bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Somerset, Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 x 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a COa sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi with a 4 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 76°F; soil temp,, 70°F; % RH, 68; amount of thatch, 0.5-1 inch; soil type, silt-loam; % soil moisture, 12; soil pH, 6.8; % organic matter, 5.0; water pH, slightly acidic; 1.4 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 7 DAT after the initial 1 Aug treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10 min period. Three floatation samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Evaluation of Aphid Cleanup Materials on Ready To Ship Hibiscus, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plants ready for shipment in 6 inch pots were placed in an enclosed greenhouse and inoculated with green peach aphids from a cultured colony. There were 4 replicate pots per treatment. When aphids were well established according to a baseline count, spray and granular treatments were started.Three sprays at 4 and 3 day intervals were applied to runoff with hand-held mist bottles; a single granular treatment was made on the 1st application date. Two post-treatment evalutions were made; 3 days after the 2nd and 2 days after the 3rd application. Evaluations consisted of counting all live aphids on 2 randomly selected shoots (ca. 3 inches in length) from each replicate pot.
Apple, Timing of Apollo Airblast Applications, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The acaricide Apollo 50SC in various concentrations was applied at various times in the season to single 0.15 acre plots in a randomized complete block design consisting of 4 replicates of alternating York Imperial and Golden Delicious trees. All treatments were applied as alternate side sprays except the pink applications which were applied as complete sprays. All sprays were made with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated at 50 gpa, 2 mph. Dates of application were: pink (25 Apr); petal fall (8 and 12 May); first cover (20 and 27 May); 10 Jul (all pink treatments), and 17 Jul (all pink, petal fall, and the 59 ml rate for first cover). During the season, general maintenance sprays of fungicides (Bayleton, Benlate, Dithane M-45) insecticides (Lorsban, Guthion, Methomyl, Penncap M) as well as calcium chloride were applied with a Friend Airmaster calibrated at 50 gpa and driven at 2.3 mph. The effect of treatments on ERM and TSSM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment on the cv York Imperial. The predator S. punctum was observed by 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Apple, Effect of Pydrin/Guthion on Mite Control with Savey, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 6 treatments replicated 4 times. Plots were approximately 0.05 acre in size. Within each plot were 4 rows of trees with each row containing one tree each of cultivars York Imperial, Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Rome Beauty. Treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre at 2 mph. All sprays were applied to both sides of trees. The Savey applications were as follows: 6 May, 24 Jul , and 1 Aug (Pydrin treatments only). For the Pydrin only and Guthion only treatments, the following acaricide applications were made: 8 Jul (Kelthane 4F 1.89 liters/acre), 24 Jul (Plictran 50WP 340 g plus Vydate 2L 946 ml/acre), and 1 Aug (Plictran 50WP 228 g plus Carzol 92SP 228 g/acre). Insecticides were applied as follows: 6 and 21 May, 4 and 19 Jun, 3 and 17 Jul, 4 and 22 Aug. A regular fungicide schedule (Captan, Dithane M-45 and calcium chloride) was maintained throughout the season. The effect of treatments on ERM was evaluated by collecting a random sample of 25 leaves/tree (cv Delicious), 100 leaves/treatment and brushing them with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine. The predator S. punctum was observed by making 3 minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Mite pressure was extremely heavy.
Apple, European Red Mite Control with Acaricides, Mid-Season Test, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 16 year-old apple orchard, varieties Yellow Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots replicated 2 times (test 1) or 3 times (test 2) in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. For disease control the entire orchard was treated with Captan and Polyram as needed. ERM counts were made by randomly picking 25 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile mites. Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 X Y], where MD1 = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = no. of days between Ml and M2. Stethorus = avg no. of S. punctum larvae, pupae and adults/3 min count/tree.
Apple, European Red Mite Control with Acaricides, Apollo-Savey Series Dilution Test, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 16 year-old apple orchard, variety ‘Yellow Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Treatments were applied 9 Jul. For disease control the entire orchard was treated with Captan and Polyram as needed. ERM counts were made by randomly picking 25 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile mites. Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MDl + [(Ml + M2)/2 x Y], where MDl = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = no. of days between Ml and M2.
