bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Credulitas, Credibility, and Belief in Early Modern Theology
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Between the end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth centuries, the Augustinian-Thomist understanding of credulitas was the subject of a profound reconsideration. Post-Reformation Catholic theologians began emphasizing the reasonable grounds on which the truth of the Catholic faith rested, consequently assigning a much more central role to credibility in the process of believing. This chapter demonstrates this shift by examining the works of two authors who can be credited with providing the basic juridical, theological, and moral notions underpinning this newfound emphasis on credibility: the jurist and canonist Martín de Azpilcueta (better known as Doctor Navarrus) and the Jesuit controversialist theologian Francisco Suárez.
Actually Existing Digital Transformation
Authors: Rothstein Sidney A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the puzzle of tech workers’ power and proposes how to solve this puzzle. On the one hand, tech workers appear immensely powerful due to their position at the center of digital transformation. On the other hand, tech workers appear powerless, due to their lack of access to labor’s traditional power resources. Indeed, during economic downturns, tech workers are incredibly vulnerable to mass layoffs, indicating that they lack power when it matters most. Turning to the workplace reveals that the main threat to tech workers’ power is not their lack of resources, but instead management’s discursive techniques for control. With the ascendance of financialization, managers have adopted the discourse of market fundamentalism, which they use to prevent workers from mobilizing. The chapter shows why this discourse is so threatening to worker power, but argues that workers can nonetheless build power by transforming management’s discursive techniques for control into resources for collective action.
Worker Power in Twenty-First-Century Capitalism
Authors: Rothstein Sidney A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents the theory of worker power that will be developed in the four case studies that follow. First, it situates the study in the context of the recent wave of union revitalization, which has reinforced the importance of mobilizing to worker power, but has largely overlooked the centrality of workplace discourse. Second, the chapter illustrates why workplace discourse is so important to worker power by presenting evidence showing the pervasiveness of market fundamentalism in the tech sector, and how it obstructs workers from mobilizing against employer discretion. The chapter then outlines three tactics that workers can use to exercise power in digital transformation, where management has established the discourse of market fundamentalism as hegemonic. Workers must build strategic capacity and economic leverage, but the most important tactic for worker power in the current era is recoding, which enables workers to transform management’s techniques for control into resources for collective action.
Institutions by the Wayside
Authors: Rothstein Sidney A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 describes Germany’s robust institutions for protecting workers from dismissal, but shows that they are insufficient to protect tech workers from mass layoffs. Just as at IBM San Jose, management at Infineon established market fundamentalism as hegemonic, which complicated workers’ ability to mobilize against layoffs. The chapter traces three collective responses to layoffs at Infineon, led by the works council, the union IG Metall, and by a group of workers who mobilized as shareholders. In each of these responses, organizers developed some of the tactics necessary for building power, but each fell short in a different way. The result was that workers at Infineon were just as precarious as workers in the United States, despite Germany’s formally robust institutions.
Introduction
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets the theoretical and historical contexts through which Muslim converts to Orthodox Christianity should be viewed. The chapter distinguishes between religious conversions of the modern era, the age of nationalism, in territories of the Ottoman Empire and premodern-era conversions. The chapter argues that, although religious conversions have been occurring in the region since antiquity, the emergence of nationalism into the Ottoman Balkans after the end of the eighteenth century and its close connection with religious identities gave a new meaning to religious conversions. In the modern era, the change of one’s religious faith often meant often meant the rejection of a national identity and state affiliation and the simultaneous adoption of a new one, in most cases opposed to or in open conflict with the original one.
War Improbable, Peace Impossible, 1953–1979
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
During the Cold War the United States developed a strategy, which involved nuclear weapons, for deterring the Soviet Union in order to prevent Soviet aggression while avoiding nuclear war. The United States and the Soviet Union both acquired allies and clients, but many countries—styling themselves members of the “Third World”—wished to avoid alignment with either bloc. The United States became involved in an ultimately unsuccessful war to keep communist North Vietnam from conquering noncommunist South Vietnam. The Nixon administration sought to lighten the burden of the Cold War on the United States through a policy of conciliating the Soviet Union known as détente, as well as with other innovations in American foreign policy including the end of the Bretton Woods international monetary system, a rapprochement with mainland China, and the mediation of the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Sustainability
Authors: Caradonna Jeremy L. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Sustainability: A History is a substantially revised second edition that takes account of climate change policy, climate activism, and the expansion of the sustainability movement since the first addition appeared in 2014. The book provides an accessible and largely jargon-free overview of the origins and development of sustainability from circa 1700 to the present. It is useful both as a teaching aid for courses on history, the human dimensions of climate change, corporate social responsibility, ecological economics, urban planning, and more, and for the general reader interested in understanding the background on the sustainability movement.
