bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Breech-Lock Exchanger Design to Ensure Gasket Sealing Under All Conditions
Authors: Groppi Roberto , Jibb Richard J. , Creech David T. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
High pressure threaded closures designed to ASME VIII Div.1 and Div. 2 are used extensively in heat exchangers in the hydroprocessing industry, where design conditions in excess of 100 bar and 450 °C may be required. When there is a requirement to open for inspection and maintenance, the breech-lock or screw-plug design offers a cost-effective alternative to TEMA channel closure types because it eliminates the large cover flange and bolting (often associated to welded diaphragms), allows for sealing adjustments without being dismantled and provides quicker opening and closing operations. For services designed to operate with a pressure differential between circuits that cannot be isolated (High-High type) an internal assembly must be designed such that the sealing of the tubesheet gasket is maintained under all possible operating conditions. The assembly must transfer the loads from the bolts to the tubesheet gasket but also remain elastic over a range of operating conditions.
The past work on this assembly type is reviewed and root causes of exchanger leaks reported in the literature are discussed. A finite element analysis study showed that typical designs for the internal load-carrying components undergo plastic deformation due to thermal expansion under certain operating conditions, leading to a loss of gasket seal. While sealing may be temporarily restored by acting on external bolts, for example by hot torquing, subsequent thermal cycles can result in further deformation such that the assembly may require unplanned maintenance or repair.
The results of the study were used to guide development of a new closure concept using a conical disc spring to ensure adequate gasket stress for sealing of the tubesheet while maintaining elastic behavior of components under load for all anticipated operating conditions, including upsets. Finite element models were used to compare the new approach to the existing practice and to design a demonstration unit, which has since been fabricated. The conical disk spring for the demonstration unit was tested, confirming the elastic behavior over the anticipated load range and enabling calibration of strain gauges. The complete prototype was tested with mechanical and thermal loads to validate analysis results and confirm ease of assembly and disassembly. The new closure design can reduce plant shutdown time by eliminating leaks and damage during operation of screw-plug exchangers.
Review on Inspection Status of Pressure Equipment in LNG Receiving Station in China
Authors: Duan Zhixiang , Shi Kun , Zhou Yunyi , Hu Hangjian 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal has the main functions of LNG unloading, storage and gasification, and occupies an important position in civil natural gas and industrial natural gas. In recent years, the pressure equipment of receiving terminals in China has reached the inspection period one after another, and periodic inspection has been carried out one after another.
The current situation of inspection and detection of pressure equipment in LNG terminal in China are summarized, and the conventional inspection technology and the RBI online inspection of pressure equipment in LNG terminal are analyzed. It is concluded that visual inspection, transient electromagnetic, pulsed eddy current, electromagnetic ultrasound, infrared thermal imaging, digital ray inspection, vacuum detection and other detection means can be used in online inspection. The inspection shall conduct risk analysis in combination with the characteristics of the plant and equipment, determine the detection strategy and select appropriate detection means.
The current situation of China’s laws, regulations and standards on the inspection of pressure equipment in LNG terminal are analyzed also. And it is considered that the laws, regulations and standards on the inspection and detection of pressure equipment in LNG terminal are not perfect. It is suggested to put forward the specific requirements for the online inspection and detection methods of LNG pressure equipment as soon as possible and issue the corresponding laws and standards.
Environment Assisted Fatigue – Experimental Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Solin Jussi , Seppänen Tommi , Vanninen Rami , Pulkkinen Erkki , Lemettinen Petri 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The design fatigue curves applied for safety class 1 components in NPP’s are based on an experimentally determined strain-life fatigue data, the resulting ε-N reference curves and transferability margins. To account for detrimental effects of coolant water environment, penalty factors (Fen) are obtained by comparing fatigue lives in air and environment. To avoid bias in comparison, the same fatigue testing procedures according to ASTM E606 would be preferred in both environments. However, modified EAF test procedures were developed when direct control of strain in the specimen gauge section was not possible.
This paper introduces and discusses commonly used experimental approaches for conducting (directly or remotely) strain-controlled fatigue tests in simulated LWR coolant water environments. At or near gauge section remotely controlled and tubular specimens have been successfully used to determine penalty factors for fatigue usage in environment, but variation and uncertainties related to experimental methods used for collecting the data cannot be completely excluded. The challenges and solutions adopted during latest 20 years in Finland are explained.
