bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender discrimination of veterinary students and its impact on career aspiration: A mixed methods approach
Authors: Freestone Katie , Remnant John , Gummery Erica 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroductionAs the veterinary profession has become feminised, gender discrimination and its effects have been documented in practicing veterinary surgeons. However, research on gender discrimination experienced by veterinary students and its effects on recruitment and retention remains limited. This study aimed to increase understanding of veterinary students’ experiences of gender discrimination and its impact on their career aspirations.MethodsA questionnaire including statements with Likert‐style response options and free‐text questions was distributed to students studying veterinary medicine and science at a UK veterinary school in September 2020 (28% response rate). Two focus groups were carried out following the questionnaire to gain a deeper insight into student experiences.ResultsGender discrimination in a veterinary setting had been experienced by 34% of respondents, the majority (77%) on animal husbandry placements. Female students were more likely to report that their experiences of gender discrimination affected their career aspirations. Seven themes were identified from both the questionnaire and focus group data: stereotyping of certain fields, gender inequality on placements, the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex, plus (LGBTQI+) community, encouraging reporting behaviours, barriers to reporting, education and the placement allocation.ConclusionsThis study highlighted that gender discrimination was prevalent during animal husbandry placements, although reporting was infrequent and perceived negatively by students. Recommendations on how veterinary schools and the wider veterinary profession can support veterinary students are made as an outcome of this work.
Privacy
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten , Schroeder Doris , Rodrigues Rowena 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPrivacy and data protection are concerns raised about most digital technologies. The advance of artificial intelligence (AI) has given even higher levels of prominence to these concerns. Three cases are presented as examples to highlight the way in which AI can affect or exacerbate privacy concerns. The first deals with the use of private data in authoritarian regimes. The second looks at the implications of AI use of genetic data. The third concerns problems linked to biometric surveillance. Then follows a description of how privacy concerns are currently addressed via data protection regulation and a discussion of where AI may raise new challenges to existing data protection regimes. Current European data protection law requires data protection impact assessment. This chapter suggests that a broader AI impact assessment could broaden the remit of such an assessment to offer more comprehensive coverage of possible privacy concerns linked to AI.
Dignity
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten , Schroeder Doris , Rodrigues Rowena 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDignity is a very prominent concept in human rights instruments, in particular constitutions. It is also a concept that has many critics, including those who argue that it is useless in ethical debates. How useful or not dignity can be in artificial intelligence (AI) ethics discussions is the question of this chapter. Is it a conversation stopper, or can it help explain or even resolve some of the ethical dilemmas related to AI? The three cases in this chapter deal with groundless dismissal by an automated system, sex robotsand care robots. The conclusion argues that it makes perfect sense for human rights proponents to treat dignity as a prime value, which takes precedence over others in the case of extreme dignity violations such as torture, human trafficking, slavery and reproductive manipulation. However, in AI ethics debates, it is better seen as an equal among equals, so that the full spectrum of potential benefits and harms are considered for AI technologies using all relevant ethical values.
AI for Good and the SDGs
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten , Schroeder Doris , Rodrigues Rowena 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn 2015, 193 nations came together to agree Agenda 2030: 17 goals ranging from the elimination of poverty to the building of partnerships to achieve those goals. The spirit of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to leave no one behind. Artificial intelligence (AI) has a great potential to assist in reaching the SDGs. For instance, using algorithms on new and vast agricultural data sets can improve the efficiency of agriculture practices and thereby contribute to SDG 1, “Zero hunger”. However, the high energy consumption, computational resources and levels of expertise required for AI can exacerbate existing inequalities. At the same time, potentially useful AI applications such as seasonal climate forecasting have led to the accelerated laying off of workers in Peru and credit denial to poor farmers in Zimbabweand Brazil. If AI for Good is to be truly realised, AI’s potential to worsen inequality, to overexploit resources, to be undertaken through “helicopter research” and to focus on SDG issues relevant mainly to high-income countries must be overcome, ideally in close collaboration and engagement with potential beneficiaries in resource-limited settings.
