bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active Inference
Authors: Parr Thomas , Pezzulo Giovanni , Friston Karl J. 
Published: March 2022

The first comprehensive treatment of active inference, an integrative perspective on brain, cognition, and behavior used across multiple disciplines.
Active inference is a way of understanding sentient behavior—a theory that characterizes perception, planning, and action in terms of probabilistic inference. Developed by theoretical neuroscientist Karl Friston over years of groundbreaking research, active inference provides an integrated perspective on brain, cognition, and behavior that is increasingly used across multiple disciplines including neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy. Active inference puts the action into perception. This book offers the first comprehensive treatment of active inference, covering theory, applications, and cognitive domains.
Active inference is a “first principles” approach to understanding behavior and the brain, framed in terms of a single imperative to minimize free energy. The book emphasizes the implications of the free energy principle for understanding how the brain works. It first introduces active inference both conceptually and formally, contextualizing it within current theories of cognition. It then provides specific examples of computational models that use active inference to explain such cognitive phenomena as perception, attention, memory, and planning.
A Prospective Study Comparing 0.25% Bupivacaine and 0.375% Ropivacaine in Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Postoperative Analgesia in Laparoscopic Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Rajan babu Nivethana , Mayilsamy Arun Prasad 
Published: March 2022

Transversus abdominis plane block is a beneficial method of pain relief after abdominal surgeries. In the recent past, there had been an increased use of TAP block in laparoscopic surgeries, both as intraoperative and postoperative source of pain relief.
Aim: The aim of this study was to compare equipotent doses of two commonly used local anesthetic drugs with respect to efficacy and duration.
Methods: Sixty adults undergoing elective laparoscopic surgeries were randomised to receive ultrasound-guided TAP block at the end of the surgical procedure with either 0.25% bupivacaine (Group I, n = 30) or 0.375% ropivacaine (Group II, n = 30). And these patients were analysed based on the quality and duration of pain relief, 24 hour mean rescue analgesic consumption and complications.
Results: Patients receiving TAPB with ropivacaine and bupivacaine did not have significant differences between the two with respect to the parameters studied.
Conclusion: Equipotent doses of ropivacaine and bupivacaine were almost indistinguishable in TAP block and were comparable in terms of duration of analgesia, quality in terms of VAS scores and 24 hours analgesic consumption without any drug related or block related complications. Although both the drugs are in par with each other, bupivacaine carries the risk of cardiotoxicity as quoted in previous studies. Hence, ropivacaine may be considered as a better alternative to bupivacaine in TAP block.
Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety among Doctors Working in Emergency Units in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia, 2021
Authors: Alhazmi Anas Eid , Alharbi Zainab 
Published: March 2022

Background: Depression and anxiety are familiar for most people these days . Almost no one in this world is free from these “Anxiety” and “Depression”. Demanding profession has been associated with poor psychological health due to multiple factors such as overworking hours and night shifts.
Objective: To estimate the prevalence of Depression and anxiety among doctors working in emergency units in Almadinah, 2021 and to correlate the level of Depression and anxiety according sociodemographic variations and work-related variation.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Al-Madinah city. All doctors who working in emergency department in governmental and private hospitals in Al-Madinah City during the study period was included. All doctors start working in emergency department less than two weeks and doctors who specialized other than Emergency Medicine were excluded.
Results: the score of depression level was normal in 46.5% of our participants, abnormal in 26.2% and borderline abnormal in 27.2%. The score of anxiety level was normal in 23.3% of our participants and borderline abnormal in 26.7% and was abnormal in 50.0%. There is significant correlation between anxiety and marital status, number of children, average monthly income, hospital type, position and specialty (P<0.05). There is significant correlation between anxiety and nationality, number of children, average monthly income, hospital type, position and specialty (P<0.05).
Conclusion: We have shown that ER physicians are at high risk of experiencing anxiety and depressive symptoms. There is significant correlation between anxiety and depression and number of children, average monthly income, hospital type, position and specialty.
