bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mobility
Authors: Alamgir Alena 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the system of mobility that linked Eastern Europe to the Far East and Africa from the early 1950s through the late 1980s. It focuses on the university students from the newly decolonized countries, and later labour migrants (mainly from Cuba, Vietnam and Mozambique). It argues that—unlike liberal capitalist models that valorize individual migration—socialist states viewed mobility as a tool for economic and political state-building. Mobility was not conceived as an end in itself, but as a means of development, one in which the development of individuals (migrating and otherwise) was embedded in, and dependent on, the development of the state. It took a collective (not an individual) form, and was institutionally brokered. While most mobility occurred between the state-socialist ‘core’ and ‘periphery’, there were also several remarkable examples of mobilities entirely independent of the European core. Notably, while state-socialist countries put a premium on cultivating a continued sense of national belonging among the migrants, the encounters these migrations gave rise to also engendered a certain socialist transnationalism, or what Hüwelmeier called ‘socialist cosmopolitanism’. The forms and meaning of the migrations, however, changed over time. In the 1960s and 1970s, Eastern European elites saw their support for mobility from the decolonizing world as an embodiment of the region’s new global role and as part of their responsibility to encourage economic uplift elsewhere. By the 1980s, however, migrants became increasingly seen as economic units useful for the development of Eastern Europe within a global economy.
Home Front
Authors: Apor Péter , Mark James 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
After 1989, as ‘Third Worldism’ rapidly withered, anti-colonial solidarity began to be characterized as cynical propaganda or a set of practices imposed from above that had elicited only grudging, ritualized responses from unimpressed populations. This chapter argues against this restrictive history. Most in Eastern Europe did not experience an anti-colonial world through physical encounter. Rather, it was mediated through many forms of socialist-era culture, ranging from travel writing to television to folk and pop culture fascination with Third World revolutionary heroes. Such culture was certainly exploited to legitimize socialist regimes: this was particularly important given the disillusionment with Stalinism. However, its appeal went well beyond the machinations of the state, precisely because it drew on longer-term traditions of anti-colonial feeling and organization that had long extended far beyond any Communist movement. It was partly for this reason that anti-colonial solidarity could be politically disruptive: it provided exemplars and languages of critique that could be turned against domestic authoritarianism, the seeming abandonment of revolution by consumerist Eastern European regimes, or indeed against the ‘imperialism’ of the Soviet Union itself. Lastly, this chapter traces the emptying out of cultures of solidarity with the decline of mass politics and the distancing of Eastern European societies from the Third World. Although dissident movements drew on analogies with slavery or apartheid to make sense of their own oppression, this was no longer informed by an internationalist solidarity culture, which was less and less capable of generating grass-roots activism.
Herbart’s Psychology
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter is an examination of Herbart’s psychology, especially his attempt to make psychology a science. To make psychology a science meant for Herbart the application of the method of mathematics to the mental realm. What exactly the application of mathematics meant to psychology is considered closely. This chapter also considers Herbart’s critique of faculty psychology and his dispute with Friedrich Beneke about the role of metaphysics in psychology.
Villages and Parishes
Authors: Larson Peter L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Presents the case study used for this book. This study of social and economic development examines three neighbouring villages in the bishopric of Durham: Bishop Middleham, Cornforth, and Sedgefield, and with several smaller settlements and farms were two ecclesiastical parishes. In the part of County Durham most resembling southern England, with nucleated settlements and manorialized open fields, and close to several towns, they provide a counterpoint to the development of mining villages such as Whickham in the northern part of the county. Their growth offers a contrast to depictions of northern England as poor and different from southern England. Each village evolved slightly differently, demonstrating the complexity of rural development and its dependence not only on local contexts and institutions but also on individuals.
Life, Marriage, Death, and the Household
Authors: Larson Peter L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Presents estimates of village and parish populations from the early fourteenth to the later seventeenth centuries. Durham likely was underpopulated before the Black Death and its population remained low into the fifteenth century. In the bishopric of Durham, marriage to a widow was common, but otherwise household size resembled other villages in England. Local landholding practices, including the right of widows to hold land even if they remarried, encouraged mobility. In the late fifteenth to mid-sixteenth century, population began to rise quickly, and as landholding became more concentrated, the number of landless people quickly increased. By the seventeenth century, family and household size had increased and the region exhibited the characteristics of the north-western European Marriage Pattern.
