bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Pretreatment of Cut Poinsettias
Authors: Gordon Joy , Evensen K. , Holcomb E. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. is a popular Christmas flowering pot plant that occasionally is used as a cut flower. Popularity of the poinsettia cut flower is limited by its short postharvest life. When the poinsettia is cut, a milky latex excreted from the cut stem accumulates and prevents uptake of water, resulting in rapid wilting of the leaves and bracts (2). Several methods of preventing latex flow have been proposed, including heat searing, dipping in boiling water, and dipping in alcohol (2, 3). Freyermuth et al. (1) showed that treating the cut stems with al cohol was the best method for improvement of the postharvest quality of cut poinsettias. The objective of this study was to determine when the alcohol pretreatment could be applied, and whether a flower preservative had any effect on postharvest life of cut poinsettia.
Ice Formation in Woody Plants Under Field Conditions
Authors: Ashworth E. N. , Davis G. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Research on the role of ice nucleation active bacteria in frost injury in plants has led to renewed interest in determining the temperature that ice formation is initiated in plant tissues (1, 3-6). We recently determined the temperature at which water froze in mature nectarine trees (Prunus persica L. Batsch) under field conditions (4). Trees supercooled very little prior to freezing. Ice formation was initiated between −0.6° and −2.6°C. We noted that ice formation was initiated at several locations within the tree and subsequently spread throughout. The speed at which ice propagated throughout the tree depended on the prevailing weather conditions.
Manganese Deficiency Symptoms in Spathiphyllum
Authors: Broschat Timothy K. , Donselman Henry 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although nutrient deficiency symptoms for widely grown dicotyledonous crops are well-known and generally similar for a given element (5), deficiency symptoms of many elements on tropical monocotyledonous ornamental plants are unknown (4). Symptoms often differ dramatically among these taxa and may often be attributed to non-nutritional causes.
‘Solohead’ Broccoli
Authors: Honma Shigemi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Solohead’, as the name suggests, is a broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) that bears only the primary head with no lateral shoot development prior to head maturity. Lateral shoots may appear at a later date after the primary head has been harvested. This cultivar shows resistance to black rot [Xanthomonas campestris (Pam.) Dows.]. ‘Solohead’ was developed for commercial production where only the primary head is harvested, but is also useful for the home garden and as a germplasm source.
‘Oregon Spring’ and ‘Santiam’ Parthenocarpic Tomatoes
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Kean D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
'Oregon Spring' and 'Santiam' are early maturing, Verticillium wilt-resistant tomatoes with compact growth habit and medium-large fruit that are mostly seedless. The cultivars differ in fruit size and maturity. 'Oregon Spring' bears fruits that are larger than those of 'Santiam', but ripen about 5 days later. They should be especially useful in cool-summer areas where seedlessness and relative earliness will be maximized. 'Oregon Spring' and 'Santiam' will be most useful for home garden, roadside stand, and limited local market, since they lack the fruit firmness required for commercial handling.
‘Wolfpack 1’ and ‘Wolfpack 2’ Tomato
Authors: Henderson W. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Wolfpack 1’ and ‘Wolfpack 2’ are processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars developed for whole-pack use and adapted to either once-over machine or hand harvest. They were released in Sept. 1984 by the N.C. Agricultural Research Service.
An Opinion on Teaching
Authors: Hanan Joe J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Paul Read, ASHS Education Division Vice President, encouraged a number of us to share our thoughts on the teaching process for the edification of others. Among the courses I have taught over the last 20 years, a course on greenhouse management, including graduate level plant environmental measurements, has engaged my principal effort for the past decade. I have no pedagogical credentials to do so (i.e., teaching certificate), and certainly an educationist of today would consider me hopelessly old-fashioned and unqualified. However, I take solace in the face that Plato, Diogenes, and Confucius—to mention a few—did not have teacher training, computer grading, slide projectors, or television to “improve” information transfer. This probably represents the height of hubris to call upon the shades of some of the greatest teachers in history.