Transferrable SERS Barcodes
Authors: Sahin Furkan , Pekdemir Sami , Sakir Menekse , Gozutok Zehra , Onses Mustafa Serdar 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe demand for encoded surfaces has increased significantly over the past decade driven by the rapid digitalization of the world. Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) offers unique capabilities in generation of encoded surfaces. The challenge is the limited versatility of SERS‐based encoding systems in terms of the applicable surfaces. This study addresses this challenge by using a temporary tattoo approach together with simplified fabrication of SERS‐active patterns by ink‐jet printing of a particle‐free reactive silver ink. Plasmonic silver nanostructures form on the tattoo paper upon ink‐jet printing and a brief thermal annealing. The SERS activity is sufficient to detect taggant molecules of rhodamine 6G, methylene blue, and rhodamine B with a nanomolar level sensitivity. Raman‐active taggants can be incorporated into the ink, for drop‐on‐demand patterning of multiple molecules in 1D and 2D barcode geometries. The SERS barcodes can be effectively transferred to a range of different substrates retaining high plasmonic activity and geometric integrity. The presented approach decouples the SERS‐active pattern preparation from the final substrate and greatly improves the versatility of the barcodes.
An experimental/computational study of steric hindrance effects on CO2 absorption in (non)aqueous amine solutions
Authors: Luo Qinlan , Dong Rui , Yoon Bohak , Gao Hongxia , Chen Mengjie , Hwang Gyeong S. , Liang Zhiwu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe reaction kinetics and molecular mechanisms of CO2 absorption using nonaqueous and aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA)/methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)/2‐amino‐2‐methy‐1‐propanol (AMP) solutions were analyzed by the stopped‐flow technique and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Pseudo first‐order rate constants (k0) of reactions between CO2 and amines were measured. A kinetic model was proposed to correlate the k0 to the amine concentration, and was proved to perform well for predicting the relationship between k0 and the amine concentration. The experimental results showed that AMP/MDEA only took part in the deprotonation of MEA‐zwitterion in nonaqueous MEA + AMP/MEA + MDEA solutions. In aqueous solutions, AMP can also react with CO2 through base‐catalyzed hydration mechanism beside the zwitterion mechanism. Molecular mechanisms of CO2 absorption were also explored by AIMD simulations coupled with metadynamics sampling. The predicted free‐energy barriers of key elementary reactions verified the kinetic model and demonstrated the different molecular mechanisms for the reaction between CO2 and AMP.
Photo‐Induced C(sp3)−H Functionalization for the Synthesis of 3,3‐Disubstituted Oxindoles
Authors: Xu Dongping , Yu Yingliang , Huang Fei , Zhou Shuangliu , Zhang Wu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAn efficient photo‐induced direct oxidative radical cascade cyclization of N‐arylacrylamides with aliphatic alcohols at ambient temperature was developed. The present reaction exhibits a wide substrate scope, and various valuable oxindoles can be effectively accessed through the direct sp3 C−H functionalization of alcohols, ethers, cyclohexane, toluene and acetonitrile. Importantly, this cascade reaction proceeds photocatalyst‐free, at room temperature, utilizes readily available starting materials, and has a broad substrate scope.
Structurally Nontraditional Benzo[c]cinnoline‐Based Electron‐Transporting Materials with 3D Molecular Interaction Architecture
Authors: Shi Yang , Bin Zhengyang , Liu Jiahui , Han Weiguo , Yang Ge , Lei Bowen , You Jingsong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe academically widely used electron‐transporting materials (ETMs) typically suffer from low glass transition temperatures (Tg) that could lead to poor device stability. Considering practical applications, we herein put forward a “3D molecular interaction architecture” strategy to design high‐performance ETMs. As a proof‐of‐concept, a type of structurally nontraditional ETMs with the benzo[c]cinnoline (BZC) skeleton have been proposed and synthesized by the C−H/C−H homo‐coupling of N‐acylaniline as the key step. 2,9‐diphenylbenzo[c]cinnoline (DPBZC) exhibits strong intermolecular interactions that feature a 3D architecture, which boosts Tg to exceedingly high 218 °C with a fast electron mobility (μe) of 6.4×10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1. DPBZC‐based fluorescent organic light‐emitting diodes show outstanding electroluminescent performances with an external quantum efficiency of 20.1 % and a power efficiency as high as 70.6 lm W−1, which are superior to those of the devices with the commonly used ETMs.
