bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(In)efficiencies of current financial market infrastructures: an empirical assessment
Authors: Guggenheim Basil , Kraenzlin Sébastien , Meyer Christoph 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe use unique individual bank-to-bank repo transaction data to empirically assess the efficiency of the existing Swiss financial market infrastructure (FMI) for executing delivery versus payment transactions. This approach enables us to identify its current benefits and drawbacks as well as where new technologies, such as distributed ledger technology, could provide a remedy. We find that the fastest settlement time for repo transactions is 12 s, but that settlements are often delayed by more than 10 min due to the lack of collateral availability. We conclude that the cross-border availability of securities needs to be addressed by either improving interoperability of existing infrastructures or using new technologies.
The art of managing hepatitis C virus in special population groups: a paradigm shift
Authors: Elbadry Mohamed , Moussa Abdelmajeed M. , Eltabbakh Mohamed , Al Balakosy Amira , Abdalgaber Mohammad , Abdeen Nermeen , El Sheemy Reem Y. , Afify Shimaa , El-Kassas Mohamed 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe first direct-acting antiviral (DAA) medications were approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 2011. Later, the appearance of novel DAAs had revolutionized the landscape of HCV treatment whose early treatment options were limited to interferon (IFN) either alone or in combinations. This review discusses the paradigm shift in legibility for treating different groups of patients with HCV after the introduction of DAAs, along with the consequent changes in treatment guidelines. IFN-based therapy was the firstly used for treating chronic HCV. Unfortunately, it exhibited many pitfalls, such as low efficacy in some patients and unsuitability for usage in lots of patients with some specific conditions, which could be comorbidities such as autoimmune thyroiditis, or liver related as in decompensated cirrhosis. Furthermore, IFN failed to treat all the extrahepatic manifestations of HCV. Nowadays, the breakthroughs brought by DAAs have benefited the patients and enabled the treatment of those who could not be treated or did not usually respond well to IFN. DAAs achieve a high success rate of HCV eradication in addition to avoiding unfavorable harms and, sometimes, adverse effects related to the previously used PEGylated IFN regimens.
Comparing Cohort Survival in Good Health: A Research Note on Decomposing Sex Differentials in the United States
Authors: Sauerberg Markus , Canudas-Romo Vladimir 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We introduce a method for decomposing differences in healthy cross-sectional average length of life (HCAL). HCAL provides an alternative to the health expectancy (HE) indicator by including the health and mortality history of all cohorts present at a given time. While decompositions of HE differences account for contributions made by health and mortality, differences in HCAL are further disentangled into cohort-specific contributions. In this research note we illustrate the technique by analyzing the sex gap in health and mortality for the United States. We use the harmonized version of the Health and Retirement Survey data and define the health status in terms of activities of daily living. Our results suggest that the female advantage in cohort survival is partly compensated by women's lower cohort-specific health levels. At older ages, however, the sex differences in health are not large enough to compensate men's disadvantage in cohort survival.
Load Carriage and Physical Exertion Influence Soldier Emotional Responses
Authors: GILES GRACE E. , GRANDJEAN DA COSTA KELL , OLENICH SARA A. , POWELL KATE J. , HART-POMERANTZ HANNAH , ADELMAN MICHELLE J. , ELMORE WADE R. , CANTELON JULIE A. 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Regular aerobic exercise benefits psychological health, enhancing mood in clinical and nonclinical populations. However, single bouts of exercise exert both positive and negative effects on emotion. Exercise reliably increases emotional arousal. Its effects on emotional valence are thought to depend on an interplay between cognitive and interoceptive factors that change as a function of exercise intensity, as studied in clinical, healthy, and athlete populations. However, special populations, such as military, first responders, and endurance athletes, have unique physical exertion requirements that can coincide with additional cognitive, physical, and environmental stressors not typical of the general population. Load carriage is one such activity. The present study examined emotional valence and arousal during sustained, heavy load carriage akin to military training and operations.

Methods
Thirteen (one woman) active duty soldiers completed a V̇O2max test, a 2-h loaded (up to 50% body mass) and unloaded (empty rucksack) treadmill foot march (3 mph/4% incline) on separate days, during which they rated their exertion and emotional valence and arousal every 40 min. They also completed measures of positive and negative affect and anxiety before and every 20 min after the foot march.

Results
Two hours of loaded foot march led to elevated perceived exertion and less positive, more negative and anxious feelings. Higher rated exertion and more negative emotion were associated with higher percent HRmax and V̇O2peak at multiple time points.

