bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting neuroplasticity to improve motor recovery after stroke: an artificial neural network model
Authors: Norman Sumner L , Wolpaw Jonathan R , Reinkensmeyer David J 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
After a neurological injury, people develop abnormal patterns of neural activity that limit motor recovery. Traditional rehabilitation, which concentrates on practicing impaired skills, is seldom fully effective. New targeted neuroplasticity protocols interact with the central nervous system to induce beneficial plasticity in key sites and thereby enable wider beneficial plasticity. They can complement traditional therapy and enhance recovery. However, their development and validation is difficult because many different targeted neuroplasticity protocols are conceivable, and evaluating even one of them is lengthy, laborious, and expensive. Computational models can address this problem by triaging numerous candidate protocols rapidly and effectively. Animal and human empirical testing can then concentrate on the most promising ones. Here, we simulate a neural network of corticospinal neurons that control motoneurons eliciting unilateral finger extension. We use this network to (i) study the mechanisms and patterns of cortical reorganization after a stroke; and (ii) identify and parameterize a targeted neuroplasticity protocol that improves recovery of extension torque. After a simulated stroke, standard training produced abnormal bilateral cortical activation and suboptimal torque recovery. To enhance recovery, we interdigitated standard training with trials in which the network was given feedback only from a targeted population of sub-optimized neurons. Targeting neurons in secondary motor areas on ∼20% of the total trials restored lateralized cortical activation and improved recovery of extension torque. The results illuminate mechanisms underlying suboptimal cortical activity post-stroke; they enable the identification and parameterization of the most promising targeted neuroplasticity protocols. By providing initial guidance, computational models could facilitate and accelerate the realization of new therapies that improve motor recovery.
Distinguishing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Persistence and Reinfection: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Turbett Sarah E , Tomkins-Tinch Christopher H , Anahtar Melis N , Dugdale Caitlin M , Hyle Emily P , Shenoy Erica S , Shaw Bennett , Egbuonu Kenechukwu , Bowman Kathryn A , Zachary Kimon C , Adams Gordon C , Hooper David C , Ryan Edward T , LaRocque Regina C , Bassett Ingrid V , Triant Virginia A , Siddle Katherine J , Rosenberg Eric , Sabeti Pardis C , Schaffner Stephen F , MacInnis Bronwyn L , Lemieux Jacob E , Charles Richelle C 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection is poorly understood, partly because few studies have systematically applied genomic analysis to distinguish reinfection from persistent RNA detection related to initial infection. We aimed to evaluate the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and persistent RNA detection using independent genomic, clinical, and laboratory assessments.MethodsAll individuals at a large academic medical center who underwent a SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) ≥45 days after an initial positive test, with both tests between 14 March and 30 December 2020, were analyzed for potential reinfection. Inclusion criteria required having ≥2 positive NAATs collected ≥45 days apart with a cycle threshold (Ct) value &lt;35 at repeat testing. For each included subject, likelihood of reinfection was assessed by viral genomic analysis of all available specimens with a Ct value &lt;35, structured Ct trajectory criteria, and case-by-case review by infectious diseases physicians.ResultsAmong 1569 individuals with repeat SARS-CoV-2 testing ≥45 days after an initial positive NAAT, 65 (4%) met cohort inclusion criteria. Viral genomic analysis characterized mutations present and was successful for 14/65 (22%) subjects. Six subjects had genomically supported reinfection, and 8 subjects had genomically supported persistent RNA detection. Compared to viral genomic analysis, clinical and laboratory assessments correctly distinguished reinfection from persistent RNA detection in 12/14 (86%) subjects but missed 2/6 (33%) genomically supported reinfections.ConclusionsDespite good overall concordance with viral genomic analysis, clinical and Ct value-based assessments failed to identify 33% of genomically supported reinfections. Scaling-up genomic analysis for clinical use would improve detection of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections.
