bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BtuB TonB-dependent transporters and BtuG surface lipoproteins form stable complexes for vitamin B12uptake in gutBacteroides
Authors: Abellon-Ruiz Javier , Jana Kalyanashis , Silale Augustinas , Frey Andrew M. , Baslé Arnaud , Trost Matthias , Kleinekathöfer Ulrich , van den Berg Bert 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTVitamin B12(cobalamin) is the most complex vitamin and essential for many human gut microbes. However, cobalamin is synthesised only by a limited number of bacteria, making many gut microbes dependent on scavenging to meet their cobalamin requirements. Since bacterial densities in the gut are extremely high, competition for cobalamin is severe, making it a keystone micronutrient that shapes human gut microbial communities. Contrasting with Enterobacteria likeEscherichia coliwhich only have one outer membrane (OM) transporter dedicated to B12uptake (BtuB), members of the dominant genusBacteroidesoften encode several vitamin B12OM transporters together with a conserved array of surface-exposed B12-binding lipoproteins. Here we show, via X-ray crystallography, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, that the BtuB1 and BtuB2 transporters from the prominent human gut bacteriumBacteroides thetaiotaomicronform stable complexes with the surface-exposed lipoproteins BtuG1 and BtuG2. The lipoproteins cap the external surface of their cognate BtuB transporter and, when open, capture B12via electrostatic attraction. After B12capture, the BtuG lid closes, with concomitant transfer of the vitamin to the BtuB transporter and subsequent transport. We propose that TonB-dependent, lipoprotein-assisted small molecule uptake is a general feature ofBacteroides spp. that is important for the success of this genus in colonising the human gut.
Obligate Endosymbiosis Explains Genome Expansion During Eukaryogenesis
Authors: von der Dunk Samuel H. A. , Hogeweg Paulien , Snel Berend 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe endosymbiosis of an alpha-proteobacterium that gave rise to mitochondria was one of the key events in eukaryogenesis. Common patterns in eukaryogenesis and present-day endosymbiotic relations include genomic streamlining of the symbiont, endosymbiotic gene transfer, and regulatory control by the host through protein targeting to the symbiont. One unique outcome for eukaryogenesis was a much more complex cell with a large genome, which may or may not be related to the mitochondrial endosymbiosis. Despite the existence of many plausible hypotheses for the observed patterns, a constructive evolutionary model in which these hypotheses can be studied is still lacking.Here we construct an evolutionary model of cell-cycle regulation to study how obligate endosymbiosis between two prokaryote-like cells impacts cellular behavior and genome evolution. The model does not predefine an explicit fitness criterion and thereby allows for the evolution of various emergent behaviors. For instance, even though we do not allow for communication between host and symbiont, they achieve implicit cell-cycle coordination through their interaction with the environment. This evolved cell-cycle coordination can drive genome expansion as well as symmetry breaking in genome size. Many replicate runs of our evolution experiment yield organisms with a large host and small symbiont genome, but interestingly, some yield the opposite. Still on long timescales, organisms with a large host and small symbiont genome perform best, and mimic the outcome of eukaryogenesis.By designing and studying a constructive evolutionary model of obligate endosymbiosis, we uncovered some of the forces that may drive the patterns observed in nature. Our results provide a theoretical foundation for patterns related to the mitochondrial endosymbiosis, such as genome size asymmetry, and reveal evolutionary outcomes that have not been considered so far, such as cell-cycle coordination without direct communication.
