bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soot and Whitewash
Authors: Smith Murray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The third of the levels of engagement comprising the structure of sympathy, allegiance, designates the way in which we are oriented towards characters in terms of the values they embody; the way in which we are invited to evaluate and sympathize with characters. Moral evaluation is central to this process, even if we allow that other, non-moral factors may inflect our sympathies towards characters, and recognize that moral systems are variable and moral judgements often matters of dispute. The chapter surveys the filmmaking techniques exploited by filmmakers to shape our sympathies, which give rise to a work’s moral structure and our moral orientation towards its characters. It explores a spectrum of possible moral structures, from Manichaean structures positing a sharp contrast between good and bad characters, to graduated structures eschewing such stark contrasts. Eisenstein’s Strike is examined as a work enlisting a Manichaean moral structure in the service of revolutionary ideology, while Melville’s Le Doulos, stretching generic convention to breaking point, embodies a bold form of moral (dis)orientation. This final case study also demonstrates the interdependence of perception, cognition, and emotion in our experience of narrative works: while alignment and allegiance remain distinct levels of engagement and aspects of structure, our moral evaluation of characters plays an integral role in narrative understanding and experience.
Incomplete absorption reactions at high energy
Authors: Makiguchi Katsuhito , Horiuchi Wataru 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The total reaction cross section of high-energy nucleus–nucleus collision reflects the nuclear density profiles of the colliding nuclei and is a standard tool to investigate the size properties of short-lived unstable nuclei. This relies on the assumption that the nucleus–nucleus collision is strongly absorptive in the sense of an optical model. However, this property does not hold completely, while incomplete absorption occurs when the overlap density of two colliding nuclei is low enough. In this paper, we propose a way to quantify this incompleteness, i.e., the “blackness” of the total reaction cross section. The significance of this quantification is shown by taking an example of the total reaction cross sections of proton-rich C isotopes.
Childhood embedded: childhood abuse and chronic physical health conditions over a 10-year period
Authors: Fitzgerald Michael , Notice Maxine 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
Childhood abuse is linked to experiencing multiple chronic health problems in midlife adults. Research has seldom examined whether childhood abuse is associated with a greater number of chronic physical health issues over time. The current study was to examine the contributions of childhood abuse on the development of chronic health conditions over a 10-year period.

Participants and setting
Data were taken from the study of Midlife Development in the United States. Using three waves of data, 661 married adults were included in the analysis.

Results
Using hierarchical regression, we found that childhood abuse was uniquely associated with the development of a greater number of chronic physical health conditions over a 10-year period. Post-hoc analysis found that neither gender nor age moderated the associations.

Conclusions
Findings of the study indicate that childhood abuse was uniquely associated with a greater number of chronic physical health conditions over a 10-year period. These findings suggest that abuse in childhood may speed up biological aging and erode adult’s health over time leaving adults vulnerable to chronic health conditions. Prevention efforts should assess adults for childhood abuse and the impact of childhood abuse on adult health over time may be preventable or more manageable.
A content analysis of ‘junk food’ content in children’s TV programmes: a comparison of UK broadcast TV and video-on-demand services
Authors: Barker Alexander B , Parkin Megan , Sinha Shreesh , Wilson Emma , Murray Rachael L 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Exposure to high in fat, sugar or salt (HFSS) food imagery is associated with unhealthy consumption, and subsequently obesity, among young people. We report and compare the results of two content analyses, one of popular children’s television channels in the UK and the other of a selection of children’s programmes available on video-on-demand (VOD) services.

Methods
Content analysis of 3 days’ worth of programmes on two popular children’s television channels broadcast on UK television (CBeebies and Milkshake as well as a sample of children’s programmes available on the VOD platforms (Netflix and Amazon Prime) using 1-min interval coding.

Results
In children’s television channels, HFSS content was seen in 181 episodes (36%) and in 417 intervals (13%) on terrestrial television, ‘Milkshake’ had a significantly higher proportion of broadcasts, which contained HFSS content than ‘CBeebies’. In VOD platforms, HFSS content was seen in 82 episodes (72% of the total number of episodes), across 459 intervals (19% of the total number of intervals), with no significant difference in the proportion of programmes containing HFSS content between Netflix and Amazon Prime.

