bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Tiny Owl
Authors: Palekar Srilatha , Pardhi Arun , Jindal Sunanda 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The start—ups are mushrooming all across India even supported by the government policy and regulatory guideline as favourable to the promoters. But unfortunately, employment opportunities at the start—ups are like mutual fund investments are subject to unemployment risks since the start—ups, in general, are not meant to provide assurance of employee tenures since they are ever dynamic and wish to change their business models as often as required to keep the promoters investments providing best of revaluation results such that when an opportunity is apt, they can liquidate their stake to make money on revalued assets and dispose their engagement in the start—up. Hence if someone is seeking a long—term career objective as an employee in a start—up perhaps it is a risky proposition.
Introduction
Authors: Winter Jay 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
After 1918, a new kind of decentered warfare emerged, based at times on state power, but at other times on the contest between regional, ethnic, and confessional groups in some areas, and simultaneous class conflicts in these and in other areas. The key element separating the first Great War from the second set of armed conflicts was the fragmentation of national or imperial war efforts into domestic and trans-national conflicts dividing populations which between 1914 and 1918 had fought for their nation or empire. The thrust of this book is to show that as the nature of war changed, so did the nature of peace. Both described what is called the civilianization of war.
The Road from Athens
Authors: Winter Jay 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The massive defeat of the Greek army in August 1922 left the Greek delegation with little room for maneuver at Lausanne. The leaders of the regime that had brought Greece to ruin were executed, and the Greek head of delegation Venizelos had no alternative but to bury the dream of Megali, or a Greek dominion straddling Europe and Asia, and to start the process of rebuilding his broken and bankrupt nation. Through the work of his former Foreign Minister Nicolas Politis, Greece benefited from a major international loan, brokered by the League of Nations. This assistance enabled Greece to begin a new phase in its history, an inward phase focusing on the integration of one million refugees from Anatolia.
The Road from London
Authors: Winter Jay 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The British delegation was led by her Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon, formerly Viceroy of India. He stayed on despite a change of government in London. The fall of Lloyd George ensured that Britain would not risk going to war in defense of her just-defeated Greek ally. Curzon succeeded in achieving three objectives. He internationalized the Straits; he separated the new Turkey from an alliance with the Soviet Union, and he postponed the final disposition of the city of Mosul until the League of Nations would deal with it a year later, as it happened in a manner favorable to Britain. But the reconfiguration of imperial power at Lausanne disclosed how deeply wounded Britain was by the costs of war and by the clear separation of the foreign policy of France and Italy from that of Britain.
The Road from Paris
Authors: Winter Jay 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Entente Cordiale between France and Britain broke down long before the delegates arrived at Lausanne. The difference between Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary Poincaré and Curzon was over whether France believed that her agreement of 1914 to act in lockstep with Britain in achieving peace was still in effect. The French answer was no; after 1918, each went her own way. This meant that Britain would not have French backing for a strong anti-Turkish front at the peace conference. France was not going to go to war, no matter what happened at Lausanne or in Anatolia. The price for this parting of the ways was British indifference to French pleas for support over her occupation of the Ruhr in January 1923, when the conference was in session. This chapter charts French disengagement from hostilities in Anatolia, and her preparation for what may be termed not dollar diplomacy but the diplomacy of investment by French companies and banks.
Oxford Supplications for Papal Provisions under Benedict XII
Authors: Courtenay William J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the Oxford roll, or rotulus, of supplications in 1335, early in Pope Benedict XII’s first year. The Oxford rotuli of 1335 presents an opportunity to uncover the names of many if not most of the secular regent masters in the faculties of theology, civil law, medicine, and arts at that time, or at least most of those who were successful in obtaining a letter of provision for a benefice. The supplication rotuli from universities to the papacy for benefices were also probably accompanied by letters to others who had influence at the papal court. The recovery of such letters would reveal the names of those the universities thought useful to their cause when asking for favors from the pope. The chapter then considers how the Oxford rotuli of 1335 and individual supplications of Oxford masters in the first year of Benedict’s pontificate coincide with an important shift in English higher education. The decline in English scholars going to Paris for the degree in arts and especially in theology had already begun before the outbreak of the Hundred Years War in 1337.
Robert Greystones on the Freedom of the Will. Selections from his Commentary on the Sentences , ed. Mark Henninger, with Robert Andrews and Jennifer Ottman, Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi, 28 (Oxford: Oxford University Press for The British Academy, 2017), cxxxi + 398pp; Robert Greystones on Certainty and Skepticism. Selections from his Works, ed. Robert Andrews, Jennifer Ottman, and Mark Henninger, Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi, 34 (Oxford: Oxford University Press for The British Academy, 2020), lvii + 528pp.
