bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PARK2 Regulates eIF4B-Driven Lymphomagenesis
Authors: Kapadia Bandish B. , Roychowdhury Anirban , Kayastha Forum , Nanaji Nahid , Gartenhaus Ronald B. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Patients with high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma have poor outcomes following first-line cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, and rituximab (R-CHOP); thus, treatment of this fatal disease remains an area of unmet medical need and requires identification of novel therapeutic approaches. Dysregulation of protein translation initiation has emerged as a common downstream node in several malignancies, including lymphoma. Ubiquitination, a prominent posttranslational modification associated with substrate degradation, has recently been shown to be a key modulator of nascent peptide synthesis by limiting several translational initiation factors. While a few deubiquitinases have been identified, the E3 ligase responsible for the critical ubiquitination of these translational initiation factors is still unknown. In this study, using complementary cellular models along with clinical readouts, we establish that PARK2 ubiquitinates eIF4B and consequently regulates overall protein translational activity. The formation of this interaction depends on upstream signaling, which is negatively regulated at the protein level of PARK2. Through biochemical, mutational, and genetic studies, we identified PARK2 as a mTORC1 substrate. mTORC1 phosphorylates PARK2 at Ser127, which blocks its cellular ubiquitination activity, thereby hindering its tumor suppressor effect on eIF4B's stability. This resultant increase of eIF4B protein level helps drive enhanced overall protein translation. These data support a novel paradigm in which PARK2-generated eIF4B ubiquitination serves as an anti-oncogenic intracellular inhibitor of protein translation, attenuated by mTORC1 signaling.

Implications:
Our data implicate the FASN/mTOR-PARK2-eIF4B axis as a critical driver of enhanced oncogene expression contributing to lymphomagenesis.
Sublingual Nitroglycerin Administration to Relieve Radial Artery Vasospasm and Retrieve Wedged Catheter: A Consideration in Neuroangiography
Authors: Akhter Asad S. , Gumina Richard , Nimjee Shahid 
Published: February 2022

Background
Radial artery spasm is a common hinderance during transradial approaches for neuroangiography. Ways of alleviation have been described, including patient sedation, local lidocaine, or even prophylactic administration of intra‐arterial vasodilators.

Methods
We present a case of a wedged catheter attributable to radial artery spasm, which failed all conventional methods to relieve spasm.

Results
The catheter was ultimately removed after administration of sublingual nitroglycerin.

Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first time sublingual nitrogen has been reported as an effective means to alleviate radial artery spasm during a transradial approach for neuroangiography.
Northern Hemisphere Winter Blocking: Differing Onset Mechanisms across Regions
Authors: Miller Douglas E. , Wang Zhuo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Atmospheric blocking is a prolific producer of extreme weather with significant socioeconomic impacts. Different physical mechanisms for blocking onset have been proposed and are generally focused on two sectors: the Eurasian and the North Pacific. Here, we objectively separate blocking into four regions and investigate how the blocking onset mechanisms vary from one region to another, focusing on three factors: scale interactions between three frequency bands, Rossby wave breaking (RWB), and diabatic heating. Atlantic blocks are dominated by the low-frequency flow evolution that resembles the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation and are influenced by cyclonic RWB toward the western edge of the anticyclone. Europe blocks are influenced by high-frequency, traveling waves across the Atlantic Ocean and develop rapidly, mainly attributed to strong anticyclonic RWB and interaction between high- and intermediate-frequency flow components. Asian blocks are fixated within a stationary wave train that spans upstream to the western Atlantic Ocean and do not have strong potential vorticity or RWB features. The Pacific blocks are mainly influenced by an intermediate-frequency retrograding wave train, while a low-frequency component resembling the Pacific–North American pattern is evident. The Pacific blocks also contain precursor signals in the stratosphere. Backward trajectory analysis revealed that 35%–45% of parcels initialized within the Atlantic, Europe, and Pacific blocking anticyclones experience heating and ascent, while adiabatic processes dominate Asian blocking. Overall, our analysis demonstrates the importance of decomposing the flow into three frequency bands and illustrates different blocking onset mechanisms over four sectors.
Temporal and Spatial Variability in Contemporary Greenland Warming (1958–2020)
Authors: Zhang Qinglin , Huai Baojuan , van den Broeke Michiel R. , Cappelen John , Ding Minghu , Wang Yetang , Sun Weijun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this study, 2-m or near-surface air temperature (T2m) products from atmospheric reanalysis ERA5 and the regional climate model RACMO2.3p2 over Greenland are compared with observations from staffed stations and Automated Weather Stations (AWS). The results show the following: 1) Greenland experienced decadal periods of both cooling and warming during 1958–2020, with an inflection point around the mid-1990s, and no significant warming after ∼2005 except in the north and northeast. 2) In the full time series, the magnitude of the warming increases gradually from south to north, with peak warming found along the northeastern coast. 3) The most intense warming occurred in autumn and winter, notably in the northeast. 4) The correlations of T2m with the large-scale circulation indices NAO and GBI are highly significant, but they gradually weaken from southwestern to northeastern Greenland. Under the background of Greenland rapidly warming, the shift from positive to negative NAO (negative to positive GBI) is critical to the sudden warming in Greenland since the mid-1990s.
Mechanisms of Regional Arctic Sea Ice Predictability in Two Dynamical Seasonal Forecast Systems
Authors: Bushuk Mitchell , Zhang Yongfei , Winton Michael , Hurlin Bill , Delworth Thomas , Lu Feiyu , Jia Liwei , Zhang Liping , Cooke William , Harrison Matthew , Johnson Nathaniel C. , Kapnick Sarah , McHugh Colleen , Murakami Hiroyuki , Rosati Anthony , Tseng Kai-Chih , Wittenberg Andrew T. , Yang Xiaosong , Zeng Fanrong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Research over the past decade has demonstrated that dynamical forecast systems can skillfully predict pan-Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) on the seasonal time scale; however, there have been fewer assessments of prediction skill on user-relevant spatial scales. In this work, we evaluate regional Arctic SIE predictions made with the Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (FLOR) and Seamless System for Prediction and Earth System Research (SPEAR_MED) dynamical seasonal forecast systems developed at the NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. Compared to FLOR, we find that the recently developed SPEAR_MED system displays improved skill in predicting regional detrended SIE anomalies, partially owing to improvements in sea ice concentration (SIC) and thickness (SIT) initial conditions. In both systems, winter SIE is skillfully predicted up to 11 months in advance, whereas summer minimum SIE predictions are limited by the Arctic spring predictability barrier, with typical skill horizons of roughly 4 months. We construct a parsimonious set of simple statistical prediction models to investigate the mechanisms of sea ice predictability in these systems. Three distinct predictability regimes are identified: a summer regime dominated by SIE and SIT anomaly persistence; a winter regime dominated by SIE and upper-ocean heat content (uOHC) anomaly persistence; and a combined regime in the Chukchi Sea, characterized by a trade-off between uOHC-based and SIT-based predictability that occurs as the sea ice edge position evolves seasonally. The combination of regional SIE, SIT, and uOHC predictors is able to reproduce the SIE skill of the dynamical models in nearly all regions, suggesting that these statistical predictors provide a stringent skill benchmark for assessing seasonal sea ice prediction systems.
Chaotic Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at Subannual Time Scales
Authors: Germe Agathe , Hirschi Joël J.-M. , Blaker Adam T. , Sinha Bablu 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This study describes the intra- to interannual variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and the relative dynamical contributions to the total variability in an eddy-resolving 1/12° resolution ocean model. Based on a 53-yr-long hindcast and two 4-yr-long ensembles, we assess the total AMOC variability as well as the variability arising from small differences in the ocean initial state that rapidly imprints on the mesoscale eddy fields and subsequently on large-scale features. This initial-condition-dependent variability will henceforth be referred to as “chaotic” variability. We find that intra-annual AMOC fluctuations are mainly driven by the atmospheric forcing, with the chaotic variability fraction never exceeding 26% of the total variance in the whole meridional Atlantic domain. To understand the nature of the chaotic variability we decompose the AMOC (into its Ekman, geostrophic, barotropic, and residual components). The barotropic and geostrophic AMOC contributions exhibit strong, partly compensating fluctuations, which are linked to chaotic spatial variations of currents over topography. In the North Atlantic, the largest chaotic divergence of ensemble members is found around 24°, 38°, and 64°N. At 26.5°N, where the AMOC is monitored by the RAPID–MOCHA array, the chaotic fraction of the AMOC variability is 10%. This fraction is slightly overestimated with the reconstruction methodology as used in the observations (∼15%). This higher fraction of chaotic variability is due to the barotropic contribution not being completely captured by the monitoring system. We look at the strong AMOC decline observed in 2009/10 and find that the ensemble spread (our measure for chaotic variability) was not particularly large during this event.

