bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scoping Review of Existing Evaluations of Smokeless Tobacco Control Policies: What Is Known About Countries Covered, Level of Jurisdictions, Target Groups Studied, and Instruments Evaluated?
Authors: Forberger Sarah , Khan Z , Ahmad F , Ahmed F , Frense J , Kampfmann T , Ullah S , Dogar O , Siddiqi K , Zeeb H 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe implementation of smokeless tobacco control policies lags behind those for smoking. This scoping review summarizes the studies that evaluated public policies on smokeless tobacco regulation (SLT) and provides an overview of the jurisdictional level, target groups, and policy instruments.MethodsSeven databases were systematically searched for studies reporting on public policies regulating SLT. Two reviewers independently screened all studies. Data extraction was performed using a predefined extraction form. Extraction was replicated for 10% of the identified studies for quality assurance. A narrative synthesis of the included studies was used to analyze and interpret the data. The protocol was published beforehand with the Open Science Foundation (OSF).ResultsFourty articles comprising 41 studies were included. Most of the studies reported in the articles were conducted in the United States (n = 17) or India (n = 14). Most studies reported outcomes for students (n = 8), retailers/sellers (n = 8), and users/former users (n = 5). The impact of public policies on smokeless tobacco use, in general, was most frequently assessed (n = 9), followed by the impact of taxes (n = 7), product bans (n = 6), sales/advertising bans near educational institutions (n = 4), and health warnings (n = 3) on consumer behavior.ConclusionsThere are significant gaps in the evaluation of smokeless tobacco regulation studies that need to be filled by further research to understand the observed outcomes. WHO reporting on Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) implementation should be linked to studies evaluating smokeless tobacco control measures at all levels of jurisdictions and in countries not members of the WHO FCTC or do not provide data.ImplicationLarge gaps in the evaluation of SLT control policies exist. For some countries, WHO FCTC evaluations are available for different levels of jurisdictions. In countries with a strong federal structure, there is a lack of data beyond the national level to provide a more detailed look at compliance, indirect effects, or implementation gaps. More research is needed at all levels of jurisdictions, which add to the work of the WHO to understand what works for which target group, how the different levels of jurisdiction interact, how the real-world context can be incorporated, and what indirect effects may occur.
Effects of COVID-19-Related Disruptions on Service Use in a Large Smoking Cessation Program
Authors: Veldhuizen Scott , Mahinpey Newsha , Zawertailo Laurie , Minian Nadia , Melamed Osnat , Selby Peter 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic caused a rapid shift to virtual care, with largely unknown consequences for accessibility. The purpose of this study is to examine pandemic-related changes in use of care for smoking cessation.

Aims and Methods
We conducted a secondary analysis 65 565 enrollments in a large smoking cessation program in Ontario, Canada. We used piecewise mixed-effects regression to examine how weeks nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) received, as well as counseling provided and visits attended, varied with date of enrollment over three time periods: more than 6 months before the pandemic began; the 6 months before the pandemic; and the pandemic period itself. We then examined changes in the associations between use of care and participant characteristics by fitting a model including a set of interactions between time and other variables. Based on an omnibus test of these interactions, we then tested individual terms, using the Holm method to control the family-wise error rate.

Results
From the start of the pandemic in March 2020, the total weeks of NRT provided rose significantly and then declined, while the amount of counseling fell. Associations between NRT use and participant characteristics changed significantly after the pandemic onset. Individual models showed that people with lower income, living in areas of higher marginalization, unable to work, and reporting higher levels of depressive symptoms all received NRT for a longer time during the pandemic period.

Conclusions
The pandemic led to small but significant changes in the amount of services used per enrollment. The transition to remote care appears to have reduced the effects of socioeconomic and health barriers.

Implications
The amount of care used by participants in tobacco cessation treatment is known to be associated with health and sociodemographic characteristics. Most of these associations did not change markedly following the pandemic-related switch to virtual care in 2020; however, the effects of some economic and health barriers seem to have lessened, perhaps because of a likely reduction in transport and time requirements of treatment.
The effect of pistachio supplementation on metabolic syndrome and its components in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Baghery Fatemeh , Mohammadifard Noushin , Khanamani Falahati-Pour Soudeh 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Context
Several observational and experimental studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of pistachio intake on metabolic syndrome (MetS); however, the results are inconsistent.

Objective
This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed on data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to determine the effect of pistachio consumption on MetS components.

Data sources
The PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science databases were searched from 1986 to 2021.

Study selection
English-language RCTs on pistachio intake were included that provided outcomes on hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

Data extraction
Results are presented as pooled mean differences (MDs) between intervention and control groups with 95%CI reported for each of the components.

