bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Tobacco Wireworms with Fall, Winter, and Spring Applications, 1991
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were established at the Upper Piedmont Research Station (UPRS) near Reidsville, NC, on 2 Nov and at the Border Belt Tobacco Research Station (BBTRS) near Whiteville, NC, on 5 Nov. Plots were 20 plants long (ca. 40 foot) and 4 rows wide (45 and 48 inches between rows at UPRS and BBTRS, respectively) and were arranged according to a randomized complete-block design having 10 treatments and 4 blocks. Soil types were Cecil loamy sand (pH 6.0) and Goldsboro fine sandy loam (pH 6.5) for UPRS and BBTRS, respectively. Fall applications (treatments 1-3) were made on 2 Nov at the UPRS and on 5 November at the BBTRS, using a CO2- powered sprayer fitted with 5, 8004 Spraying Systems flat-fan nozzles spaced 20 inches apart on an 80 inch boom. Sprays were applied at 30 psi with a delivery rate of 25 gal/acre and incorporated to a depth of 4 to 6 inches with a spring tooth harrow. Rows were ridged within 2 hours after incorporation. Winter applications (treatments 4-6) were made on 4 Feb at UPRS and on 19 Feb at BBTRS, while spring applications (treatments 7-9) were made on 9 Apr at BBTRS and on 3 May at UPRS. Winter and spring treatments were applied as described above. Flue-cured tobaccos, var. NC 37 and var. K 326, were transplanted on 16 Apr and 10 May at the BBTRS and UPRS, respectively. Soil moisture was excellent at the time of transplanting. Three weeks after transplanting, 10 consecutive plants from one row per plot were gently pulled from the soil and the roots and stems visually examined and rated for wireworm damage as follows: 0 = no damage; 1 = feeding scars on root surface; 2 = feeding reaching pith with tunneling &gt;1 cm; 3 = pith tunneling from 1-5 cm; 4 = pith tunneling &gt;5 cm; and 5 = dead plant. Data were subjected to ANOVA. Proportion of plants infested was transformed to arcsine Vproportion before ANOVA.
Thrips Control in Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1991
Authors: McPherson R. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Flue-cured tobacco, K-326, was transplanted on 12 April at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station Bowen Farm in Tift County, GA. Production practices followed recommendations of the Georgia Cooperative Extension Service, and included Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Lorsban for wireworms and grubs, Nemacur for nematode suppression, and Ridomil for blue mold control. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied at a rate of 1000 lb/acre in a split application. Plots 4 rows wide (44 inch row spacing) by 30 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications of four insecticide treatments (plus an untreated control). Treatments were applied on 18, 26 Apr, 2, and 10 May to control thrips. Foliar sprays were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3, TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 27 gal/acre at 35 psi. Each plot was separated by an untreated border row and an alley 4 ft wide on each end. The number of live thrips on plants 2, 4, and 6 of row 2 were counted on 22 Apr, 2, and 10 May prior to applying treatments, and on 13 and 27 May. The aphids per 10 plants in row 2 also were counted on these dates. All data were subjected to AN OVA and Duncan's multiple range test (P = 0.05).
Controlling Tobacco Insect Pests with Transplant and Foliar Insecticide Treatments, 1991
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Culbreath Albert K. , Csinos Alex S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Flue-cured tobacco, 'CV K-326', was transplanted on 12 Apr at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station Bowen Farm in Tift County, GA. Production practices were carried out according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service recommendations. A pre-plant incorporated tank mix of the following was applied; Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, and Nemacur for nematode suppression. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied at a rate of 1000 lb/acre in a split application. Prior to planting, plots 4 rows wide (44 inch row spacing) by 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Six transplant insecticide treatments were applied at planting and included NTN 33893 in the transplant water, NTN 33893 as a foliar spray after transplant, Orthene in the transplant water, Orthene as a foliar spray after transplant, Temik in a 6-inch band to the side of the row and incorporated after transplant, and Furadan in an incorporated band after transplant. Also, Orthene was foliar-applied at 2 and 4 wk after transplant. The eighth treatment was an untreated control. Transplant water treatments were applied at a rate of 4 oz of form per plant. Foliar sprays were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3, TX-12 nozzles directed over the row, delivering 22 gal of form/acre at 35 psi. Granular materials were applied with a Gandy applicator as sidedress applications in a 6-inch band to the right of the row and lightly incorporated. The center 2 rows of each plot were treated with an untreated border row on each side. All plots were separated on each end with an alley 4 ft wide. The number of live aphids and thrips was recorded on plants 2, 4, and 6 of row 2 of each plot 10, 21, 40, and 70 days after transplant. Also, the number of budworms and hornworms per 10 plants was recorded on these same sampling dates. Aphid damage ratings were taken on 27 Jun from each of the 10 plants in row 2 that were being used to determine yield estimates. Damage scores ranged from 0 (no visible aphid injury) to 10 (all upper leaves essentially covered with aphid injury, honeydew, and sooty mold). Also on 27 Jun each of the 10 plants were visually rated for percent defoliation. Between mid-Jun and late Jul each plot was harvested (4 primings) and cured. All data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test (P = 0.05).