Citrus Mycorrhizae: Potential Benefits and Interactions with Pathogens
Authors: Graham James H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The capability of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, symbiotically associated with roots of citrus and most other woody perennial crops, to dramatically enhance plant growth has attracted widespread interest among horticulturists. Unfortunately, too often scientists engaging in mycorrhizal research have become overly enthusiastic with growth responses that were created under artificial experimental conditions. Mycorrhizae are the “normal” condition of roots on citrus trees and most other horticultural plants in the field (44). The nonmycorrhizal condition is “abnormal” and often the consequence of “normal” horticultural practices, such as overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, soil sterilization, and plant production in sterile soilless media. These technical advances have led to rapid production of pathogen-free plants, but VAM fungi have been sacrificed in the process. The potential impact of mycorrhizal deficiency on the “quality” of citrus and other woody crops for transplant has not been fully evaluated. With the realization that VAM fungi are essential for the growth of citrus in field soils, the question of how to reintroduce and gain maximum benefit from mycorrhizae in greenhouse production of citrus and other woody plants needs to be assessed.
Cellular Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance
Authors: Hasegawa Paul M. , Bressan Ray A. , Handa Avtar K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Salinity is a significant limiting factor to agricultural productivity, impacting about 9 × 108 ha of the land surface on the earth, an area about 3 times greater than all of the land that is presently irrigated (17, 18). Reduced productivity occurs as a result of decreased yields on land that is presently cultivated [about one-third of all irrigated land is considered to be affected by salt (18, 45)], as well as due to the restriction of significant agricultural expansion into areas that presently are not cultivated. In the United States, salinity is a major limiting factor to agricultural productivity, and as the quality of irrigation water continues to decline this problem will become more acute (1, 56). About 1.8 million ha of land are salt-affected in California (56), the major agricultural state in the nation. Annual losses to crop production in the salt-affected areas, including the Imperial, Coachella, and San Joaquin valleys, are substantial and are increasing at a significant rate each year (56).
Freezing Injury in Horticultural Crops—Research Opportunities
Authors: Ashworth Edward N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Freezing injury is a major limiting factor in the production of horticultural crops. The effects of low temperatures vary and are noted as freezes to the Florida citrus crop; midwinter damage to deciduous fruit crops; frost damage to flowers, vegetables, and developing fruit; and limits to the range of perennial species. It is not the purpose of this paper to review the literature on freezing injury. Several recent books and review articles on the subject already exist (16, 17, 32–35, 50, 65). Instead, the purpose of this paper is to identify basic research areas and opportunities for horticulturists.
Physical Relationships Between Berries and Seeds of Potato
Authors: Pallais Noël , Kalazich Julio , Santos-Rojas Jose 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Berry weight was correlated with the total weight of true potato seed (TPS) per berry and with the number of TPS per berry. 100-TPS weight was weakly correlated with berry weight and with TPS weight per berry. A negative correlation was found between 100-TPS weight and the number of TPS/berry. The degree of negative association between 100-TPS weight and TPS number per berry increased substantially as berry weight decreased in four of the five progenies investigated. Mean 100-TPS weights from large and from small berries were not significantly different for all progenies. Since seed weight is considered the measure of TPS sowing value, it is suggested that culling small berries is not an appropriate method to improve the quality of a given TPS lot.
Attraction of Phytophthora cinnamomi Zoospores to Blueberry Roots
Authors: Erb W. A. , Moore J. N. , Sterne R. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The attraction of zoospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands to roots of three cultivars of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade), two species hybrid cultivars of highbush blueberry, and one tetraploid species hybrid selection (US 109) was compared. Zoospores were attracted to the roots of all plants tested. Roots of highbush cultivars ‘Bluetta’ and ‘Patriot’ attracted more zoospores than the rabbiteye cultivars. The number of zoospores attracted to roots of US 109 was greater than the number attracted to the three rabbiteye cultivars, but less than the highbush cultivars. Increased zoospore attraction appeared to be related to root rot susceptibility in blueberries.
