bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Photoenzyme for Challenging Lactam Radical Cyclizations
Authors: Hyster Todd K. , Nicholls Bryce T. , Qiao Tianzhang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractReductive radical cyclizations are ubiquitous in organic synthesis and have been applied to the synthesis of structurally complex molecules. N-Heterocyclic motifs can be prepared through the cyclization of α-haloamides; however, slow rotation around the amide C–N bond results in preferential formation of an acyclic hydrodehalogenated product. Here, we compare four different methods for preparing γ-, δ-, ε-, and ζ-lactams via radical cyclization. We found that a photoenzymatic method using flavin-dependent ‘ene’ reductases affords the highest level of product selectivity. We suggest that through selective binding of the cis-amide isomer, the enzyme preorganizes the substrate for cyclization, helping to avoid premature radical termination.
Strategies for ortho-tert-Butylation of Phenols and their Analogues
Authors: Pettus Thomas R. R. , Chan Kazaf KC 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA new general process for constructing ortho-tert-butyl phenols is presented within the context of other known methods. All are briefly evaluated with regards to regioselectivity, efficiency, and functional group tolerance. In addition, we present an assortment of tert-butyl substrates accessed through o-QM chemistry. Our conclusion is that the o-QM process provides greater yields, flexibility, and generality than most other known methods for delivering ortho-tert-buytlated phenols and their derivatives.1	Introduction2	Friedel–Crafts Alkylation3	Addition of t-Bu– or t-Bu• to Carbonyl Compounds4	ipso-SNAr Reactions of Aryl Methoxy and tert-Butylsulfoxide Moieties5	Metal-Mediated Coupling of Aryl Bromides6	Applications of o-Quinone Methides (o-QMs)7	Conclusion
Current Applications of Ultrasound Imaging in the Preoperative Planning of DIEP Flaps
Authors: Perez-Iglesias Carolina Torres , Laikhter Elizabeth , Kang Christine O. , Nassar Amer H. , Maselli Amy M. , Cauley Ryan , Lee Bernard T. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background The deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap has become the gold standard for autologous breast reconstruction at many institutions. Although the deep inferior epigastric artery displays significant anatomic variability in its intramuscular course, branching pattern and location of perforating vessels, the ability to preoperatively visualize and map relevant vascular anatomy has increased the efficiency, safety and reliability of the DIEP flap. While computed tomography angiography (CTA) is often cited as the preoperative imaging modality of choice for perforator flaps, more recent advances in ultrasound technology have made it an increasingly attractive alternative.
Methods An extensive literature review was performed to identify the most common applications of ultrasound technology in the preoperative planning of DIEP flaps.
Results This review demonstrated that multiple potential uses for ultrasound technology in DIEP flap reconstruction including preoperative perforator mapping, evaluation of the superficial inferior epigastric system and as a potential adjunct in flap delay procedures. Available studies suggest that ultrasound compares favorably to other widely-used imaging modalities for these indications.
Conclusion This article presents an in-depth review of the current applications of ultrasound in the preoperative planning of DIEP flaps and explores some potential areas for future investigation.
Anatomical Variations of the Sinonasal Area and Their Clinical Impact on Sinus Pathology: A Systematic Review
Authors: Papadopoulou Anna-Maria , Bakogiannis Nikolaos , Skrapari Ioanna , Bakoyiannis Chris 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Introduction Anatomical variations of the nasal cavity and of the paranasal sinuses are frequently encountered and play an important role in dysfunctional drainage of sinuses. However, it is not clear in the literature whether they predispose to sinus pathology.
Objectives The aim of the present review is to summarize the understanding of the association between anatomical variations of the sinonasal area and sinus pathology.
Data Synthesis The present review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We performed a thorough research on PubMed from October 2004 until May 2020 by using the search terms paranasal sinus anatomical variations and sinus disease, sinusitis, and mucosal disease.Thirty studies were eligible and were included in the analysis. Overall, the studies encompassed a total of 6,999 patients included in the present review. In many studies, it has been statistically established that certain anatomical variations increase the risk of sinus disease. On the other hand, the rest of the collected studies failed to show any statistically significant correlation between anatomical variants and sinus pathology.
Conclusion The present study highlights the possible correlation between some anatomical variations of the sinonasal area and pathologies of the paranasal sinuses. Careful assessment and computed tomography (CT) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis is needed, especially in those undergoing endoscopic surgery, to identify and treat anatomical variations in the paranasal sinuses that may be correlated with rhinosinusitis. Due to contradictory results in the literature, further research is needed to elucidate the effects of anatomical variants of the sinonasal area.