Apple, Season-Long Insecticide Block Treatments, 1991
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied to mature trees at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of three rows by three trees (9 trees/unit), each replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 5 May, 20 May, 31 May, 12 Jun, 25 Jun, 7 Jul, 19 Jul, 2 Aug, 14 Aug, and 27 Aug. Dodine, Rubigan, Captan, NAA, and Nova were applied separately to all treatments^ Mid-season data were taken on 13 Jun by picking 25 fruit, taken randomly from the periphery of test trees from each replicate (100 fruit per treatment). Mite densities were estimated on 9 Aug from 50 leaves per replicate (200 leaves per treatment). Samples were processed with a mite-brushing machine, and eggs and motile forms of ERM, adult AF, and ZM were counted with the aid of a microscope. Pest damage to mature fruit was sampled on 9 Sep by randomly picking 100 fruit from the periphery of the test trees in each replicate (400 per treatment).
Hessian Fly and Aphid Control Tests on Wheat, 1991
Authors: Chapin Jay W. , Thomas James S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
At-planting insecticide applications were made to winter wheat seeded 1 Nov in a Dothan sandy loam in Barnwell County, SC. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replicates. The experimental unit was a plot 50 × 5.3 ft (8 rows on 8 inch spacing). Granular Di-Syston and Thimet were placed in-furrow with electric Gandy applicators. In-furrow applications of Di-Syston 8 were made with a CO2 pressurized canister connected to an aluminum manifold having 8 brass push-in fittings. Equal lengths of plastic irrigation tubing (1 mm internal diam) delivered insecticide to the open furrow at 11.1 gal/acre, 25 psi manifold pressure. Broadcast applications of Di-Syston 8 were made from a CO2 pressurized canister connected to a boom mounted in front of the double-disk openers. The system delivered 10.1 gal/acre at 25 psi through Teejet 8001 flat fan nozzles. Broadcast foliar treatments of NTN 33893 were made with a tractor-mounted CO2 pressurized boom (Teejet TX 6 nozzles, 7.3 gal/acre at 50 psi). A previously untreated set of plots was Sed with NTN 33893 on 9 Jan and a set of plots previously treated with Di-Syston 15 G in-furrow was Sed with NTN 33893 on 12 Mar. Hessian fly samples were taken by randomly uprooting 10 plants from each of 4 plots (40 plants/treatment) and dissecting them in the laboratory. Aphid counts were made from 2 random 6-inch samples per plot (8/treatment). HF activity was monitored wkly in a separate set of plots by sampling 40 leaves for egg deposition and dissecting 40 plants for larval and puparial counts. Aphid species populations were also monitored wkly in a separate set of plots. EGA and BCOA were predominant throughout the growing season. On the 3 Mar sampling date, BCOA comprised 64% of the population and EGA the remainder. Yields were taken by harvesting the middle 6 rows with an Almaco plot combine. All treatments were planted with the same seed lot.
Insecticide × Fungicide; Interaction When Prophylactically Applied to Wheat, Trial 2, 1901
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Jones Roge. , Warnes Denni. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This is the final comparison made during 3 years at two locations to determine whether a prophylactic treatment of Penncap M 2 F at 0.56 kg (AI)/ha might be profitable. Twenty-five × 50 ft plots were cut in a bulk Marshall wheat field on the West Central Experiment Station at Morris, MN. Plot size was 7.6 m × 15.3 m and treatments were arranged in a Latin Square design with 4 replications. A combined application of fungicide and insecticide was made on 17 Jun when the wheat was in Feekes stage = 8. Approximately 110 liter/ha of total material was applied at a pressure of 7 kg/cm2 using a hydraulic sprayer. Yields were obtained by combining a strip (1.2 m × 15.3 m) through the long axis of each plot. The grain was dried and moisture and test weights taken. Yields were adjusted to a standard moisture.
