bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From dawn till disc: Milky Way’s turbulent youth revealed by the APOGEE+Gaia data
Authors: Belokurov Vasily , Kravtsov Andrey 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
We use accurate estimates of aluminium abundance from the APOGEE Data Release 17 and Gaia Early Data Release 3 astrometry to select a highly pure sample of stars with metallicity −1.5 ≲ [Fe/H] ≲ 0.5 born in-situ in the Milky Way proper. The low-metallicity ([Fe/H] ≲ −1.3) in-situ component we dub Aurora is kinematically hot with an approximately isotropic velocity ellipsoid and a modest net rotation. Aurora stars exhibit large scatter in metallicity and in many element abundance ratios. The median tangential velocity of the in-situ stars increases sharply with metallicity between [Fe/H] = −1.3 and −0.9, the transition that we call the spin-up. The observed and theoretically expected age–metallicity correlations imply that this increase reflects a rapid formation of the MW disc over ≈1–2 Gyr. The transformation of the stellar kinematics as a function of [Fe/H] is accompanied by a qualitative change in chemical abundances: the scatter drops sharply once the Galaxy builds up a disc during later epochs corresponding to [Fe/H] &gt; −0.9. Results of galaxy formation models presented in this and other recent studies strongly indicate that the trends observed in the MW reflect generic processes during the early evolution of progenitors of MW-sized galaxies: a period of chaotic pre-disc evolution, when gas is accreted along cold narrow filaments and when stars are born in irregular configurations, and subsequent rapid disc formation. The latter signals formation of a stable hot gaseous halo around the MW progenitor, which changes the mode of gas accretion and allows development of coherently rotating disc.
100 Years of Social Forces as seen through Bibliometric Publication Patterns
Authors: Moody James , Edelmann Achim , Light Ryan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The 100th anniversary of Social Forces provides a rich opportunity to reflect on the history of the journal and changes to sociology as a whole. Using a series of formal text-analytic methods, we describe the shifting intellectual landscape of Social Forces publications. We uncover a wide diversity of topics that shift over time reflecting the breadth of interests engaging sociologists as Social Forces grew into one of the discipline’s premier journals. In addition to shifts in content, we examine changes in sociological work during this century. We find that articles have generally become more interdisciplinary, while being produced by larger, more gender inclusive and globalized teams. We examine both the most cited papers in Social Forces as well as factors associated with greater recognition. The overall story implied by these explorations suggests a vibrant journal that has shaped the way that sociology has worked over the last 100 years.
Time to Say ‘Goodbye’: winding up Manx foundations
Authors: Rimmer John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
New beginnings can be exciting. But how do you get rid of foundations when it is time for them to go? There are several means by which a foundation may cease to exist under Manx law: planned, ie, under the rules, or on discontinuance in the Isle of Man, or forced, to remedy problems that have arisen. For any means of termination of a Manx foundation, it must culminate in removal from the register. This article examines the key features of Manx law that determine how a Manx foundation can meet its end.
Effects of Food Matrix and Western Diet on Colorectal Cancer and Metabolism in C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Hintze Korry , Hisatome Takumaru , Kellen Sara , Ward Robert , Benninghoff Abby , Lefevre Michael 
Published: May 2022

