bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automating Hair Loss Labels for Universally Scoring Alopecia From Images
Authors: Gudobba Cameron , Mane Tejas , Bayramova Aylar , Rodriguez Natalia , Castelo-Soccio Leslie , Ogunleye Temitayo A. , Taylor Susan C. , Cotsarelis George , Bernardis Elena 
Published: December 2022

ImportanceClinical estimation of hair density has an important role in assessing and tracking the severity and progression of alopecia, yet to the authors’ knowledge, no automation currently exists for this process. While some algorithms have been developed to assess alopecia presence on a binary level, their scope has been limited by focusing on a re-creation of the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score for alopecia areata (AA). Yet hair density loss is common to all alopecia forms, and an evaluation of that loss is used in established scoring systems for androgenetic alopecia (AGA), central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA), and many more.ObjectiveTo develop and validate a new model, HairComb, to automatically compute the percentage hair loss from images regardless of alopecia subtype.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this research study to create a new algorithmic quantification system for all hair loss, computational imaging analysis and algorithm design using retrospective image data collection were performed. This was a multicenter study, where images were collected at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania (Penn), and via a Penn Dermatology web interface. Images were collected from 2015 to 2021, and they were analyzed from 2019 to 2021.Main Outcomes and MeasuresScoring systems correlation analysis was measured by linear and logarithmic regressions. Algorithm performance was evaluated using image segmentation accuracy, density probability regression error, and average percentage hair loss error for labeled images, and Pearson correlation for manual scores.ResultsThere were 404 participants aged 2 years and older that were used for designing and validating HairComb. Scoring systems correlation analysis was performed for 250 participants (70.4% female; mean age, 35.3 years): 75 AGA, 66 AA, 50 CCCA, 27 other alopecia diagnoses (frontal fibrosing alopecia, lichen planopilaris, telogen effluvium, etc), and 32 unaffected scalps without alopecia. Scoring systems showed strong correlations with underlying percentage hair loss, with coefficient of determination R2 values of 0.793 and 0.804 with respect to log of percentage hair loss. Using HairComb, 92% accuracy, 5% regression error, 7% hair loss difference, and predicted scores with errors comparable to annotators were achieved.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this research study,it is shown that an algorithm quantitating percentage hair loss may be applied to all forms of alopecia. A generalizable automated assessment of hair loss would provide a way to standardize measurements of hair loss across a range of conditions.
Perceptions About Cannabis Following Legalization Among Pregnant Individuals With Prenatal Cannabis Use in California
Authors: Young-Wolff Kelly C. , Foti Tara R. , Green Andrea , Altschuler Andrea , Does Monique B. , Jackson-Morris Melanie , Adams Sara R. , Ansley Deborah , Conway Amy , Goler Nancy , Mian Maha N. , Iturralde Esti 
Published: December 2022

ImportanceAs rates of prenatal cannabis use increase and cannabis legalization spreads across the US, studies are needed to understand the potential impacts of legalization from the perspectives of pregnant individuals who use cannabis.ObjectiveTo characterize pregnant individuals’ perspectives on legalization of cannabis for adult use in California (effective in 2018) in relation to prenatal cannabis use behaviors and beliefs.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis qualitative study was conducted in Kaiser Permanente Northern California, a large health care system with universal screening for self-reported cannabis use at entrance to prenatal care. Eighteen semistructured focus groups were conducted from November 17 to December 17, 2021, using a secure video conferencing platform with Black and White pregnant participants who self-reported cannabis use during early pregnancy. Data were analyzed from March to June 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresVideo-recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify major themes and subthemes.ResultsAmong 53 participants (mean [SD] age, 30.3 [5.2] years), 23 (43%) identified as non-Hispanic Black and 30 (57%) identified as non-Hispanic White; 16 participants (30%) reported continued cannabis use at the time of recruitment. Major themes regarding the perceived impact of legalization included easier access (via retailers and delivery), greater acceptance (including reduced stigma and more discussions about prenatal cannabis use with health care practitioners), and trust in cannabis retailers (including safety and effectiveness of diverse products sold and perceptions of cannabis retailer employees as knowledgeable, nonjudgmental, and caring). Responses were mixed about whether retailer marketing and advertising were associated with prenatal cannabis use and whether legalization resulted in reduced concerns about Child Protective Services involvement.Conclusion and RelevanceThe findings of this qualitative study suggest pregnant individuals perceive cannabis legalization as having reduced barriers to prenatal cannabis use and that legalization has created challenges and opportunities for supporting the health of pregnant individuals. The results of this qualitative study highlight key areas that can be further explored in future educational materials, public health campaigns, and policy adaptations to address increasing rates of prenatal cannabis use.
