bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypical characterization of African savannah and forest elephants, with special emphasis on hybrids: the case of Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Bonnald Julie , Cornette Raphaël , Pichard Maëllie , Asalu Edward , Krief Sabrina 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe IUCN now recognizes the savannah Loxodonta africana and forest Loxodonta cyclotis elephants to be separate species. Despite ecological, behavioural and morphological differences, and different habitat ranges, genetic studies confirm that the two species and hybrids coexist in forest–savannah ecotones. However, the hybrid phenotypes have not yet been described. In this survey we examined whether the phenotypes of the two species and of hybrids can be distinguished. In the first step, we used a machine learning algorithm (K-nearest neighbours) to compare 296 reference images of African elephants from five forest areas and six savannah areas where hybrids have not been recorded, confirming that six morphological criteria can be used to distinguish the species with more than 90% confidence. In the second step, we analysed 1,408 videos of elephants from 14 camera traps in Sebitoli, in Kibale National Park, Uganda, part of the main hybridization area. We used a multiple correspondence analysis and a species assignment key, highlighting the presence of three categories of phenotypes. Compared to the savannah and forest phenotypes (36.8 and 12.1%, respectively), the intermediate phenotypes, which could include hybrids, were more frequent (51.1%). Further studies combining morphology and genetics of the same individuals will be necessary to refine this species assignment key to characterize phenotypes confidently. This non-invasive, fast and inexpensive phenotypical-based method could be a valuable tool for conservation programmes.
Income Loss and Leave Taking: Increased Financial Benefits and Fathers’ Parental Leave Use in Sweden
Authors: DUVANDER ANN-ZOFIE , HALLDÉN KARIN , KOSLOWSKI ALISON , SJÖGREN LINDQUIST GABRIELLA 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA major reason for the gendered division of parental leave use is the financial compensation during leave. Swedish national parental leave benefit provides 77.6 percent of earlier earnings up to an income ceiling, but collective agreements cover part of the income loss above the ceiling during leave. We focus on the importance of such collective agreements by examining fathers’ parental leave take-up across the 2000s, as agreements were expanded during this period in time. We combine register data for the period 2001 to 2011 with the Longitudinal Integrated Database for Health Insurance and Labour Market Studies (LISA) being the key data source. The main division of agreements is between the state, the municipality and county, and the private sector. Results indicate that fathers with income above the income ceiling increase their use over the time period. Especially in the private sector a polarisation can be seen, where high income fathers increase their leave use, while fathers with lower income fall behind. As we do not find stronger increase in fathers’ leave use in sectors where agreements expanded across time there is no evident support of a direct effect of the top-ups.
Child second language development of English tense and aspect: The role of narrative organization
Authors: Kang Hyun-Sook , Uchikoshi Yuuko 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMuch research has documented that second language (L2) development of tense and aspect markers is influenced by a range of factors that include cross-linguistic influences, phonological nature of forms, inherent semantics of predicates, and discourse structure. Nonetheless, relatively little research has examined the role of discourse organization in the development of tense and aspect marking. To expand our understanding of L2 tense and aspect, this study examined child L2 development of English tense and aspect in oral narratives in relation to the foregrounding and backgrounding of narrative discourse. Thirty-eight learners’ oral narratives were elicited, usingFrog, Where Are You?(Mayer, 1969) three points in time: kindergarten, Grade 1, and Grade 2. The foreground in oral narratives was associated with more frequent use of the simple past than the background across the grade levels. While the occurrence of the simple past did not necessarily mark the foreground, the simple past emerged as the dominant form in the foreground in Grade 1. In the background, on the other hand, it took longer for the past forms to catch up with the non-past forms. The simple past became dominant in the background in Grade 2.
Sources of transitivity
Authors: Muñoz Daniel 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWhy should ‘better than’ be transitive? The leading answer in ethics is that values do not change with context. But this cannot be the entire source of transitivity, I argue, since transitivity can fail even if values never change, so long as they are complex, with multiple dimensions combined non-additively. I conclude by exploring a new hypothesis: that all alleged cases of nontransitive betterness, such as Parfit’s Repugnant Conclusion, can and should be modelled as the result of complexity, not context-relativity.
