Autologous cellular therapy for cerebral palsy: a randomized, crossover trial
Authors: Cox Charles S. , Juranek Jenifer , Kosmach Steven , Pedroza Claudia , Thakur Nivedita , Dempsey Allison , Rennie Kimberly , Scott Michael C. , Jackson Margaret , Kumar Akshita , Aertker Benjamin , Caplan Henry , Triolo Fabio , Savitz Sean I. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We examined an autologous mononuclear-cell-therapy-based approach to treat cerebral palsy using autologous umbilical cord blood or bone-marrow-derived mononuclear cells. The primary objective was to determine if autologous cells are safe to administer in children with cerebral palsy. The secondary objectives were to determine if there was improvement in motor function of patients 12 months after infusion using the Gross Motor Function Measure and to evaluate impact of treatment on corticospinal tract microstructure as determined by radial diffusivity measurement. This Phase 1/2a trial was a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study in children aged 2–10 years of age with cerebral palsy enrolled between November 2013 and November 2016. Participants were randomized to 2:1 treatment:placebo. Treatment was either autologous bone-marrow-derived mononuclear cells or autologous umbilical cord blood. All participants who enrolled and completed their baseline visit planned to return for follow-up visits at 6 months, 12 months and 24 months after the baseline visit. At the 12-month post-treatment visit, participants who originally received the placebo received either bone-marrow-derived mononuclear cell or umbilical cord blood treatment. Twenty participants were included; 7 initially randomized to placebo, and 13 randomized to treatment. Five participants randomized to placebo received bone-marrow-derived mononuclear cells, and 2 received umbilical cord blood at the 12-month visit. None of the participants experienced adverse events related to the stem cell infusion. Cell infusion at the doses used in our study did not dramatically alter motor function. We observed concordant bilateral changes in radial diffusivity in 10 of 15 cases where each corticospinal tract could be reconstructed in each hemisphere. In 60% of these cases (6/10), concordant decreases in bilateral corticospinal tract radial diffusivity occurred post-treatment. In addition, 100% of unilateral corticospinal tract cases (3/3) exhibited decreased corticospinal tract radial diffusivity post-treatment. In our discordant cases (n = 5), directionality of changes in corticospinal tract radial diffusivity appeared to coincide with handedness. There was a significant improvement in corticospinal tract radial diffusivity that appears related to handedness. Connectivity strength increased in either or both pathways (corticio-striatal and thalamo-cortical) in each participant at 12 months post-treatment. These data suggest that both stem cell infusions are safe. There may be an improvement in myelination in some groups of patients that correlate with small improvements in the Gross Motor Function Measure scales. A larger autologous cord blood trial is impractical at current rates of blood banking. Either increased private banking or matched units would be required to perform a larger-scale trial.