bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phototransistors Based on Organic Small Molecules–Ruddlesden‐Popper Layered Perovskite Single Crystal Heterojunctions
Authors: Sun Huijuan , Liu Hui , Liu Fengjing , Liu Hao , Jiang Chao , Zhang Yiwei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn photodetectors based on heterojunctions of organic semiconductor and hybrid perovskite, the strong light absorbing ability of perovskite and the gate‐tunability of organic semiconductor can be preferably incorporated. However, the charge current transfer at the interface, and the double channel transportation in the heterojunctions are not fully understood. The authors successfully transfer the mechanically exfoliated Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) layered perovskite single crystal to the thermal evaporated organic small molecule semiconductor forming a heterojunction. Based on the heterojunction, two configurations of light detecting devices are prepared in which the perovskite layer acts as either a conducting channel and light absorbing layer or light absorbing layer only. The light detecting performance of such devices is systematically investigated. The charge transfer from the perovskite single crystal to the organic semiconductor layer is observed by Kelvin Probe Force Microscope characterization. They also find that the n values of the RP layered perovskite can significantly influence the property of the heterojunction and charge transfer process. For single channel devices a responsivity of 5.87 × 102 A W−1 and a detectivity of 5.13 × 1012 Jones is realized.
Acoustic Metamaterials for Noise Reduction: A Review
Authors: Gao Nansha , Zhang Zhicheng , Deng Jie , Guo Xinyu , Cheng Baozhu , Hou Hong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNoise pollution has become a significant global problem in recent years. Unfortunately, conventional acoustic materials cannot offer substantial improvements in noise reduction. However, acoustic metamaterials are providing new solutions for controlling sound waves, and have huge potential for mitigating noise propagation in particular. Recently, owing to the rapid development of acoustic metamaterials, metamaterials for acoustic noise reduction have drawn the attention of researchers worldwide. These metamaterials are often both light and compact, and are excellent at reducing low‐frequency noise, which is difficult to control with conventional acoustic materials. Recent progress has illustrated that acoustic metamaterials effectively control sound waves, and optimizing their structure can enable functionality based on new physical phenomena. This review introduces the development of acoustic metamaterials, and summarizes the basic classification, underlying physical mechanism, application scenarios, and emerging research trends for both passive and active noise‐reduction metamaterials. Focusing on noise reduction, the shortcomings of current technologies are discussed, and future development trends are predicted. As our knowledge in this area continues to expand, it is expected that acoustic metamaterials will continue to improve and find more practical applications in emerging fields in the future.
hESCs‐Derived Early Vascular Cell Spheroids for Cardiac Tissue Vascular Engineering and Myocardial Infarction Treatment
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhang Yifan , Mei Tianxiao , Cao Hao , Hu Yihui , Jia Wenwen , Wang Jing , Zhang Ziliang , Wang Zhan , Le Wenjun , Liu Zhongmin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTransplanting functional cells to treat myocardial infarction (MI), a major disease threatening human health, has become the focus of global therapy. However, the efficacy has not been well anticipated, partly due to the lack of microvascular system that supplies nutrients and oxygen. Here, spheroids of early vascular cells (EVCs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), rather than single‐cell forms, as transplant “seeds” for reconstructing microvascular networks, are proposed. Firstly, EVCs containing CD34+ vascular progenitor cells are identified, which effectively differentiate into endothelial cells in situ and form vascular networks in extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel. Secondly, cardiac microtissues and cardiac patches with well‐organized microvasculature are fabricated by three‐dimensional (3D) co‐culture or bioprinting with EVCs and cardiomyocytes in hydrogel. Notably, in 3D‐bioprinted myocardial models, self‐assembly vascularization of EVC spheroids is found to be significantly superior to EVC single cells. EVC spheroids are also injected into ischemic region of MI mouse models to explore its therapeutic potential. These findings uncover hESCs‐derived EVC spheroids rather than single cells are more accessible for complex vasculature engineering, which is of great potential for cardiac tissue vascular engineering and MI treatment by cell therapy.
