bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
245 Level of Colostrum Intake Affects Vaginal Lipidome of Gilts at Three Weeks Postnatal
Authors: Sheets Jocelyn V , Mills Kayla , Stewart Kara R , Casey Theresa 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Colostrum is the first milk and available to neonatal pigs the first 24-36 h after birth. Colostrum provides immunity, nutrients, essential fatty acids, and bioactive factors. Colostrum consumption is related to long-term fertility. Previously, vaginal lipidome of female piglets (gilts) on d 21 postnatal (PN) was found to be different between animals that became highly fertile production sows versus infertile animals. Arachidonic acid, a derivative of the essential fatty acids was less in infertile animals. We hypothesized that differences in vaginal lipidome profiles of gilts were due to differing levels of colostrum intake, thus we hypothesized gilts with greater immunocrit (IM) ratios, and greater 24-hour weight gain (measures of colostrum intake) will have greater levels of essential fatty acids and derivatives. Here we determined the relationship of IM and 24 h gain to vaginal lipids on d 21 PN. Gilts (n = 60) were weighed at birth and 24 h PN, and blood sampled to measure IM. On d 21 PN vaginal swabs were taken from surviving gilts (n = 53). Lipids were extracted from swabs using the Bligh-Dyer method and measured using multiple reaction monitoring profiling). MetaboAnalyst 5.0 was used for statistical analysis. Phosphatidyl choline (PC) (36:3), PC(36:2),and arachidonic acid positively (P &lt; 0.05) correlated with immunocrit. PCo(38:6) and cholesterol ethers negatively (P &lt; 0.05) correlated with IM and 24 h gain. Overall, our hypothesis was supported as greater colostrum intake is related to greater levels of essential fatty acids and derivatives in vaginal lipids at 21d PN.
PSIII-7 The Effect of One-Carbon Metabolite Supplementation in Combination with Adequate or Restricted Feed Intake During Early Gestation on Maternal Hematology
Authors: Entzie Yssi , King Layla , Syring Jessica , Hirchert Mara R , Caton Joel , Dahlen Carl R , Ward Alison K , Crouse Matthew S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
During gestation maternal blood volume increases to meet the needs of the growing fetus. Folate and vitamin B12 are hematopoietic vitamins required for DNA synthesis in developing red blood cells. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of one-carbon metabolites (OCM; folate, vitamin B12, choline, and methionine) supplementation in combination with adequate or restricted intake in early gestation on maternal hematology. Thirty-two cross-bred Angus heifers were estrous synchronized and artificially inseminated with female-sexed semen. At breeding (day 0), heifers were assigned to treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The first factor was control intake (CON; 0.60 kg/day average daily gain) versus restricted (RES; -0.23 kg/day gain). The second factor was OCM supplementation (+OCM; rumen protected choline [0.60 g/day] and methionine [10 g/day] in a fine ground corn carrier and weekly injections of 320 mg folate and 10mg vitamin B12) or no supplementation (-OCM; corn carrier and saline injections). Blood samples were collected on d -2 and d 62 relative to breeding. Samples were analyzed for hematocrit and complete blood cell count with differential. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with d -2 as a covariate and significance at P &lt; 0.05. Red blood cell count was greater (P = 0.0019) in RES than CON (9.29 vs 8.30 ± 0.186 × 106 cells/mm3). Hematocrit (P = 0.08) and packed cell volume tended (P = 0.09) to be greater in RES than CON. The percentage of monocytes was less (P = 0.04) in +OCM than -OCM (1.5 vs 3.0 ± 0.50 %). The percentage of segmented neutrophils was greater (P = 0.01) in CON than RES (24.6 vs 16.8 ± 1.93 %). These results indicate that supplementation with OCM did not increase hematopoiesis in early gestation in heifers receiving an adequate or restricted plane of nutrition.
