bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La Vera´s vernacular architecture. Structural design and climate protec-tion in timber frame wall houses using constructive systems and local ma-terials.
Authors: Franco Rodríguez Elena , Bujalance Mónica 
Published: September 2022

La Vera is a region in the west of Extremadura in Spain, on the southern slope of the Sierra de Gredos. Its architecture was designed for a rural way of life about to disappear. Three municipalities declared Historic and Artistic Sites were studied to define and explain their design and construction systems. A wooden frame structure is typical in the region, which uses sun-dried bricks in the infills and leaves the wooden structure visible from the outside. Its composite materials, clay and wood, subject to water and sun damage, are made resistant to weather via an extremely intelligent, skilled combination of wood, clay, pigments, lime mortars and paint. Verata´s wood frame structure is explained in detail, with every element named and how it works. Unique to these structures is the use of different elements as counterweights, which is considered a safety measure. Foundations built on granite and clay transfer moisture up the walls which results in the way in which paint and mortars are found. They have a clay or lime base, combined with pigments. The mixtures and application techniques have been documented from oral transmission. The selection of the base material of paint and mortars depends on their ventilation capacity and which waterproof or disinfection properties are required. Pigments are used as additives to increase these properties while obtaining the colour required. Nowadays, facilities to allow ventilation and sunlight are needed. This makes us question how all the applied knowledge developed over centuries can be preserved. This symbiosis of technique, design, structural knowledge, and close material use is the essence of Verata´s architecture.
Heritage and community centre in Matta Sur, Chile
Authors: Rivera Vidal Amanda , Gomez Maestro Carmen 
Published: September 2022

The Matta Sur neighbourhood in Santiago acquired official protection for its heritage value in 2016. It is the largest protected area in the city and one of the few in which vernacular architecture, local lifestyles and community networks withstand the city's rapid urban development. It has a regular urban structure of wide streets framed by continuous facades, which predominantly belong to one-storey homes, organised around a central courtyard. They are built combining burnt or raw masonry and wood and earth traditional building systems, which are now discontinued and often misunderstood, leading to poor interventions which deteriorate the quality of buildings and liveable spaces. The Heritage and Community Centre Project attends the need for comprehensive interventions to approach appropriate conservation of Matta Sur under these circumstances. This project aims, on one hand, to provide a suitable community space within the neighbourhood and, on the other, to set an example for appropriate intervention, management and maintenance of the vernacular constructions in the neighbourhood. All of the process is developed through community-based design and intervention, attending to the role of community organisations in Chile, which have been traditionally responsible for filling the gap between public policies and community wellbeing, particularly in urban contexts, through strong solidarity networks. Through a process of co-design and co-management, the project aims to refurbish a traditional house of the neighbourhood into a community centre in which various community initiatives converge and which allows for these solidarity networks to keep functioning in a contemporary context.
Qualitative, historical, spatial, stylistic, and social assessment of heritage buildings in Arequipa for Cultural Heritage teaching in Schools of Architecture
Authors: Coll-Pla Sergio , Medina-Sánchez Tatiana , Mayta-Ponce Denis , Málaga-Montoya Daniel , Cuzziramos-Gutiérrez Fernando , Costa-Jover Agustí 
Published: September 2022

The old town of Arequipa - Peru was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000. The architectural style of the buildings in the city of Arequipa has evolved, adapting to the prevailing architectural trends over time, and to the constant earthquakes that have marked the pattern of its transformation through history. Some of the main identified styles are Andean baroque, neo-colonial, historicist, modernist, and postmodernist. This project proposes a qualitative, historical, spatial, and stylistic analysis of the buildings built in the city according to academic criteria and the collective memory of the inhabitants of Arequipa. The applied method consists of a stage-by-stage evaluation of the main representative buildings in the city using mapping and matrix tabulations from graphic documentation, in situ surveys, academic criteria according to the categories of antiquity, historicity, instrumentality and artistic value. In addition, the study aims to reflect the point of view of the buildings’ inhabitants, whilst becoming a useful tool for them. It will result in the development of a catalog of relevant buildings that will help to understand their representativeness in society.
Rigour, methodology and use, success in heritage conservation: The tower of the St. Mary Magdalene`s church.
Authors: Rodríguez Cantalapiedra Pedro 
Published: September 2022

