bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defect-sensitive High-frequency Modes in a Three-Dimensional Artificial Magnetic Crystal
Authors: Hertel Riccardo , Cheenikundil Rajgowrav 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Modern three-dimensional nanofabrication methods make it possible to generate arbitrarily shaped nanomagnets, including periodic networks of interconnected magnetic nanowires. Structurally similar to optical or acoustic metamaterials, these arrays could represent magnetic variants of such artificial materials. Using micromagnetic simulations, we investigate a three-dimensional array of interconnected magnetic nanowires with intersection points corresponding to atomic positions of a diamond lattice. The high-frequency excitation spectrum of this artificial magnetic crystal (AMC) is governed by its microstructure and, to a lesser extent, by the magnetic configuration. The magnetic system displays characteristics of three-dimensional artificial spin ice. It can contain Dirac-type magnetic defect structures, which modify the magnonic spectrum of the AMC similarly as defect sites in a natural diamond crystal influence optical absorption spectra. Our study opens new perspectives for applying such materials in high-density magnonic devices and shows that AMCs represent a promising category of magnonic materials with tunable properties.
Ultra-diluted gas transmittance revisited
Authors: Ratajczak Jakub 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The paper analyzes a model of optical transmittance of ultra-diluted gas, considering gas parti-cles’ non-locality and the quantum effect of their wave function spreading derived from solving the Schrödinger equation for a free particle. The analysis does not depend on a particular form of the wave function, but it assumes the reality of wave function. Among others, we show conserved mass gas clouds may become significantly more transparent than predicted by classic transmittance laws. This unexpected phenomenon is possible because mass conservation is governed by the sum of probabilities , while the Markov chain’s product of probabilities controls the transmittance. Furthermore, we analytically derive the upper limit the closed system transmittance may grow and demonstrate a boundless, open gas cloud transmittance may grow up to 100%. Finally, we show the impact on interpretations of quantum mechanics. The model is naturally applicable in deep space conditions, where the environment is sparse. Furthermore, the model responds to dark matter requirements.
Effects of Herbicides on Quality and Yield of Citrus1
Authors: Constantin Roysell J. , Brown Ralph T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Over a 7-year period, bromacil and terbacil herbicides significantly increased yield and fruit size of ‘Owari’ satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marcovitch) and ‘Washington’ navel oranges (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. Increased fruit size was associated with increased peel thickness.
Soluble solids content, titratable acidity, pH and juice content were not altered by use of herbicides for weed control, but increases in solids/acid ratios resulted. During 1969 and 1971, bromacil improved peel color of navel oranges and both herbicides increased peel color of satsumas. In 1971, herbicides did not affect juice color.
Response of Snap Bean to Irrigation, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Plant Population1
Authors: Smittle Doyle A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., yield was increased by higher plant population, more frequent irrigation, and additional N applied as a topdress. Highest yields were obtained with the irrigation-fertilization program that included applications of 8 mm of water at 23 mm of pan evaporation until 1/3 foliage cover, at 15 mm of pan evaporation until 2/3 foliage cover, then at 8 mm of pan evaporation until harvest with N applications to maintain petiole NO3-N level above 1500 ppm preblossom and 1000 ppm during fruit development. Response of 30 × 8 cm and 91 × 3 cm plant spacings to irrigation and N fertilization were similar.
Pan evaporation data can be used to schedule irrigation under varied climatic conditions and maintain a low soil water tension throughout snap bean growth. The relationship of water use by snap bean to pan evaporation changes with crop development. An adjustment must be made to compensate for the changing relationship; and frequent irrigation and N fertilization must be made to snap beans produced on sandy soil under humid conditions.
