bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relevansi Reward dan Punishment dalam Proses Pembelajaran
Authors: Iskandar Khusnan , Khusniyah Eny , Anam Saeful 
Published: October 2022

Artikel ini membahas tentang relefansi Reward dan Punishment dalam proses Pembelajaran. Fokus yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini ialah; 1) bagaimana proses penggunaan Reward and Punishment di sekolah, 2) sejauh mana relevansi penggunaan reward an punishment dalam proses pembelajaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Hasil penelitian ini ialah; 1) Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa proses penggunaan Reward and Punishment di MTs Nurul Jadid Sidayu Gresk sudah tergolong sudah baik dan rutin terprogram dalam penggunaanya siswa maupun siswi meraa termotivasi dan tertarik dengan menggunakan Reward and Punishment dalam kegiatan proses belajar mengajar. 2) Penggunaan reward dan punishment saat ini masih tergolong relefan dan sangat dibutuhkan dalam proses pembelajaran, namun perlu diketahui tidak semua permasalahan yang terjadi di sekolah/kelas haris diberikan melalui punishment, melainkan melalui kegiatan positif yang lain seperti membaca qur’an dan sholawat
Maximum aerobic speed, maximum oxygen consumption, and running spatiotemporal parameters during an incremental test among middle- and long-distance runners and endurance non-running athletes
Authors: Casado Arturo , Tuimil José Luis , Iglesias Xavier , Fernández-del-Olmo Miguel , Jiménez-Reyes Pedro , Martín-Acero Rafael , Rodríguez Ferran A. 
Published: October 2022

Background
Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) is a useful parameter to assess aerobic capacity and estimate training intensity in middle- and long-distance runners. However, whether middle- and long-distance runners reach different levels of MAS compared to other endurance athletes with similar V̇O2max has not been previously studied. Therefore, we aimed to compare V̇O2max, MAS and spatiotemporal parameters between sub-elite middle- and long-distance runners (n = 6) and endurance non-runners (n = 6). In addition, we aimed to compare the maximal blood lactate concentration [BLa] experienced by participants after conducting these tests.

Methods
Telemetric portable respiratory gas analysis, contact and flight time, and stride length and rate were measured using a 5-m contact platform during an incremental test at a synthetic athletics track. V̇O2, heart rate, respiratory quotient values in any 15 s average period during the test were measured. [BLa] was analyzed after the test . Running spatiotemporal parameters were recorded at the last two steps of each 400 m lap. A coefficient of variation (%CV) was calculated for each spatiotemporal variable in each participant from 8 km h−1 onwards.

Results
Whereas runners reported faster MAS (21.0 vs. 18.2 km h−1) than non-runners (p = 0.0001, ES = 3.0), no differences were found for V̇O2max and maximum blood lactate concentration during the running tests (p > 0.05). While significant increases in flight time and stride length and frequency (p < 0.001, 0.52 ≤ ${\eta }_{p}^{2}$ ≤ 0.8) were observed throughout the tests, decreases in contact time (p < 0.001, ${\eta }_{p}^{2}=0.9$) were reported. Runners displayed a greater %CV (p = 0.015) in stride length than non-runners. We conclude that middle- and long-distance runners can achieve a faster MAS compared to non-running endurance athletes despite exhibiting a similar V̇O2max. This superior performance may be associated to a greater mechanical efficiency. Overall, runners displayed a greater ability to modify stride length to achieve fast speeds, which may be related to a more mechanically efficient pattern of spatiotemporal parameters than non-runners.
Impact of cover crop and mulching on soil physical properties and soil nutrients in a citrus orchard
Authors: Dung Tran Van , Ngoc Ngo Phuong , Dang Le Van , Hung Ngo Ngoc 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundCover crops and mulching can ameliorate soil porosity and nutrient availability, but their effects on the physical characteristics and nutrients in the raised bed soils are unclear.MethodsThe field experiment was conducted in a pomelo orchard from 2019 to 2021, with an area of 1,500 m2. The treatments included control (no cover crop), non-legume cover crop (Commelina communisL.), legume cover crop (Arachis pintoiKrabov & W.C. Gregory), and rice straw mulching (Oryza sativaL.). At the end of each year (2019, 2020, and 2021), soil samples were collected at four different layers (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm) in each treatment. Soil bulk density, soil porosity, and the concentration of nutrients in the soil were investigated.ResultsThe results revealed that soil bulk density at two depths, 0–10 and 10–20 cm, was reduced by 0.07 and 0.08 g cm−3by rice straw mulch and a leguminous cover crop, thus, increasing soil porosity by ~2.74% and ~3.01%, respectively. Soil nutrients (Ca, K, Fe, and Zn) at topsoil (0–10 cm) and subsoil (10–20 cm) layers were not significantly different in the first year, but those nutrients (Ca, K, Fe, and Zn) improved greatly in the second and third years.ConclusionsLegume cover crops and straw mulch enhanced soil porosity and plant nutrient availability (Ca, K, Fe, and Zn). These conservation practices best benefit fruit orchards cultivated in the raised bed soils.
