bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A cost–benefit analysis of leaf carbon economy with consideration of seasonal changes in leaf traits for sympatric deciduous and evergreen congeners: implications for their coexistence
Authors: Ye Yunhan , Kitayama Kanehiro , Onoda Yusuke 
Published: February 2022

Summary

Deciduous and evergreen species, which have evolved repeatedly across different clades, can coexist in a given environment despite substantial differences in their leaf traits. It remains unclear how these two groups differ in the development of leaf traits over their lifespans or how their carbon economy – the balance between lifetime carbon gain and leaf construction cost – is determined.

We determined the photosynthetic rate (Aarea), leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf mechanical strength and leaf water potentials and estimated the lifetime carbon gain and leaf construction cost of five closely related pairs of evergreen and deciduous species co‐occurring in a temperate forest.

Aarea of evergreen species was lower during their first spring, similar in summer and higher than the autumn until the following spring than their deciduous counterparts. Leaf mechanical strength, osmotic pressures and LMA increased continuously towards winter in evergreen species while remaining largely constant in deciduous species. The ratio of lifetime carbon gain to leaf construction cost was similar between the two groups.

The additional cost associated with enduring winter is paid back by a longer revenue of photosynthesis in evergreen species, allowing evergreen and deciduous leaf habits to coexist in the seasonal environment.
Clinical use of real‐time remote programming in pacemakers during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A case report
Authors: Chen Xu , Liu Han‐xiong , Tong Lin , Yang Si‐qi , Qi Ling‐yao , Xiong Shi‐qiang , Luo Yan , Cai Lin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe report a case in which real‐time remote interrogation and reprogramming of the parameters of a dual‐chamber pacemaker was performed during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The described case demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of CIED remote programming based on the 5G cloud technology support platform (5G‐CTP), and showed that the application of real‐time remote programming would help in reducing the risk of cross‐infection between doctors and patients.
Neurological impairment in children with acute liver failure following liver transplantation—A single‐center experience
Authors: Ide Kentaro , Uchida Hajime , Sakamoto Seisuke , Nishimura Nao , Nakagawa Satoshi , Kobayashi Tohru , Ito Shuichi , Kasahara Mureo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundAlthough overall survival of ALF has improved, neurological restoration after recovery from ALF may not always be satisfactory. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence and possible causes of NI in children with ALF following LT.MethodsWe retrospectively examined all children younger than 16 years old with ALF who subsequently underwent LT at our center between January 2005 and December 2016. NI was assessed in December 2016 using the six‐point Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category score and was defined as any increase in the score.ResultsThere were 62 children with median age 10 months (quartile range 5–34). The etiology of ALF was indeterminate in 47 children (75.8%). The median duration from admission to LT was 5.5 days (quartile range 4–7), and 96.8% (60/62) received living donor LT. The overall survival was 83.9% (52/62) in a median follow‐up period of 4.2 years. Mild‐to‐moderate NI was observed in 23.1% (12/52) of the survivors. Possible causes of NI were underlying systemic disease (n = 3), perioperative brain lesion (n = 2), and unclassified (n = 7). All seven patients with unclassified NI were less than 12 months old. The unclassified NI causes were presumed to be ALF, its perioperative care, and the vulnerable infant brain.ConclusionsNI in children with ALF following LT was not rare and should be prevented. Further investigations are required to clarify the characteristics of the patients with unclassified NI.
Loneliness and cardiovascular reactivity to acute stress in older adults
Authors: Brown Eoin G. , Creaven Ann‐Marie , Gallagher Stephen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLoneliness has been linked to cardiovascular health outcomes in older adulthood. One proposed mechanism by which loneliness influences cardiovascular health is through atypical cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) to stress. This study is an examination of loneliness and CVR in older adults, comparing associations across two stressors and two commonly used measures of loneliness, with a particular focus on underlying hemodynamic variables including cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and ejection time (EJT). Eighty older adults, ranging in age from 55 to 88 years (M = 68.93, SD = 8.28), completed two versions of the UCLA loneliness scale (a 20‐item and a briefer, three‐item) and took part in a laboratory stress‐testing procedure which included a mental arithmetic challenge and a public speaking task. Cardiovascular activity was monitored continuously throughout. For the 20‐item version of the UCLA loneliness scale, loneliness was not significantly related to CVR, and was only significantly associated with lower levels of overall EJT. For the three‐item version of the UCLA, no associations withstood adjustment for multiple testing. Loneliness was not reliably associated with CVR. Further, although greater loneliness was related to lower levels of overall EJT, this was only observed for the 20‐item scale. The findings do not strongly provide support for reactivity to acute stress as a pathway linking loneliness to disease outcomes, and highlight key methodological issues related to the assessment of loneliness‐reactivity associations for future.
