bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of restorative material translucency on the chameleon effect
Authors: Vattanaseangsiri Tanaporn , Khawpongampai Areeyabhorn , Sittipholvanichkul Pornpitcha , Jittapiromsak Nawaporn , Posritong Sumana , Wayakanon Kornchanok 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBlending of artificial restoration materials to the natural tooth is challenging. Beyond just color, optical properties, particularly translucency, substantially influence the final appearance. The more chameleon effect that the restorative materials exhibit, the more natural looking restorations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of restorative material translucency on the chameleon effect. Five types of resin composite in three different shades as well as one shade of conventional glass ionomer cement were fabricated into disks. To analyze the chameleon effect, glass ceramic blocks were milled to create four wells in each block. The restorative materials were filled into the wells. The color was measured with CIE L*a*b* every 6 months. Statistical analysis was conducted using Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA. The material with the highest translucency was flowable resin composite. The high translucency materials exhibited an immediate chameleon effect, as did the bulk-fill resin composites, which are low translucency. Both high and low translucency materials exhibited a delayed chameleon effect for 3 years, except for the bulk fill resin composites. The translucency of the restorative materials had a 68% positive correlation with their chameleon effect. The age of the restoration is one important factor influencing the color blending.
Biodiversity of mycobial communities in health and onychomycosis
Authors: Olbrich Michael , Ernst Anna Lara , Beltsiou Foteini , Bieber Katja , Ständer Sascha , Harder Melanie , Anemüller Waltraud , Köhler Birgit , Zillikens Detlef , Busch Hauke , Künstner Axel , Ludwig Ralf J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOnychomycosis (OM) is a common fungal nail infection. Based on the rich mycobial diversity in healthy toenails, we speculated that this is lost in OM due to the predominance of a single pathogen. We used next generation sequencing to obtain insights into the biodiversity of fungal communities in both healthy individuals and OM patients. By sequencing, a total of 338 operational-taxonomic units were found in OM patients and healthy controls. Interestingly, a classifier distinguished three distinct subsets: healthy controls and two groups within OM patients with either a low or high abundance of Trichophyton. Diversity per sample was decreased in controls compared to cases with low Trichophyton abundance (LTA), while cases with a high Trichophyton abundance (HTA) showed a lower diversity. Variation of mycobial communities between the samples showed shifts in the community structure between cases and controls—mainly driven by HTA cases. Indeed, LTA cases had a fungal β-diversity undistinguishable from that of healthy controls. Collectively, our data provides an in-depth characterization of fungal diversity in health and OM. Our findings also suggest that onychomycosis develops either through pathogen-driven mechanisms, i.e., in HTA cases, or through host and/or environmental factors, i.e., in cases with a low Trichophyton abundance.
Intramolecular hydroxyl nucleophilic attack pathway by a polymeric water oxidation catalyst with single cobalt sites
Authors: Yang Hao , Li Fusheng , Zhan Shaoqi , Liu Yawen , Li Wenlong , Meng Qijun , Kravchenko Alexander , Liu Tianqi , Yang Yi , Fang Yuan , Wang Linqin , Guan Jiaqi , Furó István , Ahlquist Mårten S. G. , Sun Licheng 
Published: May 2022

