bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A critique of the systematic position of the asp viper subspecies Vipera aspis aspis (Linnaeus, 1758), Vipera aspis atra Meisner, 1820, Vipera aspis francisciredi Laurenti, 1768, Vipera aspis hugyi Schinz, 1833 and Vipera aspis zinnikeri Kramer, 1958
Authors: Zuffi Marco 
Published: July 2002

AbstractExternal and internal morphology of 415 specimens of the Palaearctic asp viper (Vipera aspis subspecies and populations), and outgroup taxa (V. ammodytes, V. berus), have been examined in order to find patterns of distribution and variation throughout the species range. Within the aspis group V.aspis aspis, V.aspis atra, V. aspis francisciredi, V. aspis hugyi and V. aspis zinnikeri were considered. Ventral scales and number of dorsal bars proved to be the most important external characters to separate populations. Hemipenes showed marked differences between subspecies, in particular in differentiating V. aspis atra, V. aspis hugyi and V. aspis zinnikeri from one another, and also in separating them from the V. aspis aspis — V. aspis francisciredi group. Discriminant Analysis on external features indicated the complete separation of V. aspis atra, V. aspis hugyi and V. aspis zinnikeri and the almost complete overlap of V. aspis aspis and V. aspis francisciredi. The strong morphological differences observed suggest that zinnikeri, atra and hugyi are distinct species, even if further molecular analyses are needed to clarify the whole problem, and neotypes should be designated in order to stabilize taxonomy.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles Mimetics as Osteoinductive Mediators for Bone Healing
Authors: Karoichan Antoine , Li Ling , Agnes Celine J. , Willie Bettina M. , Tabrizian Maryam 
Published: February 2025

AbstractBone defects remain challenging to treat, with common therapies still relying on invasive approaches. Mesenchymal stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicles (MSC‐EVs) offer a promising alternative due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties, but challenges in scalable EV production limit clinical translation. Nanoghosts (NGs) are an emerging class of EV‐mimetics synthesized through the physical distortion of ghost cells that offer innate bioactivity similar to EVs while having more scalable yields. In this study, the osteogenic potential of NGs made from MSC ghosts (MSC‐NGs) is explored for the first time and contrasted with conventional MSC‐EVs. MSC‐NGs are generated through sonication, yielding two‐fold more vesicles compared to MSC‐EVs from the same number of cells. Unlike MSC‐EVs, MSC‐NGs significantly enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, evidenced by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and early mineralization. Proteomic analysis further revealed that MSC‐NGs are more enriched in osteogenesis‐related proteins than MSC‐EVs. In vivo, treatment of a 0.5 mm mouse femoral osteotomy with MSC‐NGs accelerated fracture healing, showing increased callus mineralization by day 14 and improved bone marrow reconstitution by day 21, along with reduced osteoclastic activity. These findings demonstrate MSC‐NGs as scalable and effective therapeutics for bone tissue engineering, offering advantages over MSC‐EVs in future bone healing strategies.
Convertible ROS Nanogenerator/Eliminator for Enhanced Tumor Photothermal Therapy with Reduced Inflammatory Response
Authors: Zhou Houren , Zhang Xinyu , Liu Hui , Gao Yuan , Mu Mengyao , Tang Yiyong , Jiang Tongxin , Zhang Zeran , Liu Shangui , Yip Li Xian , Sun Xiao , Liu Zhijun 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPhotothermal therapy (PTT), as an innovative optical tumor treatment strategy, is characterized by its minimal invasiveness, high selectivity, long‐lasting efficacy, and high safety, and has attracted widespread attention. However, in order to effectively kill cancer cells, a higher local temperature is very necessary, which inevitably results in severe stress responses and cell death, thereby triggering harmful inflammation. Additionally, achieving effective controlled release of drugs in the tumor microenvironment to reduce systemic side effects is still a major challenge. Herein, an intelligent nanoplatform is first reported, which featured sulfide iron (FeS) nanosheets as the core, loaded with perfluorohexane (PFH), and skillfully coated with polydopamine (PDA). It can serve as a generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the tumor microenvironment to induce tumor cell ferroptosis, further intensifying PTT, and as a ROS eliminator in normal tissue to effectively control the undesired inflammatory response during PTT, achieving a differential treatment strategy between tumor and surrounding normal tissue. Meanwhile, the combination of ultrasound‐targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) technology significantly enhanced the local penetration and release of the drug. Overall, systemic delivery of FeS/PFH@PDA combined UTMD can achieve precise and efficient synergistic therapy for tumors and demonstrate outstanding ultrasound and MR dual‐mode imaging performance.
Ultrasmall Hydrophilic Gd‐Free Contrast Agents via Ligand Directed Hydrolysis for Efficient Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Ma Qian , Luo Yiting , Li Yuyan , Xu Suying , Wang Leyu 
Published: February 2025

