bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of stressed Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes in hummus using low dose gamma irradiation
Authors: Olaimat Amin N. , Al‐Nabulsi Anas A. , Osaili Tareq M. , Al‐Holy Murad , Abu Ghoush Mahmoud , Alkhalidy Hana , Jaradat Ziad W. , Ayyash Mutamed , Holley Richard A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHummus is a popular dip in the Middle East region prepared by mixing the boiled chickpeas with tahini and other ingredients, and because its consumption has increased world‐wide some notoriety has developed following an increase in the incidence of hummus‐related illness outbreaks and recalls. The objectives of the current research were (i) to study the efficiency of low dose gamma irradiation to inhibit Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes in hummus, and (ii) to assess the effect of environmental stresses namely cold, heat, and desiccation on the resistance of these pathogens to gamma irradiation. The samples of hummus were prepared and then individually inoculated with approximately 7.0 log CFU/g of unstressed or cold‐, heat‐, or desiccated‐stressed cocktail cultures of each of E. coli O157:H7, S. enterica, and L. monocytogenes. The inoculated samples were then exposed to gamma irradiation at doses of 0.1 to 0.6 kGy. The numbers of unstressed E. coli O157:H7, S. enterica, and L. monocytogenes were decreased by 0.6–3.9, 0.7–2.9, and 1.0–3.0 log CFU/g, respectively, by irradiation treatment. The resistance of E. coli O157:H7 to gamma irradiation was not affected by desiccation, heat, and cold stresses. However, the pre‐exposure of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes cells to these stresses reduced their resistance toward gamma irradiation.Practical ApplicationGamma irradiation is a non‐thermal treatment that can be used in food processing to ensure food safety and quality. The current study proved that low levels (≤0.6 kGy) of gamma irradiation can effectively decrease the risk of unstressed and cold‐, heat‐, or desiccation‐stressed Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, or Escherichia coli O157:H7 in hummus.
Human Rights Fallout of Nuclear Detonations: Reevaluating ‘Threshold Thinking’ in Assisting Victims of Nuclear Testing
Authors: Bolton Matthew Breay 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAtmospheric nuclear test detonations conducted by USA, USSR, UK, France and China, 1945–1980, generated radioactive particles that were dispersed by weather patterns, returning to earth as fallout. People who lived ‘downwind’ face ongoing risks from their exposure to ionizing radiation, as well as psychological, social, cultural and political distress. However, testing states obscured these humanitarian consequences by claiming that fallout could be contained to specific spatial zones, that there are ‘thresholds’ below which radiation exposure has negligible health impacts and that socio‐political forms of harm should be disregarded. While the scientific consensus concludes fallout circulates in complex, nonlinear patterns; there is no safe level of radiation exposure; and nuclear testing can generate tremendous anxiety, what Liboiron calls ‘threshold thinking’ continues to underlie policies ostensibly assisting victims of nuclear weapons. This article offers examples from responses to French Pacific nuclear testing, showing how access to compensation and other assistance has often been conditioned on threshold qualifications that function to limit downwind communities’ access to assistance and remedy. Victim assistance and environmental remediation obligations in the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons offer opportunities to move beyond reductive policy logics to multifaceted, human rights‐based approaches to affected communities’ concerns.
