bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE CONTESTED AUTHORITIES: Institution and Agency in the Enforcement of Sharia Law in Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Shadiqin Sehat Ihsan , Srimulyani Eka 
Published: January 2022

<p><strong>Abstract:</strong> This article is aimed to explore the contested authorities in the enforcement of sharia law in Aceh. The existence of these contesting authorities could be observed in the qanun shari’a (the shari’a bylaws) formulation and implementation processes. In Aceh Province, this contestation is also further complicated by a wider contestation among formal and non-formal actors, representing pluralities of Aceh jurisprudence perspectives. Hence, the dynamic of sharia law products and its implementation in Aceh actually [re]presents a unique situation of how pluralities of actors could influence the Sharia Law formulation and its enforcement, and this is also mediated by the historical, political and cultural contexts. This research utilizes a qualitative approach, through a library research data collection which is also combined by few interviews. Generally, it seems that the authorities or agencies of both formal and non-formal institutions sometimes intersect, overlap and contest, which also complicate the production or of the incorporation of moderate Islamic thought. </p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> religious authority, institution, agency, Islam in Aceh, shariah law</p>
Strategi Penerjemahan Ujaran Makian Bahasa Prancis dalam Film Banlieue 13 Karya Pierre Morel
Authors: Arrasyid Noor Diana , Sajarwa Sajarwa , Astuti Wulan Tri 
Published: January 2022

This study aims to identify the strategies through which French-language profanity is translated into Indonesian by using a corpus of data drawn from the dialogues of the French film Banlieue 13 and its Indonesian subtitles. The data were collected through certain steps started with watching the film, noting each use of French-language profanity and its Indonesian translation, then classifying those data based on Davoodi's proposed categories of profanity translation strategies. This study finds that four strategies were used for translating French profanity to Indonesian: censorship (as in the term 'bordel', which was left untranslated), substitution (as in the term 'putain', translated as 'astaga'), taboo (as in the term 'merde', translated as 'sial'), and also euphemism (as in the term 'merde', translated as 'hal buruk'). Furthermore, the result shows that both French and Indonesian language profanity is often used in reference to situations and occupations considered taboo in society.
ERROR PROCEDURE ANALYSIS BASED ON NEWMAN IN SOLVING LOGARITH M QUESTIONS REVIEW STUDENT'S BEGINNING MATHEMATICS ABILITY
Authors: Firmansyah M. Arie , Nopitasari Dian , Syarifah Lely Lailatus , Yulianah Rizki 
Published: January 2022

Understanding the stages of solving problems in a material is a basic asset for students ini the context of meaningful learning. This study aims to determine the number of errors ini stages or procedures performed by students on solving logarithmic questions. Another objective of this study is to find out what factors influence procedure errors based on the high, medium, an low initial mathematical abilities performed by students when solving logarithmic questions. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The population of this study were students of class X MIPA MA Annida Al Islamy in the academic year 2020/2021. The subjects of this study were 3 students consisting of students with moderate, low, and high mathematical abilities. The research data will be anylized using data reduction techniques. The validity of this research data using the triangulation method (tests, interviews, and documentation). The research instrument used a multiple choice test consisting of 10 SMP UN questions and a test in the form of a description consisting of 5 logarithmic questions.
A brief history and indications for cesarean section
Authors: Dhakal-Rai Sulochana , Van Teijlingen Edwin , Regmi Pramod R , Wood Juliet , Dangal Ganesh , Dhakal Keshar Bahadur 
Published: January 2022

