bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paclobutrazol, Uniconazole, and Flurprimidol Influence Shoot Growth and Nut Yield of Young Pecan Trees
Authors: Wood Bruce W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The problems of excessive vegetative growth and tree-size control of young pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] trees prompted the evaluation of three tirazole analogs [paclobutrazol (PBZ), uniconazole (UCZ), and flurprimidol (FPD)] for their growth suppression efficacy and horticultural usefulness on pecan. A one-time soil application of these growth regulators at 132, 264, and 588 µmol·cm–2 trunk cross-sectional area suppressed shoot elongation by 50% to 90% for up to 3 years after treatment. Growth suppression greater than about 60% reduced nut yield; presumably due to drastically reduced leaf area and internal shading among leaves within compacted shoots. Relative efficacy in terms of shoot growth was UCZ > PBZ > FPD; however, all three chemicals exhibit commercial potential for controlling tree size. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); (E)-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazol, name pending); α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol).
Ice-nucleation Activity of Seedlings of Six Tomato Cultivars
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of six tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars were evaluated for differences in ice-nucleation activity. Freezing temperatures of tissues were not significantly affected by cultivar. Greenhouse-grown seedlings, 0.3- to 34-g fresh weight, of ‘Beefsteak’, ‘Pixie’, ‘Supersteak’, ‘Red Cherry’, ‘Big Boy’, and ‘Supersonic’, with and without natural infestations of ice-nucleation active (INA) bacteria, had an overall mean freezing temperature of −5.9°C. Plants without detectable INA bacteria exhibited mean freezing temperatures ranging from −6.1° to −6.9°, while seedlings with INA bacteria froze from −4.7° to −5.7°. Plant mass and presence of INA bacteria significantly affected plant freezing temperatures. Innate differences in frost avoidance capability among the tomato cultivars examined were not apparent.
Pre- and Poststress Temperature Influence Perennial Ryegrass in Vitro Heat Tolerance
Authors: White Richard H. , Stefany Peter , Comeau Mary 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Injury to ‘Prelude’ and ‘Manhattan II’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was measured as percentage of electrolyte leakage from leaf segments after stress to determine the influence of prestress growth temperature and poststress temperature on heat tolerance. The temperature required to cause 50% cell solute efflux was 59.5°C for ‘Prelude’ and 56.5° for ‘Manhattan II’, when measured immediately after stress treatment. However, electrolyte leakage increased with time after termination of stress. When measured 24 hr after termination of stress, 52° caused 50% cell solute efflux from leaf segments of both cultivars. Injury levels 44 hr after 30 min at 50° were ≈ 12% and 89% when incubated at poststress temperatures of 7° and 35°, respectively. Incubation temperature following a 55° treatment did not affect electrolyte leakage rate in either cultivar. Greater injury occurred in both cultivars when grown at 25° than at 41°.
Heritability of Ease of Hazelnut Pellicle Removal
Authors: Mehlenbacher Shawn A. , Smith David C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hazelnut kernels from which the pellicle can be removed easily by dry heat are highly desirable for the international kernel market. Cultivars vary from no to complete pellicle removal after heating. Nut samples of 951 seedlings representing 62 parental combinations were roasted at 130°C for 13.5 min, rubbed, and scored for degree of pellicle removal. Narrow sense heritability, estimated by regression of progeny means on midparent values, was 48% (±10%). This moderately high heritability estimate indicates that selection of easy-to-blanch seedlings should result in rapid progress.
Plant Regeneration from Callus Cultures Derived from Primordial Leaves of Adult Japanese Persimmon
Authors: Tao Ryutaro , Murayama Hideki , Moriguchi Kazuki , Sugiura Akira 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Primordial leaves of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Jiro) were excised from dormant buds and cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium with the nitrates reduced to half strength (MS½N) and supplemented with 0.1 to 10.0 µm zeatin + 0.1 to 10.0 µm IAA. After 40 days of culture in the dark, yellowish-white calli were formed at 10.0 µm zeatin + 1.0 µm IAA. When these calli were transferred to MS½N medium supplmented with zeatin (1.0 to 10.0 µm) + IAA (0 to 10.0 µm), 24% of them produced adventitious buds at 10.0 µm zeatin + 0.1 µm IAA under a 12-hr photoperiod. Further shoot growth occurred on the same medium without IAA. Basal ends of the shoots were quick-dipped in 1.25 mm IBA and placed on half-strength MS½ N medium. Nearly two-thirds of the dipped shoots rooted within 30 days. Plantlets regenerated in vitro were then transferred to a mixture of 1 peat: 1 perlite: 1 vermiculite and acclimatized for potting. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); (E)-2-methyl-4-(1-H-purin-6-ylamino)-2-buten-1-o1 (zeatin).
