bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consistency and fundamental freedoms: The case of direct taxation
Authors: Haslehner Werner 
Published: March 2022

Consistency,as coherence, is a central requirement of justice, and, consequently, a central requirement for any legal system. The concrete conditions to achieve it, are, however, less evident. The potential reach of the concept as it appears in the case law of the ECJ, is still mostly unexplored in academic literature. This article thus undertakes to analyse and pinpoint its significance, taking direct tax law as an example of a subject matter falling squarely within the competence of the Member States. As such, direct taxation provides a prime example for the conflicting principles of national parliamentary sovereignty and quasi-constitutional supranational limits to this sovereignty and thus an ideal case for such analysis. It is shown how many of the peculiarities of the ECJ decisions on tax discrimination can bereconceptualized and understood in terms of the idea of consistency. Through the discussion of the main justifications unique to direct tax cases the article also reveals the inconsistency of the ECJ in respect of its application of that central idea and advocates a more stringent approach to improve the transparency of the case law and thus, in turn, its consistency. This approach is explained in more detail by reference to different tests for consistency to be employed on each stage of the proportionality analysis, and defended against possible objections to different standards of the concept.
The fight against letterbox companies in the internal market
Authors: Engsig Sørensen Karsten 
Published: March 2022

After the seminal judgment in Centros, it seemed that the fight against letterbox companies was lost. The judgment made it clear that it is possible for a company without any substantial activities in the Member State where it is incorporated to exercise the free movement rights when doing business in other Member States. After this judgment, the widespread use of letterbox companies was not countered by any coordinated effort of the EU; instead the Member States individually undertook to fight letterbox companies. However, it has become clear that letterbox companies sometimes interfere with the proper functioning of the internal market. As a result, the EU has recently adopted or proposed legislation aimed at diminishing the threat they pose. The article analyses these legislative measures, their background and impact.
From the Scylla of restriction to the Charybdis of licence? Exploring the scope of the special purposes freedom of expression shield in European data protection
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: March 2022

The relationship between European data protection and public freedom of expression is tense. Directive 95/46 includes a special purposes provision for processing "carried out solely for journalistic purposes or . . . artistic or literary expression", but its limited scope fails to fully reconcile values in this area. The recent Google Spain decision highlights that these problems were only partially resolved in Satamedia. Proposed amendments risk expanding the scope of this highly discretionary clause into one of universal application. However, this conflicts with the core harmonizing aim of reform, and would almost certainly be interpreted much more restrictively, fuelling existing confusions. A two-pronged, layered approach may be preferable, expanding the special purposes provision to protect disclosure of information, opinion or ideas for the benefit of the public collectively, while obliging Member States to effect a broader but more stringent reconciliation of data protection with the right to public freedom of expression under general derogation provisions.
Effects of milling time on sintering properties and formation of interface Al4C3 on graphite reinforced Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg nanocomposite
Authors: Fahmi Angga Khairul , Rudianto Haris , Wismogroho Agus Sukarto , Widayatno Wahyu Bambang , Aryanto Didik , Hermanto Bambang 
Published: March 2022

Aluminum-based metal matrix nanocomposites have been extensively researched and developed for aerospace and automotive applications. Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg with 0.5 wt% graphite were milled for 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, and 8 h using shaker mill under argon gas. The phenomena of deformation, fracturing, and cold welding during shaker mill were investigated to observe how the shaker mill effects on their morphology and formation of intermetallic phases due to its very high speed. Sintering under ultra-high purity argon gas for 99.9999% was done to produce high density materials. Intermetallic phase Al4C3 was found as a result reaction between aluminum and graphite during milling. Formation of Al4C3 is very important to the alloy as an interface between matrix and reinforcement particle in order to have higher hardness. A decrease in Peaks Cu and followed by an increase in Al2Cu precipitation in the XRD pattern occurred with increasing milling time. The role of Al2Cu precipitation is very important in improving mechanical properties, resulting in the highest hardness value reaching 97 HV and a density value of 83% at 8 h of milling.
The finished polyester fabric with hot NH4OH pretreatment and mixed ZnO-Zn(OH)2 nanoparticles for hydrophobic property
Authors: NARAKAEW Samroeng , AU-PREE Sittipong , BAISON Wipanoot , THUNGPRASERT Siwat , WATTALO Itsariya , JAIPOR Pranpreeya , PROMANAN Theeraporn , SUKDEE Sukee , SANTAKIJ Pakorn , CHANOGKUN Chainet , RUTTANATEERAWICHIEN Kanjana , CHAISENA Aphiruk , APICHAI Pattama , NARAKAEW Phiphop 
Published: March 2022

