bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient involvement in assessment of postgraduate medical learners: A scoping review
Authors: Khalife Roy , Gupta Manika , Gonsalves Carol , Park Yoon Soo , Riddle Janet , Tekian Ara , Horsley Tanya 
Published: January 2022

AbstractContextCompetency‐based assessment of learners may benefit from a more holistic, inclusive, approach for determining readiness for unsupervised practice. However, despite movements towards greater patient partnership in health care generally, inclusion of patients in postgraduate medical learners' assessment is largely absent.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review to map the nature, extent and range of literature examining the inclusion (or exclusion) of patients within the assessment of postgraduate medical learners. Guided by Arskey and O'Malley's framework and informed by Levac et al. and Thomas et al., we searched two databases (MEDLINE® and Embase®) from inception until February 2021 using subheadings related to assessment, patients and postgraduate learners. Data analysis examined characteristics regarding the nature and factor influencing patient involvement in assessment.ResultsWe identified 41 papers spanning four decades. Some literature suggests patients are willing to be engaged in assessment, however choose not to engage when, for example, language barriers may exist. When stratified by specialty or clinical setting, the influence of factors such as gender, race, ethnicity or medical condition seems to remain consistent. Patients may participate in assessment as a stand‐alone group or part of a multi‐source feedback process. Patients generally provided high ratings but commented on the observed professional behaviours and communication skills in comparison with physicians who focused on medical expertise.ConclusionFactors that influence patient involvement in assessment are multifactorial including patients' willingness themselves, language and reading‐comprehension challenges and available resources for training programmes to facilitate the integration of patient assessments. These barriers however are not insurmountable. While understudied, research examining patient involvement in assessment is increasing; however, our review suggests that the extent which the unique insights will be taken up in postgraduate medical education may be dependent on assessment systems readiness and, in particular, physician readiness to partner with patients in this way.
Negotiating national identity in postcolonial Zimbabwe through a national dress
Authors: Chitima Simbarashe Shadreck 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA national dress is a reflection of national consciousness towards the nation and its cultural heritage. Instead of simply being functional, a national dress is also a script that exhibits people's identities. This study examines how Zimbabweans identify with the national dress as a facet of achieving national identity. Qualitative research methods and Gramscianism were employed in the study. It is revealed that the majority of Zimbabweans fail to identify with the national dress due to political, cultural and economic reasons. The national dress is perceived as a campaign strategy being used by the state to achieve political expediency and to be seen as champion of moral as well as cultural regeneration. Some participants associate the dress with cultural imperialism and waste of resources. Very few participants take the dress as a positive step towards the decolonisation of cultural spaces and identities. Conclusively, the majority of Zimbabweans find the dress insignificant in their lives and in national identity construction.
Leadless pacemaker implantation sites confirmed by computed tomography and their parameters and complication rates
Authors: Arai Hirofumi , Mizukami Akira , Hanyu Yoshihiro , Kawakami Takuya , Shimizu Yuki , Hiroki Jiro , Yoshioka Kenji , Ohtani Hirofumi , Ono Maki , Yamashita Shu , Iwatsuka Ryota , Ueshima Daisuke , Matsumura Akihiko , Goya Masahiko , Sasano Tetsuo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundImplantations of leadless pacemakers in the septum lower the risk of cardiac perforation. However, the relationship between the implantation site and the success rate, complication rate, and pacemaker parameters are not well‐investigated.MethodsPatients who underwent leadless pacemaker implantation with postprocedural computed tomography (CT) between September 2017 and November 2020 were analyzed. Septum was targeted with fluoroscopic guidance with contrast injection. We divided patients into two groups based on the implantation site confirmed by CT: septal and non‐septal, which included the anterior/posterior edge of the septum and free wall. We compared the complication rates and pacemaker parameters between the two