bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Femtosecond Laser Induced Surface Damage and Ablation of Tungsten and Tungsten Carbide in High Heat Flux Conditions
Authors: Seo Minsuk , Yu Shukai , Gopalan Venkatraman , Winfrey A. Leigh 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tungsten and tungsten carbide were exposed to high heat flux (29.8-59.6GW/m2) using a femtosecond laser with different incident angles (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°). The total heat flux was accumulated through laser pulses in ambient air. The aim of these experiments was to simulate the high heat flux conditions and oxidation to show the surface damage and ablation in harsh environments. At 1–8 laser pulses numbers, the tungsten surface was more durable than tungsten carbide, but at very high pulse numbers (~ 5,200) the opposite was true. Due to laser induced plasma formation, the surface damage mostly took the form of craters that were near-circular at low impact angles and more elongated at higher angles. A cluster of tungsten oxide debris also formed on the tungsten surfaces. Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) and grooves were formed during laser exposure, and their geometries vary with laser intensity and with laser impact angle. The period of laser induced surface changes increased for both tungsten and tungsten carbide surfaces as the incident angle increased. More mass was lost in from tungsten than tungsten carbide, which agrees on the morphological responses. The mass loss by laser ablation overwhelmed the possible mass gains from surface oxidation.
Stimulus Effect of Solvents on Cadmium Sulfide Quantum Dots Prepared for Solar Cell Application
Authors: Abinaya S. , Vinoth G. , Kadiresan Mohan Rangam 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cadmium Sulfide quantum dots were prepared in three solvents such as distilled water, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol respectively. Solvent dependence of cadmium sulfide quantum dots was investigated under XRD, TEM, UV, PL, and I-V characteristics. The results showed CdS quantum dots with sizes ranging from 7.5 nm, 8.2 nm, and 9 nm which enabled the control of the optical properties and consequently the solar cell performance. The optical absorption spectrum was observed near the ultra-violet region. Absorbance spectra reveal that there is a blue shift in the absorbance as the quantum dot size decreases due to the quantum confinement effect. For photoluminescence spectra, the emission peaks were observed at 430 nm, 468 nm, and 470 nm respectively. Among the solvents, cadmium sulfide quantum dots prepared with ethanol has the highest power conversion efficiency of 0.68%.
Variation characteristics of soil temperature, moisture and heat flux in the understorey of evergreen broadleaf forest in South China
Authors: Wu Shuting , Wei Zhigang , Li Xianru , Wang Huan , Guo Shitong 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Based on observation data from the observation tower station in Zhuhai in South China from October 2015 to May 2018, the variations in soil temperature, moisture and heat flux in the understorey of evergreen broadleaf forest are analysed. The ground and canopy surface temperature, soil temperature and soil heat flux fluctuate with the seasons. The ground surface temperature is slightly greater than the canopy surface temperature, but the soil temperature is smaller. The seasonal variation in the soil moisture fluctuates around a relative equilibrium as the rain increases or decreases. Both ground and canopy surface temperatures have valley values before sunrise and peak values in the afternoon. The diurnal variations in soil temperature are characterized by a cosine function. With the deepening of the soil layer, the time of valley and peak lag and the amplitude of the variation in the soil temperature decrease. There is almost no diurnal variation in soil temperature at 40 cm depth or the soil heat flux at 30 cm depth. The heat fluxes at depths of 7.5 cm and 15 cm show an 'S' pattern variation, with a peak at 17:30. The net radiation of the canopy surface shows a bell-shaped variation, with a peak at 12:30. On average, the peak of the soil heat flux lags behind the peak of the canopy net radiation by approximately 5 hours. The averaged soil thermal conductivities are 2.18 W·m− 1·K− 1, 1.22 W·m− 1·K− 1 and 1.26 W·m− 1·K− 1 for 5 ~ 10 cm, 10 ~ 20 cm and 20 ~ 40 cm depths, respectively.
Structural characterization of a soil viral auxiliary metabolic gene encoding a functional chitosanase
Authors: Wu Ruonan , Smith Clyde A. , Buchko Garry W. , Blaby Ian K. , Paez-Espino David , Kyrpides Nikos C. , McDermott Jason E. , Hofmockel Kirsten S. , Yoshikuni Yasuo , Cort John R. , Jansson Janet K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Metagenomics is unearthing the previously hidden world of soil viruses1,2. Many soil viral sequences in metagenomes contain putative auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) that are not associated with viral replication. To date only one soil viral AMG has been expressed3 and none has a solved structure. Here, we aimed to establish that AMGs on soil viruses actually produce functional, active proteins. We focused on AMGs that potentially encode chitosanase enzymes that metabolize chitin – a common carbon polymer. Glycoside hydrolase family 75 viral chitosanase genes were identified from environmental metagenomes. Several of these were expressed and functionally screened. One expressed protein showing endo-chitosanase activity (V-Csn) was crystalized and structurally characterized at ultra-high resolution, thus representing the first structure of a soil viral AMG product. A structure for an inactive mutant with a bound substrate (chitosan oligomer) was also determined. Conserved active site residues in V-Csn resided in a cleft between two domains. These structures provided details about the active site, and together with structure models determined using AlphaFold2, facilitated understanding of substrate specificity and enzyme mechanism. These findings support the hypothesis that soil viruses contribute auxiliary functions to their hosts. Soil viral chitosanase AMG products that assist chitin decomposition may therefore play a previously unrecognized essential role in soil carbon cycling.
Enhancement of resistance against fungal pathogens in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar L14 by heterologous expression of gene encoding chitinase 42 kDa from Trichoderma asperellum SH16
Authors: Hoa Phung Thi Bich , Tue Nguyen Hoang , Trang Huynh Thi Quynh , Thu Hoang Anh , Nhung Le Ngoc Huyen , Luong Nguyen Ngoc , Huy Nguyen Xuan , Tien Nguyen Quang Duc , Loc Nguyen Hoang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