Microsprinkler Irrigation and Microclimate of Young Orange Trees During Freeze Conditions
Authors: Rieger Mark , Davies Frederick S. , Jackson Larry K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two-year-old ‘Hamlin’ orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.],on Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. rootstock were used to study the effects of various microsprinkler irrigation rates and spray patterns on trunk temperatures and microclimate during freeze conditions. Irrigation treatments consisted of a factorial combination of two spray patterns (90° and 360°) × three application rates (38, 57, and 87 liters hr−1), plus an unirrigated control. All trunks were wrapped with fiberglass insulation. Trunk temperatures were 1° to 5°C higher for irrigated than unirrigated trees, regardless of spray pattern or application rate and were 1° to 2°C higher with the 90° than 360° spray pattern. The 57 and 87 liter·hr−1 rates produced the highest trunk temperatures, although 38 liter·hr−1 maintained trunk temperatures above −2.5°C with air temperatures as low as − 12°C. Outgoing radiation was higher for irrigated than unirrigated treatments during advective freeze conditions only, but air temperature and vapor pressure were unaffected by microsprinker irrigation.
Effect of BA on Growth and Yield of ‘Redchief Strawberry
Authors: Archbold Douglas D. , Strang John G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effect of BA on ‘Redchief strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) growth and yield was evaluated. During the summer of row establishment (1982), matted row plots were sprayed to drip with BA at 0, 50, 125, or 250 ppm on 1 July, 1 Aug., or 1 Sept. In 1983 and 1984, subplots were treated with BA at 0, 200, 250, or 300 ppm on 15 Sept., 1 Oct., or 15 Oct., or on all three dates at 250 ppm. Treatments applied in 1982 had no effect on crowns/m2, side branches/crown, total yield/plot, or mean fruit weight. However, increasing BA concentration significantly reduced mean crown dry weight. BA applied in Fall 1983 had no effect on total yield/plot though harvest distribution was altered. BA application on 1 Oct. significantly reduced early yields compared to the other dates of application. Although both single and multiple BA application reduced early yields compared to the control, three applications caused the largest reduction. Multiple application in 1984 significantly reduced mean fruit weight on early harvest dates. Visual observation and rating of plots indicated BA did increase flower number, but the extra flowers exhibited poor fruit set and did not significantly increase yield. Chemical names used: N-(phenymethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Increasing Basal Shoot Production in a Nonbranching Dieffenbachia Hybrid with BA
Authors: Henny R. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Foliar sprays of BA were successfully used to increase basal shoot production on a nonbranching Dieffenbachia hybrid. Three foliar sprays at 250 mg·liter−1 stimulated significantly more shoot development than one or two sprays. Treatment at 500 or 750 mg·liter−1 BA yielded more shoots than 250 mg·liter−1. New shoots were visible four weeks after treatment and developed normally. Chemical names used: N- (phenyhnethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Influence of Soil pH and Pisolithus tinctorius Ectomycorrhizae on Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Pecan Seedlings
Authors: Sharpe R. R. , Marx D. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of soil pH and Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch (Pt) ectomycorrhizae on pecan seedlings [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch]. Seedlings inoculated with Pt had increased plant dry weights and mineral content when compared to noninoculated seedlings. P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizae increased shoot concentrations of N, P, and Cu and root concentrations of N and Cu. Inoculated seedlings also had greater total plant uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, and Mn than noninoculated seedlings. P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizal development was sensitive to soil pH with greater Pt development at pH 5.5 than at 6.5. The percentage of roots infected by Pt increased from 22% to 44% as soil pH decreased from 6.5 to 5.5. Plant dry weight and N and K content also increased with decreasing pH, but there were no significant interaction affects due to Pt and soil pH. There was a three-way interaction between soil pH, Pt, and Zn fertilization for tissue Zn levels. Total plant Zn was not affected by Pt infection under conditions of high available soil Zn, but Pt did increase plant Zn under low soil Zn availability.
