bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causal effect of autoimmune liver diseases on cancer: Meta‐analyses of cohort studies and Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Gu Dongqing , Zhang Min , Wang Yutong , Bai Ye , Wang Xin , Deng Guohong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackground and AimsPrior studies suggested that patients with autoimmune liver diseases (AiLDs) had an increased risk of cancer, whereas the causal effect remained unclear.MethodsMeta‐analyses concerning the relationship between AiLD and cancer risk were performed to calculate the pooled relative risk (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Then, the associations with a p value of <.05 were further validated by two‐sample Mendelian randomization studies.ResultsA total of 37 cohort studies covering more than 34 558 patients were included, and we observed an increased risk of overall cancers (pooled RR = 3.64, 95% CI: 2.64–5.03, p < .001) and cancer‐related death (pooled RR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.73–3.53, p < .001) for patients with AiLD. Besides, overall and several site‐specific cancers risk were found in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) (p < .05). However, associations between genetically predisposed AIH, PBC, and PSC and the risk of specific cancers did not reach a significant level, except for PBC and gastric cancer (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93–0.99; p = .02).ConclusionsIn addition to hepatobiliary cancer, results from the meta‐analyses suggest that patients with AiLD might have an increased risk of several extrahepatobiliary cancers. However, the causal role of AiLD in cancer development needs to be further investigated.
Identification of a rapidly‐spreading triple mutant for high‐level metabolic insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae provides a real‐time molecular diagnostic for antimalarial intervention deployment
Authors: Njoroge Harun , van't Hof Arjen , Oruni Ambrose , Pipini Dimitra , Nagi Sanjay C. , Lynd Amy , Lucas Eric R. , Tomlinson Sean , Grau‐Bove Xavi , McDermott Daniel , Wat'senga Francis T. , Manzambi Emile Z. , Agossa Fiacre R. , Mokuba Arlette , Irish Seth , Kabula Bilali , Mbogo Charles , Bargul Joel , Paine Mark J. I. , Weetman David , Donnelly Martin J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractStudies of insecticide resistance provide insights into the capacity of populations to show rapid evolutionary responses to contemporary selection. Malaria control remains heavily dependent on pyrethroid insecticides, primarily in long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Resistance in the major malaria vectors has increased in concert with the expansion of LLIN distributions. Identifying genetic mechanisms underlying high‐level resistance is crucial for the development and deployment of resistance‐breaking tools. Using the Anopheles gambiae 1000 genomes (Ag1000g) data we identified a very recent selective sweep in mosquitoes from Uganda which localized to a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes. Further interrogation revealed a haplotype involving a trio of mutations, a nonsynonymous point mutation in Cyp6p4 (I236M), an upstream insertion of a partial Zanzibar‐like transposable element (TE) and a duplication of the Cyp6aa1 gene. The mutations appear to have originated recently in An. gambiae from the Kenya‐Uganda border, with stepwise replacement of the double‐mutant (Zanzibar‐like TE and Cyp6p4‐236 M) with the triple‐mutant haplotype (including Cyp6aa1 duplication), which has spread into the Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania. The triple‐mutant haplotype is strongly associated with increased expression of genes able to metabolize pyrethroids and is strongly predictive of resistance to pyrethroids most notably deltamethrin. Importantly, there was increased mortality in mosquitoes carrying the triple‐mutation when exposed to nets cotreated with the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Frequencies of the triple‐mutant haplotype remain spatially variable within countries, suggesting an effective marker system to guide deployment decisions for limited supplies of PBO‐pyrethroid cotreated LLINs across African countries.
