bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
101 Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction: Causes and Metabolic Consequences
Authors: Kvidera Sara K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The intestinal epithelium has two critical roles: nutrient absorption and protection against numerous pathogens and antigens present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The GIT is thought to be the evolutionary developmental site of the original immune system which later progressed into adding more specialized tissues. The GIT contains an enormous surface area to defend against invading pathogens and contains the majority of the body’s immune cells. Poor gut health can be caused by a variety of stressors, and ruminant research has characterized the negative impacts of rumen acidosis, heat stress, and feed restriction (FR) on lower gut health. Recently, FR has been utilized as a model to study negative consequences of GIT health and strategies to ameliorate it. The mechanism by which FR causes barrier dysfunction is not known but could be due to a lack of luminal nutrients or associated psychological stress. If stress causes GIT health to be compromised to the point where pathogens/antigens cross into the host animal and if the insult is severe enough, systemic inflammation can ensue. Inflammation is energetically costly, in part because activated immune cells have a preferential appetite for glucose. Inflammation also alters basal and stimulated metabolism, likely to help support glucose sparing for immune system use. This is extremely costly to the producer, as an animal must mobilize valuable skeletal muscle stores or compromise milk (lactose) production to ensure adequate glucose for survival. In an intensely activated immune system, it has been estimated that ~1.0 g glucose / kg BW0.75 / hour is utilized to mount a response. Therefore, it is important for producers to minimize stresses known to compromise gut integrity and for nutritionists and allied industry personnel to understand and utilize nutritional strategies and interventions to protect GIT health.
104 Standardized Amino Acid Digestibility of Three Formats of Freeze-Dried dog Foods Using the Precision-fed Cecectomized Rooster Assay
Authors: Oba Patrícia M , Utterback Pamela L , Parsons Carl M , Templeman James , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Freeze-dried pet foods represent a small segment of the pet food market, but its growth has been significant in recent years. Despite their increasing popularity, freeze-dried diets have not been well tested. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine and compare the standardized amino acid (AA) digestibilities of freeze-dried dog foods using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. Three formats of freeze-dried diets provided by Primal Pet Foods (Fairfield, CA) were tested: traditional freeze-dried nuggets (FDN), low-temperature freeze-dried nuggets (LTN), and a hybrid freeze-dried nugget (HN). All animal care procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee prior to experimentation. Twelve cecectomized roosters (4 roosters per substrate) were randomly assigned to the three test substrates. After 24h of feed withdrawal, roosters were tube-fed 12-13g of test substrates and 12-13g of corn. Following crop intubation, excreta (urine and feces) were collected for 48h. Endogenous corrections for AA were made using 5 additional cecectomized roosters. All data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS version 9.4. There were no significant differences in standardized AA digestibilities among diets, with digestibilities being high for all tested. For most of the indispensable AA, digestibilities were greater than 90% for all diets (arginine: 94.1%-95.6%; isoleucine: 91.2%-93.1%; leucine: 92.4%-95.3%; methionine: 92.8%-94.9%; phenylalanine: 90.8%-93.6%; tryptophan: 96.2%-98.6%; valine: 90.2%-92.9%). Histidine, lysine, and threonine were the exceptions, with digestibilities ranging from 81.7%-86.6%, 86.7%-91.7%, and 89.6%-91.7%, respectively. Moreover, the reactive:total lysine ratio, a measure of heat damage, ranged from 0.91 to 0.95. In general, the low-temperature nugget had thegreatest numerical AA digestibilities, likely due to reduced heat damage, but all diets performed very well.
