bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empire
Authors: Kerr Douglas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
For Orwell, the imperial model was always oriental, the centre of gravity of the Empire was British India, and its rationale was basically economic. His indictment of imperialism as a combination of racism and exploitation is dramatized in dialogue and action in Burmese Days (1934) and elaborated in his writings over the next fifteen years. The imperial theme persists in his three ‘English’ novels of the 1930s; in Keep the Aspidistra Flying, there is ‘a vision of London, of the western world’ which is simultaneously empire and global capitalism. Orientals were the poor of the world, and empire corrupted imperialists and their subjects alike. Other empires might be even worse. Hitler planned ‘a horrible brainless empire’, while in broadcasts for the BBC, in wartime, Orwell found himself, ironically, warning Indians against Japanese imperialism. He foresaw correctly, however, that empire would be succeeded by nationalism, which always imperils minorities. His struggles with the imperial legacy foreshadow our own.
Geography
Authors: Kerr Douglas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how Orwell writes about the ‘false map of the world’ created by what Edward Said later called Orientalism, an imperial view of the Earth and its peoples, first encountered in classroom and church, and supported by theories of racial superiority that saw people in the East as poor and backward because of their nature. It explains how Orwell sought to overturn this prejudice, first in himself and then in others. In weekly wartime news commentaries for the BBC, he draws an imaginary world map with India (not Greenwich) at the centre, at a moment of crisis in world history. It is argued that he was already contemplating the geography of Nineteen Eighty-Four, with its three warring empires and their battlefield in a fourth, disputed space, corresponding roughly with what came to be called the Third World and including most former British colonial possessions.
Race
Authors: Kerr Douglas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
European imperialism justified itself in terms of a ‘science’ of racial hierarchy with white people at the top. Orwell experienced racial injustice in the East and sought to emancipate himself from racial thinking: he concluded there was no such thing as race, which was ‘the invention of conquering nations’. Nonetheless, while some of his compatriots shrank from Asians as ‘beastly’, he writes with strange enthusiasm about the beauty of Burmese men. The dark suffering face became his recurring metonym for injustice. After Burma he says he was haunted by the ‘innumerable remembered faces’ of Burmese imprisoned, beaten, and condemned: in Nineteen Eighty-Four, the future is a boot stamping on a human face. In wartime, African Americans and Jews joined his list of victims of racial injustice, and he struggled to understand anti-Semitism: ‘the Jew is evidently a scapegoat, though for what he is a scapegoat we do not yet know’.
The Law
Authors: Kerr Douglas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the law in two related aspects: the written law and its institutions, and the unwritten law—what might be called the law of failure—that ensures that all attempts to escape in Orwell’s fiction come to nothing. Orwell was temperamentally a rebel, but in Burma he had been a lawman. The British Empire prided and justified itself on the rule of law: government was bound by the rule of law, and anti-British nationalists, like the lawyers Gandhi and Nehru, could use the law to their advantage. But the law that mandated equality was over-ridden by the code of the pukka sahib, which ensured that some people remained more equal than others. These themes are played out in Animal Farm, where a Utopian written law is corrupted and betrayed. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, the language Newspeak is designed to take the place of the law, making rebellion unspeakable. Would it work?
Literature
Authors: Kerr Douglas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The whole of this book has been about Orwell the writer. This chapter focuses on literature, beginning with a comparison between Orwell and Rudyard Kipling, both Anglo-Indian writers of empire, one a frank imperialist and the other equally adamant against empire. Orwell loved and hated Kipling all his life. Next there is an examination of other writers about oriental subjects who were important to Orwell, including Conrad and Somerset Maugham, and of his own assessment of his literary contemporaries in the essay ‘Inside the Whale’. The chapter ends with a comparison between Orwell and another writer, his friend Mulk Raj Anand, a novelist and journalist who has been called Indo-Anglian. Kipling and Anand supply the two poles of Orwell’s literary universe, the imperial East of the past which continued to beguile him, and the postcolonial East of the future, which he championed.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter maps the field and sets the scene for what follows. It begins by offering an analysis of the main ingredients of Aristotle’s theory of friendship (philia) with a special focus on the tripartite division between friendship for character/virtue, utility and pleasure, and the distinction between equal and unequal friendships. The idea of the intrinsic value of friendship is also explored. Aristotle’s background theory of virtue, flourishing and education for character is explained, as well as Aristotle’s methodological naturalism. A subsequent section then offers a brief historical overview of the friendship literature from Aristotle to the 20th century, with important stop-overs in Montaigne, the Christian medieval philosophers, Nietzsche and Emerson. Finally, a section is devoted to current psychological research on friendship and how it relates, or fails to relate, to the classical sources, in particular Aristotle.
