bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ensuring Respect by Partners: Revisiting the Debate on Common Article 1
Authors: Wiesener Cornelius , Kjeldgaard-Pedersen Astrid 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
According to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the duty to ‘ensure respect’ in Common Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions includes an external dimension: States have to ensure that other states respect their obligations under the Conventions, and arguably under international humanitarian law as a whole. This potentially has far-reaching consequences for states engaging in military operations together with partners, and the ICRC interpretation has been met with explicit pushback from a number of states as well as scholars. The present article seeks to revisit the debate on the extent of the obligation following from Common Article 1 in the context of partnered operations. We begin by providing a detailed outline of the ICRC view on the duty to ‘ensure respect by others’, as well as the reactions from states and scholarly contributions. Against this background, we examine—by carefully applying the customary rules on treaty interpretation enshrined in the Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties—whether the duty to ensure respect has an external dimension judged by the ordinary meaning and intentions of the drafters, subsequent practice (both in relation to the ICRC and in other contexts) and judicial pronouncements. Having concluded that doctrinal legal analysis does indeed support an external dimension of Common Article 1, we then explore whether this duty to ensure respect by others applies to states regardless of the nature of the armed conflict and their own involvement in it. Finally, we analyse the exact content of the obligations arising from the duty to ensure respect by others under Common Article 1.
The Judicial Function of Investment Tribunals: Taking Foundational Assumptions Seriously
Authors: Zhang Yanwen 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
The proliferation of international courts and tribunals has given rise to debates about the judicial function beyond dispute settlement. These debates provide a broader context to study investment tribunals, especially when various conceptions of their judicial function are articulated in the ongoing reform process at United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Working Group III on investor–state dispute settlement. The current reform debate is largely driven by problems and issues that emerged in the contemporary practice of investment arbitration. However, the original balance that the founders of the system intended to strike receives much less attention. This paper focuses on the founders’ original assumptions about the judicial function of investment tribunals. It addresses the drafting process of selected key institutional features of investment arbitration established by the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States. The key claim is that the drafters’ conception of the judicial function was consciously narrow, without carrying major assumptions about public functions. This original view is in marked contrast with certain broader conceptions developed in subsequent arbitral practice. The rationales underpinning the original institutional design choices can also inform the ongoing institutional reform where similar tensions and issues re-emerge.
Power (im)balances in ‘conversation triads’ within qualitative research projects in the field of (forced) migration: Chances and challenges in conversations between interpreter, (forced) migrant and researcher
Authors: Tempes Jana , Rumpel Andrea 
Published: February 2022

AbstractQualitative research in the field of (forced) migration is confronted with language diversity in conversations. The integration of interpreters within these conversations changes the setting profoundly. While methodological reflections on the relationship between researcher and (forced) migrant have already led to new research methods that are sensitive to the (re)production of power (im)balances, the role of interpreters in this process is still surprisingly underexposed. This article captures qualitative research with interpreters as parts of the ‘conversation triad’ and links this approach to postcolonial theories. Considering processes of Othering we attain a better understanding of the possible roles of each participant within the conversation and how background knowledge comes into play. These methodological reflections enable us to consider the (re-)production of power (im)balances in such a conversation setting. The authors describe the chances and challenges in conversations between interpreter, (forced) migrant and researcher and thus make the involvement of interpreters visible.
Non-radial instabilities in collapsing galaxies: an analytically solvable model
Authors: Vietri Mario 
Published: February 2022

Summary
This study examines the stability of a family of simplified, collisionless models of galaxy collapse, to fluid-like perturbations that leave the radial density profile unaltered, but distort the galaxy’s shape. The unperturbed models have constant density, and exhibit fully non-linear oscillations around an equilibrium radius in physical space. The equations that determine the time-development of perturbations in the linear regime are derived, and are shown to be of the Mathieu type; they are solved in the special case of the quadrupole mode. The ranges of values of the usual parameter 2T/|W| for which instability exists, leading inevitably to triaxial solutions, are determined. It is shown that, for 2T/|W|&lt;0.1541, the initial configurations are unstable and the growth time of the instability is sufficiently short to lead to flattened final configurations. It is suggested that all of these results apply to realistic models of galaxy collapse.
The mass function of galaxies based on correlated velocity structure
Authors: Henriksen R N , Lachièze-Rey M 
Published: February 2022

