bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pitting Corrosion in 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing: A Review and Perspective
Authors: Voisin T. , Shi R. , Zhu Y. , Qi Z. , Wu M. , Sen-Britain S. , Zhang Y. , Qiu S. R. , Wang Y. M. , Thomas S. , Wood B. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract316L stainless steel (316L SS) is a flagship material for structural applications in corrosive environments, having been extensively studied for decades for its favorable balance between mechanical and corrosion properties. More recently, 316L SS has also proven to have excellent printability when parts are produced with additive manufacturing techniques, notably laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Because of the harsh thermo-mechanical cycles experienced during rapid solidification and cooling, LPBF processing tends to generate unique microstructures. Strong heterogeneities can be found inside grains, including trapped elements, nano-inclusions, and a high density of dislocations that form the so-called cellular structure. Interestingly, LPBF 316L SS not only exhibits better mechanical properties than its conventionally processed counterpart, but it also usually offers much higher resistance to pitting in chloride solutions. Unfortunately, the complexity of the LPBF microstructures, in addition to process-induced defects, such as porosity and surface roughness, have slowed progress toward linking specific microstructural features to corrosion susceptibility and complicated the development of calibrated simulations of pitting phenomena. The first part of this article is dedicated to an in-depth review of the microstructures found in LPBF 316L SS and their potential effects on the corrosion properties, with an emphasis on pitting resistance. The second part offers a perspective of some relevant modeling techniques available to simulate the corrosion of LPBF 316L SS, including current challenges that should be overcome.
Sex Differences in the Prevalence, Outcomes and Management of Hypertension
Authors: Connelly Paul J. , Currie Gemma , Delles Christian 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose of Review
To review recent data on sex differences in the prevalence, outcomes and management of hypertension.

Recent Findings
Although hypertension is overall more common in males, females experience a much sharper incline in blood pressure from the third decade of life and consequently the prevalence of hypertension accelerates comparatively with age. Mechanisms responsible for these blood pressure trajectories may include the sustained vascular influence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, interactions between the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and sex hormones or even psychosocial gendered factors such as socioeconomic deprivation. Moreover, the impact of hypertension is not uniform and females are at higher risk of developing a multitude of adverse cardiovascular outcomes at lower blood pressure thresholds.

Summary
Blood pressure is a sexually dimorphic trait and although significant differences exist in the prevalence, pathophysiology and outcomes of hypertension in males and females, limited data exist to support sex-specific blood pressure targets.
Distribution of PACAP and PAC1 Receptor in the Human Eye
Authors: Patko Evelin , Szabo Edina , Toth Denes , Tornoczky Tamas , Bosnyak Inez , Vaczy Alexandra , Atlasz Tamas , Reglodi Dora 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPituitary adenylate cyclase–activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with widespread distribution and diverse biological functions. Several studies show that PACAP has strong cytoprotective effects mediated mostly through its specific PAC1 receptor (PAC1-R) and it plays important roles in several pathological conditions. Its distribution and altered expression are known in various human tissues, but there is no descriptive data about PACAP and its receptors in the human eyebulb. Since PACAP38 is the dominant form of the naturally occurring PACAP, our aim was to investigate the distribution of PACAP38-like immunoreactivity in the human eye and to describe the presence of PAC1-R. Semiquantitative evaluation was performed after routine histology and immunohistochemical labeling on human eye sections. Our results showed high level of immunopositivity in the corneal epithelium and endothelium. Within the vascular layer, the iris and the ciliary body had strong immunopositivity for both PACAP and PAC1-R. Several layers of the retina showed immunoreactivity for PACAP and PAC1-R, but the ganglion cell layer had a special pattern in the immunolabeling. Labeling was observed in the neuropil within the optic nerve in both cases and glial cells displayed immunoreactivity for PAC1-R. In summary, our study indicates the widespread occurrence of PACAP and its specific receptor in the human eye, implying that the results from in vitro and animal studies have translational value and most probably are also present in the human eye.
Single-Parent Families, Educational Gradient, and Child Deprivation: The Cases of Italy and Spain
Authors: Pérez-Corral Antonio L. , Moreno Mínguez Almudena 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis work examines whether the increase of single parenthood in Italy and Spain, specifically amongst women in an unfavourable socioeconomic position, has repercussions for child well-being, understood here as material deprivation. In particular, our main objective is to analyse the possible differential impact of single parenthood on children’s material deprivation in relation to mothers’ level of education. Using the 2014 EU-SILC Module on material deprivation, we identify five areas of child deprivation based on the EU-MODA approach: nutrition, clothing, education, leisure, and social life. In the case of Italy, our main results indicate that, compared to children from two-parent households, children of single mothers with a low level of education have a higher risk of nutrition and clothing deprivation. In Spain, living in a single-parent household is associated with a higher risk of deprivation in terms of social life for those children whose mothers do not have a high level of education. Therefore, the findings suggest that in both countries the growth of single parenthood amongst women with a lower educational level may have an impact on child well-being inequality. This article contributes empirical data to the growing literature on the rise of child poverty in Southern European countries.
20 Jahre Afghanistan: Lehren für das deutsche Engagement in Krisenregionen
Authors: Preuß Hans-Joachim 
Published: March 2022

