bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Old Faith in a New Nation
Authors: Gutacker Paul J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Conventional wisdom holds that tradition and history meant little to nineteenth-century American Protestants, who relied on common sense and “the Bible alone.” Old Faith in a New Nation challenges this portrayal by recovering evangelical engagement with the Christian past. Even when they appeared to be most scornful toward tradition, most optimistic and forward-looking, and most confident in their grasp of the Bible, evangelicals found themselves returning, time and again, to Christian history. They studied religious historiography, reinterpreted the history of the church, and argued over its implications for the present. Between the Revolution and the Civil War, American Protestants were deeply interested in the meaning of the Christian past. This volume draws from hundreds of print sources—sermons, books, speeches, legal arguments, political petitions, and more—to show how ordinary educated Americans remembered and used Christian history. While claiming to rely on the Bible alone, antebellum Protestants frequently turned to the Christian past on questions of import: How should the government relate to religion? Could Catholic immigrants become true Americans? What opportunities and rights should be available to women? To African Americans? Protestants across denominations answered these questions not only with the Bible but also with history. By recovering the ways in which American evangelicals remembered and used Christian history, Old Faith in a New Nation shows how religious memory shaped the nation while also challenging the meaning of “biblicism.”
Fulfilling the Past
Authors: Gutacker Paul J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 maps the ways in which pedagogies of Christian history were implicated in the project of national identity. This story begins with the American Sunday School Union, which published a history of Christianity adapted for young readers. The children’s history emphasized the failures of the Catholic past and, by way of contrast, the superiority of the American Protestant present. Religious history also featured prominently in women’s education. Female educators assigned Christian history in their curricula and published textbooks on the subject, including Emma Willard’s Universal History, which stressed the unique place of the United States in sacred history. At the same time, the Christian past offered resources to African Americans. During the 1820s–1830s, Black educators, publications, and institutions frequently appealed to Christian history in their arguments for educational advancement and racial equality. In Jacksonian America, the Christian past encouraged American exceptionalism—the belief that the United States enjoyed a unique, even ultimate, place in divine history—and worked both to support and subvert the construction of the nation as Anglo-Saxon and Protestant.
Liberating the Past
Authors: Gutacker Paul J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 shows how Black abolitionists first produced a powerful antislavery historical argument by associating racial equality with early Christianity and blaming medieval Catholicism for chattel slavery. In the 1830s, white abolitionists also began producing historical arguments that Christianity had effectively abolished slavery in medieval Europe. These histories went uncontested until the 1840s, when controversy erupted over Pope Gregory XVI’s encyclical criticizing the slave trade. Abolitionists, proslavery politicians, and Catholic bishops argued over the pope’s writings, and in so doing pushed the question of slavery in Christian history to the forefront. By the time that Presbyterians, Methodists, and Baptists split over slavery, both anti- and proslavery factions were using the Christian past to condemn their counterparts. At stake in these rival narratives was not only the compatibility of Christianity and slavery, but also the religious and racial character of the nation.
Predicates and Predication
Authors: Stalnaker Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The acceptance of a regimented theory involves both an ontological commitment to the entities in the domain of the theory and a judgment that certain predicates to be applied to those entities are admissible predicates. This chapter is about predication: the criteria for admissibility and the compositional role of predicates in determining propositions, and in defining complex predicates in terms of their constituents. It is argued that the assumption that the sentences of a regimented language express proposition helps to sharpen these questions and to defend some answers to them. After discussing these general questions about predicates, the last part of the chapter addresses questions about the specific predicates of the theory of proposition: consistency, truth, and predicates defined in terms of them such as necessity and entailment.
Conclusion and Prospect
Authors: Zhu Victor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Edwards’s Judeo-centric and cosmic millennial vision is far beyond America. At least three theological loci can be highlighted in Edwards’s millennialism: the greatness of God’s divine sovereignty, the magnificence of His glory, and the capaciousness of His kingdom. Edwards’s millennialism has certain contemporary relevance. First, Jürgen Moltmann also highlights the theological connection between Christology and eschatology, and their millennial hope provides an eschatological future for Israel. Second, Edwards’s deflation of the excess of imminent and America-centric millennial expectations may provide a corrective reading to the anticipation of a Sino-centric and Chinese-inaugurated millennial kingdom. This perspective also helps avoid centralizing space, people, and the present time of China in the millennial movements such as the Back to Jerusalem movement.
