bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Never Merely as a Means: Rethinking the Role and Relevance of Consent
Authors: Fahmy Melissa Seymour 
Published: December 2022

AbstractFor several decades, Kant scholars, inspired by the Groundwork false-promising example, have constructed consent-based criteria for using another merely as a means. Unfortunately, these consent-based accounts produce assessments that are both counter-intuitive and un-Kantian in relatively simple cases. This article investigates why these consent-based accounts fail and offers an alternative. The Groundwork false-promising example has encouraged a problematically narrow understanding of the conditions for using another merely as a means in virtue of the fact that the example involves a consent-sensitive duty. This article demonstrates that the scope of the prohibition on using another merely as a means includes both consent-sensitive and consent-insensitive duties and offers a duty-based account that reflects this.
Updated Spherical Harmonic Magnetic Field Moments of Ganymede From the Juno Flyby
Authors: Weber Tristan , Moore Kimberly , Connerney John , Espley Jared , DiBraccio Gina , Romanelli Norberto 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn this study, we use data from the Juno and Galileo spacecraft to analyze the internal magnetic dynamo of Ganymede. As the only known moon with a strong internal magnetic field, Ganymede is a uniquely interesting object in the context of understanding the formation and structure of planetary magnetospheres. Using a spherical harmonic model centered on the moon, we report a dipole approximation for Ganymede of nT, nT, and nT. We find that using a quadrupole fit rather than a dipole fit provides only a marginal increase in accuracy and instead favor the use of a dipole approximation until more data can be obtained. The magnetic moment estimates provided here can be used as a baseline for interpreting data from future spacecraft flybys of the moon, and can serve as inputs into numerical models studying Ganymede's magnetosphere.
Ganymede Observations by JunoCam on Juno Perijove 34
Authors: Ravine M. A. , Hansen C. J. , Collins G. C. , Schenk P. M. , Caplinger M. A. , Lipkaman Vittling L. , Krysak D. J. , Zimdar R. P. , Garvin J. B. , Bolton S. J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDuring the Juno Mission's encounter with Ganymede on 7 June 2021, the Juno camera (JunoCam) acquired four images of Ganymede in color. These images covered one‐sixth of Ganymede at scales from 840 m to ∼4 km/pixel. Most of this area was only previously imaged by Voyager 1 in 1979, at lower spatial resolution and poorer image quality. No changes were observed over this area of Ganymede in the 42 years since Voyager. JunoCam provided overlapping coverage, from which we developed a digital elevation model of the best‐resolved area. A 3 km high dome at the subjovian point was confirmed, 450 km by 750 km. We used the JunoCam images to refine the geologic map of Ganymede in eastern Perrine Regio.
Relative Roles of Land and Ocean Cooling in Triggering an El Niño Following Tropical Volcanic Eruptions
Authors: Liu Fei , Xing Chen , Chen Lin , Gao Chaochao , Lian Tao , Zhou Shangrong , Wang Hui , Wang Bin , Dong Wenjie 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPaleoclimate evidence suggests that tropical volcanic eruptions could increase the likelihood of El Niño occurrence. Previous numerical model studies with zonally uniform volcanic aerosol forcing suggested the roles of land cooling‐induced monsoon suppression and ocean cooling‐induced air‐sea interaction in triggering an El Niño following the eruption. Here, we perform targeted sensitivity experiments by confining aerosol forcing over land or ocean only in the fully coupled Community Earth System Model to assess relative roles of these land and ocean cooling. Our results indicate that volcanic aerosol over land, especially over the large landmass of tropical Africa, is more effective in exciting an El Niño than over ocean. The suppressed African monsoon excites Kelvin‐wave westerly wind anomalies over the tropical central Pacific, triggering an El Niño through the Bjerknes feedback. Under the uniform ocean aerosol forcing, the Indian Ocean's fast dipole response induces a slow western Pacific El Niño‐like cooling in the second year.
