bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neo-Calvinist Culture Protestantism
Authors: Molendijk Arie L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Kuyper reinterpreted Calvinism as a combination of the richness of its tradition with an endorsement of modern principles and ways of life (except for gambling, theatre-going, and dancing). Yet the acceptance of the modern way of life did not mean secularism; on the contrary, according to Kuyper Calvinism in itself was a modern principle, which—against the prevailing powers of a secularizing modernity—could permeate society as a whole. The chapter argues that Kuyper’s Neo-Calvinist worldview was a pre-eminently modern invention in its own right, and thus signified a major break with traditional Calvinism, notwithstanding elements of continuity. A somewhat similar programme of reconciliation of religion and modernity was pursued at the time by liberal Protestants (Kulturprotestanten) in Germany, who contrary to Kuyper accepted the fact that cultural domains such as politics and the economy followed their own non-religious rules.
Abraham Kuyper’s Religio-Political Rhetoric
Authors: Molendijk Arie L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Even Kuyper’s critics acknowledge his great powers of oratory. Kuyper’s rhetoric had a strong romantic flavour of artistic inspiration and aimed at a vivid representation of reality. His stalwart defence of Calvinism against modernism (here taken by Kuyper as the predominant secular worldview) drew from personal experience and from the struggles in Dutch history, resulting in strong opinions couched in both military and organic metaphors. His mastery of the psychology of mass communication (Gustave le Bon) served his political goals rather well. Kuyper was also aware of the importance of modern media such as rallies, stump speeches, journals and pamphlets (which had a broad circulation at the time) and reflected on how to make good use of modern forms of communication. Kuyper’s rhetorical and polemical mastery not only empowered and energized his constituency, but also led to divisions in Dutch society that are still visible in the present day and are now termed ‘pillarization’.
Conclusion
Authors: Molendijk Arie L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In West European history the nineteenth century has been termed the ‘second confessional age’ (after the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries) because of the revival of religion and the strengthening of confessional divisions, which penetrated politics, society, and everyday culture. The Netherlands was no exception to these trends. Abraham Kuyper provided here the theoretical underpinnings of the process of pillarization (the politico-denominational segregation of a society). The old liberal ideal of an inclusive People’s Church that tolerated a broad range of Christian believers was not achieved. The rise of the critical study of the Bible and science of religion were the most conspicuous scholarly developments in Dutch theology in the second half of the nineteenth century. Methodologically speaking, a historical way of thinking was taking hold of the field. This does not imply that positivism and Darwinism played no role in theological debates, but doubtless the emerging historical-critical approach did much more damage to the credibility of traditional Christian dogma than naturalistic theories. The theologians who have figured in this book all formulated their position with a view to the changing world around them. Some were fundamentally affirmative about new cultural and political developments (Protestant modernist theologians), others were downright critical (Isaac da Costa), while Abraham Kuyper developed a new, modern, and competing worldview vis-à-vis the dominant liberal stance. Nevertheless, in a variety of ways, all protagonists addressed the challenges of the slowly modernizing Dutch society in the nineteenth century and can be called modern thinkers in their own right.
From Breakthrough to Blockbuster
Authors: Drakeman Donald L. , Drakeman Lisa N. , Oraiopoulos Nektarios 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Beginning in the 1970s, several scientific breakthroughs promised to transform the creation of new medicines. As investors sought to capitalize on these Nobel Prize–winning discoveries, the biotech industry grew to thousands of small companies around the world. Each sought to emulate what the major pharmaceutical companies had been doing for a century or more, but without the advantages of scale, scope, experience, and massive resources. How could a large collection of small companies, most with fewer than fifty employees, compete in one of the world’s most breathtakingly expensive and highly regulated industries? This book shows how biotech companies have met the challenge by creating nearly 40% more of the most important treatments for unmet medical needs. Moreover, they have done so with much lower overall costs. The book focuses on both the companies themselves and the broader biotech ecosystem that supports them. Its portrait of the crucial roles played by academic research, venture capital, contract research organizations, the capital markets, and pharmaceutical companies shows how a supportive environment enabled the entrepreneurial biotech industry to create novel medicines with unprecedented efficiency. In doing so, it also offers insights for any industry seeking to innovate in uncertain and ambiguous conditions. Looking to the future, it concludes that biomedical research will continue to be most effective in the hands of a large group of small companies as long as national healthcare policies allow the rest of the ecosystem to continue to thrive.
