bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facing up to the Moderns
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter argues that the contemporary powers theory has yet to face up to the challenges issued by the moderns, when they first rejected Aristotelianism. Chief among their arguments is the ‘little souls’ argument: if bodies had powers, they would have to have minds that told them how to behave in every situation. The chapter argues that Williams’s problem of fit is the little souls argument all over again. The problem of fit asks how each power can be precisely calibrated to every other, such that it performs just as it must, given the nature of the powers it finds itself co-instantiated with. The chapter considers an alternative developed by Locke and Boyle, namely, that powers are multi-laterally reducible. To say that a key has the power to open a lock is just to say something about the shapes and sizes of those two objects. The chapter reluctantly concludes that Locke and Boyle are operating with a geometrical model that is untenable. Instead, the best version of the powers view will posit a single power, the ‘Blower,’ which animates the single object (‘Blobject’) that is the world.
The Alternatives
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter canvasses three anti-realist competitors to the best system analysis. First is conservative projectivism, which takes laws to be regularities, but lawhood to consist in our attitude toward those regularities. It suffers the same problems as the best system analysis, and cannot resolve the central tension. Next is contemporary projectivism, which denies that laws are regularities and rejects the claim that laws supervene on the mosaic. The chapter argues that there is much worth preserving in this version of projectivism, particularly the idea that laws are to be used to generate models that then fit the world or do not. But the chapter goes on to argue for an anti-realism that preserves supervenience. The ‘rules’ theory says that laws are model-generating rules that supervene on the mosaic in the sense that the laws cannot be changed without changing the mosaic, or changing the cognitive needs and limitations of the kind of creature for whom they must serve as laws. The rules theory is advertised as superior to any of the anti-realisms so far covered.
Introduction
Authors: Lovett Frank 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Republicanism is a coherent tradition organized around three principles: the non-domination principle, the empire of law principle, and the popular control principle. Both classical republicans from Machiavelli through Harrington to Madison subscribe to these principles, and also contemporary republicans such as Pettit, Skinner, and Viroli. The non-domination principle holds that we should aim to reduce domination in the design of law, policies, and institutions. The empire of law principle holds that public uses of coercive force must be controlled by law. And the popular control principle holds that top public officials must be subject to sufficient popular control. Republicanism is not necessarily incompatible with liberalism, but it is not compatible with versions of liberalism that subscribe to principles of neutrality or that substitute non-interference for non-domination. Freedom from domination, on the republican view, is institutionally-constituted, and because republican institutions depend on citizen support for their maintenance, republican freedom is an ongoing collective project. Freedom from domination is a public good: in a well-ordered republic, institutions would be so designed as to ensure that citizens will contribute to the maintenance of that freedom.
Learning to Experiment
Authors: Neyroud Peter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Evidence-based policing is both a controversial and relatively new approach to policing. Since Sherman’s original framing of the idea in 1998, much of the focus has been on the merits of experimental designs in evaluating police interventions. Too little emphasis has been placed on how the police learn to experiment and learn from experimentation. Using the author’s analysis of the body of completed randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in policing and a more detailed exploration of conduct and management of Operation Turning Point, the chapter will draw out the emerging framework of a new discipline for policing—learning by testing. There are many dimensions to this discipline that need to be understood and managed to enable experimentation (which is, after all, the testing of a change process) to succeed and learning to be derived and disseminated. Implementation or the successful conduct and management of the experiment is not enough, because, as the analysis demonstrates there needs to be a larger commitment to the ownership and integration of the lessons of the research into practice. As part of this, the importance of police officer education in the applied science of policing is emphasised.
What Is Penal Populism?
Authors: Garland David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper explores the empirical, conceptual, and normative issues raised by the notion of ‘penal populism’. It discusses the relations between the media, the public, and political representatives. It considers the balance between professional expertise and community sentiment in the formulation of penal policy—especially in respect of measures where moral rather than instrumental considerations appear to predominate. It raises theoretical and empirical questions about the nature of ‘public opinion’; methodological questions about how best to take its measure; and political questions about its proper status in the democratic process. It discusses the historical conditions that brought ‘penal populism’ to prominence as well as institutional and comparative questions about its varying capacity to shape policy. And it considers the professional responsibilities of penal experts in relation to policy formation and political debate.
