bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial enhancement of plant nutrient acquisition
Authors: Singh Sunil K. , Wu Xiaoxuan , Shao Chuyang , Zhang Huiming 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNutrient availability is a determining factor for crop yield and quality. While fertilization is a major approach for improving plant nutrition, its efficacy can be limited and the production and application of fertilizers frequently bring problems to the environment. A large number of soil microbes are capable of enhancing plant nutrient acquisition and thereby offer environmentally benign solutions to meet the requirements of plant nutrition. Herein we provide summations of how beneficial microbes enhance plant acquisition of macronutrients and micronutrients. We also review recent studies on nutrition-dependent plant-microbe interactions, which highlight the plant’s initiative in establishing or deterring the plant-microbe association. By dissecting complex signaling interactions between microbes within the root microbiome, a greater understanding of microbe-enhanced plant nutrition under specific biotic and abiotic stresses will be possible.
The needs, challenges, and burden experienced by informal caregivers in Uganda: a scoping review
Authors: Komuhangi A. , Jenkins C. , Nakaggwa F. , Agaba P. , Githinji F. , Ewuzie A. , Apio J. , Namwanje A. Kawooya , Santin O. , MacDonald M. , McShane C. M. , Misinde C. , Montgomery L. , Nanyonga R. Clarke 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
The impact of informal caregiving is increasingly recognised as an important but often particularly neglected area of research in low and middle income countries. It is important to understand not only the effect of care on patient outcomes, but also the impact of caring on caregivers’ health and wellbeing.

Methods
Guided by the Arksey and O’Malley (Res Methodol 8:19–32, 2005) framework, this scoping review sought to collate and chart existing research on the needs, burdens and challenges experienced by caregivers in Uganda.

Results
The results of this review indicate that research focusing on the needs of caregivers for individuals with communicable disease, particularly HIV, has been well developed in Uganda, however, there is a lack of research on caregiving related to non-communicable diseases. Research has been dominated by small qualitative studies that are informative for understanding roles, burdens and contextually-specific aspects of care, but there is a need for larger studies that develop and test interventions designed to support the needs of caregivers.

Conclusions
Recurrent themes identified within this review, such as challenges in providing physical support and accessing treatment services, financial costs of care, psychological and mental health impacts and the experience of stigma, should help to inform well targeted and contextually-appropriate future research and interventions.
Computational analysis and design of an aerofoil with morphing tail for improved aerodynamic performance in transonic regime
Authors: Rana Z.A. , Mauret F. , Sanchez-Gil J.M. , Zeng K. , Hou Z. , Dayyani I. , Könözsy L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article focuses on the aerodynamic design of a morphing aerofoil at cruise conditions using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The morphing aerofoil has been analysed at a Mach number of 0.8 and Reynolds number of
$3 \times 10^{6}$
, which represents the transonic cruise speed of a commercial aircraft. In this research, the NACA0012 aerofoil has been identified as the baseline aerofoil where the analysis has been performed under steady conditions at a range of angles of attack between
$0^{^{\kern1pt\circ}}$
and
$3.86^{^{\kern1pt\circ}}$
. The performance of the baseline case has been compared to the morphing aerofoil for different morphing deflections (
$w_{te}/c = [0.005 - 0.1]$
) and start of the morphing locations (
$x_{s}/c = [0.65 - 0.80]$
). Further, the location of the shock wave on the upper surface has also been investigated due to concerns about the structural integrity of the morphing part of the aerofoil. Based upon this investigation, a most favourable morphed geometry has been presented that offers both, a significant increase in the lift-to-drag ratio against its un-morphed counterpart and has a shock location upstream of the start of the morphing part.
BPMN++ to support managing organisational, multiteam and systems engineering aspects in cyber physical production systems design and operation
Authors: Vogel-Heuser Birgit , Reif Julia A. M. , Passoth Jan-Hendrik , Huber Christoph , Brodbeck Felix C. , Maasen Sabine , Lindemann Udo , Hujo Dominik 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Interdisciplinary engineering of cyber physical production systems (CPPS) are often subject to delay, cost overrun and quality problems or may even fail due to the lack of efficient information exchange between multiple interdisciplinary teams working in complex networks within and across companies. We propose a direct integration of multiteam and organisational aspects into the graphical notation of the systems engineering workflow. BPMN++, with eight new notational elements and two subdiagrams, enables the modelling of the required cooperation aspects. BPMN++ provides an improved overview, uniform notation, more compact presentation and easier modifiability from an engineering point of view. We also included a first set of empirical studies and historical qualitative and quantitative data in addition to subjective expert-based ratings to increase validity. The use case introduced to explain the procedure and the notation is derived from surveys in plant manufacturing focussing on the start-up phase and decision support at site. This, in particular, is one of the most complex and critical phases with potentially high economic impact. For evaluation purposes, we compare two alternative solutions for a short-term management decision in the start-up phase of CPPS using the BPMN++ approach.
Time-of-flight methodologies with large-area diamond detectors for ion characterization in laser-driven experiments
Authors: Salvadori M. , Di Giorgio G. , Cipriani M. , Scisciò M. , Verona C. , Andreoli P. L. , Cristofari G. , De Angelis R. , Pillon M. , Andreev N. E. , Antici P. , Borisenko N. G. , Giulietti D. , Migliorati M. , Rosmej O. , Zähter S. , Consoli F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The time-of-flight technique coupled with semiconductor detectors is a powerful instrument to provide real-time characterization of ions accelerated because of laser–matter interactions. Nevertheless, the presence of strong electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) generated during the interactions can severely hinder its employment. For this reason, the diagnostic system must be designed to have high EMP shielding. Here we present a new advanced prototype of detector, developed at ENEA-Centro Ricerche Frascati (Italy), with a large-area (15 mm × 15 mm) polycrystalline diamond sensor having 150 μm thickness. The tailored detector design and testing ensure high sensitivity and, thanks to the fast temporal response, high-energy resolution of the reconstructed ion spectrum. The detector was offline calibrated and then successfully tested during an experimental campaign carried out at the PHELIX laser facility (

