bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat Transfer to Molten Metals
Authors: Martinelli R. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The contents of the paper are based on an extension of the analogy between heat and momentum transfer. Following the suggestion of von Kármán (9), the turbulent-flow field is divided into a laminar sublayer, a buffer layer, and a turbulent core. The thermal resistances of the laminar sublayer and the buffer layer are calculated as in the paper by Boelter, Martinelli, and Jonassen (1), but the thermal resistance of the turbulent core is re-evaluated for very low values of the Prandtl modulus (molten metals) by considering the simultaneous transfer of heat by molecular conduction and eddy diffusion. The relative importance of the thermal resistances of the laminar sublayer, buffer layer, and turbulent core is discussed and the temperature distribution in the fluid is evaluated for various magnitudes of the Prandtl modulus. It is demonstrated that the unit conductance for convective heat transfer is proportional to the square root, rather than the first power, of the friction factor. A tentative analysis is made of the data of Cope (19) for heat transfer in rough pipes.
Heat Transfer by Free Convection From Heated Vertical Surfaces to Liquids
Authors: Touloukian Y. S. , Hawkins G. A. , Jakob M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present investigation deals with the study of heat transfer by natural convection from vertical cylindrical surfaces to water and ethylene glycol. The results are correlated within the laminar range for (NGr·NPr) from 2(108) to 4(1010) according to the expression NNu=0.726(NGr⋅NPr)1/4 and within the turbulent range for (NGr·NPr) from 4(1010) to 9(1011) the correlation is best represented by the expression NNu=0.0674 [NGr(NPr)1.29]1/3 The foregoing correlations represent the experimental data with a mean deviation of 5.6 per cent and 3.5 per cent for the laminar and turbulent ranges, respectively. The ranges of some of the important variables involved in the tests are given in Table 1 of the text.
Recent Developments Concerning the Properties of Cast Steels
Authors: Briggs C. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The properties of a number of low-alloy cast steels have been determined from production heats, hence the values obtained represent the values normally expected in the manufacture of steel castings. The cast low-alloy steels, in general, have slightly higher hardenability and strength and slightly lower ductility than wrought steels of similar composition, on heat-treatment. In this paper property ranges for strength and ductility are given for cast steels receiving different heat-treatments. The depth of section to which cast steel will harden can be estimated by the employment of the end-quench hardenability test. This test was used to study a number of carbon and alloy cast steels. It was found that the hardenability values of cast steels are similar to those of wrought steels of comparable analyses and grain sizes. Hardenability curves for typical carbon cast steels are given and hardenability bands for a number of low-alloy cast steels are illustrated. All degrees of hardenability, shallow- to deep-hardening, may be attained by the proper selection of cast steels. Studies on notched-bar impact specimens of cast steel revealed that by varying the structure of a single cast steel by heat-treatment, it is possible to change the low-temperature notched-bar impact values of the steel. Based upon the results of the investigation, it is concluded that no one alloy cast steel produces the best impact resistance, for all types of heat-treatments, at all testing temperatures. Alloy cast steels demonstrate excellent notched-bar impact properties at low-temperatures, which make them ideal for low-temperature-service applications.
Temporary Installation of Shasta Turbines at Grand Coulee
Authors: Sloane H. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two hydraulic turbines of 103,000 hp at rated head of 330 ft, designed for the Shasta power plant were transferred to Grand Coulee early in 1942, to supply power for war industries. The engineering problems encountered in installing the units in the completed Coulee turbine pits and methods of solving them were unique. The installation, as measured by the efficient performance of the units and large amount of power made available at a critical time, proved a very valuable asset to the war effort.
Progress Report No. 1 on Tool-Chip Interface Temperatures
Authors: Trigger K. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author presents some of the results of a series of tests in which the principal phase of study concerned the temperature developed at the contacting surface of the tool and the chip. This tool-chip interface temperature is referred to as the “cutting” temperature. The determination of the tool-chip interface temperature was by means of the Herbert-Gottwein tool-work thermocouple wherein the steel workpiece constituted one member of a thermo-couple and the cemented-carbide insert the other member. This principle has been used in the study of cutting temperatures, the investigation of friction between unlike metals, the study of surface temperatures of brass wire drawn through steel dies and for investigation of surface temperatures of mating gears of unlike metals.
