bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors adapted to acidic pH highlight subdomains within the plant cell apoplast
Authors: Moreau Hortense , Gaillard Isabelle , Paris Nadine 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Monitoring pH is one of the challenges in understanding diverse physiological regulations as well as ionic balance, especially in highly acidic environments such as the apoplast and the vacuole. To circumvent the poor efficiency of pH measurements below pH 5, we designed three genetically encoded sensors composed of two fluorescent proteins in tandem. We selected fluorescent protein pairs of low but sufficiently different pKa so that each protein could differentially sense the imposed pH. The generated tandems, named Acidin2, Acidin3, and Acidin4, were produced in Escherichia coli and extensively characterized. Altogether, these generated tandems cover a pH range of 3–8. The Acidins were targeted either for release in the apoplast (Apo) or for anchoring at the outer face of the plasma membrane (PM-Apo), with the fluorescent part exposed in the apoplast. Apoplastic Acidins in stably transformed Arabidopsis thaliana primary roots responded immediately and reversibly to pH changes, directly reporting physiological conditions related to cell elongation. In addition, membrane-anchored Acidins reveal a gradual acidification from the surface through the anticlinal wall of pavement cells, a process controlled at least partially by H+-ATPase activity.
Intermediated Securities
Authors: Gullifer Louise , Payne Jennifer 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights the role of financial market infrastructures (FMIs) in the holding of securities. The rise of cross-border investments, the expansion of capital markets, and the increasing number of investors in securities contributed to a growing trend in the intermediation in the holding of securities. Despite such trend, domestic law dealing with transferable securities still assumes direct holding as the securities holding paradigm, thus overlooking the full range of changes intermediation brings. The chapter analyses the advantages and disadvantages in directly holding securities compared to holding them through intermediation and suggests that, for most market participants, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. It also considers the responses of the law in Europe to intermediation, identifying their shortcoming and arguing in favour of legal, regulatory, or market changes, both at a national and supranational level, to ensure the implementation of the advantages of securities intermediation.
The Great Planetary Heist: theft and capture in star-forming regions
Authors: Daffern-Powell Emma C , Parker Richard J , Quanz Sascha P 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Gravitational interactions in star-forming regions are capable of disrupting and destroying planetary systems, as well as creating new ones. In particular, a planet can be stolen, where it is directly exchanged between passing stars during an interaction; or captured, where a planet is first ejected from its birth system and is free-floating for a period of time, before being captured by a passing star. We perform sets of direct N-body simulations of young, substructured star-forming regions, and follow their evolution for 10 Myr in order to determine how many planets are stolen and captured, and their respective orbital properties. We show that in high-density star-forming regions, stolen and captured planets have distinct properties. The semimajor axis distribution of captured planets is significantly skewed to wider orbits compared to the semimajor axis distribution of stolen planets and planets that are still orbiting their parent star (preserved planets). However, the eccentricity and inclination distributions of captured and stolen planets are similar, but in turn very different to the inclination and eccentricity distributions of preserved planets. In low-density star-forming regions these differences are not as distinct but could still, in principle, be used to determine whether observed exoplanets have likely formed in situ or have been stolen or captured. We find that the initial degree of spatial and kinematic substructure in a star-forming region is as important a factor as the stellar density in determining whether a planetary system will be altered, disrupted, captured, or stolen.
Evolution of thermal and non-thermal radio continuum emission on kpc scales – predictions for SKA
Authors: Ghasemi-Nodehi M , Tabatabaei Fatemeh S , Sargent Mark , Murphy Eric J , Khosroshahi Habib , Beswick Rob , Bonaldi Anna , Schinnerer Eva 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Resolved maps of the thermal and non-thermal radio continuum (RC) emission of distant galaxies are a powerful tool for understanding the role of the interstellar medium (ISM) in the evolution of galaxies. We simulate the RC surface brightness of present-day star-forming galaxies in the past at 0.15 &lt; z &lt; 3, considering two cases of radio size evolution: (1) no evolution and (2) same evolution as in the optical. We aim to investigate the (a) structure of the thermal and non-thermal emission on kpc scales, (b) evolution of the thermal fraction and synchrotron spectrum at mid-radio frequencies (≃1–10 GHz), and (c) capability of the proposed SKA phase 1 MID-frequency (SKA1-MID) reference surveys in detecting the RC emitting structures. The synchrotron spectrum flattens with z causing curvature in the observed mid-radio SEDs of galaxies at higher z. The spectral index reported in recent observational studies agrees better with the no size evolution scenario. In this case, the mean thermal fraction observed at 1.4 GHz increases with redshift by more than 30 per cent from z = 0.15 to z = 2 because of the drop of the synchrotron emission at higher rest-frame frequencies. More massive galaxies have lower thermal fractions and experience a faster flattening of the non-thermal spectrum. The proposed SKA1-MID band 2 reference survey, unveils the ISM in M51- and NGC 6946-like galaxies (with ${\rm M_{\star }}\simeq 10^{10}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$) up to z = 3. This survey detects lower-mass galaxies like M33 (${\rm M_{\star }}\simeq 10^{9}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$) only at low redshifts z ≲ 0.5. For a proper separation of the RC emitting processes at the peak of star formation, it is vital to include band 1 into the SKA1-MID reference surveys.
Associations of California’s Tobacco 21 Minimum Sales Age Law with Tobacco Use Among Sexual Minority Adolescents: A Trends Analysis
Authors: García-Ramírez Grisel , Islam Sabrina , Wharton Mary K , Grube Joel W 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Introduction
In 2016, California enacted a law (T21) prohibiting tobacco product sales to individuals under 21 years of age. Given tobacco use disparities among sexual minority (SM) youth, this study investigated whether California’s T21 law was differentially associated with changes in tobacco use for SM and non-SM adolescents.

