bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Association of Flowering with Nutrition in the Sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas, L.1
Authors: Knavel Dean E. , Lasheen Aly M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flowering was induced in the sweetpotato cultivar, ‘Allgold’, by growing plants with a N level of 280 mg/1 in a peat moss-perlite medium. Plants grown with other factorial combinations of N and K failed to flower. Analyses of plants from treatment N2K0 prior to and after flowering showed these plants to contain the highest percentage of N, the lowest total sugars, and the lowest starch in both tops and roots as compared with plants that failed to flower.
An Empirical Description of Cold Protection Provided by a Wind Machine1
Authors: Reese R. L. , Gerber J. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The temperature field around a wind machine located in a citrus orchard was measured using a fast response thermistor network. The area of protection provided by the wind machine was kidney-shaped. Temperature at any given point was continually rising or falling and depended upon the position of the point relative to the jet. Maximum temperature rise was recorded 90 to 150° after the jet had passed the point.
Air movement was not always away from the machine, but cold air inflow occurred just in advance of the turning jet. The wind machine protected a citrus orchard on radiation nights, provided a relatively stable condition existed in the lower atmosphere. The machine caused downward movement of warm air from aloft by creating divergence of cold, dense air at lower levels.
The area and degree of protection were directly related to the inversion strength, strong inversions producing a greater effect than weak inversions. A larger area of protection was obtained under conditions of weak inversions at the lower elevation (5 ft) without leaves than when leaves were present. However, a greater area of protection was obtained under strong inversions when leaves were present on the tree. Thus, one might expect less area of protection in defoliated groves, i.e. groves which had been defoliated by earlier freezes and had not refoliated, or in deciduous orchards before leafing.
Suberin and Periderm Formation in Dieffenbachia1
Authors: Marlatt Robert B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Single-node stem cuttings of Dieffenbachia amoena, Gentil were stored at 16 to 37° C and at 25 to 100% relative humidities. The cuttings required at least 2 days to produce suberin on cell walls near the cut surface, at least 6 days to form phellogen beneath suberized cells and at least 9 days to form a periderm layer. For periderm formation the optimum temperatures were 28 to 34 °C and optimum relative humidities 91 to 100%.
Growth Retardation of Citrus by Quaternary Ammonium Derivatives of (+)-Limonene1
Authors: Pieringer A. P. , Newhall W. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The growth-retardant activity of 4 quaternary ammonium derivatives of (+)-limonene was determined by application of foliar sprays on greenhouse-grown grapefruit seedlings. The most active compound was 1-p-men-thanol-2-dimethylamino heptyl bromide. The 3,4-dichlorobenzyl chloride and p-methylbenzyl chloride quaternary ammonium derivatives of 2-dimethylamino-1-p-menthanol were occasionally rated as highly active, but in some tests these compounds were either only slightly active as growth retardants or moderately active as growth stimulators. The 2,4-dichlorobenzyl chloride derivative was only moderately active on grapefruit seedlings. Alar in some tests was moderately effective as a growth retardant, and in other tests it was either inactive or somewhat active as a growth stimulator. The heptyl derivative at 3000 and 6000 ppm was also effective in reducing growth of 3-year-old field-grown lemon trees for a relatively short period of time. A 1000 ppm application appeared to stimulate growth of lemon trees and grapefruit seedlings.
Selecting Tomatoes Resistant to Spider Mites1
Authors: Stoner Allan K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato plants possessing a high level of resistance to the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, can be identified in segregating populations by selecting those with the greatest concentration of glandular hairs on their leaves. The glandular hairs were counted by using a stereoscopic microscope, or estimated with the naked eye when the plants were 8 to 10 weeks old. In 18 of 21 F2 populations studied, plants selected for their high concentration of glandular hairs had higher levels of resistance to mites, as determined by ovi-position rate, than did plants selected for having few hairs. The average number of eggs laid per female mite ranged from 6.2 to 50.5% less on the plants selected for a high concentration of hairs than on those with few hairs. Selection with the naked eye was as effective in identifying resistant segregates as was actual glandular hair counts.