An Improved Shoot Regeneration System for Somaclone Production in Tomatoes
Authors: Uddin M. Rafique , Berry Stanley Z. , Bisges A. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Efficiency of somaclone production was examined using 10 processing tomato cultivars and 18 growth regulator treatments. Although zeatin has been reported to induce shoot development most readily, a combination of IAA (5.7 µmol·liter–1) and kinetin (4.7 µmol·liter–1) was found to be equal to zeatin in shoot regeneration efficiency and reduced the time required for shoot production. Rooting was achieved by transplanting the in vitro-produced shoots to Pro-Mix under intermittent mist in a greenhouse. Chemical names used: (E)-2-methyl-4-(1H-purin-6-ylamino)-2-buten-1-ol (zeatin); 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); N-1-furanyImethyl)-1-H-purin-6-amine (kinetin).
Variation in Fruiting Body Production of Protoclones of Oyster Mushroom
Authors: Magae Yumi , Matsubara Yoshimitsu , Shiratori Tamotsu , Sasaki Takashi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fruiting bodies were induced from protoclones of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus ATCC 60691). Thirty protoclones were examined for five characters, including period needed for fruiting body formation, stipe diameter, pileus diameter, and number and weight of fruiting bodies. Time needed for the protoclones to form fruiting bodies was 2 to 5 days shorter and the yields of fruiting body tended to increase relative to the parent strain. Three clones that attained a significant increase in fruiting body weight, as compared with the parent, were re-examined using “old” spawn. Fruiting body yield was not significantly different from the parent, implying that the first variability of the protoclones from the parent was a temporal physiological variation.
In Vitro Multiplication of Ixia flexuosa
Authors: Meyer Hendrik J. , Staden Johannes van 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Multiple adventitious buds were induced on corms and corm-derived primary calluses of Ixia flexuosa L. cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5 or 10 µm BA. Buds developed into shoots, nearly half of which rooted in the absence of an auxin. Root formation was increased to 80% with the addition of 2.5 or 5 µm NAA to the MS medium. Almost two-thirds of the plantlets survived hardening in a mistbed. Thidiazuron at 0.1 or 1.0 mg·liter−1 also induced adventitious buds on corm explants, but these buds were less vigorous than those produced with BA. Chemical names used: N-phenylmethyI)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron).
Moisture Content, Freezing, and Storage Conditions Influence Germination of Amaryllis Seed
Authors: Carpenter William J. , Ostmark Eric R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seeds of Hippeastrum × hybridum Hort. were subjected to dehydration, freezing, and storage for 12 months at various temperature and humidity levels. Amaryllis seed viability was unaffected by dehydration that removed 97% of available moisture content at seed harvest. Seeds were tolerant of freezing, but germination was reduced gradually as freezing temperatures decreased from 0° to −80°C. Moisture content at freezing influenced loss of viability; the lower the moisture content the higher the germination percentages. Temperature and relative humidity during seed storage governed seed viability loss rate. No measurable losses in viability resulted from storing seeds at 11% or 52% RH at 5° or 15°, respectively, for 12 months, but viability was significantly decreased when seeds were stored at these humidities at 25° or 35°. Viability decreased substantially or was lost after 3 months of storage at 75% and 95% RH and 25° and 35°.
