bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meteorological Conditions Favorable for Strong Anthropogenic Aerosol Impacts on Clouds
Authors: Trofimov Heido , Post Piia , Gryspeerdt Edward , Toll Velle 
Published: January 2022

AbstractShip‐track‐like polluted cloud tracks provide a direct way to study aerosol‐cloud interactions. Here, we study environmental conditions favorable for pollution tracks' formation. We study polluted cloud tracks forming downwind of localized anthropogenic air pollution hot spots of Norilsk and Cherepovets in Russia and Thompson in Canada. Polluted cloud tracks form on 20%–37% of days with liquid‐phase clouds. The large‐scale atmospheric circulation largely determines the occurrence of track‐favoring conditions. Tracks tend to form in clean and thin clouds under stable and dry conditions that are more often associated with anticyclonic large‐scale flow in the studied locations.
Evaluation of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) Simulations for Seoul, Korea
Authors: Oak Yujin J. , Park Rokjin J. , Jo Duseong S. , Hodzic Alma , Jimenez Jose L. , Campuzano‐Jost Pedro , Nault Benjamin A. , Kim Hwajin , Kim Hyeonmin , Ha Eunjo S. , Song Chang‐Keun , Yi Seung‐Muk , Diskin Glenn S. , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Blake Donald R. , Wisthaler Armin , Shim Mihee , Shin Yoonmi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOrganic aerosols (OA) represent a significant fraction of total submicron particulate matter (PM1) concentrations globally, including densely populated megacities such as Seoul. However, scientific understanding of the atmospheric formation and removal processes of OA, especially for secondary organic aerosols (SOA), is still highly uncertain. In this study, we examine the characteristics of SOA formation in Seoul during spring‐summer 2016 and fall‐winter 2017/2018, using airborne and ground observations along with a 3‐D global chemical transport model, GEOS‐Chem. We use four different SOA schemes in the model, including simplified and complex volatility‐based frameworks, and evaluate them by comparing the simulations with the observations to examine how our scientific understanding embedded in each SOA scheme affects the observed biases. Our analysis of the model performance of each scheme also provides the most suitable approach in simulating SOA in a typical urban environment. Comparisons of the simulated versus observed OA concentrations show that model biases range from −72% to +118%, with considerable variability among different schemes and seasons. We find that the inclusion of semi/intermediate volatile precursors, in addition to the traditional precursors, and chemical aging (functionalization) are important factors to simulate surface SOA concentrations in Seoul. However, a comparison of observed and simulated SOA/∆CO enhancement ratios suggests that most schemes underpredict SOA aging in upper levels in the boundary layer. We also find that the simplified SOA scheme can reproduce observed OA but often shows overestimation in surface air, indicating that uncertainties exist in bottom‐up emissions and precursor parameterization in Seoul.
An Assessment of Nonhydrostatic and Hydrostatic Dynamical Cores at Seasonal Time Scales in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM)
Authors: Liu W. , Ullrich P. A. , Guba O. , Caldwell P. M. , Keen N. D. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn global atmospheric modeling, the differences between nonhydrostatic (NH) and hydrostatic (H) dynamical cores are negligible in dry simulations when grid spacing is larger than 10 km. However, recent studies suggest that those differences can be significant at far coarser resolution when moisture is included. To better understand how NH and H differences manifest in global fields, we perform and analyze an ensemble of 28 and 13 km seasonal simulations with the NH and H dynamical cores in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model global atmosphere model, where the differences between H and NH configurations are minimized. A set of idealized rising bubble experiments is also conducted to further investigate the differences. Although NH and H differences are not significant in global statistics and zonal averages, significant differences in precipitation amount and patterns are observed in parts of the tropics. The most prominent differences emerge near India and the Western Pacific in the boreal summer, and the central‐southern Indian Ocean and Pacific in the boreal winter. Tropical differences influence surrounding regions through modification of the regional circulation and can propagate to the extratropics, leading to significant temperature and geopotential differences over the middle to high latitudes. While the dry bubble experiments show negligible deviation between H and NH dynamics until grid spacing is below 6.25 km, precipitation amount and vertical velocity are different in the moist case even at 25 km resolution.