PSV-14 Performance and Consumer Preference Between Bone-In and Boneless Striploins Using a Precision Dry-Aging System (Agenator)
Authors: Herrera Nicolas , Sonderman Joseph , Velazco David , Calkins Chris 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
To determine effects of moisture loss on dry-aged beef, strip loins from 12 low Choice carcasses were collected. One loin from each carcass side was randomly assigned to bone-in or boneless treatment. Loins were assigned to 1 of 4 aging treatments: bone-in-wet (BW), bone-in-dry (BD), boneless-wet (bW), or boneless-dry (bD). Dry-aging loins were placed in individual dry-aging chambers for 40 d, precisely controlling relative humidity (70%), air velocity, temperature (2°C) and mass (±5 g). Data were continuously recorded to calculate percent and rate of moisture loss. After aging, bone-in loins were de-boned, and dry-aged loins were trimmed of dried surfaces. Percent moisture loss, trim loss, and yield were calculated. Two steaks per dry-aged loin were cooked to 71°C, one for Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF), and one for consumer evaluation of tenderness, juiciness, and flavor and preference ranking. Percent and rate of moisture loss of dry-aged loins were analyzed as a completely randomized design (CRD), with day as repeated measures. Mean separations were conducted using LSMEANS with SLICEDIFF function at P &lt; 0.05. Percent trim loss, total moisture loss, yield, and WBSF were analyzed as a CRD. Affective consumer testing utilized a Tukey HSD adjustment at P &lt; 0.05. A treatment-by-day effect occurred (P &lt; 0.05) for percent and rate moisture loss. Lower moisture loss in BD loins occurred after 2 d aging and daily rate of moisture loss through 31 d aging compared with bD. The bD loins had the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) total moisture loss, trim loss, and lowest yield. The BD loins had higher degree of liking (P &lt; 0.05) for tenderness and preference ratings compared with bD. No differences (P &gt; 0.05) were seen in WBSF. Intact bone reduces rate of moisture loss in dry-aged loins, increasing total yield and consumer preference compared with boneless loins.
PSII-16 Enterid Reduced E. Coli Colonization in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract of Young Pigs
Authors: Mercado Aileen Joy L , Tran Huyen , Karnezos Peter , de Rodas Brenda , Crowder Stacie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of Enterid feed additive (PMI Additives) on the health status of newly-weaned pigs challenged with Enterotoxigenic E. coli (F4/K88). Seventy-two newly-weaned piglets of mixed sex were weighed and sorted into groups of 12 pens (3 gilts and 3 barrows each pen). Each pen was then randomly assigned into 1 of 3 treatments, consisting of a non-challenged group (NC), E.coli-challenged group (ETEC), and ETEC supplemented with 0.10% Enterid. Pigs were treated with Baytril upon arrival and were provided their respective diets and water ad libitum. All pigs except NC were challenged with F4/K88 strain 181016 E. coli on d 10 and d 11. Clinical observations (fecal scores, respiration rate, appetite, attitude, edema), rectal temperature and E. coli shedding were measured daily beginning on d9 until the end of the study (d 20). Clinical outcomes were analyzed using Mixed procedure in SAS following a completely randomized design with initial weight as covariate and day post challenge as a repeated measure parameter. Clinical measurements, except fecal scores, were all rated normal and so were not analyzed statistically. There were no differences among treatments in E. coli shedding prior to the challenge (2.3 log cfu/ml, P &gt; 0.20). Immediately post challenge, however, E. coli shedding for the ETEC increased by 12 log (14.4 log cfu/ml, P &lt; 0.05) and remained elevated for 4-5 d. Supplementation with Enterid resulted in a 2-log reduction in E. coli shedding during the first 3 d post-challenge (P &lt; 0.10) and returned to pre-challenge level after 5 d. No clear differences in rectal temperature were observed among treatments. E. coli challenge resulted in poorer fecal quality (d3-5, P &lt; 0.05), with Enterid not influencing the response (P &gt; 0.20). The current results support the ability of Enterid to reduce E. coli colonization in the gut of pigs challenged with E. coli.
PSIII-13 Dietary Supplementation of Botanical Blends Modified Fecal Microbiota of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Infected with an Enterotoxigenic E. Coli
Authors: Jinno Cynthia N , Wong Braden , Li Xunde , Wall Emma , Liu Yanhong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the fecal microbiota of weaned pigs when supplemented with different botanical blends while being experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli. A total of 60 weaned pigs (7.17 ± 0.97 kg) were individually housed and randomly assigned to 1 of the 5 treatments (12 pigs/treatment): sham control (CON-), challenged control (CON+), challenged botanical blend 1 with 100 ppm (BB1_100), challenged BB2 with 50 ppm (BB2_50), and challenged BB2 with 100 ppm (BB2_100). Both botanical blends were composed of capsicum oleoresin but different garlic extract varieties. The experiment lasted for 28 d including a 7-d habituation period followed by an E. coli oral inoculation of 1010 CFU/dose for 3 consecutive days. Fecal samples were collected on d -7, 0, 5 and 21 post inoculation (PI) to perform 16S rRNA sequencing at the V4 hypervariable region. Downstream analysis was performed using QIIME2 (v. 2020.8) and R. No difference was observed among treatments throughout the experiment in alpha diversity. Bray-Curtis PCoA displayed pronounced clusters by days but also displayed overlaps when looking into day and treatment interaction. Firmicutes was more (P &lt; 0.05) abundant in CON- than the botanical treatments while Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were more (P &lt; 0.05) abundant in BB1_100 and BB2_50 than in CON- on d 5 PI. Firmicutes was less (P &lt; 0.05) abundant in BB2_50 and Proteobacteria was more (P &lt; 0.05) abundant in BB1_100 than in CON+ on d 21 PI. Lachnospiraceae was less abundant (P &lt; 0.05) in BB2_50 than in CON- on d 5 PI and less (P &lt; 0.05) abundant in BB1_100 than in CON- on d 21. In conclusion, the botanical treatments have modified the fecal microbiota of weaned pigs challenged with an enteropathogenic E. coli.
