bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and the risk of a hospital encounter with hyperkalemia: a matched population-based cohort study
Authors: Hwang Y Joseph , Muanda Flory T , McArthur Eric , Weir Matthew A , Sontrop Jessica M , Lam Ngan N , Garg Amit X 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) can cause hyperkalemia by reducing renal potassium excretion. We assessed the risk of hyperkalemia after initiating TMP-SMX versus amoxicillin and determined if this risk is modified by a patient's baseline kidney function [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)].

Methods
We conducted a population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada involving adults ≥66 years of age newly treated with TMP-SMX (n = 58 999) matched 1:1 with those newly treated with amoxicillin (2008–2020). The primary outcome was a hospital encounter with hyperkalemia defined by a laboratory serum potassium value ≥5.5 mmol/L within 14 days of antibiotic treatment. Secondary outcomes included a hospital encounter with acute kidney injury (AKI) and all-cause hospitalization. Risk ratios (RRs) were obtained using a modified Poisson regression.

Results
A hospital encounter with hyperkalemia occurred in 269/58 999 (0.46%) patients treated with TMP-SMX versus 80/58 999 (0.14%) in those treated with amoxicillin {RR 3.36 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.62–4.31]}. The absolute risk of hyperkalemia in patients treated with TMP-SMX versus amoxicillin increased progressively with decreasing eGFR (risk difference of 0.12% for an eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2, 0.42% for eGFR 45–59, 0.85% for eGFR 30–44 and 1.45% for eGFR &lt;30; additive interaction P &lt; .001). TMP-SMX versus amoxicillin was associated with a higher risk of a hospital encounter with AKI [RR 3.15 (95% CI 2.82–3.51)] and all-cause hospitalization [RR 1.43 (95% CI 1.34–1.53)].

Conclusions
The 14-day risk of a hospital encounter with hyperkalemia was higher in patients newly treated with TMP-SMX versus amoxicillin and the risk was highest in patients with a low eGFR.
A comprehensive survey of bat sarbecoviruses across China in relation to the origins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Wu Zhiqiang , Han Yelin , Wang Yuyang , Liu Bo , Zhao Lamei , Zhang Junpeng , Su Haoxiang , Zhao Wenliang , Liu Liguo , Bai Shibin , Dong Jie , Sun Lilian , Zhu Yafang , Zhou Siyu , Song Yiping , Sui Hongtao , Yang Jian , Wang Jianwei , Zhang Shuyi , Qian Zhaohui , Jin Qi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have been thought to originate from bats. In this study, we screened pharyngeal and anal swabs from 13 064 bats collected between 2016 and 2021 at 703 locations across China for sarbecoviruses, covering almost all known southern hotspots, and found 146 new bat sarbecoviruses. Phylogenetic analyses of all available sarbecoviruses show that there are three different lineages—L1 as SARS-CoV-related CoVs (SARSr-CoVs), L2 as SARS-CoV-2-related CoVs (SC2r-CoVs) and novel L-R (recombinants of L1 and L2)—present in Rhinolophus pusillus bats, in the mainland of China. Among the 146 sequences, only four are L-Rs. Importantly, none belong in the L2 lineage, indicating that circulation of SC2r-CoVs in China might be very limited. All remaining 142 sequences belong in the L1 lineage, of which YN2020B-G shares the highest overall sequence identity with SARS-CoV (95.8%). The observation suggests endemic circulations of SARSr-CoVs, but not SC2r-CoVs, in bats in China. Geographic analysis of the collection sites in this study, together with all published reports, indicates that SC2r-CoVs may be mainly present in bats of Southeast Asia, including the southern border of Yunnan province, but absent in all other regions within China. In contrast, SARSr-CoVs appear to have broader geographic distribution, with the highest genetic diversity and sequence identity to human sarbecoviruses along the southwest border of China. Our data provide the rationale for further extensive surveys in broader geographical regions within, and beyond, Southeast Asia in order to find the most recent ancestors of human sarbecoviruses.
Teenage conduct problems: a lifetime of disadvantage in the labour market?
Authors: Parsons Sam , Bryson Alex , Sullivan Alice 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Using data from British cohorts born in 1958 and 1970, we used quantile regression to investigate the impact of ‘mild’ and ‘severe’ teenage conduct problems on months spent in paid employment or paid employment, education, and training (EET) between ages 17 and 42. Those with conduct problems spent significantly less time in employment or EET by age 42. The penalty grows in one’s 20s and tends to persist thereafter. Among men, the participation gap was greatest among those with ‘severe’ teenage conduct problems and among those in the lower half of the participation distribution. There was no participation penalty arising from teenage conduct problems among the older generation of men in the top quartile of the participation distribution. Among women, conduct problems were associated with less time in employment and EET across the whole distribution of the participation distribution, and these penalties were greatest for women in the younger 1970 cohort.
Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (rhu GM-CSF) as Adjuvant Therapy for Invasive Fungal Diseases
Authors: Chen Tempe K , Batra Jagmohan S , Michalik David E , Casillas Jacqueline , Patel Ramesh , Ruiz Maritza E , Hara Harneet , Patel Bhavita , Kadapakkam Meena , Ch'Ng James , Small Catherine B , Zagaliotis Panagiotis , Ragsdale Carolyn E , Leal Luis O , Roilides Emmanuel , Walsh Thomas J 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
Sargramostim (yeast-derived, glycosylated recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [rhu GM-CSF]) augments innate and adaptive immune responses and accelerates hematopoietic recovery of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. However, considerably less is known about its efficacy as adjunctive immunotherapy against invasive fungal diseases (IFDs).

