bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathological observations of sinusoid lining endothelial cells and the basement membrane in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Jie Ma , Xiaojun Zhou , Taihe Zhang , Guiqin Sun , Kui Meng 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVE: To observe changes in sinusoid lining endothelial cells (SEC), type IV collagen (CoIV) and laminin (LM) in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To assess the clinicopathological significance of these changes in HCC. METHODS: Thirty specimens were taken from 30 cases of HCC (together with corresponding non‐cancerous tissues), 10 cases of liver cirrhosis, five cases of mild chronic hepatitis and and four cases of normal liver tissues. The specimens were tested for CD34, CoIV and LM by using immunohistochemical methods. CD34, CoIV and LM were semiquantitatively analyzed and assessed in the context of the clinical and pathological features of HCC. RESULTS: CD34 and LM were not present along the sinusoidal walls in normal human liver, however, CoIV was weakly and discontinuously distributed along the sinusoidal walls. In cirrhosis, positive expression of CoIV increased significantly in the sinusoidal walls and became continuous and homogeneous. CD34 and LM were weakly present in the perinodules in a few cases of cirrhosis with obvious inflammatory infiltration. Hepatocellular carcinoma showed a diffuse capillarization, with overexpression of CD34, CoIV and LM. CoIV and LM expression were reduced in poorly differentiated HCC and HCC with portal vein thrombosis. This was frequently accompanied by breaks and losses in the basement membrane. The expression of CD34 in tumors of < 2 cm in diameter was significantly lower than that in tumors of > 5 cm in diameter. The expression of CD34 and LM was markedly increased in HCC compared with non‐cancerous liver tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Diffuse capillarization with overexpression of CD34, CoIV and LM are features of HCC. Frequent breaks in, loss of and decrease of the basement membrane in poorly differentiated tumors and tumors with portal vein infiltration suggests potential metastasis of tumor cells and may play a major role in the metastasis of HCC. CD34 is a useful marker for distinguishing HCC from non‐cancerous liver tissues.
The evaluation of metabolic function and fat redistribution in clinical trials
Authors:   Oversight Committee for the Evaluation of the Metabolic Complications of HAART
Published: July 2002

Changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and in body composition associated with the most potent and effective therapies available are being reported with increasing frequency. These changes could potentially lead to increased risks of cardiovascular disease. Clinical trials set up to investigate new antiretroviral therapies need to explore the therapies' impact on these potentially serious adverse outcomes, at least in a subset of patients.The measurements that are feasible to include for all patients clearly differ from those required by a metabolic substudy. We propose the following: firstly, a minimal set of parameters that should be included in all trials; secondly, a desirable set of parameters that should be included whenever possible; and thirdly, a list of exploratory measures that should be considered. These exploratory measures are classified by the different mechanisms for changes in body composition or weight: endocrinal, cardiovascular, sterol and chemokine/cytokine pathways. Standardized instruments for evaluating patients' reports of body changes and potential methods for assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease are described. Minimum and desirable standards for methods of measurement are also proposed. The choice of parameters is based on expert clinical opinion. The experts consulted include investigators from four large ongoing clinical trials with substudies specifically designed to investigate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and changes in body composition, together with standard parameters for measurement within individual mechanistic pathways. The parameters proposed should be kept under review as the body of knowledge about metabolic function and fat redistribution in HIV infection increases.
Influence of Lower Extremity Strength of Healthy Older Adults on the Outcome of an Induced Trip
Authors: Pavol Michael J. , Owings Tammy M. , Foley Kevin T. , Grabiner Mark D. 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether decreased lower extremity strength contributes to trip‐related falls in older adults.DESIGN: A cross‐sectional sample of older adults were safety‐harnessed and tripped while walking using a concealed, mechanical obstacle. Lower extremity strength was compared between trip outcome groups.SETTING: A biomechanics research laboratory.PARTICIPANTS: Seventy‐nine healthy, community‐dwelling adults aged 65 and older (50 women).MEASUREMENTS: Ankle, knee, and hip flexion and extension strength were measured isometrically and isokinetically. Measured strengths were subjected to a factor analysis. Strength factor scores were compared between those who recovered from the trip and those who fell by three previously identified mechanisms: during‐step, after‐step, and elevating‐response falls.RESULTS: Seven common factors, one associated with each direction of exertion at each joint and one with the time rate of moment increase, explained 88% of the variance in measured strength. The during‐step (n = 5) fallers were significantly stronger in the ankle extension (plantarflexion), knee flexion, overall extension, and total strength factors than those who successfully recovered using a similar, lowering strategy (n = 26). The elevating‐response faller (n = 1) was stronger in the plantarflexion and overall extension factors than most of those who recovered using a similar, elevating strategy (n = 11). Two of three after‐step fallers were among the weakest subjects tested.CONCLUSION: Weak older adults and the strongest older adults may be at greater risk of falling from a trip, although by different mechanisms. High strength may increase the likelihood of a during‐step or elevating‐response fall; decreased strength may increase the likelihood of an after‐step fall.
