bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving Perceptions of Rattlesnakes with Conservation Message Framing
Authors: Allison Erin Braman , Emily Taylor  , Zackary Graham  , Melissa Amarello  , Jeff Smith  , Zachary Loughman  
Published: May 2022

Given the current extinction crisis, there is an urgent need to investigate strategies for adapting human perceptions of unpopular species to benefit biodiversity conservation. As the most broadly distributed venomous snake in North America, Rattlesnakes are an iconic, widely-misunderstood group of snakes, with several species witnessing declines currently. Human tolerance of rattlesnakes is generally low, and occasionally persecutory, through intentional killings and rattlesnake round-up events. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of messaging strategies for improving public perceptions of rattlesnakes. We deployed an online survey to social media users (n=1501) to assess change in perception after viewing one randomly-selected video message. Respondents observed a short video illustrating a utilitarian, ecosystem services message or an empathetic, social behavior message with rattlesnakes as the focal taxa. An 8-item pre and post survey defined perception variables along emotional, knowledge, behavioral gradients, and scored overall perception of rattlesnakes on a 5-point Likert scale. The application of strategic message design to promote rattlesnake conservation and co-existence is a novel approach and this study is the first of its kind currently known to the authors. Evidence indicates that both a logically-framed ecosystem service and empathetic social behavior message are effective in improving feelings, knowledge, and behaviors towards rattlesnakes. Our data suggests that a utilitarian ecosystem services and empathetic social lives messages can be strategically implemented for different genders and age groups to effectively increase perceptions towards rattlesnakes. We hope this study will provide a framework for further messaging research to adapt human attitudes to benefit biodiversity conservation.
Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Tumor Growth in response to a Mixed Chemotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Inhibition Therapy
Authors: Wang Qing , WANG CHRISTINE 
Published: May 2022

Recent studies in some preclinical and clinical research suggest that combined immunotherapy targeting the immune checkpoint receptors cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), or CTLA-4 and the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) exhibits superior anti-tumor responses compared with each therapy alone. The use of chemotherapy has significantly improved the prognosis of patients with advanced cancer. In this project, we developed a multi-scale tumor growth model using a system of impulsive ordinary differential equations to describe the interactions among major players of the immune system and the tumor microenvironment. Mathematical analysis was conducted for better understanding of the long run behavior of tumor growth subject to mixed chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibition therapy. The objective of this study was to develop a platform to improve cancer management by in silico screening of optimal timing and dosage of the mixed chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibition therapy through anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies. This study was supported by NIH Grant P20GM103434 to the West Virginia IDeA Network for Biomedical Research Excellence.
Relationship Between Performance and Body Composition of Acrobatics and Tumbling Athletes
Authors: Richmond Priscilla , A. Kiefer Kristi , Santos Julia 
Published: May 2022

Balance and equilibrium are critical components of performance execution in Acrobatics and Tumbling (A&T). Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify if body composition affects the balance and equilibrium of Acrobatics and Tumbling athletes in Division II. Body mass index (BMI), fat, and skeletal muscle percentage of top and base A&T athletes from Fairmont State University were assessed using an impedance device (InBody 570). Equilibrium was measured by the time holding a handstand in seconds. Results were compared between top and base positions by independent t-test, and associations between variables were tested by Pearson correlation. BMI and fat percentage were higher in base athletes when compared to tops, whereas the percentage of skeletal muscle was higher in tops (p˂0.05). When associating equilibrium in seconds with the variables, skeletal muscle mass was positively associated with equilibrium (r=0.46, p˂0.05), and the percentage of fat was negatively associated (r=-0.47 p˂0.05). There was no association between BMI and the equilibrium test. Thus, strategies to increment skeletal muscle mass and the decrease of body fat could be an important asset to improve the equilibrium and balance of A&T athletes thus improving performance.
Keanekaragaman geologi Teluk Lasongko dan sekitarnya Kabupaten Buton Tengah Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara
Authors: Farhan Laode Muhammad , Muliddin Muliddin , Asfar Suryawan 
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini terletak di daerah Lasongko, Kecamatan Lakudo Kabupaten Buton Tengah Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Daerah penelitian termasuk dalam Formasi Wapulaka yang tersusun atas batugamping berumur kuarter. Geologi Teluk Lasongko berpotensi menjadi objek pengembangan kawasan geowisata dengan strategi pengembangan yang tepat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu analisis geomorfologi dengan mengkaji satuan bentang alam, bentukan lahan serta bentuk bentang alam lainya. Kondisi geologi daerah penelitian berupa perbukitan karst, dan pedataran karst, dan keterdapatn gua speleoterm. Pada Gua Mone terdapat stalakmit, stalaktit, dan pilar. Litologi yang dijumpai berupa wackestone pada geosite Kampolele, Pantai Lasongko, Moko dan Mone sedangkan packstone terdapat pada geosite Matawine, dan terdapat paparan terumbu serta alluvium yang tersebar sepanjang Teluk Lasongko sehingga dapat diusulkan sebagai kawasan geowisata. Strategi pengembangan geowisata daerah penelitian antara lain dilakukannya studi kelayakan, pengusulan kawasan geoheritage, dan kawasan konservasi geologi dilanjutkan dengan sosialisasi, edukasi dan promosi
New insights gained from museum collections: new deep-sea species of Typhlotanais (Tanaidacea, Typhlotanaidae) from Brazil
Authors: Segadilha Juliana L. , Serejo Cristiana S. 
Published: May 2022