Discovery of Ultra‐Depleted Melt Inclusion in Late Cretaceous Intracontinental Basaltic Andesites in South China: Implications for Recycling of Lower Oceanic Crust
Authors: Wu Yangming , Guo Feng , Wang Xuan‐Ce , Liao Jie 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIncompatible element ultra‐depleted melt (UDM) has occasionally been found as olivine‐hosted inclusion in plume‐related oceanic island basalts and mid‐oceanic ridge basalts and is genetically linked with the involvement of lower oceanic gabbroic crust. However, it has rarely been reported in intracontinental magmatism, and the contribution of such a recycled component to the origin of intracontinental magmas remains unclear. Here, we first report UDM inclusions hosted in olivine from Late Cretaceous intracontinental basaltic andesites in South China. These UDM inclusions are characterized by low SiO2 (46.4–47.9 wt%) and extremely high Al2O3 (18.47–21.79 wt%) contents, positive Sr‐Eu anomalies, and low 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb ratios. Such geochemical features resemble those of high‐pressure melts derived from young lower oceanic gabbro. These results, in combination with geochemical modeling, plate reconstruction, and seismic topography, suggest that tearing or fragmentation of the subducted paleo‐Pacific slab during Late Cretaceous may trigger melting of the refractory lower oceanic cumulates. Our results demonstrate that lower oceanic gabbroic crust could also play an important role in the generation of intracontinental magmatism, which may previously have been underestimated.
Long-term maintenance of a heterologous symbiont association in Acropora palmata on natural reefs
Authors: Elder Holland , Million Wyatt C , Bartels Erich , Krediet Cory J , Muller Erinn M , Kenkel Carly D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The sensitivity of reef-building coral to elevated temperature is a function of their symbiosis with dinoflagellate algae in the family Symbiodiniaceae. Changes in the composition of the endosymbiont community in response to thermal stress can increase coral thermal tolerance. Consequently, this mechanism is being investigated as a human-assisted intervention for rapid acclimation of coral in the face of climate change. Successful establishment of novel symbioses that increase coral thermal tolerance have been demonstrated in laboratory conditions; however, it is unclear how long these heterologous relationships persist in nature. Here, we test the persistence of a novel symbiosis between Acropora palmata and Durusdinium spp. from Mote Marine Laboratory’s ex situ nursery by outplanting clonal replicates (ramets) of five A. palmata host genotypes to natural reefs in the lower Florida Keys. Amplicon sequencing analysis of ITS2-type profiles revealed that the majority of surviving ramets remained dominated by Durusdinium spp. two years after transplantation. However, 15% of ramets, including representatives of all genotypes, exhibited some degree of symbiont shuffling or switching at six of eight sites, including complete takeover by site-specific strains of the native symbiont, Symbiodinium fitti. The predominant long-term stability of the novel symbiosis supports the potential effectiveness of symbiont modification as a management tool. Although, the finding that 6–7 year-old coral can alter symbiont community composition in the absence of bleaching indicates that Symbiodiniaceae communities are indeed capable of great flexibility under ambient conditions.
Structural differences in the semantic networks of younger and older adults
Authors: Wulff Dirk U. , Hills Thomas T. , Mata Rui 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCognitive science invokes semantic networks to explain diverse phenomena, from memory retrieval to creativity. Research in these areas often assumes a single underlying semantic network that is shared across individuals. Yet, recent evidence suggests that content, size, and connectivity of semantic networks are experience-dependent, implying sizable individual and age-related differences. Here, we investigate individual and age differences in the semantic networks of younger and older adults by deriving semantic networks from both fluency and similarity rating tasks. Crucially, we use a megastudy approach to obtain thousands of similarity ratings per individual to allow us to capture the characteristics of individual semantic networks. We find that older adults possess lexical networks with smaller average degree and longer path lengths relative to those of younger adults, with older adults showing less interindividual agreement and thus more unique lexical representations relative to younger adults. Furthermore, this approach shows that individual and age differences are not evenly distributed but, rather, are related to weakly connected, peripheral parts of the networks. All in all, these results reveal the interindividual differences in both the content and the structure of semantic networks that may accumulate across the life span as a function of idiosyncratic experiences.
