bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulatory and transitional B cells: potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in organ transplantation
Authors: Cherukuri Aravind , Rothstein David M. 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of the review
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) play a prominent role in various disease settings. While progress has been hindered by the lack of a specific Breg marker, new findings highlight their role modulating the alloimmune response and promoting allograft survival.

Recent findings
Herein, we focus on the recent advances in Breg biology and their role in transplantation. We review studies showing that T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) is an inclusive and functional Breg marker in mice that may have human relevance. We highlight the utility of the B cell interleukin-10/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (IL-10/TNFα) ratio in identifying underlying immunological reactivity and predicting clinical outcomes in kidney transplantation. This may identify patients requiring more immunosuppression and provide insight into potential therapeutic approaches that can modulate the Breg: B effector cell (Beff) balance.

Summary
Emerging data support Bregs as potent modulators of immune responses in humans. Their ability to promote allograft survival must await development of approaches to expand Bregs in vitro/in vivo. The low IL-10/TNFα ratio reflecting decreased Breg/Beff balance, predicts acute rejection (AR) and poorer outcomes in renal transplantation. It remains to be determined whether this paradigm can be extended to other allografts and whether therapy aiming to correct the relative deficiency of Bregs will improve outcomes.
Preserving and rejuvenating old organs for transplantation: novel treatments including the potential of senolytics
Authors: Matsunaga Tomohisa , Roesel Maximilian J. , Schroeter Andreas , Xiao Yao , Zhou Hao , Tullius Stefan G. 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review
Older donors have the potential to close the gap between demand and supply in solid organs transplantation. Utilizing older organs, at the same time, has been associated with worse short- and long-term outcomes. Here, we introduce potential mechanisms on how treatments during machine perfusion (MP) may safely improve the utilization of older organs.

Recent findings
Consequences of ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), a process of acute, sterile inflammation leading to organ injury are more prominent in older organs. Of relevance, organ age and IRI seem to act synergistically, leading to an increase of damage associated molecular patterns that trigger innate and adaptive immune responses. While cold storage has traditionally been considered the standard of care in organ preservation, accumulating data support that both hypothermic and normothermic MP improve organ quality, particularly in older organs. Furthermore, MP provides the opportunity to assess the quality of organs while adding therapeutic agents. Experimental data have already demonstrated the potential of applying treatments during MP. New experimental show that the depletion of senescent cells that accumulate in old organs improves organ quality and transplant outcomes.

Summary
As the importance of expanding the donor pool is increasing, MP and novel treatments bear the potential to assess and regenerate older organs, narrowing the gap between demand and supply.
Positivity and Risk Factors for Trichomonas vaginalis Among Women Attending a Sexual Health Clinic in Melbourne, 2006 to 2019
Authors: Abraham Esha , Fairley Christopher K. , Denham Ian , Bradshaw Catriona S. , Farquharson Rebecca M. , Vodstrcil Lenka A. , Plummer Erica L. , Ong Jason J. , Chen Marcus Y. , Phillips Tiffany R. , Chow Eric P.F. 
Published: August 2022

Background

Trichomonas vaginalis is not a notifiable disease in Australia in most states, resulting in limited Australian epidemiological studies. This study aimed to examine the positivity of T. vaginalis in women attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC) and identify associated factors.

Methods
All women 16 years or older who were tested for T. vaginalis at MSHC from 2006 to 2019 were included. The diagnostic method changed from culture to nucleic acid amplification test in August 2018. The annual positivity of T. vaginalis was calculated. Because of the data completeness, we performed a generalized estimating equations multivariable logistic regression using data from 2011 to 2019 to examine factors associated with T. vaginalis positivity.

