bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quasi-graphs, zero entropy and measures with discrete spectrum
Authors: Li Jian , Oprocha Piotr , Zhang Guohua 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we study dynamics of maps on quasi-graphs and characterise their invariant measures. In particular, we prove that every invariant measure of a quasi-graph map with zero topological entropy has discrete spectrum. Additionally, we obtain an analog of Llibre–Misiurewicz’s result relating positive topological entropy with existence of topological horseshoes. We also study dynamics on dendrites and show that if a continuous map on a dendrite whose set of all endpoints is closed and has only finitely many accumulation points, has zero topological entropy, then every invariant measure supported on an orbit closure has discrete spectrum.
Direct x-ray detection using thin-film pentacene Schottky diodes
Authors: Lakshmi Vineela V. , Praveen P.A. , Kanagasekaran T. , Kumar C Nitish , Narasimha Murty N.V.L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Direct x-ray detectors using thermally evaporated pentacene
thin-films are fabricated in Schottky and coplanar configurations
and are analysed for low x-ray dose rates. In both configurations,
the x-ray induced photocurrent is found to be five orders of
magnitude greater than the theoretically evaluated threshold value
that may reflect possible internal gain mechanism. Coplanar
detectors showed unstable x-ray photocurrent characteristics; on the
other hand, Schottky photodiode structure showed stable response and
thus allowed to proceed for x-ray sensitivity
measurements. Pentacene-based Schottky detector presented a decent
volume sensitivity of 162.3 μC/mGy/cm3. The high x-ray
sensitivity of pentacene Schottky detector can be due to the
complete depletion of the thin-film at the operating reverse bias,
revealed by transfer characteristics of fabricated pentacene
MESFET. Such a reasonably good x-ray photoconversion in low-Z
organic semiconducting materials uncovers the possibility of
implementing them in x-ray medical dosimetry applications and in
wearable electronic technology.
Untapped potential: leak reduction is the most cost-effective urban water management tool
Authors: Rupiper Amanda , Weill Joakim , Bruno Ellen , Jessoe Katrina , Loge Frank 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Providing sufficient, safe, and reliable drinking water is a growing challenge as water supplies become more scarce and uncertain. Meanwhile, water utilities in the United States lose approximately 17% of their delivered water to leaks each year. Using data from over 800 utilities across four U.S. states, California, Georgia, Tennessee, and Texas, we characterize the heterogeneity in water losses across the U.S., develop a model to assess the economically efficient level of losses, and use this model to compare the net benefits of several proposed water loss regulations and modeling approaches. Combining economic and engineering principles, our model shows that for the median utility, it is economically efficient to reduce water losses by 34.7%, or 100 acre-feet (AF) per year. The median cost of water savings from leak management is $277/AF, which falls well below the cost of traditional water management tools. However, the optimal level of water losses strongly depends on utility-specific characteristics, leading to large differences in the potential for cost-effective leak reduction across utilities. We show that water loss management can lead to water savings that generate net economic benefits, but only if management approaches incorporate economic and engineering principles.
ENSO modulation of summertime tropospheric ozone over China
Authors: Yang Yang , Li Mengyun , Wang Hailong , Li Huimin , Wang Pinya , Li Ke , Gao Meng , Liao Hong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Ozone (O3) is one of the most critical pollutants affecting air quality in China in recent years. In this study, different impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm/cold phases on summertime tropospheric O3 over China are examined based on model simulations, ground measurements, and reanalysis data. Summertime surface O3 concentrations in China show a positive correlation with ENSO index during years 1990–2019, with the largest increases by 20% over southern China in El Niño (warm phase) relative to La Niña (cold phase) years. The ENSO modulation extends to the middle and even upper troposphere. Our analysis indicates that O3 flux convergence associated with weakened southerlies is the primary reason for the increase in tropospheric O3 over southern China. In addition, the O3 increase during El Niño years is mainly from domestic emissions in China. This study highlights the potential significance of ENSO in modulating tropospheric O3 concentrations in China, with great implications for O3 pollution mitigation.