groups.ResultsA total of 67 patients underwent CT after the procedure; among them, 28 were included in the septal group and 39 were included in the non‐septal group. The non‐septal group had significantly higher R wave amplitudes (6.5 ± 3.3 vs. 9.7 ± 3.9 mV, p = .001), lower pacing threshold (1.0 ± 0.94 vs. 0.63 ± 0.45 V/0.24 ms, p = .02), and higher pacing impedance (615 ± 114.1 vs. 712.8 ± 181.3 ohms, p = .014) after the procedure compared to the septal group. Cardiac injuries were observed in four patients (one cardiac tamponade, one possible apical hematoma, two asymptomatic pericardial effusion), which were only observed in the non‐septal group.ConclusionsLeadless pacemaker implantation may be technically challenging with substantial number of patients with non‐septal implantation when assessed by CT. Septal implantation may have a lower risk of cardiac injury but may lead to inferior pacemaker parameters than non‐septal implantation.
The Black Box in Stoic Axiology
Authors: Vazquez Michael 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe ‘black box’ in Stoic axiology refers to the mysterious connection between the input of Stoic deliberation (reasons generated by the value of indifferents) and the output (appropriate actions). In this paper, I peer into the black box by drawing an analogy between Stoic and Kantian axiology. The value and disvalue of indifferents is intrinsic, butconditional. An extrinsic condition on the value of a token indifferent is that one's selection of that indifferent is sanctioned by context‐relative ethical principles. The value of an indifferent that does not meet this condition is normatively silenced, such that it fails to constitute a reason for action.
Effects of public health measures during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic on the winter respiratory syncytial virus epidemic: An interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Reyes Domínguez Ana Isabel , Pavlovic Nesic Svetlana , Urquía Martí Lourdes , Pérez González María del Carmen , Reyes Suárez Desiderio , García‐Muñoz Rodrigo Fermín 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundPublic health measures (PHM) designed to contain the spread of COVID‐19 pandemic have influenced the epidemiological characteristics of other viral infections. Its impact on acute RSV bronchiolitis in infants of ≤24 months old has not been systematically studied in our setting.ObjectivesTo describe the monthly pattern of visits to the Paediatric Emergency Department (PED) of patients 0 to 14 years of age, the rate of patients diagnosed with RSV acute bronchiolitis per thousand inhabitants of 0 to 24 months, and the rate of them requiring hospital admission during the winter 2020–2021, in the context of local and national COVID‐19 restrictions and compare them to the four previous seasons.MethodsInterrupted time series analysis of patients assisted in the PED and diagnosed with or admitted for RSV acute bronchiolitis in a tertiary University Hospital from January 2016 to February 2020 (pre‐intervention period) and from March 2020 to June 2021 (post‐intervention period). Intervention: Preventive PHM implemented by the Spanish government weighted by the Containment and Health Index of the Oxford COVID‐19 Government Response Tracker.ResultsThe intervention was followed by an immediate reduction of the rate of visits to the PED of –19.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] –24.0, –14.9) per thousand, and the rate of diagnoses and admissions for RSV acute bronchiolitis of –44.3 (95% CI –73.8, –14.8) and –1.4 (95% CI –2.7, –0.1) per thousand, respectively, with a delayed rebound.ConclusionsAfter the implementation of PHM to prevent the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, an immediate and important decline in the visits to the PED was observed, with an upward change thereafter. There was also an initial reduction in the diagnoses of and admissions by RSV acute bronchiolitis. An upward trend was observed six to nine months after the usual time of the winter RSV epidemic, coinciding with the relaxation of the preventive PHM.
COVID-19 challenges and changes for home care agencies and providers: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Barr Laura Lyn Barnes , Christian Robin , Palokas Michelle , Hinton Elizabeth 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objective:
This scoping review will explore the challenges experienced by home care agencies and home care providers during the COVID-19 pandemic and the changes made to overcome these challenges.

Introduction:
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented many challenges to home care agencies and providers worldwide. In response, home care agencies and providers were forced to make changes to the way they operate in order to continue providing quality care to homebound patients.

