bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redshifted 21-cm bispectrum: impact of the source models on the signal and the
IGM physics from the Cosmic Dawn
Authors: Kamran Mohd , Ghara Raghunath , Majumdar Suman , Mellema Garrelt , Bharadwaj Somnath , Pritchard Jonathan R. , Mondal Rajesh , Iliev Ilian T. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The emissions from the first luminous sources drive the fluctuations in the 21-cm signal
at Cosmic Dawn (CD) via two main astrophysical processes, namely Lyα coupling and X-ray
heating, yielding a highly non-Gaussian signal. The impact of these processes on the 21-cm signal
and its non-Gaussianity depends on the properties of these first sources of light. In this work,
we consider different CD scenarios by varying two major source parameters i.e. the minimum halo
mass M
h, min and X-ray photon production efficiency f
X using the 1D radiative transfer code grizzly. We study the impact of variation in these source parameters on the large scale (K
1 =
0.16 Mpc-1) 21-cm bispectrum for all possible unique triangles in the Fourier domain. Our detailed
and comparative analysis of the power spectrum and bispectrum shows that the shape, sign and
magnitude of the bispectrum jointly provide a better measure of the signal fluctuations and its
non-Gaussianity than the power spectrum alone. We also conclude that it is important to study the
sequence of sign changes along with the variations in the shape and magnitude of the bispectrum
throughout the CD history to arrive at a robust conclusion about the dominant processes in the
intergalactic medium at different cosmic times. We further observe that among all the possible
unique k-triangles, the large-scale non-Gaussianity of the signal is best probed by the small
k-triangles in the squeezed limit and by triangle shapes in its vicinity. This opens up the
possibility of constraining the source parameters during the CD using the 21-cm bispectrum.
Learning to school in dense configurations with multi-agent deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Zhu Yi , Pang Jian-Hua , Gao Tong , Tian Fang-Bao 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Fish are observed to school in different configurations. However, how and why fish maintain a stable schooling formation still remains unclear. This work presents a numerical study of the dense schooling of two free swimmers by a hybrid method of the multi-agent deep reinforcement learning and the immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method. Active control policies are developed by synchronously training the leader to swim at a given speed and orientation and the follower to hold close proximity to the leader. After training, the swimmers could resist the strong hydrodynamic force to remain in stable formations and meantime swim in desired path, only by their tail-beat flapping. The tail movement of the swimmers in the stable formations are irregular and asymmetrical, indicating the swimmers are carefully adjusting their body-kinematics to balance the hydrodynamic force. In addition, a significant decrease in the mean amplitude and the cost of transport is found for the followers, indicating these swimmers could maintain the swimming speed with less efforts. The results also show that the side-by-side formation is hydrodynamically more stable but energetically less efficient than other configurations, while the full-body staggered formation is energetically more efficient as a whole.
Enzymatically crosslinked hydrogel based on tyramine modified gelatin and sialylated chitosan
Authors: Ding Peng , Wei Qianqian , Tian Ning , Ding Xiaoyue , Wang Ling , Wang Bin , Okoro Oseweuba Valentine , Shavandi Amin , Nie Lei 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The enzymatically crosslinked hydrogel could replicate the cellular microenvironment for biomedical applications. In the present study, to improve the cytocompatibility of chitosan (CS), sialic acid (SA) was introduced to CS to synthesize sialylated CS (CS-SA), and the tyramine (TA) was grafted to gelatin (G) to obtain TA modified gelatin (G-TA). The successful synthesis of CS-SA and G-TA was confirmed using 1H NMR and UV–Vis absorption spectra. The interpenetrating polymer networks G-TA/CS-SA (GC) hydrogel was