bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Personalization of Politics in the European Union
Authors: Gattermann Katjana 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe personalization of politics, whereby politicians increasingly become the main focus of political processes, is a prominent phenomenon in modern democracies that has received considerable scholarly attention in national politics. However, little is known about the scope, causes, and consequences of personalization in European Union politics, although recent institutional and political developments suggest that such a trend is underway. The Personalization of Politics in the European Union sheds light onto this phenomenon by taking a comprehensive approach to understanding four key dimensions of personalization concerning institutions, media, politics, and citizens. In doing so, it relies on an innovative longitudinal and cross-country comparative research design and applies multiple methods. It argues that institutional personalization is a necessary but not sufficient precondition for media to increasingly report about individual politicians. It shows that media personalization fluctuates across country and over time, while Members of the European Parliament increasingly engage in personalized legislative and communicative behaviour. These developments are conditional upon domestic media and electoral systems and have limited effects on citizen attitudes and political awareness. The book concludes that, as additional political actors gain formal individual responsibilities, European Union politics also becomes more complex to disentangle. Ultimately, institutions provide more effective cues than individual politicians both for media to inform citizens about European Union politics and for the latter to acquire information that may help them understand and evaluate European Union politics. These findings have important implications for the future of personalized politics in the European Union.
An Integrated Theory of Personalization in European Union Politics
Authors: Gattermann Katjana 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChapter 2 provides an extensive review of the interdisciplinary literature concerning the personalization of politics. This review demonstrates that the phenomenon is prominently studied in national politics, although it is not universally detected in the various dimensions of personalization. However, the scope, causes, and consequences of personalization in EU politics has thus far received little scholarly attention, which underlines the significance of this book’s contribution to the extant literature. The second part of the chapter therefore presents an integrated theoretical framework concerning the dynamics between institutional personalization, media personalization, personalization in the behaviour of politicians, and personalization in citizen attitudes in the EU.
Authority and the Federal Constitution
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter addresses the federal constitution as a fundamentally distinctive form of polity. The federal constitution, through its recognition a priori of territorial pluralism as the essential characteristic of the polity, fundamentally challenges monist constitutionalism for the ways in which it both homogenises and weakens the notion of the people and elides this concept with ‘the nation’. The federal constitution is not, on its face, co-opted automatically to the service of an exclusive and singular national uniformity; its foundation on the basis of discrete, constitutionally salient territories and their governments challenges this very characterisation of the state. In short, federalism does not allow for the easy elision of the concepts of nation and people; it is founded in recognition of a plurality of territorial publics. The chapter explores how the concept of sovereignty has been a confusing and frustrating concept for federalism scholars. It argues that constitutional sovereignty, recharacterised as ‘constitutional constituent authority’, is in fact an essential register through which to understand federal legality: as pertinent to federalism as it is to any form of government for the modern state. The chapter unpacks the concept of constitutional sovereignty in federal context, exploring the highly specific iterative relationship between constitutional constituent authority and foundational constituent power in the lived federal constitution.
Federal Constitutional Design I: Recognition and Autonomous Government
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this chapter and the next the focus is upon how the meta-purpose of federalism and the principles that flow axiomatically from it have taken life in the institutions of federal constitutions. It is argued that the federal contract is institutionally commodious and that there is no governmental template for federalism. At the heart of the federal idea is the need to balance the dynamic tension between pluralism and union. The chapter explores how this relationship plays out, and how a wide range of institutional approaches can be taken to the constitutional accommodation of the principles of recognition and autonomy.
Federal Constitutional Design II: Associational Government and Reciprocity
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter addresses the principles of associational rule and reciprocity, the key characteristics of union within a federal constitution. It also explores how the broader orientation of federalism, as a balancing of the goals of pluralism and union, shows these two dimensions to be, far from antonyms, essential halves of one whole; and that these two principles together with those of recognition and autonomy interact symbiotically in support of the overall purpose of a federal constitution: the foundational recognition and accommodation of the state’s constituent territorial pluralism.
