bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Tinpantithesis of Poetry
Authors: Furia Philip , Patterson Laurie J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
How do you say I love you? Lyricists from the “golden age” of American popular song did it in thirty-two bars of vers de société. Their work was poetry, although they would have denied it. There is no real distinction between poems and lyrics. In fact, many of the lyricists had some of their poems published. So what came first, the music or the words? For many of the songs of that era, the music came first, and lyricists did their magic through matching of words and slang to the rhythm of the era. The language of Americans was full of slang, catchphrases, and contractions, allowing for a unique match to the rhythms flowing from composers of the era such as George Gershwin.
Ragged Meter Man: Irving Berlin
Authors: Furia Philip , Patterson Laurie J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Irving Berlin was one of the few songwriters who could write both words and music, even though he could not read music. In some fashion, he was involved with American popular music for more than fifty years. This chapter focuses on Berlin’s life from his arrival from Siberia to his success as a songwriter. It was a time of dance crazes when couples scandalized their parents through dances that involved embracing or hugging their partners: turkey trot, chicken scratch, and monkey glide. These dances emanated from black dives and red-light districts where couples could find ragtime and syncopated music. Berlin’s music in both World War I and World War II struck a chord with the public. The song, “Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning,” reflected his personal experiences to “This Is the Army, Mr. Jones” for World War II.
‘S Wonderful: Ira Gershwin
Authors: Furia Philip , Patterson Laurie J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Ira Gershwin: “the Jeweller,” known for his meticulous artistry for choosing “the precise verbal shard to fit into each jagged musical space.” Brother George was described by friend S. N. Behrman as “streamlined and propulsive. . . . George gave you everything at once.” His music was much the same. George’s sensuous, driving energy is tempered (but never blunted) by Ira’s “urbanely casual wit.” Ira knew traditional English lyric poetry, but he was also in touch with the way Americans used slang, clichés, catchphrases. This chapter covers Ira’s (and sometimes George’s) writing for musicals such as Porgy and Bess; Lady, Be Good!; and Strike Up the Band and films such as A Star is Born; An American in Paris; and The Barkleys of Broadway.
The Swing Era
Authors: Furia Philip , Patterson Laurie J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses not only on the development of songs during the “swing era” but also on the singers (such as Ethel Waters) and where the blues and jazz of the era arose from: Harlem nightclubs. The music was “rhythmically complex and melodically rangy,” with songwriting teams such as Koehler and Arlen, Gorrell and Carmichael, and Kahal and Fain. These teams and others (such as Ellington) produced such songs as “Get Happy,” “Star Dust,” “It Don’t Mean a Thing If It Ain’t Got That Swing.” Throughout the chapter, examples of lyrics matched to the blues and jazz rhythm are showcased.
Coercive control
Authors: Katz Emma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how perpetrators’ coercive control was experienced by the children and mothers in the study, and ramifications for research, policy, and practice suggested by the data. The interviews with the mothers and children revealed how perpetrators were using a wide range of coercive control tactics that impacted on their day-to-day lives, and how those tactics were directly harming the children as well as the mothers. Setting out the implications, this chapter suggests that—rather than viewing domestic violence and child maltreatment as two separate problems—coercive control should be understood as a multistranded form of abuse that harms both children and adults. This chapter also highlights the need to reform the “pro-contact culture” of family courts, and to rethink the notion of “failure to protect,” in order to better take account of the harmfulness and dangerousness of coercive control perpetrators.
International Law Obligations on Climate Change Mitigation
Authors: Mayer Benoit 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Recent years have witnessed exciting developments in international negotiations, litigation, and scholarship about climate change, but doctrinal research in the field remains in its infancy. In particular, little is known about how fast states are required to limit and reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. This book presents a first comprehensive doctrinal study of states’ obligations on climate change mitigation. It shows that such obligations arise not only from climate treaties but also from customary international law, unilateral declarations, and, possibly, human rights treaties. It also explores the interactions between these multiple obligations. The first part of the book identifies the relevant obligations through an analysis of treaties, custom, and other sources of international law. Beyond express quantified commitments contained, for instance, in nationally determined contributions, the book sheds light on the existence of general obligations of due diligence. While these general obligations are difficult to interpret, they are often more demanding.
