bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scotch Pine, a Pine Needle Scale Control, 1977
Authors: Schuder Donald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A series of six treatments was applied to an experimental planting of Scotch pine trees at the Purdue Agronomy Farm on May 10, 1977. The trees were heavily infested with Chionaspisheterophyllae, one of the pine needle scales. The 8-10 foot trees were sprayed to the point of runoff with a Spartan Sprayer operating at 125 psi. The temperature was 65° F and the air calm. At the time of application the overwintering eggs were hatching (about 2 to 3 weeks earlier than normal). The experiment was replicated 4 times. There was no evidence of phytotoxicity after the treatments. On June 7 and June 28 twig samples were removed from the treated trees, placed in paper sacks and transported to the laboratory where they were refrigerated until the counts were made under a binocular microscope. The second sample consisted of new growth only since the second generation scales were on the new growth. In both instances only female scales were tabulated. Ten needle samples were counted from each sampled twig.
Taxus, Black Vine Weevil Control with Drenches, Wooster, Ohio, 1977
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Boggs Joseph F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Aluminum barriers (25 cm high x 47 cm dia) were constructed around each of 15 plants tightly sheared to 16-22 cm crown width. The inside of each barrier was coated with fluon to prevent weevil escapes. A 7.5 I watering can was used to drench each plant with 1362 ml of finished material. This approximates a treatment of 5 gal/25 sq ft, an amount sufficient to thoroughly soak foliage and surrounding soil. Treatments (see table) were applied in a randomized complete block experimental design with 3 replications between 1300 and 1430 hr (EDT) August 19, 1977 under overcast skies and ambient temperature of ca 21°C. Ten ovipositing adults, preconditioned at 22°C, 15 hr light/day, and ambient humidity, were placed at the base of each plant 2 hr later. Mortality was assessed 3 and 7 days post-treatment by inspecting each plant and surrounding soil for adults for 5 minutes.
Apple, Summer Mite Control, 1977
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi. In Test, 27-year-old trees were sprayed at a rate of ca. 300 gal per acre; in Tests 1 and 3, 12-year-old trees were treated at 500 gal per acre. Spray dates were June 23 and 30 (Test 1), July 1 and 8 (Test 2), and July 18 and 27 (Test 3); each material was applied on both dates for the respective tests. In addition, Omite 6EC at 2 oz, Omite 30W at 5 oz, and Plictran 50W at 1 oz were also applied on July 11 and 26 (Test 1). The fungicide and insecticide program during the course of these acaricide tests consisted of captan 80W (1 .0 - 1.25 lb/100 gal) on 5 dates, Epsom salts (15 lb) and Marlate 50W (3 lb) on June 16, and Sevin 80W (1.25 lb) on June 29, July 13, 28, and August 18. There were no tank-mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 2 Golden Delicious (GD) and 2 Early Mcintosh cultivars per treatment in Test 1, 2 GD and 2 Red Delicious (RD) per treatment in Test 2, and 4 RD per treatment in Test 3. Twenty-five leaves were collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of each tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Mite population pressure was very severe. On the prespray date, egg populations ranged from 3-8 eggs/leaf (Test 1), 45-60 eggs/leaf (Test 2), or 15-30 eggs/leaf (Test 3). July was a very dry month.
Evaluation of Various Insecticides Against the Driedfruit Beetle, a Pest of Figs,

Ficus

carica

L. 1977
Authors: Soderstrom E. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The driedfruif beetle was cultured at 26.7 ± 1°C 60% RH in figs reconstituted with tap water. Filter papers (9 cm diam) were treated by pipetting 1 ml of a 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 insecticide - tap water emulsion or tap water over the surfaces and air drying for.3 hours. (Technical for-mulations were dissolved in acetone before adding tap water). Then 10 adults no more than 2 weeks emerged were placed in a disposable petri dish containing a treated or untreated paper. The insects.were then held at 26.7 ± 1°C and 60% RH for 24 hr. Each concentration and the control were replicated 5 times. Mortalities were corrected by using Abbott’s formula.