108 Citrus oil Extract Potentiates the Antifungal Efficacy of Whey Protein Fermentate AgainstAspergillus Flavus in Semi-Moist pet Treats for Dogs
Authors: Kiprotich Samuel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Semi-moist pet treats contain moisture content ranging from 20-30% making them ideal for mold growth and mycotoxin production. To control spoilage, synthetic mold inhibitors, such as potassium sorbate, have been used. Unfortunately, consumers would prefer “natural” preservatives. Whey protein fermentate (WPF) is an efficient antifungal, albeit in large doses. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of citrus extract (CX) to potentiate WPF against Aspergillus flavus in semi-moist pet treats. Nioutritionally complete semi-moist dog treats were produced with WPF alone [0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0% (w/w)] or in combination with CX [0.25% WPF+ 0.015% CX, 0.25% WFP+ 0.15% CX, 0.5% WPF+ 0.015% CX, 0.5% WFP+ 0.15% CX (w/w)]. The negative control (NC) contained no antifungal additive and the positive control had potassium sorbate (0.1% w/w). Treats were baked into 3cm x 3cm squares. Individual squares were inoculated with 0.1 mL of Aspergillus flavus (ATCC 204304) to achieve a final concentration of ~ 5.0 Log CFU/square. The inoculated squares were individually incubated at 250 C. Fungal analysis was performed at day 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and 28 by surface plating on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) followed by incubation at 250 C for 72h. The total log reductions were calculated by subtracting the initial inoculum with the colony counts on day 28. Log reductions of Aspergillus flavus (P&lt; 0.05) were observed when WPF at 0.25% and 0.5% were added with 0.15% CX compared with when 0.015% CX was applied. All treatments were different from the NC (P&lt; 0.05). Citrus extract at 0.15% potentiated the antifungal potency of WPF at 0.5% to give a similar log reduction (P &gt;0.05) to WPF at 1.0% the treats. In conclusion, CX reduced the dose of WPF required to control Aspergillus flavus in semi-moist dog treats.
113 Immunological Effects of Ganoderma Lucidum Supplementation in Canine Nutrition
Authors: Kayser Emanuela , He Fei , Gomez Luis M , de Godoy Maria R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is a mushroom that has been widely used in Asia for its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor capacity in humans. However, the nutraceutical properties of GL have not been tested in dogs. Forty adult beagles were used in a completely randomized design and were fed a commercial dry extruded complete and balanced diet plus GL top-dressed daily upon feeding time. Four experimental treatments were used: 0% GL supplementation (control), 5 mg/ kg BW of GL, 10 mg/ kg BW of GL, or 15 mg/kg BW of GL. Following a 7 d adaptation to the control diet, dogs were fed their respective treatment diets for consecutive 28 d. They were challenged with vaccination of a modified live virus Canine Distemper, Adenovirus Type 1 (Hepatitis), Adenovirus Type 2, Parainfluenza, and Parvovirus and killed Rabies Virus on d 7 with blood collections on d 0, 14, and 28. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of GL on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC; T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, and natural killers) and vaccine titers response of adult dogs. The inclusion of GL in all dosages was well-accepted by all dogs. There was a trend that the percentage of MHC-II from B-cells was greater in dogs fed 15 mg/kg of GL (41.91%) compared with the control group (34.63%). The phagocytosis response tended to have treatment by time interaction among treatments; dogs fed 15mg/kg of GL tended to have greater phagocytosis activity on d 28 than dogs from the control group and dogs fed 5mg/kg of GL. These data suggest that the inclusion of GL had no detrimental effects on analyzed PBMC. Based on our findings, GL may also exert beneficial immunomodulatory effects in healthy adult dogs when provided at a daily dose of 15 mg/ kg BW.
116 The Effects of Dietary Phenylalanine on Gastric Emptying, Macronutrient Metabolism and Feed Intake in Healthy Adult Cats
Authors: Lambie Jocelyn G , Pezzali Julia Guazzelli , Singh Pawanpreet , Shoveller Anna-Kate 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Phenylalanine (Phe) consumption may delay gastric emptying (GE) and feed intake. Two studies were conducted using a 2*2 latin square design with 12 healthy male cats to evaluate effects of 1) dietary Phe (PHE, 44mg/kg-BW) compared with an isonitrogenous amount of alanine (ALA, 23.7 mg/kg-BW) on feed intake, and 2) PHE and ALA on GE and GE rate (GER). In study 1, cats were given PHE or ALA 15 minutes before 120% of their daily food and intake was measured. Treatment, day, and their interaction were evaluated using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Treatment did not affect rate of food consumption (p &gt;0.05). For study 2, cats were provided PHE or ALA 15 minutes before receiving 100% of their daily food intake for 3 days. On d4, cats received PHE or ALA and subsequently received [1-13C] octanoic acid (5mg/kg BW) on 10g of feed before being fed 50% of their daily food intake. Breath samples were collected to measure 13CO2 enrichment for 12 hours post-meal using indirect calorimetry. Data from cats that returned to baseline enrichment were evaluated for total AUC (GE) and time to peak enrichment (GER). The effect of treatment, body condition score (lean vs. overweight), and their interaction were evaluated using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Cats receiving PHE had later peaks (445±71 min) in 13CO2 enrichment (p&lt; 0.05) than cats receiving ALA (244±71 min) but had similar total GE (p &gt;0.10). Obese cats tended (P=0.09) to have greater total GE than lean cats, regardless of treatment. Lean cats on PHE had slower (p&lt; 0.05) emptying rates than lean cats on ALA, but both were similar to obese cats (p &gt;0.05). Overall, Phe did not reduce feed intake or total GE but did delay GE and thus reduced GER. A longer study is warranted to understand whether PHE can control food intake in cats.
