bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Economic and Social Evolution of the Iberian Peninsula as Revealed through Analysis of Roman Transport Infrastructure
Authors: de Soto Pau , Carreras César 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rome was the first empire that through its expansion not only conquered the maritime perimeter of the Mediterranean but also occupied inland territories far away from the Mediterranean shore. But it was a burdensome task since Rome needed to build an extraordinary communications network that combined sea, river, and land routes in order to achieve this purpose. This chapter tries to analyse the evolution of Roman transport infrastructure in the Iberian Peninsula to detect how different political changes affected the economy and society of this territory as well as the construction and modification of communication routes. This chapter combines archaeological data, demography, and applications of network science analysis of transport networks on the Iberian Peninsula to offer an unprecedented overview of the impact of transport routes on the configuration of the territory. The connectivity of the transport network, which shows the best and worst connected urban settlements, can be related to the urban organization of the peninsula, the political role of the Iberian cities, and the economic design that Rome applied to this newly conquered territory.
LGBT Victorians
Authors: Joyce Simon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It has been decades since Michel Foucault urged us to rethink “the repressive hypothesis” and see new forms of sexual discourse as coming into being in the nineteenth century, yet the term “Victorian” still has largely negative connotations. This book argues for re-visiting the period’s thinking about gender and sexual identity at a time when our queer alliances are fraying. We think of those whose primary self-definition is in terms of sexuality (lesbians, gay men, bisexuals) and those for whom it is gender identity (intersex and transgender people, genderqueers) as simultaneously in coalition and distinct from each other, on the assumption that gender and sexuality are independent aspects of self-identification. Re-examining how the Victorians considered such identity categories to have produced and shaped each other can ground a more durable basis for strengthening our present LGBTQ+ coalition. LGBT Victorians draws on scholarship reconsidering the significance of sexology and efforts to retrospectively discover transgender people in historical archives, particularly in the gap between what the nineteenth century termed the sodomite and the hermaphrodite. It highlights a broad range of individuals (including Anne Lister, and the defendants in the “Fanny and Stella” trial of the 1870s), key thinkers and activists (including Karl-Heinrich Ulrichs and Edward Carpenter), and writers such as Walt Whitman and John Addington Symonds to map the complicated landscape of gender and sexuality in the Victorian period. In the process, it decenters Oscar Wilde and his imprisonment from our historical understanding of sexual and gender nonconformity.
John Addington Symonds and the Problems of Ethical Homosexuality
Authors: Joyce Simon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Victorian Britain had a distinctive problem with male effeminacy that extended beyond gender nonconformity to encompass a history of highlighting the corrupting influence of the “effeminatus.” Projected forward, this figure would haunt Britain as it faced global competition and the loss of empire. Fears of effeminacy also conditioned the response to sexology by the English homophile advocate John Addington Symonds, who is the focus of this chapter. His posthumously published memoir charts a sexual history running parallel with the Weibling (feminine-identified) identity that Ulrichs claimed for himself but the need to renounce effeminacy led Symonds to an identification that was most problematic in sexology: that of the “Mittel Urning” who both desired masculine men and identified himself as such. Formed by Victorian Oxford, Symonds was drawn to alternative visions of male homosexuality that were rooted in the Greek pederastic tradition and Walt Whitman’s poetics. Having exchanged a gender-based model for others based first in age and then in class difference, however, he found a problem remaining that was subtended by his own social privilege: in each model, the ideal partner was figured through a defining difference from Symonds himself, which inevitably rendered each relationship unequal. According to the logic of the Criminal Law Amendment Act and the conviction of Oscar Wilde in 1895, both age- and class-based models were open to accusations of callous manipulation and victimization that made Symonds’ claim to a Whitmanite belief in “democratic” relations ring hollow.
Two Women Walk into a Theater Restroom
Authors: Joyce Simon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by returning to Chapter 2 and the basis we find in Ulrichs for a common interest that could fold transgender and intersex people into a coalitional politics aiming to justify same-sex desire. As a test-case, this chapter focuses on the 1870–71 trial of Stella Boulton and Fanny Park, who have been positioned by gay historians mainly as (male homosexual) “cross-dressers” whose failed felony prosecution for inciting others to commit sodomy anticipated the more spectacular prosecution of Wilde a quarter century later. Against this narrative, I read the evidence presented at the trial and what we have come to know of their lives—including the prominence given to Fanny and Stella’s bathroom use, preferred names and pronouns, and physical anatomy—as pointing to a different form of anticipation: Stella in particular becomes more legible as the prefiguration of the modern trans woman, and her example helps to bring into focus similar precursors, including Frederike Blanke who functioned in Ulrichs’ work as a limit case of the Uranian/Weibling. In addition to rereading the trial transcripts, letters, and press coverage to excavate an emergent trans subjectivity, this chapter also highlights similar legal defendants in nineteenth-century Britain who might also have been mischaracterized as gay men or cross-dressers, and suggests that Fanny and Stella’s sustained interests in photographic self-representation indicates how visual depictions have helped to anchor narratives of transsexual transition.