Vapor Activity of Selected Compounds Against the Horn Fly and Stable Fly, 1977
Authors: Beadles M. L. , Meurer J. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Vapor effect of 190 compounds, effective against the stable fly, was determined against 0- to 1-day-old horn flies. Technical grade compounds, unless otherwise noted, were dissolved in acetone, and 0.5 ml of a solution containing 10 or 1 ma per 0.5 ml was pipetted onto a 90-cm-diam filter paper in a 100-cm diam petri dish bottom. Dishes were held on a hot plate at 37.8±0.5°C for 1 h before exposing 25 unsexed host-reared horn flies to the vapor emanating from the candidate toxicants. The flies were held 1.5 cm above the filter paper by inverting a 2nd petri dish bottom over a screen wire on the rim of the dish of toxicant.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1977
Authors: Hall F. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized design with 3 replicates of Red Delicious apple trees. Sprays were applied with single hand gun from a truck-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer at 450 psi. All plots except the check were treated May 16, 31 and June 14 with approximately 4.5 gal. of spray solution applied per tree. In addition, all plots received Captan 50W at 2 lb/100 and Guthion 50W at 0.5 lb/100 gal at each spray date. From each tree, 25 leaves Were randomly sampled at 4-8’ on each sampling date. ERM and other mites were brushed onto glass plates and counted on the day of sampling.
Apple, White-Marked Tussock Moth: Effect of Pesticides in the Laboratory and Field, 1977
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Parrella M. P. , McCaffrey J. P. , Ponton L. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The recommended rates of each pesticide were mixed with water in 1L containers in the laboratory. Styrofoam cups (270 ml) containing apple cuttings with all but 4 leaves removed were dipped in each mixture. Larvae in the fourth and fifth instar were immediately added to the cups. Each treat-ment was replicated 4 times with 10 larvae per cup. Mortality readings were taken at 24 h. intergals for 5 days. Larvae were considered dead only when they did not move when poked with a probe.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1977
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Asquith Dean 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 Red Delicious, both spur-type trees. Experimental sprays were applied with a spraygun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gpm pump on June 13, July 8 and July 22 to all plots. General purpose sprays of 1.5 lb captan 50W, 0.25 lb Guthion 50W, and 1 lb Sevin 50W/100 gallons dilute were applied at intervals of ca. 2 weeks throughout the summer. Average temperatures were: May 63.88°F, June 66.23°F, July 74.34°F, and August 72.67°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 0.88, June 2.91, July 5.75, and August 2.57. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the European red mite, twospotted spider mite, and A. fallacis was evaluated by making several counts of mites on random samples of 20 leaves/tree, 80 leaves/treatment. Mite population pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Apple, Seasonal Insecticides Test, 1977
Authors: Reissig Harvey , Dunham D. H. , Hebding Harold E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied dilute to run-off with a hand sprayer (450 psi) petal fall through 6th cover sprays on May 16, May 31, June 13, June 27, July 13, July 27, and Aug 8. Each treatment was replicated 3 times on 6 tree plots (Mcintosh, Cortland, Rhode Island Greening, Golden Delicious, and Red Rome) arranged in a randomized block design. At harvest 150 Mcintosh and 150 Cortland apples were scored from each replication. White apple leafhoppers were counted on 100 spur leaves selected randomly from Rhode Island Greening trees on Aug22. The number of leaves infested with spotted tentiform leafminers was also recorded on these trees during a search from the ground to eye level once around the outer circumference of the canopy on Aug 22.
Apple, Acaricide Test, 1977
Authors: Swift Fred , Los Lorraine 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted on 13 year old apple trees, cultivars Red Delicious, Sungold and Stayman, at the Rutgers Fruit Research Center, Cream Ridge, NJ. Single tree plots arranged in a randomized block design were sprayed to run-off using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a hand-gun. All treatments were applied at a rate of 8 gallons per tree and 350 psi except for those listed in Table 3, which were applied at 10 gallons per tree and 200psi. Pre-bloom treatments (Table 1) were appled on March 29 (XE-333) or April 11 (Oil) to 2 replicates of Red Delicious. Post-bloom treatments were applied as follows: those in Table 2 to 2 replicates of Red Delicious and July 14; those in Table 3 to 3 replicates (one of each variety) on July 15 and August 8; and those in Table 4 to 3 replicates (1 Red Delicious, 2 Stayman) on August 25. Other Chemicals applied to all plots during the season were Imidan, carbaryl, endosulfan and captan. Mite population estimates were made by randomly picking 25 leaves per replicate (33 leaves for data in Table 4), pooling the leaves for each replicate, then brushing the mites onto glass plates and counting all stages.
