bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative Histories
Authors: Stagg Robert 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A final chapter reckons with two alternative histories (alternative to each other, that is) of Shakespeare’s blank verse, offered in the century or so after his death. One is by John Dryden, the other by Alexander Pope. It finds these histories immanent within Shakespeare’s blank verse, reading it as a prosodic form constituted by and therefore productive of alternatives. The chapter ends by interpreting the ‘blankness’ of blank verse as its openness to, even its constitutional need for, alternatives. Otherwise what would it mean (for Shakespeare and others) to write a verse form that appears to be defined only by an absence, a ‘blank’?
Opposition Interrupted
Authors: Hasan Zoya 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter delineates the political implications of BJP’s victory in 2019 for opposition politics and the reinforcement of the right-wing trajectory that India had embarked upon in 2014. The BJP’s top leadership interpreted the verdict as a signal for a complete change in direction and a mandate to establish a Hindu state. The principal consequence of this shift was the acceleration of authoritarianism and communalism that paved the way for the institution of a communal regime in the Centre. These shifts have been strengthened by growing polarization, curbs on dissent, institutional erosion, media control, and growing concentration of economic power, all of which have created an unequal playing field for the opposition. This has profound consequences for India’s democracy and the future of the Congress, which is the principal concern of this chapter.
Conclusion
Authors: Hasan Zoya 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The chapter concludes the arguments of the book by highlighting the three structural challenges faced by Congress in a political conjuncture defined by the shift to the Right and the polarization produced by it. It has to agree or elect a leader who can keep the Congress united; reconstruct its organizational structure across the states; and, finally, project and propagate a clear alternative ideological narrative to the BJP. Unlike conventional wisdom that highlights the leadership crisis, this book argues that the deficit in Congress is principally a deficit of organization and ideology. The BJP has redefined nationalism as majoritarian nationalism. The Congress hasn’t offered a clear counter-narrative to this idea of nationalism which is unsuitable for a diverse, pluralistic nation committed to liberal values. The Congress is wary of doing so mainly because it fears losing popular support by being seen as anti-Hindu; hence, most leaders are unwilling to come out openly against majoritarianism. The lack of clarity with regard to its ideological stand constitutes a major hindrance in the Congress’s recovery.
Introduction: Aviation and the Indian State 1939–1953
Authors: Iqbal Aashique Ahmed 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The chapter introduces readers to the Indian state’s engagement with aviation. It puts forward the argument that aviation played a crucial role in the decolonization of South Asia. The aeroplane served as a symbol of modernity and its control was vital for the assertion of Indian sovereignty. The introduction states that this subject is one that has received little attention from academic historians through an examination of the existing historiography on aviation and Indian history. This is followed by a definition of some of the key terms used throughout the text including modernity, sovereignty, and the state. A description of the book’s individual chapters, the sources used, and the scope of the book are then discussed. Finally, the introduction is concluded by pointing out the fields in which the book makes interventions.
Indian Aviation and the Second World War
Authors: Iqbal Aashique Ahmed 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of Indian attempts to gain access to military aviation in the interwar years with a view to ensuring the colony was protected from air attack. The colonial government which had long hindered both civil and military aviation was forced to expand it as a response to the demands of the Second World War. The Indian Air Force (IAF) performed well in the war and civil aviation was well placed for a post-war boom. The hurried expansion of the IAF however gave rise to serious instability in the force after the end of the war culminating in a series of ‘strikes’ by Indian airmen in 1946. The ‘strikes’ and increased Indian control of aviation contributed to the British decision to depart from the subcontinent.
Ittehad Mein Shakti (Strength in Unity): Aviation and the Partition of India 1946–1947
Authors: Iqbal Aashique Ahmed 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses both the impact on aviation of the partition of British India into the independent dominions of India and Pakistan and the aviation’s impact on Partition. Post-war gains in civil aviation were threatened by the unsustainable policies that emerged as a result of disagreements between Congress and the Muslim League. The colonial Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF) was also divided between India and Pakistan during the Partition. If Partition had a major impact on aviation then aviation too had an important role to play in Partition. The RIAF helped restore order while Indian airline companies were strained to breaking point by the evacuation of refugees during Partition. Eventually both India and Pakistan would have to rely on British airline companies to evacuate crucial government personnel and isolated refugees.