Aims and Methods
Secondary analyses of California Healthy Kids Survey data from 2013–2014 to 2018–2019 for 7th, 9th, and 11th graders (N = 2 229 401).

Results
Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analyses showed that SM students were more likely than non-SM students to report past-30-day and lifetime cigarette (odds ratio (OR) = 2.47; OR = 2.37), e-cigarette (OR = 1.21; OR = 1.10), smokeless tobacco use (OR = 1.95; OR = 1.56), and use of any tobacco product (OR = 1.94; OR = 1.61). Among SM youth, T21 was associated with significant reductions in lifetime e-cigarette use (OR = 0.66), and lifetime use of any tobacco products (OR = 0.75). These decreases generally were greater than or equivalent to those observed for non-SM youth. For 30-day e-cigarette and any tobacco use, SM youth showed no significant increases, whereas non-SM youth showed significant increases (OR = 1.06; OR = 1.11) following T21. T21 was associated with smaller increases in lifetime cigarette use (OR = 1.34), and larger increases for past-30-day and lifetime smokeless tobacco use (OR = 1.34; OR = 1.28) among SM students, to those observed for non-SM students.

Conclusions
California’s T21 policy may help reduce tobacco use disparities among SM students who are more at risk for tobacco use than their non-SM peers.

Implications
Research on associations of T21 laws with tobacco use among sexual minority (SM) adolescents is lacking. The potential for unintended consequences of T21 for these adolescents raises concerns about increased health disparities. Importantly, our study generally found California’s T21 was associated with reductions in tobacco use among SM students that were equivalent to or greater than those for non-SM students. Future research should investigate whether T21 laws and similar policies have differential effects for other marginalized groups and, if so, identify mechanisms that can be targeted in prevention efforts.
Receptor-like protein kinase BAK1 promotes K+ uptake by regulating H+-ATPase AHA2 under low potassium stress
Authors: Wang Zhi-Fang , Xie Zhong-Mei , Tan Ya-Lan , Li Jia-Ying , Wang Feng-Liu , Pei Dan , Li Zhen , Guo Yan , Gong Zhizhong , Wang Yi 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Potassium (K+) is one of the essential macronutrients for plant growth and development. However, the available K+ concentration in soil is relatively low. Plant roots can perceive low K+ (LK) stress, then enhance high-affinity K+ uptake by activating H+-ATPases in root cells, but the mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we identified the receptor-like protein kinase Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1-Associated Receptor Kinase 1 (BAK1) that is involved in LK response by regulating the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plasma membrane H+-ATPase isoform 2 (AHA2). The bak1 mutant showed leaf chlorosis phenotype and reduced K+ content under LK conditions, which was due to the decline of K+ uptake capacity. BAK1 could directly interact with the AHA2 C terminus and phosphorylate T858 and T881, by which the H+ pump activity of AHA2 was enhanced. The bak1 aha2 double mutant also displayed a leaf chlorosis phenotype that was similar to their single mutants. The constitutively activated form AHA2Δ98 and phosphorylation-mimic form AHA2T858D or AHA2T881D could complement the LK sensitive phenotypes of both aha2 and bak1 mutants. Together, our data demonstrate that BAK1 phosphorylates AHA2 and enhances its activity, which subsequently promotes K+ uptake under LK conditions.
Metabolic control of arginine and ornithine levels paces the progression of leaf senescence
Authors: Liebsch Daniela , Juvany Marta , Li Zhonghai , Wang Hou-Ling , Ziolkowska Agnieszka , Chrobok Daria , Boussardon Clément , Wen Xing , Law Simon R , Janečková Helena , Brouwer Bastiaan , Lindén Pernilla , Delhomme Nicolas , Stenlund Hans , Moritz Thomas , Gardeström Per , Guo Hongwei , Keech Olivier 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Leaf senescence can be induced by stress or aging, sometimes in a synergistic manner. It is generally acknowledged that the ability to withstand senescence-inducing conditions can provide plants with stress resilience. Although the signaling and transcriptional networks responsible for a delayed senescence phenotype, often referred to as a functional stay-green trait, have been actively investigated, very little is known about the subsequent metabolic adjustments conferring this aptitude to survival. First, using the individually darkened leaf (IDL) experimental setup, we compared IDLs of wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to