The Foundation of the Agrarian Economy
Authors: Larson Peter L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The elements necessary for early modern agriculture existed earlier in Durham than in southern England. Tenure by copyhold existed soon after the Black Death if not earlier; serfdom was weak and quickly all but disappeared from the bishopric of Durham estate. Leasehold for customary tenures emerged soon after, providing two forms of secure tenure. Customary tenures on the bishopric estate remained intact and the land market was light. Ambitious tenants soon created holdings of 45–60 acres. For many tenants this was a preferred size of holding: small enough to be a family farm, large enough to provide more options for cultivation. There was insufficient demand and incentive to amass larger holdings before the sixteenth century, however. Overall, the tenurial and seigneurial practices allowed yeomen to emerge earlier than elsewhere.
Parliament, Chancery, and the Triumph of Alimony, 1640–1660
Authors: Kesselring K.J. , Stretton Tim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 turns to the decades of civil war and revolution, examining what people seeking escape from failed marriages did when the church courts—and the Privy Council and courts of Requests, Star Chamber, and High Commission—all ceased to function. It explores the repeated, failed efforts to pass a bill to allow full divorce, as some reformers sought to complete what they saw as England’s stalled religious reformation. Instead, Members of Parliament produced an Alimony Act in 1649 that authorized Chancery to fill the vacuum created by the disappearance of the church courts, inspiring dozens of wives and husbands to sue each other. While the 1650 act that made adultery a capital offence remains notorious, the Alimony Act passed the year before seems all but forgotten.
Ten Million Reasons for Self-Determination
Authors: Kapoor Ria 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores India’s rejection of the 1971 East Pakistan refugee crisis as an extension of the unfinished project of Partition, instead placing it as a political issue of self-determination for the people of East Pakistan and the violation of their collective rights even as the UNHCR-led international community focused on apolitical humanitarianism. Despite a massive fundraising effort and coordinating international and transnational aid agencies, the UN operation ‘Focal Point’ failed to address what India saw as Pakistan pushing its ‘internal matter’ onto India, constituting a demographic and economic aggression against Indian sovereignty. In insisting that all the refugees return, India was indicating an end to the Partition project in embracing the East Pakistanis displaced across the border as refugees in line with international definitions, even as the international community saw this as an India–Pakistan matter. India’s prioritisation of a political solution was, in a way, its understanding of how the international community could intervene meaningfully in refugee crises even as secession posed a challenge to sovereignty worldwide and assistance became increasingly oriented towards material assistance.
The Power of Imperfections
Authors: Townsend Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Perfection is a fiction. In cooking we demand minute traces of herbs and spices to add flavour. All technologies are similar since only when we add impurities do the materials meet our needs. This is true for everything from making Stone Age tools to semiconductors, steel, glass optical fibres etc. In chemistry, impurities can speed up reactions (catalysis), in biology we call them enzymes. Without imperfections there would be neither evolution nor personal individuality. With understanding we have exploited imperfections to our advantage and enjoy technological benefits. When we fail to recognize our own faults, we revert to human failings of oppression, warfare, ill health and destruction of the planet. No previous science is required as the concepts are basically simple. Nevertheless, the book gives deep and useful insights into what is possible in technology. Recognizing and addressing human imperfections is far harder, but absolutely essential or we will destroy ourselves.
Gradient Acceptability and Linguistic Theory
Authors: Francis Elaine J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn Gradient Acceptability and Linguistic Theory, Elaine J. Francis examines a challenging problem at the intersection of theoretical linguistics and the psychology of language: the problem of interpreting gradient judgments of sentence acceptability in relation to theories of grammatical knowledge. This problem is important because acceptability judgments constitute the primary source of data on which such theories have been built, despite being susceptible to various extra-grammatical factors. Through a review of experimental and corpus-based research on a variety of syntactic phenomena and an in-depth examination of two case studies, Francis argues for two main positions. The first is that converging evidence from online comprehension tasks, elicited production tasks, and corpora of naturally occurring discourse can help determine the sources of variation in acceptability judgments and narrow down the range of plausible theoretical interpretations. The second is that the interpretation of judgment data depends crucially on one’s theoretical commitments and assumptions, especially with respect to the nature of the syntax–semantics interface and the choice of either a categorical or a gradient notion of grammaticality. The theoretical frameworks considered in this book include derivational theories (e.g. Minimalism, Principles and Parameters), constraint-based theories (e.g. Sign-Based Construction Grammar, Simpler Syntax), competition-based theories (e.g. Stochastic Optimality Theory, Decathlon Model), and usage-based approaches. While showing that acceptability judgment data are typically compatible with the assumptions of various theoretical frameworks, Francis argues that some gradient phenomena are best captured within frameworks that permit soft constraints—non-categorical grammatical constraints that encode the conventional preferences of language users.
