bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insecticide Evaluation Against Mexican Rice Borer on Sugarcane, 1989
Authors: Pfannenstiel R. S. , Meagher R. L. , Saldana R. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A block of 1st ratoon sugarcane located in Hidalgo Co., near Santa Rosa, TX was sectioned into plots of 8 rows (60-inch centers) × 90 ft (0.083 acre). A 10 ft buffer of standing cane was left between plots. Insecticide treatments were randomly assigned to plots in a complete block design with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied at 45 psi in 0.9 gal of water/plot (11 gal/acre) using a ground sprayer with a 20 ft boom with 1 nozzle on either side and the top of each row of sugarcane. Nozzles on the sides of the sugarcane rows were lowered 3 ft into the canopy and directed toward the plants. A prespray count of borers and bored internodes (20 stalks/ plot) was taken on 28 Jun. Weekly samples of all plots were conducted, and when the Azodrin 5-treated (standard insecticide) plots reached 10% stalks with infested leafsheaths (action threshold), all plots were sprayed. Insecticide treatments were applied 29 Jun, 7, 18 Jul, and 8 Aug. Only 4 applications were made due to residue restrictions. Efficacy (% bored internodes) was evaluated 21 Aug by examining randomly-selected sugarcane stalks (20 stalks/plot) from each plot.
Insecticide Evaluation for Wireworm Control in Sugarcane, 1989
Authors: White C. A. , Bessin R. T. , Reagan T. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for control of wireworms in sugarcane using small plot field trials at the LSU St. Gabriel Experiment Station in Iberville Parish, LA. A randomized complete block design was used with 6 replications, each plot with 3 rows spaced 6 ft apart by 72.6 ft in length (0.03 acre). Applications were made on 28 Sep, 1988 using 1 qt "shaker" jars with holes in the lids. Sugarcane growth and stand counts in each plot were determined on 28 Nov 1988-and 23 Aug 1989. Soil samples were taken and analyzed for nematode infestation levels on 10 Jul 1989. A height measurement (from soil surface to whorl) consisting of 12 random stalks from each plot was made on 21 Jul. SC borer injury was additionally determined on 19 Oct by comparing percent bored internodes in treated and untreated plots following examination of 12 stalks/plot for external signs of SCB entrance and exit holes. The weight of 10 stalks of the 12 evaluated for SCB injury was recorded and evaluations of Brix and polarity made.
Control of Tobacco Aphids with Foliar Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 15 May tobacco was planted at the Central Crops Research Station near Clayton, NC, in a field with Norfolk loamy sand soil. Plots 2 rows wide (45 inches apart) and 45 ft in length (23 or 24 plants) separated by 2 untreated buffer rows were marked out on 10 Jul according to a randomized complete-block design with 11 treatments and 4 replicates. From within each plot, 1 leaf with from 50 to 100 aphids in the upper Vi of the plant were selected from 10 plants and tagged with fluorescent surveying tape. All aphids on the tagged leaves were counted and recorded. Treatments were applied on 11 Jul with a tractor mounted CO2 sprayer. Sprays were applied through a single Spraying Systems D2-33 nozzle per row at 60 psi and 25 gpa. Three, 10, and 17 DAT, the number of surviving aphids on the tagged leaves was counted and recorded. Using this data, the percent control was calculated using Abbott’s formula. Before ANOVA, the percent control was transformed to arcsine Vpercent/100. Waller-Duncan K-ratio t tests (K = 100) were used to separate treatment means. The means of the raw percent control are reported.
