bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotion Kinds, Motivation, and Irrational Explanation
Authors: D’Arms Justin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter surveys some theories of emotion, and the debate over whether emotions are natural kinds or are constructed through our classifications of them. It argues that the case against such kinds is incomplete and that the constructionist approach to emotions is problematic. It defends a motivational approach to emotion kinds, which predicts and explains various familiar patterns of irrational behaviour better than rival theories.
Social Construction, Revelation, and Moral Psychology
Authors: Mallon Ron 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One sort of social constructionist explanation of human categories or human behaviours emphasizes their social, cultural, and structural determinants by emphasizing the causal or constitutive role of human agents, mental states, decisions, cultures, institutions, or practices. One apparent point of such explanations is to show that the relevant category or behaviour is a product of human culture or human decision as opposed to some other putatively ‘natural’ fact. But if they are simply explanations that identify some sorts of causes or constituents rather than others, then why should constructionist explanations play a recurring role in, say, anti-racist or feminist theorizing? In this chapter, I reconstruct an account of how constructionist revelation is supposed to work, and how it might connect to projects of social transformation, by connecting it to substantive claims about human moral psychology and about the character of moral agency. My argument begins with the claim that constructionist explanations causally influence the attribution of agency and, via those attributions, the activation of reactive attitudes. If this is correct, then constructionist explanation could serve as a causal intervention in the social world by promoting social regulation of constructed phenomena. But whether social change by constructionist revelation is morally permissible or morally desirable remains a further question. I therefore go on to explore and argue for the possibility that constructionist revelation aims to reveal that genuine agency obtains, or even to produce the conditions of such agency.
Moral Intuitions and Moral Nativism
Authors: Mikhail John 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Moral nativism is a theory which holds that significant elements of moral psychology are innate. This chapter first summarizes the intuitive turn in moral psychology and explains its significance for moral nativism. Drawing on an analogy to language, the chapter then outlines two principal arguments for moral nativism: the argument for moral grammar and the argument from the poverty of the stimulus. After making some clarifications and correcting some popular misconceptions, the chapter reviews some of the most significant research supporting moral nativism, including studies of compassion, empathy, and altruistic motivation in humans and other primates; the intuitive jurisprudence of young children; the emergence of moral cognition in human infants and toddlers; the neurocognitive foundations of moral judgment; and human moral universals. The chapter concludes by locating moral nativism within a broader historical and scientific context, including ancient philosophy, Enlightenment rationalism, evolutionary theory, and the modern cognitive science of innate knowledge in various domains.
Moral Learning and Moral Representations
Authors: Nichols Shaun 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
People make moral judgments that seem to be guided by complex representations of rules formed over abstract categories like harm, intention, and knowledge. This chapter explores learning-theoretic accounts of such judgments. Value-based accounts try to explain moral judgments with an austere set of resources based on reinforcement learning. Rule-based accounts maintain that moral judgments really are guided by complex representations of rules. Since rule-based accounts appeal to complex representations, one possibility is that these representations are to some extent innately specified. An alternative, sketched in this chapter, is that statistical learning can explain the acquisition of these complex representations.
Methods, Models, and the Evolution of Moral Psychology
Authors: O’Connor Cailin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Why are we good? Why are we bad? Questions regarding the evolution of morality have spurred an astoundingly large interdisciplinary literature. Some significant subset of this body of work addresses questions regarding our moral psychology: how did humans evolve the psychological properties which underpin our systems of ethics and morality? In this chapter I do three things. First, I discuss some methodological issues, and defend particularly effective methods for addressing many research questions in this area. Second, I give an in-depth example, describing how an explanation can be given for the evolution of guilt—one of the core moral emotions—using the methods advocated here. Last, I lay out which sorts of strategic scenarios generally are the ones that our moral psychology evolved to ‘solve’, and thus which models are the most useful in further exploring this evolution.
The Limits of Neuroscience for Ethics
Authors: Roskies Adina L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Ethics is concerned with the normative or prescriptive, and science with the descriptive. These differences are illustrative of the famous gap between ‘ought’ and ‘is’. Given these differences in scope and subject matter, one might wonder what, if anything, science may have to offer ethics. Here I focus on the brain sciences, and looking at several case studies in both normative ethics and metaethics, I argue that the gap between the normative and descriptive is unbridgeable, but that despite this, neuroscience has much to contribute to ethical thought. The way in which it most clearly contributes is by providing descriptive premises to normative arguments.
Moral Sentiments in Hume and Adam Smith
Authors: Cohon Rachel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A sentimentalist theory of morality explains all moral evaluations as manifestations of certain emotions, ones that David Hume and Adam Smith, in their related but divergent accounts, call moral sentiments. The two theories have complementary successes and failures in capturing familiar features of the experience of making moral evaluations. Thinking someone courageous or dishonest need not involve having goals or feelings of desire, and Hume’s theory captures that well; but its account of how our moral evaluations are about or directed toward people or actions is deficient. Smith’s theory readily explains how moral sentiments can be about things (and which things they are about), but at the cost of construing some central moral evaluations as goal-directed desires that are simply not like that. Present-day sentimentalists also face the challenge of combining these two desiderata.
The Nature of Reasons for Action and Their Psychological Implications
Authors: Smith Michael 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The chapter begins with the accounts of reasons for action given by G. E. M. Anscombe in Intention (1957) and Donald Davidson in ‘Actions, reasons, and causes’ (1963). This leads to a discussion of a number of different issues about reasons for action including: whether all actions are pursued under the guise of the good; the distinction between motivating and normative reasons; the relationship between normative reasons and good-making features; whether we should be factualists or non-factualists about evaluative judgements; and, if we should be factualists, then the kind of factualist we should be: species-relativist, disposition-relativist, constitutivist, or primitivist.
Sex by Deception
Authors: Brogaard Berit 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this chapter I will use sex by deception as a case study for highlighting some of the trickiest concepts associated with sexuality and moral psychology, including rape, consensual sex, sexual rights, sexual autonomy, sexual individuality, and disrespectful sex. I begin with a discussion of morally wrong sex as rooted in the breach of five sexual liberty rights that are derived from our fundamental human liberty rights: sexual self-possession, sexual autonomy, sexual individuality, sexual dignity, and sexual privacy. In light of this discussion, I then examine a puzzle about sex by deception—a puzzle which at first may seem to compel us to define ‘rape’ strictly in terms of ‘physical force or threat’ rather than ‘sexual autonomy’. I proceed by presenting an argument against the view that, as a rule, sex by deception undermines consent. Even when sex by deception does not compromise consent, I argue that it nonetheless is inimical to the respect we owe all persons, not because it vitiates sexual autonomy and thereby obstructs the possibility of consent, but because it fails to respect other sexual rights that we have, such as our rights to sexual dignity, individuality, or privacy.
