bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Transformation of Lithuanian Memories of Soviet Crimes to Genocide Recognition
Authors: Sagatienė Dovilė 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT∞
This article examines the transformation of memory regarding Soviet crimes in Lithuania, and more broadly in the Baltics and Eastern Europe, as an interlinked political and legal process. In the Lithuanian context, this transformation was part of a transitional justice effort that resulted in the recovery of European identity and international legal recognition of Soviet genocide against Lithuanian partisans by the European Court of Human Rights.
Assessment of flomoxef combined with amikacin in a hollow-fibre infection model for the treatment of neonatal sepsis in low- and middle-income healthcare settings
Authors: Darlow Christopher A , McEntee Laura , Johnson Adam , Farrington Nicola , Unsworth Jennifer , Jimenez-Valverde Ana , Jagota Bhavana , Kolamunnage-Dona Ruwanthi , Da Costa Renata M A , Ellis Sally , Franceschi François , Sharland Mike , Neely Michael , Piddock Laura , Das Shampa , Hope William 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background
Annual mortality from neonatal sepsis is an estimated 430 000–680 000 infants globally, most of which occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The WHO currently recommends a narrow-spectrum β-lactam (e.g. ampicillin) and gentamicin as first-line empirical therapy. However, available epidemiological data demonstrate high rates of resistance to both agents. Alternative empirical regimens are needed. Flomoxef and amikacin are two off-patent antibiotics with potential for use in this setting.

Objectives
To assess the pharmacodynamics of flomoxef and amikacin in combination.

Methods
The pharmacodynamic interaction of flomoxef and amikacin was assessed in chequerboard assays and a 16-arm dose-ranged hollow-fibre infection model (HFIM) experiment. The combination was further assessed in HFIM experiments mimicking neonatal plasma exposures of clinically relevant doses of both drugs against five Enterobacterales isolates with a range of flomoxef/amikacin MICs.

Results
Flomoxef and amikacin in combination were synergistic in bacterial killing in both assays and prevention of emergence of amikacin resistance in the HFIM. In the HFIM assessing neonatal-like drug exposures, the combination killed 3/5 strains to sterility, (including 2/5 that monotherapy with either drug failed to kill) and failed to kill the 2/5 strains with flomoxef MICs of 32 mg/L.

Conclusions
We conclude that the combination of flomoxef and amikacin is synergistic and is a potentially clinically effective regimen for the empirical treatment of neonatal sepsis in LMIC settings and is therefore suitable for further assessment in a clinical trial.
Transfer of antiretroviral drugs into breastmilk: a prospective study from the Swiss Mother and Child HIV Cohort Study
Authors: Aebi-Popp Karoline , Kahlert Christian R , Crisinel Pierre-Alex , Decosterd Laurent , Saldanha Susana Alves , Hoesli Irene , Martinez De Tejada Begona , Duppenthaler Andrea , Rauch Andri , Marzolini Catia ,   Swiss Mother and Child HIV Cohort Study (SHCS), Abela A I , Aebi-Popp K , Anagnostopoulos A , Battegay M , Bernasconi E , Braun D L , Bucher H C , Calmy A , Cavassini M , Ciuffi A , Dollenmaier G , Egger M , Elzi L , Fehr J , Fellay J , Furrer H , Fux C A , Günthard H F , Hachfeld A , Haerry D , Hasse B , Hirsch H H , Hoffmann M , Hösli I , Huber M , Kahlert C R , Kaiser L , Keiser O , Klimkait T , Kouyos R D , Kovari H , Kusejko K , Martinetti G , Martinez de Tejada B , Marzolini C , Metzner K J , Müller N , Nemeth J , Nicca D , Paioni P , Pantaleo G , Perreau M , Rauch A , Schmid P , Speck R , Stöckle M , Tarr P , Trkola A , Wandeler G , Yerly S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Introduction
In 2018, Switzerland changed its guidelines to support women living with HIV wishing to breastfeed. The exposure of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) in breastmilk and the ingested daily dose by the breastfed infant are understudied, notably for newer ARVs. This study aimed to quantify ARV concentrations in maternal plasma and breastmilk to determine the milk/plasma ratio, to estimate daily infant ARV dose from breastfeeding and to measure ARV concentrations in infants.

Methods
All women wishing to breastfeed were included, regardless of their ARV treatment. Breastmilk and maternal plasma samples were mostly collected at mid-dosing interval.

