bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow-Independent Liquid Jet-in-Crossflow Injection Using Physical Obstructions
Authors: Clark Charles R. , Tonarely Michael E. , Morales Anthony J. , Reyes Jonathan , Ahmed Kareem 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe present work explores a novel flow-independent liquid injection scheme, incorporating solid obstructions to alter the key mechanisms controlling the liquid breakup and trajectory. These obstructions, designated pintiles, minimize the variability of fuel injection dynamics over a range of operational conditions. To better understand these mechanisms, a variety of solid pintile obstructions are designed and incorporated into a liquid jet in crossflow experiment. The design parameters of interest include the fraction of the liquid jet orifice blocked by the pintile (orifice coverage), the vertical height of the pintile in the liquid stream, and the angle of the obstruction with respect to the injection plate. All pintiles are tested at non-reacting ambient temperature and pressure conditions over a range of engine relevant Reynolds numbers (Re = 171,500–343,000), momentum flux ratios (Q = 4–45), and Weber numbers (We = 20–80) to understand the leading order effects the solid–liquid–gas interaction has on the liquid breakup and trajectory control. The results demonstrate that the most consistent jet trajectories are achieved with pintiles with a high orifice coverage, a large height, and an angle of 45 deg. Other parameters, such as the transverse spread of the liquid jet and droplet size distributions, are quantified to ensure that consistent jet trajectories can be achieved without imparting adverse effects on other relevant combustion characteristics. The results provide a foundational, first-order understanding on how to minimize variability of liquid injection across engine relevant Reynolds numbers, Weber numbers, and momentum flux ratios.
Geologic and geomorphic evidence for multi-phase history of strands of the San Andreas fault through the San Gorgonio Pass structural knot, southern California
Authors: Kendrick Katherine J. , Matti Jonathan C. , Barth Nicolas C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The San Gorgonio Pass region of southern California is a locus of extensive Quaternary deformation within a multi-strand section of the San Andreas fault zone. The geomorphology of the San Gorgonio Pass region reflects the complicated history of geologic events in the formation of this structurally complex region. We define fault-bounded blocks in San Gorgonio Pass and focus on two that are characterized by extensive crystalline bedrock outcrops with similar bedrock lithologies. These two blocks are separated by the San Bernardino strand of the San Andreas fault. Morphometric variables, including local relief, slope, slope distribution, and surface roughness, consistently demonstrate distinctions between the bedrock upland regions of the two blocks. Geologic observations of the region highlight differences in Quaternary units within the two blocks, reflective of the differing surficial processes active in each block. Within the Kitching Peak block, the morphology highlights a lineament that we informally name the Lion Canyon lineament. This boundary more clearly differentiates the two regions, as compared to the mapped San Bernardino strand, and may represent the previously active strand or bounding structure in this section. The distinction in morphology and surficial processes leads to our interpretation that the Kitching Peak and Pisgah Peak blocks have experienced different uplift histories. This further leads to the conclusion that the San Bernardino strand, broadly defined, has been integrated, at some point in the past, with the Banning strand, allowing for through-going rupture along the fault system. This connectivity may have occurred along the Burro Flats section of the San Bernardino strand or the Lion Canyon lineament. The fault connection along the mapped trace of the San Bernardino strand is not currently evident at the surface, however, suggesting that the integration has been disrupted. We propose this is due to intervals of N-S compression in the region, manifest as slip along the San Gorgonio Pass fault zone and other regional faults. We present evidence for lateral displacement along the San Bernardino and Banning strands of the San Andreas fault, discuss the implications of these displacements, and propose a sequence of fault activity, including multiple phases of activity along the San Bernardino and Banning strand pathway to account for the structural complexity and lack of surficial fault continuity.
Winters are changing: snow effects on Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems
Authors: Rixen Christian , Høye Toke Thomas , Macek Petr , Aerts Rien , Alatalo Juha M. , Anderson Jill T. , Arnold Pieter A. , Barrio Isabel C , Bjerke Jarle W. , Björkman Mats P. , Blok Daan , Blume-Werry Gesche , Boike Julia , Bokhorst Stef , Carbognani Michele , Christiansen Casper T. , Convey Peter , Cooper Elisabeth J. , Cornelissen J. Hans C. , Coulson Stephen J. , Dorrepaal Ellen , Elberling Bo , Elmendorf Sarah C. , Elphinstone Cassandra , Forte T’ai G.W. , Frei Esther R. , Geange Sonya R. , Gehrmann Friederike , Gibson Casey , Grogan Paul , Halbritter Aud Helen , Harte John , Henry Gregory H.R. , Inouye David W. , Irwin Rebecca E. , Jespersen Gus , Jónsdóttir Ingibjörg Svala , Jung Ji Young , Klinges David H. , Kudo Gaku , Lämsä Juho , Lee Hanna , Lembrechts Jonas J. , Lett Signe , Lynn Joshua Scott , Mann Hjalte M.R. , Mastepanov Mikhail , Morse Jennifer , Myers-Smith Isla H. , Olofsson Johan , Paavola Riku , Petraglia Alessandro , Phoenix Gareth K. , Semenchuk Philipp , Siewert Matthias B. , Slatyer Rachel , Spasojevic Marko J. , Suding Katharine , Sullivan Patrick , Thompson Kimberly L. , Väisänen Maria , Vandvik Vigdis , Venn Susanna , Walz Josefine , Way Robert , Welker Jeffrey M. , Wipf Sonja , Zong Shengwei 
Published: February 2022