Effect of microRNA‐181b on the biological characteristics and clinical drug resistance of small‐cell lung cancer by targeting angiotensin converting enzyme 2
Authors: Yang Guang , Wang Wenhao , Han Shaohui , Xu Siwei , Liu Huining 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo clarify the effect of miR‐181b on the biological function of small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) and explore the effect of clinical resistance on SCLC.MethodsBlood samples were collected from 30 SCLC patients and 30 non‐SCLC patients in our department from 2017 to 2019 to detect the expression level of miR‐181b.The expression level of miR‐181b was detected in SCLC cells by RT‐PCR, and screening of downstream target genes by gene chip, verification with luciferase, and Western blotting. In addition, collect the general data of 30 SCLC patients and 30 non‐SCLC patients (control group), the patients were diagnosed by pathology and undergoing EC protocol in the Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology of our hospital to detect the expression level of mir‐181b in different periods. Furthermore, in the SCLC cell line, EC chemotherapy was administered to detect the sensitivity of drug resistance and nondrug resistance.ResultsmiR‐181b in SCLC patients was lower than in normal people as well as the drug‐sensitive cell line. ACE2 was verified as a downstream target of miR‐181b by gene chip screening. First‐line chemotherapy can promote the recovery of miR‐181b, but cannot repair to normal levels. miR‐181b can enhance the drug sensitivity of SCLC drug‐resistant cells.ConclusionmiR‐181b directly targets ACE2 to affect the biological characteristics of SCLC. The expression level of miR‐181b is highly related to the drug resistance of SCLC, which suggests that miR‐181b could be a potential biomarker candidate for treatment efficacy of SCLC.
The peripheral dopamine 2 receptor antagonist domperidone attenuates ethanol enhancement of dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Obray James Daniel , Jang Eun Young , Klomp Anneke M. , Small Christina A. , Richardson Aaron P. , LeBaron Joshua J. , Lee Jin Gyeom , Yorgason Jordan T. , Yang Chae Ha , Steffensen Scott C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundDopamine neuron firing in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens have been implicated in reward learning. Ethanol is known to increase both dopamine neuron firing in the VTA and dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Despite this, some discrepancies exist between the dose of ethanol required to enhance firingin vivoandex vivo. In the present study we investigated the effects of peripheral dopamine 2 subtype receptor antagonism on ethanol's effects on dopamine neurotransmission.MethodsPlasma catecholamine levels were assessed following ethanol administration across four different doses of EtOH. Microdialysis and voltammetry were used to assess the effects of domperidone pretreatment on ethanol‐mediated increases in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. A place conditioning paradigm was used to assess conditioned preference for ethanol and whether domperidone pretreatment altered this preference. Open‐field and loss‐of‐righting reflex paradigms were used to assess the effects of domperidone on ethanol‐induced sedation. A rotarod apparatus was used to assess the effects of domperidone on ethanol‐induced motor impairment.ResultsDomperidone attenuated ethanol's enhancement of mesolimbic dopamine release under non‐physiological conditions at intermediate (1.0 and 2.0 g/kg) doses of ethanol. Domperidone also decreased EtOH‐induced sedation at 2.0 g/kg. Domperidone did not alter ethanol conditioned place preference nor did it affect ethanol‐induced motor impairment.ConclusionsThese results show that peripheral dopamine 2 receptors mediate some of the effects of ethanol on nonphysiological dopamine neurotransmission, although these effects are not related to the rewarding properties of ethanol.
Response of southern African ungulate species to supplementary feeding during drought: Species‐specific differences in relative use, food choice and intraspecific behavioural interactions
Authors: Goodenough Anne E. , Sparkes Emily G. , Dawson Melissa , MacTavish Lynne , Hart Adam G. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn southern Africa, climate change is increasing drought severity and duration. One way to mitigate drought‐induced food shortages is supplementary feeding, but ungulate responses are largely unstudied. Here, we analyse ~250 h of video footage from camera traps at feeding stations in South Africa during a year when rainfall was ~50% of the decadal average. Feeding station usage was highly uneven: eland (Taurotragus oryx), greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), sable (Hippotragus niger) and white rhino (Ceratotherium simum) were over‐represented relative to their local population; and impala (Aepyceros melampus), blesbok (Damaliscus dorxas phillipsi) and zebra (Equus quagga) were under‐represented. In total, 81% of individuals at feeding stations fed (0%–90% for different species). Guarding behaviour was observed, especially by eland and kudu, potentially excluding other (smaller) species. Overall, 17% visits involving ≥2 individuals involved intraspecific aggression (highest for sable (40%) and eland (27%); low/absent otherwise); there were very few (n = 6) inter‐specific encounters. Lucerne and teff hay were consumed more frequently than Boskos (pellets), which was favoured by non‐target primates and ungulates showing guarding behaviour. As benefits of feeding are unequal, and can encourage guarding and intraspecific aggression, we suggest feeding should be done with caution, especially if the aim is to benefit specific species.
