bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Water Films Shed From an Airfoil in a High-Speed Flow
Authors: Esquivias Brandon , Hickey Brendan , McDonell Vincent , Tabata Soichiro , Senoo Shigeki 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The breakup of liquid films in high-speed flows is found in many applications. These include prefilming air blast atomization found in fuel injectors and shedding of droplet off of airfoils. In this work, a test rig has been developed and applied to study the breakup of water films from the trailing edge of an NACA 0012 airfoil placed in a high-speed air flow. The results provided reflect a new detailed dataset focused on air velocities above 75 m/s. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were used to guide the development of the rig and the associated boundary and inlet conditions. In this work, air velocities up to 175 m/s were used with water films between 0.4 cm2/s and 3.6 cm2/s. The water film was introduced onto one surface through a series of 0.5 mm holes separated by 1 mm at a location 35 mm downstream of the leading edge of the vane. High speed video was used to document the sheet breakup behavior from the edge of the airfoil. Image analysis was used to identify the breakup length of ligaments formed. Laser diffraction was used 50 mm downstream of the trailing edge of the vane to determine the droplet size distribution and associated representative average diameters generated. A series of test conditions were run between 50 m/s and 175 m/s using multilevel factorial designed experiments. The results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance to generate correlations for breakup length and droplet representative diameters as a function of the conditions studied. The analysis was conducted on dimensionless versions of the variables studied to help connect the results to the physics of the situation. For example, rather than using air velocity to correlate the behavior, the Weber number (based on gas phase density and velocity) was used owing to its historical ability to describe liquid breakup processes. The results obtained are compared with other studies in the literature, and good agreement was found for the conditions at which a comparison could be made. It is observed that, for the conditions studied, liquid film thickness has little effect on the resulting droplet sizes—especially for the higher air velocity cases studied. The results also illustrate the sensitivity to choice of the characteristic length, which is generally consisted of trailing edge geometry or boundary layer thickness. In contrast, liquid film does influence the ligament breakup length, although the time to break up is less affected. Overall, the correlations developed provide engineering tools to help estimate ligament and drop size behavior for water films shed from airfoils in a high-speed flow.
Design Methodology and Concept Demonstration of Preassembled Additively Manufactured Turbomachinery Systems: Case Study of Turbocharger Based Medical Ventilators
Authors: Çelik Acar , Linsky David , Miezner Ron , Kleiman Alex , Leizeronok Boris , Palman Michael , Acarer Sercan , Cukurel Beni 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The present research focuses on analyzing the feasibility of manufacturing complex turbomachinery geometries in a pre-assembled manner through an uninterrupted additive manufacturing process, absent of internal support structures, or postprocessing. In the context of the present COVID-19 pandemic, the concept is illustrated by a three-dimensional (3D)-printable turbine-driven blower-type medical ventilator, which solely relies on availability of high-pressure oxygen supply and a conventional plastic-printer. Forming a fully pre-assembled turbomachine in its final form, the architecture consists of two concentric parts, a static casing with an embedded hydrostatic bearing surrounding a rotating monolithic shell structure that includes a radial turbine mechanically driving a centrifugal blower, which in turn supplies the oxygen enriched air to the lungs of the patient. Although the component level turbomachinery design of the described architecture relies on well-established guidelines and computational fluid dynamics methods, this approach has the capability to shift the focus of additive manufacturing methods to design for pre-assembled turbomachinery systems. Upon finalizing the topology, the geometry is manufactured from polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) plastic using a simple tabletop extrusion-based machine and its performance is evaluated in a test facility. The findings of the experimental campaign are reported in terms of flow and loading coefficients and are compared with simulation results. A good agreement is observed between the two data sets, thereby fully corroborating the applied design approach and the viability of additively manufactured pre-assembled turbomachines. Eliminating long and costly processes due to presence of numerous parts, different manufacturing methods, logistics of various subcontractors, and complex assembly procedures, the proposed concept has the potential to reduce the cost of a turbomachine to capital equipment depreciation and raw material.
