bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Oxalic Acid, Na+, NH4+, and Fe3+ on Release of Fixed Potassium and Basal Distance of Smectite in Smectitic Soils
Authors: Nursyamsi Dedi 
Published: March 2022

Laboratory experiment aimed to study effect of oxalic acid, Na+, NH4+, and Fe3+ on the release of fixed potassium and basal distance of smectite in smectitic soils was conducted in Laboratory of Soil Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan. The experiment used four of topsoil samples of Typic Hapludalfs (B1), Chromic Endoaquerts (B2), Typic Endoaquerts (B3), and Typic Haplustalfs (B4) taken from Jonggol (Bogor), Sidareja (Cilacap), Padas (Ngawi), and Todanan (Blora) respectively. This experiment also used randomized completely block design, six treatments, i.e.: control (water), 1 N of oxalic acid, (oxalic acid+NaOH) pH=7, Na+, NH4+, and Fe3+ respectively and they were replicated three times. After extracting the samples, potassium concentration in supernatant was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) method and basal distance of smectite in clay paste was measured by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) method. The result showed that oxalic acid, (oxalic acid+NaOH) pH=7, Na+, NH4+, and Fe3+ increased the release of fixed potassium by clay in all tested soils about 24.63-3744%, 31.88-45.38%, 25.37-48.35%, 27.48-42.32%, and 28.17-35.49%, respectively. Among the treatments, (oxalic acid+NaOH) pH=7 was the most effective in releasing fixed K at Alfisols, while Na+ at Vertisols. Oxalic acid+NaOH pH=7, Na+, and Fe3+ increased the basal distance of smectite in the soils about 10.41%, 11.48%, and 15.30%, respectively. Among the treatments, Fe3+ was the highest in increasing the basal distance of smectite in the soils.
Existing of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal on The Corn Field Subjected by Long-term Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers
Authors: Yusnaini Sri 
Published: March 2022

Existing of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were investigated in continuously cropped, conventional agro ecosystems which had received annual long-term (4 years) amendments of either manure or inorganic fertilizer. The systems had an identical 4–year crops rotation and differed essentially only in the amount and type of fertilizer supplied. Experiment was setup at Taman Bogo, in the vicinity of Probolinggo, East Lampung. The eight farming systems differed mainly in fertilization application. The organic systems were fertilized exclusively with chicken manure (CK), and green manure Glyricidium sp. (GM) 20 Mg ha-1. One conventional system was fertilized with the inorganic fertilizers (IF) (urea 300 kg ha-1, SP 36 200 kg ha-1, and KCl 100 kg ha-1). Four proportion combination fertilized organic and inorganic fertilizers i.e combination of 50% CK + 50% IF, 50% GM + 50% IF, 75% CK + 25% IF, and 75% GM + 25% IF. Application of chicken manure both exclusively or combination with inorganic fertilizer gave the higher AMF spore number and root colonization than others treatment. The dominant species of AMF at all treatment was Glomus constrictum.
The Effectiveness of AMF Inoculum to Enhance The Potency of Papuan Crandallite Phosphate Rock and The Growth of Cocoa Seedling
Authors: Suparno Antonius 
Published: March 2022

