bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in growth patterns of Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus nestlings: effects of hatching order, nestling subperiod, brood size and weather conditions
Authors: Zaremba Urszula , Golawski Artur , Kasprzykowski Zbigniew 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPost-natal growth has long-term consequences for survival and fitness in birds and is subject to strong directional selection. Highly variable patterns of nestling development are influenced by an array of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. This study analysed the impacts of hatching order, nestling subperiod, brood size and weather conditions, all of which could influence the growth rate of Marsh HarrierCircus aeruginosusnestlings. It was conducted over a period of 6 years, during which measurements of 173 nestlings from 66 nests were made at fishpond complexes in eastern Poland. Relative growth rates (RGR) were calculated on the basis of tarsus and wing lengths during two subperiods of nestling development. Linear mixed models showed that the hatching order and nestling subperiod influenced nestling growth, whereas brood size did not affect wing or tarsus relative growth rates. The effect of hatching order differed between the two traits and between subperiods. Marginal nestlings in broods of five exhibited poor wing growth and perished before fledging. In contrast to wing growth, tarsus growth rates were similar in all the siblings in the first subperiod. During the second developmental subperiod, the growth rates of both locomotor traits exhibited the same pattern, i.e., higher values in the later-hatched chicks than in the earlier ones. Precipitation, but not temperature, had a negative impact on growth in the second subperiod. Our results show a variation in growth patterns between nestmates, which was the most evident in the rate of wing growth. The study enhances our understanding of brood reduction and cainism in birds of prey.
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescents: A Structural Model with Socioecological Connectedness, Bullying Victimization, and Depression
Authors: Baker Ashley C. , Wallander Jan L. , Elliott Marc N. , Schuster Mark A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe objective was to examine the associations of socioecological connectedness with bullying victimization and depressive symptoms in early adolescence and with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in mid-adolescence, and how these might differ between genders. Diverse adolescents (N = 4115; 49.1% girls) in the 7th grade reported on connections with parents/family, peers, school, and neighborhood, as well as bullying victimization and depressive symptoms, and NSSI in 10th grade (Me = 16.1 years). Structural equation modeling with WSLMV indicated that the lower likelihood of NSSI in 10th grade was associated with higher perceptions of connections between adolescents and their families, both directly as well as indirectly through reduced bully victimization and depressive symptoms three years earlier. Higher school connectedness was indirectly associated with the lower likelihood of NSSI through bullying victimization and depressive symptoms. Paths to NSSI varied for girls and boys. Results advance the understanding of developmental pathways leading to NSSI in adolescent girls and boys.
Synthesis, Molecular and Crystal Structures of Some Monocyanocymantrenes
Authors: Sünkel Karlheinz , Reimann Dietmar , Klein-Heßling Christian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractElectrophilic cyanation of the lithiated cymantrenes [(C5X4Li)Mn(CO)3] (X = H, Cl) yields the corresponding monocyanocymantrenes [(C5X4CN)Mn(CO)3] (1, 3). UV irradiation of 1 in the presence of PPh3 leads to the formation of [(C5H4CN)Mn(CO)2PPh3] (2). The molecular and crystal structures of 1, 2 and 3 were determined. The cyano groups take part in intermolecular C-X⋯N (X = H, Cl) interactions for all compounds.
Graphical Abstract
Are Propositional Attitudes Mental States?
Authors: Baysan Umut 
Published: February 2022

