bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Static and Dynamic Measures of Fresh Apple Texture1
Authors: Hard Margaret M. , Hard Arthur R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A nondestructive, inexpensive method of measuring textural quality of raw apples is described. Termed the “sphere” test, it measures the compression of an apple produced by a fixed load on a standard diameter sphere. It is compared to a method for measuring dynamic elastic property. Both are evaluated in terms of the shearing measurements and sensory responses. The sphere test correlated significantly with shear values and sensory responses in Winesap apples.
Low Pressure (Hypobaric) Storage of Limes1
Authors: Spalding Donald H. , Reeder William F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Tahiti’ (‘Persian’) limes (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) retained green color, juice content, and flavor acceptable for marketing and had a low incidence of decay during storage at a low atmospheric pressure of 170 mm Hg for up to 6 weeks at 10.0°C or 15.6° and a relative humidity (RH) of 98—100%. Check fruits turned yellow within 3 weeks at normal atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg). Limes stored for 4 weeks at 170 mm Hg at 2.2°C and 98—100% RH developed as much chilling injury as comparable limes stored at normal atmospheric pressure. Limes coated with wax containing 0.1% of either thiabendazole or benomyl remained green and suitable for marketing after 3—4 weeks at 170 mm Hg at 21.1°C.
Carbohydrate Levels in the Pistachio as Related to Alternate Bearing1
Authors: Crane J. C. , Catlin P. B. , Al-Shalan I. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Alternate bearing in the pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is brought about by abscission of inflorescence buds during July and August when seed growth and development take place. There was rapid accumulation of sugars and conversion to fat in the nuts at that time, but sugar and starch levels in the bark and wood of nut-bearing branches were not appreciably different from those in similar tissues of non-bearing branches. The inflorescence bud-drop phenomenon does not appear the result of carbohydrate deficiency.
Relationship of Nitrogen Nutrition of ‘Early Black’Cranberry to Vegetative Growth, Fruit Yield and Quality1,2
Authors: Eck Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response of ‘Early Black’ cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) to differential levels of N applied to new bogs on an Atsion sand in New Jersey was monitored over a 5-year period. More than 17 kg N/ha/year did not increase the earliness of bearing in a new bog nor did it increase the productivity of a bog. Greater amounts of N resulted in poorer berry color in early harvested fruit, increased fruit rot and vegetative growth. A strong biennial bearing tendency appeared to be related to new upright production. Differential N treatment did not influence this biennial bearing tendency. N analysis of plant tissue was not an effective diagnostic method of measuring fertilizer response, due in part to the effective dilution of plant N content by increased vegetative growth. N deficiency symptoms did not develop in the range of 0.74 to 0.82% N in the cranberry plant. Vegetative growth was particularly sensitive to N fertilization and warrants consideration as a diagnostic tool for evaluating N response.
Prospective Lettuce Harvest Mechanization: Impact on Labor1
Authors: Johnson S. S. , Zahara M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess likely impacts of mechanization of lettuce harvest on farm workers. Two machine-harvest systems were selected to represent mechanization of both the regular and wrap pack. Commercial returns in the form of cost savings over the hand systems were estimated for the regular pack and for the wrap pack. As an illustration, a low rate of adoption of the machines was assumed, i.e., 5% adoption starting in 1980, followed by an increase to 25% from 1985 on.
The impact on harvest jobs, for the example, was estimated at 1.56% reduction at 5% machine adoption and 7.80% reduction at 25% adoption. New positions created were estimated to be equal or higher in skill requirements than those replaced. The work environment was considered to be less arduous and more conducive to increased worker longevity on the job, plus opening certain positions to older men and women.
Discounted total returns over time to public and private research expenditures were estimated to be high. External effects of mechanization may be greatest in job transitions of displaced workers.
