bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic field measurements on the mini-ICAL detector using Hall probes
Authors: Khindri Honey , Satyanarayana B. , Shinde R. , Datar V.M. , Indumathi D. , Thulasi Ram K V , Dalal N. , Prabhakar S. , Ajith S. , Pathak Sourabh , Patel Sandip 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The magnetised 51 kton Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) detector
proposed to be built at INO is designed with a focus on detecting
1–20 GeV muons. The magnetic field will enable the measurement of
the momentum of the μ
- and μ
+ generated from the
charge current interactions of atmospheric νμ
and
ν̅μ
separately within iron in the detector, thus
permitting the determination of the neutrino mass
ordering/hierarchy, among other important goals of ICAL. Hence it is
important to determine the magnetic field as accurately as
possible. The mini-ICAL detector is an 85-ton prototype of
ICAL, which is operational at Madurai in South India. We describe
here the first measurement of the magnetic field in mini-ICAL
using Hall sensors. A set-up was developed to
calibrate the Hall probe sensors using an electromagnet. The readout
system has been designed using an Arduino Nano board for selection
of channels of Hall probes mounted on the PCB and the output voltage
was measured. The magnetic field has been measured in the small gaps
(provided for the purpose) between iron plates in the top layer of mini-ICAL
as well as in the air just outside the
detector. A precision of better than 3% was obtained, with a
sensitivity down to about 3 mT when measuring the small fringe
fields outside the detector.
Long-term basin-scale hydropower expansion under alternative scenarios in a global multisector model
Authors: Zhang Ying , Binsted Matthew , Iyer Gokul , Kim Sonny , Wild Thomas , Zhao Mengqi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hydropower is an important source of renewable, low-carbon energy. Global and regional energy systems, including hydropower, may evolve in a variety of ways under different scenarios. Representation of hydropower in global multisector models is often simplified at the country or regional level. Some models assume a fixed hydropower supply, which is not affected by economic drivers or competition with other electricity generation sources. Here, we implement an endogenous model of hydropower expansion in the Global Change Analysis Model, including a representation of hydropower potential at the river basin level to project future hydropower production across river basins and explore hydropower’s role in evolving energy systems both regionally and globally, under alternative scenarios. Each scenario utilizes the new endogenous hydropower implementation but makes different assumptions about future low-carbon transitions, technology costs, and energy demand. Our study suggests there is ample potential for hydropower to expand in the future to help meet growing demand for electricity driven by socioeconomic growth, electrification of end-use sectors, or other factors. However, hydropower expansion will be constrained by resource availability, resource location, and cost in ways that limit its growth relative to other technologies. As a result, all scenarios show a generally decreasing share of hydroelectricity over total electricity generation at the global level. Hydropower expansion varies across regions, and across basins within regions, due to differences in resource potential, cost, current utilization, and other factors. In sum, our scenarios entail hydropower generation growth between 36% and 119% in 2050, compared to 2015, globally.
Cathode position effects on microwave discharge cusped field thruster
Authors: ZENG Ming , LIU Hui , CHEN Ye , YU Daren , HUANG Hongyan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The microwave discharge cusped field thruster is a novel concept of electric micropropulsion device, which operates μN level thrust in low mass flow rate conditions, making use of a coaxial transmission line resonator. With its advantages of low thrust noise and high thrust resolution over a wide range of thrust, the thruster has emerged as a candidate thruster for the space-borne gravitational wave detection mission. The cathode effects commonly exist in many kinds of electric propulsion, and they are typically significant in micropropulsions. In order to find out the cathode position effects on a microwave discharge cusped field thruster, a thermionic cathode is mounted on a cross-slider for coupling. Under different cathode positions, the plume is analyzed by a Faraday probe and a retarding potential analyzer to analyze the performance and discharge characteristics. The results show that the magnetic mirror effect leads to significant degradation of anode current and an increase in low-energy ion ratio as the cathode moves away from the thruster exit. The electron conduction route also significantly impacts anode current efficiency, related to the cathode-exit distance and the thruster magnetic topology.
Multi-trophic consequences of mass flowering in two bamboos (Poales: Poaceae)
Authors: Sakata Yuzu , Kobayashi Keito , Makita Akifumi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Mass flowering (masting) has been hypothesized to be an adaptive strategy to satiate florivores/granivores. However, few studies have corroborated this by examining seed predation in multiple flowering patches of varying sizes across a wide geographical range over multiple years. Moreover, the trophic consequences of masting for the parasitoids of florivores/granivores and their feedback effects are poorly understood. Here, we used the nationwide masting of two bamboo species, Sasamorpha borealis var. borealis and Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis, in Japan and compared florivory and seed sets in multiple flowering patches during the masting year and the following sporadic flowering years. We found lower florivory damage in both bamboo species and higher seed set for Sasamorpha borealis var. borealis in patches with massive and spatiotemporally isolated flowering. Additionally, the relative level of parasitism of florivores increased considerably in the sporadic flowering year, particularly in large flowering patches of Sasamorpha borealis var. borealis. Our results indicate the importance of spatiotemporal isolation during masting for satiating two dipteran florivores and suggest that parasitoids might rapidly suppress the extent of florivory in the sporadic flowering years after masting. Collectively, our study highlights the importance of considering multi-trophic consequences in understanding the adaptive significance of masting.
Whole-brain dynamics of human sensorimotor adaptation
