bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Film Thickness and Storage Temperature on Water Loss and Internal Quality of Seal-packaged Grapefruit
Authors: Purvis A.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) were seal-packaged in low-density, polyethylene films ranging from 20 to 40 µm in thickness and stored at temperatures from 5 to 28°C for periods up to 109 days. Film thickness had a negligible effect on transpiration, respiratory gas exchange, and juice quality. Storage temperature had a negligible effect on transpiration of seal-packaged fruit. However, 28° storage temperature significantly affected acid concentration in both seal-packaged and unwaxed fruit, probably as a result of increased respiratory activity at high storage temperatures. Quality of both seal-packaged fruit and unwaxed fruit deteriorated in storage at 28°.
Ion Regulation and Response of Tomato to Sodium Chloride: A Homeostatic System
Authors: Sacher R.F. , Staples R.C. , Robinson R.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. New Yorker, Solanum pennellii Corr. PI 246502, and 16 stable breeding lines of horticultural type derived from this cross were evaluated under saline (0.1 m NaCl) and control conditions. The breeding line population exhibited a much wider range of salt tolerance than that found in the cultivated species. Relative ability to regulate sodium accumulation in the leaves was significantly correlated with growth under saline irrigation. Absolute levels of foliar sodium or chloride accumulated under saline irrigation were not significantly correlated with plant growth. Regulation of ion accumulation was assessed as the ratio of foliar ionic content in saltgrown plants to foliar content in control plants, a value which we define as ion regulation index (IRI). A low index indicated regulation of accumulation of a particular ion. Regulation of ion uptake is interpreted as reflecting an effective homeostatic system. The homeostasis was attributed to tomato, and salt tolerance improvement occurred only if the requisite homeostasis was combined with other factors conferred by S. pennelli. Information regarding occurrence and possible mechanisms of this type of salt tolerance is reviewed.
Effects of Dormant Pruning, Summer Pruning, Scoring, and Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Cortland’ Apple Trees
Authors: Greene Duane W. , Lord William J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Summer pruning 6-year-old trees of ‘Cortland’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) for 3 consecutive years in either early July or early August reduced trunk circumference increase the year of pruning and increased terminal growth the following year. Terminal growth on 8-year-old ‘Red Prince Delicious’ trees summer-pruned in August for 3 consecutive years was similar to dormant-pruned trees, and trunk circumference increase was reduced the last 2 years. Fruit size and soluble solids were reduced the last 2 years. Fruit size and soluble solids were reduced by summer pruning ‘Cortland’ but not ‘Red Prince’. Flowering, fruit set, yield, flesh firmness, flesh calcium, and storage disorders were not affected by summer pruning of either cultivar. Terminal growth of ‘Cortland’ trees was reduced the year of scoring and the following year. Bloom was increased the year following scoring. Scoring ‘Red Prince’ for 3 consecutive years consistently reduced terminal growth and increased yield the second and third years. Corrective dormant pruning (CDP) on ‘Red Prince’ reduced bloom but not yield the first year. In the 2 subsequent years, bloom, fruit set, and yield were not affected by CDP and the practice alleviated the problem of tree crowding. Summer pruning on ‘Cortland’ trees followed by a postbloom spray of butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethyl hydrazide) (daminozide) of 1500 ppm showed promise as a way to control tree growth, increase flower bud formation, and fruit set.
Relationship between Galactinol Synthase Activity and Sugar Composition of Leaves and Seeds of Several Crop Species
Authors: Handley Levis W. , Pharr David M. , McFeeters Roger F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Galactinol synthase was assayed from leaves of 24 different accessions (20 species), maturing seeds of soybean, and cotyledons of germinating cucumber seeds. Leaf tissue contained concentrations of raffinose ranging from not detectable to 0.36 mg/g fresh weight (gfw) and stachyose ranging from not detectable to 1.39 mg/gfw. Galactinol synthase activity from leaves was correlated with the proportion of total sugar present as raffinose saccharides. In maturing soybean seeds, the appearance of galactinol synthase coincided with the biosynthesis of the galactosyl-sugars. Cucumber seeds contained high levels of raffinose and stachyose which decreased in the cotyledon during germination to a steady-state level coincident with the appearance of galactinol synthase.