Cesarean section (CS) is one of the oldest surgical operations. Originally, this surgery was performed post-mortem by cutting open the woman’s abdomen to remove a dead or alive fetus. It was therefore not intended for saving the mother in ancient times. Roman law and religious rituals shaped the procedure until the Middle Ages. At that time, the indication of CS was only post-mortem. Although CS became a medical procedure in the Renaissance, maternal mortality was extremely high, mainly due to hemorrhage and puerperal infection. The reason for performing CS was to rescue the mother and fetus from protracted labor as a last resort. Since the late 19th century, with the introduction of chloroform and the developments of surgical techniques, and the availability of blood transfusion in the early twentieth century, CS became a relatively safe procedure, further helped by the introduction of antibiotics after World War II. Then, CS was increasingly an intervention to preserve the health and safety of both mother and fetus. During the 21st century, CS has been performed even without medical indication, such as maternal choice. Advancement of obstetric practice technologically and professionally during the period as well as changing attitudes of both obstetricians and childbearing women meant indications for CS are no longer limited to medical/obstetric indications. CS is perceived as a safer mode of childbirth. Therefore, the indications of CS have been changed drastically from ancient times (rescuing a baby from dying or dead mother) to the 21st century (maternal choice/reproductive rights).
Cingulum bundle connectivity in treatment-refractory compared to treatment-responsive patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls: a tractography and surgical targeting analysis
Authors: Sweet Jennifer A. , Gao Keming , Chen Zhengyi , Tatsuoka Curtis , Calabrese Joseph R. , Sajatovic Martha , Miller Jonathan P. , McIntyre Cameron C. 
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVE
The clinical response of patients with bipolar disorder to medical treatment is variable. A better understanding of the underlying neural circuitry involved in bipolar treatment responsivity subtypes may provide insight into treatment resistance and aid in identifying an effective surgical target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) specific to the disorder. Despite considerable imaging research related to the disease, a paucity of comparative imaging analyses of treatment responsiveness exists. There are also no DBS targets designed expressly for patients with bipolar disorder. Therefore, the authors analyzed cingulum bundle axonal connectivity in relation to cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops implicated in bipolar disorder across subjects who are responsive to treatment (RSP) and those who are refractory to therapy (REF), compared to healthy controls (HCs).

METHODS
Twenty-five subjects with bipolar disorder (13 RSP and 12 REF), diagnosed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and classified with standardized rating scales, and 14 HCs underwent MRI with diffusion sequences for probabilistic diffusion-weighted tractography analysis. Image processing and tractography were performed using MRTrix. Region of interest (ROI) masks were created manually for 10 anterior cingulum bundle subregions, including surgical targets previously evaluated for the treatment of bipolar disorder (cingulotomy and subgenual cingulate DBS targets). Cortical and subcortical ROIs of brain areas thought to be associated with bipolar disorder and described in animal tract-tracing models were created via FreeSurfer. The number of axonal projections from the cingulum bundle subregion ROIs to cortical/subcortical ROIs for each group was compared.

RESULTS
Significant differences were found across groups involving cingulum bundle and CSTC loops. Subjects in the RSP group had increased connections from rostral cingulum bundle to medial orbitofrontal cortex, which is part of the limbic CSTC loop, whereas subjects in the REF group had increased connectivity from rostral cingulum bundle to thalamus. Additionally, compared to HCs, both RSP and REF subjects had decreased cingulum bundle dorsal connectivity (dorsal anterior/posterior cingulate, dorsomedial/lateral frontal cortex) and increased cingulum bundle ventral connectivity (subgenual cingulate, frontal pole, lateral orbitofrontal cortex) involving limbic and associative CSTC loops.

