bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucosinolates: Potential Toxicants in Cabbage Cultivars1
Authors: VanEtten C. H. , Daxenbichler M. E. , Tookey H. L. , Kwolek W. F. , Williams P. H. , Yoder O. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seventy-nine cultivars and lines of cabbage Brassica oleracea L. (Capitata group) were analyzed for 11 glucosinolates to provide a data base of the levels of these potential toxicants. Aglucon hydrolytic products of glucosinolates from fresh cabbage (mean of 79 cultivars) include 24 ppm allyl isothiocyanate, 45 ppm 3-methylsulfinylpropyl isothiocyanate, 18 ppm SCN ion, 17 ppm 4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate, and 4 ppm goitrin. Composition of the cultivars are summarized by type (red, white, savoy) and by end use (market, storage, kraut). Glucosinolates with a 3-carbon aglucon (excluding the sinolate carbon) predominate over 4-carbon glucosinolates in white and savoy types. Four-carbon glucosinolates (including goitrin precursor) predominate in red cabbages. Savoy cabbages are high in glucosinolates yielding SCN ion. Distinctions between market, storage, and kraut cultivars are less well defined. No differences could be seen between open pollinated and hybrid cultivars. Year-to-year variation for 12 cultivars is discussed.
Effect of Silver Nitrate, Aminoethoxyvinylglycine, and Gibberellins A4+7 plus 6-Benzylamino purine on Fruit Set and Development of ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Greene Duane W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sprays of silver nitrate (AgNO3), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and gibberellins A4+7 (GA4+7) plus 6-benzylamino purine (BA) were applied with 0.1% Triton B-1956 at bloom to ‘Richared Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.). AVG at 200 ppm alone or when applied with 50 ppm each of GA4+7 and BA increased fruit set whereas GA4+7 plus BA applied alone at 50 ppm caused fruit thinning. AVG reduced endogenous ethylene production and overcame the increased ethylene production brought about by GA4+7 plus BA application. AVG applied alone at 200 ppm or when combined with GA4+7 plus BA reduced fruit size and increased the L/D ratio at harvest.
Turnover of Tritiated Water in Calamondin Plants1
Authors: Mantell A. , Goldschmidt E. E. , Monselise S. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The turnover of water in small fruit-bearing plants of calamondin (Citrus madurensis Loureiro) was studied by following the uptake of tritium-labelled nutrient solution. The turnover was much greater in vegetative tissue than in the fruit. Even after 3 days, the radioactivity of water in the fruit, relative to that in the solution, did not reach 20%, compared with about 60% in the leaf tissue. The radioactivity of water in the pedicel reached 60%, similar to that in leaf tissue. Decay of radioactivity in fruit was considerably slower than in other organs when the plant was transferred from a labelled to a non-labelled solution. The turnover of water in fruit was extremely slow even when transpiration was increased by exposing the entire plant or fruit alone to a stream of dry air. Defoliation of fruit-bearing branches decreased the entry of water into fruit tissues. The availability of water for fruit growth in view of the competition offered by the leaves is discussed.
Influence of Certain Citrus Interstocks on β-Carotene and Lycopene Levels in 10-year-old ‘Redbush’ Grapefruit1
Authors: Issa Jami , Mielke Eugene A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Interstocks significantly affected β-carotene and lycopene in the pulp and peel of ‘Redblush’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) on Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni Hort. ex. Tan.) rootstocks. Fruit from non-interstocked trees consistently had the lowest levels of both pigments. Trees wit Nasnaran (C. amblycarpa Ochse.) interstocks had consistently high levels of both pigments, particularly late in the harvest season.
Tomato Plant Development and Elemental Accumulation1
Authors: Halbrooks Mary C. , Wilcox G. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth and elemental uptake patterns in field-grown plants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.) were determined from 21 days after emergence to harvest. Dry weight accumulation was linear after 56 days at 5.55 g/day-plant. Dry weight accumulation after 70 days was mainly as fruit, which accumulated at 4.9 g/day-plant. Nutrient accumulation per day after 70 days was 20 mg N, 2 mg P, 25 mg K, 120 mg Ca and 10 mg Mg in the vines, and 150 mg N, 21 mg P, 231 mg K, 6 mg CA and 10 mg Mg in the fruit. Thus, after 70 days about 90% of the N, P and K, 5% of the Ca and 32% of the Mg uptake was in the fruit.
