bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Stress Amplitude on Statistical Variability in Fatigue Life of 75S-T6 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Sinclair G. M. , Dolan T. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Recent studies indicate that most of the “scatter” observed in finite fatigue-life-testing of metals is an inherent characteristic of the material and does not necessarily indicate poorly adjusted machines or improper testing techniques. In the present study, groups of 17 to 57 specimens of 75S-T6 aluminum alloy were tested in rotating bending at six different stress levels. The smallest stress used was 30,000 psi and the greatest was 62,500 psi. A statistical analysis was made of fatigue-life data obtained at each of the six stresses. The distribution of the fatigue lifetimes, for each stress, was found to be approximately logarithmic-normal. The standard deviation (which is a measure of scatter in the fatigue life) was related to the stress amplitude and could be represented within the stress range investigated, by a simple exponential function. Constants of an S-N relation recently proposed by W. Weibull were evaluated for a probability of failure P = 0.50. Results of the study are summarized in two equations and in a composite S-N diagram showing lines of equal probability of failure.
Field Inspection of Boiler Tubes With Ultrasonic Reflectoscope
Authors: Tash J. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Details are given of the ultrasonic reflectoscope and its use in detecting defective small-diameter tubing. By means of the ultrasonic shear-wave method and the reflectoscope, 90 sections of defective tubing, representing over 1500 ft, were detected and replaced in the convection-superheater outlet section of two boilers.
An Experimental Investigation of Convective Heat Transfer to Air From a Flat Plate With a Stepwise Discontinuous Surface Temperature
Authors: Scesa Steve , Sauer F. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The objective of the investigation described in this paper was to obtain turbulent forced convective heat-transfer data for air flowing parallel to a flat plate with a stepwise discontinuous surface temperature. Heat was supplied by fifteen transverse nichrome ribbons on the upper and lower surfaces of a bakelite plate. The electrical input to each ribbon was controlled separately so that the surface-temperature distribution could be maintained constant or stepwise. Local heat-transfer coefficients were obtained from the measured ribbon temperature and the electrical heat input to each ribbon. The experimental results were correlated with the Colburn equation within ±6 per cent for a range of local Reynolds modulus from 60,000 to 800,000 by use of the starting-length correction of Rubesin (1). The starting length is defined as the position where the step occurs in the surface temperature.
Investigation of Steam Separation in Boiler Drums Through Studies on a Model
Authors: Farber E. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This investigation shows a method by which the performance of steam-boiler drum internals can be compared. The method is based on tests carried out with a model filled with Freon 12 liquid and vapor and gives the same density ratio between liquid and vapor which exists in the boiler. When the velocity of the liquid-vapor mixture in the model drum is adjusted to the proper value, then the separation forces in the model and boiler are the same. Freon 12 was selected after tests with water and air had been made but proved to be insufficient. The experiments were performed at different loads, pressures, and liquid levels in the drum. Several different drum internal arrangements were tested, and results and conclusions based on these tests are reported in this paper.
Control of Marine Fouling in Sea-Water Conduits Including Exploratory Tests on Killing Shelled Mussels
Authors: White H. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Hundreds of tons of mussels may accumulate in the circulating-water tunnels of a large seaboard power station in a single season. Explicit practical procedures have been determined for meeting this problem by complete extermination of fully shelled mussels by chemical treatment, moderate temperature elevation, or combination of both. General results have broad application. Exploratory tests have demonstrated great practical influence of very moderate changes in temperature of the sea water in extermination of mussels. Any elevation of temperature reduces the required consumption of chlorine, which has been the usual killing agent. For plants with suitable arrangements and load conditions, it appears practical to achieve positive control of marine fouling in tunnels without chlorine or other chemicals by periodic increase of seawater temperature to not more than 95 F for northeast coastal plants. Numerical results of various treatments as observed in the exploratory tests are summarized by charts.
