bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth Inhibition in Marigold Following Drench and Foliar-applied Paclobutrazol
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Cox Douglas A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chemical growth retardants commonly are applied to bedding plants to produce more compact plants and extend marketability (4). Paclobutrazol (PP333), a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor currently labeled for use on poinsettia, has been effective in retarding growth of numerous flowering pótted crops (2,5), foliage plants (3), and annual bedding plants (1).
Yield and Growth of Macadamia Trees in Response to Mulching with Macadamia Husks
Authors: DeFrank Joseph , Foss Steve L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia, Maiden et Betche) husks, a waste product of the industry, could serve a useful purpose as a mulch (8). However, uncomposted husks have been shown to be toxic to germinating corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings when mixed with vermiculite as a potting medium. In a composting study, unamended heaps of macadamia husks retained potent phytotoxic compounds for at least 209 days (unpublished data). Observations (H. Ooka, personal communication) indicated that mature macadamia trees could be killed with high levels of fresh husks used as a mulch around the base of plants. The objective of this study was to measure the yield, growth, and leaf nutrient levels of mature macadamia trees in response to increasing amounts of uncomposted husks applied as a surface mulch.
How Wound Compounds Affect Pruning Wound Closure and Decay in Young Swamp Red Maple Trees
Authors: Doughty Severn C. , Hollier Clayton A. , Koonce Kenneth L. , Orr Paul R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A standard practice for many decades has been for homeowners and arborists to prune tree limbs flush with the trunk and to paint over the wound surface with a tree wound compound. This practice still exists today with many homeowners and some arborists. The use of tree wound compounds is claimed to be of little value (4-6). We investigated this practice in the humid, warm, extended growing seasons of the deep south of the United States.
‘Encore’ Southernpea
Authors: Morelock T. E. , Bowers J. L. , Davis D. R. , Sistrunk W. A. , Motes Dennis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station announces the release of ‘Encore’ southernpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp], ‘Encore’ has potential as both a commercial and home garden cultivar because of its high yield (Table 1), concentrated set, and bush plant habit (Fig. 1).
The Write Stuff
Authors: Hershey David R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
As horticultural scientists, we are greatly concerned with numbers—the number of refereed articles we can publish, the number of research grant dollars we can obtain, the number of people served by our extension programs, and the number of students enrolled in our horticultural curricula. One number that we do not usually consider is the distribution number for the horticultural periodicals in which we publish.
Cultivar Name Registration at the Arnold Arboretum 1987 and 1988
Authors: Spongberg Stephen A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Univ. continues to serve as International Registration Authority for cultivar names in 11 genera of ornamental woody plants; the following notes pertain to cultivar names that have been registered at the arboretum during 1987 and 1988. The 11 genera include: Chaenomeles, Cornus, Fagus, Forsythia, Gleditsia, Lantana, Malus (ornamental species), Philadel-phus, Pieris, Ulmus, and Weigela. Inquiries concerning the registration of cultivar names in these genera should continue to be addressed to Dr. S.A Spongberg, The Arnold Arboretum, The Arborway, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130, USA.
Soil Moisture and Water Use in Lysimeter-grown Peach Trees
Authors: Worthington J. W. , Lasswell James , McFarland M. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mature peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] grown in weighing lysi-meters were subjected to soil moisture stress. Evapotranspiration (ET) was not affected by rapid changes in soil moisture until soil matric potential reached -1500 kPa. When the trees reached permanent wilt, there was a sharp decline in water use.
Solar Heating Reduces Insect Infestations in Ripening and Drying Figs
Authors: Shorey Harry H. , Ferguson Louise , Wood David L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Several experimental procedures were used to evaluate the influence of solar radiation on insect infestations in Calimyrna and Adriatic variety figs (Ficus carica L.). Direct sunlight eliminated infesting insects and prevented further infestation of ripe figs drying on the ground for at least 10 days. Placement in the shade resulted in 12% insect infestation in figs within 3 days. Figs that fell naturally into sunlighted areas contained almost no insects, whereas 31% of figs that fell into dense shade were infested. While ripening figs were still attached to trees, the level of insect infestation was 50% higher on the shady north side than the sunny south side. The insect pests most frequently encountered in these experiments were nitidulid beetles and their larvae. Disease incidence was not affected by degree of exposure. We propose that cultural techniques to maximize exposure of ripening and drying figs to solar radiation could be developed as important pest management tools.
