bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Not Water or Air’: The Legality of Network Disruptions in Ethiopia
Authors: Yilma Kinfe Micheal 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Network disruption has become commonplace in Ethiopia in the past few years. Be it for preventing exam leaks, the spread of disinformation, or to fight off cyber-attacks, the government has repeatedly disrupted communication networks. However, the legal basis with which the government often shuts down the Internet or disrupts other means of digital communications remains unclear. Despite a recent attempt by the Federal Attorney General to offer some legal justification, the legality of network disruptions under Ethiopia law is questionable. This short article considers the legality of network disruptions under Ethiopian law. Having rejected the legal justifications of the Attorney General, this article argues that the current cybercrime legislation offers a rather sound legal basis for certain forms of network disruption in Ethiopia. It further considers the pertinence of rules dealing with network disruption introduced in the cybercrime Bill (2020). The article suggests that the Bill’s network disruption rules are mostly progressive, but there remains the need for a freestanding legal framework equipped with appropriate safeguards against arbitrary practices.
Gendering Experiences of Anti-Semitism: A Quantitative Analysis of Discrimination in Europe
Authors: Jensen Mie Astrup 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Little is known about the gendered dimension of anti-Semitism. Emerging from a literature review on social identity theory, anti-Semitism, sexism, and Jewish feminism, I demonstrate the urgency of examining the link between gender and experiences of anti-Semitism, using the FRA’s 2018 dataset “Experiences and Perceptions of Antisemitism: Second Survey on Discrimination and Hate Crime against Jews in the EU,” a large-scale survey of Jews in thirteen countries across Europe. The independent variable is gender identity. Five dependent variables relate to experiences of sex/gender discrimination, physical attacks, offensive/threatening comments, offensive gestures/staring, and online harassment. Using five control variables—being identifiable as a Jew in public, country, Jewish identity, education level, and Jewish population in one’s neighborhood—I engage with descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis to analyze my variables. The findings show that while women are more likely to experience gender discrimination, men are significantly more likely to experience anti-Semitism.
The Role of Plotinus in the Romantic Philosophy of Novalis
Authors: Hampton Alexander J.B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Novalis was a central figure in early German Romantic philosophy. Whilst the importance of both Fichte and Spinoza for the development of Romanticism is well established, the vital influence of the Platonic tradition in allowing the Romantics to synthesise these divergent philosophies merits closer attention. Essential to the development of Novalis’ thought was his exposure to Plotinus. This examination first sets out the religious and philosophical problems in Germany at the close of the eighteenth century and situates Novalis in relation to this intellectual environment. Following this, a brief survey of Plotinus-scholarship at the close of the eighteenth century in Germany frames how Novalis came into contact with Plotinus through Dieterich Tiedemann. The examination proceeds to consider how Tiedemann shaped Novalis reception of Plotinus and allowed him to develop a synthesis of Spinoza and Fichte. Finally, it briefly examines the poetic realisation of this synthesis through Novalis’ late poetic work.
Wrestling with R2P’s Colonial Parallels
Authors: Glanville Luke 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The idea of international protection of vulnerable populations has imperial roots. Scholars of international history teach us that the idea of protection was routinely invoked to justify European colonial rule and some of its brutal violence. Their scholarship makes for sobering reading for anyone advocating international efforts to protect vulnerable people today. In this roundtable contribution, I describe how I have wrestled with R2P’s colonial parallels in my recent book, Sharing Responsibility: The History and Future of Protection from Atrocities.
