bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yield and Quality of ‘Redblush’ Grapefruit on Twelve Rootstocks
Authors: Fallahi Esmaeil , Moon John W. , Rodney D. Ross 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of 12 rootstocks on yield and quality of ‘Redblush’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) were measured under the arid climate of southwestern Arizona. Trees on ‘Palestine’ sweet lime (C. aurantifolia L.) and ‘Volkamer’ lemon (C. limon Burm. f.) produced high cumulative yield, but small fruit. Trees on macrophylla (Alemow) (C. macrophylla) produced higher yields 5 years after planting, and had significantly higher mean yield efficiency than trees on other rootstocks; trees on ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco.) and ‘Taiwanica’ (C. taiwanica) had a relatively lower production 9 years after planting. Fruit of trees on ‘Carrizo’ and ‘Troyer’ citranges [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were largest. Trees on ‘Savage’ citrange (P. trifoliata × C. sinensis) had lowest yield, thinnest peel, and highest levels of total soluble solids content and soluble solids : acid ratio. Fruit of trees on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo or C.P.B. 4475 (C. paradisi × P. trifoliata) rootstock consistently had higher percentage acid than those on other rootstocks. Considering yield and/or various quality factors, ‘Volkamer’ lemon, rough lemon (C. limon Burm. f.), ‘Palestine’ sweet lime, ‘Oklawaha’ sour orange (C. aurantium L.) and, particularly, ‘Carrizo’ citrange, are suitable for ‘Redblush’ grapefruit in the arid regions of the southwestern United States. ‘Savage’ citrange, ‘Ichang’ pummelo (C. ichangensis hyb.), and ‘Swingle’ were poor-yielding rootstocks for ‘Redblush’ grapefruit and are thus undesirable for planting under the standard spacing (7 × 7 m) of this experiment. ‘Savage’ and ‘Swingle’ might be good choices at higher densities because they increased yield efficiency and quality.
Propagation and Subsequent Growth of Rhododendron Cuttings: Varied Response to CO2 Enrichment and Supplementary Lighting
Authors: French Christopher J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
CO2 mist (1100 μl CO2/liter) during fall propagation inhibited rooting of Rhododendron ‘Anna Rose Whitney’ (R. griersonianum × ‘Countess of Derby’) and had no effect on R. ‘Vulcan’ (‘Mars’ × R. griersonianum), R. ‘Unique’ (R. campylocarpum hybrid), R. ‘Anah Krushke’ (R. ponticum seedling), or R. ‘Pink Bountiful’ (R. williamsianum × ‘Linswegeanum’). Supplementary lighting from high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) for 16 hr/day (0400 to 2000 hr) had no effect on rooting of any cultivar. There was an interaction between CO2 mist and HPS exposure on rooting in R. ‘Floriade’ (‘Britannia’ hybrid). CO2 mist inhibited and HPS stimulated shoot development during propagation. CO2 mist during propagation inhibited subsequent development of ‘Anna Rose Whitney’ and ‘Vulcan’. HPS during propagation inhibited subsequent growth of ‘Floriade’ and ‘Vulcan’. CO2 enrichment of stock plants prior to propagation did not affect rooting of R. ‘Sonata’, whereas CO2 mist during propagation was inhibitory. In ‘Anna Rose Whitney’, there was an interaction between CO2 enrichment before and during propagation. Application of supplementary HPS for 16 hr/day following propagation stimulated subsequent growth of both cultivars. CO2 mist during spring propagation stimulated rooting of ‘Pink Bountiful’ and ‘Vulcan’ and had no effect on R. ‘Matador’ (R. griersonianum × strigillosum), R. ‘Martha Isaacson’ (R. occidentale × Ostbo seedling No. 70), or R. ‘Elizabeth’ (R. forestii var repens × griersonianum). Supplementary HPS had no effect on rooting. A low irradiance night break treatment from incandescent lamps (2000 to 0400 hr) had no effect on rooting of ‘Vulcan’. There was an interaction between night break lighting and CO2 mist on rooting in ‘Unique’. CO2 mist and HPS during spring propagation had minor effects on subsequent growth of ‘Matador’, ‘Martha Isaacson’, ‘Pink Bountiful’, and ‘Elizabeth’. CO2 mist and supplementary HPS have little value in production of Rhododendron.
