bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Mechanical Computing Device for the Analysis of One-Dimensional, Transient, Heat-Conduction Problems
Authors: Howland W. E. , Trabant E. A. , Hawkins G. A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In 1953 one of the authors learned that Dr. P. Hackemann, the year before, had designed and constructed a mechanical device for use in the solution of one-dimensional, transient, heat-conduction problems (1, 2). The device replaces the laborious task of line drawing required in the Binder-Schmidt graphical method by a semiautomatic machine operation. This paper covers an extension of the Hackemann idea to the solution when the thermophysical properties vary with temperature. Before introducing the suggested mechanical computer, a brief discussion of the Binder-Schmidt graphical method for solving one-dimensional, transient, heat-flow problems is given.
A Comparison of Refrigerants When Used in Vapor Compression Cycles Over an Extended Temperature Range
Authors: Barger J. P. , Rohsenow W. M. , Treadwell K. M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
An important current engineering problem involves providing apparatus to meet the cooling requirements of supersonic aircraft. Because the time is already passing when simple air cycles can render adequate performance due to their inability to extend over a sufficient temperature range, vapor compression cycles are being considered. However, the maximum temperature range over which a single refrigerant can operate successfully in a vapor cycle is also relatively limited. Since the total required temperature range increases rapidly with the aircraft flight Mach number, series combination or “stacking” of vapor cycles leading to binary and higher order cycles may become necessary. This paper gives methods for selecting the refrigerant, or series combination of refrigerants, which exhibits optimum thermodynamic performance when employed in vapor cycles operating between arbitrarily selected temperatures.
An Application of Complex Geometry to Relative Velocities and Accelerations in Mechanisms
Authors: Martin G. H. , Spotts M. F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper describes an analytical method for determining velocities and accelerations in mechanisms by means of geometry of the complex plane. In addition to analysis of the four-bar linkage, a special solution is worked out for direct-contact mechanisms. The latter is included because, though accelerations in direct-contact mechanisms can be analyzed in terms of their equivalent four-bar linkages, there are certain cases where it is explained that the four-bar-linkage analysis breaks down. Further, it is shown that the method is general and is applicable to any mechanism having plane motion including complex mechanisms which cannot be treated as a series of four-bar linkages.
Strength Characteristics of Rock Samples Under Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Bredthauer R. O. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Other investigations have shown that rock cylinders exposed to hydrostatic pressures of 10,000 atm and loaded axially in compression behave in a ductile fashion as contrasted with their brittle behavior when tested in axial compression at atmospheric pressure. Similar tests were made by the author on rock cylinders in the pressure range 0 to 15,000 psi, which is equivalent to pressures exerted by drilling muds upon the face of formations exposed to the cutting action of rock-bit teeth. Results indicated that many formations commonly encountered in drilling operations undergo a brittle-to-ductile behavior transition in the range 0 to 15,000-psi hydrostatic pressure. The great majority of tests were made on samples which were dry and which were protected from the surrounding fluid with a plastic jacket. At atmospheric pressure, all formations so tested were brittle. The compressive strength of all formations tested in this condition increased with increasing confining pressure.
Prevention of Destructive Engine Failure by Spectrographic Analysis of Crankcase Oils
Authors: Linnard R. E. , Threlkeld C. B. , Blades R. T. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Crankcase oils of stationary engines operating in relatively constant service normally contain equilibrium but minute amounts of certain metals indicative of normal engine wear. The occurrence of abnormal wear or corrosion conditions in an engine is reflected in concentration of one or more of the key wear metals in the crankcase oil. These trends in metals content offer important and early clues concerning the abnormal events which are occurring and suggest the need for corrective action usually far in advance of destructive engine failure. Utilization of data from emission spectrographic analysis of crankcase oils has been found to have practical use in the surveillance of pipeline-engine operations, particularly where the performance of copper-lead bearings has been in question. The application of this type of used-oil analysis as a practical aid in the prevention of destructive engine failures is reviewed, the interpretation of data is discussed, and examples of the relationship between increasing key wear-metals content and observed engine conditions are cited.
Materials Aspect of Some High-Temperature, Refinery-Piping Applications
Authors: Sticha E. A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
New developments in refinery processing have posed many problems for materials engineers through the years. The refining industry was one of the first to require metals for carrying out large-scale operations at high temperatures. It is the aim of this presentation to outline in a general way the materials most commonly used in these applications and to discuss more specifically some of the problems which have been encountered in the past ten years.