several stay-green contexts, that is IDLs of two functional stay-green mutant lines, oresara1-2 (ore1-2) and an allele of phytochrome-interacting factor 5 (pif5), as well as to leaves from a WT plant entirely darkened (DP). We provide compelling evidence that arginine and ornithine, which accumulate in all stay-green contexts—likely due to the lack of induction of amino acids (AAs) transport—can delay the progression of senescence by fueling the Krebs cycle or the production of polyamines (PAs). Secondly, we show that the conversion of putrescine to spermidine (SPD) is controlled in an age-dependent manner. Thirdly, we demonstrate that SPD represses senescence via interference with ethylene signaling by stabilizing the ETHYLENE BINDING FACTOR1 and 2 (EBF1/2) complex. Taken together, our results identify arginine and ornithine as central metabolites influencing the stress- and age-dependent progression of leaf senescence. We propose that the regulatory loop between the pace of the AA export and the progression of leaf senescence provides the plant with a mechanism to fine-tune the induction of cell death in leaves, which, if triggered unnecessarily, can impede nutrient remobilization and thus plant growth and survival.
Extraction and characterization of bovine collagen Type V and its effects on cell behaviors
Authors: Xu Jun , Luo Xi , Zhang Yang , Gao Jianping , Huang Ching-Cheng , Bai Xinpeng , Zhang Guifeng 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Collagen Type V (Col. V) plays an essential role in cell behaviors and has attracted increasing attention in recent years. High-purity Col. V is needed for evaluating its biological properties. In this research, the enzymatic hydrolysis process was combined with ultrafiltration to purify Col. V from the bovine cornea. The purity of Col. V was determined to be above 90% by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and high-performance liquid chromatography methods. The effect of Col. V on cell behaviors was evaluated. The circular dichroism spectroscopy results demonstrated that the extracted Col. V exhibited a complete triple helix structure. SDS-PAGE suggested that the molecular weight of Col. V was 440 kDa. The self-assembly experiment revealed that the proportion of Col. V in the collagen mixture can affect the Col. I fiber diameter. The cell culture results implied that Col. V can inhibit fibroblasts (L929) proliferation. The L929 showed maximum mobility when the addition of Col. V was 30%. Thus, Col. V has the effect of inhibiting L929 proliferation and promoting migration. The high-purity Col. V provides useful information for further understanding its biological implications.
Efficacy and Safety of “Sleeper Plate” in Temporary Hemiepiphysiodesis and the Observation of “Tethering”
Authors: Gerges Mina , Messner Juergen , Lim Brittany , Chhina Harpreet , Cooper Anthony 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Guided growth is commonly performed by placing an extraperiosteal 2-hole plate across the growth plate with one epiphyseal and one metaphyseal screw. Recent studies investigated the efficacy of the removal of the metaphyseal screw only (sleeper plate) after correction. They concluded the practice to be unnecessary as only 19% of patients showed recurrence of deformity. This study aims to examine the incidence of rebound and undesired bony in-growth of the plate (tethering) after metaphyseal screw removal only.

Methods:
In this retrospective case series, patient data on 144 plates inserted around the knee were obtained. Plates still in situ (n=69) at the time of study and full hardware removal (n=50) were excluded. The remaining 25 plates had only the metaphyseal screw removed after completed deformity correction. We analyzed the rate of tethering, rebound, and maintenance of correction in 2 age groups at latest follow (mean of 3.5 y). The Fisher exact test with Freeman-Halton extension was used to analyze categorical data and the Student t test for descriptive variables.

Results:
Twenty-five plates were identified as “sleeper plates” in our series. Thirteen plates (52%) maintained the achieved correction after a mean of 21 months (range: 4 to 39 mo), 9 plates (36%) required screw reinsertion due to rebound after a mean of 22 months (range: 12 to 48 mo) from screw removal, and 4 plates (16%) showed tethering with undesired continuation of guided growth after a mean of 14 months (range: 7 to 22 mo) from screw removal. Younger patients (<8 y at time of plate insertion) had higher rates of rebound and tethering (P=0.0112, Fisher exact test). All tethering occurred in titanium plates, none occurred in steel plates.

