bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Analysis and Design of Servomechanisms
Authors: Harris Herbert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper on servomechanisms represents the first portion of a report by the author, printed December, 1941, by the Fire Control Committee of the N.D.R.C. It deals with the analysis by transient solution methods of the responses of several types of servomechanisms which are characterized by a servomotor load consisting principally of inertia and coulomb friction. A fairly complete discussion of the use of derivative- and integral-type controls is included, together with some discussion of the effect of response delays and limitations in torque.
Surface Finish of Steel in Face-Milling
Authors: Schmidt A. O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Exhaustive tests have shown that the radial rake angle has relatively little effect upon surface finish of the workpiece in face-milling operations. Cutting speed and feed per tooth determine the surface finish, i.e., the higher the speed and finer the feed, the better the surface becomes. However, if this is carried to extremes the cutter will wear rapidly.
Unfired Cylindrical Vessels Subjected to External Pressure
Authors: Hartman F. V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper is essentially a report of the progress of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Vessels Under External Pressure since the last issue (1943) of the Unfired Pressure Vessel Code. It includes new charts for determining the thickness of cylindrical unfired vessels subjected to external pressure when constructed of carbon or low-alloy steel, monel, “A” nickel, inconel, aluminum (commercially pure grade) and aluminum-manganese alloy. The information for the steels and aluminums includes charts for vessels which operate at elevated temperatures. Proposed rules for the reinforcement of openings, testing of vessels, and odd-shaped vessels are also discussed.
An Analysis of the Parallel-Surface Thrust Bearing
Authors: Shaw Milton C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The well-known Reynolds differential equation for the pressure obtaining in a hydrodynamic bearing, operating under steady conditions of load and speed, is rederived for a fluid of variable density. When this equation is applied to the parallel-surface thrust bearing, a definite load capacity is found to exist. This result is not obtained from the original Reynolds equation but is in agreement with the observed performance of parallel-surface thrust bearings operating at moderate speeds. However, even this extension of the theory does not explain the performance characteristics of the parallel-surface bearing at very high rotative speeds. The parallel-surface thrust bearing is analyzed with respect to pressure distribution, load capacity, and friction characteristics, these results being compared on a nondimensional basis with those for a comparable tilting-pad bearing.
Supercharging and Internal Cooling Cycle for High Output
Authors: Miller R. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is now well known that reduction of the temperature of a charge before compression in an engine is far more effective as a means of increasing the output than is an increase of the pressure. By example and diagram the author shows the gains which may be made by supercharging with and without intercooling the charge in the inlet manifold. He then discusses the dual-pressure supercharging cycle, and high-pressure supercharging with high combustion pressures. It has been determined that by selection of blower-discharge pressure and proper timing of the inlet-valve closing, engines equipped with the dual-pressure supercharging system will carry full sea-level rating at all altitudes.
Corrosion and Embrittlement of Boiler Metal at 1350 Pounds Operating Pressure
Authors: Hankison L. E. , Baker M. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the winter of 1944-1945, after 7 years of operation, three 1350-psi boilers at the Springdale Station of the West Penn Power Company developed a type of barnacle corrosion and metal embrittlement which caused considerable apprehension regarding the safety and continuous operating ability of these boilers. This paper outlines the investigation made of the trouble and the steps taken to correct it.
Wall-Tube Corrosion in Steam-Generating Equipment Operating Around 1300 Psi
Authors: Straub F. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author describes several instances of boiler-tube failures of the “brittle type” and the nonbrittle. In the brittle type the metal is decarburized under the corrosion products on the water side. Intercrystalline cracks occur in the decarburized areas. The author’s experience indicates that this type of failure may be due to the presence of dissolved oxygen in the feedwater in the absence of a suitable oxygen scavenger in the boiler water. The nonbrittle type of corrosion described was due to caustic attack on the tube metal. The grain structure was normal in this type of corrosion and no intercrystalline cracking occurred. These types of failures have been stopped by proper water treatment.
Control of Marine Borers in Plywood
Authors: Richards A. P. , Clapp W. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This series of tests on plywood veneers was originally prepared for company use to assist the war effort on a confidential basis, which has now been removed. The results indicate that the addition of a siliceous extender to the adhesive used in bonding the plywood prevents the penetration beyond the first veneer of Limnoria, Teredo, and Bankia. Pholads are able to penetrate in greatly reduced numbers and are considerably dwarfed in size.