Economies in Power-Plant Design
Authors: Krieg Edwin Holmes 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The primary objective of power-plant design is to secure the highest over-all return on the investment in the plant. This means that the design attempts to attain the best combination or balance between: (a) lowest fixed charges through low first cost and high availability, and (b) lowest operating charges through low fuel, labor, and maintenance costs. True, this is not the whole story, for it presumes adequate system planning which analyzes the “need” for the station. In other words, when is the plant needed; where is the plant needed; and how large a plant is needed? An outline of these elements is covered by long strokes with a wide brush in the Appendix, as plant design is the main point of discussion. Furthermore, the cost of fuel, the lifetime load factor of the plant, and other considerations such as cost cycles (1) influence the selection of the plant heat cycle and equipment (2). This paper outlines a few examples of economies in the design of public-utility power plants mostly along the lines of first cost and availability.
Oil Flow and Temperature Relations in Lightly Loaded Journal Bearings
Authors: Boyd John , Robertson B. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The trend toward higher speeds for certain types of apparatus and the decrease in weight of the moving parts which usually accompanies such a change has resulted in the application of an increasingly large number of bearings which operate at relatively high speeds and comparatively light loads. Many of these applications use sleeve-type bearings which are supplied with force-feed lubrication. In order to obtain data which may be used in designing bearings for such use, the oil flows and running temperatures of two common types of sleeve bearings have been investigated and the results compared with theoretical predictions.
Axial-Flow Compressors for Gas Turbines
Authors: Ponomareff A. I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The development of the gas turbine during the last decade has opened a new field for compressor application. The compressor is an essential component of every gas-turbine power plant. It delivers air at some elevated pressure to the burner in sufficient quantity to maintain an efficient combustion of fuel and to cool the products of combustion to some acceptable temperature at the turbine inlet. The axial-flow compressor is particularly adaptable to gas-turbine applications for aviation, marine, or land service. This paper deals with the operating principles, characteristics, types, and other data pertaining to the axial-flow compressor.
Determination of Gas-Turbine Combustion-Chamber Efficiency by Chemical Means
Authors: Lloyd Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Because of certain limitations of the heat-balance method of determining combustion-chamber efficiency, a more accurate chemical method of analysis has been developed utilizing the gravimetric technique. This method has the added merit of indicating the nature of combustion loss, which at times may be very useful. Various approximate methods, chemical, physicochemical, and physical can be devised, all of which require calibration against an exact and complete chemical determination. Details of the method and its application to the gas-turbine problem are presented.
Mechanisms of Combustion and Their Relation to Oil-Burner Design
Authors: Heiple H. R. , Sullivan W. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The combustion of fuel oils is a very complex process from the viewpoint of the kineticist. In any attempt to treat this subject theoretically the over-all process must be broken down into a group of consecutively and frequently concurrently occurring chemical and physical changes and each of these analyzed in turn. From an integration of the conclusions obtained by this means a more comprehensive conception of the factors involved in the burning of hydrocarbon fuel oils may be attained. In this paper an attempt will be made to show what processes are involved, and means by which this information may be utilized in the design of burners will be indicated.
Radio-Frequency Heating in the Woodworking Industry
Authors: Macaluso F. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Radio-frequency heating is finding wide application in the woodworking industry for such processes as edge-gluing, plywood manufacture, drying, assembly-gluing. The theory of radio-frequency heating is reviewed briefly, and how this type of heat is applied in various applications is described. Several case histories of actual manufacturing problems are taken up. The recent Federal Communications Commission Regulations on the use of radio-frequency power for industrial heating are treated comprehensively.
Studies in Boundary Lubrication—II: Influence of Adsorbed Moisture Films on Coefficient of Static Friction Between Lubricated Surfaces
Authors: Campbell W. E. , Thurber E. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Extraordinarily high values of the coefficient of static friction between steel surfaces lubricated with straight chain normal hydrocarbons (heptane to decane) are shown to be due to a film of adsorbed moisture at the solid-liquid interface. Friction measurements on a highly refined paraffin-base oil applied to surfaces in equilibrium with a dry and a moist atmosphere, confirm this idea, the coefficient of friction being 0.35 for the dry and 0.6 for the moist lubricated surfaces. Friction measurements are recorded for four fundamentally different lubricant types on steel, brass, and glass in equilibrium with dry air and air of 75 per cent humidity, respectively. The friction is in all cases raised from 40 to 70 per cent in the high humidity, the effects being particularly pronounced on glass. The results of the tests provide an explanation for many of the discrepancies among oiliness results in the literature obtained by the static-friction method, and indicate that the humidity of the atmosphere plays a significant part in the mechanism of boundary lubrication.