A family of fourth-order superintegrable systems with rational potentials related to Painlevé VI
Authors: Marquette I , Post S , Ritter L 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We discuss a family of Hamiltonians given by particular rational extensions of the singular oscillator in two-dimensions. The wave functions of these Hamiltonians can be expressed in terms of products of Laguerre and exceptional Jacobi polynomials. We show that these systems are superintegrable and admit an integral of motion that is of fourth-order. As such systems have been classified, we see that these potentials satisfy a non-linear equation related to Painlevé VI. We begin by demonstrating the process with the simpler example of rational extensions of the harmonic oscillator and use the classification of third-order superintegrable systems to connect these families with the known solutions of Painlevé IV associated with Hermite polynomials.
A Systematic Review on the Current Trend in Nonsurgical Aesthetic Training for Knowledge, Skill, and Professional Identity Formation
Authors: Kumar Narendra , Parsa Ali Davod , Rahman Eqram 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Non-surgical aesthetics is a rapidly growing healthcare domain and lacks pedagogically sound education and training programs. The trainee physicians often participate in short courses which are outside of the scope of an existing postgraduate training program to acquire the necessary knowledge and procedural skills. However, such training programs lack values and interests that shape critical thinking and holistic decision-making, often referred to as professional identity.

Objectives
This systematic review aims to analyze current trends in non-surgical aesthetic clinical education to form knowledge, skills, and professional identity.

Methods
A detailed literature search was conducted in electronic databases—PubMed, Cochrane, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, and Google Scholar—for relevant studies published between January 2010 and December 2020, with an update in September 2021.

Results
Fifty-five articles were identified through electronic searches, among which 40 were selected following a review of the abstracts. Sixteen articles were identified as the best evidence for the detailed and iterative review based on their relevance and fit to the inclusion criteria. Unfortunately, none of the included studies designed their questionnaire based on the Kirkpatrick Model, which is best known for analyzing and evaluating the results of training and educational programs.

Conclusions
This systematic review provides valuable insight into graduate professional identity formation and graduates’ readiness for independent clinical practice. Therefore, particular consideration should be given to incorporating these triggers when developing evidence-based postgraduate curricula for non-surgical aesthetics.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of cajaninstilbene acid and amorfrutins A-D as cytotoxic agents against human pancreatic carcinoma PANC-1 cells
Authors: Fujita Tadafumi , Lin Jianyu , Kimishima Atsushi , Arai Masayoshi , Takikawa Hirosato , Ogura Yusuke 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
A concise synthesis of cajaninstilbene acid was achieved in 7 steps from (E)-3,5-dimethoxystilbene in 8.6% overall yield via the Claisen rearrangement of an aryl reverse-prenyl ether as the key step. Cytotoxic activities against human pancreatic carcinoma PANC-1 cells of cajaninstilbene acid and amorfrutins A-D were also evaluated.
Shape-dependent leaf manipulation in the leaf rolling weevil Phymatapoderus pavens (Coleoptera: Attelabidae)
Authors: Higuchi Yumiko , Kawakita Atsushi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Plant leaves are utilized by various shelter-building insects. Some insects are constrained in their host plant use by the difficulty in modifying leaves into shelters, while others may cope through different construction methods. Here, we show that the leaf-rolling weevil Phymatapoderus pavens (Coleoptera, Attelabidae) constructs two types of leaf rolⅼ on Boehmeria silvestrii (Urticaceae) according to the shape of the leaf. Female weevils make leaf rolls using the whole leaf when the leaf is small and weakly lobed, whereas they use only one of the lateral lobes when the leaf is large and deeply lobed. Both types were found within a population and each functioned as a site for the growth of offspring. Weevils bite the leaf veins differently when constructing each of these leaf rolls, suggesting that the leaf roll type is determined before the leaf is rolled. Compared with another leaf-rolling weevil species, Apoderus praecellens (Coleoptera, Attelabidae), which makes leaf rolls on similarly lobed leaves of Isodon umbrosus var. hakusanensis (Lamiaceae), P. pavens utilizes a wider range of leaf shapes because these weevils are able to construct leaf rolls on the lateral lobes of the leaves. Differences in leaf-rolling behaviour, leaf venation pattern, and the relative size of weevils and leaves are factors affecting the results.