AbstractExploration of efficient water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) is the primary challenge in conversion of renewable energy into fuels. Here we report a molecularly well-defined heterogeneous WOC with Aza-fused, π-conjugated, microporous polymer (Aza-CMP) coordinated single cobalt sites (Aza-CMP-Co). The single cobalt sites in Aza-CMP-Co exhibited superior activity under alkaline and near-neutral conditions. Moreover, the molecular nature of the isolated catalytic sites makes Aza-CMP-Co a reliable model for studying the heterogeneous water oxidation mechanism. By a combination of experimental and theoretical results, a pH-dependent nucleophilic attack pathway for O-O bond formation was proposed. Under alkaline conditions, the intramolecular hydroxyl nucleophilic attack (IHNA) process with which the adjacent -OH group nucleophilically attacks Co4+=O was identified as the rate-determining step. This process leads to lower activation energy and accelerated kinetics than those of the intermolecular water nucleophilic attack (WNA) pathway. This study provides significant insights into the crucial function of electrolyte pH in water oxidation catalysis and enhancement of water oxidation activity by regulation of the IHNA pathway.
Endoglycosidase assay using enzymatically synthesized fluorophore-labeled glycans as substrates to uncover enzyme substrate specificities
Authors: Wu Zhengliang L. , Ertelt James M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractGlycan synthesis and degradation are not template but enzyme only driven processes. Substrate specificities of glyco-enzymes determine the structures of specific natural glycans. Using endoglycosidases as examples, we describe methods to study these enzymes. Endoglycosidase S/S2 specifically deglycosylates the conserved N-glycans of human immunoglobulin G. Endo-β-Galactosidase hydrolyzes internal β-galactosyl linkage in polylactosaminoglycan structures. To assay these enzymes, eleven fluorophore-labeled N-glycans and one polylactosamine ladder are synthesized. Digestion of these glycans result in mobility shift in gel electrophoresis. Results on Endo S/S2 assays reveal that they are most active on the agalactosylated biantennary N-glycans with decreased activity on galactosylated and sialylated glycans and little or no activity on branched and bisected glycans. Assays on Endo-β-Gal reveal that the enzyme is active from pH 3.5 to 9.0 and the β3-linked GlcNAc adjacent to the cleavage site is minimal for the enzyme recognition with the optimal recognition motif spanning at least four lactosamine repeats. Our methods will provide an opportunity to understand how specific glycans are synthesized and degraded.
Salinity tolerance mechanisms of an Arctic Pelagophyte using comparative transcriptomic and gene expression analysis
Authors: Freyria Nastasia J. , Kuo Alan , Chovatia Mansi , Johnson Jenifer , Lipzen Anna , Barry Kerrie W. , Grigoriev Igor V. , Lovejoy Connie 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLittle is known at the transcriptional level about microbial eukaryotic adaptations to short-term salinity change. Arctic microalgae are exposed to low salinity due to sea-ice melt and higher salinity with brine channel formation during freeze-up. Here, we investigate the transcriptional response of an ice-associated microalgae over salinities from 45 to 8. Our results show a bracketed response of differential gene expression when the cultures were exposed to progressively decreasing salinity. Key genes associated with salinity changes were involved in specific metabolic pathways, transcription factors and regulators, protein kinases, carbohydrate active enzymes, and inorganic ion transporters. The pelagophyte seemed to use a strategy involving overexpression of Na+-H+antiporters and Na+-Pi symporters as salinity decreases, but the K+channel complex at higher salinities. Specific adaptation to cold saline arctic conditions was seen with differential expression of several antifreeze proteins, an ice-binding protein and an acyl-esterase involved in cold adaptation.
The synapse: people, words and connections
Authors: Tansey E. M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This paper provides a review of some of the major historical developments in synaptic research and neurotransmission since the first appearance of the word ‘synapsis’ in 1895. The key contributions and inter-relationships of several significant scientists and Nobel Laureates, including Charles Sherrington, Henry Dale, Edgar Adrian and John Eccles are highlighted, and the influence of others such as John Langley and Thomas Elliott is stressed. A recurrent theme is the importance of language and the creation of new words.
Grouping technology and a hybrid genetic algorithm‐desirability function approach for optimum design of cellular manufacturing systems
Authors: Al‐Zuheri Atiya , Ketan Hussein S. , Vlachos Ilias 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCell formation and machine layout in cellular manufacturing systems (CMs) design are considered as a crucial, yet hard and complex decision process. Owing to the nondeterministic polynomial time (NP) and combinatorial class of this problem, this paper presents an innovative heuristic approach to re‐arrange machines enabling the minimisation of inter/intra‐ cellular movements as well as the cost of material handling between machines, therefore increasing group efficiency and efficacy. The heuristic approach, which is based on group technology, genetic algorithms, and desirability function, determines the optimal solution for flexible cell formation and machine layout within each cell. Flexibility refers to an explicit improvement using the desirability function to modify cell design by altering the ratio data; that is, the weight factor to meet demand flexibility. Specifically, the desirable function proposed here to provide the optimal setting of the weighting factor as a key factor which enables CMs design the flexibility to control the cell size. Promised results were obtained when the proposed approach was applied to a case study. Practical implications and recommendations are provided for use by decision makers in the design of CMs.
Experimental study on dynamic response characteristics of isolated‐span transmission lines after ice‐shedding
Authors: Huang Guizao , Yan Bo , Guo Yujun , Zhang Bo , Wu Guangning 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe dynamic response characteristics, including maximum jump height and unbalanced tension, of isolated‐span transmission lines after ice‐shedding are investigated by means of experiments. A reduced‐scale modelling method for ice‐shedding from conductor lines is presented and verified with numerical simulations and full‐scale test results in the literature. A parameter study on dynamic responses of isolated‐span conductors under three ice‐shedding scenarios, including whole span ice‐shedding, partial ice‐shedding and unzipping ice‐shedding, is carried out by means of reduced‐scale modelling tests. The effects of these parameters on the maximum jump height at typical positions and unbalanced tension in the tension tower are obtained. It is observed that the partial ice‐shedding scenario may be the worst situation for electrical insulation clearance rather than the whole span ice‐shedding scenario. Moreover, the position of maximum jump height along the span of isolated‐span transmission lines after ice‐shedding could be at around 2/5 of span length, which is different from the conventional opinion that the position is at the midpoint. The results may provide a foundation for the defining of the insulation clearance for an isolated‐span transmission line and the structure design of tension tower arms in an iced zone.
Who and which regions are at high risk of returning to poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Authors: Ge Yong , Liu Mengxiao , Hu Shan , Wang Daoping , Wang Jinfeng , Wang Xiaolin , Qader Sarchil , Cleary Eimear , Tatem Andrew J. , Lai Shengjie 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPandemics such as COVID-19 and their induced lockdowns/travel restrictions have a significant impact on people’s lives, especially for lower-income groups who lack savings and rely heavily on mobility to fulfill their daily needs. Taking the COVID-19 pandemic as an example, this study analysed the risk of returning to poverty for low-income households in Hubei Province in China as a result of the COVID-19 lockdown. Employing a dataset including information on 78,931 government-identified poor households, three scenarios were analysed in an attempt to identify who is at high risk of returning to poverty, where they are located, and how the various risk factors influence their potential return to poverty. The results showed that the percentage of households at high risk of returning to poverty (falling below the poverty line) increased from 5.6% to 22% due to a 3-month lockdown. This vulnerable group tended to have a single source of income, shorter working hours, and more family members. Towns at high risk (more than 2% of households returning to poverty) doubled (from 27.3% to 46.9%) and were mainly located near railway stations; an average decrease of 10–50 km in the distance to the nearest railway station increased the risk from 1.8% to 9%. These findings, which were supported by the representativeness of the sample and a variety of robustness tests, provide new information for policymakers tasked with protecting vulnerable groups at high risk of returning to poverty and alleviating the significant socio-economic consequences of future pandemics.
Gas chromatograph calibration of gas mixtures using a versatile precision volumetric apparatus
Authors: Raal J. David , Nelson Wayne Michael 
Published: May 2022

