bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Antihypertensive Treatment on Cerebral Blood Flow in Older Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: van Rijssel Anniek E. , Stins Bram C. , Beishon Lucy C. , Sanders Marit L. , Quinn Terence J. , Claassen Jurgen A.H.R. , de Heus Rianne A.A. 
Published: February 2022

Background:
In older age, the benefits of antihypertensive treatment (AHT) become less evident, with greater associated risk. Of particular concern is compromising cerebral blood flow (CBF), especially in those with cognitive impairment.

Methods:
We created a synthesis of the published evidence by searching multiple electronic databases from 1970 to May 2021. Included studies had participants with mean age ≥50 years, hypertension or cognitive impairment, and assessed CBF before and after initiating AHT. Two authors independently determined eligibility and extracted data. Study quality was assessed using The Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions tool. We summarized study characteristics (qualitative synthesis) and performed random-effects meta-analyses (quantitative synthesis).

Results:

Thirty-two studies (total n=1306) were included, of which 23 were eligible for meta-analysis. In line with the qualitative synthesis, the meta-analysis indicated no effect of AHT initiation on CBF (standardized mean difference, 0.08 [95% CI, −0.07 to 0.22];
P
=0.31,
I
2
=42%). This was consistent across subgroups of acute versus chronic AHT, drug class, study design, and CBF measurement. Subgroups by age demonstrated an increase in CBF after AHT in those aged >70 years (standardized mean difference, 4.15 [95% CI, 0.16–8.15];
P
=0.04,

I
2

=42%), but not in those aged 50 to 65 and 65 to 70 years (standardized mean difference, 0.18 [95% CI,−2.02 to 2.38];
P
=0.87,

I
2

=49%; standardized mean difference, 1.22 [95% CI, −0.45 to 2.88];
P
=0.15,

I
2

=68%). Overall, risk of bias was moderate-to-high and quality of evidence (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) was very low, reflecting the observational nature of the data.

Conclusions:
Accepting the observed limitations, current evidence does not suggest a harmful effect of AHT on CBF. Concerns over CBF should not preclude treatment of hypertension.
Posture‐Related Differences in Cardiovascular Function Between Young Men and Women: Study of Noninvasive Hemodynamics in Rural Malawi
Authors: Choudhary Manoj Kumar , Penninkangas Roosa‐Maria , Eräranta Arttu , Niemelä Onni , Mangani Charles , Maleta Kenneth , Ashorn Per , Ashorn Ulla , Pörsti Ilkka 
Published: February 2022

Background
Cardiovascular risk is higher in men than in women, but little information exists about sex‐related differences in cardiovascular function from low‐income countries. We compared hemodynamics between sexes in rural Malawi in a cohort followed up since their birth.

Methods and Results

Supine, seated, and standing hemodynamics were recorded from 251 women and 168 men (mean age, 21 years; body mass index, 21 kg/m
2
) using oscillometric brachial waveform analyses (Mobil‐O‐Graph). The results were adjusted for estimated glomerular filtration rate, and plasma potassium, lipids, and glucose. Men had higher brachial and aortic systolic blood pressure and stroke index regardless of posture (
P
<0.001), and higher upright but similar supine diastolic blood pressure than women. Regardless of posture, heart rate was lower in men (
P
<0.001), whereas cardiac index did not differ between sexes. Women presented with lower supine and standing systemic vascular resistance index (
P
<0.001), whereas supine‐to‐standing increase in vascular resistance (
P
=0.012) and decrease in cardiac index (
P
=0.010) were higher in women. Supine left cardiac work index was similar in both sexes, whereas standing and seated left cardiac work index was higher in men than in women (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions
In young Malawian adults, men had higher systolic blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and upright cardiac workload, whereas women presented with higher posture‐related changes in systemic vascular resistance and cardiac output. These findings show systematic sex‐related differences in cardiovascular function in a cohort from a low‐income country with high exposure to prenatal and postnatal malnutrition and infectious diseases.
One‐Year Blood Pressure Trajectory After Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Lee Keon‐Joo , Kim Beom Joon , Han Moon‐Ku , Kim Joon‐Tae , Choi Kang Ho , Shin Dong‐Ick , Cha Jae‐Kwan , Kim Dae‐Hyun , Kim Dong‐Eog , Ryu Wi‐Sun , Park Jong‐Moo , Kang Kyusik , Lee Soo Joo , Oh Mi‐Sun , Yu Kyung‐Ho , Lee Byung‐Chul , Hong Keun‐Sik , Cho Yong‐Jin , Choi Jay Chol , Park Tai Hwan , Park Sang‐Soon , Kwon Jee‐Hyun , Kim Wook‐Joo , Lee Jun , Sohn Sung Il , Hong Jeong‐Ho , Lee Kyung Bok , Lee Ji Sung , Lee Juneyoung , Gorelick Philip B. , Bae Hee‐Joon ,   Clinical Research Collaboration for Stroke in Korea (CRCS‐K) Investigators
Published: February 2022

