bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detainee Transfers and the Principle of Non-refoulement in Relation to ‘Non-belligerent Supporting States’ in Non-international Armed Conflicts
Authors: Farley Benjamin R 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the past 20 years, many States have purposefully shifted away from taking detainees in non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) and have instead relied on partner forces—both State and non-State actors—to take responsibility for any NIAC detainees. The question this article seeks to address is to what extent ‘non-belligerent supporting States’ have obligations to ensure that detainee transfers by partners comport with the principle of non-refoulement, by which a person may not be transferred if they are at a real (or substantial) risk of a violation of their fundamental rights. The authors explore several legal approaches to better understand how a non-belligerent supporting State may incur legal obligations in relation to detainee transfers through the support it provides. The article first examines how support triggers belligerent status (and thus belligerent obligations) under International Humanitarian Law (IHL), and tackles to what extent non-belligerent supporting States may incur legal obligations under IHL more generally, noting the gap between the rules of International Armed Conflict and NIACs in this respect. Secondly, specific obligations non-belligerent States may incur with respect to the principle of non-refoulement in relation to detainee transfers by a belligerent party during a NIAC are identified. Finally, the authors examine three categories of support—logistics/transportation support, intelligence sharing, and belligerent-party-to-non-belligerent-party detainee transfers—to demonstrate how varying degrees of support by non-belligerent States in the context of a NIAC could trigger the obligations to ensure respect of the prohibition against non-refoulement by belligerent partners through the auspices of Common Article 1. The article concludes that while Common Article 1 obligations indeed arise in these scenarios, the scope of the external or positive obligations of Common Article 1 are still unsettled under IHL and thus require further development to create a common understanding of the international legal obligations to avoid the violation of the principle of non-refoulement by partner forces.
Comparative Evaluation of Pitfall Traps for Click Beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: van Herk Willem G , Vernon Robert S , Borden John H , Ryan Kathryn , Mercer Gareth 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe evaluated the relative efficacy of six pheromone-baited traps used in trapping Agriotes obscurus (L.) click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae): original Yatlor Traps, Yatlor Funnel Traps, Vernon Beetle Traps, Unitraps, Baited Pitfall Traps, and Vernon Pitfall Traps. Traps were rated according to quantitative and qualitative criteria of importance for each of four trap uses: general surveys, scientific studies, IPM monitoring, and mass trapping. Measurable quantitative categories included: total catch of A. obscurus; time for assembly, installation, and inspection; exclusion of nontarget invertebrates; and cost. Qualitative criteria were small mammal exclusion, flooding, design and handling variability, and convenience for various field uses. The most desirable characteristics were determined for the above four uses, and the cumulative ranking based on quantitative criteria and all four uses was Vernon Pitfall Trap, Baited Pitfall Trap, Original Yatlor Trap, Vernon Beetle Trap, Yatlor Funnel Trap, and Unitrap.
Predicting the Risk of Tart Cherry (Prunus cerasus) Infestation by Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: Wilson Julianna K , Gut Larry J , Powers Karen , Huang Juan , Rothwell Nikki 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a vinegar fly native to East Asia that has rapidly expanded its range to become a pest of sweet cherry (Prunus avium, L. 1753 [Rosales: Rosaceae]) and tart cherry (P. cerasus, L. 1753) in North America and Europe. The goal of the research presented herein was to improve the decision-making process for managing D. suzukii in tart cherry. Knowing that D. suzukii females are attracted to ripening fruit, we measured fruit infestation by D. suzukii as it relates to an existing fruit development model that uses full bloom as a biofix, calculating accumulated growing degree days (GDD) with a lower threshold of 4°C. Increasing larval infestation was highly correlated with fruit development expressed as GDD post-bloom with very few larvae developing in fruit subjected to no-choice assays prior to 530 GDD (base 4°C) and no larvae detected in naturally infested fruit prior to 800 GDD. Our findings provide the first quantification of the relationship between fruit development and D. suzukii infestation that allows for pinpointing the timing of fruit susceptibility and that could be used as the basis for a more sustainable management program for this pest in tart cherry orchards.
(In)Vulnerable Masculinities and Human Trafficking: Men, Victimhood, and Access to Protection in the United Kingdom
