bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Was There a Syriac Lectio Divina?
Authors: Michelson David A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews past scholarship in order to craft a methodology for the study of East Syrian contemplative reading. Research on early medieval Europe and Egypt offers valuable analogous models. Scholars have traced the development of Benedictine lectio divina from its Evagrian sources in fourth- and fifth-century Egypt. These studies prompt this chapter to ask if there was a Syriac lectio divina. While there are no prior monographs on reading in Syriac monasticism, this chapter gathers together a number of studies on Syriac biblical interpretation, Syriac monastic literacy, and the mystical theologies of Isaac of Nineveh and Dadishoʿ of Qatar. Collectively, these studies suggest that a tradition of contemplative reading was widely known in the Church of the East by the seventh century. From that evidence, this chapter maps out the need for a broader narrative describing how contemplative reading came to be established in the Church of the East up to that time. Next, the chapter turns to survey the relevant Syriac technical vocabulary related to monastic reading in order to arrive at a working definition of East Syrian contemplative reading. The chapter concludes that although it might be convenient to speak of “a Syriac lectio divina”, it is more accurate to define the Syriac tradition as “ascetic reading” (a category coined by Brian Stock) or “contemplative reading” (a term suggested by the sources). Attention to particular historical contexts reveals that East Syrian contemplative reading was a sibling to Latin lectio divina, independently developed from the same Egyptian tradition.
Contractual Relations
Authors: Campbell David 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This book demonstrates that economic exchange and legal contract rest on a moral relationship by which each party recognises the autonomy of the other. Through this relationship of mutual recognition, the parties each pursue their legitimate self-interest by the persuasion of the other. Consciousness of this essential relationship is in stark contrast to the alienated belief in solipsistic self-interest that is central to the classical law of contract. Given such belief, it seems justified to take a purely instrumental attitude towards the other party to a contract. But such an attitude is not morally defensible, nor does it enhance economic welfare; and it is for these reasons that the classical law is legally incoherent. The fundamental shortcomings of the classical law arise because it cannot comprehend the way that the doctrines of the positive law do, in fact, give effect to the relationship of mutual recognition. The welfarist criticism of the classical law has, however, failed to develop a workable concept of self-interest, and so is at odds with what must be retained from the classical law, and, behind this, what is welfare enhancing about the market economy. The relationship of mutual recognition can and must be derived from an immanent critique of the classical law that restates self-interest in a morally, economically, and legally attractive manner. The law of contract which emerges is the law of liberal socialism and the social market.
Patterns in Investor–State Arbitration
Authors: Phillips Williams Zoe 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the first empirical contribution of the project: the results of an extensive coding project of over 700 cases of investor–state arbitration. It provides an overview of the domestic government institutions which took the measures to which investors object, the type of policy measures taken, and whether these were targeted individual investors or were broader policies. It also includes information about the industry of the claimant investors. It demonstrates that administrative decisions are at the heart of the majority of investor–state disputes. However, the legislature is the individual institution that is most frequently implicated in these disputes—an initial finding which points to the highly politicized nature of these disputes. This chapter also looks at the industrial sector to which investors belong and finds that these cases are clustered in highly politicized, ‘strategic industries’. The results of this first empirical contribution contribute to theory-building in the following chapters.
Bilcon of Delaware Ltd v Canada
Authors: Phillips Williams Zoe 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a case study of the dispute between US quarrying company Bilcon Ltd and Canada. The quarry faced significant opposition from local communities as well as environmental groups. In the face of this pressure, the relevant ministry subjected the project to the strictest form of environmental review—the Joint Review Panel (JRP). The JRP ultimately recommended that the ministry not approve the project. Following the denial of its environmental permit, the company sued Canada under the North American Free Trade Agreement. This case study demonstrates that even in a high-income state with significant experience with investor–state dispute settlement, government officials can be induced to take measures which violate treaty commitments. Rather than a lack of capacity, then, it illustrates the role that public pressure and electoral concerns can play in investor–state disputes, even when the policy measures ultimately challenged by investors are administrative. It lends support to the hypothesis that investment disputes are caused by shifting domestic preferences. It also suggests that implementing increasingly strict regulatory standards can contribute to liability under an investment treaty.
AES Summit Generation v Hungary and Electrabel v Hungary
Authors: Phillips Williams Zoe 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a case study of disputes between UK and French electricity companies and Hungary. These disputes took place in the context of liberalization and European Union accession. During this time, Hungary cancelled long-term power purchase agreements signed with the investors. Following this, both companies turned to arbitration under the Energy Charter Treaty. These disputes arose in large part due to pressure put on the government by the state-owned electricity distribution company Magyar Villamos Művek (MVM). This case therefore demonstrates the ways in which powerful special interests can also shift state preferences towards an investment. However, the interests of MVM itself were also shaped by shifting political circumstances, in the transition from communist country to European member state. Therefore, this dispute demonstrates the ways in which broader policy shifts and historical legacies contribute to investor–state disputes.
Procedural Requirements for Administrative Limits to Property Rights in France
Authors: Guernaoui Emma 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In 1804, the Napoleonic Code from which French civil law derives made the right to property a fundamental right. If the possibilities of infringement are extremely rare, they are also very framed. It is in this sense that the Civil Code had in its original drafting an article dedicated to the right of expropriation. More than two centuries later, the expropriation is endowed with its own code which testifies to the extent of its evolution and its framing. It remains a right available to the state to undertake works necessary for the general interest. Few are the opportunities for local authorities to use it. In this field, decentralisation is stumbling. At the same time, this right has evolved by including environmental and urban planning considerations. The control of the reasons of general interest thus includes numerous considerations. Expropriation remains a specific right that can be subject to both judicial and administrative control.
Procedural Requirements for Administrative Limits to Property Rights in Italy
Authors: Mirate Silvia 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The chapter deals with the procedural requirements in administrative limits to property rights provided by the Italian legal system. The analysis will first of all focus on Article 42 of the Italian Constitution. The article shows the nature of property rights as linked to economic needs and it expressly refers to the possibility of limiting ownership due to its social function and the guarantee of accessibility to the community. The chapter will also analyse the legislative framework, with particular reference to other limits imposed by statute laws for land property or on the basis of the nature of the private good. The Italian expropriation procedure will be finally described underlining the main features and the fundamental requirements.