Background
Although the effect of blood pressure on poststroke outcome is well recognized, the long‐term trajectory of blood pressure after acute ischemic stroke and its influence on outcomes have not been studied well.

Methods and Results

We analyzed systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements in 5514 patients with acute ischemic stroke at ≥2 of 7 prespecified time points during the first year after stroke among those enrolled in a multicenter prospective registry. Longitudinal SBPs were categorized using a group‐based trajectory model. The primary outcome was a composite of stroke recurrence, myocardial infarction, and all‐cause mortality up to 1 year after stroke. The study subjects were categorized into 4 SBP trajectory groups:
low
(27.0%),
moderate
(59.5%),
persistently high
(1.2%), and
slowly dropping
(12.4%). In the first 3 groups, SBP decreased during the first 3 to 7 days and remained steady thereafter. In the
slowly dropping SBP group
, SBPs decreased from 182 to 135 mm Hg during the first 30 days, then paralleled the trajectory of the
moderate SBP group
. Compared with the reference, the
moderate SBP group
, the
slowly dropping SBP group
was at higher risk for the primary outcome (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.32; 95% CI, 1.05‒1.65) and mortality (adjusted HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.03‒1.78). Primary outcome rates were similarly high in the
persistently high SBP group
.

Conclusions

Four 1‐year longitudinal SBP trajectories were identified in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Patients in the
slowly dropping SBP
and
persistently high SBP
trajectory groups were prone to adverse cardiovascular outcomes after stroke.
Distinct Generation of Subjective Vividness and Confidence during Naturalistic Memory Retrieval in Angular Gyrus
Authors: Zou Futing , Kwok Sze Chai 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Our subjective experience of remembering guides and monitors the reconstruction of past and simulation of the future, which enables us to identify mistakes and adjust our behavior accordingly. However, what underlies the process of subjective mnemonic experience remains incompletely understood. Here, we combined behavior, repetitive TMS, and functional neuroimaging to probe whether vividness and confidence are generated differently during retrieval. We found that preretrieval repetitive TMS targeting the left angular gyrus (AnG) selectively attenuated the vividness efficiency compared with control stimulation while keeping metacognitive efficiency and objective memory accuracy unaffected. Using trialwise data, we showed that AnG stimulation altered the mediating role of vividness in confidence in the accuracy of memory judgment. Moreover, resting-state functional connectivity of hippocampus and AnG was specifically associated with vividness efficiency, but not metacognitive efficiency across individuals. Together, these results identify the causal involvement of AnG in gauging the vividness, but not the confidence, of memory, thereby suggesting a differentiation account of conscious assessment of memory by functionally and anatomically dissociating the monitoring of vividness from confidence.
Effects of Multisession Prefrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Long-term Memory and Working Memory in Older Adults
Authors: Au Jacky , Smith-Peirce Rachel N. , Carbone Elena , Moon Austin , Evans Michelle , Jonides John , Jaeggi Susanne M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive form of electrical brain stimulation popularly used to augment the effects of working memory (WM) training. Although success has been mixed, some studies report enhancements in WM performance persisting days, weeks, or even months that are actually more reminiscent of consolidation effects typically observed in the long-term memory (LTM) domain, rather than WM improvements per se. Although tDCS has been often reported to enhance both WM