bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overfishing and Climate Change Elevate Extinction Risk of Endemic Sharks and Rays in the Southwest Indian Ocean Hotspot and Adjacent Waters
Authors: Pollom Riley , Cheok Jessica , Pacoureau Nathan , Gledhill Katie S. , Kyne Peter M. , Ebert David A. , Jabado Rima W. , Herman Katelyn B. , Bennett Rhett H. , Silva Charlene , Fernando Stela , Kuguru Baraka , Leslie Robin , McCord Meaghen E. , Samoilys Melita , Winker Henning , Fennessy Sean , Pollock Caroline M. , Rigby Cassandra L. , Dulvy Nicholas K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO) is a hotspot of endemic and evolutionarily distinct sharks and rays. We summarise the extinction risk of the sharks and rays endemic to coastal, shelf, and slope waters of the SWIO and adjacent waters (Namibia to Kenya, including SWIO islands). Thirteen of 70 species (19%) are threatened: one is Critically Endangered, five are Endangered, and seven are Vulnerable. A further seven (10%) are Near Threatened, 33 (47.1%) are Least Concern, and 17 (24.2%) are Data Deficient. While the primary threat is overfishing, there are the first signs that climate change is contributing to elevated extinction risk through habitat reduction and inshore distributional shifts. By backcasting their status, few species were threatened in 1980, but this changed soon after the emergence of targeted shark and ray fisheries. South Africa has the highest national conservation responsibility, followed by Mozambique and Madagascar. Yet, while fisheries management and enforcement have improved in South Africa over recent decades, drastic improvements are urgently needed elsewhere. To avoid extinction and ensure robust populations of the region’s endemic sharks and rays and maintain ecosystem functionality, there is an urgent need for the strict protection of Critically Endangered and Endangered species and sustainable management of Vulnerable, Near Threatened, and Least Concern species, underpinned by species-level data collection and reduction of incidental catch.
α-Gal Oligosaccharides: Chemistry and Potential Biomedical Application
Authors: Janczuk A. , Li J. , Zhang W. , Chen X. , Chen Y. , Fang J. , Wang J. , Wang P. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
This article focuses on the most recent research efforts by the
Wang group in the field of a-Gal oligosaccharides. a-Gal oligosaccharides are
carbohydrate structures bearing a Gala1-3Galterminus. This class of compounds are believed to act as xenoactive antigens that instigate the hyperacute rejection in xenotransplantation. Enzymatic methods using recombinant a1-3 galactosyltransferase were employed to synthesize several a- Gal oligosaccharides. In addition, a chemical synthetic scheme was devised in order to produce readily acessible amounts of a-Gal. Conformational analysis was done using both NMR techniques and molecular modeling protocols. These studies provide important information in the structure-function relationship of a-Gal and anti-a-Gal antibodies.
The second part of this article deals with the use of a-Gal in immunotherapy. Based on the abundance of anti-a-Gal antibodies lgM and lgG in human blood serum, a-Gal conjugates may act as effective immunotheraputic drugs. Recent studies have discovered characteristic peptide sequences containing Arg-Giy-Asp (RGD) motif that binds to integrins on the surface of cancer cells. A a-Gal conjugate was developed by chemical coupling a a-Gal trisacchpride to a RGD peptide. Preliminary studies using the conjugate on prostate DU-145 cancer cells showed a reduction in the survival rate of the cells.
Recent Advances in the Discovery and Development of Quinolones and Analogs as Antitumor Agents'
Authors: Xia Yi , Yang Zheng-Yu , Morris-Natschke Susan L. , Lee Kuo-Hsiung 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
Compounds that interact with DNA or microtubules by multiple mechanisms and cause diverse cytotoxic lesions are potential targets for anticancer drug development. Accordingly, a relatively new approach to the
rational design of antitumor agents is based on the quinolone class of antibacterials. Their
mechanism of antibacterial action involves inhibition of DNA gyrase, and numerous new quinolones do exhibit antitumor activity. Thus, these new quinolone structures display a novel mode of action for the quinolone class as antitumor agents. The potential for quinolones to be used as topoisomerase II inhibitors, as well as antimitotic agents, is reviewed with a focus on recent discoveries and development of antitumor quinolones, especially related work in the author's laboratory.
PT523 and Other Aminopterin Analogs with a Hemiphthaloyi-L­ ornithine Side Chain: Exceptionally Tight-binding Inhibitors of Dihydrofolate Reductase which are Transported by the Reduced Folate Carrier but cannot form Polyglutamates
Authors: Rosowsky Andre 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
Nonpolyglutamatable antifolates are potentially of therapeutic interest for the treatment of tumors that are inherently refractory or have become resistant, to classical antifolates as a result of decreased expression of the enzyme folylpolyglutamate synthetase. An interesting class of water-soluble nonpolyglutamatable analogs of aminopterin (AMT) have been developed, which are much more cytotoxic because they bind more tightly to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and also utilize the reduced folate carrier (RFC) pathway more efficiently for influx into the cell. This review summarizes the in vitro and in vivo preclinical data on the initial lead compound, Na-(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyi)-N >-hemiphthaloyi-L-ornithine (PT523}. In addition, the synthesis and in vitro biochemical and biological properties of several types of second-generation analogs are discussed. Analogs modified in the B-ring of the pteridine moiety have been found to be of particular interest because their affinity for DHFR and their influx rate into cells via the RFC pathway are even greater than those of PT523. The hemiphthaloylornithine moiety, which is larger and more hydrophobic than the glutamate side chain of classical antifolates, appears to be chiefly responsible for the exceptionally high biological potency of PT523 and its B-ring analogs.
New Topical Drug Delivery System Pharmaceutical Organogel: A Review
Authors: Sharma Jaya , Agrawal Dilip , Sharma Ashok Kumar , Khandelwal Mohit , Aman Shaneza 
Published: March 2022