Summary
This paper introduces a new approach to the calculation of the galactic mass multiplicity function based on the probability of correlated velocity structures existing on a given spatial scale. The correlations are supposed to have developed during a protogalactic era of virialized structures, before which time the density evolution had already become non-linear. We determine the density index empirically in this paper, although it may eventually be related to a spectrum of initial fluctuations. The subsequent non-linear dynamics are dealt with explicitly using a continuum model with tidal interactions simulated by an effective shear viscosity. Our predictions for the (unnormalized) mass function and for the large-scale velocity correlations between galaxies are deduced relatively directly from the ‘cosmic von Karman-Howarth’ equation implicit in our basic model. Our predictions are in good agreement with existing data. The first part of our paper offers a summary and a critique of alternative methods.
Altered cortical structure network in children with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Lee Min-Hee , Sin Sanghun , Lee Seonjoo , Park Hyunbin , Wagshul Mark E , Zimmerman Molly E , Arens Raanan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractStudy ObjectivesObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent airway collapse during sleep, resulting in intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation that may contribute to alternations in brain structure and function. We hypothesized that OSA in children reorganizes and alters cortical structure, which can cause changes in cortical thickness correlation between brain regions across subjects.MethodsWe constructed cortical structure networks based on cortical thickness measurements from 41 controls (age 15.54 ± 1.66 years, male 19) and 50 children with OSA (age 15.32 ± 1.65 years, male 29). The global (clustering coefficient [CC], path length, and small-worldness) and regional (nodal betweenness centrality, NBC) network properties and hub region distributions were examined between groups.ResultsWe found increased CCs in OSA compared to controls across a wide range of network densities (p-value &lt; .05) and lower NBC area under the curve in left caudal anterior cingulate, left caudal middle frontal, left fusiform, left transverse temporal, right pars opercularis, and right precentral gyri (p-value &lt; .05). In addition, while most of the hub regions were the same between groups, the OSA group had fewer hub regions and a different hub distribution compared to controls.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that children with OSA exhibit altered global and regional network characteristics compared to healthy controls. Our approach to the investigation of cortical structure in children with OSA could prove useful in understanding the etiology of OSA-related brain functional disorders.
Getting to “No”: The scope of protectors’ powers to consent
Authors: Hubbard Mark 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
When can a protector properly refuse to consent to the exercise of a power by a trustee? Three recent decisions have given different answers to this question of fundamental importance. Those advising settlors, trustees, beneficiaries and, of course, protectors need to have an informed view on this critical issue. This article examines the issue in depth, analyses the new law and gives practical guidance.
Impact of COVID-19 on Nursing Students
Authors: Joseph Rachel A. , Turner Tracey , Lee Chansoon , Akers Shanna W. , Whorley Elizabeth , Goodrich Cindy 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT:
The COVID-19 pandemic rapidly transformed nursing education, creating multiple stressors for students. The researchers in this study examined how undergraduate and graduate nursing students at a faith-based university perceived the impact of COVID-19. A multiple linear regression model explored the effect of 17 variables on the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) scores. Anxiety level, quality of sleep, and perceived health demonstrated a statistically significant influence on IES-R scores; 27% of students had IES-R scores above 33, indicating high risk for posttraumatic stress disorder. Strategies to help address student stress and anxiety are discussed.
Superior Long-term Appearance of Strip Craniectomy Compared with Cranial Vault Reconstruction in Metopic Craniosynostosis
Authors: Badiee Ryan K. , Popowitz Emma , Mark Ian T. , Alcon Andre , Hwang Joan , Rorison Eve , Auguste Kurtis I. , Hoffman William Y. , Sun Peter P. , Pomerantz Jason H. 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Strip craniectomy with orthotic helmet therapy (SCOT) is an increasingly supported treatment for metopic craniosynostosis, although the long-term efficacy of deformity correction remains poorly defined. We compared the longterm outcomes of SCOT versus open cranial vault reconstruction (OCVR).

Methods:
Patients who underwent OCVR or SCOT for isolated metopic synostosis with at least 3 years of follow-up were identified at our institution. Anthropometric measurements were used to assess baseline severity and postoperative skull morphology. Independent laypersons and craniofacial surgeons rated the appearance of each patient’s 3D photographs, compared to normal controls.

Results:
Thirty-five patients were included (15 SCOT and 20 OCVR), with similar follow-up between groups (SCOT 7.9 ± 3.2 years, OCVR 9.2 ± 4.1 years). Baseline severity and postoperative anthropometric measurements were equivalent. Independent adolescent raters reported that the forehead, eye, and overall appearance of SCOT patients was better than OCVR patients (P < 0.05, all comparisons). Craniofacial surgeons assigned Whitaker class I to a greater proportion of SCOT patients with moderate-to-severe synostosis (72.2 ± 5.6%) compared with OCVR patients with the same severity (33.3 ± 9.2%, P = 0.02). Parents of children who underwent SCOT reported equivalent satisfaction with the results of surgery (100% versus 95%, P > 0.99), and were no more likely to report bullying (7% versus 15%, P = 0.82).

