bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology of Noninfectious Bud Failure Symptoms in Vegetative Buds of Almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch)1
Authors: Hellali R. , Lin J. , Kester D. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Comparative anatomical studies of vegetative buds from normal and failure prone (BF) ‘Nonpareil’ almond showed no anatomical difference in the buds, except reduced size in buds on severely affected BF trees, until early August to mid-September. The sequence of microscopically visible degenerative processes in shoot apices of BF trees is: l) breakdown of the outer tunica layer, 2) disorganized proliferation of the corpus: and, 3) the differentiation of layers of cells in the sub-apical region delimiting the potentially necrotic tissues of the apex. Subsequent abscission of affected buds occurs depending upon the extent of the necrosis. Growth was observed from 13% of buds from BF trees budded onto peach seedling rootstock, 38% of buds from non-BF trees grafted at the same time, and 95% of buds from normal plants. The scion buds had been collected and grafted in October, when internal anatomical symptoms were apparent. In general, the number of failing buds and the severity of the internal symptoms increased acropetally. Buds from BF trees attained maximum size by early June and thereafter decreased in size due to dessication.
Amino Acid Composition and Flavor of Fresh Market Tomatoes as Influenced by Fruit Ripeness When Harvested1
Authors: Kader Adel A. , Stevens M. Allen , Albright Marjorie , Morris Leonard L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four amino acids (glutamic, γ-aminobutyric, glutamine, and aspartic) make up about 80% of the total free amino acids in fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Cal Ace). Fruits harvested at the table-ripe stage contained more alanine and less glutamic acid than those picked green or at the breaker (incipient red color) stage and ripened at 20°C to table-ripe. The higher glutamic acid concentrations in fruit picked at the breaker or earlier stages were paralled to higher scores for “off-flavor,” as described by a taste panel, relative to fruits picked table-ripe. However, when monopotassium glutamate (60, 120, or 180 mg/l00g) was added to diced table-ripe fruits, the panelists were not able to detect flavor differences due to increased glutamic acid concn. Differences in amino acid composition associated with fruit ripeness when picked do not appear to be directly related to flavor differences.
Sod Production in Shallow Beds of Waste Materials1
Authors: Neel P. L. , Burt E. O. , Busey P. , Snyder G. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sprigs of ‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) and seeds of ‘Argentine’ bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) were planted in 10 different media consisting of combinations of 5 waste products spread 10 cm deep on black polyethylene plastic sheets. Experiments were conducted in 1976 and 1977 utilizing the following media components: composted heat-treated sewage sludge (SS); composted sugarcane processing byproducts (SB); composted municipal wood chips (WC); sandy muck soil (SM); and water treatment sludge (WS). In 51 days the bahiagrass had formed sod which was comparable in tear strength to commercially available sod. Excellent rooting of the experimental sod occurred in 7 days; commercially cut sod had rooted much less as determined by root weights and the force required to uproot the sod. Bermudagrass sprigs did not develop sufficient coverage in 51 days to yield acceptable sod but did so by 65 days. The sod also rooted more quickly than commercial bermudagrass sod. Both grasses rooted better than commercial sod because root apical meristems were not cut off during harvesting. The media which resulted in the best and worst combinations of evaluations were different for each grass species. Excellent quality bahiagrass sod was produced in media containing SS, and the least acceptable in WC+SS and WS+SB media. A system now exists to make use of a number of urban waste products for sod production, while at the same time shortening production time.
Effect of Fruit Thinning on Size and Quality of ‘Stanley’ Plum (Prunus domestica L.)1
Authors: Wells John M. , Bukovac Martin J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hand thinning during late June drop increased fruit size and improved quality of ‘Stanley’ plum as indexed by soluble solids and color development. Crop load within the range of 200 to 990 g of mature fruit per cm2 trunk cross-sectional area was negatively correlated with fruit size, soluble solids and color. The percentage of mature fruits with cheek diameter less than 35 mm increased as crop load increased. Total flower buds and flowers per spur, and flowers per flower bud, were not significantly affected by fruit load in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 fruits per spur the previous season. However, a weak negative relationship was found between fruits per spur and flower buds produced per spur with a wider range (0 to 8 fruits/spur) in fruit load.