and LTM, these effects have never been directly compared within the same study. However, given their considerable neural and behavioral overlap, this is a timely comparison to make. This study reports results from a multisession intervention in older adults comparing active and sham tDCS over the left dorsolateral pFC during training on both an n-back WM task and a word learning LTM task. We found strong and robust effects on LTM, but mixed effects on WM that only emerged for those with lower baseline ability. Importantly, mediation analyses showed an indirect effect of tDCS on WM that was mediated by improvements in consolidation. We conclude that tDCS over the left dorsolateral pFC can be used as an effective intervention to foster long-term learning and memory consolidation in aging, which can manifest in performance improvements across multiple memory domains.
Geometry and the Gods: Theurgy in Proclus’s Commentary on the First Book of Euclid’s Elements
Authors: Goulding Robert 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The gods that guard the poles have been assigned the function of assembling the separate and unifying the manifold members of the whole, while those appointed to the axes keep the circuits in everlasting revolution around and around. And if I may add my own conceit, the centers and poles of all the spheres symbolize the wry-necked gods (τῶν ίυγγικῶν θεῶν) by imitating the mysterious union and synthesis which they effect; the axes represent the connectors (συνοχάς) of all the cosmic orders … and the very spheres are likenesses of the perfecting divinities (τῶν τελεσιουργῶν θεῶν) … (Proclus 1992a, pp. 74–5; 1873, pp. 90–91)1
Proclus’s Commentary on the First Book of Euclid’s Elements contains one of the most important discussions of the nature of mathematical objects and preserves a wealth of historical information about mathematics from antiquity. However, large sections of the text have been neglected by scholars since the text’s first publication in the sixteenth century. Proclus expounds at length on correspondences between mathematical objects and the gods. At times he uses the language of “theurgy,” the ritual practices that later Neoplatonists insisted were necessary for the human soul to ascend to the intelligibles. The contention of this article is that the Commentary, taken as a whole, concerns the practice of “inner theurgy,” mental rituals used by advanced students to raise the soul beyond its assigned bounds. This practice can be traced back to Plotinus and the very beginnings of Neoplatonism; however, the particular methods presented by Proclus are his own development. This interpretation of the Commentary is supported by Proclus’s works Commentary on the Parmenides and Platonic Theology. Parts of the Commentary that have been studied carefully by modern scholars, especially the theory of the mathematical phantasia or imagination, will be shown to be crucial elements in Proclus’s theory and practice of inner theurgy.
The Hidden Praeceptor: How Georg Rheticus Taught Geocentric Cosmology to Europe
Authors: Valleriani Matteo , Federau Beate , Nicolaeva Olya 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A corpus of 360 distinct early modern printed editions (from 1472 to 1650) containing Johannes de Sacrobosco’s Tractatus de sphaera is “dissected” into a corpus of 540 text-parts, 241 of them re-occurring at least once. Through the exploration of the data, we recognized a relevant position for four anonymous authors in their social network. We demonstrate that the text-parts originally assigned to the anonymous authors were authored or edited by Georg Rheticus. By means of data analysis, we conclusively establish that Rheticus profoundly impacted the content of such textbooks for the introductory class in geocentric astronomy all over Europe between 1538 and 1629.
Replicating Mathematical Inventions: Galileo’s Compass, Its Instructions, Its Students
Authors: Biagioli Mario 
Published: February 2022