Relational R2P? Civilian-Led Prevention and Protection against Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Gray Felicity 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The protection of civilians in the context of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is often understood as a practice of ‘saving strangers’. In this article, I argue that such an understanding overlooks the ways that close relational webs can be used as a form of prevention of, and protection from, atrocity crimes. Through an examination of unarmed protection practices in the context of the civil war in South Sudan, I highlight how practices of unarmed, civilian-led protection – performed both by non-governmental organisations (ngo s), and by communities themselves – hinge on the creation and sustaining of close relational webs. Rather than ‘saving strangers’, this ‘relational R2P’ hinges on familiarity as a means of protecting one’s friends, families, and neighbours. Through a lens of relational connectivity, fresh perspectives and opportunities for re-imagining ‘intervention’ in the face of atrocity crimes arise. The article explores potential opportunities, challenges, and limitations for the implementation of unarmed, civilian-based approaches in the context of atrocity crimes.
‘May God Shield us from the Plague.’ Vernacular Remedies for the Plague from Moyshe Kalish’s Yiddish Self-help Medical Book Seyfer Yerum Moyshe (Amsterdam 1679)
Authors: Zaidman-Mauer Daniella 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Between the years 1650 and 1800, Amsterdam became the center of Yiddish printing. Vernacular medical writings were among the variety of Yiddish books published in Amsterdam. The Yiddish remedies book Seyfer Yerum Moyshe, published in 1679, was written by Moyshe Rofe mi-Kalish. In this article I intend to examine the paratexts of this book and present as a case study the doctor’s recommendations to confront the plague. He explains his remedies are credible and have been tried by many doctors. His book would not only save its readers from having to call a doctor and pay him a lot of money, but also give them remedies they can prepare in their homes or find in their pharmacies. Whether rich or poor, everyone should have access to remedies. Kalish stresses the fact that ultimately leading a pious life, together with these remedies, will promise health and longevity, with G-d’s help.
Kabbalistic Lurianic Myth as a Field of Transformation
Authors: De Armond Isabelle M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
According to the Kabbalistic Lurianic mysticism, the divine light fell into the world because of the rupture of the vessels. The sparks of light became alienated from their transcendent origin and have to be reunified. Likewise, for Jung, individuation is a process of wholeness and reclaiming to consciousness splits of the psyche. The Lurianic myth may be an archetypal motif of the psyche. It may also be viewed as an imaginal field where transformation occurs, with an activation of the archetype of the Self, the birth of a new relationship to the Self, and a new attitude towards the world.
Austin’s Way with Skepticism Revisited
Authors: Kaplan Mark 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In “Other Minds,” Austin maintained that, unless there is a special reason to suspect the bird he saw is stuffed, he does not need to do enough to show it is not stuffed in order to be credited with knowing what he has just claimed to know: that the bird he saw is a goldfinch. But suppose Austin were presented with the following argument:
You don’t know the bird is not a stuffed goldfinch.
If you don’t know the bird is not a stuffed goldfinch, you don’t know the bird is a goldfinch.
Therefore, you don’t know the bird is a goldfinch.
Which of the premises of this argument would Austin have rejected? My brief is that the answer is, “Neither”: Austin would have dismissed the very idea that he needed to choose a premise to reject. The burden of this essay is to explain why.
Evolutionary characteristics of biological soil crusts in grassland restoration in the Source Zone of the Yellow River
Authors: Sun Huafang , Li Xilai , Jin Liqun , Zhang Jing , Lin Chunying , Liu Kai 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Biological soil crusts (BSCs) play an important ecological role in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. So far, most studies on BSCs have focused on deserts, while rarely examining the successional process of BSCs in artificial/restored grassland. This study aimed to explore the natural succession and characteristics of BSCs during the recovery process of an artificial grassland in the Source Zone of the Yellow River. Six sites in two grassland types, i.e. one healthy alpine meadow and five artificial grasslands, were selected in Maqin county, Qinghai Province. These artificial grasslands have been established for varying growth periods ranging from 1 to 18 years. We examined vegetation characteristics in relation to BSC types, BSC coverage and thickness at these six sites. Mosses appeared at the early stage of the natural succession of the grassland, and lichens and visible algal crusts followed. The dominant moss species was Barbula unguiculate. BSC coverage increased significantly with recovery period. BSC thickness increased initially in the early stage of recovery but decreased after 14 years of recovery. At an appropriate level (0~30%), an increase in litter coverage can increase BSCs thickness, but excessive litter (> 30%) can reduce BSCs coverage (P < 0.05). Therefore, an increase in the total coverage of vegetation and maintenance of a suitable litter coverage (< 30%) are important to promote the establishment and succession of BSCs in recovered grasslands.
