bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneously Developing Interventions for Low-/Middle-Income and High-Income Settings: Considerations and Opportunities
Authors: Baker Zachary G , Nkimbeng Manka , Cuevas Pearl Ed G , Quiñones Ana R , Kaur Kang Harmeet , Gaugler Joseph E , Hinton Ladson , Gitlin Laura N , Shippee Tetyana P 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMost older adults reside in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) but most research dollars spent on interventions to improve the lives of older adults are awarded to researchers in high-income countries (HICs). One approach to improve the implementation of evidence-based innovations for older adults in LMICs is designing interventions that are relevant to LMICs and HICs simultaneously. We propose that researchers in HICs could partner with stakeholders in an LMIC throughout the intervention design process to better position their intervention for the implementation in that LMIC. We provide an example study from an adaptation of the Resources for Enhancing Caregiver Health II in Vietnam, which did not use this strategy but may have benefited from this strategy. We then turn to several considerations that are important for researchers to contemplate when incorporating this strategy. Finally, we explore incentives for creating interventions that are relevant to both HICs and LMICs for funders, intervention designers, and intervention receivers. Although this is not the only strategy to bring interventions to LMICs, it may represent another tool in researchers’ toolboxes to help expedite the implementation of efficacious interventions in LMICs.
The reconstructability of persuasive message variables affects the variability of experimental effect sizes: evidence and implications
Authors: Hoeken Hans , O’Keefe Daniel J 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Whereas the persuasive impact of message variables such as weaker versus stronger threat appeals, vivid versus pallid messages, and one-sided versus two-sided messages has received much research attention, more abstract properties of such message variables have gone largely unexamined. This article reports an analysis of one such property, reconstructability: the degree to which one of the two messages in an experimental pair can be deduced from the other. Evidence is offered from research on persuasive communication that as message variables become less reconstructable, the variability of the associated effect sizes increases—which creates distinctive challenges for theoretical progress and practical message design. Attention to message-variable properties such as reconstructability promises to shed light on how and why effects differ across message variables.
Mudskippers Modulate their Locomotor Kinematics when Moving on Deformable and Inclined Substrates
Authors: Naylor Emily R , Kawano Sandy M 
Published: June 2022

Synopsis
Many ecological factors influence animal movement, including properties of the media that they move on or through. Animals moving in terrestrial environments encounter conditions that can be challenging for generating propulsion and maintaining stability, such as inclines and deformable substrates that can cause slipping and sinking. In response, tetrapods tend to adopt a more crouched posture and lower their center of mass on inclines and increase the surface area of contact on deformable substrates, such as sand. Many amphibious fishes encounter the same challenges when moving on land, but how these finned animals modulate their locomotion with respect to different environmental conditions and how these modifications compare with those seen within tetrapods is relatively understudied. Mudskippers (Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) are a particularly noteworthy group of amphibious fishes in this context given that they navigate a wide range of environmental conditions, from flat mud to inclined mangrove trees. They use a unique form of terrestrial locomotion called “crutching,” where their pectoral fins synchronously lift and vault the front half of the body forward before landing on their pelvic fins, while the lower half of the body and tail are kept straight. However, recent work has shown that mudskippers modify some aspects of their locomotion when crutching on deformable surfaces, particularly those at an incline. For example, on inclined dry sand, mudskippers bent their bodies laterally and curled and extended their tails to potentially act as a secondary propulsor and/or anti-slip device. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the functional diversity and context-dependency of mudskipper crutching, we compared their kinematics on different combinations of substrate types (solid, mud, and dry sand) and inclines (0°, 10°, and 20°). In addition to increasing lateral bending on deformable and inclined substrates, we found that mudskippers increased the relative contact time and contact area of their paired fins, while becoming more crouched, which are responses comparable to those seen in tetrapods and other amphibious fish. Mudskippers on these substrates also exhibited previously undocumented behaviors, such as extending and adpressing the distal portions of their pectoral fins more anteriorly, dorsoventrally bending their trunk, “belly-flopping” on sand, and “gripping” the mud substrate with their pectoral fin rays. Our study highlights potential compensatory mechanisms shared among vertebrates in terrestrial environments while also illustrating that locomotor flexibility and even novelty can emerge when animals are challenged with environmental variation.
Sample size calculators for planning stepped-wedge cluster randomized trials: a review and comparison
Authors: Ouyang Yongdong , Li Fan , Preisser John S , Taljaard Monica 
Published: June 2022

