bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Emission from Defect Levels in Multilayer MoS2
Authors: Lin Yuankun , Hathaway Evan , Habis Fatimah , Wang Yuanxi , Rodriguez Roberto Gonzalez , Alnasser Khadijah , Hurley Noah , Cui Jingbiao 
Published: July 2022

AbstractRealizing stimulated emission from defects in 2D‐layered semiconductors has the potential to enhance the sensitivity of characterizing their defects. However, stimulated emission from defects in layered materials presents a different set of challenges in carrier lifetime and energy level design and is not achieved so far. Here, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and first‐principles theory are combined to reveal an anomalous PL intensity–temperature relation and strong polarization effects at a defect emission peak in annealed multilayer MoS2, suggesting defect‐based stimulated emission. The emergence of stimulated emission behavior is also controllable (by temperature) and reversible. The observed stimulated emission behavior is supported by a three‐level system involving two defect levels from chalcogen vacancies and a pump level from the conduction band edge. First‐principles calculations show that the special indirect gap that enables stimulated emission is not native to pristine bulk MoS2 and only emerges under thermal strain.
Heterovalent Doping Enabled Efficient and Stable Extrinsic Self‐Trapped Exciton Emission in Zero‐Dimensional Cesium Zinc Halides
Authors: Geng Dongling , Cai Bo , Ouyang Zuoling , Cheng Peiru , Li Bo , Zeng Haibo 
Published: July 2022

AbstractLead‐free metal halides with 0D crystal structures have stimulated the interest of researchers due to their remarkable photoelectric capabilities, long‐term stability, and environmentally friendly nature. Here, an efficient cyan‐emitting copper(I)‐doped 0D cesium zinc halide is developed via a simple solution synthesis approach and valence stabilization strategy. The broad emission band, substantial Stokes shift, and relatively long decay time all point to extrinsic self‐trapped excitons as the source of the emission. The photoluminescence quantum yield increases from 85.3% to 93.6% after codoping with Al3+ at Zn sites, which can be attributed to an increase in distortion of [CuCl4]3‐ polyhedrons caused by a decrease in local structure symmetry. Meanwhile, the environmental stability of Cu+‐Al3+ codoped samples is also boosted significantly by the distortion‐assisted charge compensation effect. Density functional theory calculations and investigations of temperature‐dependent photoluminescence behaviors back up the luminescence mechanism proposed above. The current study provides new possibilities for developing copper(I)‐relevant metal halides with high luminescence efficiency and excellent environmental stability.
Optical and Thermoelectric Behavior of Phagraphene with Site‐Specific B‐N Co‐Doping
Authors: Ghosh Mainak , Ghosal Supriya , Jana Debnarayan 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPhagraphene is a theoretically predicted hybridized, se‐mimetallic allotrope of graphene. The semimetallic nature of phagraphene is robust against external strain and B‐N co‐doping. Being experimentally realized in a nanoribbon form, this is quite fascinating in the present scenario. In this theoretical study, optical and thermoelectric properties of phagraphene and its site‐dependent B‐N co‐doped analogous configurations are critically investigated employing density functional theory. As a consequence of inherent rectangular symmetry and direction‐dependent behavior of the structures, anisotropic optical responses are obtained. The strain‐induced optical responses further confirm these observations. Different positions of the optical peaks for distinct configurations lead to an elegant way of structural identifications. The absorption spectra of the structures reveal that low‐energy optical transitions take place due to orbitals. Besides, static dielectric constant and refractive index are enhanced for the co‐doped structures. Furthermore, the thermoelectric responses of the structures are explored by adapting the semi‐classical Boltzmann transport equation. Importantly, a significantly higher figure of merit has been perceived, which is quite uncommon among graphene allotropes.
