bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfur Isotope and Trace Element Systematics in Arc Magmas: Seeing through the Degassing via a Melt Inclusion Study of Kyushu Island Volcanoes, Japan
Authors: Kawaguchi Masataka , Koga Kenneth T , Rose-Koga Estelle F , Shimizu Kenji , Ushikubo Takayuki , Yoshiasa Akira 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Sulfur is a minor element in magmas but one of the major volatile elements released in volcanic systems, from the magma to the fluid phase upon ascent. Not only are sulfur gasses potentially toxic for humans and plants, they are also involved in causing drastic climate changes after major volcanic eruptions. Therefore, studies are carried out by the geoscience community to assess the magmatic sulfur flux by looking at the sulfur content and isotopes in erupted products, with the ultimate aim of improving understanding of the sulfur cycle in subduction zones. Kyushu Island in Japan hosts 25 volcanoes, among which 11 are active and represent a natural hazard for the local population. It is perhaps the most suitable site for the study of the sulfur cycle for its availability of recent volcanic deposits and its many highly monitored volcanoes. We investigated sulfur and sulfur isotope compositions of the magma source of Kyushu Island arc using olivine-hosted melt inclusions in mafic tephras and lavas, from eight volcanoes (nine Holocene samples) going from Northern Kyushu with Oninomi, Yufu, Kuju, and Aso, to Southern Kyushu volcanoes such as Kirishima-Ohachidake, Kirishima-Shinmoedake, Sumiyoshi-ike, and Kaimondake, and one back arc volcano, Fukue-Onidake. We measured major, trace and volatile elements and S isotopes (δ34S) in melt inclusions. Magma composition recorded in the inclusions ranges from basalt to andesite (SiO2 ranging from 40.3 to 60.7 wt%). For each edifice, we identified the least degassed and least differentiated compositions based on volatile and trace element systematics and selected the melt inclusions closest to their primitive melts. Comparing these primitive magmas, Sr/Y underlines a compositional dichotomy between volcanoes from northern (Sr/Y &gt; 20) and southern Kyushu (Sr/Y &lt; 20), separated by a non-volcanic area corresponding to the subduction of the Kyushu-Palau ridge. The δ34S in melt inclusions range from −0.32 ± 0.79‰ to +9.43 ± 0.47‰ (2σ) and trace the source of the magma from the different volcanoes, rather than degassing or crustal fractionation processes. δ34S is not fractionated by the nature of the fluid (aqueous or melt) metasomatizing the mantle wedge, therefore it is not the first-order factor controlling the sulfur isotope variations. Instead, this study illustrates the need for a heavy δ34S component, likely sulfate from seawater, contained in the agent that metasomatized the mantle beneath the arc. If such an observation is confirmed in other subduction zones, sulfur isotopes in melt inclusions may be an effective way to trace seawater input into the mantle beneath
Modeling pandemic to endemic patterns of SARS-CoV-2 transmission using parameters estimated from animal model data
Authors: Mullin Sarah , Wyk Brent Vander , Asher Jennifer L , Compton Susan R , Allore Heather G , Zeiss Caroline J 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The contours of endemic coronaviral disease in humans and other animals are shaped by the tendency of coronaviruses to generate new variants superimposed upon nonsterilizing immunity. Consequently, patterns of coronaviral reinfection in animals can inform the emerging endemic state of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We generated controlled reinfection data after high and low risk natural exposure or heterologous vaccination to sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) in rats. Using deterministic compartmental models, we utilized in vivo estimates from these experiments to model the combined effects of variable transmission rates, variable duration of immunity, successive waves of variants, and vaccination on patterns of viral transmission. Using rat experiment-derived estimates, an endemic state achieved by natural infection alone occurred after a median of 724 days with approximately 41.3% of the population susceptible to reinfection. After accounting for translationally altered parameters between rat-derived data and human SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and after introducing vaccination, we arrived at a median time to endemic stability of 1437 (IQR = 749.25) days with a median 15.4% of the population remaining susceptible. We extended the models to introduce successive variants with increasing transmissibility and included the effect of varying duration of immunity. As seen with endemic coronaviral infections in other animals, transmission states are altered by introduction of new variants, even with vaccination. However, vaccination combined with natural immunity maintains a lower prevalence of infection than natural infection alone and provides greater resilience against the effects of transmissible variants.
Economic Agents as Imperfect Problem Solvers
Authors: Ilut Cosmin , Valchev Rosen 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
We develop a novel bounded rationality model of imperfect reasoning as the interaction between automatic (System 1) and analytical (System 2) thinking. In doing so, we formalize the empirical consensus of cognitive psychology using a structural, constrained-optimal economic framework of mental information acquisition about the unknown optimal policy function. A key result is that agents reason less (more) when facing usual (unusual) states of the world, producing state- and history-dependent behavior. Our application is an otherwise standard incomplete-markets model with no a priori behavioral biases. The ergodic distribution of actions and beliefs is characterized by endogenous learning traps, where locally stable state dynamics generate familiar regions of the state space within which behavior appears to follow memory-based heuristics. This results in endogenous behavioral biases that have many empirically desirable properties: the marginal propensity to consume is high even for unconstrained agents, hand-to-mouth status is more frequent and persistent, and there is more wealth inequality than in the standard model.
Homotopy Motions of Surfaces in 3-Manifolds
Authors: Koda Yuya , Sakuma Makoto 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe introduce the concept of a homotopy motion of a subset in a manifold and give a systematic study of homotopy motions of surfaces in closed orientable 3-manifolds. This notion arises from various natural problems in 3-manifold theory such as domination of manifold pairs, homotopical behavior of simple loops on a Heegaard surface and monodromies of virtual branched covering surface bundles associated with a Heegaard splitting.
The natural history of insomnia: high sleep reactivity interacts with greater life stress to predict the onset of acute insomnia
Authors: Walker Jamie L , Vargas Ivan , Drake Christopher L , Ellis Jason G , Muench Alexandria , Perlis Michael L 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Study Objectives
Prior research suggests that some individuals have a predisposition to experience insomnia following acute stressors (i.e. sleep reactivity). The present study was a proof of concept and specifically aimed to provide additional empirical evidence that the link between stressful life events and the onset of acute insomnia is moderated by sleep reactivity.

