bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical and experimental evaluation of low‐intensity transcranial focused ultrasound wave propagation using human skulls for brain neuromodulation
Authors: Chen Mengyue , Peng Chang , Wu Huaiyu , Huang Chih‐Chung , Kim Taewon , Traylor Zachary , Muller Marie , Chhatbar Pratik Y. , Nam Chang S. , Feng Wuwei , Jiang Xiaoning 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundLow‐intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) has gained considerable attention as a promising noninvasive neuromodulatory technique for human brains. However, the complex morphology of the skull hinders scholars from precisely predicting the acoustic energy transmitted and the region of the brain impacted during the sonication. This is due to the fact that different ultrasound frequencies and skull morphology variations greatly affect wave propagation through the skull.PurposeAlthough the acoustic properties of human skull have been studied for tFUS applications, such as tumor ablation using a multielement phased array, there is no consensus about how to choose a single‐element focused ultrasound (FUS) transducer with a suitable frequency for neuromodulation. There are interests in exploring the magnitude and dimension of tFUS beam through human parietal bone for modulating specific brain lobes. Herein, we aim to investigate the wave propagation of tFUS on human skulls to understand and address the concerns above.MethodsBoth experimental measurements and numerical modeling were conducted to investigate the transmission efficiency and beam pattern of tFUS on five human skulls (C3 and C4 regions) using single‐element FUS transducers with six different frequencies (150–1500 kHz). The degassed skull was placed in a water tank, and a calibrated hydrophone was utilized to measure acoustic pressure past it. The cranial computed tomography scan data of each skull were obtained to derive a high‐resolution acoustic model (grid point spacing: 0.25 mm) in simulations. Meanwhile, we modified the power‐law exponent of acoustic attenuation coefficient to validate numerical modeling and enabled it to be served as a prediction tool, based on the experimental measurements.ResultsThe transmission efficiency and −6 dB beamwidth were evaluated and compared for various frequencies. An exponential decrease in transmission efficiency and a logarithmic decrease of −6 dB beamwidth with an increase in ultrasound frequency were observed. It is found that a >750 kHz ultrasound leads to a relatively lower tFUS transmission efficiency (<5%), whereas a <350 kHz ultrasound contributes to a relatively broader beamwidth (>5 mm). Based on these observations, we further analyzed the dependence of tFUS wave propagation on FUS transducer aperture size.ConclusionsWe successfully studied tFUS wave propagation through human skulls at different frequencies experimentally and numerically. The findings have important implications to predict tFUS wave propagation for ultrasound neuromodulation in clinical applications, and guide researchers to develop advanced ultrasound transducers as neural interfaces.
Modeling heat transfer and transcrystallization kinetics during processing of polymer‐based composites materials
Authors: Bigot Nicolas , Boutaous M'hamed , Xin Shihe , Hamila Nahiéne 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTranscrystallization phenomena is a key issue to master for better understanding the role on the fiber‐matrix interface in composites materials behavior during and after processing. In this paper, a non‐isothermal kinetics model is presented to consider crystallization in fiber‐based composite with thermoplastic matrix. The model extends Schneider's formulation to describe the development of transcrystalline layers around fibers. It also mentions the possibility to easily account for shear and flow conditions in addition to the transcrystallinity. Another approach, based on the volume fractions, giving the same results, is also introduced for comparison. Then, a parametric study is proposed in order to demonstrate the relevance of the developed model by comparing its results to well‐known expecting behavior from the literature. Finally, an attempt is made to compare this model to the one proposed previously in the literature by Durin and al. after correcting some unclear points in the latter.
