bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical conditions and chemical abundances of the variable planetary nebula IC 4997
Authors: Danehkar A , Parthasarathy M 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
The planetary nebula (PN) IC 4997 is one of a few rapidly evolving objects with variable brightness and nebular emission around a hydrogen-deficient star. In this study, we have determined the physical conditions and chemical abundances of this object using the collisionally excited lines (CELs) and optical recombination lines (ORLs) measured from the medium-resolution spectra taken in 2014 July with the FIbre-fed Échelle Spectrograph on the Nordic Optical Telescope at La Palma Observatory. We derived electron densities of ≳ 3 × 104 cm−3 and electron temperatures of ≳ 14 000 K from CELs, whereas cooler temperatures of ∼11 000 and ∼7000 K were obtained from helium and heavy element ORLs, respectively. The elemental abundances deduced from CELs point to a metal-poor progenitor with [O/H] ≲ −0.75, whereas the ORL abundances are slightly above the solar metallicity, [O/H] ≈ 0.15. Our abundance analysis indicates that the abundance discrepancy factors (ADFs ≡ ORLs/CELs) of this PN are relatively large: ADF(O2+) ≳ 8 and ADF(N2+) ≳ 7. Further research is needed to find out how the ADFs and variable emissions are formed in this object and whether they are associated with a binary companion or a very late thermal pulse.
A unified serum IgG4 cut-off level for the diagnosis of IgG4-related disease using a wide array of kits
Authors: Yan Songxin , Peng Yu , Cheng Linlin , Li Haolong , Zhan Haoting , Zhang Xinyao , Li Zepeng , Zhang Wen , Li Yongzhe 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT

Objectives
An immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) level above 1350 mg/L is one of the comprehensive criteria for the diagnosis of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in IgG4 levels determined using reagents from two main manufacturers and their concordance with clinical diagnosis.

Methods
IgG4 levels were measured in 309 patients, including 146, 40, 42, 41, and 40 patients with untreated IgG4-RD, pancreatic cancer, primary Sjogren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, respectively, and 141 healthy controls. The results obtained using the Binding Site and Siemens reagents were compared in patients with IgG4-RD.

Results
The serum IgG4 level measured using the Siemens reagent was almost two times that measured using the Binding Site reagent. The rate of IgG4-negative patients, which was 19.9% based on measurement using the Binding Site reagent, was only 4.8% based on measurement using the Siemens reagent (p &lt; .001).

