bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Vanier’ Plum
Authors: Tehrani G. , Menzies D. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Vanier’ is a good quality, bright red, medium-sized, round, small-pitted, clingstone, Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.). ‘Vanier’ matures during the last week of August, the same season as ‘Burbank’ and ‘Ozark Premier’. It is introduced primarily for fresh market consumption and for planting in areas where Japanese plums are grown.
Introduction to the Workshop
Authors: Sundstrom F. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Farm population in the 1880s was about 45% of the United States total population. Labor represented over 60% of total inputs whereas capital (machinery) was less than 20% of the total inputs used in United States agriculture. By the 1980s, farm population was less than 3%, labor input had dropped to less than 16%, whereas capital investments had risen to over 60% of total inputs. During this same 100 year period, United States farm output per hectare increased 5 times.
Cultural Modification of Vegetables for Mechanized Production
Authors: Sims W. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many vegetables are highly perishable and must be harvested within a very short time frame. Soon after harvesting, the vegetables must be handled carefully, processed, properly stored or consumed fresh. Research and experience have shown that successful harvest mechanization requires a systems approach and involves the cooperative efforts of engineers, plant breeders, plant physiologists, food scientists, and others. It is truly an interdisciplinary approach.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Nell Terril A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Harmful effects on the physiology and morphology and reductions in yield resulting from water stress on horticultural crops (1) have been documented increasingly in HortScience, the Journal of the American Society, for Horticultural Science, and in review articles. The scientific accomplishments in understanding horticultural crop water stress physiology have been extensive, considering limitations in instrumentation and procedures.
Integration of Water Stress in Fruit Trees
Authors: Syvertsen J. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two major contact points exist between terrestrial plants and their external environment. One interface exists between the root and the soil, where water, mineral nutrients, and oxygen enter the plant system while carbohydrates, amino acids, other exudates, and CO2 can leave the plant and enter the rhizosphere. The other interface exists between shoot tissues and their aerial environment, where in leaves, CO2 and oxygen are exchanged and H2O vapor inevitably diffuses out of stomata. These interfaces are critical control points where environmental factors and physiological mechanisms interact to regulate exchanges of energy (heat and radiation) and materials (water, carbon, oxygen, and mineral nutrients). When available soil water is limited, water movement through the plant system is regulated primarily by soil water supply and conductivity of the roots. When soil water is adequate, water movement is controlled by transpiration which is regulated by both stomatal aperture and evaporative demand.
In Vitro Germination and Growth of Rubus Seeds and Embryos
Authors: Ke Shanquiang , Skirvin Robert M. , McPheeters Kenneth D. , Otterbacher Alan G. , Galletta Gene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Freshly harvested seeds of 10 Rubus crosses were germinated in vitro on modified Lepoivre medium without growth regulators. Among several seed preparation treatments, the best germination and subsequent survival in soil was achieved with halved seeds. In vitro germination bypassed the need for cool moist stratification and resulted in 57% to 81% germination within 8 to 12 days. This system provides an alternative method to secure high germination when a breeder is working with limited seed number, as in some interspecific Rubus crosses.
Effects of Culture Medium on in Vitro Rooting of Antonovka 313 Apple
Authors: Travers J. N. , Starbuck C. J. , Natarella N. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In vitro propagated shoots of the apple rootstock, Antonovka 313 (Malus pumila Mill.)9 were rooted successfully in vitro. Roots became visible in 6-8 days, and 100% rooting after 2 weeks was achieved consistently in shoots cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) salt medium supplemented with 0.25 μm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Sucrose was the most influential medium component for rhizogenesis. Inorganic nutrients, IBA and vitamins did not influence rooting. Omitting activated charcoal caused only a slight decrease. A 1.5% sucrose solution added to a peat-vermiculite growing medium in vitro resulted in higher rooting than in treatments without sucrose.