Water Quantity and Time of N and K Application for Trickle-irrigated Tomatoes
Authors: Locascio S. J. , Olson S. M. , Rhoads F. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during two seasons at two locations on fine sands and fine sandy loam soils to study the influence of water quantity, frequency of water application, and timing of N and K application for polyethylene-mulched, trickle-irrigated fresh-market tomatoes. Water quantities were 0.50 and 1.0 times pan evaporation applied one or three times daily. Nitrogen and K were applied 100% preplant or 40% applied preplant and 60% applied with trickle irrigation. Higher tomato leaf tissue N and K concentrations in one of the two seasons and higher fruit yields were obtained with 0.5 than with 1.0 time pan water evaporation on a fine sand at Gainesville, Fla. On a fine sandy loam soil at Quincy, fruit yields were higher in a relatively dry season with the higher water quantity and not influenced by the water quantity applied in the second relatively wet season. The number of daily water applications (one vs. three) at both locations had no effect on N and K uptake or fruit yields. Time of N and K applications had no effect on early yields, but total yields were higher with split than all preplant-applied N and K on the fine sandy soil. Split applications of fertilizer resulted in greater yields of extra-large fruit at mid-season and of extra large and large fruit at late harvest than all preplant-applied fertilizer. On the fine sandy loam soil, time of fertilizer application had no effect on yield.
Sweet Corn Plant Responses to P and K in the Soil and to Band-applied Monoammonium Phosphate, Potassium Sulfate, and Magnesium Sulfate
Authors: Peck Nathan H. , MacDonald George E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Responses of sweet corn plants (Zea mays L. var. rugosa cv. Jubilee) to levels of residual P and K in a fine sandy loam soil from previous broadcast applications of concentrated superphosphate (CSP) and potassium chloride (KCI) and to band-applied monoammonium phosphate (MAP), potassium sulfate (K2SO4), and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) at planting were studied. Fourteen years after no applications of broadcast CSP or KCI fertilizers, responses of sweet corn plants to levels of residual P were greater than to residual K in the soil. Increasing the level of residual P in the soil increased dry weight per seedling from 1.5 to 7.7 g, fresh weight per ear from 278 to 358 g, the concentration of P from 2.9 to 4.6 mg·g−1 dry weight, but decreased K, Ca, and Zn in the leaves. Increasing the level of residual K in the soil did not affect the dry weight of the seedlings or the fresh weight of the ears, but increased the concentration of K from 16.7 to 28.1 mg·g−1 dry weight and decreased Ca and Mg in the leaves. Banded MAP, especially at low levels of residual P in the soil, increased the dry weight of the seedlings and the fresh weight of the ears. Banded K2SO4 did not affect the weight of the seedlings or ears, but increased the concentration of K and decreased Ca and, especially, Mg in the leaves. Banded MgSO4, with or without high residual K in the soil and/or banded K2SO4, did not affect weight of the seedlings or ears, but decreased the concentration of K and increased Mg in the leaves of the sweet corn plants.
Cytokinin and Soluble Carbohydrate Concentrations in Xylem Sap of Apple during Dormancy and Budbreak
Authors: Young Eric 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Xylem sap from three apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) rootstocks was vacuum-extracted during and after artificial chilling and during forcing of chilled and unchilled trees. Sap was assayed for cytokinins by immunoassay and for soluble carbohydrates (sorbitol, glucose, fructose, and sucrose) by enzymatic assays. Xylem cytokinin increased after 10 days of forcing at 21/18C regardless of chilling treatment. Cytokinin levels decreased significantly as budbreak occurred in fully chilled trees, but not in unchilled trees with very little budbreak. Xylem sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations decreased upon exposure to 21/18C, then increased after 30 days in both chilled and unchilled trees. Sorbitol level remained low and unchanged throughout growth. Full chilling was not necessary in apple for adequate cytokinin and carbohydrates to be transported to the developing buds via the xylem stream. Sorbitol apparently is not used in carbohydrate transport from reserve, as it is in photosynthesis.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Perennial Ryegrasses in Soluble Salts
Authors: Horst Garald L. , Dunning Nancy B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A laboratory experiment was conducted with seeds of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars germinating and growing on floating mats in saline hydroponic solutions. This study was done to determine the relative intraspecific salt resistances of 48 perennial ryegrasses during germination and seedling growth in saline solutions. Total germination, germination rate, leaf blade length, root length, and total seedling fresh and dry weight were measured after 21 days. Test solutions prepared from deionized water and equal quantities of NaCl and CaCl2 by weight consisted of 11.6 (low), 19.5 (medium), and 23.5 dS·m−1 (high) salinity. Cultivars had highly significant total germination and germination rate responses to salt stress. Seedling growth responses as measured by blade and root length and weights were also significant. A hydroponic medium with a salt concentration of 23.4 dS·m−1 should provide a suitable stress level for screening ryegrass genotypes for improved germination and seedling salt resistance. At the high salinity level, cultivars that average less than a 50% reduction in growth parameters relative to high-yielding cultivars should be considered. Broad-sense heritability estimates indicate that seedling dry and fresh weight and germination rate would be valuable criteria for use in selection of perennial ryegrasses for salt resistance.
