bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifetime depression and age-related changes in body composition, cardiovascular measures, grip strength and lung function
Authors: Mutz J. , Lewis C. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionIndividuals with mental disorders, on average, die prematurely and may experience accelerated biological ageing.ObjectivesWe examined sex-specific associations between age and physiological measures in individuals with lifetime depression and healthy controls.MethodsUK Biobank recruited >500,000 participants, aged 37-73, between 2006–2010. Generalised additive models (GAMs) were used to examine associations between age and multiple cardiovascular, body composition, grip strength and lung function measures. Analyses were conducted separately in males and females with lifetime depression compared to healthy controls.ResultsAnalytical samples included up to 342,393 adults (mean age = 55.87 years, SD = 8.09; 52.61% females). We found statistically significant differences between individuals with lifetime depression and healthy controls for most physiological measures, with standardised mean differences between -0.145 and 0.156. There was some evidence that age-related changes in body composition, cardiovascular measures, lung function and heel bone mineral density followed different trajectories in individuals with lifetime depression. However, these differences did not uniformly narrow or widen with age. For example, BMI in females with lifetime depression was approximately 1.1 kg/m2 higher at age 40 and this difference narrowed to about 0.4 kg/m2 at age 70. In males, systolic blood pressure was approximately 1 mmHg lower in individuals with lifetime depression at age 45 and this difference widened to about 2.5 mmHg at age 65.ConclusionsEvidence of differences in ageing trajectories between individuals with lifetime depression and healthy controls was not uniform across physiological measures and differed by sex.DisclosureJM receives studentship funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and Eli Lilly and Company Limited. CML is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Myriad Neuroscience.
Deprescribing process in demented patients: What is the rationale?
Authors: Stoppe G. 
Published: February 2022

Polypharmacy is rather a rule than an exemption in the elderly. This applies also to the demented population, whether they live in private homes or in nursing homes. The application of multiple drugs increases the risk to develop delirium, to promote falling and to hasten cognitive decline, What can be done to reduce these risks? First of all, drugs should be given on the basis of an appropriate assessment. Pain e.g. may be misunderstood as challenging bevhaviour. Side affects might be misunderstood as newly occuring symptoms. Drugs should be prescribed with a written protocol, what the drug is expected to do. If this does not occur, the drug should be deprescribed. In addition, antidepressants should be deprescribed. Many demented patients receive more than two of them, mostly for years. Depresciption follows the evidence, that antidepressants are not much helpful in dementia. They may induce hyponatriamia, too. The deprescription of benzodiazepines requires patience and a long tapering-out. And overall, what about the antipsychotics? They shall be given at a minimum dosage and duration. That means, that drug pauses should be established regularly. And finally, what about the antibiotics, antihypertensive drugs and more? Having in mind, that severe dementia is mostly a state, where the priniciples of palliative medicine should be applied, also many of these drugs can be deprescribed.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
The role of the gut-brain axis in depression and anxiety disorders
Authors: Trigo M. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionThere is a bi-directional biochemical communication pathway between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system, referred to as the “gut–brain axis”. Studies show that bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, including commensal, probiotic, or pathogenic, can affect brain’s function. Since there is a symbiotic relationship between gut microbiota and the brain, changes in its composition can lead to dysbiosis, which plays a role in many psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety, and therefore becomes a potential therapeutic target.ObjectivesTo examine data from recent studies regarding the gut-brain axis and its relationship with psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety.MethodsReview of the most recent literature regarding the gut-brain axis and its relationship with depression and anxiety disorders. The research was carried out through the MedLine, PubMed, UptoDate, ScienceDirect, SciELO and SpringerLink databases, using the terms “gut-brain axis”, “depression” and “anxiety”, until December 2020.Results
There is a relationship between dysbiosis of microbiota and some psychiatric disorders, particularly depression. Symbiosis may be restored by purposefully manipulate the gut microbiota using therapies such as probiotics, therefore enhancing beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and improving symptoms of depression.ConclusionsAlthough probiotics can be used in the treatment of depression, further research is needed in order to carefully determine parameters such as the duration of treatment, dosage and drug interactions. Nonetheless, a better understanding of the gut-brain axis may arise new approaches on how we prevent and treat mental illnesses.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Non bulimic shitty meal