This work aims to modify the hydrophobic coated polyester fabrics using 2%w/v ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) at 90℃ prior and subsequently dipped in two difference aqueous zinc solution batchs containing 0.6%w/v zinc precursors with/without starch and NH4OH, finally dehydration, and characterized by the attenuated total reflection - Fourier transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy (Raman), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Energy dipersive spectrometry (EDX), and Water contact angle (WCA) of 10 mL dropping at 23℃ and humidity of 63%. Raman spectra and XRD patterns results showed e-zinc hydroxide (e-Zn(OH)2), zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP) and ZnO-starch nanocomposite crystallized in the orthorhombic and hexagonol wurzite structure, respectively. The increasing intensities of Raman vibrational modes at 369 cm-1 and 750 cm-1 confirmed the increased of e-Zn(OH)2 content with additional starch, therefore, WCA trend of those finished fabric surfaces decreased. WCA optimum of 138° before washing and 136° after 5 washing cycles of the treated fabric which was activated by NH4OH acts as scourer and also as promoter of e-Zn(OH)2/ZnO NPs as revealed from ATR-FTIR result. While, other observed lower hydrophobic property after 5 washing cycles due to the hydroplilic ZnO-starch nanocomposite.e-Zn(OH)2/ZnO NPs. While others, there were observed lower hydrophobic property after 5 washing cycles due to the hydroplilic ZnO-starch nanocomposite.
Evaluation of clinical relationship of serum niacin and dopamine levels in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome
Authors: Katar Muzaffer , Deveci Hülya , Deveci Köksal 
Published: March 2022

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of serum niacin and dopamine (DA) levels and their clinical importance in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) patients.
Patients and methods: Between April 2018 and October 2018, a total of 53 female patients (mean age: 38.3±5.5 years; range, 21 to 45 years) with a clinical diagnosis of FMS and 35 healthy female controls (mean age: 36.7±5.2 years; range, 25 to 44 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) were applied to the patients. Serum levels of niacin and DA were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods, respectively.
Results: Niacin and DA levels of the patient group were significantly lower than those of control group (p=0.003 and p=0.02, respectively). A very strong positive correlation was found between niacin and DA levels (r=0.96 p<0.001). Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of niacin and DA by the receiver operating characteristic analysis yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.73 (p<0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.62-0.85) and an AUC of 0.68 (p=0.004, 95% CI: 0.56-0.80), respectively.
Conclusion: Serum niacin and DA levels decrease in FMS patients in relation to the tender point numbers. It can be suggested that the levels of these two markers can be considered additional tools in the diagnosis of FMS.
Synthesis, Characterisation and Evaluation of Azetidine-2-One Derivative
Authors: Ramachandran S. , Dheepika S. , Deepak M. , Duraiseelan M. , Chandru B. S. , Aanandhi M. Vijey 
Published: March 2022

Antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antitubercular, anti-HIV, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and ulcerogenic activities have all been documented for azetidinone derivatives.
The reaction of Schiff base((Z)-N (4-dimethylamino)benzylidene)pyrimidine-2-amine) with chloroacetyl chloride yielded a novel chemical called Azetdine-2-one derivative. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy were used to confirm the chemical structures of the produced substances. The antimicrobial activity shows that the compound showed mild Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Assess the Mean Change in Outcomes of Sildenafil in the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Erectile Dysfunction Due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Authors: Ali Arif , Hussain Shahid , Suria Bilal , Sohu Safiullah , Murtaza . , Dilawar Suhail 
Published: March 2022