PSIV-8 Dietary Botanical Blends Modified the Intestinal Microbiota of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Challenged with an Enterotoxigenic E. Coli
Authors: Jinno Cynthia N , Wong Braden , Li Xunde , Wall Emma , Liu Yanhong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs when supplemented with different botanical blends while being experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli. A total of 60 weaned pigs (7.17 ± 0.97 kg) were individually housed and randomly assigned to 1 of the 5 treatments (12 pigs/treatment): sham control (CON-), challenged control (CON+), challenged botanical blend 1 with 100 ppm (BB1_100), challenged BB2 with 50 ppm (BB2_50), and challenged BB2 with 100 ppm (BB2_100). Both botanical blends were composed of capsicum oleoresin but different garlic extract varieties. The experiment lasted for 28 d including a 7-day habituation period followed by an E. coli oral inoculation of 1010 CFU/dose for 3 consecutive days. Ileal, cecal, and fecal samples were collected on d 5 and 21 post inoculation (PI) to perform 16S rRNA sequencing at the V4 hypervariable region followed by a downstream analysis using QIIME2 (v. 2020.8) and R. No difference was observed in alpha diversity among treatments and sites on d 21 PI; however, CON- had the least Shannon and Chao1 indices in ileal digesta on d 5 PI. Bray-Curtis PCoA displayed distinct clusters by treatments in the ileum and cecum on d 5 and 21 PI. On d 5 PI, Bacteroidota was more abundant (P &lt; 0.05) in feces of BB1_100 but was the most abundant (P &lt; 0.05) in ileum of CON-. Pigs in BB2 supplementation were more abundant (P &lt; 0.05) in Proteobacteria in feces than in pigs in CON- at d 5 PI. On d 21 PI, Streptococcaceae was more abundant (P &lt; 0.05) in the ileum of CON+ than of BB2_50 and Lachnospiraceae was more (P &lt; 0.05) abundant in feces of pigs in BB2_100 than in BB1_100. In conclusion, supplementing botanical blend can modify the intestinal microbiota in weaned pigs challenged with a pathogenic E. coli.
PSIV-15 Impact of Wean Age and SID Lysine Level on Performance in Lactation
Authors: Petersen Grant I , McCormick Katherine , Johnston Mike E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
With genetic improvement, sows are having larger litters and nursing more pigs. The wean age of these piglets can impact sow feed intake and piglet wean weight. Additionally, Lys level can impact sow and piglet growth. This study was performed to assess whether the addition of greater standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys improves sow and litter performance for 2 wean ages. Four hundred thirty-two DNA F1 females (average parity 2.4) were randomly allotted within group and entry weight at farrowing to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial with wean age (15.5 and 24.5 d) and lactation diet SID Lys (0.87, 0.94, 1.02 and 1.10%). Sows were weighed entering and exiting the farrowing room. Feed disappearance was calculated as the total amount of feed provided to the sow during lactation. A post-farrow weight model was utilized to assess true weight loss in lactation. Litters were standardized within 24 h of birth. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with fixed effects of SID Lys and wean age, and random effect of replicate. Average daily feed intake was increased (P &lt; 0.05) in the sows weaning older age compared with younger age piglets (6.52 vs. 5.87 kg respectively). There was a tendency (P &lt; 0.10) for an interaction between wean age and maternal Lys level on piglet wean weight as higher Lys increased wean weight (0.29 kg) in the older wean age but had no improvement in the younger wean age. Sow weight loss was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in sows weaning younger piglets compared with sows weaning older piglets (4.26 vs. 11.02 kg weight loss, respectively). These data show that greater levels of SID Lys to target 65 g/d in lactation can improve wean weight for later weaning sows.