Purging genomes of contamination eliminates systematic bias from evolutionary analyses of ancestral genomes
Authors: Bálint Balázs , Merényi Zsolt , Hegedüs Botond , Grigoriev Igor V. , Hou Zhihao , Földi Csenge , Nagy László G. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractContamination of genomes and sequence databases is an increasingly recognized problem, however, efficient tools for removing alien sequences are still sparse and the impact of impure data on downstream analyses remains to be fully explored. Here, we present a new, highly sensitive tool, ContScout, for removing contamination from genomes, evaluate the level of contamination in 844 published eukaryotic genomes and show that contaminating proteins can severely impact analyses of genome evolution. Via benchmarking against synthetic data, we demonstrate that ContScout achieves high specificity and sensitivity when separating sequences of different high level taxa from each other. Furthermore, by testing on manually curated data we show that ContScout by far outperforms pre-existing tools. In the context of ancestral genome reconstruction, an increasingly common approach in evolutionary genomics, we show that contamination leads to spurious early origins for gene families and inflates gene loss rates several fold, leading to false notions of complex ancestral genomes. Using early eukaryotic ancestors (including LECA) as a test case, we assess the magnitude of bias and identify mechanistic bases of the estimation problems. Based on these results, we advocate the incorporation of contamination filtering as a routine step of reporting new draft genomes and caution against the outright interpretation of complex ancestral genomes and subsequent gene loss without accounting for contamination.
The genetic basis of wing spots inPieris canidiabutterflies
Authors: Wee Jocelyn Liang Qi , Murugesan Suriya Narayanan , Wheat Christopher , Monteiro Antónia 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSpots in pierid butterflies and eyespots in nymphalid butterflies are likely non-homologous wing colour pattern elements, yet they share a few features in common. Both develop black scales that depend on the function of the genespalt, and both might have central signalling cells. This suggests that both pattern elements may be sharing common genetic circuitry. Hundreds of genes have already been associated with the development of nymphalid butterfly eyespot patterns, but the genetic basis of the simpler spot patterns on the wings of pierid butterflies has not been investigated. To facilitate studies of pierid wing patterns, we report a high-quality draft genome assembly forPieris canidia, the Indian cabbage white. We then conducted transcriptomic analyses of pupal wing tissues sampled from the spot and non-spot regions ofP. canidiaat 3-6h post-pupation. A total of 1352 genes were differentially regulated between wing tissues with and without the black spot, includingspalt, Krüppel-like factor 10, genes from the Toll, Notch, TGF-β, and FGFR signalling pathways, and several genes involved in the melanin biosynthetic pathway. We identified 21 genes that are up-regulated in both pierid spots and nymphalid eyespots and propose that spots and eyespots share regulatory modules despite their likely independent origins.
Geometry of visual working memory information in human gaze patterns
Authors: Linde-Domingo Juan , Spitzer Bernhard 
Published: November 2022

AbstractStimulus-dependent eye movements have been recognized as a potential confound in decoding visual working memory information from neural signals. Here, we combined eye-tracking with representational geometry analyses to uncover the very information in miniature gaze patterns while participants (n = 41) were cued to maintain visual object orientations. Although participants were discouraged from breaking fixation via real-time feedback, small gaze shifts (< 1 degree) robustly encoded the to-be-maintained stimulus orientation, with evidence for encoding two sequentially presented orientations at the same time. While the orientation encoding upon stimulus presentation was object-specific, it changed to a more object-independent format during cued maintenance, particularly when attention had been temporarily withdrawn from the memorandum. Finally, categorical reporting biases increased after unattended storage, with indications of biased gaze geometries emerging already during the maintenance periods prior to behavioral reporting. These findings disclose a wealth of information in gaze patterns during visuospatial working memory, and suggest systematic changes in representational format when memory contents have been unattended.
Promise not kept: universal primary education for all children in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Fredriksen Birger 
Published: November 2022

PurposeThis article examines why Universal Primary Education (UPE) has shifted from being a developing country challenge more broadly in the last half of the 20th century to become largely a sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) challenge today. It discusses a number of national and education sector system-wide challenges that have constrained the implementation of UPE in SSA more so than in other developing regions.Design/methodology/approachThis article reviews the literature and policy documents on a wide range of developing country issues, and discusses why most SSA countries have faced unparalleled challenges in achieving UPE.FindingsSSA governments should take the opportunity offered by their post-pandemic “build back better” efforts to fundamentally reset education policies to address the key causes of this major development failure. The overarching objective must be to develop education systems that are more inclusive, equitable and responsive to national development needs by better serving the large population groups, parts of society and economic sectors that currently derive little benefit from public education spending. This article highlights the urgency and challenges associated with achieving this objective.Originality/valueAlthough the main responsibility lies with SSA governments, this paper stresses that the global community will be affected in many ways by how effectively this crisis is addressed. Therefore, this effort merits sustained global support including through more catalytic use of aid.
