bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System Model on Traffic Flow of Vehicles at a Signalized Road Intersections
Authors: Olayode O. I. , Tartibu L. K. , Okwu M. O. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In recent years, most traffic accidents and congestions usually occur at road intersections in urban areas where the vehicle speed is high. This has necessitated the need for intelligent road transport systems and high-level algorithms to unravel the problem. In this study, the South Africa Road transportation system has been used as a case study to address traffic flow solutions at signalized road intersections using traffic flow variables such as traffic density, speed of vehicles, and traffic volume as decision variables. This paper focuses on using a hybrid creative algorithm based on signalized traffic flow to address the constant repetitive traffic congestion problem. The proposed hybrid algorithm is the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The speed of vehicles within the investigation period, the traffic density of the road network, and the traffic volume of vehicles on the road were used as input and output variables, respectively. Triangular membership function and Gaussian membership function were used for input and output variables, and rules were developed based on available traffic flow parameters. The result of the ANFIS model showed a training and testing performance of 0.8722 and 0.9370, respectively. This training and testing results showed that the ANFIS model is an effective model for optimizing traffic flow at signalized road intersections.
Design and Development of Pellets/Granules Extrusion System for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Krishnanand  , Taufik Mohammad 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the state-of-art and most popular extrusion-based additive manufacturing technology. This technology is popular due to its affordability, simple design, and compact size. In FFF technology, a wire form polymer material called filament is pushed inside a heated chamber using an extruder motor and teethed wheel. In a heated chamber, this filament is converted into semi-solid form and extruded out of the nozzle to fabricate the part. Producing the wire from raw polymer increases the cost as well as limits the used material up to such polymers, which could form a thin and long, continuous, and uniform wire with certain rigidity and other mechanical properties. Hence, the use of filament increases the cost of FFF technology and available wire-based 3D printers are limited by their material availability in the form of wire. These limitations could be eliminated by using a screw-based extrusion mechanism, in which feed materials would be used in pellets or granules form. Since studies on the development of commercial 3D printers based on pellets/granules extrusion were usually neglected. Hence, in this study initial efforts have been made to design and develop a pellets/granules-extruder, which does accept a wide range of materials that are generally available in the market for conventional manufacturing processes. Further, flexible materials and the material which can’t be converted into filament could also be used as feed material in the form of pellets/granules by using the developed system to fabricate a part for different industrial applications.
Multiphysics Modeling of a Faulty Rod-End and Its Interaction With a Flight Control Actuator to Support PHM Activities
Authors: Bacci Alberto , Bertolino Antonio C. , De Martin Andrea , Sorli Massimo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Spherical joints, or rod-ends, are critical components employed in flight control systems to connect the actuator to the aerodynamic surface and to the airframe. As any mechanical component, rod-ends are subjected to a wide range of failure modes, which can cause catastrophic effects at the actuator level and hence at the aircraft level. Despite this criticality, they are often overlooked in studies concerning the definition of new Prognostics and Health Management systems for flight control actuators, mainly due to the lack of sensors to monitor their behavior. The definition of a physics-based model of the rod-ends is hence a required preliminary step to pursue the definition of novel Health Monitoring schemes able to detect the fault inception in these components and track their evolution in time up to failure conditions. In this paper, a model working under few simplifying assumptions is proposed, complete with a Finite-Difference Method solution for the behavior of the lubricating film. The proposed model is then applied to a pre-existing, experimentally validated model of the flight control actuators of an in-service, wide-body commercial aircraft in presence of excessive backlash. Comments on the rod-end model are presented and further work is laid out.
The Effect of Valve Closure Time on Water Hammer
Authors: Davies William , Wolf Malima , Barry Michael , O’Hern Sean , Morse Tim 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Water hammer is a phenomenon that can cause failure in many different fluid systems, including residential water systems, municipal water distribution systems, oil and gas applications, power plants, and chemical processing systems. By understanding the magnitude of the pressure increase that may develop as a result of different system operating conditions, an engineer can better assess the risks of failure and/or the causes of a failure that has already occurred. In this study, an experimental setup at the scale of a residential water system is used to measure the pressure rise generated when varying the fluid velocity and duration of valve closure time. Comparisons are made between the measured pressure values and the estimated pressure values from existing classical models on fluid velocity and valve closure time with respect to water hammer. While the underlying trends of the classical theory are observed in the experiments, a discussion of the notable deviations from theory is presented, along with other considerations that are relevant to measurements in a specific physical system. This study also provides a comparison between the measured results and the standards and methods that are commonly relied upon for certification of plumbing fixtures as required by building codes such as the International Plumbing Code or Uniform Plumbing Code.
