bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Droplet breakup in the square microchannel with a short square constriction to generate slug flow
Authors: Wang Xiaoda , Liu Yuanyuan , Liu Dayu , Ge Xuehui , Li Ling , Qiu Ting 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDroplet breakup in microconstrictions is an important phenomenon in industrial applications. This work aimed to investigate the droplet breakup in the square microchannel with a short square constriction to generate the slug flow, which drew little attention before. Mechanism analysis indicated that this breakup process included the shear‐force‐dominated, squeezing‐force‐dominated, and pinch‐off stages. Nonuniform daughter droplets were generated in the constriction with their interface restricted in the horizontal and perpendicular directions by the microchannel walls. The average relative deviation of the daughter droplet size was <30%, much lower than that for the breakup with the daughter droplet restricted only in one direction. An empirical equation with a deviation of <20% was provided to show the dependence of the daughter droplet size on the operation conditions. The comparison results suggested that the different restriction effects of microchannel wall on daughter droplets led to the different breakup mechanisms in different constrictions.
Drought, psychosocial stress, and ecogeographical patterning: Tibial growth and body shape in Samburu (Kenyan) pastoralist children
Authors: Straight Bilinda , Hilton Charles E. , Naugle Amy , Olungah Charles Owuor , Ngo Duy , Qiao Xi , Needham Belinda L. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectivesThis study of Samburu pastoralists (Kenya) employs a same‐sex sibling design to test the hypothesis that exposure in utero to severe drought and maternal psychosocial stress negatively influence children's growth and adiposity. As a comparison, we also hypothesized that regional climate contrasts would influence children's growth and adiposity based on ecogeographical patterning.Materials and MethodsAnthropometric measurements were taken on Samburu children ages 1.8–9.6 years exposed to severe drought in utero and younger same‐sex siblings (drought‐exposed, n = 104; unexposed, n = 109) in two regions (highland, n = 128; lowland, n = 85). Mothers were interviewed to assess lifetime and pregnancy‐timed stress.ResultsDrought exposure associated to lower weight‐for‐age and higher adiposity. Drought did not associate to tibial growth on its own but the interaction between drought and region negatively associated to tibial growth in girls. In addition, drought exposure and historically low rainfall associated to tibial growth in sensitivity models. A hotter climate positively associated to adiposity and tibial growth. Culturally specific stressors (being forced to work too hard, being denied food by male kin) associated to stature and tibial growth for age. Significant covariates for child outcomes included lifetime reported trauma, wife status, and livestock.DiscussionChildren exposed in utero to severe drought, a hotter climate, and psychosocial stress exhibited growth differences in our study. Our results demonstrate that climate change may deepen adverse health outcomes in populations already psychosocially and nutritionally stressed. Our results also highlight the value of ethnography to identifying meaningful stressors.
Enantioselective Cobalt‐Catalyzed Hydroboration of Ketone‐Derived Silyl Enol Ethers
Authors: Dong Wenke , Ye Zhiyang , Zhao Wanxiang 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCatalytic asymmetric hydroboration of alkenes is a powerful tool for the synthesis of natural products, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals via the versatile transformations of chiral alkyl boronic esters. However, the scope of available alkenes is limited to styrenes, activated alkenes, and compounds with directing groups. The catalytic enantioselective hydroboration of heteroatom‐substituted alkenes is rarely explored and those catalyzed by earth‐abundant metals are yet to be reported. Herein, we report a cobalt‐catalyzed asymmetric hydroboration of ketone‐derived silyl enol ethers and provide a convenient approach to access valuable enantiopure β‐hydroxy boronic esters. This protocol features mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). This approach was applied in the successful synthesis of salmeterol and albuterol, demonstrating its potential to streamline complex molecule synthesis.
