bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information paradox and island in quasi-de Sitter space
Authors: Seo Min-Seok 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWhereas a static observer in de Sitter (dS) space detects thermal radiation emitted by the horizon, the dS isometries impose that the radiation is in equilibrium with the background. This implies that for the static observer to find the information paradox, the background must be deformed to quasi-dS space in which the dS isometries are spontaneously broken. We study the condition that the information paradox arises in quasi-dS space with the monotonically increasing horizon size which is used to describe the inflationary cosmology. For this purpose, the dimensional reduction of three-dimensional dS space with thermal radiation modelled by the JT gravity coupled to CFT is considered. We argue that when the central charge monotonically increases in time, the information paradox arises but the conditions for the existence of the island become more restrictive. As the central charge can be interpreted as the number of degrees of freedom, the absence of the island in quasi-dS space supports the entropy argument for the dS swampland conjecture.
Anomalies and phases of strongly coupled chiral gauge theories: Recent developments
Authors: Bolognesi Stefano , Konishi Kenichi , Luzio Andrea 
Published: December 2022

After many years of investigations, our understanding of the dynamics of strongly coupled chiral gauge theories is still quite unsatisfactory today. Conventional wisdom about strongly coupled gauge theories, successfully applied to QCD, is not always as useful in chiral gauge theories. Recently, some new ideas and techniques have been developed, which involve concepts of generalized symmetries, of gauging a discrete center symmetry, and of generalizing the ’t Hooft anomaly matching constraints to include certain mixed symmetries. This new development has been applied to chiral gauge theories, leading to many interesting, sometimes quite unexpected, results. For instance, in the context of generalized Bars–Yankielowicz and generalized Georgi–Glashow models, these new types of anomalies give a rather clear indication in favor of the dynamical Higgs phase, against confining, flavor symmetric vacua. Another closely related topic is strong anomaly and the effective low-energy action representing it. It turns out that they have significant implications on the phase of chiral gauge theories, giving indications consistent with the findings based on the generalized anomalies. Some striking analogies and contrasts between the massless QCD and chiral gauge theories seem to emerge from these discussions. The aim of this work is to review these developments.
Do Beliefs about Alcohol and Cancer Risk Vary by Alcoholic Beverage Type and Heart Disease Risk Beliefs?
Authors: Seidenberg Andrew B. , Wiseman Kara P. , Klein William M.P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background:
Alcohol is a leading risk factor for cancer, yet awareness of the alcohol–cancer link is low. Awareness may be influenced by perceptions of potential health benefits of alcohol consumption or certain alcoholic beverage types. The purpose of this study was to estimate awareness of the alcohol–cancer link by beverage type and to examine the relationship between this awareness and concomitant beliefs about alcohol and heart disease risk.

Methods:
We analyzed data from the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey 5 Cycle 4, a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults.

Results:
Awareness of the alcohol–cancer link was highest for liquor (31.2%), followed by beer (24.9%) and wine (20.3%). More U.S. adults believed wine (10.3%) decreased cancer risk, compared with beer (2.2%) and liquor (1.7%). Most U.S. adults (&gt;50%) reported not knowing how these beverages affected cancer risk. U.S. adults believing alcoholic beverages increased heart disease risk had higher adjusted predicted probabilities of being aware of the alcohol–cancer link (wine: 58.6%; beer: 52.4%; liquor: 59.4%) compared with those unsure (wine: 6.0%; beer: 8.6%; liquor: 13.2%), or believing alcoholic beverages reduced (wine: 16.2%; beer: 21.6%; liquor: 23.8%) or had no effect on heart disease risk (wine: 10.2%; beer: 12.0%; liquor: 16.9%).

Conclusions:
Awareness of the alcohol–cancer link was low, varied by beverage type, and was higher among those recognizing that alcohol use increased heart disease risk.