Attractiveness of floral traits to diverse pollinators in zygomorphic flowers of Isodon trichocarpus (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Itagaki Tomoyuki , Hoshi Kouta , Aoyagi Blue Yuta , Sakai Satoki 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
When the abundance and the composition of pollinators are unpredictable, exploitation of a diverse assemblage of pollinators is important for plant reproduction. To examine the role of floral traits in attracting diverse pollinators, we performed a field study using the zygomorphic flowers of Isodon trichocarpus. We investigated variation in floral traits among flowers and seasonal variation in pollinator assemblage and determined whether pollinator behaviour is linked to floral traits. We compared pollinator diversity among flowers by flower-based rarefaction and extrapolation. Pollinator diversity increased with span of corolla opening. The number of bumble bee visits increased with upper lip height. During the flowering period, there were only 2 days when all pollinator groups (wasps, bumble bees, small bees and hoverflies) were observed, and there were 4 days when only one group was observed. Thus, the degree of generalization was not similar for all flowers because pollinator visits differed according to floral traits and some pollinator groups were observed in only part of the flowering season. Our results show that floral form increased attractiveness to diverse pollinators and that different flower traits were associated with different pollinator visits. Thus, pollinator assemblage in this species is related to floral traits.
All for one: changes in mitochondrial morphology and activity during syncytial oogenesis
Authors: Urbisz Anna Z , Chajec Łukasz , Małota Karol , Student Sebastian , Sawadro Marta K , Śliwińska Małgorzata A , Świątek Piotr 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The syncytial groups of germ cells (germ-line cysts) forming in ovaries of clitellate annelids are an attractive model to study mitochondrial stage-specific changes. Using transmission electron microscopy, serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, and fluorescent microscopy, we analyzed the mitochondria distribution and morphology and the state of membrane potential in female cysts in Enchytraeus albidus. We visualized in 3D at the ultrastructural level mitochondria in cysts at successive stages: 2-celled, 4-celled, 16-celled cysts, and cyst in advanced oogenesis. We found that mitochondria form extensive aggregates—they are fused and connected into large and branched mitochondrial networks. The most extensive networks are formed with up to 10 000 fused mitochondria, whereas individual organelles represent up to 2% of the total mitochondrial volume. We classify such a morphology of mitochondria as a dynamic hyperfusion state and suggest that this can maintain their high activity and intensify the process of cellular respiration within the syncytial cysts. We found some individual mitochondria undergoing degradation, which implies that damaged mitochondria are removed from networks for their final elimination. As growing oocytes were shown to possess less active mitochondria than the nurse cells, the high activity of mitochondria in the nurse cells and their dynamic hyperfusion state are attributed to serve the needs of the growing oocyte. In addition, we measured by calorimetry the total antioxidant capacity of germ-line cysts in comparison with somatic tissue, and it suggests that antioxidative defense systems, together with mitochondrial networks, can effectively protect germ-line mitochondria from damage.