Graft Union Behavior of Certain Species of Malus and Prunus1
Authors: Robitaille Henry A. , Carlson R. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five apple species were grafted onto East Mailing VII, IX and 26 and Mailing Merton 104, 106 and 111 and 3 cherry species were grafted onto Mazzard F12/1 rootstock (a virus indexed clone) and grown in the field for one season. Determinations were made on graft success and plant response in the field. In October, representative graft unions of the 33 combinations were prepared, sectioned, and examined microscopically in an effort to find a rapid test for compatibility. The results of these microscopic examinations were correlated with the field results to see if one or more abnormalities could be found consistently in a significant number of grafts. Only a few grafts showed incompatibility characteristics which could be correlated to the field tests thus eliminating a quick microscope test. Anatomical abnormalities appeared to be the result of secondary influences suggesting that the biochemical factors probably control the compatibility or incompatibility of graft unions.
Some Biochemical Compounds Associated with Rooting of Carya illinoensis Stem Cuttings1
Authors: Taylor Glenn G. , Odom R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hardwood and softwood pecan cuttings were exposed to various preconditioning treatments prior to propagation. Some softwood cuttings girdled and those girdled and etiolated, rooted and/or retained their leaves. These were the only softwood cuttings that retained their leaves throughout the rooting period. Cuttings from other treatments displayed no rooting activity.
Three to 4 areas of endogenous rooting-cofactor activity corresponding to specific Rf values were located in basal extracts of all cuttings by paper chromotography and the mung bean rooting bioassay. Two consistent areas of root inhibitory activity corresponding to specific Rf values were evident in cuttings from all preconditioning treatments, except one. Cool temperature storage of hardwood cuttings removed the root-inhibitory activity in one of these areas.
A compound similar to juglone was extracted from leaves and stems of the pecan stock plants. This compound was associated with one of the areas of root-inhibitory activity. “Units of promotion,” values based upon the relative amounts of endogenous root promoting cofactors and rooting inhibitors present, were reliable indicators of rooting potential. Factors other than rooting-cofactor compounds appear to limit the rooting of pecan cuttings. The presence of root inhibitory substances appears to play a significant role in the rooting complex of pecan stem cuttings.
The Absorption and Translocation of C14 Labeled N-dimethylamino Succinamic Acid by Young Tung Seedlings, Aleurites fordii Hemsl.1
Authors: Kilby Michael W. , Overcash J. P. , Mitlin Norman 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (Alar) labeled as C14 radioisotope was used to study the absorption and translocation of the chemical in young tung trees. The lower epidermis of the leaves was treated with known quantities of the compound and at various time intervals samples of treated leaves and other portions of the plants were assayed for radioactivity.
One hour after treatment the labeled compound had been absorbed by the lamina and translocated to the petiole. Alar was found in all parts of the plant 24 hr after treatment. Four days after treatment, peak accumulation was reached in most of the 14 sampling locations throughout the plant with the terminal growing point showing the greatest accumulation in micrograms per gram of fresh tissue. Significant quantities of labeled Alar were found in stems on all sampling dates.
Phloem Tissue Development in Response to Freeze Injury to Trunks of Apple Trees1
Authors: Simons Roy K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A subfreezing temperature caused trunk splitting in 13-year-old apple trees of the cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Starking’ growing on EM VII rootstock. ‘Starkrimson’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ on a seedling rootstock and ‘Jonared’/EM VII were unaffected by the freeze. No splitting occurred below the graft union of any tree. Phloem, 8 months after the initial injury, showed extreme variation in the development of periderm throughout the injured tissues. The sieve elements, sieve plates, and phloem-ray cells in the functioning phloem were distorted and necrotic depending upon severity of injury. Cellular structure showed evidence of injury a considerable distance beyond the wound and some of the injured areas had subsequently healed. In severe but closed wounds parenchyma was the only wound tissue evident. In some cases, this tissue developed into a narrow band of phloem capable of translocation. Callus tissue formed in areas adjacent to the periderm. Dilation tissues were evident within split phloem-ray cells. In some areas the phloem-ray cells were killed and translocatable metabolites accumulated in the sieve-plate area. Some of the injured tissue was necrotic and translocation appeared impossible.
