bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Open Banking, Open Data, and Open Finance
Authors: Arner Douglas W. , Buckley Ross P. , Zetzsche Dirk A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8, “Open Banking, Open Data, and Open Finance: Lessons from the European Union,” by Douglas W. Arner, Kerry Holdings Professor in Law, Hong Kong University, Ross P. Buckley, KMPG Law and King & Wood Mallesons Chair of Disruptive Innovation, UNSW Sydney, and Dirk A. Zetzsche, Professor of Law, Holder of the ADA Chair, Faculté de Droit, d’Économie et de Finance (FDEF), University of Luxembourg, compares three approaches to open banking. China does not require banks to share data with fintechs, but Alibaba and Tencent have developed two ecosystems that facilitate data-sharing between these BigTechs and the banks they own. These ecosystems are private credit score systems that use social media and purchasing behavior. The Chinese government is now adopting its own social credit score system that will probably use these private scoring systems with other data. High social credit scores could lead to discounts and rewards. Low scores could lead to bans on acquiring plane and train tickets, property, and loans. In contrast, the European Union and India have or expect to adopt data protection and data-sharing laws. Yet the scope varies in the types of sharable data and categories of firms covered. The European Union’s approach covers only payments, while India’s lack of legacy infrastructure has proven advantageous in building a successful, new payments system. Pursuing its principle of “data empowerment,” India ambitiously plans to expand beyond financial inclusion to healthcare and educational services. The authors thematically analyze these different approaches.
The Australian Consumer Data Right: The Promise of Open Data
Authors: Leach Jamie , McKay Julie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Chapter 10, “The Australian Consumer Data Right: The Promise of Open Data,” Jamie Leach, Regional Director of FDATA Australia & New Zealand and Founder of Open Data Australia and Julie McKay, Former Chapter Lead of FDATA Australia & New Zealand and former head of data strategy at Equifax Australia, explore how the Australian Open Banking regime is expected to develop within the broader framework of the Consumer Data Right. Unlike several other open banking countries, Australia is pursuing a read-only way of sharing data that does not allow for payment execution unlike in the European Union, but is pursuing an economy-wide approach to data sharing, beginning with the banking sector, then rolling out to the energy and telecom sectors, prior to possible further extensions. Leach and McKay explain how Australia through its Consumer Data Right intends to ultimately build a national open data economy. The authors explore the origin of open data in Australia and its serious consideration of requiring data reciprocity. They map the process for finalizing details of the open data framework. They also describe how industry is changing in anticipation, including the voluntary uptake of open banking APIs, for instance, in the accounting and bookkeeping sectors. They describe some of the key implementation challenges, including international coordination and also touch on potential opportunities for the Australian economy.
Digital Identity
Authors: Kidd Greg 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 12, “Digital Identity: Exploring a Consumer-Centric Identity for Open Banking,” authored by Greg Kidd, Founder & CEO of GlobaliD, with an exploration of open banking and digital identity. Customer verification is one of the major challenges in open banking. Kidd explores the concept of digital identity, beginning with the history of identity verification and the different kinds of attestations used today. Then the author describes digital IDs and what problems they can solve. Today, some countries have responded to the need to easily authenticate people in a digital economy by implementing centralized public IDs, such as India’s Aadhaar, Estonia’s e-residency, and Singapore’s Singpass. In fact, India’s Aadhaar is the world’s largest single biometric identity system. Other countries have private models, including Canada’s Verified.Me and Sweden’s BankID and Freja eID+. These private models tend to be more decentralized and can use different kinds of attestation to verify someone’s identity. Using the notion that the individual controls his or her data, Kidd then proposes design principles for self-sovereign digital identities that can be controlled by the individual and examines market challenges for making this a reality.
Decentralized Finance: The Future of Crypto and Open Finance?
Authors: Carter Nic 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 13, “Decentralized Finance: The Future of Crypto and Open Finance” by Nic Carter, Partner at Castle Island Ventures, examines decentralized finance (DeFi) and how both cryptoassets and open banking are manifestations of the same DeFi movement. He identifies and dissects common features and objectives shared by both crypto finance and open banking. More intriguing, the author predicts that both phenomena will converge, and he explores the unknown potential of decentralized financing fully powered by blockchain technology (including cryptocurrency such as bitcoin and Dai) and what such an open finance future could look like.
