bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of concrete wet packing density on the uni‐axial strength of manufactured sand CFST columns
Authors: Lai Mianheng , Wu Kaijie , Ou Xiaoling , Zeng Mengru , Li Chengwei , Ho Johnny Ching Ming 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRiver sand (RS) has been the most popular fine aggregate in concrete production. Recently, because of the continuing decline in supply of RS, alternative source of fine aggregates is needed. Manufactured sand (MS), which is produced by mechanical crushing of virgin rock or construction waste, is becoming more popular for replacing RS. Concrete containing MS has higher compressive strength but is more brittle. To promote the application of MS in concrete, concrete‐filled‐steel‐tube (CFST) column is advocated to restore the ductility by composite action. It is believed that the improved strength and ductility of CFST column containing MS is due to the enhanced wet packing density (WPD) of concrete, which has been researched to affect significantly the mechanical performance of concrete. Nonetheless, there was very limited research carried out on the effect of WPD on the behavior of confined concrete and CFST column. Ergo, 15 CFST column specimens with MS replacing RS partially or totally were prepared and tested under uni‐axial compression. It is evident that CFST specimens with concrete containing blended fine aggregates showed different axial load‐strain behavior to those with RS concrete (especially the maximum strength and postelastic slope). More importantly, the normalized strength (maximum strength to squash load) of CFST specimens can be correlated positively to the WPD. This article thus provides a new insight into the interdependence between the uni‐axial strength of CFST columns and the WPD of the in‐filled concrete.
Chhaupadi practice in Nepal: A literature review
Authors: Joshi Supriya 
Published: January 2022