Impact:
These findings underscore the need to educate U.S. adults about the alcohol–cancer link, including raising awareness that drinking all alcoholic beverage types increases cancer risk.
See related commentary by Hay et al., p. 9
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin Among Adults With Cancer and Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Mehta Hemalkumar B. , An Huijun , Ardeshirrouhanifard Shirin , Raji Mukaila A. , Alexander G. Caleb , Segal Jodi B. 
Published: December 2022

Background:
While clinical guidelines recommend direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOAC) over warfarin to treat isolated nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, guidelines are silent regarding nonvalvular atrial fibrillation treatment among individuals with cancer, reflecting the paucity of evidence in this setting. We quantified relative risk of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism and major bleeding (primary outcomes), and all-cause and cardiovascular death (secondary outcomes) among older individuals with cancer and nonvalvular atrial fibrillation comparing DOACs and warfarin.

Methods:
This retrospective cohort study used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry and linked US Medicare data from 2010 through 2016, and included individuals diagnosed with cancer and nonvalvular atrial fibrillation who newly initiated DOAC or warfarin. We used inverse probability of treatment weighting to control confounding. We used competing risk regression for primary outcomes and cardiovascular death, and Cox proportional hazard regression for all-cause death.

Results:
Among 7675 individuals included in the cohort, 4244 (55.3%) received DOACs and 3431 (44.7%) warfarin. In the inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis, there was no statistically significant difference among DOAC and warfarin users in the risk of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism (1.24 versus 1.19 events per 100 person-years, adjusted hazard ratio 1.41 [95% CI, 0.92–2.14]), major bleeding (3.08 versus 4.49 events per 100 person-years, adjusted hazard ratio 0.90 [95% CI, 0.70–1.17]), and cardiovascular death (1.88 versus 3.14 per 100 person-years, adjusted hazard ratio 0.82 [95% CI, 0.59–0.1.13]). DOAC users had significantly lower risk of all-cause death (7.09 versus 13.3 per 100 person-years, adjusted hazard ratio 0.81 [95% CI, 0.69–0.94]) compared to warfarin users.

Conclusions:
Older adults with cancer and atrial fibrillation exposed to DOACs had similar risks of stroke and systemic embolism and major bleeding as those exposed to warfarin. Relative to warfarin, DOAC use was associated with a similar risk of cardiovascular death and a lower risk of all-cause death.
Differing Impact of Preterm Birth on the Right and Left Atria in Adulthood
Authors: Schuermans Art , den Harink Tamara , Raman Betty , Smillie Robert W. , Alsharqi Maryam , Mohamed Afifah , Lapidaire Winok , van Deutekom Arend W. , Leeson Paul , Lewandowski Adam J. 
Published: December 2022

Background
Preterm birth affects 10% of live births and is associated with an altered left ventricular and right ventricular phenotype and increased cardiovascular disease risk in young adulthood. Because left atrial (LA) and right atrial (RA) volume and function are known independent predictors of cardiovascular outcomes, we investigated whether these were altered in preterm‐born young adults.

Methods and Results
Preterm‐born (n=200) and term‐born (n=266) adults aged 18 to 39 years underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. LA and RA maximal and minimal volumes (absolute, indexed to body surface area, and as a ratio to ventricular volumes) were obtained to study atrial morphology, while LA and RA stroke volume, strain, and strain rate were used to assess atrial function. Secondary analyses consisted of between‐group comparisons based on degree of prematurity. Absolute RA volumes and RA volumes indexed to right ventricular volumes were significantly smaller in preterm‐born compared with term‐born adults. In addition, RA reservoir and booster strain were higher in preterm‐born adults, possibly indicating functional compensation for the smaller RA volumes. LA volumes indexed to left ventricular volumes were significantly greater in preterm‐born adults as compared with term‐born adults, although absolute LA volumes were similar between groups. LA and RA changes were observed across gestational ages in the preterm group but were greatest in those born very‐to‐extremely preterm.

