bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tomato Seed Development and Quality as Influenced by Preharvest Treatment with Ethephon
Authors: Kwon Oh-Sik , Bradford Kent J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plants of two cultivars of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cvs. UC82B and VF145B-7879) were sprayed with ethephon solutions 10 days prior to harvest. Seeds were extracted from fruits that had been tagged at anthesis to allow separation into age classes ranging from 31 to 70 days at harvest. Seed dry weight increased rapidly until ≈40 days after anthesis, then remained relatively constant for 10 to 15 days before increasing again. During the plateau phase, the initial (5-day) germination percentages increased by 20% to 40% and final (10-day) germination increased by 6% to 10%. Germination percentages then fell slightly with increasing maturity and dry weight accumulation. Preharvest ethephon treatment caused younger fruit to ripen and shifted the development of maximum germinability toward young seed ages, without influencing dry weight accumulation. Seeds ≤53 days old at harvest increased in germination due to ethephon treatment, whereas seeds older than 53 days showed decreased germination. Since the bulk of harvested seeds will be in the older classes, overall seed quality may be affected adversely by preharvest ethephon applications. Although seed lots from ethephon-treated plants still had acceptable germination, there would appear to be no benefit from ethephon applications to tomatoes destined solely for seed production. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Response of Gerbera to Root Zone Heating in Soil and Gravel Substrates
Authors: Goldsberry Kenneth L. , Lang Regina C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The overall flower production of Gerbera jamesonii (Bolus), cvs. Amethyst, Friendship, and Mandrin, was 90% greater in root zone-heated media compared to nonheated substrates. Root zone heating also attributed to an overall 15% increase in stem length, but only a 4% nonsignificant decrease in flower diameter. The greatest flower yield, longest stems, and largest-diameter flowers were produced by plants grown in the pea gravel substrate.
Effect of Warm Medium, Light Intensity, BA, and Parent Leaf on Propagation of Golden Pothos
Authors: Wang Ying-Tung 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) at 290 μmol·s-1·m-2 and warm propagation medium (28°C) enhanced both shoot and root growth of golden pothos (Epipremnum aureum) from single-node leaf-bud cuttings compared to PPF at 60 μmol·s-1·m-2 and unheated medium (10° to 16°). Heated cuttings accumulated much more dry matter in new growth, but parent leaves had smaller area leaf weight than unheated cuttings. Soaking cuttings in 500 or 750 ppm BA before planting caused slower initial growth of the axillary shoot, and stem length was reduced to 75% of the control. Leaf number and total leaf area was unaffected by BA. Leaf-bud cuttings needed 10 more days to unfold the first leaf compared to stem cuttings without parent leaves. Shoots developed from leaf-bud cuttings had longer stems, more leaves and total leaf area, and heavier dry weight than shoots from stem cuttings. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Postemergence Control of an Oat Cover Crop and Broadleaf Weeds in Direct-seeded Nursery Beds
Authors: Warmund M. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An oat (Avena sativa L. ‘Otee’) cover crop was planted in nursery beds seeded with Acer ginnala Maxim., Celastrus scandens L., and Elaeagnus angustifolia L. and 21 Mar. 1985. Postemergence graminicide treatments were applied on 25 Apr. and 8 May after the nursery seedlings had germinated and when the oats were ≈15 and 38 cm tall. Treatments included fluazifop at 0.28, DPX-Y6202 at 0.11, haloxyfop at 0.28, and sethoxydim at 0.34 kg·ha-1. In 1986, the same herbicides, except DPX-Y6202, were applied alone to Sophora japonica L. seedlings grown in an oat cover crop. Six days later, imazaquin at 0.14 kg·ha1 or chlorimuron-ethyl at 0.009 kg·ha1 was applied alone and to plots that had previously received graminicide treatments. Acer and Celastrus seedlings in plots treated on 25 Apr. 1985 had greater dry weight than those treated on 8 May 1985. Date of herbicide treatment did not affect the dry weight of Elaeagnus seedlings. In 1986, graminicides provided complete control of oats, but broadleaf weed growth was subsequently released. Imazaquin and chlorimuron-ethyl provided control of pigweeds (Amaranthus sp.), but did not control lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.) or purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Tree seedlings treated with haloxyfop alone, sethoxydim alone, or sethoxydim plus imazaquin had greater dry weight than those in the untreated controls. DPX-F6025 alone reduced seedling dry weight when compared to that of the untreated control. Chemical names used: (±)-2-[4[[-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl)oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid (fluazifop); (±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid (DPX-Y6202); 2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid (haloxyfop); 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one (sethoxydim); 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl) 5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (imazaquin); 2(([(4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidine-2-yl)amino carbonyl]amino sulfonyl))benzoic acid, ethyl ester (chlorimuron-ethyl).