Procedural Requirements for Administrative Limits to Property Rights in the United Kingdom
Authors: Waring Emma 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Expropriation is known as 'compulsory purchase' in English law and is governed by a patchwork of legislative powers, prerogative powers, and judicial decisions. Compulsory purchase in England consists of a number of stages requiring that the acquiring authority must first possess a statutory power to expropriate land, as well as a power to take the specific land for a particular purpose. The process for informing and including affected parties in the expropriation process is governed by legislation, as is the payment of financial compensation. Compulsory purchase decisions potentially may be challenged in the courts using judicial review on the grounds of illegality, irrationality, procedural unfairness, and legitimate expectations; a variety of potential remedies exist including mandatory orders, declarations, and financial damages.
Procedural Requirements for Administrative Limits to Property Rights in the United States of America
Authors: Somin Ilya 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarises the constitutional law of property rights in the United States. It explains for what purposes state and federal governments are permitted to expropriate private property by using eminent domain and other similar policies. It also describes the jurisprudence delineating what kinds of government actions qualify as 'takings' that require 'just compensation' under the Fifth Amendment to the federal Constitution, and its state equivalents.
Procedural Requirements for Administrative Limits to Property Rights in the International Law on Promotion and Protection of Foreign Investments
Authors: Fontanelli Filippo 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
International investment law (IIL) seeks to protect property rights from state interferences that are excessive or unjust. Rather than creating novel property rights, IIL provides an additional layer of protection for those recognised under domestic law. IIL standards of protection are mostly formulated through principles, eg fairness, equity, equal treatment, full security, due process, and access to justice. Therefore, IIL provides foreign investors with insurance against rule of law failures, including procedural ones that are serious enough to constitute prohibited interferences on foreign investments. On procedural matters, the assessment of domestic legality—while not dispositive of the determination of international wrongfulness—is inevitably central in the assessment of state responsibility for IIL breaches.
Property Rights, Administrative Limits and Procedural Requirements in the EU, the ECHR, and the IIL
Authors: Conticelli Martina 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This comparative chapter addresses the approach to property rights of the European Union, the European Convention on Human Rights, and the legal regime for the protection of foreign investors. The comparative exercise developed throughout this chapter highlights the major issues raised in the questionnaire through an analysis of the chosen hypotheticals. From an overall perspective, the regimes in question share many background commonalities and some distinctive features. First and foremost, all of them are located beyond the state, with distinctions, however. Not surprisingly, in terms of both quantitative and qualitative assessment, the list of overarching divergences is significant. Legal experiences interplay with domestic contexts in various ways, but the same systems differ from each other from the point of view of their reach and the parties involved. Last but not least, the purposes each legal regime stands for, their respective institutional setting, their legal machinery, and their effectiveness, may vary profoundly with meaningful implications on the way property rights are conceived and protected.
Specialized metabolism by trichome-enriched Rubisco and fatty acid synthase components
Authors: Ji Wangming , Mandal Sabyasachi , Rezenom Yohannes H , McKnight Thomas D 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAcylsugars, specialized metabolites with defense activities, are secreted by trichomes of many solanaceous plants. Several acylsugar metabolic genes (AMGs) remain unknown. We previously reported multiple candidate AMGs. Here, using multiple approaches, we characterized additional AMGs. First, we identified differentially expressed genes between high- and low-acylsugar-producing F2 plants derived from a cross between cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and a wild relative (Solanum pennellii), which produce acylsugars that are ∼1% and ∼20% of leaf dry weight, respectively. Expression levels of many known and candidate AMGs positively correlated with acylsugar amounts in F2 individuals. Next, we identified lycopersicum-pennellii putative orthologs with higher nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions. These analyses identified four candidate genes, three of which showed enriched expression in stem trichomes compared to underlying tissues (shaved stems). Virus-induced gene silencing confirmed two candidates, Sopen05g009610 [beta-ketoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase; fatty acid synthase component] and Sopen07g006810 (Rubisco small subunit), as AMGs. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Sopen05g009610 is distinct from specialized metabolic cytosolic reductases but closely related to two capsaicinoid biosynthetic reductases, suggesting evolutionary relationship between acylsugar and capsaicinoid biosynthesis. Analysis of publicly available datasets revealed enriched expression of Sopen05g009610 orthologs in trichomes of several acylsugar-producing species. Similarly, orthologs of Sopen07g006810 were identified as solanaceous trichome-enriched members, which form a phylogenetic clade distinct from those of mesophyll-expressed “regular” Rubisco small subunits. Furthermore, δ13C analyses indicated recycling of metabolic CO2 into acylsugars by Sopen07g006810 and showed how trichomes support high levels of specialized metabolite production. These findings have implications for genetic manipulation of trichome-specialized metabolism in solanaceous crops.
Effects of dietary carnitine supplementation on semen output and quality of boars
Authors: Balogun K B , Lu N , Orlando U , Torborg H , Kleve-Feld M , Denton A , Holstine A , Stewart K R 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Carnitine is an amino acid derivative that performs the functions of increasing energy production as well as acting as an antioxidant for sperm cells. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the inclusion of carnitine in boar diets on semen output and quality. Sixty-four purebred and hybrid boars at a commercial boar stud were blocked by age and semen quality and randomly allotted to receive a daily 30 g top-dress of either soybean meal (CON) or soybean meal and 625 mg of L-Carnitine (CARN). Supplementation lasted for 12 weeks from May to July 2021 during which weekly semen collection was performed. Semen was evaluated in the stud for concentration and motility parameters using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Samples were shipped to Purdue University for detailed morphology, viability, and CASA analysis performed in samples stored at 17 °C for 5 days. PROC Mixed (SAS v 9.4) was used to analyze data, with boar nested within treatment used in repeated measures analysis. Semen quality estimates from the week before supplementation were used as covariates in the statistical model. Tukey–Kramer adjustment was used for means separation. Carnitine supplementation had no effects on total sperm produced (P = 0.35). Percentage of motile sperm cells (P = 0.63), morphologically normal sperm (P = 0.42), viable sperm (P = 0.43), or sperm with normal acrosomes (P = 0.61) in the ejaculates were not different among treatments. Sperm kinematics in CARN ejaculates tended to have greater straight-line velocity and distance (P = 0.06 and P = 0.07, respectively). There were several interactions of treatment and day of storage for the kinematic parameters. However, these interactions do not show observable trends for CARN to improve or depress sperm function. Overall, the inclusion of 625 mg/d of carnitine in the diet of boars for 12 weeks had no effects on sperm output or quality with minor changes to sperm cell kinematics.
New Indication for Cancer Drug Crizotinib
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: October 2022

