bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification of female urinary incontinence by the scored incontinence questionnaire
Authors: Ishiko O. , Sumi T. , Hirai K. , Ogita S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectives: Our purpose was to investigate whether urinary incontinence (UI) severity could be graded by UI scores. Methods: The study included 168 UI patients diagnosed by conventional procedures as stress incontinence (SI, n=108) or urge incontinence (URI, n=60). A questionnaire containing 15 items scored for stress‐score (s‐s) and urge‐score (u‐s) was administered to patients to assess the correlation between pad test values (PTVs) and s‐s in SI and u‐s in URI. Results: Significant correlations were found between log[PTVs] and both s‐s and u‐s: log[PTVSI]=0.051s‐s−0.207 (r=0.830, P<0.0001) and log[PTVURI]=0.064u‐s−0.459 (r=0.827, P<0.0001). Based on theoretical PTVs obtained using these equations, s‐s of 26–24, 23–18, and 17–10 in SI were equivalent to severe, moderate, and mild, respectively, and u‐s of 22–19 and 18–12 in URI were equivalent to moderate and mild, respectively, according to the classification of the International Continence Society. Conclusion: The UI score should be a simple and useful procedure for use by general gynecologists to grade UI severity clinically.
Exposure to human immunodeficiency virus among healthcare workers in South Africa
Authors: Gounden Y.P. , Moodley J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThere have been no reports in the literature on occupational hazards of HIV in developing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate occupational exposure to HIV in healthcare workers in Durban, South Africa. Individuals with occupational exposure to HIV were interviewed. Thirteen percent of the staff reported injuries with HIV positive patients. Registrars in training were the highest risk group (60%). Of the injuries, 94% were percutaneous and 65% occurred during emergency surgery. The commonest place of injury was the operating theater (46%) and the commonest procedure associated with accidental exposure was cesarean section (57%). Fifty‐one percent were not wearing eye protection during procedures and although 83% initiated post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP), 48% discontinued treatment due to side effects of the drugs. Occupational exposure to HIV is common in the developing world. Rectifiable factors identified in this study that contributes to the milieu of occupational acquisition of HIV include less than proper adherence to universal precaution; inadequate documentation procedures and failure of a large percentage of respondents to complete post‐exposure prophylaxis.
Long‐term effect of radioactive iodine on thyroid function and size in patients with solitary autonomously functioning toxic thyroid nodules
Authors: Nygaard Birte , Hegedüs Laszlo , Gerhard Nielsen Kamilla , Ulriksen Peter , Hansen Jens Mølholm 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVETo investigate the long‐term effects of radioiodine (131I) on thyroid function and size in patients with a solitary toxic thyroid nodule.DESIGNProspective study of patients treated for a solitary autonomous toxic nodule, followed by evaluation of thyroid volume and function.PATIENTSSixty‐two consecutive patients followed for a minimum of 12 months (range 12–168, median 60). Seventeen patients received antithyroid drug treatment before 131I.MEASUREMENTSStandard thyroid function variables and ultrasonically determined thyroid volume before as well as 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment, and then once a year were investigated.RESULTS 131I treatment (3.7 MBq/g thyroid tissue corrected to a 100% 24‐h 131I uptake) was given as a single dose in 53 patients; six needed two doses and another three were given 3–5 131I treatments. The median initial dose was 310 MBq (140–666) and the median total dose was 332 MBq (148–1576). In patients receiving one 131I treatment (n = 53) the total thyroid volume decreased significantly from a median of 40 ml (range 19–77) to 24 ml (8–50) within 3 months. This represented a median reduction of 35%. A further significant decrease was seen after 24 months to a total reduction of 45%. In patients given more than one dose the thyroid volume was reduced from a median of 45 ml (19–104) before treatment to 30 ml (14–50) after a follow‐up of 60 months (9–132) after the last 131I treatment. Patients without antithyroid pretreatment, receiving one 131I treatment (n = 39) became euthyroid after a median of 1.5 months (0.75–9) after treatment. Seventy‐five per cent were euthyroid within 3 months. In patients pretreated with antithyroid drugs and treated with one dose of 131I (n = 14) euthyroidism was achieved after a median of 12 months (0.75–24) after 131I treatment. Hypothyroidism developed in five patients (8%) after a median of 36 months (6–60) after 131I treatment.CONCLUSIONA cure‐rate of 75% within 3 months is seen when treating autonomous solitary toxic thyroid nodules with 131I. The thyroid volume is reduced by 35% within 3 months and 45% after 2 years. Side‐effects are few and consist of hypothyroidism in less than 10% with a median follow‐up of 5 years. This treatment should be regarded as the standard treatment for this condition until prospective comparisons with surgery and ethanol injection therapy have been performed.
