bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A spatiotemporal stochastic climate model for benchmarking causal discovery methods for teleconnections
Authors: Tibau Xavier-Andoni , Reimers Christian , Gerhardus Andreas , Denzler Joachim , Eyring Veronika , Runge Jakob 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Teleconnections that link climate processes at widely separated spatial locations form a key component of the climate system. Their analysis has traditionally been based on means, climatologies, correlations, or spectral properties, which cannot always reveal the dynamical mechanisms between different climatological processes. More recently, causal discovery methods based either on time series at grid locations or on modes of variability, estimated through dimension-reduction methods, have been introduced. A major challenge in the development of such analysis methods is a lack of ground truth benchmark datasets that have facilitated improvements in many parts of machine learning. Here, we present a simplified stochastic climate model that outputs gridded data and represents climate modes and their teleconnections through a spatially aggregated vector-autoregressive model. The model is used to construct benchmarks and evaluate a range of analysis methods. The results highlight that the model can be successfully used to benchmark different causal discovery methods for spatiotemporal data and show their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, we introduce a novel causal discovery method at the grid level and demonstrate that it has orders of magnitude better performance than the current approaches. Improved causal analysis tools for spatiotemporal climate data are pivotal to advance process-based understanding and climate model evaluation.
An Illustration of Anthropology’s Contribution to Refugee Law Research
Authors: Bianchini Katia 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article contributes to the debates on the role of anthropology in refugee law research by showing the added value of an interdisciplinary approach to the understanding of complex asylum claims related to cultural and religious beliefs that are unfamiliar to the Western perspective. Based on the analysis of asylum claims in UK courts involving witchcraftbased persecution in the country of origin—both applicants who feared becoming victims of witchcraft practices and those who could be accused of having engaged in witchcraft practices—I demonstrate how anthropology can provide the tools for bridging the gaps between the law in the books and its implementation in practice and solving issues that are beyond the scope of the law. In particular, anthropology can feed into a broader legal conceptualization that accounts for the realities of our diverse societies and helps explain how fear of persecution due to witchcraft can indeed be real and connected with serious human rights violations. Moreover, cultural expertise can assist in assessing asylum claims in their cultural, historical, and political contexts, affording the claimant a fairer and better adjudicated outcome. Nevertheless, the use of anthropology inevitably comes with some challenges related to the different fields’ epistemologies, languages, and styles, as well as a lack of appreciation for interdisciplinarity in some areas of academia.
The History of Chinese Studies in Austria Revisited
Authors: Lehner Georg 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article traces the origins and developments of Chinese studies in Austria. In addition to factors and institutions that were instrumental in the development of these studies, the lives and works of individuals important to this development are revisited, starting with brief remarks on the scholarly interest in China in eighteenth century Austria and on early efforts to obtain Chinese books and Chinese printing types in the nineteenth century. The achievements of individual scholars are examined against the backdrop of their institutional affiliations and their experiences, if any, in China. In addition, the reasons for the delayed institutionalization of Sinological studies at university level are highlighted.
Design of a flexible robot toward transbronchial lung biopsy
Authors: Zhang Runtian , Xie Dongsheng , Qian Chao , Duan Xingguang , Li Changsheng 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTransbronchial lung biopsy is an effective and less-invasive treatment for the early diagnosis of lung cancer. However, the limited dexterity of existing endoscopic instruments and the complexity of bronchial access prevent the application of such procedures mainly for biopsy and diagnosis. This paper proposes a flexible robot for transbronchial lung biopsy with a cable-driven mechanism-based flexible manipulator. The robotic system of transbronchial lung biopsy is presented in detail, including the snake-bone end effector, the flexible catheters and the actuation unit. The kinematic analysis of the snake-bone end effector is conducted for the master-slave control. The experimental results show that the end effector reaches the target nodule through a narrow and tortuous pathway in a bronchial model. In conclusion, the proposed robotic system contributes to the field of advanced endoscopic surgery with high flexibility and controllability.