then fabricated via blending G-TA and CS-SA solutions and crosslinked using horseradish peroxidase. The storage modulus (G′) of the fabricated GC hydrogels with different ratios of G-TA/CS-SA greatly varied during the formation and strain of hydrogels. With the increase of CS-SA concentration from 0% to 2%, the storage modulus of GC hydrogels was also observed to decrease from 1500 Pa to 101 Pa; the water uptake capacity of GC hydrogels increased from 1000% to 4500%. Additionally, the cell counting kit-8 and fluorescent images demonstrated the excellent cytocompatibility of GC hydrogels after culturing with NIH 3T3 cells. The obtained results indicated that the fabricated GC hydrogels might have potential in biomedical fields, such as wound dressing.
Emerging metal doped carbon dots for promising theranostic applications
Authors: Liang Ke , Ge Jiechao , Wang Pengfei 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
As a bridge between organic fluorophores and inorganic quantum dots, carbon dots (CDs) have been recognized as emerging nanotheranostics for biomedical applications owing to their distinctive merits such as superior optical properties, flexible modification, adjustable functionalities, and remarkable photoactive therapeutic outcome, etc. Compared to metal free CDs, the introduction of metal ion in CDs endowed metal-doped CDs (MCDs) with tunable optical properties and new intrinsic properties, thereby illustrating its different capabilities from metal-free CDs for bioimaging and therapy. This review aims to summarize the recent progress of photonic MCDs as emerging nanoagent for theranostic application such as disease-related diagnostic (involving biosensing and bioimaging) and cancer therapy. The challenges and potential development of MCDs in nanotheranostic fields are also discussed.
German stakeholder perceptions of an EU carbon border adjustment mechanism
Authors: Kuehner Ann-Kathrin , Jakob Michael , Flachsland Christian 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The European Commission has proposed a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) that would apply the carbon price prevailing in the EU emissions trading system to import-related emissions. We conducted a survey to study perceptions of an EU CBAM among German key stakeholders from industry, civil society, and research in July 2021. We find that substantial support for CBAM exists as well as the expectation that the mechanism will eventually be introduced. We identified divergent views on key design options among stakeholder groups. Stakeholders from industry generally favour the continuation of free allocation of emissions allowances, rebates for exporters from the EU, coverage of only scope 1 emissions, and use of revenues for domestic spending. Stakeholders from civil society prefer phasing out free allocation, coverage only of imports, an emissions scope including all indirect emissions, exempting low-income countries and countries that do implement non-price-based climate policies, and the use of revenues to finance green transformation in low-income countries. Respondents from research would generally rather see free allocation being phased out, emissions coverage of scope 1 and 2, exemptions for low-income countries and countries that do implement non-price-based policies with comparable effects in relevant sectors and a transfer of revenues to support clean technologies in low-income countries and green technologies in the EU. Our survey design allows us to identify three cross-stakeholder group clusters, one containing stakeholders who are comparably more hesitant towards CBAM, a second one with respondents most in favour of introducing CBAM, as well as a ‘middle ground’ cluster which contains views that are often in between the other two. We also compare the survey responses to the design of the Commission’s CBAM proposal to identify the most likely points of political disagreement.
D = 11 dS
5 backgrounds with enhanced supersymmetry
Authors: Farotti D , Gutowski J B 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We classify all warped dS
5 backgrounds in D = 11 supergravity with enhanced supersymmetry. We show that backgrounds preserving N = 16 supersymmetries consist of either a stack of M5 branes with transverse space

