bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preeclampsia and HELLP Syndrome in the Parturient
Authors: Romanelli Erik , Ring Laurence 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Preeclampsia is a multisystemic disorder of pregnancy defined by the presence of hypertension after 20-weeks gestational age in combination with either proteinuria or new onset of 1 of 5 findings (thrombocytopenia, renal insufficiency, pulmonary edema, cerebral or visual symptoms, and impaired liver function). It affects approximately 3% to 4% of pregnant women and ranks among the leading causes of maternal mortality. Although the exact pathophysiology of preeclampsia is not completely understood, its development is likely a consequence of abnormalities in placental growth and implantation leading to vascular hyperreactivity and widespread endothelial dysfunction. Delay in diagnosis can result in intracranial hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, placental abruption, renal failure, and even death. Treatment is largely centered around achieving blood pressure control with antihypertensive therapies, seizure prophylaxis with magnesium sulfate infusion, and expeditious delivery in more severe cases.
LVAD Complicated by RV Failure
Authors: Mittel Aaron M. , Wagener Gebhard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) failure is defined as a persistently elevated central venous pressure and low cardiac output in the absence of left-sided cardiac dysfunction, usually requiring pharmacologic support to maintain adequate flow. It is a clinical diagnosis and is a common complication following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) insertion. It is associated with poor outcomes, including prolonged hospitalization, increases in end-organ failure rates, and increased mortality rates. Perioperative clinicians must have a high suspicion for its presence, particularly in patients with pre-existing RV impairment or extra-cardiac comorbidities. Pathophysiologically, it is caused by a decrease in interventricular dependence following left ventricular decompression, a reduction in septal contribution to RV performance, and an inability to compensate for increased venous return that accompanies LVAD insertion. Treatment is focused on optimizing preload and afterload to the RV. Typical treatment strategies consist of inotropes, pulmonary vasodilators, diuretics, and possibly mechanical circulatory support devices.
Loss and Grief
Authors: Klein Linda 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Loss and Grief: Personal Stories of Doctors and Other Healthcare Professionals, is a unique collection of personal narratives that chronicle the journeys of doctors and other healthcare professionals who have been personally impacted by life-altering losses. Edited by internationally recognized practitioners of supportive care medicine and grief counseling, these are unflinching, first-person narratives of authors walking in their own shoes. The narratives reveal losses of cherished loved ones, integrity, dreams, naïve views of colleagues, and the lack of institutional support for these inevitable experiences. Although the narrators are well-established leaders in their fields, serious loss brought each back to the exposed core of their most basic selves. They learned that the professional veneer was too thin to be instructive or protective. Readers might resonate with their own painful experiences and memories, and others might wonder how they will imagine their own future, when these inevitable aspects of being human—loss and grief—strike them, too. In Loss and Grief, the authors’ hope that such openly shared feelings of isolation and suffering will humanize the loss experience, ignite prospective discussions, and illuminate opportunities for education, research, and interventions to prepare us for multiple loss experiences endemic to life.
Thinking and Treating Beyond the Tremor
Authors: Shukla Aparna Wagle 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tremor is the most prevalent movement disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Tremor can present is isolation or can present in combination with other neurological, psychiatric, and systemic features such as ataxia, cognitive impairment, parkinsonism, dystonia, anxiety, and depression. These features may contribute to tremor disabilities and thus clinicians should think of considerations beyond the pure motor presentation in their practice. This chapter will discuss the importance of these co-occurring features as they have a definite albeit indirect role in determining the treatment outcomes. While the focus will be mainly in the context of essential tremor, their implications for Parkinson disease, dystonia, and orthostatic tremor will be discussed under “other tremor disorders.”
Tremor: Emerging and Investigational Treatments
Authors: Ondo William 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Better understanding of tremor pathophysiology is facilitating investigation into a number of pharmacologic, surgical, and peripheral electronic and mechanical devices to improve tremor. Oral pharmacological agents undergoing major trials for essential tremor include the T-type calcium antagonists CX-8998/JZP-385 and PRAX-944, the SK Channel Positive Allosteric Modulator CAD-1883, and the GABA positive allosteric modulator Sage 324. Smaller recent trials have evaluated novel alcohols, the AMPA antagonist perampanel, and injections of botulinum toxins. Improvements in deep brain stimulation and brain lesioning, specifically focused ultrasound continue. Peripheral nerve electrical stimulation devices, and mechanical treatments including gyroscope gloves, counter-weight dampening systems, and accelerometry guided assistance devises are also recently available.