Results
Twenty-one mother/child pairs were enrolled; of those several were on newer ARVs including 10 raltegravir, 1 bictegravir, 2 rilpivirine, 2 darunavir/ritonavir and 3 tenofovir alafenamide. No vertical HIV transmission was detected (one infant still breastfed). The median milk/plasma ratios were 0.96/0.39 for raltegravir once/twice daily, 0.01 for bictegravir, 1.08 for rilpivirine, 0.12 for darunavir/ritonavir and 4.09 for tenofovir alafenamide. The median estimated infant daily dose (mg/kg) from breastfeeding was 0.02/0.25 for raltegravir once/twice daily, 0.01 for bictegravir, 0.02 for rilpivirine, 0.05 for darunavir/ritonavir and 0.007 for tenofovir alafenamide, resulting in relative infant dose &lt;10% exposure index for all ARVs.

Conclusions
ARVs were transferred to a variable extent in breastmilk. Nevertheless, the estimated daily ARV dose from breastfeeding remained low. Differential ARV exposure was observed in breastfed infants with some ARVs being below/above their effective concentrations raising the concern of resistance development if HIV infection occurs. More data on this potential risk are warranted to better support breastfeeding.
Activity of meropenem/vaborbactam and comparators against non-carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales isolates from Europe
Authors: Shortridge Dee , Deshpande Lalitagauri M , Streit Jennifer M , Castanheira Mariana 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) isolates have disseminated worldwide. CREs usually produce a carbapenemase; however, some isolates are negative for known carbapenemases. In this study, we evaluated the activity of meropenem/vaborbactam and comparators against CREs without a carbapenemase (nonCP CREs) collected from European hospitals from 2016 to 2019.

Materials and methods
23 043 Enterobacterales clinical isolates were collected in 41 hospitals located in 20 countries. Susceptibility (S) testing was performed using the broth microdilution method. CLSI/EUCAST (2021) interpretive criteria were used. 978 CREs were identified with MICs &gt;2 mg/L to meropenem or imipenem. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on each CRE isolate. 125 isolates were negative for carbapenemase genes, including blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM and blaOXA-48-like. NonCP CRE isolates were analysed for the presence of other β-lactamases, multilocus sequence types (ST) and mutations in outer membrane protein (OMP) sequences.

Results
Most nonCP CRE were Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPN; n = 97/125). 84.0% of nonCP CRE (n = 105) were from Poland, including 88 KPN. The most common β-lactamase was blaCTX-M-15 in 92/125 isolates. OMP disruptions or alterations were noted among 76 KPN. Among KPN isolates that had MLST typing, 30 belonged to ST11, 18 to ST152 and 17 to ST147, while 13 other STs were observed. Susceptibility to meropenem/vaborbactam was 96.0/97.6% (CLSI/EUCAST) while meropenem was 2.4/8.0%S.

Conclusions
Meropenem/vaborbactam had potent in vitro activity against CRE isolates that lacked known carbapenemases. Resistance mechanisms observed among nonCP CREs included acquired β-lactamases and OMP alterations. These results indicate that meropenem/vaborbactam may be a useful treatment for infections caused by nonCP CREs.
Antibiotic prescribing amongst South African general practitioners in private practice: an analysis of a health insurance database
Authors: Alabi Mobolaji Eniola , Essack Sabiha Yusuf 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing among GPs in the private primary healthcare sector in South Africa.

Methods
An anonymized national database of claims for antibiotic prescriptions was obtained from a large medical insurer. Antibiotic prescriptions were categorized based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes as ‘appropriate’, ‘potentially appropriate’ and ‘inappropriate’ using a classification scheme developed by Chua et al. (BMJ 2019; 364: k5092). Further assessments of antibiotic choice, dosage and duration of treatment were carried out to determine the appropriateness of ‘appropriate’ and ‘potentially appropriate’ prescriptions in comparison with treatment guidelines.