Response of Selected Tree Species to Sodium Chloride1
Authors: Townsend Alden M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Six tree species were subjected to 0, 2000, 4500, and 7000 ppm NaCl in a hydroponics system. Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) and American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) showed the most foliar injury, followed by pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.), honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and Japanese pagoda tree (Sophora japonica L.). Height growth and dry weight increase of sycamore and dogwood, and dry weight of eastern white pine were significantly reduced by salt treatment. Dry weights of pin oak, Japanese pagoda tree, and honeylocust were unaffected. Chloride generally accumulated in higher concentrations in the leaves than in the stems, whereas Na showed the opposite pattern. Concentration of Cl in the stem was better correlated with species’ sensitivity to salt than were Cl and Na in the leaves, or Na in the stem. Although stem concentrations of N, P, Mn, Fe, B, and Zn did not change significantly with salt treatment in any of the 6 species, leaf concentrations of all of these elements did change significantly in one or more species. Manganese and Cu increased with salt in the leaves or stems of several sensitive species, but stayed stable in the tolerant species. Frequency of changes in concentrations of essential elements in response to salt occurred as often in the salt-tolerant as in the salt-sensitive species.
Role of Auxin in Root Primordium Formation in Etiolated ‘Red Kidney’ Bean Stems1
Authors: Kawase Makoto , Matsui Hitoshi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When hypocotyls of intact ‘Red Kidney’ beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were wrapped with black plastic sheets, visible root primordia appeared within 12 days. No root primordium appeared in hypocotyls wrapped with clear plastic sheets. Etiolation did not stimulate formation of root primordium when shoots above the cotyledons were removed, but stimulated formation when shoots were replaced with lanolin containing indoleacetic acid (IAA), indolebutyric acid (IBA), or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Even non-etiolated hypocotyls produced root primordia when auxin concentration in the lanolin was high. Etiolation treatment was more effective in root primordium formation when auxin supply was low. Pretreatment of hypocotyls with etiolation with shoots above the cotyledons removed did not stimulate the formation of root primordium in subsequently detached hypocotyl cuttings. Etiolation treatment did not significantly change the auxin concentration in the etiolated parts. These results suggest that etiolation stimulated root initiation by increasing the sensitivity of the stem to auxin.
Seasonal Trends in Net Photosynthetic Potential, Dark Respiration, and Specific Leaf Weight of Apple Leaves as Affected by Canopy Position1
Authors: Porpiglia Peter J. , Barden John A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in photosynthetic parameters in ‘Stayman’/Malling Merton (MM) 111 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees measuring 5 m wide and 4 m high were studied for an entire growing season. Parameters investigated included penetration of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), changes in spur leaf net photosynthetic (Pn) potential, dark respiration (Rd) and specific leaf weight (SLW). As measured by changes in PAR penetration, canopy development was generally complete by mid-May. Pn, Rd, and SLW were modified by canopy position. SLW was influenced by the previous light environment as peripheral canopy leaves had higher SLW’s than interior leaves.
Efficacy of Resistance to Root-knot Nematode in Snap Beans1
Authors: Wyatt J. E. , Fassuliotis George , Johnson A. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) breeding lines, resistant PI 165426, and 2 susceptible commercial cultivars were tested for resistance to root galling and root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood) reproduction under greenhouse and field conditions. Root gall indices, reproduction indices, and numbers of eggs/g of root were significantly less on resistant lines than on ‘White Seeded Provider’ in 2 greenhouse tests. In field tests, soil treatment with the nematicide DBCP resulted in significant control. In nontreated plots, resistant bean lines had less root galls than ‘Early Gallatin’. Plots planted with resistant lines had fewer M. incognita larvae than those with ‘Early Gallatin’. Mean yield of pods from resistant lines in nontreated soil was about 3 times the yield of ‘Early Gallatin’. Yield of pods from treated and nontreated subplots were not significantly different. These results indicate that resistance is equivalent to soil fumigation for root-knot nematode control in snap beans.
