bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The integration of electronic circuits in plastics using injection technologies: a literature review
Authors: Bakr Mona , Bossuyt Frederick , Vanfleteren Jan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A great deal of attention has been paid in recent years to the integration of two and three-dimensional integrated electronic parts into plastics, both for their potential applications in modern human lives and for their outstanding properties, which include the ability to reduce product weight and space while increasing product reliability. The development of integrated electronic devices into plastics is advancing rapidly, owing to advancements in methodology and manufacturing techniques, which have significantly raised researcher interest in this topic. In-mold electronics (IME) is a term that describes an injection molding technology that integrates a printed foil with electrical components into a plastic part during the molding process. It is a revolutionary way to form two and three-dimensional products using electronic printed circuits. IME technology is comprised of three fundamental disciplines of study: electronics, materials science, and plastic manufacturing processes. Therefore, this review article aims to summarize the knowledge of these three primary fields to present an overview of in-mold technology. This article covers background history, a description of the In-mold process flow, and summarizes the recent real-life applications. Additionally, this article discusses some of the present technology challenges that must be overcome.
Fabrication of surface ion traps with integrated current carrying wires enabling high magnetic field gradients
Authors: Siegele-Brown Martin , Hong Seokjun , Lebrun-Gallagher Foni Raphaël , Hile Samuel James , Weidt Sebastian , Hensinger Winfried Karl 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A major challenge for quantum computers is the scalable simultaneous execution of quantum gates. One approach to address this in trapped ion quantum computers is the implementation of quantum gates based on static magnetic field gradients and global microwave fields. In this paper, we present the fabrication of surface ion traps with integrated copper current carrying wires embedded inside the substrate below the ion trap electrodes, capable of generating high magnetic field gradients. The copper layer’s measured sheet resistance of 1.12 mΩ/sq at room temperature is sufficiently low to incorporate complex designs, without excessive power dissipation at high currents causing a thermal runaway. At a temperature of 40 K the sheet resistance drops to 20.9 μΩ/sq giving a lower limit for the residual resistance ratio of 100. Continuous currents of 13 A can be applied, resulting in a simulated magnetic field gradient of 144 T m−1 at the ion position, which is 125 μm from the trap surface for the particular anti-parallel wire pair in our design.
M-regularity of ℚ-twisted sheaves and its application to linear systems on abelian varieties
Authors: Ito Atsushi 
Published: April 2022

G. Pareschi and M. Popa [J. Amer.Math. Soc. 16 (2003), pp. 285–302] give criterions for global generation and surjectivity of multiplication maps of global sections of coherent sheaves on abelian varieties in the theory of M-regularity. In this paper, we refine some of their criterions via the M-regularity of

Q

\mathbb {Q}

-twisted sheaves introduced by Z. Jiang and G. Pareschi [Ann. Sci. Éc. Norm. Supér. (4) 53 (2020), pp. 815–846]. As an application, we show that the M-regularity of a suitable

Q

\mathbb {Q}

-twisted sheaf implies property

(

N
p

)

(N_p)

and jet-ampleness for ample line bundles on abelian varieties.
The Effect of Preoperative Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy Use on Perioperative Adverse Events in Transmasculine Individuals Undergoing Masculinizing Chest Surgery for Gender Affirmation
Authors: Wu Shannon S , Raymer Charles A , Kaufman Bram R , Isakov Raymond , Ferrando Cecile A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Many providers require cessation of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) for transgender patients prior to undergoing masculinizing chest surgery (MCS) due to concerns about increased adverse events in the presence of exogenous hormones. Evidence has suggested that continuation of GAHT for certain patients may be safe for gender-affirming procedures.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to compare adverse event rates for GAHT cessation vs GAHT continuation in patients undergoing MCS.

Methods
This multicenter, retrospective study included patients at the Cleveland Clinic and MetroHealth System who underwent MCS between 2016 and 2020.