The Biotech Industry Track Record
Authors: Drakeman Donald L. , Drakeman Lisa N. , Oraiopoulos Nektarios 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter compares the output of the biotechnology industry, as a whole, to that of the pharmaceutical industry in terms of new FDA-approved medicines created. It shows that the biotech industry has been much more effective than the pharmaceutical industry in developing the medicines that address important unmet medical needs. It discusses how this result, which was predicted by the theoretical literature on innovation management but is only now shown empirically, flows from the structure of the biotech ecosystem. Having thousands of small companies competing for funding provided by thousands of independent investors fosters the high volume of risk-taking that enhances the development of genuinely novel products in an environment in which there is no way accurately to predict the product characteristics needed for success.
Body Plans
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Pancrustacea is a misnomer; the overwhelming number of species are not crustaceans—they are insects (Hexapoda). But most of the anatomical disparity in this subphylum occurs among the crustaceans. The preferred name would have been Tetraconata, based on an actual diagnostic feature—the presence of four cone cells in their eye ommatidia. The “crustacean” paraphyletic components of the subphylum form the main focus in this book. These form three monophyletic clades. Members of one clade have their gonopores located mid-body, somewhere on the trunk segments 6–8: Malacostraca, Copepoda, Thecostraca, and the extinct Cyclida. Members of a second clade, the oligostracans, have gonopores closer to the posterior aspect of the head on trunk segment 4. These include the parasitic branchiurans and their sister group, the tongue worms (pentastomids); the mystacocarids along with the Cambrian skaracarids; and Ostracoda. A third clade contains three groups: the freshwater branchiopods, the xenocaridans (remipedes and cephalocarids), and Hexapoda (insects). None of the classic so-called diagnostic features apply to all pancrustacean clades. Nevertheless, a great disparity of bauplan is evident in the subphylum.
Development
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Most developmental biologists implicitly understand the focus of their research as the processes extending from a zygote to an adult condition, which include embryonic and larval development. Data are available from not only living species but also the fossil record (especially from the Cambrian Orsten faunas). Although the nauplius often occurs as the initial larval stage, an intimal nauplius is not universal, and several distinct nauplii are recognizable. One must distinguish between an orthonauplius and various types of metanauplii, as well as germ bands and egg nauplii. Ontogeny is a sequence of independent stages in which no one stage can predict what the next stage will look like, let alone what the final stage will look like. Each stage is autonomous. Care must be exercised in analyzing and interpreting biohistorical events.
Bradoriida and Phosphatocopida
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Paleontologists long considered Bradoriida and Phosphatocopida as members of Ostracoda. New insights into their soft anatomy from unusually preserved fossils indicate their status is much more complicated. Both these groups are largely Cambrian in age, with only a few exceptions, and both exhibited completely encompassing bivalved and bilobed shells. Bradoriida had a head larva. They were at best stem forms of the pancrustaceans, but possibly better located closer to the root of the Mandibulata. Authorities have offered Phosphatocopida as a sister group to Crustacea sensu stricto, in what they call “Eucrustacea.” Phosphatocopes were generally tiny arthropods, less than 1mm to 2 mm, but sometimes up to 10 mm. Thousands of specimens are available for study; however, these so far are larval instars. Wide consensus seems to favor a sister status to all pancrustaceans. Without knowledge of the adults, caution must be exercised in this regard.
Ostracoda
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The diagnostic features that characterize Ostracoda, or seed shrimp, include distinctness of each pair of limbs from each other, body displaying little or no segmentation (although individual taxa can exhibit sclerite features that suggest possibly up to 11 trunk somites), an all-encompassing bivalved shell that lacks growth lines, and location of an adult male copulatory limb or organ just anterior to the caudal rami. The World Ostracoda Database indicates approximately 34,660 accepted species. The shell is typically calcareous, but in purely planktonic forms, calcium carbonate can be all but absent. The shell is often linked with a carapace, but this is not necessarily homolous with other pancrustacean carapaces. Once thought to be polyphyletic, the consensus, supported by molecule sequences, leans toward monophyly. The expression of the engrailed gene in Vargula hilgendorfii has allowed limb identifications. Initial hatching can happen at a variety of larval stages: three-segment nauplii, four-segment head larvae, or even longer segmental stages. Ostracods definitely occur in the Ordovician, but fossilized, ostracod-like limb fragments occur in the Cambrian. Sequencing of ostracods has helped reform the modern understanding of crustaceomorph evolution and taxonomy.