Wind Harvesting on Mars: Study and Approach (II)
Authors: Qomsiya Mohanad , Fletcher Robert W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In previously presented work the authors provided a systematic approach for implementing sustainable energy harvesting projects on Mars. The proposed methodology serves to lay the infrastructure for future In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) on the Martian planet. In this new and updated work the authors thoroughly investigate and report the results of selected site locations for possible future crewed missions. Moreover, it also sheds the light on the multiple wind turbine airfoil designs that would be appropriate for the Martian atmospheric parameters, including the outcomes of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) studies.
In order to assure survival rate for a successful future habitation on Mars, multiple sites were studied and analyzed through the utilization of a General Circulation Model (GCM) simulation, Java Mission-planning and Analysis for Remote Sensing (JMARS) database, and other resources. One of the important factors that was considered during the evaluating of potential site locations is the availability of water resources, as it is crucial for the thriving of any possible human inhabitancy. The geographical location focus of this research work (including the two proposed site locations) is concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere. The two locations are in the Deuteronilus Mensae and Phlegra Montes.
Generative Design of a Novel Additively Manufactured Solar Array System for Powering Space Equipment on the Lunar Surface
Authors: Rios Jaime , Velazquez Carlos , Rakotomanana Teddy , Kabir Mehdi , Xu Jiajun 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The moon poses harsh conditions including excessively cold 14-day nights in some locations. However, the South Pole of the moon receives sunlight 100% of the time in summer and 70% of the time in Winter. NASA is, therefore, seeking to land at the South Pole by 2024 under Artemis missions and deploy solar arrays to power landers, rovers, and other equipment in order to facilitate a sustainable presence on the moon. Artemis project also seeks to lay the groundwork for a crewed mission to the Mars. To meet the NASA needs for Artemis mission, the desired solar array system is required to cover a large surface area to maximize the capture of solar irradiance when the arrays are deployed 10 meters above the lunar terrain. Additionally, the design must be lightweight, capable of being redeployed and retracted with minimal human interaction, and can withstand lunar dust, radiation, and extreme temperatures. In the present study, a scale-down working model of the prototype (1:10th scale) is introduced with a particular emphasis on the mechanical mechanisms of telescopic boom, tower, and deployment/retraction of solar arrays. The solar arrays are encased in a cylinder that sits atop the telescopic boom and can be deployed irrespective of the boom height. This study attempts to use principles of Geometric Origami to create a novel structural design that allows for a large-diameter array to be rigid without a supporting skeletal structure. By removing the rigid supporting structure, the design becomes highly portable and easily packable and deployable. Once the design is finalized, Fusion360’s Generative Design Suite will be used to optimize the strength-to-weight ratio and manufacturability. Conducting topology optimization based on finite element modeling to meet the required criteria on the weight, strength, durability, and rigidity leads often to irregular geometries which are not possible to be fabricated using conventional manufacturing. However, additive manufacturing features the ability to develop and fabricate the proposed innovative design.
Problem-Based Learning: A Case Study Demonstrating the Benefits of a Post-Freshman Summer Invention Program on Thermal Fluid Sciences Engagement and Professional Development
Authors: Kim Andrew , Wootton David 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Project-based learning (PBL) is a popular pedagogical strategy used in engineering education to improve students’ engagement, understanding, and soft skills. The thermal fluid sciences (TFS), including thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer, are infamously challenging core engineering subjects. TFS is traditionally taught through lectures, problem sets, and small projects starting in the second or third year of engineering curricula. However, pure PBL is often reserved for after students have completed the traditional courses. This case study follows a student who experienced a reversed pedagogy, wherein pure PBL instead of traditional lectures drove TFS education. In a summer invention program after the principal student’s first year, he invented a novel door fan that improved air circulation between adjacent rooms, even with the connecting door closed. He used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate his invention. He then enrolled in a formal CFD class in his second year without taking prerequisite TFS courses. Afterward, the student enhanced the CFD simulations of his invention and wrote a technical paper on his results. This case study analyzes the pros and cons of the reversed pedagogy and the early timing of pure PBL through the principal student’s experience.
