bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What’s in a name?
Authors: Buscemi Martina 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This review essay discusses Lorenzo Gasbarri’s book which purports to examine an “existential” issue – the concept of an International Organization – with a theoretical approach that makes use of tools of analysis pertaining not only to the field of international law, but also to legal philosophy. After a cursory overview of existing legal research on the subject, the essay dwells on the author’s thesis – namely, the dual nature of International Organizations, based on the dual legal character of their legal systems – and highlights merits and possible drawbacks underlying the attempt to conceptualize International Organizations.
Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal how girdling promotes leaf color expression in Acer rubrum L
Authors: Yangyang Yan , Qin Liu , Kun Yan , Xiaoyi Wang , Pei Xu 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Acer rubrum L. (red maple) is a popular tree with attractive colored leaves, strong physiological adaptability, and a high ornamental value. Changes in leaf color can be an adaptive response to changes in environmental factors, and also a stress response to external disturbances. In this study, we evaluated the effect of girdling on the color expression of A. rubrum leaves. We studied the phenotypic characteristics, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and the transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of leaves on girdled and non-girdled branches of A. rubrum.

Results
Phenotypic studies showed that girdling resulted in earlier formation of red leaves, and a more intense red color in the leaves. Compared with the control branches, the girdled branches produced leaves with significantly different color parameters a*. Physiological and biochemical studies showed that girdling of branches resulted in uneven accumulation of chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and other pigments in leaves above the band. In the transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, 28,432 unigenes including 1095 up-regulated genes and 708 down-regulated genes were identified, and the differentially expressed genes were mapped to various KEGG (kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) pathways. Six genes encoding key transcription factors related to anthocyanin metabolism were among differentially expressed genes between leaves on girdled and non-girdled branches.

