bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implicit ensemble tangent linear models (IETLMs) for model differentiation
Authors: Bishop Craig H. , Eizenberg Nathan W. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIdeally, tangent linear models (TLMs) predict the difference between perturbed and unperturbed non‐linear forecasts of interest. The adjoint of a TLM gives the gradient of the non‐linear model and is used in 4DVar data assimilation and in adjoint‐based Forecast Sensitivity to Observation Impact (FSOI). The accuracy of the local ensemble TLM (LETLM) has been shown to be limited by its inability to account for implicit time stepping. Here we derive implicit ensemble TLMs (IETLMs) that, at most, require the number of independent ensemble members to be equal to the number of variables in the implicit computational stencil. The accuracy of the IETLM in the linear regime is confirmed using an implicitly time‐stepped Lorenz 96 model and a nine‐member ensemble. IETLMs feature two sparse matrices: matrix N that operates on an initially unknown future time perturbation, and matrix L that operates on the current time perturbation. For ensemble perturbations in the non‐linear regime, we develop a diagonally robust (DR) IETLM that reduces the chances of N becoming ill‐conditioned. The performance of the DR IETLM was compared with traditional TLM performance using IETLM ensemble perturbations whose ‘Gilmour et al., 2001’ measure of non‐linearity ranged up to the non‐linearity of operational 32‐hr ensemble forecast perturbations. Over a wide range of non‐linearity, the DR IETLM performance was found to match that of the traditional TLM provided the initial standard deviation of the ensemble perturbations was times the standard deviation of the test perturbations. Ideal FSOI requires the adjoint of a TLM that accurately predicts the known difference between corrected and uncorrected non‐linear forecasts. The DR IETLM was found to meet this FSOI accuracy requirement much more closely than the traditional TLM when the ensemble perturbations were created by subtracting the corrected forecast from ensemble members that were centred on the uncorrected forecast.
Quantum Dot Molecule Devices with Optical Control of Charge Status and Electronic Control of Coupling
Authors: Bopp Frederik , Rojas Jonathan , Revenga Natalia , Riedl Hubert , Sbresny Friedrich , Boos Katarina , Simmet Tobias , Ahmadi Arash , Gershoni David , Kasprzak Jacek , Ludwig Arne , Reitzenstein Stephan , Wieck Andreas , Reuter Dirk , Müller Kai , Finley Jonathan J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTunnel‐coupled pairs of optically active quantum dots—quantum dot molecules (QDMs)—offer the possibility to combine excellent optical properties such as strong light‐matter coupling with two‐spin singlet–triplet () qubits having extended coherence times. The basis formed using two spins is inherently protected against electric and magnetic field noise. However, since a single gate voltage is typically used to stabilize the charge occupancy of the dots and control the inter‐dot orbital couplings, operation of the qubits under optimal conditions remains challenging. Here, an electric field tunable QDM that can be optically charged with one (1h) or two holes (2h) on demand is presented. A four‐phase optical and electric field control sequence facilitates the sequential preparation of the 2h charge state and subsequently allows flexible control of the inter‐dot coupling. Charges are loaded via optical pumping and electron tunnel ionization. One‐ and two‐hole charging efficiencies of (93.5 ± 0.8)% and (80.5 ± 1.3)% are achieved, respectively. Combining efficient charge state preparation and precise setting of inter‐dot coupling allows for the control of few‐spin qubits, as would be required for the on‐demand generation of 2D photonic cluster states or quantum transduction between microwaves and photons.
Large‐area open air plasma sources for roll‐to‐roll manufacture
Authors: Homola Tomáš , Kelar Jakub , Černák Mirko , Kováčik Dušan 
Published: August 2022

SummaryThe aim of the current paper is to introduce technology for the generation of high‐power density surface plasma by a diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (DCSBD) plasma unit. The diffuse and uniform plasma generated in low‐cost gases such as open air enables easy integration into novel or existing roll‐to‐roll (R2R) lines. We briefly discuss the history of the development of dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) toward the most advanced plasma sources based on the coplanar arrangement of electrodes. Moreover, we present and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the effect of volume and coplanar DBD treatments performed in R2R mode on the surface of polyamide. The paper also discusses the potential of R2R plasma treatments for next‐generation applications of novel flexible and printed electronics.
Polymeric substrate properties tailored by irradiation
Authors: Günther Steffen , Kutschke Elisa , Bork Andreas 
Published: August 2022