Association of Time to Surgery After COVID-19 Infection With Risk of Postoperative Cardiovascular Morbidity
Authors: Bryant John M. , Boncyk Christina S. , Rengel Kimberly F. , Doan Vivian , Snarskis Connor , McEvoy Matthew D. , McCarthy Karen Y. , Li Gen , Sandberg Warren S. , Freundlich Robert E. 
Published: December 2022

ImportanceThe time interval between COVID-19 infection and surgery is a potentially modifiable but understudied risk factor for postoperative complications.ObjectiveTo examine the association between time to surgery after COVID-19 diagnosis and the risk of a composite of major postoperative cardiovascular morbidity events within 30 days of surgery.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis single-center, retrospective cohort study was conducted among 3997 adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with a previous diagnosis of COVID-19, as documented by a positive polymerase chain reaction test result, who were undergoing surgery from January 1, 2020, to December 6, 2021. Data were obtained through Structured Query Language access of an existing perioperative data warehouse. Statistical analysis was performed March 29, 2022.ExposureThe time interval between COVID-19 diagnosis and surgery.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the composite occurrence of major cardiovascular comorbidity, defined as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cerebrovascular accident, myocardial injury, acute kidney injury, and death within 30 days after surgery, using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsA total of 3997 patients (2223 [55.6%]; median age, 51.3 years [IQR, 35.1-64.4 years]; 667 [16.7%] African American or Black; 2990 [74.8%] White; and 340 [8.5%] other race) were included in the study. The median time from COVID-19 diagnosis to surgery was 98 days (IQR, 30-225 days). Major postoperative adverse cardiovascular events were identified in 485 patients (12.1%). Increased time from COVID-19 diagnosis to surgery was associated with a decreased rate of the composite outcome (adjusted odds ratio, 0.99 [per 10 days]; 95% CI, 0.98-1.00; P = .006). This trend persisted for the 1552 patients who had received at least 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine (adjusted odds ratio, 0.98 [per 10 days]; 95% CI, 0.97-1.00; P = .04).Conclusions and RelevanceThis study suggests that increased time from COVID-19 diagnosis to surgery was associated with a decreased odds of experiencing major postoperative cardiovascular morbidity. This information should be used to better inform risk-benefit discussions concerning optimal surgical timing and perioperative outcomes for patients with a history of COVID-19 infection.
Association of Frailty With Health-Related Quality of Life in Liver Transplant Recipients
Authors: Lai Jennifer C. , Shui Amy M. , Duarte-Rojo Andres , Rahimi Robert S. , Ganger Daniel R. , Verna Elizabeth C. , Volk Michael L. , Kappus Matthew , Ladner Daniela P. , Boyarsky Brian , Segev Dorry L. , Gao Ying , Huang Chiung-Yu , Singer Jonathan P. 