Response of Gas Exchange Behavior of Schefflera arboricola to Air Humidity and Temperature
Authors: Lorenzo-Minguez P. , Ceulemans R. , Gabriels R. , Impens I. , Verdonck O. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of air temperature and leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on the gas exchange behavior, i.e., net CO2 exchange rate (NCER) and dark respiration rate, transpiration, leaf diffusive conductance to water vapor, water use efficiency (WUE), and xylem pressure potential of Schefflera arboricola Hayata ‘Compacta’ were examined under conditions of adequate substrate moisture in a controlled environment growth chamber. The optimum temperature for NCER was around 25°C at a photo-synthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 450 μmol s-1m-2 and an ambient CO2-concentration of about 350 cm3.m-3. With increasing VPD, transpiration increased while leaf diffusive conductance as well as leaf temperature decreased. Due to humidity induced stomatal closure, WUE expressed per unit of VPD also decreased. Changes in VPD did not significantly affect NCER and xylem water potential.
Response of Statice to Selected Herbicides
Authors: Gilreath J. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seventeen herbicide treatments applied pre- and posttransplant were evaluated for toxicity to statice (Limonium sinuata L.) in 2 screening experiments. From these, 6 treatments were selected for further evaluation. Two applications (one pre-transplant followed by one posttransplant over the top) of 1.7 kg/ha alachlor, 4.5 kg/ha oxadiazon, 3.4 kg/ha EPTC, 9.0 kg/ha DCPA, 2.2 kg/ha napropamide, and 2.2 kg/ha oryzalin were evaluated for toxicity to field-grown ‘Midnight Blue’ statice. Oxadiazon, EPTC, and DCPA were not injurious to statice and produced yields of marketable panicles that were comparable to those in the untreated weed-free checks. Alachlor, napropamide, and oryzalin stunted plants and resulted in low panicle yields. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide (alachlor); 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (oxadiazon); S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC); dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA); 2-(naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide (napropamide); 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide (oryzalin).
Citrus Freeze Protection with Microsprinkler Irrigation during an Advective Freeze
Authors: Parsons Lawrence R. , Combs Brian S. , Tucker D. P. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Microsprinkler irrigation was used to protect young citrus trees during severe advective freeze conditions in Florida during 24–26 Dec. 1983. Three factors (microsprinkler distance from the tree, compass position, and water volume output) influenced the amount of protection or tree damage. Spray jets that delivered 76 liters/hr (9 mm/hr) and were located 0.7 m or less from the north side of the trees protected the lower scaffold branches and trunk of young trees to temperatures below −6°C. Spray jet irrigation, particularly when jets were more than 1 m away on the east side of the trees resulted in more tree damage than no irrigation. This was due to low dew point temperatures and northwest winds which kept continuously-sprayed water away from the tree. Volume of water per tree needs to be moderately high, and spray jets should be located on the upwind (northwest) side of the tree at a distance no greater than 0.7 m from the tree in order to provide optimum freeze protection with microsprinkler irrigation.
Postharvest and Storage Factors Affecting Superficial Scald and Core Flush of ‘Granny Smith’ Apples
Authors: Little C. R. , Taylor H. J. , McFarlane F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Initial O2 stress (IOS) treatments in 0% to 0.5% O2, followed by ultra low O2 (ULO) storage (O2<1.7%, in 0°C, 92–96% RH, of ‘Granny Smith’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh) reduced fruit susceptibility to storage scald allowing satisfactory control of the disorder after 9 months of storage with 300 mg.1-1 diphenylamine (DPA). Storage factors increasing scald were the reversion from ULO to air storage twice during 9 months of ULO storage, and the omission of an IOS treatment prior to ULO storage. When storage included IOS treatments and continuous ULO, the inclusion of the fungicide (Rovral) 1-isopropylcarbamoyl-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) hydantoin, manufactured by Rhome Poulene, Lyon, France, increased scald, compared to treatments in calcium chloride (CaCl2) or DPA, and 1500 mg.1-1 of DPA compared to treatments in water and (CaCl2) increased core flush. Susceptibility to storage scald was reduced by low ethylene levels during storage in 3.0% CO2 + 3.5% O2 but not during storage in ULO 0.5% CO2 + 1.0% O2. The incidence of core flush, however, was reduced by low ethylene levels during storage, regardless of the CA storage treatment.