Fruit Turgor Influences Susceptibility of ‘Tahiti9 Lime to Stylar-end Breakdown1
Authors: da Cunha G. A. P. , Davenport T. L. , Soule J. , Campbell C. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Tahiti’ (Citrus latifolia Tan.) lime fruit varying in turgor, estimated by fruit water potential and rind oil release pressure, were collected and assayed for susceptibility to stylar-end breakdown. Susceptibility was determined by heating fruit for 3 hours at 42°C in a constant temperature water bath. Incidence of stylar-end breakdown was about 40% in the most turgid fruit, water potential ≥–4 bars and rind oil release pressure ≤2.0 kg. Decreasing turgor resulted in a linear decrease in susceptibility. Minimum susceptibility of from 0% to 2% was found in limes with water potential ≤–11 bars and rind oil release pressure ≥4.5 kg. Stylar-end breakdown can be controlled by maintaining strict picking schedules so that fruit are not allowed to get too large, controlling postharvest field heat, and harvesting fruit with reduced turgor pressure.
Comparative Inflorescence Development of Two Cultivare of Forced Tuberous-rooted Dahlias1
Authors: Barrett J. E. , De Hertogh A. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flower development of tuberous-rooted Dahlia ‘Park Princess’ and ‘Miramar’ was studied during 2 forcing seasons using scanning electron and light microscopy techniques. Each cultivar had a flat, rectangular (0.2 × 0.1 mm) vegetative meristem which domed and increased in diameter as the last leaf primordia developed. Subsequently, 8 outer involucrate bract primordia were formed and the meristem bacame round with a diameter of approximately 0.35 mm. The first visible sign of floral initiation was the formation of inner involucrate bract primordia. The floret primordium developed after the subtending bract primordium. The first unpinched plants of ‘Park Princess’ were reproductive 20 days after planting and 100% were reproductive after 30 days. ‘Miramar’ was reproductive 10 days later with a corresponding delay in anthesis. Unpinched ‘Park Princess’ and ‘Miramar’ were reproductive when the 4th and 6th leaf pairs had separated, respectively. When pinched, over 80% of the lateral branches of ‘Park Princess’ and ‘Miramar’ were reproductive after 12 days.
Comparative Floral Fertility in Heat Tolerant and Heat Sensitive Tomatoes1
Authors: Shelby Richard A. , Greenleaf Walter H. , Peterson Curt M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The heat tolerant tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) breeding line AU 165 and ‘Nagcarlang’ were compared with the heat sensitive ‘Floradel’ in fruit set, pollen abortion, and embryo sac abortion. The 2 heat tolerant cultivars had a significantly higher percentage fruit set under both moderate and high temperature in spring and summer than did ‘Floradel’, but fruit set of all 3 cultivars was significantly lower at high temperature. The fruit set of all 3 cultivars was markedly improved by hand pollination, indicating that insufficient pollination probably was a major cause of heat sterility at high temperature. Both pollen and embryo sac abortion were minor factors in the reduced fruit set observed. Heat tolerance in the cross AU 165 × ‘Floradel’ appeared to be partially dominant.
Comparison of Urea and Sulfur-coated Urea as Nitrogen Sources for Lowbush Blueberries Growing on a Colton Gravelly Loamy Sand1
Authors: Smagula John M. , Hepler Paul R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fertilization with 98 and 196 kg N/ha from urea or sulfur-coated urea (SCU) resulted in higher amounts of K2SO4-extractable ammonium N in the 0-7.6 cm but not the 7.6-15.2 cm soil layer. There was no difference due to sources of N. Application of 98 kg N/ha from either urea or SCU to portions of 5 clones of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium augustifolium Ait.) increased N concentration, size and weight of leaves, flower bud formation, and yield.