Conclusions
Preterm‐born adults show changes in LA and RA structure and function, which may indicate subclinical cardiovascular disease. Further research into underlying mechanisms, opportunities for interventions, and their prognostic value is warranted.
“I Shall Give Thee the Heathen for Thine Inheritance”
Authors: McGhee Patrick S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Taking the scriptural concept of the ‘heathen’ as its starting point, this article investigates the attitudes of Protestant ministers and parishioners in England towards the conversion of indigenous non-Christian people in colonial New England during the years of the English republic from 1649 to 1660. The article examines Psalm 2 as a framework within which churchgoers interpreted non-Christianity, before turning to the fragmentary prosopography of parishioners who donated money towards the cause of religious expansion. Illuminating the practical strategies that the new government developed as its pursuit of legitimacy intersected with attitudes towards evangelism overseas, the article demonstrates the ways in which liturgical, pastoral, political and socio-economic circumstances shaped local engagement with the wider Atlantic world. It suggests that English support for the propagation of the gospel emerged from profound theological ambivalence as animosity towards non-believers co-existed with the conviction that some among them could convert and might be saved.
Mammographic breast density status in women aged more than 40 years in Sulaimaniyah, Iraq: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ali Kalthum Abdullah Sofi , Fateh Salah Muhammed 
Published: December 2022

Objective Mammography is the gold standard screening procedure for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. This study aimed to determine the distribution of breast density among women older than 40 years in Sulaimaniyah, Iraq, and to examine the correlations between breast density and various risk factors. Methods This cross-sectional study included 750 women who received routine mammographic breast screening at Sulaimaniyah Breast Center. Bilateral standard two-view mammographic images (craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique projections) were acquired and reported using a picture archiving and communication system. American College of Radiology (ACR) Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) assessment categories C and D were considered as dense. Results A total of 54.3% of breasts were classified as dense, with ACR-BI-RADS categories C or D. Breast density was significantly associated with age, body mass index, a family history of breast cancer, and pre-menopause, and women with no history of breastfeeding were more likely to have dense breasts than those with partial or complete breastfeeding. Conclusions This study revealed that women from Sulaimaniyah with a distinct breast-density profile at mammographic screening may have a significantly increased risk of breast cancer.
The Relationship Between Posterior Tibial Slope and Pediatric Tibial Eminence Fractures
Authors: Messner Mitchell K. , McGee Andrew S. , Elphingstone Joseph W. , Schartung David F. , Frazier Mason B. , Schick Samuel , Brabston Eugene W. , Momaya Amit M. 
Published: December 2022

Background: Tibial eminence fractures are bony avulsions of the anterior cruciate ligament from its insertion on the intercondylar eminence. Numerous anatomic factors have been associated with anterior cruciate ligament injuries, such as posterior tibial slope, but there are few studies evaluating the association with tibial eminence fracture. Purpose: To compare posterior tibial slope of pediatric patients with and without tibial eminence fractures. We hypothesized that a steeper posterior tibial slope would be associated with tibial eminence fracture. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Patients who underwent surgical treatment of tibial eminence fracture were retrospectively identified between January 2000 and July 2021. Adults aged >20 years and those without adequate imaging were excluded. Controls without gross ligamentous or osseous pathology were identified. Descriptive information and Meyers and McKeever classification were recorded. Posterior tibial slope measurements were obtained by 2 independent orthopaedic surgeons twice, with measurements separated by 3 weeks. Chi-square tests and independent-samples t tests were used to compare posterior tibial slope and patient characteristics. Inter- and intrareviewer variability was determined via the intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: A total of 51 patients with tibial eminence fractures and 57 controls were included. By sex, tibial eminence fractures occurred among 34 male and 17 female patients with a mean age of 10.9 years. The posterior tibial slope among those with tibial eminence fractures (9.7°) was not significantly greater than that of controls (8.8°; P = .07). Male patients with a tibial eminence fracture had significantly steeper slopes compared with controls (10.0° vs 8.4°; P = .006); this difference was not observed between female patients and female controls. Patients with a slope ≥1 SD above the mean (12.0°) had 3.8 times greater odds (95% CI, 1.3-11.6; P = .017) of having a tibial eminence fracture. Male patients with a posterior tibial slope >12° had 5.8 times greater odds (95% CI, 1.1-29.1; P = .034) of having a tibial eminence fracture compared with male controls. Conclusion: Male patients undergoing surgical fixation of a tibial eminence fracture had an increased posterior tibial slope as compared with case-controls. Increased posterior tibial slope may be a risk factor for sustaining a tibial eminence fracture, although the clinical significance of this deserves further investigation.
Anteromedialization Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy Improves Patellar Contact Forces: A Cadaveric Model of Patellofemoral Dysplasia
Authors: Lamplot Joseph D. , Jahandar Amirhossein , Meyers Kathleen N. , Gomoll Andreas H. , Maher Suzanne A. , Strickland Sabrina M. 
Published: December 2022

