bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive cognition implemented with a context-aware and flexible neuron for next-generation artificial intelligence
Authors: Jadaun Priyamvada , Cui Can , Liu Sam , Incorvia Jean Anne C 
Published: September 2022

AbstractNeuromorphic computing mimics the organizational principles of the brain in its quest to replicate the brain’s intellectual abilities. An impressive ability of the brain is its adaptive intelligence, which allows the brain to regulate its functions “on the fly” to cope with myriad and ever-changing situations. In particular, the brain displays three adaptive and advanced intelligence abilities of context-awareness, cross frequency coupling, and feature binding. To mimic these adaptive cognitive abilities, we design and simulate a novel, hardware-based adaptive oscillatory neuron using a lattice of magnetic skyrmions. Charge current fed to the neuron reconfigures the skyrmion lattice, thereby modulating the neuron’s state, its dynamics and its transfer function “on the fly.” This adaptive neuron is used to demonstrate the three cognitive abilities, of which context-awareness and cross-frequency coupling have not been previously realized in hardware neurons. Additionally, the neuron is used to construct an adaptive artificial neural network (ANN) and perform context-aware diagnosis of breast cancer. Simulations show that the adaptive ANN diagnoses cancer with higher accuracy while learning faster and using a more compact and energy-efficient network than a nonadaptive ANN. The work further describes how hardware-based adaptive neurons can mitigate several critical challenges facing contemporary ANNs. Modern ANNs require large amounts of training data, energy, and chip area, and are highly task-specific; conversely, hardware-based ANNs built with adaptive neurons show faster learning, compact architectures, energy-efficiency, fault-tolerance, and can lead to the realization of broader artificial intelligence.
Polygenic plague resistance in the great gerbil uncovered by population sequencing
Authors: Nilsson Pernille , Ravinet Mark , Cui Yujun , Berg Paul R , Zhang Yujiang , Guo Rong , Luo Tao , Song Yajun , Trucchi Emiliano , Hoff Siv N K , Lv Ruichen , Schmid Boris V , Easterday W Ryan , Jakobsen Kjetill S , Stenseth Nils Chr , Yang Ruifu , Jentoft Sissel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pathogens can elicit high selective pressure on hosts, potentially altering genetic diversity over short evolutionary timescales. Intraspecific variation in immune response is observable as variable survivability from specific infections. The great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) is a rodent plague host with a heterogenic but highly resistant phenotype. Here, we investigate the genomic basis for plague-resistant phenotypes by exposing wild-caught great gerbils to plague (Yersinia pestis). Whole genome sequencing of 10 survivors and 10 moribund individuals revealed a subset of genomic regions showing elevated differentiation. Gene ontology analysis of candidate genes in these regions demonstrated enrichment of genes directly involved in immune functions, cellular metabolism and the regulation of apoptosis as well as pathways involved in transcription, translation, and gene regulation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the early activated great gerbil immune response to plague consisted of classical components of the innate immune system. Our approach combining challenge experiments with transcriptomics and population level sequencing, provides new insight into the genetic background of plague-resistance and confirms its complex nature, most likely involving multiple genes and pathways of both the immune system and regulation of basic cellular functions.
Does Bridge Employment Mitigate or Exacerbate Inequalities Later in Life?
Authors: Cahill Kevin E , Giandrea Michael D , Quinn Joseph F , Sacco Lawrence B , Platts Loretta G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Most older Americans with career employment change jobs at least once before retiring from the labor market. Much is known about the prevalence and determinants of these bridge jobs, yet relatively little is known about the implications of such job changes—compared to direct exits from a career job—upon economic disparities in later life. In this article, we use 26 years of longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to document the various pathways that older Americans take when exiting the labor force, and examine how bridge employment affects nonhousing wealth and total wealth, including the present discounted value of Social Security benefits. We find that gradual retirement in the form of bridge employment neither exacerbates nor mitigates wealth inequalities among Americans who hold career jobs later in life. That said, we do find some evidence that wealth inequalities grow among the subset of older career workers who transition from career employment to bridge employment at older ages. One policy implication of our article is that it provides evidence that might allay concerns about the potential for disparate financial impacts associated with the gradual retirement process.
Comparison of the Efficacy of Short-term Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Pulsed Radiofrequency for Treating Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Neuralgia
Authors: Fan Xiaochong , Ren Huan , Xu Fuxing , Lu Zhongyuan , Ma Letian , Kong Cunlong , Wang Tao , Bu Huilian , Huang Wenqi 
Published: September 2022

