bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Cultural Neuroscience Perspective on Socioeconomic Disparities in Global Mental Health
Authors: Alvarez Gabriella M. , Muscatell Keely A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the neural and physiological mechanisms that may underlie socioeconomic disparities in global mental health through a cultural neuroscience lens. First, it discusses the cultural and psychological processes (namely, interdependence and “cultural mismatch”) that may be experienced by individuals with lower socioeconomic status (SES) and could contribute to alterations in physiological and neural responses to stress and consequently put individuals at greater risk for the development of depression and anxiety. Next, it discusses the physiological systems, both peripheral (e.g., hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, inflammation) and central (e.g., brain structure and function), that are implicated in responding to stress and confer risk for negative mental health outcomes, and how these systems are modulated by SES. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the resilience factors that might promote better outcomes among lower-SES individuals and the ethical and scientific considerations involved in this field of study.
Autobiographical Memory and Culture
Authors: Chae Yoojin , Wang Qi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Research has demonstrated the crucial role of culture in shaping how the self is represented and how autobiographical event information is organized, retained, and retrieved. Specifically, the style, accuracy, content, emergence, and general accessibility of autobiographical memories in children and adults have been found to vary across cultures, which reflects the cultured self. This chapter provides an overview of research that has identified language, family narrative practices, and emotion knowledge as potent mechanisms responsible for cultural effects on self-views and autobiographical memory. It further discusses cross-cultural differences in the simulation of future events based on neuropsychological research findings and also within-culture variations in socioeconomic status in relation to the development of self and autobiographical memory. This line of research has important applied implications for clinical and educational professionals given the significant contributions of autobiographical memory to human functioning and psychological well-being in cultural contexts.
Instrumental Ensembles
Authors: Bishop Laura , Keller Peter E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Instrumental ensemble playing is a creative process involving real-time interpersonal coordination of sounds, gestures, and musical ideas by two or more musicians. In this chapter, we discuss the psychological mechanisms supporting ensemble coordination. Musicians’ abilities to anticipate, attend, and adapt to intentional and unintentional variability in each other’s playing are central to maintaining coordination during expressive performance. These abilities involve a combination of effortful and automatic processes, which musicians draw on to different degrees, depending on the musical context. Coordination is also partly supported by the affordances (action possibilities) that emerge from the evolving relationships between musicians and their physical environment. For many ensembles, offline preparation sets the groundwork for coordination in later performances, giving musicians opportunities to practice technical skills, familiarize themselves with each other’s playing style, and establish shared landmarks relating to their interpretation of the music. When coordination is successful, a shared sense of togetherness emerges among ensemble musicians. Feelings of togetherness may strengthen as musicians find themselves aware and highly focused on each other’s contributions to the performance, and at the same time able to coordinate seemingly without effort. Following our discussion of psychological mechanisms, we outline the implications that this research has for music education, the development of techniques to enable ensemble playing in networked conditions, and the development of technologies for musical interaction.
Symbolic Interactionism and Social Research
Authors: Salvini Andrea 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Symbolic interactionism has contributed to consolidate the legitimacy of qualitative methods on both epistemological and methodological levels; at the same time, it has provided a consistent theoretical framework for the development of a plurality of approaches, which have become increasingly popular among scholars. This chapter aims to describe the connection between the theoretical and epistemological patterns of symbolic interactionism and the more established qualitative approaches in the contemporary methodological landscape. The specific contribution that symbolic interactionism has offered to the conceptual and procedural renewal of social research is investigated here on two levels: the first concerns how the interactionist perspective has changed the understanding of the research process, its contents, and its practices; the second concerns the connections between the perspective, and three of the most used qualitative approaches, namely ethnography, grounded theory, and the postmodern perspective. The final section will briefly outline some of the current challenges that question the ability of symbolic interactionism to penetrate the complexity of social phenomena.
Profiling of Terrorists’ Psychologies
Authors: Post Jerrold M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows that the psychology of groups and organizations, rather than individual psychopathology, provides a powerful explanation for terrorist behavior and for the extremities to which otherwise normal individuals might go in pursuit of their group cause. Within this context, there is a broad spectrum of terrorisms, consisting of political terrorism, criminal terrorism, and pathological terrorism. This chapter traces the evolution of the four waves of modern terrorism and offers a typology of terrorism: anarchists, social revolutionaries, nationalist-separatists, religious fundamentalists, and lone-wolves. Each of these profiles of terrorism has its own characteristic psychology, which the chapter describes using real world examples.
