bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 offers an evaluative theory of moral progress and moral regress that explains how rational moral change is possible. Moral progress, distinct from progress in well-being, is illustrated by key examples, like the abolition of chattel slavery and reduction of gender inequality. The possibility of a traditional global theory of moral progress is rejected in favor of non-ideal theory that explains how to reduce moral exclusivity and inequality based on what has already worked locally. Moral progress theory seeks to promote realizable ends by identifying positive feedback loops between the moral mind, social institutions, and knowledge. Facilitated by social integration, relevant knowledge reveals facts that are needed to apply moral norms or moral inconsistencies that result from their misapplication. In both respects rational moral change is achieved when morality scaffolds socially interactive reasoning to reveal morally relevant knowledge. Such knowledge tends to foster the social conditions that make moral knowledge possible.
Equality
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Gender inequality, racial inequality, and class inequality subordinate some groups to others, even when none is excluded from moral consideration. Ideologies that have no factual basis serve to justify the inequalities. Each reinforces the other, creating self-sustaining institutional structures that perpetuate injustice. A similar quandary arises globally, because nations, rich and poor, are politically and socially structured to look after themselves and the rich within them. A proposed model for change is to encourage a positive feedback loop that begins by breaking down segregation across social roles to create a more equal distribution of knowledge and agency in support of the consistent application of moral norms. Social-role integration in turn can disrupt further the moral inequalities that depend on segregated social roles and begin to undermine the misinformation that depends on mistrust generated by subordination. Climate change threatens human survival and cannot be adequately addressed without greater global equality.
Introduction
Authors: Goldsmith Jack 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Abstract: This Introduction does three main things. First, it sets the stage by explaining why the Untied States believed it needed a new approach to dealing with cyber threats that fall below the threshold of an armed attack or a use of force. This includes the United States’ fear of escalation and perceived legal constraints. Second, it details the new approach that has been adopted, namely the defend forward strategy. It also emphasizes the current legal ambiguity surrounding the new strategy. Lastly, it provides an overview of the rest of the volume by explaining the subject matter and legal problems dealt with in the remaining chapters.
US Cyber Command’s First Decade
Authors: Warner Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) is a unique institution. It is a military command that operates globally in real time against determined and capable adversaries and yet never fires a shot or launches a missile. The Command comprises an amalgam of military, intelligence, and information technology capabilities that came together into its present shape more by design than by fortuitous chance. This chapter tells this story, from the recognition in the 1990s that so-called strategic information warfare was of growing importance, to the 2009 decision to establish a unified command, to the critical roles USCYBERCOM has played of late in combating ISIS propaganda and defending national elections. USCYBERCOM’s history is interesting not only for what it says about military innovation and bureaucratic change in the US government, but also for the insight it offers on the development of other military cyber components among America’s allies, partners, and adversaries.
The Domestic Legal Framework for US Military Cyber Operations
Authors: Chesney Robert M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Conventional wisdom holds that Congress has abandoned its duty regarding the government’s war powers. It is not hard to understand why. Between the agelessness and flexibility of the 2001 and 2002 Authorizations for Use of Military Force and periodic unilateral uses of military force in Libya, Syria, and Iraq, the executive branch appears to act largely at its own discretion regarding conventional military operations. But matters are different in the cyber domain. With little fanfare and less public notice, Congress and the executive branch have cooperated effectively over the past decade to build a legal architecture for military cyber operations. Chapter 4 analyzes this legal architecture.
Defend Forward and the FBI
Authors: Baker James , Morris Matt 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In an effort to address an increasingly challenging cyber threat landscape, the United States military’s Cyber Command recently updated its strategy. Because this new strategy, coined Defend Forward, is outward facing, most discussion surrounding its legal significance focuses on its international law implications or on the domestic-law basis for cyber operations abroad. There has been insufficient analysis of the legal regime that impacts not only Defend Forward but also potentially all US defensive and quasi-offensive operations to maintain cybersecurity, namely, domestic laws, including the United States Constitution, meant to protect privacy, particularly privacy in data and electronic communications. This chapter takes up that understudied but vital issue.
Defend Forward and Sovereignty
Authors: Loomis Alex 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Among the most discussed provisions of the Tallinn Manual 2.0 is Rule 4: “Violation of sovereignty.” Rule 4 provides: “A State must not conduct cyber operations that violate the sovereignty of another State.” Considered alone, Rule 4 is banal and unobjectionable, since there are many established sovereignty-based international-law rules that cyber operations might violate. The hard question is whether international law related to sovereignty prohibits anything more. Here the commentary to Rule 4 is quite ambitious. It argues that a stand-alone customary international-law concept of state sovereignty operates to regulate and render illegal certain cyber operations that would not otherwise be illegal under any of the specific and acknowledged sovereignty-based rules of international law. This chapter argues that the discrete rules articulated in the Rule 4 commentary do not reflect customary international law.
