bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms and moderators of behavioural couples therapy for alcohol and substance use disorders: an updated review of the literature
Authors: Mutschler Christina , Malivoire Bailee L. , Schumm Jeremiah A. , Monson Candice M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroduction:Behavioural couples therapy (BCT) and alcohol behavioural couples therapy (ABCT) are couples-based interventions for substance use disorders (SUDs) that have been deemed a ‘gold standard’ treatment. Despite the substantial amount of promising research, there is a lack of research on the active components of treatment and treatment mechanisms and moderators. Since the most recent meta-analysis, a number of studies have been conducted that advance our understanding of the efficacy of BCT and ABCT.Aims:The purpose of the present review was to provide an update on the current knowledge of these treatments and to investigate mediators and moderators of treatment.Method:A systematic search strategy of relevant databases from 2008 to 2021 identified 20 relevant articles that were coded for relevant information including study design, treatment, outcomes, as well as mechanisms and moderators.Results:The results indicated that BCT and ABCT are successful in reducing alcohol and substance use for both male and female clients, dual problem couples, and for reducing post-traumatic stress symptoms and intimate partner violence. The reviewed studies discussed a number of treatment mechanisms, with the most studied mechanism being relationship functioning. Moderators included relationship functioning and patient gender.Conclusions:The results point to the need for additional research on active treatment components, mechanisms and moderators, in order to provide a more efficient and cost-effective treatment.
Trump Ended WTO Dispute Settlement. Trade Remedies are Needed to Fix it
Authors: Bown Chad P. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUnhappy with the rulings of the WTO dispute settlement system, which disproportionately targeted US use of trade remedies, the United States ended the entire system in 2019. There are multiple hurdles to agreeing to new terms of trade remedy use and thus potentially restoring some form of binding dispute settlement. First, a change would affect access to policy flexibility by the now large number of users of trade remedies. Second, although China's exports are the overwhelming target of trade remedies, exporters in other countries increasingly find themselves caught up in trade remedy actions linked to China. Third, critical differences posed by China's economic model may call for new rules for trade remedies, but no consensus on those rules has emerged. Even some of the most promising reforms have practical limitations, create additional challenges, or may be politically unviable.
Use of a low frustration tolerance exercise for trainee therapists in a SP/SR framework
Authors: Collard James , Clarke Michael 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Application of a self-practice self-reflection (SP/SR) framework to clinical training programmes for those learning cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) have demonstrated positive outcomes. These programmes have typically resulted in reports of enhanced learning, improved clinical skills, heightened empathy, improved interpersonal skills, increased self-awareness, and self-development for those undertaking such training. However, the utility of specific activities within this framework for enhancing trainees’ learning still requires exploration. This study sought to explore the use of a low frustration tolerance (LFT) exercise to enhance trainee’s learning around issues relating to frustration and discomfort tolerance. It also further explored the possible application of SP/SR as a form of competency-based assessment. The study was based on 41 student trainees that engaged in a self-directed LFT exercise. Written reflections on these exercises were then thematically analysed. From a competency basis, the exercise provided an approach for observing the trainee’s competency with formulation skills, intervention planning, and self-reflective capacity. Participants reported both personal and professional development outcomes from the exercise. These included a ‘deepened’ understanding of cognitive behavioural principles related to their experiences, both in terms of principles relating to maintenance of dysfunction and to creating change. Increased self-awareness and learning outcomes relating to the development of interpersonal skills were also commonly reported by trainees.

Key learning aims

(1)
To understand the usefulness of a behavioural experiment [a low frustration tolerance (LFT) exercise] for training within a SP/SR framework.

(2)
To examine the potential for using SP/SR as a form of competency-based training.