Customary Obligations
Authors: Mayer Benoit 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter identifies the obligations on climate change mitigation that arise from customary international law. Whilst acknowledging important methodological difficulties, it shows that customary law includes general obligations relevant to climate change mitigation (e.g. an obligation of prevention and an obligation of cooperation) as well as a discrete obligation on climate change mitigation. This chapter then demonstrates the existence of a relationship of interpretation, rather than a relationship of conflict, between customary obligations and commitments, highlighting what this implies for the interpretation of both customary law and climate treaties. It suggests that similar interpretations should be given to the customary obligation to mitigate climate change and to the general commitments under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change—which, throughout the book, are collectively referred to as general mitigation obligations.
The Cosmic Puzzle
Authors: Mee Nicholas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter is a brief survey of early cosmologies. It describes how cosmological ideas were represented in the Antikythera mechanism, the medieval Cosmati Pavement in Westminster Abbey, and Dante’s Divine Comedy. The text describes Aristotle’s ideas about physics and cosmology and introduces the idea of epicycles. It considers the question of why ancient astronomers believed the Earth lay motionless at the centre of the planetary system and looks at how the distances to the stars can be measured through their parallax. This leads into a discussion of the Copernican revolution and the trial and execution of Giordano Bruno for expressing his views on the implications of Copernicus’ heliocentric model.
The Secret of the Universe
Authors: Mee Nicholas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Astronomy was transformed through the work of Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler and this set the stage for the development of modern science. Tycho built enormous instruments to aid his observations and developed techniques for measuring the positions of stars and planets more accurately than ever before. Kepler studied theology and was driven to seek the geometrical architecture of the universe. His early ideas appear strange and mystical today, but following Tycho’s death in 1601, Kepler analysed his data and over the course of several years devised the laws of planetary motion. Kepler overthrew the idea of epicycles and showed that the planets follow elliptical orbits around the Sun. Both Tycho and Kepler lived colourful lives. Recent investigations suggest that Tycho’s sudden death might have been due to foul play.
Across the Universe
Authors: Mee Nicholas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The final chapter is about modern cosmology. It discusses the work of Henrietta Swan Leavitt and Edwin Hubble in revealing the true scale of the universe. In the 1960s quasars were shown to be incredibly distant sources of radiation. They are now known to be the highly energetic regions around supermassive black holes at the centres of distant galaxies. The closest supermassive black hole is at the centre of the Milky Way galaxy, as revealed by Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez who have plotted the paths of stars orbiting this black hole. Recent work on supermassive black holes is presented, including the M87 supermassive black hole image published by the Event Horizon Telescope team, and a discussion of the binary system at the heart of the quasar OJ 287. This chapter also considers the Big Bang, dark matter, the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, and inflation in the very early universe.
Workers Whose Employment Is Not Confined to England and Wales
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers whistleblowing claims with an extraterritorial element. It first addresses the forum (the jurisdiction of the tribunal in terms of international rules of jurisdiction), including the provision introduced in section 15C Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 (as amended to take account of Brexit). It then considers the applicable law, before turning to the territorial scope of the relevant legislation in sections 47B and 103A ERA. There is distinct consideration of the position as against the employer, and the principles applicable to claims against a co-worker or agent in the light of the leading guidance in FCO v Bamieh [2019] EWCA Civ 803, [2020] ICR 465.
Vicarious and Individual Liability
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Before the reforms in 2013 an employer was not vicariously liable for detriment inflicted on a whistleblower by the whistleblower’s co-workers or agents of the employer. The introduction in 2013 of vicarious liability by the incorporation of a model similar to that used in the Equality Act 2010 is described, along with the nature and extent of the liability now imposed on co-workers and agents themselves. The reasonable steps defence which is potentially available to an employer is considered, as is the agent or co-worker’s defence of reliance on a statement by their employer. There is consideration of the law relating to remedies against co-workers and agents and the possibility of contribution as between those persons as respondents. There is coverage of the scope for seeking a contribution as between the employer and co-worker and the issues arising from settlement of claims involving more than one party. The distinct issues arising from attribution of acts to an employer in cases of constructive dismissal are also addressed.
Employment Tribunal Procedure and Alternative Dispute Resolution
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the procedural aspects of most relevance in whistleblowing cases, following a claim from beginning to end, including the content of the claim and response forms, amendment, case management (preliminary hearings and applying for an order), disclosure, and gaining further information. The power to restrict publicity is discussed alongside the issue of privacy of names and details, which has come up a great deal in recent times. Also examined in this chapter are issues relating to deposit orders, striking out, costs, and penalties. The chapter concludes with consideration of alternative dispute resolution, in particular conciliation, arbitration, and mediation.