The Woman with No Escape: Operatic Retellings of the Zhu Maichen Story
Authors: Guo Chao , Stenberg Josh 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe Zhu Maichen story originates as a case of ‘female-initiated divorce' in an ancient Chinese biography, before later becoming a familiar late imperial narrative. In the last hundred years, it has featured as a prominent part of the narrative heritage available for operatic reworking. The absence of a canonical authorial version gives more space for playwrights and performers to incorporate their current perspectives of gender and sexuality into various renditions. We have seen a continuance of older patterns where the wife is demonised for her desire to divorce, as well as productions tending to reconsider the travails of the wife. The Hokkien-language genre liyuanxi draws on local narrative versions to arrive at a happy ending, enabling Zhu to remarry his wife, while a new jingju (Beijing opera) version at the turn of century even enables the disillusioned wife to liberate herself from the hypocritic Confucian family. Yet in liyuanxi the wife is taken back, having retained chastity during their parting, while in jingju the wife's materialistic motivations led to criticism in the press. The female-initiated divorce thus provides no escape for Zhu Maichen's wife, who is condemned even when tragedy is averted or the narrative’s patriarchal morality subverted.
Vultures feeding on the dark side: current sanitary regulations may not be enough
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ-GÓMEZ LOLA , CORTÉS-AVIZANDA AINARA , ARRONDO ENEKO , GARCÍA-ALFONSO MARINA , CEBALLOS OLGA , MONTELÍO EUGENIO , DONÁZAR JOSÉ A. 
Published: June 2022

SummaryIt is widely acknowledged that the conservation of vultures, a group of birds threatened worldwide, requires the management of safe, high-quality human subsidies, free of potentially harmful toxic compounds. Additionally, in Europe, the supply of livestock carcasses is subject to current sanitary regulations. It is largely unknown how vultures use sources of food of different abundance, predictability, or different legal status and how individual features shape these preferences. To answer these questions, we took advantage of information yielded by 35 GPS-tagged adult Eurasian Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus living in a region of northern Spain, which hosts one of the most important European populations. Our results indicated that vultures preferably used predictable feeding sites, such as carcass dumping sites, intensive farms and landfills which together account for the 62% of the observed feeding sites. Less than 10% of all observed sites had permission of authorities for the disposal of the carcasses. Interestingly, sites with large accumulations of carcasses were less used that those with intermediate amounts of food probably because of high intraspecific competition. In addition, sex and breeding status also played a role with males and breeding birds being more prone to visit the studied intensively managed feeding places. This vulture population is heavily dependent on food sources which are not under legal control where the birds could be at risk of intoxication and pathogen acquisition. Hence, current legal scenario allowing farmers to abandon carcasses in their exploitations seems insufficient. The future of vultures in highly anthropized regions is uncertain if interdictory regulations on the abandonment of carcasses of intensive livestock are applied. Additionally, conservation scenarios based on food subsidization must consider the effects of environmental and individual variability. We need science-based strategies ensuring the long-term viability of avian scavenger populations within a scenario of anthropized landscapes and livestock farming intensification.
