bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinan faktor-faktor inflasi di Indonesia tahun 1990-2020
Authors: Al Makhrus Muhammad Nidhom , Priyadi Unggul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Purpose – This study aims to analyze the effect of Bank Indonesia interest rates, Gross Domestic gross (GDP), rupiah exchange rate against the dollar, and world oil prices on inflation in Indonesia from 1990-2020.
Methods – This study is using Autoregrssive Distributed Lag (ARDL) methods.
Findings – The results showed interest rates, gdp, and world oil prices significantly affect the inflation rate in Indonesia, the independent variable exchange rate does not affect the inflation rate in Indonesia.
Implication – Bank Indonesia can cooperate with the government and be careful in determining monetary policy through the BI rate and maintaining the stability of the rupiah exchange rate, the government can make an effective domestic fuel price stability policy so that when world oil prices rise, domestic fuel prices do not experience significant price increases that burden the community, and the government also improves the efficiency of the state budget which can encourage productivity, so as to increase GDP.
Originality – This study contributes to the analysis of determinants of inflation in Indonesia in 1990 to 2020 using the Autoregrssive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method.

Abstrak
Tujuan – Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh suku bunga Bank Indonesia, Gross Domestic Bruto (GDP), kurs rupiah terhadap dollar, dan harga minyak dunia terhadap laju inflasi di Indonesia dari tahun 1990-2020.
Metode – Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Autoregrssive Distributed Lag (ARDL).
Temuan – Hasil penelitian menunjukkan suku bunga, gdp, dan harga minyak dunia berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap tingkat inflasi di Indonesia, variabel independen kurs tidak mempengaruhi tingkat inflasi di Indonesia.
Implikasi – Bank Indonesia dapat bekerja sama dengan pemerintah dan berhati-hati dalam menentukan kebijakan moneter melalaui BI rate dan menjaga kestabilan nilai tukar rupiah, Pemerintah dapat membuat kebijakan stabilitas harga BBM dalam negeri yang efektif agar ketika harga minyak dunia naik, harga BBM dalam negeri tidak mengalami kenaikan harga yang signifikan sehingga memberatkan masyarakat, dan Pemerintah juga meningkatkan efisiensi APBN yang dapat mendorong produktivitas, sehingga dapat menigkatkan GDP.
Orisinalitas – Penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam analsis determinan inflasi di Indonesia pada tahun 1990 sampai 2020 dengan menggunakan metode Autoregrssive Distributed Lag (ARDL).
SS-31 as a Mitochondrial Protectant in the Treatment of Tendinopathy
Authors: Zhang Xueying , Bowen Edward , Zhang Meng , Szeto Hazel H. , Deng Xiang-Hua , Rodeo Scott A. 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Prior studies have demonstrated mitochondrial dysfunction in tendinopathy. The objective of this investigation was to explore the potential of SS-31 (elamipretide), a mitochondrial protectant, to improve mitochondrial function and promote tendon healing in a murine supraspinatus tendinopathy model.

Methods:
One hundred and twenty-six mice (252 limbs) were divided into 6 groups (42 limbs/group) that received (I) 4 weeks of impingement; (II) 8 weeks of impingement; (III) 8 weeks of impingement including 4 weeks of SS-31 treatment (5 mg/kg/d) starting after 4 weeks of impingement; (IV) 4 weeks of impingement ending with clip removal, followed by harvesting 4 weeks later; and (V) 4 weeks of impingement ending with clip removal, followed by 4 weeks of SS-31 treatment and harvesting; and a control group. Specimens were prepared for biomechanical testing, histological analysis, transmission electron microscopy, measurement of superoxidative dismutase (SOD) activity, and measurement of gene expression.

Results:
Failure force decreased after impingement, compared with the intact tendon, and the decrease was partially reversed after clip removal, SS-31 treatment, and the 2 treatments combined. A similar pattern was observed for stiffness. Histological analysis demonstrated higher modified Bonar scores in the impingement groups; however, the changes in tendon morphology were partially reversed following all treatments, especially the combined treatment. Decreased mitochondrial number and altered organization and density of cristae were observed in the impingement groups. Mitochondrial structure and number became more normal, with improvement in morphology of the cristae, after clip removal and/or SS-31 treatment. SOD activity decreased after impingement, compared with the control group, then increased significantly again after treatment, especially in the combined treatment group. Mitochondria-related gene expression decreased in the impingement groups and increased again after treatment.

Conclusions:
The mitochondrial protectant SS-31 improved mitochondrial function, promoting tendon healing, especially when combined with removal of subacromial impingement.

Clinical Relevance:
Improving mitochondrial function with agents such as SS-31 may represent an effective treatment to promote healing in the setting of supraspinatus tendinopathy.