Aluminum Accumulation in Vegetable Amaranth Grown in a Soil with Adjusted pH Values
Authors: Makus D. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two levels of phosphorus (20 and 80 kg P/ha) and two levels of aluminum (0 and 85 kg Al/ha) were applied to Enders soils of pH 4.4, 6.6, or 7.3. Sixteen-day-old vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) plants (Rodale Research Center Accession 241) were transplanted 24 July 1986 and harvested 27 days later. Increasing soil pH from 4.4 to 7.3 decreased plant height, fresh weight, leaf area, leaf blade chlorophyll, N, K, Mn, and Zn, but increased Ca, Mg, Al, and Na (dry-weight basis). Supplemental P increased plant height, leaf area, plant dry weight, leaf blade P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and chlorophyll; decreased Fe, B, Zn, and Al; but had no effect on leaf blade protein. Adding Al to the soil decreased plant height, leaf blade chlorophyll, N, P, and Na, but increased Mn. At the termination of the experiment, exchangeable soil Al was found only in soil at pH 4.4 (1.1 cmol·kg-1). The highest leaf blade Al concentration (2473 mg·kg-1) was found in soil at pH 6.6 that received the low rate of supplemental P. Regardless of soil pH, leaf blade Al was negatively correlated with plant height (r = -0.78), plant dry weight (r = -0.78), available soil P (r = -0.51), and leaf blade P (r = -0.53), but it was positively correlated with Fe (r = 0.98).
Ice Propagation in Peach Shoots and Flowers
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey A. , Smith Michael W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The linear propagation of ice in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] shoots was measured during and after bloom. The mean rate of ice propagation was 9.3 ± 2.3 mm·s-1 at — 3C, with no significant differences observed among ‘Redskin’, ‘Reliance’, and ‘Redhaven’ cultivars. No barriers to the spread of ice were observed. Flowers froze within 30 sec from the time the advancing ice front passed their location on the stem. No ice-nucleation active bacteria were detected on the shoots or flowers.
Inheritance of Red-spotted Petals and Golden Leaves in Zonal Pelargonium
Authors: Baset Almouslem A. , Tilney-Bassett Richard A. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The pink flowers of the golden-leaved (aurea) zonal pelargonium (Pelargonium ×hortorum Bailey ‘Verona’) have small red spots on the upper epidermis. The spots are caused by an intensification of pigments at the base of trichomes and in adjacent, surrounding epidermal cells. Trichomes are found on petals of other colors, but without spots. Genetic analysis shows that ‘Verona’ is heterozygous for the red-spotted trichome trait, which is determined by a gene, Rst/rst, dominant over red spotless. The red-spotted gene segregates independently of the aurea gene, Aur+/Aur, which conditions golden leaf color.
Cassava Root Starch Content and Distribution Varies with Tissue Age
Authors: O’Hair S. K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta L. Crantz) plants of ‘CMC-40’ and ‘CMC-92’ were grown over a 3-year period with annual harvests at the end of each growing season. Root tissues were divided into peel (secondary phloem with the thin cork tissue layer removed) and up to three parenchymatous tissue age groups. Up to 40% of the starch concentration can be deposited in root parenchymatous tissue. Root starch is permanently removed from parenchymatous tissue of older roots, probably in association with new foliage growth at the start of a new growing season. As a result of periods of little or no growth, visible annual growth rings develop in the root, separating each season’s major root enlargement periods. Genetic differences in starch content were noted among the tissues between ‘CMC-40’ and ‘CMC-92’. However, both demonstrated similar loss of starch from older tissue.
