bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel variants of the sternal muscle in an adult and an anencephalic infant: embryological insights and clinical implications
Authors: Farfán Emilio , Inzunza Oscar , Echeverria Mark , Insotroza Verónica , Gaete Marcia 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose: The sternal muscle is a supernumerary variant of the thoracic muscles found in 3-8% of the population. When present, it can be unilateral or bilateral, which can produce confusions during surgeries and imagenological examinations. Here we report the finding of the sternal muscle in two human cadavers, one adult and one anencephalic infant.Methods: The sternal muscles were dissected from the fixed human bodies and their morphometry analysed.Results: In the case of the adult, we observed two sternal muscles connected in the superior portion by a central tendon. In the case of the anencephalic infant, we found a bilateral sternal muscle, in which the bellies came from the contralateral pectoralis major muscles. The two sternal muscle variants found here were impossible to categorise according to the current classifications.Conclusions: The sternal muscle displays variants that are still not classified, as observed in the case of the adult and the infant, in which its presence was correlated with anencephaly. We discuss about this muscular variation in the clinical, imagenological and surgical context and propose a developmental link with the occurrence of neural tube closure defects.
Influence of Social networking sites on social capital formation among Emerging adults of Idukki, Kerala
Authors: Thomas Athulya , Kannan Srinivasan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background: Social networking sites (SNS) enhance human relationships and decrease space by promoting computer-mediated communication. Emerging adults who interact in the virtual world have a definite role in physical, emotional, social and cognitive development. The paper aims to study the use of SNS and its influence on social capital formation among emerging adults. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted among 455 emerging adults study undergraduate courses in Idukki district following cluster sampling method. The self-reported questionnaire, contained a pattern of SNS usage, self-esteem (Rosenberg scale) and social capital (ISCC). Correlation and Linear regression analyses were performed. Results: Under graduation students studied Arts and Science (56%), Medicine (14%) and Engineering (30%). About 92% were dependent on their parents, 76% accessed SNS. Among them 57% accessed through smartphones. Students spent 60 minutes on SNS a day. More time was spent by Male students (43%) compared to females. Total friends in SNS, close friends and online-only friends were the predictors for Bonding Capital and online-only friends and close friends were predictors for bridging capital of social capital. Conclusions: Three-fourth of emerging adults accessed SNS. Half accessed through smartphones. SNS has contributed positively to social capital formation.
Synthesis and CNS Activity of Phenytoin Derivatives
Authors: Chauhan Rahul , Verma Shweta , Shrivasatava Alankar 
Published: May 2022

Background:
The derivatives of Phenytoin conjugated with various anilines were synthesized.
The synthesized derivatives were evaluated for different physicochemical parameters along with
Log P values using different software programs to discover their ability to cross the blood brain barrier.
The pharmacological activities such as antianxiety, skeletal muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant
were evaluated by using different models.

Objective:
The new Phenytoin derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for different properties to
predict CNS activity. The drugs synthesized by chloroacetylation and then different aniline were added
to it. The compounds were evaluated for their different CNS activity by using different methods.

Method:
The compounds were synthesized by firstly chloroacetylating the phenytoin and then different
substituted anilines were added to it. The compounds were evaluated for antianxiety activity, muscle
relaxant activity and anticonvulsant activity by using different models.

Result:
The number of derivatives of Phenytoin was synthesized and various physicochemical parameters
were optimized which revealed that the compound containing chloro groups such as C2 and
C5 exhibited significant potential when compared with the standard drug Diazepam.

Conclusion:
It was portrayed that the synthesis, computational studies and evaluation of anticonvulsant,
antianxiety and skeletal muscle relaxant activity of new Phenytoin derivatives were carried out.
The compounds were productively synthesized and portrayed by molecular docking studies. The compounds
also exhibit mild to moderate similarity with respect to standard drug. The synthesized drugs
have the potential to be optimized further to engender new scaffolds to treat various CNS disorders.
Continuous Control of Microbiological Contamination of Juice in a Sugar
Extractor
Authors: Iciek Jan , Ludwicki Marek , Błaszczyk Ilona 
Published: May 2022

Abstract::
The paper discusses the causes and needs of controlling the level of microbiological
contamination of juice in a vertical extractor and the methods to control the level of contamination.
The requirements and possibilities for controlling the microbiological contamination level
of juice extracted from the vertical extractor are described using redox potential value measurement.
Aerating the extractor in a controlled manner, regulating the pH level of the juice, and implementing
one of the presented proposals on how to record the measurement results will automatically
regulate microbiological contamination levels of the juice in the tower extractor.
Proses metakognisi mahasiswa calon guru matematika dalam memecahkan masalah piramida hitung
Authors: Prihatnani Erlina , Supriyadi Daniel 
Published: May 2022

