bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive, Psychiatric, and Motor Symptoms–Based Algorithmic Approach to Differentiate Among Various Types of Dementia Syndromes
Authors: Magdy Rehab , Hussein Mona 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
It may be difficult to distinguish among the various dementia syndromes due to the overlap in many common clinical features across the dementias. Accurate diagnosis of dementia type is increasingly important in an era when promising disease-modifying agents can be marketed soon. In this review, we outline a clinical algorithmic approach particularly tailored to the major forms of dementia in the clinic and refined from our accumulated experience of these patients. We first present an algorithmic approach for patients presenting with predominant deficits in episodic memory, executive function, language, visuospatial, and apraxia. We then consider types of dementia that mainly cause behavioral and psychiatric changes. Finally, we illustrate clinical pearls regarding motor deficits as key associations of each syndrome.
Visual Outcomes and Prognostic Factors for Pediatric Open Globe Injuries
Authors: Bruce Carleigh N. , Beal Casey J. , Zou Baiming 
Published: January 2022

Objectives
Open globe injuries (OGIs) in children can be visually devastating traumas and are a common cause of unilateral blindness in children. Three commonly used ocular trauma scores (Ocular Trauma Score [OTS], Pediatric Penetrating Ocular Trauma Score [POTS], and Toddler/Infant Ocular Trauma Score [TOTS]) can be used to help predict visual outcomes in ocular injuries. Each has strengths and weaknesses, but these scores have not been studied extensively in the pediatric population.

Methods
The medical records of all pediatric patients presenting at a single institution with OGIs from 2011 to 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Initial clinical presentation and subsequent examinations were reviewed. The 3 trauma scoring systems were applied to patient data to determine the effectiveness at predicting final visual acuity (VA).

Results
A total of 15 patients met inclusion criteria. The mean age at presentation was 6.97 years. Seven of 15 (47%) of the patients had a final VA of 20/40 or better. The OTS was applied to 8 of 15 patients, as the OTS requires initial VA, which could not be obtained in 7 patients. The POTS and TOTS were applied to all 15 patients. The POTS, TOTS, and OTS were all significantly correlated to final VA. Incidence of relative afferent pupillary defect and more posterior zone of injury were correlated with poorer visual outcomes.

Conclusions
All 3 available ocular trauma scores were effective at predicting final VA in our cohort of pediatric patients with OGIs even outside of the age ranges for which they have been created. Of all the factors included in the scores, relative afferent pupillary defect and zone of injury were most closely correlated with poor final VA.
The Safety of High-Dose Intranasal Fentanyl in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Anderson Tucker , Harrell Camden , Snider Mark , Kink Rudy 
Published: January 2022

Objectives
This study aimed to determine if the use of intranasal (IN) fentanyl in the pediatric emergency department of 2 to 5 μg/kg at doses greater than 100 μg is associated with adverse events in pediatric patients.

Methods
We performed a retrospective chart review of patients receiving IN fentanyl at an urban, tertiary care emergency department in Memphis, TN, from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2017. All adverse events documented through the hospital's voluntary safety reporting system involving IN fentanyl were reviewed to determine patient outcomes.

Results
A total of 3205 patients received greater than 100 μg of IN fentanyl during the study period from 2011 to 2017. The average (SD) patient age was 13.7 (2.65) years, ranging from 5 to 18 years. The mean (SD) initial dose was 162 (30) μg ranging from 102 to 265 μg (2 doses were given greater than 200 μg in the study period). Initial average (SD) dose for weight was 2.62 (0.5) μg/kg. A total of 13 adverse events were documented, with only 3 occurring at doses greater than 100 μg. No patients required the reversal agent naloxone or invasive respiratory support.

Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first study using doses greater than 100 μg of IN fentanyl in a pediatric population. Our results indicate that fentanyl can be safely administered at doses of greater than 100 μg without any clinically significant adverse outcomes observed for 7 years of use. It is our hope that this information will increase utilization of IN fentanyl for treatment of acute pain in emergency departments and in the prehospital setting.
Sudden Death in High School Athletes
Authors: Cools Katherine Shoush , Crowder Melissa D. , Kucera Kristen L. , Thomas Leah C. , Hosokawa Yuri , Casa Douglas J. , Gasim Adil , Lee Sang , Schade Willis Tina M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Athletes with sickle cell trait (SCT) have up to a 37-fold increased risk of exercise-related death. Exertional collapse associated with sickle cell trait (ECAST) is uncommon but can lead to exercise-related death due to exertional sickling. We present a case series of fatal ECAST in high school athletes aged 14 to 16 years. All 3 athletes experienced collapse during practice sessions with muscle pain or weakness. Upon evaluation at the hospital, the athletes had a significant metabolic acidosis that did not respond as expected to fluid resuscitation. Admitting diagnoses for the athletes included exertional heat stroke or dehydration. All 3 athletes had profound rhabdomyolysis leading to acute renal failure, worsening metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalemia. They rapidly progressed to disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiorgan system failure, and death. The autopsies of all 3 athletes showed extensive sickle cell vaso-occlusion involving the spleen liver, and muscles. Final clinical and pathologic diagnosis supported ECAST with fatal exertional rhabdomyolysis. Exertional collapse associated with sickle cell trait is an uncommon but potentially deadly condition that is often underrecognized or misdiagnosed as exertional heat stroke. The development of ECAST is thought to be multifactorial with exercise intensity, recent illness, and exercising conditions (ie, heat and altitude). Prevention should be the primary goal for athletes with SCT through exercise modification, education of precipitation factors, and cessation of exercise with recent illness. Athletes with suspected ECAST should undergo aggressive resuscitation with a low threshold for early transfer to a tertiary care facility for further management and potential hemodialysis.
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children
Authors: Sartori Laura F. , Balamuth Fran 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a syndrome of abnormal immune response after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection that can result in organ dysfunction including severe cardiovascular compromise in children. Increased evidence supports a clinical and laboratory profile in MIS-C distinct from Kawasaki disease, with MIS-C typically occurring in older children and with more prominent gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms, as well as increased inflammation, lymphopenia, and cardiac injury on laboratory testing. However, high-level evidence regarding best practices for treatment and long-term outcomes in MIS-C is limited.
Relationship of Blood Pressure and White Matter Hyperintensity Burden With Level of and Change in Cognition in Older Black Adults
Authors: Lamar Melissa , Fleischman Debra A. , Leurgans Sue E. , Aggarwal Neelum , Yu Lei , Kim Namhee , Poole Victoria , Han S. Duke , Arfanakis Konstantinos , Barnes Lisa L. 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective
Elevations in blood pressure (BP) and associated white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are chronic comorbid conditions among older Black adults. We investigated whether WMHs modify the association between late-life BP and cognition within older Black adults.

Methods
A total of 167 Black adults (age, ~75 years; without dementia at baseline) participating in neuroimaging studies at the Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center were evaluated for BP markers of cardiovascular health, including systolic BP, diastolic BP, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and hypertension, and were assessed for global and domain-specific cognition at baseline and annually for up to 8 years. WMHs adjusted for intracranial volume were quantified at baseline.

Results
Models adjusted for relevant confounders and the interaction of these variables with time revealed differential associations between BP markers and baseline cognition; however, only elevated diastolic BP predicted faster cognitive, that is, episodic memory, decline (estimate = −0.002, standard error = 0.0009, p = .002). Although WMH burden did not modify the association between diastolic BP and episodic memory decline, it did interact with diastolic BP to lower episodic memory at baseline (estimate = −0.051, standard error = 0.012, p = .0001); that is, greater WMHs combined with higher diastolic BP resulted in the lowest baseline episodic memory scores. A similar profile was noted for WMHs, MAP, and baseline episodic memory. Hypertension was neither associated with cognition nor modified by WMH burden after multiple comparisons correction.