Authors: Standage Dominic I , Areshenkoff Corson N , Gale Daniel J , Nashed Joseph Y , Flanagan J Randall , Gallivan Jason P 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHumans vary greatly in their motor learning abilities, yet little is known about the neural processes that underlie this variability. We identified distinct profiles of human sensorimotor adaptation that emerged across 2 days of learning, linking these profiles to the dynamics of whole-brain functional networks early on the first day when cognitive strategies toward sensorimotor adaptation are believed to be most prominent. During early learning, greater recruitment of a network of higher-order brain regions, involving prefrontal and anterior temporal cortex, was associated with faster learning. At the same time, greater integration of this “cognitive network” with a sensorimotor network was associated with slower learning, consistent with the notion that cognitive strategies toward adaptation operate in parallel with implicit learning processes of the sensorimotor system. On the second day, greater recruitment of a network that included the hippocampus was associated with faster learning, consistent with the notion that declarative memory systems are involved with fast relearning of sensorimotor mappings. Together, these findings provide novel evidence for the role of higher-order brain systems in driving variability in adaptation.
The Responsibility to Rebuild, Transitional Justice, and Afghanistan: A Debacle as a Consequence of the Denial of Ownership
Authors: Hilpold Peter 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
After intervention and occupation lasting for two decades, the US and their allies left Afghanistan hastily and precipitately. Afghanistan is again ruled by the Taliban who do not seem to be able to provide minimum guarantees of stability and basic human rights protection. These events put into question pivotal international law concepts, such as the Responsibility to Protect or the requirement to provide for transitional justice, brought forward as a justification for intervention and occupation in the first place. This article aims to evidence that these concepts, independently from the terminology chosen, are expression of overarching aims of the State community. Interventions directed at these goals are associated with broader responsibilities both by the interveners as by the State community as a whole. In view of limited intervention and administration capacity, it is crucial to return ownership to the affected populations as soon as possible. Protracted intervention and foreign rule undermines self-determination and the capacity to find a self-reliant way to justice.
More attention has also to be devoted to the long-term effects of measures of intervention and the reciprocal interaction between rebuilding activities in the larger sense. It is submitted that attempts to re-engineer a societal fabric as a fighting tool in an ideological struggle creates enhanced responsibility as it undermines self-determination and ownership. A glaring example is the purposeful radicalization of students in Afghan refugee camps.
Rapid Quantitative Analysis of 19 Bioactive Components in Fangji Huangqi Decoction Based on UHPLC–MS/MS
Authors: Cui Wenbo , Yang Liu , Zhang Lichao , Liu Yuetao , Yan Yan , Li Aiping , Qin Xuemei 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Fangji Huangqi Decoction (FHD) is a classic prescription of traditional Chinese medicine which is recorded in “Jin Gui Yao Lue”. The purpose of this study is to develop a method for simultaneous determination multicomponent in FHD. The separation of the 19 compounds that included calycosin, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, formononetin, ononin, methylnissolin, methylnissolin-3-O-glucoside, isomucronulatol, tetrandrine, fangchinoline, atractylenolide-I, atractylenolide-III, liquiritigenin, liquiritin, isomucronulatol-7-O-β-D-glucoside, astragaloside-I, astragaloside-II, astragaloside-III, astragaloside-IV and glycyrrhetinic acid were achieved by linear gradient elution. The 19 components were identified by comparing the chromatographic peaks with the reference compounds and were quantitatively analyzed by multiple reaction monitoring. This method was strict validated with recovery (96.10–101.70%), precision [relative standard deviation (RSD), 1.34–3.34%], stability (RSD, 1.49–3.80%) and repeatability (RSD, 1.60–3.49%), respectively. All the compounds showed good linearities (R2 &gt; 0.999). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for the 19 compounds were in the range of 0.03–0.27 μg/mL (LODs) and 0.05–1.23 μg/mL (LOQs). The correlation analysis indicated that astragalus flavonoids were negatively correlated with astragalosides, tetrandrine and their corresponding flavonoid glycosides, and atractylenolides were positively correlated with astragalosides and fangchinoline. This method proved to be reliable and effective, which would give a helpful basis for the quality control, pharmacological and pharmacokinetic of FHD.
Anthrax Meningoencephalitis and Intracranial Hemorrhage
Authors: Caffes Nicholas , Hendricks Katherine , Bradley John S , Twenhafel Nancy A , Simard J Marc 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The neurological sequelae of Bacillus anthracis infection include a rapidly progressive fulminant meningoencephalitis frequently associated with intracranial hemorrhage, including subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage. Higher mortality than other forms of bacterial meningitis suggests that antimicrobials and cardiopulmonary support alone may be insufficient and that strategies targeting the hemorrhage might improve outcomes. In this review, we describe the toxic role of intracranial hemorrhage in anthrax meningoencephalitis. We first examine the high incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with anthrax meningoencephalitis. We then review common diseases that present with intracranial hemorrhage, including aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, postulating applicability of established and potential neurointensive treatments to the multimodal management of hemorrhagic anthrax meningoencephalitis. Finally, we examine the therapeutic potential of minocycline, an antimicrobial that is effective against B. anthracis and that has been shown in preclinical studies to have neuroprotective properties, which thus might be repurposed for this historically fatal disease.
Risk Factors for Death or Meningitis in Adults Hospitalized for Cutaneous Anthrax, 1950–2018: A Systematic Review
Authors: Thompson Julie M , Cook Rachel , Person Marissa K , Negrón María E , Traxler Rita M , Bower William A , Hendricks Katherine 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
Cutaneous anthrax accounts for approximately 95% of anthrax cases worldwide. About 24% of untreated patients die, and many cases are complicated by meningitis. Here, we explore clinical features of cutaneous disease associated with poor outcomes.

