bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Greater Consideration of Animals Will Enhance Coastal Restoration Outcomes
Authors: Sievers Michael , Brown Christopher J , Buelow Christina A , Hale Robin , Ostrowski Andria , Saunders Megan I , Silliman Brian R , Swearer Stephen E , Turschwell Mischa P , Valdez Stephanie R , Connolly Rod M 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
As efforts to restore coastal habitats accelerate, it is critical that investments are targeted to most effectively mitigate and reverse habitat loss and its impacts on biodiversity. One likely but largely overlooked impediment to effective restoration of habitat-forming organisms is failing to explicitly consider non-habitat-forming animals in restoration planning, implementation, and monitoring. These animals can greatly enhance or degrade ecosystem function, persistence, and resilience. Bivalves, for instance, can reduce sulfide stress in seagrass habitats and increase drought tolerance of saltmarsh vegetation, whereas megaherbivores can detrimentally overgraze seagrass or improve seagrass seed germination, depending on the context. Therefore, understanding when, why, and how to directly manipulate or support animals can enhance coastal restoration outcomes. In support of this expanded restoration approach, we provide a conceptual framework, incorporating lessons from structured decision-making, and describe potential actions that could lead to better restoration outcomes using case studies to illustrate practical approaches.
Clinical bracket failure rates between different bonding techniques: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Dudás Csaba , Czumbel László Márk , Kiss Szabolcs , Gede Noémi , Hegyi Péter , Mártha Krisztina , Varga Gábor 
Published: October 2022