The effect of topical ketamine administration on the corneal epithelium repair
Authors: Sanatkar Mehdi , Nozarian Zohre , Bazvand Fatemeh , Abdi Parisa 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe cornea is regarded as a sensitive organ to pain. Ketamine can effectively reduce postoperative neuropathic pain. We hypothesized that topical ketamine could mitigate postoperative corneal neuropathic pain. The aim of this study was to determine whether topical ketamine is safe for cornea and evaluate its effect on the repair procedure the damaged corneal tissue. Our study was performed on only the right eyes of 15 male rats. All animals underwent general anesthesia and the whole corneal epithelium was removed. All subjects were divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 8), one drop of ketamine, and group 2 (n = 7), one drop of 0.9% sodium chloride administered topically on the scraped cornea every 6 h for 7 days. The rats’ s cornea was carefully monitored daily for the size of epithelial defects under a microscope and was photographed. On the eighth day, the eyes were sent for pathological examination. The eyes were examined for the amount of inflammation, neovascularization, keratinization, epithelial thickness and Descemet's membrane pathologies. The epithelial defect has healed completely on the sixth day in all rats in both groups. There was no significant difference in the speed of complete recovery between the two groups. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of inflammation grade, neovascularization grade, and epithelial thickness. Our study showed that topical ketamine had no significant effect on corneal wound healing in a rat animal model and could be used safely for the management of postoperative chronic ocular pain.
An anatomical and radiological study of the tectorial membrane and its clinical implications
Authors: Lee Shin Hyo , Cho Tae-Hyeon , Kwon Hyun-Jin , Hong Ju Eun , Lee Young Han , Yang Hun-Mu 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe radiological image of an intact tectorial membrane (TM) became an important favorable prognostic factor for craniovertebral instability. This study visualized the fascial layers of the TM and adjacent connective tissues with clinical significance by micro-CT and histological analysis. The TM firmly attached to the bony surface of the clivus, traversed the atlantoaxial joint posteriorly, and was inserted to the body of the axis showing wide distribution on the craniovertebral junction. The supradental space between the clivus, dens of the axis, anterior atlantooccipital membrane, and the TM contained profound venous networks within the adipose tissues. At the body of the axis, the compact TM layer is gradually divided into multiple layers and the deeper TM layers reached the axis while the superficial layer continued to the posterior longitudinal ligament of the lower vertebrae. The consistent presence of the fat pad and venous plexus in the supradental space and firm stabilization of the TM on the craniovertebral junction was demonstrated by high-resolution radiologic images and histological analysis. The evaluation of the TM integrity is a promising diagnostic factor for traumatic craniovertebral dislocation.
Distraction by deviant sounds is modulated by the environmental context
Authors: Parmentier Fabrice B. R. , Gallego Laura , Micucci Antonia , Leiva Alicia , Andrés Pilar , Maybery Murray T. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractEvidence shows that participants performing a continuous visual categorization task respond slower following the presentation of a task-irrelevant sound deviating from an otherwise repetitive or predictable auditory context (deviant sound among standard sounds). Here, for the first time, we explored the role of the environmental context (instrumentalized as a task-irrelevant background picture) in this effect. In two experiments, participants categorized left/right arrows while ignoring irrelevant sounds and background pictures of forest and city scenes. While equiprobable across the task, sounds A and B were presented with probabilities of .882 and .118 in the forest context, respectively, and with the reversed probabilities in the city context. Hence, neither sound constituted a deviant sound at task-level, but each did within a specific context. In Experiment 1, where each environmental context (forest and city scene) consisted of a single picture each, participants were significantly slower in the visual task following the presentation of the sound that was unexpected within the current context (context-dependent distraction). Further analysis showed that the cognitive system reset its sensory predictions even for the first trial of a change in environmental context. In Experiment 2, the two contexts (forest and city) were implemented using sets of 32 pictures each, with the background picture changing on every trial. Here too, context-dependent deviance distraction was observed. However, participants took a trial to fully reset their sensory predictions upon a change in context. We conclude that irrelevant sounds are incidentally processed in association with the environmental context (even though these stimuli belong to different sensory modalities) and that sensory predictions are context-dependent.
