bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a simple mathematical model for the legal concept of balancing of interests
Authors: Zufall Frederike , Kimura Rampei , Peng Linyu 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe propose simple nonlinear mathematical models for the legal concept of balancing of interests. Our aim is to bridge the gap between an abstract formalisation of a balancing decision while assuring consistency and ultimately legal certainty across cases. We focus on the conflict between the rights to privacy and to the protection of personal data in Art. 7 and Art. 8 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (EUCh) against the right of access to information derived from Art. 11 EUCh. These competing rights are denoted by ($$i_1$$

i
1

) right to privacy and ($$i_2$$

i
2

) access to information; mathematically, their indices are respectively assigned by $$u_1\in [0,1]$$

u
1

∈

[
0
,
1
]

and $$u_2\in [0,1]$$

u
2

∈

[
0
,
1
]

subject to the constraint $$u_1+u_2=1$$

u
1

+

u
2

=
1

. This constraint allows us to use one single index u to resolve the conflict through balancing. The outcome will be concluded by comparing the index u with a prior given threshold $$u_0$$

u
0

. For simplicity, we assume that the balancing depends on only selected legal criteria such as the social status of affected person, and the sphere from which the information originated, which are represented as inputs of the models, called legal parameters. Additionally, we take “time” into consideration as a legal criterion, building on the European Court of Justice’s ruling on the right to be forgotten: by considering time as a legal parameter, we model how the outcome of the balancing changes over the passage of time. To catch the dependence of the outcome u by these criteria as legal parameters, data were created by a fully-qualified lawyer. By comparison to other approaches based on machine learning, especially neural networks, this approach requires significantly less data. This might come at the price of higher abstraction and simplification, but also provides for higher transparency and explainability. Two mathematical models for u, a time-independent model and a time-dependent model, are proposed, that are fitted by using the data.
The Division of Normativity and a Defence of Demanding Moral Theories
Authors: Ventham Elizabeth 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMorality, according to some theories, demands a lot of us. One way to defend such demanding moral theories is through an appeal to the division of normativity; on this picture, morality is only one of the normative domains that guides us, so it should be expected that we often fail to follow that guidance. This paper defends the division of normativity as a response to demandingness objections against an alternative: moral rationalism. It does this by addressing and refuting three arguments: the argument from blameworthiness, the argument from agency, and the argument from authority. In turn, I show that none of these arguments work as responses to the division of normativity – if normativity generally is divided, so too must be blameworthiness, agency, and authority.
Physical learning environments’ supportiveness to innovative pedagogies: students’ and teachers’ experiences
Authors: Baars S. , Schellings G. L. M. , Joore J. P. , van Wesemael P. J. V. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractResearch into the relationship between innovative physical learning environments (PLEs) and innovative psychosocial learning environments (PSLEs) indicates that it must be understood as a network of relationships between multiple psychosocial and physical aspects. Actors shape this network by attaching meanings to these aspects and their relationships in a continuous process of gaining and exchanging experiences. This study used a psychosocial-physical, relational approach for exploring teachers’ and students’ experiences with six innovative PLEs in a higher educational institute, with the application of a psychosocial-physical relationship (PPR) framework. This framework, which brings together the multitude of PLE and PSLE aspects, was used to map and analyse teachers’ and students’ experiences that were gathered in focus group interviews. The PPR framework proved useful in analysing the results and comparing them with previous research. Previously-identified relationships were confirmed, clarified, and nuanced. The results underline the importance of the attunement of system aspects to pedagogical and spatial changes, and of a psychosocial-physical relational approach in designing and implementing new learning environments, including the involvement of actors in the discourse within and between the different system levels. Interventions can be less invasive, resistance to processes could be reduced, and innovative PLEs could be used more effectively.