Vacuum‐Assisted Thermal Annealing of CsPbI3for Highly Stable and Efficient Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yu Guanghui , Jiang Ke‐Jian , Gu Wei‐Min , Li Yawen , Lin Yuze , Xu Yanting , Jiao Xinning , Xue Tangyue , Zhang Yiqiang , Song Yanlin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractInorganic cesium lead iodide perovskite CsPbI3is attracting great attention as a light absorber for single or multi‐junction photovoltaics due to its outstanding thermal stability and proper band gap. However, the device performance of CsPbI3‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is limited by the unsatisfactory crystal quality and thus severe non‐radiative recombination. Here, vacuum‐assisted thermal annealing (VATA) is demonstrated as an effective approach for controlling the morphology and crystallinity of the CsPbI3perovskite films formed from the precursors of PbI2, CsI, and dimethylammonium iodide (DMAI). By this method, a large‐area and high‐quality CsPbI3film is obtained, exhibiting a much reduced trap‐state density with prolonged charge lifetime. Consequently, the solar cell efficiency is raised from 17.26 to 20.06 %, along with enhanced stability. The VATA would be an effective approach for fabricating high‐performance thin‐film CsPbI3perovskite optoelectronics.
Binding and Assembly of a Benzotriazole Cavitand in Water
Authors: Rahman Faiz‐Ur , Wang Rui , Zhang Hui‐Bin , Brea Oriana , Himo Fahmi , Rebek Julius , Yu Yang 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA water‐soluble cavitand bearing a benzotriazole upper rim was prepared and characterized. It exists as a dimeric velcraplex in D2O, but forms host–guest complexes with hydrophobic and amphiphilic guests. Alkanes (C5 to C10), cyclic ketones (C6–C10), cyclic alcohols (C6–C8) and various amphiphilic guests form 1 : 1 cavitand complexes. A cyclic array of hydrogen bonds, bridged by solvent/water (D2O) molecules, stabilizes the vase conformation of the complexes. With longer alkanes (C12–C15), symmetrical dialkyl amine, urea and phosphate, 2 : 1 host:guest capsules are formed. Computations indicate that additional waters on the upper rim create a self‐complementary hydrogen‐bonding pattern for capsule formation.
Polyurethane adhesives from castor oil and modified lignin via reaction with propylene carbonate
Authors: Antonino Leonardo Dalseno , Garcia Guilherme Elias Saltarelli , Gouveia Julia Rocha , Santos Amanda Nascimento Braga , da Silva Bisneto Manuel Patricio , dos Santos Demetrio Jackson 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOver the last several years, lignin hydroxypropylation with propylene oxide (PO) has been used as the main strategy to overcome lignin limitations, such as its low reactivity, poor dispersion, and high stiffness, in the context of polyurethane (PU) synthesis. However, PO is a flammable, toxic, and carcinogenic compound. Propylene carbonate (PC), a compound with low toxicity and biodegradability, has emerged as a feasible alternative to PO. Although this compound has potential for use in syntheses, lignin hydroxypropylation with PC has not yet been explored in PU synthesis. In this work, PU adhesives are synthesized using castor oil (CO) and hydroxypropylated lignin via the reaction with PC (HKL_PC) as a polyol. HKL_PC is incorporated in CO at different concentrations (10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt%). Curing kinetics is investigated with temperature‐modulated optical refractometry (TMOR). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrates an increase in Tg after lignin addition. Furthermore, Young's modulus and practical adhesion are improved with increasing HKL_PC concentration. Results prove that hydroxypropylation with PC is a feasible method for lignin‐based PU synthesis and reveals the potential of this approach as an alternative for the PO‐based method.
Effect of expandable graphite and molybdenum trioxide in nitrogen/phosphorus synergistic system on acoustic performance and fire safety in rigid polyurethane foam
Authors: Lyu Xiongxian , Zhang Huiping , Yan Ying 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTo explore acoustic performance and flame retardancy of expandable graphite (EG) and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) in rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) with nitrogen/phosphorus synergistic system, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP), EG, and MoO3 were employed in RPUF. Compared with flame‐retarded RPUFs, neat‐RPUF attained an open porosity value of 45.3%, which provided good tortuosity for wave propagation and acoustic attenuation, and therefore had the best performance in acoustic absorption. Although the addition of flame retardant sacrificed sound‐absorbing properties, the flame retardancy performance of foams were indeed significantly improved. The Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) value of RPUF with 70 php EG alone increased from 19.4% of Neat‐RPUF to 35.6%. Regarding to CO and CO2 emission, RPUF with 10 php MoO3, 30 php APP, and 30 php DEEP gained minimum value of average CO yield and average CO2 yield, which were 0.06 kg/kg and 0.78 kg/kg, respectively, ascribed to the accelerated formation of the compact carbon layers by MoO3.
