bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maturation, Fruit Size, and Yield of Tomatoes Treated Before Harvest with (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid1
Authors: Splittstoesser Walter E. , Vandemark Joseph S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a 2-year field study, direct-seeded and transplanted tomato cvs. (Heinz 1350, Heinz 1439, Manalucie, Roma) were treated with (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) when 10% of the fruit was pink. Ethephon promoted ripening when it was applied to the leaves only, to the fruit only or to the entire plant. Ethephon induced yellowing of the leaves, accelerated ripening 10 days, and concentrated the bulk of the total yield into this harvest. Ethephon induced smaller immature fruit to mature and ripen and thus reduced the average individual fruit weight of harvestable fruit from the large fruited ‘Manalucie’ but not other cultivars.
Performance and Moisture Use of Apricot Trees Under Runoff Farming1
Authors: Spiegel-Roy P. , Evenari M. , Mazig D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Soil moisture use, shoot growth, fruit size, and yield of apricot (Prunus armeniaca) trees (cv. Hatif de Colomer) were measured under flood water-spreading conditions in the desert. Root distribution was estimated from interpretation of soil moisture data. A highly significant correlation was found between pooled values of past and current seasons' water depletion values and current season's yield. Relative maximum water depletion (on a daily use basis) occurred during fruit maturation. Maximum trunk growth occurred in spring. In some seasons a second, small peak occurred in the autumn.
Shoot growth usually terminated by the beginning of June, and maximum trunk rate growth was usually (except in 1967) attained shortly thereafter.
Trees survived the extremely dry 1968 season (no flood, and only 80 mm of rain), with partial recovery in shoot growth and yield and full recovery in trunk growth during the subsequent year.
Moisture depletion under the trees, per 1000 m2, during the active period of the trees (March to end of September) was only 26 mm in 1968, about 100 mm in 1966, 106 mm in 1967 and 146 mm in 1969. Yields per tree (26 trees per 1000 m2) ranged from 1.4 kg (in 1970) to 27.4 kg (in 1967).
The central cylinder around the tree (2 meters in diam) accounted for the highest relative use of water in comparison with other annuli extending around the tree.
Peach Fruit Deformation Induced with 2-(m-Chlorophenoxy)-Propionamide1
Authors: Inoue H. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit deformation, characterized by excessive enlargement, together with early coloring and premature softening of the ventral side, was observed in peach when 2-(m-chlorophenoxy)-propionamide (CPA) was applied for fruit thinning. The early maturing cvs., Garnet Beauty, and Sunhaven, were affected to a greater extent than ‘Redhaven’, ‘Richhaven’ and ‘Redskin’. The incidence of fruit deformation in ‘Redhaven’ was related to size of fruit at time of CPA treatment, a high incidence being observed when fruit were greater than 20 mm in length at time of treatment. Malformation was attributed to increased cell size in the mesocarp tissue at the suture region.
Characterization of Anthocyanin Pigments in Three Cultivars of Garden Canna1
Authors: Ashtakala S. S. , Maloney R. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The 3 cultivars of garden Canna, ‘The President’ (red), ‘Dorothy’ (pink) and ‘Copper Giant’ (orange) contain cyanidin 3-rutinoside as the major anthocyanin pigment, which was confirmed by chromatographic and spectral methods, partial hydrolysis and controlled oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate. The differences in color seemed to be related to the concn of this pigment in the 3 cultivars.
Relationships Between Fruit Acidity and Soluble Solids Levels of Highbush Blueberry Clones and Fruit Keeping Quality1
Authors: Galletta G. J. , Ballinger W. E. , Monroe R. J. , Kushman L. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit of 104 clones and 75 seedlings of highbush blueberries were assayed for acidity, soluble solids, and keeping quality. From this group, 9 clones were selected to represent 4 extreme soluble solids and acid classes. These 9 clones were harvested over 2 years at 2 North Carolina locations. The previously reported relationships between high fruit acidity (Ac) or low soluble solids-to-acid ratio (SS/Ac) and high keeping quality (low DK) were extended from a few cultivars to a population of representative blueberry genotypes. Approximately 80% of the decay variability can be accounted for by various soluble solids and acid measures indicating that a soluble solids and acid measure would be useful to the breeder for segregating clones into those of poor, intermediate and good keeping quality. Suggested clonal discriminatory Ac, SS/Ac and pH x SS levels were proposed, and the possibility of field screening of blueberry clones for keeping quality potential was examined.
