bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatially resolved X-ray study of the mixed morphology SNR G359.1-0.5
Authors: Eppens L K , Albacete Colombo J F , Combi J A , Reynoso E M 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We present a detailed spatially resolved X-ray study of Chandra observations towards the central region of the supernova remnant (SNR) G359.1-0.5. We removed 168 point-like sources and performed an adaptive smoothing on the entire field-of-view of the Chandra ACIS-I observation. The images obtained show an extended X-ray emission below $4.0\, {\rm keV}$ that partially fills the interior of G359.1-0.5. In order to characterize the X-ray emission, we divide the emitting area into 10 different regions inside the remnant. We identify the presence of at least four emission lines that confirm the thin thermal plasma origin. All spectral regions are well fitted by a recombining plasma model (VRNEI) with an absorbing column density range from 1.5 to $2.1\times 10^{22}\, {\rm cm}^{-2}$, and electron temperatures from 0.14 to $0.19\, {\rm keV}$. We also calculated an average electron density of $0.7\, {\rm cm}^{-3}$, estimated an age of 2.8 × 104 yr for the remnant, which can be lower if the filling factor is considered, and an X-ray luminosity of $1.6 \times 10^{35} \, {\rm erg}\, {\rm s}^{-1}$. Finally, we show that the X-ray emission is morphologically anti-correlated with adjacent CO clouds interacting with the SNR. Our results favour that the recombining plasma inside G359.1-0.5 could be explained via adiabatic cooling.
Strong CO absorption features in massive ETGs
Authors: Eftekhari Elham , La Barbera Francesco , Vazdekis Alexandre , Allende Prieto Carlos , Knowles Adam Thomas 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Massive Early-Type Galaxies (ETGs) in the local Universe are believed to be the most mature stage of galaxy evolution. Their stellar population content reveals the evolutionary history of these galaxies. However, while state-of-the-art Stellar Population Synthesis (SPS) models provide an accurate description of observed galaxy spectra in the optical range, the modelling in the Near-Infrared (NIR) is still in its infancy. Here, we focus on NIR CO absorption features to show, in a systematic and comprehensive manner, that for massive ETGs, all CO indices, from H through to K band, are significantly stronger than currently predicted by SPS models. We explore and discuss several possible explanations of this ‘CO mismatch’, including the effect of intermediate-age, asymptotic-giant-branch-dominated, stellar populations, high-metallicity populations, non-solar abundance ratios, and the initial mass function. While none of these effects is able to reconcile models and observations, we show that ad hoc ‘empirical’ corrections, taking into account the effect of CO-strong giant stars in the low-temperature regime, provide model predictions that are closer to the observations. Our analysis points to the effect of carbon abundance as the most likely explanation of NIR CO line-strengths, indicating possible routes for improving the SPS models in the NIR.
Estimating the feasibility of 21cm-Lyα synergies using the hydrogen Epoch of Reionization array
Authors: Cox Tyler A , Jacobs Daniel C , Murray Steven G 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTCross-correlating 21cm and Lyα intensity maps of the Epoch of Reionization promises to be a powerful tool for exploring the properties of the first galaxies. Next-generation intensity mapping experiments such as the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) and SPHEREx will individually probe reionization through the power spectra of the 21cm and Lyα lines respectively, but will be limited by bright foregrounds and instrumental systematics. Cross-correlating these measurements could reduce systematics, potentially tightening constraints on the inferred astrophysical parameters. In this study, we present forecasts of cross-correlation taking into account the effects of exact uv-sampling and foreground filtering to estimate the feasibility of HERAxSPHEREx making a detection of the 21cm-Lyα cross-power spectrum. We also project the sensitivity of a cross-power spectrum between HERA and the proposed next-generation Cosmic Dawn Intensity Mapper. By isolating the sources of uncertainty, we explore the impacts of experimental limitations such as foreground filtering and Lyα thermal noise uncertainty have on making a detection of the cross-power spectrum. We then implement this strategy in a simulation of the cross-power spectrum and observational error to identify redshifts where fiducial 21cmFAST models predict the highest signal-to-noise detection (z ∼ 8). We conclude that detection of the SPHEREx-HERA cross-correlation will require an optimistic level of 21cm foreground filtering, as well as deeper thermal noise integrations due to a lack of overlapping sensitive modes but for CDIM with its larger range of scales and lower noise forecast detection levels, may be possible even with stricter 21cm foreground filtering.
Conditions for detecting lensed Population III galaxies in blind surveys with the James Webb Space Telescope, the Roman Space Telescope, and Euclid