Snow is an important driver of ecosystem processes in cold biomes. Snow accumulation determines ground temperature, light conditions, and moisture availability during winter. It also affects the growing season’s start and end, and plant access to moisture and nutrients. Here, we review the current knowledge of the snow cover’s role for vegetation, plant-animal interactions, permafrost conditions, microbial processes, and biogeochemical cycling. We also compare studies of natural snow gradients with snow experimental manipulation studies to assess time scale difference of these approaches. The number of tundra snow studies has increased considerably in recent years, yet we still lack a comprehensive overview of how altered snow conditions will affect these ecosystems. Specifically, we found a mismatch in the timing of snowmelt when comparing studies of natural snow gradients with snow manipulations. We found that snowmelt timing achieved by snow addition and snow removal manipulations (average 7.9 days advance and 5.5 days delay, respectively) were substantially lower than the temporal variation over natural spatial gradients within a given year (mean range 56 days) or among years (mean range 32 days). Differences between snow study approaches need to be accounted for when projecting snow dynamics and their impact on ecosystems in future climates.
Supplemental effect of coated refined fish oil on the performance of finishing pigs fed diets containing soybean meal as a partial alternative to barley or wheat feed ingredient
Authors: Shanmugam Sureshkumar , Seok Woo Jeong , Ha Seung Ho , Jin Sung Giu , Kim In Ho 
Published: February 2022

A total of 195 finishing pigs with an average body weight (BW) of 78.65 ± 0.09 kg were assigned to one of three dietary treatments in a 28-d trial. The designated nutritional diets were as follows: CON; TRT1, CON + 0.2% coated refined fish oil; and TRT2, CON + 10% barley + 0.2% coated refined fish oil. The inclusion of coated refined fish oil with the barley-based diet significantly increased BW, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio of finishing pigs throughout the experimental period. At the end of the experiment, pigs fed coated refined fish oil with the barley-based diet showed a significant improvement on nutrient digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen. Moreover, gas emission of NH3and H2S concentration were significantly reduced. Also, drip loss during days 5 and 7 was significantly decreased in meat quality analysis of pigs fed coated refined fish oil supplemented to a barley-based diet. Furthermore, dietary coated refined fish oil with barley-based diet had significantly increased fatty acid profile of belly meat and reduced belly fat. In summary, the inclusion of coated refined fish oil with barley diet positively impacts on growth performance and nutritional values of meat quality in finishing pigs.
On connection between the collider long-range near-side “ridge” effect at $$|\eta | < 2.4$$ and cosmic-ray coplanarity of most energetic particles
Authors: Mukhamedshin R. A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSome coplanarity of most energetic subcores of$$\gamma $$γ-ray–hadron families is observed in cosmic-ray experiments at$$E_0 \gtrsim 10^{16}$$E0≳1016eV ($$\sqrt{s} \gtrsim 5$$s≳5TeV). This effect requires appearance of some coplanar generation of most energetic particles in hadron-nucleus interactions. On the other hand, a long-range near-side “ridge” effect was observed inppcollisions at$$\sqrt{s} = 7$$s=7TeV by the CMS Collaboration in two-particle$$\varDelta \eta - \varDelta \varphi $$Δη-Δφcorrelation functions at$$|\varDelta \eta | \gtrsim 3$$|Δη|≳3and$$|\varDelta \varphi | \approx 0$$|Δφ|≈0. To improve a research for possible relationship of these phenomena, a phenomenological FANSY 2.0 model is designed to simulate hadron interactions using both traditional and coplanar modes for the hadron generation, QGSJ and CPG, respectively. The FANSY 2.0 reproduces LHC data on generation of unflavoured, strange and charmed hadrons. Model parameters of coplanar hadron generation are given. It is shown that the FANSY 2.0 CPG reproduces the near-side “ridge” effect at$$\sqrt{s} = 7$$s=7TeV.
Dynamical measurements of deviations from Newton’s $$1/r^2$$ law
Authors: Baeza-Ballesteros J. , Donini A. , Nadal-Gisbert S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn Ref. Donini and Marimón (Eur Phys J C 76:696, arXiv:1609.05654, 2016), an experimental setup aiming at the measurement of deviations from the Newtonian $$1/r^2$$

