bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CARD 2023: expanded curation, support for machine learning, and resistome prediction at the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database
Authors: Alcock Brian P , Huynh William , Chalil Romeo , Smith Keaton W , Raphenya Amogelang R , Wlodarski Mateusz A , Edalatmand Arman , Petkau Aaron , Syed Sohaib A , Tsang Kara K , Baker Sheridan J C , Dave Mugdha , McCarthy Madeline C , Mukiri Karyn M , Nasir Jalees A , Golbon Bahar , Imtiaz Hamna , Jiang Xingjian , Kaur Komal , Kwong Megan , Liang Zi Cheng , Niu Keyu C , Shan Prabakar , Yang Jasmine Y J , Gray Kristen L , Hoad Gemma R , Jia Baofeng , Bhando Timsy , Carfrae Lindsey A , Farha Maya A , French Shawn , Gordzevich Rodion , Rachwalski Kenneth , Tu Megan M , Bordeleau Emily , Dooley Damion , Griffiths Emma , Zubyk Haley L , Brown Eric D , Maguire Finlay , Beiko Robert G , Hsiao William W L , Brinkman Fiona S L , Van Domselaar Gary , McArthur Andrew G 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD; card.mcmaster.ca) combines the Antibiotic Resistance Ontology (ARO) with curated AMR gene (ARG) sequences and resistance-conferring mutations to provide an informatics framework for annotation and interpretation of resistomes. As of version 3.2.4, CARD encompasses 6627 ontology terms, 5010 reference sequences, 1933 mutations, 3004 publications, and 5057 AMR detection models that can be used by the accompanying Resistance Gene Identifier (RGI) software to annotate genomic or metagenomic sequences. Focused curation enhancements since 2020 include expanded β-lactamase curation, incorporation of likelihood-based AMR mutations for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, addition of disinfectants and antiseptics plus their associated ARGs, and systematic curation of resistance-modifying agents. This expanded curation includes 180 new AMR gene families, 15 new drug classes, 1 new resistance mechanism, and two new ontological relationships: evolutionary_variant_of and is_small_molecule_inhibitor. In silico prediction of resistomes and prevalence statistics of ARGs has been expanded to 377 pathogens, 21,079 chromosomes, 2,662 genomic islands, 41,828 plasmids and 155,606 whole-genome shotgun assemblies, resulting in collation of 322,710 unique ARG allele sequences. New features include the CARD:Live collection of community submitted isolate resistome data and the introduction of standardized 15 character CARD Short Names for ARGs to support machine learning efforts.
Steroidal or non-steroidal MRAs: should we still enable RAASi use through K binders?
Authors: Gregg L Parker , Navaneethan Sankar D 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) are important interventions to improve outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and heart failure, but their use is limited in some patients by the development of hyperkalemia. The risk of hyperkalemia may differ between agents, with one trial showing lower risk of hyperkalemia with the novel non-steroidal MRA finerenone compared with steroidal MRA spironolactone. Novel potassium binders, including patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate, are available interventions to manage hyperkalemia and enable continuation of RAASi and MRAs in patients who could benefit from these treatments. These agents bind free potassium ions in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract to prevent the absorption of dietary potassium and increase potassium secretion. Several studies showed that potassium binders are effective compared with placebo for preventing hyperkalemia or steroidal MRA discontinuation, but none has evaluated whether this strategy impacts clinically important endpoints such as cardiovascular events. Due to this and other limitations related to cost, clinical availability, pill burden and patient selection, alternative potential strategies to mitigate hyperkalemia may be more practical. Conservative strategies include increased monitoring and use of loop or thiazide diuretics to increase urinary potassium excretion. Non-steroidal MRAs may have a lower risk of hyperkalemia than steroidal MRAs and have stronger anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects with resultant reduced risk of kidney disease progression. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors also decrease hyperkalemia risk in patients on MRAs and decrease cardiovascular events and kidney disease progression. These may be better first-line interventions to obviate the need for potassium binders and offer additional benefits.