Transient Nature of Flight and Its Impact on Thermal Management for All Electric Aircraft
Authors: Kasitz Joshua , Lad Aniket Ajay , Hoque Muhammad Jahidul , Miljkovic Nenad , Huitink David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
High power electronics are a key component in the electrification of aircraft. Large amounts of power need to be handled onboard to generate sufficient lift for flight. The transient nature of the aircraft's mission profile produces varied loading and environmental influences, making consistent cooling and device reliability difficult to maintain. Due to limitations in weight and performance metrics, the thermal management capability becomes a key inhibiting factor in preventing adoption of all electric aircraft. Many efforts are focused on the improvement of high-powered electronics such as the inverters, batteries, and motors, but there is a need for increased focus on the implications of each improved device on the total system with regard to thermal management. To address the many concerns for thermal management within aviation, this paper will review the prevalent factors of flight and couple them to their respective challenges to highlight the overarching effort needed to successfully integrate efficient electric propulsion devices with their protective thermal management systems. A review will be combined with a brief analytical study over inverter cooling to examine the effects of various transient parameters on the device temperature of an inverter in flight. The impact of failure in the cooling systems on the shutdown process will also be examined. Both studies are tied to the motivation for examining the impacts of new and transient challenges faced by electric power systems and help signify the importance of this focus as these systems become more present and capable within the aviation industry.
Diagnosis and Prognosis of Fatigue Damage in Adhesively Bonded Joints Using Ultrasound Non-Destructive Evaluation
Authors: Palanisamy Rajendra P. , Banerjee Portia , Haq Mahmoodul , Deng Yiming 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Increased effort for lightweighting of automotive structures results in the replacement of traditional metals with composites. Adhesive bonding is the best joining solution for composite components owing to its superior stress distribution and lightweighting. However, adhesive and adhesive-adhered interfaces are the weakest links in the structure. During fatigue crack propagation, joints do not show any significant visual changes. Thus, fatigue damage in adhesive bond lines is one of the challenging and complex failure mechanisms that requires real-time diagnostic and prognostic techniques to avoid any catastrophic failure. This paper proposes an acoustic technique for real-time fatigue damage diagnosis and prognosis. Based on experimental guided wave modal analysis, symmetric mode at 85 kHz is found to be the most sensitive mode–frequency combination for fatigue monitoring of selected lap-joint specimens. Further, a hybrid data-driven damage propagation model is used to estimate the remaining useful life in the bond line. The developed techniques were successfully implemented and validated on a single lap joint under fatigue loading. Estimated damage levels and remaining useful life are in good agreement with reference measurements. Successful validation is an indicator of the potential application of this technology in automotive industries.
Remotely Operated Vehicle Taxonomy and Emerging Methods of Inspection, Maintenance, and Repair Operations: An Overview and Outlook
Authors: Dalhatu Abdullahi Abba , Sa’ad Amir Muhammed , Cabral de Azevedo Ricardo , de Tomi Giorgio 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Remotely operated vehicle (ROV)-based inspection, maintenance, and repairs (IMR) services are costly because operations are traditionally executed by a hired subsea contractor, who then hires a specialized vessel with an entire crew from the vessel owner or the shipping company. Even though this is an established method considered relatively reliable in comparison to human divers, there is a growing need for more versatile, efficient, and economical IMR methods. Innovations that require no or less use of support vessels are mitigating this challenge. The current ROV classifications do not adapt to these innovations. Hence, the lack of a widely accepted ROV classification. Thus, this paper reviews ROV classifications and proposes a classification that poses no hindrance to innovation and conforms to modern developments. The paper then illustrates and reviews the emerging methods of conducting IMR operations by putting together in a concise, yet resourceful manner the ROV technologies and their various configurations to provide a basic meaningful understanding to the audience. This paper also provides a summary of the comparison of the methods and some of their challenges.
