bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engagement
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter defines what engagement is for the arts. It follows the scholarly usage of the term as a means for interaction between organizations and audiences of the arts. The discussion begins by exploring the broad usage of the term in both perspective and concept, the latter specifically tied to engagement as a means for market connections. The exploration includes historical understandings, including psychological effects of engagement as well as aesthetic applications of engagement. The chapter uses these historical understandings to underpin the notion of arts as civic engagement and audience development. The chapter concludes with a concise argument as to how these scholarly approaches allow for a reshaping of the traditional marketing mix into the engagement edge.
Contrasting Frameworks
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on definitions for the terms place, as intended within McCarthy’s marketing mix, and environment, as the term is generally used today. It explores the different facets of each term and finds distinction and commonalities for both. Though both these terms have a generic definition having to do with location, there is much greater depth to the authors’ understanding of both the terms. Though human interaction with environments may not seem the perfect match for the nonprofit arts, the definitions make it far more logical to apply environment as part of the engagement edge than McCarthy’s place. The chapter includes examples of human-designed environments created for aesthetic purposes.
Contrasting Frameworks
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter defines the term price, as meant in the marketing mix. The concept of price is a collection of pricing strategies. The chapter describes many of the most common pricing strategies corporations use to increase profits. Pricing is loosely understood in the arts, and few of the pricing strategies that arts organizations do use function well for nonprofit arts organizations. The chapter also explores the concept of ease of access by describing common perceptions around the words ease and access. It establishes an overview of the framework of McCarthy’s price and base definitions used to create ease of access.
A Plural Unity
Authors: Errington Joseph 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sociolinguistic dynamics in Kupang and Pontianak are examples of Indonesian’s plural unity in the nation at large. Here they can be considered together with other locales, where Indonesian is perceived as a threat to native languages, to locate those nonstandard varieties in a broader condition of linguistic plurality. Then they can be considered as grounds for Indonesians’ broader senses of national belonging with ideas about print-imaged languages discussed by Benedict Anderson, and about cultural intimacy discussed by Michael Herzfeld. Next the lexicons of modernity sketched earlier serve to characterize English as a lingua franca which is comparable with Indonesian, and for that reason an object of both desire and anxiety. Finally, an alternate success story about Indonesian’s internally plural character can be juxtaposed with accounts of sociolinguistic change in western Europe, including the kinds of linguistic superdiversity being attributed to dynamics of globalization.
Fiscal Semantics in the Long Second Century
Authors: Eberle Lisa Pilar 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between Roman citizenship and fiscality in the long second century. It takes as its point of departure the seemingly contradictory relation of citizens to taxation: there were taxes from which all citizens were exempt, but there were also taxes that only they paid. At the chapter’s core lies the contention that we can only understand this situation and its history if we take into account the competing meanings of taxation that existed within the empire. Taxes could signify constitutional, imperial, and social difference, but they could also constitute community and belonging. Tracing these meanings and their history allows us to understand Roman citizens’ relationship to the poll tax, from which they were exempt, and to the inheritance tax, which only they paid, and it allows us to get to the bottom of Italy’s long-lasting immunity from tributum. The chapter starts with a case against the existence of a fiscal meaning of citizenship, which scholars sometimes assume, and it concludes with an argument about what might have been the most far-reaching consequence of fiscal semantics in the empire: the possibility that what the chapter terms “Severan fiscal thought,” the demonstrably unique way in which Septimius Severus and Caracalla approached taxation, also underpinned the Constitutio Antoniniana.
Philip Spencer
Authors: Delgado James P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The intertwined stories of Philip Spencer and the brig Somers, the stage on which the final, dramatic acts of his brief life would play out, are introduced. The smallness of this new ship of the U.S. Navy is emphasized. Spencer’s childhood and his parents, who played a significant and detrimental role in his life, especially his prominent, politically connected father, and the longer history of his family’s troubled men are revealed, as is the physical ailment that also defines young Spencer, strabismus, which has a negative psychological impact on his life as much as if not more than his father’s sternness and his mother’s coddling. His childhood troubles, difficult academic career, his love of games, make-believe, secrets, and pirates—all of which will play out in deadly fashion on Somers—as well as his misadventures and near-dismissal from the U.S. Navy set the stage by introducing Philip Spencer as a very troubled young man who has no business being on board a naval vessel.