Apple, European Red Mite Control with Acaricides, Post Harvest Test, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 16 year-old apple orchard, variety ‘Stayman’ was used in this test. Single tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Treatments were applied post-harvest (PH) on 7 Nov, 1985 and at pink (P) on 25 Apr, and petal fell (PF), 7 May, 1986. For disease control the entire orchard was treated with Captan and Polyram as needed. ERM counts were made by randomly picking 25 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile mites. Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 x Y], where MD1 = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = no. of days between Ml and M2.
Pear, Pear Psylla, Screening of Insect Growth Regulators, 1986
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted on pear seedlings (small nursery liners) growing in 4-inch pots and on terminal shoots of ‘Bartlett’ in a Research Center orchard. Seedlings were infested with PP eggs by caging 20 adults on each for 5 days. Shoots in the orchard were naturally infested with mixed stage populations. Treatments were applied to seedlings 1 day before adults were caged on them by dipping them for 5 s in water dilutions of candidate pesticides. Shoot tests were replicated 3 times and were sprayed to the point of drip with a hand pump sprayer. Treated seedlings were held post-treatment in a growth room at ca. 75°F and 16 h photoperiod for 4 weeks. Treated shoots remained in the orchard post-treatment. Treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and nymphs on the entire sample using a dissecting microscope.
Citrus Red Mite Control on Citrus in Louisiana, 1986
Authors: Story R. N. , Bourgeois W. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on a plot of'Washington’ navel citrus trees located at the LSU Citrus Research Station, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Port Sulpher, LA. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replications per treatment (individual trees served as plots). Pesticides were applied on 18 Aug with a hand-held C02 pressurized sprayer delivering 0.5 1 per tree at 40 psi through a single spray nozzle containing a D-3 disc, No. 25 core, and 16 mesh strainer. Treatments were sprayed until completely covered. Evaluations were made on 26 Aug and 30 Sept by randomly selecting leaves per tree as follows; 2 leaves from each of the 4 compass directions and 2 from the center of the tree. Leaves were taken to the lab, examined under a stero-microscope, and the number of mites recorded.
Citrus Thrips Control Trial in California, 1986
Authors: Morse J. G. , Brawner O. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pesticides were evaluated for control of citrus thrips populations in Field 12 (16 year old Atwood navel oranges) of the Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, CA. The entire plot was treated 3 Apr for citrus red mite and fruittree leafroller with Morestan 25%WP, 5 lb/acre plus Dylox 80%SP, 2.5 lb/acre. Treatments for citrus thrips control were applied using a hand-gun at 500 psi, outside coverage, and approximately 200 gpa (except Kelthane, thorough coverage, 1000 gpa) on various dates pre and post petal fall (21 Apr). Four-tree plots were used with 3-7 (normally 3) replications. Posttreatment counts were taken weekly on most of the plots on the percent of fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level (10 fruit per tree) that were infested with citrus thrips during the 6 week critical period following petal fall. Citrus thrips fruit scarring counts were taken 1 month prior to harvest (on 13-14 Oct) on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Scars were rated as slight (any citrus thrips scarring) or severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring, equivalent to level causing fruit downgrading in a normal year). Economic scarring levels are approximately 5% severe scars.
Whorl Applications to Control Fall Armyworm in Corn, 1987
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Silver Queen' sweet corn was planted 13 Jul in a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30-inch centers and 25 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular whorl treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorl on 18 and 24 Aug. No other treatments were applied. Twenty whorls were rated for fall armyworm damage on 26 Aug as follows: 0, no damage; 1, slight damage, up to 10% whorl feeding; 2, moderate damage, 10-25% whorl feeding; 3, heavy damage, 25-50% feeding damage; 4, severe damage, 50-75% whorl feeding, tassel damaged; and 5, whorl destroyed. Twenty whorls were removed from the plants, unrolled, and all live armyworm larvae were counted. On 6 Oct, 20 ears were harvested and weighed. On 16 Oct, 20 plants in each plot were measured to determine plant height from the soil surface to the tip of the tassel. On 19 Nov, 10 stalks from the center 2 rows of each plot were split from 3 nodes above the ear to 3 nodes below the ear and each 2.5 cm of ECB damage was recorded as one cavity.