A Multifunctional Hybrid Graphene and Microfluidic Platform to Interface Topological Neuron Networks
Authors: Dupuit Victor , Terral Océane , Bres Guillaume , Claudel Arnaud , Fernandez Bruno , Briançon‐Marjollet Anne , Delacour Cécile 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe nervous system is as complex as difficult to probe. Innovative tools reducing the network complexity and being able to interrogate neurons are crucial to better understand its function and organization. In this study, solution‐gated graphene field effect transistors (GFETs) are combined with multi‐compartment microfluidic platform for multimodal and long‐lasting recording of neuron electrical activity. The fluidic microchannels, somatic and synaptic chambers enable to define the neuron network topology, while the graphene devices provide localized, highly sensitive, and optically transparent sensing sites. Immunofluorescence staining assesses for the healthy state and outgrowth of neurons within the microfluidic circuit, while calcium imaging demonstrates the maturation and spontaneous activity of the designed network. The efficient cell‐sensor alignment obtained by the microfluidic circuit enables to reach the highest reported signal‐to‐noise ratio for single‐units detection with GFETs, revealing additional information that can remain hidden from recordings when using conventional microelectrode arrays. Thus, the combination of graphene sensors and microfluidic circuits leverages the advantages of two state‐of‐the‐art technologies for highly efficient sensing of model neural networks. Being fully transparent and therefore compatible with optogenetic tools and high‐resolution microscopy, this novel platform can provide a versatile lab‐on‐chip for diagnosis and treatment of tomorrow.
Voltage Control of Patterned Metal/Insulator Properties in Oxide/Oxyfluoride Lateral Perovskite Heterostructures via Ion Gel Gating
Authors: Lefler Benjamin M. , Postiglione William M. , Leighton Chris , May Steven J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDynamic control of patterned properties in perovskite oxide films can enable new architectures for electronic, magnetic, and optical devices. In this study, it is shown that SrFeO3‐δ/SrFeO2F laterally‐heterostructured films enable voltage‐controlled tunable and reversible metal‐insulator patterned properties using room‐temperature ion gel gating. Specifically, SrFeO3‐δ film regions can be toggled between insulating HxSrFeO2.5 and metallic SrFeO3 by electrochemical redox, while SrFeO2F regions remain robustly insulating and are unaffected by ion gel gating. Various gating architectures are also compared and establish the advantages of employing a conductive substrate as the contacting electrode, as opposed to at the film surface, thereby achieving complete and reversible reduction and oxidation among SrFeO3‐δ, HxSrFeO2.5, and SrFeO3. This approach to voltage‐modulated patterned electronic, optical, and magnetic properties should be broadly applicable to oxide materials amenable to fluoridation, and potentially other forms of anion substitution.