Benthic samples collected along the Brazilian central continental margin from Espírito Santo State to Rio de Janeiro State (19° S to 24° S) during the last 20 years and at depths of 50–2200 m yielded the description of six new species of Typhlotanais in the deep-sea (> 200 m): Typhlotanais andradeorum sp. nov., T. bolarticulus sp. nov., T. ischnochela sp. nov., T. longiseta sp. nov., T. priscilae sp. nov. and T. spinibasis sp. nov. Within these species, we found members of four Typhlotanais morpho-groups as ‘cornutus’ group, ‘greenwichensis’ group, ‘spinicauda’ and ‘trispinosus’ group. Typhlotanais ischnochela sp. nov. exhibited the greatest bathymetric range, occurring from the continental shelf until the lower slope (46–1898.7 m depth). The bathymetric distribution of the other five species of Typhlotanais herein described were restricted to the slope. Tables of diagnostic characters of the Typhlotanais morpho-groups and an identification key to the species of Typhlotanaidae found in Brazil are provided. This work brings the total number of Tanaidacea known for Brazilian coast to 64 species, and the family Typhlotanaidae from Brazil is now represented by 11 species in five known genera.
The Christian Neoplatonism of Francisco de Aldana in the Carta para Arias Montano
Authors: O’Reilly Terence 
Published: May 2022

The verse epistle that Francisco de Aldana addressed in 1577 to his humanist friend, Benito Arias Montano, has been described as ‘one of the greatest poetic meditations’ in the Spanish language (Arthur Terry). Its subject is Aldana’s resolve to withdraw from his career as a soldier and to embark instead on a contemplative life in Montano’s company. The details of the life he has in mind, and the experience of contemplation to which he aspires, are described in Neoplatonic terms. Aldana was raised in Florence, where he became familiar with the writings of the Florentine Neoplatonists, including those of Marsilio Ficino. This chapter examines the poem’s Neoplatonic themes, imagery, and sources.
Accountability for Volkswagen’s Role in the Brazilian Dictatorship
Authors: Amorim Felipe Colla de , Sion Vitor , Machado Rodolfo 
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes and analyzes the truth trial against Volkswagen for its role in the detention, torture, and disappearance of workers during the Brazilian dictatorship (1964-1985). This chapter uses the Archimedes’ Lever model to trace the evolution of the corporate accountability process since the country's democratization, through the establishment of the National Truth Commission (CNV), up to the negotiations between the company, the workers, and the Public Prosecutor’s Office (MPF) that reached an agreement in 2020. This case has seen mobilisation from unions and institutional innovators pushing for accountability, as well as a certain level of cooperation from the company, but it also faces strong veto players and a change in context with the election of Jair Bolsonaro as president in 2018. We conclude with notions of what the Volkswagen case has to offer to understand corporate accountability and transitional justice, and the enormous hurdles it faces in achieving those goals.
Land use/land cover changes in the central part of the Chitwan Annapurna Landscape, Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Jagan Nath , Bhattarai Bishnu Prasad , Rokaya Maan Bahadur , Thapa Tej Bahadur 
Published: May 2022