Methods
The clinical courses of 15 patients with pediatric malignancies and IFDs treated adjunctively with sargramostim at a single institution were analyzed in a retrospective cohort review. Further, a systematic review of published reports of rhu GM-CSF for IFDs was also conducted.

Results
Among 65 cases, 15 were newly described pediatric patients and 50 were previously published cases of IFDs treated with rhu GM-CSF. Among the newly reported pediatric patients, IFDs were caused by Candida spp., Trichosporon sp., and molds (Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus sp., Lichtheimia sp., and Scedosporium sp). Twelve (80%) were neutropenic at baseline, and 12 (80%) were refractory to antifungal therapy. Among 12 evaluable patients, the overall response rate was 92% (8 [67%] complete responses, 3 [25%] partial responses, and 1 [8%] stable). Treatment is ongoing in the remaining 3 patients. Among 50 published cases (15 Candida spp., 13 Mucorales, 11 Aspergillus spp., 11 other organisms), 20 (40%) had baseline neutropenia and 36 (72%) were refractory to standard therapy before rhu GM-CSF administration. Consistent with responses in the newly reported patients, the overall response rate in the literature review was 82% (40 [80%] complete responses, 1 [2%] partial response, and 9 [18%] no response).

Conclusions
Sargramostim may be a potential adjunctive immunomodulator for selected patients with hematological malignancies and refractory IFDs.
Gender, Political Dynasties, and Committee Assignments: Evidence From Indonesia
Authors: Prihatini Ella , Halimatusa’diyah Iim 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The persistence of political dynasties in developed and developing countries has been an interesting puzzle as democracy does not automatically obliterate the domination of familial ties in politics. Prior studies suggest that women are more likely to be dynastic than men. However, it remains unclear on how parties are allocating dynasts into committees and whether it is gendered or not. This paper introduces new observational data on female parliamentary representation, dynastic background and committee membership of 575 sitting parliamentarians in Indonesia. The findings suggest that one in every four members of parliament are dynasts and the proportion among female lawmakers has increased from 42% in 2009 to 44% in 2019. However, the experience of dynastic women in relation to committee assignment is not uniform. The critical variable that influences their placement appears to be the political party to which they belong, particularly in terms of nomination and internal structure. This paper offers initial leads for future research endeavours in connecting the intersectionality between political dynasties and committee assignments in other countries.
Auxin Crosstalk with Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Plant Development and Abiotic Stress
Authors: Parveen Nishat , Kandhol Nidhi , Sharma Shivesh , Singh Vijay Pratap , Chauhan Devendra Kumar , Ludwig-Müller Jutta , Corpas Francisco J , Tripathi Durgesh Kumar 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The phytohormone auxin acts as an important signaling molecule having regulatory functions during the growth and development of plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also known to perform signaling functions at low concentrations; however, over-accumulation of ROS due to various environmental stresses damages the biomolecules and cell structures and leads to cell death, and therefore, it can be said that ROS act as a double-edged sword. Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous signaling molecule, performs a wide range of favorable roles in plants. NO displays its positive role in photomorphogenesis, root growth, leaf expansion, seed germination, stomatal closure, senescence, fruit maturation, mitochondrial activity and metabolism of iron. Studies have revealed the early existence of these crucial molecules during evolution. Moreover, auxin, ROS and NO together show their involvement in various developmental processes and abiotic stress tolerance. Redox signaling is a primary response during exposure of plants to stresses and shows a link with auxin signaling. This review provides updated information related to crosstalk between auxin, ROS and NO starting from their evolution during early Earth periods and their interaction in plant growth and developmental processes as well as in the case of abiotic stresses to plants.
Behavior of Photosystems II and I Is Modulated Depending on N Partitioning to Rubisco in Mature Leaves Acclimated to Low N Levels and Senescent Leaves in Rice
Authors: Suzuki Yuji , Ohsaki Kaho , Takahashi Yuki , Wada Shinya , Miyake Chikahiro , Makino Amane 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn mature leaves acclimated to low N levels and in senescent leaves, photosystems II and I (PSII and PSI, respectively) show typical responses to excess light energy. As CO2 assimilation is not transiently suppressed in these situations, the behavior of PSII and PSI is likely caused by endogenous biochemical changes in photosynthesis. In this study, this subject was studied in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Analysis was performed on mature and senescent leaves of control and N-deficient plants. Total leaf-N, Rubisco and chlorophyll (Chl) levels and their ratios were determined as biochemical parameters of photosynthesis. Total leaf-N, Rubisco and Chl levels decreased in the mature leaves of N-deficient plants and senescent leaves. The percentage of Rubisco-N in the total leaf-N decreased in these leaves, whereas that of Chl-N tended to remain almost constant in mature leaves but increased in senescent leaves. Changes in PSII and PSI parameters were best accounted for by the Rubisco-N percentage, strongly suggesting that the behavior of PSII and PSI is modulated depending on changes in N partitioning to Rubisco in mature leaves acclimated to low N levels and in senescent leaves. It is likely that a decrease in N partitioning to Rubisco leads to a decrease in Rubisco capacity relative to other photosynthetic capacities that inevitably generate excess light energy and that the operation of PSII and PSI is modulated in such situations.
Autophagy Is Essential for Neural Stem Cell Proliferation Promoted by Hypoxia
Authors: Li Jian , Gong Sheng-Hui , He Yun-Ling , Cao Yan , Chen Ying , Huang Guang-Hai , Wang Yu-Fei , Zhao Ming , Cheng Xiang , Zhou Yan-Zhao , Zhao Tong , Zhao Yong-Qi , Fan Ming , Wu Hai-Tao , Zhu Ling-Ling , Wu Li-Ying 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hypoxia as a microenvironment or niche stimulates proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs). However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Autophagy is a protective mechanism by which recycled cellular components and energy are rapidly supplied to the cell under stress. Whether autophagy mediates the proliferation of NSCs under hypoxia and how hypoxia induces autophagy remain unclear. Here, we report that hypoxia facilitates embryonic NSC proliferation through HIF-1/mTORC1 signaling pathway-mediated autophagy. Initially, we found that hypoxia greatly induced autophagy in NSCs, while inhibition of autophagy severely impeded the proliferation of NSCs in hypoxia conditions. Next, we demonstrated that the hypoxia core regulator HIF-1 was necessary and sufficient for autophagy induction in NSCs. Considering that mTORC1 is a key switch that suppresses autophagy, we subsequently analyzed the effect of HIF-1 on mTORC1 activity. Our results showed that the mTORC1 activity was negatively regulated by HIF-1. Finally, we provided evidence that HIF-1 