Implementing Probabilistic Design Methods in Plant Systems Design
Authors: Mann J. Adin , Pellereau Ben , Diaconeasa Mihai A. , Martin Michael , Prinja Nawal K. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
An American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standard for design of facilities with potential for significant hazards to the health and safety of the public, the worker, and the environment is being developed. The standard includes requirements and guidance for design organizations to incorporate risk informed probabilistic design methodologies with traditional deterministic design methods using reliability and availability targets. Probabilistic design processes include selecting the systems and products to be evaluated, defining the failure modes, establishing system life cycle models, defining the acceptance criteria, selecting the appropriate probabilistic design method, processing the analysis results, and, where applicable, recommending design changes. The order of these activities as well as the inputs and outputs from each step are defined. Probabilistic design methods are addressed at both the system and product level and their interaction. A toolbox of probabilistic design methods is included as an appendix to the standard. A description of the current plans for each activity, the order of activities, and the input and outputs from each activity are described along with the interaction to the other activities in the plant system design process. The basic content and organization of the toolbox is described. This paper provides an overview of the probabilistic analysis section rather than a detailed description of the draft document or examples.
CPS – an Advanced Tool for Monitoring Fatigue and Fracture on Pipes and Other Mechanical Components
Authors: Wackenhut Georg , Lammert Robert , Silber Fabian , Weihe Stefan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Current economic challenges as well as requirements arising from environmental protection aspects enforce manufacturers and operators of technical systems to search for innovative solutions. This especially applies to components subjected to alternating loads.
A safe but also efficient operation of components requires that the loads encountered during operation are continuously recorded in order to be able to evaluate or predict their lifetime consumption.
A long operation time requires that the whole lifetime period is controlled by appropriate monitoring systems. In cases where cracks and crack growth are acceptable or even inevitable, the lifetime assessment procedure can be combined with suitable crack growth monitoring systems and (fracture mechanics) evaluation procedures.
CPS, as an acronym for Control, Perspective and Strategy, is a software tool which is intended for monitoring an arbitrary large number of subsystems of a complex technical system, e.g. a power plant. Thereby, any subcomponent subjected to alternating loads, e.g. pipe or some other kind of mechanical component, can be evaluated with regard to fatigue as well as crack growth. This contribution strives to show how a safe and efficient long term operation can be achieved while also considering the results of non-destructive testing (NDT) obtained from the corresponding operation accompanying processes.
Technical Basis for Proposed Code Case on Evaluation of Flaws in Butt Fusion Joints in Class 3 High Density Polyethylene Piping
Authors: Liu Cheng , Scarth Douglas , Munson Douglas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
There is a need for ASME B&PV Code procedures and acceptance criteria for evaluation of flaws detected by inspection of high density polyethylene (HDPE) piping items in safety Class 3 systems. A Section XI Code Case is proposed to evaluate circumferentially orientated planar flaws in butt fusion joints in PE4710 HDPE pipes with a parent material minimum PENT rating of 2,000 hours. The proposed Code Case contains flaw evaluation procedures and acceptance criteria for both surface and subsurface flaws. Two sets of acceptance criteria that are in terms of the allowable stress intensity factor and the allowable flaw size are provided in the proposed Code Case. The calculation of the allowable stress intensity factor is based on the statistical model documented in the paper PVP2020-21783. The model was developed for predicting the time to failure of a butt fusion joint containing a flaw in an HDPE pipe with a parent material PENT rating of 10,000 hours. This paper provides the technical basis for the application of the statistical model to flaws in butt fusion joints in HDPE pipes with a parent material PENT rating between 2,000 and 10,000 hours. For a piping lifetime of 50 years, simplified engineering equations to calculate the allowable stress intensity factor have been developed, and example calculations of the allowable flaw sizes at the maximum Service Level A & B Code allowable temperature of 60°C (140°F) and the stress level of 500 psi (3.45 MPa) are also provided in this paper.
ATLAS+ European Project - Prediction of Large Ductile Tearing in Austenitic Piping
Authors: Blouin Arnaud , Marie Stéphane , Tankoua Franck , Bolinder Tobias 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the frame of the European ATLAS+ project it was decided to evaluate if a continuum damage model can simulate a four-points bending test on an austenitic pipe (316L type) with an aged welded joint. To do so, different approaches were used such as GTN model or GFR approach. This paper present the work performed by the different partners.
An Investigation Into the Applicability of Charpy Dynamic Fracture Tests for a Digital Twin
Authors: Sorce Fabian S. , Cogswell Daniel J. , Davies Catrin M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Charpy impact test has historically been used in a qualitative and comparative manner to infer toughness behaviour and determine the brittle to ductile transition temperature (TBD) of low alloy ferritic steels used in reactor pressure vessels (RPVs). The simple and quick setup makes it an attractive test given the ease of data generation to assess the suitability of a given material; however, the scatter in the data produced is significant and the test does not provide a value of fracture toughness. Quasi-static tests using high-constraint geometries (e.g. single-edge notch bend (SENB) specimens) are used to determine fracture toughness properties, whilst the Charpy impact test (governed by the ASTM E23 and ISO 148 standards) gives insight into the dynamic fracture response of a material. There is significant interest, demonstrated by recent work, in utilising Charpy impact test data to predict fracture toughness properties and material behaviour, which typically require expensive and time-consuming test procedures. The ongoing digital transformation of industry and proposals of digital twins becoming ubiquitous relies intrinsically on high-quality data inputs and fully understanding the underlying mechanistic relationships governing material behaviour. This work examines the relationships between microstructure, temperature, and quasi-static and dynamic fracture behaviour of a low alloy ferritic steel (comparable in composition to SA508). The microstructures are analysed before a Charpy impact pendulum is used to determine the energy absorbed by standard V-notch samples from −196 °C to 200 °C and the fracture surfaces examined. A distinct transition zone is observed and the data is compared to historic fracture data of the material. The results are discussed in light of applicability to a digital twin and the framework for a machine learning model to predict the fracture behaviour and reduce error in transition behaviour is proposed.