R

5

, or a generalized M5-brane configuration with transverse space

R

×

N
4

, where N
4 is a hyper-Kähler manifold and the M5-brane harmonic function is determined by a hyper-Kähler potential on N
4. Moreover, we find that there are no backgrounds preserving exactly N = 24 supersymmetries. Backgrounds preserving N = 32 supersymmetries correspond to either

R

1
,
10

or

A
d

S
7

×

S
4

.
Alternative symplectic structures in second–class constrained systems
Authors: López-Osorio M A , Martínez-Pascual E , Martínez Pascual Edgar 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The classical description of second-class constrained systems using alternative pairs, comprising a symplectic structure and a primary Hamiltonian other than the canonical ones, is investigated. It is exhibited that the dynamical equations do not fix a unique pair and instead there may exist infinitely many of them whose difference is not exhausted by canonical transformations. The consequences on the symplectic structure of the reduced phase space are addressed, namely the effect of different pairs on the construction of Dirac bracket is explored. Since constrained systems can also be studied via the Faddeev–Jackiw symplectic analysis, the implementation of alternative pairs on this formalism is considered as well. It is shown that Dirac’s algorithm outcomes are independent of the type of alternative pairs considered here irrespectively to whether there are also first-class constraints in the system. Finally, some comments on the implications of our results in the path integral quantisation scheme are pointed out.
Onset of universality in the dynamical mixing of a pure state
Authors: Carrera-Núñez M , Martínez-Argüello A M , Torres J M , Torres-Herrera E J 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We study the time dynamics of random density matrices generated by evolving the same pure state using a Gaussian orthogonal ensemble (GOE) of Hamiltonians. We show that the spectral statistics of the resulting mixed state is well described by random matrix theory (RMT) and undergoes a crossover from the GOE to the Gaussian unitary ensemble (GUE) for short and large times respectively. Using a semi-analytical treatment relying on a power series of the density matrix as a function of time, we find that the crossover occurs in a characteristic time that scales as the inverse of the Hilbert space dimension. The RMT results are contrasted with a paradigmatic model of many-body localization in the chaotic regime, where the GUE statistics is reached at large times, while for short times the statistics strongly depends on the peculiarity of the considered subspace.
Functional truncations for the solution of the nonperturbative RG equations
Authors: Kaupužs J , Melnik R V N 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We consider the Wetterich exact renormalization group (RG) equation. Approximate closed equations are obtained from it, applying certain truncation schemes for the effective average action. These equations are solved either purely numerically or by certain extra truncations for the potential and related quantities, called the functional truncations. Traditionally, the functional truncations consist of truncated expansions in powers of

ρ
˜

−

ρ
˜

0

, where

ρ
˜

∝

ϕ
2

, φ is the averaged order parameter, and

ρ
˜

0

corresponds to the minimum of the dimensionless potential

u
k

(

ρ
˜

)

, depending on the infrared cut-off scale k. We propose a new approach of functional truncations, using the expansion

u
k

(

ρ
˜

)
−

u
k

(
0
)
=
(
1
−
s

)

−
μ

u

1
,
k

s
+

u

2
,
k

s
2

+
⋯

, where

s
=

ρ
˜

/

(

ρ
˜

0

+

ρ
˜

)

,

ρ
˜

0

is an optimization parameter and µ is the exponent, describing the

ρ
˜

→
∞

asymptotic. The newly developed method provides accurate estimates of the critical exponents η, ν and also ω. In the case of the local potential approximation (LPA), the discrepancy with the purely numerical solution is

0.000
15

for ν and 0.0012 for ω at the s
13 order of truncation. We show that this method is advantageous for estimations beyond the LPA, especially, for the critical exponent ω. In particular, we have obtained

η
=
0.0454
(
1
)

,

ν
=
0.6292
(
2
)

, and

ω
=
0.8606
(
30
)

for the equation originally derived in 2020 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.
53 415002 within a new truncation scheme for the effective action. The approach can also be used for the solution of other nonperturbative RG models that have a broad range of applications.
Structure transitions in arrays of point-vortices upon free space propagation
Authors: Balbuena Ortega Argelia , Vélez-Juárez Esteban , Volke-Sepúlveda Karen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We study the free space propagation of arrays of N × N point vortices with equal unitary topological charge embedded in a Gaussian beam, initially distributed into either a square lattice or a disordered array with the same mean vortex density and separation. The far-field patterns and the near-field evolution are analyzed as a function of different control parameters, such as the size of the carrier beam, the number of vortices, the mean separation distance among them P, and a geometrical parameter S

p
, defined as the ratio of the size of the array to the size of the host beam. The value of S

p
turns out to be determinant for the final spatial distribution of the optical vortices in the far-field pattern and also plays a very relevant role in the near-field evolution. While the initial array structure is basically preserved, rotated and scaled up when

S
p

>
∼
0.75

, the vortices redistribute forming a circumference around the propagation axis for