Conclusions
Girdling significantly affected the growth and photosynthesis of red maple, and affected the metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and carbon metabolisms in the leaves. This resulted in pigment accumulation in the leaves above the girdling site, leading to marked red color expression in those leaves. A transcriptome analysis revealed six genes encoding anthocyanin-related transcription factors that were up-regulated in the leaves above the girdling site. These transcription factors are known to be involved in the regulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis. These results suggest that leaf reddening is a complex environmental adaptation strategy to maintain normal metabolism in response to environmental changes. Overall, the results of these comprehensive phenotype, physiological, biochemical, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses provide a deeper and more reliable understanding of the coevolution of red maple leaves in response to environmental changes.
Narrative review on century of respiratory pandemics from Spanish flu to COVID-19 and impact of nanotechnology on COVID-19 diagnosis and immune system boosting
Authors: Elkhatib Walid F. , Abdelkareem Shereen S. , Khalaf Wafaa S. , Shahin Mona I. , Elfadil Dounia , Alhazmi Alaa , El-Batal Ahmed I. , El-Sayyad Gharieb S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe rise of the highly lethal severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-2) as corona virus 2019 (COVID-19) reminded us of the history of other pandemics that happened in the last century (Spanish flu) and stayed in the current century, which include Severe-Acute-Respiratory-Syndrome (SARS), Middle-East-Respiratory-Syndrome (MERS), Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19). We review in this report the newest findings and data on the origin of pandemic respiratory viral diseases, reservoirs, and transmission modes. We analyzed viral adaption needed for host switch and determinants of pathogenicity, causative factors of pandemic viruses, and symptoms and clinical manifestations. After that, we concluded the host factors associated with pandemics morbidity and mortality (immune responses and immunopathology, ages, and effect of pandemics on pregnancy). Additionally, we focused on the burdens of COVID-19, non-pharmaceutical interventions (quarantine, mass gatherings, facemasks, and hygiene), and medical interventions (antiviral therapies and vaccines). Finally, we investigated the nanotechnology between COVID-19 analysis and immune system boosting (Nanoparticles (NPs), antimicrobial NPs as antivirals and immune cytokines). This review presents insights about using nanomaterials to treat COVID-19, improve the bioavailability of the abused drugs, diminish their toxicity, and improve their performance.Graphical Abstract
Epidemiology of dengue in SAARC territory: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Shrestha Dhan Bahadur , Budhathoki Pravash , Gurung Bipana , Subedi Subash , Aryal Shishir , Basukala Anisha , Aryal Barun , Adhikari Anurag , Poudel Ayusha , Yadav Gopal Kumar , Khoury Mtanis , Rayamajhee Binod , Shrestha Lok Bahadur 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundDengue is one of the common arboviral infections and is a public health problem in South East Asia. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of dengue in SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) countries.MethodsThe PubMed, PubMed Central, Embase and Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies. Statistical analysis on data extracted from the selected studied was conducted using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (CMA) version 3 software package. Proportions were used to estimate the outcome with a 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsAcross all studies, among cases of suspected dengue, 30.7% were confirmed dengue cases (proportion: 0.307, 95% CI: 0.277–0.339). The seroprevalence of dengue immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgM or both (IgM and IgG) antibodies and dengue NS1 antigen was 34.6, 34.2, 29.0 and 24.1%, respectively. Among the different strains of dengue, dengue virus (DENV) strains DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 accounted for 21.8, 41.2, 14.7 and 6.3% of cases, respectively. The prevalence of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome was 80.5, 18.2 and 1.5%, respectively. Fever was a commonly reported symptom, and thrombocytopenia was present in 44.7% of cases. Mortality was reported in 1.9% of dengue cases.ConclusionsDengue is a common health problem in South East Asia with high seroprevalence. DENV-2 was found to be the most common strain causing infection, and most dengue cases were dengue fever. In addition, thrombocytopenia was reported in almost half of the dengue cases.Graphical Abstract
Lumbar spine MRI findings in asymptomatic elite male academy footballers: a case series
Authors: Carmody Sean , Rajeswaran Gajan , Mitchell Adam , Kryger Katrine Okholm , Ahmad Imtiaz , Gill Munraj , Rushton Alison 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Understanding common MRI findings may allow clinicians to appreciate the sport-specific effects on the lumbar spine, and to discern clinically significant pathology. Prevalence data regarding radiological abnormalities seen during the surveillance of asymptomatic elite footballers is, therefore, important to help understand injury mechanisms and to prevent associated injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in the lumbar spines of asymptomatic elite male adolescent footballers.

Methods
A prospective case-series study was carried out. MRI was performed using a 3T Siemens Prisma scanner including a 3D VIBE sequence in 18 asymptomatic male elite adolescent footballers recruited from a professional academy in England (mean age 17.8, range 16.9–18.6 years). The images were independently reported by two consultant musculoskeletal radiologists to achieve consensus opinion. Standardised classification criteria were used to assess and report abnormalities descriptively.

Results
Fifteen players (15/18, 83%) showed ≥1 abnormalities, included facet degeneration, synovial cysts, disc degeneration, disc herniation, and pars injury. One player (1/18, 6%) had mild (Grade 1) facet joint arthropathy at L4/L5 and 3/18 (16.7%) showing evidence of bilateral facet joint effusions. Three synovial cysts were identified in 2/18 players (11%), 4/18 players (22%) presented asymptomatic pars injuries, with 4 showing a grade 2 subtotal stress fracture and 1 player a grade 4 chronic stress fracture seen on 3D VIBE sequencing. Disc degeneration at one or more levels was demonstrated in 7/18 players (38%). Disc herniation was present in 5/18 players (27%).

Conclusion
A range of unsuspected findings on MRI of the lumbar spine are common in elite adolescent footballers.
Plastic leachates impair picophytoplankton and dramatically reshape the marine microbiome
Authors: Focardi Amaranta , Moore Lisa R. , Raina Jean-Baptiste , Seymour Justin R. , Paulsen Ian T. , Tetu Sasha G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Each year, approximately 9.5 million metric tons of plastic waste enter the ocean with the potential to adversely impact all trophic levels. Until now, our understanding of the impact of plastic pollution on marine microorganisms has been largely restricted to the microbial assemblages that colonize plastic particles. However, plastic debris also leaches considerable amounts of chemical additives into the water, and this has the potential to impact key groups of planktonic marine microbes, not just those organisms attached to plastic surfaces.

