bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Longevity on Pension Systems
Authors: Kallestrup-Lamb Malene , Kjærgaard Søren , Jarner Søren 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on understanding longevity trends and identifying which underlying factors are driving differences in longevity. Getting these trend improvements in life-expectancy right is essential for both governments and pension funds. In particular, the chapter illustrates the historical developments in mortality and longevity and quantifies how changes in life-expectancy do not necessarily imply that mortality rates change with the same magnitude or in the same direction at all ages. It illustrates the impact of socioeconomic status on life-expectancy and decomposes the change in life-expectancy by socioeconomic groups. Moreover, focus is turned to mortality forecasting, as this is one way for pension funds to manage their macro longevity risk. It introduces the Lee and Carter (1992) method, which represents one of the most influential proposals regarding mortality predictions and highlights issues related to underestimation as well as sensitivity towards data choices. This is highly relevant as modified versions of this model have become the standard approach in both the Danish public and private sector.
Public Finances and the Interplay Between Public and Private Pensions
Authors: Andersen Torben M. , Hougaard Jensen Svend E. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe interaction between public and private pensions involves some important features that risk undermining the support for the privately funded pension schemes and reduce pension contributions. On the one hand, because of means-testing of public pension benefits, the effective return on occupational pension savings is low, especially for low-income groups close to retirement age. On the other hand, a large group of people do not possess any substantial pension savings at retirement and are therefore fully reliant on public pensions. In order to address these two concerns, political agreements to impose mandatory pension savings on recipients of social benefits and to support the incentive for pension savings for low-income groups have been made in recent years, with full implementation in 2020. In this chapter we evaluate whether these new reforms appropriately address the concerns.
IT’S IN THE GENES
Authors: Gibson David J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with the highly publicized Maricopa case, wherein forensic scientists used DNA extracted from plant material to place a suspect at the scene of a crime—investigators showed that the seed pods found in the suspect’s truck came from a tree next to where police discovered the body of his victim. It discusses how the Maricopa case was analogous to human DNA profiling as the prosecution sought to determine whether seeds in the suspect’s truck were from a tree growing where the body was found or from other trees commonly found elsewhere in the region. The chapter traces forensic scientists’ use of molecular evidence from plants since 1992; at that time it was uncommon for several logistical reasons, but its use has grown since. It outlines how investigators can use DNA to discriminate among individuals, cultivars, or varieties of a single plant species to identify plant fragments associated with a crime scene, determine the provenance of a sample, or identify plants in adulterated food or medicinal products.
Ireland’s West and the English Left
Authors: Patten Eve 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the engagement of Ireland within England’s interwar socialist imaginary. It assesses writing from 1930s and 1940s British intellectuals geared to left-wing or communist utopianism and persuaded by concepts of Irish culture as a preserved repository of classical ideals. One of these, English Marxist George Thomson, made a long-term investment in Ireland’s west coast during the interwar decades, and subsequently engaged the perceived pre-capitalist idyll of the Blasket Islands as a wellspring for the socialist polemic of his book, Marxism and Poetry. Political events in Europe during the 1930s meanwhile, encouraged a triangular relationship, for many idealist intellectuals, between the ongoing convulsions of the Civil War in Spain, the ideological flux of a volatile England, and an Ireland still carrying revolutionary legacies, a complex backdrop that informs the Irish-set middlebrow romance and satirical fiction of the author Ethel Mannin.
Discourse status
Authors: Koev Todor 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter investigates the discourse status of parenthetical meaning. It starts with the well-known observation that there is a robust intuition that a (declarative) utterance carries a “main point”, or more technically, that some part of its content is “at-issue” in the given context. The intuition of at-issueness has been construed as based on what question participants are currently trying to answer (adopted here), which proposition it is proposed be added to the common ground, or what part of the existing discourse is still open for attachment by an upcoming segment. While parenthetical content is typically not at-issue, there are cases in which it does contribute to answering the question under discussion. Such cases suggest that the usual not-at-issue status of parentheticals is conversationally derived and not conventionally marked.
The annual cycle
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the annual cycle of weather at Durham in terms of mean temperatures, rainfall and sunshine, and wind direction and speed. Averages for the current World Meteorological Organization standard 30-year period 1991–2020 are used throughout the book, and in this chapter, they are compared with 30-year averages from nineteenth-century observations at the site. Durham’s climate is considered in its regional context, including the influence of the North Atlantic and the European continent. Use is made of weather indices, including Lamb weather types and the North Atlantic Oscillation index. Reference is made both to Durham’s synoptic climatology as well as to individual spells of weather.
February