Highly Stretchable High‐Performance Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors Integrated on Elastomer Substrates
Authors: Song Xiaopan , Zhang Ting , Wu Lei , Hu Ruijin , Qian Wentao , Liu Zongguang , Wang Junzhuan , Shi Yi , Xu Jun , Chen Kunji , Yu Linwei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractQuasi‐1D silicon nanowires (SiNWs) field effect transistors (FETs) integrated upon large‐area elastomers are advantageous candidates for developing various high‐performance stretchable electronics and displays. In this work, it is demonstrated that an orderly array of slim SiNW channels, with a diameter of <80 nm, can be precisely grown into desired locations via an in‐plane solid‐liquid‐solid (IPSLS) mechanism, and reliably batch‐transferred onto large area polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers. Within an optimized discrete FETs‐on‐islands architecture, the SiNW‐FETs can sustain large stretching strains up to 50% and repetitive testing for more than 1000 cycles (under 20% strain), while achieving a high hole carrier mobility, Ion/Ioff current ratio and subthreshold swing (SS) of ≈70 cm2 V−1 s−1, >105 and 134 ‐ 277 mV decade−1, respectively, working stably in an ambient environment over 270 days without any passivation protection. These results indicate a promising new routine to batch‐manufacture and integrate high‐performance, scalable and stretchable SiNW‐FET electronics that can work stably in harsh and large‐strain environments, which is a key capability for future practical flexible display and wearable electronic applications.
Mouse Modeling Dissecting Macrophage–Breast Cancer Communication Uncovered Roles of PYK2 in Macrophage Recruitment and Breast Tumorigenesis
Authors: Müller Anna‐Katharina , Köhler Ulrike A. , Trzebanski Sébastien , Vinik Yaron , Raj Harsha Mohan , Girault Jean‐Antoine , Ben‐Chetrit Nir , Maraver Antonio , Jung Steffen , Lev Sima 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMacrophage infiltration in mammary tumors is associated with enhanced tumor progression, metastasis, and poor clinical outcome, and considered as target for therapeutic intervention. By using different genetic mouse models, the authors show that ablation of the tyrosine kinase PYK2, either in breast cancer cells, only in the tumor microenvironment, or in both, markedly reduces the number of infiltrating tumor macrophages and concomitantly inhibits tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth. Strikingly, PYK2 ablation only in macrophages is sufficient to induce similar effects. These phenotypic changes are associated with reduced monocyte recruitment and a substantial decrease in tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs). Mechanistically, the authors show that PYK2 mediates mutual communication between breast cancer cells and macrophages through critical effects on key receptor signaling. Specifically, PYK2 ablation inhibits Notch1 signaling and consequently reduces CCL2 secretion by breast cancer cells, and concurrently reduces the levels of CCR2, CXCR4, IL‐4Rα, and Stat6 activation in macrophages. These bidirectional effects modulate monocyte recruitment, macrophage polarization, and tumor angiogenesis. The expression of PYK2 is correlated with infiltrated macrophages in breast cancer patients, and its effects on macrophage infiltration and pro‐tumorigenic phenotype suggest that PYK2 targeting can be utilized as an effective strategy to modulate TAMs and possibly sensitize breast cancer to immunotherapy.
Atomical Reconstruction and Cationic Reordering for Nickel‐Rich Layered Cathodes
Authors: Ni Lianshan , Chen Hongyi , Deng Wentao , Wang Baowei , Chen Jun , Mei Yu , Zou Guoqiang , Hou Hongshuai , Guo Rui , Xie Jingying , Ji Xiaobo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCapacity fading and safety concerns accompanied other deep‐rooted challenges have severely hindered commercial development of Ni‐rich layered cathodes. Herein, a robust Sr‐doped Ni‐rich cathode is structurally designed by the reconstruction of the crystal lattice and electronic distribution. Notably, the orbital hybridization between Ni 3d (t2g) and O 2p is remarkably reinforced owing to the shortened NiO bond enabled by the electrostatic interaction between Ni and Sr atoms, giving rise to the enhanced crystal structure. Theoretically, the formation energy of oxygen vacancies is greatly increased due to the intensified electronic polarization between Ni and O states evoked by the weak electronegativity of Sr, resulting in the alleviation of lattice oxygen loss. More impressively, the distances of LiO bonds and the OLiO slab are also extended on account of the electrochemically inactive Sr ion functioning as a pillar, further promoting the transmission of lithium ions. Therefore, the as‐designed Sr‐modified NCM delivers an ultrahigh capacity retention of 98.5% after 150 cycles. This work provides a powerful mechanistic incentive to increase the stability of the crystal phase and electrochemical performance for	Ni‐rich layered cathodes through appropriate chemical and mechanical engineering, facilitating the practical applications of Ni‐rich cathodes in high‐performance electric vehicles.