117 Assessment of Complete Blood Count and Biochemistry Parameters in Adult Dogs fed a Grain-Free Diet with up to Forty-Five Percent Pulse Inclusion
Authors: Singh Pawanpreet , Banton Sydney , Templeman James , Raheb Shari , Saunders-Blades Jennifer , Kostiuk Darcia , Kelly Janelle , Verbrugghe Adronie , Shoveller Anna-Kate 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
With interest in grain-free diets (GFD) and plant-based diets, understanding the use of pulse ingredients is warranted. Recently our laboratory found that high pulse inclusive diets did not cause echocardiographic changes in healthy adult dogs after 20 weeks of feeding. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the safety of pulse ingredient inclusion up to 45% in canine diets using gross physiological, hematological and biochemical measurements. Twenty-eight healthy adult Siberian huskies were fed one of four experimental diets formulated to achieve the same macronutrient targets and the same micronutrient supplementation for 20 weeks: 1) grain-inclusive diet, with 45% corn, 0% pulses (Control); 2) GFD, 15% pulses (Pulse15); 3) GFD, 30% pulses (Pulse30) 4) GFD, 45% pulses (Pulse45). All diets included chicken meal and the same combination of pulse ingredients; green and yellow peas, pinto beans, chickpeas, and lentils. Dogs were fed once daily. Body weight was measured weekly, feed intake measured daily, and body composition was measured using DEXA at baseline and week 20. Fasted blood samples were collected at weeks -3, 3, 6, 10, 14 and 18. Data were analyzed as repeated measures in SAS using PROC GLIMMIX. Body weight, body composition, and feed intake were similar among treatments and over time (P &gt;0.05). Several blood parameters were different among treatments but remained within defined reference ranges for healthy dogs. Red blood cells, hemoglobin and carbon dioxide were greater, while lymphocytes were reduced in Pulse45 than Pulse15 (P&lt; 0.05), but similar to Control and Pulse30. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was decreased in Control and Pulse15 compared with Pulse30 and Pulse45 (P&lt; 0.05). Gamma-glutamyl transferase was less in Control and Pulse15 than Pulse45 (P&lt; 0.05), but similar to Pulse30. These data suggest that feeding diets with up to 45% pulse inclusion for 20 weeks does not impact gross health parameters of healthy adult dogs.
118 Functional Properties of Bifidobacterium Animalis Subsp. Lactis Cect 8145 in Canine Nutrition
Authors: Kayser Emanuela , He Fei , Davenport Gary M , de Godoy Maria R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The gut bacterial population has been demonstrated to influence the physiologic and metabolic functions of the host by modulating energy expenditure and immune response, therefore contributing to the health of the host. However, there is little information regarding the effects of probiotics and postbiotics on canine nutrition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the longitudinal effects of daily supplementation of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CECT 8145 and the same strain in a heat-killed presentation (postbiotic) on weight management, fecal fermentative end-product concentration, gut hormones, postprandial glycemic and insulinemic response in overweight dogs. Thirty-six adult dogs were used in a completely randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, with 12 animals per treatment. Dogs were fed a commercial dry extruded complete and balanced diet twice daily to maintain body weight. Following a 60 d adaptation to the control diet, dogs were fed their respective treatment diets for 90 d. Treatments were provided by ADM Biopolis (Valencia, Spain) and given via gelatin capsules before morning feeding to ensure consumption of the total dose of their placebo, probiotic, or heat-killed probiotic. The treatments supplementation had no detrimental effect on the overall dog's health. Throughout the experimental period, fecal scores did not differ among dogs fed different dietary treatments (P &gt; 0.05). However, fecal pH was significantly lower (P = 0.0049) in the dogs fed the postbiotic (5.8) compared with the group control (6.1). Greater fecal concentration of propionate (P=0.0427) was observed on dogs fed the probiotic and the dogs fed the postbiotic compared with the group control. Pancreatic polypeptide plasma concentration was less (P &lt; 0.05) in the dogs fed the probiotic compared with treatment control. These data suggest that the longitudinal supplementation of this specific strain in the live and heat-killed presentation may interact with gut microbial fermentation and gut hormonal regulation.
