bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insect Pollinators Frequenting Strawberry Blossoms and the Effect of Honey Bees on Yield and Fruit Quality1
Authors: Nye William P. , Anderson J. LaMar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Open plots of strawbery (Fragaria sp.) or plots caged with colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) produced less malformed fruit than plots screened to exclude large insects. Bees and large Diptera, mostly drone flies (Eristalis spp.), were the most numerous visitors to the strawberry blossoms. A list of insects including 108 species representing 35 families frequenting strawberry blossoms in Utah was compiled. The most efficient pollinators were Apis mellifera, Halictus ligatus Say, and Eristalis spp.
Effect of N, P, K, and Lime on Yield, Nut Quality, Tree Growth, and Leaf Analysis of Pecan (Carya illinoensis W.)1
Authors: Worley Ray E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mature ‘Stuart’ pecan trees in good condition on Tifton loamy sand did not respond to fertilizer [10-4.4-8.3 (N-P-K)] at rates from 0-1344 kg/ha annually over a 10-year period, but color and vigor of trees receiving no fertilizer were reduced near the end of the study. Highest yields were obtained with 448 kg/ha. Fertilizer effects on shoot growth and nut quality were inconsistent, but quality tended to be poorer for heavily fertilized than lightly fertilized trees near the end of the study. Fertilizer and limestone effects on yield and shoot growth were also inconsistent for mature ‘Stuart’ trees on Leefield sand at Way cross, Ga. over a 10-year period. Leaf analysis responded very slowly to nutrient application with leaf N and K being first increased by fertilizer application in the 6th and 9th years, respectively. Fertilizer P had little effect on leaf P. Liming to pH 60 with calcite increased leaf Ca and decreased leaf Mg and Al.
Yield and shoot growth of young ‘Desirable’ trees increased with the first 56 kg/ha increment of N, but further increases due to the second increment were seldom significant. Phosphorus and K additions had little effect on yield and shoot growth, but increasing K reduced nut size. Increasing N rates to 112 kg/ha improved vigor and color of trees. Leaf N and K for young trees increased from increasing application levels the first year, and leaf K was maintained in the desired range when soil test plus applied K equaled 112 kg/ha annually. Increasing N and K applications reduced leaf Mg, and increasing K applications increased leaf Mn, Fe, Al, and Na in young trees.
Effects of Harvest Date and Specific Gravity on Storage Behavior and Raw and Processed Quality of ‘Jonathan’ Apples1
Authors: Shaw Glenn W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The composite specific gravity (SG) of ‘Jonathan’ apples decreased and size increased with each of 3 successive harvest dates. The SG of all but the least dense fruit decreased during storage. Correlation r values of some raw product attributes are shown. Analysis of sauce made from fruits of different SG and stored for up to 4 months showed that separation according to SG at early and late harvest dates may have some value in obtaining a higher quality product.
Host-parasite Interrelations of Lactuca saligna L. and the Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner)1
Authors: Whitaker Thomas W. , Kishaba A. N. , Toba H. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A collection of Lactuca saligna (P.I. 261653), although heterozygous, contained individuals that retard the development of cabbage loopers (Trichoplusia ni Hubner) compared with preferred hosts such as cultivars of lettuce and broccoli. Development of 1st instar to adult required 5 to 6 days longer on L. saligna than on broccoli. Comparable development of lst-instar larvae to 2nd instar required 32 hours more for larvae fed exclusively on leaves of L. saligna than for those confined to L. sativa cv. Hanson. Also, more significantly, in this test 26% of the larvae died before the 2nd-instar stage compared to 0% in the control.
Interspecific hybrids between L. saligna and L. sativa were produced. The F1 plants were fertile to a limited extent. These interspecific crosses will allow an exchange of genes between the 2 species and make possible the development of lettuce cultivars resistant to the cabbage looper.