Nutrient Changes in Apple Leaves due to the Spotted Tentiform Leafminer
Authors: Bodnar J.M. , Proctor J.T.A. , Laing J.E. , Cline R.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaves of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) containing up to 8 mines per leaf produced by the spotted tentiform leafminer (STLM), Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.), were analyzed for N, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Nutrient imbalance due to leafmining depended upon leaf type, location of the leaf, and the relative concentration of an element in the leaf types. Leafmining had the greatest effect on interior spur leaves, and particularly on concentration reduction of Ca and Mg which are major constituents of the insect hemolymph.
Griseofulvin-induced Chromosome Instability and Reduction in a Petunia Somatic Hybrid
Authors: Griesbach Robert J. , Schnabelrauch Linda S. , Sink Kenneth C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf sections of a Petunia paradii x P. inflata somatic hybrid treated with griseofulvin (7-chloro-2’,4,6-trimethoxy-6’-methyl-spiro(benzofuran-2(3H), 1’-2 cyclohexene)-3, 4’dione) have been regenerated into whole plants. Of the regenerates, 5% expressed various degrees of leaf and flower abnormalities. About 80% of these abnormal types had chromosome numbers reduced from the pentaploid control level. It appears that the griseofulvin-induced chromosome instability may activate a type of position effect-variegation which causes both leaf and flower variegation.
Relationship between Environment during Seed Development and Seed Vigor of Two Endosperm Mutants of Corn
Authors: Styer Roger C. , Cantliffe Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seeds of 2 corn (Zea mays L.) endosperm mutants, shrunken-2 (sh2) and sugary (su), were produced in the field and greenhouse and harvested 18 to 46 days postpollination (dpp). Seeds of su accumulated dry weight rapidly after 26 dpp, while sh2 seeds had nearly attained their final weight by this stage. This resulted in a larger endosperm in su. Greenhouse-grown sh2 seeds weighed more than field-grown sh2 throughout development. Germination and seedling growth of greenhouse-grown sh2 seeds under optimum conditions were greater than that of field-grown sh2 when seeds were older than 26 days. Greenhouse-grown sh2 seeds 26 days and older germinated as well as field- and greenhouse-grown su with comparable seedling growth. Germination of field-grown sh2 seeds was much higher throughout development in the cold rolled-towel test compared to the cold soil test. Viability and vigor differences between immature seeds of both genotypes were not distinguishable by the cold, rolled-towel test, but were very noticeable in the cold soil test. Under cold soil test conditions, greenhouse-grown sh2 seeds had significantly greater emergence than did field-grown sh2 38 dpp and older. Mature greenhouse-grown sh2 and su seeds were of equal viability and vigor in the cold soil test.
Influence of Soil Acidity on Watermelon Leaf Tissue Mineral Concentration and Yield
Authors: Sundstrom F.J. , Edwards R.L. , Constantin R.J. , Wells D.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Application of limestone to a Cahaba sandy loam increased exchangeable soil Ca and decreased extractable soil Al and Mn. Leaf tissue composition of ‘Calhoun Gray’ and ‘Dixielee’ watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] was significantly influenced by soil pH. Increased levels of limestone significantly increased tissue Ca and reduced tissue Al and Mn concentrations. High soil acidity was closely associated with high tissue Mn in both cultivars. Tissue Al levels were not as sharply reduced by increasing soil pH as were tissue Mn levels. Tissue Al influences on yield were not significant in either cultivar at any soil pH. In nonlimed plots, ‘Calhoun Gray’ tissue Mn was highly correlated with depressed crop yield, while ‘Dixielee’ produced no marketable fruit at soil pH 5.0. Foliar Mn toxicity symptoms were observed on the 2 cultivars at soil pH 5.0. Maximum watermelon yield was obtained at soil pH 6.0 on plots that received 112 kg N/ha.