SummaryRoll‐to‐roll processes are well‐known for its high throughput, low cost, high quality and high yield potentials. They are commonly used if flexible substrates like paper, metal foils or polymer films have to be processed. Focusing on the latter, it is common to tailor their surface properties to certain needs. Therefore, technologies like chemical (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes are used. Such processing is very often combined with stress like thermal load or mechanical strain. This stress is limiting the productivity due to physical limitations of the material itself, like low thermal stability or very small elastic modulus and especially in its combination. The treatment of such polymers by electron beam at atmospheric pressure may alter the mentioned properties. Respective investigations of polyester, polyethylene and different kinds of bio‐based polymers with respect to elastic modulus, puncture resistance and thermal stability will be shown.
Standardization in forensic toxicology—The United States experience
Authors: Jones Sabra , Stypa Michael 
Published: August 2022

AbstractConsensus based standards are created by subject matter experts in conjunction with stakeholders and include requirements for a specific field such as forensic toxicology. Standards for forensic science provide requirements and guidance in areas such as quality management, validation, testing, reporting, traceability, and testimony. The Organization of Scientific Area Committees for Forensic Science was formed to assist in the development of forensic standards. In coordination with the American Academy of Forensic Sciences Standards Board, developed documents are taken through an American National Standards Institute accredited process that includes public notification, a public comment period, and comment adjudication. Documents published by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences Standards Board are freely accessible to the public. This article presents an overview of the standards development process and the standards, best practices and guidelines currently published in the field of forensic toxicology in the United States.This article is categorized under:
Toxicology > Analytical
Partisan polarization, historical heritage, and public health: Exploring COVID‐19 outcomes
Authors: Curtis Craig , Stillman John , Remmel Megan , Pierce John C. , Lovrich Nicholas P. , Adams‐Curtis Leah E. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWhen the COVID‐19 virus first arrived in the United States in early 2020, many epidemiologists and public health officers counseled for shutdowns and advised policymakers to prepare for a major pandemic. In 2020, though, US society was rife with major political and cultural divides. Some elected leaders promoted policies at odds with the experts, and many people refused to heed the public health‐based communications about the coming pandemic. Additionally, the capacity to respond to a pandemic was distributed in the country in a highly unequal fashion. This paper analyzes the noteworthy geopolitical patterns of COVID‐19 illnesses, subsequent demands on hospitals, and resulting deaths. This description is based on a snapshot of archival data gathered in the midst of the pandemic during late January and early February of 2021. Demographic data, indicators of political party support, indicators of citizen attitudes, and public health compliance behaviors are combined in a multivariate analysis to explain COVID‐19 outcomes at the local government (county) level. The analysis suggests strongly that regional political culture and local demographics played a substantial role in determining the severity of the public health impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
A Project to Promote English Learning in Primary School: “An English Island®” E-learning Platform
Authors: Palladino Paola , Muzzì Robert , Niccolai Elena , Cottini Milvia , Peconio Guendalina , Doronzo Federica , Toto Giusi Antonia , Limone Pierpaolo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe present study was aimed to investigate English learning as second language, in school, in first, second and third graders of twelve classes randomly assigned to a control or an experimental group. Children in the latter are exposed during English school teaching to the method “An English Island®” and to its platform activities. The method “An English Island®” offers a variety of strategies for teaching English in primary school, an innovative digital tool that promotes teaching/learning English language’s communicative approach, lead students to become familiar with the language in a sort of continuous, inclusive workout, in which everyone participates and talks.English skills as well as cognitive abilities are tested in both groups at the beginning and at the end of the school year with the aim to compare control and experimental classes in both a longitudinal and a cross-sectional design.
Chemotaxis–Haptotaxis System
Authors: Ke Yuanyuan , Li Jing , Wang Yifu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCancer invasion and metastasis are influenced by a plethora of biochemical processes and involve many biochemical mechanisms, among which chemotaxis and haptotaxis are two of the main mechanisms directing the migration of cancer cells Chaplain and Lolas (2005). Evidence has been found that cancer cells release complex enzymes such as the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), which degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), and thereby allow the migration of cells following the concentration gradient of such diffusive enzymes. This process is referred to as chemotaxis Chaplain and Lolas (2006).
Revisiting inclusive decay widths of charmed mesons
Authors: King Daniel , Lenz Alexander , Piscopo Maria Laura , Rauh Thomas , Rusov Aleksey V. , Vlahos Christos 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Determining for the first time the Darwin operator contribution for the non-leptonic charm-quark decays and using new non-perturbative results for the matrix elements of ∆C = 0 four-quark operators, including eye-contractions, we present a comprehensive study of the lifetimes of charmed mesons and inclusive semileptonic decay rates as well as the ratios, within the framework of the Heavy Quark Expansion (HQE). We find good agreement with experiment for the ratio τ(D+)/τ(D0), for the total $$ {D}_s^{+} $$