Results
From 2006 to 2019, 69,739 tests for T. vaginalis were conducted, and 294 tested positive (0.42%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37%–0.47%). Approximately 60% of women tested reported symptoms. After adjusting for potential confounders including the change in diagnostic method, there was a 21% (95% CI, 12%–31%) annual increase in T. vaginalis positivity between 2011 and 2019. Women with concurrent syphilis had the highest odds of testing positive for T. vaginalis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 21.55; 95% CI, 6.96–66.78), followed by women who had injected drugs in the last 12 months (aOR, 6.99; 95% CI, 4.11–11.87), were 35 years or older (aOR, 3.47; 95% CI, 2.26–5.35), or had concurrent chlamydia (aOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.05–2.99).

Conclusions
The rising positivity of T. vaginalis at MSHC irrespective of change in diagnostic method suggests a concurrent community-wide rise in Melbourne. Given the rising positivity, testing informed by risk factors should be considered.
Mechanisms linking gender-based violence to worse HIV treatment and care outcomes among women in the United States
Authors: Jain Jennifer P. , Sheira Lila A. , Frongillo Edward A. , Neilands Torsten B. , Cohen Mardge H. , Wilson Tracey E. , Chandran Aruna , Adimora Adaora A. , Kassaye Seble G. , Sheth Anandi N. , Fischl Margaret A. , Adedimeji Adebola A. , Turan Janet M. , Tien Phyllis C. , Weiser Sheri D. , Conroy Amy A. 
Published: August 2022

Objective:
To test whether substance use mediates the associations between gender-based violence (GBV) and suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), and GBV and poor engagement in care, among women living with HIV (WLHIV) in the United States (US).

Design:
We analyzed longitudinal data collected among 1717 WLHIV in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS).

Methods:
From 2013 to 2017, WLHIV completed semi-annual assessments on GBV, substance use, and HIV treatment and care. Adjusted multilevel logistic regression models were built to estimate the impact of GBV on; suboptimal (<95%) adherence and at least one missed HIV care appointment without rescheduling in the past 6 months. Mediation analyses were performed to test whether heavy drinking and illicit drug use mediated the associations between GBV and the two HIV outcomes.

Results:
The mean age was 47 (standard deviation = 9), 5% reported experiencing GBV, 17% reported suboptimal adherence and 15% reported at least one missed appointment in the past 6 months. Women who experienced GBV had a significantly higher odds of suboptimal adherence [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.99; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.40–2.83] and missed appointments (aOR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.32–2.33). Heavy drinking and illicit drug use mediated 36 and 73% of the association between GBV and suboptimal adherence and 29 and 65% of the association between GBV and missed appointments, respectively.

Conclusions:
Substance use is an underlying mechanism through which GBV affects outcomes along the HIV care continuum among WLHIV in the US. To optimize HIV treatment and care among women, interventions should address the combined epidemics of substance use, violence, and HIV.
Aesthetic Outcome of Primary Rhinoplasty of Saddle Nose Deformity in Naso-Orbital Ethmoidal Fractures in Asian Patients
Authors: Lu Ting-Chen , Mohammed Shadad M. , Liao Han-Tsung 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Saddle nose deformity following naso-orbital ethmoidal (NOE) fractures remain a challenging problem for the reconstructive surgeon. Early reduction and internal fixation allow for fracture stabilization but is unable to address the problem of the depressed nasal dorsum, especially after soft tissue shrinkage. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome of primary rhinoplasty in patients with NOE fractures.

Materials and Methods:
From 2016 to 2019, 9 patients presented to our department with NOE fractures complicated by saddle nose deformity underwent primary nasal reconstruction at the time of their fracture fixation. Life size (1:1) frontal and lateral postoperative photographs were taken. Three objective measurements were made, including the nasofrontal angle, tip projection, and radix projection. These measurements were compared between normal persons (group 1), preoperative patients (group 2), and postoperative patients (group 3). Nose aesthetic assessment was carried out via a panel assessment using a Visual Analog Scale of 5. Patient satisfaction was further assessed subjectively by the patient themselves using the Visual Analog Scale.