Conclusion
Late-life diastolic BP was associated with faster rates of episodic memory decline in older Black adults; together with higher WMH burden, it (and MAP) lowered the point at which individuals begin their course of decline toward pathological aging.
Identification of thresholds on population density for understanding transmission of COVID-19
Authors: Jamal Yusuf , Gangwar Mayank , Usmani Moiz , Adams Alison , Wu Chang-Yu , Nguyen Thanh Huong , Colwell Rita , Jutla Antarpreet 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPathways of transmission of coronavirus (COVID-19) disease in the human population are still emerging. However, empirical observations suggest that dense human settlements are the most adversely impacted, corroborating a broad consensus that human-to-human transmission is a key mechanism for the rapid spread of this disease. Here, using logistic regression techniques, estimates of threshold levels of population density were computed corresponding to the incidence in the human population. Regions with population densities greater than 3000 person per square mile in the United States have about 95% likelihood to get infected with COVID-19. Since case numbers of COVID-19 dynamically changed each day until November 30, 2020, ca. 4% of US counties were at 50% or higher risk of COVID-19 transmission. While threshold on population density is not the sole indicator for predictability of coronavirus in human population, yet it is one of the key variables on understanding and rethinking human settlement in urban landscapes.Plane language SummaryPopulation density is certainly one of the key factors influencing the transmission of infectious diseases like COVID-19. It is approximated that in continental United States, population density of 1192 per square mile and higher presents 50% probability of getting infected with COVID-19.Key PointsBased on data from the USA, the population density of 1192 persons per square mile represented a 50% or higher probability of risk of transmission of COVID-19.About 35 counties in the USA are at very high risk of transmission potential (95% or higher) for COVID-19.Analysis shows the vulnerability of urban towns to respiratory infectious disease
Serum Neutralizing Activity of mRNA-1273 Against the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Lee Diana , Avena Laura E. , Berrueta Daniela Montes , Koch Matthew , Choi Angela , Oestreicher Judy , Hillebrand William , Zhou Honghong , Pajon Rolando , Carfi Andrea , Edwards Darin , Wu Kai 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTThe emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant has led to growing concerns of increased transmissibility and escape of both natural and vaccine-induced immunity. In this analysis, sera from adult participants in a phase 2 clinical study (NCT04405076) were tested for neutralizing activity against B.1.1.529 after a 2-dose (100 µg) mRNA-1273 primary vaccination series and after a 50-µg mRNA-1273 booster dose. Results from this preliminary analysis show that 1 month after completing the primary series, mRNA-1273-elicited serum neutralization of B.1.1.529 was below the lower limit of quantification; however, neutralization was observed at 2 weeks after the mRNA-1273 booster dose, although at a reduced level relative to wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (D614G) and lower than that observed against D614G at 1 month after the primary series.
Polygenic predisposition to venous thromboembolism is associated with increased COVID-19 positive testing rates
Authors: Minnier Jessica , Huffman Jennifer E , Gao Lina , Joseph Jacob , Wan Emily S , Wu Wen-Chih , Suzuki Ayako , Pathak Gita A , Polimanti Renato , Arjomandi Mehrdad , Chang Kyong-Mi , Garcon Helene , Verma Anurag , Ho Yuk-Lam , Meigs James B , Cho Kelly , Bonomo Robert A , Gorman Bryan R , Pyarajan Saiju , Gatsby Elise , Rajeevan Nallakkandi , Lynch Kristine E , Lynch Julie A , Zekavat Seyedeh Maryam , Natarajan Pradeep , Madison Cecelia J , Zhou Jin J , Jhala Darshana N , Donskey Curtis J , McGeary John E , Reaven Peter D , Sun Yan V , Freiberg Mat , Gelernter Joel , Petersen Jeffrey M , Hung Adriana , Huang Rose DL , Madduri Ravi K , Dalal Sharvari , Wells Quinn S , Liao Katherine P , Wilson Peter W.F. , Tsao Philip S , O’Donnell Christopher J , Gaziano John M ,   VA Million Veteran Program, Hauger Richard L , Iyengar Sudha K. , Luoh Shiuh-Wen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGenetic predisposition to venous thrombosis may impact COVID-19 infection and its sequelae. Participants in the ongoing prospective cohort study, Million Veteran Program (MVP), who were tested for COVID-19, with European ancestry, were evaluated for associations with polygenic venous thromboembolic risk, Factor V Leiden mutation (FVL) (rs6025) and prothrombin gene 3’ -UTR mutation (F2 G20210A)(rs1799963), and their interactions. Logistic regression models assessed genetic associations with VTE diagnosis, COVID-19 (positive) testing rates and outcome severity (modified WHO criteria), and post-test conditions, adjusting for outpatient anticoagulation medication usage, age, sex, and genetic principal components. 