regulated mTORC1 activity via its downstream target gene BNIP3. The increased expression of BNIP3 under hypoxia enhanced autophagy activity and proliferation of NSCs, which was mediated by repressing the activity of mTORC1. We further illustrated that BNIP3 can interact with Rheb, a canonical activator of mTORC1. Thus, we suppose that the interaction of BNIP3 with Rheb reduces the regulation of Rheb toward mTORC1 activity, which relieves the suppression of mTORC1 on autophagy, thereby promoting the rapid proliferation of NSCs. Altogether, this study identified a new HIF-1/BNIP3-Rheb/mTORC1 signaling axis, which regulates the NSC proliferation under hypoxia through induction of autophagy.
The Timing of Elections and Neonatal Mortality: Evidence from India
Authors: Bhattacharjee Shampa 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper uncovers evidence of political cycles in developmental outcomes in the Indian context. Comparing children born to the same mother, it shows that children born 0–11 months before scheduled state legislative assembly elections have a significantly lower risk of neonatal mortality. The effect of being born just before elections is higher in politically more competitive regions. The paper provides some evidence of the channels behind this result. The usage of prenatal care increases before elections and mothers of children born before elections are more likely to have antenatal checkups and tetanus injections during pregnancy. Components of antenatal checkups, like the probability of having a blood test or an abdominal examination during pregnancy, also increase before elections. The improvement in child health outcomes before elections seems to be driven by a transfer of resources from non-election to election years rather than an overall improvement in child health outcomes.
Integrative taxonomic analysis of new collections from the central Angolan highlands resolves the taxonomy of African pipistrelloid bats on a continental scale
Authors: Taylor Peter John , Strydom Erika , Richards Leigh , Markotter Wanda , Toussaint Dawn Cory , Kearney Teresa , Cotterill F P D (Woody) , Howard Alexandra , Weier Sina Monika , Keith Mark , Neef Gӧtz , Mamba Mnqobi L , Magagula Siphesihle , Monadjem Ara 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Ten years ago, the genus-level and species-level taxonomy of African pipistrelloid bats was in a state of flux. In spite of advances in the past decade, gaps in collecting from species-rich regions like Angola have hampered efforts to revise this group. We report on new collections of pipistrelle-like bats from the poorly sampled central highlands of Angola (1000–1500 m a.s.l.) as well as comparative material from lower-lying areas of Eswatini and South Africa. Specimens identified as Neoromicia anchietae, collected 400–700 km east of the holotype locality in the western highlands of Angola, were genetically and morphologically distinctive from N. anchietae s.l. from South Africa and Eswatini. We describe herein this latter lineage as a distinct species from low-lying areas of south-eastern Africa, distinct from N. anchietae s.s., which is therefore restricted to the central and western Angolan highlands. We also identified shallow to deep genetic divergence between different African regions in other recognized pipistrelloid species, such as conspecificity between the long-eared species Laephotis angolensis from Angola and Laephotis botswanae from northern Botswana, northern Namibia and south-western Zambia. Our phylogeny supports a recently proposed generic classification of African pipistrelloid bats.
Late Spontaneous Postradial Keratotomy Corneal Perforation After Scleral Contact Lens Use—Case Report
Authors: Weber Sarah La Porta , Jorge Bianca Carneiro de Melo , Mourão Ana Beatriz Gurgel , Hofling-Lima Ana Luisa 
Published: October 2022