From temporal to spatial topography: hierarchy of neural dynamics in higher- and lower-order networks shapes their complexity
Authors: Golesorkhi Mehrshad , Gomez-Pilar Javier , Çatal Yasir , Tumati Shankar , Yagoub Mustapha C E , Stamatakis Emanuel A , Northoff Georg 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The brain shows a topographical hierarchy along the lines of lower- and higher-order networks. The exact temporal dynamics characterization of this lower-higher-order topography at rest and its impact on task states remains unclear, though. Using 2 functional magnetic resonance imaging data sets, we investigate lower- and higher-order networks in terms of the signal compressibility, operationalized by Lempel–Ziv complexity (LZC). As we assume that this degree of complexity is related to the slow–fast frequency balance, we also compute the median frequency (MF), an estimation of frequency distribution. We demonstrate (i) topographical differences at rest between higher- and lower-order networks, showing lower LZC and MF in the former; (ii) task-related and task-specific changes in LZC and MF in both lower- and higher-order networks; (iii) hierarchical relationship between LZC and MF, as MF at rest correlates with LZC rest–task change along the lines of lower- and higher-order networks; and (iv) causal and nonlinear relation between LZC at rest and LZC during task, with MF at rest acting as mediator. Together, results show that the topographical hierarchy of lower- and higher-order networks converges with their temporal hierarchy, with these neural dynamics at rest shaping their range of complexity during task states in a nonlinear way.
Reproduction Numbers of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Du Zhanwei , Liu Caifen , Wang Chunyu , Xu Lingfeng , Xu Mingda , Wang Lin , Bai Yuan , Xu Xiaoke , Lau Eric H Y , Wu Peng , Cowling Benjamin J 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to pose substantial risks to public health, worsened by the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants that may have a higher transmissibility and reduce vaccine effectiveness. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on reproduction numbers of SARS-CoV-2 variants and provided pooled estimates for each variant.
Effect of water management on microbial diversity and composition in an Italian rice field system
Authors: Hester Eric R , Vaksmaa Annika , Valè Giampiero , Monaco Stefano , Jetten Mike S M , Lüke Claudia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Traditional rice cultivation consumes up to 2500 L of water per kg yield and new strategies such as the ‘Alternate Wetting and Drying’ (AWD) might be promising water-saving alternatives. However, they might have large impacts on the soil microbiology. In this study, we compared the bacterial and archaeal communities in experimental field plots, cultivated under continuously flooding (CF) and AWD management, by high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. We analysed alpha and beta diversity in bulk soil and on plant roots, in plots cultivated with two different rice cultivars. The strongest difference was found between soil and root communities. Beside others, the anaerobic methanotroph Methanoperedens was abundant in soil, however, we detected a considerable number of ANME-2a-2b on plant roots. Furthermore, root communities were significantly affected by the water management: Differential abundance analysis revealed the enrichment of aerobic and potentially plant-growth-promoting bacteria under AWD treatment, such as Sphingomonadaceae and Rhizobiaceae (both Alphaproteobacteria), and Bacteroidetes families. Microorganisms with an overall anaerobic lifestyle, such as various Delta- and Epsilonproteobacteria, and Firmicutes were depleted. Our study indicates that the bulk soil communities seem overall well adapted and more resistant to changes in the water treatment, whereas the root microbiota seems more vulnerable.
Clonal hematopoiesis as a pitfall in germline variant interpretation in the context of Mendelian disorders
Authors: Brunet Theresa , Berutti Riccardo , Dill Veronika , Hecker Judith S , Choukair Daniela , Andres Stephanie , Deschauer Marcus , Diehl-Schmid Janine , Krenn Martin , Eckstein Gertrud , Graf Elisabeth , Gasser Thomas , Strom Tim M , Hoefele Julia , Götze Katharina S , Meitinger Thomas , Wagner Matias 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis because of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells is an age-related phenomenon and commonly observed when sequencing blood DNA in elderly individuals. Several genes that are implicated in clonal hematopoiesis are also associated with Mendelian disorders when mutated in the germline, potentially leading to variant misinterpretation. We performed a literature search to identify genes associated with age-related clonal hematopoiesis followed by an OMIM query to identify the subset of genes in which germline variants are associated with Mendelian disorders. We retrospectively screened for diagnostic cases in which the presence of age-related clonal hematopoiesis confounded exome sequencing data interpretation. We found 58 genes in which somatic mutations are implicated in clonal hematopoiesis, while germline variants in the same genes are associated with Mendelian (mostly neurodevelopmental) disorders. Using five selected cases of individuals with suspected monogenic disorders, we illustrate how clonal hematopoiesis in either variant databases or exome sequencing datasets poses a pitfall, potentially leading to variant misclassification and erroneous conclusions regarding gene–disease associations.
