bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Difficulties of novice students in solving the final concentration value of a mixture of solutions
Authors: Vaccaro Elvira , Stella Carlos , Alonso Manuel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we investigated and classified the answers of college freshmen when asked about “the final concentration value of a mixture of solutions ”. Prior to the explanation of the topic in class, a diagnostic questionnaire on “solutions” was presented to 532 first year students in the chemistry course at the University of Buenos Aires. The questionnaire consisted of three questions assessing the same concept: the calculation of the final concentration of a solution obtained mixing a concentrated and a dilute solution of the same solute. The format of the three questions was multiple choice answer with justification, but they differed in their chemical language style: chemical formulas, verbal-procedural, and visual languages were used. It was noted a trend to apply mathematical calculations, when chemical problems are addressed, even when such calculations are not necessary. Thus, obtaining a numerical result would be considered appropriate by the students, with no analysis of the significance of the value obtained. Nevertheless, question which uses visual language was answered correctly by a greater number of students. This would allow inferring that the use of this language brings students closer to a better understanding of the situation.
Exploring procedure-based management reasoning: a case of tension pneumothorax
Authors: Singaraju Raj C. , Durning Steven J. , Battista Alexis , Konopasky Abigail 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Management reasoning has not been widely explored but likely requires broader abilities than diagnostic reasoning. An enhanced understanding of management reasoning could improve medical education and patient care. We conducted a novel exploratory study to gain further insights into procedure-based management reasoning.

Methods
Participant physicians managed a simulated patient who acutely decompensates in a team-based, time-pressured, live scenario. Immediately following the scenario, physicians perform a think-aloud protocol by watching video recordings of their performance and narrating their reflections in real-time. Verbatim transcripts of the think-aloud protocol were inductively coded using a constant comparative method and evaluated for themes.

Results
We recruited 19 physicians (15 internal medicine, one family medicine, and three general surgery) for this study. Recognizing that diagnostic and management reasoning intertwine, this paper focuses on management reasoning’s characteristics. We developed three categories of management reasoning factors with eight subthemes. These are Patient factors: Acuity and Preferences; Physician factors: Recognized Errors, Anxiety, Metacognition, Monitoring, and Threshold to Treat; and one Environment factor: Resources.