Inheritance of Carpel Separation in Mature Fruits of Pickling Cucumbers1
Authors: Wilson Jill E. , Baker L. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Progenies of crosses between pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) lines SC 601 H and MSU 381 were evaluated to determine the inheritance of mature fruit carpel separation. Reciprocal cross differences for carpel separation were not detected. Weak carpel sutures, expressed by carpel separation, exhibited dominance over non-separation. Additive genetic variance exceeded dominance variance, and a significant non-genetic (environment) component of variation was observed. Estimates of narrow-sense heritability ranged from 39 to 45% suggesting that carpel suture strength, and consequently fruit quality, could be improved through rigorous selection at fruit maturity. A specific genetic model consistent with the observed frequency distributions was not proposed, but tests indicated the data might be interpreted as a 2 or 3-gene system. In populations segregating for sex expression, high frequencies of carpel separation were not associated with gynoecious or any one sex expression phenotype.
Performance of ‘Orlando’ Tangelo on 16 Rootstocks1
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K. , Shull A. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Orlando’ tangelo (Citrus paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata Blanco) on 16 rootstocks was most productive on Swingle citrumelo, Morton citrange, Rangpur lime, and Cleopatra mandarin when the trees were 3 to 10 years old. Fruit quality was superior on Sun Chu Sha Kat, Keraji, and Kinokuni mandarins, hybrid C61-253 (‘Shekwasha’ × ‘Koethen’), Texas and Iwaikan sour orange, and Morton citrange rootstocks. Trees on Swingle citrumelo, Iwaikan sour orange, ‘Precoce de Valence’ sweet orange, Morton citrange, and Sun Chu Sha Kat mandarin had the largest canopies. Leaf levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Na, Cl-, and B varied significantly with rootstock.
Ethephon as a Mechanical Harvesting Aid for Highbush Blueberries (Vaccinium australe Small)1
Authors: Howell G. S. , Stergios B. G. , Stackhouse S. S. , Bittenbender H. C. , Burton C. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Application of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) reduced fruit removal force (FRF) as much as 50% depending on concentration and time of application. Reduction in FRF allowed reduced mechanical harvesting vibration frequency which reduced damage to berries during harvest and thus increased shelf-life. Mechanical harvest was further facilitated by ethephon-induced color development and hastening of abscission which reduced the number of machine harvests required.
Reaction of Strawberry Seedlings Inoculated with Race Composites of Phytophthora fragariae Hickman1
Authors: Scott D. H. , Draper A. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a study of breeding of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) for resistance to red stele root rot caused by Phytophthora fragariae Hickman, two different composites of races of the fungus were used to screen seedlings, one with and one without race A-5. In the absence of race A-5, all resistant parents produced between 28.6 to 72.0% resistant seedlings depending upon parental combinations. When race A-5 was included in the composite, two breeding selections that were derived from Fragaria chiloensis Yaquina A clone transmitted more resistance to their seedlings than three other parents in a diallel comparison. Mean squares and variance components were higher for general than for specific combining ability. Resistance is partially dominant for the races involved in this study.
Effects of Photoperiod and Temperature on Vegetative and Reproductive Responses of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.1
Authors: Aung L. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The responses of five tomato cultivars to photoperiod × temperature were determined under phytotronic conditions. Leaf nodes, subtended between the cotyledons and first inflorescence of ‘Epoch’ and ‘Michigan-Ohio Hybrid’ were significantly reduced by short photoperiod (9 hours) and 22° (day)/18°C (night) temperature. Flower number in these two cultivars was increased by short photoperiod. Days to first anthesis were decreased by short photoperiod and 26°/22° temperature in four out of the five cultivars when compared to long photoperiod (9 hr + 3 hr dark interruption) and 18°/14° temperature.
Effect of Growth Substances on Fruit-set in a Partly Self-incompatible Olive Cultivar1
Authors: Porlingis I. C. , Voyiatzis D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
6-Benzylamino purine (BA) solutions at 100, 200 or 400 ppm, applied to self-pollinated flowers of the partly self-incompatible olive (Olea europaea, L. cv. Chalkidikis) at full bloom, increased the set of normal seeded fruits in young potted trees, in the greenhouse. In mature orchard trees, only concentrations at 400, 600 or 800 ppm were effective. Applications of BA to open-pollinated flowers failed to increase fruit-set. BA applied to unpollinated flowers did not induce the formation of normal fruits and did not increase the number or size of smaller parthenocarpic fruits. The use of 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (2-NOA) and potassiumgibberellate (KGA3), after self-pollination of the flowers, did not affect the set of normal seeded fruits.
