bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modification of surface band bending of diamond by low energy argon and carbon ion bombardment
Authors: Lau W. M. , Huang L. J. , Bello I. , Yiu Y. M. , Lee S.-T. 
Published: July 2002

Argon and carbon ion bombardment of p-diamond at 500–5000 eV in ultrahigh vacuum were studied by in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and low energy electron diffraction analysis. Both argon and carbon ion bombardment at room temperature in the present energy range created a defective surface layer. The radiation damage was manifested by the introduction of a distinct C 1s peak (referred to as the ‘‘defect’’ peak later) with a binding energy about 1 eV less than that of the bulklike diamond peak, and by the introduction of some additional filled states (referred to as the ‘‘filled states’’) near the valence band edge of diamond. It was found that in comparison to argon bombardment, carbon bombardment was more efficient in producing the filled states but less efficient in raising the C 1s defect peak. While the filled states disappeared by annealing at about 500 °C, the C 1s defect peak did not change much even with a 1000 °C anneal. These results suggest that the C 1s defect peak, which has also been observed on reconstructed diamond surfaces after hydrogen desorption [see, e.g., B. B. Pate, Surf. Sci. 165, 83(1986)], is associated with vacancy formation and aggregation which give some ‘‘internal surfaces’’ with a behavior like a reconstructed atomically clean diamond surface.
The filled states introduced by ion bombardment are associated with interstitials or interstitial clusters. The amount of residual defects was found to increase with both an increasing bombardment dose and energy. For an argon bombardment at 1000 eV to a dose of 5×1014/cm2, the defective layer was estimated to be about 1.5 nm. Further, it was found that the radiation damage, particularly the ‘‘vacancy defects’’, could only be annealed (at 1000 °C) when the dose was below 5×1014/cm2 at a bombardment energy of 500 eV. XPS band bending analyses also showed that room temperature bombardment induced a small reduction (0.2 eV) of the surface Fermi level position (EFs) on the p-diamond. However, subsequent vacuum annealing caused a rather large increase of EFs. But the EFs data from about 20 bombarded and annealed samples were always less than 2.2 eV. Thus the formation of an n-type diamond was not observed.
Temperature dependence of the low- and high-frequency Raman scattering from liquid water
Authors: Walrafen G. E. , Fisher M. R. , Hokmabadi M. S. , Yang W.-H. 
Published: July 2002

Low frequency Δν̄=0–350 cm−1, Raman intensity data were obtained from liquid water between 3.5 and 89.3 °C using holographic grating double and triple monochromators. The spectra were Bose–Einstein (BE) corrected, I/(1+n), and the total integrated (absolute) contour intensities were treated by an elaboration of the Young–Westerdahl (YW) thermodynamic method, assuming conservation of hydrogen-bonded (HB) and nonhydrogen-bonded (NHB=bent and/or stretched, O–H O) nearest-neighbor O–O pairs. A ΔH°1 value of 2.6±0.1 kcal/mol O–H ⋅⋅⋅ O or 5.2±0.2 kcal/mol H2O (11 kJ/mol O–H ⋅⋅⋅ O, or 22 kJ/mol H2O) resulted for the HB→NHB process. This intermolecular value agrees quantitatively with Raman and infrared ΔH° values from the one- and two-phonon OH-stretching regions, and from molecular dynamics, depolarized light scattering, neutron scattering, and ultrasonic absorption, thus indicating a common process. A population involving partial covalency of, i.e., charge transfer into, the H ⋅⋅⋅ O units of linear and/or weakly bent hydrogen bonds, O–H ⋅⋅⋅ O; is transformed into a second high energy population involving bent, e.g., 150° or less, and/or stretched, e.g., 3.2 Å, but otherwise strongly cohesive O–H O interactions. All difference spectra from the fundamental OH-stretching contours cross at the X(Z,X+Z)Y isobestic frequency of 3425 cm−1. Also, total integrated Raman intensity decreases occurring below 3425 cm−1 with temperature rise were found to be proportional to the total integrated intensity increases above 3425 cm−1, indicating conservation among the HB and NHB OH-stretching classes. From the enthalpy of vaporization of water at 0 °C, and the ΔH°1 of 2.6 kcal/mol O–H ⋅⋅⋅ O, the additional
enthalpy, ΔH°2, needed for the complete separation of the NHB O–O nearest neighbors is ∼3.2 kcal/mol O–H ⋅⋅⋅ O or ∼6.4 kcal/mol H2O (13 kJ/mol O–H ⋅⋅⋅ O or 27 kJ/mol H2O). The NHB O–O nearest neighbors are held by forces other than those involving H ⋅⋅⋅ O partial covalency, i.e., electrostatic (multipole), induction, and dispersion forces. The NHB O–O pairs do not appear to produce significant intermolecular Raman intensity because they lack H ⋅⋅⋅O bond polarizability, but the corresponding NHB OH oscillators do contribute weakened Raman intensity above 3425 cm−1. An ideal solution thermodynamic treatment employing ΔH°1 =2.6 kcal/mol O–H ⋅⋅⋅ O, the HB mole fraction, and the vapor heat capacity, yielded a very satisfactory specific heat value of 1.1 cal deg−1 g−1 H2O at 0 °C. The NHB mole fraction, fu, from the YW treatment is negligibly small, 0.06 or less, for t&lt;−50 °C. However, fu increases to 0.16 at 0 °C, and fu≊1 at 1437 °C, where recent shock-wave Raman measurements indicate loss of all partially covalent, charge transfer hydrogen bonding.
Volume fraction dependence and reorganization in cluster–cluster aggregation processes
Authors: van Garderen H. F. , Dokter W. H. , Beelen T. P. M. , van Santen R. A. , Pantos E. , Michels M. A. J. , Hilbers P. A. J. 
Published: July 2002

