bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To What Effect?
Authors: Gallagher Janice K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 employs the United Nations Principles to combat impunity to help explain the gains that have been made in terms of rights to justice, truth, reparations, and non-recurrence in Mexico. It discusses the judicial outcomes of sustained mobilization by looking at the achievements and limitations of the leading human rights NGO in Nuevo León as well the judicial status of the cases of the three families profiled in this book. It examines the role of sustained mobilization in the passage of the Victims’ Law (2013), which is focused on reparations to victims, and the Law on Enforced Disappearance (2017), which promises progress on the right to truth and non-recurrence if fully implemented. Finally, it assesses the evolution of the victims’ movement—arguing that advances in available movement resources and repertoires of contention have shifted the accountability terrain for victims of violence in Mexico.
Colossians, Ephesians, and the Son of God
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
As in the acknowledged Pauline letters, so in the deutero-Pauline literature Jesus is both “Lord” and “Son of God.” The difference between these letters and the acknowledged Paulines is chiefly a matter of the so-called “Asiatic rhetoric” of the deutero-Paulines, which may be a deliberate strategy. The deutero-Paulines continue to use “Lord” and “Son of God” confessionally, and occurrences of the former are much more frequent than those of the latter. Again as in the generally acknowledged letters, “Lord” is used primarily of Jesus in relation to his people, “Son of God” of his unique relationship to God. God’s people are God’s “sons” by adoption and grace.
The Synoptics and the Son of God
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Jesus in Jerusalem, challenged as to the authority with which he teaches, points to the baptism of John, in the course of which he had been declared Son of God. He subsequently engages in a series of acrimonious debates, leading up to his arrest and trial. At his trial before the Sanhedrin, he unambiguously and openly claims to be Messiah and Son of God, in terms that lead to him being condemned for blasphemy. On Calvary too his divine sonship is confessed, notably by the pagan soldier who sees him die. On the following first day of the week the women coming to the tomb to anoint his body learn that his claims have been vindicated by God and that he is risen.
Power in Ritual Practice
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Looking anew at the much-discussed topic of religious ritual suggests that power is not simply symbolized holistically in ritual, as is often argued. Instead, it is composed of communication and thus is enacted in the social relationships of those participating. Ritual specialists enact their power in how they relate to rank-and-file participants and in how they relate to the objects of veneration. Rituals bracket external power relationships but never do so completely, which necessitates understanding how these external status relationships also affect what is done within ritual performance. This chapter discusses how power is expressed in the spatial and rhetorical staging of rituals, in the ritual expression of transcendence, and in the status relationships enacted in ritual performance.
Constitutional Fidelity: Of Courts, Citizens, and Time
Authors: Michelman Frank I. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
As part of a more encompassing constraint of public reason, a constraint of constitutional fidelity applies “more strictly,” John Rawls writes in Political Liberalism, to supreme court judges acting in their adjudicative capacities than to democratic citizens acting politically as litigants, voters, organizers, and otherwise as agitators for political causes. On a first look, this chapter finds it to be unclear how this proposition can fit with Rawls’s proposal (“the liberal principle of legitimacy”) for reliance on a country’s constitution as a public procedural pact for the justification, among citizens in a democracy, of the force of controversial laws and political policies. An answer lies in the thought that a justificatory load-bearing constitution undergoes temporal stress. While citizen-adherents to a constitutional procedural pact must be able to reconfirm at all times its elements of prior fixation as established framework law, a pact of justification also must undergo reconfiguration of those elements in the public understanding as, over the course of historical time, a country’s conditions change and society learns from experience and from democratic political interaction. A constitution meeting these requirements would show aspects of what many theorists might call a common-law character, within the wider domain of positive legality. It would figure for its country both and simultaneously as fixture and as project. While judges in law courts are to represent the element of fixture, it is the political agitations of a democratic citizenry that will keep the project going.