Covert Deception, Strategic Fraud, and the Rule of Prohibited Intervention
Authors: Corn Gary P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
If information is power, then the corruption of information is the erosion, if not the outright usurpation, of power. This is especially true in the information age, where developments in the technological structure and global interconnectedness of information and telecommunications infrastructure have enabled states to engage in malicious influence campaigns at an unprecedented scope, scale, depth, and speed. The relative explosion of digital information and communications technology and the modern information environment it has enabled “have resulted in a qualitatively new landscape of influence operations, persuasion, and, more generally, mass manipulation.” This chapter contends that the customary international law prohibition against intervention provides an important yet underdeveloped legal tool to help address these threats. It considers the rule’s applicability to the murky and evolving landscape of information conflict and argues for an interpretation of the non-intervention rule better suited to the realities of the information age.
Due Diligence and Defend Forward
Authors: Jensen Eric Talbot , Watts Sean 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Defend Forward strategy calls for a review of its supporting international legal justifications, including the principle of due diligence. Well before the Defend Forward strategy or even cyberspace itself emerged, states developed the international law obligation of due diligence as an important regulation of international relations. In the incomplete and fragmented international legal system, due diligence has served as a general policing regime to manage and redress harm between states. At its most general level, due diligence requires states to take reasonable measures to put a stop to activities, whether private or public, within their borders that cause serious adverse consequences to other states. This chapter evaluates due diligence in light of the Defend Forward cyber strategy.
Defend Forward and Attribution
Authors: Eichensehr Kristen E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
When a state seeks to respond to a cyberattack, must it first attribute the attack to the perpetrator responsible? The US policy of “Defend Forward” and “Persistent Engagement” in cyberspace raises the stakes of this attribution question as a matter of both international and domestic law. This chapter explores the international and US domestic laws governing cyberattack attribution. It argues that common across international and US law is the fact that cyberattack attribution serves as both a potential source of empowerment and a potential constraint on governmental action. In both systems, attribution of a cyberattack to another state bolsters the US executive branch’s authority to respond, and conversely, the absence of attribution can place the executive on less certain legal footing.
Amazon of the Avant-Garde
Authors: Garafola Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nijinska and her husband spend the 1914–1915 theatrical season in St. Petersburg (renamed Petrograd after Russia enters the war), where they are engaged by Narodny Dom. The following year they settle in Kiev, where they are hired to stage opera dances at the City Theater but soon begin producing evenings of ballet. In 1917 Nijinska tries to join her brother in Western Europe but because of the Russian Revolution is unable to secure travel papers. With Kochetovsky, she spends several months in Moscow, where she meets the avant-garde painter Alexandra Exter and drafts the first iteration of her treatise on movement. The family returns to Kiev where Nijinska opens the School of Movement in February 1919, only weeks after the birth of her son, Lev, and the Bolshevik invasion of the city. In the next two years Nijinska transforms her students into a performing group allied with the city’s left-wing arts community. Galvanized by her vision of a new dance, they applaud her first modernist solos and dance in her first plotless group works. Nijinska also collaborates with the avant-garde stage directors Les Kurbas and Marko Tereshchenko and with the artist Vadim Meller, whose paintings leave vivid impressions of her dancing. In 1921, with her mother and two children, Nijinska flees Ukraine and joins thousands of Russians in emigration.
Le Train Bleu and Its Aftermath
Authors: Garafola Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 1925 Nijinska choreographs another stylish work, this one to music by Darius Milhaud. With a libretto by Jean Cocteau and costumes by Gabrielle (Coco) Chanel, Le Train Bleu is inspired by the vogue for beach sports and by celebrities like the tennis star Suzanne Lenglen, Nijinska’s role for herself. Although the ballet is warmly received, the collaboration is fraught with dissension, as Cocteau, supported by Boris Kochno, seeks to impose his ideas of gesture and pantomimic action on the choreography at the expense of the dance material. Nijinska remains critical of Diaghilev’s French turn, angry at his refusal to produce any of her own works (possibly including a collaboration with Alexandra Exter, now in the West). Livid at his attempt to supplant her with her former Kiev student Serge Lifar, she leaves the Ballets Russes in 1925. At her side is her second husband, Nicholas Singaevsky, who becomes her manager and assistant.