Eating Disorders
Authors: McNaught Elizabeth , Treasure Janet , Pollard Nick 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eating disorders affect 1.25 million people in the UK, and the incidence is rising. The DSM-5 specifies diagnostic criteria for eight types of eating disorder, with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder accounting for the majority of cases. This title covers the aetiology, epidemiology, risk factors, and diagnostic criteria for all forms of eating disorders, alongside patient management within the community and inpatient settings. Also featuring chapters on emerging eating disorders, such as orthorexia and muscle dysmorphia, medicolegal issues surrounding involuntary hospitalisation and nasogastric feeding, and acute emergency care, each chapter is accompanied by case stories drawn from real-life examples, taking the reader through from initial presentation to treatment, and the key need-to-know facts and current evidence-based treatments.
Geopsychiatry and social psychiatry
Authors: Valsraj Koravangattu , Persaud Albert , Pemberton Max , Bhavsar Vishal 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Geopsychiatry focuses on the influence of geopolitical factors, such as globalization, foreign policy, collective violence and regional conflict, climate change, natural and man-made public health crises, and transnational migration, on mental health and mental illness. Despite their impact on all aspects of our lives, the importance of geopolitical factors to health has been under-recognized, including within social psychiatry. The COVID-19 pandemic has made evident the pressing need to consider the geopolitical determinants of mental health, in the context of shifting geopolitical challenges. We argue that geopolitical factors are key drivers of population mental health, including through their influence on the traditional social determinants, which may be considered downstream of geopolitical factors. Therefore, geopolitical determinants need to be more clearly addressed in research and policy in mental health. Social psychiatry, a discipline concerned with the relation between social determinants and mental health, should attend more clearly to the geopolitical context within which social determinants are experienced.
Poverty and social psychiatry
Authors: Ayonrinde Oyedeji A. , Mngoma Nomusa F. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPoverty has a complex, and in some places direct, relationship with well-being, and physical and mental health. The impact can be lasting, with consequences felt over several generations. Intertwined with social determinants of health and through multiple health inequalities, poverty can precipitate and perpetuate mental disorders, help-seeking, and prognosis. This is visible in the impact on childhood and households, as well as in the impact on the trajectory of mood disorders, psychosis, trauma, substance misuse, and personality disorders. Furthermore, the global and multidimensional consequences of poverty can manifest in both wealthy and low- and middle-income countries, as well as in the rural and urban divide. Against this backdrop, Sustainable Development Goals are geared towards the reduction of poverty across regions and nation states; however, catastrophic events such as climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic highlight how vulnerable these can be to disruption. By illustrating the bidirectional relationship between poverty and mental health, this chapter stresses the importance of poverty alleviation as a critical social, economic, and mental health policy priority in all nations.
Homelessness and mental health
Authors: Castaldelli-Maia João Mauricio , Ventriglio Antonio , Bhugra Dinesh 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThere is considerable research evidence indicating that rates of psychiatric disorders are higher in homeless individuals, although, in some cases, psychiatric illnesses may lead to homelessness. It is likely that in spite of high rates of illness, individuals who are homeless or are in insecure housing may be more reluctant to seek help. Thus, it is of paramount importance to enable homeless people with mental illness to access mental health services easily, which is a worldwide challenge. Homelessness and psychiatric disorders are both strongly affected by other social determinants and thus may feed into each other. A significant improvement in the health of these persons can be through outreach programmes leading to early detection of psychiatric disorders. In view of the great vulnerability to which the homeless are exposed, the special psychological treatments they may need are obvious, but interventions require joined up thinking between health, housing, employment, education, justice, and other ministries. Each nation may need to develop optimal models of social care and rehabilitation that rely on the particular research-driven needs of homeless people with mental illnesses. In order to improve the availability of services to the homeless, it is also important to consider and value their experiences and opinions. Many underprivileged groups such as refugees and migrants, adolescents, those with intellectual and developmental disabilities, LGBTIQ, and homeless individuals may need extra input. The well-recognized association between homelessness and mental illness needs to be addressed at multiple levels in any society.
Psychosis
Authors: Craig Tom J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEvidence for a causal role for social conditions in psychosis is slowly accumulating. Three overlapping associations stand out. Firstly, a dose–response relationship with growing up in urban environments and evidence that changing this urban exposure, for example by moving to a more rural location decreases risk. Secondly, belonging to a minority group (e.g. black ethnicity), especially when resident in neighbourhoods where minorities form a small proportion of the population. Thirdly, exposure to sexual and other abuse in childhood and adolescence and to intrusive experiences in adulthood. These causal pathways overlap and interact, affecting perceptions of risk and the trustworthiness of other people, with clear implications for the delivery of psychiatric services.
