bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Administration of Estates in South America
Authors: Schmidt Jan Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Historically, the Latin American regimes of estate administration were firmly rooted in the Roman tradition. Since the nineteenth century, however, many of them have undergone far-reaching reforms and moved towards solutions that resemble the English system of estate administration. As a result, the present state of the law is highly diverse. The chapter illustrates this with three examples. The first regime of estate administration to be covered in detail is the Chilean, which has faithfully continued in the Roman tradition. The second is that of Argentina, which also started in the footsteps of Roman law but which has undergone fundamental changes in recent decades. The third object of study is the Brazilian regime of estate administration. Here, a significant deviation from the Roman tradition occurred already in the Civil Code of 1916. Subsequent decades have seen an increasingly prominent role for procedural law.
Administration of Estates in Austria
Authors: Wendehorst Christiane 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Although strongly rooted in the civilian tradition, Austrian law follows its own path with regard to the administration of estates. The rights and obligations of a deceased person do not immediately pass to the heirs upon death but are held by the ‘dormant’ estate, which is a legal entity. Except in the case of very small estates, there are compulsory probate proceedings, most of which are conducted by notaries acting as ‘court commissioners’. At the end of the proceedings, the probate court hands over the estate to the heirs by means of a formal decision. However, unless the court decides otherwise, the heirs begin to administer the estate from the moment they have declared their acceptance of the estate and have sufficiently proved their rights. If necessary, the court will appoint a curator instead. In contrast, executors appointed in a will do not play an important role in Austria.
Administration of Estates in South Africa
Authors: du Toit François 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
South Africa is a mixed jurisdiction with Roman-Dutch law as its civilian common law. However, since the early nineteenth century, its law on the administration of estates has been based predominantly on English law. This chapter commences with an exposition of the development of South Africa’s law on the administration of estates from its Roman-Dutch origins to its current statutory regulation by the Administration of Estates Act of 1965, based on English law. It thereafter describes how the administration process runs its course and explains specifically the roles of the Master of the High Court and the executor of the estate as the two principal functionaries participating in this process. The chapter comments on the strengths of the South African administration process and concludes with an evaluation of several practical and theoretical conundrums that persist in the modern South African law on the administration of estates.
Administration of Estates in Norway
Authors: Eeg Thomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The chapter describes the two different modes of the administration of a deceased person’s estate in Norwegian succession law: so-called ‘private’ and ‘public’ estate administration. In private estate administration, someone other than a public entity is responsible for winding up the estate, whereas a public authority is in charge of public estate administration. The development through history that has led to this bifurcated system is explored. A few remarks are also made regarding the period which runs from the death until the mode of administration is chosen, including the issue of ownership of the estate. Some brief comments are given regarding small estates, where the two modes can be avoided, and insolvent estates, which can be managed by either private or public administration. The final section discusses the policy issue when heirs take on unlimited liability for debts of the deceased in order to achieve a private estate administration.
Status, States, and Moral Sentiments
Authors: 9780198941989  , Wolf Reinhard 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This book shows that the experience of respect and disrespect profoundly influences foreign policy. Leaders and citizens everywhere feel entitled to a treatment that properly acknowledges their country’s place in the international status order, especially its role as an equal or superior. Drawing on research in anthropology, international relations, organizational studies, philosophy, sociology, and social psychology, the book develops a new theoretical framework and, based on that, presents predictions about the likely effects of respect. Its case studies show that respect has indeed a distinctive political impact. The experience of respect promotes openness, trust, and cooperation, whereas perceived disrespect fosters conflict by making policy-makers angrier and more assertive. Often leaders are willing to compromise their country’s material interests in order to thwart a relationship that they perceive as disrespectful. Thus, safeguarding one’s ‘proper’ place in the status order proved to be a fundamental goal with an intrinsic ethical value. Accordingly, showing respect is a useful—often even crucial —tool of foreign policy. However, policy-makers must be aware that truly respecting another party also involves political costs, as it acknowledges the latter’s right to a meaningful role and commensurate influence.
Aftermath, 1863–1865
Authors: Smith Adam I. P. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The centerpiece of this chapter is Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, delivered at the opening of the new national cemetery in November 1863. This was Lincoln’s most succinct attempt to draw meaning from what, even then, appeared to be the war’s defining battle. The two-minute speech drew on Lincoln’s long-held and oft-expressed understanding of the Providential nature of the American Union. But also on his new understanding of the challenges the nation faced at that moment. It was a speech for the ages—transcendent in its vision of the United States as a work in progress—but also a partisan manifesto setting out the terms on which he wanted the war to end.
Gettysburg and the Meaning of America, c.1930–1990
Authors: Smith Adam I. P. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
As the United States entered the world war and the Cold War, Gettysburg regained its meaning as a “shrine.” No longer was it solely about the “reconciliation” of North and South—though the “High Water Mark” narrative continued to be the principal framing. Its meaning was even larger: as the battle which ensured American unity, Gettysburg was the essential foundation for the global struggle against fascism and communism. During the Civil Rights Movement, Gettysburg was again thrust into the spotlight as white Southerners sought to reclaim the memory of the battle. Was the lesson of Gettysburg that the nation must never again be divided, or that Americans needed to confront—with violence if necessary—those who would deny the equality of all men? Most visitors to the battlefield in the Cold War years did not worry too much about such ethical dilemmas. For them, Gettysburg still meant the Confederate high tide and the romantic centerpiece of their nation’s story. Yet at the same time, the racial reckoning of the 1960s had brought to the surface an older, abolitionist view of Gettysburg’s meaning. Gettysburg’s meaning was ceaselessly contested because what happened there—and what Lincoln said there—seemed, in some ineffable sense, to encapsulate what most mattered about America.
Colonial Terrors in Trabalhar Cansa and As Boas Maneiras by Juliana Rojas-Marcos Dutra