Metakognisi merupakan salah satu faktor penentu keberhasilan seseorang dalam memecahkan masalah. Penelitian kualitatif ini bertujuan untuk men­deskripsikan proses metakognisi mahasiswa calon guru matematika dalam menyelesaikan soal Piramida Hitung (Pitung) yang merupakan permasalahan non rutin terkait operasi bilangan bulat. Subyek penelitian adalah tiga maha­siswa Pendidikan Matematika Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga angkatan 2019. Kriteria pemilihan subyek yaitu: mahasiswa yang berhasil memecahkan tiga tantangan dalam Pitung (tepat dua operasi hitung, tepat tiga operasi hitung, dan tepat empat operasi hitung), komunikatif, dan bersedia menjadi subyek. Data dikumpulkan melalui tes tertulis, think aloud, dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses metacognitive awareness (menyadari pengetahuan dan pengalaman terdahulu, menyadari pola strategi yang dibuat, dan menggunakan informasi pada soal untuk penyelesaian masalah), metacognitive regulation (membuat perencanaan, merevisi langkah penyelesaian, memikirkan dan menemukan jawaban lain), dan metacognitive evaluation (menilai kapasitas berpikir, menilai hasil pekerjaan, dan menilai pemahaman diri sendiri) terjadi saat proses pemecahan masalah dengan bentuk beragam untuk setiap subjeknya. Selain itu, metakognisi juga membantu subyek dalam membuat strategi penyelesaian menjadi lebih efektif. The process of metacognition of prospective mathematics teachers in solving number pyramid problemsAbstractMetacognition was one of the determining factors for a person’s success in problem-solving. This qualitative research aimed to describe prospective tea­chers’ metacognition process in solving the Number Pyramid or Piramida Hi­tung (Pitung) problem, non-routine problems related to integer operations. The subjects were three mathematics education students of Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga, Indonesia. The criteria for selecting subjects, namely: students were succeeded in solving three challenges in the Pitung (exactly two-number operations, three-number operations, and four-number operations), communicative, and willing to be the subject. Data were collected using the written test, think aloud, and interviews. The results showed that process of metacognitive awareness (be aware of previous knowledge and experience, be aware of the pattern of strategies created, and use the information in problems for problem-solving); metacognitive regulation (made plans, revised comple­tion steps, think about, and found others answers); and metacognitive eva­luation (assessed thinking capacity, assessed work results, and assessed self-understanding) occurred during the problem-solving process in various forms for each subject. Also, metacognitive helped the subjects in making the comple­tion strategy more effective.
UNSUR-UNSUR TANGGUNG JAWAB KOMANDO DI DALAM HUKUM PIDANA INTERNASIONAL (STUDI PUTUSAN THE PROSECUTOR V. JEAN-PIERRE BEMBA GOMBO/ICC-01/05-01/08)
Authors: Kaban Gheanina Prisilia 
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini membahas salah satu prinsip Hukum Pidana Internasional yang mengatur unsur-unsur yang harus dipenuhi dalam hal pertanggungjawaban seorang komandan (atasan) kepada pasukan (bawahannya) dalam lingkungan militer. Dalam menganalisis unsur-unsur tersebut, Penulis menggunakan studi putusan: The Prosecutor V. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo/ICC-01/05-01/08 tentang Unsur-Unsur Tanggung jawab Komando dengan tolak ukur yaitu Artikel 28 Statuta Roma 1998 tentang Tanggung jawab Komando terhadap Bemba yang merupakan seorang Komandan dari Pasukan Armée de Libération du Congo (ALC) dan Presiden dari partai politik Mouvement de Libération du Congo (MLC). Penelitian ini mengambil kesimpulan bahwa Bemba yang telah memenuhi unsur-unsur tersebut dan ia memiliki tanggung jawab terhadap pelanggaran-pelanggaran yang dilakukan pasukannya di Republik Afrika Tengah.
This research discusses a principle of international criminal law that regulates the compulsory requirements for a commander to be responsible for crimes committed by his subordinates in the military field. A case approach is used in the analysis, taking the case of The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo/ICC-01/05-01/08 to highlight the elements of Command Responsibility. In that case, Bemba was the Commander-in-Chief of Armée de Libération du Congo (ALC) and also the President of a political party named Mouvement de Libération du Congo (MLC). This research concludes that Bemba has fulfilled the requirement and is responsible for crimes committed by his subordinates in the Central African Republic.
IMPLIKASI PENGGUNAAN INTERNET DALAM CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS
Authors: Marpaung Chikita Edrini , Hutajulu Marihot Janpieter 
Published: May 2022

Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) merupakan realisasi dari cita-cita berbagai negara yang menginginkan terbentuknya suatu unifikasi hukum kontrak dagang internasional sebagai bentuk perlindungan hukum bagi tiap negara yang melakukan perjanjian. Namun, dalam perkembangannya CISG juga membutuhkan aturan-aturan pelengkap dan tambahan untuk dapat mengikuti sistem informasi dan komunikasi yang semakin maju. Salah satu isu hukumnya ialah terkait dengan penggunaan internet dalam offer and acceptance yang dilakukan guna tercapainya suatu kesepakatan perjanjian. Dalam Pasal yang dimuat oleh CISG, diatur pula mengenai klausula “instantaneous communication” yang Penulis kaitkan terhadap penggunaan internet dan aplikasi komunikasi elektronik lainnya yang memungkinkan dalam melakukan offer and acceptance. Mengingat fakta bahwa sebelumnya, dalam praktik yang digunakan ialah telegram sebagai alat komunikasi dan kesepakatan yang terjadi. Namun penggunaan alat elektronik juga memiliki implikasi yang berbeda terhadap kegiatan offer and acceptance yang dilakukan.
Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) is a realization of the ideas of many countries that are willing to make a legal unification of international business contracts as legal protection for the contracts which they have made. However, the practical development of CISG also needs some complementary and additional rules to anticipate the development of communication and information systems. One of the legal issues is related to the use of the internet in the offer and acceptance process which is performed to reach a consensus among the contracting parties. The CISG Provision regulates the “instantaneous communication” Clausule which will be related to the use of the internet and electronic communication application in order to perform offer and acceptance. The research sees a previous fact that telegram is used as a communication tool to reach consensus in a contract. Nevertheless, the use of electronic media has different implications for the offer and acceptance process.
KARAKTERISTIK BADAN HUKUM RUMAH SAKIT SWASTA DI INDONESIA
Authors: Paulina Nadya Septia , Prananingrum Dyah Hapsari 
Published: May 2022

Seiring dengan perkembangan jaman, Rumah Sakit tidak hanya dapat dikelola oleh suatu yayasan yang hanya bertujuan sosial namun dikelola oleh suatu perusahaan yang berbentuk Perseroan Terbatas dalam menjalankan kegiatan perumahsakitan. Berdasarkan Pasal 7 ayat (4) Undang-Undang Nomor 44 Tahun 2009 tentang Rumah Sakit bahwa Rumah Sakit dapat dikelola oleh suatu badan hukum yang kegiatan usahanya hanya bergerak di bidang perumahsakitan. Rumah Sakit dapat didirikan oleh Pemerintah, Pemerintah Daerah, atau swasta. Pendirian oleh swasta dapat berbentuk yayasan atau Perseroan Terbatas dalam mengelola Rumah Sakit. Penyelenggaraan Rumah Sakit yang dikelola yayasan berbeda dengan Perseroan Terbatas. Perbedaan tersebut dapat dilihat dari filosofi yayasan yang kegiatan usahanya mengedepankan charity dalam memberikan pelayanan kesehatan kepada masyarakat. Dalam Perseroan Terbatas keuntungan suatu perusahaan menjadi tujuan utama dalam pelayanan kesehatan. Artikel ini hendak menguraikan karekteristik badan hukum rumah sakit swasta di Indonesia.
Along with the changing times, hospitals can not only be managed by a foundation that only has a social purpose but is managed by a company in the form of a limited liability company in carrying out hospital activities. Based on Article 7 paragraph (4) of Law Number 44 the Year 2009 concerning Hospitals that a Hospital can be managed by a legal entity whose business activities are only engaged in the field of hospitals. Hospitals can be established by the Government, Local Government, or the private sector. Establishment by the private sector can be in the form of a foundation or limited company in managing hospitals. The organization of hospitals managed by the Foundation is different from limited companies. This difference can be seen from the philosophy of the Foundation whose business activities prioritize charity in providing health services to the community. In a Limited Liability Company, the profit of a company becomes the main goal in health services. This article intends to describe the characteristics of legal entities in private hospitals in Indonesia.
MUATAN KEPENTINGAN ORANG ASLI PAPUA DALAM PERATURAN DAERAH DI PROVINSI PAPUA DAN PAPUA BARAT
Authors: Saiba Hengki 
Published: May 2022

Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2001 yang telah dirubah dengan UU Nomor 35 Tahun 2008 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2008 tentang Perubahan Atas UU Nomor 21 Tahun 2001 tentang Otonomi Khusus Bagi Provinsi Papua Menjadi Undang-Undang menempatkan orang asli Papua dan penduduk Papua pada umumnya sebagai subjek utama. Penjabaran dan pelaksanaan UU ini seharusnya juga dilakukan secara proporsional sesuai dengan jiwa dan semangat berbangsa dan bernegara yang hidup dalam nilai-nilai luhur masyarakat Papua, yang diatur dalam Peraturan Daerah Khusus dan Peraturan Daerah Provinsi. UU Nomor 21 tahun 2001 menyebutkan orang asli Papua adalah orang yang berasal dari rumpun ras Melanesia yang terdiri dari suku-suku asli di Provinsi Papua dan/atau orang yang diterima dan diakui sebagai orang asli Papua oleh masyarakat adat Papua. Hal-hal mendasar yang menjadi parameter kepentingan asli Orang Papua termaktub dalam Penjelasan UU Nomor 21 tahun 2001.
Law Number 21 Year 2001 which has been amended by Law Number 35 Year 2008 Concerning Establishment of Government Regulations Substitute Law Number 1 Year 2008 Regarding Amendments to Law Number 21 Year 2001 Concerning Special Autonomy For Papua Province Becoming Laws places indigenous Papuans and Papuans at generally as the main subject. The elaboration and implementation of this Law in Provinces and Regencies/Cities should also be carried out proportionally in accordance with the spirit and spirit of the nation and state that live in the noble values ​​of the people of Papua, which are regulated in Special Regional Regulations and Provincial Regulations. Law Number 21 of 2001 concerning Special Autonomy for the Province of Papua states that the Orang Asli Papua are people who come from the Melanesian race which consists of indigenous tribes in the Papua Province and/or people who are accepted and recognized as indigenous Papuans by the Papuan indigenous people. The basic things that become parameters of the original interests of the Papuan people are contained in the Explanation of Law Number 21 of 2001 concerning the Special Autonomy of Papua and the human rights constitution.
KEBIJAKAN LEGISLATIF TERBUKA DALAM KETENTUAN AMBANG BATAS PENCALONAN PRESIDEN (STUDI TERHADAP PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI NOMOR 59/PUU-XV/2017)
Authors: Vanesa  Hariyanto Ruth Christa 
Published: May 2022

Tulisan ini akan membahas mengenai ketentuan syarat ambang batas pencalonan presiden dan wakil presiden yang terdapat dalam Pasal 222 UU Pemilu. Terkait dengan isu tersebut, Penulis berpendapat bahwa syarat ambang batas tersebut adalah sebagai perwujudan dari Kebijakan Legislatif Terbuka sebagaimana tertulis dalam Putusan MK No. 59/PUU-XV/2017. Dari Putusan tersebut, yang menjadi perhatian Penulis adalah dalil Pemohon dalam penolakan Pasal 222 UU Pemilu dengan menggunakan argumentasi HAM. Penulis berpendapat bahwa Pasal 222 UU Pemilu tersebut tidaklah terkait dengan masalah pelanggaran HAM sebagaimana dimaksud oleh Pemohon. Untuk menjawab isu tersebut, pada tulisan ini Penulis berpendapat bahwa syarat ambang batas yang terwujud dalam Pasal 222 UU Pemilu adalah wujud dari Kebijakan Legislatif Terbuka yang secara langsung dan tegas telah didelegasikan oleh konstitusi. Tujuan dari Penulisan ini adalah menganalisis karakteristik Kebijakan Legislatif Terbuka dalam ketentuan Pasal 222 UU Pemilu dan menganalisis ketidaksesuaian penggunaan argumentasi HAM dalam penolakan Pasal 222 UU Pemilu.
This research discusses the threshold requirement in the presidential candidacy that is regulated in Article 222 of the Election Law. The Author argues that a threshold requirement is a form of Open Legal Policy as confirmed by the Constitutional Court Decision No. 59/PUU-XV/2017. As elaborated in the Decision, the Applicants argued that they denied Article 222 by using human rights reasoning. On the contrary, the Author argued that Article 222 did not relate to human rights violence as argued by the Applicants. This research highlights the reasoning on the basis of Open Legal Policy which is delegated from the Constitution of Indonesia. This research will analyze the characters of Open Legal Policy in Article 222 of the Election Law and it will prove the incompatibility of human rights arguments in denying Article 222 of the Election Law.
DISKRIMINASI DALAM PEMBERIAN FORMULIR PENERBANGAN ORANG SAKIT YANG MENGANDUNG KLAUSULA BAKU BAGI PENYANDANG DISABILITAS
Authors: Ranika Ketria 
Published: May 2022