Laboratory Toxicity Test, Rosy Apple Aphid, 1977
Authors: Travis J. W. , Hull L. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The direct contact toxicity of several insecticides to the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphisplantaginea was assessed by using a laboratory sprayer. The sprayer was operated in such a manner as to simulate the dilute application method. The sprayer was operated for 1.5 sees and a 20 sec settling period was allowed after each application. The estimate of the average spray deposit weight is 25.5 mg/cm2. The 95% confidence interval is 25.3 to 25.7 mg/cm2. After each application the sprayer was washed with acetone and distilled water. Water was used as the liquid carrier of the insecticides. Each dosage was replicated twice with 20 apterous aphids/replicate. Distilled water was sprayed on 20 apterous adult aphids as a control for each replicate. The aphids were collected from the orchard and taken into the laboratory on infested leaf terminals. The aphids were separated into groups of 20 apterous adults and placed in petri dishes lined with filter paper. After treatment the aphids were placed on Rome apple seedlings previously dipped in the same insecticide dosage. The seedlings and aphids were held in screen cages ventilated with rotating fans. Temperatures ranged from 21°C to 27°C. Mortality counts were made at 24 and 48-hr post-treatment.
Six-Spotted Mite Control, 1977
Authors: Bullock Robert C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four compounds were evaluated in dilute sprays vs. six-spotted mite in a block of single-row-bedded, 9-year-old grapefruit trees. The single-tree plots were replicated 2 times/treatment in randomized blocks. Applications were made on Apr 20 with a John Bean Royalier JK-20T hydraulic sprayer operated at 300 psi and equipped with a double Boyce handgun. Trees were sprayed to ‘run-off’. At the indicated pre- and post-treatment intervals, 10 infested leaves per tree were collected into pint Mason jars containing 50% alcohol and brought to the lab. Each jar was vigorously shaken and then leaves removed separately and surface, rinsed into the funnel of a Millipore filter system with a stream of 50% alcohol from a wash bottle. The leaf-wash and decanted jar liquid were then drawn through the filter. Mites on the filter disc were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting scope.
Control of Citrus Thrips with Temik 15G, 1977
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Arvizo G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two rates of Temik 15G (5 and 10 lb ai/acre) were applied Feb 15’77 to orange, grapefruit, and lemon trees at the Yuma Citrus Experiment Station. The materia! was spread with a 4-ft Gandy Fertilizer Spreader pulled by a small (garden-type) John Deere tractor. A 4-ft band was applied down the rows on each side of the trees. Each plot consisted of 6 trees and treatments were replicated 4 times. The entire test area was roto-tilled between rows and flood irrigated on Feb 15’77.
Pecan, Pecan Weevil and Hickory Shuckworm Management, 1977
Authors: Harris Marvin K. , Cutler Bradford L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pecan, Pecan Weevil and Hickory Shuckworm Management, 1977: Test blocks were established at Hidden Valley Farms near Hamilton, TX in Hamilton County in August 1977. Each block consisted of at least 10 trees and pretreatment monitoring of adult pecan weevil emergence from the soil and nut development was conducted to time applications. All chemicals were applied with a 500 gallon capacity John Bean Speed Sprayer as a dilute solution sprayed on the foliage to the point of runoff. Torak was applied on a 7 day interval and the other materials on about a 10 day interval until adult pecan weevil emergence was virtually complete. Nut samples with shucks intact were gathered before shuck split on 7 October 1977 from each treatment, returned to the lab and frozen and then the shucks were examined for hickory shuckworm and the nuts cracked and examined for pecan weevil eggs and larvae. No phytotoxicity to foliage or nuts was noted from the materials used. Torak gave the best control of hickory shuckworm and adequate control of pecan weevil, Sevin gave the best control of the pecan weevil and adequate control of hickory shuckworm.