Centipedegrass Tolerance to Postemergence Grass Herbicides
Authors: McCarty L. B. , Higgins J. M. , Miller L. C. , Whitwell T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The phytotoxicity of single and sequential treatments of sethoxydim and fluazifop at 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 kg·ha−1; haloxyfop, xylafop, fenoxaprop, and SC-1084 at 0.07, 0.15, and 0.30 kg·ha−1, on centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) Hack.] was determined. Turf color generally was unaffected by sethoxydim application except for a slight discoloration at 14 days after treatment (DAT) with the high rate. Recovery was evident from all rates of sethoxydim by 28 DAT. Turf density was similar to untreated control at 42 DAT. Single applications of fenoxaprop and SC 1084 at 0.07 kg·ha−1 initially caused severe discoloration; however, recovery was evident by 42 DAT. Density also was unaffected at this time. Unacceptable turf color and density were observed with single and sequential applications of fluazifop, haloxyfop, xylafop, and with sequential application of SC 1084 and fenoxaprop. Chemical names used: (2-[l-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-l-one (sethoxydim); (±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxyl]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop); 2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]-phenoxyl]propanoic acid (haloxyfop); (2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)-oxy]phenoxyl]propanoic acid (xylafop); (±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fenoxaprop); and methyl-3-hydroxy-4-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]-pentanoate (SC-1084).
The Effect of Leaf Water Variables on Ice Nucleating Pseudomonas syringae in Beans
Authors: Cary J. W. , Lindow S. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pinto bean seedlings ‘UI 114’ (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were subjected to temperatures between − 2° and − 5°C for periods ranging from 0.5 to 12 hr. The plants that were not sprayed with a suspension of the nucleating Pseudomonas syringae bacteria and those that were water-stressed to near wilting were most resistant to ice nucleation. Plants with dry leaf surfaces were much more apt to supercool than those with distilled water droplets on their leaves, whether inoculated with the bacteria or not. Spraying the freeze-dried bacteria suspended in distilled water on the leaves increased wettability and dew formation on the leaf surfaces. Tests with an oxytetracycline preparation, which also increased wetting, suggested that a hydrophobic leaf surface helps delay ice formation. Use of wetting agents in leaf sprays may be counterproductive so far as supercooling stability is concerned. It is obvious that leaf water relations interact with bacterial ice nucleation.
Effects of 6-BA Application on Growth and Development in ‘Tristar’, a Strong Day-neutral Strawberry
Authors: Pritts Marvin P. , Posner Gerald S. , Worden Kathleen A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Effects of 6-BA on development in the ‘Tristar’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananas sa Duch.) were evaluated. Runnering was promoted within 16 days of an initial application of an aqueous solution containing 6-BA. The promotive effect was proportional to the concentration of 6-BA in solution; however, repeated 6-BA application suppressed runnering. Flower bud development was not strongly influenced by 6-BA, but relationships among yield components were altered. A compensatory relationship between berry number and weight diminished, and the concentration of mineral elements in leaves increased, suggesting an effect of 6-BA on nutrient mobility. A dual role for cytokinin during growth and development in strawberry is suggested. Cytokinin appears to promote runnering early in development, but prolonged, elevated cytokinin levels inhibit runnering. Chemical names used: 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA).
The Quantitative Effect of Solar Radiation on ‘Redhaven’ Peach Fruit Skin Color
Authors: Erez A. , Flore J. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Redhaven’ peach fruits were exposed to various durations of radiation at the end of stage II of fruit development. Exposure of only 3 days (totals about 6280 J·em−2) markedly stimulated anthocyanin development. Color development as a function of solar radiation followed a power curve with nearly maximal level obtained after 8 days of exposure (18,003 J·em−2). A similar response was obtained with shade screen (40% and 10% of full sun); the greater the shade the less red color developed. Shading fruit with aluminum foil resulted in softer fruit with a lower level of soluble solids as compared to control fruit. Fruit exposure to solar radiation therefore may have a direct effect on fruit sink activity.