Geospatial variability mapping of soil nutrients for site specific input optimization in a part of central India
Authors: Sharma R. P. , Chattaraj Sudipta , Jangir Abhishek , Tiwari Gopal , Dash Benukantha , Daripa Amrita , Naitam Ravindra K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe ability to define site‐specific variability affects the acceptability of precision farming. A study was conducted to determine the soil nutrient spatial variability in the Nagpur Rural block of Nagpur district, Maharashtra, India. A total of 1707 surface soil samples (0‐to‐15‐cm soil depth) were collected from a 65,386‐ha region. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC), and available macronutrients (N, P, K, and S) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn). Geostatistical modeling (kriging) was run on soil geodatabase to obtain the best‐fit experimental semivariogram having the lowest RMSE. Exponential (for pH, SOC, and N) and spherical (for P, K, and S) variogram model of ordinary kriging type as well as exponential variogram of simple kriging (for EC) were found to be best fitted to the soil parameters studied. The spatial distribution of maps showed deficiency of available N, P, and Zn, whereas soil test K, Mn, and Cu was high in most of the study area. Spatial dependence was moderate for all soil fertility parameters (N/S ratio 0.25–0.75), whereas soil test P exhibited strong spatial dependency (N/S ratio 0.19). The soil fertility maps developed through geostatistical techniques can be successfully used for managing site‐specific nutrients, enhancing fertilizer use efficiency, minimizing cost of cultivation, improving socioeconomic status of farmers, and increasing farm income without adverse effects on soil environment.
Differences in workers' compensation claim rates for within‐province and out‐of‐province workers in British Columbia, Canada, 2010–2017
Authors: Macpherson Robert A. , Neis Barbara , McLeod Christopher B. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the work‐related injury and illness risk of out‐of‐province workers. This study examines whether there are differences in work‐related injury and illness claim rates between within‐province and out‐of‐province workers in British Columbia (BC), Canada.MethodsWorkers' compensation claim data for injuries and illnesses in BC from 2010 to 2017 were linked with denominator data from Statistics Canada. Multivariable negative binomial regression estimated the claim rate ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for out‐of‐province workers with all, health care‐only (HCO), short‐term disability, long‐term disability, and fatality (SLF), and serious injury (SI) claims, compared to within‐province workers.ResultsCompared to within‐province workers, out‐of‐province workers had a lower total claim rate (RR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.52–0.57), adjusting for sex, age, industry sector, and year. Differences in rates differed by claim type, with the largest differences for HCO claims (RR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.47–0.52) and smallest differences for SI claims (RR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.78–0.92). Sex‐stratified models showed larger differences for males than females, with older female out‐of‐province workers having elevated SI claim rates. Industry‐specific models showed that, even in sectors with high proportions of out‐of‐province workers' claims, these workers have lower claim rates than within‐province workers.ConclusionsOut‐of‐province workers generally have lower claim rates than within‐province workers. The overall duration of work exposure, and underreporting or underclaiming, are factors that may explain these lower claim rates. Understanding the determinants and differences of these claim rates may improve the administration and adjudication of claims while also identifying where further prevention measures may be merited.
Kinetic Insights into Cyanosilylation of Aldehydes Catalyzed by a Covalently Bridged Dinuclear (Salen)titanium Complex
Authors: Zhang Zhipeng , Liu Yanfei , Wang Zheng , Ding Kuiling 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEnantioselective addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) to aldehydes is one of the most extensively studied organic reactions in asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we report our intensive kinetic investigation on the asymmetric addition of TMSCN to benzaldehyde, catalyzed by a covalently bridged dinuclear (salen)titanium complex 2, which has been one of the most efficient artificial chiral catalysts reported so far for this reaction. It was found that the method of initial rates for kinetic investigation is not appropriate in this case because of the presence of a significant incubation period in the catalysis, while the method of progress rates proved to be more reliable and efficient for judging the kinetic orders of this catalytic system. The kinetic results revealed that the reaction follows first order with respect to the catalyst and is nearly independent of concentrations of both benzaldehyde and TMSCN. A detailed catalytic mechanism for cyanosilylation of benzaldehyde in the presence of 2 was proposed, wherein the key active dinuclear species works in a cooperative manner for dual activation of both reactants.