Objective:
This study aimed to investigate the effect of therapy with peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) and pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) combined or PNS and PRF separately in patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO).

Materials and Methods:
This cohort study included 106 cases of HZO. Three groups were identified according to the type of treatment received: combination therapy (PNS+PRF) (n=38), PRF (n=37), and PNS (n=31). The observations at 0, 1, 2, and 4 weeks; 3 and 6 months; and 1 and 2 years after the operation were analyzed. Observations at each follow-up included baseline characteristics, Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), concomitant pain medication usage, relapse rate, and adverse events.

Results:
The postoperative NRS of all 3 groups were significantly lower than preoperative scores. The PSQI of the 3 groups was significantly improved postoperatively, and the concomitant pain medication gradually decreased. Regarding long-term efficacy, the pain NRS and PSQI scores of the PNS+PRF and PNS groups were significantly lower than those of the PRF group (P<0.05), and the relapse rate of the PRF group was higher than that of the PNS+PRF and PNS groups (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the PNS+PRF and the PNS groups.

Conclusion:
Both PNS and PRF treatment of HZO can decrease the pain score, yielding no serious complications. The combination of PNS and PRF or PNS alone resulted in more significant pain relief than treatment with PRF alone. Thus, PNS therapy may be a better treatment option for HZO.
Social Media Posts Pertaining to Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF) Surgery
Authors: Swiatek Peter R. , Roumeliotis Anastasios G. , Weiner Joseph A. , Ramesh Ashvita , Johnson Daniel J. , Gerlach Erik B. , Divi Srikanth N. , Hsu Wellington K. , Patel Alpesh A. 
Published: September 2022

Study Design:Cross-sectional study.Objective:To analyze publicly available content on a major social media outlet related to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) surgery based on perspective, location, timing, content, tone, and patient satisfaction.Summary of Background Data:Social media offers a powerful platform for sharing the patient experience with the public through an unfiltered perspective. Social media content may influence future perceptions around surgical care and postings around ACDF have not been previously reported.Methods:A query of content from a major social media outlet was performed for the study period January 1, 2018, to January 1, 2020, and returned 6500 publicly available posts. Content was identified by the hashtags “#acdf” or “#acdfsurgery.” Content was ranked by number of “likes.” Of the 1500 most popular posts, 1136 related to ACDF surgery and were included. Post content was characterized and classified.Results:Patients created 85% of ACDF-related content and spine surgeons created 11.8%. Most posts portrayed the patient experience in the postoperative period and depicted patients performing activities of daily living, participating in sports, or completing work activities (54.4%). The connotation of posts was deemed to be positive in 79.2% of cases. In regard to their care or state of health as it related to ACDF surgery, 59.8% of patients expressed satisfaction, whereas 14.1% expressed dissatisfaction. Female patients were >4 times as likely to express dissatisfaction (odds ratio=4.16,P=<0.0001), with their clinical course compared with their male counterparts.Conclusions:Patients were the source of most posts on a major social media outlet that pertained to ACDF surgery with a majority reporting positive tone and satisfaction. These mechanisms of communication offer surgeons unique insights into patient experience and may provide an opportunity for surgeons to assess patient feedback, influence patient perceptions, and enhance delivery of cervical spine care.
Impact of Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion on Long-term Clinical Outcome in Patients with Unprotected Left Main Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Sheiban Imad , Figini Filippo , Gaspartto Valeria , Moretti Claudio , Leonardo Filippo , Chen Shaoliang , D’Ascenzo Fabrizio 
Published: September 2022

Objectives:
Reported data regarding the prevalence, prognostic impact, and safety and efficacy of revascularization of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) in patients with left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are scarce. The aim of the present study was to compare clinical outcomes among patients with LMCA disease undergoing PCI. Outcomes were compared between those with and without coronary CTO and between those with CTO who had successful and unsuccessful CTO recanalization procedures.

