bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inherited defects in the complement system
Authors: Leonardi Lucia , La Torre Francesco , Soresina Annarosa , Federici Silvia , Cancrini Caterina , Castagnoli Riccardo , Cinicola Bianca Laura , Corrente Stefania , Giardino Giuliana , Lougaris Vassilios , Volpi Stefano , Marseglia Gian Luigi , Cardinale Fabio ,   the Immunology Task Force of the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP)
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe complement system plays an essential role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Any dysregulation in this system can disturb normal host defense and alter inflammatory response leading to both infections and autoimmune diseases. The complement system can be activated through three different pathways. Inherited complement deficiencies have been described for all complement components and their regulators. Despite being rare diseases, complement deficiencies are often severe, with a frequent onset during childhood. We provide an overview of clinical disorders related to these disorders and describe current diagnostic strategies required for their comprehensive characterization and management.
SARS‐CoV‐2 infections in pediatric patients: A comparison of three pandemic waves
Authors: Rovida Francesca , Giardina Federica , Ferrari Guglielmo , Paolucci Stefania , Piralla Antonio , Baldanti Fausto 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe pediatric population seems to be at a lower risk of developing severe clinical symptoms of COVID‐19. However, the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID‐19 in children are yet to be fully clarified. This retrospective observational study aimed to evaluate the frequency of pediatric laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 patients from February 2020 to April 2021. A total of 740 (5.1% of total) pediatric COVID‐19 cases were observed during the study period. The peak of pediatric cases was observed in November 2020, with 239 cases. During the first wave of pandemics, the frequency of pediatric cases was 0.89% (49/5877 cases), ranging from 0.6% in February 2020 to 1.3% in April 2020. On the contrary, after the beginning of the second wave, the frequency of pediatric cases raised from 5.3% in September 2020 to 9.4%in February 2021, with an overall frequency of 8.2% (690/8416 cases). A different rate of SARS‐CoV‐2 circulation was observed among the pediatric population between the pandemic waves. During the second wave, two peaks of cases were observed. The last peak was associated with the spread of a more transmissive SARS‐CoV‐2 strain (VOC 202012/01).
Who Reclaims Slurs?
Authors: Cepollaro Bianca , López de Sa Dan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractReclamation is usually taken to be the phenomenon wherein in‐groups employ a slur to express pride, foster camaraderie, or subvert discriminatory structures. We provide data showing that, under some special circumstances, out‐groups successfully reclaim slurs too. Thus, the mainstream restriction to in‐groups is merely an approximation of the correct extension of the phenomenon – of who does actually reclaim slurs. Removing any such stipulative restriction opens a path towards further theorizing into the nature of reclamation.
Status of school health programs in Asia: National policy and implementation
Authors: Ogasawara Rie , Yamanaka Hiroshi , Kobayashi Jun , Tomokawa Sachi , Sugita Elli , Hirano Takanori , Kigawa Mika , Nishio Akihiro , Akiyama Takeshi , Nam Eun Woo , Gregorio Ernesto R. , Estrada Crystal Amiel M. , Thongthien Pimpimon , Kanyasan Kethsana , Devkota Bhimsen , Hun Jeudyla , Ma Yinghua , Yamamoto Beverley Anne 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe WHO's Health Promoting Schools (HPS) framework is based on an understanding of the reciprocal relationship between health and education, and the need to take a holistic approach to health promotion in schools. We aim to clarify the degree to which the HPS framework is reflected in the national policies of eight target countries and the issues surrounding its successful implementation.MethodsDate were collected through two expert workshops with participants from eight Asian countries: Cambodia, China, Japan, Korea, Lao PDR, Nepal, the Philippines, and Thailand. In the first workshop, data collected on national policy were mapped against the HPS framework. From this, key issues were identified, and follow‐up data collection was conducted in each country for a second workshop.ResultsWe identified a policy shift toward the HPS framework in six out of the eight countries. Neither Japan nor Korea had changed their national policy frameworks to reflect an HPS approach; however, in the latter, model programs had been introduced at a local level. We identified various barriers to successful implementation, especially in relation to mental health and wellbeing.ConclusionGiven the recent shift toward the HPS approach in six out of the eight countries in this study, there is a need to conduct research to assess the impact of this framework on the health and wellbeing of students and school staff. At the same time, we call for more dialog in the context of Japan to explore the possible benefits of introducing the HPS framework into schools.