Methods
A systematic review identified 303 full-text articles published from 1950 through 2018 that met predefined inclusion criteria. Cases were abstracted, and descriptive analyses and univariate logistic regression were conducted to identify prognostic indicators for cutaneous anthrax.

Results
Of 182 included patients, 47 (25.8%) died. Previously reported independent predictors for death or meningitis that we confirmed included fever or chills; nausea or vomiting; headache; severe headache; nonheadache, nonmeningeal signs; leukocytosis; and bacteremia. Newly identified predictors included anxiety, abdominal pain, diastolic hypotension, skin trauma, thoracic edema, malignant pustule edema, lymphadenopathy, and evidence of coagulopathy (all with P &lt; .05).

Conclusions
We identified patient presentations not previously associated with poor outcomes.
Systematic Review of Hospital Treatment Outcomes for Naturally Acquired and Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, 1880–2018
Authors: Person Marissa K , Cook Rachel , Bradley John S , Hupert Nathaniel , Bower William A , Hendricks Katherine 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
Bacillus anthracis can cause anthrax and is a potential bioterrorism agent. The 2014 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations for medical countermeasures against anthrax were based on in vitro data and expert opinion. However, a century of previously uncompiled observational human data that often includes treatment and outcomes is available in the literature for analysis.

Methods
We reviewed treatment outcomes for patients hospitalized with anthrax. We stratified patients by meningitis status, route of infection, and systemic criteria, then analyzed survival by treatment type, including antimicrobials, antitoxin/antiserum, and steroids. Using logistic regression, we calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals to compare survival between treatments. We also calculated hospital length of stay. Finally, we evaluated antimicrobial postexposure prophylaxis (PEPAbx) using data from a 1970 Russian-language article.

Results
We identified 965 anthrax patients reported from 1880 through 2018. After exclusions, 605 remained: 430 adults, 145 children, and 30 missing age. Survival was low for untreated patients and meningitis patients, regardless of treatment. Most patients with localized cutaneous or nonmeningitis systemic anthrax survived with 1 or more antimicrobials; patients with inhalation anthrax without meningitis fared better with at least 2. Bactericidal antimicrobials were effective for systemic anthrax; addition of a protein synthesis inhibitor(s) (PSI) to a bactericidal antimicrobial(s) did not improve survival. Likewise, addition of antitoxin/antiserum to antimicrobials did not improve survival. Mannitol improved survival for meningitis patients, but steroids did not. PEPAbx reduced risk of anthrax following exposure to B. anthracis.