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the long-term records (including both averages and extremes) of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, barometric pressure, wind direction and speed, snowfall, and fog at Durham during the month of February. The chapter includes descriptive accounts and local photographs of notable weather events during the month of February. It covers how it is during the month of February that mean temperatures begin their seasonal rise, but also how February holds the record for both the coldest month and the coldest night in Durham’s record-keeping history. It also provides tables showing maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures recorded at the Durham Observatory.
March
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the long-term records (averages and extremes) of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, barometric pressure, wind direction and speed, snowfall and fog at Durham during the month of March. The chapter includes descriptive accounts and local photographs of notable weather events during the month of March. It covers how (generally) the month of March marks the transition from winter to spring and mentions that Durham in March usually has the highest range in temperature of any month in the year. Over the last 30 years, March has overtaken February as the driest month, and March also exhibits a huge range in monthly sunshine totals.
August
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the minds of many, at least in England and Wales, August is the traditional high summer month—long school holidays, visits to the beach, light and warm evenings. However, the slow decline into autumn has begun. Temperatures normally begin to decline, and by the end of the month the evenings are drawing in and often starting to feel cool. This chapter examines the long-term records (averages and extremes) of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, barometric pressure, wind direction and speed, and fog at Durham during the month of August. The chapter includes descriptive accounts and local photographs of notable weather events during the month.
September
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
September can be a month of ‘Indian summer’, where the temperatures can sometimes match those of July and August. However, September may also be a month of transition from summer to autumn, and calm periods may alternate with stormy, wet weather as the North Atlantic circulation begins its winter spin-up. September’s mean air temperature is 13.3 °C. This chapter examines the long-term records (averages and extremes) of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, barometric pressure, wind direction and speed, and fog at Durham during the month of September. The chapter includes descriptive accounts and local photographs of notable weather events during the month.
Climate change in Durham
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In their 2018 report, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded with high confidence that human-induced global warming had reached approximately 1 degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels by 2017, increasing at 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade. This chapter consider the quantifiable effects of climate change on the long record from Durham Observatory. It considers particularly temperature, focusing on decadal means since 1851 and the effects on growing season; precipitation, exploring the trends in annual average rainfall, the wettest day of the year, and frequency of rainfall; and it examines the frequency of prolonged drought by measures of both rainfall and streamflow.
Motives for Travel and Instructions to Travellers
Authors: Dimmock Matthew , Hadfield Andrew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the varying reasons why English travellers claimed that they wanted to travel. Travel enabled them to learn new things that would prepare them for a more useful life in the service of the state, about government, culture, people, and conduct. Intercontinental travel was vital to establish an empire and so defend the nation’s identity within Europe. Attacks on travel were also relatively frequent, a prominent example being that of Roger Ascham, Elizabeth I’s tutor, who thought that travel encouraged vice and provided little in the way of a useful education which could be better spent studying books. The chapter includes Sir Thomas Bodley’s advice to Francis Bacon as well as Bacon’s reflections on the value of travel; Thomas Coryat on the benefits of unrestrained travel; and Richard Eden, Richard Hakluyt, and Samuel Purchas’s proselytizing about the value of empire.
The Americas
Authors: Dimmock Matthew , Hadfield Andrew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter outlines the history of interest in settlement in the Americas, demonstrating that there was only limited enthusiasm until the first two decades of the seventeenth century, a marked contrast to the activities of the Spanish and Portuguese who occupied large parts of South America. The first English colonies were established in Virginia but these had limited success, even though they generated considerable interest. The chapter contains extracts from Richard Eden’s translations of Spanish accounts of voyages to the New World and encounters with the people there; a translation of Bartolomé de Las Casas’s account of the brutal treatment of indigenous Americans under Spanish rule; Thomas Harriot’s account of the land and people in Virginia; Walter Raleigh’s description of the fabled city of gold, El Dorado, in Guiana; Montaigne’s celebrated essay ‘Of the Cannibals’; William Strachey’s account of the Virginia colony in the early seventeenth century; and John Smith’s account of his encounter with Pocahontas.
Equilibrium Networks
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
By the late 1970s, the theory of classical random graphs was already well developed, and mathematicians started to search for more general network constructions. In 1978, Edward A. Bender and E. Rodney Canfield published a paper entitled ‘The asymptotic number of labelled graphs with given degree sequences’ in which they described random networks with significantly richer architectures than the Erdős–Rényi graph. Béla Bollobás strictly formulated this generalization of the Erdős–Rényi model in his 1980 paper ‘A probabilistic proof of an asymptotic formula for the number of labelled random graphs’ and named it the configuration model. This generalization turned out to be a major step toward real networks in the post-Erdős epoch.
Seedborne Fusarium neocosmosporiellum Causing Foot Rot-Induced Wilting in Peanut Identified in Texas
Authors: Obasa Ken 
Published: August 2022

