bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Edge of Reason
Authors: Taylor Emmeline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues for a sociologically rich account of criminal motivations that acknowledges personal circumstance, cultural context and the pursuit of wrongdoing for its own sake, a phenomenon that is termed ‘affective transgression’. The concept of affective transgression is divided into three interrelated elements: affect as emotion, affect as transcendence, and affect as transformation. Reflecting the multiplicity of motivations and drivers, the armed robbers in this study had different trajectories to their offending behaviour. There were stories of violent upbringings, parental incarceration, homelessness, drug abuse, and falling in with the wrong crowd. Of course, money featured highly in self-reported reasons for committing commercial robbery, but beneath this simplistic motive lay other factors relating to self-identity, status, the evocative iconicity of robbers, and, for some, an intense urge for self-destruction that saw them recklessly embark on a path of violent abandon. While there were some old-school professionals in the sample who lamented the demise of the ‘art’ of armed robbery, largely they were chaotic, angry, despondent men, bleakly seeking a quick hit of hope to lift them, if only temporarily, from a morass of dejection.
The Lucky Country
Authors: Taylor Emmeline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
‘The Lucky Country’ outlines three key pivotal mythscapes in Australia’s cultural history: convict ancestry, the nineteenth-century gold-rush ‘diggers’, and the ‘Anzacs’. These powerful symbols of contemporary nationhood abound with legendary characters such as Ned Kelly encapsulating the essence of Australianness. The culturally distinct aspirations of ‘the Australian Dream’ are explored in this chapter, alongside the ways in which the frustrations of lack of opportunity and self-fulfilment translate into criminal behaviour. Some have argued that as the Golden Era has given way to post-industrialism, a crisis of masculinity has ensued. The stable narratives of modernity—family, identity, and belonging—have become fractured and fluid. As jobs are no longer for life, families are splintered, people become dislocated, and so, against this unstable backdrop, a project of constant reinvention emerges as a central life task. This chapter examines how instructive narratives of masculinity forged in the industrial era have been displaced in Australia, producing a culturally distinct expression of criminality.
Becoming an Armed Robber
Authors: Taylor Emmeline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter, ‘Becoming an Armed Robber’, focuses on the performativity and affective elements of identity transformation, explicating the ways in which offenders attempt to transform themselves, mentally and physically, into ‘armed robbers’ with varying degrees of success. Some young men had been exposed to violence, aggression, and criminality from a young age, whereas others were actively recruited to commit crimes by older uncles, cousins, and fathers. Several of the offenders had devised specific robbery rituals involving drugs, music, clothing, and weaponry in order to personify how they believed an armed robber should look, sound, feel, and act. Whereas most offenders seek not to be seen committing criminal acts, the modus operandi of the armed robber is one where they take centre stage, and this calls forth a certain degree of performativity. It is this dramatized display of ‘doing rob’, and the corporeal reactions it stimulates, that this chapter unpacks. The transformation was particularly striking for some individuals, particularly those who described themselves as being shy, weak, and physically slight. Starting from a point of timidity and depression, some drew upon various artefacts in order to affect and embody a fearless and threatening demeanour, whereas for others little performance was required.
Doing Rob (and Getting Away with It)
Authors: Taylor Emmeline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6, ‘Doing Rob (and Getting Away with It)’ focuses on the actual conduct of armed robberies. The chapter opens with an overview of how offenders choose their target and finds that while some individuals will spend months meticulously planning and observing the premises, others commit impulsive, spur-of-the-moment robberies that are high risk and low reward. The choice of weapon and use of violence are also outlined; firearms are mostly used in high-end targets, such as banks and hotels, where the presence of more people (customers and staff) requires a degree of ‘crowd control’ by offenders. Controlling many people at once was perceived to be very difficult to achieve with any weapon other than a gun. The chapter also outlines armed robbers’ willingness to use physical violence, focusing on why and when. Most self-reported as reluctant to use violence, often eschewing responsibility for their actions and blaming ‘wannabe heroes’ for making them do so. Although there were certainly some participants who enjoyed inflicting pain and fear on their victims, particularly as it allowed them to release their pent-up anger and frustration, most had established narratives of being honourable robbers who would only use violence as a last resort.