Evaluation of Two Methods of Pepper Fruit Color Determination
Authors: Conrad R. S. , Sundstrom F. J. , Wilson P. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fruit of Tabasco pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) were graded into six color classes, ranging from green to red, as determined by the Munsell System of Color Notation. Color of either whole or mashed Tabasco fruit was measured by use of a Gardner Color Difference Meter, and by the approved method of the Assn. of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Different procedures using the color difference meter were initially analyzed and procedure se analyzed statistically for differences. Analysis of pepper fruit mash using the L-Scale aL/bL value and three optical sample beaker rotations resulted in the smallest se of tested procedures. One hundred percent and 64.8% of fruit color values recorded from the Gardner Color Difference Meter and the AOAC method, respectively, were correctly color-classified by discriminant analysis.
Veronica repens Establishment with Herbicides and Activated Charcoal
Authors: Steinegger D. H. , Shearman R. C. , Finke L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Veronica repens was evaluated in a field study comparing herbicide effects on ground cover establishment. Herbicides were applied 1 day before ground covers were transplanted. Ground cover transplant root systems were either dipped or not dipped in an activated charcoal slurry prior to planting. There was a significant interaction between herbicide and charcoal treatment. Dichlobenil, chlorsulfuron, and simazine caused significant injury and reduced surface coverage. Transplants dipped in activated charcoal and treated with dichlobenil or chlorsulfuron had as much as three times less injury and produced 24% greater surface coverage than those without activated charcoal. DCPA, oxadiazon, and trifluralin caused little herbicide injury or ground cover stand reduction, and activated charcoal preconditioning did not influence their responses. These results indicate a broad herbicide range could be used with the activated charcoal root system dip procedure during Veronica repens establishment. Chemical names used: dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA), 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil); 2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide (chlorsulfuron); 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(1-methyle-thoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (oxadiazon); 6-chloro-N, N’-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (simazine); α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin).
Influence of Temperature on Nitrification in a Pine Bark Medium
Authors: Niemiera Alexander X. , Wright Robert D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pine bark-filled containers were subjected to 10°, 20°, 30°, or 40°C for 24 days and fertilized periodically with 210 ml of a solution containing 100 ppm NH4-N. Every 6 days, medium solutions were tested for NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations and a NO3-N accumulation rate (NAR) was determined. Medium solution NH4-N concentrations were lower at 20° and 30° than at 10° and 40°, while those at 40° were considerably greater than at other temperatures and increased over time. In general, medium solution NO3-N concentrations at 10°, 20°, and 30° were comparable and higher than at 40°. Over time, the general order of NAR was 20° = 30° > 10° > 40°.
Influence of NH4-N Application Rate on Nitrification in a Pine Bark Medium
Authors: Niemiera Alexander X. , Wright Robert D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nitrification in a pine bark medium in response to a range of applied NH4-N levels (25, 100, and 200 ppm) was studied. Medium solution NH4-N concentrations at the 25 ppm N treatment decreased from 30 ppm at day 1 to 0 ppm at day 40. Ammoniacal-N concentration values decreased from 64 to 6 ppm and from 105 to 20 ppm for the 100- and 200-ppm N treatments, respectively, by day 60. Rapid increases in medium solution NO3-N concentrations coincided with these NH4-N decreases, resulting in low medium solution NH4-N:NO3-N ratios. During the periods of NO3-N increase, medium solution pH decreased 0.3, 0.7, and 1.3 units for the 25-, 100-, and 200-ppm N treatments, respectively. Similarly treated bark without plants was used to determine a NO3-N accumulation rate (NAR). NAR data indicated that the NH4-N supply of the 100- and 200-ppm N treatments exceeded the oxidative capacity of nitrifiers during a 96-hr period.