Federalism: A Constitutional Idea for our Time
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter reviews the book, its main findings, and conclusions. The task of the book has been to retrieve and explain the nature of federal constitutionalism as a discrete but broad species of constitutional government; one that has developed through the dialectic of theory and practice but has done so by way of many and varied institutional manifestations. From the perspective of constitutional theory it is ultimately misconceived to search for a definitive institutional model of federal government. The constitutional idea of federalism must instead be pieced together from its refraction through various real-world instantiations over time and from place to place. Federalism is a discrete idea for government that flows immanently from the core legal-normative purpose that unifies all polities within the federal family of modern constitutionalism; a unifying purpose that I have called ‘the federal contract’. The chapter asserts that federalism is at root a constitutional idea, founded in a dynamic and flexible relationship between authority and democratic legitimacy; it is an idea of great potential for the societal complexity of today’s world. As a consequence, it should be freed from the institutional and ideational baggage that has so distorted its essence, and thereupon reclaimed, revitalised, and put to use as a vital constitutional resource in an age of territorial pluralism.
Coping with Unbearable Strain
Authors: McCann Leo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter delves into the most unpleasant and troubling elements of paramedic work, from the stark realities of operational overload, the uneasy realities of ‘coping mechanisms’ and to the prevalence of ill health, mental trauma, and even suicide among the paramedic community. It explores the enormous pressures placed on those working in the service, where paramedics risk having their wellbeing—in the words of one interviewee—‘slowly scratched away’. It documents how ambulance workers and employers try to handle the impact of distressing calls through formal and informal means. Alongside the gallows humour that famously operates in such ‘extreme’ settings, serious emergencies also provide opportunities for learning and debriefing, and they occupy a high position in the informal status hierarchy of paramedic work. However unpleasant they are, I show that very serious and challenging calls are part of the essence of emergency work, and that competent and ‘professional’ paramedics have to find appropriate ways to deal with them. The chapter moves on to explore the limits of coping mechanisms, drawing on academic concepts such as burnout, PTSD, and moral injury, but also the folk concepts emergent from paramedic street culture used to describe emotional labour, such as ‘five-year job’, ‘the bucket’, and the ‘grief mop’. Finally, it also describes endemic problems associated with ambulance service managerial and employment cultures. These represent yet another form of stress for paramedics, who often feel undervalued and neglected and sometimes live in fear of accusations of wrongdoing, complaints, and inspections.
Control Freaks
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how players communicate their intentions to a game through its input. Different means of input are explored, including direct interaction with a physical controller, or navigating a virtual interface. Design principles, such as consistency, logically mapping controls to their function, and constraining player action where necessary, are applied to define what makes a control scheme successful. The specific challenges of various control paradigms, such as the difference between first- and third-person games, are also explored. This chapter also includes some advice on designing input schemes for multiple platforms and employing creativity in control design to surprise players without violating their expectations or comfort.
The Audience is Listening
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Alongside the meteoric rise of eSports has come the dominance of platforms like Twitch and YouTube, serving up content centred around people playing games. Popular streamers—and the games they play—have risen to fame by broadcasting their gameplay for audiences of millions. For game designers, this shift poses some key questions: What makes a game “watchable”? What gives a game longevity with content creators? And can designers involve a game’s audience in the action while they watch? This chapter discusses all of these questions, analyzing what makes a game successful streaming material and how games can adapt their designs to consider interacting with dozens, hundreds, or thousands of audience members during play.
Making the Thing
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the game production process, with a focus on ideation, prototyping, and iterative design. It aims to provide readers with a starting point for putting the ideas of previous chapters into practise, without depending on any particular tools or budget requirements. Various brainstorming strategies are discussed as a primer on design thinking, before moving on to examine the entire development process at a high level. The chapter espouses an iterative, agile approach to game creation. Several techniques supporting iterative and user-centric design are explained, including user stories and personas, competitive evaluation, and rapid prototyping.
The Puzzle of Accommodation
Authors: Marušić Berislav 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter articulates the puzzle of accommodation through the examples of grief and anger. In the context of grief, the puzzle is that grief can reasonably diminish, even though the reasons for grief remain unchanged. The puzzle in general is that as we accommodate ourselves to loss and injustice, emotions can change in ways that do not respond to a change in our reasons for them but that such changes can, nonetheless, be reasonable. In concluding, the chapter outlines possible responses to the puzzle and offers a preview of the main conclusion of the book—that the puzzle of accommodation eludes a solution.
