bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The national risk index: establishing a nationwide baseline for natural hazard risk in the US
Authors: Zuzak Casey , Mowrer Matthew , Goodenough Emily , Burns Jordan , Ranalli Nicholas , Rozelle Jesse 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe National Risk Index developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency provides a relative measurement of community-level natural hazard risk across 50 US states and Washington, DC. The Index leverages authoritative nationwide datasets and multiplies values for exposure, annualized frequency, and historic loss ratio to derive expected annual loss estimates for 18 hazard types and combines this metric with Social Vulnerability and Community Resilience scores to generate Risk Index scores for every Census tract and county. Scores provide a holistic and comparable measure of risk across the US. Risk scores and underlying data are summarized in a custom web application. Geographical and statistical processing techniques were used to reconcile incompatibilities between the spatial and temporal collection of input datasets. The index was developed using a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach and input from subject matter experts across disciplines and target users. The National Risk Index builds upon previous efforts to develop a multi-hazard risk measurement for a large geography by expanding the number of hazard types considered, applying extensive geoprocessing techniques to combine diverse datasets, and combining traditional risk factors with the community risk factors of social vulnerability and community resilience for an enhanced nationwide picture of risk.
Evaluating soil evaporation and transpiration responses to alternate partial rootzone drying to minimise water losses
Authors: Puértolas Jaime , Dodd Ian C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Partial rootzone drying (PRD) typically alternates the dry and irrigated parts of the rootzone, but how plant physiology and soil evaporation respond to this alternation are poorly understood.

Methods
Dwarf tomatoes were grown in small split pots comprising two 250 cm3 compartments and fully irrigated (WW: 100% ETc) or subjected to three deficit irrigation treatments (75% ETc): homogeneous rootzone drying (HRD; irrigation evenly distributed); fixed PRD (PRD-F, irrigation applied to one fixed compartment); alternated PRD (PRD-A: as PRD-F but alternating the irrigated compartment every three days). Stem diameter and evapotranspiration were monitored during alternation cycles. The day after alternating the irrigated side of the root system, whole-plant gas exchange and leaf water potential were measured following step increments of vapour pressure deficit.

Results
Alternation did not affect stem diameter contractions or evapotranspiration, which were lower in HRD than in the two PRD treatments. However, soil evaporation was higher in HRD and PRD-A after alternation than in PRD-F. Following alternation, higher soil evaporation was counteracted by decreased transpiration compared with fixed PRD, despite similar overall soil water content. VPD increments did not change this pattern.

Conclusion
Irrigation placement determined soil moisture distribution, which in turn affected soil evaporation and whole plant gas exchange. Optimising the frequency of PRD alternation to maximise water savings while ensuring productive water use needs to consider how soil moisture distribution affects both soil evaporation and plant water use.
Causality, determination and necessitation in free human action
Authors: Carr Vanessa 
Published: July 2022

AbstractHuman freedom is often characterised as a unique power of self-determination. Accordingly, free human action is often thought to be determined by the agent in some distinctive manner. What is more, this determination is widely assumed to be a kind of efficient-causal determination. In reaction to this efficient-causal-deterministic conception of free human action, this paper argues that if one takes up the understanding of determination and causality that is offered by Anscombe in ‘Causality and Determination’, and moreover takes up an understanding of free human action that is constrained by Anscombe’s account of intentional action in Intention, then an account of free human action as distinctively caused or determined by the agent is untenable. However, the notion of necessitation that Anscombe presents in ‘Causality and Determination’, which implies neither causality nor determination, offers an attractive alternative account. This alternative account pushes us to reconsider the sense in which human freedom is a power of self-determination, and to acknowledge the limits of our control in free action.
Use of Space by black-and-gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in an urban environment in Paraguay
Authors: Duffy Paraguay. Xander , Wellian Jake , Smith Rebecca L. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAs urbanisation continues to reduce the available habitat for wildlife, some species, including the black-and-gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) in Pilar, southwest Paraguay, are making their homes in anthropogenic environments. Understanding an animal’s home range is an important step to understanding its ecological needs, and an essential requirement for the creation of robust conservation plans. In this study, we determined the home ranges and core areas of five groups of urban dwellingA. carayausing Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) Analysis. We used a Spearman’s Correlation to explore the relationship between home range size and group size. All five groups had home ranges of less than 10 ha and used core areas of less than 1 ha. Group size had no significant relationship to home range size. We provide the first estimates of home range forA. carayain an urban environment in Paraguay. Though the home ranges of the urbanA. carayain Pilar, Paraguay fall at the smaller end of the spectrum of range sizes inAlouatta, they are not abnormal for a species in this genus.
Arzneimittelepidemiologie und Arzneimittelverbrauchsforschung auf der Basis von Krankenkassendaten: zentrale Untersuchungsfragen und methodische Hinweise
Authors: Schubert Ingrid 
Published: July 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Seit Ende der 1970er-Jahren werden Arzneimitteldaten der Krankenkassen zur Darstellung der Entwicklung der Verbrauchsmengen und Kosten herangezogen. Ziel des Beitrags ist es, das Spektrum an Fragestellungen von Studien der Arzneimittelverbrauchsforschung und Pharmakoepidemiologie, die auf der Basis von Krankenkassendaten bearbeitet wurden, aufzuzeigen.