Conclusions
Our findings on procedure-based management reasoning are consistent with Situation Awareness and Situated Cognition models and the extant work on management reasoning, demonstrating that management is inherently complex and contextually bound. Unique to this study, all physicians focused on prognosis, indicating that attaining competency in procedural management may require planning and prediction abilities. Physicians also expressed concerns about making mistakes, potentially resulting from the scenario’s emphasis on a procedure and our physicians’ having less expertise in the treatment of tension pneumothorax.
Comparing Private Enforcement of EU Competition and Data Protection Law
Authors: Wurmnest Wolfgang , Gömann Merlin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Compared to art 82(1) of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which since 2018 grants data subjects a claim for damages resulting from the infringement of European data protection law, private enforcement of European competition law looks back on a much longer history. Thus, its concepts and learnings may serve as a model for data protection law. However, any potential transfer from one area to the other must be carefully weighed, as both the factual circumstances and the underlying regulatory framework differ. Against this background, this paper aims at identifying important similarities and differences between the private enforcement of European competition and data protection law. Amongst others, it reaches the conclusion that both fields of law – although for different reasons – share a comparably high level of Europeanisation and that the primary aims of private enforcement generally align. In addition, potential for spill-over effects from the area of competition to data protection law is identified, namely with regard to causation and the European concept of undertaking.
Grammatically relevant aspects of meaning and verbal polysemy
Authors: McNally Louise , Spalek Alexandra Anna 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe debate over the relation between grammatically relevant (specifically, what we termevent referential) and idiosyncratic aspects of verb meaning has produced a considerable literature. Some authors, such as Levin and Rappaport Hovav, have appealed to figurative uses of verbs as a source of data when the analysis of their literal uses has been controversial, a move that has sometimes been criticized. However, the question of whether figurative uses of verbs preserve the event referential properties of their literal counterparts and are therefore a valid source of data has not, to our knowledge, been systematically explored. We offer two detailed cross-linguistic case studies of Spanish and English verbs to provide an argument that figurative verb uses indeed are a reliable source of evidence for identifying event referential components of meaning: In each case study we find clear evidence for the preservation of these components across uses, indicating that these aspects of meaning both constrain and facilitate figurative uses of verbs.
Effect of welding current on properties of activated gas tungsten arc super duplex stainless steel welds
Authors: Kumaresan Aditya , Sundar Akash , Annamalai Ashwin , Ramesh Gautam , Chandaragiri Baskar Sekar , Ramachandran Damodaram , Sajja Rama Koteswara Rao 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A comparative evaluation of the influence of welding current on Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding and Activated Tungsten Inert Gas (ATIG) welding on the depth of penetration and microstructure properties was performed. Various super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) beads on plate weld joints were studied. Visual observation showed that lower welding current resulted in partial weld penetration in the case of both TIG and ATIG weldments. Weld joints obtained by the ATIG process have a higher depth of penetration and depth/width ratios than weld joints obtained in the conventional TIG process at comparatively lower welding currents. Further, microstructural characterizations were performed using optical microscopy. The weld zone microstructure consists of grain boundary austenite (GBA), widmanstätten austenite (WA) and intragranular austenite (IGA). Ferrite percentage in bulk material and each weldment was measured using ferrite scope. The TIG-welded heat affected zone (HAZ) joints showed higher ferrite content than activated flux TIG-welded HAZ joints for various welding current conditions. Ferrite content measured in the weld-zone, HAZ and base material was within the ranges of the standard values. The TIG weld zone showed higher hardness than that of the ATIG weld zone.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 304/DUROSTAT 500 steel double-sided TIG welds
Authors: Teker Tanju , Günes Ahmet 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this study, AISI 304 stainless steel and DUROSTAT 500 steel are combined using TIG double-sided arc welding. Microstructural differences of welded joints were researched by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an optical microscope, and electron backscattered diffraction. Mechanical properties of welded joints were investigated by microhardness, notch impact, and tensile tests. In addition, fracture surface morphology was evaluated using a SEM. The current power had a major impress on bead and hourglass shape. Maximum tensile resistance (677 MPa) was achieved at a welding time of 0.21 (m·min−1) at 460 (A) current, and the impact energy (116 J) was obtained. The weld metal consisted 41 wt% cementite, 25 wt% chromium carbide, 20 wt% martensite, and 14 wt% tetrataenite phases. With the increase in the current voltage, both bead and penetration sizes increased.
Preserving the Distributed Fragments of Cultural Heritage: Need for Building a Sustainable Information System in India
Authors: Gireesh Kumar T. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cultural heritage is an intrinsic segment of the life of the individual who is connected to it and is inherited from one generation to the other. Every heritage item embeds knowledge in historical, cultural, social, scientific, spiritual, and technological forms. Creating a digital database for discovery and expression of cultural heritage plays a significant role in enhancing its visibility and ensuring long-term sustainability. Many of the natural and cultural heritage items in India which are substantially rich in their content are not identified and documented, which consequently lose their social, cultural, historic, and economic utilities. The present study highlights the potential of developing a single-window comprehensive Cultural Heritage Information System (CHIS) to efficiently preserve, document, and manage the cultural heritage assets of the country. This also examines the prerequisites, issues, and challenges which can hinder its sustainable development. It is perceived from the study that there is no such integrated single-window national-level digital platform that prevails in the country to perform the cultural heritage documentation. The study points up the need of constructive efforts, both at individual and institutional levels in India, to ameliorate the situation to safeguard and promote the cultural heritage of the country. The information system developed can act as a unique source of reference and an extensive guide for researchers from different disciplines, tourists as well conservation activists.
A study of generalized hypergeometric Matrix functions via two-parameter Mittag–Leffler matrix function
Authors: Jain Shilpi , Goyal Rahul , Oros Georgia Irina , Agarwal Praveen , Momani Shaher 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The main aim of this article is to study a new generalizations of the Gauss hypergeometric matrix and confluent hypergeometric matrix functions by using two-parameter Mittag–Leffler matrix function. In particular, we investigate certain important properties of these extended matrix functions such as integral representations, differentiation formulas, beta matrix transform, and Laplace transform. Furthermore, we introduce an extension of the Jacobi matrix orthogonal polynomial by using our generalized Gauss hypergeometric matrix function, which is very important in scattering theory and inverse scattering theory.
MTHFR C667T polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy susceptibility in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An updated meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Xiaodong , Lan Lejian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Numerous studies indicated that there exists a relationship between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C667T polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy (DN) susceptibility; nonetheless, available proof reported from individual studies has not been consistent, so we performed an updated meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between MTHFR C667T variant and DN.

