bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contradiction
Authors: Knight Alison 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A cornerstone of reformed hermeneutics was the precept of explaining dark passages in the light of clear ones, because all scripture was analogous with itself. But what did writers and commentators do when disparate parts of the Bible seemed to flatly contradict each other? This chapter examines early modern attempts to reconcile biblical verses in light of Protestant understanding of how to read scripture as expressing a singular, and consistent, truth. Major conflicts could play out on an international scale, as in Henry VIII’s annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which hinged in part on negotiating the scriptural directives both to marry one’s brother’s widow (Deuteronomy 25:5) and not to marry one’s brother’s widow (Leviticus 20:21). Seemingly conflicting verses could also lead to intensely inward and personal distress, as in John Donne’s Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, in which Donne plays on the clashes and connections that emerge between scriptural texts, and the search for meaning in contrariety.
Defects
Authors: Knight Alison 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
weWhile early modern commentators defended the Bible as a whole as perfect, individual verses frequently were seen to lack key grammatical and semantic elements. Such verses were described as imperfect or defective. Missing syntactic and semantic elements had to be supplied by translators if their texts were to make any sense, but the line between necessary addition and the insertion of private opinion into scripture was decidedly unclear. Chapter 3, ‘Defective’, explores early modern approaches to verses that were perceived as lacking something, paying particular attention to Romans 5:18, a contentious ‘imperfect’ verse upon which hinged Protestant and Catholic versions of justification, and Job 19:26, a verse which seemed to prophecy the Resurrection, but which lacked key grammatical elements.
The Politics of Succession
Authors: Kokkonen Andrej , Møller Jørgen , Sundell Anders 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe problem of leadership succession is perennial; the death of the ruler poses a significant threat to the stability of any polity. Arranging for a peaceful and orderly succession has been a formidable challenge in most historical societies, and it continues to be a test that modern authoritarian regimes regularly face and often fail. There is in practice no optimal solution to the problem of who should succeed the ruler, at least not when power is vested in one person. The absence of a successor causes uncertainty and plotting; the existence of one creates another centre of power, with dangerous implications. This book documents how successions have historically been moments of violence and insecurity: The succession wars known from European history are simply the tip of the iceberg. But the book also shows that the development and spread of primogeniture—the eldest-son-taking-the-throne—mitigated the problem of succession in Europe in the period after AD 1000. Primogeniture presented a reasonable compromise that in ‘normal’ circumstances allowed for an orderly transfer of power while minimizing threats to the incumbent ruler. In a long-term historical perspective, father-to-son successions—in the context of hereditary monarchy—therefore created political stability and facilitated state-formation. Today, representative democracy does the same, but in a very different way where frequent rotations in power and guarantees against the misuse of power are used to lessen the stakes of leadership succession.
Introduction
Authors: Kokkonen Andrej , Møller Jørgen , Sundell Anders 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces the two key claims of the book: first, that the problem of succession has been a perennial driver of conflict, ruler depositions, and political instability in European history. Second, that the gradual adoption of primogeniture hereditary monarchies helped to mitigate the problems of succession, leading to greater political stability and allowing for the development of modern European territorial states. Against this backdrop, it is argued that European dynamics of political stability and state-formation need to be analysed via the lens of what is termed ‘the politics of succession’. This argument is situated in prior scholarship on leadership succession in autocracies and on European state-formation. The chapter describes how succession orders affected European processes of state-formation in the period ad 1000–1800 and outlines the chapters of the book.
The Origins and Spread of Primogeniture
Authors: Kokkonen Andrej , Møller Jørgen , Sundell Anders 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHow did primogeniture come to be adopted in parts of medieval Europe? This chapter uses a historical narrative to shed light on how this succession arrangement first arose, emphasizing the Catholic Church’s influence on European family structure and heirship practices. The narrative analysis shows how these changes—and therefore the new politics of succession studied in the book—were enabled by the fragmentation of power and rudimentary royal administrations that characterized the Latin west in the early Middle Ages. It also explains why primogeniture was not adopted in the Byzantine Empire, despite shared Christianity and the advantages that it offered for both rulers and elite groups. Finally, the authors describe how primogeniture spread in their European sample over time.