Science with an Ethical Face
Authors: Kitchener Richard F. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In Science and Ethics, Bernard Rollin argues that ethics and values are relevant to science, that scientists have ignored these because of their “ideology,” that science is value-free, concluding that science should abandon this ideology. Value-free science rests on the fact-value distinction, defended by several philosophers. But scientists do make value judgments, something which should fall outside of science. This is reinforced by the naturalism of science. All of this leads to the question: How is it possible for ethics to find a place in science?
Between Miasmas and Microbes: French Military Doctors in Dahomey (1889–1904)
Authors: Adjaho Dario 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article focuses on the work of French Army doctors deployed in Dahomey, a region that corresponds to present-day Benin. The chronological boundaries of this article begin with the conquest of the territory (1890–1894) and end in 1904 with its integration into the federal government of French West Africa. At that time, the microbial paradigm (germ theory) was ascendant and leading to important discoveries, notably that of the role played by mosquitoes in the spread of malaria. Nevertheless, the influence of miasma theories still persisted in medical circles. These considerations lead us to examine the contribution of medical knowledge during the colonization of Dahomey, just as the richness of intercultural exchanges prompts us to consider the dynamics of sharing with regard to medical knowledge. It is therefore mainly from this perspective that this article aims to study hospital structures, medical staff, sanitary equipment, theoretical representations of African diseases, and experimentation with therapeutic practices.
Laparoscopic Versus Laparotomy Surgical Interventions for Trauma Patients With Single Upper Left Quadrant Penetrating Injuries: Analysis of the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program Dataset
Authors: Elkbuli Adel , Newsome Kevin , Fanfan Dino , Sutherland Mason , Bilski Tracy , Liu Huazhi , Ang Darwin 
Published: May 2022

Background We aim to identify patient cohorts where laparoscopy can be safely utilized with comparable or better outcomes to laparotomy among patients with single penetrating LUQ injuries with a hypothesis that compared to laparotomy, laparoscopy may be associated with equal or improved outcomes of low injury severity patients. Methods Retrospective review of the ACS-TQP-Participant Use File 2016-2019 dataset. Patients with single LUQ penetrating injuries were included. Primary outcome was risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included: risk-adjusted complication rates, hospital length-of-stay (H-LOS), and ICU-LOS. Descriptive statistics and multivariable regression with reliability adjustments to account for variations in practice were performed. Results Of 4149 patients analyzed, 3571 (86.1%) underwent laparotomy, 489 (11.8%) underwent laparoscopy, and 89 (2.1%) underwent laparoscopy-to-laparotomy conversion. Adjusted mortality rates were not significantly different among all study cohorts (P > .05). Compared to laparoscopy, adjusted odds of complications were 4.3-fold higher for all patients who underwent laparotomy and 4-fold higher for laparoscopy-to-laparotomy (LtL) patients (P < .05). Diaphragmatic injuries were associated with significantly increased odds of undergoing LtL, whereas sustaining a colonic injury, gastric injury, hepatic injury, or requiring PRBC transfusions were associated with significantly increased odds of undergoing laparotomy (P < .05). H-LOS (days) was significantly longer for patients who underwent laparotomy compared to laparoscopy (3.9 ± 4.0 vs. 10.8 ± 13.4, P < .0001). Conclusions Laparoscopy may be considered a viable alternative to laparotomy for hemodynamically stable adult patients with single penetrating LUQ injuries of low injury burden validating our hypothesis. Laparoscopy may be less safe for patients with associated diaphragmatic, colonic, or hepatic injuries.