High Temperature Degradation Modes Observed in Gallium Nitride-Based Hall-Effect Sensors
Authors: Krone Alexis , Kasitz Josh , Huitink David , Alpert Hannah , Senesky Debbie G. , Shetty Satish , Salamo Gregory 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Magnetic field sensors based on the Hall-effect have a variety of applications such as current sensing in power electronics and position and velocity sensing in vehicles. Additionally, they have benefits such as easy integration into circuits, low manufacturing cost, and linearity over a wide range of magnetic fields. However, in order to use these devices in an industrial or automotive setting, the effect of high temperatures on the reliability of the Hall-effect sensors needs to be evaluated. This study focuses on the effect of high temperature on the electrical and material properties of novel gallium nitride (GaN)-based Hall-effect sensors and the impacts on the reliability of these devices. Changes in device properties such as resistance and electrical response, as well as on the metallic contacts, are examined, using two sets of devices made with different substrates and contact metals. A probe station is used to characterize electrical responses, while an X-ray photo-electron spectrometer (XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) are used to characterize material interactions. The findings include saturation curves, the presence of gallium on the contacts of the octagonal device, and the activation energy of reaction responsible for resistance increase for the octagonal AlGaN/GaN devices. Additionally, the Greek cross AlGaN/GaN Hall sensors showed excellent thermal stability.
Numerical and Experimental Study on Rod-Fastened Rotor Dynamics Using Semi-Analytical Elastic-Plastic Model
Authors: Xie Wenzhen , Liu Chao , Huang Gancai , Jiang Dongxiang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Rod-fastened rotor is the core rotating section of the heavy-duty gas turbine. To accurately analyze its dynamic characteristics, the contact model for the disk contact interface needs to be defined and established. Traditional statistical contact models, including the elastic model and elastoplastic model, cannot describe microscopic atomic behavior during the contact process of asperities, while the microscopic contact behavior of the asperities is one of the main factors in affecting the contact stiffness of the rough surface. In this work, the molecular dynamics simulation of the microscopic contact behavior of the rough surface is carried out and the semi-analytical model is built upon that. The semi-analytical model is later combined with the Timoshenko beam element in modeling the rotor system. The influence of plasticity index and surface roughness on the contact model and dynamic characteristics of the rotor is analyzed. Moreover, the experimental tests of natural frequencies and mode shapes are carried out. The results show that the proposed semi-analytical contact model is effective and more accurate compared to other elastic and elastic-plastic contact models.
Genetic mechanism of transfer zones in rift basins: Insights from geomechanical models
Authors: Liu Jingshou , Yang Haimeng , Xu Ke , Wang Zhimin , Liu Xinyu , Cui Lijie , Zhang Guanjie , Liu Yang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A transfer zone is a kind of structure that is produced to conserve deformation of a fault structure on both sides. Increasing numbers of transfer zones are being identified in rift basins, which are areas of petroleum accumulation and potential exploration targets. This paper provides a numerical simulation method for the genesis and development of transfer zones based on geomechanical modeling. On the basis of three-dimensional (3-D) seismic interpretation, using the Tongcheng fault as an example, the fault activity parameter and fault activity intensity index were established to quantitatively characterize the difference in fault activity on the two sides of a transfer zone. A geomechanical model was developed for a transfer zone in a rift basin, and the structural characteristics and genetic mechanism of a convergent fault were studied using paleostress and strain numerical simulations. Affected by different movements of boundary faults and basement faults, the evolution of the Tongcheng fault can be divided into three stages: (1) during the Funing period, which was the main development period of compound transfer faults, the activity, stress, and strain of the fault blocks on either side of the Tongcheng fault were obviously different; (2) during the Dainan period, which was the development stage of inherited compound transfer faults, the northern part of the Tongcheng area underwent local compression, and the T3 anticline began to form; and (3) during the Sanduo period, the Tongcheng fault experienced right-lateral strike-slip activity, where the activity showed two stages of change, first increasing and then decreasing, and the Tongcheng fault anticline developed. The superposition of multiple complex tectonic movements produced a transfer zone that has both strike-slip and extensional fault properties. The geomechanical model in this paper provides important insights for analyzing the evolution of transfer zones in rift basins.
Single leg vertical jump performance identifies knee function deficits at return to sport after ACL reconstruction in male athletes
Authors: Kotsifaki Argyro , Van Rossom Sam , Whiteley Rod , Korakakis Vasileios , Bahr Roald , Sideris Vasileios , Jonkers Ilse 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesVertical jump performance (height) is a more representative metric for knee function than horizontal hop performance (distance) in healthy individuals. It is not known what the biomechanical status of athletes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) is at the time they are cleared to return to sport (RTS) or whether vertical performance metrics better evaluate knee function.MethodsStandard marker-based motion capture and electromyography (EMG) were collected from 26 male athletes cleared to RTS after ACLR and 22 control healthy subjects during single leg vertical jumps (SLJ) and single leg drop jumps (SLDJ). Performance outcomes, jump height and the Reactive Strength Index, were calculated. Sagittal plane kinematics, joint moments and joint work were obtained using inverse dynamics and lower limb muscle forces were computed using an EMG-constrained musculoskeletal model. Muscle contribution was calculated as a percentage of the impulse of all muscle forces in the model. Between-limb and between-group differences were explored using mixed models analyses.ResultsJump performance, assessed by jump height and Reactive Strength Index, was significantly lower in the involved than the uninvolved limb and controls, with large effect sizes. For the ACLR group, jump height limb symmetry index was 83% and 77% during the SLJ and SLDJ, respectively. Work generation was significantly less in the involved knee compared to uninvolved limb and controls during the SLJ (p<0.001; d=1.19; p=0.003, d=0.91, respectively) and during the SLDJ (p<0.001; d=1.54; p=0.002, d=1.05, respectively). Hamstrings muscle contribution was greater in the involved compared to the uninvolved limb and controls, whereas soleus contribution was lower in the involved limb compared to controls.ConclusionsDuring vertical jumps, male athletes after ACLR at RTS still exhibit knee biomechanical deficits, despite symmetry in horizontal functional performance and strength tests. Vertical performance metrics like jump height and RSI can better identify interlimb asymmetries than the more commonly used hop distance and should be included in the testing battery for the RTS.
Scoping review of evidence for managing postnatal hypoglycaemia
Authors: Horwitz Jennifer , Mardiros Linda , Musa Ahmed , Welch Vivian A , Hodgson Amanda , Narvey Michael , Ghazzawi Andrea , Shea Beverley , Saginur Michael 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesTo identify what is known empirically about the screening, treatment and harm of exposure to neonatal hypoglycaemia.DesignScoping review that applied a preregistered protocol based on established frameworks.Data sourcesMedline and Embase, up to 12 May 2020.Study selectionComparative and case-series studies, as well as guidelines, published in English or French, on the topic of immediate inpatient postnatal glucose screening in newborns.Data gatheringArticle selection and characterisation were performed in duplicate using predefined data extraction forms specific to primary studies and guidelines.Results12 guidelines and 74 primary studies were included. A neurodevelopmental outcome was primary in 32 studies: 30 observational studies followed up posthypoglycaemic, and the 2 intervention studies included 1 randomised controlled trial (RCT) about treatment thresholds. Three other RCTs assessed dextrose gel (two) and oral sucrose (one). 12 of 30 studies that evaluated non-neurodevelopmental primary outcomes were intervention studies. Only one cohort study compared outcomes in screened vs unscreened newborns. The guidelines did not arrive at a consensus definition of postnatal hypoglycaemic, and addressed potential harms of screening more often than primary studies.ConclusionsThe primary literature that informs hypoglycaemia screening is a series of studies that relate neurodevelopmental outcomes to postnatal hypoglycaemia. Further research is needed to better define an optimal threshold for hypoglycaemia that warrants intervention, based on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes and a better delineation of potential screening harms.
Evaluation of NEWS2 response thresholds in a retrospective observational study from a UK acute hospital
Authors: Pankhurst Tanya , Sapey Elizabeth , Gyves Helen , Evison Felicity , Gallier Suzy , Gkoutos George , Ball Simon 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveUse of National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) has been mandated in adults admitted to acute hospitals in England. Urgent clinical review is recommended at NEWS2 ≥5. This policy is recognised as requiring ongoing evaluation. We assessed NEWS2 acquisition, alerting at key thresholds and patient outcomes, to understand how response recommendations would affect clinical resource allocation.SettingAdult acute hospital in England.DesignRetrospective observational cohort study.Participants100 362 consecutive admissions between November 2018 and July 2019.OutcomeDeath or admission to intensive care unit within 24 hours of a score.MethodsNEWS2 were assembled as single scores from consecutive 24-hour time frames, (the first NEWS2 termed ‘Index-NEWS2’), or as all scores from the admission (termed All-NEWS2). Scores were excluded when a patient was in intensive care, in the presence of a decision not to attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or on day 1 of elective admission.ResultsA mean of 4.5 NEWS2 were acquired per patient per day. The outcome rate following an Index-NEWS2 was 0.22/100 patient-days. The sensitivity of outcome prediction at Index-NEWS2 ≥5=0.46, and number needed to evaluate (NNE)=52. At this threshold, a mean of 37.6 alerts/100 patient-days would be generated, occurring in 12.3% of patients on any single day. Threshold changes to increase sensitivity by 0.1, would result in a twofold increase in alert rate and 1.5-fold increase in NNE. Overall, NEWS2 classification performance was significantly worse on Index-scores than All-scores (c-statistic=0.78 vs 0.85; p<0.001).ConclusionsThe combination of low event-rate, high alert-rate and low sensitivity, in patients for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, means that at current NEWS2 thresholds, resource demand would be sufficient to meaningfully compete with other pathways to clinical evaluation. In analyses that epitomise in-patient screening, NEWS2 performance suggests a need for re-evaluation of current response recommendations in this population.
