bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimates of turbulence modeling uncertainties in NACA65 cascade flow predictions by Bayesian model-scenario averaging
Authors: de Zordo-Banliat Maximilien , Merle Xavier , Dergham Gregory , Cinnella Paola 
Published: January 2022

Purpose
The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations represent the computational workhorse for engineering design, despite their numerous flaws. Improving and quantifying the uncertainties associated with RANS models is particularly critical in view of the analysis and optimization of complex turbomachinery flows.

Design/methodology/approach
First, an efficient strategy is introduced for calibrating turbulence model coefficients from high-fidelity data. The results are highly sensitive to the flow configuration (called a calibration scenario) used to inform the coefficients. Second, the bias introduced by the choice of a specific turbulence model is reduced by constructing a mixture model by means of Bayesian model-scenario averaging (BMSA). The BMSA model makes predictions of flows not included in the calibration scenarios as a probability-weighted average of a set of competing turbulence models, each supplemented with multiple sets of closure coefficients inferred from alternative calibration scenarios.

Findings
Different choices for the scenario probabilities are assessed for the prediction of the NACA65 V103 cascade at off-design conditions. In all cases, BMSA improves the solution accuracy with respect to the baseline turbulence models, and the estimated uncertainty intervals encompass reasonably well the reference data. The BMSA results were found to be little sensitive to the user-defined scenario-weighting criterion, both in terms of average prediction and of estimated confidence intervals.

Originality/value
A delicate step in the BMSA is the selection of suitable scenario-weighting criteria, i.e. suitable prior probability mass functions (PMFs) for the calibration scenarios. The role of such PMFs is to assign higher probability to calibration scenarios more likely to provide an accurate estimate of model coefficients for the new flow. In this paper, three mixture models are constructed, based on alternative choices of the scenario probabilities. The authors then compare the capabilities of three different criteria.
Empirical comparison of Shariah-compliant vs conventional mutual fund performance
Authors: Al Rahahleh Naseem , Bhatti M. Ishaq 
Published: January 2022

PurposeThis paper investigates the performance of locally focused equity mutual funds (LFEFs) in Saudi Arabia as compared with the performance of benchmark funds. More specifically, the focal question pertains to whether Shariah-compliant mutual funds (SMFs) and conventional mutual funds (CMFs) outperform their respective benchmarks. Undertaken in the context of Saudi Arabia's economic planning under Vision 2030, the study offers a foundation for determining whether and the extent to which Shariah-compliant investment strategies are competitive—a matter of considerable importance across 57 Muslim countries.Design/methodology/approachThe Carhart four-factor model is applied to a sample of 39 Saudi Arabian mutual funds (MFs) using the monthly net asset value (NAV) per share. The sample period, April 2007 to October 2016, is considered in its entirety and as three sub-periods, i.e. low-, medium- and high-volatility.FindingsThe results show that the locally focused equity mutual funds (LFEFs) significantly outperformed their benchmark, i.e. the Tadawul All Share Index (TASI), during the full sample period and the low-volatility period. According to the empirical comparison, the CMFs also outperformed their TASI benchmark for the full sample period and the low-volatility period. However, the SMFs neither outperformed nor underperformed their S&P Saudi Arabia Domestic Shariah Index benchmark. That is, for each of the SMFs included in the sample, the Jensen's alpha was insignificant for both the full sample and all three volatility sub-periods.Research limitations/implicationsIn this paper, the four-factor model is used in the context of a single country. The results, therefore, may not be generalizable to the multi-country level in the Gulf Council Cooperation (GCC) region given differences between the member countries in terms of financial structure and economic focus.Practical implicationsThe results reported constitute a useful guide for policymakers and faith-based-sensitive investors concerned about the Shariah compliancy of their portfolios given that there is very little difference between how CMFs and SMFs performed in the focal period. This research can be extended to include other Islamic countries in the GCC region as a basis for identifying optimal investment vehicles, i.e. those most likely to produce high returns at low risk.Originality/valueThe work reported in this paper is original and constitutes a valuable asset for ethnoreligious-sensitive investors. The research has not been published in any capacity and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
Becoming first-generation
Authors: Vega Blanca Elizabeth 
Published: January 2022

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to understand how I – and many other students – became first-generation college students (FGCSs) by exploring the rise and retraction of TRIO. Originally, TRIO was a set of three college access and retention programs created in the 1960s to address the needs of a population designated as academically and economically disadvantaged. The author uses the term “becoming” as a process of how a person is constructed socially, in this case, as a FGCS and faculty member. The author uses. social construction of targeted populations theory to explore my testimonio as a beneficiary of opportunity programs.

