bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies to Address Gendered Racism in Science Research Careers: a Scoping Review
Authors: Salmon Udeni 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe prevalence of gendered racism has resulted in the ongoing under-representation of women of color in science careers. Furthermore, organizational strategies enacted through HR policy and training claim to address such inequality, yet often fail to address the impact of both race and gender. As a result, women of color develop their own individual coping and resistance strategies, thus putting the onus for countering gendered racism onto its victims. This paper offers a scoping review of the extant literature, using Floya Anthias’ intersectional model of social spaces to identify gaps in the literature. The model organizes the literature into Anthias’ four social spaces: organizational, interpersonal, representational, and experiential. In identifying gaps in the literature, the study highlights theoretical pathways for future research. The study finds that strategies relating to gendered racism within organizational policy are over-represented, while strategies addressing intersubjective behaviors and the representation of women of color in organizations are under-represented.
Demographic and social anxieties: the second demographic transition in Asia
Authors: Gietel-Basten Stuart 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAsia is now, predominantly, a continent of ‘low’ fertility—one of the features of the Second Demographic Transition. Across the continent, this feature of our population has sprouted concern and anxiety, primarily expressed in macroeconomic terms. Low fertility is directly linked to the twin challenges of population aging and stagnation/decline. We know, however, that maximizing human capital and institutional reform is a much more effective way of responding to these two ‘grand challenges’ in the short- and medium-term. Why, then, is there such a panic about the lack of babies? In this commentary, I argue that much of the concern is grounded in a ‘fear’ of some of the features of the Second Demographic Transition (SDT)—or, at least, a caricatured version of it—taking root in Asian societies. But how concerned should they be? The papers in this special issue clearly demonstrate that the pathway towards ‘full SDT’ has developed in a very uneven way, perhaps so much so that some may argue the SDT is not a viable tool for understanding family change in (much of) Asia. However, this caricature of what the SDT ‘is’ can be unhelpful. There is no doubt that ideals and attitudes are changing (even if many others are not). Therefore, if we rather consider the SDT as a “general narrative that leaves room for many sub-narratives”, the evidence from Asia clearly demonstrates that there are many sub-narratives operating within a general transition towards some of the key societal and familial features of the SDT.
A high prevalence of Cutibacterium acnes infections in scoliosis revision surgery, a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma
Authors: Gelderman Stefan J. , Faber Christhoper , Kampinga Greetje A. , Jutte Paul C. , Ploegmakers Joris J. W. , Glaudemans Andor W. J. M. , Wouthuyzen-Bakker Marjan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate if serum inflammatory markers or nuclear imaging can accurately diagnose a chronic spinal instrumentation infection (SII) prior to surgery.

Methods
All patients who underwent revision of spinal instrumentation after a scoliosis correction between 2017 and 2019, were retrospectively evaluated. The diagnostic accuracy of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (FDG–PET/CT) and Technetium-99m-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) 3-phase bone scintigraphy (TPBS) to diagnose infection were studied. Patients with an acute infection or inadequate culture sampling were excluded. SII was diagnosed if ≥ 2 of the same microorganism(s) were isolated from intra-operative tissue cultures.

Results
30 patients were included. The indication for revision surgery was pseudoarthrosis in the majority of patients (n = 15). 22 patients (73%) were diagnosed with SII. In all infected cases, Cutibacterium acnes was isolated, including 5 cases with a polymicrobial infection. The majority of patients had low inflammatory parameters preoperatively. For CRP > 10.0 mg/L, the sensitivity was 9.1% and specificity 100%; for ESR > 30 mm/h, the sensitivity was 9.1% and specificity 100%. The diagnostic accuracy for nuclear imaging was 64% for the FDG–PET/CT and 67% for the TPBS to diagnose infection.

Conclusions
The prevalence of SII in patients undergoing revision spinal surgery is high, with Cutibacterium acnes as the main pathogen. No diagnostic tests could be identified that could accurately diagnose or exclude SII prior to surgery. Future studies should aim to find more sensitive diagnostic modalities to detect low-grade inflammation.
Extended family migration decisions: evidence from Nepal
Authors: Monteiro Stein 
Published: October 2022

