bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of the Release of Protoplasts and Pectin from Tomato Locular Gel by Pectin Methylesterase
Authors: Burns Jacqueline K. , Pressey Russell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pectin methylesterase (PME, EC 3.1.1.11) was added to locular gel and pericarp of ripening tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and cell wall alterations were examined. Treatment of mature tomato locular gel with purified PME resulted in release of protoplasts. No protoplasts could be detected from immature locular gel or pericarp at any ripening stage examined under similar conditions. Net solubilization of pectins occurred with PME treatment in both tissues. Pectins solubilized with buffer or PME were of high molecular weight. Maximum protoplast release and pectin solubilization occurred at pH 5.0. Increased pectin solubilization in locular gel and pericarp is a result of polygalacturonase action on PME-induced deesterified pectin, the preferred substrate. Release of protoplasts from PME-treated mature locular gel suggests that maturation in this tissue involves alterations in cell wall structure that do not occur in pericarp.
Source-sink Relationships in Sweet Potato
Authors: Bouwkamp J.C. , Hassam M.N.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Relationships between storage root dry weight and vine dry weight, storage root number, and harvest index were determined from yield, date of harvest, and spacing trials. The relative importances of source, sink, and partitioning rate effects change during the growing season and differ among cultivars and groups of cultivars. Under Maryland conditions, vine effects predominate over storage root number effects, both in terms of effects on root yield and effects on apparent partitioning rates. Cultivars and groups of cultivars showing strong root sink effects are generally low-yielding.
Growth Responses of Young Peach Trees and Changes in Soil Characteristics with Sod and Conventional Planting Systems
Authors: Welker William V. , Glenn D. Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were planted in four soil management systems (cultivated, herbicide, mowed sod, and killed sod) in 1982 and grown through 1984. A companion study was established in 1984 with three systems (cultivated, herbicide, and killed sod). Tree growth and fruit yield were greatest when trees were planted and managed in a killed sod system. Establishing a living sod before planting the trees, and then killing the sod with herbicides, prevented the depletion of soil organic matter and increased water infiltration rates, aggregate stability, macroporosity, and microbial respiration rates compared to conventional systems. The changes in soil structure persisted for 2 to 3 years.
Postharvest Density Changes in Membranes from Ripening Avocado Fruits
Authors: Dallman Thomas F. , Eaks Irving L. , Thomson William W. , Nothnagel Eugene A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An investigation was performed with the goal of identifying, at the biochemical level, organelles that undergo postharvest change during ripening in avocado fruits (Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass). Membrane vesicles from mesocarp tissue at defined stages of ripening were fractionated by linear density gradient centrifugation and then assayed for characteristic marker activities. These measurements indicated that the Golgi and plasma membranes increased in buoyant density from 1.11 g·cm−3 to 1.14 g·cm−3 and from 1.15 g·cm−3 to 1.17 g·cm−3, respectively, during ripening. The endoplasmic reticulum exhibited a smaller increase in density, while thylakoids and mitochondrial membranes showed no shifts in density during ripening. These membrane changes were apparent at the peak (predicted from measurements of C2H4 production) of the respiratory curve that characterizes climacteric fruit ripening and were sustained for at least 6 days past the respiratory peak. Colorimetric lipid analyses of plasma membrane-enriched fractions indicated that the buoyant density increase during ripening was due, in part, to a decrease in the glycolipid : protein ratio. Electrophoretic analyses of fractions containing peak total activities of Golgi, thylakoids, or plasma membrane revealed several changes in the polypeptide banding patterns during ripening.
Variability for Critical Photoperiod for Tuberization and Tuber Yield Among Monoploid, Anther-derived Genotypes of Solanum phureja
Authors: Owen H.R. , Veilleux R.E. , Haynes F.L. , Haynes K.G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Monoploid genotypes (2n = x = 12), derived by anther culture of a diplandrous (2n pollen-producing) clone of Solanum phureja Juz. & Buk., a South American diploid potato species, were examined for their use in germplasm development. Nine monoploid genotypes and the anther-donor genotype were grown in three chambers (10-, 14-, and 18-hr daylengths) to examine the effect of photoperiod on tuber yield and to determine the variability for critical photoperiod for tuberization. Significant differences were found among the monoploid genotypes for tuber weight and tuber number. Longer photoperiod treatments decreased and delayed tuberization. Axillary tuber formation from single-node cuttings was used to estimate the onset of tuber induction and demonstrated variability among monoploid genotypes for critical photoperiod for tuberization.
