bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positive acetylcholine receptor antibody in nonmyasthenic patients
Authors: Sun Fang , Tavella‐Burka Sabrina , Li Jianbo , Li Yuebing 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroduction/AimsIn this study we aimed to determine the frequency of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) binding antibody positivity via neuroautoimmunity panel testing, and describe its occurrence in a group of nonmyasthenic disorders.MethodsThis is a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent neuroautoimmunity antibody panel testing from 2010 to 2018 at the Cleveland Clinic.ResultsA total of 10 855 patients received neuroautoimmunity antibody panel testing, and 224 (2.1%) patients were positive for AChR binding antibody. Fifty‐eight patients with a known myasthenia gravis (MG) diagnosis and 11 patients with incomplete follow‐up were excluded. Among the remaining 155 patients, 30 had newly diagnosed MG and 125 were nonmyasthenic. In 35 patients, MG was within the initial differential diagnosis based on the clinical presentation. In contrast to nonmyasthenic patients, myasthenic patients were more likely to have an initial clinical presentation raising suspicion for MG (73.3% vs 10.4%, P < .001), higher mean AChR binding antibody titer (8.2 ± 15.6 vs 0.4 ± 1.6 nmol/L, P = .011), and higher frequency of abnormal AChR modulating antibody (89.3% vs 23.9%, P < .001). A combination of AChR binding antibody of >0.5 nmol/L and modulating antibody of over 20% in patients with clinical suspicion of MG is virtually diagnostic of MG. A total of 31 (24.8%) nonmyasthenic patients carried coexisting autoimmune conditions.DiscussionElevated titers of AChR binding antibody can sometimes be found in nonmyasthenic patients. Combined analysis of clinical presentation, AChR binding antibody titer, and AChR‐modulating antibody results can be helpful in confirming an MG diagnosis.
Identification of metallic objects using spectral magnetic polarizability tensor signatures: Object classification
Authors: Wilson Ben A. , Ledger Paul D. , Lionheart William R. B. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe early detection of terrorist threat objects, such as guns and knives, through improved metal detection, has the potential to reduce the number of attacks and improve public safety and security. To achieve this, there is considerable potential to use the fields applied and measured by a metal detector to discriminate between different shapes and different metals since, hidden within the field perturbation, is object characterization information. The magnetic polarizability tensor (MPT) offers an economical characterization of metallic objects and its spectral signature provides additional object characterization information. The MPT spectral signature can be determined from measurements of the induced voltage over a range of frequencies in a metal signature for a hidden object. With classification in mind, it can also be computed in advance for different threat and non‐threat objects. In this article, we evaluate the performance of probabilistic and non‐probabilistic machine learning algorithms, trained using a dictionary of computed MPT spectral signatures, to classify objects for metal detection. We discuss the importance of using appropriate features and selecting an appropriate algorithm depending on the classification problem being solved, and we present numerical results for a range of practically motivated metal detection classification problems.
Polyacrylamide hydrogels prepared by varying water content during polymerization: Material characterization, reswelling ability, and aging resistance
Authors: Penkavova Vera , Spalova Anna , Tomas Jan , Tihon Jaroslav 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAs easily fabricated, polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels are widely used, especially in medicine. Material properties of these crosslinked polymers are usually tuned by varying monomer/crosslinker ratio during polymerization. However, the properties of resulting hydrogels are affected by an all‐in composition of the reaction mixture. As the influence of water/monomer ratio has not been systematically studied yet, the objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive investigation of this way of hydrogel preparation together with a careful examination of resulting materials. The samples of PAAm hydrogels prepared with controlled contents of water in the reaction mixture vary in achieved swelling ratios (from 5 to 25) and rigidities (Young's modulus from 300 to 5 kPa). These material properties remain practically the same even if the hydrogels are dried and reswelled again. Performed long‐time testing suggests that the PAAm hydrogels can be stored either in wet or dry state, however, to avoid possible degradation by polymer hydrolysis, they should be placed in darkness and stored at no more than room temperature. The prepared hydrogels swell more in NaCl solutions than in water. As this swelling/shrinking behavior is reversible and independent of hydrogel history, it could be applied for remote control of hydrogel properties.