Materials and methods
Relevant studies published before February 2022 were searched from the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Chinese Biology Medicine and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure. The strength of the association was examined by odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results
The findings illustrated that there was a significant relationship between the polymorphism of C677T and DN compared with that to DM controls in allele (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.39–1.82), dominant (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.47–2.11) and recessive (OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.56–2.20) models in all populations. Moreover, as compared with the healthy controls, a significant relationship between C677T and DN was found in three genetic comparison models (allele: OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.43–2.29; dominant: OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.54–2.85; recessive: OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.51–2.70). Furthermore, stratifying data by race, diabetes duration and whether in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium revealed substantially augmented vulnerability to DN in all subgroups.

Conclusion
The current meta-analysis highlighted conclusive results for the robust association between C677T polymorphisms and DN susceptibility.
Analysis of multiple impact tests’ damage to three-dimensional four-directional braided composites
Authors: Yan Shi , Chen Xixi , Zhao Yun 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article was designed with a plurality of impact tests of three-dimensional four-directional braided composites, and the impact response of specimen impacted by a circular punch was studied. Ultrasonic C-scanning was used to detect the internal damage area to study the damage propagation process under multiple impact loads. The finite-element software ABAQUS was used to model the meso-structure of three-dimensional four-directional braided composites. Based on material characteristics, the three-dimensional Hashin damage criterion was used for the fiber bundle, and the maximum stress criterion was used for the matrix to judge the material damage. Combined with test and simulation results, the failure mode and damage evolution process of the specimen under multiple impact loads were studied. The results showed that the impact resistance of the three-dimensional woven composite material is affected by the braided angle. The larger the braided angle of the specimen, the better the impact resistance. The damaged area of the large braided angle material expanded to the periphery, and the damaged area of the small braided angle material was primarily developed in the longitudinal direction. The failure modes of the specimen during the impact process were primarily a longitudinal tensile failure of fiber bundles, transverse tensile failure and transverse compression failure of fiber bundles and matrix.
Introduction Providence and Circumstance, Reverence and Deference: Preliminary Remarks on ‘Kinship’, ‘Patronage’, ‘Power’ and Conditions of Opportunity
Authors: Götzelt Thomas 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis preliminary overview aims primarily to make plausible that kinship is an attribution, that is, that it is tied to observations as uses of distinctions. However, observation is contingent, not arbitrary, and it both requires and generates ontologies on a case-by-case basis. The claim that kinship is resolvable into ‘relatedness’ runs into this very impasse of the notion of indifferent arbitrariness. For if kinship were indeed merely a synonym for relatedness, i. e., for inclusions, the question would arise as to what is excluded and what is not excluded concerning which arrangement. However, if one follows the suggestion made here that kinship is a medium of communication in which forms, i. e., distinctions, can be inscribed, one can turn to the classical functionalist question of how these forms have been deployed culturally and across social-evolutionary ruptures, and perhaps functionally equivalently. If it is the case that kinship is based on distinctions, the question of their respective social environments also becomes interesting for the observers of these observations. Therefore, the sketch also refers to attributions and contextures as conditions of the possibility of distinctions in this case. Thus, patronage can be brought into play as a phenomenon in the environment of kinship. As a hypothesis, it is formulated that patronage parasitically participates in the genealogical and functional forms of differentiation of pre-modern and modern societies, respectively.
From Clan to Clientelism and Beyond. Changing Elitist Social Networks and Discourses in Premodern China
Authors: Meyer Christian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ideals about clan (zu 族) have been an essential ingredient in Chinese conceptions of social order since antiquity. It was grounded on a feudal familybased model. However, the change from an ancient feudal to a bureaucratic system implied major changes. In this article I provide a historical overview with a focus on the Northern Song dynasty (960–1126 AD), showing that strong ideas of familialism or clanism were in fact never skipped in pre-modern China but inherited and continuously propagated by Confucianism – including such well-known elements as common ancestor worship. Rather complementing than replacing this family-based model, the later introduction of the civil service system on the political level led to a new clientelism. Furthermore, Confucianism as the hegemonic ideology of imperial China not only extended family-based ideas to a new universalism but also strongly propagated ideas of a common good and impartiality as a corrective to career and family-oriented egoism. In summary, I argue that as a result of a long process of negotiations, Chinese familialism (clanism) as an ideal of basic social structure, the ideal of impartiality and concern for the common good (gong 公) as well as clientelism in the bureaucratic system have coexisted in imperial China for a long time and have produced a particular (path-dependent) blend (and ‘division of labor’) of socio-cultural patterns.
Wortbildung in der Interaktion
Authors: Stumpf Sören 
Published: August 2022