Control of Tobacco Flea Beetles and Tobacco Aphids with Preplant Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tobacco was transplanted at the Central Crops Research Station near Clayton, NC, on 15 May in a field with a Norfolk loamy sand soil. Plots were replicated 4 times and arranged according to a randomized complete-block design having 5 treatments. Individual plots were 2 rows (45 inches apart) by 42.5 ft (ca. 22 plants) and were separated by an untreated buffer row. Before transplanting, treatments were applied using either a CO2-powered sprayer or a Nobel granular applicator. Sprayable materials were applied at 20 psi and 26.6 gal/acre through Spraying Systems 8004 flat-fan nozzles spaced 20 inches apart on a 5 nozzle boom. Granular materials were applied in a 12 inch band centered over the row. Materials were incorporated immediately after application with a rolling cultivator and rows were rigid. At the time of application, soil moisture was excellent. Tobacco flea beetle adults were counted on 10 consecutive plants in row 2 of each plot. Tobacco aphid abundance per plant on all plants in row 2 of each plot was rated as follows: 0 = no aphids, 1 = 1-100, 2 = 101-500, 3 = 501-1,000, 4 = 1,001-2,000, 5 = 2,001-4,000, and 6 = &gt;4,000. Using this information, the average aphid rating per plot was calculated. ANOVA was performed and Waller-Duncan K-ratio t tests (K = 100) were used to separate treatment means.
Control of Black Cutworms and Flea Beetles with Karate, 1989
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tobacco was transplanted at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, on 15 May in a Norfolk loamy sand. Plots were 2 rows (45 inches apart) by 22 plants (ca. 45 ft) arranged in a randomized-complete block design with 5 treatments and 4 blocks. Plots were separated by one untreated buffer row. On 31 May, 6 consecutive plants in row 1 were individually encircled with a 16 inch diam plastic-lawn edging barrier. Near each plant, a small indentation was made in the soil by hand and 3 third-instar black cutworm larvae were released. After the larvae were released, they were covered with a small amount of wheat straw to prevent bird predation and dehydration. Soil moisture was excellent. On the evening of 1 Jun, treatments were applied at 60 psi and a rate of 25 gal/acre through a single D2-33 Spraying Systems nozzle/ row using a CO2-powered sprayer. At the time of application winds were calm, temp, was 90°F and relative humidity was high. On 5 Jun, the soil inside the barrier was sifted and examined for dead and surviving larvae. Individual plants were rated for cutworm damage as follows: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight damage (&gt;5 small holes per plant), 2 = mild damage (&gt;5 small holes or &lt;3 large holes per plant), 3 = moderate damage (&gt;3 large holes, portions of leaves eaten or 1 cut leaf), 4 = heavy damage (numerous large holes, several leaves or but cut), 5 = dead (cut) plant. On 9 Jun, the number of tobacco flea beetle adults and tobacco flea beetle feeding holes were counted on 10 consecutive plants in row 2 from each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Waller-Duncan K-ratio t tests (K = 100) were used to separate treatment means. Counts of the number of surviving black cutworm larvae and the flea beetle adult and feeding hole counts were transformed to count + 0.5 before ANOVA.
Tobacco Aphid Control with Foliar Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , David Reed T. , Barnes Martha L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tobacco was transplanted into a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil (pH 6.1; O.M. 1.3) at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station near Blackstone, VA, on 24 May. The plots were 40 ft (24 plants) long, 4 ft (1 row) wide and separated by single untreated guard rows. Treatment units were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Telone II (15 gal/acre) and Mocap 6 EC (1 gal/acre) were applied on 14 Apr and 17 May, respectively, for control of tobacco cyst nematodes. Insecticide treatments were applied 7 Jul with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer that delivered 20 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-10 nozzles/row. Weather conditions were clear and 80°90°F at the time of application. Wind speed was less than 5 mph. TA populations were estimated for the 4 upper leaves on 10 plants/plot 1 day before treatment and at 3, 7 and 14 DAT. During the post-treatment period it rained 1.1, 0.5 and 1.05 inch at 7, 8 and 9 DAT, respectively. Tobacco was harvested and leaves were cured, weighed and graded for yield and value determinations. Count data were transformed to Log10(X + 1) for analysis. Actual means are presented.
Control of Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid in Winter Wheat, 1989
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Pitman R. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against aphids in winter wheat in VA. Wheat was planted on 8 Oct with 7-inch row spacing. Treatments were applied on 12 Apr using a CO2 compressed-air backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 25 gal formulation/acre at 22 psi, broadcast with 8004 flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the boom. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 6 rows by 20 ft. Treatments were evaluated by comparing numbers of aphids/row-ft before and 1, 7, and 17 DAT. Yield was based on cutting (23 Jun), drying, combining and weighing grain from 2 center rows (40 row-ft)/plot.