1
/

r
2

distance dependence of gravitational interactions was proposed. The theoretical idea behind this setup was to study the trajectories of a “Satellite” with a mass $$m_\mathrm{S} \sim \mathcal{O}(10^{-9})$$

m
S

∼
O

(

10

-
9

)

g around a “Planet” with mass $$m_\mathrm{P} \in [10^{-7},10^{-5} ]$$

m
P

∈

[

10

-
7

,

10

-
5

]

g, looking for precession of the orbit. The observation of such feature induced by gravitational interactions would be an unambiguous indication of a gravitational potential with terms different from 1/r and, thus, a powerful tool to detect deviations from Newton’s $$1/r^2$$

1
/

r
2

law. In this paper we optimize the proposed setup in order to achieve maximal sensitivity to look for such Beyond-Newtonian corrections. We then study in detail possible background sources that could induce precession and quantify their impact on the achievable sensitivity. We finally conclude that a dynamical measurement of deviations from newtonianity can test Yukawa-like corrections to the 1/r potential with strength as low as $$\alpha \sim 10^{-2}$$

α
∼

10

-
2

for distances as small as $$\lambda \sim 10 \, \upmu $$

λ
∼
10

μ

m.
The Witten index and the spectral shift function
Authors: Carey Alan , Levitina Galina , Potapov Denis , Sukochev Fedor 
Published: February 2022

In [Spectral asymmetry and Riemannian geometry. III, Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 79 (1976) 71–99] Atiyah, Patodi and Singer introduced spectral flow for elliptic operators on odd-dimensional compact manifolds. They argued that it could be computed from the Fredholm index of an elliptic operator on a manifold of one higher dimension. A general proof of this fact was produced by Robbin–Salamon [The spectral flow and the Maslov index, Bull. London Math. Soc. 27(1) (1995) 1–33, MR 1331677]. In [F. Gesztesy, Y. Latushkin, K. Makarov, F. Sukochev and Y. Tomilov, The index formula and the spectral shift function for relatively trace class perturbations, Adv. Math. 227(1) (2011) 319–420, MR 2782197], a start was made on extending these ideas to operators with some essential spectrum as occurs on non-compact manifolds. The new ingredient introduced there was to exploit scattering theory following the fundamental paper [A. Pushnitski, The spectral flow, the Fredholm index, and the spectral shift function, in Spectral Theory of Differential Operators, American Mathematical Society Translations: Series 2, Vol. 225 (American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2008), pp. 141–155, MR 2509781]. These results do not apply to differential operators directly, only to pseudo-differential operators on manifolds, due to the restrictive assumption that spectral flow is considered between an operator and its perturbation by a relatively trace-class operator. In this paper, we extend the main results of these earlier papers to spectral flow between an operator and a perturbation satisfying a higher pth Schatten class condition for [Formula: see text], thus allowing differential operators on manifolds of any dimension [Formula: see text]. In fact our main result does not assume any ellipticity or Fredholm properties at all and proves an operator theoretic trace formula motivated by [M.-T. Benameur, A. Carey, J. Phillips, A. Rennie, F. Sukochev and K. Wojciechowski, An analytic approach to spectral flow in von Neumann algebras, in Analysis, Geometry and Topology of Elliptic Operators (World Scientific Publisher, Hackensack, NJ, 2006), pp. 297–352, MR 2246773; A. Carey, H. Grosse and J. Kaad, On a spectral flow formula for the homological index, Adv. Math. 289 (2016) 1106–1156, MR 3439708]. We illustrate our results using Dirac type operators on [Formula: see text] for arbitrary [Formula: see text] (see Sec. 8). In this setting Theorem 6.4 substantially extends Theorem 3.5 of [A. Carey, F. Gesztesy, H. Grosse, G. Levitina, D. Potapov, F. Sukochev and D. Zanin, Trace formulas for a class of non-Fredholm operators: a review, Rev. Math. Phys. 28(10) (2016) 1630002, MR 3572626], where the case d = 1 was treated.
Design Automation Algorithms for the NP-Separate VLSI Design Methodology
Authors: Dewan Monzurul Islam , Kim Dae Hyun 
Published: February 2022

