bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the range and evidence‐base of interventions in a cluster of schools
Authors: Pegram Jane , Watkins Richard C. , Hoerger Marguerite , Hughes John Carl 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe last decade has seen an increased focus through policy and research for schools to move towards an evidence‐informed practice. Although some practitioners now access the external research evidence when deciding which interventions to adopt in their school, research suggests many still do not. Instead, approaches to teaching and learning are often informed by trends and the opinions and experiences of practitioners. Little is known about what intervention programmes/approaches are used in schools and whether they are evidence‐based. We conducted this study to assess the range and evidence of interventions used in a school cluster in Wales, which comprised two secondary schools, seven primary schools and one special school. Using questionnaires, we evidenced 242 interventions. Following screening, we included 138 of these in the analysis and categorised them according to the ‘SEN Areas of Need’. We then conducted a rapid systematic review of the literature for these interventions and found that 30% had some evidence of positive impact on pupil outcomes, 67% had no published evidence, and 3% had causal evidence to suggest they were ineffective. One year later, we conducted a follow‐up study to assess if schools’ knowledge of the evidence for the interventions, presented through a summary report, had an impact on their provision. Our data suggest that the reports had very little impact on existing provision, and some schools continued to use the same interventions. The limitations of this study and directions for the cluster, policy and research are discussed.
Counting extensions revisited
Authors: Šileikis Matas , Warnke Lutz 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe consider rooted subgraphs in random graphs, that is, extension counts such as (i) the number of triangles containing a given vertex or (ii) the number of paths of length three connecting two given vertices. In 1989, Spencer gave sufficient conditions for the event that, with high probability, these extension counts are asymptotically equal for all choices of the root vertices. For the important strictly balanced case, Spencer also raised the fundamental question as to whether these conditions are necessary. We answer this question by a careful second moment argument, and discuss some intriguing problems that remain open.
On a problem of M. Talagrand
Authors: Frankston Keith , Kahn Jeff , Park Jinyoung 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe address a special case of a conjecture of M. Talagrand relating two notions of “threshold” for an increasing family of subsets of a finite set V. The full conjecture implies equivalence of the “Fractional Expectation‐Threshold Conjecture,” due to Talagrand and recently proved by the authors and B. Narayanan, and the (stronger) “Expectation‐Threshold Conjecture” of the second author and G. Kalai. The conjecture under discussion here says there is a fixed L such that if, for a given , admits with
and
(a.k.a. is weakly p‐small), then admits such a taking values in
( is ‐small). Talagrand showed this when
is supported on singletons and suggested, as a more challenging test case, proving it when is supported on pairs. The present work provides such a proof.
Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL): Environment and Pollution—A Systematic Review
Authors: Green Maxwell , Kashetsky Nadia , Feschuk Aileen , Maibach Howard I. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is an objective measurement of skin integrity measured as the amount of water lost across the stratum corneum. TEWL varies greatly across variables such as age and anatomic location, and disruptions in the skin barrier have been linked to inflammatory dermatoses such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Impact of environmental conditions and pollution on TEWL has yet to be determined. Accordingly, this review summarizes effects of environmental conditions and pollution on TEWL.

Methods
A comprehensive literature search was performed using Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science to find human studies that provided data on environmental conditions and/or pollution and TEWL.

Results
In total, 15 studies were included, with 11 studies examining environmental and seasonal conditions on TEWL and four examining pollution. All studies examining pollution showed increased TEWL in people exposed to particulate matter or NO2. Contradictory results were found on the effects of season and climate across the 11 studies, with no consensus reached.

Conclusion
Exposure to pollution is reported to cause increases in TEWL, likely through free radical damage. Significant discrepancies exist among current literature as to the effects of season and climate on TEWL. There is a need to continue examining environmental variables other than temperature and relative humidity, such as atmospheric and steam pressure, that may impact TEWL.