Yellow Pecan Aphid Control on Pecan, 1976
Authors: Holloway Rodney L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental trees were maintained in a commercial orchard near Johnston, South Carolina leased by the Entomology Department. Treatments were made to specific areas of trees known to be infested with yellow aphids. Pretreatment aphid counts were made and efficacy was determined by comparing these with post treatment aphid counts. Materials were applied with a compressed air sprayer to the point of run-off, and mortality determined 24 hours later. All treatments were replicated three times.
Cabbage Looper and Cabbage Webworm Control on Collars, 1977
Authors: Harper J. D. , Kouskolekas C. A. , Hollingsworth M. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at the North Alabama Horticultural Substation, Cullman, Alabama. Col lard transplants were set on August 11, 1977, in plots consisting of 6 rows (44-inch centers) x 30 ft separated by 5-ft alleys. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was utilized. Treatments were applied on August 30, September 9, 14, 20, and 28. The initial application was made with a Super Blue Boy 6000 sprayer. Heavy rains and wetsoil necessitated knapsack sprayer application for the 4 subsequent treatments. All treatments were made at 50 gal/acre. On September 13and 20 stand ratings were made. Two factors, average plant size and percent defoliation (nearest 5%), were used to determine treatment effectiveness. Plant size was based on a 1-5 scale, where 1 = smallest plants in all treatments and 5 = the largest plants on a given date.
European Corn Borer Control on Sweet Corn, 1977
Authors: Holdsworth R. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The sweet corn was planted June 10 in Brookston silty clay loam in 4 rows 200 ft by 30 inches. Each treatment plot consisted of 50 ft of row, with 4 treatments replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a hand-operated compressed-air sprayer 150 gal/A on July 7 (8-9 leaf whorl), 15 (11 leaf whorl), 20 (tassel emergence) and 29 (pollen shedding). The entire plant was covered by the first 3 sprays, but spray was directed to stem and leaf axils only (not all leaf surfaces) on the last spray. Borers were counted on August 8 by dissecting 25 plants per plot. None of the insecticides were phytotoxic. Orthene and Pounce performed satisfactorily, considering the extended interval between the last 2 sprays.
Laboratory Screening for Control of Alfalfa Looper, Winter 1976-77
Authors: Halfhill J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory screening for control of larvae of the alfalfa looper was conducted by dipping bouquets of the foliage of 5 greenhouse-grown 30- to 40-day-old ‘Perfected Freezer’ pea seedlings in 1-liter solutions of the insecticides, swirling the foliage until it was thoroughly wetted and then infesting the treated foliage with larvae. The solutions were prepared by dissolving the insecticide in 20 ml of acetone and mixing that with 1 liter of tap water to which 5 drops of wetting agent were added. Additional dilutions were prepared by decanting 500 ml of the original solution and mixing it with 500 ml of tap water to which 3 drops of wetting agent were added. Excess solution was shaken from the foliage which was then air dried for 2 hours. The dry, treated bouquets were placed individually into 2-liter polyethylene canisters that were closed with cheesecloth after the bouquets were infestedwith the test insects. Each of the 3 replicates of each treatment was infested with five, second-to third- and five fourth- to fifth-stage larvae from the laboratory culture. The efficacy of each treatment was determined by examining the foliage for feeding damage and the larvae for mortality every 24 hours after infestation until mortality was complete or had stabilized (usually in 3 to 4 days). The test was conducted in the greenhouse at 20°C with a 16-hour photophase (partially augmented by artificial lighting).
Pea Aphid Control on Peas, 1977
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Cancelado Rafael E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Green Giant 531’ peas were planted April 29 at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Plots were 16 x 46 ft, randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. The insecticides were applied June 21, 28, and July 6, in 60 gal water/acre at 176 psi, using a tractor-drawn boom sprayer. Counts were made 1 day before spraying and 1 day after spraying. The samples were taken with a vacuum machine. Each sample consisted of 10 “put-down” of the 8-inch diameter vacuum hose (3.5 sq ft/plot) after vigorously shaking the pea plants at each sample site.