Such Is Life
Authors: Taylor Emmeline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10, ‘Such Is Life: Affect, Fatalism, and Crime’, is the final chapter of the book. It summarises the life trajectories of the armed robbers who participated in this study. By no means uniform, there were, however, similar themes relating to abuse, neglect, experiencing violence from an early age, homelessness, drug addiction, and feelings of low self-worth. Devoid of sensory stimulation in a land where they felt left behind, many would recklessly engage in the extremes of criminal behaviour. It was clear that their quest to construct identity and meaning from meagre resources prompted the ‘do or die’ mentality deeply entrenched in Australian narratives of white masculinity. Their stories reveal the plurality of criminal subjects and the complex reasons why they engage in violent crime. In drawing together the themes explicated throughout the book, the chapter makes the case for theoretical renewal in the field of criminology.
Housing
Authors: Brodie Marc 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter concentrates again upon unheard voices and desires, particularly those of women and other groups such as the elderly, whose less favourable views of their neighbourhoods, and demands for state action such as rehousing, were often less well reported. It argues that tensions and distrust among neighbours, and their complaints and fears about each other may have simply not appeared in the historical record because there was no ‘authority’ present to note these down. When there was, such as in the form of the rent-collecting women at the ‘model-dwelling’ Katharine Buildings in Whitechapel, a different dynamic became clear. This evidence can suggest what was the norm in other comparable but less monitored poor areas. Similar relationships and views are also seen, for example, in housing estates for the poor in early twentieth-century Glasgow.
Framing AU Law through the Lenses of International Constitutionalization and Federalism
Authors: Amao Femi 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
As an emergent concept, there is a need to examine and explore AU law from different perspectives in order to broaden its understanding. It is also a concept that is set to open up a panoply of debate from a variety of perspectives in years to come. The chapter thus explores AU law as an emergent legal order in the context of international constitutionalization and federalism. It considers AU law as a legal system and the interplay of that system with the idea of federalism and constitutionalization. It looks at the roles of Constitutive of the African Union, the African Union Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights as expressions of constitutionalization and federalism at the continental level.
The Evolution of the AU Private Business Structure
Authors: Otabor-Olubor Iyare 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
To facilitate the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA), and the implementation of the Convention on Cross-border Cooperation (Niamey Convention), harmonization of private business structures in the African Union (AU) should be prioritized. This analysis considers whether it is feasible for Africa to achieve continental harmonization of private business registration procedures in line with existing AU regulations. The current challenges in harmonizing business registration include the difficulty of doing business, the number of processes involved in registering a business, type of processes required, and involvement of third-party professionals. Eight jurisdictions in Sub-Saharan Africa and the MENA region are compared, based on recent secondary data from the World Bank Doing Business 2020 report. The discussion proceeds to explore reform initiatives of UNCITRAL Working Group I on Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprise reforms regarding its Draft Model Law, Draft Legislative Guide, and Best Practices in Business Registration. In conclusion, a tailor-made Business Registration Agreement under AU law to harmonize private business registration procedures for African businesses is recommended. The Business Registration Agreement, following the recommendations of the Niamey Convention 2014 and the AfCFTA Trade in Services Protocol, will serve as a driving force for Africa to achieve Agenda 2063 vision of inclusive economic growth and development.
Is the AU Best Placed to Advance Cross-Cutting Gender Rights’ Harmonization of Customary Laws?
Authors: Okoye Adaeze 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the nexus between gender rights and customary law in Africa. It examines women’s rights advocacy through the African Union (AU) against a background of legal pluralism within African legal systems. The focus is on customary laws and the drive to reconcile it with human rights. In March 2017, an AU/UN report was released on women’s rights in Africa. The report dealt with the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights and the Protocol (the African Charter) to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (the Maputo Protocol). The report identified that a number of countries had reservations about the Maputo Protocol on the grounds that certain articles were regarded as incompatible with their ‘national law, tradition, religion and culture’. It also identified the problem of ‘contestation’ between the ‘universality’ of human rights and particular African values relating to women. The chapter suggests that a contextual bottom-up approach should be key in creating and developing an AU law embedding gender rights issues in customary laws across the diverse states within the Union.
Enforcement Mechanisms in AU Human Rights Treaties: Lessons for the Wider AU Law
Authors: Olivier Michèle 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The adoption of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Banjul Charter) by the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1981 aimed to address a long and ongoing history of human rights abuses in Africa. The Banjul Charter received wide endorsement for its branding a uniquely African approach to human rights, reaching beyond the traditional Western human rights paradigm designed to safeguard human rights in the Global North following the Second World War. The Banjul Charter confronts African challenges head on by introducing the notion of ‘peoples’ rights’ in addition to the traditional ‘individual rights’, as well as the novel concept of ‘individual duties’. It paved the way for recognition of human rights by OAU members through inclusion in their national constitutions. A number of human rights treaties and other instruments dealing with specific areas of concern which include refugees, women, children, elections, freedom of expression, and so forth followed. This array of African human rights instruments speaks of good intentions and provide fertile ground for academic study. However, despite its ambitious design, human rights protection in Africa leaves much to be desired. As with many OAU/AU initiatives, the proof of the pudding is in the implementation or lack thereof. To make sense of the implementation conundrum, this chapter focuses on means and methods of enforcement of AU human rights instruments at both the international (AU) and national levels, with a view to identify how it could guide the discourse on emergent AU law.