The Marketing System for Fresh Winter Vegetables—Prices and Performance1
Authors: Bohall Robert W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pricing performance in the marketing systems for lettuce, carrots and tomatoes was found to be generally consistent with models based on the competitive model in space, time, and form. Weekly prices at various f.o.b. shipping points and 12 selected wholesale terminal markets moved together throughout the winter seasons of 1966-68. Gross margins (the difference between shipping point and wholesale terminal market prices) were related to distance, the perishability of the vegetable, and the wholesale terminal market price.
At shipping point, weekly prices of vegetables were functions of the quantity available. In addition, temp and rainfall variables as proxies for disease and size were significantly related to prices as was the quantity of vegetables marketed during the previous 2 weeks. The analysis indicated adjustments in institutions and market information systems may be needed. Results with tomatoes were less satisfactory than with lettuce and carrots because of the complexity of the tomato market in the form dimensions.
The Effect of Kinetin on Anthocyanin Formation in Green Harvested Olive Fruits1
Authors: Shulman Y. , Lavee S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Kinetin was found to induce anthocyanin formation in green ‘Manzanillo’ olives and to promote softening slightly. A concn effect in promoting the pigment was found up to 50 ppm. The duration of kinetin treatment affected the amount of anthocyanin formed. The kinetin effect on anthocyanin formation appeared to be independent of that on softening.
High Humidity Storage of Carrots, Parsnips, Rutabagas, and Cabbage1
Authors: van den Berg L. , Lentz C. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Long-term storage tests with carrots, parsnips, rutabagas, and cabbage showed that at 98 to 100% relative humidity (RH), decay in these commodities was either less than or about the same as at 90 to 95% RH, while moisture loss was considerably less and the produce remained crisper, firmer, and of better color at the higher humidity. The optimum storage temperature for minimizing decay was 0 to 1°C. Cabbage stored in 1% O2 with 5% CO2 had less decay and remained greener than cabbage stored in air or in other modified atmospheres with up to 10% O2 and 11% CO2. Limited tests with up to 1-1/2-ton samples of rutabagas and carrots confirmed the small-scale (1 bushel) tests and, for rutabagas, yielded information on temperature variations and air movement within bins.
Studies of Tomatoes Selected for Rate of Emergence in Normal and Stress Seeding Environments1
Authors: Stern J. A. , Peirce L. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato plants selected for rapid (early) emergence in several germination environments revealed small but statistically significant gains in maturity and fruit size. Even more significant was the interaction of selection time with germination environment and with entry. It was concluded that while some genetic gain might result from seedling selection, the seeding treatments utilized in this trial would not enhance this gain. The interaction with entry indicated a lack of consistent directed response.
Analysis of Stress Distribution in the Sapling Tree Trunk1
Authors: Leiser Andrew T. , Kemper John D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The stress distribution in a sapling tree trunk (thin tapered beam under high degree of deflection) was determined mathematically by a computer and subsequently verified by actual trunk samples. This analysis showed that stress was minimal and was most uniformly distributed when the dimensionless variable, taper parameter (kL), was approximately −0.60 (where no taper = 0.00 and maximum taper = −1.00). Further experiments demonstrated that the young sapling tree grown without stakes or pruning developed such that a tree loaded at a single point corresponding to taper parameter −0.60 bent in a similar manner to that tree bent by wind loading. The implications relative to cultural practices in the nursery are discussed.
Transport of Arginine and α-Aminoisobutyric Acid from Cotyledon to Axis in Germinating Phaseolus lunatus1
Authors: Abdul-Baki Aref A. , Kumar Srivastava Ashwani 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The transport of arginine and α-aminoisobutyric acid from the cotyledon to the axis of Phaseolus lunatus L. was followed during a 4-day germination. Transport of both amino acids to the axis was slow during the first 2 days and increased rapidly during the third and fourth days of germination. Both amino acids accumulated in the axis of viable seeds. Alpha-aminoisobutyric acid was not metabolized by the cotyledon or axis, whereas arginine was rapidly fixed by both tissues into protein. Percent incorporation of arginine into protein was lower in the cotyledon than in the axis. Rapid synthesis of proteins in the cotyledon appears to limit transport and availability of amino acids to the axis. No transport or accumulation of α-aminoisobutyric acid was observed in seeds that lost germinability through accelerated aging.
