bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A probabilistic epidemiological model for infectious diseases: The case of COVID‐19 at global‐level
Authors: Duarte Heitor Oliveira , Siqueira Paulo Gabriel , Oliveira Alexandre Calumbi Antunes , Moura Márcio das Chagas 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study has developed a probabilistic epidemiological model a few weeks after the World Health Organization declared COVID‐19 a pandemic (based on the little data available at that time). The aim was to assess relative risks for future scenarios and evaluate the effectiveness of different management actions for 1 year ahead. We quantified, categorized, and ranked the risks for scenarios such as business as usual, and moderate and strong mitigation. We estimated that, in the absence of interventions, COVID‐19 would have a 100% risk of explosion (i.e., more than 25% infections in the world population) and 34% (2.6 billion) of the world population would have been infected until the end of simulation. We analyzed the suitability of model scenarios by comparing actual values against estimated values for the first 6 weeks of the simulation period. The results proved to be more suitable with a business‐as‐usual scenario in Asia and moderate mitigation in the other continents. If everything went on like this, we would have 55% risk of explosion and 22% (1.7 billion) of the world population would have been infected. Strong mitigation actions in all continents could reduce these numbers to, 7% and 3% (223 million), respectively. Although the results were based on the data available in March 2020, both the model and probabilistic approach proved to be practicable and could be a basis for risk assessment in future pandemic episodes with unknown virus, especially in the early stages, when data and literature are scarce.
A New Experiment on the use of Images to Answer Web Survey Questions
Authors: Bosch Oriol J. , Revilla Melanie , Qureshi Danish Daniel , Höhne Jan Karem 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Images might provide richer and more objective information than text answers to open-ended survey questions. Little is known, nonetheless, about the consequences for data quality of asking participants to answer open-ended questions with images. Therefore, this paper addresses three research questions: (1) What is the effect of answering web survey questions with images instead of text on breakoff, noncompliance with the task, completion time and question evaluation? (2) What is the effect of including a motivational message on these four aspects? (3) Does the impact of asking to answer with images instead of text vary across device types? To answer these questions, we implemented a 2 × 3 between-subject web survey experiment (N = 3043) in Germany. Half of the sample was required to answer using PCs and the other half with smartphones. Within each device group, respondents were randomly assigned to (1) a control group answering open-ended questions with text; (2) a treatment group answering open-ended questions with images; and (3) another treatment group answering open-ended questions with images but prompted with a motivational message. Results show that asking participants to answer with images significantly increases participants' likelihood of noncompliance as well as their completion times, while worsening their overall survey experience. Including motivational messages, moreover, moderately reduces the likelihood of noncompliance. Finally, the likelihood of noncompliance is similar across devices.
From cooperation to conflict: The role of collective narratives in shaping group behaviour
Authors: Bliuc Ana‐Maria , Chidley Alexander 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we review the concept of collective narratives and their role in shaping group behaviour. We see collective narratives as ‘meta‐stories’ embraced by groups that incorporate values and beliefs about social reality, therefore providing a blueprint for group norms which, in turn, inform group members' behaviour. Our aim is to both describe the psychological processes underpinning the relation between collective narratives and group behaviours and develop an integrative typology of the functions of collective narratives (as they connect to various collective behaviours). We start by discussing definitions in the recent literature and propose an integrative conceptualisation which positions collective narratives in the context of collective action research. Next, we focus on the process by which collective narratives provide the bases for identity formation, development, and change, thus shaping group behaviour. We see collective narratives as central in understanding group behaviour, as they function as ‘meta‐stories’ that incorporate moral codes and values, and beliefs about the ingroups and outgroups—providing a blueprint for group norms which, in turn, inform group members' behaviour. In the second part of the article, we describe a typology of collective narratives according to their functions, structured around two core dimensions: the context/s in which collective narratives develop and are shared (i.e., intragroup vs. intergroup) and their effects within these contexts (i.e., driving consensus vs. driving dissent). We identify four distinctive types of collective narrative functions and review research showing how each of them shapes specific social identity content, including behaviour prescribing norms. We then show how these specific norms shape behaviours ranging from cooperation and pro‐social action to hostile intergroup conflict. The implications of this contribution are twofold. First, by providing a systematic account and categorisation of how collective narratives function in society and of their connections to social identities (and their content), we can more accurately deduct group norms and predict behaviours in specific circumstances, including in relation to political violence. Second, by better understanding the narratives that provide the bases of identity formation, development, and change, we can improve attempts to create alternative narratives that unify rather than divide people, so that pathways to co‐operation might be chosen over conflict.
Licensing unergative objects in ergative languages: The view from Polynesian