Coda
Authors: Joyce Simon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This conclusion uses Oscar Wilde’s words at the end of his decisive trial to highlight the absence of a chapter devoted to him in LGBT Victorians. Wilde is arguably the most famous gay man in history and clearly the best-known among the Victorians, and yet he might have relatively little to say about the issues on which the book focuses. Despite the ubiquitous assumption that he articulated a form of male effeminacy, Wilde’s writings and public statements have little to contribute to thinking about sexual and gender nonconformity as interconnected, and instead tend to endorse a regressive model of pederasty that he (like Symonds) encountered at Oxford. The coda then reads elements of the Wilde trials with a focus on his co-defendant, Alfred Taylor, who was in closer connection to networks of gender nonconforming men and in an alleged marriage with Charles Spurrier Mason. Taylor’s co-presence in the dock, and yet relative invisibility in our understanding of the trials, thus come to symbolize the continued difficulty of reading the intersections between sexuality and gender identity.
The Poetics of Place
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the interrelationship between person and place in Pater’s portraits. As Aristotle pointed out, any kind of movement or development presupposes the existence of place, whether physical or metaphorical, from place to place. Plots and portraits require placing, in geographical and physical locations. The subjectivity of place lies at the heart of most of Pater’s portraits, to the extent that we can trace a constant undercurrent of travel writing in them. Pater’s places are both real and imaginary, and the chapter considers Pater the traveller alongside a more abstract discussion of his concept of Europe. Pater’s Europe is one in which the materiality of history is historically layered and where fragments of the past often erupt to the surface with an immediate impact on the present. As a war-torn territory, the European Continent bears the marks of centuries of destruction and rebuilding, of cultural erasure and resurrection. Holland, Germany, France, and Italy constitute Pater’s self-explored Europe; he never ventured further north than Amsterdam or further East than Venice. Much of Pater’s Europe is immediately mappable, to the extent that he gives us almost the exact coordinates so that we can go and see for ourselves. The chapter explores some of these specific sites at the same time as it discusses the much broader notion of ‘Europe’ in Pater’s writings. The portraits reveal Pater as an incorrigible transnationalist, bent on tying together cultures across national and geographical boundaries in an assertion of European interdependence.
Ignorance and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Zimmerman Michael J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This book investigates the relation between ignorance and moral responsibility. It opens with the presentation of a case in which a tragedy occurs, one to which many people have unwittingly contributed, and addresses the question of whether their ignorance absolves them of blame for what happened. Inspection of the case issues in the Argument from Ignorance, whose conclusion is that, to be blameworthy for one’s behavior and its consequences, one must at some time in the history of that behavior have known that one was engaged in wrongdoing—a thesis that threatens to undermine many everyday ascriptions of responsibility. This argument is examined and refined in ensuing chapters by way of, first, a detailed inquiry into the nature of moral responsibility, ignorance, and control, all of which play a crucial role in the argument, and then an application of the fruits of this investigation to the question of whether and how someone might be to blame for behavior that stems from either culpable ignorance, negligence, recklessness, or the kind of fundamental moral ignorance that often characterizes evildoers. The Argument from Ignorance implies that in a great many such cases the agent has an excuse for the wrongdoing in question. This is a disturbing verdict, and in the final chapter challenges to the argument are entertained. Despite the merits of some of these challenges, it is held that the argument, revised one last time, survives them.
Divisions of Agential Labor
Authors: Bazargan-Forward Saba 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
What does it mean for you to be my deliberator and for me to be your executor? Chapter 1 argues that we can make sense of such a relationship by starting with a single-person case in which an individual exercises diachronic agency by conferring authority on her past self when it comes to decisions about how to act now. On this model of rationality, her past self serves as a deliberator and her present self serves as an executor. This single-person case helps model the normative power that you have to “outsource” the executory function of your agency to me. In this way, I come to serve as your executor and you come to serve as my deliberator. This relationship can therefore be called a “‘division of agential labor’”.
