bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
University language students' motivations for their language of study
Authors: Dahl Anne 
Published: October 2022

While there is abundant research on motivation in second-language learning, we know little about what motivations students may have for choosing a specific language of study in the Norwegian university context. The number of students who apply to English study programs every year is high, while the numbers for the traditional foreign languages beyond English, especially German and French, are concerningly low. The present study surveyed students in their first year of university language study, asking key questions about their reasons for choosing their language of study. Overall findings are that students of English are particularly instrumentally motivated, believing that English will be useful for future work. Students of French and Spanish, on the other hand, are more affectively motivated, while German students fall in between the other languages in responses to questions of motivation. While all students generally feel that knowledge of foreign languages beyond English is important, Spanish students were especially consistent in this response. In terms of interest in sub-disciplines of university language study, all student groups were relatively similar in showing a stronger interest in learning about the cultural and social aspects of countries where the language is spoken compared to literature formal aspects of language. The main conclusion is that motivations may be different for studying different foreign languages beyond English, and that in order to recruit more students to academic language programs, focusing on each specific language and its potential motivations is necessary.
Keywords: foreign language, motivation, language studies, English, French, Spanish, German
Exploring Interculturality in Algerian Middle School EFL Textbooks
Authors: Hairech Faiza , Belkhir Yasmina Sakina 
Published: October 2022

Textbooks are indispensable tools for any learning. Teaching and learning a language cannot be dissociated from its culture. Nowadays, proficiency in a language is no more related to grammar mastery, vocabulary, or fluency. Accordingly, language users are presumed to communicate in real-life contexts. Kramsch (1993) stresses the role of both language and culture as components of the latter as considerable in determining and shaping language use and usage. Therefore, it is noticeable that attention is considerably paid to the cultural elements in textbooks’ contents to assure adequate cultural understanding. Course books are also media for socializations as they vehicle the socio-cultural norms of the foreign language to be taught. Intercultural competency may be acquired from the content through different aspects (linguistic, visual). EFL textbooks content is not exclusively restricted to linguistic knowledge, but also has the objective of developing an intercultural competence of the target language among their learners. The pupils are in exposure to the target culture, yet their age (11-14) is critical as they might not be able to evaluate some cultural aspects that may collide with the home culture. In this prospect, we investigate how intercultural competence is articulated and presented in the four middle school textbooks of English (My book of English: First, second, third, and fourth levels). Our aim is to verify whether textbooks used for teaching English as a foreign language in Algerian public schools employ an intercultural approach, by examining how both the target and source cultures are depicted. The research tools that we used are checklists. Checklists were used in texts analyses to elicit the cultural aspects presented in the content.
Western Sahara: the stalemate of the issue and the continuation of the state of no war and no peace
Authors: Biskri Mounir , Guettas Samir 
Published: October 2022

This article attempts to provide insight into the long-standing subject of Western Sahara through analysis and criticism. In comparison, all international and regional efforts failed to resolve this situation. That has remained constant since 1975. As a result, this paper will explore the magnitude of this issue, its roots, and the reasons for its decades-long stagnation. On this premise, we have split the subject into four essential elements, which are as follows: The Western Sahara issue is a zero-sum strategy game between the conflicting parties. The involvement of major powers in the issue's impasse will then focus on the United States of America, France, and Russia as new regional actors. Then we try to concentrate on the Guerguerat crisis as a new station for the Western Sahara issue's stalemate. Finally, we will attempt to discuss the deadlock of this issue within the framework of the United Nations, which has likewise failed to find a solution.

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Management of the ground force reserve components in development of defense posture to face threats in West Kalimantan Province
Authors: Edy Saptono  , Supriyatno Makmur , Widodo Putro Resmanto , Kristijarso  
Published: October 2022