V‐Doped Cu2Se Hierarchical Nanotubes Enabling Flow‐Cell CO2 Electroreduction to Ethanol with High Efficiency and Selectivity
Authors: Sun Weipei , Wang Peng , Jiang Yawen , Jiang Zhiwei , Long Ran , Chen Zheng , Song Pin , Sheng Tian , Wu Zhengcui , Xiong Yujie 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCO2 electrocatalytic reduction (CO2ER) to multicarbon (C2+) products is heavily pursued because of their commercial values, and the efficiency and selectivity have both attracted tremendous attention. A flow‐cell is a device configuration that can greatly enhance the conversion efficiency but requires catalysts to possess high electrical conductivity and gas permeability; meanwhile, the catalysts should enable the reaction pathway to specific products. Herein, it is reported that V‐doped Cu2Se nanotubes with a hierarchical structure can be perfectly compatible with flow‐cells and fulfil such a task, achieving CO2 electroreduction to ethanol with high efficiency and selectivity. As revealed by the experimental characterization and theoretical calculation, the substitutional vanadium doping alters the local charge distribution of Cu2Se and diversifies the active sites. The unique active sites promote the formation of bridge *COB and its further hydrogenation to *COH, and, as such, the subsequent coupling of *COH and *COL eventually generates ethanol. As a result, the optimal Cu1.22V0.19Se nanotubes can electrocatalyze CO2 to ethanol with a Faradaic efficiency of 68.3% and a partial current density of −207.9 mA cm−2 for the single liquid product of ethanol at −0.8 V in a flow‐cell. This work provides insights into the materials design for steering the reaction pathway toward C2+ products, and opens an avenue for flow‐cell CO2ER toward a single C2+ liquid fuel.
Enhancing Electrokinetic Transport on the Enamel Surface of Tooth Using Multiscale‐Pore Membranes
Authors: Kwon Hyukjin J. , Ban Sungyong , Lee Sang J. , de Sousa Frederico B. , Han Jongyoon 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTherapeutically reconstructing hard tissues such as dental enamel, bone, or cartilage via material infiltration is highly desirable for medical applications. However, the nanoporous structure of hard tissue renders infiltration inherently challenging and techniques have relied on passive diffusion, limiting their effects mainly to the surface area. Recent innovations in material infiltration utilizing electrokinetic transport capable of deep (≈1 mm) infiltration have been introduced. Despite the potential of electrokinetic infiltration, there are wide discrepancies among reported results, limiting its practical use. A device for real‐time visualization and electrical measurement is developed to investigate the underlying electrokinetic phenomenon on the surface of teeth that prevents effective electrokinetic infiltration. Herein the first direct and detailed analysis of the generation of an ion‐depleted region on the surface of dental enamel is presented this depleted region significantly hinders electrokinetic transport and may be behind the mixed outcomes of earlier infiltration studies. Furthermore, a novel approach adopting a multiscale pore ion‐conductive material to enhance electrokinetic transportation is proposed. The near‐complete elimination of the ion‐depleted region and improved (ohmic) electrokinetic infiltration is demonstrated. The presented study overcomes inherent limitations of electrokinetic infiltration to provide an efficient, regulated, localized, non‐invasive, and safe method for delivering materials into hard tissues.
Highly Homogeneous 2D/3D Heterojunction Diodes by Pulsed Laser Deposition of MoS2 on Ion Implantation Doped 4H‐SiC
Authors: Giannazzo Filippo , Panasci Salvatore Ethan , Schilirò Emanuela , Fiorenza Patrick , Greco Giuseppe , Roccaforte Fabrizio , Cannas Marco , Agnello Simonpietro , Koos Antal , Pécz Béla , Španková Marianna , Chromik Štefan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this paper, 2D/3D heterojunction diodes have been fabricated by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of MoS2 on 4H‐SiC(0001) surfaces with different doping levels, i.e., n− epitaxial doping (≈1016 cm−3) and n+ ion implantation doping (>1019 cm−3). After assessing the excellent thickness uniformity (≈3L‐MoS2) and conformal coverage of the PLD‐grown films by Raman mapping and transmission electron microscopy, the current injection across the heterojunctions is investigated by temperature‐dependent current–voltage characterization of the diodes and by nanoscale current mapping with conductive atomic force microscopy. A wide tunability of the transport properties is shown by the SiC surface doping, with highly rectifying behavior for the MoS2/n− SiC junction and a strongly enhanced current injection for MoS2/n+ SiC one. Thermionic emission is found the dominant mechanism ruling forward current in MoS2/n− SiC diodes, with an effective barrier ΦB = (1.04 ± 0.09) eV. Instead, the significantly lower effective barrier ΦB = (0.31 ± 0.01) eV and a temperature‐dependent ideality factor for MoS2/n+ SiC junctions is explained by thermionic‐field‐emission through the thin depletion region of n+ doped SiC. The scalability of PLD MoS2 deposition and the electronic transport tunability by implantation doping of SiC represents key steps for industrial development of MoS2/SiC devices.