Results:
When comparing group 3 to 2, a significant reduction in the nasofrontal angles was found with an accompanying increase in the radix and tip projection (P<0.05). No statistical significance between normal persons and postprimary rhinoplasty patients was noted between groups 1 and 3. Average patient satisfaction scored 3.86±1.07 compared with 3.63±0.84 by laypersons and 4±0.77 by specialists’ panel.

Conclusion:
Primary nasal reconstruction may be an alternative method for achieving optimum results following NOE fractures preventing the development of secondary saddle nose deformity with a shortened nose which may potentially be more difficult to correct.
Classification of Skull Shape Deformities Related to Craniosynostosis on 3D Photogrammetry
Authors: Kronig Sophia A.J. , Kronig Otto D.M. , Vrooman Henri A. , Van Adrichem Léon N.A. 
Published: August 2022

Implementation of the Utrecht Cranial Shape Quantificator (UCSQ) classification method on 3D photogrammetry in patients with different types of craniosynostosis is the aim of the present study. Five children (age <1 year) of every group of the common craniosynostoses (scaphocephaly, brachycephaly, trigonocephaly, right-sided and left-sided anterior plagiocephaly) were randomly included. The program 3-Matic (v13.0) was used to import and analyze the included 3dMD photos. Three external landmarks were placed. Using the landmarks, a base plane was created, as well as a plane 4 cm superior to the base plane. Using UCSQ, we created sinusoid curves of the patients, the resulting curves were analyzed and values were extracted for calculations. Results per patient were run through a diagnostic flowchart in order to determine correctness of the flowchart when using 3D photogrammetry. Each of the patients (n=25) of the different craniosynostosis subgroups is diagnosed correctly based on the different steps in the flowchart. This study proposes and implements a diagnostic approach of craniosynostosis based on 3D photogrammetry. By using a diagnostic flowchart based on specific characteristics for every type of craniosynostosis related to specific skull deformities, diagnosis can be established. All variables are expressed in number and are therefore objective.
Restoration of Lower Facial and Neck Esthetics by Application of Pre-Expanded Bipedicle Scalp and Free Scapular Flaps
Authors: Pei Jiaomiao , Zhang Juan , Li Yang , Liu Chaohua , Song Baoqiang 
Published: August 2022

Objective:
To introduce the surgical procedures and experiences in restoration of lower facial esthetics for a male and a female patients who suffered from burn injuries. The difference of surgical methods which varied from sexes were discussed.

Materials and Methods:
The clinical data of the patients was collected and retrospectively analyzed. The cervical contracture was repaired by pre-expanded free scapular flaps with sufficient pliable tissue for large defects. Moreover, for the male patient, prefabricated double pedicle scalp flap was applied to rebuild the beard region. The patients were followed up for 2 years. Surgical procedures and outcomes were detailed in the article.

Results:
All the flaps were survived well. The facial hair-bearing area of the man was recovered with natural appearance. The reconstructed mental cervical angels and mandibular margins were clear. The neck extension mobility was improved. The 2 patients were satisfied with the outcomes of the treatments.

Conclusion:
The treatments of facial and neck scar varied from sexes and different requirements. For male patient, the combination of scalp and scapular flaps was a feasible method to achieve natural beard and cervical appearance. For female patient, bilateral expanded scapular flaps could meet the demands of large tissue supply and a relative hidden donor site.
COVID-19 associated myopathy
Authors: Aschman Tom , Stenzel Werner 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review
The global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 resulted in many cases of acute and postacute muscular symptoms. In this review, we try to decipher the potential underlying pathomechanisms and summarize the potential links between viral infection and muscle affection.

Recent findings
Disregarding single case studies that do not allow safe conclusions due to the high number of infections, histopathological evidence of myositis has only been reported in deceased individuals with severe COVID-19. Postacute myalgia and weakness seem to occur in a subset of patients up to one year after initial infection, reminiscent of postinfectious syndromes (PIS) described in prior epidemics and pandemics of the past.