Are Desires Interdependent?
Authors: Cushman Fiery , Paul L. A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Some experiences transform us in profound ways. Many people, for instance, are transformed by becoming a parent. How does this occur? Is parenthood like a massive hurricane, which shapes a wide landscape directly and all at once by overwhelming force? Or could experiences like parenthood transform us the way a spark transforms the landscape—as a small force that only directly touches one dry leaf, but thereby sets off a chain reaction? We explore the possibility and implications of spark-like personal transformative experiences––those in which a relatively small, surgical adjustment of one aspect of our preferences has an extended ripple effect, rationally compelling the revision of many other aspects of our preferences––in the context of current models of the notion of ‘desire’ in the cognitive sciences, focusing especially on theories of value-guided decision-making.
Variations in Moral Concerns across Political Ideology
Authors: Graham Jesse , Yudkin Daniel A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews research on variations in moral judgments and concerns across the ideological spectrum and across political groups. It pays particular attention to the pluralist model of moral foundations (moral concerns about care, fairness, loyalty, authority, purity), first reviewing how they vary along the left–right ideological spectrum. We then review research going beyond a single left–right dimension, including work on libertarians and social vs. economic ideology. We then turn to new work identifying the political ‘hidden tribes’ of US politics (Progressive Activists, Traditional Liberals, Passive Liberals, Politically Disengaged, Moderates, Traditional Conservatives, and Devoted Conservatives). The chapter closes by considering the dangers of moral convictions to civil discourse and intergroup relations.
Agency in Mental Illness and Cognitive Disability
Authors: Murphy Dominic , Washington Natalia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by sketching an account of morally responsible agency and the general conditions under which it may fail. We discuss how far individuals with psychiatric diagnoses may be exempt from morally responsible agency in the way that infants are, with examples drawn from a sample of diagnoses intended to make different issues salient. We further discuss a recent proposal that clinicians may hold patients responsible without blaming them for their acts. We also consider cognitively impaired subjects in the light of related issues in moral and political theory, asking whether they have been unjustly excluded from liberal conceptions of political community due to their presumed lack of agency.
Virtue
Authors: Besser Lorraine L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
What is virtue? And by what standard do we determine that something is a virtue? This chapter explores the central ways in contemporary theorists approach these questions and the limitations of their analyses. I’ll emphasize the importance of a theory of virtue’s capacity to account for both virtue’s reliable connection to action and its psychological depth in characterizing how virtue affects the ways in which a person not just acts, but thinks and responds in certain ways. I’ll argue that extant theories of virtue tend to favour one over the other; but that instrumentalist and holistic accounts of virtue are better able to appropriately accommodate both desiderata.
Railways
Authors: Gwyn David 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Railways were the distinctive ‘industrial era’ transport technology but date to antiquity. They were widely adopted in the context of the English coal industry from the seventeenth century. By 1830 they had become a sophisticated mechanical technology. Key to the railway revolution of the nineteenth century was the steam locomotive engine with the capacity to haul a train carrying primary products, manufactured goods, or people at a national level. Railways had a profound effect on the economy, landscape, and society of wherever they were built, and were often consciously used to emphasize political power and colonial might. Decline in the late twentieth century has been followed by a subsequent revival. Railways take many different forms, serving industry and construction sites, military campaigns, and operating as intra-urban systems. Miniature, toy, and heritage railways reflect public interest in this technology.
Water Power
Authors: Rynne Colin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Water power was the principal source of energy for British and Irish industry for the greater part of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, especially in the textile industries. Even in the nineteenth century steam power in many Irish, Scottish, and Welsh industries was a supplement rather than a replacement for water-powered prime movers. In the early twenty-first century water power remains an important low-carbon power-generation option. Using British and Irish examples this chapter reviews the technological development of water power, from vertical and horizontal waterwheels, the replacement of wood with iron fabric in the transmission systems, and improvements in waterwheel design, to water turbines and the introduction of hydroelectric generation.
Commodities and Consumption
Authors: Crook Penny 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the importance of commodities and consumption to archaeologies of the modern industrialized world. After centuries of New World exploration saw exotic luxuries transformed into everyday commodities, the Industrial Revolution delivered a new array of domestic goods to the emerging middle classes in the Old World. The practice of household provisioning changed for good as humble town markets were dwarfed by palaces of consumption. Scholars from many fields have analyzed consumer behaviour to explore individual desire and social order, debating the significance of social, cultural, economic, and material change, past and present. Consequently, consumer theory remains diverse and ‘complex’. Archaeology offers a unique perspective and recent research in transnational archaeologies have revealed local and market-specific consumption patterns against a backdrop of global trade. Current trends suggest that future archaeologies of consumption will enable a greater pursuit of both the production and consumption of commodities.
The Linen and Wool Industries in Britain and Ireland
Authors: Rynne Colin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the development of the linen and woollen industries in Britain and Ireland from the early eighteenth century to the twentieth century, the classic period of mechanization and mill building. Ulster came to dominate world linen production in the later nineteenth century, while Yorkshire was the centre of world woollen yarn and cloth production by the mid-nineteenth century. The technical development of textile machinery, and the buildings they were housed in, is reviewed along with the major stages of manufacture for each industry: preparation, spinning, weaving, and finishing. Both branches of the textile industry used similar machinery and manufacturing processes, and both adapted machinery from the mechanized cotton industry.
Mechanical Engineering and the Integrated Engineering Works
Authors: Nevell Michael 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the development of mechanical engineering and integrated engineering works in Britain from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries. It focusses on the main buildings on the sites, including pattern shop, foundry and forge, fitting and machine shops, erecting shops, drawing and management buildings, and furnaces and power systems. Excavated examples at the Govan iron works, Thames iron works and shipbuilding company, and John Ashbury’s carriage and iron works in Manchester are used as case studies to illustrate the potential of below-ground archaeological material. Often these sites reveal details about manufacturing processes that have not survived in the documentary record.
OA14a Outcomes after switching from etanercept originator to its biosimilar (SB4) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Rokad Aasiyah , Kearsley-Fleet Lianne , Watson Kath , Lunt Mark ,   BSRBR-RA, Hyrich Kimme L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background/Aims
Following the etanercept biosimilar SB4 (ETN-B) launch in the UK in 2016, nationwide guidelines encourage patients switch from the biologic originator (ETN-O) to ETN-B, known as non-medical switching (NMS). However, the long-term implications of NMS have not yet been analysed nationally among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This analysis aims to evaluate treatment outcomes and drug retention after patients with RA are switched from ETN-O to ETN-B in routine clinical practice in the UK.

