bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The regulation of PBXs and their emerging role in cancer
Authors: Liu Ying , Ao Xiang , Zhou Xuehao , Du Chengcheng , Kuang Shouxiang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPre‐B‐cell leukaemia transcription factor (PBX) proteins are a subfamily of evolutionarily conserved, atypical homeodomain transcription factors that belong to the superfamily of three amino acid loop extension (TALE) homeodomain proteins. Members of the PBX family play crucial roles in regulating multiple pathophysiological processes, such as the development of organs, congenital cardiac defects and carcinogenesis. The dysregulation of PBXs has been shown to be closely associated with many diseases, particularly cancer. However, the detailed mechanisms of PBX dysregulation in cancer progression are still inconclusive. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the structures, functions and regulatory mechanisms of PBXs, and discuss their underlying mechanisms in cancer progression. We also highlight the great potential of PBXs as biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of cancer as well as their therapeutic applications. The information reviewed here may expand researchers’ understanding of PBXs and could strengthen the clinical implication of PBXs in cancer treatment.
Increasing energy expenditure through exercise and low ambient temperature offers oxidative protection to the hypothalamus after high‐fat feeding to mice
Authors: Jaroslawska Julia , Gospodarska Emilia , Korytko Agnieszka 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe effects of weight loss produced by increased energy expenditure on measures of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage have not been investigated in the hypothalamus of diet‐induced obese mice. The present study aimed to characterize the effects of either a low housing temperature of 17°C or daily exercise on a treadmill on high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced abnormalities in the hypothalamic tissue of mice. Exercise and low ambient temperature protocols were designed to produce energy deficit through increased energy expenditure. Forty mice aged 8 weeks were assigned to one of four conditions: chow diet (n = 10), HFD (n = 10), HFD and 5 weeks of either exercise training (ET; n = 10) or an ambient temperature of 17°C (n = 10). Mice were killed at the age of 31 weeks. In comparison with HFD treatment alone, both interventions reduced body adiposity (14.6% and 27.6% reduction for the ET and 17°C groups, respectively). Moreover, exposing obese mice to ET and 17°C restored mitochondrial DNA content (41.3% and 32.6% increase for the ET and 17°C groups, respectively), decreased level of lipid peroxidation as assessed by the detection of 4‐hydroxy‐nonenal protein adducts (12.8% and 29.4% reduction for the ET and 17°C groups, respectively) and normalized the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (Tnfα: 73.9% and 62%; Il1β: 54.5% and 39.6%; Il6: 33.1% and 35.6% reduction for the ET and 17°C groups, respectively), as well as several proteins associated with mitochondrial respiratory chain (OxPhos Complex I: 75.7% and 53.9%; Complex III: 33% and 36%; Complex V: 42% and 36.9% reduction for the ET and 17°C groups, respectively) in hypothalamic cells. Negative energy balance induced through either lower ambient temperature or exercise resulted in substantial and similar improvements in markers of inflammation and mitochondrial damage in the hypothalamus of mice with diet‐induced obesity, potentially by reducing oxidative stress.
Use of virtual reality in managing paediatric procedural pain and anxiety: An integrative literature review
Authors: Addab Sofia , Hamdy Reggie , Thorstad Kelly , Le May Sylvie , Tsimicalis Argerie 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimsThis integrative review aimed to identify, analyse and synthesise studies investigating the clinical efficacy of virtual reality (VR) distraction for children undergoing varying painful and anxiety‐inducing medical procedures across different hospital settings and to identify implications for research and clinical practice.BackgroundVirtual reality has been leveraged as a distraction tool in the healthcare setting to help patients manage procedural pain and anxiety. Initial studies in the burn wound care setting using VR as a non‐pharmacological analgesia led to the use of VR during other medical procedures.DesignAn integrative review of the literature was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines across four electronic databases. Published studies between 2000 and 2020 investigating the clinical efficacy of VR in managing paediatric procedural pain or anxiety were included for review.ResultsReviewed studies collectively included 2,174 patients aged 6 months‐18 years used VR during burn wound care, post‐burn physiotherapy, dental, needle‐related and other procedures. Additionally, ten studies included samples with adults, for which paediatric data could not be isolated (n = 507). Overall, studies supported the efficacy of VR in managing procedural pain and anxiety in the paediatric setting.ConclusionVirtual reality is redefining pain management by immersing children in a virtual world, reducing pain and anxiety at the hospital. A notable gap was the neglected use of VR in children with chronic conditions receiving orthopaedic procedures as part of their standard care.Relevance to Clinical PracticeUltimately, VR distraction will reduce the fear associated with medical interventions, preventing increased pain sensitivity, exacerbated anxiety and healthcare avoidance in adulthood. Nurses will play an important role in ensuring the smooth integration of VR in clinical practice by championing the technology and transferring evidence‐based methods for VR use.
