bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural Succession of Wetland Vegetation in a Flood-Control Pond Constructed on Abandoned Farmland
Authors: Morimoto Junko , Goto Susumu , Kuroyanagi Akito , Toyoshima Motoko , Shida Yuichiro 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCan a flood-control basin be considered a component of green infrastructure (GI) with not only disaster prevention functions but also biodiversity conservation functions? We studied the succession of wetland vegetation in a flood-control basin constructed in a floodplain. The number of species composing the buried seeds depended on the depth of the soil layer, with shallower (recent) layers having more species. Plants germinated from buried seeds in deep (ancient) soil layers were small and difficult to identify based on morphology alone, but DNA-based analyses made it possible to identify these species. The occurrence of three species of Juncus and Cyperus in the peat layer that developed between 840 and 1215 years ago indicates that it is possible to regenerate wetland plants from the past if the buried seeds are well preserved and in good condition. The excavated section of the experimental site, which was set in part of the flood-control basin, received dispersed seeds from the surrounding agricultural land and contained more species than did the soil layer itself. The shallower the water depth was (the shallower the excavation depth), the greater the number of species that occurred. In addition, species with different life forms occurred depending on the water depth. More species occurred in the entire flood-control basin than in the experimental site. The factors that determined the type of plant community were years since excavation, water depth, and water quality. Finally, we discussed the management practices concerning the supply of propagules and the management of suitable habitats as essential factors for flood-control basins constructed on fallow land to function as GI.
Changes in the Use of Green Spaces by Citizens Before and During the First COVID-19 Pandemic: A Big Data Analysis Using Mobile-Tracking GPS Data in Kanazawa, Japan
Authors: Ueno Yusuke , Kato Sadahisa , Mase Tomoka , Funamoto Yoji , Hasegawa Keiichi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTo consider green spaces and parks as valuable green infrastructure that provides various socio-ecological benefits, including health, this study analyzed changes in the use of green spaces before and during the first COVID-19 pandemic in Japan, using mobile-tracking GPS data of Kanazawa citizens. The results showed that the declaration of a state of emergency in April–May 2020 changed the outing behavior of Kanazawa citizens, and there was a strong tendency for them to avoid going out, with a decrease in the number, time, and distance of outings. On the other hand, while citizens refrained from going out, the rate of decrease in the number of visits to green spaces was smaller compared to commercial areas, and the number of walks increased slightly from 2019. The distance traveled to green spaces is generally shorter in 2020, and the number of visits to green spaces near one’s home increased in 2020. These findings suggest that those who had green spaces around their homes were able to use them for maintaining their health and refreshment during the COVID-19 pandemic, adding to the increasing evidence for the value of urban green spaces as part of nature-based solutions.
Toward an Equitable Distribution of Urban Green Spaces for People and Landscapes: An Opportunity for Portland’s Green Grid
Authors: Shandas Vivek , Hellman Dana 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPortland, Oregon, has a relatively long history of progressive planning, environmental protection, and implementation of green infrastructure (GI) projects, enjoying associated benefits such as temperature reduction, energy savings, and aesthetic improvements. These efforts, while resulting in a robust suite of GI across the city, must be better coordinated to meet the challenges of the future. In this chapter, we provide an overview of GI implementation in Portland, emphasizing key projects and policies, as well as ongoing disparities in access to GI and its benefits. We then discuss the potential for activating a green grid in Portland by linking existing nodes of GI for maximum benefit. In addition to amplifying the positive biophysical effects of GI, we suggest that this approach can help alleviate ongoing socioeconomic disparities that make some communities more vulnerable to climate change and environmental degradation.
Governance for Realizing Multifunctional Floodplain: Flood Control, Agriculture, and Biodiversity in Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, California, USA
Authors: Kamada Mahito , Nishihiro Jun , Nakamura Futoshi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractYolo Bypass (YB) is an engineered floodplain bypass for flood control in Sacrament River Valley in California, USA. Although the main purpose of the YB is to prevent the capital city of Sacramento and nearby riverside communities, the bypass provides wildlife habitats for various organisms and a good farming ground for multiple seasonal crops. Thus, we can refer to this facility as green infrastructure. We conducted an interview with key persons involving in the establishment and management of Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area (YBWA) in 2015 and reviewed the history of collaboration of various sectors with literature mining. Finally, we clarified the schematic relationship of stakeholders in the establishment and management of YBWA in which federal, state, and local entities and individuals take years of meetings, discussions, negotiation, and trust-building to reach consensus for restoration and management of the wildlife area.
Analysis of the Description of the Multifunctionality of Farmland in the Administrative Plans of Local Municipalities
Authors: Masuda Yosuke , Oka Takashi , Yoshinari Erika , Nishida Takaaki , Ikeda Tadashi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFarmland has various beneficial functions, such as flood control, water purification, and habitat provision, in addition to food production. These functions are highly compatible with green infrastructure, and the use of farmland as green infrastructure has been discussed in recent years. In order to utilize these functions of farmland, it is preferable to include their usefulness and utilization measures in administrative plans and link them to actual projects. In this research, we collected eight types of administrative plans from local governments across Japan that could be related to the multifunctionality of farmland and reviewed the extent to which they contain descriptions of the multifunctionality of farmland as basic information for promoting the utilization of the multifunctionality of farmland. As a result, we discovered that farmland’s multifunctionality was incorporated into the plans of many municipalities. Municipalities with a certain population size and a high financial strength index, in particular, tended to mention the multifunctional role of farmland in their plans more frequently. In addition, we found that some of the functions were mentioned less frequently in the plans. While descriptions of “conservation of natural environment” and “landscape/culture formation and recreation” were common in many plans, descriptions of “disaster mitigation and response” and “water and food supply” in times of disaster were less common. Finally, we drew some recommendations that can be used as a reference for future planning and project promotion, including dissemination of knowledge and information of farmland’s multifunctionality to government and citizens.
Riparian Forests and Climate Change: Interactive Zone of Green and Blue Infrastructure
Authors: Nakamura Futoshi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRiparian forests are recognized as green/blue infrastructure that provides various ecosystem services, including water transport, shade from sunlight energy, supply of leaf litter, input of terrestrial insect, delivery of large wood, maintenance of water quality, and corridors for wildlife. However, these forests have already experienced negative impacts from various anthropogenic stressors, such as forest cutting, agricultural development, river regulation, and dam construction. Moreover, the climate projections for the twenty-first century in Japan indicate that mean precipitation may increase by more than 10%, and other projections predict an increase in the frequency of high-magnitude floods and a reduction in the discharge of snowmelt floods. In this chapter, we describe probable changes in the structure and function of riparian forests that might result and describe adaption strategies to reduce the potential impacts of climate change on stream and riparian ecosystems exacerbated by anthropogenic stressors.
Improvement of the Flood-Reduction Function of Forests Based on Their Interception Evaporation and Surface Storage Capacities
Authors: Tamura Takao 
Published: January 2022