Completeness of uniformly accelerated observers in Galilean spacetimes
Authors: de la Fuente Daniel , Pelegrín José A. S. , Rubio Rafael M. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe analyze the concept of uniformly accelerated observer in Galilean spacetimes in the context of Newton–Cartan theory and find natural geometric assumptions to ensure that an inextensible uniformly accelerated observer in a Galilean spacetime does not disappear in a finite proper time.
Lost in translation? Conceptions of privacy and independence in the technical development of AI-based AAL
Authors: Hartmann Kris Vera , Primc Nadia , Rubeis Giovanni 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAAL encompasses smart home technologies that are installed in the personal living environment in order to support older, disabled, as well as chronically ill people with the goal of delaying or reducing their need for nursing care in a care facility. Artificial intelligence (AI) is seen as an important tool for assisting the target group in their daily lives. A literature search and qualitative content analysis of 255 articles from computer science and engineering was conducted to explore the usage of ethical concepts. From an ethical point of view, the concept of independence and self-determination on the one hand and the possible loss of privacy on the other hand are widely discussed in the context of AAL. These concepts are adopted by the technical discourse in the sense that independence, self-determination and privacy are recognized as important values. Nevertheless, our research shows that these concepts have different usages and meanings in the ethical and the technical discourses. In the paper, we aim to map the different meanings of independence, self-determination and privacy as they can be found in the context of technological research on AI-based AAL systems. It investigates the interpretation of these ethical and social concepts which technicians try to build into AAL systems. In a second step, these interpretations are contextualized with concepts from the ethical discourse on AI-based assistive technologies.
Dimension Reduction in the Topology of Multilayer Spatial Networks: The Case of the Interregional Commuting in Greece
Authors: Tsiotas Dimitrios , Tselios Vassilis 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The daily commuting out of the city of residence for labor purposes is a complex phenomenon driven by various geographical, transportation, economic, and social forces. Due to its high level of complexity, current modeling approaches are mainly disciplinary and thus lack a multifaceted approach incorporating diverse conceptualization of this phenomenon. To contribute to this demand, this paper develops a methodological framework integrating aspects of commuting of different contexts, functionality, and level of geographical resolution. The proposed framework builds on a complex network and principal component analysis first to develop a multilayer graph of interregional commuting, next to configure variables representing aspects of network topology, and finally to decompose the total model into principal components expressing uncorrelated aspects in the overall conceptualization of interregional commuting. The proposed framework conceptualizes spatial distance as a major force of network topology and develops a quantitative framework evaluating the consistency of network topology across layers of different geographical resolutions and functionality. The overall approach provides insights into the structure and functionality of interregional commuting and promotes the integrated macroeconomic approach in regional research.
Cross-points in the Dirichlet-Neumann method I: well-posedness and convergence issues
