bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grape seed tannin extract and polyunsaturated fatty acids affect in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production
Authors: Thanh Lam Phuoc , Kha Pham Truong Thoai , Loor Juan J , Hang Tran Thi Thuy 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Condensed tannins (CT), one of the most ubiquitous compounds in the plant kingdom, can modulate ruminal nutrient metabolism. Objectives were to study potential interactions of CT and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on ruminal fermentation, biohydrogenation (BH), and methane production. Ruminal fluid obtained from lactating Holstein Friesian cows was used. All experiments were carried out as a completely randomized design with the same mixed diet: control (60:40 forage:concentrate) without supplement (CON), 2.5% soybean oil (SBO), and SBO + grape seed tannin extract (GSTE) at 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, or 0.8% dietary DM (ST0.2, ST0.4, ST0.6, and ST0.8, respectively). Compared with CON (84.7 mM), total VFA concentration was not affected by SBO, but decreased (P &lt; 0.001) with ST0.8 vs. ST0.6 (75.3 vs. 78.3 mM). Relative to CON, methane production was depressed (P &lt; 0.001) by 17.7% and 28.0% in ST0.4 and ST0.8. The highest (P &lt; 0.001) mean concentrations of c9,t11 CLA and C18:1 t11 were observed with ST0.4 compared with CON, but there was no difference between SBO and CT-containing diets. Disappearance of C18:2 c9,c12 was 49.1% vs. 50.3% in CON vs. SBO, whereas it ranged from 39.9% to 46.3% in CT-containing diets after 2 h incubation (P &lt; 0.001). Concentrations of c9,t11 CLA with supplemental SBO and ST0.8 nearly peaked (P &lt; 0.001) at 2 h incubation, but this fatty acid peaked (P &gt; 0.05) at 6 h incubation and remained higher (P &lt; 0.001; 15.9–17.0 µg/mL) at 24 h incubation with ST0.2, ST0.4, and ST0.6 compared with other diets (13.5–14.5 µg/mL). Compared with CON (50.6 µg/mL), concentration of C18:1 t11 with SBO and CT-containing diets reached a peak (P &lt; 0.001; 241–265 µg/mL) at 12 h incubation. Concentration of C18:0 was 171%–231% higher (P &lt; 0.001) with SBO and CT relative to CON at 24 h incubation. Overall, these results demonstrated that PUFA in SBO are more effective in modulating ruminal BH and CH4 production when combined with CT. However, high doses of added CT can reduce ruminal VFA concentration. Thus, a level of 0.4% GSTE added to diets containing 2.5% PUFA from plant origin might be suitable for optimizing ruminal fermentation and BH of C18:2 c9,c12 to fatty acid intermediates that could have beneficial effects to human health.
Global Hospital Infrastructure and Pediatric Burns
Authors: Puthumana Joseph Stephen , Cooney Carisa Miller , Hultman Charles Scott , Redett Richard James 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLow-income regions carry the highest mortality burden of pediatric burns and attention to remedy these inequities has shifted from isolated mission trips toward building infrastructure for lasting improvements in surgical care. This study aims to investigate disparities in pediatric burn care infrastructure and their impact on mortality outcomes. The multinational Global Burn Registry was queried for all burn cases between January 2018 and August 2021. Burn cases and mortality rates were analyzed by chi-square and multinomial regression. There were a total of 8537 cases of which 3492 (40.9%) were pediatric. Significantly lower mortality rates were found in facilities with sophisticated nutritional supplementation (P &lt; .001), permanent internet connectivity (P &lt; .001), critical care access (P &lt; .001), burn OR access (P = .003), dedicated burn unit (P &lt; .001), and advanced plastic and reconstructive skills (P = .003). Significant disparities were found in the availability of these resources between high- and low-income countries, as well granular information within low-income regions. In a multinomial logistic regression controlling for TBSA, the most significant predictive factors for mortality were limited critical care availability (OR 15.18, P &lt; .001) and sophisticated nutritional access (OR 0.40, P = .024). This is the first quantitative analysis of disparities in global burn infrastructure. The identification of nutritional support as an independent and significant protective factor suggests that low-cost interventions in hospital nutrition infrastructure may realize significant gains in global burn care. Granular information in the variability of regional needs will begin to direct targeted infrastructure initiatives rather than a one-size-fits-all approach in developing nations.