Demographic composition, post-release and natal dispersal, and breeding success of the reintroduced Oriental Stork Ciconia boyciana
Authors: DEGUCHI TOMOHIRO , OHSAKO YOSHITO , SAGAWA SHIRO , EZAKI YASUO 
Published: June 2022

Summary
Species restoration through reintroduction and reinforcement is widely considered as an effective method for the conservation of threatened animals. Although these approaches have been increasingly implemented over the last half-century, many attempts have failed. Dispersal behaviour is one of the key factors determining reintroduction success. We reported the demographic composition and dispersal pattern (i.e., post-release and natal dispersal) of a reintroduced Oriental Stork Ciconia boyciana population in Japan and identified the determinants of breeding success in 2005–2019. We hypothesized that one of the key determinants of breeding success is the density-dependent effect through post-release and natal dispersal. The F1 generation occurrence corresponded to two years, F2 to seven, F3 to 11, and F4 to 14 years after initial reintroduction. Wild-born birds accounted for 74% of the reintroduced population at F4 occurrence. Post-release dispersal distances were shorter than natal dispersal. Inter-nest distance was selected as the key factor determining breeding success. These results may have been due to feeding habitat restoration and conspecific interactions. In conclusion, steady recruitment to the next generation is thought to be due to a moderate natal dispersal and the subsequent low breeding density of wild-born birds.
Development of a Scale for Assessing Basic Psychotherapeutic Skills
Authors: Kühne Franziska , Heinze Peter Eric , Ay-Bryson Destina Sevde , Maaß Ulrike , Weck and Florian 
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Background: Well-established scales for the observation-based assessment of psychotherapy competence encompass multiple domains, require extensive rater training, and are rather cost-intensive. Objective: To develop a comprehensive but easy-to-administer instrument for the observation-based assessment of basic communication and counseling skills in both real and simulated patient encounters, the Clinical Communication Skills Scale (CCSS). Methods: We investigated the content validity and applicability of this scale. We then presented videos of simulated therapy sessions conducted by a competent vs. noncompetent therapist online to N = 209 laypersons and psychology students. Results: Results suggested a one-factorial solution. Internal consistency was excellent ( α = .94). For most aspects, convergent validity with established scales was moderate to high. The CCSS effectively differentiated between both levels of skill. Conclusions: The CCSS appears to be a feasible, reliable, and valid instrument. Nonetheless, its psychometric criteria should be investigated further in clinical samples, with licensed therapists, and in other languages.
Ist der Einsatz simulierter Patient_innen zum Erwerb psychotherapeutischer Fertigkeiten praktikabel?
Authors: Kühne Franziska , Maaß Ulrike , Stephan Isabell , Weck Florian 
Published: June 2022

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Da der Kompetenzerwerb in der Psychotherapieausbildung maßgeblich durch Üben und systematisches Feedback bestimmt wird, wurde eine Online-Lehrveranstaltung entwickelt, in der erfahrungsbasiertes Lernen mit Simulationspatient_innen (SP) und strukturiertes Feedback kombiniert wurden. Fragestellung: Ziel der Studie war die qualitative und quantitative Evaluation der Lehrveranstaltung. Methode: Zunächst wurden halbstandardisierte Interviews mit Seminarteilnehmer_innen, SP und der Supervisorin durchgeführt und inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet. Außerdem wurden die Gesprächsführungsfertigkeiten der Student_innen (aus Sicht einer Supervisorin) und die therapeutische Selbstwirksamkeit (Selbstbeurteilung) im Seminarverlauf erhoben. Ergebnisse: Zwischen N = 13 und 15 Masterstudent_innen der Klinischen Psychologie, die beiden SP und die Supervisorin nahmen an Begleitstudie und Interviews teil. Die Student_innen schätzten v. a. den Praxisbezug des Seminars, wünschten sich mehr Interaktionen mit SP und noch häufigeres Feedback. Das Onlineformat wurde als Übergangslösung wahrgenommen. Gesprächsführungsfertigkeiten und therapeutische Selbstwirksamkeit nahmen signifikant zu. Schlussfolgerungen: Erfahrungsbasiertes Lernen kann mit SP und Feedback praktikabel umgesetzt werden, allerdings sollten Präsenzrollenspiele zumindest ergänzend angeboten werden.