Isotopically engineered semiconductors
Authors: Haller E. E. 
Published: July 2002

Scientific interest, technological promise, and increased availability of highly enriched isotopes have led to a sharp rise in the number of experimental and theoretical studies with isotopically controlled semiconductor crystals. This review of mostly recent activities begins with an introduction to some past classical experiments which have been performed on isotopically controlled semiconductors.
A review of the natural isotopic composition of the relevant elements follows. Some materials aspects resulting in part from the high costs of enriched isotopes are discussed next. Raman spectroscopy studies with a number of isotopically pure and deliberately mixed Ge bulk crystals show that the Brillouin-zone-center optical phonons are not localized. Their lifetime is almost independent of isotopic disorder, leading to homogeneous Raman line broadening. Studies with short period isotope superlattices consisting of alternating layers of n atomic planes of 70Ge and 74Ge reveal a host of zone-center phonons due to Brillouin-zone folding. At n≳40 one observes two phonon lines at frequencies corresponding to the bulk values of the two isotopes. In natural diamond, isotope scattering of the low-energy phonons, which are responsible for the thermal conductivity, is very strongly affected by small isotope disorder. Isotopically pure 12C diamond crystals exhibit thermal conductivities as high as 410 W cm−1 K−1 at 104 K, leading to projected values of over 2000 W cm−1 K−1 near 80 K.
The changes in phonon properties with isotopic composition also weakly affect the electronic band structures and the lattice constants. The latter isotope dependence is most relevant for future standards of length based on crystal lattice constants. Capture of thermal neutrons by isotope nuclei followed by nuclear decay produces new elements, resulting in a very large number of possibilities for isotope selective doping of semiconductors. This neutron transmutation of isotope nuclei, already used for homogeneous doping of floating zone Si with P, holds perhaps the biggest promises for isotopically controlled semiconductors and is discussed in some detail. Local vibrational modes of low-mass impurities are sensitive to the mass of the impurity as well as the masses of the host atoms neighboring the impurity. High-resolution infrared-absorption studies of O in Ge crystals of different isotopic composition demonstrate the extreme simplification in such spectra which is achieved by isotope control. Interdiffusion of GaAs and Ge isotope superlattices with 0.1–1 μm thick layers have been studied with secondary-ion-mass spectroscopy. This kind of internal diffusion avoids the problems with surface effects and can produce accurate data without the need for radioactive tracers. The review closes with an outlook on the exciting future possibilities offered through isotope control of a wide range of semiconductor materials.
Photofragment translational spectroscopy of IBr at 304 nm: Polarization dependence and dissociation dynamics
Authors: Jung Kwang-Woo , Griffiths Jennifer A. , El-Sayed Mostafa A. 
Published: July 2002

The photodissociation dynamics of IBr has been studied at 304 nm by state-selective photofragment translational spectroscopy. Velocity distributions, anisotropy parameters, and relative quantum yields are obtained for the ground I(2P3/2) and spin–orbit excited state I*(2P1/2) iodine atoms, which are produced from photodissociation of IBr at this wavelength. Two sharp velocity distributions observed for the I channel suggest the two dissociation pathways that correlate with ground-state iodine formation. Based on the expected translational energy release and the energy separation between the peaks, the two distributions have been assigned to dissociation of IBr to form I(2P3/2)+Br(2P3/2) and I(2P3/2)+Br*(2P1/2) with the former channel appearing at higher translational energy. The I* distribution shows one strong peak indicating that there is one dominant channel for formation of I* atoms at this wavelength which has been assigned to dissociation of IBr to form I*(2P1/2)+Br(2P3/2) with a quantum yield of 0.1. The I* signal formed from the I*(2P1/2)+Br*(2P1/2) dissociation channel is observed very weakly.