S
p

<
∼
0.5

, depleting most of the central intensity, even if the vortex density is far lower than the previously predicted limit for depletion. In the near field, we find an expression for the rotation angle of the whole structure when preserved, as a function of the propagation distance, which depends on P, but it is around eight-fold larger than the Gouy phase shift of the host. Also, we observe the formation of a high intensity ring pattern, whose radius is independent of the size of the carrier and the initial distribution of vortices, but it is only determined by the number of vortices. We verified our numerical results with experiments, finding a very good agreement between them.
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides based composites for microwave absorption applications: a review
Authors: Feng Lan , Zhao Dan , Yu Jian , Zhao Qian , Yuan Xiaoyan , Liu Yi , Guo Shouwu 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Two-dimensional structural transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) have the advantages of superb thermal and chemical stability, distinctive layered structures, and ultrathin thicknesses, which make them potential candidates in the microwave absorption field. The recent progress in 2D TMDs and their composite nanomaterials with enhanced microwave absorption performance are reviewed here. The synthesis methods, and the microwave absorption properties, including the maximum reflection loss value and effective absorption bandwidth of various 2D TMD nanocomposites, are described in detail. Furthermore, the current challenges and future prospects for the development of 2D TMDs are raised.
Impact of Glabellar Injection Technique With DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection on Brow Position
Authors: Bertucci Vince , Green Jeremy B , Fezza John P , Brown Jessica , Gallagher Conor J , Solish Nowell 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
Precise injection technique is vital for avoiding suboptimal eyebrow position when treating glabellar lines with botulinum toxin type A.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of glabellar injection technique on eyebrow position in patients treated with DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection (DAXI).

Methods
This retrospective post hoc analysis involved 60 adults who received a single treatment with DAXI 40 U to the glabella and had standardized facial photography. Median vertical and horizontal displacement of the brows (at rest) at baseline and 2 weeks after glabellar injection were measured. Brow position outcomes were evaluated by an oculoplastic surgeon and expert anatomist. Investigators were interviewed to ascertain individual injection techniques.

Results
Precise injection location and depth, and median resting brow position following treatment varied between investigators. Positive brow outcomes were achieved with deep DAXI injections into the medial corrugator, superficial lateral corrugator injections placed between the midpupil and lateral limbus, and deep midline procerus injections. Glabellar injection technique that more precisely targeted the corrugator muscles resulted in longer glabellar line treatment duration compared to a less targeted technique. Medial corrugator injections above the medial brow; lateral corrugator injections administered deeply or more medially, toward the medial third of the brow; and procerus injections superior to the inferomedial brow tended to be associated with suboptimal outcomes that were more apparent during dynamic expression.

Conclusions
Aesthetically pleasing brow outcomes and greater duration of efficacy can be achieved with an injection pattern that precisely treats the anatomic location of the corrugator supercilii and procerus muscles, avoiding the frontalis.

Level of Evidence: 4
Integrative Assessment for Optimizing Aesthetic Outcomes When Treating Glabellar Lines With Botulinum Toxin Type A: An Appreciation of the Role of the Frontalis
Authors: Bertucci Vince , Carruthers Jean D , Sherman Deborah D , Gallagher Conor J , Brown Jessica 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Despite the perception that treatment of glabellar lines with botulinum toxin A is straightforward, the reality is that the glabellar region contains a number of interrelated muscles. To avoid adverse outcomes, practitioners need to appreciate how treatment of 1 facial muscle group influences the relative dominance of others. In particular, practitioners need to understand the independent role of the frontalis in eyebrow outcomes and the potential for negative outcomes if the lower frontalis is unintentionally weakened by botulinum toxin A treatment. In addition, practitioners must recognize how inter-individual variation in the depth, shape, and muscle fiber orientation among the upper facial muscles can affect outcomes. For optimal results, treatment of the glabellar complex requires a systematic and individualized approach based on anatomical principles of opposing muscle actions rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. This review provides the anatomical justification for the importance of an integrated assessment of the upper facial muscles and eyebrow position prior to glabellar treatment. In addition, a systematic and broad evaluation system is provided that can be employed by practitioners to more comprehensively assess the glabellar region in order to optimize outcomes and avoid negatively impacting resting brow position and dynamic brow movement.