Naturally stressed? Glucocorticoid profiles in blubber of blue and gray whales in response to life history parameters
Authors: Melica Valentina , Atkinson Shannon , Calambokidis John , Gendron Diane , Lang Aimee , Scordino Jonathan 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe goal of the present study was to carry out a thorough methodological validation and describe baseline profiles for glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol and corticosterone) in blubber from blue (n = 77) and gray (n = 103) whales from the eastern North Pacific Ocean. For each species, we modelled cortisol and corticosterone concentrations in response to life history parameters (age, sex, reproductive status) and season or geographic location. In blue whales, cortisol concentrations did not vary significantly by age class, sex, or reproductive status, whereas corticosterone was significantly lower in immature than in adult females (p < .001). In gray whales, cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in lactating whales (p < .05), while corticosterone was significantly different between females and males (p = .001) and elevated in calves (p = .003). In gray whales, corticosterone concentrations were significantly lower in males sampled later in the year (August to November) compared to both sexes sampled between March and August (p = .05), but no seasonal trend occurred in blue whales. Our results indicate that glucocorticoid actions vary between species and sex in large whales. Analysis of multiple hormones improves our understanding of the physiology of maintaining metabolic homeostasis or coping with chronic stressors.
ATP depletion plays a pivotal role in self‐incompatibility, revealing a link between cellular energy status, cytosolic acidification and actin remodelling in pollen tubes
Authors: Wang Ludi , Lin Zongcheng , Carli José , Gladala‐Kostarz Agnieszka , Davies Julia M. , Franklin‐Tong Vernonica E. , Bosch Maurice 
Published: July 2022

Summary

Self‐incompatibility (SI) involves specific interactions during pollination to reject incompatible (‘self’) pollen, preventing inbreeding in angiosperms. A key event observed in pollen undergoing the Papaver rhoeas SI response is the formation of punctate F‐actin foci.

Pollen tube growth is heavily energy‐dependent, yet ATP levels in pollen tubes have not been directly measured during SI. Here we used transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing the Papaver pollen S‐determinant to investigate a possible link between ATP levels, cytosolic pH ([pH]cyt) and alterations to the actin cytoskeleton.

We identify for the first time that SI triggers a rapid and significant ATP depletion in pollen tubes. Artificial depletion of ATP triggered cytosolic acidification and formation of actin aggregates. We also identify in vivo, evidence for a threshold [pH]cyt of 5.8 for actin foci formation. Imaging revealed that SI stimulates acidic cytosolic patches adjacent to the plasma membrane.

In conclusion, this study provides evidence that ATP depletion plays a pivotal role in SI upstream of programmed cell death and reveals a link between the cellular energy status, cytosolic acidification and alterations to the actin cytoskeleton in regulating Papaver SI in pollen tubes.
Accommodation lags are higher in myopia than in emmetropia: Measurement methods and metrics matter
Authors: Kaphle Dinesh , Varnas Saulius R. , Schmid Katrina L. , Suheimat Marwan , Leube Alexander , Atchison David A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPurposeTo determine whether accommodative errors in emmetropes and myopes are systematically different, and the effect of using different instruments and metrics.MethodsSeventy‐six adults aged 18–27 years comprising 24 emmetropes (spherical equivalent refraction of the dominant eye +0.04 ± 0.03 D) and 52 myopes (−2.73 ± 0.22 D) were included. Accommodation responses were measured with a Grand Seiko WAM‐5500 and a Hartmann–Shack Complete Ophthalmic Analysis System aberrometer, using pupil plane (Zernike and Seidel refraction) and retinal image plane (neural sharpness—NS; and visual Strehl ratio for modulation transfer function—VSMTF) metrics at 40, 33 and 25 cm. Accommodation stimuli were presented to the corrected dominant eye, and responses, referenced to the corneal plane, were determined in the fellow eye. Linear mixed‐effects models were used to determine influence of the refractive group, the measurement method, accommodation stimulus, age, race, parental myopia, gender and binocular measures of heterophoria, accommodative convergence/accommodation and convergence accommodation/convergence ratios.ResultsLags of accommodation were affected significantly by the measurement method (p < 0.001), the refractive group (p = 0.003), near heterophoria (p = 0.002) and accommodative stimulus (p < 0.05), with significant interactions between some of these variables. Overall, emmetropes had smaller lags of accommodation than myopes with respective means ± standard errors of 0.31 ± 0.08 D and 0.61 ± 0.06 D (p = 0.003). Lags were largest for the Grand Seiko and Zernike defocus, intermediate for NS and VSMTF, and least for Seidel defocus.ConclusionsThe mean lag of accommodation in emmetropes is approximately equal to the previously reported depth of focus. Myopes had larger (double) lags than emmetropes. Differences between methods and instruments could be as great as 0.50 D, and this must be considered when comparing studies and outcomes. Accommodative lag increased with the accommodation stimulus, but only for methods using a fixed small pupil diameter.
