bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Early-Life Adversities on Neuropsychiatric and Executive Functions in HIV-Positive Adults
Authors: Clark Uraina S. , Herrington Olivia D. , Hegde Rachal R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjective:Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) contribute to elevations in neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive symptoms in HIV+ adults. Emerging data suggest that exposures to threat-related and deprivation-related ACEs may have differential impacts on function, with threat exposure contributing to neuropsychiatric symptoms, and deprivation contributing to executive dysfunction. Yet, it remains unclear how specific types of ACEs impact neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive symptoms in HIV+ adults. Hence, the current study examined whether these two dimensions of adversity contribute differentially to neuropsychiatric symptoms and executive dysfunction in HIV+ adults.Methods:We included a sample of demographically matched HIV+ (N = 72) and HIV-negative (N = 85) adults. Standardized self-report measures assessed threat-related (interpersonal violence) and deprivation-related (poverty/neglect) ACEs, as well as neuropsychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, apathy). A brief battery of neuropsychological tests assessed executive functions.Results:Compared to HIV-negative participants, HIV+ participants reported significantly higher rates of threat exposure (51% vs. 67%, p = .04), while rates of deprivation did not differ significantly (8% vs. 13%, p = .38). In the HIV+ sample, threat exposure was associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms (p < .01) but not executive dysfunction (p = .75). By contrast, deprivation was associated with executive dysfunction, at a trend level (p = .09), but not with neuropsychiatric symptoms (p = .70).Conclusions:Our data suggest that, relative to HIV-negative samples, HIV+ samples experience higher rates of threat-related ACEs, which contribute to neuropsychiatric symptom elevations. Moreover, our preliminary findings suggest that different types of ACEs could be associated with different profiles of neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive difficulty in HIV+ adults, highlighting the importance of considering dimensions of adversity in future studies.
The Agnus Dei: Towards a Missional Dimension
Authors: Browning Ron 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAs a devotional part of the eucharistic liturgy, the Agnus Dei also carries a missional aspect. Exegeting the verse Jn 1.29 (‘Behold the Lamb of God…’) two major theories of the atonement are seen to be involved and are applicable to the meaning of the Agnus Dei. These two theories of the atonement (ransom and substitutionary) in their relationship to each other are noted, and a primary emphasis on the ransom theory and its background of the Passover is argued for. The Passover Lamb focus is seen as liberative and missional. This leads to seeing the Agnus Dei in its referring to the redeeming death of Christ (‘Lamb of God’) as appropriately accompanied by the fraction of the bread. The history of the Agnus Dei and its Eastern Orthodox roots are brought to bear, as are our modern Anglican liturgical forms.
Touched by Tragedy
Authors: Das Enny , te Hennepe Lisette 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Humans avoid thinking about death, yet they often watch tragic movies in which the main characters die. Seeking to explain this paradox, this research assessed conditions that motivate narrative processing of tragic movies about the loss of a loved one. Participants were assigned to a 3 (Mortality Salience of Self vs. Loved One vs. Control) × 2 (Movie Ending: Meaningful vs. Open) factorial design ( N = 187), and then completed measures of death-thought accessibility, mixed affect, boundary expansion, and identification. The two different mortality salience conditions increased death-thought accessibility in the same way. However, only mortality salience of a loved one increased mixed affect for movies with meaningful endings, which, in turn, predicted identification with the protagonist and boundary expansion into the story world. The findings suggest that movies about loss with meaningful endings may invite viewers to emotionally process the fundamental fear of losing a loved one.