Outcomes of Highest Grade (IV and V) Liver Injuries in Blunt and Penetrating Trauma
Authors: Braschi Caitlyn , Keeley Jessica A. , Balan Naveen , Perez Laura C. , Neville Angela 
Published: May 2022

Background High-grade hepatic trauma can be devastating, with complications being common if patients survive. Studies comparing outcome differences between blunt and penetrating mechanism are lacking. This study aimed to describe and evaluate the association of traumatic mechanism with complications in patients sustaining grades IV and V liver injuries. Methods A retrospective review of all adults who suffered grades IV and V liver injury from 2015-2020 was performed at a level I trauma center in an urban area. Outcomes in patients with blunt and penetrating mechanisms were compared. Results A total of 103 patients were included, of which 44 (43%) were penetrating and the remainder blunt. Patients with penetrating injuries were younger, more often male, and more likely to undergo initial operative management (82% vs 40%, P < .001). Regardless of mechanism, high grade liver injuries had similar rates of complications, including bile leak (17% vs 23%, P = .559) and intrabdominal abscess (7% vs 16%, P = .239), and similar need for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (12% vs 19%, P = .379). Penetrating injuries required more re-interventions (42% vs 19%, P = .033), specifically more percutaneous drainage procedures (36% vs 12%, P = .016). Overall mortality was 29% and did not differ by mechanism. Discussion Morbidity and mortality are high for grades IV and V liver injuries. Penetrating high-grade hepatic injuries are more likely to be managed operatively, but mortality and overall complications are similar to blunt mechanisms. This may allow for uniform algorithms to define management strategies regardless of mechanism.
Walking and resting blood pressure: An inter-individual response difference meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Kelley George A , Kelley Kristi S , Stauffer Brian L 
Published: May 2022

Whether true inter-individual response differences (IIRD) exist with respect to walking training and chronic changes in resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in adults is not known. To address this gap, data from a meta-analysis representing up to 5060 normotensive and high normal/hypertensive (SBP ≥ 130 and/or DBP ≥ 85 mmHg) participants 16 to 84 years of age (2881 walking, 2179 control) nested in 73 randomized controlled trials were included. Walking and control group change outcome standard deviations treated as point estimates for both resting SBP and DBP were used to calculate true IIRD from each study. The inverse variance heterogeneity (IVhet) model was used to pool IIRD as well as traditional pairwise results. Both 95% confidence intervals (CI) and prediction intervals (PI) were calculated. While statistically significant reductions in resting SBP ([Formula: see text], −3.9 mmHg, 95% CI, −5.4 to −2.3 mmHg) and DBP ([Formula: see text], −1.4 mmHg, 95% CI, −2.5 to −0.3 mmHg) were found, true IIRD were neither statistically significant nor clinically important for both SBP ([Formula: see text], −1.4 mmHg, 95% CI, −2.0 to 2.8 mmHg) and DBP ([Formula: see text], 0.9 mmHg, 95% CI, −2.5 to 2.8 mmHg). The 95% prediction interval for true IIRD was −2.1 to 2.8 mmHg for SBP and −3.2 to 3.4 mmHg for DBP. Conclusions While walking is associated with reductions in resting SBP and DBP, a lack of true IIRD exists, suggesting that factors other than training response variation (random variation, physiological responses associated with behavioral changes that are not the result of walking) are responsible for the observed variation in resting SBP and DBP.