Authors: Costa A. , Jesus S. , Alcafache J. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionCoprophagia is a relatively rare phenomenon characterized by the ingestion of feces, and it is usually classified as a rare form of pica. It has been associated with multiple organic causes or mental disorders such as brain tumors, alcoholism, mental retardation, dementia, schizophrenia, depressive disorders or fetishism.ObjectivesCase report and reflection on its etiologyMethodsA Pubmed search was performed with the MeSH terms “Coprophagy” and “pica”. Relevant articles obtained from the respective bibliographic references were also consulted.Results
A 56-year-old man with a history of psychiatric follow-up with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and cognitive impairment, assessed for behavioral changes such as cat feces intake. After possible organic causes were excluded, treatment with supportive psychotherapy and pharmacologically began with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, along with treatment for schizophrenia.ConclusionsAccording to literature, coprophagia often occurs associated with other medical or neuropsychiatric conditions. Although the etiology, pathophysiology and management remains unclear, several pharmacologic treatments have been attempted with some degree of success. We describe a case of unusual behavior, coprophagia, associated with cognitive impairment and schizophrenia that responded favorably to fluoxetine although without complete remission, in order to contribute to a future nosological redefinition.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Vomitophobia in atypical anorexia nervosa
Authors: Bryukhin A. , Lineva T. , Okonishnikova E. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionIn atypical anorexia nervosa, one of the causes of restrictive eating behavior is prolonged vomitophobia, which leads to a pronounced degree of alimentary exhaustion.ObjectivesTo study the existence and prevalence of vomitorium atypical anorexia nervosaMethodsPsychopathological, anamnestic, psychologicalResultsIt was found that in atypical anorexia nervosa, vomitophobia is observed in 30% of cases. The initial stage is a psychotraumatic situation unrelated to eating behavior. In the future, the pathological fear of vomiting is fixed, which is due to the presence of personal deviations and anxiety disorders. The initial stage of an eating disorder is a psychotraumatic situation that is not directly related to eating behavior. However, after Psychotrauma, there is anxiety with its subsequent somatization and vegetative dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract. In the future, the pathological fear of nausea and vomiting is fixed, which is due to the presence of significant personal characteristics and persesting of anxiety disorders. Dysmorphophobic experiences appear as you lose weight and have an inverted character-discontent with thinness, exhaustion.ConclusionsThe presence of massive vomitorium leads to restrictive eating behavior. Therefore, there is a need to differentiate this pathology from typical anorexia nervosa with vomiting and from hypochondriac disorders. Against the background of adequate complex therapy with food rehabilitation, anti-anxiety medication, psychotherapy, atypical anorexia nervosa with vomitophobia undergoes a fairly rapid reverse dynamics with the appearance of a critical attitude to the existing pathological eating behavior. The prognosis in these cases is quite favorable.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Psychodynamic phenomena in obese patients
Authors: Mustač F. , Bjedov S. , Matovinović M. , Jaksic N. , Vuksan-Ćusa B. , Marčinko D. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionObesity is one of the leading problems of today’s society. According to WHO, 650 million people worldwide are obese, which is 13% of total population (in Croatia 21.5%). There are various psychodynamic theories that interpret the psychological aspects of obesity.ObjectivesThe aim of this paper is to present psychodynamic and contemporary psychiatric concepts that explain the interrelated phenomena presenting in obese patients.MethodsThe review of the literature included the investigation of the existing studies in the field of modern psychiatry, as well as previous knowledge in the field of psychodynamics.ResultsObesity is associated with the emptiness of not recognizing one’s own emotions from hunger, and the need for constant replacement. The everyday life of the obese is filled with shame, an uncomfortable perception that is so intense that can be unbearable. The emptiness and shame which overwhelm and create discomfort cannot be fulfilled by constant food intake and are associated with pathological narcissism (grandiose or vulnerable), which in turn is associated with more regressive behaviour. Thus, obesity may sometimes be associated with addictive behaviours, and a cognition that a bad pattern of rewarding behaviour through food has been adopted in parallel with poor self-control.ConclusionsRelationship between psychodynamic phenomena and obesity is complex and multidimensional. Further research is needed in order to ameliorate our understanding of these connections.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Pro-Ana and Pro-Mia keywords, their google search trend