Authors: Tollan Rebecca , Massam Diane 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTransitive and unergative verbs have long received a uniform syntactic analysis, where they differ in whether an overt object is present (in transitives) or absent (in unergatives). We examine how objects of unergative verbs are case licensed when theyarepresent, focusing on a contrast between two related Polynesian languages: Samoan and Niuean. Both languages have ergative case systems, with subjects of intransitive verbs receiving absolutive case. When unergatives have an overt object, however, a difference emerges. In Samoan, ergative case is absent: the subject of a transitivized unergative is absolutive, and the object receives “middle case.” In Niuean, the resulting transitive exhibits an ergative–absolutive frame. Working within a split‐vP system, we propose that the contrast between Samoan and Niuean results from the interaction of three parametric differences. This comparative analysis highlights the importance of considering unergative constructions when determining the underlying syntax of any given case system.
Cutting Russia's fossil fuel exports: Short‐term economic pain for long‐term environmental gain
Authors: Chepeliev Maksym , Hertel Thomas , van der Mensbrugghe Dominique 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn response to the invasion of Ukraine, most OECD countries have announced punishing sanctions against Russia. In addition to targeting financial markets and service sectors, some countries have begun to impose restrictions on exports of Russia's fossil fuels. We analyse a scenario whereby most OECD countries put major restrictions on Russia's energy exports. The short‐term implications are likely to be non‐trivial for the EU – Russia's largest energy export destination. Households' real income could drop by 0.7 to 1.7 percent (relative to the reference case) with energy prices growing by as much as 11 percent. But in the longer run, the cost of such restrictions for the EU is expected to be more modest (0.04 percent slowdown in the annual growth rate of real income over the 2022–2030 period), even as they lead to substantial environmental benefits reducing CO2 (6.6 percent in 2030) and air pollutant emissions (2.8 to 5.9 percent in 2030). Such emission reductions would take the EU more than halfway to its Green Deal mitigation target, reducing the necessary carbon price by around 40 EUR per tCO2. Adverse impacts on the Russian economy would be overwhelming and, in relative terms, 10 time larger than that for EU.
Reduction of soil and phosphorus losses by using micro‐dams in furrow irrigation
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Sadegh , Ebrahimian Hamed , Abbasi Fariborz , Playán Enrique 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe suspension of eroded soil in surface runoff ultimately leads to the transfer of nutrients to land and water resources. Placing soil or straw (as a barrier) inside irrigated furrows in order to reduce water flow velocity, as a traditional local practice, has not been investigated from the environmental point of view. In this research, the effect of micro‐dams (barriers built inside the irrigated furrows, also known as tied ridges or furrow dikes) on the reduction of soil and phosphorus losses was investigated. Field experiments were performed in four consequent irrigation events. Two erosive inflow discharges (0.6 and 0.9 L/s) and two micro‐dam distances (10 and 20 m) were implemented as test treatments. A control treatment, without micro‐dams, was used for comparison purposes. For the discharge of 0.6 L/s, micro‐dams reduced furrow soil loss by 25% and 33% for distances of 20 and 10 m, respectively. For 0.9 L/s, soil loss was reduced by 25% and 59% for distances of 20 and 10 m, respectively. Micro‐dams also reduced dissolved phosphorus losses in runoff water by 13% to 37%, depending on discharge and distance, as compared to the control treatment. Micro‐dams can effectively reduce water, soil and phosphorus losses.
On the role of skeletal muscle acidosis and inorganic phosphates as determinants of central and peripheral fatigue: A 31P‐MRS study
Authors: Hureau Thomas J. , Broxterman Ryan M. , Weavil Joshua C. , Lewis Matthew T. , Layec Gwenael , Amann Markus 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIntramuscular hydrogen ion (H+) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations were dissociated during exercise to challenge their relationships with peripheral and central fatigue in vivo. Ten recreationally active, healthy men (27 ± 5 years; 180 ± 4 cm; 76 ± 10 kg) performed two consecutive intermittent isometric single‐leg knee‐extensor trials (60 maximal voluntary contractions; 3 s contraction, 2 s relaxation) interspersed with 5 min of rest. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P‐MRS) was used to continuously quantify intramuscular [H+] and [Pi] during both trials. Using electrical femoral nerve stimulation, quadriceps twitch force (Qtw) and voluntary activation (VA) were quantified at rest and throughout both trials. Decreases in Qtw and VA from baseline were used to determine peripheral and central fatigue, respectively. Qtw was strongly related to both [H+] (β coefficient: −0.9, P < 0.0001) and [Pi] (−1.1, P < 0.0001) across trials. There was an effect of trial on the relationship between Qtw and [H+] (−0.5, P < 0.0001), but not Qtw and [Pi] (0.0, P = 0.976). This suggests that, unlike the unaltered association with [Pi], a given level of peripheral fatigue was associated with a different [H+] in Trial 1 vs. Trial 2. VA was related to [H+] (−0.3, P < 0.0001), but not [Pi] (−0.2, P = 0.243), across trials and there was no effect of trial (−0.1, P = 0.483). Taken together, these results support intramuscular Pi as a primary cause of peripheral fatigue, and muscle acidosis, probably acting on group III/IV muscle afferents in the interstitial space, as a contributor to central fatigue during exercise.
imageKey points
We investigated the relationship between intramuscular metabolites and neuromuscular function in humans performing two maximal, intermittent, knee‐extension trials interspersed with 5 min of rest.
Concomitant measurements of intramuscular hydrogen (H+) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations, as well as quadriceps twitch‐force (Qtw) and voluntary activation (VA), were made throughout each trial using phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P‐MRS) and electrical femoral nerve stimulations.
Although [Pi] fully recovered prior to the onset of the second trial, [H+] did not.
Qtw was strongly related to both [H+] and [Pi] across both trials. However, the relationship between Qtw and [H+] shifted leftward from the first to the second trial, whereas the relationship between Qtw and [Pi] remained unaltered. VA was related to [H+], but not [Pi], across both trials.
These in vivo findings support the hypotheses of intramuscular Pi as a primary cause of peripheral fatigue, and muscle acidosis, probably acting on group III/IV muscle afferents, as a contributor to central fatigue.
First principles calculations of the magnetic properties of PbTi1−xMnxO3
Authors: Ismayilova N.A. , Jabarov S.H. 
Published: May 2022

Electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of the Mn-doped PbTiO3 compound were investigated by using density functional theory (DFT). We revealed that this compound has an indirect band gap of 3.01 eV. The calculated complex dielectric functions were in good agreement with the available experimental results. Our calculation demonstrated that Mn substitution changes the nonspin-polarized state of pure PbTiO3 to the spin-polarized state. O and Pb vacancies do not exhibit magnetism. However, Ti vacancies cause magnetism in the crystal, and the calculated magnetic moment was 1.68 µB.
Study of the KNO scaling in $$ pp$$ collisions at $$\sqrt{s}$$ from 0.9 to 13 TeV using results of the ATLAS at the LHC
Authors: Kulchitsky Yuri , Tsiareshka Pavel 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe comparisons of the charged-particle multiplicity and the average transverse momentum distributions on the scaled multiplicity, KNO scale, using the results of the ATLAS collaboration at the LHC are presented. These distributions were measured in proton–proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies from 0.9 to 13 TeV for the absolute pseudorapidity region less than 2.5 and two samples of events with each charged-particle transverse momentum greater than 100 and 500 MeV, respectively. The shape evolution of the multiplicity distributions with a collision energy is studied in terms of KNO scaling variables. The charged-particle multiplicity distributions on the KNO scale have the similar shape and decrease with increasing collision energy. The KNO distributions tend to be independent of energy for the highest energies. The average transverse momentum distributions on the KNO scale have a similar shape and increase with increasing collision energy.
Electron-impact excitation of the 5$$\varvec{^2\textbf{S}_{1/2} \rightarrow 5^2\textbf{P}_{1/2}}$$ and 5$$\varvec{^2\textbf{P}_{3/2}}$$ transitions in rubidium by 40 eV electrons: theory and experiment
Authors: Hamilton K. R. , Zatsarinny O. , Bartschat K. , Predojević B. , Šević D. , Marinković B. P. , Brunger M. J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We report on a series of detailed Breit-Pauli and Dirac B-spline R-matrix (DBSR) differential cross section (DCS) calculations for excitation of the $$5\,^2\textrm{S}_{1/2} \rightarrow 5\,^2\textrm{P}_{1/2}$$