Inter- and Intraspecific Variation in California Black Walnuts
Authors: McGranahan Gale H. , Hansen John , Shaw Douglas V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genetic variation in vigor, phenology, and branching in juvenile seedlings of Juglans californica and J. hindsii was investigated. Significant differences between species were detected in traits that reflect vigor (height, diameter, volume), in phenological traits (dates of leafing out and leaf drop), and in branching. J. californica was generally more vigorous, more branched, leafed out earlier, and dropped leaves later than J. hindsii. When species were analyzed separately, seed source was a highly significant source of variation for phenological traits and branching in J. hindsii. Upper estimates of heritability for phenological traits ranged from 0.47 to 0.88. The results of this study suggest that J. hindsii may have had a history of differentiation and adaptation to latitude, elevation, or other climatic characters. Conservation of germplasm resources in J. hindsii will be essential to maintain the purity of the species and to provide resources for studying the species and breeding rootstock for J. regia, the Persian walnut.
Genotypic Variation and Genotypic Correlations for Sugars and Organic Acids of Strawberries
Authors: Shaw Douglas V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genotypic variances and genotypic correlations were estimated for soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acids, and their major constituents, using strawberry genotypes (Fragaria × ananassa) not previously selected for flavor or other commercial traits. Genotypic variances estimated for SSC and total sugars were nonsignificant, whereas those estimated for acids were significant and large. Relative expression of acids was stable throughout the season; large genetic × harvest date interactions reduced genotypic consistency for SSC. Despite the absence of detectable genotypic variation for SSC and total sugars, significant genotypic variation was detected for sucrose, glucose, and fructose, and the relative expression of these sugars was stable over harvest dates. The total allocation of sugar to fruit appears fixed, but the distribution pattern among sugar constituents at commercial ripeness is variable. This interpretation was supported by the observation of a strong negative genotypic correlation between sucrose and its components, glucose and fructose. These results suggest that opportunity exists for genetic improvement of acids, but that selection response for SSC will be difficult to obtain.
Chilling Requirement and Post-rest Heat Accumulation as Related to Difference in Time of Bloom Between Peach and Western Sand Cherry
Authors: Werner Dennis J. , Mowrey Bruce D. , Young Eric 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The basis for the difference in time of bloom between ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and western sand cherry (Prunus besseyi Bailey) clone ‘Cornell-Geneva (CG) 3-24’ was investigated. Based on 3 years of field observation, average bloom date (50% of buds) of ‘Redhaven’ was 9 days earlier than ‘CG 3-24’. Greenhouse forcing of field-collected shoots and artificially chilled trees suggested that the flower bud chilling requirement of these two clones is similar. Forcing of artificially chilled trees under different post-rest temperature regimes revealed that the base temperature for flower bud heat accumulation was lower in ‘Redhaven’ than in ‘CG 3-24’ (4.3° vs 7.0°C, respectively). Values of Q10 for flower bud development were 2.2 and 2.8 for ‘Redhaven’ and ‘CG 3-24’, respectively. These results suggest that the basis for difference in time of bloom is due to a difference in the base temperature for heat accumulation and is not related to chilling requirement.
Evaluation of Nutrient Deficiency and Micronutrient Toxicity Symptoms in Florists’ Hydrangea
Authors: Bailey Douglas A. , Hammer P. Allen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Evaluation of Nutrient Deficiency and Micronutrient Toxicity Symptoms in Florists’ Hydrangea”, by Douglas A. Bailey and P. Allen Hammer (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 113(3):363–367, May 1988), the following corrections should be noted: 1) In Table 3, percent dry weight of N for the –N treatment should read “1.40”, not “4.40”; 2) the significance levels in footnote z of Table 3 should read “0.05 ≥ α ≥ 0.01 (*), at 0.01 ≥ α > 0.001 (**), or at α ≤ 0.001 (***)”; 3) Tables 4 and 5 are numbered incorrectly—they should be switched; and 4) the significance levels in footnote z of the renumbered Table 5 should read “0.01 ≥ α > 0.001 (**) or at α ≤ 0.001 (***)”.