The Historiographical Turn
Authors: Lim Song Hwee 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a historiographical account of the Taiwan New Cinema movement by constructing a story about Taiwan cinema’s reception in foreign lands through the notion of soft power. It asks the following questions: What makes Taiwan cinema attractive to foreigners, and what makes such receptive reception possible? It examines the various agents, institutions, and mechanisms that have facilitated this cross-cultural cinephilia as well as the actual objects (directors and films), processes (including cultural translation), and discourses involved. This historiography is not meant to be a comprehensive or chronological account of a nation’s cinema but is rather a transnational lens cast upon that cinema’s most significant new wave movement as deemed by alien agents. This chapter seeks to illustrate the ways in which and the extent to which a documentary, Flowers of Taipei: Taiwan New Cinema (2014), proffers a historiographical account of Taiwan cinema as a form of soft power that travels transnationally through the notion of authorship. It proposes a historiographical turn for Taiwan New Cinema so that it is no longer conceived as part of a national cinema or a constituent of transnational Chinese cinemas but singularly as a form of transnational cinema. As a documentation of this cinematic legacy, Flowers of Taipei is a historiography of presence that lives in the minds and bodies of viewers whose cross-cultural cinephilia has expanded into a deep respect for an island-state whose lack of hard power continues to be compensated by the global reach of its cinema as soft power.
The Aural Turn
Authors: Lim Song Hwee 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The chapter focuses on two non-Chinese-language films, Café Lumière and Flight of the Red Balloon, made by Hou Hsiao-hsien in the twenty-first century. Both commissioned by foreign institutions, the two films demonstrate the soft power of Hou’s authorship, highlight the transnational dimension of filmmaking, and upend lingua-centric models of film historiography. More importantly, this chapter argues that these films signal Hou’s aural turn, registered as much by the use of non-Sinophone languages as by a privileging of aural over visual elements, which are inextricably bound to gendered voices in the films. Both films remind us that it might be the materiality of sounds rather than images that resonates in and with us, and that ultimately moves us in our film-watching—and film-listening—experience. In fact, soft power can operate through broadcasting gendered and material voices as something to be sensed rather than to make sense of. This chapter argues that Hou’s aural turn has given voice (in both literal and metaphorical senses) to languages (including the languages of music and puppetry) whose materiality has been at odds with the ideologies of different ruling regimes over Taiwan’s long twentieth century. Divorced from language and meaning, the materiality of gendered voices in Hou’s cinema has projected a soft power so loud it makes us turn our heads to listen more closely to aurality.
The Affective Turn
Authors: Lim Song Hwee 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter aims to recast the historiography of post–World War II Taiwan cinema in affective terms and, in so doing, sets the stage for examining Taiwan filmmaking in the twenty-first century as a form of regional soft power anchored in a specific cultural imaginary known as little freshness. It argues that the imaginary of little freshness embodies an affective trait shared across the Taiwan Strait by youths whose engagement with a market of miniaturization as cultural producers and consumers is inflected by a sense of generational injustice in the face of neoliberal capitalism. This affective turn can be captured by the phenomenal box-office success of Wei Te-sheng’s Cape No. 7 in 2008, which kick-started a rescaling of the market size and reorientation of audience from the global to the domestic in contemporary Taiwan cinema. By examining the popularity of Taiwan’s little freshness cultural imaginary in China and Hong Kong, this chapter reworks the notion of soft power into a form of citizen-to-citizen connectivity that is largely free from the intervention of the state and its agents whilst rescaling the operation of soft power from an international to a regional one. It concludes that the social, cultural, and political ramifications of the generational revolt by a sizable demographic of youths, and of the citizen-to-citizen soft power evinced by this affective cinema, may well be long-term and wide-ranging for us all.
A Second Philosophy of Logic
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This essay begins with the commonsense view that the world contains many individual objects—with properties, standing in relations—a view confirmed by science, and defends it against those who claim that the scientific and commonsense perspectives conflict. These very general features of the world ratify a rudimentary logic as broadly applicable, short of the quantum realm, and developmental psychology reveals that our basic cognitive structures are equipped to detect them, presumably shaped by evolutionary pressures from the macro-world. This rudimentary logic is awkward, though, so two idealizations are added to generate classical first-order logic. Advocates of most deviant logics reject one or the other of these idealizations; their case depends on showing that the relevant idealization is damaging in a particular application and offering something better. Deviant logics intended for something other than the world (e.g., mathematical constructions, belief systems) can peacefully coexist.