Fragile Friendships
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Aristotle claims that friendship of the highest kind—‘character friendship’—is stable and enduring. However, Aristotle is surprisingly cavalier about the formation and sustaining of character friendship, as if those are relatively unproblematic from psycho-moral and psycho-social perspectives. The main aim of this chapter is to repair the dearth of attention paid to these problematic areas. More specifically, it addresses five potential problems attached to character friendships between ‘equals’ (of substitutability, self-verification, mismatched developmental levels, divergent developmental paths, initiation and trust) and five problems between ‘unequals’ (of proportionality, the disciple’s and the guru’s conflicting motivations, paternalism and role inertia). Special attention is paid to potential eros–philia conflicts, by drawing both on popular sources, such as the film When Harry Met Sally, and on recent psychological findings. The chapter’s conclusion is that despite the attractiveness and plausibility of much of what Aristotle says, his account of character friendships cannot be endorsed without various caveats and qualifications.
Friendship with a Filter
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An adequate moral theory must arguably be compatible with the attitudes and practical requirements of deep friendship. Bernard Williams suggested that the decision procedure required by both deontology and consequentialism inserts a fetishising filter between the natural moral motivation of any normal person to prioritise friends and the decision to act on it. But this interjects ‘one thought too many’ into the moral reaction mechanism. It is standardly assumed that virtue ethics is somehow immune to this objection. This chapter explores this assumption and finds it wanting. Virtue ethics filters friendship through phronesis and thus inserts an extra thought into the mechanism in question. To escape Williams’s curse, the only way is to argue that the extra thought required by virtue ethics is not ‘one thought too many’. The chapter closes with an attempt to show that, contra deontology, the friendship motivation in virtue ethics is derived from the moral virtue, not the intellectual filter, and, contra consequentialism, Aristotelian phronesis does not require the maximisation of value.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the main findings and conclusions of the previous seven chapters and a summary of their theoretical and practical implications. It revisits the original four aims, adds some literary examples, offers further reflections on friendship as a ‘method’ of moral education, discusses friendships within the family, and finally suggests future research directions for philosophers, psychologists, and educationists interested in friendship. While chapter offers further support to the thesis that the best friendship is, as the title of the book indicates, friendship for virtue, it also rehearses the theme of how Aristotle underestimated the extent to which even potentially educationally rewarding friendships are fraught with risk and remain, for various reasons, liable to conflicts and disruptions.
Building Resilience from the Top Down? The Role of International Law and Institutions
Authors: Redgwell Catherine 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses the resilience-building capacity of international law and institutions in the context of energy and related fields. It considers two aspects of building resilience from the top down. First, it argues that the extent to which binding international norms and principles can dynamically change and evolve, especially when confronted by disrupting events, is a measure of their resilience. The focus is principally on treaty law, given the important normative role treaties perform in the energy and related fields. Their flexibility and capacity to adapt over time in response to economic, technical, and environmental changes can be demonstrated in a variety of ways, ranging from treaty amendment to more nimble methods for incorporation of external norms and evolutive interpretation of treaty provisions. Secondly and relatedly is the role of international institutions in this process. Building sustainable institutional structures plays a key role in disaster risk reduction and response. Some areas of international law such as international disaster law, and some institutions such as the International Energy Agency, may be viewed as hard-wired to respond to catastrophic change and emergencies, with treaty bodies and institutions playing a catalytic role in responding to disruption. However, there is no ‘one stop shop’ with respect to disaster management and response in international law and no general multinational treaty on disaster law. Nonetheless, prevention and disaster response are already part of the fabric of substantive international law in some contexts such as oil pollution casualties and nuclear incidents.
Building Resilience into U.S. Energy Transport Infrastructure
Authors: Klass Alexandra B. , Foote Isaac 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the meaning of energy system resilience in the context of U.S. energy transport infrastructure—the electric transmission lines, oil and natural gas pipelines, and related networks that support the generation, transportation, and use of energy in U.S. society. In doing so, we explore the use of engineering, ecological, and social-ecological resilience strategies described in Chapter 2, as well as the application of ‘anti-resilience’ thinking, to the U.S. energy transportation network. We also discuss how existing state and federal laws, as well as reforms to those laws governing permitting processes and eminent domain for energy transport infrastructure, can enhance overall energy system resilience by supporting a clean energy transition.