A test of a batch of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) seed variety of the runner type in 2021 in Texas revealed seed-associated Fusarium neocosmosporiellum. The identity of the Fusarium isolate was confirmed based on its morphological characteristics, as well as the internal transcribed spacer and translation elongation factor 1-alpha sequences. The inoculum potential of the Fusarium isolate was also evaluated on plants derived from F. neocosmosporiellum-free peanut seeds using the method of Koch's postulates. The results of pathogenicity tests determined the fungus to be pathogenic on peanut plants, resulting in foot rot-induced plant wilting and decline. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Assessing Motivations for Nonprescribed Buprenorphine Use Among Rural Appalachian Substance Users
Authors: McDonald Madelyn J. , DeVeaugh-Geiss Angela M. , Chilcoat Howard D. , Havens Jennifer R. 
Published: August 2022

Objective
Buprenorphine (Suboxone) is an effective treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). However, there have been widespread reports of diversion and misuse. This study examined motivations for nonprescribed buprenorphine use among rural residents.

Methods
Eligible participants (N = 200) were at least 18 years old, had used any illegal or prescription drugs to get high, and had ever used nonprescribed buprenorphine. A questionnaire administered by a trained interviewer assessed demographic characteristics, substance use, and motivations for use.

Results
Primary motivations for first nonprescribed buprenorphine use included avoiding withdrawal and getting high, while at most recent nonprescribed use, motivations shifted toward maintaining abstinence from other drugs. In adjusted logistic regression analyses, past month use of stimulants decreased odds of nonprescribed buprenorphine use for the purposes of self-treatment by 68% (adjusted odds ratio, 0.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.11–0.61), whereas history of treatment for OUD more than doubled odds of use for self-treatment (adjusted odds ratio, 2.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–6.63).

Conclusions
Results indicate that many individuals used buprenorphine without a prescription, motivated largely by behaviors consistent with self-treatment, and diversion of buprenorphine may be driven by these motivations more than desire to get high. While many participants attempted to access treatment, many were still using nonprescribed buprenorphine for self-treatment, and many were dissatisfied with care they had received as part of a treatment program. Thus, increasing quantity of providers may not be adequate to address the opioid epidemic, but particular attention should be paid to providing care targeted to the needs of those with OUD in rural areas.
Chronic Warfarin Anticoagulation in Hip Fracture Patients Delays Surgery and Is Associated With Increased Risk of Postoperative Complications: A Multicenter Propensity-Score–Matched Analysis
Authors: Levack Ashley E. , Moore Harold G. , Stephan Stephen R. , Jo Sally , Schroeder Ian G. , Garlich John M. , Hadad Aidan , Little Milton T. M. , Miller Anna N. , Lyman Stephen , Lane Joseph M. 
Published: September 2022

Objective:
To evaluate the effect of warfarin on blood transfusion and postoperative complications in a low-energy hip fracture population compared with a non-anticoagulated comparison group.

Design:
Multicenter Retrospective Cohort.

Setting:
Three Urban Level I Academic Trauma Centers.

Patients:
Acute, low-energy, native hip fractures in patients 55 years of age or older on chronic warfarin anticoagulation, propensity score matched 1:2 to non-anticoagulated hip fracture patients meeting all other inclusion criteria.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Transfusion and postoperative complication rates.

Results:
Two hundred ten anticoagulated hip fracture patients were matched to 420 nonanticoagulated patients. A higher proportion of patients required blood transfusion in the warfarin cohort (52.4% vs. 43.3%, P < 0.001), attributable mostly to the subgroup of patients undergoing arthroplasty. Warfarin patients had higher incidence of overall 90-day complications (47% vs. 38%, P = 0.039) and readmissions (31.4% vs. 8.9%, P < 0.001). Day of surgery international normalized ratio (INR) did not influence transfusions or complications among warfarin patients. Warfarin patients undergoing surgery within 24 hours had no difference in transfusions and had fewer complications compared with those undergoing surgery after 24 hours. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, warfarin use and day of surgery INR were not predictors of transfusion or complications.

Conclusions:
Patients on warfarin experienced longer time to surgery and higher incidence of overall transfusion and postoperative complications within 90 days of surgery. However, warfarin use and day of surgery INR was not independently associated with transfusions or complications. The reason for poorer outcomes in warfarin patients remains a topic of further investigation.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Hearing Results in Patients With No Ossicular Chain Reconstruction and Factors Influencing the Outcome
Authors: Alicandri-Ciufelli Matteo , Cantaffa Carla , Presutti Maria Teresa , Villari Domenico , Lucidi Daniela , Marchioni Daniele 
Published: September 2022

Introduction
Ossiculoplasty is aimed at improving or maintaining the conductive portion of hearing in patients subjected to otologic surgery. However, satisfying hearing is frequently observed after tympanoplasty even in the absence of ossicular chain reconstruction. Aims of this article would be to evaluate hearing outcomes, in terms of pure tone average air-bone gap (PTA-ABG), in patients subjected to tympanoplasty for middle ear disease whose ossicular chain has not been reconstructed, and then to investigate factors influencing those outcomes.

