bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound with artificial intelligence for gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Ye Xiao Hua , Zhao Lin Lin , Wang Lei 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesGastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are thought to have a malignant potential. However, utilizing endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) to differentiate GISTs from other types of subepithelial lesions (SELs) remains challenging. Artificial intelligence (AI)‐based diagnostic systems for EUS have been reported to have a promising performance, although the results of the previous studies remain controversial. In this meta‐analysis, we aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of AI‐based EUS in distinguishing GISTs from other SELs.MethodsA literature search was conducted on MEDLINE and EMBASE databases to identify relevant articles. The sensitivity, specificity, and area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of eligible studies were analyzed.ResultsSeven studies were eligible for the final analysis. The combined sensitivity and specificity of AI‐based EUS were 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88–0.96) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.67–0.87), respectively. The overall diagnostic odds ratio of AI‐based EUS for GISTs was 36.74 (95% CI 17.69–76.30) with an AUROC of 0.94.ConclusionsAI‐based EUS showed high diagnostic ability and might help better differentiate GISTs from other SELs. More prospective studies on the diagnosis of GISTs using AI‐based EUS are warranted in clinical setting.
Relationship between consolidation tumor ratio and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes in small‐sized lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ono Yuki , Tagawa Tetsuzo , Kinoshita Fumihiko , Haratake Naoki , Takada Kazuki , Kohno Mikihiro , Takenaka Tomoyoshi , Kamitani Takeshi , Shimokawa Mototsugu , Oda Yoshinao , Mori Masaki , Yoshizumi Tomoharu 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundConsolidation tumor ratio (CTR) is associated with cancer progression and histological invasiveness in lung adenocarcinoma (LAD). However, little is known about the association between CTR and immune‐related factors, including tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) density or tumor expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) and indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in small‐sized LAD.MethodsThis study included 258 patients with LAD (<3 cm) who underwent surgery. Patients were assigned to four groups: CTR = 0; 0 < CTR <0.5; 0.5 ≤ CTR <1 (ground‐glass opacity [GGO] group); and CTR = 1 (pure‐solid group). CD4+, CD8+, and FoxP3+ TIL density and PD‐L1 and IDO1 tumor expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry.ResultsAmong the GGO group, CD8+ and FoxP3+ TIL density increased significantly with increasing CTR (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, PD‐L1 and IDO1 expression was significantly higher in the pure‐solid group than in the GGO group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsCTR was correlated with the abundance of CD8+ and FoxP3+ TILs in the GGO group. PD‐L1 and IDO1 positivity rates were significantly higher in the pure‐solid group than in the GGO group. Increased CTR may be correlated with immunosuppressive condition.
Radiation‐induced pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis: A report of two cases
Authors: Choi Hye Sook 
Published: July 2022

AbstractRadiation therapy can cause radiation pneumonitis, organizing pneumonia, and lung fibrosis. Radiation‐induced pseudomembranous bronchitis is a rare condition. Here, we describe a rare case each of pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis and pseudomembrane with total bronchial obstruction which developed after thoracic radiotherapy. A 50‐year‐old man presented paroxysmal severe cough 1 month after concurrent chemoradiotherapy for small‐cell lung cancer. Bronchoscopy revealed a whitish membrane in the trachea and bronchus, which were the fields of radiation. Another 60‐year‐old man complained of dyspnea 7 months after radiation therapy for metastatic lymph node adenocarcinoma. Bronchoscopy demonstrated a membrane with total obstruction of right lower lobar bronchus, which was the area of radiation. The pathological findings of histological examination in both cases demonstrated radiation‐induced pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis. Patients in both cases responded well to steroids and the pseudomembrane disappeared. If patients who have received thoracic radiation therapy complain of persistent cough, bronchoscopy may be helpful.
Could international human rights obligations motivate countries to implement tobacco cessation support?
