bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual Seal-packaging Enables the Use of Curing at High Temperatures to Reduce Decay and Heal Injury of Citrus Fruits
Authors: Ben-Yehoshu S. , Shapiro B. , Moran R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The marked extension of life of citrus fruit by individual seal-packaging has attracted both basic and commercial interest (5). Delayed physiological deterioration by seal packaging was related to the alleviation of water stress of the harvested fruit (10). A risk from this technique is the possibility that decay might be enhanced by the water-saturated atmosphere of the sealed fruit (5). Although most reports do not describe any marked effect on decay, several noted that the percent decay of ‘Shamouti’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges was lightly increased by seal-packaging (5). This increase could be a function of time, since the storage life of sealed fruit is longer than that of nonsealed fruit (5, 20). Sealing of citrus fruit increased stem-end rot in general and Alternaria rot in particular (5). However, this type of decay usually requires 8 weeks for incubation, longer than fruit are usually kept in sealed packages. The major pathogen causing decay of citrus is still the green mold Penicillium digitatum Sacc. (20).
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Gray D. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The prospect of using plant somatic embryos produced in tissue culture as synthetic seeds has been a subject of increased interest, as evidenced by recent news articles (e.g., refs 7, 8, and 12). This interest is partly stimulated by the now more than 150 agriculturally important species for which somatic embryogenesis has been obtained (14). For example, somatic embryogenesis is now routine in soybean (1, 11) as well as many grasses and cereals (3, 15). In addition, recently reported methods for embryogenesis and plant regeneration from tissue cultures of European larch (10), Norway spruce (5, 6), and sugar pine (4) may represent long-awaited break-throughs for conifers.
Hormonal and Osmotic Effects on Developmental Potential of Maturing Rapeseed
Authors: Finkelstein Ruth R. , Crouch Martha L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seeds account for more than 70% of the world’s food supply, either directly or as potential plants. Unfortunately, not all plants are propagated efficiently through seed. Some crops must be propagated vegetatively, while others have poor seed set. Additionally, attempts to improve seeds by introducing desirable traits via interor intra-specific crosses often result in aborted seeds, yet successful rescue by excision and culture of hybrid embryos demonstrates that the hybrid genotype is viable (14). For these crops, somatic embryogenesis offers the possibility of producing genetically uniform synthetic seed.
Encapsulation of Somatic Embryos in Synthetic Seed Coats
Authors: Redenbaugh Keith , Slade David , Viss Peter , Fujii Jo Ann 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The importance of tissue culture for clonal propagation in agriculture continues to increase each year. In general, commercial use of tissue culture propagation has been limited to crops that have a high per-unit value, such as ornamentals and fruit and nut trees. A lowcost, high-volume propagation system is not available, but could be of significant value to medium per-unit value crops such as lettuce, celery, and many others (Table 1). For these crops, highvolume propagation potential of somatic embryogenesis combined with formation of synthetic seeds for low-cost delivery would open a new field for clonal propagation. Candidate crops for synthetic seed production can be classified into two categories: 1) those that have a strong technological basis, such that high quality somatic embryos can currently be produced, and 2) those with a strong commercial basis. The latter category of crops are those in which seed costs are high because of fertility problems, gamete instability, labor-intensive hybrid seed formation, or a number of other reasons. Currently, there are few crops (Table 1) that meet both requirements and are suitable for synthetic seed technology.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Gray D. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Potential applications of synthetic seed technology to agriculture are numerous, but certain milestones are ahead. The driving force behind commercialization must be the added benefit conferred by use of synthetic seed-derived plants, and this benefit will vary greatly in magnitude depending on specific applications. Increased crop value must be great enough to justify new research and development costs that are not encountered in traditional seed production. Anticipated profit for a few high-value applications will fuel basic advances in technology that will be adaptable to many other crops and applications.