Effect of Pressure on the Combustion of Pulverized Coal
Authors: Omori T. T. , Orning A. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A theoretical study of heat transfer to a sphere suspended in cold air and suddenly exposed to radiation from a high-temperature source indicated an effect of air pressure which had not been disclosed by previous theoretical studies relating to the ignition of pulverized coal in air suspension. Experimental investigation, in the absence of an extended flame so that the source of radiant heat could be independently controlled, showed an adverse effect of elevated pressures upon completeness of combustion which was much larger than a beneficial effect of increased partial pressures of oxygen. It appeared that increased pressure, through a lower initial heating rate, produced less reactive combustion residues which lost ignition before combustion was complete. Complete combustion could be obtained only by increasing the radiant intensity responsible for ignition.
New Measurements of the Heat Conductivity of Steam and Nitrogen
Authors: Keyes F. G. , Sandell D. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The heat conductivity of steam has been measured by Timroth and Vargaftig (1940) from approximately 100 to 550 C and to pressures of 250 atm, using the hot-wire type of conductivity cell, wherein the wire of pure platinum serves as thermal emitter, and its electrical-resistance change provides the temperature indication. The new measurements in the present paper were obtained using a concentric cylinder type of conductivity cell in which the heater and thermometric parts were isolated from contact with the material whose conductivity was being measured. Vargaftig had published (1937) measurements of the heat conductivity of nitrogen in substantially the same cell used for steam. The new measurements on nitrogen are in tolerable agreement with the Vargaftig measurements, but in the case of steam the new measurements are considerably lower in magnitude. A comparison of the two sets of steam data indicates some peculiarities of temperature trend in the Timroth and Vargaftig data which find no correspondence in the data of any other substance, and also differs from the trend relative to the new data. A formulation of the steam and nitrogen data is given in terms of pressure and temperature as independent variables.
Heat Transfer From an Air Jet to a Plane Plate With Entrainment of Water Vapor From the Environment
Authors: Jakob Max , Rose R. L. , Spielman Maurice 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents some experimental results, obtained by discharging hot air from a continuous slot parallel to a plane surface. A method for predicting the distribution of surface temperature, relations for the temperature and vapor pressure in the jet, a common correlation relating heat transfer and mass transfer, considering also the entrainment of environment air by the jet, and a numerical example are given.
Dislocation Dipole in a Strained Nanostructured Layer Buried in an Infinite-Size Matrix
Authors: Colin Jérôme 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The equilibrium positions of a dipole of edge dislocations embedded in a nanostructure composed of a strained two-dimensional layer buried in an infinite-size matrix with a rectangular nanowire located at the upper layer–matrix interface have been determined from a Peach–Koëhler force calculation. The location of the unstable and stable equilibrium positions of the dislocations of the dipole gliding in the horizontal plane has been specified in the nanostructure versus the misfit strain and nanowire aspect ratio. The critical misfit below which the dipole has no equilibrium position has been finally determined versus the size of the nanowire.
Nanometer-scale pore structure and the Monterey Formation: A new tool to investigate silica diagenesis
Authors: Ross Cynthia M. , Kovscek Anthony R. 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
The Monterey Formation and related formations in California have long been the subject of field and laboratory studies on silica diagenesis. Biogenic or amorphous silica (opal-A) alters to a more-ordered opal-CT and eventually to the crystalline end member, quartz, with increasing burial depth and temperature. Low-pressure nitrogen sorption serves as an indicator of silica alteration by detecting the nanometer-scale pore structures associated with opal-CT while excluding contributions from larger pores. To apply this method, calibrations with known compositions are not required, sample preparation and measurements are straightforward, hazardous waste is not generated (as with mercury porosimetry), and subtle changes in silica phase are readily detected.
Nitrogen desorption isotherms, collected on mini cores (~0.8 cm diameter × 1 cm) after outgassing at 50 °C and processed using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method, provide nanometer-scale pore throat size distributions (nPSD), pore volumes (nPV), and surface areas (nSA). A scatter plot of nPV and nSA reveals two distinct trends. Samples with more nSA per unit volume contain opal-CT, either in transition from opal-A or completely converted. The other nSA trend consists of opal-A and quartz samples in the small nSA and nPV range, whereas samples with small nSA and large nPV also contain opal-CT and are in transition to quartz. These distinct trends are also apparent in the nPSD. Samples with more nSA exhibit a peak between 4 and 10 nm, whereas samples with less nSA have a broad peak between 10 and 100 nm if they contain opal-CT. Images collected via scanning electron microscopy reveal that opal-CT morphologies account for these differences.