Background
Land use/land cover assessment and monitoring of the land cover dynamics are essential to know the ecological, physical and anthropogenic processes in the landscape. Previous studies have indicated changes in the landscape of mid-hills of Nepal in the past few decades. But there is a lack of study in the Chitwan Annapurna Landscape; hence, this study was carried out to fill in study gap that existed in the area.

Methods
This study evaluates land use/land cover dynamics between 2000 to 2020 in the central part of the Chitwan Annapurna Landscape, Nepal by using Landsat images. The Landsat images were classified into eight different classes using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS). The accuracy assessment of classified images was evaluated by calculating actual accuracy, producer’s accuracy, user’s accuracy and kappa coefficient based on the ground-truthing points for 2020 and Google Earth and topographic maps for images of 2010 and 2000.

Results
The results of land use/land cover analysis of Landsat image 2020 showed that the study area was composed of grassland (1.73%), barren area (1.76%), riverine forest (1.93%), water body (1.97%), developed area (4.13%), Sal dominated forest (15.4%), cropland (28.13%) and mixed forest (44.95%). The results of land cover change between 2000 to 2020 indicated an overall increase in Sal dominated forest (7.6%), developed area (31.34%), mixed forest (37.46%) and decrease in riverine forest (11.29%), barren area (20.03%), croplands (29.87%) and grasslands (49.71%). The classification of the images of 2000, 2010 and 2020 had 81%, 81.6% and 84.77% overall accuracy, respectively. This finding can be used as a baseline information for the development of a proper management plan to protect wildlife habitats and forecasting possible future changes, if needed.
Assessing the immediate impacts of the 2019/2020 bushfires on land snails in north-eastern New South Wales
Authors: Foon Junn Kitt , Moussalli Adnan , McIntosh Finlay , Laffan Shawn , Köhler Frank 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
This study aimed to improve our understanding of the immediate response of 26 priority species of land snail that may have been severely impacted by the 2019/2020 megafire event in north-eastern New South Wales. Our study covered a range of ecosystem types over an area of approximately 20,400 km2.
We searched 70 survey sites that differed in burn severity for all species of land snail visually on-site and by sifting leaf litter samples under a microscope in the laboratory. These survey sites were selected for representing pre-existing occurrence records of priority species at sites that differed in mapped fire severity classes as based on Fire Extent and Severity data available from public sources. We also surveyed unburnt sites for comparative purposes.
We found that nearly all survey sites encompassed a patchwork of areas with different burn extent and severity and that more humid forest types were overall affected by lower fire extent and severity than surrounding more xeric forest types. Only one site with extreme fire extent and severity was surveyed.
The survey covered 165 historical occurrence records, 96 of which (58%) were re-confirmed. We also found 55 new occurrence records, 11 of which were in burnt and 44 in unburnt sites. Burnt and unburnt sites showed slight, yet insignificant differences in the redetection rate of species, which was generally low (on average 50–65%). Our data does not reveal an association between the number of specimens found at sites and burn severity and extent (from unburnt to extreme burnt). While we infer that populations have declined in areas affected by more severe fires, we found proportions of the survey area to be affected by fires of lower severity, which likely did not substantially affect the size of local land snail populations. Based on this, we conclude that initial concerns that the bushfires had led to a substantial deterioration of the conservation status of land snails are not generally corroborated. Instead, we have assessed just 3 species (10% of all studied species) as of conservation concern and 7 species (23%) as near threatened due to direct impacts of the 2019/2020 megafires. However, the paucity of occurrence records for many species and our limited knowledge of their ecology hampers a more detailed assessment of the potential fire impacts on many species, including possible on-going threats. Long-term monitoring and research are critical to ensure effective management especially of narrow range endemics.
Report on the Scottish and English Coins in the Society's Museum
Authors: Sim George 
Published: May 2022

An account of the Scottish and English coins in the Society's collections, including the monarch depicted on each coin and their denominations.