Tectono‐Metamorphic Evolution of the Northern Dom Feliciano Belt Foreland, Santa Catarina, Brazil: Implications for Models of Subduction‐Driven Orogenesis
Authors: Percival Jack James , Konopásek Jiří , Anczkiewicz Robert , Ganerød Morgan , Sláma Jiří , de Campos Roberto Sacks , Bitencourt Maria de Fátima 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Dom Feliciano Belt in southern Brazil and Uruguay represents the western half of a Neoproterozoic orogenic belt located in the southern portion of the South Atlantic Neoproterozoic Orogenic System. Current interpretations are divided as to the nature of orogenesis in this belt, in part owing to lacking geochronological constraints. Metamorphosed and deformed supracrustal sequences of the Brusque Complex in the northern Dom Feliciano Belt, representing part of the orogenic foreland, record the onset and duration of crustal thickening. Structural analysis and pressure–temperature estimates indicate that the complex reached peak regional metamorphic conditions of 540–570°C and 5.5–6.7 kbar during thrusting and burial, consistent with orogenic metamorphism and early crustal thickening. Garnet–whole rock Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd isochron ages date this event to between circa 660–650 Ma. Ar–Ar dating of mica suggests thrust‐controlled exhumation and partial cooling by circa 635 Ma, and that localized deformation occurred into the late Ediacaran. Our results show that the orogenic foreland reached metamorphic conditions typical for crustal thickening 20–30 million years prior to the onset of massive magmatic activity in the hinterland. Such a delay is typical of hot, internal parts of orogens, which supports interpretations that hinterland magmatism in the northern Dom Feliciano Belt represents post‐collisional magmatism and not arc magmatism above a subduction zone. Instead, we suggest that orogenesis in the northern Dom Feliciano Belt was initiated by rift‐basin inversion driven by far‐field forces transmitted through the crust in an intracontinental rift or back‐arc rift setting.
Combination therapy targeting Erk1/2 and CDK4/6i in relapsed refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Adamia Sophia , Bhatt Shruti , Wen Kenneth , Chyra Zuzana , Fell Geoffrey G. , Tai Yu-Tzu , Pioso Marisa S. , Abiatari Ivane , Letai Anthony , Dorfman David M. , Hideshima Teru , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOncogenic activated RAS mutations have been detected in 50% of de novo and 70% of relapsed multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Translocation t(11;14) involving IgH/CCDN1 and overexpression of cyclin-Ds are early events in MM pathogenesis, enhancing uncontrolled MM cell growth. We hypothesized that targeting both RAS/MAPK pathway molecules including Erk1/2 along with cyclin-Ds enhances MM cytotoxicity and minimizes side effects. Recent studies have demonstrated the high potency of Erk1/2 and CDK4/6 inhibitors in metastatic relapsed cancers, and here we tested anti-MM effects of the Erk1/2 + CDK4/6 inhibitor combination. Our studies showed strong synergistic (IC < 0.5) cytotoxicity of Erk1/2i + CDK4/6i in MM-cells. Erk1/2i + CDK4/6i treatment in a dose-dependent manner arrested MM-cells in the G0/G1 phase and activated mitochondrial apoptotic signaling. Our studies showed that Erk1/2i + CDK4/6i treatment-induced inhibition of key target molecules in Erk1/2 and CDK4/6 signaling, such as c-myc, p-RSK, p-S6, p-RB, and E2F1, suggesting on-target activity of these inhibitors. We identified Erk1/2i + CDK4/6i treatment associated five-gene signature which includes SNRPB and SLC25A5; these genes are involved in RNA processing and mitochondrial metabolism, respectively. Overall, our studies provide the preclinical framework for Erk1/2i + CDK4/6i combination clinical trials to target Ras+CDK pathways to improve patient outcome in MM.