Towards a Paradigm Shift: How Can Machine Learning Extend the Boundaries of Quantitative Management Scholarship?
Authors: Valizade Danat , Schulz Felix , Nicoara Cezara 
Published: November 2022

AbstractManagement scholarship is beginning to grapple with the growing popularity of machine learning (ML) as an analytical tool. While quantitative research in our discipline remains heavily influenced by positivist thinking and statistical modelling underpinned by null hypothesis significance testing, ML is increasingly used to solve technical, computationally demanding problems. In this paper, we argue for a wider, more systematic adoption of the key tenets of ML in quantitative management scholarship, both in conjunction with and, where appropriate, as an alternative to canonical forms of statistical modelling. We discuss how ML can extend the boundaries of quantitative management scholarship, help management scholars to unpack complex phenomena, and improve the overall trustworthiness of quantitative research. The paper provides a representative review of the use of ML to date and uses a worked example to demonstrate the value of ML for management scholarship.
Are Reshoring Decisions Influenced by External Stakeholders and Country‐Level Environmental Regulation?
Authors: Sena Vania , Kanungo Rama Prasad , Ozdemir Sena , Yannopoulou Natalia , Patel Parth 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe rationale behind reshoring activities remains unclear. Multinationals reshore their subsidiaries when regulations in the host country become too costly or difficult to manage. However, it is unclear whether the positive association between the propensity for reshoring subsidiaries and the host country's regulations applies to all types of subsidiaries (i.e. majority or minority owned) and whether it is moderated by other factors. We suggest that external stakeholders play a crucial role in strengthening the relationship between the decision to reshore and the host country's regulations. Within the context of international business, we examine the reshoring decision of a panel of subsidiaries controlled by UK multinationals located in 39 countries and focus on a specific set of environmental and corporate governance regulations. Our findings suggest that reshoring amongst minority‐owned subsidiaries is more likely to happen in countries with weak protection of shareholders and mandatory environmental disclosure. Such a relationship is also strengthened by the presence of external stakeholders, namely, foreign directors sitting on subsidiaries’ boards. We contribute to the reshoring literature by showing the role of external stakeholders and the impact of institutions and regulatory requirements on reshoring decisions.
TNM classification of malignant tumors: Eighth edition for retroperitoneal liposarcoma. Ways to improve
Authors: Nered Sergey N. , Volkov Alexander Yu. , Kozlov Nikolay A. , Stilidi Ivan S. , Arhiri Peter P. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAimThis study was aimed at assessing the prognostic significance of the “TNM: Classification of Malignant Tumors” eighth edition (TNM8) in the most common retroperitoneal tumors ‐ liposarcoma.MethodsThe study included 192 patients with retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RLPS). The distribution of patients by stages and survival in accordance with the TNM8 were studied.ResultsIn the TNM8, only the degree of malignancy of the tumor has a prognostic value. The T‐category does not reflect the actual size of the RLPS and is considered as T4 in 93%, which leads to inadequate staging. During the 15‐year period, there were no cases with stages II and IIIA, and the survival rate was estimated only in patients with stages I and IIIB. The tumor node metastasis (TNM) classification with new values of the T‐category was proposed by us, which demonstrated a more adequate distribution of patients by stages and the reliability of intergroup differences in the survival rate.ConclusionIt is advisable to create a special TNM classification for RLPS, which makes up more than half of all retroperitoneal sarcomas. The TNM8 does not accurately reflect the prevalence of the tumor and the prognosis in RLPS. Revision of the T‐staging is necessary to improve the accuracy of the prognosis in RLPS. The modified by us TNM classification demonstrated a more adequate distribution of patients by stages.