The church of Santa María Magdalena of Matapozuelos (Valladolid) from the sixteenth century, made of Mudejar masonry brickwork combines late Gothic with Renaissance elements, is a Cultural Interest Asset. Its prominent tower is the object of this project. It was proposed the tower is restored to its original monumental value and condition, giving it a new life. The most significant change has been the installation of a fixed staircase extending the existing one to access the bell tower and upper levels, allowing controlled access for visitors and creating a more open and bright interior space, giving it a more functional sense, without losing the permeability of the bell tower. The research begins with the previous studies: historical, archaeological, petrological, photogrammetric and architectural, justifying the action theoretically. This led to the use of traditional methods and materials from the surrounding area in order to preserve the vernacular heritage: the tejar brickwork, the wood in the floorboards and woodwork (specifically elm wood), the vault cladding and the lime rendering of the walls, are highlighted. The problems were identified by classifying them according to their degree of complexity and a project diagnosis was made that served to take the necessary measures for their restoration. Three levels of intervention are established according to their volume of affection, three action groups are proposed according to the nature of the objective to fulfil, and three actions are qualified according to the contribution to the building to be preserved: repair, replacement or addition. This time of methodological study makes us achieve an exhaustive knowledge and a sensory closeness to the building, which makes us "feel it inside": History in architecture is important when it becomes blood. (Ignazio Gardella. Verona 1991. Conference: "My first 90 years in Architecture").
Lessons from the past, architecture for the future. Coupling historic preservation with sustainable architecture
Authors: Vitti Paolo 
Published: September 2022

Restoration of built heritage can serve not only to preserve historical documents of the past but also to provide models for new sustainable architecture. Vernacular and, more generally, historic architecture is by its nature sustainabile and resilient. It is largely the result of experience and acquired knowledge, and shows how local resources can be used in a thoughtful and rational way in new construction. For this reason, it can inspire low-energy solutions necessary to address the current climate crisis. Conservation projects, in their turn, allow us to analyze the fabric of historic buildings, to understand which materials were used, how they were transformed and assembled, and how they offered the best response to the needs of use and resistance to the elements and natural hazards. In this paper, conservation of traditionaly-built architecture and new sustainable architecture are discussed as two partners pursuing the common goal of reducing the effects of climate change. The author investigates the way conservation and analysis of historic buildings allows us to interpret the complex and articulated reality of regional architecture. By retrieving the analysis of historic construction as a fundamental component for understanding architecture and adopting manual graphic records as a tool for expressing the complexity of the fabric of a building, it is possible to identify local building traditions and inspire new sustainable architecture.
Ghadames, Libya A traditional Earthen Settlement, Resilient to Crises and Environmental Challenges
Authors: ABDULAC Samir 
Published: September 2022

Ghadames, a World Heritage property, is an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, representative of a traditional culture and human interaction with its environment. The old town has a symbiotic relationship with its surrounding oasis. Its earthen housing design is extremely original and climatically adapted. Serious human and environmental challenges increased recently. The community of Ghadames has however always been, responsible for the exceptional qualities of this site, from its inception to its conservation. An active local convenient authority was purposefully set up for conservation. Fortunately, the present crisis in Libya only caused indirect damage. . Our paper aims at better inform about Ghadames little known heritage features, encountered challenges and conservation achievements. Through this particular case study, our multi-faceted paper aims to demonstrate how a comprehensive approach, in construction, architecture, urbanism, landscaping, irrigation, climate, law and institutions, is important for understanding and planning conservation issues. @
FROM INTANGIBLE TO TANGIBLE Artisan Skills and Traditional Crafts for Preserving Venice’s Built Heritage
Authors: Squassina Angela 
Published: September 2022

