bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frontotemporal Dementia
Authors: Noble James M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers frontotemporal dementia, also referred to as frontotemporal lobar degeneration, which is an umbrella term used to capture several less common forms of dementia with overlapping symptoms, microscopic changes, and genetic causes. Two main forms of frontotemporal dementia exist: a behavioral form (behavioral variant) and a language form (primary progressive aphasia). Either form may be accompanied by parkinsonism or a disorder of muscle weakness called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease or motor neuron disease). Less common are forms of frontotemporal dementia that can present primarily with physical decline, including corticobasal syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy. The chapter then considers how to identify the key signs and symptoms of common forms of frontotemporal dementia, including language and behavioral changes, and how they differ from other forms of dementia.
Ethnomethodology’s Legacies and Prospects
Authors: Heritage John , Maynard Douglas W. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHarold Garfinkel's Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967) was published a little more than 50 years ago. Since then, there has been a substantial—although often subterranean—growth in ethnomethodological work and influence. Studies in and appreciation of ethnomethodological work continue to grow, but the breadth and penetration of his insights and inspiration for ongoing research have yet to secure their full measure of recognition. The first part of this chapter reviews the development of Garfinkel’s ethnomethodology, whose origins include both the theorizing of Parsonian sociology and the phenomenology of Alfred Schütz. The authors discuss ethnomethodology’s orientation to the trust conditions making for a stable society, the “documentary method of interpretation,” rules and rule usage, and phenomena of language use and accountability. The second part of the chapter describes ethnomethodology’s legacies—its contributions to such areas or subdisciplines as conversation analysis (CA) and membership categorization analysis (MCA), its distinctive forms of ethnographic inquiry, and its influences on a host of substantive domains. These domains include legal environments, science and technology, workplace and organizational inquiries, survey research, social problems and deviance, disability and atypical interaction, and others. Ethnomethodology especially helped to set the agenda for gender studies, while also developing insights for inquiries into racial and ethnic features of everyday life and experience. Still, there is much of what Garfinkel called “unfinished business,” which means that ethnomethodological inquiries are continuing to intensify and develop.
The Ethnomethodological Lineage of Conversation Analysis
Authors: Clayman Steven E. , Heritage John , Maynard Douglas W. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractConversation analysis is undoubtedly the most visible and conventionally successful of Garfinkel’s legacies. Yet the lineage is complex. This chapter traces it, first, by discussing Garfinkel’s initial interest, as revealed in an early (1948) dissertation proposal, in the domain of human interaction. He specifically addressed analytical problems related to the concision of speech (that it conveys much more than what is said), and the associated context-dependency of meaning, whereby linguistic expressions—later termed indexical expressions—gain their meaning by way of their context. Interaction and speech, in Garfinkel’s early work, were explicated using phenomenological resources, including the study of background expectancies, presuppositions accessed through breaching experiments and other demonstrations, and analysis of the documentary method of interpretation. Harvey Sacks’s approach was more direct, less theoretical, and habilitated the direct study of interaction through a selective engagement with key Garfinkelian stances and ideas. Sacks also drew from Erving Goffman concerning the interaction order, and from a variety of other scholars and works. The result was a focus on specimens of actual speech, coupled with methodological innovations related to membership categories as an aspect of common-sense knowledge, the sequential organization of talk, and increasingly sophisticated ways of working with collections of phenomena to delineate interactional activities and practices. This creative synthesis, and the conversation analytic discipline that emerged from it, was conditioned by Sacks’s own abiding interest in advancing a highly rigorous but thoroughly emic science of the “witnessable order” of human interaction.
Post-Exposure Processing
Authors: Dunaway Johanna , Searles Kathleen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We offer a framework and a model that illuminates how communication technology shapes media effects by first understanding how people are exposed to information, and, second, understanding how they process that information once exposed. The chapter emphasizes that exposure is necessary but insufficient for learning and thus, a more serious treatment of attention is needed. The physical and cognitive access framework underscores the difference between the opportunities mobile devices offer for physical access to information, and the ways that same device structures cognitive access to information. Notably, physical access can mitigate, but not eradicate, the costs associated with information seeking and processing, which are exacerbated by mobile device features. Mobile features make attention allocation, and thus learning, more costly. With this in mind, the post-exposure processing model sets forth parameters for understanding the effects of changes in communication technology. We apply the framework and model to mobile devices.