Law, Resilience, and Natural Disaster Management in Australia
Authors: Godden Lee 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the summer of 2019–2020 bushfires raged across many parts of Australia. The extent of the disaster was unprecedented, with areas never previously exposed to bushfires, burning with an intensity not experienced to date. The fires destroyed major energy infrastructure, with communities cut off from power supplies for long periods. The security of the national energy infrastructure and the maintenance of electricity supply remain of concern after the bushfires. Drawing on resilience concepts and systems theory, this chapter examines measures adopted in Australia to respond to the combined risk that climate change and natural disasters pose to the resilience of energy infrastructure. Moreover, electricity infrastructure itself poses a significant risk to humans and natural systems. Energy infrastructure, such as ageing or poorly maintained electricity transmission systems exacerbate fire risk. Government measures to enhance the resilience of energy infrastructure and energy systems, draw on legislation, policy, institutional arrangements (regulatory systems), and project-based initiatives that cross disaster and emergency management legislation, the national electricity market regulation, together with natural disaster and climate adaptation legislation. This chapter argues a more systemic legal approach is required to build resilient energy infrastructure systems to respond to escalating climate change risks, and the increase in natural disasters. The chapter examines the recommendations from a 2020 Royal Commission to reduce bushfire hazards to critical electricity infrastructure to assess their potential effectiveness in enhancing electricity system resilience.
Advancing Resilience to Price Volatility in Oil and Gas Markets
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The issue of disaster risk reduction and resilience (DRRR) in the oil and gas industry has been high on the agenda in oil- and gas-dependent countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region for a while. For many years, the economic well-being and sustainable development of several MENA countries have been highly susceptible to cyclical swings, due to frequent social and economic disruptions associated with oil price volatility. The paralysing disruptions to MENA oil and gas markets in light of the COVID-19 pandemic have further exacerbated these concerns. The uncertain levels of finance for energy projects during the ‘boom or bust’ cycles result in disruptions to projects and efforts aimed at promoting energy security and decarbonization across the region. This raises the need for holistic DRRR frameworks to anticipate, mitigate, and absorb the impacts of oil price volatility on energy availability, affordability, and accessibility at local levels. This chapter examines legal and governance aspects of designing and implementing DRRR frameworks to better address the disruptive impacts of oil and gas volatility in MENA markets. Various legal and institutional challenges that arise with extant DRRR frameworks in the region are discussed to identify how an integrative legal framework on resilience planning can help close these gaps.
Reaction from Public Policy and Regulation after COVID-19 Crisis in Latin America
Authors: Montoya Milton Fernando , Abaunza Daniela Aguilar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic as a global health crisis has created an economic and social emergency all around the world and Latin America is no exception. There have been repercussions for employment, exports, public and private debt, development of infrastructure projects, and in the mining and electrical sector. During this crisis there was an increase in the international gold prices which occurred because of the panic that weak economies created in different countries; therefore central banks’ intention of increasing golds reserves made gold more stable and desirable as a commodity. By contrast, other kinds of minerals used for the mining and electrical sector was highly impacted because there was insufficient demand and restricted mobility for continuing large-scale projects. This chapter analyses the Colombian and Peruvian governments’ reactions, through public policymaking and regulation, throughout the pandemic. It also comments on the repercussions, if any, that the COVID-19 pandemic effected in these countries. The chapter further draws attention to the importance, in both countries, of strengthening the mining and electricity sectors for the effective recovery of the economy, since both Colombia and Peru are major destinations of mining and electricity projects, and highly reliant on exports in this sector.
The New Nationalism of the Mexican Energy Policy in a Turbulent International Context
Authors: Márquez José Juan González 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses the new Mexican Energy Transition boosted by the government of the so-called Fourth Transformation of the National Public Life (4th Transformation), which took the chair in 2018. The research evaluates both the return to the state monopoly over the energy sector cancelled by the constitutional reform of 2013 and those governmental actions aimed at discouraging investment in clean energies. In light of that evaluation, the survey discusses the implications of this new transition in Mexico’s international commitments regarding opening the energy sector, clean energies, and greenhouse gas emission reduction. In the same vein, the chapter assesses the impacts of the international context on the objectives of the 4th Transformation’s energy policy. In particular, it inquires about how the international Pandemic of COVID-19 influences the new Mexican Energy Policy.