AbstractForests have a flood-reduction function that reduces flood peak flow and delays the flood peak time. In the mountains of Japan, artificial forests planted between the 1950s and 1970s are widespread; however, many of these forests are not well managed. The effective use of the flood-reduction function of forests as a remarkable approach for river basin management has been discussed for several years. In this study, two aspects of the water cycle in forests were explored: the interception evaporation process in the forest canopy and the groundwater storage process on the forest slope. A runoff model was applied to the hydrological data obtained in several forest basins with different characteristics to evaluate the effects of the processes. In the case of the Japanese cedar plantations studied, it was suggested that the improvement of interception evaporation capacity and surface storage capacity by conversion to mixed forests and selective logging would significantly reduce the peak flood discharge on a timescale of approximately 20–30 years.
Forest Green Infrastructure to Protect Water Quality: A Step-by-Step Guide for Payment Schemes
Authors: Nisbet Thomas R. , Andreucci Maria-Beatrice , De Vreese Rik , Högbom Lars , Kay Sonja , Kelly-Quinn Mary , Leonardi Alessandro , Lyubenova Mariyana I. , Pol Paola Ovando , Quinteiro Paula , Silos Ignacio Pérez , Valatin Gregory 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes how to design appropriate and cost-effective forest green infrastructure for water payment schemes to protect and improve water quality. It is structured by the main steps involved in establishing a payment scheme, starting with identifying the water issues and how tree planting and forest management can help, managing potential disbenefits and exploring multiple benefits, followed by scheme design, monitoring and communication. The approach is relevant to all actors involved in sustainable water management, farming and forestry, from policy makers, catchment planners and land managers to private investors, practitioners and local communities. We provide a common language and framework to help ensure schemes are successful in delivering water and other ecosystem services while minimising possible trade-offs (such as the potential for tree planting to reduce water resources).
Equivalence of JT gravity and near-extremal black hole dynamics in higher derivative theory
Authors: Banerjee Nabamita , Mandal Taniya , Rudra Arnab , Saha Muktajyoti 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Two derivative Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) gravity theory captures the near-horizon dynamics of higher dimensional near-extremal black holes, which is governed by a Schwarzian action at the boundary in the near-horizon region. The partition function corresponding to this boundary action correctly gives the statistical entropy of the near-extremal black hole. In this paper, we study the thermodynamics of spherically symmetric four-dimensional near-extremal black holes in presence of arbitrary perturbative four derivative corrections. We find that the near-horizon dynamics is again captured by a JT-like action with a particular namely R2 higher derivative modification. Effectively the theory is described by a boundary Schwarzian action which gets suitably modified due to the presence of the higher derivative interactions. Near-extremal entropy, free energy also get corrected accordingly.
Planar solutions of higher-spin theory. Nonlinear corrections
Authors: Didenko V. E. , Korybut A. V. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Leading order higher-spin corrections to the linearized higher-spin black brane are analyzed in four dimensions. It is shown that the static solution that respects planar symmetry exists in the bosonic case at given order. Its higher-spin Weyl tensors are found in a closed form and are shown to have the double copy origin. The effect of higher-spin fields to form a strictly positive scalar condensate for any values of higher-spin charges is observed.
Information transfer with a twist
Authors: Uhlemann Christoph F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Holographic duals for CFTs compactified on a Riemann surface Σ with a twist are cast in the language of wedge holography. Σ starts as part of the field theory geometry in the UV and becomes part of the internal space in the IR. This allows to associate entanglement entropies with splits of the internal space in the IR geometry. Decomposing the internal space in the IR and geometrizing the corresponding subsystems separately leads to two interacting gravitational systems, similar to the intermediate holographic description in braneworld models. For Σ = T2 the setups are used to model information transfer from a black hole to a gravitating bath. This leads to Page curves with a phase structure which precisely mirrors that in braneworld models. The transition from geometric to non-geometric entropies is also discussed for Σ = S2 as a model for more general internal spaces in AdS/CFT.
Taxonomy of brane gravity localisations
Authors: Erickson C. W. , Leung Rahim , Stelle K. S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Generating an effective theory of lower-dimensional gravity on a submanifold within an original higher-dimensional theory can be achieved even if the reduction space is non-compact. Localisation of gravity on such a lower-dimensional worldvolume can be interpreted in a number of ways. The first scenario, Type I, requires a mathematically consistent Kaluza-Klein style truncation down to a theory in the lower dimension, in which case solutions purely within that reduced theory exist. However, that situation is not a genuine localisation of gravity because all such solutions have higher-dimensional source extensions according to the Kaluza-Klein ansatz. Also, there is no meaningful notion of Newton’s constant for such Type I constructions.Types II and III admit coupling to genuinely localised sources in the higher-dimensional theory, with corresponding solutions involving full sets of higher-dimensional modes. Type II puts no specific boundary conditions near the worldvolume aside from regularity away from sources. In a case where the wave equation separated in the non-compact space transverse to the worldvolume admits a normalisable zero mode, the Type III scenario requires boundary conditions near the worldvolume that permit the inclusion of that zero mode in mode expansions for gravitational wave fluctuations or potentials. In such a case, an effective theory of lower-dimensional gravity can emerge at sufficiently large worldvolume distance scales.This taxonomy of brane gravity localisations is developed in detail for linearised perturbations about a background incorporating the vacuum solution of Salam-Sezgin theory when embedded into ten-dimensional supergravity with a hyperbolic non-compact transverse space. Interpretations of the Newton constant for the corresponding Type III localisation are then analysed.
Accompanying injuries in tibial shaft fractures: how often is there an additional violation of the posterior malleolus and which factors are predictive? A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lisitano Leonard , Mayr Edgar , Rau Kim , Wiedl Andreas , Reuter Jan , Foerch Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Introduction
An undislocated fracture of the posterior malleolus is a common concomitant injury in tibial shaft spiral fractures. Nevertheless, these accompanying injuries cannot always be reliably assessed using conventional X-rays. Thus, the aim of the study is to evaluate how often a fracture of the posterior malleolus occurs with tibial shaft fractures (AO:42A/B/C and AO:43A) and which factors—identifiable in conventional X-rays—are predictive.

