bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal Contribution to Probabilistic Feedback Learning: Modeling Observation- and Reinforcement-based Processes
Authors: Patt Virginie M. , Palombo Daniela J. , Esterman Michael , Verfaellie Mieke 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Simple probabilistic reinforcement learning is recognized as a striatum-based learning system, but in recent years, has also been associated with hippocampal involvement. This study examined whether such involvement may be attributed to observation-based learning (OL) processes, running in parallel to striatum-based reinforcement learning. A computational model of OL, mirroring classic models of reinforcement-based learning (RL), was constructed and applied to the neuroimaging data set of Palombo, Hayes, Reid, and Verfaellie [2019. Hippocampal contributions to value-based learning: Converging evidence from fMRI and amnesia. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 19(3), 523–536]. Results suggested that OL processes may indeed take place concomitantly to reinforcement learning and involve activation of the hippocampus and central orbitofrontal cortex. However, rather than independent mechanisms running in parallel, the brain correlates of the OL and RL prediction errors indicated collaboration between systems, with direct implication of the hippocampus in computations of the discrepancy between the expected and actual reinforcing values of actions. These findings are consistent with previous accounts of a role for the hippocampus in encoding the strength of observed stimulus–outcome associations, with updating of such associations through striatal reinforcement-based computations. In addition, enhanced negative RL prediction error signaling was found in the anterior insula with greater use of OL over RL processes. This result may suggest an additional mode of collaboration between the OL and RL systems, implicating the error monitoring network.
A natural cortical axis connecting the outside and inside of the human brain
Authors: Hilgetag Claus C. , Goulas Alexandros , Changeux Jean-Pierre 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
What structural and connectivity features of the human brain help to explain the extraordinary human cognitive abilities? We recently proposed a set of relevant connectomic fundamentals, some of which arise from the size scaling of the human brain relative to other primate brains, while others of these fundamentals may be uniquely human. In particular, we suggested that the remarkable increase of the size of the human brain due to its prolonged prenatal development has brought with it an increased sparsification, hierarchical modularization, as well as increased depth and cytoarchitectonic differentiation of brain networks. These characteristic features are complemented by a shift of projection origins to the upper layers of many cortical areas as well as the significantly prolonged postnatal development and plasticity of the upper cortical layers. Another fundamental aspect of cortical organization that has emerged in recent research is the alignment of diverse features of evolution, development, cytoarchitectonics, function, and plasticity along a principal, natural cortical axis from sensory (“outside”) to association (“inside”) areas. Here we highlight how this natural axis is integrated in the characteristic organization of the human brain. In particular, the human brain displays a developmental expansion of outside areas and a stretching of the natural axis such that outside areas are more widely separated from each other and from inside areas than in other species. We outline some functional implications of this characteristic arrangement.
Μέσος ὑμῶν ἕστηκεν
Authors: Tolan Daniel J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article lays out Origen’s anthropological application of John 1:26. In particular, it examines the way in which Origen pairs the phrase “one whom you do not know has stood in your midst (μέσος ὑμῶν)” with the Stoic terminus technicus “governing faculty” (ἡγεμονικόν) through an identification of μέσος with soul. This identification assumes that μέσος refers to the soul and that references to the soul apply to the governing faculty. The former stands upon Origen’s four-fold interpretation of μέσος; the latter is an assumption based in Stoic psychology. This article begins with an examination of how Origen connects μέσος to soul and, subsequently, soul to the governing faculty. Next, it examines Origen’s engagement with John 1:26 in his Commentary on John. Finally, the article discusses the various ways in which Origen interprets this verse in his other works.
Trivariate Analysis of Changes in Drought Characteristics in the CMIP6 Multimodel Ensemble at Global Warming Levels of 1.5°, 2°, and 3°C
Authors: Tabari Hossein , Willems Patrick 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Drought is a major natural hazard with far-reaching social, economic, and environmental impacts whose characteristics are highly interdependent across different spatial and temporal scales. Traditional global warming impact assessments on drought at the global scale have, however, taken into account only one drought characteristic at a time, likely leading to an underestimation of the overall impact. Here, we perform a trivariate analysis of changes in drought conditions at 1.5°, 2°, and 3°C global warming levels using 25 CMIP6 GCMs. Drought properties are characterized by the Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSI). The future joint return periods of droughts historically associated with 10-, 20-, and 30-yr return periods are computed under the warming levels using copula functions considering drought duration, peak, and severity. Our comparative assessments of global warming impact on drought properties between univariate and trivariate analyses corroborate the substantial underestimation of the impact by the univariate analysis. The trivariate analysis shows that around 63%–91% of the global land will be subject to more recurrent droughts, while the percentage of the land reduces to 41%–56% for the univariate analysis. The difference between the univariate and trivariate analyses enlarges with global warming levels and the extremity of drought events. Based on the trivariate analysis, a 30-yr drought would become at least threefold more recurrent in 11%, 15%, and 20% of the global land at 1.5°, 2°, and 3°C warming levels, respectively, but the univariate analysis could not reach such large increases in drought conditions.