SummaryBackgroundBracket failure increases the treatment time of orthodontic therapy and burdens patients with unnecessary costs, increased chair time, and possible new appointments.ObjectiveTo compare the bond failures of different orthodontic materials based on the results of available clinical studies.Search methodsA systematic search of clinical trials was performed in the Cochrane, Embase, and Pubmed databases with no limitations. The list of investigated techniques contained conventional acid-etch primer (CM-AEP), self-etch primer (SEP), self-cure resin (SCR), and simple or resin-modified glass ionomer (RM-GIC) materials and procedures.Selection criteriaClinical studies reporting the failure rate of bonded brackets after using direct adhesive techniques on buccal sites of healthy teeth were included.Data collection and analysisBracket failure rates from eligible studies were extracted by two authors independently. Risk ratios (RRs) were pooled using the random-effects model with DerSimonian–Laird estimation.ResultsThirty-four publications, involving 1221 patients, were included. Our meta-analysis revealed no significant difference in the risk of bracket failures between SEP and CM-AEP. After 6, 12, and 18 months of bonding, the values of RR were 1.04 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.67–1.61], 1.37 (95% CI, 0.98–1.92), and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.72–1.20), respectively. At 18 months, bracket failure was 4.9 and 5.2% for SEP and CM-AEP, respectively. Heterogeneity was good or moderate (I2 &lt; 42.2%). The results of RM-GIC at 12 months indicated a 57% lower risk of bracket failure using SCR as compared with RM-GIC (RR: 0.38; 95% CI, 0.24–0.61). At 18 months, bracket failures for SCR and RM-GIC were 15.8 and 36.6%, respectively (RR: 0.44; 95% CI, 0.37–0.52, I2 = 78.9%), demonstrating three to six times higher failure rate than in the case of etching primer applications.LimitationsA major limitation of the present work is that the included clinical trials, with no exceptions, showed variable levels of risk of bias. Another possible problem affecting the outcome is the difference between the clustering effects of the split mouth and the parallel group bracket allocation methods.Conclusions and implicationsThe results revealed no significant difference between SEP and CM-AEP up to 18 months after application. RM-GIC had much worse failure rates than acid-etching methods; additionally, the superiority of SCR over RM-GIC was evident, indicating strong clinical relevance.RegistrationProspero with CRD42020163362.
A broad, exposome-type evaluation of xenobiotic phase II biotransformation in human biofluids by LC-MS/MS
Authors: Fareed Yasmin , Braun Dominik , Flasch Mira , Globisch Daniel , Warth Benedikt 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Xenobiotics are chemicals foreign to a specific organism that humans are exposed to on a daily basis through their food, drugs, and the environment. These molecules are frequently metabolized to increase polarity and subsequent excretion. During sample preparation, deconjugation of phase II metabolites is a critical step to capture the total exposure to chemicals in liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assays. Knowledge on deconjugation efficiencies of different enzymes and the extent of conjugation in human biofluids has primarily been investigated for single compounds or individual chemical classes. In this study, the performance of three β-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase mixtures from Helix pomatia, from recombinant sources (BGS™), and from Escherichia coli combined with recombinant arylsulfatase (ASPC™) was compared and the efficiency of phase II deconjugation was monitored in breast milk, urine, and plasma. An innovative LC-MS/MS biomonitoring method encompassing more than 80 highly diverse xenobiotics (e.g., plasticizers, industrial chemicals, mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and pesticides) was utilized for the comprehensive investigation of phase II conjugation in breast milk and urine samples obtained from breastfeeding women. Overall, it was confirmed that H. pomatia is the most efficient enzyme in hydrolyzing different classes of xenobiotics for future exposome-scale biomonitoring studies. The recombinant BGS™ formulation, however, provided better results for breast milk samples, primarily due to lower background contamination, a major issue when employing the typically applied crude H. pomatia extracts. A deeper understanding of the global xenobiotic conjugation patterns will be essential for capturing environmental and food-related exposures within the exposome framework more comprehensively.
Developing Military Doctors: An Institutional Approach to Medical Force Readiness in Graduate Medical Education
Authors: Wellington Trevor , Hunninghake John C , Nelson Vincente S , Nelson Alexis E , Sjulin Tyson J , Chin Eric , Pope Necia M , True Mark W , Markelz Ana Elizabeth 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
Military physicians are required to not only meet civilian accreditation standards upon completion of their Graduate Medical Education (GME) training programs but also be proficient in the military-unique aspects of their field, including medical care in austere environments and management of combat casualties. They must also be familiar with the administrative and leadership aspects of military medicine, which are often absent from the training curriculum. The San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium Military Readiness Committee, by incorporating questions of military relevance into each GME program’s mandatory Annual Program Evaluation, identified curricular gaps upon which military readiness training objectives and opportunities were developed. These activities included a lecture series on the sustainment of medical and military readiness, an interactive procedural skills training event, trainee involvement in operational pre-deployment exercises, and the development of an elective operational rotation in Honduras. The Military Readiness Committee provides a model for other military GME institutions to develop training goals and opportunities to strengthen the preparedness of their trainees for military service.
Credit Supply Shocks: Financing Real Growth or Takeovers?
Authors: Berg Tobias , Streitz Daniel , Wedow Michael 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
How do firms invest when financial constraints are relaxed? We document that firms affected by a large positive credit supply shock predominantly increase borrowing for transaction-based purposes. These treated firms have larger asset and employment growth rates; however, growth entirely stems from the increased takeover activity. Announcement returns indicate a low quality of the credit-supply-induced takeover activity. These results offer the possibility that credit-driven growth can simply reflect redistribution, rather than net gains in assets or employment. (JEL G21, G23, G31, G32)
Received June 29, 2021; editorial decision August 18, 2022 by Editor Andrew Ellul. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Ureteroscopy during pregnancy: Outcomes and lessons learned over 4 decades at a tertiary center in Norway
Authors: Juliebø-Jones Patrick , Beisland Christian , Gjengstø Peder , Baug Stephen , Ulvik Øyvind 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
The management of suspected kidney stone disease in pregnancy is challenging. In cases of persistent flank pain and where investigations may have rendered equivocal results, ureteroscopy (URS) is a recognized diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. This study aimed to investigate the safety and outcomes associated with performing URS during pregnancy, as the technique has evolved over the past 4 decades at our center.