Civil War and International War
Authors: Kokkonen Andrej , Møller Jørgen , Sundell Anders 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMoments of succession often turn violent, unleashing civil and/or international wars. Leveraging the natural death of rulers to identify exogenous variation in successions, this chapter finds that civil wars were more likely in the wake of natural deaths than in normal years. It also shows that the risk of such succession wars was lower in states practicing primogeniture than in states practicing elective monarchy or agnatic seniority. International conflict could of course also be provoked, or at least legitimized, by succession crises, as the numerous wars of succession in European history attest to. The authors find that the natural deaths of rulers were associated with an increased risk of being attacked by rivals, possibly taking advantage of weakness in the regime, or using the succession as a pretext for realizing other political aims.
Conclusion
Authors: Cairney Paul , Keating Michael , Kippin Sean , Denny Emily St. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Our book asks: why do governments generally struggle to reduce inequalities? It examines how policymakers across the EU make sense of, and contribute to, this problem in different levels of government and policy sectors. We conclude that EU, national, and regional governments promote many separate equity, equality, or justice initiatives, across territories and sectors, without knowing if they are complementary or contradictory. This approach could reflect the fact that ambiguous policy problems and complex policymaking processes are beyond the full knowledge or control of governments. It could also be part of a strategy to make a rhetorically radical case in the comfort of knowing that they will translate into safer policies. It also allows them to replace important political debates on values, regarding whose definition of equity matters and which inequalities to tolerate, with more technical discussions of appropriate policy processes. A shift away from tangible measures and hard tools to manage territorial inequalities offers the prospect of new perspectives on spatial justice. Alternatively, it may provide yet another way to reduce political attention to inequalities.
American Comparative Law
Authors: Clark David S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This book details both the intellectual and social history of American legal rules, institutions, ideology, and culture that had a foreign component, either by import or after 1900 also by export from the United States to other legal systems. Combining legal history and comparative law, the volume proceeds chronologically through seven historical periods. These begin with the religious and cultural diversity that existed in the 13 British colonies and its relevance for legal development, especially involving Roman and natural law. The legal foundation for the new American republic established a golden age for comparative law, followed by the formative era for its law, characterized by a shift from public to private law, territorial expansion, resistance to English law, and interest in codification. German historical jurisprudence and learned law then took hold in the United States after the Civil War. The twentieth century saw sustained scholarly comparative law. Motivated by idealistic as well as practical concerns, U.S. jurists began to export American legal ideas about law and government, an effort that re-emerged after World War II. Comparatists established a scholarly organization that considered a variety of issues ranging from private international law to comparative legal sociology. The 1990s, a decade of opportunities for comparative law, reflected accelerated globalization following the collapse of the Soviet Union. This, and the later return of nationalism, presented jurists with new challenges in understanding the place for rule of law and other legal transplants among the world’s nations. Interest in legal cultures and interdisciplinary methodology aided the inquiry.
Legal Foundation for the New Republic: 1776 to 1791
Authors: Clark David S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the legal foundation for the new American republic. The Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights were all extraordinary legal documents. The men who drafted and defended them, most of whom had studied or practiced law, looked to three major sources beyond those parts of British law that offered promise for a new land. First, the legal structures of classical Greek city states, their leagues, and the Roman Republic were the most visible and persuasive counterexamples to monarchy. Second, European political philosophy from the sixteenth to eighteen centuries, with its treatment of classical polities and embrace of natural law rules, supplied a modern supplement to Roman law. Third, the ethnic and religious diversity in the 13 colonies presented popular views of law appropriate for a nation founded on the people’s will rather than divine delegation. This pluralism further suggested that the framers should layer, balance, and check sovereign power, derived from these different peoples, to avoid the tyranny that drove colonists to rebel in the first place. Most comparative law activity during this period concentrated on public law, especially the structure for and limits on national government, its relation to the constituent states and to the people, and certain criminal procedure rules. It was a small group of exceptional lawyers, trained as classicists, who succeeded in formulating and enacting the core legal documents, individuals such as John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Wilson, and George Wythe.
