bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nietzsche’s Evaluative Practice
Authors: Poellner Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses some typical examples of the later Nietzsche’s evaluative practice, providing further evidence for his commitment to the kind of affective perceptualism attributed to him in Chapter 2. It is argued that Nietzsche’s first-order evaluative judgements are typically based on quasi-aesthetic experiences in a sense to be explained, many of which invite construal on the affective perceptualist model. The majority of these judgements concern the putative phenomenally intrinsic value of experiences, or patterns of experience (of others, or Nietzsche himself). Phenomenally intrinsic value of experiences thus provides the ground level of much of Nietzsche’s epistemology of value, and this concept is explained in some detail. In the last two sections two substantive Nietzschean commitments are discussed: the claim that the most significant (dis)values are associated with human or similar subjectivity, and the idea that ‘higher’ values cannot be fully conceptualized.
Indistinctness in Value Experience
Authors: Poellner Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines two ways in which our experience of value is frequently indistinct or otherwise cognitively deficient without obvious irrationality being involved. The first is the case of apparently perceptual but indistinct conscious emotions about present objects or states of affairs. The chapter examines the view, suggested by Charles Taylor, that such emotions might involve non-conceptual experiences of determinate values that are then explicated by appropriate descriptive efforts. The chapter argues against this picture and outlines an alternative understanding of these experiences as typically involving only determinable evaluative contents. The second kind of indistinct or deficient value experience relates to affectively imaginative representations of future ends. These are often cognitively deficient and (according to Sartre) typically inflate the value of those ends, yet without obvious and easily detectable irrationality being involved. An expansion of Sartre’s account of this phenomenon is offered, building on his idea of ‘symbolic’ objects of desire.
Northern Ireland, the BBC, and Censorship in Thatcher's Britain
Authors: Savage Robert J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This book addresses the British broadcast media’s coverage of the conflict in Northern Ireland throughout the 1980s, one of the most turbulent decades in post-war British and Irish history. It explores the incessant wrangling between the government of Margaret Thatcher and an aggressive broadcast media determined to provide objective news and information about the complexities of ‘the Troubles’ to regional, national, and international audiences. The Thatcher government was determined to protect its interests by shaping a narrative of the conflict in simplistic terms, presenting it as a fight between the democratic forces of law and order and ruthless terrorists hell-bent on carnage and chaos. Programming that questioned this simple paradigm by challenging the decisions, policies, and tactics of politicians, civil servants, and the army provoked outrage, angering governments intent on influencing how the conflict was presented at home and abroad. Senior officials employed a variety of tactics to try and shape a complex narrative, including threatening journalists with prosecution under the draconian Prevention of Terrorism Act. The constant pressure exerted by the government succeeded in encouraging self-censorship within both the BBC and IBA. Nevertheless, BBC and independent television companies remained determined to provide objective, cutting-edge reporting about the relentless violence of ‘the Troubles’. This resulted in the imposition of formal censorship in 1988. However, threatening, bullying, denouncing, and finally censoring the broadcast media did not enable London to control the contested narrative of ‘the Troubles’.
The Image of Northern Ireland
Authors: Savage Robert J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the difficult task that confronted the Thatcher government when trying to influence how the Northern Ireland conflict was presented by domestic and international broadcast media. It pays particular attention to how the government tried to influence American perceptions of the violence, examining mostly futile efforts of the Foreign Office that tried to counter narratives developed by American critics of British policy. The chapter also addresses the depiction of Northern Ireland to ‘mainland’ British audiences by considering a controversial programme titled Britain’s Wasteland, a documentary that examined the dire state of the Northern Ireland economy. The programme created a tremendous discord within Northern Ireland for highlighting high rates of unemployment, economic stagnation, and what was considered a pervasive sense of hopelessness and despair that gripped the region. The chapter addresses how business leaders and their political allies within Northern Ireland tried to protect the image of a region challenged by relentless political violence.
Routine Chaos?
Authors: Savage Robert J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers how the broadcast media addressed the continuing violence from the signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement until the introduction of censorship in October 1988. It considers why television coverage, much of it transmitted to regional, national, and international audiences, continued to provoke the anger of British authorities. In 1988 the BBC and Thames Television not only reported news about the ‘Troubles’ but became entangled in the conflict. The Thatcher government already viewed television as part of the Northern Ireland problem and in the aftermath of the violence sparked by the Gibraltar killings, made clear its disdain for programming decisions made by both Thames Television and the BBC. For Margaret Thatcher the gruesome violence of 1988, especially the killings of two soldiers in Andersonstown, demanded a more aggressive focus on security. The appalling violence and relentless images of bombings, shootings, and rioting, along with stories critical of the security services, upset the Prime Minister and an exasperated British public that was fed up with a conflict that had no end in sight.