Methods:
All consecutive patients with significant LMCA disease (>50% stenosis at coronary angiography) who underwent PCI between July 2014 and December 2018 were retrospectively included in our study. The primary endpoint of the study was long-term mortality. Secondary endpoints included the incidence of myocardial infarction, repeat percutaneous or surgical revascularization, stroke, and stent thrombosis.

Results:
Between July 2014 and December 2018, 578 patients underwent PCI for LMCA disease at Pederzoli Hospital and University of Turin were enrolled. They were divided into 3 groups: group A: 374 (65%) patients without CTO, group B: 108 (19%) patients with untreated or unsuccessfully treated CTO, and group C: 96 (17%) patients with successfully treated CTO. At a median follow-up of (1090 ± 279) days, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of the primary and secondary endpoints. However, there was a trend towards higher mortality in patients with untreated or unsuccessfully treated CTO (13% vs. 19% vs. 14% in groups A, B, and C, respectively; P = 0.12). The primary and secondary endpoints were further analyzed based on the presence or absence of myocardial viability: subgroup C1: 54 (56%) patients with successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) having viability, and subgroup C2: 42 (44%) patients with successful PTCA not having viability. There was a trend toward a statistically significant higher rate of death among patients in group B, who underwent unsuccessful recanalization with viable myocardium (19% vs. 9% vs. 19% in groups B, C1, and C2, respectively, P = 0.05). On multivariable analysis, the propensity for successful revascularization of CTO was associated with a reduced risk of death (P = 0.01; odds ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval: 0.62–0.87).

Conclusions:
Among patients with LMCA disease undergoing PCI, CTO represents a common finding associated with worse prognosis. Successful revascularization of CTO in patients with viable myocardium appears to significantly improve prognosis.
Usability Testing of an iPad Communication Application for Mechanically Ventilated Patients
Authors: Guttormson Jill L. , McAndrew Natalie S. 
Published: September 2022

Background
Patient communication challenges during mechanical ventilation can negatively impact symptom management and psychological recovery. Alternative communication (AC) aids have the potential to improve mechanically ventilated (MV) patient experiences.

Objectives
This study evaluated the feasibility and usability of a communication application on a tablet (iPad).

Method
A single-group pilot study was guided by the augmentative and alternative communication acceptance model. We recruited patients from 1 medical intensive care unit. Existing communication application software (Proloquo2Go) was tailored to MV patients' needs. Usability testing included patient communication of 5 messages with data collected on success, message completion time, and patient feedback.

Results
Ten patients with a mean age of 50 years (SD, 16.7) were enrolled. Of the 7 patients able to complete usability testing, 85.7% found the device easy to use, and 100% wanted the iPad available for their use when on the ventilator. Three patients were extubated immediately after usability testing. Two patients preferred other modes of communication (writing). Two patients used the iPad as their primary mode of communication during the remainder of their time on the ventilator. Nurse feedback on the communication application was positive.

Discussion
Tablet-based communication applications can be successfully used by MV patients and should be considered as 1 tool to support effective patient communication during mechanical ventilation. Future research is needed to identify which patients may be most likely to benefit from the availability of these devices.
Increasing Proportion of High-risk Cytomegalovirus Donor-positive/Recipient-negative Serostatus in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Imlay Hannah , Wagener Marilyn M. , Vutien Philip , Perkins James , Singh Nina , Limaye Ajit P. 
Published: September 2022

Background.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) donor-positive/recipient-negative (D+R–) serostatus is independently associated with worse allograft and patient survival across solid organ transplant (SOT) types. We characterized trends in CMV D+R– serostatus among adult SOT recipients performed in the United States.