Reproductive health in Turner syndrome: A narrative review
Authors: Whigham Carole‐Anne , Vollenhoven Beverley , Vincent Amanda J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTurner syndrome (TS), a common chromosomal abnormality affecting females, is associated with partial or complete loss of the second sex chromosome. Although the classic karyotype is 45, X, the detection of mosaic TS is increasing. TS is a multi‐system disorder with significant endocrine, cardiovascular and reproductive impacts. Accelerated ovarian follicular loss leads to primary amenorrhoea or premature ovarian insufficiency and infertility. Early diagnosis and counselling regarding hormone replacement therapy and future reproductive capacity, including fertility preservation, are essential to improve reproductive outcomes. Pubertal induction or estrogen replacement is usually required to optimise long‐term health outcomes; however, initiation may be delayed due to delayed diagnosis. Spontaneous pregnancy occurs in a small number of women; however, many require donor oocytes and assisted reproductive technology to achieve a pregnancy. Pregnancy is a high risk especially when associated with congenital heart disease. Prepregnancy counselling by the multidisciplinary team (MDT) to identify contraindications and optimise pre‐existing health issues is essential. Pregnancy management should be led by a maternal‐fetal medicine unit with input from the MDT. This review examines reproductive health outcomes in women with TS and how best to manage them to reduce health risks and improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.
An asymmetric low concentrator and spectral splitting approach to bifacial four‐terminal photovoltaic modules
Authors: Farina Andrea , Carlotto Alice , Varas Stefano , Chiasera Alessandro , Pietralunga Silvia Maria 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe introduce the conceptual design of the optical core for a spectral‐splitting and light‐guiding four‐terminal (4T) photovoltaic (PV) module, with appealing features for bifacial operation. We analyze the applicability of the solution and its performance using a commercial ray‐tracing software for direct and diffused solar irradiance at standard AM1.5G spectrum. The core is a right‐angle transparent wedged (RAW) prism. Complementary, two dichroic mirrors are optically coupled to the rear and bottom faces of the wedge to perform the spectral‐splitting (SS) function. Low‐gain concentration in the visible (VIS) band is provided by combining dichroic reflections with achromatic total internal reflection (TIR) at the topmost air‐dielectric interface for light guiding. The module can support 4T heterojunction connection, implemented with wide‐bandgap (WG) solar cells for the VIS and silicon‐based solar cells for the near infrared (NIR). At a geometrical concentration gainCG‐VIS ≈ 4 and wide optical acceptance angleθA ≈ 48°, also VIS diffused light is effectively collected and a spectrally integrated optical efficiencyηo,diff = 62%, (ηo(diff,NIR) =45%,ηo(diff,VIS) = 17%) is estimated. Under direct illuminationηo,dir > 80% is obtained over the whole angular acceptance with a maximum optical efficiencyηo,dir‐MAX ≈ 88.7% atθi = 37°. Low‐concentrating RAW‐SS can work stationary and trackless. The tilt angle for the orientation is set according to the latitude at the installation site, and in the northern hemisphere, it is more north‐oriented with respect to standard panels. The collection of albedo irradiance from the ground is favored, since the scaling coefficient for self‐shading of the module at sun elevation is lower than for standard flat panels of equivalent input area and normally oriented. The decrease in self‐shading is therefore an asset for bifacial operation and specifically effective at lower latitudes where solar irradiance is stronger. The possible applications range from sub‐watt indoor PV and Internet‐of‐Things power suppliers to utility‐scale plants and building‐integrated solutions.
Feedback‐Assisted Quantum Search by Continuous‐Time Quantum Walks
Authors: Candeloro Alessandro , Benedetti Claudia , Genoni Marco G. , Paris Matteo G. A. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe quantum search of a target node on a cycle graph by means of a quantum walk assisted by continuous measurement and feedback are addressed. Unlike previous spatial search approaches, where the oracle is described as a projector on the target state, a dynamical oracle implemented through a feedback Hamiltonian is considered. The idea is based on continuously monitoring the position of the quantum walker on the graph and then applying a unitary feedback operation based on the information obtained from measurement. The feedback changes the couplings between the nodes and it is optimized at each time via a numerical procedure. The stochastic trajectories describing the evolution for graphs of dimensions up to are numerically simulated, and the performance of the protocol is quantified via the average fidelity between the state of the walker and the target node. Different constraints on the control strategy are discussed. For unbounded controls, the protocol is able to quickly localize the walker on the target node. How the performance is lowered by posing an upper bound on the control couplings is then discussed. Finally, it is shown how a digital feedback protocol seems in general as efficient as the continuous bounded one.