Authors: Meier Benjamin Mason , Raw Martin , Shelley Donna , Bostic Chris , Gupta Anahita , Romeo‐Stuppy Kelsey , Huber Laurent 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackground and aimsThe World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) seeks to realize the right to health through national tobacco control policies. However, few states have met their obligations under Article 14 of the FCTC to develop evidence‐based policies to support tobacco cessation. This article examines how human rights obligations could provide a legal and moral basis for states to implement greater support for individuals to overcome their addiction to tobacco.AnalysisThe United Nations (UN) has a well‐established legal framework for promoting human rights, looking to the right to health to realize health autonomy. Where addiction undermines autonomy, it is widely acknowledged that addiction presents a significant barrier to cessation for individuals who use tobacco, undermining the right to health. The UN human rights system could, therefore, provide a complementary basis for monitoring state obligations under Article 14 of the FCTC, identifying challenges to FCTC implementation and motivating states to support tobacco cessation.ConclusionsThe United Nations' human rights system offers a mechanism that could be used to monitor Framework Convention on Tobacco Control implementation in national policy, facilitating accountability for the progressive realization of cessation support.
Definition matters: assessment of tolerance to the effects of alcohol in a prospective cohort study of emerging adults
Authors: O'Dean Siobhan M. , Mewton Louise , Chung Tammy , Clay Peter , Clare Philip J. , Bruno Raimondo , Yuen Wing See , McBride Nyanda , Swift Wendy , Isik Ashling , Upton Emily , Tibbetts Joel , Johnson Phoebe , Kypri Kypros , Slade Tim 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackground and aimsTolerance to the effects of alcohol is an important element in the diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD); however, there is ongoing debate about its utility in the diagnosis AUD in adolescents and young adults. This study aimed to refine the assessment of tolerance in young adults by testing different definitions of tolerance and their associations with longitudinal AUD outcomes.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingsAustralia.ParticipantsA contemporary cohort of emerging adults across Australia (n = 565, mean age = 18.9, range = 18–21 at baseline).MeasurementsClinician‐administered Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Research Version (SCID‐IV‐RV) assessed for AUD criteria across five interviews, at 6‐month intervals over 2.5 years. Tolerance definitions were operationalized using survey‐type response (yes/no), clinician judgement (SCID‐IV‐RV), different initial drinking quantity and percentage increase thresholds and average heavy consumption metrics. AUD persistence was operationalized by the number of times AUD was present across the 2.5‐year study period (n = 491), and new‐onset AUD was operationalized as any new incidence of AUD during the follow‐up period (n = 461).FindingsThe (i) SCID‐IV‐RV clinician judgement [odds ratio (OR) = 2.50,P = 0.005], (ii) an initial drinking quantity threshold of four to five drinks and 50% minimum increase (OR = 2.48,P = 0.007) and (iii) 50% increase only (OR = 2.40,P = 0.005) were the tolerance definitions more strongly associated with any new onset of AUD throughout the four follow‐up time‐points than other definitions. However, these definitions were not associated with persistent AUD (Ps > 0.05). Average heavy consumption definitions of tolerance were most strongly associated with persistent AUD (OR = 6.66,P = 0.001; OR = 4.65,P = 0.004) but not associated with new‐onset AUD (Ps > 0.05).ConclusionsInitial drink and percentage change thresholds appear to improve the efficacy of change‐based tolerance as an indicator for new‐onset alcohol use disorder diagnosis in self‐report surveys of young adults. When predicting persistent alcohol use disorder, average heavy consumption‐based indicators appear to be a better way to measure tolerance than self‐reported change‐based definitions.