Summary
Recent years have seen a surge of interest in stepped-wedge cluster randomized trials (SW-CRTs). SW-CRTs include several design variations and methodology is rapidly developing. Accordingly, a variety of power and sample size calculation software for SW-CRTs has been developed. However, each calculator may support only a selected set of design features and may not be appropriate for all scenarios. Currently, there is no resource to assist researchers in selecting the most appropriate calculator for planning their trials. In this paper, we review and classify 18 existing calculators that can be implemented in major platforms, such as R, SAS, Stata, Microsoft Excel, PASS and nQuery. After reviewing the main sample size considerations for SW-CRTs, we summarize the features supported by the available calculators, including the types of designs, outcomes, correlation structures and treatment effects; whether incomplete designs, cluster-size variation or secular trends are accommodated; and the analytical approach used. We then discuss in more detail four main calculators and identify their strengths and limitations. We illustrate how to use these four calculators to compute power for two real SW-CRTs with a continuous and binary outcome and compare the results. We show that the choice of calculator can make a substantial difference in the calculated power and explain these differences. Finally, we make recommendations for implementing sample size or power calculations using the available calculators. An R Shiny app is available for users to select the calculator that meets their requirements (https://douyang.shinyapps.io/swcrtcalculator/).
Phosphorylation of GluA1-Ser831 by CaMKII Activation in the Caudate and Putamen Is Required for Behavioral Sensitization After Challenge Nicotine in Rats
Authors: Kim Sunghyun , Sohn Sumin , Choe Eun Sang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
Phosphorylation of the glutamate receptor (GluA1) subunit of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor plays a crucial role in behavioral sensitization after exposure to psychostimulants. The present study determined the potential role of serine 831 (Ser831) phosphorylation in the GluA1 subunit of the caudate and putamen (CPu) in behavioral sensitization after challenge nicotine.

Methods
Challenge nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously (s.c.) after 7 days of repeated exposure to nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) followed by 3 days of withdrawal in rats. Bilateral intra-CPu infusions of drugs were mainly performed to test this hypothesis.

Results
Challenge nicotine increased both phosphorylated (p)Ser831 immunoreactivity (IR) and pCa2+/calmodulin-dependentprotein kinases II (pCaMKII)-IR in the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the CPu. These increases were prevented by bilateral intra-CPu infusion of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist MPEP (0.5 nmol/side) and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK801 (2 nmol/side). However, the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) antagonist SCH23390 (7.5 nmol/side) prevented only pSer831-IR alone. Bilateral intra-CPu infusion of the Tat-GluA1D peptide (25 pmol/side), which interferes with the binding of pCaMKII to GluA1-Ser831, decreased the challenge nicotine–induced increase in locomotor activity.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that the GluA1-Ser831 phosphorylation in the MSNs of the CPu is required for the challenge nicotine–induced behavioral sensitization in rats. CaMKII activation linked to mGluR5 and NMDA receptors, but not to D1R, is essential for inducing the CaMKII-Ser831 interaction.
Pharmacokinetics of standard versus high-dose isoniazid for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
Authors: Gausi Kamunkhwala , Chirehwa Maxwell , Ignatius Elisa H , Court Richard , Sun Xin , Moran Laura , Hafner Richard , Wiesner Lubbe , Rosenkranz Susan L , de Jager Veronique , de Vries Nihal , Harding Joseph , Gumbo Tawanda , Swindells Susan , Diacon Andreas , Dooley Kelly E , McIlleron Helen , Denti Paolo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
The WHO-endorsed shorter-course regimen for MDR-TB includes high-dose isoniazid. The pharmacokinetics of high-dose isoniazid within MDR-TB regimens has not been well described.

Objectives
To characterize isoniazid pharmacokinetics at 5–15 mg/kg as monotherapy or as part of the MDR-TB treatment regimen.

Methods
We used non-linear mixed-effects modelling to evaluate the combined data from INHindsight, a 7 day early bactericidal activity study with isoniazid monotherapy, and PODRtb, an observational study of patients on MDR-TB treatment including terizidone, pyrazinamide, moxifloxacin, kanamycin, ethionamide and/or isoniazid.

Results
A total of 58 and 103 participants from the INHindsight and PODRtb studies, respectively, were included in the analysis. A two-compartment model with hepatic elimination best described the data. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) genotype caused multi-modal clearance, and saturable first-pass was observed beyond 10 mg/kg dosing. Saturable isoniazid kinetics predicted an increased exposure of approximately 50% beyond linearity at 20 mg/kg dosing. Participants treated with the MDR-TB regimen had a 65.6% lower AUC compared with participants on monotherapy. Ethionamide co-administration was associated with a 29% increase in isoniazid AUC.