Summary
COVID-19 associated myopathy likely comprises different entities with heterogeneous pathomechanisms. Individual factors such as disease severity and duration, age, sex, constitutional susceptibilities, and preexisting conditions are important to consider when formulating a diagnosis. Persisting symptoms show overlapping features with PIS or postintensive care syndrome. In lack of strong evidence for a direct infection of myocytes, inflammatory myopathies associated with COVID-19 are presumably immune-mediated. Differential diagnosis of rheumatological and nonmuscular neurological origin coinciding with the infection need to be considered, due to the extremely high numbers of newly occurring infections the last 2 years.
Early Detection of Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Interest for Experimental Evaluation
Authors: Wallace Zachary S. , Davis James , Niewiadomska Anna Maria , Olson Robert D. , Shukla Maulik , Stevens Rick , Zhang Yun , Zmasek Christian M. , Scheuermann Richard H. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSince the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated its ability to rapidly and continuously evolve, leading to the emergence of thousands of different sequence variants, many with distinctive phenotypic properties. Fortunately, the broad availability of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies across the globe has produced a wealth of SARS- CoV-2 genome sequences, offering a comprehensive picture of how this virus is evolving so that accurate diagnostics and reliable therapeutics for COVID-19 can be maintained. The millions of SARS-CoV-2 sequences deposited into genomic sequencing databases, including GenBank, BV-BRC, and GISAID are annotated with the dates and geographical regions of sample collection, and can be aligned to the Wuhan-Hu-1 reference genome to extract the constellation of nucleotide and amino acid substitutions. By aggregating these data into concise datasets, the spread of variants through space and time can be assessed. Variant tracking efforts have focused on the spike protein due to its critical role in viral tropism and antibody neutralization. To identify emerging variants of concern as early as possible, we developed a computational pipeline to process the genomic data from public databases and assign risk scores based on both epidemiological and functional parameters. Epidemiological dynamics are used to identify variants exhibiting substantial growth over time and across geographical regions. In addition, experimental data that quantify Spike protein regions critical for adaptive immunity are used to predict variants with consequential immunogenic or pathogenic impacts. These growth assessment and functional impact scores are combined to produce a Composite Score for any set of Spike substitutions detected. With this systematic approach to routinely score and rank emerging variants, we have established a method to identify threatening variants early and prioritize them for experimental evaluation.
Common genetic variant of GC associated with vitamin D deficiency in a Chinese population in the Netherlands
Authors: Man Ping Wai , Böhringer Stefan , Houwink Elisa J.F. , Lin Wenzhi , Numans Mattijs E. , Lips Paul , Middelkoop Barend J. C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundGenome-wide association studies among European populations have identified four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in vitamin D transport and metabolism affecting 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration: rs2282679 in GC, rs6013897 near CYP24A1, rs10741657 near CYP2R1, and rs12785878 near DHCR7. It is, however, unknown whether the association with 25(OH)D can also be observed in a Chinese population living in the Netherlands.MethodsObservational study. Analyses were performed under an additive (univariate and multivariate) and genotypic model using logistic regression.ResultsThe C allele (minor allele frequency 0.28) of rs2282679 in GC was associated with vitamin D deficiency as defined by the Health Council of the Netherlands: 25(OH)D <30 nmol/l (or <50 nmol/l for persons aged ≥70 years). Univariate and multivariate odds ratios, 1.52 (95% CI 1.03, 2.24) and 1.57 (95% CI 1.04, 2.39), respectively, were not significant after Bonferroni correction. However, after extending the data by a meta-analysis, a significant association between C allele of rs2282679 and vitamin D deficiency (< 50 nmol/l) was observed (odds ratio 1.33; 95% CI 1.16, 1.52).ConclusionOur findings suggest that, apart from sun exposure, lifestyle, and environmental factors, a common variant of GC may be associated with vitamin D deficiency.