Privilege and Immunity
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The chapter examines forms of immunity claim not actionable. It considers issues as to legal professional privilege and without prejudice privilege which may stand in the way of a worker’s ability to pursue a claim. It also deals with the privilege against self-incrimination. Waiver and loss of confidentiality are considered, as is the specific privilege-related exception to whether there is a qualifying disclosure under section 43B(4) ERA. The chapter concludes with a consideration of judicial proceedings immunity which has been the subject of significant discussion both in relation to protected disclosures and other fields where there may be a potential impact on protected disclosure claims.
Obligations to Maintain Confidentiality, Rights to Privacy, and Whistleblowing
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains how rights and obligations arising from the law relating to confidentiality and privacy interact with the statutory protection given to whistleblowers. The obligation upon a Court which is considering whether to grant interim relief that would affect the exercise of the Article 10 right to freedom of expression is then considered. The nature and extent of the equitable and contractual obligations to maintain a confidence are described along with the development of the public interest defence to a claim of breach of confidence. There is analysis of the effect of section 43J ERA, which renders void any provision in a contract with a worker that would prevent the making of a protected disclosure. The chapter then considers the right to privacy and how it applies to whistleblowing. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the developing law in relation to non-disclosure and non-disparagement agreements. The chapter closes with a review of the key Official Secrets Act offences and the proposals for a reform of the law to include a public interest defence.
Formal Models
Authors: Johnson James 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Advocates of deliberative democracy generally do not see much for formal models of political interaction. This is a mistake both historically and analytically. It reflects a common misunderstanding of formal models of collective choice and strategic interaction and their uses. Like political scientists more generally, political theorists use formal models for conceptual rather than directly empirical purposes. Indeed, empirical inquiry cannot get off the ground absent conceptual clarity of the sort that models afford. This chapter illustrates the use of formal models in the context of empirical assessment of deliberative democracy, by focusing on what advocates of deliberation might mean by a concept basic to their enterprise: ‘agreement’.
Listening Quality Index
Authors: Scudder Mary F. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Listening is a key component of meaningfully democratic deliberation. This chapter focuses on the question of how to assess the quality of listening in small-scale communicative interactions. How can empirical research capture democratic listening in a normatively relevant way? This chapter presents the Listening Quality Index (LQI), a flexible and theoretically informed instrument designed to measure and assess the quality of participant listening in micro-deliberative settings. Combining existing and novel measures of listening into a “lexical scale,” the LQI allows researchers to capture different degrees of democratic listening. The chapter reviews previous efforts to measure listening in deliberation, presents the LQI, and describes how it can be used in empirical deliberative democracy research to better understand both the antecedents and outcomes of quality listening in deliberation.
Scenario Experiments
Authors: Werner Hannah , Muradova Lala 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Understanding the impacts of deliberation on public opinion formation, democratic legitimacy, political behaviour or other concepts is of core interest to deliberation scholars. This chapter elaborates on how scenario experiments, typically embedded in surveys, can advance these research endeavours. It argues that scenario experiments are most useful when studying the micro mechanism of internal deliberation and the macro effects of deliberative events on the wider public. Scenario experiments have multiple design advantages: the possibility to detect causal relationships, to expand the types of processes and policy issues under study, to reach a diverse respondent sample, and last, to conduct deliberation research in a cost-efficient manner. The chapter presents several studies that use scenario experiments to study deliberation and discuss how methodological innovations in experimental social science research can improve research on deliberation. The chapter concludes by pointing out potential challenges associated with scenario experiments.
Action Research
Authors: Cunningham Kiran , Muyomba-Tamale Lillian 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Given the shared processes and value systems of action research and deliberative democracy, the former is a well-suited methodology for research connected to the latter. Both action research and deliberative democracy are grounded in principles of inclusion and equity, aimed at the co-generation of knowledge, and oriented towards action. More than a methodology to simply investigate the processes and impacts of deliberation, action research is a method for simultaneously engaging in it, as deliberation is embedded into the action research process itself. This chapter provides an overview of action research, a description of its intersections with deliberation, and a discussion of the potency of action research as a methodology for research both on and for deliberative democracy.