Conclusions:
The sleeper plate is an acceptable treatment strategy for coronal deformities around the knee, however, tethering and rebound may occur, especially in younger patients. Titanium plates may increase the risk of tethering, however, further long-term follow-up is needed as there were only 6 steel plates versus 19 titanium in this study. We stress the importance of close postoperative follow-up to identify signs of tethering and rebound early to prevent over-correction.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—retrospective case study.
Drain Removal Time in Pre-pectoral versus Dual Plane Prosthetic Breast Reconstruction following Nipple-sparing Mastectomy
Authors: Moriarty Hannah K. , Baker Nusaiba F. , Hart Alexandra M. , Carlson Grant W. , Losken Albert 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Pre-pectoral prosthetic breast reconstruction following nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) has become a popular approach compared with the dual plane technique. Our objective was to determine if there was a difference in time to postoperative breast drain removal in direct-to-implant or tissue expander reconstruction following NSM when comparing pre-pectoral with dual plane technique.

Methods:
A total of 200 patients (335 breasts) received NSM followed by implant or expander reconstruction at our institution between the years 2009 and 2020. Direct-to-implant reconstruction had 113 pre-pectoral versus 67 dual plane, and tissue expander reconstruction had six pre-pectoral versus 149 dual plane. Our analysis included age at mastectomy, body mass index, history of preoperative breast radiation, and smoking history. Case complications included seroma or hematoma, breast or axillary infection requiring antibiotics or operative washout, device replacement due to extrusion or infection, skin necrosis, and capsular contracture. Statistical analysis was completed with Pearson chi-square test, Fisher exact test, and the two-sample T-test using IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y.).

Results:
The average time until breast drain removal in dual plane implant patients was significantly less than in pre-pectoral implant patients (9.42 versus 14.01 days). The average time until breast drain removal in dual plane expander patients was significantly less than in pre-pectoral expander patients (11.47 versus 20.30 days).

Conclusion:
In both implant and expander reconstruction following NSM, patients receiving dual plane device placement had a shorter postoperative time until breast drain removal when compared with patients receiving pre-pectoral device placement.
Diffuse Type Neurofibroma of the Forearm
Authors: Al Lahham Salim , Aljassem Ghanem , Omari Rand Y. , Alyazji Zaki , Sada Ruba , Asnaf Ayman , Abuelgasim Mutaz 
Published: May 2022

Summary:
Nerve sheath tumors comprise 5% of soft tissue masses of the upper limb in adults. Neurofibromas are divided into three types: localized, diffuse, and plexi- form. The diffuse type is rare and is typically found in the head and neck region. We present a rare case of diffuse type neurofibroma found in the forearm, presented to our clinic as a slowly enlarging mass of the left forearm of 3 years duration. The lesion was suspicious in the magnetic resonance imaging, and biopsy revealed diffuse type neurofibroma. We opted for total excision of the lesion that was found to be not possible due to involvement of the major nerves. The final pathology report showed no malignancy. Nerve tumors of the upper limb can be either benign or malignant. Neurofibroma associated with neurofibromatosis has malignant potential. The diffuse type is rare, and it most commonly occurs in the head and neck region. It has a low malignant transformation rate. Magnetic resonance imaging is the diagnostic modality of choice; however, it can be inconclusive. Biopsy should be taken to confirm the diagnosis and plan for management. Our case was managed by near total excision in order to preserve the major forearm nerves because of high clinical suspicion.
Scar Perception: A Comparison of African American and White Self-identified Patients
Authors: Garg Stuti P. , Hassan Abbas M. , Patel Anooj , Koko Deima , Varghese Jeffrey , Ellis Marco F. , Kim John Y.S. , Galiano Robert D. 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Scars can have significant morbidity and negatively impact psychological, functional, and cosmetic outcomes as well as the overall quality-of-life, especially among ethnic minorities. The objective of this study was to evaluate African American and White patients’ perception of their scars’ impact on symptoms, appearance, psychosocial health, career, and sexual well-being, using validated assessment tools.

Method:
A total of 675 abdominoplasty and breast surgery patients from four providers completed the SCAR-Q, and Career/Sexual Well-Being scales via phone or email. A higher score on both assessments indicates a more positive patient perception.

Results:
Of the 675 respondents, 77.0% were White, and 23.0% were African American. White patients scored significantly higher on the SCAR-Q (232 ± 79 versus 203 ± 116), appearance (66 ± 26 versus 55 ± 29), and Career/Sexual Well-Being (16 ± 2 versus 15 ± 5) scales than African American patients (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). There was no significant correlation between duration after surgery and symptoms or appearance scores for African American patients (P = 0.11, P = 0.37). There was no significant correlation between patient age and SCAR-Q score or time after surgery and psychosocial scores.

Conclusions:
African American patients are more likely to have lower perceptions of their scarring appearance, symptoms, psychosocial impact, career impact, and sexual well-being impact than White patients. Scar appearance and symptoms are less likely to improve over time for African American patients. This study highlights the need to address patient ethnicity when considering further follow-up, counseling, or other measures to enhance scar perception.