The clash of traditional values: opposition to female monarchs
Authors: Liu Guoer , McElwain Kenneth Mori , Shiraito Yuki 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe revision of sexist laws is complicated not only by disagreements between progressives and traditionalists but also by opposing views held by different types of traditionalists. We design a two-wave list experiment with information treatments to examine public opinion toward reforming the Japanese monarchy’s male-only patrilineal succession rule, focusing on two strands of traditionalism: conservatism and sexism. We show that conservatism, not sexism, is associated with stronger opposition to the ascension of female monarchs. Moreover, opinions toward gendered succession rules are hard to dislodge, because they are rooted in deep-held values. Treatments that highlight the capability of female heirs, the rarity of current practices in peer nations, and the perils posed by succession crises fail to change respondent preferences. Our study reveals the discordance within traditional values, and how this can impede efforts to reform statutory gender discrimination.
Topographic Degradation Processes of Lunar Crater Walls Inferred From Boulder Falls
Authors: Ikeda Ayame , Kumagai Hiroyuki , Morota Tomokatsu 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRecent explorations by lunar orbiters have shown that boulder falls are distributed over the entire lunar surface. To quantitatively evaluate the effects of moonquakes and meteorite impacts on boulder falls, we performed detailed surveys at two sites: One in the southern part of the Schrödinger basin (Site 1) and the other in Laue crater (Site 2). Using images and topography data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and KAGUYA, we measured the detailed distributions of boulder falls, small craters, slope angles, and the optical maturity parameter (OMAT) and modeled maximum ground acceleration due to impacts at these sites. In steeply sloping areas at both sites, we found that the density of small craters was low and areas with high OMAT values corresponded to boulder sources, where many boulders exist. At Site 1, the starting points of boulder falls and ground acceleration due to impacts were correlated. In addition, craters with boulder falls at and around Site 2 were distributed independently of the presumable epicentral distance from a shallow moonquake that occurred in 1975 near Site 2, which was previously inferred to have triggered boulder falls at the site. Our results suggest that boulder falls at these sites were triggered not by moonquakes but by meteorite impacts. We propose a model for the generation and transport of boulders and regolith on slopes by meteorite impacts, which may be directly related to the degradation of crater slopes on the Moon.
The Role of Lithospheric‐Deep Mantle Interactions on the Style and Stress Evolution of Arc‐Continent Collision
Authors: Rodríguez Corcho Andrés Felipe , Polanco Sara , Farrington Rebecca , Beucher Romain , Montes Camilo , Moresi Louis 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe investigate how the mechanical properties of intra‐oceanic arcs affect the collision style and associated stress‐strain evolution with buoyancy‐driven models of subduction that accurately reproduce the dynamic interaction of the lithosphere and mantle. We performed a series of simulations only varying the effective arc thickness as it controls the buoyancy of intra‐oceanic arcs. Our simulations spontaneously evolve into two contrasting styles of collision that are controlled by a 3% density contrast between the arc and the continental plate. In simulations with less buoyant arcs (15–31 km; effective thickness), we observe arc‐transference to the overriding plate and slab‐anchoring and folding at the 660 km transition zone that result in fluctuations in the slab dip, strain‐stress regime, surface kinematics, and viscous dissipation. After slab‐folding occurs, the gravitational potential energy is dissipated in the form of lithospheric flow causing lithospheric extension in the overriding plate. Conversely, simulations with more buoyant arcs (32–35 km; effective thickness) do not lead to arc‐transference and result in slab break‐off, which causes an asymptotic trend in surface kinematics, viscous dissipation and strain‐stress regime, and lithospheric extension in the overriding plate. The results of our numerical modeling highlight the importance of slab‐anchoring and folding in the 660 km transition zone on increasing the mechanical coupling of the subduction system.