Root Morphology and Development of Bell Peppers
Authors: Stoffella Peter J. , Paola Michele Lipucci Di , Pardossi Alberto , Tognoni Franco 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L. ‘Early California Wonder’ and ‘Yolo Wonder’) were grown for 14 and 22 days in glass tubes with agar supplemented with 87.6 mm (30 g·liter–1) sucrose or without sucrose, respectively, under controlled conditions. Taproot length increased rapidly for 6 days after radicle protrusion, but its growth rate was reduced during the next 4 days for both cultivars in each medium. Basal and lateral roots emerged 5 and 6 days after germination, respectively, or just after cotyledons were expanded fully for both cultivars in either medium. However, ‘Early California Wonder’ produced basal and lateral roots 9 days after germination in agar medium without sucrose. The number of lateral roots did not increase between 6 and 10 days after radicle protrusion in agar medium without sucrose. However, emergence of lateral roots was pronounced during this period in agar amended with sucrose. Root morphological characteristics, shoot weight, shoot:root ratio, and stem height differed minimally between ‘Early California Wonder’ and ‘Yolo Wonder’. The sequence of root development in bell pepper seedlings was characterized by a) rapid taproot elongation from radicle protrusion to fully expanded cotyledons, b) emergence of basal roots followed by lateral roots when cotyledons were fully expanded, and c) increase in the number of basal and lateral roots numbers particularly in the presence of sucrose and reduction in the rate of taproot elongation. Exogenous sucrose reduced the variability for most measured shoot and root characteristics.
Reaction of Sweet Potatoes to Flooding
Authors: Collins Wanda W. , Wilson L. George 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Flooding is a serious problem in sweet potato production in Atlantic and Gulf Coast states. Studies have been attempted using irrigation to simulate flooding (1, 3). Results have been inconsistent and flood damage was often difficult to induce. However, during 5 days in 1984, Hurricane Diana resulted in 267.5 mm of rainfall on sweet potato cultivar plots at the Horticultural Crops Research Station in Clinton, N.C. The plots were planted in a Norfolk sandy loam soil. When plots were harvested 2 weeks later, flood damage was readily apparent. Typical symptoms of flooding injury included visible soft, rotted areas, growth of saprophytic fungi on the surface and a noticeable odor of fermentation. Roots were separated into three groups (total marketable, culls, and flood-damaged roots) and weighed. Samples were also taken of apparently sound roots for intercellular space and dry matter evaluations (four roots each) and for determining amount of sub-sequent rotting during curing and storing (12–13 kg). Intercellular space and percent dry matter were determined according to Kushman and Pope (2).
Seasonal Variation in Elemental Concentration of Blackberry Leaves
Authors: Clark John R. , Buckley J. Blair , Hellman Edward W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Literature on blackberry leaf analysis technique is limited. In red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), the concentration of all elements investigated was significantly influenced by sampling date (3). The least seasonal variation of elemental concentration of red raspberry leaves occurred in those located between nodes 5 and 12 from the primocane terminal (2). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of leaf part, (blade vs. petiole), and date of sampling on the foliar element concentration of three blackberry cultivars (Rubus spp.).
Horizontal Tuber Diameter as a Growth Measure in ‘Russet Burbank’ Potato Stem Cuttings
Authors: Petitte Jane M. , Ormrod Douglas P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tuber initiation on rooted potato cuttings has been shown to be favored by shortened photoperiods (2). The objective of this study was to characterize the initiation and growth of tubers on plants in growth chambers and to establish an appropriate covariate for tuber mass measurements. Preliminary data on the effects of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide on tuber growth are also described.
Field Fertilization of Heuchera sanguinea ‘Splendens’
Authors: Duarte Marjorie , Perry Leonard P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Even though herbaceous perennials have been field produced for many years, there is no general nutrient recommendation for specific fertility level as related to soil type. A survey of Vermont perennial growers indicated that a variety of fertilization methods are in use (Perry and Sanders, 1983). Commercial recommendations vary: 7.8 g N/m2 from 8N–3.5P–6.7K once annually (Sinnes, 1979); 12.2 g N/m2 from 5N–4.4P–4.2K for established plants (Sinnes, 1981; Wyman, 1977); 34.2 g N/m2 from Osmocote 14N–6.2P–11.6K for plants sensitive to fertilizer, 68.5 g N/m2 for nursery stock, and 136.8 g N/m2 for greenhouse crops (Sierra, 1980).
‘Orcas’ Pear
Authors: Norton Robert A. , King Jacqueline , Moulton Gary A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Orcas’ is a fall pear (Pyrus communis L.) with size and flavor characteristics that make it suitable for use in home canning and drying and for fresh eating in season. In observations since 1971, trees and fruit of this cultivar appear to show good resistance to pear scab (Venturia pyrina).