D
s
+

-meson decay rate, for the semileptonic rates of all three mesons D0, D+ and $$ {D}_s^{+} $$

D
s
+

, and for the semileptonic ratio $$ {\Gamma}_{sl}^{D^{+}}/{\Gamma}_{sl}^{D^0} $$

Γ
sl

D
+

/

Γ
sl

D
0

. The total decay rates of the D0 and D+ mesons are underestimated in our HQE approach and we suspect that this is due to missing higher-order QCD corrections to the free charm quark decay and the Pauli interference contribution. For the SU(3)F breaking ratios $$ \tau \left({D}_s^{+}\right)/\tau \left({D}^0\right) $$
τ

D
s
+

/
τ

D
0

and $$ {\Gamma}_{sl}^{D_s^{+}}/{\Gamma}_{sl}^{D^0} $$

Γ
sl

D
s
+

/

Γ
sl

D
0

our predictions lie closer to one than experiment. This might originate from the poor knowledge of the non-perturbative parameters $$ {\mu}_G^2 $$

μ
G
2

, $$ {\mu}_{\uppi}^2 $$

μ
π
2

and $$ {\rho}_D^3 $$

ρ
D
3

in the D0 and $$ {D}_s^{+} $$

D
s
+

systems. These parameters could be determined by experimental studies of the moments of inclusive semileptonic D meson decays.
Expert views about missing AI narratives: is there an AI story crisis?
Authors: Chubb Jennifer , Reed Darren , Cowling Peter 
Published: August 2022

AbstractStories are an important indicator of our vision of the future. In the case of artificial intelligence (AI), dominant stories are polarized between notions of threat and myopic solutionism. The central storytellers—big tech, popular media, and authors of science fiction—represent particular demographics and motivations. Many stories, and storytellers, are missing. This paper details the accounts of missing AI narratives by leading scholars from a range of disciplines interested in AI Futures. Participants focused on the gaps between dominant narratives and the untold stories of the capabilities, issues, and everyday realities of the technology. One participant proposed a “story crisis” in which these narratives compete to shape the public discourse on AI. Our findings indicate that dominant narratives distract and mislead public understandings and conceptions of AI. This suggests a need to pay closer attention to missing AI narratives. It is not simply about telling new stories, it is about listening to existing stories and asking what is wanted from AI. We call for realistic, nuanced, and inclusive stories, working with and for diverse voices, which consider (1) story-teller; (2) genre, and (3) communicative purpose. Such stories can then inspire the next generation of thinkers, technologists, and storytellers.
Laser-based powder bed fusion of Ti-6Al-4V powder modified with SiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Emminghaus Nicole , Bernhard Robert , Hermsdorf Jörg , Kaierle Stefan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M), residual oxygen in the processing atmosphere is regarded as disruptive and disadvantageous for the manufacturing process and the resulting component properties. A novel approach to eliminate residual oxygen is to add small amounts of silane to the argon process gas. Silane eliminates residual oxygen and forms SiO2 nanoparticles, which in turn can be incorporated into the powder during the process. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the influence of these nanoparticles admixed to the metal powder. In this work, Ti-6Al-4V powder was modified with pyrogenic SiO2 nanoparticles generated by the reaction of a silane argon gas mixture with ambient air. Modified and unmodified powder was analyzed and processed using statistically designed experiments. An improvement of the flow rate according to DIN EN ISO 4490 (from 33.3 to 32.5 s/50 g) and increase of apparent density according to DIN EN ISO 3923 (from 2.52 to 2.58 g/cm3) could be observed after powder modification. No statistically significant effects of the modification on roughness, porosity, and hardness were found. The results demonstrate that powder modification using silane can lead to enhanced flowability without affecting the PBF-LB processing window of Ti-6Al-4V.
An EANM position paper on the application of artificial intelligence in nuclear medicine
Authors: Hustinx Roland , Pruim Jan , Lassmann Michael , Visvikis Dimitris 
Published: August 2022