Comparisons of Children with and without Type I Diabetes on Hand and Visual Motor Integration Skills and on Participation in Daily Activities
Authors: Kılıçöz Mehtap , Kutlutürk Yıkılmaz Seval , Yüksel Ayşegül , Kaya Kara Özgün 
Published: May 2022

Our aim in this study was to compare hand skills, visual-motor integration skills, and participation in daily living activities of children with and without Type 1 diabetes (T1DM). In this prospective cross-sectional study, we included 44 children with T1DM (17 males, 27 females; aged 8-12 years) and a control group of 45 healthy age-matched children without T1DM (22 males, 23 females). We compared group scores on the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT), the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Visual Motor Integration Test (Beery VMI), and the Participation and Environment Measure - Children and Youth (PEM-CY). JTHFT and Beery VMI scores of children with T1DM were significantly lower than those of the control group ( p ≤ 0.005). On the PEM-CY, children with T1DM were found to have more participation barriers in the community than controls. Relative deficits in hand skills and visual motor integration of children with T1DM should be managed with greater attention and assistance.
Eltrombopag improves refractory thrombocytopenia in patients with Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Xu Liping , Zhang Yan , Lin Na , Song Xinwei , Dai Qiaoding 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Eltrombopag, a kind of thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor agonist, plays the role on the megakaryocyte to activate the platelet production and rapidly increase the number of circulating platelets in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Eltrombopag provides an opportunity for rapid tapering and/or cessation of corticosteroid therapy. However, it is not clear about the platelet response to Eltrombopag in ITP associated with Sjögren's Syndrome(SS). Methods: A retrospective research was conducted on the clinical course of three patients, each with ITP secondary to SS, and initially received therapy of corticosteroids or other immunomodulatory. They took this drug for bleeding diseases. Referring to the description, Eltrombopag was prescribed and adjusted with an initial dose of 25 mg daily, then weekly, then monthly according to the monitoring of platelet counts. Results: All patients maintained a satisfactory level of platelet counts (>100,000/mm3 for >2 years) following corticosteroid withdrawal. Meanwhile, Eltrombopag was well-tolerated, and there were no adverse effects, such as thrombotic events. Conclusions: Eltrombopag is effective and safe for patients with ITP associated with SS during corticosteroid withdrawal. Thus it may be a crucial therapeutic strategy for reducing corticosteroid-related side effects in SS patients with ITP.
Relationship between BMI, CT-derived body composition and colorectal neoplasia in a bowel screening population
Authors: Di Rollo Domenic G. , McGovern Josh , Morton Christopher , Miller Gillian , Dolan Ross , Horgan Paul G. , McMillan Donald C. , Mansouri David 
Published: May 2022

Introduction Obesity is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Unlike the indirect measures such as BMI, CT-Body composition (CT-BC) allows for the assessment of both volume and distribution of adipose tissue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between host characteristics, BMI, CT-BC measurements and the incidence of colorectal neoplasia. Methods Patients undergoing CT Colonography (CTC) as part of the Scottish Bowel Screening Programme, between July 2009 and February 2016, were eligible for inclusion. Data were collected including demographic data, clinicopathological variables and CT-BC measurements including skeletal muscle index (SMI), subcutaneous fat index (SFI) and visceral fat area (VFA). CTC, colonoscopy, and pathology reports were used to identify CRC incidence. Associations between demographic data, clinicopathological variables, CT-BC measurements, colorectal neoplasia and advanced colorectal neoplasia were analysed using univariate and multivariate binary logistics regression. Results 286 patients met the inclusion criteria. Neoplasia was detected in 105 (37%) of the patients with advanced neoplasia being detected in 72 (69%) of patients. On multivariate analysis sex (p < 0.05) and high VFA (p < 0.001) remained independently associated with colorectal neoplasia. On multivariate analysis a high SFI (p < 0.01) remained independently associated with advanced colorectal neoplasia. BMI was not associated with either colorectal neoplasia or advanced colorectal neoplasia. Conclusion When directly compared to BMI, CT derived fat measurements were more closely associated with the degree of neoplasia in patients undergoing colorectal cancer screening. In patients investigated with CT colonography, CT adipose measures may stratify the risk and grade of neoplasia.