New constraints on the source of loess from U/Th-Pb geochronology of detrital multi-minerals
Authors: Zhou Guangyan , Li Long , Xiao Guoqiao , Yan Luo , Pearson D. Graham , Hao Qingzhen , Wu Yuanbao 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The origin and provenance of eolian sediments such as loess can potentially reveal paleo-air circulation directions that drive temporal changes in climate. The provenance of these deposits has been mostly assessed by detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and remains debated. Recent studies reveal that constraining sediment provenance using only detrital zircon yields a restricted view of the overall sediment sources, because zircon commonly records high-temperature tectonothermal events and thus only represents a portion of provenance lithologies. We applied a new strategy for constraining the provenance of eolian sediments from the Chinese Loess Plateau—Earth's most extensive loess deposit—by using a multi-proxy (i.e., zircon, monazite and rutile) U/Th-Pb geochronology approach. We show that while zircon U-Pb-Lu-Hf isotopic data cannot conclusively discriminate the potential sources, monazite and rutile grains display dominant U/Th-Pb age peaks in the early Paleozoic, early Mesozoic, and late Cenozoic, mirroring the orogenic episodes of the northeast Tibetan Plateau. Monazite and rutile records also reveal spatial variability in sediment provenance between the western and central parts of the Chinese Loess Plateau, which is potentially affected by dust transport from westerly/northwesterly winds. Our integrated data set provides diagnostic constraints on the dust source, provenance variability, and transportation trajectory of the Chinese Loess Plateau, and highlights the importance of this new approach to provenance study of eolian deposits worldwide.
Supplemental Material: Biosiliceous, organic-rich, and phosphatic facies of Triassic strata of northwest Alaska: Transect across a high-latitude, low-angle continental margin
Authors: Dumoulin Julie , al. et 
Published: July 2022

<p>Table S1: TOC and Tmax data, Table S2: ICP-OES-MS data, Table S3: XRD data, and Table S4: Detrital zircon data </p>
Vitamin A supplementation among 9-59 month old children in India: geospatial perspectives and implications for targeted coverage
Authors: Bora Kaustubh 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionVitamin A supplementation (VAS) is yet to reach all Indian children aged 9-59 months, despite guidelines for universal coverage. This study mapped geospatial patterns underlying VAS coverage across two policy-relevant administrative unit levels (states and districts) in India. The relationship between spatial distribution of VAS coverage and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) prevalence was also investigated.MethodsThe study draws on nationally representative cross-sectional data collected during National Family and Health Survey 4 (NFHS-4) and Comprehensive National Nutritional Survey (CNNS). VAS coverage was estimated using information obtained during NFHS-4 from mothers about whether their children (n=204 645) had received VAS within 6 months of the survey. VAD prevalence estimates were based on serum retinol measurements during CNNS in under-five children (n=9563). State-level and district-level choropleth maps of VAS coverage were constructed. Spatial patterns were probed using Moran’s statistics, scatter plots and local indicators of spatial association (LISA). Relationship between VAS coverage (as an explanatory variable) and VAD prevalence was explored using spatial autoregressive models.ResultsVAS coverage in India (overall 60.5%) ranged from 29.5% (Nagaland) to 89.5% (Goa) across the various states/union territories. Among districts, it ranged from 12.8% (Longleng district, Nagaland) to 94.5% (Kolar district, Karnataka). The coverage exhibited positive spatial autocorrelation, more prominently at the district-level (univariate Moran’s I=0.638, z-value=25.614, pseudo p value=0.001). LISA maps identified spatial clusters of high coverage and low coverage districts. No significant spatial association was observed between VAS coverage and VAD prevalence in the states during spatial error (R2=0.07,λ=0.30, p value=0.14) and spatial lag (R2=0.05, ρ=0.25, p value=0.23) regression.ConclusionTwo out of every five eligible Indian children were not supplemented with vitamin A. The coverage was geographically heterogeneous with discernible spatial patterns. Their consequences on vitamin A status and associated health effects in the community deserve close monitoring.
