bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zero-field level-crossing resonances in a small low-temperature cesium vapor cell for atomic magnetometry applications
Authors: Brazhnikov D V , Vishnyakov V I , Andreeva C , Goncharov A N 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Zero-field level-crossing resonances (LCRs) underlay one of the most robust and simplest techniques in atomic magnetometry. LCR-based miniaturized magnetic field sensors have already found relevant applications in biology and medicine. Such sensors utilize a single circularly polarized light wave to interact with alkali-metal atoms (usually Rb or Cs) and to observe the LCR in a vapor-cell transmission when a transverse magnetic field is scanned around zero value. A high-temperature regime (T ≈ 120 − 160°C) is required to achieve a desirable sensitivity of measurements. It can be a problem for some applications, especially in a multi-channel mode of operation. Here, we consider two spectroscopy techniques that can provide high-contrast and narrow LCRs under a relatively low temperature of the cell (≤60°C). These techniques imply using two light waves: the pump wave to polarize the atoms and the probe one to register the resonance. A cubic glass cell of 5×5×5 mm3 size is used in the experiments. It is filled with cesium vapors and neon as a buffer gas. The results can be used for developing a miniaturized low-power high-sensitivity magnetic field sensor for biomedical applications.
Investigation of the dependence of the reflection coefficient on the modulation parameters and defects of the fiber Bragg gratings
Authors: Stankevich K M , Butkovskiy O Y , Kochuev D A , Chernikov A S , Privodnov I I 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this article we studied a model of changes in the amplitude of the spectral density maxima and interference of the side lobes of backscattering radiation from Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). For this purpose a computer simulation of the matrix system of equations of coupled modes depending on the modulation depth and wavelength was carried out. The practical significance of the work lies in finding the laws of dependence of the level of oscillation on changes in the input parameters to obtain the greatest efficiency of optical fiber containing fiber Bragg gratings. An attempt is made to model technological defects and their influence on the character of FBG backscattering.
Synthesis of copper nanoparticles by laser ablation
Authors: Antipov A A , Putilov A G , Osipov A V , Shepelev A E , Glebov V N , Maliutin A M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The synthesis of copper nanoparticles using a pulsed alexandrite laser is demonstrated. The laser operated in a free generation mode with a pulse duration of about 250 μs. The copper target was placed in distilled water and glycerin. The obtained colloidal solutions were investigated by dynamic light scattering, and the deposited structures were studied by atomic force and electron microscopy. The concentration of nanoparticles depended on the power of the laser radiation, the scanning speed and the exposure time. The smallest particles size was obtained at a frequency of 5 Hz at a wavelength of 750 nm. Colloids obtained in distilled water contain copper nanoparticles, which oxidize over time.
Laser synthesis of plasmonic gold nanoparticles
Authors: Veiko V P , Morozova A A , Lutoshina D S , Shchedrina N N , Nguyen T A , Lonshakova M V , Sergeev M M , Odintsova G V 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This work investigates the results of the laser irradiation synthesis of nanoparticles on the gold surface. The sizes and chemical composition of produced nanoparticles were determined, the possibility of changing the colorimetric characteristics of the gold surface was shown.
Er3+ doped sesquioxide Y2O3 optical ceramics: synthesis and spectral-luminescent properties
Authors: Balashov V , Chkalov R , Fedin A , Gerke M , Gorbachenya K , Kisel’ V , Kochuev D , Kozlova S , Kuleshov N , Lopukhin K 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this conribution we describe the technological process of transparent Er3+:Y2O3 ceramic synthesis, a prospective medium for future laser applications. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) was used to improve the optical quality of the final product. As the results of our efforts the material with an optical transmission of 0.78-0.80 was obtained, that is close to the theoretical maximum value of 0.83. The main spectral and luminescent properties of the created Er3+:Y2O3 optical ceramics in the spectral range of 1.4-1.65 microns was determined and is reported in this work.
Structure and oxygen-sensitive properties of thin films of natural carbon
Authors: Kovalchuk A A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Thin film carbon nanomaterials are widely studied and used as functional, conductive, reflective, and sensor coatings. In this work, films of natural graphene-based carbon are studied as a sensitive material for a gas sensor operating close to room temperature. The structural features of the films were studied by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It has been found that the deposition of natural carbon on substrates with a conductive coatings of indium oxide and of indium tin oxide allows to obtain a thin films, represented by homogeneous carbon nets, in the nodes of which are globular nano-sized particles. Microwave conductivity measurements were carried out using a λ/4 coaxial resonator based on a symmetric two-wire line. The results demonstrated that films on substrates with deposited indium oxide and indium tin oxide desorb oxygen from various structural levels of graphene-based carbon.