Induction of Parthenocarpic Fruit Growth in Sour Cherry with N-substituted Phthalimide and NAA
Authors: Bukovac Martin J. , Retamales Jorge B. , Shao-ying Xu , Matsui Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Parthenocarpic fruit development was induced in ‘Montmorency’ sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) with AC 94377. The biological activity of AC 94377 was increased significantly by NAA. The development (Stages I, II, III, “June drop”, ripening) of parthenocarpic fruit was similar to that of open pollinated controls except for smaller fruit size. Ovules enlarged during Stage I in AC 94377-induced parthenocarpic fruit, but lacked embryos; all ovules aborted during Stage II or III of fruit development. The primary action of NAA appeared to reduce abscission of AC 94377-treated ovaries with no significant effect on fruit size. Chemical names used: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (6-BA); 1-(3-chlorophthalimido)-cy-clohexanecarboximide (AC 94377); polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Atlox BI).
Evaluation of Liquid and Slow-release Fertilizer Applications in the Production of Dwarf Date Palm
Authors: Doughty S. C. , O’Rourke E. N. , Barrios E. P. , Mowers R. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Young Phoenix roebelenii O’Brian palms (2–3 leaves) and older seedlings (6–9 leaves) were potted in Mott’s amended medium and grown for 42 and 20 weeks, respectively. Three rates of 18N–2.6P–10K Osmocote, 25N–3.9P–14K Peter’s soluble and Osmocote plus Peter’s soluble fertilizer were used as treatments. Controls were potted but not fertilized. All were greenhouse grown at temperatures varying between 18° to 46°C. Fertilizer types or rates had no significant effect on leaf length or dry weight. High rates of Osmocote, and, in some instances, middle to high rates of fertilizer combinations, increased leaf number significantly. Plants receiving all rates of fertilizer appeared larger and produced significantly more leaves than unfertilized plants.
Relationship between Catkin Development and Cropping in the Persian Walnut ‘Serr’
Authors: Ryugo K. , Bartolini G. , Carlson R. M. , Ramos D. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Crowded conditions in ‘Serr’ walnut orchards predispose trees to initiate numerous catkins which reduce crop potential in 3 ways: a) catkins replace potentially fruitful buds at several nodes; b) they occasionally induce abscission of the terminal bud; and c) they utilize much reserve food, requisite for pistillate flower set, especially, because the cultivar is protandrous.
Root Distribution of Two Field-grown Ilex
Authors: Fare Donna C. , Gilliam Charles H. , Ponder Harry G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In field production of nursery stock, plant losses may occur after digging but before plants leave the nursery, thereby reducing profitability. Although little information is available, it appears this plant loss may result from moisture stress induced by root pruning at digging and subsequent handling procedures (2, 3). To ensure adequate roots in the rootball, most nurserymen dig root-balls in accordance with the American Standard for Nursery Stock (ASNS) (1), which allows for increasing rootball size with increased shoot growth.
Release of Lily Clones as Germplasm
Authors: Ronald W. G. , Collicutt L. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The lily hybrids RSM (Research Station, Morden) 73-9-1, 75-9-8, and 77-15-1 were developed through hybridization between 3 sections and 2 subsections of the genus Lilium. Several years of evaluation have shown these clones to be potentially useful for breeding and cultivar development, and for pollen-stylar incompatibility studies. As germplasm, the clones may serve as basic breeding material, whereas further evaluation also may show direct commercial value for garden or greenhouse lilies.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Norton Colin R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seed germination is usually the most critical factor in determining the success of stand establishment. However, laboratory seed germination tests show a poor correlation with seedling emergence in the field (6), mainly due to the influence of environmental factors in the field. Physical, mechanical, chemical, and biotic effects can be identified as environmental factors affecting seeds in the field (5). This symposium discusses these factors where they have a direct bearing on the physiology of seed germination and emergence.