Control of European Corn Borer on Bell Peppers, 1977
Authors: Kennedy George G. , Wade Henry F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set out on May 11, 1977, 1.25 ft apart in 32single-row plots 20 ft long and 3.75 ft wide at the North Carolina State University Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, North Carolina. Adjacent plots were separated within rows by 10 ft and across rows by 11.25 ft of bare ground. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Temik granules were applied in a 2-inch band and incorporated into the upper 6 inches of soil immediately prior to setting the transplants. Sprays were applied weekly from July 1 through August 5 using a CO2-powered, back-pack sprayer equipped with 3 hollow-cone nozzles delivering 35 gal/acre at 40 psi. European corn borer control was assessed by harvesting all mature green, ripening, and ripe fruit from each plot on July 28, August 5, and 11 and examining them for injury characteristic of corn borer larval feeding.
Aphid Eradication Insecticide Foliar Spray Study on Potatoes, 1976
Authors: Gauthier Norman L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Katahdin’ potatoes were planted May 4, 1976, in a mineral clay loam soil at Agway Farm Research Center, Fabius, New York. Individual plots were 2 rows wide on a 36-inch row spacing; plot size was 6 x 30 ft. Plot design was randomized block with 3 replications. Fertilization consisted of 1500 lb 10-20-20/acre of NPK in 2, in-row side bands at planting. A preemergence herbicide, Sencor, was applied at 1 lb ai/A on May 5, 1976. Potato seed pieces (size B) were treated with Mertect and Agway Potato Seed Treatment 8D at 1 lb/100 lb of seed at planting. Foliar broadcast spays were applied with a CO2 bottle sprayer using a 6-ft hand-held aluminum boom at 30 psi. Three back-to-back summer sprays were applied July 15, Aug5 and 18, 1976, at a spray volume of 90 gpa. Insecticide sprays were combined with Bravo 6F used at 0.75 qt/A; the check plot received fungicide only.
Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides for Potato Leafhopper Control and Yield of Potatoes, 1977
Authors: Libby John L. , Longridge J. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two-row, 50-ft plots with rows 36 inches apart were planted with “B-size” certified seed of the ’Superior’ cultivar at the University of Wisconsin Research Farm, Arlington, Wisconsin, on May 9. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied as granules mixed with the fertilizer and banded in-furrow through a Lockwood 2-row potato planter at planting on May 9. The Di-Syston layby treatment was applied on June 23 and hilled in. The soil type was Piano silt loam (sand 12%, silt 70%, clay 18%) with a pH 6.0. Yields were taken August 27. The total rainfall between planting and vine killing on August 18 was 11.63 inches. Insect counts were taken with 15-inch diameter sweet net.
Potato Leafhopper Control and Potato Yields, 10-Day Interval Spray Program, 1977
Authors: Longridge J. L. , Libby John L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two-row, 54-ft plots with rows 36 inches apart were planted with “B-size” certified seed of the ’Superior’ cultivar at the University of Wisconsin Research Farm, Arlington, Wisconsin, on May 9. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied by a tractor-drawn, 18-ft-boom sprayer delivering 60 gallon of spray per acre. Sprays were applied on June 30, July 11, 22, August 1, and 11. The soil type was Piano silt loam (sand 12%, silt 70%, clay 18%) with O.M. 30 tons per acre and pH 6.0. Rainfall between planting on May 9 and vine killing on August 27 was 12.13 inches. Yields were taken on September 8. Insect counts were taken with a 15-inch-diameter sweep net.
Tomatoes: Control of Tomato Fruitworm, 1977: Test 2
Authors: Chalfant R. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tomatoes (1 gm seed/200 gam Jiffy-Mix) were planted with a plug mix planter Jun 7‘77. Plots were 1-row (6-ft row spacing), 25-ft long with four replications in randomized complete blocks. Sprays were applied Jul 22, 29, Aug 19, 25, with a hand-held, 1-nozzle, compression type sprayer at 30 pai, 100 ga/acre. Soil was a loamy sand. Twenty-five fruit/plot were harvested on Sep 1 and examined for fruitworms.