Conclusions
Markedly lower isoniazid exposures were observed in participants on combination MDR-TB treatment compared with monotherapy. Isoniazid displays saturable kinetics at doses &gt;10 mg/kg. The safety implications of these phenomena remain unclear.
Civil-Resistance Videography as Human Rights Practice: The Non-Survivor Testimony and the Striving for Criminal Jurisdiction in Syria and Beyond
Authors: Meis Mareike 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper brings together the legal discourse on user-generated evidence and a media-cultural study focus to explore videography in conflict contexts as human rights practice. Through examples of civilians and activists who have recorded, documented, and shared atrocities and human rights violations during the Syrian conflict with the help of mobile and social media, the conceptional challenges arising from this human rights practice are explored to further the understanding of witnessing and testimony in the presence of mobile and social media. While Syrians engage in the life-threatening endeavour of recording atrocities and human rights violations to bring justice to perpetrators and victims alike, their video clips contain often only little probative value in juridical terms. Still, current human rights initiatives exist that aim to introduce such user-generated evidence into international criminal proceedings with the support of witnessing apps. To understand the material-semiotic practices that underlie such initiatives, civil-resistance videography is introduced as connected to a broader debate on eye-witnessing, testifying, and providing legal evidence of atrocities and human rights violations that links back to the Eichmann trial and the advent of the survivor witness in criminal proceedings. Applying an analytical approach that combines the feminist understanding of diffraction, interference, figuration, and ethnography, the survivor witness is read as a testimonial figure that interferes with the emerging figure of the non-survivor witness in the context of civil-resistance videography. This interference brings forward the figuration of the non-survivor testimony that requires a conceptional rethinking in the legal and socio-political discourse on user-generated evidence.
Elucidating the lactic acid tolerance mechanism in vaginal clinical isolates of Candida glabrata
Authors: Gupta Payal , Gupta Hrishikesh , Kairamkonda Manikyaprabhu , Kumar Navin , Poluri Krishna Mohan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis are strikingly high and treatment options are limited with nearly 50% Candida glabrata cases left untreated or experience treatment failures. The vaginal microenvironment is rich in lactic acid (LA), and the adaptation of C. glabrata to LA is the main reason for clinical treatment failure. In the present study, C. glabrata and its vaginal clinical isolates were comprehensively investigated for their growth response, metabolic adaptation and altered cellular pathway to LA using different biochemical techniques, metabolic profiling and transcriptional studies. Candida glabrata shown considerable variations in its topological and biochemical features without compromizing growth in LA media. Chemical profiling data highlighted involvement of cell wall/membrane, ergosterol and oxidative stress related pathways in mediating adaptative response of C. glabrata towards LA. Furthermore, one dimensional proton (1H) NMR spectroscopy based metabolic profiling revealed significant modulation in 19 metabolites of C. glabrata cells upon growth in LA. Interestingly myo-inositol, xylose, putrescine, and betaine which are key metabolites for cell growth and viability were found to be differentially expressed by clinical isolates. These observations were supported by the transcriptional expression study of selected genes evidencing cell wall/membrane re-organization, altered oxidative stress, and reprogramming of carbon metabolic pathways. Collectively, the study advances our understanding on adaptative response of C. glabrata in vaginal microenvironment to LA for survival and virulence.