Pragmatics When Nothing Is Said
Authors: Jary Mark 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter reconsiders a number of semantic/pragmatic phenomena in the light of the proposals made in the previous chapters. The observations motivating research in lexical pragmatics are reanalysed as resulting from the adoption of a reflective stance towards utterances, and the consequences of that stance are argued not to have correlates in basic linguistic communication. Scalar implicatures are argued to have features of both material and behavioural implicature, and an analysis explaining their hybrid nature is proposed. The issue of what embeds, on the current account, under operators such as ‘if’ and ‘not’ is addressed, and it is argued that the notion of utterance type has a number of advantages in this respect. The final section shows that the analysis of conjunction and juxtaposition proposed by relevance theorists transposes seamlessly to the current account.
The Brandomian Substrate
Authors: Jary Mark 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Underlying the proposals made in previous chapters is the largely unacknowledged influence of Robert Brandom’s discursive-commitment approach to language and communication. This chapter spells out the debt owed to Brandom’s framework, and highlights points of divergence. It starts by considering the relationship between commitment and content, noting that while Brandom equates the two, the current account sees commitments only as a means of articulating a content that is otherwise determined. The chapter then goes on to consider the notions of word meaning and public languages, highlighting Brandom’s decompositional approach to the former and his deferential approach to the latter. Finally, the implications of both Brandom’s model and the current proposals for research into the development of a representational theory of mind are considered.
Introduction
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Introduction presents shipwrecks as social events in the lives of English communities, not just as catastrophes for merchants and mariners, but also as opportunities for local inhabitants. It connects the perils of the sea with the travails of the land, locating maritime mishaps on the coastal margins within the social, political, and economic history of England. It identifies shorelines, beaches, and intertidal zones as contested spaces, where salvagers, scavengers, and survivors sought material advantage. A section on ‘shipwrecks and scholars’ reviews interdisciplinary discussion. The final part of the chapter comprises a summary of each of the chapters that follow.
Introduction
Authors: Podder Sukanya 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the central claims in the book and how I stumbled upon the puzzle of peacebuilding legacy while undertaking fieldwork with child soldiers in Liberia. Next, it presents the main argument of this book—the questions posed, the analytical approach taken, and the methodological choices. The chapter surveys several live debates in peace and conflict studies, to underline the book’s significance and contribution. It outlines how the book relates to conceptual themes like the measurement of peacebuilding effectiveness, learning, and reflection from peacebuilding evaluation; sustainable peace and local ownership, and the role of children and youth in peacebuilding. The chapter proceeds to situate its contribution to the case specific literature on Sierra Leone and Macedonia. The penultimate section concludes with an overview of the rest of the chapters in the book.
Peacebuilding Legacy
Authors: Podder Sukanya 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter explains the book’s theoretical underpinnings. It begins by unpacking the concept of peacebuilding legacy through the lens of time, transformation, and intergenerational peace. Legacy is captured through three qualitative cues around norm transmission, resonance, and retention; institutionalization and adaptation of project models; and organizational learning and reflection from monitoring and evaluation (M&E). The analytical framework anticipates that high norm resonance will elicit high compliance and high retention of external norms over the longer term. Neutral resonance will prompt non-participation and mixed retention, while low resonance will encourage non-compliance, resistance, and rejection, leading to weak retention. Commitment to institutionalization through the formal adoption of externally funded project models by successor organizations will support knowledge transfer, while enhancing local ownership. Finally, the long-term monitoring of outcomes beyond project life-cycles would require a conscious commitment to learning and reflection; and further investments in preserving the institutional memory and in post-closure evaluations.
Data and Methods
Authors: Podder Sukanya 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter explains the approaches to data and methods taken in the study. It outlines the challenges faced by researchers in transferring knowledge from academia to policy and practice. While doing so, the chapter focuses on the pros and cons of entering into a knowledge production partnership with a large peacebuilding INGO, for accessing untapped longitudinal evaluation data. The chapter outlines the research design, including the choice of meta-ethnographic synthesis, archival ethnography, and the details of primary data collection in Sierra Leone and Macedonia. The unique challenges of research in post-war environments are explained alongside the ethical concerns in conducting primary research with children and young people. Specifically, I reflect on the issues of research access, the reliance on gatekeepers, and the choice of sampling strategies. In the final part, the possible biases and limitations of the research, and how these were mitigated are explained.
