bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Urea Foliar Sprays Containing Hydrocarbon or Silicone Surfactants with Soil-applied Nitrogen in Maintaining the Leaf Nitrogen Concentration of Prune Trees1
Authors: Leece D. R. , Dirou J. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The ability of urea foliar sprays containing hydrocarbon or silicone surfactants to maintain leaf N concentration in mature prune (Prunus domestica L.) trees was tested in a non-irrigated commercial orchard near Young, New South Wales. In 1976-77, foliar-applied N was as effective in maintaining leaf N concentration as soil-applied N on a g for g N basis, but a silicone surfactant which enabled sprays to completely wet leaves and to spontaneously penetrate open stomata, was no more effective in terms of leaf N concentration than a conventional hydrocarbon surfactant. In 1977-78, a drought year, foliar-applied N was more effective than soil-applied N. However, the silicone surfactant was less effective than the hydrocarbon, as run-off was excessive and the spray film dried very rapidly. Inclusion of the humectant glycerol in the silicone sprays retarded the rate of drying and eliminated the difference between the surfactants. A combination of soil and foliar N is suggested as a means of maximizing control of tree N status in most years. However, conventional surfactants appear to be slightly superior to silicone surfactants in high-volume spraying.
Greenhouse Microclimate for Tomatoes in the Southeast1
Authors: Harper L. A. , Pallas J. E. , Bruce R. R. , Jones J. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Glasshouse microclimate during 3 growth periods in the Southern Piedmont region of the United States was characterized. An increase in density of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) by one-third, which doubled radiation interception, was suggested by early observations. Maintenance of clean glass surfaces was found to be particularly important during cloudy weather. There was no significant difference between mean air temperature and mean rooting media temperature in the raised beds used. CO2 concentration was found to be low (240 ppm) when fans were not circulating outside air. CO2 generators, installed to increase greenhouse CO2 levels, were not effective possibly because control was inadequate. The use of CO2 enrichment requires further study under Southeastern conditions. Relative humidity remained below the recommended 90% in the green-house except during cloudy-mild weather. Although inside relative humidity was generally less than outside relative humidity, values ranged from 90 to 100%.
The Use of Ethephon to Regulate Sex Expression of Summer Squash for Hybrid Seed Production1
Authors: Shannon S. , Robinson R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Recommended rates of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) application did not prevent staminate flower formation on summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) sufficient to permit hybrid seed production without defloration. The field experiments were conducted in commercial fields in which flower development occurred during warm long day conditions, which promote maleness in squash. A strongly female ‘Cocozelle’ inbred, a strongly male ‘Straightneck’ inbred and a very strongly male ‘Crookneck’ inbred were treated at several seedling stages with rates up to 600 ppm ethephon. Two applications of 400 to 600 ppm ethephon resulted in development of the fewest staminate flowers without significantly reducing seed yield or quality. The ‘Crookneck’ inbred was least responsive to ethephon.
Evaluation of a Refrigerated Barge-on-ship System and Loading Patterns for Postharvest Quality of Exported Texas Grapefruit1
Authors: Camp T. H. , Carter W. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The performance of a prototype refrigerated barge-on-ship system and arrival condition of grapefruit were evaluated. No differences were observed between boxes stacked in register or stacked on pallets except significantly more bruising in palletized fruit. Weight loss of the fruit was minimal. Pulp temperatures in both register and pallet stacks reached the optimum transit temperature of 10°C within 72 hours after the refrigeration system began operating. Humidity levels remained constant at 95% once optimum pulp temperatures were reached. Quality of the grapefruit was considered excellent upon arrival. No significant differences in arrival quality of the fruit, except bruising, could be found between shipping the fruit on pallets or stacking in register.
Phosphorus Nutrition of Young ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Trees Growing in Gravel Culture1
Authors: Benson N. R. , Covey R. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) growing in gravel culture required a minimum of 0.088% P in mature leaves for continued shoot growth. Immature leaves were found to be a better index of P nutrition than mature leaves. A correlation of r = 0.959 was obtained between growth as indicated by increase in trunk circumference and percentage P over the range of 0.05 to 0.35% P in immature leaves and r = 0.84 over the range 0.055 to 0.188% P for mature leaves.