ELG National Competence Centres and Events
Authors: Marheinecke Katrin , Grützner-Zahn Annika , Rehm Georg 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe National Competence Centres (NCCs) in ELG are an international network of 32 regional and national networks, lead by one regional/national representative. The 32 NCCs play a crucial role in ELG, they support the project by bringing in their corresponding regional and national perspective and stakeholders, organising ELG workshops and functioning as regional/national representatives. The chapter explains why, despite a considerable coordination effort, it was worth putting this network together. One important task carried out by the NCCs was to conduct regional/ national dissemination events and to participate in relevant regional/national events and also in the annual META-FORUM conferences, organised by ELG.
Innovation and Marketplace: A Vision for the European Language Grid
Authors: Prinz Katja , Backfried Gerhard 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides a comprehensive overview of innovation and the ELG marketplace as core elements for the generation of value and the creation of an active, attractive and vibrant community surrounding the European Language Grid. Innovation is an essential element in making ELG a credible and sustainable undertaking. However, it does not happen by itself nor materialise in a vacuum. Consequently, ELG provides a habitat for various kinds of innovation and a home for the necessary community to put innovation into action. The marketplace is essential for attracting participants supplying and demanding services, resources, components and technologies on a European scale. Innovation and marketplace – as well as the overall business model – are tightly connected and need to be developed and managed in a joint manner. Clearly, this is not a one-off activity, but rather needs to be carried out continuously and extend into the future. ELG is designed and created to promote the excellence and growth of the European LT market, creating new jobs and business opportunities and supporting European digital sovereignty. Encompassing a wide array of technologies and resources for many languages spoken across Europe and in neighbouring regions, it contributes to the Multilingual Digital Single Market as a cross-European driver for innovation.
Sustaining the European Language Grid: Towards the ELG Legal Entity
Authors: Rehm Georg , Marheinecke Katrin , Hegele Stefanie , Piperidis Stelios , Bontcheva Kalina , Hajič Jan , Choukri Khalid , Vasiļjevs Andrejs , Backfried Gerhard , Prinz Katja , Gómez-Pérez Jose Manuel , Germann Ulrich 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWhen preparing the European Language Grid EU project proposal and designing the overall concept of the platform, the need for drawing up a long-term sustainability plan was abundantly evident. Already in the phase of developing the proposal, the centrepiece of the sustainability plan was what we called the “ELG legal entity”, i. e., an independent organisation that would be able to take over operations, maintenace, extension and governance of the European Language Grid platform as well as managing and helping to coordinate its community. This chapter describes our current state of planning with regard to this legal entity. It explains the different options discussed and it presents the different products specified, which can be offered by the legal entity in the medium to long run. We also describe which legal form the organisation will take and how it will ensure the sustainability of ELG.
Lingsoft Solutions as Distributable Containers
Authors: Andersson Sebastian , Stormbom Michael 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLingsoft is one of the leading language technology and language service providers in the Nordic countries. In the Lingsoft Solutions as Distributable Containers (LSDISCO) project, we packaged our language technology tools for distribution as containerised services via the European Language Grid (ELG). As a result, Lingsoft’s speech recognition, machine translation, proofing, and morphological analysis was made available to users of the European Language Grid. The services primarily cover Finnish (general and healthcare domain), Swedish (also Finland Swedish), Danish, Norwegian bokmål and nynorsk, and English. The distribution as containerised services is a straightforward way of making our tools available and updated on ELG and we intend to continue to update our service offerings on ELG with new tools and languages as we develop them.
Multilingual Knowledge Systems as Linguistic Linked Open Data
Authors: Vasilevich Alena , Wetzel Michael 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCreation and re-usability of language resources in accordance with Linked Data principles is a valuable asset in the modern data world. We describe the contributions made to extend the Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) stack with a new resource, Coreon MKS, bringing together concept-oriented, language-agnostic terminology management and graph-based knowledge organisation. We dwell on our approach to mirroring of Coreon’s original data structure to RDF and supplying it with a SPARQL endpoint. We integrate MKS into the existing ELG infrastructure, using it as a platform for making the published MKS discoverable and retrievable via a industry-standard interface. While we apply this approach to LLOD-ify Coreon MKS, it can also provide relevant input for standardisation bodies and interoperability communities, acting as a blueprint for similar integration activities.