Terahertz technology in diagnosis of glioma molecular markers
Authors: Kuznetsov S , Konnikova M , Heinz T , Dizer E , Nikolaev N , Utkin D , Cherkasova O 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gliomas are invasive brain tumors with high rates of recurrence and mortality. It has been shown that specific markers for glioma’s differential diagnostics are enantiomers of 2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2HG and D-2HG) in brain tissues and blood. These isomers have unique absorption peaks originating from vibrational and rotational transitions in their molecules. In particular, the peaks centered at 1.337 THz and 1.695 THz correspond to L-2HG and D-2HG isomers, respectively. The goal of this work is to develop highly efficient frequency-selective sensors for L-2HG and D-2HG isomers using the effect of nanoantenna-assisted plasmonic enhancement of THz absorption. Such an approach provides a noticeable increase in detection sensitivity versus direct non-resonant methods. In this paper, we present the numerical results of the design optimization for L-2HG and D-2HG sensors based on Si/SiO2-wafer-backed arrays of golden nanoantennas of linear geometry. The optimal structural parameters of the arrays found through integral averaging of the square of the surface electric field over an array unit cell are recommended for further nanolithographic fabrication of this kind of THz sensor.
Numerical metrics for complete intersection and Kreuzer–Skarke Calabi–Yau manifolds
Authors: Larfors Magdalena , Lukas Andre , Ruehle Fabian , Schneider Robin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We introduce neural networks (NNs) to compute numerical Ricci-flat Calabi–Yau (CY) metrics for complete intersection and Kreuzer–Skarke (KS) CY manifolds at any point in Kähler and complex structure moduli space, and introduce the package cymetric which provides computation realizations of these techniques. In particular, we develop and computationally realize methods for point-sampling on these manifolds. The training for the NNs is carried out subject to a custom loss function. The Kähler class is fixed by adding to the loss a component which enforces the slopes of certain line bundles to match with topological computations. Our methods are applied to various manifolds, including the quintic manifold, the bi-cubic manifold and a KS manifold with Picard number two. We show that volumes and line bundle slopes can be reliably computed from the resulting Ricci-flat metrics. We also apply our results to compute an approximate Hermitian–Yang–Mills connection on a specific line bundle on the bi-cubic.
Heritability estimation for a linear combination of phenotypes via ridge regression
Authors: Li Xiaoguang , Feng Xingdong , Liu Xu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Motivation
The joint analysis of multiple phenotypes is important in many biological studies, such as plant and animal breeding. The heritability estimation for a linear combination of phenotypes is designed to account for correlation information. Existing methods for estimating heritability mainly focus on single phenotypes under random-effect models. These methods also require some stringent conditions, which calls for a more flexible and interpretable method for estimating heritability. Fixed-effect models emerge as a useful alternative.

Results
In this article, we propose a novel heritability estimator based on multivariate ridge regression for linear combinations of phenotypes, yielding accurate estimates in both sparse and dense cases. Under mild conditions in the high-dimensional setting, the proposed estimator appears to be consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. Simulation studies show that the proposed estimator is promising under different scenarios. Compared with independently combined heritability estimates in the case of multiple phenotypes, the proposed method significantly improves the performance by considering correlations among those phenotypes. We further demonstrate its application in heritability estimation and correlation analysis for the Oryza sativa rice dataset.

Availability and implementation
An R package implementing the proposed method is available at https://github.com/xg-SUFE1/MultiRidgeVar, where covariance estimates are also given together with heritability estimates.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Climate Change and the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases in the United States
Authors: Edelson Paul J , Harold Rachel , Ackelsberg Joel , Duchin Jeffrey S , Lawrence Steven J , Manabe Yukari C , Zahn Matt , LaRocque Regina C 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe earth is rapidly warming, driven by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and other gases that result primarily from fossil fuel combustion. In addition to causing arctic ice melting and extreme weather events, climatologic factors are linked strongly to the transmission of many infectious diseases. Changes in the prevalence of infectious diseases not only reflect the impacts of temperature, humidity, and other weather-related phenomena on pathogens, vectors, and animal hosts but are also part of a complex of social and environmental factors that will be affected by climate change, including land use, migration, and vector control. Vector- and waterborne diseases and coccidioidomycosis are all likely to be affected by a warming planet; there is also potential for climate-driven impacts on emerging infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance. Additional resources for surveillance and public health activities are urgently needed, as well as systematic education of clinicians on the health impacts of climate change.
Outcomes of Partial Oral Antibiotic Treatment for Complicated Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in People Who Inject Drugs
Authors: Wildenthal John A , Atkinson Andrew , Lewis Sophia , Sayood Sena , Nolan Nathanial S , Cabrera Nicolo L , Marschall Jonas , Durkin Michael J , Marks Laura R 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Staphylococcus aureus represents the leading cause of complicated bloodstream infections among persons who inject drugs (PWID). Standard of care (SOC) intravenous (IV) antibiotics result in high rates of treatment success but are not feasible for some PWID. Transition to oral antibiotics may represent an alternative treatment option.