Ebullition From Solid Surfaces in the Absence of a Pre-Existing Gaseous Phase
Authors: Bankoff S. G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The nucleation theory of Volmer and Fisher is extended to the superheating of liquids in contact with various solid boundaries. It is shown that nucleation in the bulk phase, at flat surfaces, at sharp projections, or in wetted cavities can be dismissed from consideration as possible explanations for experimentally observed superheats. Unwetted cavities are preferred nucleation points; but the difficulties of filling these completely with liquid are so great that it is probable that nucleation almost always occurs at a pre-existing gaseous phase in static stressing of the liquid. Nucleation in dynamic-stress phenomena, such as ebullition, cavitation, or effervescence, always occurs at the boundaries of gas or vapor entrapped in surface cavities.
Heat Transfer in a Pipe With Turbulent Flow and Arbitrary Wall-Temperature Distribution
Authors: Sleicher C. A. , Tribus M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The first three eigenvalues and constants for the problem of heat flow to a constant property fluid in established turbulent flow in a round pipe are presented for all important values of Reynolds and Prandtl Moduli. These results permit one to compute heat transfer from nonisothermal pipe walls. Comparisons with experiment are good for all fluids from oils to liquid metals. The thermal entry length and rate of heat transfer for low Prandtl Moduli are shown to depend markedly on the wall-temperature profile.
Analysis and Design of a Servomotor Operating on High-Pressure Compressed Gas
Authors: Reethof Gerhard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The analysis, design, and development of a high-performance gas servomechanism suitable for aircraft and missile applications are described. The flow-control valve consists of two upstream orifices of fixed areas and two differentially variable downstream orifices. The areas of the variable orifices are controlled by a simple electromagnetic actuator. The fluid motor consists of two single-acting self-lubricating pistons which actuate the rocker-arm load assembly through push rods. Design parameters were obtained from the results of an analog-computer design study. The predicted transient response agrees very well with the experimentally derived rise time of 4 millisec.
Heat-Transfer Rates to Crossflowing Mercury in a Staggered Tube Bank—I
Authors: Hoe R. J. , Dropkin D. , Dwyer O. E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
An experimental heat-transfer program has been under way for some time at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, the general purpose of which is to obtain and correlate heat-transfer coefficients for liquid metals flowing outside of tube banks. This paper covers one phase of the program; i.e., the measurement of heat-transfer coefficients for mercury flowing normal to a staggered tube bank. The factors studied were (a) linear velocity, (b) tube location in the bank, (c) circumferential variation of the local coefficient for a single tube, (d) type of contact, i.e., “wetting” versus “nonwetting,” and (e) pressure drop.
Effect of Internal Pressure on Flexibility and Stress-Intensification Factors of Curved Pipe or Welding Elbows
Authors: Rodabaugh E. C. , George H. H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The flexibility and stress-intensification factors presently applied in piping-flexibility analysis to account for the behavior of curved pipe in bending have been derived from theories and tests with no internal pressure. Pressure tends to reduce the effect of these factors but in smaller and relatively thick-wall piping commonly used in the past the effect is of a low order and may be neglected; in larger diameter relatively thin-wall piping the effect is pronounced and significant. Using strain-energy methods the present paper develops a theory establishing the flexibility and stresses due to in-plane and out-of-plane bending including the effect of internal pressure, and proves its adequacy by means of carefully conducted tests. In a final step, the complex theoretical formulas are reduced to a simple and readily usable approximation.
Discussion on Safety-Factor Requirements for Supersonic Aircraft Structures
Authors: Goldman G. M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper deals with the safety-factor aspects of design rather than any discussion of design-criteria conditions. It covers essential items concerning certain present safety-factor aspects, new problems caused by the advent of heated aircraft structures, and the ideas of Air Force engineers as to the procedure necessary to provide adequate safety reserves in the design of new high-speed aircraft.
Orifice-Metering Coefficients and Pipe Friction Factors for the Turbulent Flow of Lead-Bismuth Eutectic
Authors: Johnson H. A. , Hartnett J. P. , Clabaugh W. J. , Fried L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Pipe friction factors and orifice-metering coefficients are reported for the turbulent flow of lead-bismuth eutectic and are found to be in satisfactory agreement with the results for water flow when compared on the usual dimensionless basis.
Testing Dynamically Loaded Bearings—II: A Diesel-Engine Bearing Test Machine
Authors: Snapp R. B. , Hersey M. D. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper describes an engine-bearing test machine consisting of a motor-driven modification of a commercially available diesel engine. The machine combines the advantages of engine operation with those of a standardized test machine. It was developed primarily for endurance testing of engine-bearing materials and design. A rating system is described for evaluating the extent of various kinds of failure elements so that bearings may be compared without testing them to destruction. Test results and the use of an oil-film-thickness indicator also are described briefly.