First Generation Walh Insecticide Experiment, 1989
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 9-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was randomized complete block with 4 single tree replicates/treatment. Materials were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Most test materials were approved for use in organic orchards in Washington. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 leaves/tree (80 leaves/treatment). Some were expected to provide some degree of leafhopper control; others were codling moth materials with unknown activity on leafhoppers. Standard insecticides were Thiodan and Phosphamidon.
Codling Moth Control with XRD-473,1989
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cover spray programs of the insect growth regulator (IGR) XRD-473 by itself and in combination with Lorsban were compared to a standard Guthion program. Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to 28-yr-old pear trees. Treatment rates given assume a spray volume of 400 gal/acre. Each treatment consisted of 4 single-tree replicates arranged in a randomized complete block. Streptomycin was applied to the whole block for control of fireblight. Cover sprays were timed to codling moth phenology (see Washington State University Extension Bulletin 1072). The IGR XRD-473 was applied 100 to 150°D (base 50°F) earlier than organophosphate cover sprays to coincide with the beginning and peak of egglaying activity. Fruit (25/tree) was checked in mid-season at the end of the first CM generation and at harvest. Stings as well as entries were recorded. The harvest fruit sample was also checked for pear psylla as well as pear rust mite russet. Leaf samples were taken 10 Jul and 21 Aug and checked for PP, spider mites and PRM. Ten terminals were sampled on a tree by removing a leaf from the top, middle and bottom of a terminal (30/leaves/tree; 120/treatment). Mites as well as PP immatures were removed from leaves with a mite brushing machine onto a sticky glass plate and counted under a stereo microscope.
Methyl Bromide Control of Codling Moth on Nectarines Packed in Export Shipping Containers, 1989
Authors: Yokoyama Victoria Y. , Miller Gina T. , Hartsell Preston L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nectarines exported to Japan are currently fumigated unpacked in field bins with a methyl bromide quarantine treatment of 48 g/m3 for 2 h at 21°C or above and 50% load to disinfest the fruit of potential codling moth infestations. Large-scale tests were used to determine efficacy of the quarantine treatment to control 1- d-old codling moth eggs, the least susceptible stage to methyl bromide, on nectarines in shipping containers. Nectarines that had been washed, sorted and packed in thermal-form-molded 32-cup styrene trays (35 by 41.5 cm) were obtained from a packinghouse. The fruit (n = 524) were infested with codling moth eggs in 5 infestation cages containing 800 to 1,000 adults/cage. Eggs collected on waxed paper sheets in each cage and unfumigated eggs on nectarines were used for controls. Infested and uninfested fruit were randomized in trays. A tray was placed into each of 9 Bliss-style, single wall, corrugated fiberboard shipping containers (37 by 41.5 by 11 cm). A macerated paper-filled pad (35 by 41.5 cm) was placed on the bottom and top of the tray. A paper instruction sheet and self-adhesive labels were placed in the container simulating commercial shipping materials. The container was sealed with hot melt adhesive and transparent box sealing tape. Containers with infested fruit were placed in nine positions in a 3.12 m3 fumigation chamber. The remainder of the chamber was filled to make a 50% load with containers packed with uninfested fruit. Fumigations using the quarantine treatment schedule were replicated 3 times. After aeration for 3.5 h, fumigated eggs were placed in an isolated area at about 23°C. Fumigated and control egg survival was determined weekly for 3 wk and 2 wk after treatment, respectively.