Methods
We evaluated all adult patients with a history of injection drug use hospitalized from January 2016 through December 2021 with complicated S. aureus bloodstream infections, including infective endocarditis, epidural abscess, vertebral osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis. Patients were compared by antibiotic treatment (standard of care intravenous [SOC IV] antibiotics, incomplete IV therapy, or transition from initial IV to partial oral) using the primary composite endpoint of death or readmission from microbiologic failure within 90 days of discharge.

Results
Patients who received oral antibiotics after an incomplete IV antibiotic course were significantly less likely to experience microbiologic failure or death than patients discharged without oral antibiotics (P &lt; .001). There was no significant difference in microbiologic failure rates when comparing patients who were discharged on partial oral antibiotics after receiving at least 10 days of IV antibiotics with SOC regimens (P &gt; .9).

Conclusions
Discharge of PWID with partially treated complicated S. aureus bacteremias without oral antibiotics results in high rates of morbidity and should be avoided. For PWID hospitalized with complicated S. aureus bacteremias who have received at least 10 days of effective IV antibiotic therapy after clearance of bacteremia, transition to oral antibiotics with outpatient support represents a potential alternative if the patient does not desire SOC IV antibiotic therapy.
Persistent Circulating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Is Associated With Post-acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 Sequelae
Authors: Swank Zoe , Senussi Yasmeen , Manickas-Hill Zachary , Yu Xu G , Li Jonathan Z , Alter Galit , Walt David R 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The diagnosis of postacute sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (PASC) poses an ongoing medical challenge. To identify biomarkers associated with PASC we analyzed plasma samples collected from PASC and coronavirus disease 2019 patients to quantify viral antigens and inflammatory markers. We detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike predominantly in PASC patients up to 12 months after diagnosis.
The Roles of Unrecognized Mpox Cases, Contact Isolation and Vaccination in Determining Epidemic Size in Belgium: A Modeling Study
Authors: Van Dijck Christophe , Hens Niel , Kenyon Chris , Tsoumanis Achilleas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We used a network model to simulate a mpox epidemic among men who have sex with men. Our findings suggest that unrecognized infections have an important impact on the epidemic, and that vaccination of individuals at highest risk of infection reduces epidemic size more than post-exposure vaccination of sexual partners.
The Retirement–Health Puzzle: A Sigh of Relief at Retirement?
Authors: Okamoto Shohei , Kobayashi Erika , Komamura Kohei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectivesWhile the health effects of retirement have been well studied, existing findings remain inconclusive, and the mechanisms underlying the linkage between retirement and health are unclear. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of retirement on health and its potential mediators.MethodsUsing a national household survey conducted annually from 2004 to 2019 in Japan (the Japan Household Panel Survey), we evaluated the effects of retirement among Japanese men aged 50 or older on their health, in addition to other outcomes that could be attributed to health changes associated with retirement (i.e., health behaviors, psychological well-being, time use for unpaid activities, and leisure activities). As outcomes are not measured every year, we analyzed 5,794–10,682 person-year observations for 975–1,469 unique individuals. To address the potential endogeneity of retirement, we adopted an instrumental variable fixed-effects approach based on policy changes in eligibility ages for employee pensions.ResultsWe found that retirement improved psychological well-being, exercise habits, and time spent on unpaid work. The psychological benefits of retirement were no longer observed for longer durations after retirement, whereas healthy habits and unpaid activities continued. Moreover, health-related improvements after retirement occurred mostly in the higher-income group.DiscussionEnhancement in personal quality of life owing to increased leisure time and stress reduction from work in addition to lifestyle changes may be key to understanding the health benefits of retirement. Considering the mechanisms behind retirement–health relationships and potential heterogeneous effects is essential for healthy postretirement lives when increasing the retirement age.
Calcified thrombi of the Valsalva sinuses mimicking an aortic valve tumour
Authors: Nakamura Ryo , Honda Kentaro , Kunimoto Hideki , Nishimura Yoshiharu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tumours or tumour-like lesions around the aortic valve are relatively rare and are difficult to diagnose. We report an interesting case of calcified thrombi in the Valsalva sinuses and coronary cusps that mimicked an aortic valve tumour. A 68-year-old man presented with a 20-mm calcified mass in the non-coronary and left-coronary cusps extending to their corresponding Valsalva sinuses, which was detected by echocardiography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography. The lesions were resected to establish the diagnosis and prevent systemic embolization. Intraoperative and histopathological examination revealed an atrophied non-coronary leaflet and calcified atherosclerotic lesions of the Valsalva sinuses and contiguous parts of the cusps, with ulceration and fibrin thrombi. The lesions were resected and aortic valve replacement was performed to avoid aortic valve dysfunction. The patient’s atrial fibrillation was controlled, and anticoagulants were discontinued 3 months postoperatively. Surgery to establish the diagnosis and to prevent systemic thromboembolism was thought to be reasonable, even in the absence of valvular dysfunction.