${E}_L\sim$

100 J,

${\tau}_L = 750$

fs,

${I}_L\sim \left(1{-}2.5\right)\times {10}^{19}$

W/cm2) at GSI (Germany). The high rejection to EMP fields was demonstrated and suitable calibrated spectra of the accelerated protons were obtained.
Cladding-pumped Raman fiber laser with 0.78% quantum defect enabled by phosphorus-doped fiber
Authors: Ma Xiaoya , Xu Jiangming , Ye Jun , Zhang Yang , Huang Liangjin , Yao Tianfu , Leng Jinyong , Pan Zhiyong , Zhou Pu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe quantum defect (QD) is an important issue that demands prompt attention in high-power fiber lasers. A large QD may aggravate the thermal load in the laser, which would impact the frequency, amplitude noise and mode stability, and threaten the security of the high-power laser system. Here, we propose and demonstrate a cladding-pumped Raman fiber laser (RFL) with QD of less than 1%. Using the Raman gain of the boson peak in a phosphorus-doped fiber to enable the cladding pump, the QD is reduced to as low as 0.78% with a 23.7 W output power. To our knowledge, this is the lowest QD ever reported in a cladding-pumped RFL. Furthermore, the output power can be scaled to 47.7 W with a QD of 1.29%. This work not only offers a preliminary platform for the realization of high-power low-QD fiber lasers, but also proves the great potential of low-QD fiber lasers in power scaling.
Characterization of coupling between inertial particles and turbulent wakes from porous disk generators
Authors: Travis Kristin N. , Smith Sarah E. , Vignal Laure , Djeridi Henda , Bourgoin Mickaël , Cal Raúl Bayoán , Obligado Martín 
Published: January 2022

This study presents the findings of a wind tunnel experiment investigating the behaviour of micrometric inertial particles with Stokes numbers around unity in the turbulent wake of a stationary porous disk. Various concentrations