High‐throughput analysis of amniotic fluid proteins associated with histological chorioamnionitis in preterm premature rupture of membranes using an antibody‐based microarray
Authors: Lee Seung Mi , Park Kyo Hoon , Joo Eunwook , Jeong Da Eun , Lee Ji Eun , Lee Kyong‐No , Shin Sue 
Published: July 2022

AbstractProblemTo identify potential proteins in the amniotic fluid (AF) that may be associated with histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA) in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) using antibody‐based microarray analysis.Method of studyThis was a retrospective cohort study involving 100 singleton pregnant women with PPROM at 24–34 weeks who underwent amniocentesis and delivered within 120 h of amniocentesis. First, the AF proteomes of 15 patients with PPROM and HCA were compared with those of 15 gestational age‐matched patients without HCA using a protein microarray. Next, 12 candidate proteins associated with HCA were further validated in 100 consecutive patients with PPROM by ELISA.ResultsOf 507 proteins assessed in the microarray analysis, 46 showed significant intergroup differences. Further quantification confirmed that the levels of EN‐RAGE, IL‐6, MMP‐9, TNFR2, SPARC, TSP2, and uPA were higher in the AF of PPROM patients with HCA than in those without. Multivariate analyses also showed that elevated AF EN‐RAGE, IL‐6, MMP‐9, and TNFR2 levels were independently associated with HCA when adjusted for baseline variables. The frequency of the highest quartile of the aforementioned proteins significantly increased as the total grade of HCA increased; the risk of HCA significantly increased with increasing AF levels of each protein (P for trend < .001).ConclusionsUsing protein–antibody microarray technology, we discovered several potential AF proteins (EN‐RAGE, IL‐6, MMP‐9, and TNFR2) independently associated with HCA in patients with PPROM. Furthermore, we demonstrated a direct correlation between the gradation of the intra‐amniotic inflammatory response and HCA severity.
Tax morale, fiscal capacity, and war
Authors: Belmonte Alessandro , Teobaldelli Désirée , Ticchi Davide 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the effects of mobilization for war on the development of fiscal capacity and the values of tax compliance (tax morale). We propose a dynamic setting where governments may invest resources to improve the efficiency of the fiscal apparatus and the citizens' tax morality in order to raise the necessary revenues for the defense against a threat (external or internal), and parents optimally choose to transmit their preferences of tax compliance to children. Despite fiscal capacity and tax morale are initially substitutes, we show how a dynamic complementarity may arise in equilibrium from a more efficient transmission of the values of tax compliance in countries with high fiscal capacity, and this may explain why they tend to move together over time. Under reasonable conditions, we obtain that the effect of a higher threat of war on the steady‐state level of the culture of tax compliance is negative when fiscal capacity is relatively low, and positive when the latter is large. We show cross‐country evidence based on war frequency, fiscal capacity, and tax morale that is consistent with the results of our theory.
Living in the non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease silent epidemic: a qualitative systematic review of patients' perspectives
Authors: Ng Cheng Han , Lim Wen Hui , Chin Yip Han , Yong Jie Ning , Zeng Rebecca Wenling , Chan Kai En , Tan Darren Jun Hao , Fu Clarissa Elysia , Tang Ansel Shao Pin , Goh Lay Hoon , Devi Kamala , Chew Nicholas W. S. , Mak Lung‐Yi Loey , Tamaki Nobuharu , Huang Daniel Q. , Noureddin Mazen , Siddiqui Mohammad Shadab , Loomba Rohit , Sanyal Arun J. , Muthiah Mark 
Published: July 2022

SummaryBackgroundNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects one‐fourth of the global population. Yet, the care of these patients is limited and awareness of NAFLD remains low in the general public. Investigations into the lives of these patients are often forgotten and traditional quantitative studies only paint part of the picture.AimTo assess the first‐hand accounts of these individuals and their perspective on living with NAFLD.MethodsA systematic search was conducted on Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science database for qualitative literature regarding patients' perspectives on NAFLD. An inductive thematic analysis was conducted to generate themes and supportive subthemes.ResultsWe incuded eight articles in the review. There were three major themes including the impact on the quality of life, knowledge and information, and attitudes and perceptions on care. The impact of the quality of life details the emotional and physical distress of NAFLD. Knowledge and information include the lack of sufficient communication between healthcare providers and patients with a distinct knowledge gap. Attitudes and perceptions on care extrapolate the current active participation of patients and needs of the patients and the future care that they desire.ConclusionThis review synthesises first‐hand accounts of individuals with NAFLD. With the growing burden of NAFLD, future public interventions must consider individual views for success to be found. The identified themes serve as a forefront for consideration for public policies. Ultimately, NAFLD is a multisystem disease, which must be managed by a multidisciplinary team.