An introduction to the Special Section on Crustacean Mitochondrial Genomics: Improving the assembly, annotation, and characterization of mitochondrial genomes using user-friendly and open-access bioinformatics tools, with decapod crustaceans as an example
Authors: Baeza J Antonio 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The special section on crustacean mitochondrial genomics houses five articles focused on the characterization of mitochondrial genomes in different decapod crustaceans. In this introductory article, I highlight details and peculiarities of the workflow used in these articles with which mitochondrial genomes were de novo assembled, annotated, manually curated, and characterized. The workflows used in these studies improves the characterization of mitochondrial genomes and are expected to democratize and advance our knowledge on mitochondrial genomics in non-model crustaceans, while profiting from user-friendly and open access bioinformatics tools.
Regional divergence in the skull morphometry of adult male Galapagos sea lion
Authors: Izurieta-Benitez Salomé , Riofrío-Lazo Marjorie , Torres Jorge , Jimenez-Uzcategui Gustavo , Urquía Diego O , Páez-Rosas Diego 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The skull often reveals adaptation to ecological and environmental influences. Food availability affects the somatic growth of otariids, and population abundance can influence male intrasexual competition. We hypothesized there would be regional differences between Galapagos sea lion (GSL, Zalophus wollebaeki) rookeries as a result of variance in ecosystem metrics and population abundance. We used skull measures related to individual size and aggressiveness. We analyzed 19 linear measures for size and 15 for aggressiveness taken on 49 adult male skulls of GSL collected in four bioregions of the archipelago. Nine skull measures had a significant effect on individual clustering into bioregions (P &lt; 0.001). The most discriminating measures were snout length, supraorbital process width, nasal length, and canine width. We found a significant relationship between skull grouping patterns and chlorophyll-α levels (proxy marine productivity and body growth) and GSL population abundance (proxy of agonistic behavior) of each bioregion, as well as with the interaction between both variables (P &lt; 0.001). Our results suggest significant regional differences in GSL skull morphometry, which could be associated with resource availability and level of male intrasexual competition in the archipelago. This information is important for understanding the life history of this species.
Phlebotomine Sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae) Fauna and The Association Between Climatic Variables and The Abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis sensu lato in an Intense Transmission Area for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Central Western Brazil
Authors: de Souza Fernandes Wagner , de Oliveira Moura Infran Jucelei , Falcão de Oliveira Everton , Etelvina Casaril Aline , Petilim Gomes Barrios Suellem , Lopes de Oliveira Samuel Lucas , Gutierrez de Oliveira Alessandra 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The presence, abundance, and distribution of sandflies are strongly influenced by climate and environmental changes. This study aimed to describe the sandfly fauna in an intense transmission area for visceral leishmaniasis and to evaluate the association between the abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis sensu lato (Lutz & Neiva 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae) and climatic variables. Captures were carried out 2 yr (July 2017 to June 2019) with automatic light traps in 16 sites of the urban area of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul state. The temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), precipitation (mm3), and wind speed (km/h) were obtained by a public domain database. The Wilcoxon test compared the absolute frequencies of the species by sex. The association between climatic variables and the absolute frequency of Lu. longipalpis s.l. was assessed using the Spearman’s correlation coefficient. A total of 1,572 sandflies into four species were captured. Lutzomyia longipalpis s.l. was the most abundant species and presented a significant correlation with the average temperature, humidity, and wind speed in different periods. Lutzomyia longipalpis s.l. was captured in all months, showing its plasticity in diverse weather conditions. We emphasize the importance of regular monitoring of vectors and human and canine cases, providing data for surveillance and control actions to continue to be carried out in the municipality.