Channel Response and Reservoir Delta Evolution From Source to Sink Following an Extreme Flood
Authors: Eidmann J. S. , Rathburn S. L. , White D. , Huson K. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDisturbances such as floods, fires, and mass movements introduce large volumes of sediment into fluvial systems. Tracking the movement of disturbance‐generated sediment provides insight into the processes of fluvial system response. Few studies document a post‐disturbance response that explicitly links channel change to evolution of a reservoir delta. We exploit the tight coupling in a sediment source‐to‐sink analysis of flood deposits over 6 years. Within the first year after the flood, the channel incised 1.5 m and widened 10 m. Limited channel morphologic change thereafter is attributed to bed armoring. Morphodynamic modeling of the channel predicted transport of Radio‐Frequency Identification‐tagged clasts from which we infer a discharge threshold of >14 m3/s for future geomorphic adjustments. Post‐flood discharges and reservoir drawdowns deposited 3 times the volume of sediment in the delta than was deposited during the flood and prograded the delta 200 m. Overall system response followed a characteristic sediment decay flux. Despite the sediment flux decline, comparable rates of delta progradation occurred due to reservoir drawdowns that shifted the sediment source from the channel to incision of the delta. Thus, the delta evolved via distinct processes based on sediment source and reservoir level: (a) aggradation of the delta topset and progradation of the Gilbert‐type clinoform when sediment is sourced from the channel during years when reservoir level fluctuated seasonally; and (b) delta progradation through incision of the delta topset during reservoir drawdowns. Our results reveal a genetic relationship between post‐disturbance channel and delta evolution.
Reduced Risks of Temperature Extremes From 0.5°C less Global Warming in the Earth's Three Poles
Authors: Tang Bin , Hu Wenting , Duan Anmin , Gao Kailun , Peng Yuzhuo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFuture projection of temperature extremes in the “Earth's three poles” (the Arctic, Antarctica, and Third Pole‐Tibetan Plateau [TP]) is of importance to risk assessment and policymaking owing to the high sensitivity to climate change in these regions. In this study, future projections of four extreme temperature indices were constructed after the application of a bias correction method in models of Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The reduced intensification of temperature extremes in the Earth's three poles if warming can be limited to 1.5°C instead of 2°C above the pre‐industrial level was examined. Results showed that all the extreme temperature indices show significant increasing trends under both the SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5 scenarios over the Earth's three poles (SSP: Shared Socioeconomic Pathway). For the coldest night (TNn), warmest night (TNx), and warmest day (TXx), the greatest increase by the end of the 21st century under SSP5–8.5 occurs in the Arctic, followed by the TP and finally Antarctica. For the coldest day (TXn), the greatest increase occurs in the Arctic, followed by Antarctica and finally the TP. If global warming can be limited to 1.5°C rather than 2°C, the intensification of TNn, TNx, TXn, and TXx in the Arctic (Antarctica/TP) under SSP5–8.5 is projected to reduce by 66% (21.7%/44.26%), 50.31% (54.79%/60.52%), 71.58% (12.91%/65.81%), and 41.73% (81.3%/57.34%), respectively, and the results are similar for SSP2–4.5. Therefore, keeping a lower warming target is essential for reducing the risk of extreme events in the Earth's three poles.
The Forecast Skill of the Northern Hemisphere Middle Latitudes Seasonal Oscillation and Its Impact on the Surface Air Temperature
Authors: Stan Cristiana 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study examines the sub‐seasonal forecast skill of the dominant mode of atmospheric circulation variability in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) mid‐latitudes, the Middle Latitudes Seasonal Oscillation (MLSO), and the influence of MLSO on the forecast skill of surface weather in this area. The analysis is conducted using reforecasts produced by four forecast systems, which archive their output in the Subseasonal‐to‐Seasonal (S2S) Data Base. A reduced ensemble of reforecasts for each model is verified against the ERA‐Interim reanalysis. The S2S models display significant ability to predict the MLSO on the S2S time scale. The MLSO prediction skill is higher in boreal winter than in summer. A relationship is found between the MLSO and the forecast skill of 2‐m temperature (T2m) in the NH mid‐latitudes during the extended boreal winter. The prediction of T2m improves when MLSO events are in the initial conditions and the improvement depends on the phase of MLSO.
Is There an Outward Propagating Diurnal Signal in the Precipitation of Tropical Cyclones?