Objective: To assess the mean change in outcomes of sildenafil in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Study Design: This is a quasi experimental study.
Setting: The study was carried out at OPD of Department of Urology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from January 26, 2018 to July 26, 2018.
Materials and Methods: 50 patients fulfilling selection criteria were included in the study through OPD of Department of Urology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi Informed consents were obtained. Demographics (name, age and contact) were also be obtained. All patients were subjected to detailed history and clinical examination for BPH and ED according to the IPSS and IIEF. Mean change in urine flow rate assessed through uroflowmetry and Mean change in post-void residual (PVR) urine was assessed through an ultrasound on the same day and on follow-up after 10th weeks in OPD before and after the tablet sildenafil 50 mg OD at night to every patient.
Results: Mean age of patients was 58.42±9.76 (45-80) years. pre and post treatment International prostate symptom score (IPSS) score mean 17.78±2.91 and 12.94±2.79 (p-value=0.0001) respectively, erectile function score (IIEF) score mean 17.64±2.69 and 21.86±4.47 (p-value=0.0001) respectively, Urinary flow rate (UFR) pre and post treatment mean 8.32±1.62 and 12.46±1.83 (p-value=0.0001) respectively, Post-void residual (PVR) urine pre and post treatment mean 62.64±6.29 and 54.72±5.04 (p-value=0.0001) respectively.
Conclusion: Improvement of erectile dysfunction and reduction of urinary tract symptoms in men with sildenafil was associated with improved quality of life and satisfaction with treatment. Daily doses of sildenafil can improve lower urinary tract symptoms.
Investigation of the Effect of Methylprednisolone on Neck Pain
Authors: Komlakh Khalil , Hatefi Masoud 
Published: March 2022