Rodent studies that test the effects of bioactive dietary components on chronic disease generally use purified basal diets that were established using nutrient profiles optimized for growth and fertility such as the AIN93‐G diet which is not reflective of typical American macro and micronutrient intake. Previously, we used NHANES data to formulate the Total Western Diet (TWD), a rodent diet that emulates average American intake levels for macro and micronutrients using nutrient density. We have demonstrated that the TWD increases basal colorectal cancer (CRC) by ~2‐fold compared to the standard AIN93‐G diet in three different models. However, the TWD is comprised of purified ingredients and does not recapitulate the complex food matrix consumed by Americans. Using the latest version of the USDA Food Intakes Converted to Retail Commodities Database, we modified the TWD by using the most commonly consumed whole foods as dietary ingredients. The TWD2 has the same micro and macronutrient content as the previous TWD but contains 25 food ingredients including: sweeteners (sucrose and high fructose corn syrup); flours (wheat, potato, corn, rice and oat); meats (beef, poultry, pork, eggs and fish); dairy (lactose, whey and casein); fruits/vegetables (oranges, apples, bananas, grapes, strawberries, soy, snap beans, peanuts and cashews). To test whether food matrix affected CRC outcome, mice were fed either: AIN93‐G, TWD, TWD2 or TWD‐F (TWD matched for total fiber to TWD2). Mice were initiated with 10 mg/kg azoxymethane (AOM) and provided 1% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in their drinking water for 4 weeks to promote colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis. Necropsy and tumor assessment was performed after 15 weeks of treatment. A cohort of sham mice were fed the same diets but not injected with AOM or given DSS to determine effect of diets on metabolism and the gut microbiome. Mice fed the TWD, TWD‐F, and TWD2 did not differ in colon tumor multiplicity but all had significantly more tumors than mice fed the AIN93‐G diet (P < 0.01). Interestingly, mice fed the TWD2 diet consumed significantly more energy and gained more weight than all other treatments (P < 0.05). TWD2 fed mice also had significantly higher total fat mass, body fat percentage, and total visceral fat mass than AIN93‐G fed mice (P < 0.05) but not the purified TWD treatments. Lastly, TWD2 fed mice had significantly higher blood glucose concentrations than AIN93‐G fed mice, but not mice fed the purified TWD diets, at 90 and 120 minutes after oral glucose challenge (P < 0.05). Our data suggests that a diet with a complex food matrix, compared to purified diets with the same macro and micronutrient content, does not influence CRC but does increase energy consumption, adiposity, and glucose intolerance.Support or Funding InformationUtah Agricultural Experiment Station
Outcomes After Operative Treatment of Pediatric Monteggia Fracture-Dislocations: Comparison Between Open and Closed Injuries
Authors: Roper Brennan , Parikh Shrina , Haidar Layla , Warth Ryan , Ambrose Catherine , Younas Shiraz , Crawford Lindsay , Mansour Alfred 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Open pediatric Monteggia fracture-dislocations are a relatively uncommon injury pattern, with limited numbers reported in previous series. Open fracture-dislocations frequently represent more severe injury patterns with potential for contamination. We aim to determine differences in long-term clinical and functional outcomes in the operative management of closed versus open pediatric Monteggia fracture-dislocations.

Methods:
A retrospective review of operatively treated pediatric Monteggia fracture-dislocations was performed. Closed versus open injuries were compared in both clinical outcomes, as well as patient-reported outcomes through Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) questionnaire.

Results:
Of 30 operatively treated injuries, 12/30 (40%) were open fracture-dislocations. Patients were followed clinically for an average of 15.65 months in open injuries and an average of 4.61 months in closed injuries. A trend toward increased time to union was observed, however, significance was not achieved; open injuries averaged 8.0 versus 5.8 weeks for closed injuries (P=0.07). Two patients (11%) in the closed fracture group experienced postoperative complications; both were minor. Five patients (42%) in the open fracture-dislocation group experienced a total of 6 postoperative complications; 5 of the 6 complications were major. QuickDASH scores were obtained at an average of 5 years postoperatively; mean QuickDASH scores were higher in the open fracture group, 13.1, compared with the closed fracture group, 5.9 (P=0.038). Increased QuickDASH scores were independently associated with presence of postoperative complications. QuickDASH score could be expected to increase by 12.5 points in those with major complications (P=0.044).

Conclusion:
We present the largest single cohort of pediatric open Monteggia fracture-dislocation injuries to date. These injuries are predictive of poorer outcomes including trend toward increased time to union, increased risk of major complication, and can independently predict worse long-term patient-reported functional outcomes.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—these data represent a retrospective comparative study of clinical and functional outcomes.
The Costs of Interfacility Transfers for Nonurgent Pediatric Supracondylar Fractures
Authors: Mechas Charles , Mayer Ryan , Iwinski Henry , Riley Scott A. , Talwalkar Vishwas , Prusick Vincent , Walker Janet L. , Muchow Ryan D. , Hubbard Elizabeth , Zuelzer David 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Unnecessary transfers of nonemergent pediatric musculoskeletal injuries to regional trauma centers can be costly. The severity of fracture displacement in supracondylar humerus fractures dictates the risk of complications, the urgency of transfer and the need for surgical treatment. The purpose of this study is to examine the transfer patterns of Gartland type II pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures to identify strategies for improving patient care, improving health care system efficiency, and reducing costs. We hypothesize that there will be a high rate of unnecessary, emergent transfers resulting in increased cost.