Results
In February 2018, 188 141 antibiotics were prescribed for 174 889 patients who consulted GPs in the private sector. Penicillins were the most frequently prescribed antibiotic class, making up 40.7% of all antibiotics prescribed. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic, making up 28.6% of all antibiotics prescribed. Diseases of the respiratory system generated the highest number of prescriptions, making up 46.1% of all diagnoses. Of all prescriptions, 8.8% were appropriate, 32.0% were potentially appropriate, 45.4% were inappropriate and 13.8% could not be assessed. Of the appropriately and potentially appropriately prescribed antibiotics, 30.8% were correct antibiotic selections. Of the correctly selected antibiotics for adults, 57.7% had correct doses. Of the antibiotics prescribed with correct doses for adults, 76.7% had correct dosage frequencies and durations of treatment.

Conclusions
The study revealed that antibiotics were frequently prescribed inappropriately by GPs in the private primary healthcare sector. There is thus a need to develop stewardship interventions in the sector.
Validation of the Test Method—Determination of Available Carbohydrates in Cereal and Cereal Products, Dairy Products, Vegetables, Fruit, and Related Food Products and Animal Feeds: Collaborative Study, Final Action 2020.07
Authors: McLoughlin Ciara , McKie Vincent A , McCleary Barry V 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundA simple, accurate, and reliable method to measure available carbohydrate components of food products, including cereal and dairy products, fruits, vegetables, processed food, food ingredients, and animal foods, was developed by Megazyme (product K-AVCHO, Bray, Ireland). A single-laboratory validation of the enzymatic method resulted in First Action status as Official Method of AnalysisSM2020.07.ObjectiveA collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of Official Method 2020.07 for the measurement of available carbohydrates, including digestible starch, lactose, sucrose, isomaltose, maltose, glucose, fructose, and galactose in a broad range of food and feed products.MethodSamples are defatted if containing &gt;10% fat content, and incubated with pancreatic α-amylase and amyloglucosidase under conditions that simulate those in the small intestine (pH 6, 37°C, 4 h). The reaction solution is clarified and diluted, and an aliquot is incubated with sucrase, maltase, oligo-1,6-α-glucosidase, and β-galactosidase to hydrolyze sucrose, maltose, isomaltose, and lactose to glucose, fructose, and galactose, which are then measured enzymatically. The multi-laboratory validation (MLV) matrixes included cereal, animal feeds, fruit, vegetables, infant formula, powdered milk drink, a dessert product, and mushrooms. Additional materials were analyzed by collaborators as “practice samples.”ResultsAll MLV matrixes resulted in repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) &lt;3.91% and reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) ranging from 3.51 to 11.58% with 9 of the 10 matrixes having RSDR of &lt;6.19%. For the practice samples, the RSDR ranged from 2.7 to 11.4% with 7 of the 8 samples having RSDR of &lt;4.4%.ConclusionsOfficial Method 2020.07 meets the AOAC requirements for repeatability and reproducibility, and the data support Final Action status.HighlightsOfficial Method 2020.07 is a robust, simple to use, and reproducible method for the analysis of available carbohydrates in a wide range of matrixes.
Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC–HRMS) Analysis Following Voluntary Carvedilol Poisoning in a Subject with Cirrhosis: A Case Report
Authors: Berthier Joseph , Pasquet Agathe , Guerard Pascal , Matheux Alice 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Accidental or intentional carvedilol poisoning is rarely reported. Here, we describe a case of attempted suicide with a large quantity of immediate-release carvedilol (75 mg) and alcohol. In order to determine the kinetics, liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses were performed. The results for the plasma concentration of carvedilol were 906 µg/L 3 h after ingestion, 288 µg/L 12 h after ingestion and 103 µg/L 24 h after ingestion. A one-compartment model with linear and first order best described the elimination of the carvedilol, and the estimated half-life was 5.8 h. The result 3 h after ingestion represented the highest concentration ever observed for this drug. However, the patient was cirrhotic, and liver function was impaired with decreased Factor V (45%) and prothrombin ratio (61%). These conditions may explain the high concentrations of carvedilol. The patient was treated with glucagon and discharged from the hospital the following day.