Stomatal Aperture Determination of Muskmelon Fruits by Microrelief Image Analysis
Authors: Altman Steven A. , Corey Kenneth A. , Hruschka William R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Differences in aperture area and frequency of stomata on fruits of two muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) genotypes were determined by computerized image analysis of photomicrographs obtained by microrelief techniques. Acetate impressions of surface cellular features on polar and equatorial regions of the fruit were viewed by phase contrast microscopy, and photomicrographs of random fields of stomata were made. A minicomputer-based image processor scanned each photomicrograph and digitized the image of individual stomata. The image was displayed on a monitor and a digitizing tablet was used to mark end points on the axes of an ellipse circumscribing the effective aperture. A FORTRAN image processing system calculated the area of each ellipse. Resulting data showed a significantly lower stomatal aperture area and stomatal frequency on the surface of fruits of the netted genotype.
Comparison of TTC and Electrical Conductivity Heat Tolerance Screening Techniques in Phaseolus
Authors: Schaff Dennis A. , Clayberg Carl D. , Milliken George A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two laboratory techniques for estimating genotypic differences in response to heat stress—the electrical conductivity and the 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction tests—were compared in tests with 26 cultivars of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) previously evaluated for heat tolerance. After heat acclimation of plants, leaf disks were subjected to heat stress over a range of temperatures. The temperature causing 50% injury above the control, considered as the killing temperature, was estimated by fitting the data to a sigmoidal model. Although cultivar killing temperatures were correlated between tests, only killing temperatures for the conductivity test were correlated with yield performance under stress in the field.
Identification of New Sources of Resistance to Downy Mildew in Lactuca Spp.
Authors: Farrara Barry F. , Michelmore Richard W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
More than 300 accessions of Lactuca spp. recently collected in the Mediterranean region and California were screened for resistance to downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel). Accessions were evaluated in the seedling stage with two isolates of B. lactucae, which together have virulence to all known resistance factors. Four accessions demonstrated complete resistance to both isolates, indicating that new resistance was present. This resistance was confirmed using further isolates of B. lactucae. None of these lines, however, was resistant to all the isolates used.
Adventitious Bud Formation from Leaf Explants of Ficus lyrata
Authors: Jona Roberto , Gribaudo Ivana 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Leaf fragments of Ficus lyrata Warb. were excised, surface-sterilized, and inoculated on a modified Nitsch and Nitsch medium (thiamine, 15 μm) supplemented with 24 μm BA + 24 μm 2iP + 24 μm kinetin + 12.5 μm IBA. After 3 months, the explants started to proliferate on the edge of the cuttings, producing many adventitious buds that developed into shootlets. During a further growth period of 1 month, full elongation was attained. The plants were then transferred to a rooting medium containing Knop’s macroelements, modified Nitsch & Nitsch’ microelements, amino acids and vitamins, and 5 μm of NAA. After 1 week on this medium, the shootlets were deprived of NAA and thus induced to root within 1 week. Chemical names used N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP); N-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Variation in Date Palm Pollen Grain Size
Authors: Asif Mir I. , Al-Tahir Osman A. , Al-Ghamdi Abdullah S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The genus Phoenix is characterized by dioecious wind-pollinated woody trees. The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the world’s oldest cultivated fruit trees. The date palm inflorescence consists of a compound spadix enclosed by a spathe. Flowers are produced on strands. At anthesis, the spathe splits and the strands loosen and spread to expose the flowers. Cultivated date palms are artificially pollinated. Mature male inflorescences are cut off before the spathe splits, and the strands are placed in female flower clusters to ensure pollination. In earlier studies of pollen structure and stainability (1,2), abnormally large pollen grains were noted occasionally. This study dealt with pollen size distribution in 10 male palms used to pollinate female trees in commercial groves in the Al-Hassa region of Saudi Arabia.