How to make PERC suitable for perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells: A simulation study
Authors: Messmer Christoph , Schön Jonas , Lohmüller Sabrina , Greulich Johannes , Luderer Christoph , Goldschmidt Jan Christoph , Bivour Martin , Glunz Stefan W. , Hermle Martin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLow‐cost and high‐efficiency tandem solar cells are promising candidates for a future industrial mass production. Nowadays, the passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) technology makes up the major market share; therefore, it is an attractive option to use the PERC technology as bottom cell concept for a perovskite–silicon tandem device. Long‐term optimization of the PERC technology led to highly efficient, low‐cost, and mature devices. For PERC‐like bottom cells, mainly an adapted front‐side design is needed: Design constrains of a PERC single junction are relaxed to some extent, because such an updated PERC bottom cell only needs to absorb long wavelength photons, transports about half the current and, in a monolithic tandem, lateral transport, and the use of firing‐through local silver contacts is not a mandatory prerequisite. Consequently, to make PERC suitable for tandem application, a systematic reevaluation of the current PERC technology is performed here considering five different front‐side concepts. We investigate locally contacted and full‐area transparent conducting oxide (TCO)‐based interconnection concepts for PERC, as well as the full‐area tunnel oxide passivating contact (TOPCon). Our simulation work elaborates on the advantages and physical constrains of each concept and gives guidelines for the optimization of the phosphorus diffused emitter and front interconnection layers. We conclude that both full‐area and locally contacted front‐side concepts are promising candidates for achieving tandem cell efficiencies of about 30%.
Current status and trends in subspecialty certification in physical medicine and rehabilitation
Authors: Sabharwal Sunil , Kinney Carolyn L. , Raddatz Mikaela M. , Driscoll Sherilyn W. , Francisco Gerard E. , Robinson Lawrence R. , Geis Carolyn , Micheo William 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThere is a need to better understand the overall state of sub‐specialization in physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R).ObjectiveTo examine the status and trends in subspecialty certification for each of the seven subspecialties approved for American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (ABPMR) diplomates.Design/SettingRetrospective analysis of deidentified information from the ABPMR database.ParticipantsPhysicians certified by ABPMR through 2019.InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresFor each subspecialty, we examined: (1) the number of certificates issued to ABPMR diplomates; (2) the recertification rate; (3) the yearly trends for total active, new, and expired certificates; and (4) for ABPMR‐administered subspecialties, recertification rates for those entering the subspecialty through fellowship completion versus a “grandfathered” practice pathway.ResultsOf 11,421 ABPMR diplomates in the United States in 2019, a total of 3560 (31.2%) had 3985 active subspecialty certificates. Pain Medicine (PM) was the most common subspecialty certification (15.5% of all ABPMR diplomates) followed by Sports Medicine (SM, 6.6%), Brain Injury Medicine (BIM, 4.8%), Spinal Cord Injury Medicine (SCIM, 4.2%), Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM, 2.5%), Neuromuscular Medicine (NMM, 0.7%), and Hospice and Palliative Medicine (HPM, 0.5%). For diplomates with more than one subspecialty certification, PM and SM was the most frequent combination. Both the recertification rate and the end of practice track eligibility influenced certification trends differently for individual subspecialties. The average number of new certificates added annually for every subspecialty was higher before than after the temporary practice track‐based eligibility ended; the difference was statistically significant (p < .05) for SCIM, PM, SM, and NMM. The recertification rate for all subspecialties combined was 73.4%. For the subspecialties (SCIM, PRM) for which these data were available, fellowship candidates had higher recertification rates than those grandfathered through a practice track.ConclusionThis report informs stakeholders about the state and evolution of subspecialty certification in PM&R over time.