Lily Bulb Harvest Maturity Indices Predict Forcing Response1
Authors: Roberts A. N. , Green J. L. , Moeller F. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Harvest date, bulb weight, and the number of scale and leaf primordia of the daughter axis of July-to-October-harvested bulbs of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cvs. Croft, Ace and Nellie White were harvest maturity indices (HMI) evaluated as predictors of subsequent bulb responses to dormancy-removing and flower-forcing treatments. Higher HMI ratings associated with late harvest, e.g., increased bulb size and increased numbers of daughter leaf primordia, favored early shoot emergence and flowering with standard forcing programs. However, early-harvested bulbs with lower HMI ratings could be forced with equal or superior quality when given modified forcing regimes. Early-harvested bulbs without cold treatment were more responsive to long day (LD) flower induction than late-harvested bulbs. The optimum dormancy-removing temperature was always 15°C, but the flower-inducing optimum tended to shift from 10° to 5° with progressively later harvest. However, 10° storage favored earlier emergence, greater leaf and flower numbers, while total days to flower from potting remained the same at the 2 inductive temperatures. The interaction of bulb maturity at harvest and forcing regime emphasize the necessity of tailoring the forcing regime to the HMI of the bulb.
Factors Influencing CO2-induced Peel Injury of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Lau O. L. , Looney N. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dipping or vacuum infiltrating ‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) with water before a 10-day 17% CO2 gassing treatment increased the incidence and severity of CO2-associated peel injury. Susceptible fruits receiving a localized water treatment using flannelette rings were injured preferentially in the wet areas. When the flannelette rings were soaked with water, carbonic acid, 0.05 m succinate, 0.05 m oxalacetate and 0.05 m malonate and the fruits held in controlled atmosphere storage, only malonate caused severe surface injury. Dips or vacuum infiltration treatments involving malonate caused a similar type of injury. However, this injury was clearly different in appearance from CO2 injury. Infiltrating fruits with 0.02 n HCl (pH 1.8) caused no injury suggesting that CO2 injury is not simply due to tissue acidification.
Influence of Photoperiod and Light Quality on Stolon Formation and Flowering of Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques
Authors: Heins R. D. , Wilkin H. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the paper, Influence of Photoperiod and Light Quality on Stolon Formation and Flowering of Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques by R. D. Heins and H. F. Wilkins (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 103(5):687-689. 1978), the authors names were inadvertently omitted from the table of contents.
Distinguishing Camellia L. Species Using Dorsal Leaf Surface Impressions
Authors: Ackerman William L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
At the request of the second author of the paper “Distinguishing Camellia L. Species Using Dorsal Leaf Surface Impressions,” by W. L. Ackerman and Ao-luo Zhang [J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108(3):439–444, 1983], I would like to report two errors which I, the first author, unintentionally made in my improper use of the word “Taiw an” in the text (page 439, line 6) and in Table 1 (page 440).
Microdroplet Application of GA4+7 + BA: Sites of Absorption and Effect on Fruit Set, Size, and Shape of ‘Delicious’ Apples
Authors: Greeen Duane W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The greatest increase in length to diameter (L/D) ratio of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) following microdroplet application of gibberellins A4+7 plus 6-benzylamino purine (GA4+7 + BA) occurred when this mixture was applied in the calyx or on the receptacle surface. Movement of GA4+7 + BA to the receptacle from surrounding flower parts or spur leaves was limited. No GA4+7 + BA treatment of 25-600 ppm (0.625-15 μg GA4+7 + BA/flower) influenced fruit set or increased fruit weight. Increased L/D ratio was due to a combination of increased fruit length and decreased fruit diameter. Reduced fruit diameter and weight were attributed to a lower seed number.
Effects of BA, GA4+7, and Daminozide on Fruit Set, Fruit Quality, Vegetative Growth, Flower Initiation, and Flower Quality of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple
Authors: McLaughlin Joann M. , Greene Duane W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five repeat spray applications at full bloom (FB) + 11 days through FB + 61 days of 50 ppm 6-benzylamino purine (BA) and/or gibberellins A4+7 (GA4+7) were made on limbs receiving 0 or 2000 ppm butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) at FB + 11 days. Similar repeat applications of BA and GA4+7 were made at FB + 4 through FB + 57 days on limbs where all blossom clusters were removed at FB or all blossom clusters were retained. GA4+7 depressed flower bud formation, whereas BA not only increased bloom but also overcame some of the inhibitory effects of GA4+7 on flowering. The daminozide and BA combination increased flowering more than when each was applied separately. BA increased lateral flower development in the blossom cluster and increased the number of “king” flowers surviving several mid-April freezes. Russeting was increased by BA, decreased by GA4+7, and unaffected when BA and GA4+7 were combined. BA increased fruit weight, length, and diameter when treatments were started at FB + 4 days. GA4+7 increased fruit length but fruit weight was increased only when treatments were started at FB + 11 days. GA4+7 decreased seed number, and when combined with BA, seed number was reduced even further.