Seasonality of reproduction in wild cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia
Authors: Wheaton Catharine J. , Feilen Katie L. , Soto Luis H. , Medina Felix , Emeris German , Guillen Rosamira , Savage Anne 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSeasonal availability of resources can influence the timing and success of reproduction in primates. This study examines the annual pattern of conceptions, mid‐term (13 weeks) and full‐term (26 weeks) pregnancy losses, births, and infant survivorship of the Critically Endangered cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) at Proyecto Tití's long‐term field site in Santa Catalina, Colombia. Using 18 years of behavior, physical exam, and fecal steroid data (N = 51 females, 168 conceptions, 121 liters), fecal estrone conjugate (E1C) and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG) or progesterone (P4) profiles were examined to investigate the relationships between female reproductive patterns and reproductive success with feeding and climatic data. Cotton‐top tamarins demonstrated seasonal patterns of reproduction and pregnancy losses. We found positive correlations between peak conception and nectarivory, births and rainfall, and mid‐lactation and frugivory. High body mass mothers reproducing during the peak season were more likely to have infants survive. Overall, these results suggest that tamarins use a “relaxed income‐breeder” strategy. Cotton‐top tamarins appear to maximize reproductive output at the time of ovulation, and can reduce their investment in the current reproductive effort at many stages. Changes in food availability due to habitat loss and climate change will require the Critically Endangered cotton‐top tamarins to alter their reproductive strategies to survive.
Biological mortality bias in diaphyseal growth of contemporary children: Implications for paleoauxology
Authors: Spake Laure , Hoppa Robert D. , Blau Soren , Cardoso Hugo F. V. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectivesBiological mortality bias is the idea that individuals who comprise skeletal samples (non‐survivors) are a specific subset of the overall population, who may have been exposed to greater stress during life. Because of this, it is possible that studying growth in a skeletal population misrepresents the growth and health of survivors in that population. Using a modern sample, this study investigates whether biological mortality bias in growth may be present in archaeological skeletal samples.Materials and methodsPostmortem computed tomography scans of 206 children aged under 13 years were collected from two institutions in the United States and Australia. The sample was separated into children who died from natural causes as proxies for non‐survivors and from accidental causes as proxies for survivors. Differences in long bone length for age were assessed through analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and z‐score analysis, and these results were compared with studies linking anthropometrics and mortality risk in nonindustrialized societies.ResultsDifferences in growth favoring survivors were greater for girls than for boys and seemed to increase over age. The effect in nonindustrialized societies was 1.5 to 5 times the magnitude of that in our contemporary sample.ConclusionsA greater growth delay in girls than in boys has been documented in historical identified collections, and skeletal samples consistently become more stunted relative to modern standards over the course of growth. Our findings on biological mortality bias could explain part of these growth delays and impact interpretations of past ontogenetic environments.
Stem cell therapy for Alzheimer’s disease: An overview of experimental models and reality
Authors: Qin Chuan , Wang Kewei , Zhang Ling , Bai Lin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder. The pathology of AD is characterized by extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, neuronal death, synapse loss, and brain atrophy. Many therapies have been tested to improve or at least effectively modify the course of AD. Meaningful data indicate that the transplantation of stem cells can alleviate neuropathology and significantly ameliorate cognitive deficits in animal models with Alzheimer's disease. Transplanted stem cells have shown their inherent advantages in improving cognitive impairment and memory dysfunction, although certain weaknesses or limitations need to be overcome. This review recapitulates rodent models for AD, the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells, influencing factors, and the underlying mechanisms behind these changes. Stem cell therapy provides perspective and challenges for its clinical application in the future.