AbstractA Mn‐anchored ultrasmall hydrophilic TiO2 based contrast agent (TMn‐PMM) is prepared via ligand directed hydrolysis with high relaxivity (71.4 mM−1 s−1 under 0.5 T, which is 16.7 times higher than that of commercial Gd‐contrast agents). Results indicate that the presences of ligands (oleylamine/oleic acid) tend to obtain ultrasmall TiO2 with higher degree of crystallinity even after ligand removal by etching, which lead to less surface oxygen vacancy than that obtained with ethanol. The well‐dispersed Mn sites and rich hydroxyl groups (O─H) in TMn‐PMM significantly increase the effective active sites for interaction with surrounding water protons, in addition to extending rotational correlation time (τR), thus, affording TMn‐PMM with satisfied magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performance in vivo. Moreover, the ultrasmall size and zwitterionic polymer coating of TMn‐PMM ensure excellent biocompatibility with desirable body clearance.
Epitaxial Ferroelectric Hexagonal Boron Nitride Grown on Graphene
Authors: Wong Sheng‐Shong , Lin Zhen‐You , Ho Sheng‐Zhu , Hsu Chih‐En , Li Ping‐Hung , Chen Ching‐Yu , Huang Yen‐Fu , Chang Kuo‐En , Hsieh Yu‐Chiang , Chen Chia‐Hao , Lee Ming‐Hao , Chu Ming‐Wen , Lin Kuang‐I , Chen Tse‐Ming , Chen Yi‐Chun , Hsueh Hung‐Chung , Cheng Cheng‐Maw , Wu Chung‐Lin 
Published: February 2025

AbstractFerroelectricity realized in van der Waals (vdW) materials with non‐centrosymmetric stacking configurations holds promise for future 2D devices with nonvolatile and reconfigurable functionalities. However, the epitaxial growth of ferroelectric vdW materials often struggles to achieve an energetically unfavorable stacking configuration that enables electric polarization. This challenge is particularly evident when performing heteroepitaxy on another vdW substrate to create versatile and scalable ferroelectric building blocks designed for large‐area, atomic‐scale thicknesses. Here, epitaxial hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) multilayer films are successfully grew on single‐crystal graphene synthesized on a miscut SiC (0001) substrate. Theoretical calculations illustrate that the moiré‐patterned h‐BN/graphene hetero‐interface intrinsically exhibits polarization, leading to a polarized AB stacking in multilayer h‐BN films to minimize the total formation energy, which is validated experimentally by the layer‐dependent band dispersions. The as‐grown multilayer h‐BN layers demonstrated robust, homogeneous ferroelectricity with switchable out‐of‐plane polarization via interlayer sliding. This study establishes an effective route for stacking‐controlled heteroepitaxy, enabling the large‐scale integration of vdW materials with ferroelectricity and versatile functionalities, offering a promising platform for next‐generation 2D ferroelectric devices.
Engineered Living Memory Microspheroid‐Based Archival File System for Random Accessible In Vivo DNA Storage
Authors: Luo Hao , Huang Wen , He ZhongHui , Fang Yongcong , Tian Yueming , Xiong Zhuo 
Published: February 2025