Methods
The British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for RA (BSRBR-RA) is a prospective observational cohort study. This analysis included all patients who switched from ETN-O to ETN-B since 2016. Disease activity was assessed at the time of switch and after six months. Key outcomes included change in disease activity (DAS28), DAS28 remission and EULAR treatment response. Drug retention was analysed using Kaplan-Meier and treatment withdrawal reasons were explored for all patients who switched to ETN-B, as well as (1) patients who switched-back to ETN-O, (2) patients who changed to a non-ETN biologic, (3) patients discontinuing all biologic therapy. Multiple imputation was used to account for missing data.

Results
1160 patients with RA switched from ETN-O to ETN-B. Of the 919 (79%) with available DAS28 data, there was no change in six-month DAS28 score following switch (median: 0, IQR: -0.8, 0.7). After a median follow-up of 1.8 years (IQR: 1.0, 2.3), most patients remained on ETN-B (N = 844, 73%) with the main treatment withdrawal reason being ineffectiveness (N = 139, 44%). Among those who discontinued ETN-B, 133 (11%) patients switched-back to ETN-O and 98 (8%) patients changed to a non-ETN biologic; both primarily due to ineffectiveness (Table). Lastly, 85 (7%) patients discontinued all biologic therapy mainly due to adverse events (N = 50, 59%).