Germination of Bahiagrass in Response to Temperature and Scarification
Authors: Marousky Francis J. , West Shirlie H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of temperature and various scarification treatments on the physical changes of the lemma and germination of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) were studied. Mechanically scarified seeds readily germinated on an agar medium. Acid-scarified seeds germinated better than untreated seeds, but not as readily as mechanically scarified seeds. All caryopses excised from nongerminated acid-scarified seeds readily germinated on an agar medium after 17 days. Excised caryopses were placed on a temperature gradient bar corresponding to positions at 15.5°, 21°, 26.5°, 32°, and 37.5°C. All caryopses germinated at 21° to 37.5°, but germination and seedling growth were best at 32° to 37.5°. Lipase and acid scarification improved germination when seeds were held at 24°, but did not enhance germination when seeds were held at 32°. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that acid scarification removed the cuticular substances of the lemma and the substances in the fissure of the germinating lid, probably facilitating entrance of the water and earlier emergence of the coleorhiza. The data suggest that the lemma and palea are physical barriers in bahiagrass.
Abscisic Acid and ACC Content of Chinese Cabbage during Low-oxygen Storage
Authors: Wang Chien Yi , Ji Zuo Liang 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in Chinese cabbage increased during storage at O°C in air. This increase was reduced in a low-O2 (1%) atmosphere. The suppressing effect of low O2 on ABA levels was detected in outer laminae, outer midribs, inner laminae, and inner midribs, but was particularly conspicuous in outer laminae. At the end of 12 weeks of storage, ABA content in outer laminae from 1% O2 storage was less than half of that from air storage. Low-oxygen storage also delayed the yellowing of outer laminae and maintained a higher chlorophyll content. The levels of ACC in all parts of Chinese cabbage were low and increased only in outer midribs after 2 months of storage, corresponding to the appearance of tissue browning in the outer midribs. Low-O2 storage delayed both the rise in ACC and the occurrence of tissue browning. Chemical name used 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).
Transpiration and Water Use of Potted Floricultural Plants Under Low-light Conditions
Authors: Rajapakse Nihal C. , Kelly John W. , Reed David Wm. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Potted foliage and floricultural species were evaluated for transpiration rates under low-light conditions. Environmental conditions during the experiment were 25° ± 2°C, 75% ± 10% RH, and 20 μmol·s−1 ·m−2 (400−700 nm) light intensity. Leaf cuticular and stomatal morphology were characterized with scanning electron micrographs. Coleus had the highest transpiration rate, Chrysanthemum was intermediate, and Ficus, Peperomia, and Epipremnum had the lowest transpiration rates. Abscisic acid (ABA) treatment reduced the daytime transpiration, which eliminated the diurnal fluctuation of transpiration in all species but had no effect on night transpiration, except in Coleus. Assuming complete stomatal closure at night with ABA treatment, cuticular transpiration accounts for 43% to 80% of the total transpiration rate under low-light conditions. This result points to the importance of leaf cuticular and stomatal characteristics in controlling water use of plants under low light or dark-storage. Species differed in cuticular characteristics, stomatal frequency and size, and leaf area. Stomatal frequency correlated well with transpiration rates, except in those species with unique stomatal morphologies, such as Ficus, with sunken stomates surrounded by a protruding ridge. Coleus and Chrysanthemum developed less epicuticular wax than the other species. Epicuticular and stomatal characteristics were correlated with transpiration rates of these species.
Multivariate Analysis of a Sour Cherry Germplasm Collection
Authors: Hillig Karl W. , Iezzoni Amy F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Morphological traits of 16 sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) cultivars and of hybrid and open-pollinated seedlings of germplasm collected in eastern Europe were evaluated with principal component (PC) analysis. Due to the character loadings of the first three PCs in each analysis, some of the PCs can be interpreted as representing gradations between morphologies characteristic of the two presumed progenitor species, sweet cherry (P. avium L.) and ground cherry (P. fruticosa Pall.). Genetically related cultivars and families tend to cluster, indicating that there is a significant genetic component to the underlying patterns of morphological variation. Families of cold-hardy Russian cultivars generally show a greater morphological resemblance to ground cherry than do families of less cold-hardy cultivars, suggesting that selective forces may also have contributed to the patterns of morphological variation detected.