The End of Censorship?
Authors: Savage Robert J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the persistence of the broadcasting ban and the failure of the BBC and independent television companies to mount a sustained and coherent effort to end censorship. It also addresses a renewed effort to introduce self-censorship by defining the language journalists used when describing the conflict. Twenty years after the outbreak of violence senior broadcasting officials tried to develop a ‘correct’ terminology for Northern Ireland reporting, illustrating that self-censorship remained part of Britain’s broadcasting culture. The chapter therefore addresses not only censorship but the continued issue of self-censorship that characterized British broadcasting throughout the long years of ‘the Troubles’. In addressing the notoriety of the broadcast ban, the chapter explores how American activists exploited Britain’s censorship of the broadcast media both to embarrass the British government and humiliate the BBC. The chapter concludes with the decision by John Major’s government to end the censorship of broadcasting in the United Kingdom. The unfolding peace process made the British government’s embrace of political censorship look increasingly foolish and proved unsustainable.
Legitimation by Constitution
Authors: Michelman Frank , Ferrara Alessandro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This book recollects and extends a series of exchanges between the two authors, conducted over past decades and inspired by the constitution-centred ‘liberal principle of legitimacy’ proposed by John Rawls in his work on political liberalism. Rawls tied the possibility of a liberally just and stable democratic government in modern pluralized societies to a dualist conception of democracy—a subjection of ground-level majoritarian lawmaking to the constraints of a higher-law constitution that most or all citizens could find acceptable as a framework for their politics. From a shared standpoint of sympathy with the aims of the political-liberal philosophy and its contained idea of legitimation-by-constitution, the exchanges work their ways through difficulties standing in the way of that conception’s fulfilment on terms consistent with political liberalism’s ideas about political justification and avoidance of oppression. In three parts, these chapters focus first on tensions between government by the people and government by consent, and some resulting mysteries of democratic constitutional foundations. Next they take up challenges posed to judicial and other authorities charged with concrete applications of typically and necessarily abstract constitutional law. Finally, they turn to a magnification of these mysteries, tensions, and challenges under the lenses of ambition towards transnational legal ordering. Along the way, the discussions treat with works of other leading contemporary theorists of constitutional democracy, including Bruce Ackerman, Ronald Dworkin, and Jürgen Habermas.
The Challenge of ‘Most Reasonable for Us’
Authors: Michelman Frank I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
How can we purge from a liberal polity’s regnant conception of rightness or fitness in politics all traces of ‘modern universalism’ (natural law), while still maintaining a liberal commitment to government by consent among free and equal persons? Joining with Alessandro Ferrara in pursuit of that question, this chapter by Michelman draws heavily from Michelman’s 1999 commentary on work of Jürgen Habermas, where Habermas (by Michelman’s reading) showed how an experience of the universal and unconditional bindingness of a certain set of reasons for action can be salvaged from the effect of a philosophical ‘linguistic turn’, according to which a people’s morality is a particular product of its language broadly understood. Michelman reads Habermas to show how a people can share a wholly valid experience of the unconditionally obligatory in social relations, through a moral conception that is nevertheless language dependent and so not necessarily accessible from within every human form of life.
Constitutional Interpretation: A Dualist Democrat’s Dilemma
Authors: Michelman Frank I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In his book The Democratic Horizon (2014), Alessandro Ferrara takes up two kinds of recently developing, severe impediments to a felt experience, in countries of the constitutional-democratic West, of self-government by the people. One is a daily subjection of citizens to sundry regulatory regimes—bureaucratic or privatized—of which they cannot plausibly see themselves as authors. The other is an increasingly insistent presence in our countries of populations who do not include themselves within the tradition we know as constitutional democracy. This chapter shows how Ferrara’s book offers the idea of ‘dualist’ democracy—the conduct of a country’s daily government under judicially administered direction from a higher-law constitution attributable to the political agency of the people of that country—as a response to both these problems (as the chapter names them) of ‘occlusion of authorship’ and ‘shortfall of agreement’. The chapter draws parallels between Ferrara’s treatments and the ‘liberal principle of legitimacy’ proposed by John Rawls. It claims that a simultaneous pursuit, through dualist democracy, of both government by the people and government by consent poses a non-resolvable dilemma for judicial constitutional interpretation.