Charge Sampling Photodetector Based on van der Waals Heterostructures
Authors: Zhou Jiachao , Li Lingfei , Qadir Akeel , Li Hanxi , Lv Jianhang , Shehzad Khurram , Xu Xinyi , Liu Lixiang , Tian Feng , Liu Wei , Chen Li , Yu Li , Su Xin , Bodepudi Srikrishna Chanakya , Hu Huan , Zhao Yuda , Yu Bin , Wang Xiaomu , Xu Yang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPhotodetector arrays are key component in image sensors. Charge‐coupled devices (CCD) based photodetection is widely used due to their high resolution, large sensitivity, and low noise. However, the complex device structure, destructive and sequential readout method are primary concerns in expanding its application scenarios. Here, a charge sampling photodetector (CSP) based on fully 2D absorption/dielectric/readout van der Waals heterostructures (vdWs) is reported. Photo‐charges generated in the absorption layer are stored in a potential well of the vdWs, which enables weak signal detection and imaging after the charge integration process. A stacked transistor in the readout layer then nondestructively maps out the collected charges in a random‐access manner with high fill factor. With a properly engineered absorption layer, CSP can realize broadband detection from visible to mid‐IR range at room temperature and low operation voltage. Our device combines the advantages of CCD and complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor image technology, which exemplifies a promising candidate for next‐generation photodetectors.
A Boundary Integral Equation Formalism for Modeling Multiple Scattering of Light from 3D Nanoparticles Incorporating Nonlocal Effects
Authors: Zheng Xuezhi , Mystilidis Christos , Xomalis Angelos , Vandenbosch Guy A. E. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA novel computational scheme that models the scattering of light at interfaces in a deep‐nanometric (deep‐nm) plasmonic system is presented. The nonclassical effects associated with the collective motion of free electrons in metals of the system are investigated by a nonlocal hydrodynamic (HD) model. Due to the HD model, three types of interfaces, that is, the dielectric–dielectric interface, the dielectric–metal interface, and the metal–metal interface, are distinguished. The scattering of light at these interfaces is described by Boundary Integral Equations (BIEs), which are constructed by using the surface equivalence principle, the concept of the Green' function and the interface conditions. The BIEs are numerically solved by the boundary element method (BEM) for 3D nanoparticles of arbitrary shapes. To validate, the computed results are first quantitatively contrasted with analytical solutions from the Mie theory for spherical core–shell structures, with good agreements being demonstrated in both the near field and the far field. Then, a qualitative study is performed for dimers consisting of spheres with various gap sizes for both the classical local response model and the nonlocal HD model. The observed trends agree well with the results reported in previous works.
Evaluation of thermophysical data, COSMO‐SAC predictions, and feed simplifications for aromatic extraction process simulation using ionic liquid [EMIM][NTf2]
Authors: Tsai Chang‐Che , McNeeley Adam , Lin Shiang‐Tai , Liu Y. A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIonic liquids (ILs) are promising alternatives to conventional solvents for selective separation of aromatics from hydrocarbon mixtures, and their implementations depend on economic feasibility demonstrated by process simulation. Prior process modeling studies typically assume simplified hydrocarbon feeds or use the COSMO‐SAC predictive model. Our goal is to evaluate how feed simplifications and COSMO‐SAC predictions impact process modeling. We collect experimental data for 1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][NTf2]) from the ILThermo database to regress UNIQUAC model binary interaction parameters for 17 hydrocarbons. We find that feed simplifications tend to significantly underpredict process energy requirements and fail to reveal important details in the extractive distillation section of the process. COSMO‐SAC predictions underpredict activity coefficient of aliphatics in [EMIM][NTf2] by a large margin, which leads to lower aromatic‐aliphatic selectivities and overprediction of process energy requirements. It is significant enough to lead to the conclusion of process infeasibility in the case of [EMIM][NTf2].