Authors: Courtenay William J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on two volumes of theological questions by the Benedictine Robert Greystones. Greystones studied theology at Oxford in the 1310s and 1320s, and his numerous citations of Oxford and Parisian contemporaries provide a major window onto the intellectual life of those universities in that period, especially Oxford. Although Greystones was not cited by contemporaries at Oxford, he did obtain brief appointments as head of two Benedictine priories in the diocese of Durham and as subprior at Durham. The editors have chosen to edit Greystones’ work according to specific philosophical problems. The six questions in the volume on the freedom of the will are all taken from Greystones’ commentary on the Sentences. Meanwhile, the topic of the second volume of questions is certainty and scepticism.
Adler, Eric. 2020. The Battle of the Classics: How a Nineteenth-Century Debate Can Save the Humanities Today. Oxford: Oxford University Press. $35.
Authors: Delwiche Theodore R. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews Eric Adler’s The Battle of the Classics: How a Nineteenth-Century Debate Can Save the Humanities Today (2020). What Adler offers here is historical insight into how humanists have often been their own worst enemies in defending their very subjects of study. He demonstrates that the most commonly adduced defences of the humanities are unconvincing. Moreover, the half-hearted effort to find scientific studies ‘proving’ the value of the humanities only plays into the hands of social scientists, who then become the ultimate arbiters of academic worth, even in disciplines far outside their expertise. As a work of history, however, the book flounders. Adler relies heavily on existing scholarship in the history of education and classical reception in the American context, inadvertently replicating the shortcomings of both fields.
The Simple Argument
Authors: Vierkant Tillmann 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Two systems approaches to cognition are enormously influential. This chapter argues that such approaches are in urgent need of clarification of their use of epistemic agency. The simple argument demonstrates that either system two does not contain judgments, or that one of two very plausible assumptions must be wrong. These two assumptions are: first, the standard assumption that system two processing is intentional; and second, the widely accepted view in philosophy that doxastic attitude acquisition processes are not intentional. However, if all system two processing is intentional and doxastic attitude acquisition processes never are, then clearly system two processes cannot contain judgments. After introducing this argument, the chapter examines the plausibility of the assumptions and potential worries.
Objections to the Simple Argument
Authors: Vierkant Tillmann 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses objections and clarifications to the simple argument. Is it dependent on a specific understanding of belief? Can we think of beliefs in system two as much the same as mental states like acceptance, that clearly can be acquired voluntarily? The chapter also explains why the existence of motivated reason does not demonstrate that we can acquire beliefs voluntarily. It discusses further Mandelbaum’s fascinating Spinozean accounts of belief acquisition and why they also do not provide a problem for the simple argument. Finally it examines in detail whether judgments are simply a part of the skilful intentional mental action of deliberation as Shepherd suggests. The chapter accepts that deliberation might well be skilful intentional action, but that this does not mean that judgments themselves are intentional.
Fitting Emotions
Authors: D’Arms Justin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter sketches an account of natural emotions and their fittingness that supports a sentimentalist theory of value. It contrasts this account with Cognitive theories of emotion and with the Alethic View of fittingness. Cognitivists hold that emotion types are individuated by different, response-independent evaluative thoughts that are (partly) constitutive of being in an emotional state. The Alethic View holds that what it is for an emotion to be fitting is for its constitutive thoughts to be true. The chapter argues against both of these claims. For an emotion to be fitting is for it to be correct, it allows. But an emotion is not even partly constituted by response independent thoughts. And the correctness of an emotion is not a matter of its representational accuracy.
Value-First Accounts of Normativity
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
It is tempting to think that the normativity of all that is normative derives from what is valuable. But value-first approaches to normativity have fallen out of favour as the virtues of reasons- and fittingness-first approaches to normativity have been recognised. On these views, value is not explanatorily prior to reasons and fit; rather the value of things is understood in terms of the pro-attitudes it is fitting to have, or that we have reasons to have, towards these things. The value-first accounts of the normativity of reasons and fit that have been proposed have been direct accounts of reasons and fit. On these views, the fittingness of an attitude is explained in terms of the value of having it or the value of the object of that attitude. This chapter surveys the problems with direct value-first accounts, it then explores the prospects of an indirect value-first account of reasons and fit. It argues that one such value-first account avoids the problems that direct value-first accounts face and it explains that an indirect value-first account of normativity along these lines may be as explanatorily powerful as fittingness- and reasons-first accounts of value and normativity more generally.