Natural Crack Growth of Nozzle Corner Crack Using Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM)
Authors: Dominguez Garivalde , Uddin Mohammed , Tran Minh , Shim Do Jun 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The nozzle corner region in a pressure vessel experiences stress concentration under various loading such as internal pressure and thermal transients. There are many situations in which a postulated or detected flaw at the nozzle corner needs to be addressed for life assessment and fitness-for-service determinations which require stress intensity factor (KI) solutions. To assess the remaining life, the crack growth calculation of nozzle corner crack is typically performed with KI assuming a semi-circular or semi-elliptical crack shape which are limited to KI values at the deepest and surface points of the crack. However, due to the complex geometry of the nozzle corner crack, it is desired to compute KI along the entire crack front. To that end, the extended finite element method (XFEM) which can simulate cracks without the need for modeling the crack-tip can be used to calculate KI along the entire crack front for arbitrary crack shapes. Using the KI values calculated from XFEM, ‘natural’ crack growth can be simulated.
The objective of this paper is to perform a feasibility study in evaluating the fatigue crack growth behavior of a nozzle corner crack using XFEM. For this purpose, an initial circular nozzle corner crack was used for benchmarking the KI values from XFEM against those from a traditional 3-D finite element model. In the next step, the XFEM model was subjected to cyclic internal pressure to grow the crack where the ‘natural’ crack behavior was studied. Using the fatigue crack growth equation (i.e., Paris Law), the succeeding crack profile was calculated for a given number of cycles using the K values from the previous step and the updated crack profile was then used as an initial crack in the next step. This iterative procedure is automated using Python Script in ABAQUS® and the final crack shape is determined for total number of cycles. Finally, the XFEM based fatigue crack growth results were validated using existing experimental data and were also compared against the crack growth results using an existing KI solution.
Design of B16 Standard and Non-Standard Ring Type Joint Flange and Gasket
Authors: Kataoka Shunji 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Bolted flange joints using ring type joint (RTJ) gasket has been widely used in oil & gas industry especially for high pressure service less than and equals to 2500 psi or high temperature services. Recently performance of other types of gaskets, such as grooved metal and spiral wound gasket are increased and being reviewed, but RTJ is still a first option for many operators and designers. The flange and gasket design details are provided in ASME B16.5 and B16.47 and the details of the gasket and ring facing are provided in B16.20, however, field problem often occurs in construction site, especially the damage of the ring joint facing due to the overloading. Similar troubles have been reported in non-standard flange and when designing flange connection, additional attention should be paid in addition to the standard design procedure shown in ASME Sec.VIII div.1 Mandatory Appendix 2.
To provide a guideline to design the flange joint and determine appropriate bolt load, detailed review and study was conducted. First, past troubles related to ring type joint are introduced, such as gasket coining into flange groove, and groove deformation of spacer component. Second, to clarify the root cause of such troubles, design of B16 flange, especially ring joint gasket size and facing geometry is reviewed and show gasket sizing and stress states varies with flange size and rating. A series of finite element analysis was performed, and analysis results are reviewed in terms of gasket stress, gasket contact pressure, groove stress and deformation.
Finally, several recommendations on the determination of gasket size, flange groove dimension and initial tightening load are explained.
New Strength Theory and Its Application to Determine Burst Pressure of Thick-Wall Pressure Vessels
Authors: Zhu Xian-Kui , Wiersma Bruce , Sindelar Robert , Johnson William R. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The classical Tresca and von Mises strength theories have been utilized extensively for pressure vessel and pipeline design. For pressure vessel design, ASME B&PV code was developed using both Tresca and von Mises strength theories, where the yield strength (YS) was used for an elastic design and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was used for an elastic-plastic design. For pipeline design, ASME B31.3, B31G, or other codes were developed using the Tresca strength theory coupled with the YS or a flow stress. The flow stress was introduced to reduce over conservatism from the YS and avoid overestimation from the UTS for many steels.