Methods:
We retrospectively identified all pediatric patients that underwent treatment for a supracondylar humerus fracture between 2013 and 2018. Patient demographics, injury characteristics, chronological data, and surgical data were collected and analyzed from ambulance run sheets, transferring hospital records, and electronic medical records. Transfer distances were estimated using Google-Maps, while transfer costs were estimated using Internal Revenue Service (IRS) standard mileage rates and the American Ambulance Association Medicare Rate Calculator. A student t test was used to evaluate different treatment groups.

Results:
Sixty-two patients had available and complete transfer data, of which 44 (71%) patients were safely transferred via private vehicle an average distance of 51.8 miles, and 18 (29%) patients were transferred via ambulance on an average distance of 55.6 miles (P=0.76). The average transfer time was 4.1 hours by private vehicle, compared with 3.9 hours by ambulance (P=0.56). The average estimated cost of transportation was $28.23 by private vehicle, compared with $647.83 by ambulance (P=0.0001). On average, it took 16.1 hours after injury to undergo surgery and 25.7 hours to be discharged from the hospital, without a significant difference in either of these times between groups. There were no preoperative or postoperative neurovascular deficits.

Conclusion:
Patients with isolated Gartland type II supracondylar humerus fractures that are transferred emergently via ambulance are subjected to a significantly greater financial burden with no demonstrable improvement in the quality of their care, since prior research has shown these injuries can safely be treated on an outpatient basis. Potential options to help limit costs could include greater provider education, telemedicine and improved coordination of care.

Level of Evidence:
Level III (retrospective comparative study).
Tocilizumab Versus Baricitinib in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 Pneumonia and Hypoxemia: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Roddy John , Wells Daniel , Schenck Katharine , Santosh Shrihari , Santosh Sadashiv 
Published: May 2022

OBJECTIVES:
In patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia, both tocilizumab and baricitinib have been shown to have clinical benefit compared with placebo. To date, there are few data comparing the two treatments, and their relative benefits and harms are unknown. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of tocilizumab versus baricitinib in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia and hypoxemia.

DESIGN:
Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING:
Seven inpatient acute-care hospitals in Wisconsin.

PARTICIPANTS:
Patients hospitalized with COVID-19, hypoxemia, and Pao
2-to-Fio
2 ratio less than or equal to 300 mm Hg, who received either tocilizumab or baricitinib.

INTERVENTIONS:
Electronic chart review.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Patients were divided into tocilizumab and baricitinib cohorts based on actual medication received. The primary outcome was hospital discharge alive and free from mechanical ventilation within 60 days, assessed by logistic regression. Three hundred eighty-two patients were included: 194 in the tocilizumab cohort and 188 in the baricitinib cohort. Most baseline characteristics in the two cohorts were similar. All patients received dexamethasone. Two patients were lost to follow-up. In the remaining 380 patients, probability of successful discharge in the two cohorts was quantitatively similar in unadjusted, multivariate-adjusted, and propensity score-matched analyses. Hospital length of stay, rates of thromboembolic events, and rates of hospital-acquired infections were all similar in the two cohorts.

CONCLUSIONS:
In patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia and hypoxemia who receive dexamethasone, treatment with tocilizumab or baricitinib appears to result in similar outcomes.
COVID-19 in Children: Correlation Between Epidemiologic, Clinical Characteristics, and RT-qPCR Cycle Threshold Values
Authors: Gentile Angela , Juarez María del Valle , Lucion María Florencia , Pejito María Natalia , Alexay Sofia , Orqueda Ana Sofia , Bollon Lucia Romero , Mistchenko Alicia 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Initially, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on children was unknown. Standard COVID-19 diagnosis is confirmed using real-time qPCR. Cycle threshold (Ct) values of RT-qPCR are inversely proportional to viral load and the test indirectly quantifies viral RNA copy numbers. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between epidemiology, clinical characteristics, severity of confirmed COVID-19 cases, and Ct values.