Published: December 2022

ImportanceFrailty has been recognized as a risk factor for mortality after liver transplant (LT) but little is known of its association with functional status and health-related quality of life (HRQL), termed global functional health, in LT recipients.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between pre-LT and post-LT frailty with post-LT global functional health.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective cohort study was conducted at 8 US LT centers and included adults who underwent LT from October 2016 to February 2020.ExposuresFrail was defined by a pre-LT Liver Frailty Index (LFI) score of 4.5 or greater.Main Outcomes and MeasuresGlobal functional health at 1 year after LT, assessed using surveys (Short Form-36 [SF-36; summarized by physical component scores (PFC) and mental component summary scores (MCS)], Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale) and performance-based tests (LFI, Fried Frailty Phenotype, and Short Physical Performance Battery).ResultsOf 358 LT recipients (median [IQR] age, 60 [53-65] years; 115 women [32%]; 25 [7%] Asian/Pacific Islander, 21 [6%] Black, 54 [15%] Hispanic White, and 243 [68%] non-Hispanic White individuals), 68 (19%) had frailty pre-LT. At 1 year post-LT, the median (IQR) PCS was lower in recipients who had frailty vs those without frailty pre-LT (42 [31-53] vs 50 [38-56]; P = .002), but the median MCS was similar. In multivariable regression, pre-LT frailty was associated with a −5.3-unit lower post-LT PCS (P &amp;lt; .001), but not MCS. The proportion who had difficulty with 1 or more Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (21% vs 10%) or who were unemployed/receiving disability (38% vs 29%) was higher in recipients with vs without frailty. In a subgroup of 210 recipients with LFI assessments 1 year post-LT, 13% had frailty at 1 year post-LT. Recipients who had frailty post-LT reported lower adjusted SF-36–PCS scores (coefficient, −11.4; P &amp;lt; .001) but not SF-36–MCS scores. Recipients of LT who had frailty vs those without frailty 1 year post-LT also had worse median (IQR) Fried Frailty Phenotype scores (1 [1-2] vs 1 [0-1]) and higher rates of functional impairment by a Short Physical Performance Battery of 9 or less (42% vs 20%; P = .01).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, pre-LT frailty was associated with worse global functional health 1 year after LT. The presence of frailty after LT was also associated with worse HRQL in physical, but not mental, subdomains. These data suggest that interventions and therapeutics that target frailty that are administered before and/or early post-LT may help to improve the health and well-being of LT recipients.
Two‐Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy: New Developments and Applications
Authors: Jung Young Mee , Noda Isao 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article outlines the recent progress in 2D correlation spectroscopy (2D‐COS), especially new and noteworthy developments and its applications. 2D‐COS is a powerful technique applicable to the in‐depth analysis of various spectral data, especially those obtained in various practical spectroscopic experiments. 2D‐COS has undergone rapid developments. This article highlights new types of 2D correlation analysis, such as combination of chemometrics and 2D‐COS, moving‐window 2D analysis, projection 2D analysis, hetero‐correlation analysis, 2D codistribution spectroscopy (2D‐CDS), smooth factor analysis (SFA), two‐trace two‐dimensional (2T2D) correlation spectroscopy, as well as experimental practices, such as various perturbation methods, fields of applications, and analytical probes employed.
Inline and Online Process Analytical Technology with a Focus on Optical Spectroscopy
Authors: Kessler Rudolf W. , Maiwald Michael , Kessler Waltraud 
Published: December 2022

AbstractProcess analytical technology (PAT) is a cross‐sectional technology and thus essential for future smart production. While in the past decades, the focus of process optimization strategies was on increasing efficiency, in the future, the focus will be on the sustainability of a production and its products. In addition, products will be increasingly personalized in order to match the property profile exactly to the intended use. PAT is able to provide context‐sensitive information at the molecular level for process control. Spectroscopic sensors can determine inline and simultaneously both the chemical composition and its sub‐microscopic morphology. The article will focus on the optical spectroscopy and therefore starts with a brief introduction on the basic concepts of molecular spectroscopy. In addition, the particularities of measuring liquids, surfaces, or particulate systems in PAT applications are described. This should enable the reader to select the appropriate method for the specific problem. Many examples from everyday industrial practice illustrate the applications. The areas covered are the manufacturing industry, process and pharmaceutical industry, food industry, as well as biotechnology and medical technology. Future will show that PAT is especially important for applications in the field of medicine (point of care) circular economy (recycling, water–wastewater, etc.). It is important to emphasize that sustainability in industrial production can only be successful with an inter‐ and transdisciplinary close exchange between the different disciplines.