Hybrid Artificial Lift-SRP/Gas Lift for Oil Production in High GOR Environment
Authors: Chanchlani Kuldeep , Gogoi Ranjit , Awasthi Sukumar , Gunwant Deepak , Meena Sunil 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gas Lift is the ideal candidate in the high GOR environment. Due to different surface constraints, a rod pump is adopted at the field scale. This necessitates the installation of a downhole gas anchor. Free gas vented, is utilized by the installation of gas lift valves above the pump depth. The flowing gas is recombined with liquid and decreases fluid density.
The Casing Gas Pressure Operated Rod Lift (CGPORL) consists of a sucker rod, pump, gas lift valves, downhole gas anchor, and tubing string. The gas injection valve is open once the annulus pressure has built over the valve closing pressure. Once the gas is released into the tubing and the injection valve is closed, the annulus becomes a closed system. It is open gas lift completion, with intermittent gas lift operation. Gas lift valves and rod pump were tested on the surface at both these wells.
The placement of the gas lift valve in these installations is critical. The pump was placed at a deeper depth and gas lift valves were designed at different depths above the pump. In the first well, very good self-flow through the annulus was observed for 6 days, and the pump was kept stopped. When the self-flow ceased, the pump was started again. In the second well, good withdrawal was observed through the tubing, due to the pump effect. Diagnostic studies are carried out regularly to monitor the pump's performance. Two pen recorder charts tracked continuous flow through the gas lift valve. The productivity of the wells was increased four times post application of this technology.
Due to a limited supply of gas and the availability of a compressor network, rod pumps are used in low productivity and high GOR wells. This paper will benefit the operators in enhancing the rates and exploiting maximum from these low productivity, high GOR wells of the field.
Fiberglass Sucker Rod Cost-Effectiveness: A Case Study from the Permian Basin
Authors: Brewer Melanie , Su Chaohui , Gault Steve 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fiberglass rods are mainly used to overcome the design limitations of rod pump equipment when additional lift capacity is required. Economic analyses for new installations or repair jobs must consider the life span of fiberglass rods. This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of fiberglass rod applications by reviewing their life spans in the Permian Basin.
The objective of this project was to build a stress fatigue diagram to help minimize expenses by maximizing the effective life of fiberglass rods. In theory, this diagram would define the allowable stress range that could be applied to fiberglass rods without causing excessive failures. Each data point would consist of one fiberglass rod failure, and all calculations would be performed over the age of the taper, from initial installation to failure. These operating limits would then be applied to field applications.
The industry's rule of thumb for the "end of life" for fiberglass rods is 30-40 million rod reversals. However, most failures occurred before the rods reached one-third of their life expectancy, even though the fiberglass rods were operated well within the recommended stress ranges provided by the manufacturers. There was a positive relationship between average fiberglass taper failure frequency and average peak polished rod stress. Failures mainly occurred in the steel connection in the pin. Therefore, failures were not due to tensile stress fatigue in the fiberglass body. Failure frequency was so high in some fields that upsizing the pumping unit made more economic sense than installing a fiberglass taper.
The recommendations from this project were to: (1) understand connection failures better through improved root cause failure analysis (RCFA) data collection and manufacturer involvement; (2) reassess and improve operational conditions at failure, such as rod pump design, pump off setpoints, and pump fillage; (3) evaluate switching to a 100% metal string with an upsized pumping unit or installing a different artificial lift method if failure frequency is not reduced by operational changes; and (4) re-evaluate rod string design criteria to maximize value, as current designs are based on tensile loading in the body of the top rod, but actual failures were not due to tensile stress fatigue in the body.
Significant cost savings can be achieved if the average life span can be increased to the industry standard of 30-40 million rod reversals. More work needs to be done to understand connection failures.
Carbon Footprint Reduction Using Permanent Magnet Motors in Artificial Lift Systems
Authors: Ararat Luis Fernando , Herrera Ronald Fabian , Parra Sergio Andres , Solano Francisco Javier , Martinez Angie Catherine , Suarez Efrain 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Permanent magnet motor (PMM) technology was evaluated and implemented in the different artificial lift systems in Llanos Norte (LLN) and La Cira Infantas (LCI) fields aiming to find a more efficient motor that aligns with SierraCol Energy's mission as an independent operator in Colombia to generate energy consumption savings and contributing to reduce the carbon footprint.