AbstractI present an argument that propositional attitudes are not mental states. In a nutshell, the argument is that if propositional attitudes are mental states, then only minded beings could have them; but there are reasons to think that some non-minded beings could bear propositional attitudes. To illustrate this, I appeal to cases ofgenuine group intentionality. I argue that these are cases in which some group entities bear propositional attitudes, but they are not subjects of mental states. Although propositional attitudes are not mental states, I propose that they are typically co-instantiated with mental states. In an attempt to explain this co-instantiation, I suggest that propositional attitudes of minded beings are typically realized by mental states.
The Inequality-Trust Nexus Revisited: At What Level of Aggregation Does Income Inequality Matter for Social Trust?
Authors: Kanitsar Georg 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe negative linkage between income inequality and social trust is widely acknowledged. Despite this consensus, it remains unclear at what level of aggregation income inequality matters most to the cultivation of social trust. In a comprehensive review, Wilkinson and Pickett (Annu Rev Sociol 35:493–511, 2009) speculate that income inequality is most important when measured at the societal level, whereas for lower units of aggregation economic development becomes a stronger predictor. Merging regional inequality data for 216 regions in 22 European countries (2010–2014) to the European Social Survey, this paper is the first to examine this claim for social trust. The results demonstrate that in non-Eastern European countries most of the variation in social trust is accounted for by differences in inequality between countries rather than differences in inequality within countries. For economic development, the opposite is true. Within-country differences in economic development relate significantly to social trust, while between-country differences do not. I conclude that social trust is more strongly affected by the stratification of society as a whole than by income inequalities within smaller units of aggregation.
Evaluation of thermal sensitivity is of potential clinical utility for the predictive, preventive, and personalized approach advancing metabolic syndrome management
Authors: Mun Sujeong , Park Kihyun , Lee Siwoo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA possible association between metabolic disorders and ambient temperature has been suggested, and cold exposure as a way of increasing energy expenditure has gained considerable interest for preventative/therapeutic measures toward metabolic disorders. Although thermal sensitivity, which has recently been studied in regard to its utility as a risk assessment/patient stratification for various diseases, might influence physiological responses to ambient temperature on an individual basis, more studies are needed. We aimed to investigate the association between self-identified thermal intolerance/sensation and metabolic syndrome (MetS) to verify the working hypothesis that individuals with altered thermal sensitivity may have a predisposition to MetS. We fitted generalized additive models for thermal intolerance/sensation using body mass index (BMI) and waist–hip ratio in women, and identified those with higher/lower thermal intolerance/sensation than those predicted by the models. Higher heat intolerance, higher heat sensation, and lower cold intolerance were associated with a higher prevalence of MetS. The risk of having MetS was increased in those who had two or three associated conditions compared with those with none of these conditions. In an analysis for MetS components, significant associations of thermal sensitivity were present with high glucose, triglyceride, and blood pressure levels. Overall, higher heat intolerance/sensation and lower cold intolerance were associated with increased prevalence of MetS even at a similar level of obesity. Our study indicates that evaluation of thermal sensitivity may help identify individuals at high risk for MetS, and lead to more advanced patient stratification and personalized treatment strategies for MetS, including cold-induced thermogenesis.
Evaluation of variable speed pumps in pressurized water distribution systems
Authors: Salmasi Farzin , Abraham John , Salmasi Arian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn pressurized water distribution systems, a constant speed pump is often used because of its simplicity. However, constant speed pumps are not easily able to deal with changing demands in water flows. When the demand for the discharge differs from the design discharge, the required demand (discharge and head) could be met by changing the pump speed without making any special changes in the system. Using an electronic drive circuit, the electrical frequency can be changed, and the rotation speed of the pump motor can thus be modified. In this study, the application of variable speed pumps in pressurized irrigation systems is investigated. Two pumping station scenarios including a fixed speed pump and a variable speed pump are considered. The selected pump station includes a real sprinkler irrigation system near Tabriz city, Iran, with 3 lateral pipes and 600 m length of main pipe. The diameter of the main pipes is 8 and 6 inches. The results show that using a variable speed pump increases the average pump efficiency by 18.7%. In addition, the variable speed pump system reduces the electrical consumption 57.6% compared to a fixed speed pump. Therefore, the use of variable speed pumps in pressurized systems is recommended. Step-by-step calculations for a sprinkler irrigation system design are the contribution of this study. This information helps engineers who are not familiar with commutation process.
Body image and compulsive exercise: are there associations with depression among university students?
Authors: Edlund Klara , Johansson Fred , Lindroth Rebecca , Bergman Louise , Sundberg Tobias , Skillgate Eva 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Mental health problems among university students have been reported to be significantly increasing and suggested to be associated with college drop-out. Body dissatisfaction and compulsive exercise are both constructs relevant for mental health problems in general and eating disorders in particular. This study examined associations between body dissatisfaction, compulsive exercise and self-reported symptoms of depression among Swedish university students.

Methods
Participants (n = 4262) are students in an ongoing cohort study, and data from the baseline assessment were used. Four linear regression models were built to explore the associations between body dissatisfaction, compulsive weight control exercise and depressive symptoms.

Results
Our findings showed that females reported higher levels of body dissatisfaction than males. Body dissatisfaction and compulsive exercise were associated with self-reported symptoms of depression in this non-clinical population. Results showed that compulsive exercise was negatively associated with reported symptoms of depression, while body dissatisfaction was positively associated with symptoms of depression.

Conclusion
In line with previous research, there was a gender difference in body dissatisfaction where females displayed higher levels of dissatisfaction than males. Body dissatisfaction was positively associated with reported symptoms of depression, suggesting support of previous research indicating body dissatisfaction to increase mental health problems. Compulsive exercise was negatively associated with symptoms of depression suggesting a behavior negatively reinforced, supporting both constructs to be of interest for reported symptoms of depression in a non-clinical population of Swedish university students.

Level of evidence
III, cohort study.