Robustness of reported postacute health outcomes in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review
Authors: Hirt Julian , Janiaud Perrine , Gloy Viktoria Luise , Schandelmaier Stefan , Pereira Tiago V , Contopoulos-Ioannidis Despina , Goodman Steven N , Ioannidis John , Munkholm Klaus , Hemkens Lars G 
Published: September 2022

ObjectiveTo systematically assess the robustness of reported postacute SARS-CoV-2 infection health outcomes in children.MethodsA search on PubMed and Web of Science was conducted to identify studies published up to 22 January 2022 that reported on postacute SARS-CoV-2 infection health outcomes in children (<18 years) with follow-up of ≥2 months since detection of infection or ≥1 month since recovery from acute illness. We assessed the consideration of confounding bias and causality, as well as the risk of bias.Results21 studies including 81 896 children reported up to 97 symptoms with follow-up periods of 2.0–11.5 months. Fifteen studies had no control group. The reported proportion of children with post-COVID syndrome was between 0% and 66.5% in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=16 986) and between 2.0% and 53.3% in children without SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=64 910). Only two studies made a clear causal interpretation of an association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the main outcome of ‘post-COVID syndrome’ and provided recommendations regarding prevention measures. The robustness of all 21 studies was seriously limited due to an overall critical risk of bias.ConclusionsThe robustness of reported postacute SARS-CoV-2 infection health outcomes in children is seriously limited, at least in all the published articles we could identify. None of the studies provided evidence with reasonable certainty on whether SARS-CoV-2 infection has an impact on postacute health outcomes, let alone to what extent. Children and their families urgently need much more reliable and methodologically robust evidence to address their concerns and improve care.
Risk factors for knee osteoarthritis after traumatic knee injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies for the OPTIKNEE Consensus
Authors: Whittaker Jackie L , Losciale Justin M , Juhl Carsten B , Thorlund Jonas Bloch , Lundberg Matilde , Truong Linda K , Miciak Maxi , van Meer Belle Lore , Culvenor Adam G , Crossley Kay M , Roos Ewa M , Lohmander Stefan , van Middelkoop Marienke 
Published: September 2022

ObjectiveTo identify and quantify potential risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA) following traumatic knee injury.DesignSystematic review and meta-analyses that estimated the odds of OA for individual risk factors assessed in more than four studies using random-effects models. Remaining risk factors underwent semiquantitative synthesis. The modified GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach for prognostic factors guided the assessment.Data sourcesMEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL searched from inception to 2009–2021.EligibilityRandomised controlled trials and cohort studies assessing risk factors for symptomatic or structural OA in persons with a traumatic knee injury, mean injury age ≤30 years and minimum 2-year follow-up.ResultsAcross 66 included studies, 81 unique potential risk factors were identified. High risk of bias due to attrition or confounding was present in 64% and 49% of studies, respectively. Ten risk factors for structural OA underwent meta-analysis (sex, rehabilitation for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear, ACL reconstruction (ACLR), ACLR age, ACLR body mass index, ACLR graft source, ACLR graft augmentation, ACLR+cartilage injury, ACLR+partial meniscectomy, ACLR+total medial meniscectomy). Very-low certainty evidence suggests increased odds of structural OA related to ACLR+cartilage injury (OR=2.31; 95% CI 1.35 to 3.94), ACLR+partial meniscectomy (OR=1.87; 1.45 to 2.42) and ACLR+total medial meniscectomy (OR=3.14; 2.20 to 4.48). Semiquantitative syntheses identified moderate-certainty evidence that cruciate ligament, collateral ligament, meniscal, chondral, patellar/tibiofemoral dislocation, fracture and multistructure injuries increase the odds of symptomatic OA.ConclusionModerate-certainty evidence suggests that various single and multistructure knee injuries (beyond ACL tears) increase the odds of symptomatic OA. Risk factor heterogeneity, high risk of bias, and inconsistency in risk factors and OA definition make identifying treatment targets for preventing post-traumatic knee OA challenging.
