bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in the incidence of Clostridioides difficile infection in adults and the elderly insured by Medicaid compared to commercial insurance or Medicare only
Authors: Olsen Margaret A. , Stwalley Dustin , Tipping Andrew D. , Keller Matthew R. , Yu Holly , Dubberke Erik R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjective:Few data are available to quantify the Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) burden in US adults depending on Medicaid insurance status; thus, we sought to contribute to this body of information.Methods:Retrospective cohort study to identify adults with codes for CDI from 2011 to 2017 in MarketScan commercial and Medicaid databases (for those aged 25–64 years) and the CMS Medicare database (for those aged ≥65 years). CDI was categorized as healthcare-facility–associated (HCA-CDI) and community-associated CDI (CA-CDI). CDI incidence rates were compared by year, insurer, and age group.Results:The overall CDI incidence in the elderly was 3.1-fold higher in persons insured by Medicare plus Medicaid than in those insured by Medicare only (1,935 vs 618 per 100,000 person years (PY)), and the CDI incidence was 2.7-fold higher in younger adults with Medicaid compared to commercial insurance (195 vs 73 per 100,000 PY). From 2011 to 2017, HCA-CDI rates declined in the younger Medicaid population (124.0 to 95.2 per 100,000 PY; P < .001) but were stable in those commercially insured (25.9 to 24.8 per 100,000 PY; P = .33). In the elderly HCA-CDI rates declined from 2011 to 2017 in the Medicare-only population (403 to 318 per 100,000 PY; P < .001) and the Medicare plus Medicaid population (1,770 to 1,163 per 100,000 PY; P < .002). Persons with chronic medical conditions and those with immunocompromising conditions insured by Medicaid had 2.8- and 2.7-fold higher CDI incidence compared to the commercially insured population, respectively. The incidence of CDI was lowest in Medicaid and commercially insured younger adults without chronic medical or immunosuppressive conditions (67.5 and 45.6 per 100,000 PY, respectively).Conclusions:Although HCA-CDI incidence decreased from 2011 to 2017 in elderly and younger adults insured by Medicaid, the burden of CDI remains much higher in low-income adults insured by Medicaid.
Risk and protective factors for severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among healthcare workers: A test-negative case–control study in Québec, Canada
Authors: Carazo Sara , Villeneuve Jasmin , Laliberté Denis , Longtin Yves , Talbot Denis , Martin Richard , Denis Geoffroy , Ducharme Francine , Paquet-Bolduc Bianka , Anctil Geneviève , Hegg-Deloye Sandrine , De Serres Gaston 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjectives:In Québec, Canada, we evaluated the risk of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection associated with (1) the demographic and employment characteristics among healthcare workers (HCWs) and (2) the workplace and household exposures and the infection prevention and control (IPC) measures among patient-facing HCWs.Design:Test-negative case-control study.Setting:Provincial health system.Participants:HCWs with PCR-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosed between November 15, 2020, and May 29, 2021 (ie, cases), were compared to HCWs with compatible symptoms who tested negative during the same period (ie, controls).Methods:Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of infection were estimated using regression logistic models evaluating demographic and employment characteristics (all 4,919 cases and 4,803 controls) or household and workplace exposures and IPC measures (2,046 patient-facing cases and 1,362 controls).Results:COVID-19 risk was associated with working as housekeeping staff (aOR, 3.6), as a patient-support assistant (aOR, 1.9), and as nursing staff (aOR, 1.4), compared to administrative staff. Other risk factors included being unexperienced (aOR, 1.5) and working in private seniors’ homes (aOR, 2.1) or long-term care facilities (aOR, 1.5), compared to acute-care hospitals. Among patient-facing HCWs, exposure to a household contact was reported by 9% of cases and was associated with the highest risk of infection (aOR, 7.8). Most infections were likely attributable to more frequent exposure to infected patients (aOR, 2.7) and coworkers (aOR, 2.2). Wearing an N95 respirator during contacts with COVID-19 patients (aOR, 0.7) and vaccination (aOR, 0.2) were the measures associated with risk reduction.Conclusion:In the context of the everchanging SARS-CoV-2 virus with increasing transmissibility, measures to ensure HCW protection, including vaccination and respiratory protection, and patient safety will require ongoing evaluation.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: Trends and distinguishing characteristics among patients in a healthcare system in New York City
Authors: Aslam Saif , Asrat Habtamu , Liang Rina , Qiu Wenqi , Sunny Subin , Maro Anna , Abdallah Marie , Fornek Mary , Episcopia Briana , Quale John 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDuring the pandemic, the rate of healthcare facility–onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia was 5 times greater in patients admitted with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The presence of central lines and mechanical ventilation likely contribute to this increased rate. The number of central-line–associated bacteremia cases may be underestimated in patients with COVID-19.