Authors: Hermosilla Órdenes Estefanía 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Brazilian cinema and television hide or minimize the representation of Afro-descendent people, presenting them as secondary characters. This lack of racial diversity is reproduced in horror cinema, in which white men have a predominant place in films that show their fears. However, Juliana Rojas’s and Marcos Dutra’s Trabalhar Cansa (2011) and As Boas Maneiras (2017) approach horror as an experience profoundly entrenched within Brazil’s colonial past and the modern abuses and the exploits of non-white people. This chapter analyzes the ways these films position horror as an experience closely tied with race, social class, gender identity, and sexuality, as well as the Latin American colonial past. Using Mabel Moraña’s work about the monster in Latin America and the Caribbean, and decolonial feminist scholarship by María Lugones and Rita Segato, this chapter reveals how the fears of the women characters in Trabalhar Cansa and As Boas Maneiras highlight different expressions and intensity of the horror between Black and white women. Thus, the films show how the horror is bound in the white, patriarchal, capitalist regime.
Horrific Indigeneity
Authors: Wierzbicki James 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Peter Weir’s 1977 The Last Wave is not a “horror film” in the conventional sense—it features neither monsters nor mayhem, and its single act of violence involves a mysterious death, whose details are only vaguely described, and which serves primarily to set the plot in motion. Yet for many viewers, The Last Wave was and remains terrifying, not least because at its very heart is the shock of confrontation between a modern European worldview and traditional ways of life. This chapter explores Aboriginal “scariness” as represented in The Last Wave as well as the limited place of aboriginality within the broad theme of “Australian Gothic.” More specifically, the chapter focuses on the ways in which The Last Wave visually, verbally, and sonically depict the nature of the fear a segment of white Australians seems to exhibit when confronted with certain aspects of the nation’s Indigenous Black culture.
Afro-Latinx Identity within Latin American Horror Cinema
Authors: Santiago Maillim 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
As a political, social, and cultural concept, Latin America was established for the benefit of Western Europe and the United States to refer to their colonies. From la gran familia puertorriqueña ideology in the Caribbean to President Domingo Sarmiento’s 1860s campaign of genocide against the Black population in Argentina, the prioritization of whiteness became evident in Latin American national cinemas. Horror cinema in Latin America has its roots in Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, but the racial makeup of casts and directors as well as the anxieties addressed in their narratives deceive audiences into believing that a Black Latin American population does not exist. Despite comprising the majority of the population in some Latin American countries, Black citizens are continually neglected by national media industries. This chapter is an in-depth analysis of the absence and presence of Black filmmakers and stories in Latin American horror. It also functions as a critical intervention in the concept of Latinidad and Western constructions of identity.
Security Community
Authors: Gheciu Alexandra 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
NATO is widely considered to be the expression of a security community. Such a depiction sheds important light on key aspects of its evolution as a military alliance. The security community approach has made a significant contribution to the conceptualization of NATO. Yet, recent developments have shown that the logic of community has limited analytical and practical value vis-à-vis states that depart from, or explicitly reject, the core liberal-democratic norms around which NATO has defined itself. Further, the rise of illiberal forces in several member countries raises difficult questions concerning the relevance of the community logic within the Alliance. The analysis of its historical evolution and contemporary challenges leads to the conclusion that, while NATO still has the potential to adapt to a changing environment, its future as a security community cannot be taken for granted.
Conventional Force Posture
Authors: Ringsmose Jens 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
NATO’s conventional force posture has evolved in meaningful ways over the decades. This chapter explains the how and why of that evolution by reference to three distinct phases: the Cold War, the end of the Cold War up to Russia’s annexation of Ukrainian Crimea in 2014, and the period since of an increasingly adversarial relationship with Russia. The analysis is situated within a narrative of threats and strategic ideas. Taking its cue from neo-classical realism, the chapter suggests that NATO has adapted its conventional forces time and again in response to changing levels of threat and contemporaneous dominant beliefs about how to tailor and employ land, sea, and air forces. This approach offers a theory-informed historical narrative where levels of threat play the lead role and shifting strategic ideas a supporting one in explaining change in NATO.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Dorman Andrew M. , Uttley Matthew 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The United Kingdom’s extensive engagement with NATO since 1949 sets it apart from many other European allies. The chapter is divided into two main sections. The first section examines the British role in the formation of NATO, explores its contribution to NATO’s Cold War evolution, and outlines how NATO became the focus of British post-World War II defence policy. The second section considers the United Kingdom’s engagement with an evolving NATO since the end of the Cold War. For the British, the preservation and strengthening of NATO has been a consistent priority and fundamental to how governments in London view European security. This section looks at the costs and benefits of membership for the United Kingdom, as well as the influence, impact, and inputs British membership has brought to bear on NATO. The conclusion notes that NATO has been a constant of policy for the United Kingdom amidst turbulence in other areas—most obviously the British relationship with the European Union.
France
Authors: Schmitt Olivier 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
France’s relationship with NATO has often been a difficult one. France was a founding member of NATO and has remained wedded to the Alliance ever since. However, for a fifty-year period stretching from the 1960s until the 2010s, France occupied a semi-detached position in the Alliance (notionally outside of integrated military structures). NATO is regularly an object of political debate in France. It is routinely perceived as the mechanism through which the United States maintains geopolitical dominance in Europe. Yet for all this, France is the third largest financial contributor to the Alliance, one of just three nuclear-armed allies, and regularly participates in its military operations. French leaders are keen to emphasize the Alliance’s importance for the country’s security and European security more broadly. The contradictory impulses of France’s relationship with NATO are explored in this chapter. It discusses prevailing narratives in France about NATO, as well as French preferences regarding NATO’s scope and level of ambitions, alongside calls for greater European strategic autonomy.
Performance Legitimacy and Coercion in the Authoritarian States of East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Martinez Kuhonta Erik 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In defiance of the Third Wave of democratization, authoritarian regimes remain prevalent in East and Southeast Asia. This chapter argues that authoritarianism in East and Southeast Asia has persisted on the basis of performance legitimacy and coercion. Through comparative historical analysis, the chapter argues that there are, broadly speaking, two types of authoritarianism in Pacific Asia: a purely coercive type that uses state violence to maintain power; and a developmental type that combines performance legitimacy with the deployment of coercion, especially through institutional mechanisms. This chapter argues that it is this latter type—an “authoritarian developmental state”—that especially distinguishes East and Southeast Asia as world regions.
L’alphabétisation chez les enfants d’âge scolaire : une approche pédiatrique des prises de position et de l’évaluation
Authors: Kawamura Anne , Orsino Angela , McLeod Scott , Handley-Derry Mark , Siegel Linda , Vine Jocelyn , Jones-Stokreef Nicola 
Published: February 2025