AbstractChhaupadi is a cultural practice where women are considered untouchable and forced to stay in separate huts during menstruation and child‐birth. There is limited evidence on the practice's causes and effects, and the objective of the current systematic literature review is to fill this important gap. The studies included in the review (n = 18) capture the experiences of women in far‐ and mid‐west districts in Nepal. Despite chhaupadi's criminalization by the government, 70%–80% of women in western Nepal are forced to practice it. The primary concern of the practicing women is safety. The practice is rooted in religious norms that consider menstruating women impure. Communities enforce chhaupadi by creating an environment of fear, telling women that if they do not follow the restrictions, bad things would happen to their families. A few studies examined the health implications of staying in chhaupadi huts and found negative effects. However, additional research is needed in a number of areas including on how the practice—including having to share sleeping quarters with animals—affects women and children's physical and mental health, childbirth experience, and post‐natal care, and how women are navigating the path between the community that forces them to practice chhaupadi and criminalization of the practice by the state.
Design, Synthesis and Characterization of 2‐Methylimidazole/Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework‐8 for Curing with Epoxy Resin
Authors: Yang Mengxiao , Yang Haiming , Wang Xue , Lu Yunfeng , Yu Xigao , Chen Fengfeng , Gao Junkuo , Di Ningyu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRational designing a novel curing agent with high‐stability and long storage time is highly attractive but remains a critical challenge. Herein, a novel curing agent (2MI‐ZIF‐8) is constructed by the Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) and 2‐methylimidazole (2MI). 2MI‐ZIF‐8 is utilized as a functional nanofiller and curing agent to prepare the 2MI‐ZIF‐8/EP nanocomposites. The chemical structures of 2MI‐ZIF‐8/EP were investigated by SEM, XRD, DSC and TG characterizations. The SEM images show that the ZIF‐8 particle is individually dispersed in the EP matrix. The DSC results confirm that the curing temperature of the 2MI‐ZIF‐8/EP is higher than that of 2MI/EP. In addition, the kinetic parameters and the activation energy of the curing reaction were acquired according to the fitting of Kissinger equation and Ozawa equation. This study opens new avenues for the rational design of EP nanocomposites by employing MOFs‐based materials as curing agent for wide engineering applications.
Psychosocial Treatments for Ethnoculturally Diverse Youth with Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors
Authors: Duarté-Vélez Yovanska , Vélez-Grau Carolina , Álvarez Kiara 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter reviews the available empirical evidence regarding psychosocial treatments tested with or developed for minoritized ethnocultural youth in the United States experiencing self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs). Addressing the frameworks of evidence-based practice, cultural adaptation, and treatment development, we summarize relevant research across five minoritized ethnocultural groups (Latinx, Black/African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian American, and Middle Eastern/North African [MENA]) according to five categories indicating whether interventions were developed or adapted for particular ethnocultural groups and/or with attention to cultural context. We find limited representation of minoritized ethnocultural youth in psychosocial treatment research for SITBs, with no studies identified for Asian American and MENA youth and one study in progress for American Indian youth. While a relatively greater number of studies have included Latinx and African American youth, evidence of treatment relevance is still low. Evidence of efficacy in reducing SITBs remains limited and studies to replicate findings from small trials are warranted. We expand our review with recommendations for broadening the evidence base on psychosocial treatments from both “top-down” (e.g., cultural adaptations/increase external validity) and “bottom-up” (e.g., treatment development grounded in clinical and community expertise) approaches.
Baby (Not So) Friendly: Implementation of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative in Serbia
Authors: Pantović Ljiljana 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe WHO and UNICEF launched The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) in 1991 with the goal of promoting breastfeeding. Four years later, this initiative was adopted in Serbia (then Yugoslavia). Although Serbia has officially been a part of the BFHI for over 26 years, less than 13% of children are currently exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life. Drawing on interviews, observations and document review, this chapter offers ethnographic insight into why the BFHI in Serbia has met with little success. I argue that the principles and practices of the initiative to promote breastfeeding have been both thinly learned and thinly applied by healthcare workers and therefore have had little positive impact on women’s empowerment to breastfeed or the rates of breastfeeding in the country. I show how the global Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative implemented in Serbia in the early 1990s and the national level policies which renewed it in 2018 were severely constrained by social, political and economic conditions that hindered the uptake of the program by frontline health workers – namely the devastating effects of the civil war and international sanctions in the 1990s, and the deleterious effects of IMF policies on the Serbian healthcare system since the 2000s. The pressure of time due to high workloads, and understaffed hospitals, in combination with unsustainable national funds for implementation may contribute to the reality of the thin implementation of BFHI.
The Place of Traditional Birth Attendants in Global Maternal Health: Policy Retreat, Ambivalence and Return
Authors: MacDonald Margaret E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, I tell the story of the waxing and waning of the status of the traditional birth attendant (TBA) in global maternal health policy from the launch of the Safe Motherhood Initiative in 1987 to the present. Once promoted as part of the solution to reducing maternal mortality, the training and integration of TBAs into formal healthcare systems in the global south was deemed a failure and side-lined in the late 1990s in favour of ‘a skilled attendant at every birth’. This shift in policy has been one of the core debates in the history of the global maternal health movement and TBAs continue to be regarded with deep ambivalence by many health providers, researchers and policymakers at the national and global levels. In this chapter, I take a critical global heath perspective that scrutinises the knowledge, policy and practice of global health in order to make visible the broader social, cultural and political context of its making. In this chapter, I offer a series of critiques of global maternal health policy regarding TBAs: one, that the evidence cited to underpin the policy shift was weak and inconclusive; two, that the original TBA component itself was flawed; three, that the political and economic context of the first decade of the SMI was not taken into account to explain the failure of TBAs to reduce maternal mortality; and four, that the reorganisation of the Safe Motherhood movement at the global level demanded a new humanitarian logic that had no room for the figure of the traditional birth attendant. I close the chapter by looking at the return of TBAs in global level policy, which, I argue, is bolstered by a growing evidence base, and also by the trends towards ‘self-care’ and point-of-use technologies in global health.