Conclusions
HFSS content is common in both popular UK children’s television channels and children programmes on VOD services and is likely having an effect on HFSS consumption in children. Legislative opportunities to prevent this exposure are being missed.
Beyond Training the Next Generation of Physicians: The Unmeasured Value Added by Residents to Teaching Hospitals and Communities
Authors: Tomei Krystal L. , Selby Luke V. , Kirk Lynne M. , Bello Jacqueline A. , Nolan Nathan S. , Varma Surendra K. , Turner Patricia L. , Elliott Victoria Stagg , Brotherton Sarah E. 
Published: June 2022

Following medical school, most newly graduated physicians enter residency training. This period of graduate medical education (GME) is critical to creating a physician workforce with the specialized skills needed to care for the population. Completing GME training is also a requirement for obtaining medical licensure in all 50 states. Yet, crucial federal and state funding for GME is capped, creating a bottleneck in training an adequate physician workforce to meet future patient care needs. Thus, additional GME funding is needed to train more physicians.
When considering this additional GME funding, it is imperative to take into account not only the future physician workforce but also the value added by residents to teaching hospitals and communities during their training. Residents positively affect patient care and health care delivery, providing intrinsic and often unmeasured value to patients, the hospital, the local community, the research enterprise, and undergraduate medical education. This added value is often overlooked in decisions regarding GME funding allocation. In this article, the authors underscore the value provided by residents to their training institutions and communities, with a focus on current and recent events, including the global COVID-19 pandemic and teaching hospital closures.
Dyadic psychosocial interventions for patients with cancer and their caregivers: an update
Authors: Tiete Julien , Porter Laura S. 
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review
Cancer causes significant impacts on patients and their caregivers. Cancer is also associated with multiple physical and emotional challenges for the patient-caregiver dyad. This patient-caregiver dyad should be considered as a unit of care by healthcare providers and supported through dedicated psychological interventions.

Recent findings
Twelve studies that tested dyadic interventions aiming to support patient-caregiver dyads were identified from the period April 2020 to December 2021. Studies were predominantly randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and single-arm pilot studies. Half of the interventions were online. Interventions were mostly focused on dyadic adjustment and appeared to be acceptable, feasible and globally effective. However, effects were evident predominantly on individual rather than dyadic outcomes. The interventions targeted either individual psychological outcomes, such as depression and anxiety, and are reported to be effective or various individual outcomes and also appeared to be effective. However, there was a large heterogeneity in quality and sample sizes across all intervention types.

Summary
Dyadic psychological interventions may be an effective support for patient-caregiver dyads dealing with multiple physical and emotional challenges. Online interventions and the variability of intervention types may respond to dyads specific needs, but though need to be rigorously evaluated through powered RCTs.
Interventions for children of parents with cancer: an overview
Authors: Wuensch Alexander , Kirbach Annette , Meyerding Luca , Bengel Jürgen , Pietsch Stefanie 
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review
The purpose of this overview is to analyze existing reviews on psychosocial interventions for children of parents with cancer and synthesize implications for further practice, interventions, and research in this field. The aim of this overview is therefore to generate systematic knowledge about what can be classed as evidence-based knowledge in this field.

Recent findings
The literature search in MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX, and PsycARTICLES resulted in three systematic reviews, which were evaluated by the AMSTAR-2-tool for quality assessment and the PRISMA-checklist for reporting. Results were analyzed through narrative synthesis due to the heterogeneity of the studies. The three systematic reviews were evaluated by the AMSTAR-2-tool for quality assessment and the PRISMA-checklist for reporting. AMSTAR-2 revealed critically low quality for all three reviews but taking into account the study situation of this scientific context, a more optimistic quality assessment can be suggested. The PRISMA checklist revealed good results. Positive evidence was found for the effect of psychosocial interventions concerning depressive symptoms, children's behavior, communication within the family, and quality of life. A comparison of the interventions is not possible due to the high degree of heterogeneity of the studies.

Summary
Following the principles of evidence-based medicine, this overview, together with clinical-practical expertise and the needs of those affected, could contribute to evidence-based care and stimulate future guidelines in this important field. The valuable engagement with questions around evidence-based practice invites professionals and researchers to enter into a common discourse to ultimately contribute to an improvement of the life situation of children of parents with cancer.
Next questions for the medical treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Authors: Italiano Antoine 
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review
Since its approval in 2002, imatinib remains the standard first-line treatment for patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Overall, all the drugs approved for patients who have developed secondary resistance to imatinib are less effective than imatinib in first-line. Even if, overall survival of patients with advanced GIST has improved over time the last 20 years, imatinib-resistant GIST remains therefore a difficult-to-treat cancer. The aim of this review is to elaborate on the potential strategies to improve outcome for patients with imatinib-refractory disease.

Recent findings
New-generation potent KIT and PDGFRA inhibitors such as ripretinib and avapritinib developed for the treatment of GIST have shown very promising clinical activity in patients with highly refractory disease. However, both failed to improve outcome in comparison with standard of care in earlier lines settings. Clinical trials investigating the efficacy of multikinase inhibitor with highly specific KIT inhibitors are currently ongoing. Targeting the microenvironment of GIST may also represent a promising approach and is investigated in several clinical studies.