Well-Being as Fitting Happiness
Authors: Rossi Mauro , Tappolet Christine 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
There is an intuitive connection between well-being and happiness. Accordingly, many theories of well-being hold that well-being consists in (either unqualified or properly qualified) happiness. Traditional happiness-based theories are subject, however, to several important objections. The goal in this chapter is to offer a new happiness-based theory that is immune to the main objections raised against traditional happiness-based theories. The authors’ own fitting happiness theory of well-being can be seen as the combination of the following claims. The first is that happiness consists in a broadly positive balance of affective states such as emotions, moods, and sensory pleasures. The second is that emotions, moods, and sensory pleasures are different kinds of perceptual experiences of evaluative properties. The third claim is that, insofar as happiness is constituted by states that have fittingness conditions, it is possible to assess happiness itself as fitting or unfitting. The last claim is that well-being consists in fitting happiness thus defined.
Fittingness as a Pitiful Intellectualist Trinket?
Authors: McKenna Michael 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
P. F. Strawson wrote disparagingly about libertarian’s appeal to an intuition of fittingness. He charged that it was inadequate in any justification of our blaming and punishing practices. So it could not be used to support libertarianism about free will. Nevertheless, Strawson needed some normative relation to do the justificatory work that he claimed libertarians and compatibilists could not. Drawing upon Joel Feinberg’s edifying use fittingness to analyse desert, and offering an independent account of fittingness, this chapter argues that Strawsonians need fittingness. Suppose they do. How are we to understand it? Feinberg suggested that desert is a species of fittingness. This chapter argues that indeed desert is a species of fittingness. But it also argues that, if so, the basal reasons for fitting (and deserved) angry blaming and punishing responses might include a strong freedom requirement. Hence, Strawsonians cannot get away from the free will problem as easily as Strawson suggested.
Reflecting on Voices
Authors: Isaac  
Published: October 2022

Abstract
As both a participant in the Voices in Psychosis (VIP) study and a consultant on the study’s methods and analysis, Isaac was uniquely placed to offer an illustrated personal reflection on what it is like as a voice-hearer to read detailed accounts of other people’s voice-hearing experiences. This chapter outlines the similarities and differences he noted between his own experiences and those of the other participants, which prompt him to consider some of the key causes and triggers of voices and what might be done to help other voice-hearers in the future.
The Sound of Fear
Authors: Alderson-Day Ben , Ward Thomas 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Voices can evoke and communicate a range of negative emotions which are often captured under the umbrella term of ‘distress’. One that may seem obvious—but, at the same time, can often be overlooked—is fear. The transcripts collected in the Voices in Psychosis (VIP) study attest to the fact that hearing voices is frightening for many (if not most) people who have the experience, and this is particularly the case in some of its early manifestations where fear may strongly influence meaning-making. Moreover, voices can go on to terrorize and terrify the hearer, sometimes in a seemingly intentional manner. Drawing on these accounts, plus clinical experience of working with long-term voice-hearers, this chapter explores the role of fear in voice-hearing. When faced with a voice that can say whatever it wants, whenever it chooses, how do people respond and what can we do to support them?
Pollution and Purity
Authors: Powell Adam J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Drawing on Mary Douglas’ influential text Purity and Danger, with its argument about the structures of pollution and purity that inhere in many cultures, this chapter seeks to explore the link between individual voice-hearers’ understandings of their hallucinatory experiences as deserved punishment and broader structural–anthropological suggestions that symbolic transgressions of sociocultural categories demand ritual restitution. Specifically, two case studies from the Voices in Psychosis interview data are used to illustrate how Douglas’ observations concerning the cultural classifications of ‘anomalies’ and ‘abominations’ illuminate the role played by sexual mores and suicidal ideation in the self-understanding of some voice-hearers.