Medicaid Spending on Antiretrovirals From 2007 Through 2019
Authors: Walsh Bryan S , Kesselheim Aaron S , Rome Benjamin N 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundAntiretroviral (ARV) medications to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are a major contributor to Medicaid prescription drug spending. Despite having been used for over 3 decades, the first generic ARVs only recently became available, and many newer versions continue to be sold at high prices despite within-class competition. We estimated Medicaid spending on ARVs from 2007 through 2019.MethodsUsing public Medicaid State Drug Utilization data, we identified trends in ARV spending and use from 2007 through 2019. We estimated net spending and average prices (spending per 30-day supply), accounting for statutory Medicaid rebates, including a 15%–23% base rebate plus additional rebates if a drug's price increased faster than inflation.ResultsAmong 48 ARVs, estimated net Medicaid spending from 2007 through 2019 was $25 billion for 17 million 30-day supplies. Annual use increased 118%, from 0.7 million 30-day supplies in 2007 to 1.6 million in 2019. During this time, estimated annual net spending increased 178%, from $1.1 billion to $3.0 billion, and average net prices increased 28%, from $1432 to $1830 per 30-day supply.ConclusionsAnnual Medicaid net spending on ARVs nearly tripled from 2007 to 2019, due to a combination of expanded use and rising prices. Medicaid did not extract expected benefits from its mandatory inflationary rebates because they were offset by use of newer, more expensive ARVs. To better control spending related to products with incremental innovation, the US government should be authorized to assure that launch prices for new drugs are aligned with the added benefit they offer over existing therapies.
Clinical Case 06—A fatal dance: a case report of a pulmonary embolism with mobile right ventricular thrombus
Authors: Gonçalves Carolina Miguel , Carvalho Mariana , Vazão Adriana , Fernandes Sara , Cabral Margarida , Carvalho Rita , Martins Hélia , Saraiva Fátima , Morais João 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Presentation
We report a case of a 44-year-old woman with past medical history of dyslipidemia under atorvastatin, overweight and depression, that presented to the emergency department with a 1-month history of dyspnea. On physical examination, blood pressure was within normal range, however she was hypoxemic, needing oxygen via nasal cannula, and tachycardic. Pulmonary auscultation revealed basal crackles. Blood workup showed discrete leukocytosis, increased C-reactive protein, mild hypertransaminasemia and increased troponin and NT-proBNP levels. An EKG revealed sinus tachycardia with 123 beats per minute. A D-shaped left ventricle, an enlarged right ventricle and right heart mobile thrombus were observed in a transthoracic echocardiogram.

Diagnosis
Scoring 2 points on simplified Wells’ Score and with a visible mobile right ventricular thrombus, pulmonary embolism was suspected and further confirmed by computed tomographic pulmonary angiography. Management: In the absence of hemodynamic instability this case fulfils criteria for intermediate-high risk pulmonary embolism. Therefore, anticoagulation with enoxaparin was started under strict electrocardiographic monitoring. Unfortunately, a day later the patient had a sudden cardiac arrest in asystole, with no recuperation after prolonged advanced life support and administration of rescue thrombolysis (alteplase 50mg).

Learning points
The Central Bank Strikes Back! Credibility of Monetary Policy under Fiscal Influence
Authors: Camous Antoine , Matveev Dmitry 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
How should independent central banks react if pressured by fiscal policymakers? We contrast the implications of two monetary frameworks: one, where the central bank follows a standard rule aiming exclusively at price stability against the other, where monetary policy additionally leans against fiscal influence. The latter rule improves economic outcomes by providing appropriate incentives to the fiscal authority. More importantly, the additional fiscal conditionality can enhance the credibility of the central bank to achieve price stability. We emphasise how the level and structure of government debt emerge as key factors affecting the credibility of monetary policy with fiscal conditionality.