Authors: Chaudet-Dumas Bastien , Gander Martin J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCross-points in domain decomposition, i.e., points where more than two subdomains meet, have received substantial attention over the past years, since domain decomposition methods often need special attention in their definition at cross-points, in particular if the transmission conditions of the domain decomposition method contain derivatives, like in the Dirichlet-Neumann method. We study here for the first time the convergence of the Dirichlet-Neumann method at the continuous level in the presence of cross-points. We show that its iterates can be uniquely decomposed into two parts, an even symmetric part that converges geometrically, like when there are no cross-points present, and an odd symmetric part, which generates a singularity at the cross-point and is not convergent. We illustrate our analysis with numerical experiments.
Stability and Reactivity of a Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ether over Typical Catalysts for Diesel Emission Control
Authors: Elsener Martin , Jacob Eberhard , Ferri Davide , Kröcher Oliver 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPolyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) produced from methanol are considered as potential substitutes of Diesel fuel. Emissions of formaldehyde and other components have been observed, particularly under cold-start conditions in engine test-bench experiments with OME fuel. In this study, the reactivity of OME3 (CH3O(CH2O)3CH3) and its decomposition products was studied in the temperature range 80–450 °C in a model gas test bench over V2O5/WO3/TiO2 and Cu-CHA SCR catalysts, a platinum-coated V2O5/WO3/TiO2 ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) and two diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), based on platinum and platinum-palladium. Already at 80 °C, OME3 was largely hydrolyzed to methanol and formaldehyde over all catalysts. At temperatures above 150 °C, V2O5/WO3/TiO2 oxidized methanol and formaldehyde to CO via formic acid as intermediate. The platinum ASC showed a similar behavior but oxidized the decomposition products to CO2. Whereas Cu-CHA hydrolyzed OME3 quantitatively to methanol and formaldehyde, it did not show oxidation activity in the studied temperature range. The data indicate that the release of significant amounts of OME from a catalytic converter can be virtually ruled out under cold start conditions, but also that low temperature hydrolysis produces formaldehyde and methanol emissions.
Diabetestechnologie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 1
Authors: Rami-Merhar Birgit 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Behandlung des Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 (T1D) im Kindes- und Jugendalter ist komplex und stellt eine Herausforderung für die betroffenen Kinder und Jugendlichen, deren Familien und das ganze Umfeld (Schule/Kindergarten) dar. Das Ziel der Diabetestherapie besteht darin, eine möglichst normoglykämische Blutzuckerkontrolle zu erreichen, um akuten und chronischen Komplikationen vorzubeugen. Laut Registerstudien können die metabolischen Therapieziele derzeit noch nicht erreicht werden, weswegen ein Risiko für Akut- und Spätkomplikationen besteht. Weitere Therapieziele sind eine normale Entwicklung, Inklusion, Flexibilität im Alltag sowie eine hohe Lebensqualität. Abgesehen von neueren Insulinanaloga gingen auch die Entwicklungen in der Diabetestechnologie in den letzten Jahren mit großen Veränderungen und Verbesserungen in der Behandlung und Lebensqualität der betroffenen Familien einher. Die Insulinpumpentherapie, die kontinuierliche Glukosemessung sowie die automatische Insulindosierung (AID) führten zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung der metabolischen Einstellung sowie einer Reduktion der schweren Hypoglykämien und Ketoazidosen. Die Diabetestechnologie entwickelt sich ständig weiter und erfordert eine umfassende Schulung und Fortbildung der betroffenen Familien, der Betreuungseinrichtungen sowie auch des multidisziplinären Behandlungsteams. Ziel sind eine Reduktion der glykämischen Variabilität und damit ein besseres Langzeitoutcome der jungen Menschen mit T1D. Die AID ist zunehmend die Therapie der Wahl bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit T1D. Mit weiteren Innovationen im Bereich der Diabetestechnologie ist in naher Zukunft zu rechnen.
Leerklimaat perceptie van aios en supervisors binnen de vernieuwde medische vervolgopleiding arts Maatschappij + Gezondheid
Authors: de Wit Tessa N. , Taks Nadieh , van der Zee-van den Berg Angarath I. , Sadrzadeh Sheda 
Published: November 2022