Authors: Vikaeus Anton , Zackrisson Erik , Schaerer Daniel , Visbal Eli , Fransson Emma , Malhotra Sangeeta , Rhoads James , Sahlén Martin 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Dark matter haloes that reach the H i-cooling mass without prior star formation or external metal pollution represent potential sites for the formation of small – extremely faint – Population III galaxies at high redshifts. Gravitational lensing may in rare cases boost their fluxes to detectable levels, but to find even a small number of such objects in randomly selected regions of the sky requires very large areas to be surveyed. Because of this, a small, wide-field telescope can in principle offer better detection prospects than a large telescope with a smaller field of view. Here, we derive the minimum comoving number density required to allow gravitational lensing to lift such objects at redshift z = 5−16 above the detection thresholds of blind surveys carried out with the James Webb space telescope (JWST), the Roman space telescope (RST) and Euclid. We find that the prospects for photometric detections of Pop III galaxies are promising, and that they are better for RST than for JWST and Euclid. However, the Pop III galaxies favoured by current simulations have number densities too low to allow spectroscopic detections based on the strength of the He ii1640 emission line in any of the considered surveys unless very high star formation efficiencies (ϵ ≳ 0.1) are evoked. We argue that targeting individual cluster lenses instead of the wide-field surveys considered in this paper results in better spectroscopic detection prospects, while for photometric detection, the wide-field surveys perform considerably better.
Hunting extreme BL Lacertae blazars with Fermi-Large Area Telescope
Authors: Nievas Rosillo M , Domínguez A , Chiaro G , La Mura G , Brill A , Paliya V S 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTThe emission of very-high-energy (VHE) photons ($E\ \gt\ 100\ \mathrm{GeV}$) in blazars is closely connected to the production of ultra-relativistic particles and the role of these γ-ray sources as cosmic particle accelerators. This work focuses on a selection of 22 γ-ray objects from the 2BIGB catalogue of high-synchrotron-peaked sources, which are classified as blazar candidates of uncertain type in the 4FGL-DR2 catalogue. We study these sources by means of a re-analysis of the first 10 yr of γ-ray data taken with the Fermi-Large Area Telescope, including the attenuation by the extragalactic background light. Their broad-band spectral energy distributions are also evaluated, using multiwavelength archival data in the radio, optical, and X-ray bands, in terms of one-zone synchrotron-self-Compton models, adding an external Compton component when needed. Out of this analysis, we identify 17 new extreme high-synchrotron-peaked (EHSP) candidates and compare their physical parameters with those of prototypical EHSP blazars. Finally, the resulting models are used to assess their detectability by the present and future generation of ground-based Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes. We find two VHE candidates within the reach of the current and next generation of Cherenkov telescopes: J0847.0−2336 and J1714.0−2029.
Revealing dual radio sources in a sub-kpc-scale binary active galactic nucleus candidate
Authors: Brooks J E , Argo M K , Cho Hojin , Woo Jong-Hak , Jung Taehyun , Wrigley N 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We present new imaging of a sub-kpc-scale binary active galactic nucleus (AGN) candidate from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and the Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (e-MERLIN). Two unresolved radio sources of similar luminosity around 1022 WHz−1 are identified in ∼35 h of e-MERLIN 6 cm imaging. These radio sources have an angular separation of 0.19 ± 0.06 arcsec and position angle (PA) of 22° ± 10°, corresponding to a projected separation of 0.95 ± 0.29 kpc at the epoch of the source. Our results suggest the presence of a kpc-scale active black hole pair hosted by two galaxies in the late stage of a merger at z = 0.35. This work follows Woo et al., which presented two optical sources with a similar separation and PA, and a velocity separation of 200 km s−1. Our target adds to the currently limited sample of close-separation binary AGNs, which will aid in understanding the frequency of mergers and the stochastic gravitational wave background.
Prevalence and Predictors of Waterpipe Smoking Initiation and Progression Among Adolescents and Young Adults in Waves 1–4 (2013–2018) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study
Authors: Gautam Prem , Sharma Eva , Kalan Mohammad Ebrahimi , Li Wei , Ward Kenneth D , Sutherland Matthew T , Cano Miguel Angel , Li Tan , Maziak Wasim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Waterpipe tobacco (WPT) smoking has increased among the young population in the United States. This study assessed the extent and predictors of WPT smoking initiation and progression among US adolescents (12–17 years) and young adults (18–24 years) longitudinally.

