bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
93 Efficacy of Bacterial 6-Phytase and its Optimal Supplementation Level on Bone Parameters, Nutrient Digestibility, and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Moita Vitor H , Duarte Marcos E , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the optimal supplemental level of bacterial 6-phytase (CJ BIO, Korea) based on bone parameters, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Seventy-two weaned pigs (5.8 ± 0.5 kg BW) were allotted to 6 treatments based on RCBD with initial BW and sex as blocks and fed in 3 phases (P1/P2/P3 for 14/10/14 d, respectively). The treatments consisted of a negative control diet without phytase formulated meeting requirements of NRC, (2012). The other 5 treatments were a basal diet formulated with 0.12% Ca and P deficient with increased supplemental phytase (0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 5,000 FTU/kg feed). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to P3 diets as an indigestible marker to measure AID of nutrients. On d 45, all pigs were euthanized to collect ileal digesta to measure AID, and third metacarpus to measure bone parameters. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. The supplementation of phytase from 0 to 950 FTU/kg feed increased (P &lt; 0.05) the ADG (0.32 to 0.40 kg/d). Increasing phytase supplementation from 0 to 5,000 FTU/kg increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) AID of CP (76.8 to 79.5%), P content (4.6 to 5.2% of DM) and ash content (26.2 to 28.8%). The supplementation of phytase from 0 to 950 FTU/kg feed increased (P &lt; 0.05) P content (17.6 to 18.1% of ash) and from 0 to 1,900 FTU/kg feed increased (P &lt; 0.05) bone breaking strength (222 to 329 N). Phytase supplementation (0 vs. 1,000 to 5,000 FTU/kg) increased (P &lt; 0.05) AID of EE (65 to 73%), and P (79 to 84%). In conclusion, phytase supplementation improved bone breaking strength, bone ash and P content, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance. The supplementation of phytase between 950 and 1,900 FTU/kg feed provided the most benefits for growth performance, bone parameters, and nutrient digestibility.
92 Effects of Increasing Dose of a Novel E. coli Phytase on Total Tract Digestibility of Minerals and Energy in Pigs
Authors: Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective was to test the hypothesis that an increasing dose of a novel thermostable 6-phytase that was derived from E. coli and expressed in a Pichia Pastoris yeast (Superphy; Hanley International, LLC, Belmont, MA) increases apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of minerals and energy by pigs. Forty-eight barrows (initial weight: 22.61 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and fed 6 diets based on corn and soybean meal. The positive control (PC) diet contained P at the requirement. The negative control (NC) diet contained no feed phosphate, but contained 0, 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 phytase unit/kg. Feces were collected for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. Dried and ground fecal samples were analyzed for dry matter, energy, Ca, P and other minerals. Data were analyzed using a model that included diet as fixed variable and contrast statements were used to compare PC and NC diets and to demonstrate linear and quadratic effects of phytase. Results indicated that ATTD of dry matter and energy and concentration of digestible energy in NC without phytase were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in PC, but ATTD of ash, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn was not different between the 2 diets. There was no effect of phytase on ATTD of dry matter and energy or on digestible energy in diets. As dietary phytase increased, ATTD of ash and Mg increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) and ATTD of Ca and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P also increased (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05), but ATTD of K, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn was not affected by phytase. In conclusion, the novel enhanced E. Coli based phytase increased ATTD of Ca, P, and Mg and STTD of P if included in a diet containing Ca and P below requirements.