Can Legitimation by Constitution Apply Beyond the State?
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses Michelman’s account of a possible transposition of the model of legitimation-by-constitution to the transnational level. At the domestic level, the constitutional essentials supposedly reflect some underlying shared political conception of justice, such as justice as fairness. Reasons are offered, in the chapter, to doubt an assignment of equivalent status—that of a shared conception of justice for a well-ordered global society—to Rawls’s proposed eight chartering principles for a society of peoples. More specifically, in order to be more normatively binding than just the outcome of the incidentally converging wills of the signatory states, the principles of justice for a worldwide political association would have to reflect some political conception of justice for the global level. Justice as fairness cannot play that function, on account of its individual-egalitarian premises, uncontested only at the domestic level. Towards the end of the chapter, the normative notion of ‘the good or flourishing of humanity as a whole’ is propounded as an alternative for the role of a ‘political’ conception of justice undergirding the constitution for a society of peoples.
A Political Conception of a People (and its Consequence)
Authors: Michelman Frank I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Accepting from Ferrara that Rawls preserves the democratic underpinnings of his conception for a society of peoples (‘SOP’) by scaling up the constituent membership from the level of persons to that of peoples, legitimacy for the SOP must still attend to matters of the distributions of authority within the states correlative to the constituent peoples. Just as the political conception of a morally justified state order requires for its construction a ‘political conception of the person’, so does a parallel political conception for the SOP require a political conception of a constituent people (to be distinguished from a political conception of humanity as offered by Ferrara in Chapter 10). Such a conception is to be found in a constituent people’s convergence on a set of constitutional essentials conforming to principles and ideals uniting them as a people. It follows that any coercive powers of the SOP must be framed so as not to clash with the internal essential constitutional guarantees of any constituent people or state. The result will be a ‘chequerboard’ structure for the coercive powers of any SOP. Following Ferrara’s hope in Chapter 10 for benign effects from the force of the example, that might not be so bad.
Concluding Reflections
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Our exchange, in Part III, on a possible distillation of a justification-supportive political reasonability for the case of a transnational order has brought us full circle to a deepened appreciation of the depth of the problem in the domestic-state case. We offer, then, these separate concluding reflections. Ferrara highlights two major contributions of the later Rawls: (a) a singularized normativity of the ‘most reasonable’, which breaks through the post-Wittgensteinian sterile clash between renewed programmes for lifeform-independent foundations and mere reconstructions of locally prevailing codes; (b) a reformulation of the ‘consent of the governed’ as ‘legitimation by constitution’, in response to circumstances of heightened complexity and pluralism. Full fruition of these contributions will still require expansions of Rawls’s constitutional theory with reference to (a) a political conception of the demos; (b) application of the standard of the most reasonable to constitutional adjudication; (c) implicit limits of the voters’ power to amend the constitution.
Ecologies of War and Revolt
Authors: Keating Jennifer 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Just as ecological crisis has often prefigured renewed waves of imperial expansion, so it also has the capacity to significantly destabilize empires. The final chapter closes the volume with a discussion of the years of the First World War in Turkestan. During this period, escalating tensions generated by the expropriation of rural land prior to 1914, coupled with the environmental pressures of global warfare—which included the requisitioning of plants, animals, and labour alongside the renewed exploitation of nature above and below ground—culminated in a massive anti-colonial uprising in the summer and autumn of 1916. The chapter suggests that the uprising had very clear environmental dimensions in its form as well as its causes, and traces the strategies of Central Asians, settlers, and state officials in which attacks on livestock, standing crops, railway and telegraph infrastructure, and land expropriation and forced resettlement were all commonplace. In this sense, the chapter suggests that many contemporary sources can be read against the grain: rather than being a period of lawlessness and chaos, these were months when the environment became an object and subject of resistance and retribution, with violence neither ahistorical nor anarchic, but value-laden and deeply political. The revolt ultimately heralded the disintegration of imperial power in Turkestan, and brought front and centre the ecological roots of political instability.
The Pissing Evil
Authors: Hall Kersten T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The name ‘diabetes’ derives from the ancient Greek word meaning ‘to flow’ or ‘siphon’ and describes one of the most common symptom of diabetes—the passing of large amounts of urine, for which it was given the far more colourful name of ‘The pissing evil’ by seventeenth-century English physician Thomas Willis (1625–1675). First mentioned on an ancient Egyptian papyrus as a disease of sweet urine, it was physicians like Matthew Dobson (1735–1784) and John Rollo who showed it was due to high levels of sugar; both proposed that the condition might therefore be controlled by dietary restriction. In the late nineteenth century, Oskar Minkowski and Josef von Mering demonstrated that the pancreas played a central role in controlling blood sugar levels. This information led French physiologist Charles-Edouard Brown-Séquard (1817–1893) to speculate that this might be due to the action of a hormone.