Compounds in cigarette smoke induce EGR1 expression via the AHR, resulting in apoptosis and COPD
Authors: Hattori Naoko , Nakagawa Takeya , Yoneda Mitsuhiro , Hayashida Hiromi , Nakagawa Kaori , Yamamoto Kazuo , Htun Myo Win , Shibata Yasuaki , Koji Takehiko , Ito Takashi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of mortality worldwide, and pulmonary epithelial cell apoptosis is regarded as one of the most important factors in its pathogenesis. Here, we examined the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis caused by cigarette smoke (CS). In the normal bronchial epithelium cell line BEAS-2B, a CS extract markedly induced apoptosis together with transient early growth response 1 (EGR1) protein expression, which is activated over time via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The CS extract–induced apoptosis decreased cell count of BEAS-2B cells and was significantly reversed by knockdown of either EGR1 or AHR. In vivo, the CS extract caused alveolar wall destruction, mimicking COPD, 1 week after intrathoracic injection. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from the CS extract–treated mice contained massive numbers of apoptotic epithelial cells. Furthermore, it was found that aminoanthracene induced EGR1 expression and cell apoptosis. By contrast, the AHR antagonist stemregenin 1 (SR1) restored apoptosis upon CS treatment. These results suggest that aryl hydrocarbons, such as aminoanthracene, induce EGR1 expression via the AHR, resulting in cell apoptosis and that this can be prevented by administration of an antagonist of AHR.
Do photosynthetic cells communicate with each other during cell death? From cyanobacteria to vascular plants
Authors: Aguilera Anabella , Distéfano Ayelén , Jauzein Cécile , Correa-Aragunde Natalia , Martinez Dana , Martin María Victoria , Sueldo Daniela J 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAs in metazoans, life in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms relies on the accurate regulation of cell death. During development and in response to the environment, photosynthetic cells activate and execute cell death pathways that culminate in the death of a specific group of cells, a process known as regulated cell death (RCD). RCD control is instrumental, as its misregulation can lead to growth penalties and even the death of the entire organism. Intracellular molecules released during cell demise may act as ‘survival’ or ‘death’ signals and control the propagation of cell death to surrounding cells, even in unicellular organisms. This review explores different signals involved in cell-cell communication and systemic signalling in photosynthetic organisms, in particular Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, lipid derivates, nitric oxide, and eATP. We discuss their possible mode-of-action as either ‘survival’ or ‘death’ molecules and their potential role in determining cell fate in neighbouring cells. By comparing the knowledge available across the taxonomic spectrum of this coherent phylogenetic group, from cyanobacteria to vascular plants, we aim at contributing to the identification of conserved mechanisms that control cell death propagation in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms.
Some applications of Baaz’s generalization method to the study of the factors of Fermat numbers
Authors: Sauras-Altuzarra Lorenzo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper revisits a method of generalization of proofs of universal sentences that was introduced by Baaz and provides several applications to the study of the factors of Fermat numbers; remarkably an improvement of his sufficient condition for a given value to be one of such factors.
Women of the Gulf War: Understanding Their Military and Health Experiences Over 30 Years
Authors: Lafferty Megan , Winchell Kara , Cottrell Erika , Knight Sara , Nugent Shannon M 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Women Veterans of the Persian Gulf War (GW) expanded the military roles they had filled in previous military eras, with some women engaging in direct combat for the first time. Many GW service members, including women, had unique combat exposures to hazardous agents during deployment, which might have contributed to the development of chronic health problems. This study aims to understand the experiences of women GW Veterans (GWVs) as it is related to their military service and subsequent health in order to better inform and improve their clinical care.