Solid locked intramedullary nailing for expeditious return of bone-setting-induced abnormal fracture union victims to work in South-western Nigeria
Authors: Adesina Stephen Adesope , Eyesan Samuel Uwale , Amole Isaac Olusayo , Akinwumi Akinsola Idowu , Awotunde Olufemi Timothy , Durodola Adewumi Ojeniyi , Owolabi James Idowu 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWage earning in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is predominantly through physical labour. Consequently, limb-related disabilities caused by abnormal fracture unions (AFUs) preclude gainful employment and perpetuate the cycle of poverty. Many AFUs result from traditional bone-setting (TBS), a pervasive treatment for long bone fractures in LMICs. The objective of this study was to accentuate the expediency of solid locked intramedullary nail in the early restoration of victims of TBS-induced abnormal fracture unions (AFUs) to their pre-injury functioning, including work. One hundred AFUs in 98 patients treated with a solid locked intramedullary nail in our center over a period of 7 years were prospectively studied. We found the mean age to be 47.97 years. Males constituted 63.9% of the patients’ population. Atrophic non-union accounted for 54.1% of the AFUs. The mean fracture-surgery interval was 21.30 months. By the 12th post-operative week, more than 75% of the fractures had achieved knee flexion/shoulder abduction beyond 90°, were able to squat and smile (or do shoulder abduction-external rotation), and were able to bear weight fully. The study demonstrated the expediency of solid locked nail in salvaging TBS-induced abnormal fracture unions in a way that permitted early return to pre-injury daily activities and work, thereby reducing fracture-associated poverty.
Levels, sources, and risk assessment of PAHs residues in soil and plants in urban parks of Northwest China
Authors: Ailijiang Nuerla , Zhong Naifu , Zhou Xiaolong , Mamat Anwar , Chang Jiali , Cao Shuangyu , Hua Zhenyu , Li Nanxin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) will be ingested by people through different ways to threaten their health during play, so the environmental quality of the park directly affects the health of tourists and residents. Using eight typical parks in Urumqi in Northwest China as the study area, we used GC–MS to detect the PAHs content in the park surface soil and 10 common plants in the park in different seasons. The results showed that the content of PAHs in park soil in the summer was 5–6 times that in the winter, and the monomer PAHs in some park soil sampling points were higher than the soil pollution risk screening value. And the contamination level at these sampling sites was also higher compared to other sampling sites. In summer, the plants with high PAHs content in leaves are short herbs, while in winter, they are tall arbors. The PAHs of the park soil are mainly composed of high-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and are mainly of traffic origin. The proportion of low-ring aromatic hydrocarbons in the winter was significantly higher than that in the summer. The source of PAHs in plants in summer is similar to that in soil, but the source of PAHs in plants in winter is more complex. The toxicity equivalent concentration method values of soil PAHs in South Park, Zhiwu Park, Shihua Park and Toutunhe Park were higher than that in other parks. The lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCRs) values of some sampling points in these four parks in the summer were relatively high. The average ILCRs of adults and children in all parks reached a low-risk level in summer. The carcinogenic risk in children is much higher than that of adults.
Parietal and occipital leukoaraiosis due to cerebral ischaemic lesions decrease the driving safety performance of healthy older adults
Authors: Oba Hikaru , Park Kaechang , Yamashita Fumio , Sato Shinichi 
Published: December 2022

AbstractLeukoaraiosis, a common ischaemic lesion diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can influence driving safety performance (DSP). Most older drivers with leukoaraiosis are unaware of their affliction. Japan is a super-aged country, where preventing accidents caused by older drivers is an urgent national issue. We investigated the subcortical and periventricular leukoaraiosis regions that were most involved in DSP decline. The driving skills of 101 drivers (49 men, 52 women; mean age, 77.88 ± 3.77 years) without dementia were assessed by official driving instructors, using actual vehicles on a closed-circuit course. Parietal and occipital (but not frontal or temporal) leukoaraiosis volumes were significantly correlated with decreased DSP scores regardless of age, especially when turning right at intersections, which needs more attention than turning left because left-side driving is legally enforced in Japan. Occipital leukoaraiosis was also involved via a decline in dynamic visual cognitive function. MRI-based assessment of leukoaraiosis volume and localisation may enable the identification of older drivers prone to DSP deterioration. Risk factors for leukoaraiosis include smoking and lifestyle-related diseases such as hypertension. Thus, brain healthcare in patients with MRI-diagnosed leukoaraiosis may be particularly useful for the risk management of traffic accidents caused by the elderly in Japan.