During the last decade, awareness has been raised about environmental issues and the need to combat the effects of climate change. Efforts led by different agreements between nations have gained strength based on the 1992 Earth Summit and the 2015 Agreement of Paris, which establishes measures for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in order to minimize the impact of the carbon footprint in different industries strongly associated with the exploitation of fossil resources and its impact. More efficient technologies within the oil and gas sector are important since the increase in energy costs worldwide has been impacting the operating costs of mature oil and gas fields, and reservoir depletion, high water cuts, and equipment maintenance are increasing energy demands. The process of identifying new, more efficient technologies was initiated, and PMMs were selected and implemented, achieving a significant reduction in energy consumption (15% - 25%) in artificial lift systems at SierraCol Energy fields.
In 2016, a trial test in LLN field began with the installation of PMM in two wells with ESP systems, with an average energy saving of 15%, based on ESP results. The trial test began in 2019 with two wells with PCP systems in LCI, obtaining 35% energy savings. These favorable energy savings resulted in a large-scale implementation in the initial completions in 2021. The last trial test for the SRP system began in 2020/2021 with the installation of five wells in LCI with an average energy saving of 18%. PMM met the expectations and objectives set for their evaluation; a 15% reduction in energy consumption has been achieved for the main artificial lift systems (ESP, SRP and PCP) with PMM technology compared to conventional systems. Savings in energy translates into a reduction of 24,500 tons CO2eq in five years; therefore, implementation of PMM technology is considered an energy efficient alternative and potential agent of change in reducing the carbon footprint.
This paper shares technical details of the evaluation of new technologies and tests carried out in the field to validate the implementation of PMM technology in the artificial lift systems, the calculation of reduction of tons of CO2eq, and the main challenges in its application as an energy efficient solution for future projects.
Predicting ESP Motor's Overheating Due to High Free Gas Fraction
Authors: Chu Thuy , Nguyen Tan C. , Yoo Hyunsang , Wang Jihoon , Vuong Duc 
Published: August 2022

AbstractElectrical Submersible Pump (ESP) is one of the most adaptable artificial lift methods that is capable of lifting high fluid volumes from wellbore to surface. Despite that, ESPs are not suitable for wells with high gas liquid ratio. Presence of free gas inside an ESP causes pump performance degradation which may lead to higher motor temperature and/or pump failures during operations. Thus, it is necessary to investigate effects of free gas on pump failures due to the degradation of pump performance under two-phase flow and high motor temperature. This study is one of the first attempts to simulate motor temperature using developed correlations which predict two-phase pump performance under downhole conditions. Field data from two ESP-oil wells were used to confirm the reliability of the developed simulations predicting two-phase ESP performance and motor temperature under downhole conditions. The simulation results show that liquid rate drops significantly due to the degradation of pump performance under two-phase flow, reduces by around 50% when free gas fraction increases from 0 to 0.4. In addition, ESP applications might be feasible in different gassy conditions with up to 0.35 free gas fraction. However, when the pump is run at 3500 RPM, the maximum free gas fraction that an ESP can tolerate is about 0.25 before the pump is overheated and failed. The findings from this study will help operating companies as well as ESP manufacturers to operate ESPs within the recommended range under downhole conditions.
A Detailed Investigation of Gravity-Driven Separation Mechanisms for Horizontal Wells Under Slugging Conditions
Authors: Rosli Redza , Pereyra Eduardo , Sarica Cem 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An experimental and theoretical investigation of the mechanisms of downhole gravity (shroud type) separation under slugging conditions has been conducted. Based on the observations, a new mechanistic model for downhole separation failure has been proposed.
A new facility has been designed and built to represent a section of a gravity-driven inverted shroud type separator at the primary separation region. This study focuses on how the Taylor bubble (large bubble) interacts with the primary separation region. High-speed video recordings were used to analyze the interaction in detail.
The results show that the Taylor bubble starts to be ingested into the inverted shroud when a critical liquid flow rate is reached. This critical flow rate separates the regions of the ‘high efficiency’ and ‘disrupted efficiency.’ A gas ingestion criterion model has been proposed based on a simplified slug flow model in vertical wellbore conditions. The model has been evaluated with data from the large-scale downhole separator facility with favorable results.
We present the results of the first experiments to investigate the main mechanisms of gas-liquid separation in a gravity-driven inverted shroud type separator under slugging conditions. Identifying the mechanisms is the first step in developing mathematical models for downhole separation design and troubleshooting. The results could be applied to a horizontal well configuration where electrical submersible pumps are deployed in larger GOR environments.