AbstractGiven its exceptional durability and high information density, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has the potential to meet the escalating global demand for data storage if it can be stored efficiently and accessed randomly in exabyte‐to‐yottabyte‐scale databases. Here, this work introduces the Engineered Living Memory Microspheroid (ELMM) as a novel material for DNA data storage, retrieval, and management. This work engineers a plasmid library and devises a random access strategy pairing plasmid function with DNA data in a key‐value format. Each DNA segment is integrated with its corresponding plasmid, introduced into bacteria, and encapsulated within matrix material via droplet microfluidics within 5 min. ELMMs can be stored at room temperature following lyophilization and, upon rehydration, each type of ELMM exhibits specific functions expressed by the plasmids, allowing for physical differentiation based on these characteristics. This work demonstrates fluorescent expression as the plasmid function and employs fluorescence‐based sorting access image files in a prototype database. By utilizing N optical channels, to retrieve 2N file types, each with a minimum of 10 copies. ELMM offers a digital‐to‐biological information solution, ensuring the preservation, access, replication, and management of files within large‐scale DNA databases.
The Influence of Ionizing Radiation on Quantification for In Situ and Operando Liquid‐Phase Electron Microscopy
Authors: Fritsch Birk , Lee Serin , Körner Andreas , Schneider Nicholas M. , Ross Frances M. , Hutzler Andreas 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe ionizing radiation harnessed in electron microscopes or synchrotrons enables unique insights into nanoscale dynamics. In liquid‐phase transmission electron microscopy (LP‐TEM), irradiating a liquid sample with electrons offers access to real space information at an unmatched combination of temporal and spatial resolution. However, employing ionizing radiation for imaging can alter the Gibbs free energy landscape during the experiment. This is mainly due to radiolysis and the corresponding shift in chemical potential; however, experiments can also be affected by irradiation‐induced charging and heating. In this review, the state of the art in describing beam effects is summarized, theoretical and experimental assessment guidelines are provided, and strategies to obtain quantitative information under such conditions are discussed. While this review showcases these effects on LP‐TEM, the concepts that are discussed here can also be applied to other types of ionizing radiation used to probe liquid samples, such as synchrotron X‐rays.
CuPt Alloy Enabling the Tandem Catalysis for Reduction of HCOOH and NO3− to Urea at High Current Density
Authors: Yu Yaodong , Han Jiani , Li Haoran , Diao Hongyue , Shi Yue , Jin Guangzhe , Li Hongdong , Bagliuk G. A. , Wang Lei , Lai Jianping 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe formation of urea by electrocatalytic reduction of C1‐reactants and NO3− is an attractive way to store renewable electricity, close the carbon cycle, and eliminate nitrate contaminants from wastewater. Involving insufficient supply of C1 reactants and multiple electron transfers makes the reaction difficult to achieve high Faraday efficiency and high yield at high current density. Here, a urea synthesis approach is presented via electrocatalytic reductive coupling between liquid HCOOH and NO3− on copper foam (CF) loaded Cu4Pt catalyst with optimized ratios. A urea yield of 40.08 mg h−1 cm−2 is achieved with FE up to 58.1% at a current density of −502.3 mA cm−2, superior to the productivity of previously reported catalysts. No degradation is observed over 120‐h continuous operation at such a high yield rate. The highly efficient activity of Cu4Pt/CF can be attributed to the synergetic effect between Pt and Cu sites via tandem catalysis, in which the doped Pt sites enrich liquid HCOOH reactants, promote HCOOH intermolecular dehydration, and form and adsorb large amounts of *CO key intermediates. The Cu sites can generate large quantities of the key intermediate *NH2. The Cu4Pt/CF adsorbed intermediates *CO and *NH2 are the basis for subsequent thermodynamic spontaneous C─N coupling.
High‐Entropy 1T‐Phase Quantum Sheets of Transition‐Metal Disulfides
Authors: Wang Haiyang , Shi Yu , Li Ming , Ye Yuxuan , Zhang Yongzheng , Rong Tao , Wang Ziming , Zhang Jikai , Chen Hao , Tao Yi , Zhao Qi , Gu Jianan , Ye Fazhi , Mai Liqiang , Du Zhiguo , Yang Shubin 
Published: February 2025