Common mental disorders
Authors: Nataraj Manamohan , Kumble Chaitra Nagaraj , Ganjekar Sundarnag , Desai Geetha 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCommon mental disorders (CMDs) are group of psychiatric disorders that are highly prevalent and associated with impairment in the functioning and quality of life of the individual. Depression and anxiety disorders are often considered as CMDs with a high occurrence in women. Clinicians working in primary care and general hospital settings need to be aware of CMDs and make appropriate assessments and interventions. This chapter on CMDs explains the conceptual framework of disorders under its definition and describes the clinical features, epidemiology, probable aetiology and pathogenesis, course, and outcome. It also includes a section on pathways to care and management.
Social aspects of depression
Authors: Ventriglio Antonio , Castaldelli-Maia João Mauricio , Torales Julio , Chumakov Egor , De Berardis Domenico 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Depression is a common and disabling mental disorder, affecting more than 200 million people worldwide. The social impact of illness is relevant in terms of frequency, severity and disability, comorbidity, costs, and impact on family life. Its aetiopathogenesis includes biological, psychological, and social factors, as integrated in the biopsychosocial model. In fact, several social risk factors have been identified for mood disorders and a relevant number of clinical disorders are sub-syndromal and mostly related to social maladjustment. The concept of depressive threshold is debated in the international literature. In addition, culture is a relevant factor influencing the explanatory model of illness, as well as its presentation and outcome. Depression heavily affects individual social functioning, and a set of psychological and social interventions are needed to address the social disability properly and family burden. The chapter concludes that the understanding and treatment of depression should be routinely based on a social medicine approach.
Eating disorders
Authors: Nicholls Dasha , Nagularaj Lidushi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOver recent decades there has been a shift away from cultural and interpersonal towards genetic, metabolic, and neurobiological understandings of eating disorders (EDs). This has gone some way to redress the tendency to minimize and trivialize this group of serious mental illnesses in research, clinical practice, and society. Over the same period, however, new sociocultural influences that play a potential role in aetiology and maintenance have emerged, resulting in changes in epidemiology, classification, and understanding, and providing new theories of gene–environment interaction. These include an increase in EDs in men and sexual minorities, recognition of EDs in a range of ethnicities and cultures, increases in obesity at a population level and public health efforts to address it, which impact on EDs, and the role of globalization and social media on the Westernization of cultures previously unexposed to the thin ideal. In this chapter, how these, as well as intra-familial and interpersonal factors, interplay in the onset of EDs are examined, and further research in low- and middle-income countries, in marginalized populations such as children or older people, and of epigenetic phenomena, is called for to help further our understanding of how biological and social risk factors interact in the causation, prevention, treatment, and outcome of EDs.
Social determinants of child psychopathology
Authors: Palmer Melanie , Scott Stephen 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSocial conditions play an important role in how children develop. As a high proportion of adult mental health problems have roots in childhood, it is important to understand how the environment affects child psychopathology. These factors include the immediate family environment in which children grow up, their school, and peers, as well as the wider community and cultural context. They interact with genetic and biological factors, and there is an increasing understanding of when they combine to lead to resilience and success and under what conditions poorer outcomes are more likely. Knowing which social conditions in childhood are associated with which patterns of psychopathology enables understanding of how early intervention may reduce suffering, improve outcomes in childhood, and prevent the development of disorders in adulthood.
Managing children and young people
Authors: Debelle Alice , Dogra Nisha 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIt is well recognized that three-quarters of psychiatric disorders in adulthood start before the age of 24 years and half do so below the age of 15 years. Thus, a focus on children and young people is key to preventing the emergence and progression of psychiatric disorder. There is no doubt that biological and genetic factors influence a child’s development. Equally important are cultural and social contexts. These include the family, peer group, school, communities, sports clubs, social media use, broader cultural contexts, and governmental polices. Young people also experience multiple life stage transitions such as starting school and puberty, which can affect them in a number of ways. Hence, it is crucial that social interventions are identified to make sure that development is as smooth as possible.