Proliferative Somatic Embryogenesis from Zygotic Embryos of Grapevine
Authors: Stamp James A. , Meredith Carole P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Zygotic embryos isolated from mature berries of Vitis longii Prince and V. vinifera L. cvs. Chardonnay, French Colombard, Grenache, and White Riesling produced somatic embryos when cultured on solid Nitsch and Nitsch medium. Explants of V. vinifera cv. Pinot noir did not produce somatic embryos. The highest incidence of somatic embryogenesis occurred on medium containing (all in mg·liter−1) 1.0 NOA plus 0.2 BAP, except in ‘White Riesling’, where 1.0 NOA plus 1.0 BAP was optimal. Somatic embryos developed asynchronously from a mass of white proembryos and passed through globular, heart, and torpedo-shaped stages. Embryos proliferated by budding at the surface of globular embryos. With regular transfers, embryogenic tissues remained morphogenically competent for up to 1 year. Zygotic embryo explants cultured on medium without growth regulators usually germinated within 10 days and produced healthy seedlings. About 40% of somatic embryos germinated after isolation from their parental cultures and transfer to fresh medium. At the concentrations tested, NAA, BAP, and GA3 did not improve germination frequency over that obtained with basal medium and, in some cases, severely reduced germination. Plants were established in the greenhouse and no morphological abnormalities were observed. Chemical names used: 6-benzylam-inopurine (BAP); gibberellic acid (GA3); 2-(l-naphthyl)acetic acid (NAA); 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA).
Maturity, Storage Quality, Carbohydrate, and Mineral Content of ‘Goldspur’ Apples as Influenced by Rootstock
Authors: Drake Stephen R. , Larsen Fenton E. , Fellman John K. , Higgins Stewart S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Influences of rootstocks on ‘Goldspur Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) respiration rate, ethylene evolution, skin color, firmness, internal color, soluble solids content (SSC), acidity, carbohydrate, and mineral content were evaluated over an extended harvest and after cold storage. At first harvest, fruit from trees on seedling rootstock entered the climacteric (as determined by ethylene evolution) first (after 10 days) followed by fruit from M.26 trees, while apples from trees on MM.111 required 16 days. After 60 days in storage, CO2 and ethylene production were greatest for apples from trees on MM.111 rootstock. Fruit from trees on M.26 developed more external color, contained more acids, had a higher SSC, and appeared to mature between apples grown on the other two rootstocks. Fruit from trees on M.26 were firmer than those on MM.111. Apples from trees on seedling rootstock contained less fructose, glucose, and sucrose than apples from M.26 or MM.111. Calcium content was highest in fruit from trees on M.26.
Natural Branching in Citrus Juice Vesicles
Authors: Tisserat Brent , Jones Danny , Galletta Paul D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Juice vesicles in several Citrus species and cultivars differentiate additional vesicle apex primordia. Four distinct types of juice vesicles were described and quantified in citrus fruits: solitary (single stalk/single vesicle body/single apex primordium), dual-tipped (single stalk/single vesicle body/dual apex primordia), multiple-tipped (single stalk/single vesicle body/multiple apex primordia) and branched (single-stalk/multiple vesicle bodies/multiple apex primordia). The type and frequency of branching varies considerably among species and within cultivars. Branching was found in grapefruit, mandarin, pummelo, and tangelo, but not in blood orange, citron, lemon, lime, navel orange, rough lemon, sour orange, sweet orange, Valencia orange, and several other species. ‘Kao Panne’ pummelo [Citrus maxima (J. Burman) Merrill] exhibited one of the highest rates of vesicle branching, with 72% of its vesicles exhibiting this condition. The average number of branching vesicles produced per stalk was 3.7 for this cultivar. The frequency of branching was below 50% in other branched groups (e.g., grapefruit, mandarin, and tangelo).
