bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The State (2017–2022)
Authors: Gautney Heather 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the political rise of Donald Trump, who, more than any other president, exposed the stark realities of modern capitalism and the character of those at its helm. Here, his presidency—and the suffering, corruption, and social division associated with it—is understood as a consequence of political elites’ decades-long commitment to the neoliberal class program. Though Trump was indeed singular, his ascendancy cannot be understood apart from his predecessors’ betrayal of poor and working-class people and the contradiction between their claims to safeguard democracy and the economic realities that most Americans face. The substance of Trump’s policymaking was in line with that of both major parties in terms of their commitment to a hegemonic “free market” and handmaiden state—whether through Democrats’ brand of technocratic governance or the more ideologically charged, autocratic style of the GOP. This chapter analyzes those dynamics and views Trump’s political power as indicative of neoliberalism’s compatibility with authoritarianism and the dominance of charismatic authority in American politics.
The Military
Authors: Gautney Heather 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the militarist nature of neoliberalism and the collaboration among state and corporate elites in matters of war, conflict, and law enforcement. It tracks the United States’ history of installing antidemocratic systems in countries around the world to secure stable market conditions for transnational capital, including efforts to facilitate a massive, upward wealth transfer vis-à-vis the global War on Terror. For most generations, the United States has continuously been engaged in some form of military conflict over their lifetimes, waving the banner of freedom while advancing “favorable market conditions” by force. This chapter illustrates those dynamics, and the mechanisms by which elites exercise military power through the expansion of executive power, privatization of war, and the enlargement of the military and security industrial complexes.
Wall Street
Authors: Gautney Heather 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies shifts in the capitalist economy’s center of gravity from production to finance over the last half century and the consolidation of elite wealth and power through techniques of financialization. It traces the integration and unfettering of financial institutions and markets worldwide that have multiplied opportunities for wealth making—through financial innovation, structural adjustment, predatory lending, and high-risk speculation—and the ability of “too big to fail” banks to increase profits while externalizing risk onto the public. The chapter recalls the wealth generated on Wall Street in the 1980s vis-à-vis leveraged buyouts and explains how private equity firms today are drawing from that playbook to extract value from corporate assets and workforces, largely through plunder. It also follows the more recent rise of asset management firms—with massive ownership stakes in nearly every major corporation—that wield systemic-level power over the U.S. government and global economy.
Billionaires
Authors: Gautney Heather 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how today’s oligarchs accumulate their wealth by usurping government resources, financializing business, disciplining workers, and evading taxes. It locates the roots of billionaire wealth in technological development and the restructuring of the global economy, implicating today’s retail and tech giants for their monopolistic control over essential resources and shrewd exploitation of workers and global supply chains. It demonstrates how some billionaire wealth was made through surveillance schemes that generate profits by stoking political division and exploiting people’s desires for connection. It also looks at the domination of big money in U.S. politics and resultant gutting of profit-hampering regulations in place to protect consumers, workers, and the environment. Finally, it examines how the wealthy use philanthropy to divert attention from their exploits and impose their priorities, in some cases turning public institutions into profitable industries.
Celebrity
Authors: Gautney Heather 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes celebrities’ role in legitimizing neoliberal hegemony through cultural life, consumption, and manufacturing consent. It also examines how ultra-wealthy celebrities exercise corporate power by controlling media and retail enterprises with extensive reach and cultural impact. By warrant of their ability to capture and monetize mass attention, celebrities generate enormous profits through advertising and branding; and by warrant of their conspicuous beauty and wealth, they function as archetypes of the neoliberal self-helped, self-actualized individual. Celebrities’ reach into hearts and minds is not only a source of corporate power but also a foundation for political exploitation. As the Trump presidency showed, charismatic leadership is now trumping bureaucratic-rational forms of authority, and in place of actual agency, emotion and entertainment are occupying a central role in political life.
Publics and Masses
Authors: Gautney Heather 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses power elites’ class program to destroy the social solidarities, intellectual independence, and sense of obligation that constitute robust public spheres. It tracks how they have worked to sever people’s connection to their government and each other through disinformation and colonizing institutions of political engagement. For neoliberal powerholders, the very idea of a public is an anathema to freedom and the unfettered pursuit of property. In place of engaged, knowledgeable, autonomous agents of democratic deliberation, they seek to foster anti-intellectual, privatist, and uninformed masses prone to manipulation. As a measure of their success, today just a handful of moguls wield more power over the means of information than any dictator has in world history. With that concentration of power and devaluing of political and intellectual life, Americans are losing the ability to act as democratic agents and to resist authoritarianism.