The AU and Issues of Institutional Capacity and Enforcement
Authors: Imoedemhe Ovo 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In light of the emerging African Union (AU) legal order, this chapter examines AU’s institutions and courts to situate AU law in the wider context of AU’s enforcement mechanisms. In the nearly two decades of the operational phase of the AU, several institutions and courts have arguably ensured enforcements of its laws, policies, and decisions. Added to its judicial, human rights, and legal organs, the African Court of Human Rights has been at the disposal of the AU in the fight against human rights abuses and implementation of regional and international instruments in environmental and criminal law matters. What could potentially be the impact of these institutions on AU law? Also, will the evolving AU law require a separate enforcement mechanism, or could it rely on pre-existing institutions and courts? These issues become necessary in view of the AU’s commitment to implement Aspiration 3 of Agenda 2063, which amongst other things, envisions respect for human rights, justice, and the rule of law within the region. The chapter argues that the challenges of weak institutions, corruption, and internal conflicts are endemic within the continent. Therefore, it takes the view that a system of normative, cultural, and cognitive institutional reforms and transformation will be valuable.
Propagation and Enforcement of AU Law: Perspectives from the Peace and Security Arena
Authors: Ako Rhuks 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter contributes to the debate on the development of African Union (AU) law by focusing on the evolutionary process which it posits is underpinned by the evolution and operationalization of norms. Focusing on the peace and security arena, the chapter highlights the role that the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) plays in the evolutionary process of mainstreaming two contemporary issues – human rights and youth – into conflict prevention. The case studies of two thematic areas – human rights and youth – are used to highlight how issues hitherto thought to be unconnected to the peace and security agenda are gaining traction as being fundamental to it. The chapter discusses how the actions of and interactions among conflict prevention elements of the APSA have precipitated jurisprudence and practice on mainstreaming human rights and youth into the peace and security agenda. These norms, it is posited, underpin principles and actions that over time become state practice, or custom, within and among the AU Member States thereby contributing to its body of laws. In a nutshell, the chapter posits that mainstreaming at the continental level has impacts on regional institutions and Member States to the extent that they form part of the custom of practice, hence, form part of the evolving body of AU law.
AU Law and Its Future: Reform and the Kagame Report
Authors: Amao Femi , Olivier Michèle 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights the possible impact and significance of the contribution that the chapters in this edited volume make to the discourse on AU law. Drawing on broad trends and central themes emerging from a selection of the chapters, it is posited that the book will enhance legal debate amongst scholars and researchers of Africa as regards the various dimensions of the evolving continental legal system. In addition, they would guide and influence decision-makers at both the Member States and the regional level within the context of a reformed AU. Furthermore, the ideas contained in this book will hopefully facilitate and pave the way for the incremental theoretical and systematic understanding of this emergent legal system and make a positive contribution towards achieving the objectives of the AU’s Agenda 2063 and beyond. Moreover, key proposals from the book could shape decision-making, enhance the rule of law, empower Africa on the international stage, promote an investor friendly environment with legal certainty and harmonization, and improve political accountability and the human security of ordinary Africans.
The Legality of the Use of Force against Individuals in War—Description of a Difficulty
Authors: Yip Ka Lok 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the difficulty associated with speaking about the legality of the use of force against individuals in war to shed light on a fraught intersection between military operations, legal doctrines, and moral philosophy. The chapter is divided into three substantive sections. The first section surveys the key legal norms relevant to the use of force against individuals in war. The second section examines the key jurisprudence of international bodies and mechanisms that have considered the relationships among these legal norms. The third section reviews the key approaches to these relationships by dividing them into three broad categories according to their theoretical inclinations—positivist approaches, substantive approaches, and critical approaches—and outlines the approach adopted in this book by situating it against these key approaches.