A compact, volumetric apparatus was developed for accurate automated preparation of standard gas and gas–liquid mixtures for gas chromatograph detector calibration, with accuracies comparable to those from gravimetric or Coriolis flow methods. The method developed by the principal author is not an adaptation or extension of any other apparatus or technology, and measurements involve only stepper motor steps, temperature, and pressure ratios. Mixture preparation is accomplished via the displacement of gas between chambers in a highly uniform cylinder, separated by a movable piston. Piston movement, with piston end rods of exactly equal diameter, ensures that there is no change in interior volume, and the volume of gas displaced from the bottom into the top compartment is exactly proportional to the piston travel measured to within 10 μm. The apparatus, operation, and previously unpublished measurements on common refinery gas mixtures over large concentration ranges are described in detail. These confirmed the accuracy and versatility of the apparatus and also the principle of no pressure change during mixture preparation, from sensitive pressure measurements. Conservative expanded uncertainties in prepared mixture mole fraction ranged from 0.001 to 0.002 over extended composition ranges. Absolute average deviations for the detector response factor for the mixtures ranged from 0.001 to 0.002. An exact new mathematical solution procedure permits the use of impure “pure” gases without loss of accuracy and can be applied to other procedures for standard gas mixture preparation. An exact expression is listed for determining “pure” gas purity.
Study on bandgap of a novel phononic crystal with low-frequency sound insulation
Authors: Han Dong-Hai , Zhang Guang-Jun , Zhao Jing-Bo , Yao Hong 
Published: May 2022