Stigma-Pollen Interactions in Pecan
Authors: Wetzstein Hazel Y. , Sparks Darrell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Early pollen-stigma responses were observed microscopically in controlled pollinations of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh) C. Koch]. Receptive stigmatic surfaces have rounded, basally attached projecting papillae with an irregularly patterned, noncopious exudate. Polarly flattened pollen, characteristic of grains at anthesis, becomes rounded and hydrated by 1 hr after pollination. Pollen tube emergence is visible within 3 hr of pollination, and extensive pollen tube growth on the stigma is apparent after 8 to 12 hr. Tube growth generally occurs along the stigmatic surface and between adjacent cells. Stigmatic cells collapse after pollen hydration and germination, with collapse extensive 24 hr after pollination. By 48 hr after pollination, stigmatic cells are flattened, and pollen grains and emerged pollen tubes have contents discharged with a similar collapse.
‘Riesling’ Grapes Respond to Cluster Thinning and Shoot Density Manipulation
Authors: Reynolds Andrew G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five-year-old ‘Riesling’ grape (Vitis vinifera) vines growing in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia were subjected to three crop levels (full crop, two clusters per shoot, and one cluster per shoot) in combination with no shoot thinning or thinning to 24 shoots per meter of row. Reduction in crop level improved vine size and cane periderm formation slightly. Yield per vine was linearly related to crop level, but berry weight, berries per cluster, and cluster weight increased with decreasing crop level. °Brix and pH increased and titratable acidity decreased with reduction in crop level. Thinning to 24 shoots per meter of row provided some improvement in yield components and °Brix. Crop loads below 10 kg of fruit per kilogram of cane prunings are necessary to achieve adequate fruit maturity under Okanagan conditions.
Ethylene and Silver Thiosulfate Influence Opening of Cut Rose Flowers
Authors: Reid Michael S. , Evans Richard Y. , Dodge Linda L. , Mor Yoram 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The presence of very low concentrations of ethylene had dramatic effects on the opening of cut flowers of rose (Rosa hybrida L.). Depending on cultivar, the rate of opening was unaffected (e.g., ‘Gold Rush’), accelerated (e.g., ‘Sterling Silver’), or inhibited (e.g., ‘Lovely Girl’). The Km for the inhibition of opening of ‘Lovely Girl’ by ethylene was 4 ppb. Flowers of some cultivars (e.g., ‘Royalty’) had an abnormal shape when opened in the presence of ethylene. The effects of exogenous ethylene could be overcome by pretreatment of the flowers with 0.5 μmol silver thiosulfate per stem. No phytotoxicity was observed in flowers treated with 2 μmol per stem. Examination of the kinetics of the ethylene/Ag+ interaction in inhibition of opening of ‘Lovely Girl’ flowers indicated that the Ag+/ethylene interaction was competitive.
Temperature and Temperature Preconditioning on Flux and Chemical Composition of Xylem Exudate from Muscadine Grapevines
Authors: Andersen P. C. , Brodbeck B. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Volume flux (Jv), solute flux (Js), and the chemical profile of xylem exudate from cut shoots of ‘Noble’ and ‘Welder’ muscadine grapevines [Vitis rotundifolia (Michx.)] were analyzed as a function of temperature and temperature preconditioning. The effects of short-term (i.e., 2-hr) temperature changes on Jv, xylem fluid osmotic potential (Ψs) and Js from bleeding ‘Noble’ grapevines were determined. The effects of 10 days of preconditioning temperature (4 to 8C or 22 to 28C) on ‘Noble’ and ‘Welder’ were monitored at 25C in relation to Jv, Ψs, Js and inorganic element, amino acid, organic acid, and sugar composition of xylem fluid. Short-term temperature changes induced marked increases in Jv (Q10 = 2.0) and Js but little alteration in Ψs. Temperature-preconditioning effects were cultivar-dependent. Js was enhanced ≈2-fold for both cultivars when preconditioned at 22 to 28C. The stimulation in Js of ‘Noble’ was a result of increased solute concentration (reduced Ψs); increased Js of ‘Welder’ was associated with increased Jv. We propose that the increase in Js with a concomitant increase in Jv of ‘Welder’ was due to a change in hydraulic conductance. Conversely, the increase in Js of ‘Noble’ was due to an increased solute concentration in cells surrounding the xylem vessels and/or to changes in membrane permeability to solutes. Temperature preconditioning had a substantial effect on inorganic ion, amino acid, organic acid, and sugar profile in xylem exudate of ‘Noble’, yet the chemical profile of ‘Welder’ was not altered. The physiological basis for this cultivar-dependent preconditioning response is discussed.