The safety of tranexamic acid administration in total knee arthroplasty: a population‐based study from Taiwan
Authors: Hsu L.‐I. , Hsu H.‐W. , Chen J.‐W. , Wei S.‐T. , Hou S.‐M. 
Published: November 2022

SummaryTranexamic acid is an effective treatment to reduce blood loss. We performed a retrospective observational study to evaluate safety in unilateral total knee arthroplasty. We utilised Taiwan's national health insurance database to identify relevant patients and to retrieve information on peri‐operative blood transfusions and tranexamic acid administration within 60 days of follow‐up. We examined changes in the rate of transfusions and adverse events with respect to tranexamic acid administration using logistic regression. We observed a total of 226,719 knee arthroplasty cases during 2010–2019. Transfusion and tranexamic acid administration rates were 38.9% (88,258) and 42.9% (97,237), respectively. Tranexamic acid was associated with a 50% decrease in blood transfusions (RR: 0.50, 95%CI: 0.48–0.51). After propensity‐score matching, tranexamic acid was not associated with pulmonary embolism; deep vein thromboembolism; artery vein thromboembolism; acute myocardial infarction; ischaemic stroke; or in‐hospital mortality, but was significantly associated with acute kidney injury. Patients with existing chronic kidney disease suffered a high absolute risk of kidney injury irrespective of tranexamic acid administration (832 per 10,000, 95%CI 797–869). Tranexamic acid was also associated with surgical site infection. There was strong interaction between blood transfusion; tranexamic aid administration; and development of surgical site infection. In conclusion, tranexamic acid use was associated with decreased blood transfusion and was not associated with thromboembolic events. However, careful consideration is required before use in patients with pre‐existing renal disease. Further, our observed interaction between patients given tranexamic acid who subsequently require transfusion requires careful consideration with respect to enhanced prophylaxis against surgical site infection.
Engaged followership and toxic science: Exploring the effect of prototypicality on willingness to follow harmful experimental instructions
Authors: Birney Megan E. , Reicher Stephen D. , Haslam S. Alexander , Steffens Niklas K. , Neville Fergus G. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDrawing on the ‘engaged followership’ reinterpretation of Milgram's work on obedience, four studies (three pre‐registered) examine the extent to which people's willingness to follow an experimenter's instructions is dependent on the perceived prototypicality of the science they are supposedly advancing. In Studies 1, 2 and 3, participants took part in a study that was described as advancing either ‘hard’ (prototypical) science (i.e., neuroscience) or ‘soft’ (non‐prototypical) science (i.e., social science) before completing an online analogue of Milgram's ‘Obedience to Authority’ paradigm. In Studies 1 and 2, participants in the neuroscience condition completed more trials than those in the social science condition. This effect was not replicated in Study 3, possibly because the timing of data collection (late 2020) coincided with an emphasis on social science's importance in controlling COVID‐19. Results of a final cross‐sectional study (Study 4) indicated that participants who perceived the study to be more prototypical of science found it more worthwhile, reported making a wider contribution by taking part, reported less dislike for the task, more happiness at having taken part, and more trust in the researchers, all of which indirectly predicted greater followership. Implications for the theoretical understanding of obedience to toxic instructions are discussed.