AbstractQuestions about how closure is achieved in disputes involving new observational or experimental claims have highlighted the role of bodily knowledge possibly irreducible to written experimental protocols and instructions how to build and operate instruments. This essay asks similar questions about a scenario that is both related and significantly different: the replication of an invention, not of an observation or the instrument through which it produced. Furthermore, the machine considered here—Galileo’s compass or sector—was not a typical industrial invention (like a spinning jenny), but a mathematical invention (a calculator), that is, a machine that produces numbers, not yarn. This case study describes some of the similarities and differences between replicating experiments, traditional machines producing material outputs, and mathematical inventions yielding calculations or information. This comparison indicates that, as in other kinds of replication, the replication of mathematical inventions involves texts (the calculator’s instructions) but that in this case bodily knowledge cannot be properly described as either tacit or explicit. It rather takes the shape of memory—muscle memory—that may be recalled from reading the instructions.
On Derrida’s Donner le temps, Volumes I & II: A New Engagement with Heidegger
Authors: Rosenthal Adam R. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This essay explores the importance of Donner le temps II within the context of Derrida’s writings on Heidegger and the gift. In the first section of the essay, I situate the publication of the latter half of Derrida’s 1978–79 seminar against his writings on the gift generally, beginning in 1968 and ending in 2000. In the second section, I explain how the second volume of Donner le temps relates to the first. In the final three sections of the paper, I focus on three prominent topics of the seminar, so as to show how they impact our previous understanding of major aspects of Derrida’s thought: first, the Heideggerian thinking of the es gibt, as it relates to the gift’s unconditionality. Second, the problematic of the Kunstwerk, as it informs Derrida’s thinking of récit. Third, the problem of Dichtung, as it is linked to the poématique.
“As Soon as a Man Comes to Life, He Is Old Enough to Die”: Heidegger and Chapter XX of Der Ackermann aus Böhmen
Authors: Atterton Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In section 48 of Being and Time, Heidegger quotes from chapter XX of Der Ackermann aus Böhmen, a late medieval prose poem written in Early New High German, circa 1400: “As soon as a man comes to life, he is at once old enough to die.” In this paper, I provide the context for the quotation. I also suggest that Heidegger’s interest in Der Ackermann cannot be explained solely in terms of his believing the poem was the source of the quotation on page 245 of Being and Time. I offer a justification for this claim by showing that Heidegger’s discussion of death in Being and Time employs three important images: “debt,” “inheritance,” and “ripeness” – all of which can be found in chapter XX Der Ackermann. I show these “borrowings” to be at once a reference to the context of the Christian/humanist heritage to which they belong and a part of the newly evolving Daseinsanalytik.
The Rights Hero – Serious Games for Human Rights Education and Integration of Migrant and Refugee Children in Europe
Authors: Dima Mariza , Xanthaki Alexandra , Deniozou Thaleia , Luoma Colin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Following the rise of migrant inflows in Europe since 2015, more than 210,000 unaccompanied children have arrived in Europe. This article argues that serious games can in principle fill the gap of human rights education that these children face and ultimately help them develop, but important issues and challenges need to be considered. The article follows the design and development of “The Rights Hero”, a prototype serious game for migrant children to help them learn and practise their rights, encouraging them to take transformative action that will lead them to integration. The game focuses on the “Rights Hero”, whose gender and race are unidentifiable and who is trying to build up two superpowers, “Resilience” and “Empowerment”, through responding appropriately to various challenges. These challenges are all too familiar to migrant children. Designed by an interdisciplinary team of human rights and game design experts, and in collaboration with the ngo Network for Children’s Rights, work on the prototype raised important discussions regarding the use of games for human rights education, the need for children to know their rights, and their understanding of integration. The article reflects on the extent to which serious games can be developed as a useful informal educational tool for the human rights education of displaced children.
Who is “The Child”? Best Interests and Individuality of Children in Discretionary Decision-Making
Authors: Krutzinna Jenny 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
While the substantiation of “best interests” has received much attention, the question of how “the child” is conceptualised to ensure any action taken or decision made is in the particular child’s best interests has been largely neglected. In this paper, I argue that the lack of robust understanding of who “the child” is, means that we continue to make many generalisations and category-based assumptions in determining the child’s best interests. In addressing the challenge of doing right by the individual child, I propose a three-step approach based on a theoretical model of the child that avoids presumptions about child-typical needs and insists on an assessment of the child’s individual characteristics, needs, qualities and circumstances, making it the only conceptualisation fully meeting the child centrism criterion required by children’s rights as determined by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.
The Limits of Child Agency?
Authors: Lokot Michelle , Shakya Holly Baker , Cislaghi Beniamino 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article explores how communities and development practitioners conceptualise children’s agency. It highlights contradictions within non-government organisations (ngo) and United Nations (UN) narratives on child marriage: children are said to exercise agency when they defy forced marriage, yet they lack knowledge and choice if they themselves decide to marry. This article is based on interviews and focus group discussions with communities in Somalia and Cameroon, and interviews with development practitioners in both countries. The findings highlight four themes: child-led marriages are a newer practice; child-led marriages are often temporary; practitioners believe children are too young to exercise agency; and practitioners question whether children can make decisions. These findings have implications for child marriage interventions, highlighting the need for “agency” to be conceptualised less narrowly. For ngo s, UN agencies and policy-makers, requires reflecting on what it means to accept community choices, irrespective of whether the outcome is positive or negative.
Authoritative Landscapes: The Making of Islamic Authority among Muslims in Europe
Authors: Sunier Thijl , Buskens Léon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This special issue deals with Islamic authority-making among Muslims of migrant background in predominantly Western Europe. Religious authority is persuasive power in religious matters, regarding issues of knowledge and institutional competence, and of truth, authenticity, legitimacy, trust, and ethics. The seven articles in this special issue address some of the manifold ways in which Islamic authority comes about. They show that authority should not be reduced to the leadership or personal status of religious scholars and other religious professionals; it can also be attributed to bodies of knowledge, to institutions, to legal, ethical and material matters, and to events. Islamic authority is a crucial element in shaping Islamic landscapes in all their diversity.
Oskarżenie z paragrafu siódmego
Authors: Zalewski Krzysztof Marcin 
Published: February 2022