Materials and Methods
Retrospective chart review of patients who underwent ear surgery from year 2003 to 2021 at the Otolaryngology–Head and Neck surgery department of the University Hospital of Modena was performed. Audiometric test results from patients who did not receive any ossicular chain reconstruction were collected and analyzed.

Setting
Tertiary University referral center.

Results
The mean patients' follow-up was 34.1 months. Overall, mean PTA-ABG in the study population was 23.5 dB. Integrity of stapes superstructure, malleus handle and malleus head, together with the use of tragal cartilage graft over autologous temporalis fascia to reconstruct the tympanic membrane were found to be significantly associated with better hearing outcomes, as demonstrated by lower PTA-ABG values. Stapes superstructure was found to be associated with more favorable outcomes in multivariate analysis, net of confounding factors.

Conclusion
Good hearing performance can be obtained in patients subjected to middle ear surgery, even if the ossicular chain is not reconstructed. Presence of ossicular chain remnants and the use of a rigid material for tympanic membrane reconstruction are the factors that seem to most favorably influence hearing outcomes after surgery for middle ear disease.
Postmastoidectomy Hyperacusis Syndrome: Clinical Features and Treatment
Authors: Ng Jia Hui , Kuthubutheen Jafri 
Published: September 2022

Objective
We report a novel postmastoidectomy hyperacusis syndrome (PMHS) in patients who have had cortical mastoidectomies and experience hyperacusis to stimuli involving touch of the pinna and periauricular area. This report aims to describe the clinical characteristics of patients predisposed to this disabling complication after mastoid surgery and describes surgical treatment with mastoid cortex resurfacing with hydroxyapatite bone cement.

Patients
Three patients who have undergone intact canal wall mastoidectomies for nonchronic middle ear–related pathologies all reported a similar constellation of postoperative symptoms. None of the patients had any ossicular chain or middle ear abnormalities, and none had preoperative conductive hearing loss. All patients reported disabling hyperacusis related to light touch stimuli in the periauricular area. On examination, all three patients demonstrated synchronous movement of the tympanic membrane when the postauricular area was palpated.

Intervention(s)
After a period of observation, none of the patients noted any improvement to their symptoms. Resurfacing of the mastoid cortex with hydroxyapatite bone cement was performed in all patients.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Presence of touch-induced hyperacusis and audiometry was assessed postoperatively. Patients were also examined for synchronous movement of the tympanic membrane with palpation of the postauricular area.

Results
All patients experienced complete resolution of touch-induced hyperacusis postoperatively. Pure-tone audiometric hearing thresholds remained unchanged after mastoid cortex resurfacing, and there was no longer tympanic membrane movement with palpation of the postauricular area.

Conclusions
PMHS can occur in patients after cortical mastoidectomy when there is no history of ossicular chain or history of chronic middle ear disease or middle ear abnormalities. PMHS can cause significant distress to patients and remain underrecognized unless synchronous tympanic membrane movement is specifically examined for. Treatment via mastoid cortex surfacing with hydroxyapatite bone cement is safe and effective.
Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma of Uterine Corpus: Report of 2 Cases
Authors: Boyraz Baris , Post Miriam D. , Hasserjian Robert P. , Oliva Esther 
Published: August 2022

Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma is a rare dendritic/histiocytic tumor of intermediate malignant potential, which often involves extranodal sites, most commonly the gastrointestinal tract and mediastinum with only 5 cases reported in the female genital tract. We present the clinical and pathologic features of 2 such examples arising in the uterine corpus. Both patients (63 and 72-yr old) presented with postmenopausal bleeding and underwent an endometrial biopsy diagnostic of follicular dendritic cell sarcoma that was followed by hysterectomy. The tumors were polypoid, 3.5 and 5.0 cm, and were confined to the endometrium. Microscopically, ovoid to round to spindled tumor cells with pale eosinophilic cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei were arranged predominantly in sheets with an accompanying lymphocyte-rich inflammatory infiltrate. The tumor cells were positive for CD35, CD23, D2-40 in both tumors and additionally positive for CD21 in 1 tumor, all highlighting cell bodies and processes. Patients were alive without evidence of disease at 1 and 4 years with no adjuvant treatment. These cases highlight the importance of entertaining a broad differential diagnosis in lesions with epithelioid and/or spindled morphology involving the uterus.