Authors: Magugliani Noemi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe anti-trafficking movement has historically focussed almost entirely on the experiences of women and girls, excluding men from the narrative. This exclusion has led to a lack of understanding and identification of men's trafficking experiences, which in turn has hindered their access to protection. An analysis of decisions of the United Kingdom's Upper Tribunal on protection claims filed by adult male ‘victims of trafficking’ shows that substantial obstacles exist for adult male ‘victims of trafficking’ in accessing protection, mostly as a result of the reticence of decision-makers to perceive, understand, and acknowledge vulnerability outside of traditional gender stereotyping.
From belief to trust: A quantitative framework based on modal logic
Authors: Tagliaferri Mirko , Aldini Alessandro 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this work, we provide a logical characterization of trust, which is based on a modal logic expressing a computational notion of trust quantitatively dependent on the beliefs possessed by the agent. The proposed framework encompasses decidability results and equivalence laws emphasizing the properties of trust. The overall aim is to obtain a formal notion of trust that could be employed for further developments of formal languages related to decision-making procedures and soft-security mechanisms in online, digital environments. Such formal counterpart of trust should support agents, either human or artificial, in devising secure decision strategies based on partial and/or indirect information.
Duties of Candour in Healthcare: The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth?
Authors: Quick Oliver 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The creation of professional and statutory duties of candour has formalised the requirement for clinicians and healthcare organisations to be honest with patients and families when treatment has gone wrong. This article explains the background to creating both duties, analyses the concept of candour, the role of apologies, and considers evidence about compliance. It argues that making candour a statutory requirement appropriately reflects the ethical imperative of telling the truth about harm and is a powerful signal for honesty. However, being candid is not easy in the context of complex professional cultures, the realities of delivering care in under-funded health systems, and in the shadow of possible legal and regulatory proceedings. Proposals in the current Health and Care Bill to create investigatory ‘safe spaces’ which prohibit the disclosure of information submitted to the Health Service Safety Investigations Body undermine candour. This article argues against such proposals, which are both wrong in principle and highly problematic in practice. Candour should be respected as a cardinal principle governing not only the conduct of those providing care, but also those who investigate such incidents. Harmed patients and their families deserve to know the whole truth.
Modelling the kinematics of the decelerating jets from the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1348–630
Authors: Carotenuto F , Tetarenko A J , Corbel S 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Black hole low mass X-ray binaries (BH LMXBs) can launch powerful outflows in the form of discrete ejecta. Observing the entire trajectory of these ejecta allows us to model their motion with great accuracy and this is essential for measuring their physical properties. In particular, observing the final deceleration phase, often poorly sampled, is fundamental to obtain a reliable estimate of the jet’s energy. During its 2019/2020 outburst, the BH LMXB MAXI J1348–630 launched a single-sided radio-emitting jet that was detected at large scales after a strong deceleration due to the interaction with the interstellar medium (ISM). We successfully modelled the jet motion with a dynamical external shock model, which allowed us to constrain the jet initial Lorentz factor $\Gamma _0 = 1.85^{+0.15}_{-0.12}$, inclination angle $\theta = {29.3 }_{-3.2}^{+2.7 }$ deg, and ejection date $t_{\rm ej} = 21.5_{-3.0}^{+1.8}$ (MJD–58500). Under simple assumptions on the jet opening angle and on the external ISM density, we find that the jet has a large initial kinetic energy $E_0 = 4.6^{+20.0}_{-3.4} \times 10^{46}$ erg, far greater than what commonly measured for LMXBs from the jet’s synchrotron emission. This implies that discrete ejecta radiate away only a small fraction of their total energy, which is instead transferred to the environment. The jet power estimate is larger than the simultaneous available accretion power, and we present several options to mitigate this discrepancy. We infer that MAXI J1348–630 is likely embedded in an ISM cavity with internal density $n = 0.0010^{+0.0005}_{-0.0003}$ cm−3 and radius $R_{\rm c} = 0.61^{+0.11}_{-0.09}$ pc, which could have been produced by the system’s previous activity, as proposed for other BH LMXBs.
X-ray/Hα scaling relationships in stellar flares
Authors: Kawai Hiroki , Tsuboi Yohko , Iwakiri Wataru B , Maeda Yoshitomo , Katsuda Satoru , Sasaki Ryo , Kohara Junya ,   MAXI TEAM
