bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of mono-diacylglycerols, cellulose nanocrystals, polypropylene, and supporting materials as raw materials for synthesis of antistatic bionanocomposites
Authors: Sarfat Muhammad Syukur , Setyaningsih Dwi , Fahma Farah , Indrasti Nastiti Siswi , Sudirman  
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The antistatic bionanocomposites could be synthesised using mono-diacylglycerols (M-DAG) as a antistatic agent, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as a reinforcement, and polypropylene (PP) as an termoplastic matrix. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical characteristics of the raw materials for the synthesis of antistatic bionanocomposites. Characteristics of the raw materials consists of morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), degree of crystallinity and particle size analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectrum analysis using fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermal properties analysis using differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and chemical characteristics analysis using Gas Chromatography – Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The results of this research shows that the morphology analysis shows the particle distribution of M-DAG is uniform and not separated from each other, while the particle distribution of CNC is not uniform and separated from each other. The XRD diffractogram of M-DAG shows that the peaks at 19,508°, 20,401°, 22,607°, and 23,973° representing the diffraction structure of glycerol monostearate, particle sizes ranging between 0.1050 to 1.7814 nm with an average was 1.0460 nm, 92.85 % degree of crystallinity, and 7.15 % amorphous components. The XRD diffractogram of CNC shows that the peaks at 5.8530° and 22.58° representing the diffraction structure of cellulose I, particle sizes ranging between 4.7364 to 79.0949 nm with an average was 41.9157 nm, 98.95 % degree of crystallinity, and 1.05 % amorphous components. The FT-IR spectrum of M-DAG shows that the most significant changes in spectrum were in the region between 3500 cm-1 to 2800 cm-1 and 1850 cm-1 to 1650 cm-1. The FT-IR spectrum of CNC shows that the most significant changes in spectrum were in the region between 3700 cm-1 to 2500 cm-1, 1700 cm-1 to 1550 cm-1, and 900 cm-1 to 800 cm-1. The thermal properties of M-DAG, CNC, and PP shows that the melting temperature (Tm) were 48.41 – 72.78, 241.65 – 323.74, 163 °C respectively. The chemical characteristics of M-DAG obtained 33.86 % MAG, 27.99 % DAG, 2.01 % TAG, 2.85 % FFA, 3.37 % water, and 0.15 ash. The supporting materials consists of maleic anhydrate polypropylene (MAPP), antioxidant (AO), dan mineral oil (MO) were also identified.
Intermittent drying of dragon blood’s resin
Authors: Yuniarti K , Efiyanti L , Basri E , Pasaribu G , Waluyo TK 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDragon blood’s resin is one of herbal commodities from Indonesia’s forest, mainly obtained from the rattan fruits called Jernang (Daemonoropssp). The effectiveness of its simplicia as medical material is affected by, one of which, the processing stages it exposes to, i.e. the drying techniques being applied. Intermittent drying is a drying technique combining heating phase at certain temperature and period with non-heating phase at ambient temperature and certain period. The cycle was alternated until the samples being dried reach the final target condition. This study particularly investigated the effect of implementing different intermittent drying conditions on the drying rate and quality of dragon’s blood resin. Three heating temperatures, 60°C, 55°C and 55/60°C, and 2 non-heating periods, 15 and 30 mins, were applied. A 1-hour heating phase was applied and alternated regularly with the non-heating period. c. Further statistical analysis confirmed that the heating temperature levels and non-heating periods, as well as their interaction, significantly affected several quality parameters of dragon blood’s resin (dracorhodin, final moisture, ash and impurity levels). Intermittent drying with heating phase at 60°C and 15-mins non-heating period is potential for further application.