Conclusion
Authors: Gautney Heather 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The conclusion recaps the book’s aim to assess patterns of elite domination and to unmask the people, policies, and power dynamics that animate them. In discussing the stakes of elite power, it suggests that no single group or movement can confront these behemoth forces on its own, and that no institution or milieux should be dismissed as a site of contestation, regardless of the degree to which elites may have co-opted it. It argues that diffusing elite power will require, first, moving past social movements’ and advocacy groups’ tendency to silo their campaigns according to particular causes, ideologies, and identities, and instead developing sustained organizing programs to promote genuine social solidarity; second, renewing our sense of a public or common good as an equalizing principle and societal glue, and working to invigorate the institutions that accompany it; and third, reclaiming society’s organs of knowledge production and forging new avenues for the development of egalitarian alternatives to neoliberal capitalism.
Music’s Worldliness
Authors: Gelbart Matthew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter engages with previous work on genre theory to explore the ways in which genre in music is more inherently social, spatially defined, and thus more resistant to change, than in other arts. Many Romantics—often by binding genre to the idea of “form”—sought to promote great composers as free agents who could “transcend genre”; but because of music’s spatial and social frameworks, that “escape” from genre was even less possible in music than in other arts. Numerous types of musical genres inherently resist rapid change. For example, categories such as “chamber music” depend on social settings and their appropriate styles as much as on arbitrary creative decisions. Furthermore, genres should be treated as nested categories, from metagenres to microgenres, all of which influence each other in any set of understandings, and therefore cannot be separated.
Word and Concept
Authors: Gelbart Matthew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
To understand how musical categories operate, it is also important to trace the etymology and use of the word “genre” and related terms in English and other European languages with reference to music. Through this process, we can identify complementary French and German roots of Romantic resistance to the power associated with the word “genre.” Covering this history also exposes the rhetorical background of the avant-garde reductions of “genre” to “form” discussed in the previous chapter. The second part of the chapter describes how composers have demonstrated a spectrum of attitudes toward traditionally defined genres: from those who were most openly reverent, such as Mendelssohn and Brahms, to those most openly defiant, such as Wagner and Liszt—with others such as Verdi and Chopin occupying a middle ground. Likewise, genres themselves span a range from those most tightly patrolled as cultural capital to newer and freer categories. Thinking about authorial claims and genres along these spectra reinforces the ideological importance of recognized generic categories in generating both conformity and reaction. Similarly, it brings out questions we should ask about how more “radical” composers still sought to communicate with their audiences and how those audiences made sense of the music.
“Each Sort Must Have Its Music”
Authors: Gelbart Matthew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This central chapter provides a broad consideration of the increasingly vital place of audience communities and identities in conceptions of genre. It suggests that to understand the musical world of nineteenth-century Europe, we must import some ways of thinking from genre studies developed around popular music in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, which have often focused in depth on how audience correlations mark and define genres. The nineteenth century already saw the expansive development of musical markets, and the inevitable resultant reactions against musical commodification. Audience correlations thus played a growing role in defining all musical genres and subgenres, including those under the umbrella of anti-commercial “art music.” A brief historical narrative lays out how, whereas in a nascent musical marketplace the trend had been toward pleasing multiple audiences with single concerts and publications, by the 1830s composers, publishers, and entrepreneurs increasingly aimed specific genres at niche target audiences. New genres developed (as they still develop) in relation to fracturing and realigning audience communities, conceived on both small and large scales. Many examples are considered, including Carmen, which is picked up here to focus on the identity of opéra-comique as the “French” “national genre.”
A Symphony by Any Other Name
Authors: Gelbart Matthew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the relationship between conceptual genres and generic designations in titles or subtitles, such as “Symphony” or “Opera in Five Acts,” charting the interaction between audience communities and the creative process in the allocation of such explicit labels. It argues that the strength and persistence of generic (sub-)titles is tied to the social weight behind them at different times, but that the act of official naming also provides its own generic momentum. Strong generic titles are closely tied as cultural capital to audience communities and thus often continue to be used for as long as they support an identity group, even if the musical features of the genre so designated can change a lot during this time. Opéra-comique is treated as an extended case study. On the other hand, generic titles that do not have a close symbiotic relationship with specific audiences can still be used over many decades or more, but the pieces so labeled may actually constitute multiple localized mini-genres grouped retrospectively. Piano pieces called “Ballade” are considered as exemplifying this second type. These studies reinforce the centrality of audience identities to genre. Even attempts to read works against their titular generic designation are tied to social phenomena.