Methods
Retrospective evaluation of X-ray and CT images revealed a total of 103 patients with low-energy tibial shaft fractures without direct joint involvement. Proximal fractures and fractures involving the knee were excluded. Basic data on injury, the trauma mechanism, the path of the fracture, bony avulsions of the posterior syndesmosis and the procedures performed were evaluated.

Results
Thirty-nine fractures were located in the middle third of the tibia, 64 in the distal third. In 65 cases, a spiral fracture (simple or wedge fracture) was found. In 31/103 fractures, an additional osseous avulsion of the posterior syndesmosis could be detected, 5 (16.1%) of them were not recognized preoperatively due to an absence of CT imaging. In three of these patients, a fracture of the posterior malleolus was only recognized postoperatively, and an additional surgery was necessary. The spiral fractures were classified in the a.p. X-ray according to their path from lateral proximal to medial distal (Type A) or from medial proximal to lateral distal (Type B).
A Pearson chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test showed a highly significant accumulation of accompanying posterior malleolus fractures for type A fractures (p = 0.001), regardless of the location of the fracture. In addition, the fractures with involvement of the posterior malleolus had a significantly higher proportion in the fractures of the distal third (p = 0.003).
There was no statistically significant relationship between the height of the fracture and the path of the fracture (type A or B). These two factors seem to be independent factors for participation of the posterior malleolus.

