bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unravelling the Mystery of Inhibitor Resistant Calcite Impacting Onshore and Offshore Operations
Authors: Bourne Hugh Malcolm , Abbasov Adil Almuk , Smith Ben Edward 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Magnesian calcite has been identified as the main constituent of solids fouling several bp facilities in the North Sea and Azerbaijan and in partner operations in other locations. These solids were, for many years, thought to be calcite scale for a number of reasons. The deposits formed compacted solids and thus looked similar to scale, they effervesced and dissolved in acid and calcium was detected as the main constituent. XRD analysis, however, revealed the deposits were magnesian calcite. The inclusion of magnesium into the crystal cannot be co-precipitated with calcite scale under typical oilfield conditions and timelines and their deposition cannot be controlled by conventional scale inhibitor injection. These solids, transported from the reservoir with the produced fluids can act as scavenger sites, reducing the effective concentration of scale inhibitors available to manage conventional scale deposition. The fact that these solids, in many ways, present themselves as a conventional scale has perhaps hidden the extent of their occurrence in offshore and onshore operations. Magnesian calcite has been identified as the main constituent of retrieved solids that were (1) adhered to tubing and restricting production in a North Sea field (2) impacting operation of subsurface safety valves in both North Sea and Caspian Sea operations (3) reducing the efficiency of heaters and coolers offshore North Sea and onshore in the Caspian and (4) plugging strainers in the produced water handling systems offshore North Sea and onshore Caspian.
This paper will describe how this ‘pseudo scale’ was detected and its prevalence, using field case examples from several bp operated and non-operated assets. It describes the theories developed to rationalise magnesian calcite deposition onto production surfaces including the possible role of ‘sticky’ molecules and the technology bp is evaluating to holistically manage this fouling phenomena. It will share dispersant chemical field trial performance data and the deployment of electromagnetic fields to determine the impact of changing zeta potential on the attraction of fine magnesian calcite particles to the surface and thus the fouling rate.
Isotherm History Matching and Scale Squeeze Treatment Design Optimization in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Tambach Tim , Lee Ji-young , Azari Vahid , Vazquez Oscar 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Waterflooding for improved oil recovery (IOR) could lead to the deposition of mineral scale in the near-wellbore area, wells, and production facilities, due to the mixing of incompatible injection water (IW) and formation water (FW). Scaling may hamper critical elements such as the safety valves (Baraka-Lokmane et al. 2014) and may reduce the permeability, causing oil productivity decline. Near-wellbore and downhole scale deposits are often prevented by scale squeeze treatment, where scale inhibitor (SI) is pumped into the reservoir via producer wells. In this paper we report uncertainty quantification of scale squeeze designs, based on field return data from a producer well in the Gulf of Mexico.
Field data was used to derive history matched adsorption isotherms, required to simulate the SI retention on the formation rock, and consequently to accurately predict the lifetime of SI squeeze treatments. Such treatments are usually defined by the injected SI concentration, main slug volume and, overflush volume. When the well is back in production, the SI slowly releases into the production brine. Scale will be inhibited if the concentration is above a certain concentration threshold, known as the MIC (minimum inhibitor concentration). Optimization of the results was carried out to maximize treatment lifetime.
SI adsorption isotherm models were derived by history matching the SI concentration return profile from a production well that has been on stream for several years. The derived models were improved, based on two subsequent treatments in the same well, and then used to find optimum treatment designs for the next squeeze design. The results indicated that effective overflush volume, for maximizing treatment lifetime, was significantly higher than the main slug inhibitor injection volume. Several isotherms reasonably matching the field SI return concentration profile were identified, which resulted in a significant impact on treatment lifetime. Isotherm history matching uncertainty was quantified by calculating the confidence interval, for identifying optimal scale squeeze designs.
The results indicate that scale squeeze design should include multiple scenarios to find the optimum treatment strategy, including confidence range due to uncertainty in isotherm history matching. Prior to scale squeeze design, it is recommended to accurately assess the SI adsorption to the reservoir rock as it significantly affects the results.
Insights into Permeability Variance in Tight Outcrop Chalk Core Observed During High Temperature Formation Damage Coreflood Testing of a Squeezable Sulfide Scale Inhibitor
Authors: Okocha Cyril , Thornton Alex , Chen Tao , Wang Qiwei 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Matrix permeability impact is a key parameter when assessing the suitability of a squeeze scale inhibitor for field application, and this was particularly true for a new polymeric sulfide scale inhibitor chemistry re-engineered for squeeze treating hot, tight, sour gas condensate chalk producer wells for FeS scale mitigation. The new inhibitor molecule physical size and retention/release behavior, combined with the chalk matrix low permeability and loading capacity, provided some initial question marks with respect to both treatment formation damage potential and also squeeze lifetime longevity. Three years and multiple formation damage corefloods later, and the key questions have now largely been answered. The sulfide scale inhibitor has repeatedly shown minimal formation damage impact when deployed in simulated gas condensate well squeezes in low/very low permeability sandstone and carbonate substrates, and in addition, flowback residual scale inhibitor (RSI) returns data has indicated that significant and indeed extended scale squeeze lifetimes are possible.