Attention to News on Mobile Devices
Authors: Sui Mingxiao , Paul Newly 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this chapter we test the post-exposure processing (PEP) model to better understand how the use of mobile devices for news consumption shapes attention to content. Using two laboratory experiments featuring eye tracking we find differences in duration of attention to news content between mobile and computer users, with computer users spending more time attending to news. We find the same patterns when we look at attention to news links. These results lend support to the PEP model and our broader argument that information seeking is more costly on mobile devices relative to computers and, thus, affects cognitive access to information on smartphones.
The ‘Force of Law’ Performed—The Institutional Politics of Legal Practice
Authors: Van Den Meerssche Dimitri 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Building on the analysis of how Shihata cultivated the ‘force of law’, Chapter 3 analyses how this authority was wielded during two important controversies that the institution faced in the 1990s: the turn to ‘governance’ reform in the beginning of that decade, and the call by states from the Global South to place the entire domain of global development under the control and supervision of ECOSOC. These controversies reflect enduring doctrinal and political problems in the law of international organizations: (i) the problem of ‘mission creep’ in relation to international interventionism, and (ii) the problem of inter-institutional discord between organizations that have different mandates and reflect different balances of political power. The chapter shows that during both episodes, the ‘rule of law’ ideal that Shihata cultivated performed a pivotal institutional role. While Shihata’s governance opinion is widely discussed in literature, this chapter provides a different account of the politics of law manifested here. Its original, relational and sociologically informed account of the ‘life of law’ during Shihata’s tenure as General Counsel shows how legal interventions constrained those in the institution with extensive reformist ambitions and comforted states from the Global South. At the same time, the liberal logic behind Shihata’s legal thinking served to justify projects of ‘economic’ reform and insulated the World Bank from alternative development approaches articulated at the United Nations. In tracing these effects, this chapter reveals the institutional role of law as a technology that provided closure to controversies, enrolled political representatives and constrained the institution’s expansionary drift.
‘A New Normative Architecture’—Risk, Resilience and Deformalization
Authors: Van Den Meerssche Dimitri 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 builds on the analysis of Leroy’s ‘paradigm shift’ and retraces the tenets of the ‘new normative architecture’ that she instilled in the Bank. It uses her legal framework on involvement in criminal justice to contextualize, reconstruct and assess the managerial technology of risk management that has become the central tool of legal practice. The chapter thereby provides a granular account of the professional ideals, bureaucratic templates, material tools and institutional agendas that shape the contemporary practice of international law within the World Bank. This analysis thereby also maps out how embracing risk management as a central mode of international lawyering introduced an infinite mandate for new operational practices and ambitions. This shift aligned with broader changes in the World Bank’s processes of development practice, governance reform and interventionism. The modernist ideals of causal planning that underpinned the grand narratives of liberal internationalism were traded for complex, iterative, adaptive and open-ended reform processes, attuned to uncertainty and contingency and oriented towards logics of risk and resilience. This risk-based governmentality discards linear, top-down models of socio-political change and dispenses with the liberal dichotomy between sovereignty and interventionism—a change that resonated in Leroy’s ‘new normative architecture’. The chapter concludes by showing how Leroy sought to play an ‘enabling’ role regarding this expansion and reorientation of the World Bank’s agenda. This shows how changes in the cultural technique and material fabric of international law became entangled with the development and justification of new rationalities and practices of reform.
What Is a University?
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Birkbeck was gradually assimilated within the University of London, a move that was fought for by the College’s students. It entailed major changes in the way courses were organized and the College managed. The College’s Master, George Armitage-Smith, launched a highly effective campaign to persuade the other colleges in the University of London (particularly its nearest rival, King’s College London) to admit Birkbeck. The Royal Commission on University Education recommended that Birkbeck become a ‘Constituent College in the Faculties of Arts and Science for evening students’ in 1913, but admission was delayed until after the First World War. However, Birkbeck had to abandon daytime teaching and cease teaching economics. Birkbeck became part of the University of London in 1920.
‘Man versus Rabbits’
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Animals have played a role in the history of the College. One of Birkbeck’s students—Charles Wesley Hume—created the University of London Animal Welfare Society, which sought to improve relationships between human and nonhuman animals. Unlike many other animal welfare organizations, it was less concerned with animal rights and more with animal welfare. The college was active in reforming the 1876 Cruelty to Animals Act, although there was considerable hostility amongst some scientists who employed animals in laboratory experiments. The use of animals in such experiments gradually ceased, in part due to shifts in scientific interests, the impact of legislation, and animal liberation activists. By 2000, animal experimentation had also fallen out of favour at Birkbeck. Although the Department of Psychology had been a hotbed for behaviourism—with its long history of studying nonhuman animals—this had been superseded by other intellectual approaches by the start of the twenty-first century; specifically, the neurosciences.