Seasonal Trends in Concentration of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium in Leaf Portions of Apple, Blueberry, Grape, and Peach1
Authors: Chuntanaparb Nilprapai , Cummings George 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Concentration of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in foliage samples every 3 weeks starting in mid May was determined. Prior to analysis, leaf blades were separated into margin and midrib portions and the petioles of apple (Malus domestica Borkh) and muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx) were removed and analyzed separately. Differences were evident in the concentration of N, K, and Mg between portions of the leaf blade in each of the plants analyzed. Leaf blade portions of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) or grape did not differ in P concentration. Changes in the concentration of an element within a portion of the leaf were normally accompanied by similar changes in the other portion or portions. Notable exceptions were the marked increases in grape petiole Ca and Mg during mid and late season with much less change in leaf blade content. Ca appeared to accumulate in the midrib portion to a much greater extent than the leaf margin portion of peach (Prunus perisca (L.) Batsch). The only indication of a late season mobilization of an element from the leaf margin was the decrease in N in the margin and a concurrent increase in themidrib portion of peach leaves.
Differences in Salt Tolerance within ‘Empire’ Lettuce1
Authors: Shannon Michael C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Selections were made within ‘Empire’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to determine whether observed salt tolerance differences were due to microenvironmental influences in salt distribution or to genotypic variation. In a 3-year study conducted in small field plots, selections from ‘Empire’ were tested under high and low salinity conditions. First cycle, pure-line selections for high plant fresh weight (frame) and high head/frame ratios under high salinity were significantly improved in their respective selected characters over the parental line. Further selection within these lines did not substantially improve their respective phenotypes and led to the conclusion that the selected characters were homozygous within the ‘Empire’ cultivar.
Temperature-stress-induced Production of Abscisic Acid and Dihydrophaseic Acid in Warm- and Coolseason Crops1
Authors: Daie J. , Campbell W. F. , Seeley S. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) metabolism of 6-week-old seedlings of cool- and warm-season crops was determined after a 24-hr exposure to supra- and sub-optimal temperatures. Plants were grown at 25°C and then exposed to 10, 25, or 40°C. After a 24-hr exposure, free (FABA) and hydrolyzable (HABA) abscisic acid and dihydrophaseic acid (DPA) were measured in the plant tops by gas chromatography. Warm-season crops, exposed to 10°C exhibited elevated levels of FABA, HABA and DP A compared to those plants exposed to 25 or 40°C. Among cool-season crops, only peas had higher FABA and HABA levels at 40°C than at 10 or 25°C, while beets had lower levels of HABA at 25°C than at 10 or 40°C. DPA existed at much higher concentrations than FABA and HABA in all plants. The increases in ABA and DPA in warm-season crops exposed to 10°C are attributed to low temperature stress.
Sweet Corn Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Uptake Responses to Tillage Systems1,2
Authors: Smittle D. A. , Threadgill E. D. , Seigler W. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Response of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) to tillage methods on a Tifton loamy sand was investigated during 1976 and 1977. The greatest volume of soil having a strength of less than 100 N/cm2 core index resulted from moldboard plowing to a depth of 28-30 cm. The smallest volume of low-strength soil resulted from disk harrowing to a depth of 10-13 cm. Soil strength patterns produced by these tillage methods were relatively uniform across the seedbed. A subsoil-bed system produced a channel of low-strength soil under the row to a depth of 40 cm; however, soil strengths 15 cm to the side of the row were similar to the disk harrow method. Soil strength patterns resulting from subsoil-plant systems were similar to subsoil-bed. Soil strength increased during the growing seasons with tillage differences evident near harvest. Root growth, plant growth, yield, and nutrient uptake efficiency responses of sweet corn were proportional to the volumes of low-strength soil at planting.
Compositional Changes in the Developing ‘Hayward’ Kiwi Fruit in California1
Authors: Okuse Ichiro , Ryugo Kay 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Hayward’ kiwi fruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) samples collected at 20-day intervals after full bloom, May 18, until harvest in late October, were analyzed for carbohydrates, protein, organic acids including ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids, tannins and polyphenolic substances, and cytokinin-like compounds. Starch is a predominant carbohydrate stored in the carpellary tissue which becomes hydrolyzed as the fruit approach maturity. Quinic acid was the main organic acid in young fruit which disappeared concurrently with the appearance of ascorbic acid. Mature fruit has low concentrations of tannins and polyphenolic substances but many raphides. Types of cytokinins changed as the fruit developed.