Abiraterone switches castration‐resistant prostate cancer dependency from adrenal androgens towards androgen receptor variants and glucocorticoid receptor signalling
Authors: Moll J. Matthijs , Hofland Johannes , Teubel Wilma J. , de Ridder Corina M. A. , Taylor Angela E. , Graeser Ralph , Arlt Wiebke , Jenster Guido W. , van Weerden Wytske M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroductionCastration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signalling, which is largely driven by conversion of adrenal androgen precursors lasting after castration. Abiraterone, an inhibitor of the steroidogenic enzyme CYP17A1, has been demonstrated to reduce adrenal androgen synthesis and prolong CRPC patient survival. To study mechanisms of resistance to castration and abiraterone, we created coculture models using human prostate and adrenal tumours.Materials and MethodsCastration‐naïve and CRPC clones of VCaP were incubated with steroid substrates or cocultured with human adrenal cells (H295R) and treated with abiraterone or the antiandrogen enzalutamide. Male mice bearing VCaP xenografts with and without concurrent H295R xenografts were castrated and treated with placebo or abiraterone. Response was assessed by tumour growth and PSA release. Plasma and tumour steroid levels were assessed by LC/MS‐MS. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction determined steroidogenic enzyme, nuclear receptor and AR target gene expression.ResultsIn vitro, adrenal androgens induced castration‐naïve and CRPC cell growth, while precursors steroids for de novo synthesis did not. In a coculture system, abiraterone blocked H295R‐induced growth of VCaP cells. In vivo, H295R promoted castration‐resistant VCaP growth. Abiraterone only inhibited VCaP growth or PSA production in the presence of H295R. Plasma steroid levels demonstrated CYP17A1 inhibition by abiraterone, whilst CRPC tumour tissue steroid levels showed no evidence of de novo intratumoural androgen production. Castration‐resistant and abiraterone‐resistant VCaP tumours had increased levels of AR, AR variants and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) resulting in equal AR target gene expression levels compared to noncastrate tumours.ConclusionsIn our model, ligand‐dependent AR‐regulated regrowth of CRPC was predominantly supported via adrenal androgen precursor production while there was no evidence for intratumoural androgen synthesis. Abiraterone‐resistant tumours relied on AR overexpression, expression of ligand‐independent AR variants and GR signalling.
Therapeutic roles of CAR T cells in infectious diseases: Clinical lessons learnt from cancer
Authors: Mohammadi Mahsa , Akhoundi Maryam , Malih Sara , Mohammadi Ali , Sheykhhasan Mohsen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCancer immunotherapy has made improvements due to the advances in chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell development, offering a promising treatment option for patients who have failed to respond to traditional treatments. In light of the successful use of adoptive CAR T cell therapy for cancer, researchers have been inspired to develop CARs for the treatment of other diseases beyond cancers such as viral infectious diseases. Nonetheless, various obstacles limit the efficacy of CAR T cell therapies and prevent their widespread usage. Severe toxicities, poor in vivo persistence, antigen escape, and heterogeneity, as well as off‐target effect, are key challenges that must all be addressed to broaden the application of CAR T cells to a wider spectrum of diseases. The key advances in CAR T cell treatment for cancer and viral infections are reviewed in this article. We will also discuss revolutionary CAR T cell products developed to improve and enhance the therapeutic advantages of these treatments.
A Robust Approach to In Situ Exsolve Highly Dispersed and Stable Electrocatalysts
Authors: Wang Mengchu , Zhang Bike , Ding Jiaqi , Zhang Fanxing , Tu Rui , Bernards Matthew T. , He Yi , Xie Pengfei , Shi Yao 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCatalysts made of in situ exsolved metal nanoparticles often demonstrate promising activity and high stability in many applications. However, the traditional approach is limited by perovskites as prevailing precursor and requires high temperature typically above 900 K. Here, with the guidance of theoretical calculation, an unprecedented and substantially facile technique is demonstrated for Cu nanoparticles exsolved from interstitially Cu cations doped nickel‐based hydroxide, which is accomplished swiftly at room temperature and results in metal nanoparticles with a quasi‐uniform size of 4 nm, delivering an exceptional CO faradaic efficiency of 95.6% for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 with a notable durability. This design principle is further proven to be generally applicable to other metals and foregrounded for guiding the development of advanced catalytic materials.