Percutaneous coronary intervention in calcified stenoses: a protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis, trial sequential analysis and network meta-analysis
Authors: Torp Kristensen Andreas , Jakobsen Janus C , Olsen Niels Thue 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionSeverely calcified coronary stenoses are difficult to treat with percutaneous coronary interventions. The presence of severe calcifications complicates lesion preparation, advancement of stents and achievement of full stent expansion. Intervention in these lesions is associated with an increased risk of complications and procedural failure compared with treatment of less calcified lesions. Due to the high burden of comorbidity, patients with severely calcified lesions are often excluded from interventional trials, and there is little evidence on how to treat these patients.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a systematic review of randomised trials enrolling patients with calcified coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. We will investigate any percutaneous treatment option including any lesion preparation, stenting or postdilatation technique. We will search The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Excerpta Medica database for studies from inception to 31 October 2022. The coprimary outcome is all-cause mortality and serious adverse events. If appropriate, we will conduct meta-analysis, trial sequential analysis and network meta-analysis.Ethics and disseminationNo ethics approval is required for this study. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal in this field.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021226034.
Membrane anchored IL-18 linked to constitutively active TLR4 and CD40 improves human T cell antitumor capacities for adoptive cell therapy
Authors: Blokon-Kogan Dayana , Levi-Mann Maya , Malka-Levy Lior , Itzhaki Orit , Besser Michal J , Shiftan Yuval , Szöőr Árpád , Vereb György , Gross Gideon , Abken Hinrich , Weinstein-Marom Hadas 
Published: September 2022

BackgroundAdoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) or blood T cells genetically redirected by an antitumor TCR or CAR induces a strong antitumor response in a proportion of patients with cancer; however, the therapeutic efficacy is often limited by rapid decline in T cell functions. Coadministering supportive cytokines frequently provokes systemic side effects preventing their broad clinical application. We recently showed that cytokines can be anchored to the cell membrane in a functional fashion and that cytokine receptor signaling can synergize with TLR4 and CD40 signaling. Here, we aimed at augmenting T cell activation by simultaneous signaling through the cytokine receptor, toll-like receptor and TNF-type receptor using IL-18, TLR4 and CD40 as prototypes.MethodsGenes were expressed on electroporation of in vitro-transcribed mRNA in CD4+and CD8+T cells from healthy donors redirected against melanoma cells with an anti-melanotransferrin CAR and in TILs derived from melanoma patients. Functional assays included the activation of signaling pathways, expression of activation and differentiation markers, cytokine secretion and killing of melanoma target cells.ResultsTo provide IL-18 costimulation to T cells in-cis while avoiding systemic effects, we genetically anchored IL-18 to the T cell membrane, either alone (memIL-18) or fused with constitutively active (ca)TLR4 and caCD40 signaling domains arranged in tandem, creating a synthetic ‘all-in-one’ memIL-18-TLR4-CD40 receptor. MemIL-18-TLR4-CD40, but not memIL-18, triggered strong NF-κB activation in cells lacking the IL-18 receptor, attesting to functionality of the TLR-CD40 moiety. While the membrane-anchored cytokine was found to act mainly in-cis, some T cell activation in-trans was also observed. The electroporated T cells exhibited spontaneous T-bet upregulation and IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion. Melanoma-induced activation of CAR-T cells and TILs as manifested by cytokine secretion and cytolytic activity was substantially augmented by both constructs, with memIL-18-TLR4-CD40 exerting stronger effects than memIL-18 alone.ConclusionsLinking membrane anchored IL-18 with caTLR4 and caCD40 signaling in one hybrid transmembrane protein provides simultaneous activation of three T cell costimulatory pathways through one genetically engineered membrane molecule, strongly amplifying T cell functions for adoptive T cell therapy of cancer.