Manipulation of Seed Water Relations Via Osmotic Priming to Improve Germination Under Stress Conditions
Authors: Bradford Kent J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
For annual crops, the time from planting to seedling establishment is a crucial phase in the production cycle. Uniformity and percentage of emergence of direct-seeded crops can have a major impact on final yield and quality, particularly for vegetables (84). Techniques of precision planting to achieve desired plant populations depend on a high probability of successful establishment for each seed planted (26). Furthermore, increasing use of expensive hybrid seed has placed additional emphasis on the performance of each seed planted. The soil environment often, however, is not conducive to rapid germination and seedling growth. Physical stresses, such as extreme temperatures, excess or deficit of water, salinity, or soil crusting; and biological stresses, including pathogens and insects, can all adversely affect germination and seedling growth. These problems are compounded by the increased susceptibility of plants to many of these stresses during germination and emergence. It is not surprising, therefore, that there have been many attempts to devise presowing treatments to improve seed performance in the field. The wide range of such treatments has been thoroughly reviewed and categorized by Heydecker and Coolbear (38).
Response of Strawberries to Soil and Foliar Fertilizer Rates
Authors: Albregts E. E. , Howard C. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A3 × 3 factorial study of soil and foliar-applied N, P, and K fertilizer was conducted on ‘Dover’ and ‘Tufts’ strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) using the annual hill cultural system. Rates of soil-applied fertilizer were: a) 0, b) 112N-12P-93K, and c) 224N-24P-186K (kg·ha−1). Rates of weekly foliar fertilizer applications were a) 0, b) 1.20N–0.54P–1.02K, and c) 2.40N–1.08P-2.04K (kg·ha−1). Increasing rates of soil-applied fertilizer increased fruit yields, fruit number, foliar N and K, plant size, and foliage color. Rates of foliar N, P, and K had much less effect than soil-applied fertilizer. The greatest plant response to foliar fertilization was with inadequate rates of soil fertilizer. Foliage damage was evident with foliar fertilization, and damage was greatest with the highest foliar rate.
Effect of Stage of Development on Postharvest Behavior of Cucumber Fruit
Authors: Kanellis Angelos K. , Morris L. L. , Saltveit M. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Parthenocarpic cucumber fruit (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Deliva) were harvested from 3 to 30 days after an thesis. Fresh weight increase followed a single sigmoid curve. Commercial maturity was attained 10 to 11 days after anthesis, and these mature fruit had a 20- to 30-day shelf life and good color retention at 20°C. Chlorophyll content at harvest decreased with fruit age. Fruit harvested before commercial maturity showed declining rates of CO2 and C2H4 production at 20°, while commercially mature fruit maintained relatively constant rates throughout their holding period. Fruit harvested after commercial maturity showed increased respiration during holding; this increase was greatest for 30-day-old fruit. Fruit harvested 20, 25, and 30 days after anthesis showed peaks of C2H4 production during holding; this production was most pronounced for mature fruit.
Heritability of Fruit Quality Traits in Peach and Nectarine Breeding Stocks Dwarfed by the dw Gene
Authors: Hansche Paul E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Means and heritabilities were estimated for the 2 fruit quality defects of dw/dw peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] genotypes that obstruct the commercial exploitation of the advantages inherent in their dwarf growth habit. The average dw/dw peach has substandard taste and too little blush for commercial acceptance. The average dw/dw nectarine also has substandard taste. In addition, it has substandard surface polish. The heritability of taste (as measured by percentage of soluble solids) in UCD's dwarf peach breeding stock was estimated to be 0.17 ± 0.04. The heritability of amount of surface blush was estimated to be 0.19 ± 0.04. The heritability of percentage of soluble solids in UCD's dwarf nectarine breeding stock was estimated to be 0.35 ± 0.04; of sweetness 0.19 ± 0.09; and of flavor 0.16 ± 0.06. The heritability of skin polish was estimated to be 0.24 ± 0.13. As expected, dw appears to have little or no effect on means or heritabilities of fruit weight, fruit firmness, or ripe date. The implications of these results are discussed.
Heritability of Juvenility in Peach
Authors: Hansche P. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The feasibility of genetically curtailing the period of sexual repression in peach and nectarine seedlings was studied by assessing the propensity of 2-year-old seedlings in a dwarf peach and nectarine breeding stock to produce flowers and fruit. Mean flower number, in a breeding stock comprising about 6300 seedlings from about 300 families, was estimated to be 9 per 2-year-old seedling; with a narrow sense heritability 0.16 ± 0.02. Mean fruit number in this population was estimated to be 3.7 per 2-year-old seedling; with a heritability of 0.33 ± 0.03. It was estimated that 3 cycles of “mass selection” on this trait could increase mean fruit number to about 13 per 2-year-old seedling, thus facilitating a reduction in the minimum length of selection cycles in this breeding stock from 3 to 2 years.