Results
There were 236 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 172 (72.9%) discontinued testosterone GAHT prior to surgery and 64 (27.1%) continued the therapy. Mean [standard deviation] age at surgery was 25 [8] years, and mean BMI was 29.5 [6.6] kg/m.2 The median duration of testosterone therapy was 18 months (range, 0-300 months). There was no significant difference in tobacco use (P = 0.73), diabetes (P = 0.54), thrombophilia (P = 0.97), or history of thromboembolism (P = 0.39). Most patients underwent the double-incision free nipple graft technique (77.9%). There was no significant difference in surgical time (P = 0.12), intraoperative complications (P = 0.54), or postoperative complications (P = 0.34). The most common complication was postoperative bleeding/hematoma (7.2%). Other complications included seroma (2.1%), infection (1.3%), and nipple graft failure (0.4%). There were no thromboembolic complications.

Conclusions
There is no significant difference in the incidence of perioperative adverse events for patients who continue GAHT preoperatively vs patients who stop GAHT prior to MCS.

Level of Evidence: 4
Techno–economic–environmental comparison of floating photovoltaic plant with conventional solar photovoltaic plant in northern Iran
Authors: Semeskandeh Sina , Hojjat Mehrdad , Hosseini Abardeh Mohamad 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) systems can be used to generate electricity due to the potential for solar energy in Iran. Applying floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems is a new approach to utilizing PV systems in water. Most of Iran’s energy consumption is supplied from fossil fuels, especially oil and gas. In recent years, Iran has faced environmental problems and air pollution. Electricity generation using fossil fuels has led to increased environmental pollution. Accordingly, PV systems can be used to generate electricity due to the potential for solar energy in Iran. The interest in predicting the energy production of PV power plants has increased in recent years. In this regard, the techno–economic–environmental study of constructing PV power plants is a basic process to encourage people to use solar energy. A techno–economic–environmental feasibility study has been performed to construct a 5-kW FPV and ground PV (GPV) power plant in a northern city of Iran. Also, the FPV system is compared with the ground PV system using MATLAB® Simulink and RETScreen® software. In this study, the effects of wind and water temperature have been considered. Also, a sensitivity analysis was performed due to the uncertainty in climatic conditions and the amount of PV energy generation. The simulation results show that due to the cooling effect for panels in the FPV system, the production capacity and panels’ efficiency are respectively 19.47% and 27.98% higher than the those of the GPV system. In addition, the FPV system was found to have a 16.96% increase in the annual performance ratio. Overall, using the FPV system reduces the equity payback to 6.3 years (a 22.2% reduction compared to the GPV power plant).
A novel perspective suggesting high sustained energy expenditure may be net protective against cancer
Authors: Biro Peter A , Thomas Frédéric , Ujvari Beata , Beckmann Christa 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Energy expenditure (EE) is generally viewed as tumorigenic, due to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cells and DNA. On this basis, individuals within a species that sustain high EE should be more likely to develop cancer. Here, we argue the opposite, that high EE may be net protective effect against cancer, despite high ROS production. This is possible because individuals that sustain high EE have a greater energetic capacity (=greater energy acquisition, expenditure and ability to up-regulate output), and can therefore allocate energy to multiple cancer-fighting mechanisms with minimal energetic trade-offs. Our review finds that individuals sustaining high EE have greater antioxidant production, lower oxidative stress, greater immune function and lower cancer incidence. Our hypothesis and literature review suggest that EE may indeed be net protective against cancer, and that individual variation in energetic capacity may be a key mechanism to understand the highly individual nature of cancer risk in contemporary human populations and laboratory animals.