A Freelance Choreographer
Authors: Garafola Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Embarking on a free-lance career, Nijinska opens a studio in London with the goal of forming a professional company, while unsuccessfully seeking backers to fund it. When Jacques Rouché offers her work at the Paris Opéra, she closes the studio and moves her family from Monte Carlo to Paris. Here she plans the repertory for Theatre Choréographique, a chamber company for which she creates a half-dozen works, all designed by Alexandra Exter. Among them is Holy Etudes, a Bach ballet she began sketching in Kiev and which she revives during the next two decades. Financed by loans that she is unable to repay and undermined by Diaghilev, Theatre Choréographique folds after a short tour of English seaside resorts. Returning to Paris, Nijinska choreographs several works for the Opéra, including Les Impressions de Music-Hall, and at Rouché’s request develops a plan for the modernization of the Opéra’s ballet company that is rejected by the dancers. Briefly engaged by Diaghilev, she rehearses Les Noces for its London premiere and choreographs Romeo and Juliet, her last work for the Ballets Russes, which Diaghilev’s interventions nearly destroy.
In Wartime America
Authors: Garafola Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Settling in Hollywood where she opens a school, Nijinska presents a program of works at the Hollywood Bowl in the hope—never realized—of establishing a professional ballet company in Southern California. She travels frequently to New York to choreograph ballets for (American) Ballet Theatre, the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, and Ballet International, although the high cost of coast-to-coast travel causes her to lose many jobs. An inspired teacher (her students included Cyd Charisse, Maria Tallchief, and Allegra Kent) and much-admired choreographer, she restages a number of her older ballets, including Etude and Chopin Concerto, and choreographs new ones such as La Fille Mal Gardée, Snow Maiden, and Pictures at an Exhibition. However, she fails to form a long-term relationship with any of these companies, encountering competition not only from American choreographers but also Russian ones like Michel Fokine and George Balanchine, who have worked in the United States for many years. Homesick for Europe and speaking little English, she nevertheless takes out papers to become a US citizen. In the early 1940s she completes a short volume of reminiscence, “Diary of a Young Dancer,” which remains unpublished.
The Final Act
Authors: Garafola Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 1947 the Marquis de Cuevas invites Nijinska to teach and choreograph for his new company based first in Monte Carlo and later in Paris. Anxious to reconnect with friends and to recover her scenery and costumes seized during World War II by the Germans, she accepts with alacrity. For the Marquis’ Grand Ballet she restages many of her own works, including two original ones, along with Diaghilev-era classics such as Petrouchka. She forms a close bond with the American ballerina Rosella Hightower and the Russo-French virtuoso Serge Golovine. She becomes friendly with the dance writer Françoise Reiss, a friendship that encourages her to return to her own memoir, which now focuses on her brother. In 1960 she removes her name from a splendid new production of The Sleeping Beauty when she sees the extravagant, outré designs by the Marquis’ nephew, Raymundo Larraín. Nearing seventy she returns to California, her career in ruins, her property lost, and her memoir still unfinished.
Resurrection
Authors: Garafola Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 1964, Frederick Ashton, now artistic director of Britain’s Royal Ballet, invites Nijinska to stage Les Biches, followed two years later by an invitation to set Les Noces, revivals that re-establish her reputation as a major modernist artist. A flurry of revivals follows. At the same time, Nijinska meets the Bolshoi ballerina Galina Ulanova and tries to interest the Bolshoi’s artistic director Yury Grigorovich in staging Les Noces in Moscow. She corresponds with Soviet dance scholars, including Vera Krasovskaya, and reconnects with several of her former Kiev students, now artists living in Moscow. She begins rehearsals of Nijinsky’s L’Après-midi d’un Faune with the Kirov Ballet, but Natalia Makarova’s defection and the end of the “Thaw” dooms the project. A heavy smoker, Nijinska develops heart and other problems that cause her to be hospitalized, and not long afterward her husband passes away. With her daughter Irina’s assistance, she remains active, staging several ballets for Kathleen Crofton’s Central Ballet of Buffalo and working on her book, now titled “My Brother Vatza,” which she never finishes. Nijinska dies at home in Pacific Palisades in 1972.
Intersections I
Authors: Denver Dee 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fourth chapter shares early nineteenth- and twentieth-century interactions between Buddhist and scientific thinkers, situated in the context of European colonialism and focusing on examples from Theravada Buddhism. The writings of nineteenth-century British scholars reveal their positive outlooks on Buddhism and suggestions of harmonies with science and Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. The story of Anagarika Dharmapala, a famous reviver of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, is shared with focus on his analysis of the harmonies between Buddhism and Darwinian evolution. Another story, focused on Bhikkuni Kusuma, brings forth an underappreciated hero of Buddhist feminism who transitioned from life as a biologist in Indiana to that of a Buddhist nun in Sri Lanka. The chapter ends with a personal story about the author as a student in a Tibetan Buddhist college classroom and his discovery of an unexpected connection between Buddhist teachings and the phenomenon of color-blindness.