Regeneration of Plants from Axillary Buds of Harvested and Stored Heads of Field-grown Iceberg Lettuce
Authors: Bloksberg Leonard N. , Saltveit Mikal E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A micropropagation procedure was developed to regenerate plants via tissue culture from excised axillary buds of harvested and stored heads of field-grown crisphead (iceberg) lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The procedure permits rescue of lettuce germplasm that shows resistance to postharvest physiological disorders and diseases. This procedure was used successfully to regenerate plants of ‘Winterhaven’ lettuce, which showed resistance to russet spot. More than 50% of the excised buds gave rise to viable plants.
In Vitro Propagation of Japanese Persimmon
Authors: Sugiura Akira , Tao Ryutaro , Murayama Hideki , Tomana Takashi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dormant bud explants taken from mature trees of Japanese persimmon cv. Hiratanenashi were established successfully on modified Murashige and Skoog's medium with nitrate reduced to half-strength [MS (½NO3)] or woody plant medium, both supplemented with 22.2 μM (5 mg°liter−1) BA. Shoot proliferation in subcultures also was best at 22.2 μM (5 mg°liter−1) BA in MS (½NO3) medium, but growth was of the rosette type. Shoot elongation, however, was stimulated the most in the same medium supplemented with 24.6 μM (5 mg°liter−1) 2iP instead of BA. Rooting of the proliferated shoots was enhanced by the treatment with IBA at 1.23 mM (250 mg°liter−1). Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP), 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
Tissue Culture Propagation of Acer ×freemanii Using Thidiazuron to Stimulate Shoot Tip Proliferation
Authors: Kerns H. R. , Meyer Martin M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two clones of natural hybrids Acer × freemanii were propagated as scions and cuttings from trees 55-60 years old. Shoot tips from propagules were disinfected and cultured on a modified Linsmeier-Skoog (LS) medium in vitro. Elongation of shoots, rooting, and callus formation at the shoot base were dependent on the concentration of growth regulator used. The lower well-developed nodes of the typical cultured shoots could be separated and cultured individually to obtain a slow increase in propagules. When shoot tips were transferred to a medium with 0.01-0.05 μM N-phenyl-N'-l,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron), shoot proliferation was initiated, which could be separated into 3-10 new shoots at 6-week intervals for further proliferation or rooting. Rooted shoots were transferred to the greenhouse for further growth and subsequent transfer to the field.
Micropropagation of Typha Species
Authors: Zimmermann Elizabeth S. , Read Paul E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three Typha species were micropropagated successfully using immature inflorescence segments as the explant. Plantlet production via organogenesis was optimum when the explants were first placed on LS medium + 5.0 mg°liter−1 2,4-D to initiate callus production, and after 9½ weeks the callus was recultured on LS + 1.0 mg°liter−1 benzyladenine (BA). Of three species tested, T. glauca produced callus and new shoots more readily than T. latifolia or T. angustifolia. As inflorescences matured, an increased level of an auxin-like plant growth regulator, picloram, was necessary for callus induction. Excision and separate culture of green “spots” or clumps that formed on the calli enhanced shoot regeneration from the callus. Chemical names used: (2,4-dichorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and A-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Competition Effects in Single-row Plot Sweet Potato Yield Trials
Authors: Bouwkamp J. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Yield trials of named cultivars and advanced breeding lines are used frequently by breeders to make final determinations concerning the naming and release of breeding lines. Often a single-row per line replicate is planted and harvested due to constraints of time, space, and/or planting materials. An implicit assumption is that there is no effect on an entry by adjacent rows. The assumption was tested using data from 7 years of sweet potato yield trials. Data were not analyzed for the 1977 crop due to unavailability of the plot plan. In 1980, no yield trial was conducted and in 1982 sequential harvests of random portions of each row rendered analyses for competition inappropriate.