Purpose:
To describe a case of late spontaneous postradial keratotomy corneal perforation after scleral contact lens (SCL) wear for optic correction.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center for corneal pathology.

Design:
Case report.

Results:
A 64-year-old man presented the consequences of a late radial keratotomy (RK) surgery performed for myopia correction 26 years ago. His ophthalmologic history was a RK in both eyes (BE), previous Lasik surgery in BE and Lasik enhancement in the right eye (RE), and pterygium excision with conjunctival transplantation in RE. To improve visual acuity, SCL were fitted in both eyes. After 8 months of use, on a certain day, when removing the lens from the RE, the patient reported experiencing intense eye pain and reduced visual acuity. On ophthalmologic examination, the RE cornea was perforated in one of the previous RK incisions. An urgent corneal transplant was performed in the RE, followed by cataract surgery in the same eye.

Conclusion:
Corneal instability caused by RK scars and daily manipulation with the SCL use may have led to ocular perforation.
Student Confidence and Interest in Acute Care Physical Therapy Through Peer Simulation
Authors: Neely Laurie C. , Beato Morris , Viana Samantha , Ayala Sol , Brari Nensi , Pabian Patrick 
Published: October 2022

Introduction:
The COVID-19 pandemic caused various challenges to the academic setting, especially for health care programs that require face-to-face (F2F) interactions to learn psychomotor skills. Simulation is often used to integrate didactic knowledge and enhance psychomotor skills to prepare students for clinical education experiences. The purpose of this study was to compare student confidence and interest in setting type prior to a first clinical education experiences between students who completed an F2F peer simulation course and students who completed the course virtually.

Methods:
Subjects included second-year doctor of physical therapy students who participated in the F2F course in 2019 (n = 37) and those who completed the virtual course in 2020 (n = 36). A 5-item pre- and postcourse self-assessment was administered to evaluate student confidence and interest in the acute care setting. A factorial analysis of variance was used to examine confidence scores of both cohorts at pre- and postcourse assessment.

Results:
Confidence rating of students from both cohorts significantly improved from precourse to postcourse in all areas, indicating that all students showed improved perceived confidence in their clinical skills upon completion of the course. However, the ratings of “ability to respond to changes in patient status in the acute care setting” were significantly greater in the F2F cohort than in the virtual cohort at the end of the course. There was also a positive interaction effect of cohort year (delivery mode) indicating that the F2F cohort had a stronger response in level of perceived confidence compared with the virtual cohort. In addition, student interest in the acute care setting was significantly greater at postcourse assessment for students from both cohorts.

Conclusion:
Postcourse rating of student-perceived confidence in clinical skills performance and interest in the acute care setting improved regardless of the mode of delivery of the course. However, when examining student-perceived confidence levels to respond to change in patient status, students who participated in the F2F course felt more confident in their ability to do so. Although perceived confidence levels improved for all students, virtual learning of clinical skills may not be as effective in training students to safely treat complex patients in the acute care setting.
Updates in functional dyspepsia and bloating
Authors: Lacy Brian E. , Cangemi David J. 
Published: October 2022

Purpose of review
Functional dyspepsia and bloating are common gastrointestinal conditions that frequently lead to gastroenterology referral. Both disorders have a significant negative impact on patients’ quality of life and the healthcare system. The purpose of this review is to highlight important new findings in the cause, pathophysiology and treatment of these two disorders.

Recent findings
Confocal laser endomicroscopy identified changes in epithelial barrier structure and function, providing important insights into the development of functional dyspepsia symptoms when combined with new observations of localized duodenal inflammation. Changes in the gut microbiome may be responsible for functional dyspepsia symptoms in some patients and may respond to gut-selective antibiotics. New data from the NIH-sponsored Gastroparesis Consortium confirmed that functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis are not distinct disorders but rather exist on a spectrum. Virtual reality may be a new therapeutic option for the treatment of functional dyspepsia. A novel questionnaire was developed and validated to assess symptoms, prevalence and impact in patients with bloating and distension. A meta-analysis identified medications to treat symptoms of bloating in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and constipation.

Summary
Advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia and bloating are leading to important changes in medical therapies.