Choice of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Midterm Assessment After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery
Authors: Webster Kate E. , Klemm Haydn J. , Feller Julian A. 
Published: May 2022

Background: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have become increasingly popular for assessing subjective elements of a patient's condition. Two frequently used knee-related PROMs after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery are the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC-SKF) and the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). However, completing the full versions of both measures represents a considerable responder burden. Purpose: To compare a variety of KOOS short forms with each other as well as the IKDC-SKF in a large sample of ACLR patients between 2 and 6 years after surgery. Study Design: Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: The KOOS and IKDC-SKF were administered between 2 and 6 years (mean, 3 years) after ACLR surgery to a cohort of 832 patients (men, n = 489; women, n = 343). Two single-item assessment numerical evaluations were also completed for knee function and satisfaction. The following short form versions were calculated from the full KOOS: the KOOS-12 short form, KOOS–Physical Function Short form (KOOS-PS), KOOS–Joint Replacement Short form (KOOS-JR), and KOOS–Global. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all PROMs and associations between measures were explored using nonparametric (Spearman rho) correlations. Floor or ceiling effects were considered present if >15% of patients reported the worst (floor effect) or best (ceiling effect) possible score. Age and sex comparisons were also made for each PROM. Results: Ceiling effects were present for all KOOS short form versions. They were highly evident for the KOOS-JR and KOOS-PS (37%-44%), but they were only marginally above the threshold for the KOOS-12 and KOOS–Global (16%). The KOOS-12 and KOOS–Global had the highest correlation with the IKDC-SKF but only explained 58% to 59% of the variance in scores. The KOOS-12 and KOOS–Global were very highly correlated (ρ = 0.98). Only moderate correlations were seen between the single-item assessments and the IKDC-SKF or various KOOS short forms. There was a negligible association between patient age and PROM scores, but there was no significant sex difference for any of the PROMs. Conclusion: The IKDC-SKF together with either the KOOS–Global or KOOS-12 may provide a comprehensive range of knee-related PROMs with minimized responder burden at 2 to 6 years after ACLR.
From Fragile Heritage to the Fragility of Heritage Models: Diverse Answers to Pressing Ethical and Aesthetic Questions
Authors: Somhegyi Zoltán 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe appreciation, conservation, and reconstruction of ruins, deteriorating buildings, and archaeological sites of historical, religious or cultural value, as well as their safeguarding, lead to a complex set of issues and considerations. This brief paper suggests that a deeper understanding of the various models of heritage management can enhance acceptance of the different practices of heritage care. The fragility of heritage sites and of heritage models urges us to look for viable answers to global ethical and aesthetic questions regarding the management of heritage sites.
Erosion wear resistance mechanism of erosion ripples
Authors: Zhang Yan , Zhao Xuwen , Wang Qi , Wang Tianqi , Tang Yuling 
Published: May 2022

Erosion ripples widely exist on natural and industrial surfaces suffering gas–solid flow erosion. During the steady state of erosion ripples formation, the material removal and plastic flow rate of the material basically reach a dynamic equilibrium. In this state, the erosion rate of the surface material is steady and at a low level. In this paper, the relationship between erosion ripples and the erosion characteristics of surface materials was explored by experimental and simulation methods. Under the conditions of air pressures of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 MPa and erosion angles of 30°, 40° and 50°, several erosion ripples were prepared on the surface of 1060 aluminium alloy samples by sandblasting. According to the obtained morphological parameters and orthogonal test design, rippled samples with rectangular, triangular and semicircular groove sections were designed. The effect of morphology parameters on the erosion resistance of the sample was analysed by a sandblasting test. The results showed that the rippled samples have lower erosion rates than the plate sample. The cross-sectional shape of grooves is the most obviously affected factor. The velocity distribution and surface pressure distribution on the surface of rippled and plate samples were analysed by FLUENT software, and the results showed that the low-speed reflow vortex will be formed in grooves of erosion ripples that can change the near-wall flow field conditions. The differential pressure generated on two sides of the ridge between adjacent grooves, as well as the area decrease of erosion caused by the “shaded effect,” may be the cause of the erosion resistance. The results of this study can provide new insight into the active erosive wear resistance method of mechanical components.
