bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imperial Go-Betweens
Authors: Fisher Samuel K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Not all Gaelic and Indian people agreed that French connections offered the best way to cope with the exclusionary constitution. Some imperial go-betweens pursued a more accommodating course, forming a counter-balance to French influence within their own communities as well as to the most exclusionary tendencies of the British. Often enough, these imperial go-betweens also met suspicion from British officials, who prized the exclusionary constitution above the possible support of Gaels and Indians. While they endured suspicion both from excluded communities and from the government in the first half of the eighteenth century, these imperial go-betweens would ultimately play a crucial role in shaping Britain’s empire in the second half. Crucially, these voices of cooperation were often saying the same things their Francophile fellows were about the evils of the exclusionary constitution. They would play a key role in its downfall.
Reform
Authors: Fisher Samuel K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Atlantic ’45 forced imperial officials to question the exclusionary constitution as a strategy for managing imperial diversity. In its wake, provincial Britons, imperial officials, and imperial go-betweens engaged in an empire-wide debate about whether it should be replaced and what would replace it. Crucially, imperial officials came to see provincial Britons as at least partly to blame for the empire’s inability to keep Gaelic and Indian people within the fold. Imperial go-betweens also exerted their influence on the process, pushing officials toward inclusive empire as the way forward and arguing for conciliation rather than a renewed crackdown as the best way for the empire to manage diversity.
King George Will Have Us All
Authors: Fisher Samuel K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Gaelic and Indian contributions to the shaping of Britain’s empire following the Seven Years’ War. As imperial leaders debated the empire’s future, weighing the merits of various approaches to managing diversity, Gaelic and Indian people intervened in powerful ways that helped inclusive empire carry the day. Scottish Highlanders defended Highland soldiers, Irish Catholics formed agrarian secret societies, and Indigenous nations went to war to resist exclusionary empire. Gaelic and Indian communities divided among themselves about whether to trust the empire, or on what terms they could do so. By resisting exclusionary arrangements, they pushed the empire in inclusive directions, but not without cost to themselves and not without underlining, once again, that this was an alliance of “interest,” not friendship.
Movements After Revolution
Authors: Rodríguez Miles V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Movements After Revolution is a history of how and why people’s movements organized and struggled in the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution of 1910-20. Focusing on the first decade after the Revolution in 1920-30, it explains the rise of an unprecedented variety of organizations among industrial workers and rural communities, and how they fought for a vast array of demands and diverse forms of justice. The most independent and strategic parts of the labor movement and the agrarian movement grew in relation to Communist organizers who sought to create a national revolutionary alliance against capitalism and the state, as part of an international revolutionary movement for socialism. In response to national crises and changes in global revolutionary strategy, these parts of the labor movement and the agrarian movement formed unique allied organizations and prepared for ultimately ruinous struggles with companies, landlords, and the state. By examining the roles of activists, their antagonists, divisive contexts, and complex consequences, this work offers original insights into the influences and limits of the Revolution on people’s movements in Mexico.
Getting Started
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets the stage for the rest of the book by clarifying some of the key concepts, discussing why people care about free will, providing a preliminary sketch of the author’s own view of free will, and articulating the primary aim of the book. Concepts clarified include decision-making, the ability to do otherwise than one did, moral responsibility, and free will itself. Two different approaches to conceptualizing free will are explained. They are dubbed straight and mixed and clarified further in subsequent chapters. It is suggested that one important source of our caring about free will is the value we place on it being up to us—at least sometimes—what we do. What is valued is a certain kind of control over what we do. The book’s primary aim is identified as helping readers to think through the questions raised about free will for themselves.
A Whirlwind Tour
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of a possible condition that the author calls deep openness. What is needed for people to have deep openness when they make a decision is that more than one option is open to them at the time, given everything as it actually is at the time—their mood, all their thoughts and feelings, their brains, and their environment, along with the entire universe and its entire history. It is explained that this condition, which is claimed by some philosophers to be necessary for deciding freely, depends on the falsity of determinism. A toy model of deep openness is created and used as a springboard for exploring whether deep openness contributes to free will or instead precludes it because of the luck deep openness brings with it. A parallel issue is raised about moral responsibility.