Results
To investigate this, we explored the population and genetic level responses of a marine microbial community following exposure to leachate from a common plastic (polyvinyl chloride) or zinc, a specific plastic additive. Both the full mix of substances leached from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and zinc alone had profound impacts on the taxonomic and functional diversity of our natural planktonic community. Microbial primary producers, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, which comprise the base of the marine food web, were strongly impaired by exposure to plastic leachates, showing significant declines in photosynthetic efficiency, diversity, and abundance. Key heterotrophic taxa, such as SAR11, which are the most abundant planktonic organisms in the ocean, also exhibited significant declines in relative abundance when exposed to higher levels of PVC leachate. In contrast, many copiotrophic bacteria, including members of the Alteromonadales, dramatically increased in relative abundance under both exposure treatments. Moreover, functional gene and genome analyses, derived from metagenomes, revealed that PVC leachate exposure selects for fast-adapting, motile organisms, along with enrichment in genes usually associated with pathogenicity and an increased capacity to metabolize organic compounds leached from PVC.

Conclusions
This study shows that substances leached from plastics can restructure marine microbial communities with the potential for significant impacts on trophodynamics and biogeochemical cycling. These findings substantially expand our understanding of the ways by which plastic pollution impact life in our oceans, knowledge which is particularly important given that the burden of plastic pollution in the marine environment is predicted to continue to rise.
Cost-effective surgical management of liver disease in an university hospital: A retrospective study
Authors: Tseka Ioanna , Chrisofos Michael , Kontis Elissaios , Triantafyllou Christos , Kokoropoulos Panagiotis , Arkadopoulos Nikolaos 
Published: October 2022

Background: Hepatobiliary surgery is a high-end surgery comprising of complex operations associated with high economic burden to a healthcare system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a hepatobiliary surgery highly standardized operative protocol, that minimizes intraoperative and postoperative costs, implemented by the same surgical team, in a Greek university hospital for a five-year period (2012-2016).
Method and Material: The digital medical records of all patients undergoing liver resection at a tertiary university hospital from January 2012 to December 2016 by a single surgical team were retrospectively reviewed. The financial cost of the patients’ treatment was calculated in collaboration with the hospital’s logistics department, and it involved all preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative expenses from admission to discharge, excluding physician fees and salary cost of the hospital’s nurses.
Results: In this study, 127 patients underwent hepatectomy. The patient’s health status was improved after the surgery in most of the cases (121, 95.2%). The mean Length of Stay (LOS) was 13.4 (SD±17.3) days. The mean total hospitalization cost was 4,729 (SD ± 5,486) euros (€), while the cost of surgery, the higher mean cost was noted in 2013 (925, SD±974.64 €) and the lower in 2015 (142, SD±219 €).
Conclusions: This protocol allows the performance of hepatectomies with a significantly decreased cost without compromising patient outcomes.
Engineering indel and substitution variants of diverse and ancient enzymes using Graphical Representation of Ancestral Sequence Predictions (GRASP)
Authors: Foley Gabriel , Mora Ariane , Ross Connie M. , Bottoms Scott , Sützl Leander , Lamprecht Marnie L. , Zaugg Julian , Essebier Alexandra , Balderson Brad , Newell Rhys , Thomson Raine E. S. , Kobe Bostjan , Barnard Ross T. , Guddat Luke , Schenk Gerhard , Carsten Jörg , Gumulya Yosephine , Rost Burkhard , Haltrich Dietmar , Sieber Volker , Gillam Elizabeth M. J. , Bodén Mikael 
Published: October 2022