14C-assimilate Distribution in Phaseolus vulgaris L. during the Reproductive Period1
Authors: Wien H. C. , Altschuler S. L. , Ozbun J. L. , Wallace D. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The distribution of l4C-assimilates was examined in pot-grown ‘Redkote’ and ‘Michelite-62’ bean plants in which a lower or upper leaf was dosed with 14CO2 at flowering, pod expansion, or pod maturation. Assimilates from the leaf at node 4 moved primarily to the roots at flowering, but were translocated to actively growing pods at later stages. Dosing of the terminal trifoliate of ‘Redkote’ resulted in radiocarbon transfer exclusively to the subtending pods during pod expansion and maturation. Distribution from leaves on branches of both varieties was restricted to pods on the branch. When the main-stem node-7 leaf of ‘Michelite-62’ was dosed, 51% of the activity was recovered from node-7 axillary pods, and less from pods at nearby nodes. Thus middle and lower main-stem leaves of beans generally supply assimilates to several centers of active growth, while distribution from upper mainstem and branch leaves is more restricted.
Effects of Four Rootstocks on Yield and Quality of Pistachio Nuts1
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Forde Harold I. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
During the first 5 years of production, significantly greater yields of pistachios were obtained with the ‘Kerman’ on seedlings identified as Pistacia atlantica Desf. than with ‘Kerman’ on seedlings of P. palaestina Boiss., P. terebinthus L., or P. vera L. The least productive combination was ‘Kerman’ on P. vera, the species that produces the edible pistachio nut. Weight per nut, percent blank nuts, and percent nuts with split shells did not differ significantly among the rootstock combinations.
Effect of Photoperiod and Nitrogen on the Composition of Foliar Monoterpenes of Juniperus horizontalis Moench. cv. Plumosa1
Authors: Fretz Thomas A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Monoterpenes from the foliage of Juniperus horizontalis ‘Plumosa’ (Andorra Juniper.) grown under varying nitrogen levels and supplemental night lighting were measured using gas chromatography. Increasing photoperiod significantly increased the quantity of α-pinene and γ-limonene, while camphene, β-myrcene and linalool decreased. Other monoterpenes, including β-pinene, sabinene, terpinolene and α-terpineol were not significantly affected by photoperiod. Only α-terpineol showed a significant increase in relation to increasing level of N fertilization. All other monoterpenes decreased or remained unchanged as a result of increasing N levels.
Effect of 3-CPA and Ethephon on Growth and Abscission of the ‘Cardinal’ Peach1
Authors: Morini S. , Vitagliano C. , Xiloyannis C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In central Italy neither 3-chlorophenoxy-propionamide (3-CPA) nor (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) satisfactorily thinned ‘Cardinal’, a very early peach (Prunus persica L.), when applied in the first stage of fruit growth. Both substances reduced crop load to the degree obtained by hand-thinning. 3-CPA exhibited a delayed thinning action. Ethephon was more potent and quicker than 3-CPA in inducing abscission, but at harvest time the fruit size was smaller than hand-thinned peaches. The time course of fruit drop and the effect of ethephon on abscission of fruits of different size are discussed.
Relationships between Leaf Surface Area and Linear Dimensions in Seedling Citrus Populations1
Authors: Ascenso J. C. , Soost R. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mathematical relationships between leaf surface area and linear dimensions were investigated in 12 citrus seedling populations, in order to provide a non-destructive method of leaf area estimation. Curvilinear functions of the general form y = βxα were obtained, where y is leaf area; x represents leaf length or width and; α and β are constants. A better fit was achieved by power functions of the general form z = γxαyβ, where x, y and z are length, width and area of leaves, respectively, and α, β and γ are constants. These regressions were used to estimate leaf areas in each population. A single equation for all 12 populations was then obtained and used to construct tables, which give individual leaf areas after entries for length and width.