Predicting Future Laboratory Fault Friction Through Deep Learning Transformer Models
Authors: Wang Kun , Johnson Christopher W. , Bennett Kane C. , Johnson Paul A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMachine learning models using seismic emissions as input can predict instantaneous fault characteristics such as displacement and friction in laboratory experiments, and slow slip in Earth. Here, we address whether the seismic/acoustic emission (AE) from laboratory experiments contains information about future frictional behavior. The approach uses a convolutional encoder‐decoder containing a transformer model in the latent space, similar to models used for natural language processing. We test the model limits using progressively larger AE input time windows and progressively larger output friction time windows. The results demonstrate that very near‐term friction predictions are indeed contained in the AE signal, and predictions are progressively worse farther into the future. The future predictions by the model of impending failure in the near‐term are remarkably robust. This first effort predicting future fault frictional behavior with machine learning will aid in guiding efforts for applications in Earth.
Predicting Antarctic Net Snow Accumulation at the Kilometer Scale and Its Impact on Observed Height Changes
Authors: Medley B. , Lenaerts J. T. M. , Dattler M. , Keenan E. , Wever N. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSub‐grid‐scale processes occurring at or near the surface of an ice sheet have a potentially large impact on local and integrated net accumulation of snow via redistribution and sublimation. Given observational complexity, they are either ignored or parameterized over large‐length scales. Here, we train random forest (RF) models to predict variability in net accumulation over the Antarctic Ice Sheet using atmospheric variables and topographic characteristics as predictors at 1 km resolution. Observations of net snow accumulation from both in situ and airborne radar data provide the input observable targets needed to train the RF models. We find that local net accumulation deviates by as much as 172% of the atmospheric model mean. The correlation in space between the predicted net accumulation variability and satellite‐derived surface‐height change indicates that surface processes operate differently through time, driven largely by the seasonal anomalies in snow accumulation.
Seasonal Slow Landslide Displacement Is Accommodated by mm‐Scale Stick‐Slip Events
Authors: Finnegan N. J. , Brodsky E. E. , Savage H. M. , Nereson A. L. , Murphy C. R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLike faults, landslides can slip slowly for decades or accelerate catastrophically. However, whereas experimentally derived friction laws provide mechanistically based explanations for similarly diverse behavior on faults, little monitoring exists over the temporal and spatial scales required to more clearly illuminate the mechanics of landslide friction. Here we show that displacement of an active slow landslide is accommodated primarily through mm‐scale stick‐slip events that recur on timescales of minutes to hours on asperities that are small (<100 m) relative to the landslide. The frequency of slip events tracks both landslide velocity and pore fluid pressure. The stick‐slip nature demonstrates by itself that slow slip is governed, at least in part, by velocity‐weakening frictional asperities. This observation, in combination with the sensitivity of slow slip to pore fluid pressure and the small relative scale of asperities, suggests similarities between slow slip in landslides and episodic slow slip along faults.
Ventilation Changes Drive Orbital‐Scale Deoxygenation Trends in the Late Cretaceous Ocean
Authors: Sarr A.‐C. , Donnadieu Y. , Laugié M. , Ladant J.‐B. , Suchéras‐Marx B. , Raisson F. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMechanisms that drive cyclicity in marine sediment deposits during hothouse climate periods in response to Earth's orbit variations remain debated. Orbital cycles fingerprint in the oceanographic records results from the combined effect of terrestrial (e.g., Weathering derived nutrient supply, freshwater discharge) and oceanic (e.g., productivity, oxygenation) processes, whose respective contribution remains to be clarified. Here we investigate the effect of extreme orbital configurations on the oxygenation state of the ocean using marine biogeochemistry simulations with the IPSL‐CM5A2 Earth System Model under Cenomanian‐Turonian boundary conditions. Our simulations show that small changes in ocean ventilation triggered by orbitally induced variations in deep water formation have a strong impact on the spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen. This phenomena is amplified in enclosed and already poorly oxygenated basins, such as the proto‐Atlantic ocean, where up to 50% of the water volume become anoxic for some of the configurations.
