bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non–Tremor-Predominant Parkinson Disease
Authors: Ostergard Thomas , Miller Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strong evidence supports the use of deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) and subthalamic nucleus (STN) for the treatment of medically refractory Parkinson disease. Randomized controlled trials have confirmed that those with medically refractory Parkinson disease treated with deep brain stimulation will experience a higher quality of life and have also confirmed that the STN and GPi are equally effective in controlling the symptoms of Parkinson disease. For patients with cognitive impairment or depression, however, the GPi may be a safer target. Direct targeting through visualization of the GPi and STN on 3-tesla magnetic resonance imaging has emerged as a viable surgical strategy, though the use of intraoperative electrophysiology remains a common mode of intraoperative target verification.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Karas Patrick J. , Viswanathan Ashwin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can have a profound impact on patients’ quality of life and functional status. Both lesional approaches (radiosurgery and radio-frequency ablation) and neuromodulation (deep brain stimulation, DBS) have a role in treatment of refractory OCD. Candidates for DBS will have disabling symptoms and have failed multimodal therapy, including three different selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, supplementation of these inhibitors with neuroleptics, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Interdisciplinary consensus, including individuals from psychiatry, psychology, and neurosurgery areas, is critical for the optimal surgical care of patients with a neuropsychiatric illness such as OCD. The target for DBS for OCD is the anterior limb of the internal capsule, but understanding of the exact physiological and neuroanatomical target is evolving.
Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Anavekar Nandan S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ischemic heart disease results from diminished myocardial blood supply and its attendant clinicopathologic manifestations. It may be clinically silent or present with syndromes categorized as stable angina, unstable angina, non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS), ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI), or sudden death. Ischemic heart disease causes nearly 800,000 deaths annually in the United States. Notably, about one-third of deaths annually in the United States are due to MI.
Pericardial Disease and Cardiac Tumors
Authors: Klarich Kyle W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The pericardium consists of a fibrous sac and a serous membrane. The space between visceral and parietal pericardium normally contains 15 to 25 mL of clear fluid. The pericardium functions to prevent cardiac distention, limit cardiac displacement (by its attachment to neighboring structures), and protect the heart from inflammation. Metastatic tumors are far more common than primary cardiac tumors (&gt;40-fold). The most frequent metastases to the heart are melanoma, lymphoma, and breast, lung, and esophageal tumors. Patients with metastatic malignancies have metastatic disease to the heart up to 15% of the time. More than one-half of patients with malignant melanoma have metastases to the heart. Metastatic disease to the heart carries a poor prognosis.
Colonic Disorders
Authors: Kisiel John B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses several colonic disorders. Disorders covered are inflammatory bowel disease, miscellaneous infectious causes, antibiotic colitis, radiation colitis, ischemia, irritable bowel syndrome, nontoxic megacolon, congenital megacolon, lower GI tract bleeding, diverticular disease, cancer screening, polyps, and hamartomatous polyposis syndromes.
Hospital Medicine
Authors: Kashiwagi Deanne T. , Ratelle John T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hospital medicine is the fastest growing medical specialty. It has evolved into a field that focuses on illnesses managed in the inpatient setting. In addition, the practice of hospital medicine requires understanding of operations and care processes specific to the hospital. Hospitalized patients are at risk for such complications as venous thromboembolism (VTE) and hospital-acquired infections. Clinicians who practice hospital medicine must be familiar with the diagnosis, the management, and the prevention of these hospital-acquired conditions. This chapter provides an overview of topics specific to the care of hospitalized patients.
Medical Ethics
Authors: Tilburt Jon C. , Hook C. Christopher 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Medicine is first and foremost a relationship—a coming together of a patient who is ill or has specific needs and a physician whose goal is to help the patient. The physician-patient relationship is a fiduciary relationship. Physicians have knowledge, skills, and privileges that patients do not have. In turn, patients trust that physicians act in the patients’ best interests.
Quality Improvement and Patient Safety
Authors: Kautz Jordan M. , Matulis John C. , Wittich Christopher M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Quality improvement, broadly interpreted, refers to any formal approach taken to understand and better the performance of a system. Quality improvement, conversationally, more often is taken to mean application of those methodologies or tools from industry to health care. Quality improvement and patient safety are complementary but not synonymous. Safety is but 1 dimension of quality care, and quality improvement but 1 behavior of safe care. Understanding of human factors—the interactions among humans and other elements of the system—is critical to improving safety by constructing systems wherein it is easier for persons to do the right thing and harder to do the wrong thing.