Case of rapid aortic remodeling after thoracic endovascular aortic repair for retrograde type A aortic dissection
Authors: Kikuchi Yuta , Tsutsui Masahiro , Ishido Kohei , Narita Masahiko , Ushioda Ryohei , Shirasaka Tomonori , Ishikawa Natsuya , Kamiya Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The proper surgical strategy for retrograde type A aortic dissection (RTAD) is still controversial, and some studies have reported the efficacy of frozen elephant trunk and thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). A 68-year-old man was diagnosed with acute type A aortic dissection using enhanced computed tomography. The false lumen at the arch and ascending aorta was thrombosed, and the primary entry was placed in the descending aorta. In addition, there were malperfusions of the right renal artery and both iliac arteries. We performed TEVAR using the right femoral artery combined with the petticoat technique. At 11 days postoperatively, we observed rapid aortic remodeling at the arch and ascending aorta. The patient was discharged uneventfully after 14 days. We believe that TEVAR for RTAD is effective in appropriate patients. However, the accumulation of the number of cases and accurate strategies for patient selection are in demand.
N-body simulations of planetary formation
Authors: Beaugé C , Aarseth S J 
Published: February 2022

Summary
We have performed numerical simulations of the last stage of terrestrial planetary formation using an N-body code similar to that of Lecar & Aarseth. An improved treatment of collisions has been applied, which allows fragmentation and cratering, as well as accretion. Initial models consist of 200 bodies of total mass 2.3 x 1028 g, distributed in a two-dimensional ring of size 1 au with initial circular orbits about the Sun. Planetary embryos begin to form by accretion in the early stages when the relative velocities are small. This growth is slowed down by the fragmentation process, which occurs when the typical eccentricities have reached ⋍ 0.04. Eventually, a small number of massive embryos emerge, and subsequently accrete nearly all the fragments. Final configurations of three different models yield four principal bodies with moderate eccentricities on a time-scale of ⋍ 5 x 105 yr (equivalent to ∽ 108 yr in a 3D model), and the corresponding parameters are qualitatively similar to those of the terrestrial planets.
Non-radial pulsations of neutron stars with a crust
Authors: Finn Lee Samuel 
Published: February 2022

Summary
A fully relativistic treatment of non-radial pulsational modes of spherical stars with solid crusts is presented. This work complements Schumaker & Thorne’s relativistic treatment of torsional modes. The strain tensor for arbitrary even-parity elastic deformations of a spherical star is derived. A Hookean law is assumed to relate the stress to the strain, and the pulsational equations and their boundary condition; are derived from the Einstein Field Equations (EFE) and the equations of motion. The EFE and equations of motion are then used to find the Lagrangian density and an action principle for the pulsational problem. This action principle may prove useful in future studies of the stability of non-radial pulsational modes for stars with a solid crust.
The mass distribution of comets and meteoroid streams and the shower/sporadic ratio in the incident visual meteoroid flux
Authors: Hughes David W 
Published: February 2022

Summary
The large dust particles that comets emit as they decay produce meteoroid streams. If the Earth passes close to the centre of a meteoroid stream, a shower of meteors is produced in the atmosphere and the intensity of this shower can be quantified by the maximum zenithal hour rate (ZHR) of the meteors that are observed. If, as seems reasonable, the dust/snow mass ratio and the mass distribution of the dust particles are similar in all comets, then comets and meteoroid streams are expected to have similar mass distribution indices. This expectation has been confirmed for the more massive comets and streams by comparing the distribution of shower ZHRs with the distribution of cometary masses. The later distribution is also used to predict the expected numbers of minor meteor showers, with low ZHRs, that are present in what was previously referred to as the sporadic background. It is concluded that on a typical ‘non-shower’ night, (20 ±3) per cent of the observed visual meteors belong to minor showers, and the remaining percentage are truly sporadic.
Statistical variations in the numbers of massive short-period comets and thus massive meteoroid streams will lead to significant variations in the decay products of these objects. It is thus expected that this effect will cause the sporadic meteor flux and the brightness of the zodiacal cloud to vary by around 30-40 per cent over time periods of the order of 103-105 yr.
A VLA and MERLIN study of extragalactic radio sources with one-sided structure
Authors: Saikia D J , Junor W , Cornwell T J , Muxlow T W B , Shastri P 
Published: February 2022

Summary
To investigate the nature of extragalactic radio sources with extended emission on only one side of the active nucleus, we have observed a sample of suspected candidates with both the VLA and MERLIN. In this paper, we present observations of 13 sources which were either suspected of being ‘one-sided’ or were known to have lobes of very different surface brightnesses. Many of the candidates were found to have emission on both sides of the nucleus. Using our observations as well as those available in the literature, we have compiled a sample of 4C quasars having one-sided radio structure. We have then compared some of their properties with a sample of 4C quasars which are two-sided, in order to determine whether their apparently onesided structure is due to relativistic beaming in sources inclined at small angles to the line-of-sight. We find that the median values of fc, the fraction of emission from the core used as a statistical measure of source orientation, and l, their projected linear sizes are consistent with the hypothesis that the one-sided quasars are seen at smaller angles to the line-of-sight than the two-sided ones. We also suggest that the ϕ-fc relation for quasars, where ϕ is the angle between the core polarization vector and the overall radio axis, is consistent with this model, and discuss how the lobe depolarization properties may be useful for further investigations of this interpretation. The velocities required to explain the apparently one-sided quasars in the relativistic beaming framework are in the range of ˜ 0.2-0.8 c. The scarcity of highluminosity, Fanaroff-Riley class II radio galaxies with one-sided structure is consistent with the suggestion that they are at larger angles to the line-of-sight than quasars. In this case, the core-dominated radio galaxies are possibly the lowluminosity, Fanaroff-Riley class I radio galaxies seen at small angles to the line-ofsight, manifesting themselves as BL Lac objects in the more extreme cases.
The changing soft X-ray light curve of the AM Her system MR Serpentis (PG 1550 + 191)
Authors: Angelini L , Osborne J P , Stella L 
Published: February 2022

Summary
We report the first soft X-ray light curves of the AM Her system MR Ser, all obtained within a 4-month interval in 1984. The source was serendipitously detected on three occasions by the EXOSA T low-energy telescope, and one observation was made in which MR Ser was the target. MR Ser was probably in a high optical state throughout, although it was seen at half the previous intensity in the final observation. The folded light curves change remarkably between the different observations. In April the soft X-ray light curve showed a minimum around linear polarization phase ϕ = 0.0, and a less pronounced short dip close to phase ϕ ˜ 0.3. In the other observations a broad minimum in the phase range ϕ = 0.3–0.5 is seen. We attribute all the features around phase ϕ ˜ 0.3 to the accretion stream. Some of the changes in shape of the soft X-ray light curve are similar to those of QQ Vul, V834 Cen and possibly AM Her itself. From the observation in which MR Ser was the target, we derive an upper limit to the soft X-ray temperature of kTbb &lt; 120 eV, noting, however, that surface flux limits suggests kTbb &lt; 53 eV. The source was not seen in the medium energy detector. The hard and soft X-ray data do not allow us to comment on the possibility of a ‘soft X-ray problem’ in this system.
Giant Viruses Encode Actin-Related Proteins
Authors: Da Cunha Violette , Gaia Morgan , Ogata Hiroyuki , Jaillon Olivier , Delmont Tom O , Forterre Patrick 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The emergence of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton is a critical yet puzzling step of eukaryogenesis. Actin and actin-related proteins (ARPs) are ubiquitous components of this cytoskeleton. The gene repertoire of the Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor (LECA) would have therefore harbored both actin and various ARPs. Here, we report the presence and expression of actin-related genes in viral genomes (viractins) of some Imitervirales, a viral order encompassing the giant Mimiviridae. Phylogenetic analyses suggest an early recruitment of an actin-related gene by viruses from ancient protoeukaryotic hosts before the emergence of modern eukaryotes, possibly followed by a back transfer that gave rise to eukaryotic actins. This supports a coevolutionary scenario between pre-LECA lineages and their viruses, which could have contributed to the emergence of the modern eukaryotic cytoskeleton.
High Prevalence of RectalChlamydia trachomatisInfection With the Same Genotype as Urogenital Infection in Female Outpatients in Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics in China
Authors: Han Yan , Chen Kai , Liu Jing-Wei , Zhu Bang-Yong , Zhou Ke , Shi Mei-Qin , Xu Wen-Qi , Jhaveri Tulip A , Yin Yue-Ping , Chen Xiang-Sheng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about rectal Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection in outpatients attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in China. In this study, we aimed to explore the clinical and epidemiologic features of rectal CT infection in this population.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending STD clinics in Tianjin and Guangxi provinces of China from June 2018 to August 2020. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were developed to explore the association of different risk factors for urogenital and rectal CT infection.ResultsThe prevalence of urogenital and rectal CT was 11.2% (154/1374) and 4.9% (68/1377), respectively. The rectal CT prevalence among female and male patients was 7.8% (60/767) and 1.3% (8/610), respectively. The most common genotype in urogenital CT–positive samples was genotype E (29.9%), while the most common genotype among rectal CT–positive samples was genotype J (23.4%). More than 85% (52/60) of women infected with rectal CT were co-infected with urogenital CT. About 90.0% (36/40) of women shared similar genotypes between rectal and urogenital samples. Females and patients infected with urogenital CT were deemed to be at an increased risk for rectal CT infection. A high proportion of rectal CT infection had concurrent urogenital CT infection, especially in women, and most of the co-infections were shared among the same genotypes.ConclusionsIt would be prudent to encourage awareness and introduce detection tests and treatment strategies for rectal CT infection particularly in female patients visiting STD clinics in China.
The Pacific as the world’s greatest theater of bird migration: Extreme flights spark questions about physiological capabilities, behavior, and the evolution of migratory pathways
Authors: Piersma Theunis , Gill Robert E , Ruthrauff Daniel R , Guglielmo Christopher G , Conklin Jesse R , Handel Colleen M 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Pacific Basin, by virtue of its vastness and its complex aeroscape, provides unique opportunities to address questions about the behavioral and physiological capabilities and mechanisms through which birds can complete spectacular flights. No longer is the Pacific seen just as a formidable barrier between terrestrial habitats in the north and the south, but rather as a gateway for specialized species, such as shorebirds, to make a living on hemispherically distributed seasonal resources. This recent change in perspective is dramatic, and the research that underpins it has presented new opportunities to learn about phenomena that often challenge a sense of normal. Ancient Polynesians were aware of the seasonal passage of shorebirds and other landbirds over the Pacific Ocean, incorporating these observations into their navigational “tool kit” as they explored and colonized the Pacific. Some ten centuries later, systematic visual observations and tracking technology have revealed much about movement of these shorebirds, especially the enormity of their individual nonstop flights. This invites a broad suite of questions, often requiring comparative studies with bird migration across other ocean basins, or across continents. For example, how do birds manage many days of nonstop exercise apparently without sleep? What mechanisms explain birds acting as if they possess a Global Positioning System? How do such extreme migrations evolve? Through advances in both theory and tracking technology, biologists are poised to greatly expand the horizons of movement ecology as we know it. In this integrative review, we present a series of intriguing questions about trans-Pacific migrant shorebirds and summarize recent advances in knowledge about migratory behavior operating at temporal scales ranging from immediate decisions during a single flight, to adaptive learning throughout a lifetime, to evolutionary development of migratory pathways. Recent advances in this realm should stimulate future research across the globe and across a broad array of disciplines.