Trial registration
http://clinicaltrials.gov/ID: NCT04465435.
High performance removal of sulfamethoxazole using large specific area of biochar derived from corncob xylose residue
Authors: Li Yinxue , Shang Hongru , Cao Yongna , Yang Chunhui , Feng Yujie , Yu Yanling 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTo remove antibiotics from waste water, an alkali active porous biochar, 850BC, was prepared from corncob xylose residue. In preparation, NaOH dipping was used for silicon removal and KOH activation was operated at 850℃. Further characterization containing BET, SEM, and FTIR were confirmed. 850BC possessed a huge specific surface area of 3043 m2·g−1, developed pore structure and abundant oxygen functional groups. The adsorption performance of sulfamethoxazole on 850BC was quick and efficient, and the adsorption capacity reached 1429 mg·g−1, which was significantly higher than other adsorbents reported previously. While pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model could better describe the adsorption, chemisorption dominated the SMX adsorption onto 850BC. In virtue of pore-filling and π–π interaction as major mechanism, a large surface area and rich oxygen-containing functional groups led to an excellent adsorption performance. Thus, this preparation method provided a biochar-based adsorbent with enhanced specific surface for efficient removal of antibiotic pollutants.
Graphical Abstract
Battery consumption estimation methodology for electric unmanned aerial systems
Authors: Rodríguez-Novillo E. , Sanchez-Carmona A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study presents a methodology to estimate the battery consumption of an electric powerplant, based on brushless motors, typically used in light unmanned aerial systems. The methodology models brushless motors through an equivalent circuit obtained from their dynamic behaviour. Propellers’ data are taken from an experimental database. Furthermore, a variable speed controller efficiency is considered in the methodology. All the parameters involved in the model are adjusted by minimising the mean quadratic error of measurements taken in both direct and alternating currents. This model allows designers to predict energy consumption, also if any element of the powerplant changes, such as battery or propeller. Thus, it is useful for selecting the best powerplant for an actual RPAS operation. The results obtained to predict the current consumption of several electric powerplants show a coefficient of determination higher than 0.96. Finally, the methodology is validated by means of a case study of an actual RPAS, where the best powerplant is selected in terms of endurance.
Changes in obesity and diabetes severity during the COVID-19 pandemic at Virginia Commonwealth University Health System
Authors: Namoos Asmaa M. , Sheppard Vanessa , Abosamak NourEldin , Lavallee Martin , Ramadan Rana , Eyob Estelle , Wang Chen , Gal Tamas S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Introduction:
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly changed the lives of millions of people in the USA, preventing them from continuing their regular lifestyles. This study examined the manifestation of “Covibesity” in the patient population of the Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Health System and explored the effects of the distraction caused by the pandemic in the management of diabetes disease.

Methods:
This project analyzed body mass index (BMI) rates of the general adult patient population at the VCU Health System during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to prior years. The project also investigated the changes in the severity of diabetes cases treated at the VCU Health System by comparing HbA1c laboratory results and the number of diabetes-related emergency department (ED) visits before and during the pandemic. The results were stratified by age, gender, and race to examine subpopulations.

Results:
The mean BMI for the general patient population increased from 2018 to 2019 but decreased in 2020. The mean HbA1c measurements for the diabetic patient population increased from 2018 to 2020, while the number of ED visits declined in 2020 for the same population. When stratified by race, the trends in the outcomes largely reflected those of the overall mean. The African American population had a higher mean BMI, HbA1c, and number of ED visits than other races, but showed the same temporal behavior to the overall mean.
From transparency to accountability of intelligent systems: Moving beyond aspirations
Authors: Williams Rebecca , Cloete Richard , Cobbe Jennifer , Cottrill Caitlin , Edwards Peter , Markovic Milan , Naja Iman , Ryan Frances , Singh Jatinder , Pang Wei 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA number of governmental and nongovernmental organizations have made significant efforts to encourage the development of artificial intelligence in line with a series of aspirational concepts such as transparency, interpretability, explainability, and accountability. The difficulty at present, however, is that these concepts exist at a fairly abstract level, whereas in order for them to have the tangible effects desired they need to become more concrete and specific. This article undertakes precisely this process of concretisation, mapping how the different concepts interrelate and what in particular they each require in order to move from being high-level aspirations to detailed and enforceable requirements. We argue that the key concept in this process is accountability, since unless an entity can be held accountable for compliance with the other concepts, and indeed more generally, those concepts cannot do the work required of them. There is a variety of taxonomies of accountability in the literature. However, at the core of each account appears to be a sense of “answerability”; a need to explain or to give an account. It is this ability to call an entity to account which provides the impetus for each of the other concepts and helps us to understand what they must each require.
Characterization of atmospheric coherent structures and their impact on a utility-scale wind turbine
Authors: Abraham Aliza , Hong Jiarong 
Published: February 2022