Reproducibility of the cortisol response to stimulation with the low dose (1 μg) of ACTH
Authors: Park Y. J. , Park K. S. , Kim J. H. , Shin C. S. , Kim S. Y. , Lee H. K. 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVEPrevious studies have shown that the rapid ACTH stimulation test using a low dose of 1 μg is more sensitive than that using 250 μg ACTH for detecting subtle cases of adrenal insufficiency. However, there are controversies for the reproducibility of the 1 μg‐test. To evaluate the reproducibility of the 1 μg‐test, we assessed both day‐to‐day and diurnal variations of cortisol responses to 1 μg ACTH injection. In addition, optimum sampling time for the 1 μg‐test was also determined.SUBJECTSAND DESIGN Eight healthy volunteers and five patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency were recruited. Healthy subjects were given 1 μg ACTH 3 times in the morning (0800 h) and 2 times in the afternoon (1600 h). Patients with adrenal insufficiency had 2‐tests in the morning and 2 in the afternoon. Serum cortisol levels were measured every 10 minutes for 1 h after the injection.RESULTSIn healthy subjects, basal and peak serum cortisol levels were significantly higher in the morning (P < 0.05), whereas maximum cortisol increments were higher in the afternoon (P < 0.001). In patients with adrenal insufficiency, basal and peak serum cortisol levels in the morning were not different from corresponding values in the afternoon. Intra‐individual coefficient of variation (CV) of peak serum cortisol response to 1 μg ACTH ranged from 3.0 to 16.4% in healthy subjects and 10.0–34.4% in patients. Also, there was a significant correlation between peak morning or afternoon cortisol levels after 1 μg ACTH injection given in different days in both healthy subjects and patients. Twenty‐six of the 40 studies in healthy subjects showed peak response at 20 minutes, while nine showed it at 30 minutes Using the data acquired at 20 and 30 minutes, all 40 studies in healthy subjects showed normal results while none of 20 studies in patients was normal.CONCLUSIONSWe conclude that the cortisol response to 1 μg ACTH stimulation was reproducible in both healthy subjects and patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency. In order to assess adrenal function more accurately with the 1 μg ACTH stimulation test, serum cortisol should be measured before and 20 and 30 minutes after ACTH injection.
Assessing the suitability of central European landscapes for the reintroduction of Eurasian lynx
Authors: Schadt Stephanie , Revilla Eloy , Wiegand Thorsten , Knauer Felix , Kaczensky Petra , Breitenmoser Urs , Bufka Luděk , Červený Jaroslav , Koubek Petr , Huber Thomas , Staniša Cvetko , Trepl Ludwig 
Published: July 2002

Summary

After an absence of almost 100 years, the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx is slowly recovering in Germany along the German–Czech border. Additionally, many reintroduction schemes have been discussed, albeit controversially, for various locations. We present a habitat suitability model for lynx in Germany as a basis for further management and conservation efforts aimed at recolonization and population development.
We developed a statistical habitat model using logistic regression to quantify the factors that describe lynx home ranges in a fragmented landscape. As no data were available for lynx distribution in Germany, we used data from the Swiss Jura Mountains for model development and validated the habitat model with telemetry data from the Czech Republic and Slovenia. We derived several variables describing land use and fragmentation, also introducing variables that described the connectivity of forested and non‐forested semi‐natural areas on a larger scale than the map resolution.