Greenbug and Hessian Fly Control in Winter Wheat with Insecticide-Treated Seed, 1991
Authors: Knutson Alle. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Wheat seed treated with NTN 33893 (imidacloprid) was evaluated for greenbug and Hessian fly control in winter wheat planted 26 Oct in Cooke Co., TX. In Trial 1, Di-Syston 15 G was used as a standard treatment and applied with electric-driven Gandy boxes mounted on the wheat drill. In Trial 2, one rate of NTN treated seed (250 g (AI)/100 kg seed) was mixed with an equal volume of seed treated only with Baytan (triadimenol) fungicide. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block. Plots were 13.5 × 65 ft long (seeding rate: 80 lb/acre). Treatments were evaluated at 31, 115, and 154 d after planting (DAP) by recording the number of greenbug per ft of drill-row in 2-4 locations/plot. Wheat plants in 1 ft of drill-row were pulled from 2 locations in each plot 199 DAP and combined into a single sample. Fifty small tillers from each sample were dissected to record Hessian fly puparia. Plots were harvested using a combine with an 8-ft header.
Apple, Summer Control of European Red Mites, 1991
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (Red-Block) at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of all materials were made as indicated in the table on 18 Jul. Dodine, Captan, Rubigan, Nova, Ambush, Guthion, and Lannate were applied separately to all treatments. Efficacy was determined by counting ERM eggs and motile forms as well as adult ZM and AF on 50 randomly selected leaves per tree (200 leaves per treatment). Mites were brushed from leaves in a mite-brushing machine and counted under magnification of a microscope.
Apple, Evaluation of Experimental Insecticide Ac-303630 24 Sc, 1991
Authors: Polk D. F. , Swift F. C. , Cantarella M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 5 tree plots replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The orchard block consisted of'Red Delicious' on Mill planted in 1970 on a 20' by 20' spacing. Sprays were applied with an FMC handgun sprayer using a 5 HP diaphragm pump at 280 psi until run off, with approx. 4 gal of spray applied to each tree. There were 5 treatments in this test; 1) = AC-303630 50.9 g AI/100 gal, 2) = AC-303630 101.8 g AI/100 gal, 3) = AC-303630 203.7 g AI/100 gal, 4) = Standard Program, and 5) = untreated control. The Standard Program consisted of: Pink—Thiodan 50 WP 454 g/100 gal, Petal Fall—Imidan 50 WP 454 g/100 gal + Carzol 92 SP 60 g/ 100 gal, 1st Cover—Imidan 454 g/100 gal, 2nd Cover—Imidan 454 g/100 gal + Lannate 1.8 L 235 ml/100 gal, 3rd Cover—Imidan 454 g/100 gal, 4th Cover— Imidan 454 g/100 gal, 5th Cover—Imidan 454 g/100 gal, and 6th Cover—Imidan 454 g/100 gal. Spray dates for all treatments and conditions were: Pink— 12 Apr 57°F, 2 mph wind & clear, Petal Fall—2 May 62°F, 0-2 mph wind & clear, 1st Cover—20 May 65°F, 0-2 mph wind & clear, 2nd Cover—10 Jun 85°F, 5 mph wind & clear, 3rd Cover—1 Jul 75°F 0-2 mph wind & cloudy, 4th Cover—17 Jul 83°F, 5 mph wind & clear, 5th Cover—6 Aug 75°F, 2-3 mph wind & clear, and 6th Cover—28 Aug 75°F, 0-2 mph wind & clear. All treatments received regular fungicide cover sprays of Captan or Captan + Rubigan. Mite and mite predator counts were done on a weekly basis, with each mite sample consisting of 25 leaves per tree, brushed and counted with a binocular scope. SP counts are reported as a 3 min count per tree. SJS counts were done on 1 Aug, and reported as the number damaged per 100 fruit per tree and as the number of sites present in the 20 maximally infested fruit per tree. AA counts were made on 6 Jun and 14 Jun. Data are reported as average aphis per colony of the 10 maximally infested colonies per tree. STLM, WALH, EAS, and RAA counts were done on 21 May. STLM counts are reported as mines per 3 min count per tree. WALH counts are reported as damaged leaves out of 300 leaves per tree. EAS counts are reported as infestations per 300 fruit. RAA counts are reported as colonies per tree. A post-harvest fruit evaluation was done, using 100 fruit per tree and reported as percent damage by AM, CM, EAS, PC, SJS, TABM/LR, and TPB. A postharvest fruit finish evaluation consisted of 30 fruit per tree. Each fruit was rated on a 0 to 5 scale for percent russet. Values used were as follows: 0 = no russet, I = raised lenticels, 2 = 1-10% russeted, 3 = 11-15% russeted, 4 = 16-50% russeted, and 5 = &gt;51% russeted. Mean values of each replicate were used for calculations. Data were transformed to log(x + 1) for analysis at P = 0.01 except on the 15 Jul mite count where P = 0.05.