Is There a Glass Cliff in Local Government Management? Examining the Hiring and Departure of Women
Authors: Yang Lang Kate , Connolly Laura , Connolly Jennifer M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWomen are underrepresented in public sector leadership positions, including municipal management. We examine one explanation that may contribute to gender inequity in the profession—a “glass cliff” phenomenon whereby councils are more likely to hire women as managers during difficult times, increasing the likelihood for women to fail in the position. Using original observational data on municipal managers in Florida, we test whether municipalities are more likely to hire women during times of fiscal stress and whether women are more likely than men to leave the position if municipal finances do not improve. Our results show that increasing budget deficits are associated with municipalities hiring women as managers. Post‐appointment, a lack of improvement in the deficit condition is associated with a higher probability of women, but not men, leaving the position. A glass cliff in municipal management could be one factor that hinders women from advancing within the field.Evidence for PracticeMunicipalities are more likely to hire women as managers when faced with increasing budget deficits.When deficit conditions fail to improve post‐appointment, women have a higher probability than men of leaving the position.The glass cliff may be one barrier to women's advancement in the field of municipal management, as a woman who faces a glass cliff may find it more difficult to reach top leadership positions again due to harm to her professional reputation.Objective evaluation metrics that benchmark the assessment of managers to the organizational condition and trends at the time of hire may be useful for scholars and practitioners alike in mitigating gender biases in municipal personnel decisions.
Fragmented QRS complex on a 12‐lead electrocardiogram predicts cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality in dialysis patients
Authors: Li Xinjian , Shi Bingshuo , Chen Xu , Duan Junying , Liu Xing , Zhang Ruining , Li Guangping 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of mortality in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Fragmented QRS complex (fQRS) has been reported as a helpful marker in evaluating various cardiovascular pathologies. We aimed to investigate the value of the fQRS complex clinical decision of ESRD patients receiving dialysis.MethodsThis prospective observational study included 411 patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) between 2016‐01‐01 and 2020‐12‐31. The primary outcomes were all‐cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality.ResultsHD patients have elevated values of fQRS complex compared to CAPD patients (39.1% vs. 28.2%, P = 0.027). Significantly, fQRS complex in the anterior/lateral leads is associated with all‐cause and CV mortality stronger than fQRS in the inferior leads (P = 0.008). In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, HD patients with fQRS complex had a higher incidence of all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.860; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.032, 3.349]; p = 0.041) and CV mortality (HR = 2.989; 95% CI [1.357, 6.584]; p = 0.007). For CAPD patients, fQRS complex was also associated with increased risk of all‐cause mortality (HR = 1.593; 95% CI [1.023, 2.580]; p = 0.049) and increased risk of CV mortality (HR = 2.392; 95% CI [1.348, 4.173]; p = 0.013).ConclusionsThe presence of the fQRS complex was an independent predictor of all‐cause and CV mortality in HD and CAPD patients. We suggested a potential role of the fQRS complex in CV risk strata for dialysis patients and the choice of dialysis modality.
Valuing elementary schools: evidence from public school acquisitions in Beijing*
Authors: Su Xuejuan , Yu Huayi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe utilize government‐sanctioned public school acquisitions in Beijing to estimate individuals’ willingness to pay for enrollment eligibility in sought‐after elementary schools. The spatial and temporal variation in these acquisitions allows us to estimate a hedonic pricing model in the difference‐in‐difference framework. Comparing regular elementary schools that are acquired by sought‐after schools to those that are not, we find an average price increase of 7 percent for apartments in the catchment areas of acquired schools. This percentage increase is both statistically and economically significant, and it does not vary by the size of the apartment. We also find heterogeneous price effects for different types of acquisitions, defined by their post‐acquisition organizational structures, but these differences are not statistically significant.
Thin entities
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOystein Linnebo's bookThin Objectsis partly devoted to defending the view that some objects are “thin” in that their existence does not impose any substantive demands on the world. In this paper, I discuss the concern that the defense relies on there being entities that serve as the referents of predicates. Linnebo thus seems to assume the thinness of those entities. In the course of my discussion, I also discuss what Linnebo says about the role of criteria of identity in his discussion of reference and existence.