Textural thermo‐mechanical properties of sweet cherry for postharvest damage analysis
Authors: Han Xuewei , An Xue , Fadiji Tobi , Li Zhiguo , Khojastehpour Mehdi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this study, the textural thermo‐mechanical properties of three sweet cherry varieties were systematically investigated by the puncture test of whole fruit, uniaxial tension of the exocarp, and uniaxial compression test of mesocarp. It was found that the puncture test can not only reflect the shear mechanics of the exocarp in vivo at the tissue level, but it can also characterize the resistance level of fruit to puncture damage at the macroscopic level, particularly when the puncture failure stress is used. The environmental temperature had negative and positive significant effects on the puncture failure stress and the puncture failure deformation of the sweet cherry (p < .05), respectively. The environmental temperature showed a negative significant effect on the failure stress and elastic modulus of the sweet cherry exocarp under tension and mesocarp under compression (p < .05). As the environmental temperature increased from 5 to 40°C, the elastic modulus of the Black pearl, Summit, and Tieton sweet cherry exocarp ranged from 2.28 to 1.72, 2.57 to 1.47, and 1.98 to 1.24 MPa, respectively; and that of mesocarp ranged from 0.33 to 0.21, 0.27 to 0.19, and 0.43 to 0.23 MPa, respectively. The obtained exponential function relationships between environmental temperature and each mechanical parameter are useful for predicting the thermo‐mechanical properties of sweet cherry across a 5–40°C continuous temperature range. This study provided systematical thermo‐mechanical data for predicting the mechanical damage of sweet cherry in postharvest handling using the thermo‐mechanical coupling numerical simulation.
Repeated nasopharyngeal lavage predicts freedom from silent carriage of Streptococcus equi after a strangles outbreak
Authors: Pringle John , Aspán Anna , Riihimäki Miia 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe value of repeated nasopharyngeal lavage (NPL) to detect silent carriers of Streptococcus equi has not been investigated.Hypothesis/ObjectivesDetermine if results of serial testing for S. equi by NPL predicts subsequent true carrier status as determined by both NPL and guttural pouch lavage.AnimalsAn outbreak of strangles with 100% morbidity in 41 mature Icelandic horses was followed prospectively to investigate development of silent carriers. All were initially positive to S. equi on NPL. The farm was closed to horse movement during the entire study.MethodsProspective observational study. Testing for S. equi was performed by NPL at weeks 18, 28, 29, and 30 postindex case and subsequently at week 45 by both NPL and guttural pouch lavage. Carrier status at week 45 was compared to results obtained at weeks 18, 28, 29, and 30. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Comparisons were made using Fisher's exact test or the Freeman‐Halton extension with a P < .05 level of significance.ResultsOf 24 noncarriers at week 45, only 4 horses were negative on all 3 consecutive weekly NPL samples at weeks 28 to 30. However, 10 of the 11 horses with at least 3 negative NPL obtained from weeks 18, 28, 29, and 30 were S. equi‐free at week 45 (P = .03).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceRepeated NPL on at least 3 separate occasions can assist in predicting S. equi carrier‐free status in horses after recovery from a strangles outbreak.