An urgent call for I-O psychologists to produce timelier technology research
Authors: White Jerod C. , Ravid Daniel M. , Siderits Ian O. , Behrend Tara S. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe rapid pace at which technology changes creates a challenge for industrial-organizational (I-O) psychologists, who often conduct hypothetico-deductive research. In this article, we examine technology research in the I-O psychology community by asking three questions: Why should I-O psychologists study new technologies? How timely is I-O psychologists’ technology research? How can I-O psychologists produce timelier technology research? Using archival data from 23 years of SIOP conferences and a historical timeline of technology innovations, we find that I-O psychologists study technology milestones an average of 6.10 years after they first enter widespread awareness and adoption. We discuss the implications of this lag and conclude by urging I-O psychologists to study technology with an eye toward action, exploration, collaboration, dissemination, and creation.
Democracy under pressure: historical lessons for current challenges?
Authors: Skaaning Svend-Erik 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA review of three books shows that the crisis of democracy literature is exceptionally diverse. It ranges from overconfident postulations and proposals without systematic arguments and comparative analysis on the one hand to novel theorizing and balanced accounts, including cautious use of historical evidence, on the other hand. Accordingly, there is much variation in how much the different contributions succeed in drawing lessons from historical developments to better understand and reduce contemporary challenges.
Power, People, and the Political: Understanding the Many Crises in Belarus
Authors: Korosteleva Elena , Petrova Irina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe many recent crises in Belarus are often seen through the prism of democratization, post-communist transition, and nation- and identity-building. As a rule, it is put into the context of the 1989 democratization in Central and Eastern Europe and compared with similar societal mobilization in Georgia (2003), Ukraine (2004; 2014), and Kyrgyzstan (2005). This article, however, argues that while these theoretical approaches provide an important explanatory potential, they nevertheless fail to account for informal, hidden, and unstable processes presently unfolding in the Belarusian society, leading to profound change. We argue that, in the vulnerable, unpredictable, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) world of today, our knowledge and ability to plan and achieve desirable outcomes are limited in contrast to a largely positivist or interpretivist epistemology of the mainstream theories, which conceive of the world as a closed system. In this article, we offer an alternative explanation of the many crises in Belarus by drawing on the insights ofcomplexity-thinkingto suggest that (hidden) transformative change in the country is now irreversible.
Non-target effects of agri-environmental schemes on solitary bees and fungi in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lunn Katherine , Frøslev Tobias , Rhodes Madeleine , Taylor Leah , Oliveira Hernani F. M. , Gresty Catherine E. A. , Clare Elizabeth L. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAgri-environmental schemes (AES) are used to enhance pollinator diversity on agricultural farms within the UK. Though the impacts of these schemes on archetypal pollinator species such as the bumblebee (Bombus) and honeybee (Apis) are well-studied, the effects on non-target bee species like solitary bees, in the same environment, are generally lacking. One goal of AES is to alter floral provision and taxonomic composition of plant communities to provide better forage for pollinators, however, this may potentially impact other ecological communities such as fungal diversity associated with plant-bee communities. Fungi are integral in these bee communities as they can impact bee species both beneficially and detrimentally. We test the hypothesis that alteration of the environment through provision of novel plant communities has non-target effects on the fungi associated with solitary bee communities. We analyse fungal diversity and ecological networks formed between fungi and solitary bees present on 15 agricultural farms in the UK using samples from brood cells. The farms were allocated to two categories, low and high management, which differ in the number of agri-environmental measures implemented. Using internal transcribed spacer metabarcoding, we identified 456 fungal taxa that interact with solitary bees. Of these, 202 (approximately 44%) could be assigned to functional groups, the majority being pathotrophic and saprotrophic species. A large proportion was Ascosphaeraceae, a family of bee-specialist fungi. We considered the connectance, nestedness, modularity, nestedness overlap and decreasing fill, linkage density and fungal generality of the farms' bee–fungi ecological networks. We found no difference in the structure of bee–fungi ecological networks between low and high management farms, suggesting floral provision by AES has no significant impact on interactions between these two taxonomic groups. However, bee emergence was lower on the low management farms compared to high management, suggesting some limited non-target effects of AES. This study characterizes the fungal community associated with solitary bees and provides evidence that floral provision through AES does not impact fungal interactions.
Do Natural Disaster Experiences Limit Stock Market Participation?
Authors: Bharath Sreedhar T. , Cho DuckKi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe examine whether natural disaster experiences affect households’ portfolio choice decisions. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we find that adversely affected households are less likely to participate in risky asset markets. After a disaster shock, households become more risk-averse and lower their expectations on future stock market returns. Such conservative portfolio choices persist even after households relocate to less disaster-prone areas, consistent with risk preferences being altered by disaster experiences. Overall, our evidence suggests that transient but salient experiences can be an important factor in explaining the limited participation puzzle.
