bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
World Health Organization global air quality guideline recommendations: Executive summary
Authors: Goshua Anna , Akdis Cezmi A. , Nadeau Kari C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAir pollution is a leading cause of death globally and has resulted in the loss of millions of healthy years of life. Moreover, the health burden has fallen disproportionately upon people in many low‐ and middle‐income countries, where air quality continues to deteriorate. To assist authorities and civil society in improving air quality, World Health Organization has published the first global update to its 2005 air quality guidelines based on a significantly improved body of evidence. To facilitate the implementation of the World Health Organization Global Air Quality Guideline recommendations, this article summarizes the purpose and rationale of the quantitative air quality guidelines and interim target levels for six key pollutants: particulate matter 2.5, particulate matter 10, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide. In addition, good practice statements are established for the management of pollutants of concern that lack sufficient evidence to substantiate numerical targets.
Randomized controlled clinical study comparing two types of two‐piece dental implants supporting fixed restorations—Results at 8 years of loading
Authors: Walter Prisca , Pirc Miha , Ioannidis Alexis , Hüsler Jürg , Jung Ronald E. , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Thoma Daniel S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo assess clinical, technical, biological, and radiographic outcomes of implants supporting fixed restorations using two types of dental implants with non‐matching implant–abutment junctions at 8 years.Materials and methodsSixty‐four patients were randomly assigned to receive one of two implant systems (S1 or S2) and eventually fixed restorations. Patients were examined at loading (TL), one (T1), three (T3), five (T5), and eight years (T8). Outcome measures included implant and restoration survival, technical and biological complications, and radiographic bone levels. All data were analyzed on the implant and patient level.ResultsNinety‐eight implants were inserted in 64 patients and loaded with fixed restorations. At 8 years, 49 patients with 42 (S1) and 36 (S2) implants (25 in group S1 and 24 in group S2 on the patient level) were re‐examined. The survival rates on the patient level were 97.6% (S1) and 97.2% (S2). The marginal bone levels (the primary endpoint) amounted to a gain of 0.21 mm (Q1: −0.11 mm; Q3: 0.5 mm) (S1) (p = .007) and to a loss of 0.24 mm (Q1: −0.79 mm; Q3: 0.05 mm) (S2) (p = .001) between baseline (TL) and T8 (intergroup p < .001). The technical complication rates were 28% (S1) and 12.5% (S2) (intergroup p = .289). Peri‐implant mucositis was observed in 24% (S1) and 50% (S2) of the implants on the patient level (intergroup p = .792). The respective figures for peri‐implantitis were 0% (S1) and 12.5% (S2) (intergroup p = .11).ConclusionsDental implants with non‐matching implant–abutment junctions supporting fixed restorations resulted in high survival rates independent of the system used. Differences, mainly observed in terms of technical complications (in favor of S2), biological complications (in favor of S1), and marginal bone‐level changes (in favor of group S1), appear to be clinically negligible.
Yield of chest computed tomography angiogram in cystic fibrosis patients with suspected pulmonary embolism
Authors: Mahan Kathleen Suzanne , Ahmad Hamna , Keenan Andrew George , Prekker Matthew Erren , Kempainen Robert Ralph 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroductionIndividuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) may be at increased risk of pulmonary embolism (PE). Symptoms of PE overlap substantially with those of CF respiratory exacerbations. CF patients commonly undergo chest computed tomography (CT) angiograms (CTPA) to evaluate for PE, but little is known about the clinical presentation and diagnosis of PE in this population.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study are to determine the diagnostic yield of CTPA for PE in adult patients with CF and assess the utility of the Revised Geneva Score (RGS) in this population.MethodsRetrospective review of all CTPA results was performed on CF patients with suspected PE at a large CF center from 1 January 2011 through 31 March 2017. Patient demographics, medical history, and presenting signs and symptoms were abstracted by chart review.ResultsA total of 103 unique CTPA studies were performed in 68 patients. Most were hospitalized at the time of CTPA, predominantly for respiratory manifestations of CF. CTPA identified four patients with PE. The small number of positive studies precluded analysis of predictors of PE. Fewer PE were diagnosed than predicted by the Revised Geneva Score, which was intermediate probability in 77/103 (75%) patients.ConclusionThe prevalence of PE in CF patients undergoing CTPA for suspected PE was 4%, which is lower than predicted by the Revised Geneva Score. This may be due to a large overlap in the signs and symptoms of PE and exacerbations of CF lung disease.