Ancestral sequence reconstruction is a technique that is gaining widespread use in molecular evolution studies and protein engineering. Accurate reconstruction requires the ability to handle appropriately large numbers of sequences, as well as insertion and deletion (indel) events, but available approaches exhibit limitations. To address these limitations, we developed Graphical Representation of Ancestral Sequence Predictions (GRASP), which efficiently implements maximum likelihood methods to enable the inference of ancestors of families with more than 10,000 members. GRASP implements partial order graphs (POGs) to represent and infer insertion and deletion events across ancestors, enabling the identification of building blocks for protein engineering.
To validate the capacity to engineer novel proteins from realistic data, we predicted ancestor sequences across three distinct enzyme families: glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductases, cytochromes P450, and dihydroxy/sugar acid dehydratases (DHAD). All tested ancestors demonstrated enzymatic activity. Our study demonstrates the ability of GRASP (1) to support large data sets over 10,000 sequences and (2) to employ insertions and deletions to identify building blocks for engineering biologically active ancestors, by exploring variation over evolutionary time.
Evaluation of dry eye symptoms and risk factors among medical students in Serbia
Authors: Aćimović Luna , Stanojlović Svetlana , Kalezić Tanja , Dačić Krnjaja Bojana 
Published: October 2022

Background
Dry eye is a multifactorial disease defined less than 30 years ago. It is a relatively common disorder, affected by a number of well-known risk factors. Dry eye can be challenging to diagnose because of the possible discrepancy between patients’ symptoms and clinical signs, and its overlap with other ocular surface diseases. Literature-wise, dry eye is usually associated with age and therefore investigated within older populations. Recently, studies focusing on young adult and student populations have demonstrated a higher prevalence of dry eye than previously expected.

Aim
The study aims to determine the frequency of dry eye symptoms in the student population, and the impact of students’ activities and habits as potential risk factors.

Methodology
Our study involved 397 students from the medical school at the University of Belgrade, Serbia. Students were asked to complete an online survey that addressed general information, health, habits, and routine in everyday use of electronic devices. In addition, students completed a standard Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire.

Results
The prevalence of dry eye was 60.5% (240/397) in our study population. Contact lens wear (p<0.001), allergies (p = 0.049) and increased number of hours per day using VD devices for studying purposes (p = 0.014) were associtated with a higher risk of dry eye disease. Risk factors that did not significantly impact dry eye were the use of oral contraceptives, smoking, systemic diseases, year of study and sex.

Conclusion
In our study, the prevalence of dry eye disease was similar or slightly higher than in previous studies among young adults. In addition, contact lenses, allergies and visual display devices were associated with the development of the dry eye.
Development of a preoperative questionnaire to improve satisfaction with hallux valgus repair: A Delphi study
Authors: Blouin Cédric , Genet François , Denormandie Philippe , Graff Wilfrid , Perrier Antoine 
Published: October 2022

Background
Satisfaction with hallux valgus repair is often poor, despite good surgical outcomes. Many tools have been developed to assess the outcome of the procedure; however none evaluate the association between the initial motive for repair and the reasons for post-surgical dissatisfaction. The aim of this study was to develop a new tool to analyse the subjective and objective expectations of individuals during a pre-operative consultation for hallux valgus repair in order to improve post-surgical satisfaction.

Methods
We first collected the reasons for dissatisfaction with repair from the medical files of dissatisfied individuals. Then, a steering committee of 4 French experts in the management of hallux valgus designed a questionnaire based on the reasons for dissatisfaction. We then used the DELPHI method to validate the questionnaire: we submitted the questionnaire to a panel of 34 francophone experts in hallux valgus repair for rating in 4 rounds.

Results
The medical files of 853 individuals were reviewed and a 52-item questionnaire relating to expectations from hallux valgus surgery was drafted. After the 4 rounds, a final 44 item questionnaire reached consensus. Thirteen items related to clinical and psychological profile, 5 to pain, 9 to physical activity, 4 to aesthetics and 13 to footwear.