124 The Acute Effects of Supplementing a Meat-Based Diet with a Combination of Creatine, Carnitine and Choline, Taurine or Methionine on Post-Prandial Plasma Creatine and Creatinine Concentrations in Dogs
Authors: Banton Sydney , Braun Ulrike , Pezzali Julia Guazzelli , Shoveller Anna-Kate 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Creatine is an essential nitrogenous compound for cellular energy homeostasis in vertebrates. It is synthesized from the methylation of guanidinoacetate, a metabolite of arginine and glycine. Creatine is found in animal protein, however, when heat-processed for pet food, the creatine content decreases dramatically and creatinine is formed. Previous data from this study have been presented, however, the current objective was to define the postprandial plasma creatine and creatinine response in dogs fed a commercial meat-based diet (CON), top-dressed with a combination of creatine, carnitine and choline (CCC) or other nutrients involved in methyl metabolism, methionine (MET) or taurine (TAU). The control diet contained 0.195 g/kg creatine and 0.563 g/kg creatinine on an as-fed basis. Eight adult Beagles were fed one of the four diets for 7 days in a Latin Square design. On day 7, dogs had cephalic catheters placed and a series of blood samples were collected at fasted and up to 6 hours post-meal. Creatine and creatinine were analyzed using HPLC and data analyzed using Proc Glimmix in SAS (Version 9.4). Plasma creatine concentrations were greater in dogs fed CCC (103±10 µmol/L) compared with MET (72±7 µmol/L) at fasted (P&lt; 0.05) and greater compared with all other treatments from 15 to 360 minutes post-meal (P&lt; 0.05), with a peak concentration of 735±74 µmol/L at 90 min. Plasma creatinine concentrations were greater in dogs fed CCC from 60 to 180 min post-meal compared to all other treatments (P&lt; 0.05), with a peak concentration of 223±13 µmol/L at 90 min. Both peak concentrations were outside of established reference ranges in dogs. These data suggest that when creatine is top-dressed for 7 days, plasma creatine remains increased at fasted and up to 6 hours post-meal, while plasma creatinine remains increased up to 3 hours post-meal, which has implications for energy production and methyl metabolism.
123 Effects of a Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Product-Supplemented Diet on Fecal Characteristics, Oxidative Stress, and Blood Gene Expression of Adult Dogs Undergoing Transport Stress
Authors: Yotis Sofia , Norton Sharon A , Panasevich Matthew , Oba Patrícia M , Koziol Samantha , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Previously, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) was shown to positively alter fecal microbiota, fecal metabolites, and circulating immune cell function of adult dogs. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of SCFP on fecal characteristics, serum oxidative stress biomarkers, and whole blood gene expression of adult dogs undergoing transport stress. Sixteen adult pointer dogs (8M, 8F; mean age = 8.35 y; mean BW = 27.13 kg) were used in a randomized crossover design study. All dogs were fed control diet for 4 wk, then randomly assigned to a control or SCFP-supplemented diet and fed to maintain BW for 11 wk. A 6-wk washout preceded the second 11-wk experimental period with dogs receiving opposite treatments. After 11 wk, fresh fecal and blood samples were collected before and after transport in a van for 45 min. Change from baseline data (i.e., before and after transport) were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4, with P&lt; 0.05 being significant and P&lt; 0.10 being trends. Changes in serum malondialdehyde and 8-isoprostane:creatinine concentrations increased (P&lt; 0.05) in dogs fed SCFP, but decreased in control dogs with transport stress. Other serum markers were unaffected by diet during transport stress. Fecal dry matter percentage tended to be affected (P&lt; 0.10) by diet during transport stress, being reduced in control dogs, but stable in dogs fed SCFP. Other fecal characteristics were unaffected by diet during transport stress. Blood cyclooxgenase-2 and myeloperoxidase mRNA expression was affected (P&lt; 0.05) by diet during transport stress, being increased in control dogs, but stable or decreased in dogs fed SCFP. Expression of other genes was unaffected by diet during transport stress. These data suggest that the benefits of feeding a SCFP in a novel transport stress model are mediated more so by suppressing innate immune cell activation than through decreasing lipid peroxidation.