Background: Patellofemoral (PF) dysplasia is common in patients with recurrent patellar instability. Tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) is performed with goals of correcting patellar maltracking and redistributing contact forces across the PF joint. The biomechanical effects of TTO in the setting of PF dysplasia have not been quantified. Purpose/Hypothesis: To quantify patellar contact mechanics and kinematics after TTO in the setting of PF dysplasia. We hypothesized that a simulated anteromedialization (AMZ) TTO would improve PF contact mechanics as compared with a pure medialization TTO. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: PF dysplasia with Dejour type D classification was simulated in 7 cadaveric knees by replacing the native patellar and trochlear surfaces with synthetic polymeric patellar and trochlear implants. On each specimen, a flat TTO was fixed in 3 distinct positions simulating a pathologic lateralized tubercle (pathologic condition), a medialized tubercle (Elmslie Trillat), and an AMZ tubercle. The sum of forces acting on the medial and lateral patellar facet and patellar kinematics was computed for each knee for each condition from 0° to 70° of flexion at 10° increments. Results: Relative to the pathologic condition, AMZ TTO decreased contact forces across the lateral facet (20°-50° and 70° of flexion). Relative to the pathologic condition, Elmslie Trillat TTO had no effect on contact forces on either compartment. Relative to the Elmslie Trillat TTO, the AMZ TTO had significantly decreased contact forces across the medial facet (at 40°, 60°, and 70° of flexion). No significant differences in joint kinematics occurred across any groups. Conclusion: Of all groups studied, AMZ TTO resulted in significantly decreased patellar contact forces in simulated dysplastic PF joints. AMZ may be considered in certain patients with PF dysplasia to avoid medial compartment PF chondral overload. Clinical Relevance: PF dysplasia is common in patients with recurrent patellar instability who warrant surgical intervention to prevent subsequent recurrence. Numerous interventions to treat this condition, including various TTOs, have been proposed without a clear consensus. This cadaveric biomechanical study demonstrates that AMZ TTO resulted in more favorable PF contact mechanics than Elmslie Trillat TTO in a model representing PF dysplasia. AMZ TTO may be considered for patients in the setting of recurrent instability with PF dysplasia to avoid cartilage overload on the medial compartment of the PF joint.
Unilateral Cleft lip and Palate: Long-Term Results of the Malek Technique
Authors: de Buys Roessingh Anthony , Robert Yohann , Despars Josée , Zbinden-Trichet Chantal , Herzog Georges , Broome Martin , El Ezzi Oumama 
Published: December 2022

To review at 18 years-old the results of surgery and follow-up of children born in our hospital with unilateral cleft lip and palate (uCLP). They were operated at the time by the same surgeon, following the same primary surgical procedure (Malek). Retrospective cohort study. Tertiary Children's Hospital. All children born with uCLP between 1996 and 2001 and operated in our hospital. Syndromic children were excluded. Results of the primary surgery, ear–nose–throat interventions, maxillo-facial surgery and final phonatory results. Seventy-nine files of children born with a cleft were reviewed: 34 were taken into consideration for uCLP: 15 right and 19 left. They were operated in two stages, following the inverse Malek procedure. Sixty per cent had a fistula. Eighty-eight percent had grommets. Ninety-seven percent had an alveolar graft at a median age of nine (5-10) and 22% underwent a Le Fort osteotomy. Seven percent were operated for a pharyngeal flap, 29% for a secondary lip surgery at a mean age of 12.8 and 29% for a late rhinoplasty at a mean age of 14.8 years. A median of 5.7 multidisciplinary consultations was realized with a median number of general anesthesia of 7.1 (4-13). This retrospective study shows that the Malek procedure for children born with uCLP is related to a high risk of fistula but good long-term phonatory results. Twenty percent of children were operated for a Le Fort procedure and one-third for a secondary lip procedure and rhinoplasty.
Comparison of Open-Access, Trough-Only Online Calculators Versus Trapezoidal Method for Calculation of Vancomycin Area Under the Curve (AUC)
Authors: Keil Elizabeth , Wrenn Rebekah H. , Deri Connor R. , Slaton Cara N. , Shroba Jenny , Parish Alice , Erkanli Alaattin , Spivey Justin 
Published: December 2022

