bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ Measurements of Electrical Impedance and Resistance of Fruits: A Review
Authors: Lougheed E. C. , Fischer C. W. , Murr D. P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In situ measurements of impedance and resistance of fruits have not found general use in measuring fruit maturation, senescence, and physiological condition despite some advantages over measurements of electrolyte leakage (exosmosis) from excised tissue. The advantages are ease and rapidity of techniques and preservation of the fruit for other analyses. The disadvantages or difficulties are the small measurable differences, cost and suitability of instrumentation for rapid measurements, choice of frequency of imposed current, suitable placement of electrodes to compensate for variation, and interpretation of data in physiological terms relating to membrane permeability or other developmental changes. With proper selection of methods and instrumentation, in situ impedance and resistance measurements have a potential not yet exploited.
The Clone in Horticulture
Authors: Kester Dale E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The clone is one of the basic categories of cultivar (4) with extremely important applications in horticulture. “Cloning” can be defined as the vegetative regeneration of a single genotype as represented by a single plant, single growing point, single meristem, or single explant. More recently this term has been expanded to cover regeneration of a fragment of a chromosome or gene. Cloning is a powerful procedure both as a plant selection tool for breeding and as a plant propagation tool for reproduction. This paper focuses attention on the opportunities and problems in propagation as it relates to horticulture.
Variation at the Cellular Level
Authors: Sinden Stephen L. , Shepard James F. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Certain plant species have been propagated clonally over long periods of time using classical techniques. Variants occasionally appear, but usually in relatively low frequencies (31). Thus, “carbon copies” of the parent plant might have been expected when tissue explants and single cells were first isolated and regenerated into plants by cell-culture techniques. Most regenerated plants are, in fact, apparent exact copies of the parent plant (40, 41). However, some culture systems now available for commercial propagation and research purposes appear to produce cell cultures and regenerated plants with considerable phenotypic variability.
Selection of Lines of Agaricus brunnescens Peck for Higher Production Temperatures
Authors: Horna S. L. , Royse D. J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Eight hybrids, 6 single spore lines selected from a mushroom known to grow at higher temperatures, and 2 commercial cultivars differed significantly in yield when grown at 18° and 24°C. In general, the lower production temperature resulted in a higher total yield but results were inconsistent from crop to crop, indicating a sensitive interaction between genotype and environment. Mushrooms were larger at the higher production temperature in most cases.
Influence of Environment, Seed Tissue, and Seed Maturity on ‘Manzanillo’ Olive Seed Germination
Authors: Lagarda A. , Martin G. C. , Kester D. E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Harvesting seed of ‘Manzanillo’ olive (oleo europaea L.) at the end of October, when embryo growth was complete, gave optimum germination and extended storage life with lower germination rates and shorter storage life before or after this date. Optimum germination occurred at 15°C for whole seed and 25° for excised embryos; both grew faster at 25° after germination. Seed and excised embryos germinated equally well in light or dark.
‘Manzanillo’ Olive Seed Dormancy as Influenced by Exogenous Hormone Application and Endogenous Abscisic Acid Concentration
Authors: Lagarda Angel , Martin George C. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Embryo germination of olive (oleo europaea L.) was inhibited by 10 ppm abscisic acid (ABA); no embryo germination effects were found with treatment of gibberellins (GA3 or GA4+7) or 6-benzylamino purine (BA). Whole seed germination was reduced by 100 ppm GA3. Only ABA was found in extracts of olive seed tissues. Young developing embryos contained up to 600 ng/g fresh weight ABA which declined to nondetectable amounts at seed maturity. ABA was not detected in endosperm plus seedcoat until seed maturity, then at 8 ng/g dry weight. In early stratification, no ABA could be detected in any seed tissues. It seemed evident that embryo tissues were more sensitive to ABA as seed maturity approached, and by then seed germination may be prevented by ABA at 8 ng/g dry weight found in endosperm and seedcoat.
Breaking Dormancy with Ethanol and Storage
Authors: Hosoki Takashi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Ethanol treatment broke dormancy in Gladiolus spp., Freesia spp., Lilium longiflorum Thunb., Zingiber myoga Rose., Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC., Paeonia suffruticosa Andr., and Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. Effectiveness of ethanol depended on species and stage of dormancy.