Breast Cancer
Authors: Haddad Tufia C. , Moynihan Timothy J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the United States, approximately 252,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer are diagnosed annually. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and develops in approximately 1 in 8 women who achieve a normal life expectancy. It is the second most common cause of cancer death among women in the United States (lung cancer is the most common). The incidence decreased in the early 2000s and has leveled off since then. Breast cancer mortality rates have steadily decreased since the mid 1990s because of improvements in systemic therapy and early detection.
Substance Use Disorders, Personality Disorders, and Eating Disorders
Authors: Palmer Brian A. , Kolla Bhanuprakash 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Alcohol and other substance use disorders are a major concern in all age groups and across all ethnic, socioeconomic, and racial groups. Despite high lifetime prevalence, less than 10% of persons with substance use disorders are involved in treatment. Personality disorders are grouped into 3 clusters and demand the most from internists. The disorder is treatable and generally improves despite common perceptions to the contrary. The 2 common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Both are markedly more prevalent among women than men. Eating disorders are increasingly found across all income, racial, and ethnic groups. Both disorders have a primary symptom of preoccupation with weight and distortion of body image. Eating disorders have the highest lethality of all psychiatric illnesses.
Rheumatoid Arthritis and Spondyloarthropathies
Authors: Wright Kerry , Peterson Lynne S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease characterized by symmetrical synovitis, morning stiffness, and joint destruction. It affects 0.03% to 1.5% of the population worldwide. Women are affected 3 times more frequently than men. Its incidence peaks between the ages of 50 and 75 years. Lifetime risk of RA in adults is 3.6% for women and 1.7% for men. The presentation of an unknown antigen to a genetically susceptible person is believed to trigger RA.
Ending the HIV Epidemic
Authors: Sokoloff Benjamin , Trang Tri Minh , Ngo Thanh Thu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter identifies the goals of the current nationwide initiative to eliminate new HIV infections in the US and describes the pillars upon which the initiative was designed to achieve these goals. These goals include reducing the number of new infections by 75% by 2025 and 90% by 2030 by increasing the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of HIV infection and rapid response to new clusters of HIV transmission.
Epidemiology and the Spread of HIV
Authors: Bolduc Philip , Chew Victoria , Girard Hannah , Weeks Craig Steven 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the global prevalence as well as the geographic distribution of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections and updates on recent shared global initiatives. The demographic trends in HIV in the US, especially regarding gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, age, injection-drug use, socioeconomic status, and recent initiatives, are reviewed. Special attention is paid to HIV among communities of color, as well as women, children, and adolescents. The role of HIV in men who have sex with men and the transgender community is reviewed in detail.
HIV Testing and Counseling
Authors: Delgado Alejandro 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter lists and describes the various types of HIV testing available. The chapter also presents an overview of HIV counseling. HIV testing terminology and algorithms are presented to the reader along with descriptive figures. Laboratory markers for HIV are reviewed. The chapter describes who should be tested, as well as pre- and post-test counseling elements. A section of the chapter is dedicated to special populations and environments (blood supply screening, prenatal screening, testing settings). Strategies to improve uptake of HIV testing are discussed.
Laboratory Testing Strategies, Detection, and Diagnosis
Authors: Salazar Alonso D. Pezo , Meisner Jessica A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe history of testing as well as the immunology behind testing is detailed in this chapter. A comprehensive overview of virologic immunoassays is provided to the reader. Algorithms for screening and diagnosing HIV infections are discussed and special attention is given to screening and detecting HIV in newborns and children.
Diversity and Health Disparities
Authors: Spinner Gary F. , Arrington-Sanders Renata , Spatafore Leah , Goldstein Zil Garner , Deutsch Maddie , Kapalko Angela , Prosser Rachel A. , David Abby , Garcia Deliana , Seda Claire Hutkins , Madaras Laszlo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter will help the learner to understand about concepts of social determinants of health and racial and ethnic disparities and how they impact the care of people with HIV. It discusses the impact of stigma on healthcare-seeking behavior, treatment adherence, and safe practices among populations experiencing disproportionate access to healthcare, including adolescents, transgender persons, homeless or displaced individuals, incarcerated individuals, patients in rural settings, and immigrants and migrant workers.