Conclusions
There were significant differences in serum IgG4 levels based on commonly used reagents from different manufacturers. The IgG4 cut-off level of 1350 mg/L was not suitable for all detection reagents. Clinicians and patients should be cognizant of these differences associated with the specific detection reagents when evaluating the test results.
The First Case of Usutu Virus Neuroinvasive Disease in Austria, 2021
Authors: Graninger Marianne , Hubmer Stefan , Riederer Franz , Kettner Stephan , Hauk Martin , Auf Tasnim , Aberle Judith H , Stiasny Karin , Aberle Stephan W , Camp Jeremy V 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus closely related to West Nile virus (WNV) that is endemic in many European countries. We report the first case of USUV neuroinvasive disease in Austria and discuss challenges in differentiating USUV from WNV infections in areas where both viruses are endemic.
Plasticity in structure and assembly of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein
Authors: Zhao Huaying , Nguyen Ai , Wu Di , Li Yan , Hassan Sergio A , Chen Jiji , Shroff Hari , Piszczek Grzegorz , Schuck Peter 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Worldwide SARS-CoV-2 sequencing efforts track emerging mutations in its spike protein, as well as characteristic mutations in other viral proteins. Besides their epidemiological importance, the observed SARS-CoV-2 sequences present an ensemble of viable protein variants, and thereby a source of information on viral protein structure and function. Charting the mutational landscape of the nucleocapsid (N) protein that facilitates viral assembly, we observe variability exceeding that of the spike protein, with more than 86% of residues that can be substituted, on average by three to four different amino acids. However, mutations exhibit an uneven distribution that tracks known structural features but also reveals highly protected stretches of unknown function. One of these conserved regions is in the central disordered linker proximal to the N-G215C mutation that has become dominant in the Delta variant, outcompeting G215 variants without further spike or N-protein substitutions. Structural models suggest that the G215C mutation stabilizes conserved transient helices in the disordered linker serving as protein–protein interaction interfaces. Comparing Delta variant N-protein to its ancestral version in biophysical experiments, we find a significantly more compact and less disordered structure. N-G215C exhibits substantially stronger self-association, shifting the unliganded protein from a dimeric to a tetrameric oligomeric state, which leads to enhanced coassembly with nucleic acids. This suggests that the sequence variability of N-protein is mirrored by high plasticity of N-protein biophysical properties, which we hypothesize can be exploited by SARS-CoV-2 to achieve greater efficiency of viral assembly, and thereby enhanced infectivity.
Statistical electromagnetics for industrial pharmaceutical lyophilization
Authors: Abdelraheem Ahmed , Tukra Rishabh , Kazarin Petr , Sinanis Michael D , Topp Elizabeth M , Alexeenko Alina , Peroulis Dimitrios 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Lyophilization is a common unit operation in pharmaceutical manufacturing but is a prolonged vacuum drying process with poor energy utilization. Microwave-assisted vacuum drying has been investigated to accelerate the lyophilization process. However, the literature lacks methodical approaches that consider the lyophilizer, the lyophilizate, the microwave power uniformity, the resulting heat uniformity, and the scalability. We present a microwave–vacuum drying method based on the statistical electromagnetics theory. The method offers an optimum frequency selection procedure that accounts for the lyophilizer and the lyophilizate. The 2.45 GHz frequency conventionally utilized is proven to be far from optimum. The method is applied in a microwave-assisted heating configuration to pharmaceutical excipients (sucrose and mannitol) and different myoglobin formulations in a lab-scale lyophilizer. At 18 GHz frequency and 60 W microwave power, the method shows nearly three times speed-up in the primary drying stage of sucrose relative to the conventional lyophilization cycle for typical laboratory batches. The uniformity of the microwave power inside the chamber is controlled within ± 1 dB. The resulting heating uniformity measured through residual moisture analysis shows 12.7% of normalized SD of moisture level across the batch in a microwave-assisted cycle as opposed to 15.3% in the conventional cycle. Conventional and microwave lyophilized formulations are characterized using solid-state hydrogen-deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (ssHDX-MS), solid-state Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ssFTIR), circular dichroism (CD), and accelerated stability testing (AST). Characterization shows comparable protein structure and stability. Heat and mass transfer simulations quantify further effects of optimal volumetric heating via the high-frequency statistical microwave heating.
The education Sustainable Development Goal and the generative power of failing metrics
Authors: Grek Sotiria 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The article traces the development of the epistemic infrastructure of the education sustainable development goal (SDG) in order to examine the ways that the incremental buildup of the discourse, technical expertise, and necessary—although always fragile—alliances facilitated a paradigmatic policy shift in the field of education: This is the move from the measurement of schooling to the measurement of learning. Through an analytical lens that examines the entanglement of the material, semiotic, and political and temporal/spatial elements of the infrastructure, the article shows how the sustainable development goal 4 (SDG4) as an epistemic infrastructure enabled a fundamental reorientation in the field of global education governance. The article discusses the ways that quantification, despite—and often thanks to—its failings, folded contested discourses, decision-making, politics, and ideas into its processes. Thus, the paper argues that the making of the SDG4 represents a paradigmatic policy shift; one that is not only to be traced in the move from schooling to the policy prioritization of learning outcomes but also in the very production of global public policy through the work of the SDGs as epistemic infrastructures.
Dysmaturational Longitudinal Epigenetic Aging During Transition to Psychosis
Authors: Iftimovici Anton , Kebir Oussama , Jiao Chuan , He Qin , Krebs Marie-Odile , Chaumette Boris 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Psychosis frequently occurs during adolescence and young adulthood, possibly as a result of gene-environment interactions, mediated by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation. Methylation patterns can be leveraged to predict epigenetic age in order to identify anomalies in aging trajectories that may be associated with the emergence of psychosis. Thus, epigenetic age may provide a measurable surrogate of psychotic risk or psychosis’ emergence, and shed light on the neurodevelopmental model of psychosis. In this study, we present the first longitudinal analysis of epigenetic age trajectory during conversion to psychosis in a population at ultra-high-risk, with available genome-wide methylation DNA at two time points, at baseline and after one year of follow-up (N = 38 × 2). After predicting epigenetic age, we computed epigenetic age gap as the cross-sectional difference between real age and predicted age, and (longitudinal) epigenetic age acceleration as the derivative of predicted age with respect to time. At baseline, future converters were 2.7 years younger than nonconverters and this difference disappeared at follow-up, when some converted to psychosis. This is because during conversion to psychosis, the epigenetic age of converters accelerated by 2.8 years/year compared to nonconverters. This acceleration was robust with a strictly positive 95% confidence interval, and held its significance after adjustment for age, sex, and cannabis intake. The methylation sites most associated with aging were on genes also linked with schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders. This accelerated age trajectory, following a previous deceleration, may therefore reflect dysmaturational processes.
Sleeping in a bubble: factors affecting sleep during New Zealand’s COVID-19 lockdown
Authors: Gibson Rosemary , Shetty Harshi , Carter Mikaela , Münch Mirjam 
Published: May 2022