Metallurgical Considerations of Gas Turbines
Authors: Mochel N. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Comparatively little information is yet available concerning materials for application to the various types of gas turbines now in use, in the experimental stage, and projected. The author outlines the general requirements for such materials, placing special emphasis on those required for “hot” part application. The temperatures involved in gas-turbine practice have created conditions under which customary materials-testing procedure does not develop data on the characteristics which must be available. Testing methods and equipment to accomplish the desired results on high-temperature-resisting materials are discussed. The design and application of materials to specific hot parts of gas turbines are treated in some detail.
Materials for Power Gas Turbines
Authors: Evans C. T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The materials used in the construction of the first power gas turbine built by the author’s company are described. These include 19-9 W-Mo for Diesel-engine turbochargers and for the rotating parts of the first 2500-hp 1200 F marine unit. S-590 has been selected for the rotors and blades of the 3000-hp marine units which are being constructed at the present time to operate at 1400 F. Outstanding among the reasons for selection of these alloys is their tendency to good retention of ductility at heat, which should be helpful in minimizing the effect of repetitive thermal stresses which occur upon starting and stopping the turbines, particularly at points of stress concentrations such as blade-root fastenings. Design factors and construction details are discussed from the standpoint of materials for use in machines designed for 100,000-hr life (11½ years). Alloys low in cobalt and columbium are desirable from an economic viewpoint. Processing may be the most important factor in the performance of heat-resisting components. Machined bar stock, forgings, weldments, and castings are felt to be dependable in that order.
Correction for Heat Conduction Through Longitudinal Baffle of Heat Exchanger
Authors: Whistler A. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heat exchangers with two passes in the shell side have a longitudinal baffle in the center. Heat flowing through this baffle renders the exchanger less efficient than the ideal.
A correction factor F is worked out whereby the ideal formula may be used. Surface=HeatF log MTD × heat-transfer coefficient The correction is for heat leakage only. The factor does not correct for leakage of fluid from one pass to the other.
Electrically Heated Glove for Determining Local Values of Heat-Transfer Coefficients
Authors: Goss J. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In designing anti-icing systems for airfoils, together with other factors, it is necessary to know local values of external heat-transfer coefficients of the airfoil. To determine reliably the coefficients not only on the leading edge but back on the wing, the heated-glove method has been devised. It has been used by Fairchild Aircraft, N.A.C.A., and to a considerable extent by Northwest Airlines, Inc., Aeronautical Ice Research Laboratory both on aircraft and in tests atop Mount Washington in New Hampshire.
Combustion of Coke Deposit on Synthetic-Bead Cracking Catalyst
Authors: Hagerbaumer W. A. , Lee Russell 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The stagewise combustion of coke deposits from flowing beds of cracking catalysts has been investigated. The major process variables affecting the rate of carbon burning were found to be oxygen concentration, temperature, and the concentration and distribution of carbon on the catalyst particles. The effects of these variables have been correlated by graphical methods. Data for regenerating bead catalyst are presented and discussed. The correlated data have been applied successfully in designing kilns for commercial “Thermofor” catalytic-cracking (TCC) units. The construction and operating features of TCC kilns are described.
Chemical Resistance of Phenolic Laminates
Authors: Tyrie W. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Eight representative types of phenolic laminates were immersed in various aqueous chemical solutions for 6 months and tested periodically for weight change, dimensional change, and strength losses. On the whole, any laminate which has the desired properties after prolonged immersion in water alone would also be satisfactory for other field conditions, with the exception of a strong acid condition or any alkaline condition. Where alkaline or strong acid conditions are involved, special care must be taken in the selection of laminates to be used.
Heat Requirements for Instruments and Airfoils During Icing Storms on Mt. Washington
Authors: Schaefer V. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A device constructed for measuring the heat required to reach certain specific anti-icing conditions was used at the Mt. Washington Observatory during 94 regular icing observations in the period January-March, 1946. During these runs the power requirements were determined for keeping a small cylindrical calrod unit, 0.81 cm diam, at four anti-icing conditions. These conditions were: Type 1, dry surface; Type 2, trace of water on the leading edge; Type 3, wet surface; and Type 4, trace of ice on the leading edge. Observations were made in conjunction with regular multicylinder icing runs so that all heat data are related to (1) liquid-water content, (2) effective particle size, (3) air speed, (4) temperature, (5) snow intensity, and (6) rate of deposition on cylinders. The results show that to provide satisfactory anti-icing properties to small instruments and airfoils, a maximum value of 10 w per sq cm is required to cope with extreme conditions. About a third of this value is needed to prevent ice accretion. At least 15 w per sq cm are required for plane installations due to the increased air-speed factor.