Intersections II
Authors: Denver Dee 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fifth chapter continues discussion of intersections between biological and Buddhist thinkers, with a focus on Mahayana Buddhism and Western scientists. The story of Minakata Kumagusu, a Buddhist biologist from nineteenth- and twentieth-century Japan, is shared; it details his personal evolution from a college student in America to a resident scientist at the British Museum experiencing racism to an eccentric recluse studying slime molds in the forests of Japan and developing an early model for the synthesis of Buddhist and scientific frameworks through the Minakata Mandala. Kumagusu also became a pioneer of environmental activism in later years. The Dalai Lama’s Mind and Life Conferences are discussed, along with contributors from the side of Western academic biological thinking. The chapter concludes with a story that presents the rationalization of human rebirth from the perspective of the Dalai Lama and Tibetan Buddhism, as well as the author’s digestion of the explanation.
Bodhi
Authors: Denver Dee 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The ninth chapter proposes a new approach to science, Bodhi science, guided by Buddhist teachings. Four qualities of Bodhi science are presented: selflessness, detachment, awareness, and compassion. The widespread occurrence of selfish attitudes and hypothesis attachment in the world of science is critiqued. The limitations of hypothesis-based science are connected to seventh-century Buddhist philosopher Candrakirti and his rejection of all statement-based approaches to logic and reason. Integration of meditation and mindfulness practices into the scientific process is encouraged, along with awareness of the role that bias and false senses of self can play throughout scientific efforts. Sources of scientific motivation are explored, with the Buddhist concept of bodhicitta (universal compassion) presented as a logical and ethics-rooted motivator. The chapter concludes with a reconsideration of pseudoscience and proposes Bodhi science as a framework to prevent valid science transforming into pseudoscience.
Intimacy
Authors: Denver Dee 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The tenth and final chapter investigates the author’s question of why he wanted to form a family through adoption rather than biological reproduction. Personal narratives are combined with diverse scholarly lenses ranging from the fields of evolutionary biology to the social sciences. Four possible explanations are considered that include cryptic influences of Christianity, reasons related to evolutionary analyses of biological altruism, white savior complex, and Buddhist approaches to understanding. For the fourth explanation, three specific Buddhist insights are presented that center on pratitysamutpada (mutual cause and effect, many causes), bodhicitta (universal compassion), and the value of experiential over intellectual understanding of the author’s role as a father in an adoptive transracial family.
Introduction
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
“Introduction: The Philosophical Problem of Sexual Difference” sets out the questions, aims, assumptions, and structure of this book. The questions concern the context of prior discussions of sexual difference, Aristotle’s understanding of biological and political sexual differences, the causal links between the biological and the political, and the ambivalence he seems to express about females and women. Two theses that guide the argument of the book are described: that Aristotle defended the value of sexual difference and of females, and that he believed the bodies of women were responsible for their status as natural subjects. Aristotle’s motivation in considering questions of sex are examined. Some of the features of Aristotle’s teleology that inform his arguments for the value of sexual difference are sketched, and the importance of his views for contemporary discussions is highlighted. The structure of the book is outlined.
Precursors to Aristotle’s Account of Sexual Difference
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter One, “Precursors to Aristotle’s Account of Sexual Difference,” considers the views of authors before Aristotle on the nature and value of the sexes and of sexual reproduction. It surveys myths of the origins of the sexes, biological and medical literature on male and female, and discussions of the possibility of women participating in politics. It finds that Aristotle’s predecessors, including Hesiod, Empedocles, Socrates, Aristophanes, Plato, and the Hippocratic authors, often imply that sexual difference is a misfortune, and that women are bad. The chapter analyzes the way in which women and men were characterized as opposites in a variety of ways (left/right, moist/dry, even/odd, limited/unlimited), along with the metaphysical, physiological, and moral failings attributed to women. It highlights ancient debates about (1) the contributions of male and female to reproduction, (2) the question of women and men as different in kind, and (3) the capacity of women to govern.
Sex Is a Difference in the Matter
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter Two, “Sex Is a Difference in the Matter,” examines Aristotle’s analysis of sexual difference as a material rather than a formal difference, primarily in the Metaphysics and the Generation of Animals. It begins with a discussion of sex as a distinction in the matter of the genus animal and goes on to explore sex as a phenomenon that is manifested in the bodies of individual animals. The chapter then pursues two themes. The first is the character of the sexes, and so it examines Aristotle’s definitions of the sexes, the organs that differentiate them, and the generative capacities of male and female sperma, or seed, and the transmission of soul. The second is the origin of the sexes—both how sex is determined in the embryo, and the final cause of sexual difference. The chapter concludes that Aristotle claims both that females are defects and that they serve a natural purpose.