Processing of primary sludge of pulp industry as microfillers for polystyrene-based composite foams
Authors: Hidayani Tengku Rachmi , Wirjosentono Basuki , Nasution Darwin Yunus , Nasution Diana Adnanda 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Primary sludge as main byproduct wastes in a pulping industry still contain some biomass and potentially affects the environment when was not handled properly. The pulp industry primary sludge (PIPS) can be processed as microfiller for polystyrene-based foam composites for various engineering applications, such as sound and vibration damping materials. The PIPS has been dried, milled and shieved to 100-400 mesh particle sizes. Physical and chemical properties of the PIPS have been tested using: particle size analysis (PSA), FTIR spectroscopy, then its thermal properties using differential scanning calorymetry (DSC). Incorporation of the PIPS microfiller in maleic anhydride-modified polystyrene (MA-m-PS) matrices for composite foam was carried out in a reflux reactor in xylene solution using Tween 80 as surfactant under stirring. The composite foam was characterized, firstly based on their densities compared to that of fresh PS resin, then using electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology properties. It was found that mean particle size of the dried and milled PIPS powder was 14.84 μm and its biomass content was 10.5%. Result of FTIR spectroscopy showed that many of the selected characteristic bands of lignocelluloses overlap, specifically, the selected band 1366 cm-1 for cellulose is very close to the 1368 cm-1 selected for hemicellulose. Whereas result of and its decomposition temperature 549.86°C with heat of combustion 16.34 cal/g, which indicating suitability of the PIPS powder as filler for polymeric foam microcomposites. The result of morphology analysis of the PIPS-filled microcomposites foam based on MA-m-PS (optimum weight ratio of MA-m-PS/PIPS: 80/20, density 0.88 g/cm3), using SEM showed that PIPS microfillers were well distributed within the MA-m-PS matrices.
Utilization of Grassy Biomass Grown in Heavy-Metal Contaminated Soil as Feedstock for Bioenergy Production - An LCA Study
Authors: Lynch M.N. , Satrio J A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Biomass is the only renewable source of carbon that, when utilized efficiently and optimally, can significantly help to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. Certain types of perennial grasses, such as switchgrass, have great potential to be used as bio-renewable feedstock to produce bioenergy due to their relatively high yields of biomass per acreage of land. Furthermore, these grasses have the capability of extracting heavy metals from the contaminated soil, which in turn can improve the quality of the soil. A biorefinery process system consisting of two hydrolysis steps and a fast pyrolysis step to produce sugars and bio-oil using switchgrass grown in lead contaminated soil was studied. The study showed that the presence of lead in the grassy feedstock did not seem to affect the yields of sugars and bio-oil from the hydrolysis and the fast pyrolysis steps, respectively. An LCA study on growing switchgrass for soil phytoremediation using the switchgrass as feedstock for the biorefinery system was performed. Results from the study showed that the combination of using switchgrass as soil phytoremediation agent and feedstock for producing energy in a biorefinery decreases GHG emissions and lowers the use of energy produced from fossil fuels when compared with a combination of a refinery system and ex-situ excavation for soil remediation.
Description of maize check genotypes stability for selection on tidal swamp-land for grain production
Authors: Suwarti  , Ghulamahdi Munif , Trikoesoemaningtyas  , Sopandi Didy , Sulistyono Eko , Azrai Muhammad 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Determination of check genotypes for maize biomass and grain production on the tidal swamp acid soil environment was randomly picked among the genotypes, regarding of the lack information about check genotypes characteristics on tidal swampland. This study aimed to analyze maize check genotype characteristics on a tidal swamp. Five check genotypes (open-pollinated variety=Sukmaraga, hybrid variety=P27, elite lines=NEI9008, elite lines=MR14, three-way cross hybrid=Bima20URI) was planted among 150 maize lines, tested on tidal swampland in three environment treatment (saturated soil culture/SSC, saturated soil culture+temporary flooding/SSC+TF, and acid dry land/DL). Augmented Randomized Complete Block Design (Augmented RCBD) with five replications was used for this experiment. Data were analyzed using PBSTAT-CL 2.1 statistic tool. The result showed that SSC was the most suitable land management technique for maize plant crops in tidal swamp acid soil. Bima20URI grain biomass production was high in SSC land management of tidal swamp environment. Meanwhile, P27 hybrid variety was ideal for all treatments and adaptable to stressed environment. Sukmaraga was unstable genotype on the and declined on SSC+TF but suitable for SSC. NEI9008 genotypes have high productivity in stressed environments, and MR14 line genotype has stable grain production in every treatment environment yet has lower grain productivity.