Learning to Navigate Hallucinations
Authors: Dupuis David 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hallucinatory experience is a broad spectrum, not confined to what medicine has called psychosis. An anthropological comparative approach can consequently be useful in shedding light on how we understand voices in psychosis and enriching our understanding of this phenomenon. In opposition to the Western biomedical context, among indigenous groups in the Americas, hallucinations are often sought and voluntarily produced, most frequently by the ritualized use of hallucinogenic plants. They are indeed valued in various aspects of social life as religious, divinatory, or therapeutic practices, which have been frequently described by anthropologists as ‘shamanic’. Yet how are the ‘voices’ described by users of psychiatric services similar to, and different from, those perceived by people who are using hallucinogenic substances in the context of shamanic and so-called neoshamanic practices? How do such comparisons invite us to take a fresh look at voices in psychosis, and what can they tell us about the attribution of a pathological dimension to the voice-hearing phenomenon? Comparing data collected in the Peruvian Amazon during ethnographic fieldwork with those of the Voices in Psychosis study, this chapter shows that the ability to control voices is one of the main distinguishing criteria between these two groups, and explores the implications of this difference for a better understanding and treatment of voices in psychosis.
Maelstrom
Authors: Napthine David 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The external voices people hear express multiple and conflicting views about the voice-hearer’s thoughts, actions, and sense of self—condemnatory, threatening, sneering, dismissive, occasionally comforting. They can confuse and they can harm, and sometimes it is only when the voices are absent that peace can be found. But where do the voices go when they are not present? When and why do they come back? Drawing upon the transcripts and lived experience, this fictional work explores the arrival and departure of voices, attempting to place voice-hearing within myth-traditions to show its provenance in human history, as well as offering a storytelling strategy for dealing with them.
Poverty
Authors: Sprinson John , Berrick Ken 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 considers the role of poverty as a source of adversity for families caught up with child-serving systems. The chapter continues the theme of social context as a cluster of entangled adversities which make simple or unitary theories of cause and effect impossible. As with the earlier discussion of racism, this chapter considers the literature on the physiological and health effects associated with poverty and focuses on the example of childhood asthma. The chapter also examines some of the challenges for families associated with low-wage work such as nonstandard work schedules and gray-market employment. The problem of extreme poverty, frequently seen in families headed by single mothers who have been disconnected from employment, is considered; and the effects of the hardship and stress of poverty on parenting are reviewed. Finally, transportation challenges and the added burdens of municipal fines, debt, and lack of access to good credit are described.
Ecological Intervention at the Meso Level
Authors: Sprinson John , Berrick Ken 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with efforts to address ecological adversity at the level of settings one step above that of the individual and the family. The chapter describes programs that work to reduce risk and to amplify resources and protective factors in ways that are likely to prevent children from becoming clients of child-serving systems. Some general principles of these efforts are discussed: holding to a social-ecological perspective, determining the appropriate level of complexity for a given intervention, developing collaborative relationships with individuals and organizations in the community, and working to develop local capacity that will remain in place after the intervention has ended. The design and implementation of several specific intervention programs in neighborhoods and communities and on school campuses are reviewed.
How Do We Connect?
Authors: Brown Nyssa M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses implications for online and hybrid learning in music education based on research in cognitive science. By outlining practical teaching strategies and student learning activities that can be applied across multiple technology platforms, the chapter empowers educators in the general music classroom to teach a broad curriculum, including diverse learning experiences, whether students are in-person, hybrid, or online. With a focus on how students learn, the chapter is organized according to the following: how learners understand new ideas; how people retain information; how learners apply knowledge; and building expertise. Scaffolding thinking and thinking routines are strategies presented to increase engagement, learning, and retention during music instruction.
Demystifying Songwriting
Authors: Reinhert Kat 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSongs capture emotions, tell stories, and help us understand our world. Songwriting can serve as a means to express our human experience and access our diverse creativities, as well as to gain a deeper understanding of musical principles and concepts. This chapter addresses ways in which music educators can engage with songwriting—both in their own creative practice and with their students. Discussions are centered around a framework for developing skills in songwriting that can help teachers develop their own abilities as well as empower their students to express themselves through music. Specific knowledge, skills, and lessons are explained to help teachers better understand the craft as well as find creative ways to include songwriting in the classroom.
Movement
Authors: Juntunen Marja-Leena 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the pedagogical possibilities and offers practical examples of receiving and responding to music through movement, and learning through and from kinesthetic experience, in music teaching and learning in school or community music settings. It also offers theoretical underpinnings from the research literature of applying movement in music education. General ideas for assessment are offered in a separate section. The pedagogical ideas of applying body movement draw mainly on Dalcroze pedagogy—a music education approach that integrates body movement (rhythmics), ear-training (solfège), and improvisation to facilitate, establish, and reinforce musical perception, understanding, and expression. All the presented exercises are expected to build upon students’ responses and previous learning and to serve as inspiration for teachers to experiment, adjust, and further develop them in their own classrooms in ways that best support reaching their curriculum objectives and/or other educational aims.