Temperature and Imbibition Effects on Seed Germination of Sabal palmetto and Serenoa repens
Authors: Carpenter William J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Soaking palm seed in water for 1 to 21 days prior to planting reduces the number of days required for germination (3). Loomis (1) found soaking seeds of Acrocomia scierocarpa and Astrocaryum mexicanum palms for 2 to 3 weeks following hot water scarification at 100°C for 3 min hastened seed germination. Rees (3) reported soaking Copernicia cerifera (Mart.) seeds in water for 7 days at 38° to 42° also accelerated germination after planting. Presoaking Alexandra palm [Archontophoenix alexandrite (F.J. Muell.) H. Wendl & Drude] seed in water for 24 to 72 hr at 25° was reported by Nagao and Sakai (2) to stimulate germination. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of temperature during a 7-day preplanting period on imbibed and nonimbibed seed and to compare seed soaking in water with moist peatmoss on germination percentages and numbers of days required to achieve 50% final germination.
Effects of Floral Excision on Reversion from Reproductive to Vegetative Development in Strawberry
Authors: Chia Tet-Fatt , Hew Choy-Sin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In strawberry, vegetative reproduction occurs through runners or side shoots. In our studies it was possible to produce plantlets from reproductive structures through floral excision. In this report, we describe the induction, from a reproductive structure, of successive developmental stages leading to complete plant formation.
‘Apalachee’, ‘Comanche’, ‘Lipan’, ‘Osage’, ‘Sioux’, and ‘Yuma’ Lagerstroemia
Authors: Egolf Donald R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Apalachee’, ‘Comanche’, ‘Lipan’, ‘Osage’, ‘Sioux’, and ‘Yuma’ are the first intermediate growth habit Lagerstroemia indica L. × L. fauriei Koehne cultivars to combine mildew resistance, an array of spectacular exfoliating bark colorations, and a range of flower colors. Seven previously released U.S. National Arboretum-released L. indica × L. fauriei mildew-resistant cultivars, ‘Muskogee’, ‘Natchez’, ‘Tuscarora’, ‘Tuskegee’, ‘Biloxi’, ‘Miami’, and ‘Wichita’ are vaseshaped, outward-arched, small trees that can be expected to mature at 7 to 10 m high (4–6, 8); while four others, ‘Acoma’, ‘Hopi’, ‘Pecos’, and ‘Zuni’, are semi-dwarf growth habit cultivars that will ultimately mature at heights <3 m high (7). ‘Apalachee’, ‘Comanche’, ‘Lipan’, ‘Osage’, ‘Sioux’, and ‘Yuma’, with mature heights <5 m, bridge the landscape growth habit gap between the upright, small trees and the compact, semidwarf cultivars. With the introduction of these six cultivars, the U.S. National Arboretum Lagerstroemia breeding project has introduced 23 unique, distinct, and noteworthy cultivars for the nursery industry, landscape architects, and home gardeners alike (1–3).
A Seed-planted Cultivar of Globe Artichoke
Authors: Basnitzki Yehuda , Zohary Daniel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The current methods of globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) production place serious restrictions on its culture (5). The industry is based on cultivation of vegetatively propagated clones and planting of basal stumps or suckers is costly because of the labor input. Plantations usually are maintained for several years, even though yield and quality decrease considerably after the second year. Perennial culture also incurs heavy risks of disease or damage from pests.
‘Redwing’ Raspberry
Authors: Luby J. J. , Hoover E. E. , Bedford D. S. , Munson S. T. , Gray W. H. , Wildung D. K. , Stushnoff C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Redwing’ is a primocane-fruiting (“fall-fruiting”) red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivar (Fig. 1) developed by the Univ. of Minnesota fruit breeding program. It typically begins fruiting 10 to 14 days earlier than ‘Heritage’, the most widely grown commercial primocane-fruiting cultivar. ‘Redwing’ is intended to supplement or replace ‘Heritage’ in situations where earlier primocane fruiting is desired.