‘Marbles’ and ‘Riot’ Dwarf Ornamental Peppers
Authors: Baggett James R. , Kean D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Marbles’ and ‘Riot’ are dwarf peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) developed at Corvallis, Ore. on the research farms of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. They bear prolific crops of attractive, brightly colored fruit on a compact plant, and are suitable for culture as bedding plants to provide fall color in the landscape.
Resident Instruction in Agriculture for Place-bound Students
Authors: Verkade Stephen D. , Drummond H. Evan , Zachariah Gerald L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In many states, the resident instruction functions of the colleges of agriculture are located solely on the main campuses of the land-grant universities, which are frequently far removed from agricultural enterprises in much of the state. This organizational structure typically does not address the needs of place-bound students, who are unable to leave home to attend a university. Consequently, departments within the college of agriculture may have to expand their teaching efforts to branch research centers to meet the educational needs of place-bound students and to fill vacancies in agricultural enterprises (2).
‘Carolina Cayenne’ Pepper
Authors: Fery R. L. , Dukes P. D. , Ogle W. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the article “‘Carolina Cayenne’ Pepper”, by R.L. Fery, P.D. Dukes, and W.L. Ogle [HortScience 21(2):330, April 1986], the authors wish to note the following: The 13th line under Description should be changed from “…are straight to slightly curved, 0.64 cm in…” to “…are straight to slightly curved, 1.63 cm in…”.
Analysis of Shear Force Data in Broccoli Transplant Studies
Authors: Latimer Joyce Griffin , Beverly Reuben B. , Blum Bill 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the article “Analysis of Shear Force Data in Broccoli Transplant Studies”, by Joyce Griffin Latimer, Reuben B. Beverly, and Bill Blum [HortScience 23(3):627, June 1988], line 8 of the second paragraph should read “…amendment), organic (20 kg Pro-Mix BX,…”, not 10 kg.
East Meets West: Cultivation of American Ginseng in China
Authors: Proctor John T. A. , Wang Tie-Sheng , Bailey William G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Oriental ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) to the Chinese “… is the medicine par excellence: the dernier resort when all other drugs fail; reserved for the use of the Emperor and his household, and conferred by Imperial favour upon high and useful officials whenever they have a serious breakdown that does not yield to ordinary treatment, and which threatens to put a period to their lives and usefulness” (14). Although written in 1578, these claims are still held by traditional Chinese healers. Westerners do not hold ginseng in such high esteem (9). However, the discovery of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) growing in Canada in the early 1700s lead to the establishment of trade in ginseng between North America and the Orient, which continues today (3, 4, 8).
The Aesthetics of Horticulture: Neatness as a Form of Care
Authors: Nassauer Joan Iverson 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Perceived care of the landscape is a primary determinant of landscape attractiveness. Care is typically recognized in the neatness of a landscape: evenness of turf or crop color, placement of ornamental plants, use of fences and borders, and freedom from weeds or litter. However, care may also be expressed in landscapes that do not look neat. For instance, sites where native or drought-tolerant grasses are used, where understory dominates the forest, where ditches or lawns are not mown, where wetland plants appear—all may demonstrate ecological care but not look neat. In the agricultural landscape, minimum tillage and Conservation Reserve parcels exhibit this same “messy” care. Despite the dominance of neatness as a form of the care aesthetic, “messy” landscapes look attractive if people know the ecological function of what they are seeing, or if the landscape context indicates that the messy look is intentional. In horticulture, at both the production and design levels, the aesthetic of care can be interpreted beyond neatness to include the ecological function of the landscape.
Tree Characteristics, Fruiting, and Mineral Nutrition of Apple Trees on M.27 EMLA and Three Interstocks
Authors: Autio Wesley R. , Lord William J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A planting of ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ (Bisbee strain) apple trees was established in 1981 on M.27 EMLA, P.2/KA313, P.22/KA313, and C.6/KA313. After 6 years, trees on P.2/KA313 and C.6/KA313 were similar in size and larger than those on M.27 EMLA and P.22/KA313. P.22/KA313 induced profuse suckering, whereas trees on M.27 EMLA were virtually sucker-free. Cumulative yields per tree (1984–86) were the highest on P.2/KA313 and C.6/KA313. However, cumulative production efficiencies were highest for trees on M.27 EMLA and P.2/KA313. The least efficient trees were on P.22/KA313. Foliar analyses indicated that trees on M.27 EMLA had the highest levels of N, Ca, Mn, and Zn.