Structural effects of 3D printing resolution on the gauge factor of microcrack-based strain gauges for health care monitoring
Authors: Shin Sanghun , Ko Byeongjo , So Hongyun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMeasurements of physiological parameters such as pulse rate, voice, and motion for precise health care monitoring requires highly sensitive sensors. Flexible strain gauges are useful sensors that can be used in human health care devices. In this study, we propose a crack-based strain gauge fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based three-dimensional (3D)-printing. The strain gauge combined a 3D-printed thermoplastic polyurethane layer and a platinum layer as the flexible substrate and conductive layer, respectively. Through a layer-by-layer deposition process, self-aligned crack arrays were easily formed along the groove patterns resulting from stress concentration during stretching motions. Strain gauges with a 200-µm printing thickness exhibited the most sensitive performance (~442% increase in gauge factor compared with that of a flat sensor) and the fastest recovery time (~99% decrease in recovery time compared with that of a flat sensor). In addition, 500 cycling tests were conducted to demonstrate the reliability of the sensor. Finally, various applications of the strain gauge as wearable devices used to monitor human health and motion were demonstrated. These results support the facile fabrication of sensitive strain gauges for the development of smart devices by additive manufacturing.
Imaging atomic-scale chemistry from fused multi-modal electron microscopy
Authors: Schwartz Jonathan , Di Zichao Wendy , Jiang Yi , Fielitz Alyssa J. , Ha Don-Hyung , Perera Sanjaya D. , El Baggari Ismail , Robinson Richard D. , Fessler Jeffrey A. , Ophus Colin , Rozeveld Steve , Hovden Robert 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEfforts to map atomic-scale chemistry at low doses with minimal noise using electron microscopes are fundamentally limited by inelastic interactions. Here, fused multi-modal electron microscopy offers high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) recovery of material chemistry at nano- and atomic-resolution by coupling correlated information encoded within both elastic scattering (high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF)) and inelastic spectroscopic signals (electron energy loss (EELS) or energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX)). By linking these simultaneously acquired signals, or modalities, the chemical distribution within nanomaterials can be imaged at significantly lower doses with existing detector hardware. In many cases, the dose requirements can be reduced by over one order of magnitude. This high SNR recovery of chemistry is tested against simulated and experimental atomic resolution data of heterogeneous nanomaterials.
Phase-field framework with constraints and its applications to ductile fracture in polycrystals and fatigue
Authors: Xue Fei , Cheng Tian-Le , Lei Yinkai , Wen You-Hai 
Published: January 2022

AbstractModeling of ductile fracture in polycrystalline structures is challenging, since it requires integrated modeling of cracks, crystal plasticity, and grains. Here we extend the typical phase-field framework to the situations with constraints on the order parameters, and formulate two types of phase-field models on ductile fracture. The Type-I model incorporates three sets of order parameters, which describe the distributions of cracks, plastic strain, and grains, respectively. Crystal plasticity is employed within grain interiors accommodated by J2 plasticity at grain boundaries. The applications of the Type-I model to single crystals and bicrystals demonstrate the influences of grain orientations and grain boundaries on crack growth. In the Type-II model, J2 plasticity is assumed for the whole system and grain structures are neglected. Taking advantage of the efficiency of the fast Fourier transform, our Type-II model is employed to study low cycle fatigue. Crack closure and striation-like patterning of plastic strain are observed in the simulations. Crack growth rate is analyzed as a function of the J-integral, and the simulated fatigue life as a function of plastic strain agrees with the Coffin–Manson relation without a priori assumption.
Flexible computational photodetectors for self-powered activity sensing
Authors: Zhang Dingtian , Fuentes-Hernandez Canek , Vijayan Raaghesh , Zhang Yang , Li Yunzhi , Park Jung Wook , Wang Yiyang , Zhao Yuhui , Arora Nivedita , Mirzazadeh Ali , Do Youngwook , Cheng Tingyu , Swaminathan Saiganesh , Starner Thad , Andrew Trisha L. , Abowd Gregory D. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractConventional vision-based systems, such as cameras, have demonstrated their enormous versatility in sensing human activities and developing interactive environments. However, these systems have long been criticized for incurring privacy, power, and latency issues due to their underlying structure of pixel-wise analog signal acquisition, computation, and communication. In this research, we overcome these limitations by introducing in-sensor analog computation through the distribution of interconnected photodetectors in space, having a weighted responsivity, to create what we call a computational photodetector. Computational photodetectors can be used to extract mid-level vision features as a single continuous analog signal measured via a two-pin connection. We develop computational photodetectors using thin and flexible low-noise organic photodiode arrays coupled with a self-powered wireless system to demonstrate a set of designs that capture position, orientation, direction, speed, and identification information, in a range of applications from explicit interactions on everyday surfaces to implicit activity detection.