Background: Vancomycin area-under-the-curve (AUC) monitoring is associated with reduced nephrotoxicity but may increase cost and workload for personnel compared to trough monitoring. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of vancomycin AUC calculated by open-access, online, trough-only calculators to AUCs calculated by the trapezoidal method (TM) using peak and trough concentrations. Methods: This retrospective, multi-center study included adults ≥18 years old with stable renal function who received vancomycin with steady-state peak and trough concentrations. Areas under the curve calculated by TM were compared to AUCs calculated by 3 online calculators using trough-only options for calculation: ClinCalc, VancoVanco, and VancoPK. The primary outcome was actual difference in AUC between TM and the online calculators. Secondary outcomes were percent difference in AUC and clinical alignment in dose adjustments between methods. Results: Seventy patients were included for analysis. There was a statistically significant difference in AUC between TM and ClinCalc (median actual difference: −52, P < 0.001) and VancoVanco (median actual difference: 95, P < 0.001), whereas there was no significant difference between TM and VancoPK (median actual difference: −0.8, P = 0.827). Discordant dose adjustments were indicated when comparing ClinCalc, VancoVanco, and VancoPK to TM in 28%, 36%, and 12% of cases, respectively. Conclusion: The AUC calculator most closely aligned with TM was VancoPK, whereas other included calculators were statistically different. Owing to the cost and complexity of obtaining multiple levels, our findings support using a single steady-state trough using VancoPK as an alternative to TM for calculation of vancomycin AUC.
Oculomotor and trochlear nerve neuritis following botulinum toxin injection for masseter hypertrophy – a case report with literature review
Authors: Khor Hui Gim , Effendi Irina , Lott Pooi Wah , Wan Ab Kadir Azida Juana , Samsudin Amir 
Published: December 2022

Objective To report a rare complication of oculomotor and trochlear nerve neuritis following botulinum toxin injection for masseter hypertrophy. Case Presentation A previously healthy 31-year-old man presented with a two-week history of left eye (OS) ptosis and diplopia, following botulinum toxin injection over the masseter area for masseter hypertrophy at an aesthetic centre. He had no proptosis or facial asymmetry. Visual acuity was 6/6 in the right eye (OD) and 6/9 in the OS. There was anisocoria, with pupils measuring 3 mm in the OD and 5 mm in the OS but no relative afferent pupillary defect. OS appeared hypertropic in primary gaze with impaired intorsion. Extraocular movement of the OS was restricted in all gazes, except for laevoversion; that of the OD was normal. This was associated with diplopia in all gazes except on laevoversion. Both eyes’ anterior and posterior segment examinations were otherwise unremarkable. Besides the oculomotor and trochlear nerve, the other cranial nerves and neurological examinations were normal. Investigations including blood and cerebrospinal fluid, magnetic resonance imaging and angiography of the brain, were normal. Our impression was left oculomotor and trochlear nerve neuritis secondary to botulinum toxin injection. He was started on oral prednisolone 1 mg/kg daily and tapered by 5 mg per week. His condition improved gradually with no residual ptosis or anisocoria after three months. Extraocular movements normalised except for minimal residual restriction on depression. Conclusion Oculomotor and trochlear nerve neuritis can occur following botulinum toxin injection over the masseter area. Healthcare professionals should be aware of this potential complication before offering the injection.