Influence of Warm Night Temperatures on Growth and Flowering of Primula x polyanthus
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Billingsley W. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Plants of Primula x polyanthus Hort. grown at 20°C night temperature had more flowers and leaves but shorter peduncles than at 10°. Area of individual leaves was smaller for plants grown at 20° compared with 10°, but total leaf surface area was the same for 10° or 20°. No difference was observed in dry weight or flowering time.
Sedge Moss Peat, Solite, and Melaleuca quinquenervia as Potting Medium Components for Shadehouse Production of Foliage Plants
Authors: Conover Charles A. , Poole Richard T. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Artificial media composed of sedge moss peat (P), solite, a fired Montmorillonite clay (SO), and shredded bark (MB), or the entire tree (MM) (shredded bark, wood, seed pods, and leaves) of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake, in various combinations were evaluated on Ficus benjamina L. and Dracaena marginata Lam. against a 3 sedge peat : 1 sand (P:S) medium under shadehouse growing conditions. Media composed of P:SO in 3:1 or 2:1 (v/v) ratios compared favorably with the 3P : IS medium, while mixes composed of P:MB:SO or P:MM:SO produced equivalent plants only when the melaleuca component was less than 50% by volume. Media containing melaleuca had high noncapillary pore space and reduced water-holding capacities which may have been responsible for decreased plant quality when 50% by volume was used.
Influence of Temperature and Auxin on Root Regeneration by Seedlings of Liriodendron tulipifera L.
Authors: Kelly R. J. , Moser B. C. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Root regeneration and shoot growth of seedlings of Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip tree) increased as temperature of either the soil or aerial growing environment increased from 10° to 21°C. Indolebutyric acid-potassium salt, (IBA), applied to the tap roots at 1000 mg liter−1, increased root regeneration and shoot growth when both air and soil temperatures were held at either 15.5° or 21°. When air temperature was maintained at 21° and soil temperature was varied from 10° to 21°, root regeneration and shoot growth increased as soil temperature increased. IBA increased root regeneration only when soil temperature was 21°.
Morphological and Cytogenetic Analyses of an Interspecific Hybrid Eggplant, Solanum melongena x Solanum torvum
Authors: McCammon K. R. , Honma S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Interspecific hybrids between Solanum melongena L. cv. Millionaire and S. torvum Sw. were produced by hybridization using S. torvum as the pollen parent. The progeny was determined to be hybrid based on morphological and cytological observations. Reciprocal attempts to self- and backcross the hybrid to the parental species were unsuccessful. Observations of the pollen from the F1 plants indicated low viability. Meiosis in the parents appeared normal. Cytological observations of hybrid pollen mother cells (PMC) indicated abnormalities at all meiotic stages.
Covariate Measurements for Increasing the Precision of Plant Response to O3 and SO2
Authors: Ormrod D. P. , Tingey D. T. , Gumpertz M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids) and radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Cherry Belle) plants growing at baseline environmental conditions were exposed to charcoal-filtered air, 0.40 ppm (v/v) ozone, and 0.80 ppm sulfur dioxide alone or in combination for 6 hours at 14 days from seeding. Analysis of covariance was used to account for significant within-treatment variation in plant growth. Covariates used were: planar leaf area (PLA) at 14 days for leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight at harvest; plastochron index (PI) at 14 days for PI at harvest; and hypocotyl diameter for hypocotyl weights of radish roots at harvest. The covariates reduced the variability (standard geometric errors) of the response variables and increased the precision of statistical tests substantially for lettuce but much less for radish. For lettuce, the effect of the gas mixture on plant growth and foliar injury was less severe than that of the single gases. Radish plants, in contrast, exhibited no response to SO2 and the effects of O3 and the mixture on foliar injury and plant growth were similar.