Work centrality and recovery experiences in dual‐earner couples: Test of an actor‐partner interdependence model
Authors: Hao Leilei , Meng Weixuan , Xu Mengyang , Meng Hui 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWork centrality refers to individual beliefs regarding the degree of importance that work plays in their lives. To date, very little is known about the relationship between employees' work centrality and their work recovery. According to the resource allocation theory and spillover‐crossover model, we aim to investigate the effects of work centrality on recovery experiences and explore the mediating role of spousal recovery support. Data from 177 matched dual‐earner couples (N = 354) in China were analysed using the actor‐partner interdependence model (APIM). Results showed that working couples who reported higher work centrality experienced lower levels of psychological detachment and relaxation. The wives' work centrality showed a direct and negative influence on the husbands' relaxation; however, no direct partner effects were found for husbands. Moreover, the wives' work centrality was related to the husbands' relaxation, mastery, and control experience through the husbands' perceived recovery support. Our results also suggested that the wives' perceived recovery support mediated the effects of the husbands' work centrality on the wives' psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery, and control experience when they had two children. Based on these findings, theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Empirical inquiry without hypotheses: A question‐driven, phenomenon‐based approach to strategic management research
Authors: Graebner Melissa E. , Knott Anne Marie , Lieberman Marvin B. , Mitchell Will 
Published: February 2022

AbstractResearch SummaryMany advances in strategic management have resulted from the application of formal deductive methods, based on tests of specific hypotheses derived from theory. Nonetheless, numerous important research topics involve phenomena that are novel and/or causally complex and so resist basic hypothetico‐deductive logic. As a result, many of the most important findings in strategy research have come from open‐ended studies of relevant phenomena. The special issue of the SMJ on “Question‐Driven and Phenomenon‐Based Empirical Strategy Research” presents innovative ideas for question‐driven research and expands the toolkit of research approaches. In this introduction we describe the twelve articles in the special issue, focusing on how they contribute to continued development of the question‐driven approach to research in strategic management.Managerial SummaryOne of the frustrations managers have with academic research is that it tends to be driven by questions that are theoretically interesting or lend themselves to clever econometrics. Accordingly, the results can lack managerial relevance. We highlight research that takes the opposite approach—identifying important business phenomena and devising empirical approaches to characterize them and derive managerial implications. In this introductory article, we briefly summarize the studies in the special issue, showing how they answer a diverse set of questions using a range of methods.
Highly Conductive Networks of Silver Nanosheets
Authors: Kelly Adam G. , O'Reilly Jane , Gabbett Cian , Szydłowska Beata , O'Suilleabhain Domhnall , Khan Umar , Maughan Jack , Carey Tian , Sheil Siadhbh , Stamenov Plamen , Coleman Jonathan N. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAlthough printed networks of semiconducting nanosheets have found success in a range of applications, conductive nanosheet networks are limited by low conductivities (<106 S m−1). Here, dispersions of silver nanosheets (AgNS) that can be printed into highly conductive networks are described. Using a commercial thermal inkjet printer, AgNS patterns with unannealed conductivities of up to (6.0 ± 1.1) × 106 S m−1 are printed. These networks can form electromagnetic interference shields with record shielding effectiveness of >60 dB in the microwave region at thicknesses <200 nm. High resolution patterns with line widths down to 10 µm are also printed using an aerosol‐jet printer which, when annealed at 200 °C, display conductivity >107 S m−1. Unlike conventional Ag‐nanoparticle inks, the 2D geometry of AgNS yields smooth, short‐free interfaces between electrode and active layer when used as the top electrode in vertical nanosheet heterostructures. This shows that all‐printed vertical heterostructures of AgNS/WS2/AgNS, where the top electrode is a mesh grid, function as photodetectors demonstrating that such structures can be used in optoelectronic applications that usually require transparent conductors.