West Kalimantan Province geographically is part of Indonesia which borders directly with neighboring countries with potential hybrid threats and non-military threats. Based on the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2002 concerning National Defense explained that the defense of Indonesia organized with a universal defense system to face any form of threat. Indonesian defense posture relying on the Indonesian National Army as the main component who are ready to face the threat. In accordance with the mandate of the Republic of Indonesia Law Number 23 of 2019 concerning Management of National Resources, in addition to relying on the strength and capabilities of the Indonesian National Army, also involves reserve components who have received basic military training to increase the strength of the main components in a short time. This study aims to analyze the management, constraints and efforts made in management of the ground force reserve component in the development of a defense posture to deal with threats in West Kalimantan Province. The method used in this research is qualitative method with primary data collection techniques that is interviews with resource persons and secondary data in the form of literature studies. Results research shows that management of the ground force reserve component implemented by territorial command through the management functions of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling. The obstacles faced are geographical factors, budget constraints, central and local governments and companies do not understand the regulations, limited educators, trainers and infrastructure, limited communication tools to control the members of the ground force reserve component. As for efforts to overcome obstacles in management of the ground force reserve component in West Kalimantan Province is to optimize the implementation of socialization, intensify budget coordination, increase the quantity and quality of human resources and improve facilities and coaching programs.
Coupling Adversarial Learning with Selective Voting Strategy for Distribution Alignment in Partial Domain Adaptation
Authors: Choudhuri Sandipan , Venkateswara Hemanth , Sen Arunabha 
Published: October 2022

In contrast to a standard closed-set domain adaptation task, partial domain adaptation setup caters to a realistic scenario by relaxing the identical label set assumption. The fact of source label set subsuming the target label set, however, introduces few additional obstacles as training on private source category samples thwart relevant knowledge transfer and mislead the classification process. To mitigate these issues, we devise a mechanism for strategic selection of highly confident target samples essential for the estimation of class-importance weights. Furthermore, we capture class-discriminative and domain-invariant features by coupling the process of achieving compact and distinct class distributions with an adversarial objective. Experimental findings over numerous cross-domain classification tasks demonstrate the potential of the proposed technique to deliver superior and comparable accuracy over existing methods.

Received: 13 July 2022 | Revised: 18 July 2022 | Accepted: 24 August 2022

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.
A Comparative Study on Assessment Practices Between Private and Public Early Childhood Centres in Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana
Authors: Oppong Frimpong Samuel 
Published: October 2022

Purpose: Despite numerous quantitative studies on teachers’ conceptions and practices of assessment, little research exists regarding the unique assessment environment of Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. This study uses quantitative data to compare how teachers in private and public early childhood centres employ assessment practice in Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana.
Methodology: The study adopted a participant selection model in which quantitative data was analysed to select 232 participants from 149 schools with the use of descriptive survey design.
Results: The findings revealed that both private and public early childhood teachers make use of both formative and summative assessment practices in their classroom settings. Further analysis of the data revealed that both private and public teachers in the early childhood centres employed multiple assessment tools when assessing learning outcomes among children. However, public early childhood teachers have higher level of understanding of assessment practices than their counterparts in the private centres.
Unique Contributions to Theory, Policy and Practices: It is therefore recommended that headteachers in collaboration with the Metro Education Directorate should organise workshop to equip ECE teachers with skills on the use of the various assessment types in the early childhood centres especially those in the private schools. Again, headteachers and circuit supervisors, within Kumasi Metropolis should encourage ECE teachers to continually use multiple assessment tools in assessing learning outcomes. Lastly, more workshops and in-service trainings should be organized by the headteachers, with support from Metro Education Directorate, for private early childhood teachers in the Kumasi Metropolis to equip them with the knowledge on assessment practices, since they seem to have limited knowledge on it.
Antibiotics in Early Life: Dysbiosis and Damage Done
Authors: Miss. Aishwarya Ubale  , Miss. Samruddhi Khude  , Mrs. Archana Binage  
Published: October 2022

Antibiotic are the most common type of medication prescribed to children, including infants, in western world. Antibiotics alter the gut microbial composition. Since the gut microbiota plays crucial role in immunity, metabolism and endocrinology the effects of antibiotics on the microbiota may lead to further health complications. Antibiotic in childhood have been linked with disease including asthma, juvenile, arthritis, type 1diabets, chronic disease and mental illness. In COVID-19 probiotics plays a therapeutic role for GI, IBD, colitis, and even in viral infection. So, we assume that the inclusion of studies to investigate gut microbiome and subsequent therapies such as probiotic might help decrease the inflammatory response of viral pathogenesis and respiratory symptoms by strengthening the host immune system, amelioration of gut microbiome, and improvement of gut barrier function. Focused on four types of dysbiosis loss of keystone taxa, loss of diversity. Establishment of large and diverse baseline healthy infant microbiome development is essential to advancing diagnosis interpretation and eventual treatment pediatric dysbiosis. In this review we present an overview of effects of antibiotics on microbiome in children and correlate them to long lasting complications.
Objectives:
•	To review on antibiotics are alter the gut microbial composition in children, adult.
•	To review on gut microbiota plays crucial roles in immunity, metabolism and endocrinology, the effects of antibiotics on microbiota may lead to further health..
Причины поражения восстания Ната Тернера
Authors: Шумаков Андрей Андреевич 
Published: October 2022