ZusammenfassungNach dem überstürzten Abzug ausländischer Militärs und Entwicklungshelfer im August 2021 mehren sich Anzeichen, dass Afghanistan wieder in kleine, von Warlords und Provinzfürsten regierte Fragmente zerfallen und erneut Ausgangsbasis für terroristische Aktivitäten werden könnte. Der Beitrag untersucht die Gründe für den Misserfolg militärischer und ziviler Missionen und leitet daraus Schlussfolgerungen für aktuelle und künftige Interventionen in Konfliktgebieten ab.
Children and marital dissolution in China
Authors: Xu Kim Qinzi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUsing data for women from the 2010, 2012 and 2014 Chinese Family Panel Studies, this study investigated several aspects of children’s effects on the risk of marital dissolution, including the number of children, their age and sex composition, and the timing of conception relative to marriage. Because these explanatory variables are potentially endogenous, marital dissolution was jointly modelled with the processes of marriage formation, marital childbearing and nonmarital childbearing, and the sequencing of events and unobserved correlation across processes accounted for. The results demonstrated that childlessness significantly elevates the risk of divorce whereas the first child has the strongest marriage stabilising effect. Reflecting the strong son preference in rural China, having boys was shown to markedly reduce the risk of parental divorce among rural women. Whether a child is conceived within or out of wedlock has no significant causal effect on marital dissolution insofar as it belongs to both parents. However, positive residual correlation between the processes of divorce and nonmarital childbearing suggests the potential selection of women with non-traditional family behaviours into marital dissolution.
Process epistemology in the COVID-19 era: rethinking the research process to avoid dangerous forms of reification
Authors: Dupré John , Leonelli Sabina 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWhether we live in a world of autonomous things, or a world of interconnected processes in constant flux, is an ancient philosophical debate. Modern biology provides decisive reasons for embracing the latter view. How does one understand the practices and outputs of science in such a dynamic, ever-changing world - and particularly in an emergency situation such as the COVID-19 pandemic, where scientific knowledge has been regarded as bedrock for decisive social interventions? We argue that key to answering this question is to consider the role of the activity ofreificationwithin the research process. Reification consists in the identification of more or less stable features of the flux, and treating these as constituting stable things. As we illustrate with reference to biological and biomedical research on COVID-19, reification is a necessary component of any process of inquiry and comes in at least two forms: (1) means reification (phenomena-to-object), when researchers create objects meant to capture features of the world, or phenomena, in order to be able to study them; and (2) target reification (object-to-phenomena), when researchers infer an understanding of phenomena from an investigation of the epistemic objects created to study them. We note thatbothobjects and phenomena are dynamic processes and argue that have no reason to assume that changes in objects and phenomena track one another. We conclude that failure to acknowledge these forms of reification and their epistemic role in scientific inquiry can have dire consequences for how the resulting knowledge is interpreted and used.
Treatment with anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies in pregnant and postpartum women: first experiences in Florence, Italy
Authors: Manciulli Tommaso , Modi Giulia , Campolmi Irene , Borchi Beatrice , Trotta Michele , Spinicci Michele , Lagi Filippo , Bartoloni Alessandro , Zammarchi Lorenzo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Pregnant and postpartum women are at increased risk of developing severe COVID-19. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are now widely used in high-income countries to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 outpatients at risk for developing severe disease. Very few data are available on the use of mAbs in special populations, including pregnant and postpartum women. Here we present our early experience with mAbs in these two populations.