AbstractUsage-based studies of word formation usually focus on written and monologic texts. In contrast, this paper argues for the investigation of word formation in (oral) interaction. By discussing the current state of research on word formation in spoken German and by analyzing a corpus of different genres (e. g. face-to-face everyday conversation, WhatsApp communication), the interactional potential and relevance of word formation in dialogic communication will be exemplified and outlined. The focus is on case studies of different functions of word formation, e. g. specification and differentiation or word play through word formation.
Test-to-Stay Implementation in 4 Pre–K-12 School Districts
Authors: Lammie Samantha L. , Ford Laura , Swanson Megan , Guinn Angie S. , Kamitani Emiko , van Zyl André , Rose Charles E. , Marynak Kristy , Shields Jamila , Donovan Catherine V. , Holman Emily J. , Mark-Carew Miguella , Welton Michael , Thomas Ebony S. , Neatherlin John C. ,   state and local partners group
Published: August 2022

OBJECTIVES
Globally, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected how children learn. We evaluated the impact of Test to Stay (TTS) on secondary and tertiary transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and potential impact on in-person learning in 4 school districts in the United States from September 13 to November 19, 2021.

METHODS
Implementation of TTS varied across school districts. Data on index cases, school-based close contacts, TTS participation, and testing results were obtained from 4 school districts in diverse geographic regions. Descriptive statistics, secondary and tertiary attack risk, and a theoretical estimate of impact on in-person learning were calculated.

RESULTS
Fifty-one schools in 4 school districts reported 374 coronavirus disease COVID-19 index cases and 2520 school-based close contacts eligible for TTS. The proportion participating in TTS ranged from 22% to 79%. By district, the secondary attack risk and tertiary attack risk among TTS participants ranged between 2.2% to 11.1% and 0% to 17.6%, respectively. Nine clusters were identified among secondary cases and 2 among tertiary cases. The theoretical maximum number of days of in-person learning saved by using TTS was 976 to 4650 days across jurisdictions.

CONCLUSIONS
TTS preserves in-person learning. Decisions to participate in TTS may have been influenced by ease of access to testing, communication between schools and families, testing logistics, and school resources. Tertiary attack risk determination became more complicated when numbers of close contacts increased. Minimizing exposure through continued layered prevention strategies is imperative. To ensure adequate resources for TTS, community transmission levels should be considered.
Patogenicidad de hongos asociados a plantas de fresa (Fragaria ananassa) y descripción ultraestructural del patosistema
Authors: Granados Montero Milagro , Zúñiga Castañeda Mariam , Chaverri Echandi Priscila , Escudero Leyva Efraín , Mardones Hidalgo Melissa 
Published: August 2022

Introducción. El cultivo de fresa (Fragaria ananassa) es importante en Costa Rica por su alta demanda como fruta fresca y para elaboración de mermeladas. En 2015 empezaron reportes de muerte de plantas, presumiblemente, asociada a complejos de hongos habitantes en el suelo. Los síntomas eran enrojecimiento y necrosis de hojas, coronas, raíce y luego, el desplome de las plantas. Con pérdidas hasta del 90% en plantaciones nuevas. Objetivo. Determinar la patogenicidad de hongos asociados a plantas de fresa enfermas y describir la micro morfología del patosistema. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron plantas enfermas variedad Festival, y se realizaron aislamientos a partir de corona y raíz. Se clasificaron los morfotipos recuperados, se eligieron 3 para secuenciación del espaciador interno transcrito del ADN nuclear ribosomal (nrDNA ITS por sus siglas en inglés) y ejecución de los Postulados de Koch, con 3,5 x 105 conidios/ml inoculados en gránulos de alfalfa. Las plantas se mantuvieron 19 semanas en ambiente protegido. Luego, se realizó el reaislamiento y la secuenciación de los hongos inoculados y se describió el patosistema por medio de microscopía electrónica de barrido. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 10 aislamientos de hongos de corona y 22 de raíz, que se clasificaron en 9 morfotipos. Se eligieron 3 que de acuerdo con el ITS, se ubicaron en las unidades taxonómicas operativas Fusarium oxysporum, Neonectria/Dactylonectria y Sydowia polyspora. Se registró 100% de incidencia en todas las plantas inoculadas y los síntomas coincidieron con los de campo, mientras que el testigo permaneció sano. Los porcentajes de similitud de las secuencias de ITS de los hongos aislados de plantas enfermas provenientes de campo y de los hongos recuperados de la prueba de patogenicidad, fueron > 99%. A nivel ultraestructural se observó que las raíces pierden la epidermis y son colonizadas por los hongos. Conclusión. Los hongos inoculados fueron patogénicos a plantas de fresa variedad Festival; además, tuvieron la capacidad de dañar la epidermis radical y multiplicarse internamente.