Observational retrospective study calculating health service costs of patients receiving surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis in England, using linked patient-level primary and secondary care electronic data
Authors: Clarke Caroline S , Williamson Elizabeth , Denaxas Spiros , Carpenter James R , Thomas Mike , Blackshaw Helen , Schilder Anne G M , Philpott Carl M , Hopkins Claire , Morris Stephen 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) symptoms are experienced by an estimated 11% of UK adults, and symptoms have major impacts on quality of life. Data from UK and elsewhere suggest high economic burden of CRS, but detailed cost information and economic analyses regarding surgical pathway are lacking. This paper estimates healthcare costs for patients receiving surgery for CRS in England.DesignObservational retrospective study examining cost of healthcare of patients receiving CRS surgery.SettingLinked electronic health records from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Hospital Episode Statistics and Office for National Statistics databases in England.ParticipantsA phenotyping algorithm using medical ontology terms identified ‘definite’ CRS cases who received CRS surgery. Patients were registered with a general practice in England. Data covered the period 1997–2016. A cohort of 13 462 patients had received surgery for CRS, with 9056 (67%) having confirmed nasal polyps.Outcome measuresInformation was extracted on numbers and types of primary care prescriptions and consultations, and inpatient and outpatient hospital investigations and procedures. Resource use was costed using published sources.ResultsTotal National Health Service costs in CRS surgery patients were £2173 over 1 year including surgery. Total costs per person-quarter were £1983 in the quarter containing surgery, mostly comprising surgical inpatient care costs (£1902), and around £60 per person-quarter in the 2 years before and after surgery, of which half were outpatient costs. Outpatient and primary care costs were low compared with the peak in inpatient costs at surgery. The highest outpatient expenditure was on CT scans, peaking in the quarter preceding surgery.ConclusionsWe present the first study of costs to the English healthcare system for patients receiving surgery for CRS. The total aggregate costs provide a further impetus for trials to evaluate the relative benefit of surgical intervention.
Exploring digital health interventions for pregnant women at high risk for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in low-income and-middle-income countries: a scoping review
Authors: Shahil Feroz Anam , Afzal Noreen , Seto Emily 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveTo explore digital health interventions that have been used to support pregnant women at high risk for pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (HRPE/E) in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).DesignScoping review.Data sourceEMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and CINAHL were searched between 1 January 2000 and 20 October 2020.Eligibility criteriaThe review included original research studies that were published in English, involved pregnant women at HRPE/E and implemented digital health interventions for PE/E in LMICs.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers independently completed the data extraction for each of the 19 final articles. An inductive approach was used to thematically organise and summarise the results from the included articles.ResultsA total of 19 publications describing 7 unique studies and 9 different digital health interventions were included. Most studies were conducted in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (n=16). Of nine unique digital health interventions, two served the purpose of predicting risk for adverse maternal health outcomes while seven focused on monitoring high-risk pregnant women for PE/E. Both of these purposes used mobile phone applications as interface to facilitate data collection, decision making, and communication between health workers and pregnant women. The review identified key functions of interventions including data collection, prediction of adverse maternal outcomes, integrated diagnostic and clinical decision support, and personal health tracking. The review reported three major outcomes: maternal health outcomes including maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality (n=4); usability and acceptability including ease-of-use, and perceived usefulness, (n=5); and intervention feasibility and fidelity including accuracy of device, and intervention implementation (n=7).ConclusionAlthough the current evidence base shows some potential for the use of digital health interventions for PE/E, more prospective experimental and longitudinal studies are needed prior to recommending the use of digital health interventions for PE/E.