Surgical Treatment of Vertical Shear Pelvic Fracture Associated with a Lumbosacral Plexus Injury through the Lateral‐Rectus Approach: Surgical Techniques and Preliminary Outcomes
Authors: Zhan Xiaorui , Xu Kangshuai , Zheng Qiubao , Chen Sheqiang , Li Jiacheng , Huang Hai , Chen Yuhui , Yang Cheng , Fan Shicai 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveTo examine the surgical techniques and preliminary outcomes of the lateral rectus approach (LRA) for treating vertical shear (VS) pelvic fracture associated with lumbosacral plexus (LSP) injury.MethodsThis study was a retrospective trial. From August 2010 to October 2017, 29 patients withVSpelvic fractures involving LSP injury who were treated with the LRA were included in this study. The patients were 18–61 years old, with a mean age of 36.2 years. All patients underwent neurolysis, open reduction, and internal fixation (ORIF) through the LRA. The fracture reduction was evaluated using the Matta criteria, and the neural recovery was evaluated by muscle strength grading proposed by the British Medical Research Council (BMRC).ResultsAll 29 patients underwent the surgery successfully. The mean operating time was 155.2 ± 32.1 min (range: 105–220 min). The mean operative blood loss was 1021.4 ± 363.4 mL (range: 400–2000 mL). All patients were followed‐up for at least 24 months (mean, 32.8 ± 13.5 months; range: 24–96 months). According to the Matta criteria, there were 17 excellent cases, nine good cases, and three fair cases in 29 patients. The ratio of excellent‐to‐good cases was 89.66%. According to the criteria of the Nerve Injuries Committee of the British Medical Research Council (BMRC), the recovery of nerve and muscle strength achieved to M5 (full recovery of neurological symptoms) was 14 cases, M4 (fine recovery of neurological symptoms), seven cases; M1, M2, and M3 (partial recovery of neurological symptoms), five cases, and M0 (no recovery of neurological symptoms), three cases.ConclusionsLRA is a safe and feasible surgical approach for treatingVSpelvic fractures with LSP injury, which can be used to perform nerve exploration and release from the front, reduce the fracture, and fix it with the anterior iliac plates and/or sacroiliac screws.
THEORIA TO THEORY (AND BACK AGAIN): INTEGRATING MASTERMAN'S WRITINGS ON LANGUAGE AND RELIGION
Authors: Wiseman Harris 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis article explores three aspects of Masterman's language work and applies them to questions of spiritual intelligence: metaphor, coherence, and ambiguity. First, metaphor, which is ubiquitous in ordinary language, both leads and misleads in religious and scientific understanding. Masterman's case for a “dual‐approach” to thinking, both speculative and critical, is explored and tied to concepts of moral‐spiritual development per Pierre Hadot and Hannah Arendt. Second, Masterman's work on machine translation presents semantic disambiguation as an emerging coherence wherein one gradually hones in on meaning through features of ordinary language (like redundancy and repetition). This is applied to the problem of comprehending difficult spiritual language, and tied to spiritual stretching and spiritual cartography. Third, Masterman's work with thesauri, rather than relying on words as having fixed meanings, appeals to a concept of semantic spaces, nebulae of variously interconnected meanings. This is constructed into an exhortation to reambiguate overfamiliar religious language, to reinvest one's quotidian surroundings with spiritual meaning through defamilarization.