US Norm Entrepreneurship and the MDBs
Authors: Park Susan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter theoretically examines the basis for US and bank behavior and identifies the strategies they undertook in their interactions over establishing the norm. It identifies the United States as a norm entrepreneur seeking to generate new ways for the banks to think and act. It unpacks the social and relational nature of US power, and the ideational and material strategies it used to generate, spread, and defend the norm. The United States used its power of the purse, its voice to generate support among member states, and its vote on the banks’ boards. The MDBs resisted the norm because it impinged on their autonomy and challenged their apolitical technocratic lending culture, which contributes to lending large volumes quickly as evidence of success while minimizing underperformance including harm. The chapter then outlines the strategies used by the banks as they resisted the norm: compromise, acquiescence, avoidance, defiance, and manipulation.
Aanaar (Inari) Saami
Authors: Valtonen Taarna , Ylikoski Jussi , Ánte (Ante Aikio) Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Aanaar (Inari) Saami is an indigenous language spoken around Lake Aanaar in the municipality of Aanaar (Finnish: Inari) in the northernmost Finland. Aanaar Saami is the only Saami language traditionally spoken only within the territory of Finland. One of the most successful examples of language revitalization globally, Aanaar Saami has currently approximately 450 speakers. While the grammatical structure of the language shares many typical features with the eastern Saami languages, from the perspective of the lexicon it is closer to North Saami in the west than to Skolt Saami in the east. The most prominent feature of Aanaar Saami grammar is the complex morphophonology in nominal and verbal inflection and derivation: metaphony, consonant gradation, and quantity-type alteration in single vowels, diphthongs, and consonants. As virtually all speakers of Aanaar Saami are bilingual in Finnish, this majority language increasingly affects especially the syntax and lexicon of Aanaar Saami.
Karelian
Authors: Sarhimaa Anneli 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Karelian is spoken as an autochthonous minority language in north-west Russia and in Finland. The current chapter outlines the milestones of the history of Karelians, with the focus on the millennial political developments that have defined the fate of their language, including its documentation and cultivation, which have been heavily influenced by Finnish and Russian nationalism. The background part of the chapter also provides a brief summary of what is known about the consequences of the long-standing and intensive contacts of Karelian with Finnish and Russian, and gives an overview of the present-day patterns of Karelian-Russian and Karelian-Finnish bilingualism. The major part of the chapter describes the main distinctive features of Karelian phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon. The chapter ends with a glossed text example.
East Mansi
Authors: Forsberg Ulla-Maija 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
East Mansi, the easternmost Mansi variety, was spoken in the area of the river Konda, a tributary of the river Irtysh, in Western Siberia. After the end of the twentieth century, there are no fluent speakers alive, but the language is reasonably well documented, also thanks to a massive corpus of folklore texts collected before World War I. From the perspective of both phonology and morphology, East Mansi shows more complexity than North Mansi. East Mansi is rich in verbal morphology, showing several tenses in the Conditional/Conjunctive mood and both conditional and optative mood for the passive, as well as converbs for different functions. The use of the passive and the “dative shift” (both important from the point of view of information structuring) are closer to North Mansi. In fact, they represent morphosyntactic structures that are common to the whole Ob-Ugric linguistic area.
East Khanty
Authors: Schön Zsófia , Gugán Katalin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
East Khanty is a dialect group consisting of three major dialects (Vakh-Vasyugan, Surgut, and Salym), each with further subvariants. Owing to the significant dialectal differences between the major groups, the chapter focuses on the Surgut dialect. Surgut Khanty itself is a cover term for the variants spoken in a vast territory along the rivers Pym, Tromagan, Agan, Bolshoy Yugan, and Malyy Yugan, but these subdialects are mutually intelligible. Our analysis will be based on the literary norm developed for this dialect (transliterated into IPA), but we will also investigate subdialectal variants, if necessary. We will describe the dialect from a synchronic point of view, with special attention to its special features, e.g. paradigmatic vowel alternation, zero-marked past vs marked present, absence of grammatical cases, a rich system of non-finite verb forms, and the emergence of finite subordination. A glossed text example is provided.