Cross Compatibility in the Genus Anthurium1
Authors: Sheffer R. D. , Kamemoto H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A total of 1592 cross- and self-pollinations were made among 56 species of Anthurium Schott. These pollinations included 20 different seifs, 19 different intraspecific cross-combinations, 315 different intragroup interspecific cross-combinations (including reciprocals), and 29 different intergroup cross-combinations (including reciprocals); 280 fruiting spadices yielded 181 seedling populations which flowered and were evaluated both morphologically and chromosomally. Six morphological groups were constructed using primarily the characters considered as important by Engler (1905). Generally the integrity of these 6 groups was confirmed with the possible exception of Groups V and VI. Groups V and VI were more closely related to each other than to any other group, and the characters used in the division of these 2 groups were not as distinctive as those used to divide the other groups. Crossabilities in Anthurium tend to follow morphological similarities in the crosses that were attempted.
Some Influences of Potassium Nutrition on Growth and Quality of ‘Tifgreen’ Bermudagrass1
Authors: Barrios E. P. , Jones L. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of 9 potassium (KCl) treatments were compared in 1974, 1975 and 1977 on a United States Golf Association (USGA) golf green planted with ‘Tifgreen’ Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis). The rate of applied K or number of applications had no significant influence on turfgrass quality, yield, or foliar N or P concentration. Plots receiving a single application of 0.5 kg of available K2O per 100 m2 exhibited lowest quality while those on which a total of 9.0 kg of K2O was applied in 3 applications had maximum evaluation scores. Foliar K levels were also lowest and highest in these treatments, as were the amounts of extractable K in the medium. Yearly variations in rainfall influenced turfgrass quality, yield, foliar N and K concentrations, and level of extractable K. Turf quality and foliar N levels were positively associated.
Effect of Light and Nitrogen and Potassium Levels on Growth and Light Compensation Point of Ficus benjamina L.1
Authors: Joiner J. N. , Johnson C. R. , Krantz J. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of 2 light levels, (full sun and 47% shade) 3 nitrogen and 3 potassium levels (672, 2018, and 3362 kg/ha yr-1) on light compensation point, shoot and root growth, canopy distribution and leaf tissue nutrient content of Ficus benjamina were determined. The 47% shade treatment during 7 months of production significantly decreased light compensation point levels. N level slightly affected compensation point and K level had no effect. Higher N levels increased shoot growth, while K levels played a dominant role in root development. Light level interacted with both of these effects. N level was positively correlated to percent of the plant canopy contained in the upper half of the plant and this in turn closely was correlated with plant light compensation point.
Influence of Apple Bloom Date on Maturity and Storage Quality of ‘Starking Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Olsen Kenneth L. , Martin George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tree cages were used to modify temperature around ‘Starking Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees and to establish 4 bloom dates: April 2, 15 and May 7, 22. Determination of soluble solids, acid, firmness and chlorophyll indicated that the time from bloom to maturity was longer for fruit from earlier than normal bloom. Fruit from delayed bloom accumulated less soluble solids than that from normal or earlier bloom dates. Ultimate fruit size decreased with each successive bloom. Fruit from the 2 early bloom dates apparently was harvested before the preclimacteric minimum. Fruit from delayed bloom was harvested after initiation of the climacteric. Loss of fruit firmness in storage increased with successive harvests. Storage scald and green fruit color were associated with warm night temperatures just before harvest rather than with length of growing season.