AbstractNew Zealand (NZ) enforced a rigorous lockdown in response to the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020. Infection rates remained remarkably low, yet social and personal routines were affected. Factors associated with reporting worsening sleep were explored using an anonymous online survey launched during New Zealand’s 2020 lockdown. Participants were 723 adults aged 20–85 years (median: 45 years, 82% women). Bed and wake times occurred significantly later compared to pre-lockdown estimates and resulted in shorter social jetlag (15 min). During lockdown, 54.5% were identified as “poor sleepers” [i.e. score &gt; 5 on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)]. Overall, 45% rated their sleep quality to worsen compared to pre-lockdown, 22% reported an improvement. Reports of worsening sleep were significantly related to increased sleep latency, reduced sleep efficiency, and heightened PSQI scores compared to those with better sleep or no change. Subjectively worse sleep was significantly associated with less time engaging in physical activity, less exposure to daylight, and social interactions compared to pre-lockdown estimates (p &lt; .05). Logistic regression models identified significant relationships between having more vivid dreams and worsening sleep. Worse sleepers also had increased likelihoods of reporting poorer mood and they also scored higher for anxiety compared to those with no change or improved sleep during lockdown (p &lt; .05). Pandemic-related restrictions contributed to poorer self-reported sleep which was linked to deterioration of mood. Negative affect was comparatively lower than reported elsewhere. These findings provide unique insights to the psychosocial impact of the initial COVID-19 lockdown in New Zealand, where the disease outbreak remained low.
Time Trends in Unilateral and Bilateral Oophorectomy in a Geographically Defined American Population
Authors: Erickson Zachary , Rocca Walter A. , Smith Carin Y. , Gazzuola Rocca Liliana , Stewart Elizabeth A. , Laughlin-Tommaso Shannon K. , Mielke Michelle M. 
Published: May 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate trends in the incidence of premenopausal unilateral and bilateral oophorectomy between 1950 and 2018.

METHODS:
The Rochester Epidemiology Project medical records–linkage system was used to identify all women aged 18–49 years who were residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, and underwent unilateral or bilateral oophorectomy before spontaneous menopause between January 1, 1950, and December 31, 2018. Population denominators were derived from the U.S. Decennial Censuses for the years 1950–2010, and intercensal year population denominators were linearly interpolated. For 2011–2018, the annual population denominators were obtained from the U.S. Census projections. Where appropriate, overall incidence rates were age-adjusted to the total U.S. female population from the 2010 Census.