(3)
To demonstrate the benefits of experiential learning through SP/SR in training CBT.
Projecting Future Fire Regimes in a Semiarid Watershed of the Inland Northwestern United States: Interactions Among Climate Change, Vegetation Productivity, and Fuel Dynamics
Authors: Ren Jianning , Hanan Erin J. , Abatzoglou John T. , Kolden Crystal A. , Tague Christina (Naomi) L. , Kennedy Maureen C. , Liu Mingliang , Adam Jennifer C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFire regimes are influenced by both exogenous drivers (e.g., increases in atmospheric CO2and climate change) and endogenous drivers (e.g., vegetation and soil/litter moisture), which constrain fuel loads and fuel aridity. Herein, we identified how exogenous and endogenous drivers can interact to affect fuels and fire regimes in a semiarid watershed in the inland northwestern United States throughout the 21st century. We used a coupled ecohydrologic and fire regime model to examine how climate change and CO2scenarios influence fire regimes. In this semiarid watershed, we found an increase in burned area and burn probability in the mid‐21st century (2040s) as the CO2fertilization effect on vegetation productivity outstripped the effects of climate change‐induced fuel decreases, resulting in greater fuel loading. However, by the late‐21st century (2070s), climatic warming dominated over CO2fertilization, thus reducing fuel loading and burned area. Fire regimes were shown to shift from flammability‐ to fuel‐limited or become increasingly fuel‐limited in response to climate change. We identified a metric to identify when fire regimes shift from flammability‐ to fuel‐limited: the ratio of the change in fuel loading to the change in its aridity. The threshold value for which this metric indicates a flammability versus fuel‐limited regime differed between grasses and woody species but remained stationary over time. Our results suggest that identifying these thresholds in other systems requires narrowing uncertainty in exogenous drivers, such as future precipitation patterns and CO2effects on vegetation.
Distributed Extension Across the Ethiopian Rift and Plateau Illuminated by Joint Inversion of Surface Waves and Scattered Body Waves
Authors: Petruska J. , Eilon Z. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe East African Rift System provides a rare location in which to observe a wide scope of rifting states. Well‐defined active narrow rifting in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) transitions to incipient extension and eventually pre‐rifted lithosphere through the northwestern flank of the Ethiopian Plateau (EP). Although the MER is well studied, the off‐axis region has received less attention. We develop Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps, Ps receiver functions, and H‐κ stack surfaces, and jointly invert these data using a trans‐dimensional, hierarchical Bayesian inversion algorithm to create shear velocity profiles across the MER and EP. All shear velocities observed are slower than the PREM global average, a reflection of the elevated temperatures that persist from plume impingement. In the EP, we find a shallow mantle slow shear velocity lineament parallel to the MER axis, amidst otherwise faster shear velocities. The crust is shallow in the MER, and also in the northwestern‐most EP flank. Thicker crust found elsewhere throughout the plateau is caused by crustal underplating and flood basalt emplacement. Shear velocities more reduced than the already low regional average, in concert with surficial volcanic features, geodetic observations, and slow P‐ and S‐wave anomalies, support off‐axis extension in the Ethiopian plateau, requiring reevaluation of the localization of continental breakup in the narrow MER.
Satellite Observations of the Impact of Individual Aircraft on Ice Crystal Number in Thin Cirrus Clouds
Authors: Marjani Sajedeh , Tesche Matthias , Bräuer Peter , Sourdeval Odran , Quaas Johannes 
Published: February 2022