Effects of PEG-induced Water Stress on Calcium Uptake in Peach Seedlings
Authors: Haber Melanie F. , Young Eric , Faust M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000)-induced water stress (—0.5 to —7.5 bars) reduced shoot and root growth, water use, and stem 45Ca in seedlings of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). Sucrose feeding through a leaf did not affect stem 45Ca with or without osmotic stress. 45Calcium uptake per milligram water used was not different at different solution osmotic potentials. A split-root study, with half the root system receiving 45Ca and/or PEG, showed that if 45Ca was supplied only to the water-stressed root half, 45Ca uptake into stems was low regardless of whether the other root half was stressed or not. Results indicate that reduced stem Ca during water stress is probably not a direct result of decreased root energy needed for active uptake or reduced translocation out of the root. Calcium absorption appeared to be related to the amount of unsuberized root surface available for Ca uptake.
Anatomical and Morphological Development of ‘Manzanillo’ Olive Seed in Relation to Germination
Authors: Lagarda A. , Martin G.C. , Polito V.S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Microscopic examination of sectioned germinating olive seed (Olea europaea L.) did not reveal differences from many other seed types. No seedcoat-imposed mechanical restrictions were found during germination. The seed was 4% and the embryo 1% of the mature, whole fruit dry weight. Maximum embryo dry weight was achieved by early October. Germination was 90% when the embryo had gained 60% of its final dry weight. No dormancy factors were evident in the excised embryos.
Enhancement of Lettuce Yield by Manipulation of Light and Nitrogen Nutrition
Authors: Knight Sharon L. , Mitchell Cary A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several levels of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were tested for effects on growth of 4 cultivars of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under controlled-environment conditions. Growth of ‘Salad Bowl’, ‘Bibb’, and ‘Ruby’ was greater at 932 µmol s -1m-2 than at ≤ 644 µmol s-1m-2 under a 16-hour photoperiod. Thirty mM NO3- or 5 mM NH4+ + 25 mM NO3- increased leaf dry weight while reducing leaf chlorosis in ‘Salad Bowl’ and ‘Grand Rapids’ relative to that with 15 mM NO3-, and reduced leaf purpling in ‘Bibb’ and ‘Ruby’ with little or no effect on yield. Continuous illumination with 455 or 918 µmol s-1 m-2 stimulated yield of ‘Salad Bowl’ and ‘Bibb’ when 30 mM N as NH4+ + NO3- was used relative to that with 15 mM NO3-.
Influence of Liming Rate on Holly, Azalea, and Juniper Growth in Pine Bark
Authors: Chrustic Grace A. , Wright Robert D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rooted cuttings of Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Helleri’, Rhododendron obtusum Planch. ‘Rosebud’, and Juniperus chinensis L. ‘San Jose’ were grown in a 100% pine-bark medium amended with dolomitic limestone at 0 to 8 kg m-3 with resulting pH from 3.4 to 7.2. Except for juniper at 2 kg m-3, growth was not increased by liming, and 8 kg m-3 tended to reduce shoot and root growth. This reduced growth was attributed in part to greater NH4 adsorption by the bark, reducing the amount available for plant uptake, and a higher nitrification rate, leading to an elevated NO3 to NH4 ratio in the medium. Liming pine bark to improve growth of these woody plants may be unnecessary.
Strengthening of Tomato Shoots by Gyratory Shaking
Authors: Heuchert Joan C. , Marks Jay S. , Mitchell Cary A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Rutgers) grown in a greenhouse under conditions of limiting light intensity developed weak stems. Periodic gyratory shaking retarded axial and lateral growth of stems and petioles while strengthening these tissues. Hypocotyls and first internodes excised from shaken plants had greater moduli of elasticity and of rupture and ultimate shear strength than did similar sections cut from undisturbed controls. Threshold of deformation (rigidity) was greatest for stems of shaken plants. The cellulose fraction of stem fiber increased concomitant with elastic strength of shaken tomato seedlings.