In Defense of the Puzzle
Authors: Marušić Berislav 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers six attempts to solve the puzzle of accommodation but argues that all of them fail. The most challenging is the Hardline Response, according to which accommodation to loss and injustice is unreasonable. The chapter contends that the Hardline Response fails to do justice to the moral psychology of the emotions. The other five responses seek to understand accommodation as rational by conceiving of the reasons for emotion as time-sensitive. These responses include the appeal to the waning shock over loss or injustice, the analogy between accommodation and partiality, the view that grief and anger are processes which unfold over time, and the view that they constitute psychological work which we complete over time. These attempts fail because they leave us with double vision: We cannot, at once, apprehend the objects of our emotions and the psychological facts about the emotions that would account for their time-sensitivity.
Embodied Reason
Authors: Marušić Berislav 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter provides a principled explanation for why the puzzle of accommodation eludes a solution. Although accommodation is reasonable, we cannot identify reasons in light of which this would be so. The explanation for this is to be found in a form of pragmatic encroachment about the reasons for emotion: Empirical features of the emotions, such as their functional role, bear on when emotions are reasonably experienced, even though these features do not constitute reasons for or against the emotions. There remains, therefore, a lack of reconciliation between the emotions as modes of apprehending the world and our understanding of the emotions as forms of our embodiment.
Income Distributions
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPareto observed a certain regularity in the distribution of incomes in various countries and over time. Multiple theories have been advanced to explain income distribution among individuals and households based on these regularities. Many authors explained the generation of income distributions with the help of stochastic processes. This chapter provides a short but exhaustive review of the stochastic income generation models proposed in the literature. The chapter concludes that none of the distribution functions offered by this literature fits well with the observed income distributions. Although many prominent scholars developed stochastic income generation models, the literature has not found much practical application in development economics.
Concentration Curves
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRelationships among the distributions of various economic variables are at the core of the economic analysis. This chapter provides a detailed discussion of concentration curves and related theorems, and it reveals how the concentration curves can help us understand the relationships among economic variables. The elasticity of one variable with respect to another is crucial in analyzing relationships among various economic phenomena. However, many economic applications require aggregate elasticity for the whole population. This chapter has developed a new concept of aggregate elasticity based on concentration indices. Concentration indices can be readily estimated from household surveys, providing a practical method of estimating aggregate elasticity.
Scientific Justification as the Basis of Scientific Testimony
Authors: Gerken Mikkel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 provides a characterization of scientific testimony that differentiates it from other types of testimony. According to this characterization, scientific testimony is testimony that is properly based on scientific justification. Further specification of this characterization is provided by way of a discussion of some of the central properties of scientific justification. These include its being gradable, its being discursive, and the senses in which it is and is not epistemically superior to non-scientific justification. Likewise, the chapter contains a discussion of what being properly based on scientific justification amounts to. Apart from helping to clarify the nature of scientific testimony, these arguments help to specify why intra-scientific testimony contributes to the epistemic force of collaborative science. Likewise, they help to specify why public scientific testimony may serve as a central epistemic authority in society.
Public Scientific Testimony I
Authors: Gerken Mikkel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 concerns scientific expert testimony—i.e., testimony from scientific experts to laypersons. It surveys empirical research on social and psychological challenges for the public’s uptake of public scientific testimony. On this basis, it articulates a novel norm for scientific expert testifiers: Justification Expert Testimony (JET). According to JET, scientific expert testifiers should, whenever feasible, include appropriate aspects of the nature and strength of the relevant scientific justification, or lack thereof, in their testimony. JET is deployed in motivating a guideline concerning scientific expert trespassing testimony, which occurs when a scientific expert testifies on matters in a domain of epistemic expertise other than her own. According to this Expert Trespassing Guideline, a scientific expert who provides expert trespassing testimony should, in some contexts, qualify her testimony to indicate that it does not amount to expert testimony. So, Chapter 5 exemplifies the gradual movement from foundational research to applied research.
Non-nominative arguments, active impersonals, and control in Latin
Authors: Cennamo Michela , Fabrizio Claudia 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe continuum of control plays a crucial role in the marking of transitivity in Latin, witnessed also by the alternation between the personal and impersonal encoding of eventualities. The present study investigates argument marking with some ‘impersonal’ verbs. These patterns reflect the crystallisation of a seemingly widespread construction in the early stages of the language, probably of Indo-European inheritance, the use of the third-person singular active with an accusative/oblique argument to denote the spontaneous manifestation of an eventuality and the lack of control of the A/S argument, a pattern competing with the passive form for some verbs in this domain. These impersonal constructions in Latin point to the existence of a dependent-marked, agentive-coding subsystem, similar to analogous constructions in languages with semantic alignment. This evidence suggests that Latin is a language with a syntactically based (nominative–accusative) and (dependent-marked) semantically based subsystems of alignment, sensitive to the notion of control.