Materials and Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of pregnant patients who underwent URS at our tertiary center between 1984 and 2022. Outcomes of interest included anesthetic approach, operative time, hospital stay, and complications.

Results
Eighty-seven pregnant patients underwent 96 URS procedures, and 60% (n = 57) of these procedures were performed during the third trimester. Overall, 58% (n = 56) of the procedures were achieved with local anesthesia and light sedation. During the most recent decade, the latter was successfully carried out in 97% of the procedures, with the remainder occurring under spinal anesthesia as per patient choice. Overall, 57% (n = 50) of the whole study group had ureteral calculi found at the time of surgery and in 88% (n = 44) of these cases, fragmentation/extraction was performed. The remainder had insertion of ureteral stent with definitive clearance deferred until postpartum. Mean operative time and postprocedure hospital stay was 33 minutes (range, 7–100 minutes) and 2.2 days (range, 0–16 days), respectively. The overall intraoperative and postoperative complication rates were 2% and 11%, respectively. During the final decade, the latter improved to 6% and all adverse events were minor (Clavien I/II), with the exception of a single case. Regarding exit strategy, ureteral stent was placed in 42% (n = 40) of the procedures, 23% (n = 22) had ureteral catheter inserted, and the remainder (35%, n = 34) had none.

Conclusions
Ureteroscopy can be safely performed during pregnancy using anesthetic approach with local anesthesia and light sedation. Development of a local protocol and multidisciplinary management algorithm are instrumental in enabling the delivery of such a service.
Public Health Workforce Perceptions About Organizational Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: Results From PH WINS 2021
Authors: Owens-Young Jessica L. , Leider Jonathon P. , Bell Caryn N. 
Published: October 2022

Objective:
In response to calls to achieve racial equity, racism has been declared as a public health crisis. Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) is an approach public health organizations are pursuing to address racial inequities in health. However, public health workforce perceptions about organizational commitment to DEI have not yet been assessed. Using a nationally representative survey of public health practitioners, we examine how perceptions about supervisors' and managers' commitment to DEI and their ability to support a diverse workforce relate to perceptions of organizational culture around DEI.

Methods:
Data from the 2021 Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS) to examine the relationship between public health employees' perceptions about their organization's commitment to DEI and factors related to those perceptions. PH WINS received 44 732 responses (35% response rate). We calculated descriptive statistics and constructed a logistic regression model to assess these relationships.

Results:
Findings show that most public health employees perceive that their organizations are committed to DEI; however, perceptions about commitment to DEI vary by race, ethnicity, gender identity, and organizational setting. Across all settings, White respondents were more likely to agree with the statement, “My organization prioritizes diversity, equity, and inclusion” (range, 70%-75%), than Black/African American (range, 55%-65%) and Hispanic/Latino respondents (range, 62.5%-72.5%). Perception that supervisors worked well with individuals with diverse backgrounds had an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 5.37 (P < .001); organizational satisfaction had an AOR of 4.45 (P < .001). Compared with White staff, all other racial and ethnic groups had lower AOR of reporting their organizations prioritized DEI, with Black/African American staff being the lowest (AOR = 0.55), followed by Hispanic/Latino staff (AOR = 0.71) and all other staff (AOR = 0.82).