Inclusion criteria:
This scoping review will consider studies that explore the challenges experienced by home care agencies and providers during the COVID-19 pandemic and the changes implemented, or strategies, used to overcome the identified challenges. All geographic locations will be considered for inclusion.

Methods:
This review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. Key information sources will include MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. Sources of unpublished studies and gray literature will include ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, OpenGrey, medRxiv, and bioRxiv. The review will be limited to articles published in English, from 2020 until present day. Two independent reviewers will use a data extraction tool to collect data. Along with a narrative summary, the results will be presented in diagrammatic or tabular format in a manner that aligns with the review objective and questions.
The Relationship Between Cardiorespiratory and Accelerometer-Derived Measures in Trail Running and the Influence of Sensor Location
Authors: Staunton Craig A. , Swarén Mikael , Stöggl Thomas , Born Dennis-Peter , Björklund Glenn 
Published: January 2022

Purpose: To examine the relationship between cardiorespiratory and accelerometer-derived measures of exercise during trail running and determine the influence of accelerometer location. Methods: Eight trail runners (7 males and 1 female; age 26 [5] y; maximal oxygen consumption [] 70 [6] mL·kg−1·min−1) completed a 7-km trail run (elevation gain: 486 m), with concurrent measurements of , heart rate, and accelerations recorded from 3 triaxial accelerometers attached at the upper spine, lower spine, and pelvis. External exercise intensity was quantified from the accelerometers using PlayerLoad™ per minute and accelerometry-derived average net force. External exercise volume was calculated using accumulated PlayerLoad and the product of average net force and duration (impulse). Internal intensity was calculated using heart rate and -metrics; internal volume was calculated from total energy expenditure (work). All metrics were analyzed during both uphill (UH) and downhill (DH) sections of the trail run. Results: PlayerLoad and average net force were greater during DH compared with UH for all sensor locations (P ≤ .004). For all accelerometer metrics, there was a sensor position × gradient interaction (F2,1429.003; P <.001). The upper spine was lower compared with both pelvis (P ≤ .003) and lower spine (P ≤ .002) for all accelerometer metrics during both UH and DH running. Relationships between accelerometer and cardiorespiratory measures during UH running ranged from moderate negative to moderate positive (r = −.31 to .41). Relationships were stronger during DH running where there was a nearly perfect correlation between work and impulse (r = .91; P < .001). Conclusions: Simultaneous monitoring of cardiorespiratory and accelerometer-derived measures during trail running is suggested because of the disparity between internal and external intensities during changes in gradient. Sensor positioning close to the center of mass is recommended.
Does moderate alcohol consumption accelerate the progression of liver disease in NAFLD? A systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Jarvis Helen , O'Keefe Hannah , Craig Dawn , Stow Daniel , Hanratty Barbara , Anstee Quentin M 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesLiver disease is a leading cause of premature death, partly driven by the increasing incidence of non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Many people with a diagnosis of NAFLD drink moderate amounts of alcohol. There is limited guidance for clinicians looking to advise these patients on the effect this will have on their liver disease progression. This review synthesises the evidence on moderate alcohol consumption and its potential to predict liver disease progression in people with diagnosed NAFLD.MethodsA systematic review of longitudinal observational cohort studies was conducted. Databases (Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched up to September 2020. Studies were included that reported progression of liver disease in adults with NAFLD, looking at moderate levels of alcohol consumption as the exposure of interest. Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality in Prognostic factor Studies tool.ResultsOf 4578 unique citations, 6 met the inclusion criteria. Pooling of data was not possible due to heterogeneity and studies were analysed using narrative synthesis. Evidence suggested that any level of alcohol consumption is associated with worsening of liver outcomes in NAFLD, even for drinking within recommended limits. Well conducted population based studies estimated up to a doubling of incident liver disease outcomes in patients with NAFLD drinking at moderate levels.ConclusionsThis review found that any level of alcohol intake in NAFLD may be harmful to liver health.Study heterogeneity in definitions of alcohol exposure as well as in outcomes limited quantitative pooling of results. Use of standardised definitions for exposure and outcomes would support future meta-analysis.Based on this synthesis of the most up to date longitudinal evidence, clinicians seeing patients with NAFLD should currently advise abstinence from alcohol.PROSPERO registration numberThe protocol was registered with PROSPERO (#CRD42020168022).
Perception of pharmacological prevention and subsequent non-adherence to medication in patients with ischaemic heart disease: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Graversen Christina Boesgaard , Valentin Jan Brink , Larsen Mogens Lytken , Riahi Sam , Holmberg Teresa , Zinckernagel Line , Johnsen Søren Paaske 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveA patient-focused approach is advocated to embody risk of non-adherence to medication and subsequent adverse clinical outcomes following ischaemic heart disease (IHD). This study aimed to explore how patient perceived information on pharmacological prevention was associated with subsequent non-adherence to medication (measured by non-initiation, non-implementation and non-persistence) in patients with incident IHD.DesignCohort study.SettingDenmark.ParticipantsRegister-based cohort of 829 patients with incident IHD in 2013.MeasuresPerception covered whether patients’ experienced being adequately informed about their pharmacological prevention. Information on such was obtained from a survey and divided into ‘Well informed’, ‘Moderately informed’ and ‘Poorly informed’. Information on baseline characteristics, and reimbursed prescriptions of medication (antiplatelets, statins, ACE-inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers and β-blockers) during follow-up were obtained by linkage to nationwide public registers. Non-initiation and non-implementation of medication, measured as proportion of days covered, were analysed by Poisson regression. Non-persistence to medication, measured as risk of discontinuation, was analysed by multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression.Primary and secondary outcome measuresNon-implementation and non-persistence to medication up to 365 days of follow-up were primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes included non-initiation as well as non-implementation and non-persistence to medication at 180 days of follow-up.ResultsA dose–response association was in general found between perception of pharmacological prevention and risk of non-implementation and non-persistence. For example, the hazard of non-persistence to antiplatelets was 1.18 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.96) times higher for patients reporting 'Moderately informed' and 1.89 (95% CI 1.10 to 3.25) times higher for patients reporting 'Poorly informed', compared with patients reporting 'Well informed of perception of pharmacological prevention' up to 365 days of follow-up.ConclusionLower levels of perception of pharmacological prevention were associated with subsequent non-implementation and non-persistence to medication in patients with incident IHD.
Risk Factors for Esophageal Collateral Veins in Cirrhosis with and without Previous Endoscopic Esophageal Variceal Therapy
Authors: Li Qianqian , Guo Xiaozhong , Feng Ji , Xu Xiangbo , Chawla Saurabh , Li Hongyu , Qi Xingshun 
Published: January 2022