The Modern Development: 1900–1945
Authors: Clark David S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sustained scholarly comparative law activities coincided with the establishment of scientific research at leading American law schools. Chapter 6 reviews the new field of comparative juristic inquiry that emerged from both idealistic and practical concerns. Jurists drew from history, social science, and traditional legal sources to provide new perspectives. Woodrow Wilson was a prominent legal comparatist. Following the 1898 Spanish-American War, the peace treaty ceded sovereignty over the Philippines to the United States, which took a course of indirect and consensual engagement. A few jurists knowledgeable in the civil law worked with American institutions and government to support foreign legal reform, including in China after it became a republic in 1912. Organized American comparative law began in earnest with the 1904 St. Louis Universal Congress of Lawyers and Jurists. The American Bar Association created the Comparative Law Bureau in 1907, with annual meetings and a Bulletin. Comparatists developed teaching materials, set up graduate programs, and supported expanded comparative law libraries. In 1925, bureau members established the American Foreign Law Association. They also took a leading role in forming the International Academy of Comparative Law, with Roscoe Pound and John Wigmore as active members. German-American juristic relations in the 1930s were complicated with the rise of Nazis in Germany and anti-Semitism in American universities. However, several U.S. law schools accepted émigré legal scholars much to their mutual benefit, while a few Catholic-affiliated university law schools and philosophy and government departments took in those who revived an interest in natural law jurisprudence.
Postwar Legal Transplants and Growth of the Academic Discipline: 1945–1990
Authors: Clark David S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
America again re-engaged in foreign legal reform after 1945 in Germany, Japan, and Korea, dependent upon the social, political, economic, and military situation. During the 1950s, the communist Cold War ideological threat to capitalism and liberal democracy pushed the United States to demonstrate its ability to foster economic and social progress among its allies and non-aligned nations. Comparatists in the ABA and the newly formed American Association for the Comparative Study of Law devoted substantial effort to international unification of commercial and trade law and later law projects to promote modernization among developing countries, such as agrarian reform, judicial independence, and active instruction in legal education. By the 1970s, unsatisfactory results for most of these action programs shifted concern to scholarly inquiry about the relationship between law and social change. Furthermore, comparative lawyers began to take a greater interest in the amorphous concepts of rule of law and human rights. The postwar period marked a steady rise in comparative law academic quality, stimulated by the AACSL, its meetings, journal, and participation in international congresses. Comparatists developed expertise in subfields, namely, unification of law, private international law, and comparative legal sociology. Law schools saw more comparative law courses and coursebooks; some specialized in Soviet, Japanese, or Latin American law, or in fields such as comparative constitutional law or European Community law. Comparative law journals proliferated, as did degree programs for foreign students. By 1990, the AACSL had instituted a democratic system of election, which put it on a path toward further growth.
Spanking Around the World
Authors: Erickson Christina L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Spanking is thought to be a worldwide phenomenon. Beginning with our primate relatives, we review their hitting of offspring. Historical baggage, behaviors humans continue long after the usefulness is lost, is considered as a possibility for spanking’s continuance. Around the world, the buttocks have been viewed as a safer place to hit someone smaller than you. There is a worldwide movement to end the physical punishment of children in every country, little known in the United States, but identified as a goal of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Connecting the dots from spanking to the respect and safety of women, the spanking of children and adult women are compared.
In the Public Sphere
Authors: Erickson Christina L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Spanking in public is sometimes lauded and sometimes shamed. Sometimes people spank strangers’ children. Parents feel a range of emotions as their children display behavior unacceptable in public. Research on parenting in public found parents to be punitive and demanding in public as they aim to assure respectability in the view of others. Fear for a child’s safety is a powerful motivator that can spark people who witness physical discipline in a public place to intervene. Drawing on stories in which parents feel judged in public places, the chapter explores how children’s behavior affects parenting practices and how relatives, friends, and even strangers weigh in.
Cooperating with the Colossus
Authors: Herman Rebecca 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
During World War II, the United States built more than 200 defense installations on sovereign soil in Latin America in the name of cooperation in hemisphere defense. Predictably, it proved to be a fraught affair. Despite widespread acclaim for Pan-American unity with the Allied cause, defense construction incited local conflicts that belied the wartime rhetoric of fraternity and equality. This book reconstructs the history of US basing in World War II Latin America, from the elegant chambers of the American foreign ministries to the cantinas, courtrooms, plazas, and brothels surrounding US defense sites. Foregrounding the wartime experiences of Brazil, Cuba, and Panama, the book considers how Latin American leaders and diplomats used basing rights as bargaining chips to advance their nation-building agendas with US resources, while limiting overreach by the “Colossus of the North” as best they could; but conflicts on the ground over labor rights, discrimination, sex, and criminal jurisdiction routinely threatened the peace. Steeped in conflict, the story of wartime basing certainly departs from the celebratory triumphalism commonly associated with this period in US–Latin American relations, but this book does not wholly upend the conventional account of wartime cooperation. Rather, the history of basing distills a central tension that has infused regional affairs since a wave of independence movements first transformed the Americas into a society of nations: though national sovereignty and international cooperation are compatible concepts in principle, they are difficult to reconcile in practice.