Introduction
Authors: von Hlatky Stéfanie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This first chapter describes the emergence of Women, Peace and Security norms and how these have influenced military practices. From the United Nations to NATO, the recognition that conflict has a differentiated impact on men, women, boys, and girls has gained ground. This normative shift has led to national and international initiatives to give women a greater say in conflict resolution and to offer better protections against sexual and gender-based violence, and has introduced gender analysis in support of more inclusive understandings of security. Inclusive security translates into more sustainable outcomes, the argument goes; but is this really the case? Because armed forces are often the first responders in conflict settings, what we witness is the militarization of gender norms, since operational effectiveness guides the execution of tasks.
Healing Hearts and Minds
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Healing Hearts and Minds: A Holistic Approach to Coping Well with Congenital Heart Disease is a practical self-help guide written for adults affected by congenital heart disease, their loved ones, healthcare providers, and anyone with an interest in this population. The book is full of evidence-based, easy-to-understand information about living with a lifelong heart condition. It provides an overview of the unique psychological, emotional, and social challenges that can arise and is brought to life with real-life vignettes and quotations. The book aims to validate a normal response to the unique adversities members of this population can face while providing strategies to manage these potential challenges. Drawing on a range of psychological therapy tools and techniques, the book offers tips to help manage anxiety, low mood, relationship difficulties, physical symptoms, and medical procedures, while building resilience, finding hope, meaning, and connection. Further, information on supporting adults with congenital heart disease for loved ones and healthcare providers is included. The book is written by a chartered counseling psychologist and a clinical social worker who are both “pioneering” adult congenital heart disease survivors, each dependent since birth on cutting-edge cardiac medical science. Both authors have extensive experience in working therapeutically with the growing adult congenital heart disease population, contributing to the evidence base through academic publications. The book aims to meet a gap in addressing the psychological impact of living with a serious medical condition, lifelong from birth.
The Possible Impact of Having a Congenital Heart Condition
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 develops the reader’s understanding of the psychological, emotional, and social challenges that the congenital heart condition (CHC) population can face while recognizing that everyone with a CHC has a very different experience and story. Social inequalities and life challenges such as the potential impact of medical disruption to early attachment to significant caregivers, grief and loss (e.g., of a “normal” childhood), the impact of CHCs on relationships, social inclusion, self-image, education, career, finances and overall quality of life are explored. Further, medical challenges such as managing hospital visits, medical procedures, cardiac events, heart failure, implantable cardiac devices, medical uncertainty, COVID-19, and mental health prevalence are considered.
Weathering the Storm
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 develops the reader’s understanding of low mood, shame, grief, and anger. These feelings are normalized as an understandable response to the losses and adversities that can result from living with a congenital heart condition. Challenges such as missing out, difficulties having a family, feeling different, and facing discrimination are discussed, as well as unhelpful coping strategies such as denial, alcohol and drug use, and social withdrawal. The development of this distress into more serious mental health difficulties, often due to a lack of appropriate understanding and peer support, is also discussed. Red flag signs and symptoms of depression are listed.
Managing Unhelpful Thoughts and Behaviors
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Grounded in a cognitive behavioral therapy approach, the focus of Chapter 7 is how to recognize and manage vicious cycles of unhelpful thinking and behaviors. Techniques to recognize and challenge any underlying negative core beliefs are provided while recognizing how these patterns may have developed to cope with difficult early experiences. Strategies such as thought challenging, behavioral activation, exposure hierarchy, and the use of humor are explored. Healthy coping strategies are offered to replace unhelpful coping habits such as worry-checking behaviors, avoidance, drugs, and alcohol. Common misconceptions about congenital heart conditions are also challenged. When to seek professional help is discussed, and red flag symptoms are listed.
Coping with Medical Procedures, Events, and Symptoms
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 focuses on how to handle cardiac events, symptoms, and medical procedures, and it reviews the recommendations for specialized, lifelong cardiac care. The concept of becoming a patient expert and advocating for care is discussed, along with a review of the Affordable Care Act in the United States. Advice on preparing for medical appointments, cardiac procedures, and surgery by assembling a team, hospital self-care, stress reduction exercises, and visualization are all covered. Coping strategies for taking medication, dealing with COVID-19, deteriorating health, heart failure, and transplant are all discussed. Information on heart failure and heart transplant is provided in two personal interviews by Yale cardiologist Dr. Dan Jacoby and social worker Dawn Lorentson.