Summary
Imatinib-refractory GIST still represent a therapeutic challenge. It is likely that only combination therapies with new generation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and/or immune-oncology agents might potentially result in an enhanced therapeutic efficacy compared with current standard of care.
Clinical Features and Prognosis of Young and Middle-Aged Adults With Skin Sebaceous Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wang Fan , Wang Xiu-Yun , Jiang Xian 
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND
Sebaceous adenocarcinoma (SAC) mostly occurs in the elderly, and SAC in young and middle-aged population is inadequately investigated.

OBJECTIVE
To explore the clinical features and prognosis of young and middle-aged adults with SAC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients with skin SAC between ages 18 and 59 years from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1975–2016) were eligible for this study.

RESULTS
Seven hundred thirty-nine cases were identified. The proportion of extraocular SAC in the nonelderly increased from 1975-2005 to 2006-2016 (p = .001), male predominance was observed in overall patients whereas female predominance in Asian population, and young patients had more head and neck SAC than middle-aged patients (p = .014). The prognosis of young patients was better than middle-aged patients (p = .004). Other independent prognostic factors included sex, marital status, tumor size, surgery, chemotherapy, and multiple primary cancer history.

CONCLUSION
An increasing proportion of extraocular SAC was observed in young and middle-aged patients, and the young developed more head and neck SAC than the middle-aged. Female predominance was found in Asian population, and female patients had better prognosis. Younger age and married status indicated better prognosis, and around 20% of young and middle-aged patients might have poorer survival because of Muir–Torre syndrome.
Coronavirus disease 2019 and the cardiologist
Authors: Mohammad Khan O. , Rodriguez Jose B. Cruz , Urey Marcus A. 
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review
There continues to be extensive clinical and epidemiological data to suggest that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is associated with numerous different types of cardiac involvement.

Recent findings
Myocardial injury has been reported in over 25% of patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection and is not only associated with a worse prognosis but with higher mortality, approaching 40%. Currently proposed mechanisms of myocardial injury include direct viral infection, cytokine storm, endothelial inflammation, demand ischemia, interferon-mediated response and stress cardiomyopathy. COVID-19 infection is associated with new-onset arrhythmias and heart failure regardless of history of previous cardiovascular disease. Echocardiographic findings can be useful to predict mortality in COVID-19 patients and cardiac MRI is an effective tool to both assess COVID-19 induced myocarditis and to follow-up on cardiac complications of COVID-19 long-term. Although there is an association between COVID-19 vaccination and myocarditis, pericarditis or arrhythmias, the risk appears lower when compared to risk attributable to the natural infection.

Summary
Patients with cardiovascular disease are not only more likely to suffer from severe COVID-19 infection but are at increased risk for further complications and higher mortality. Further data compilation on current and emerging treatments of COVID-19 will have additional impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 infection.
Isolated diastolic hypertension in childhood and risk of adult subclinical target organ damage: a 30-year prospective cohort study
Authors: Liao Yueyuan , Chu Chao , Wang Yang , Zheng Wenling , Ma Qiong , Hu Jiawen , Yan Yu , Yang Jun , Yang Ruihai , Wang Keke , Yuan Yue , Chen Chen , Sun Yue , Mu Jianjun 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Data on the association of isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH) in childhood with adult cardiovascular risk are scarce. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of IDH in adolescents and to explore the impact of IDH in childhood on adult subclinical target organ damage (STOD).

Methods:
This longitudinal study consisted of 1738 school children (55.4% boys) aged 6–15 years from rural areas of Hanzhong, Shaanxi, who were followed for 30 years. Their blood pressure was recorded to define the hypertension subtypes: normotension, IDH, isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) and mixed hypertension. Tracked STOD included arterial stiffness (n = 1738), albuminuria (n = 1652) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (n = 1429).

Results:
Overall, the prevalence of IDH, ISH and mixed hypertension was 5.4, 2.2 and 3%, respectively, and there was no gender difference. Over 30 years, 366 (21.1%) of participants developed arterial stiffness, 170 (10.3%) developed albuminuria and 68 (4.8%) developed LVH. Compared with normotensive participants, IDH in childhood had higher risk ratio (RR) of experiencing arterial stiffness (RR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.01–2.76) and albuminuria (RR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.35–4.16) in adults after being fully adjusted but not LVH. However, if the elevated blood pressure in children was used as the reference standard, IDH in childhood was associated with adult LVH (RR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.28–4.84).

Conclusion:
IDH accounts for a higher proportion of adolescent hypertension subtypes and can increase the risk of adult STOD. These results highlight the necessity of improving the prevention, detection and treatment of IDH in adolescents.
Drug-Associated Liver Injury Related to Antipsychotics
Authors: Zeiss René , Hafner Susanne , Schönfeldt-Lecuona Carlos , Connemann Bernhard J. , Gahr Maximilian 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
Drug-associated liver injury is one of the most common causes for acute liver failure and market withdrawal of approved drugs. In addition, the potential for hepatotoxicity related to specific substances has to be considered in psychopharmacotherapy. However, systematic evaluations of hepatotoxicity related to antipsychotics are limited.

