bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Characterization of Seed Mortality in Storage
Authors: Moore Frank D. , Jolliffe Peter A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Currently, median seed survival period (P50) is a seed storage index estimated from a probit model Y = a + bX, where Y = probit transformed viability proportions and X = in effect seed lifetimes; therefore, P50 = (5 − a)/−b, where 5 is the probit of 50% germination. Since use of the probit model is based on the assumption of normally distributed seed “lifetimes,” our purpose was to eliminate this restriction by means of a new substitute model. Pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Schum.] seeds were stored under constant conditions at 21°C and seed moisture contents of 18% or 14%. The seeds stored at 14% moisture content exhibited a statistically normal distribution of lifetimes, while those stored at 18% moisture content underwent rapid viability loss concomitant with a statistically non-normal, positively skewed distribution. Several empirical models other than the probit were used to describe deterioration of both populations; however, we propose a nonlinear four-parameter Weibull distribution for seed lifetimes. A useful property of the function is flexibility in modeling data, which may be normally distributed or positively skewed. Parameter initialization is facilitated by plotting the data on paper with transformed scales. Weibull parameters were used to generate seed mortality rate curves, P50, and a new storage index, M/MV, where M is mode and MV is modal value. Inaccuracy in estimating initial seed mortality (Y intercept) is a negative feature we found associated with most of the empirical models investigated, including the Weibull. Evidence is presented to show the extreme dynamics of the system in the vicinity of the Y intercept, particularly in the case of seeds with 18% moisture content, which had deteriorated after 4 months of storage at 21°C and 90% RH.
Variation Among Highbush Blueberry Cultivars in Susceptibility to Spring Frost
Authors: Hancock J.F. , Nelson J.W. , Bittenbender H.C. , Callow P.W. , Cameron J.S. , Krebs S.L. , Pritts M.P. , Schumann C.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flower bud injury was assessed in 18 cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) after two spring frosts. Bud position on shoots was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with percent brown ovaries. Significant differences in proportion of brown ovaries were noted among cultivars, but most of the variation was associated with stage of bud development. The least-developed buds were the most hardy. Bloom date was significantly correlated with harvest date across cultivars, although ‘Spartan’ flowered much later than other early ripening cultivars.
Generation Means Analysis of Plant Characters in Crosses Between Two Determinate Cucumber Lines and Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii
Authors: Delaney D.E. , Lower R.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In an effort to develop a high-yielding, determinate plant type with multiple lateral branches, crosses were made between two determinate Cucumis sativus var. sativus lines (‘Spacemaster’ and NCSU M27) and a C. sativus var. hardwickii (R.) Alef. line, LJ 90430. Individual plant data from six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1, BC1P2) were subjected to an analysis of generation means to determine the importance of gene effects for number of nodes, number of primary lateral branches, average internode length, main stem length, and number of fruit per plant at maturity. A simple additive-dominance model adequately explained variation for number of primary laterals in both crosses, and average internode length in the ‘Spacemaster’ × LJ 90340 cross. For all other traits, it was necessary to add one or more digenic epistatic effects to the model. Heterosis of the F1 over the mid-parent was highly significant for all traits in both crosses. Heterosis above the high-parent was observed for average internode length and main stem length. Dominance for number of primary laterals was in the direction of the parent with higher lateral number.
Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Uptake of Transplanted Fresh-market Tomatoes as Affected by Plastic Mulch and Initial Nitrogen Rate
Authors: Wien H.C. , Minotti P.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two field experiments were conducted with two cultivars of transplanted tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with and without plastic mulch, varying the initial rate of N fertilizer, but maintaining the total N rate at 168 kg·ha–1 by sidedressing. In 1982, 0 and 112 kg·ha–1 initial N rates, and bare ground, black mulch, and clear plastic mulch were compared on a gravelly loam soil. In 1983, initial N rates used were 34, 67, 101, or 134 kg·ha–1, with bare ground and clear mulch on a silt loam soil. Effects of the plastic mulch dominated both experiments. Mulching increased rate of basal branch appearance and led to early flowering on branches. Total plant growth, as measured by vine weights at final harvest, was increased by mulch in both years. Mulching increased early yield only in 1983, but increased total yields by 13% and 79% in 1982 and 1983, respectively. Initial N fertilizer rates did not influence total yields significantly in either experiment, although high initial N rate, combined with clear plastic mulch, led to a significant decrease in percent marketable fruit in 1982. In 1983, mulching increased shoot concentrations of N, NO3-N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, and Β (P = < 0.01) in spite of the fact that mulched plants were larger than unmulched plants at sampling time, 24 days after transplanting. Nitrogen fertilizer increased only the N and P concentrations and to a lesser extent than did the mulch.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Et-IAA in Relation to Fruit Set and Growth of Day-neutral Strawberry
Authors: Darnell Rebecca L. , Martin George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Single applications of auxins that normally induce parthenocarpic fruit set in June-bearing and everbearing strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) (e.g., NAA, 2-NOA, and IAA) do not induce set in the day-neutral cultivar Fern. The only auxin found to date that induces set in day-neutrals with a single application is Et-IAA. The translocation and metabolism of [14C]Et-IAA applied to receptacles was followed in order to gain insight into mechanisms involved in set. Ninety to ninety five percent of the recovered 14C activity remained in the receptacles throughout set and initial development (0 to 6 days) after Et-IAA application. Growth of treated receptacles followed the rapid metabolism of [14C]Et-IAA. Twelve hours after application, 16% of the radioactivity remained in the Et-IAA fraction. This level decreased to <5% by 144 hr after application. The majority of the radioactivity (55–60%) was contained in highly polar compounds. Little activity was recovered in the free IAA fraction. Chemical names used: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (2-NOA); 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); IAA ethyl ester (Et-IAA).
Morphological Characteristics of Tannin Cells in Japanese Persimmon Fruit
Authors: Yonemori Keizo , Matsushima Jiro 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tannin cells from fruit of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) cvs. Fuyu [pollination-constant and nonastringent (PCNA)], Chokenji [pollination-variant and nonastringent (PVNA)], Hiratanenashi [pollination-variant and astringent (PVA)], and Kuramitsu [pollination-constant and astringent (PCA)], were observed by florescence microscope (FM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) on 4 July, when all cultivars were very astringent, and on 5 Sept., when ‘Fuyu’ and ‘Chokenji’ fruit had completely lost their astringency. ‘Hiratanenashi’ and ‘Kuramitsu’ fruit, however, were still quite astringent on the latter date. FM observations on 4 July indicated that tannin cells of all fruit possessed some discontinuous portions in the cell walls. SEM observations of fractured surfaces of fruit flesh verified the existence of pores in the tannin cell walls. Moreover, coagulated internal contents of tannin cells (caused by the fixatives) had protruded through the pores. On 5 Sept., however, the pores in tannin cell walls of ‘Fuyu’ and ‘Chokenji’ were not present, and the surface of coagulated internal contents had become smooth. ‘Hiratanenashi’ and ‘Kuramitsu’ fruit on 5 Sept. showed little change in the structure from that observed on 4 July. Pore occlusion occurred in ‘Hiratanenashi’ fruit that were treated on the tree with ethanol fumes to remove astringency, which indicates that loss of astringency induces structural changes in tannin cell walls.