Controllable Fabrication of PdO‐PdAu Ternary Hollow Shells: Synergistic Acceleration of H2‐Sensing Speed via Morphology Regulation and Electronic Structure Modulation
Authors: Li Qian , Yang Shuang , Lu Xingyu , Wang Tieqiang , Zhang Xuemin , Fu Yu , Qi Wei 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDesigning ultrafast H2 sensors is of particular importance for practical applications of hydrogen energy but still quite challenging. Herein, PdO decorated PdAu ternary hollow shells (PdO‐PdAu HSs) exhibiting an ultrafast response of ≈0.9 s to 1% H2 in air at room temperature are presented. PdO‐PdAu HSs are fabricated by calcinating PdAu bimetallic HSs in air to form PdO‐Au binary HSs, which are then partially reduced by NaBH4 solution, forming PdO‐PdAu HSs. This ternary hybrid material takes advantage of multiple aspects to synergistically accelerate the sensing speed. The HS morphology promises high gas accessibility and high surface area for H2 adsorption, and decoration of Au and PdO alters the electronic state of Pd and reduces the energy barrier for hydrogen diffusing from the surface site of Pd into the subsurface site. The content of Au and PdO in the ternary HSs can be simply tuned, which offers the possibility to optimize their promotion effects to reach the best performance. The proposed fabrication strategy sheds light on the rational design of ultrafast Pd‐based H2 sensors by controlling the sensor structure and engineering the electronic state of active species.
Solid/Quasi‐Solid Phase Conversion of Sulfur in Lithium–Sulfur Battery
Authors: Li Xiang , Yuan Lixia , Liu Dezhong , Xiang Jingwei , Li Zhen , Huang Yunhui 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery is considered as one of the most promising options because the redox couple has almost the highest theoretical specific energy (2600 Wh kg−1) among all solid anode‐cathode candidates for rechargeable batteries. The “solid–liquid–solid” mechanism has become a dominating phase transformation process since it was first reported, although this cathode mode suffers from a tough “shuttle” phenomenon due to the dissolution of the soluble intermediate polysulfides generated during the charging‐discharging process, which causes rapid loss of energy‐bearing material and shortened lifespan. For decades, tremendous efforts have been made to restrict the shuttle effect. Changing sulfur conversion to “solid–solid” mode or “quasi‐solid” mode, which successfully exceed the limit of the dissolution of the intermediates, and may address the root of the problem. In this review, the main focus is on the fundamental chemistry of the “solid‐solid” and “quasi‐solid” phase transformation of the sulfur cathode. First, the strategies of sulfur immobilization in “solid–liquid–solid” multi‐phase conversions as well as the pivotal influence factors for the electrochemical conversion process are briefly introduced. Then, the different routes are summarized to realize the “solid–solid” and “quasi‐solid” redox mechanisms. Finally, a perspectives on building high‐energy‐density Li–S batteries are provided.
The Composite‐Template Method to Construct Hierarchical Carbon Nanocages for Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Energy and Power Densities
Authors: Li Guochang , Chen Yiqun , Yan Lijie , Gong Qinghua , Chen Guanghai , Yang Lijun , Wu Qiang , Wang Xizhang , Hu Zheng 
Published: February 2022

Abstract3D hierarchical carbon nanocages (hCNC) are becoming new platforms for advanced energy storage and conversion due to their unique structural characteristics, especially the combination of multiscale pore structure with high conductivity of sp2 carbon frameworks, which can promote the mass/charge synergetic transfer in various electrochemical processes. Herein, the MgO@ZnO composite‐template method is developed to construct hCNC and nitrogen‐doped hCNC (hNCNC), which integrates the advantages of the in situ MgO template method and ZnO self‐sacrificing template method. The hierarchical MgO template provides the scaffold for depositing carbon nanocages, while the self‐sacrificing ZnO template helps create abundant micropores while promoting the graphitization degree, so that the microstructures of the products are effectively regulated. The optimized hCNC and hNCNC have an increased specific surface area and conductivity, which can further boost the mass/charge synergetic transfer. As the electrode materials of supercapacitors, the optimal hCNC(hNCNC) exhibits a high specific capacitance of 281(348) F g−1 in KOH and 276(297) F g−1 in EMIMBF4 electrolytes at 1 A g−1. The ultrahigh energy and power densities are realized, accompanied by a high‐rate capability and long cycling stability. The record‐high energy densities of 141.8–71.4 Wh kg−1 are achieved in EMIMBF4 at power densities of 10.0–250.4 kW kg−1.