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) is coming into the field of nuclear medicine, and it is likely here to stay. As a society, EANM can and must play a central role in the use of AI in nuclear medicine. In this position paper, the EANM explains the preconditions for the implementation of AI in NM and takes position.
Leaping Forwards, Bouncing Forwards, or Just Bouncing Back: Resilience in Environmental Public Agencies Through after the Austerity Decade
Authors: Kirsop-Taylor Nick 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe resilience of public environmental agencies is an important but broadly under-researched discourse. This paper addresses this lacuna by drawing on a three-part typology of resilience from organizational studies and applying it to the English natural environment agency, Natural England, following a decade of public sector agency de-funding under the aegis of austerity. The research question was explored qualitatively through eleven semi-structured interviews with the senior management team of Natural England during the summer of 2020. The findings suggest that public agency multi-functionality equate to heterogenous resilience across agency functions; that generally agency resilience (as a function of capacities) is poor with consequences upon good governance; and that they are broadly poorly positioned for the aftermath of Covid-19. The findings speak directly to the regulatory and organizational literatures with public administration by evidencing the complex realities of understanding resiliencies in large multi-functional public environmental agencies.
PHARAO-Studie: Arzneimittelversorgung entzündlich rheumatischer Erkrankungen
Authors: Hörbrand Franziska , Schuch Florian , Bleß Hans-Holger , Messinger David , Bretthauer Bork , Killian Peter 
Published: August 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Mit Einführung der Tumornekrosefaktor(TNF)-α-Blocker hat die Behandlung entzündlich rheumatischer Erkrankungen (ERE) einen grundlegenden Wandel erfahren. Etliche der ursprünglich hochpreisigen Biologika verloren im Verlauf der Studie ihren Patentschutz und standen seitdem als kostengünstigere Biosimilars zur Verfügung, sodass ein bedeutsames Verordnungshemmnis entfallen ist.

Fragestellung
In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob die Verfügbarkeit von Biosimilars mit einer Verbesserung der Versorgung von ERE einhergeht. Zugleich wurde die subjektive Akzeptanz von Biosimilars bei Ärzten und Patienten untersucht und mit standardisierten Scores abgeglichen.

Material und Methoden
Als Datengrundlage dienten pseudonymisierte Abrechnungsdaten der Kassenärztlichen Vereinigung Bayerns von 2014 bis 2019 sowie eine Paper-Pencil-Befragung von Patienten und Rheumatologen.

Ergebnisse
Im Beobachtungszeitraum stieg der Anteil an diagnostizierten Patienten, die eine Arzneimitteltherapie erhielten, von 38,5 % auf 43,2 % an. Deren Versorgung veränderte sich auch in Bezug auf die verordneten Wirkstoffe. Die konventionelle medikamentöse Therapie war insgesamt rückläufig. Insbesondere die Verordnung von Glukokortikoiden sank von 39,3 % in 2014 auf 34,3 % in 2019. Zugleich stieg der Anteil zielgerichteter Behandlungen von 12,3 % auf 20,4 %. Die mediane Dauer der Basistherapie vor erstmaligem bDMARD-Einsatz verkürzte sich von 3,15 Jahren in 2014 auf 2,17 Jahre in 2019.