97 Effects of Increasing Levels of Hybrid Rye on Growth Performance of 45 to 125 kg Pigs
Authors: Sullivan Caitlyn R , Thaler Robert C , Berg Kiah M , De Jong Jon A , Neill Casey R , Ward Joe P , Frahm Paul F , Hanson Dan B , Boerboom Mike J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 2,400 barrows and gilts (FAST x PIC 800, initially 44.9 kg) were used in an 89-d study to determine the effect on growth performance of increasing inclusion of hybrid rye (KWS Serafino) in a commercial grow- finish setting. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 30 pigs per pen and 20 replications per treatment. Diets were fed over 5 phases (44.9 to 56.0, 56.0 to 69.0, 69.0 to 87.9, 87.9 to 107.5, and 107.5 to 111.6 kg respectively). Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based replacing either 0, 40, 70 or 100% of the corn with hybrid rye. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed 2012 NRC requirements for all nutrients. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F at each phase change. Pigs were marketed across 3 marketing events (d 68 to 89), with an equal number of pigs removed from each pen per event. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with block as a random effect and pre-planned linear and quadratic contrast statements for increasing inclusion of rye. Overall (d 0 to 89), increased inclusion of hybrid rye from 0 to 100% decreased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) average market BW, ADG and ADFI. There was no difference (P &gt; 0.10) in G:F with increased hybrid rye inclusion, indicating energy value of hybrid rye used in formulation was correct. In summary, while there was no change in G:F, reduction in ADFI and ADG suggests there is a palatability or anti-nutritional factor affecting pig growth performance.
105 The Impact of Lowering Floor Space Allowance and Dietary Energy Level on Finishing Pigs, from 65 Kg to Market, on Growth Performance
Authors: Hagen Chloe S , Greiner Laura L , Silva Gustavo , Peterson Beau , Parr Eric , Knopf Brandon , Estrada Jorge 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of reducing floor space allowance in finishing hogs with a starting body weight (BW) of 65 ± 2 kg when fed high versus low energy diets on growth performance. Mixed-sex pens (n=88) with 24 ± 1 pigs per pen were blocked by starting BW to a randomized complete block design with eight treatments. These eight treatments formed a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement with 2 energy levels: low (LE, 3270 ±19 kcal/kg ME) vs. high (HE, 3392 ±19 kcal/kg ME) accomplished through fat inclusion; and 4 floor space allowances: 0.60, 0.63, 0.65, 0.67 m2 per pig. Assigned floor space was adjusted by moveable gates in the rear of the pen, which were corrected at each pig removal until the marketing phase. Pen weight and feed disappearance were measured for 2 phases at d 0, 29, and 48 to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (GF). Data were analyzed by pen (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC) with the repeated measure of phase, and the fixed effects of floor space allowance, dietary energy, and the interaction between. For the overall trial, decreased floor space had no effect (P &gt; 0.1) on ADG, ADFI, or GF (0.36, for all). Energy had a significant effect (P &lt; 0.01) on ADFI (3.17 vs 3.12 kg for LE and HE, respectively) and GF (0.35 and 0.36 for LE and HE, respectively), and tended to impact ADG (1.12 vs 1.13 kg, for LE and HE, respectively; P = 0.08). In conclusion, lowering floor space allowance from 0.67 m2 down to 0.60 m2 did not affect the growth performance of pigs starting at 65 kg. Pigs fed HE diets had 2.86% better GF compared with pigs fed LE diets, however had similar growth and body weight.
104 Effect of Mat Feeding on the Growth Performance and Morbidity and Mortality of Pigs After Weaning
Authors: Wensley Madie R , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Allerson Matt W , Menegat Mariana 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted using 9,403 pigs to determine the effect of mat feeding on growth performance and morbidity and mortality of pigs after weaning. At weaning, pigs were randomized to 96 pens (48 feeders) with 30 to 35 pigs/pen. Feeder (2 pens) was the experimental unit. For each experiment, mat feed was provided 3 times daily for 10 d and was included in calculation of post-weaning ADFI and G:F. In Exp. 1, treatments consisted of mat verses no mat feeding. Overall, mat fed pigs tended to have decreased (P = 0.056) ADG compared with the control, which resulted in decreased (P &lt; 0.026) final body weights. No differences were observed in ADFI or G:F. However, mat fed pigs had reduced total mortality and removals (P = 0.019). In Exp. 2, treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of diet form (pellet or crumble) and mat feeding (without or with). Overall, no interactions between diet form and mat feeding were observed. No differences were observed in growth performance by mat feeding. However, pigs receiving pelleted feed had decreased overall ADFI (P = 0.013) and increased G:F (P &lt; 0.001). Differences in total mortality and removals were not significant. In Exp. 3, treatments consisted of mat feeding small (0.32 cm) or large (1.27 cm) pellets, or no mat feeding. No differences were observed in overall ADG or G:F; however, mat fed pigs had increased ADFI (P &lt; 0.05), regardless of pellet size. Differences in total mortality and removals were not significant. When combining removal and mortality data for the 3 experiments, mat fed pigs had fewer total removals (P = 0.025) compared with the control. In summary, mat feeding has limited effects on growth performance of pigs after weaning; however, mat feeding may encourage earlier feed intake reducing the fall out rate of pigs as indicated by the decreased removals.