Optical Quantum Computers
Authors: Asavanant Warit , Furusawa Akira 
Published: January 2022

This book is a current and rare treatment of the theoretical and experimental aspects of one of the most promising approaches to quantum computation—continuous-variable (CV) quantum computation using optical systems. In addition to its pedagogical value to those new to quantum computing, it is also a practical handbook for both experimentalists and theorists working in the field. Optical Quantum Computers: A Route to Practical Continuous Variable Quantum Information Processing summarizes many recent experimental developments and fills a gap in current literature.
This timely book:Provides up-to-date discussions based on experiments and expertise of the scientists building quantum computersCenters around the idea of time-domain quantum computationHighlights work by the team from the Furusawa–Yoshikawa Laboratory at The University of Tokyo—one of the leading quantum computing labs in the world
Researchers, graduate students, and those working in the quantum computing industry and its related fi elds will fi nd this an invaluable resource.
In vivo imaging of nanoparticle-labeled CAR T cells
Authors: Kiru Louise , Zlitni Aimen , Tousley Aidan Michael , Dalton Guillermo Nicolás , Wu Wei , Lafortune Famyrah , Liu Anna , Cunanan Kristen May , Nejadnik Hossein , Sulchek Todd , Moseley Michael Eugene , Majzner Robbie G. , Daldrup-Link Heike Elisabeth 
Published: January 2022

SignificanceChimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Efforts are now underway to evaluate the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy in solid tumors. However, a key limitation in the advancement of T-cell therapy is the lack of information on the biodistribution of the T cells in patients. Therefore, there is a need for the identification of translatable methods for tracking the therapeutic T cells noninvasively. We describe the mechanical labeling of CAR T cells with an FDA-approved iron oxide nanoparticle to demonstrate the noninvasive and multimodal imaging of the CAR T cells. This method may be utilized for monitoring T cells in clinical trials.
Intersecting kinematic encoding and readout of intention in autism
Authors: Montobbio Noemi , Cavallo Andrea , Albergo Dalila , Ansuini Caterina , Battaglia Francesca , Podda Jessica , Nobili Lino , Panzeri Stefano , Becchio Cristina 
Published: January 2022

Significance
A major challenge in studying intention reading is high motor variability. Analyses conducted across trials provide insights into what happens on average; however, they may obscure how individual observers read intention information in individual movements. We combined motion tracking, psychophysics, and computational analyses to examine intention reading in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) with single-trial resolution. Results revealed that a sizeable fraction of ASD observers can identify intention-informative variations in ASD (but not in typically developing) movement kinematics, but they are nonetheless unable to extract the encoded intention information. This approach not only enhances our basic understanding of mind reading in ASD but also provides potential avenues for the rational design of training procedures to improve the reading of others’ actions.
The Sociolinguistic Speech Corpus of Chilean Spanish (COSCACH)
Authors: Sadowsky Scott 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the Sociolinguistic Speech Corpus of Chilean Spanish (COSCACH) v1.0, a 9.3-million-word corpus
containing transcribed, lemmatized and morphologically tagged text, audio recordings and videos from 1,237 L1 speakers of Chilean
Spanish, as well as a control sample of 21 non-Chilean L1 Spanish speakers. The COSCACH is the first freely available corpus of
spoken Chilean Spanish of substantial size, as well as one of the largest speech corpora of any variety of Spanish. Following a
review of other Chilean speech corpora, I describe how the COSCACH was constructed, covering corpus design, speaker recruitment
and metadata collection, speech elicitation and recording, transcription, lemmatization and morphological tagging, and corpus
compilation. I thereby aim to provide a blueprint for creating modern, large-scale speech corpora suitable for phonetic,
sociophonetic and sociolinguistic research, in addition to traditional inquiry into semantics, lexis, grammar, pragmatics and
discourse.
Language aptitude, language interaction and age of language learning
Authors: Singleton David , Flynn Colin J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article reviews David Singleton’s books and articles published during the period 2014–2020. The first section concerns a popular book which he co-authored with Vivian Cook; the second gives an account of articles covering questions about the concept of language aptitude; the third deals with articles on the manner in which a learner’s competencies in different languages interact; the fourth section then summarizes his recent age-related work on second language learning in childhood, adolescence and midlife; and the fifth deals with his contributions on language learning in senior adulthood.