Conclusions:
SCOT was associated with superior long-term appearance and perioperative outcomes compared with OCVR. These findings suggest that SCOT should be the treatment of choice for patients with a timely diagnosis of metopic craniosynostosis.
Prevalence of US Adults With Cardiovascular Disease Reporting Barriers to Clinician Office Visits
Authors: Platz Katherine , Zelle Heather , Howie-Esquivel Jill 
Published: February 2022

Purpose:
Despite known health benefits of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) for patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), only a quarter of eligible patients attend. Among CR barriers are physical (eg, walking) and in-person attendance limitations. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of difficulty walking and dependence on another person to attend medical appointments among people with and without CVD using national survey data.

Methods:
We compared the prevalence of difficulty walking and difficulty attending medical appointments alone among adults with and without CVD using national survey data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) from 2015-2019. We used logistic regression and Rao-Scott χ2 analysis while controlling for several social determinants of health as covariates.

Results:
Of 2 212 973 respondents, 200 087 (9.04%) had CVD. The odds of individuals with CVD experiencing either difficulty walking or difficulty attending medical appointments alone were >3 times greater than the odds for individuals without CVD. In all adults with CVD, 42% reported difficulty walking and 20% reported dependence on another person to attend medical appointments. In all adults with CVD, 46% reported difficulty with one or both difficulties compared with 14% of adults without CVD.

Conclusions:
We estimate that 11.9 million Americans with self-reported CVD have difficulty walking, or are dependent on another person to attend medical appointments, or both. Alternative models of CR that adapt to these limitations are needed to increase attendance of CR so that all adults with CVD can improve their health outcomes.
Surgeons' perspectives on intraoperative gray area surgical complications of cataract surgery
Authors: Khan Asher , Murphy David A. , Kloek Carolyn E. , Dvorak Justin D. , Woreta Fasika A. , Riaz Kamran M. 
Published: February 2022

Purpose:
To explore surgeons' perspectives and practice patterns in gray area surgical complications (GASCs) within cataract surgery.

Setting:
Tertiary care academic referral center.

Design:
Retrospective observational cross-sectional study.

Methods:
An anonymous, online survey consisting of 11 potential intraoperative GASC scenarios was developed and distributed to practicing and resident ophthalmologists in the U.S. Demographic data such as gender, experience, and practice settings were recorded. Using a Likert scale, respondents scaled their perception of likelihood that a GASC could lead to postoperative complications and their obligation toward patient disclosure and documentation in the operative report. Respondents also scaled their likelihood of agreement with a series of statements inserted to assess baseline anxiety levels and inherent perspectives regarding disclosure.

Results:
389 responses were analyzed. Female surgeons were more likely than male surgeons to disclose GASCs to their patients and experience psychological anxiety regarding patient outcomes. Both early- and late-stage residents were more likely to believe that GASCs could lead to vision-limiting outcomes when compared with attending surgeons. Surgeons at academic centers were more likely than community-based surgeons to disclose GASCs in the operative report and experience psychological anxiety regarding patient outcomes.

Conclusions:
Significant differences based on gender, practice setting, and level of experience exist in disclosure and documentation of intraoperative GASCs. Additional studies are needed to further explore reasons for these differences, as reporting patterns may affect patient satisfaction, medicolegal risks, and postoperative surgeon-experienced anxiety.
The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Mid-adult Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Knowledge Scale in the United States
Authors: Garg Ashvita , Wheldon Christopher W. , Galvin Annalynn M. , Moore Jonathan D. , Griner Stacey B. , Thompson Erika L. 
Published: February 2022

Background
Previous human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV vaccine knowledge scales have focused on young adults in the vaccination catch-up age range or parents of vaccine eligible adolescents. Previous scales are not specific to the new guidelines for HPV vaccination in mid-adults. The study aimed to develop and validate a mid-adult HPV vaccine knowledge scale informed by the latest vaccine recommendations.

Methods
Self-reported data were collected using a cross-sectional survey of adults aged 27 to 45 years with no history of HPV vaccination (n = 706). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identified latent constructs in a 13-item mid-adult HPV vaccine knowledge scale. Sociodemographic differences in the HPV vaccine knowledge were also assessed.

Results
The mean of correct responses across all items was 5.9 (SD, 2.8; range, 0–13). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a 3-factor structure best explained the data with a good construct validity and reliability. The first factor contained 6 items about HPV infection, the second factor contained 3 items about HPV prevention through vaccination, and the third factor contained items about HPV vaccination misinformation. Analysis of variance and t test found significant group level differences in knowledge among sex, race, educational level, annual income, health insurance, and marital status.