Conclusions
Combination therapy appeared to be superior to monotherapy for inhalation anthrax without meningitis. For anthrax meningitis, neither monotherapy nor combination therapy were particularly effective; however, numbers were small. For localized cutaneous anthrax, monotherapy was sufficient. For B. anthracis exposures, PEPAbx was effective.
Determination of the Postexposure Prophylactic Benefit of Oral Azithromycin and Clarithromycin Against Inhalation Anthrax in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Slay Raymond M , Hewitt Judith A , Crumrine Martin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundSufficient and diverse medical countermeasures against severe pathogenic infections, such as inhalation anthrax, are a critical need. Azithromycin and clarithromycin are antimicrobials commonly used for both upper and lower respiratory infections. They inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the formation of the 50S ribosomal subunit. To expand the armamentarium, these 2 antibiotics were evaluated in a postexposure prophylactic model of inhalation anthrax in cynomolgus macaques.MethodsThis prophylaxis study had 4 test arms: azithromycin, clarithromycin, a levofloxacin control, and a placebo. Beginning 24 hours after exposure to a target challenge dose of 200 lethal dose 50 (LD50) of Bacillus anthracis Ames spores, animals were treated orally until 30 days postchallenge and then observed until 75 days postchallenge.ResultsThe test group that received clarithromycin had a survival rate of 67%. The test group that received azithromycin had a survival rate of 50%, but the peak azithromycin plasma levels achieved were &lt;30 ng/mL—much lower than the expected 410 ng/mL. The levofloxacin positive control had a survival rate of 50%; all of the negative controls succumbed to infection.ConclusionsThe efficacy of clarithromycin prophylaxis was statistically significant compared with placebo, while azithromycin prophylaxis was indistinguishable from placebo. Given the low plasma concentrations of azithromycin achieved in the study, it is not surprising that half the animals succumbed to anthrax during the dosing period; the animals that survived beyond the time during which placebo control animals succumbed survived to the end of the observation period.
Pre- and Postlicensure Animal Efficacy Studies Comparing Anthrax Antitoxins
Authors: Slay Raymond M , Cook Rachel , Hendricks Katherine , Boucher David , Merchlinsky Michael 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
The deliberate use of Bacillus anthracis spores is believed by the US government to be a high bioweapons threat. The first line of defense following potential exposure to B. anthracis spores would be postexposure prophylaxis with antimicrobials that have activity against B. anthracis. Additional therapies to address the effects of toxins may be needed in systemically ill individuals. Over the last 2 decades, the United States government (USG) collaborated with the private sector to develop, test, and stockpile 3 antitoxins: anthrax immunoglobulin intravenous (AIGIV), raxibacumab, and obiltoxaximab. All 3 products target protective antigen, a protein factor common to the 2 exotoxins released by B. anthracis, and hamper or block the toxins’ effects and prevent or reduce pathogenesis. These antitoxins were approved for licensure by the United States Food and Drug Administration based on animal efficacy studies compared to placebo.

Methods
We describe USG-sponsored pre- and postlicensure studies that compared efficacy of 3 antitoxins in a New Zealand White rabbit model of inhalation anthrax; survival following a lethal aerosolized dose of B. anthracis spores was the key measure of effectiveness. To model therapeutic intervention, intravenous treatments were started following onset of antigenemia.

Results
In pre- and postlicensure studies, all 3 antitoxins were superior to placebo; in the postlicensure study, raxibacumab and obiltoxaximab were superior to AIGIV, but neither was superior to the other.

Conclusions
These data illustrate the relative therapeutic benefit of the 3 antitoxins and provide a rationale to prioritize their deployment.
Short-term behavioural responses of Atlantic bluefin tuna to catch-and-release fishing
Authors: Dolton Haley R , Jackson Andrew L , Drumm Alan , Harding Lucy , Ó Maoiléidigh Niall , Maxwell Hugo , O’Neill Ross , Houghton Jonathan D R , Payne Nicholas L 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Catch-and-release (C&R) angling is often touted as a sustainable form of ecotourism, yet the fine-scale behaviour and physiological responses of released fish is often unknown, especially for hard-to-study large pelagic species like Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT; Thunnus thunnus). Multi-channel sensors were deployed and recovered from 10 ABFTs in a simulated recreational C&R event off the west coast of Ireland. Data were recorded from 6 to 25 hours, with one ABFT (tuna X) potentially suffering mortality minutes after release. Almost all ABFTs (n = 9, including tuna X) immediately and rapidly (vertical speeds of ~2.0 m s−1) made powered descents and used 50–60% of the available water column within 20 seconds, before commencing near-horizontal swimming ~60 seconds post-release. Dominant tailbeat frequency was ~50% higher in the initial hours post-release and appeared to stabilize at 0.8–1.0 Hz some 5–10 hours post-release. Results also suggest different short-term behavioural responses to noteworthy variations in capture and handling procedures (injury and reduced air exposure events). Our results highlight both the immediate and longer-term effects of C&R on ABFTs and that small variations in C&R protocols can influence physiological and behavioural responses of species like the commercially valuable and historically over-exploited ABFT.