Teaching Public Health Writing
Authors: Beard Jennifer 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Teaching Public Health Writing argues that public health schools and programs need to make writing practice and mentoring central to the curriculum. Writing is a process that demands patience, humility, and deliberate practice. Write, revise, submit, receive feedback, revise again. All writers develop their confidence, patience, and voice over the course of their lives. Public health students are learning to understand and translate technical content from a wide array of disciplines into clear, concise, engaging documents for vastly different audiences and purposes. It’s a time-consuming, anxiety-inducing, and painstaking process. Yet, many public health professors expect their students to arrive in their graduate and upper-level undergraduate classes already knowing how to write engaging and informative policy briefs, literature reviews, research proposals, and many other types of technical documents. This is an unrealistic expectation that undermines both students and their professors. The author blends composition theory with a multilevel social determinants analysis, the life course, harm reduction, and other public health approaches to offer a new way to think about the place of writing in public health education. This call to action offers recommendations for mentoring student writers, supporting professors, and fostering writing community and dialogue at the institutional level.
Successful Consolidation
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDebt problems get all the attention, but not all borrowing ends in tears. There have also been instances when high debts were successfully reduced. This chapter describes three of the largest debt consolidations in history: Britain after the Napoleonic Wars, the United States after its Civil War, and France after the Franco-Prussian War. These nineteenth-century debt consolidations were achieved mainly by running substantial budget surpluses over extended periods. This was made possible by the politics of the era; in all three countries, creditors had disproportionate political sway. The resulting political configuration meant that inflation and debt repudiation were beyond the pale.
Conclusion
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe book concludes by distilling lessons from the history of public debt. Over the centuries, governments have borrowed to meet political and economic emergencies and provide essential public goods and services. Public debt has also been integral to financial development and economic growth. At the same time, the ability to borrow can tempt politicians to put off difficult decisions. In these circumstances, heavy debts can become a burden on the economy and jeopardize financial stability. Two global crises within twelve years (2008 and 2020) serve as reminders of the importance of maintaining and now restoring the capacity of governments to borrow.
Mission Impossible
Authors: Rosén Frederik 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
May the protection of cultural property be reasonably weighed against the protection of human lives? Could it be considered morally acceptable to impose risk upon or even sacrifice human lives to save cultural property? Such questions arise repeatedly when discussing the military challenges posed by protection of cultural property in armed conflict. Thus, there is an emerging, yet still embryonic debate about “saving lives or saving stones.” This chapter contributes to this debate by scrutinizing the conceptual framework for casting this apparent ethical dilemma, which remains surprisingly underexamined in the academic literature. It does so by charting a series of preliminary problems one must consider before setting out a moral framework around harm to cultural property in armed conflict. As the decision to accept and apply the dilemma of “saving lives or saving stones” remains a moral one, also from the perspective of the Law of Armed Conflict, the chapter will draw its framework from the just war theory literature. The chapter argues that the more we speculate on the constitution of value and moral quality of cultural property in the context of the ethics of war discussions, the clearer it becomes that formulating general ethical principles to guide our view on this dilemma appears to be a mission impossible.
The International Criminal Court and Cultural Property
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter unpacks the war crime of intentional attacks on cultural property. It does so through the lens of the work of the International Criminal Court (ICC). This is a fruitful lens for a number of reasons. The ICC’s third conviction, that of Al Mahdi (Timbuktu, Mali), was solely on this charge. Al Mahdi pled guilty and received a nine-year sentence. The ICC also has awarded reparations for the destruction of the shrines for which Al Mahdi had been convicted. The Al Mahdi case, moreover, forms part of a broader effort by the ICC Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) to address cultural property crimes as detailed by policy papers and cooperation agreements between the OTP and UNESCO. This chapter, addressing each of these aspects, sets out details of the crime. It then assumes an interrogatory tone: What role, exactly, can international criminal law play in the protection of cultural property, in the definition of what is “culture,” and the scope (and beneficiaries) of “protection”? What is the interplay between criminalizing the destruction of cultural property, on the one hand, and transitional justice, on the other, predicated as it may be on resistance to cultures of oppression and impunity?