This study reports the expression of the 42 kDa chitinase genes from Trichoderma asperellum SH16 in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) roots under the regulation of tissue-specific Asy promoter through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The 42 kDa chitinase genes, including one wild-type sequence (Chi42) and two synthetic sequences (syncodChi42-1 and syncodChi42-2) which were optimized for codon usage for plant expression, were incorporated into the peanut genome and successfully expressed in their roots. The investigation revealed that chitinase from two synthetic genes had higher activity than that from the wild-type gene, about 901 U/mg (140 U/mL) and 1124 U/mg (197 U/mL) vs about 739 U/mg (105 U/mL), respectively. Transgenic peanut roots also exhibited extracellular chitinase activity which was driven by signal peptide of rice amylase 3D gene against the pathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii under in vitro conditions. The higher chitinase activity of two synthetic genes in peanut roots promises potential applications in the field of transgenic crops against phytopathogenic fungi.
Portuguese Physical Literacy Assessment Observation (PPLA-O) for adolescents (15-18 years) from grades 10-12: development and initial validation through Item Response Theory
Authors: Mota João , Martins João , Onofre Marcos 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Aims of these studies were to develop the PPLA-Observation instrument (PPLA-O) to assess the physical and part of cognitive domain of Physical Literacy through data collected routinely by Physical Education (PE) teachers; and assess the construct validity (dimensionality, measurement invariance, and convergent and discriminant validity) and score reliability of one of its modules (Movement Competence, Rules and Tactics [MCRT]).
Methods
Content analysis of the Portuguese PE syllabus and literature review were used for domain identification of the PPLA-O. Multidimensional Item Response Theory (MIRT) models were used to assess construct validity and reliability, along with bivariate correlations in a sample of 515 Portuguese grade 10–12 students (Mage = 16, SD = 1).
Results
PPLA-O development resulted in an instrument with two modules: MCRT (22 physical activities) and Health-Related Fitness (5 protocols); both assessed with teacher-reported data entered in a spreadsheet. A two correlated dimensions Graded Response Model (Manipulative-based Activities [MA], and Stability-based Activities [SA]) showed best fit to the MCRT data, suggesting measurement invariance across sexes, and adequate to good score reliabilities (MA = .89, and SA = .73). There was a moderate to high correlation (r = .68) between dimensions, and boys had higher scores in both dimensions. Correlations among MCRT scores and HRF variables were similar in magnitude to previous reports in meta-analysis and systematic reviews.
Conclusions
The resulting PPLA-O is composed of two modules that integrate observational data collected by PE teachers into a common frame of criterion-referenced PL assessment. While the HRF module makes use of data collected through widely validated FITescola® assessment protocols, the MCRT makes use of teacher-reported data collected in a wide range of activities and movement pursuits to measure movement competence and inherent cognitive skills (Tactics and Rules). We also gathered initial evidence supporting construct validity and score reliability of the MCRT module. This highly feasible instrument can be used to provide Portuguese grade 10–12 (15–18 years) PE students with feedback on their PL journey, along with the other instrument of PPLA (PPLA-Q). Further studies should focus on assessment of inter and intra-rater reliability and criterion-related validity of its two modules.
Tweets Matter: Quantifying the Spatio-Temporal Relationship Between Social Media Activism and Physical Protest
Authors: Nicoletti Leonardo , Verma Trivik , Santi Paolo , Warnier Martijn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Throughout history, social movements have often been catalysts for radical societal change. In the past two decades, hashtag activism, the use of social media platforms for internet activism, has become a driving force behind the development of social movements across the world. In the field of social movements science, a large body of research has studied the role of hashtag activism for the formation of social movements, but less efforts have been allocated towards the study of the spatio-temporal relationship that exists between hashtag activism and political mobilization processes. In this study, a large geo-located social media dataset pertaining to the #JusticeForGeorgeFloyd social movement is used to quantify the spatio-temporal relationship between hashtag activism and physical protest activity. Results of this study indicate that at the national, state, and county scale, hashtag activism bears a strong positive temporal relationship with physical protest activity. Through the statistical modeling of