The NP-Separate design methodology for
very-large-scale integration (VLSI)
design fine-controls the sizes of transistors, thereby achieving significant power, performance, and area improvement compared to the conventional standard-cell-based design methodology. NP-Separate uses NP cells formed by merging and routing N and P cells having only NFETs and PFETs, respectively. The NP cell formation, however, should be automated to design large circuits using the NP-Separate design methodology. In this paper, we propose design automation algorithms to create NP cells automatically. Simulation results show that the automated NP-Separate reduces the design time significantly, decreases the coupling capacitance by 13%, the critical path delay by 6%, and the power consumption by 10% on average compared to the manual NP-Separate designs. We also propose a detailed placement algorithm to generate more compact VLSI layouts with a little wirelength overhead. The combined effect reduces the coupling capacitance by 10%, the critical path delay by 5%, and the power consumption by 10% on average compared to the manual NP-Separate designs.
NoC Application Mapping Optimization Using Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Jagadheesh Samala , Bhanu P. Veda , J. Soumya 
Published: February 2022

Application mapping is one of the early stage design processes aimed to improve the performance of Network-on-Chip. Mapping is an NP-hard problem. A massive amount of high-quality supervised data is required to solve the application mapping problem using traditional neural networks. In this article, a reinforcement learning–based neural framework is proposed to learn the heuristics of the application mapping problem. The proposed reinforcement learning–based mapping algorithm (RL-MAP) has actor and critic networks. The actor is a policy network, which provides mapping sequences. The critic network estimates the communication cost of these mapping sequences. The actor network updates the policy distribution in the direction suggested by the critic. The proposed RL-MAP is trained with unsupervised data to predict the permutations of the cores to minimize the overall communication cost. Further, the solutions are improved using the 2-opt local search algorithm. The performance of RL-MAP is compared with a few well-known heuristic algorithms, the Neural Mapping Algorithm (NMA) and message-passing neural network-pointer network-based genetic algorithm (MPN-GA). Results show that the communication cost and runtime of the RL-MAP improved considerably in comparison with the heuristic algorithms. The communication cost of the solutions generated by RL-MAP is nearly equal to MPN-GA and improved by 4.2% over NMA, while consuming less runtime.
Prognostic Value of Coronary Sinus Flow Quantification by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Kanaji Yoshihisa , Sugiyama Tomoyo , Hoshino Masahiro , Yasui Yumi , Nogami Kai , Ueno Hiroki , Yun Teng , Nagamine Tatsuhiro , Misawa Toru , Hada Masahiro , Yamaguchi Masao , Hamaya Rikuta , Usui Eisuke , Murai Tadashi , Yonetsu Taishi , Sasano Tetsuo , Kakuta Tsunekazu 
Published: February 2022

Background
This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of hyperemic coronary sinus flow (h‐CSF) and global coronary flow reserve (g‐CFR) obtained by phase‐contrast cine‐magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI).