Root and Air Temperature Effects on the Flowering and Yield of Tomato
Authors: Papadopoulos Athanasios P. , Tiessen Herman 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cultivars of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown in the greenhouse and in growth chambers to study the effects of root and air temperature on flowering and yield. A low air temperature of 19° (day)/14°C (night), during the fall crop, caused no reduction in yield when compared with the commonly used 22°/17° air temperature. A 13°/8° air temperature during the spring crop drastically reduced yield compared with the 19°/14°C air temperature. Flowering of ‘Ohio MR-13’ in growth chambers was delayed significantly at air temperatures of 24°/8° compared to 24°/17°, but the flowering of ‘Vendor’ was unaffected by air temperature treatments. Marketable yield of ‘Vendor’ was significantly higher at 24°/8° compared to the 24°/17° treatment, while the marketable yield of ‘Ohio MR-13’ was unaffected. At a constant, day air temperature of 24°, the amount of small fruit decreased as night air temperature was lowered from 17° to 8° and maturity was delayed as night air temperature was lowered from 14° to 8°. The effect of low air temperature on flowering and yield of tomatoes was large and could not be offset by increasing root temperatures. At air temperatures of 24°/17°, 24°/14°, and 24°/8°, marketable yields were affected adversely by the absence of root thermoperiodicity (day to night root temperature variation).
Influence of Air and Soil Temperatures on the Growth and Development of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. during Different Growth Phases
Authors: Wang Y.T. , Roberts A.N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Yearling ‘Nellie White’ Easter lily plants were subjected to various air and soil temperature combinations to determine temperature requirements for 6 growth phases, each of one-month duration. An air and soil temperature of 24°C favored rapid leaf unfolding, stem elongation, and flower expansion with concomitant depletion of primary scales. After flower buds were visible, soil temperature had no appreciable effect on their rate of expansion; air temperature was the controlling factor. Leaf unfolding rate, stem length, and flower bud size were of equal value in monitoring crop development. Secondary scale initiation and development during the prebloom period was positively related to soil temperature rather than air temperature and was maximum at 24°. The rate of scale initiation progressively decreased from first appearance of the secondary meristem until anthesis of the primary axis. High soil temperature decreased the diameter of the secondary (daughter) axis apical meristem at any time prior to appearance of flower buds on primary axis (buds visible).
Use of Canopy-air Temperature Differentials as a Method for Scheduling Irrigations in Snap Beans
Authors: Bonanno A. Richard , Mack Harry J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two field experiments were conducted during 1981-1982 to determine the feasibility of using midday canopy temperatures, measured with an infrared radiation thermometer, for irrigation scheduling in ‘Oregon 1604’ and ‘Galamor’ snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Treatments which allowed various levels of positive canopy minus air temperature differences [stress-degree-days (SDD)] to accumulate between irrigations were evaluated along with a treatment irrigated at 4 growth stages, a dry treatment, and a control treatment which was irrigated at -0.06 MPa soil water potential (SWP). Diurnal measurement of canopy and air temperatures indicated that the greatest differences between canopy and air temperature occurred near solar noon. In 1981, all treatments irrigated by an accumulation of positive SDD had reduced yields compared to the control SWP treatment. In 1982, under higher rainfall and lower air saturation vapor pressure deficits (VPD) than in 1981, yields of the SDD irrigated treatments were comparable to those obtained with the SWP treatment. Accumulation of positive SDD values to schedule irrigations was adequate when midday VPD values were low. However, when high VPD occurred, SDD values were always negative. A model is presented in which SDD values can be adjusted for environmental variability to more accurately schedule irrigations. Measurements of air temperatures within the canopy were made and compared to surface canopy temperatures measured with an infrared thermometer. Regression analysis showed that canopy temperature could be predicted using the air temperature within the canopy (R2 = 0.89). The sum of SDD values for the season was used to estimate canning maturity pod yield (R2 = 0.65).