108,437 out of 464,961 European American MVP participants were tested for COVID-19 with 9786 (9%) positive. PRS(VTE), FVL,F2G20210A were not significantly associated with the propensity of being tested for COVID-19. PRS(VTE) was significantly associated with a positive COVID-19 test inF5wild type (WT) individuals (OR 1.05; 95% CI [1.02-1.07]), but not in FVL carriers (0.97, [0.91-1.94]). There was no association with severe outcome for FVL,F2G20210A or PRS(VTE). Outpatient anticoagulation usage in the two years prior to testing was associated with worse clinical outcomes. PRS(VTE) was associated with prevalent VTE diagnosis among both FVL carriers orF5wild type individuals as well as incident VTE in the two years prior to testing. Increased genetic propensity for VTE in the MVP was associated with increased COVID-19 positive testing rates, suggesting a role of coagulation in the initial steps of COVID-19 infection.Key PointsIncreased genetic predisposition to venous thrombosis is associated with increased COVID-19 positive testing rates.PRS for VTE further risk stratifies factor V Leiden carriers regarding their VTE risk.
A global baseline for qPCR-determined antimicrobial resistance gene prevalence across environments
Authors: Abramova Anna , Berendonk Thomas U. , Bengtsson-Palme Johan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe environment is an important component in the emergence and transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Despite that, little effort has been made to monitor AMR outside of clinical and veterinary settings. Partially, this is caused by a lack of comprehensive reference data for the vast majority of environments. To enable monitoring to detect deviations from the normal background resistance levels in the environment, it is necessary to establish a baseline of AMR in a variety of settings. In an attempt to establish this baseline level, we here performed a comprehensive literature survey, identifying 150 scientific papers containing relevant qPCR data on antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in environments associated with potential routes for AMR dissemination. The collected data included 1594 samples distributed across 30 different countries and 12 sample types, in a time span from 2001 to 2020. We found that for most ARGs, the typically reported abundances in human impacted environments fell in an interval from 10-5to 10-3copies per 16S rRNA, roughly corresponding to one ARG copy in a thousand bacteria. Altogether these data represent a comprehensive overview of the occurrence and levels of ARGs in different environments, providing background data for risk assessment models within current and future AMR monitoring frameworks.
Reversal Learning Phenotypes are Linked with Novel Genetic Loci in Diversity Outbred Mice
Authors: Bagley Jared R. , Bailey Lauren S. , Gagnon Leona H. , He Hao , Philip Vivek M. , Reinholdt Laura G. , Tarantino Lisa M. , Chesler Elissa J. , Jentsch James D. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractImpulsive behavior and impulsivity are heritable phenotypes that are strongly associated with risk for substance use disorders in human subjects. Consequently, identifying the neurogenetic mechanisms that influence impulsivity may also reveal novel biological insights into addiction vulnerability. Past studies from our laboratory using the BXD and Collaborative Cross (CC) recombinant inbred mouse panels have revealed that behavioral indicators of impulsivity measured in a reversal learning task are heritable and are genetically correlated with aspects of intravenous cocaine self-administration. Genome wide linkage studies in the BXD panel revealed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 10, but the specific genes affecting this trait remain elusive. To achieve greater precision in our mapping efforts, we have turned to Diversity Outbred (DO) mice. A total of 392 DO mice (230 males, 295 females) were successfully phenotyped using the same reversal learning test utilized in our earlier studies. Our primary indicator of impulsive responding, a measure that isolates the relative difficulty mice have with reaching performance criteria under reversal conditions, revealed a genome wide significant QTL on chromosome 7 (max LOD score = 8.73, p<0.05). A measure of premature responding akin to that implemented in the 5-choice serial reaction time task yielded a suggestive QTL on chromosome 17 (max LOD score = 9.14, p<0.1). Positional candidate genes were prioritized (2900076A07Rik, Wdr73 and Zscan2) based upon expression QTL data we collected in DO and CC mice and analyses using publicly available gene expression and phenotype databases. These findings may advance understanding of the genetics that drive impulsive behavior and enhance risk for substance use disorders.