A simple working definition of this term'Gel' is a soft, durable or solid material,containing both solids and liquid parts, where the solid part(gelator) exists as amesh / network of aggregates, viz immobilize part of the liquid,a strong network prevents the liquid from leaking flow, especially by local pressure. The gel is called a hydrogel or Organogel depending on the type liquid component: water in hydrogel and a living solvent in organogels .Organogels have been discovered as a multipurpose tool in pharmaceuticals for topical as well as transdermal delivery of various drugs. They are semisolid classifications consists of apolar phase and a solid phase. Gels are form through the mechanism of entrapment of a polar segment into the three-dimensional networked assembly of solid phase. Apolar phase is inculded as a solvent such as isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl myristate etc.an organogelator such as sorbiatanmonostearte, lecithin etc. are consist by solid phase Organogel, non-crystalline, nonglassythermoreversible (thermoplastic)solid materials and viscoelastic system,can be considered semi-solid an immobilized preparation external apholar phase. Apholar the section closes between spaces of a three-dimensional network a structure built due to physical condition negotiation between collectors compound properties considered as gelators. Generally, these programs are supported in structurant integration molecules .These systems are good transporter for both hydrophilic and lipophilic therapeutic agents. The present review describes a number of important properties of organogel, different types of organogel based on organogelator, method of preparation and various applications in pharmaceuticals.
Ameliorative Effect of Allium Cepa L. (Red Onion) Extract against Potassium Bromate Induced Intestinal Injury‏ In Rats
Authors: Kermani Nadia M. , Abushofa Fikry A , Adaek Amera M. , Jaat Fathia G. , Shakhtour Fathia G. 
Published: March 2022

Potassium bromate is an oxidizing agent and one of the cheapest dough improvers in the baking and food industry. This agent is classified as carcinogenic in rats and nephrotoxic in both man and experimental animals when given orally. The red onion, Allium cepa, is used in the daily diet for taste. Compounds in onions also have various medicinal properties, such as being anticancer, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and anti-inflammatory. We therefore sought to investigate whether aqueous extract of red onion would be protective against injury to the intestine
Materials and Methods: 36 Wistar male rats were divided into 6 batches. Over a 4-weeks experimental period, group I rats served as a control and group II received 100 mg/kg b.w of KBrO3 on the 24th and 27th days. Group III received red onion juice at 1ml/100 g bw every day and 100 mg/kg bw of KBrO3 on the 24th and 27th days. Group IV received 50 mg/kg bw of KBrO3 twice per week, group V received red onion juice daily at 1ml/100 g bw and 50 mg/kg bw of KBrO3 twice per week, and group VI received 30 mg/kg KBrO3 every day. The body and four organs weights, including the kidney, testis, lung and liver of all experimental rats were measured. The histopathological investigation was performed for the intestine tissues of all groups.
Results: KBrO3-treated small intestines exhibited destruction in the villi, decreased number of goblet cells, crypt loss and cell infiltration in the epithelial lining. Treatment with extract of red onion appeared to significantly ameliorate the toxic effects of KBrO3.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that red onion ameliorates the extent of intestinal injury and appears to act as an antioxidant. This study supports that red onion has beneficial properties, although no direct clinical conclusions can be drawn from these data.
Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Syzygium cumini (L.) (Myrtaceae) Leaves Extracts
Authors: Tambe Bhavana Dnyandeo , Pedhekar Pratiksha , Harshali Pardeshi 
Published: March 2022