Non-finites
Authors: Ylikoski Jussi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
From both morphological and syntactic points of view, most verb forms in all Uralic languages can be quite clearly divided into finite and non-finite forms, the latter subtype consisting of forms that generally do not function as sole predicates of independent clauses. Ideally, such forms can be further subcategorized into infinitives, participles, converbs, and verbal nouns. However, many such forms also function as lexical verbs of periphrastic TAM constructions headed by copular or other auxiliary verbs. Although most Uralic non-finites can be described on a common basis, the frequency and complexity of non-finite constructions, as well as their periphrastic uses, vary considerably within the language family. Many of the distinguishing features characteristic of individual branches of the Uralic family can be considered as areal phenomena that often show significant similarities to those of neighbouring language families.
Adpositions and adpositional phrases
Authors: Grünthal Riho 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The adpositional system of the Uralic languages reflects the implications and inheritance of SOV word order and the syntactic sphere of inflectional forms. Most Uralic languages only use postpositions or syntactically corresponding relational nouns, whereas the north-western branches, namely Saamic and Finnic, have both postpositions and prepositions. There are two major aspects constraining the diversity of adpositional phrase (AdpP) in Uralic. Firstly, the order of the constituents is one of the basic typological parameters. Secondly, the morphosyntactic structure of AdpPs yields considerably more diversity and is more illustrative for the functional properties of the AdpP. Both the head and the complement may be inflected, whereas a pronominal complement may be fully omitted. New adpositions emerge from either relational nouns or adverbs.
Information structuring
Authors: Klumpp Gerson , Skribnik Elena 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a concise overview of information structural means of expression as they are typically found in the Uralic languages between the Western European and the Eastern Siberian linguistic areas. It provides a larger picture as a background for the description of several morphosyntactic patterns in the single chapters on specific languages, stressing and comparing their functions of marking primary or secondary topics, or focus, respectively. The patterns relevant for the current chapter are object agreement, differential object marking, dative shift, passivization, as well as the grammaticalization of focus- or topic-marking particles, definite articles, and the development of cleft structures. Providing this assessment seems necessary against the background that Uralic languages differ considerably in the domains mentioned, and they belong to different typological areas.
‘The entrance to my joys’
Authors: Davis David J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the basic understanding of divine raptus in late medieval England, as an experience in which God ravishes or raptures an individual’s soul away from their body in order to communicate directly to the individual. It demonstrates that this understanding of raptus, which was rooted in the Augustinian tradition, was elaborated and expanded in a variety of works and writers, such as Richard of St. Victor, Walter Hilton, The Cloud of Unknowing, Richard Rolle, Julian of Norwich, and Catherine of Siena. Following earlier scholarship, this chapter presents this understanding of raptus as a central feature of medieval English religious culture and the foundation of a larger discourse on divine revelation that would extend into the early modern period.
Excommunication in Thirteenth-Century England
Authors: Hill Felicity 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Excommunication was the medieval church’s most severe sanction, used against people at all levels of society. It was a spiritual, social, and legal penalty: Excommunication in Thirteenth-Century England offers a fresh perspective on medieval excommunication by taking a multi-dimensional approach to discussion of the sanction. Using England as a case study, the book analyzes the intentions behind excommunication, how it was perceived and received at both national and local level, and the effects it had upon individuals and society. This book uses a thematic structure to argue that our understanding of excommunication should be shaped by how it was received within the community as well as the intentions of canon law and clerics. Challenging assumptions about the inefficacy of excommunication, Hill argues that the sanction remained a useful weapon for the clerical elite. Bringing into dialogue a wide range of source material allows ‘effectiveness’ to be judged within a broader context. The complexity of political communication and action are revealed through public, conflicting, accepted, and rejected excommunications. Excommunication was a means by which political events were communicated down the social strata of medieval society. The book discusses pastoral care, cursing, fears about the afterlife, the implications of social ostracism, manipulations of excommunication in political conflicts, shame and reputation, and mass communication.
Belief, Fear, and Conscience
Authors: Hill Felicity 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores attitudes to excommunication, and in particular attitudes to the idea that excommunicates would go to hell. It argues that while people generally believed in the serious consequences of being excommunicated—there is little to indicate that excommunication and its consequences were rejected in toto—the ever-present ability to seek absolution meant that practical, temporal considerations usually mattered more. Spiritual considerations and emotions were intertwined with worldly goals and desires. Thus people sought absolution with urgency when dying, but not otherwise. The rule that excommunicates should not be buried in ecclesiastical ground was enforced. There is, however, evidence of disquiet felt by those who had incurred excommunications automatically. These people desired absolution even though they had not been judicially or publicly excommunicated. Some excommunicates who remained under sentences did so because they believed that they had been treated unfairly. Conviction in the justice of their causes led them to reject ecclesiastical judgements. The ability to defer absolution until it suited the excommunicate ultimately meant that fear of hell was not the best way to ensure a swift reconciliation with the church.