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We report on the results of our simultaneous observations of three large stellar flares with soft X-rays (SXRs) and an Hα emission line from two binary systems of RS CVn type. The energies released in the X-ray and Hα emissions during the flares were 1036–1038 and 1035–1037 erg, respectively. This renders the set of the observations as the first successful simultaneous X-ray/Hα observations of the stellar flares with energies above 1035 erg; although the coverage of the Hα observations was limited, with $\sim\! 10\%$ of the e-folding time in the decay phase of the flares, that of the SXR ones was complete. Combining the obtained physical parameters and those in literature for solar and stellar flares, we obtained a good proportional relation between the emitted energies of X-ray and Hα emissions for a flare energy range of 1029–1038 erg. The ratio of the Hα-line to bolometric X-ray emissions was ∼0.1, where the latter was estimated by converting the observed SXR emission to that in the 0.1–100 keV band according to the best-fitting thin thermal model. We also found that the e-folding times of the SXR and Hα light curves in the decaying phase of a flare are in agreement for a time range of 1–104 s. Even very large stellar flares with energies of six orders of magnitude larger than the most energetic solar flares follow the same scaling relationships with solar and much less energetic stellar flares. This fact suggests that their physical parameters can be estimated on the basis of the known physics of solar and stellar flares.
Molecular innovations in plant TIR-based immunity signaling
Authors: Lapin Dmitry , Johanndrees Oliver , Wu Zhongshou , Li Xin , Parker Jane E 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA protein domain (Toll and Interleukin-1 receptor [TIR]-like) with homology to animal TIRs mediates immune signaling in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we present an overview of TIR evolution and the molecular versatility of TIR domains in different protein architectures for host protection against microbial attack. Plant TIR-based signaling emerges as being central to the potentiation and effectiveness of host defenses triggered by intracellular and cell-surface immune receptors. Equally relevant for plant fitness are mechanisms that limit potent TIR signaling in healthy tissues but maintain preparedness for infection. We propose that seed plants evolved a specialized protein module to selectively translate TIR enzymatic activities to defense outputs, overlaying a more general function of TIRs.
TRITIUM AND IODINE-129 IN WATER SAMPLES COLLECTED ADJACENT TO A SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL REPROCESSING PLANT IN ROKKASHO, JAPAN
Authors: Ueda Shinji , Hasegawa Hidenao , Kakiuchi Hideki 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Between April 2006 and October 2008, tritium ( 3H) and iodine-129 ( 129I) were released into the atmosphere and ocean from a spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Rokkasho, Japan. From 2005 to 2020, water samples were collected from water bodies around the plant, including a river, groundwater wells, a brackish lake, a fishing port and a coastal sea, to measure spatiotemporal changes in 3H and 129I concentrations. Water samples from the brackish lake and the fishing port between 2006 and 2008 occasionally had higher than background levels of 3H and 129I. Batched discharge of waste 3H and 129I was quickly diluted by advection–diffusion processes in the coastal sea, causing 3H and 129I from the plant to be indetectable. By contrast, concentrations of 3H and 129I that flowed into the brackish lake and the fishing port through various routes were high, as these water bodies are mostly closed systems.
Depletion work: climate change and the mediation of stranded assets
Authors: Aitken Rob 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe relationship between economy and society increasingly takes financialized form. In this article, I examine two mediations of climate change which attempt to re/settle this financialized relationship: (a) stranded assets, a representation of value lost as the long-term lives of assets are interrupted; and (b) internal proxy pricing for carbon, a mechanism which allows firms to integrate a price for carbon into investment decision-making. I argue that internal proxy pricing allows investors to protect assets whose long-term value has been thrown into question by climate change. This suggests that discussions of financialization should be focused not only on the construction of financial value, but also on the ways in which value dissipates over time. These contending mediations also provoke questions about the relationship between ‘risk’ and ‘uncertainty’ in ways that suggest a fundamental reordering of what it means to confront an unknowable future in a moment of financialized calculation.
Are seizures associated with neuroschistosomiasis mansoni? An exploratory survey in an endemic area of Brazil
Authors: Ferrari Teresa Cristina A , Oliveira Ana Elisa M , Logato Maria Júlia S , Ganzella Carolina G , Melo Rodolfo Ferreira Q , Rocha Ana Paula C , Barbosa Fernanda A , Cunha Pedro Ferrari S , Silva Rogério Augusto P , Faria Luciana C , Cançado Guilherme Grossi L , Couto Cláudia A , Cunha Aloísio S 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Deposition of Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the brain of patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HS-SM) is frequent and usually asymptomatic. However, it is questioned whether it could cause seizures. Thus, we investigated the occurrence of seizures in these patients and also searched for parameters associated with this disorder.