Conclusions:
These differences suggest that there are opportunities for organizational DEI commitment to marginalized public health staff to further support DEI and racial equity efforts. Building a diverse public health workforce pipeline will not be sufficient to achieve health equity if staff perceive that their organization does not prioritize DEI.
Assessment of a Brief Standardized Obstetric Ultrasound Training Program for Individuals Without Prior Ultrasound Experience
Authors: Erlick Mariah , Marini Thomas , Drennan Kathryn , Dozier Ann , Castaneda Benjamin , Baran Timothy , Toscano Marika 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Obstetric volume sweep imaging (OB VSI) is a simple set of transducer movements guided by external body landmarks that can be taught to ultrasound-naive non-experts. This approach can increase access to ultrasound in rural/low-resources settings lacking trained sonographers. This study presents and evaluates a training program for OB VSI. Six trainees without previous formal ultrasound experience received a training program on the OB VSI protocol containing focused didactics and supervised live hands-on ultrasound scanning practice. Trainees then independently performed 194 OB VSI examinations on pregnancies >14 weeks with known prenatal ultrasound abnormalities. Images were reviewed by maternal-fetal medicine specialists for the primary outcome (protocol deviation rates) and secondary outcomes (examination quality and image quality). Protocol deviation was present in 25.8% of cases, but only 7.7% of these errors affected the diagnostic potential of the ultrasound. Error rate differences between trainees ranged from 8.6% to 53.8% (P < 0.0001). Image quality was excellent or acceptable in 88.2%, and 96.4% had image quality capable of yielding a diagnostic interpretation. The frequency of protocol deviations decreased over time in the majority of trainees, demonstrating retention of training program over time. This brief OB VSI training program for ultrasound-naive non-experts yielded operators capable of producing high-quality images capable of diagnostic interpretation after 3 hours of training. This training program could be adapted for use by local community members in low-resource/rural settings to increase access to obstetric ultrasound.
Natural rubber reduces herbivory and alters the microbiome below ground
Authors: Böttner Laura , Malacrinò Antonino , Gronover Christian Schulze , van Deenen Nicole , Müller Boje , Xu Shuqing , Gershenzon Jonathan , Prüfer Dirk , Huber Meret 
Published: October 2022

SummaryLaticifers are hypothesized to mediate both plant-herbivore and plant-microbe interactions. However, there is little evidence for the dual function of these secretory structures.We investigated whether the major constituent of natural rubber,cis-1,4-polyisoprene, a phylogenetically widespread and economically important latex polymer, alters plant resistance and the root microbiome of the Russian dandelion (Taraxacum koksaghyz)under attack of a root herbivore, the larva of the May cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha).Rubber-depleted transgenic plants lost more shoot and root biomass upon herbivory than normal rubber content near-isogenic lines.M. melolonthapreferred to feed on artificial diet supplemented with rubber-depleted rather than normal rubber content latex. Likewise, adding purifiedcis-1,4-polyisoprene in ecologically relevant concentrations to diet deterred larval feeding and reduced larval weight gain. Metagenomics and metabarcoding revealed that abolishing biosynthesis of natural rubber alters the structure but not the diversity of the rhizosphere and root microbiota in a herbivore-dependent manner. Roots from rubber-depleted plants, however, did not exhibit a higher pathogen load compared to normal rubber content roots.Taken together, our data demonstrate that natural rubber biosynthesis reduces herbivory and alters the plant microbiota in a herbivore-dependent manner, which highlights the role of plant specialized metabolites and secretory structures in shaping multitrophic interactions.
A machine learning based approach towards high-dimensional mediation analysis
Authors: Nath Tanmay , Caffo Brian , Wager Tor , Lindquist Martin A. 
Published: October 2022