Facing Charges of TheftReview of: Jack Goody, Kradzież historii, trans. Jacek Dobrowolski, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN 2009. (Original work: Jack Goody, The Theft of History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2006.) Oskarżenie z paragrafu siódmegoRecenzja: Jack Goody, Kradzież historii, tłum. Jacek Dobrowolski, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN 2009. (Praca oryginalna: Jack Goody, The Theft of History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2006.)
Jeden naród – jeden język? Ruch English-Only w kontekście wcześniejszych prób uregulowania statusu języka angielskiego w Stanach Zjednoczonych
Authors: Kaganiec-Kamieńska Anna 
Published: February 2022

One Nation – One Language? The English-Only Movement in the United StatesSpeaking English is perceived as essential to American identity. The English language does not, however, have an official status in the United States. As a consequence of the change in the racial and ethnic composition of the US population, in particular the growth of the Hispanic/Latino minority, since the 1980s the country has witnessed the birth and growth of the English-Only movement. The aim of the movement is to give English an official status. Even though no federal regulations have yet been passed, Official English measures have been adopted by many American states.This article presents the English-Only movement within the context of earlier attempts to restrict the use of foreign languages in the US. It also briefly discusses some of the federal, state and local regulations.
Próba rozwiązania kwestii żydowskiej przez Ludwika Zamenhofa
Authors: Żelazny Walter 
Published: February 2022

Ludwik Zamenhof’s Attempt at Solving the Jewish QuestionZamenhof is well known as the creator of the international language Esperanto. The origins of Espe­ranto stem from his attempts to convince Jews that they could form a nation, even without territory, on the basis of a language, namely Esperanto; otherwise, they would always be an ethnic group only. Zamenhof presented his doctrine in 1901 in a booklet entitled Hillel­ism, published in Russian. He decided to address the Jewish intelligentsia in Russia, where the Jewish issue was the most pronounced and tense. But the intelligentsia was unable to work out a national programme. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, it was split into many groups with a variety of standpoints, and each group perceived the Jewish nation in a different way and, most importantly, located its future homeland in a different part of the globe. Esperanto itself, however, became increasingly more popular at that time. Its adherents strongly criticised a broad spectrum of different, mildly utopian doctrines on how to solve the Jewish issue. Zamenhof re-edited his Hillelism in such a way that his efforts to solve the Jewish issue began to be absorbed into broad humanism. Later, he gradually promoted Homaranism, being at a distance from Judaism itself. Zamenhof finally believed that he left Espe­ranto not to a “specific ethnic group” but to all humanity.