RESULTS:
There were 5,154 oophorectomies in Olmsted County across the 69-year period between 1950 and 2018, and 2.9% showed malignant disease on pathology. A total of 2,092 (40.6%) women underwent unilateral oophorectomy, and 3,062 (59.4%) women underwent bilateral oophorectomy. More than half (n=1,750, 57.2%) of the bilateral oophorectomies occurred between 1990 and 2009. Until 1975–1979, the incidence of unilateral oophorectomy was mostly higher than bilateral oophorectomy. From 1980–1984 until 2000–2004, the incidence of bilateral oophorectomy more than doubled and the incidence of unilateral oophorectomy declined. After 2005, both procedures declined and converged to a similar incidence in 2015–2018. The decline in premenopausal bilateral oophorectomy over the past 14 years (2005–2018) was most pronounced for women who underwent oophorectomy concurrently with hysterectomy or did not have any ovarian indication.

CONCLUSION:
The incidence rates of unilateral and bilateral oophorectomy have varied greatly across the 69-year period of this study. In the past 14 years, the incidence of premenopausal unilateral and bilateral oophorectomy has decreased. These trends reflect the effects of the initial 2005–2006 publications and the subsequent expanding body of evidence against the practice of oophorectomy for noncancer indications.
Early Discontinuation, Results Reporting, and Publication of Gynecology Clinical Trials From 2007 to 2020
Authors: Steinberg Jecca R. , Magnani Christopher J. , Turner Brandon E. , Weeks Brannon T. , Young Anna Marie P. , Lu Connie Fei , Zhang Naixin , Richardson Michael Taylor , Fitzgerald Alison Conway , Mekonnen Zesemayat , Redman Tene , Adetunji Modupe , Martin Shanique A. , Anderson Jill N. , Chan Katelyn S. , Milad Magdy P. 
Published: May 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To characterize gynecology clinical trials over time, compare gynecology subspecialties, and analyze factors associated with early discontinuation, results reporting, and publication.

METHODS:
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of all gynecology trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov between 2007 and 2020 and their resulting publications. Trials were analyzed with descriptive, multivariable logistic, and Cox regression analyses. Primary exposure variables were trial funding and subspecialty. The three primary outcomes included early discontinuation, results reporting to ClinicalTrials.gov, and publication in a peer-reviewed journal indexed on PubMed.

RESULTS:
Of 223,690 trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov between October 2007 and March 2020, only 3.7% focused on gynecology (n=8,174, approximately 3,759,086 participants). Subspecialties included reproductive endocrinology and infertility (n=1,428, 17.5%), gynecologic oncology (n=2,063, 25.2%), urogynecology (n=1,118, 13.7%), family planning (n=648, 7.9%), and other benign gynecology (n=2,917, 35.7%). Only 42.0% of completed trials disseminated results through results reporting and publication. Of all funding types, industry-funded trials were the most likely to be discontinued early (P<.001). Academic-funded trials were the least likely to report results (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.38, 95% CI 0.30–0.50) but the most likely to publish (aOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.24–2.12). The number of reproductive endocrinology and infertility trials increased the most of any subspecialty between 2007 and 2020 (6.4% growth rate). Reproductive endocrinology and infertility and family planning trials were the most likely to be stopped early (reproductive endocrinology and infertility: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.08, 95% CI 1.59–2.71; family planning: aHR 1.55 95% CI 1.06–2.25). When completed, reproductive endocrinology and infertility trials were the least likely to report results (aOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.38–0.88). No significant differences were seen between subspecialties with respect to publication.

CONCLUSION:
Gynecology trials comprise only 3.7% of all clinical trials. The paucity of gynecology clinical trials aligns with decades of female underrepresentation in research. When completed, gynecology trials have poor dissemination. Our findings raise concern about bias in the performance, reporting, and publication of gynecology clinical trials.
Development and Validation of a Model to Predict Postdischarge Opioid Use After Cesarean Birth
Authors: Osmundson Sarah S. , Halvorson Alese , Graves Kristin N. , Wang Clara , Bruehl Stephen , Grijalva Carlos G. , France Dan , Hartmann Katherine , Mokshagundam Shilpa , Harrell Frank E. 
Published: May 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To develop and validate a prediction model for postdischarge opioid use in patients undergoing cesarean birth.