В данной статье речь идет о Саутгемптонском восстании рабов 1831 г. в США под предводительством Ната Тернера. Последнего в западной историографии часто называют «черным Спартаком». Причем подобные сравнения можно встретить едва ли не в каждом серьезном академическом исследовании по данному вопросу. Опираясь на обширную источниковую базу в виде сохранившихся материалов следствия, первых газетных публикаций, ведущих западных исследований, а также продолжая указанную аналогию со знаменитым восстанием рабов 74–71 г. до н. э. в Римской республике, автор попытался разобраться в причинах провала Вирджинского бунта 1831 г. Анализируя каждую из гипотез, он сделал выводы о роли того или иного фактора. Помимо этого, в работе рассматриваются сходства и различия обоих восстаний, хотя особое внимание акцентируется именно на причинах поражения вооруженного выступления рабов в Саутгемптоне. Помимо историко-сравнительного анализа, в статье используются ретроспективный и каузальный методы исторического исследования. Особо стоит отметить, что на данный момент тема Саутгемптонского мятежа 21–23 августа 1831 г. совершенно не представлена в отечественной историографии, что делает эту работу особенно актуальной.
Exploring ESP/EAP through questionnaire and replication research
Authors: Le Quynh , Xu Xiaopeng 
Published: October 2022

Replicating Moir and Nation (2002): English for Academic Purposes learners’ metacognitive knowledge Research suggests that language learners have personal beliefs and knowledge about ways to learn a language (Wenden Rubin, 1987). Such beliefs and knowledge are conceptualised as metacognitive knowledge (Wenden, 1998). For vocabulary learners, metacognitive knowledge refers to what they know about themselves (e.g. their strengths and weaknesses), about the nature of vocabulary learning, and effective strategies. Moir and Nation’s (2002) study shows evidence that learners with high levels of this metacognitive knowledge are able to approach vocabulary more strategically and effectively, whereas those with gaps in their metacognitive knowledge persisted in learning behaviors they found unfruitful. Through interviews with ten English learners about how they learned vocabulary in an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) course, Moir and Nation (2002) found that most participants showed limited awareness of some important aspects in vocabulary learning, such as need-based word selection, depth of word knowledge, and effective strategies. Only one learner demonstrated a good understanding of how to learn vocabulary effectively. The present study, as a conceptual replication of Moir and Nation (2002), investigated learners’ metacognitive knowledge for vocabulary learning during a language course. Interviews were conducted with eight EAP students learning in the same institution as those in Moir and Nation (2002). The data showed that most participants reported many learning behaviors that are compatible with the good learner in Moir and Nation (2002), such as the awareness of learning different aspects of word knowledge and the need to put new words into use. Word selection and the impact of vocabulary testing did not emerge as noticeable issues in the current study as they did in Moir and Nation (2002). The different cohorts of participants and changes made to the current EAP course might have played an important part in these commonalities and differences in the findings of the two studies.The Principles and Practice of Developing and Validating a Questionnaire in Applied Linguistics ResearchQuestionnaires have become one of the most common data collection methods in applied linguistics. However, despite the wide application of questionnaires, it is not uncommon to come across questionnaires without sufficient reliability and validity. The major reason for this could be the questionnaire developers’ insufficient awareness of the questionnaire development and validation theory. In this talk, I report on the main principles and steps I followed to develop and validate two questionnaires about English for Medical Purposes (EMP) coursebooks used in China.
Reforms in Gilgit-Baltistan
Authors: Arhama Siddiqa  
Published: October 2022