Influence of Plastic Mulch and Type and Frequency of Irrigation on Growth and Yield of Bell Pepper
Authors: VanDerwerken Joseph E. , Wilcox-Lee Darlene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A field study was designed to evaluate the effects of various irrigation methods, raised beds, and plastic mulch on yield and fruit quality of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Irrigation was scheduled on the basis of soil matric potential and monitored by Hg manometer tensiometers and soil moisture blocks. Trickle-irrigated plots were watered at soil matric potentials of −0.025 and −0.075 MPa, and sprinkled plots at −0.075 MPa. The combination of black polyethylene mulch and irrigation produced maximum yields, but frequency of irrigation had little effect on yield when peppers were mulched. High frequency trickle irrigation (irrigated 15×) and trickle irrigation of a lesser frequency (irrigated 5×) resulted in similar yields when peppers were mulched. The use of mulch without irrigation had a large effect on yield: yields from plots that were mulched but not irrigated were similar to yields from plots that were sprinkler-irrigated but not mulched. The percentage of marketable fruit was substantially reduced in the absence of irrigation or mulch, because of the high incidence of both solar injury and blossom-end rot.
Within-row Spacing Effects on Yields of Celery for Processing and Fresh Market
Authors: Stoffella Peter J. , Bryan Herbert H. , Shuler Kenneth D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Celery (Apium graveolens L.) cultivars, Camlyn, Tall Utah 52-70R (IMP.), Florida 2-14, and Clean Cut were grown at within-row spacings of 10, 20, or 30 cm during the winter seasons of 1984–85 and 1985–86 in commercial celery fields located near South Bay, Fla. Stalks were trimmed to 36 or 51 cm height to simulate fresh and processing celery yields, respectively. Cultivars responded similarly to within-row spacings for each measured variable. Untrimmed or trimmed to 51-cm-stalk weights per plant or per hectare were not different among cultivars. ‘Camlyn’ when trimmed to a 36 cm height had a lower stalk weight and a smaller stalk diameter than the other cultivars except when compared with ‘Clean Cut’ in the 1984–85 experiment. Untrimmed and trimmed stalk weights increased linearly per hectare and decreased linearly per plant as within-row spacings decreased from 30 to 10 cm. Stalk diameter decreased quadratically as within-row spacings decreased from 30 to 10 cm. Marketable petiole number per plant decreased linearly in the 1984–85 experiment and quadratically in the 1985–86 experiment as within-row spacings decreased. Celery stalks produced at 10-cm within-row spacing were too small for optimum economic fresh market returns, although they produced the highest marketable yield per hectare for a processing market. Plants from a 20-cm within-row spacing were optimum for fresh market celery.
Yields of Two Tomato Cultivars Differing in Shoot Growth at Several Plant Populations and Locations
Authors: Stoffella Peter J. , Locascio Salvador J. , Everett Paul H. , Howe Teresa K. , Scott John W. , Olson Steve M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Horizon’, a small shoot-mass tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cultivar, and ‘Sunny’, a large shoot-mass cultivar were planted at 30.5-, 61-, and 91-cm within-row spacings at five locations in Florida during Spring 1985 to determine if yields differed between these cultivars and among plant densities. Marketable weight and number of fruit per plant, mean fruit size (g/fruit), and shoot weight increased linearly with an increase in within-row spacing. Marketable weight of fruit/ha decreased linearly with wider within-row spacings. Responses of both cultivars to within-row spacing were similar for each measured trait, except for marketable fruit number per plant. A larger increase in marketable number of fruit per plant occurred between 61- and 91-cm within-row spacings for ‘Sunny’ than for ‘Horizon’. Fruit : shoot ratio (w/w) was not influenced by within-row spacings or cultivars. Each measure variable differed among locations. These results suggest that ‘Sunny’, with a larger inherent shoot growth, sufficiently compensated for smaller shoot growth when grown at higher plant densities to maintain marketable fruit yields comparable to ‘Horizon’.