Meeting notes for 28 January, 1861 and 11 February, 1861 are appended. The January meeting was a Special Meeting and Conversazione at which Professor J Y Simpson gave his Inaugural Address (see pp5-55).
Continuous Culture of Immobilized Streptomyces Cells for Kasugamycin Production
Authors: Kim Chang Joon , Chang Yong Keun , Chun Gie‐Taek , Jeong Yeon‐Ho , Lee Sang Jong 
Published: July 2002

AbstractContinuous cultures of immobilized Streptomyces kasugaensis, a kasugamycin producer, were carried out on Celite beads. When using a prototype separator for immobilized‐cell separation and recycling, the continuous operation could not be sustained for an extended period as a result of an excessive loss of immobilized cells caused by the poor performance of the separator. Accordingly, the immobilized‐cell separator was revised to provide better immobilized‐cell settling and thus recycling into the reactor. In a subsequent culture using the revised separator, a stable operation was maintained for over 820 h with a high kasugamycin productivity. The kasugamycin productivity ranged from 9.8 to 16.1 mg/L/h, which was about 14‐ to 23‐fold higher than that in a batch suspended‐cell culture. When the original feeding medium concentration was doubled at the end of the continuous culture, the productivity became severely impaired for several reasons, which will be discussed. An excessive formation of free cells and loss of immobilized cells through the separator were also observed.
Water Content in an Engineered Dermal Replacement during Permeation of Me2SO Solutions Using Rapid MR Imaging
Authors: Bidault Nicolas P. , Hammer Bruce E. , Hubel Allison 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe successful cryopreservation of cell and tissues typically requires the use of specialized solutions containing cryoprotective agents. At room temperature, the introduction of a cryopreservation solution can result in cell damage/death resulting from osmotic stresses and/or biochemical toxicity of the solution. For tissues, the permeation and equilibration of a cryoprotective solution throughout the tissue is important in enhancing the uniformity and consistency of the postthaw viability of the tissue. Magnetic resonance (MR) is a common nondestructive technique that can be used to quantitate the temporal and spatial composition of water and cryoprotective agents in a three‐dimensional system. We have applied a recently developed rapid NMR imaging technique to quantify the transport of water in an artificial dermal replacement upon permeation of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) solutions. Results indicate that the rate of water transport is slower in the presence of Me2SO molecules. Furthermore, the transport is concentration‐dependent, suggesting that Me2SO tends to retain bound water molecules in the tissue. Moreover, water transport decreases with decreasing temperature, and the presence of cells tends to increase water transport.
High‐Level Secretory Expression of Penicillin Amidase from Providenciarettgeri in Saccharomycescerevisiae: Purification and Characterization
Authors: Ljubijankić Goran , Gvozdenović Jelena , Ševo Milica , Degrassi Giuliano 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHeterologous production of the heterodimeric penicillin G amidase (PAC) from Providencia rettgeri was optimized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Several factors, including the effect of different growth and induction conditions, were identified to be critical for the enzyme overproduction and secretion. The PAC yield was significantly increased by more than 500‐fold compared to that obtained in the native bacterium, and the recombinant enzyme was almost entirely secreted. Electrophoretic characterization of the secreted rPACPr, which was purified over 20‐fold by a combination of hydrophobic interaction and ion‐exchange chromatography, demonstrated a microheterogeneity of the recombinant enzyme. The recombinant PACPr was further characterized in terms of specific activity, pH, and temperature profiles and kinetic parameters. The data presented here suggest that by overexpressing rPACPr in S. cerevisiae and purifying secreted enzyme from culture medium one can readily obtain a large amount of an alternative source of penicillin amidase with properties comparable to that of todays main industrial source of enzyme.
Preparation and Characterization of Bifunctional Biopolymers for Receptor‐Based Liposomal Immunosensing
Authors: Yu Yong‐Yi , Van Wie Bernard J. , Koch Alan R. , Moffett David F. , Davis William C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this study, we prepared bifunctional biopolymers for development of a novel liposomal immunosensing element. These biopolymers were produced such that a rat monoclonal antibody fragment Fab′ was linked to a cardiac protein Troponin I (TnI) peptide by a cross‐linking reagent, o‐phenylenedimaleimide (o‐PDM) or N‐sucinimidyl 3‐(2‐pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) . The biopolymer formation yields were approximately 10% for Fab‐TnIMal and 30% for Fab‐TnISPDP. Molar ratios of Fab′ to SPDP or o‐PDM and conjugated Fab′ to TnI peptide and conjugation pH have considerable effects on the biopolymer yield. Purification of these biopolymers was achieved by employing size‐exclusion HPLC. These biopolymers can bind to receptor channels on one end, while the peptide end can be recognized by an anti‐TnI antibody serving as a protein linker to block the channels in the immunosensing element. Then reactions may be used where free analyte competes for cross‐linker binding sites whereby channels are rendered active. Characterization of purified biopolymers was performed using gel electrophoresis, ELISAs, and a BIAcore instrument. Furthermore, results of real‐time biospecific interaction experiments with use of the BIAcore show that competition binding reactions of free TnI peptide occurred in this new immunosensing design. The binding activities of these two biopolymers are slightly different.
Long-term beneficial effects of a gastric reservoir on weight control after total gastrectomy: a study of potential mechanisms
Authors: Liedman B , Bosaeus I , Hugosson I , Lundell L 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