Five collections of L. saligna (other than P.I. 261653) were evaluated for their effect on looper development from 1st to 2nd instar. A significant delay in larval development was established for 2 entries (P.I. 253299 and P.I. 281876). However, they were more preferred than P.I. 261653 in a preference test. A collection of Lactuca species, consisting of 19 entries were tested for antibiosis. Two entries listed as L. perennis L. were uncovered where development from 1st instar to 2nd instar was suppressed. This result suggests that antibiosis for cabbage looper is not widespread in the genus, but probably fairly common in L. saligna as evidenced by plant to plant variation among numerous collections.
Physical and Chemical Changes Associated With Growth of the Pistachio Nut1
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Al-Shalan Ismat M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Markedly different curves of growth of the pistachio nut were obtained when increases in cross-diameter, fresh weight and dry weight were plotted. The dry weight data indicated that carbohydrates are not involved in abscission of inflorescence buds and resulting alternate bearing, as previously reported.
The predominant sugar in the kernel was sucrose, followed in decreasing order by glucose, fructose, and inositol (a sugar alcohol). Total sugars reached a peak of 43.3% of the dry weight early in development of the kernel, but then decreased to 7% at nut maturity. Concomitantly, crude fat increased from a low of 3.2% early in kernel development to a maximum of 40.1% at maturity.
Flower Bud Abscission in Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) as Related to Fruit Development and Other Factors1
Authors: Porlingis I. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the pistachio, flower bud abscission is induced by seeded fruits during the summer, resulting in alternate bearing. The onset of abscission was not influenced by number of fruits, but rate and final percentage of abscission increased as fruit number increased. Twenty or more fruits per 1-year-old stem caused complete abscission. The course of abscission was correlated with rapid seed growth. Periodic defruiting indicated that induction of abscission preceded actual separation of buds by 28 days. A defoliation experiment and analysis of flower buds for N gave evidence that competition between fruits and buds for photosynthate and N is not the primary cause of abscission.
Effects of Dichloropropenes and Aliphatic Compounds on Synthesis and Degradation of Carotenoids1,2,3
Authors: Berry D. L. , Singh B. , Salunkhe D. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants grown in dichloropropene (a soil fumigant) treated soil have significantly higher than usual carotenoid levels. Treatments with dichloropropenes, 3-chloroallyl alcohol, 3-chloropropionic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, 3-chloro-l-propanol and malonic acid decreased the incorporation of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaric acid and mevalonic acid into carotenoids of etiolated maize. Lipoxidase in tomato was inhibited by much lower concentrations of these compounds than were required to inhibit the incorporation of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaric acid or mevalonic acid. This difference could account for the eventual increase in the total carotenoids in the plant.
Influence of Shade and Fertilizer Source and Level on Growth, Quality and Foliar Content of Philodendron oxycardium Schott.1
Authors: Conover C. A. , Poole R. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Grade and vine length of P. oxycardium growing on totem poles increased as shade level decreased from 80 to 40%. Highest grade was obtained with Osmocote, followed by liquid fertilizer and MagAmp. Generally, 785 kg N/ha/3 months was adequate for good growth, although interactions occurred with light intensity as shown by lack of fertilizer response at high shade levels. Foliar N levels were higher in 80% shade but quality decreased. MagAmp increased P and Mg and decreased Ca and K levels in foliage, while Osmocote increased N.
Effects of Menazon and Usnic Acid on Histochemical and Ultrastructural Changes During Germination of Mung Beans1
Authors: Dalvi R. R. , Chang W. C. , Salunkhe D. K. , Campbell W. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Menazon (S-(4,6 diamino-s-triazin-2-methyl) o,o-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) an organophosphate insecticide, and usnic acid, an allergen present in lichens, inhibited germination of mung bean (Phaseolus mungo L.). On the third day of germination, cotyledons were examined histochemically and ultrastructurally and the resultant photomicrographs showed abundant starch grains and protein bodies in the treated seeds compared to the controls. Electron microscopic examination showed extensive endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes along with vacuoles and normal mitochondria in control tissue. In contrast, the presence of protein bodies and disruption of the cytoplasmic organization were conspicuous in the menazon- and usnic acid-treated mung beans. This suggests impaired utilization of food reserves during germination.