Bayesian credible intervals for population attributable risk from case–control, cohort and cross‐sectional studies
Authors: Pirikahu Sarah , Jones Geoffrey , Hazelton Martin L. 
Published: January 2022

SummaryPopulation attributable risk (PAR) and population attributable fraction (PAF) are used in epidemiology to predict the impact of removing a risk factor from the population. Until recently, no standard approach for calculating confidence intervals or the variance for PAR in particular was available in the literature. Previously we outlined a fully Bayesian approach to provide credible intervals for the PAR and PAF from a cross‐sectional study, where the data was presented in the form of a 2×2 table. However, extensions to cater for other frequently used study designs were not provided. In this paper we provide methodology to calculate credible intervals for the PAR and PAF for case–control and cohort studies. Additionally, we extend the cross‐sectional example to allow for the incorporation of uncertainty that arises when an imperfect diagnostic test is used. In all these situations the model becomes over‐parameterised, or non‐identifiable, which can result in standard ‘off‐the‐shelf’ Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) updaters taking a long time to converge or even failing altogether. We adapt an importance sampling methodology to overcome this problem, and propose some novel MCMC samplers that take into consideration the shape of the posterior ridge to aid in the convergence of the Markov chain.
Epigenetics provides a bridge between early nutrition and long‐term health and a target for disease prevention
Authors: Siddeek Benazir , Simeoni Umberto 
Published: January 2022

AbstractExposure to nutritional imbalance during early life can influence disease risk lifelong and across generations. In this long‐term conditioning, epigenetics constitutes a key mechanism. They bridge environmental cues and the expression of genes involved in the setting of long‐standing biological regulations in numerous organs and species. Epigenetic marks are proposed as innovative diagnostic biomarkers and potential targets in the prevention of diseases. However, a number of uncertainties make them difficult to use in clinical approaches in the context of early exposure to nutritional challenge. In conclusion, active investigations in this field are still needed before clinical applications are considered.
Letter: the hidden reasons of long‐term risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding after Helicobacter pylori eradication—authors' reply
Authors: Jiang Fang , Guo Chuan‐Guo , Leung Wai K. 
Published: January 2022

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Jiang et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16604 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16736
Editorial: an accurate, reliable and responsive ultrasound activity score for Crohn’s disease? Sounds good to US. Authors' reply
Authors: Allocca Mariangela , Danese Silvio 
Published: January 2022

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Allocca et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16700 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16734
SU5, a new Auraptene analog with improved metabolic stability, ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in methionine‐ and choline‐deficient diet‐fed db/db mice
Authors: Wen Fen , Bian DeZhi , Wu XuDong , Liu RuoBing , Wang ChaoNan , Gan JianHe 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFarnesoid X receptor (FXR) has been considered as a promising target for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), while existing FXR agonists suffer from serious side effects. Thus, it is very necessary to identify novel FXR agonists with good safety. Auraptene (AUR) is a new FXR agonist with excellent safety and extensive pharmacological activities, while the lactone of AUR is vulnerable to esterolysis. In this study, the lactone of AUR was converted to metabolically stable amide moiety, and the obtained analog SU5 revealed comparable activity and better metabolic stability than that of AUR. In NASH model, SU5 showed stronger efficacy than AUR on fatty liver by upregulating gene expressions related to FXR in vivo. Moreover, SU5 improved lipid metabolism by downregulating the gene expressions of lipid synthesis, while upregulating the gene expressions of fatty acid β‐oxidation and triglyceride metabolism. Besides, the inflammation‐related genes were significantly decreased in SU5‐treated group. These positive results highlighted the pharmacological potential of SU5 for the treatment of NASH.