Materials and Methods
We conducted in-depth interviews with 10 women GWVs to understand their experiences and perspectives about how their military service in the Gulf has impacted their lives and health. We used an integrated approach of content analysis and inductive thematic analysis to interpret interview data.

Results
Besides having many of the same war-related exposures as men, women faced additional challenges in a military that was inadequately prepared to accommodate them, and they felt disadvantaged as women within the military and local culture. After service, participants had emergent physical and mental health concerns, which they described as developing into chronic and complex conditions, affecting their relationships and careers. While seeking care and service connection at Veterans Health Administration (VA), women voiced frustration over claim denials and feeling dismissed. They provided suggestions of how VA services could be improved for women and GWVs. Participants found some nonpharmacological approaches for symptom management and coping strategies to be helpful.

Conclusions
Women in the GW encountered challenges in military and healthcare systems that were inadequately prepared to address their needs. Women faced chronic health conditions common to GWV and voiced the desire to be understood as a cohort with unique needs. There is an ongoing need to expand services within the VA for women GWVs, particularly involving psychosocial support and management of chronic illness. While the small sample size can limit generalizability, the nature of these in-depth, minimally guided interviews provides a rich narrative of the women GWVs in this geographically diverse sample.
Investigation of a likely orbital periodicity of Nova Hercules 2021 in X-rays and γ-rays
Authors: Lin Lupin Chun-Che , Fan Jhih-Ling , Hu Chin-Ping , Takata Jumpei , Li Kwan-Lok 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
We report a detection of a ∼0.153 d period in the classical nova V1674 Her using the NICER observations taken within a month since the outburst (i.e. ∼MJD 59405). The X-ray period is consistent with the orbital period previously found in the optical band, strongly suggesting the NICER signal as the X-ray orbital periodicity of the system. A seemingly double-humped profile was obtained by folding the detrended X-ray light curve with the period after removing the rotational X-ray pulsations of the nova. The profile may be caused by occultation by the companion or the accretion disc, possibly indicating a high inclination of the system. The γ-ray emission of V1674 Her with a significance level ≳ 5 σ was detected by Fermi-LAT close to its optical peak and the emission faded away within 1 d, which is the shortest duration known for a γ-ray nova. Folded on 0.153 d, a marginal γ-ray variability can be also seen in the LAT light curve, but without the double-hump feature observed in X-rays. If the γ-ray modulation is real, its origin is probably different from that observed in the X-ray and optical bands.
An Ancient Respiratory System in the Widespread Sedimentary Archaea Thermoprofundales
Authors: Zhang Xinxu , Huang Yuhan , Liu Yang , Xu Wei , Pan Jie , Zheng Xiaowei , Du Huan , Zhang Cuijing , Lu Zhongyi , Zou Dayu , Liu Zongbao , Cai Mingwei , Xiong Jinbo , Zhu Yaxin , Dong Zhiyang , Jiang Hongchen , Dong Hailiang , Jiang Juquan , Luo Zhuhua , Huang Li , Li Meng 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThermoprofundales, formerly Marine Benthic Group D (MBG-D), is a ubiquitous archaeal lineage found in sedimentary environments worldwide. However, its taxonomic classification, metabolic pathways, and evolutionary history are largely unexplored because of its uncultivability and limited number of sequenced genomes. In this study, phylogenomic analysis and average amino acid identity values of a collection of 146 Thermoprofundales genomes revealed five Thermoprofundales subgroups (A–E) with distinct habitat preferences. Most of the microorganisms from Subgroups B and D were thermophiles inhabiting hydrothermal vents and hot spring sediments, whereas those from Subgroup E were adapted to surface environments where sunlight is available. H2 production may be featured in Thermoprofundales as evidenced by a gene cluster encoding the ancient membrane-bound hydrogenase (MBH) complex. Interestingly, a unique structure separating the MBH gene cluster into two modular units was observed exclusively in the genomes of Subgroup E, which included a peripheral arm encoding the [NiFe] hydrogenase domain and a membrane arm encoding the Na+/H+ antiporter domain. These two modular structures were confirmed to function independently by detecting the H2-evolving activity in vitro and salt tolerance to 0.2 M NaCl in vivo, respectively. The peripheral arm of Subgroup E resembles the proposed common ancestral respiratory complex of modern respiratory systems, which plays a key role in the early evolution of life. In addition, molecular dating analysis revealed that Thermoprofundales is an early emerging archaeal lineage among the extant MBH-containing microorganisms, indicating new insights into the evolution of this ubiquitous archaea lineage.
The Decalogue in Deuteronomy
Authors: Markl Dominik 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Decalogue’s iconic status within its history of reception, especially in the modern era, has made it a focal point of scholarly discussion. Its transmission in both Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5, as well as its relation to comparative material in the Pentateuch’s legal texts, has provided an ample field of inquiry for modern historical criticism. One of the main areas that has preoccupied scholars is the quest for its origin, which is the first focus in this chapter. The chapter then turns to some of the issues that specifically concern the Decalogue’s role within Deuteronomy, where it features as a portable monument to the covenant at Horeb. The prohibition against venerating “other gods” is unfolded in Deuteronomy 6-11, and several scholars have discussed the Decalogue’s relationship with the book’s collection of laws. In the late written chapter Deuteronomy 4, the Decalogue’s prohibition of images arrives at its theological culmination in the profession of monotheism. Moses’s prophecy that breaking the prohibition of idolatry would lead to exile invites reflection on the symbolism of the breaking and renewal of the stone tablets in Deuteronomistic historiography.