Methods
In a cross-sectional survey, we compared 128 patients with HS-SM with 102 patients with portal hypertension due to compensated chronic hepatic disease of other etiologies. A standardized questionnaire, emphasizing epilepsy-related parameters, was applied to all participants.

Results
Eight (6.3%) patients with HS-SM had a history of seizures, whereas this condition was reported by three (2.9%) individuals from the comparison group (p=0.354). None of the variables were associated with the occurrence of seizures, either in univariate or in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions
The frequency of seizures was similar in both study groups. However, it was higher than that described in population-based studies. Thus, we hypothesize that HS-SM individuals may have a higher frequency of seizure. The lack of difference between the two study groups may be explained by the inclusion of cases of HS-MS overlapping other chronic liver diseases in the comparison group, because this finding is relatively common in schistosome-endemic areas.
Limited genomic reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 transmission history within local epidemiological clusters
Authors: Gallego-García Pilar , Varela Nair , Estévez-Gómez Nuria , De Chiara Loretta , Fernández-Silva Iria , Valverde Diana , Sapoval Nicolae , Treangen Todd J , Regueiro Benito , Cabrera-Alvargonzález Jorge Julio , del Campo Víctor , Pérez Sonia , Posada David 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA detailed understanding of how and when severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission occurs is crucial for designing effective prevention measures. Other than contact tracing, genome sequencing provides information to help infer who infected whom. However, the effectiveness of the genomic approach in this context depends on both (high enough) mutation and (low enough) transmission rates. Today, the level of resolution that we can obtain when describing SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks using just genomic information alone remains unclear. In order to answer this question, we sequenced forty-nine SARS-CoV-2 patient samples from ten local clusters in NW Spain for which partial epidemiological information was available and inferred transmission history using genomic variants. Importantly, we obtained high-quality genomic data, sequencing each sample twice and using unique barcodes to exclude cross-sample contamination. Phylogenetic and cluster analyses showed that consensus genomes were generally sufficient to discriminate among independent transmission clusters. However, levels of intrahost variation were low, which prevented in most cases the unambiguous identification of direct transmission events. After filtering out recurrent variants across clusters, the genomic data were generally compatible with the epidemiological information but did not support specific transmission events over possible alternatives. We estimated the effective transmission bottleneck size to be one to two viral particles for sample pairs whose donor–recipient relationship was likely. Our analyses suggest that intrahost genomic variation in SARS-CoV-2 might be generally limited and that homoplasy and recurrent errors complicate identifying shared intrahost variants. Reliable reconstruction of direct SARS-CoV-2 transmission based solely on genomic data seems hindered by a slow mutation rate, potential convergent events, and technical artifacts. Detailed contact tracing seems essential in most cases to study SARS-CoV-2 transmission at high resolution.
Trajectories of Dyspareunia From Pregnancy to 24 Months Postpartum
Authors: Rosen Natalie O. , Dawson Samantha J. , Binik Yitzchak M. , Pierce Marianne , Brooks Melissa , Pukall Caroline , Chorney Jill , Snelgrove-Clarke Erna , George Ronald 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To identify distinct trajectories of dyspareunia in primiparous women and examine biopsychosocial risk factors of these trajectories.