Flame retardancy efficacy of phytic acid: An overview
Authors: Mokhena Teboho Clement , Sadiku Emmanuel Rotimi , Ray Suprakas Sinha , Mochane Mokgaotsa Jonas , Matabola Kgabo Phillemon , Motloung Mpho 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe article reviews the different methods of which, phytic acid (PA) can be employed as a flame retardant (FR) filler for different polymeric materials. The methods are critically discussed, based on the available literature and patents. Depending on the method used and the addition of FRs into a PA flame retarded system, different flame retarding modes of action and fire resistance performances are attained. The mechanism of action for PA‐based system remains similar to those observed in other phosphorus‐based FRs, namely, condensed and gas‐phase mechanisms.
Flexible composites by ionic liquid/silver/graphene in towel‐gourd sponge fibers: Synergistic effect and dual‐band electromagnetic interference shielding in X‐band and terahertz‐band
Authors: Xiang Meng , Zhu Sheng‐Qing , Qin Sai , Yang Jingjing , Fan Wangxi , Lin Wei , Yang Zhou , Dong Shuang 
Published: April 2022

AbstractFlexible polymer composites applied to such dual‐band electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding were prepared by a facile approach. Firstly, heterogeneous conducting framework was fabricated by incorporating reduced graphene oxide (rGO), silver (Ag) followed with ionic liquids (IL) sequentially in the micro channels of towel‐gourd sponge (TS) fibers to increase the synergistic effect in conductivity. After that, the TS fibers modified by rGO, Ag, and IL (TS@IL‐Ag‐rGO) were blended with melting polyamide elastomer (PA) matrix in the internal mixer to obtain the PA/TS@IL‐Ag‐rGO composites. The composites exhibited high‐EMI shielding effectiveness of 32.3 dB in X‐band and 18.3 dB in THz‐band with 12 wt% fillers content due to the synergistic effect in the heterogeneous conducting framework, which opens an avenue for stretchable materials applied in shielding electromagnetic waves in X‐band and THz‐band at the same time.
Thermomechanical and tribological properties of polyimide and polyethersulfone blends reinforced with expanded graphite particles at various elevated temperatures
Authors: Xue Ya‐Hong , Yan Shi‐Cheng , Chen Yuan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractExpanded graphite (EG) particles were introduced into the polyimide (PI) and polyethersulfone (PES) blend to enhance the dynamic thermomechanical and tribological performances of this polymer composite at evaluated temperatures ranging from room temperature to 250°C. The influences of EG dosage, evaluated temperature and vertical loads on the high‐temperature tribological behaviors, worn surface morphologies and wear mechanisms of EG/PES/PI composites were analyzed. Experimental results suggest that tensile strength, dynamic storage modulus, glass transition temperature as well as thermal stability of EG/PES/PI composites are superior to those of the PES/PI blend and they are raised as the EG additions increase. Whether at room temperature or at the high temperature of 250°C, the EG/PES/PI composites display the better friction‐reducing and abrasion resistant performances than the PES/PI blend. Among all these composites, the 7.0 wt% EG/PES/PI composite demonstrates the best friction and wear properties (0.23, 5.68 × 10−16 m3/[N·m]) at evaluated temperatures. The noticeable improvement in abrasive property of EG/PES/PI composites at high‐evaluated temperatures stems from extraordinary porous microstructures and outstanding lubrication characteristics of EG particles as well as the formation of uniform self‐lubricating polymer tribofilms. This composite as antifriction and wear‐resistant materials possesses potential applications in high‐temperature engineering tribology, such as rolling bearing retainer, and so forth.