Off-lattice diffusion limited cluster aggregation simulations in two dimensions have been performed in a wide volume fraction range between 0.001 and 0.60. Starting from a system of 10 000 monomers with radius 0.5, that follow Brownian trajectories, larger aggregates are generated by bond formation between overlapping aggregates. No rings are present in the nonaged structures. The influence of the initial monomer volume fraction on the fractal properties of the gels is studied and interpreted by calculation of small angle scattering structure factor patterns to find the fractal dimension. It is found that an increase of the volume fraction leads to the development of two distinct fractal regions. The fractal dimension at short length scale shows the diffusion limited cluster aggregation value of 1.45 up to the correlation length, while the long range fractal dimension gradually increases from 1.45 to 2.00, the Euclidean dimension of the simulation space. It is shown that high volume fractions lead to changes in the local morphology of the monomers as a function of the volume fraction with corresponding changes in the high-q region of the structure factor pattern. A new method to simulate aging of aggregates at modest (low pH and temperature) reaction conditions by an off-lattice nonbreaking reorganization process, called shaking, is presented. The shaking process induces small changes in the local mass distribution, causing ring formation, but does not affect the radius of gyration of the aggregates.
It is found that shaking leads to the formation of a polydisperse collection of new primary scatterers with a volume fraction dependent radius between 6 and 8 initial monomer radii. For low volume fractions the fractal dimension decreases approximately by 0.2, due to the formation of the new primary scatterers. The shaking process induces changes in the fractal properties at length scales up to ∼40. A simple theory that relates the volume fraction with the correlation length and describes the influence of aging on fractal properties such as monomer radius, fractal dimension, and correlation length is developed. The diffusion limited cluster aggregation simulation results of nonaged and aged gels are compared with this theory. Satisfactory quantitative agreement between simulated and theoretical results is found.
Electronic dephasing of APT in glassy films of water from 5 to 100 K: Implications for H-bonding liquids
Authors: Reinot T. , Kim W.-H. , Hayes J. M. , Small G. J. 
Published: July 2002