Authors: Zhang Xinyan , Xu Weixin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDiurnal pulse (outward propagating signal) is a prominent feature in tropical cyclones (TCs) and closely related to TC structure and intensity. It is elusive whether the diurnal pulse is deep convectively coupled and what is the influence on (daily) mean TC structure. This study addresses these outstanding problems using long‐term satellite precipitation, infrared, and microwave data. Diurnal pulse of precipitation occurs in ∼50% TC days, and the frequency increases with TC intensity. The precipitation, cold clouds, and microwave‐based deep convection of active precipitation pulses show significant outward‐propagating or phase‐delaying diurnal features, indicating deep convective coupling in these pulsing events. Nearly half of the diurnal pulses have cloud and precipitation coupled, but the coupling frequency is reduced (20%–30%) at the later stage (12–15 hr) of long‐duration pulses. Daily mean precipitation, cloud top height, and microwave ice scattering are markedly enhanced in TCs with precipitation pulse, compared to TCs without precipitation pulse.
Van Allen Probes Observations of Symmetric Stormtime Compressional ULF Waves
Authors: Takahashi Kazue , Crabtree Chris , Ukhorskiy A. Y. , Boyd Alexander , Denton Richard E. , Turner Drew , Gkioulidou Matina , Vellante Massimo , Spence Harlan E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPrevious spacecraft studies showed that stormtime poloidal ultralow‐frequency (ULF) waves in the ring current region have an antisymmetric (second harmonic) mode structure about the magnetic equator. This paper reports Van Allen Probes observations of symmetric ULF waves in the postnoon sector during a moderate geomagnetic storm. The mode structure is determined from the presence of purely compressional magnetic field oscillations at the equator accompanied by strong transverse electric field perturbations. Antisymmetric waves were also detected but only very late in the recovery phase. The symmetric waves were detected outside the plasmasphere at L = 3.0–5.5 and had peak power at 4–10 mHz, lower than the frequency of the local fundamental toroidal standing Alfvén wave. During the wave events, the flux of protons was enhanced at energies below ∼5 keV, which appears to be a prerequisite for the waves. The protons may provide free energies to waves through drift resonance instability or drift compressional instability, which occur in the presence of radial gradients of plasma parameters.
Along‐Orbit Analysis of GRACE Follow‐On Inter‐Satellite Laser Ranging Measurements for Sub‐Monthly Surface Mass Variations
Authors: Ghobadi‐Far Khosro , Han Shin‐Chan , McCullough Christopher M. , Wiese David N. , Ray Richard D. , Sauber Jeanne , Shihora Linus , Dobslaw Henryk 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe examined the sensitivity of GRACE Follow‐On (GRACE‐FO) laser ranging interferometer (LRI) measurements to sub‐monthly time‐variable gravity (TVG) signals caused by transient, high‐frequency mass changes in the Earth system. GRACE‐FO LRI provides complementary inter‐satellite ranging measurements with higher precision over a wider range of frequencies than the baseline K‐band microwave ranging system. The common approach for studying mass variation relies on the inverted TVG or mascon solutions over a period of, for example, one month or 10 days which are adversely affected by temporal aliasing and/or smoothing. In this article, we present the alternative along‐orbit analysis methodology in terms of line‐of‐sight gravity difference (LGD) to fully exploit the higher precision LRI measurements for examination of sub‐monthly mass changes. The discrepancy between “instantaneous” LGD LRI observations and monthly‐mean LGD (from Level‐2 data) at satellite altitude indicates the sub‐monthly gravitational variability not captured by monthly‐mean solutions. In conjunction with the satellite ocean altimetry observations, high‐frequency non‐tidal atmosphere and ocean models, and hydrology models, we show that the LGD LRI observations detect the high‐frequency oceanic mass variability in the Argentine Basin and the Gulf of Carpentaria, and sub‐monthly variations in surface (river) water in the Amazon Basin. We demonstrate the benefits gained from repeat ground track analysis of GRACE‐FO LRI data in the case of the Amazon surface water flow. The along‐orbit analysis methodology based on LGD LRI time series presented here is especially suitable for quantifying temporal and spatial evolution of extreme, rapidly changing mass variations.