Conclusion
In 40.6% of the tibial shaft fractures in the distal third, in 56.9% of the type A spiral fractures and in 67.6% of the type A fractures in the distal third, the ankle joint is involved with bony avulsion of the posterior syndesmosis, which is not always recognized in conventional X-rays. To avoid complications such as additional operations, instability and post-traumatic arthrosis, we recommend preoperative imaging of the ankle using CT for these fractures.

Level of evidence
III, retrospective cohort study.

Trail registration number
DRKS00024536.
Development of a nozzle capillary viscometer for inline viscosity measurement of thermoplastics
Authors: Wappler Peter , Horter Tim , Kulkarni Romit , Guenther Thomas , Fritz Karl-Peter , Zimmermann André 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTodays continuous improvement and advancement in the injection molding process for plastics allow for increasing reliability of the process parameter control, whereas the fluctuations of the material properties still present a great challenge. To compensate for these fluctuations, a nozzle capillary rheometer is developed with the aim to determine the viscosity inline during the injection process in series production applications. An essential part of this work is the signal processing and the definition of a suitable integration boundary to ensure a reliable signal evaluation. In addition, based on mathematical modeling and established correction factors, it is possible to determine the effective viscosity accurately without the need to replace the capillary channel according to the Bagley correction.
A climate perspective of the quasi-stationary front in southwestern China: structure, variation and impact
Authors: Cai Danping , Tao Lingfeng , Yang Xiu-Qun , Sang Xiaozhuo , Fang Jiabei , Sun Xuguang , Wang Weiping , Yan Hongming 
Published: January 2022

AbstractYunnan–Guizhou quasi-stationary front (YGQSF) is a unique weather phenomenon that frequently occurs during the winter half year over the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau in southwestern China. Most of the previous studies analyzed it only with synoptic cases. This study investigates the structure, variation, and impact of this front from a climate perspective, using long-term high-resolution atmospheric reanalyses and high-density station records for 1981–2016. An objective method quantifying YGQSF is proposed and three indexes are defined to measure its intensity, frequency, and location, respectively, with horizontal gradient of air potential temperature at a terrain-following level of sigma 0.995. With these indexes, climatological structure, subseasonal variability as well as climatic impact of the front are comprehensively examined. In climatology, YGQSF as a north–south-oriented low-level front is found to occur the most frequently during January–February–March, determined predominately by the coldness from the east of the front. The structure of the front identified essentially reflects an obstruction of high-terrain Yunnan (the western part of the plateau) to the low-level cold air mass, which makes near-surface cold northeasterly winds cease westward intruding and veer upward over relatively low-terrain Guizhou, transporting moisture upward and forming low clouds. A sharp climate contrast is thus formed between two sides of the front: cold, sunless, and continuously rainy Guizhou versus warm and sunny Yunnan. Furthermore, the front features significant subseasonal variations with periods at around 30 days and 60 days largely in its intensity. Anomalously strong YGQSF events which are caused 75% by the cold anomaly from the east but no more than 17% by the warm anomaly from the west yield different anomalous structures, but consistently amplify the sharp climate contrast between Yunnan and Guizhou.
Effects of matcha tea extract on cell viability and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression on T47D breast cancer cells
Authors: Keckstein Simon , Tilgener Constantin , Jeschke Udo , Hofmann Simone , Vilsmaier Theresa , Kaltofen Till , Heidegger Helene , Batz Falk , Mahner Sven , Schröder Lennard 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose
In the following work, we investigated the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-dependent proliferation behavior of breast cancer cells after stimulation with matcha green tea extract (MTE).

Methods
T47D cells were stimulated with MTE at concentrations of 5, 10 and 50 µg/ml. Cell viability was assessed using a WST-1 assay after an incubation time of 72 h. PPARγ expression was quantified at the gene level by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A western blot (WB) was carried out for the qualitative assessment of the expression behavior of on a protein level.

Results
The WST-1 test showed a significant inhibition of viability in T47D cells after 72 h at 5, 10 and 50 µg/ml. The PCR showed an overexpression of PPARγ in T47D cells in all concentrations. At the concentration of 50 µg/ml the expression was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The WB demonstrated a significant quantitative increase of PPARγ at protein level with MTE concentrations of 10 and 50 µg/ml. In addition, there was a negative correlation between the overexpression of PPAR γ and the inhibition of proliferation.

Conclusion
MTE decreases the cell viability of T47D cells and furthermore leads to an overexpression of PPARγ on protein and mRNA level.