The following technical account details the final validation coreflood performed in the development series, where successful conclusion would allow the inhibitor to progress to field trial. The ‘proof of concept’ (POC) coreflood required that; (1) the ‘bulk manufactured’ inhibitor (synthesized for field trial) show minimal formation damage impact on field analogous tight chalk core when deployed under target well simulated downhole conditions, and (2) provide the same FeS inhibitory performance and flowback residual scale inhibitor (RSI) profile as generated from the multitude of preceding coreflood series. Besides generating comparative critical gas and condensate core permeability data for fluid transmissibility assessment, the core plug used in the POC flood was subject to tomographic analysis for additional structural/integrity assay. An extensive residual scale inhibitor flowback sampling program was performed to generate inhibitor return data for subsequent use in field-trial squeeze treatment design.
The POC coreflood was completed successfully and without incident, and demonstrated minimal formation damage to the chalk core. The flowback RSI profile for the new sulfide scale inhibitor indicated that significant and even extended squeeze lifetime was likely for treatments performed in hot, gas condensate, low permeability chalk well horizons.
Evolution of Mineral Scale Deposition as a Function of Production Lifetime in TotalEnergies Gulf of Guinea Wells
Authors: Baraka-Lokmane Salima , Deleersnyder Matthieu 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
TotalEnergies Gulf of Guinea field is located in water depth of 40 meters, where the waters of the Niger Delta meet those of the Atlantic Ocean. This field has been discovered in 1990 and started production in 1998. Since 2006, calcium carbonate scale is present in the production wells. Because formation water contains low levels of barium (around 10 mg/L) and low levels of sulphate (around 20 mg/L), the scaling risk of barium sulphate as a result of mixing of formation water and seawater has been considered as low. Recently barium sulphate scale deposits have been collected in some wells. This study will determine the cause of both calcium carbonate and barium sulphate scales and establish the required scale mitigation.
The analysis of the evolution with time of the production water chemistry, the determination of the mixing ratios between formation water and seawater in the production water, the scaling risk prediction modelling and field observations have allowed the mechanisms of formation of the different scales to be determined.
This study showed that the production waters contain different percentages of injected seawater varying from 0 to more than 90%. CaCO3 scale at bottomhole is the result of high-pressure drawdown. In order to avoid calcium carbonate scale at bottomhole of production wells, it is recommended to maintain a pressure drawdown below 50 bar. In case a pressure drawdown below 50 bar cannot be maintained a curative treatment with the help of acid washes is recommended. BaSO4 scale is formed as a result of reduction of pressure and temperature from the bottomhole to wellhead, although the scaling risk is low, but the limited predicted mass of scale can accumulate with time. In case barium sulphate scale is observed in the production wells, curative treatment using sulphate scale dissolvers should be applied. CaSO4 scaling risk is predicted for wells where the production water contains less than 10% formation water and more than 90% seawater. For wells showing formation waters containing more than 90% of seawater, scale inhibitor squeeze treatment should be carried out. This study has showed that a general scale mitigation cannot be applied for all the production wells of the field; the treatment needs to be adapted for individual wells.
Further Investigation of Scale Control Using Electromagnetic Devices Visualisation Experiments
Authors: Singleton Michael Andrew , Graham Alexander , Sanni Olujide , Bukuaghangin Ogbemi 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Electromagnetic devices (EMDs) have been reported to be a method for scale management in the field. One proposed mechanism for scale mitigation is that the device imparts an electromagnetic (EM) pulse that provides sufficient energy to the fluids to cause homogeneous nucleation, resulting in the formation of very small particles (5 to 9 µm), which will pass through the production system, hence preventing/reducing heterogeneous nucleation and deposition on the tubing surface. Previous work revealed that such a device had a measurable impact on a Barium Sulphate scaling system. This paper extends this work by performing visualisation experiments and comparing the results with baseline findings previously published in 2016 using the same test apparatus.