Aims and Methods
We analyzed data from 4 waves (2013–2018) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study comprising 10 692 respondents (adolescents = 5428 and young adults = 5264). Kaplan–Meier survival method estimated probabilities of WPT initiation and progression. Cox proportional hazards regression models delineated predictors of the outcomes.

Results
Between 2013 and 2018, 4.8% of adolescents initiated and 10.6% progressed WPT smoking. Among young adults, 18.5% initiated and 14.1% progressed WPT smoking during the same time interval. Predictors among adolescents included, WPT initiation: Hispanic ethnicity (adjusted odds ratio (aHR) = 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.23–2.49), lower harm perception (aHR = 2.89, 95% CI = 2.10–3.98), and other tobacco products use (aHR = 3.97, 95% CI = 2.73–5.78); WPT progression: illicit drug use (aHR = 4.60, 95% CI = 1.99–10.67). Predictors among young adults included, WPT initiation: non-Hispanic Black (aHR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.78–3.00), Hispanic (aHR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.34–2.33), lower harm perception (aHR = 2.77, 95% CI = 2.19–3.50), and other tobacco products use (aHR = 3.14, 95% CI = 2.25–4.38); WPT progression: non-Hispanic Black (aHR = 1.51 95% CI = 1.09–2.10), lower harm perception (aHR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.41–2.30), and alcohol use (aHR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.13–2.30).

Conclusions
Results indicate a high prevalence of WPT initiation and progression among adolescents and young adults over time, with minority racial/ethnic groups being at greater risk for both. WPT-specific risk communication interventions (eg, educational campaigns and health warning labels) are warranted to limit WPT smoking among young people.
Functional Differentiation among the Arabidopsis Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate 5-Kinase Genes PIP5K1, PIP5K2 and PIP5K3
Authors: Watari Machiko , Kato Mariko , Blanc-Mathieu Romain , Tsuge Tomohiko , Ogata Hiroyuki , Aoyama Takashi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) is involved in regulating various cellular processes through the signaling function of its product, phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate. Higher plants encode a large number of PIP5Ks forming distinct clades in their molecular phylogenetic tree. Although biological functions of PIP5K genes have been analyzed intensively in Arabidopsis thaliana, it remains unclear how those functions differ across clades of paralogs. We performed comparative functional analysis of the Arabidopsis genes encoding PIP5K1, PIP5K2 and PIP5K3, of which the first two and the last belong to closely related but distinct clades, to clarify their conserved and/or differentiated functions. Genetic analysis with their single and multiple mutants revealed that PIP5K1 and PIP5K3 have non-overlapping functions, with the former in total plant growth and the latter in root hair elongation, whereas PIP5K2 redundantly functions in both phenomena. This pattern of functional redundancy is explainable in terms of the overlapping pattern of their promoter activities. In transformation rescue experiments, PIP5K3 promoter-directed PIP5K1-YFP completely rescued the short-root-hair phenotype of pip5k3. However, PIP5K3-YFP could substitute for PIP5K1-YFP only partially in rescuing the severe dwarfism of pip5k1pip5k2 when directed by the PIP5K1 promoter. Phylogenetic analysis of angiosperm PIP5Ks revealed that PIP5K3 orthologs have a faster rate of diversification in their amino-acid sequences compared with PIP5K1/2 orthologs after they arose through a eudicot-specific duplication event. These findings suggest that PIP5K3 specialized to promote root hair elongation and lost some of the protein-encoded functions retained by PIP5K1 and PIP5K2, whereas PIP5K1 differentiated from PIP5K2 only in its promoter-directed expression pattern.
The G Protein-Coupled Receptor Latrophilin-2, A Marker for Heart Development, Induces Myocardial Repair After Infarction
Authors: Lee Choon-Soo , Cho Hyun-Jai , Lee Jin-Woo , Son Hyun Ju , Lee Jaewon , Kang Minjun , Kim Hyo-Soo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Discovering cell–surface markers based on a comprehensive understanding of development is utilized to isolate a particular cell type with high purity for therapeutic purposes. Given that latrophilin-2 (Lphn2) substantially contributes to cardiac differentiation, we examined whether Lphn2 regulates functional significance in heart development and repair. We performed whole-mount immunostaining followed by clearing technique of embryo, RNA sequencing related to Lphn2-knockout (KO) embryo, and in vivo functional analyses of Lphn2+ cells using echocardiography. After immunostaining the cleared embryo sample, Lphn2 was exclusively observed in cardiac cells expressing α-sarcomeric actinin at embryonic days E9.5 and E10.5. Homozygous Lphn2-KO mice were embryonically lethal and showed underdevelopment of the ventricular myocardium. However, Lphn2 was not required to develop vessels, including endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. For the purpose of cardiac regeneration, we transplanted pluripotent stem cell (PSC)–derived Lphn2+ cells into the infarcted heart. PSC–derived Lphn2+ cells differentiated into cardiomyocytes and regenerated the myocardium when transplanted into the infarcted heart, unlike Lphn2− cells. Transplanted Lphn2+ cells improved left-ventricle systolic function and reduced infarct size. We demonstrated that Lphn2 exhibits potential as a cardiomyogenic marker to facilitate targeted stem cell therapy for heart repair in clinical practice.
Intraoperative Hypotension and Acute Kidney Injury, Stroke, and Mortality during and outside Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study
Authors: de la Hoz Miguel Armengol , Rangasamy Valluvan , Bastos Andres Brenes , Xu Xinling , Novack Victor , Saugel Bernd , Subramaniam Balachundhar 
Published: February 2022