Design/methodology/approach
To explore how FGCS experience policy changes affecting TRIO, I use my testimonio to build on the historical literature that covers 1968–2001. I begin my testimonio by first reviewing my background as a second generation Ecuadorian American. I then review how I encountered opportunity programs and why I continued to be a participant in these programs, specifically, TRIO. I end my testimonio by countering criticism of TRIO programs using research on and lived experiences with TRIO.

Findings
During an era when TRIO budgets remain under constant attack, testimonios shed light on participants’ experiences with policy changes. Specifically, I reveal how economic budget cuts create policy changes to terms such as “academically and economically disadvantaged” and shapes perceptions and knowledge about who are FGCS.

Research limitations/implications
Research limitations include application of social construction of targeted group theory to one testimonio. Implications include more studies on how policy changes, specifically budget allocations could affect characterizations and images of targeted populations such as FGCS.

Practical implications
Understanding the role of policy changes to TRIO program funding benefits students from misperceptions by educational administrators and other stakeholders.

Originality/value
My testimonio also builds on work regarding the impacts of CARPS on FGCS like me. Most importantly, my testimonio contributes to the efforts necessary to ensure these programs continue to exist and succeed. I use my testimonio side by side with research literature on TRIO to become both the subject of inquiry and the inquirer, simultaneously a beneficiary and an informant of how these programs have influenced my persistence through the postsecondary education system and shaped my understanding of FGCS.
Functional dyspepsia leads to more healthcare utilization in secondary care compared with other functional gastrointestinal disorders
Authors: Chuah Kee Huat , Cheong Suh Yu , Lim Sze Zee , Mahadeva Sanjiv 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveFunctional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are known to have a significant impact on patients’ quality of life and lead to a greater healthcare burden. In this study we aimed to investigate whether this healthcare burden differs among various types of FGIDs in secondary care.MethodsA retrospective study of consecutive adults with luminal gastrointestinal (GI) diseases in a secondary healthcare gastroenterology clinic was conducted. The frequency of FGIDs and differences in healthcare utilization among different types of FGIDs were explored.ResultsAmong 1206 patients with luminal GI disease, 442 (36.7%) had FGIDs. FGIDs patients were older (67 y vs 62 y, P < 0.001) with a higher proportion of women (61.8% vs 50.4%, P < 0.001) than those without FGIDs. Functional dyspepsia (FD) was the most common FGIDs (36.9%), followed by irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (30.3%). A high healthcare burden (defined as over one GI endoscopy or imaging examination over 5 years, or  one or more unscheduled visit to general practitioner or emergency department or hospitalization annually) was observed among 53.8% of the FGIDs patients. FD was associated with a high healthcare burden (high vs low burden: 43.7% vs 28.9%, P = 0.001) while IBS was associated with lower healthcare burden (high vs low burden: 25.2% vs 36.3%, P = 0.012). On multivariate analysis, only FD was significantly associated with high healthcare burden (adjusted odds ratio 1.996, 95% confidence interval 1.117‐3.567, P = 0.020).ConclusionCompared with other FGIDs, FD was the most common condition in secondary care, and it was associated with the greatest healthcare burden.
Muscle mitochondrial energetics predicts mobility decline in well‐functioning older adults: The baltimore longitudinal study of aging
Authors: Tian Qu , Mitchell Brendan A. , Zampino Marta , Fishbein Kenneth W. , Spencer Richard G. , Ferrucci Luigi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundMuscle mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with poor mobility in aging. Whether mitochondrial dysfunction predicts subsequent mobility decline is unknown.MethodsWe examined 380 cognitively normal participants aged 60 and older (53%women, 22%Black) who were well‐functioning (gait speed ≥ 1.0 m/s) and free of Parkinson's disease and stroke at baseline and had data on baseline skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and one or more mobility assessments during an average 2.5 years. Muscle oxidative capacity was measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy as the post‐exercise recovery rate of phosphocreatine (kPCr). Mobility was measured by four walking tests. Associations of baseline kPCr with mobility changes were examined using linear mixed‐effects models, adjusted for covariates. In a subset, we examined whether changes in muscle strength and