The Darker Side of Fortune
Authors: Degenhardt Jane Hwang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Afterword considers how the ethics of fortune cultivated by the London theatre were also a veil for an ideology of opportunism that helped to lay the groundwork for neoliberal global capitalism. It draws particular attention to the ways that fortune functioned as a racializing and Eurocentric discourse—stemming from the implicit whiteness of Fortuna herself, whose ostensibly blind and indiscriminate judgment belies a racial bias. Drawing together loose strands about the racializing effects of fortune that run throughout the chapters, the Afterword shows how the virtuous gains that were enabled by the new orientation to fortune that developed in the sixteenth century were built on the backs of Shylock, Morocco, and the many unnamed and unrepresented others whose labor, suffering, and exploitation goes unseen on the stage. It also speculates upon other possible models for conceiving of fortune’s application in the world as a path-breaking force of opportunity.
Correlation and Constitutional Rights
Authors: Donohue Laura K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Skepticism among American scholars about the value of analytic legal positivism derives in part from the pervasiveness of private law in analytic jurisprudence. Wesley Hohfeld’s influential framework proves little different: although he claims that the jural relations apply to constitutional entitlements, he relies on private law for their exposition. Matthew Kramer’s scholarship clarifies and develops Hohfeld’s schema and draws greater attention to its application in the public realm. This chapter advances the discussion by examining the application of the Hohfeld-Kramer framing to constitutional law, demonstrating weaknesses in assuming that the private law model can be sustained without more careful exposition. Such entitlements are held in res publica, with the result that the entitlement-holder also bears a duty of non-infringement. It identifies a new category of “dignities,” which act as a shield for claim-rights and highlights the nature of “purported rights,” where the state, holding the power of enforcement, structurally lacks the impetus to prosecute (its own) constitutional breach.
Rights, Positivism, and the Vice of Self-PufferyWhy Kramer’s Interest Theory is Nearly Right
Authors: Cruft Rowan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Kramer’s Interest Theory of rights is inconsistent with the spirit of his legal positivism, this chapter argues, but seems nonetheless nearly correct as a necessary condition on morally justified rights: it is hard to come up with morally justified rights that fail to satisfy his theory. This chapter explains why: morally justified rights that fail to fit Kramer’s theory license right-holders to engage in a morally vicious form of self-puffery, and there are rarely good reasons to create rights licensing this vice.
Kramer’s Theory of Legal Positivism
Authors: Chiassoni Pierluigi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
As a tribute to Matthew Kramer’s jurisprudence, the essay purports to provide an account and a critical examination of his theory of legal positivism. The theory, it claims, appears to be flawed insofar as it combines incompatible items. On the one hand, it endorses the separation thesis in its epistemological variety, together with Hart’s idea of a general and descriptive jurisprudence. On the other hand, it makes (what it regards as genuinely) theoretical claims about the limits of the law, robust incorporationism, and the proper notion of an existing legal system. It will be argued that such ‘theoretical’ claims lay in fact outside of the province of a general and descriptive jurisprudence, being rather the expressions of a rationalist censorial view about the law.
Kramer’s Razor and the Freedom of Expression
Authors: Kutz Christopher 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Matthew Kramer argues that we can define the bounds of free speech with a sharp and absolute distinction between communication-dependent and communication-independent restrictions. On Kramer’s view, government may never legitimately target speech where the wrong it seeks to prevent essentially depends on communication as its means. By contrast, it can punish speech that helps to effect a wrong that could be committed by non-communicative means. I argue, in response, that it is a mistake to think that such a distinction can avoid the hard, political work of weighing costs and benefits and making more contextualized decisions. If we want simultaneously both to forbid solicitation of criminal acts, and to protect radical advocacy that marches up to the line of sedition, we must leave a grey area, one responsive to the relative dangers of speech and its repression. Philosophy can clarify the conditions of our quandary but it cannot resolve them.