School reintegration of children and adolescents with chronic illness from the mothers' perspective: A qualitative study
Authors: Leite Ana Carolina Andrade Biaggi , Rodrigues Ana Laura , Alvarenga Willyane de Andrade , Polita Naiara Barros , Silva‐Rodrigues Fernanda Machado , Bolis Letícia Onelli , Meherali Salima , Nascimento Lucila Castanheira 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe diagnosis of chronic illness in childhood implies frequent hospitalizations and, consequently, the interruption of school attendance. This study aimed to understand the process of school reintegration of children and adolescents with chronic illness from the mothers' perspective.MethodA qualitative descriptive‐exploratory study was conducted with mothers who experienced the process of school reintegration of their child or adolescent, aged between 8 and 17 years old, and diagnosed with chronic illness. The participants were recruited by convenience and interviewed at the paediatric unit of a children's hospital. Data collection was interrupted when the data set was sufficient to answer the research question. The interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The study was approved by the research ethics committee.ResultsEleven interviews were conducted, 10 with mothers and one with a grandmother, who played the maternal role. Participants' age ranged between 33 and 58 years old. A theme was developed—“School reintegration under the maternal vigilance”—which encompasses four subthemes: (1) What matters? My child's health comes first; (2) How to keep in touch with the school? (3) Back to the school: Are we ready? (4) Sharing vigilance: reality and expectations. The themes highlighted a cyclical, dynamic, and subjective school reintegration process, constantly permeated by maternal vigilance.ConclusionA new understanding about school reintegration was evidenced, from the perspective of mothers of children and adolescents with different chronic illnesses. Mothers and children experience a nonlinear and recurrent process of leaving and returning to school, surrounded by a lack of communication and continuity in school activities. The results of this study may assist health professionals in planning care focused on the needs of the school reintegration of this population.
A framework for evaluating the implications of assumptions in broad conservation strategies
Authors: Specht Hannah , Golding Jessie D. , Pero Ellen M. , Crane Madison T. , Ortiz‐Calo Waldemar , McDevitt Molly C. , Karlen Jonathan G. , Branch J. Vaughan , Hansen Christopher P. , Millspaugh Joshua J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAssumptions about how conservation practices will affect ecological outcomes are critical for informing and learning from conservation actions. However, when assumptions do not reflect conditions to which they are applied, they can impede achievement of targeted outcomes and hinder capacity to contribute to conservation goals. We assert that identifying and examining technical assumptions, or those that relate to abiotic or biotic systems, in conservation practice retrospectively for broad conservation strategies is crucial for advancing learning in conservation. Unlike existing proactive assumption frameworks, retroactive examination, which is often realistic for broad scale conservation, allows for honest evaluation of the contributions of those strategies toward shared goals. We propose the state, identify, focus, and think (SIFT) framework, a four‐step process, to guide examination of technical assumptions by defining how assumptions interact with biological circumstances to shape outcomes. We demonstrate use of the SIFT framework with a common technical assumption in US federal private lands conservation programs—that all acres are similarly valuable for achieving wildlife conservation benefits. With the SIFT framework, we show that the benefits of these programs are likely to be applicable to mobile, generalist species with small space requirements, while many species of conservation concern are less likely to benefit.