127 Standardized Amino Acid Digestibility and Protein Quality of Extruded Canine Diets Containing Hydrolyzed Protein
Authors: Hsu Clare , Utterback Pamela L , Parsons Carl M , Marx Fabio , Guldenpfennig Ryan , de Godoy Maria R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hydrolyzed protein in companion animal diets has been of public interest because of itsdecreased susceptibility to elicit overreacting immune response and the potentially easier digestion. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the chemical composition, standardized amino acid digestibility, and protein quality of 2 test protein hydrolysates, chicken liver hydrolysate (CLH) and chicken hydrolysate (CH), compared with a traditional chicken meal low ash (CM) in extruded canine diets. Five treatment diets were formulated to have similar ingredient compositions except for the main protein source, 1) CONd: CM diet; 2) 5%CLHd: 5% substitution of CLH of CM diet; 3) CLHd: CLH diet; 4) 5%CHd: 5% substitution of CH of CM diet; 5) CHd: CH diet. A precision-fed rooster assay using cecectomized roosters (n=4/treatment) was conducted to determine the standardized amino acid ileal digestibility and Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) like values for the 3 protein ingredients and 5 extruded diets. The standardized ileal digestibility for the 10 indispensable amino acids was all equal or greatere than 80% in all protein sources and treatment diets. Tryptophan digestibility in 5%CLHd was less than CLHd (P &lt; 0.05) but no difference was seen when compared with the other diets (P &gt; 0.05). The DIAAS-like values of the diets according to AAFCO nutrient profile showed that tryptophan was the first limiting amino acid for CONd, 5%CLHd, and 5%CHd; the diets containing only protein hydrolysates had no limiting amino acid as their DIAAS-like values were greater than 100%. The DIAAS-like values were less in CONd (95.6%), 5%CLHd (94.9%), and 5%CHd (96.2%) compared with CLHd (104.5%) and CHd (116.9%) (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, all test protein sources were well digested; however, substituting CM with protein hydrolysate could increase protein quality in canine extruded diets.
137 Standing in the gap of Neonatal Microbe-Host Barrier Function
Authors: Burrin Douglas , Hebib Valeria Melendez 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The provision of mammary secretions in the form of colostrum and mature milk for newborns is an essential survival function that has evolved over millennia in mammalian species. Colostrum serves a vital function for neonates by providing nutrients for energy and growth as they transition from placental nutrition to oral ingestion of more complex macromolecules, including lactose, proteins, and triglycerides. Colostrum also provides critical immune protection from colonizing commensal and pathogenic microbes that supports neonatal immunity until maturation of the immune system. This concept of homologous passive immunity conferred by colostrum is well known in farm animal species and has been largely attributed to immunoglobulins transferred from mother to offspring. Heterologous passive immunity is also an approach whereby bovine colostrum obtained from normal or hyperimmunized cows is used therapeutically to prevent specific GI diseases in swine and human infants. The critical importance of colostrum to survival of newborn farm animals also holds true in the prevention of intestinal diseases, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), in hospitalized premature infants. In preterm infants, mother’s own milk may not always be available and infants are instead fed donor human milk, which provides effective protection against NEC. Whether the benefits of human milk in the prevention of NEC are due to immunoglobulins is not well established. These scenarios whereby colostrum from different species or different mothers within a species protect the neonatal gut point to common elements of host protection. New experimental approaches and tools are being applied to understanding the molecular mechanism of how components of maternal milk impact gut microbial colonization and interaction with the host immune system.