Water Relations and Growth of Snap Beans as Influenced by Differential Irrigation
Authors: Bonanno A. Richard , Mack Harry J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of differential irrigation on plant growth, development, and water status of 2 snap bean cultivars, ‘Oregon 1604’ and ‘Galamor’ (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plants were grown at various irrigation levels ranging from a well-watered control to a dry treatment which received only one irrigation to establish plants. Measurements on plants sampled weekly at 6 times during the growing season showed that total plant dry weight, total leaf dry weight, total leaf area, average area per leaf, and number of leaves per plant were reduced by water deficits in both cultivars. Also, for both cultivars, total leaf area per plant was reduced more by a decrease in area per leaf than by a reduction in leaf number. Specific dry leaf weight was higher in the drier treatments. During each year, a significant difference between treatments occurred earlier in the season for total leaf area per plant than for total plant weight. At predawn, leaf water potential (ψ) always was more negative in the dry treatment than in the control. Early in the season, there was no significant difference in midday ψ between the control and dry treatment. Later, as soil water became limiting, the dry treatment had a more negative ψ than the control. Near the end of the season, after the dry treatment had been subjected to a long period of water stress, midday ψ was more negative in the control than in the dry treatment. Although some osmotic adjustment occurred in the dry treatment, leaf turgor potential (ψp) was generally lower than in the control throughout the day. As ψ decreased from early morning through midday, transpiration rates increased due to an increase in evaporative demand on the leaves. Leaf diffusive resistance also increased with decreasing ψ but a “threshold value” for stomatal closure was not demonstrated.
Effect of Light Environment and Spur Age on ‘Delicious’ Apple Fruit Size and Quality
Authors: Robinson Terence L. , Seeley Earl J. , Barritt Bruce H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Limbs of ‘Miller Sturdeespur Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) with bearing spurs ranging in age from 2 to 11 years were provided with differing solar exposure levels ranging from 5% to 95% of full sunlight (400 to 700 nm) from 55 days postbloom until harvest. As the exposure level of the limb canopy was reduced, fruit length, width, weight, soluble solids, starch content, and total solids were reduced while fruit firmness and total acidity were increased. Visual fruit red color of this high-coloring strain was not affected. As spur age increased, fruit length, width, weight, and soluble solids decreased while fruit firmness and total acidity increased. Spur age did not influence fruit red color, starch content, or total solids. Light exposure level accounted for a relatively large portion of the variation in fruit size and quality between limbs while spur age accounted for only a small portion of the variation within each limb.
Growth and Fruiting Responses of ‘Redspur Delicious’ Apple Trees to Pruning Treatments
Authors: Lord William J. , Damon Richard A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 7-year pruning trial with ‘Redspur Delicious’ trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) compared growth and fruiting responses to 3 pruning systems: 1) trees pruned with structural limbs spaced around a central leader and 20 cm apart vertically (regularly pruned); 2) central leader trees with structural limbs in tiers and one-year-old wood headed annually (tiers and heading); and 3) trees trained as slender spindles. Heading increased shoot growth from one-year-old wood but not every year. Generally, the growth response was limited to the first 6 subapical buds behind the heading cuts. Heading reduced the number of nodes on one-year-old wood, forced some lateral buds to produce vigorous shoots, and removed the apical section of wood which was shown to be more productive than the subapical sections. Cumulative yields of the slender spindle and regularly pruned trees were comparable, and both were higher than those of trees pruned by the tiers and heading system.
Seed Transmission of Gamma Radiation-induced Morphological Changes in Geranium
Authors: Grossman Herbert H. , Craig Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
M2 progenies from geranium (Pelargorium X hortorum L.H. Bailey), which had been irradiated with 1, 2, and 3 krads of acute gamma radiation, were evaluated for stem and branch length and number of leaves and branches. After several weeks, the progenies from plants irradiated with 2 and 3 krads were significantly shorter than the controls. Progenies treated with 3 krads were 21% shorter and exhibited a 30% reduction in branch length compared to the controls at the termination of the experiment. These effects were similar to those observed in the M1 generation. Leaf and branch number did not differ significantly among progenies of the irradiated plants. It is suggested that gamma radiation induced changes in endogenous levels of GA in the M1 plants, and these changes were transmitted to the M2 progenies.