Atmiyata
Authors: Joag Kaustubh , Kalha Jasmine , Shields-Zeeman Laura , Kumar Sonali , Pathare Soumitra 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes a community-led, rural mental health programme that was scaled-up in villages across the district of Gujarat, India, from 2016 to 2019. Mental health disorders are largely unaddressed in rural India owing to a lack of specialized providers, stigma, and inadequate public health services. Atmiyata employed a tiered model of care in which community volunteers were trained to identify common and severe mental disorders, deliver evidence-based counselling and referrals to psychiatric services, facilitate access to social benefits, and raise awareness through narrow-casting educational films. Atmiyata is a feasible and acceptable intervention that harnesses community networks to deliver mental health care effectively within the public health system. Key challenges such as motivation and attrition of volunteers were addressed through consistent training, mentoring, and supervision. This chapter aims to provide an in-depth look at the implementation of Atmiyata such that it could be applied in similar environments in other low- and middle-income countries.
Lessons from the English Improving Access to Psychological Therapies programme in delivering primary care psychotherapy
Authors: Wright Ben 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The UK National Health Service (NHS) programme to improve access to psychological therapies (Improving Access to Psychological Therapies) has created talking therapy services in every locality in England. The programme delivers high-speed access to evidence-based psychological treatments for depression and anxiety disorders, delivered at scale with over 1.6 million referrals and 606,192 treatment episodes in 2019/20. Over 99% of patients have outcome measurement, and national summary data show that over 51% make a recovery from their condition. This delivers a return of over six times the investment. Key ingredients to this success include centrally agreed outcome measures, useable clinical information systems, a semi-stratified stepped-care pathway, a comprehensive training programme to ensure a cohort of staff with sufficient capacity and capability, and adherence to evidence-based treatments. Ongoing challenges include maintaining staff well-being; access for hard-to-reach groups; maintaining both outcome and volume; managing demand, complexity, and boundaries; and achieving equitable recovery.
The deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill
Authors: Lanzotti Pierluigi , De Luca Ilaria , Janiri Luigi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Law 180, also called ‘Basaglia’s law’, after Franco Basaglia, who inspired and promoted the revolution of mental health care in Italy. It was the result of a strong antipsychiatry movement and involved macroscopic changes in the management of the psychiatric patients. This was followed across borders, being widely studied by researchers in UK and USA. The main objective of the reform was to create a psychiatry movement, with a community-based perspective of care and therapeutic interventions. Contrary to what its detractors argued, deinstitutionalization was not linked to an increase in mandatory psychiatric admissions or suicide attempts, and it did not increase the number of crimes. In recent years, this process has also involved forensic psychiatry, considering a patient to be rehabilitated rather than an individual to be punished or incarcerated. This chapter provides an overview of the historical account of Basaglia’s reforms and their impact on psychiatric care in Italy.
Human rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Psychiatry—on a collision course?
Authors: Pathare Soumitra , Kapoor Arjun 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) marks an inflection point in the history of psychiatry’s strained relationship with the human rights movement. It ensures a radical departure from the status quo by establishing a gold standard for the treatment and care of persons with psychosocial disability and compelling us to reimagine and transform societal structures, including psychiatry’s established practices and methods. The CRPD enforces a rights-based approach to disability thus shifting the onus to governments, medical professionals, families, caregivers, and other duty bearers to ensure that the rights of persons with disabilities are protected and fulfilled. The CRPD’s legal framework has been subject to multiple interpretations from both the standpoint of human rights and psychiatry, spurring crucial debates on the legality and clinical benefits of involuntary treatments, substitute decision-making, and other forms of non-consensual interventions for persons with psychosocial disability. This also opens questions about the contested relationship between psychiatry and human rights, and whether the same can be resolved to ultimately fulfil the CRPD’s radical vision. In this chapter these debates are considered in light of the CRPD’s provisions, authoritative interpretations of the same, and their implications for psychiatry and persons with psychosocial disability.
Challenges to mental health in Europe
Authors: Ruggeri Mirella , Martinelli Alessandra 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Mental Health Declaration for Europe (2005) laid the foundations to innovate the challenges of social psychiatry in Europe, where cultural, economic, social, and political differences correspond to significant inequalities in the mental health development within and between countries. Most countries have mental health policies and legislation, and many are implementing Community Mental Health Services (CMHS). Some countries (low- to middle-income) still fight to finance mental health care, while in high-income areas, models of psychiatry are focused on quality outcomes or the maintenance of traditional institutional settings. Only a minority of patients receive appropriate and effective mental health treatment, even though quality standards are provided. Opportunities for promotion and prevention in mental health are highly variable, with different starting points for action. In this context, a common challenge for Europe is to unify the continent under common principles, organizations, and initiatives towards mental health, while respecting each country’s autonomy.