Effect of intestinal microbiota transplantation on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in aged mice via inhibition of IL‐17
Authors: Feng Yun , Zhang Dan , Zhao Yan , Duan Tianjiao , Sun Huanhuan , Ren Li , Ren Xiaoyang , Lu Guifang , Liu Yaping , Zhang Zhiyong , Li Yingchao , Li Hongxia , Jia Ai , He Shuixiang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectivesThis study investigates the effects and mechanisms of intestinal microbiota transplantation on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in aged mice.MethodsWe constructed a middle cerebral artery occlusion model after fecal microbiota transplantation from young C57 mice to aged C57 mice for 30 consecutive days via enema. The neurological deficit score, cerebral infarction volume, fecal flora composition, and IL‐17 levels in the colon, brain, and serum were evaluated in young mice, aged mice, and aged mice that received fecal microbiota transplantation. Moreover, we administered rIL‐17A through caudal vein injection to verify its effect on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in aged mice.ResultsWe find that aged mice exhibited larger cerebral infarction volume and more severe neurological deficit than young mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Bacteroidetes increased and firmicutes decreased significantly in the feces of aged mice after microbiota transplantation. Furthermore, the transplanted mice showed improved neurological function and reduced infarction volume after middle cerebral artery occlusion compared with the control aged mice. We also find that the neuroprotective effect of the microbiota transplantation was reversed by pre‐treatment of rIL‐17A.ConclusionIn summary, intestinal microbiota transplantation can alleviate cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in aged mice by restoring their microbiota environment and inhibiting IL‐17 in the gut, serum, and brain tissue.
Topoisomerase 1α is required for synchronous spermatogenesis in Physcomitrium patens
Authors: Gu Nan , Chen Chunli , Kabeya Yukiko , Hasebe Mitsuyasu , Tamada Yosuke 
Published: January 2022

Summary

DNA topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) plays general roles in DNA replication and transcription by regulating DNA topology in land plants and metazoans. TOP1 is also involved in specific developmental events; however, whether TOP1 plays a conserved developmental role among multicellular organisms is unknown.

Here, we investigated the developmental roles of TOP1 in the moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens with gene targeting, microscopy, 3D image segmentation and crossing experiments.

We discovered that the disruption of TOP1α, but not its paralogue TOP1β, leads to a defect in fertilisation and subsequent sporophyte formation in P. patens. In the top1α mutant, the egg cell was functional for fertilisation, while sperm cells were fewer and infertile with disordered structures. We observed that the nuclei volume of wild‐type sperm cells synchronously decreases during antheridium development, indicating chromatin condensation towards the compact sperm head. By contrast, the top1α mutant exhibited attenuated cell divisions and asynchronous and defective contraction of the nuclei of sperm cells throughout spermatogenesis.

These results indicate that TOP1α is involved in cell division and chromatin condensation during spermatogenesis in P. patens. Our results suggest that the regulation of DNA topology by TOP1 plays a key role in spermatogenesis in both land plants and metazoans.
Modeling vigilance in mixed‐species groups
Authors: van Langevelde Frank , Suselbeek Lennart , Brown Joel S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMixed‐species groups are usually explained by foraging advantages and reduced predation risk for at least one of the participating species. Given that animals trade‐off foraging and vigilance, the optimal level of vigilance of individuals in mixed‐species groups depends partly on the vigilance levels of both conspecifics and heterospecifics. However, the benefits and costs of being part of a mixed‐species group do not need to be evenly distributed between the species in a group. In this paper, we modeled the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) for the optimal level of vigilance of an individual in a mixed‐species group influenced by the effects of “many eyes,” “dilution” and “attraction,” and unequal costs and benefits between the species. Our model illustrates under what conditions associations with other species may facilitate reduced predation risk for at least one of the participating species. We show that vigilance of individuals in mixed‐species groups becomes a social game, and that the ESS of these vigilance games may predict the individual's adaptive level of vigilance. This paper provides the first step in the development of a predictive theory for the numerous empirical studies on mixed‐species groups.