A New Multi‐Phase Field Model for the Electrochemical Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Chen Qingqing , Li Zuosheng , Tang Sai , Liu Wensheng , Ma Yunzhu 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA profound understanding on the corrosion kinetics and mechanisms is crucial to help improve the corrosion resistance of alloys. Corrosion of aluminum alloys is very complex due to the interplay among a bunch of electrochemical reactions, and the influences of diversified precipitates. In this work, a new multi‐phase field method is constructed to quantitatively analyze the corrosion kinetics of aluminum alloys, and a semi‐implicit algorithm is developed to solve the numerical divergence resulted by the terms of reactions in concentration equations. Then, this new method is successfully used to simulate the pitting processes in the cases of a uniform matrix, a polycrystalline matrix, and a non‐uniform matrix with secondary phase for aluminum alloys. More generally, the framework of this multi‐phase field model can potentially be used to study the corrosion of other alloy systems, and microstructure evolution of a broad range of electrochemistry processes.
Design and Testing of Autonomous Chargeable and Wearable Sweat/Ionic Liquid‐Based Supercapacitors
Authors: Selvam Samayanan , Park Young‐Kwon , Yim Jin‐Heong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis work demonstrates ionic liquid electrolyte‐inscribed sweat‐based dual electrolyte functioning supercapacitors capable of self‐charging through sweat electrolyte function under a non‐enzymatic route. The supercapacitor electrodes are fabricated from TREN (tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine), poly‐3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene, and a graphene oxide mixture with copper‐mediated chelate, and this polymer‐GO‐metal chelate film can produce excellent energy harvest/storage performance from a sweat and ionic liquid integrated electrolyte system. The fabricated device is specifically designed to reduce deterioration using a typical planar structure. In the presence of sweat with ionic liquid, the dual electrolyte mode supercapacitor exhibits a maximum areal capacitance of 3600 mF cm−2, and the energy density is 450 mWhcm−2, which is more than 100 times greater than that from previously reported supercapacitors. The supercapacitors were fabricated/attached directly to textile fabrics as well as ITO‐PET (Indium tin oxide (ITO)‐polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film to study their performance on the human body during exercise. The self‐charging performance with respect to sweat wetting time for the sweat@ionic liquid dual electrolyte showed that the supercapacitor performed well on both fabric and film. These devices exhibited good response for pH effect and biocompatibility, and as such present a promising multi‐functional energy system as a stable power source for next‐generation wearable smart electronics.
2D Magnetic Heterostructures and Emergent Spintronic Devices
Authors: Hao Qinghua , Dai Hongwei , Cai Menghao , Chen Xiaodie , Xing Yuntong , Chen Hongjing , Zhai Tianyou , Wang Xia , Han Jun‐Bo 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe discovery of 2D intrinsic magnetic materials with ultrathin structures and smooth surfaces has enabled the investigation of fundamental magnetism physics and creation of spintronic devices. By vertically stacking 2D magnetic materials with other magnetic or nonmagnetic materials, various magnetic heterostructures and spintronic devices can be developed. Recent progress in emergent 2D magnetic heterostructures and spintronic devices is reviewed. First, various typical 2D magnetic materials and methods for constructing and characterizing magnetic heterostructures are briefly introduced. Then, magnetic heterostructures composed of magnetic/nonmagnetic and magnetic/magnetic materials are summarized, and recent advances in spintronic devices fabricated using magnetic heterostructures and the device performance are presented. Finally, an outlook for the future development of 2D magnetic heterostructures and spintronic devices is presented.
Soft Biomaterials Based Flexible Artificial Synapse for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Guo Tao , Ge Jiawei , Sun Bai , Pan Kangqiang , Pan Zhao , Wei Lan , Yan Yong , Zhou Y. Norman , Wu Yimin A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractArtificial synapses are vital for neuromorphic computing chips that can potentially revolutionize von Neumann systems. Biomaterials‐based bio‐memristors have been investigated as synaptic emulators to develop neuromorphic computing chips due to their biocompatibility, degradability, flexibility, and low costs. However, the existing biomaterials‐based artificial synapses suffer from limited biological synapse functions, insufficient reliability, and poor endurance. Particularly, protein‐based artificial synapse with stable synaptic performances of long‐term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD) for neuromorphic computing is challenging. Here, the soft material of egg albumen@CuO are employed to develop an artificial synapse. The device can mimic bio‐synaptic functionalities, including the excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC), spike‐number‐dependent plasticity (SNDP), paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF), and LTP/LTD. High accuracy of 95% has been obtained by the neuromorphic computing simulation for pattern recognition. Combining with density functional theory calculations, multiphysics simulations, and electrical measurements, the analog resistive switching mechanism is attributed to electron hopping. In addition, the device is flexible and can be used to develop wearable systems. The results shed light on the biocompatible and wearable neuromorphic computing chips.