Acclimatization of ex Vitro Strawberry Plantlets in CO2-enriched Environments and Supplementary Lighting
Authors: Desjardins Y. , Gosselin Α. , Yelle S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of CO2 enrichment (CE) and supplemental lighting (SL) on the growth of ex vitro strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) plantlets was studied during acclimatization. Three different concentrations of CO2 [330, 900, and 1500 ppm (v/v)] and two SL treatments (0 and 150 μmol·s–1·m–2) were applied. There was no significant interaction between light and CO2 for root and leaf dry weight and leaf area. CE had no effect on these parameters in the early period following transfer but resulted in significant increases at days 20 and 30. CE had no significant influence on leaf and root relative growth rate (RGR) over the three sampling periods, but had a significant effect on net assimilation rate at a 20- to 30-day period. At the end of the experiment, 900- and 1500-ppm treatments had a significantly higher root and shoot dry weight than the 300-ppm treatment. SL resulted in increased dry weight at 10 days and even greater increases at days 20 and 30. CE was more effective than SL in stimulating root growth, whereas SL increased shoot growth significantly. There was a synergistic effect between CE and SL. The period needed to obtain plants of a similar size to an acclimatized plantlet was shortened by 15 days with 900 ppm CO2 and SL. At the end of the experiment, SL and CE at 1500 and 900 ppm increased leaf and root dry weight by a factor of 3 and 5 for ‘Honeyoye’ and ‘Kent’, respectively. These increases were less important for SL or CE used alone.
Genetic Analysis of 2-Tridecanone Concentration, Leaf Trichome Characteristics, and Tobacco Hornworm Resistance in Tomato
Authors: Fery Richard L. , Kennedy George G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Experiments were developed to study the mechanism and genetic nature of the tobacco hornworm [Manduca sexta (L.)] resistance factor in the wild tomato (Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull. L hirsutum f. glabratum PI 134417 was crossed with the susceptible tomato (L. esculentum Mill. cv. Walter) (cross A) and the susceptible L. hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl. PI 127826 (cross B). Excised leaflets from individual plants of the parental, F1, F2, and backcross populations of each cross were bioassayed for M. sexta resistance, assayed for 2-tridecanone concentration using gas chromatography, and evaluated for density of the type VI trichome. Additionally, plants in the cross A populations were scored for morphological traits of the type VI trichome. Results of genetic analyses suggest that M. sexta resistance is conditioned by at least three recessive genes; high 2-tridecanone concentration was found to be inherited in a similar manner. No associations were found between type VI trichome morphology and the variables 2-tridecanone, type VI trichrome density, and tobacco hornworm resistance. Polynomial regression analysis showed that there is a semilogarithmic relationship between 2-tridecanone concentration and resistance ratings. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that 2-tridecanone is principally responsible for the high degree of M. sexta resistance exhibited by PI 134417. Type VI trichome density, however, did account for a significant, although small, amount of the total variation in resistance in several of the segregating populations. We conclude that the genetic system that conditions high 2-tridecanone concentration (i.e., at least three recessive genes) is the same genetic system responsible for the high level of M. sexta resistance exhibited by PI 134417.
Root Branching in Zamia floridana: Effect of Growth Regulators and Anatomical Features
Authors: Dehgan Bijan , Johnson Charles R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To determine the potential for root branching, the primary root of Zamia floridana L. seedlings was excised near the root–shoot junction and the cut ends were dipped in 2000 ppm IBA, 2000 ppm BA, or combination of the two, each for 5 sec. Whereas excised control plants produced only one root, those treated with IBA, BA, and IBA–BA averaged 2.1, 3.2, and 2.3 roots, respectively. In all instances, the number of secondary roots increased significantly compared with intact seedlings. Since seedling roots are diarch throughout, new primordia must be initiated in the interfascicular parenchyma tissue for more than two roots to be produced. Treatment with IBA probably disrupted apical control of roots by the shoot meristem and stimulated development of the two possible secondary roots associated with xylem poles, while BA caused new primordia to be formed in the interfascicular parenchyma region. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Early Performance and Economic Value of Feathered Apple Trees on Semi-standard Rootstocks
Authors: Ferree David C. , Rhodus W. Timothy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars Lawspur Rome Beauty (a terminal bearer), Smoothee Golden Delicious, and Redchief Delicious (a spur-type) on MM. 106 or MM.111 were planted as whips or feathered trees (branched during their initial year of growth in the nursery) with the feathers pruned or unpruned. During the first year of growth, feathered trees of ‘Lawspur’ made more new growth than trees planted as whips, and pruning the feathered trees further increased new growth. The branching status of trees at planting had no influence on the first year growth of ‘Redchief’ and ‘Smoothee’. Following the second growing season, feathered trees of ‘Lawspur’ and ‘Smoothee’ had increased trunk cross-sectional areas, but those of ‘Redchief’ were not significantly increased. In the third season, feathered trees of ‘Lawspur’ and ‘Smoothee’ produced higher yields than trees planted as whips. Feathered trees of ‘Smoothee’, left unpruned at planting, had higher yields than trees with the feathers pruned; however, the opposite was true with ‘Lawspur’. Average shoot growth of trees on MM. 106, planted as whips, was longer than on MM.111; however, the opposite was true with feathered trees. Total growth/tree on MM.111 was increased for feathered trees, but there was no effect of initial branching status on growth of trees on MM. 106. Calculation of present values indicated positive economic benefits resulting from planting feathered trees of both ‘Lawspur’ and ‘Smoothee’. There was no positive economic return generated by any of the treatments on ‘Redchief’ or ‘Smoothee’ planted as whips after 4 years of growth.