The phytochemical analysis of the medicinal plants are important and have commercial interest in both research institutes and pharmaceutical companies for the manufacturing of the new drugs for treatment of various diseases. The present study was aimed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical screening of the seeds of Syzygium cumini belonging to family Myrtaceae. The results revealed the presence of medicinally important phytochemical constituents in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Syzygium cumini seeds and it justifies their use in the traditional medicines for the treatment of different diseases.
Phytochemical investigation was carried out on the crude methanol and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Syzygium cumini (L.) The antimicrobial activity of the extract was tested against standard strains and clinical isolates of some bacteria using the disc diffusion method. Preliminary phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenols, saponins, terpenoid, cardiac glycosides and tannins as the chemical class present in the extracts. The extracts showed inhibitory activity against clinical isolates of the gram negative bacteria such as Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhi A, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella paratyphi B, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Gram positive bacteria are Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that the methanol extracts was more potent than the aqueous extracts.
Various Symptoms, Prevention and Treatments of Corona-virus (Covid-19)
Authors: Jadhao Amol G. , Magar Vaishali B. 
Published: March 2022

Corona means “crown,” and examined nearly, the round virus has a “crown” of proteins called peplomers jutting out from its center in every direction. These proteins help the virus identify whether it can infect its host. The severe acute respiratory syndrome has caused an alarmimg situation of the worldwide. The first detection, in Decmber2019, there have been no effective drug therapy options for treating the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. And healthcare professionals are using some drug like remdesivir, favipiravir, chloroquine, hydrochloroquine, azithromycin, paracetamol, steroids, multivitamins, ivermectin, tocilumab, NSAIDs, treatment with monoclonal antibodies and convalescent plasma etc. of treatments. The condition known as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was also linked to a highly infectious coronavirus. The SARS virus has since been included and found to be successfully curable. The disease is caused by the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV- 2), previously referred to as the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The symptoms is typically rapid, ranging from hours to days after infection. Symptoms include fever, cough and, often, sore throat, headache, Sneezing, shortness of breath, wheezing, or difficulty in breathing. Reduce their anxiety level effectively when they are in the events of stress by using reasonable coping styles. Early studies of the out-break focused on the novel coronavirus gene and structure modeling, host and clinical case analysis. Currently, hundreds of registered clinical trials are underway, most of which are assessing antiretroviral agents, anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressant therapies, and passive antibody treatments.
Ginsenoside Rg3 Alleviates Rotenone-induced Lung Injury in Mice by Its Anti-oxidative Properties
Authors: Tian Wang , Daohui Wang , Pinyuan Zhang , Jie He , Bing Han 
Published: March 2022

Objectives: Acute lung injury is commonly found in patients with insecticide poisoning and the pathogenesis is related to oxidative stress. Ginsenoside Rg3, one of the main constituents of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, shows an anti-oxidative activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether ginsenoside Rg3 can alleviate lung injury induced by rotenone in mice.
Methods: C57BL/6J male mice were divided into five groups (n=11). The mice in ginsenoside Rg3 groups were treated with ginsenoside Rg3 at dose of 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg. Except for the control group, mice were challenged intragastrically with rotenone at dose of 30 mg/kg, once a day for 6 weeks. Subsequently, the lung tissues of mice were collected. The effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on rotenone-induced lung injury was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The oxidative stress in lung tissues were also examined.
Results: Rotenone induced substantial hemorrhage, alveolar wall thickness and neutrophils infiltration. These structural damages were attenuated significantly by ginsenoside Rg3 treatment. The lung injury induced by rotenone was associated with oxidative stress in lung tissues of mice. Compared with the control group, rotenone exposure resulted in the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA), the decreases of the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GHS-Px), and the glutathione (GSH) content. Nevertheless, ginsenoside Rg3 treatment not only reduced MDA production but also increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and the content of GSH in lung tissue of mice.
Conclusion: Taken together, this study demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg3 has potential to ameliorate rotenone-induced lung injury and the mechanism of action of ginsenoside Rg3 is mediated by its anti-oxidative properties.
Management accounting its constraint
Authors: Zoeram Abbas Ghodrati , Ansari Vali , Dehghan Khalil 
Published: March 2022

The organizational transformation that happened in the world economy recent decade was accompanied by the concepts of less- profitable production and flexible system. The concept implicitly provides a production and working capacity that is consistent with demand and current capacity of acceptance. The origin of limited management was higher according to efficiency and imbalance between resources and demand for the resources. There are double restrictions for the private institutions and in all Irish economic fields Methodology: The international institutions face with the global limitations about less- profitable productive models. The non- commercial institutes are facing new problems that are related to the lack of employees and other resources while there were a recession and low efficiency about resources. Goldratt in her book providing theories about constraints provides new fields in economic perspective. These managing ideas of best salesman are describing as an exciting story that describes the manager’s attempts to prevent the loss caused by performance and the bankruptcy of the company. In the story, Goldratt and Descooks attacked to the price finished accounting as an “enemy to productivity” rather than using developed holistic techniques as on-time production and statistic control of the process. Results: In this article, the relative usefulness of the theory of constrains related to accounting business managing methods are explained to use the resources and decision-making. The article also examines the spread and evaluation of constraints and reactions that cause accounting and managing culture. Conclusion: Survival of the price finished management that is explaining against the continuous attacks is consistent with the probabilities by Goldratt relating to regulations ability to make changes and obligatory developments as training programs.
Merits & Demerits of Governmental Intervention on Pricing System with Emphasis on Controlling Organization Role
Authors: Feizi Amirabbas 
Published: March 2022