Die Erhellung des “Bewusstseinsmoleküls”: Photomodulation des 5‐HT2A Rezeptors durch ein licht‐steuerbares N,N‐Dimethyltryptamin‐Derivat
Authors: Gerwe Hubert , He Feng , Pottie Eline , Stove Christophe , Decker Michael 
Published: March 2022

AbstractKlassische Psychedelika sind eine Gruppe von Halluzinogenen, die berauschende Bewusstseinszustände durch Aktivierung des 5‐HT2A Rezeptors (5‐HT2AR) im Gehirn auslösen. Der genaue Mechanismus, wie 5‐HT2AR‐Agonisten die Wahrnehmung verändern können, ist noch nicht aufgeklärt. Bei Untersuchungen von Rezeptorsignalwege sind molekulare Werkzeuge von besonderer Relevanz, welche mit einer vergleichbaren räumlichen und zeitlichen Präzision steuerbar sind, wie die zu untersuchenden Rezeptorprozesse. Um ein derartiges pharmakologisches Werkzeug zu entwickeln, wurde eine Gruppe von photoschaltbaren Liganden synthetisiert, die auf klassischem psychoaktiven N,N‐Dimethyltryptamin (DMT) basieren. Durch Integration des DMT‐Indolringes in das photoschaltbare System haben wir “rotverschobene” Liganden erhalten, die mit sichtbarem Licht geschaltet werden können. Unter diesen Azo‐DMTs zeigt insbesondere Verbindung 2 h (“Photo‐DMT”) als cis‐Isomer DMT‐ähnliche Aktivität, während das trans‐Isomer nur als schwacher partieller Agonist wirkt. Durch diese für die cis‐Form spezifische Wirksamkeitsschaltung wird die pharmakologische Toolbox zur Aufklärung der komplexen Mechanismen des 5‐HT2AR Signalweges, erheblich erweitert.
Metal Halide Perovskite Based Heterojunction Photocatalysts
Authors: Huang Haowei , Verhaeghe Davy , Weng Bo , Ghosh Biplab , Zhang Hongwen , Hofkens Johan , Steele Julian A. , Roeffaers Maarten B. J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWith fascinating photophysical properties and a strong potential to utilize solar energy, metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have become a prominent feature within photocatalysis research. However, the effectiveness of single MHP photocatalysts is relatively poor. The introduction of a second component to form a heterojunction represents a well‐established route to accelerate carrier migration and boost reaction rates, thus increasing the photoactivity. Recently, there have been several scientific advances related to the design of MHP‐based heterojunction photocatalysts, including Schottky, type II, and Z‐scheme heterojunctions. In this Review, we systematically discuss and critically appraise recent developments in MHP‐based heterojunction photocatalysis. In addition, the techniques for identifying the type of active heterojunctions are evaluated and we conclude by briefly outlining the ongoing challenges and future directions for promising photocatalysts based on MHP heterojunctions.
Triggering near‐infrared luminescence of vanadyl phthalocyanine by charging
Authors: Debnath Sreekanta , Haupa Karolina A. , Lebedkin Sergei , Strelnikov Dmitry , Kappes Manfred M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractProbing electrofluorochromism (EFC) at the molecular level remains challenging. Here we study the strongly charge state‐dependent photoluminescence of vanadyl phthalocyanine. We report vibrationally resolved absorption and laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of samples comprising both the mass‐selected neutral molecule (VOPc⋅, a stable radical) and its cation produced upon electron ionization (EI) isolated in 5 K neon matrices. Ionization of the essentially non‐emissive VOPc⋅ forms a high‐spin diradical cation (VOPc+..) which shows profound photoluminescence (PL) in the NIR range. This unique phenomenon is potentially of interest for NIR‐emitting electro‐optic devices.