Effects of Daminozide and Paclobutrazol Treatments on Fruit Ripening and Storage Behavior of ‘McIntosh’ Apple
Authors: Elfving D.C. , Chu C.L. , Lougheed E.C. , Cline R.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Foliar daminozide (DZ) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) applications delayed apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit maturation and ripening at harvest the year of treatment. There was little effect on juice soluble solids or mean fruit weight. Following 24 weeks of air storage, treated fruit were firmer and displayed less core browning than those untreated. Trunk-drench or soil-spray applications of PBZ had little or no effect on any of these quality or physiological parameters of the fruit. In the year after treatment there were no residual effects of either DZ or PBZ on any fruit physiological parameters, despite significant PBZ-induced reductions in shoot growth, fruit size, seed number, pedicel length, and alterations in fruit shape. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Sampling Considerations for Nitrate Quick Tests of Greenhouse-grown Tomatoes
Authors: Coltman Robert R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato plants were grown in two greenhouse experiments to determine sampling guidelines for using semiquantitative quick tests of petiole sap nitrate to monitor crop N status. In Expt. 1, a 40-µg NO3-N/ml liquid feed rate produced maximum marketable yields of ‘Celebrity’ tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) (3.4 kg/plant) with estimated petiole sap concentrations of 2138, 1091, and 636 µg NO3-N/ml at early bloom, small fruit, and full-ripe fruit stages, respectively. In Expt. 2, a stable minimum level of petiole sap NO3-N of about 800 µg·ml−1 was found during fruit production in maximally yielding (3.1 kg/plant) ‘Tropic’ tomato plants. These plants received 60 µg NO3− N/ml in liquid feed solutions during fruit production. Liquid NO3-N feed rates producing maximum yields in these experiments were about five times lower than those typically used for growing tomatoes. Sap nitrate content did not fluctuate greatly between 0803 hr and 1430 hr. Sap nitrate levels rose sharply in response to increased N feed concentrations and as a result of lower leaf pruning. Because of high day-to-day and plant-to-plant variation in petiole sap nitrate readings, strategies for obtaining results with sufficient diagnostic value would appear to involve at least weekly samplings of five to 15 plants, and restricting diagnoses of deficient crop N to instances where readings < 800 µg NO3-N/ml for two or more consecutive samplings have been obtained.
Influence of Light- and Dark-period Air Temperatures and Root Temperature on Growth of Lettuce in Nutrient Flow Systems
Authors: Hicklenton Peter R. , Wolynetz Mark S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Montana’) plants were grown in recirculating solution culture in growth chambers under various combinations of day temperatures (TD; 12°, 15°, 19.5°, or 22.5°C) and night temperatures (TN; 5° or 14°) and root-zone temperature (TR; 20°, 23°, 26°, or 29°) Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) was 3.8 mol·day−1·m−2. Leaf area and weight were determined at 7-day intervals. The final harvest followed 28 days of treatments. There were no significant interaction effects between TD and TN. An increase of TD from 12° to 19.5° increased fresh and dry leaf weight and leaf area at final harvest, but increasing TN from 5° to 14° had little effect. Specific leaf area and leaf area ratio increased with increasing TD and TN. Leaf weight ratio increased with TD but remained constant with TN. The overall effect of TR on plant size was minor. Dry weight of roots decreased with increasing TR at the 14- and 21-day harvests, but fresh and dry leaf weights were not affected. Leaf area increased with TR up to 26°. Increases in TR resulted in increased values for specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, and leaf weight ratio at final harvest. The results suggest that some butterhead lettuce cultivars may be grown satisfactorily under low daily PPF by allowing TN to decline to 5° while maintaining TD at ≈ 19°C. In ‘Montana’, increasing TR above 20° under those conditions had little beneficial effect on plant size at harvest.