Aeolian sediment provenance and transport in the upper and middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, Tibet Plateau
Authors: Zhang Zhengcai , Ma Pengfei , La Zhen , Zhang Yan , Liang Aimin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFrequent and serious aeolian disasters occur in the upper and middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, which runs through the high‐elevation Tibet Plateau. Sediment geochemical characteristics can be used as a proxy to identify the sediment's provenance. To determine the provenance of aeolian sediments in the river's basin, we analysed major and trace element contents from surface samples and local clastic rocks throughout the basin. We found that the major and trace elements differed between the middle reaches, upper reaches and regions south of the river. Major element contents were similar in the upper and middle reaches, but trace elements differed. Al2O3, MgO and Na2O concentrations increased from the upper reaches to the lower reaches, and in the lower reaches, MgO and Na2O were enriched compared with the crustal average. The similarities between samples in the lower part of the upper reaches and those in the middle reaches indicated that sediment transported by fluvial systems from the upper reaches were first deposited in the wide valleys near Xigaze, where they formed a large area of shifting sand. These deposits were then transported by the wind to the river's middle reaches, where they formed a large area of shifting sand. When we compared aeolian sediment in the middle reaches with the local clastic rocks, they appeared to be unrelated. The difference between sediments south of the river and those in the middle reaches means that the southern sediments were not transported to the middle reaches. Therefore, the aeolian sediment in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River mainly came from the lower part of the upper reaches, not from the local clastic rocks.
Parent‐reported barriers to establishing a healthy diet with young children in Australia
Authors: Arthur Sally , Mitchell Amy E. , Morawska Alina 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundParents' beliefs and behaviours affect children's nutrition, eating behaviours, and health outcomes; however, little is known about parents' experiences and perspectives on establishing a healthy diet with young children.MethodsA community‐recruited sample of 391 parents of young children (under age 5) completed an anonymous cross‐sectional online survey assessing the degree to which their children met recommendations outlined in Australian nutrition guidelines, perceived barriers to establishing a healthy diet with their child, and interest in receiving tips/information about establishing healthy eating habits with their children. Descriptive statistics illustrated proportions of children adhering to recommendations. Thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data.ResultsAdherence to recommended nutrition guidelines varied across age groups. Most children across all age groups had water as their main drink, routinely consumed a variety of fruit, and consumed sweet drinks or fast foods only rarely. In contrast, less than half of 2‐ and 3‐year‐olds regularly consumed a variety of vegetables. The proportion of children consuming discretionary “treat” foods increased sharply over the first 2 years of life, and two thirds of 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐year‐olds consumed treat foods a few days per week or more. Parent‐reported barriers to establishing a healthy diet with young children included child behavioural factors (e.g., dislike of vegetables), parental influences (e.g., lack of time), family dynamics (e.g., influence of extended family) and external influences (e.g., external environment). Parents were most often interested in ways to modify child behaviour and information about child nutrition.ConclusionsParents cite child behavioural issues as a major barrier to establishing a healthy diet with young children. Behavioural interventions that provide parents with information and support onhowto establish a healthy diet with young children, as opposed to educational interventions focusing mainly onwhatchildren should be eating, may better meet families' needs.
Targeted dietary approaches for the management of obesity and severe obesity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Southcombe Faye , Lin Fang , Krstic Slavica , Sim Kyra A. , Dennis Sarah , Lingam Raghu , Denney‐Wilson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2022

SummaryThere is a need for a detailed understanding of effective dietary interventions for children with obesity. This systematic review examined the effectiveness of diets of varying energy content as a component of weight treatment in children and adolescents with obesity, severe obesity and obesity‐related comorbidity. A systematic search of six databases, from 2000 to 2021, for intervention studies of targeted dietary treatment for obesity in children aged 2–18 years identified 125 studies. Dietary interventions were grouped according to diet type and energy target. Risk of bias was assessed using the Effective Public Healthcare Panacea Project assessment tool. Meta‐analysis examined change in body mass index (BMI) at intervention end. A broad array of diet types were effective at reducing BMI in children with obesity. When dietary types were considered by energy target, a gradient effect was observed. Very‐low energy diets were most effective with a − 4.40 kg/m2 (n = 3; 95% CI –7.01 to −1.79). While dietary interventions with no specified energy target were ineffective, resulting in a BMI gain of +0.17 kg/m2 (n = 22; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.40). Practical definitions of dietary energy target in the management of obesity and severe obesity are urgently required to ensure treatment seeking children have timely access to efficacious interventions.