Diskussion
Über den Beobachtungszeitraum, in den auch der Markteintritt von 3 Biosimilars fällt, verbesserte sich die Versorgung von Patienten mit ERE quantitativ wie qualitativ. Der Versorgungsanteil von Biosimilars nahm parallel zu der aufgezeigten Entwicklung zu. Bei insgesamt hoher Akzeptanz von Biosimilars verweist die Einschätzung des Krankheitsverlaufes von Ärzten und Patienten auf einen leichten, subjektiv wahrgenommenen Vorteil der Therapie mit Originalen im Vergleich zur Biosimilar-Therapie, der sich bei Anwendung standardisierter Scores jedoch nicht bestätigt. Eine mögliche Erklärung hierfür könnte ein Nocebo-Effekt sein, der durch geeignete Kommunikationsstrategien minimiert werden könnte.
Laparoscopic Lumen-guided cholecystectomy in face of the difficult gallbladder
Authors: Lucocq James , Taylor Aaron , Driscoll Peter , Naqvi Syed , MacMillan Alasdair , Bennett Stephen , Luhmann Andreas , Robertson Andrew G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
Where the critical view of safety cannot be established during cholecystectomy, certain salvage techniques are indicated to reduce the likelihood of bile duct injury. The present study describes a salvage technique termed the “laparoscopic lumen-guided cholecystectomy” (LLC) and reports its peri-operative outcomes.

Method
A summary of the technique is as follows: (1) Hartmann’s pouch is incised and stones are evacuated; (2) the cystic anatomy is inspected from the inside of the gallbladder; (3) the lumen is used to guide retrograde dissection towards the cystic pedicle; (4) cystic duct control is achieved if deemed safe. LLC cases performed between June 2020 and January 2022 in a single health board were included. The operative details and peri-operative outcomes of the technique are reported and compared to cases of similar difficulty where the LLC was not attempted.

Results
LLC was performed in 4.6% (27/587) of cases. In all 27 cases, LLC was performed for a “frozen” cholecystohepatic triangle. Hartmann’s pouch was completely excised in all cases (27/27) and cystic duct control was achieved in 85.2% of cases (23/27). No cases of bile leak or ductal injury were reported. Rates of bile leak, post-operative complications and ERCP were lower following LLC compared to the group where LLC was not attempted (p < 0.01).

Conclusion
LLC is a safe salvage technique and should be considered in cases where the critical view of safety cannot be established. The technique achieves cystic duct control in the majority of cases and favourable outcomes in the face of a difficult cholecystectomy.
Cyclic Variations in the Flame Propagation in an Spark-Ignited Engine: Multi Cycle Large Eddy Simulation Supported by Imaging Diagnostics
Authors: Engelmann Linus , Laichter Judith , Wollny Patrick , Klein Markus , Kaiser Sebastian A. , Kempf Andreas M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractExperimental measurements and multi-cycle large eddy simulation (LES) are performed in an optically accessible four-stroke spark-ignition engine to investigate cycle-to-cycle variations (CCV). High-speed combustion imaging is used to measure the early flame propagation and obtain the flame radius and centroids. Large Eddy Simulation generates data-bases for the flame propagation as well as the kinetic energy in the cylinder and confirms the observations from the two-dimensional fields by three-dimensional simulation results. Experiment and simulation are compared with respect to the strength and distribution of CCV. Both approaches reveal CCV causing similar statistics of maximum pressures and combustion speeds. The cycles are categorized as slow and fast cycles using the crank angle of ten percent burnt fuel-mixture. Analysis of the flame centroids shows that slow cycles move further towards the intake-side of the engine compared to fast cycles. The kinetic energy during combustion is averaged for the slow and fast cycles based on the samples being in unburnt and burnt mixture. Studying the kinetic energy level in the unburnt and burnt mixture reveals higher turbulent kinetic energy for the fast cycles as well as larger separation between the global kinetic and the turbulent kinetic energy for the slow cycles, providing evidence for a source of the CCV variations observed in this engine.