Methods
About 1,225 adults with a history of good sleep (Mage = 53.2 years, 68% female, 83% white) were recruited nationwide for an online study on sleep health. Participants completed surveys to assess sleep reactivity (baseline), sleep patterns (daily sleep diary), and stressful life events (weekly survey). All daily and weekly measures were completed for a one-year period. Sleep diary data were used to identify sleep initiation/maintenance difficulties, including whether they met criteria for acute insomnia at any point during the one-year interval.

Results
Participants with high sleep reactivity compared to low sleep reactivity were at 76% increased odds of developing acute insomnia during the one-year interval. In general, greater weekly stressful life events were associated with greater insomnia during the subsequent week. Those participants with high sleep reactivity demonstrated a stronger relationship between weekly stressful life events and insomnia, such that they reported the greatest levels of insomnia following weeks where they experienced a greater number of stressful life events.

Conclusions
These results further support the sleep reactivity model of insomnia, and specifically, provide evidence that sleep reactivity predicts the incidence of acute insomnia in a sample of participants with no history of insomnia.
Religion, Race, and Perceptions of Police Harassment
Authors: Ferguson Jauhara , Scheitle Christopher P , Ecklund Elaine Howard 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Research examining how race and ethnic locations shape perceptions of the police is well-established. Yet there is little research examining how religion shapes individuals’ experiences with police. This study examines the influence of race and religion on U.S. adults’ reported experiences with police harassment due to their religion. We find that, independent of race and ethnicity, Muslim adults are significantly more likely to report police harassment due to their religion. Race and ethnicity moderate this effect, with Muslim adults identifying as Black or as Middle Eastern-Arab-North African (MENA) significantly more likely than White Muslim adults to report religion-based police harassment. We find that, independent of religion, adults identifying as Black or as MENA are significantly more likely to report religion-based police harassment when compared to White individuals, a finding that is explained by these individuals’ greater reports of race-based police harassment. That is, exposure to police harassment based on race is more likely to make an individual perceive harassment based on their religion as well. These findings highlight the intersectional nature of individuals’ social locations more broadly and the importance of addressing these multiple locations if we are to address the social problem of police harassment and victimization.
Childhood Adversity Among Adults With Chronic Pain
Authors: Craner Julia R. , Lake Eric S. , Barr Aex C. , Kirby Krissa E. , O’Neill Mariceli 
Published: July 2022

Objectives:
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to the development and impact of chronic pain in adulthood. The goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ACEs in a treatment-seeking sample of adults with chronic pain and the relationship between number and type(s) of ACEs and pain-related outcomes.

Methods:
Adults (N=1794) presenting for treatment at a multidisciplinary pain management center completed self-report measures of childhood adversity, pain, functioning, emotional distress, and adjustment to pain.

Results:
Participants endorsing ≥4 ACEs had significantly worse pain-related outcomes and lower quality of life compared with individuals reporting fewer ACEs. Having ≥3 ACEs was associated with higher anxiety and depression levels. Experiences of childhood neglect negatively affected mental health–related outcomes independent of the number of ACEs. Significant sex differences were found in the number and type of ACEs reported but not in the relationship between ACEs and outcome variables.

