bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pesticide Efficacy Against CRM, 1988
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. A. , Appelhoom T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to randomized 2-acre plots; one hall-acre plot remained untreated. Treatments (500 gal/acre) were applied with an airblast sprayer on 11 Jul. Twenty-five fruit were examined from the canopy of 4 randomly selected trees in each of 4 subplots, for a total of f6 trees/treatment. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The combined 2-cm2 count/fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as one observation. All treatments, including the control, received 6 lb/acre of Champion cupric hydroxide. The addition of Bond (sticker/extender from Loveland Industries), Surfix (spreader/sticker from Setre Chemical), or sulfur (Thiolux from Sandoz) did not give greater initial mortality or residual control in combinations with Vendex than it did with Vendex alone. No phytotoxicity was observed in any of the treatment plots.
Citrus Root Weevil Control on Citrus, 1988
Authors: McCoy C. W. , Fojtik J. , Lye B. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized block design of 2 trees/plot and was replicated 4 times. All treatments were applied with a John Bean sprayer at 300 psi to run-off. Wild adult weevils collected from the adjacent plantings were placed in screen limb bags (5 weevils/bag) which were attached to treated leaf terminals and secured to prevent escape. Two limb bags were attached to each tree, and adult mortality (residual control data) was recorded and a new cohort of weevils was placed in each bag at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8 wk after treatment.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1988
Authors: McLeod Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Snap beans were planted 25 Jul at Lowell, Ark. Plots were 4 100-ft rows (36-inch spacing) with 5-ft alleys separating plots on the same row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 11 treatments replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied 23 Sep with a hand-held CO2 sprayer equipped with 3 Spraying Systems TX4 nozzles calibrated to deliver 5.4 gal/acre. Plants were sampled at 3 DAT by taking 2 drop cloth samples (3 ft of each of 2 inner rows) in each plot. Percentage of pod damage was assessed by counting caterpillar-damaged pods from 50 plants randomly selected at harvest (10 Oct).
Maggot Control, 1988:
Authors: Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A hand-pushed V-belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds in each treatment row. A 2-4-inch band of meat and bone meal was placed over each row to increase oviposition. Each plot consisted of single-row treatments 15 ft long and 3 ft apart in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Seeds were treated 23 Jun and plots were completed by 1 Jul. Damage counts were made 22 Jul for beans and 25 Jul for corn. Emerged seedlings in each row of the snap bean plot were counted and the average percentage of damage was calculated on the number of damaged plants observed. In the corn plot, average percentage of damage was calculated by recording the injury in 25 seed pieces/row after they were dug and washed. Both plots received very light damage from larvae. Germination was slow in occurring in snap bean and sweet corn plots because of the lack of rain, which resulted in variable plant stands and poor conditions for oviposition
First-Generation Walh Timing Experiment, 1987
Authors: Eisner E. A. , Beers E. H 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 7-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Materials were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. The first spray was timed to coincide with petal fall, about 10 d after the first nymphs had hatched. The remaining treatments were applied at 1-wk intervals. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 leaves/tree showing visible injury on the upper surface. Counts were made before treatment and at 3, 7, and 14 DAT. All treatments were evaluated on 5 Jun when half of the nymphs had transformed into adults. Cumulative leafhopper-days (CLDs) were calculated by averaging 2 successive nymph counts, multiplying by the number of intervening days, and adding these over the season.
Fall Control of Northern Masked Chafer and Japanese Beetle Grubs with Registered and Experimental Granular Formulations on a Golf Course Fairway in Snyder CO., PA, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (11 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 70°F.; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F.; RH, 90%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 23.6% sand, 64.8% silt, 11.6% sand; soil moisture, 28.3%; organic matter, 2.9%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.4; 4.3 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 23 d later (4 Oct). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Northern masked chafer and Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Control of the Sweet Potato Whitefly on Poinsettia Under Glasshouse Conditions, 1989
Authors: Bethke James A. , Parrella Michael P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Poinsettias (Annette Hegg cv. Brilliant Diamond) were obtained as rooted cuttings and potted in 6 inch pots in a greenhouse at UCR and allowed 4 wk growth before use. At such time, 10 whiteflies were confined to 2 expanded leaves/plant for a 24 h period by clip cages. Eight to 12 d later the number of immatures were counted and plants were separated into groups of 4 (3 plants with first and second instars and one plant with third, fourth and pupal stages). Plants were then treated with 7 treatments and a water control using a 2 gal hand sprayer at 45 psi. Treated plants were kept in a greenhouse at 80°F and ambient relative humidity for 4-5 d. Post-treatment counts were taken 4 d later when mortality was obvious.