Some Effects of Pressure Loss on the Open-Cycle Gas-Turbine Power Plant
Authors: Yellott J. I. , Lype E. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The open-cycle gas turbine has been analyzed in many recent publications, of which some of the more important are listed in the Bibliography (3-7). Most of these analyses, while they utilize probable values of turbine and compressor efficiencies, omit the effects of the pressure drops which occur in the actual components. In the actual gas-turbine plant, the pressure loss which occurs between the compressor and the turbine can seriously affect the performance of the cycle. This pressure loss will be particularly important when bituminous coal is used as the fuel, because of the necessity of interposing ash-removal equipment between the combustor and the turbine. The present study was undertaken in order to determine how much pressure loss can be tolerated in the ash eliminator, and how seriously the cycle efficiency would be affected by the presence of such equipment. The mathematical method outlined in the paper was chosen because a general solution was desired which would be applicable to higher values of turbine temperatures and regenerator effectiveness, when such values can be attained. The results are presented both in tabular form and in a series of graphs. A sample calculation performed with the Keenan and Kaye air tables (1) showed very close agreement with the results obtained by using the equation derived in the paper.
High-Temperature Disk-Forging Developments for Aircraft Gas Turbines
Authors: Fonda L. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper is concerned chiefly with the Type I-40 turbine wheel which, with its buckets, comprises the high-temperature rotating part of the jet engine powering the P-80 airplane. Of interest are the conclusions drawn from bursting tests carried out on (179) turbine-wheel blanks and (6) bucketed turbine wheels. A brief discussion is presented of the circumstances which led to the launching of this gigantic investigation, the type of equipment used, the various alloys and forging practices investigated, and comparison of the actual results obtained. The most important consideration was found to be ductility; the best method of obtaining it—proper control of grain flow. The source of previous difficulty was found to be unsound forgings; the best method of prevention—extreme care in producing sound ingots and billets. Inspection methods developed for detection of any harmful defect—a combination of zyglo and supersonic testing.
Research Work on Rail Sections
Authors: Leaf Walter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As a result of a failure in 112-lb rail on main-line track of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad Company, early in 1940, studies of fatigue failure of rails were undertaken by the railroad. Faulty design of the rail in question was determined as the cause of failure and corrective measures were immediately put into effect. Out of this work and that of the American Railway Engineering Association, new rail designs have been evolved which avoid the difficulties experienced by this and other railroads.
Continuous Determination of Oxygen Concentration Based on the Magnetic Properties of Gases
Authors: Richardson Robert D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A new instrument for the continuous analysis of industrial gases for oxygen concentration has been developed. This instrument is based on the magnetic properties of oxygen and therefore the readings are not disturbed by any extraneous gases except some of the oxides of nitrogen. Actual tests show that the effect of gases other than oxygen are less than predicted by an examination of published values of the magnetism of gases. The electrical impulse is picked up directly and measured on a recording bridge. A response of about 3 mv for one per cent oxygen is obtained. This instrument should prove to be a universal oxygen recorder for industrial gases.
Apparatus for Analyzing Reservoir Fluids
Authors: Exline P. G. , En Dean H. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the petroleum industry the examination of subsurface samples of reservoir fluids has become a well-recognized procedure. Entirely satisfactory methods of sampling have been evolved. The authors have developed laboratory equipment designed to secure essential data with greater facility than hitherto has been possible. The apparatus is described and illustrated in some detail in the paper.
Heat Transfer to Water Boiling Under Pressure
Authors: Farber E. A. , Scorah R. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The film coefficient of heat transfer from a hot metal surface to a boiling liquid was estimated from experiments with an electrically heated wire submerged in the liquid. The heat-flow rate was given by the consumption of electric power. The temperature drop through the film was taken as the difference between the surface temperature of the wire and the mean temperature of the liquid. The surface temperature of the wire was estimated by a small thermocouple. The graph of film coefficient, as a function of temperature drop through the film, is called the “boiling” curve. As the temperature drop increased, the film coefficient first rose to a maximum, then fell to a minimum, from which it rose steadily as the temperature drop continued to increase. When water was boiled at atmospheric pressure, different heated metals gave different boiling curves. Preliminary data are given for nickel, tungsten, chromel A, and chromel C. When water was boiled at different elevated pressures, the same heated metal gave different boiling curves. The data are given for nickel and chromel at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 psig. Throughout these experiments the general form of the boiling curve remains the same.
Large Hydraulic Forging Presses
Authors: Stone M. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An historical account of the art of forging is given, which traces the development of the machines used, culminating in the 14,000-ton forging presses built for the U. S. Navy during the recent war. Two forging presses of this size were built and installed at the Naval Ordnance Division Midvale Steel Company, Philadelphia, Pa., and at the Naval Ordnance Plant, South Charleston, W. Va., respectively. In one case an electric-drive pump system working in conjunction with a hydropneumatic accumulator is used as the power plant, while the other is of the steam-hydraulic type. A detailed account of the design, construction, installation, and operation of each press is given as well as comparative performance data, cost studies, and the like. Numerous other installations of heavy stamping or die-forging presses of various types and capacities up to 30,000 metric tons at the I. G. Farben Company, Germany, are described at some length.