Conclusion:
Findings suggest that the number and the type of self-reported ACE(s) are associated with pain-related variables and psychosocial functioning in adults with chronic pain. The results highlight the importance of assessment of ACEs and trauma-informed care with patients with chronic pain.
Do Patients With Chronic Diabetes Have Worse Motor Outcomes After Cervical ASIA C Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury?
Authors: Moon Tyler J. , Furdock Ryan , Ahn Nicholas 
Published: July 2022

Study Design:
This was a level IV retrospective prognostic study.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to determine if patients with chronic diabetes have worse functional outcomes and motor recovery after cervical traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI).

Summary of Background Data:
Diabetes mellitus has multiple deleterious neurological effects and has been shown to worsen elective cervical spine surgery outcomes. Prior literature has scarcely characterized the impact of chronic diabetes on motor and functional outcomes after TSCI.

Methods:
The National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC) database was utilized to retrospectively collect data on cervical American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) C TSCI between 2011 and 2016. Patients were divided into diabetes and nondiabetes groups. Primary outcomes included wheelchair requirement and ambulatory status 1 year after injury. Secondary outcomes were motor score collected at the time of rehab admission, rehab discharge, and 1-year follow-up. All outcome variables were analyzed using univariate and multivariate regression to assess for differences between diabetes and nondiabetes groups and possible confounders.

Results:
A total of 219 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study: 193 without diabetes and 26 with diabetes (12.0%). After controlling for confounders, patients with diabetes had had significantly increased wheelchair requirement (83.3% vs. 51.8%, relative risk=1.63, 95% confidence interval: 1.20–1.83, P=0.009 multivariate) and decreased ambulatory rates (50% vs. 67.9%, relative risk=0.55, 95% confidence interval: 0.25–0.98, P=0.042 multivariate) at 1 year. They also had no difference in average total motor scores at rehab admission but significantly worse total motor scores at rehab discharge (50.6±23.3 vs. 60.3±21.4, P=0.033 univariate, P=0.002 multivariate).

Conclusions:
Patients with diabetes have increased wheelchair requirement and decreased ambulatory ability at 1 year after the injury as well as diminished recovery in motor scores after motor-incomplete cervical TSCI. These patients may be targets for aggressive diabetic screening and intervention to minimize negative outcomes.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy with deletion of exon 45 and 49
Authors: Zhuang Xin-Yu , Luo Su-Shan , Fan Hui-Hua , Zhang Jin-Jin , Chen Hua , Yan Ping-Ping , Bao Li-Wen 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A 26-year-old young man presented with paroxysmal chest pain and systemic edema that started 2 years earlier and worsened during the past 2 months. Echocardiogram indicated total heart enlargement as well as severe left and right ventricular systolic dysfunction. MRI revealed atrophy of most muscles in the thigh and calf on both sides. EMG suggested myogenic damage to myoelectrical changes and early recruitment changes. A diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) was established on biopsy and genetic testing showing deletion of exons 45 and 49 of the dystrophin gene. He had no family history of major cardiovascular diseases. The patient disclosed later that muscle weakening started at 7 years of age. Symptoms improved after treatment with a variety of agents to manage heart failure and complications, and was discharged. He survived for 2 years, during which the general condition and heart failure deteriorated progressively. In summary, skeletal muscle weakness is typically the first sign of DMD, but heart involvement is commonly seen later. With the current treatment options, prognosis is poor. Gene therapy might be warranted.
Bridging the LatinX community care gap
Authors: Gonzalez Andrea Gerard 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
To summarize current developments aimed at improving diabetes care utilizing novel and culturally sensitive strategies to bridge the care gap in the LatinX community.

Recent findings
There is more than a decade of literature describing disparities in diabetes care and outcomes particularly involving ethnic and racial minorities leading to higher incidence of acute and long-term complications. Social determinants of health including language and cultural barriers in the LatinX community are important determining factors. We found three novel strategies reported in the current literature aimed at closing the diabetes care gap in LatinX patients: community-based efforts: community health workers (CHWs) and peer-led; shared medical and educational models; and adapting telehealth group appointments.

Summary
Here we review relevant but limited published articles found in the literature addressing the diabetes care gap in the LatinX community utilizing cost effective, novel and culturally sensitive strategies and reinforce the importance of continued work and publications on this very important field.
Selective progesterone receptor modulators and reproductive health
Authors: Nieman Lynnette K. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
This review is intended to provide perspective on the history of selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) and progesterone antagonists, their current availability, therapeutic promise and safety concerns.

Recent findings
Despite keen interest in synthesis of these compounds, only a handful have had clinical test results allowing for commercialization. Mifepristone is well tolerated and effective for single dose first trimester at-home pregnancy termination and is available in much of the world. Ulipristal acetate, at single doses, is well tolerated and effective for emergency contraception, with less availability. Chronic use of these agents has been associated with abnormal liver enzymes, and rarely, with hepatic failure; causality is not understood.