Samenvatting
Inleiding
Het doel van dit onderzoek was het evalueren van de ervaren kwaliteit van het leerklimaat door artsen in opleiding (aios) binnen de medische vervolgopleiding arts Maatschappij + Gezondheid (M + G) en het vergelijken van de percepties van aios en supervisors.

Methode
Aios van vijf profielen arts M + G, die in 2019 en later met hun opleiding zijn begonnen, en supervisors die betrokken zijn bij het opleidingsprogramma werden uitgenodigd om een online vragenlijst in te vullen op basis van een aangepaste versie van de D‑RECT-vragenlijst. De antwoorden van aios en supervisors van dezelfde opleidingsinstelling en hetzelfde profiel werden gematcht om de waargenomen kwaliteit van het leerklimaat te vergelijken.

Resultaten
Honderdveertien aios reageerden (respons 50,9 %). De algemene beoordeling van het leerklimaat door de aios gaf een gemiddelde score van 4,19 op een vijfpuntsschaal. Achtendertig supervisor-aios-matches werden gevormd. Er waren geen noemenswaardige verschillen in de beleving van aios en supervisors.

Conclusie
De algemene beoordeling van het leerklimaat door de aios was positief. De percepties van het leerklimaat door supervisors en aios zijn vergelijkbaar. Onze aangepaste versie van D‑RECT lijkt geschikt om het leerklimaat van de medische vervolgopleiding arts M + G te evalueren. Herhaling van het onderzoek is nodig om het leerklimaat op lokaal niveau te beoordelen en onze bevindingen te bevestigen. Verdere aanpassing en validering van de vragenlijst is wenselijk voor een betere weergave van de werk- en leeromgeving van de arts M + G.
Financial, environmental and social sustainability of rural sanitary wastewater system: case study
Authors: Zapasa Alicja , Musz-Pomorska Anna , Gołębiowska Justyna , Widomski Marcin Konrad 
Published: November 2022

AbstractUndeveloped sanitary wastewater systems and sanitation often based on septic tanks of unproven tightness, especially in the eastern part of Poland, pose the significant threat to the natural environment and public health. On the other hand, designing the sanitation systems for rural settlements with low population density, limited volume of wastewater, large distances and variable topography may be a difficult task because the proposed design, corresponding to actual law and standards, should not only limit anthropopressure on the environment but also should gain the local population acceptance due to investment as well as operation and maintenance costs. Thus, in our opinion, the variant analysis concerning financial, environmental and social sustainability of proposed sanitary systems is required at the initial stage of the design process. This paper presents variant analysis of financial, environmental and social sustainability of three variants of sanitary wastewater system proposed for the selected rural located in eastern part of Poland. The studied variants covered: vacuum sewage system, pressure sewage system and gravity sewage system combined with the individual, on-site devices for wastewater treatment. The financial analysis was based on three popular indicators of investment cost efficiency: Dynamic Generation Cost (DGC), Net Present Value (NPV) and Benefit–Cost Rate (BCR), while environmental analysis focused on possible intensity and pathways of emissions. Possible employment as well as social involvement and acceptance were selected as indicators for the determination of social sustainability. Then, the obtained results of partial analyses were introduced to weighed sum model (WSM) allowing to determine the most suitable design, attractive for investors as well as for the local population.
Computational modelling of geochemical speciation of the trace metals in the wastewater treatment process optimization
Authors: Matheri Anthony Njuguna , Mohamed Belaid , Ntuli Freeman , Ngila Jane Catherine , Zvinowanda Caliphs 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe speciation of trace metals in the wastewater treatment plants determines its ultimate fate in natural surface waters due to biological and chemical processes. The quantification of the trace metals speciation studies was undertaken in the WWTP and was of special concern due to their persistence and recalcitrance in the biosphere. The metals of interest included: Al, Co, Cr, Cd, Fe, Cu, Ni, Mn, Mo, Zn, Pb and Ti. Trace metals accumulation was determined using geochemical modelling-mass balance. The mass balance model had a numerical impact on cost optimization procedure that uses steady state with a set of pre-defined constraints to evaluate operation points, controller parameters and plant dimensions. The mass balance model allowed detection of inconsistencies within the trace metals datasets and assisted in identifying the systematic errors in the metal reduction. It quantified the overall removal and fate of trace metals in biological treatment plants. Mass balances comprising seasonal programmable sampling showed a significant reduction in the number of trace metals. Removal of metals from biological treatment processes was mainly by complexation of the metals with microorganisms, precipitation and adsorption. The comparison of the measured data indicated an increasing trend of high concentration in the sludge (biomass) that could be of danger to human health and environment. Geochemical modelling and computation of the speciation of the trace metals offer a powerful tool for the process design, troubleshooting and optimization representing a multi-variable system that cannot be effectively handled without appropriate computer-cased technique and modelling.
Generative Adversarial Networks and Mixture Density Networks-Based Inverse Modeling for Microstructural Materials Design
Authors: Mao Yuwei , Yang Zijiang , Jha Dipendra , Paul Arindam , Liao Wei-keng , Choudhary Alok , Agrawal Ankit 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThere are two broad modeling paradigms in scientific applications: forward and inverse. While forward modeling estimates the observations based on known causes, inverse modeling attempts to infer the causes given the observations. Inverse problems are usually more critical as well as difficult in scientific applications as they seek to explore the causes that cannot be directly observed. Inverse problems are used extensively in various scientific fields, such as geophysics, health care and materials science. Exploring the relationships from properties to microstructures is one of the inverse problems in material science. It is challenging to solve the microstructure discovery inverse problem, because it usually needs to learn a one-to-many nonlinear mapping. Given a target property, there are multiple different microstructures that exhibit the target property, and their discovery also requires significant computing time. Further, microstructure discovery becomes even more difficult because the dimension of properties (input) is much lower than that of microstructures (output). In this work, we propose a framework consisting of generative adversarial networks and mixture density networks for inverse modeling of structure–property linkages in materials, i.e., microstructure discovery for a given property. The results demonstrate that compared to baseline methods, the proposed framework can overcome the above-mentioned challenges and discover multiple promising solutions in an efficient manner.
Molar-incisor hypomineralisation prevalence in a cohort of Australian children with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Lim C. , Jensen E. D. , Poirier B. F. , Sethi S. , Smart G. , Peña A. S. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Systemic diseases or drugs administered early in life may cause a disruption in amelogenesis and contribute to the qualitative defect of enamel described as molar–incisor hypomineralisation (MIH). Therefore, an increase in prevalence of MIH in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) may be expected as this systemic disorder is commonly diagnosed in early childhood. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MIH in a cohort of children with T1D and investigate diagnosis of MIH with T1D factors.