Nonphotochemical hole burning was used to characterize the linear electron–phonon coupling and measure the temperature dependence of the pure electronic dephasing of Al-phthalocyanine tetrasulphonate (APT) in unannealed and annealed hyperquenched glassy films of water (HGW). Below about 10 K, the dephasing is dominated by coupling to the intrinsic two-level systems (TLSint) of HGW. This dephasing is a factor of 5× faster for unannealed HGW due to its higher TLSint number density. For annealed HGW, the pure electronic dephasing time (i.e., that dephasing associated with the zero-phonon line), T2*, is 6.4 ns at 5 K, the slowest dephasing time yet reported for a molecular glassy system at this temperature. At higher temperatures, dephasing due to exchange coupling with pseudolocalized modes at 50 and 180 cm−1, which correlate well with the transverse and longitudinal acoustic modes of water, becomes dominant. The exchange coupling mechanism is based on diagonal quadratic electron–phonon coupling. At 100 K, for example, the pure electronic dephasing times (T2*) are close to 1 ps in value for both types of film. Whereas the transverse acoustic mode is Franck–Condon active (S∼0.5), the 180 cm−1 mode is silent (S&lt;0.02). The determination of the electron–phonon coupling parameters and static inhomogeneous broadening (400 cm−1) of APT’s origin band allowed for simulation of the burn temperature dependence of the overall hole profile (zero-phonon hole plus phonon-sideband holes). Comparison with experimental profiles shows that the hole profile theory of Hayes et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 98, 7337 (1994)] captures the main features of the temperature dependence.
The S value of the transverse acoustic mode is used to quantitatively explain the burn temperature dependence of the saturated intensity of the zero-phonon hole and its demise at temperatures just above 100 K (due to Franck–Condon forbiddeness). In view of the essentially complete understanding of the electron–phonon coupling and pure electronic dephasing of APT in HGW attained in this work, the data are used for extrapolation to ice (0° C) and water (at temperatures not far above 0° C) in order to connect with recent photon echo studies of optical coherence loss of dye molecules in liquids. The extrapolation predicts an ‘‘average’’ T1-dephasing time of ∼0.1 ps due to multiphonon (Brownian oscillator) transitions associated with the transverse acoustic mode and subpicosecond pure electronic dephasing due to exchange coupling with the longitudinal mode. It is suggested that the marriage of hole burning and photon echo techniques in studies of glass forming liquids should be a powerful approach to understanding optical coherence loss in liquids.
Adult attachment styles and emotional biases
Authors: Magai Carol , Hunziker Jill , Mesias Wilda , Culver L. Clayton 
Published: July 2002

This study was designed to extend the literature on personality differences and emotion biases among individuals characterised by different attachment patterns. Sixty-three individuals ( M = 63 years) completed measures of parental child-rearing practices and trait emotion; they also completed a storytelling task and an emotion decoding task and were videotaped during an emotion induction procedure for later facial coding. Attachment patterns were assessed using a semi-structured interview and a four-category coding system. Multiple regression was applied to the data to test attachment models. Analyses based on theoretical models accounted for 23–47% of the variance in attachment patterns. Alternative, empirical models, developed on the basis of observed bivariate associations, resulted in the improvement of three models. Attachment security was associated with facial expressions of joy, the absence of love-withdrawal as a parental disciplinary style, a decoding bias favouring shame, a disinclination to route negative affect from consciousness, and low scores on negative trait emotion. Fearful avoidance was typified by facial shame, punitive parental child-rearing practices, the inclination to see anger in faces, to tell stories with approval-seeking themes, and with trait anxiety. Dismissingness was characterised by mixed or ambivalent facial activity, the tendency to see disgust in faces, and to deny anxiety and yet write projective stories revealing inner conflict. Preoccupation was predicted by parental love-withdrawal, facial disgust, fantasies of closeness and affiliation, and trait anger and depression. Findings are discussed within the context of attachment theory and contemporary concepts concerning emotional organisation.
Quality of Life Implications as a Consequence of Surgery: Limb Salvage, Primary and Secondary Amputation
Authors: Eiser Christine , Darlington Anne-Sophie E. , Stride Chris B. , Grimer Robert 
Published: July 2002