Growth and Tissue Composition of Sweet Corn as Affected by Nitrogen Source, Nitrapyrin, and Season
Authors: Rudert B. D. , Locascio S. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the paper, Growth and Tissue Composition of Sweet Corn as Affected by Nitrogen Source, Nitrapyrin, and Season by B.D. Rudert and S J. Locascio (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 104(4):520-523. 1979), there is an error in Table 2. The last 4 columns of data for Spring 1977 should be moved over 1 column to the right. The dry weights column for Spring 1977 should be blank.
Chicory: A Valuable Source of Resistance to Turnip Mosaic for Endive and Escarole1
Authors: Provvidenti R. , Robinson R. W. , Shail J. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In greenhouse tests, domestic and foreign accessions of Cichorium endivia L. were susceptible to turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), the most common and often destructive virus occurring in late plantings of endive and escarole in the Northeast United States, whereas those of chicory (C. intybus L.) and C. pumilum Jacq. were resistant. Thus, chicory represents a valuable source of TuMV resistance for interspecific gene transfer to endive and escarole. Resistance was dominant in F1 plants of C. intybus × C. endivia.
Multivariate Analysis of Genetic Diversity for Yield and its Components in Mung Bean1
Authors: Ghaderi A. , Shishegar M. , Rezai A. , Ehdaie B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sixteen genotypes of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. radiata) were subjected to 18 treatment combinations (environments) resulting from 3 levels of N, 3 planting densities, and 2 planting times. Measurements were made on yield and its components: pods per plant, seeds per pod, and seed weight. Cluster analysis was used to provide an index of similarity of the genotypes for each character. Genetic similarity of the genotypes, as indicated by a “one-trait-at-a-time” analysis, is reflected in their phenetic similarity in an 18 dimensional space corresponding to the 18 environments. No relationship between geographic distribution and genetic diversity was obtained for all characters. Information on the diversity of the components of yield would be useful in choosing parents that yield superior progenies. Pods per plant was the most important component followed by seeds per pod, and seed weight. Selection of parents for the component characters, with regard to high performance and genetic diversity, are expected to follow the same order.
Effect of Contact Application of Glyphosate and 2,4-D on Black Barrenberry under Greenhouse Conditions1
Authors: Yarborough David E. , Ismail Amr A. , Hepler Paul R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the herbicidal effects of N-phosphonomethylglycine (glyphosate) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on black barrenberry Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. Phytotoxicity symptoms were more evident and regrowth was less in plants receiving 2,4-D than those treated with glyphosate. Placement of herbicides on all foliage caused more visual injury than placement on half the foliage but did not influence survival. Higher rates of both herbicides resulted in more injury and reduction in plant survival than the lower rates.
Net Photosynthesis of Three Foliage Plants under Low Irradiation Levels1
Authors: Pass R. G. , Hartley David E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Net CO2 exchange, dark respiration, light compensation points, and light acclimatization rates were determined for Brassaia actinophyIla Endl., Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott ‘Bostoniensis’, and Epipremnum aureum (Linden & Andre) Bunt under 4 irradiation levels. These 3 species exhibited increased rates of net CO2 uptake and decreased rates of dark respiration at the lowest irradiances, indicating an increase in photosynthetic efficiency. They demonstrated a 1.4 to 5.0 fold reduction in light compensation points over a 7 week period of acclimatization. Brassaia actinophylla reached its minimum light compensation point in 5 weeks, Epipremnum aureum in 3 weeks, and Nephrolepsis exaltata ‘Bostoniensis’ never reached a fixed light compensation point.
Relationships among Soil and Foliar Nutrient Levels and Plant Quality Variables in Field-grown Salvia Determined by Principal Component Analysis1
Authors: Broschat Timothy K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Principal component analysis of soil and foliar analysis and plant quality data for field-grown Salvia splendens Sello cv. Red Pillar was useful for pointing out relationships among these variables and suggested possible growth limiting factors. Soil P and foliar P, Ca, Cu, Zn, and N were found to be positively related to plant quality on the first principal component, whereas soil K, Ca, Mg, and NO3 and foliar Fe were negatively related to quality. The former elements are thought to be limiting growth in this situation, while the latter elements in some way suppress the uptake or utilization of the deficient elements. The third and fourth components described well known relationships of soil pH with soil and foliar concentrations of several elements.