METHODS:
This was a prospective cohort of 582 first-time mothers. Participants completed validated measures of dyspareunia at 20–24 (baseline) and 32–36 weeks of gestation and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postpartum. Risk factors were assessed at baseline and 3 months postpartum, with labor and delivery characteristics collected by medical record review. Latent class growth analysis was conducted to identify homogeneous subgroups with distinct trajectories of dyspareunia. Univariable and multivariable binomial logistic regressions examined whether predictors were associated with these trajectories.

RESULTS:
Overall, the prevalence of dyspareunia ranged from 31.4% at 3 months postpartum to 11.9% at 24 months. We identified two distinct classes of dyspareunia with 21% of women in the class with moderate dyspareunia and 79% in the class with minimal dyspareunia, with pain decreasing in both groups until 12 months postpartum and little change thereafter. Biomedical factors—prior chronic pain (including preexisting dyspareunia), labor epidural analgesia, induction, episiotomy, perineal laceration, mode of delivery, breastfeeding, and whether the woman had a new pregnancy during the postpartum period—did not significantly predict dyspareunia class. Greater fatigue (odds ratio [OR] 1.30; 95% CI 1.05–1.60) and depressive symptoms (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.02–1.14) in pregnancy and fatigue (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.04–1.56) and pain catastrophizing (OR 1.10; 95% CI 1.05–1.16) at 3 months postpartum increased the odds for the moderate relative to the minimal pain trajectory in univariable models. In a multivariable model, pain catastrophizing at 3 months postpartum (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.04–1.15) was associated with the moderate relative to the minimal pain trajectory.

CONCLUSION:
We identified two distinct trajectories of dyspareunia across pregnancy and postpartum. One in five nulliparous women experienced moderate dyspareunia. Pain catastrophizing at 3 months postpartum was associated with experiencing moderate relative to minimal levels of dyspareunia.
Low Tidal Volume Ventilation for Emergency Department Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Practice Patterns and Clinical Impact*
Authors: De Monnin Karlee , Terian Emily , Yaegar Lauren H. , Pappal Ryan D. , Mohr Nicholas M. , Roberts Brian W. , Kollef Marin H. , Palmer Christopher M. , Ablordeppey Enyo , Fuller Brian M. 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Data suggest that low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) initiated in the emergency department (ED) has a positive impact on outcome. This systematic review and meta-analysis quantify the impact of ED-based LTVV on outcomes and ventilator settings in the ED and ICU.

DATA SOURCES:
We systematically reviewed MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, references, conferences, and ClinicalTrials.gov.

STUDY SELECTION:
Randomized and nonrandomized studies of mechanically ventilated ED adults were eligible.

DATA EXTRACTION:
Two reviewers independently screened abstracts. The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included ventilation duration, lengths of stay, and occurrence rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We assessed impact of ED LTVV interventions on ED and ICU tidal volumes.

DATA SYNTHESIS:
The search identified 1,023 studies. Eleven studies (n = 12,912) provided outcome data and were meta-analyzed; 10 additional studies (n = 1,863) provided descriptive ED tidal volume data. Overall quality of evidence was low. Random effect meta-analytic models revealed that ED LTVV was associated with lower mortality (26.5%) versus non-LTVV (31.1%) (odds ratio, 0.80 [0.72–0.88]). ED LTVV was associated with shorter ICU (mean difference, −1.0; 95% CI, −1.7 to −0.3) and hospital (mean difference, −1.2; 95% CI, −2.3 to −0.1) lengths of stay, more ventilator-free days (mean difference, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.4–2.4), and lower occurrence rate (4.5% vs 8.3%) of ARDS (odds ratio, 0.57 [0.44–0.75]). ED LTVV interventions were associated with reductions in ED (−1.5-mL/kg predicted body weight [PBW] [−1.9 to −1.0]; p < 0.001) and ICU (−1.0-mL/kg PBW [−1.8 to −0.2]; p = 0.01) tidal volume.

CONCLUSIONS:
The use of LTVV in the ED is associated with improved clinical outcomes and increased use of lung protection, recognizing low quality of evidence in this domain. Interventions aimed at implementing and sustaining LTVV in the ED should be explored.