Duration of Humoral Immunity and Cross-Neutralizing Activity Against the Alpha, Beta, and Delta Variants After Wild-Type Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Noh Ji Yun , Yang Jeong Sun , Hwang Soon Young , Hyun Hakjun , Seong Hye , Gu Yoon Jin , Yoon Soo Young , Cheong Hee Jin , Kim Woo Joo , Park Woo Jung , Kim Jun Won , Lee Joo Yeon , Song Joon Young 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A prospective cohort study was conducted for adults with a diagnosis of with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Convalescent blood samples were obtained 4, 6, and 11 months after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The seropositivity of anti-spike antibody was maintained in all patients (100%) until 11 months after COVID-19 diagnosis. Neutralizing antibody levels against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 gradually decreased but remained positive in &gt;50% of patients 11 months after diagnosis: in 98.5% (67 of 68) at 4 months, 86.8% (46 of 53) at 6 months, and 58.8% (40 of 68) at 11 months. However, cross-neutralizing activity against the Beta and Delta variants was attenuated 2.53-fold and 2.93-fold, respectively, compared with the wild-type strain.
Morbidity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infections: RSV Compared With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections in Children Aged 0–4 Years in Cologne, Germany
Authors: Meyer Meike , Ruebsteck Esra , Eifinger Frank , Klein Florian , Oberthuer André , van Koningsbruggen-Rietschel Silke , Huenseler Christoph , Weber Lutz Thorsten 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The aim of this retrospective analysis was to provide information on how infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) differ in symptoms, clinical course, outcome, and utilization of hospital care. We investigated 748 polymerase chain reaction results from symptomatic children aged 0–4 years in Cologne, Germany. One hundred sixty-nine patients tested positive for RSV (22.6%) and 24 children for SARS-CoV-2 (3.2%). Symptomatic patients with RSV infection were hospitalized significantly longer. RSV-positive patients needed oxygen supplementation significantly more often as well as high-flow therapy. With regard to care efforts, RSV-infected patients put higher pressure on the hospital and utilized more hospital resources.
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Clusters Disproportionally Impact Persons Experiencing Homelessness, Injecting Drug Users, and the Western United States
Authors: Beall Bernard , Chochua Sopio , Li Zhongya , Tran Theresa , Varghese Jasmine , McGee Lesley , Li Yuan , Metcalf Benjamin J 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) isolates forming genomic clusters can reflect rapid disease transmission between vulnerable individuals.

Methods
We performed whole genome sequencing of 2820 IPD isolates recovered during 2019 through Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Active Bacterial Core surveillance to provide strain information (serotypes, resistance, genotypes), and 2778 of these genomes were analyzed to detect highly related genomic clusters.

Results
Isolates from persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) were more often within genomic clusters than those from persons not experiencing homelessness (PNEH) (105/198 [53.0%] vs 592/2551 [23.2%]; P &lt; .001). The 4 western sites accounted for 33.4% (929/2778) of isolates subjected to cluster analysis yet accounted for 48.7% (343/705) of clustering isolates (P &lt; .001) and 75.8% (150/198) of isolates recovered from PEH (P &lt; .001). Serotypes most frequent among PEH were (in rank order) 12F, 4, 3, 9N, 8, 20, and 22F, all of which were among the 10 serotypes exhibiting the highest proportions of clustering isolates among all cases. These serotypes accounted for 44.9% (1265/2820) of all IPD cases and are included within available vaccines.

Conclusions
We identified serotype-specific and geographic differences in IPD transmission. We show the vulnerability of PEH within different regions to rapidly spreading IPD transmission networks representing several pneumococcal serotypes included in available vaccines.