Engineering the Eddystone Plant for 5000-Lb 1200-Deg Steam
Authors: Harlow J. H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a report on the problems encountered and the solutions developed in engineering a power plant with a single boiler supplying a turbogenerator set of 325,000 kw rating with throttle steam conditions of 5000 psi and 1200 F. A brief discussion is given of the co-operative method used, a short history of the supercritical pressure idea, and an abbreviated review of the significance of supercritical conditions. The paper is concerned with the problems of water conditioning and quality control, of piping materials and design requirements, of heat-cycle development, of pumping feedwater to the very high levels required, and of other miscellaneous plant-design situations. Companion papers discuss in great detail the boiler and turbine-design considerations.
Engineering the Eddystone Steam Generator for 5000-Psig, 1200-F Steam
Authors: Powell E. M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper is presented as one of three describing the development of the Eddystone Station. Particular attention is given to the major engineering considerations in the design of the steam-generating unit. It includes a description of the unit and its control system with a review of the research program which was a necessary part of the project.
Pressure Drop and Air-Flow Distribution in Gas-Turbine Combustors
Authors: Grobman J. S. , Dittrich R. T. , Graves C. C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Generalized curves showing the combustor total pressure-loss coefficient and air-flow distribution for various geometric configurations and operating conditions were obtained from theoretical calculations. The results pertain to tubular turbojet combustors having (a) constant annulus and liner cross-sectional areas along the combustor axis, and (b) flush circular holes in the liner walls.
Nonhomogeneous Yielding of Steel Cylinders 1—Mild Steel
Authors: Steele M. C. , Eichberger L. C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Experimental information on the mechanism of yield and the associated strains is presented for mild-steel cylinders (2:1 diameter ratio) overstrained by internal fluid pressure. A limited number of Lueders’ lines develop and propagate through the cylinder wall according to distinct patterns. The strains vary circumferentially in keeping with the nonhomogeneous mechanism of yield. Comparison with homogeneous plasticity theories shows good agreement for circumferential strains provided a correction is made for the material yield stress. Axial strains are essentially elastic. Creep under maintained constant load is discussed in relation to strain and Lueders’ line movement.
Information Center With Automatic Logger and Scanner—Neches Power Station, Gulf States Utilities Company
Authors: Reich J. A. , Gurney W. B. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Neches Power Station of the Gulf States Utilities Company in Beaumont, Texas, has six relatively small turbine-boiler units. After installing an information system (which includes alarms, scanners, and a logger), sufficient personnel were released to man new large modern units. The installation is expected to pay for itself in three years and to increase over-all plant economy. Hourly unit efficiencies are computed and recorded.
A Dynamic Performance Computer for Gas-Turbine Engines
Authors: Larrowe V. L. , Spencer M. M. , Tribus M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Standard analog computing equipment is combined with electromechanical “map readers” made from modified X-Y plotters to form a gas-turbine-engine performance computer. The complete engine computer assembly is composed of a number of smaller assemblies, each of which represents a separate element of the engine. All of these smaller computers, working simultaneously, exchange and combine information to compute the performance of the entire engine. The computer can be made to represent any gas-turbine engine of any degree of complexity by merely adding the required additional engine element computers. It may be used to explore engine behavior, to obtain both steady-state and transient engine operating data, and to test various control systems.
Experimental Investigation of Critical Design Factors for Vane-Type Cyclones
Authors: Walker A. B. , Cole W. H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Many of the so-called high-efficiency mechanical collectors in use today are of the multiple-tube vane type. A basic investigation has been made on the effects of tube size, inlet-vane design, and utilization of outlet-tube vanes on the performance of this type collector. The critical nature of these factors and methods for obtaining higher efficiency and gas flow is demonstrated. A comparison between predicted field results from laboratory tests and actual field results is presented, and the accuracy of specific laboratory techniques in predicting field performance indicated.
Compensation of Steady-State Flow Forces in Spool-Type Hydraulic Valves
Authors: Clark R. N. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Three heretofore unreported schemes for reducing the steady-state flow forces in spool-type hydraulic valves are described. Experimental data are presented which compare the steady-state flow-force characteristics of valves using each of these schemes to the characteristics of uncompensated valves.