How to build Hamiltonians that transport noncommuting charges in quantum thermodynamics
Authors: Yunger Halpern Nicole , Majidy Shayan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNoncommuting conserved quantities have recently launched a subfield of quantum thermodynamics. In conventional thermodynamics, a system of interest and an environment exchange quantities—energy, particles, electric charge, etc.—that are globally conserved and are represented by Hermitian operators. These operators were implicitly assumed to commute with each other, until a few years ago. Freeing the operators to fail to commute has enabled many theoretical discoveries—about reference frames, entropy production, resource-theory models, etc. Little work has bridged these results from abstract theory to experimental reality. This paper provides a methodology for building this bridge systematically: we present a prescription for constructing Hamiltonians that conserve noncommuting quantities globally while transporting the quantities locally. The Hamiltonians can couple arbitrarily many subsystems together and can be integrable or nonintegrable. Our Hamiltonians may be realized physically with superconducting qudits, with ultracold atoms, and with trapped ions.
Intertwined Weyl phases emergent from higher-order topology and unconventional Weyl fermions via crystalline symmetry
Authors: Rui W. B. , Zheng Zhen , Hirschmann Moritz M. , Zhang Song-Bo , Wang Chenjie , Wang Z. D. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe discover three-dimensional intertwined Weyl phases, by developing a theory to create topological phases. The theory is based on intertwining existing topological gapped and gapless phases protected by the same crystalline symmetry. The intertwined Weyl phases feature both unconventional Weyl semimetallic (monopole charge>1) and higher-order topological phases, and more importantly, their exotic intertwining. While the two phases are independently stabilized by the same symmetry, their intertwining results in the specific distribution of them in the bulk. The construction mechanism allows us to combine different kinds of unconventional Weyl semimetallic and higher-order topological phases to generate distinct phases. Remarkably, on 2D surfaces, the intertwining causes the Fermi-arc topology to change in a periodic pattern against surface orientation. This feature provides a characteristic and feasible signature to probe the intertwining Weyl phases. Moreover, we provide guidelines for searching candidate materials, and elaborate on emulating the intertwined double-Weyl phase in cold-atom experiments.
3′mRNA sequencing reveals pro-regenerative properties of c5ar1 during resolution of murine acetaminophen-induced liver injury
Authors: Gonther Sina , Bachmann Malte , Goren Itamar , Huard Arnaud , Weigert Andreas , Köhl Jörg , Mühl Heiko 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMurine acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury (ALI) serves as paradigmatic model for drug-induced hepatic injury and regeneration. As major cause of ALI, acetaminophen overdosing is a persistent therapeutic challenge with N-acetylcysteine clinically used to ameliorate parenchymal necrosis. To identify further treatment strategies that serve patients with poor N-acetylcysteine responses, hepatic 3′mRNA sequencing was performed in the initial resolution phase at 24 h/48 h after sublethal overdosing. This approach disclosed 45 genes upregulated (≥5-fold) within this time frame. Focusing on C5aR1, we observed in C5aR1-deficient mice disease aggravation during resolution of intoxication as evidenced by increased liver necrosis and serum alanine aminotransferase. Moreover, decreased hepatocyte compensatory proliferation and increased caspase-3 activation at the surroundings of necrotic cores were detectable in C5aR1-deficient mice. Using a non-hypothesis-driven approach, herein pro-regenerative/-resolving effects of C5aR1 were identified during late acetaminophen-induced ALI. Data concur with protection by the C5a/C5aR1-axis during hepatectomy and emphasize the complex role of inflammation during hepatic regeneration and repair.