Constitutional Rights and “Private” Legal Relations
Authors: Michelman Frank I. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Whether constitutional rights-related guarantees are to have any bearing on the law applicable to “horizontal” controversies—those not involving the state or its agents as parties—has been and remains a contentious issue in constitutional-democratic legal ordering. Noting at the start that liberal political thought, including that of John Rawls, has often been seen as resistant to extension of bill-of-rights protections in such cases, Chapter 13 looks into whether the constitutional conception of Rawls leans one way or the other on the horizontal-application question. The first conclusion is that the Rawlsian conception of the constitution, as a law setting terms for a society’s basic structure, and serving thus as a procedural platform of justification for the force of democratic law, does not allow for any exemption for law governing relations classed “private.” Concerns about horizontal application as an opening to excessive judicial rule over the length and breadth of society are found to be offset by the Rawlsian conception of a guarantee to all equally of one and the same scheme of basic liberties, with required internal adjustments to be governed chiefly by legislation subject to tolerant judicial constitutional review for consistency with a central core of application for each of the liberties in the scheme. Concerns may still remain of an excessive liberal attachment to certain liberties that would itself hinder adequate protection of the equal basic liberties of all.
Public Law and Economics
Authors: Cooter Robert , Gilbert Michael 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This comprehensive textbook applies economic analysis to public law. The economic analysis of law has revolutionized legal scholarship and teaching in the last half-century, but it has focused mostly on private law, business law, and criminal law. This book extends the analysis to fundamental topics in public law, such as the separation of government powers, regulation by agencies, constitutional rights, and elections. Every public law involves six fundamental processes of government: bargaining, voting, entrenching, delegating, adjudicating, and enforcing. The book devotes two chapters to each process, beginning with the economic theory and then applying the theory to a wide range of puzzles and problems in law. Each chapter concentrates on cases and legal doctrine, showing the relevance of economics to the work of lawyers and judges. Featuring lucid, accessible writing and engaging examples, the book addresses enduring topics in public law as well as modern controversies, including gerrymandering, voter identification laws, and qualified immunity for police.
Theory of Adjudication
Authors: Cooter Robert D. , Gilbert Michael D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the economic theory of adjudication. Courts sit at the heart of public law, and economists have analyzed many aspects of the judicial process. The chapter starts with the positive theory of adjudication, examining how litigants determine the value of their claims and whether they settle or litigate. It discusses trials and appeals, and it relates these processes to economic tools like Bayesian updating and the Condorcet Jury Theorem. Then the chapter turns to judicial behavior. It addresses the legal, attitudinal, and strategic models of judging. Turning to normative theory, the chapter analyzes the trade-off between accuracy in adjudication and the costs of fact-finding and interpretation. Finally, it presents a guide for legal interpretation called the “incentive principle.” According to this principle, a law’s correct interpretation creates incentives that best fulfill its purpose.
Theory of Enforcement
Authors: Cooter Robert D. , Gilbert Michael D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the economic theory of enforcement. It begins with a positive theory of enforcement, which emphasizes deterrence. Deterrence involves the costs and benefits of lawbreaking for citizens and the costs and benefits of enforcement by the government. The discussion relates enforcement to settlement, deterrence, and irrationality. Turning to normative theory, the chapter considers the circumstances under which enforcement benefits the public. The discussion addresses optimal deterrence and the choice between fines and imprisonment. Finally, the chapter addresses interpretive theory. To enforce their orders, courts can hold litigants in “coercive” contempt. Economics can illuminate the scope of this judicial power. The chapter covers topics such as hate crimes, excessive fines, and the gap between the law in books and the law in action.
Next Gen Strategies
Authors: Giles Cynthia 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The best regulatory designs carefully match solutions to their specific problems, but there are some Next Gen go-to ideas that should always be considered as part of the suite of regulatory implementation strategies. Modern technologies that allow continuous pollution monitoring, instead of counting on unreliable emission factors, are potentially game-changing examples. Regulators can strengthen compliance by requiring electronic reporting, third-party auditing, and third-party information reporting. Mandatory electronic reporting also supports robust data analytics and sophisticated machine learning that can spot compliance problems and bolster regulatory response. Transparency and provisions for citizen monitoring can also put pressure on companies to comply and make it harder to hide. This chapter describes the fundamentals that should be part of the playbook for every rule.