Brown-York charges at null boundaries
Authors: Chandrasekaran Venkatesa , Flanagan Éanna É. , Shehzad Ibrahim , Speranza Antony J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Brown-York stress tensor provides a means for defining quasilocal gravitational charges in subregions bounded by a timelike hypersurface. We consider the generalization of this stress tensor to null hypersurfaces. Such a stress tensor can be derived from the on-shell subregion action of general relativity associated with a Dirichlet variational principle, which fixes an induced Carroll structure on the null boundary. The formula for the mixed-index tensor Tij takes a remarkably simple form that is manifestly independent of the choice of auxiliary null vector at the null surface, and we compare this expression to previous proposals for null Brown-York stress tensors. The stress tensor we obtain satisfies a covariant conservation equation with respect to any connection induced from a rigging vector at the hypersurface, as a result of the null constraint equations. For transformations that act covariantly on the boundary structures, the Brown-York charges coincide with canonical charges constructed from a version of the Wald-Zoupas procedure. For anomalous transformations, the charges differ by an intrinsic functional of the boundary geometry, which we explicity verify for a set of symmetries associated with finite null hyper-surfaces. Applications of the null Brown-York stress tensor to symmetries of asymptotically flat spacetimes and celestial holography are discussed.
Asymptotic symmetry of four dimensional Einstein-Yang-Mills and Einstein-Maxwell theory
Authors: Banerjee Nabamita , Rahnuma Tabasum , Singh Ranveer Kumar 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Asymptotic symmetry plays an important role in determining physical observables of a theory. Recently, in the context of four dimensional asymptotically flat pure gravity and $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supergravity, it has been proposed that OPEs of appropriate celestial amplitudes can be used to find their asymptotic symmetries. In this paper we find the asymptotic symmetry algebras of four dimensional Einstein-Yang-Mills and Einstein-Maxwell theories using this alternative approach, namely using the OPEs of their respective celestial amplitudes. The algebra obtained here are in agreement with the known results in the literature.
Timing of magmatic-hydrothermal activity in the Variscan Orogenic Belt: LA-ICP-MS U–Pb geochronology of skarn-related garnet from the Schwarzenberg District, Erzgebirge
Authors: Reinhardt Nils , Gerdes Axel , Beranoaguirre Aratz , Frenzel Max , Meinert Lawrence D. , Gutzmer Jens , Burisch Mathias 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHere, we present in situ U–Pb laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) ages of andradite-grossular garnet from four magmatic-hydrothermal polymetallic skarn prospects in the Schwarzenberg District, Erzgebirge (Germany), located in the internal zone of the Variscan Orogenic Belt. Within the geochronological framework of igneous rocks and hydrothermal mineralization in the Erzgebirge, the obtained garnet ages define three distinct episodes of Variscan skarn formation: (I) early late-collisional mineralization (338–331 Ma) recording the onset of magmatic-hydrothermal fluid flow shortly after the peak metamorphic event, (II) late-collisional mineralization (~ 327–310 Ma) related to the emplacement of large peraluminous granites following large-scale extension caused by orogenic collapse and (III) post-collisional mineralization (~ 310–295 Ma) contemporaneous with widespread volcanism associated with Permian crustal reorganization. Our results demonstrate that the formation of skarns in the Schwarzenberg District occurred episodically in all sub-stages of the Variscan orogenic cycle over a time range of at least 40 Ma. This observation is consistent with the age range of available geochronological data related to magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits from other internal zones of the Variscan Orogenic Belt in central and western Europe. In analogy to the time–space relationship of major porphyry-Cu belts in South America, the congruent magmatic-hydrothermal evolution in the internal zones and the distinctly later (by ~ 30 Ma) occurrence of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits in the external zones of the Variscan Orogenic Belt may be interpreted as a function of their tectonic position relative to the Variscan collisional front.
A Code of Digital Ethics: laying the foundation for digital ethics in a science and technology company
Authors: Becker Sarah J. , Nemat André T. , Lucas Simon , Heinitz René M. , Klevesath Manfred , Charton Jean Enno 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe rapid and dynamic nature of digital transformation challenges companies that wish to develop and deploy novel digital technologies. Like other actors faced with this transformation, companies need to find robust ways to ethically guide their innovations and business decisions. Digital ethics has recently featured in a plethora of both practical corporate guidelines and compilations of high-level principles, but there remains a gap concerning the development of sound ethical guidance in specific business contexts. As a multinational science and technology company faced with a broad range of digital ventures and associated ethical challenges, Merck KGaA has laid the foundations for bridging this gap by developing a Code of Digital Ethics (CoDE) tailored for this context. Following a comprehensive analysis of existing digital ethics guidelines, we used a reconstructive social research approach to identify 20 relevant principles and derive a code designed as a multi-purpose tool. Versatility was prioritised by defining non-prescriptive guidelines that are open to different perspectives and thus well-suited for operationalisation for varied business purposes. We also chose a clear nested structure that highlights the relationships between five core and fifteen subsidiary principles as well as the different levels of reference—data and algorithmic systems—to which they apply. The CoDE will serve Merck KGaA and its new Digital Ethics Advisory Panel to guide ethical reflection, evaluation and decision-making across the full spectrum of digital developments encountered and undertaken by the company whilst also offering an opportunity to increase transparency for external partners, and thus trust.
“Push it!” or “Hold it!”? A comparison of nicotine-avoidance training and nicotine-inhibition training in smokers motivated to quit
Authors: Machulska Alla , Rinck Mike , Klucken Tim , Kleinke Kristian , Wunder Jana-Carina , Remeniuk Olga , Margraf Jürgen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Rationale
Recently, experimental paradigms have been developed to strengthen automatic avoidance or inhibitory responses for smoking cues. However, these procedures have not yet been directly compared regarding their effectiveness and mechanisms of action.