The issue of government intervention in pricing has always been discussed by experts and economists, and various theories has been proposed by supporters of closed economy and opponents of government intervention in the pricing (open economy). Generally, the role of government has been very crucial in facing price control policies in the development of national industry, or in destruction and lack of competitiveness of industry and economic backwardness. However, government’s non-intervention in pricing and lack of attention to the prices of goods and services at various times, such as: Natural disasters, wars, etc will have many deleterious effects and may even lead to public discontent. In unusual conditions the governments as the main policy makers in the field of economy must take necessary measures in supporting people particularly the vulnerable ones against unreasonable fluctuations in commodity and service prices and control inflation through different tools such as payment of subsidies, and avoid the rise in prices of goods and services. It has a crucial role in establishing social justice and equitable distribution of income. Methodology: Studying the economy of the country after the glorious Islamic Revolution indicates the presence of government in the market and special attention of the authorities to the pricing of goods and services at various times, such as during the Sacred Defence period, development period and targeted subsidies law enforcement period. Results: Since the intervention of governments in pricing in normal circum stances is not justified and it may have various consequences such as lack of competitiveness of national products in the international arena, reduction of the private sector’s motivation to invest in the production ,the existing bureaucracy in pricing system by the government and the lack of attention to market supply and demand mechanism, faces the government's success with some doubts in achieving the goal of afford able consumer goods and continuity in this process causes reduction in supply due to lack of interest of the producers in competing with the prices provided by the government which ultimately leads to economic under development because of the lack of private sector participation. Conclusion: Hence it is tried to explain and describe the role of regulatory agencies to access the Resistive Economy policies purposes with an increasing domestic production approach in order to access international markets, domestic and foreign investment attraction, transparency and healthy economic and distribution systems and pricing ,utilizing up-to-date market supervision methods with some advantages and disadvantages of government intervention in pricing.
Competition in Industries, Corporate Governance; and Financial Reporting Quality
Authors: Zahedi Javad , Ramezani Ali 
Published: March 2022

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of product market competition; corporate governance accounting restatements of the firms listed on TSE. This study applies accounting restatement criterion for identification of low quality of reported accounting information in past financial statements of the firms listed on TSE. For this purpose, according to literature and institutional environment we select a set of most important corporate governance mechanisms include ownership concentration, board of directors independence and audit firm size associated with some control variable include corporation size and liquidity ratio that can be related to FRQ, and then considered to relation with earnings restatements. This study applies the financial statements information of firms listed on TSE during 2007 to 2013. The results of logistic regression analysis based on 846 year-firm observations indicate that according to past research corporate governance have a positive effect and competition has a negative effect on financial reporting quality (FRQ), however their interaction effect indicate that accounting information quality is increased. Therefore, evidence of this paper supports this opinion that competition and corporate governance mechanisms are complementary.
Studying the effect of human force efficiency on stock return in firms enlisted in Tehran Stock Exchange
Authors: Musavi Masumeh , Jafari Ali 
Published: March 2022

Since the goal of most organizations is to create value for the stockholders and this is realized in firms enlisted in Stock Exchanges in the form of stock return, it seems absolutely necessary to absorb the attention of managers to the issue of human force efficiency to recognize the effect of human force efficiency in achieving this goal and in recognizing the probable obstacles. The goal of the present research is to assess the effect of human force efficiency on stock return in firms enlisted in Tehran Stock Exchange. Methodology: To do so, 83 firms enlisted in Stock Exchange during the time period between 2004 and 2013 from among 15 different industries were selected to test the hypotheses. To analyze the variables we have used a multiple regression method of cross sectional and time series data to determine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Results: Results of the estimation of pooled data regression showed that pooling data method has been an appropriate method to estimate the model. Results of regression and correlation analysis showed that there has not been a meaningful relationship between human force efficiency and firms' stock return in Tehran Stock Exchange. Also there has not been a difference between users' firms and capital firms regarding this issue. Conclusion: Then, the effect of industry type on this relationship was tested and it was concluded that in 6 industries this relationship was negative and in 4 there has been a positive relationship while in 5 industries there was not any relationship observed.