Gas Exchange, Chlorophyll and Nitrogen Content of Mango Leaves as Influenced by Light Environment
Authors: Schaffer Bruce , Gaye G. O. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Net CO2 assimilation (A), stomatal conductance for CO2 (gc), water-use efficiency (WUE), specific leaf density (Wa), and leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen (N) content were determined for mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves that developed in full sun and 25%, 50%, and 75% shade. Leaves that developed in full sun had greater A and gc than leaves that grew in 75% shade. Leaf chlorophyll content and Ν content (dry-weight basis) increased as percent shading increased, but WUE and Wa were not significantly affected by shading. Light response curves for A had a steeper initial slope for leaves that developed in full sun and 25% shade than for leaves that developed in 50% and 75% shade. The data indicate a greater quantum-use efficiency for leaves developed in high light levels than for those developed in shade.
Double-row Spacing Results in Higher Yields of Bush Green Beans
Authors: Mhaka Amon G. , Mack Harry J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Increased plant population and a decrease in rectangularity (arrangement of plants in a more uniform or square pattern) have resulted in increased yield of bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Atkin, 1961; Goulden, 1976; Jones, 1969; Mack and Hatch, 1968). Mack and Hatch (1968) reported an average yield increase of 17% for two bush green bean cultivars in a 15-cm-square arrangement (rectangularity of 1:1), as compared with plants in 91-cm rows (rectangularity of 1:36). Double rows were not evaluated. Kueneman et al. (1979) found that narrow-row planting of dry beans produced higher yields than wider rows, but there was no difference in yield between double rows 10 cm apart as compared with single rows of 38 and 76 cm. It may be impractical to plant accurately in a square arrangement of 15 × 15 cm, for example, compared to wider rows, and this type of planting may result in higher incidence of white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) disease (Steadman et al., 1973).
Icing of Shade Fabric Enhances Cold Protection of Shadehouses during Radiation Freezes
Authors: Stamps Robert H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rising fuel, labor, and materials costs and concerns about possible geophysical and political effects of withdrawing large quantities of water from aquifers have prompted growers and researchers to consider methods to reduce the amount of water necessary to protect crops from cold. For crops grown in shadehouses, there is a need for an inexpensive method to seal these structures to reduce convectional and radiational heat loss during freezes. A method that shows promise is the use of water to form a thin layer of ice to seal openings in shade fabric (1, 4, 5).
‘Andover’ Parsnip
Authors: Davis David W. , Pfleger Francis L. , Shehata Mando A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Andover’ parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) is being released for commercial fresh-market and home garden production as a cultivar with desirable root type and resistance to field and storage attack by Itersonilia perplexans Derx. (1-4), which causes a foliar leaf spot, and, in storage, a root canker followed by root deterioration. The disease is commonly known as parsnip canker. A need for resistance to deterioration in storage gave rise to the breeding program. It was found that canker was a major reason for this deterioration, although other organisms are known to be involved.
‘Marshalls Delight’ Monarda
Authors: Collicutt L. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Monarda or bee-balm is grown as a shortlived, ornamental perennial. Plants are very floriferous and produce white, purple, red, or pink blooms but are not attractive after the flowers fade due to the development of powdery mildew (Erysiphe spp.) and rust (Puccinia menthae Pers.). Plants may be almost totally defoliated by these diseases. The majority of cultivars currently available have been developed either in the United States or in Europe and appear to be selections of Monarda didyma L. Monarda fistulosa L. is native to the Canadian prairies and was used as a source of hardiness in a breeding program initiated by Henry H. Marshall, now retired from Agriculture Canada. ‘Marshalls Delight’ monarda is a new cultivar with high resistance to powdery mildew and moderate resistance to rust. The cultivar is named in honor of Henry H. Marshall.
Vegetable Crop Diversification–A Systems Approach
Authors: Sterrett S. B. , Coale C. W. , Fretz T. A. , O’Dell C. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Crop diversification is of interest to many vegetable growers. However, inadequate marketing knowledge and insufficient cultural and economic information greatly increases the risks associated with diversifying into new, nontraditional, specialty crops. A state or regional effort integrating marketing concerns, production requirements, and economic considerations would assist growers in determining viable options for diversification, while minimizing these risks. This multidisciplined cooperation would provide reliable recommendations and guidelines to growers concerning potential new crops. Such an approach would not necessarily develop specific markets for individual growers, but rather it would define marketing opportunities on a state or regional basis. Individuals could then use the methodology to ascertain specific marketing niches and tailor at least a portion of their production accordingly.