Summary
SPRMs and progesterone antagonists have great therapeutic promise for use in other reproductive disorders, including breast cancer, endometriosis, adenomyosis, estrogen-free contraception and cervical ripening but require additional study. Alternative formulations, whether local (topical breast or intrauterine) or extended-release may reduce the incidence of liver function abnormalities and should be explored.
Primary Hepatic Angiosarcoma Having FDG Uptake at the Similar Level of the Normal Liver Parenchyma
Authors: Wang Peipei , Li Fang 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Primary hepatic angiosarcoma is a rare but aggressive malignancy. A 60-year-old woman presented with multiple liver lesions with progressive enhancement detected with multiphasic CT. FDG PET did not show any FDG-avid lesions, and the uptake of hepatic lesions was similar to that of the normal liver parenchyma. Subsequently, pathological examination revealed hepatic angiosarcoma.
Myoclonus as a Manifestation of Reflex Seizures
Authors: Szabo Charles Akos , Kasteleijn Dorothee 
Published: July 2022

Summary:Myoclonus is a motor symptom commonly associated with reflex seizures in people with idiopathic generalized epilepsies. The most frequently observed triggers of myoclonus are related to visual stimuli, including flashing lights or patterns; nonetheless, myoclonus can also be activated by movement, speech or reading, calculations, and praxis. Reflex myoclonic seizures may be the hallmark of a reflex epilepsy, but it may lead to the diagnosis of generalized epilepsy syndromes. In the setting of idiopathic generalized epilepsies, reflex myoclonus can persist despite optimal medical therapies and may be a marker for active, even medically intractable, epilepsy. In this article, the clinical significance, diagnosis, and treatment of myoclonus, associated with visual stimulation, movement, and praxis, will be reviewed.
Machine Learning Identifies Signatures of Macrophage Reactivity and Tolerance that Predict Disease Outcomes
Authors: Ghosh Pradipta , Sinha Saptarshi , Katkar Gajanan D. , Vo Daniella , Taheri Sahar , Dang Dharanidhar , Das Soumita , Sahoo Debashis 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSingle-cell transcriptomic studies have greatly improved organ-specific insights into macrophage polarization states are essential for the initiation and resolution of inflammation in all tissues; however, such insights are yet to translate into therapies that can predictably alter macrophage fate. Using machine learning algorithms on human macrophages, here we reveal the continuum of polarization states that is shared across diverse contexts. A path, comprised of 338 genes accurately identified both physiologic and pathologic spectra of “reactivity” and “tolerance”, and remained relevant across tissues, organs, species and immune cells (> 12,500 diverse datasets). This 338-gene signature identified macrophage polarization states at single-cell resolution, in physiology and across diverse human diseases, and in murine pre-clinical disease models. The signature consistently outperformed conventional signatures in the degree of transcriptome-proteome overlap, and in detecting disease states; it also prognosticated outcomes across diverse acute and chronic diseases, e.g., sepsis, liver fibrosis, aging and cancers. Crowd-sourced genetic and pharmacologic studies confirmed that model-rationalized interventions trigger predictable macrophage fates. These findings provide a formal and universally relevant definition of macrophage states and a predictive framework (http://hegemon.ucsd.edu/SMaRT) for the scientific community to develop macrophage-targeted precision diagnostics and therapeutics.One Sentence SummarySignatures ofmacrophagereactivity andtolerance (SMaRT) predict disease outcomes
Honey Bees Find the Shortest Path: A Collective Flow-Mediated Approach
Authors: Nguyen Dieu My T , Fard Golnar Gharooni , Iuzzolino Michael , Peleg Orit 
Published: July 2022

AbstractHoney bees (Apis mellifera L.) are social insects that makes frequent use of volatile pheromone signals to collectively navigate unpredictable and unknown environments. Ants have been shown to effectively use pheromone trails to find the shortest path between two points, the nest and the food source. The ant pheromone trails are accomplished by depositing of pheromones which are then diffused passively, creating isotropic (i.e., non-directional and axi-symmetric) signals. In this study, we report the first instance of the honey bees’ ability to solve the shortest path problem to localize the queen and aggregate around her by using a collective flow-mediated scenting strategy. In this strategy, individual bees not only emit pheromones, but also fan their wings to actively direct the flow of the signals, providing colony members with directional messages to the queen’s location. We use computer vision and deep learning approaches to perform automatic and accurate image analysis. As a result, we quantify the number of bees in the short and long paths, and show that the short path is frequented by significantly more bees over time. We also reconstruct attractive surfaces using the positions and directions of scenting bees, and show that this surface is more “attractive” along the short path and around the queen as scenting bees send out directional messages and the swarm makes their way to the queen. Overall, we show that the honey bees can effectively use the collective scenting behavior to overcome local and volatile pheromone communication and find the shortest path to the queen.