Nitrogen‐Embedded Multi‐Resonance Heteroaromatics with Prolonged Homogeneous Hexatomic Rings
Authors: Zeng Xuan , Wang Xiang , Zhang Yuewei , Meng Guoyun , Wei Jinbei , Liu Ziyang , Jia Xiaoqin , Li Guomeng , Duan Lian , Zhang Dongdong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNitrogen‐containing polycyclic heteroaromatics have exhibited fascinating multi‐resonance (MR) characteristics for efficient narrowband emission, but strategies to bathochromic shift their emissions while maintaining the narrow bandwidths remain exclusive. Here, homogeneous hexatomic rings are introduced into nitrogen‐embedded MR skeletons to prolong the π‐conjugation length for low‐energy electronic transitions while retaining the non‐bonding character of the remaining parts. The proof‐of‐the‐concept emitters exhibit near unity photoluminescence quantum yields with peaks at 598 nm and 620 nm and small full‐width‐at‐half‐maximums of 28 nm and 31 nm, respectively. Optimal organic light‐emitting diodes exhibit a high external quantum efficiency of 18.2 %, negligible efficiency roll‐off, and ultra‐long lifetime with negligible degradation at an initial luminance of 10 000 cd m−2 after 94 hours.
Fe3O4@PA6/MWCNT composites with multiple gradient segregated structures for electromagnetic shielding with low reflection
Authors: Wu Bozhen , Zhu Kaiqi , Wen Xinghan , Li Minpei , Yang Yuhao , Yang Jintao 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGreen electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials have been popularly accepted as the most promising EMI shielding material used in the electronic industrial community. Nevertheless, the design and optimization for both material and structure to achieve this function remain many challenges. Herein, Fe3O4@PA6 microspheres were fabricated by an unusual reaction‐induced phase separation method, where Fe3O4 nanoparticles were in situ introduced into the polymerization system. Interestingly, most Fe3O4 nanoparticles spontaneously immigrated into PA6 microsphere, forming Fe3O4@PA6 composite microspheres, and more interestingly, the saturation magnetization and particle size of the microspheres are highly associated. Therefore, the microspheres with specific particle size and magnetic property were easily obtained by simple sieving. These microspheres were then coated by MWCNT and hot‐compressed into EMI materials with segregated structures. A multilayered structure with positive conductivity gradients and negative magnetic gradients were created. Due to this structure, electromagnetic wave can enter the materials from the impedance matching channel without a large amount of reflection on the surface. The results show that with the increase in the number of composite layers, the EMI SE increases to 24.8 dB, and the R‐value is significantly reduced to 0.51. This work provides a new feasible idea for designing low‐reflection EMI composites.
Porous carbon supported Pd catalysts derived from gelatin‐based/chitosan or polyvinyl pyrrolidone/PdCl2 blends
Authors: Huang Shuaijian , Yang Shuai , Chen Yuli , Yang Zhen , Deng Lu , Wu Yuanyuan , Zhang Taojun , Feng Ruokun , Zeng Minfeng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNovel N‐containing porous carbon supported Pd heterogeneous catalysts have been derived by carbonization of gelatin (GEL)/chitosan/PdCl2 (GEL/CS/PdCl2) and GEL/polyvinyl pyrrolidone/PdCl2 (GEL/PVP/PdCl2) blends under N2 atmosphere at 800°C. The microstructure of the resultant N‐containing carbon supported Pd heterogeneous catalysts can be tailored by the nature of the blended polymers. Much larger specific surface area, better dispersion of Pd0/PdO nanoparticles, higher Pd and N contents are found in the case of N‐containing porous carbon supported Pd heterogeneous catalysts derived from GEL/CS/PdCl2 blend system. When the mass ratio of GEL to CS is kept at 1/1, the surface area of 644.8 m2/g, rich porous structure, N % of 7.2%, and Pd0/PdO nanoparticles sized below 3 nm are obtained in the derived Pd@N‐C‐GEL/CS(1/1) catalyst. It shows excellent catalytic efficiency (higher than 90%) in Heck coupling reaction of aromatic halides and alkenes, and high recycling stabilities both in aqueous (9 runs) and organic (15 runs) phase. The high activity and stability of the novel Pd@N‐C‐GEL/CS(1/1) catalyst have been attributed to a combination of high porous structure, strong chelation of Pd species, high thermal stability, and good solvent‐resistant performances.