Control of Fall Armyworm by Aerial Application of Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One commercial 16-acre field, located near Potter, N.Y., was used for this test. Within the field 5 plots, each 40 ft wide by 900 ft long, were delineated. Within the center of each plot we marked a section of 100 plants in the early whorl stage. Into the whorls of each of the 500 plants, about 15 newly hatched FAW larvae (from a Du Pont-maintained Lannatesusceptible culture) were deposited on 15 Jul using a “bazooka” dry-grit Davis innoculator. On 21 Jul, each section was sprayed with 1 of 4 insecticides. A Schweizer Ag-Truck plane was used to deliver all treatments. Liquid insecticides were applied a 3 gal/acre, 35-40 psi with D8-45 nozzels and 115-120 mph. On 27 Jul 50 plants from each treatment were evaluated for the number of live FAW larvae. After this evaluation, 1 additional spray of EPN and 2 additional sprays of Penncap-M (all at 0.5 lb [AI]/acre) were sprayed on 4, 11, and 18 Aug, respectively. On 25 Aug the remaining 50 ears in each treatment were evaluated for ear injury.
Control of the Corn Lepidoptera by Liquid Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn was planted on 7 May at the Robbins Entomology Farm near Geneva, N.Y. The planting consisted of a RCB design with 3 replicates of 7 treatments and 1 control. Plots consisted of 6 rows of sweet corn on 3-ft centers with 9-inch plant spacing. Blocks were separated by 15 ft. Treatments consisted of 2 applications of each insecticide for naturally occurring Lepidoptera. Foliar sprays were applied by a John Blue Highboy delivering 38 gal/acre at 50 psi and 2.5 mph, with 5 nozzles per row (2 on each side, 1 from the top) using flat-fan nozzles with 110015 tips. Insecticides were applied on 31 Jul and 5 Aug. On 11 Aug 50 ears from the 4 middle rows of each plot were evaluated for ear injury.
Onion Thrips Control, 1987
Authors: Davis A. , Grafius E. , Stehr J. , Hayden J. , Bishop B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Onions were planted at the M.S.U. Muck Research Farm, Bath, Mich. Plots were single rows (17 inches between rows) 20 ft long, arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates. Two border rows were left unsprayed between each plot. Treatments were applied with a single nozzle (D4) hand-held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi. Sprays were applied 25 and 30 Jul. The day before the first spray, 10 plants were randomly selected and marked within each plot, and the thrips on each plant counted in the field; the plants were disturbed as little as possible. The thrips were counted on the same plants on 27 and 31 Jul. The total numbers of thrips per 10 plants were calculated for the first prespray sample and the last postspray sample. The total change per plot between the first and last sample date was converted to a percentage of the initial count and this number was used to determine differences among treatments.
Onion Maggot Control, 1987
Authors: Suett D. L. , Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seeds were treated by D. L. Suett in March and sent to the United States in time for planting on 20 Apr in muck soil near Potter, N.Y., on the Tony Sacheli Farm. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 5 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments applied with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting 9 seeds/ft and delivering 75 gal/acre through a gravity fed system. Insecticide band treatments were based on a 15-inch row width. Dithane M-45 (80WP) was applied in the furrow at 2.4 lb (AI)/acre for control of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) with each treatment. Stand counts were taken 21 May. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants twice each week from the time of stand counts until 6 Jul.
Wireworm Control on Potato, 1986
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Watrin Clifford G. , Lagnaoui Abdelaziz 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Certified B-size potatoes were planted 29 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. The field, a Waukegan silt loam, had been in alfalfa the previous 3 yr. Treatments were 2 rows, 80 ft long, with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 5 replications. Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow using a planter-mounted granular applicator. For the treatment with 2 insecticides used in combination, 1 insecticide was applied with the planter empty of seed and the other was applied when planting. Every third plot was an untreated control. Once during the season, on 8 Aug, the entire experimental block was sprayed with Pydrin 2.4E, at 0.05 lb (AI)/ acre, to control potato leafhopper. Two rows were harvested from each plot 2 Oct. The potatoes were washed, counted, and scored for wireworm injury. Data for untreated control plots were pooled within replications. Control was calculated relative to the untreated plots.