Ophthalmologists and climate change
Authors: Campbell Thomas G. , Al‐Qureshi Salmaan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIt is indisputable that human activities have caused climate change and that, if left unchecked, these activities will lead to worsening of weather extremes including fire, drought, and flood with all their attendant human suffering. Reducing future climate change requires limiting cumulative emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases including methane. We have written this evidence‐based perspective to highlight interventions with the largest effect to help the average ophthalmologist make the changes with the highest impact in their day‐to‐day lives.
Using methanol to preserve retinas for immunostaining
Authors: Zhang Ningzhi , Cao Wenye , He Xuejun , Xing Yiqiao , Yang Ning 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundExperimental studies on retinal vasculature and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) investigating the developmental and pathological conditions of the retina mainly rely on whole‐mount retinal immunostaining. Methanol, an auxiliary fixed medium for retinal whole‐mount preparations, has been used in some studies; however, its application in short‐ and long‐term storage of retinas for further study has not been well described. We aimed to evaluate methanol use as a preservation treatment for further immunostaining of the retina.MethodsWe generated oxygen‐induced retinopathy (OIR) and optic nerve crush (ONC) mouse models and used their retinas for analysis. We pipetted cold methanol (−20°C) on the surface of the retina to help fix the tissues while promoting permeability, after which the retinas were stored in cold methanol (−20°C) for 1, 6, or 12 months before being evaluated using various optical techniques. Thereafter, retinal whole‐mount immunostaining was performed to analyse retinal neovascularisation and retinal hypoxia in OIR model, and retinal ganglion cell survival rate in ONC model.ResultsQuantitative analysis revealed no significant differences in the fixed retinas after long‐term storage in terms of retinal vasculature or retinal hypoxia in the OIR model. Similarly, no significant difference was found in RGC survival rate after long‐term storage in methanol. These results suggest that methanol can be used as a storage medium when preserving retinal whole‐mount samples.ConclusionsCold (−20°C) methanol can serve as an effective medium for long‐term storage of fixed retinas, which is useful for further research.
Food and nutrition education in Australian primary schools: Parents' perspectives on why, when and how
Authors: Aydin Gozde , Margerison Claire , Worsley Anthony , Booth Alison 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe examined Australian parents' opinions of primary school food and nutrition education (FNE) via a cross‐sectional survey that collected quantitative and qualitative data. Most parents agreed that primary schools should teach FNE, starting at either the first or the second year of primary school and delivered weekly or fortnightly for approximately 1–2 h. The majority of parents believed that FNE could be incorporated into several school subjects. Many believed that FNE should be taught to ensure equity and to promote healthy eating among children. Consideration of parents' opinions about school FNE programmes could help design and deliver more effective FNE programmes.
Existing land uses constrain climate change mitigation potential of forest restoration in India
Authors: Gopalakrishna Trisha , Lomax Guy , Aguirre‐Gutiérrez Jesús , Bauman David , Roy Parth Sarathi , Joshi Pawan K. , Malhi Yadvinder 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMany countries have made ambitious pledges to increase forest areas to mitigate climate change. However, the availability of land to meet these goals is not well understood. Global studies indicate substantial potential, but do not account for local land‐use and regional variation, crucial for policy making. Using India as a case study, we use a machine learning framework to define the bioclimatic envelope of forest cover and map this against current land‐uses with varying suitability for restoration. We estimate the additional feasible area for restoration to be only 1.58 Mha, cumulatively sequestering 61.3 TgC, which is substantially less than estimates derived from global studies. However, we also find up to 14.67 Mha of opportunity for agroforestry in current agricultural land, delivering up to 98.1 TgC nationally. In the UN Decade of Restoration, we recommend developing forest restoration strategies that are compatible with existing land‐uses, such as agroforestry, especially in countries that have large smallholder agriculture holdings.
JAK‐Inhibitoren in der Dermatologie – kleine Moleküle, große Wirkung? Übersicht über Wirkmechanismus, Studienergebnisse und mögliche unerwünschte Wirkungen
Authors: Klein Benjamin , Treudler Regina , Simon Jan C. 