Authors: Jordan G. Lladó , García M.D.C. Díaz , Sánchez P. Mediavilla , Díez B. Lozano , Del Barrio J.A. Gómez , Ayesa-Arriola R. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionEating Disorders (ED) have increased both in number of cases and diagnoses in recent years, partly due to the ease of searching on the Internet. This “community” as they call themselves has a proper language, which makes them easier to connect.ObjectivesTo know the search frequency of Pro-Ana and Pro-Mia terms in Spanish in the Google search engine.MethodsA manual screening was carried out based on the word analysis of Pro-Ana and Pro-Mia blogs to obtain their search frequency in Spanish. Using the Google Trends tool, a total of 19 word combinations related to ED and their advocacy were reviewed in the time period from 01/01/2019 to 01/12/20. Some of them such as: “carrera de kilos” (kilos race), “princesa de cristal” (glass princess), “princesa de porcelana” (porcelain princess) and “dieta ABC” (ABC diet) among other terms.ResultsFrom 2019 to 2020 there has been an increase in the searches related to Eating Disorders (41.63%), ABC diet (9.72%), porcelain princess (25.52%) and kilos race (38.53%). There has also been a decrease in the search for thinspo ana (30.9%), tips ana (4.15%), blog mia (13.09%) or blog ana (0.79%).ConclusionsSearch trends change over time as they meet the evolving needs. In several media we can find a clear increase in ED during this 2020 due to the confinement related to COVID-19. This is something that we can also relate to this increase in searches for some terms.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Bariatric surgery exclusion: Psychiatric causes
Authors: Martín C. Vilella , Vázquez P. García , Rodríguez I. Gonzalez , Sevillano S. Nuñez , García A. Serrano 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionThe psychopathological causes that advise against a bariatric surgical procedure include any state that puts at risk the modification of habits and beliefs regarding eating behavior, wich condition weight loss and health improvement.ObjectivesTo Study the psychiatric profile of patients rejected for bariatric surgery at the Complejo Hospitalario Asistencial de León (León, Spain).MethodsRetrospective observational study. All patients for whom bariatric surgery procedure has been contraindicated for psychopathological reasons are included. 145 patients were evaluated in the context of the protocol for bariatric surgery. The following diagnostic scales were used as support: Salamanca Questionnaire, Plutchik Impulsivity Scale, Attitudes towards change in patients with eating disorders (ACTA), Bulimia Investigatory Test Edinburgh e, and European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions.Results41 Patients were rejected for psychiatric reasons (28.28%). The most frequent diagnoses are impulse control disorder (39%), followed by eating disorder (27%). Other diagnoses found are: depressive disorder (10%), adjustment disorder (5%), personality disorders, intellectual disability and generalized anxiety disorder (3%) 78% of them are women.ConclusionsUncontrolled psychiatric pathology is a contraindication to bariatric surgery. Impulse control disorder and eating disorder are related to overweight and obesity, so a diagnosis and treatment are necessary prior planning surgical procedure. Psychopathological variables determine the success of bariatric surgery procedures and it is mandatory to consider them in the process.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Psychiatrical assessment of civil status of recipients of inpatient social services in two regions of Russia
Authors: Rusakovskaya O. , Petrov A. , Korensky N. , Romashkina N. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionIn 2019 national survey - personal examination of persons, living in residential facilities for mentally disabled people - was executed under the instruction of the Government by specialists of V.Serbsky National Medical Research Centre. For 2559 legally incapacitated residents the procedure of rehabilitation of full or diminished capacity was recommended. For 16132 legally capable residents the procedure for recognising their incapacity was recommended (Kekelidze ZI et al., 2020).ObjectivesTo compare the recommendations on legal capacity in two regions with different systems of inpatient social services.MethodsFull-sized noncontrol observational descriptive screening study.ResultsIn table 1 the recommendations on legal capacity in two regions are presented.Table 1. Recommendations on legal capacityRegion 1Region 2Residents, were examined3837 (100%)1859 (100%)Legally incapacitated residents3671 (95,7%)1347 (72,5%)Partly legally capable residents17 (0,4%)0 (0%)Legally capable residents149 (3,9%)512 (27,5%)Rehabilitation of full or diminished capacity was recommended (% of incapacitated)186 (5%)31 (2,3%)Deprivation of legal capacity was recommended (% of legally capable)12 (8%)29 (5,7%)ConclusionsDifferences in quantity of residents, for whom rehabilitation of full or diminished capacity was recommended, depend on characteristics of the systems of institutional care in the regions. In the first region a complex system of rehabilitation and deinstitutionalization has been organised. In the second region such system is just organising. Among legally capable and those, for whom rehabilitation of capacity was recommended, there were residents, able to live independently or under community-based services.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Electroconvulsive therapy and informed consent in compulsory treatment – an ethical dilemma