Acrothoracica
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Acrothoracica constitute one of the suborders of order Cirripedia. This is a small group of approximately 70 species, all of them with cryptic habits; they burrow into mollusk shells. Their own carapace lacks plates. Only females feed; the reduced male lives within the female’s burrow and consists only of a testis and might or might not possess a penis. When males exhaust their reserves, they are replaced by newer males. Dispersal depends on the nauplii and the cypris larvae. Biogeograpic distributions are rather incompletely understood, but fossil burrows are recognized in molluskan shells as far back as the Devonian at least, although there are reports of fossilized rostral plates of acrothoracicans.
Cyclida
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This extinct group extended in age from the early Carboniferous to late-most Cretaceous, although the latter date is problematic. Cyclida exhibit a flattened to domed carapace, rather circular in outline, the body shield completely covering the animal beneath. Often compared to the branchiurans, that affinity has now been disgraced. The body plan appears to conform to a either 5–6–2 or 5–7–1 plan. In addition, at least some of these forms have a distinctive horseshoe arrangement of gill plates beneath the carapace. The posterior cephalic and anterior thoracic limbs had a geniculate or subchelate form. The thorax was well developed, but the abdomen was small and had few segments.
Thermosbaenacea
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The thermosbaenaceans were first recognized less than a century ago. Thermosbaenacea were originally thought to sit separately from Peracarida in a superorder Pancarida. This placement arose from the females brooding of their eggs under their short carapaces; these females lack oöstegites. Molecule sequences now indicate that thermosbaenacea are within the mancoid Peracarida. The animals inhabit caves and groundwater habitats. Furthermore, the numbers of individuals at some localities are truly astounding compared to the numbers of individuals of spelaeogriphaceans, for example. These are truly small animals (generally only a few mm in length), so it appears that brooding under the carapace is more effective than brooding in a marsupium under the thorax.
Tanaidacea
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
At present, approximately 1,402 species of tanaidaceans are recognized—a sizable number and of the same order of magnitude as Cumacea. Within Tanaidacea, a surprising amount of anatomical diversity appears, especially within species. For decades, they have been divided into Dikonophora and Monokonophora, based on whether there are one or two genital cones in the males. The order displays widespread progeny, with females remaining in their burrows to bear the young, which eventually bore out of the burrows to take up independent existence in their own burrows. After reproducing, the females molt to eventually become copulatory males, which then range about seeking suitable females. Tanaidacea lack a telson in favor of an anal somite.
Procaridea
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Members of the infraorder Procaridea were at first located as a family of Caridea, then separated out as a sister group to the carideans, then placed back inside Caridea, and finally today currently sit as a distant sister group to Caridea. There are only six6 species known at present in two genera—certainly one of the smallest of pancrustacean groups. They brood their eggs on their pleopods, and so are good pleocyematans. What is distinctive about them is that they all occur on widely isolated islands. This could be a relict distribution from an ancient origin,. or perhaps these species might all be linked by certain “conveyor-belt” surface currents in the world’s oceans. We await further discoveries.
Clam Shrimp
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The clam shrimp, once thought to be a single order, are now viewed as three distinct orders within a cohort Diplostraca. Laevicaudata (or the lynceids) have ambiguous features such that they might be either closely related to Calmanostraca or stand as a sister group to a clade containing the rest of the Diplostraca. Lynceus has 11–13 limb-bearing somites in the thorax. Spinicaudata have 11–32 segments depending on the species, but the gonopores open on the 11th trunk somite. Cyclestheriida, however, is a sister taxon to the order Cladocera; it bears 16–18 pairs of trunk limbs in females and 15 pairs in males.
Cladocera
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The cladocerans, currently thought to contain approximately 630 species, constitute the most speciose and anatomically diverse group within Branchiopoda. Unlike other branchiopods with gonopores located around the 12th thoracic somite, cladocerans are truly oligomerous, with greatly shortened bodies. Cladocerans sort themselves into two general types: swimmers and crawlers. The swimmers typically use the antennae for locomotion, assisted to a greater or lesser degree by the buoyancy of the body. The crawlers live on or in the bottom or on the surface of water plants. There are five subgroups: anomopods, ctenopods, haplopods, onychopods, and the extinct cryptopods. Determining phylogeny among cladocerans has been hindered by overreliance on morphology. Increasing use of molecular sequences is beginning to gain in significance, although problems with unresolved clades remain. The important achievement to date is a consensus regarding a clearly monophyletic Cladocera.