The Gifts of Congenital Heart Conditions
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 11 focuses on some of the psychological benefits that have been reported after certain adverse or traumatic experiences, and it explores the concept of posttraumatic growth. Many individuals report having changed priorities, spiritual growth, a greater appreciation for living life, the ability to develop closer relationships, increased empathy for others, and having a clearer view of what is most important in their lives after living with a congenital heart condition. Tips on nurturing post traumatic growth are outlined. The connections among resilience, mental health, gratitude and congenital heart conditions are addressed. Findings on the quality of life of individuals with a congenital heart condition and the “disability paradox” are included.
Class-Related Conflicts, 1945–1969
Authors: Kriesberg Louis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three chapters in this book are devoted to analyzing US struggles related to class inequality. This chapter discusses the 1945–1969 period, during which social conflicts contributed to significant progress toward greater equality. It focuses first on labor-management relations and then on contentions regarding federal programs to reduce poverty. Some corporate leaders viewed labor relations as a zero-sum circumstance, with gains by one side coming at the expense of the other. Union leaders and their supporters stressed the possible mutual benefits achievable through collective bargaining. Conflicts between the United Auto Workers (UAW) and automobile corporations are analyzed. Then the opposing forces during the War on Poverty are examined, considering the goals and means used by the contenders and the progress made to reduce poverty.
African American Advances and Backlashes, 1970–2022
Authors: Kriesberg Louis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines conflicts relating to changes in the status of African Americans between 1970 and 2022, following the struggles analyzed in chapter 5. Overall, Whites have become increasingly tolerant of and sympathetic to African Americans, and diversity is increasingly valued, despite a backlash of resentment among some White supremacists. Also in this chapter, attention is given to conflicts that pertain to reducing inequality in education, housing, justice, and well-being. Some conflicts are latent, while others are conducted largely through legal and political processes. In others, overt nongovernmental actions of protest or intimidation occur, and even recourse to destructive violence is sometime made.
Conflicts about Gender and Other Collective Identities, 1945–2022
Authors: Kriesberg Louis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on women as persons sharing a collective identity that has status, and who struggled for greater equality in their status ranking. Although based on biology, human cultures vary in assigning many different roles for men and women, and those roles have different prerogatives and rights. They also share many roles and the prerogatives and rights associated with them. In the United States, since 1945, as had happened before, many women fought to extend their rights and equalize them with those of men. A major arena for those fights was in the labor market, which would have implications for many other spheres. A broad social movement arose, with various organizations setting specific goals to be won. In many ways, the goals and the methods were constructive, relying heavily on persuasion and setting goals that would have shared benefits with men. The results were transformative for American society, with global implications. The chapter also analyzes conflicts around the emergence of LGBTQ identities.
The Era of Stop & Frisk
Authors: Skogan Wesley G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 describes the role of stop & frisk as one of America’s predominant crime control strategies. During the past 25 years, American policing moved from a focus on responding to crimes in progress or (more often) already committed toward proactive strategies for preventing or deterring future crimes from occurring in the first place. Rather than cleaning up in the aftermath of crime, police have taken responsibility for its occurrence. This seemed to work for a while, but during the 2000s violent crime rose. Police now had responsibility for crime, and this led almost inevitably to more heavily targeted and aggressive police tactics. This book considers stop & frisk as an organizational strategy for responding to violent crime. While it is true that cops have always made stops, this chapter traces its rise as the predominant strategic response to crime in Chicago during 2010.
Twenty-first Century Crime
Authors: Skogan Wesley G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 sets the scene for stop & frisk, describing trends in crime in Chicago. After peaking in 1991, crime in the city declined steadily for more than 20 years. Then this welcome trend came to a halt. At the time, the spike in shootings and gun murders in Chicago during 2014–2015 was almost unique among large American cities. Residents could no longer be reassured their fear of crime was unfounded. Gun violence began to change in character. More shots were being fired, and they involved higher-caliber and more deadly firearms. Most of the gun-related crimes that were spiking remained unsolved. This in turn threatened the city’s standard business model for policing: to respond quickly when called, conduct investigations, identify suspects, and make arrests. When this model stopped working, there was concern the deterrent value of the criminal justice system itself was at risk, and this did not bode well for the city’s safety. Political pressure to “do something” mounted, and one strategy that promised to fill the breech was increasing stop & frisks. By the mid-2010s the city’s police and political leaders found it an attractive option.