Images: The Use of Art in Promoting Agricultural Awareness
Authors: Haque Mary , Acorn John , Stockham James , Regnier Ireland 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Agriculture’s image has suffered of late. The media’s exploitation of news about farmer’s financial problems, movies like “Country” and “Places in the Heart” dramatizing families struggling to earn a living on the farm, and songs by singers such as Charley Pride lamenting that “if we can put a man up on the moon, why can’t we keep one down on the farm?” have contributed to a negative image. This image is extending to the whole of agriculture, and it is evident in bacculaureate enrollments, which declined by ≈30% in agriculture at land-grant universities between 1977 and 1983 (1).
Management of Hardy Nursery Stock Plants to Achieve High Yields of Quality Cuttings
Authors: Scott Margaret A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Efford Experimental Horticulture Station is part of the Agricultural Development and Advisory Service (ADAS) in the United Kingdom with responsibility for development trials with container-grown nursery stock and propagation from cuttings as one of its work sectors. This program has seen rapid expansion since 1973 and recently has been extended to include propagation in sun tunnels for field and container enterprises. Such programs require uniform batches of cuttings to reduce trial variability, and this becomes particularly important if, as often happens in larger-scale development work, complete replication is not possible.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide Enrichment During Stock Plant Cultivation
Authors: Molitor H. -D. , von Hentig W. -U. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Carbon dioxide enrichment has become an important factor in ornamental plant production during the past few years. Nurseries, especially those producing cuttings or young plants, increasingly use CO2 enrichment during stock plant cultivation and propagation. This development was brought about by new and inexpensive equipment for measuring and regulating greenhouse CO2 concentrations. Although the positive effect of CO2 enrichment on plant growth has been well established by previous investigations (3, 4, 6, 8, 9), optimum CO2 concentrations have not been clearly defined. Only a few previous investigations have dealt with the influence of CO2 enrichment on the growth and yield of stock plants and on successful propagation (1, 2, 5, 7, 10). Therefore, the aim of this study was to find optimum CO2 concentrations for stock plant cultivation and for the propagation of different plant species. Results with only five cultivars and species are presented, although 15 different species were tested.
Stock Plant Etiolation
Authors: Bassuk Nina , Maynard Brian 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The discovery and use of auxins in rooting and the development of mist propagation are unequivocal milestones in the history of propagation due to their broad applicability and effectiveness. Stock plant etiolation may prove to be in a similar class with these techniques. The practical use of stock plant etiolation to improve rooting in cuttings has largely been spurred on in the past 10 years by the successes achieved by Howard and others at the East Mailing Research Station, United Kingdom (9). For all the renewed interest, however, the practice of withholding light to improve propagation is probably an ancient one, having been employed every time a stool bed or layer was made or even a cutting inserted into opaque media.
Treatment of the Stock Plant with Plant Growth Regulators to Improve Propagation Success
Authors: Preece John E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Exogenously applied plant growth regulators (Table 1) may act by altering endogenous hormone systems, influencing interactions among these systems, or by disrupting portions of the plant (23). This activity generally occurs because the applied growth substance substitutes for a hormone, affecting its synthesis, catabolism, conjugation, transport, or receptor site(s).
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Blanpied G. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shortly after the turn of the century, mechanical refrigeration was incorporated into the fresh produce marketing chain in industrialized countries to reduce losses that occurred when fresh fruits and vegetables glutted the market at harvest time. Forty years later, controlled atmosphere (CA) storage was put into commercial practice to lengthen further the marketing period for the expanding apple crops in Western Europe and North America. Later, CA technology was applied to other fruit and vegetable crops. Today, many producers of fresh produce again are faced with the problems associated with large crops. They turned to postharvest horticulturists for the technology needed to lengthen the marketing periods so that their products can be sold at a profit. Much research has been, and will continue to be, conducted to improve the condition of commodities held in CA storage for prolonged periods of time.