Comparative experiments were performed with the device "on" and "off" and images of crystal growth within the test cell taken at regular intervals over the test period. The same conditions as those from 2016 (scaling brines (SR), T, P and Q) were used and then extended by increasing the residence time of the fluid in the test cell by a factor of 2 and 4. The images were analysed using MATLAB to quantify the number of crystals formed, their size and the surface coverage achieved. ESEM images of the test coupon within the cell were also taken for analysis.
From all the comparative experiments performed, it was seen that the EMD had a significant, measurable, and positive effect on BaSO4 control with a reduction in crystal growth rate, crystal size and the numbers formed. Comparison with previous data were consistent with results obtained with a lower SR scaling system, suggesting that the EM signal has effectively reduced the surface saturation ratio of the system as it passes through the test cell. Increasing the residence time of the fluid within the EM field enhances the impact of the device in terms of the number of crystals formed, their size and surface coverage within the cell. All these observations support the previously proposed mechanism, that the EMD promotes bulk (homogeneous) nucleation and precipitation, and therefore reduces the energetic favourability of surface (heterogenous) crystal formation.
The Oda Field: From Scale Prediction to Reality - Why Squeezing was Not Necessary Despite a High Calcium Sulphate Risk
Authors: Kaasa Baard , Somme Bodil , MacDonald Ross , Kjørsvik Kristin , Saunes Anders , Heath Stephen , Stamnes Marius 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this paper we will tell the story of a sub-sea well in the Oda field where the predicted downhole calcium sulphate (CaSO4) scale risk did not concur with observations in the field.
Seawater was injected into the oil leg and the first sample collected at 5% water cut had ~ 80% seawater breakthrough, with a harsh CaSO4 scaling tendency predicted (SR 3.5 at 120°C). A squeeze treatment was planned as part of the mitigation strategy and, in addition, continuous downhole injection of scale inhibitor (SI) was instigated to provide protection to the production tubing, flow line and topside facilities.
An extensive monitoring program consisting of productivity monitoring, weekly produced water ionic composition and ESEM/EDX bulk scale analysis (BSA) was instigated to confirm the scaling risk. The water cut increased as did the seawater content to ~90%, however, the results of the BSA did not indicate any significant amounts of CaSO4 scale on the filters indicating stable produced water.
Scale and 1D reservoir simulations also showed that to match the produced water composition with the correct FW:SW ratio, CaSO4 should have precipitated in the reservoir, but not to equilibrium resulting in a produced water with SR higher than one. In addition, a further increase in seawater content would lead to lower scale risk and the produced water was confirmed as stable even with a calculated SR of about 3-3.5. Several scale prediction models were evaluated with the same outcome.
A new scaling risk matrix created from the BSA field data, backed up by the trends in measured vs predicted ion data, indicated no significant scale risk to the Oda well which is in contrast to what was predicted.
Based upon this data it was agreed that the planned squeeze treatment was no longer required, but this still raised the question of why the well didn't scale. Several theories including metastability, natural inhibition and kinetic effects coupled with partial protection by downhole injection of SI will be discussed.
In addition, this paper will highlight the benefits of using a holistic, integrated scale management strategy, consisting of scale and reservoir simulations combined with field data (ions and BSA), to identify a more realistic field risk and save unnecessary treatment costs.
A New View on Scale
Authors: Appelquist Isaac Løge , Neerup Randi , Loldrup Fosbøl Philip 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Without methods for surface characterization of tubing and pipeline, corrosion and scaling cannot be mitigated. One standardized characterization method would enable comparison between various surfaces, which would give new insight into the mechanism behind both corrosion and scaling.
We aim to showcase a novel surface characterization software and how it can be used for industry and research purposes. We aim to highlight the capabilities of this tool through 2 analysis campaigns. Our tool is called XCHANTO (X-ray CHannel ANalysis TOol). XCHANTO is an in-house written Python code that can extract surface texture information from 3D point cloud data generated from a stack of images. XCHANTO is based on X-ray CT scanning and calculates standardized Metrologic parameters. In the first campaign we show how XCHANTO can aid the industry in characterizing decommissioned tubing. We performed a single in-depth analysis of a channel. The investigation includes global averages of texture parameters, cylindrical averages in spherical coordinates, and visualization of the height reduction. This investigation was concluded by benchmarking the obtained texture parameters to values obtained from international peer-reviewed journals. Secondly, we have shown how XCHANTO could be useful for researchers. This included using texture parameters to describe surface growth with a temporal resolution and compare in between larger datasets.
The quality of XCHANTOs output is dependent on the input CT data. Therefore, for optimal usage of XCHANTO, it will require an experienced operator to acquire and segment high-quality data. When data is acquired, XCHANTO offers a simple way of sophisticated analysis.