$\varPhi _{v}\in ([6-19] \times 10^{-6})$

of poly-disperse water droplets (average diameter 40–50

$\mathrm {\mu }$

m) are compared with sub-inertial tracer particles. Hot-wire anemometry, phase Doppler interferometry and particle image velocimetry were implemented in the near- and far-wake regions to study the complex dynamics of such particles. Quadrant analysis is used to explore the shear effects of the particle wake interaction. Turbulence statistics and particle size distributions reveal distinct differences in the structure of the wake when inertial particles are present in the flow. Additionally, there are different structures in the near and far wake regions and structures change with particle volume fraction.
Mapping the invisible: knowledge, credibility and visions of earth in early modern cave maps
Authors: Mattes Johannes 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper examines cave environments as unique spaces of knowledge production and shows how visualizations of natural cavities in maps came to be powerful tools in scientific reasoning. Faced with the challenge of limited vision, mapmakers combined empiricism and imagination in an experimental setting and developed specific translation strategies to deal with the uncertain origin of underground objects and the shifting boundaries between the known and the unknown. By deconstructing this type of cartographic representation, which has barely been studied, this paper furnishes surprising insights into the scholarly practices and tools used to deal with this considerable epistemic uncertainty and to signal credibility and trust to potential users. The array of maps used for this study includes both archival and published sources, depicting caves in Europe, America and Siberia.
Identification and pathogenicity ofPratylenchus scribnerion tomato in Sichuan Province of People's Republic of China
Authors: Xia Y.H. , Li J. , Sun M.R. , Lei B. , Li H.L. , Li Y. , Wang K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRoot-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchusspp.) are a group of economically important pathogens that have caused serious economic losses in many crops. In 2019, root-lesion nematodes were recovered from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) root samples collected from Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China (PRC). Extracted nematodes were disinfected, and one individual female was cultured on a carrot disc for propagation at 25 °C by parthenogenesis and designated the SC isolate. Afterwards, the isolate was identified on the basis of morphometric and molecular markers. Both morphometric characters and molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region gene (ITS) of ribosomal DNA, the D2-D3 expansion region of the 28S rDNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtDNA-COI) gene revealed that the species of root-lesion nematode wasPratylenchus scribneri. The Bayesian tree inferred from the ITS rDNA, 28S rDNA and mtDNA-COI gene sequences also showed that this isolate formed a highly supported clade with otherP. scribneriisolates. The pathogenicity of the root-lesion nematode SC isolate on tomato was assessed, showing that tomato was a suitable host forP. scribneri. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report ofP. scribnerion tomato in Sichuan Province, PRC. These are also the first molecular data obtained fromP. scribnerion tomato in the PRC, and the pathogenicity ofP. scribnerito tomato was studied for the first time. This study provides scientific data for the detection, identification and control of tomato root-lesion nematode disease.
Middle-ear effusion in children with cleft palate: congenital or acquired?
Authors: Kraus F , Hagen R , Shehata-Dieler W 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveCleft palates are one of the most common congenital malformations. Because of the loss of Eustachian tube function, middle-ear ventilation is reduced. The aim of this study was to determine if middle-ear effusions were present at birth or at the three-month audiological evaluation.MethodA total of 53 children with a cleft palate were included. Data review included the results of newborn hearing screening, microscopic findings, a tympanometry, a free field audiometry and intra-operative findings.ResultsA total of 58.4 per cent of patients had a median, 26.4 per cent had a bilateral, 11.3 per cent had a unilateral and 3.8 per cent had a limited soft palate cleft. Newborn hearing screening showed a pass in 83.1 per cent of newborns bilaterally. The first ear microscopy showed a bilateral middle-ear effusion in 90.6 per cent of cases. During cleft surgery, bilateral paracentesis was performed in all cases, and in 90.6 per cent middle-ear effusion was sucked out.ConclusionThe majority of children with a cleft palate do not present with middle-ear effusion at birth. It develops within several days or weeks of life.
The J. Derek Bewley Career Lecture. Seeds–plants–crops–biodiversity–environment–people: illustrating understanding and ideas