Introduction
Authors: Táíwò Olúfẹ́mi O. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the broad perspective of the book on reparations, foregrounding concrete changes to our lives and institutions rather than symbolic ones. Ta-Nehisi Coates’ “The Case for Reparations” has been described as singlehandedly rekindling the age-old debate, setting off a firestorm of reactions across the political spectrum. Opposite Coates were detractors such as Coleman Hughes, who argues that reparations have no role to play in the changes that African-Americans need: “In 2008 the House of Representatives formally apologized for slavery and Jim Crow. In 2009, the Senate did the same. Black people don’t need another apology.” But what if the project for reparations was the project for “safer neighborhoods and better schools,” for a “less punitive justice system”? That is: what if building the just world was reparations? Indeed, this book will ask, what other form of reparations could even be meaningful in the context of our reality?
What’s Missing
Authors: Táíwò Olúfẹ́mi O. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4, “What’s Missing,” defends the constructive view against other common ways of thinking about and defending reparations. Harm repair arguments view reparations as a project in service of restitution or retribution, aiming to make those harmed by racial domination better off (usually in financial terms, or using other material advantages like affirmative action). Relationship repair arguments view reparations as a project in the service of reconciliatory justice, aiming to fix the relationships damaged by past injustice (between citizens, or between racially marginalized people and the governments they live under). It also argues for standards that we should use to evaluate reparation arguments, and which we should view as priorities.
Disco, the Castro, and Gay Liberation
Authors: Niebur Louis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The chapter opens with a rationale for starting with the simultaneous emergence of disco and the Stonewall uprising. San Francisco’s first important DJ and record producer, Johnny “Disco” Hedges is introduced, and his move from Ohio with his partner and his involvement in the early disco scene in the city are described. The formation of Loverde, one of the key cabaret acts in the city’s gay scene and disco’s increasing importance in gay San Francisco life are detailed. A discussion of the bars and nightclubs that opened in the mid-1970s includes a description of the city’s three primary gay neighborhoods and the rise of the Castro. The final section details the emergence of the clone and the priorities of that subculture—“the Four Ds: Disco, Drugs, Dish, Dick”—discussing the relevance of each one to the emergence of the San Francisco sound.
Sylvester’s Fantasy Comes True
Authors: Niebur Louis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a history of Fantasy Records, a Berkeley-based jazz label that, with the arrival of Harvey Fuqua, first issued San Francisco–based disco records. Sylvester, the first San Francisco disco superstar, is discussed, including his discovery of backup singers Martha Wash and Izora Rhodes (aka Two Tons o’ Fun). Fuqua signed Sylvester to Fantasy, and his first Fantasy record was released in 1977. There were immediate problems with Sylvester's “too gay” image at Fantasy. Sylvester’s 1977 release, while relatively successful, was considered old-fashioned in 1977. The album lacked three “on trend” features: electronic sounds, as exemplified by Donna Summer and Giorgio Moroder’s Eurodisco hit “I Feel Love” (1977); science fiction–influenced topics, as exemplified by Kebekelektrik and Space’s “Magic Fly” (1977); more overt gayness, demonstrated by Village People’s first album with “San Francisco (You’ve Got Me),” “Hollywood,” and “Fire Island” (1977).
New Heights
Authors: Niebur Louis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The years 1981 and 1982 were in many ways the most successful, most artistically fulfilling of San Francisco’s dance music scene. With the launch of Megatone Records, Patrick Cowley and Marty Blecman solidified their places at the center of the San Francisco sound, releasing hit after hit, relaunching Sylvester’s career, and discovering a true star in singer Paul Parker. John Hedges returned to the production field with his first roster of solo artists and discovered his own Patrick Cowley, Barry Blum. Together, Blecman and Blum made a formidable songwriting and production team. The scene’s apotheosis was probably the massive First Encounter megaparty at the new Moscone Convention Center, an event that magnified and epitomized the best (and, to some, the worst) aspects of San Francisco clone culture.
Trouble in Paradise
Authors: Niebur Louis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Michael Maletta, the megaparty pioneer, was the first person to die of an AIDS-related illness in the San Francisco dance music scene. But by the time of his death on August 4, 1982, at the age of thirty-nine, many others had been diagnosed with what was being dubbed the “gay cancer.” Within three years, HIV/AIDS would ravage the Bay’s gay community to such an extent that nothing would ever be the same. It saw the mass extermination of musicians, producers, and, indeed, the very patrons that kept the scene going. This chapter traces the responses to the emergence of HIV/AIDS in the dance music community, with clone culture serving as a scapegoat for a pathetic national response to the epidemic. It also tells the parallel story of Patrick Cowley’s final album and his hugely successful collaboration with Sylvester, “Do Ya Wanna Funk?,” before Cowley’s AIDS-related death in November 1982.