Penal Legitimacy, Well-Being, and Trust
Authors: Liebling Alison 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces selected strands of Tony Bottoms’ empirical and theoretical work which are most relevant to the chapter author’s research, undertaken with others, on prisons. It focuses in particular on the shared interest in the links between social order and legitimacy in prison and broader socio-political ideas. It reflects on the direction in which a sustained programme of prisons research, conducted with others, and with strong roots in the original theoretical and empirical domains outlined in Prisons and the Problem of Order in particular, is taking us and how Tony’s continuing work resonates with empirical explorations of contemporary prison life. It shows how Tony’s theoretical instincts in relation to the prison, in his work with Richard Sparks and Will Hay, have been empirically verified, and also developed, in particular to incorporate notions of individual well-being and trust. It outlines why his preoccupation with the virtues, and how they might be grown, matters. The ‘crisis of trust and social order’ in prisons and in modern communities is, as Tony recently put it, ‘morally serious’. This chapter illustrates the extent to which this is the case.
The Father of Poetry and the Father of Criticism
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the criticism of Chaucer by John Dryden, famously described by Samuel Johnson as ‘the father of English criticism’. Dryden’s remarks on Chaucer in the Preface to his Fables Ancient and Modern are discussed in detail, with particular attention being paid to the paradoxical and apparently contradictory suggestions that they contain, and to the seemingly rambling and unmethodical style of Dryden’s exposition. Dryden’s understanding of Chaucer’s metre and versification are examined and compared with those of Chaucer’s editors, Urry and Thomas Morell. It is argued that contrary to the suggestions of some later commentators, Dryden’s remarks about the imperfections of Chaucer’s metrics are perfectly understandable in the light of the texts of Chaucer that were available to him, since no form of pronunciation could have made those texts scan consistently as iambic pentameter. Dryden’s larger suggestion that Chaucer is both antiquated and comparable to Virgil is explored. Dryden’s admiration for Chaucer’s good sense, comprehensive soul, descriptions of human nature, and perpetual paternal place in the course of English poetry is described in relation to Dryden’s master paradox: that the laws governing human nature are inescapably permanent, while every single aspect of their manifestations changes continually and inexorably.
Chaucer and The Temples of Fame
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter is principally focused on the versions of The House of Fame by Alexander Pope and Jane Brereton. These renderings are examined both for their own sakes and for the light they cast on the overall theme of the present book: the changing fame and fortunes of Chaucer’s poetry. It is argued that Pope’s and Brereton’s poems, and the interrelations between them, suggest that, in poetry, true filial inheritance is displayed not merely by reproduction of one’s predecessors, but in producing work that is as innovative, extraordinary, and original as theirs. Both Pope and Brereton, it is argued, found in Chaucer an example of what poetry might do that was directly applicable to their immediate needs as aspiring poets. The chapter ends with some illustrations (taken from the later poetry of Pope) of the ways in which small fragments of Chaucerian verse worked their way into the imaginations of later poets, and reappeared in unexpected circumstances.
The remedial component
Authors: Siatitsa Ilia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the remedial response to serious violations of human rights as the last component of the special regime—the remedial one. It analyses both the procedures to facilitate access to remedies and the remedies awarded to victims of such violations. On the one hand, it examines how the international community alone or in collaboration with the state concerned have been building ad hoc reparation programmes to address exclusively serious violations of human rights and not any human rights breach—often referred to as ‘mass claims procedures’. On the other hand, it follows the evolution of reparations before the regional human rights courts—primarily the European and the Inter-American Courts. It identifies specific procedures that take into account the gravity of violations before them, as well as specific remedies that are primarily awarded to victims of serious violations of human rights.
Clement’s Grammatical Archive
Authors: Ward H. Clifton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 having furnished a reading of Clement’s reading, Chapters 4 and 5 zoom in closer to magnify the particular practices Clement employs in his reading of the biblical texts in the fifth book of the Stromateis. Chapter 4 outlines a number of the commentarial assumptions that Clement brings to Scripture in his interpretation. There are inherent properties that Scripture possesses per se which aid the Christian reader in explicating its obscurities, that is, in the spirit of the grammatical tradition examined in Chapter 1, Clement articulates fundamental assumptions about the authorship of Scripture, the narrative—or hypothesis—of Scripture, and the goal (skopos) of Scripture.
Reading as “Creative Exegesis”
Authors: Ward H. Clifton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a striking image at the outset of his magisterial Stromateis, Clement describes his teacher Pantaenus as “the true Sicilian bee, culling flowers from the meadow of the prophets and apostles and producing a pure substance of knowledge in the souls of his hearers.” In noting that the imagery of a bee culling honey from the flowers was a prominent image for grammatical work in the Second Sophistic, this chapter makes the case that Clement considers exegesis as a process of rhetorical invention (inventio). Classics scholars have argued that grammatical exegesis and the language of the commentary supplant and displace ancient rhetoric as the preeminent academic discourse in the Middle Ages. This chapter suggests, however, that such a transformation happened even earlier. It examines the metaphors for rhetorical memory in antiquity (e.g., a treasury, bees culling honey, and digestion), focusing on writers such as Plato, Seneca, and Philo of Alexandria. After surveying the role of rhetorical memory in ancient reading practices, it examines Clement’s employment of these metaphors throughout his corpus. It argues that, when taken collectively, these metaphors reveal the significant role of memory in the process of reading and study both in antiquity broadly and specifically in early Christian exegesis.