Adolescent fluoxetine exposure increases ERK-related signaling within the prefrontal cortex of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats
Authors: Themann Anapaula , Rodriguez Minerva , Garcia-Carachure Israel , Lira Omar , Iñiguez Sergio D 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
There has been a disproportionate increase in fluoxetine (FLX) prescription rates within the juvenile population. Thus, we evaluated how adolescent FLX exposure alters expression/phosphorylation of proteins from the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 cascade within the adult prefrontal cortex (PFC). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to FLX (20 mg/kg) for 15 consecutive days [postnatal day (PD) 35–49]. At PD70 (adulthood), we examined protein markers for ERK1/2, ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). FLX-pretreatment decreased body weight, while increasing PFC phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and RSK, as well as total mTOR protein expression in adulthood. We provide first-line evidence that juvenile FLX pretreatment induces long-term decreases in body weight gain, along with neurobiological changes in the adult PFC—highlighting that early life antidepressant exposure increases ERK-related signaling markers in later life.
Prologue
Authors: Shirk Susan L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter recaps the increasingly hostile standoff between China and the world in various domains, such as economic and technological decoupling, territorial disputes, and pandemic cooperation. Unlike the conventional wisdom that primarily attributes the deteriorating relationships to the shifting balance of power or the rise of populist politicians or the “China-containment” strategy in the West, the author introduces her argument that emphasizes the spillover effect of Chinese domestic politics. The swing toward confrontation in Chinese policy began under collective leadership in Hu Jintao’s second term of office and increased under Xi Jinping’s overcentralization of coercive power. The international backlash is growing and leading to a new cold war that is very different from the US-Soviet cold war because of economic interdependence.
Going to Extremes
Authors: Shirk Susan L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how Xi Jinping’s consolidation of domestic political power shapes his foreign policy. After Xi recentralized the fragmented bureaucracy, streamlined the policymaking process, and effectively established himself as the commander-in-chief through various campaigns, he chose a more aggressive foreign policy approach rather than pacifying its Asian neighbors and the United States. With the backing of a unified force combing the PLA, the Coast Guard, and the public security apparatus, Xi has been stepping up the control over China’s border regions, such as Tibet, Xinjiang, and Hong Kong, punishing China’s Asian neighbors, such as South Korea, for cozying up to the United States, and actively expanding its global influence through projects like One Belt One Road. Xi has propelled China’s overreach on the global stage initiated since Hu’s second term to the next level.
Downward Spiral
Authors: Shirk Susan L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how Xi Jinping’s rule and American responses have interacted to cause US-China relations to deteriorate under the Trump and Biden administrations. During the Trump administration, China’s increasingly belligerent foreign policy brought hawkish elements to the fore especially during Trump’s campaign for re-election. After Biden entered the White House, Xi Jinping doubled down on his global overreach rather than signaling a desire for reconciliation. With the recent cases of China’s border clash with India, trade sanctions to punish Australia, the more frequent maritime incursions in Asia, and the support for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, this chapter concludes that the overreaching is likely to be more acute in Xi’s third term. It also recognizes that China’s peaceful rise would require gradual political reform that is missing today under Xi Jinping.
The Stages of Dementia
Authors: Noble James M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the stages of dementia. People with dementia may pass through the stages of mild, moderate, and severe dementia slowly or quickly. The exact duration of each stage can be difficult to predict, but a recognizable progression within each stage is nearly always seen, and when someone has moved from one stage to the next is apparent. The prognosis of dementia can be viewed in the short term (over the next few months) and the long term (what lies ahead further in the future). With the exception of dementia immediately following a single large stroke and dementia resulting from untreated subcortical vascular disease, all other forms of dementia progress over time. Overall, more than two-thirds of functional abilities are lost in the final stage of dementia, which is known as the terminal decline. The chapter then considers life expectancy in dementia.
Lifestyle Management and Nonpharmacologic Therapies for People with Dementia and Their Caregivers
Authors: Noble James M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights the role of lifestyle management and nonpharmacologic therapies in the treatment and prevention of dementia. Once dementia is diagnosed, it is important to consider non-medication approaches that may help with memory loss. Diet and exercise have the potential to address some of the early brain changes in dementia, but their role in controlling or delaying dementia symptoms remains uncertain. In addition to diet and physical exercise, activities involving socialization and cognitive stimulation may help aspects of dementia and have overlapping benefits, such as the physical activity involved in leaving the home to attend a social activity. Some aspects of lifestyle management may have no proven bearing on dementias, but these practices are still important in managing the long-term health needs associated with aging, including fighting frailty; maintaining muscle strength, mobility, and balance; and reducing cardiovascular risks. The chapter then considers the importance of developing a prescriptive, proactive plan of care. It also looks at methods to support the health and well-being of caregivers.