Venice can be regarded as a test bed for any preservation strategy. From its very origins, the city has always had to withstand hostile environmental conditions, such as unstable soil, overflowing tides, and rising damp. Hence traditional materials and techniques are the result of a thousand-year-old selection aimed at improving their durability. Since the end of the nineteenth century, however, historical surfaces have been progressively replaced by new short-lasting plasters, following the trend of systematic refurbishment meant to maximize economic output with disregard for good practices. As tourism became the driving force of a social, cultural, and architectural transformation, a sharp decrease in local population and craftsmanship has caused the loss of traditional know-how, leading to irreversible decline and low-quality interventions. All this makes it necessary to reconsider the use of traditional materials and building skills, trusting, once again, in the Venetian craftsmen who are the repositories of local material culture and in the intangible know-how that can be crucial in protecting the city’s tangible built heritage. Joint efforts between the Iuav and local craftsmen are now underway in this regard. This synergy is making it possible to readdress an operational approach in which preservation is understood as the broadest possible care-for practice capable of providing continuous maintenance and control over architectural variances. Urgent too is the need to transfer traditional know-how from the elder custodians to the younger generations who will have the cultural and operational task of safeguarding Venice’s future. Finally, fostering traditional good practices may also help develop local, cost-effective, site-specific efforts capable of promoting positive economic-and-social reversion. Reintroducing traditional high-quality materials and artisan skills, together with controlled, compatible innovation, should be regarded as a sort of living idea of tradition, connecting past and future in protecting Venice’s material authenticity – its main tangible resource and a specific requisite for a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Measurement report: Ambient volatile organic compound (VOC) pollution in urban Beijing: characteristics, sources, and implications for pollution control
Authors: Cui Lulu , Wu Di , Wang Shuxiao , Xu Qingcheng , Hu Ruolan , Hao Jiming 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The increasing ozone (O3) pollution and high fraction of secondary
organic aerosols (SOA) in fine particle mass has highlighted the importance of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air pollution control. In this work,
four intensive field measurements of VOCs during winter of 2018 (from 1 December 2018 to 17 January 2019), spring (15 April to 27 May), summer
(17 June to 13 July), and autumn (22 September to 27 November) of 2019 were
conducted at an urban site in Beijing to characterize VOC sources and their
contributions to air pollution. The total mixing ratio of the 95 quantified
VOCs (TVOC) observed in this study ranged from 5.5–118.7 ppbv with the mean
value of 34.9 ppbv. Alkanes, OVOCs, and halocarbons were the dominant
chemical groups, accounting for 75 %–81 % of the TVOC across the sampling
months. The molar ratios of VOCs to NOx indicated that O3
formation was limited by VOCs during the whole sampling period. Positive
matrix factorization (PMF) analysis showed that diesel vehicle exhaust,
gasoline vehicle exhaust, and industrial emissions were the main VOC sources
during both the O3-polluted and PM2.5-polluted months. On the basis
of O3 formation impact, VOCs from fuel evaporation and diesel exhaust,
particularly toluene, xylenes, trans-2-butene, acrolein, methyl
methacrylate, vinyl acetate, 1-butene, and 1-hexene, were the main
contributors, illustrating the necessity of conducting emission controls on
these pollution sources and species to alleviate O3 pollution.
Instead, VOCs from diesel exhaust as well as coal and biomass combustion were found to
be the dominant contributors to secondary organic aerosol formation
potential (SOAFP), particularly the VOC species of toluene, 1-hexene,
xylenes, ethylbenzene, and styrene, and top priority should be given to these
for the alleviation of haze pollution. This study provides insights for the
government to formulate effective VOC control measures for air pollution in
Beijing.
Brief communication: Impact forecasting could substantially improve the emergency management of deadly floods: case study July 2021 floods in Germany
Authors: Apel Heiko , Vorogushyn Sergiy , Merz Bruno 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Floods affect more people than any other natural hazard; thus flood warning and disaster management are of utmost importance. However, the operational hydrological forecasts do not provide information about affected areas and impact but only discharge and water levels at gauges. We show that a simple hydrodynamic model operating with readily available data is able to provide highly localized information on the expected flood extent and impacts, with simulation times enabling operational flood warning. We demonstrate that such an impact forecast would have indicated the deadly potential of the 2021 flood in western Germany with sufficient lead time.
Nursing leadership – major difficulties and opportunities
Authors: Dadheech Surendra 
Published: September 2022