Significance Statement
The ocean is characterized by ubiquitous swirls (eddies) with diameters ranging from more than 100 km (low latitudes) to a few tens of kilometers (high latitudes). There is limited predictability of the timing and location of such eddies. They introduce unpredictable (“chaotic”) variability, which affects the ocean circulation on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Any observations of ocean currents contain a fraction of chaotic variability. However, it is, in general, not possible to quantify this chaotic variability from observations. Here we use a set of simulations performed with a state-of-the-art ocean computer model to estimate the fraction of chaotic variability in the amount of warm northward flowing near-surface seawater that delivers large amounts of heat to the North Atlantic, known to scientists as the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). We find that about 10%–25% of the AMOC variance is likely to be chaotic.
A Multi-Platform In Situ Kinematic and Microphysical Analysis of a Hybrid Parallel–Trailing Stratiform Mesoscale Convective System
Authors: Skow Andrea , Poellot Michael , Delene David , Askelson Mark , North Kirk , Oue Mariko 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Parallel stratiform–type mesoscale convective systems (MCS) have been found to comprise less than 20% of the central U.S. MCSs, but parallel stratiform MCSs have been reviewed by few studies and only a handful have been sampled using airborne platforms. This study conducts a detailed review of the 11 May 2011 MCS that was observed during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment. In situ data from the University of North Dakota Cessna Citation II Weather Research Aircraft and the Oklahoma Mesonet are used in conjunction with radar reflectivity data and a multiple-Doppler wind retrieval to present an in-depth analysis of the kinematic and microphysical processes within this hybrid parallel–trailing stratiform MCS. Results suggest the MCS started with parallel stratiform characteristics and then developed trailing stratiform features over the course of a couple of hours such as leading line convection and the presence of rear inflow, which is a feature not observed in previous studies of parallel stratiform MCSs. Based on surface observations and multi-Doppler wind field retrievals, the cold pool influenced the 11 May 2011 MCS and may have helped it to transition toward the trailing stratiform mode. Within the stratiform region, in situ measurements show hydrometeor aggregation and sublimation occurring above the melting layer via a faster rate of decline in total hydrometer concentration compared to the total water content, the presence of a bimodal droplet size spectra, and increasing dispersion and decreasing slope, with respect to increasing temperature in both the unimodal and bimodal gamma distributions.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this study is to investigate the wind pattern of a nontypical type of thunderstorm complex. The wind pattern is found to be a combination of features from both a common type of thunderstorm complex and another less common type. The behavior of snowflakes as they fall through this thunderstorm was also investigated. The snowflakes in this storm grew bigger by linking up with other snowflakes as they fell down, and then melted before they reached the ground. It is hoped that results from this study are useful to future work to improve weather prediction.
Data Assimilation of Nowcasted Observations
Authors: Potthast Roland , Vobig Klaus , Blahak Ulrich , Simmer Clemens 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We investigate the assimilation of nowcasted information into a classical data assimilation cycle. As a reference setup, we employ the assimilation of standard observations such as direct observations of particular variables into a forecasting system. The pure advective movement extrapolation of observations as a simple nowcasting (NWC) is usually much better for the first minutes to hours, until outperformed by numerical weather prediction (NWP) based on data assimilation. Can nowcasted information be used in the data assimilation cycle? We study both an oscillator model and the Lorenz 63 model with assimilation based on the localized ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF). We investigate and provide a mathematical framework for the assimilation of nowcasted information, approximated as a local tendency, into the LETKF in each assimilation step. In particular, we derive and discuss adequate observation error and background uncertainty covariance matrices and interpret the assimilation of nowcasted information as assimilation with an H1-type metric in observation space. Further, we show numerical results that prove that nowcasted information in data assimilation has the potential to significantly improve model based forecasting.
A One-Step Blended Soundproof-Compressible Model with Balanced Data Assimilation: Theory and Idealized Tests
Authors: Chew Ray , Benacchio Tommaso , Hastermann Gottfried , Klein Rupert 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A challenge arising from the local Bayesian assimilation of data in an atmospheric flow simulation is the imbalances it may introduce. Acoustic fast-mode imbalances of the order of the slower dynamics can be negated by employing a blended numerical model with seamless access to the compressible and the soundproof pseudo-incompressible dynamics. Here, the blended modeling strategy by Benacchio et al. is upgraded in an advanced numerical framework and extended with a Bayesian local ensemble data assimilation method. Upon assimilation of data, the model configuration is switched to the pseudo-incompressible regime for one time step. After that, the model configuration is switched back to the compressible model for the duration of the assimilation window. The switching between model regimes is repeated for each subsequent assimilation window. An improved blending strategy for the numerical model ensures that a single time step in the pseudo-incompressible regime is sufficient to suppress imbalances coming from the initialization and data assimilation. This improvement is based on three innovations: (i) the association of pressure fields computed at different stages of the numerical integration with actual time levels, (ii) a conversion of pressure-related variables between the model regimes derived from low Mach number asymptotics, and (iii) a judicious selection of the pressure variables used in converting numerical model states when a switch of models occurs. Idealized two-dimensional traveling vortex and buoyancy-driven bubble convection experiments show that acoustic imbalances arising from data assimilation can be eliminated by using this blended model, thereby achieving balanced analysis fields.

