COVID-19 symptoms and duration of direct antigen test positivity at a community testing and surveillance site, January 2021-2022
Authors: Marquez Carina , Kerkhoff Andrew D. , Schrom John , Rojas Susana , Black Douglas , Mitchell Anthea , Wang Chung-Yu , Pilarowski Genay , Ribeiro Salustiano , Jones Diane , Payan Joselin , Manganelli Simone , Rojas Susy , Lemus Jonathan , Jain Vivek , Chamie Gabriel , Tulier-Laiwa Valerie , Petersen Maya , DeRisi Joseph , Havlir Diane V. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractImportanceCharacterizing clinical symptoms and evolution of community-based SARS Co-V-2 infections can inform health practitioners and public health officials in a rapidly changing landscape of population immunity and viral variants.ObjectiveTo characterize COVID-19 symptoms during the Omicron period compared to pre-Delta and Delta variant periods and assess the duration of COVID-19 BinaxNOW rapid antigen test positivity during the Omicron variant surge.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis public health surveillance study was undertaken between January 2021-January 2022, at a walk-up community COVID-19 testing site in San Francisco, California. Testing with BinaxNOW rapid antigen tests was available regardless of age, vaccine status, or symptoms throughout.Main Outcomes and MeasuresWe characterized the prevalence of specific symptoms for people with a positive BinaxNOW test during the Omicron period and compared it to the pre-Delta and Delta periods. During the Omicron period, we examined differences in symptoms by age and vaccine status. Among people returning for repeat testing during Omicron period, we estimated the proportion with a positive BinaxNOW antigen test between 4-14 days from symptom onset or since first positive test if asymptomatic.ResultsOf 63,277 persons tested, 18,301 (30%) reported symptoms and 4,568 (25%) tested positive for COVID-19. During the Omicron period, 41.6% (3032/7283) of symptomatic testers tested positive, and the proportion reporting cough (67.4%) and sore throat (43.4%) was higher than during Delta and pre-Delta periods. Congestion was higher during Omicron (38.8%) than during the pre-Delta period and loss of taste/smell (5.3%) and fever (30.4%) were less common. Fevers and myalgias were less common among persons who had received boosters compared to unvaccinated people or those who received the primary series. Five days after symptom onset, 31.1% of people with COVID-19 stated their symptoms were similar or worsening. An estimated 80.2% of symptomatic re-testers remained positive five days after symptom onset and 60.5% after ten days.Conclusions and RelevanceCOVID-19 upper respiratory tract symptoms were more commonly reported during the Omicron period compared to pre-Delta and Delta periods, with differences by vaccination status. Antigen test positivity remained high after 5 days, supporting guidelines requiring a negative test to shorten the isolation period.Key pointsQuestionDuring the Omicron period, are there differences in COVID-19 symptomatology compared to the pre-Delta and Delta periods and how long do rapid antigen tests remain positive?FindingsIn this community-based surveillance study we detected differences in symptomatology between the Omicron period and prior variant-periods, and by age and vaccination status. Five days after symptom onset, 80% remained positive with a BinaxNOW test.MeaningDuring the Omicron period, differences in symptomatology may be due to rising population immunity and a new variant. BinaxNOW positivity remained high among re-testers, which supports guidelines that use rapid tests to shorten the isolation period.