The Effects of Chemical Primocane Suppression on Growth, Yield, and Chemical Composition of Red Raspberries1
Authors: Crandall P. C. , Chamberlain J. D. , Garth J. K. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Primocanes were sprayed after they reached about 18 cm in height with 4, 6-dinitro-o-sec-butylphenol (dinoseb) plus superior spray oil to kill the tops down to ground level. Additional treatments involved spraying after the second flush of growth reached 18 cm in height. Primocane suppression by this means increased yields by up to 70% over unsprayed plots. Plots of vigorous ‘Williamette’ raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) were re-sprayed each year for 4 years and maintained the yield increase. A less vigorous ‘Sumner’ planting subjected to similar treatments did not develop adequate cane height and number after 2 or 3 sprays and yields the following year were greatly reduced. Berry size was sometimes increased. Most of the increased yields were due to greater numbers of berries. Primocane suppression had no effect on the number of berries on the upper laterals but greatly increased the numbers on laterals that developed from the middle and lower portions of the canes. The amount of carbohydrates per bud in dormant canes was reduced by dinoseb sprays applied the previous growing season.
Waxes and Other Surface Characteristics of Fruit and Leaves of Native Vaccinium elliotti Chapm.1
Authors: Albrigo L. G. , Lyrene P. M. , Freeman B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit color of selections of native V. elliotti Chapm. varied from black to blue. Wax on fruit was occasionally found to be globular in form but most often waxes were found to range from flat plates to upright platelets and from horizontal rods to long upright rods. Combinations of wax forms occurred in varying densities on the fruit of native selections. Upright rods and platelets accounted for the blue fruit color. Mature black fruit usually had a limited amount of platelet wax and no rodlet structures. β-Diketones were absent or nearly absent on these mature black fruit. Black fruit had some of the higher weight loss measurements. The paraffin content of the fruit wax was relatively high at one location for some black selections and appeared to reduce weight losses of these selections to levels similar to the bluer selections. Leaves had only globular wax forms, less wax than fruit, and considerable variation in the density of acerate trichomes. Leaf hair density and distribution on leaves was independent of variation in wax forms on fruit.
Effects of Daminozide, Maturity, and Cultivar on the Color Grade and Character of Sweet Cherries1
Authors: Drake S. R. , Proebsting E. L. , Thompson J. B. , Nelson J. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) increased the red color and anthocyanin content of fresh and processed sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.). Daminozide had no effect on the USDA color grade for processed dark sweet cherries but reduced the USDA character of processed dark sweet cherries and increased drained weight losses regardless of cultivar. The use of daminozide on light sweet cherries resulted in reduced USDA color grade for the processed product. A 2-week delay in harvest also increased red color and anthocyanin content of sweet cherries, and increased the USDA color grade of the processed ‘Bing’, ‘Chinook’, and ‘Rainier’ cherries. In addition, it reduced the USDA character grade of processed ‘Chinook’ but not of ‘Bing’ and ‘Rainier’ sweet cherries.
Root Respiration Characteristics of Flood-tolerant and Intolerant Tree Species1
Authors: Carpenter James R. , Mitchell Cary A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) seedlings were very tolerant of extended flooding, whereas shoots of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) seedlings experienced desiccation after 8 days of flooding, and leaf death after 14 days. Shoot desiccation occurred after 14 days of flooding. Roots of all 3 species utilized O2 with similar efficiency prior to flood stress. However, the respiratory capacity of sugar maple roots declined substantially during the first 8 days of flooding, and more gradually from 8 to 22 days, at 21, 5, or 0.5% O2. Red maple roots declined gradually in respiratory capacity over the entire flooding period at 21 and 5%, but not at 0.5% O2. After an initial sharp decline, baldcypress roots gradually regained capability to utilize O2 from 8 to 22 days of flooding at all 3 levels of O2. When tested at 21% O2, both red maple and baldcypress roots had 2- to 3-fold higher respiratory capacities than did sugar maple roots after 22 days of flooding. Presoaking root sections from flooded red and sugar maple in a sucrose solution mildly stimulated respiration rates measured at 21% O2, but did not fully restore respiratory capacity lost by flooding either species.