Standard intensities of transcranial alternating current stimulation over the motor cortex do not entrain corticospinal inputs to motor neurons
Authors: Ibáñez Jaime , Zicher Blanka , Brown Katlyn E. , Rocchi Lorenzo , Casolo Andrea , Del Vecchio Alessandro , Spampinato Danny , Vollette Carole‐Anne , Rothwell John C. , Baker Stuart N. , Farina Dario 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTranscranial alternating current stimulation (TACS) is commonly used to synchronize a cortical area and its outputs to the stimulus waveform, but gathering evidence for this based on brain recordings in humans is challenging. The corticospinal tract transmits beta oscillations (∼21 Hz) from the motor cortex to tonically contracted limb muscles linearly. Therefore, muscle activity may be used to measure the level of beta entrainment in the corticospinal tract due to TACS over the motor cortex. Here, we assessed whether TACS is able to modulate the neural inputs to muscles, which would provide indirect evidence for TACS‐driven neural entrainment. In the first part of the study, we ran simulations of motor neuron (MN) pools receiving inputs from corticospinal neurons with different levels of beta entrainment. Results suggest that MNs are highly sensitive to changes in corticospinal beta activity. Then, we ran experiments on healthy human subjects (N = 10) in which TACS (at 1 mA) was delivered over the motor cortex at 21 Hz (beta stimulation), or at 7 Hz or 40 Hz (control conditions) while the abductor digiti minimi or the tibialis anterior muscle were tonically contracted. Muscle activity was measured using high‐density electromyography, which allowed us to decompose the activity of pools of motor units innervating the muscles. By analysing motor unit pool activity, we observed that none of the TACS conditions could consistently alter the spectral contents of the common neural inputs received by the muscles. These results suggest that 1 mA TACS over the motor cortex given at beta frequencies does not entrain corticospinal activity.
imageKey points
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (TACS) is commonly used to entrain the communication between brain regions.
It is challenging to find direct evidence supporting TACS‐driven neural entrainment due to the technical difficulties in recording brain activity during stimulation.
Computational simulations of motor neuron pools receiving common inputs in the beta (∼21 Hz) band indicate that motor neurons are highly sensitive to corticospinal beta entrainment.
Motor unit activity from human muscles does not support TACS‐driven corticospinal entrainment.
A Magnetic-Impulse Rapper System for Electrical Precipitators
Authors: Hall H. J. , Pierson T. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Considerable effort is being made to reduce atmospheric pollution from industrial fumes and dusts. Attendant with this effort is the problem of transferring waste products, trapped on electrodes of electrical precipitators, to hoppers. Loss or disturbance of waste material or interference with the collecting unit must be minimized. Traditional methods of “rapping” the electrodes to dislodge the collected material leaves much to be desired. Therefore a new method utilizing the magnetic-impulse rapper was developed to provide the continuous rapping needed to convert precipitation from a variable batch process to a continuous and uniform process. This paper discusses the historical background, operating characteristics, design considerations, and application of the electromagnetic-rapper system.
Transient Gas-Flame Temperatures in a Spherical Bomb
Authors: Miao Y. M. , Price T. W. , Potter J. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The transient-flame temperature in a gaseous mixture, burning in a constant-volume spherical vessel from a point of central ignition, has long been of interest. Flamm and Mache developed a theoretical analysis relating the adiabatic temperature distribution to measured values of the bomb pressure. In this investigation a modified sodium D-line method was used to determine temperatures at several radii on a spherical vessel. Pressure measurements also were taken. Comparison is offered between the measured transient-flame temperatures and those computed from the Flamm and Mache equations.
Determination of the Thermal Conductivity of Molten Lithium
Authors: Webber Henry A. , Goldstein David , Fellinger Robert C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In the present investigation conductivity coefficients for 99.8 per cent pure lithium were measured over the range 420 to 1002 F. Lithium showed a value of 26 and 18 Btu/hr sq ft deg F/ft at 420 F and 1002 F, respectively. Measurements based on an absolute heat input proved unreliable. The results were based on a temperature gradient measured in an Armco iron heat sink, the thermal conductivity of which appears in the published literature. The estimated error of the results was ±10 per cent.
Elastic Constants and Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Piping Materials Proposed for 1954 Code for Pressure Piping
Authors: Michel Rudolph 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In June, 1951, the Committee on Piping Flexibility of the American Standards Association, designated as ASA Committee B-31, met in order to consider a revision of the Code for Pressure Piping. The work of Committee B-31 was carried on by three subgroups of which Subgroup No. 2 was given the task of preparing data on elastic constants and coefficients of thermal expansion of piping materials. Since the new edition of the Code for Pressure Piping will contain only tabulated values of the subject matter, it was felt by ranking members of the B-31 Committee that a more detailed explanation of the sources of data and their probable accuracy would be helpful to users of the Code. The tabulated data presented herein is proposed for inclusion in the 1954 edition of the Code for Pressure Piping and is published to invite criticism and comment.
