains the adoption of excessive policies. Yet the key reason the differences have not shown up more prominently in the GDP data is elsewhere. An event study shows that in the past, supercharged export growth has often masked or more than offset the adverse effects of policy mistakes or the wrong kind of domestic policies. However, this is rapidly changing. In the face of slow growth amid social polarization, the potential for starkly different policy choice between the left and the right and its economic consequence is high. This is already happening. Moreover, our new evidence suggests that the conventional wisdom about Korea’s political cycles is misleading because it overlooks the important dynamics and distinct channels through which the policy differences operate.
Korean Presidents and Major Policy Agendas over the Last Three Decades
Authors: Woo Jaejoon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Political agenda and ideologies evolve over time as voters and politicians learn from the past, and at the same time, they are shaped by the imperative conditions and events at the time. Chapter 8 offers a critical review of major economic policies, events, and political economy backdrops under each president since the first free democratic presidential election in 1987. The onset of democratization in 1987 is viewed as one of the major turning points that set in motion powerful political and economic changes in Korean society. As part of the discussion, it also includes a critical assessment of President Moon’s economic policy agenda, including his signature policy known as the income-led growth strategy.
Korea’s Monetary Policy and Challenges for the Bank of Korea
Authors: Woo Jaejoon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In response to risks of financial market dislocations, massive layoffs, and bankruptcies brought about by the global lockdown amid the COVID-19 pandemic, major central banks around the world have pursued aggressive monetary easing at an extraordinary speed and size. In the spring of 2020, the Bank of Korea (BoK) cut its policy rate to a record low level of 0.50% and activated emergency lending facilities. Going into this crisis, however, there was not much room for further monetary easing, with its policy rate at 1.25 percent at the end of February 2020. As market participants wonder how much ammunition is still available for the BoK, this unparalleled crisis leads us to rethink the monetary policy framework and strategy. Chapter 9 explores a number of monetary policy issues and challenges for Korea, including the BoK’s policy framework, inflation dynamics, evaluation of the BoK monetary policy conduct, and what new policy tools can and should be considered for use in the future. It also makes several recommendations. Among others, it proposes establishing a standing committee on macro financial policy that comprises the BoK, the Financial Services Commission, and the Treasury, which would be tasked with working out the coordination between monetary and macro-prudential policy for cyclical purposes.
Criminalising Female Genital Mutilation
Authors: Proudman Charlotte 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the evolution of FGM legislation in the UK, which has had a tortured and lengthy history. Whilst the efficacy of the law is contested in a context in which there has only been one conviction, this chapter examines whether the law has had any impact in deterring FGM and preventing the practice. For the first time in history the views of leading figures responsible for introducing anti-FGM laws and enforcing the laws are laid bare. Politicians, police officers, and lawyers speak frankly about their role in introducing anti-FGM laws in the UK. It exposes the ethnocentric tone of anti-FGM laws which perhaps explains the polemic nature of anti-FGM discourse. The chapter draws on the challenges of criminalising a cultural practice by outlining key themes that emerged from four FGM trials which featured widely in the media. Whilst the first conviction for FGM was secured in 2019, does this really signal that the law is eliminating FGM?
Epilogue
Authors: Proudman Charlotte 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter draws together the evidence gathered across the book and seeks to answer the question: What impact has the law had on ending the practice? This chapter explores women’s roles in ending FGM in order to break the generational cycle of the practice. It examines the tensions in criminalising women for encouraging or performing FGM when they have also been victims of the practice. This chapter outlines the key motivations for the practice and how they have changed overtime. Whilst the law is necessary to eliminate FGM, this chapter shows some of the unintended consequences of criminalising FGM and the resistance from within communities to criminalising the practice. Conceptualising FGM as a specific, individual cultural practice can lead to counter-productive, racial stereotyping. To further the end-FGM movement, this chapter sends a key message to its readers: FGM must not be seen as cultural violence but instead as an aberration of the individual man. This chapter concludes by outlining areas for further research.