PSIV-14 Feeding Broiler Chicks with S. Pombe-Expressed Phytase-Containing Diet Improves Growth Performance, Phosphorus Digestibility, Toe Ash, and Footpad Lesions
Authors: De Dang Xin , Serge Muhizi , Kim Inho 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 390 1-day-old broiler chicks with an average initial body weight of 42.15 ± 0.17 g were used to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of S. pombe-expressed phytase on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility, organ indexes, meat quality, toe ash, and footpad lesions score. All birds were randomly assigned to 5 groups based on the initial body weight (42.15 ± 0.17 g), there were 6 replicate cages per treatment and 13 birds (mixed sex) per cage. The experimental period was 45 d, including 4 periods (starter, d 1-10; grower, d 11-24; finisher 1, d 25-38; finisher 2, d 39-45). Dietary treatments were based on a corn-soybean meal-basal diet and supplemented with 500, 750, 1,000, and 1,500 FTU/kg S. pombe-expressed phytase. One phytase unit (FTU) was defined as the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the release of 1 micromole phosphate from phytate per minute at 37°C and pH 5.5. The inclusion of increasing levels of phytase in the diet linearly increased the body weight gain during d 1-10 (P = 0.001), 25-38 (P = 0.016), 39-45 (P = 0.018), and 1-45 (P = 0.004), feed intake during d 25-38 (P = 0.032), feed conversion ratio during d 1-10 (P = 0.001), 39-45 (P = 0.038), and 1-45 (P = 0.012), carcass weight (P = 0.035), toe ash (P &lt; 0.001), and apparent ileal phosphorus digestibility (P = 0.049). However, the footpad lesions score (P = 0.040) decreased linearly with the increase in phytase levels in the diet. Therefore, dietary supplementation of S. pombe-expressed phytase was beneficial to the growth performance, toe ash, apparent ileal phosphorus digestibility, and footpad lesions of broiler chicks in a dose-dependent manner.
PSV-11 Evaluation of a Supplement (ATPsorb) on Growth Performance in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Sandberg Fredrik , Kwon Eric , Soltwedel Kevin , Hartsook Greg , Bible Megan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
ATPsorb is a unique combination of Lipidol Ultra (a source of lysophospholipids) and Endo-power Beta (a source of several NSP enzymes). Thus, the response of ATPsorb was evaluated in nursery pigs. A total of 551 (DNA x DNA 600 sired) weaned, commercial pigs (21 d of age, average 5.61 kg (P = 0.38); 9-10 reps; 29 pigs/pen) were blocked by body weight. There were 2 treatments: standard nursery feed without antibiotics, control (CON); 2) CON + 2 lb per ton of ATPsorb for 21 d (ATP). FANCOM feeding system was used to deliver feed. Pens of pigs were weighed and feed disappearances were recorded on d 0 and 21. Data were used to calculate ADG and ADFI. To simulate commercial practice, pigs were treated with injectable antibiotic if required, and those that did not respond were removed and placed in sick pens. At the end of 21 d, the number of dead (% mortality) and viable pigs (% morbidity) were calculated. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the GLM procedure in Minitab with Fisher’s t-test determining differences between treatments. For d 0-21, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.61) observed for BW, ADG or ADFI. There was a 6.6% improvement (P = 0.05; 0.55 vs. 0.59) in G:F. No differences (P ≥ 0.33) were observed for morbidity or mortality. These data suggests that ATPsorb is capable of providing better nutrient utilization and absorption during the first 21 d in the nursery phase. Further testing is needed to evaluate lifetime performance.
PSVI-10 Evaluation of Vegetable Protein Sources on Nursery Pig Performance in a Commercial Environment
Authors: Royall Rafe Q , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Haydon Keith D 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of vegetable protein sources on growth performance of nursery pigs in a commercial research environment. A total of 2,592 pigs (L337 × 1050, PIC; initial BW of 5.3 ± 0.05 kg) were used in a 42-d study. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and weaning date and allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 27 pigs/pen and 16 replications/treatment. A corn-soybean meal control diet with no specialty vegetable protein source was used to compare performance against 5 diets containing either 1 of 2 soy protein concentrates (XSoy 600; CJ America-Bio, Downers Grove, IL; 5.0 and 2.5%, phase 1 and 2, respectively or Soytide; CJ America-Bio, Downers Grove, IL; 5.5 and 2.75%, phase 1 and 2, respectively), enzyme-treated soybean meal (HP 300; Hamlet Protein, Findlay, OH; 5.7 and 2.83%, phase 1 and 2, respectively), fermented soybean meal (Fermex 200; Purina Animal Nutrition, Shoreview, MN; 6.7 and 3.35%, phase 1 and 2, respectively), or high-protein corn DDGs (NexPro; Poet, Wichita, KS; 7.5 and 3.75%, phase 1 and 2, respectively). Diets were formulated in 2 dietary phases and fed at 2.27 kg/pig and 8.16 kg/pig, respectively, with a common phase 3 diet fed until d 42. The dietary level of soybean meal was held constant within phases 1 and 2 for diets 2 to 5 with protein sources replaced on a digestible lysine basis. During the experimental diet period (d 0 to 21) or overall (d 0 to 42), there was no evidence of difference (P &gt; 0.05) for ADG, ADFI or G:F. Additionally, there was no evidence of difference (P &gt; 0.05) for total removals, and mortality. In summary, none of the protein sources evaluated improved growth performance relative to soybean meal.