Visions of the Buddha
Authors: Shulman Eviatar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This book offers a new, groundbreaking approach to the nature of the early discourses of the Buddha, the most foundational scriptures of Buddhist religion. While commonly the early discourses are considered to be attempts to preserve the Buddha’s teachings, this book demonstrates that these texts are full of creativity, aiming to beautify the image of the wondrous Buddha, to tell good stories, to stir the imagination, and to move people emotionally. While the texts surely care for the early teachings and for the Buddha’s philosophy or his guidelines for meditation, and while at times they may relate real historical events, this is not necessarily their main interest. The early discourses are literary masterpieces, which employed a technique of composition defined here as the play of formulas. In the oral literature of early Buddhism, texts were composed of formulas, which are repeated again and again within and between texts. This work shows how new discourses could be created by connecting accepted formulas in new, innovative ways. The formulas, it is argued, are the real texts of Buddhism, and are primary to the full discourses. Shaping texts through the play of formulas resembles building with Legos or bricks—so long as one uses the right pieces, there are many available possibilities to express one’s vision.
Introduction
Authors: Shulman Eviatar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter defines the basic approach of the book and suggests that one should think more carefully about what is meant by “text” in early Buddhism. It suggests that the main texts of early Buddhism are the formulas of which texts are composed, rather than the full discourses that one reads today. The chapter introduces the theory of “the play of formulas” through a discussion of the Udumbarika-sutta, and especially of its opening section, a text that has received intense scholarly consideration. All extant versions of this text are discussed in order to show that each version is indeed just that—a version in the strong sense of an idiosyncratic retelling, which does not reduce to a core, original text. The chapter addresses some of the main theoretical questions regarding the nature of the literature, their oral nature, and their relation to performance, and what the term “discourse” may imply.
The Play of Formulas
Authors: Shulman Eviatar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s main theory for the composition of the early discourses, and particularly for the rich narrative materials of the Dīgha and Majjhima Nikāyas. “The Play of Formulas” explains how discourses can be created through patterns of formula combinations, which produce legitimate sequences of textual utterance by the very fact that they are founded on authorized formulas. This theory suggests that formulas are expressive elements that are fit into predesigned narrative trajectories, which can be developed according to the vision of the authors. Texts again emerge as versions and as possible interpretations of the tradition. Formulas are primary to discourses as the fundamental texts of the tradition, and they connect according to a rhizomatic logic of connectivity. These ideas are brought out through case studies of both narrative and doctrinal nature. The historicist approaches still popular in Buddhist studies are critiqued, primarily those of Anālayo.
Conclusion
Authors: Shulman Eviatar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This book offers a new, groundbreaking approach to the nature of the early discourses of the Buddha, the most foundational scriptures of Buddhist religion. While commonly the early discourses are considered to be attempts to preserve the Buddha’s teachings, this book demonstrates that these texts are full of creativity, aiming to beautify the image of the wondrous Buddha, to tell good stories, to stir the imagination, and to move people emotionally. While the texts surely care for the early teachings and for the Buddha’s philosophy or his guidelines for meditation, and while at times they may relate real historical events, this is not necessarily their main interest. The early discourses are literary masterpieces, which employed a technique of composition defined here as the play of formulas. In the oral literature of early Buddhism, texts were composed of formulas, which are repeated again and again within and between texts. This work shows how new discourses could be created by connecting accepted formulas in new, innovative ways.
Harmony as Virtue in Buddhist Ethics
Authors: Schlieter Jens 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Several Buddhist texts describe the goal of a harmonious society: nature flourishes; society is integrative and free from disputes, tensions, and disruptions; and all sentient beings live peacefully together. Early Buddhist sources see such a harmonious whole predominantly as an outcome of aiming at moral self-cultivation and self-perfection, especially of the virtue of “great compassion” and the willingness of “excessive giving.” Harmony as virtue can best be grasped in hagiographical narratives of the Bodhisattva. In the Vessantara-Jātaka, it becomes obvious that the goal is, in contrast to “enlightened egoism,” an attempt to overcome dualism. This text can be read with George Bataille’s theory of religion, namely, “pure immanence” and “intimacy” as the core intention of sacrifice. By identifying with the most precious “gift,” these stories insinuate that the Bodhisattva identifies with his offerings and includes them as well as himself in his aim to realize a harmonious whole.
The Concept of Harmony in Islamic Thought and Practice
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe concept of harmony in Islamic thought and tradition will be discussed from two primary perspectives: (1) harmony as related to the concepts of moderation, balance, and justice; and (2) harmony as an end product of peacemaking and reconciliation among people. The first aspect of harmony is illustrated through a discussion of the Muslim communal self-designation of umma wasat borrowed from the language of the Qur’an (2:43). The second part of the chapter discusses harmony as the result of the conscious cultivation of peaceful reconciliation among Muslims at an interpersonal as well as a communal level. The final section of the chapter focuses on how increasing attention is being paid to these concepts as essential building blocks in the establishment of harmonious relationships among all people, Muslim and non-Muslim, in the contemporary period.