Material und Methode
Ausgangspunkt sind international referenzierte Publikationen (MEDLINE) seit 1975 mit Daten aus Deutschland, die in Bezug auf die bearbeiteten Fragestellungen, das gewählte Studiendesign und Methodik ausgewertet wurden.

Ergebnisse
Es werden die in 235 arzneimittelbezogenen Studien herangezogenen Datenprofile und Variablen skizziert sowie methodische Anforderungen bei der Nutzung von Arzneimitteldaten aufgezeigt. Bei deskriptiven Studien beziehen sich diese auf Aspekte der Datenquelle, der Festlegung der Studienpopulation und auf Fragen, die bei Nutzung der Arzneimitteldaten vorab zu klären sind. Bei analytischen Studien wird auf Besonderheiten hinsichtlich der Festlegung der Exposition, der Indikation und der Outcomes eingegangen sowie auf relevante Literatur zu Forschungsdesign und Kontrolle von Bias und Confoundern hingewiesen.

Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung
Studien zur Arzneimittelverbrauchsforschung wurden bislang vorwiegend auf den Datensätzen einzelner Krankenkasse durchgeführt. Eine Verbesserung der Datenlage könnte das im Aufbau befindliche Forschungsdatenzentrum Gesundheit des Bundesinstituts für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM) mit Daten aller GKV-Versicherten bewirken, da dadurch krankenkassenspezifische Besonderheiten vermieden werden. Auch seltene Ereignisse, die große Datensätze erfordern, könnten auf diesem Datensatz untersucht werden. Eine Linkage mit anderen Datenquellen sollte vorgesehen werden.
Automated identification of different lead users regarding the innovation process
Authors: Schmid Isabel , Wörner Janik , Leist Susanne 
Published: July 2022