Mad CoW: A Reply to Gibler and Miller
Authors: Lyall Jason 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In Divided Armies, I argue that inequality within armies (“military inequality”) has shaped their battlefield performance in conventional wars since 1800. Gibler and Miller (2022) are unpersuaded. They raise a flurry of concerns about the cross-national evidence and one statistical analysis in the book’s Chapter 4. In particular, they maintain that Project Mars, the book’s dataset, offers nothing new compared to the Correlates of War (CoW). I find their criticisms misplaced. I use their own statistical models for reanalyzing Project Mars to demonstrate that military inequality is an important driver of battlefield performance across six different measures in all types of CoW wars over the past 200 years. We should build, not bury, a research program that further explores the relationship between inequality and political violence.
Do Armed Drones Counter Terrorism, Or Are They Counterproductive? Evidence from Eighteen Countries
Authors: Schwartz Joshua A , Fuhrmann Matthew , Horowitz Michael C 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACTDo armed drone programs decrease or increase terrorism? Existing studies on this question produce conflicting arguments and evidence. Drone optimists contend that armed drones reduce a country's vulnerability to terrorism, while pessimists claim that this military technology provokes higher levels of terrorism. Prior research focuses almost exclusively on one particular context: the short-term effect of the US drone program in Pakistan. However, armed drones have proliferated rapidly over the last decade and eighteen countries now possess this technology. We expand the scope of prior studies by leveraging new data to assess how obtaining armed drones and conducting drone strikes changed the degree to which all drone possessors experienced terrorism between 2001 and 2019. Employing a variety of estimation strategies, including two-way fixed effects, we find that armed drone programs are associated with significant reductions in terrorism. Our analysis, based on the full universe of cases over an eighteen-year period, provides further evidence that drones can be effective as a counterterrorism tool in some cases.
Unmasking Militants: Organizational Trends in Armed Groups, 1970–2012
Authors: Malone Iris 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Despite the prevalence of armed groups in world politics, a prominent measurement challenge obscures understanding about many of these militant actors, especially when their activities fall below the threshold of civil war. This note addresses this gap by introducing a new dataset on the organizational characteristics of 1,202 armed groups that operated in 124 countries between 1970 and 2012. It outlines the dataset's construction and uses principal component analysis to explore organizational trends across armed groups. The results show armed groups tend to organize around three archetypes, each with different ideological goals, recruitment tactics, and areas of operation. Armed group campaigns are far more numerous than previously realized and can evolve in intensity over time. Unpacking these trends creates substantial opportunities for developing and testing new group-level theories about the causes of militant formation, escalation processes, and consequences of organizational decisions.
PAN-cODE: COVID-19 forecasting using conditional latent ODEs
Authors: Shi Ruian , Zhang Haoran , Morris Quaid 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused millions of deaths around the world and revealed the need for data-driven models of pandemic spread. Accurate pandemic caseload forecasting allows informed policy decisions on the adoption of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce disease transmission. Using COVID-19 as an example, we present Pandemic conditional Ordinary Differential Equation (PAN-cODE), a deep learning method to forecast daily increases in pandemic infections and deaths. By using a deep conditional latent variable model, PAN-cODE can generate alternative caseload trajectories based on alternate adoptions of NPIs, allowing stakeholders to make policy decisions in an informed manner. PAN-cODE also allows caseload estimation for regions that are unseen during model training. We demonstrate that, despite using less detailed data and having fully automated training, PAN-cODE’s performance is comparable to state-of-the-art methods on 4-week-ahead and 6-week-ahead forecasting. Finally, we highlight the ability of PAN-cODE to generate realistic alternative outcome trajectories on select US regions.
How I Approach Leishmaniasis: Diagnosis and Treatment in the United States
Authors: Ness Tara E , Martin-Blais Rachel , Weatherhead Jill E 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by over 20 species of obligate intracellular protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania. Leishmaniasis has a global distribution, including in the United States, and can cause a spectrum of clinical syndromes, including cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral diseases depending on host factors and the infecting Leishmania spp. Accurate diagnosis, including Leishmania species identification, is an important step to guide the most appropriate therapeutic intervention. Antileishmanial therapy is dependent on the Leishmania spp. identified, the clinical syndrome, and the child’s immune system. However, many treatment regimens for children have been extrapolated from adult clinical trials, which may lead to underdosing and subsequent poor outcomes in infected children. Additional research is urgently needed to help guide therapy for children and determine appropriate antileishmanial agents, doses, and treatment courses for children with leishmaniasis.