Lay summary The process of expending energy generates reactive oxygen species that can lead to oxidative stress, cell and DNA damage, and the accumulation of this damage is thought to be a major contributor to many ageing related diseases that include cancer. Here, we challenge this view, proposing how and why high energy expenditure (EE) may actually be net protective against cancer, and provide literature support for our hypothesis. We find individuals with high sustained EE have greater energetic capacity and thus can invest more in repair to counter oxidative stress, and more in immune function, both of which reduce cancer risk. Our hypothesis provides a novel mechanism to understand the highly individual nature of cancer, why taller individuals are more at risk, why physically active individuals have lower cancer risk, and why regular exercise can reduce cancer risk.
Full-waveform centroid moment tensor inversion of passive seismic data acquired at the reservoir scale
Authors: Liu Qiancheng , Waheed Umair bin , Borisov Dmitry , Simons Frederik J , Gao Fuchun , Williamson Paul 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARY
Passive seismic inversion at the reservoir scale offers the advantages of low cost, negligible environmental impact and the ability to probe a target area with low-frequency energy not afforded by even the most modern active-source seismic technology. In order to build starting models suitable for full-waveform wave speed tomography, characterization of earthquake sources is an indispensable first step. We present a workflow for the centroid moment tensor (CMT) inversion of seismic events identified in a passive seismic data set acquired by a large and dense array of three-component broad-band seismic sensors in a mountainous setting in the Himalayan foothills. The data set comprised 256 instruments operating for 2×4 months over an area of 8000 km2. An initial 3-D wave speed model was determined for the region via the analysis of first-arriving traveltime picks. Of the 2607 identified seismic events that were well recorded at frequencies between 0.2–50 Hz, 86 with magnitudes 1.3 ≤ M ≤ 3.0 initially had their CMT focal mechanisms determined by a waveform fitting procedure built on a Green’s function approach in a 1-D layered average wave speed model, for stations within an offset of 10 km, in the frequency range 0.2–1.4 Hz. Here, we obtain updated CMT mechanisms for the 86 events in that catalogue via multicomponent full-waveform inversion in the 3-D wave speed model. Our workflow includes automated data- and model-driven data selection using a combination of different metrics derived from signal-to-noise considerations and waveform-fitting criteria, and relies upon spectral-element simulations of elastic wave propagation in the 3-D wave speed model, honouring topography. Starting from the initial CMT solutions, we seek improvement to the data fit within the frequency band 0.5–2.5 Hz by minimizing the waveform difference between observed and synthetic data, while accommodating wave speed-model errors by allowing for small time-shifts. We balance uneven data coverage and tune their contributions via data-space weighting functions. We quantify the improvements to the data fit in terms of different metrics. We summarize the changes to the CMT solutions, and present and analyse the resulting catalogue for the region, including their breakdown into double-couple and non-double couple components, and their relation to mapped faults.
Polio by the Numbers—A Global Perspective
Authors: Badizadegan Kamran , Kalkowska Dominika A , Thompson Kimberly M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Investments in national immunization programs and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) have resulted in substantial reductions in paralytic polio worldwide. However, cases prevented because of investments in immunization programs and GPEI remain incompletely characterized.