Published: January 2022

ZusammenfassungZahlreiche entzündliche Dermatosen gehen mit der Ausschüttung proinflammatorischer Zytokine einher, die ihre Wirkung über den intrazellulären JAK‐STAT‐Mechanismus entfalten. JAK‐Inhibitoren stellen daher einen vielversprechenden zielgerichteten therapeutischen Ansatz für eine Vielzahl von Hauterkrankungen dar. In den letzten Jahren konnten mit diesen small molecules beeindruckende Wirkungen erzielt werden. Mit der Zulassung der JAK‐Inhibitoren Baricitinib, Upadacitinib und Abrocitinib stehen nun neue Systemtherapeutika für die mittelschwere bis schwere atopische Dermatitis zur Verfügung. Andere dermatologische Krankheiten, bei denen die Wirksamkeit der JAK‐Inhibitoren sowohl nach systemischer als auch topischer Applikation gezeigt werden konnte, sind Psoriasis, Chilblain‐Lupus, Dermatomyositis, Vitiligo und Alopecia areata. Für die Dermatologie sind damit eine ganze Reihe neuer Medikamentenzulassungen zu erwarten. In diesem Minireview möchten wir die Wirkprinzipien der JAK‐Inhibitoren erläutern, einen Überblick über bisherige Studienergebnisse bei verschiedenen entzündlichen Dermatosen geben und auch auf potenzielle unerwünschte Wirkungen und nötige Vor‐ sowie Kontrolluntersuchungen eingehen.SummaryNumerous chronic inflammatory skin diseases are associated with the release of proinflammatory cytokines, which work via the intracellular JAK‐STAT pathway. JAK inhibitors represent a promising, targeted therapeutic approach for cutaneous diseases. Impressive effects have been achieved with these agents in recent years. With the approval of the JAK1/2‐inhibitor baricitinib, a new systemic therapeutic agent is now available for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Other diseases in which the effectiveness of these small molecules could be shown are psoriasis, chilblain lupus, dermatomyositis, vitiligo and alopecia areata. As dermatologists, we are facing a whole series of new drug approvals. In this minireview we explain the active principles of JAK inhibitors and review study results in selected inflammatory skin diseases. Finally, possible side effects and initial as well as follow‐up laboratory examinations for these drugs are discussed.
Weight gain trajectories and obesity rates in intensive and conventional treatments of type 1 diabetes from the DCCT compared with a control population without diabetes
Authors: Carlson Nichole E. , Horton Ken W. , Hokanson John E. , Cleary Patricia A. , Jacobs David R. , Brunzell John D. , Purnell Jonathan Q. ,   DCCT/EDIC research group
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimObesity is a significant health issue for participants with type 1 diabetes undergoing intensive diabetes management. The temporal pattern and factors associated with weight gain after treatment initiation remain poorly understood including how weight gain in participants with and without type I diabetes compare. Our aim was to compare weight gain in those receiving intensive (INT) and conventional (CONV) type 1 diabetes treatment to a population without diabetes.MethodsParticipants included men and women of 18 years and older in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) randomized to INT (n = 562) or CONV (n = 568) and a prospective, observational cohort without diabetes from the Coronary Artery Development in Young Adults (CARDIA, controls) study (n = 2446). Body mass index (BMI) trajectories and obesity prevalence were compared between groups and candidate metabolic and therapeutic moderators investigated.ResultsAnnual weight gain with INT peaked 1.3 years after initiation and was greater than both CONV and controls before and after this peak. Obesity prevalence with INT was lower than controls at baseline, was similar to controls at 2 years and surpassed controls by 5 years. Obesity rates with CONV remained below controls at all time points. Greater annual weight gain in the DCCT was associated with lower haemoglobin A1c, higher insulin dose and family history of type 2 diabetes.ConclusionsGreater weight gain accompanying INT therapy occurs in two stages, leads to similar or greater obesity rates than controls after 2 years and is primarily modified by glucose control and family history, supportive of a therapeutic‐genetic influence on weight trajectories.