Introduction
Authors: Gootenberg Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter reveals how a global “New Drug History” has evolved over the past three decades, along with its latest thematic trends and possible next directions. Scholars have long studied drugs, but only in the 1990s did serious archival and global study of what are now illicit drugs emerge, largely from the influence of the anthropology of drugs on history. A series of key interdisciplinary influences are now in play beyond anthropology, among them, commodity and consumption studies, sociology, medical history, cultural studies, and transnational history. Scholars connect drugs and their changing political or cultural status to larger contexts and epochal events such as wars, empires, capitalism, modernization, or globalizing processes. As the field expands in scope, it may shift deeper into non-Western perspectives, fluid historical definitions of drugs; environmental concerns; and research on cannabis and opiates sparked by their current transformations or crises.
Modern Russian and Soviet Drug Suppression
Authors: Vasilyev Pavel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter familiarizes Western readers with recent developments in the history of drugs in modern Russia and the Soviet Union. The field is just beginning in terms of its achievements, problems, new archives, and interpretations, and its uncharted territory for future research. The chapter starts by describing the main trends in the historiography of drug use and drug policy in twentieth-century Russia (both before and after 1991). It further sketches crucial points in both the social history of drugs and the evolution of a repressive governmental response between about 1900 and 2000, with a special focus on the early Soviet period. Open discussions of the drug problem (including cocaine) were prohibited in the Soviet era, but can be discerned via medical debates. Finally, the chapter closes with problematic aspects of “new drug history” in the Russian context and avenues for further research.
Illicit Drug Cultures in the Postwar United States
Authors: Campbell Nancy D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Illicit drug cultures in the United States have been shaped by public policy, law enforcement, and regulation; and science, technology, and medicine. Opioid drugs dominated mid-twentieth-century drug policy, when authorities sought control over male urban adolescents. Concentrated in urban centers, post-World War II heroin use was driven by demographic shifts, urban migration, and structural changes in the patterns of skilled and deskilled work, leisure, recreation, and consumption. The medicalization of addiction occurred with evolving approaches to medical maintenance using methadone, narcotic antagonists, and later, buprenorphine. By the late twentieth century, illicit drug-using cultures had changed again with new drugs, including cyclic waves of stimulants, including crack cocaine and amphetamines; expanding cannabis subcultures; and novel psychoactive substances (NPS). New populations also meant a gradual shift toward gender parity in illicit drug use and to a lesser degree, trafficking; and a new attention to problems of health, sexuality, and biosocial reproduction.
DrugsThe Lessons from History?
Authors: Berridge Virginia 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This epilogue chapter carries a big question mark. Rather than simply list the big things historians now know about drugs and recommend to policymakers or the public, it asks the deeper more nuanced historical question of how the growing body of drug history research has actually been deployed. What could the “lessons of history” be? (but largely haven’t been); the polemical uses of drug history by non-historians; its argumentative use by historians (for example, in law courts); its non-polemical uses and genres; the role of personal networks and political “boundary figures”; what activism (“hot” or “cold”) means in drug policy, and is it effective; and surprisingly neglected areas of historical work which ought to be thought about in relation to changing drug policy futures.
Determining the Composition
Authors: Bennett Joe , O'Connor Seán M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The nature of music composition has changed dramatically in the digital era. While some composers may still be writing musical notes onto a stave, in the traditional image of a classical composer, most pop songwriters are now producers of digital artifacts, in which production techniques are compositional gestures. Creating music directly as an audio object is not easily compatible with a copyright system that still distinguishes a musical work from a sound recording. This chapter explores the implications of this disconnect between law and composition practice to argue that the scope of copyright’s “musical works” should encompass a holistic approach to today’s beats-based digital music production, while treating artificially isolated elements (such as melodic fragments) as de minimis for the purposes of infringement litigation.
On the Margins
Authors: Jessee Erin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter critically assesses the dichotomy of victims/survivors and perpetrators that proliferates in the media and other public discourses about genocide and related mass atrocities, including crimes against humanity and war crimes. Drawing on over a decade of oral historical and ethnographic research on the 1994 genocide in Rwanda—in which approximately 800,000 civilians, most of whom were Tutsi, were murdered by Hutu Power extremists—this chapter argues that most people’s experiences of mass atrocities are more complex than this dichotomy permits, and often includes actions that challenge the boundaries among victim/survivor, bystander, rescuer, and perpetrator categories. It thus advocates for considering genocide-affected individuals as “complex political actors” whose actions exist along a spectrum of genocidal violence. This allows for deeper consideration of the shifting roles that people take on during periods of extreme violence, and in response to shifts in their nation’s political climate and personal circumstances.