Gibberellic and Abscisic Acid-like Substances and the Regulation of Apple Shoot Extension1
Authors: Robitaille Henry A. , Carlson Robert F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoots on interstem-dwarfed apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees ceased growing earlier and showed a stronger tendency towards becoming summer dormant than did corresponding shoots on vigorous trees. Substances similar to gibberellic acid (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA) were extracted from 1-year-old stems at 7 stages during the growing season using the centrifugation technique. ABA-like activity was higher in stems from dwarf than vigorous trees at full bloom, and remained higher until after the onset of summer dormancy. GA-like activity also was significantly higher in dwarf tree stems at the tight flower cluster stage. Injection experiments demonstrated that increasing ABA concn decreased terminal elongation in a linear manner. ABA-induced inhibition was reduced in direct proportion to the concn of GA3 in the injected solution.
Postharvest Carbohydrate Transformations and Processed Quality of High Sugar Maize Genotypes1
Authors: Garwood D. L. , McArdle F. J. , Vanderslice S. F. , Shannon J. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The T5125 × 1453’ hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.) homozygous for the sugary (su), amylose-extender (ae) dull (du) waxy (wx) and ae wx genotypes plus the related shrunken-2 (sh2) commercial hybrid were compared for processing and fresh market characteristics. Sensory panel evaluation and U.S. Department of Agriculture grading showed that both the ae du wx and sh2 genotypes produced high quality canned and frozen products. The processed sweet corn (su) hybrid had a high pericarp content resulting in lower quality. The ae wx canned and frozen products scored low in texture and flavor and were unacceptable. Kernel sucrose values (percent dry weight) in unstored ears were 36.5% for sh2, 24.8% for ae du wx, 18.5% for ae wx, and 14.4% for su. Only minor changes were observed in reducing sugar, sucrose, water soluble polysaccharide (WSP), and starch measured after 24, 48, and 96 hours of storage at 4°C. After 96 hours of storage at 27°, sucrose content decreased from initial levels by 83% in su, 67% in ae wx, 63% in sh2, and 55% in ae du wx. In spite of these decreases, ae du wx and sh2 sucrose content after 96 hours at 27° was almost as high as that found in unstored su ears demonstrating superior postharvest sugar retention for ae du wx and sh2. Corresponding with the decrease in su sucrose during storage at 27°, WSP increased and the starch decreased. In contrast, starch increased in sh2 and tended to increase in ae du wx while WSP declined. The processing, carbohydrate, and postharvest storage data indicate that the ae wx T5125 × 1453’ hybrid cannot be used for sweet corn quality improvement, while ae du wx and sh2 show definite potential for processing use. Furthermore, ae du wx can be considered as a high sugar genotype for fresh market use along with currently grown sh2 hybrids.
Chlorophyll Concentrations in Navel Orange Leaves in Relation to Iron Status, Leaf Age, and Season1
Authors: Wallihan E. F. , Sharpless R. G. , Printy Wilma L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Young shoots on field-grown trees [Citrus sinensis, (L.) Osbeck] were the source of repeated chlorophyll measurements on individual leaves by light absorbance and occasional leaf samples for laboratory measurement of chlorophyll and Fe. These concentrations increased or decreased during the period of leaf expansion, depending on comparative rates of Fe uptake, chlorophyll formation, and leaf growth. Chlorophyll/Fe ratio in spring cycle leaves increased until leaves were fully expanded (May—June) and maintained the same level in December. Fall cycle leaves reached the same ratio in December. Linear regression of chlorophyll concentration on Fe concentrations was r = 0.907 at n = 46 for mature leaves having < 50 ppm Fe. Mature leaves having > 50 ppm Fe had essentially equal chlorophyll concentrations, indicating a maximum value of about 3 mg/g F.Wt. A graph of loci for immature leaves showed the majority with low chlorophyll in relation to Fe concentration. It is concluded that the maximum concentration of chlorophyll per unit of Fe is not achieved until leaf maturity.
Carotenoid Synthesis in Tissue Cultures of Daucus carota L.1
Authors: Mok Machteld C. , Gabelman W. H. , Skoog F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Carotenoid synthesis was studied in tissue cultures derived from different carrot phenotypes of red, dark orange, orange, light orange, yellow and white root colors. Cultures derived from a single genetic source or even from a single root often differed in color. Yellow, pink, orange-red and red cultures were derived from red roots; yellow and orange cultures from dark orange and light orange roots; and yellow cultures from the roots of the other genetic sources. The total carotenoid content in tissue cultures partly reflected that of the parent root, but was generally lower than in the intact root. Cultures derived from white roots were exceptions to this; the carotenoid contents in these cultures sometimes exceeded the contents of the parent roots. Carotenes predominated in cultures and roots of the red and orange sources; xanthophylls were the main components in cultures and roots of the yellow and white sources. Individual cultures from one root differed in quantities of carotenes, but the main carotene was the same as in the root, lycopene for the red sources and B-carotene for the orange sources.