Visceral Politics and Its Impact on US Foreign Policy Decision-Making
Authors: Houghton David Patrick , Mendez Alvaro 
Published: October 2022

AbstractGrowing understanding of the connections between the mind and the body, and of the ways in which interoception influences decision-making, may well revolutionize our understanding of how decisions are reached in foreign policy analysis, drawing attention to a phenomenon which has been termed “visceral politics.” Applying the somatic marker theory to an understanding of political decision-making, this manuscript briefly analyses President William McKinley's decision-making prior to the Spanish–American War, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance's decisions about the Iran hostage rescue mission, Secretary of State Madeleine Albright's Kosovo decision-making, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates’ decisions about the Bin Laden raid, and National Security Adviser Susan Rice's decision-making about Syria. We draw these five disparate but related examples together in order to illustrate the impact of somatic markers on foreign policy decision-making, a role hitherto neglected in the literature.
Molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- environmental isolates from poultry farms
Authors: Qin Xiaojie , Xiao Linlin , Li Jiaming , Yang Mingzhe , Yang Changying , Dong Qingli 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- (S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-) has been recognized as an emerging foodborne pathogen in recent years. It can cause human salmonellosis predominated by the contamination of animal-derived foods such as raw poultry and pork. This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity, plasmid replicon types, and antibiotic resistance of 15 S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- environmental isolates collected from two poultry farms using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), polymerase chain reaction-based replicon typing, and minimum inhibitory concentration approach. Ten different PFGE genotypes were detected, indicating a high diversity among these S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates. Three sequence types (ST19, ST1544, ST34) were identified by MLST. Among them, ST1544 was first detected in S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- environmental isolates from poultry farms. All isolates were resistant to cefazolin, cefotetan, tobramycin, amikacin, and gentamicin, but susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam, aztreonam, ceftazidime, cefepime, and ertapenem. Five incompatibility groups (Inc) of plasmids were identified, including IncFIIs (66.7%), IncHI2 (20%), IncI1 (6.7%), IncN (6.7%), and IncQ (6.7%). Among these isolates, 80% carried at least one plasmid replicon type, and 20% carried multiple plasmid replicon types. Interestingly, the multidrug-resistant isolate 263 carried numerous resistance genes (i.e. qnrS, aac(6ʹ)-Ib-cr, blaTEM, blaCTX-M-9, blaOXA-1, sul1, sul2, sul3, floR, and mcr-1) and class I integronase gene intI1, which possessed both IncHI2 and IncQ plasmids, suggesting that resistance genes may be horizontally transferred by the combination of IncHI2 and IncQ plasmids. Collectively, antibiotic-resistant S.1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates were first found in poultry farm environments in China, and surveillance should be strengthened to prevent their further spread from poultry farms to foods.
The Mediating Role of Inflammation in the Relationship Between α-Synuclein and Cognitive Functioning
Authors: Dabiri Sanaz , Ramírez Ruiz Mara I , Jean-Louis Girardin , Ntekim Oyonumo E , Obisesan Thomas O , Campbell Alfonso L , Mwendwa Denée T ,   Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: October 2022

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that α-synuclein plays a role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study examined whether α-synuclein level in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was associated with cognitive functioning among older adults. We also explored whether this relationship was mediated by proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, along with sIL-6R and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Using a cross-sectional Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI; N = 148) sample, we examined the relationship between α-synuclein and participants’ performance on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog 13) at baseline. Mediation analyses were utilized, adjusting for age, education, APOEe4, and Geriatric Depression Scale scores. All biological markers were measured in CSF. Participants in the current sample were 58.3% males, 41.7% females, and Caucasian (95.5%); their average education and age were 15.5 (standard deviation [SD] = 2.97) and 74.4 (SD = 7.51) years, respectively. Higher accumulation of α-synuclein was associated with poorer MMSE scores (β = −0.41, standard error [SE] = 1.54, p &lt; .001). This relationship appeared to be mediated by VEGF (β = 0.27, SE = 2.15, p = .025) and IL-6r (β = 0.22, SE = 1.66, p &lt; .026). In addition, α-synuclein was associated with poorer performance on the ADAS-Cog 13 (β = 0.34, p = .005) and mediated by VEGF (β = −0.19, SE = 4.13, p = .025) after adjusting for age, education, APOEe4, and depressive symptoms. α-Synuclein may serve as an additional biomarker for determining poor cognitive functioning. VEGF and IL-6 soluble receptors were significant mediators of the relationship between α-synuclein and cognitive functioning. If confirmed in prospective analyses, these findings can further inform the pathologic cascade and early diagnosis of AD.