Inheritance of Bacterial Spot Resistance in Pepper
Authors: Adamson W. C. , Sowell Grover 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
All possible crosses, excluding reciprocals, among 3 bacterial-spot-resistant plant introductions of pepper and the susceptible ‘Yolo Wonder’ were evaluated for resistance in the F3 along with the backcross (BC) F2s derived from backcrosses to the susceptible cultivar. PI 322719 carries a single dominant gene for resistance that is independent of the one carried by PI 163192. The resistance of PI 163189 is more complex; it is independent of the resistance of PI 322719 but may be associated with that of PI 163192. Nonsegregating, resistant families were recovered in the F3s of all crosses and backcrosses.
Effects of Maturity at Harvest, Storage Temperature, and Cultivar on Muskmelon Quality
Authors: Evensen Kathleen B. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Six cultivars of cantaloupe-type muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.), grown in central Pennsylvania, were harvested at the yellow full-slip, green full-slip, or half-slip stages of maturity and evaluated for quality after storage at 0° or 4.5°C. Fully ripe (yellow full-slip) melons had excellent appearance and flavor at harvest, but they deteriorated rapidly in storage, as shown by loss of flavor and ascorbic acid, development of stem-end cracks and decay, and water-soaking of the flesh. Of the 3 maturity stages, green full-slip melons had the highest soluble solids and ascorbic acid content and excellent flavor at harvest, and maintained flavor and appearance best in storage. Halfslip melons maintained a good appearance during storage, but were slightly inferior in flavor to full-slip melons. No evidence of chilling injury was found for melons harvested at any of the maturity stages and stored up to 2 weeks at 0° plus 1 day at 13°; in fact, melons stored at 0° were superior to those stored at 4.5° because less decay was evident.
Nutrient-fortified Gel as a Growth Medium for Tomato Seedlings
Authors: Pill W. G. , Watts D. M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Emergence and growth of ‘Heinz 1350’ seedlings of tomato (Lycopersieon esculentum Mill.) in magnesium silicate (Laponite 445) gel was compared with that in a commercial peat-lite. The gel was prepared in 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0-fold Hoagland solution (version 1). Emergence was decreased by the highest gel nutrient concentration. Seedling growth ceased 8 days after sowing seed onto gel with no nutrients. Seedling growth rate was greatest in peat-lite and least in gel prepared from 0.5-fold Hoagland solution. Shoot:root dry weight ratio was increased by gels relative to peat-lite and by decreasing gel nutrient concentration.
Influences of Planting Depth on Growth, Root Suckering, and Yield on Interstem Apple Trees
Authors: Costante J. F. , Lord W. J. , Howard D. , Connington L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A 7-year trial with ‘Empire’, ‘Rogers McIntosh’, ‘Macspur’, and ‘Oregon Spur Red Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) with a Mailing (M) 9 stempiece on Mailing Merton (MM) 106 or MM 111 rootstocks showed that planting depth influenced trunk cross-sectional area, number of root suckers, and yield. More root suckers and smaller trunk circumferences were found with trees whose stempieces were aboveground. Growth and yield was influenced more by the rootstock and/or cultivar than by planting depth. ‘Delicious’ trees were the smallest and least productive. Suckering seemed to be related to less growth and yield.
Burrknot Control on Apple
Authors: Young Eric , Tyler Ronald H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Burrknot development on the aboveground portion of apple (Malus sp.) rootstocks Mailing Merton (MM) 111 and MM 106 was arrested effectively by direct application of a commercial, emulsified formulation of 2,4-xylenol and m-cresol plus 3 organic penetrants. M-cresol in mineral oil at 1.5% (v/v) was as effective as the commercial formulation in killing the burrknot tissue. Covering untreated burrknots with soil allowed complete rooting from the burrknot within 6 months.
Influence of Planting Depth on Growth and Anchorage of Young ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees
Authors: Lyons C. G. , Byers R. E. , Yoder K. S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Shallow-planted trees of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Mailing (M) 7A and Mailing Merton (MM) 111 rootstock had increased frequency of burr-knots and were less likely to be loosened in the soil by wind than were deep-planted trees. Deep-planted trees on seedling roots were more likely to be loosened by handshaking; however, burrknots were not a problem. Leaf size was larger significantly for all shallow-planted trees. Growth differences were related to soil type, rootstock, and planting depth.