Photo‐Synaptic Oxide Transistors with Al2O3/SiOx Stacked Gate Dielectric Exhibiting 1024 Conduction States with Good Linearity
Authors: Lim Jung Wook , Park Min A. , Kim Jieun 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTiO2‐based photo‐synaptic transistors employing a stacked SiOX/Al2O3 gate dielectric are fabricated. The trapped charges at the interface between the gate dielectric and the channel induce a channel current threshold shift that displays synaptic behavior. When a positive gate voltage pulse is applied, the transfer curve shifts positively. In contrast, the curve shifts negatively under 365 nm wavelength UV pulses. The magnitude of the threshold shift is dependent on the optical pulse time. A 5 ms optical pulse shifts the transfer curve to the negative direction but the semiconducting properties of the channel are maintained. Increasing the optical pulse time to 0.5 s causes the channel to exhibit metallic behavior. When optical and electrical pulses are applied alternately, reversible shifts between the metallic and semiconducting states can be induced. The pulse‐paired facilitation time constants of the device for an optical pulse stimuli of 2 ms are 0.9 s and 26.6 s, verifying excellent photo‐synaptic properties. Short‐term plasticity measurements revealed 1024 distinctly separate conduction states with good linearity. Synaptic potentiation and depression are simulated by applying a continuous supply of optical pulses followed by an idle dark condition and good symmetric behavior is observed.
Electrode Engineering in MoS2 MOSFET: Different Semiconductor/Metal Interfaces
Authors: Li Yang , Zhang Xisai , Duan Xinpei , Niu Wencheng , Zhao Shengjie , He Xiaobo , Huang Hao , Liu Xingqiang , Zou Xuming , Li Lei , Shan Fukai , Yang Zhenyu 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe formation of Ohmic contact between metal electrode and 2D semiconductor channel is considered a key factor for performance improvement of 2D metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MOSFET). However, the Schottky barrier at the metal electrode/2D semiconductor interfaces cannot be lowered effectively due to the pinning effect of Fermi levels, which makes it hard to obtain lower Ohmic contact resistance. Until now, although physical transfer metal electrode or inserted tunneling layer has been reported to get rid of the Fermi‐level pinning effect, these different designs of electrode engineering are not systematically compared. To serve better Ohmic contact, three different designs of electrode engineering are employed in 2D MoS2 MOSFET: evaporating Ag electrode on MoS2, transferring MoS2 to Ag electrode, and inserting ultrathin AlOx tunneling layer. Our experimental results demonstrate that the transferring MoS2 to Ag electrode in 2D MoS2 MOSFET can obtain the lowest contact resistance and Schottky barrier of 0.45 Ωcm and 12.8 meV, respectively. On this basis, photodiodes with obvious rectifying behavior are fabricated using schemes of electrode engineering, due to their different Schottky barrier high. The detailed contrastive analysis in our three different designs of electrode engineering can provide valuable guidance to optimize the performance of 2D semiconductor MOSFET.
Correlation of age and the diameter of the cervical nerve roots C5 and C6 during the first 2 years of life analyzed by high‐resolution ultrasound imaging
Authors: van der Linde Jacoba , Jenny Carole , Hundsberger Thomas , Broser Philip J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAimTo analyze the increase in diameter of the nerve roots C5 and C6 in early childhood.MethodsThe nerve roots of 56 children aged 0 days to 10 years (47 younger than 2 years) were examined by high‐resolution ultrasound imaging. The correlation of diameter and age was statistically tested and a logarithmic regression analysis was performed to develop a logarithmic growth model.ResultsThe increase in nerve root diameter is greatest during the first 2 years of life and then the growth rate decreases steadily. The relationship between age and diameter follows a logarithmic curve (p < 10–8).InterpretationThe main increase in the diameter of the nerve roots happens in the first 2 years of life. Comparing data from a previous study, our data also suggest that the maturation of the proximal part of the median nerve is comparable to the maturation of its distal segments. This suggests a synchronous maturation of the axons and myelin sheath for the whole extent of the nerve, from the radix to its very distal part.What This Paper AddsNormative values for the size of the cervical nerve roots C5 and C6; an insight into the maturation of the proximal parts of the peripheral nervous system; and the correlation between age and cervical root diameter.