Phytoplankton Community Patterns in the Northeastern South China Sea: Implications of Intensified Kuroshio Intrusion During the 2015/16 El Niño
Authors: Ding Xiang , Liu Jiaxing , Zhang Huangchen , Ke Zhixin , Li Jiajun , Liu Weiwei , Li Kaizhi , Zhao Chunyu , Tan Yehui 
Published: February 2022

AbstractKuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea (SCS) varies seasonally and interannually under different climatic conditions. To characterize the intensity of the climate‐driven Kuroshio intrusion and its impact on the phytoplankton community in the northeastern South China Sea (NESCS), two cruises were conducted during the 2015/16 El Niño event. In situ observations and remote sensing data showed that the Kuroshio strongly intruded into the SCS in both summer and winter. The summer phytoplankton community was dominated by cyanobacteria (Trichodesmium erythraeum), associated with high surface temperature, shallower mixed layer depth, and low nutrient concentrations. The winter phytoplankton community was mainly dominated by cosmopolitan diatoms (Thalassiosira diporocyclus, Thalassionema nitzschioides, and Chaetoceros socialis), associated with low surface temperature, deeper mixed layers, and relatively higher nutrient concentrations. Meanwhile, the elevated abundance of T. erythraeum coupled well with the Kuroshio intrusion index during the El Niño summer. The phytoplankton network was unstable in summer but not in winter, induced by the Kuroshio intrusion. Our findings show that intensified Kuroshio intrusion during the El Niño event was a vital driving force for reshaping phytoplankton community dynamics of the NESCS through lateral advection and affecting temperature, mixed layer depth, and nutrient supply.
A Source of WRF Simulation Error for the Early‐Summer Warm‐Sector Heavy Rainfall Over South China Coast: Land‐Sea Thermal Contrast in the Boundary Layer
Authors: Gao Xiaoyu , Luo Yali , Lin Yanluan , Bao Xinghua 
Published: February 2022

AbstractQuantitative prediction of the early‐summer warm‐sector heavy rainfall over South China coast (SCC) is still a challenge. This study conducts convection‐permitting Weather Research and Forecast model simulations for a representative nocturnal‐to‐morning heavy rainfall event related to low‐level jets during 29–30 May 2020, and explores sources of simulated rainfall bias using multi‐source observations, reanalysis data and sensitivity experiments. Results show that the model initiated about 12 hr before the coastal convection initiation only produces sporadic convection and misses the heavy rainfall at SCC, although it captures the major synoptic features as in previous studies. The underestimated convection development is closely related to insufficient convergence of boundary layer (BL) wind due to overestimated speed of the onshore BL wind. Increasing the land surface friction effects in the simulations through either multiplying the surface roughness length by 10 or including sub‐grid topography drag effects could help little suppress the simulated biases. Using hourly data assimilation to improve the simulation of marine/land BL temperature from the afternoon to nighttime produces a desired change in the nocturnal BL wind across the coastline and significantly improves rainfall simulation with the maximum and average rainfall over SCC increased by about 4 and 6.5 times, respectively. These findings indicate that, to improve the prediction of the nocturnal heavy rainfall in the warm‐sector over SCC during early summer, it is necessary to more accurately predict the BL thermal structure during the daytime, in addition to the previously emphasized nocturnally enhanced marine BL flow.