Romania
Authors: Minzarari Dumitru 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The chapter looks into Romania’s policy vis-à-vis NATO, suggesting that it has been guided by narrowly defined interest rather than value-driven considerations. For this purpose, the chapter examines Romania’s threat perception before it joined the Alliance and today. It argues that NATO remains a central tenet of Romania’s foreign and defence policy, in particular following 2014 Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. It also looks at the country’s perception of NATO and at Romania’s specific relations with certain NATO allies, both in its region and beyond; by doing so, the chapter sheds light on Romania’s contribution towards the Alliance’s relevance and cohesion. It explores the country’s domestic politics, public attitudes towards the Alliance and the values it carries, as well as how these might have affected Romania’s policy choices within NATO. Furthermore, drawing on Alliance theory, the chapter argues that Romania is less concerned by entrapment (in an unwanted war) than by abandonment (from the allies). Finally, the chapter considers the issue of domestic populism. It indicates that, despite major efforts by the Romanian authorities, emerging anti-Western and anti-liberal sentiments within Romania’s population may in the long run affect the country’s relations with NATO and therefore its perceived (or real) relevance and cohesion.
An EnergyFabliaufor the Future?
Authors: Watson Jay 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe conclusion discusses one of the strangest pieces of writing Faulkner ever produced as a speculative energy fiction that allegorizes a world after oil while dramatizing the imaginative challenges of representing that alternative energy reality. In the romance between Isaac Snopes and a rural milk cow in The Hamlet, Faulkner created a turn-of-the-century tale that augurs a postsustainable future. This over-the-top love story is at once Faulkner’s most radiant hymn to the sun and a paean to the profligate energies of the human animal, complementary resources we must reaffirm if we are to wean ourselves from our planet-wrecking dependence on fossil carbon. In the tale’s joyous, “unnatural” congress between cognitively disabled man and bovine beast, we witness an affront to, but also an implicit indictment of, an oil-drunk system for organizing nature now running aground on its own ecological contradictions.
Introduction, or
Authors: Siganporia Harmony 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Introduction and its sub-sections lay out the scope of what is understood/made possible by the act of walking this book is premised on. They are an exploration of the semiosphere attendant to the f/act of walking: what does it mean to walk alone as opposed to walking with a band of Marchers, for instance? They also explore the many connotative ‘siginifieds’ generated by Gandhi’s most important walks—the Great March in South Africa (1913), or his ‘yatras’ in Orissa (1934), and Noakhali (1946/1947)—and attempt to locate why and how we continue to decode these events and the man who precipitated them the way we continue to do, so long after the fact.
From Salt to Sugarcane (#namaktoganna)—Or,
Authors: Siganporia Harmony 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter co-relates to the first week the walkers spent on the Dandi Path, traversing the Navsari and Surat districts which are home to large numbers of sugarcane fields and processing factories. This sector employs tens of thousands of internally displaced and circular migrant labourers in systems which can only be described as forms of ‘neo-bonded’ labour. Chapter 4 lays out the scale of this problem, while highlighting the obstacles to its removal by way of political and other modes of intervention. It also examines the links between the dominant crop in a given region—sugarcane in this one—and the social relations which govern the societies predicated upon it. This is followed by a thick ethnographic description of the district/s in question, the field-notes from each day ending with an account of Gandhi’s speeches in the given area on the day he passed through it during the Salt March.
From Sugarcane to Cotton (or Surat to Bharuch)
Authors: Siganporia Harmony 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
India is the world’s largest cotton producer, and Gujarat is one of its largest cotton-growing States. This chapter—corresponding to the second week the walkers spent on the Dandi Path, traversing Bharuch district—investigates the relationship between the district’s dominant crop (cotton), and the social relations it foments in the region. Labourers working the cotton fields in this part of the State are largely locally drawn, which makes it a very different area from the sugarcane heartland to its South. Land ownership in this region is examined for the bearing it has on access to labour, as is the State’s push towards getting farmers to espouse Bt cotton, a strain patented by Monsanto. This is followed by an ethnographic account of the walkers’ time in the district, with field entries for each day being followed with an analysis of Gandhi’s speeches at the locations in question during the Salt March.
Reading Outdoors
Authors: Davies Ben , Lupton Christina , Gormsen Schmidt Johanne 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the tension between reading indoors during lockdown and readers wanting to get outside. While many works published during the early days of the pandemic showed a nature disturbed and disrupted, our readers, we find, turned to older renditions of nature as a source of comfort. These fictions had a direct impact on what people did, motivating them to walk or visit rural landscapes they had read about, or to spend time in their gardens. The connection between being outside and reading a book about nature suggests just one of the more intricate relationships between language and action that readers have negotiated in the space and time of the pandemic. While some read to travel, others travelled and read at the same time, or followed up their fiction reading with real travel, but in all cases, books appear here as coordinates to our lives as well as our communities.