this relationship, it is possible to predict the intensity of national, state, and county level protest activity on a given day based on the intensity of state and county level social movement related tweet counts the day before. At smaller scales (i.e. county), however, this research finds that the strength of this relationship is more variable, and it appears to be strongly dependent on population density. As such, this study reveals the existence of a critical population density threshold of 200 people/km2 , at which an increase in the number of social movement related tweets is likely to spark with an increase in the number of physical protests. These results represent novel insights that further contribute to our understanding of the complex spatio-temporal political mobilization processes that occur during social movements.
Smart pressure management extension for EPANET: source code enhancement with a dynamic pressure reducing valve model
Authors: Koşucu Mehmet Melih , Demirel Mehmet Cüneyd 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Applying pressure management reduces lost water and excessive hydraulic pressures in water distribution networks (WDNs). There are currently four different types of pressure management in the literature, i.e. fixed outlet, time modulated, flow modulated, and remote node modulated. The primary device used in pressure management is the pressure reducing valve (PRV) that dynamically controls the outlet pressure by moving up and down its main valve element. In this study, we firstly introduce the dynamic PRV model with four different pressure management types to the source code of EPANET v3.1 software and assess the effect of different valve opening schemes on pressure graphs and leakage quantities. The results showed that dynamic PRV significantly reduces lost water amounts and excessive hydraulic pressures in the WDN when valve opening is continuously adjusted. Our smart PM extension implemented into EPANET v3.1 software is publicly available in Zenodo repositories (https://zenodo.org/record/6243078).
Performance of tidal and non-tidal mangrove constructed wetlands in treating maricultural wastewater
Authors: Zhang Tingfeng , Liu Chaoxiang , Wei Lili , Tian Shaohua , Li Jie , Ndayambaje Patrick , Huang Xu , Liu Lin , Ndagijimana Pamphile 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in the tidal and non-tidal constructed wetlands with typical mangrove (Aegiceras corniculatum) as a wetland plant model to treat simulated marine wastewater. The results showed that the average removals of NO2−-N, NO3−-N, NH4+-N, TN and TP were 88.4, 80.5, 81.4, 79.7 and 40.8%, respectively, in the non-tidal subsurface flow (HF) mangrove wetland, and 65.3, 61.3, 90.6, 60.1 and 19.2% in the tidal (TF) mangrove wetland, and 11.4, 64.6, 68.7, 56.6 and 16.3% in the non-tidal free water surface (FWS) mangrove wetland, respectively. Moreover, it was observed that the composition of microbial communities in the HF mangrove wetland was beneficial to the nitrogen cycle and has more quantitative associations of N-metabolism genes. The results indicated that non-tidal HF mangrove wetland has a stable and an effective capacity for potential treatment of marine wastewater compared with the non-tidal FWS mangrove wetland and tidal TF mangrove wetland.
Current Overview on the Potency of Natural Products for Modulating
Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells Dependent Cold Tumors
Authors: Malla RamaRao , Pappu Lalitha , Amajala Krishna Chaitanya , Kamal Mohammad Amjad 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
Ample data pertaining to the use of MDSCs have been documented. However,
the potency of natural products in targeting MDSCs in the light of the tumor immune microenvironment
(TME) has not been discussed vividly. The current review is an amalgamation
of the documented literature pertaining to the effectiveness of various natural
products supported by in silico experimental data. The combination of bioinformatics to
wet bench experimentation with natural products against cancer specifically targeting
MDSCs can be a promising approach to mitigate cancer.
Efficacy of Flavonoids in Combating Fluconazole Resistant Oral Candidiasis
Authors: Srivastava Dipti , Yadav Aarti , Naqvi Salma , Awasthi Himani , Fatima Zeeshan 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Candida is an opportunistic fungus often present in the oral mucosa. In the compromised
immune system, it may become pathogenic and cause oral candidiasis. This infection is more common
with Candida albicans; though, non-albicans Candida spp also have significant relevance. Current treatment
guidelines include polyenes, azoles and echinocandins, where fluconazole is the primary therapeutic option.
However, both inherited and acquired resistance to fluconazole is exhaustively reported. The development of
resistance has resulted in the worsening of the original and re-emergence of new fungal diseases. Thus, the development
of an anti-candidiasis therapy with a satisfactory outcome is the urgent need of the hour.