Scalar curvature in discrete gravity
Authors: Chamseddine Ali H. , Malaeb Ola , Najem Sara 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe focus on studying, numerically, the scalar curvature tensor in a two-dimensional discrete space. The continuous metric of a two-sphere is transformed into that of a lattice using two possible slicings. In the first, we use two integers, while in the second we consider the case where one of the coordinates is ignorable. The numerical results of both cases are then compared with the expected values in the continuous limit as the number of cells of the lattice becomes very large.
A Case Study for Sports Characteristic Town: Enlightenment to the Sport Industry
Authors: Zhong Deren 
Published: July 2022

The characteristic sports town is proposed to promote urban and rural integration by implementing a national-level fitness strategy. It plays a crucial role in the sports industry's promotion, launch, and supply. The characteristic town for sports creates a form of interaction between new urbanization and the sports industry. They play a unique role in fostering the systemic reform of sports, the convergence of urban and rural areas, the legacy and creativity of popular sports culture, and addressing urban–rural people's fitness needs. The growth of the sports sector has been elevated to the strategic height of national economic building. This article considers creating a characteristic sports town as a research object, using various research techniques, such as the literature review, case analysis, and expert interviews. “Building a Characteristic Sports Town” is the latest economic growth hub for advancing sports. It supports the spiritual civilization of the people, respects economic development, and improves people's happiness. The characteristic sports town lowers the country's unemployment rate. Finally, the characteristic sports town promotes a country's health and economic development at higher rates. The experimental results show that the proposed National-level Fitness Strategy enhances outcomes of a successful sports industry curriculum development ratio of 96.2%, precision ratio of 92.1%, probability ratio of 93.5%, cost-effectiveness ratio of 94.4%, recall ratio of 91.2%, self-esteem ratio of 91.9%, interaction ratio of 98.7%, and efficiency ratio of 94.2% when compared to other methods.
Datalog in Wonderland
Authors: Khamis Mahmoud Abo , Ngo Hung Q. , Pichler Reinhard , Suciu Dan , Remy Wang Yisu 
Published: July 2022

Modern data analytics applications, such as knowledge graph reasoning and machine learning, typically involve recursion through aggregation. Such computations pose great challenges to both system builders and theoreticians: first, to derive simple yet powerful abstractions for these computations; second, to define and study the semantics for the abstractions; third, to devise optimization techniques for these computations.
In recent work we presented a generalization of Datalog called Datalog, which addresses these challenges. Datalog is a simple abstraction, which allows aggregates to be interleaved with recursion, and retains much of the simplicity and elegance of Datalog. We define its formal semantics based on an algebraic structure called Partially Ordered Pre-Semirings, and illustrate through several examples how Datalog can be used for a variety of applications. Finally, we describe a new optimization rule for Datalog, called the FGH-rule, then illustrate the FGH-rule on several examples, including a simple magic-set rewriting, generalized semi-naïve evaluation, and a bill-of-material example, and briefly discuss the implementation of the FGH-rule and present some experimental validation of its effectiveness.
Redifferentiation Therapy—Returning to Our Roots in a Post–Kinase Inhibitor World
Authors: Cabanillas Maria E. , Busaidy Naifa L. , Sherman Steven I. 