Mechanisms of Rest and Dormancy: Introduction
Authors: Kobayashi Kent D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this symposium was to present current information on the physiological and hormonal mechanisms of dormancy and rest in buds and seeds of temperate plants. Papers in the symposium provide current information on new terminology on dormancy; rest-breaking effects of chilling on seeds and buds; hypotheses of apical dominance, auxin transport, and apical dominance; effect of environmental factors on dormancy development; mechanisms of dormancy breaking agents; and role of abscisic acid in bud dormancy.
Apical Dominance
Authors: Martin George C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
None of the physiological events in plant growth and development is truly independent. Photosynthesis, flowering, and mineral transport are sharply focused areas of research; yet these phenomena are not separable from other metabolic events in the plant. This feature of interdependence may be called correlations (26) or growth correlations (49, 50). The control exerted by the growth zone emanates from a meristem; these meristems include the root or shoot apex, cambium, flowers, fruit, pollen on stigma, and the ovule or seed in a fruit.
Analysis of Apical Dominance in Relation to IAA Transport
Authors: Brenner M. L. , Wolley D. J. , Sjut V. , Salerno D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Correlative inhibition of axillary shoot growth is one aspect of apical dominance that has been extensively investigated, but we still have a limited understanding of how this interesting process is controlled (2). Substantial evidence indicates that auxin, especially IAA synthesized in the apical portion of the plant, can inhibit axillary shoot growth (see refs. 2, 14, and 15) and that the inhibitory effect of IAA is most likely exerted indirectly (see ref. 10). In general, when apical dominance is released by surgical removal of the apical portion of a young plant, release of suppressed growth of axillary buds is detectable within 6 to 12 hr. There are three phases of growth, an initial slow phase, a second accelerated growth phase (see ref. 2) and a subsequent slow phase. There is also considerable information indicating that factors from roots, especially cytokinins, may be important for promotion of axillary shoot growth (12).
Postharvest Senescence of Horticultural Crops: Organizer’s Comments
Authors: Sherman Mark 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Most people have experienced occasions when senescence in a horticultural commodity has disappointed them as consumers. This may have been when a dozen roses, ordered for someone special, failed to open and deliver the visual and fragrant pleasure that was expected. Perhaps it was when the bushel of apples stored in the cellar was found to be shrivelled and too soft to consume. Our personal experiences take on economic significance when one considers the cumulative effect of the losses that occur during the harvesting, handling, storage, and distribution of fresh fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Estimates have placed the losses during marketing at anywhere from 5% to 50%, depending on the commodity. Directly or indirectly, all of these losses are related to processes of senescence.
Suppression of Growth and Plant Moisture Stress of Forsythia with Flurprimidol and XE-1019
Authors: Vaigro-Wolff A. L. , Warmund M. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Flurprimidol and XE-1019, applied at 15.0 and 2.5 mg/plant respectively, suppressed shoot dry weight and increased xylem pressure potential of Forsythia spectabilis Spaeth when drought was induced but did not affect leaf size or root dry weight. XE-1019 did not suppress growth when applied on 28 Aug. 1985. Plants treated with flurprimidol in late August had less shoot growth and higher xylem pressure potential than untreated controls or plants treated with XE-1019. Mefluidide applied as a foliar spray at 5000 mg·liter-1 on 25 June 1985 did not suppress growth or affect plant moisture status of forsythia. None of the growth regulators reduced the transpiration rate of forsythia plants. Chemical names used: N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide (mefluidide); α-(1-methylethyl)- α-[4-trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol); (E)-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (XE-1019).
Growth of Dieffenbachia maculata ‘Perfection’ as Affected by Air and Soil Temperatures and Fertilization
Authors: Conover C. A. , Poole R. T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dieffenbachia [Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd) G. Don ‘Perfection’] were grown at 13° or 18.5°C minimum air temperature (AT) with constant soil temperature (ST) of 13.0°, 18.5°, 24.0°, or 29.5° and fertilized (FR) with 1.4, 2.8, or 4.2 g N/m2 per week from a 3N-1P-2K ratio stock solution. Data from experiments conducted during Winter 1981-82 and 1982-83 showed that air and soil temperatures had greater effects on plant growth than fertilizer rate. Interactions of AT and ST were highly significant for plant height, grade, number of basal breaks, and fresh top and root weights with plants produced at 18.5° AT better than 13° plants at low ST, but not at 29.5° ST. Quadratic responses of plants grown at 18.5° AT to increasing ST were similar to data obtained for tissue Ca and Mg, with lowest tissue levels occurring at the extremes of ST.
Response of Cut Gerbera Flowers to Fluoridated Water and a Floral Preservative
Authors: Tjia B. , Marousky F. J. , Stamps R. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Twenty gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus, ex Hook f.) cultivars were evaluated for longevity in deionized water (DI), deionized water containing 1 mg fluoride (F)/liter, and deionized water containing 200 mg 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) + 20 g sucrose (S)/liter. Flowers of different cultivars differed in fluoride sensitivity. Sensitive cultivars developed necrosis on the tips of ray florets within 12 to 24 hr of exposure to fluoridated water, whereas the least-sensitive cultivars were injured within 4 to 6 days. Petal necrosis was the prim ary factor reducing longevity in fluoridetreated flowers. Petal necrosis did not occur on flowers held in DI or 8-HQC + S. The mean postharvest lives of the 20 cultivars held in fluoridated water, DI, and 8-HQC + S were 2.6, 5.3, and 8.3 days, respectively.
Apparent Effect of Zinc Treatment on the Growth Rate of Pecan Production and Yield
Authors: Sparks Darrell 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rosette was the major pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] production problem prior to the discovery, in 1932, that the disorder was a symptom of Zn deficiency. A comparison of pecan production during the 10-year period prior to 1933 and the 10-year period following 1933 was made to determine the apparent effect of the use of Zn on the growth rate of pecan production from orchards in native and non-native pecan areas. Following the discovery of the cause of rosette, the rate of pecan production increased in non-native but not in native areas. The differential response is proposed to have been due primarily to less severe Zn deficiency in orchards in native than non-native areas. Alternatively, correction of Zn deficiency would have been less likely in native area orchards because of the general ineffectiveness of soil applications of Zn on calcareous soils.
Growth Responses of Seedlings to Varying Rates of Fresh and Aged Spent Mushroom Compost
Authors: Lohr Virginia I. , Coffey David L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Group italica), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), marigold (Tagetes patula L.), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown in 50% (by volume) vermiculite and 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, or 50% fresh or aged spent mushroom compost, with Canadian peat comprising the remaining portion. Percent dry weight of the plants decreased linearly, whereas dry weight, height, and quality ratings showed quadratic responses as the rate of compost in the growing mix increased. Plants were smaller in fresh than in aged spent mushroom compost. Lettuce, marigold, and tomato (moderately salt-sensitive crops) grew best with 25% aged spent mushroom compost, and broccoli (moderately salt-tolerant) grew best with 37.5% aged compost.
Cultivar Identification of Japanese Persimmon by Leaf Isozymes
Authors: Tao Ryutaro , Sugiura Akira 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Leaf extracts of 163 Japanese persimmon cultivars (Diospyros kaki L.) and six other Diospyros species were analyzed for isozyme variation of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI, E C 5.3.1.9) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH, E C 1.1.1.37). With both systems, the bands were sharp and well-resolved, and intracultivar polymorphism was absent. Isozyme phenotypes were more varied with GPI than with MDH. With Japanese persimmons, GPI yielded 24 different banding patterns, and six cultivars were uniquely discriminated by this enzyme alone. MDH produced only three different banding patterns, with none of the cultivars discriminated. When both enzyme systems were taken together, 18 cultivars were uniquely discriminated and the rest could be classified into 22 groups of 2 to 18 cultivars each.