Greater Phosphorylation of AMPK and Multiple AMPK Substrates in the Skeletal Muscle of 24-Month-Old Calorie Restricted Compared to Ad-Libitum Fed Male Rats
Authors: Zheng Amy , Kwak Seong Eun , Birk Jesper B , Arias Edward B , Thorley Dominic , Wojtaszewski Jørgen F P , Cartee Gregory D 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a highly conserved, heterotrimeric serine/threonine kinase with critical sensory and regulatory functions, is proposed to induce antiaging actions of caloric restriction (CR). Although earlier studies assessed CR’s effects on AMPK in rodent skeletal muscle, the scope of these studies was narrow with a limited focus on older animals. This study’s purpose was to fill important knowledge gaps related to CR’s influence on AMPK in skeletal muscle of older animals. Therefore, using epitrochlearis muscles from 24-month-old ad-libitum fed (AL) and CR (consuming 65% of AL intake for 8 weeks), male Fischer-344 × Brown Norway F1 rats, we determined: (a) AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation (a key regulatory site) by immunoblot; (b) AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 activity (representing the 2 catalytic α-subunits of AMPK), and AMPKγ3 activity (representing AMPK complexes that include the skeletal muscle-selective regulatory γ3 subunit) using enzymatic assays; (c) phosphorylation of multiple protein substrates that are linked to CR-related effects (acetyl-CoA carboxylase [ACC], that regulates lipid oxidation; Beclin-1 and ULK1 that are autophagy regulatory proteins; Raptor, mTORC1 complex protein that regulates autophagy; TBC1D1 and TBC1D4 that regulate glucose uptake) by immunoblot; and (d) ATP and AMP concentrations (key AMPK regulators) by mass spectrometry. The results revealed significant CR-associated increases in the phosphorylation of AMPKThr172 and 4 AMPK substrates (ACC, Beclin-1, TBC1D1, and TBC1D4), without significant diet-related differences in ATP or AMP concentration or AMPKα1-, AMPKα2-, or AMPKγ3-associated activity. The enhanced phosphorylation of multiple AMPK substrates provides novel mechanistic insights linking AMPK to functionally important consequences of CR.
Present–day crustal deformation across the Daliang Shan, southeastern Tibetan Plateau constrained by a dense GPS network
Authors: Li Yuhang , Song Shangwu , Hao Ming , Zhuang Wenquan , Cui Duxin , Yang Fan , Wang Qingliang 
Published: October 2022

SUMMARYThe Daliang Shan is a tectonic unit that connects the active southeastern Tibetan Plateau with the stable South China block. As a newly generated (formed later than the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang active fault system) seismotectonic zone induced by the Tibetan tectonics, the detailed constraints of the crustal deformation are central to the understanding of the kinematics and dynamics of the Tibetan expansion. This paper establishes and analyses a high-spatial resolution global positioning system (GPS) velocity field from a dense GPS network in this region. Our modelling results indicate that, in contrast to the equivalent sinistral strike-slip rate of approximately 5 mm yr–1 on the Anninghe–Zemuhe and Daliangshan faults, their inferred interseismic locking depth varies within a large range. The southern segment of the Anninghe Fault and the middle segment of the Daliangshan Fault have deep locking depths of ∼13 km, indicating that the seismic risk is high in these areas. In addition, the detectable counter-clockwise rotation rate of 0.35 ± 0.12° Myr–1 of the Mabian block makes a significant contribution of ∼50 per cent to the strike-slip motion on its boundary faults. This counter-clockwise rotation may be induced by a left-lateral shear gradient with southeastward motion relative to the South China-fixed reference frame, indicating the significance of a simple-shear pattern in exploring the kinematics of the encroachment of the Tibetan tectonics upon a stable block (craton).