The observed anisotropy parameter indicates that the I+Br* product (β=−0.7) is formed mainly from the perpendicular 1Π1(2341)←X transition while the I*+Br channel (β=1.8) is formed predominantly from the parallel 3Π0+(2341)←X transition followed by curve crossing to the 3Σ0+−(2422) state. The recoil energy dependence of the anisotropy parameter in the I atom produced in the I+Br channel shows a positive β value above maximum of the peak recoil energy and a negative value below the peak maximum of the recoil energy distribution. These results are interpreted in terms of the presence of more than one path for the formation of I+Br photoproduct with opposite polarization for their absorbing transitions, most likely the 3Π0+(2341)←X and the 3Π1(2341)←X transitions. The possible excited state dynamics which give the observed results are discussed in terms of the previously proposed potential energy diagrams for IBr and ICl.
The Peroxisome in Oxidative Stress
Authors: Dansen Tobias B. , Wirtz Karel W. A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPeroxisomes are one of the main sites in the cell where oxygen free radicals are both generated and scavenged. The balance between these two processes is believed to be of great importance for proper functioning of cells and has been implicated in aging and carcinogenesis. We will give an overview of the peroxisomal processes involved in the oxygen radical homeostasis and its implications for the cell.
IMAGEne I: clustering and ranking of I.M.A.G.E. cDNA clones
corresponding to known genes
Authors: Cariaso M. , Folta P. , Wagner M. , Kuczmarski T. , Lennon G. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: To enhance the usefulness of the I.M.A.G.E. Consortium (Lennon et al. , 1996, Genomics , 33, 151–152) cDNA clone collection by directed analysis and organization of their associated Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs), thus enabling effective mining of the immense amounts of public cDNA information.
Results: This paper introduces the IMAGEne suite of tools, which clusters ESTs around known genes, then ranks each clone within a cluster. IMAGEne filters data from known gene sequence databases and the GenBank’s EST database (Boguski and Shuler, 1995, Nature Genet., 10, 369–371). It applies biological criteria in connection with judicious use of the BLAST (Altschul et al. , 1990, J. Mol. Biol., 215), FASTA (Pearson and Lipman, 1988, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , 85, 2444–2448); (Pearson, 1990, Methods Enzymol., 183, 63–98); (Gusfield, 1997, Algorithms on Strings, Trees, and Sequences , Cambridge University Press), and SIM (Huang et al. , 1990, Comput. Appl. Biosci., 6, 373–381) tools to form known gene clusters. It then applies criteria derived from experienced biologists to select the best representative I.M.A.G.E. clone for a gene. The tool provides an intuitive Java interface for query and display of the gene and its associated clones, thus directing researchers in selecting a clone that will best enhance their research. An important product is a listing of clones that best represent all known genes. The listing will be used for re-arraying clones into minimally redundant Master Arrays. Both the listings and Master Arrays will be made available to the public, which will be a valuable resource to the genomic community in furthering discovery in the area of gene function.