Conclusion
Authors: Herman Rebecca 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers some concluding remarks on the value of taking international cooperation seriously as a vital field of contest in the history of the Americas. A critical assessment of how cooperation has both facilitated and inhibited the operation of US power in Latin America across time and space, how it has brought foreign interests to bear on domestic political projects, and how it has empowered those who engaged it on US terms and disempowered others, can help to account for the endurance of US power in the region despite the centuries-old consensus in Latin America that US power must be guarded against. And it can help explain how cooperation, recognized by some in Latin America as an avenue for collapsing international hierarchy, in practice also helps to preserve it.
Roosevelt v. “The Nine Old Men”
Authors: Kalman Laura 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets the stage for understanding the conflict between FDR and the Supreme Court. It explores the justices’ unease with the growth of the administrative state and the contemporary portrayal of them as the “nine old men” dead set against change. By 1936, much of the New Deal lay in ruins, and there was widespread dissatisfaction with the conservative court, which made it difficult to enact federal or state legislation to address the Great Depression. Yet FDR’s attempt to curry that dissatisfaction by criticizing the court’s “horse and buggy” interpretation of the Constitution backfired and raised fears that he contemplated endowing the federal government with unprecedented, centralized power. And because the justices had not completely savaged his program and he had not yet won a second term, Roosevelt had to bide his time. In the meantime, his effectiveness and popularity dimmed. Though it looked increasingly likely he would win re-election, few were predicting a landslide.
Victory—and Its Fruits
Authors: Kalman Laura 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 tells how the Roosevelt administration, members of Congress, the media, and much of the public reached a breaking point with the five justices after they invalidated minimum wage legislation in 1936, and how the court “problem” suffused both the Democratic and Republican presidential campaigns. Then Roosevelt won every state but Maine and Vermont and nearly 61% of the popular vote. Thanks to his coattails, the new Senate included a paltry sixteen Republicans, the House just eighty-nine. The chapter then addresses how the administration ignored signals that the justices were “falling into line” after FDR’s triumph to develop a legislative program to add up to six new justices to the Supreme Court and why it chose a statutory remedy over constitutional amendment. Perhaps the president and his attorney general should have paid more attention to the change in mood they had detected at the court before deciding to move ahead. Yet the beginning of FDR’s second term, after he had proven his popularity and had won greater control of Congress, was also an ideal time to throw down the gauntlet before the court.
“Talk of Compromise . . . Heard Everywhere”
Authors: Kalman Laura 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the tide of forces swelling against the bill. The justices astonished many when they delivered two additional decisions in the administration’s favor upholding the National Labor Relations Act and Social Security. Everyone agreed that something momentous had happened, though not about whether the court had changed course under political pressure or whether Roosevelt still needed his bill. Then in a move arranged with the bill’s Senate opponents, one of FDR’s nemeses on the court declared he was retiring at term’s end, a gesture intended to placate the president by giving him an additional seat to fill. At the same time, the Senate Judiciary Committee recommended the bill’s rejection. Talk of a face-saving compromise in the form of two additional justices increased among the bill’s supporters and foes alike. But Roosevelt was not yet ready to declare he had won and retreat. He refused to bargain.
Introduction
Authors: Naqvi Ijlal 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis introductory chapter establishes a theoretical framework for the book. It conceptualizes the governance of the Pakistani power sector as a series of nested, interdependent fields of strategic action at the national, city, and individual levels. Pakistan’s power sector’s woes are less mystery than tragedy, but to conclude simply that a weak state produces poor governance outcomes misses the manner in which these arrangements are important for reproducing existing relations of domination and are resistant to change. The question this book addresses, therefore, isn’t just about why Pakistan doesn’t produce enough power. There is no lack of political will to address the power sector’s challenges, and the sector has received relentless attention from bilateral donors and multilateral development institutions over many years, yet reforms have failed and Pakistanis still suffer. Why?