‘In Praise of Wool’
Authors: Hall Kersten T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
By the mid-1920s, insulin was saving the lives of diabetic patients, but its chemical nature remained a mystery. This chapter uses novel archival sources to show how work in an unlikely field of science far removed from biomedical research played a crucial role in unravelling the chemical mystery of insulin. Working at the Wool Industries Research Association in Leeds, UK, Archer Martin and Richard Synge developed partition chromatography, a method for the chemical analysis of proteins in wool fibres. Although this method was originally intended for the benefit of local textile industries, it left a legacy beyond the wool mills of West Yorkshire. It helped to overturn the then-dominant idea held by eminent biophysicists like William Astbury that amino acids were arranged in orderly mathematical patterns and to lay the ground for a revolution in biology.
The Blobs That Won a Nobel Prize
Authors: Hall Kersten T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insulin was the very first protein to have its complete sequence of amino acids determined. Accomplished by Fred Sanger in 1953, The Times compared his achievement with running the four-minute mile and five years later Sanger was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Sanger himself was adamant, however, that he could not have achieved this without the use of Martin’s and Synge’s method of partition chromatography, and his success, in turn, inspired Dorothy Hodgkin to return to solving the three-dimensional structure of insulin using X-ray crystallography. Hodgkin had started working on insulin in 1935 and in the meantime had solved the structures of vitamin B12 and penicillin, for which she was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Five years later, she finally solved the structure of insulin. Sanger’s and Hodgkin’s successes inspired attempts to synthesize the molecule artificially.
The Prophet in the Labyrinth
Authors: Hall Kersten T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sanger’s application of partition chromatography to the analysis of insulin was crucial in showing that different proteins have a defined sequence of amino acids arranged in a specific order. But thanks to its application by Erwin Chargaff, Martin’s and Synge’s method was also central in explaining how DNA carried genetic information. Using partition chromatography, Chargaff found striking differences in the relative amounts of nucleotide bases from nucleic acids in different species. This offered the first hint that genetic information might reside at the level of the sequence of bases. Chargaff’s analysis also played a crucial role in Watson’s and Crick’s double-helical model of DNA, first published in 1953, after which a number of scientists (George Gamow, Francois Jacob, Jacques Monod, Marshall Nirenberg) showed how the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA determined the precise order of amino acids in a protein.
‘Don’t You Want Cheap Insulin?’
Authors: Hall Kersten T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The flotation of Genentech on the US stock market in 1980 turned its founders Bob Swanson and Herb Boyer into multimillionaires. Although human insulin caused great excitement for traders on Wall Street, however, the medical community was sober. Some clinicians felt that it offered no real clinical benefit over existing porcine and bovine insulins with which patients had treated their diabetes since the 1920s. What was the point of the frantic race between rival researchers to be the first to produce human insulin? This chapter explores this, and some of the wider social and political questions, raised by new medical technologies like human insulin and its subsequent analogues. Moreover, as we face a world shaped by the current Covid-19 pandemic, the chapter argues that the story of insulin has lessons for us all, whether or not we have diabetes.
‘this warm scribe my hand’
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two ideas of literature, as reading and writing, emerge from the eighteenth century, with reading a function of books and writing—the realm of drafts and revisions in the author’s hand—opening onto a private space promising personality and authenticity. The period saw various attempts to bridge the gap that mass printing opens between the spaces of writing and reading, among which is the Romantic-era cult of the autograph. The Romantic period saw the emergence of the writer as celebrity. The writer’s autograph combines the literary history of Romanticism with the material history of the collectible.
The Public Library
Authors: Hayes Kevin J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A parallel chapter to the first, “The Public Library” examines the public libraries of the ideal future that the utopian novelists imagined. Many of the innovations they imagined correct problems that real public libraries faced in late-nineteenth-century America. They make public libraries convenient to all utopian citizens, who enjoy using them regularly. Many utopian novelists give the public library a prominent place in town, giving it symbolic value: A great city must have a great library. In the ideal future, the public library would open its shelves to everyone instead of cautiously guarding its books against the public. Many of the utopian novelists imagined ways to manage the proliferation of print. Their solutions often sound more dystopian than utopian: many foresaw the destruction of many books in the future.