Lidar Ratio–Depolarization Ratio Relations of Atmospheric Dust Aerosols: The Super‐Spheroid Model and High Spectral Resolution Lidar Observations
Authors: Kong Senyi , Sato Kaori , Bi Lei 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe backscattering optical properties of an ensemble of randomly oriented dust particles at a wavelength of 355 nm were comprehensively studied by examining the invariant imbedding T‐matrix results of the super‐spheroid dust model. In particular, we focused on the lidar ratio () and depolarization ratio () relations of dust aerosols to aid interpretation of data from the Atmospheric Lidar (ATLID) instrument that will be onboard the Earth Cloud, Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) satellite. Super‐spheroid models with various aspect ratios (), roundness parameters , and refractive indices were investigated over a wide range of particle sizes and compared to the observation data of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley 355‐nm airborne high spectral resolution lidar. We found that super‐spheroid dust particles with different sets of and could be used to model almost the entire range of the observed joint distributions of and . The relation could effectively discriminate among dust particle types. The observed and values with the largest population density were best covered by models with n > 2, especially by those with varying from 2.4 to 3.0.
Lithospheric Structure of Venusian Crustal Plateaus
Authors: Maia J. S. , Wieczorek M. A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCrustal plateaus are Venusian highlands characterized by tectonized terrains. It is commonly interpreted that their topography is isostatically supported and that they represent fossils of an extinct tectonic regime. Using gravity and topography we perform a comprehensive investigation of the lithospheric structure of six crustal plateaus. We computed the admittance (gravity to topography wavelength‐dependent ratio) for each region and compared them to modeled admittances. Three compensation scenarios were tested: Airy isostasy, a surface‐loading flexural model, and a flexural model with surface and subsurface loads. Our results show that the topography of most plateaus is supported by crustal thickening and that the addition of a mantle support component is not necessary at the investigated wavelengths. The elastic thickness was constrained to be less than 35 km with a best‐fitting average of 15 km, confirming that these regions are consistent with an isostatic regime. The average crustal thickness of the plateaus ranges from 15 to 34 km, and if they are in Airy isostasy, this implies that the global average crustal thickness of Venus is about 20 km. Phoebe Regio is the sole exception of our analysis in that crustal thicknesses that are compatible with the other plateaus are obtained only when a buoyant layer is included. Heat flow estimations computed from the elastic thickness indicate that the plateaus formed under higher heat flow conditions compared to the current global average and could have caused localized melting. Present‐day heat flow predictions suggest that eclogitization could occur where the crust is thickest.
Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions in Salt Marshes and Their Impact on Plant Ecology and Coastal Biogeochemistry
Authors: Xin Pei , Wilson Alicia , Shen Chengji , Ge Zhenming , Moffett Kevan B. , Santos Isaac R. , Chen Xiaogang , Xu Xinghua , Yau Yvonne Y. Y. , Moore Willard , Li Ling , Barry D. A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSalt marshes are highly productive intertidal wetlands providing important ecological services for maintaining coastal biodiversity, buffering against oceanic storms, and acting as efficient carbon sinks. However, about half of these wetlands have been lost globally due to human activities and climate change. Inundated periodically by tidal water, salt marshes are subjected to strong surface water and groundwater interactions, which affect marsh plant growth and biogeochemical exchange with coastal water. This paper reviews the state of knowledge and current approaches to quantifying marsh surface water and groundwater interactions with a focus on porewater flow and associated soil conditions in connection with plant zonation as well as carbon, nutrients, and greenhouse gas fluxes. Porewater flow and solute transport in salt marshes are primarily driven by tides with moderate regulation by rainfall, evapotranspiration and sea level rise. Tidal fluctuations play a key role in plant zonation through alteration of soil aeration and salt transport, and drive the export of significant fluxes of carbon and nutrients to coastal water. Despite recent progress, major knowledge gaps remain. Previous studies focused on flows in creek‐perpendicular marsh sections and overlooked multi‐scale 3D behaviors. Understanding of marsh ecological‐hydrological links under combined influences of different forcing factors and boundary disturbances is lacking. Variations of surface water and groundwater temperatures affect porewater flow, soil conditions and biogeochemical exchanges, but the extent and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We need to fill these knowledge gaps to advance understanding of salt marshes and thus enhance our ability to protect and restore them.