Objective:
This review article aims to stimulate research in establishing the synergistic efficacy of various flavonoids
with fluconazole to combat the resistance and develop an effective pharmacotherapy for the treatment
of oral candidiasis. Further, in this article, we discuss in detail the mechanisms of action of fluconazole, along
with the molecular basis of the development of resistance in Candida species.

Method:
PubMed and other databases were used for literature search.

Results:
The designing of natural drugs from the plant-derived phytochemicals are the promising alternatives in
modern medicine. The challenge today is the development of alternative anti-oral candidiasis drugs with increased
efficacy, bioavailability and better outcome which can combat azole resistance. Identifying the flavonoids
with potential antifungal action at low concentrations seems to meet the challenges.

Conclusion:
Phyto-active constituents, either alone or in combination with conventional antibiotics may be an
effective approach to deal with global antimicrobial resistance. The efficacy of herbal therapy for decades suggests
that bacteria, fungi, and viruses may have a reduced ability to adapt and resistance to these natural antimicrobial
regimes.
Comprehensive Analysis and Validation of Competing Endogenous RNA
Network and Tumor-infiltrating Immune Cells in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhu Hui , Liu Yang , Wu Qiuhong , Li Ji , Jia Wenxiao , Zhai Xiaoyang , Yu Jinming 
Published: March 2022

Objective:
The potential pathogenesis of LUAD remains largely unknown. In the present
study, we evaluated the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network and tumorinfiltrating
immune cells in LUAD.

Methods:
We obtained the RNA profiles and corresponding clinical information of LUAD patients
from the TCGA data portal, and identified differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs),
lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), and miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) between LUAD samples and normal controls
to build a ceRNA network. Additionally, the CIBERSORT algorithm was employed to analyze the
patterns of immune cell infiltration. Then, two survival-predicting models were constructed based
on the ceRNA network and tumor-infiltrating immune cells, which were validated by an independent
GEO dataset GSE50081. Moreover, the correlation between prognosis-related ceRNAs and
immune cells was also evaluated.

Results:
In total, 484 LUAD samples and 59 normal controls were included in this study, and 15
DEmiRNAs, 94 DEmRNAs, and 7 DElncRNAs were integrated to construct the ceRNA network
of LUAD. Meanwhile, differentially expressed tumor-infiltrating immune cells were also identified,
and the expressions of monocytes and regulatory T cells were related to the overall survival
(OS) of LUAD patients. Moreover, the prognostic prediction model based on ceRNA network or
tumor-infiltrating immune cells exhibited significant power in predicting the survival of LUAD patients.
Furthermore, co-expression analysis revealed that some prognosis-related ceRNAs, such as
CCT6A, E2F7, SLC16A1, and SNHG3, were positively or negatively correlated with several tumorinfiltrating
immune cells, such as monocytes and M1 macrophages.