Identification of Maximum Sensitivity of Developing Apple Fruits to Naphthaleneacetic Acid1
Authors: Leuty S. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) thinning sprays applied at appropriate intervals and dosage levels to 3 apple cultivars, verified the existence of a critical stage during which developing fruitlets were maximally sensitive. Average fruit diameter accurately identified NAA-sensitivity, but the index varied among cultivars. Polynomial regression analyses revealed a direct relationship between diameters of individual fruit samples and thinning response for each experimental unit. NAA-induced fruit abscission was usually maximal 2 to 3 days prior to the onset of cytokinesis in the endosperm. Cell wall formation did not invariably signify an end to the induction of significant abscission.
Chromosome Numbers and Karyotypes of Some Manihot Species1
Authors: Umanah E. E. , Hartmann R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chromosome numbers of both Manihot esculenta Crantz and M. glaziovii Muell.–Arg. were found to be 2n = 36. The karyotypes of the two species are similar. Two pairs of satellited chromosomes are reported for the first time for both species. Meiosis was normal in pollen mother cells; the 18 bivalents at MI disjoined regularly at AI. We suggest that these Manihot species are allopolypoids with a basic chromosome number of x = 9.
Aggregate Effects of Nutrients and Gibberellic Acid on ‘Valencia’ Orange Crop Value1
Authors: Embleton T. W. , Jones W. W. , Coggins C. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a 5-year factorial fertilizer experiment, an increase in leaf N from 2.54 to 2.71% by soil applications of urea, reduced creasing and fruit size and increased green color on the fruit at harvest. Leaf K was increased from 0.47 to 0.67% by soil application of K2SO4 and to 0.65% by foliar application of KNO3; except for degree of fruit color and leaf N content, effects of soil- and foliar-applied K differed little and both increased yield, fruit size, and green color on the fruit and reduced creasing. Increasing leaf P from 0.132 to 0.139% had little influence on factors influencing the value of the fresh-fruit crop. Gibberellic acid (GA) sprays increased green color on the fruit and reduced creasing. The effects of N, K, and GA on reducing creasing and increasing green color on the fruit were strongly additive. There was an inverse relation between creasing and green color of fruit. Each problem can be reduced but at the expense of the other, and both problems cannot be reduced simultaneously. Packinghouse statements showed that monetary returns/tree were increased about 75% by K treatments without GA; 17% with GA alone; 61% with GA + soil-applied K; and 42% with GA + foliar-applied K.
Reduction of Postharvest Losses of Strawberry Fruits from Gray Mold1
Authors: Sommer Noel F. , Fortlage Robert J. , Mitchell F. Gordon , Maxie E. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Development of gray mold rot, caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., in strawberry fruits during expedited cross-country truck transport and marketing periods of ca. 7 days at 5°C resulted mostly from preharvest infections. Postharvest infections occurred occasionally when healthy fruits were appressed against the lesion of a diseased fruit. Under the same conditions, postharvest conidial inoculations failed to produce visible lesions unless massive inoculum was used. Improved quality control at harvest, prompt cooling, and reduction of transit temperatures appeared to offer opportunities for disease reduction.
Lace wing Larvae Control Aphids on Greenhouse Snapdragons1
Authors: Harbaugh Brent K. , Mattson Richard H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eight lacewing (Chrysopa earned) larvae per greenhouse snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), released 4 at a time twice during 8 weeks effectively controlled aphids (Myzus persicae). Two initial sprays of malathion and nicotine sulfate 1 week apart followed by release of 4 lacewing larvae per plant also were effective. Flowers produced under chemical or biological control systems were equal in quality. Lacewing larvae in a 21°C greenhouse required a week longer to effectively control aphids than those in a 24°C greenhouse.