Mediation analysis is used to investigate the role of intermediate variables (mediators) that lie in the path between an exposure and an outcome variable. While significant research has focused on developing methods for assessing the influence of mediators on the exposure-outcome relationship, current approaches do not easily extend to settings where the mediator is high-dimensional. These situations are becoming increasingly common with the rapid increase of new applications measuring massive numbers of variables, including brain imaging, genomics, and metabolomics. In this work, we introduce a novel machine learning based method for identifying high dimensional mediators. The proposed algorithm iterates between using a machine learning model to map the high-dimensional mediators onto a lower-dimensional space, and using the predicted values as input in a standard three-variable mediation model. Hence, the machine learning model is trained to maximize the likelihood of the mediation model. Importantly, the proposed algorithm is agnostic to the machine learning model that is used, providing significant flexibility in the types of situations where it can be used. We illustrate the proposed methodology using data from two functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies. First, using data from a task-based fMRI study of thermal pain, we combine the proposed algorithm with a deep learning model to detect distributed, network-level brain patterns mediating the relationship between stimulus intensity (temperature) and reported pain at the single trial level. Second, using resting-state fMRI data from the Human Connectome Project, we combine the proposed algorithm with a connectome-based predictive modeling approach to determine brain functional connectivity measures that mediate the relationship between fluid intelligence and working memory accuracy. In both cases, our multivariate mediation model links exposure variables (thermal pain or fluid intelligence), high dimensional brain measures (single-trial brain activation maps or resting-state brain connectivity) and behavioral outcomes (pain report or working memory accuracy) into a single unified model. Using the proposed approach, we are able to identify brain-based measures that simultaneously encode the exposure variable and correlate with the behavioral outcome.I.HIGHLIGHTSCurrent methods for assessing mediation do not easily extend to high dimensionsWe introduce a new approach for performing high-dimensional mediation analysisLinks high-dimensional mediator to path analysis model via machine learning algorithmMethod illustrated using data from two fMRI studies
A hyperthermic seizure unleashes a surge of spreading depolarizations inScn1adeficient mice
Authors: Aiba Isamu , Ning Yao , Noebels Jeffrey L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSpreading depolarization (SD) is a massive wave of cellular depolarization that slowly migrates across the brain gray matter. Cortical SD is frequently generated following brain injury, while less is understood about its potential contribution to genetic disorders of hyperexcitability, such asSCN1Adeficient epilepsy in which febrile seizure often contributes to disease initiation. Here we report that spontaneous SD waves are a predominant EEG abnormality in theScn1adeficient mouse (Scn1a+/R1407X) and undergo sustained intensification following a single hyperthermic seizure. Chronic DC-band EEG recording detected spontaneous SDs, seizures, and seizure-SD complexes in Scn1a+/R1407Xmice but not wild-type littermates. The SD events were infrequent, while a single hyperthermia-induced seizure robustly increased SD frequency over four-fold during the initial postictal week. This prolonged neurological aftermath could be suppressed by memantine administration. Video, electromyogram (EMG), and EEG spectral analysis revealed distinct neurobehavioral patterns; individual seizures were associated with increased motor activities, while SDs were generally associated with immobility. We also identified a stereotypic SD prodrome, detectable over a minute before the onset of the DC potential shift, characterized by increased motor activity and bilateral EEG frequency changes. Our study suggests that cortical SD is a pathological manifestation inSCN1Adeficient epileptic encephalopathy.
Improving glycine utilization inEscherichia coli
Authors: Yuen Vincent Fung Kin , Tan Daniel Zhi Jun , Zhou Kang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractEscherichia coliis a bacterium that has been widely used as host in industrial fermentation processes. Sugars and glycerol are currently used as feedstocks in most of such applications. To reduce the associated carbon footprint, there are many ongoing efforts in engineering the bacterium to utilize formate, a molecule that can be obtained from CO2easily. Glycine is a key intermediate in a formate utilization pathway that has been reconstituted inE. coli. This study focuses on engineeringE. colito assimilate glycine into the central metabolism. We systematically compared three glycine utilization pathways and found that the glycine dehydrogenase pathway yielded the most stable strain. Through rational promoter engineering and evolution in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with a mutator plasmid, we isolated a strain that was able to use glycine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. It consumed 8 g/L glycine within 48 h. Whole genome sequencing revealed 40 changes in its genome, including a few in critical genes such as those encoding glutamate synthase and ATP synthase. The expression of the genes around the glyoxylate node was also found by RNA sequencing to be fine-tuned, presumably for reducing accumulation of the toxic aldehyde intermediate (glyoxylate). The strain obtained in this study could be useful in improving formate utilization inE. coli. The methods and equipment developed in this study (e.g., the customized, low-cost CSTR) could also facilitate trainingE. colito utilize other non-conventional substrates.