Innovative Approaches to Enhance Awareness on Additive Manufacturing in Engineering Education Towards Competencies for Industry 4.0
Authors: Atatreh Saleh , Alyammahi Mozah , Susantyoko Rahmat Agung , Ismail Hesham , Mohammed Abdalla 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies offer numerous solutions to today’s challenges and a variety of applications. Since AM is a promising manufacturing route and is frequently involved with product development, the designing process for such products or parts involves multi-disciplinary teams, such as subject-matter experts and AM processing experts. Often, there is a gap in communication between the two sides occurs in such projects, leading to multiple avoidable iterations that can affect the project resources and outcomes. This study proposes an innovative approach to teach AM for engineers from multiple disciplines to be involved in future projects that integrate AM. The course was designed using three teaching strategies and approaches, which are Design with Additive Manufacturing, Project-Based Learning, and engineering facilitator. The proposed AM accelerated course has proven to be a practical approach that can facilitate the communication process during such projects, resulting in innovative and user-centered solutions. Moreover, the approach is expected to help explore new applications of AM and enhance the AM process workflow in large organizations for spare parts production or product development.
Improving the Performance of Ambulatory Gait Training System for Rehabilitation by Mechatronics and Design Simulation
Authors: Shetty Devdas , Thompson Lara , Sanchez Pablo , Campana Claudio 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper addresses the design procedures and simulation results from the mechatronic model of the rehabilitation equipment, which can improve the functionality and precision of the ambulatory gait training system. The distinguishing feature of mechatronic systems is the achievement of system functionality through intensive integration. The paper demonstrates how the mechatronic design modeling has helped improve the design and performance of the new rehabilitation equipment built by the authors and is known as Navigaitor. The Navigaitor is designed to aid the patients who need to improve their balance and walk. The mechatronics aspects allow a better understanding of the dynamic behavior and interactions of the components. Depending on the severity of the patient’s injury (stroke survivor, Parkinson, etc.), the oscillatory motion can range from uniform to non-uniform. The motion needs to be converted from the oscillatory sinusoidal motion of the patient into linear motion that the system can follow the patient with minimum lag and maximum stability. The data acquired during the training stage showing a different rate of recovery and response assists the system designers and thereby provides input to fine-tune the system and upgrade the control requirements.
Humanoid Loco-Manipulation of Pushed Carts Utilizing Virtual Reality Teleoperation
Authors: Chagas Vaz Jean , Wallace Dylan , Oh Paul Y. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Material handling continues to be a large body of research for humanoid robots and loco-manipulation. Cart pushing remains a topic of interest in research and industry, yet attempts to automate a large range of different carts has proved difficult without advanced grasping techniques. To fill this gap, a method utilizing a VR interface for grasping of the cart is proposed. In contrast to previous techniques using a capture point control method, whole body inverse kinematics are used to compensate for additional cart dynamics, along with arm compliance for grasping the cart. Experiments include an operator attempting to grasp a cart that the robot has never encountered, and then walking and steering this cart using the DRC-Hubo humanoid robot. Results are presented analyzing the ZMP of the robot, as well as whole-body kinematics simulation and VR interface validation.
A Small-Scale Experimental Ocean Current Turbine Apparatus for Power Measurement
Authors: Rouhi S. , Xiros N. , Aktosun E. , Sultan C. , VanZwieten J. , Ioup J. , Sadeqi S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The objective of this work is to propose an experimental apparatus setup for a small-scale three-bladed, horizontal-axis Ocean Current Turbine (OCT). This OCT model is under investigation using the University of New Orleans (UNO) towing tank to establish an electromechanical power takeoff system to produce sustainable renewable energy. The system is currently in the design phase. This paper describes the experimental apparatus design by considering sizing elements, bill of materials, schematics, and performance simulation for the expected system. The implementation of an actual experimental small-scale turbine complements the analytical and numerical investigations on turbine design characteristics achieved by ongoing research at UNO based on conformal mapping methods along with Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEM) for generated power prediction. The towing tank experimental approach is used to verify performance of the turbine.
