bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The salivary effector protein Sg2204 in the greenbug Schizaphis graminum suppresses wheat defence and is essential for enabling aphid feeding on host plants
Authors: Zhang Yong , Liu Xiaobei , Francis Frédéric , Xie Haicui , Fan Jia , Wang Qian , Liu Huan , Sun Yu , Chen Julian 
Published: July 2022

SummaryAphids secrete diverse repertoires of salivary effectors into host plant cells to promote infestation by modulating plant defence. The greenbug Schizaphis graminum is an important cereal aphid worldwide. However, the secreted effectors of S. graminum are still uncharacterized. Here, 76 salivary proteins were identified from the watery saliva of S. graminum using transcriptome and proteome analyses. Among them, a putative salivary effector Sg2204 was significantly up‐regulated during aphid feeding stages, and transient overexpression of Sg2204 in Nicotiana benthamiana inhibited cell death induced by BAX or INF1. Delivering Sg2204 into wheat via the type III secretion system of Pseudomonas fluorescens EtAnH suppressed pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI)‐associated callose deposition. The transcript levels of jasmonic acid (JA)‐ and salicylic acid (SA)‐associated defence genes of wheat were significantly down‐regulated, and the contents of both JA and SA were also significantly decreased after delivery of Sg2204 into wheat leaves. Additionally, feeding on wheat expressing Sg2204 significantly increased the weight and fecundity of S. graminum and promoted aphid phloem feeding. Sg2204 was efficiently silenced via spray‐based application of the nanocarrier‐mediated transdermal dsRNA delivery system. Moreover, Sg2204‐silenced aphids induced a stronger wheat defence response and resulted in negative impacts on aphid feeding behaviour, survival and fecundity. Silencing of Sg2204 homologues from four aphid species using nanocarrier‐delivered dsRNA also significantly reduced aphid performance on host plants. Thus, our study characterized the salivary effector Sg2204 of S. graminum involved in promoting host susceptibility by suppressing wheat defence, which can also be regarded as a promising RNAi target for aphid control.
Creating relationship‐based practice in youth employment services—Converting policy intentions to practical program design
Authors: Meltzer Ariella , Ramia Ioana , Moffatt Jennifer , Powell Abigail 
Published: July 2022

AbstractRelationship‐based practice refers to approaches within human services which centralise inter‐personal relationships—either those between clients and workers or between clients and their own network—as a way to achieve positive service outcomes. Relationship‐based practice is increasingly recognised as a critical component in many areas of human services, particularly youth services. Despite increasing policy intentions for programs to adopt a relationship‐based approach, it is not always clear how services can implement this in practice. While relationship‐based skill training can be offered to individual workers, a question remains as to what can be done at an organisational and policy level to cultivate relationship‐based practice. Within this context, this paper explores how programs can be designed to foster relationship‐based practice. The paper draws on the evaluation of an intensive and tailored service for addressing long‐term youth unemployment in Australia: the your job your way pilot program run by yourtown. A key success of the program was strong relationship‐based practice, and this paper explores five features of the program's design that enabled this: (1) small caseloads, (2) intensive support, (3) staff with complementary skills and a professional and ‘youth friendly’ demeanour, (4) staff discretion about some aspects of program implementation, and (5) support delivered through social and group activities. The paper draws implications for how service provider organisations and governments can cultivate relationship‐based practice in human services.