Adaptive control Lyapunov function based model predictive control for continuous nonlinear systems
Authors: Zheng Yi , Wang Yanye , Li Shaoyuan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractA design of adaptive model predictive control (MPC) based on adaptive control Lyapunov function (aCLF) is proposed in this article for nonlinear continuous systems with part of its dynamics being unknown at the starting time. Specifically, to guarantee the convergence of the closed‐loop system with online predictive model updating, a stability constraint is designed. It limits the aCLF of the system under the MPC to be less than that under an online updated auxiliary adaptive control. The auxiliary adaptive control which implements in a sampling‐hold fashion can guarantee the convergence of the controlled system. The sufficient conditions that guarantee the states to be steered to a small region near the equilibrium by the proposed MPC are provided. The calculation of the proposed algorithm does not depend on the model mismatch at the starting time. And it does not require the Lyapunov function of the state of the real system always to be reduced at each time. These provide the potential to improve the performance of the closed‐loop system. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated through a chemical process example.
A Comprehensive Review on Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction
Authors: Khan Javid , Sun Yanyan , Han Lei 
Published: November 2022

AbstractInspired by natural photosynthesis, harnessing the wide range of natural solar energy and utilizing appropriate semiconductor‐based catalysts to convert carbon dioxide into beneficial energy species, for example, CO, CH4, HCOOH, and CH3COH have been shown to be a sustainable and more environmentally friendly approach. Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) has been regarded as a highly effective photocatalyst for the CO2 reduction reaction, owing to its cost‐effectiveness, high thermal and chemical stability, visible light absorption capability, and low toxicity. However, weaker electrical conductivity, fast recombination rate, smaller visible light absorption window, and reduced surface area make this catalytic material unsuitable for commercial photocatalytic applications. Therefore, certain procedures, including elemental doping, structural modulation, functional group adjustment of g‐C3N4, the addition of metal complex motif, and others, may be used to improve its photocatalytic activity towards effective CO2 reduction. This review has investigated the scientific community's perspectives on synthetic pathways and material optimization approaches used to increase the selectivity and efficiency of the g‐C3N4‐based hybrid structures, as well as their benefits and drawbacks on photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Finally, the review concludes a comparative discussion and presents a promising picture of the future scope of the improvements.
Assessment of genetic markers for multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Fasciola isolates from Iran
Authors: Nazari Naser , Rokni Mohamad Bagher , Ichikawa‐Seki Madoka , Raeghi Saber , Hajjaran Homa , Falahi Shahab , Hamzavi Yazdan , Heydarian Peyman , Davari Afshin , Ghadiri Keyphobad , Bozorgomid Arezoo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundSeveral markers have been described to characterise the population structure and genetic diversity of Fasciola species (Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica) and Fasciola gigantica (F. gigantica). However, sequence analysis of a single genomic locus cannot provide sufficient resolution for the genetic diversity of the Fasciola parasite whose genomes are ∼1.3 GB in size.ObjectivesTo gain a better understanding of the gene diversity of Fasciola isolates from western Iran and to identify the most informative markers as candidates for epidemiological studies, five housekeeping genes were evaluated using a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach.MethodsMLST analysis was developed based on five genes (ND1, Pepck, Pold, Cyt b and HSP70) after genomic DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing. Nucleotide diversity and phylogeny analysis were conducted on both concatenated MLST loci and each individual locus. A median joining haplotype network was created to examine the haplotypes relationship among Fasciola isolates.ResultsThirty‐three Fasciola isolates (19 F. hepatica and 14 F. gigantica) were included in the study. A total of 2971 bp was analysed for each isolate and 31 sequence types (STs) were identified among the 33 isolates (19 for F. hepatica and 14 for F. gigantica isolates). The STs produced 44 and 42 polymorphic sites and 17 and 14 haplotypes for F. hepatica and F. gigantica, respectively. Haplotype diversity was 0.982 ± 0.026 and 1.000 ± 0.027 and nucleotide diversity was 0.00200 and 0.00353 ± 0.00088 for F. hepatica and F. gigantica, respectively. There was a high degree of genetic diversity with a Simpson's index of diversity of 0.98 and 1 for F. hepatica and F. gigantica, respectively. While HSP70 and Pold haplotypes from Fasciola species were separated by one to three mutational steps, the haplotype networks of ND1 and Cyt b were more complex and numerous mutational steps were found, likely due to recombination.ConclusionsAlthough HSP70 and Pold genes from F. gigantica were invariant over the entire region of sequence coverage, MLST was useful for investigating the phylogenetic relationship of Fasciola species. The present study also provided insight into markers more suitable for phylogenetic studies and the genetic structure of Fasciola parasites.