Differential Oviposition of Cabbage Loopers on Lettuce1
Authors: Kishaba A. N. , Whitaker Thomas W. , Vail P. V. , Toba H. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When moths of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), were exposed to 208 entries of lettuce, significant reduction in oviposition occurred on 8 cultivars, 4 breeding lines, and 17 Plant Introductions. Preference for any 1 cultivar varied depending on the host choice offered. Looper moths preferred younger lettuce plants when plantings of 1 host entry were made as little as 1 week apart. One introduction, each, of Lactuca serriola L. and L. saligna L. were less attractive to looper moths than any entry of L. sativa, and may be valuable sources of resistance to that insect pest.
Effects of Time of Pruning on Growth and Longevity of Peach Trees1
Authors: Daniell Jeff W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pruning dates as treatments were imposed for a 4 or 5-year period on peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] growing on old and new peach land. The trees were pruned during the middle of each month with an unpruned check in 1 test only. Trees growing on old peach land and pruned in fall or early winter generally had greater mortality than non-pruned or trees pruned in spring. Time of pruning, however, had little or no effect on longevity when trees were grown on new peach land. Also time of pruning had no consistent effect on tree growth.
Influence of Postharvest Temperature on Brown Stain of Lettuce1,2
Authors: Brecht Patrick E. , Kader Adel A. , Morris Leonard L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The incidence of brown stain on crisphead type lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Calmar) was highly dependent on postharvest temperature. Following exposure to 2% O2 + 5% CO2 for 5 days at constant temperatures from 0° to 20°C, brown stain decreased as simulated transit temperature increased and was negligible at 10°C and above. Simulated market temperatures following exposure to 2% O2 + 5% CO2 at 0°C markedly influenced brown stain expression with near maximum expression present after a 3-day period in air at 10°C. Low O2 (2%) was more effective in reducing respiration (CO2 production) of lettuce at temperatures above 5°C than at 5°C, or lower.
The Effect of CPTA on Development of Pink Color in Muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.)1
Authors: Knavel Dean E. , Kemp Thomas R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Muskmelon fruits were either dipped in or injected with 2-(4-chlorophenylthio-) triethylamine hydrochloride (CPTA) at half- and full-slip maturities prior to storage at various temperatures. Concentrations of 500, 1000, and 5000 ppm caused fruits to have more pink color and a higher ratio of red to yellow color than did those untreated. The greatest response to CPTA was in half-slip fruits. We believe that the pink color is associated with lycopene accumulation.
Imbibition Rate and Seed Composition as Factors Affecting Transverse Cotyledon Cracking in Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Seed1
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Duczmal K. , Shannon S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Transverse cracking of cotyledons, (TVC), varied from 0 to 95% among bean cultivars and was enhanced by planting dry seed in wet soils. A more reliable indication of TVC potential was obtained if the seed was placed in small beakers and covered with water. Covering the hilum with grease slowed imbibition and reduced TVC in tolerant lines. Soaking for 45 minutes in ethanol prior to imbibition in water accelerated imbibition and increased TVC. Seed coat removal prior to imbibition further enhanced imbibition and increased TVC. None of these 3 treatments changed the relative amount of TVC, but seed coat nicking or removal prior to imbibition gave the most reliable test.
Potassium and Mg in cotyledons were negatively correlated with cultivar susceptibility. Calcium was sometimes significantly correlated with TVC in seed grown in a given location, but the correlations could be lacking or of opposite sign in seed grown elsewhere.
Influence of Plant Density on Growth, Nutrient Composition, Yield, and Quality of Mechanically Harvested Tomatoes1
Authors: Zahara Mike , Timm Herman 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a 4-year study of tomato cultivar (VF-145), using densities from 316,160 to 3,877,900 plants/ha, growth was most rapid below 963,300 plants. The highest yield of marketable fruits, 104.9 millier/ha, was attained with 617,500 plants/ha. Soluble solids in the fruits declined, and plant sugar content increased, at densities above 963,300 plants/ha, concurrent with a reduction in leaf area per plant. Differences in plant density had no significant effect on nutrient content of the plants. Potassium deficiency symptoms were evident at all densities shortly after fruit-set. Total K absorbed by plants increased from 439 kg/ha with 316,160 plants to 1997 kg/ha with 3,877,900 plants.
Studies on Lettuce Seed Quality: I. Effect of Seed Size and Weight on Vigor1,2
Authors: Smith O. E. , Welch N. C. , Little T. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seed weight in lettuce was more important than seed width or thickness in predicting vigor. An air column separator was an effective way to separate seeds varying in weight. A biological assay called the slant test was developed to test vigor. The average root length after 3 days was used as a measure of vigor.