FOXA1 is a transcriptional activator of Odf2/Cenexin and regulates primary ciliation
Authors: Czerny Christian Carl , Borschel Anett , Cai Mingfang , Otto Madeline , Hoyer-Fender Sigrid 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPrimary cilia are sensory organelles essential for embryonic and postnatal development, and tissue homeostasis in adulthood. They are generated in a cell cycle-dependent manner and found on most cells of the body. Although cilia formation is intensively investigated virtually nothing is known about the transcriptional regulation of primary ciliation. We used here Odf2/Cenexin, encoding a protein of the mother centriole and the basal body that is mandatory for primary cilia formation, as the target gene for the identification of transcriptional activators. We identified a consensus binding site for Fox transcription factors (TFs) in its promoter region and focused here on the Fox family. We found transcriptional activation of Odf2 neither by FOXO TFs nor by the core TF for multiciliation, FOXJ1. However, we identified FOXA1 as a transcriptional activator of Odf2 by reporter gene assays and qRT-PCR, and showed by qWB that Foxa1 knockdown caused a decrease in ODF2 and CP110 proteins. We verified the binding sequence of FOXA1 in the Odf2 promoter by ChIP. Finally, we demonstrated that knockdown of FOXA1 affected primary cilia formation. We, thus, showed for the first time, that FOXA1 regulates primary ciliation by transcriptional activation of ciliary genes.
Development of a two-current choice flume behavioural bioassay for juvenile Panulirus ornatus response to moulting cues
Authors: Kelly Tara R. , Fitzgibbon Quinn P. , Giosio Dean R. , Trotter Andrew J. , Smith Gregory G. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCharacterising crustacean behaviour in response to conspecific chemical cues contributes to our evolving knowledge of the drivers of their social behaviour. There is particular interest in understanding the chemical and behavioural mechanisms contributing to cannibalism at ecdysis, as this behaviour substantially limits culture productivity of several commercially important crustaceans. Before investigating the role of chemoreception in cannibalism of moulting crustaceans, we must investigate its role in detecting moulting conspecifics. Here we use a two-current choice flume to observe juvenile tropical rock lobster (Panulirus ornatus) behavioural response to conspecific moulting cues and identifying attracted and avoidant behaviours correlating to moult stage and social relationship. Observed cue preferences show inter-moult juveniles are attracted to the moulting cues of lobsters to which they are socially naïve. In contrast, post-moult and inter-moult juveniles avoid the moulting cues of individuals whom they are socially familiar with. Average speed and total distance travelled by lobsters increases in response to conspecific moulting cues. This study demonstrates the suitability of a two-current choice flume for behavioural assays in P. ornatus and characterises clear behavioural patterns in juveniles exposed to conspecific moulting cues. This provides important framework for understanding the role of chemical communication in eliciting cannibalism.
Green Corrosion Inhibition
Authors: Verma Chandrabhan , Quraishi Mumtaz A. , Chauhan Dheeraj Singh 
Published: December 2022

Corrosion affects every industry in which metal is involved, from manufacturing machinery to transport pipelines, and it is estimated to cost the global economy trillions of dollars per year. Many of the traditional methods for inhibiting corrosion are highly toxic (such as hexavalent chromium) or do not degrade readily in the environment (such as Benzotriazole) meaning they pose a risk to human and environmental health. Much recent work in the area has gone into searching for greener alternatives that will be both safe and effective.
Beginning with a look at the fundamentals of corrosion inhibition and an explanation of the concepts of green chemistry, this book discusses various types of chemical that have been tested for their potential as greener corrosion inhibitors with reference to industrial applications. Green Corrosion Inhibition is a valuable reference for chemists and chemical engineers working in both research and design and academia who want to learn more about green corrosion inhibitors, their synthesis, design, and industrial scale applications.