Performance Characteristics of Tight White-Oak Laminated-Stave and Solid-Stave Barrels
Authors: Kurtenacker R. S. , Patrick D. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The glued laminated wooden arch, which in the last 10 years has found popular acceptance in the building industry, has recently found application in the construction of barrels. This is, perhaps, one of the most drastic changes made in barrel design in many decades. Although great progress has been made in developing and improving mechanical devices for fabricating barrels, the general features of construction have remained unchanged. The use of laminated staves, together with plywood heads, results in an entirely new style of construction for which certain advantages are claimed. Such barrels, as well as barrels made of solid-wood staves and heads, were the subject of a study at the Forest Products Laboratory. The investigation was made in co-operation with the General Plywood Corporation. The purpose of the investigation was to study the performance characteristics of tight barrels of two constructions. One consisted of laminated staves and plywood heads, while the other was of solid staves and multiple-piece heads. All the barrels used in this study were supplied by the co-operator.
An Investigation of the Variation in Heat Absorption in a Pulverized-Coal-Fired Water-Cooled Steam-Boiler Furnace: III—Variations in Heat Absorption as Shown by Density and Velocity Measurements of Fluid Within a Tube
Authors: Mumford A. R. , Humphreys C. G. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The determination of heat-transfer rates by differential measurements of static pressure and by inlet velocity resulted in lower values and less consistent values than the rates determined by measurement of the surface temperature of the tube. The difference between the two methods can be attributed to a difference in the velocity of steam and water within the tube generally resulting in indications of higher density, as measured at the cold side of the tube, then as computed from the hot-surface temperature measurement and the water velocity entering the tube. Because the effect of rate of heat transfer, total heat absorption, relative rates of absorption along the length of the tube, and velocity of water entering the tube could not be easily segregated the relative velocities of steam and water could not be correlated with the other factors, and further field work on density, as determined differentially from static pressures, is not recommended. Laboratory work in which separate control of the variables is more practical may provide valuable data on bubble slip and circulation factors.
Industry’s Requirements for Data on Gas Properties
Authors: Hall N. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A broad survey has been made among industries for which data upon the properties of the gases treated in this series of papers are of great importance. The requirements specified, which are being submitted to the ASME Special Research Committee, will be of great aid in formulating the research program. Full co-operation in the work to be undertaken will be supplied by industry and Federal agencies.
The Control of Structural Temperatures in Jet-Propelled Aircraft
Authors: Anisman G. F. , Blackstone M. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Laboratory tests were conducted for the purpose of obtaining empirical data on airplane structural cooling. This paper contains a description of the test equipment and the method of operation. Structural temperature measurements are reported for various insulating materials. Data, which indicate the effect of cooling air flow in combination with the insulating materials, are also presented. Some of the data are analyzed, and the magnitudes of effective conductances for use in preliminary design work are presented.
Definitions of Heats of Combustion of a Fuel and Current Methods for Their Determination
Authors: Fiock E. F. , Jessup R. S. , Ruegg F. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Definitions are given for high and low heats of combustion, both at constant pressure and at constant volume; and the relations connecting the four quantities thus defined are discussed. Apparatus in current use for measuring heats of combustion of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, the corrections which must be applied, and the procedure for calculating the results are described. A brief resume is given of the present prospect for calculating the heats of combustion of mixed gases from analytical data.
Uses of High- and Low-Heat Values
Authors: Christie A. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper gives current definitions of thermal efficiency and current usage of observed fuel heat values, and consumption test data for the evaluation of thermal efficiencies reported for (a) steam and (b) internal-combustion power plants. The author summarizes uses of high- and low-heat values in American practice. Commercial practice as well as theoretical considerations have influenced the choice of high- or low-heat values for the determination of thermal performances.
Stability of SR-4 Electric Strain Gages and Methods for Their Waterproofing and Protection in Field Service
Authors: Boodberg A. , Howe E. D. , York B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted to determine the effects of time in service, changes in temperature, humidity, methods of mounting, and of several waterproofing agents upon the stability of SR-4 electric strain gages, and also to determine the protecting qualities and durability of waterproofing agents and coverings that could be conveniently applied under field conditions. Most tests were conducted on steel blocks not subjected to loads, but a few tests were also made on gages applied to bars and plates which were subjected to repeated loadings. The results have been reassuring and demonstrate that the gages are reliable if properly used.