The effects of kinetin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and gibberellic acid3 (GA3) on growth and pigmentation were tested in 13 selected cultures. Kinetin inhibited and 2,4-D enhanced carotenoid synthesis in several of the cultures. GA had no effect on pigment formation. Kinetin and 2,4-D affected the relative quantities of carotenoid components in one orange-red culture, R 1-1, but little in the orange-red culture R 1-2. Low total carotenoid content was associated with a relatively high xanthophyll content and a low lycopene to B-carotene ratio.
Variation in culture pigmentation due to mutations was not confirmed. Plants regenerated from tissue cultures which had been derived from a single root had the same phenotype even though the colors and carotenoid contents of the callus cultures differed widely. If plantlet regeneration is limited only to cells with a diploid chromosome number, aneuploidy, which is very common in callus cultures, may have contributed to the observed pigmentation differences in the cultures.
Effects of Evaporative Cooling during Dormancy on ‘Redhaven’ Peach Wood and Fruit Bud Hardiness1
Authors: Bauer Mary , Chaplin C. E. , Schneider G. W. , Barfield B. J. , White G. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Redhaven’ peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch) were sprinkled from the end of rest, January 22, 1975, until the time check trees reached full bloom, April 18, 1975. Sprinkling delayed bloom by 15 days. Energy models predicted bloom one day before it occurred in the check trees. Wood temperatures were lowered as much as 6.5°C in sprinkled trees, but no significant difference in wood cold hardiness was observed. Sprinkled fruit buds were more cold hardy than non-sprinkled fruit buds until early March. Non-sprinkled buds were more cold hardy than sprinkled fruit buds in late March. Sprinkling reduced the number of viable buds/m by late March. Analyses of total and reducing sugars and protein showed no significant difference.
Morphological Changes and Factors Influencing Shoot Apex Development of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. during Forcing1
Authors: De Hertogh A. A. , Rasmussen H. P. , Blakely N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Procedures are described for critical point drying the shoot apical meristems of Easter lilies for viewing in the scanning electron microscope. This preparatory technique was superior to either freeze-drying or the use of freshly isolated meristems. Photomicrographs of the morphological development of the entire shoot apex from the vegetative through several reproductive stages are presented. The morphology of a single flower is also illustrated.
Meristem diameter measurements revealed seasonal and bulb source variations. Diameter increased with increasing bulb size. When compared to non-cooled bulbs, low temperature treatments reduced meristem diameter prior to flower initiation. The average date of flower initiation of controlled temperature forced ‘Ace’ lilies over a 5-year period was January 21; whereas precooled lilies initiated about 1 week earlier. Greenhouse temperatures of 17−25°C accelerated the date of flower initiation when compared to 13°. A simplified technique for measuring the meristem diameter and observing the stage of development was developed.
The Easter lily forms 2 classes of primary flowers, initial and raised. They can also form secondary flowers. The number of initial primary flowers was correlated with meristem diameter. Larger bulb sizes resulted in a greater number of raised primary flowers. In general, only large bulbs formed secondary flowers. A greenhouse temperature of 13°C promoted the formation of raised primary flowers, while 21° promoted the formation of secondary flowers.
A measurement of the sprouting index showed seasonal and bulb source differences.
Relation between Growth of Chrysanthemums and Aeration of Various Container Media1
Authors: Paul J. L. , Lee C. I. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Brilliant Anne was grown in 13 different media under frequent irrigation such that all media were nominally at container capacity. Media were selected to represent a range in airfilled porosity (0–20%) at container capacity with a depth of 12 cm. Substantial addition of organic amendment (40–90% v/v) improved aeration in a poorly aggregated loam and in two sands. Peat plus vermiculite had the best aeration of all media. Thirty day top yields were related to aeration properties of the media measured at container capacity. A value of 10–15% air-filled porosity was generally related to best growth. Oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) for the medium profile provided a better correlation with plant growth than air-filled porosity. A profile ODR of 45g O2 × 10‒8 cm-2 min-1 and above gave best growth.