Using off-the-shelf GPS loggers to assess co-occurrence between marine mammals and small-scale fisheries: a pilot study from the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Glarou Maria , Kerametsidis Georgios , Akkaya Aylin , Beqiri Kristian , Nikpaljevic Natasa , Awbery Tim , Bakiu Rigers , Geijer Christina K. A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFisheries constitute a major threat to marine mammals globally. To evaluate the impact of small-scale fisheries (SSF) on regional under-studied marine mammal populations, we tested a novel and cost-effective approach at three data-limited locations of the central and eastern Mediterranean Sea. Using off-the-shelf GPS loggers to track SSF activities and systematic surveys to map the distribution of marine mammals, we assessed the probability of co-occurrence between SSF and marine mammals by reporting areas of spatial overlap. Spatial overlap between SSF and the core zones of marine mammal distribution (ranging between 21.85–35.4%) was observed in all three locations, indicating potential interaction hotspots. The probability of co-occurrence in those areas varied from 0.5–2.9% depending on the species. The resulting overlap between fishing activity and marine mammals may pose a threat in both directions: higher risk of species entanglement and economic burden on fishers due to gear damage. Despite the spatial and temporal limitations of this pilot study, the proposed approach can provide baseline information on SSF-marine mammal co-occurrence, particularly in financially limited regions. If applied on a larger scale, our method may be used to inform future conservation actions with the aim to reduce pressure on key populations.
Ceratonova shasta: a cnidarian parasite of annelids and salmonids
Authors: Bartholomew Jerri L. , Alexander Julie D. , Hallett Sascha L. , Alama-Bermejo Gema , Atkinson Stephen D. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe myxozoan Ceratonova shasta was described from hatchery rainbow trout over 70 years ago. The parasite continues to cause severe disease in salmon and trout, and is recognized as a barrier to salmon recovery in some rivers. This review incorporates changes in our knowledge of the parasite's life cycle, taxonomy and biology and examines how this information has expanded our understanding of the interactions between C. shasta and its salmonid and annelid hosts, and how overarching environmental factors affect this host–parasite system. Development of molecular diagnostic techniques has allowed discrimination of differences in parasite genotypes, which have differing host affinities, and enabled the measurement of the spatio-temporal abundance of these different genotypes. Establishment of the C. shasta life cycle in the laboratory has enabled studies on host–parasite interactions and the availability of transcriptomic data has informed our understanding of parasite virulence factors and host defences. Together, these advances have informed the development of models and management actions to mitigate disease.
Our Future at Risk: Toward an American Political Development Scholarship of Foresight
Authors: Kryder Daniel , LaRochelle Ryan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFor the first time since 1860, our collective future as an ideologically coherent and nominally democratic nation is at risk. In the short, medium, and long term, our nation faces several systemic and intertwined threats. Because these cascading crises threaten our fundamental political ideals and our lives, we recommend here a rapid and careful reorientation of at least some part of American political development (APD) toward a scholarship of foresight—that is, one based on the premise that anticipating and shaping the future is now as important as or more important than understanding the past. The article first considers some of the ways in which APD is tethered to the past and then discusses how several of the subfield's analytical approaches are compatible with a scholarship of foresight. Prognosis, prediction, and projection, we argue, are analytical tools that can inform prescription. We conclude with five sets of recommendations that can help APD scholars consider turning their attention toward the future.
Climate Change? Designing and Implementing Climate Surveys to Promote Inclusivity in Political Science Departments
Authors: Turco Linnea , Tosun Leyla , Watson Sara 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACTQuestions of racial, gendered, and class-based inequality in political science are more salient than ever. This article contends that climate surveys can be a useful tool for developing effective equity and inclusion strategies within academic departments. We offer advice on political, procedural, and messaging issues to consider when undertaking a departmental climate survey.
Warp-Free TEM Sample Preparation Methods Using FIB/SEM Systems
Authors: Cook Steven R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Warping is a limiting factor when preparing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples using focused ion beam (FIB)/scanning electron microscope (SEM) systems. The conventional FIB sputtering process leaves at least one side of the lamella too thin to provide structural support to offset inherent stresses. As a result, warping can occur impacting imagining and reducing the potential size of lamellae. For example, capturing more than a few back-end metal layers in a 3 μm wide cross-section lamella can be difficult. Frequently, TEM analysts must perform multiple stage adjustments to analyze such a sample. In this paper, two methods are presented that enable FIB/SEM operators to prepare TEM samples where the thinned region of interest is surrounded by thick structures. As a result, these methods reduce warping and enable the fabrication of TEM lamellae not possible by conventional means. For example, these methods have been used to produce a 10 μm wide by 8 μm tall cross-section TEM sample that captured front-end transistors and 14 back-end metal layers. Furthermore, warping was so limited that only one alignment was needed by the TEM analyst to complete the imaging of the sample. The methods, called the horizontal bracing and window methods, make use of the deposition of low-Z amorphous films that are electron transparent in the TEM.