The Food and Drug Administration has approved crizotinib (Xalkori) to treat adult and pediatric patients ages one year and older who have recurrent or refractory inflammatory anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)–positive myofibroblastic tumors.The most common adverse effects in adults are vision disorders, nausea, and edema. The most common adverse effects in pediatric patients are vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash, vision disorder, upper respiratory tract infection, cough, pyrexia, musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, edema, constipation, and headache.
Integrating Palliative Care into Nursing Care
Authors: Parekh de Campos Amisha , Levoy Kristen , Pandey Shila , Wisniewski Renee , DiMauro Pierce , Ferrell Betty R. , Rosa William E. 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT:
The need for palliative care in our health care system has exponentially increased in the past few years as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the aging population, and the increasing number of people living with serious illnesses. While nurses play a critical role in delivering palliative care, many lack confidence and knowledge, causing practice gaps in the clinical and psychological management of seriously ill patients. The collective burden of the pandemic has demonstrated the importance of palliative care education and training, specifically in communication, symptom management, and continuing education. All nurses, including nursing students, transitioning nurses, and practicing nurses, should be trained to offer generalist (or primary) palliative care, in accordance with the American Association of Colleges of Nursing Essentials: Core Competencies for Professional Nursing Education. Provision of holistic, relationship-based, and integrated palliative care for patients and their families is an ethical obligation for all nurses.
Clinical Characteristics and Implications of Indocyanine Green Lymphography-Identified Contralateral Inguinal Pathway of Lower-Limb Lymphedema
Authors: Mackie Helen , Thompson Belinda M. , Koelmeyer Louise A. , Blackwell Robbie , Gaitatzis Katrina , Heydon-White Asha , Boyages John , Suami Hiroo 
Published: October 2022