On New Alkaline‐Earth Hexafluorogermanates as Host Structures for UV Phosphors
Authors: Schäfer Martin J. , Fleischmann Florian , Höppe Henning A. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTwo new hexafluorogermanate dihydrates, viz. SrGeF6 ⋅ 2H2O and CaGeF6 ⋅ 2H2O, were synthesised from aqueous solutions; their crystal structures were refined in space group P21/n (SrGeF6 ⋅ 2H2O: a=5.9605(2) Å, b=9.6428(3) Å, a=10.9866(3) Å and β=99.1590(10), Z=4, 5122 refl., 104 param., R1=0.0195, wR2=0.0470; CaGeF6 ⋅ 2H2O: a=5.8472(5) Å, b=10.5099(9) Å, c=9.6267(9) Å and β=103.521(3), Z=4, 4756 refl., 101 param., R1=0.0224, wR2=0.0616). Upon doping with Eu2+ luminescence in the NUV regime was observed. The crystal structures of CaGeF6 and MgGeF6 could be solved and refined via Rietveld refinement from powder samples gained by thermal decomposition of the respective hydrates; both compounds adopt the LiSbF6 structure type (CaGeF6: a=5.4099(5) Å, c=13.9835(13) Å, Z=3, Rwp=0.0291, RBragg=0.0142; MgGeF6: a=5.1219(2) Å, c=13.0851(7), Z=3, Rwp=0.034, RBragg=0.01). Further, the luminescence of MgGeF6 ⋅ 6H2O:Eu2+, which emits light in the violet to blue regime, is reported.
Introduction: Movements and Morality
Authors: Sevelsted Anders , Toubøl Jonas 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe introductory chapter argues why there is a need for a book on movements and morality and how this volume meets this need. It introduces the twofold purpose of the book: insights into the moral foundations of current civic struggles and political conflicts and developing theoretical, empirical, and methodological approaches to studying morality in movements. Then a review of the development of the field of social movement research reveals how morality is treated fragmentarily, which leads to a discussion of the terminological tempest of morality and an introduction of the three moral dimensions that structure the book: selves in interaction, rationalization and justification, and culture and tradition. The contributions to the volume are introduced according to these three dimensions, and a final section points to the methodological creativity and diversity that characterizes the volume, attesting to the fruitfulness of a research agenda centered on movements and morality.
Paradigm Revived? Concluding Sketches of an Emerging Research Agenda
Authors: Toubøl Jonas , Sevelsted Anders 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe concluding chapter of the book points to research agendas that have emerged from the contributions to the volume on movements and morality. It does not sum up each contribution, since an introduction to concepts, methods, and applications can be found in the introductory Chap. 1. Instead, the chapter identifies six lacunae in social movement studies that have become apparent in the pages of the book. A first lacuna is related to the bias in focus on left-wing groups, a second on the causal effects of morality, a third foundational lacuna pertains to the relationship between social science and moral philosophy, a fourth to how we perceive of morality and time, a fifth to the global diffusion of moral claims, and finally a sixth lacuna relates to reflections on the dilemma of universal moral claims versus particular identities and situations.