Referendums and Autocratization
Authors: Fruhstorfer Anna 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Why do autocratic leaders use referendums to amend a constitution, and what is the purpose of these amendments? While illiberal tendencies or outright autocratic goals are rationally understandable and have received widespread attention, little is known about constitutional referendums as a tool to pursue these goals. A constitutional referendum puts the question about a decrease of parliamentary oversight or institutional accountability to the people. If successful, the autocratic leader turns a plebiscite into the servant of autocratization. This poses an interesting theoretical and empirical puzzle. This contribution explores this puzzle and suggests that constitutional features and the organization of the party system, in particular the level of hegemonic party domination, condition the conscious use of direct public involvement in constitutional design and change. Through a comparative analysis of all constitutional referendums in the autocratic Post-Soviet countries until 2017 and two case studies of Azerbaijan and Tajikistan, it can be shown that autocrats use this instrument to extend the survival of the ruling nomenklatura, to entrench social or cultural values and to preserve the hegemonic status quo.
Are the People the Masters? Constitutional Referendums in Ireland
Authors: Kenny David , Kavanagh Aileen 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents Ireland as a contemporary case-study in democratic constitutionalism where the people have amended their Constitution through popular referendum for over 80 years. As the only country in the world to have legalised same-sex marriage and abortion by popular referendum, Ireland provides a striking counter-narrative to the contemporary equation of plebiscites with populism, and direct democracy with constitutional demise. Exploring the promise—and perils—of referendums as a mode of constitutional change, we uncover a “referendum culture” which has developed in Ireland. We also identify multiple mechanisms which mediate the direct will of the people in achieving legitimate constitutional change. In an age of populism and democratic decay, Ireland travels in a different direction. Combining referendums with citizens’ assemblies and constitutional conventions, the Irish system enables people to deliberate and disagree on the deep social, political and constitutional issue, whilst ultimately allowing them to be part-author of what their Constitution means.
Culprits or Bystanders?
Authors: Haberly Daniel , Wójcik Dariusz 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Questions have been raised regarding the role of low tax offshore jurisdictions in the global financial crisis, based largely on evidence that many problematic asset-backed securities were issued from or listed in the Cayman Islands, Jersey, Ireland, and other offshore sites. However, there has not been a systematic investigation of the offshore geography of crisis-implicated securitization. This chapter fills this gap by constructing the first comprehensive jurisdictional map of the largest pre-crisis asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) programs, and examining the rationale for and impacts of this geography in detail. It shows that offshore jurisdictions were disproportionately involved in producing the most unstable ABCP classes. However, this is difficult to explain in terms of the traditional role of offshore banking centers as sites for direct avoidance of onshore regulation and transparency. Rather, the chapter proposes a Minskian model of pre-crisis offshore ABCP production, wherein these jurisdictions specialized in alleviating incidental institutional frictions (e.g. double taxation) hindering onshore financial innovation. In this context, they could sometimes be legitimately described as improving the institutional “efficiency” of financial markets. However, by facilitating the endogenous evolutionary instability of these markets, this apparently innocuous service had profoundly negative effects. This normative disconnect poses a conundrum for offshore reform, and indeed highlights the intrinsic limitations of financial regulation more broadly.
The Threshold of Legibility
Authors: Smith Murray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Recognition is the first of the three levels of engagement in the model of character engagement, and describes the most basic and fundamental relationship we can form with a character—which is to say, the very act of perceiving a character as a character. Recognition is in turn constituted by two component activities: individuation (distinguishing a character from adjacent ones) and reidentification (grasping that a given character at one point in a narrative is ‘the same as’—continuous with—a character at other points in the narrative). The roles of the body and of language in securing recognition, introduced in Chapter 1, are elaborated further. The Man Who Knew Too Much serves as an exemplar of the classical handling of recognition, while alternative approaches to character recognition are explored through Buñuel’s That Obscure Object of Desire, Ruiz’ The Suspended Vocation, and Dovzhenko’s Arsenal.