Résumé
L’alphabétisation est un important déterminant social de la santé qui influe sur la vie socioaffective quotidienne des enfants et sur leurs perspectives économiques plus tard dans la vie. Il est essentiel de pouvoir lire, écrire et comprendre le texte écrit pour participer à la société, atteindre ses objectifs, acquérir des connaissances et réaliser son potentiel. Pourtant, une forte proportion d’adultes du Canada ne possède pas les compétences nécessaires en alphabétisation pour satisfaire aux exigences de plus en plus complexes du milieu du travail et les gérer. Les professionnels de la santé qui s’occupent d’enfants jouent un rôle essentiel pour détecter les enfants et les familles à risque de faible alphabétisation. Le présent document de principes propose des approches pour évaluer les enfants et conseiller les familles afin qu’elles améliorent leurs compétences en lecture, tout en préconisant leur droit à l’enseignement de la lecture fondé sur des données probantes.
Evaluating and caring for children with a suspected learning disorder in community practice
Authors: Cohen-Silver Justine , van den Heuvel Meta , Freeman Sloane , Ogilvie Jacqueline , Chobotuk Tara 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Learning challenges are common in school-aged children, with 5% to 10% meeting the criteria for a specific learning disorder (SLD, previously termed a ‘learning disability’). Learning disorders can present in community practice settings as behaviour challenges, school avoidance, or as symptoms of a mental health problem. Concomitant issues may include a mental health disorder, a genetic, metabolic, or neurological condition, or developmental delay. This practice point offers guidance to paediatric health care professionals regarding the presentation and diagnosis of an SLD, including information on psychoeducational assessments, a medical workup for children with learning challenges, possible comorbid health issues, and points for improvement and advocacy in support of families and children with a range of learning issues.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and blood lead levels in US children aged 1–15 years: associations modified by age and race
Authors: Sellars Ian Alexander , Zhang Jian , Rogers Gunnar Preston , Wei Yudan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Objectives
Tobacco smoke is an important source of lead exposure. Maternal smoking during pregnancy likely transfers lead from the mother to the child, contributing to increased lead exposure in developing children. The present study aims to examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and blood lead levels (BLL) in children.