Time spent outdoors as an intervention for myopia prevention and control in children: an overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Dhakal Rohit , Shah Rakhee , Huntjens Byki , Verkicharla Pavan K , Lawrenson John G 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPurposeOutdoor light exposure is considered a safe and effective strategy to reduce myopia development and aligns with existing public health initiatives to promote healthier lifestyles in children. However, it is unclear whether this strategy reduces myopia progression in eyes that are already myopic. This study aims to conduct an overview of systematic reviews (SRs) reporting time spent outdoors as a strategy to prevent myopia or slow its progression in children.MethodsWe searched the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE and CINAHL from inception to 1 November 2020 to identify SRs that evaluated the association between outdoor light exposure and myopia development or progression in children. Outcomes included incident myopia, prevalent myopia and change in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) to evaluate annual rates of myopia progression. The methodological quality and risk of bias of included SRs were assessed using the AMSTAR‐2 and ROBIS tools, respectively.ResultsSeven SRs were identified, which included data from 47 primary studies with 63,920 participants. Pooled estimates (risk or odds ratios) consistently demonstrated that time outdoors was associated with a reduction in prevalence and incidence of myopia. In terms of slowing progression in eyes that were already myopic, the reported annual reductions in SER and AL from baseline were small (0.13–0.17 D) and regarded as clinically insignificant. Methodological quality assessment using AMSTAR‐2 found that all reviews had one or more critical flaws and the ROBIS tool identified a low risk of bias in only two of the included SRs.ConclusionThis overview found that increased exposure to outdoor light reduces myopia development. However, based on annual change in SER and AL, there is insufficient evidence for a clinically significant effect on myopia progression. The poor methodological quality and inconsistent reporting of the included systematic reviews reduce confidence in the estimates of effect.
Evaluating mail‐based security for electoral processes using attack trees
Authors: Scala Natalie M. , Goethals Paul L. , Dehlinger Josh , Mezgebe Yeabsira , Jilcha Betelhem , Bloomquist Isabella 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSince the reports of Russian interference in the 2016 United States General Election, the security of voting processes has received increased attention from both state and federal authorities. The declaration by the US Department of Homeland Security in January 2017 that election systems be classified as the 17th component of critical infrastructure is just the beginning of a need for more secure voting processes. More recently, the COVID‐19 pandemic and the 2020 US General Election have placed greater emphasis specifically on mail‐based voting processes for electoral systems. The objective of this research is to provide greater insight into potential threats to mail‐based voting processes. Upon identifying an attack tree as an initial structure for evaluation, new threats are postulated, and an updated tree is proposed that accounts for more recent activities. Then, using an established assessment framework, the relative likelihood of each mail‐based voting process attack scenario is identified. The results facilitate providing election officials and policymakers with greater knowledge of how mail‐based voting system vulnerabilities develop as well as specific security measures that may be most beneficial.
Stem‐cell transplantation for children with primary immune deficiencies: A retrospective study of 19 patients from one centre in Mexico
Authors: Staines‐Boone Aidé Tamara , González‐Villareal María Guadalupe , Pompa‐Garza María Teresa , Muñiz‐Ronquillo Teodoro , Sandoval‐González Adriana Carolina , Muzquiz‐Zermeño David , Padilla‐Castro Marco Antonio , García‐Campos Jorge Alberto , Sánchez‐Sánchez Luz María , Venegas Montoya Edna , Lugo Reyes Saul O. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroductionFor many patients with primary immune deficiency (PID), stem‐cell transplantation (SCT) may be life‐saving.ObjectiveTo review our experience of 11 years transplanting children with PID in Mexico.MethodsChart review of patients who underwent SCT from 2008 to 2018, to describe their diagnoses, time to transplant, conditioning regime, survival rate and outcomes. All patients received post‐transplant cyclophosphamide as graft‐versus‐host‐disease (GVHD) prophylaxis.Results19 patients with combined, phagocytic or syndromic PID from 5 states. Twelve of them were male (58%) and 14 survive (79%). Mean age at HSCT was 41.9 months; mean time from diagnosis was 31.2 months. Seven grafts were umbilical cord and 12 haploidentical. The conditioning regime was myeloablative, with five primary graft failures. Two patients had partial and 10 full chimerism. Five patients died within 2 months after transplant. Immune reconstitution was complete in 11 of 19 patients. We found a prevalence of 21% GVHD.DiscussionWe describe 19 patients from Mexico with 8 PID diagnoses who underwent allogenic HSCT over a period of 11 years. Survival rate and other outcomes compare well with industrialized countries. We recommend the use of post‐transplant cyclophosphamide to prevent GVHD in scenarios of resource scarcity and a lack of HLA‐identical donors.