Water‐Processable and Multiscale‐Designed Vanadium Oxide Cathodes with Predominant Zn2+ Intercalation Pseudocapacitance toward High Gravimetric/Areal/Volumetric Capacity
Authors: Liu Xiong , Ni Wentao , Wang Yuan , Liang Yongle , Wu Banghui , Xu Guobao , Wei Xiaolin , Yang Liwen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLayered vanadium oxides have great potential as cathode materials for recently surged aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs). However, achieving high energy/power densities simultaneously is challenging, and side reactions related to more frequently than disclosed Zn2+/proton co‐insertion mechanism aggravate stability concerns. Herein, an engineered binder‐free cathode configuration based on water‐processable and high packing‐density sheet‐shaped composites of carbon nanotubes network, surface poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) bridging coating, and ultrasmall PEDOT‐intercalated V2O5 nanoflakes is developed, and therein, large pseudocapacitance via predominant (≈91%) Zn2+ intercalation is revealed. Besides competitive gravimetric/areal capacity, the binder‐free cathodes exhibit high volumetric capacity of 1106.1 mAh cm−3 and high‐rate capability of 180.0 mA g−1 at 30 A g−1 as well as long‐cycling stability. Such combined level of performance and unwanted reaction mechanism are attributed to the contained multiscale material/electrode design formula from crystal structure modification to 3D architecture construction of whole electrode, which endows the binder‐free cathodes with abundant accessible sites for Zn2+ storage, but the least hydroxyl terminated surface for H+ insertion, as well as highly conductive network for electron transfer and fast Zn2+ diffusion kinetics throughout the electrode. Combined with scalable fabrication protocols, this study opens up great opportunities for high‐performance vanadium oxide cathodes practically applicable to AZIBs.
Enhanced Valley Polarization in WS2/LaMnO3 Heterostructure
Authors: Dang Jianchen , Yang Mingwei , Xie Xin , Yang Zhen , Dai Danjie , Zuo Zhanchun , Wang Can , Jin Kuijuan , Xu Xiulai 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMonolayer transition metal dichalcogenides have attracted great attention for potential applications in valleytronics. However, the valley polarization degree is usually not high because of the intervalley scattering. Here, a largely enhanced valley polarization up to 80% in monolayer WS2 under nonresonant excitation at 4.2 K is demonstrated using WS2/LaMnO3 thin film heterostructure, which is much higher than that for monolayer WS2 on SiO2/Si substrate with a valley polarization of 15%. Furthermore, the greatly enhanced valley polarization can be maintained to a high temperature of about 160 K with a valley polarization of 53%. The temperature dependence of valley polarization is strongly correlated with the thermomagnetic curve of LaMnO3, indicating an exciton–magnon coupling between WS2 and LaMnO3. A simple model is introduced to illustrate the underlying mechanisms. The coupling of WS2 and LaMnO3 is further confirmed with an observation of two interlayer excitons with opposite valley polarizations in the heterostructure, resulting from the spin‐orbit coupling induced splitting of the conduction bands in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. The results provide a pathway to control the valleytronic properties of transition metal dichalcogenides by means of ferromagnetic van der Waals engineering, paving a way to practical valleytronic applications.
Direct Observation of Orbital Driven Strong Interlayer Coupling in Puckered Two‐Dimensional PdSe2
Authors: Ryu Jung Hyun , Kim Jeong‐Gyu , Kim Bongjae , Kim Kyoo , Kim Sooran , Park Jae‐Hoon , Park Byeong‐Gyu , Kim Younghak , Ko Kyung‐Tae , Lee Kimoon 
Published: January 2022

AbstractInterlayer coupling between individual unit layers is known to be critical in manipulating the layer‐dependent properties of two‐dimensional (2D) materials. While recent studies have revealed that several 2D materials with significant degrees of interlayer interaction (such as black phosphorus) show strongly layer‐dependent properties, the origin based on the electronic structure is drawing intensive attention along with 2D materials exploration. Here, the direct observation of a highly dispersive single electronic band along the interlayer direction in puckered 2D PdSe2 as an experimental hallmark of strong interlayer couplings is reported. Remarkably large band dispersion along the kz‐direction near Fermi level, which is even wider than the in‐plane one, is observed by the angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurement. Employing X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, it is revealed that the strong interlayer coupling in 2D PdSe2 originates from the unique directional bonding of Pd d orbitals associated with unexpected Pd 4d9 configuration, which consequently plays a decisive role for the strong layer‐dependency of the band gap.