Purpose. We investigated self‐reported quality of life (QoL), body image and daily competence of patients as a consequence of
limb salvage surgery (LSS), primary or secondary amputation, and the views of patients following secondary amputation.Patients. Patients (n=37) had all been treated for osteosarcoma or Ewing′s sarcoma in the lower limb.Methods. QoL was measured by questionnaire. A separate interview to determine satisfaction with decision‐making was
conducted with those treated for secondary amputation.Results. For the total group, QoL was below that expected from population norms. There were no differences in QoL between
those undergoing LSS surgery compared with amputation. However, LSS reported better daily competence and were less likely
to use a walking aid. For the total group, body image and daily competence were associated with better QoL.Discussion. All these patients are at risk of compromised QoL following surgery. Our data are in line with previous work
suggesting outcomes may be better for LSS compared with amputation. Following secondary amputation, most patients (80%)
did not regret initial LSS treatment, but felt that the time gained allowed them to come to terms with subsequent surgery.
A Comparison Of Three Therapy Methods For Children With Different Types Of Developmental Phonological Disorder
Authors: Dodd Barbara , Bradford Amanda 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTreatment case studies of three children whose speech was characterized by non‐developmental errors are described. Three therapy methods were trialed with each child: phonological contrast; core vocabulary and PROMPT. The accuracy and intelligibility of the childrenA's connected speech improved throughout the course of the programme. Intervention that focused on teaching a rule about the contrastive use of phonemes was most successful for a child who consistently made non‐developmental errors. Children making inconsistent errors received most benefit from the core vocabulary approach that markedly enhanced consistency of production. However, once consistency was established, one child benefited from phonological contrast therapy. While the results of the study should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size and the cumulative effects of intervention, the findings suggest that different parts of a childA's phonological and phonetic system may respond to various types of treatment approaches that target different aspects of speech production. The implication drawn is that just as no single treatment approach is appropriate for all children with disordered phonology, management of some children may involve selecting and sequencing a range of different approaches.
Metaphonological skills of children with phonological disorders before and after phonological and metaphonological intervention
Authors: Major Eva M. , Bernhardt Barbara Handford 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study investigated the relationships between the phonological and metaphonological skills of 19 children aged 3‐5 years with moderate to severe phonological disorders, and the effects of intervention on the children's awareness skills. Seven tasks were used which required children to produce alliterations and rhymes, to segment sentences, disyllabic and monosyllabic words, and to change the names of objects. Children's metaphonological skills were tested (a) before intervention, (b) following phonological intervention and (c) following phonological plus metaphonological intervention. Evaluation of children's segmental and syllable/wordshape profiles before intervention indicated that children with larger phonetic inventories and better word and syllable shapes tended to have higher metaphonology task scores. Individual variation, however, suggested that children's overall phonological profiles rather than particular characteristics of their speech were more important for good metaphonological task performance. Children's phonological awareness skills were also related to their morphosyntactic production skills. Intervention outcomes indicated that both phonological and metaphonological intervention may result in a significant increase in children's metaphonological task performance. It was further observed that children with more moderate phonological disorders and good morphosyntactic production skills tended to improve on the metaphonological tasks after phonological intervention alone. Children with more severe phonological and morphosyntactic disorders tended to increase their task performance only after phonological plus metaphonological intervention.
Crisis and transition: the economics of scholarly communication
Authors: Houghton John W. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the scholarly communication ‘industry’ using a product systems approach, scopes and sizes the Australian scholarly communication product system, and examines the economics behind its operation. We find that the set of interrelationships between the market characteristics of information and cost structures, patterns of demand and acquisition practices, and the forces encouraging increasing scholarly output go a long way towards explaining the operation of the system and the genesis of the crisis. Based on our economic analysis of the system, we outline broad market conforming and market distorting approaches to alleviating the crisis.
The links in the information chain
Authors: Jones Simon 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThanks to the World Wide Web, users now expect to link easily between disparate information services. It is no longer enough to study raw data in one database, search for relevant published articles in another, and look at the full articles in yet another. Users want to move seamlessly between all these sources, in order to follow lines of research efficiently and accurately. What are the problems in building links using data resources which were not designed for this purpose? This article presents examples drawn from recent work in The Dialog Corporation as well as from the European Union‐funded ADLIB project, and examines the key issues of scalability and the interaction between different types of publishers.
On hypercyclic operators on Banach spaces
Authors: Bernal-González Luis 
Published: July 2002

We provide in this paper a direct and constructive proof of the following fact: for a Banach space

X
X

there are bounded linear operators having hypercyclic vectors if and only if

X
X

is separable and dim

X
=
∞

\, X = \infty

. This is a special case of a recent result, which in turn solves a problem proposed by S. Rolewicz.
Whitney’s extension problem for multivariate 𝐶^{1,𝜔}-functions
Authors: Brudnyi Yuri , Shvartsman Pavel 
Published: July 2002