Methods.
Donor (D) and recipient (R) CMV serostatus and demographic factors were obtained from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients for persons ≥18 y undergoing a first SOT between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2020. The proportions of D+R– SOTs over time were assessed using Chi square for trend and modeled through 2040. Factors associated with D/R seropositivity were assessed using logistic models.

Results.
Among 472 549 SOTs, the average proportion of D+R– SOTs increased significantly among kidney, liver, heart, and lung between 2000 to 2009 and 2010 to 2020: 18.0% to 18.3% (P = 0.034), 19.4% to 21.8% (P < 0.001), 22.2% to 25.5% (P < 0.001), and 23.6% to 27.0% (P < 0.001), respectively. The increased proportion over time resulted from a disproportionate increase in R– (34.9% to 37.0% for all organ types, P < 0.001) and a smaller corresponding change in D+ (60.8% to 60.3%, P < 0.001).

Conclusions.
The proportion of high-risk CMV D+R– SOTs increased significantly across all organs and is projected to continue to increase. These findings inform population-level strategies to mitigate the negative impact of CMV D+R– in SOT.
Movement-related beta modulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis depends on muscle strength: A magnetoencephalography study
Authors: Sevelsted Stærmose Tobias , Andersen Lau Møller , Dalal Sarang S. , Bailey Christopher J. , Blicher Jakob Udby 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundMovement related cortical beta (13-30 Hz) modulation is fundamental in the preparation and execution of movement. This oscillatory modulation is altered in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) during active movement, with reports of both decreased and increased beta band power. These beta band changes have never been examined in a proprioceptive paradigm in ALS.MethodsUsing magnetoencephalography (MEG) we examined 11 ALS patients and 12 healthy participants. We recorded beta band activity during a session of active movement of the dominant hand index finger, using a visual cue. We also recorded activity during a passive movement of the same finger using a MEG compatible pneumatically activated device. All ALS patients underwent a clinical examination including an estimation of the muscle strength of the arm used for the experiment.ResultsUsing an analysis of variance (ANOVA), we find that movement related beta band power is modified by ALS and the amplitude of beta power is decreased, both for the active and passive movements. We also find that the beta band power modulation depends on the muscle strength of the arm used, with movement related power amplitude being decrease in patients with arm weakness. This was observed for both active and passive movement.ConclusionALS patients show decreased movement related beta band amplitude compared to the healthy control group. The decrease seems to depend on disease severity. These results show that ALS affects the motor outputs and sensory inputs of the sensorimotor cortex and that the modulation differs depending on disease severity. Severity dependent modulation of beta power could be related to disturbance in excitatory/inhibitory intracortical circuitry.
Decoupled spectral tuning and eye size diversification patterns in an Antarctic adaptive radiation
Authors: Yoder Ella B. , Parker Elyse , Tew Alexandra , Jones Christopher D. , Dornburg Alex 
Published: September 2022