Determinant Search Method for the Large Structural Systems With Small Bandwidth
Authors: Seena Abu 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In a solution to large eigenvalue problems, the number of required eigenvalues and corresponding vectors is usually much smaller than the order of matrices. For small bandwidth problems, the determinant search method is very efficient and the oldest. Its from a family of nonlinear Eigen solution techniques also referred to as frequency scanning methods. By using the shift technique, it can also calculate the largest eigenvalues. This calculation process involves three steps: polynomial iteration, inverse iteration, and polynomial deflation. The polynomial iteration determines the eigenvalues of interest by looking at a plot of characteristic polynomial versus the eigenvalue λ, which involves evaluating the determinant |K–λM| at fine intervals of λ selected from accelerated secant iteration. The method was developed in the 1970s and was extensively used for only small-size problems due to its limitations. During that time, the memory available was very low for the in-core solver. Also, the numbers generated in polynomial iteration overflows the float point variables in a computer program. Of course, scaling was the obvious choice. However, the method still suffered the numerical scaling difficulties as a determinant of the matrix |K–λM| in structural problems is generally a very fast varying function. Despite different scaling, the number gets overflows after dozens of eigenvalues which made the technique unattractive. The variables type float, double and long double in a computer program can store values up to 1049, 10308, and 104932, respectively, which is not comparatively much smaller than the determinant of small size structural models. In the present paper, a power number representation is proposed in the polynomial iteration. The determinant |K–λM| can be stored in the power form ρD¯n, where prefactor ρ stores the determinant sign, n is the size of the matrix, and D¯ can be calculated and stored accordingly. The order analysis shows the storage of D¯ requires a variable of range 108 to 1010, which can be stored by float or double type variable. The determinant search method gets to be free from limitations and may easily estimate each large eigenpair at higher frequencies independently from all those previously calculated. The determinant search method can also estimate the clustered eigenvalues accurately. The models’ practical significance is in the FEA analysis of beams, frames, buckling analysis, and stress analysis of pipes in the industry. In the present work, the proposed approach has been applied to the piping model. The results show the determinant search algorithm can extract modes in a higher frequency range without any limitations. The modal analysis is the basis of dynamic analyses of structures such as Response spectrum analysis. The inclusion of higher modes ensures that more than 95% of modal mass has been included in the calculation.
Characterization of A325 Structural Bolts Subjected to Impulsive Loads
Authors: Warren Maria , Sanborn Marc , Stewart Lauren K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Structural connections must maintain strength and ductility during and after impulsive loading to prevent widespread failure of a structure. However, a decrease in ductility in response to impulsive loads has been observed both experimentally and in situ. Further, experimental data on the residual capacity of steel structures is limited, especially the residual capacity of impulsively-damaged steel connections. To ensure the safe design of structures, it is necessary to characterize the dynamic and residual capacity of steel connections. To address the lack of data in this realm, an experimental method has been developed to determine the dynamic and residual behavior of A325 high-strength structural steel bolts in single-shear. A high-speed hydraulic actuator is employed for structure-scale experimentation, with impact energies varied from 760 J – 1370 J. Then, surviving bolts are quasi-statically loaded to failure to evaluate their residual capacity properties. Results demonstrate that, below a critical impact energy, A325 steel structural bolts have residual strength commensurate to undamaged bolts, but lessened residual ductility and energy absorption capacity. These data suggest that metrics other than residual strength should be explicitly included in residual capacity analyses. Further, above a critical impact energy, dynamic bolt fracture with a significant loss of ductility has been observed. A loss of deformation capacity at high impact energies (and thus, capacity to absorb energy through plasticity) may increase the susceptibility of a structure to progressive collapse. Therefore, these results prompted further investigation into the dynamic behavior of A325 bolts. Specifically, the sensitivity of material behavior to strain rate is studied using a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) testing apparatus. These results, in tandem with the single-shear bolt impulsive test data, are used to evaluate the role of strain hardening in the loss of ductility observed in A325 bolts at high impact energies.
Solid Particle Erosion Behavior of Electron Beam Melted (EBM) Ti6Al4V at Different Built Orientation
Authors: Bin Abdullah Mohammad Sayem , Alajmi Abdullah F. , Ramulu M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The feasibility of the applications of additively manufactured, i.e., electron beam melted (EBM), titanium parts requires acceptable tribological properties alongside acceptable mechanical and fatigue properties. Investigations on the tribological properties of EBM titanium are very limited. This paper aims to study the erosion behavior of as-built and machined EBM Ti6Al4V at two built orientations, i.e., XZ (0°) and YZ (90°). EBM fabricated Ti6Al4V specimens were subjected to silica particle impingement at 30°, 60°, and 90° angle of attacks. The mass removal was recorded, and volumetric removal was measured using an optical profiler. The erosion scars generated on as-built and machined Ti6Al4V plate were inspected through scanning electron microscopy to study the erosion mechanism at these two built orientations. Experimental results show that the erosion behavior of EBM Ti6Al4V is significantly influenced by built orientation. XZ (0°) plates show more erosion resistance due to better solidification. The erosion mechanism is discussed in detail.