Resistance to European Red Mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in Apple1
Authors: Goonewardene Hilary F. , Williams E. B. , Kwolek W. F. , McCabe L. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Selections of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) from the cooperative breeding program for disease resistance were evaluated in 3 tests for resistance to the European red mite. Field-collected detached leaves used to determine infestations of motile mites throughout the growing season, dormant twigs used to determine overwintering eggs, and in situ examination of artificially infested leaves of greenhouse-growing whip grafts indicated good sources of resistance. Selections with less hairy leaves supported fewer mites than selections with an abundance of hairs. Selection PRI 1677-2, 1957-1, 2023-1, 2175-7 and 2175-25 show consistently good resistance to the European red mite warranting their use in vegetative propagation or use as parents in breeding for resistance.
Ripening, Chilling Injury, and Respiratory Response of ‘Hass’ and ‘Fuerte’ Avocado Fruits at 20°C following Chilling1
Authors: Eaks Irving L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The ripening, chilling injury and respiratory responses of ‘Hass’ and ‘Fuerte’ avocado fruit (Persea americana L.) were determined at 20°C subsequent to 0 to 5 weeks storage at 10°, 5° and 0°. Fruit held at 10° showed no chilling injury symptoms and were ripe by the third week. No softening or chilling injury symptoms occurred during the 5 weeks at 5° or 0°. However, after transfer to 20° fruit held at 5° and 0° longer than 1 week developed chilling injury and the severity increased as the exposure period increased. Short exposures to 5° and 0° tended to hasten ripening at 20° compared with fruit placed directly at 20°, but fruit held 5 weeks at 5° and 0° took longer to ripen at 20° than control fruit. Fruit placed directly at 20° showed a typical climacteric respiratory pattern which was associated with ripening. Chilling at 5° and 0° for more than 1 week resulted in high initial respiratory rates at 20°, followed by decreasing respiratory rates with no climacteric pattern associated with ripening.
Factors Associated with Resistance to Mechanical Damage in Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Boettger M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lines and cultivars resistant to mechanical damage with white and colored seeds germinated 60–80% compared to under 20% for several major cultivars. Seed damage resistance was associated with transverse cotyledon cracking (TVC) resistance, r = .649, seed coat shattering (SH) resistance, r = .488, and seed coat weight, r = .373. The SH test indicates whether the seed coat is tightly or loosely adhered to the cotyledons. If % seed coat as a proportion of seed weight exceeded 10% and TVC and SH were under 10%, then damage resistance was almost always good. Weakness in any one character resulted in damage susceptibility. Damage resistant lines produced more vigorous seedlings than susceptible lines following seed maltreatment. Damage resistance was correlated, r = .722, with seedling vigor following seed impaction.
Genetic Aspects of Antibiosis to Aphis gossypii in Cucumis melo from India1
Authors: Kishaba A. N. , Bohn G. W. , Toba H. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Reproduction of the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, varied on different plants of Cucumis melo L., PI 371795, and its inbreds. Successive generations of selection and inbreeding increased uniformity and potency of antibiosis. Aphid reproduction on F1, F2, and backcross hybrids from a resistant × susceptible cross indicated that a single, dominant major gene conferred some antibiosis; but variation within resistant and susceptible classes indicated that additional, minor genes caused effects similar to those found in resistant inbreds.
Pesticide Effects on the Plant Cuticle: II. EPTC Effects on Leaf Cuticle Morphology and Composition in Brassica oleracea L.1
Authors: Flore J. A. , Buko vac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC, 2.24 kg/ha) inhibited epicuticular wax production by developing leaves of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. capitata group cv. Market Prize). Similar inhibition of wax deposition was observed on abaxial (66.5%) and adaxial (67.5%) leaf surfaces. Wax bloom was absent on EPTC-treated plants, and its absence was associated with a marked reduction in surface fine-structure. No significant changes in cuticle thickness, structure, or morphology were observed due to EPTC-treatment as indexed by staining with Sudan III and IV and viewing with plane-polarized light. EPTC did not significantly affect the total weight of the cuticular membrane, cuticular wax, or cutin matrix, but there was a significant increase in the carbonate plus water soluble fraction (+33.4 μg/cm2), which approximately equaled the decrease in epicuticular wax weight (–28.8 Mg/cm2).