Bizaanate, Bangan, Waanaki
Authors: Noodin Margaret 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Anishinaabe culture, which has been located for more than five thousand years in the Great Lakes region of North America, defines harmony as a state of peaceful existence described by the terms, bizaanate and bangan, which relate to harmonious ways of being in the world often referred to as minobimaadizi and waanaki. This chapter introduces the culture and language of the Anishinaabe people, proposes a linguistic methodology for examining philosophic concepts, and offers narrative examples of the terms related to Anishinaabe harmony. Framed by poetry and constructed through linguistic analysis, the argument in this chapter demonstrates the value of blending modes of disciplinary inquiry while adding Anishinaabe concepts to global philosophical knowledge.
Construction and the Spread of Status
Authors: Harkness Sarah K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines work dedicated to the construction and diffusion of new status characteristics. Beginning with Ridgway’s status construction theory and Berger and Fisek’s spread of status value theory, the chapter delves into two important mechanisms leading to the formation of a new status characteristic: control over differential resources and resulting interactional hierarchies of assertiveness for the former and associations with extant status characteristics for the latter. Thye’s status value theory of power adds to this by showing a way for objects to become imbued with status thereby transforming into valued social rewards. These rewards then affect relative power and profit differences in negotiations. Finally, work by Harkness demonstrates how rewards can create new status characteristics in an immediate setting. The chapter ends by pointing to potential new avenues of research as scholars continue moving this area forward.
Equitable Classrooms
Authors: Lotan Rachel A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Multiracial, multicultural, multilingual classrooms are a global phenomenon. Youngsters in these classrooms have varying levels of academic preparation and proficiency in the language of instruction. Unless steps are taken, such academic, linguistic, and social heterogeneity can result in severe inequities. Developed at Stanford University, Complex Instruction (CI), a practical and effective pedagogical approach, is the outcome of applications of sociological theories and sociocultural frameworks of cognitive development and learning. With sustained collaboration among scholars and practicing educators, CI was designed to create equitable learning opportunities and outcomes for students by ensuring equal access to academic and material resources and by supporting equitable interactions in academically, socially, racially, and linguistically heterogeneous classrooms. Research focused on CI is being done in the United States and other countries.
Status Value of Gender, Age, Race, Parenthood, and Beauty
Authors: Walker Lisa Slattery 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the concept of status characteristics. Status characteristics create perceptions of how an individual will perform on a given task. The types of characteristics the theory contains are discussed, as are the mechanisms by which they operate. Numerous characteristics and the research supporting them as status characteristics are presented, and instances of conflicting evidence are noted. The complexities of social life, the interactions between various characteristics, and the finer points of measurement all lead to the conclusion that continued, careful work must be done on the identification and specification of status characteristics. Methodological approaches are highlighted, as are ideas for future work.
Effects of Mental Illness, Veteran, and Criminal Record Labels on Status- and Stigma-Related Outcomes
Authors: Lucas Jeffrey W. , Hipes Crosby 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes research that attends to status- and stigma-related outcomes of a range of attributes, particularly mental illness labels, veteran status, and criminal records. All three have high prevalence in U.S. society, and research has indicated links from each to both status generalization and stigmatization. Research also supports status generalization and stigmatization as independent but overlapping processes. This chapter discusses particularly fruitful directions for future research on relationships between status and stigma processes. One is research on the mechanisms associated with stigmatizing attributes operating as status characteristics, and particularly the role of anticipated behavior stereotypically associated with mental illness. Another is the extent to which aggregation of expectations happens in responses to stigmatizing attributes in a process similar or different to how status attributes aggregate in affecting influence. A third is research that addresses how status generalization and stigmatizing processes operate together to affect outcomes relevant to health.