Ensuring Zero-Carbon Electricity
Authors: Giles Cynthia 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter applies the lessons of Next Gen to a top priority for cutting climate-forcing emissions: electric generation. Zero-carbon power is achievable with very high rates of compliance through a clean energy standard; the problem is created when energy efficiency is included in a clean energy market. Energy efficiency savings are extremely difficult to measure. An entire industry has grown up to address that, called Evaluation, Measurement and Verification. And there are measurement shortcuts, called deemed savings. Both have been demonstrated to greatly overstate the energy savings from energy efficiency. That’s why allowing power utilities to buy energy efficiency credits instead of cutting their own carbon will undercut the climate goal: it allows more carbon emissions in exchange for uncertain and overstated efficiency benefits. Robust investment in energy efficiency is essential, but not by putting the otherwise sure thing of zero-carbon electricity in jeopardy.
Conclusion
Authors: Giles Cynthia 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Carbon offsets—an idea that is sprinting into the regulatory arena now—offer a window into the compliance challenges discussed in this book. It’s not a pretty picture. Anyone looking through a Next Gen lens could predict what happens, and they would be right. But that’s not the whole story. When we admit that violations are common, and that rule design is the most important factor in achieving better compliance, we see the work of environmental protection in a new light. That’s the power of a paradigm shift; opportunities appear where previously there were only problems. Next Gen is fundamentally an optimistic idea. Yes, it can feel discouraging to face up to the reality that left to their own devices many companies violate. But that’s not the end of the story, it’s the beginning. Regulators have the tools to change the outcome. They just have to decide to use them.
The Making of White American Identity
Authors: Eyerman Ron 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This book traces the development of whiteness in the United States as a distinctive collective identification, from the early colonial period through the January 6, 2021, assault on the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. The theory of cultural trauma provides the framework for mapping and analyzing this process. The central argument is that whiteness is a mobilizing ideology, articulated and communicated over generations by individuals and carrier groups who make use of various means of mass media, from traditional print and visual media to the internet. In analyzing this transmission, hot and cold forms and thick and thin identification are distinguished. Hot forms carry clear ideological messages; cool forms are more subtle, such as genres of country music and novels and films. Memorials, such as those to the Confederacy, lie somewhere in between. The conflict over their removal, such as what occurred in Charlottesville, Virginia, in 2017, is a key factor in this analysis. The book’s final chapter sums up the argument and discusses the future of whiteness in the United States, when those who identify as white will no longer constitute the majority of the population.
From James to Regulatory Pragmatism
Authors: Ostermann Susan L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This conceptual chapter introduces pragmatism and looks at its history, starting from the Greek use of the word before quickly turning to the philosophical tradition that bears its name, with a focus on William James. The chapter then examines the legal pragmatists, including Dewey, Grey, Farber, Posner, Radin, and Sullivan, who brought pragmatism to the practice of jurisprudence. Though law was previously a sphere reserved for grand theory and absolutes, pragmatism eventually made inroads. Finally, the chapter makes a theoretical departure from legal pragmatism and brings pragmatism to the regulatory world. The text then explores the theoretical underpinnings of the concept in dialogue with empirical examples, thus substantiating the need for the conceptual move.
Examining Regulatory Pragmatism along the India-Nepal Border
Authors: Ostermann Susan L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes a deep dive into the choice to focus on compliance along the India-Nepal border. The modern-day border area is described in detail and both qualitative and quantitative data provide evidence to support the border design; there is also information on historic border delineation. After exploring and justifying case selection, the chapter turns to key variables associated with the conservation case (compliance with wood-collection prohibitions in Chitwan and Valmiki National Parks), including compliance, accurate legal knowledge, delegated enforcement, information dissemination by local leaders, and poverty-driven non-compliance, as well as the measurement of these variables and associated hypotheses. The chapter then turns to the shadow cases, which examine compliance with teacher-student ratio and child labor regulations in the India-Nepal border area. Finally, details are provided on the data and methodology associated with data collection.
Compliance in the Absence of Significant Coercive Capacity
Authors: Ostermann Susan L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter, as with Chapter 3, provides considerable detail regarding the India-Nepal border region, but its main focus is on descriptive statistics associated with the conservation, education, and brick kilns (child labor) cases. The data provided for all cases include everything from respondent numbers and locations, to gender, land and business ownership, age, education status, income levels, etc. Case-specific data focus range widely but focus, for instance, on need for wood use, place of origin for staff at brick kilns, staff in schools, and teacher-student ratios. More data are included than is strictly necessary for the book’s argument. This was done, at least in part, as a public service, since this is an understudied region.