Vesicular–Arbuscular, Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Apples Grown in Oregon
Authors: Geddeda Yosef I. , Trappe J. M. , Stebbins R. L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Vesicular-arbuscular (VA) fungi from roots of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and soil from apple orchards in Oregon included Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall, Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter sensu Gerdemann) Gerd. & Trappe, and Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe. G. mosseae was the most competitive species in colonizing apple roots in certain Oregon orchards, based on spore identification. Other mycorrhizal fungi were identified in soils in which apples were growing.
Time of Pruning and Bloom Date in Cultivated Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Gough R. E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Mature bushes of several cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were left unpruned or pruned on September 16, November 15, and February 15 in each of 3 years. Plants left unpruned usually reached full bloom first. Plants pruned in September usually attained full bloom last, while those pruned in February bloomed earliest, shortly after those that were not pruned. Pruning resulted in an average delay in full bloom of from 0–5 days.
Irrigation and Peatmoss for the Establishment of Rabbiteye Blueberries
Authors: Spiers James M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Plant yield, height, and vigor were increased and chlorosis symptoms were decreased by irrigation and/or mulching of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade). Plant growth ratings were highest in plants receiving both irrigation and mulching. Height, vigor, and survivability of irrigated plants were about twice that of nonirrigated plants. Incorporated organic matter increased height and vigor for nonirrigated and nonmulched plants. Organic matter types and levels resulted in little difference in irrigated plant growth. Incorporated organic matter, mulching, and irrigation all improved the soil moisture condition and enhanced the growth of rabbiteye blueberries.
Drip Irrigation Based on Soil Matric Potential Conserves Water in Peach and Grape
Authors: Klein Isaac 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Drip irrigation of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Hermosa] and grape [Vitis vinifera (L.) cv. Perlette] was scheduled according to soil matric potential and water applied was expressed as a coefficient of class A pan evaporation. Water consumption by grape increased progressively from planting until the 4th year. A sigmoidal pattern of water consumption from budbreak through harvest was evident in both crops. The gradual rise of water consumption after budbreak was correlated with development of the full canopy, while a 2nd rise coincided with the final fruit-swelling stage and harvest. An intermediate period of steady water consumption was evident in the late-maturing crop (peach) while absent in early maturing crop (grape). Volume of water, as well as frequency of applications, had to be increased to maintain soil water potential within predetermined limits. At the period of peak requirement, tensiometers indicated rapid withdrawal of soil water and the necessity for daily irrigation. Estimates show a 12% to 23% conservation in water use by programming irrigation according to soil water potential rather than by pan evaporation.
Rooting Leafy Muscadine Grape Cuttings
Authors: Goode D. Z. , Lane R. P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Leafy cuttings of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) were taken at 2-week intervals from May 30 through August 7. Shoots were divided into basal, middle, and terminal sections and were treated with either 0, 3000, or 6000 ppm indolebutyric acid (IBA) and placed in vermiculite under mist. The cuttings were harvested on November 27 and evaluated for rooting percentage, root quality, and shoot growth. For cuttings taken on or before July 13, 58% to 80% rooting occurred, but it decreased to less than 49% for cuttings taken after this date. Cuttings taken in late May and mid-June had higher root quality ratings and greater shoot growth than those collected later. Terminal shoot sections had a lower rooting percentage than the basal and middle sections on the early dates but were equivalent or better on later cutting dates. Terminal sections with good to fair root quality had less shoot growth than basal and middle sections. Cuttings with poor root-quality ratings had similarly very low shoot growth. Root quality was improved by the IBA treatments on cuttings taken on or before June 29. The 6000-ppm treatment increased root quality over that of the 3000-ppm treatment only on cuttings taken May 30.
Effects of Low-pressure Storage on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Postharvest Infection of Papaya
Authors: Chau K. F. , Alvarez A. M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Fruit of papaya (Carica papaya L.) stored at 15 mm Hg and 10°C for 21 days immediately after inoculation with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides developed less anthracnose during 5 days of ripening at room temperature than fruit stored for the same period at normal pressure. Fungistasis occurred in pure culture at low pressure and the infection process on inoculated papaya fruit was delayed. Infection did not appear to be altered otherwise and low pressure did not damage papaya fruit tissue.