Conclusion
This tool should facilitate gathering of individuals’ expectations from hallux valgus repair to ensure realistic goals and reduce post-surgical dissatisfaction.
Public Danger and Expediency in Relation to Criminalization of Acts with Signs of Administrative Prejudice: Analysis of Theory and Law Enforcement
Authors: Karavaeva Yulia 
Published: October 2022

Designed to normatively distinguish crime from non-crime, criminal legislation has regained administrative prejudice to the current criminal law. The number of relevant norms in the Special part of the Criminal Law has been increasing, which keeps up the interest of scientific community for this institution. Notably, both the substance of norms with administrative prejudice and incidental problems of legal and technical order become topics for discussion. Without exaggeration, one of the most complicated problems is finding the grounds for criminalization of certain acts, since the researcher faces the need to explain the mechanism triggering the quality of public danger in an act similar to the previously committed, but lacking this quality. Generally speaking, there objectively exist qualities that allow us distinguish criminal behavior from non-criminal. The analysis of the sources permits identifying two points of view that have developed among the supporters of administrative prejudice in the criminal law, both views associate the emergence of public danger with a cumulative effect, which manifests itself either in the cumulative harm of widespread acts, or in the personal qualities of the liable person, prone to illegal behavior.Besides, we propose the idea of criminalization of certain acts with signs of administrative prejudice for reasons of expediency, in support of which we provide data on the law enforcement activities of the courts. Analysis of judicial practice and official statistics allows us to conclude that at the level of practical activity, the relationship between public danger and expediency as grounds for criminalization of the acts in question and the effectiveness of the norm is clearly manifested: the norms that appeared for reasons of expediency belong to the "dead". As for the assessment of the public danger of the acts discussed, the courts do not always share the approach of the legislator, although in general there is actually a differentiation of administrative and criminal responsibility.
Patients Knowledge and Perception about Orthodontic Extraction of Sound Permanent Teeth
Authors: Faisal Arshad  , Jasbinder Kumar  , Parveen Akhtar Lone  , Sudha Bijyal  
Published: October 2022

BACKGROUND
There are many beliefs & misconceptions of patients associated with the orthodontic extraction of sound teeth. The decision to extract creates a cycle of doubts in the patients' minds. So, the purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and perception of patients undergoing extractions of sound permanent teeth for orthodontic reasons in a dental teaching institute.
METHODS
This prospective study involved patients who were advised and indicated for orthodontic extraction of sound permanent teeth. A questionnaire which was content, and face validated was used to measure the patients’ responses, which included questions about the knowledge and perception of patients regarding the extraction of sound permanent teeth for orthodontic reason. The returned questionnaires were analysed, and responses were tabulated and subjected to various statistical tests.
RESULTS
The overall level of knowledge was 38.18 % above average and the level of perception was 45.45 % above average. There was no statistically significant association between age groups with the level of knowledge (P=0.4980). Percentagewise: higher the age group, the higher the knowledge. While there was a statistically significant association (P=0.0490) between age groups with the level of perception. Percentagewise in ≤19 yrs. it was 38.10 % as compared to 69.23 % in ≥20 yrs. age who had an above average level of perception. A statistically significant association between the ANOVA test (F=8.0794, P=0.0009) and Tukey's post hoc test was seen between education level with mean perception level. Subjects with a higher degree had above-average perception levels followed by secondary and higher secondary education levels. Knowledge level was significantly higher in subjects residing in an urban area as compared to rural area (t=-2.9097, P=0.0053), percentage wise also urban area had more level of mean knowledge (53.33 %) as compared to rural area (20 %).
CONCLUSIONS
The overall level of knowledge and perception in patients reporting for orthodontic extraction of sound teeth was less. The study concluded the need for more awareness about the orthodontic extraction of sound teeth which can lead to more satisfaction and less anxiety, especially in lower age groups and rural populations.
On the Schur multiplier of finite 𝑝-groups of maximal class
Authors: Joshi Renu , Sarkar Siddhartha 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this article, we prove that the Schur multiplier of a finite 𝑝-group of maximal class of orderpnp^{n}(4≤n≤p+14\leq n\leq p+1) is elementary abelian. The casen=p+1n=p+1settles a question raised by Primož Moravec in an earlier article.