Sins of Princes
Authors: Najemy John M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 surveys Machiavelli’s critical assessment of Italy’s princes and republics. He faults Venice for insatiable ambition for expansion without adequate arms. He criticizes Florence for inconsistent policies in its regional dominion, which produced the rebellions of Pisa (1494) and Arezzo (1502). Florentine policy in Italy he saw as controlled by private interests after Cosimo’s controversial decision to abandon Venice and support Francesco Sforza. The Milanese duchy under the Visconti and Sforza was frequently beset by succession crises and family rivalries. Machiavelli faults Sforza (before he seized the duchy) for practicing war as a full-time profession (“arte”) and highlights his brutality, and that of his heirs, Galeazzo Maria and Ludovico, against perceived threats. Italy’s central regions, including the papal states, produced many mercenaries who aspired to become rulers and also the so-called “minor princes,” who hired themselves out as professional soldiers, including Federico da Montefeltro of Urbino, Sigismondo Malatesta of Rimini, the Vitelli of Città di Castello, and the Este of Ferrara. Because Italy’s “principal states,” Machiavelli says with some exaggeration, were “unarmed,” the “arms of Italy” were in the hands of these two groups whose ambitions and betrayals frequently disrupted alliances and sparked wars among the “principal states.” The kingdom of Naples was agitated by revolts of the barons and by succession crises between Angevin and Aragonese contenders who embroiled other states in wars to defeat their rivals. Machiavelli portrays the Aragonese monarchs Alfonso I and Ferdinand I (Ferrante) as obsessed with aggressive territorial ventures.
Momentous and Natural Enmities
Authors: Najemy John M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 turns to Machiavelli’s theoretical reflections on the causes of Italy’s disaster. His principal conclusions focus on the excessive ambition of nobles (grandi) and the need to restrain it. In The Prince he advises princes who achieve power with the favor of fellow citizens to seek the support of the people, not the nobles. The Discourses advance the radical thesis that the conflicts in Rome between nobles and plebs, which led to the creation of the tribunes, were beneficial to liberty. Nobles seek to dominate, whereas the plebs seek only not to be dominated. Nobles are the more dangerous class because with their wealth they can undermine governments with their private factions. The popolo/plebs, by contrast, depend on the institutions (ordini) of government to restrain the nobles. The absence of ordini for the adjudication of slanders resulted in the downfall of the Soderini republic in 1512. Discourses 1.55 affirms that “gentiluomini” who exercise jurisdiction over territories and their inhabitants are “pernicious” to republics, which can exist only where they do not exist; otherwise, only monarchies are possible. Private power undermines the legal equality essential to republics. Nobles unwilling to part with any of their wealth pose a constant danger to republics, as the patrician resistance to the agrarian reform of the Gracchi shows. Cosimo de’ Medici’s rise to power with the support of his followers (partigiani) endangered Florence’s republic. Roman generals who made armies their partigiani—loyal to them instead of the senate—similarly undermined the Roman republic.
Futures of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Geraci Robert M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Twenty-first-century life is increasingly governed by artificial intelligence (AI) technologies such as machine learning, big data analysis, facial recognition, and robotics. For decades, an ideology of apocalyptic progress and cosmic transformation has accompanied the advancement of AI in the U.S.; that vision is intimately connected to transhumanism—the idea that humanity can transcend its limits, even mortality, using technology. Based on contributions from science and science fiction, advocates of such Apocalyptic AI suggest that the world will soon see godlike machine intelligence and that human beings will upload their minds into immortal machine bodies. The arrival of this ideology in India raises questions about how global cultures can contribute to AI technology and our beliefs about AI. These beliefs have gained a foothold in Indian visions of AI, but they have not been accepted uncritically; rather, Indian scientists and futurists revise the transhumanist vision and illustrate how traditional Hindu values can add to the global perspective. By describing the arrival and reconfiguration of transhumanist ideas in India, this book reveals how the nexus of religion and technology contributes to public life and our modern self-understanding while suggesting that the apocalyptic approach to AI should be tempered by other visions. By tracing the movement of Apocalyptic AI into India and exploring Indian efforts to redefine those transhumanist aspirations, Futures of Artificial Intelligence opens the door for rethinking our global approach to AI and advocates for technologies and visions of technology that advance human flourishing.
Waiting for the End of the World
Authors: Geraci Robert M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores how 19th- and 20th-century Indians understood history, science, and politics. The chapter shows that the colonial era prompted many Indians to think in terms of historical renewal: an end to foreign rule and a renaissance of Indian (generally considered Hindu) wisdom. That rebirth was contested by those who disagreed over the precise contributions of India’s past and the mixture of Indian and European culture. Nevertheless, significant intellectual agreement emerged that a hybrid culture would bring together Indian traditions with contemporary science and technology and result in political freedom. For many, this view of history and the future was apocalyptic in its expectations: a new world would be born and science proved central to that formation.