Results
Seventeen RCTs including 940 adults met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Pistachio supplementation significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (BP; MD, –2.89 mmHg, 95%CI: –4.11 to –1.67; P &lt; 0.001), triglycerides (MD, –16.76 mg/dL, 95%CI: –16.89 to –16.64; P &lt; 0.001), fasting blood glucose (MD, –3.62 mg/dL, 95%CI: –6.45 to –0.8; P &lt; 0.001,) and increased HDL (MD, 1.43 mg/dL, 95%CI: 1.39 to 1.47; P &lt; 0.001) levels. However, there were not observed considerable changes in waist circumference, diastolic BP, and body mass index.

Conclusion
The results of this research show that pistachio consumption could improve some MetS components, including systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose, and HDL levels, without affecting anthropometric indices and diastolic BP.
Effectiveness of nutritional interventions to prevent nonprogressive congenital and perinatal brain injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials
Authors: Curioni Cintia C , Mocellin Michel C , Tavares Marina dos S , da Silva Ana C F , de Velasco Patricia C , Ribas Simone A , Lamarca Fernando , André Charles 
Published: April 2022

AbstractContextNutritional interventions for newborns with brain injury are scarce, and there are gaps in the knowledge of their mechanisms of action in preventing the occurrence of cerebral palsy (CP) or the incidence of other developmental disabilities.ObjectiveThe objective of this review was to assess the effect of nutritional interventions in preventing nonprogressive congenital or perinatal brain injuries, or in improving outcomes related to neurological development.Data SourcesRandomized trials on any nutritional intervention for pregnant women at risk of preterm delivery, or for children with low birth weight, preterm, or with confirmed or suspected microcephaly, CP, or fetal alcohol syndrome disorders (FASDs) were retrieved from MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, and CENTRAL databases from inception to September 17, 2020.Data ExtractionData extraction, risk of bias (Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2), and quality of evidence (GRADE approach) were assessed by 2 authors.Data AnalysisPooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis. Seventeen studies were included on intravenous interventions (magnesium sulfate [n = 5], amino acids [n = 4], vitamin A [n = 1], and N-acetylcysteine [n = 1]); enteral interventions (vitamin D [n = 1], prebiotic [n = 1], nutrient-enriched formula [n = 1], and speed of increasing milk feeds [n = 1]); and oral interventions (choline [n = 1] and docosahexaenoic acid, choline, and uridine monophosphate [n = 1]). All studies assessed CP, except 1 on FASDs. Eight studies were judged as having high risk of bias. Five studies (7413 babies) with high-quality evidence demonstrated decreased risk of childhood CP (RR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52–0.88) with magnesium sulfate. Interventions with amino acids had no effect on CP prevention or other outcomes. Except for 1 study, no other intervention decreased the risk of CP or FASDs.ConclusionAlthough different types of nutritional interventions were found, only those with antenatal magnesium sulfate were effective in decreasing CP risk in preterm infants. Well-designed, adequately powered randomized clinical trials are required.
Relaxing the “second brain”: nutrients and bioactive compounds as a therapeutic and preventive strategy to alleviate oxidative stress in the enteric nervous system
Authors: Almeida Patricia Pereira , Tavares-Gomes Ana Lúcia , Stockler-Pinto Milena Barcza 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe enteric nervous system (ENS) regulates several functional and immunological processes in the gastrointestinal tract. However, some diseases can disrupt the ENS functionality, impacting the behavior of enteric neurons and enteric glial cells by increasing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress is considered to be a trigger for alterations in these cells’ morphology, density, and neurochemical patterns. In light of this, nutritional strategies are a growing field of investigation regarding their potential to modulate enteric neurons and enteric glial cells through reduced reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, several lines of evidence show that nutrients are related to counteracting oxidative stress. Some studies have evaluated the potential of nutrients with antioxidant roles (such as amino acids, polyphenols, prebiotics, vitamins, and specific extracts obtained from foods) to modulate the ENS. Thus, this review discusses how bioactive compounds and nutrients can impact the ENS by alleviating oxidative stress.
Artificial intelligence in food science and nutrition: a narrative review
Authors: Miyazawa Taiki , Hiratsuka Yoichi , Toda Masako , Hatakeyama Nozomu , Ozawa Hitoshi , Abe Chizumi , Cheng Ting-Yu , Matsushima Yuji , Miyawaki Yoshifumi , Ashida Kinya , Iimura Jun , Tsuda Tomohiro , Bushita Hiroto , Tomonobu Kazuichi , Ohta Satoshi , Chung Hsuan , Omae Yusuke , Yamamoto Takayuki , Morinaga Makoto , Ochi Hiroshi , Nakada Hajime , Otsuka Kazuhiro , Miyazawa Teruo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the late 2010s, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies became complementary to the research areas of food science and nutrition. This review aims to summarize these technological advances by systematically describing the following: the use of AI in other fields (eg, engineering, pharmacy, and medicine); the history of AI in relation to food science and nutrition; the AI technologies currently used in the agricultural and food industries; and some of the important applications of AI in areas such as immunity-boosting foods, dietary assessment, gut microbiome profile analysis, and toxicity prediction of food ingredients. These applications are likely to be in great demand in the near future. This review can provide a starting point for brainstorming and for generating new AI applications in food science and nutrition that have yet to be imagined.
The relationship between nutritional status at the time of stroke on adverse outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Mehta Arnav , De Paola Lorenzo , Pana Tiberiu A , Carter Ben , Soiza Roy L , Kafri Mohannad W , Potter John F , Mamas Mamas A , Myint Phyo K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Context and Objective
The impact of existing malnutrition on stroke outcomes is poorly recognised and treated. Evidence was systematically reviewed and quantified by meta-analysis.

Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched from inception to 11 January 2021 and updated in July. Prospective cohort studies, in English, evaluating anthropometric and biomarkers of nutrition on stroke outcomes were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network checklist.

Results
Twenty-six studies (n = 156 249) were eligible (follow-up: One month-14 years). Underweight patients had increased risk of long-term mortality (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.65,1.41-1.95), whilst overweight (0.80,0.74-0.86) and obese patients (0.80,0.75-0.85) had decreased risk compared to normal weight. Odds of mortality decreased in those with high serum albumin (odds ratio = 0.29,0.18-0.48) and increased with low serum albumin (odds ratio = 3.46,1.78-6.74) compared to normal serum albumin (30-35 g/L). Being malnourished compared to well-nourished, as assessed by the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) or by a combination of anthropometric and biochemical markers increased all-cause mortality (odds ratio = 2.38,1.85-3.06) and poor functional status (adjusted odds ratio = 2.21,1.40-3.49).

Conclusion
Nutritional status at the time of stroke predicts adverse stroke outcomes.
Staff support during COVID-19 within an Acute Hospital Trust
Authors: Blighe Sabrina , Hotton Matthew , Quarmby Louise , Pollard Teresa , Neilan Natasha , Scholcz Anna , Pinckston Molly , Samuel Rosanna 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has put immense pressure on the National Health Service (NHS) and all healthcare professionals, not only physically but also mentally and the need to fully develop and implement a strategy to protect the mental health of healthcare professionals has never been more urgent. Research has demonstrated that staff can be supported by strengthening teams and offering frequent well-being support.AimsTo assess the feedback from delivery of a strategy to provide psychological well-being support to NHS staff during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether this ‘Support for Teams’ initiative made a positive impact on staff and in what way.MethodsA mixed methods design was used to gain quantitative and qualitative feedback from staff. Feedback was collected from two groups: Well-being Leads and clinicians providing support and resources to Well-being Leads. Feedback was collected via online forms.ResultsCollectively, feedback responses were received from 70 staff members. The majority of staff members felt supported and benefitted from the provisions provided.ConclusionsThis evaluation showed that our healthcare system must continue to proactively implement and adapt staff support strategies to protect the mental well-being of healthcare professionals, both in the context of future health crises and in everyday practice. This study will assist and guide development and adaptations to health and psychological well-being support, ahead of future pandemics and to provide suitable support beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
Mobilizing women voters: experimental evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Chaudhry Zain , Hussain Karrar , Ur Rehman Attique 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe provide the first estimate of a door-to-door political campaign by an incumbent politician targeting women on electoral outcomes in a developing country. Women voters are informed of the public service delivery work undertaken by the incumbent in his tenure. The campaign was randomized at the precinct level, allowing us to use official electoral data on vote shares and gender-disaggregated turnout. Our results suggest that in a highly competitive campaign, the vote share of the campaigning incumbent increased by 5%age points. This increase was primarily driven by women who were campaigned independently of their male relatives. In precincts where both men and women were mobilized, the effect is not statistically significant. However, women’s turnout in the election was unaffected.
Political connections and firms: network dimensions
Authors: Bussolo Maurizio , Commander Simon , Poupakis Stavros 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Business and politician interaction is commonplace. Most research has classified firms as either connected to a politician or not: a binary approach. Yet, there are almost always strong network dimensions to these connections. This article builds a unique data set to document a network of connections between politically exposed persons (PEPs), political parties, and firms in seven economies. With this novel dataset, the article examines the association between the characteristics and performance of firms and the firms’ connections with PEP, taking into account the network nature of these connections. The originality of our analysis is to identify how participation and location in a network, including the extent of links, as well as having a strategic location or centrality, is correlated with firm scale and performance. In a binary approach, such network characteristics are omitted. One consequence is that the intensity and consequences of politically connected business may be significantly mis/under-estimated.