Comparative Effects of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid and the Mono-2-chlorethyl Ester of the Acid on Growth, Peroxidase Activity, and Sex Expression of a Monoecious Cucumber1
Authors: Shannon S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Application of equimolar solutions of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid and the mono-2-chloroethyl ester of the acid to monoecious cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants resulted in equal retardation of internode growth and equal conversion to gynoecious flowering habit for the first 8 nodes. However, the effects of the ester persisted for 4 or more nodes longer than those of the acid for both parameters. Both peroxidase activity and ethylene evolution were 10-fold greater in plants treated with the acid than in those treated with the ester.
Defective Ovules in Avocado Cultivars1
Authors: Tomer E. , Gottreich M. , Gazit S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Normal, abnormal, and degenerate ovules of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) are described and illustrated. The frequency of occurrence of these ovule types differed among 4 cultivars (‘Fuerte’, ‘Ettinger’, ‘Hass’, ‘Tova’) with a total frequency ranging from 15 to 40%. A higher frequency of apparently degenerative ovules increased the proportion considered defective to 80–98%. No relationship could be discerned between the percentage of normal ovules and the yields of 8 trees differing widely in fruitfulness.
Sampling Procedures for Minimizing Non-genetic Wood Hardiness Variation in Peach1
Authors: Cain D. W. , Andersen R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A single genotype peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Redhaven) was used to study non-genetic hardiness variation. Twigs from the upper southwest and lower northeast sectors of several randomly chosen trees were frozen on 4 dates from November to March. The basal, middle, and tip sections of each twig were examined, using tissue browning as an index of injury. An appropriate statistical model was used to separate the variance components. Trees and tree × sector interaction constitute only a small portion of the total random variation, while twigs and residual error accounted for the major portion. Variance estimates were used to determine sample sizes needed to detect browning differences of a desired magnitude. The lowest variance estimates were obtained when the basal section of twigs collected from the upper southwest sector were analyzed. Sample sizes between 6 and 21 twigs could be expected to detect important differences in injury as assayed via tissue browning.
Effect of Rootstocks, Propagation Method, and Transplanting on Growth and Flowering of Young Apple Trees1
Authors: Ferree D. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A study to determine the influence of 4 rootstocks, 2 propagation methods, and transplanting on the growth and flowering of young ‘Skyline Supreme Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) revealed that trees on Mailing Merton (MM) 106 resulted in the greatest annual increment of growth followed by trees on MM 111, Mailing (M) 26 and M9. The rootstock influence on growth was evident in the second growing season. In their first season, budded trees made more rapid growth than grafted trees, but grafted trees made 39% more total growth in the second season. Two seasons later the trunk circumference, total shoot growth, tree height and spread, numbers of shoots and root suckers were greater on grafted trees than on budded trees. Transplanted trees had less trunk circumference, total shoot growth, tree height and spread, numbers of shoots and root suckers than stationary trees at the end of the fourth season. Trees on M 9 and M 26 produced more flower clusters than trees on MM 106 and MM 111. Grafted trees had more flower clusters than budded trees and stationary trees had more clusters than transplanted trees.
Influence of Cobaltous Ion (Co2+) on the Postharvest Behavior of ‘Samantha’ Roses1
Authors: Venkatarayappa T. , Tsujita M. J. , Murr D. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cut flowers of rose (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Samantha) exhibited a longer vase life when opened in solutions containing cobaltous ion (Co2+). The extended vase life in response to Co2+ was related to 1) an increased water uptake into the cut flower, 2) an improved water balance during opening, 3) a delay in loss of fresh weight, and 4) a prevention of the occurrence of bent-neck. A concentration of 1.5 mm Co2+ gave maximum beneficial effects without injury to the cut flower, while a 2.0 mm concentration induced some toxic symptoms on leaves.