Mixing It Up
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter has three main goals. The first is to develop a problem that considerations of luck pose for believers in free will who maintain that people decide freely only if their decision is undetermined at the moment they make it. The second goal is to sketch a potential solution to this problem. The potential solution acknowledges the existence of luck in the imagined circumstances and offers an explanation of why the luck involved leaves room for free decision-making. The third goal is to describe a view of how a decision’s being made in the imagined circumstances may make a positive contribution to free will. Related issues discussed include the bearing of luck of the sort at issue on moral responsibility, how neonates might develop into free and morally responsible agents, and the bearing of Frankfurt-style stories on the chapter’s main topics.
Wrapping Things up
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This concluding chapter is partly a review of some landmarks from earlier chapters and partly a presentation of the author’s own position on free will. Landmarks include leading conceptions of free will and arguments—both philosophical and neuroscience-based—for skepticism about free will. The author’s own position combines a reflective agnosticism about compatibilism versus incompatibilism with the belief that it is more credible that free will exists than that it does not. The chapter explains why this combination is possible and what is attractive about it, both theoretically and practically. The book’s aim has been to take readers on a philosophical journey that gives them a good feel for the interesting issues, options, and arguments that need to be dealt with in any respectable attempt to arrive at a position on free will, thereby helping them to think things through for themselves.
Unhappy China
Authors: Blanchette Jude 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter details how Bo Xilai became the Party secretary of Chongqing and how he set about transforming the city into a staging ground for his political assault on Beijing. Having found local popularity and national acclaim for his Chongqing Model, Bo next turned to a widespread and ruthless anticrime campaign named “strike black,” a reference to the organized crime, known in Chinese as the “black society.” Bo’s unabashed use of state violence in the “strike black” campaign evoked comparisons to Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution by many liberals. Online, Bo’s legions of neo-Maoist supporters issued striking declarations of solidarity. By the summer of 2011, Utopia cofounder Yang Fan was having second thoughts about the organization he had helped launch and expand for nearly a decade. He was also rethinking his support for Bo Xilai and the Chongqing Model. The chapter then looks at how Bo was stripped of his position as Chongqing Party head and was expelled from the CCP in 2012; he was charged with corruption, abuse of power, and bribery.
Forgetting History Is a Betrayal
Authors: Blanchette Jude 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses how China was facing a crisis of ideology, of politics, of organization, of discipline, and of confidence when Xi Jinping assumed office in November 2012. Xi’s drive to reform the Chinese political system spared few, least of all the Communist Party itself. The goal of these reforms was to arrest and reverse the CCP’s internal decay by restoring rigid political and organizational discipline in order that the Party lead the Chinese people to the “national rejuvenation” that Xi first outlined in November 2012. Far from being a relic of the 20th century, in Xi’s mind the Party was bold, capable, disciplined, and absolutely vital to China’s continuing rise. Ultimately, Xi Jinping has inherited the world his predecessors’ decisions shaped, and at the center of that world remains Mao Zedong.
Red Nation
Authors: Blanchette Jude 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The epilogue studies whether neo-Maoists still matter. As an emergent, independent political force that can fundamentally reshape Chinese politics, the answer is no. Xi Jinping is not worried about neo-Maoists, and he does not need to worry about being outflanked to the left, as, perhaps, his predecessors once did. The Communist Party holds a firm grip on both the digital and physical realm, which means neo-Maoists have few avenues for dissent. And, broadly speaking, they are not inclined to press the challenge so long as Xi proclaims the glory of the CCP, shows sympathy for Mao Zedong, and asserts China’s interests on the global stage. He may not be as radical as some neo-Maoists would like, but when compared to the “compradors” they believed ran Party for much of the Reform and Opening period, he is a big improvement. The critical question is this: how much longer will this iteration of the CCP leadership be in power?
The Expressive Value of Answering Survey Questions
Authors: Graham Matthew H. , Huber Gregory A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces a new method for understanding the expressive value of answering survey questions. Drawing on data from a survey-embedded experiment that allowed participants to choose to answer additional questions, the authors generate several novel findings. Most survey respondents derive expressive benefits from answering survey questions; expressive benefits are greatest for questions about matters that are easily connected to partisan politics; and expressive responding appears to be driven more by internal factors than by a desire to be “heard” by others. The anticipation of partisan political content in a survey introduces a sorting effect: Respondents who choose to answer questions about politicized rumors are also more partisan in their responses than those who choose not to answer such questions. The results have implications for research designs that aim to alter the expressive context of surveys, such as paying for correct answers, list experiments, recruiting materials that advertise a survey’s content, and designs that use the threat of a longer survey to vary the cost of selecting different response options.