Sucker Rod Couplings: Fatigue Failures and Stress Cracking Under Corrosive Environment
Authors: Bühler Martín , Lopez Edgardo , Oliva Esteban 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The sucker rod joint is designed to be made up to a given preload stress level in order to prevent separation between the pin shoulder and the coupling face during operation. As long as the connection is correctly made up, non-failures are expected to occur working within the fatigue limit of the design. Nevertheless, sucker rods joint failures occur constantly in oil fields around the world. It has been observed these failures both in loose joints and in properly made up connections. When the connection is loose, additional loads appear on the threads, not only adding more tensile stresses but also some flexion components that increase the risk of fatigue both in the pin and the coupling (in both cases in the last engaged thread, the most stressed). These failures can occur with equal probability in either the pin or the coupling. Once initiated, the failure growths by fatigue mechanism. But in several cases, coupling failures with the same apparent pattern as in a loose connection have been observed in properly made up ones at the failure moment. A common element detected in all these failures was the operation in corrosive environments.
The goal of this work is to assess the performance of different threads and materials having the same manufacturing method (cold rolled threads) under stress corrosion conditions. Comparative tests were performed in different sucker rod coupling grades. Modified NACE TM0177 Method A Tensile Tests (Proof Ring) as well as full scale fatigue tests under corrosive environments were performed.
The results show that the performance of a Sour Service steel (widely use in OCTG), cold rolled, is better than an 8630M rolled material and even better than the same steel with cut threaded element.
Closed Loop Gas-Lift Optimization
Authors: Asgharzadeh Shishavan Reza , Serrano Juan C , Ludena Jose R , Li Qian , Hager Bradley J , Saenz Eduardo , Stephenson Greg B , Hendroyono Arief , Stojanovic Slavoljub , Sankpal Dipti , Alexander Asher N 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Significant value can be achieved by optimizing production of a gas-lift network. Operators have traditionally performed this work manually using network models, but maintaining these models is often labor-intensive. To address this challenge, a closed-loop optimization system was developed that leverages both advanced analytics and physics-based techniques, as well as Internet of Things (IoT) Edge technology. The objectives of such system are to control and optimize the gas-lift network automatically, reduce downtime during compressor upsets, and mitigate any potential flare events.
The new closed-loop gas-lift optimization algorithm consists of well and surface network models, optimization and regression solvers, and disturbance adaptation, all running in real time. The closed-loop optimizer works as follows: (1) in every cycle, the optimizer receives measurements; (2) disturbance adaptation compares the model's estimates with the measurements and adapts the surface network model to make it more accurate; (3) the adapted surface network model and well models are used to find the optimum lift gas setpoints; and (4) the calculated setpoints are sent to the automation system through IoT Edge technology.
Integral to this system is a single-well nodal analysis model that automatically generates updated models daily for all gas-lift wells. This model is used both as a monitoring tool by the engineers and as part of the network model in the closed-loop gas-lift optimizer, which has been deployed in multiple fields and is running continuously (24/7). The optimizer has saved both production engineering time per network and well specialist time per compressor upset event. Field case studies have shown that the closed-loop optimizer has been successful in maintaining compressor station outlet pressure and optimizing the gas-lift networks during compressor upsets or potential flare events. A significant improvement in oil production has been achieved in fields using optimizer due to both optimized lift gas distribution and reduced downtime.
This new algorithm can optimize gas-lift networks during normal operating conditions, compressor upsets, or potential flare events, while simultaneously controlling compressor station outlet pressure within an acceptable range in real time. Significantly, disturbance adaptation is used for the first time to improve the surface model accuracy immediately as additional measurements are received.
Empirical and Theoretical Electrical Integrity Analysis Based on Polarization Index, Dielectric Absorption Ratio and Insulation Measurements
Authors: Zuluaga Castro Juan David , Escobar Ardila Carlos Hernando , Cely Rey Luis Alejandro , Trujillo Artunduaga Jose Edgar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As a part of the electrical submersible pumping equipment installation guidelines, electrical measurements should be conducted when production string is lowering into the well during completion operations, by this way is possible detect how electrical integrity is changing as a function of depth and if the conductor's insulation was affected by mechanical effects from the last electrical integrity measurement. Commonly, electrical integrity is verified taking insulation resistance (phase to ground) and continuity (phase to phase) measurements nevertheless, another parameter such polarization index and dielectric absorption ratio exist and be able to verify insulation resistance behavior.
Therefore, is imperative understand what means polarization index (PI) and dielectric absorption ratio (DAR). According to existing standards, those two indexes could indicate insulation quality and cleanliness state of the electrical rotary machine (asynchronous motors for this case).
To appraise the PI and DAR impact on insulation behavior were taken data form 50 different wells in Colombian Llanos basin (Llanos 34 block) and were analyzed closer to verify if PI and DAR indexes could aid to determine poor insulation quality than only conventional readings, observing that the low insulation values not always will indicates poor insulation properties. Finally, this analysis aid to determine the insulation status each time the system is electrically tested.