Atmospheric turbulent velocity fluctuations are known to increase wind turbine structural loading and accelerate wake recovery, but the impact of vortical coherent structures in the atmosphere on wind turbines has not yet been evaluated. The current study uses flow imaging with natural snowfall with a field of view spanning the inflow and near wake. Vortical coherent structures with diameters of the order of 1 m are identified and characterized in the flow approaching a 2.5 MW wind turbine in the region spanning the bottom blade tip elevation to hub height. Their impact on turbine structural loading, power generation and wake behaviour are evaluated. Long coherent structure packets

$(\mathrm{\ \mathbin{\lower.3ex\hbox{$\buildrel> \over {\smash{\scriptstyle\sim}\vphantom{_x}}$}}\ }200\;\textrm{m)}$

are shown to increase fluctuating stresses on the turbine support tower. Large inflow vortices interact with the turbine blades, leading to deviations from the expected power generation. The sign of these deviations is related to the rotation direction of the vortices, with rotation in the same direction as the circulation on the blades leading to periods of power surplus, and the opposite rotation causing power deficit. Periods of power deficit coincide with wake contraction events. These findings highlight the importance of considering coherent structure properties when making turbine design and siting decisions.
An efficient high-power femtosecond laser based on periodic-layered-Kerr media nonlinear compression and a Yb:YAG regenerative amplifier
Authors: Guo Jie , Gao Zichen , Sun Di , Du Xiao , Gao Yongxi , Liang Xiaoyan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe demonstrate an efficient ultrafast source with 195 fs pulse duration, 54 W average power at 200 kHz repetition rate and near diffraction-limited beam quality. The compact setup incorporates a thin-disk Yb:YAG regenerative amplifier (RA) and a subsequent nonlinear pulse compression stage with periodic-layered Kerr media (PLKM), which is one of the multiple-thin-solid-plate schemes based on nonlinear resonator theory. In virtue of the formation of quasi-stationary spatial soliton in PLKM, the near diffraction-limited beam quality of the RA remained almost undisturbed after post-compression. The nonlinear pulse compression module is simple and efficient with a transmission of 96%. To the best our knowledge, for pulse energy over 200 μJ, this is the highest output power reported for the multiple-thin-solid-plate scheme. This source manifests an economical combination to mitigate the bandwidth limitations of Yb-based high-power chirped pulse amplifiers.
Evidence-based mechanistic role of chrysin towards protection of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in rats
Authors: Meshram Sonali , Verma Vipin Kumar , Mutneja Ekta , Sahu Anil Kumar , Malik Salma , Mishra Prashant , Bhatia Jagriti , Arya Dharamvir S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCardiac hypertrophy is the enlargement of cardiomyocytes in response to persistent release of catecholamine which further leads to cardiac fibrosis. Chrysin, flavonoid from honey, is well known for its multifarious properties like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic. To investigate the cardioprotective potential of chrysin against isoproterenol (ISO), cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis are induced in rats. Acclimatised male albino Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (n 6): normal (carboxymethyl cellulose at 0·5 % p.o.; as vehicle), hypertrophy control (ISO 3 mg/kg, s.c.), CHY15 + H, CHY30 + H & CHY60 + H (chrysin; p.o.15, 30 and 60 mg/kg respectively + ISO at 3 mg/kg, s.c.), CHY60 (chrysin 60 mg/kg in per se) and LST + H (losartan 10 mg/kg p.o. + ISO 3 mg/kg, s.c.) were treated for 28 d. After the dosing schedule on day 29, haemodynamic parameters were recorded, after that blood and heart were excised for biochemical, histological, ultra-structural and molecular evaluations. ISO administration significantly increases heart weight:body weight ratio, pro-oxidants, inflammatory and cardiac injury markers. Further, histopathological, ultra-structural and molecular studies confirmed deteriorative changes due to ISO administration. Pre-treatment with chrysin of 60 mg/kg reversed the ISO-induced damage to myocardium and prevent cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis through various anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-fibrotic pathways. Data demonstrated that chrysin attenuated myocardial hypertrophy and prevented fibrosis via activation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/Smad signalling pathway.
THE DEATH OF LAW: ANOTHER OBITUARY
Authors: Lucy William 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis essay argues that a defining characteristic of modern law – the distinctive way in which it judges its addressees – will disappear. After sketching the distinctive nature of modern law's judgment, I show that it is part of a broader regulatory paradigm (rule or East Coast regulation) which is itself being superseded. Technological management is the alternative regulatory paradigm and I examine its rise and salience, showing how it might, in combination with the advent of ubiquitous computing, machine learning and artificial intelligence, cure a range of alleged pathologies that mark contemporary legal systems. The essay also demonstrates why technological management is now our regulatory default, its salience flowing from changes in the nature of our thinking about, and deployment of, power. The essay combines the work of Roger Brownsword, a leading contemporary jurist of technological management, with that of the world-renowned social theorist Michel Foucault.