Conclusions
Our study supports the use of a knowledge scale for US mid-adults to assess HPV and HPV vaccination knowledge because the patient requires some baseline knowledge of this recommendation to discuss the vaccine with their health care provider. The mid-adult HPV vaccine knowledge scale can measure basic HPV knowledge important to informed decision making.
Pinisolibacter aquiterrae sp. nov., a novel aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium isolated from benzene-, and xylene-degrading enrichment cultures, and emended description of the genus Pinisolibacter
Authors: Bedics Anna , Banerjee Sinchan , Bóka Károly , Tóth Erika , Benedek Tibor , Kriszt Balázs , Táncsics András 
Published: February 2022

Two Gram-reaction-negative strains, designated as B13T and MA2-2, were isolated from two different aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading enrichment cultures and characterized using a polyphasic approach to determine their taxonomic position. The two strains had identical 16S rRNA gene sequences and were most closely related to

Pinisolibacter ravus

E9T (97.36 %) and

Siculibacillus lacustris

SA-279T (96.33 %). Cells were facultatively aerobic rods and motile with a single polar flagellum. The strains were able to degrade ethylbenzene as sole source of carbon and energy. The assembled genome of strain B13T had a total length of 4.91 Mb and the DNA G+C content was 68.8 mol%. The predominant fatty acids (>5 % of the total) of strains B13T and MA2-2 were C18 : 1
ω7c/C18 : 1
ω6c, C16 : 1
ω7c/C16 : 1
ω6c and C16 : 0. The major ubiquinone of strain B13T was Q10, while the major polar lipids were phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and a phospholipid. Based on phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic data, it is concluded that strains B13T and MA2-2 are members of the genus

Pinisolibacter

and represent a novel species for which the name Pinisolibacter aquiterrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is strain B13T (=LMG 32346T=NCAIM B.02665T).
Effects of a single-dose methylphenidate challenge on resting-state functional connectivity in stimulant-treatment naive children and adults with ADHD
Authors: Kaiser Antonia , Broeder Caroline , Cohen Jessica , Douw Linda , Reneman Liesbeth , Schrantee Anouk 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPrior studies suggest that methylphenidate, the primary pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), alters functional brain connectivity. As the neurotransmitter systems targeted by methylphenidate undergo significant alterations throughout development, the effects of methylphenidate on functional connectivity may also be modulated by age. Therefore, we assessed the effects of a single methylphenidate challenge on brain network connectivity in stimulant-treatment naïve children and adults with ADHD. We obtained resting-state functional MRI from 50 boys (10-12 years of age) and 49 men (23-40 years of age) with ADHD (DSM IV, all subtypes), before and after an oral challenge with 0.5 mg/kg methylphenidate; and from 11 boys and 12 men as typically-developing controls. Connectivity strength (CS), eigenvector centrality (EC), and betweenness centrality (BC) were calculated for the striatum, thalamus, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). In line with our hypotheses, we found that methylphenidate decreased measures of connectivity and centrality in the striatum and thalamus in children with ADHD, but increased the same metrics in adults with ADHD. Surprisingly, we found no major effects of methylphenidate in the dACC and PFC in either children or adults. Interestingly, pre-methylphenidate, participants with ADHD showed aberrant connectivity and centrality compared to controls predominantly in frontal regions. Our findings demonstrate that methylphenidate’s effects on connectivity of subcortical regions are age-dependent in stimulant-treatment naïve ADHD patients, likely due to ongoing maturation of dopamine and noradrenaline systems. These findings highlight the importance for future studies to take a developmental perspective when studying the effects of methylphenidate treatment.
A longitudinal CA2/3 to CA1 circuit for initiating context-dependent associative learning
Authors: Chen Hao-Shan , Qiu Shou , Wang Guang-Ling , Yang Rong-Rong , Zhang Na , Wu Jin-Ni , Yang Qi-Xin , Xu Chun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAssociating environmental context with emotional experience is a vital brain function that requires the activity in both dorsal and ventral hippocampus. While only ventral hippocampus connects with the amygdala, a hub for fear learning, it remains unclear how the two hippocampal areas interact during contextual fear conditioning (CFC). We found that projections from dorsal CA2/CA3 (dCA2/3) to the dorsal part of ventral CA1 (vCA1d) contributed significantly to CFC. Deep-brain Ca2+ imaging revealed a CFC-enhanced difference in neuronal activities evoked by conditioned vs. neutral environmental context in both dCA2/3 and vCA1d areas. Notably, contextual fear retrieval correlated with changes in conditioned context-evoked activity in vCA1d, but not in dCA2/3. Furthermore, slice recordings showed that CFC potentiated dCA2/3-to-vCA1d projection strength, in line with coordinated elevation of monosynaptic excitation and reduction of disynaptic inhibition mediated by somatostatin-expressing interneurons. Thus, vCA1d represents a critical site for initiating emotional association with contextual information from dCA2/3.