AbstractQuantum sheets of transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising nanomaterials owing to the combination of both 2D nanosheets and quantum dots with distinctive properties. However, the quantum sheets usually possess semiconducting behavior associated with 2H phase, it remains challenging to produce 1T‐phase quantum sheets due to the easy sliding of the basal plane susceptible to the small lateral sizes. Here, an efficient high‐entropy strategy is developed to produce 1T‐phase quantum sheets of transition‐metal disulfides based on controllable introduction of multiple metal atoms with large size differences to retard the sliding of basal plane. The key is the topological conversion of in‐plane ordered carbide laminates (i‐MAX) compatible with multiple atoms to high‐entropy transition‐metal disulfides with high strains and 1T phase, which facilely triggers the fracture into 1T‐phase quantum sheets with average size of 4.5 nm and thickness of 0.7 nm during the exfoliation process. Thus, the 1T‐phase disulfide quantum sheets show high electrocatalytic activities for lithium polysulfides, achieving a good rate performance of 744 mAh g−1 at 5 C and a long cycle stability in lithium‐sulfur batteries.
Ultrathin Gold for Robust Multi‐Element Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensing
Authors: Kravets Vasyl G. , Strudwick Andrew , Grigorenko Alexander N. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractRecently, great progress is achieved in fabricating ultrathin metals that complete 2D family of atomic materials. Here the first application of ultrathin gold in robust multi‐element surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensing is reported. Multi‐element SPR delivers several key advantages. It makes use of non‐noble metals that provide enhanced SPR sensitivity. Multi‐element architecture allows one to tune SPR to any desirable wavelength, while ultrathin covering layer gold (graphene) makes possible usage of different functionalization technique. However, multi‐element SPR chips based on 2D materials are not stable in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) and survive bio‐functionalization only in small areas. To address this issue, in this work robust stable multi‐element, selective and ultrasensitive SPR chips based on ultrathin gold are fabricated. A usage of 2D materials combined with a biocompatible Ti layer guarantees long time stability of a plasmonic copper film in PBS improving amplitude and phase SPR sensitivity by an order of magnitude. Two types of multi‐element SPR chips are tested: Cu(25.5nm)/Ti(4nm)/Graphene and Cu(25nm)/Ti(3nm)/CuO(0.7nm)/Au(5nm). The stability and sensitivity of the SPR chips are demonstrated by detecting 4‐Carboxybenzenesulfonamide concentration in PBS at the level of 50 pM (10 mL⁻1) in a reversible bio‐reaction.
Fully‐Printed Ion Sensor Arrays for Measuring Agricultural Nitrogen and Potassium Concentrations Using Nernstian and AI Models
Authors: Goodrich Payton , Poongovan Nithila , Strand Elliot , Schwendeman Carolyn , Lahann Lucas , Koh Sophia , Cai Yuting , Baumbauer Carol , Toor Anju , Whiting Gregory , Arias Ana Claudia 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe chemical composition of growing media is a key factor for plant growth, impacting agricultural yield and sustainability. However, there is a lack of affordable chemical sensors for ubiquitous nutrient ion monitoring in agricultural applications. This work investigates using fully printed ion‐sensor arrays to measure the concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, and potassium in mixed‐electrolyte media. Ion sensor arrays composed of nitrate, ammonium, and potassium ion‐selective electrodes and a printed silver‐silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode are fabricated and characterized in aqueous solutions in a range of concentrations that encompass what is typical for agricultural growing media (0.01 mm –1 m). The sensors are also tested in mixed‐electrolyte solutions of NaNO3, NH4Cl, and KCl of varying concentrations, and the recorded potentials are input into Nernstian and artificial neural network models to compare the prediction accuracy of the models against ground truth. The artificial neural network models demonstrated higher accuracy over the Nernstian model, and the model using only ion‐sensor inputs is 7.5% more accurate than the Nernstian model under the same conditions. By enabling more precise and efficient fertilizer application, these sensor arrays coupled to computational models can help increase crop yields, optimize resource use, and reduce environmental impact.
Ohmic Response in BiFeO3 Domain Walls by Submicron‐Scale Four‐Point Probe Resistance Measurements
Authors: Rieck Jan L. , Kolster Marcel L. , Avila Romar A. , Li Mian , Rijnders Guus , Koster Gertjan , Palstra Thom , Huijink Roeland , Noheda Beatriz 
Published: February 2025

AbstractConducting domain walls (DWs) hold promise for novel electronic devices. However, the electrical characterization of DWs is challenging because of their nanoscale dimensions and the large driving fields that are typically required due to the high resistance of the hosting material. Until now, lateral transport measurements of DWs have mainly been realized using lateral nano‐gap electrode structures or conventional conducting atomic force microscopy (cAFM). Here, a non‐destructive and lithography‐free method is reported for lateral transport measurement of DWs, which is applied to BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films utilizing a submicron‐scale multi‐point probe (MPP). Using different sets of individually biased probe tips, two‐ and four‐point measurements can be conducted over various lateral distances with a minimum tip spacing of several hundreds of nanometers. These measurements reveal the ohmic behavior of ferroelastic/ferroelectric 71° DWs in BFO thin films and the first collinear four‐point resistivity value of a single DW (free of lead and contact resistances). These findings contribute to a better understanding of DW conduction, highlighting the capability of MPPs for lateral transport measurements of materials containing conducting or even memristive nanoscale networks.
Future Long Cycling Life Cathodes for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries in Grid‐Scale Energy Storage
Authors: Gupta Divyani , Liu Sailin , Zhang Ruizhi , Guo Zaiping 
Published: February 2025