AbstractContrails can persist in cloud‐free supersaturated air, increasing high‐cloud cover, and inside natural cirrus cloud, modifying the microphysical properties of them. The latter effect is almost unknown, partly because of the lack of height‐resolved measurements and the capability of measurements to penetrate inside the cloud. New retrievals of the ice crystal number concentration from combined satellite cloud radar and lidar measurements (CloudSat/CALIPSO; DARDAR‐Nice algorithm) now allow for satellite‐based assessment inside the clouds. We investigate this issue at intersections between the aircraft flight tracks and these retrieval profiles. Regions behind the aircraft inside the flight track were compared to the adjacent regions and to ahead of the aircraft, along the satellites' profiles, where DARDAR‐Nice identify geometrically thin cirrus clouds. This comparison revealed a statistically significant increase of 25% and 54% in the concentration of ice crystals with the minimum size of 5 μm around 300–540‐m beneath an aircraft's flight altitude.
Role of the Tropics in State‐Dependent Improvements of US West Coast NOAA Unified Forecast System Precipitation Forecasts
Authors: Hsiao Wei‐Ting , Barnes Elizabeth A. , Maloney Eric D. , Tulich Stefan N. , Dias Juliana , Kiladis George N. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBoreal‐wintertime hindcasts in the Unified Forecast System with the tropics nudged toward reanalysis improve United States (US) West Coast precipitation forecasts at Weeks 3–4 lead times when compared to those without nudging. To diagnose the origin of these improvements, a multivariate k‐means clustering method is used to group hindcasts into subsets by their initial conditions. One cluster characterized by an initially strong Aleutian Low demonstrates larger improvements at Weeks 3–4 with nudging compared to the others. The greater improvements with nudging for this cluster are related to model errors in simulating the interaction between the Aleutian Low and the teleconnection patterns associated with the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Improving forecasts of tropical intraseasonal precipitation, especially during early MJO phases under non‐cold ENSO, may be important for producing better Weeks 3–4 precipitation forecasts for the US West Coast.
Latitudinal Variation of the Lifetime Maximum Intensity Location of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Controlled by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
Authors: Kim Hyeong‐Seog , Park Doo‐Sun R. , Ho Chang‐Hoi , Moon Il‐Ju , Chan Johnny C. L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe latitude of lifetime maximum intensity (LMI) location (ϕLMI) of Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) is related to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) with a significant negative correlation for 1948–2018. We objectively classify TC tracks into four patterns, to evaluate the effects of variations in dominant track patterns (track ϕLMI) and intra‐pattern ϕLMI (pure ϕLMI) on the total ϕLMI variation. During the warm phases of AMO, the prevailed south‐origin track patterns and equatorward pure ϕLMI shifts have almost equally contributed to the equatorward migration of the total ϕLMI. The negative anomaly of potential intensity in the subtropics is responsible for the equatorward shift of pure ϕLMI. Moreover, weak vertical wind shear in the tropics increases the south‐origin track patterns. These environmental conditions are associated with the east‐strong and west‐weak relative sea surface temperature warming during the warm phases that causes anomalous upward and downward motions in the eastern and western Atlantic, respectively.
Modeling the Deformation Regime of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, Using a Simple Flow Relation for Ice Anisotropy (ESTAR)
Authors: McCormack F. S. , Warner R. C. , Seroussi H. , Dow C. F. , Roberts J. L. , Treverrow A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIce deformation dominates the evolution of ice shelf flow and the slow‐moving regions in the interior of ice sheets. However, deformation may be poorly represented in large‐scale ice sheet models that use the Glen flow relation, due to its questionable applicability to the steady‐state flow of anisotropic ice that prevails in ice sheets, having been derived from secondary creep rates of isotropic ice. We assess the deformation regimes of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, using the Glen and “Empirical Scalar Tertiary Anisotropy Regime”, (ESTAR) flow relations, the latter being derived from steady‐state deformation rates of anisotropic ice. For grounded ice, the character of the flow relation determines the contribution of deformation to overall flow, with ESTAR producing greater bed‐parallel shear deformation than the standard Glen flow relation. The ESTAR experiments show larger basal shear stress maxima than the standard Glen experiment because ESTAR treats the responses to simple shear stresses and compression stresses differently, reducing the role of lateral and longitudinal stresses in momentum balance. On the Thwaites Glacier Tongue, ESTAR provides the best match to observed speeds by accounting for the differing effects of stresses on ice flow. Our results highlight the importance of the numerical description of anisotropy, particularly: In regions of transition from deformation‐dominated to sliding‐dominated flow; in the approach to the grounding line, and across ice shelves. Given the importance of these locations in determining mass flux into the ocean, our results have implications for projections of sea level change from Antarctic ice loss.
Comment on “Hydrometeorological Triggers of Periglacial Debris Flows in the Zermatt Valley (Switzerland) Since 1864” by Michelle Schneuwly‐Bollschweiler and Markus Stoffel
Authors: Heiser M. , Schlögl M. , Scheidl C. , Fuchs S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractGeneralizing properties of samples derived via data analysis to advance understanding of underlying processes constitutes the essence of statistical inference. This is especially true in geophysical research, where general findings often emerge from case studies. Consequently, statements about trends in case studies should naturally be grounded on a comprehensive and robust analysis of available data. Here, we focus on trends reported for a debris flow time series of a well‐known case study in the Zermatt Valley, Switzerland (Schneuwly‐Bollschweiler & Stoffel, 2012; https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jf002262). We elaborate that we were not able to confirm the findings of the original study with respect to changes in debris flow seasonality. On the contrary, we show that confusion between data analytic question types (exploratory vs. inferential) can lead to the confirmation of trends that do not necessarily hold beyond the data set, and we demonstrate how the reported effect could be an artifact of incomplete data. In doing so we employ a range of methods that can be used for adequately addressing the original question.
The Role of Mixed Convection and Hydrodynamic Dispersion During CO2 Dissolution in Saline Aquifers: A Numerical Study
Authors: Tsinober Avihai , Rosenzweig Ravid , Class Holger , Helmig Rainer , Shavit Uri 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDissolution trapping plays a significant role in CO2 geological storage. When CO2 dissolves in aquifer brines, the aqueous solution is heavier than the underlying resident brine. This results in convective instability in the form of CO2‐rich fingers, which accelerates dissolution. It was recently shown that background flow affects CO2 dissolution by suppressing the development of convective fingers. However, there was a discrepancy between computational results and measurements, with the computational results demonstrating a decrease in the dissolution rate and the laboratory measurements showing no significant effect. Here, we attempted to understand this difference by exploring the relations between the transport mechanisms that facilitate convective mixing. We investigated the role of background flow by using numerical simulations that were validated by laboratory measurements and analytical solutions. Simulations were generated for the same porous medium and fluid pair used in the experiments, keeping the Rayleigh number constant, while changing the background velocity and the Peclet number. Studying the flux components revealed three distinct regimes characterized by the Peclet to Rayleigh ratio Pe/Ra. When Pe/Ra < 0.77, natural convection dominated, and dissolution remained approximately constant. When the background flow was large (Pe/Ra > 2), dissolution was controlled by pure forced convection and increased with Pe/Ra. In the intermediate range (0.77 < Pe/Ra < 2), both natural convection and forced convection were important.
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in youth with overweight or obesity
Authors: Galuppo Brittany , Agazzi Cristiana , Pierpont Bridget , Chick Jennifer , Li Zhongyao , Caprio Sonia , Santoro Nicola 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Objective
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has been associated with food intake and weight regulation in response to metabolic stress. In animal models, it has been noted that it may play a role in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the leading cause of chronic liver disease in children.