Streaming Language Processing in Manufacturing
Authors: Wiener Patrick , Thoma Steffen 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOften underestimated, (semi-)structured textual data sources are an important cornerstone in the manufacturing sector for product and process quality tracking. The ELG pilot project SLAPMAN develops novel methods for industrial text analytics in the form of scalable, reusable, and potentially stateful microservices, which can be easily orchestrated by domain experts in order to define quality anomaly patterns, e. g., by analysing machine states and error logs. The results are fully available as open source and integrated into the IIoT toolbox Apache StreamPipes.
Textual Paraphrase Dataset for Deep Language Modelling
Authors: Kanerva Jenna , Ginter Filip , Chang Li-Hsin , Skantsi Valtteri , Kilpeläinen Jemina , Kupari Hanna-Mari , Piirto Aurora , Saarni Jenna , Sevón Maija , Tarkka Otto 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe Turku Paraphrase Corpus is a dataset of over 100,000 Finnish paraphrase pairs. During the corpus creation, we strived to gather challenging paraphrase pairs, more suitable to test the capabilities of natural language understanding models. The paraphrases are both selected and classified manually, so as to minimise lexical overlap, and provide examples that are structurally and lexically different to the maximum extent. An important distinguishing feature of the corpus is that most of the paraphrase pairs are extracted and distributed in their native document context, rather than in isolation. The primary application for the dataset is the development and evaluation of deep language models, and representation learning in general.
Virtual Personal Assistant Prototype YouTwinDi
Authors: Weber Franz , Jarisch Gregor 
Published: November 2022

AbstractYouTwinDi is the next step in a digitised world in which the digital twin evolves and interacts with other digital twins and makes autonomous decisions in the interest of its human twin. In this scenario, security and digital ethics assure ethical decisions and IT specialists concur on improving the digital landscape with ethical models. This vision also includes overcoming language barriers. A continuous match of supply and demand as well as tailored searches help human twins to improve their lives in all respects. YouTwinDi uses the most advanced translation and language analysis technologies, allowing the user and its digital twin to interact with all European citizens without being blocked by language barriers.
Using the European Language Grid as a Consumer
Authors: Roberts Ian , Labropoulou Penny , Galanis Dimitris , Calizzano Rémi , Kolovou Athanasia , Gkoumas Dimitris , Lagzdiņš Andis , Piperidis Stelios 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes the European Language Grid cloud platform from the point of view of a consumer who wishes to access language resources or make use of language technology tools and services. Three aspects are discussed: 1. the webbased user interface (UI) for casual and non-technical users, 2. the underlying REST APIs that drive the UI but can also be called directly by third parties to integrate ELG functionality in their own tools, and 3. the Python Software Development Kit (SDK) that we have developed to simplify access to these APIs from Python code. The chapter concludes with a preview of the upcoming payment module that will enable the sale of commercial LT services and resources through ELG, and a discussion of how ELG compares and relates to other similar platforms and initiatives.
Contributing to the European Language Grid as a Provider
Authors: Galanis Dimitris , Labropoulou Penny , Roberts Ian , Deligiannis Miltos , Voukoutis Leon , Gkirtzou Katerina , Calizzano Rémi , Kolovou Athanasia , Gkoumas Dimitris , Piperidis Stelios 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe ELG platform enables producers of language resources and language technology tools and services to upload, describe, share, and distribute their services and products as well as to describe their companies, academic organisations and projects. This chapter presents the functionalities offered through web-based user interfaces for describing LT resources or related entities with metadata and for managing their publication. It gives a detailed description of the options that providers of LT tools can exploit to integrate them into ELG as ready-to-deploy services and the tools that ELG offers in their support during the preparation, upload and integration phases. The tools and packaging recommendations for resources to be uploaded in ELG are also presented. The chapter concludes with a discussion of functionalities offered to providers by ELG and other related platforms.
Cloud Infrastructure of the European Language Grid
Authors: Kintzel Florian , Calizzano Rémi , Rehm Georg 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe European Language Grid (ELG) is a cloud-based platform, utilising a variety of software packages as well as infrastructure components and virtual hardware. The additional software components developed by the ELG project are usually provided as open source to facilitate re-use by third parties. This chapter provides an overview of the infrastructural setup used by the ELG cloud platform. The selected architecture also has implications for providers as well as users of the platform, e. g., in terms of the scaling behaviour of individual Language Technology (LT) services.