To solve the problem of low-frequency noise in the environment, a two-dimensional Helmholtz-type phononic crystal with a labyrinth tube was designed in the paper. First, the low-frequency band structure was calculated by the finite element method (FEM) and transfer matrix method (TMM). Second, the bandgap formation was analyzed by using an acoustic pressure field, and the “spring-oscillator” equivalent model of the structure was established. Finally, the influences of structural parameters on the first bandgap were investigated. Results show that there are four bandgaps in the frequency range of 0–300 Hz, and the lower limit of the first bandgap can be as low as 12.15 Hz, which improves the low-frequency sound insulation ability of phononic crystals of the same size. The calculation results of the two methods (FEM and TMM) are basically consistent. Research on the influencing factors of the bandgap shows that the increase in the length of the tube will reduce the upper and lower limits of the bandgap and narrow the bandgap width. With the increase of the lattice constant, the upper limit of the bandgap decreases, while the lower limit of the bandgap remains unchanged. The design provides a new method to solve the problem of low-frequency noise reduction.
Structural control of fibrin bioactivity by mechanical deformation
Authors: Kumar Sachin , Wang Yujen , Hedayati Mohammadhasan , Fleissner Frederik , Rausch Manuel K. , Parekh Sapun H. 
Published: May 2022

SignificanceFibrin plays a vital role in biology as the fibrous network that stabilizes blood clots and also through interaction with numerous blood components. While much is known about fibrin mechanics, comparatively little is known about how fibrin’s mechanics influence its biochemistry. We show that structural changes in fibrin under mechanical tension reduces binding of tissue plasminogen activator, an enzyme that initiates lysis. Furthermore, these structural transitions also led to decreased platelet activation through suppressed binding between platelet integrins and fibrin. Our work shows that fibrin possesses an intrinsic mechano-chemical feedback loop that regulates its bioactivity via molecular structural rearrangements.
Thalamocortical axons regulate neurogenesis and laminar fates in the early sensory cortex
Authors: Monko Timothy , Rebertus Jaclyn , Stolley Jeff , Salton Stephen R. , Nakagawa Yasushi 
Published: May 2022