Published: July 2022

SummaryRadioactive iodine (RAI) treatment is an effective treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC); however, many patients are refractory. Using targeted drugs to reinduce RAI sensitivity (“redifferentiation therapy”) has long been sought after as the holy grail in endocrine oncology.See related article by Weber et al., p. 4194
CBX8 Together with SET Facilitates Ovarian Carcinoma Growth and Metastasis by Suppressing the Transcription of SUSD2
Authors: Wu Yanjie , Duan Yang , Li Xuanyuan , Zhao Ran , Lan Bei , Zhang Xingyan , Wang Xiaochen , Chen Hao , Feng Shengyun , Liu Zhenfeng , Cheng Yiming , Xi Lishan , Wang Yingmei , Xue Fengxia , Xuan Chenghao 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Polycomb group proteins are often dysregulated in cancer, leading to disruption of epigenetic landscapes and acquisition of cancer hallmarks. Chromobox 8 (CBX8) is a core component of canonical polycomb repressive complex 1; however, its role in transcriptional regulation and in ovarian carcinoma progression has not been extensively investigated. In this study, we find that CBX8 is upregulated in ovarian cancer. Overexpression and knockdown approaches show that CBX8 facilitates the growth and migration of CAOV3, A2780, and SKOV3 cells in vitro. Consistently, depletion of CBX8 suppresses the growth and metastasis of ovarian carcinoma in vivo. Mechanistically, RNA-sequencing assays together with functional rescue experiments identify a tumor suppressor, SUSD2, as the functional target of CBX8 in ovarian carcinoma cells. Significantly, FLAG affinity coupled with mass spectrometry discovers that CBX8 interacts with a subunit of inhibitor of acetyltransferases (INHAT), SET, which also promotes the growth and migration of A2780 cells. CBX8 and SET cobind to the promoter of SUSD2 to establish H2AK119ub1 and prevent the acetylation of histone H3, resulting in transcriptional suppression of SUSD2.

Implications:
Our study uncovers a novel mechanism CBX8 explores to execute gene repression, and provides new therapeutic targets for ovarian carcinoma.
A Cancer Cell–Intrinsic GOT2–PPARδ Axis Suppresses Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Abrego Jaime , Sanford-Crane Hannah , Oon Chet , Xiao Xu , Betts Courtney B. , Sun Duanchen , Nagarajan Shanthi , Diaz Luis , Sandborg Holly , Bhattacharyya Sohinee , Xia Zheng , Coussens Lisa M. , Tontonoz Peter , Sherman Mara H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Despite significant recent advances in precision medicine, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains near uniformly lethal. Although immune-modulatory therapies hold promise to meaningfully improve outcomes for patients with PDAC, the development of such therapies requires an improved understanding of the immune evasion mechanisms that characterize the PDAC microenvironment. Here, we show that cancer cell–intrinsic glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2 (GOT2) shapes the immune microenvironment to suppress antitumor immunity. Mechanistically, we find that GOT2 functions beyond its established role in the malate–aspartate shuttle and promotes the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor delta (PPARδ), facilitated by direct fatty acid binding. Although GOT2 is dispensable for cancer cell proliferation in vivo, the GOT2–PPARδ axis promotes spatial restriction of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the tumor microenvironment. Our results demonstrate a noncanonical function for an established mitochondrial enzyme in transcriptional regulation of immune evasion, which may be exploitable to promote a productive antitumor immune response.

Significance:
Prior studies demonstrate the important moonlighting functions of metabolic enzymes in cancer. We find that the mitochondrial transaminase GOT2 binds directly to fatty acid ligands that regulate the nuclear receptor PPARδ, and this functional interaction critically regulates the immune microenvironment of pancreatic cancer to promote tumor progression.
See related commentary by Nwosu and di Magliano, p. 2237..
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2221
How Good Governance (GG) Affects Diaspora Motivations for Remittances to Iran
Authors: Lotfalipour Mohammad Reza , Falahi Mohammad Ali , Zareei Afsaneh , Matuszczak Anna 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this study, we examined different models for the motivation of the Iranian diaspora to send remittances to Iran, with and without governance indicators, to analyse the impact of economic factors and governance indicators on remittances. The results based on the generalised method of moments (GMM) method show that the income level of the origin and host country had positive and significant effects on the diasporas’ motivation for remittances to Iran. Also, Iran’s real exchange rate has a negative impact on remittances, whereas the interest rate differential is positive. The results confirm that the quality of governance and its indicators are essential factors for remittances. Overall, the macroeconomic conditions, along with good governance in Iran, have influenced remittances. Between investment and altruistic motives, altruism has been the primary motivation of remittances due to the lack of good economic and governance conditions in Iran during the years under review.