107 Effect of Water Delivery System on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Hammers Kelsey L , Law Kayla , Gomez Andres , Urriola Pedro E , Johnston Lee J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if cleanliness of the water delivery system influences growth performance of nursery pigs. Newly-weaned pigs (n = 315; about 21 d of age) were used in a 42-d experiment. Pigs were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 water line treatments with 17 to 18 pens/treatment and 9 pigs/pen. Treatments consisted of: 1) OLD water line: water delivered to pens via a water distribution system in use for 21 years without cleaning or 2) NEW water line: water delivered to pens via a water distribution system in use for 6 weeks. Water for both distribution systems was sourced from a common well. Pigs were housed in an environmentally controlled, power ventilated, confinement nursery barn and were allowed ad libitum access to water and common diets fed in 3 phases across water line treatments. Growth data were analyzed as a repeated measures design using PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with water line as a fixed effect, room as a random effect, and pen as the experimental unit. There were no differences in body weight (P &gt; 0.05) throughout the experiment for pigs drinking water from the OLD or NEW water line (Table). Pigs fed water from OLD lines consumed more feed than pigs consuming water from NEW lines but this difference did not influence ADG or G:F throughout the experiment. Mortality and total removals of pigs did not differ between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, age and cleanliness of a water delivery system had minimal effects on growth performance of nursery pigs.
109 Awardee Talk: Dietary Supplementation of Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens Influenced Systemic Immunity and Intestinal Microbiome of Weaned Pigs
Authors: Jinno Cynthia N , Liu Yanhong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Supplementation of various Bacillus spp. has shown to improve growth performance, immune responses, and gut health of newly weaned pigs. The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of 109 CFU/kg of Bacillus (B.) amyloliquefaciens on growth performance, diarrhea, systemic immunity, and intestinal microbiome of weaned pigs with or without enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenge. An antibiotic treatment was also included in the experiment to compare the efficacy of B. amyloliquefaciens vs. carbadox (50 mg/kg). ETEC challenge reduced (P &lt; 0.05) growth rate but increased (P &lt; 0.05) the frequency of diarrhea in pigs throughout the experiment. Supplementation of B. amyloliquefaciens tended (P &lt; 0.10) to increase growth performance but had limited impacts on diarrhea of weaned pigs. ETEC challenge increased (P &lt; 0.05) white blood cell (WBC) count on d 7 and 21 post-inoculation (PI), while supplementation of B. amyloliquefaciens tended (P &lt; 0.10) to reduce WBC on d 7 PI and reduced (P &lt; 0.05) WBC on d 21 PI, compared with control. No differences were observed in performance, diarrhea, and systemic immunity of pigs when comparing B. amyloliquefaciens with carbadox. Supplementation of B. amyloliquefaciens and antibiotics had different impacts on intestinal microbiome. ETEC challenge increased (P &lt; 0.05) relative abundance of Lactobacillus in feces on d 7 PI but reduced (P &lt; 0.05) relative abundance of Prevotella in feces on d 21 PI. Prior ETEC challenge, Lachnospiraceae was less (P &lt; 0.05) abundant in feces of pigs supplemented with B. amyloliquefaciens than pigs in carbadox group on d 0 before ETEC infection. The relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in fecal samples was the lowest (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs supplemented with carbadox among all treatment on d 0. On d 14 and 21 PI, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in feces was the lowest (P &lt; 0.05) in carbadox treatment among all treatment of the experiment. Ileal digesta were also collected on d 21 PI to analyze intestinal microbiota diversity changes among treatments. The Shannon diversity index was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in ileal digesta of pigs supplemented with B. amyloliquefaciens than pigs supplemented with carbadox. ETEC reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus and increased (P &lt; 0.05) the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Lachnospiraceae in ileal digesta. Under ETEC challenge, pigs supplemented with B. amyloliquefaciens had lower (P &lt; 0.05) abundance of Firmicutes and Clostridiaceae and greater (P &lt; 0.05) abundance of Lachnospiraceae in the ileum than pigs supplemented with carbadox. In conclusion, supplementation of B. amyloliquefaciens had similar impacts on growth performance and systemic immunity but had different impacts on intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs in comparison to carbadox.
