bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Unavoidability of Low Inflation–Low Output Traps
Authors: Kocherlakota Narayana R 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary system, the monies of the developed world have been unbacked by any formal promise of convertibility. Yet, inflation has typically undershot, not overshot, central bank targets over the past couple decades. The low, while generally positive, inflation rate has (more arguably) been associated with low output and low growth. In this article, I consider these observations through the lens of a class of representative agent rational expectations models with nominal (price-setting) frictions and the possibility of firm entry/exit. I show that for any level of nominal frictions (no matter how small) and for any monetary policy rule that satisfies a set of weak restrictions, there is a large set of equilibria that exhibit permanently low inflation, low output, and low nominal interest rates. These equilibria can only exhibit positive long-run inflation if growth is low and the specification of nominal frictions (i.e. the Phillips curve) takes an unconventional but nonetheless empirically plausible form.
Risk Price Variation: The Missing Half of Empirical Asset Pricing
Authors: Patton Andrew J , Weller Brian M 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEqual compensation across assets for the same risk exposures is a bedrock of asset pricing theory and empirics. Yet real-world frictions can violate this equality and create apparently high Sharpe ratio opportunities. We develop new methods for asset pricing with cross-sectional heterogeneity in compensation for risk. We extend k-means clustering to group assets by risk prices and introduce a formal test for whether differences in risk premiums across market segments are too large to occur by chance. We find significant evidence of cross-sectional variation in risk prices for almost all combinations of test assets, factor models, and time periods considered.
Competitive binding of transcription factors underlies flexibility of T peripheral helper cells and T follicular helper cells in SLE
Authors: Jiang Qinglian , Wang Jiakai , Jiang Hongkun , Li Wei , Sun Yini , Shan Yu , Wei Tong , Chi Xuyang , Yu Shihan , Ma Xiaoxue 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective
Peripheral helper T (Tph) cells interact with B cells and promote immune responses at sites of ectopic lymphoid structures (ELSs). To assess the characteristics of Tph cells, we investigated the phenotype of T helper (Th) cells in patients with SLE and the underlying competitive binding mechanisms using cytokine-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factors.

Methods
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from SLE patients and healthy controls were analysed for phenotypic identification. Serum cytokine levels were detected using Luminex assays. In vitro culture was performed to assess cytokine-induced conversion of phenotypes and transcriptional regulation using flow cytometry and PCR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to evaluate STAT binding and histone modifications.

Results
CXCR5−PD-1+Tph-like cells were increased in SLE patients and showed strong association with disease activity and renal involvement. Serum IFN-α levels were increased and associated with Tph frequency. IFN-α promoted the differentiation of IL-10-producing CXCR5−PD-1+Tph-like cells, increased the responsiveness of IL-2 and induced the conversion of Tfh-like cells to Tph-like cells. STAT5 gained a competitive advantage and bound to the BCL6 locus at the expense of STAT1, accompanied by suppression of H3K4me3. Finally, anti-IFNAR1 decreased the differentiation of Tph-like cells, thereby suppressing the generation of CD38highCD27highplasmablasts.

Conclusion
Tph cells might be crucial makers to effectively reflect disease activity level in SLE patients. The finding that synergy of IFN-α and IL-2 increases Tph cells through competitive transcriptional regulation could be one of the mechanisms responsible for pathological formation of ELSs and helpful for selection of individualized therapeutic approaches for SLE.
Kidney Organoids Are Capable of Forming Tumors, but Not Teratomas
Authors: Shankar Anusha S , Du Zhaoyu , Tejeda Mora Hector , Boers Ruben , Cao Wanlu , van den Bosch Thierry P P , Korevaar Sander S , Boers Joachim , van IJcken Wilfred F J , Bindels Eric M J , Eussen Bert , de Klein Annelies , Pan Qiuwei , Oudijk Lindsey , Clahsen-van Groningen Marian C , Hoorn Ewout J , Baan Carla C , Gribnau Joost , Hoogduijn Martin J 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived kidney organoids are a potential tool for the regeneration of kidney tissue. They represent an early stage of nephrogenesis and have been shown to successfsully vascularize and mature further in vivo. However, there are concerns regarding the long-term safety and stability of iPSC derivatives. Specifically, the potential for tumorigenesis may impede the road to clinical application. To study safety and stability of kidney organoids, we analyzed their potential for malignant transformation in a teratoma assay and following long-term subcutaneous implantation in an immune-deficient mouse model. We did not detect fully functional residual iPSCs in the kidney organoids as analyzed by gene expression analysis, single-cell sequencing and immunohistochemistry. Accordingly, kidney organoids failed to form teratoma. Upon long-term subcutaneous implantation of whole organoids in immunodeficient IL2Ry−/−RAG2−/− mice, we observed tumor formation in 5 out of 103 implanted kidney organoids. These tumors were composed of WT1+CD56+ immature blastemal cells and showed histological resemblance with Wilms tumor. No genetic changes were identified that contributed to the occurrence of tumorigenic cells within the kidney organoids. However, assessment of epigenetic changes revealed a unique cluster of differentially methylated genes that were also present in undifferentiated iPSCs. We discovered that kidney organoids have the capacity to form tumors upon long-term implantation. The presence of epigenetic modifications combined with the lack of environmental cues may have caused an arrest in terminal differentiation. Our results indicate that the safe implementation of kidney organoids should exclude the presence of pro-tumorigenic methylation in kidney organoids.
Hip Prognosis in Patients With Congenital Diastasis of the Pubic Symphysis
Authors: Yamaguchi Ryosuke , Nakamura Tomoyuki , Yanagida Haruhisa , Yamaguchi Toru , Takamura Kazuyuki , Wada Akifusa , Nakashima Yasuharu 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Congenital diastasis of the pubic symphysis (CDPS) is a rare musculoskeletal malformation in the exstrophy-epispadias complex that is potentially associated with the development of hip dysplasia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and prognostic factors of hip dysplasia in patients with CDPS.