Tailored recycling chemicals and fuels from poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate: A review
Authors: Kang Shimin , Liang Jianhao , Yuan Haojun , Lin Fenggui , Deng Dongyao , Fu Jinxia 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWith the threat of ‘white pollution’, the large‐scale production and application of biodegradable plastics have become crucial. Poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is the simplest and most used member of the polyhydroxyalkanoate family, with a uniform C4 structural unit (C4H6O2). To reduce the impact of PHB on waste treatment, various recycling strategies have been developed for the tailored conversion of PHB to targeted chemicals and fuels. Given the special structural unit, PHB and its plastic forms have the potential to serve as a sustainable feedstock for producing a series of value‐added chemicals and fuels, including (i) crotonic acid via pyrolysis, (ii) (R)‐β‐hydroxybutyric acid via hydrolysis, (iii) propylene via depolymerization and decarboxylation, (iv) liquid fuels via deoxygenation and oligomerization, (v) n‐biobutanol via catalytic hydrogenolysis, (vi) methyl crotonate via thermolysis and esterification, (vii) (R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate methyl ester via catalytic methanolysis, and (viii) β‐aminobutyric acid via ammonolysis. This review article provides a systematic review focusing on the reaction pathways, primary applications and market potential of the target products, and the pros and cons of current bio‐refineries in comparison with conventional petroleum refineries. The thermochemical processes developed for PHB degradation and polypropylene (a typical petroleum‐derived plastic to be replaced by PHB) are also comprehensively evaluated to reveal the future opportunities and challenges of PHB's broad‐scale production and utilization. PHB‐derived chemicals and fuels have a mature market already, and it is confirmed that the tailored valorization of PHB is a promising pathway to expand the market and gain more environmental and energy benefits. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainable supply chain management of automotive sector in context to the circular economy: A strategic framework
Authors: Sonar Harshad , Mukherjee Ayon , Gunasekaran Angappa , Singh Rajesh Kr 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn the era of circular economy (CE), sustainability in the supply chain provides a competitive edge over other organizations in a globally competitive environment. There have been an increasing number of studies in sustainable supply chain practices in the recent past. Limited studies have been done to identify the key strategic factors for sustainable operations of automotive sector in context to developing countries like India. The primary goal of this research is to undertake a thorough assessment and give a brief understanding of the barriers of sustainability in the automotive supply chain. Various barriers are identified from experts' interviews and past academic literature. An integrated approach comprising of the “decision‐making trial and evaluation laboratory method” (DEMATEL) and “interpretive structural modelling” (ISM) method is employed to develop a contextual and hierarchical relationship among the identified barriers. The lack of awareness concerning reverse logistics adoption has the greatest causal effect. This is followed by a lack of information sharing on sustainable practices and complexity in measurement and monitoring of suppliers' environmental activities. To ensure the robustness of the model, sensitivity analysis has been also performed. The novelty of this work is that it identified several barriers towards a sustainable supply chain in automotive sector with a special focus on India. This work will help the practitioners to prioritize the strategic actions needed to be taken for developing sustainable supply chain management. This research has crucial policy implications for stakeholders working to build a sustainable CE by remanufacturing and reusing production waste.
The effect of the two‐chair dialogue intervention on self‐compassion ‐ adding an emotional evocative component to a basic Rogerian condition
Authors: Reidar Stiegler Jan , Uleberg Vildalen Victoria , Heggem Tora , Båfjord Ismaili Sara , Schanche Elisabeth 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveHow people relate to themselves when facing distress or failure influences general psychological well‐being and vulnerability to psychological disorders. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of an emotionally evocative intervention on self‐compassion.MethodsThe data were retrieved from a larger study of Emotion‐Focused Therapy (EFT) utilising a multiple baseline design comparing two treatment phases. The baseline phase consisted of 5, 7 or 9 therapy sessions where the therapist solely adhered to Rogerian relational conditions, as prescribed in EFT. A two‐chair dialogue intervention was then added for five sessions. The sample consisted of 18 self‐critical clients with clinically significant symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. The “Self‐Compassion Scale” (SCS) was administered pre, mid and post therapy.ResultsThe baseline phase did not lead to significant changes in self‐compassion. However, the addition of the two‐chair dialogue was associated with a significant increase in self‐compassion. This increase was due to reductions in the negative subscales, especially the isolation subscale.ConclusionThe emotionally evocative two‐chair dialogue was associated with a significant change in self‐to‐self relating, compared to relational conditions alone. The two‐chair dialogue, thus, seems to be a promising intervention for promoting healthier self‐to‐self relating.