Observations and Impacts of Long‐Range Transported Wildfire Smoke on Air Quality Across New York State During July 2021
Authors: Shrestha Bhupal , Brotzge Jerald A. , Wang Junhong 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWildfires are a significant source of PM2.5 that adversely affect local and regional air quality. However, tracking wildfire smoke and their impacts are difficult. This study explores how a ground‐based Doppler lidar network can improve monitoring of long‐range transported wildfire smoke. As a case study, this paper reviews the transported wildfire smoke and its impact on air quality across New York State (NYS) during two events: 18–21 and 25–27 July 2021. Observations of wildfire smoke and enhancement of PM2.5 across NYS during those events were consistent across ground‐based sensors, satellites, back trajectory analyses, and model forecasts. However, for some of the days, the model over/under‐forecasted smoke plumes. Overall, this study highlights the value of the NYS Mesonet Profiler Network to monitor wildfire smoke with high spatiotemporal resolution. Such a relatively dense network can be a valuable observational tool for evaluating PM2.5, and aiding satellite measurements and air quality forecasting models.
Non‐Isotropic Contraction and Expansion of Samples in Diamond Anvil Cells: Implications for Thermal Conductivity at the Core‐Mantle Boundary
Authors: Lobanov Sergey S. , Geballe Zachary M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe thermal conductivities of mantle and core materials have a major impact on planetary evolution, but their experimental determination requires precise knowledge of sample thickness at high pressure. Despite its importance, thickness in most diamond anvil cell (DAC) experiments is not measured but inferred from equations of state, assuming isotropic contraction upon compression or assuming isotropic expansion upon decompression. Here we provide evidence that in DAC experiments both assumptions are invalid for a range of mechanically diverse materials (KCl, NaCl, Ar, MgO, silica glass, Al2O3). Upon compression, these samples are ∼30–50% thinner than expected from isotropic contraction. Most surprisingly, all the studied samples continue to thin upon decompression to 10–20 GPa. Our results partially explain some discrepancies among the highly controversial thermal conductivity values of iron at Earth's core conditions. More generally, we suggest that in situ characterization of sample geometry is essential for conductivity measurements at high pressure.
Soft X‐Ray Imaging of Magnetopause Reconnection Outflows Under Low Plasma‐β Solar Wind Conditions
Authors: Matsumoto Yosuke , Miyoshi Yoshizumi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe examined soft X‐ray emission by the solar wind charge‐exchange process around the Earth's magnetosphere using a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation model. The dayside magnetopause reconnection heats and accelerates the plasma whereby the X‐ray emission becomes as bright as ∼6 × 10−6 eV cm−3 s−1 under the southward interplanetary magnetic field conditions. In particular, under low plasma‐β solar wind conditions, we found that the X‐ray intensity reflects the bulk motion of outflows from the reconnection region. We propose that this particular solar wind condition would allow visualization of the mesoscale magnetopause reconnection site, as observed in the solar corona.