Influence of Organic Amendments on Solution Phosphorus Requirements for Vegetables in Minesoil
Authors: Swiader John M. , Morse Ronald D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Green-manure systems of a tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) sod and a rye (Secale cereale L.)-soybean (Glycine max. L.)-rye rotation were grown for 2 years to provide organic amendments to minesoil. One year after incorporating the green-manure crops, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) were grown on the amended minesoil and on adjacent, unamended minesoil. Six levels (0.05 to 2.4 ppm) of solution P were established within each plot, based on phosphate sorption isotherms. P sorption decreased in the organic-amended minesoils, thereby reducing the inorganic P fertilizer needed to establish each P solution level. Levels of amorphous Al oxides decreased while exchangeable Al remained relatively constant in the amended minesoil. Moisture relationships and other physical properties were improved in each green-manure regime. Organic amendments had no effect on optimum solution P requirements as tomato and pepper produced highest yields at 0.20 and 0.40 ppm solution P while eggplant produced highest yields at 1.60 and 2.40 ppm solution P in all minesoils. Yields of vegetables were higher in the amended minesoils for most solution P levels, while tissue P and other nutrient concentrations remained unchanged. Yield increases at each P solution level were attributable to improvements in minesoil moisture properties, not to nutritional factors. No differences between the 2 green-manure systems were apparent in their effect on external (solution P) or internal (tissue P) P requirements of the vegetable crop.
Severity of Acephate Phytotoxicity on Spathiphyllum Schott, cv. Clevelandii as Influenced by Host Nutrition and Temperature
Authors: Chase A. R. , Poole R. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trials in the greenhouse and growth chambers were performed to evaluate the influence of fertilizer level and temperature on sensitivity of Spathiphyllum cv. Clevelandii to acephate insecticide. Plant quality was not influenced consistently by fertilizer level in all tests, although highest-quality plants usually were produced with recommended fertilizer levels (3 g/15-cm pot Osmocote 19N-6P-12K). Plants were grown at fertilizer levels up to 15 g/15-cm pot with those grown between 22° and 27°C undamaged, while those grown at 32° had severe foliar necrosis and were stunted. Increases in either fertilizer level or temperature resulted in increased levels of phytotoxicity when plants were sprayed with recommended rates (0.4 g/liter) of acephate insecticide. An interaction occurred between temperature and fertilizer level in growth chamber trials.
Ice Nucleation Within Peach Trees
Authors: Ashworth E. N. , Davis G. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The freezing of water within the young trees of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was monitored using differential thermal analysis (DTA). Ice formation was initiated near −2°C. A logarithmic relationship between ice nucleation temperature and tissue sample size was observed. This suggested that the use of small tissue samples to estimate ice nucleation temperature may overestimate the extent of supercooling which would be observed in intact plants. The ice-nucleating agent associated with peach shoots active at − 2° was: 1) present in both field- and greenhouse-grown plants; 2) associated with overwintering dormant tissue and throughout blossom development; 3) resistant to surface disinfestants; 4) resistant to bacterial nucleation inhibitors; and 5) inactivated by autoclaving.
Pollen Morphology of Some Vaccinium Species and Their Hybrids
Authors: Goldy Ronald G. , Munoz Carlos E. , Lyrene Paul M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pollen morphology of 10 Vaccinium species, 10 interspecific hybrids, and 3 colchicine-induced polyploids were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Size, exine patterning, furrow and pore size and shape, and general appearance were investigated. Although differing morphological features were generally lacking, some interspecific differences and variation within hybrid populations were noted. Furrow and pore sizes, and the associating opericuli were the most valuable characters. Some species had large furrows with large rounded pores and others had small furrows with insignificant pores. Exine patterning was minimal and, when present, generally occurred in the inter-colporate regions. F1 populations of V. corymbosum × V. elliottii had the greatest exine variation and the degree of exine patterning revealed a possible dosage effect. Exine patterns suggest that the ancestors of V. myrsinites may be V. darrowi and V. elliottii rather than V. darrowi and V. tenellum as previously proposed by Camp.