117 Evaluation of Piglet Performance in Response to Cellutein Supplementation in the Sows Diet
Authors: Vaughn Mathew A , McNaughton James L , Gonzalez John M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate efficacy of celluTEIN (CT) to promote piglet growth after maternal supplementation. Sows (n = 20) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 0 (CON), 1,000 ppm (TRT1), 350 ppm (TRT2), or 100 ppm (TRT3) CT. Sows were fed treatment diets from 7 d prior to expected estrus through the estrus following farrowing. Piglets underwent a transitional weaning process, 48 piglets per treatment were randomly chosen and assigned to 8 pens (n = 8; initial body weight 8.16 ± 0.07 kg). Piglets were fed common stage specific diets. Body weight, feed conversion, ADG, and feed consumption were collected over the entire wean to finish phase for a 126-d trial period. There was no Treatment effect (P &gt; 0.10) for 126-d feed consumption; however, there were Treatment effects for 126-d feed conversion, ADG, and body weight (BW; P &lt; 0.01). All treatments differed in feed conversion with TRT1 being the smallest followed by TRT2, TRT3, and CON (P &lt; 0.05). Pigs from TRT1 and TRT2 had greater ADG than CON and TRT3 pigs (P &lt; 0.05), but were not different (P &gt; 0.05) from each other. Pigs from TRT3 had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG than CON pigs. At the conclusion of the 126-d trial TRT1 had a greater BW compared with CON and TRT3 pigs (P &lt; 0.01), but were not different (P &gt; 0.05) from TRT2 pigs. Pigs from TRT2 had greater (P &gt; 0.05) BW than CON pigs, but did not differ (P &gt; 0.10) from TRT3 pigs. Pigs from TRT3 did not differ (P &gt; 0.10) in BW from CON pigs. These data illustrate piglets from CT supplemented sows grow faster and were more efficient during weaning to finishing.
121 Effects of Total Dietary Fiber Content During Gestation on Sow Reproductive Performance
Authors: Paz Portal Ximena A , Rosero David , Carter Scott D , Wilcock Pete 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of total dietary fiber (TDF) levels during gestation on sow and litter performance. A total of 397 (Camborough, PIC) individual-housed sows were used. Sows were balanced by parity (P4-P10) and body condition score (BCS, 1-5) at breeding and allocated to 2 treatments: Low Fiber (TDF = 9%, LF) or High Fiber (TDF = 18%, HF) with similar insoluble to soluble fiber ratios 7.4 and 7.5 respectively. During gestation, all sows were fed according to their BCS (BCS 1 and 2 = 2.7 kg/d, BCS 3 = 2kg/d and BCS 4 and 5 = 1.6 kg/d). From d 90 of gestation thin sows (BCS 1 or 2) received an additional 0.9 kg/d. During lactation sows received a common diet, 1.81 kg/d pre-farrow, and then ad libitum. Diets were milo based with wheat midds and soy hulls as fiber sources. Dietary treatments were isonutrient and isocaloric and formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) nutrients. Data were analyzed for main effects of treatment and within body condition category. Overall, sows that received the LF diet were heavier at placement in lactation (306.6 and 280.6 kg; P = 0.012, for LF and HF, respectively). Similarly, the estimated post-partum BW was heavier for those fed the LF diet (283.1 and 256.1 kg; P = 0.008) and at wean BW (271.3 and 257.1 kg; P = 0.003). However, sows fed a HF gestation diet tended to lose less weight during lactation (17.0 and 4.0 kg; P = 0.080). There were no differences for total born (P = 0.767), born alive (P = 0.821), stillborn (P = 0.850) or weaned pigs (P = 0.620). In conclusion, elevating TDF during gestation did not improve litter performance, but did reduce weight and body condition loss during lactation.