1014. HELICHRYSUM BELLUM
Authors: Hind Nicholas , Hashi Mayumi , Brown Andrew 
Published: January 2022

SummaryHelichrysum bellum Hilliard (Compositae: Inuleae: Gnaphaliinae) is described and illustrated. The genus Helichrysum, and its position in the family, is discussed, along with the placement of Hilliard's Group 28 species in relation to recent phylogenetic studies, and compared with Moeser's original placement in his early revision. The richness of the Drakensburg Alpine Centre is commented on, especially in relation to some of the species closely related to H. bellum. Cultivation, propagation and availability notes are also provided for this distinctive species. The species is considered Least Concern in previous conservation assessments.
ZT‐01: A novel somatostatin receptor 2 antagonist for restoring the glucagon response to hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Farhat Rawad , Aiken Julian , D'Souza Ninoschka C. , Appadurai Daniel , Hull Grayson , Simonson Eric , Liggins Richard T. , Riddell Michael C. , Chan Owen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimTo evaluate the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a novel somatostatin receptor 2 antagonist, ZT‐01, to stimulate glucagon release in rats with type 1 diabetes (T1D).MethodsThe pharmacokinetics of ZT‐01 and PRL‐2903 were assessed following intraperitoneal or subcutaneous dosing at 10 mg/kg. We compared the efficacy of ZT‐01 with PRL‐2903 to prevent hypoglycaemia during an insulin bolus challenge and under hypoglycaemic clamp conditions.ResultsWithin 1 hour after intraperitoneal administration, ZT‐01 achieved more than 10‐fold higher plasma Cmax compared with PRL‐2903. Twenty‐four hour exposure was 4.7× and 11.3× higher with ZT‐01 by the intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes, respectively. The median time to reach hypoglycaemia of more than 3.0 mmol/L was 60, 70, and 125 minutes following vehicle, PRL‐2903, or ZT‐01 administration, respectively. Furthermore, rats receiving ZT‐01 had significantly higher glucose nadirs following insulin administration compared with PRL‐2903– and vehicle–treated rats. During the hypoglycaemic clamp, ZT‐01 increased peak glucagon responses by ~4‐fold over PRL‐2903.ConclusionsWe conclude that ZT‐01 may be effective in restoring glucagon responses and preventing the onset of hypoglycaemia in patients with T1D.
Developmental niche construction in necrophagous larval societies: Feeding facilitation can offset the costs of low ambient temperature
Authors: Aubernon Cindy , Fouche Quentin , Charabidze Damien 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This study explored the trade‐offs between thermal regulation and aggregation, two key factors impacting blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae development.
Recent works have demonstrated that necrophagous maggots engage in developmental niche construction, which provides adaptive benefits. First, each species has a preferential temperature, at which larvae grow fast and efficiently. Second, larvae are attracted by each other and aggregate in large maggot masses. These groups modify the local environment and facilitate the exodigestion process (niche construction by perturbation). However, aggregation and relocation towards thermal preferendum are not always compatible under field conditions, forcing larvae to make choices.
To test the developmental consequences of such trade‐offs, 40 or 80 Lucilia sericata larvae were placed on a thermal gradient (from 22 to 48°C) with or without a captive aggregate of 40 larvae located at 22°C, and their development speed, size and survival were measured.
A previous study showed that in such situation the free larvae alone relocated at 33°C, while in the presence of captive larvae they gathered with the captive group at 22°C. In the present developmental study, we observed that such 22°C aggregated larvae actually grew as fast as if they were at 33°C.
This result shows that niche construction, here resulting from larval gregarism and feeding facilitation, can compensate for the physiological costs of low ambient temperature. This finding confirms that aggregation of necrophagous Diptera larvae is an efficient adaptation to the carrion environmental constraints and highlights the adaptive value of developmental niche construction.
Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 regulates growth cone filopodia and axon dispersion in the optic tract of Xenopus laevis tadpoles
Authors: Elul Tamira , Lim John , Hanton Kenneth , Lui Austin , Jones Kenton , Chen George , Chong Celeste , Dao Sophia , Rawat Radhika 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPrevious studies show that the main cannabinoid receptor in the brain—cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R)—is required for establishment of axonal projections in developing neurons but questions remain regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms, especially in neurons developing in their native environment. We assessed the effects of CB1R signalling on growth cone filopodia and axonal projections of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in whole mount brains from Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Our results indicate that growth cones of RGC axons in brains from tadpoles exposed to a CB1R agonist had fewer filopodial protrusions, whereas growth cones from tadpoles exposed to a CB1R inverse agonist had more filopodia than growth cones of RGC axons in whole brains from control tadpoles. However, application of both the CB1R agonist and inverse agonist resulted in RGC axons that were overly dispersed and undulatory in the optic tract in situ. In addition, expression of a mutant for cadherin adhesive factor, β‐catenin, that disrupts its binding to α‐catenin, and application of an inhibitor for actin regulator non‐muscle Myosin II, phenocopied the effects of the CB1R agonist and inverse agonist on growth cone filopodia, respectively. These findings suggest that both destablization and stabilization of growth cone filopodia are required for RGC axonal fasciculation/defasciculation in the optic tract and that CB1R regulates growth cone filopodia and axon dispersion of RGCs by oppositely modulating β‐catenin adhesive and Myosin II actin regulatory functions. This study extends and confirms our understanding of cannabinoid mechanisms in sculpting developing neuronal circuits in vivo.
‘We have goals but [it is difficult]’. Barriers to antiretroviral therapy adherence among women using alcohol and other drugs living with HIV in South Africa
Authors: Ndirangu Jacqueline W. , Gichane Margaret W. , Browne Felicia A. , Bonner Courtney P. , Zule William A. , Cox Erin N. , Smith Kevin M. , Carney Tara , Wechsberg Wendee M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundWomen living with HIV who misuse alcohol and live in economically disadvantaged settings in South Africa experience a multitude of contextual barriers as they navigate the HIV care continuum. The Women's Health CoOp (WHC), a brief, woman‐focused, behavioural, evidence‐based intervention, has been shown to be effective in reducing heavy drinking and improving HIV‐related outcomes among this key population. However, these women face other broader socioecological barriers to antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence.MethodsThe WHC was implemented in a modified, stepped‐wedge implementation science trial in public health clinics and substance use treatment programmes in Cape Town, South Africa. A qualitative substudy was conducted to explore barriers to HIV treatment adherence among women enrolled in this trial. Eight focus group discussions were conducted with 69 participants 6 months after completion of the WHC workshops. Focus groups were audio‐recorded (with consent), transcribed verbatim and analysed using a thematic approach.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 33 years and the mean self‐reported number of drinks per day was 13. The main contextual factors influencing participants’ ART adherence were intrapersonal‐level factors (substance use, financial constraints, food insecurity; community‐level factors (anticipated and enacted stigma, community violence) and institutional‐level factors (patient–provider relationships, health facility barriers, environmental stigma).ConclusionComprehensive interventions addressing the contextual barriers and unique challenges faced by women who misuse alcohol in low‐resource settings that intersect with HIV treatment nonadherence should be implemented in tandem with successful biobehavioural HIV interventions for long‐term effectiveness and sustainability.Patient or Public ContributionOur South African community collaborative board has been involved throughout this study; participants and clinic staff voices have been essential in our interpretation of these findings.
REGULATING INSURANCE MARKETS: MULTIPLE CONTRACTING AND ADVERSE SELECTION
Authors: Attar Andrea , Mariotti Thomas , Salanié François 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article studies an insurance market on which privately informed consumers can simultaneously trade with several firms operating under a regulation that prohibits cross‐subsidies between contracts. The regulated game supports a single equilibrium allocation in which each layer of coverage is fairly priced given the consumer types who purchase it. This competitive allocation cannot be Pareto‐improved by a social planner who observes neither consumers' types nor their trades with firms. Public intervention under multiple contracting and adverse selection should thus arguably target firms' pricing strategies, leaving consumers free to choose their preferred amount of coverage.