Einführung
Authors: Hunold Daniela , Singelnstein Tobias 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungObwohl das Thema Rassismus als Problem der Polizei die gesellschaftliche Debatte in den vergangenen Jahren äußerst intensiv beschäftigt hat, sind Ausmaße und Formen des Rassismus in der deutschen Polizei bisher nur in Ansätzen untersucht. Der vorliegende Band bietet eine Grundlage für die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema, indem er den Forschungsstand aus verschiedenen Disziplinen zusammenführt und systematisch aufarbeitet. Das Buch ist in sechs Abschnitte gegliedert, welche jeweils einen inhaltlichen Schwerpunkt bilden. Angesprochen sind hier begriffliche, rechtliche und historische Grundlagen, Formen und Entstehungszusammenhänge von Rassismus, unterschiedliche polizeiliche Tätigkeitsbereiche, Folgen von Rassismus, Möglichkeiten der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung sowie der mögliche Umgang mit dem Problem.
Von Einstellungen zu polizeilichen Praxen
Authors: Gutschmidt Daniela , Czudnochowski David 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Kapitel wird das Verhältnis zwischen Einstellungen und polizeilichen Praxen beleuchtet. Dabei wird berücksichtigt, dass es häufig zu Diskrepanzen zwischen der Einstellung und den Handlungen eines Individuums kommt und es werden die Entstehungsbedingungen menschlichen Verhaltens skizziert. Ebenso wird argumentiert, dass sich soziale Faktoren auf das Verhalten des Individuums auswirken und es wird dargelegt, welche Ermöglichungsstrukturen für rassistisches Handeln polizeiliche Praxen beinhalten. Daraus folgt, dass neben der individuellen Ebene auch Phänomene auf Gruppen- und Organisationsebene, wie z. B. Kultur(en) in der Polizei, zu berücksichtigen sind.
„Polizeigewalt hat es nicht gegeben“ – Cop Culture als Disposition für Dominanz, Überlegenheit und Grenzüberschreitung im polizeilichen Alltagshandeln
Authors: Behr Rafael 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungCop Culture übersetzt abstrakt formulierte Erwartungen des Gesetzgebers in konkrete Handlungsanweisungen, und sie bildet den normativen Rahmen dafür, dass Polizist:innen davon überzeugt sein können, auch dann zu den „Guten“ zu gehören, wenn sie gegen offizielle Vorschriften verstoßen. Der Wertekanon, der hinter dieser Haltung steht, beruht auf Dominanzkultur (Rommelspacher 1995). Cop Culture verteidigt den kollektiven Überlegenheitshabitus. Seine Infragestellung durch das Publikum liefert den Grund für überdimensionierten Gewalteinsatz, seine polizeiinterne Überhöhung die für Rassismus und Diskriminierung. Alle drei werden aber in ihrer Ursache, ihrem Umfang und ihrer Wirkung institutionell weitgehend verschleiert und relativiert.
Gefahrenabwehr und Eigensicherung
Authors: Herrnkind Martin 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungRassistische Funktionsmuster und diskriminierende Praxen zeigen sich real, sind also auch theoretisch kaum zwischen den einzelnen polizeilichen Kernaufgaben Strafverfolgung und Gefahrenabwehr isolierbar. Zudem erfüllt Polizeihandeln häufig doppelfunktionale Zwecke. Hinzu kommt die schleichende Loslösung vom Tatverdacht (bzw. seiner Vorverlagerung) in der Strafprozessordnung und von der konkreten Gefahr in den Polizeigesetzen. Das Gefahrenabwehrrecht belässt der Polizei einen zunehmend breiten Ermessensspielraum, der das Willkürverbot nicht selten leerlaufen lässt.Demgemäß sucht dieser Beitrag seinen Schwerpunkt in den praktischen Auswirkungen polizeilicher Gefahrenabwehr, bleibt aber nicht vollständig von der Strafverfolgung isolierbar.Rassistische Vorurteile lassen sich als Wahrnehmen, Fühlen und Denken konzeptualisieren. Praktiken der Diskriminierung werden dahingehend dem Handeln zugeordnet. Aber das greift im Kontext Polizei zu kurz. Polizeirassismus materialisiert sich auch durch Unterlassen, gerade in der Gefahrenabwehr. In Geschichte und Gegenwart verfehlte und