Effect of Abscisic Acid on Bud Break and Shoot Elongation in Rosa and Syringa1
Authors: Cohen Michael A. , Kelley James D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Abscisic acid4 (ABA), when applied as an immersion application at 200 and 400 ppm during cold storage or as a spray application at 100 and 200 ppm at 2 stages of growth, was evaluated as an inhibitor of bud break and shoot elongation in dormant plants of Rosa cv. Helen Traubel and Syringa cv. Monge. ABA applied on 2 consecutive days at 100 and 200 ppm inhibited bud break in Rosa, but did not inhibit shoot elongation. ABA did not inhibit terminal and lateral bud break or shoot elongation in Syringa. Immersion applications at several dates during cold storage inhibited bud break and shoot elongation in Rosa and inhibited terminal and lateral bud break in Syringa. The most effective concentration in inhibiting bud break was 400 ppm. Time of application significantly affected bud break in Rosa and lateral bud break in Syringa, but did not alter shoot elongation in either plant.
Chemical Characteristics of Extracted Stone Fruit Juices as Indicators of Their Sources1,2
Authors: Claypool L. L. , Esau Paul , Alexander Chordas , Bradley Muriel V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Juice expressed from plum and apricot cultivars may differ significantly in H+ concentration, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, and concentration of specific organic components from juice obtained from the same fruits by comminution. In fact, the H+ concentration of comminuted juice may be more than 100 times higher. Expressed juice, notwithstanding the lesser contribution of organic acids to soluble solids, contains more soluble solids (higher refractive index) than does comminuted juice. Data presented in relation to these findings, and information on individual organic acids, are used to speculate on the primary sources (vacuolar, cytoplasmic, extracellular) of juice obtained by the 2 extraction methods. Possible implications of membrane permeability and integrity are considered. We suggest that the procedures outlined may be useful as tools to increase information concerning membrane permeability and distribution of certain organic materials within and without the cell.
Controlled Atmosphere Effects on the Market Quality of Stored Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., Italica Group)1
Authors: Lipton Werner J. , Harris C. Max 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
O2 at 1% or less inhibited yellowing of broccoli curds during storage at 5° or 7.5°C and the effect persisted during 2 or 3 days' subsequent aeration at 10°. Yellowing was minimal at 2.5°, regardless of O2 concn. Odor and flavor of cooked curds were best in samples from 1/2 or 1% O2, but 1/4% O2 or less impaired odor and flavor. Visible low-O2 injury developed in 1/10% O2.
CO2 at 10% also retarded yellowing, and off-odors induced by CO2 disappeared upon cooking.
Low O2 did not affect shear resistance (SR) of the cooked curd, but 10% CO2 softened the tissue. With or without CO2, log SR (kg) and pH were linearly and inversely related.
For broccoli shipped over long distances or stored prior to processing, lowering O2 to 1/2 to 1% and/or increasing CO2 to 10% would materially help in retarding deterioration when temp cannot be maintained near 0°C.
Cellulase Activity in Separation Zones of Citrus Fruit Treated with Abscisic Acid under Normal and Hypobaric Atmospheres1
Authors: Rasmussen G. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) introduced through the stem of ‘Pineapple’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges stimulated cellulase activity in the separation zones. ‘Pineapple’ orange was affected more than ‘Valencia’. Cellulase activity was greatest under normal atmospheres in which ethylene accumulated in the treated fruit. Under one-fifth atmosphere with little ethylene accumulation, cellulase was 2 to 2.5 times greater in separation zones of treated fruit than in non-treated fruit. ABA introduced through the stem was more effective than spray applications. ABA sprayed on the fruit was partly absorbed but did not increase ethylene production or cellulase activity, or decrease fruit removal force.
Partial Characterization of a Cell-Free Terpenoid Biosynthetic System from Tulipa Shoots1
Authors: Benschop Maarten , De Hertogh A. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cell-free extracts which incorporated mevalonate-2-14C (MVA) into terpenes were obtained from shoot tissue of Tulipa gesneriana L. cv. Golden Melody. Maximal incorporation occurred at pH 6.5 in 0.1 M KH2 PO4-K2HPO4 buffer with an incubation temperature of 35°C. Total incorporation was linear up to 5 mg protein/assay and it could be enhanced by increasing MVA concentration up to 8 × 10-8 M. After differential centrifugation, all enzymatic activity was located in the 100,000 × g supernatant. In combination Mg++ and Mn++, ATP stimulated incorporation more than CTP, GTP, and UTP. Using ATP as the energy source, Mn++ was highly stimulatory at 1 and 5 × 10-3 M. Mg++ alone or in combination with Mn++ was less effective than Mn++.