Police Versus the Community?
Authors: Skogan Wesley G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 turns to the police side of police–community relations. From the police point of view, the public was one of their problems. They thought their relationship with the citizenry was bad, people did not understand them or their job, and people could not be trusted. They were disdainful of two key community institutions providing public and democratic oversight of the police: the news media and political leaders. This chapter documents the importance of where they worked in shaping officers’ views of the community and their job. One was the racial composition of their beat. White, Hispanic, and African American officers alike were likely to see their views of right and wrong aligned with residents of largely White neighborhoods. Community context also affected whether officers felt acting in accordance with the principles of procedural justice could work. Again, this seemed a standard more relevant in predominately White neighborhoods. A second contextual factor was where cops were making stops. Officers working in high intensity stop & frisk beats felt overworked and more at risk—two of the banes of police work. They also perceived themselves as most estranged from the community and the least likely to have anything in common with residents. The wedge between police and the community in Chicago was largest in the places where potentially abrasive encounters between them were concentrated.
The Great Crime Spike of 2016
Authors: Skogan Wesley G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 captures the city’s continuing agony during 2016–2018. The third largest violent crime surge in Chicago’s modern history quickly followed the collapse of stop & frisk, leading many to tie the two together. This chapter documents which crimes spiked. It then reports the conclusions of a detailed statistical analysis of the impact of stop & frisk on shootings and killings over its entire span, beginning in 2004. This involved developing measures of many of the factors that could have been competing to drive violence both up and down. The chapter comes to the uncomfortable-for-some conclusion that stops had deterrent value but (uncomfortable for others) only a very moderate impact. The effects of stop & frisk lay well within the range of other proactive policing interventions that have been carefully and positively evaluated. This is a range of impact in which possible tradeoffs among proven policing strategies can be debated, and where other important social and political values could be accommodated.
The Origins of Left and Right
Authors: Lewis Hyrum , Lewis Verlan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although many people assume that left and right are natural categories, they are actually social constructs that were invented in France, and came to America, at specific points in history. After the Russian Revolution, politicians, intellectuals, and historians increasingly referred to mainstream politics in left–right terms and, by the mid-1930s, the terms “left,” “liberal,” and “progressive” had become associated with the more expansive government approach of the Democrats, while “right” and “conservative” had become associated with the more restricted government approach of the Republicans. Liberals justified the New Deal using a narrative of “change” and “reform,” and starting in the late 1940s, conservatives began justifying their opposition to the New Deal using the language of “tradition” and “preservation.” Thus, by the early 1950s, the ideological system that persists to this day was in place: there were ideological labels (“liberal” and “conservative”) bound up with an ideological political spectrum (“left” and “right”) that was attached to ideological political parties (Democratic and Republican).
The Consequences of Left and Right
Authors: Lewis Hyrum , Lewis Verlan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ideological essentialism is taking a terrible toll on our collective well-being by causing severe intellectual, moral, and political damage. Essentialism reduces our cognitive ability. By giving the illusion that ideology is about principle instead of tribes, essentialism turns people into ideologues, and ideologues are generally more given to sloppy thinking than non-ideologues. Essentialism also generates unnecessary prejudice and hostility. It pits a heroic, enlightened side against a villainous, foolish side. Those who disagree are “others” we can demean, feel superior to, and belittle. Finally, essentialism threatens democracy itself. When a citizen views politics as a Manichean struggle between left and right, between good and evil, then there is no reason to embrace pluralism and tolerate differences of political opinion.
The Unfinished Journey
Authors: Bollinger Lee C. , Stone Geoffrey R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter examines the experience of Black Americans today, focusing on both the progress achieved since Brown v. Board of Education and the obstacles that remain. While the nation fared better with Brown and affirmative action than without them, despite Brown’s commitment to integrated schools, many observers continue to wonder why, seven decades on, school segregation persists. They note that Black Americans, more than any other group, still endure discrimination—not just by the police, but in employment, access to credit and capital, access to housing, access to quality educational and healthcare facilities, and, indeed, across virtually every facet of their lives.