Background
In cardiac surgery, the association between hypotension during specific intraoperative phases or vasopressor-inotropes with adverse outcomes remains unclear. This study’s hypothesis was that intraoperative hypotension duration throughout the surgery or when separated into hypotension during and outside cardiopulmonary bypass may be associated with postoperative major adverse events.

Methods
This retrospective observational cohort study included data for adults who had cardiac surgery between 2008 and 2016 in a tertiary hospital. Intraoperative hypotension was defined as mean arterial pressure of less than 65 mmHg. The total duration of hypotension was divided into three categories based on the fraction of overall hypotension duration that occurred during cardiopulmonary bypass (more than 80%, 80 to 60%, and less than 60%). The primary outcome was a composite of stroke, acute kidney injury, or mortality during the index hospitalization. The association with the composite outcome was evaluated for duration of hypotension during the entire surgery, outside cardiopulmonary bypass, and during cardiopulmonary bypass and the fraction of hypotension during cardiopulmonary bypass adjusting for vasopressor-inotrope dose, milrinone dose, patient, and surgical factors.

Results
The composite outcome occurred in 256 (5.1%) of 4,984 included patient records; 66 (1.3%) patients suffered stroke, 125 (2.5%) had acute kidney injury, and 109 (2.2%) died. The primary outcome was associated with total duration of hypotension (adjusted odds ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.08; P = 0.032), hypotension outside cardiopulmonary bypass (adjusted odds ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.10; P = 0.001) per 10-min exposure to mean arterial pressure of less than 65 mmHg, and fraction of hypotension duration during cardiopulmonary bypass of less than 60% (reference greater than 80%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.10 to 2.60; P = 0.019) but not with each 10-min period hypotension during cardiopulmonary bypass (adjusted odds ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.09; P = 0.118), fraction of hypotension during cardiopulmonary bypass of 60 to 80% (adjusted odds ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.97 to 2.23; P = 0.082), or total vasopressor-inotrope dose (adjusted odds ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.00; P = 0.247).

Conclusions
This study confirms previous single-center findings that intraoperative hypotension throughout cardiac surgery is associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury, mortality, or stroke.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Ketamine Psychedelic and Antinociceptive Effects Are Connected
Authors: Olofsen Erik , Kamp Jasper , Henthorn Thomas K. , van Velzen Monique , Niesters Marieke , Sarton Elise , Dahan Albert 
Published: February 2022

Background
Ketamine produces potent analgesia combined with psychedelic effects. It has been suggested that these two effects are associated and possibly that analgesia is generated by ketamine-induced dissociation. The authors performed a post hoc analysis of previously published data to quantify the pharmacodynamic properties of ketamine-induced antinociception and psychedelic symptoms. The hypothesis was that ketamine pharmacodynamics (i.e., concentration–effect relationship as well as effect onset and offset times) are not different for these two endpoints.