The radioactivity from MVA was recovered in 2 fractions: the “neutral” fraction isolated by extraction with benzene, and the “acid hydrolyzable” fraction extracted with benzene after acid hydrolysis of the residual aqueous “neutral” fraction. For subsequent identification of the neutral terpene products, the optimal conditions are either high protein concentration (18 mg/assay) after a 15,000 × g centrifugation and a 4-hr incubation period or high protein concentration without centrifugation and a 1-hr incubation period. The optimal conditions for identification of the acid hydrolyzable products are low protein concentration (5 mg/assay) and 1-hr incubation.
Cold Hardiness of Peach and Nectarine Trees Growing at 29-30°N Latitude1
Authors: Buchanan D. W. , Biggs R. H. , Bartholic J. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The cambium of both ‘Early Amber’ peach and ‘Sungold’ nectarine, Prunus persica L. Batsch gained cold hardiness from November through January even though day and night temperatures were above 15°C. Cultivars attained the greatest hardiness in January, surviving temperatures of -12°C. ‘Early Amber’ maintained its hardiness until just prior to bud break (February 8) and decreased thereafter. ‘Sungold’ remained somewhat resistant to cold until February 15 and gradually lost hardiness until March 8. Characteristically the low chilling cultivars reached an acclimation base higher than reported for cultivars adapted to higher latitudes.
Histochemical Appraisal of the Relationship of Seed Abortion to Chemical Induction of Apple Fruit Abscission Following Bloom1
Authors: Weinbaum Steven A. , Simons Roy K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Histochemical examination of apple seeds (cv. Golden Delicious) from persisting and abscising fruit were conducted 2 days after treatment (NAA, 30 ppm; Sevin, 2 lb./100 gal water). Seeds and embryos of NAA-treated potential drop fruit were appreciably smaller than those associated with other treatments. There was no evidence of reduced levels of nucleic acids, proteins, or starch in embryo or endosperm when compared with corresponding tissue from untreated persistent fruit. The extent of starch deposition in maternal tissue was related to seed size and was the most consistent correlative of impending seed abortion.
Fertilizer Packets, Fertilizer Tablets, and a Plastic Mulch Method for Flower Production of Field Grown Roses1
Authors: Snyder G. H. , Young T. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fertilization of field grown roses, R. hybrida cv. Christian Dior, in south Florida with fertilizer packets and tablets was compared with a proven plastic mulch method of reducing fertilizer losses. Flower yields for the 3 methods were similar during the first 9 months of the study. In the second year, comparatively low yields were obtained with tablets, and the highest yields with the plastic mulch. The packets gave intermediate results, with 5 packets providing acceptable yields. Twenty-one months after placement, the tablets contained 56, 56, and less than 0.1% of their original N, P, and K, respectively. Nitrogen release at this time appeared comparatively slow. Considerable variation in nutrient content existed among packets 21 months after placement, with an average of 17, 33, and 38% of the original N, P, and K, respectively, being found. The packets still appeared to be releasing fertilizer at that time.
Gibberellin-like Substances of Dormant and Non-dormant Bulbs of Allium cepa L.1
Authors: Aung L. H. , Peterson C. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Allium cepa L. bulbs of different genetic constitution were examined for free and bound gibberellin-like substances (GA) by conventional extraction, bioassay, and chromatographic procedures. Both free and bound GA were found in these bulbs. Based on the dwarf-pea bioassay, it was shown that free and bound GA in the extracts varied depending on the source of the bulbs. The total GA of dormant bulbs was greater than that of non-dormant bulbs.