The Gilgit-Baltistan region is neither a province of Pakistan nor part of the federation. Recently, the suggestion that Gilgit-Baltistan be made a province of Pakistan has stirred a new debate, especially about Pakistan’s stance over Kashmir. Past “packages” could not be properly implemented due to the self-centred differences within the bureaucracy in Islamabad and Gilgit. Moreover, the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) passes through this region as well. The political government in Gilgit-Baltistan and the public, at large, with the support of all political parties in this region, have repeatedly expressed their concerns about its due share in CPEC. However, the Pakistani Government is of the view that the CPEC is a game changer for Gilgit-Baltistan and Pakistan whereas the projects and 51 MoUs, enlisted by Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs, have no mention of Gilgit-Baltistan for a single project or MoU. Added to this melee is the definite Chinese pressure to ensure that nothing impedes its progress. It is for Islamabad to come up with a reform package which will pacify the people of Gilgit-Baltistan and bring them aboard the train to economic development. This paper aims to address the pertinent question of whether Pakistan can address the issue of the constitutional status of Gilgit-Baltsiatn without compromising on its stance on Kashmir. If not, what should be done to avoid any sort of hindrance to CPEC projects being carried out in that region.
COP21 Paris: Pakistan and a New Global Climate Regime
Authors: Ahmad Naeem Salik  
Published: October 2022

In today’s globalised world environmental factors are going to play a major role in not so distant a future, in the social and economic development of countries, especially the underdeveloped ones. We cannot comprehend the magnitude of these changes right now especially in Pakistan, where environmental degradation is already having a major impact, be it through changing climate patterns, or increased number of natural calamities. Conference of Parties (COP21) was a United Nation (UN) Conference on Climate Change in Paris, held between November-December 2015, to put these environmental changes into perspective and find solutions for them. The major outcome of this conference was the Paris Agreement. In September 2015, during the 70th United Nation General Assembly (UNGA) meeting, which was a precursor to the COP21 Conference, the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was approved. Pakistan is one of the countries, already suffering from the effects of climate change and water insecurity issues, falls into the category of water stressed states. As one of the signatories of the Paris Agreement, it gives a great opportunity to Pakistan to seek help from the international community to deal better with its environmental issues. As Pakistan is an agrarian economy, any drastic changes in the environment will have an adverse impact on its national economy. This paper will evaluate the vulnerability of Pakistan to the phenomenon of climate change, and the deleterious impact it can have on the per capita income, water security, and food-energy nexus of the people of Pakistan; and will suggest as to how the policy makers of the country can place it on the path towards green economy, as envisioned by the government's Vision 2025 plan.
DETERMINANTS OF STUNTING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Fidyah Aminin  , Melly Damayanti  , Nurul Aini Suria Saputri  , Darwitri Darwitri 
Published: October 2022

One of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) is to end all forms of malnutrition by 2030. In 2015, undernutrition or stunting was considered to be an underlying contributing factor in about 45% of the 5.9 million children who died under the age of five. Referring to the impact it is important to know the factors that cause stunting. This study aims to determine the determinants of stunting. This study uses a Systematic Literature Study design from several selected materials using the PRISMA protocol method. The 14 study materials taken were obtained from 5 publications from PubMed, and 9 publications from Google Scholar. Based on identification results and 14 articles can be concluded that determinant factors of stunting consistently are economic social status (family income), infectious disease, mother's education, exclusive breastfeeding, low birth weight baby, premature birthing, inclusive mother's milk, birthing length, macro and micro deficiency, water dan circle sanitation, community, and social factors also significantly influence the stunting. It is hoped that there will be a government program that can support stunting prevention by considering the determinant of stunting
BREAK EVENT POINT ANALYSIS ON BROILER FARMS OF OKU REGENCY
Authors: Ayugustin Ayugustin , Fifian Fifian Permata Sari , Yetty Oktarina  
Published: October 2022

This study aims to analyze the income and break-even point of broiler farming in OKU Regency. The research method used is a survey method and the sampling method used is a saturated sampling method with a total sample of 8 broiler breeders spread across Lubuk Raja District and Lubuk Batang District, OKU District. The study was carried out from February to May 2022. The research data was processed using a mathematical equation to calculate the income of broiler business and the break-even point of broiler business in OKU Regency, then to analyze the break-even point of broiler business, it was analyzed using BEP analysis. The results showed that The average income of broiler farming in OKU Regency is Rp. 57.167.110/year. Break Even Point (BEP) in broiler chicken business production is 38,641.97 heads/year, BEP price is IDR 18.683,33/kg in a year and BEP income is IDR 752.291/head/year.