HIV Care Coordination
Authors: Westlake Amanda A. , Spencer-Long Sally , Skiest Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers interdisciplinary care coordination in care for people with HIV. The HIV continuum of care is discussed as well as the complexity of care needs for people with HIV. Roles of the HIV patient care team are outlined in depth along with quality improvement information. The chapter concludes with a review of funding for HIV care.
Dermatologic Complications of HIV
Authors: Mutyambizi Kudakwashe , Bolduc Philip 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the dermatologic complications of HIV infection and treatment. The chapter includes information about the incidence, presentation, and management of inflammatory dermatoses in HIV, including seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and xerosis, papular pruritic eruption of AIDS, and HIV-associated eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. In addition, common and important cutaneous adverse drug reactions among people with HIV and management factors are presented for antiretroviral drug classes. Lastly, learners are presented with information on the diagnosis and management of viral, fungal, bacterial, and parasitic opportunistic infections occurring in HIV patients and presentation and treatment of cancers associated with HIV and aging.
Ethical Conduct of Clinical Trials, Institutional Review Boards, Informed Consent, and Financial Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Bortner Adam C. , Ramers Christian B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the essential components of the ethical code of conduct, including the roles of institutional review boards, informed consent, and disclosing financial conflicts of interest, for clinicians participating in clinical trials related to HIV medicine. The chapter also provides an overview of perceptions and misperceptions that patients may experience and updated guidance from the Food and Drug Administration on diversity of participants in clinical trials.
Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis is common among patients with presumed tuberculosis relapse in Ghana
Authors: Ocansey Bright K , Otoo Benjamin , Adjei Abraham , Gbadamosi Hafisatu , Kotey Fleischer C N , Kosmidis Chris , Afriyie-Mensah Jane S , Denning David W , Opintan Japheth A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) may mimic pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). The two diseases are clinically indistinguishable and may result in CPA misdiagnosed as PTB or vice versa. Although PTB is largely recognised as a differential diagnosis of CPA and often ruled out prior to CPA diagnosis, the reverse is uncommon. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of CPA cases among patients being assessed for PTB. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among consecutive patients referred for GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis test for the diagnosis of PTB at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana. Patients’ demographics, clinical and socioeconomic details were obtained using a structured questionnaire. Blood was collected for Aspergillus and HIV serology, and sputum samples obtained for Aspergillus culture. Chest radiograph was obtained, and computed tomography scan was also done for patients with positive Aspergillus serology or cavitation. CPA was defined using an algorithm developed by the Global Action for Fungal Infections (GAFFI) international expert panel. A total of 154 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 134 (87%) did not have a prior PTB diagnosis. There were 41 (26.6%) GeneXpert positive cases. CPA prevalence was 9.7% overall, but 50% in patients with a prior history of PTB and 3.7% in those without previous PTB. Although CPA is rarely considered as a differential diagnosis of PTB in Ghana, our findings show that CPA may affect half of patients being assessed for PTB relapse. Efforts to diagnose CPA should be prioritised in this patient group.
A new estimate of galaxy mass-to-light ratios from flexion lensing statistics
Authors: Fabritius Joseph M , Goldberg David M 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
We perform a flexion-based weak gravitational analysis of the first two Hubble Frontier Field clusters: Abell 2744 and MACS 0416. A parametric method for using radially projected flexion signals as a probe of cluster member mass is described in detail. The normalization and slope of a L − θE (as a proxy for L − σ) scaling relation in each cluster is determined using measured flexion signals. A parallel field analysis is undertaken concurrently to provide a baseline measure of method effectiveness. We find an agreement in the Faber–Jackson slope ℓ associated with galaxy age and morphology for both clusters, as well as a theoretical distinction in the cluster normalization mass.