The Regulation Backyard: Home Growing Cannabis in Uruguay
Authors: Aguiar Sebastián , Musto Clara 
Published: May 2022

Background: Uruguay was the first country in the world to explicitly authorize the personal cultivation of cannabis in 2013 within a comprehensive market regulation model. This policy development provides a unique opportunity to gauge the first impact of cannabis regulation on domestic cannabis growing and to have a more accurate picture of the characteristics of cannabis growers, a topic largely neglected by previous research in the country. Method: The Survey on Regulated Cannabis in Uruguay was conducted between October and December of 2017 to a random sample of the population between 15 and 65 years of age ( n = 2,181). Using face-to-face interviews, the survey asked about the use of cannabis (forms, amounts, access, motivations, etc.) and other drugs, included a sociodemographic module, and a specific section on domestic cultivation ( n = 213). The questions were formulated to ensure comparability with previous international surveys (ICCQ-GCCRC) conducted in 13 industrialized countries. Results: After regulation, the type of product consumed in Uruguay changed completely, with a significant increase in the preference for domestically grown cannabis. Most growers are experienced and frequent cannabis users. In the comparison with other countries, important similarities appear, as the quantity produced or the ages of growers, as well as relevant differences. While there is a predominance of men, a higher number of women got involved in growing after the law was adopted. Most cannabis is produced outdoors and with low costs per harvest. Conclusions: In a context of scarcity of legally sold cannabis, both registered and unregistered cannabis personal growing increased in Uruguay, though mostly through “experimental” attempts and motivations.
The evaluation of portal hypertension in cirrhotic patients with spectral computed tomography
Authors: Wang Jun , Zhang Liang , Cheng Sai ming , Li Bo , Shen Jialin 
Published: May 2022

Background Iodine concentrations measured using dual-energy spectral CT (DESCT) have been recently proposed as providing good performance for examining tissues hemodynamics. Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of DESCT-derived parameters in evaluating portal venous pressure in patients with liver cirrhosis. Material and Methods A total of 71 patients with liver cirrhosis who underwent percutaneous transhepatic portal vein puncture procedures were included in this study. All participants underwent DESCT and gastrointestinal endoscopy within one month before the operation. The direct portal venous pressure of each participant was measured preoperatively. Results Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the iodine concentrations in the portal vein and hepatic parenchyma during the portal venous phase and the platelet count were independently correlated with the direct portal venous pressure ( P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.030, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the normalized iodine concentration of the hepatic parenchyma had the best performance for identifying clinically significant portal hypertension (≥10 mmHg), esophageal varices, and high-risk esophageal varices (the area under the curve values were 0.951, 0.932, and 0.960, respectively). Conclusion The normalized iodine concentration of the hepatic parenchyma is a reliable parameter to non-invasively assess portal venous pressure in patients with liver cirrhosis.
The continental and regional synoptic background favorable for hailstorms occurrence in North-Eastern Romania
Authors: Sfîcă Lucian , Istrate Vasilică , Hrițac Robert , Machidon Ovidiu 
Published: May 2022

The current study aims to portray the specific weather patterns associated with hail falls in north-eastern Romania. This was done using multiple hail records data covering a long period of time (1981–2020). COST733 software enabled us to assess objectively the atmospheric circulation classification types for the middle troposphere (500 hPa) and also for the ground level (sea level pressure) over the study region. Based on these, we have identified 5 major weather patterns (MPs) which explain up to 85% of the recorded hail events over the region. In terms of wind vector direction and speed, driving the hailstorm cells, these MPs are represented by two main groups of synoptic patterns. The first one is characterized by weak advective patterns (cut-off lows, north-easterly anticyclonic flow), while the second one is characterized by strong advective patterns (westerly, south-westerly, and north-westerly atmospheric flows). Further, these major patterns are split into 16 combined circulation types (CCTs), as indicated by the atmospheric circulation at the ground level. Our analysis showed that in May and June hailstorms are determined especially by weak advective patterns over north-eastern Romania, while from June to August the strong advective patterns are more common for these extreme weather events. The atmospheric environment associated with these synoptic conditions, as indicated by instability parameters, is also described using a series of atmospheric parameters: sea pressure level, 500 hPa geopotential field, 700 hPa wind vector, and precipitation amount at the continental scale. This analysis indicates that hail occurs in a regional atmospheric environment characterized by a MUCAPE >500 J/kg and high wind shear in the lower troposphere. The results obtained are meant to become a useful tool in regional hail forecast.