Methods:
An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study. All children with COVID-19 under 18 years old admitted to the Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital between March 1, 2020, and February 28, 2021, were included. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed using RT-qPCR.

Results:
Median age of patients was 7 years. Ct values were estimated in 419 cases, median Ct value was 23.5 [interquartile range (IQR): 18.9–30.9]. Levels were significantly lower in symptomatic than asymptomatic patients (Ct: 22.1; IQR: 18.4–22.1), in children <2 years of age (Ct: 20.6; IQR: 17.3–27.3) and when sample collection was <4 days after symptom onset (Ct: 21.1; IQR: 18.1–27.5). In children >2 years of age, Ct values were significantly lower in symptomatic (Ct: 22.6; IQR: 18.7–29.3) than asymptomatic (Ct: 31.2; IQR: 24.5–33.3) patients.

Conclusions:
Children younger than 2 years with COVID-19 have lower values of Ct—as a proxy for higher viral load—than older children. Symptomatic children over 2 years of age had lower Ct values compared with asymptomatic children.
Remote Versus In-person Outpatient Clinic Visits and Antibiotic Use Among Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Danino Dana , Ben-Shimol Shalom , Sharf Amir , Greenberg David , Givon-Lavi Noga 
Published: May 2022

Background:
The proportion of remote clinic visits was expected to increase among children during the COVID-19 pandemic which might result in antibiotic overuse.

Methods:
In southern Israel, 2 ethnic groups, Jewish and Bedouin, live side-by-side. Computerized data on visits for children <18 years were examined from clinics with ≥50 insured children, active both pre-COVID-19 and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Visits were divided into in-person and remote. Monthly infectious diagnoses and dispensed antibiotic prescription rates were calculated by age (<5, 5–17 years) and ethnic groups. Mean monthly rates of 2 parallel seasons (pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods) were compared.

Results:
Overall 2,120,253 outpatient clinic visits were recorded. Remote clinic visit rates (per 1000 children) increased from 97.04 and 33.86 in the pre-COVID-19 to 179.75 and 50.05 in the COVID-19 period in Jewish and Bedouin children, respectively (P < 0.01) along with a reduction of in-person visit rates in both populations. Comparing pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods, the rates of overall infectious diagnoses in remote visits increased. Nevertheless, dispensed antibiotic prescription rates in remote visits (per 1000 visits) remained unchanged (9.84 vs. 8.67, P = 0.70, in the Jewish population and 14.32 vs. 14.17, P = 1.00, in the Bedouin population in the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods, respectively) with a similar distribution of antibiotic categories.

Conclusions:
COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an expansion of remote visits of children <18 years with an increase in infectious diagnoses. However, remote dispensed antibiotic prescription rates remained unchanged. These dynamics were more accentuated in Jewish children, characterized by higher socio-economic conditions, compared to Bedouin children.
Automated preclinical detection of mechanical pain hypersensitivity and analgesia
Authors: Zhang Zihe , Roberson David P. , Kotoda Masakazu , Boivin Bruno , Bohnslav James P. , González-Cano Rafael , Yarmolinsky David A. , Turnes Bruna Lenfers , Wimalasena Nivanthika K. , Neufeld Shay Q. , Barrett Lee B. , Quintão Nara L. M. , Fattori Victor , Taub Daniel G. , Wiltschko Alexander B. , Andrews Nick A. , Harvey Christopher D. , Datta Sandeep Robert , Woolf Clifford J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The lack of sensitive and robust behavioral assessments of pain in preclinical models has been a major limitation for both pain research and the development of novel analgesics. Here, we demonstrate a novel data acquisition and analysis platform that provides automated, quantitative, and objective measures of naturalistic rodent behavior in an observer-independent and unbiased fashion. The technology records freely behaving mice, in the dark, over extended periods for continuous acquisition of 2 parallel video data streams: (1) near-infrared frustrated total internal reflection for detecting the degree, force, and timing of surface contact and (2) simultaneous ongoing video graphing of whole-body pose. Using machine vision and machine learning, we automatically extract and quantify behavioral features from these data to reveal moment-by-moment changes that capture the internal pain state of rodents in multiple pain models. We show that these voluntary pain-related behaviors are reversible by analgesics and that analgesia can be automatically and objectively differentiated from sedation. Finally, we used this approach to generate a paw luminance ratio measure that is sensitive in capturing dynamic mechanical hypersensitivity over a period and scalable for high-throughput preclinical analgesic efficacy assessment.
Surface Electromyography-Driven Therapeutic Gaming for Rehabilitation of Upper Extremity Weakness: A Pilot Study
Authors: Liu Yusha , Silva Rafael M. L. , Friedrich Jeffrey B. , Kao Dennis S. , Mourad Pierre D. , Bunnell Aaron E. 
Published: May 2022