Surfactant-induced Ethylene Production by Leaf Tissue
Authors: Lownds N. K. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethylene evolution induced by nonionic (Triton X-100, Triton X-405, Tween 20, Ortho X-77 and Regulaid), anionic (Aerosol OT and Dupanol ME), and cationic (Arquad C-50 and Arquad 2C-75) surfactants was characterized using cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. supsb. unguiculata ‘Dixielee’] seedlings. Representative surfactants of each ionogenic class induced ethylene evolution. Time course studies revealed an increased rate of ethylene evolution during the first 6 to 12 hr after treatment, followed by a slow decrease for the next 12 to 36 hr, and a return to control levels within 48 hr. Ethylene production induced by Triton X-100 increased with increasing concentration, while Tween 20 did not induce ethylene at concentrations up to 1.0%. Surfactants that promoted ethylene evolution also generally induced visible phytotoxicity. Phytotoxicity symptoms increased with increasing time after treatment. Surfactant-induced ethylene production and phytotoxicity were observed with corn (Zea mays L. ‘B73 × MO17’), wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Hillsdale’), soybean (Glycine max Merr. ‘McCall’), apple (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Golden Delicious’), and sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. ‘Montmorency’). Tween 20, nonactive on cowpea, induced ethylene and phytotoxicity when applied to the abaxial surface of sour cherry leaves. Chemical names used: octyl-phenoxypoly(ethoxy)ethanol (Triton X-100 and X-405), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), alkylaryl polyoxyethylene glycols/free fatty acids/isopropanol (Ortho X-77), polyoxyethylenepolypropoxypropanol alkyl 2-ethoxyethanol/dihydroxy-propane (Regulaid), diocytl sodium sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT), sodium lauryl sulfate (Dupanol ME), monococo trimethyl ammonium chloride (Arquad C-50), dicoco dimethyl ammonium chloride (Arquad 2C-75).
Nitrogen Concentration and Photosynthetic Photon Flux in Greenhouse Tomato Production: II. Nitrate Reductase and Glutamine Synthetase
Authors: Larouche Régis , Vézina Louis-Philippe , Gosselin André 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The activity of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) was followed during 4 weeks in various tissues of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Vedettos) grown in growth chambers under two photosynthetic photon flux (PPF; 125 and 250 μmol·s−1·m−2, high-pressure sodium lamps) conditions for 18 hr and with four N fertilization regimes (5, 10, 15, and 20 meq·liter−1). In roots, NR increased with increased PPF but not with increasing N. Leaf NR activity was stimulated by increased PPF. Leaf NR increased over time in all treatments, but the highest values were obtained at lower N concentrations. Glutamine synthetase was stimulated by both light and N increases; its activity also increased throughout the 4 weeks of treatment. Nitrate reductase activity was highly correlated with the fruit fresh weight : leaf fresh weight ratio. On a mature tomato plant, NR activity was found mainly in leaves opposite developing fruits (sixth and seventh leaves), while GS activity was concentrated in the upper portion of the plant (second and third leaves).
A Gauge to Measure Mass Flow Rate of Sap in Stems and Trunks of Woody Plants
Authors: Steinberg Susan , van Bavel Cornelius H. M. , McFarland Marshall J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A stem flow gauge designed for herbaceous plants was adapted for measuring the absolute mass flow rate of sap in large stems and trunks of woody plants. The method uses a steady-state heat balance method in which a constant, known amount of heat is supplied to a stem segment. The axial and radial conductive heat fluxes away from the heated segment are measured, as well as the rise in sap temperature. The device can be operated by commonly available dataloggers and does not require calibration. In a greenhouse experiment with a small tree, the sap mass flow rate, as measured by the the gauge, agreed with the measured transpiration rate within 4% when both were integrated over 24-hr periods or longer. Short term comparisons (≤4hr) were less accurate, due to the changes in water content of the tree above the gauge, which cause a lag between transpiration rate and sap flow rate. The dynamic response of the tree and gauge system to sudden changes in sap flow was ≈20 min under midday conditions. Other than the insertion of temperature-sensing thermocouples 2 mm into the trunk, the gauge components are non-invasive and do not disturb the tree physically or physiologically to a significant extent.