Apathy, Rejection, and Divided Loyalties
Authors: Hill Felicity 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the refusal of communities to ostracize excommunicates. It looks at difficulties with voluntary ostracism, how those who communicated with excommunicates offences resulted in punished, and the reasons clergy and laity alike often failed to treat excommunicates as they were supposed to do. Using comparative and theoretical studies, it discusses the implications of social exclusion, divided loyalties, tensions and sympathies between clergy and laity, relations between ecclesiastical and secular authorities, and collective decision-making, as well as unjust and ambiguous excommunications. Mutual excommunications demonstrate the complexities of political disputes in this period. The chapter questions the idea that excommunication was ineffective because it was overused. Instead, excommunication’s medicinal aims, the realities of medieval social structures, as well as interference from rival authorities, all made it difficult to ensure that sentences were properly enforced.
Ecclesiastical Broadcasting in the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Hill Felicity 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter (with the complementary appendices) deals with the regular reiteration of ipso facto excommunications in England. The publicity given to latae sententiae in this period is an important phenomenon that has not been given due attention. The chapter is chiefly based on diocesan and provincial statutes, supplemented by some material from episcopal registers and the unprinted Oculus sacerdotis (William of Pagula, c.1320). It discusses how the church used latae sententiae, requiring publication in every parish church several times a year, to publicize which crimes it took most seriously. These sentences were thus a form of ecclesiastical public broadcasting, but the requirement that they be explained to the people in the vernacular was also a matter of law and pastoral care. The chapter thus discusses the motives behind latae sententiae and their publication, and the effect of the regular reiteration of such sentences on English society. Through them, the importance of the church’s liberties, the peace of the kingdom, and the inviolability of Magna Carta were regularly impressed upon English parishioners.
Conclusion
Authors: Hill Felicity 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Excommunication was the medieval church’s most severe sanction, used against people at all levels of society. It was a spiritual, social, and legal penalty. Bringing into dialogue a wide range of source material allows ‘effectiveness’ to be judged within a broader context. The complexity of political communication and action are revealed through public, conflicting, accepted, and rejected excommunications. Excommunication was a means by which political events were communicated down the social strata of medieval society.
Spectralities in the Renaissance
Authors: Callard Caroline 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A major contribution of this work is to characterize the ‘spectral moment’ of early modernity. Two developments in the sixteenth century characterize this moment in particular: the presence of ghosts as an autonomous rhetorical commonplace freed from the confines of theology or votive literature, and the striking epistemological promotion of ghosts as objects of a knowledge legitimised by natural philosophy. By highlighting the ‘spectral moment’ of early modernity, Spectralities in the Renaissance foregrounds the agency of ghosts particularly in property disputes over haunted houses as they were tried before civil courts in Paris, Tours and Bordeaux. Ghosts in these cases did not simply appear as products of their dire and distressing times but rather they had an active role in the resolution of conflicts. Conflicts over haunted houses occurred within both communities (Protestant and Catholic) and families at a time of civil war. And they involved both lay and religious powers, who strove sometimes to confirm their jurisdiction over these affairs and sometimes to thwart the actions of spectral agents. The chronology of this book’s enquiry stops on the brink of trials for superstition conducted against ghosts, by the middle of the seventeenth century. At that precise moment ghosts lost their agency in justice and their very existential substance. A concluding chapter considers the consequences of this pragmatic history of ghosts for the Enlightenment and beyond.
An Agent in Conflict Resolution
Authors: Callard Caroline 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
While the history of ghosts may lead to a history of emotions, and primarily a history of fear, this does not exhaust the action of ghosts in court. In court trials involving tenancy, the reality of the haunting is frequently asserted but does not necessarily lead to a breach of the tenancy agreement. Rather, the jurists protected the rights of the landlords in order to preserve the social order threatened by endemic war. More broadly, they took up the issue to map out what was civil and what was religious. Finally, stimulated by the amnesty laws promulgated during the Wars of Religion, French law began to reflect on the rights of the victims of civil war: the reflection on the ‘procès au cadavre’ and contumacy was an opportunity to regulate the legal action of the dead. The ghost is an instrument of secularisation insofar as it gives jurists the opportunity to separate the sphere of the divine and the sphere of the mundane, but also those of the living and the dead. To end the Wars of Religion meant negotiating with the ghosts they gave rise to.