Wasted bread flour as a novel ingredient in cake making
Authors: Guerra‐Oliveira Priscila , Belorio Mayara , Gómez Manuel 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBread is one of the most wasted products in both industry and retail. This study analysed the use of bread flour of various particle sizes (1000 μm, 500 μm and 200 μm) in different percentages for sponge formulations (10% and 20%) and layer cakes (10%, 20% and 30%). Viscosity, microstructure and density of batters, as well as specific volume, texture and colour of cakes were evaluated. The inclusion of bread flour change batter microstructure. Viscosity does not affect the sponge batters but it tends to increase in the layers, mostly in the case of finer flours. The specific volume is reduced in sponge cakes while hardness is generally increased, even with the lowest percentages of bread flour. In layers, this reduction in volume is only visible at the highest doses of flours below 500 microns with no changes in hardness.
Improved aqueous solubility, bioaccessibility and cellular uptake of quercetin following pH‐driven encapsulation in whey protein isolate
Authors: Chen Chao , Zhong Qixin , Chen Zhengxing 
Published: January 2022

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to increase the water solubility and potential bioavailability of quercetin by encapsulation in whey protein isolate (WPI) based on a green, efficient pH‐driven method. According to the results, the water solubility of quercetin increased by 346.9: times after loading into WPI nanoparticles. When the initial quercetin concentration was 0.25 mg mL−1 and WPI was 2% w/v, the encapsulation efficiency reached 94.1%, the Z‐average diameter was 36.63 nm, and the zeta potential was −36.4 mV at pH 7.0. The fluorescence spectroscopy assay suggested the molecular complexation of quercetin and WPI at pH 12.0. X‐ray diffraction assay indicated the enclosure of amorphous quercetin in WPI. Correspondingly, the bioaccessibility increased from 2.76% to 31.23% and the Caco‐2 cell monolayer uptake increased from 0% to 2.12% after nanoencapsulation. This work confirmed that the pH‐driven method is an effective approach to prepare WPI–quercetin nanocapsules to improve physical and potentially biological properties of quercetin.
Significance of WT1 and multiparameter flow cytometry assessment in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Pan Xinan , Gao Mengge , Sun Yuqian , Zhou Yang , Wang Ke , Wang Yu , Xu Lanping , Zhang Xiaohui , Huang Xiaojun , Zhao Xiao‐Su 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe objective of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring through Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) gene expression and multicolor flow cytometry (FCM) in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT).MethodsFor this purpose, WT1 gene expression and the CMML‐related abnormal immunophenotype were examined using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and FCM, respectively.ResultsIn total, 59 patients with CMML who underwent allo‐HSCT were enrolled in this study. Thirteen cases (22.0%) developed hematological relapse, and 15 patients (25.4%) expired during the follow‐up period. Thirty‐four patients (37.6%) were positive for WT1 (WT1+), and 44 patients (74.6%) were positive for FCM prior to allo‐HSCT. After allo‐HSCT, there were 21 WT1+ patients (35.6%) and 10 patients (16.9%) who were positive in FCM (FCM+). Post‐transplant WT1+ (post‐WT1 0.6+; 50.7% vs. 7.6%, p < .001) and post‐transplant FCM+ (post‐FCM+; 90.0% vs. 8.8%, p < .001) indicated a higher 3‐year cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) compared with the WT1− or FCM−patients. Multivariate analysis of event‐free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS), and CIR showed that the FCM status after transplantation was an independent prognostic factor for relapse (p < .05).ConclusionBoth FCM and WT1 after HSCT were identified as important predictors of recurrence of CMML following transplantation and may be useful in guiding interventions against disease relapse.
