bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing nitrogen addition rates suppressed long-term litter decomposition in a temperate meadow steppe
Authors: Zheng Pei , Zhao Ruonan , Jiang Liangchao , Yang Guojiao , Wang Yinliu , Wang Ruzhen , Han Xingguo , Ning Qiushi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPlant litter decomposition is critical for the carbon (C) balance and nutrient turnover in terrestrial ecosystems, and is sensitive to the ongoing anthropogenic biologically nitrogen (N) input. Previous studies evaluating the N effect on litter decomposition relied mostly on short-term experiments (&lt;2 years), which may mask the real N effect on litter decomposition. Therefore, long-lasting experiments are imperative for the overall evaluation of the litter decomposition dynamics under N enrichment. We conducted a relative long-term (4-year) N-addition experiment with N levels ranging from 0 to 50 g N m−2 yr−1 to identify the potential abiotic and biotic factors in regulating the decomposition process of litterfall from the dominant species Leymus chinensis. The results showed a consistent decrease of decomposition rate with increasing N-addition rates, providing strong evidence in support of the inhibitory effect of N addition on decomposition. The N-induced alterations in soil environment (acidification and nutrient stoichiometry), microbial activity (microbial biomass and enzyme activity), changes of litter quality (residual lignin and nutrient content) and plant community (aboveground productivity and species richness) jointly contributed to the lowered decomposition. During the whole decomposition process, the changes of litter quality, including accumulation of lignin and the concentrations of nutrient, were mainly driven by the soil and microbial activity in this N-enriched environment. The findings help clarify how increasing N input rates affect long-term litter decomposition, and advance the mechanistic understanding of the linkages between ecosystem N enrichment and terrestrial C cycling.
Iterative social consolidations: Forming beliefs from many-valued evidence and peers’ opinions
Authors: David Santos Yuri , Kooi Barteld , Verbrugge Rineke 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Recently, several logics modelling evidence have been proposed in the literature. These logics often also feature beliefs. We call the process or function that maps evidence to beliefs consolidation. In this paper, we use a four-valued modal logic of evidence as a basis. In the models for this logic, agents are represented by nodes, peer connections by edges and the private evidence that each agent has by a four-valued valuation. From this basis, we propose methods of consolidating the beliefs of the agents, taking into account both their private evidence as well as their peers’ opinions. To this end, beliefs are computed iteratively. The final consolidated beliefs are the ones in the point of stabilization of the model. However, it turns out that some consolidation policies will not stabilize for certain models. Finding the conditions for stabilization is one of the main problems studied here, along with other properties of such consolidations. Our main contributions are twofold: we offer a new dynamic perspective on the process of forming evidence-based beliefs, in the context of evidence logics, and we set up and address some mathematically challenging problems, which are related to graph theory and practical subject areas such as belief/opinion diffusion and contagion in multi-agent networks.
Contrasting Patterns in the Early Stage of SARS-CoV-2 Evolution between Humans and Minks
Authors: Tai Jui-Hung , Sun Hsiao-Yu , Tseng Yi-Cheng , Li Guanghao , Chang Sui-Yuan , Yeh Shiou-Hwei , Chen Pei-Jer , Chaw Shu-Miaw , Wang Hurng-Yi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
One of the unique features of SARS-CoV-2 is its apparent neutral evolution during the early pandemic (before February 2020). This contrasts with the preceding SARS-CoV epidemics, where viruses evolved adaptively. SARS-CoV-2 may exhibit a unique or adaptive feature which deviates from other coronaviruses. Alternatively, the virus may have been cryptically circulating in humans for a sufficient time to have acquired adaptive changes before the onset of the current pandemic. To test the scenarios above, we analyzed the SARS-CoV-2 sequences from minks (Neovision vision) and parental humans. In the early phase of the mink epidemic (April to May 2020), nonsynonymous to synonymous mutation ratio per site in the spike protein is 2.93, indicating a selection process favoring adaptive amino acid changes. Mutations in the spike protein were concentrated within its receptor-binding domain and receptor-binding motif. An excess of high-frequency derived variants produced by genetic hitchhiking was found during the middle (June to July 2020) and late phase I (August to September 2020) of the mink epidemic. In contrast, the site frequency spectra of early SARS-CoV-2 in humans only show an excess of low-frequency mutations, consistent with the recent outbreak of the virus. Strong positive selection in the mink SARS-CoV-2 implies that the virus may not be preadapted to a wide range of hosts and illustrates how a virus evolves to establish a continuous infection in a new host. Therefore, the lack of positive selection signal during the early pandemic in humans deserves further investigation.