Human health risk assessment of heavy metals from meat and offal of reindeer and cow in the Far North of European Russia
Authors: Unguryanu Tatiana N. , Lyzhina Alena V. , Mitrokhin Oleg V. , Polibin Roman V. 
Published: May 2022

Aims: This study aimed to compare the concentrations of heavy metals in reindeer and cow meat and offal originating from the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Northwestern Russia, and to assess the risk to the health of the indigenous population associated with heavy metal intake due to the consumption of reindeer and cow. Methods: Lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic concentrations were measured in 39 muscle, 15 liver, and 14 kidney samples from reindeer and 33, 18, and 12 corresponding samples from cow in 2014–2016 using atomic absorption spectrometry. Estimated daily intake of investigated heavy metals, hazard quotient, hazard index and cancer risk were calculated. Results: Mean cadmium and mercury concentrations in reindeer liver and kidney exceeded the maximum permissible levels for bovine animals. However, the estimated daily intakes of heavy metals through consumption of reindeer and cow meat and offal were lower than tolerable daily intakes. Hazard quotient and hazard index values for heavy metals in reindeer and cow samples were <1. Hazard index values were in descending order: reindeer kidney (0.389)>reindeer muscle (0.382)>cow muscle (0.088)>reindeer liver (0.051)>cow kidney (0.012)>cow liver (0.004). The cancer risk related to the consumption of reindeer and cow meat and offal did not exceed acceptable levels. Conclusions: There is no human health risk associated with heavy metal intake due to the consumption of reindeer and cow meat and offal originating from the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
Age-stratified trends in the progression of spinal radiographic damage in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a longitudinal study
Authors: Lee Tae-Han , Koo Bon San , Nam Bora , Kim Yun Jin , Son Donghee , Lee Seunghun , Joo Kyung Bin , Kim Tae-Hwan 
Published: May 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate spinal radiographic progression in specific age ranges of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. Methods: Longitudinal data for 1125 AS patients at a single hospital from 2000 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Radiographic intervals were obtained from patients with consecutive spinal radiographs. The radiographic progression rate was defined as the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score (mSASSS) change per year within each interval. Using generalized estimating equations (GEEs), estimated marginal means were calculated for the mSASSS progression rate across age groups after adjusting for potential confounders. Results: We obtained 4016 radiographic intervals and stratified them into five groups based on patient age at the interval start: <20 ( n = 122); 20–29 ( n = 1124); 30–39 ( n = 1690); 40–49 ( n = 794); and ⩾50 years ( n = 286). The mean (SD) mSASSS progression rate for all the intervals was 0.8 (1.9). The GEE-estimated mean mSASSS progression rate increased with age, peaking in the 30–39 age group with a value of 1.15 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 1.27], and decreased slightly thereafter. In the presence of risk factors, rapid progression occurred at earlier ages: the GEE-estimated mean mSASSS progression rate in those with elevated C-reactive protein levels and preexisting syndesmophytes was 2.82 (95% CI 1.93, 3.71) in the 20–29 age group. Conclusion: Spinal structural damage in AS seems to progress most rapidly when patients are age 30–39 years. An awareness of the trends in radiographic progression with advancing age could improve understanding of the natural course of AS.
Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin for treating refractory livedoid vasculopathy: a systematic review
Authors: Gao Yimeng , Jin Hongzhong 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was reported to be the third most used monotherapy in livedoid vasculopathy (LV). There is currently a lack of randomized controlled clinical trials and no standardized therapeutic regimen for IVIG therapy in LV. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the efficacy and safety of IVIG in treating patients with LV using PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases. Results: Eighty LV patients from 17 articles were included, receiving IVIG therapy at a dose of 1–2.1 g/kg body weight every 4 weeks. The effective rate of IVIG therapy in LV patients was 95% (76/80) in published studies, showing a good clinical response for resolution of pain, skin ulcerations, and neurological symptoms, and reducing the dependence on glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents. IVIG therapy was well tolerated, and no severe adverse events were observed. Conclusion: Overall, to a certain degree, IVIG is probably a safe and effective treatment alternative for refractory LV patients, which still need to be confirmed by large-scale randomized controlled clinical trials.