Elevated photic response is followed by a rapid decay and depressed state in ictogenic networks
Authors: Myren-Svelstad Sverre , Jamali Ahmed , Ophus Sunniva S. , Ostenrath Anna M. , Mutlu Kadir Aytac , Hoffshagen Helene Homme , Hotz Adriana L. , Neuhauss Stephan C.F. , Jurisch-Yaksi Nathalie , Yaksi Emre 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTThe switch between non-seizure and seizure states involves profound alterations in network excitability and synchrony. Both increased and decreased excitability may underlie the state transitions, as shown in epilepsy patients and animal models. Inspired by video-electroencephalography recordings in patients, we developed a framework to study spontaneous and photic-evoked neural and locomotor activity in zebrafish larvae. We combined high-throughput behavioral tracking and whole-brain in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to perform side-by-side comparison of multiple zebrafish seizure and epilepsy models. Our setup allowed us to dissect behavioral and physiological features that are divergent or convergent across multiple models. We observed that locomotor and neural activity during interictal and spontaneous ictal periods exhibit great diversity across models. Yet, during photic stimulation, hyperexcitability and rapid response dynamics was well conserved across multiple models, highlighting the reliability of photic-evoked seizure activity for high-throughput assays. Intriguingly, in several models, we observed that the initial elevated photic response is often followed by fast decay of neural activity and a prominent depressed state. We argue that such depressed states are likely due to homeostatic mechanisms triggered by excessive neural activity. An improved understanding of the interplay between elevated and depressed excitability states might suggest tailored epilepsy therapies.KEY POINTSFeatures of spontaneous locomotor and neural activity varies across zebrafish epilepsy and seizure models.We propose photic stimulation as a reliable tool to investigate behavioral and physiological phenotypes in zebrafish epilepsy and seizure models.We observed elevated activity with faster dynamics in response to photic stimulation in all tested zebrafish models.Photic-evoked neural responses were often followed by depressed state in seizure-prone networks
Extracellular Matrix Modulates Outgrowth Dynamics in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Alshehri Sarah , Pavlovič Tonja , Farsinejad Sadaf , Behboodi Panteha , Quan Li , Centeno Daniel , Kung Douglas , Rezler Marta , Lee Woo , Jasiński Piotr , Dziabaszewska Elżbieta , Nowak-Markwitz Ewa , Kalyon Dilhan , Zaborowski Mikołaj P. , Iwanicki Marcin 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTOvarian carcinoma (OC) forms outgrowths that extend from the outer surface of an afflicted organ into the peritoneum. OC outgrowth formation is poorly understood because there is limited availability of OC cell culture models to examine the behavior of cell assemblies that form outgrowths. Prompted by immunochemical evaluation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, laminin γ1 and collagens, in human tissues representing untreated and chemotherapy-recovered OC, we developed laminin- and collagen-rich ECM-reconstituted cell culture models amenable to studies of cell clusters that can form outgrowths. We demonstrate that ECM promotes outgrowth formation in fallopian tube non-ciliated epithelial cells (FNE) expressing mutant p53-R175H and various OC cell lines. Outgrowths were initiated by cells that had undergone outward translocation and, upon mechanical detachment, could intercalate into mesothelial cell monolayers. Electron microscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and small amplitude oscillatory shear experiments revealed that high ECM concentration increased ECM fibrous network thickness and led to high shear elasticity in the ECM environment. These physical characteristics were associated with the suppression of outgrowths. A culture environment with low ECM concentration mimicked viscoelasticity of malignant peritoneal fluids (ascites) and supported cell proliferation, cell translocation, and outgrowth formation. These results highlight the importance of ECM microenvironments in modulating OC growth and could provide an additional explanation of why primary and recurrent ovarian tumors form outgrowths that protrude into the peritoneal cavity.