Methods
A total of 18,946 US children aged 1–15 years in the 1999–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included. We defined children with elevated BLL if BLL ≥ 3.5 µg/dL. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) of elevated BLL in children born to mothers who smoked versus nonsmoking mothers.

Results
A decreasing trend in the prevalence of elevated BLL occurred between 1999 and 2016. After adjustment for the trend and other covariates, children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had significantly increased odds of having elevated BLL (OR = 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25–2.06) compared to children of nonsmoking mothers. The stratified analyses revealed a significant association existed in children aged 1–5 years (OR = 1.88 [95% CI 1.32–2.68]) and aged 6–10 years (OR = 1.79 [1.07–2.98]), but not in youths (11–15 years, OR = 0.72 [0.37–1.40]). Being born to smoking mothers was found to be associated with high odds of elevated BLL in White (1.93 [1.35–2.77]) and Black children (2.03 [1.43–2.87]), but with low odds in Hispanic children (0.46 [0.23–0.92]).

Conclusions
The study demonstrates age- and race-specific associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and BLL among US children. Maternal smoking contributes to lead exposure in early life. Culturally appropriate interventions are needed to further reduce BLL in the pediatric population.
Interventions in primary care to increase uptake of adult vaccines: a systematic review
Authors: Wheeler Stephanie G , Beste Lauren A , Overland Maryann K , Wander Pandora L 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
There is a significant gap in understanding which strategies effectively enhance vaccination rates for recommended adult vaccines in primary care settings. This review aimed to identify interventions in outpatient clinics that increase vaccination rates for commonly recommended adult vaccines and describe the change in vaccination rate associated with each intervention aimed at increasing vaccination rates in adults.

Methods
Systematic searches identified randomized, controlled trials aiming to increase the rate of vaccination in adults in outpatient clinics. Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched. Two reviewers independently extracted relevant data and assessed risk of bias. Meta-analysis was not done due to heterogeneity of data.

Results
Forty-four RCTs met inclusion criteria. Clinician reminders to order vaccine increased vaccination 4%–32%. Electronic health record (EHR) prompts to patients or physicians increased vaccination 1%–16%. Bundled interventions increased vaccination 4%–42%, with more intensive interventions associated with higher increases. RCT of interventions involving face-to-face contact with patients increased vaccinations 6%–17%. Group outpatient visits increased vaccination 13%–17%, home visits 6%–17%, and physician or nurse recommendation 15%.

Conclusions
Clinics may increase vaccination rates by reminding doctors to order vaccine, promoting face-to-face conversations about vaccination, and instituting bundled clinic process improvements. EHR prompts may be less effective.