Peacebuilding through Pre-school Education and Media Programmes in Macedonia
Authors: Podder Sukanya 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents the findings from Macedonia. It sketches the contextual background around interethnic relations and educational segregation to explore the role of early years’ educational interventions in managing intergroup conflict. The chapter then analyses the tensions between the donor emphasis on integrated education, as reflected in national policies, and the reality of monolingual instruction following the Ohrid framework agreement (2001). The implementation of the Mozaik bilingual immersion groups and the various regional and national media projects by the Macedonia country office are analysed next. The story of the adaptation and institutionalization of the Mozaik groups into the national pre-school curriculum offers critical insights for understanding the benefits and drawbacks of institutionalization in the area of peace education. The chapter concludes with some noteworthy findings around norm resonance and retention, and their interaction with social capital dynamics in shaping long-term attitude change among children and young people.
Learning and Reflection from Sierra Leone and Macedonia
Authors: Podder Sukanya 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the data from an organizational learning and reflection perspective. It begins with a state-of-the-art review of developments in the field of learning from peacebuilding M&E, before examining the learning practices of the partner INGO. Learning behaviours in the two country cases are classified into four types: static, adaptive, creative, progressive, and are examined across the different phases of programming over 15+ years. The meta-ethnographic synthesis results from Macedonia highlight the importance of continuity, both in terms of programming staff, and the project focus, for successful institutionalization. In Sierra Leone, the breadth of work undertaken by the country office presented a far from organic evolution. It was more learning-oriented and willing to adapt projects based on the feedback from evaluations compared with the staff in Macedonia. This learning orientation did not translate into stronger institutionalization, however, due to weak formal links with the national agencies.
Transforming Peacebuilding for Transformative Peace
Authors: Podder Sukanya 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe concluding chapter revisits the main arguments in this book. It begins by examining the logics of institutional, normative, and organizational legacy operative across the suite of children and youth focused media and peace education projects in Sierra Leone and Macedonia. This helps examine the broader conceptual, methodological and analytical value of these logics for peacebuilding practice. Thereafter, relying on the book’s empirical and analytical insights, broader debates around youth and peacebuilding programming are engaged. The findings urge a shift from instrumental to transformative participation of young people. In terms of practical implications, the chapter encourages vertical and horizontal integration of young people’s participation in peacebuilding; a stronger engagement with the formal sphere; intergenerational responsibility; repairing state–citizen relations, and adopting an ecological model of peace. In summary, transformative peace need not be elusive: it requires peacebuilding to be transformative and strategic through an explicit concern for its legacy.
Timaeus on Colour Mixture
Authors: Kalderon Mark Eli 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper consists in a trick and a potential insight. The trick consists in a minimalist interpretation of colour mixture in the sense that, given certain background assumptions, there is no more to Timaeus’ account of colour mixture than the list of the chromatic affections (pathēmata) and the list of how these combine to elicit perceptions of all the colours. The only potential controversial elements of the minimalist interpretation are the relevant background assumptions and the interpretation of the chromatic affections. The potential insight concerns a motive that Plato, in the guise of Timaeus, may have for presenting an account of colour mixture. Specifically, the paper argues that on the minimalist interpretation, Plato may be read as reconciling the Democritrean four-colour scheme with an older tradition where white and black are the fundamental chromatic opposition. It also shows that this bears on the interpretation of the chromatic affections.
Out of the Ether
Authors: Potter Simon J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the idea of a ‘wireless world’. It contrasts this with the utopian vision of a limitless, egalitarian ‘ether’, and argues that the wireless world was soon characterized by inequality, hierarchy, and the national conflicts and divisions of the physical world. The chapter examines key themes in the existing historiography of international radio broadcasting, and sets out the key features of a new research agenda, to be pursued in the other chapters of the book. It includes discussion of individual experiences of listening, and outlines key moments in the development of new technologies of and approaches to international broadcasting
Radio Wars
Authors: Kuitenbrouwer Vincent 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Second World War played a crucial role in shaping subsequent understandings of how international broadcasting has been used for propaganda purposes. Contemporary rhetoric introducing a distinction between truthful information, produced by the Allies, and lying propaganda, produced by the Nazis. This binary opposition is an obstacle to critical historical scholarship: the chapter shows how Western democracies also deployed international broadcasting as a weapon of propaganda, before, during, and after the Second World War. The chapter argues that adopting a global history approach further illustrates this fact, showing the complex radio wars being fought across the Global South, and the entangled nature of propaganda campaigns, driven by competition and collaboration across borders. The first case study linked to this chapter examines the establishment of the BBC Arabic Service, while the second looks at British and American international news broadcasting during the Second World War.