Summary:
In patients with severe upper extremity weakness that may result from peripheral nerve injuries, stroke, and spinal cord injuries, standard therapy in the earliest stages of recovery consists primarily of passive rather than active exercises. Adherence to prescribed therapy may be poor, which may contribute to suboptimal functional outcomes. The authors have developed and integrated a custom surface electromyography device with a video game to create an interactive, biofeedback-based therapeutic gaming platform. Sensitivity of the authors’ custom surface electromyography device was evaluated with simultaneous needle electromyography recordings. Testing of this therapeutic gaming platform was conducted with a single 30-minute gameplay session in 19 patients with a history of peripheral nerve injury, stroke, spinal cord injury, and direct upper extremity trauma, including 11 patients who had undergone nerve and/or tendon transfers. The device was highly sensitive in detecting low levels of voluntary muscle activation and was used with 10 distinct muscles of the arm, forearm, and hand. Nerve and tendon transfer patients successfully activated the donor nerve/muscle and elicited the desired movement to engage in gameplay. On surveys of acceptability and usability, patients felt the system was enjoyable, motivating, fun, and easy to use, and their hand therapists expressed similar enthusiasm. Surface electromyography-based therapeutic gaming is a promising approach to rehabilitation that warrants further development and investigation to examine its potential efficacy, not only for building muscle strength and endurance but also for facilitating motor relearning after nerve and tendon transfer surgical procedures.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Classifying the Severity of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome: A Preoperative Grading System Incorporating Electrodiagnostic Parameters
Authors: Power Hollie A. , Peters Blair R. , Patterson J. Megan M. , Padovano William M. , Mackinnon Susan E. 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Current classifications for cubital tunnel syndrome have not been shown to reliably predict postoperative outcomes. In this article, the authors introduce a new classification that incorporates clinical and electrodiagnostic parameters, including compound muscle action potential amplitude, to classify the preoperative severity of cubital tunnel syndrome. The authors compare this to established classifications and evaluate its association with patient-rated improvement.

Methods:
The authors reviewed 44 patients who were treated surgically for cubital tunnel syndrome. Patients were retrospectively classified using their proposed classification and the Akahori, McGowan-Goldberg, Dellon, and Gu classifications. Correlation of grades was assessed by Spearman coefficients and agreement was assessed by weighted kappa coefficients. Patient-reported impairment was assessed using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire before and after surgery.

Results:
The classifications tended to grade patients in a similar way, with Spearman coefficients of 0.60 to 0.85 (p < 0.0001) and weighted kappa coefficients of 0.46 to 0.71 (p < 0.0001). Preoperative Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores increased with severity grade for most classifications. In multivariable analysis, the authors’ classification predicted postoperative Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score improvement, whereas established classifications did not.

Conclusions:
Established classifications are imperfect indicators of preoperative severity. The authors introduce a preoperative classification for cubital tunnel syndrome that incorporates electrodiagnostic findings in addition to classic signs and symptoms.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Diagnostic, III.