Recovering the Work of a Discovering Science with a Video Camera in Hand
Authors: Sormani Philippe 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter delivers a hybrid study of discovering work in the form of a practice-based video analysis. The video analysis explicates the author’s practical involvement in the local production of an empirical discovery in current physics: multi-band superconductivity in lead molybdenum sulphide (PbMo6S8). Devised as an ad hoc extension of a physics tutorial, the proposed analysis makes explicit the procedures through which the physical phenomenon, as an electronically probed and visually discovered spectrum, is produced and seen for a very first time. Readers, in other words, are taught the experimental and heuristic achievement in and as its “tutorial problems” (Garfinkel 2002a, c). The local production of scientific discoveries—in their audiovisual, disciplinarily relevant, and instrumentally embodied detail—has eluded ethnomethodological and social studies of scientific work. The outlined study fills this gap in the literature. At the same time, it makes the case for technical self-instruction as a research stance, as articulated in Harold Garfinkel’s later work, while spelling out that stance’s reflexive interest for the video analysis of discovering work and, possibly, other kinds of work and lines of analysis, too.
Technology in Practice
Authors: Heath Christian , Luff Paul 
Published: October 2022

AbstractEthnomethodology has made an important and highly influential contribution to our understanding of technology. It has provided the analytic and methodological resources with which to reconsider a number of key concepts and ideas within the social and cognitive sciences and has provided the foundation to a substantial corpus of studies of technology in action. To exemplify these analytic concerns, the authors consider a surveillance technology and the ways in which personnel use the system to detect and manage the problems and difficulties that arise in the operation of a major urban transport network. They consider how the use of the technology, to survey and manage incidents and events that might ordinarily pass unnoticed, is dependent upon the operators’ working knowledge of the environment, its characteristics and contingencies, and their familiarity with the routine patterns of conduct and interaction that arise within certain locales. In short, the system’s use is embedded within practice and practical action. By driving analytic attention toward the endogenous and situated character of technology in action, ethnomethodology has had a significant impact on contemporary research and practice throughout a range of disciplines in both the human and physical sciences.
To Be Real
Authors: Jacobs Lanita 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This book examines African American standup comedy over the past decade as a stage for understanding why notions of racial authenticity—in essence, appeals to “realness” and “real Blackness”—emerge as a cultural imperative in African American culture. Ethnographic observations and interviews with Black comedians ground this telling, providing a narrative arc of key historical moments in the new millennium. Readers will understand how and why African American comics invoke “realness” to qualify nationalist discourses on the 9/11 terrorist attacks and grapple with the racial entailments of the war in Iraq, overcome a sense of racial despair in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, critique Michael Richards’s [“Kramer’s”] notorious rant at The Laugh Factory and subsequent attempts by the club to censor use of the n-word, and reconcile the politics of a “real” Black in Black folks’ everyday lives via Kevin Hart’s meteoric rise to global stardom. Additionally, readers will hear through audience murmurs, hisses, and boos how beliefs about racial authenticity are intensely class-wrought and fraught. Moreover, they will appreciate how context remains ever critical to when and why African American comics and audiences lobby for and/or lampoon jokes that differentiate the “real” from the “fake” or “Black folks” from “niggahs.” The take-home point of To Be Real is this: context and racial vulnerability are critical to understanding how and why allusions to “racial authenticity” persist in the African American comedic and cultural imagination. During watershed moments of crisis (e.g., 9/11, Hurricane Katrina) or incessant hope (e.g., 2008 presidential election), African American stances around racial authenticity bespeak a need to define who and whose they are, if only to contend with the enduring significance of race. By consciously valuing a “real”—as opposed to strict notions of “the real” (which too often essentialize, objectify, and exclude)—this book reveals why authenticity matters to African Americans and, arguably all of us, when the proverbial –ish hits the fan and then, too, when things are calm and still.