Phytotoxicity of an Insecticidal Soap and Horticultural Oil on Five Species of Turfgrass, 1989
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Steinegger D. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Safer Insecticide Concentrate and 4 rates of SunSpray Ultra-Fine Spray Oil were applied on 19 Jul to 5 × 5 ft plots of Kentucky bluegrass, zoysiagrass, buffalograss, tall fescue and bentgrass at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NB. Plot design for all trials was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Air temperatures ranged from 72-80°F during application with 60-70% relative humidity. Soil moisture was well below field capacity. Products were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 3 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. A total of 0.16 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Phytotoxicity was evaluated 2, 7 and 14 DAT using a 1-5 injury rating scale where 1 = severe discoloration (loss of chlorophyll and darkening due to necrosis) 3 = moderate discoloration and 5 = no observable discoloration or injury.
Redheaded Pine Sawfly Control in Loblolly Pines in North Carolina, 1988
Authors: Hobbs W. R. , Hain F. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experimental growth regulator LAB 166 801 I, developed by BASF Corp., was tested in the laboratory for effectiveness against redheaded pine sawfly feeding on loblolly pines. Two concentrations of the chemical were tested using Dimilin as a standard. On 6 Jun in Raleigh, N.C., 3 loblolly pines were sprayed using a compressed air sprayer to the point of run-off. One pine was sprayed with 1 ml/gal of growth inhibitor, one with 2 ml/gal of growth inhibitor, one with 0.8 g/gal of Dimilin 25 WP and one pine left untreated for controls. After the spray dried, 4 inch stems of new needle growth were cut from each pine, taken to the lab and placed in small jars of water. Ten sawfly larvae from an infestation of longleaf pine on the Coastal Plain were placed on each jar of needles to feed. The jars were covered with clear glass globes that had tops sealed with paper toweling for containment. There were 5 replications totaling 50 larvae for each treatment. Fresh needles from the treated pines were supplied as needed and the larvae were allowed to feed. Percent survival was calculated from the number that reached the adult stage.
Field Evaluation of Chlorpyrifos and Hydroprene Against German Cockroach Populations, 1986
Authors: Ogg Clyde L. , Gold Roger E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A field study was conducted to evaluate 2 formulations of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos plus hydroprene, against German cockroaches. The study site consisted of apartments in Omaha, NE which were similar in construction and size. Cockroach populations were initially estimated by using sticky traps (Mr. Sticky*) that were placed under the kitchen sink, adjacent to the stove or refrigerator, behind the toilet in each bathroom, and near the waterheater. Mean number of cockroaches/ trap/night (precount) were calculated for each unit. Cockroaches were retrapped at monthly intervals until trap counts (postcounts) indicated poor performance (&lt;50% reduction). Each apartment was treated with a 0.5% water emulsion spray prepared from either Dursban 4 EC, Dursban M or a tank mixture of 0.5% Dursban M and 0.125% Gencor 5 EC. Each treatment was replicated 10 ×. Postcounts were converted to percentage reduction of cockroach populations for each apartment, based on precounts using the following formula: Percentage reduction = [(precount ° postcount) / precount] × 100. Because the percentage reduction data were not normally distributed, the data were transformed to ranks, within times, and analyzed using ANOVA procedures.
Evaluation of Triumph and Dursban for Control of Ticks, 1989
Authors: Barker R. W. , Pinkston Ken , Price Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of 2 formulations of Triumph (4 E and 1 G), at 2 rates (1 and 2 lbs AI/A), in a simulated yard habitat. Dursban 50 W (@ 0.5 lb AI/A) was compared to the Triumph formulations and all formulations were compared to untreated plots. One gal of each formulation and rate was applied to separate plots of a bermuda-crab grass composition. Treatments were applied at 30-40 psi, with a 3.8-liter BG compressed air sprayer, equipped with a 5700 multi-tip fan nozzle. Granules were applied using a 1-liter metal container with a perforated lid. All treatments were replicated 3 times and each replicate consisted of a 9.3 m2 area within a circular arena. The simulated yard areas were constructed by burying 15-cm wide metal flashing 2.5 cm in the soil. A total of 18 circular arenas were situated within a 650-m2 fenced area at the Oklahoma State University Entomology-Livestock Research Farm at Stillwater, Oklahoma. Each arena was separated from adjacent arenas by a distance of about 1 m. Twenty adult ticks of each species (mixed sexes) were placed in each arena 24 h prior to chemical treatments. Masking tape was placed around the upper edge of the flashing on each arena to prevent tick escape during the test period. Grass height measurements were recorded prior to chemical applications. Treatments were compared to untreated controls by counting the number of live ticks collected from each arena using carbon dioxide (CO2) traps at 1-, 7- and 14-DAT. Ticks collected at 1 and 7 DAT were returned to arenas, but all ticks that could be found at 14 DAT were removed. Limited rain showers occurred 2 and 10 DAT, but because tick mortality was observed after both rain showers, no adverse effect on the treatments could be determined.