Thinning of the Magnetotail Current Sheet Inferred From Low‐Altitude Observations of Energetic Electrons
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Zhang X.‐J. , Runov A. , Petrukovich A. , Nakamura R. , Tsai E. , Wilkins C. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe magnetospheric substorm is a key mode of flux and energy transport throughout the magnetosphere associated with distinct and repeatable magnetotail dynamical processes and plasma injections. The substorm growth phase is characterized by current sheet thinning and magnetic field reconfiguration around the equatorial plane. The global characteristics of current sheet thinning are important for understanding of magnetotail state right before the onset of magnetic reconnection and of the key substorm expansion phase. In this paper, we investigate this thinning at different radial distances using plasma sheet (PS) energetic (>50 keV) electrons that reach from the equator to low altitudes during their fast (∼1 s) travel along magnetic field lines. We perform a multi‐case study and a statistical analysis of 34 events with near‐equatorial observations of the current sheet thinning by equatorial missions and concurrent, latitudinal crossings of the ionospheric projection of the magnetotail by the low‐altitude Electron Losses and Fields Investigation (ELFIN) CubeSats at approximately the same local time sector. Energetic electron fluxes thus collected by ELFIN provide near‐instantaneous (<5 min duration) radial snapshots of magnetotail fluxes. Main findings of this study confirm the previously proposed concepts with low‐altitude energetic electron measurements: (a) Energy distributions of low‐altitude fluxes are quantitatively close to the near‐equatorial distributions, which justifies the investigation of the magnetotail current sheet reconfiguration using low‐altitude measurements. (b) The magnetic field reconfiguration during the current sheet thinning (which lasts ≥ an hour) results in a rapid shrinking of the low‐altitude projection of the entire PS (from near‐Earth, ∼10RE, to the lunar orbit ∼60RE) to 1–2° of magnetic latitude in the ionosphere. (c) The current sheet dipolarization, common during the substorm onset, is associated with a very quick (∼10 min) change of the tail magnetic field configuration to its dipolar state, as implied by a poleward expansion of the PSPS at low altitudes.
Applications of human organoids in the personalized treatment for digestive diseases
Authors: Wang Qinying , Guo Fanying , Jin Yutao , Ma Yanlei 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDigestive system diseases arise primarily through the interplay of genetic and environmental influences; there is an urgent need in elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms of these diseases and deploy personalized treatments. Traditional and long-established model systems rarely reproduce either tissue complexity or human physiology faithfully; these shortcomings underscore the need for better models. Organoids represent a promising research model, helping us gain a more profound understanding of the digestive organs; this model can also be used to provide patients with precise and individualized treatment and to build rapid in vitro test models for drug screening or gene/cell therapy, linking basic research with clinical treatment. Over the past few decades, the use of organoids has led to an advanced understanding of the composition of each digestive organ and has facilitated disease modeling, chemotherapy dose prediction, CRISPR-Cas9 genetic intervention, high-throughput drug screening, and identification of SARS-CoV-2 targets, pathogenic infection. However, the existing organoids of the digestive system mainly include the epithelial system. In order to reveal the pathogenic mechanism of digestive diseases, it is necessary to establish a completer and more physiological organoid model. Combining organoids and advanced techniques to test individualized treatments of different formulations is a promising approach that requires further exploration. This review highlights the advancements in the field of organoid technology from the perspectives of disease modeling and personalized therapy.
Olaparib synergizes with arsenic trioxide by promoting apoptosis and ferroptosis in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer
Authors: Tang Sangsang , Shen Yuanming , Wei Xinyi , Shen Zhangjin , Lu Weiguo , Xu Junfen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPoly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are efficacious in treating platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer (OC), but demonstrate limited efficiency in patients with platinum-resistant OC. Thus, further investigations into combined strategies that enhance the response to PARP inhibitors (PARPi) in platinum-resistant OC are required. The present study aimed to investigate the combined therapy of arsenic trioxide (ATO) with olaparib, a common PARPi, and determine how this synergistic cytotoxicity works in platinum-resistant OC cells. Functional assays demonstrated that the combined treatment of olaparib with ATO significantly suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation, and enhanced DNA damage as well as cell apoptosis in A2780-CIS and SKOV3-CIS cell lines. Results of the present study also demonstrated that a combination of olaparib with ATO increased lipid peroxidation and eventually triggered ferroptosis. Consistently, the combined treatment synergistically suppressed tumor growth in mice xenograft models. Mechanistically, ATO in combination with olaparib activated the AMPK α pathway and suppressed the expression levels of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1). Collectively, results of the present study demonstrated that treatment with ATO enhanced the effects of olaparib in platinum-resistant OC.