Nazi Looting and Internal and External Colonial Plundering
Authors: van Beurden Jos 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
If cultural heritage embodies a universal value immune to political agendas, a certain neutrality in the politics of return should be expected. Yet historically viewed, this is far from the case, something which exposes another layer of values vested in the ethics of cultural heritage. This chapter plunges into this issue by comparing the ways countries and claimants are dealing with Nazi-looted artworks and with loot resulting from either internal or external colonialism. There is a certain global agreement about how to deal with Nazi-looted art and with loot resulting from internal colonialism in settler colonies, much less so about war booty and other displaced objects from external colonial contexts. For dealings with Nazi-looted art works, general principles have been formulated that receive broad international support. In the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, laws and programs have been developed for dealing with claims from indigenous groups. Recently, some European countries have opened their doors for a new dealing with objects resulting from external colonialism, while former colonies have come up with new, more specified claims. This chapter discusses some differences and similarities between the ways of dealing with claims for lost heritage and what values underpin them. It also studies the possible impact of the one on the other. The conclusion investigates whether general principles for dealing with Nazi-looted artworks can be adapted for dealing with colonial loot.
Sonification
Authors: Carlson Licia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s main argument: that shared musical experience has both epistemological and ethical significance. It begins with three personal vignettes, and then explains why bringing music, philosophy, and disability together is original and important for philosophies of music and of disability. It goes on to define and discuss three central concepts—sonification, music, and disability—and examine parallels between music and disability. Before concluding with an overview of the chapters, it makes a number of clarifications regarding the approach: the argument is not intended to overly romanticize the significance of musical experience; second, the focus deliberately moves away from a therapeutic model of music and disability; and finally, that though disability is a central theme, the book’s arguments speak to the value of musical encounters more generally.
How Soon Is Now?
Authors: Kahn Leonard 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Though a mere decade ago commercially available autonomous vehicles seemed a distant possibility, today they appear to be all but inevitable. How well is our thinking keeping pace with these developments? In comparison to literature on the “trolley problem,” little work has been addressed to the question of the timing and conditions under which society should allow the widespread use of autonomous vehicles on public roads. In this paper, the author offers a schematic answer to this question, while also touching on the vexed matter of liability for crashes caused by autonomous vehicles. In the process, he develops a way of thinking about the relative safety of autonomous and nonautonomous vehicles that can add value to discussions of transportation ethics both by philosophers and by public policy experts. The author also addresses the matter of who should be liable in cases of crashes caused by autonomous vehicles.
Supply Chains, Work Alternatives, and Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Golemon Luke , Allhoff Fritz , Broy T. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Automated vehicles promise much in the way of both economic boons and increased personal safety. For better or worse, the effects of automating personal vehicles will not be felt for some time. In contrast, the effects of automated work vehicles, like semi-trucks, will be felt much sooner—within the next decade. The costs and benefits of automation will not be distributed evenly; while most of us will be positively affected by the lower prices overall, those losing their livelihoods to the automated semi-trucks and other similar work vehicles will be much worse off. This sets up a classic distributive justice problem: how do we balance the harms and benefits of automation? In this paper, the authors recommend work alternatives: policies that the government would enact in order to ensure that each person could live a decent life even if one could not work, especially for reasons like having one’s job automated. After arguing for this position, we propose some policy guidelines.
The Autonomous Vehicle in Asian Cities
Authors: Chan Jeffrey K. H. , Shim Jiwon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Despite the fact that many Asian cities have integrated the autonomous vehicle (AV) into their urban and transportation planning, very few studies have examined the impacts of the AV in the context of Asian cities. This chapter discusses the social and ethical impacts of the AV in Seoul and Singapore. Through glimpses offered by urban vignettes of the AV constructed for each of these cities, this chapter examines how the AV can bring to the surface issues of gender inequity and prejudice in Seoul and challenge convivial urban relations in Singapore. This chapter argues that socio-ethical issues are deeply intertwined with the safety concerns of the AV, and it suggests that attending to these issues can advance both the moral quality of the AV and standards of public safety.