119 A Meta-Regression Analysis to Evaluate the Influence of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Lactation Diets on Sow and Litter Growth Performance
Authors: Holen Julia P , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Titgemeyer Evan C , Goodband Robert D 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) Ile, Leu, and Val are 3 dietary essential amino acids for lactating sows; however, effects of dietary BCAA on sow and litter growth performance in the literature are equivocal. Thus, a meta-regression analysis was conducted to evaluate effects of BCAA and their interactions in lactating sow diets to predict litter growth performance, sow bodyweight (BW) change, and sow feed intake. Thirty-four publications representing 43 trials from 1997 to 2020 were used to develop a database that contained 167 observations. Diets for each trial were reformulated using NRC (2012) nutrient loading values in an Excel-based spreadsheet. Amino acids were expressed on a standardized ileal digestible (SID) basis. Regression model equations were developed with the MIXED procedure of SAS (Version 9.4, SAS Institute, Cary, NC), and studies were weighted by the inverse of the squared SEM. Statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05) predictor variables were assessed with a step-wise manual forward selection and required to provide an improvement of at least 2 BIC for model inclusion. Significant predictor variables within 3 equations developed for litter ADG included the count of weaned pigs per litter, dietary concentrations of NE, SID Lys, and CP, sow ADFI, Val:Lys, Ile:Lys, and Leu:Val. For sow BW change, significant predictor variables within 2 developed models included litter size at 24 h, sow ADFI, Leu:Lys, and Ile+Val:Leu. The optimum equation for sow ADFI included Leu:Trp, SID Lys, NE, CP, and Leu:Lys as significant predictor variables. Overall, the prediction equations suggest that BCAA have an important role in litter growth, sow BW change, and feed intake during lactation; however, the influence of BCAA on these criteria is much smaller than that of other dietary components such as NE, SID Lys, sow ADFI, and CP.
118 Awardee Talk: An Empirical Model of Essential Amino Acid Requirements in the Pregnant Sow
Authors: Ramirez-Camba Christian D , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Amino acid (AA) requirements are generally considered to be the minimum needed for maximum growth or protein synthesis; however, multiple studies have shown that AA intakes above these requirements improve various body functions such as immune response, gut health, and reproduction. The objective of the current modeling approach was to estimate AA intake in gestation that considered protein synthesis as well as sow reproductive performance and offspring development, potentially increasing piglet growth and survivability. A literature review was conducted to identify studies evaluating the effects of sow AA intake during gestation on protein synthesis, sow body weight, litter size, average piglet birth weight and suckling piglet growth rate. Data from 26 empirical studies from 1989 to 2021 were selected for model development and estimation of arginine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, and valine requirements. To check model accuracy and performance, a validation analysis was conducted by contrasting the model predicted lysine requirements with data from 17 published studies not used in the development of the model. The estimated lysine requirement was approximately 40% greater than the minimum lysine intake required for maximum protein synthesis. Similarly, the ratios of arginine, leucine, methionine, and valine to lysine were on average 1.60, 2.47, 0.41, and 0.79, respectively, which are 6 to 300% greater than, and the ratio of threonine to lysine was similar to, current recommendations. The validation analysis showed that the estimated lysine requirement resulted in the greatest litter size and birth weight. In addition, when compared with lysine intakes that met current recommendations, lysine intake at the estimated requirement improved colostrum and milk quality, stillborn rate, proportion of low birth weight, suckling piglet growth rate, and sow blood urea, among other metabolic variables. In conclusion, at the estimated requirements sow reproductive performance as well as piglet survivability and growth rate are improved.