Significance Statement
Weather forecasting models use a combination of physics-based algorithms and meteorological measurements. A problem with combining outputs from the model with measurements of the atmosphere is that insignificant signals may generate noise and compromise the physical soundness of weather-relevant processes. By selecting atmospheric processes through the toggling of parameters in a mixed model, we propose to suppress the undesirable signals in an efficient way and retain the physical features of solutions produced by the model. The approach is validated here for acoustic imbalances using a compressible/pseudo-incompressible model pair. This development has the potential to improve the techniques used to bring observations into models and with them the quality of atmospheric model output.
Wellbeing, psychiatric morbidity and psychological distress amongst medical students in Denmark
Authors: Kjær Jesper Nørgaard , Molodynski Andrew , Bhugra Dinesh , Lewis Thomas 
Published: February 2022

Background: Medical students in Denmark undertake a demanding 6-year course which is generally during a critical age for the development of psychiatric disorder and harmful substance or alcohol use behaviours. Previous literature has highlighted significant rates of distress in Danish students. Aims: We surveyed medical students in Denmark to better understand wellbeing, psychiatric morbidity, sources of stress, substance and alcohol use, psychological distress and burnout. Methods: Medical students were invited to participate in a single survey via email and social media which was completed through an online form, available for a 6-month period. The survey used a mixture of pre-defined answer options alongside free-text responses. Embedded within the survey were standardised and reliable specific instruments related to alcohol use (the CAGE questionnaire), overall psychological wellbeing and burnout. Results: There were 647 respondents, with a quite even year-group distribution, representing just over 16% of total number of students attending medical school in Denmark. Prior to medical school 35% had visited a professional regarding their mental health. While at medical school 16% reported a diagnosis of a mental health condition. 83% reported significant stress from study. Around 7 in 10 met case criteria using instruments designed to test for minor psychiatric morbidity and burnout. 13% tested CAGE positive, whilst 4% reported concerns from themselves or others about their substance use. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates high levels of psychiatric morbidity and worrying levels of burnout in this population. The striking 13% CAGE positive rate suggests this demographic is at risk of harm from alcohol. Our results suggest a high level of need to support this population – with further study required to demonstrate which interventions would be of most benefit for this population in light of our findings.
Dear Zora: A Letter to Zora Neale Hurston 50 Years after Brown
Authors: Fine Michelle , Bloom Janice , Burns April , Chajet Lori , Guishard Monique , Payne Yasser , Perkins-Munn Tiffany , Torre Maria Elena 
Published: February 2022

This article reports on the extensive qualitative and quantitative findings of a multi-method participatory study designed to assess urban and suburban youths’ experiences of racial/class justice or injustice in their schools and throughout the nation. Constructed as a letter to Zora Neale Hurston, who was immediately critical of the Brown decision in 1955, the article lays out the victories of Brown and the ongoing struggles, what we call “six degrees of segregation” that identify systematic policies that ensure an opportunity gap.The article theorizes the academic, social and psychological consequences of persistent inequity on youth of color and White American youth—all adversely affected by systematic educational inequities that persist 50 years after Brown.
Insights into Alternative Certification: Initial Findings from a National Study
Authors: Humphrey Daniel C. , Wechsler Marjorie E. 
Published: February 2022

Background Alternative teacher certification has become an increasingly popular strategy for addressing both teacher quality and teacher shortages. However, there is little agreement about what constitutes alternative certification, and there is little known about the types of programs that prepare highly qualified teachers. The debate over alternative certification has fueled a variety of assumptions about participants and programs that are based on opinion or the limited research base. Focus of Study Our research describes in detail seven programs to understand who participates in these programs and what learning opportunities the programs provide. We test proponents’ and opponents’ assumptions about alternative certification against national data and data from the seven programs. Research Design We employed multiple data collection activities at both the program and participant levels. We conducted case studies of seven alternative certification programs, including multiple interviews with key personnel and document reviews. We surveyed program participants twice—once at the beginning of their participation in the program, and again at the end of their first year of teaching. We also observed a sample of participants teaching and interviewed them both at the beginning and end of their first year of teaching. Findings We find that both sides of the debate fail to capture the variation in participants’ characteristics and their experience in the programs. Alternative certification program participants are a diverse group of individuals who defy generalization. In addition, we find a great deal of variation between and within alternative certification programs. In contrast to simplistic characterizations, we find teacher development in alternative certification to be a function of the interaction between the program as implemented, the school context in which participants are placed, and the participants’ backgrounds and previous teaching experiences. Conclusions We conclude by questioning the usefulness of comparing different alternative certification programs and instead suggest that a better unit of analysis would be a subgroup of individuals with similar backgrounds, school placements, and learning opportunities.