The Influence of Gasoline-Bioethanol Blends on Lubrication Characteristic of 4T Motorcycle Engine Oil
Authors: Hanifuddin M. , Malik Rizkia , Fibria Milda , Respatiningsih Catur Y , Karina Rona Malam , Widodo Setyo , Purnami Tri , Anggarani Riesta , Maymuchar  , Wibowo Cahyo Setyo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Bioethanol produced from renewable resources can be the substitute of gasoline or blended with it, gives better exhaust emissions, and has oxygen content to boost combustion. The combustion chamber liner of motorcycles’ engine need tobe lubricated with lubricants of engine oil characteristics. The unburned fuel from gasoline-bioethanol blends have a tendency to enter the oil sump. The increasing amount of bioethanol content accumulated within the oil may degrade the quality the engine oil. The aims of this study are to identify and to analyze the influence of gasoline-bioethanol blends accumulation on the characteristic of engine oils. The methodology applied in this study were adding gasoline-bioethanol blends (E40, E50, E60) into 3 types of commercial four-strokes motorcycle engine oils (SAE 5W-30, SAE 10W-40, SAE 20W-50) and analysing the effects of these addition to the engine oils characteristics by comparing the properties of each mixtures of fuel-lube blends. The engine oil properties choosed to be the studied parameters are density (ASTM D4052), kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445), flash point (ASTM D92) and four ball wear test (ASTM D 4172). The result gained from this study showed that the bioethanol content as fuel diluent resulted from unburned bioethanol decrease the quality of engine oils.
The effect of drying process of cellulose nanofiber from oil palm empty fruit bunches on morphology
Authors: Burhani Dian , Septevani Athanasia Amanda , Setiawan Ruby , Djannah Luthfia Miftahul , Muhammad Andrew Putra Pratama 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
One major manufacturing challenge in nanocellulose production is getting the dry form of nanocellulose while maintaining its nano-size dimensions. Different drying techniques will produce nanocellulose with different sizes and morphologies. Each has its own specific application. This study performed three methods to dry nanocellulose suspension, specifically cellulose nanofiber, including freeze-drying, spray-drying, and oven drying. The morphology and particle size of the dried CNF were analyzed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE SEM). Sponge-like material, also known as aerogel with low density (0.01 – 0.02 g/cm3) and high porosity (98%), was obtained via freeze-drying. Meanwhile, finely grounded solidly in a spherical and irregular form has resulted from the spray drying process of CNF, with an average diameter of less than 2 μm. Oven-dried CNF formed rigid thin film with a rough surface. However, the FE-SEM micrograph indicated that the nanoscale dimension of the oven-dried CNF has no longer existed. Therefore, oven-drying is not suggested as a drying method for nanocellulose.
Optimization of Calophyllum oil extraction and its application for biogasoline
Authors: Kartika I A , Sumbogo S D , Fataya I , Trisunaryanti W , Hartati  , Sailah I 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The utilization of a binary solvent, i.e. n-hexane-methanol mixture, for Calophyllum oil extraction and resin separation in a direct stage was optimized in this research. Optimum oil yield and separated resin percentage were determined using response surface method with optimizing of extraction time, temperature and stirring speed. Biogasoline production was conducted using thermal cracking at 475-575 °C of oil obtained from optimum extraction condition. The oil yield was optimized using second order polynomial model. Extraction time affected oil yield more significantly than temperature and stirring speed. Oil yield improved when extraction time, temperature and stirring speed augmented, and the optimum oil yield (59%) was predicted to be reached at 5.3 h, 49 °C and 385 rpm. Besides, the separated resin percentage was predicted to be constant (20%) with increasing extraction time, temperature and stirring speed so there was no optimum separated resin percentage. The oil obtained from optimum extraction condition showed good quality at 0.91 g/cm3 of density, 45.13 mPa.s of viscosity, 26.4 mg KOH/g of acid value, trace water and sediment content, and zero ash content. The thermal cracking of oil produced 5-79 wt.% liquid product (biogasoline). Biogasoline yield improved as temperature increased from 475 to 575 °C, and so the highest biogasoline yield (79 wt.%) was obtained at 575 °C. The GC-MS analysis result of liquid product showed that the biogasoline was composed of C5-C12 fraction (32.2 wt.%), C16-C19 fraction (36.8 wt.%), and non-hydrocarbon fraction (9.4 wt.%).