Wage inequality and union membership at the establishment level: An econometric study using Norwegian data
Authors: Svarstad Elin , Nymoen Ragnar 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe model the empirical relationship between the within-establishment union membership rate and wage inequality in Norway. The data set is a panel of 2,285 private-sector establishments observed in the period 2000–18. The statistical model represents joint feedback between wage inequality and union membership. Dynamic panel data models are estimated for different wage inequality measures, with gini as the reference measure. The results show a negative relationship between union membership and wage inequality, which is robust with respect to different inequality measures and estimation method. The strength of the relationship increases with the permanency of the shift in union membership. We find evidence that union membership is a more important explanatory variable for the lower part of the wage distribution than for the upper part. Furthermore, the impact of union density on wage inequality is conditional on the presence of a collective agreement.
The impact of ADHD genetic risk on educational achievement: a comparative cross-national study
Authors: Dannemann Bernhard C , Gören Erkan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Human capital accumulation is a key driver of economic development across countries. Although previous studies have shown that country-specific circumstances (e.g., cultural, health-related, and educational factors) are strongly related with the accumulation of human capital in society, few studies have explored the importance of innate ability factors in general and ADHD-related behavioral symptoms in particular for cognitive skill outcomes. This paper hypothesizes and empirically establishes the educational burden of the ADHD-related behavioral symptoms on aggregate cognitive achievement outcomes. We use a novel compilation of the 2- and 7-repeat allele variants of the human DRD4 exon III gene that candidate gene association studies have identified as an important biomarker in the etiology of childhood ADHD. We find that our indicator for the prevalence of ADHD genetic risk in society has a negative and statistically significant impact on educational achievement. Additional sensitivity tests and estimation methods further corroborate our main hypothesis.
Association Between Lifestyle Changes, Mammographic Breast Density, and Breast Cancer
Authors: Lester Sara P , Kaur Aparna S , Vegunta Suneela 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In screening for breast cancer (BC), mammographic breast density (MBD) is a powerful risk factor that increases breast carcinogenesis and synergistically reduces the sensitivity of mammography. It also reduces specificity of lesion identification, leading to recalls, additional testing, and delayed and later-stage diagnoses, which result in increased health care costs. These findings provide the foundation for dense breast notification laws and lead to the increase in patient and provider interest in MBD. However, unlike other risk factors for BC, MBD is dynamic through a woman’s lifetime and is modifiable. Although MBD is known to change as a result of factors such as reproductive history and hormonal status, few conclusions have been reached for lifestyle factors such as alcohol, diet, physical activity, smoking, body mass index (BMI), and some commonly used medications. Our review examines the emerging evidence for the association of modifiable factors on MBD and the influence of MBD on BC risk. There are clear associations between alcohol use and menopausal hormone therapy and increased MBD. Physical activity and the Mediterranean diet lower the risk of BC without significant effect on MBD. Although high BMI and smoking are known risk factors for BC, they have been found to decrease MBD. The influence of several other factors, including caffeine intake, nonhormonal medications, and vitamins, on MBD is unclear. We recommend counseling patients on these modifiable risk factors and using this knowledge to help with informed decision making for tailored BC prevention strategies.
The State of the Sub-discipline: Mapping Parliamentary and Legislative Studies Using a Survey and Bibliometric Analysis of Three of Its Journals
Authors: Bhattacharya Caroline , Hart Gavin , Haughey Sean , Holden Bates Stephen , Meakin Alexandra 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe map the current state of parliamentary and legislative studies through a survey of 218 scholars and a bibliometric analysis of 25 years of publications in three prominent sub-field journals. We identify two groupings of researchers, a quantitative methods, rational choice-favouring grouping and a qualitative methods, interpretivism-favouring grouping with a UK focus. Upon closer examination, these groupings share similar views about the challenges and future of the sub-discipline. While the sub-discipline is becoming more diverse and international, US-focused literature remains dominant and distinct from UK-focused literature, although there are emerging sub-literatures which are well placed to link them together.