Developmental Control of Russet Spotting, Phenolic Enzymes, and IAA Oxidase in Cultivars of Iceberg Lettuce
Authors: Ke Dangyang , Saltveit Mikal E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf midrib tissue from six cultivars of iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was excised from 20- to 100-day-old plants and tested at 5C for russet spotting (RS) susceptibility under 10 μl ethylene/liter. There was no RS development in tissue excised from 20-day-old plants from any of the six cultivars. RS first developed in tissue from 50-day-old plants and tended to be more severe in tissue excised from older plants. ‘Winter Haven’ and ‘Salinas’ were most susceptible, while ‘Calmar’ was most resistant to RS; ‘Climax’, ‘El Toro’, and ‘Sea Green’ were moderately susceptible. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in the six cultivars at different developmental stages correlated with their degree of RS development. For ‘Winter Haven’, the increase in ionically bound POD and IAA oxidase activity, but not PPO activity, was associated with the increase in RS score during plant development. ‘Winter Haven’ tissue had much higher ionically bound peroxidase and IAA oxidase activities than ‘Calmar’ tissue from 100-day-old plants. Chemical names used: indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO).
Leucostoma persoonii Tolerance and Cold Hardiness among Diverse Peach Genotypes
Authors: Chang L. S. , Iezzoni A. , Adams G. , Howell G. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Open-pollinated progeny from 15 peach (Prunus persica) cultivars, two peach × P. kansuensis hybrids, and one peach almond (P. amygdalus) hybrid were evaluated for their cold hardiness and for tolerance to Cytospora canker following artificial inoculation with Leucostoma persoonii. Winter hardiness was negatively correlated with canker necrotic length (r = −0.26**) and positively correlated with canker rating (r = 0.26**), as indicated by qualitative ratings. The half-sib families differed for canker necrotic length following fall inoculation, indicating that individuals with increased tolerance to L. persoonii canker could be selected from the population. Progeny from the cultivar Yennoh exhibited the shortest canker necrotic length following fall inoculation, and all the inoculated branches were visually healthy. ‘Yennoh’, a plant introduction from Russia, may have a higher tolerance to Leucostoma than has previously been found in U.S. germplasm.
Anatomical and Biochemical Factors Determining Ray Floret Color of Zinnia angustifolia, Z. elegans, and Their Interspecific Hybrids
Authors: Boyle Thomas H. , Stimart Dennis P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Anatomical and phytochemical studies of Zinnia angustifolia HBK, Z. elegans Jacq., and their interspecific hybrids were initiated to define factors affecting ray floret color. Clones of Z. angustifolia with ivory, orange, or white ray florets, and Z. elegans lines with orange, pink, red, white, or yellow ray florets were crossed intraspecifically to produce S1 and F1 progeny. Interspecific hybrids were produced by crossing orange- or white-flowered Z. angustifolia clones (as ♀♀) with Z. elegans lines (as ♂♂). In both species and interspecific hybrids, pigments were present mainly in the upper epidermis, more dilute in the lower epidermis, and not observed in internal parenchyma. Variation in ray floret color in Z. elegans was primarily due to presence or absence of carotenoids in chromoplasts and anthocyanidins in vacuoles. Quantitative differences in the anthocyanidins pelargonidin and cyanidin were detected among Z. elegans lines; in vivo expression of anthocyanins was influenced by epidermal cell pH. Ray floret color in Z. angustifolia was due to presence or absence of two novel anthocyanidins and ivory-colored flavonoids, with no attributable effect of epidermal cell pH on anthocyanin expression. Carotenoids were not present in ray florets of Z. angustifolia × Z. elegans hybrids, regardless of whether carotenoids were expressed in the Z. elegans parent line. Presence or absence of the two novel anthocyanidins from Z. angustifolia and cyanidin from Z. elegans permitted unique combinations of floral pigments in interspecific hybrids not previously found in either species.