CONCLUSIONS
Findings demonstrate that bipolar treatment responsivity may be associated with significant differences in cingulum bundle connectivity in relation to CSTC loops, which may help identify a surgical target for bipolar disorder treatment via DBS in the future.
Optimizing the residency application process: insights from neurological surgery during the pandemic virtual application cycle
Authors: Romano Robert , Mukherjee Debraj , Michael L. Madison , Huang Judy , Snyder M. Harrison , Reddy Vamsi P. , Guzman Katherine , Lane Pamela , Johnson Jeremiah N. , Selden Nathan R. , Wolfe Stacey Q. , _ _ , _ _ , Bendok Bernard R. , Bulsara Ketan , Chambless Lola , Dias Mark S. , Grant Gerald A. , Hadjipanayis Costas , Haglund Michael , Heth Jason , Hoh Brian L. , Lawton Michael T. , Miller Jonathan P. , Nakaji Peter , Schirmer Clemens , Spiotta Alejandro , Ullman Jamie , Van Gompel Jamie , Yassari Reza , Zipfel Gregory J. , Panullo Susan , Guzman Kathy , Bowden Stephen , O’Brien Lisa 
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVE
In this article, the authors describe the impact of the COVID-19 virtual match cycle and discuss approaches to optimize future cycles through applicant and neurosurgical education leadership insights.

METHODS
Anonymous surveys of neurosurgery program leaders (program directors and program chairs), program administrators (PAs), and 2020–2021 neurosurgery residency match applicants were distributed by the SNS, in conjunction with the Association of Resident Administrators in Neurological Surgery and AANS Young Neurosurgeons Committee.

RESULTS
Responses were received from 77 (67.0%) of 115 PAs, 119 (51.7%) of 230 program leaders, and 124 (44.3%) of 280 applicants representing geographically diverse regions. During the virtual application cycle relative to the previous year, programs received more Electronic Residency Application Service applications (mean 314.8 vs 285.3, p < 0.0001) and conducted more applicant interviews (mean 45.2 vs 39.9, p = 0.0003). More than 50% of applicants applied to > 80 programs; 60.3% received ≤ 20 interview invitations, and 9% received > 40 invitations. Overall, 65% of applicants completed ≤ 20 interviews, whereas 34.7% completed > 20 interviews. Program leaders described one 4-week home subinternship (93.3%) and two 4-week external subinternships (68.9%) as optimal neurosurgical exposure; 62.8% of program leaders found the standardized letter of recommendation template to be somewhat (47.5%) or significantly (15.3%) helpful. Applicants, PAs, and program leaders all strongly preferred a hybrid model of in-person and virtual interview options for future application cycles over all in-person or all virtual options. Ninety-three percent of applicants reported matching within their top 10–ranked programs, and 52.9% of programs matched residents within the same decile ranking as in previous years.

CONCLUSIONS
Optimizing a national strategy for the neurosurgery application process that prioritizes equity and reduces costs, while ensuring adequate exposure for applicants to gain educational opportunities and evaluate programs, is critical to maintain a successful training system.
Wall enhancement in unruptured posterior communicating aneurysms with oculomotor nerve palsy on magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging
Authors: Omodaka Shunsuke , Endo Hidenori , Niizuma Kuniyasu , Endo Toshiki , Sato Kenichi , Saito Atsushi , Uchida Hiroki , Matsumoto Yasushi , Tominaga Teiji 
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVE
Recent MR vessel wall imaging studies of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) have revealed that aneurysm wall enhancement (AWE) can be an indicator for aneurysm evolution; however, the degree of AWE among different types of evolving UIAs has yet to be clarified. The authors assessed the degree of AWE in unruptured posterior communicating artery (PcomA) aneurysms with oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP), which may be a subgroup of evolving UIAs with rapid enlargement and high rupture risk.

METHODS
The degree of AWE was analyzed in 35 consecutive evolving PcomA aneurysms (19 with and 16 without ONP). UIAs were considered to be evolving when showing growth or ONP. A 3D T1-weighted fast spin echo sequence was obtained after contrast media injection, and the contrast ratio of the aneurysm wall against the pituitary stalk (CRstalk) was calculated as the indicator of AWE. The CRstalk in evolving UIAs with ONP was compared with that in UIAs without ONP.

RESULTS
The CRstalk was significantly higher in evolving UIAs with ONP than in those without ONP (0.85 vs 0.57; p = 0.006). In multivariable analysis, the CRstalk remained a significant indicator for ONP presentation in evolving UIAs (OR 6.13, 95% CI 1.21–31.06).