Chromosome painting reveals inter‐chromosomal rearrangements and evolution of subgenome D of wheat
Authors: Shi Peiyao , Sun Haojie , Liu Guanqing , Zhang Xu , Zhou Jiawen , Song Rongrong , Xiao Jin , Yuan Chunxia , Sun Li , Wang Zongkuan , Lou Qunfeng , Jiang Jiming , Wang Xiue , Wang Haiyan 
Published: July 2022

SUMMARYAegilops species represent the most important gene pool for breeding bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Thus, understanding the genome evolution, including chromosomal structural rearrangements and syntenic relationships among Aegilops species or between Aegilops and wheat, is important for both basic genome research and practical breeding applications. In the present study, we attempted to develop subgenome D‐specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes by selecting D‐specific oligonucleotides based on the reference genome of Chinese Spring. The oligo‐based chromosome painting probes consisted of approximately 26 000 oligos per chromosome and their specificity was confirmed in both diploid and polyploid species containing the D subgenome. Two previously reported translocations involving two D chromosomes have been confirmed in wheat varieties and their derived lines. We demonstrate that the oligo painting probes can be used not only to identify the translocations involving D subgenome chromosomes, but also to determine the precise positions of chromosomal breakpoints. Chromosome painting of 56 accessions of Ae. tauschii from different origins led us to identify two novel translocations: a reciprocal 3D‐7D translocation in two accessions and a complex 4D‐5D‐7D translocation in one accession. Painting probes were also used to analyze chromosomes from more diverse Aegilops species. These probes produced FISH signals in four different genomes. Chromosome rearrangements were identified in Aegilops umbellulata, Aegilops markgrafii, and Aegilops uniaristata, thus providing syntenic information that will be valuable for the application of these wild species in wheat breeding.
Research strategies for single‐cell transcriptome analysis in plant leaves
Authors: Liu Zhixin , Yu Xiaole , Qin Aizhi , Zhao Zihao , Liu Yumeng , Sun Susu , Liu Hao , Guo Chenxi , Wu Rui , Yang Jincheng , Hu Mengke , Bawa George , Sun Xuwu 
Published: July 2022

SUMMARYThe recent and continuous improvement in single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) technology has led to its emergence as an efficient experimental approach in plant research. However, compared with single‐cell research in animals and humans, the application of scRNA‐seq in plant research is limited by several challenges, including cell separation, cell type annotation, cellular function analysis, and cell–cell communication networks. In addition, the unavailability of corresponding reliable and stable analysis methods and standards has resulted in the relative decentralization of plant single‐cell research. Considering these shortcomings, this review summarizes the research progress in plant leaf using scRNA‐seq. In addition, it describes the corresponding feasible analytical methods and associated difficulties and problems encountered in the current research. In the end, we provide a speculative overview of the development of plant single‐cell transcriptome research in the future.
Logistics of managing a trauma whole blood inventory in a civilian level 1 trauma center
Authors: Phan‐Tang Michelle , Lee Christine M. , Fang Amy , Rioveros Jowin , Siletz Anaar E. , Cryer Henry , McGonigle Andrea M. , Ziman Alyssa , Ward Dawn C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundInstitutional data on initiating and maintaining a low‐titer O positive whole blood (LTOWB) inventory for the civilian trauma sector may help other institutions start a LTOWB program. This study from a level 1 trauma center with a hospital‐based donor center highlights challenges faced during the collection, maintenance, and utilization of LTOWB.Study Design and MethodsMale O positive donors with low (≤1:100) anti‐A and anti‐B antibody titers were recruited for LTOWB collection. The daily inventory goal of 4 LTOWB units was kept in the emergency department refrigerator and transfused to adult male trauma patients. Unused units older than 10 days were reprocessed into packed red blood cells.ResultsOf 900 donors screened, 61% qualified and 52% of eligible donors provided a collective total of 505 LTOWB units over 2.5 years. The number of collected units directly correlated with the availability of inventory; 42% of the units were transfused, 54% were reprocessed, and 4% were discarded. The inventory goal was maintained for 56% of the year 2018 and 83% of the year 2019. Over these 2 years, 52% of patients had their transfusion needs fully met, 41% had their needs partially met, and 6.5% did not have their needs met.DiscussionInitial challenges to LTOWB implementation were inventory shortages, low utilization rates, and failure to meet clinical demand. Proposed solutions include allowing for a higher yet safe titer, extending shelf life, expanding the donor pool, identifying barriers to utilization, and permitting use in female trauma patients beyond childbearing age.