Adenylate Kinase in Sweet and Sour Lemon Fruits1
Authors: Abou-Zamzam A. M. , Wallace A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Studies with adenylate kinase (IUBN 2.7.4.3) activity in soluble and mitochondrial fractions from sweet lemon, Citrus limettioides, Tanaka, and sour lemon Citrus limon, L., were conducted. These species differ greatly in organic acid contents of fruits. These studies involved distribution, pH optimum, Mg++ requirement, inhibition of NaF, and equilibrium constant determination. The total adenylate kinase activity for the soluble and mitochondrial fractions was about 34% higher in extracts from sour lemons than in those from sweet lemons. The enzyme preparations from sweet lemons were more sensitive to inhibition by NaF than those from sour lemon. In both lemons, mitochondrial adenylate kinase activity was only 6–8% of the total adenylate kinase activity. Enzymatic breakdown of AMP to adenosine was higher in the soluble fraction than in the mitochondrial fraction.
Salt and Acid Effects on Citrus Leaf Abscission1
Authors: Barmore Charles R. , Biggs R. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Using leaf expiants of Citrus madurensis Lour. cv. ‘Calamondin’, it was demonstrated that many chemicals will accelerate the abscission processes at concentrations of 10−2 to 10−1M. Representative of classes of chemicals tested were mineral acids, bases, and salts; organic acids and salts; non-ionic organic compounds. Several observations were made: Low (< 3) or high (> 13) pH will accelerate the abscission processes; cations and anions do differ in the capacity to accelerate the abscission processes but those that were most effective were active in the concentration range of 10−2 to 10−1M; inorganic PO4−3 was as effective on abscission as the organic anions tested; acceleration of abscission by these various agents at 10−2M was accomplished without visible tissue damage.
Factors Controlling Residues of 2-Aminobutane in Citrus Fruits Fumigated for Decay Control1
Authors: Grierson W. , Hayward F. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fumigation with 2-aminobutane (2-AB) provides effective and convenient decay control for citrus fruits, but the temporary residue tolerance of 20 ppm can easily be exceeded. Factors found to control residues were the cultivar, concentration of 2-AB, temperature, duration of fumigation, and load (as a percentage of maximum capacity) in the fumigation chamber. The simplest procedure was to evaporate the entire charge of 2-AB as rapidly as possible. Residues in ‘Dancy’ tangerines and ‘Temples’ were higher than in oranges. Safe dosages for waxed fruit in poly bags and master cartons fumigated for 3 hr in full cabinets at various temperatures were (in ml/100 cu ft): 80 ml at 85° F, 110 ml at 70°, and in excess of 150 ml at 50° and below. Risk of exceeding tolerance at 40° and lower was minimal. Use of a chlorinated hydrocarbon, Quick Color, to eliminate explosion hazard had no consistent effect upon 2-AB residues.
Response of Mature Avocado Fruits to Ethylene Treatments Before and After Harvest12
Authors: Gazit S. , Blumenfeld A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Unpicked avocado fruit showed no response to ethylene treatments given at 50 ppm for 48 hr. Picked ‘Hass’ fruit did not respond to ethylene treatments given immediately after harvest. A good response was observed to treatment given 25 or 49 hr after harvest. This may be explained by assuming the existence of an endogenous factor inhibiting ethylene action.
In situ Observations on Plum Root Growth1
Authors: Bhar D. S. , Mason G. F. , Hilton R. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In situ root growth of young plum trees (myrobalan rootstock on which ‘Shiro’ plum was budded) was studied for one season at the University of Guelph rhizotron. Root growth of this combination, at the field-transplant stage, began before leaf growth and extended past leaf fall. Relatively large roots of myrobalan stock made some winter growth in length, below frost penetration. The rate of growth during July to mid-September was twice that of the balance of the season, corresponding closely to shoot and trunk increments. Root diameter and elongation rate are positively correlated. Irregular and patchy suberization was the rule with the young plum roots.