Conclusions
These results support affect exertion models such as the Dual Mode Theory, whereby physical exertion becomes less pleasant with increasing intensity, and provide insights into how affective responses applied contexts may help predict time to fatigue or failure.
Low Regional Homogeneity of Intrinsic Cerebellar Activity in Ankle Instability: An Externally Validated rs-fMRI Study
Authors: XUE XIAO’AO , LU RONG , ZANG DI , LI HONG , ZHANG HUI , XU HANLIN , LI QIANRU , MA TENGJIA , TANG WEIJUN , CHEN SHUANG , WANG HE , HUA YINGHUI 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Joint deafferentation after post-ankle sprain ligament healing can disrupt sensory input from the ankle and induce maladaptive neuroplasticity, especially in the cerebellum. This study aimed to determine whether the regional homogeneity of intrinsic cerebellar activity differs between patients with ankle instability and healthy controls without a history of ankle injury.

Methods
The current study used a primary data set of 18 patients and 22 healthy controls and an external UK Biobank data set of 16 patients with ankle instability and 69 healthy controls for a cross-database, cross-sectional investigation. All participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to calculate their regional homogeneity (ReHo) value. Between-group comparisons of the sensorimotor-related subregions of the cerebellum were first performed in the primary data set to identify low cerebellar ReHo in patients with multiple comparison corrections, and the surviving subregions were then externally validated in the UK Biobank data set. Correlation analyses between the ReHo values and clinical features were also performed.

Results
The ReHo value of cerebellar lobule VIIIb was significantly lower in the ankle instability group than in the controls (0.170 ± 0.016 vs 0.184 ± 0.019 in the primary data set, 0.157 ± 0.026 vs 0.180 ± 0.042 in the UK Biobank data set). The ReHo values of this subregion showed a significant positive correlation with the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool scores in the ankle instability group (r = 0.553, P-corrected = 0.0348).

Conclusions
Patients with ankle instability had lower intraregional coherence in cerebellar lobule VIIIb than that of controls, which was also positively correlated with the intensity of self-reported ankle instability.
Design for sorting knitwear: Exploring blended textile wastes and the relationship between sorting, recovery, and recycled blending in yarn manufacture
Authors: Hall Cathryn Anneka , Goldsworthy Kate , Earley Rebecca 
Published: November 2022

Background: The problem of difficult-to-recycle textile waste is an ongoing challenge. One of the issues is the lack of exchange between the recovery sector and design/manufacture of recycled materials. This paper seeks to addresses the gap in knowledge between sorting (in recovery) and blending activities (in manufacture), expanding current design strategies towards textile recovery. To achieve this, the research explores sorting practices of wool/acrylic blends in the mechanical wool recycling industry and applies this knowledge to the design of new yarns. Methods: A bricolage of methods was used to conduct this research in three parts. First, an overview of a previous study by Author1 is presented from which this research builds. Second, field research using conversation methods with the owner of a closed wool recycling company was conducted centring around their material archive. Thirdly, practice research was conducted in a spinning facility where Author1 applied knowledge from part 1 and 2 by designing four recycled yarns. This was supported by interviews with a sorter and recycler to expand on the findings. Results: Four methods of sorting and the sorting grades/thresholds that are found in the wool recycling industry are outlined, and five methods of recycled blending historically used in the wool recycling industry are established. This knowledge (sorting methods/grades and recycled blending techniques) were applied in practice and from the methods employed, the relationship between sorting in recovery and recycled blending in manufacture was established across three themes: fibre quality, fibre type and fibre colour. Conclusions: The paper concludes that understanding the link sorting and blending provides the foundations for a ‘Design for Sorting’ methodology. When lessons from each theme (quality, type and colour) are combined, this enables fibre value to be retained in recovery and thus, provides a route for longevity of our textile fibres.
Trajectory of Machiavelli’s Concept of State in Early Modern Politics
Authors: Bates Clifford 
Published: November 2022

This paper suggests that the trajectory that Machiavelli’s concept of the state took by later political thinkers active in reshaping the character of the political order they were working with fundamentally the shape and direction of the political development of Early Modern Europe. Looking at how later thinkers used Machiavelli’s concept and reframed it for their given political traditions and contexts often lead to how the concept evolved over time. This paper argues that there was a clear arch of how Machiavelli’s concept of the state was reformulated and repackaged by such key legal and political thinkers such as Gentile, Bodin, Grotius and finally Hobbes, whose reformation of Machiavelli’s state is it fundamentally alters it so it radically transformed from what Machiavelli coined.
Diagnosis and treatment strategies of the multiligament injured knee
Authors: Makaram Navnit S. , Murray Iain R. , Geeslin Andrew G. , Chahla Jorge , LaPrade Robert F. 
Published: November 2022