Fast optical flares from M dwarfs detected by a one-second-cadence survey with Tomo-e Gozen
Authors: Aizawa Masataka , Kawana Kojiro , Kashiyama Kazumi , Ohsawa Ryou , Kawahara Hajime , Naokawa Fumihiro , Tajiri Tomoyuki , Arima Noriaki , Jiang Hanchun , Hartwig Tilman , Fujisawa Kotaro , Shigeyama Toshikazu , Arimatsu Ko , Doi Mamoru , Kasuga Toshihiro , Kobayashi Naoto , Kondo Sohei , Mori Yuki , Okumura Shin-ichiro , Takita Satoshi , Sako Shigeyuki 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We report on a one-second-cadence wide-field survey for M-dwarf flares using the Tomo-e Gozen camera mounted on the Kiso Schmidt telescope. We detect 22 flares from M3–M5 dwarfs with a rise time of 5 s ≲ trise ≲ 100 s and an amplitude of 0.5 ≲ ΔF/F⋆ ≲ 20. The flare light-curves mostly show steeper rises and shallower decays than those obtained from the Kepler one-minute cadence data and tend to have flat peak structures. Assuming a blackbody spectrum with a temperature of 9000–15000 K, the peak luminosities and energies are estimated to be 1029 erg s−1 ≲ Lpeak ≲ 1031 erg s−1 and 1031 erg ≲ Eflare ≲ 1034 erg, which constitutes the bright end of fast optical flares for M dwarfs. We confirm that more than $90\%$ of the host stars of the detected flares are magnetically active based on their Hα-emission-line intensities obtained by LAMOST. An estimated occurrence rate of detected flares is ∼0.7 per day per active star, indicating they are common in magnetically active M dwarfs. We argue that the flare light-curves can be explained by the chromospheric compression model: the rise time is broadly consistent with the Alfvén transit time of a magnetic loop with a length scale of lloop ∼ 104 km and a field strength of 1000 gauss, while the decay time is likely determined by the radiative cooling of the compressed chromosphere down near to the photosphere with a temperature of ≳ 10000 K. These flares from M dwarfs could be a major contamination source for a future search of fast optical transients of unknown types.
Resolving the paradox of the ambush feeding cyclopoid copepod Apocyclops royi being microphageous
Authors: ZemplÉNI Abel , Hansen Benni winding , KiØrboe Thomas , Ryderheim Fredrik 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The cyclopoid copepod Apocyclops royi is assumed to be an ambush feeder that passively waits for its prey and captures it by a fast surprise attack. This feeding strategy requires an acute sensibility to hydromechanical signals generated by moving prey. However, A. royi in long-term cultures is able to survive microphageously fed solely on Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae), a small, non-motile prey. In this study, we investigate the feeding behavior of A. royi and how it senses S. cerevisae cells. Using high-speed video, we find that A. royi still exhibits an ambush feeding behavior when fed S. cerevisae. Moreover, we characterize the distance and the duration of attack jumps and evaluate the sensitivity of A. royi to fluid disturbances by filming its escaping behavior when caught in a suction flow simulating a predator, e.g. a fish larva. We demonstrate that its sensitivity to fluid disturbances is very similar to that of other copepod species. Thus, we find that remote detection of S. cerevisae cells due to hydromechanical signals is unlikely as the particles are small (3.8 ± 1.3 μm) and non-motile, and that A. royi likely senses S. cerevisae cells by randomly touching them with setae on their first antennae.
Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier in Psychotic Disorders and Individually Matched Healthy Controls
Authors: Jeppesen Rose , Orlovska-Waast Sonja , Sørensen Nina Vindegaard , Christensen Rune Haubo Bojesen , Benros Michael Eriksen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction have been observed in patients with psychotic disorders. However, previous studies have mainly focused on selected patients and broad screenings of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with recent onset psychosis compared to healthy controls are lacking.