CONCLUSIONS
AWE was stronger in evolving PcomA aneurysms with ONP than in those without ONP, suggesting the potential utility of AWE for risk stratification in evolving UIAs. The degree of AWE can be a promising indicator of a rupture-prone UIA, which can be useful information for the decision-making process in the treatment of UIAs.
AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE TIYAO WRITTEN BY THE STUDENTS OF THE MANDARIN 3-YEAR DIPLOMA STUDY PROGRAM OF UNIVERSITAS JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN
Authors: Chendy A.P. Sulistyo  , Nunung Supriadi  
Published: January 2022

Abstrak
Tiyao merupakan abstrak dari laporan tugas akhir yang ditulis oleh mahasiswa Program Studi D3 Bahasa Mandarin Universitas Jenderal Sudirman Purwokerto. Penelitian deskriptif-kualitatif ini berfokus pada kesalahan-kesalahan yang dilakukan mahasiswa dalam menulis laporan tugas akhir mereka. Peneliti mengamati dan menganalisis kesalahan yang ditemukan dalam kalimat dan faktor penyebab kesalahan tersebut. Selain itu, angket digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kesulitan yang dihadapi siswa dalam menulis tiyao mereka. Penelitian ini juga untuk meningkatkan kemampuan siswa dalam menulis tiyao dengan menggunakan bahasa baku tulisan Mandarin. Dalam pengumpulan data, peneliti melakukan observasi dan wawancara baik dengan mahasiswa maupun dosen Program Studi D3 Bahasa Mandarin Universitas Jenderal Sudirman untuk mengungkap secara faktual kondisi pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesalahan mahasiswa Prodi D3 Mandarin dalam tiyaonya diklasifikasikan ke dalam tataran sintaksis, semantik, morfologi, dan wacana. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa kesalahan yang paling banyak dilakukan siswa dalam menulis tiyao mereka adalah pada tataran sintaksis, terutama dalam membentuk kalimat efektif.

Kata kunci: kesalahan, menulis, tiyao, Mandarin

Abstract
Tiyao is the abstract of a final project report written by the students of Mandarin 3-Year Diploma Study Program of Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto. This descriptive-qualitative research focused on the errors made by the students in writing the tiyao of their final project report. The researcher observed and analyzed the errors found in the sentences and the factors causing those errors. In addition, questionnaires were used to reveal the difficulties faced by the students in writing their tiyao. This research also aimed at improving the students' skills in writing tiyao using the Mandarin written standard language. In collecting the data, the researcher employed observation and interviews with both students and lecturers of the Mandarin 3-Year Diploma Study Program of Universitas Jenderal Soedirman to factually reveal the Mandarin learning conditions. The results showed that the Mandarin 3-Year Diploma Study Program students' errors in their tiyao were classified into syntactical, semantic, morphological, and discourse levels. Based on the research results, it was concluded that the most errors made by the students in writing their tiyao were at the syntactical level, especially in forming effective sentences.
Keywords: error, writing, tiyao, Mandarin
Organising Committee Chair's address: Resilient pastures
Authors: Chapman David 
Published: January 2022