On Michael Richards, Racial Authenticity, and the “N-word”
Authors: Jacobs Lanita 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Black comics’ responses to Michael Richards’s infamous racist rant at The Laugh Factory (a well-known Los Angeles comedy club) in 2006. Following Richards’s cell-phone-recorded tirade, the club’s owner, Jamie Masada, temporary fined all comics who used the “n-word” onstage. African American comedians’ public and private responses to this gesture were as mixed as they were insightful. Onstage, several Black comics joked about what “authentic” or “real” Black folks would’ve done had they witnessed Richards’s outburst firsthand. (Here, their bids to authenticity provided an affective release and reassertion of who we [Black folks] are or can be in the face of pain and disrespect.) Backstage, however, most Black comics were surprisingly empathetic toward Richards even as they critiqued his rant as racist and inexcusable. They also vetted questions concerning comics’ freedom of speech and lambasted the racial politics plaguing the professional comedy scene, delimiting who and what “real” “Black” comics and standup comedy, respectively, can be or do.
Homegrown extremism, jihadi strategic studies, and the symbolic power of political community
Authors: Logan Sarah 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter interrogates homegrown extremism in the context of political community. Identifying the common threads of disparate attacks, the chapter argues that acts of homegrown extremism are by definition committed by a member of a political community against other members in a way that is incommensurate with membership in that community. Adopting a Bourdieusian approach, the chapter argues that such acts exhibit symbolic as well as material violence, heightening their impact and shaping their use as a terrorist tactic. The chapter identifies and analyses homegrown extremism’s evolution as a jihadi strategy in the post-9/11 era, from Al-Qaeda to Islamic State.
Counterradicalization in global context
Authors: Logan Sarah 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides a global survey of counterradicalization policies. The chapter begins by examining efforts to develop counterradicalization policies at the multilateral level, especially the UN Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force. It shows that in the post 9-11 era agreement between states, especially Muslim minority and Muslim majority states, on counterterrorism definitions and policies is fraught. The chapter continues by examining policies in a broad range of states and drawing out similarities between them. It finds that the primary similarity is an implicit framing of the problem of homegrown extremism as one of political community and a shared commitment to preemptive integration of radicalized and potentially radicalized individuals as a solution.
A suspect community
Authors: Logan Sarah 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter outlines relevant UK policy responses to the problem of radicalization. Together with Chapter 4, this analysis also creates a timeline of counterradicalization policy in Britain. Beginning with initial responses to the events of 9/11, it traces the development of a range of measures, especially Prevent, through the intense period of policy development following the London bombings of 2005 and the various iterations which followed. The timeline shows that the policies have shifted and developed over time, in response to events. It also shows that certain themes persist throughout: integration as a solution to homegrown extremism, British Muslims as part of a transnational community, and the importance of persuasive over coercive approaches.
Civics, rights, and wrongs
Authors: Logan Sarah 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief history of US CVE and identifies the persistence of ideas about informal political community in these policies, despite the absence of conclusive evidence as to their efficacy. The chapter shows that ideas about a strong informal political community as a valid response to the problem of homegrown extremism appear in much of the thinking behind counterradicalization measures in the United States. These measures consistently frame tightening the borders of informal political community as a response to the problem of radicalization, via an emphasis on community engagement with the agencies of government and on community cohesion against agents of radicalization.
Studying Technological Change and Media Effects
Authors: Dunaway Johanna , Searles Kathleen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In order to go beyond the study of how changing media technologies affect exposure and move to the study of how they affect post-exposure information processing, we offer an innovative methodological approach that leverages lab experiments and physiological measures. Notably we use technology that permits the measure of both eye movement, skin conductance levels, and heart rate variability. This approach permits us to test the mechanism that explains patterns of attention and learning on mobile devices, cognitive effort, and measure attention unobtrusively outside of participant awareness. In this chapter we set forth our general approach, as well as offer methodological details for subsequent chapters.
Putting Traffic to the Test
Authors: Dunaway Johanna , Searles Kathleen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, we use real-world web traffic data from Comscore to show that mobile news website visitors are less likely to spend time reading and engaging with news sites relative to desktop and laptop visitors. This finding suggests that learning from news among mobile visitors to news websites is relatively unlikely to be robust. In addition, these patterns of use offer support for the physical and cognitive access (PCA) framework, which emphasizes that having physical access to information should not guarantee attention and thus, should not be mistaken for exposure. These data also lend support to the results of our laboratory experiments.