Background and Objectives:
The contralateral inguinal pathway (CIP) to the inguinal nodal region of the contralateral limb has been described in lower-limb lymphedema (LLLE). This audit aimed to use indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography to determine characteristics of patients with CIP to inform conservative therapy.

Methods:
Patients with confirmed LLLE (n = 278) were categorized into secondary cancer-related (n = 82), secondary non–cancer-related (n = 86), or primary (n = 110). Patient characteristics, limb volume and bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) extracellular fluid ratio, and ICG lymphography of lymphatic pathways and dermal backflow areas were recorded.

Results:
Forty-seven patients (16.9%) had movement of ICG dye via CIP. Of these, 30 (63.8%) had secondary cancer-related, 8 (17.0%) had secondary non–cancer-related, and 9 (19.1%) had primary LLLE. Cancer-related LLE (P < .001) and unilateral LLLE (P = .017) were significant indicators of CIP, with 36.6% of patients with cancer-related LLLE demonstrating this pathway. CIP was significantly associated with dermal backflow in shin (P = .016), calf (P = .006), thigh (P < .001), inguinal (P < .001), pubic (P < .001), and abdominal regions (P = .001). Patients with CIP had significantly higher volume differences between limbs (P < .001), severity of lymphedema (P < .001), and BIS measurements (P < .001) than patients without CIP.

Conclusion:
A compensatory lymphatic drainage pathway from the affected limb to the contralateral inguinal lymph node region was evident in 16.9% of patients with LLLE. This pathway was most observed in unilateral cancer-related lymphedema, particularly where edema was present in proximal thigh, inguinal, pubic, and lower abdominal regions. Directing manual lymphatic drainage to the contralateral inguinal drainage region should be considered especially for patients with cancer-related LLLE.
Hospital-Wide Intervention in Billing and Coding to Capture Complexity of Care at an Academic Referral Center
Authors: DeCicco Danielle , Krupica Troy M. , Pellegrino Ronald , Dimachkie Ziad O. 
Published: October 2022

Goal:
Downcoding at nonprofit healthcare institutions can account for significant revenue losses that, in turn, can affect the amount and quality of care they provide. Using the inpatient medical note to assess the complexity of care, we wanted to quantify the visit coding distribution at the largest tertiary care center in West Virginia and to improve the documentation and coding if found to be below national benchmarks.

Methods:
We measured the number of encounters and associated documentation of level 1, 2, and 3 visits among hospitalists. We compared our data to national benchmark data. We then implemented a multifaceted, multidisciplinary intervention to improve documentation and coding.

Principal Findings:
We found a significant average increase of level 3 admission history and physical visits of 76% (p < .0001) and 112% (p < .001) for subsequent encounters compared with baseline preintervention visit types. With team-based coding interventions in place, documentation accurately now reflects the complexity of care delivered. Based on Medicare reimbursement rates, this new accuracy has led to an increase in revenue of $233, 988.79 per 10,000 encounters.

Applications to Practice:
Provider knowledge of medical billing and coding guidelines is essential. In particular, large academic institutions typically operate on small margins, so even simple adjustments and quality improvement efforts in billing and coding can help immensely by accurately representing the amount and quality of medical services. An institution can markedly improve revenues by coding notes to reflect the true complexity of care that is delivered.