Putting Regulatory Pragmatism into Practice
Authors: Ostermann Susan L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The concluding chapter ties together all themes discussed earlier in the book, looking across all three cases at how conservation, education, and child labor regulation were affected by regulatory pragmatism. The text then turns to consideration of broader implications associated with regulatory pragmatism In so doing, it re-centers the importance of legal knowledge and the amelioration of poverty-driven non-compliance to any cost-effective implementation regime, not just in the developing world, but in any challenging regulatory context. Finally, the chapter explores a few scenarios in which regulatory pragmatism could plausibly be used to work toward higher compliance rates.
Moderate Conservatism
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Moderate Conservatism is a response to the alarming state of politics in America. It is a reasoned moderate account of the primary political values of the rule of law, justice, liberty, equality, and property, a criticism of extremist accounts of them, a defense of our 300-year-old constitutional democracy, and a criticism of all forms of political extremism. The American political system has endured because the Constitution has guided the balance of the often-conflicting claims of these basic political values. All of them are now threatened by extremists who politicize aspects of life that should be left to the discretion of individuals. Both parties have been hijacked by extremists who proclaim their grievances and the immorality of those who disagree with them. They willfully disregard the destructive consequences of their polemics for the political system on which the well-being of all of us depends. The aim of this book is to protect the vital center of American political system from extremist threats. It is a reminder of what we have and are in danger of losing. The center is sustained by the many millions of citizens who live private lives, earn a living, raise a family, and expect the political system to provide the conditions in which they can do so. They are the backbone of the American political system, the apolitical majority who are subjected to the poisonous lies of extremists. The justification of this political system is the voluntary support of those who live in it. Moderate conservatives know that the protection of the political system depends on its continuous adaptation to changing circumstances. This requires flexibility, not rigid adherence to any political dogma. This book is a reasoned defense of the political values that have long sustained us as we face difficult internal problems and conflicts, and external enemies.
The Problem and the Response
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter is an account of the complex and urgent political problems to which we must find reasonable responses. The problems are caused by conflicting evaluations of the possible responses. There are reasons both for and against possible responses, but we are uncertain and ambivalent about their relative importance. Such situations are recurrent in politics. And because contexts and conditions frequently change, the problems recur and the relative importance of reasonable responses changes. Moderate conservatives deny that there can be a context-independent universal theory from which reasonable responses would follow because problems and responses change as do contexts and conditions. The art of politics is to find reasonable responses to such complex problems in the framework of the Constitution. This is the aim of moderate conservatives. There is no ideal response. There are only reasonable responses whose relative importance changes as contexts an conditions change.
Late Imperial Society and Culture
Authors: Boyer John W. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This topical chapter breaks the chronological narrative of the book into two parts—from 1867 to 1914 and from 1914 to 1955/83. The chapter focuses on the unique institutional, cultural, and intellectual role that the imperial capital city of Vienna played in the wider milieu of modern Austrian history. It begins with a comparative study of the role of the aristocratic and Jewish communities in the city before 1914. The book challenges the classic account of Carl Schorske on fin-de-siècle Vienna, arguing that Schorske’s model of a weakened Liberalism flailing about in search of a lost world of Enlightenment rationality and aspiring to emulate the Viennese high aristocracy had some plausibility up to 1890, for it was certainly the case that many bourgeois parvenus coveted imperial honors in the decades after 1848, but his argument is not compelling for the last two decades of the Monarchy. As with the aristocracy and the Jewish community, the nascent movements for women’s citizenship rights and institutions of scientific research and new journalistic informational networks gave the capital city a particularly fortuitous base for creativity before 1918 and, as a result of the creation of a large public intelligentsia, helped to foster what William Johnston has called a new “Bildungsethik” among educated elites across the Empire. The ravages of the 1930s and early 1940s in turn subjected these human capital resources in Vienna to levels of nearly irremediable destruction.