METHODS:
We conducted a prospective cohort study of patients undergoing cesarean birth. Patients were enrolled postoperatively, and they completed pain and opioid use questionnaires 14 days after cesarean birth. Clinical data were abstracted from the electronic health record (EHR). Participants were prescribed 30 tablets of hydrocodone 5 mg–acetaminophen 325 mg at discharge and were queried about postdischarge opioid use. The primary outcome was total morphine milligram equivalents used. We constructed three proportional odds predictive models of postdischarge opioid use: a full model with 34 predictors available before hospital discharge, an EHR model that excluded questionnaire data, and a reduced model. The reduced model used forward selection to sequentially add predictors until 90% of the full model performance was achieved. Predictors were ranked a priori based on data from the literature and prior research. Predictive accuracy was estimated using discrimination (concordance index).

RESULTS:
Between 2019 and 2020, 459 participants were enrolled and 279 filled the standardized study prescription. Of the 398 with outcome measurements, participants used a median of eight tablets (interquartile range 1–18 tablets) after discharge, 23.5% used no opioids, and 23.0% used all opioids. Each of the models demonstrated high accuracy predicting postdischarge opioid use (concordance index range 0.74–0.76 for all models). We selected the reduced model as our final model given its similar model performance with the fewest number of predictors, all obtained from the EHR (inpatient opioid use, tobacco use, and depression or anxiety).

CONCLUSION:
A model with three predictors readily found in the EHR—inpatient opioid use, tobacco use, and depression or anxiety—accurately estimated postdischarge opioid use. This represents an opportunity for individualizing opioid prescriptions after cesarean birth.
LILRB4, an immune checkpoint on myeloid cells
Authors: Yang Ting , Qian Yixin , Liang Xiaoting , Wu Jianbo , Zou Ming , Deng Mi 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4 (LILRB4) is an inhibitory receptor in the LILR family mainly expressed on normal and malignant human cells of myeloid origin. By binding to ligands, LILRB4 is activated and subsequently recruits adaptors to cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibitory motifs to initiate different signaling cascades, thus playing an important role in physiological and pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases, microbial infections, and cancers. In normal myeloid cells, LILRB4 regulates intrinsic cell activation and differentiation. In disease-associated or malignant myeloid cells, LILRB4 is significantly correlated with disease severity or patient survival and suppresses T cells, thereby participating in the pathogenesis of various diseases. In summary, LILRB4 functions as an immune checkpoint on myeloid cells and may be a promising therapeutic target for various human immune diseases, especially for cancer immunotherapy.
Katerina Kimmorley and Pollinate Group: eradicating energy poverty by empowering women through solar energy
Authors: Faheem Hadiya , Dutta Sanjib 
Published: May 2022

Study level/applicability
MBA/MS level programs.

Subject area
Social entrepreneurship, sustainability and business strategy.

Case overview
The case discusses about how social entrepreneur Katerina Kimmorley founded Pollinate Energy with five of her friends to provide solar lights to the urban slum dwellers in Bengaluru, the capital city of Karnataka, a state in the Southern part of India. The company recruited people known as “Pollinators” for distributing their solar lights to the communities on installments making it affordable to them. To scale-up its sustainable energy initiatives and expand its global reach, Pollinate Energy merged with the US-based solar energy company Empower Generation in 2018 to form Pollinate Group. Since the company was making losses and was a nonprofit organization, the new CEO of Pollinate Group Sujatha Ramani and the senior management team had to tackle the challenge of scaling up the company while financially empowering women microentrepreneurs from marginalized communities.

Expected learning outcomes
Study Pollinate Energy’s business model and explore ways in which it can be made sustainable. Discuss the personality traits of Kimmorley which contributed to her success. Discuss how the merger with Empower Generation will help Pollinate Group in expanding its global reach. Explore ways in which the venture can be scaled up further.

Social implications
Pollinate Group focused on women empowerment to tackle the gender inequality challenge. The company provided equal opportunities for men and women, thereby removing discrimination from access to opportunities, sources, services and promotion of equal rights.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only.

Subject code
CSS 3: Entrepreneurship