Authors: Ellis Richard H. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe J. Derek Bewley Career Lectures presented at the triennial meetings of the International Society of Seed Science support early-career seed scientists by providing retrospective views, from those late in their careers, of lessons learned and future implications. Ambition, ability, inspiration, foresight, hard work and opportunity are obvious career requirements. The importance of mentoring and teamwork combined with the clear communication of results, understanding and ideas are emphasized. The role of illustration in research, and its dissemination, is outlined: illustration can support hypothesis development, testing and communication. Climate change may perturb the production of high-quality seed affecting conservation as well as agriculture, horticulture and forestry. An illustrative synthesis of the current understanding of temporal aspects of the effects of seed production environment on seed quality (assessed by subsequent seed storage longevity) is provided for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). Seed science research can contribute to complex global challenges such as future food supplies from seed-propagated crops in our changing climate whilst conserving biological diversity (through seed ecology and technologies such as ex situ plant genetic resources conservation by long-term seed storage in genebanks), but only if that research can be – and then is – applied.
Prenatal diagnosis lowers neonatal cardiac care costs in resource-limited settings
Authors: Vaidyanathan Balu , Rani Karthika , Kunde Farooq , Thomas Stephy , Sudhakar Abish , Kumar Raman Krishna , Zheleva Bistra 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackground:Prenatal diagnosis of critical CHDs and planned peripartum care is an emerging concept in resource-limited settings.Objective:To report the impact of prenatal diagnosis and planned peripartum care on costs of neonatal cardiac care in a resource-limited setting.Methods:Prospective study (October 2019 to October 2020). Consecutive neonates undergoing surgery or catheter-based interventions included. Patients were divided into prenatal (prenatal diagnosis) and post-natal (diagnosis after birth) groups. Costs of cardiac care (total, direct, and indirect) and health expenses to income ratio were compared between study groups; factors impacting costs were analysed.Results:A total of 105 neonates were included, including 33 in prenatal group. Seventy-seven neonates (73.3%) underwent surgical procedures while the rest needed catheter-based interventions. Total costs were 16.2% lower in the prenatal group (p = 0.008). Direct costs were significantly lower in the prenatal group (18%; p = 0.02), especially in neonates undergoing surgery (20.4% lower; p = 0.001). Health expenses to income ratio was also significantly lower in the prenatal group (2.04 (1.03–2.66) versus post-natal:2.58 (1.55–5.63), p = 0.01);, particularly in patients undergoing surgery (prenatal: 1.58 (1.03–2.66) vs. post-natal: 2.99 (1.91–6.02); p = 0.002). Prenatal diagnosis emerged as the only modifiable factor impacting costs on multivariate analysis.Conclusion:Prenatal diagnosis and planned peripartum care of critical CHD is feasible in resource-limited settings and is associated with significantly lower costs of neonatal cardiac care. The dual benefit of improved clinical outcomes and lower costs of cardiac care should encourage policymakers in resource-limited settings towards developing more prenatal cardiac services.
Fractal Behaviors of Hydraulic Head and Surface Runoff of the Nested Groundwater Flow Systems in Response to Rainfall Fluctuations
Authors: Zhang Xiaolang , Li Hailong , Jiao Jiu Jimmy , Luo Xin , Kuang Xingxing , Mao Rong , Hu Wenli 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe responses of the nested groundwater flow systems (NGFS) to rainfall fluctuations and the impacts of the NGFS on surface runoff are explored using a fully coupled variably saturated groundwater‐surface water model in conjunction with spectral analysis. Numerical experiments are designed to investigate the fractal behaviors of hydraulic head and surface runoff in different scenarios. The results show that the inlets, outlets, and flow patterns of the sub‐systems of NGFS can change with rainfall. The scaling‐exponent, defined as the slope of the power spectra of the fluctuations of hydraulic head or runoff, is used to depict the fractal behaviors. The scaling‐exponent of the hydraulic head is highly variable within the unsaturated zone and local flow systems but remains constant within the intermediate and regional systems. Whether the scaling‐exponent of surface runoff exhibits a linear relation with the watershed size depends on the proportion of baseflow in the runoff.
Implications of Sound Velocities of Natural Topaz on the Seismic L‐Discontinuity