Relationship of Stage of Ripeness to Composition and Keeping Quality Highbush Blueberries1
Authors: Ballinger W. E. , Kushman L. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Wolcott’ blueberries were harvested at 8 stages of development (small, deep green to overripe) on 3 dates in 1963 and on 4 dates in 1964 from 2 plantings in eastern North Carolina. As the fruit developed, per cent acid decreased while pH, per cent soluble solids, sugar (per cent of fresh weight and mg/berry), soluble solids/acid ratio (SS/A), anthocyanin content and berry weight increased. Acid content (mg/berry) increased during early stages but decreased rapidly during later stages of development. Anthocyanin content (mg/cm2 of berry surface) was significantly correlated with sugar/acid ratio and SS/A ratio. An increase in incidence of decay of 10 punctured or bisected fruit samples after 9 to 11 days at 70°F, or 21 days at 32° plus 6 days at 70°, was associated with an increase in ripeness. In culture solutions with acid and sugar levels paralleling those of fruit of various degrees of ripeness, growth of both Alternaria and Botrytis spp. decreased as the level of acid in culture solution increased. Thus, the acid composition of blueberry fruit appears to afford a mechanism of resistance to decay-producing organisms. This indicates a potential for selecting varieties with high-keeping quality through selection of clones high in acid. The increase in anthocyanin (Acy) content as berries develop indicates a potential means of sorting blueberries electronically, according to their Acy content.
Relationship Between Azalea Bud Morphology and Effectiveness of Methyl Decanoate, a Chemical Pinching Agent1
Authors: Sill Lois Z. , Nelson Paul V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tests in which tips of outer enclosing leaves of vegetative azalea buds were dipped in 4.2% methyl decanoate emulsion indicated that the pinching agent does not translocate in sufficient quantity to kill the meristem. Direct contact must be achieved. A morphological comparison of the vegetative buds of an azalea cultivar responding poorly, ‘White Gish’, and one responding readily, ‘Coral Bells’, to pinching agents indicated that the former has (1) an abnormally long enclosing sheath of leaves and (2) a greater number of trichomes per unit area of leaf surface within the sheath. Both factors can contribute to a reduction in the movement of pinching agent to the meristematic tissue.
A comparative study of vegetative and reproductive buds of the azalea cultivar, ‘Red Wing’, gives an account of the reduced effectiveness of pinching agents in reproductive buds. In the young reproductive bud a greater number of leaf primordia layers and in the older reproductive bud the presence of a thick cuticle on the outer scales as well as the presence of numerous closely overlapping scales reduces penetration of the pinching agent emulsion.
Variation in the Abscission Response of Aging Citrus Fruit and Leaf Explants to Ethylene and 2, 4-D1
Authors: Ismail M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit and leaf explants of ‘Pineapple’ orange were aged for 2 to 36 hr after excision and prior to treatment with ethylene or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Abscission of fruit explants, aged for various durations, was accelerated by ethylene applied as early as 2 hr after excision but was delayed by 2,4-D administered within 26 hr after excision. Leaf explants did not exhibit an abscission response to ethylene up to 20 hr following excision, but they became responsive at 28 hr. The growth substance, 2,4-D, was effective in delaying abscission of leaf explants aged for 44 hr. Ethylene, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel), and cycloheximide failed to accelerate abscission in young ‘Valencia’ orange fruit (3.1 to 3.8 cm diam.) while they greatly accelerated abscission in mature fruit. Citrus leaf, but not mature fruit explants, exhibit the 2-stage abscission phenomenon in response to auxin and ethylene. Results suggest the possibility of differential abscission promotion in mature vs immature ‘Valencia’ orange fruits.
Exploring the Target and Mechanism of Radix Paeoniae Alba on Sjogren’s
Syndrome
Authors: Wu Fangping , Wu Guolin , Li Tianyi , Lu Wenwen , Fu Tianxiao , Zhang Zhenyi 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Radix Paeoniae Alba is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. It can accelerate
salivary secretion and alleviate the dry mouth of patients with Sjogren’s syndrome (SS).
Although it is widely used in clinical treatment, its target and mechanism remain unclear.