Irrigation of Field Tomatoes and Measurement of Soil Water Changes by Neutron Moderation Methods1
Authors: Cannell Glen H. , Asbell C. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Irrigation studies with processing tomato, Lycopersicon esculentumy cv. VF-145-21-4, showed a highly significant yield increase with increased soil moisture. Total number of fruit (fruit set) was not significantly different with irrigation treatments. Yield differences were largely attributed to small ripe and green fruit, unacceptable for processing, that resulted from soil moisture stress in drier treatments. Soil water volume changes between irrigations were measured in the soil profile using neutron moderation equipment. The total volume of water measured during the season was compared to that applied for each irrigation treatment. With exception of the wet treatment in 1971, agreement between comparisons was within ± 3%. Root growth with depth plotted as a function of time (season) was essentially the same for all irrigation treatments.
An Ultrastructural Evaluation of the Relationship of Embryo/Endosperm Abortion to Apple Fruit Abscission During the Post-Bloom Period1
Authors: Weinbaum Steven A. , Simons Roy K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Comparisons of seed tissues from persistent and potential drop apple fruit (‘Golden Delicious’) 3 weeks after full bloom suggested that fruit commitment to abscise (determined by a reduced rate of fruit enlargement between 16 and 21 days after full bloom) preceded ultrastructural evidence of degenerative or functional changes in embryo or endosperm tissue. The results do not support the concept of ‘embryo abortion’ as a causal mechanism in natural fruit abscission during post-bloom.
The Relationship Between Fruit Color of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples and Nitrogen Content and Color of Leaves1
Authors: Raese J. Thomas , Williams Max W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit color of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples was closely related to N content and color of leaves. This relationship was significant for both spur leaves and mid-terminal leaves. Prediction of fruit color from spur and mid-terminal leaves was obtained in late July and mid-September. Nitrogen content was higher in the mid-terminal leaves than in the spur leaves.
A Comparison of Anthocyanins and Wine Color Quality in Black Grapes of 39 Clones of Vitis rotundifolia Michx.
Authors: Ballinger W. E. , Maness E. P. , Nesbitt W. B. , Makus D. J. , Carroll D. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Levels of 5 anthocyanins (Acy) in black muscadine grapes sampled in 1971 were compared with the visual color ratings and tristimulus values [“Theta” (hue), “L” (lightness), and “Sat” (saturation or chromaticity)] (Hunter Color and Color Difference Meter) of the wines made from grapes of these same clones (vines) in 1968 and aged in the bottle for 1 year. Neither total Acy content, which varied 50-fold, nor contents of the diglucoside (diglc) of delphinidin (Dp), present in larger quantities than those of the other 4 Acy, was associated with a good wine color. In all instances, good red wine color was associated with the presence of 8 or more mg of malvidin-3,5-diglc/100-g of fresh grapes. Good color of wines was also associated with low “Theta” and “L” tristimulus values. These 2 values were well correlated with each other. Multiple correlations indicated that 62% of the variation in “Theta” was accounted for by the natural logarithm of contents of diglc of malvidin (Mv), petunidin (Pt) and cyanidin (Cy) in the grapes. However, 42% was explained by the regression of Mv-3,5-diglc alone. Malvidin-3,5-diglucosides thus had the greatest effect on the hue of the wine. Over 75% of the variation in the tristimulus “L” value of the wine was accounted for by the regression of Pt-3,5-diglc with it. Therefore, good red wine color was largely dependent upon high levels of Mv and Pt diglc in fresh grapes.
Effects of SADH, Ethephon and 2,4,5-T on Color and Storage Quality of “McIntosh” Apples1
Authors: Pollard James E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Application of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) to ‘McIntosh apples’ in late August significantly increased development of anthocyanins in fruit peel, shortening the time to harvest by approximately 2 weeks. At higher rates of ethephon, treatment with succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (SADH) prior to ethephon applications was necessary to maintain fruit firmness. 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) contributed to excessive fruit cracking on the tree and in storage. SADH treatments were more effective than 2,4,5-T treatments in reducing accumulation of ethylene in stored fruit. Ethephon 50 ppm with SADH was more effective in producing desired fruit color, quality, and abscission characteristics than was the higher concentration of ethephon with SADH and 2,4,5-T.