It has been widely accepted that the burst strength of pipelines depends on the UTS and strain hardening rate, n, of the ductile steel. The average shear stress yield theory was thus developed, and the associated burst pressure solution was obtained as a function of UTS and n. Experiments showed that the Zhu-Leis solution provides a reliable prediction of the burst pressure for defect-free thin-wall pipes. In order to extend the Zhu-Leis solution to thick-wall pressure vessels, this work modified the traditional strength theories and obtained new burst pressure solutions for thick-wall pressure vessels.
Three new flow stresses were proposed to describe the tensile strength and plastic flow response for a strain hardening material. The associated strength theories were then developed in terms of the Tresca, von Mises and Zhu-Leis yield criteria. From these new strength theories, three burst pressure solutions were obtained for thick-wall cylinders, where the von Mises solution is an upper bound prediction, Tresca solution is a lower bound prediction, and the Zhu-Leis solution is an averaged prediction of burst pressure for thick-wall vessels. Subsequently, the proposed burst solutions were validated by a large dataset of full-scale burst tests.
Control of Vortex Shedding and Acoustic Resonance of a Circular Cylinder in Cross-Flow
Authors: Noufal Rasha , Alziadeh Mohammed , Mohany Atef 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study of the aeroacoustics response from a circular cylinder in cross-flow with a control rod. The effectiveness of the control rod on suppressing acoustic resonance excitation is investigated. The control rod diameter-to-circular cylinder diameter ratio (d/D) is fixed at 0.21. The gap (G) between the circular cylinder and the control rod is taken at 0.11D. The rod is placed at several angular positions, which varied from 0° (front stagnation of the main cylinder) to 180° (base of the main cylinder). Phase-locked particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements are performed during acoustic resonance to visualize the coherent vortex structures downstream of the cylinders. The results show that the placement of the control rod significantly influences the Strouhal periodicity with great dependence on the rod’s angular orientation. Moreover, at some angular positions, the existence of the rod has resulted in a reduction of the sound pressure level (SPL) generated during acoustic resonance excitation. However, at other angular positions, the rod has resulted in a stronger resonance excitation. This behavior is due to the profound effect of the control rod’s angular position on the formation of vortex cores during acoustic resonance. A brief summary of the results is presented herein.
Seismic Fragility Assessment of Steel Industrial Storage Tanks
Authors: Gabbianelli Giammaria , Perrone Daniele , Brunesi Emanuele , Monteiro Ricardo 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Storage tanks represent one of the most critical components in industrial facilities and building plants, when considering the occurrence of seismic events. The release of dangerous materials, due to their collapse, can be a safety issue in terms of both human life and environmental impact. This paper carries out a seismic performance assessment of a liquid-storage tank installed in an industrial steel moment-resisting frame building. The seismic performance is gauged in terms of fragility curves, which are provided for different limit states affecting the liquid-storage tank. Nonlinear dynamic analyses are performed using two different modelling approaches: the first explicitly accounts for the tank-structure interaction; the other considers the tank as only modelled as a seismic mass. The results discuss the importance of the modelling assumptions to estimate the seismic demand on liquid-storage tanks and corresponding fragility models for different intensity measures. Absolute acceleration floor response spectra are also analysed in detail, concerning the demand characerization. Finally, the study indicates that the intensity measure adopted for secondary components (i.e. peak floor acceleration) is not necessarily optimal threfeore future developments should produce updated fragility curves for non-structural elements, using better performing intensity measures.
Algorithm Improvement of Transfer Matrix Method for Vibration Propagation of Periodic Pipeline Structure
Authors: Zeng Qingna , Wang Donghui , Zang Fenggang , Zhang Yixiong 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This paper proposes an improved transfer matrix method (TMM) algorithm to calculate frequency response function (FRF) for finite periods of periodic composite pipelines structures. Traditional TMM usually generate instable matrix and inaccurate calculation results for Phononic crystals (PCs) pipeline. Under the assumption that periodic distribution of pipeline structure with no intermediate excitation, the main idea of the improved algorithm is to reasonably divide finite periodic pipeline into several effective segments, then the transfer relationship of state vector for each connected pipe part could be expressed individually, thereby realizing the calculation order reduction by expanding the dimension of overall stiffness matrix. This improved algorithm could effectively avoid cumulative error caused by diagonal sparse matrix operations, thus getting true dynamic response to calculate exact FRF curves. Moreover, this algorithm could fundamentally improve the accuracy and stability of traditional TMM calculations. The transverse FRF for finite periods calculated by improved TMM shows excellent consistency with corresponding band gap structures (BGs), validate the correctness of derived theory and algorithm. This improved TMM algorithm supplies an effective method for FRF calculation of finite pipeline periods, and also provide effective verification of BGs for infinite structures, which could guide the vibration and noise reduction design of pipeline system.