Objective
This study compared the effects of avoidance vs. inhibitory training as an add-on to a brief smoking cessation intervention. The standard Approach-Avoidance-Task (AAT) was adapted for both training types and control conditions.

Methods
One hundred twenty-four smokers attended behavioral counseling for smoking cessation and were thereafter randomized to one of four training conditions: avoidance-AAT, sham-avoidance-AAT, inhibition-AAT, sham-inhibition-AAT. During a 2-week training period including five training sessions, smokers in the avoidance-AAT trained to implicitly avoid all smoking-related cues, while smokers in the inhibition-AAT trained to implicitly inhibit behavioral response to smoking cues. During sham training, no such contingencies appeared. Self-report and behavioral data were assessed before and after training. Cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence were also assessed at 4- and 12-week follow-ups.

Results
At posttest, avoidance training was more effective in reducing daily smoking than inhibition training. However, this difference was no longer evident in follow-up assessments. All training conditions improved other smoking- and health-related outcomes. Neither training changed smoking-related approach biases or associations, but approach biases for smoking-unrelated pictures increased and Stroop interference decreased in all conditions. Smoking devaluation was also comparable in all groups.

Conclusions
Avoidance training might be slightly more effective in reducing smoking than inhibitory training. Overall, however, all four training types yielded equivalent therapy and training effects. Hence, a clear preference for one type of training remains premature.
The femur too short? 1373 fetuses with short femur during second-trimester screening
Authors: Friebe-Hoffmann Ulrike , Dobravsky Larissa , Friedl Thomas W. P. , Janni Wolfgang , Knippel Alexander J. , Siegmann Hans J. , Kozlowski Peter 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPurposeA short fetal femur in prenatal diagnosis might be an indicator for intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), a genetically determined small child (SGA) with or without associated fetal malformations and/or an adverse fetal outcome.Methods1373 singleton pregnancies with a femoral length < 5th percentile detected between 1999 and 2015 during second-trimester screening in a tertiary prenatal diagnostic center were subjected to a descriptive retrospective analysis with regard to fetal characteristics as well as pregnancy outcome.Results685 (49.9%) fetuses presented an isolated short femur, while 688 (50.1%) showed additional abnormalities. 293 (42.6%) of those were SGA babies without any malformation, while 395 (57.4%) had one or more severe anomaly of the following organ systems: 157 (11.5%) cardiovascular, 101 (7.4%) musculoskeletal, 82 (6.0%) urogenital, 72 (5.2%) cerebrocephalic, 50 (3.6%) gastrointestinal, and 5 (0.4%) thoracic. 75 (5.5%) of the fetuses showed chromosomal aberrations of which Trisomy 13, 18 and 21 were found in 2, 13 and 27 of the cases, respectively. Fetuses with associated malformations had a significantly lower live birth rate than those without (64.2% vs. 98.1%,p < 0.001); in addition, a higher rate of preterm births 36.6% vs. 11.3%,p < 0.001) and SGA babies (51.4% vs. 30.4%,p < 0.001) were observed in the first collective.ConclusionDiagnosis of a short fetal femur should lead to an extended organ screening; in the case of associated abnormalities, additional genetic testing has to be offered, as well as intensified pregnancy monitoring in pregnancies at risk for IUGR and/or preterm birth.
Timber-colonizing gram-negative bacteria as potential causative agents of respiratory diseases in woodworkers
Authors: Wójcik-Fatla Angelina , Mackiewicz Barbara , Sawczyn-Domańska Anna , Sroka Jacek , Siwiec Jan , Paściak Mariola , Szponar Bogumiła , Pawlik Krzysztof , Dutkiewicz Jacek 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Occurrence
Gram-negative bacteria occur commonly in the inner tissues of stored coniferous and deciduous timber, showing a marked variation in numbers. The greatest maximal numbers are found in the sapwood of coniferous timber. The common constituents of the Gram-negative biota are potentially pathogenic species of Enterobacteriaceae family of the genera Rahnella, Pantoea, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella. The air of wood-processing facilities is polluted with the wood-borne Gram-negative bacteria and produced by them endotoxin, as demonstrated worldwide by numerous studies.

Effects
There are three potential pathways of the pathogenic impact of wood-borne Gram-negative bacteria on exposed woodworkers: allergic, immunotoxic, and infectious. Allergic impact has been underestimated for a long time with relation to Gram-negative bacteria. Hopefully, the recent demonstration of the first documented case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in woodworkers caused by Pantoea agglomerans which developed in extremely large quantities in birch sapwood, would speed up finding of new wood-related cases of HP caused by Gram-negative bacteria. The second pathway is associated with endotoxin, exerting strong immunotoxic (excessively immunostimulative) action. It has been demonstrated that endotoxin is released into wood dust in the form of nano-sized microvesicles, by peeling off the outer membrane of bacteria. Endotoxin microvesicles are easily inhaled by humans together with dust because of small dimensions and aerodynamic shape. Afterwards, they cause a nonspecific activation of lung macrophages, which release numerous inflammatory mediators causing an inflammatory lung reaction, chest tightness, fever, gas exchange disorders, and bronchospasm, without radiographic changes. The resulting disease is known as “Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome” or “toxic pneumonitis.” The potential third pathway of pathogenic impact is infection. The suspected species is Klebsiella pneumoniae that may occur commonly in wood dust; however, until now this pathway has not been confirmed.

Conclusion
Summarizing, Gram-negative bacteria-inhabiting timber should be considered, besides filamentous fungi and actinobacteria, as important risk factors of occupational disease in woodworkers that could be either HP with allergenic background or toxic pneumonitis elicited by endotoxin.