mass affected these associations by adjusting for longitudinal muscle strength, lean mass, and fat mass.ResultsLower baseline kPCr was associated with greater decline in all four mobility measures (β, p‐value: (0.036, 0.020) 6‐m usual gait speed; (0.029, 0.038) 2.5‐min usual gait speed; (0.034, 0.011) 6‐m rapid gait speed; (−0.042, <0.001) 400‐m time). In the subset, further adjustment for longitudinal muscle strength, lean mass, and fat mass attenuated longitudinal associations with changes in mobility (Δβ reduced 26–63%).ConclusionAmong initially well‐functioning older adults, worse muscle mitochondrial function predicts mobility decline, and part of this longitudinal association is explained by decline in muscle strength and mass. Our findings suggest that worse mitochondrial function contributes to mobility decline with aging. These findings need to be verified in studies correlating longitudinal changes in mitochondrial function, muscle, and mobility performance.
National multi‐centre study found a low prevalence of severely impaired lung function in children and adolescents
Authors: Lukić Ana , Buchvald Frederik , Agertoft Lone , Rubak Sune , Skov Marianne , Perch Michael , Nielsen Kim G. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimAs no data to our knowledge exist, the aim of the study was to describe the national prevalence and characteristics of Danish children and adolescents with severely impaired lung function.MethodsWe performed a descriptive, cross‐sectional Danish multi‐centre study. Children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years old demonstrating severely impaired lung function from 2015 to 2018, defined by forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) <60% or who had lung transplantation, were eligible for inclusion.ResultsThis study included 113 children with a mean age (standard deviation) of 12.9 years (3.5 years). The prevalence of severely impaired lung function was approximately 13 in 100,000. The mean (standard deviation) FEV1 was 46.1% (10.1%) of predicted, and z‐score was −4.5 (0.8). The most frequent diagnosis was cystic fibrosis (20.4%), followed by asthma (19.5%) and bronchiolitis obliterans (16.8%), while almost 25% had different elements of airway malformations or non‐pulmonary conditions. Two adolescents with cystic fibrosis underwent lung transplantation.ConclusionThe estimated prevalence of severely impaired lung function in Danish children and adolescents was low, and extremely, few children underwent lung transplantation. The most frequent diagnosis was cystic fibrosis, while almost 25% had different elements of airway malformations or non‐pulmonary conditions, which may require clinical attention.
Landmark‐guided T‐maze learning in the wolf spiderTigrosa helluo
Authors: Guth Tiffany L. , Persons Matthew H. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSpatial learning and navigation may be acquired through idiothetic information (i.e., self‐referential movement cues) or allothetic cues (e.g., external landmarks). Animals may use specific types of landmarks to navigate known as reference frames. A reference frame is an environmental shape or boundary that provides a framework for spatial localization. Wolf spiders produce draglines of silk as they move through the environment that could serve as reference frames and may predispose spiders to use other reference frames to navigate. Using a modified water T‐maze, we recorded the ability of adult femaleTigrosa helluowolf spiders to correctly navigate toward a target goal. We measured variation in spatial learning of the target location with and without a reference frame landmark (tape marking the correct path). Females were trained over ten consecutive trials to successfully achieve the goal. Training trials were then repeated the following day for each subject for a total of 20 trials over two days. In the landmark condition, after the 20 trials, we reversed the reference frame to the incorrect arm choice to test for a decline in performance. For each trial, we measured the latency to achieve the goal and number of reversions or path retracing. Results indicate significantly shorter time to goal over subsequent trials with shorter mean latency to achieve the goal on the second day compared with the first. The landmark treatment showed significantly fewer wrong turns and path retracings than the control, and the reversal of the reference frame significantly increased the latency to achieve the goal. Wolf spiders can learn simple T‐maze navigation under our testing conditions, but learning is enhanced when reference frames are present. Landmarks are important for spider allothetic spatial navigation, and learned spatial navigation tasks are better retained over two days in the presence of reference frames.
Trends in the amyloidosis mortality rate in Japan: A nationwide observational study from 1998 to 2019
Authors: Harada Ko , Hagiya Hideharu , Koyama Toshihiro , Otsuka Fumio 
Published: January 2022