We obtained a model with only one significant variable that described the connectivity of forested and non‐forested semi‐natural areas on a scale of about 80 km2. This result is biologically meaningful, reflecting the absence of intensive human land use on the scale of an average female lynx home range. Model testing at a cut‐off level of P > 0·5 correctly classified more than 80% of the Czech and Slovenian telemetry location data of resident lynx. Application of the model to Germany showed that the most suitable habitats for lynx were large‐forested low mountain ranges and the large forests in east Germany.
Our approach illustrates how information on habitat fragmentation on a large scale can be linked with local data to the potential benefit of lynx conservation in central Europe. Spatially explicit models like ours can form the basis for further assessing the population viability of species of conservation concern in suitable patches.
DUPLICATED POPLITEAL AND SUPERFICIAL FEMORAL VEINS: INCIDENCE AND POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Dona E. , Fletcher J. P. , Hughes T. M. D. , Saker K. , Batiste P. , Ramanathan I. 
Published: July 2002

Background: Duplication of the popliteal and superficial femoral veins (PV, SFV) is a normal variant previously reported in up to 25% of limbs. Little clinical significance, however, has been attributed to this apparently common anomaly. The present study was designed to determine the incidence of duplications in individuals presenting for venous incompetence studies, and whether their presence could, in theory, act as a predisposing factor to deep venous thrombosis (DVT) formation. Methods: Duplex ultrasound examinations were performed in which venous duplications were actively searched for and recorded. The diameters of both limbs of any duplicated system and the single vessel immediately distal to it were recorded. Using these measurements, the changes in total cross‐sectional area (CSA) associated with these anomalies were calculated. In addition, with the knowledge that the volume flow rate must remain constant, the velocity changes associated with such systems were calculated. Results: A total of 248 limbs from 177 patients was scanned. Duplications were found in 39 (15.7%) of these limbs. Of these, 30 limbs (77%) involved only the SFV, seven (18%) involved both the SFV and PV, and two (5%) involved only the PV. Short‐segment SFV duplications were used to calculate the percentage change in total CSA and therefore blood flow velocities. Of the 13 (33%) suitable for such calculations, and calculating for each individual duplicated system, a mean increase in the vessel’s total CSA of 42%, which corresponded to a theoretical decrease in blood flow velocity of 36%, was found. Conclusion: The present study confirms the significantly high incidence of duplications of the PV and SFV and raises the possibility of the potential for DVT formation secondary to changes in flow velocities.
Urinary incontinence among community‐dwelling people aged 40 years or older in Japan: Prevalence, risk factors, knowledge and self‐perception
Authors: UEDA TOMOHIRO , TAMAKI MASAHIRO , KAGEYAMA SUSUMU , YOSHIMURA NAOKI , YOSHIDA OSAMU 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Background
: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common problem in adults, especially among the elderly. We examined the prevalence and risk factors of UI and potential factors hindering individuals from seeking treatment for UI among a community‐dwelling population aged over 40 years.
Methods
: Data were collected by mailing a 23‐item urinary incontinence questionnaire to a random sample of community‐dwelling individuals aged 40–75 years (n = 3500) in seven towns of Shiga Prefecture, Japan. Collected data were then used to estimate the prevalence of UI and to provide information regarding subtypes of UI, knowledge and self‐perception about UI.
Results
: The overall response rate was 52.5%. Prevalence of UI for male and female respondents were 10.5% and 53.7%, respectively. The incidence of urge incontinence increased as age increased in the male group. In women, stress incontinence was prevalent at all ages and the incidence of urge incontinence increased over 70 years of age. Urinary incontinence was more likely as activities of daily living limitations and cystitis increased. Women with a history of hysterectomy or diabetes mellitus and men who had stroke were at increased risk for UI. Of those who reported UI, only 3% had ever consulted doctors or other health care professionals concern‐ ing it, 25% recognized their condition as a disease and 38% considered it curable by appropriate treatments. In addition, 63% regarded UI as an unavoidable consequence of aging, 63% con‐ sidered their condition was embarrassing and 54% were reluctant to seek treatment from a health professional.