Comparative analysis of three serum‐free light‐chain detection systems in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma
Authors: Zhu Guoqing , Fu Xue , Ren Yansong , Wang Yansheng , Wang Shoulei , An Gang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo observe the comparability of serum‐free light chain (sFLC) detected by Beckman, Siemens, and Binding Site.MethodsIn this study, 110 patients who were diagnosed with multiple myeloma in State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology from November 2019 to August 2020. According to the instructions of equipment and reagent manufacturers, three detection systems (Binding Site, Beckman, and Siemens) were used to detect the serum‐free light chain of selected analysis samples. Meanwhile, sFLC test results of the three instruments were compared. According to EP9‐A3 guide, correlation and consistency were conducted by Bland‐Altman and Passing‐Bablok regression.ResultsThe free kappa light‐chain serum samples and the free lambda light‐chain samples were quantitatively analyzed by the three systems. Binding Site, Beckman, and Siemens free light‐chain detection results were as follows: FLC‐κ: 42.23 (3.73, 423), 34.55 (6.5, 194), 39.85 (3.73, 423); FLC‐λ: 31.46 (1.39, 8180.42), 32 (4.3, 275), 37.65 (2.28, 526); rFLC (FLC‐κ/FLC‐λ): 1.21 (0, 131.28), 0.96 (0.02, 43.49), 1.04 (0.04, 40.29). The Kappa valuation of FLC‐κ between Beckman and Binding Site is 0.97, Kappa valuation of FLC‐λ between Beckman and Binding Site is 0.96, Kappa valuation of rFLC between Beckman and Binding Site is 0.97. The Kappa valuation of FLC‐κ between Siemens and Binding Site is 0.96, Kappa valuation of FLC‐λ between Siemens and Binding Site is 0.88, Kappa valuation of rFLC between Siemens and Binding Site is 0.94.ConclusionAll of the three systems can meet the needs of diagnosis and treatment in clinical application. These analyses showed a very good concordance between Beckman, Siemens, and Binding Site.
The Principle of Perfection in Thirteenth‐Century Accounts of Christ’s Human Knowledge
Authors: Lim Joshua H. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThomas Aquinas’s account of Christ’s threefold human knowledge (beatific, infused and acquired) has been criticized by Jean Galot as relying on an a priori philosophical principle of perfection rather than on the account of Christ's humanity as found in the Gospel narratives. As a result, Aquinas’s portrait of Christ appears foreign both to the Gospels and to common human experience. This article examines Galot’s critique, which has, in varying degrees, been adopted both by Aquinas’s detractors and defenders. Through an examination of thirteenth‐century accounts of perfection (primarily that of the Summa Halensis and Albert the Great), I show that Aquinas’s use of the principle of perfection in the Summa theologiae is fundamentally grounded in his reading of Scripture and is justified squarely on the basis of the redemptive economy. Specifically, I show how Aquinas roots the exigency of Christ’s perfection in the various human modes of knowing explicitly in an account of his soteriological mission, insofar as his humanity is the instrument of redemption.
Phase pure rhombohedral R3¯m$R\bar{3}m$ AgCoO2 delafossite: Rietveld, selected area electron diffraction, X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy, and magnetic studies
Authors: A. Nancy Anna Anasthasiya , S. Murugesan , E. Prabhu , N. Sivaraman , K.I. Gnanasekar 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA p‐type rhombohedral AgCoO2 (S.G. ) reported to form only at pressures greater than 300 MPa at 773 K, is stabilized in pure phase at 0.2 MPa oxygen pressure. Analysis of powder X‐ray diffraction pattern by Rietveld and selected area electron diffraction patterns confirms the purity of rhombohedral phase. Core‐shell X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy studies show that Ag ions are in +1 oxidation state with Co ions largely in +3 state. AgCoO2 is paramagnetic undergoing super‐paramagnetic transition at 44 K. The magnetic moment of Co is 0.001 μB which corresponds to low spin (LS) Co3+ along with a small fraction of LS Co4+ ions.
A methodological review on the characterization of microalgal biofilm and its extracellular polymeric substances
Authors: Cheah Yi Tong , Chan Derek Juinn Chieh 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBiofilm secreted by microalgae are extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) composed mainly of polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. These EPSs immobilize the cells and stabilize biofilm, mediating adhesion towards solid surfaces. The EPSs valorization through industrial exploitations and scientific works is becoming more popular, but the bottleneck of such studies is the lack of consensus among researchers on the selection of detection techniques to be used, especially for novice researchers. It is a daunting task for any inexperienced researcher when they fail to identify the right tools needed for microalgal biofilm studies. In this review, a well-refined analysis protocol about microalgal biofilm and EPSs were prepared including its extraction and characterization. Pros and cons of various detection techniques were addressed and cutting-edge methods to study biofilm EPSs were highlighted. Future perspectives were also presented at the end of this review to bridge research gaps in studying biofilm adhesion via EPSs production. Ultimately, this review aims to assist novice researchers in making the right choices in their research studies on microalgal biofilms in accordance to the available technologies and needs.