Worlds at War, 1939–1945
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
During the aftermath of the First World War, anti-war sentiment was prominent at Birkbeck. Famously, Cyril Edwin Mitchinson Joad, head of the Department of Philosophy and Psychology, was one of five speakers involved in the ‘King and Country’ debate in 1933 which ended in a vote that ‘this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and Country’. From 1939, Birkbeck students were conscripted into the military. Birkbeck was the only college that remained open throughout the war, despite bombing raids. Windows were bricked up and ‘baffle walls’ erected as a protection against blast. The College received direct hits from bombing raids, the worst of which took place on 11 May 1941, destroying the library. The chapter also explores some of the front-line experiences of former students. The war memorial erected to honour the dead was controversial.
Containing the Crisis
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The periods between the late 1970s and 1980s, then after 2008, were difficult years for university educationalists. They saw a sharp decline in student numbers, non-European students being charged ‘full-economic costs’, abolition of academic tenure, the introduction of RAE/REF, and declining government support. A reformed University Grants Committee decreed that a part-time student was equivalent to 0.5 of a full-time student. This immediately slashed $2.5 million from Birkbeck’s budget of $11 million. Staff and students fought for the survival of the College. It was restructured, including the incorporation of the Centre for Extra-Mural Studies. The Department of Classics was cut. In 2008, Birkbeck went through a further crisis. Without warning, the government introduced the Equivalent and Lower Qualification policy, which meant that students taking an equivalent or lower degree to the one they already possessed were no longer entitled to any financial support. Overnight, 30 per cent of Birkbeck’s funding for teaching disappeared. To survive, Birkbeck engaged in further restructuring.
Into the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
On 16 March 2020, Birkbeck closed its doors for only the second time in nearly 200 years. The last occasion was in September 1939 when war was declared on Germany. That decision was quickly reversed. In 2020, the cause was COVID-19. This chapter starts by exploring how staff and students coped. It then traces the broad shifts in the College and its personnel over 200 years. It looks at the rise of public engagement and uses of new media. It explores the challenges due to changes in the Universities’ Superannuation Scheme, the rapid rise in student fees, and the outsourcing of many jobs, especially the jobs of cleaners, night security, and catering staff. Birkbeck also had to respond to new threats of terrorism and Brexit. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the importance of education and Birkbeck’s unique mission.
Development
Authors: Ní Chaoimh Eadaoin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces the origin and development of the Legislative Priority Rule over several decades, outlining its evolution from a guideline, used mostly in the context of the Common Agricultural Policy, into a key element in the European Court of Justice’s toolbox to resolve disputes in the internal market for goods. Particular attention is paid to the judgment in Tedeschi v Denkavit, which sought to balance the pre-emptive effects of secondary legislation with the presumption that such legislation complied with primary law. Chapter 3 also examines the conditions to trigger the Legislative Priority Rule, which include establishing the regulatory scope and character of the secondary rule, and which highlight the Rule’s conditional effect and its respect for national regulatory competence. These elements feed into an understanding of the Legislative Priority Rule as facilitating a coherent, balanced and Treaty-compliant framework to assess the impact of secondary product rules.
Conclusion
Authors: Ní Chaoimh Eadaoin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Casting the internal product market as a cooperative federal arrangement, this final chapter briefly reviews the role played by the Legislative Priority Rule in supporting this shared legal sphere, as it offers a short summary of previous chapters. While regulatory disputes often arise in the presence of EU product rules, the European Court of Justice can rely on the Rule to resolve these disputes in a manner that ensures respectful coexistence between the Member States and EU, and between national, secondary, and primary law. Key to this equilibrium is the existence of effective regulatory capacity at EU level, which allows the EU legislator to express preferences and distribute power. As the Rule guides the Court in enforcing legislative choice, while respecting the Treaty, Member States can accept the principle of free movement, even if they sometimes disagree with its legal effects. What follows is a Treaty-compliant system to protect and promote the free movement of goods.