Distribution of Mechanical and Thermal Stresses in Multilayer Cylinders
Authors: Strub R. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Relations for the optimum proportions of multilayer vessels and the computation of stresses are derived. They are based on the energy of distortion-strength theory which is discussed and illustrated by a photographed model. It is shown that the stress distribution in fully or partially plastic cylinders can be obtained as the limit case of a multilayer vessel with an infinite number of layers of constant or variable yield point. Relations are proposed for the determination of the plastic strains. The problem of thermal stresses is discussed and a graphical method for the rapid computation of transient thermal stresses is explained.
Some Observations on Chip Curl in the Metal-Cutting Process Under Orthogonal Cutting Conditions
Authors: Hahn R. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An experimental study of the phenomenon of chip curl is made. It was found that transient behavior of the chip curvature was independent of cutting speed. Evidence is offered to show that chip curl originates in the shear region. Numerous hypotheses were made to explain the curl and were examined. It appears that the chip curl is associated with thermal effects in the shear region.
Effect of Rotary Regenerator Performance on Gas-Turbine-Plant Performance
Authors: Harper D. B. , Rohsenow W. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A comparison of typical solutions for determining rotary-regenerator performance is presented. Curves showing the effect of leakage on regenerator effectiveness and plant performance are presented. Specific examples are investigated showing the effect on plant performance of variations in regenerator rotational speed, matrix length, and mass velocity of the gas passing through the matrix.
Theoretical Consideration of Retarded Control
Authors: Cohen G. H. , Coon G. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper is concerned with a theoretical study of the control of a single-capacity process with dead-period lag. Characteristic equations corresponding to the application of proportional, proportional-plus-derivative, proportional-plus-reset, and proportional-plus-reset-plus-derivative responses are used to graph the controller parameters necessary to obtain a desired degree of stability. The degree of stability is taken to be associated with the amplitude ratio of the lowest-frequency harmonic mode. Effects of the various controller parameters are shown and a method is suggested to determine the adjustable parameters for a desired degree of stability.
Heat Transfer to Molten Lead-Bismuth Eutectic in Turbulent Pipe Flow
Authors: Johnson H. A. , Hartnett J. P. , Clabaugh W. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Experimental heat-transfer results for molten lead-bismuth eutectic are presented for turbulent flow in a ¾-in. 18-gage mild-steel tube with constant heat flux. Validity of the measurement technique is established indirectly by identical tests with water which agree with the predicted heat-transfer performance for that fluid. Results for lead bismuth are correlated for the Peclet modulus range of 200 to 5000 over a Prandtl modulus range of 0.020 to 0.046 and Reynolds-number range of 7500 to 170,000. The resulting Nusselt moduli are 25 to 35 per cent lower than the prediction of Lyon-Martinelli momentum theory for turbulent flow. Local heat-transfer coefficients at the start of the heated section reveal that the thermal entrance length is approximately 30 pipe diameters.
Oil Whip of Flexible Rotors
Authors: Hagg A. C. , Warner P. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Bearings serve to link machine parts with relative motion. Sometimes this primary role is exceeded with oil-film bearings, and the self-excited-vibration oil whip occurs. A stability criterion which includes the effect of rotor flexibility has been devised through an electric-analog study, and interpretation on the basis of bearing properties is in substantial agreement with test results, and experience with actual machines. In particular it is shown that rotor flexibility reduces the region of stable operation; however, the final question of stability depends on all system elements involved in the motion.
The Size Effect in Metal Cutting
Authors: Backer W. R. , Marshall E. R. , Shaw M. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A cutting process involving the formation of very small chips at high cutting speeds (micromilling) is investigated, and the results are applied to a study of the grinding operation. The shear energy involved in grinding is compared with that in turning, micromilling, and the tensile test, and a significant increase in shear energy is observed with decrease in specimen (chip) size. The shear stress involved in grinding metals under mild conditions is found to correspond to the theoretical strength which is about 1.8 × 106 psi for steel. The grit depth of cut is shown to be a more important variable in the interpretation of grinding data than the more conventional wheel depth of cut.