Objective:
This study aims to analyze the main components of Radix Paeoniae Alba, explore the
target genes, and propose the possible mechanism for Radix Paeoniae Alba’s acceleration of salivary
secretion.

Methods:
The main active components and potential targets of Radix Paeoniae Alba were searched
through the TCMSP database. Efforts were made to search for the related genes of Sjogren’s syndrome
in OMIM and GeneCards databases. Cytoscape v3.8.0 software was used to link target
genes of active components and key genes of the disease. The software Autodock vina1.1.2. was
adopted to simulate the interaction between active components and target genes. Human submandibular
gland (HSG) cells were used in vitro experiments to verify the results of our analysis.

Results:
β-Sitosterol, the main component of Radix Paeoniae Alba, may intervene in the disease
through CHRM3. Molecular docking shows β-Sitosterol has a high affinity with CHRM3, and the
interaction between CHRM3 and β-Sitosterol is the basis of biological activity. The in vitro experiments
showed that β-Sitosterol could significantly up-regulate the mRNA and protein expression
levels of both CHRM3 and secretion-related genes in HSG cells.

Conclusion:
Our study shows that the chemical components of Radix Paeoniae Alba have a positive
effect on the related mechanism of salivary secretion. We found that β-Sitosterol can promote
the expression of CHRM3, stimulate salivary secretion, treat Sjogren’s syndrome and potentially
improve its prognosis.
Structure, Distribution, Regulation, and Function of Splice Variant Isoforms of Nitric Oxide Synthase Family in the Nervous System
Authors: Hosseini Nasrin , Kourosh-Arami Masoumeh , Nadjafi Shabnam , Ashtari Behnaz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:Nitric oxide (NO) is a small molecule produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with various physio-pathological functions in the body. There are three main NOS isoforms, including the endothelial (eNOS), inducible (iNOS), and neuronal NOS (nNOS), that exist in the peripheral organs and nervous systems of humans and rodents. Moreover, NOS includes other identified NOS isoforms, such as retinal Muller glial cells (mNOS), mitochondrial (mtNOS), penile (PnNOS), testis-specific (TnNOS), and invertebrate Drosophila NOS (dNOS), which are the lesser-known types. It is proposed that the versatile functions of NOS isoforms depend on various NOS splice variant subtypes and their expression in the neural (e.g., brain, and spinal cord) and non-neuronal tissues (e.g., lung, kidney, liver, and GI tract). Therefore, this review summarizes the NOS subtypes, splice variants, targeted splicing expression in the body, and their proposed physio-pathological functions. At last, alternative NOS subtypes and isoforms, which have previously received scant attention, will be addressed in this article.
A Methodical and Performance-based Investigation of Alzheimer Disease
Detection on Magnetic Resonance and Multimodal Images
Authors: C. Keerthika , Lal Anisha M. 
Published: August 2022

Background:
In recent years, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) has received more attention in the
field of medical imaging, which leads to cognitive disorders. Physicians mainly rely on MRI imaging
to examine memory impairment, thinking skills, judge functional abilities, and detect behavioral abnormalities
for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease.

Objective:
Early diagnosis of AD has become a challenging and strenuous task with conventional
methods. The diagnostic procedure becomes complicated due to the structure and heterogeneous dimensions
of the brain. This paper visualizes and analyzes the publications on AD and furnishes a detailed
review based on the stages involved in the early detection of the disease.

Methods:
This paper also focuses on assorted stages of disease detection such as image preprocessing,
segmentation, feature extraction, classification, and optimization techniques that have been used in the
diagnosis of AD during the past five years. It also spotlights the deep learning models used in assorted
stages of detection. This paper also highlights the benefits of each method for assorted modalities of
images.

Results:
AD has been analyzed with various computational methods on a few datasets, which leads to
high computation time and loss of important features. Hybrid methods can perform better in every
diagnosis stage of AD than others. Finally, the assorted datasets used for the diagnosis and investigation
of Alzheimer's disease were analyzed and explored using a computerized system for future scope.

Conclusion:
From the review papers, we can conclude that DNN has greater accuracy in MR images
and CNN +AEC has the best accuracy in the multimodal images.