AbstractLead users are often established in an organizational innovation process to attenuate the difficulties a company faces, such as high costs or the obscurity of customers’ needs. But to benefit from these lead users a major challenge is to characterize and identify them especially in the fast-moving world of social media. Therefore, we aim to design a tool to identify lead users automatically for the two innovation phases (“Idea generation” and “Development”) by combining different approaches such as social network analysis, topic modeling and sentiment analysis. Thus, we consulted the design science approach and applied our artifact to 11,481 contributions of an online digital platform. The technical realization of the six different characteristics and their respective weighting according to the different phases of the innovation process resulted in different lead users and showed the necessity of distinguishing between them. Our results were evaluated and confirmed by the identified lead users and an expert. Hence, our investigation contributes to both practice and theory (kernel theories and design theory) alike.
Stiffness of Ballastless Railway Embankments Determined by Repetitive Static Plate Load Tests
Authors: Wersäll Carl , Baker Sadek , Zackrisson Peter 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn the repetitive static plate load test, a plate is loaded in two cycles where the second loading cycle provides a modulus denotedEv2. When calculating the stiffness of a railway embankment, Young’s modulus is often assumed to be equal toEv2throughout the embankment. This approach, however, provides inaccurate results, mainly due to soil nonlinearity and the influence of confinement stress. Currently, there exists no method to account for these aspects to derive reliable deformation properties of embankments. Occasionally, correction factors are applied toEv2, resulting in crude estimations. In this study, plate load tests were simulated in PLAXIS 2D using the Hardening Soil Model and calibrated against four field tests, conducted on crushed rock-fill sub-ballast. The calibrated soil properties were applied in finite element simulations of railway embankments with ballastless slab-track systems. Based on the results of finite element analyses, a semi-empirical approach is proposed, which considers confinement stress through a hyperbolic stress–strain relationship. Soil properties for compacted rock-fill with particle grading 0–150 mm were assumed through the results of the calibrated finite element analyses and the method was verified against 43 plate load tests. This semi-empirical method is more accurate than assuming a constant Young’s modulus, while maintaining simplicity and ease of use.
ACO-based traffic routing method with automated negotiation for connected vehicles
Authors: Nguyen Tri-Hai , Jung Jason J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMost traffic control systems are centralized, where all the collected data can be analyzed to make a decision. However, there are problems with computational complexity and, more seriously, real-time decision-making. This paper proposes a decentralized traffic routing system based on a new pheromone model of ant colony optimization algorithm and an automated negotiation technique in a connected vehicle environment. In particular, connected vehicles utilize a new pheromone model, namely the inverted pheromone model, which generates a repulsive force between vehicles and gives negative feedback to the congested roads. They also perform a collective learning-based negotiation process for distributing traffic flows throughout the road networks, reducing traffic congestion. Via extensive simulations based on the Simulation of Urban Mobility, the proposed system shows that it can significantly reduce travel time and fuel consumption compared to existing systems.
Evidence for evolutionary relationship between archaeplastidal and cyanobacterial phytochromes based on their chromophore pockets
Authors: Gabriel Eva , Krauß Norbert , Lamparter Tilman 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPhytochromes are photoreceptor proteins with a bilin chromophore that undergo photoconversion between two spectrally different forms, Pr and Pfr. In plants, phytochromes play a central role in growth and differentiation during the entire life cycle. Phytochromes of plants and other groups of archaeplastida have a common evolutionary origin in prokaryotes, but the exact prokaryotic origin is as yet uncertain. Two possibilities are presently discussed: either, archaeplastidal phytochromes arose from the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) or they arose from the cyanobacterial endosymbiont that gave rise to plastids. We first constructed standard phylogenetic trees based on N-terminal protein sequences of the chromophore module. As usual, variation of algorithms and parameters led to different trees. A relationship between cyanobacteria and archaeplastida was observed in 7 out of 36 trees. The lack of consistency between results obtained from variation of parameters of tree constructions reflects the uncertainty of archaeplastidal origin. To gain more information about a possible cyanobacterial and archaeplastidal relationship, we performed phylogenetic studies based on the amino acids that line the chromophore pockets. These amino acids are highly conserved and could provide more accurate information about long evolutionary time scales, but the reduction of traits could also lead to insignificant results. From 30 selected chromophore-binding amino acids, 6 were invariant. The subsequent studies were thus based on the information dependent on 24 or fewer amino acid positions. Again, multiple trees were constructed to get information about the robustness of relationships. The very low number of information-containing traits resulted in low bootstrap values and many indistinguishable leaves. However, the major groups fungi, bacteria, cyanobacteria, and plants remained united. Without exception, cyanobacteria and archaeplastida were always closely linked. In this respect, the results were more robust than those of the classic approach, based on long contiguous sequences. We therefore consider cyanobacteria as the most likely origin of archaeplastidal phytochromes.
Is everyone invited to the discussion table? A bibliometric analysis COVID-19-related mental health literature
Authors: Yalcin Nadir , Bayraktar Izgi , Karabulut Erdem , de Filippis Renato , Jaguga Florence , Karaliuniene Ruta , Nagendrappa Sachin , Noël Camille , Ojeahere Margaret Isioma , Ori Dorottya , Ransing Ramdas , Saeed Fahimeh , Shalbafan Mohammadreza , Shoib Sheikh , Ullah Irfan , Vadivel Ramyadarshni , Vahdani Bita , Ramalho Rodrigo 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has captured the mental health discussion worldwide. Examining countries' representation in this discussion could prove instrumental in identifying potential gaps in terms of ensuring a truly global conversation in times of global crisis.MethodsWe collected mental health and COVID-19-related journal articles published in PubMed in 2020. We focused on the corresponding authors' countries of affiliation to explore countries' representation. We also examined these articles' academic impact and correlations with their corresponding authors' countries of affiliation. Additional journals and countries' indicators were collected from the Web of Science and World Bank websites, respectively. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics and the VOSviewer software.ResultsIn total, 3492 publications were analyzed. Based on the corresponding author, high-income countries produced 61.9% of these publications. Corresponding authors from Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East combined accounted for 11.8% of the publications. Europe hosted corresponding authors with the most publications and citations, and corresponding authors from North America had the largest mean journal impact factor.ConclusionsThe global scientific discussion during the COVID-19 pandemic saw an increased contribution of academics from developing countries. However, authors from high-income countries have continued to shape this discussion. It is imperative to ensure the active participation of low- and middle-income countries in setting up the global mental health research agenda, particularly in situations of global crisis, such as the ongoing pandemic.