“Faith in the Only Perfect Man”
Authors: Ward H. Clifton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 turns to the second sense of Scripture’s twofold mystery. Building upon the unity of Father–Son, Clement found it was the goal of the Christian life to believe in the Son and thus “become unitary.” For Clement, this goal of God’s action in the divine economy is most clearly expressed in Ephesians 4, where Paul introduces Christ as the “perfect man,” the likeness to which all men are educated. Moreover, Clement routinely connects other scriptural texts that hint at this progressive pedagogy—especially 1 Corinthians 3—with Ephesians 4 to emphasize that the movement from faith through knowledge to love is not best viewed sequentially but as a single divine act of pedagogy.
Epilogue
Authors: Ward H. Clifton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Epilogue quickly rehearses the major theses of the book. By exploring the practices of Clement’s exegesis, regardless of our estimation of the success of these techniques, we find that Clement nevertheless claims that the exegesis of Scripture built on the commentarial activity of the grammarian is the foundational practice of Christian theology. To conclude, the Epilogue suggests that this is true not merely for Clement. Scriptural exegesis is at the heart of the development of all early Christian theology. And although I am not the first scholar to make this claim, the weight of this study suggests that scholars would be best served by analyzing the creative exegesis of individual Christian readers before proposing any judgments on the substance of “early Christian theology” or even “patristic exegesis” as a whole. One might just find that Clement—frequently neglected as both a theologian and an exegete—proves a veritable prophet on the Christian exegetical tradition that follows him.
‘After Him a King Will Arise’
Authors: Stevens Kathryn 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 revisits ‘resistance’ in Seleucid Babylonia through the cuneiform scholarly texts, in particular the Late Babylonian Chronicles, Astronomical Diaries, and ex eventu prophecies. The relatively ‘unnegative’ picture of the Seleucids that emerges from the Diaries and Chronicles can give the impression that the Babylonians (or at least the temple elites who produced these texts) were generally content with the Seleucid imperial regime. It is clear, however, that Babylonian scholars of the Hellenistic period were consistently engaging with Seleucid kingship in an evaluative way. Whether through reports of contemporary royal patronage (or the lack thereof), or ex eventu predictions about the fates of good and bad kings, Akkadian texts of the Hellenistic period articulate paradigms of royal action against which rulers might be judged, and while there is no blanket rejection of the Macedonian Dynasty, it seems that not all Seleucid rulers were judged favourably. While the lacunose and laconic nature of the material makes it difficult to ascertain the precise evaluative force of individual statements, clusters of negativity can be detected around Antiochus IV and Seleucus I, two rulers who, significantly, are associated with ‘Hellenizing’ activity in and beyond Babylonia. It is debatable whether these cases can be classed as ‘resistance literature’ or viewed as anti-Hellenic or anti-Hellenistic. Yet the identification and analysis of such clusters of concern or critique can facilitate a more differentiated history of elite responses to Hellenistic imperialism, within Babylonia and elsewhere.
Revolts, Resistance, and the Materiality of the Moral Order in Ptolemaic Egypt
Authors: Moyer Ian S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As a counterpoint to socio-economic explanations of revolts in Ptolemaic Egypt as ‘natural’ responses to material and social privations, Chapter 6 re-examines material and documentary evidence that illuminates the indigenous cultural and moral frameworks through which historical actors justified and articulated resistance. In documentary reports, and damaged documents themselves, it is possible to catch a glimpse of meaningful symbolic actions, undertaken in public ways and places in order to contest the legality or legitimacy of the regime. Such actions are a more humble counterpart to recondite prophetic texts such as the Demotic Chronicle or the Oracle of the Potter. The withdrawal of farmers from unfair contracts and the issuance of their refusal from the precinct of a temple suggests not irrational flight, but the quasi-formal registration of protest in a place that was often used for the administration of justice. Evidence of the intentional defacement of inscribed versions of the Canopus decree, erected in the open areas of Egyptian temples, likewise suggests a public rejection of loyal priests’ praise for the Ptolemies as good pharaohs. Rebels who forced a guardian of contracts publicly to burn them intended not only to disrupt legal agreements, but also to reject the authority backing them. Though fleeting, these bits of evidence offer insights into the local ethical orientations of specific acts of resistance, acts that should be read as far as possible in their own terms.