Influence of dexmedetomidine on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Yu Hui , Kang Hui , Fan Jingxiu , Cao Ge , Liu Bin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIntroductionDexmedetomidine (Dex) is suggested to be neuroprotective. However, influence of Dex on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in the elderly remains unknown.MethodsWe performed a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effect of Dex on POCD. Relevant studies were obtained by search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane's Library databases. A random‐effect model was used to pool the results.ResultsFourteen RCTs including 1626 adults of 60 years or older who received surgery with general anesthesia were included. Because methodologically diverse scales were used for POCD, eight RCTs with POCD diagnosed with Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) were included in the meta‐analysis, while the remaining six RCTs with POCD diagnosed with other scales were qualitative synthesized. Pooled results of RCTs with MMSE showed that Dex significantly reduced the incidence of POCD (risk ratio: 0.47, 95% confidence interval: 0.37–0.60, p < 0.001) with no significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%) or publication bias (p for Egger's regression test = 0.579). For the remaining six RCTs with POCD diagnosed with other scales, three of them showed that Dex was associated with a significantly lower incidence of POCD, while the other three RCTs did not show a significant difference.ConclusionsDex is associated with a reduced risk of POCD in elderly patients receiving surgeries with general anesthesia, and the results were mainly obtained in studies with POCD diagnosed with MMSE. Based on these findings, Dex may be considered as a preventative measure for POCD in elderly patients.
Effects of toxic apolipoprotein E fragments on Tau phosphorylation and cognitive impairment in neonatal mice under sevoflurane anesthesia
Authors: Yu Yang , Yang Man , Zhuang Xiaoli , Pan Jiacheng , Zhao Yue , Yu Yonghao 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundAnesthesia induces Tau phosphorylation and cognitive impairment in young, but not adult, mice. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) may play a protective role in neuronal activity and injury repair, whereas its toxic fragments are reported to induce neurodegeneration and neurocognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, we set out to test the hypothesis that the difference in ApoE fragments, but not the full‐length ApoE, contributes to the difference in Tau phosphorylation and neurocognitive functions following sevoflurane anesthesia in young mice.MethodsSevoflurane was administered to wild‐type (WT), ApoE‐knockout (ApoE‐KO), ApoE3‐targeted replacement (ApoE3 expresses both full‐length and fragmented ApoE), and ApoE2‐targeted replacement (ApoE2 only expresses full‐length ApoE) mice. The mRNA and protein levels of ApoE, phosphorylated Tau (pTau), and cognitive function were tested in the mice.ResultsSevoflurane anesthesia enhanced ApoE mRNA, total ApoE, full‐length ApoE, ApoE fragments, Tau phosphorylation (AT8 and PHF1), and cognitive impairment in young mice, but not in adult mice. ApoE2, but not ApoE3 or ApoE‐KO, mice showed reduced sevoflurane‐induced pTau elevation and cognitive impairment.ConclusionThese data suggest that elevated ApoE fragments rather than full‐length ApoE might be one of the underlying mechanisms of age‐dependent Tau phosphorylation and cognitive impairment in young mice following sevoflurane anesthesia.
Which diversity measures best capture public company value?
Authors: Foster Benjamin P. , Manikas Andrew S. , Kroes James R. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPrior research has shown that companies' diversity efforts lead to improved company performance and market value. However, measuring and comparing diversity is a challenge for firms since there is not a comprehensive, universally accepted method to measure firm diversity. This study evaluates three publicly available proxy measures (the Human Rights Campaign Foundation's Corporate Equality Index (CEI) ratings and Bloomberg's environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores, and a Board of Directors gender diversity index) that report on various aspects of firm diversity to assess which are most closely associated with long‐term company value using panel regression. We find that higher CEI ratings and Bloomberg's ESG scores are significantly associated with higher Tobin's q levels. A Granger causality analysis found evidence that diversity efforts at firms lead to higher future market performance, not that firms with better market performance are more likely to increase their diversity.