Methods
Using a global model that integrates polio transmission, immunity, and vaccine dynamics, we provide estimates of polio incidence and numbers of paralytic cases prevented. We compare the results with reported cases and estimates historically published by the World Health Organization.

Results
We estimate that the existence and use of polio vaccines prevented 5 million cases of paralytic polio for 1960–1987 and 24 million cases worldwide for 1988–2021 compared to a counterfactual world with no polio vaccines. Since the 1988 resolution to eradicate polio, our estimates suggest GPEI prevented 2.5–6 million cases of paralytic polio compared to counterfactual worlds without GPEI that assume different levels of intensity of polio vaccine use in routine immunization programs.

Conclusions
Analysis of historical cases provides important context for understanding and communicating the benefits of investments made in polio eradication. Prospective studies will need to explore the expected benefits of future investments, the outcomes of which will depend on whether and when polio is globally eradicated.
Analysis of Ceftazidime/Avibactam Use for Treating Carbapenem-Resistant Infections in Critically Ill Patients With Thermal or Inhalation Injuries
Authors: Martin Kelsey , Arif Faisal , Sultan-Ali Ibrahim , Velamuri Sai R , Hill David M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Rising antimicrobial resistance is a pressing public health concern. An increase in carbapenem-resistant organisms has led to increased use of novel antibiotics, such as ceftazidime/avibactam (CZ/AV). However, recent studies have shown increasing treatment failures and resistance rates associated with ceftazidime/avibactam use. The efficacy of CZ/AV has not been studied in patients with thermal or inhalation injuries, where pharmacokinetic derangements are common and patients are often subject to longer lengths of stay and several antimicrobial courses that may lead to higher resistance rates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients with thermal and inhalation injuries including clinical success, the frequency of adverse effects, and emergence of resistance. In the 17 courses of CZ/AV evaluated, clinical success occurred in 71% (12/17) of courses. Enterobacter cloacae was the most commonly treated pathogen. Resistance developed in 18% (3/17) of courses, but follow-up sensitivities were not evaluable for every case. Although lower than desired, clinical success rates in this sample were similar to other reported populations treated with CZ/AV. However, the emergence of resistance occurred more frequently and was likely underreported in this sample. Although limited by its small sample size, this study emphasizes the concern of growing antimicrobial resistance among even novel antibiotics. Resistance can develop during the initial course, stressing the importance of infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship. Furthermore, attention and resources should be given to proper pharmacokinetic analysis of medications given in severely ill, hypermetabolic populations.
Liquidity and Discipline. Bank due Diligence Over the Business Cycle
Authors: Cao Qingqing , Di Pietro Marco , Kokas Sotirios , Minetti Raoul 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe quality of bank lending is increasingly viewed as a force driving the buildup and unfolding of crises. In a dynamic general equilibrium model, we show that banks’ access to liquidity and the values of loan portfolios govern banks’ incentives and effectiveness in producing information on loans. Consistent with granular loan-level evidence from US banks, the calibrated model predicts that loan due diligence deteriorates during expansions and intensifies during contractions. This countercyclicality attenuates investment and output effects of liquidity shocks but can moderately amplify loan quality shocks. Credit policies may dilute stabilizing effects of due diligence.
Seasonal and diurnal variation in ecosystem respiration and environmental controls from an alpine wetland in arid northwest China
Authors: Yao Hu , Peng Haijun , Hong Bing , Ding Hanwei , Hong Yetang , Zhu Yongxuan , Wang Jie , Cai Cheng 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWetlands store large amounts of carbon stocks and are essential in both global carbon cycling and regional ecosystem services. Understanding the dynamics of wetland carbon exchange is crucial for assessing carbon budgets and predicting their future evolution. Although many studies have been conducted on the effects of climate change on the ecosystem carbon cycle, little is known regarding carbon emissions from the alpine wetlands in arid northwest China. In this study, we used an automatic chamber system (LI-8100A) to measure ecosystem respiration (ER) in the Bayinbuluk alpine wetland in northwest China. The ER showed a significant bimodal diurnal variation, with peak values appearing at 16:30 and 23:30 (Beijing time, UTC + 8). A clear seasonal pattern in ER was observed, with the highest value (19.38 µmol m−2 s−1) occurring in August and the lowest value (0.11 µmol m−2 s−1) occurring in late December. The annual ER in 2018 was 678 g C m−2 and respiration during the non-growing season accounted for 13% of the annual sum. Nonlinear regression revealed that soil temperature at 5 cm depth and soil water content (SWC) were the main factors controlling the seasonal variation in ER. The diurnal variation in ER was mainly controlled by air temperature and solar radiation. Higher temperature sensitivity (Q10) occurred under conditions of lower soil temperatures and medium SWC (25% ≤ SWC ≤ 40%). The present study deepens our understanding of CO2 emissions in alpine wetland ecosystems and helps evaluate the carbon budget in alpine wetlands in arid regions.
Dynamics of gliotoxin and bis(methylthio)gliotoxin production during the course of Aspergillus fumigatus infection
Authors: Gomez-Lopez Alicia , Rueda Cristina , Pando Pozo Rebeca , Sanchez Gonzalez Luis Miguel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

As recently described, fungal secondary metabolism activates during infection in response to a hostile host environment. Gliotoxin and bis(methylthio)gliotoxin are two recognized secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus fumigatus with differential cytotoxicity and involved in virulence. We sought to describe the temporal dynamics of gliotoxin and bis(methylthio)gliotoxin during A. fumigatus progression to further explore their role in the infection. First, we optimized the production of the mycotoxins under different in vitro growth conditions and then specifically measured them using an UHPLC/PDA method. The analytical conditions were selected after testing different parameters such as extraction procedures, column type, and mobile phase composition. We found that gliotoxin and bis(methylthio)gliotoxin are differentially excreted to the extracellular media during the course of A. fumigatus infection regardless of the growth format tested. Dynamic profiles show an early production of gliotoxin, which, after reaching a maximum, decreases coinciding with the increase in the production of the inactive derivative bis(methylthio)gliotoxin. Presence of gliotoxin may indicate an early phase of fungal development, whereas detection of bis(methylthio)gliotoxin may correspond to a more advanced stage of infection. Our chromatographic method successfully characterizes these secondary metabolites. Thus, it may potentially be used to further understand Aspergillus infection.