Level of Evidence: 5
Joint modeling of longitudinal and competing-risk data using cumulative incidence functions for the failure submodels accounting for potential failure cause misclassification through double sampling
Authors: Thomadakis Christos , Meligkotsidou Loukia , Yiannoutsos Constantin T , Touloumi Giota 
Published: November 2022

Summary
Most of the literature on joint modeling of longitudinal and competing-risk data is based on cause-specific hazards, although modeling of the cumulative incidence function (CIF) is an easier and more direct approach to evaluate the prognosis of an event. We propose a flexible class of shared parameter models to jointly model a normally distributed marker over time and multiple causes of failure using CIFs for the survival submodels, with CIFs depending on the “true” marker value over time (i.e., removing the measurement error). The generalized odds rate transformation is applied, thus a proportional subdistribution hazards model is a special case. The requirement that the all-cause CIF should be bounded by 1 is formally considered. The proposed models are extended to account for potential failure cause misclassification, where the true failure causes are available in a small random sample of individuals. We also provide a multistate representation of the whole population by defining mutually exclusive states based on the marker values and the competing risks. Based solely on the assumed joint model, we derive fully Bayesian posterior samples for state occupation and transition probabilities. The proposed approach is evaluated in a simulation study and, as an illustration, it is fitted to real data from people with HIV.
Law in the Margins: Economies of Illegality and Contested Sovereignties
Authors: Aliverti Ana 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Liberal theory has long fetishized state law as a fortress against disorder, anarchy, and private violence. To prevent violence writ large, it advocated, the nation-state should be endowed with its monopoly, as the impartial and rational guardian of civilization and social peace. Yet, as critics suggest, the normative binary of law/violence and the legal purity of the state is empirically untenable and, as such, remains an ideological construct sustained and perpetuated through law and its fictions. In this paper, I revisit these debates to reflect on legal fictions in the context of migration policing. I draw on ethnographic research I conducted with immigration and police officers in the UK. Amid the growing economies of illegality that rely on migrant labour which these officers are in charge of suppressing, their everyday work reveals spaces of legal murkiness and ambiguity. The paper explores the paradoxes, dilemmas and contradictions that such legal ambiguity gives rise to and their implications for state sovereignty.
Distribution of acid-sensing ion channel subunits in human sensory neurons contrasts with that in rodents
Authors: Papalampropoulou-Tsiridou Melina , Shiers Stephanie , Wang Feng , Godin Antoine G , Price Theodore J , De Koninck Yves 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) play a critical role in nociception in human sensory neurons. Four genes (ASIC1, ASIC2, ASIC3, and ASIC4) encoding multiple subunits through alternative splicing have been identified in humans. Real time-PCR experiments showed strong expression of three subunits ASIC1, ASIC2, and ASIC3 in human dorsal root ganglia; however, their detailed expression pattern in different neuronal populations has not been investigated yet. In the current study, using an in situ hybridization approach (RNAscope), we examined the presence of ASIC1, ASIC2, and ASIC3 mRNA in three subpopulations of human dorsal root ganglia neurons. Our results revealed that ASIC1 and ASIC3 were present in the vast majority of dorsal root ganglia neurons, while ASIC2 was only expressed in less than half of dorsal root ganglia neurons. The distribution pattern of the three ASIC subunits was the same across the three populations of dorsal root ganglia neurons examined, including neurons expressing the REarranged during Transfection (RET) receptor tyrosine kinase, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and a subpopulation of nociceptors expressing Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 1. These results strongly contrast the expression pattern of Asics in mice since our previous study demonstrated differential distribution of Asics among the various subpopulation of dorsal root ganglia neurons. Given the distinct acid-sensitivity and activity dynamics among different ASIC channels, the expression differences between human and rodents should be taken under consideration when evaluating the translational potential and efficiency of drugs targeting ASICs in rodent studies.