Alternative Scavenger Chemistries: Impact of Scavengers on Carbonate Scaling
Authors: Rafferty Andrew , Stewart-Liddon Christine , Graham Gordon M , Baraka-Lokmane Salima , Nwankwo Chidiebere , Hitta Jérôme 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The application of triazine-based H2S scavengers are often used for the removal of H2S during oil and gas production processes. Most oil and gas production installations today use monomethylamine (MMA) and monoethanolamine (MEA) based triazines for H2S removal. Although triazine products have a good capacity to reduce the sulfide concentration, they are associated with several drawbacks, such as significant calcium carbonate scaling issues due to an increased pH of process waters. Issues in downstream refineries processing crudes are also reported.
This paper presents feedback on the impact of triazine scavengers in North Sea and American installations in terms of performance and technical issues1. Attention has been focused on the development of alternative scavenger chemistries with good scavenging capability, limited impact on carbonate scaling and which do not interfere with existing scale control strategies. The evaluation of a range of H2S scavengers based on different chemistries, looking at both influence on scaling and scavenging ability, is described.
It has been shown that the chemistry of the scavengers can have a significant influence on carbonate scaling.2,3 In general, scale formation correlates with pH, with a large increase in the rate of carbonate scaling observed in the presence of the amine-based scavengers due to their high pH. Scavenger products based on triazine and oxazolidine structures show the best scavenging performance where an aqueous phase is present. However, this work has highlighted that an oil soluble zinc carboxylate product formed deposits in the water-based test.
Correlation of both carbonate scaling tendency and H2S scavenging ability by these products has been studied to assess suitability for application in environments where carbonate scale is either known or has the potential to form.
This work has demonstrated that it is possible to identify alternative scavenger chemistries that are able to scavenge efficiently, but do not increase the carbonate scaling tendency following scavenger dosing and validates the approach of investigating different chemistries as a way of improving the process of H2S removal during oil and gas production.
Analysis on the Reform and Development of College Physical Education Teaching Service under the Background of 5G Internet Communication
Authors: Kang Lijun 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This exploration is to study the reform and development of college physical education teaching service under the background of the 5th Generation Mobile Communication Technology (5G). Based on this, the data channel algorithm processing of Internet communication technology and the Internet of things (IoT) resource allocation algorithm for deep reinforcement learning are adopted to analyze the physical education reform in colleges. In the research and application scenario of the IoT, the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) precoding technology and the repeated lifting coverage of transmission time interval (TTI) in data transmission are mainly studied based on the downlink system of the U-NB-IoT (Un-Narrow Band Internet of Things). Moreover, the resource allocation problem under the access of massive IoT devices is solved through the deep reinforcement learning framework. The research results show that QoS (quality of service) is difficult to measure the communication network centered on the integration of teachers and students, while QoE (quality of experience) can make teachers and students feel satisfied. Moreover, QoE can measure the quality of service by the satisfaction of teachers and students to experience teaching resources. Finally, the following conclusions are drawn. The downlink scheme of U-NB-IoT system has the characteristics of strong coverage and low complexity. The resource allocation algorithm proposed can improve the experience of teachers and students using teaching resources, make the satisfaction of teachers and students reach the ideal value, further optimize the traditional problems existing in teaching and improve the quality of students in all aspects.
EPHB2 knockdown mitigated MI-induced myocardial injury by inhibiting MAPK signaling
Authors: Yang Yang , Yang Huan , Yang Chong 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a common disease in the cardiovascular field. The incidence of ventricular remodeling dysplasia and heart failure increases significantly after MI. The objective of this study was to investigate whether EPHB2 could regulate myocardial injury after MI and explore its regulatory pathways. RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to verify the expression of EPHB2 in MI mice, and then shRNA knockdown of EPHB2 was used to confirm the relationship between EPHB2 expression and disease progression. The levels of inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis were detected by tissue staining. Related factors were detected by RT-qPCR, Western blot or ELISA. Further, the signaling pathway through which EPHB affected MI processes was detected and preliminarily confirmed by Western blot. EPHB2 was significantly overexpressed in heart tissue of MI mice. Knockdown of EPHB2 gene significantly downregulated immune factors and apoptotic factors, and alleviated mi-induced cardiac tissue damage and functional decline in mice. The MAPK pathway was found to be a downstream pathway in which EPHB2 acted. Knockdown EPHB2 down-regulates phosphorylation of MAPK pathway-related proteins. In mouse models, knockdown EPHB2 alleviated MI-induced cardiac function decline, inflammation and apoptosis of myocardial tissue, and myocardial fibrosis. This process may be achieved through the MAPK pathway.