Valorization of corncob through torrefaction process
Authors: Suharyatun Siti , Farisi Muhammad Nauval , Rahmawati Winda , Haryanto Agus 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Corncobs is a waste of post-harvest corn processing that has great potential to be used as a source of renewable solid fuel. Its high moisture and volatile solids content produces a lot of smoke when corncob is burned, so it is rarely used as fuel. This study aims to improve the quality of corncob fuel through the torrefaction process. The corncob was naturally dried using sunrays for two days and cut into pieces of 1-3 cm in size. The torrefaction process was carried out using a cylindrical rotary reactor which operated at a speed of 30 RPM and was heated using an external heat source. The variations of torrefaction time were 30, 40, and 60 minutes. The parameters to be observed included moisture content, ash content, volatile content, calorific value, and hydrophobicity of materials. The results showed that the torrefaction process improved the quality of corncobs as seen from an increase in calorific value, an increase in hydrophobicity. In this study, the calorific value of the torrefied corncobs was 18.89 MJ/kg to 21.61 MJ/kg, which was higher than the caloric value of the non-torrefied corncobs of 17.66 MJ/kg. The torrefied corncobs are also more hydrophobic and absorb less water than the non-torrefied corncobs.
Vitamin and mineral content of microalgae Phorpyridium and Chlorella and development prospects for food raw materials in Indonesia
Authors: Fithriani D , Melanie S 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Porphyridium cruentum is a product of the division of the genus Rhodophyta. It is a single cell that lives or colonizes freely in mucillago. The cells continuously secrete mucillago compounds, forming a capsule that envelops the cells. Mucillago is a sulfate polysaccharide that is soluble in water [1]. Microalgae Chlorella sp. are marine algae that can grow on fresh water and sea water media. This type of algae has a green pigment included in it class Chlorophyceae of the Chlorellaceae family. The goal of this study was to find out how much vitamin and mineral content there was in Phorpyridium and Chlorella cultivated on Conway media. The findings demonstrate that Phorpyridium has a higher vitamin E content than vitamins B1, B2, and B6. ie. 2,4 mg/100 g. Mineral analysis showed that Phorpyridium contained K minerals (45,7 mg/100g), Ca (201 g/100g), Mg (1090 mg/100g), Fe (38,2 mg/kg), Zn (3,45 mg/kg), Se (0,04 mg/kg), and P (2351 mg/kg).. Vitamin analysis of Chlorella show that vitamin B1 in Chlorella higher than Phorpyridium ie.( 3,71 mg/kg). Mineral analysis showed that Chlorella contained K minerals (714 mg/100g), Ca (331 g/100g), Mg (335 mg/100g), Fe (539 mg/kg), Zn (21,7 mg/kg), Se (0,22 mg/kg), and P (2982 mg/kg).
The Effect Characteristics Cetane Number of Commercial High-Speed Diesel Fuel-Biodiesel Palm Oil-Based Blends on CFR engine
Authors: Maymuchar  , Wirahadi Dimaz , Faturrahman Nur Allif , Febria Milda , Hanifuddin M. , Aisyah Lies , Supriadi Faqih , Bethari Sylvia Ayu , Karina Rona Malam , Rulianto Dimitri , Anggarani Riesta , Yuliarita Emi , Wibowo Cahyo Setyo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Renewable energy is an important issue for substituting fossil fuels in the world. Biofuel is one of the most used fuels for transportation, mining, and the industrial sector. The government of Indonesia’s policy has mandatorily used biofuel for the blend to fossil fuel. Biodiesel production from palm oil base has good characteristics for substitute/blend to high-speed diesel (HSD) in the market. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cetane number value of variant HSD-biodiesel blend and the methodology with blending two types HSD and biodiesel (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%). The measurement of cetane number used a CFR engine in accordance with ASTM D 613. The result of this study was that the increasing percentage of biodiesel blend influenced the increasing value of cetane number, but the increasing value of cetane number was not linear. Therefore, biodiesel can be used as a cetane booster for HSD.