Methods
Electronic records of pregnant and postpartum women treated with mAbs at Careggi University Hospital, Florence, were retrieved. Relevant data were extracted (age, presence of risk factors for COVID-19, oxygen support, mAb type, gestational age, and pregnancy status). When available, outcomes at 28 days after administration were also included.

Results
From March 1st to September 30th 2021, eight pregnant and two postpartum women have been treated with mAbs at our center. The median age was 31 years (IQR 30–33.5, range 29–38), median gestational age was 24 weeks. Seven patients had additional risk factors. According to the Italian disposition, all patients received casirivimab/imdevimab, with five receiving a 2.4 mg dose and five receiving a 8 g dose. Eight patients improved. One developed myocarditis, considered a COVID-19 complication. Another required a transient increase of low flow oxygen support before improving and being discharged. At a 28 days follow-up, all patients were clinically recovered. We did not observe mAbs related adverse events.

Conclusion
Although preliminary data should be interpreted with caution, it is remarkable how mAbs were well tolerated by pregnant women with COVID-19. Further data on mAbs in this special population should be collected but the use of mAbs in pregnant and postpartum patients should be considered. Even thus oral antivirals are becoming available, they are not recommended in pregnant and postpartum women. This population may specifically benefit from treatment with last generation mAbs.
Advancing the assessment of clinical reasoning across the health professions: Definitional and methodologic recommendations
Authors: Gordon David , Rencic Joseph J. , Lang Valerie J. , Thomas Aliki , Young Meredith , Durning Steven J. 
Published: March 2022