Paradigm Lost? Three Dimensions of Morality and Social Movements
Authors: Sevelsted Anders , Toubøl Jonas 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, focusing on the position of the concept of morality, we briefly review the evolution of the field of social movements from the first formulations of the phenomena of protest, mass, and collective action in classical sociology, through the formation of social movement studies as proper field of research in the 1970s, to its contemporary state. We argue that while morality was central to the classical tradition’s understanding of movements, it lost prominence when the field was established, and still today, morality does not receive much attention. There are, of course, notable exceptions like the work of Jeffrey Alexander, Hans Joas, and the new social movement tradition in Europe. Relatively recently, morality has received increasing attention from scholars studying movements from the perspective of culture. We discuss the role of morality in three of the most prominent theories in this tradition, namely, collective identity, frame alignment, and emotion theory. We argue that they all present promising avenues for developing our understanding of morality and movements while we also point to limitations and inadequacies in each theory or the way they have been applied. We then turn to the constructive work of reorganizing the concept of morality’s relationship with civic action and social movement by developing three dimensions of morality that we argue which are of particular relevance to social movements: selves in interaction, rationalization and justification, and culture and tradition. We trace each dimension from its origin in moral philosophy through its formulation in classical sociology and finally into contemporary theories of civic action. Before closing, we reflect on how the different dimensions intersect and can be applied to the analysis of contemporary empirical cases of social movements and political protest.
Social Movements Prefiguring Political Theory
Authors: Wathne Sophia 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAdding to the growing literature on social movements as knowledge and theory creators, this chapter wants more social movement research to focus on the content of thepolitical theories created by social movements, as an outcome of their morality. This chapter argues that prefigurative social movements create political theory through the interplay of their internal and external communication, their organization, and in their discussions of how and why to change the world: They are prefiguring political theory through their cognitive praxis. The chapter demonstrates how the literature on prefigurative social movements and Ron Jamison and Andrew Eyerman’s concept of cognitive praxis, combined with a decolonial feminist approach to knowledge and theory, provides space for the political theory of social movements within social movement literature. This theory is inherently political as it is aimed to be a (temporary) guide toward the kind of world the movements want to see and argues why the world should look like that.The chapter briefly outlines how a Cartesian approach to science prevents us from viewing theory based on lived experience as theory, even though all theory is based on lived experience, and thereby explains why we have not taken the knowledge and theory created by social movements seriously for so long. To recognize social movements as political actors, we need to engage with the concepts, policy proposals, critiques, or new institutions that they are creating, and not only the mechanics around creating them. Consequently, we need to recognize social movements as the authors of the knowledge and theory they create and not take credit for “discovering” it. Lastly, from a decolonial approach, we should recognize that social movement research is relational and that the research process should involve the social movements themselves to make sure they also benefit from it, and view them as colleagues who are sharing their knowledge with us. Moving away from the more Cartesian view of science requires a decolonization of the entire research process, and in particular rethinking what this means in terms of authorship, ownership, and credit.
Medical Evidence of Alpine Natural Resources as a Base for Health Tourism
Authors: Pichler Christina , Hartl Arnulf J. , Weisböck-Erdheim Renate , Bischof Michael 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe Alpine space disposes of excellent prerequisites to respond to the increasing demand of nature-based health tourism. Despite a growing scientific knowledge on the manifold benefits of human interaction with Alpine natural resources, the health tourism potential has not yet been fully exploited by Alpine regions. Based on major push and pull factors, the current state of scientific knowledge on the healing potential of nine selected natural Alpine resources is presented and discussed with regard to their health tourism potential. Major research gaps as well as starting points for future studies are demonstrated. In this way, the present work contributes to an applicable knowledge base on the health benefits of Alpine resources to enhance regional innovation capacity in terms of sustainable health tourism development. As tourism regions are increasingly taking evidence-based approaches to health tourism and regional development, the resulting lighthouses will contribute to the positioning of the Alpine space as globally attractive healing environment.