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) Curve for Furfural Purification from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Hydrolysate Solution with the UNIQUAC Model
Authors: Handita Fabio Carisma , Fahriz Andre , Harahap Perdana , Darmawan Muhammad Arif , Ramadhan Yusuf Arya Muhammad , Gozan Misri 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Furfural is the main Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) hydrolysis product. It can achieve high purity from hydrolysate distillation. Its equipment design can be done by utilizing vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data to achieve high furfural purity. The purpose of this research is to develop a Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) curve for furfural purification from Oil Palm Empty Bunch hydrolysate solution with the Universal Quasi Chemical (UNIQUAC) model. Distillation data is obtained from literature and examined on the Universal Quasi Chemical (UNIQUAC) model. Calculations for average deviation and R2 are also made to show the accuracy of the model quantitatively. The modeled VLE curve indicates that the UNIQUAC model and the literature distillation pattern are not ideal, and the UNIQUAC curve pattern closely follows the literature pattern. The average deviation and R2 values for this UNIQUAC model are 0.0954 and 0.297, respectively. These values are still acceptable and show that UNIQUAC can be used as useful model distillation data of furfural and water as the representatives of an OPEFB hydrolysate solution.
Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) of Furfural Purification from Oil Palm Empty Bunch with Toluene Solvent
Authors: Utami Salsabila Posmaryana , Harahap Andre Fahriz Perdana , Darmawan Muhammad Arif , Ramadhan Muhammad Yusuf Arya , Gozan Misri 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Oil Palm Empty Brunches (OPEB) as lignocellulose can be hydrolyzed into various chemical compounds with high selling value, such as furfural. Furfural purification by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) produced higher furfural yield compared to other methods. The solvent must have a high solute capability to achieve the LLE process with the highest furfural yield. Toluene was chosen as a solvent because it shows high solubility in furfural extraction. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimum operating conditions for furfural LLE with toluene from the OPEB hydrolysate model. The variable in this research is stirring time (30, 60, 90 minutes), extraction stage (1x, 2x, 3x), and extraction temperature (25, 45, 65°C). Analysis of furfural content in the organic phase was carried out using HPLC. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) determined the optimum furfural LLE condition in the Design-Expert software using the Box-Behnken model. This research can be used as a reference for obtaining the best furfural yield from OPEB hydrolysate using the LLE method with toluene.
Synthesis of Bio Hydrocarbon from Palm Olein through Pyrolysis at Various Temperature
Authors: Setyaningsih Dwi , Siagian Crisman Arianto , Muna Neli , Purwoko  
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The synthesis of biofuels through the pyrolysis of vegetable oil is studied as an alternative to the biodiesel process because it produces bio hydrocarbons that have similar properties to fossil fuels. This study uses palm olein as raw material reacted at gradually increasing temperatures ranging from 225, 250, 275, and 300°C, using zeolite as catalyst at atmosferic pressure. The volatiles compounds are condensed and collected according to the fraction and analyzed for density, viscosity, calorific value, moisture content and composition of volatile compounds using GC-MS. Palm olein as raw material had the characteristics of moisture content of 0.095% (w/w), viscosity of 41.25 mm2/s, calorific value of 39.93 MJ/kg and pour point of 20°C. The hydrocarbon fractions of various temperatures had a red to bright yellow color, liquid phase and only the 300°C fraction which had a solid fraction. The density was in the range of 0.8452 - 0.8527 g/cm3(40°C), viscosity of 3.0726 - 3.8137 mm2/s, moisture content of 0.0801 - 0.1878% (w/w) and pour point of 4 - 22 ° C. Density, viscosity and pour point from a temperature fraction of 225 – 275°C met national biodiesel standards. The composition of volatile compounds mainly consisted of n-decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, 8-heptadecene, heptadecane, tetradecanoic acid, 2-heptadecanone, and n-hexadecanoic acid. The main volatile compounds were still in the form of fatty acids where n-hexadecanoic acid was the dominant compound (42.8 - 71.6%). In general, the characteristics and profiles of the volatile compounds of 225, 250 and 275°C fractions were similar and different from the 300°C fraction.