Forest Resource Availability After Nuclear War or Other Sun‐Blocking Catastrophes
Authors: Winstead Daniel Jefferson , Jacobson Michael Gregory 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA global, sun‐blocking catastrophe like nuclear war, an asteroid strike, or a super volcano eruption spells disaster for most aspects of life as we know it. There have been many studies on how differing magnitudes of sun‐blocking catastrophes would affect the global climate, and many mention the effects of this cold, dark climate on forests and cropping systems. However, few studies have solely focused on the effects of nuclear winter on forests in terms of food, resources, and decomposition. Forests already provide over a billion people with food and fuel for their livelihoods. In this review, we connect how prehistoric catastrophes affected the world's forests to how a current‐day catastrophe may affect forest health, forest resource availability, and wood decomposition rates. We briefly discuss how forest resources may be used in this post‐catastrophe climate for food and fuel in an energy and fuel‐depleted world. We use this information to make policy and education suggestions to prepare for future catastrophes, build resilience from smaller local disasters, prepare for the many effects of climate change, and discourage nuclear weapon stockpiles.
Terahertz Wave Propagation Characteristics on Rough Surfaces Based on Full‐Wave Simulations
Authors: Xie Pengxiang , Guan Ke , He Danping , Yi Haofan , Dou Jianwu , Zhong Zhangdui 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTerahertz (THz) communications are considered as a critical technology for the future wireless communication. The THz band (0.1–10 THz) offers ultra‐wide bandwidths and promises to satisfy the need for ultra‐high‐speed wireless communication. Although propagation characterization is necessary for the THz system design and validation, the response mechanism between the surface roughness and the THz wave is rarely studied. According to the Rayleigh Criterion, most surfaces in a physical environment may be considered to be rough. Scattering on rough surfaces will play a significant role in the THz propagation. Due to the difficulty of practical measurements at the THz band, we use a full‐wave simulation method to study the propagation characteristics of scattering on rough surfaces. First, the Monte Carlo method is used to model rough surfaces with different root‐mean‐squared heights δ and correlation lengths l. Then, with full‐wave simulations, frequency dependency, incident angle dependency, material dependency, and surface size dependency are discussed. By changing the roughness of surfaces, scattering on different rough surfaces at 300 GHz are simulated. Based on a large number of simulation results, we investigate the effect of δ and l on scattering on rough surfaces. Afterward, the cross‐polarization discrimination of each case is analyzed and counted to evaluate the depolarization effect. This study shows that scattering can become a prominent propagation mechanism with the growth of roughness. Besides, the depolarization effect becomes much more severe for a rougher surface. Studying THz propagation characteristics on rough surfaces is critical to accurate THz channel modeling, which further supports the design and deployment of THz communication systems.
Intention Versus Action: Household Adoption of Best Management Practices for Water Quality
Authors: Fleming Patrick M. , Savchenko Olesya M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAdoption rates of household water quality management practices remain extremely low, despite survey evidence indicating substantial willingness to adopt. Using a quasi‐experimental survey design, we investigate the presence of hypothetical bias in household stormwater surveys and compare the effectiveness of two ex‐ante bias mitigation techniques: survey consequentiality and a cheap talk script. Households facing survey consequentiality are willing to pay 38% less for stormwater practices compared with the control. This results in expected adoption rates that are up to 60% lower than those indicated by responses in the control group. In contrast the cheap talk script did not significantly alter willingness to pay for any management practice analyzed. After accounting for hypothetical bias, local policy goals for rain garden adoption imply a household subsidy program that consumes almost three times the budget of that implied by survey responses without a consequentiality reminder.