Apple, Evaluation of Experimental Miticides, 1991
Authors: Polk D. F. , Swift F. C. , Cantarella M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 7 tree plots replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The orchard block consisted of 'Empire', 'Red Delicious', and 'Rome' on M7a, planted in 1982 on a 15 by 18 ft spacing. Replicates 1 and 2 were on 'Red Delicious', while replicates 3 and 4 were on 'Empire'. Sprays were applied with an FMC handgun sprayer using a 5 HP diaphragm pump at 280 psi until run off, with approx. 4 gal of spray applied to each tree. One application of Pydrin 2.4 EC 178 ml/100 gal was made on 6 Jun in order to build mite populations, since few mites were present early in the season. Miticides were applied on 1 Jul and again on 10 Jul. Conditions during applications were 75°F on both dates, with 2 mph winds and cloudy skies on 1 Jul, and 2-4 mph winds and clear skies on 10 Jul. Treatments were as follows: 1) BAS 300 00 I 20 WP .05 lb AI/100 gal, 2) BAS 300 00 I 20 WP . 12 lb AI/100 gal, 3) BAS 300 11 I 75 WP .05 lb AI/100 gal, 4) BAS 300 11 I 75 WP . 12 lb AI/100 gal, 5) Omite (propargite) 30 WP .60 lb AI/100 gal, and 6) Omite 30 WP .30 lb AI/100 gal, 7) Untreated. ERM counts were taken in samples of 15 leaves per tree on 7 Jun (pre-treatment), and again on 3, 8, 15, 22, 29 Jul, and 5, 12 Aug. SP populations were evaluated on 12 Aug. Predacious mites and beetles were not present early in the season, since they had been eliminated by the Pydrin application. Fruit finish was evaluated by taking 30 fruit from each tree and evaluating for fruit russet on a 0 to 5 basis. Values were used as follows: 0 = no russet, 1 = raised lenticels, 2 = 1-10% russeted, 3 = 11-15% russeted, 4 = 16-50% russeted, and 5 = &gt;51% russeted. Each fruit was evaluated, and an average per replicate was used in the calculations.
Apple, Summer Control of Obliquebanded Leafroller, 1991
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to single-tree plots of apple trees in two orchards in Wayne Co. NY: (1) 'Spyjohn' trees in the,Dathyn orchard were ca 15 years old, 4.8 m high, and planted at a spacing of 5.8 by 6.4 m apart. (2) 'Wayne' apples in the Mills Orchard were ca 20 years old, 5.2 m high, and planted at a spacing of 10.7 by 11.9m apart. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and replicated on 4 trees. All sprays were applied dilute to runoff (3,656 1/ha) at a pressure of 32 kg/cm2. Summer infestations of larvae were compared by examining up to 50 actively growing terminals (Mills Orchard) or 100 fruit clusters (Dathyn Orchard) for live larvae after the first spray of the early treatments (20 Jun) or after the last treatment (10 Jul) was applied. Fruit damage was estimated by sampling between 100 and 300 fruit/ tree around the periphery from the ground to eye level on 12-14 Aug, and again on 9-11 Sep. The following pest phenology parameters after the first catch of males in pheromone traps (3 Jun) were used to time sprays: 19-20 Jun to coincide with predicted first hatch of eggs; 27-28 Jun (620-628 degree days, base temperature = 43°F) to coincide with a cumulative egg hatch of approximately 40%; and 9-10 Jul, in accordance with standard practices to retreat at 10-14 day intervals to maintain continuous effective residues while larvae are active.