Of Princes and Planes: Aviation in the Indian States 1931–1948
Authors: Iqbal Aashique Ahmed 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Indian princely states used aviation in different ways to claim to be modern and therefore legitimate entities. In particular it looks at three examples. In Jodhpur, Maharaja Umaid Singh mobilized a new ‘martial modernity’ by associating old Rajput martial traditions with the modernity of the aeroplane. Mysore meanwhile invested heavily in the Hindustan Aircraft Factory at Bangalore in the hopes of kickstarting industrialization. India’s richest princely state, Hyderabad, established its own airline and held out for a year against an Indian blockade by availing the services of an Australian gunrunner. All three states sought to make new claims to sovereignty against both the colonial and the independent Indian governments but were ultimately forced to accede to the Indian Union.
In Search of the Objective Telos of Self-Governance
Authors: Grenberg Jeanine M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an outline of the teleological structure of the virtuous self-governance of desire. The unavoidable incompleteness of any empirical series assures that happiness empirically conceived is not the proper telos for guiding this process. Instead, we look beyond desires to Kant’s non-naturalistic account of self-governance in which one’s affects and passions are guided by the quasi-desire or moral feeling of respect, a feeling with a rational provenance which situates itself within the empirical world of desire as the authoritative governor of that world. We then turn to an initial articulation of both the objective and subjective teloi of self-governance: respect for persons as the proper objective telos (to be explored in Part I) and a supervening subjective telos (to be explored in Part II) which describes the phenomenological state of the person well-suited to pursue that objective telos.
Deontological Teleology
Authors: Grenberg Jeanine M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter first notes a curious lacuna in the secondary literature on the topic of teleology and Kant’s moral theory. It then considers those few interpreters who defend a teleological reading of Kant, arguing that the author’s account of making persons as such one’s end is preferable. The chapter then shows that Kant in fact defends a system of Deontological Teleology: through a review of some central Groundwork passages and also of Kant’s mature account of the Categorical Imperative in the Doctrine of Virtue, the chapter shows that his wavering in the former work on whether pure practical reason is an inherently end-based capacity is unambiguously defended in the latter work via the new category of obligatory ends. Practical reason thus operates in reciprocally deontological and teleological modes. And the chapter affirms, ultimately, that end-setting is consistent with a free, a priori grounding of morality.
Objections to Deontological Teleology Considered
Authors: Grenberg Jeanine M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this chapter we consider a series of objectors to Deontological Teleology: those who claim happiness empirically conceived is the only possible telos of a eudaemonistic morality, those who fear a rational governor of empirical desires is a foreign invader instead of an authoritative governor of desire, and those who fear that so persons-centered a morality disregards the value of non-person valuable existences like animals and the environment. We focus particularly on this last question. Through appeal to a new account of what Kant means by having only “indirect” obligations in regard to non-human beings, an account which rejects a merely instrumental appeal to the usefulness of non-human nature and appeals instead “indirectly” to our capacity for self-obligation to ground an appreciation for the intrinsic value of such nature, we defend a robust Kantian approach to understanding our obligations to non-human beings from an unapologetically persons-centered point of view.
Introduction
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the notion of natural philosophy and argues for its retrieval as a viable disciplinary category following its fragmentation in the last two centuries. This does not amount to an uncritical or nostalgic return to the past, but to reclaiming ideas that ought never to have been lost. The chapter reflects on the history and potential value of natural philosophy, and distinguishes between ‘natural philosophy’ and ‘natural science’. As recent discussions of progress in philosophy make clear, some philosophical ideas are ripe for reconsideration and engagement. This chapter considers how retrieving natural philosophy might fit into this framework.
Subjectivity
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with Karl Popper’s ‘World Two’, which encompasses the subjective aspects of the human engagement with nature. This was an important element of early modern natural philosophy, and has been largely forgotten in modern scientific accounts of the natural world. The importance of this point is explored using the distinction between ‘space’ and ‘place’, which helps allow a richer account of the natural order, including human memories of spatial attachment and significance. The importance of beauty and wonder in a retrieved natural philosophy is considered, along with the language and conceptual schemes that are required in order to articulate and communicate the emotive and affective dimensions of nature. This chapter concludes by considering the place of poetry in a retrieved natural philosophy.