Financing and Delivering Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to End the HIV Epidemic
Authors: Killelea Amy , Johnson Jeremiah , Dangerfield Derek T. , Beyrer Chris , McGough Matthew , McIntyre John , Gee Rebekah E. , Ballreich Jeromie , Conti Rena , Horn Tim , Pickett Jim , Sharfstein Joshua M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe U.S. has the tools to end the HIV epidemic, but progress has stagnated. A major gap in U.S. efforts to address HIV is the under-utilization of medications that can virtually eliminate acquisition of the virus, known as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). This document proposes a financing and delivery system to unlock broad access to PrEP for those most vulnerable to HIV acquisition and bring an end to the HIV epidemic.
Implementing a National PrEP Program:How Can We Make It Happen?
Authors: Malebranche David , Watriss Ariel , Dangerfield Derek T. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractInequities in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use persist in the United States. Although scientific advancement in delivery options and social acceptance of PrEP has occurred in the past decade, gaps remain in ensuring that this sexual health program is available to all. Components of what a national PrEP program for all would look like are discussed.
Health Departments and PrEP:A Missed Opportunity for Public Health
Authors: Comer Carri , Fernández Ricardo 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe paper identifies common barriers and challenges to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake and offers considerations for state and local public health departments to address barriers and retool infrastructure to increase access to PrEP to new users. Authors identify synergistic opportunities with federal agencies and funders to advance PrEP-related HIV prevention efforts, that prioritize strategies and investments to provide PrEP to people who could benefit from the intervention but are unaware of PrEP or struggle to access it. Barriers discussed and examined include financing strategies to reduce financial burden of PrEP medication, expanding PrEP access and outreach beyond clinical settings, and increasing the network and reach of the provider community to serve people we oppress through policy choices and discourses of racial and socioeconomic inferiority.
European museology and colonial concord: Italy at the 1934 Expo du Sahara in Paris
Authors: Falcucci Beatrice 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis article assesses Italy's participation in the Expo du Sahara in Paris in 1934, placing it within the framework of European colonial culture, exhibitions, and international relations during the 1930s. Hitherto, the Expo du Sahara has been largely ignored by historiography, but it offers important insights into Italo-French relations in the years immediately preceding Italy's invasion of Ethiopia, as well as the ways in which Fascist Italy sought national and international legitimacy through the medium of exhibitions. The Paris exhibition, staged by the European powers after years of clashes, was also a physical representation of the so-called ‘colonial concord’ and ‘peaceful’ partition of North Africa, processes in which Italy's role was fundamental.
A Tale of Two Missions: Illinois Choices and Conversions at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Kleber Michaela 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Illinois, particularly the Kaskaskia, are well known to have converted in large numbers to Catholicism under the guidance of Jesuit missionaries in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. However, another lesser-known missionary society, the Missions Étrangères, also evangelized among the Illinois. The juxtaposition of these two French Catholic missionary societies working among the same Native nation provides an ideal case study to understand what aspects of Catholicism Native people appreciated and rejected. Converted Illinois people chose a specific practice of Catholicism that upheld fundamental values, enhanced gender roles and kinship connections in Illinois society, and strengthened their relationship to the secular aspects of the French empire.
Long sigmoid and twisted ascospores in the genusHarpidium: H. longisporumsp. nov., a synopsis of the genus and a key to the species
Authors: Rico Víctor J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractHarpidium longisporumis proposed as a new species. It is characterized by an areolate, mainly black thallus with trebouxioid algae, K+ blue-purple pigmented parts, pycnoascocarps forming aspicilioid apothecia, with moniliform paraphyses, unitunicate-rostrate, thick-walled asci and long sigmoid, lunate to falcate or irregularly curved and twisted ascospores, growing on steps of a vertical, intermittently moist, gneiss rock face. The genusHarpidiumnow comprises four species worldwide and, based on the selected specimens, a genus synopsis, a comparative table and a key to the species are included.
Racial/ethnic differences in acute and longer-term posttraumatic symptoms following traumatic injury or illness
Authors: Cruz-Gonzalez Mario , Alegría Margarita , Palmieri Patrick A. , Spain David A. , Barlow M. Rose , Shieh Lisa , Williams Mallory , Srirangam Pranathi , Carlson Eve B. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundRacial/ethnic differences in mental health outcomes after a traumatic event have been reported. Less is known about factors that explain these differences. We examined whether pre-, peri-, and post-trauma risk factors explained racial/ethnic differences in acute and longer-term posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms in patients hospitalized following traumatic injury or illness.MethodsPTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms were assessed during hospitalization and 2 and 6 months later among 1310 adult patients (6.95% Asian, 14.96% Latinx, 23.66% Black, 4.58% multiracial, and 49.85% White). Individual growth curve models examined racial/ethnic differences in PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms at each time point and in their rate of change over time, and whether pre-, peri-, and post-trauma risk factors explained these differences.ResultsLatinx, Black, and multiracial patients had higher acute PTSD symptoms than White patients, which remained higher 2 and 6 months post-hospitalization for Black and multiracial patients. PTSD symptoms were also found to improve faster among Latinx than White patients. Risk factors accounted for most racial/ethnic differences, although Latinx patients showed lower 6-month PTSD symptoms and Black patients lower acute and 2-month depression and anxiety symptoms after accounting for risk factors. Everyday discrimination, financial stress, past mental health problems, and social constraints were related to these differences.ConclusionRacial/ethnic differences in risk factors explained most differences in acute and longer-term PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Understanding how these risk factors relate to posttraumatic symptoms could help reduce disparities by facilitating early identification of patients at risk for mental health problems.