The second genitive in the history of Russian and across its dialects
Authors: Ter-Avanesova Alexandra , Daniel Michael 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we provide a survey of the diachronic development of the Russian second genitive (Gen2). As
endpoints of this development, we consider data from Russian dialects representing different dialect groups. Assumedly, the
expansion of Gen2 started off as ‘recycling’ of the genitive of a declension type that became obsolete already in the pre-written
period. Nouns of this declension type were adopted by another declension, carrying their old genitive over as a variant form. This
alternative ending started spreading, always as a variant, to other nouns in the adoptive declension. As the survey of the
literature shows, in the course of this expansion new constraints evolved, including phonological, morphophonological,
phonotactic, syntactic and semantic conditioning. While there is no declension class or even individual nouns where Gen2 became
the only option, it expanded to different extents in different dialects. We believe that the diversity of functions associated
with the form, the range of language-internal factors driving its expansion, as well as the current geographic distribution of
constraints on its formation weaken the claim that emergence of Gen2 as a morphological category dedicated to partitive was due to
contact with the languages of the Circumbaltic area, a suggestion made on a macro-areal basis and also based on comparison with
the northern dialects alone. While we cannot argue that the data we present disproves the contact factor, we would at least expect
that the increased granularity of dialectal data would provide some data to support it. This is not what happens, which we
consider to be an argument against contact-induced change.
The aim of the paper is two-fold: to present a synopsis of the discussions of the history of Gen2 and a survey of
the data on the use of Gen2 in the dialects, both firsthand and available from the literature; and to question the role of contact
in the emergence of the new category of Gen2 in Russian.
Audio description and subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing
Authors: Talaván Noa , Lertola Jennifer , Moreno Ana Ibáñez 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the teaching innovation project AUDIOSUB, which aimed at assessing the didactic potential of audio description (AD) and subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing (SDH) in foreign language education. Within an online setting, 25 undergraduates of English Studies in a Spanish university worked collaboratively for two months and a half, in groups of five, so as to provide accessibility to complete short films. To that end, they were provided with a number of ad hoc tutorials and guidelines on technical issues related to AD and SDH, the two media accessibility modes used for this proposal. A pre-experiment was designed for data collection: pre- and post- writing and oral production tests, as well as general translation pre- and post- tests, were administered, and quantitative data were exploited using SPSS; pre-and post- questionnaires and observation were also used to triangulate and complement the analysis. The results show evidence of improvement both in written production and in general translation skills thanks to the pedagogical application of media accessibility and point towards a more systematic exploitation of didactic SDH and AD in the foreign language learning context.
Bianchi IX geometry and the Einstein–Maxwell theory
Authors: Ghezelbash A M 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We construct numerical solutions to the higher-dimensional Einstein–Maxwell theory. The solutions are based on embedding the four dimensional Bianchi type IX space in the theory. We find the solutions as superposition of two functions, which one of them can be found numerically. We show that the solutions in any dimensions, are almost regular everywhere, except a singular point. We find that the solutions interpolate between the two exact analytical solutions to the higher dimensional Einstein–Maxwell theory, which are based on Eguchi–Hanson type I and II geometries. Moreover, we construct the exact cosmological solutions to the theory, and study the properties of the solutions.
Rotating black holes in Einstein-aether theory
Authors: Adam Alexander , Figueras Pau , Jacobson Ted , Wiseman Toby 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We introduce new methods to numerically construct for the first time stationary axisymmetric black hole solutions in Einstein-aether theory and study their properties. The key technical challenge is to impose regularity at the spin-2, 1, and 0 wave mode horizons. Interestingly we find the metric horizon, and various wave mode horizons, are not Killing horizons, having null generators to which no linear combination of Killing vectors is tangent, and which spiral from pole to equator or vice versa. Existing phenomenological constraints result in two regions of coupling parameters where the theory is viable and some couplings are large; region I with a large twist coupling and region II with also a (somewhat) large expansion coupling. Currently these constraints do not include tests from strong field dynamics, such as observations of black holes and their mergers. Given the large aether coupling(s) one might expect such dynamics to deviate significantly from general relativity (GR), and hence to further constrain the theory. Here we argue this is not the case, since for these parameter regions solutions exist where the aether is ‘painted’ onto a metric background that is very close to that of GR. This painting for region I is approximately independent of the large twist coupling, and for region II is also approximately independent of the large expansion coupling and normal to a maximal foliation of the spacetime. We support this picture analytically for weak fields, and numerically for rotating black hole solutions, which closely approximate the Kerr metric.
Lower bound in Pesin formula of C
1 interval maps*
Authors: Liao Gang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We prove that the lower bound in Pesin formula holds for any integrable absolutely continuous invariant measure of a piecewise C
1 interval map, i.e., the metric entropy is bounded from below by the Lyapunov exponent. Consequently, Pesin formula holds whenever Ruelle inequality is valid.