Effect of CD4+ T cell count on treatment-emergent adverse events among patients with and without HIV receiving immunotherapy for advanced cancer
Authors: Odeny Thomas A , Lurain Kathryn , Strauss Julius , Fling Steven P , Sharon Elad , Wright Anna , Martinez-Picado Javier , Moran Teresa , Gulley James L , Gonzalez-Cao Maria , Uldrick Thomas S , Yarchoan Robert , Ramaswami Ramya 
Published: September 2022

BackgroundThe Food and Drug Administration recommends that people living with HIV (PWH) with a CD4+ T cell count (CD4) ≥350 cells/µL may be eligible for any cancer clinical trial, but there is reluctance to enter patients with lower CD4 counts into cancer studies, including immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) studies. Patients with relapsed or refractory cancers may have low CD4 due to prior cancer therapies, irrespective of HIV status. It is unclear how baseline CD4 prior to ICI impacts the proportion of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) and whether it differs by HIV status in ICI treated patients.MethodsWe conducted a pilot retrospective cohort study of participants eligible for ICI for advanced cancers from three phase 1/2 trials in the USA and Spain. We determined whether baseline CD4 counts differed by HIV status and whether the effect of CD4 counts on incidence of TEAE was modified by HIV status using a multivariable logistic regression model.ResultsOf 122 participants, 66 (54%) were PWH who received either pembrolizumab or durvalumab and 56 (46%) were HIV-negative who received bintrafusp alfa. Median CD4 at baseline was 320 cells/µL (IQR 210–495) among PWH and 356 cells/µL (IQR 260–470) among HIV-negative participants (p=0.5). Grade 3 or worse TEAE were recorded among 7/66 (11%) PWH compared with 7/56 (13%) among HIV-negative participants. When adjusted for prior therapies, age, sex, and race, the effect of baseline CD4 on incidence of TEAE was not modified by HIV status for any TEAE (interaction term p=0.7), or any grade ≥3 TEAE (interaction term p=0.1).ConclusionsThere was no significant difference in baseline CD4 or the proportions of any TEAE and grade ≥3 TEAE by HIV status. CD4 count thresholds for cancer clinical trials should be carefully reviewed to avoid unnecessarily excluding patients with HIV and cancer.
LDL-C levels, lipid-lowering treatment and recurrent stroke in minor ischaemic stroke or TIA
Authors: Pan Yuesong , Wangqin Runqi , Li Hao , Jin Aoming , Li Jiejie , Lin Jinxi , Meng Xia , Xian Ying , Laskowitz Daniel T , Wang Yongjun 
Published: September 2022

Background and purposeDyslipidaemia is a major risk factor for ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA). This study aimed to investigate the association between baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level, lipid-lowering treatment and short-term risk of new stroke in patients with a minor ischaemic stroke or TIA.MethodsWe derived data from the Clopidogrel in High-risk patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events trial. Patients with a minor stroke or TIA were categorised by LDL-C level at baseline (<2.6 or ≥2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL)) and with or without lipid-lowering treatment after symptom onset. The primary outcome was a new ischaemic stroke at 3 months. The association of baseline LDL-C level, lowering treatment and outcomes were assessed.ResultsAmong 3027 patients, 2154 (71.2%) patients had an initial LDL-C ≥2.6 mmol/L, of which 1267 (41.9%) received lipid-lowering treatment. Elevated LDL-C level was associated with a higher risk of new ischaemic stroke at 3 months in patients without lipid-lowering treatment (adj.HR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.19 to 1.53), but not in those with lipid-lowering treatment (adj.HR=0.99, 95% CI: 0.82 to 1.19) (p for interaction=0.007). Patients with LDL-C ≥2.6 mmol/L had a numerically higher risk of ischaemic stroke (11.8% vs 8.0%, adj.HR=1.37, 95% CI: 0.96 to 1.96) in those without lipid-lowering treatment. For patients with LDL-C ≥2.6 mmol/L, lipid-lowering treatment was associated with reduced risk of ischaemic stroke at 3 months (7.9% vs 11.8%; adj.HR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.75).ConclusionsElevated untreated baseline LDL-C level was associated with an increased short-term risk of ischaemic stroke among patients presenting with minor ischaemic stroke or TIA. There was potential benefit of lipid-lowering treatment in minor stroke or TIA patients with LDL-C ≥2.6 mmol/L.Trial registration numberNCT00979589.