Energy Resilience in the United States
Authors: Smith Don C. , Zillman Donald N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The concept of energy resilience in the United States received relatively limited attention until recently. During the 2017–2021 Donald Trump presidency, the emphasis was on ‘America First’ policies that included promotion of fossil fuels and disparagement of climate change science. In the run-up to the 2020 general election, then candidate Joe Biden included the concept of resiliency in his campaign platform but typically in the context of new job development and addressing climate change. Once in office, President Biden continued the theme of resiliency and linked it to addressing job development and climate change. He worked through a combination of executive orders, regulatory measures, and legislation. While Biden did not often use the words ‘energy resilience’, it was obvious that his administration’s efforts were informed by it. Meanwhile, during 2020–2021 the U.S. was beset with challenges to its democratic foundation.
Force Majeure and the COVID-19 Energy Market Crash
Authors: Boute Anatole 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, and in particular government and market reactions to the health crisis, in combination with a price war between the major oil producers, triggered one the largest recorded demand and price shocks in the history of the global oil and gas markets. By focusing on force majeure, this chapter examines whether the coronavirus-linked energy market crash can excuse suppliers and buyers of natural gas and oil from performing their long-term sale-purchase and investment obligations. The analysis is of broader relevance. It has been argued that the market crash serves as a warning for the energy industry of what is to come in the peak oil demand era. Does force majeure, as one of the few flexibility provisions in energy contracts, contribute to facilitating the adjustment to energy crises or does it contribute to locking the parties in their long-term obligations, even when there is no longer sufficient demand?
Extreme Natural Event Impacts on the Energy Sector and its Regulation
Authors: Lucas Alastair R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Notwithstanding market and infrastructure vulnerability in the face of extreme weather and COVID-19 pandemic events, the Canadian oil and gas sector has shown considerable resilience. This has been supported, particularly in the pandemic, by targeted federal and provincial financial assistance, including oil field environmental cleanup, deferral of monitoring, reporting and taxes, and general employee income and limited corporate relief, but no open-ended industry bailout packages. A case study shows that the COVID-19 period featured newly developed or implemented federal carbon pricing and clean energy programs aimed ultimately at net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. These were ‘drafted’ behind the rapid oil and gas industry economic recovery and the general government pandemic recovery measures. Thus, the sector has moved beyond economic shock recovery and shown dynamic resilience, putting itself in a position to adjust to federal green law and policy initiatives.
Transnational Energy Law Regimes and Systems Dynamics
Authors: Ahmad Nadia B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the growth of green energy finance and renewable energy incentives for building better transnational energy systems and networks by understanding the functioning and finance mechanism put in place by IRENA and the Secretariat of the Energy Charter Treaty. IRENA as an intergovernmental organization and the Energy Charter Treaty are two ways to leverage capital to build more resilient energy systems. Considering the underlying mechanisms of these institutions provides a window to see how the idea of systems dynamics will be significant for building sustainable and reliable energy infrastructure worldwide. One of the key observations made is that when taking into account ongoing natural resource scarcity, high rates of joblessness, and market shocks, the transnational energy law regimes show promise in adapting to worsening climate change conditions and economic constraints. These variables can be understood through system dynamics, which is a part of systems theory, to understand and appreciate the dynamic approach to complex systems.
Public–Private Partnership in the Reconstruction of the Energy Sector
Authors: Eiamchamroonlarp Piti 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Replacing 4,000 diesel buses with locally manufactured electric buses is perceived by the Thai government and the state-owned enterprise ‘Bangkok Mass Transit Authority’ (BMTA) as a sustainable way to achieve an environmentally friendly transportation system. This replacement is expected to reduce carbon emissions and simultaneously incentivize cleaner energy consumption in Thailand through a more integrated and reliable transportation system. However, having limited capital and technological expertise, the BMTA needs support from, and potentially, partnership with the private sector to push forward this project. This partnership can be created through a public–private partnership (PPP) law. This PPP approach can be deemed as a win-win solution as it allows the BMTA to carry out its functions while contributing to profitability, thus attracting the private sector. Regardless of BMTA’s ability to allocate the demand risk to a private contractor, the electricity system and electricity operators, such as charging station operators, will face challenges arising from electricity demand variation, especially when ridership levels drop. This study finds that the electricity licensing regime, and the third party access (TPA) right, guaranteed by the Energy Industry Act B.E. 2550 (2007), can contribute to energy resilience. Energy resilience is achieved by diversifying sources of electricity and thus reducing the consequences of disruptive events faced by centralized electricity systems as they serve as legal bases permitting utilization of an energy system storage system and peer-to-peer electricity trading.