In Vitro Propagation of Easter Lily from Pedicels
Authors: Liu L. , Burger D. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pedicel sections from the flowers of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) were cultured on a modified Murashige-Skoog medium containing various concentrations of cytokinins and auxins. A combination of BAP (5 μM) and NAA (2 μM) resulted in the greatest number of adventitious buds on pedicel sections. A gradient in the formation of buds in the pedicel was observed, with the section nearest the receptacle forming the greatest number, especially when the section was placed upside-down on the culture medium. IAA (10 μM) and IBA (10 μM) were most effective in stimulating adventitious roots in vitro-derived shoots. This vegetative propagation technique provides a way of amplifying floral mutants of Easter lily. Chemical names used: benzylamipropurine (BAP); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); and 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
Improving Germination of Papaya Seed by Density Separation, Potassium Nitrate, and Gibberellic Acid
Authors: Nagao Mike A. , Furutani Sheldon C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Poor germination in Carica papaya L. was partly due to the absence of embryos in about 20% of the seeds. Final germination and the rate of seedling emergence were improved by seed separation with 1.097 g·em−3 sucrose solution and soaking with 1.0 M potassium nitrate (KNO3) or 600 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3). Final germination was 87.8% for the KNO3 treatment and 80.5% for GA3. Seedlings from KNO3 treatments were normal, whereas GA3 caused excessive elongation of stems.
A Rapid and Nondestructive Method to Determine Chlorophyll in Intact Leaves
Authors: Yadava Umedi L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The important role that chlorophyll (CHL) plays in plants necessitates its estimation in various types of studies. Singh and Anantrao (6) realized the need for a reasonably simple, rapid, and accurate method of CHL determination capable of accommodating small quantities of leaf tissue and a large number of quantitative estimates in a short time, and thus, in 1937, they developed a photoconductive photometer for quantifying CHL in 80% methanol. Since then, CHL determination techniques have improved considerably, but complete extraction of CHL is laborious, slow, and inconvenient in some plant species (3). Conventional methods used for isolating and measuring chlorophyll in aqueous acetone or similar organic solvents are sometimes cumbersome and slow, and always destructive to leaf tissue (1, 4, 7). Furthermore, steps involved in sample preparation, pigment extraction, and dilution result in pigment loss and contribute to variability. Moran (5) developed an efficient method for extracting small quantities of CHL from intact cotyledons with N,N-dimethyl-formamide (DMF). Inskeep and Bloom (3) further improved this technique by using extinction coefficients of chlorophyll a and b extracted in DMF. Evans (2) extracted CHL in 80% acetone and adapted Amon's modification of the method of McKinney (5), who provided equations (μmol CHL/1 = 22.22 D645 + 9.057 D663) to evaluate the molar concentrations of total chlorophyll (CHL a and b) in the tissue extracts. Nevertheless, these procedures are still time consuming since they require tissue extraction and spectrophotometric measurement. The objective of this investigation was to determine area concentrations of total chlorophyll (CHL a + b) using a portable chlorophyll meter (SPAD-501) and to compare and correlate these data with area concentrations of total CHL obtained by conventional methods.
Yield Potential of Peach Trees Dwarfed by the dw Gene
Authors: Hansche P. E. , Beres W. , Darnell R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A study was initiated in 1976 to establish the productivity of peach trees dwarfed by the recessive dw gene. This mutant gene limits plant stature (to about one-third that of standard peach cultivars) by markedly reducing shoot intemode length (2). Yield data obtained during the 2nd and 3rd year of the study indicated that trees dwarfed by the dw gene are more precocious than standard trees as they are usually grown (2, 3). These data also suggested that the productivity per unit area of mature dwarf trees should exceed that obtainable from standard trees.
Wine Grape Vine Radiation Balance and Temperature Modification with Fine-mist Nozzles
Authors: Matthias A. D. , Coates W. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyards in much of the desert Southwest are frequently exposed to intense solar radiation, high vapor pressure deficits, and high air temperatures. Although wine grape production in this region has increased during recent years, the harsh environment often results in growth conditions that may be suboptimal for photosynthesis and other plant processes, ultimately affecting fruit yield, wine color, and acidity.