Pulsation Absorbers for Reciprocating Pumps
Authors: Chilton E. G. , Handley L. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Pulsation absorbers (or surge bottles) are often required in reciprocating-pump installations where pipe vibration, flowmeter errors, and other disadvantages of pulsating flow must be eliminated. Graphs are presented, based on theoretical analyses, for sizing such absorbers for any given installation and desired pulsation amplitude. Experiments with a laboratory unit as well as a few full-scale plant installations confirm the theoretical results. Recommendations also are made for certain important design details.
The Mechanics of the Simple Shearing Process During Orthogonal Machining
Authors: Shaffer Bernard W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In the orthogonal machining operation, a continuous chip is often produced by the simple shearing process, which is characterized by the existence of a shear line extending from the tip of the tool to the intersection of the free surfaces of the workpiece and chip. Chip formation by this process is analyzed, and analytical expressions are developed for the force required to machine a given material with a tool having a prescribed coefficient of friction. It is found that when the friction angle is less than the rake angle, the solution is obtained by seeking the condition for which the machining force is a minimum. However, for the more common case, when the friction angle is greater than the rake angle, the solution is obtained by seeking the machining force for which there exists a limiting stress distribution within the chip. Both these solutions are developed from a common foundation. Expressions also are derived for the chip-thickness ratio, as well as for the deformation to be expected when an initially squared grid is embedded in the material being cut.
Turbine-Blade Vibration and Strength
Authors: Trumpler W. E. , Owens H. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In the design of turbines, the strength of the blades is a matter of great importance since blading is the heart of the turbine. The authors discuss the factors which affect the strength of turbine blades and show what recent progress has been made and what studies are under way toward improved blade designs. The discussion is limited to the full-admission type of blade row which is subjected to steam flow through its full annulus, the most common type of blade row. A discussion of the problems of designing partial-admission rows was given by R. P. Kroon in a paper presented before the Society in 1939.
The Economics of Large Reheat Turbine-Exhaust-End Size Selection
Authors: Morgan D. W. R. , Fulton S. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide a method and tools for making a study, at capability performance, of large reheat-steam-turbine exhaust-end size, and of those other plant components which are affected by the heat rejected to the condenser. The result of this type of study will lead to an economic evaluation and selection of appropriate turbine-exhaust ends. It is often desirable to investigate the effect on over-all plant performance and gross cost of operation, including investment and fixed charges of the various turbine-exhaust-stage annuli available on alternative units of large ratings. This paper does not attempt to provide exact or final answers; but it will measure principal factors and indicate whether a given situation warrants a more detailed study.
The Latexing and Hot-Stretching of Tire-Cord Fabrics With Special Emphasis on Nylon
Authors: Litzler C. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
It is estimated that 1.67 billions of tires have been made in the United States since the advent of the motorcar and truck. There have been many types of tire constructions, tread designs, and manufacturing methods; however, now practically all tires have the same general construction design. Processing of both the fabric body and the rubber stocks has improved greatly. These improvements have resulted in a better tire with longer mileage capacity and much better service life. This paper deals specifically with cord fabrics as used in passenger and truck tires and summarizes the general processing requirements and techniques as carried on in the United States. Emphasis is placed on nylon fabric, principally because of the present tendencies of the American manufacturers to accept nylon-cord fabric as being superior to cotton and rayon for many important tire-cord requirements.
Conveying Equipment in Cane-Sugar Mills
Authors: Rinelli C. Conrad 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper is a discussion of the value and function of conveyers in cane-sugar mills. It further deals with some of the basic factors and considerations involved in their operation. A solution of several problems of mechanical handling also is offered. Considerable emphasis has been placed on the application of chains, slats, sprockets, and other moving parts of the main conveyers and elevators in various sizes of cane-sugar mills.