Curvature-Acceleration Relations for Plane Cams
Authors: Baxter M. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses cam curvature as an important limitation in cam design, and presents formulas not previously published for obtaining this curvature. Flat and circular followers are considered for both translational and rotational follower motion. Constructions for obtaining the center of curvature by graphical means are also given. The formulas are listed early in the paper in convenient tabular form for reference purposes, followed by detailed discussion and derivations.
Studies in Boundary Lubrication—III: The Wear of Carbon Brushes in Dry Atmospheres
Authors: Campbell W. E. , Kozak Rose 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The dusting wear of carbon brushes is studied in dry nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. The effect of water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide on dusting wear is described, and the results compared with those of investigations carried out under partial vacuum conditions. No effect of current, up to 114 amp per sq in. is found under the conditions studied. It is shown that a highly oriented natural graphite specimen or an oriented graphite brush, operated so that the faces of the cleavage planes rub on a plane rotating copper surface, neither dusts nor produces wear on the copper surface in dry nitrogen. When operated so that the edges of the cleavage planes rub against the plate, rapid dusting wear takes place and the copper surface is deeply scored. The dusting rate of carbon brushes in dry nitrogen against several metals is given. The rate is shown to decrease as the hardness of the metal increases, the behavior of brass being exceptional. It is found to be zero on smooth chromium and rhodium surfaces. On the assumption that an adsorbed lubricant film prevents scoring of the plate by the edges of the graphite crystals, allowing them to be oriented, the results are shown to be consistent with recent theories of solid friction.
Streamlining Effect on Air Resistance and Smoke Lifting on Steam Locomotives
Authors: Griffin J. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A test was conducted in 1946 in the wind tunnel at the Daniel Guggenheim School of Aeronautics at New York University with a 1/12-scale model of an existing modern 4-8-4 type locomotive. To this model was added for various runs different features of streamlining or smoke-lifting deflecting plates or both. Each change constituted, in effect, a different model. This paper covers a report on the five models which proved to be of the most importance.
An Investigation of the Variation in Heat Absorption in a Pulverized-Coal-Fired Water-Cooled Steam-Boiler Furnace: I—Variations in Heat Absorption as Shown by Measurement of Surface Temperature of Exposed Side of Furnace Tubes
Authors: Schueler L. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report is one of several current formal reports (1) covering the activities of the ASME Special Research Committee on Furnace Performance Factors. These investigations were undertaken early in 1945, as one of the direct contributions of the Committee to the fundamental knowledge of heat-transfer processes in water-cooled boiler furnaces. The present investigation is still under way and this report is an introduction to and description of the project along with a presentation of significant data procured and analyzed up to December, 1946. The investigation is being carried out on boiler No. 11 at the Tidd Plant of The Ohio Power Company, Brilliant, Ohio. Directly co-operating with the Committee in the installation of apparatus, testing, and analysis of data are the American Gas and Electric Service Corporation, Combustion Engineering Company, and U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh Experiment Station. It was at the initial suggestion and invitation of Mr. Philip Sporn, a member of the main Committee, that a comprehensive investigation of furnace-heat absorption on a full-scale unit was held desirable, and one of the Tidd Plant boilers was made available to the Committee for such an undertaking.
An Investigation of the Variation in Heat Absorption in a Pulverized-Coal-Fired Water-Cooled Steam-Boiler Furnace: II—Furnace Heat Absorption Efficiency as Shown by the Temperature, Composition, and Flow of Gases Leaving the Furnace
Authors: Reid W. T. , Cohen Paul , Corey R. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As part of an investigation of the factors affecting the performance of furnaces, the heat-absorption efficiency of the furnace of a pulverized-coal-fired dry-bottom steam boiler was determined from the sensible heat in the gases at the furnace outlet. The sensible heat was determined from the temperature of the gases, which was measured by traversing the furnace outlet with a high-velocity thermocouple, and from the quantity of gas leaving the furnace, which was computed from the composition of the gas and the rate of fuel firing. Data are given for the distribution at the furnace outlet of excess air, gas temperature, and mass flow. The effect on furnace heat-absorption efficiency is shown for variations in (a) the heat available in the furnace, (b) the excess air, (c) the angle of inclination of the burners, and (d) the condition of the furnace with respect to deposits of ash and slag on the heat-absorbing surfaces. The data of this investigation were correlated by a modified form of the Hudson-Orrok equation, which relates empirically the furnace heat-absorption efficiency to the weight of wet gases at the furnace outlet, per unit heat available in the furnace, and the heat available in the furnace per square foot of projected radiant heating surface.