Restricted valency (NPNA)n repeats and junctional epitope-based circumsporozoite protein vaccines against Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Langowski Mark D. , Khan Farhat A. , Savransky Sofya , Brown Dallas R. , Balasubramaniyam Arasu , Harrison William B. , Zou Xiaoyan , Beck Zoltan , Matyas Gary R. , Regules Jason A. , Miller Robin , Soisson Lorraine A. , Batchelor Adrian H. , Dutta Sheetij 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Circumsporozoite Protein (CSP) of Plasmodium falciparum contains an N-terminal region, a conserved Region I (RI), a junctional region, 25–42 copies of major (NPNA) and minor repeats followed by a C-terminal domain. The recently approved malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01 contains NPNAx19 and the C-terminal region of CSP. The efficacy of RTS,S against natural infection is low and short-lived, and mapping epitopes of inhibitory monoclonal antibodies may allow for rational improvement of CSP vaccines. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) was used here to display the junctional epitope (mAb CIS43), Region I (mAb 5D5), NPNAx5, and NPNAx20 epitope of CSP (mAbs 317 and 580). Protection studies in mice revealed that Region I did not elicit protective antibodies, and polyclonal antibodies against the junctional epitope showed equivalent protection to NPNAx5. Combining the junctional and NPNAx5 epitopes reduced immunogenicity and efficacy, and increasing the repeat valency to NPNAx20 did not improve upon NPNAx5. TMV was confirmed as a versatile vaccine platform for displaying small epitopes defined by neutralizing mAbs. We show that polyclonal antibodies against engineered VLPs can recapitulate the binding specificity of the mAbs and immune-focusing by reducing the structural complexity of an epitope may be superior to immune-broadening as a vaccine design approach. Most importantly the junctional and restricted valency NPNA epitopes can be the basis for developing highly effective second-generation malaria vaccine candidates.
Extended interval BNT162b2 vaccination enhances peak antibody generation
Authors: Parry Helen , Bruton Rachel , Stephens Christine , Bentley Christopher , Brown Kevin , Amirthalingam Gayatri , Hallis Bassam , Otter Ashley , Zuo Jianmin , Moss Paul 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe BNT162b2 vaccine is highly effective against COVID-19 infection and was delivered with a 3-week time interval in registration studies1. However, many countries extended this interval to accelerate population coverage with a single vaccine. It is not known how immune responses are influenced by delaying the second dose. We provide the assessment of immune responses in the first 14 weeks after standard or extended-interval BNT162b2 vaccination and show that delaying the second dose strongly boosts the peak antibody response by 3.5-fold in older people. This enhanced antibody response may offer a longer period of clinical protection and delay the need for booster vaccination. In contrast, peak cellular-specific responses were the strongest in those vaccinated on a standard 3-week vaccine interval. As such, the timing of the second dose has a marked influence on the kinetics and magnitude of the adaptive immune response after mRNA vaccination in older people.
Gene therapy of prostate cancer using liposomes containing perforin expression vector driven by the promoter of prostate-specific antigen gene
Authors: Mizutani Kosuke , Kawakami Kyojiro , Fujita Yasunori , Kato Taku , Takai Manabu , Kato Daiki , Iinuma Koji , Koie Takuya , Ito Masafumi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPerforin secreted from cytotoxic lymphocytes plays a critical role in cancer immunosurveillance. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of liposomes containing perforin expression vector driven by the promotor of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The anti-tumor effect of perforin was analyzed using prostate cancer (PC) PC-3 cells in which perforin expression was controlled by Tet-on system (PC-3PRF cells). Liposomes encapsulating PSA promoter-driven perforin expression vector (pLipo) were constructed for its specific expression in PC. The anti-tumor effect of pLipo was evaluated in vitro using docetaxel-resistant PC 22Rv1 PC cell line, 22Rv1DR, and PC-3 cells in the presence of human peripheral blood mono nuclear cells (PBMCs) and also in vivo using male nude mice bearing 22Rv1DR cell-derived tumor xenograft. Induction of perforin significantly inhibited growth of PC-3PRF cells. Treatment with pLipo induced perforin expression in 22Rv1DR cells expressing PSA but not in PC-3 cells lacking it. Treatment with pLipo at a low concentration was prone to inhibit growth of both cell lines and significantly inhibited growth of 22Rv1DR cells when co-incubated with PBMCs. The combined use of pLipo at a high concentration with PBMCs showed nearly complete inhibition of 22Rv1DR cell growth. Intravenous administration of pLipo via tail vein increased the level of perforin in tumor and serum and significantly decreased the tumor volume. Our results suggest that liposome-mediated PC-specific expression of perforin could be a novel therapy for advanced PC.