The Role of the State in Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Mullins Christopher W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Episodes of mass atrocity crimes—mass violence against an often disempowered or marginalized portion of the population—are the worst examples of what humanity can, and will, do to itself. A common feature of such phenomena is the centrality of a state, or quasi-state, in the generation of the event. States often play a central role in planning, orchestrating, and executing atrocity violence. States provide coordination and control of necessary resources, including requisite human capital and materiel. Such events require large amounts of human capital, extensive communication networks, and the mass movement of people and things in a geographic area. States wield strong symbolic powers which facilitate the transmission, and undergird the legitimacy, of ideologies that are a key aspect of such deployments of mass violence. States also hold the sovereign powers which work against external interventions or other prevention and punishment endeavors.
Forced Migrants and Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Colvin Victoria , Orchard Phil 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Over the past twenty years, there has been a growth in international mechanisms to protect forced migrants who are victims of atrocity crimes. Within international criminal law, forced deportations and forcible transfers have been defined as potentially constituting both crimes against humanity and war crimes, while some forms of transfers (such as the transferring of children) may also constitute genocide. While the Refugee Convention is silent on this question, emerging soft and regional law around the issue of internal displacement has clearly defined a right not to be arbitrarily displaced and, in the Kampala Convention, African states have accepted an obligation to protect IDPs from such acts. Finally, there is a clear linkage between forced displacement and the four atrocity crimes in the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, including through ethnic cleansing and genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. These represent important steps forward to ensure that forced migrants can be protected from atrocities.
Memory and Memorialization after Atrocities
Authors: Fox Nicole 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Atrocity crimes tear apart the social fabric of society. One mechanism communities and nations utilize to begin the healing from atrocity crimes is through the development of physical memorials that aim to commemorate a past fraught with trauma and violence. This chapter begins by defining memorialization, memorials, and commemoration and explores why memorials have become a viable option—for communities, nations, and individuals—in the aftermath of atrocity. It examines the three global social and intellectual movements of the 1990s central to the emergence of contemporary memorial culture: the memory boom, the human rights movement, and the justice cascade. Finally, it analyzes the challenges arising during memorialization aimed at reparation and justice. Like all multifaceted mechanisms of transitional justice, memorialization has both promises and pitfalls as both a process and an outcome.
War Crimes in Angola
Authors: van Wijk Joris 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
After a war of independence against the Portuguese colonizer, Angola has known a civil war from 1975 to 2002. What could be characterized as a “proxy Cold-War” in the 1970s and 1980s, turned in the 1990s into a “greed”-based war over the control of natural resources. During the war, numerous war crimes, and arguably also crimes against humanity, were committed; an estimated 500,000 to 1 million people died as a consequence of the war and the country was infected with land mines. When a peace agreement was signed in 2002, it included a blanket amnesty for all former warring parties. Based on a literature review and original empirical fieldwork, this chapter describes in particular why and how—in the absence of any accountability mechanisms—alternative strategies to truth seeking, reconciliation, commemoration, or memorialization have only to a limited extent been adopted. Angola’s peace process is a textbook example of “illiberal peacebuilding.”
Security and Defence Policy
Authors: Kim Sung-han , Lee Alex Soohoon 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The challenges for the South Korean security policy are twofold: North Korean nuclear threat and United States–China strategic competition. To deal with such challenges, South Korea’s security policy has mainly been focused on the denuclearization of North Korea and the strengthening of the Republic of Korea (ROK)–US alliance. In addition, the future warfare between the United States and China would be extended to every sector of information and communication technology (ICT), including next-generation semiconductors, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing. South Korea is thus making efforts to move away from straddling between the United States and China, while avoiding the zero-sum mentality. But the three sets of competing beliefs remain another challenge for South Korea’s advanced security policy: (a) inter-Korean versus alliance schools in dealing with North Korean issues; (b) ROK–Japan deteriorating relations versus increasing need for ROK–US–Japan security cooperation; and (c) the ‘South–South Conflict’ that hampers the implementation of consistent security policy.