A Solid‐Phase Conversion Sulfur Cathode with Full Capacity Utilization and Superior Cycle Stability for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Wu Xiangjiang , Zhang Qian , Tang Guo , Cao Yuliang , Yang Hanxi , Li Hui , Ai Xinping 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSolid phase conversion sulfur cathode is an effective strategy for eliminating soluble polysulfide intermediates (LiPSs) and improving cyclability of Li‐S batteries. However, realizing such a sulfur cathode with high sulfur loading and high capacity utilization is very challenging due to the insulating nature of sulfur. In this work, a strategy is proposed for fabricating solid phase conversion sulfur cathode by encapsulating sulfur in the mesoporous channels of CMK‐3 carbon to form a coaxially assembled sulfur/carbon (CA‐S/C) composite. Vinyl carbonate (VC) is simultaneously utilized as the electrolyte cosolvent to in‐situ form a dense solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the CA‐S/C composite surface through its nucleophilic reaction with the freshly generated polysulfides at the beginning of initial discharge, thus separating the direct contact of interior sulfur with the outer electrolyte. As expected, such a CA‐S/C cathode can operate in a solid phase conversion manner in the VC‐ether cosolvent electrolyte to exhibit a full capacity utilization (1667 mA h g–1, ≈100%), a high rate capability of 2.0 A g–1 and excellent long‐term cyclability over 500 cycles even at a high sulfur loading (75%, based on the weight of CA‐S/C composite), demonstrating great promise for constructing high‐energy‐density and cycle‐stable Li‐S batteries.
A Multifunctional Silicon‐Doped Polyether Network for Double Stable Interfaces in Quasi‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhang Qi , Liu Xiao , Li Hao , Guo Zhijie , Bian Tengfei , Zhu Xuebing , Zhan Niannian , Zhao Yong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPolymer‐based quasi‐solid‐state electrolyte (QSE) is an effective means to solve the safety problem of lithium (Li) metal batteries, and stable solid‐electrolyte‐interface (SEI) layers between electrolyte and anode/cathode are highly required for their long‐term stability. Herein, it is demonstrated that a silicon‐doped polyether functions as a multifunctional unit, which can induce the formation of stable and robust SEI layers with rich LixSiOy on both the surfaces of cathode and anode. It simultaneously solves the compatibility of electrolyte and electrodes in the quasi‐solid‐state Li‐metal battery. Moreover, the robust polymer skeleton with a cross‐linked network is beneficial to inhibit liquid volatilization and improve battery safety. The assembled Li|QSE|LiFePO4 batteries show a capacity retention rate as high as 97.5% after 400 cycles at 1 C (30 °C), and reach 78.1% after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, there is almost no attenuation of reversible capacity after 100 cycles for the assembled Li|QSE|LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 batteries. The concept of silicon‐doped polymer with a crosslinking structure provides an important strategy for designing solid‐state or quasi‐solid‐state polymer electrolytes for the stable long‐term operation of both anode and cathode.
Constructing High Efficiency CoZnxMn2–xO4 Electrocatalyst by Regulating the Electronic Structure and Surface Reconstruction
Authors: Zhao Depeng , Zhang Rui , Dai Meizhen , Liu Hengqi , Jian Wei , Bai Fu‐Quan , Wu Xiang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIt is an effective strategy to develop novel electrocatalysts with controllable defects to enhance their electrocatalytic activity and stability. However, how to precisely design these catalysts on the atom scale remains very difficult. Herein, several vacancy‐dependent CoZnxMn2–xO4 catalysts are prepared through tailoring the concentration of Zn ions. The in situ activation of the obtained products accelerates the surface reconstruction. The superior electrocatalytic performance can be ascribed to the formations of MOOH (Mn, Co) active species and abundant oxygen vacancies, which are comparable to noble IrO2 and Pt/C catalysts. Zn‐CoMn2O4‐1.5 catalyst delivers a cell voltage of 1.63 V and long durability. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the appropriate Zn ion doping can improve the density states of p electron on the surface of catalysts significantly and benefit the d‐band center closing to Fermi level, suggesting their high charge carrier density and low adsorption energy.