Insecticide Field Trials Against Ixodes Dammini, 1988
Authors: Stafford K. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chlopyrifos (5.3% EC; 6 oz/1000 ft2), carbaryl (27% EC; 8 oz/750 ft2), and diazinon (25% EC; 8 oz/1000 ft2) were applied with a backpack mist blower to 577 m2 plots of mixed brush and woodland to control I. dammini nymphs and larvae on 13–14 Jul. The study areas included 2 treatment plots for each insecticide and up to 5 control plots in Lyme and East Haddam, Connecticut. Questing ticks were sampled with traps baited with dry ice (2/plot) at weekly intervals from 1 Jun to 31 Aug. No samples were taken the wk of spraying. Samples could not be taken the wk after the insecticide applications because of heavy rains.
Effects of Cockroach Frass on Residual Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Braness G. A. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Stainless steel panels (15.2 cm2) were contaminated with cockroach frass (i.e., cockraoch feces, secretions) by exposing the panels to adult German cockroaches. Five stainless steel panels, separated by wooden spacers (0.48 cm in diameter) and held together by rubber binders, were placed vertically in plastic tubs containing approximately 1000 cockroaches of mixed sex. Cockroaches and panels were housed together at 28 ° 1°C in a 12:12 (L:D) photocycle, were provided Wayne Rodent Blox* and water, and after 25 d the panels were removed. The quantity of frass on each surface was not determined. Dilute aqueous sprays of 0.05% cyfluthrin (Tempo 20 WP and Tempo 2 E) and 0.5% chlorpyrifos (Dursban 2 E and Empire 20) were applied to clean and frass contaminated panels by use of a spray tower with a mechanized nozzle assembly (Spraying Systems Tee-Jet 8001 E). The spray tower was calibrated to deliver 0.5 ml/232 cm2 of cyfluthrin and 0.95 ml/232 cm2 of chlorpyrifos. The panels were aged in the laboratory (25°C and 50% RH) prior to bioassays 1 and 28 DAT. Ten adult cockroaches (5 male, 5 female) from a non-resistant laboratory colony were used for bioassay. A 12.7 cm diameter Plexiglass ring, lightly greased with petrolatum/mineral oil mixture, confined the insects to the panels during a continuous exposure. Knockdown was recorded at 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 min for cyfluthrin treatments; 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, and 210 min for chlorpyrifos treatments. Probit analysis determined KT50 and KT95 values (based on the response of 3 replications, 30 insects) for each insecticide and surface combination.
Laboratory Evaluation of Lacquer Formulated Fenvalerate Against German Cockroaches, 1988
Authors: Ogg Clyde L. , Gold Roger E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A laboratory study was conducted to determine the efficacy of a lacquer insecticide formulation (lacquer carried similar to Killmaster° carrier) on painted pine panels, through time. The treatments were 0.20, 0.33 and 0.50% AI fenvalerate (in lacquer carrier). Pine panels (232.25 cm2) were painted with 2 coats of interior semi-gloss latex paint, then a 4 mm deep circular groove was cut into the surface of the wood, so that an inverted plastic petri dish cover (92 mm diam) could retain cockroaches on the test surfaces. The insecticide surfaces were prepared by pipeting a 1 ml solution of the lacquer fenvalerate formulation onto each painted panel, and distributing it with a saturated natural bristle brush. The treated panels were then held horizontally in the dark at 25°C until bioassay. Three panels for each treatment (fenvalerate at 0.20, 0.33 & 0.50 % AI) were utilized at 1, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 d after insecticide application for the assay. A total of 54 painted panels were used in this assay, in which each panel was only used once. Ten male German cockroaches, Orlando normal susceptible strain, were anesthetized and positioned on the treated surfaces and confined by the petri dish covers. Mortality (moribund cockroaches were considered dead) was recorded at 0.50, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0, 24.0, 48.0 & 72.0 hrs after placement, with the cockroaches experiencing continuous exposure to the insecticide surface. Mortality data were analyzed by probit analysis, which yielded mean LTgo values express in hr for each treatment and insecticide residue age combination.