The South Korean Development Model
Authors: Kim Eun Mee , Kim Nancy Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Korea’s development experience and the extent to which it comprises a coherent development model. The chapter sets forth three key features of Korea’s of deliberate and planned development: (a) state-led economic development; (b) social development and capability enhancement; and (c) strategic use of aid for development. It then highlights various inconsistencies and ambiguities of the Korean development story and cautions against promoting it as a one-size-fits-all model. That said, the chapter represents the evolution of the Korean developmental state—from its earlier authoritarian, neo-mercantilist iteration to its current democratic and globalized model—as a testament to the fact that development is a contextual, adaptive process. Korea owes its success to its flexibility and openness to a range of development approaches. In this regard, the chapter argues that the Korean development experience does indeed offer useful, adaptable development options, and that Korea can play a constructive, balanced, and bridging role in development and development cooperation.
The Developmental State
Authors: Woo Meredith 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The developmental state refers to a state formation, often nationalistic, that is capable of intervening in the economy with long-term goals and plans, without stifling economic incentives prevalent in market economies. It does so through a social coalition that includes the bureaucracy, dominant political parties, and big business. The outcome is rapid economic growth with relative equity. The archetype of the developmental state is found in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore at different times throughout the twentieth century, and may be seen today in China. In South Korea, the Asian financial crisis of 1997–1998 precipitated extensive economic liberalization and democratization, forcing retreat of the developmental state.
The Ultimate Underground Classic
Authors: Lekmanov Oleg , Sverdlov Mikhail , Simanovsky Ilya 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The chapter discusses the biography of Venedikt Erofeev, focusing on his main literary works and the history of their creation and distribution in samizdat and tamizdat, his reading interests and influences (Western and Russian alike), and his attitudes to other representatives of the underground. Materials used for the reconstruction of Erofeev’s lifeworld are diverse and include, along with his famous texts (Moscow-Petushki, the essay “Vasily Rozanov through the Eyes of an Eccentric,” the tragedy Walpurgis Night, or the Steps of the Commander), the writer’s interviews, memoirs of his friends and relatives, his published and unpublished diaries, and newest archival finds. The chapter ends with a brief review of the scholarship on Erofeev’s oeuvre and biography.
Hull House Social Change Methodology and New Deal Reforms
Authors: Whipps Judy D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Jane Addams was the creative force behind the “well-oiled Hull House machine,”1 a legacy of feminist activism, mentorship, and personal advocacy that reformed American public policy. She and her colleagues Florence Kelley and Julia Lathrop developed a social and political change method that grew from their experiences and utilized women’s communication networks, storytelling, social science research, mentoring, and legislative intervention. Their influence expanded into powerful local, national, and global relational networks of change. They carved paths for the next generation of women in politics as they passed the baton of reform to the generation of New Deal political activists. Hull House alumna Grace Abbott followed Lathrop as head of the Children’s Bureau. Frances Perkins, influenced by Kelley and her time at Hull House, became the first female cabinet member as Secretary of Labor, holding an unprecedented position of female power. Abbott and Perkins helped create the New Deal legislation that legalized Social Security and many goals on the Progressive Era agenda. By demonstrating the continuity of methodology and philosophy, this chapter traces a genealogy of Addams’s pragmatism and activism into measures that impacted public life throughout the 20th century and into the 21st.
The Urban Economics of Superdiversity
Authors: Nathan Max 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the economic impacts of superdiversity in theory and practice, drawing on the experience of the United Kingdom in the early 2000s. Superdiversity has a largely urban footprint, reflecting the affordances of big cities and the deep history of the “multicultural city.” The chapter builds a simple framework to illustrate superdiversity’s economic effects on production and consumption systems and the roles of (a) higher-skilled migrant groups, (b) physically close or historically linked sending countries, and (c) urban economic/demographic structures. Robustly quantifying superdiversity—in all its dimensions—is challenging. Although a large body of empirical work by economists and others identifies positive economic impacts from demographic change, this work typically proxies for “diversity” using single individual attributes. The chapter outlines alternative proxies using name-based information to identify the distribution of multiple cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups at the local area level, and then uses this to explore the conceptual framework for the UK case. It then explores group distribution across UK towns and cities in 2001, finding positive links between these initial demographic characteristics and changes in wages and productivity and house prices in the following five years. These differ between urban and nonurban areas. In conclusion, the chapter speculates about how variation in other individual characteristics, arrival routes, levels of mobility, and legal statuses complicate this picture, and suggests ways for future research to incorporate these dimensions into economic analysis.