High value animal products from New Zealand’s pasture-based livestock systems have consistently earned $25-$30B in export earnings per year for the country over the past 5 years (Ministry for Primary Industries 2021). Total earnings from dairy and meat of $30.5B in 2020 equate to 35% of New Zealand’s total goods and services export earnings of $86.4B. The importance of this revenue to the national economy has been shown in stark relief recently with the Covid-19 pandemic substantially reducing the earnings generated by other key export sectors such as tourism and international education.
While our pasture-based livestock industries have ridden the coronavirus wave well compared with other sectors of the economy, they are facing change at a scale and pace not seen since the far-reaching reforms to the economic settings for agriculture introduced by the Lange Government in the early 1980s. Locally, the ramping-up of government environmental policies beginning c. 2011 has resulted in stringent regulations controlling the amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sediment that can be discharged into freshwater from farm systems. The most recent iteration in this policy sequence includes new National Environmental Standards for Freshwater, and the new National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management (NPS-FW), which came into force in September 2020.
These policies reverse the trends of the past two decades when agricultural productivity grew substantially in the virtual absence of regulation to control the environmental externalities of systems intensification. While the initial impacts on land use and farming practices have been localised (e.g., in the lake districts of Rotorua and Taupo), disruption to the farm systems that have emerged over the past two decades, especially intensive dairy systems, will be widespread in the future. For example, Doole et al. (2021) estimated that the new standards introduced in 2020 will require about 40% of New Zealand’s 11400 dairy farms to reduce nitrate leaching by an average of around 42% relative to requirements in previous iterations of the NPS-FW.
The most significant global force driving change in New Zealand agriculture is climate change, via New Zealand’s commitment to the Paris Agreement to reduce carbon (C) emissions to net zero by 2050, C-neutral strategies being implemented by some of our largest customers (e.g., Nestle 2020), and the physical impacts of climate change on conditions for plant growth (e.g., Keller et al. 2021). Of direct and significant relevance to the livestock industries are the methane emission reduction targets proposed by government, of between 27% and 47% below 2017 levels by 2050. Meanwhile our international competitors have been steadily closing the gap in costs of production with New Zealand, and now have other fields on which to out-compete us (e.g., in C footprint) unless we can keep pace.
In Silico Evaluation of Enzymatic Tunnels in the Biotransformation of α-Tocopherol Esters
Authors: Azevedo Tamara Stela Mendonça , Silva Lavínia Kelly Barros , Lima Álvaro Silva , Pereira Matheus Mendonça , Franceschi Elton , Faria Soares Cleide Mara 
Published: January 2022

Motivation: α-Tocopherol is a molecule obtained primarily from plant sources that are important for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. However, this component has some limitations such as sensitivity to oxygen, presence of light, and high temperatures. For this molecule to become more widely used, it is important to carry out a structural modification so that there is better stability and thus it can carry out its activities. To carry out this structural modification, some modifications are carried out, including the application of biotransformation using enzymes as biocatalysts. Thus, the application of a computational tool that helps in understanding the transport mechanisms of molecules in the tunnels present in the enzymatic structures is of fundamental importance because it promotes a computational screening facilitating bench applications.Objective: The aim of this work was to perform a computational analysis of the biotransformation of α-tocopherol into tocopherol esters, observing the tunnels present in the enzymatic structures as well as the energies which correspond to the transport of molecules.Method: To carry out this work, 9 lipases from different organisms were selected; their structures were analyzed by identifying the tunnels (quantity, conformation, and possibility of transport) and later the calculations of substrate transport for the biotransformation reaction in the identified tunnels were carried out. Additionally, the transport of the product obtained in the reaction through the tunnels was also carried out.Results: In this work, the quantity of existing tunnels in the morphological conformational characteristics in the lipases was verified. Thus, the enzymes with fewer tunnels were RML (3 tunnels), LBC and RNL (4 tunnels), PBLL (5 tunnels), CALB (6 tunnels), HLG (7 tunnels), and LCR and LTL (8 tunnels) and followed by the enzyme LPP with the largest number of tunnels (39 tunnels). However, the enzyme that was most likely to transport substrates in terms of α-tocopherol biotransformation (in relation to the Emax and Ea energies of ligands and products) was CALB, as it obtains conformational and transport characteristics of molecules with a particularity. The most conditions of transport analysis were α-tocopherol tunnel 3 (Emax: −4.6 kcal/mol; Ea: 1.1 kcal/mol), vinyl acetate tunnel 1 (Emax: −2.4 kcal/mol; Ea: 0.1 kcal/mol), and tocopherol acetate tunnel 2 (Emax: −3.7 kcal/mol; Ea: 2 kcal/mol).