Objective Imperatives
Authors: Walker Ralph C. S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Kant sees the moral law as an objective imperative in its own right, inherently prescriptive and not dependent on anything or anyone else. This book argues in defence of his position. That has often been misunderstood, largely because of the obscurities in his presentation. The book seeks to clarify the account of the Categorical Imperative in the light of its standing as an objective imperative, exploring the centrality of ‘autonomy’ and the several ways in which feeling is essential to morality. He commits himself to a form of determinism that apparently leaves no place for an objective imperative to motivate anyone. He never provides a clear solution of this apparently fundamental objection to his position. The simplest way would be to reject his determinism. He never explicitly does that, but it turns out that the determinism to which he commits himself is not really complete. Though he never seems fully to recognize it, the transcendental idealism of his first Critique is actually incompatible with the thesis that every event has a cause. This is because his account of the spatio-temporal world is an anti-realist one, open-ended in that it leaves no place for ‘every event’: there is no such thing as ‘every event’. In addition, Kant’s whole position could have been made clearer if he had accepted our conception of a theory. He comes closer to that, however, as time goes on, recognizing that rationality warrants belief in the continuing order of the world and of a designer.
Writing oneself into history
Authors: Gheeraert-Graffeuille Claire 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the final quarter of the Memoirs covering the years 1660–1664 when, as she was stepping out of her own sphere to intervene in Restoration politics, Lucy Hutchinson’s role changed from witness to actor—a highly prized role among early modern memoir-writers. By exploring the connections between Lucy Hutchinson, as agent in history, and Lucy Hutchinson, as the author of the Memoirs, this chapter looks at the ways in which, despite patriarchal prohibitions, she writes herself into history to come to grips with her past. In this autobiographical portion of the Memoirs, Lucy Hutchinson’s search for personal intelligibility proves to be inseparable from her vindication of the Colonel. Simultaneously, her profession of truth becomes more problematic as she ostensibly tinkers with history and memory.
Metrical Claims and Poetic Experience
Authors: Eldridge Hannah Vandegrift 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis project contributes to the fields of lyric poetry and poetics (especially poetic form), aesthetics, and German literature by intervening in debates on the social functions, cognitive and emotional effects, and value of poetry. It builds on and moves beyond previous theories of rhythm to tie meter more particularly to the specificities of poetic language in blending of embodied responses, cultural situations, and linguistic particularities. The project examines the German-language tradition across three centuries, arguing that the interdisciplinarity and richness of metrical theory and practice emerge in the heterogeneity of poetry and its defenders in their specific historical moments. Focusing on Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Durs Grünbein, the book contextualizes each in the metrical and aesthetic debates of his epoch, showing how questions of meter are linked with overarching poetic goals such as the relationship between form and meaning, the adaptation of the Classical past for German literature, and the ways poetry’s sounds work in the body. It argues that Klopstock’s, Nietzsche’s, and Grünbein’s metrical theory and practice offer valuable insights for thinking about the ways poetry works and why it matters.
Introduction
Authors: Eldridge Hannah Vandegrift 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe introduction uses Mark Twain’s 1876 “A Literary Nightmare” to introduce the questions that drive the book: How does meter affect the mind and the body? How does it relate to meaning? How is it transmitted? For whom and in what forms is it effective? It then shows the differences and overlaps between meter and rhythm in poetry, including tracing commonalities and disagreements with other main approaches to thinking about meter and rhythm. It considers the risks inherent in linking cultural achievements—here, poetic language—with bodily effects or characteristics, and argues that meter can in fact disrupt the idea that claims of bodily effectiveness commit poets or theorists to an essentialist view that equates language with culture with physiology.
Dangers of discretion: Empirical evidence of inconsistency
Authors: Harris Lyndon 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 considers the empirical evidence of inconsistency in sentencing practices from around the world and, by consequence, the dangers of affording sentencing courts with discretion. Common law jurisdictions afford sentencing judges with a degree of discretion to reflect the importance of individualization and the adage that no two cases are the same. The empirical evidence, however, reveals that the cost of individualization is manifest inconsistency. This is seen by geographical region, race, gender, and the individual penological philosophy of the sentencer. This chapter considers various quantitative and qualitative studies, critically examining the findings, culminating in the identification of a clear and consistent conclusion that there is widespread inconsistency present in discretionary sentencing decisions around the world. If, as contended for in Chapter 2, consistency is a vital concept in a fair sentencing system, then the empirical research provides a strong grounding from which to make a case for strong measures to address this inconsistency.