Fenomena pemberian formulir orang sakit yang diberikan oleh maskapai Lion Air terhadap penyandang disabilitas merupakan tindakan diskriminasi yang menarik untuk dicermati. Perlu diketahui asas non-diskriminasi memberikan perlindungan kepada setiap orang untuk bebas dari perlakuan diskriminatif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis kedudukan penyandang disabilitas dengan orang sakit, serta perlindungan hukum bagi penyandang disabilitas di bidang penerbangan dan diskriminasi dalam klausula formulir orang sakit yang diberikan pada penyandang disabilitas. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan, yaitu penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status antara penyandang disabilitas dan orang sakit merupakan hal yang berbeda dan tidak dapat diperlakukan secara sama. Penyamaan penyandang disabilitas dan orang sakit, melalui pemberian formulir orang sakit terhadap penyandang disabilitas, merupakan diskriminasi terhadap penyandang disabilitas karena orang sakit memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda dengan penyandang disabilitas, sehingga hal ini dapat menciderai hak dari penyandang disabilitas.
The use of forms of sick people to persons with disabilities by Lion Air is an interesting act of discrimination to be observed. It should be known that the principle of non-discrimination gives protection for everyone to be free from discriminatory treatment. The purpose of this study is to analyse the position of persons with disabilities with sick people, as well as legal protection for persons with disabilities in the field of aviation and discrimination due to sick people's form that given to persons with disabilities. The type of research used is normative legal research. The results showed that status between people with disabilities and sick people was different. The equalization of persons with disabilities and sick people through the provision of forms of sick persons with disabilities constitutes discrimination against persons with disabilities, so it could violate the rights of persons with disabilities.
RESTORASI MATERI PENGAJARAN HUKUM ADAT
Authors: Dwiyatmi Sri Harini , Fobia R.E.S 
Published: May 2022

Mata kuliah Hukum Adat tetap relevan namun secara substansi seyogyanya dilakukan restorasi secara garis besar. Cara melakukan restorasi adalah dengan memberi makna atas materi Hukum Adat secara tidak keliru melalui materi yang relevan dengan situasi kini. Restorasi ini harus dilakukan dengan bertumpu pada hal-hal ini. Pertama pemahaman atas persekutuan hidup teritori, kedua Hukum Adat sebagai instrumen pembentukan hukum di persekutuan hidup teritori, ketiga Hukum Adat sebagai hukum positif, keempat relevansi Hukum Adat dengan mata kuliah lain dan pemahaman Hukum Adat serta masyarakat adat dalam berbagai peraturan perundangan. Dengan adanya restorasi ini maka Hukum Adat dapat menyesuaikan dengan kondisi kekinian tanpa meninggalkan nilai-nilainya yang masih relevan.
Even though the customary law subject still remains relevant, it is necessary to restore the main substances. Restoration can be done by giving proper meaning to customary law subject through material that is relevant to current issues. This restoration shall be done by relying on four things: first, an understanding to territorial life alliance; second, customary law as an instrument of law creation in territorial life alliance; third, customary law as positive law; fourth, the relevance of customary law and other subjects and also a well understanding of customary law and indigenous people that are regulated in laws. It is believed that customary law may adjust to nowadays situation without leaving its relevant values.
PENGESAMPINGAN PASAL 1266 DAN PASAL 1267 KUHPERDATA DALAM PERJANJIAN KARTU KREDIT
Authors: Herryiani Meila Fatma , Hutajulu Marihot Janpieter 
Published: May 2022

Tulisan ini membahas tentang klausula dalam perjanjian baku pembuatan kartu kredit yang mengesampingkan Pasal 1266 dan 1267 KUHPerdata. Mengandung makna dalam hal terjadinya wanprestasi atau tidak terpenuhinya isi perjanjian oleh salah satu pihak, maka pembatalan suatu perjanjian tidak perlu melalui proses permohonan batal ke pengadilan melainkan dapat hanya berdasarkan kesepakatan para pihak itu sendiri. Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah diperbolehkan mengesampingkan Pasal 1266 dan Pasal 1267 KUHPerdata dalam perjanjian kartu kredit. Penulis berpendapat bahwa Pasal tersebut tidak boleh diperkecualikan. Pengecualian akan berakibat pada berkurangnya perlindungan bagi pengguna kartu kredit. Asas keadilan perlu dijunjung tinggi dalam kaitannya dengan perjanjian sehingga diharapkan terjadi keseimbangan posisi antara pihak debitur dan kreditur sebagai penerbit kartu kredit.