verfehlt die Polizei mannigfaltig ihren Schutzauftrag gegenüber bedrohten Minoritäten der Gesellschaft. Diese Rassismen oszillieren auf Mikro-, Meso- und Makroebenen. Neben rassistischen Einstellungsmustern individueller Vollzugskräfte treten Handlungsroutinen von Einheiten und Managemententscheidungen. Letztere können häufig als institutionalisierte Diskriminierung gedeutet werden. Erklären lassen sie sich aber selten ohne eine stillschweigende gesellschaftspolitische Einbettung, mithin einen systemischen (oder strukturellen) Rassismus. Der Pogrom Rostock-Lichtenhagen zählt zu den deutlichen Beispielen. Die Muster zeigen sich aber bis heute.Die Eigensicherung im Einsatzgeschehen ist – verstärkt in den vergangenen zwanzig Jahren – zu einem politischen Diskurs geronnen. „Gewalt gegen Polizeibeamte“ und „Respektlosigkeit“ sind nur zwei Diskurselemente. Strafrechtsnovellen folgten, passive und aktive Bewaffnung der Polizei wurden massiv angereichert. Zu einem bedeutsamen Teil des Diskurses gehören sogenannte latente oder manifeste „Konflikte der Polizei mit bestimmten Migrant:innen“. Seltener wird erörtert, ob und welche Teile der Verantwortung für diese Konflikte sich die Polizei selbst zuschreiben müsste, welche davon bspw. durch die o. g. Polizeistrategien induziert werden. In diesem Verständnis können gängige Lösungsvorschläge, wie z. B. Körperkameras, kritisch diskutiert werden.
Rassistische Diskriminierung im Kontext polizeilicher Gewaltanwendung
Authors: Espín Grau Hannah , Klaus Luise 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Analyse der empirischen Daten der Studie KviAPol („Körperverletzung im Amt durch Polizeibeamt:innen“) gibt Hinweise auf rassistische Diskriminierungen im Kontext polizeilicher Gewaltanwendung im deutschsprachigen Raum. Personen mit Migrationshintergrund und People of Color sind auf besondere Weise von übermäßiger polizeilicher Gewalt betroffen und tragen andere Folgen davon alsweißePersonen oder Personen ohne Migrationshintergrund. Anhand der empirischen Befunde legt der Beitrag Formen und Folgen rassistisch motivierter polizeilicher Gewaltanwendung dar und erläutert mögliche Auslöser und Erklärungsansätze.
Kriminell oder kriminalisiert? Die Rolle der Polizei bei Verdachtsschöpfung und Konstruktion der „Ausländerkriminalität“
Authors: Walburg Christian 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Polizei spielt bei der Konstruktion und Reproduktion dessen, was gesellschaftlich als Kriminalität verhandelt wird, eine wichtige Rolle. Im Rahmen der Strafverfolgung ergeben sich aus zahlreichen Entscheidungsspielräumen bei der polizeilichen Schöpfung und Weiterverfolgung eines Verdachts Einfallstore für Diskriminierungen zum Nachteil von Minderheitenangehörigen. Studien lassen teilweise individuelle Vorurteile und pauschalisierende institutionelle Wissensbestände erkennen, die sich zuweilen verdachtsbegründend, vor allem aber wohl situativ-verdachtsverstärkend auswirken können. Bei alledem verschränken sich schicht-, geschlechts-, herkunfts- und raumbezogene Annahmen über Abweichung und Gefährlichkeit.
Kritische Rassismusforschung: Theorien, Konzepte, zentrale Befunde
Authors: Karakayalı Juliane 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungRassismus ist in Deutschland noch immer ein umkämpfter Begriff. Während antirassistische Initiativen, migrantische Verbände und Wissenschaftler:innen seit Jahrzehnten seine Existenz und Effekte nachweisen, beginnt gerade erst eine breitere gesellschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit Rassismus. Der Beitrag reagiert auf dieses Unpassungsverhältnis mit einer Einführung in grundlegende Theorien der kritischen Rassismusforschung und bietet einen Überblick über zentrale Konzepte und Befunde mit Relevanz für den Kontext Polizei. Dazu gehört, Rassismus als gesellschaftliches Verhältnis vorzustellen, Rassismen voneinander zu unterscheiden sowie institutionellen Rassismus zu erläutern.