Deleterious Effects of White Seed due to p Gene in Beans
Authors: Dickson M.H. , Petzoldt R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Isogenic white-seeded (WS) lines of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were developed from colored seeded (CS) lines by backcrossing and mutagenesis. Each CS line was selected for its specific resistance to Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, seed corn maggot, mechanical damage, or cold tolerance. In all instances, the WS lines, with the p gene, were inferior to the CS lines with P.
Yield Component Analysis of Strawberry Genotypes Differing in Productivity
Authors: Strik Bernadine C. , Proctor John T.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strawberry genotypes (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) varying in yield per plant were studied. In 1985, genotypes were grown in matted rows and in 1986 as individual plants. Yield per plant within genotypes was mainly dependent on the number of berries per plant, regardless of cultural system. Other variables were correlated with yield, including crown dry weight and leaf area after harvest, and number of inflorescences, which indirectly affected berry number. Potential differences in yield within genotypes apparently were established prior to flower bud differentiation. Variables associated with yield among genotypes differed with cultural conditions. When genotypes were grown in matted rows, vegetative variables were highly correlated with yield. With less interplant competition, reproductive variables were correlated with yield among genotypes. Data suggested that, in some genotypes, runnering and fruiting may have competed for assimilates. Genotypic variability in yield components suggests that genotypes with similar yield can have different routes to yield.
Effect of Pre-bloom Sprays and Soil Drenches of Paclobutrazol on Growth, Yield, and Fruit Composition of ‘Roumi Red’ Grapes
Authors: Shaltout Assem D. , Salem Ahmed T. , Kilany Ahmed S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trials were conducted using paclobutrazol (PP333) either as a foliar application or a soil drench to improve berry set and yield of ‘Roumi Red’ grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). Concentrations of 100 and 250 ppm (foliar applications) and 2 ml/vine as a ground application had no effect on either chlorophyll and carotenoid leaf content or physical and chemical properties of berries, other than cluster weight and number of berries/cluster, which increased significantly. Concentrations of 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm and 4 ml/vine reduced shoot and internode length as well as °Brix, whereas physical and chemical properties of berries, bud fertility, chlorophyll, and carotenoid leaf content were increased. A carry-over effect was noticed the year following the year of application with concentrations of 750 ppm and 3 ml/vine or higher. Chemical name used: β[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Micropropagation of Cherry Rootstocks: III. Correlations Between Anatomical and Physiological Parameters and Root Initiation
Authors: Ranjit Makunda , Kester D.E. , Polito V.S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Easy-to-root ‘Colt’ showed cell divisions leading to root initials beginning within 2 days after exposure to auxin. By contrast, juvenile (i.e., 2-year-old seedling) rooting Mazzard (P. avium) and invigorated (i.e., by co-culture) rooting ‘46-1 Mazzard’ required 4 and 5 days. Root initials appeared in the phloem parenchyma in ‘Colt’ and in the cambium region in both seedling Mazzard and invigorated ‘46-1 Mazzard’. Peroxidase activity (PA) was low in shoot tips of ‘Colt’, intermediate in juvenile Mazzard, and high in adult non-rooting ‘46-1 Mazzard’. In basal shoot tissue, PA activity was low in both ‘Colt’ and invigorated ‘46-1 Mazzard’ prior to root initiation, but increased sharply when root initiation started. The appearance of root initials was associated with an increase in intensity of anodic band A for isoperoxidase.