Conclusions:
This study improves our understanding of the pathogenesis of LUAD and is helpful in
exploring the potential therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers for LUAD.
miR-199b-5p-AKAP1-DRP1 Pathway Plays a Key Role in ox-LDL-induced
Mitochondrial Fission and Endothelial Apoptosis
Authors: Li Yongjun , Cui Xiaolei , Tian Yingping , Zhao Yapei , Gao Hengbo , Yao Dongqi , Liu Liang 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Atherosclerosis (AS) remains prevalent despite hyperlipidemia-lowering
therapies. Although multiple functions of miR-199b-5p have been implicated in cancers, its role in
endothelial apoptosis and AS remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the role of miR-199b-5p
in mitochondrial dynamics and endothelial apoptosis.

Methods:
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with oxidized low-density
lipoprotein (ox-LDL) were subjected to other treatments, followed by a series analysis. We found
that ox-LDL-treated HUVECs were associated with miR-199b-5p downregulation, increased reactive
oxygen species level, reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, mitochondrial fission,
and apoptosis, whereas enhanced miR-199b-5p expression or applied mitochondrial division inhibitor
1 (Mdivi-1) markedly reversed these changes.

Results:
Mechanistically, A-kinase anchoring protein 1 (AKAP1) was confirmed as a downstream
target of miR-199b-5p by dual-luciferase activity reporter assay. AKAP1 overexpression reversed
the anti-apoptotic effects of miR-199b-5p through the enhanced interaction of AKAP1 and dynamin
protein 1 (DRP1) in ox-LDL–treated HUVECs. Moreover, miR-199b-5p downregulation, AKAP1
upregulation, and excessive mitochondrial fission were verified in human coronary AS endothelial
tissues.

Conclusion:
The miR-199b-5p-dependent regulation of AKAP1/DRP1 is required to inhibit hyperlipidemia-
induced mitochondrial fission and endothelial injury and may be a promising therapeutic
target for AS.
Evaluating Potentials of Species Rich Taxonomic Groups in Cosmetics
and Dermatology: Clustering and Dispersion of Skin Efficacy of
Asteraceae and Ranunculales Plants on the Species Phylogenetic Tree
Authors: Hao Da-Cheng , Xiao Pei-Gen , Lyu Huai-Yu , Wang Fan 
Published: March 2022

Background:
The medicinal properties of plants can be predicted by virtue of phylogenetic
methods, which nevertheless have not been utilized to explore the regularity of skin-related
bioactivities of ethnomedicinal plants. We aim to investigate the distribution of skin efficacy of Asteraceae
and Ranunculales plants on the species-level Tree of Life.

Methods:
The clinical efficacy data of 551 ethnomedicinal species belonging to Ranunculales, as
well as 579 ethnomedicinal species of Asteraceae, were systematically collected and collated; these
therapeutic data fell into 15 categories, including skin disease/cosmeceutical. The large phylogenetic
tree of all China angiosperm species was used to detect the phylogenetic signals of ethnomedicinal
plants by calculating the D statistic, phylogenetic diversity (PD), net relatedness index (NRI), and
nearest taxon index (NTI). Of all Chinese ethnomedicinal plants of Ranunculales and Asteraceae,
339 (61.5% of all ethnomedicinal species) and 382 (66.0% of all) are used for skin problems. In
Ranunculales, a clustered structure was suggested by the NRI value for skin uses. In Asteraceae, the
skin utility was not clustered; Artemisia, Aster, Cremanthodium, Ligularia, and Saussurea are the
most used Asteraceae genera for skin issues.

Results:
The clustering structure was identified in Artemisia, and the skin efficacy in other genera
was of overdispersion (NRI < 0). NTI values and D statistics largely agree with NRI. When compared
with PD values of different therapeutic categories, the PD value of the skin category was relatively
high in Cremanthodium, Ranunculales, Asteraceae, and Artemisia, suggesting the enormous
efficacy space in the new taxa of these taxonomic groups.

Conclusion:
By resolving the distribution of therapeutic effects of Ranunculales/Asteraceae taxa, the
importance of phylogenetic methods in mining botanical resources with skin utilities is validated.