Determination of Principal Plastic Strains
Authors: Cooper W. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Techniques are presented whereby the grid method of plastic-strain determination may be extended to include the determination of strain at a point, rather than over a finite gage length, and the determination of the principal strain, magnitude, and direction, when these directions are not necessarily in alignment with the original grid. Measurement may be made in terms of either the tensor or logarithmic definitions of finite strain.
Thermophysical Aspects of Metal Cutting
Authors: Chao B. T. , Trigger K. J. , Zylstra L. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Some basic issues in the theory of metal cutting are analyzed in the earlier part of this paper. Several controversial subjects are clarified by the experimental results presented. The remainder of the paper describes a further attempt to ascertain the effect of cutting speed and feed on the mechanism of chip formation in high-speed machining operations. A differential equation of the temperature field in the chip as well as that in the workpiece has been set up, and the nature of the solution studied. It has been found that the temperature distribution both in the work material and in the deformed chip in the immediate vicinity of the tool-chip interface depends upon a dimensionless number which is expressible as the ratio of the product of the cutting speed and feed to the thermal diffusivity of the metal cut. This ratio is called the thermal number, and its significance in metal cutting is illustrated and the limitations discussed.
The Rotary Cutting Tool
Authors: Shaw M. C. , Smith P. A. , Cook N. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A novel lathe-type cutting tool in the form of a disk that may be rotated about its central axis is described and analyzed. Such a rotary tool is found to correspond to an equivalent oblique tool having an angle of inclination whose tangent is equal to the ratio of the tool and work-surface velocities. In addition to the inherent feature of the oblique tool of providing a greater effective rake angle without a corresponding decrease in the actual included angle of the tool, the rotary tool (1) provides a rest period for the cutting edge, thus enabling the edge to be cooled and the adsorbed film on the tool surface to be replenished between cuts; (2) enables the relative chip velocity to be increased to provide a lower coefficient of friction without necessitating a corresponding increase in the rate of metal removal. A rotary tool of 10-deg rake angle is capable of reducing total power required to make a given cut by about 30 per cent and at the same time to operate with a temperature about 400 F lower than that for the equivalent stationary tool. Representative test data for both rotary and stationary tools are analyzed and discussed. The shear stress on the shear plane is found to decrease with increased shear strain in the case of either a rotary tool or an oblique tool. This anomalous result is explained in terms of a size effect associated with the change in thickness of the shear plane that accompanies a change in the angle of inclination.
Photographic Analysis of Sprays
Authors: York J. L. , Stubbs H. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper describes an experimental method for determining the size distribution and velocities of drops in a spray. Photographs are taken of a small known volume of the spray, and the images of the drops are counted and measured to give the size distribution. Velocities are determined by taking two exposures on the same film and measuring the displacement of the drops in the interval between exposures. Since a photographic method does not require any objects in the spray, the results are free of bias from disturbances of the flow pattern. The technique is applicable to sprays in which the diameters of drops range from 15 to 500 microns and gives results which differ by less than 20 per cent from the metered values of total flow rate.
Convective Heat-Transfer and Flow-Friction Behavior of Small Cylindrical Tubes—Circular and Rectangular Cross Sections
Authors: Kays W. M. , London A. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Recent heat-transfer and flow-friction test data (1) for gas flow in small circular and rectangular cylindrical tubes, in the laminar, transition, and low-Reynolds-number turbulent-flow regimes, are examined and compared with earlier results. For circular tubes in laminar flow, the heat-transfer results substantiate very well analytical predictions as summarized by Norris and Streid (2). In turbulent flow, circular-tube heat transfer is correlated by an empirical nondimensional equation of the same form, but with a somewhat lower coefficient than has been commonly employed in the past. The difference is attributable in part to the use of more recent data on air properties in the reduction of test results to a nondimensional form. The transition region for circular tubes is found to extend from about NR ~ 2000 to NR ~ 10,000, and heat-exchanger design in this “dip” region is discussed. Laminar-flow circular-tube friction factors show an entrance length effect, similar to that found for heat transfer, and it is demonstrated that the analysis of Langhaar (3) for flow in a single tube can be employed to predict friction factors with acceptable accuracy for flow through a tube bundle even with the sudden change of flow area at the contracted tube-entrance section. For small circular tubes, as a result of this analysis, recommended design correlations in graphical form are given for the NR range 500 to 50,000.