Insight into Interfacial Charge Transfer during Photocatalytic H2 Evolution through Fe, Ni, Cu and Au Embedded in a Mesoporous TiO2@SiO2 Core‐shell
Authors: Xu Qian , Knezevic Marija , Laachachi Abdelghani , Franger Sylvain , Colbeau‐Justin Christophe , Ghazzal Mohamed Nawfal 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe efficiency of charge transfer at the interface of transition metals loaded on TiO2 as well as the active reduction site undoubtedly define the kinetics of H2 production. Here, we report the interfacial charge process of various transition metals (Fe, Ni, Cu, and Au) embedded in mesoporous core‐shell nanostructures, which provides further insight into the photocatalytic H2 evolution. Au was found to be the most active cocatalyst for the H2 evolution. Au nanoparticles (NPs) collect electrons and become a very efficient reduction site, promoting both charge separation and H2 evolution. The scavenging capacity of Au was found to be the highest compared to other NPs. Cu(I), which is as active as Au, but at a higher loading, also shows an ability for electron scavenging and acts as an active site under UV excitation, or rather injects electrons into the TiO2 conduction band under visible excitation. Ni(II) NPs were found to be involved in charge‐carrier separation through hole collection and their contribution to hydrogen evolution is expected to be limited to visible absorption and electron injection. The same behavior occurs with Fe(III), however, it is less efficient for H2 generation due to the weak charge‐carrier lifetime. We show that only Cu(I) could compete with noble metals such as Au, presenting electron‐scavenging behavior. Understanding the charge‐carrier dynamics will help design a very efficient system for photocatalytic H2 generation system.
Piezodeposition of Metal Cocatalysts for Promoted Piezocatalytic Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Hydrogen in Water
Authors: Xu Wenxiu , Li Kai , Shen Lanbo , Liu Xiaoyi , Chen Yi , Feng Junkun , Zhao WeiWei , Zhao Lili , Zhou Weijia , Wang Wenjun , Li Jianhua 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPiezocatalysis in aqueous medium has shown great potential for various applications, however the efficiency of piezocatalytic nanoparticles is harmed by the limited utilization of piezoelectric charge and the lack of active catalytic interface. In this study, BaTiO3@Metal (BTO@M, M=Pt, Pd and Au) hetero‐nanostructures were synthesized by using a piezodeposition method. The deposited metal cocatalysts significantly promote the separation and migration of piezogenerated charge, consequently enhancing the piezocatalytic reactions on different metal cocatalyst interfaces. Specifically, BTO@Au under ultrasonic vibrations exhibited most efficient generation of reactive oxidative species via a two‐electron reduction pathway in the presence of dissolved oxygen, while BTO@Pt showed promoted hydrogen evolution in the absence of oxygen. The metal‐piezoelectric hetero‐nanostructures proposed in this work highlight the key role of noble metal as cocatalysts for piezoelectricity‐driven oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions, which could further advance piezocatalysis in the field of clean energy, water disinfection and biomedicine.
Mechanistic understanding of the charge storage processes in FeF2 aggregates assembled with cylindrical nanoparticles as a cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries by in situ magnetometry
Authors: Hu Zhengqiang , Zhang Fengling , Liang Huanyu , Zhang Hao , Wang Huaizhi , Wang Tiansheng , Liu Renbin , Liu Jie , Li Yadong , Dong Xiaotong , Bao Lianyu , Liang Zhuan , Wang Yaqun , Yan Shishen , Li Qiang , Li Hongsen 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTransition metal fluorides (TMFs) cathode materials have shown extraordinary promises for electrochemical energy storage, but the understanding of their electrochemical reaction mechanisms is still a matter of debate due to the complicated and continuous changing in the battery internal environment. Here, we design a novel iron fluoride (FeF2) aggregate assembled with cylindrical nanoparticles as cathode material to build FeF2 lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and employ advanced in situ magnetometry to detect their intrinsic electronic structure during cycling in real time. The results show that FeF2 cannot be involved in complete conversion reactions when the FeF2 LIBs operate between the conventional voltage range of 1.0–4.0 V, and that the corresponding conversion ratio of FeF2 can be further estimated. Importantly, we first demonstrate that the spin‐polarized surface capacitance exists in the FeF2 cathode by monitoring the magnetic responses over various voltage ranges. The research presents an original and insightful method to examine the conversion mechanism of TMFs and significantly provides an important reference for the future artificial design of energy systems based on spin‐polarized surface capacitance.