Study Design
We included 104 patients with recent onset psychotic disorder and 104 individually matched healthy controls. CSF and blood were analyzed for readily available markers assessing neuroinflammation and BBB dysfunction. Primary outcomes were CSF white blood cell count (WBC), total protein, IgG Index, and CSF/serum albumin ratio. Secondary outcomes included additional markers of inflammation and BBB, and analyses of association with clinical variables.

Study Results
CSF/serum albumin ratio (Relative Mean Difference (MD): 1.11; 95%CI: 1.00–1.23; P = .044) and CSF/serum IgG ratio (MD: 1.17; 95%CI: 1.01–1.36; P = .036) was increased in patients compared to controls. A higher number of patients than controls had CSF WBC &gt;3 cells/µl (seven vs. one, OR: 7.73, 95%CI: 1.33–146.49, P = .020), while WBC&gt;5 cells/µl was found in two patients (1.9%) and no controls. Inpatients had higher serum WBC and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (all p-values for effect heterogeneity &lt; .011). Mean CSF WBC (MD: 1.10; 95%CI: 0.97–1.26), protein (MD: 1.06; 95%CI: 0.98–1.15) and IgG index (MD: 1.05; 95%CI: 0.96–1.15) were not significantly elevated.

Conclusions
When comparing a broad group of patients with psychotic disorders with healthy controls, patients had increased BBB permeability, more patients had high CSF WBC levels, and inpatients had increased peripheral inflammation, consistent with the hypothesis of a subgroup of patients with increased activation of the immune system.
“I’m Not a Conspiracy Theorist, But…”: Knowledge and Conservative Politics in Unsettled Times
Authors: Carlson Jennifer , Ramo Elliot 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHow does conspiracist thinking become appealing to its adherents, and with what political consequences? Drawing on fifty in-depth interviews with gun sellers from April 2020 to August 2020, this paper examines conspiracist thinking among US conservatives. We present a sociological account that follows historian Richard Hofstadter’s early account in theorizing conspiracist thinking as a “style” of politics on the Right. Turning to the sociology of culture and political sociology, we examine conspiracist thinking as a tool of political sense-making that becomes particularly appealing during “unsettled” insecurity. We focus on conservative adherents to conspiracist thinking, examining how conspiracist thinking is mobilized to assert feelings of control and certainty in ways that reinforce allegiance to conservative values and repudiation of partisan opponents. Specifically, we theorize conspiracist thinking as an everyday practice of meaning-making (an epistemological practice) which responds to conditions of unsettled insecurity that reflects existing conservative “modes of thought” (e.g., anti-elitist skepticism) and also reinforces conservative sentiments through two mechanisms: epistemological individualism and epistemological othering. Extending existing accounts of conspiracism, our analysis illuminates how conspiracist thinking—as an active, and self-reinforcing, struggle for epistemological control amid contexts of information scarcity and uncertainty—has come to shape American politics from the bottom up.
Separating the effects of air and soil temperature on silver birch. Part II. The relation of physiology and leaf anatomy to growth dynamics
Authors: Kilpeläinen Jouni , Domisch Timo , Lehto Tarja , Kivimäenpää Minna , Martz Françoise , Piirainen Sirpa , Repo Tapani 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The aboveground parts of boreal forest trees grow earlier in the growing season, the roots mostly later. The idea was to examine whether root growth followed soil temperature, or whether shoot growth also demanded most resources in the early growing season (soil temperature vs internal sink strengths for resources). The linkage between air and soil temperature was broken by switching the soil temperature. We aimed here to identify the direct effects of different soil temperature patterns on physiology, leaf anatomy and their interactions, and how they relate to the control of the growth dynamics of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth).
Sixteen 2-year-old seedlings were grown in a controlled environment for two 14-week simulated growing seasons (GS1, GS2). An 8-week dormancy period interposed the GSs. In GS2, soil temperature treatments were applied: constant 10 °C (Cool), constant 18 °C (Warm), early growing season at 10 °C switched to 18 °C later (Early Cool Late Warm) and 18 °C followed by 10 °C (Early Warm Late Cool) were applied during GS2.
The switch from cool to warm enhanced the water status, net photosynthesis, chlorophyll content index, effective yield of photosystem II (ΔF/Fm′) and leaf expansion of the seedlings. Warm treatment increased the stomatal number per leaf. In contrast, soil cooling increased glandular trichomes. This investment in increasing the chemical defense potential may be associated with the decreased growth in cool soil. Non-structural carbohydrates were accumulated in leaves at a low soil temperature showing that growth was more hindered than net photosynthesis. Leaf anatomy differed between the first and second leaf flush of silver birch, which may promote tree fitness in the prevailing growing conditions. The interaction of birch structure and function changes with soil temperature, which can further reflect to ecosystem functioning.
What Did We Achieve Through VALITEST, an EU Project on Validation in Plant Pest Diagnostics?
Authors: Trontin Charlotte , Agstner Barbara , Altenbach Denise , Anthoine Geraldine , Bagińska Hanna , Brittain Ian , Chabirand Aude , Chappé Anne-Marie , Dahlin Paul , Dreo Tanja , Freye Caroline , Gianinazzi Camilo , Harrison Catherine , Jones Glyn , Kaiser Marco Stefan , Luigi Marta , Massart Sebastien , Mehle Natasa , Mezzalama Monica , Mouaziz Hanna , Ravnikar Maja , Raaymakers Tom , Renvoisé Jean-Philippe , Rolland Mathieu , Santos-Paiva Marta , Seddas Sam , van der Vlugt Rene A. , Vučurović Ana , Petter Françoise 
Published: August 2022