“Enantiopods”
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The fossil arthropods discussed in this chapter represent problem taxa. Almost all occur in the middle of the Paleozoic (mostly Devonian), although one species derives from the Cambrian. All possess “long bodies” but present confusing and incomplete preservations of their anterior-most features. Their trunk limbs appear as unremarkable, either biramous or multiramous. These species often are placed among “primitive” arthropods, and such might well be so. Pancrustacea were long thought to have begun their evolution in the Cambrian as long-bodied, homonomous marine creatures. However, the molecular sequence data “insists” living taxa that conform to the longer bodied morphotypes occur high up in the pancrustacean cladograms. Thus, long-bodied homonomy must express either some kind of atavistic throwback as an apomorphy or are part of a logical continuum from the short-bodied Oligostraca, through middle-sized Multicrustacea, to the derived, long-thorax Allotriocarida. This chapter examines nine species, suggests alternative interpretations of their anatomy, and offers a dendrogram that could explain the evolution of Allotriocarida. “Enantiopod” is used as a catchall term—a common name—which is at best a parataxon.
Clarence Adams and Morris Wills
Authors: Lautz Terry 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter relates the story of twenty-one US Army soldiers, prisoners of war (POWs) in Korea, who at the end of the Korean War, chose to live in China instead of returning home. Among them were Clarence Adams, an African American from Memphis who believed the PRC would be free of racism, and Morris Wills, a White American from upstate New York who hoped China would offer him a better life. As the chapter shows, the PRC welcomed them for propaganda purposes, and many Americans blamed brainwashing, which the Chinese called thought reform, for their decision. Both men attended universities, married Chinese women and had children, but became disillusioned and returned to the United States after the Cultural Revolution broke out in the mid-1960s. In the United States, they lived with the stigma of being “turncoats” who had defected to Communist China.
Joan Hinton and Sid Engst
Authors: Lautz Terry 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Joan Hinton and Sid Engst went to China in the late 1940s, became fervent believers in Mao’s revolution, and stayed for the rest of their lives, working to improve China’s dairy industry. Hinton was a promising physicist who worked on the atomic bomb at Los Alamos and Engst was a farmer from central New York. In spite of the horrors of the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, they remained dedicated to socialism, believing that Mao had done a tremendous amount to improve Chinese society. After Deng Xiaoping’s reforms and opening to the West, they lamented the loss of Mao’s dream for a classless egalitarian society. From their perspective, his vision had been betrayed.
(Im)mobile Homes
Authors: Cabalquinto Earvin Charles B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The home is at the forefront of rapid transformation brought upon the expansion of globalizing economies, transnational migration, and the widespread uptake of ubiquitous digital communication technologies. This book unravels how geographically dispersed family members use smartphones, social media, and mobile applications in forging and sustaining long-distance relationships. It foregrounds the diverse, personalized, intimate, and creative mobile practices of fragmented family members in the enactment of everyday household interactions, festivities, homeland connections, and crisis management. On the one hand, mobile device use facilitates transnational connectivity, paving the way for enabling intimate ties, care expressions, and homeland linkages. Yet, communicative tensions also arise when digital routines are shaped by uneven familial expectations, differential financial conditions, asymmetrical technological access and capacities, work conditions, and migration policies and processes. It is by deploying various strategies that transnational family members cope with an often unstable, unsettling, and ambivalent networked environment. Ultimately, this book provides a nuanced perspective on examining the mobilization of a home from afar in the age of smartphones and mobile applications.
The Prison Society’s Problem
Authors: Edwards Laura F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Textiles were not just necessities or desirable consumer goods. As this chapter shows, they also circulated as currency. That was particularly true for people who had difficulty acquiring property or credit. The federal system’s decentralized structure enabled that situation: lax financial regulation allowed textiles to circulate just like mediums of exchange that bore the imprimatur of states and the federal government. If anything, the people who used textiles as currency improved on the systems of exchange overseen by their government. Textiles stored value reliably. There was considerable consensus as to their value. They were extremely liquid. And they were attached to people through longstanding practices acknowledged in law. Through use, people turned textiles into banknotes—which is where textiles eventually ended up anyway, since banknotes were made of rags. Spinners, weavers, seamstresses, dressmakers, tailors, and even washerwomen were all, essentially, printing money.
Though I Walk through the Valley
Authors: Harris Paul William 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
One of the first fields for Methodist Episcopal Church missions was New Orleans and the lower Mississippi River valley, and it proved to be fertile soil for the rise of vibrant congregations of aspiring African Americans. Records for this area give a better portrait of the Black members than can be found elsewhere, thanks in large part to Octavia Rogers Albert’s House of Bondage. Chapter 3 discusses how white leaders like Joseph Hartzell and Black leaders like Hiram Revels hoped to cultivate relations with southern whites that would pave the way toward social acceptance. That included resisting the movement toward separate conferences for the races. Freed slaves and their white allies faced instead a violent backlash that caused the Exoduster movement toward Kansas.