Structure and Dynamics of Solutions Studied by X‐Ray and Neutron Scattering
Authors: Yamaguchi Toshio 
Published: December 2022

AbstractX‐ray and neutron scattering techniques give us direct information of the microscopic structure (interatomic distance and coordination number) and dynamic properties (vibrational, translational, and rotational motions) of ions and solvents in solutions. Firstly, theoretical background in X‐ray and neutron scattering and empirical potential structure refinement modeling is described, followed by instrumentation of laboratory‐scale and synchrotron radiation X‐ray sources and pulsed neutron sources. Coherent X‐ray and neutron scattering methods of solutions are exemplified for the microscopic structure determination of ion solvation and solutions under pressure. Inelastic X‐ray and neutron scattering methods, such as quasi‐elastic neutron scattering and neutron spin‐echo methods, are described in theory and instrumentation. The dynamic properties of supercritical methanol and water confined in mesoporous materials are described. Finally, conclusions and perspectives are represented.
Hyperspectral Imaging and Analysis
Authors: Geladi Paul , Linderholm Johan , Vidman Andreas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The concept of a hyperspectral image and the different technical steps of acquiring one are described. This includes sampling, illumination, camera calibration, and image file recording. This enables the powerful combination of being able to combine the traditional image with nonvisible chemical information and to geographically relate these types of information to each other. Hyperspectral imaging produces large data sets with geometrical‐georeferenced and spectral information. A technique such as principal component analysis (PCA) produces a subset of images with the information concentrated in a few graphs and noise left out. Interactive analysis of image and scatter plots allows cleaning, and on the cleaned images a new PCA or other multivariate method can be used, creating principal component images containing the relevant information. Using this approach, latent clusters can be detected that are not evident in the initial stage of analysis. There is a large aspect of data mining involved in hyperspectral imaging analysis, which means that visual inspection and interactive brushing is one way of approaching an image with an abundance of complex information.
Calleva (Silchester)
Authors: Fulford Michael G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Calleva originated as a well networked and defended Iron Age
oppidum
of
ca
. 38 ha towards the end of the first century
bce
. Two generations after the Roman invasion of Britain in 43
ce
it was refounded as a Roman town, Calleva Atrebatum, ca. 85
ce
, responsible for the administration of the civitas Atrebatum. Extensive antiquarian and modern excavations have revealed much of its town plan, including the remains of the amphitheatre, bath house, forum basilica, mansio, street grid, temples, town and artisanal houses. Its third century town walls enclosed 48.6 ha. It continued to flourish until the end of the Roman occupation of Britain, 410
ce
.
Burial, Greece
Authors: Sehlmeyer Markus 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

The study of burial practices is important for understanding the cultural development, religious ideas, and political culture of the Greek world. Since ceremonies connected with burial are well known only from the Late Archaic period onward, the investigation of early Greek burials has to concentrate on cemeteries and objects found in graves; the survey is otherwise chronological, with excurses on general topics such as funeral art or specific rituals. As there is a multitude of literary and archaeological sources for Athens, this city serves here an exemplary purpose. Other
poleis
and kingdoms can only be treated selectively when they show different types of burial.
A Self‐Powered Portable Nanowire Array Gas Sensor for Dynamic NO2 Monitoring at Room Temperature
Authors: Wei Shiyu , Li Zhe , Murugappan Krishnan , Li Ziyuan , Zhang Fanlu , Saraswathyvilasam Aswani Gopakumar , Lysevych Mykhaylo , Tan Hark Hoe , Jagadish Chennupati , Tricoli Antonio , Fu Lan 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe fast development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has driven an increasing consumer demand for self‐powered gas sensors for real‐time data collection and autonomous responses in industries such as environmental monitoring, workplace safety, smart cities, and personal healthcare. Despite intensive research and rapid progress in the field, most reported self‐powered devices, specifically NO2 sensors for air pollution monitoring, have limited sensitivity, selectivity, and scalability. Here, a novel photovoltaic self‐powered NO2 sensor is demonstrated based on axial p–i–n homojunction InP nanowire (NW) arrays, that overcome these limitations. The optimized innovative InP NW array device is designed by numerical simulation for insights into sensing mechanisms and performance enhancement. Without a power source, this InP NW sensor achieves an 84% sensing response to 1 ppm NO2 and records a limit of detection down to the sub‐ppb level, with little dependence on the incident light intensity, even under <5% of 1 sun illumination. Based on this great environmental fidelity, the sensor is integrated into a commercial microchip interface to evaluate its performance in the context of dynamic environmental monitoring of motor vehicle exhaust. The results show that compound semiconductor nanowires can form promising self‐powered sensing platforms suitable for future mega‐scale IoT systems.