Origination of LTR Retroelement–Derived NYNRIN Coincides with Therian Placental Emergence
Authors: Plianchaisuk Arnon , Kusama Kazuya , Kato Kiyoko , Sriswasdi Sira , Tamura Kazuhiro , Iwasaki Wataru 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The emergence of the placenta is a revolutionary event in the evolution of therian mammals, to which some LTR retroelement–derived genes, such as PEG10, RTL1, and syncytin, are known to contribute. However, therian genomes contain many more LTR retroelement–derived genes that may also have contributed to placental evolution. We conducted large-scale evolutionary genomic and transcriptomic analyses to comprehensively search for LTR retroelement–derived genes whose origination coincided with therian placental emergence and that became consistently expressed in therian placentae. We identified NYNRIN as another Ty3/Gypsy LTR retroelement–derived gene likely to contribute to placental emergence in the therian stem lineage. NYNRIN knockdown inhibited the invasion of HTR8/SVneo invasive-type trophoblasts, whereas the knockdown of its nonretroelement-derived homolog KHNYN did not. Functional enrichment analyses suggested that NYNRIN modulates trophoblast invasion by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix remodeling and that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is responsible for the functional differences between NYNRIN and KHNYN. These findings extend our knowledge of the roles of LTR retroelement–derived genes in the evolution of therian mammals.
Onepot-Seq: capturing single-cell transcriptomes simultaneously in a continuous medium via transient localization of mRNA
Authors: Shin Dongju , Choi Jungwon , Lee Ji Hyun , Bang Duhee 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The development of single-cell RNA-seq has broadened the spectrum for biological research by providing a high-resolution analysis of cellular heterogeneity. However, the requirement for sophisticated devices for the compartmentalization of cells has limited its widespread applicability. Here, we develop Onepot-Seq, a device-free method, that harnesses the transient localization of mRNA after lysis to capture single-cell transcriptomes simultaneously in a continuous fluid medium. In mixed-species experiments, we obtained high-quality single-cell profiles. Further, cell type-specific poly(A)-conjugated antibodies allow Onepot-Seq to effectively capture target cells in complex populations. Chemical perturbations to cells can be profiled by Onepot-Seq at single-cell resolution. Onepot-Seq should allow routine transcriptional profiling at single-cell resolution, accelerating clinical and scientific discoveries in many fields of science.
Designs for Science Literacy: with companion CD-ROM
Authors: American Association for the Advancement of Science  
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The call for science curriculum reform has been made over and over again for much of the twentieth century. Arguments have been made that the content of the curriculum is not appropriate for meeting the individual and social needs of people living in the modern world; that the curriculum has become overstuffed with topics and does not serve students especially well; and above all, that the curriculum does not generate the student learning it is expected to produce. The latest volume in a continuing series of publications from the AAAS designed to reform science education, Designs for Science Literacy presupposes that curriculum reform must be considerably more extensive and fundamental than the tinkering with individual courses and subjects that has been going on for decades. Designs deals with the critical issues involved in assembling sound instructional materials into a new, coherent K-12 whole. The book pays special attention to the need to link science-oriented studies to the arts and humanities, and also proposes how to align the curriculum with an established set of learning goals while preserving the American tradition of local responsibility for the curriculum itself. If fundamental curriculum reform is ever to occur, a new process for creating alternatives will have to be developed. Designs for Science Literacy provides the groundwork for such a process.
Curriculum Specifications
Authors: American Association for the Advancement of Science  
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although the general principles of design may apply widely, as has been argued, they have to be shaped to respond to the kind of thing to be designed, whether a ballet, a housing development, or any other object, event, or system. How can we best characterize the essential features of the K-12 curriculum? In answering, the chapter starts with a more or less standard definition of curriculum and recasts it in more structural terms. Curriculum structure, content, and operation are discussed, and a case is made along the way for developing and using curriculum graphics to facilitate thinking about those salient aspects of curriculum design. Judging by how people talk about it, “curriculum” may be thought of as anything from what is written down in official district documents to what actually goes on in classrooms day to day. To complicate matters, curricula are often spoken of in terms of one or another of their special features (such as liberal arts, Great Books, language-immersion, activity-based, assessment-based, and—these days—standards-based curricula), in terms of students tracks (giving us college-preparatory, vocational, and “general” curricula), in terms of subject matter (the reading, mathematics, and Spanish curricula, for instance), and much else. In books on K-12 “curriculum,” a curriculum is usually treated as a collection of courses, where a “course” is an educational unit usually at the high-school or middle-school level, consisting of a series of instruction periods (such as lectures, discussions, and laboratory sessions) dealing with a particular subject. “Courses” are usually a year or a semester long, but quarter or trimester courses and courses spanning several years are becoming more common. In earlier grades, curriculum is more typically described in terms of “subjects.” Courses and subjects are themselves often subdivided into “units,” which run from only a few days to a few weeks. For purposes of designing an entire K-12 curriculum, the component parts should be quite large—more like a course in extent than like a teaching unit.