Reshaping the Role of Professional Associations and the Federal State in Swiss VET
Authors: Bürgi Regula , Eigenmann Philipp , Gonon Philipp 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the changes in the Swiss VET system triggered by the advancing knowledge economy. Skill profiles change rapidly nowadays and there is an ever-increasing demand for upskilling. As a result, reforms have to be initiated in order to ensure the necessary changes in the training system. The chapter focuses on professional associations as pivotal actors in shaping vocational knowledge and skill profiles and argue that the reforms consist of both transformative and self-preserving elements. Hence, the development is ambiguous in character. The results are based on expert interviews and a document analysis of the commissions responsible for training structures and content. It is shown that the transformative parts of the reforms lead to standardization and increase the influence of the state. At the same time, the self-preserving forces favour decentralized—or collective—skill formation, thus empowering professional associations. The latter results in path-dependent and diverse modes of governance. Yet, reactions to the knowledge economy circle around the conflicting poles of persistent diversity and standardization. The standards are set by soft law, i.e. governing tools such as funding schemes, detailed manuals, or monitoring procedures. These instruments express not only standardization but professionalization, which challenges professional associations, in particular small and medium-sized associations and firms that rely on volunteer participation and have no professional structure. However, professional associations remain influential players in Swiss VET, guided by their institutional legacy.
Still Egalitarian? How the Knowledge Economy Is Changing Vocational Education and Training in Denmark and Sweden
Authors: Carstensen Martin B. , Ibsen Christian Lyhne 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIs the balance between concerns for efficiency and equality in vocational education and training (VET) institutions sustainable with the rise of the knowledge economy? This chapter studies reform trajectories in two VET systems committed to egalitarianism, the Swedish and the Danish. The chapter shows that obtaining both equality and efficiency in either the collectivist Danish system or state-led Swedish system is increasingly an untenable policy position. Thus, both systems ended up more focused on employers’ interests in the 2010s. In Sweden, the Gy11 reform limited mobility between VET and higher education, while reforms in Denmark instead focused on excluding the weakest students to attract stronger students and employers. However, stubbornly low admission numbers in both systems indicate that the strengthened focus on efficiency so far has not translated into increasing demand for VET from strong students. The variation between the two systems hinges in important ways on differences in the institutional setup of the respective systems: the Swedish system allows more discretion for the state, whereas in the Danish dual system employers are placed in a veto position.
Declining Collectivism at the Higher and Lower End
Authors: Seitzl Lina , Unterweger Daniel Franz 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe knowledge economy challenges the premises of collective skill formation systems. The jobs apprenticeships have traditionally prepared for—mid-level jobs in the industrial sector—disappear. Higher and more general skills become increasingly important, reinforcing cooperation dilemmas. The question arises of how these systems react to this pressure. In this chapter, employer reactions to situations in which the state replaces firms in the provision of skills are analysed. It is argued that, while initially not intended, the expansion of statist training in the face of structural challenges reinforces the decline of the number of training firms because it frees firms from constraints, offering an attractive exit opportunity from employer coordination. These trajectories are analysed by looking at two developments in the Austrian skill formation system at the higher and the lower end of the skills distribution: the expansion of VET to the field of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the introduction of public training workshops. Both sectors can be expected to expand as the growth of the knowledge economy progresses because trends towards higher skill needs not only leads to a growth of educational options at the higher end of the skill distribution but also necessitates the integration of those unable to cope with increasing skill demands (the lower end). In both cases, employers have increasingly warmed to statist VET because it allows them to save costs while the provision of a well-trained workforce is still ensured. This resulted in a further decline in collective training.
Suggestions for 2021–22 Budget
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Post the havoc wrought by the pandemic, with the budget 2021– 22 being formalized and announced on February 1, 2021, the Government was required to make all all-out effort to win the confidence of the people. The focus was to be on the state of the economy, looking for a response through budget proposals. The authors explored and looked into fiscal policy measures such as personal income tax, GST, welfare measures, and hike in overall government expenditure which could kick-start consumption demand. Here the need to retain confidence amongst the youth who would be the pillars of the development of the country in the coming years is discussed. To be able to provide quality education in India and successfully implement the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020, the suggestion was made for increasing the education expenditure to at least 6% of GDP from 4.6% of GDP besides arguing for hike in the healthcare budget, gender budgeting and building up infrastructure spending etc.
Surge in GDP Growth in Q1 2022: Real Picture?
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
With the Indian economy growing at a record pace of 20.1% in Q1 FY22 as against a contraction of 24.4% in the same quarter of FY21, economists and analysts were of the view that the low base effect of the previous year’s record contraction had contributed to the same. Keeping in mind the second virus wave, macroeconomic indicators were reflective of the fact that due to less stringent regional and localized lockdowns, the economy relatively was not that adversely affected. The chapter studies in detail GDP growth numbers for Q1FY22 for the Indian economy and its journey back on the path of economic growth. It also analyses certain watch-outs that the government and RBI needed to look out for and keep on their radar especially private consumption. Improving consumer sentiments especially, post the onslaught of the second virus wave was key to demand recovery and increased discretionary spending.