Phosphate rock fertilizer has slow solubility; therefore, it is suitable and more effective to be applied on annual crop plantation. To increase the solubility and the effectiveness of phosphate rock application, inoculation of the Arbuscular Mycorrhyzal Fungi (AMF) is required. Experiments were conducted at the Cikabayan Farm, Bogor Agriculture Institute, West Java. The objective was to study the effectiveness of AMF inoculation in increasing the potency of Papuan Crandallite Phosphate Rock to the growth of cocoa seedlings. A factorial experiment was set up in a complete randomized design. The first factor was AMF inoculation, consisting of none AMF, Manokwari indigenous AMF and Mycofer AMF, and the second factor was five dosages of the Papuan Crandallite Phosphate Rock (PCPR), consisting of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g P2O5 / seedling. The dosage of 2.0 g P2O5 SP-36 per seedling was used as a comparison. Cocoa seeds of F-1 Upper Amazon Hybrid (UAH) were collected from the Coffee and Cacao Research Center, Jember, East Java. The seedlings were grown in polybags of 20 cm x 30 cm size, with ultisol acid soil obtained from Jasinga (West Java) as the growing medium under 60% of shading net for four months. The media contained 17.03 cmol kg-1 of exchangeable Al. The results showed that increasing the dosages of PCPR at the AMF inoculated seedlings resulted to the linear increase of shoot dry weight and P uptake by 50.14% and 64.88%, respectively; and this was lower than the inoculation of Manokwari indigenous AMF which increased shoot dry-weight by 66.30% and P uptake by 65.45%. Whereas the shoot dry-weight and P uptake of the non-mycorrhizal seedlings increased by 73.56% and 121.94%, respectively. Mycofer inoculants were found to be much more effective in increasing the shoot dry-weight by 127.55% and P uptake by 45.16% than that of the Manokwari indigenous AMF, which increased by 95.97% and 21.29% in shoot dry-weight and P uptake, respectively at the PCPR dosage of 2.0 g P2O5 / seedling as compared to the non-inoculated seedlings.
The UK and the EU’s Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive: Exceeding Expectations
Authors: Khair alshaleel Mohammed 
Published: March 2022

This article considers the UK implementation of the Fifth Money Laundering Directive. It examines the key changes introduced by the new Directive and their impact on the UK anti-money laundering regime. Given the evolving nature of threats relating to money laundering and the latest technological developments, this article argues that the UK has decided to go beyond the EU minimum requirements. The article outlines the concept of money laundering and the UK legal framework of anti-money laundering, before assessing the main changes and their effects on the UK anti-money laundering regime.
Fifth Money Laundering Directive, UK anti-money laundering regime
Google v. CNIL and the Right to Be Forgotten: A Judgment of Solomon
Authors: Martín Bartolomé 
Published: March 2022

The EUCJ ruling on Case C-507/17 provides further clarity on the territorial scope of the right to be forgotten. The court interprets that the EU law does not require a search engine operator to attend the right to de-referencing on all the versions of its search engine globally, but only on those corresponding to all the Member States, but at the same time it also clarifies that a supervisory or judicial authority of a Member State remains competent to, after weighing up the legally protected interests, order (where appropriate) that the de-referencing is carried out on all versions of the relevant search engine. A decision that likely does not please either the search engines or the data subjects, and which drops a certain dose of uncertainty on the system.
GDPR, right to be forgotten, right to de-referencing, search engines, territorial scope
Self-Flagellation: U.S. Antidumping and the National Export Initiative
Authors: Ikenson Daniel 
Published: March 2022

Four out of every five U.S. antidumping measures restrict imports of raw materials and other industrial inputs consumed by downstream U.S. producers in their own production processes. Yet the statute forbids the administering authorities from considering the impact of prospective antidumping restrictions on the well-being of those downstream, consuming industries or on the economy at large. But such restrictions invariably raise the costs of production for those downstream firms, weakening their capacity to compete with foreign producers in the United States and abroad. The National Export Initiative should include a serious commitment to antidumping reform. At a minimum, that reform should include provisions to ensure that consuming industries be given legal standing to participate fully and meaningfully in antidumping proceedings; that antidumping measures be rejected if the projected costs of those restriction on those firms and on the broader economy exceed some reasonable threshold; and, that any duties applied not exceed the level found necessary to remedy injury to the petitioning domestic industry.
The Court of Justice of the European Unions Judgment on Mutagenesis and International Trade: A Case of GMO, Mutagenesis and International Trade: A Case of GMO, Mutagenesis and International Trad
Authors: Dolle Tobias , Carreño Ignacio 
Published: March 2022

The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) was requested by the French Conseil d’État to determine, in essence, whether organisms obtained by mutagenesis (i.e. gene editing) are genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and whether they are subject to the obligations laid down by Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC. Contrary to the Advocate-General’s opinion of 18 January 2018, the Court of Justice ruled, on 25 July 2018, in case C-528/16 that Directive 2001/18/EC also applies to organisms obtained by mutagenesis techniques that have emerged since its adoption. The article analyses the grounds and implications of the CJEU’s decision. Unlike transgenesis, mutagenesis is a set of techniques, which make it possible to alter the genome of a living species without the insertion of foreign DNA. Indeed, it is virtually impossible to detect whether the DNA of a plant or animal has been edited or not, because the changes involved are indistinguishable from naturally occurring mutations. Mutagenesis techniques have made it possible to develop, inter alia, seed varieties that are resistant to selective herbicides. In response to the CJEU’s judgment, the US Secretary of Agriculture issued a statement criticizing the ruling. The statement reads, in part, that ‘[g]overnment policies should encourage scientific innovation without creating unnecessary barriers or unjustifiably stigmatizing new technologies. Unfortunately, this [...] ruling is a setback in this regard in that it narrowly considers newer genome editing methods to be within the scope of the European Union’s regressive and outdated regulations governing genetically modified organisms’. The article also analyses the possible international trade implications of this decision and of its effects, in light of the applicable WTO law and of the relevant case law, such as the EU – Biotech Products dispute by Argentina, Canada and the US, where the WTO had ultimately condemned a de facto moratorium on the approval of GM products in the EU and in its Member States.
Mistakes in Certificates of Origin. Relationship with the General Principles of Law, the Legal Type and the Subjective Aspects of Customs Infractions
Authors: Figueredo Flavia 
Published: March 2022

Mistakes in general, and specifically in relation to Certificates of Origin, are to be assessed not only with relation to the customs declaration as a whole (jointly with the documents attached to it), but also to the general principles of law (in particular those of material truth, legality, reasonability and good faith) and to the subjective aspects of the customs infractions. Our purpose here is to introduce for analysis all of these combined aspects which are ultimately related to human activities, and to the intervention of the public administration as a participant in international trade law in its control function.
Mistakes in Certificates of Origin, Fraud. MERCOSUR Agreement on Origin, Trade Facilitation Agreement, General Principles of Law, Punitive Law, Material Truth, Legality, Reasonability, Good Faith, Customs Infractions
What Are the Gender Impacts of the WTO on Local Communities?: South Korea’s Import Restriction on Sea-Squirts from Nuclear Affected Areas in Japan
Authors: Sharma Rajesh , Ichii Reina 
Published: March 2022

In 2011, an earthquake triggered a tsunami off the northeastern coast of Japan, damaging the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant, which released nuclear material into the Pacific ocean. Soon afterwards, South Korea raised concerns about food safety and imposed a ban on imports of Japanese seafood from the Tohoku region of Honshu. The study reported in this article examined the impact of the South Korean government’s import bans of Japanese seafood on women in that economic sector. The focus of the study was a recent WTO decision to uphold the ban, in spite of the fact that Japan is able to prove the seafood meets safe, approved levels of radiation. The research focussed on the effect of the ban and its continuation on the women involved in the sea-squirts industry in Miyagi prefecture of Tohoku. The article concludes that it is time for the WTO to consider the impact of their decisions on women and take women’s issues into account during their decision making.
Women in trade, WTO, food safety, importance of women in trade, Japan, South Korea, Fukushima, seafood
Legal Problems with Data Localization Requirements: The Case of the Russian Federation
Authors: Raina Akhil , Hernández Simón 
Published: March 2022

In times of turbulence for international trade, some issues stand out as ‘cutting-edge’. Trade in data, and data-related services are a part of those ‘frontier’ conversations. To this end, a peculiar kind of measure has emerged since 2013: data-localization requirements (DLRs) mandate that only domestic service suppliers can process data of the citizens of a particular country. Several prominent players in the trading landscape, including the United States and China, have imposed such measures. Similar legislation has been enacted by the Russian Federation (RF), which is analysed herein. Before assessing measures imposed by the RF, the authors set out the landscape of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), particularly the obligations relating to Market Access under Article XVI. Drawing heavily on WTO jurisprudence, the authors demonstrate that the RF measures in question fall within the scope of the GATS and violate the RF’s obligations under Article XVI; and further, that such violation cannot be justified under ArticlesXIV or XIVbis. To this end, the authors contribute to the existing literature on a subject which is becoming exponentially significant as time moves on.
World Trade Organization; General Agreement on Trade in Services; Market Access; Cross-border Supply; National Treatment; General and Security Exceptions; Personal Data, Processing of Personal Data, Data Localization Requirements; and Russian Federation
Note to the Court of Justice Judgment in Case C-775/19, 5th Avenue Products Trading: The Condition of the Sale and the Transaction Value Under EU Customs Valuation Law
Authors: Beretta Laura Carola , Villante Vincenzo , Bellante Piero , Bonafini Barbara , Rovetta Davide 
Published: March 2022

The judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in Case C-775/19, 5th Avenue Products Trading, has defined the meaning of the ‘condition of sale’ requirements for customs valuation purposes in the European Union. This in particular concerning transaction which are linked to an underlying distribution agreement. However, such judgment is probably even more important from a systemic point of view in that it adds issues not specified in the legislation to the elements to be added to the value declared in the invoice to reach the transaction value.
customs value, customs valuation, condition of sale, transaction value
Mandatory Method-of-Production Labelling for Animal Products in the EU: A Case Study
Authors: Ghislain Stephanie 
Published: March 2022

As a result of the proliferation of industrial farm animal production on the one hand, and the growing global crises such as climate change or antimicrobial resistance on the other, food product sustainability has become an increasingly important item of interest on a long list of pressing concerns over planetary health. However, consumers may find it hard to act on these concerns in the absence of information on the methods of production on animal products. In the EU, the absence of a method of production labelling scheme is even more problematic for consumer information given the increase in animal-based products imports and the likelihood that methods used to produce those goods did not comply with EU rules.
Depending on the choices made by consumers, a mandatory label of production method on the farming of animals used for food could eventually steer producers towards favouring methods of production that are in line with achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Furthermore, such a label would contribute to level the playing field on the EU market by imposing the same transparency rules to all sellers, including importers.
Imposing a mandatory method of production labelling scheme raises the question of compatibility with World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. This article tests a hypothetical method of production label against the WTO’s Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, and concludes such a label could be found in compliance with the TBT Agreement.
Labelling, process and production methods, consumer information, sustainability, Animal Welfare, food products
Special Economic Zones and Free Trade Enclaves: A Troubled Existence After India: Export Related Measures (Panel) Ruling?
Authors: Nedumpara James J. , Gupta Manya 
Published: March 2022

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and Free Trade Zones (FTZs) are special trade or manufacturing enclaves within the territory of a State governed by a different set of laws and regulations than the rest of its territory. They form an essential part of the economic development, trade, and investment policy of several developed countries as well as emerging economies. In 2018, the United States challenged, among other measures, certain incentives which India had provided to SEZs, Export Oriented Units, Biotechnology and Electronics and Hardware Parks (EOU/EHTP/BTP) under India’s Foreign Trade Policy. These incentives were challenged as prohibited export subsidies under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement). While the Panel found against India, some of the issues adjudicated in the Panel report have implications for SEZs, FTZs and other similar entities located in such special enclaves. This article seeks to examine some of the key implications of this dispute on the functioning of deemed foreign trade zones within the territorial bounds of a WTO member. Of particular focus is, how WTO Members can implement the SEZs or other Trade Zones without inviting adverse outcomes. In addition, the article examines the contentious issue of the operation of the phase-out period for export subsidies under Article 27.2 of the SCM Agreement, which is of particular importance to a number of developing countries.
Special Economic Zones, WTO, SCM Agreement, United States, India, fiscal incentives, revenue foregone, Footnote 1, Article 27, Annex VII, developing countries, cross-border zones
UK: New Borders; New Approach
Authors: Aldous Sam , Beament Laura , Hall David 
Published: March 2022

Until ten years ago, the UK’s approach to bribery and corruption, including at its borders, was fragmented, limited in scope and unsuccessful in tackling bribery across borders. This article focuses on the changes which the Bribery Act 2010 has brought about over the last decade which has elevated the UK’s anti-bribery regime to one which is highly regarded. One might expect the natural consequence of the Bribery Act’s international reach to be a dramatic increase in the number of prosecutions (particularly in relation to bribing public officials) – however that has not proved to be the case. This article shows that the Bribery Act has instead brought about a fundamental change of approach by lawmakers and businesses alike – which is not evident from the raw statistics. The Bribery Act’s power lies in the combination of its international reach and the obligations it places on commercial organizations to prevent bribery which have caused UK corporates (including those incorporated elsewhere but who carry on a business, or part of a business, in the UK) to significantly tighten their anti-bribery internal policies and procedures. The shift in focus from the individual to the corporate has also been reflected in the approach of UK law enforcement through their use of Deferred Prosecution Agreements which has resulted in corporate offenders being punished with unprecedented fines. The paper ends by asking whether Brexit and the re-establishment of a large number of hard borders with EU countries will lead to an increase in the number of prosecutions for bribing customs officials after all.
Bribery Act 2010, bribery and corruption, corporate offence, commercial organization, failure to prevent, extra-territorial reach, strict liability, Deferred Prosecution Agreement
Facilitating African Countries’ Participation in the Global Trading System
Authors: Kugler Kholofelo 
Published: March 2022

Africa’s relatively low economic power has meant that it has had low participation in rule-and-decision making at the most important global economic governance fora, except the World Trade Organization (WTO). The consensus nature of most WTO decisions has encouraged African countries to participate actively in that organisation and seek to influence its rules and practice in areas of strategic African political, economic, and social interest. With the support of key technical partners like the Advisory Centre on WTO Law, African Members of the WTO have been able to leave their mark on WTO negotiations, as well as participate in dispute settlement proceedings as main parties and, mainly, third parties. The Advisory Centre on WTO Law (ACWL) has also been actively involved in building the capacity of Africans in WTO law through its flagship Secondment Programme for Trade Lawyers and its sponsorship and support of the John H. Jackson Moot Court Competition.
Africa, World Trade Organization, Advisory Centre on WTO Law, capacity building, negotiations, TRIPS and Access to Medicines, DSU Review, dispute settlement, ACWL Secondment Programme for Trade Lawyers, John H. Jackson Moot Competition
Proportionality in Decentralized Action;the Dutch Court Experience in Free Movement of Services and Freedom of Establishment Cases
Authors: van Harten Herman 
Published: March 2022

National courts are of vital importance for the effectiveness of European law. In general, they are supposed to handle the bulk of the cases in which European law comes forward, a logical result following the development of the (direct) effects of European law in the national legal order.
Several authors in the European law doctrine observed a notable variety of review intensity by the Court of Justice of the European Communities (hereafter: the Court) on the proportionality principle in handling free movement cases. Sometimes the Court employs an intense test; other times the approach of the Court is remarkably restrained. Also, in cases that concern a similar field of the law, this variety may be observed. The general line of the Court is considerably clear, but the review intensity also tends towards being a sort of ‘black box’.
This constitutes a problem for the effectiveness of European free movement law at a decentralized level, at national courts. Research into the Dutch court experience demonstrates that it seems as if it is not completely clear how national courts should apply the proportionality principle à l’européen.
This contribution concentrates on the application of the proportionality principle by Dutch courts when handling free movement of services and freedom of establishment cases. A few general lines will be identifi ed on the basis of this case–law and some suggestions for the Court on the basis of the decentralized application will be put forward.