Conclusion
This analysis has demonstrated sustained effectiveness after switching from ETN-O to ETN-B using real-world nationwide data. Among the sub-cohorts of patients who discontinued ETN-B, differences were observed regarding the frequency and reasons for treatment withdrawal. These results will support UK rheumatologists and patients with treatment decisions, assist quality improvement projects to reduce drug withdrawals and refine biologic treatment delivery in the UK.

Disclosure
A. Rokad: None. L. Kearsley-Fleet: None. K. Watson: None. M. Lunt: None. K.L. Hyrich: Honoraria; Abbvie. Grants/research support; Pfizer, BMS.
OA18 The sex-specific outcomes of acute stroke in patients with comorbid Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - National Inpatient Sample Study
Authors: Jesenakova Sona , Pana Tiberiu A , Carter Ben , Mohamed Mohamed O , Mamas Mamas A , Myint Phyo K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background/Aims
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease with variable presentation and clinical manifestations. Previous research has established the higher risk of incident cardiovascular disease and stroke in SLE patients. However, the evidence on how stroke outcomes differ between SLE and non-SLE patient groups in contemporary practice is limited. Furthermore, given that SLE tends to affect predominantly females, with a female-to-male ratio of 9:1, the question remains if and to what extent stroke outcomes might differ between males and females with SLE. Thus, we aimed to explore sex-specific acute stroke outcomes amongst patients with comorbid SLE.

Methods
A total of 316,531 records representing 1,581,430 acute stroke hospitalisations between 2015 and 2018 from the United States National Inpatient Sample (NIS) were analysed. The primary exposure of interest was comorbid SLE. Patients were grouped according to SLE status and sex (no SLE-reference, male with SLE, female with SLE). Outcome measures of interest (in-patient mortality, length-of-stay in hospital [LoS] and routine home discharge) were examined utilising multivariable logistic regressions, adjusting for age, ethnicity, stroke type, receipt of revascularisation therapies, region, hospital status and 49 comorbidities including major cardiovascular disease.

Results
The median (interquartile range) age was 71 (60-82) years. There were 940 (0.06%) males and 6110 (0.39%) females with SLE. After adjustments, female patients with SLE had 21% increased odds of dying in hospital, adjusted odds ratios (aOR) = 1.21, 95% CI (0.92 - 1.61), whereas the risk of in-patient mortality for male patients with SLE was 24% lower compared to the reference group, aOR = 0.76 (0.32 - 1.81). However, none of the differences in the in-patient mortality were of statistical significance. Secondly, compared to patients without SLE, females with SLE had significantly longer hospitalisation, aOR=1.20 (1.06 - 1.36), while there was no significant difference for males with SLE, aOR=1.06 (0.75 - 1.49). The odds of being routinely discharged were 28% lower for females with SLE, aOR=0.72, (0.63 - 0.82), in comparison to a non-significant increase in the odds of 18% for males with SLE, aOR=1.18, (0.84 - 1.65).

Conclusion
Our results highlight the sex differences in acute stroke outcomes in patients with SLE. Due to a small sample size of males with SLE, our findings need to be cautiously interpreted. Further understanding of the influence of SLE amongst male patients with acute stroke is needed.

Disclosure
S. Jesenakova: None. T.A. Pana: None. B. Carter: None. M.O. Mohamed: None. M.A. Mamas: None. P.K. Myint: None.