PSVI-16 Performance Response of Nursery Pigs Fed Increasing Levels of Fermentable and Structural Fiber
Authors: May Sabrina B , Ebarb Sara , Frederick Brent 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Dietary fiber can provide functional benefits to nursery pigs, thereby improving gut health and growth performance. However, effects vary depending on the type and amount of fiber supplemented. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary fermentable fiber (FRM), structural fiber (STR), and their interaction on growth performance of nursery pigs. In total, 3,014 weanling pigs (body weight = 5.71 ± 0.11 kg, 15 replicate pens/treatment, 21 – 23 pigs/pen) were allotted by pen in a randomized complete block design to treatments in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with 2 factors: FRM (12, 13, or 14%) and STR (3, 4, or 5%). Diets were formulated to maintain similar dietary protein and metabolizable energy, and rice hulls or beet pulp were added to achieve different levels of STR and FRM, respectively. Fiber concentrations were estimated using in vitro fermentation methods. Phase 1 and 2 diets were fed from day 0 – 11 and 11 – 21 post-weaning, respectively. A common diet was fed from d 21 – 43. Data were analyzed by general linear model in R with random effect of location block. Orthogonal contrasts tested for linear and quadratic effects of STR and FRM, and their interaction. Overall (d 0 – 43), increasing FRM increased average daily gain (ADG; linear, P &lt; 0.05). As STR increased, overall ADG increased and then decreased (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05), with 4% STR resulting in the greatest ADG. Interactions between fiber type were observed (P &lt; 0.05) for final body weight, overall average daily feed intake, and overall gain:feed. Pigs fed 14% FRM and 5% STR had the numerically greatest final body weight and ADG. In summary, increasing STR up to 4% improved performance, and greater levels of FRM can further improve performance when higher levels of STR are provided in the diet.
PSVII-7 The Effects on Supplementation of Medium Chain Fatty Acids on Piglet Health and Immune Markers
Authors: Swanson Analicia J , Hesse Amanda , Levesque Crystal L , Pierre Benoit St 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 77 mixed parity sows were used from d 28 of gestation until weaning to determine the effects of supplementation of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) on colostrum composition and serum immunocrit ratios. On d 28 of gestation, sows were weighed, blocked by parity and weight and allotted to either control diets (UNSUP) or control diets plus 0.3% inclusion of MCFA blend in gestation and lactation. After birth of the first piglet, a 40 mL colostrum sample was collected. On d 2 of age, a 1 mL blood sample was collected from the piglet mammary vein and serum was stored. Colostrum samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, and total solids. Piglet serum were analyzed for immunocrit ratios. Piglet fecal samples were collected at 10, 35 and 63 d of age and quantitative rtPCR for Lactobacillus were completed. Data were analyzed as a randomized incomplete block with maternal diet as main effect and litter as experimental unit. The MCFA sows had greater (P &lt; 0.05) concentration of colostral protein (17.7 vs 16.5%) and solids not fat (23.4 vs 22.2%), a tendency for greater concentration of total solids (29.9 vs 28.6%, P=0.07) and tendency for reduced (P = 0.07) concentration of lactose. Overall preweaning survivability was 91.6 and 92.5% in UNSUP and SUP litters, respectively. Serum immunocrit values (0.16 vs 0.14) were greater (P = 0.01) in piglets from UNSUP sows compared with supplemented. Lactobacillus represented 55 and 49% at day 10, 24 and 57% at day 35 and 9 and 3% at day 63 of age in UNSUP and SUP pigs, respectively and were not different. In conclusion, MCFA supplementation in gestation and lactation diets improved overall colostrum quality.