Genetic Variability in Pecan Fruit Development
Authors: Thompson Tommy E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Fresh and dry weights of fruit (nut and shuck) samples of 39 clones of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] were determined weekly from July 23 until harvest. One early maturing clone had accumulated 24% of its final fruit dry weight by July 23, when the average for all clones was 11%. Total fruit dry matter decreased during October for some late-maturing clones. These decreases, which were the most obvious in ‘Mahan’ and its progeny clones, were not as common in early maturing clones.
Sugary (su) Sweet Corn Germplasm with Resistance to the Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus
Authors: Mikel M. A. , D’Arcy Cleora J. , Rhodes A. M. , Carey E. E. , Juvik J. A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Maize dwarf mosaic (MDM) is an economically serious viral disease of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) in the United States. Early infection by the virus in sweet com can cause stunted growth, delayed maturity, reduced yield, and poor ear quality (5). To aid in alleviating this problem, the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station announces the release of 8 lines of sweet com germplasm homozygous for the sugary (su) gene with improved resistance to maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV). These new lines have been designated: ILM6161a, lLM6222a, ILM6222b, ILM6222c, ILM6222d, ILM6222e, ILM6223a, and ILM6223b.
Biotechnology: Implications for Horticulture and Society—Plenary Address1
Authors: Hess Charles E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
“Biotechnology” is a word that probably has no equal in meaning so much or so little to so many. However, it does convey an exciting concept in that we have new tools and technologies enabling us to modify living organisms with a precision not formerly possible, and to combine traits from organisms that are unrelated or incompatible.
An Interactive Computerized Method for Rank Analysis
Authors: McLellan M. R. , Way R. D. , Lamb R. C. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
An interactive computer program, written in Fortran as implemented on a microcomputer, was designed to do rank analysis. The program minimizes the time involvement in the determination of rank analyses and thus facilitates the study of rank responses. Although the system still included manual typing of the raw ranks into the microcomputer, the calculations of rank totals and subsequent rank analysis to determine significant differences among the ranks was performed much faster than an analogous manual handling of the same data.
Water-holding Capacity and Evaporation Control Characteristics of Five Cellulose-fiber Mulches
Authors: Birzins Paul J. , Balatinecz John J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Water-holding capacity, evaporation rate from mulch slurries, and the effect of mulches on soil water loss was determined for peat, coarse paper-fiber, fine paper-fiber, and 2 commercial mulches. Evaporation rate decreased when a mulch exhibited a low water-holding capacity, long fibers, and was applied dry rather than in a slurry. A commercial mulch consisting of straw and hay fibers, cotton, and wastepaper had the lowest water-holding capacity, longest fibers, and the greatest evaporation control.
Inheritance of Size Relationship of Primary and Secondary Berries of Strawberry
Authors: Pelofske P. J. , Lawrence F. J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A wide range in ratio of the size of primary vs. secondary (P/S) berries was found in 17 cultivars and selections of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) Populations from 6 crosses of parents with low, intermediate, and high P/S indicated quantitative inheritance for P/S ratios. Some seedlings exceeded the upper and lower bounds of the range of either parent.
Rating Scales to Assess Cold Injury and Bacterial Canker Development in Peach Trees in the Field
Authors: Yadava U. L. , Doud S. L. , Weaver D. J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Visual rating scales were developed for evaluating tissue injury in peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] in the orchard due to cold/winter temperatures and bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae van Hall) development. The numerical ratings on a scale of 1 to 9 separately describe key stages of damage and its severity due to cold and bacterial canker and are portrayed pictorially for clarity. Accurate estimation of tree status at very early stages of injury and good correlation with ultimate tree survival have been possible through the use of these rating scales. This information has been incoporated in the data collection for a regional research project dealing with the development and evaluation of rootstocks for peach in the southern United States and also is under consideration for use in another regional project involving peach in addition to apple, pear, and cherry.