Long‐term funding of community projects has contributed to mitigation of illegal activities within a premier African protected area, Bwindi impenetrable National Park, Uganda
Authors: Bitariho Robert , Akampurira Emmanuel , Mugerwa Badru 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAt Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (hereafter Bwindi), illegal activities often provide major challenges to park management. In 1994, an Integrated Conservation and Development Program (ICDP) was introduced in Bwindi as a novel park management approach that included among others, funding of community projects in park adjacent communities. This study assessed key drivers of illegal activities and the impact of long‐term funding of community projects on illegal activities reduction in Bwindi. We used a 21‐year‐old illegal activities dataset, environmental drivers' dataset; a 21‐year‐old dataset of funded community projects and interviews data of 2734 households located around Bwindi for the study. A total of 3383 illegal activities and 338 funded community projects were recorded. Key drivers of illegal activities in Bwindi were accessibility and the number of funded community projects. Parishes with the highest number of community projects experienced fewer illegal activities. The number of illegal activities was negatively correlated with the number of funded community projects. Water and sanitation and household income‐generating projects were the most funded. In conclusion, long‐term funding of community projects contributed to reduction in illegal activities. A targeted approach of increasing community projects in those parishes that showed high incidences of illegal activities is recommended.
Efficacy and safety of DBPR108 (prusogliptin) as an add‐on to metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 24‐week, multi‐centre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, superiority, phase III clinical trial
Authors: Xu Jianping , Ling Hongwei , Geng Jianlin ,   Investigators, Huang Yanli , Xie Ying , Zheng Huiping , Niu Huikun , Zhang Tianhao , Yuan Jing , Xiao Xinhua 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAimTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of DBPR108 (prusogliptin), a novel dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor, as an add‐on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) that is inadequately controlled with metformin.Materials and MethodsIn this 24‐week, multi‐centre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, superiority, phase III study, adult T2D patients with HbA1c levels ranging from 7.0% to 9.5% on stable metformin were enrolled and randomized (2:1) into the DBPR108 + metformin and placebo + metformin groups. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in HbA1c at week 24 of DBPR108 versus placebo as an add‐on therapy to metformin.ResultsAt week 24, the least‐square mean (standard error) change from baseline in HbA1c was significantly greater in the DBPR108 group (−0.70% [0.09%]) than in the placebo group (−0.07% [0.11%]) (P < .001), with a treatment difference of −0.63% (95% confidence interval: −0.87%, −0.39%) on the full analysis set. A higher proportion of patients achieved an HbA1c of 6.5% or less (19.7% vs. 8.5%) and an HbA1c of 7.0% or less (50.0% vs. 21.1%) at week 24 in the DBPR108 + metformin group. Furthermore, add‐on DBPR108 produced greater reductions from baseline in fasting plasma glucose and 2‐hour postprandial plasma glucose without causing weight gain. The overall frequency of adverse events was similar between the two groups.ConclusionsDBPR108 as add‐on therapy to metformin offered a significant improvement in glycaemic control, was superior to metformin monotherapy (placebo) and was safe and well‐tolerated in patients with T2D that is inadequately controlled with metformin.
Latinx sexual minority youth's identity development and experiences with preparation for bias
Authors: Kim Sei Eun , Toomey Russell B. , Anhalt Karla 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined how preparation for ethnic and sexual orientation bias uniquely and collectively contributes to ethnic identity and sexual orientation identity development among Latinx sexual minority youth (SMY).BackgroundTheories indicate that parental socialization strategies are associated with youth's development, yet no studies have examined how multiple forms of socialization are uniquely and collectively associated with youth's identity development.MethodHypotheses were tested using self‐reported data from 385 Latinx SMY (M = 20.26, SD = 2.6).ResultsPreparation for ethnic bias was negatively associated with ethnic identity affirmation but positively associated with ethnic identity exploration and resolution. Preparation for sexual orientation bias was negatively associated with ethnic identity exploration, resolution, and affirmation, as well as sexual orientation identity resolution and affirmation, but not exploration. Several interactions emerged between preparation for ethnic bias and sexual orientation bias predicting ethnic and sexual orientation identity.ConclusionFindings suggest that preparation for bias related to ethnicity and sexual orientation are interconnected, rather than independently shaping ethnic and sexual orientation identities development among SMY.ImplicationsAdditional studies are needed to understand the impacts of family socialization related to ethnicity and sexuality to optimize identity development among Latinx SMY.