Recognizing the elements of nursing leadership is crucial to ensuring a secure future for nurse leaders who can influence outcomes for healthcare workers and patients. Health care managers’ leadership behaviors can have a beneficial or bad impact on the outcomes for organizations, providers, and ultimately, patients. The purpose of this research is to undertake a detailed check of the interdisciplinary literature to identify factors that influence nursing leadership and the efficiency of intervention strategies in assisting nurses to develop these skills. The nursing field is quite well to prepare, adapt, and take the initiative in these times of deep change and through the impending anticipated changes in the healthcare environment. Nurse leadership is crucial for accurate data collection. To enhance nursing patient care, nursing requires leaders that are very creative in their thinking. These leaders must be able to connect various pieces of information that at first glance appear unconnected and test out new strategies.
Investigating the cost-effective energy efficiency practices with mitigated rebound: the case of energy intensive industries
Authors: Adel Barkhordar Zahra 
Published: September 2022

The present study aims at finding a practical policy for reducing energy consumption in through simultaneous energy subsidy reduction and energy efficiency improvement. To be a practical solution, the efficiency practices should be chosen from feasible energy efficiency potentials. To mitigate the economy-wide rebound effect, energy price should be increased in accordance with efficiency enhancement.
The combination of a top-down dynamic general equilibrium model with a bottom-up efficiency improvement module is used to find the set of efficiency practices that should be realized in each period along with the required increase in energy prices. Choosing efficiency practices depends on their costs and on the available funds. The model is applied for the energy-intensive industries in Iran.
The model results show that over less than ten years, the energy efficiency of electrical and natural gas equipment in energy intensive industries of Iran can be increased by 12.7% and 18.1% respectively. The rebound effect starts with values above 80% and then falls below zero percent which indicates the success of the proposed policy in preventing the rebound effect. Results also demonstrate that the implementation of the policy realizes the 4% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2030 which is Iran's unconditional pledge.
On the Tertiary Flora of Eastern India
Authors: Chowdhury K.A. 
Published: September 2022

The available information on the Tertiary flora of eastern India is reviewed. The distribution of some genera between the middle Tertiary period and now shows a considerable difference, indicating a trend of migration towards south and east. But there are other genera which show little difference in their distribution.
A comparative study of the middle Tertiary flora of Europe, North America, the Indo-Malayan region and eastern India has been made and the general features in their vegetation are indicated.
No clue is yet available on the migration of some temperate genera to the hills of Indo-Malayan region.
Araucarites Bindrabunensis sp. nov., a petrified megastrobilus from the Jurassic of Rajmahal Hills, Bihar
Authors: Vishnu-Mittre  
Published: September 2022

Under the name Araucarites bindrabunensis sp. nov. two specimens of petrified araucarian megastrobili are described from the Raj mahal Hills. Bihar. The megastrobili are ellipsoid in form and bear closely arranged, numerous, single-seeded scales. The scales are ligulate, winged and woody. Vascular supply of the cone-scales is probably double. Sclereids are absent from the pith of the cone axis and resin cells from below the vascular bundles both in the scale and the ligule. Stomata are absent from the upper surface of the seed-scale. Epidermal cells vary in size and shape according to their position on the scale.
In several respects the Rajmahal specimens resemble the fossil species Araucaria mirabilis (Speg.) Calder and the living species A. Bidwillii Hook.
The classification of gymnospermous plants
Authors: Pant Divya Darshan 
Published: September 2022