Electrosynthesis of Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks for Charge‐Selective Separation of Molecules
Authors: Wang Xingyuan , Yang Jingying , Shi Xiansong , Zhang Zhe , Yin Congcong , Wang Yong 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as potent material platforms for engineering advanced membranes to tackle challenging separation demands. However, the synthesis of COF membranes is currently hampered by suboptimal productivity and harsh synthesis conditions, especially for ionic COFs with perdurable charges. Herein, ionic COFs with charged nanochannels are electrically synthesized on conductive supports to rapidly construct composite membranes for charge‐selective separations of small molecules. The intrinsic charging nature and strong charge intensity of ionic COFs are demonstrated to collectively dominate the membrane growth. Spontaneous repairing to diminish defects under the applied electric field is observed, in favor of generating well‐grown COF membranes. Altering electrosynthetic conditions realizes the precise control over the membrane thickness and thus the separation ability. Electrically synthesized ionic COF membranes exhibit remarkable molecular separation performances due to their relatively ordered and charged nanochannels. With these charge‐selective pathways, the membranes enable the efficient sieving of charged and neutral molecules with analogous structures. This study reveals an electrical route to synthesizing COF thin films, and showcases the great potential of ionic nanochannels in precise separation based on charge selectivity.
Integrating DNA Encapsulates and Digital Microfluidics for Automated Data Storage in DNA
Authors: Antkowiak Philipp L. , Koch Julian , Nguyen Bichlien H. , Stark Wendelin J. , Strauss Karin , Ceze Luis , Grass Robert N. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUsing DNA as a durable, high‐density storage medium with eternal format relevance can address a future data storage deficiency. The proposed storage format incorporates dehydrated particle spots on glass, at a theoretical capacity of more than 20 TB per spot, which can be efficiently retrieved without significant loss of DNA. The authors measure the rapid decay of dried DNA at room temperature and present the synthesis of encapsulated DNA in silica nanoparticles as a possible solution. In this form, the protected DNA can be readily applied to digital microfluidics (DMF) used to handle retrieval operations amenable to full automation. A storage architecture is demonstrated, which can increase the storage capacity of today's archival storage systems by more than three orders of magnitude: A DNA library containing 7373 unique sequences is encapsulated and stored under accelerated aging conditions (4 days at 70 °C, 50% RH) corresponding to 116 years at room temperature and the stored information is successfully recovered.
Interlayer‐Expanded Titanate Hierarchical Hollow Spheres Embedded in Carbon Nanofibers for Enhanced Na Storage
Authors: Chen Chong , Li Nian Wu , Zhang Xin Yu , Zhang Cai Hong , Qiu Jieshan , Yu Le 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLayered titanates are of great potential for hybrid Na‐ion capacitors (NICs). However, the poor conductivity and sluggish reaction kinetics are the critical issues for the practical applications of titanates. Herein, an approach to synthesize magnesium titanate hierarchical hollow spheres embedded in carbon nanofibers (denoted as MTO@C) by electrospinning coupled with interlayer engineering processes is reported. 3D conductive carbon framework helps to enhance the electronic conductivity for binder‐free electrode, while the expanded interlayer spacing of titanate hierarchical hollow spheres via the incorporation of Mg2+ ions help to reduce the charge transfer resistance and expose more active sites for Na storage. The interconnected hollow spheres can effectively accommodate the volume expansion during the repeated cycles. The results have shown that the MTO@C electrode can deliver a high capacity of 136 mAh g‐1 at 1 A g‐1 with long lifespan. The assembled NIC device with MTO@C as anode and active carbon as cathode produces a high energy density of 110.3 Wh kg‐1 at 112 W kg‐1 and a high power density of 5380 W kg‐1 at 41.9 Wh kg‐1, together with a high capacity retention of 80% after 5000 cycles.