Insecticide Evaluation of Residual And Contact Sprays for Control Of Jadera Haematoloma, (HERRICKSCHAEFFER), 1989
Authors: Price Richard , Blevins Laren , Pinkston Ken , Bell Mike 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of several compounds for control of J. haematoloma nymphs. The first test was designed to evaluate the control obtained by direct spray contact (test 1). Nymphs were placed in 4 inch diam cups and then treated with a modified B & G Sprayer, model 104-S. The sprayer was mounted on a motorized track powered by a zero max O-400 electric motor. A spraying system multi-teejet fan nozzle 800067 was attached to the nozzle stand and transported by the motorized track. The nozzle delivered 2.2 oz of finished spray/100 ft2 at 20 psi. The application speed was 2.5 ft per s. After treatment, J. Haematoloma nymphs were placed on paper towels under clear 10 oz plastic cups for observation. Each treatment was replicated 4 times using 5 bugs/replication. Mortality counts were made at 1, 4, 8, 24, and 48 HAE (hours after exposure). Test 2 was designed to evaluate the control obtained by the residual activity of the compounds. The test surfaces consisted of 4 inch × 4 inch × ¼ inch masonite panels and were treated as described for test 1. Treatments were allowed to dry 24 hr before nymphs were exposed to the treated surface. Containment to the panel surface was accomplished by using clear 10 oz plastic cups (3 inch in diameter). To prevent the insects from climbing up the sides, a petroleum jelly + mineral oil mixture was applied to the container wall. Five nymphs were placed under each container and confined to the treated surface for 60 min at which time they were transferred to a separate container and placed on paper towels for observation. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Mortality counts were made at 1, 4, 8, 24, and 48 HAE. Control was determined at 1, 14, and 30 DAT. J. haematoloma used in both tests were collected from a natural habitat that had no prior insecticide treatment. The insects were retained in 1 gal containers with food, water, and foliage from a chinaberry tree. All mortality figures for these tests are accumulative from the first observation (1 HOAT) for that particular date to the conclusion of the test on that date (48 HOAT).
The Canadian Rust Mite Control on Canadian Hemlocks in Maryland, 1990
Authors: Gill Stanto. , Raupp Michae. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at a nursery site in Howard County, Md. Precount of mites was taken on 18 May. Treatments started at 12:30 p.m. and continued until 3:00 p.m. Applications were made with a 300 gal AgroTec sprayer at 100 psi. Temperature and humidity were measured using an Omega PH-10 hand held humidity/temperature meter. Trees were treated until drip. Twenty gal of each mixture was applied to the 32 trees in each treatment block. Temperature at 12:30 p.m. was 78°F, relative humidity 42%, sunny, with 1-3 mph winds. Blocks consisted of 32 trees 2-3 meters tall. Treatment and control blocks were randomly assigned. Ten plants were randomly selected from each treatment block (using coin flip) for pre and post counts. Two branch samples 14 cm in length were taken from each tree and counts of living mites recorded for pre and post treatment. Postcounts were conducted on 22 May.
Spider Mite and Predator Mite Test, Michigan, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Reams K. A. , Stevens C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fifteen rose plants, 3 ft tall, were moated to restrict movement to and from the test plants. Rose plants potted in 3 gal containers were grown in a research greenhouse at MSU. On 5 Sep precounts were made by sampling 10 leaflets from each rose plant. Leaves were collected randomly from each plant. Treatments were applied on 6 Sep with an R & D single wand C02 sprayer with an 8003 nozzle at 50 psi. There were 5 replications of each treatment. On 7 Sep, 4 Phytoseiulus persimilis adults were released on plants treated with Andalin and on control plants. Sevin was applied a second time on 20 Sep. Postcounts began on 18 Sep and continued every wk after until 16 Oct.
Black Cutworm Control on Golf Course Greens with An Entomogenous Nematode, 1990 and 1991
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 1990 treatment plots were 15 × 20 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times using 3 greens. Treatments were applied 9 Aug between 0800 and 0900 h while the grass was still moist; air temperature was 70-75"C at application time. Posttreatment irrigation was about 1/2 inch applied within about 1 h after treatments were applied. Larvae were mostly small to medium in size ranging from 8 to 34 mm in length with 88% less than 20 mm long. In 1991 experimental plots were 10 × 10 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 5 times using 1 green. Treatments were applied 14 Aug in mid-morning. The green was moist after a heavy overnight rain. Environmental conditions were as follows: soil temperature, 20°C (1 inch), 20.5°C (surface); RH, 89%; overcast with heavy fog. Plots were not irrigated after treatments were applied. Larvae were mostly small ranging in size from 6 to 16 mm in length with 80% less than 14 mm long. In both years, applications were made with a CO2 sprayer operated at 30 psi; 2 liters of spray were used to apply the treatments. Treatments were evaluated at 7 DAT by treating the greens with Baythroid 2 E at 0.04 lb (AI)/acre and counting the number of larvae flushed to the surface in each plot.
Fall Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1991
Authors: Harris Joseph P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted on Fairway numbers 12 and 13 at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Soil type was sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Each replication was 2,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 4 Sep. Granular and bait formulations were applied with a ferti-lome, hand-pushed spreader. Irrigation was applied as needed early each morning at 0.25 inch. Rainfall occurred at 4 Sep at 0.25 inch, 6 Sep at 0.5 inch, 17 Sep at 0.5 inch, and 18 Sep at 0.25 inch. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using aim 2 frame divided into nine equal, squareshaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 15 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 4 Sep and posttreatment counts were made 5, 12, 19, and 26 DAT.