Alteration of Fruit Tree Nutrition Through Rootstocks
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Roots have a strong influence on plant composition, but differential ability to absorb nutrients is only part of a maze of interactions affecting mineral concentrations in plant tissues. Most reports on rootstock effects on mineral nutrition are based on leaf analysis, but all other tissues are involved. Rootstock and scion effects are reciprocal, and the influence of the scion can be as strong as that of the rootstock. Variation in distribution pattern, capability of nutrients to move across bud unions, environmental and soil factors, fruit load, and, above all, the genetic makeup of stock and scion are intimately involved. There is a large amount of literature on rootstock effects on scion composition, but generally other horticultural properties outweigh nutritional effects when a rootstock is chosen. This is especially true for the major elements. The main use of nutritional properties of rootstocks has been to avoid toxicities, especially those of Cl and B, which are difficult or impossible to avoid by other means, and to avoid deficiencies.
Artificial Shade Reduces ‘Bartlett’ Pear Fruit Size and Influences Fruit Quality
Authors: Kappel Frank 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) branches were shaded at 0%, 30%, 50%, 65%, and 82.5% with polyethylene shade fabric from 50 days after full bloom until harvest. Fruit weight, firmness, and soluble solids concentration (SSC) were assessed at harvest. Stored and ripened fruit were assessed for SSC and total solids content (TSC), pH, and total acidity. Shading reduced the mean fruit weight and SSC of green mature fruit. The firmness of the green mature fruit increased as shading severity increased. TSC and SSC of the ripened fruit were reduced by the shading. The pH and total acidity were unaffected by the shade treatments. Leaf dry weight per area was also reduced by shading.
Fall Establishment of Asparagus Using Seedling Transplants
Authors: Burrows Rhoda L. , Waters Luther 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
After the first full growing season, 9- and 11-week-old asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) seedlings transplanted in fall exhibited superior crown and fern characteristics relative to seedlings of the same ages transplanted in spring. Seedlings overwintered in coldframes and planted in the spring matched or exceeded growth of those transplanted the previous fall. The hybrid ‘Jersey Giant’ was superior to an improved selection of ‘Mary Washington’ for all planting dates. Correlations between seedling size at transplanting and after one season’s growth were significant for crown weight (r = 0.82), fern weight (r = 0.65), and fern number (r = 0.60). The importance of seedling size is further confirmed by the superior growth of 11-week-old over 9-week-old seedlings up to 18 months after planting.
Snap Bean Plant Responses to Sources and Rates of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers
Authors: Peck Nathan H. , MacDonald George E. , Gardner Audrey V. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the responses of ‘Bush Blue Lake-47’ snap bean plants [Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) var. humilis] to urea, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, and Ca(NO3)2 sources of N fertilizers at rates of 0, 4, 8, or 12 g of N/m2 and to KCl and K2SO4 fertilizers at 5 g K/m2. Dry weight of the plants was determined at the seedling, bloom, and harvest stages. Blades of recently fully expanded leaves at the bloom stage were analyzed for total N, NO3-N, Cl, S, B, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu. Snap bean plants grown with (NH4)2SO4 had the highest dry weight per plant and the highest yield of pods, followed by plants grown with NH4NO3. Plants grown with Ca(NO3)2 or urea had the lowest dry weight per plant and the lowest yield of pods, especially at the highest rate of N fertilizers.