Gaining Access and Losing Information
Authors: Dunaway Johanna , Searles Kathleen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
As mobile devices proliferate, people turn to their smartphones for their information needs. While increased access to information via mobile devices benefits an informed citizenry, it isn’t clear that access equates to more learning. To reconcile competing accounts of mobile devices as a democratic leveler or divider, this book advances a framework that distinguishes between physical access and cognitive access to explain how technology—and mobile technology specifically—affects information processing following exposure. In this chapter, the interdisciplinary approach and framework put forward in this book are first situated in a history of media effects research, articulating the need for increased attention to the effects of communication technology on the presentation and content of information. This tradition motivates the theoretical and empirical work set forth in this book, with important implications for democracy and the news industry.
Mobile Effects on Access and Exposure
Authors: Dunaway Johanna , Searles Kathleen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews global and domestic patterns of internet access and mobile use. It explores wired and mobile internet access and reach by demographics, across countries, and across time. The data show not only the increasing use of mobile devices, but a growing dependence on mobile-only internet access among many. In conclusion, this chapter posits a trade-off between breadth and depth when it comes to exposure to digital news and political information, wherein mobile technology reaches a large audience but with great limitations on the depth of exposure. Broadly, these data offer support for the physical and cognitive access (PCA) framework.
News Exposure and Information Processing in a Post-Broadcast Media Environment
Authors: Dunaway Johanna , Searles Kathleen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This concluding chapter describes the empirical, theoretical, and methodological contributions made in this book. This chapter also discusses the normative implications for ongoing debates about lingering and systematic digital information inequities, how information communication technology can help or hinder an informed citizenry, and practical consequences for journalists and news consumers in a mobile world. We situate our findings, framework, and theory in the history of the literature on media effects before we conclude with a discussion about how our framework and theory are applicable to other changing communication technologies and how they might be usefully applied in future political communication research.
Application
Authors: Ní Chaoimh Eadaoin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 looks at case law that invoke (with or without success) the Legislative Priority Rule across a range of sectors, including the Common Agricultural Policy, public health and safety, consumer protection, and environmental protection. What emerges is a jurisprudence that oscillates between pre-empting national competence in these fields and authorizing EU compliant regulation, and from imposing the EU standard, to deciding that it does not apply. Far from signalling incoherence or subjectivity, this case law generally reflects the EU legislative acquis, which seeks to both integrate and regulate the internal market for goods. In other words, it is varied exactly because the underlying EU legislation is varied. What is more, the Legislative Priority Rule can provide a framework for the European Court of Justice to interpret and enforce such legislation in a generally coherent and Treaty-compliant way. That said, reliance on the Rule can sometimes engender confusion, inconsistencies, and, in extremis, a risk that certain acts of national (legislation-based) discretion could escape review.
Towards a New Framework for Review
Authors: Ní Chaoimh Eadaoin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Previous chapters characterize the Legislative Priority Rule as the European Court of Justice’s ‘constitutional compass’ in distributing power in the presence of EU product legislation. For the Rule to enjoy this status, EU product legislation must be acknowledged as accommodating a more complex vertical distribution of power than what is often assumed. To this end, the book suggests replacing ‘harmonization models’ with a new framework which describes the impact of EU legislation in a better way than previous attempts, and assesses the impact of this legislation. This new framework abandons the traditional binary vision promoted under minimum/total harmonization in favour of a new categorization for national measures, including national acts of Treaty-based discretion, direct implementation, and legislation-based discretion. The new framework also identifies regulatory character as a distinct feature of an EU secondary measure, thus decoupling the existence of national discretion from application or not of the Legislative Priority Rule. In doing so, the book advances a more nuanced understanding of secondary legislation as it interacts with the free movement of goods and national law. This can in turn guide the Court’s approach to dispute resolution and enhance the transparency of its judgments, while ensuring respect for the hierarchy of norms.
Objective Imperatives
Authors: Walker Ralph C. S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Kant has been much misunderstood. Partly this is his own fault; he is not a clear writer, and his attempts to simplify led his readers into considerable confusion. He holds that the moral law is objective, and is not derived from anything or anyone else. In this its status resembles that of pure theoretical reason, which includes logic and mathematics. He argues that the source of value does not lie in any end: the source of value is the moral law, which gives value to the end it requires us to promote. Thus he rejects consequentialism, and also sentimentalism and moral relativism.