Conspiracy Theories and Political Identities
Authors: Enders Adam , Uscinski Joseph 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter draws on a recent survey of Americans to gauge the popularity of prominent conspiracy theories and understand their causes. The authors establish two main causes underlying belief in conspiracy theories: for many, partisan bias encourages belief in conspiracy theories aligned with their political views; for some, a psychological attraction to conspiracy beliefs motivates their adoption regardless of political content. Conspiracy theories and beliefs are ever present, but they are most likely to proliferate during polarized periods such as the present, when partisan elites are increasingly willing to push conspiracy theories for political gain.
Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter
Authors: Godbold, Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book is a dual biography of Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, the powerful First Couple who attempted to use their presidency and their long post-presidency to bring peace, human rights, and justice to all peoples of the world. It describes in intimate detail their tumultuous involvement in national and international politics as well as their personal lives. From intensive research in presidential archives, declassified documents, personal papers and interviews, the Carters emerge as among the greatest peacemakers of their century. The book includes new revelations about the Camp David Accords, the normalization of relations with China, the infamous “October Surprise,” and other events of their presidency. Famous for their work with Habitat for Humanity, they have devoted most of their time, post-presidency, to the Carter Center, an institution they founded to promote universal good health, democracy, and peace. When Carter won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002, he immediately declared that the prize belonged equally to Rosalynn and the Carter Center. Poet, writer, Sunday School teacher, Jimmy Carter has remained active until well into his nineties.
Candidate from the South, 1975
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how Carter set out to become the first president from the Deep South to be elected in more than a century. It shows how he and his wife Rosalynn, working as a political team, used their Georgia background, experience in the Navy, and success governing Georgia to become advocates of human rights and racial equality. The chapter also discusses Carter’s father Earl, his strict parenting and also his charitable work, and the fact that he appeared to be a more important molding parent than Jimmy’s famous mother Lillian. Finally, the chapter shows how Jimmy and Rosalynn put together a campaign team headed by Hamilton Jordan and set about proving that a Southerner could win the presidency.
“It’s Going to Happen”
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the results of the early state primaries and the Carters response to them. It shows the confidence of Rosalynn Carter, who after Carter had entered all except one of the Democratic primaries and was fighting hard to win them, told a reporter that “It’s going to happen.” An astute politician who had worked diligently with Jimmy, his Aunt Sissy Dolvin, and other family members, she believed that Carter would win the Democratic nomination. Despite public opposition from Lester Maddox, and with the help of their neighbors calling themselves “the Peanut Brigade,” the Carters won Iowa, New Hampshire, and enough other states to expect it to happen.
A Different Presidency
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter opens by describing how, after being sworn in as the thirty-ninth president of the United States on January 20, 1977, Jimmy Carter, his wife Rosalynn, and their children, walked along Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House. That unprecedented act indicated that Carter intended to be accessible to the people and establish an administration atypical of his predecessors. The chapter goes on to show how Carter brought an African-American woman, Mary Fitzpatrick, to the White House to be his daughter Amy’s nanny, and he and Rosalynn enrolled Amy in a public school. Rosalynn established the Office of First Lady and assumed an active role in the administration. Carter chose cabinet members and other appointees on the basis of merit, and he opened the recreational facilities at the White House to staff members and their families. He went to work his first day in office.
Rosalynn Steps Out
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how, from the moment of her husband’s inauguration, Rosalynn made clear that she would be a working First Lady. She promoted mental health care and care for the elderly and children, but she also gave political advice and became involved in policy discussions. Carter reiterated that she was his “equal partner,” and he proved it in June 1977 when he named her as ambassador to Latin America. She visited seven countries with the authority of the president himself. She occasionally sat in on cabinet meetings, suggested appointees to government positions, and traveled widely in the United States and abroad supporting the country’s human rights policies. By bringing the wives of heads of state into foreign policy issues, she often succeeded to help the United States win its points. No US First Lady had ever exercised such power and influence over the presidency as she did.