An Investigation of the Variation in Heat Absorption in a Pulverized-Coal-Fired Water-Cooled Steam-Boiler Furnace: IV—Comparison and Correlation of the Results of Furnace Heat-Absorption Investigations
Authors: Mumford A. R. , Bice G. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this part of the symposium the three preceding sections of the report are compared, and satisfactory coordination is accomplished for the first two sections. The tube-surface temperature measurements show furnace heat absorptions which can be co-ordinated with the absorptions indicated by the surveys of the gas conditions at the furnace outlet by applying a correction to the gas-temperature measurement, or by varying the tube-to-water film conductance. A method of evaluating furnace cleanliness is developed and applied. A suggested basis of comparing furnaces is discussed.
VI—Dielectric-Constant and Refractivity Data
Authors: Miller J. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The dielectric constant and refractivity data already established at lower pressures for the twelve gases under consideration need little improvement. A few outstanding gaps in these data are specified. Accurate high-pressure data have been published for only a few of the gases, principally hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Even with these four gases, improvement in the techniques of measuring dielectric constants at high pressures is needed so that more accurate and more extensive studies can be made.
Generalized Thermodynamics of High-Temperature Combustion
Authors: Hottel H. C. , Williams G. C. , Satterfield C. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability to calculate the performance of any proposed type of heating operation or power-plant combustion cycle requires a knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of the system. If the systems encountered consist of any combination of the four species, carbon-hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen, in any reasonable proportion, the number of thermodynamic charts necessary for a solution with minimum interpolation would be enormous without specially developed procedures. This paper presents a method of expressing the thermodynamic properties of the four-component system in a dimensionless form which permits putting the whole system onto a simple set of charts for easy engineering use. The present data have particular value in calculating flame temperatures and in solving the performance of liquid-fuel rocket power plants. The data span the range of operation of conventional combustion systems and therefore also apply to systems such as furnaces operated with oxygen enrichment or very high preheat, as well as most usual power cycles. The method of use is illustrated by application to a rocket system.
Temperature-Reduction Problems in Sugar-Beet Storage
Authors: Barmington R. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Successful storage of sugar beets is dependent upon low storage temperatures. In parts of the United States where night temperatures are near the freezing point during the storage period, artificial ventilation during the night has been suggested as a means of removing heat from the beets. While this method has possibilities there has been a lack of knowledge and understanding regarding the large quantity of air required, and consequently the large blowers and ducts necessary. While the size of the structures would not be impractical, it is necessary to understand the magnitude of the problem before an attempt is made to design a commercial-size storage.
Analysis of Tests on Positive-Displacement Meters for Liquid Hydrocarbons
Authors: Ambrosius E. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper gives an amplification of results of tests on one meter and represents a method of analysis of data from the tests conducted by the ASME Special Research Committee on Fluid Meters and the API Topical Committee on Volumeter Research, to determine the characteristics of displacement-type mechanical meters when measuring liquid hydrocarbons. It is a continuation of an earlier paper, and presents data with a method of further analysis beyond that made in the preliminary study. The early paper discussed the results in a general way. A more thorough study of the data on a particular meter, such as herein presented, can point the way toward close control of meter-performance characteristics for any particular design.
Silicone Rubber—New Properties for Design Engineers
Authors: Irby G. S. , Goss Wyman , Pyle J. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Silicone rubber is a new synthetic elastomer which exhibits exceptional properties of thermal stability. The physical, chemical, and electrical properties of this material, as affected by high and low temperatures, have been studied. The results of this study, together with fabrication techniques and proven applications, are compared to show where silicone rubber may be of best use to the design engineer.
A Framework for Estimating Effects of Combustor Turbulence on Turbine Profile Loss Generation
Authors: Gakhar Kanika , Folk Masha , Greitzer Edward M. , Tan Choon S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a framework to quantify the effect of freestream turbulence, generated by mixing processes in a combustor, on turbulent boundary layer loss generation in the high-pressure turbine downstream of the combustor. The regime of freestream turbulence common to gas turbine aero engines is identified and it is shown that the dissipation loss coefficient in this regime can be determined using existing measurements of the effect of freestream turbulence on skin friction. The paper shows that combustor-generated freestream turbulence can increase the profile loss coefficient of a typical high-pressure turbine blade by as much as 28%. A relation has been derived between a non-dimensional turbulence parameter, which characterizes the freestream turbulence, and the increase in turbine boundary layer dissipation, which quantifies the decrease in turbine efficiency. The relation provides guidelines for combustor turbulence modifications that lead to turbine performance benefits. The framework has been applied in example trade studies which show that increasing the size of dilution ports and increasing the length of the combustor can decrease high-pressure turbine profile loss generation to potentially increase stage efficiency up to 0.5%.