Background
Weight loss after total gastrectomy is a regular occurrence. Reconstruction with a gastric substitute has been suggested to facilitate recovery, but few randomized studies are available.

Methods
In a randomized study comparing subtotal, total and total gastrectomy with an S-shaped pouch, 36 patients who had total gastrectomy with or without a pouch survived for more than 3 (mean 5·2) years. Body composition (four-chamber model, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, anthropometric data) was evaluated before operation, after 12 months and at long-term follow-up. Food intake was registered as a 4-day food record at 12 months and at long-term follow-up.

Results
At long-term follow-up those allocated to the gastric substitute arm had lesser degrees of weight loss consisting mainly of the depletion of body fat stores, whereas lean body mass showed no significant decrease when adjusted for the process of ageing. There was no significant difference in food intake.

Conclusion
Reconstruction with an S-shaped gastric substitute facilitates long-term recovery after total gastrectomy and should be considered when the prognosis is favourable.
Circulating interleukin 6 concentrations and insulin resistance in patients with cancer
Authors: Makino T , Noguchi Y , Yoshikawa T , Doi C , Nomura K 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

Background
The mechanism of insulin resistance in patients with cancer is not clear. This study was conducted to evaluate the possible role of circulating cytokines in inducing insulin resistance in patients with cancer.

Methods
Twenty-three patients with a variety of cancers were studied, including one patient with oesophageal cancer, 12 with gastric cancer, four with colon cancer and six with lung cancer. Six normal volunteers served as controls. Insulin resistance was evaluated by euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp with a high physiological insulin concentration of 100 µunits/ml. Metabolized glucose, the Mvalue, was compared between patients with cancer and controls. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL) 6 and other cytokines (tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α, IL-8 and IL-10) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results
The mean(s.d.) Mvalue for patients with cancer (5·47(1·59) mg per kg per min) was significantly lower than that for controls (8·23(0·79) mg per kg per min) (P &lt; 0·001). There was no relationship between the Mvalue and degree of body-weight loss. Serum IL-6 concentration was measurable in eight of 23 patients: four with lung cancer, two with gastric cancer, and one each with oesophageal and colon cancer. None of the controls had a measurable serum IL-6 concentration. There was no significant relationship between serum IL-6 concentration and body-weight loss. TNF-α was undetectable in the serum of both patients with cancer and controls. Serum IL-8 and IL-10 were detected in seven and one of 23 patients respectively. These cytokines were not detected in the serum of controls. The M value was significantly smaller in those with measurable serum IL-6 (4·01(1·22) mg per kg per min) than in those with no measurable IL-6 (6·26(1·16) mg per kg per min) (P &lt; 0·001). IL-6 and IL-8 levels were raised more frequently in the same patient but there was no significant relationship between IL-8 and Mvalues.

Conclusion
These results may suggest that IL-6 is related to insulin resistance in patients with cancer.