Availability: IMAGEne can be accessed free of charge through the I.M.A.G.E. Consortium web page at http://bbrp.llnl.gov/image/image.html
Contact: folta2@llnl.gov
Thermodynamics of interactions of urea and guanidinium salts with protein surface: Relationship between solute effects on protein processes and changes in water‐accessible surface area
Authors: Courtenay Elizabeth S. , Capp Michael W. , Record M. Thomas 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTo interpret effects of urea and guanidinium (GuH+) salts on processes that involve large changes in protein water‐accessible surface area (ASA), and to predict these effects from structural information, a thermodynamic characterization of the interactions of these solutes with different types of protein surface is required. In the present work we quantify the interactions of urea, GuHCl, GuHSCN, and, for comparison, KCl with native bovine serum albumin (BSA) surface, using vapor pressure osmometry (VPO) to obtain preferential interaction coefficients (Γμ3) as functions of nondenaturing concentrations of these solutes (0–1 molal). From analysis of Γμ3 using the local‐bulk domain model, we obtain concentration‐independent partition coefficients KnatP that characterize the accumulation of these solutes near native protein (BSA) surface: KnatP,urea= 1.10 ± 0.04, Knat = 2.4 ± 0.2, Knat = 1.60 ± 0.08, relative to Knat ≡ 1 and Knat = 1.0 ± 0.08. The relative magnitudes of KnatP are consistent with the relative effectiveness of these solutes as perturbants of protein processes. From a comparison of partition coefficients for these solutes and native surface (KnatP) with those determined by us previously for unfolded protein and alanine‐based peptide surface KunfP, we dissect KP into contributions from polar peptide backbone and other types of protein surface. For globular protein‐urea interactions, we find KnatP,urea = KunfP,urea. We propose that this equality arises because polar peptide backbone is the same fraction (0.13) of total ASA for both classes of surface. The analysis presented here quantifies and provides a physical basis for understanding Hofmeister effects of salt ions and the effects of uncharged solutes on protein processes in terms of KP and the change in protein ASA.
Ultra‐Stretchable, Ionic Conducting, Pressure‐Sensitive Adhesive with Dual Role for Stable Li‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Gao Shilun , Pan Yiyang , Li Bingrui , Rahman Md Anisur , Tian Ming , Yang Huabin , Cao Peng‐Fei 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe practical application of lithium (Li) metal battery is impeded by the Li dendrite growth and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. Herein, an ultra‐stretchable and ionic conducting chemically crosslinked pressure‐sensitive adhesive (cPSA) synthesized via the copolymerization of 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate and acrylic acid with poly(ethyleneglycol)dimethacrylate as crosslinker (short for 70cPSA), is developed as both artificial SEI layer and solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) for stable Li‐metal electrode, enabling all‐solid‐state Li metal batteries with excellent cycling performance. As an artificial SEI layer, the 70cPSA‐modified electrodes exhibit excellent electrochemical performance in Li|70cPSA@Cu half cells and 70cPSA@Li|70cPSA@Li symmetric cells. In full cells with LiFePO4 (LFP) as cathode, the 70cPSA@Li|LFP cell exhibits stable cycling performance over 250 cycles. Utilized as SPE, the all‐solid‐state Li|SPE|LFP cell delivers excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 86% over 500 cycles. With high‐voltage LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) as cathode, the Li|SPE|NMC811 cell exhibits a discharge capacity of 124.3 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 71% after 200 cycles. The rational design of PSAs and investigation of their dual role for stable and safe Li‐metal batteries may shed a light on adhesive polymers for battery applications.
Aqueous Ammonium‐Ion Supercapacitors with Unprecedented Energy Density and Stability Enabled by Oxygen Vacancy‐Enriched MoO3@C
Authors: Dai Juguo , Qi Xueqiang , Xia Long , Xue Qian , Luo Lili , Wang Xiaohong , Yang Chunying , Li Dongxu , Xie Hongmei , Cabot Andreu , Dai Lizong , Xu Yiting 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe use of non‐metal charge carriers such as ammonium (NH4+) in electrochemical energy storage devices offers advantages in terms of weight, element abundance, and compatibility with aqueous electrolytes. However, the development of suitable electrodes for such carriers lags behind other technologies. Herein, we present a high‐performance anode material for ammonium‐ion supercapacitors based on a MoO3/carbon (MoO3@C) composite. The NH4+storage performance of such composites and their practical application prospects are evaluated both in a three‐electrode configuration and as symmetric supercapacitors. The optimized material reaches an unprecedented specific capacitance of 473 F·g−1(158 mAh·g−1; 1592 mF·cm−2) at a current density of 1 A·g−1, and 92.7% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles in a three‐electrode set‐up. This outstanding performance is related to the presence of oxygen vacancies that enhance the composites’ ionic/electronic transportation and electrochemical reaction site, while at the same time facilitating the formation of hydrogen bonds between NH4+and the host material. Using the optimized composite, symmetric supercapacitors based on an (NH4)2SO4gel electrolyte are fabricated and demonstrated to provide unmatched energy densities above 78 Wh·kg−1at a power density of 929 W·kg−1. Besides, such devices are characterized by extraordinary capacitance retention of 97.6% after 10,000 cycles.