3.0‐Tesla MRI of normal canine adrenal glands
Authors: Lee Eunji , Choi Bo‐kwon , Lee Sang‐kwon , Choi Jihye 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAdrenal disease is a common problem in dogs and MRI is increasingly being used as an adjunctive diagnostic test. To date, the MRI features of normal canine adrenal glands have only been reported using 1.5‐Tesla (T) MRI. The aims of this prospective, methods‐comparison, exploratory study were to evaluate the effects of pulse sequence on the appearance of normal canine adrenal glands using 3 Tesla MRI. Six research beagle dogs were sampled and the following pulse sequences were acquired for each: (1) T2‐weighted images using two‐dimensional (2D) turbo spin‐echo (TSE), single‐shot spin‐echo (SSTSE), and three‐dimensional (3D) TSE, (2) T1‐weighted images using 2D TSE, 3D TSE, and 3D turbo field echo sequences, (3) post‐contrast T1‐weighted images, and (4) chemical shift imaging. The signal‐to‐noise ratio and contrast‐to‐noise ratio were measured for each dog and each pulse sequence. The signal intensity, clarity of the contour, distinction of the corticomedullary junction, degrees of motion, partial volume, and chemical shift artifact, and homogeneity of the contrast enhancement were evaluated qualitatively. In all sequences, except for chemical shift imaging, the adrenal glands were visualized in both planes with successful control of motion artifacts by manual ventilation. The adrenal contour was considered to be most clearly visualized with 2D TSE. Adrenal images were acquired within the shortest time using SSTSE although the contour was less clearly visualized than with TSE. Findings from this study in normal dogs can serve as background for further 3.0‐T MRI studies of dogs with adrenal disease.
Daytime urotherapy in nocturnal enuresis: a randomised, controlled trial
Authors: Borgström Malin , Bergsten Amadeus , Tunebjer Maria , Hedin Skogman Barbro , Nevéus Tryggve 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveAccording to international guidelines, children with enuresis are recommended urotherapy, or basic bladder advice, before treatment with evidence-based alternatives such as the enuresis alarm is given. The efficacy of this strategy has, however, not been supported by controlled studies. We wanted to test if basic bladder advice is useful in enuresis.DesignRandomised, controlled trial.SettingPaediatric outpatient ward, regional hospital.PatientsTreatment-naïve enuretic children aged ≥6 years, with no daytime incontinence.InterventionsThree groups, each during 8 weeks: (A) basic bladder advice—that is, voiding and drinking according to a strict schedule and instructions regarding toilet posture, (B) enuresis alarm therapy and (C) no treatment (control group).Main outcome measuresReduction in enuresis frequency during week 7–8 compared with baseline.ResultsThe median number of wet nights out of 14 before and at the end of treatment were in group A (n=20) 12.5 and 11.5 (p=0.44), in group B (n=22) 11.0 and 3.5 (p<0.001) and in group C (n=18) 12.5 and 12.0 (p=0.55). The difference in reduction of enuresis frequency between the groups was highly significant (p=0.002), but no difference was found between basic bladder advice and controls.ConclusionsUrotherapy, or basic bladder advice, is ineffective as a first-line treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Enuretic children who are old enough to be bothered by their condition should be offered treatment with the alarm or desmopressin.Trial registration numberNCT03812094.