Outcome of COVID-19 in hospitalised immunocompromised patients: an analysis of the WHO ISARIC CCP-UK prospective cohort study
Authors: Turtle Lance , Thorpe Mathew , Drake Thomas M , Swets Maaike , Palmieri Carlo , Russell Clark D , Ho Antonia , Aston Stephen , Wootton Daniel G , Richter Alex , de Silva Thushan I , Hardwick Hayley E , Leeming Gary , Law Andy , Openshaw Peter JM , Harrison Ewen M ,   ISARIC4C investigators, Baillie J Kenneth , Semple Malcolm G , Docherty Annemarie B 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundImmunocompromised patients may be at higher risk of mortality if hospitalised with COVID-19 compared with immunocompetent patients. However, previous studies have been contradictory. We aimed to determine whether immunocompromised patients were at greater risk of in-hospital death, and how this risk changed over the pandemic.MethodsWe included patients >=19yrs with symptomatic community-acquired COVID-19 recruited to the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK. We defined immunocompromise as: immunosuppressant medication preadmission, cancer treatment, organ transplant, HIV, or congenital immunodeficiency. We used logistic regression to compare the risk of death in both groups, adjusting for age, sex, deprivation, ethnicity, vaccination and co-morbidities. We used Bayesian logistic regression to explore mortality over time.FindingsBetween 17/01/2020 and 28/02/2022 we recruited 156,552 eligible patients, of whom 21,954 (14%) were immunocompromised. 29% (n=6,499) of immunocompromised and 21% (n=28,608) of immunocompetent patients died in hospital. The odds of in-hospital mortality were elevated for immunocompromised patients (adjOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.39-1.50, p<0.001). As the pandemic progressed, in-hospital mortality reduced more slowly for immunocompromised patients than for immunocompetent patients. This was particularly evident with increasing age: the probability of the reduction in hospital mortality being less for immunocompromised patients aged 50-69yrs was 88% for men and 83% for women, and for those >80yrs was 99% for men, and 98% for women.ConclusionsImmunocompromised patients remain at elevated risk of death from COVID-19. Targeted measures such as additional vaccine doses and monoclonal antibodies should be considered for this group.FundingNational Institute for Health Research; Medical Research Council; Chief Scientist Office, Scotland.
Microglia associations with brain pericytes and the vasculature are reduced in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Morris Gary P. , Foster Catherine G. , Courtney Jo-Maree , Collins Jessica M. , Cashion Jake M. , Brown Lachlan S. , Howells David W. , DeLuca Gabriele C. , Canty Alison J. , King Anna E. , Ziebell Jenna M. , Sutherland Brad A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCerebral blood flow is important for the maintenance of brain function and its dysregulation has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Subpopulations of microglia have well-characterised associations with the vasculature in the central nervous system but the precise relationship between microglia and cells which exist on the vasculature is not yet clear. In this study we explored the relationship between microglia and pericytes, a vessel-resident cell type that has a major role in the regulation of cerebral blood flow and maintenance of the blood brain barrier. Using fixed tissue sections and in vivo live imaging, we discovered a subset of microglia that closely associated with pericytes, termed PEricyte-associated Microglia (PEM). PEM are present throughout all regions of the brain and spinal cord in NG2DsRed x CX3CR1+/GFP mice, and in the human frontal cortex. They reside adjacent to pericytes at all levels of the capillary tree and can maintain their position for at least 28 days. PEM associate with pericytes lacking astroglial endfeet coverage but are segregated from pericytes by capillary basement membranes and capillary vessel width is similarly increased beneath pericytes with or without an associated PEM. Deletion of the microglia fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) did not disrupt the association between pericytes and PEM, suggesting the association is not reliant on fractalkine signalling. Finally, we found that the proportion of microglia that are capillary-associated and PEM declines in the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) in AD, which is exacerbated by the APOE ε3/ε4 genotype. In summary, we identify and characterise a subpopulation of microglia that specifically associate with pericytes and find this population is reduced in the SFG in AD. This reduction may be a novel mechanism contributing to vascular dysfunction in diseases such as AD.