AimDespite the increasing attention that has been paid to amyloidosis in recent years, there have been few reports on amyloidosis mortality and its trends worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the trends in crude and age‐adjusted amyloidosis‐associated mortality rates in Japan from 1998 to 2019.MethodsWe used national Vital Statistics data among older adults aged over 50 years. The data were analyzed using the joinpoint regression program to estimate the long‐term trends and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs).ResultsA total of 9158 amyloidosis‐associated deaths were recorded from 1998 to 2019, of which 56.1% were in men. The crude mortality rate per 1 000 000 older adults aged over 80 years increased from 9.65 to 54.3 among men and from 7.02 to 22.1 among women during the study period. Overall, the AAPCs of age‐adjusted amyloidosis‐associated mortality rates increased significantly over the study period (1.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0–2.7%). While the annual percentage change (APC) of age‐adjusted mortality rates in women showed no significant change over the study period, the APC in men markedly increased in the 2013–2019 period (8.2%, 95% CI: 6.0–10.4%).ConclusionsThis study revealed an increasing trend in mortality associated with amyloidosis, and in particular a marked increase in mortality among men over the past 6 years. Considering its high mortality rate and susceptibility to the effects of an increasing population of older adults, amyloidosis deserves more attention from healthcare providers to improve the understanding of diagnosis, clinical treatment, and healthcare planning. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 246–250.
Modeling and Monte Carlo simulation on photothermal effect in Gd3Al3Ga2O12:Ce3+/Y3Al5O12:Cr3+ layered composite ceramic
Authors: Wang Tengyu , Qin Keyang , Wang Xiangfu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLayered composite ceramics have wide application in solid‐state lasers. However, the photothermal effect in the layered ceramics has not been clarified, due to the interface effect between layers. In this work, the model of photon propagation and thermal distribution in the Gd3Al3Ga2O12:Ce3+/Y3Al5O12:Cr3+ layered ceramics are established. The property of photon absorption, reflection, transmission, and thermal distribution are studied by combining the Monte Carlo method and the convolution method. It is found that the photon absorption distribution and thermal distribution of this layered ceramics show the gradient change. Furthermore, this change is strongly dependent on the type, beam width, and power of laser. The temperature of layered ceramics induced by Gaussian beam is higher than that induced by flat circular beam. This work provides a useful research method for the design of layered ceramic materials with excellent scintillation performance.
The Politicized Enforcement of Laws Criminalizing Executive Branch Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Peterson Jordan Carr 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThere exist a host of separate federal statutes governing conflicts of interest for employees in the federal executive branch. These are supplemented by additional administrative rules promulgated by the Office of Government Ethics. Most provisions regulate financial self‐dealing via the imposition of criminal sanctions. In this article, I analyze the enforcement of public ethics law in the executive branch in three ways: first, by examining the textual substance of the statutory and administrative provisions regulating financial conflicts; second, through the presentation of descriptive statistics on enforcement of federal prohibitions on self‐dealing; and third, through exploratory analyses to investigate whether enforcement of federal public ethics law is driven by partisan dynamics or ideological preferences. My results indicate that the Department of Justice is at least somewhat more likely to successfully prosecute employees of agencies whose ideological preferences are misaligned with the incumbent president.
The Importance of Position: Agency Discretionary Budgets and PAS Appointments
Authors: Gui Fred , Rothenberg Lawrence 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAgency budgets are recognized as strong conditioning influences on executive nominations and, by extension, bureaucratic politicization. Key is an appointed position with greater budgetary authority attached being more important. Yet, position importance has been measured broadly—for example, distinguishing among appointment tiers—without incorporating discretionary budgets as a more nuanced measure. We rectify this, assessing hypotheses about how a position's discretionary budget impacts the president's nomination choice and the Senate's responses. As expected, higher budgets are associated with presidents nominating those with whom they are more in tune ideologically, but this effect is mitigated for top‐tier appointments. Also as predicted, the Senate moves these high budget appointments through the process more smoothly with higher approval likelihoods. Budgets are a key element of position importance for department‐level agencies, structuring how presidents choose and the Senate reacts in politicizing the bureaucracy.
Going for Goals: Presidential Appointments and Agency Goal Change
Authors: Piper Christopher 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWith dozens of mandates, federal agencies have considerable discretion in how they focus their time and resources. In this article, I explain how presidents influence agency goals, focusing on how appointee teams are essential to prioritizing and resetting agency goals. Using original data on federal agency goals from the Obama administration to the Trump administration, my analysis of strategic and priority goals across 56 agencies reveals that agencies in which the president has a higher percentage of key appointed positions filled experienced higher levels of long‐term goal change. This finding highlights the president's immediate need to get their appointee teams in place to alter the course of agency policymaking for their whole first term.
Kant on Inclination and Reason
Authors: Shaddock Justin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractKant's Incorporation Thesis states that inclinations do not determine the will independently of reason. But do inclinations represent objects as desirable independently of reason? Or, is reason involved in the very constitution of an inclination so that inclinations without reason are impossible? The former interpretation is held by Christine Korsgaard and Tamar Schapiro. The latter is given by Janelle DeWitt and Allen Wood. I argue for a novel version of the latter interpretation by appealing to Kant's hylomorphism. On my interpretation, reason makes inclinations possible in the way that form does matter. Reason orders the objects of our possible inclinations amongst all our ends in a system. Rather than these relations being consequent to or dependent upon the contents of our inclinations, I argue that these relations are a priori conditions of the possibility of our inclinations. For, we come to have particular inclinations only by their objects coming to occupy places in our system of ends, where such places are antecedently marked out by reason's determination of the interrelations among all our ends.