Yield Response of Four Fresh Market Tomato Cultivars after Acute Ozone Exposure in the Seedling Stage1
Authors: Henderson W. R. , Reinert R. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of ‘Fantastic’, ‘Homestead 24’, ‘Walter’ and ‘Heinz 1439’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were exposed to ozone 6 times between the 2nd and 5th week after emergence. Early total, marketable, and U.S. No. 1 yield were reduced when plants were exposed to 40 pphm ozone for 2 hours for all cultivars, except for ‘Walter’ in one trial. Early marketable yield of the most sensitive cultivar, ‘Fantastic’, was reduced an average of 14.7 metric tons/ha per year at 40 pphm ozone for 2 hours. Effect on early yield of 10 pphm ozone for 8 hours and 40 pphm for 1 hour was influenced by cultivar and year. Early yield was affected more by ozone concentration than by dose. Season marketable yield was unaffected by early acute ozone fumigation except for ‘Homestead 24’ at 40 pphm ozone for 2 hours in 1976. Fruit quality and fruit weight were not appreciably influenced by acute ozone exposure.
Adaptation of Ornamental Species to an Acid Soil High in Exchangeable Aluminum1
Authors: Foy C. D. , Wheeler N. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sixty-nine species of ornamental plants were screened for A1 tolerance in greenhouse pots of acid Tatum subsoil adjusted to different pH levels by liming. Species differed widely in tolerance to the unlimed soil at pH 4.1-4.4. For example, in one experiment the relative top yield on unlimed vs. limed soil (pH 4.3/pH 5.2) was 71% for Dolichos lablab L. (hyacinth bean); 63% for Tropaeolum majus L. (nasturtium); 62% for Cleome spinosa Jacq. (cleome); 59% for Calonyction aculeatum L. (moonflower); 18% for Tagetes erecta L. (marigold); 11% for Cosmos sulphureous Cav. (cosmos); 4% for Calendula officinalis L. (calendula); and 0.8% for Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (garland chrysanthemum). With the exception of cleome, the acid-soil-tolerant species were larger seeded than the sensitive species. Ornamental species also differed in tolerances to neutral-alkaline Tatum soil (pH 7.0-7.2). For example, relative top yields on high lime vs. low lime soil (pH 7.1/5.1) were 89% for marigold, 87% for cleome, 79% for calendula, 78% for hyacinth bean, 54% for nasturtium and 11% for garland chrysanthemum. Ornamental plants were classified according to suitability for strongly acid (pH 4.1-4.4), moderately acid (pH 5.1-5.4) or neutral to alkaline (pH 7.0-7.2) Tatum subsoil.
Preharvest Foliar Desiccation and Onion Storage Quality
Authors: Bubl C. E. , Richardson D. G. , Mansour N. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several compounds were used to desiccate tops of onion (Allium cepa L.) prior to harvest. Most chemicals at various rates and timings caused an increase in postharvest disease and sprouting. Endothall at 1.1 kg active ingredient/ha had storage losses comparable to the control. Paraquat substantially elevated storage decay at all rates, but there was less increase from Ethephon and Stoddard Solvent. Disease in storage was not correlated with neck moisture as affected by spray treatments. Phenolic concentration in neck tissue studied for several treatments was weakly and negatively correlated with subsequent disease in storage.
Influence of Short-term Storage Conditions on Quality of Shelled Southern Pea1,2
Authors: Smittle D. A. , Hayes M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mechanically shelled southern peas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp cv. Purple Hull Pinkeye) were stored at temperatures of 5°, 25° and 45°C for 3, 6 and 12 hours. Quality changes were minimal with 5° storage and increased with prolonged storage at higher temperatures. Changes consisted of decreases in percentage green seed, total chlorophyll, sugar, starch and protopectin and increases in water-soluble pectin, Calgon-soluble pectin and seed discoloration. Total solids, hemicellulose and cellulose contents were not affected by storage treatments. A response curve relating the rate of loss of green seed to storage temperature was developed which will assist in the coordination of harvesting-transport-processing operations for the maintenance of a high quality product.