Ensuring the reliability of diagnostic activities is an essential cornerstone of plant health strategies to reduce the risk of entry and spread of plant pests in a region and ultimately their impacts. Diagnostic tests should be validated to ensure that they are fit for purpose. Validation is usually done by diagnostic laboratories, although companies commercializing diagnostic kits also produce validation data for their products. Due to the high number of pest, matrix, and method combinations and given the significant resources required to validate tests, it is essential that validation data are shared with the entire diagnostic community and produced in a harmonized way to facilitate their use by different stakeholders. Indeed, the selection of tests to be used in specific contexts is not the sole responsibility of diagnostic laboratories but also involves national plant protection organizations. The VALITEST EU project (2018 to 2021) was established to tackle all these issues. New validation data for tests targeting important pests for the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization region were produced. Guidelines to improve and harmonize the validation framework were developed. Sharing of validation data and experience was ensured through the development of new or existing databases, the organization of training courses, and the dissemination of the project outputs in scientific publications and standards. Finally, the involvement of researchers, diagnosticians, policy makers, inspectors, and industries and the establishment of the European Plant Diagnostic Industry Association were important actions to strengthen the interactions between plant health stakeholders. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Elite and posttreatment controllers, two facets of HIV control
Authors: Mastrangelo Andrea , Banga Riddhima , Perreau Matthieu 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review
The quest for HIV-1 cure could take advantage of the study of rare individuals that control viral replication spontaneously (elite controllers) or after an initial course of antiretroviral therapy (posttreatment controllers, PTCs). In this review, we will compare back-to-back the immunological and virological features underlying viral suppression in elite controllers and PTCs, and explore their possible contributions to the HIV-1 cure research.

Recent findings
HIV-1 control in elite controllers shows hallmarks of an effective antiviral response, favored by genetic background and possibly associated to residual immune activation. The immune pressure in elite controllers might select against actively transcribing intact proviruses, allowing the persistence of a small and poorly inducible reservoir. Evidence on PTCs is less abundant but preliminary data suggest that antiviral immune responses may be less pronounced. Therefore, these patients may rely on distinct mechanisms, not completely elucidated to date, suppressing HIV-1 transcription and replication.