Background: Chronic Neck pain (NP) is one of the most common problems. Therefore, the present study was conducted with an aim Investigation of the effect of prednisolone on NP.
Methods: In this clinical trial, with 46 patients for the experimental group and 43 patients were analyzed for the control group. The method of selecting individuals in both groups was sequentially, thus all eligible individuals were selected to complete the sample size required. The statistical population of patients with NP was referred to clinics, hospitals and specialist doctors. Data were collected using the VAS pain scale, which was in the range of zero-10, before and after the intervention and analyzed using SPSS16 software.
Result: The results showed that the M (SD) pain score before the intervention in the control group was 7.32±0.47 and in the experimental group was 7.20±0.41(P=0.21, F=6.27). After drug treatment with methylprednisolone in 3 days after M (SD) intervention the pain of patients in the experimental group decreased to 5.50±0.88, in 6 days to 3.60±0.53 and in 9 days to 3.26±0.68(P=0.000). Conclusions: Due to the positive effect of methylprednisolone on reducing pain in patients with NP, the use of this drug is recommended to reduce pain in these patients.
A comparison of central compartment atopic disease and lateral dominant nasal polyps
Authors: Shih Liang‐Chun , Hsieh Bing‐Han , Ma Jia‐Hung , Huang Shuang‐Shuang , Tsou Yung‐An , Lin Chia‐Der , Huang Kuang‐Hua , Tai Chih‐Jaan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe characteristics and surgical outcomes of central compartment atopic disease (CCAD) vary by region and race. Therefore, we aimed to identify the risk factors, symptom severity, and prognosis of CCAD in the Asian population.MethodsThis case‐control study recruited patients diagnosed with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) at a tertiary hospital in Taiwan. Patients were classified into CCAD and lateral‐dominant nasal polyp (LDNP) groups based on endoscopic and computed tomography imaging findings. The demographic data, symptom severity scores, and surgical outcomes of the 2 groups were analyzed.ResultsOur study included 442 patients (CCAD group: n = 51; LDNP group: n = 391). We found that CCAD was strongly related to both asthma (9.8% vs 3.5%, p = 0.04) and allergic rhinitis symptoms (43.3% vs 26.6%, p = 0.01). Higher eosinophil counts were detected in blood serum (5.8% vs 2.8%, p < 0.01) and histopathologic profiles (57.0 vs 17.3, p < 0.01) among patients with CCAD. Improvements in 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) score and mucociliary clearance time (MCT) after surgical intervention revealed that the CCAD group had a better response to FESS (SNOT‐22 score: −31.82 vs −22.66, p < 0.01; MCT: −233.06 vs −191.93 seconds, p = 0.03). The revision FESS rate was not different between the 2 groups.ConclusionPolyps originating from the central compartment were found to be related to asthma and allergic rhinitis in Taiwanese patients. A higher eosinophil count was suggested in both serum and local nasal tissue from patients with CCAD. FESS serves as an effective treatment for symptom relief in patients with CCAD.
Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formate on Nanoparticulated Bi−Sn−Sb Electrodes
Authors: Ávila‐Bolívar Beatriz , Montiel Vicente , Solla‐Gullón José 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHuman activities during the last century have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2), and the impacts of climate change around the world are becoming more damaging. Therefore, scientific research is needed to mitigate the consequences of atmospheric CO2, and, among others, the electrochemical CO2 conversion to useful chemicals is one of the most interesting alternatives. Herein, different Bi, Sn and Sb systems were synthesised as nanoparticles, supported on carbon (Vulcan XC‐72R) and finally used to manufacture electrodes. The Bi−Sn−Sb nanoparticulated systems and their corresponding electrodes were characterised by TEM, XPS, ICP‐OES and SEM. Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate was performed in an electrochemical H‐type cell in a CO2‐saturated KHCO3 and KCl solution. The Bi−Sn−Sb electrodes exhibited good activity and selectivity for the CO2 reduction towards formate. Particularly, Bi95Sb05/C and Bi80Sn10Sb10/C electrodes showed improved stability compared to previous works, keeping values of formate efficiency over 50 % after 24 h.
Pineal germinoma in a young adult: A case report
Authors: Fernández‐Rodríguez Lissett Jeanette , Maldonado‐Pijoan Xavier 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundIntracranial germinomas (GN) are rare cancers that primarily affect children, making them rarer still in adults. Standard treatment for this neoplasm includes neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) followed by radiotherapy (RT) or RT at a higher dose and larger field. These recommendations are based on studies focused mostly on children; it is currently unclear whether this treatment is applicable to adults.CaseWe present a case of a 23‐year‐old adult male with no underlying pathologies, drug allergies, or family history of cancer, who presented for medical evaluation with blurred vision, diplopia, forgetfulness, and weight loss starting 3–4 months before the evaluation. Clinical examination indicated Parinaud's Syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) revealed a pineal tumor with ependymal dissemination in both lateral ventricles, which was causing obstructive hydrocephalus. The patient had surgery consisting of ventriculostomy, Holter shunt insertion, cisternal ventricular intubation, and cisterna magna anastomosis to improve ventricular drainage. Pathology confirmed pineal germinoma. Cerebrospinal fluid cytology and MRI of the axis were negative. Four cycles of NC were given to the patient (carboplatin, etoposide, and ifosfamide), with reduced dosage. Once a partial volumetric response was confirmed, whole‐ventricular radiotherapy (WVR) was initiated with a total tumor bed dose of 45 Gy over 25 sessions in 5 weeks. Optimum clinical results were observed, and no short‐term (<90 day) radiation toxicity was observed. The patient was able to resume his normal activities soon after treatment. Follow‐ups over 2 years post‐surgery indicated continued control of the lesion and absence of symptoms except for mild diplopia.ConclusionAlthough this is a case report, these data suggest that a reduced NC course and WVR may effectively treat adult GN. This protocol likely decreases the risk of undesirable NC and RT secondary effects, while providing excellent local control; however, using a narrower RT field is not recommended.