Methods
Cross-sectional study of children with T1D recruited from paediatric diabetes clinics at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital (South Australia). A detailed medical history, comprehensive dental and MIH examination according to the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) long form classification was collected for each child. All upper and lower first permanent molars and central incisors were scored.

Results
A total number of 73 participants; 35 (47.95%) males were examined including 584 teeth. The mean age of the participants was 13.25 ± 2.58 years, with a mean age of diagnosis 7.75 ± 3.58 years, and a mean HbA1c of 8.5 ± 1.6%. 42 out of 73 children (54.8%) had enamel defects on at least one of the teeth examined. However, 19.2% met the criteria for MIH. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted but no significant associations were noted between MIH and risk factors including diabetes control (p > 0.1).

Conclusion
There was a high prevalence of enamel defects and MIH amongst children with T1D. More research is required to establish association between T1D and MIH.
Sensitivity Analyses for Unmeasured Confounders
Authors: D’Agostino McGowan Lucy 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Purpose of Review
This review expands on sensitivity analyses for unmeasured confounding techniques, demonstrating state-of-the-art methods as well as specifying which should be used under various scenarios, depending on the information about a potential unmeasured confounder available to the researcher.

Recent Findings
Methods to assess how sensitive an observed estimate is to unmeasured confounding have been developed for decades. Recent advancements have allowed for the incorporation of measured confounders in these assessments, updating the methods used to quantify the impact of an unmeasured confounder, whether specified in terms of the magnitude of the effect from a regression standpoint, for example, as a risk ratio, or with respect to the percent of variation in the outcome or exposure explained by the unmeasured confounder. Additionally, single number summaries, such as the E-value or robustness value, have been proposed to allow for ease of computation when less is known about a specific potential unmeasured confounder.

Summary
This paper aimed to provide methods and tools to implement sensitivity to unmeasured confounder analyses appropriate for various research settings depending on what is known or assumed about a potential unmeasured confounder. We have provided mathematical justification, recommendations, as well as R code to ease the implementation of these methods.