A parallel adaptive finite-element approach for 3-D realistic controlled-source electromagnetic problems using hierarchical tetrahedral grids
Authors: Liu Zhengguang , Ren Zhengyong , Yao Hongbo , Tang Jingtian , Lu Xushan , Farquharson Colin 
Published: October 2022

SUMMARY
To effectively and efficiently interpret or invert controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) data which are recorded in areas with the kind of complex geological environments and arbitrary topography that are typical, 3-D CSEM forward modelling software that can quickly solve large-scale problems, provide accurate electromagnetic responses for complex geo-electrical models and can be easily incorporated into inversion algorithms are required. We have developed a parallel goal-oriented adaptive mesh refinement finite-element approach for frequency-domain 3-D CSEM forward modelling with hierarchical tetrahedral grids that can offer accurate electromagnetic responses for large-scale complex models and that can efficiently serve for inversion. The approach uses the goal-oriented adaptive vector finite element method to solve the total electric field vector equation. The geo-electrical model is discretized by unstructured tetrahedral grids which can deal with complex underground geological models with arbitrary surface topography. Different from previous adaptive finite element software working on unstructured tetrahedral grids, we have utilized a novel mesh refinement technique named the longest edge bisection method to generate hierarchically refined grids. As the refined grids are nested into the coarse grids, the refinement technique can precisely map the electrical parameters of inversion grids onto the forward modelling grids so that the extra numerical errors generated by the inconsistency of electrical parameters between inversion grids and forward modelling grids are eliminated. In addition, we use the parallel domain-decomposition technique to further accelerate the computations, and the flexible generalized minimum residual solver (FGMRES) with an auxiliary Maxwell solver pre-conditioner to solve the final large-scale system of linear equations. In the end, we validate the performance of the proposed scheme using two synthetic models and one realistic model. We demonstrate that accurate electromagnetic fields can be obtained by comparison with the analytic solutions and that the code is highly scalable for large-scale problems with millions or even hundreds of millions of unknowns. For the synthetic 3-D model and the realistic model with complex geometry, our solutions match well with the results calculated by an existing 3-D CSEM forward modelling code. Both synthetic and realistic examples demonstrate that our newly developed code is an effective, efficient forward modelling engine for interpreting CSEM field data acquired in areas of complex geology and topography.
The genie of independence and the European bottle: How independence became Europe’s most contentious legal and political category
Authors: Vauchez Antoine 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Over the past decades, the notion of “independence” has become an object of contention in EU politics in fields ranging from monetary policies to rule-of-law standards, to regulatory agencies. This article takes a broad socio-genetic approach to question the deep-seated, cross-sectoral entanglement between EU polity and the notion of “independence.” It explains how the European Union has been a laboratory of the notion of “independence,” transforming it from a negative institutional device (independence from) into a broad empowering technology of supranational government connected to notions of general interest, professional expertise, and discretionary powers (independence for). The article analyzes the emergence of this European style of independence in conjunction with the jurisdictional claims and legitimizing efforts of the European Court of Justice (“the Court”), the European Commission, and the European Central Bank. The article examines three major EU constitutional crises from the inaugural years of the mid-1960s to the creation of an uber-independent European Central Bank in the 1990s and the more recent debates on judicial independence, and it traces how a controversy on the meaning and scope of independence unfolded in each of these critical junctures. The article is meant to spark a productive debate about Europe’s “independence wars” in view of framing a more robust, yet democratically open, notion of independence to which policymakers (whether European or national) could be held accountable.
On Channels of Energy for the Radial Linearised Energy Critical Wave Equation in the Degenerate Case
Authors: Collot Charles , Duyckaerts Thomas , Kenig Carlos , Merle Frank 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Channels of energy estimates control the energy of an initial data from that which it radiates outside a light cone. For the linearised energy critical wave equation, they have been obtained in the radial case in odd dimensions, first in three dimensions in [8], then for the general case in [10]. We consider even dimensions, for which such estimates are known to fail [2]. We propose a weaker version of these estimates, around a single ground state as well as around a multisoliton. This allows us in [1] to prove the soliton resolution conjecture in six dimensions.