Various systems of classification of the gymnospermous plants are briefly reviewed. Arnold's classification (Bot. Gaz., 1948) is tentatively modified as follows:
Division: Cycadophyta- Class 1. Pteridospermopsida, Orders: 1. Lyginopteridales, 2. Medullosales, 3. Glossopteridales, 4. Peltaspermales, 5. Corystospermales, 6. Caytoniales; Class 2. Cycadopsida, Order: 7. Cycadales; Class 3. Pentoxylopsida, Order: 8. Pentoxylales; Class 4. Cycadeoideopsida, Order 9. Cycadeoideales.
Division: Chlamydospermophyta- Class Gnetopsida, Orders: 1. Gnetales (restricted to Gnetum), 2. Welwitschiales. Division: Coniferophyta- Class 1. Coniferopsida, Orders: 1. Cordaitales. 2. Ginkgoales; 3. Coniferales; Class 2. Ephedropsida. 4. Ephedrales; Class 3. Czekanowskiopsida. Order: 5. Czekanowskiales; Class 4. Taxopsida. Order: 6. Taxales.
The position of the Pentoxylales, Ephedrales, Glossopteridales and Czekanowskiales is discussed in the light of recent research.
A preliminary survey of the post-glacial vegetational history of the Kashmir valley.
Authors: Singh Gurdip 
Published: September 2022

Pollen-analytical investigations of Post-glacial deposits from four sites (Toshmaidan, Braman, Walanwar and Damamsar) distributed over the Kashmir Valley slopes of the Pirpanjal Range constitute the subject matter of this paper. The study reveals for the first time the Post-glacial vegetational history of the Kashmir Valley especially with regard to Post-glacial climatic alterations, biotic influences on vegetational development and the phytogeography of the region.
The sequence is divisible into eight stages. The forest history began with an open vegetation with conifer woods consisting of blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) and cedar (Cedrus deodara). During the ensuing period a set of warmth and moisture demanding broad-leaved elements such as oaks, alder, birch (Betula alnoides), elm, walnut, maple and Rhus immigrated indicating a climatic trend towards increasing warmth. Later, forests comprised dominantly of broad-leaved elements established themselves marking thereby a phase of optimum warmth which in turn was followed by the re-establishment of conifers, a fact pointing towards the return of colder conditions. The conifer woods were mainly comprised of Pinus wallichiana and Abies webbiana.
Some of the changes in the vegetational sequence are also believed to have been induced by man's direct or indirect influence on vegetation. Evidence of maize cultivation in the past has also been brought out. The bearing of this work on the history of some of the mesophytic elements such as Quercus spp., Alnus and Betula alnoides, which are today absent from the Kashmir Valley, is also discussed.
The Tertiary flora of India and probable disposition of continents
Authors: Chowdhury K.A. , Chowdhury K.A. 
Published: September 2022

Rock magnetism of the Deccan Traps of India consistently indicates the position of this land, during the early Eocene period, at about 30° south of the equator There is also evidence to show that the movement from that to the present position has been gradual An analysis of the Tertiary fossil woods of India, so far recorded, shows a general agreement with both these conclusions arrived at through palaeomagnetic investigation, and thus supports strongly continental drift in preference to polar wandering. Much more additional data are, however, necessary on palaeomagnetism and fossil plants before continental drift is accepted as an established theory.
A further investigation of the ligneous fossils of Combretaceae from South India
Authors: Ramanujam C.G.K. 
Published: September 2022

The paper deals with a study of three new species of silicified woods of Terminalioxylon recently collected from the Cuddalore sandstones near Pondicherry in South India. These are viz., T. grandiporosum sp. nov., T. traumaticum sp. nov., and T. coromandelinum sp. nov. With these the rocks of Cuddalore series have so far yielded altogether seven species of Terminalioxylon. Based upon the known palaeobotanical data, the past and present distributional pattern of Terminalia has been briefly discussed.
A key for the identification of the known species of Terminalioxylon has been provided.