Control of Strawberry Fruit Set and Development with Auxins1
Authors: Mudge K. W. , Narayanan K. R. , Poovaiah B. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The control of fruit set and development in strawberries (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) was investigated by exogenous application of auxins to unpollinated flowers or receptacles from which achenes had been removed. Addition of 2% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to aqueous naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) sprays or dips increased fruit set from ca. 50% to 100%, thus providing a simple and dependable method to induce parthenocarpic fruit set in strawberries. Strawberry fruits were found to be less sensitive to auxin than coleoptiles when auxin-induced strawberry receptacle growth was compared with corn or oat coleoptile elongation. Suboptimal NAA concentrations induced parthenocarpic fruit set with limited fruit growth. Such fruits remained auxin-responsive and viable for 30-45 days when a second NAA treatment resumed their normal growth and development, thus doubling the life span of strawberry fruit from 30 to 60 days. In contrast, unpollinated flowers treated with optimal NAA concentrations in DMSO behaved like pollinated flowers and ripened within 25-30 days. Fifteen auxin analogs and structurally related non-auxins were tested for their ability to stimulate growth of strawberry receptacles following achene removal. The relative effectiveness of these compounds in inducing receptacle growth was very similar, with a few exceptions, to their relative effectiveness in stimulating corn coleoptile elongation.
Relationship of Vegetative Maturity in Salix purpurea as Influenced by Mineral Fertilization1
Authors: Fuchigami L. H. , Weiser C. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rooted cuttings of a clonal selection of Salix purpurea L. were grown in perlite, in a warm greenhouse at natural daylengths and irrigated daily with one of 10 different mineral nutrient solutions. Plants from each of the nutrient treatments were hand defoliated at weekly intervals beginning in August to assess the effects of mineral nutrients on vegetative maturity development. Vegetative maturity was quantified the following spring by measuring stem dieback. Plants in some nutrient treatments ceased growing 9 weeks earlier in the autumn, and became vegetatively mature several weeks sooner than plants in other treatments. Specifically, treatments such as the distilled water control and Hoagland solution -N,-P, and -S induced early growth cessation, resulted in less stem growth, and induced early onset of vegetative maturity as evidenced by reduced stem dieback the following spring. Development of vegetative maturity was slower in plants irrigated with complete Hoagland solution or Hoagland solution -Ca, -Mg, and -K, which continued growing until October when natural defoliation and growth cessation occurred on control plants treated with complete Hoagland solution. The study demonstrates that vegetative maturity in S. purpurea can be hastened by witholding N, P, and S.
Estimation of Leaflet, Leaf, and Total Leaf Area of Panax quinquefolius L. Using Linear Measurements1
Authors: Hughes Becky R. , Proctor J. T. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaflet length and width were used to calculate leaflet area, leaf area and total leaf area per plant for 3-year-old American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L. grown in growth chambers. On the basis of correlation and regression analyses the product of leaflet length and width (LW) was chosen as the independent variable, but leaflet width squared (W2) also proved satisfactory. Although leaflet shape varied somewhat with position, one regression equation was found suitable. Assuming that the Y-intercept was equal to zero had little effect on the coefficient of determination (R2) or the standard error of estimation so the following equations were chosen to determine leaflet, leaf and total leaf area, respectively: A = 0.66 LW (R2 = 98.92%, ± 0.75 cm2); A = Σ0.67 LW (R2 = 98.36%, ± 2.49 cm2); A = Σ0 .67 LW (R2 = 97.36%, ± 7.83 cm2). The relationship between leaflet LW and total leaf area per plant was used to determine leaf area per plant and LAI for commercial ginseng crops 1, 2, 3, and 4 years old.