Variation in Desert Willow Flower and Leaf Size
Authors: Tipton Jimmy L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Apparent differences in flower and leaf size among Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet accessions were investigated. Corolla area ranged from 6.4 to 15.9 cm2, with significant differences among plants. Leaf width ranged from 5 to 17 mm, length from 80 to 206mm, and area from 1.7 to 12.7 cm2, with significant differences among plants for all three measurements. Leaf width accounted for 62.3% of the variability in area, length accounted for 17.7%, and width and length combined accounted for 89.7%. Width and length were not related.
Genotype and Plastic Mulch Effects on Earliness, Fruit Characteristics, and Yield in Muskmelon
Authors: Maiero Marisa , Schales Franklin D. , Ng Timothy J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Four open-pollinated cultivars of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naud.) and five hybrids among them were grown with clear plastic mulch, black plastic mulch, and on bare soil to study genotype × mulch interactions for days to hermaphroditic flowering, days to fruit maturity, fruit soluble solids, fruit weight, and yield. Interactions were not significant for any trait measured, indicating that all genotypes responded similarly to mulch treatments. Diallel analysis showed that general combining ability (GCA) was greater than specific combining ability (SCA) for all traits measured, suggesting that additive variance was more important than nonadditive variance. Plastic mulches increased fruit maturity and total yields but reduced soluble solids content.
In Vitro Adventitious Shoot Formation from Anthers of Pomegranate
Authors: Moriguchi T. , Omura M. , Matsuta N. , Kozaki I. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Anthers of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) were cultured in vitro on nutrient media containing BA and NAA. Callus from anther walls were produced after 30 days of culture. Subsequently, adventitious shoots were formed by transferring callus to a medium containing 2.0 μm of BA and 0.5 μm of NAA. Regenerated shoots had a diploid chromosome number of 18. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H/purin-6-amine (BA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Outdoor Sand-Nutrient Culture System
Authors: Peck Nathan H. , MacDonald George E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many different hydroponic systems and methods have been used for growing plants. This report describes an outdoor sand-nutrient culture system that has been used for more than 10 years to study the response of vegetables to inorganic nutrition under natural outdoor conditions and with controlled rooting conditions. The system is simple, dependable, and provides abundant aeration for plant roots.
Chilling Sensitivity of Roselle
Authors: Wolfson D. , Marani A. , Steinitz B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is an annual herbaceous subshrub believed to be indigenous from India to Malaysia (2). It is a short-day plant (1), and when grown at the latitude of Israel (32°N), the earliest possible date of flower initiation is 5 Aug. Preliminary studies have indicated that vegetative and reproductive growth ceases in autumn (5), which may be due to exposure to low night temperatures. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity of roselle to chilling at different growth stages.
A System to Control Root-zone Temperature
Authors: Graves William R. , Dana Michael N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Most systems used for controlling rootzone temperature (RZT) involve grouping plants in each treatment together in one temperature-controlling apparatus (3, 5). The power of experiments using systems with grouped plants is limited because the groups constitute single experimental units during data analysis. Some systems have overcome this problem, but reports may lack fabrication details (2) or indicate a limited RZT range was used (1, 4). We designed a precise, inexpensive system capable of achieving a wide range of RZT in which individual plants are discrete experimental units.
Influence of Ancymidol on Growth and Interior Quality of Syngonium podophyllum ‘White Butterfly’
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Compared to floriculture crops, relatively little research has evaluated the effects of growth retardants on production and interior quality of foliage plant species. Ancymidol decreased intemode length in several foliage plant species (1–3), but not china green or dieffenbachia (3). Ancymidol improved interior performance of Epipremnum aureum and Pilea depressa (2). This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ancymidol on growth of Syngonium podophyllum ‘White Butterfly’ in production and simulated interior conditions.