syn‐Selective Epoxidation of Chiral Terminal Allylic Alcohols with a Titanium Salalen Catalyst and Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Severin Fabian , Fusi Giovanni M. , Wartmann Christina , Neudörfl Jörg‐Martin , Berkessel Albrecht 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation of chiral secondary allylic alcohols, one substrate enantiomer is predominantly converted to the anti‐epoxy alcohol. We herein report the first highly syn‐selective epoxidation of terminal allylic alcohols using a titanium salalen complex as catalyst, at room temperature, and aqueous hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. With enantiopure terminal allylic alcohols as substrates, the epoxy alcohols were obtained with up to 98 % yield and up to >99 : 1 dr (syn). Catalyst loadings as low as 1 mol % can be applied without eroding the syn‐diastereoselectivity. Modification of the allylic alcohol to an ether does not affect the diastereoselectivity either [>99 : 1 dr (syn)]. Inverting the catalyst configuration leads to the anti‐product, albeit at lower dr (ca. 20 : 1). The synthetic potential is demonstrated by a short, gram‐scale preparation of a tetrahydrofuran building block with three stereocenters, involving two titanium salalen catalyzed epoxidation steps.
Außergewöhnliche Eisenbahnbrücke über das Filstal – Entwurf, Planung und Ausführung des neuen Wahrzeichens von Baden‐Württemberg
Authors: Zaidman Igor , Schumm Marc , Kotz Peter , Steigerwald Tobias 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDie EÜ Filstal ist Teil des Projektabschnitts Albaufstieg der Neubaustrecke Wendlingen–Ulm und stellte die Beteiligten mit der Abfolge Tunnel – Brücke – Tunnel in der vorhandenen Topografie mit den steilen Talflanken des Filstals vor besondere Randbedingungen, denen im Brückenentwurf sowie in der Bauausführung Rechnung getragen werden musste. Aufgrund der anschließenden Tunnel mit 30 m Gleisabstand waren zwei unabhängige Brückenbauwerke erforderlich. Daher wurden zwei eingleisige Brückenbauwerke als fugenlose Durchlaufträger mit 485 m bzw. 472 m Länge über sechs Felder in semiintegraler Bauweise entworfen. Im Bereich der Y‐förmigen Hauptpfeiler ist die Voute in aufgelöster Form mit flach geneigten Schrägstielen ausgebildet. Der Überbau ist ein einzelliger Hohlkastenquerschnitt, in Längsrichtung vorgespannt und in Querrichtung schlaff bewehrt. Die dritthöchste Eisenbahnbrücke Deutschlands überquert das Filstal in einer lichten Höhe von 75 m. Große Herausforderungen in der Planung und Bauausführung waren u. a. die Ausbildung der monolithischen Anschlüsse sowie die Längskraftabtragung des semiintegralen Bauwerks mit seinen schlanken Pfeilern. Im Rahmen der Bauausführung erfolgte zunächst die abschnittsweise Herstellung des Überbaus mit oben laufender Vorschubrüstung auf Hilfstürmen zur bauzeitlichen Zwischenunterstützung. Nach der Fertigstellung des Überbaus wurden die Schrägstiele auf einem abgehängten Traggerüst unterbetoniert, wobei am Überbauanschluss selbstverdichtender Beton (SVB) zum Einsatz kam. Die Gesamttonnage der Bauhilfskonstruktionen belief sich auf ca. 3500 t je Brücke.
A critical consideration of ‘mental health and wellbeing’ in education: Thinking about school aims in terms of wellbeing
Authors: Norwich Brahm , Moore Darren , Stentiford Lauren , Hall Dave 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis paper examines ideas about mental health, wellbeing and school education to illustrate important issues in the relationship between mental health and education. The Covid crisis has amplified the pre‐existing mental health problems of children and young people in England and recognition of the opportunities in schools to address these. The paper gives an overview of child and adolescent mental health services and how they position the role of schools. It examines prominent concepts of mental health and their relationship to wellbeing, setting this in a discussion of ‘mentally healthy’ schools, mental health in special educational needs and whole‐school approaches. This analysis shows how the relationship between mental health and wellbeing has not been adequately worked out, using this as the basis for arguing for the dual‐factor mental health model which separates mental illness/disorder from wellbeing as two related dimensions. The paper then translates the dual‐factor model into a two‐dimensional framework that represents the distinctive but related aims of school education (wellbeing promotion) and mental health services (preventing, coping, helping mental health difficulties). This framework involves a complex conception of wellbeing, with schools playing an important role in promoting wellbeing (beyond emotional wellbeing), tiered models and establishing school‐wide social emotional learning. It is about a whole‐school curriculum approach that involves considering what is to be learned and how it is taught. It contributes to a more nuanced concept of wellbeing that has a place for meaningful learning and challenge.