Effect of K Level on Frost Hardiness of Stems of Forsythia × intermedia Zab. ‘Lynwood’1
Authors: Beattie D. J. , Flint H. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Optimum K level for dry matter production in Forsythia × intermedia ‘Lynwood’ fell between 25 and 225 ppm K in the irrigation water. Optimum K level for frost hardiness, measured by controlled freezing and determination of subsequent viability, was within or below the optimum range for growth. As K supply increased, plant K increased and plant N decreased correspondingly.
Studies on Lettuce Seed Quality: II. Relationship of Seed Vigor to Emergence, Seedling Weight, and Yield1,2
Authors: Smith O. E. , Welch N. C. , McCoy O. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several lots of lettuce seed were separated into fractions varying in seed width and weight per seed. Seed vigor, as measured by the slant test, was found to vary in relation to seed weight. In field trials low vigor seeds emerged slower with less total emergence and produced smaller seedlings at thinning time than high vigor seeds. Head size at harvest and percent marketable heads were greater from high vigor seeds. It is suggested that seed vigor can be used to evaluate potential field performance of lettuce.
Rice Hulls as a Growing Medium Component for Cut Tulips1
Authors: Einert A. E. , Baker E. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Parboiled rice hulls were used in growing media for tulips ‘Hibernia’ and ‘Paul Richter’ grown by the rooting room method for cut flowers. Three-component media of 1 rice hulls: 1 sand. 1 peat (v/v/v), 1 soil: 1 rice hulls: 1 peat and 2 component mixes of 1 rice hulls: 1 peat and 1 soil: 1 rice hulls were compared to standard media of 1 soil: 1 sand:l peat and 1 sand:l peat. Media containing rice hulls produced tulip plants equal to those produced in standard media and the 1 soil: 1 rice hulls medium significantly increased root growth. Rice hulls comprising 1/3 to 1/2 of the growing medium had no appreciable effect on pH, soluble salts, or nutrient element levels of the mix. Leaf tissue analyses also indicated that rice hulls did not contribute nutrients for tulip growth. Media containing rice hulls were lighter in weight and enabled easier handling of the flats. Rice hull media did not pack in the flats; and therefore, facilitated easier harvesting of the tulip plant with the bulb attached.
Growth Retardant - Induced Inhibition of Neutral Terpene Biosynthesis Using Plant and Animal Cell-Free Systems1
Authors: Staby George L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nine plant growth retardants were tested for their ability to inhibit neutral terpene biosynthesis by enzymes in cell-free extracts from rat liver, iris (Iris hollandica Hoog. cv. ‘Wedgwood’) sprouts, and castor bean (Ricinus communis L. cv. ‘Baker Hybrid 66’) seeds.
Succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH), α-cyclopropyl-α (4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine-methanol (A-Rest), n,n-dimethylmorpholinium chloride (BAS 0660-W), and 2-chloroethyl trimethyl-ammonium chloride (Cycocel) showed little or no inhibitory effects regardless of concentration or the test system used. Using rat liver enzymes, 2-isopropyl-4-dimethylamino-5-methylphenyl-l-piperidine-carboxy-late methyl chloride (AMO-1618) at 0.01 mM, inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis after the farnesyl-pyrophosphate step but had no inhibitory effect in the bean and iris cell-free systems. CHE-9064 (structure not released), Phosfon-D (2,4-dichlorobenzyl tributylphosphonium chloride) and 3-trifluoromethyl sulfonamido-p-acetotoluidide (Sustar) also inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver enzymes at concentrations as low as 0.01 mM while 5-chloro-2-thenyl-tri-n-butyl chloride (CHE-8728) lost its effectiveness at concentrations below 0.1 mM. In the iris system, CHE-8728, Phosfon-D and Sustar inhibited cholesterol and farnesol production at 0.1 mM but were ineffective at lower concentrations. With the castor bean system, Sustar was the only retardant to inhibit terpene biosynthesis. Results indicate that CHE-8728, CHE-9064, Phosfon-D, and Sustar inhibit the terpene biosynthetic pathway prior to the formation of the farnesyl-pyrophosphate (rat liver and iris system) or geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate (castor bean system).