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1986
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiments were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates. The south and north experiments were planted 27 and 29 May, respectively, at Presque Isle, Maine, on land that was in clover in 1985. The 3.0-m space between blocks was bare soil and the 4-row plots were separated by 2 rows of untreated potatoes. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long, and the healthy seed pieces (75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by 8 foliar applications of Dithane M-45 (1681 g/ha on 7, 14, 21, and 28 Jul; 2242 g/ha on 4, 11, 18, and 25 Aug). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles per row at 7.0 kg/cm2 pressure and 1.2 kl/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted on 25 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1). Means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using Duncan's new multiple range test and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for June, July, and August was 5.5, 10.5, and 12.6 cm, respectively. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 14.5, 17.8 and 17.2°C. Approximately 25 over-wintered adult beetles were added to each plot in June to supplement the natural population.
Aphid Suppression on Spinach, 1987
Authors: McLeod Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven rows of spinach, each separated by 1 ft, were planted in 7-ft wide beds on 1 Nov at the Don Newton farm at Kibler, Ark. Plots consisted of 1 bed (7 rows) × 30 ft. Plots were separated by 1 ft of bare ground on each side and 3 ft of spinach separated plots within the same row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block (10 treatments × 4 replications). Sprays were applied 25 Mar with a handheld CO2 sprayer equipped with 3 Spraying Systems 8003 nozzles and calibrated to deliver 16 gal/acre. Temperature at spraying was 57°F. The number of live aphids was counted on 10 randomly selected plants from each plot at 3, 7, and 21 days after spraying.
Impact of Insecticides on Lepidopterous Larvae and Leafminers on Tomatoes, 1986
Authors: Carson W. G. , Nakakihara H. , Trumble J. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 30 Jun at the University of California's South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, Calif. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 50 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 wk and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. In the combination treatment, including RH 7988, Javelin, and Abamectin, as well as in the individual treatment, RN 7988 was only sprayed once (31 Jul) as aphid populations did not reach significant levels. In the same combination treatment, Abamectin and Javelin also were sprayed only once (31 Jul) because the leafminer population was low and plant samples suggested (incorrectly) that beet armyworm levels were low. Application dates were 31 Jul; 7, 14, 21, and 28 Aug; and 5, 11, 18, and 26 Sep. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 4-6 nozzles per row (as plant height and density increased) incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #23-25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for some treatments at 0.04%. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9- by 11-inch trays/replicate from 13 Aug through 10 Sep, inclusive. On 2 and 3 Oct, 200 mature green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicon).
Control of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae with Insecticides and An Insect Growth Regulator (Igr), 1987
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fourteen chemicals including 1 IGR (DPX-EY059) were evaluated in an established stand of alfalfa at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield, Tenn. Plots were 20 × 20 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by 20-ft alleys. All treatments were applied on 8 Apr when 100% of the tips were damaged and population counts averaged 9.5 larvae/sweep. A second application of all rates of the IGR was made on 22 Apr. Chemicals were applied using a tractor-mounted C02-powered 10-ft boom sprayer at the rate of 30 gal/acre. Insect samples were collected on 15, 22, and 28 Apr and 5 May using a 15-inch-diam net and consisted of 5 pendulum sweeps from each plot. A 33-inch × 20-ft strip was harvested from the middle of each plot on 7 May. Subsamples were dried for yield determination. Soil type was Cookeville silt loam, 5-12% slope.
Prebloom Control of Insect Pests of Alfalfa, 1987
Authors: Tanigoshi Lynell K. , Babcock Jon 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was undertaken in a commercial stand of ‘Vernima’ seed alfalfa that has been in production for 3 yr near Gardena, Walla Walla County, Wash. Spray treatments were applied with a C02-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi from a 4-ft boom with 4 8003 flat-fan nozzles on 19-inch spacings. Treatment date was 16 Apr and subsequent samples were collected on 23 Apr and 6 May. Each sample was made up of 5 180-degree sweeps from a 15-inch-diam sweep net.
Fall Armyworm Control in Louisiana, 1987
Authors: Quisenberry Sharron , Whitford Fred , Lee James W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots measuring 20 × 50 ft were established in a stand of ‘Common’ bermudagrass at the en Hur Research Station in Baton Rouge. Seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. A COa backpack sprayer juipped with a 7-ft boom using 4 brass 8002 flat-fan nozzles was used to apply insecticide treatments. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 18.3 gal/acre i 42 psi. Plants were in the vegetative stage, and winds were less than 5 mph. Plots were sampled 4 times by taking 10 pendulum sweeps with a standard veep net (15-inch diam) at pretreatment and at 2, 7, and 14 days posttreatment.