Lay Summary
In vaginal tract, LA present as a natural carbon source is a potentiating factor for vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by C. glabrata is highest. The present article delineates the lactic acid adaptation in vaginal clinical isolates of C. glabrata using a comprehensive approach of biochemical, metabolic, and transcriptional studies.
The massive system V375 Cassiopeia is a semidetached mass-transfer binary with a massive stellar companion
Authors: Li F-X , Qian S-B , Zhang J , Zhu L-Y , Zhao E-G , Liao W-P 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
V375 Cassiopeia (V375 Cas) is an early B-type close binary with an orbital period of 1.4734273 d. Based on high-quality and continuous light curves from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and new low-resolution spectra, we have determined photometric solutions of the eclipsing binary using the Wilson–Devinney method. We have found that V375 Cas is a semidetached binary where the secondary component fills the critical Roche lobe. Meanwhile, its O − C diagram was constructed with the data spanning 122 yr. An upward parabolic variation is discovered to be superimposed on a cyclic modulation with a semi-amplitude of 0.0938 (±0.0143) d and a period of 118.74 (±12.87) yr. The parabolic change reveals a period increase at a rate of ${\rm d}p/{\rm d}t = +5.42 \times {10^{-7}}\, {\rm d} \,\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. Both the semidetached configuration and the period increase suggest that V375 Cas is undergoing a late case A mass transfer from the less-massive component to the more-massive component. The cyclic change is attributed to be the effect of the light travel time via the presence of a third body. The minimum mass of the tertiary companion is estimated as M3 = 4.24 (±0.87) M⊙, which orbits around the central eclipsing binary with a nearly circular orbit (e = 0.184). It is detected that the light contribution of the third body is about 8.0 per cent, indicating that it is a massive main-sequence star. All the results reveal that V375 Cas is a hierarchical triple system where a massive main-sequence star accompanies a massive semidetached mass-transfer binary at an orbital separation of 60.3 au.
The Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi method revisited
Authors: Chen Che-Yu , Li Zhi-Yun , Mazzei Renato R , Park Jinsoo , Fissel Laura M , Chen Michael C-Y , Klein Richard I , Li Pak Shing 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Despite the rich observational results on interstellar magnetic fields in star-forming regions, it is still unclear how dynamically significant the magnetic fields are at varying physical scales, because direct measurement of the field strength is observationally difficult. The Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi (DCF) method has been the most commonly used method to estimate the magnetic field strength from polarization data. It is based on the assumption that gas turbulent motion is the driving source of field distortion via linear Alfvén waves. In this work, using MHD simulations of star-forming clouds, we test the validity of the assumption underlying the DCF method by examining its accuracy in the real 3D space. Our results suggest that the DCF relation between turbulent kinetic energy and magnetic energy fluctuation should be treated as a statistical result instead of a local property. We then develop and investigate several modifications to the original DCF method using synthetic observations, and propose new recipes to improve the accuracy of DCF-derived magnetic field strength. We further note that the biggest uncertainty in the DCF analysis may come from the linewidth measurement instead of the polarization observation, especially since the line-of-sight gas velocity can be used to estimate the gas volume density, another critical parameter in the DCF method.
Unexpected solar-cycle variation of acoustic mode power in Sun-as-a-star observations
Authors: Howe Rachel , Chaplin W J , Elsworth Y P , Hale S J , Nielsen M B 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
We examine the solar-cycle variation of the power in the low-degree helioseismic modes by looking at binned power spectra from 45 yr of observations with the Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network, which provides a more robust estimate of the mode power than that obtained by peak fitting. The solar-cycle variation of acoustic mode power in the 5-min band is clearly seen. Unusually, even though Cycle 24 was substantially weaker in terms of surface magnetic activity than Cycle 23, the reduction in mode power at solar maximum is very similar for the two cycles, suggesting that the relationship between mode power and magnetic activity is more complex than has previously been thought. This is in contrast to the mode frequencies, which show a strong correlation with activity with only subtle differences in the response across different solar cycles.
Improving the line of sight for the anisotropic 3-point correlation function of galaxies: Centroid and Unit-Vector-Average methods scaling as 𝒪 (N2)
Authors: Garcia Karolina , Slepian Zachary 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
The 3-point correlation function (3PCF) is a powerful tool for the current era of high-data volume, high-precision cosmology. It goes beyond the Gaussian cosmological perturbations probed by the 2-point correlation function, including late-time non-Gaussianities, and encodes information about peculiar velocities, which distort observed positions of galaxies along the line of sight away from their true positions. To access this information, we must track the 3PCF’s dependence not only on each triangle’s shape, but also on its orientation with respect to the line of sight. Consequently, different choices for the line of sight will affect the measured 3PCF. Up to now, the line of sight has been taken as the direction to a single triplet member, but which triplet member is used impacts the 3PCF by ∼20 per cent of the statistical error for a BOSS-like survey. For DESI (5× more precise) this would translate to ∼100 per cent of the statistical error. We propose a new method that is fully symmetric between the triplet members, and uses either the average of the three galaxy position vectors, or the average of their unit vectors. We prove that these methods are equivalent to $\mathcal {O}(\theta ^2)$, where θ is the angle subtended at the observer by any triangle side. By harnessing the solid harmonic shift theorem, we show how these methods can be evaluated scaling as N2, with N the number of objects. We expect that they can be used to make a robust, systematics-free measurement of the anisotropic 3PCF of upcoming redshift surveys such as DESI.
Do radiative losses determine the characteristic emission of the blazar Mkn 421?
Authors: Baheeja C , Sahayanathan S , Rieger Frank M , Jagan Sitha K , Ravikumar C D 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
The radiative loss interpretation for the broken power-law spectra of blazars is often questioned since the difference between the indices does not support this inference. Using the blazar Mkn 421 as a case study, we performed a detailed analysis of its characteristic photon energy where the spectral index changes significantly. We used the observations of the source by Swift–XRT from 2008 to 2019 to identify the characteristic photon energy and the corresponding spectral indices. The spectra in the energy range 0.3–10.0 keV can be well fitted by a log parabola as well as a smooth broken power law. From the smooth broken power-law spectral fit, we show that the spectral indices before and after the characteristic photon energy are strongly anticorrelated. Further, the spectral curvature measured at the characteristic photon energy indicates an anticorrelation with the low-energy spectral index while the high-energy spectral index shows a positive correlation. These findings are at variance with a simple radiative loss interpretation for the characteristic photon energy, and alternative scenarios are thus discussed. Though these scenarios are, in principle, capable of reproducing the correlation results, they deviate significantly from the observed properties.