AbstractExtended families are a common feature of developing country households and have a large influence on individual family members’ decision to migrate. This paper generalizes the Mincer (J Polit Econ 86(5):749–773, https://doi.org/10.1086/260710, 1978) model of husband-wife migration by including decision makers from the extended family. The model with extended families predicts that migration decisions may become freer than in the husband-wife model because spouses are not more likely to be tied to their partners than members of the extended family. That is, marital status is a smaller deterrent to migration in extended family settings relative to nuclear families. Using data from 2011 and 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys, I show that husbands are more likely to migrate without their spouses (i.e., leave their wives behind) from extended families than nuclear ones.
Taste and the history of science: introduction
Authors: Hendriksen Marieke M.A. , Wragge-Morley Alexander 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this introduction, we argue that the time is right to explore the role that taste has played in the history of science. For a long time, scientists, philosophers and historians regarded taste as incompatible with the production of knowledge, contrasting the apparent subjectivity of taste with the objectivity supposedly required by the sciences. In recent years, however, the intellectual foundations of this presumed incompatibility have broken down, presenting us with new opportunities to reassess how people use the sensory and mental operations of taste to obtain scientific knowledge. This introduction therefore begins by surveying the intellectual and scholarly landscape, seeking to explain the relative lack of attention to taste in the history of science, arguing that this inattention is misplaced. In turn, it continues by discussing the work that has led growing numbers of historians of science to take taste more seriously – most notably historical accounts revealing that the exclusion of taste from the domain of knowledge was the product of contingent circumstances that did not apply in early centuries, and may not apply today. Finally, by way of introducing the contributions to this issue, the introduction discusses the methodological innovations deployed by historians of science to better reckon not only with taste, but also with the forms of knowledge to which taste might lead.
Quantifying uncertainty in land cover mappings: An adaptive approach to sampling reference data using Bayesian inference
Authors: Phillipson Jordan , Blair Gordon , Henrys Peter 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMappings play an important role in environmental science applications by allowing practitioners to monitor changes at national and global scales. Over the last decade, it has become increasingly popular to use satellite imagery data and machine learning techniques (MLTs) to construct such maps. Given the black-box nature of many of these MLTs though, quantifying uncertainty in these maps often relies on sampling reference data under stricter conditions. However, practical constraints can sampling such data expensive, which forces stakeholders to make a trade-off between the degree of uncertainty in predictions and the costs of collecting appropriately sampled reference data. Furthermore, quantifying any trade-off is often difficult, as it will depend on many interdependent factors that cannot be fully understood until more data is collected. This paper investigates how a combination of Bayesian inference and an adaptive approach to sampling reference data can offer a generalizable way of managing such trade-offs. The approach is illustrated and evaluated using a woodland mapping of England as a case study in which reference data is collected under constraints motivated by COVID-19 travel restrictions. The key findings of this paper are as follows: (a) an adaptive approach to sampling reference data allows an informed approach when quantifying this trade-off; and (b) Bayesian inference is naturally suited to adaptive sampling and can make use of Monte Carlo methods when dealing with more advanced problems and analytical techniques.
Notes on the Aesthetics of Medieval Islamic Art—and of Medieval Persian Painting
Authors: HILLENBRAND ROBERT 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe article sets the discussion of Islamic art within the very animated discussions of the last few decades by many prominent scholars that have sought to pinpoint its nature and that have highlighted the twin dangers of over-generalisation and too narrow a focus. Given that the parameters of the discussion have undergone radical change, and the need to revise traditional paradigms, the article confines itself to Islamic art in the medieval period and the central Islamic lands, especially through the prism of nature. Problems of definition and of the usefulness of medieval texts, and the roles of abstraction and contemplation, are reviewed in turn and the article ends with an attempt to define more closely the aesthetics of a single branch of Islamic art, namely medieval Persian book painting.
Saving lives by asking questions: nurses’ experiences of suicide risk assessment in telephone counselling in primary health care
Authors: Wärdig Rikard , Engström Ann-Sofie , Carlsson Annelie , Wärdig Frida , Hultsjö Sally 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Aim:
To explore nurses’ experiences of suicide risk assessment in telephone counselling (TC) in primary health care (PHC).

Background:
Globally, priority is given to developing suicide prevention work in PHC. However, suicide risk assessments in TC are not included in these interventions even though these are a common duty of nurses in PHC. More expertise in the field can contribute to knowledge important for developing nurses’ tasks within PHC.

Methods:
A qualitative interview study was conducted with 15 nurses. Data were analysed using conventional content analysis.