Pollen Parent Effect on Outcrossing Rate in ‘Hass’ and ‘Fuerte’ Avocado Plots during Fruit Development
Authors: Degani Chemda , Goldring Anat , Gazit Shmuel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Outcrossing rates in ‘Hass’ and Fuerte’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.) blocks were determined during fruit development using the isozyme systems of malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.37), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP, EC 3.4.11.1), and triosephosphate isomerase (TPI, EC 5.3.1.1) as genetic markers. Abscission of avocado fruitlets was selective and was greatly influenced by the pollen parent. Thus, in ‘Hass’ trees subjected to crosspollination by ‘Ettinger’ and ‘Fuerte’, the population of ‘Hass’ fruitlets 1 month after fruit set consisted mainly of ‘Hass’ selfs; however, during fruit development, the rate of ‘Hass’ selfs decreased and the rate of ‘Hass’ hybrid fruitlets produced by ‘Ettinger’ and ‘Fuerte’ increased. By the end of fruit abscission, the surviving mature ‘Hass’ fruits were mostly ‘Ettinger’ hybrids. The ‘Hass’ fruit yield was found to correlate significantly with the rate of outcrossing with ‘Ettinger’. When ‘Ettinger’ served as a pollen parent for ‘Fuerte’, the outcrossing rate in trees adjacent to ‘Ettinger’ was about 40%, which shows that cross-pollination among avocado cultivars of the same flowering group can be substantial at close proximity. The outcrossing rate in ‘Fuerte’ diminished with increasing distance from ‘Ettinger’, but no effect on yield was observed.
Inhibitory Activity of Asparagus Root Tissue and Extracts on Asparagus Seedlings
Authors: Hartung A.C. , Putnam Alan R. , Stephens C.T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) root tissue and root extracts were used to investigate the previously reported release of toxic chemicals from senescing root tissue. Greenhouse studies showed that the severity of crown or root rot of asparagus seedlings increased in direct proportion to increased amounts of dried root tissue incorporated into soil with either F. oxysporum f. sp. asparagi, F. moniliforme, or a combination of these two pathogens. When excised asparagus roots were treated with increasing concentrations of a water extract of dried asparagus root tissues, electrolyte efflux increased, peroxidase activity decreased linearly, and respiration decreased. Active components in the extracts were heat-stable. Our data suggest allelochemicals of asparagus may have direct physiological and biochemical effects on asparagus plants that predisposes them to fusarium diseases.
Identification of Almond Cultivars by Pollen Isoenzymes
Authors: Cerezo M. , Socias i Company R. , Arús P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was applied to the study of almond identification [Prunus amygdalus Batsch, syn. P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] using pollen from 44 cultivars of different origin. Variability was found in all of the nine enzymatic systems analyzed (PGM, AAT, GPI, LAP, 6PGD, AcP, CAT, IDH, and ADH). The enzymatic systems with the highest discriminating possibilities were PGM, CAT, AcP, and LAP. This variability enabled the 44 cultivars to be distinguished with the exception of two pairs.
Procedures for Field and Greenhouse Screening of Prunus Genotypes for Resistance and Tolerance to Root Lesion Nematode
Authors: Culver Dennis J. , Ramming David W. , McKenry Michael V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Procedures were developed for screening Prunus spp. and related genotypes for resistance/tolerance to the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus Allen and Jansen in the field and greenhouse. Inoculum rates tested were 150 and 1500 nematodes per 375-cm3 pot in the greenhouse and 300 and 3000 nematodes per planting site in the field. Nematodes per gram of root was a reliable indication of the relative resistance of a genotype to initial invasion and establishment of P. vulnus at 122 days after treatment (DAT). At 122 DAT, more distinct differences between genotypes were seen at the low inoculum rate than at the high rate. The most sensitive growth measurement in the field appeared to be the relative diameter increase at 175 DAT. Significant reductions in Ca++ and Mg++ in new rootlets were also a reliable indication of nematode effects on a genotype in both the field and the greenhouse. Using these criteria, Pistacia atlantica Desf. was classified as resistant, ‘Nemaguard’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] as susceptible, and P. besseyi Bailey, ‘Royal’ apricot (P. armeniaca L.), and ‘Myrobalan 29C’ plum (P. cerasifera Ehrh) as tolerant in decreasing order of tolerance.