Channel Conveyance Variability can Influence Flood Risk as Much as Streamflow Variability in Western Washington State
Authors: Ahrendt Shelby , Horner‐Devine Alexander R. , Collins Brian D. , Morgan Jacob A. , Istanbulluoglu Erkan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractChanges in the severity and likelihood of flooding events are typically associated with changes in the intensity and frequency of streamflows, but temporal adjustments in a river's conveyance capacity can also contribute to shifts in flood hazard. To assess the relative importance of channel conveyance to flood hazard, we compare variations in channel conveyance to variations in the flow magnitude of moderate (1.2 years) floods at 50 river gauges in western Washington State between 1930 and 2020. In unregulated rivers, moderate floods have increased across the region, but in regulated rivers this trend is suppressed and in some cases reversed. Variations in channel conveyance are ubiquitous, but the magnitude and timing of adjustments are not regionally uniform. At 40% of gages, conveyance changes steadily and gradually. More often, however, conveyance variability is nonlinear, consisting of multidecadal oscillations (36% of gages), rapid changes due to unusually large sediment‐supply events (14% of gages), and increases or decreases to conveyance following flow regulation (10% of gages). The relative importance of conveyance variability for flood risk depends on the mode of adjustment; in certain locations with historic landslides, extreme floods, and flow regulation, the influence of conveyance changes on flood risk matches or exceeds that of streamflow at the same site. Flood hazard management would benefit from incorporating historic long‐term and short‐term conveyance changes in predictions of future flood hazard variability.
Predicting the future of neuroimaging predictive models in mental health
Authors: Tejavibulya Link , Rolison Max , Gao Siyuan , Liang Qinghao , Peterson Hannah , Dadashkarimi Javid , Farruggia Michael C. , Hahn C. Alice , Noble Stephanie , Lichenstein Sarah D. , Pollatou Angeliki , Dufford Alexander J. , Scheinost Dustin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPredictive modeling using neuroimaging data has the potential to improve our understanding of the neurobiology underlying psychiatric disorders and putatively information interventions. Accordingly, there is a plethora of literature reviewing published studies, the mathematics underlying machine learning, and the best practices for using these approaches. As our knowledge of mental health and machine learning continue to evolve, we instead aim to look forward and “predict” topics that we believe will be important in current and future studies. Some of the most discussed topics in machine learning, such as bias and fairness, the handling of dirty data, and interpretable models, may be less familiar to the broader community using neuroimaging-based predictive modeling in psychiatry. In a similar vein, transdiagnostic research and targeting brain-based features for psychiatric intervention are modern topics in psychiatry that predictive models are well-suited to tackle. In this work, we target an audience who is a researcher familiar with the fundamental procedures of machine learning and who wishes to increase their knowledge of ongoing topics in the field. We aim to accelerate the utility and applications of neuroimaging-based predictive models for psychiatric research by highlighting and considering these topics. Furthermore, though not a focus, these ideas generalize to neuroimaging-based predictive modeling in other clinical neurosciences and predictive modeling with different data types (e.g., digital health data).
Chimeric cerebral organoids reveal the essentials of neuronal and astrocytic APOE4 for Alzheimer’s tau pathology
Authors: Huang Shichao , Zhang Zhen , Cao Junwei , Yu Yongchun , Pei Gang 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype is one of the strongest genetic risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and is generally believed to cause widespread pathological alterations in various types of brain cells. Here, we developed a novel engineering method of creating the chimeric human cerebral organoids (chCOs) to assess the differential roles of APOE4 in neurons and astrocytes. First, the astrogenic factors NFIB and SOX9 were introduced into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to accelerate the induction of astrocytes. Then the above induced iPSCs were mixed and cocultured with noninfected iPSCs under the standard culturing condition of cerebral organoids. As anticipated, the functional astrocytes were detected as early as 45 days, and it helped more neurons matured in chCOs in comparation of the control human cerebral organoids (hCOs). More interestingly, this method enabled us to generate chCOs containing neurons and astrocytes with different genotypes, namely APOE3 or APOE4. Then, it was found in chCOs that astrocytic APOE4 already significantly promoted lipid droplet formation and cholesterol accumulation in neurons while both astrocytic and neuronal APOE4 contributed to the maximum effect. Most notably, we observed that the co-occurrence of astrocytic and neuronal APOE4 were required to elevate neuronal phosphorylated tau levels in chCOs while Aβ levels were increased in chCOs with neuronal APOE4. Altogether, our results not only revealed the essence of both neuronal and astrocytic APOE4 for tau pathology, but also suggested chCOs as a valuable pathological model for AD research and drug discovery.