Thermally resistant and strong shape memory bismaleimide resin with intrinsic halogen‐free and phosphorus‐free flame retardancy
Authors: Zhou Sumiao , Yuan Li , Liang Guozheng , Gu Aijuan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractFabricating thermally resistant and strong shape memory bismaleimide resin with intrinsic halogen‐free and phosphorus‐free flame retardancy is still an interesting issue with significant challenge. Herein, a new bismaleimide (MSi) containing siloxane structure was synthesized, which was copolymerized with 2,2′‐diallylbisphenol A to develop three new resins coded as MD‐x, x represents the molar ratio of allyl to maleimide. The composition‐structure‐performance relationship and mechanism of MD‐x resins are systematically studied. All MD‐x resins not only show self‐distinguish feature, but also have high glass transition temperatures (127.4–160.1°C), high impact strengths (12.09–18.77 kJ/m2), high flexural strengths (91.3–97.5 MPa) and excellent shape memory properties, their shape fixation rates and shape recovery rates exceed 93% after three shape memory cycles. These attractive and competitive comprehensive performances demonstrate that the problems for halogen‐free and phosphorus‐free flame retardant shape memory polymers have been successfully solved, this is derived from the unique structure of MD‐x resins.
Bright V‐Shaped bis‐Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine Fluorophores with Near‐UV to Deep‐Blue Emission
Authors: Jouaiti Elise , Giuso Valerio , Cianfarani Damien , Kyritsakas Nathalie , Gourlaouen Christophe , Mauro Matteo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTen novel small‐molecule fluorophores containing two electron‐accepting imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine (ImPy) units are presented. Each ImPy core is functionalized at its C6 position with groups featuring either electron accepting (A) or donating (D) properties, thus providing emitters with general structure X−ImPy−Y−ImPy−X (X=either A or D; Y=phenyl or pyridine). The molecules bear either a phenyl (series 4) or a pyridine (series 5) π bridge that connects the two ImPys via meta (phenyl) or 2,6‐ (pyridine) positions, yielding an overall V‐shaped architecture. The final compounds are synthetized straightforwardly by condensation between substituted 2‐aminopyridines and α‐halocarbonyl derivatives. All the compounds display intense photoluminescence with quantum yield (PLQY) in the range of 0.17–0.51. Remarkably, substituent effect enables tuning the emission from near‐UV to (deep‐)blue region while keeping Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (CIE) y coordinate ≤0.07. The emitting excited state is characterized by a few nanoseconds lifetime and high radiative rate constant, and its nature is modulated from pure π‐π* to intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) by the electronic properties of the peripheral X substituent. This is further corroborated by the nature of the frontier orbitals and vertical electronic excitations computed at (time‐dependent) density functional level of theory (TD‐)DFT. Finally, this study enlarges the palette of bright deep‐blue emitters based on the interesting ImPy scaffolds in view of their potential application as photo‐functional materials in optoelectronics.
Groundwater Treatment to Remove PFAS: Restoring Local Drinking Water Supply in Orange County, California
Authors: Plumlee Megan H. , Dadakis Jason S. , Versluis Patrick , Olsen Chris 
Published: October 2022

Key TakeawaysUbiquitous occurrence of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in conventionally treated wastewater and the environment can result in drinking water supplies with concentrations exceeding local guidance values and/or regulatory limits.Swift design and implementation of treatment to remove PFAS from groundwater is underway in north and central Orange County, Calif., using ion exchange or granular activated carbon systems at the wellhead.Addressing PFAS places a major economic burden on water wholesalers and retailers; in this case, treatment will increase the cost that north and central Orange County water retailers pay for groundwater.This local supply will remain less costly than purchasing treated imported surface water as an alternative.
Evaluating Water Delinquency Fees and Financial Assistance Programs Through an Equity Lens
Authors: Thompson Austin , Hackett Heidi , Bunds Kyle 
Published: October 2022

Key TakeawaysIn 2019, the water utility of Durham, N.C., participated in the National League of Cities’ initiative, Cities Addressing Fines and Fees Equitably.Through this initiative, the utility identified inequities in the distribution of cutoffs and delinquency fees across its service area.To address these issues, the utility restructured its social support program, eliminated its $50 delinquency fee, and updated its bill language.Utility reforms to address inequities vary across utilities but include programmatic and policy changes.
Digital Twins: Case Studies in Water Distribution Management
Authors: Tomić Saša , Karmous‐Edwards Gigi , Kamojjala Sri 
Published: October 2022

Key TakeawaysThe power of a digital twin—a digital representation of a physical object or process—lies in its combined use of current technologies.Water utilities can benefit from digital twins across a wide spectrum, from staff and system operations, to leak detection, to managing infrastructure assets.Detailed case studies show how two water utilities have used digital twins to be more effective in daily operations, strategic planning, and responses to unplanned events.