The importance of clinical reasoning in patient care is well-recognized across all health professions. Validity evidence supporting high quality clinical reasoning assessment is essential to ensure health professional schools are graduating learners competent in this domain. However, through the course of a large scoping review, we encountered inconsistent terminology for clinical reasoning and inconsistent reporting of methodology, reflecting a somewhat fractured body of literature on clinical reasoning assessment. These inconsistencies impeded our ability to synthesize across studies and appropriately compare assessment tools. More specifically, we encountered: 1) a wide array of clinical reasoning-like terms that were rarely defined or informed by a conceptual framework, 2) limited details of assessment methodology, and 3) inconsistent reporting of the steps taken to establish validity evidence for clinical reasoning assessments. Consolidating our experience in conducting this review, we provide recommendations on key definitional and methodologic elements to better support the development, description, study, and reporting of clinical reasoning assessments.
Competition manipulation in international sport federations’ regulations: a legal synopsis
Authors: Kuwelker S. , Diaconu M. , Kuhn A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractManipulation of competitions has long plagued the sport industry, affecting almost every sport over time. While sharing certain common features, the regulatory provisions and procedural responses to this phenomenon by international federations (IFs), sports’ governing bodies, vary on many aspects, including the definition of the specific offence of “competition manipulation” itself, scope of application, especially in relationship to betting, categories of participants, mens rea elements such as recklessness and negligent behaviour, reporting obligations, aggravating and mitigating factors, and applicable sanctions across sports and within a sport/discipline. More nuanced items within internal disciplinary procedure also vary across federations, such as standard of proof and evidence. The purpose of this study is to offer a comparative synopsis of the regulations of 43 IFs governing Olympic and certain non-Olympic sports, to provide a critical overview of specific aspects of the above mentioned factors in the regulations and to identify areas of improvement for the future.
A multi-layer network model to assess school opening policies during a vaccination campaign: a case study on COVID-19 in France
Authors: Bongiorno Christian , Zino Lorenzo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe propose a multi-layer network model for the spread of an infectious disease that accounts for interactions within the family, between children in classes and schools, and casual contacts in the population. The proposed framework is designed to test several what-if scenarios on school openings during the vaccination campaigns, thereby assessing the safety of different policies, including testing practices in schools, diverse home-isolation policies, and targeted vaccination. We demonstrate the potentialities of our model by calibrating it on epidemiological and demographic data of the spring 2021 COVID-19 vaccination campaign in France. Specifically, we consider scenarios in which a fraction of the population is vaccinated, and we focus our analysis on the role of schools as drivers of the contagions and on the implementation of targeted intervention policies oriented to children and their families. We perform our analysis by means of a campaign of Monte Carlo simulations. Our findings suggest that transmission in schools may play a key role in the spreading of a disease. Interestingly, we show that children’s testing might be an important tool to flatten the epidemic curve, in particular when combined with enacting temporary online education for classes in which infected students are detected. Finally, we test a vaccination strategy that prioritizes the members of large families and we demonstrate its good performance. We believe that our modeling framework and our findings could be of help for public health authorities for planning their current and future interventions, as well as to increase preparedness for future epidemic outbreaks.
Accelerated Electro-Reduction of TiO2 to Metallic Ti in a CaCl2 Bath Using an Inert Intermetallic Anode
Authors: Lahiri Abhishek , Jha Animesh 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn the FFC-Cambridge process, the cathodic dissociation of oxide and CO/CO2 production on carbon anode is the basis for metal production in a CaCl2 bath. Using an inert intermetallic anode, the CO2 evolution can be eliminated altogether with acceleration in the electro-reduction kinetics. In the presence of a carbon anode, the cathodic dissociation of TiO2 suffers from slow reduction kinetics of TiO2 to Ti metal, which can be enhanced significantly by the incorporation of alkali species in the TiO2 pellet at the cathode and in the CaCl2 bath in the presence of an intermetallic inert anode. With inert anode and incorporation of K+-ion in the TiO2 matrix and in the salt bath, nearly full metallization with greater than 99% of Ti metal containing 1500 ppm of oxygen was possible to achieve in less than 16 h of electro-reduction. The microstructural and chemical analysis of the metallic phase and its morphology revealed the presence of a layer of titanium metal that forms in the fast reduction reaction step in less than 5 h, after which the reaction rate slows down significantly before terminating in 16 h. The investigation showed that two different types of microstructures of metallic titanium were evident—a thin sheet-like material on the outer periphery of the reduced pellet and the dendritic core which was found to be under the peripheral sheet of the metallic layer. The mechanism of morphological and microstructural changes in the reduced form of titanium metal is explained.
Elimination of an unfavorable allele conferring pod shattering in an elite soybean cultivar by CRISPR/Cas9
Authors: Zhang Zhihui , Wang Jie , Kuang Huaqin , Hou Zhihong , Gong Pingping , Bai Mengyan , Zhou Shaodong , Yao Xiaolei , Song Shikui , Yan Long , Guan Yuefeng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPod shattering can lead to devastating yield loss of soybean and has been a negatively selected trait in soybean domestication and breeding. Nevertheless, a significant portion of soybean cultivars are still pod shattering-susceptible, limiting their regional and climatic adaptabilities. Here we performed genetic diagnosis on the shattering-susceptible trait of a national registered cultivar, Huachun6 (HC6), and found that HC6 carries the susceptible genotype of a candidate Pod dehiscence 1 (PDH1) gene, which exists in a significant portion of soybean cultivars. We next performed genome editing on PDH1 gene by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). In T2 progenies, several transgene-free lines with pdh1 mutations were characterized without affecting major agronomic traits. The pdh1 mutation significantly improved the pod shattering resistance which is associated with aberrant lignin distribution in inner sclerenchyma. Our work demonstrated that precision breeding by genome editing on PDH1 holds great potential for precisely improving pod shattering resistance and adaptability of soybean cultivars.
Different approaches to reducing aviation emissions: reviewing the structure-agency debate in climate policy
Authors: Dolšak Nives , Prakash Aseem 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAviation emissions account for about 2.5% of global carbon emissions, and by 2050, their share could rise to 22%. This review article explores how climate scholars view the role of structural (policy- or business-focused) or agentic (individual-focused) approaches in reducing these emissions. From a structuralist perspective, aviation emissions require policy changes because they reflect regulatory and business failures to address the climate crisis. By itself, individual actions will not significantly reduce emissions. Moreover, focusing on personal (agentic) action might allow governments and firms to disavow their role in the climate crisis. From an agentic perspective, aviation emissions reflect carbon-intensive lifestyles. Even within the existing policy structures, individuals can reduce the carbon footprint of their travel. At the same time, individuals can serve as influencers, voters, and social movement participants to pressure governments and businesses to develop low-emission air travel policies. Rather than viewing agency and structures as distinctly separate approaches, we suggest that they could co-evolve to create pathways to reduce aviation emissions. Policy initiatives can facilitate individual efforts to reduce air travel emissions, and individual action could shape policies structuring their choices.