Meter, Language, History, and the “Whole Human”
Authors: Eldridge Hannah Vandegrift 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter outlines the central questions and problems for metrical theory and practice in the years between 1720 and 1800. It takes the vigorous debate over whether and how to write hexameters (the meter of Homeric epic) in German as a central example demonstrating that meter is not defined solely by the phonological characteristics of a given language. In the second half, the chapter shows how metrical debates shaped and were shaped by the Late Enlightenment’s quest to understand how language plays a vital role in a subjectivity determined not only by reason but also by the emotions and the body as part of the quest for an aesthetics and anthropology of the “whole human.”
From Meter to Media and Materiality
Authors: Eldridge Hannah Vandegrift 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter locates (roughly) contemporary arguments about metrics in a wider history of metrical claims, revealing both affinities and breaks with that history. It analyzes these arguments in three almost entirely separate fields: first, historical overviews primarily designed for university or secondary school students; next, what is known in German Studies as “posthermeneutic” literary theory, which imports most of its concepts from information theory and mathematics; and, third, disciplines that study language and literature using quantitative and empirical methods. It highlights what is innovative and productive in each of them, adding contemporary approaches to the moments of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century metrical debates that help us think about meter and poetic experience. At the same time, it notes the shortcomings of each approach and the problems caused by their isolation from each other and literary studies as a whole.
Core Argument, Objections, Replies, and Outlook
Authors: Vickers Peter 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This concluding discussion comes in two parts. First, the chapter draws on the lessons from all the previous chapters to lay out (i) the criteria for future-proof science, (ii) the core argument behind these criteria, and (iii) a workable strategy for actually identifying future-proof science. The book can be seen as building on the ‘externalist’ suggestion put forward by Oreskes (2019) that the best strategy is to use certain tools to critically assess the status of the scientific consensus, as a proxy for evaluating the entire wealth of first-order evidence from a large number of different perspectives. The shift from ‘internal’ evidence to ‘external’ evidence supports calls for adjustments to science education in our schools, with greater emphasis on teaching the ‘external’, second-order, or ‘sociological’ evidence for scientific claims. Second, this chapter raises some possible, outstanding objections, and provides preliminary responses.
Introduction
Authors: Hasan Zoya 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Introduction provides a historical outline of political trends that underlie the decline of the Indian National Congress. It provides an overview of the central arguments in the text: the role of ideology and organization in the making and unmaking of the Congress. The crisis and decline of the Congress are explained in the context of the rise of the Right and its impact on the politics of the Congress at the national level. A review of the decade of 2009–19 gives us insights into the processes of transformations that have changed India and grounded the Congress party in the midst of the rise of the Right.
Secular Politics on the Back Foot
Authors: Hasan Zoya 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the retreat of secular politics in the wider context of the rise of the Hindu Right and its critique of the Congress party’s secular practice. The politicisation of religion is responsible for secular decline, but that party alone is not responsible for it. The Congress party, too, is guilty of using religious issues for narrow political gains. The chapter argues that the Congress attempt to co-opt communitarian issues from time to time, especially issues of the Hindu Right, has not helped the party to regain support as it failed to pick up electoral dividends from this competitive wooing of the Hindu vote. But with all its inconsistencies and compromises, there is recognition on its part that secularism is essential for democracy. This stands out as the most crucial distinction between the Congress and the BJP’s political discourse, and it was this platform of secularism that kept communal polarization at bay for several decades. Whether secularism can remain India’s defining ideology in the future will depend on the strategies the Congress adopts to counter divisive politics engendered by this regime.
One of the Greatest Mysteries of Philosophy
Authors: Magri Tito 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Besides conceptual change, Hume’s imagination replaces the intellect also in regard of substantive cognitive achievements. It allows explaining the difference between conception and cognition, which Hume thinks the other philosophers had ignored. Hume denies that any element of content can close the gap between conception and cognition. Rather, what marks cognition off is the attitude of assent to truth, a mode of conception that imagination, the vivacity of ideas, conveys to some of its ideas. Cognitive states with contents and attitudes issuing from the imagination constitute a mental kind: belief, the mental state that realizes in our nature probability, the imaginative and inferential kind of cognition. Belief differs from sense and memory or knowledge because of its origin and structure as well as of its cognitive roles. In particular it is uniquely susceptible to formation and revision by doxastic deliberation, our ordinary form of cognitive activity.