AbstractEvolutionary transitions in water column usage have played a major role in shaping ray-finned fish diversity. However, the extent to which vision-associated trait complexity and water column usage is coupled remains unclear. Here we investigate the relationship between depth niche, eye size, and the molecular basis of light detection across the Antarctic notothenioid adaptive radiation. Using a phylogenetic comparative framework, we integrate sequence analyses of opsin tuning sites with data on eye size and depth occupancy from over two decades of NOAA trawl-based surveys. We find a consistent signature of changes in tuning sites suggestive of shifts in their ability to detect lower wavelengths of light. These represent repeated instances of independent tuning site changes across the notothenioid phylogeny that are generally not associated with habitat depth or species eye size. We further reveal an acceleration in the rate of eye size diversification nearly 20 million years after the initial radiation that has manifested in high levels of eye size divergence among closely related taxa. Collectively, our results strongly support a decoupling of the diversification dynamics between opsin tuning sites, eye size and depth, providing a new perspective of the evolution of the visual system in this iconic adaptive radiation.
Vaccine Approach for Human Monkeypox over the Years and Current Recommendations to Prevent the Outbreak: A Rapid Review
Authors: Ara Rifat , Rahman Tajrin , Nath Rima , Islam A.M. Khairul , Haque Miah MD Akiful , Rahman Md. Ferdous , Nabi Mohammad Hayatun , Hawlader Mohammad Delwer Hossain 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWorld Health Organization has declared human monkeypox as a global health emergency on 23 July 2022. This indicates that the outbreak poses a serious risk to global health and requires a united worldwide response to stop the virus from spreading and possibly turning into a pandemic. Vaccines can play a vital role in this context, contributing to pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis. The aim of our rapid review was to go through the background of the vaccine approach for human monkeypox over the years and to find out what current guidelines are highlighting relating to it. 22 relevant published articles from MEDLINE bibliographic database and 8 vaccine recommendations from manual searching have been deliberated here. The significant synopsis of this review is that the smallpox vaccine is the only immunization option for monkeypox so far, and it is up to 85% effective to prevent the infection. Third-generation smallpox vaccines are advised over first and second generations due to their minimal side effects. Healthcare providers and lab professionals at risk are on the priority list to get vaccinated, as well as pregnant women or lactating mothers, immunocompromised or chronic ill patients, can get vaccinated if they are surely exposed to the monkeypox infection. Lastly, JYNNEOS/IMVAMUNE is the current most preferable smallpox vaccine that is highly advised for the latest outbreak of human monkeypox but more clinical trial on humans should be conducted to evaluate its safety, efficacy, and adverse events.
National snakebite project on capacity building of health system on prevention and management of snakebite envenoming including its complications in selected districts of Maharashtra and Odisha in India: a study protocol
Authors: Gajbhiye Rahul K , Chaaithanya Itta Krishna , Munshi Hrishikesh , Prusty Ranjan Kumar , Mahapatra Amarendra , Palo Subrata Kumar , Pati Sanghamitra , Yadav Arun , Bansode Manohar , Shambharkar Shashikant , Madavi Kanna , Bawaskar Himmatrao S , Mahale Smita D 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundSnakebite envenoming (SBE) is an acute, life-threatening emergency in tropical and subtropical countries. It is an occupational hazard and a major socioeconomic determinant. Limited awareness, superstitions, lack of trained health providers, poor utilization of anti-venom results in high mortality and morbidity. India is the snakebite capital of the world. Yet, information on awareness, knowledge, and perceptions about snakebite is limited. Data on capacity building of health systems and its potential impact is lacking. Recommended by the National Task Force on snakebite research in India, this protocol describes the National Snakebite Project aiming for capacity building of health systems on prevention and management of snakebite envenomation in Maharashtra and Odisha states.MethodsA cross-sectional, multi-centric study will be carried out in Shahapur, Aheri blocks of Maharashtra, and Khordha, Kasipur blocks of Odisha. The study has five phases: Phase I involves the collection of retrospective baseline data of snakebites, facility surveys, and community focus group discussions (FGDs). Phase II involves developing and implementing educational intervention programs for the community. Phase III will assess the knowledge and practices of the healthcare providers on snakebite management followed by their training in Phase IV. Phase V will evaluate the impact of the interventions on the community and healthcare system through FGDs and comparison of prospective and baseline data.DiscussionThe National Snakebite Project will use a multi-sectoral approach to reduce the burden of SBE. It intends to contribute to community empowerment and capacity building of the public healthcare system on the prevention and management of SBE. The results could be useful for upscaling to other Indian states, South Asia and other tropical countries. The findings of the study will provide critical regional inputs for the revision of the National Snakebite Treatment Protocol.Trial RegistrationRegistered under the Clinical Trials Registry India no. CTRI/2021/11/038137.