Lay Summary
Aspergillus fumigatus secondary metabolites may contribute to fungal survival. A new chromatographic method was applied to simultaneously characterize two relevant metabolites. Presence of toxic gliotoxin may indicate an early phase of development, whereas the detection of the inactive derivate may represent an advanced infection stage.
Serendipitous discovery of radio flaring behaviour from a nearby M dwarf with MeerKAT
Authors: Andersson Alex , Fender Rob P , Lintott Chris J , Williams David R A , Driessen Laura N , Woudt Patrick A , van der Horst Alexander J , Buckley David A H , Motta Sara E , Rhodes Lauren , Eisner Nora L , Osten Rachel A , Vreeswijk Paul , Bloemen Steven , Groot Paul J 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
We report on the detection of MKT J174641.0−321404, a new radio transient found in untargeted searches of wide-field MeerKAT radio images centred on the black hole X-ray binary H1743−322. MKT J174641.0−321404 is highly variable at 1.3 GHz and was detected three times during 11 observations of the field in late 2018, reaching a maximum flux density of 590 ± 60 µJy. We associate this radio transient with a high proper motion, M dwarf star SCR 1746−3214 12 pc away from the Sun. Multiwavelength observations of this M dwarf indicate flaring activity across the electromagnetic spectrum, consistent with emission expected from dMe stars, and providing upper limits on quiescent brightness in both the radio and X-ray regimes. TESS photometry reveals a rotational period for SCR 1746−3214 of 0.2292 ± 0.0025 d, which at its estimated radius makes the star a rapid rotator, comparable to other low-mass systems. Dedicated spectroscopic follow up confirms the star as a mid-late spectral M dwarf with clear magnetic activity indicated by strong H α emission. This transient’s serendipitous discovery by MeerKAT, along with multiwavelength characterization, make it a prime demonstration of both the capabilities of the current generation of radio interferometers and the value of simultaneous observations by optical facilities such as MeerLICHT. Our results build upon the literature of M dwarfs’ flaring behaviour, particularly relevant to the habitability of their planetary systems.
Large-scale dynamics of winds driven by line force from a thin accretion disc
Authors: Zhu Yi , Bu De-Fu , Yang Xiao-Hong , Yuan Feng , Lin Wen-Bin 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
Winds play a significant role in active galactic nuclei feedback process. Previous simulations studying winds only focus on a small dynamical range. Therefore, it is unknown how far the winds can go and what the properties of the winds will be if they can move to large radii. We perform simulations to study the large-scale dynamics of winds driven by line force. We find that the properties of the winds depend on both black hole mass (MBH) and accretion disc luminosity. When the accretion disc luminosity is 0.6Ledd (Ledd being Eddington luminosity), independent of MBH, the winds have kinetic energy flux exceeding $1{{\ \rm per\ cent}} L_{\rm edd}$ and can escape from the black hole potential. For the case with the accretion disc luminosity equaling 0.3 Ledd, the strength of the winds decreases with the decrease of MBH. If MBH decreases from 109 to 106 solar mass (M⊙), the winds kinetic energy flux decreases from ∼0.01 Ledd to ∼10−6Ledd. In case of $M_{\rm BH}\ge 10^7 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, winds can escape from black hole potential. In the case of $M_{\rm BH}=10^6 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, the winds cannot escape. We find that for the ultra-fast winds observed in hard X-ray bands, the observed dependence of the mass flux and the kinetic energy flux on accretion disc luminosity can be well produced by line force driven winds model. We also find that the properties of the ultra-fast winds observed in soft X-ray bands can be explained by the line force driven winds model.