The turbulent-flow heat-transfer and friction performance of rectangular tubes is in close agreement with the characteristics for circular tubes. However, there is a marked difference in the laminar and transition behavior, where the aspect ratio of the rectangular cross-section is demonstrated to have an important influence. It is concluded that considerable additional work, both analytical and experimental, is needed to ascertain laminar and transition flow-friction and heat-transfer characteristics in rectangular tubes.
A General Theory of Three-Dimensional Flow in Subsonic and Supersonic Turbomachines of Axial, Radial, and Mixed-Flow Types
Authors: Wu Chung-Hua 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A general theory of steady three-dimensional flow of nonviscous fluid in subsonic and supersonic turbomachines having arbitrary hub and casing shapes and a finite number of thick blades is presented. The solution of the three-dimensional direct and inverse problem is obtained by investigating an appropriate combination of flows on relative stream surfaces whose intersection with a z-plane either upstream of or somewhere inside the blade row forms a circular arc or a radial line. The equations obtained to describe the fluid flow on these stream surfaces show clearly the approximations involved in ordinary two-dimensional treatments, assuming flow surfaces of revolution or an infinite number of blades. They also lead to a correct solution of the three-dimensional flow in a mathematically two-dimensional manner. A general procedure to solve the direct or inverse three-dimensional problem is described for both subsonic and supersonic flow. The theory is applicable to both irrotational and rotational absolute flow at the inlet of the blade row and at both design and off-design operations.
Properties of Thin-Walled Curved Tubes of Short-Bend Radius
Authors: Pardue T. E. , Vigness Irwin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Flexibility factors and stress-intensification factors have been measured for a group of thin-walled tube bends having a ratio of pipe radius to bend radius of 1/3. A theoretical analysis, which eliminates some of the simplifying assumptions of previous theoretical analyses, has been included for comparison with the experimental data. Reasonably good agreement between theory and experiment has been found for U-bends and 90-deg bends with straight sections of piping attached to the ends of the bend. Rigid constraints attached to the ends of the bend have been found to affect the measured quantities greatly. The effect of the end conditions has been studied experimentally but not theoretically.
Flow of a Flashing Mixture of Water and Steam Through Pipes and Valves
Authors: Allen W. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A simple method is presented of designing piping and valves, particularly heater drain piping, to carry a flashing mixture of water and steam. Rational design formulas are derived from the energy, continuity, and dynamic equations on the basis of an assumed uniform mixture at any point in the path of flow. Earlier papers have predicted and verified experimentally the existence of a critical pressure, under certain conditions at the end of a pipe carrying a flashing mixture. Results calculated from the derived formulas compare favorably with these published test data. It is noted that if the initial assumption of a uniform mixture is not fulfilled, the limitations imposed on the piping are less severe than for the uniform-mixture case, as the capacity of both valves and pipes will be greater than predicted by formulas. A scheme is suggested for eliminating flashing completely in heater drain systems employing drain coolers.
Effect of Internal Pressure on Stresses and Strains in Bolted-Flanged Connections
Authors: Wesstrom D. B. , Bergh S. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
It is shown that the elastic deformations, and therefore the forces and moments, in a bolted-flanged connection vary with the magnitude of the internal fluid pressure, and that the actual conditions existing in a bolted joint will be considerably different from those assumed when using the concept of design upon which the rules of the ASME Unfired Pressure Vessel Code must be based. For certain critical ranges of joint diameter, pressure, and stress, it becomes important to analyze the design for the actual conditions that will be obtained (a) in assembling the joint, (b) at test pressure, and (c) in service. Formulas are derived for calculating these conditions and the results are summarized in the form of a design procedure.