Fate of 14C-Gibberellic Acid in Senescing On-tree ‘Valencia’ Orange Fruit1
Authors: Goldschmidt Eliezer E. , Galili David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mature green ‘Valencia’ orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) fruit were painted with solutions of 25 ppm 14C-gibberellic acid and harvested from the tree 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 days after application. Radioactivity recovered from the flavedo after 1 day amounted to 2% of that applied and more than 1% could still be recovered after 100 days. About 50% of the radioactivity partitioned at pH 3.0 into ethylacetate in all flavedo samples (day 1 to 100). Migration of the ethylacetate radioactivity in thin layer chromatography (TLC) indicated that it may still be in the form of gibberellic acid.
Effect of the n Gene on Pea Pod Characteristics1
Authors: Wehner T. C. , Gritton E. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fifteen pod characteristics were measured on parents and on F1 and F2 progeny of 14 crosses involving 9 cultivars or experimental lines of peas segregating for the n gene. In the F2 generation, pods of nn plants were 17% shorter, 32% narrower, and 17% lighter in weight than normal (N-) pods. Pod walls of nn plants were 54% thicker, primarily the result of an increase in the number of parenchyma cells, though cell size also tended to be greater. Variation among F2 progeny indicated that plants with thicker and heavier pod walls can be developed.
Pesticide Effects on the Plant Cuticle: IV. The Effect of EPTC on the Permeability of Cabbage, Bean, and Sugar Beet Cuticle1
Authors: Flore J. A. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC, 2.24 kg×ha) inhibited epicuticular wax production on developing leaves of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group cv. Market Prize), resulting in an increase in cuticular permeability. This increased penetration of 14C-I-naphthaleneacetic acid (14C-NAA) and increased cuticular transpiration. EPTC-enhanced penetration was a consequence of increased diffusion across the cuticle, and not of active uptake. Application of EPTC increased penetration of NAA 200% in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)and 121% in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). For cabbage, the percent increase in penetration due to EPTC inhibition of cuticle development 7 days after treatment (141 %) was similar to that at 42 days (112%). The effect of EPTC declined until full leaf expansion (28 days after application). Silver nitrate was preferentially taken up by the cuticular ledges of guard cells and the anticlinal walls of epidermal cells, and was greater in leaves from EPTC-treated plants than in those from non-treated plants.
Water Stress and Cold Hardiness in Field-grown Citrus1
Authors: Davies Frederick S. , Buchanan David W. , Anderson Jeffrey A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Orlando’ tangelo (Citrus reticulata Blanco × Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees not irrigated in the fall, but protected by under-tree sprinkling during a frost, sustained the lowest percentage of leaf and fruit damage as determined 6 weeks after the frost. Trees irrigated both in the fall and during a frost, or those receiving no fall irrigation or under-tree sprinkling, were intermediate in fruit damage. Fall irrigation without sprinkling the night of a frost contributed to the most severe damage to leaves and fruit. Soil moisture content of irrigated blocks was significantly greater than for non-irrigated blocks during the fall, yet afternoon leaf xylem water potential and stem water content were comparable. Leaf freezing point of detached leaves of ‘Orlando’ and navel orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) was poorly correlated with leaf xylem water potential, abaxial diffusion resistance, and relative water content. Leaf freezing and killing temperature was unaffected by fall irrigation and ranged from -5.8 to -6.8°C from October until December in 1978 and 1979.
High Temperature Effects on Leaf Resistance, Leaf Water Potential, and Photosynthesis of Non-bearing Prune Trees1
Authors: Even-Chen Z. , Weinbaum S. A. , Pearcy R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of ambient temperatures between 15° and 43°C were determined on net photosynthesis of ‘French’ prune (Prunus domestica L. cv. Agen) trees maintained under a non-limiting soil water supply. The temperature optimum for photosynthesis was about 30° and net CO2 assimilation decreased rapidly above 35° even when water vapor pressure differences (VPD) were only 5 to 10 mb. Leaf resistance (r1) remained very low (2 to 3 sec cm-1) although leaf temperature reached 47° and the leaf water potential (ψ) decreased to -25 bars. Thus, non-stomatal photosynthetic inhibition was responsible for the 80% decline in net CO2 assimilation. Canopy wetting prevented the decline in net CO2 assimilation by reducing leaf temperature 8° (vs. control) and maintaining the ψ 14 bars higher than the non-misted control.