Insecticide Evaluations for Variegated Grape Leafhopper, 1989
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. , Sybouts Mark G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine insecticide treatments were applied post harvest to grapes located near Dateland, AZ. The experimental design was randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each treatment plot was 48 ft long of one row. Adjoining rows were not treated to allow for reinfestation. Applications were made on 24 Aug by a tractor pulled Rears converted airblast sprayer with an over-the-top 5-nozzle boom calibrated to deliver 130 gal/acre. Triton B-1956 was added to each treatment at the rate of 0.25%. Daytime high temperatures averaged 102.9°F the 15 d period following treatment, low temperatures averaged 72.1°F. Plots were sampled 8, 15, 22 and 29 DAT (1 Sep, 8 Sep, 15 Sep and 22 Sep). Samples consisted of the terminal 10 leaves/vine examined. Two to 6 of these samples were taken per plot dependent upon nymph density by week.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Controlling Fruit Damage on Raspberry Caused by Beetles, Tarnished Plant Bug, and Slugs, 1989
Authors: Rajotte E. G. , Travis J. W. , Rytter J. , Rebarchak G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the Rock Springs Research Farm. The study was laid out as a completely randomized design with 7 treatments each replicated 4 times. Treatments consisted of 5 plants, spaced 3 feet apart. Data were obtained from samples taken from the center section of plots. Six 24′ sections of fruiting canes were sampled/plot and the total number of clusters determined. The number of clusters damaged by beetles, tarnished plant bug and slugs/total number of clusters were recorded. “Beetle damage” refers to damage by soldier beetle and/or Japanese beetle. The first series of sprays were applied 16 Jun using a CO2 Precision Boom Sprayer that delivered 72 gal/acre at 35 psi. The spray boom was equipped with twin fan nozzles (T.J. 60-1104 vs). On 18 Jul sprays were applied using a Meyers Boom Sprayer that was adjusted to deliver 72 gal/acre traveling 3 mph. Treatments in parentheses were applied on 25 May.
California Red Scale Control and Impact on Citrus Red Mite, 1988
Authors: Walker G. P. , Aitken D. C. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A randomized complete block experiment with 8 replicates and 6 treatments was conducted in Field 5 of the University of California Citrus Research Center, Riverside, California. Individual plots were 6 rows wide by 6 trees long. The center 4 trees in each plot were the data trees and only half of each of the 4 trees was sampled for CRS or CRM. The half that was sampled was the half of each tree that faced the center of the plot. Six plots were assigned to each of the 8 experimental blocks based on pre-treatment infestation levels of CRS so that the 6 plots within each block had similar pre-treatment infestations of CRS and all plots within a block were of the same variety (lemon or orange). This resulted in 8 blocks of 6 plots; 5 of the blocks were in a planting of lemons and 3 blocks were in Valencia oranges, and within each block, the 6 plots had similar initial infestations of CRS. Each of the 6 plots within each block then was assigned randomly to a treatment so that each treatment was represented once in every block. Pre-treatment infestation of CRS was estimated in Jun by examining in situ 100 twigs (ca. 1-2 yr. old, ca. 9 in long) from each plot (25 twigs/data tree) and scoring the twigs as infested or not infested with live CRS (second instar or older). There were 2 post-treatment evaluations of CRS, in Oct-Nov, and in May ‘89. In each of these post-treatment evaluations, the infestation of CRS on twigs was measured as in the pre-treatment evaluation except that the sample size was 120 twigs/plot. Additionally, in each post-treatment evaluation, 120 fruit/plot were scored in situ as being infested with 0, 1-10, or &gt; 10 live or dead CRS (any stage). Live and dead CRS were included in the fruit evaluation because scaly fruit are downgraded in the packinghouse regardless of whether the scale are live or dead. Infested fruit were divided into lightly infested (1-10 scale) or heavily infested (&gt; 10 scale) because it generally takes 10 or more scale/fruit before they are downgraded in the packinghouse. Therefore, fruit evaluations that included live and dead CRS provided a measure of how well the treatments protected the fruit from becoming infested with CRS and subsequently downgraded in the packinghouse. Twig evaluations that included only live CRS provided a measure of how well the treatments reduced the population of CRS in the field. In addition to the evaluations of CRS in the plots, we also estimated the infestation of CRM, once in Nov and once in Mar. In the Nov evaluation, 120 leaves/plot (30/data tree) were examined, upper and lower surface, and scored as infested or not infested with adult female CRM. In the Mar ‘89 evaluation, the lower surfaces only of 120 leaves/plot were examined and the number of adult female CRM/leaf were recorded. CRM data was analyzed by two-way analysis of variance with treatment and variety (lemon vs. orange) as main effects.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1989