Common perinatal mental disorders and post‐infancy child development in rural Ethiopia: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Dunn Julia Alexandra , Medhin Girmay , Dewey Michael , Alem Atalay , Worku Bogale , Paksarian Diana , Newton Charles R. , Tomlinson Mark , Prince Martin , Hanlon Charlotte 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether maternal common mental disorders (CMD) in the postnatal period are prospectively associated with child development at 2.5 and 3.5 years in a rural low‐income African setting.MethodsThis study was nested within the C‐MaMiE (Child outcomes in relation to Maternal Mental health in Ethiopia) population‐based cohort in Butajira, Ethiopia, and conducted from 2005 to 2006. The sample comprised of 496 women who had recently given birth to living, singleton babies with recorded birth weight measurements, who were 15 to 44 years of age, and residing in six rural sub‐districts. Postnatal CMD measurements were ascertained 2 months after delivery. Language, cognitive, and motor development were obtained from the child 2.5 and 3.5 years after birth using a locally adapted version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (3rd Ed). Maternal CMD symptoms were measured using a locally validated WHO Self‐Reporting Questionnaire. A linear mixed‐effects regression model was used to analyze the relationship between postnatal CMD and child development.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders, there was no evidence for an association between postnatal CMD and overall child development or the cognitive sub‐domain in the preschool period. There was no evidence of effect modification by levels of social support, socioeconomic status, stunting, or sex of the child.ConclusionsPrevious studies from predominantly urban and peri‐urban settings in middle‐income countries have established a relationship between maternal CMD and child development, which contrasts with the findings from this study. The risk and protective factors for child development may differ in areas characterized by high social adversity and food insecurity. More studies are needed to investigate maternal CMD’s impact on child development in low‐resource and rural areas.
An Interference Inspection Algorithm of Limb and Hexapod Frame in the Treatment of Lower Limb Deformity
Authors: Li Guotong , Li Jianfeng , Dong Mingjie , Zuo Shiping 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPre-operative correction trajectory planning is one of the important aspects of deformity correction. Avoidance of limb–frame interference is essential to verify the implementability of the preplanned correction trajectory, as well as to maintain the continuity and security of the correction strategy. In this study, a novel interference inspection algorithm is developed to investigate the interaction of the limb and hexapod frame in the treatment of lower limb deformities. The algorithm is built on a minimum distance model of the cone frustum busbar and cylindrical axis using vector analysis. A predefined trajectory is generated by Cartesian coordinate path control. Subsequently, an interference case is performed through numerical simulation and motion simulation. The results show that the conclusion of numerical simulation and motion simulation is consistent, which prove the feasibility of the algorithm. The results also show that it is possible to identify the riskiest struts, which are prone to interfere with the limb, and the riskiest positions. The proposed algorithm can support the clinician in selecting the suitable frame configuration to avoid interference. The algorithm solves the problem that the interference can only be judged by clinical observation in the clinic.
A Review of Finite Element Models of Ligaments in the Foot and Considerations for Practical Application
Authors: Zhu Junjun , Forman Jason 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Finite element (FE) modeling has been used as a research tool for investigating underlying ligaments biomechanics and orthopedic applications. However, FE models of the ligament in the foot have been developed with various configurations, mainly due to their complex three-dimensional geometry, material properties, and boundary conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to summarize the current state of finite element modeling approaches that have been used in the field of ligament biomechanics, to discuss their applicability to foot ligament modeling in a practical setting, and also to acknowledge current limitations and challenges. A comprehensive literature search was performed. Each article was analyzed in terms of the methods used for: (a) ligament geometry, (b) material property, (c) boundary and loading condition related to its application, and (d) model verification and validation. Of the reviewed studies, 79.8% of the studies used simplified representations of ligament geometry, the nonlinear mechanical behavior of ligaments was taken into account in only 19.2% of the studies, 33.6% of included studies did not include any kind of validation of the FE model. Further refinement in the functional modeling of ligaments, the microstructure level characteristics, nonlinearity, and time-dependent response, may be warranted to ensure the predictive ability of the models.
Theoretical Modeling of Levitated Clusters of Water Droplets Stabilized by Infrared Irradiation
Authors: Brewster M. Q. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper shows how clusters of radiation-stabilized water droplets levitated in an upward flow of air and water vapor above a heated water surface can be modeled using Spalding's self-similarity theory of heat and mass transfer and Stefan flow. The model describes equilibrium droplet states, including stability conditions, as well as nonequilibrium (quasi-steady) transient evolution. Equilibrium states are shown to exist when Stefan-flow supersaturation, which has a quadratic-like variation with height above the water surface, and radiation-stabilized equilibrium supersaturation, which is nearly constant with height, are equal. The latter can be predicted by a fundamentally derived function of absorbed radiant flux (linear), droplet radius (linear if opaque), continuum thermal conductivity, and thermodynamic properties. In fact, all of the experimentally observed droplet behavior can be predicted using simple analytical results based on quasi-steady droplet energy and continuum transport. Unsteady droplet energy, Knudsen-layer transport, numerical solutions, and curve-fitting of numerical computations, as used previously in modeling this behavior, are not necessary. An interesting reversal of the usual effect of mass transfer on droplet drag in low-Re flow when levitated droplets are irradiated asymmetrically by significant infrared radiation is also postulated, which relates to the relative importance of normal (pressure) and tangential (shear stress) drag. This theory of radiation-augmented droplet evaporation, condensation, and relative motion in a moving gas has application to conditions in clouds, wherein droplets can experience either net radiative heating or cooling and fluctuating updrafts or downdrafts.