Effects of Preharvest and Postharvest Calcium Treatments on Fruit Calcium Content and the Susceptibility of ‘Van’ Cherry to Impact Damage1
Authors: Lidster P. D. , Tung M. A. , Yada R. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Preharvest sprays or postharvest dips of CaCl2 decreased the incidence of surface pitting of ‘Van’ cherries (Prunus avium L.) resulting from impact damage. Inclusion of a surfactant and thickener in the dip enhanced Ca uptake by cherries in storage. Ca from postharvest dips penetrated the cherry mesocarp rapidly in storage. Maximum Ca uptake by the cherry mesocarp was attained when the pH of the dipping solution was 7. However, postharvest Ca dips were most effective in preventing surface pitting when their pH was 4.
Minimum Critical Foliar Levels of K, Mg, and B in Rieger Elatior Begonia1
Authors: Nelson Paul V. , Krauskopf Dean M. , Mingis Nancy C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Analysis of deficiency symptoms and foliar analyses of canopy leaves (youngest leaves 5 cm of wider) of Rieger elatior begonias (Begonia X hiemalis Fotsch cv. Schwabenland Red) indicated that the minimum critical levels for K, Mg, and B lie in the ranges of 0.93 to 0.95%, 0.22 to 0.25%, and 13.0 to 14.0 ppm, respectively.
Effect of Rootstock on Mineral Composition of Apple Leaves1
Authors: Poling E. B. , Oberly G. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Significant differences were evident in levels of Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Na in leaves of ‘McIntosh’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) scions grafted on 16 different rootstocks when sampled over a 4-year period. Trees on Malling-Merton (MM) 106 rootstock were among the highest in leaf Mg and Ca, while those on Mailing (M) 4 were among the lowest in leaf Mg, Ca, Na, and Al.
Relative Efficiency of High- and Low-pressure Sodium and Incandescent Filament Lamps Used to Supplement Natural Winter Light in Greenhouses1
Authors: Cathey Henry M. , Campbell Lowell E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relative efficiencies of high-pressure (HPS) and low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps for plant growth were determined for 32 species of foliage and flowering plants in greenhouse under winter conditions at 37°N latitude. HPS with a relatively wide spectral emission peaking at 589 nm, and low-pressure sodium (LPS) with a monochromatic line at 589 nm were compared at 42 W/m2 irradiance in the 400–700 nm region for various lengths of time at various times of day. Although radiation in the far-red region (700–800 nm) differed, HPS and LPS equally accelerated rates of increase in fresh weights, and heights, and flowering of most herbaceous and tropical foliage plants evaluated. High-pressure sodium and LPS were ineffective, however, in promoting growth of deciduous trees and some woody plants and had no more effect than exposure of the plants to natural winter days with 0.9 W/m2 from incandescent lamps for 8 hrs (2000-0400) night interruption (long day controls). After 16 hours, about half the species showed photomorphogical differences between plants grown at intensities of 21 and plants grown at 42 W/m2 from LPS. All showed significantly better growth characteristics (fresh weight, height, early flowering) than the long day controls. Lighting during the day or night (42 W/m2 from 0800–1600 or from 2000–0400) was equally effective in promoting growth responses with 15 of the 32 species evaluated. Night lighting was more effective than day lighting with 10 of the 32 species tested. The majority of the species grew equally well when lighted 16 hours daily (0800-2400) with 21 W/m2 or 8 hours daily (2000–0400) with 42 W/m2. Effectiveness of the lighting was generally unrelated to the photoperiodic requirements of the plants. Many of the plants, which were previously classified as day-neutral (DN), flowered as if they were long day plants. Such day-neutral plants apparently required adequate light (intensity and duration) for photosynthesis. Increased daylength alone, without regard to intensity, was not sufficient to accelerate growth and early flowering of day-neutral plants. Since HPS and LPS were equally effective on most species tested, we concluded that light quality was less important than total irradiation (energy) for the growth and early flowering of many herbaceous plants.
Whitefly Infestation on Chrysanthemum and Poinsettia Treated with Plant and Insect Growth Regulators1
Authors: Fischer Steven J. , Shanks James B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The insect growth regulator (IGR) kinoprene reduced infestation by immature stages of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westw.) on ‘Dramatic’ and ‘Puritan’ chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) and ‘Annette Hegg Lady’ and ‘Eckespoint C-1’ poinsettia (Poinsettia pulcherrima Wild.). Three foliar applications at 2-week intervals were more effective than 1 or 2 applications. The plant growth regulators (PGR) ancymidol and chlormequat reduced whitefly infestation on both cultivars of chrysanthemum and ‘Annette Hegg Lady’ poinsettia.
Leachate and Soil pH Changes in Potting Mixes Treated with NaHCO3 and KHCO3 Solutions1
Authors: Jarrell W. M. , Shepherd R. A. , Branson R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peat-sand (1:1, by volume) and wood-sand (2:1, by volume) mixes in 10 cm plastic pots were planted with Epipremnum aureum Linden & Andre cv. Tricolor (pothos), Coleus glumei Benth (coleus), and Brassaia actinophylla Endl. (schefflera). After the pH of the leachate had dropped to between 4.0 and 5.0, pots received a single irrigation with solutions NaHCO3 and KHCO3. For the peat mix, the highest concentrations (0.20 M) of NaHCO3 and KHCO3 raised the leachate pH to nearly 9.0; the pH subsequently dropped most rapidly in pots containing coleus and schefflera, and slowest with pothos. In pots containing the wood-sand mix, the pH climbed as high as 8.0 immediately after treatment with 0.08 m KHCO3, then decreased slowly in pothos and more rapidly with the other 2 species. In peat mixes, the final leachate pH was nearly one unit greater than the saturation paste pH of the soil. In wood-sand pots, mix from the bottom half of the pot was always lower in pH than mix from the top half. Except for schefflera the pH of the last leachate obtained was nearer the pH of the bottom half of the pot than that of the top half.
Relative Freezing Injury to ‘Velvet’, ‘Redhaven’, and ‘Siberian C’ Peaches following Controlled Freezer Tests at Selected Dates during Two Winters1
Authors: Cain D. W. , Andersen R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Siberian C’ was hardier than ‘Velvet’ or ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] on all 13 test dates during 2 winters. Within test dates, cultivar injury was positively correlated with twig moisture content. Moisture content of the bark was twice that of xylem; however, xylem suffered more injury than the bark. Changes in temperature response patterns of bark and xylem from late fall to winter indicated a shift in freezing processes occurred during acclimation. Differential response of fully acclimated bark and xylem to temperature decrease suggested that bark underwent equilibrium freezing while xylem deep supercooled. ‘Siberian C’ did not appear more susceptible than ‘Velvet’ and ‘Redhaven’ to fluctuating late winter and spring temperatures.
Effect of Millipore Filtration, Citric Acid, and Sucrose on Peduncle Water Potential of Cut Rose Flower1
Authors: Durkin Dominic J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Millipore filtration of water was shown to accelerate the rate of hydration of rose peduncle tissue. In a stress test, aeration of deionized water decreased the rate of peduncle hydration, while millipore filtration of aerated water increased hydration rates. Solution acidification enhanced the rate of hydration, and the addition of sucrose to the solution significantly retarded hydration. Flower stems recut under deionized water hydrated as quickly as those recut in air and placed in millipore-acidified water. Flower stems recut in air and placed in deionized water hydrated slowly. These results suggest that air blockage in the cut rose stem reduces the rate of water uptake.
Strawberry Clonal Fruit Yield and Quality Responses to Hand Picking Prior to Once-over Machine Harvest1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Spayd S. E. , Cawthon D. L. , Kattan A. A. , Nelson G. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four of 7 strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) clones tested did not benefit in total yield from 1 or 2 hand pickings prior to once-over machine harvest. Four of the clones could be hand picked once without a significant reduction in machine harvested yields. Two clones were low yielding regardless of the harvest method. ‘Sunrise’, a high once-over yielding clone, increased in total yield with hand harvesting but fruit were soft and poorly colored and lacked good field holding and in-plant handling capabilities. ‘Cardinal’ represented a clone with fruit quality and a ripening pattern suitable to a combination of hand and machine harvesting. Fruit remaining on the plants after 1 or 2 hand harvests had a higher percentage of ripe fruit in the once-over harvest than machine harvested fruit not preceded by a hand harvest. The composite once-over machine harvested fruit after 1 or 2 hand pickings showed the same or higher soluble solids, shear press firmness, puree viscosity and color intensity as hand harvested fruit. In clones with high quality fruit, the presence of immature fruit in the onceover harvest did not detract from puree color or flavor acceptability. Selection A-5344 possessed both yield and quality characteristics desired for a completely mechanized harvest for processing.