Corporate Banks
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In the background of RBI’s Internal Working Group recommending permission for business houses setting up of banks and eliciting public opinion, two former central bankers strongly condemned the proposal while another economist termed it the promotion of crony capitalism. Keeping in mind that in the recent past, RBI rejected banking licence applications by leading business houses while some of them were permitted to set up payment banks, the chapter discusses what major changes have taken place within a couple of years, that too at a time when there is no liquidity crunch for the RBI to again contemplate granting of permission for business houses setting up of banks.
Asset Monetization with Transparency
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Finance Minister in the Union Budget 2021– 22 announced on 1 February that a National Monetization Pipeline would be launched and a dashboard would be set up to ensure transparency and track progress. The proposal was to monetize public infrastructure assets that are underutilized or unutilized by the government and PSUs. The chapter discusses how asset monetization will create new revenue options by unlocking the value of unutilized assets owned by the Public sector units. It also stresses that revenue raised through monetization should not be utilized for benefiting the government in terms of short-term budgetary support, thereby strictly adhering to company law norms.
The Desire for War and Its Discontents
Authors: Lesser Rachel H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how Homer thematizes aggressive desire as the proximate motivation for the Greeks’ renewed conflict with the Trojans in Iliad Books 4–6, which feature the rekindling of the war and the epic’s first battle narrative. The poet particularly marks out the goddesses Hera and Athene, and the Greek kings Agamemnon and Diomedes, as subjects of this desire to kill, which is represented by anger (cholos) and by a will (ethelō), rage (meneainō, menos), or eagerness (memaōs) to wage war. While Homer initially invites the audience to sympathize and empathize with Greek aggression and inspires our narrative desire to find out how and when Troy will fall, in Book 6 we are offered a new perspective on the fighting through a narrative shift from the battlefield to the city. The poet reveals the anguished desiring subjectivities of Andromache and the other Trojan women, who attract our sympathetic and empathetic desires, causing cognitive dissonance.
Achilleus’ Mourning and Revenge
Authors: Lesser Rachel H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how Achilleus’ longing (pothē) for Patroklos after his companion’s death manifests itself in melancholic mourning and in an aggressive desire to take revenge on Hektor that drives the hero back into battle. Achilleus’ new triangular desires both parallel and supersede his previous ones, motivating a second and final arc of the Iliad’s main plot and preventing his reconciliation with Agamemnon in Book 19 from providing narrative resolution. Meanwhile, the queerness of Achilleus’ attachment to Patroklos explains and highlights the socially destructive and narratively generative nature of the new desires his loss provokes. Homer keeps the audience engaged as the epic continues by arousing our narrative desire to find out how and when Achilleus will kill Hektor, and by encouraging our empathy with the desiring hero and sympathetic wish for the alleviation of his pain. Yet our sympathies may shift as the hero conceives and enacts his brutal vengeance, eliciting reflection on the morality of Achilleus’ new plot.
Teen Angst
Authors: Day Abby 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Many Boomers pinpointed the same single event that abruptly influenced their withdrawal from church: confirmation. Other researchers have noticed a similar pattern of church attendance ceasing abruptly following confirmation. In keeping with Anglican practice, the Boomers attended confirmation classes in order to discuss in detail points of theology and practice. An unintended consequence of these experiences was the development of questions, hyper-rationality, and a clash between the emerging values of an adolescent and the doctrine of the church. The Boomers’ own misgivings were often echoed by others in positions of authority: teachers, parents and sometimes religious leaders, providing fertile ground for growing those doubts and questions.
Drifting Away, Fading Away
Authors: Day Abby 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The vast 1960s’ turn to higher education, often involving moving away from home, appeared to cement the Boomers’ growing withdrawal from church and religion more broadly. Many Boomers described this as inevitable, given that they had already experienced and facilitated religious decline, which seemed only to have been accelerated by their leaving home. It is not the variable of education that explained their growing atheism, but that of leaving home and experiencing other ways of believing and belonging. Apart from university, Boomers also often experienced travel, the workplace, and other cultural exposures to different ways of being, believing, and belonging, reflecting trends of pluralism, and weakening the ‘plausibility structures’ that had already begun to unravel. As the young Boomers did not have a strong spiritual sense of a god or other deity, there was no torment or wrench in leaving something that had so little emotional or relational connection.