Methods
We conducted an exploratory case/non-case study and evaluated pharmacovigilance data from VigiBase related to 30 antipsychotics marketed in the European Union. Reporting odds ratios were calculated for antipsychotics associated with the Standardized Medical Dictionary of Regulatory Activities queries “Drug-related hepatic disorders–comprehensive search” (DRHD-CS) and “Drug-related hepatic disorders–severe events only” (DRHD-SEO).

Results
We found several signals for drug-associated liver injury including signals for severe events: 17 of 30 antipsychotics were associated with DRHD-CS and 10 of 30 antipsychotics with DRHD-SEO. Amisulpride, fluphenazine, levomepromazine, loxapine, olanzapine, perazine, perphenazine, pipamperone, sulpiride, and thioridazine were associated with both, DRHD-CS and DRHD-SEO. No association with fatal outcomes was detected.

Conclusions
Several common antipsychotics are associated with hepatotoxicity, partly also with severe hepatotoxicity. Our data do not allow to account for patient-related risk factors for drug-associated liver injury. This should be addressed in further studies.
“Keep It to Yourself”: A Qualitative Study of HIV Disclosure Perspectives Among Older Adults Living With HIV in South Carolina Who Are Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors
Authors: Brown Monique J. , Nkwonta Chigozie A. , James Titilayo , Kaur Amandeep , Hart Mackenzie J. , Addo Prince Nii Ossah , Adeagbo Oluwafemi A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
HIV disclosure is an important consideration for people living with HIV. The prevalence of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) may range from 16% to 22% among older adults living with HIV. There is a dearth of research on HIV disclosure among older CSA survivors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to qualitatively examine HIV disclosure among older CSA survivors living with HIV. Twenty-four CSA survivors living with HIV (aged 50–67 years) participated in in-depth, semistructured interviews. Data were analyzed thematically, and the iterative coding and analytic process included discussion of initial thoughts and key concepts, identification and reconciliation of codes, and naming of emergent themes. Four themes emerged: (a) secrecy/not planning to disclose HIV; (b) disclose HIV regardless; (c) disclose HIV depending on the person; and (d) disclose HIV depending on the circumstance. Lack of disclosure may be due to HIV-related stigma. HIV disclosure intervention programs may be beneficial for this population
Association Between the Metabolic Syndrome and Retinal Microvascular Diameters Among Police Officers
Authors: Gu Ja K. , Charles Luenda E. , Allison Penelope , Violanti John M. , Andrew Michael E. 
Published: June 2022

Objectives
We examined the associations of the metabolic syndrome severity score (MSSS) and the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) components with central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE).

Methods
Participants in this cross-sectional study were 253 officers from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress study (2011–2014). The MSSS is a z-score that represents the severity of MetSyn and was estimated using a sex/race-specific equation and the five MetSyn components. Associations of MSSS and the MetSyn with CRAE/CRVE were obtained using linear regression models or analysis of covariance.

Results
For every 1-standard deviation of MSSS, CRAE decreased by 2.3 μm (SE = 1.2, P = 0.0262) and CRVE increased by 3.4 μm (SE = 1.6, P = 0.0308) after adjusting for confounders.

Conclusions
Officers with higher MSSS had narrower (ie, worse) arteriolar diameters and wider (ie, worse) venular diameters.
Variants of uncertain significance in the era of next-generation sequencing
Authors: Levkova Mariya , Stoyanova Milena , Benkova-Petrova Miroslava , Georgieva Miglena , Angelova Lyudmila 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is now widely used in diagnosing rare diseases. However, it has some limitations, such as variants of uncertain significance (VUS). This can present difficulties even for nurse practitioners involved in clinical genetics. We present three cases from our clinical practice: two targeted panel testing and one exome sequencing. Whole blood samples were collected and sent for NGS analysis. In case 1, a VUS was found in the LITAF gene, which is associated with autosomal dominant Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1C. In case 2, a VUS was reported in the MEFV gene, which is associated with autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant familial Mediterranean fever. In these cases, the reported VUS corresponded to the clinical diagnosis. In case 3, two variants in the heterozygous state were found in the ATP7B gene, which is associated with Wilson disease, and the disorder was later clinically recognized. According to the published guidelines, VUSs should not be discussed as a cause for an observed genetic condition. Nevertheless, if the reported variant is in a gene associated with the clinically diagnosed disorder, and there is a strong genotype-phenotype correlation, it could be suggestive of the etiological role of this variant.