Methods
Seventeen healthy male volunteers received escalating doses of S- and racemic ketamine on separate occasions. Before, during, and after ketamine infusion, changes in external perception were measured together with pain pressure threshold. A population pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic analysis was performed that took S- and R-ketamine and S- and R-norketamine plasma concentrations into account.

Results
The pharmacodynamics of S-ketamine did not differ for antinociception and external perception with potency parameter (median [95% CI]) C50, 0.51 (0.38 to 0.66) nmol/ml; blood-effect site equilibration half-life, 8.3 [5.1 to 13.0] min), irrespective of administration form (racemic ketamine or S-ketamine). R-ketamine did not contribute to either endpoint. For both endpoints, S-norketamine had a small antagonistic effect.

Conclusions
The authors conclude that their data support an association or connectivity between ketamine analgesia and dissociation. Given the intricacies of the study related to the pain model, measurement of dissociation, and complex modeling of the combination of ketamine and norketamine, it is the opinion of the authors that further studies are needed to detect functional connectivity between brain areas that produce the different ketamine effects.

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What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Hospital Variation in Management and Outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Due to COVID-19
Authors: Johnson Shelsey W. , Garcia Michael A. , Sisson Emily K. Q. , Sheldrick Christopher R. , Kumar Vishakha K. , Boman Karen , Bolesta Scott , Bansal Vikas , Lal Amos , Domecq J. P. , Melamed Roman R. , Christie Amy B. , Husain Abdurrahman , Yus Santiago , Gajic Ognjen , Kashyap Rahul , Walkey Allan J. ,   from the Society of Critical Care Medicine Discovery Viral Infection and Respiratory Illness Universal Study (VIRUS): COVID-19 Registry Investigator Group
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVES:
To describe hospital variation in use of “guideline-based care” for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19.

DESIGN:
Retrospective, observational study.

SETTING:
The Society of Critical Care Medicine’s Discovery Viral Infection and RESPIRATORY ILLNESS UNIVERSAL STUDY COVID-19 REGISTRY.

PATIENTS:
Adult patients with ARDS due to COVID-19 between February 15, 2020, and April 12, 2021.

INTERVENTIONS:
Hospital-level use of “guideline-based care” for ARDS including low-tidal-volume ventilation, plateau pressure less than 30 cm H2O, and prone ventilation for a Pao
2/Fio
2 ratio less than 100.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Among 1,495 adults with COVID-19 ARDS receiving care across 42 hospitals, 50.4% ever received care consistent with ARDS clinical practice guidelines. After adjusting for patient demographics and severity of illness, hospital characteristics, and pandemic timing, hospital of admission contributed to 14% of the risk-adjusted variation in “guideline-based care.” A patient treated at a randomly selected hospital with higher use of guideline-based care had a median odds ratio of 2.0 (95% CI, 1.1–3.4) for receipt of “guideline-based care” compared with a patient receiving treatment at a randomly selected hospital with low use of recommended therapies. Median-adjusted inhospital mortality was 53% (interquartile range, 47–62%), with a nonsignificantly decreased risk of mortality for patients admitted to hospitals in the highest use “guideline-based care” quartile (49%) compared with the lowest use quartile (60%) (odds ratio, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.3–1.9; p = 0.49).

CONCLUSIONS:
During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, only half of patients received “guideline-based care” for ARDS management, with wide practice variation across hospitals. Strategies that improve adherence to recommended ARDS management strategies are needed.
What Is in the Literature
Authors: Bromberg Mark B. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This issue of What Is in the Literature focuses on articles on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis over the past year. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis remains a challenging disorder with progression to death. Within the past year, a phase 2 trial of a drug combination showed slowing in the rate of progression. While awaiting a phase 3 trial or approval by the Food and Drug Administration, selected articles that aid the diagnosis, contribute to care, or add to general knowledge about the disease are reviewed.