Influence of Geometric Variations of an Inlet Cover Bleed System on Inducer Performance for an Axial Pump Operating Under Cavitating Conditions
Authors: Lundgreen Ryan K. , Maynes Daniel , Gorrell Steve , Oliphant Kerry 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA stability control device (SCD) is a passive inlet cover treatment that can be applied to high suction performance inducers. Significant improvements in stability have been observed when an inducer operates with an SCD, including suppression of backflow at the leading edge of the inducer at low off-design flow coefficients. This is possible because of a local increase in mass flow at the leading edge of the pump, which allows an inducer to operate with an incidence near the design point value over a wide range of flow coefficients. In this paper, the suction performance of several inducers was explored with several different SCD geometries and at different flow coefficients. Specifically, five different SCD geometries were considered to explore the influence that SCD bleed slot width and resistance to flow through the SCD channel have on inducer performance. Further, removal of tangential velocity of the energized fluid transporting through the SCD channel was considered for some scenarios to highlight the impact of swirl on inducer performance. The results reveal that for all inducers and SCD combinations considered, the most important factor affecting the mass flow through the SCD, and subsequent mass flow gain, is the inlet diffusion of the inducer. This holds for both single-phase and multiphase scenarios. Further, the cavitation number where cavitation first starts to develop in the blade throat passage of the inducer is primarily dependent on the inlet blade angle and not the SCD geometry. Consequently, the shape of the cavitation breakdown curve is largely determined by the inducer blade angle.
Numerical Investigation of Tip Clearance Effects on the Performance and Flow Pattern Within a Sewage Pump
Authors: Yang Yang , Zhou Ling , Bai Ling , Xu Hong , Lv Wanning , Shi Weidong , Wang Hongliang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Sewage pumps are one of the most popular types of fluid machinery in municipal, industrial, and environmental engineering and many other fields. The influence of tip clearance size on the pump performance and internal flow field distribution within a sewage pump was investigated in this study based on numerical calculation and test verification. Three models with different tip clearances were obtained by adjusting the assembly structure and simulated by the computational fluid dynamics software to solve the Navier–Stokes equations for three-dimensional steady flow. The accuracy of numerical methods was verified by comparison with the experimental results. The sewage pump performance under different tip clearances was then compared and analyzed. The structure and propagation of the vortices inside the impeller caused by the leakage flow with different tip gaps were also analyzed. The leakage flow in the impeller couples with the cover reflection and secondary flows, forming different vortex structures in various locations of the impeller channel. These vortex structures cause large hydraulic losses near the blade suction surfaces. This finding could provide useful insights for the improvement of the hydraulic performance and operational stability of semi-open sewage pumps.
Aiding Airway Obstruction Diagnosis With Computational Fluid Dynamics and Convolutional Neural Network: A New Perspective and Numerical Case Study
Authors: Hu Pingfan , Cai Changjie , Yi Hang , Zhao Jianan , Feng Yu , Wang Qingsheng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIt is challenging to locate small-airway obstructions induced by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) directly from visualization using available medical imaging techniques. Accordingly, this study proposes an innovative and noninvasive diagnostic method to detect obstruction locations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and convolutional neural network (CNN). Specifically, expiratory airflow velocity contours were obtained from CFD simulations in a subject-specific 3D tracheobronchial tree. One case representing normal airways and 990 cases associated with different obstruction sites were investigated using CFD. The expiratory airflow velocity contours at a selected cross section in the trachea were labeled and stored as the database for training and testing two CNN models, i.e., ResNet50 and YOLOv4. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) and the Pearson correlation coefficient were employed and calculated to classify small-airway obstruction locations and pulmonary airflow pattern shifts and highlight the highly correlated regions in the contours for locating the obstruction sites. Results indicate that the airflow velocity pattern shifts are difficult to directly visualize based on the comparisons of CFD velocity contours. CNN results show strong relevance exists between the locations of the obstruction and the expiratory airflow velocity contours. The two CNN-based models are both capable of classifying the left lung, right lung, and both lungs obstructions well using the CFD simulated airflow contour images with total accuracy higher than 95.07%. The two automatic classification algorithms are highly transformative to clinical practice for early diagnosis of obstruction locations in the lung using the expiratory airflow velocity distributions, which could be imaged using hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging.