bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐Net strategy: Accelerating physics‐informed neural networks for solving partial differential equations
Authors: Wang Yunzhuo , Li Jianfeng , Zhou Liangying , Sun Jingwei , Sun Guangzhong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPartial differential equations (PDEs) are the most ubiquitous tools for modeling natural science problems and have long received attention. Physics‐informed neural networks (PINNs) are emerging approaches to approximately solve PDEs. PINNs use automatic differentiation technology to construct the residual of PDEs in the loss function to encode physics conservation laws. We call this process the Single‐Net strategy. Due to the dependency of automatic differentiation among different orders of derivatives, the efficiency of PINNs under the Single‐Net strategy is limited. To address this issue, we propose the Multi‐Net strategy to decouple the dependency. Compared with the Single‐Net strategy, the Multi‐Net strategy reduces the training time of PINNs, and meanwhile, keeps the prediction accuracy. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is demonstrated through time complexity analysis and a collection of experiments on Burgers equation, advection‐dispersion equation, Kdv equation, and Allen–Cahn equation.
Assessing the State of Smoke Science
Authors: Jaffe Daniel A. , Peterson David L. , McCaffrey Sarah M. , Hall John A. , Brown Timothy J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRecent large wildfires in the USA have exposed millions of people to smoke, with major implications for health and other social and economic values. Prescribed burning for ecosystem health purposes and hazardous fuel reduction also adds smoke to the atmosphere, in some cases affecting adjacent communities. However, we currently lack an appropriate assessment framework that looks past the planned versus unplanned nature of a fire and assesses the environmental conditions under which particular fires burn, their socio-ecological settings, and implications for smoke production and management. A strong scientific foundation is needed to address wildland fire smoke challenges, especially given that degraded air quality and smoke exposure will likely increase in extent and severity as the climate gets warmer. It will be especially important to provide timely and accurate smoke information to help communities mitigate potential smoke impacts from ongoing wildfires, as well as from planned prescribed fires. This assessment focuses on primary physical, chemical, biological, and social considerations by documenting our current understanding of smoke science and how the research community can collaborate with resource managers and regulators to advance smoke science over the next decade.
Fuels and Consumption
Authors: Prichard Susan J. , Rowell Eric M. , Hudak Andrew T. , Keane Robert E. , Loudermilk E. Louise , Lutes Duncan C. , Ottmar Roger D. , Chappell Linda M. , Hall John A. , Hornsby Benjamin S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWildland fuels, defined as the combustible biomass of live and dead vegetation, are foundational to fire behavior, ecological effects, and smoke modeling. Along with weather and topography, the composition, structure and condition of wildland fuels drive fire spread, consumption, heat release, plume production and smoke dispersion. To refine inputs to existing and next-generation smoke modeling tools, improved characterization of the spatial and temporal dynamics of wildland fuels is necessary. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models that resolve fire–atmosphere interactions offer a promising new approach to smoke prediction. CFD models rely on three-dimensional (3D) characterization of wildland fuelbeds (trees, shrubs, herbs, downed wood and forest floor fuels). Advances in remote sensing technologies are leading to novel ways to measure wildland fuels and map them at sub-meter to multi-kilometer scales as inputs to next-generation fire and smoke models. In this chapter, we review traditional methods to characterize fuel, describe recent advances in the fields of fuel and consumption science to inform smoke science, and discuss emerging issues and challenges.
Fire Behavior and Heat Release as Source Conditions for Smoke Modeling
Authors: Goodrick Scott L. , Tarnay Leland W. , Anderson Bret A. , Coen Janice L. , Furman James H. , Linn Rodman R. , Riggan Philip J. , Schmidt Christopher C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractModeling smoke dispersion from wildland fires is a complex problem. Heat and emissions are released from a fire front as well as from post-frontal combustion, and both are continuously evolving in space and time, providing an emission source that is unlike the industrial sources for which most dispersion models were originally designed. Convective motions driven by the fire’s heat release strongly couple the fire to the atmosphere, influencing the development and dynamics of the smoke plume. This chapter examines how fire events are described in the smoke modeling process and explores new research tools that may offer potential improvements to these descriptions and can reduce uncertainty in smoke model inputs. Remote sensing will help transition these research tools to operations by providing a safe and reliable means of measuring the fire environment at the space and time scales relevant to fire behavior.
Smoke Plume Dynamics
Authors: Liu Yongqiang , Heilman Warren E. , Potter Brian E. , Clements Craig B. , Jackson William A. , French Nancy H. F. , Goodrick Scott L. , Kochanski Adam K. , Larkin Narasimhan K. , Lahm Peter W. , Brown Timothy J. , Schwarz Joshua P. , Strachan Sara M. , Zhao Fengjun 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSmoke plume dynamic science focuses on understanding the various smoke processes that control the movement and mixing of smoke. A current challenge facing this research is providing timely and accurate smoke information for the increasing area burned by wildfires in the western USA. This chapter synthesizes smoke plume research from the past decade to evaluate the current state of science and identify future research needs. Major advances have been achieved in measurements and modeling of smoke plume rise, dispersion, transport, and superfog; interactions with fire, atmosphere, and canopy; and applications to smoke management. The biggest remaining gaps are the lack of high-resolution coupled fire, smoke, and atmospheric modeling systems, and simultaneous measurements of these components. The science of smoke plume dynamics is likely to improve through development and implementation of: improved observational capabilities and computational power; new approaches and tools for data integration; varied levels of observations, partnerships, and projects focused on field campaigns and operational management; and new efforts to implement fire and stewardship strategies and transition research on smoke dynamics into operational tools. Recent research on a number of key smoke plume dynamics has improved our understanding of coupled smoke modeling systems, modeling tools that use field campaign data, real-time smoke modeling and prediction, and smoke from duff burning. This new research will lead to better predictions of smoke production and transport, including the influence of a warmer climate on smoke.
Janus and RG interfaces in three-dimensional gauged supergravity. Part II. General α
Authors: Gutperle Michael , Hultgreen-Mena Charlie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we continue the study of Janus and RG-flow interfaces in three dimensional supergravity continuing the work presented in [1]. We consider $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 8 gauged supergravity theories which have a $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= (4, 4) AdS3 vacuum with D1(2, 1; α) × D1(2, 1; α) symmetry for general α. We derive the BPS flow equations and find numerical solutions. Some holographic quantities such as the entanglement entropy are calculated.
CD20+ T cells: an emerging T cell subset in human pathology
Authors: Lee Adrian Y. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Although CD20 is classically a B cell marker, in the last three decades, dim expression has been noted on a subset of T cells as well that has been independently verified by a number of groups. Our understanding of these cells and their function is not well established.

Methods
A thorough review of original articles on CD20+T cells was undertaken of Pubmed by using combination of phrases including “CD20+”, “CD20-positive” and “T cells”. Articles in English were considered, and there was no time restriction.

Results
CD20+T cells express the standard T cell markers and, in comparison to CD20¯ T cells, appear to express greater inflammatory cytokines and markers of effector function. Although the ontogeny of these cells is still being established, the current theory is that CD20 may be acquired by trogocytosis from B cells. CD20+T cells may be found in healthy controls and in a wide range of pathologies including autoimmune diseases, haematological and non-haematological malignancies and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. One of the best studied diseases where these cells are found is multiple sclerosis (MS) where a number of therapeutic interventions, including anti-CD20 depletion, have been shown to effectively deplete these cells.

Conclusion
This review summarises the latest understanding of CD20+T cells, their presence in various diseases, their putative function and how they may be an ongoing target of CD20-depleting agents. Unfortunately, our understanding of these cells is still at its infancy and ongoing study in a wider range of pathologies is required.
Differential Transcendence of Solutions of the Difference Equation $$\Delta y=ay^2+by+c$$
Authors: Nishioka Seiji 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBy a purely algebraic way, we investigate a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of differentially algebraic and transcendental solutions to certain difference equations whose form is related to Riccati equations. Our result roughly implies that all the solutions do not satisfy any algebraic differential equations if there is no algebraic solution.
Clinical outcome in metastatic prostate cancer after primary radiotherapy
Authors: Moll Matthias , Herrmann Harald , Zaharie Alexandru , Goldner Gregor 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To describe a local radio-oncological treatment for patients with prostate cancer that metastasized to either the lymph nodes or distant regions.

Methods and materials
We included 133 patients with prostate cancer that displayed either distant metastases (DM) or lymph node metastases alone (NM) and were treated between 2004 and 2019. All patients underwent computed tomography and a bone scan or 18F- or prostate-specific membrane antigen-targeted positron emission tomography. Patients received local external beam radiation therapy to the prostate to achieve local control (60–81.4 Gy to the prostate, and 45–50.4 Gy to pelvic lymph nodes), with either the 3D conformal (4-field box) or volumetric modulated arc therapy technique. A urologist prescribed additional therapy.

Results
We included 51 patients with DM and 82 patients with NM. The mean follow-up was 42 months for all patients. The groups were similar in T stage, initial prostate-specific antigen, histology, androgen deprivation therapy, age, treatment techniques, and prescribed doses, but different in lymph node inclusion and follow-up times. In the NM and DM groups, the 5‑year biochemical recurrence-free rates were 52% and 24%, respectively (p < 0.0001); the 5‑year disease-specific survival rates were 92% and 61%, respectively (p = 0.001); and the 5‑year OS rates were 77% and 48%, respectively (p = 0.01). The groups had similar acute and late gastrointestinal and genitourinary side effects, except that late genitourinary side effects occurred significantly more frequently in the NM group (p = 0.01).

Conclusions
DM was associated with significantly worse outcomes than NM. The long-term survival of patients with metastatic prostate cancer was low.
Versorgungsaspekte der Elektrokonvulsionstherapie: Analyse der externen Zuweisungen an ein universitäres Zentrum
Authors: Methfessel Isabel , Belz Michael , Bühler Fabienne , Zilles-Wegner David 
Published: August 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Anwendungshäufigkeit der Elektrokonvulsionstherapie (EKT) in Deutschland variiert stark in Abhängigkeit von der regionalen Verfügbarkeit. Teilweise wird dieses Versorgungsdefizit durch Zuweisungen an EKT-durchführende Kliniken kompensiert, was jedoch durch dort verfügbare Ressourcen limitiert ist.

Ziel der Arbeit
Untersuchung der externen Zuweisungen zur EKT am Beispiel der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen. Analysiert werden sollen die Zuweiserstruktur, die Patientencharakteristika, die leitliniengerechte Pharmakotherapie vor Indikationsstellung zur EKT sowie das Therapieoutcome im Falle einer Behandlung mit EKT.

Material und Methoden
Externe Anmeldungen zur EKT wurden über ein Jahr systematisch erfasst und retrospektiv ausgewertet. Neben der deskriptiven Darstellung der Daten erfolgte der Abgleich pharmakologischer Vorbehandlungen mit den aktuellen Leitlinienempfehlungen. Das Therapieoutcome nach durchgeführter EKT wurde mittels des klinischen Gesamteindrucks (CGI-I) bestimmt.

Ergebnisse
Für N = 52 Patienten erfolgte die Anfrage zur Übernahme, davon kamen 82,7 % aus dem stationären Setting und aus einer Entfernung von bis zu 300 km. Unipolare Depressionen (57,7 %) und Störungen aus dem Schizophreniespektrum (36,5 %) waren die häufigsten Diagnosen. Vor Zuweisung erfolgte in der Mehrheit der Fälle mindestens eine leitliniengerechte Vorbehandlung. Bei 18 Patienten wurde eine EKT in unserem Haus durchgeführt, von diesen zeigten 72,7 % ein gutes bis sehr gutes Ansprechen.

Diskussion
Anzahl und Radius der Zuweisungen zeigen einen hohen ungedeckten Bedarf in der Versorgung mit EKT und damit einen eingeschränkten Zugang zu einer evidenzbasierten und leitlinienempfohlenen Therapie. Im Sinne einer heimatnahen Behandlung ist anzustreben, EKT als Therapieangebot an mehr Kliniken zu etablieren. Auch bei externen Zuweisungen und damit verbundenen, zum Teil erheblichen Verzögerungen ist die Ansprechrate diagnoseübergreifend gut.
Phenotypic and genetic classification of diabetes
Authors: Deutsch Aaron J. , Ahlqvist Emma , Udler Miriam S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe historical subclassification of diabetes into predominantly types 1 and 2 is well appreciated to inadequately capture the heterogeneity seen in patient presentations, disease course, response to therapy and disease complications. This review summarises proposed data-driven approaches to further refine diabetes subtypes using clinical phenotypes and/or genetic information. We highlight the benefits as well as the limitations of these subclassification schemas, including practical barriers to their implementation that would need to be overcome before incorporation into clinical practice.
Graphical abstract
Thermal pulse propagation beyond the Maxwell–Cattaneo theory: Application to one-dimensional nanosystems
Authors: Di Domenico M. , Sellitto A. , Zampoli V. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA non-local and non-linear thermodynamical model of heat transfer at nanoscale beyond the well-known Maxwell–Cattaneo theory is derived. The compatibility of the proposed model with second law of thermodynamics is proved. The model is subsequently used to investigate the propagation of a heat pulse in one-dimensional nanosystems in the linear case. The predicted results are compared with those arising from the Maxwell–Cattaneo theory in order to point out the possible influence both of the non-local effects, and of the relaxation effects of the higher-order fluxes. Some problems related to initial data and boundary conditions are also discussed.
ERP evidence of heightened attentional response to visual stimuli in migraine headache disorders
Authors: Golshan Faly , Moss Daneil , Sun Gloria , Krigolson Olav , Cruz Maria T. , Loehr Janeen , Mickleborough Marla 
Published: August 2022

AbstractNew findings from migraine studies have indicated that this common headache disorder is associated with anomalies in attentional processing. In tandem with the previous explorations, this study will provide evidence to show that visual attention is impacted by migraine headache disorders. 43 individuals were initially recruited in the migraine group and 33 people with non-migraine headache disorders were in the control group. The event-related potentials (ERP) of the participants were calculated using data from a visual oddball paradigm task. By analyzing the N200 and P300 ERP components, migraineurs, as compared to controls, had an exaggerated oddball response showing increased amplitude in N200 and P300 difference scores for the oddball vs. standard, while the latencies of the two components remained the same in the migraine and control groups. We then looked at two classifications of migraine with and without aura compared to non-migraine controls. One-Way ANOVA analysis of the two migraine groups and the non-migraine control group showed that the different level of N200 and P300 amplitude mean scores was greater between migraineurs without aura and the control group while these components’ latency remained the same relatively in the three groups. Our results give more neurophysiological support that people with migraine headaches have altered processing of visual attention.
CT vascular territory mapping: a novel method to identify large vessel occlusion collateral
Authors: Valente Michael , Bivard Andrew , Cheung Andrew , Manning Nathan W. , Parsons Mark W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Introduction
This descriptive study explores typical patterns of vascular territory mapping (VTM) in ischaemic stroke patients with proximal vessel occlusion. VTM is a novel process using CT perfusion that can identify the source and extent of collateral blood flow in patients with vessel occlusion. It functions by determining which vessel provides dominant blood flow to a brain voxel.

Methods
A total of 167 consecutive patients were analysed from INSPIRE (International Stroke Perfusion Imaging Registry) with their CT perfusion reprocessed through VTM software. We explored the typical territory maps generated by this software relating to common large vessel occlusion location sites (ACA/MCA/PCA).

Results/Conclusion
In the presence of occlusion, VTM demonstrated a reciprocal increase in collateral vessel territories.
Safety of [177Lu]Lu-NeoB treatment: a preclinical study characterizing absorbed dose and acute, early, and late organ toxicity
Authors: Ruigrok Eline A. M. , Verhoeven Marjolein , Konijnenberg Mark W. , de Blois Erik , de Ridder Corrina M. A. , Stuurman Debra C. , Bertarione Luisa , Rolfo Katia , de Jong Marion , Dalm Simone U. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The radiolabeled gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR)-targeting antagonist NeoB is a promising radioligand for imaging and therapy of GRPR-expressing malignancies. In the current study, we aimed to discover the target organs of toxicity and the radiotoxic effects to these organs, when repeated dosages of [177Lu]Lu-NeoB are administered to healthy female and male mice.

Methods
Animals received either 3 injections, with a 7-day interval, of vehicle (control group 1), 1200 pmol [175Lu]Lu-NeoB (control group 2) or 40 MBq/400 pmol, 80 MBq/800 pmol, and 120 MBq/1200 pmol [177Lu]Lu-NeoB (treatment groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). At week 5, 19, and 43 after the first injection acute, early, and late organ toxicity, respectively, was determined. For this, histopathological and blood analyses were performed. To correlate the observed toxicity to absorbed dose, we also performed extensive biodistribution and dosimetry studies.

Results
The biodistribution study showed the highest absorbed doses in GRPR-expressing pancreas, the liver, and the kidneys (the main organs of excretion). Both control groups and almost all animals of treatment group 1 did not show any treatment-related toxicological effects. Despite the high absorbed doses, no clear microscopic signs of toxicity were found in the pancreas and the liver. Histological analysis indicated kidney damage in the form of hydronephrosis and nephropathy in treatment groups 2 and 3 that were sacrificed at the early and late time point. In the same groups, increased blood urea nitrogen levels were found.

Conclusion
In general, repeated administration of [177Lu]Lu-NeoB was tolerated. The most significant radiotoxic effects were found in the kidneys, similar to other clinically applied radioligands. The results of this study underline the potential of [177Lu]Lu-NeoB as a promising option for clinical therapy.
Modified procedure for reconstructing the inferior wall of the orbit: identification of a reliable new landmark
Authors: Takabayashi Kosuke , Maeda Yohei , Kataoka Nobuya 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
In orbital floor reconstruction, fractures involving the slope of the posterior end of the orbital floor make it difficult to determine the best location for implant placement. Therefore, landmarks for reconstruction are desirable to perform safe and reproducible reconstruction surgery.

Methods
We developed a surgical procedure that focuses on three orbital landmarks: the infraorbital nerve, the inferior margin of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, and the posterior superior wall of the maxilla.

Conclusions
Landmark-based orbital floor fracture reconstruction enables accurate reconstruction of fractures that extend to the slope of the posterior end of the orbital floor.
Persistence, adherence, healthcare resource utilization and costs for ocrelizumab in the real-world of the Campania Region of Italy
Authors: Moccia Marcello , Affinito Giuseppina , Berera Giulia , Marrazzo Giuseppina , Piscitelli Raffaele , Carotenuto Antonio , Petracca Maria , Lanzillo Roberta , Triassi Maria , Brescia Morra Vincenzo , Palladino Raffaele 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAimsWe aim to provide real-world evidence on the use of ocrelizumab for treating multiple sclerosis (MS), with specific regard to prescription pattern, adherence, persistence, healthcare resource utilization and related costs, also in relation to other disease-modifying treatments (DMTs).MethodsWe included 2495 people with MS from the Campania Region (South Italy) who received first or switch DMT prescription from Jan 2018 to Dec 2020, and with at least 6-month follow-up. We collected hospital discharge records, drug prescriptions, and related costs, and calculated persistence (time from first prescription to discontinuation or switch to other DMT), adherence (proportion of days covered (PDC)), annualized hospitalization rate (AHR) for MS-related hospital admissions, and DMT costs.ResultsOcrelizumab was the most commonly prescribed DMT (n = 399; age = 45.74 ± 10.98 years; females = 224), after dimethyl fumarate (n = 588) and fingolimod (n = 401); 26% patients treated with ocrelizumab were naïve. When compared with ocrelizumab, the risk of discontinuation was higher for other highly active DMTs (HR = 3.78;p = 0.01), and low/medium efficacy DMTs (HR = 7.59;p < 0.01). When compared with ocrelizumab, PDC was similar to other highly active DMTs (Coeff = 0.01;p = 0.31), but higher for low/medium efficacy DMTs (Coeff = 0.09;p < 0.01). When compared with ocrelizumab, AHR was similar to other highly active DMTs (Coeff = 0.01;p = 0.51), and low/medium efficacy DMTs (Coeff = 0.01;p = 0.55). When compared with ocrelizumab, DMT monthly costs were higher for other highly active DMTs (Coeff = 92.30;p < 0.01), but lower for low/medium efficacy DMTs (Coeff = − 1043.61;p < 0.01).DiscussionOcrelizumab was among the most frequently prescribed DMTs, with 26% prescriptions to treatment-naïve patients, suggesting its relevance in addressing unmet clinical needs (e.g., first approved treatment for primary progressive MS). Ocrelizumab was associated with the highest persistence, confirming its favorable benefit-risk profile. Costs for ocrelizumab were lower than those associated to similarly effective DMTs, in absence of changes in healthcare resource utilization.