Global and local possible selves: Differentiated strategies for positional competition among Chinese university students
Authors: Mulvey Benjamin , Wright Ewan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe term neijuan (in English ‘involution’) has captured feelings of perpetual competition and anxiety among university students in China preparing for their post‐graduation careers. In this article, we develop a neo‐Weberian reading of neijuan to construct a framework using positional conflict theory and the concept of ‘possible selves’. We investigated how final‐year university students from three social class factions—rural, urban non‐elite and urban elite—envisage, plan and strategise for their future careers. We draw on in‐depth interviews (n = 100) and a post‐graduation survey (n = 97) with students at two public universities, one elite and one lower‐tier, in a metropolitan city in Guangdong province. The findings underscore marked differences in the nature and clarity of students’ envisaged future selves along the lines of social advantage and disadvantage. We demonstrate how social class is deeply connected to the scale of the competition—national or global—that students perceive themselves to be implicated in. In doing so, we draw attention to social class differences in expressions of and capacities to realise what we term ‘globally orientated possible selves’, which involved escaping both the sense of entrapment and the prospect of failure evinced by neijuan.
It’s all about the story: Personal narratives in children’s literature about refugees
Authors: Tomsic Mary , Zbaracki Matthew D. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractStories are one way that experiences, ideas and culture are shared with children in educational settings. Commercially published books are the standard means in schools for sharing stories. Qualitative content analysis was carried out on 30 personal narrative‐based children's picture books. While the range of stories told in books is vast, our research focuses on refugee stories for children in light of the contemporary political and public focus on refugees and the forced movement of people around the world. Scholars have identified that books about refugees for children can be useful to explore the topic of refugees, but also caution that they can perpetuate simplistic and stereotypical understandings about forced movement in the world. In our research we examine personal narratives and propose that educators should use stories and books written and illustrated by children as a means to bring refugee children's voices into formal educational spaces. We argue that this is a respectful approach that counters a deficit model of refugee children; it highlights refugee children's authentic voices and stories told on their own terms. Additionally, it offers a counter‐narrative to dominant refugee stories in the public sphere and presents understandings of forced migration and its legacies from children's perspectives. We suggest that to effectively examine refugee experiences through literature, educators should use a number of texts to begin conversations in classrooms, and stories by children who have experienced forced migration should be featured.
Technological advancements in bio‐recognition using liquid crystals: Techniques, applications, and performance
Authors: Rajesh  , Gangwar Lokesh K. , Mishra Sujeet K. , Choudhary Amit , Biradar Ashok M. , Sumana Gajjala 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe application of liquid crystal (LC) materials has undergone a modern‐day renaissance from its classical use in electronics industry as display devices to new‐fangled techniques for optically detecting biological and chemical analytes. This review article deals with the emergence of LC materials as invaluable material for their use as label‐free sensing elements in the development of optical, electro‐optical and electrochemical biosensors. The property of LC molecules to change their orientation on perturbation by any external stimuli or on interaction with bioanalytes or chemical species has been utilized by many researches for the fabrication of high sensitive LC‐biosensors. In this review article we categorized LC‐biosensor based on biomolecular reaction mechanism viz. enzymatic, nucleotides and immunoreaction in conjunction with operating principle at different LC interface namely LC‐solid, LC‐aqueous and LC‐droplets. Based on bimolecular reaction mechanism, the application of LC has been delineated with recent progress made in designing of LC‐interface for the detection of bio and chemical analytes of proteins, virus, bacteria, clinically relevant compounds, heavy metal ions and environmental pollutants. The review briefly describes the experimental set‐ups, sensitivity, specificity, limit of detection and linear range of various viable and conspicuous LC‐based biosensor platforms with associated advantages and disadvantages therein.