‘Summercrisp’ Pear
Authors: Luby J. J. , Bedford D. S. , Hoover E. E. , Munson S. T. , Gray W. H. , Wildung D. K. , Stushnoff C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Summercrisp’ is a cold-hardy, early-season pear (Pyrus spp. L.) cultivar introduced by the Univ. of Minnesota for use in cold climates where most pear cultivars grow poorly and do not fruit consistently. The name ‘Summercrisp’ connotes the early harvest season and that the fruit is best consumed without ripening, while the flesh is firm and crisp.
‘Victory’ Dieffenbachia
Authors: Henny R. J. , Conover C. A. , Poole R. T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dieffenbachia species and cultivars have been important ornamental tropical foliage plants for many years. Their attractive foliar variegation, ease of production, and adaptability to interior environments are major reasons for their importance as commercial foliage plants. About 20 cultivars have been produced commercially in Florida. Most new cultivars were obtained from private plant collections or as mutations of established cultivars. Because dieffenbachias occur naturally in a diversity of sizes, growth habits, and variegation patterns, they were included as part of the foliage plant breeding program at the Central Florida Research and Education Center—Apopka. The hybrid Dieffenbachia × ‘Victory’, herein described, was developed and selected as a part of the program.
Horticulture in Michigan and at Michigan State University
Authors: Iezzoni Amy F. , Kelly John F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Michigan State Univ. (MSU) has a long history of rendering outstanding service to the citizens of Michigan, the nation, and the world. Founded in 1855 as the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan, the teaching institution soon began its tripartite mission of instruction, research, and public service. In 1862, the college became a prototype for the 68 land-grant colleges established under the Morrill Act. Now, 132 years later, MSU has 11 baccalaureate-granting colleges that offer more than 125 programs, many of these offering multiple fields of concentration, and an enrollment of ≈42,000 students.
“Hiring Horticulture Graduates“ or “Where Are the Horticulture Graduates”
Authors: Smeal Paul L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The ornamental horticulture industry, including nursery production, landscaping, grounds management, and garden center and retail sales is experiencing the greatest growth and sales in its history. The demand for nursery stock, goods, and services has exceeded all expectations, and it will continue. One result of this growth has been an increasing demand for trained horticulturists, but there are not enough to satisfy that demand. Student enrollment in ornamental horticulture is declining at a time when demand for BS graduates exceeds the supply. At present, there are five to 10 job openings for every graduate. Why is this happening? There are several reasons, but the one of primary importance is low income potential, especially low starting salaries. It is difficult to attract students to a profession that offers a marginal income.
Preharvest Growing Conditions and Postharvest Behavior of Subtropical and Temperate-zone Fruits
Authors: Monselise Shaul P. , Goren Raphael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The science and practice of growing plants and the study of their usable parts and products are traditionally two separate fields of horticulture. The former is the domain of production physiologists, the latter of postharvest physiologists. Nevertheless, it is common knowledge now that preharvest conditions are of the outmost consequence to the quality of postharvest products. Indeed, in the past 25 years, reports on studies linking preharvest factors and postharvest behavior have become more frequent (3, 5, 20, 28), but we know of a few attempts to survey their interaction in a general way.
Effects of Thidiazuron and CPPU on Meristem Formation and Shoot Proliferation
Authors: Fellman Cynthia D. , Read Paul E. , Hosier Mary A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
N-phenyl-N′1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron) and several substituted pyridyl phenylurea compounds have been demonstrated to stimulate in vitro meristem and shoot formation at unusually low concentrations. These compounds appear to have strong cytokinin-like effects on a wide range of species and on species that respond little to conventional cytokinins. Thidiazuron has been reported to stimulate shoot proliferation in several woody species (e.g., Acer and Malus). The addition of 0.5μm N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) to the culture medium caused dramatic shoot number increases in hardy dedicuous azaleas (Rhododendron sp.) cultured in vitro. In petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr.) leaf test systems both thidiazuron and CPPU caused greater proliferation when used as explant dips or in the medium than similar treatments with N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA). Further possible applications and roles for these compounds are discussed.