Cap‐Like Ellipsoid Deposition on the ZnO Nanowires for Large Increase of Fluorescence Induced by Localized Field Enhancement Effect
Authors: Chen Haixia , Xu Chao , Ding Jijun , Fu Haiwei , Jin Yanxin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe cap‐like ZnO ellipsoids are deposited on the top of the ZnO nanowire (NW) arrays to synthesize ZnO‐based ellipsoid/NW nanostructures. By controlling the deposition time, the aspect ratio of ZnO ellipsoids from 100/70 to 270/120 is improved. The effect of the ellipsoid deposition time on the fluorescence properties is systematically investigated and successfully enhanced. Photoluminescence (PL) emission for 5 min ZnO ellipsoid/NW nanostructures is enhanced by an enhancement factor of around 3.2 compared with the as‐grown ZnO NW arrays. Moreover, using the finite element method simulation, the most vigorous electric field intensity appears on the top of nanostructures owing to the localized field enhancement effect of ZnO ellipsoids, which can effectively prolong the photons remaining in the ZnO ellipsoid/NW nanostructures, enable electrons to exchange energy with photons and then generate more electron–hole pairs, resulting in PL emission enhancement. In addition, the maximum area integration for electric field values higher than 3 × 108 V m−1 can also be obtained corresponding to the most vigorous PL emission. This shows great potential applications as fluorescence materials in photoelectric devices.
Unlocking autofluorescence in the era of full spectrum analysis: Implications for immunophenotype discovery projects
Authors: Jameson Vanta J. , Luke Tina , Yan Yuting , Hind Angela , Evrard Maximilien , Man Kevin , Mackay Laura K. , Kallies Axel , Villadangos Jose A. , McWilliam Hamish E. G. , Perez‐Gonzalez Alexis 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the complex elements affecting signal resolution in cytometry is key for quality experimental design and data. In this study, we incorporate autofluorescence as a contributing factor to our understanding of resolution in cytometry and corroborate its impact in fluorescence signal detection through mathematical predictions supported by empirical evidence. Our findings illustrate the critical importance of autofluorescence extraction via full spectrum unmixing in unmasking dim signals and delineating the expression and subset distribution of low abundance markers in discovery projects. We apply our findings to the precise definition of the tissue and cellular distribution of a weakly expressed fluorescent protein that reports on a low‐abundance immunological gene. Exploiting the full spectrum coverage enabled by Aurora 5L, we describe a novel approach to the isolation of pure cell subset‐specific autofluorescence profiles based on high dimensionality reduction algorithms. This method can also be used to unveil differences in the autofluorescent fingerprints of tissues in homeostasis and after immunological challenges.
Research on data‐driven model for soft sensing of natural gas production system
Authors: Wang Dan , Kang Qi , Yang Juheng , Gong Jing , Zhang Qi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn view of the problems of high cost and low reliability in obtaining operation information such as flow rate and pressure of offshore natural gas production system, research on soft sensing is carried out, and a dynamic data‐driven model bank is established, in purpose of estimating single‐well flow rate and wellhead pressure, providing convenience tool for online monitoring and system safety analysis. Combining dynamic and steady‐state samples, introducing black‐box identification techniques including orthogonal least square regression and deep learning along with parameter correction techniques such as bi‐objective least square algorithm and transfer learning, a series of nonlinear auto‐regressive models with exogenous inputs (NARX) are built, consisting of black‐box and gray‐box polynomial NARX (Poly‐NARX) models as well as deep neural network NARX (DNN‐NARX) models, approximately describing the dynamic performance of gas production well. Through realistic operation data, the simulation results of Poly‐NARX, DNN‐NARX, and multiple‐layer‐perception‐NARX models are compared. It is observed that gray‐box DNN‐NARX model shows the best performance with advantages of higher global applicability, better approximation ability, and stronger generalization ability. Proposed model bank is of high expansibility and engineering applicability for soft sensing problems in the petroleum industry, laying the ground work for building smart oil and gas field.
Machine learning in energy storage materials
Authors: Shen Zhong‐Hui , Liu Han‐Xing , Shen Yang , Hu Jia‐Mian , Chen Long‐Qing , Nan Ce‐Wen 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWith its extremely strong capability of data analysis, machine learning has shown versatile potential in the revolution of the materials research paradigm. Here, taking dielectric capacitors and lithium‐ion batteries as two representative examples, we review substantial advances of machine learning in the research and development of energy storage materials. First, a thorough discussion of the machine learning framework in materials science is presented. Then, we summarize the applications of machine learning from three aspects, including discovering and designing novel materials, enriching theoretical simulations, and assisting experimentation and characterization. Finally, a brief outlook is highlighted to spark more insights on the innovative implementation of machine learning in materials science.