Ideological Fixation
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
After theorists around 1960 proclaimed the “death of ideology”, ideological divides and clashes have re-emerged with renewed intensity throughout the world. In the United States they have become particularly venomous. Each side in America’s escalating ideological civil war charges the other with concocting “fake news” and “alternative facts”. The other side is widely viewed as malicious, irrational, or downright stupid, and, often, as barely legitimate. People are deaf to claims about reality that come from the opposite camp, no matter how valid they might be. The zeal of the opposing sides is often scarcely less than that which characterized the religious ideologies of old. Indeed, historical religious ideologies have largely been replaced by “secular religions” or “religion substitutes”. Ideology consists of normative prescriptions regarding how society should be shaped, together with an interpretive roadmap indicating how this normative vision can be implemented in reality. Ideological fixation is the result of tensions and conflicts between these two elements. The book focuses on ideologies’ factual claims about the world, typically subordinate to, and often distorted by, their normative commitment. In exploring this phenomenon, the book combines insights from evolutionary psychology regarding the nature of some of our deepest proclivities with a broad sweep through history. It proceeds from the Stone Age to the rise of civilization, the great religions, and modernity, to a critique of fundamental factual premises that underlie some of the major debates dominating today’s liberal democracies, not least the United States.
What Is Right?
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Morality is the second element of ideology that needs prior attention. Do our moral percepts resonate in some way with the deep structure of the universe, or are “true” or “objective” in any other sense? Or are they pure projections of our inner attitudes, feelings, and emotions onto the world, and are therefore “subjective” or even “relative” to the individuals or societies that hold them? In recent decades, philosophers have failed to recognize the major contribution that the Darwinian revolution has made to the understanding of major questions for which there were previously no satisfactory answers: how morality came into being, what sustains it, and perhaps also, to some degree, what can be expected of people morally. The insistence by most present-day philosophers on defining moral norms as objective, instead of allowing for a more flexible understanding of this evolved phenomenon, which would transcend the traditional objective-subjective dichotomy, has outlived its usefulness.
Can Anything Be Done?
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter briefly visits some of the major ideological and political issues and concerns that currently divide the United States and other countries of the West. The tentative ruminations offered in it are put forward as an exercise in how intellectual openness and an effort to avoid ideological fixations in the assessment of facts might look like. Here, as throughout, the book focuses on the factual element of ideologies, on the validity of their claims about the world, not on their normative-value element. Nor is it suggested that all sides to an ideological dispute are equally right, that the truth necessarily lies in the middle. At the same time, it is submitted that there might be some important truths in the arguments of the other side—which deserve serious attention, consideration, and, possibly, adjustments to our own views.
Precision Medicine
Authors: Fleck Leonard M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses many cancer types, multiple genetic features of those cancers, and the drugs (more than 150) designed to target those features and control that cancer. Recent research aims to use several of these drugs in combination or in sequence to prolong survival, though at substantially increased cost with substantial gains in life expectancy still confined to a minority of patients. Researchers are now seeking biomarkers to identify patients most likely to benefit substantially. Would it be just to use these biomarkers to identify patients likely to achieve only small gains in life expectancy and deny them these drugs at social expense? Cost-effectiveness might warrant an affirmative answer, but health care justice might warrant a different answer, at least in some cases. The same would likely be true regarding the European notion of solidarity.
Precision Medicine, Diffuse Wickedness
Authors: Fleck Leonard M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many of the health care justice issues raised by precision medicine have a “wicked” quality. That means the problems are inherently complex, lacking in complete knowledge, reflecting conflicting social values, and marked by social disagreement regarding the criteria that should be used to assess potential resolutions. The problems are wicked because of the inherent uncertainty and complexity of precision medicine, the fragmented structure of health care financing in the United States, and conflicts regarding various theories of health care justice. Ibrutinib, a targeted cancer drug used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia, is used as an illustrative case study of several wicked problems of health care justice. A dominant wicked problem is referred to as “ragged edges.” No bright line exists in nature or in medicine or in ethics that affirms the just claims of some patients to a targeted therapy and denies that therapy to others.
Precision Medicine, Imprecise Health Care Justice
Authors: Fleck Leonard M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Should all of these targeted therapies be included in a health care benefit package guaranteed to everyone in our society, no matter the cost, no matter how marginal the benefit? Does health care justice require that? Several things make answering these questions very difficult, including the heterogeneity of health care needs, the complexity of therapeutic options for meeting those needs, the uncertain effectiveness of those therapies, and their socially unsustainable costs. Cancer is only one source of life-threatening health needs. Competing theories of justice add to the complexity. Given what John Rawls refers to as the “burdens of judgment,” neither sufficientarian, utilitarian, moderate egalitarian, strict egalitarian, prioritarian, luck egalitarian, nor libertarian theories of health care justice can adequately address the wicked problems engendered by precision medicine. Ultimately, a fair and inclusive process of rational democratic deliberation will be needed to achieve at least rough justice regarding our wicked problems.