Control of Plum Curculio, 1991
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test 1 was set up to compare effectiveness of different schedules of Asana, Guthion, and Lorsban. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and replicated three times on single tree plots of'McIntosh' apples. These trees were 25 years old, 4.6 m high, and planted on seedling rootstocks 5.8 × 12.5 m apart. Plots were separated by one or more unsprayed buffer trees. Sprays were applied dilute to runoff with a hand sprayer (32 kg/cm2) at pink (1 May), petal fall (14 May), first cover (24 May), and second cover (5 Jun). Fruit damage was evaluated on 14 Aug by examining 50 dropped and 100 picked apples from each tree for both feeding damage and oviposition scars. Test 2 was set up to compare effectiveness of post petal fall border row treatments versus complete sprays of Guthion in controlling plum curculio. The following treatments were compared: (1) Standard Plot—All trees in each plot were sprayed with Guthion 35 W (11.6 oz form/100 gal) at petal fall (14 May), first cover (24 May) and second cover (5 Jun); (2) Standard Petal Fall—All trees were sprayed with Guthion 35 W (11.6 oz form/100 gal) at petal fall (14 May); (3) Border Row Plot—All trees were sprayed at petal fall (14 May) with Guthion and trees along the perimeter of plots were sprayed at first cover (24 May) and second cover (5 Jun). These border sprays were applied to single trees around the perimeter of plots in Orchard 12 and to the two outer rows of trees around the perimeter of plots in Orchard 12B. Each treatment was replicated four times. Two replications were set up in rectangular 9-tree plots of 'McIntosh' apples in Orchard 12. Trees in these plots were 25 years old, 4.6 m high, and planted on seedling rootstocks 5.8 × 12.5 m apart. Another two replications were set up in rectangular 24-tree plots in Orchard 12B. Trees in this orchard were 12 years old, 3.2 m high, and planted on M111/M9 interstem rootstocks 8.5 × 4.6 m apart. Trees in Orchard 12B were planted in three 8-tree rows consisting of two adjacent 'McIntosh', 'Cortland', 'Golden Delicious', and 'Delicious' trees. Fruit damage was evaluated on 14-15 Aug by examining 50 dropped and 100 picked apples from the center 'McIntosh' tree in each plot in Orchard 12 and 50 picked apples from each of two trees (one 'Golden Delicious' and one 'Cortland') in the center of each plot in Orchard 12B.
Pear, Residual Control of Pear Rust Mite with Safer'S Soap, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mature Bartlett' trees in Fennville, MI were sprayed with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer at 150 gpa of finished spray. Trees were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of all materials were made as indicated in the table on 11 May (PF), 23 May (IC), 5 Jun (2C), and 28 Jun (4C). Dates of evaluation were 29 May, 6 Jun, 12 Jun, 19 Jun, 26 Jun, 5 Jul, 10 Jul, 17 Jul, 24 Jul, and 7 Aug. At each evaluation, 50 leaves per replication (200 per treatment) were picked and brushed in a mite brushing machine and examined under a stereo microscope for rust mite adults. At harvest, 50 fruit per replicate (200 per treatment) were harvested and examined for russetting damage from PRM. Russetting evaluations were based on visual inspection, with the scoring criteria listed in the table.
Pear, Broad Spectrum Control of Insects, 1991
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mature ‘Bartlett’ trees in Fennville, MI (VanVorhees East-Block) were sprayed with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer at 100 gpa of finished spray. Trees were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of all materials were made as indicated in the table on 10 May (PF), 3 Jun (2C), 27 Jun (4C), and 2 Aug (6C). Mid-season fruit finish data were taken on 18 Jun, picking 25 fruit per replicate, totaling 100 fruit per treatment. Harvest fruit finish data were taken on 19 Aug, by randomly picking 50 fruit per replicate (200 per treatment), from the periphery of the tree.
Peach, Season-Long Insect Control, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to mature trees on the Trevor Nichols Res. Complex (Peach 2) at a rate of 125 gal/acre with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of single trees, each replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 9 May (PF), 18 May, 30 May, 11 Jun, 25 Jun, 9 Jul, 23 Jul, and 3 Aug. Ziram, Benlate, and Captan were applied separately to all treatments. Harvest fruit finish data were taken on 13 Aug from 50 fruit taken randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate, for a total of 200 fruit per treatment.