Significance
This study addresses how the cerebral cortex is partitioned into specialized areas during development. Although both early embryonic patterning and postnatal synaptic input from sensory thalamic nuclei are known to be critical, early roles of thalamic axons in area-specific regulation of cortical neurogenesis are poorly understood. We examined this by developing a genetic mouse model in which thalamocortical projections fail to properly form during embryogenesis, and found these axons are required not only for an enhanced production of superficial layer neurons but also for promoting the layer 4 cell fate, a hallmark of the primary sensory cortex. These findings provide a mechanism by which thalamocortical axons complement the intrinsic programs of neurogenesis and early fate specification.
Low-thermal-budget n-type ohmic contacts for ultrathin Si/Ge superlattice materials
Authors: Zhang Di , Yuan Guodong , Zhao Shuai , Lu Jun , Luo Junwei 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Thermal budget is a vital element of Si-based superlattice material processing. In this work, a novel n-type ohmic contact scheme with a low thermal budget process is developed by combining high-dose ion implantation and low-temperature alloying techniques. The optimized specific contact resistivity (ρ
c) is reduced to 6.18 × 10−3 Ω cm2 at a low thermal budget of 400 °C, and this is a result of the efficient low-temperature electrical activation of amorphous substances. It is indicated that both the high doping concentration and the formation of a NiSi(Ge) alloy phase contribute to the linear ohmic contact behavior. The ohmic contact resistance dependence on processing temperature is further revealed by a detailed Ni/Si(Ge)alloying model. A minimum ρ
c of 2.51 × 10−4 Ω cm2 is achieved at a thermal budget of 450 °C, which is related to the high bonding intensity at the metal–semiconductor interface. Note that this technique is compatible with standard Si-based CMOS process flows and can be applied in high-performance insulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET) fabrication. Furthermore, it is verified that the Si/Ge superlattice structures in our IGFETs can serve as an efficient potential barrier to constrain electrons.
Research on the influence of temperature on the sensing function of Faraday effect optical magnetic field sensor
Authors: Li Jiaxun , Wen Tao , Fan Xing , Chen Boyan , Jin Mingkai , Zhao Yi , Zhang Qiaogen , Chen Weijiang 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Faraday effect optical magnetic field sensor has broad application prospects in power systems, and the temperature stability of the sensor has always been the focus of research. Existing researches mostly focus on the influence of temperature on the Verdet constant of the magneto-optical material, but there are other temperature factors that are not taken into account, which limits the improvement of the temperature stability of the sensor. In this paper, the effect of magneto-optical crystal (TGG) temperature on the optical rotation coefficient and static operating point of the sensor’s sensing function was studied. It was found that the crystal temperature has a significant effect on the optical rotation coefficient and static operating point in the sensing function. The optical rotation coefficient and static operating point fluctuate periodically with the change of crystal temperature. Through the theoretical analysis of the influence mechanism of temperature, it was found that the interference of multiple reflected light in the magneto-optical crystal has a significant influence on the optical rotation coefficient and static operating point. The mechanism of temperature affecting the sensing function was proposed: temperature affects the phase of reflected light through thermo-optical effect and thermal expansion effect, changes the interference state of reflected light, and then affects the optical rotation coefficient and static operating point. Quantitative calculations were carried out on the influence of temperature using the theoretical model. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental data. This article provides a theoretical basis for the optimal design of such sensors.
A theoretical insight into phonon heat transport in graphene/biphenylene superlattice nanoribbons: a molecular dynamic study
Authors: Farzadian Omid , Dehaghani Maryam Zarghami , Kostas Konstantinos V , Mashhadzadeh Amin Hamed , Spitas Christos 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Manipulating the thermal conductivity of nanomaterials is an efficacious approach to fabricate tailor-made nanodevices for thermoelectric applications. To this end, superlattice nanostructures can be used to achieve minimal thermal conductivity for the employed nanomaterials. Two-dimensional biphenylene is a recently-synthesized sp2-hybridized allotrope of carbon atoms that can be employed in superlattice nanostructures and therefore further investigation in this context is due. In this study, we first determined the thermal conductivity of biphenylene at 142.8 W mK−1 which is significantly lower than that of graphene. As a second step, we studied the effect of the superlattice period (

l

p

) on thermal conductivities of the employed graphene/biphenylene superlattice nanoribbons, using molecular dynamics simulations. We calculated a minimum thermal conductivity of 105.5 W mK−1 at

l

p

= 5.066 nm which indicates an achieved thermal conductivity reduction of approximately 97% and 26% when compared to pristine graphene and biphenylene, respectively. This superlattice period denotes the phonon coherent length at which the wave-like behavior of phonons starts prevailing over the particle-like behavior. Finally, the effects of temperature and temperature gradient on the thermal conductivity of superlattice were also investigated.