Reversible Discharge Products in Li–Air Batteries
Authors: Liu Tong , Zhao Siyuan , Xiong Qi , Yu Jie , Wang Jian , Huang Gang , Ni Meng , Zhang Xinbo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractLithium–air (Li–air) batteries stand out among the post‐Li‐ion batteries due to their high energy density, which has rapidly progressed in the past years. Regarding the fundamental mechanism of Li–air batteries that discharge products produced and decomposed during charging and recharging progress, the reversibility of products closely affects the battery performance. Along with the upsurge of the mainstream discharge products lithium peroxide, with devoted efforts to screening electrolytes, constructing high‐efficiency cathodes, and optimizing anodes, much progress is made in the fundamental understanding and performance. However, the limited advancement is insufficient. In this case, the investigations of other discharge products, including lithium hydroxide, lithium superoxide, lithium oxide, and lithium carbonate, emerge and bring breakthroughs for the Li–air battery technologies. To deepen the understanding of the electrochemical reactions and conversions of discharge products in the battery, recent advances in the various discharge products, mainly focusing on the growth and decomposition mechanisms and the determining factors are systematically reviewed. The perspectives for Li–air batteries on the fundamental development of discharge products and future applications are also provided.
Direct CO2 Capture by Alkali‐Dissolved Cellulose and Sequestration in Building Materials and Artificial Reef Structures
Authors: Reyes Guillermo , Vega‐Coloma Mabel , Antonova Anna , Ajdary Rubina , Jonveaux Solène , Flanigan Colleen , Lautenbacher Nathalie , Rojas Orlando J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCurrent carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies require high energy input and costly catalysts. Here, an effective pathway is offered that addresses climate action by atmospheric CO2 sequestration. Industrially relevant highly reactive alkali cellulose solutions are used as CO2 absorption media. The latter lead to mineralized cellulose materials (MCM) at a tailorable cellulose‐to‐mineral ratio, forming organic‐inorganic viscous systems (viscosity from 102 to 107 mPa s and storage modulus from 10 to 105 Pa). CO2 absorption and conversion into calcium carbonate and associated minerals translate to maximum absorption of 6.5 gCO2 gcellulose−1, tracking inversely with cellulose loading. Cellulose lean gels are easily converted into dry powders, shown as a functional component of ceramic glazes and cementitious composites. Meanwhile, cellulose‐rich gels are moldable and extrudable, yielding stone‐like structures tested as artificial substrates for coral reef restoration. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) suggests new CCU opportunities for building materials, as demonstrated in underwater deployment for coral reef ecosystem restoration.
Strain Engineering of Ni‐Rich Cathode Enables Exceptional Cyclability in Pouch‐Type Full Cells
Authors: Zhu Huawei , Wang Zhihong , Chen Ling , Hu Yanjie , Jiang Hao , Li Chunzhong 
Published: December 2022

AbstractNi‐rich layered oxides are at the forefront of the development of high‐energy Li‐ion batteries, yet the extensive applications are retarded by the deteriorative capacity and thermal instability. Herein, an in situ co‐precipitation strategy is implemented to achieve the novel super‐dispersed Nb‐doped Ni‐rich cathode that consists of the elongated and radially aligned primary particles with increased oxygen stable {001} planes. The unique microstructure homogenizes the intragranular and intergranular strain distribution and stabilizes the spherical secondary particles, effectively inhibiting microcrack formation and propagation and surface degradation. The super‐dispersed Nb doping prevents the Li/Ni disordering and lattice oxygen escape, thereby further strengthening the crystal structure and thermal stability. Accordingly, this cathode delivers a high reversible capacity of 229.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C with much better retention at 55 °C and 5 C after 100 cycles than the conventional Nb‐doped Ni‐rich cathodes. In a pouch‐type full cell, it exhibits exceptionally long life with a capacity retention of 91.9% at 1 C after 500 cycles and 80.5% at 5 C after 2000 cycles within 3.0–4.2 V, greatly prolonging the service period to cater to the lightweight and intelligence of electric vehicles.