Authors: Chen Sibo , Cai Nao , Wang Siheng , Qi Xintong , Li Baosheng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCompressional and shear wave velocities of topaz have been measured by ultrasonic interferometry in a multi‐anvil apparatus up to 13 GPa at room temperature. By fitting the measured velocities under pressure to finite strain equations, the elastic moduli of topaz and their pressure derivatives were obtained, yielding KS0 = 165.5 (25) GPa, KS′ = 2.9 (1), G0 = 116.5 (17) GPa, and G′ = 1.0 (1). Modeling of the velocity profiles of subducted sediments suggests that at 8 GPa (∼240 km depth) the P‐ and S‐ wave velocities of the subducted sediments exhibit a first order increase of 10% and 11%, respectively. The comparison between seismic observations and velocity contrasts of sediment + MORB model at 240 km shows dehydration of a 1.5–3.9 km thick sediment layer can potentially contribute to the seismically observed Lehmann discontinuity in Tonga, Japan, Philippine Sea, South America, Indonesia, and South Shetland subduction zones.
Three‐Dimensional Variation of the Slab Geometry Within the South American Subduction System
Authors: Liu Meng , Gao Haiying 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSubduction of the Nazca plate results in the uneven distributions of earthquakes and arc volcanoes along the South America's western margin. Here, we construct a high‐resolution shear‐wave velocity model from immediately offshore to the backarc in South America, using advanced full‐wave ambient noise tomography. Our new model confirms and provides further constraints on three major features, including (a) extensive low‐velocity anomalies within the continental crust, (b) two high‐velocity flat slab segments located beneath southern Peru and central Chile, and (c) complex slab geometry at flat‐to‐normal transitional subduction. The flat slab segments roughly correlate with the volcanic gaps but not with the seismicity gaps. We suggest that variations of slab geometry along strike and down dip have significantly modified the flow patterns within the mantle wedge. Subduction of oceanic ridges has altered the slab dehydration processes, which can influence the distribution of arc volcanism and the occurrence of intermediate‐depth earthquakes.
Improving the Estimate of Summer Daytime Planetary Boundary Layer Height Over Land From GPS Radio Occultation Data
Authors: Wang Yinjun , Zeng Xubin , Xu Xiangde , Xie Feiqin , Zhao Yang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGlobal Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation measurements have been widely used to estimate global planetary boundary layer heights (H) using the minimum refractivity gradient method. This method is directly tested here using radiosonde data in China and is found to overestimate summer daytime H over land primarily in the presence of multi‐inversions in the lower troposphere. This deficiency is largely reduced by adding a constraint with lifting condensation level (LCL) in the derivation of H, particularly for LCL < 2 km (usually over humid regions). The primary reason is that our new method effectively avoids estimating H near the strong inversion corresponding to the minimum refractivity gradient in the free atmosphere. Applying our new method to the GPS radio occultation data, with LCL derived from surface automatic weather stations, yields more reasonable daytime variation and spatial distribution of H over land in China as compared to the ERA5 reanalysis and radiosonde data.
A Snapshot of New Zealand's Dynamic Deformation Field From Envisat InSAR and GNSS Observations Between 2003 and 2011
Authors: Hamling Ian J. , Wright Tim J. , Hreinsdóttir Sigrun , Wallace Laura M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMeasuring the deformation at the Earth's surface over a range of spatial and temporal scales is vital for understanding seismic hazard, detecting volcanic unrest, and assessing the effects of vertical land movements (VLMs) on sea level rise. Here, we combine ∼10 years of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations from Envisat with interseismic campaign and continuous GNSS velocities to build a high‐resolution velocity field of New Zealand. Exploiting the horizontal GNSS observations, we estimate the vertical component of the deformation to provide the VLM for the entire 15,000‐km‐long coastline. The estimated vertical rates show large variability around the country as a result of volcanic, tectonic, and anthropogenic sources. Interseismic subsidence is observed in Kaikoura region supporting models of at least partial locking of the southern Hikurangi subduction interface. Despite data challenges in the mountainous regions from landslides, sediment compaction, and glaciers, InSAR data shows localized uplift of the Southern Alps.
Nanophotonics shines light on hyperbolic metamaterials
Authors: Aigner Andreas , Dawes Judith M. , Maier Stefan A. , Ren Haoran 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHyperbolic metamaterials with a unique hyperbolic dispersion relation allow propagating waves with infinitely large wavevectors and a high density of states. Researchers from Korea and Singapore provide a comprehensive review of hyperbolic metamaterials, including artificially structured hyperbolic media and natural hyperbolic materials. They explain key nanophotonic concepts and describe a range of applications for these versatile materials.