Aims Multiligament knee injuries (MLKI) are devastating injuries that can result in significant morbidity and time away from sport. There remains considerable variation in strategies employed for investigation, indications for operative intervention, outcome reporting, and rehabilitation following these injuries. At present no study has yet provided a comprehensive overview evaluating the extent, range, and overall summary of the published literature pertaining to MLKI. Our aim is to perform a methodologically rigorous scoping review, mapping the literature evaluating the diagnosis and management of MLKI. Methods This scoping review will address three aims: firstly, to map the current extent and nature of evidence for diagnosis and management of MLKI; secondly, to summarize and disseminate existing research findings to practitioners; and thirdly, to highlight gaps in current literature. A three-step search strategy as described by accepted methodology will be employed to identify peer-reviewed literature including reviews, technical notes, opinion pieces, and original research. An initial limited search will be performed to determine suitable search terms, followed by an expanded search of four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science). Two reviewers will independently screen identified studies for final inclusion. Dissemination We will map key concepts and evidence, and disseminate existing research findings to the wider orthopaedic and sports medicine community, through both peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed literature, and conference and in-person communications. We will highlight gaps in the current literature and determine future priorities for further research. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(11):894–897.
Surface integrity of laser-assisted turning of the GH4169 alloy
Authors: Kong Xianjun , Hu Guang , Wang Jin , Hou Ning , Zhao Ming 
Published: November 2022

The unique properties of GH4169, such as low thermal conductivity, high strength at high temperatures, and work hardening characteristics, make it difficult to machine. As an effective way to improve the machinability of materials, laser-assisted machining (LAM) has the advantages of reducing the cutting force, restraining chatter, improving productivity, and prolonging tool life. This study investigates the surface integrity of GH4169 in LAM, including the surface roughness, surface defects, microhardness, residual stress, and white-layer formation. First, the depth of the heat-affected layer from 380 to 760 r/min was determined to ascertain the depth of cutting. Secondly, at different cutting parameters, the surface roughness was found to be significantly reduced. LAM leads to a more severe plastic deformation, producing a thicker hardened layer and higher surface hardness on the fabricated substrate, but its internal hardness is less than that of samples made by conventional machining (CM), owing to thermal softening. Both machining methods produce residual tensile stresses, which are larger in LAM. Thirdly, the results of a surface integrity experiment show that white-layer generation is a consequence of the combination of phase change, heat, and plastic deformation. Finally, a comprehensive fuzzy evaluation considering the surface roughness, surface defects, microhardness, residual stress, and thickness of the white layer is established, which verifies that LAM significantly improves the surface integrity of GH4169, setting up a theoretical foundation and technical reference for the laser-assisted turning of nickel-based superalloys.
Quadruple Fano resonances in MIM waveguide structure with ring cavities for multisolution concentration sensing
Authors: Liu Yajie , Tian He , Zhang Xinyi , Wang Mingyu , Hao Yu 
Published: November 2022

In this paper, a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide structure is
proposed to produce quadruple Fano resonances, which is composed of a
side-coupled elliptical cavity, a half-ring cavity, a half-ring cavity
with an opening, and a bus waveguide with a circular barrier. The
simulation results show that the resonant wavelengths of the quadruple
Fano resonances can be almost independently tuned by changing the
structural parameters of the three cavities. The refractive index
sensing based on different cavities is discussed, and the maximum
sensitivity is 1048.6 nm/RIU with an excellent linear-sensing
relationship. Finally, the simultaneous multisolution concentration
sensing is demonstrated, and the sensitivities are

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for the plasma concentration,

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for the glucose solution
concentration, and

0.180

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for the

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solution concentration. The results
are conducive to promoting the applications of MIM waveguide
structures in integrated optical sensing.
Seroprevalence, distribution, and risk factors for human leptospirosis in the United States Virgin Islands
Authors: Artus Aileen , Schafer Ilana J. , Cossaboom Caitlin M. , Haberling Dana L. , Galloway Renee , Sutherland Graham , Browne A. Springer , Roth Joseph , France Valicia , Cranford Hannah M. , Kines Kristine J. , Pompey Justine , Ellis Brett R. , Walke Henry , Ellis Esther M. ,   Leptospirosis Serosurvey Investigation Team
Published: November 2022

Background
The first documented human leptospirosis cases in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) occurred following 2017 Hurricanes Irma and Maria. We conducted a representative serosurvey in USVI to estimate the seroprevalence and distribution of human leptospirosis and evaluate local risk factors associated with seropositivity.