Light Levels Alter Leaf Anatomy of Aphelandra squarrosa ‘Dania’
Authors: McConnell D. B. , Rugaber P. , Sheehan T. J. , Henny R. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Aphelandra squarrosa Nees. plants grown under 250 μmol s−lm−2 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were transferred to 265, 737, and 1070 μmol s−1m−2. Stomatal density and number of palisade layers of newly expanded leaves decreased linearly after 2 months, while number of countable chloroplasts per palisade cell increased linearly as light intensity decreased. Number of countable chloroplasts per palisade cell decreased and palisade layers increased in mature leaves transferred to higher PAR levels. Stomatal density and guard cell length in mature leaves did not change. There were nonlinear responses to PAR levels in number of marginal collenchyma cells, leaf thickness, and palisade cell length of immature leaves. Chloroplasts in mature and immature leaves were less discrete and more tightly appressed to anticlinal palisade cell walls as PAR levels increased.
Effect of Foliar Application of Mineral Nutrients on Stomatal Aperture and Photosynthesis in Apple Seedlings
Authors: Swietlik Dariusz , Bunce James A. , Miller Stephen S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Application of a complete nutrient solution (CNS) on apple seedling leaves reduced stomatal conductance (gs). Tween 20 and CaCl2 were components of the CNS which induced gs reduction. Tween 20 alone, however, did not cause stomatal closure, but CaCl2 (24.8 mm) had a consistent, negative effect on gs when applied alone. Application of CaCl2 in combination with one of the other macrocomponents of the CNS (MgSO4, urea, or K2SO4 + KH2PO4) produced less consistent gs reductions indicating that the CaCl2 effect on gs can be modified by the presence of these compounds. Urea, MgSO4, or K2SO4 + KH2PO4 had little effect on gs when applied separately. Application of MgCl2 or KCl, which were not the CNS components, decreased and had no effect on gs, respectively. In addition to gs reduction, CaCl2 sprays reduced net photosynthesis (Pn). The equivalence of intercellular CO2 concentration in sprayed and unsprayed seedlings implied that the Pn drop following CaCl2 sprays resulted from decreased capacity of mesophyll for CO2 fixation and not from reduction in the stomatal aperture. Two possible explanations for stomata closure are discussed: a direct effect of CaCl2 on stomata and an indirect effect of CaCl2 spray through changes in mesophyll CO2 fixation capacity. Reductions in gs and Pn following treatments with different salts were not associated with visible leaf injury.
Effects of Root-zone Heating on Elemental Composition of Calceolaria
Authors: White John W. , Biernbaum John A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Root-zone heating increased the tissue concentration and total uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl, Fe, MnZn, and Cu; decreased the tissue concentration but not total uptake of Na and Zn, and had no effect on the tissue concentration of B. The element with the greatest increase in concentration in the shoot was water-soluble NO3-N. The ratio of cations to anions did not change significantly with changes in root-zone temperature. The concentration and balance of cations did not change significantly with changes in percentage of NH4-N at ambient root-zone temperatures.
Need for High-quality Seed for Effective Priming to Overcome Thermodormancy in Lettuce
Authors: Perkins-Veazie Penelope , Cantliffe Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Priming has been used to circumvent thermodormancy in lettuce seeds, but results have sometimes varied according to cultivar and seed lot. Two- and 3-year-old seeds of ‘Montello’ and ‘Green Lakes’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were aged at 41°C and 100% RH for 2, 3, or 5 days, dried, then primed for 20 hours at 15° in aerated 1% K3PO4 and redried at 7° and 45% RH. Germination at 25° was not affected by 2 and 3 days of accelerated aging or by priming of 2- and 3-year-old seeds. After 5 days of accelerated aging, germination decreased for both primed and nonprimed seeds. No germination occurred at 35° unless the seeds were primed. Natural aging led to a reduction in germination of primed ‘Green Lakes’ seeds at 35°. All accelerated aging treatments led to reduced germination of the primed seeds at 35°, regardless of cultivar. After prolonged accelerated aging (3 or 5 days), priming did not overcome thermodormancy. Accelerated aging greatly reduced germination rate at 25°. Priming for longer durations of 35 and 40 hours, after 3 days of accelerated aging, increased germination rates slightly at 25° but did not improve germination patterns at 35°. Only lettuce seeds of the highest quality could be effectively primed to overcome thermodormancy.