Background. Portosystemic collateral vessels are a sign of portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis. Esophageal collateral veins (ECVs) are one major type of portosystemic collateral vessels, which increase the recurrence of esophageal varices and bleeding after variceal eradication. However, the risk factors for ECVs were still unclear. Methods. We retrospectively screened cirrhotic patients who had contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) images to evaluate ECVs and upper gastrointestinal endoscopic reports to evaluate gastroesophageal varices at our department. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the independent risk factors for ECVs. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. Subgroup analyses were performed in patients with and without previous endoscopic variceal therapy which primarily included endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) and endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS). Results. Overall, 243 patients were included, in whom the prevalence of ECVs was 53.9%. The independent risk factors for ECVs were hepatitis C virus infection (OR = 0.250,

p

= 0.026), previous EVL (OR = 1.929,

p

= 0.044), platelet (OR = 0.993,

p

= 0.008), and esophageal varices needing treatment (EVNTs) (OR = 2.422,

p

= 0.006). The prevalence of ECVs was 60.8% (73/120) in patients undergoing EVL, 50% (10/20) in those undergoing EIS, and 47.5% (48/101) in those without previous endoscopic variceal therapy. The independent risk factors for ECVs were the use of nonselective beta-blockers (OR = 0.294,

p

= 0.042) and EVNTs (OR = 3.714,

p

= 0.006) in subgroup analyses of patients with and without previous endoscopic variceal therapy, respectively. Conclusions. The presence of ECVs should be closely associated with the severity of portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis. Risk of ECVs might be increased by previous EVL.
Abstract IA05: CAR NK Cells: The future of cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Basar Rafet 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
T cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have revolutionized the field of cell therapy and changed the paradigm of treatment for many patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies. Despite this progress, there are limitations to CAR-T cell therapy in both the autologous and allogeneic settings, including practical, logistical and toxicity issues. Given these concerns, there is a rapidly growing interest in NK cells as alternative vehicles for CAR engineering, given their unique biological features and their established safety profile in the allogeneic setting. Other immune effector cells, such as iNKT cells, γδ T cells and macrophages, are attracting interest as well and eventually may be added to the repertoire of engineered cell therapies against cancer. The pace of these developments will undoubtedly benefit from multiple innovative technologies, such as the CRISPR-Cas gene editing system, which offers great potential to enhance the natural ability of immune effector cells to eliminate refractory cancers.
Citation Format: Rafet Basar. CAR NK Cells: The future of cancer immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2021 Oct 5-6. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2022;10(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA05.
Abstract IA06: Chimeric antigen receptor macrophages for the treatment of solid tumors
Authors: Gill Saar 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Engineered adoptive cell therapies redirect and augment the ability of immune effector cells to mount an anti-tumor response by introducing novel capabilities and targeting moieties. A prominent example of this approach is the use of T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which have demonstrated significant efficacy against some hematologic malignancies. However, despite sophisticated strategies to harness immune cell function, CAR T cell efficacy against solid tumors has remained disappointing. Macrophages have recently emerged as prominent candidate effector cells for the treatment of solid tumors. Macrophages are innate immune cells that are intrinsically equipped with broad therapeutic effector functions, including homing to tumor sites, phagocytosis, activation of the tumor microenvironment and antigen presentation. In this presentation we will discuss strategies for genetic manipulation of CAR macrophages, illustrated by preclinical results.
Citation Format: Saar Gill. Chimeric antigen receptor macrophages for the treatment of solid tumors [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2021 Oct 5-6. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2022;10(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA06.
Abstract IA15: Targeting tumor associated macrophages for anti-cancer therapy
Authors: Guerriero Jennifer L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Despite objective responses to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition and improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) compared to standard chemotherapy in patients with BRCA-associated triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), benefits are transitory. Using high-dimensional single-cell profiling of human TNBC, here we demonstrate that macrophages are the predominant infiltrating immune cell type in breast cancer susceptibility (BRCA)-associated TNBC. Through multi-omics profiling, we show that PARP inhibitors enhance both anti- and pro-tumor features of macrophages through glucose and lipid metabolic reprogramming, driven by the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBF1, SREBP1) pathway. Combining PARP inhibitor therapy with colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)-blocking antibodies significantly enhanced innate and adaptive antitumor immunity and extended survival in mice with BRCA-deficient tumors in vivo, and this was mediated by CD8+ T cells. Collectively, our results uncover macrophage-mediated immune suppression as a liability of PARP inhibitor treatment and demonstrate that combined PARP inhibition and macrophage-targeting therapy induces a durable reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment (TME), thus constituting a promising therapeutic strategy for TNBC. This work highlights the importance of a deep understanding the tumor microenvironment (TME) before and after therapy.
Citation Format: Jennifer L. Guerriero. Targeting tumor associated macrophages for anti-cancer therapy [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2021 Oct 5-6. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2022;10(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA15.