Composted Waste as a Peat Substitute in Peat-lite Media
Authors: Bugbee G. J. , Frink C. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sewage sludge, pharmaceutical fermentation residues, cranberry wastes, and food flavoring wastes that had been composted by in-vessel techniques were tested as substitutes for Canadian sphagnum peat in a Cornell peat-lite mix-A. Marigolds (Tagetes erecta L. ‘Lemondrop’) were grown in a medium containing 50% (by volume) vermiculite, and 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% compost, with the remainder comprised of Canadian peat. Marigold growth was improved when any or all of the peat was replaced with composted sewage sludge. Except for media containing 40% and 50% composted food flavoring waste, plant growth in nonliquid fertilized media containing the other composts was equal or superior to conventional Cornell peat-lite mix. Except for media containing 50% pharmaceutical, 50% cranberry, or 40% or 50% food flavoring compost, plant growth was improved by supplemental liquid fertilizer. Improved growth was related to increased levels of plant nutrients, while decreased growth, at the highest proportions of compost, resulted from excessive NH4N, pH, or soluble salts. Differences in aeration, water holding capacity, and other physical media properties were small. We conclude that many types of organic wastes, composted by in-vessel techniques, can be used as a substitute for part or all of the peat in a conventional peat-lite potting media.
Development of a Sampling Plan and Application of a Grading Scheme for Determining Apple Packout Losses
Authors: Hogmire H. W. , Baugher T. A. , Ingle M. , Lightner G. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A sampling plan was developed and used along with a modified grading scheme as a tool to predict apple (Malus domestica, Borkh.) fruit quality, thus providing a means to evaluate the impact of orchard management practices on market potential. Apple extra fancy/fancy packout was predicted to within 10% by examining a 100-fruit sample from each of five bins at the submersion tank. Packout loss factors were predicted to within 5% by sampling 100 fruit from each of four bins. A modified Russo/Rajotte grading scheme in chart format proved to be a useful tool for assessing packout losses. An evaluation of downgraded fruit, comparing the grading scheme to grower practice, yielded coefficients of determination ranging from 0.83 to 0.94 for five of six fruit lots sampled. The grower’s marketing intentions and the tendency of packinghouse staff to give more attention to the most obvious defects during grading influenced the ability to predict packout and the severity of loss factors.
Preserving the Quality of Cold-stored Rose Flowers with Ethylene Antagonists
Authors: Mor Yoram , Johnson Fiona , Faragher John D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of inhibitors of ethylene synthesis and action on the vase life and quality of fresh and cold-stored ‘Gabriella’ roses (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Gabriella) were investigated. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) as a 1-hr pulse at 3 or 10 mM had no effect on the longevity of fresh flowers. However, the 10 mM pulse, applied either before or after cold-storage, extended by up to 2.7 days the longevity of roses that had been stored for 3 weeks at 1C. Silver thiosulfate (STS), as a 0.5-hr pulse at 0.5 mM, extended the life of fresh and cold-stored roses by 2 and 3 days, respectively.
Dark-storage Temperature and Duration Influences Flowering and Quality Retention of Hibiscus
Authors: Gibbs Melissa M. , Blessington Thomas M. , Price James A. , Wang Yin-Tung 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pot-grown ‘Angie Physic’ hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) plants at the tight bud and blooming stages were stored in darkness for 3, 6, or 9 days at 4.5, 10.0, 15.5, 21.0, 26.5, or 32.0C, and then placed in a greenhouse for 21 days. Plants showed the least amount of damage at 10.0 or 15.5C or when stored for 3 days. Plants stored at 10.0 or 15.5C had delayed flowering, larger and more flowers, less flower bud and leaf abscission, and a higher plant quality. Storage for 6 or 9 days resulted in plants with smaller and fewer flowers, greater bud and leaf abscission, less fresh weight, and a lower quality.
Net Gas Exchange as a Damage Indicator for Phytophthora Root Rot of Flooded and Nonflooded Avocado
Authors: Schaffer Bruce , Ploetz Randy C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Net CO2 assimilation (A) and stomatal conductance for CO2 (gs) were determined for flooded and nonflooded avocado plants (Persea americana Mill.) with different severities of phytophthora root rot (caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands). Under nonflooded conditions, root necrosis (primarily due to P. cinnamomi) of <50% generally had little effect on net gas exchange, whereas root necrosis ≥50% resulted in decreases in A and gs of up to 65% when compared to noninfested controls. However, root necrosis ≥20% greatly reduced A and gs when plants were flooded for 7 days. Net CO2 assimilation and gs were not reduced when plants without root rot were flooded for 7 days.