Conclusions
: Although UI is common among community‐dwelling individuals over 40 years of age, the majority of affected individuals remained untreated due to lack of knowledge and/or a negative perception of UI. Thus, community education on UI may be needed to increase the number of UI patients who receive treatment.
Multiphoton ionization studies of clusters of immiscible liquids. II. C6H6–(H2O)n, n=3–8 and (C6H6)2–(H2O)1,2
Authors: Garrett Aaron W. , Zwier Timothy S. 
Published: July 2002

Resonant two-photon ionization (R2PI) time-of-flight mass spectroscopy is used to record S0–S1 spectra of the neutral complexes C6H6–(H2O)n with n=3–8 and (C6H6)2–(H2O)1,2. Due to limitations imposed by the size of these clusters, a number of vibronic level arguments are used to constrain the gross features of the geometries of these clusters. Among the spectral clues provided by the data are the frequency shifts of the transitions, their van der Waals structure, the fragmentation of the photoionized clusters, and the complexation-induced origin intensity and 610 splitting. In the 1:3 cluster, simple arguments are made based on the known structures of the 1:1 and 1:2 clusters which lead to the conclusion that all three water molecules reside on the same side of the benzene ring.
Three structures for the 1:3 cluster are proposed which are consistent with the available data. Of these, only one is also consistent with the remarkable similarity of the 1:4 and 1:5 spectra to those of the 1:3 cluster. This structure involves a cyclic water trimer in which one of the water molecules is near the sixfold axis in a π hydrogen-bonded configuration. This structure is then expanded in the 1:4 and 1:5 clusters to incorporate the fourth and fifth water molecules in cyclic structures which place the additional water molecules far from the benzene ring without disturbing the interaction of the other water molecules with the benzene ring. For 1:n clusters with n≥6, subtle and then significant changes are observed in the spectra which indicate changes in the way the water cluster interacts with the benzene ring. This development occurs at precisely the water cluster size which calculations predict that cagelike water cluster structures will begin to compete and eventually be favored over large cyclic structures. Finally, cursory scans of the 2:1 cluster show that this cluster also fragments efficiently upon photoionization by loss of a single water molecule and that it possesses a distinctly asymmetric structure with a sizable 610 splitting.
Two potential structures are proposed for the 2:1 cluster which can both reasonably explain the observations—a BBW structure in which the water molecule (W) is π hydrogen bonded to a single benzene molecule (B) and a BWB structure in which the water molecule bridges the two benzenes via π hydrogen bonds to both.
Experimental determination of the conservation of magnetic helicity from the balance between source and spheromak
Authors: Barnes Cris W. , Fernández J. C. , Henins I. , Hoida H. W. , Jarboe T. R. , Knox S. O. , Marklin G. J. , McKenna K. F. 
Published: July 2002

The conjecture that magnetic helicity (linked flux) is conserved in magnetized plasmas for time scales that are short compared to the resistive diffusion time is experimentally tested in the CTX spheromak [Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 1264 (1980); 51, 39 (1983); Nucl. Fusion 24, 267 (1984)]. Helicity is created electrostatically by current drawn from electrodes. The magnetized plasma then flows into a conducting flux conserver where the energy per helicity of the plasma is minimized and a spheromak is formed on a relaxation time scale of many Alfvén times. The magnetic field strength of the equilibrium is subsequently increased and sustained. The amount of helicity created by the magnetized coaxial plasma source, the helicity content of the spheromak equilibrium, and the resistive loss of the helicity are measured to determine the balance of helicity between source and spheromak with a ±16% uncertainty. In CTX the amount of energy that must be rapidly dissipated within the conducting boundary while conserving helicity in the process of sustaining the spheromak is experimentally controllable, and has varied from 1.8 times the spheromak magnetic energy to greater than 10 times. The relaxation, or minimization of the energy-to-helicity ratio, determines the gross structure (the normalized spatial profile) of the spheromak, while the conservation of helicity itself determines the magnitude and time dependence of the magnetic fields of the spheromak equilibrium. Helicity balance tests are done by individually varying the sign and magnitude of the source voltage and flux, and by observing sustainment of spheromaks with fields opposing those of the source. A threshold for helicity injection from the source is measured and related to the source and entrance region size. During times short compared to resistive
diffusion time scales the helicity is shown to be conserved with a ±12% uncertainty using no free parameters. For longer times the resistive dissipation Its value is independently measured and appears to be related to the expected classical resistive decay. Absolutely calibrated bolometer measurements are consistent with excess source energy heating the spheromak plasma during the sustainment by electrostatic helicity injection.