Methodology/Principal findings
A stratified, two-stage cluster sampling design was used and consisted of three island strata and random selection of census blocks and then households. All eligible members of selected households were invited to participate (≥5 years old, resided in USVI ≥6 months and ≥6 months/year). Household and individual-level questionnaires were completed, and serum collected from each enrolled individual. Microscopic agglutination test serology was conducted, and bivariate and logistic regression analyses completed to identify risk factors for seropositivity.
In March 2019, 1,161 individuals were enrolled from 918 households in St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John. The territory-wide weighted seroprevalence was 4.0% (95% CI:2.3–5.7). Characteristics/exposures independently associated with seropositivity using logistic regression included contact with cows (OR: 39.5; 95% CI: 9.0–172.7), seeing rodents/rodent evidence or contact with rodents (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.1–5.9), and increasing age (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.002–1.04); full or partial Caucasian/White race was negatively correlated with seropositivity (OR: 0.02, 95% CI: 0.04–0.7). Bivariate analysis showed self-reported jaundice since the 2017 hurricanes (pRR: 5.7; 95% CI: 1.0–33.4) was associated with seropositivity and using a cover/lid on cisterns/rainwater collection containers (pRR: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.08–0.8) was protective against seropositivity.

Conclusions/Significance
Leptospirosis seropositivity of 4% across USVI demonstrates an important human disease that was previously unrecognized and emphasizes the importance of continued leptospirosis surveillance and investigation. Local risk factors identified may help guide future human and animal leptospirosis studies in USVI, strengthen leptospirosis public health surveillance and treatment timeliness, and inform targeted education, prevention, and control efforts.
The silent majority: The typical Canadian sex worker may not be who we think
Authors: Kennedy Lynn 
Published: November 2022

Background
Most sex worker population studies measure population at discrete points in time and very few studies have been done in industrialized democracies. The purpose of this study is to consider how time affects the population dynamics of contact sex workers in Canada using publicly available internet advertising data collected over multiple years.

Methods
3.6 million web pages were collected from advertising sites used by contact sex workers between November, 2014 and December, 2016 inclusive. Contacts were extracted from ads and used to identify advertisers. First names were used to estimate the number of workers represented by an advertiser. Counts of advertisers and names were adjusted for missing data and overcounting. Two approaches for correcting overcounts are compared. Population estimates were generated weekly, monthly and for the two year period. The length of time advertisers were active was also estimated. Estimates are also compared with related research.

Results
Canadian sex workers typically advertised individually or in small collectives (median name count 1, IQR 1–2, average 1.8, SD 4.4). Advertisers were active for a mean of 73.3 days (SD 151.8, median 14, IQR 1–58). Advertisers were at least 83.5% female. Respectively the scaled weekly, monthly, and biannual estimates for female sex workers represented 0.2%, 0.3% and 2% of the 2016 Canadian female 20–49 population. White advertisers were the most predominant ethnic group (53%).

Conclusions
Sex work in Canada is a more pervasive phenomenon than indicated by spot estimates and the length of the data collection period is an important variable. Non-random samples used in qualitative research in Canada likely do not reflect the larger sex worker population represented in advertising. The overall brevity of advertising activity suggests that workers typically exercise agency, reflecting the findings of other Canadian research.
Improvement of non-invasive tests of liver steatosis and fibrosis as indicators for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with elevated cardiovascular risk profile using the PPAR-α/γ agonist aleglitazar
Authors: Grobbee Esmée J. , de Jong Vivian D. , Schrieks Ilse C. , Tushuizen Maarten E. , Holleboom Adriaan G. , Tardif Jean-Claude , Lincoff A. Michael , Schwartz Gregory G. , Castro Cabezas Manuel , Grobbee Diederick E. 
Published: November 2022

BackgroundPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists may have favorable outcomes on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This study serves as proof of concept to evaluate whether dual PPAR-α/γ agonists improve non-invasive tests of liver steatosis and fibrosis.MethodsThis is a post-hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial comprising 7226 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and recent coronary artery disease randomized to receive aleglitazar, a PPAR-α/γ agonists, or placebo for two years. Main outcomes were change in non-invasive tests for liver steatosis and fibrosis: Liver Fat Score (LFS), Liver Accumulation Product (LAP), Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4), and NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS).ResultsLFS, LAP and FIB-4 decreased upon treatment, whereas scores in the placebo group remained the same or increased (P<0.001). NFS responded differently but remained consistently lower than placebo. In the treatment group more participants shifted to a lower FIB-4 and NFS category, or improved in respect to the LAP cut-off values compared to the placebo group (P<0.001 for FIB-4 and LAP,P<0.004 for NFS). LFS had a low discriminative power in this study.ConclusionThis post-hoc analysis showed improvement of non-invasive tests of liver steatosis and fibrosis after starting dual PPAR-α/γ agonist treatment, adding to the evidence that this pathway has potential in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease treatment.