Organic Photovoltaics Utilizing Small‐Molecule Donors and Y‐Series Nonfullerene Acceptors
Authors: Ge Jinfeng , Xie Lin , Peng Ruixiang , Ge Ziyi 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe emerging Y‐series nonfullerene acceptors (Y‐NFA) has prompted the rapid progress of power conversion efficiency (PCE) of all‐small‐molecule organic solar cells (ASM‐OSCs) from around 12% to 17%. The excellent PCE improvement benefits from not only the outstanding properties of Y‐series acceptors but also the successful development of small‐molecule donors. The short‐circuit current density, fill factor, and nonradiative recombination are all optimized to the unprecedented values, providing a scenery that is obviously different from the ITIC‐series based ASM‐OSCs. In this review, OSCs utilizing small‐molecule donors and Y‐NFA are summarized and classified in order to provide an up‐to‐date development overview and give an insight on structure–property correlation. Then, the characteristics of bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) formation of ASM‐OSCs are discussed and compared with that of polymer‐based OSCs. Finally, the challenges and outlook on designing ground‐breaking small‐molecule donor and forming an ideal BHJ morphology are discussed.
Ferroelectric Transistors for Memory and Neuromorphic Device Applications
Authors: Kim Ik‐Jyae , Lee Jang‐Sik 
Published: December 2022

AbstractFerroelectric materials have been intensively investigated for high‐performance nonvolatile memory devices in the past decades, owing to their nonvolatile polarization characteristics. Ferroelectric memory devices are expected to exhibit lower power consumption and higher speed than conventional memory devices. However, non‐complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility and degradation due to fatigue of traditional perovskite‐based ferroelectric materials have hindered the development of high‐density and high‐performance ferroelectric memories in the past. The recently developed hafnia‐based ferroelectric materials have attracted immense attention in the development of advanced semiconductor devices. Because hafnia is typically used in CMOS processes, it can be directly incorporated into current semiconductor technologies. Additionally, hafnia‐based ferroelectrics show high scalability and large coercive fields that are advantageous for high‐density memory devices. This review summarizes the recent developments in ferroelectric devices, especially ferroelectric transistors, for next‐generation memory and neuromorphic applications. First, the types of ferroelectric memories and their operation mechanisms are reviewed. Then, issues limiting the realization of high‐performance ferroelectric transistors and possible solutions are discussed. The experimental demonstration of ferroelectric transistor arrays, including 3D ferroelectric NAND and its operation characteristics, are also reviewed. Finally, challenges and strategies toward the development of next‐generation memory and neuromorphic applications based on ferroelectric transistors are outlined.
Fast and Durable Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction at the Electron‐Deficient Ruthenium–Ruthenium Oxide Interface
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu (Baohua) , Xia Lixue , Zhao Guoqiang , Zhang Bingxing , Chen Yaping , Chen Jian , Gao Mingxia , Jiang Yinzhu , Liu Yongfeng , Pan Hongge , Sun Wenping 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe slow hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) kinetics under alkaline conditions remain a critical challenge for the practical application of alkaline exchange membrane fuel cells. Herein, Ru/RuO2 in‐plane heterostructures are designed with abundant active Ru–RuO2 interface domains as efficient electrocatalysts for the HOR in alkaline media. The experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that interfacial Ru and RuO2 domains at Ru–RuO2 interfaces are the optimal H and OH adsorption sites, respectively, endowing the well‐defined Ru(100)/RuO2(200) interface as the preferential region for fast alkaline hydrogen electrocatalysis. More importantly, the metallic Ru domains become electron deficient due to the strong interaction with RuO2 domains and show substantially improved inoxidizability, which is vital to maintain durable HOR electrocatalytic activity. The optimal Ru/RuO2 heterostructured electrocatalyst exhibits impressive alkaline HOR activity with an exchange current density of 8.86 mA cm−2 and decent durability. The exceptional electrocatalytic performance of Ru/RuO2 in‐plane heterostructure can be attributed to the robust and multifunctional Ru–RuO2 interfaces endowed by the unique metal–metal oxide domains.