AbstractDeveloping sustainable energy storage systems is crucial for integrating renewable energy sources into the power grid. Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are becoming increasingly popular due to their safety, eco‐friendliness, and cost‐effectiveness. However, challenges remain in achieving realistic storage time per charge, long cycling life, and high energy storage capacity in practical conditions. Despite advancements in cathode materials, issues such as dissolution and side reactions limit their performance. Optimizing cathode architecture and electrolyte composition is essential to address these challenges. Tailored electrolyte formulations can stabilize electrode‐electrolyte interface (EEI and enhance cycling stability. This perspective reviews cathodes from the past decades and compares their performance under different current densities. Emphasizing low current density performance and extended cycling stability is crucial for the widespread adoption of ZIBs in grid‐scale applications. By focusing on these aspects, this perspective aims to bridge the gap between research and practical applications, offering insights into optimizing material structure and selecting matching electrolytes for grid‐scale energy storage. This work guides future developments in ZIB technology, facilitating their transition from the lab to real‐world deployment.
Impact of substrate pH and micronutrient fertility rates on Cannabis sativa
Authors: Veazie Patrick , Cockson Paul , Smith J. Turner , Schulker Brian , Jackson Brian , Hicks Kristin , Whipker Brian 
Published: February 2025

AbstractMicronutrient accumulation caused by low pH can lead to toxicity and have detrimental impacts on plant growth. In substrates with elevated pH, micronutrients become less available. In the first experiment, industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) growth was less at pH 3.0 and 4.0 than when pH was ≥5.0. Root growth was also observed to be inhibited at low pH levels. Leaf tissue micronutrient concentrations were higher at the lowest pH level, but no toxic accumulation occurred. In experiment 2, root growth had less mass at the lowest pH (3.1) and highest pH level (7.1). In experiment 3, substrates with three target pHs (3.8, 4.8, and 6.5) as well as three micronutrient concentrations (1X, 2X, and 4X) were examined to determine the impact of pH on micronutrient accumulation in two cultivars Cherry Wine (CW) and Sweetened (SW). Foliar micronutrient concentrations were the greatest in plants grown with pH 3.8, and the lowest concentrations occurred in plants grown at pH 6.5. Susceptibility to toxicity from micronutrient accumulation in plant tissue varied by cultivar. SW plants grown at pH 3.8 and 4X micronutrients resulted in lower leaf micronutrient toxicity symptoms, while CW plants grown under the same conditions did not. These studies suggest that C. sativa does not accumulate micronutrients to toxic levels at low pH when micros are applied within normal growing ranges, but that growth is inhibited at substrate pH < 5.0.
Achieving Multi‐Color Emissive Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes With Single‐Component Molecule Through Conformational Regulation
Authors: Long Xiang , Ma Zhiwei , Dai Hui , Wang Yuyuan , Xie Haozhi , Ge Xiangyu , Yang Zhan , Zhao Juan , Hong Wei , Chi Zhenguo 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTPurely organic single‐component luminescent materials enabling multi‐color photoluminescence are gaining significant interest, given their tunable optical properties, environmental friendliness, and cost‐effectiveness. However, realizing multi‐color electroluminescence from a single‐component emitter for application in organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) remains challenging, mainly due to the limitations in achieving distinct excited‐state conformations in amorphous or solid states. In this study, we report two novel emitters (Bppy‐PTZ and Bpph‐PTZ) by incorporating a benzophenone acceptor and phenothiazine donor with pyridyl and phenyl π‐bridging spacers. The introduction of a pyridine ring in Bppy‐PTZ establishes intramolecular hydrogen bonding, stabilizing the quasi‐axial (QA) conformation in the amorphous state, thereby facilitating multi‐color and white‐light emissions in thin‐film and OLED devices. Photophysical and theoretical analyses reveal distinct emission behaviors from QA and quasi‐equatorial conformations, with Bppy‐PTZ exhibiting enhanced dual‐emission and mechanochromic properties. Importantly, by adopting single‐component Bppy‐PTZ, the fabricated OLEDs realize color‐tunable emissions, including blue, yellow, and adjustable white lights, reaching maximum external quantum efficiencies of up to 15.5%. This work provides valuable insights for the development of efficient single‐component emitters affording multi‐color OLEDs with high performances.