Authors: Cunha C. , Pereira R. , França G. , Silva J. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionGiven the effectiveness and overall safety in several psychiatry conditions, electroconvulsive therapy remains a widely used procedure in current medical practice. Informed consent is still a requirement for the use of ECT both in voluntary and compulsory treatment; however, since severe mental illness can affect decision-making capacity and insight of the need for treatment, this requirement often constitutes an obstacle to its use. In addition, stigma around ECT still contributes to treatment refusal.ObjectivesTo summarize the most recent evidence published about ECT and discuss the ethical and legal implications of its use, enlightened by the empirical description of a clinical vignette.MethodsReview of literature on the ethical and legal issues involving the ECT use in patients on compulsory treatment, considering the efficacy, risks, the mental health legislation in Portugal, and several international directives.ResultsInformed consent is the basic tenet in the contemporary physician-patient relationship. In principle, ECT can only be administered to patients who prior consent to the treatment. In contemporary practice, providing the best medical assistance and respecting the patient’s autonomy are two fundamental principles. However, we often face an ethical dilemma, when severely ill patients, whose insight, the ability for self-determination and decision-making capacity may be impaired, refuse a potential beneficial treatment as ECT.ConclusionsThe use of ECT in severe mental illness is still hampered by legal and ethical constraints. A future revision of the law could protect patients from being excluded from a treatment that may change the course of the disease.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Psychological induction of the child: Cognitive, emotional and behavioral diagnostic markers
Authors: Kalashnikova A. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionOne of the tasks of the forensic assessment of family disputes is to establish the fact that a child is set up by one parent against another.ObjectivesIdentification of diagnostic markers of psychological induced state in a child due to purposeful actions of a parent living together with him.MethodsA continuous one-step analysis of the results of forensic assessments on family disputes was carried out in respect of 48 girls and 67 boys aged 3 to 15 years (mean age 7.9 ± 4.5 years). The objective materials presented by the court were analyzed in comparison with the results of a structured interview. The statistical significance of any differences were evaluated using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney (U).ResultsPersistent negative attitude to one of the parents was found in 14% of children. Markers of the induced state at the cognitive level were identified: negative semantic attitudes (U=477.1; p=0.014), distorted image of the rejected parent (U=509.5; p=0.023), transformation of memories (U=389.5; p=0.001). At the emotional level: persistent negative attitude to one of the parents when idealizing the second (U=371.1; p=0.001), emotional involvement of the child in the family conflict (U=556.6; p=0.048). At the behavioral level: declaring a stable set of stereotypical “adult” phrases (U=387.3; p=0.001), regressive behaviors and manifestations of stress in the presence of a rejected parent (U=601.5; p=0.04). Markers on all three levels must co-exist.ConclusionsThere are diagnostic markers of the induced state in a child, which verify the forensic conclusion about the negative impact on his mental state of the parent-inducer.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Relationship between the sexual abuser and the victim
Authors: Tumbev L. , Chumpalova P. , Stoimenova-Popova M. , Valtchev V. , Tumbeva E. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionAlthough much of society believes that the sexual aggressor is unknown to the victim, this is not supported by the literature. In most cases, the rapist is a known, former or current intimate partner of the victim or even a family member.Objectives189 persons accused of perpetrators of sexual crimes and who were subject to forensic psychiatric evaluation for the period from January 2010 to December 2019 in the territory of Central Northern Bulgaria were examined.MethodsThe current research uses sociological methods to gather information - interviews, observations, research of forensic and medical documents,ResultsIn the study group, 62% of the victims were known to the perpetrator of the sexual crime, 11% were part of the nuclear family and 8% were members of the extended family of the perpetrator.ConclusionsOur data supports data from previous studiesDisclosureNo significant relationships.
Characteristics of offenders referred for psychiatric forensic examination
Authors: Felhi R. , Hamdi G. , Ammar H. Ben , Ridha R. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionForensic psychiatry is facing major challenges related to criminal responsibility with an increasing number of offenses and the entanglement of several factors affecting offenders differently.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of offenders referred for forensic psychiatric examination.MethodsWe studied the medical files of all the offenders referred to the forensic psychiatry unit in Razi hospital for an examination between January 2010 and October 2020.ResultsThe number of people who have undergone a forensic psychiatric examination was 256. Three files were not usable due to lacking data. The offenders were men in 95.7% (242) of the cases. Their average age was 35 years with a range of 17-53 years. They were mostly single (64%) with primary education (58.1%). Forty percent of the studied population were unemployed and 70% of them lived with their parents. Drug abuse was found in half of the cases and the average number of taken drugs is two illicit substances per person. A criminal record was found in 43% of the cases with an average number of two offenses per person. Offenders were found to suffer from schizophrenia in 29% of the cases, personality disorder in 17% of the cases and from intellectual disability in 16.6% of the cases. No psychiatric disorder was found in 24% of the casesConclusionsDespite having in common many vulnerability factors, such as low educational level, unemployment and drug abuse, an important number of offenders referred for forensic psychiatric examination weren’t affected by a psychiatric disorder.DisclosureNo significant relationships.