Methods and Results

This retrospective study analyzed patients with acute MI (n=523) who underwent primary (ST‐segment–elevation MI) or urgent (non–ST‐segment–elevation MI) percutaneous coronary intervention. Absolute coronary sinus blood flow (CSF) at rest and during vasodilator stress hyperemia was quantified at 30 days (24–36 days) after the index infarct‐related lesion percutaneous coronary intervention and revascularization of functionally significant non–infarct‐related lesions. We used Cox proportional hazards regression modeling to examine the association between h‐CSF, g‐CFR, and major adverse cardiac events defined as all‐cause death, nonfatal MI, hospitalization for congestive heart failure, and stroke. Finally, 325 patients with ST‐segment–elevation MI (62.1%) and 198 patients with non–ST‐segment–elevation MI (37.9%) were studied over a median follow‐up of 2.5 years. The rest CSF, h‐CSF, and g‐CFR were 0.94 (0.68–1.26) mL/min per g, 2.05 (1.42–2.73) mL/min per g, and 2.17 (1.54–3.03), respectively. Major adverse cardiac events occurred in 62 patients, and Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that h‐CSF and g‐CFR were independent predictors of major adverse cardiac events (h‐CSF: hazard ratio [HR], 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47–0.88;
P
=0.005; g‐CFR: HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.47–0.82;
P
=0.001). When stratified by h‐CSF and g‐CFR, cardiac event‐free survival was the worst in patients with concordantly impaired h‐CSF (<1.6 mL/min per g) and g‐CFR (<1.7) (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions
Global coronary sinus flow quantification using phase‐contrast cine‐magnetic resonance imaging provided significant prognostic information independent of infarction size and conventional risk factors in patients with acute MI undergoing revascularization.
Grayscale Ultrasound Texture Features of Carotid and Brachial Arteries in People With HIV Infection Before and After Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Hughey Christina M. , Vuong Belinda W. , Ribaudo Heather B. , Mitchell Carol C. K. , Korcarz Claudia E. , Hodis Howard N. , Currier Judith S. , Stein James H. 
Published: February 2022

Background
We aimed to investigate novel grayscale ultrasound characteristics of the carotid and brachial arteries in people with HIV infection before and after starting initial antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods and Results

We performed grayscale ultrasound image analyses of the common carotid artery (CCA) and brachial artery before and after receipt of 1 of 3 randomly allocated ART regimens. We measured arterial wall echogenicity (grayscale median), contrast (gray‐level difference statistic method), and entropy. These measures and their changes were compared with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors, measures of HIV disease severity, and inflammatory biomarkers before and after ART. Changes in the grayscale measures were evaluated within and between ART arms. Among 201 ART‐naïve people with HIV, higher systolic blood pressure, higher body mass index, lower CD4+ T cells, and non‐Hispanic White race and ethnicity were associated independently with lower CCA grayscale median. Changes in each CCA grayscale measure from baseline to 144 weeks correlated with changes in soluble CD163: grayscale median (ρ=−0.17;
P
=0.044), gray‐level difference statistic–contrast (ρ=−0.19;
P
=0.024), and entropy (ρ=−0.21;
P
=0.016). Within the atazanavir/ritonavir arm, CCA entropy increased (adjusted β=0.023 [95% CI, 0.001–0.045];
P
=0.04), but no other within‐arm changes in grayscale measures were seen. Correlations of brachial artery grayscale measures were weaker.

Conclusions
In ART‐naïve people with HIV, CCA grayscale ultrasound measures were associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors and lower grayscale median was associated with lower CD4+ T cells. Reductions in soluble CD163 with initial ART were associated with improvements in all 3 CCA grayscale measures, suggesting that reductions in macrophage activation with ART initiation may lead to less arterial injury.

Registration

URL:
https://clinicaltrials.gov/
; Unique identifiers: NCT00811954; NCT00851799
Prospects for Seasonal Prediction of Summertime Trans-Arctic Sea Ice Path
Authors: Winton Michael , Bushuk Mitchell , Zhang Yongfei , Hurlin Bill , Jia Liwei , Johnson Nathaniel C. , Lu Feiyu 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The continuing decline of the summertime sea ice cover has reduced the sea ice path that must be traversed to Arctic destinations and through the Arctic between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, stimulating interest in trans–Arctic Ocean routes. Seasonal prediction of the sea ice cover along these routes could support the increasing summertime ship traffic taking advantage of recent low ice conditions. We introduce the minimum Arctic sea ice path (MIP) between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans as a shipping-relevant metric that is amenable to multidecadal hindcast evaluation. We show, using 1992–2017 retrospective predictions, that bias correction is necessary for the GFDL Seamless System for Prediction and Earth System Research (SPEAR) forecast system to improve upon damped persistence seasonal forecasts of summertime daily MIP between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans both east and west of Greenland, corresponding roughly to the Northeast and Northwest Passages. Without bias correction, only the Northwest Passage MIP forecasts have lower error than a damped persistence forecast. Using the forecast ensemble spread to estimate a lower bound on forecast error, we find large opportunities for forecast error reduction, especially at lead times of less than 2 months. Most of the potential improvement remains after linear removal of climatological and trend biases, suggesting that significant error reduction might come from improved initialization and simulation of subannual variability. Using a different passive microwave sea ice dataset for calculating error than was used for data assimilation increases the raw forecast errors but not the trend anomaly forecast errors.