Toward a “modern coexistence theory” for the discrete and spatial
Authors: Ellner Stephen P. , Snyder Robin E. , Adler Peter B. , Hooker Giles 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe usual theoretical condition for coexistence is that each species in a community can increase when it is rare (mutual invasibility). Traditional coexistence theory implicitly assumes that the invading species is common enough that we can ignore demographic stochasticity but rare enough that it does not compete with itself, even after it has reached a stationary spatial distribution. However, short‐distance dispersal of discrete individuals leads to locally dense population clusters, and existing theory breaks down. We have an intuition that when we account for invader–invader competition, shorter‐range dispersal should reduce the invader's ability to escape competition, but exactly how does this translate into lower population growth? And how will invader discreteness affect outcomes? We need a way of partitioning the contributions to coexistence, but current modern coexistence theory (MCT) does not apply under these conditions. Here we present a computationally based partitioning method to quantify the contributions to coexistence from different mechanisms, as in MCT. We also build up an intuition for how invader clumping and discreteness will affect these contributions by analyzing a case study, a lattice‐based spatial lottery model. We first consider fluctuation‐dependent coexistence, partitioning the contributions of variable environment, variable competition, demographic stochasticity, and their correlations and interactions. Our second example examines fluctuation‐independent coexistence maintained by a fecundity–survival trade‐off, and partitions the contributions to coexistence from interspecific differences in fecundity, in mortality, and in dispersal. We find that demographic stochasticity harms an invader, but only slightly. Localized invader dispersal, on the other hand, can have a strong effect. When invaders are more clumped, they compete with each other more intensely when rare, so they too become limited by environment‐competition covariance. More invader clumping also means that variation in competition changes from helping the invader to harming it. More broadly, invader clumping is likely to weaken any coexistence mechanism that relies on the invader escaping competition from the resident, because invader clumping means that the resident is no longer the only source of competition.
Sociodemographic and geographic differences in the US epidemiology of autoimmune hepatitis with and without cirrhosis
Authors: Bittermann Therese , Lewis James D. , Levy Cynthia , Goldberg David S. 
Published: July 2022

Background and Aims:
Data on the epidemiology of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in the United States are limited. This study investigated the sociodemographic and geographic factors associated with AIH incidence and prevalence with and without cirrhosis.

Approach and Results:
In a retrospective cohort of adults in the Optum Clinformatics Data Mart (2009–2018), we identified AIH cases using a validated claims‐based algorithm. Incidence and prevalence were compared between sociodemographic subgroups. Logistic regression evaluated the association of US Census Division with AIH incidence and the factors associated with incident AIH with cirrhosis. From 2009 to 2018, the age‐ and sex‐standardized prevalence of AIH in the Optum cohort was 26.6 per 100,000 persons with an incidence of 4.0 per 100,000 person‐years. AIH incidence increased earlier among Hispanics (age 50–59 years) and later among Asians (≥80 years). Adjusted AIH incidence was higher in the Mountain Division (odds ratio [OR] 1.17) and lower in the Pacific (OR 0.68), Middle Atlantic (OR 0.81), and West North Central Divisions (OR 0.86 vs. East North Central; p < 0.001). Male sex (OR 1.31, p = 0.003), Black race (OR 1.32, p = 0.022), and Hispanic ethnicity (OR 1.37 vs. non‐Hispanic White, p = 0.009) were associated with incident AIH with cirrhosis. Incident AIH with cirrhosis was greater in the West South Central Division (OR 1.30 vs. South Atlantic; p = 0.008).

Conclusions:
AIH epidemiology differs according to sociodemographic and geographic factors in the United States. Studies are needed to determine the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors underlying the heterogeneity in AIH risk and outcomes.