A Better Ape
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A Better Ape explores the evolution of the moral mind from our ancestors with chimpanzees, through the origins of our genus and our species, to the development of behaviorally modern humans who underwent revolutions in agriculture, urbanization, and industrial technology. The book begins, in Part I, by explaining the biological evolution of sympathy and loyalty in great apes and trust and respect in the earliest humans. These moral emotions are the first element of the moral mind. Part II explains the gene-culture co-evolution of norms, emotions, and reasoning in Homo sapiens. Moral norms of harm, kinship, reciprocity, autonomy, and fairness are the second element of the moral mind. A social capacity for interactive moral reasoning is the third element. Part III of the book explains the cultural co-evolution of social institutions and morality. Family, religious, military, political, and economic institutions expanded small bands into large tribes and created more intense social hierarchies through new moral norms of authority and purity. Finally, Part IV explains the rational and cultural evolution of moral progress and moral regress as human societies experienced gains and losses in inclusivity and equality. Moral progress against racism, homophobia, speciesism, sexism, classism, and global injustice depends on integration of privileged and oppressed people in physical space, social roles, and democratic decision making. The central idea in the book is that all these major evolutionary transitions, from ancestral apes to modern societies, and now human survival of climate change, depend on co-evolution between morality, knowledge, and complex social structure.
Altruism
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 explains how the altruistic moral emotions of sympathy and loyalty evolved through natural selection in great apes and their ancestors prior to human evolution. Altruism can be biological or psychological. Biological altruism is the sacrifice of fitness by one individual that increases the fitness of another. Its evolution by natural selection seems impossible. The apparent paradox is resolved by explaining how mechanisms of kin selection, reciprocal altruism, and group selection allow biological altruism to evolve. These mechanisms also explain the evolution of psychological altruism, exemplified in sympathy and loyalty, where an altruist is motivated to benefit another for the sake of the other. This altruism can exist alongside egoistic motives, but it is incompatible with hedonism, the view that the ultimate end of all action is pleasure. Altruism explains how morally motivated cooperation existed within ape groups that shared resources, alloparenting, and defense against external threats.
Defend Forward and Persistent Engagement
Authors: Corn Gary P. , Goldman Emily 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 2018, the Department of Defense (DoD) published a new cyber strategy. Taking account of the persistent, hostile cyber campaigns of the United States’ strategic competitors, the new strategy is anchored in the recognized need to “take action in cyberspace during day-to-day competition to preserve U.S. military advantages and to defend U.S. interests.” Key to this shift in strategic posture is the introduction of the concept of defending forward in cyberspace “to disrupt or halt malicious cyber activity at its source, including activity that falls below the level of armed conflict.” The significance of the Defend Forward concept and the broader shift in US cyber strategy cannot be understated. Like any strategy, to be effective it requires resources, implementing policies, and supporting legal structures. This introductory chapter provides a general overview of the DoD’s strategy shift and the Defend Forward concept.
Defend Forward and Cyber Countermeasures
Authors: Deeks Ashley 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
When a state suffers an internationally wrongful act at the hands of another state, international law allows the injured state to respond in a variety of ways. Depending on the nature, scope, and severity of the initial wrongful act, lawful responses can range from a demand for reparations in response to a low-level violation to a forcible act of self-defense in response to an armed attack. Countermeasures offer an additional way for a state to respond to an internationally wrongful act. Countermeasures are acts that would in general be considered internationally wrongful but are justified to address the wrongdoing state’s original international law violation. As states increasingly employ cyber tools to commit hostile acts against their adversaries, countermeasures are poised to play a growing role in interstate relations. This chapter explores the role that countermeasures can play in the US cyber strategy known as Defend Forward.
La Nijinska
Authors: Garafola Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
La Nijinska: Choreographer of the Modern is the first biography of ballet’s premier female choreographer and a pioneer of the modern tradition in ballet. Overshadowed in life and legend by her brother Vaslav Nijinsky, Bronislava Nijinska had a far longer and more productive career. An architect of twentieth-century neoclassicism, she experienced the transformative power of the Russian Revolution and created her greatest work—Les Noces—under the influence of its avant-garde. Many of her ballets rested on the probing of gender boundaries, a mistrust of conventional gender roles, and the heightening of the ballerina’s technical and artistic prowess. A prominent member of Russia Abroad, she worked with leading figures of twentieth-century art, music, and ballet, including Stravinsky, Diaghilev, Poulenc, Alexandra Exter, Natalia Goncharova, Frederick Ashton, Alicia Markova, and Maria Tallchief. She was also a remarkable dancer in her own right with a bravura technique and powerful stage presence that enabled her to perform an unusually broad repertory. Finally, she was the author of an acclaimed volume of memoirs in addition to a major treatise on movement. Nijinska’s career sheds new light on the modern history of ballet and of modernism more generally, recuperating the memory of lost works and forgotten artists, many of them women. But it also reveals the sexism pervasive in the upper echelons of the early and mid-twentieth-century ballet world and the barriers that still confront ballet’s women choreographers.