Application of Microscopy in the Quality Control of Licorice Roots: Comparative Anatomy of the Roots and Rhizomes of Five Species of Glycyrrhiza
Authors: Raman Vijayasankar , Manfron Jane , Avula Bharathi , Zhao Jianping , Katragunta Kumar , Chittiboyina Amar G , Khan Ikhlas A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The raw materials of “licorice root” in the commerce consist of roots and/or rhizomes (stolons) of different species of Glycyrrhiza. Licorice products and raw materials are frequently mislabeled and often have mixed, misidentified, or unidentified species and parts. This paper provides a detailed comparative analysis of the morpho-anatomies of the rhizomes and roots of five species of Glycyrrhiza, namely G. glabra, G. uralensis, G. echinata, G. inflata, and G. lepidota, by bright-field light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The studied species showed some similarities in their basic anatomical features due to the fact that they are phylogenetically closely related and belong to the same genus. However, differences in microscopic features such as the thickness of cork and medullary rays, pore frequency, and size of the vessels were observed. The rhizomes can readily be distinguished by the presence of a distinct pith. The roots lack a well-defined pith and instead have primary xylem in the center.
A new war on nature and people: taking stock of the Colombian peace agreement
Authors: Krause Torsten , Clerici Nicola , López Jesica Murcia , Sánchez Paula Andrea , Valencia Sandra , Esguerra-Rezk Juanita , Van Dexter Kristina 
Published: September 2022

Non-technical summary
Almost 6 years have passed since the Colombian peace agreement was signed. However, the promise of a ‘Stable and lasting peace’ is slipping away as the transition towards peace is increasingly tainted and overshadowed with violence. The future of Colombia is at a crossroad and without international support and action taken to monitor global supply chains, these particular drivers of conflict, violence and environmental degradation will persist. We summarize the current situation and shed light on the complexities of building peace in Colombia, with a particular focus on the environmental changes that took place since the peace agreement was signed.

Technical summary
The Colombian peace agreement officially ended one of the world's longest internal armed conflicts. But the transformation of land use that takes place in the wake of the peace agreement has made the historic inequalities of access to land more visible and revealed inherent and violent struggles over resources that persist across the country. In this briefing we analyse the current status of peacebuilding in Colombia and highlight the major barriers and challenges in the current peacebuilding efforts. We show how the last few years brought severe and negative repercussions for people, communities and the natural environment in Colombia as cattle ranching, ‘productive agriculture’ and extractive industries are increasingly encroaching into indigenous territories, protected areas and forest ecosystems, replacing diverse natural forests that support biodiversity and contribute to human well-being locally and globally. The resurging presence of numerous armed groups seeking to control the profitable drug trade and mineral deposits are a major problem and obstacle for building lasting and sustainable peace among people and with the natural environment in Colombia. We conclude this briefing with points that we see as crucial to support the implementation of the peace agreement.

Social media summary
Colombia's peacebuilding effort must foster environmental stewardship and respect its biological and cultural diversity.
Of Madres and Mayordomas: Native Women and Religious Leadership in Colonial Chiapas
Authors: Leavitt-Alcántara Brianna 
Published: September 2022

AbstractScholars often assume that women's exclusion from the modern civil-religious cargo system in Mexico is a colonial legacy. But an analysis of Chiapas's surviving colonial cofradía books, approximately 200 in all, reveals that formalized female religious leadership was widespread in this region during the colonial period. Close to 50 cofradías in over 20 different towns elected female officials. Indigenous cofradías were clearly at the forefront of this practice; however, it also became remarkably popular among ladino, Black, and even Spanish cofradías during the eighteenth century. Not just symbolic figures, female cofradía officers managed finances and cared for the spiritual and physical welfare of fellow members and the community. Their labors often overlapped with the work of town councils to ensure community well-being and survival in the face of extreme economic exploitation, migration, and forced resettlements. These findings challenge the common generalization, based on studies of central Mexico, that women in colonial New Spain were excluded from officeholding and the prestige and authority it provided. By shifting focus beyond central Mexico, this article illustrates the diversity of female experience and the ways in which gender shaped native communities, cross-cultural exchanges, and dynamic adaptations in religious organizational leadership and Church policy.