The Perils of Political Courage
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers Carter’s view that promoting human rights, diplomacy, and legislation that served the best interests of the people and the cause of international peace was more important to him than winning reelection. By returning the Crown of St. Stephen to the Hungarian people, Carter defied conservative US voters, especially including Eastern European immigrants who had become citizens, who did not want him to give it to a Soviet satellite. His drive to complete the treaties that would give the Panama Canal to the Panamanians was so unpopular that his advisers, including Rosalynn, said he should not do it during his first term or he would never be reelected. He bucked her opposition, as well as that of powerful Democratic Senator John C. Stennis. With the help of Republican Senator Howard Baker, he got the treaties completed and ratified. He also stood up to the allies, especially West Germany, with his demand that they contribute more support to NATO and support the US determination to complete the SALT II arms reduction treaty with the Soviet Union.
Quiet Path to Camp David
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes how Rosalynn suggested to Jimmy that if they invited Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin to come to isolated and serene Camp David, it might be the right environment for them to be able to negotiate a peace treaty between their two nations. Carter was skeptical but agreed to try, and some say that thus Rosalynn became the architect of the Camp David Accords. The chapter goes on to show that Walter Mondale thought the time was right for such a conference, though when, at a summit in Bonn, Germany, Carter tried to convince the allies of this he had little luck doing so, especially in reaching Chancellor Helmut Schmidt of West Germany who did not like Carter’s insistence that he should bear more of the cost of NATO and that an arms treaty with the Soviet Union would not endanger Western Europe. Carter invited Begin and Sadat to Camp David, but kept it low key and took a major vacation the month beforehand.
Carter’s Coup: China
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers one of President Carter’ accomplishments, completing what former President Richard Nixon had begun, namely the normalization of relations with China. The chapter shows that China’s Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping wanted it to happen, while Zbigniew Brzezinski and Cyrus Vance did the preliminary work that led to Deng’s coming to the White House to sign the agreement. Finally, it shows that this was a significant coup because Carter accomplished this normalization while at the same time negotiating the SALT II agreement with the Soviet Union and without the Soviets knowing he was dealing with China. Deng left Washington to tour the US before returning to China, and Carter had to defend his agreement with critics who argued that he had violated an old treaty the US had with Taiwan.
Dangerous Rhetoric and a Harmless Rabbit
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with domestic issues, in particular an accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear plant in Pennsylvania, after which President Carter had to reassure the nation that there was no danger to nearby citizens and that nuclear energy was still safe. He visited the plant, confirmed his faith in nuclear energy, and addressed the nation again on the nation’s energy crisis. The chapter goes on to relate how shortly after, he installed solar panels on the roof of the White House to demonstrate the possibility that solar energy might be a major part of the answer to the nation’s need for non-petroleum based energy. It also deals with foreign affairs, in particular the crisis caused by the shah roaming the world looking for a place to live: Carter refused to allow him into the US for fear Muslim radicals in Iran would capture the US embassy and take its personnel hostage. Finally, Carter had to deal with the absurd accusation that he was attacked by a “killer rabbit” while fishing on his pond near Plains.
Crisis of Confidence
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter opens with a speech Carter delivered on July 15, 1979, that became a turning point in his career. Entitled “Crisis of Confidence,” it specified problems in US society that the government needed to address and outlined a complicated energy program. Based upon ideas that Pat Caddell got from reading Christopher Lasch and presented to Rosalynn, the speech was not what Carter needed to boost his rating. While Walter Mondale, Hamilton Jordan, and Stuart Eizenstat all advised against it, Rosalynn thought it was a good idea. Clark Clifford referred to the “malaise” in the country, and Carter’s enemies quickly labelled the speech “malaise” even though he had never used the word. In preparation Carter isolated himself at Camp David where he invited groups of government officials and private citizens to tell him was wrong in the country. After the speech, he called for the resignations of all of his cabinet members, most of which he did not intend to accept, but his action caused many officials and citizens to lose confidence in him.
Keeping the Faith
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter relates how Carter was deterred from neither his presidential responsibility nor his plan to win reelection by the disappointment and negative political fallout from the failed rescue attempt. He worked harder on find a way to get the hostages freed, including approaching Algeria, a non-aligned Communist nation for help. The chapter also shows how Carter dealt with the Mariel Boatlift, which transported thousands of Cuban refugees to the United States where he gave them sanctuary in Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, and elsewhere until they could be assimilated into US society. As the demands of his presidency became more intense, so did the pressure from Ted Kennedy to take the job away from him.