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Welker Robert , Potter Christine 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to 6 single-tree plots (3 'Rome Beauty', 3 'Golden Delicious') of 35-yr-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gal/acre. Dates of application were 4 Apr (delayed dormant [DD]), 19 Apr (prepink [PP]), 9 May (petal fall [PF]), 26 May (first cover [1C]), 10 Jun (second cover [2C]), 23 Jun (third cover [3C]), 8 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 25 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 8 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 23 Aug (seventh cover [7C]) and 6 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Bayleton, Benlate, Dikar, Dodine, Folpet, Manzate 200, Rubigan, Solubor, and Streptomycin. Control of RAA was evaluated by counting colonies on each tree. The effect of treatments on WALH was determined by counting nymphs on 25 leaves selected from the periphery of each tree. Treatment effect on ERM was determined by sampling 33 leaves from the periphery of each 'Rome Beauty' tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. Control of STLM was evaluated by counting mines observed in 5 min while walking around the periphery of each tree. The effect of treatments on fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 600 apples/treatment (100/replication) plus all fallen apples sampled on 25 Sep. Fruit picked from 'Golden Delicious' trees were rated for finish on a scale of 0-5, 5 being worst.
Citrus Thrips Control, 1988
Authors: Morse J. G. , Brawner O. L. , Smith D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides for control of CT were evaluated in Field 12 (18-yr-old Atwood Navel oranges) located at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Ca. Pesticides were applied at petal fall (25 Apr), and/or various dates after petal fall with a hand-gun at 500 psi, outside coverage, 200 gal/acre. The field was sub-divided into 3 blocks with one replicate of each treatment within each block allocated randomly (except 3 replicates in each block for the untreated control); each replicate consisted of 4 trees. In the majority of plots, 10 outside fruit/tree from knee to eye level were picked and were sampled for CT infestation (any life stage) at 4 times during the critical (6 wk after petal fall) during which CT fruit scarring occurs (only 3 of the replicates were sampled in this way in the untreated check). CT fruit scarring counts were taken one month prior to harvest (on 15 Nov) on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Scarring was rated as; (a) none, (b) slight (any CT scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars.
Citrus Thrips Control, 1989
Authors: Morse J. G. , Brawner O. L. , Smith D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides for the control of CT were evaluated in Field 12 (19-yr-old Atwood navel oranges) located at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. Pesticides were applied with a Bean hand-sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, 200 gal/ acre. The field was divided into 3 blocks with one replicate of each treatment within each block allocated randomly (except 3 replicates in each block for the untreated control); each replicate consisted of 4 trees. In the control plots, 10 outside fruit/tree from knee to eye level were picked and were sampled for infestation with immature CT at 5 times during the critical period (the first 6 wk after petal fall) during which CT fruit scarring occurs. CT fruit scarring counts were taken one month prior to harvest (on 10 Oct) on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Scarring was rated as; (a) none, (b) slight (any CT scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars.
Citrus Thrips Control, 20-Tree Plots, 1989
Authors: Morse J. G. , Brawner O. L. , Smith D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides for control of CT were applied spring 1986-1989 in Field 14 (Fisher navel orange on Troyer rootstock planted May, 1982, mini-sprinkler irrigation, 18 ft × 18 ft spacing) at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. Pesticides were applied at petal fall and with some treatments, at 2 wk after petal fall, with a Bean hand sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, 200 gal/ acre. The field was divided into 4 blocks with one 20-tree replicate (5x4 trees, except the control in block 4, 3 × 10 trees, 30 trees total) of each treatment allocated randomly within each block in 1986 (once plots were assigned, the same treatment was used in each plot 1986 to 1989 except that Brigade replaced Spur and Danitol replaced Asana starting in 1988). CT fruit scarring counts were taken prior to harvest from the center 6 trees in each plot on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any CT scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars. CRS fruit infestation was monitored prior to harvest in 1988 (on 6 Dec) with all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level rated as (a) clean, (b) infested with 1-10 scale, or (c) &gt;10 scale.