Design
In the current study, we explored the association of circulating plasma concentrations of GDF15 with NAFLD in youth with overweight/obesity, and whether changes in plasma concentrations in GDF15 parallel the changes in intrahepatic fat content (HFF%) over time.

Methods
Plasma GDF15 concentrations were measured by ELISA in 175 youth with overweight/obesity who underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess intrahepatic, visceral, and subcutaneous fat. Baseline fasting GDF15 concentrations were measured in twenty-two overweight/obese youth who progressed (n = 11) or regressed (n = 11) in HFF% by more than 30% of original over a 2-year period.

Results
Youth with NAFLD had significantly higher plasma concentrations of GDF15 than those without NAFLD, independent of age, sex, ethnicity, BMI z-score (BMIz), and visceral fat (P = 0.002). During the OGTT, there was a decline in plasma GDF15 concentrations from 0 to 60 min, but GDF15 concentrations returned to basal levels by the end of the study. There was a statistically significant association between change in HFF% and change in GDF15 (P = 0.008; r2 = 0.288) over ~2 years of follow-up.

Conclusions
These data suggest that plasma GDF15 concentrations change with change in intrahepatic fat content in youth with overweight/obesity and may serve as a biomarker for NAFLD in children.
Power signatures of habenular neuronal signals in patients with bipolar or unipolar depressive disorders correlate with their disease severity
Authors: Sonkusare Saurabh , Ding Qiong , Zhang Yingying , Wang Linbin , Gong Hengfen , Mandali Alekhya , Manssuer Luis , Zhao Yi-Jie , Pan Yixin , Zhang Chencheng , Li Dianyou , Sun Bomin , Voon Valerie 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe habenula is an epithalamic structure implicated in negative reward mechanisms and plays a downstream modulatory role in regulation of dopaminergic and serotonergic functions. Human and animal studies show its hyperactivity in depression which is curtailed by the antidepressant response of ketamine. Deep brain stimulation of habenula (DBS) for major depression have also shown promising results. However, direct neuronal activity of habenula in human studies have rarely been reported. Here, in a cross-sectional design, we acquired both spontaneous resting state and emotional task-induced neuronal recordings from habenula from treatment resistant depressed patients undergoing DBS surgery. We first characterise the aperiodic component (1/f slope) of the power spectrum, interpreted to signify excitation-inhibition balance, in resting and task state. This aperiodicity for left habenula correlated between rest and task and which was significantly positively correlated with depression severity. Time-frequency responses to the emotional picture viewing task show condition differences in beta and gamma frequencies for left habenula and alpha for right habenula. Notably, alpha activity for right habenula was negatively correlated with depression severity. Overall, from direct habenular recordings, we thus show findings convergent with depression models of aberrant excitatory glutamatergic output of the habenula driving inhibition of monoaminergic systems.
Changes in gut viral and bacterial species correlate with altered 1,2-diacylglyceride levels and structure in the prefrontal cortex in a depression-like non-human primate model
Authors: Wu Jing , Chai Tingjia , Zhang Hanping , Huang Yu , Perry Seth W. , Li Yifan , Duan Jiajia , Tan Xunmin , Hu Xi , Liu Yiyun , Pu Juncai , Wang Haiyang , Song Jinlin , Jin Xin , Ji Ping , Zheng Peng , Xie Peng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating mental disease, but its underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Our previously established model of naturally occurring depression-like (DL) behaviors in Macaca fascicularis, which is characterized by microbiota-gut–brain (MGB) axis disturbances, can be used to interrogate how a disturbed gut ecosystem may impact the molecular pathology of MDD. Here, gut metagenomics were used to characterize how gut virus and bacterial species, and associated metabolites, change in depression-like monkey model. We identified a panel of 33 gut virus and 14 bacterial species that could discriminate the depression-like from control macaques. In addition, using lipidomic analyses of central and peripheral samples obtained from these animals, we found that the DL macaque were characterized by alterations in the relative abundance, carbon-chain length, and unsaturation degree of 1,2-diacylglyceride (DG) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), in a brain region-specific manner. In addition, lipid-reaction analysis identified more active and inactive lipid pathways in PFC than in amygdala or hippocampus, with DG being a key nodal player in these lipid pathways. Significantly, co-occurrence network analysis showed that the DG levels may be relevant to the onset of negative emotions behaviors in PFC. Together our findings suggest that altered DG levels and structure in the PFC are hallmarks of the DL macaque, thus providing a new framework for understanding the gut microbiome’s role in depression.