Realization of In‐Plane Polarized Light Detection Based on Bulk Photovoltaic Effect in A Polar Van Der Waals Crystal
Authors: Wu Wentao , Xu Zhijin , Yao Yunpeng , Liu Yi , Long Guankui , Li Lina , Hong Maochun , Luo Junhua 
Published: February 2022

Abstract2D van der Waals materials are widely explored for in‐plane polarized light detection owing to their distinctive in‐plane anisotropic feature. However, most of these polarized light‐sensitive devices root in their low symmetry of in‐plane structure and work depending on external power sources, which greatly impedes the simplification of integrated devices and sustainable development. Bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE), which separates photoexcited carriers via built‐in electric field without an external power source and shows an angle‐dependence on light polarization, is promising for self‐powered polarized light detection to break through the restriction of in‐plane anisotropy. Herein, a 2D lead‐free van der Waals perovskite (Cl‐PMA)2CsAgBiBr7 (1, Cl‐PMA = 4‐Chlorobenzylamine) is successfully designed through the dimension reduction strategy. 1 exhibits BPVE with an open‐circuited photovoltage up to ≈0.5 V. Driven by the BPVE, self‐powered in‐plane polarized light detection with a large polarization ratio of 1.3 is obtained for 1. As far as it is known, the first in‐plane polarized light detection in hybrid perovskites based on BPVE is realized here. This work highlights the strategy of designing lead‐free hybrid perovskite with BPVE and opens an avenue for exploiting in‐plane highly sensitive polarized light detection in 2D van der Waals materials.
Electrohydrodynamic Pulling Consolidated High‐Efficiency 3D Printing to Architect Unusual Self‐Polarized β‐PVDF Arrays for Advanced Piezoelectric Sensing
Authors: He Lirong , Lu Jin , Han Cheng , Liu Xingang , Liu Jingfeng , Zhang Chuhong 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPiezoelectric pressure sensors are important for applications in robotics, artificial intelligence, communication devices, etc. The hyperboloid is theoretically predicted to be an unusual 3D structure that allows concerted piezoelectric enhancement owing to its synergistic effects of geometrical stress confinement and stress concentration, but has not been experimentally fulfilled due to a lack of efficient architecting techniques. In this work, a 3D hyperboloidal arrayed self‐polarized PVDF piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) is successfully fabricated by incorporating electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pulling technology into fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. This strategy not only simplifies the layer‐by‐layer constructing procedure for arrays, but simultaneously realizes a self‐polarized and high β‐phase (92%) PVDF PEH in a single electric‐pulling step, saving posttreatment such as poling and removing excessive additives. Such a PEH delivers a significantly enhanced piezoelectric potential which is around 8 times that of a 2D flat film sensor. Moreover, this PEH featuring excellent linearity within a wide pressure regime, enables the sensing of human activities in a relatively large force range, which is otherwise difficult for traditional film sensors to differentiate. This work demonstrates a potential roadmap to advanced piezoelectric sensors exploiting unusual 3D structures enabled by the unique EHD pulling coupled 3D printing technique.
Biomimetic Nanochannels: From Fabrication Principles to Theoretical Insights
Authors: Kan Xiaonan , Wu Chenyu , Wen Liping , Jiang Lei 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBiological nanochannels which can regulate ionic transport across cell membranes intelligently play a significant role in physiological functions. Inspired by these nanochannels, numerous artificial nanochannels have been developed during recent years. The exploration of smart solid‐state nanochannels can lay a solid foundation, not only for fundamental studies of biological systems but also practical applications in various fields. The basic fabrication principles, functional materials, and diverse applications based on artificial nanochannels are summarized in this review. In addition, theoretical insights into transport mechanisms and structure–function relationships are discussed. Meanwhile, it is believed that improvements will be made via computer‐guided strategy in designing more efficient devices with upgrading accuracy. Finally, some remaining challenges and perspectives for developments in both novel conceptions and technology of this inspiring research field are stated.