Initial uplift of the Qilian Shan, northern Tibet since ca. 25 Ma: Implications for regional tectonics and origin of eolian deposition in Asia
Authors: Lu Haijian , Sang Shengping , Wang Ping , Zhang Zhiyong , Pan Jiawei , Li Haibing 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Sedimentary rocks in northern Tibet record uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and its potential connection with the evolution of the central Asian aridity, therefore offering a typical example of tectonic-climate linkage. The coarse-grained conglomeratic and sandy red beds of the Lulehe Formation (Fm.) in the northern Qaidam Basin (QB), northern Tibet, have long been held as synorogenic sediment accumulation. There is, however, a heated debate on its source area (the Qilian Shan, the east Kunlun Shan, or Qimen Tagh) and initiation age (ca. 52, 25.5, or ca. 21 Ma, respectively). These proposals lead to distinctly different mountain building processes of the giant Qilian Shan during the Cenozoic. One view argues that the Qilian Shan began to uplift substantially as a simultaneous far-field response to the India-Asia collision at 55–50 Ma. In contrast, others claim that significant rise of the Qilian Shan and thus northeastward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau did not occur until 19 or 12 Ma. Based on an updated magnetostratigraphic framework for the Cenozoic sediments in the northern QB, here we conducted structural, paleocurrent, pebble composition, zircon grain shape and surface texture, and detrital geochronological analyses of the Lulehe Fm., in the northern QB. The results indicate that the Lulehe Fm. was produced essentially by an initial rush of lithic clasts derived from the deformed Mesozoic sedimentary cover, which can be attributed to initial rise of the Qilian Shan since ca. 25 Ma. This finding leads additional credence to the argument that the onset of significant uplift of mountain ranges along the periphery of the plateau occurred nearly synchronously from the latest Oligocene through early Miocene. These prolonged elevated Mesozoic sediments covering the fold-thrust belts of the northern QB, on the other hand, may have acted as a sustained source of material for the Miocene eolian deposits in the western Chinese Loess Plateau.
Resonant Hybrid Metal–Dielectric Nanostructures for Local Color Generation
Authors: Ageev E. I. , Iudin V. A. , Sun Y. , Petrova E. A. , Kustov P. N. , Yaroshenko V. V. , Mikhailova J. V. , Gudovskikh A. S. , Mukhin I. S. , Zuev D. A. 
Published: February 2022

Here, we experimentally and theoretically demonstrate a laser-induced change in local color based on the reshaping of gold–silicon asymmetric nanostructures. The evolution of scattering properties enabled by laser reshaping shows the potential of hybrid metal–dielectric nanostructures for color printing applications. The reshaping process can tune the resonance of the nanostructure in the wavelength range between 500 and 800 nm resulting in different colors of illuminated nanostructures. Moreover, the modeling of the scattering diagram of hybrid nanoparticles before and after femtosecond laser reshaping shows that color tuning is simultaneously accompanied by substantial reconfiguration of the distribution pattern for both peaks in the scattering spectrum.
Piwo i gospoda w kulturze czeskiej – polskie widzenie zjawiska
Authors: Dębicki Marcin 
Published: February 2022

Beer and Local Pub in Czech Culture from a Polish PerspectiveThe article aims at outlining the most distinctive features of two elements of Czech national culture: beer and the places where it is customary consumed. Specifically, the text focuses on characteristics of the position which beer occupies among Czechs, as well as on a social dimension of the “traditional” provincial and village local pubs (specific ambience, a type of service, guests, etc.), which makes the article embedded in the cultural context. A special attention was paid to the restaurants located at the Czech railway stations, too. The analysis was carried out from the Polish perspective, that is why the article includes a range of references to the peculiarities of the Polish culture of drinking. Additionally, the observations were gathered during a number of visits the author paid in the Czech Republic. It all means that the selection of the phenomena presented in the text and the way they were valued might be different if some other national approach were employed here.
Polityka językowa i nacjonalizm – przyczynek krytyczny
Authors: Konarski Wawrzyniec Konrad 
Published: February 2022

The Politics of Language and Nationalism: A Critical ContributionReview of: Tomasz Kamusella, The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe, Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave MacMillan 2009. Polityka językowa i nacjonalizm – przyczynek krytycznyRecenzja: Tomasz Kamusella, The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe, Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave MacMillan 2009.
Two Distinct Modes of Climate Responses to the Anthropogenic Aerosol Forcing Changes
Authors: Shi Jia-Rui , Kwon Young-Oh , Wijffels Susan E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Unlike greenhouse gases (GHGs), anthropogenic aerosol (AA) concentrations have increased and then decreased over the past century or so, with the timing of the peak concentration varying in different regions. To date, it has been challenging to separate the climate impact of AAs from that due to GHGs and background internal variability. We use a pattern recognition method, taking advantage of spatiotemporal covariance information, to isolate the forced patterns for the surface ocean and associated atmospheric variables from the all-but-one forcing Community Earth System Model ensembles. We find that the aerosol-forced responses are dominated by two leading modes, with one associated with the historical increase and future decrease of global mean aerosol concentrations (dominated by the Northern Hemisphere sources) and the other due to the transition of the primary sources of AA from the west to the east and also from Northern Hemisphere extratropical regions to tropical regions. In particular, the aerosol transition effect, to some extent compensating the global mean effect, exhibits a zonal asymmetry in the surface temperature and salinity responses. We also show that this transition effect dominates the total AA effect during recent decades, e.g., 1967–2007.