Prior information-based high-resolution tomography image reconstruction from a single digitally reconstructed radiograph
Authors: Lu Shaolin , Li Shibo , Wang Yu , Zhang Lihai , Hu Ying , Li Bing 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Tomography images are essential for clinical diagnosis and trauma surgery, allowing doctors to understand the internal information of patients in more detail. Since the large amount of x-ray radiation from the continuous imaging during the process of computed tomography scanning can cause serious harm to the human body, reconstructing tomographic images from sparse views becomes a potential solution to this problem. Here we present a deep-learning framework for tomography image reconstruction, namely TIReconNet, which defines image reconstruction as a data-driven supervised learning task that allows a mapping between the 2D projection view and the 3D volume to emerge from corpus. The proposed framework consists of four parts: feature extraction module, shape mapping module, volume generation module and super resolution module. The proposed framework combines 2D and 3D operations, which can generate high-resolution tomographic images with a relatively small amount of computing resources and maintain spatial information. The proposed method is verified on chest digitally reconstructed radiographs, and the reconstructed tomography images have achieved PSNR value of 18.621 ± 1.228 dB and SSIM value of 0.872 ± 0.041 when compared against the ground truth. In conclusion, an innovative convolutional neural network architecture is proposed and validated in this study, which proves that there is the potential to generate a 3D high-resolution tomographic image from a single 2D image using deep learning. This method may actively promote the application of reconstruction technology for radiation reduction, and further exploration of intraoperative guidance in trauma and orthopedics.
Unbiased TOF estimation using leading-edge discriminator and convolutional neural network trained by single-source-position waveforms
Authors: Onishi Yuya , Hashimoto Fumio , Ote Kibo , Ota Ryosuke 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objective. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are a strong tool for improving the coincidence time resolution (CTR) of time-of-flight (TOF) positron emission tomography detectors. However, several signal waveforms from multiple source positions are required for CNN training. Furthermore, there is concern that TOF estimation is biased near the edge of the training space, despite the reduced estimation variance (i.e. timing uncertainty). Approach. We propose a simple method for unbiased TOF estimation by combining a conventional leading-edge discriminator (LED) and a CNN that can be trained with waveforms collected from one source position. The proposed method estimates and corrects the time difference error calculated by the LED rather than the absolute time difference. This model can eliminate the TOF estimation bias, as the combination with the LED converts the distribution of the label data from discrete values at each position into a continuous symmetric distribution. Main results. Evaluation results using signal waveforms collected from scintillation detectors show that the proposed method can correctly estimate all source positions without bias from a single source position. Moreover, the proposed method improves the CTR of the conventional LED. Significance. We believe that the improved CTR will not only increase the signal-to-noise ratio but will also contribute significantly to a part of the direct positron emission imaging.
Study different quantum teleportation amounts by solving Lindblad master equation
Authors: El Anouz K , El Allati A , Saif F 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A realizable model based on the interaction between an excited two-level atom and a radiation field inside two quantum electrodynamics cavities is proposed. It consists of sending the excited atom through two serial cavities which contain the radiation field. Thus, the Lindblad master equations which describe the evolution of the reduced density matrix regarding the radiation field generated from the excited atom inside the cavities are solved in Markovian and non-Markovian regimes. Thereby, the rate of entanglement inherent in the total field-field system is evaluated using various witnesses by calculating analytically the concurrence and quantum discord, where we illustrate quantitatively the advantage of using an initial EPR and NOON states in the presence of radiation field losses. As an application, a scheme of quantum teleportation using two partial entangled channels is investigated. Finally, a comparative study between fidelity and the different levels of entanglement of the teleported state in the two regimes is also given.
Optimal chemotherapy counteracts cancer adaptive resistance in a cell-based, spatially-extended, evolutionary model
Authors: Italia Matteo , Dercole Fabio , Lucchetti Roberto 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Most aggressive cancers are incurable due to their fast evolution of drug resistance. We model cancer growth and adaptive response in a simplified cell-based (CB) setting, assuming a genetic resistance to two chemotherapeutic drugs. We show that optimal administration protocols can steer cells resistance and turned it into a weakness for the disease. Our work extends the population-based model proposed by Orlando et al (2012 Phys. Biol.), in which a homogeneous population of cancer cells evolves according to a fitness landscape. The landscape models three types of trade-offs, differing on whether the cells are more, less, or equal effective when generalizing resistance to two drugs as opposed to specializing to a single one. The CB framework allows us to include genetic heterogeneity, spatial competition, and drugs diffusion, as well as realistic administration protocols. By calibrating our model on Orlando et al’s assumptions, we show that dynamical protocols that alternate the two drugs minimize the cancer size at the end of (or at mid-points during) treatment. These results significantly differ from those obtained with the homogeneous model—suggesting static protocols under the pro-generalizing and neutral allocation trade-offs—highlighting the important role of spatial and genetic heterogeneities. Our work is the first attempt to search for optimal treatments in a CB setting, a step forward toward realistic clinical applications.