An Impossible Resistance? Anatolian Populations, Ethnicity, and Greek Powers in Asia Minor during the Second Century bce
Authors: Capdetrey Laurent 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 deals with the phenomena of acculturation in Asia Minor and Anatolia at the end of the Classical period and, above all, during the Hellenistic period. The aim is to study the forms of cultural and material expression of regional identities in a context marked by both the Greco-Macedonian conquest and powerful regional identities. The question of violence and conflict is an important part of this study. It appears that the affirmation of otherness through the staging of violence was above all a tool of the Greek-Macedonians much more than of other populations. And when regional identities were gradually expressed, in Lycia for example, it was at the price of abandoning a certain form of ethnicity.
Introduction
Authors: Gupta Suman 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe differences between political and commercial catchphrases are described. A pragmatic approach to engaging with contemporary history is proposed, and some of the challenges of historicizing the present are noted. These are discussed to the degree needed at this initial stage to proceed towards the case studies in subsequent chapters, with further elaboration deferred to the final chapter. The design of the study as a whole is outlined. The sequence of chapters covering cases studies is explained, and some of the cross-connections are highlighted. The case studies, it is observed, may be read independently of each other but would be more profitably read in relation to each other and as developing a continuous argument.
Orwell and Empire
Authors: Kerr Douglas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
George Orwell was born in India, and served in the Imperial Police in Burma as a young man. Orwell and Empire is a study of his writing about the East, and the East in his writing. It argues that empire was central to his cultural identity, and that his experience of colonial life was a crucial factor, in ways that have not been recognized, in shaping the writer he became. Orwell and Empire is about all his writings, fictional and non-fictional. It pays particular attention to work that derives directly from his Burmese years, including the well-known narratives ‘A Hanging’ and ‘Shooting an Elephant’ and his first novel, Burmese Days. It goes on to explore the theme of empire throughout his work, through to Nineteen Eighty-Four and beyond, charting the way his evolving views on, for example, class, race, gender, and authority were shaped by his experience in the East and the Anglo-Indian attitudes he had inherited. Orwell’s socialism and his hatred of authoritarianism, for example, grew out of his anti-imperialism, as The Road to Wigan Pier makes explicit. But this was not a straightforward repudiation, or a painless process. He understood that ‘it is very difficult to escape, culturally, from the class into which you have been born’. His whole career was a creative quarrel with himself and with his Anglo-Indian patrimony. In a way that anticipates our current debates about the imperial legacy, he struggled to come to terms with his own history.
Introduction
Authors: Kerr Douglas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter starts with the half-buried presence of the Oriental throughout British culture, at a time when almost everyone knew somebody who had worked in the East on imperial, military, or commercial business. It introduces the Anglo-Indians, a now extinct officer class of those who worked or had returned from the East, describes their characteristics, styles, and prejudices. The chapter tells briefly the story of Orwell’s life in contact with the Orient, including his family background, his service in the Imperial Police in Burma, and his work in the Eastern Service of the BBC. It shows how Orwell inherited Anglo-Indian reflexes and behaviours, even as he struggled all through his life to get rid of them. His Anglo-Indian experience and patrimony lie behind all his writing, and determined his political evolution as well as his understanding of his place in his country and the world.
Animals
Authors: Kerr Douglas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There are animals in all of Orwell’s books. This chapter finds that his descriptions of animals, in fiction and memoir, were a way of working out his political views and his feelings towards actual or fictional situations. The dog that appears in ‘A Hanging’, the elephant in ‘Shooting an Elephant’, and the wildlife of the Burmese jungle in the novel Burmese Days, are all figures of empathy and alienation in imperial contexts. Inherited beliefs in racial superiority sometimes cast local people in the role of animals, unable to think or speak for themselves, and in Orwell’s work such perceptions (the black soldier in Morocco, the woman at the drainpipe in Wigan) are often jolted into feelings of both sympathy and guilt. The climax of such thinking is found in Animal Farm.
Environment
Authors: Kerr Douglas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on Orwell’s first novel, Burmese Days, and begins from his claim that in novels about the East, the scenery is the real subject-matter. The action takes place in an upcountry Burmese town, surrounded by jungle. The Bible said that man had been given dominion over nature, and control of nature and the environment is an important part of imperial authority. But Romanticism had also educated people like Orwell to have a profound, quasi-religious sympathy for everything natural, an idea that would become the basis for environmentalism. The protagonist Flory has a Romantic enjoyment of nature, as Orwell did, but also finds himself cast in hostile or destructive roles (as timber merchant, and big-game hunter). Themes of the recovery and spoliation of nature are followed through to later works, such as Coming Up for Air.