Findings:
As suicide risk assessment in TC is a common duty for nurses in PHC, they need to be listened to and given the right conditions to perform this work. The nurses lack training in how to carry out suicide risk assessments and are forced to learn through experience. Intuition guides them in their work. A prerequisite for making correct assessments over the telephone is that the nurses are given time as well as the right competence. The PHC organisation needs to create these conditions. Furthermore, interventions to support suicide prevention need to include strategies to help nurses perform suicide assessment in TC.
Developing genetic resources and genetic analysis of plant architecture-related traits in teosinte-introgressed maize populations
Authors: Adhikari Sneha , Joshi Anjali , Kumar Amarjeet , Singh Narendra Kumar , Jaiswal Jai Prakash , Jeena Anand Singh , Pant Usha 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTeosinte, the wild progenitor of maize, has immense potential for providing unique traits and is more divergent compared to inbred lines and landraces. One hundred and sixty-nine teosinte-introgressed maize backcross inbred lines were developed to widen the genetic base of maize with predomestication alleles. The population was evaluated phenotypically and genotypic data of 76 SSR markers were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) governing the targeted traits. Sixty-six QTLs were detected for eight plant architect-related traits that are spread over 10 different chromosomes with phenotypic variation ranging from 2.29 to 13.97%. Maximum three stable QTLs were recorded for days to anthesis (DA) followed by two for days to silking (DS), plant height (PH) and node bearing first ear (NBE). For rest of three traits namely flag leaf length (FLL), flag leaf width (FLW) and ears per plant (E/P) only one stable QTL was detected. Among the 16 common QTLs, the marker phi328178-linked QTL governed four characters (DA, DS, FLL, FLW) simultaneously, followed by umc1622-linked (ASI, FLW, E/P), umc2341-linked (DA, DS, NBE) and phi075-linked QTLs (ASI, PH, NBE) controlling three traits each. Remaining 12 QTLs controlled two characters. Molecular association between co-localized QTLs for different traits was also validated at the phenotypic level by significant correlation estimates. For eight studied traits, 53 superior lines were identified which along with parents (teosinte and maize inbred DI-103) were grouped into 12 clusters. Therefore, lines clustered independently can be combined to accumulate desirable traits for the improvement of maize.
Who is the civilian population? Ensuring IHL is implemented for the protection of the entirety of the civilian population – including persons with disabilities
Authors: Priddy Alice 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDespite progress in recent years, including UN Security Council Resolution 2475 of 2019, there remains a significant gap in our awareness of the disability dynamics of armed conflict and the barriers that persons with disabilities experience in accessing the protections of international humanitarian law (IHL). This brief article will consider the protective purpose of IHL and the diversity of civilian populations, and, focussing on the principle of proportionality as an example, demonstrate how IHL must be interpreted, implemented and monitored in a manner that is inclusive and reflects the reality that civilian populations are diverse.
Manganese Limitation of Phytoplankton Physiology and Productivity in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Hawco Nicholas J. , Tagliabue Alessandro , Twining Benjamin S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAlthough iron and light are understood to regulate the Southern Ocean biological carbon pump, observations have also indicated a possible role for manganese. Low concentrations in Southern Ocean surface waters suggest manganese limitation is possible, but its spatial extent remains poorly constrained and direct manganese limitation of the marine carbon cycle has been neglected by ocean models. Here, using available observations, we develop a new global biogeochemical model and find that phytoplankton in over half of the Southern Ocean cannot attain maximal growth rates because of manganese deficiency. Manganese limitation is most extensive in austral spring and depends on phytoplankton traits related to the size of photosynthetic antennae and the inhibition of manganese uptake by high zinc concentrations in Antarctic waters. Importantly, manganese limitation expands under the increased iron supply of past glacial periods, reducing the response of the biological carbon pump. Overall, these model experiments describe a mosaic of controls on Southern Ocean productivity that emerge from the interplay of light, iron, manganese and zinc, shaping the evolution of Antarctic phytoplankton since the opening of the Drake Passage.
The Signature of Lithospheric Anisotropy at Post‐Subduction Continental Margins: New Insight From XKS Splitting Analysis in Northern Borneo
Authors: Bacon C. A. , Rawlinson N. , Pilia S. , Gilligan A. , Wehner D. , Cornwell D. G. , Tongkul F. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe relative paucity of recent post‐subduction environments globally has meant that, so far, little is known about tectonic processes that occur during and after subduction termination, as previously convergent tectonic plates adjust to the new stress regime. The region of Southeast Asia that now encompasses northern Borneo has been host to two sequential episodes of subduction—both now terminated—since the mid‐Paleogene. It is expected that these processes will have left signatures in the fabric of the upper mantle, which are manifest in the form of seismic anisotropy. We investigate the evidence for, and alignment of, anisotropic fabrics by measuring the splitting of a family of teleseismic shear phases. These observations provide a measure of the orientation of the effective anisotropic elastic tensor, in the form of the orientation of the fast shear‐wave polarization, ϕ, and add constraints on the strength of the anisotropic fabric, in the form of the delay time, δt. We observe two principal trends across northern Borneo that appear to be confined to the lithosphere. These patterns are likely related to tectonic processes associated with subduction, continental collision, and oceanic basin formation, events that can exert primary influence on the formation of post‐subduction settings.
Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Rapid Weakening of Tropical Cyclones After Reaching Their Intensity Peaks Over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Zhou Yanchen , Zhan Ruifen , Wang Yuqing , Wu Zhiwei , Chen Guanghua , Wang Lan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe sudden transition to rapid weakening immediately after a tropical cyclone (TC) reaches its intensity peak (hereafter TP‐RW) is a challenge to operational TC intensity forecasts, but the characteristics and the controlling factors of the TP‐RW have not been investigated so far. In this study, the main characteristics of the TP‐RW events over the western North Pacific (WNP) and the corresponding key controlling factors and their relative importance are analyzed and quantified. Results show that about 2.5 TP‐RW events occurred each year, which corresponds to about 10% of total TCs over the WNP during 1982–2018. The TP‐RW events occurred in all months but peaked in fall and were the most likely to occur for TCs with intensities between 90 and 145 kt. The sea surface temperature, the TC maximum potential intensity and translational speed, the environmental vertical wind shear and relative humidity are key to the TP‐RW. Four distinct clusters of the TP‐RW events are identified based on their tracks using the K‐means clustering algorithm. The relative contribution of each of the identified key factors to each cluster is quantified using the growth rate from the simplified dynamical system for TC intensity prediction developed by DeMaria. The reversal of the growth rate from positive to negative values is shown to be a good indicator of the TP‐RW processes. Different clusters are predominantly controlled by different key factors. The findings from this study can help better understand TC intensity changes and improve TC intensity forecasts for such kind of RW.
Climatological Significance of δD‐δ18O Line Slopes From Precipitation, Snow Pits, and Ice Cores at Summit, Greenland
Authors: Kopec Ben G. , Feng Xiahong , Osterberg Erich C. , Posmentier Eric S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHydrogen (δD) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopic ratios are strongly correlated in precipitation over time and space, defining the meteoric water line, and the slope of this δD‐δ18O relationship reflects covariations of deuterium excess (d‐excess) with δD or δ18O. This δD‐δ18O line provides a tool for inferring hydrologic processes from the evaporation source to condensation site. Here, we present δD‐δ18O relationships on seasonal and annual timescales for daily precipitation, snow pits, and a 15‐m ice core (Owen) at Summit, Greenland. Seasonally, precipitation δD‐δ18O slopes are less than 8 (summer = 7.70; winter = 7.77), while the annual slope is greater than 8 (8.27). We suggest that intra‐season slopes result primarily from Rayleigh distillation, which, under prevailing conditions, produces slopes less than 8. The summer line has a greater intercept (higher d‐excess) than the winter line. This separation causes annual slopes to be greater than seasonal ones. We attribute high summer d‐excess primarily to contributions of vapor sublimated from the Greenland Ice Sheet and other terrestrial sources. High sublimated moisture proportions result in a large separation between seasonal δD‐δ18O lines, and thus high annual slopes. Inter‐seasonal weighting of precipitation amount also influences annual slopes because slopes are weighed by the number of storms each season. Using snow pit measurements, we demonstrate that precipitation isotopic signals translate to the snowpack. We generate indices to determine Sublimation Proportion Index and Precipitation Weighting Index, and find that annual Owen core δD‐δ18O line slopes are significantly related to these indices, demonstrating that these factors are recorded in ice cores.
Structural Architecture and Deformation History of Tempe Terra, Mars
Authors: Orlov C. J. , Bramham E. K. , Thomas M. , Byrne P. K. , Piazolo S. , Mortimer E. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe structurally complex region of Tempe Terra, located in the northeast of the Tharsis Rise on Mars, preserves deformation related to the growth of Tharsis and lies along the trendline formed by the Tharsis Montes volcanoes. We characterize the spatiotemporal tectonic evolution of Tempe Terra based on comprehensive structural mapping. From this mapping, we identified 16 cross‐cutting fault sets and placed these in relative time order, based on a hybrid approach using cross‐cutting relationships and buffered crater counting. We are thus able to provide a broad framework for understanding the timing of development for the Tharsis Rise and Tharsis Montes axial trend (TMAT). Our work shows that Tempe Terra has experienced three distinct stages of tectonic activity from the Middle Noachian to the Late Hesperian. Stage 1 involved E–W extension followed by localized NE–SW extension, which produced local zones of N and NW faulting through the center and west of Tempe Terra in the Noachian. Stage 2 produced intense NE‐oriented faulting concentrated along the TMAT in the Early Hesperian as a result of a discrete period of NW–SE extension and local volcanism. Stage 3 involved NW–SE extension coinciding with Tharsis volcanic activity, which generated a regional fabric of ENE‐trending graben distributed across Tempe Terra from the Early to Late Hesperian. We observe an overall peak in tectonic activity in the Early Hesperian and find that Tharsis‐related extensional deformation in the form of NE‐oriented radial faulting did not start in Tempe Terra until this time.
Enlighten the non-illuminated region by phase segregation of mixed halide perovskites
Authors: Lv Yan , Zhang Junran , Chen Xiaolong , Wang Lin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe well-known ion migration in mixed halide perovskites has been intensely investigated within the area under uniform light illumination. Here, the authors demonstrate that the anion segregation in these materials is a nonlocal effect of which the ion redistribution may occur at a macroscopic or mesoscopic scale beyond.