We prove that the trace of the space

C

1
,
ω

(

R

n

)

C^{1,\omega }({\mathbb R}^n)

to an arbitrary closed subset

X
⊂

R

n

X\subset {\mathbb R}^n

is characterized by the following “finiteness” property. A function

f
:
X
→

R

f:X\rightarrow {\mathbb R}

belongs to the trace space if and only if the restriction

f

|

Y

f|_Y

to an arbitrary subset

Y
⊂
X

Y\subset X

consisting of at most

3
⋅

2

n
−
1

3\cdot 2^{n-1}

can be extended to a function

f
Y

∈

C

1
,
ω

(

R

n

)

f_Y\in C^{1,\omega }({\mathbb R}^n)

such that
\[

sup
{
‖

f
Y

‖

C

1
,
ω

:

Y
⊂
X
,

card
⁡
Y
≤
3
⋅

2

n
−
1

}
>
∞
.

\sup \{\|f_Y\|_{C^{1,\omega }}:~Y\subset X, ~\operatorname {card} Y\le 3\cdot 2^{n-1}\}>\infty .

\]
The constant

3
⋅

2

n
−
1

3\cdot 2^{n-1}

is sharp.

The proof is based on a Lipschitz selection result which is interesting in its own right.
On the rapid computation of various polylogarithmic constants
Authors: Bailey David , Borwein Peter , Plouffe Simon 
Published: July 2002

We give algorithms for the computation of the

d
d

-th digit of certain transcendental numbers in various bases. These algorithms can be easily implemented (multiple precision arithmetic is not needed), require virtually no memory, and feature run times that scale nearly linearly with the order of the digit desired. They make it feasible to compute, for example, the billionth binary digit of

log
⁡

(
2
)

\log {(2)}

or

π
\pi

on a modest work station in a few hours run time. We demonstrate this technique by computing the ten billionth hexadecimal digit of

π
\pi

, the billionth hexadecimal digits of

π

2

,

log
⁡
(
2
)

\pi ^{2}, \; \log (2)

and

log

2

⁡
(
2
)

\log ^{2}(2)

, and the ten billionth decimal digit of

log
⁡
(
9

/

10
)

\log (9/10)

. These calculations rest on the observation that very special types of identities exist for certain numbers like

π
\pi

,

π

2

\pi ^{2}

,

log
⁡
(
2
)

\log (2)

and

log

2

⁡
(
2
)

\log ^{2}(2)

. These are essentially polylogarithmic ladders in an integer base. A number of these identities that we derive in this work appear to be new, for example the critical identity for

π
\pi

:

π
=

∑

i
=
0

∞

1

16

i

(

4

8
i
+
1

−

2

8
i
+
4

−

1

8
i
+
5

−

1

8
i
+
6

)

.

\begin{equation*}\pi = \sum _{i=0}^{\infty }\frac {1}{16^{i}}\bigr ( \frac {4}{8i+1} - \frac {2}{8i+4} - \frac {1}{8i+5} - \frac {1}{8i+6} \bigl ).\end{equation*}
GOLD—Graphical Overview of Linkage Disequilibrium
Authors: Abecasis G. R. , Cookson W. O. C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: We describe a software package that provides a graphical summary of linkage disequilibrium in human genetic data. It allows for the analysis of family data and is well suited to the analysis of dense genetic maps.
Availability: http://www.well.ox.ac.uk/asthma/GOLD
Contact: goncalo@well.ox.ac.uk
gff2ps: visualizing genomic annotations
Authors: Abril Josep F. , Guigó Roderic 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: gff2psis a program for visualizing annotations of genomic sequences. The program takes the annotated features on a genomic sequence in GFF format as input, and produces a visual output in PostScript. While it can be used in a very simple way, it also allows for a great degree of customization through a number of options and/or customization files.
Availability: gff2psis freely available at http://www1.imim.es/~jabril/GFFTOOLS/GFF2PS.html
Contact: jabril@imim.es
Supplementary information: http://www1.imim.es/~jabril/GFFTOOLS/GFF2PS.html
To whom correspondence should be addressed.