Summary
PTCs and elite controllers may control HIV replication using distinct pathways, the elucidation of which may contribute to design future interventional strategies aiming to achieve a functional cure.
Statins for primary cardiovascular disease prevention among people with HIV: emergent directions
Authors: Fitch Kathleen V. , Fulda Evelynne S. , Grinspoon Steven K. 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review
While people with HIV (PWH) are living longer due to advances in antiretroviral therapy, recent data have demonstrated an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among this population. This increased risk is thought to be due to both traditional (for example, smoking, diabetes) and HIV-specific (for example, inflammation, persistent immune activation) risk factors. This review focuses on the potential for statin therapy to mitigate this increased risk.

Recent findings
Several randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that statins, a class of lipid-lowering medications, are effective as a primary CVD prevention strategy among people without HIV. Among PWH, statins have been shown to lower cholesterol, exert immunomodulatory effects, stabilize coronary atherosclerotic plaque, and even induce plaque regression.

Summary
Prevention of CVD among the aging population of people with controlled, but chronic, HIV is vital. Data exploring primary prevention in this context are thus far limited. The Randomized Trial to Prevent Vascular Events in HIV (REPRIEVE) is ongoing; this trial will inform the field by investigating the effects of pitavastatin calcium as a primary prevention strategy for major adverse cardiovascular events among PWH on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at low-to-moderate traditional CVD risk.
Cardiovascular disease risk in women living with HIV
Authors: Kentoffio Katherine , Temu Tecla M. , Shakil Saate S. , Zanni Markella V. , Longenecker Chris T. 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review
To synthesize current evidence on the impact of cardiovascular disease among women living with HIV (WLWH) with a particular focus on disease prevalence, mechanisms and prevention.

Recent findings
HIV-related cardiovascular disease risk is 1.5-fold to 2-fold higher for women than for men. Mechanisms of enhanced risk are multifactorial and include reinforcing pathways between traditional risk factors, metabolic dysregulation, early reproductive aging and chronic immune activation. These pathways influence both the presentation of overt syndromes of myocardial infarction, stroke and heart failure, as well as subclinical disease, such as microvascular dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis. Cardiovascular disease, therefore, remains a consistent threat to healthy aging among WLWH.

Summary
Although no specific prevention strategies exist, patient-centered risk mitigation approaches that are adaptable to the needs of aging individuals are essential to combat disparities in cardiovascular outcomes among WLWH. Further research into the optimal prevention approach for CVD among WLWH, particularly for women living in under-resourced health systems, is needed.
United States Medicare Reimbursement Trends for Glaucoma Procedures: 2000–2020
Authors: Francone Sonia C. , Pham Don T. , Asahi Masumi G. , Pakhchanian Haig , Raiker Rahul , Lesche Stephen , Ahmed Aseef , Belyea David 
Published: August 2022

Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to investigate US Medicare reimbursement trends for common glaucoma procedures from 2000 to 2020.

Materials and Methods:
Current Procedural Terminology codes for Glaucoma procedures in the US centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services database were used to conduct this economic analysis. Reimbursement data from the Physician Fee Schedule look-up tool from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services were compiled for the selected procedures and compensation trends were investigated after adjusting for inflation in 2020 US dollars from the unadjusted data between 2000 and 2020.

Results:
The average adjusted reimbursement for the analyzed procedures decreased by 20.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), −15.4% to −25.6%] over the 20-year period. On average, there was a 1.03% decrease in reimbursement rates per year (95% CI, −0.74% to −1.33%), with an adjusted compound annual growth rate of −1.35% (95% CI, −1.07% to −1.64%). The results show an overall declining rate in reimbursement for the glaucoma procedures analyzed in this study.

Conclusions:
The US Medicare reimbursement for glaucoma procedures in the United States showed a significant decline between 2000 and 2020. These findings may be relevant to understanding changing practice patterns for glaucoma care.
Dental implant outcomes in single-barrel fibula mandible reconstruction with or without vertical distraction osteogenesis for symphysis cross-arch mandibular segmental defects
Authors: Chen Jyh Kwei , Chang Yang Ming 
Published: August 2022

SUMMARY:
Dental implant placement complications in patients with symphysis cross-arch defect occur following single-barrel fibula mandible reconstruction due to mechanical stress of the implant. The authors compared surgical complications and implant outcomes for patients following single-barrel fibula mandible reconstruction with immediate implant placement or following completion of vertical distraction osteogenesis.