5

2

S

1
/
2

→
5

2

P

1
/
2

and $$5\,^2\textrm{S}_{1/2}\rightarrow 5\,^2\textrm{P}_{3/2}$$

5

2

S

1
/
2

→
5

2

P

3
/
2

states in rubidium by 40 eV incident electrons. The early BP computations shown here were carried out with both 5 states and 12 states, while the DBSR models coupled 150 and 325 states, respectively. We also report corresponding results from a limited set of DCS measurements on the unresolved $$5\,^2\textrm{P}_{1/2,3/2}$$

5

2

P

1
/
2
,
3
/
2

states, with the experimental data being restricted to the scattered electron angular range 2–$$10^\circ $$

10
∘

. Typically, good agreement is found between our calculated and measured DCS for excitation of the unresolved $$5\,^2\textrm{P}_{1/2,3/2}$$

5

2

P

1
/
2
,
3
/
2

states, with best accord being found between the DBSR predictions and the measured data. The present theoretical and experimental results are also compared with predictions from earlier 40 eV calculations using the nonrelativistic Distorted-Wave Born Approximation and a Relativistic Distorted-Wave model.

Graphic abstract
Rashba effect in a quantum dot subject to a parabolic confining potential and external fields
Authors: Mikhail I. F. I. , Ismail I. M. M. , El Shafee M. M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Rashba effect has been investigated in a spherical quantum dot confined by a radial parabolic potential. Also, external parallel magnetic and electric fields have been applied. The solution of the Schrödinger equation in the presence of the Rashba interactions has been derived by applying an approach that differs from the one used in an earlier treatment. The wave function in the presence of these interactions has been expanded in terms of the eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian in their absence. In our opinion, the form introduced for the wave function presents the exact solution in a more accurate manner. The coefficients of expansion have been chosen either to depend on the three quantum numbers involved or on the principal quantum number only. The results have shown that the Rashba interactions have a considerable effect on the electron energy levels and on their splitting. The variation of this effect with the applied fields and the Rashba coupling strength has been investigated.

Graphical abstract
CLINICAL RESULTS OF EVOLUTIONAL CHANGE OF PRACTICE FROM OPEN TO ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY FOR CERVICAL DISC HERNIATION AND FORAMINAL STENOSIS
Authors: Kim Hyeun Sung , Wu Pang Hung , Kim Ji Yeon , Lee Yeon Jin , Lee Jun Hyung , Jeon Jun Bok , Jang Il-Tae 
Published: May 2022

Objective: Limited literature on the effect on clinical and radiological outcomes in cervical endoscopic spine surgery replacing a large percentage of open and microscopic minimally invasive surgery on outcomes in patients for cervical disc herniations and foraminal pathologies.Methods: Retrospective comparative cohort study of two periods of 2015 to 2017 (first generation) is compared to 2018–2020 (second generation) on surgical treatment of degenerative cervical spinal conditions for 132 spinal cases. Basic demographics, preoperative, post-operative 1 week, 3 months and final follow-up of patients’ clinical outcomes in terms of Visual Analog Scale Pain Score, Neck Disability Index, Japanese Orthopaedic Association Score and MacNab’s Criteria were evaluated.Results: In the first generation, 50 cases of cervical disc herniation and foraminal stenosis with 70% open anterior cervical discectomy fusion or disc replacement 30% of the cases underwent posterior cervical endoscopic procedures with complication rate of 2%. In the second generation, 82 cases of cervical disc herniation and foraminal stenosis with 7% open anterior cervical discectomy fusion or disc replacement 93% of the cases underwent posterior cervical endoscopic procedures with complication rate of 6%. Compared to preoperative score, motor, JOA, VAS and NDI scores all statistically significant improved within the individual cohort. Compared to the first generation, the second generation has statistically significant improved VAS of 0.326+/−0.146 at 3 months and 0.648+/−0.163 at final follow-up and statistically significant improved NDI of 2.81+/−1.15 at final follow-up, p < 0.05.Conclusions: Generation change of increasing percentage of endoscopic surgeries and expansion of endoscopic spinal indications over open surgeries in degenerative spinal conditions and disc herniations are possible as a surgeon gets more experience with endoscopic spine surgery producing good clinical outcomes.
LANBIQUE: LANguage-based Blind Image QUality Evaluation
Authors: Galteri Leonardo , Seidenari Lorenzo , Bongini Pietro , Bertini Marco , Bimbo Alberto Del 
Published: May 2022

Image quality assessment is often performed with deep networks that are fine-tuned to regress a human provided quality score of a given image. Usually, this approach may lack generalization capabilities and, while being highly precise on similar image distribution, it may yield lower correlation on unseen distortions. In particular, they show poor performances, whereas images corrupted by noise, blur, or compression have been restored by generative models. As a matter of fact, evaluation of these generative models is often performed providing anecdotal results to the reader. In the case of image enhancement and restoration, reference images are usually available. Nevertheless, using signal based metrics often leads to counterintuitive results: Highly natural crisp images may obtain worse scores than blurry ones. However, blind reference image assessment may rank images reconstructed with GANs higher than the original undistorted images. To avoid time-consuming human-based image assessment, semantic computer vision tasks may be exploited instead.
In this article, we advocate the use of language generation tasks to evaluate the quality of restored images. We refer to our assessment approach as LANguage-based Blind Image QUality Evaluation (LANBIQUE). We show experimentally that image captioning, used as a downstream task, may serve as a method to score image quality, independently of the distortion process that affects the data. Captioning scores are better aligned with human rankings with respect to classic signal based or No-reference image quality metrics. We show insights on how the corruption, by artefacts, of local image structure may steer image captions in the wrong direction.