‘You'll never walk alone’: CCTV surveillance, order and neo‐liberal rule in Liverpool city centre1
Authors: Coleman Roy , Sim Joe 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis paper is concerned to chart the establishment and uses of CCTV within the location of Liverpool city centre. In doing this the paper seeks to contextualize CCTV within contemporary ‘partnership’ approaches to regeneration which are reshaping the material and discursive form of the city. Thus CCTV schemes along with other security initiatives are understood as social ordering strategies emanating from within locally powerful networks which are seeking to define and enact orderly regeneration projects. In focusing on the normative aspects of CCTV, the paper raises questions concerning the efficacy of understanding contemporary forms of ‘social ordering practices’ primarily in terms of technical rationalities while neglecting other, more material and ideological processes involved in the construction of social order.
The Crick Report: difference, equality and racial justice
Authors: Osler Audrey 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis article examines current policy on citizenship education in England, drawing on the recommendations of the 1998 Crick Report, Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools. In particular, it seeks to establish whether the proposals for citizenship education outlined in the report and draft frameworks for citizenship education, published by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority as part of the National Curriculum review for England, have the potential to contribute towards racial equality. The report sets out to provide a framework for citizenship education which is intended to strengthen our democracy. The publication of the Macpherson Report of the Stephen Lawrence inquiry in 1999 led senior politicians to acknowledge institutional racism in British society and to pledge themselves to a programme to eradicate racism. Racism is therefore now officially recognized by those in government as one of the forces which operates to restrict the citizenship rights of minorities and undermines the principles of democracy. An understanding of racism, the ways in which it serves to undermine democracy, and skills to challenge this anti‐democratic force are therefore essential features of any education programme which seeks to promote the political literacy of citizens. This article argues that a key aim in any programme of citizenship education must be to enable young people to understand the barriers to citizenship and to equip them with the skills to challenge and overcome such barriers. It examines the images and understandings of multiculturalism in the Crick Report and considers how it deals with questions of difference, equality and justice. It further examines whether the proposals within the report are an adequate basis from which sound anti‐racist education programmes might be developed or whether the report itself may unwittingly reflect racism. It concludes by suggesting how the citizenship education project might be modified so that it promotes a vision of a multicultural society founded on principles of human rights and of schools where children are able to realize their rights on the basis of equality.
Neopterin inhibits ATP‐induced calcium release in alveolar epithelial cells in vitro
Authors: Hoffmann Georg , Gollnick Frank , Meyer Rainer 
Published: July 2002

Background: Serum neopterin concentrations rise during activation of the cellular immune system. It is suggested that neopterin interacts with cellular redox mechanisms. This induces oxidative stress, which inhibits intracellular Ca2+ transients in various cell types. In type II alveolar epithelial cells, Ca2+ increase is considered involved in the exocytosis of surfactants. This exocytosis is disturbed during inflammation.Aims: To clarify whether neopterin affects adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐induced Ca2+ transients in an alveolar epithelial cell line (L2).Methods: Ca2+ transients were detected as fura‐2 fluorescence by an image analysis system.Results: Cells were exposed for 100 sec to ATP (1 μM, repeated four times). The first application of ATP induced an increase of the fluorescence ratio by approximately 100%, while the following stimulations resulted in smaller transients. In a second set of experiments, L2 cells were exposed to ATP or ATP + neopterin (100 nM), alternately. Simultaneous application of neopterin inhibited Ca2+ transients almost completely.Conclusions: Inhibition of Ca2+ transients by neopterin may lead to suppressed exocytosis of surfactant proteins in alveolar epithelial cells. This might contribute to the deterioration of pulmonary functions in the course of inflammatory processes.