Methods:
Fifty-four hips in 27 patients with CDPS initially evaluated between 1983 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age at the first visit was 2.3 (0 to 8) years. The mean follow-up duration was 10.5 (1 to 36) years. Patient characteristics at the first visit, the clinical course at the most recent follow-up, and radiologic parameters on pubic malformation and hip dysplasia during at least 2 time points (first visit or age 1, and either the most recent visit or before hip surgery) were evaluated. Prognostic factors associated with the development of hip dysplasia were analyzed using univariate/multivariate analysis. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated and compared based on these factors.

Results:
Nine of 27 patients (33%) and 13 of 54 hip joints (24%) with CDPS developed hip dysplasia. Paraplegia (odds ratio, 10.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-76.6) and center-edge angle of <5 degrees at the first visit or age 1 (P<0.001) were independent predictors of the development of hip dysplasia. Patients with CDPS and either paraplegia or center-edge angle <5 degrees at the first visit or age 1 were significantly more likely to develop hip dysplasia than other patients (hazard ratio, 29.3; 95% confidence interval, 3.4-250).

Conclusions:
Approximately one third of patients with CDPS develop hip dysplasia. Paraplegia and center-edge angle of <5 degrees at the first visit are independent risk factors.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Dynamic Supination in Congenital Clubfoot: A Modified Delphi Panel Approach to Standardizing Definitions and Indications for Treatment
Authors: Baskar Danika , Hosseinzadeh Pooya , Mosca Vincent , Bouchard Maryse , Aroojis Alaric , Arkader Alexandre , Cidambi Emily , Denning Jaime , Eastwood Deborah , Gantsoudes George , Kelly Derek M. , Kishta Waleed , Masquijo Javier , May Collin , Milbrandt Todd , Nichols Louise R. , Frick Steven 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Dynamic supination is a well-recognized cause of congenital clubfoot deformity relapse. However, there is no consensus on how to diagnose it and there are varied approaches in its management. This study aims to define dynamic supination and indications for treatment by presenting consensus from an international panel of experts using a modified Delphi panel approach.

Methods:
An international panel of 15 pediatric orthopaedic surgeons with clinical and research expertise in childhood foot disorders participated in a modified Delphi panel on dynamic supination in congenital clubfoot. Panelists voted on 51 statements using a 4-point Likert scale on dynamic supination, clinical indications for treatment, operative techniques, and postoperative casting and bracing. All panelists participated in 2 voting rounds with an interim meeting for discussion. Responses were classified as unanimous consensus (100%), consensus (80% or above), near-consensus (70% to 79%), and indeterminate (69% or less).

Results:
Consensus was achieved for 34 of 51 statements. Panelists agreed dynamic supination is present when the forefoot is supinated during swing phase of gait with initial contact on the lateral border of the foot. There was also agreement that dynamic supination results from muscle imbalance between the tibialis anterior and the peroneus longus and brevis. There was no consensus on observation of hindfoot varus in dynamic supination, operative indications for posterior release of the ankle joint, or incisional approach for tibialis anterior tendon transfer. Reference to the calcaneopedal unit concept, planes of movement, and phases of gait were deemed important factors for consideration when evaluating dynamic supination.

Conclusions:
Consensus statements from the Delphi panel can guide diagnosis and treatment of dynamic supination in clubfoot deformity relapse, including clinical decision making regarding preoperative casting, surgical approach, and postoperative immobilization. Near-consensus and indeterminate statements may be used to direct future areas of investigation.

Level of Evidence:
Level V.
The Rise and Fall of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Throughout the United States
Authors: Beschloss Alexander M. , DiCindio Christina M. , Lombardi Joseph S. , Shillingford Jamal N. , Laratta Joseph L. , Holderread Brendan , Louie Phillip , Pugely Andrew J. , Sardar Zeeshan , Khalsa Amrit S. , Arlet Vincent M. , Saifi Comron 
Published: February 2022

Study Design:
Retrospective Database Study.

Objective:
Investigate utilization of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) between 2004 and 2014.

Summary of Background Data:
The utilization, particularly off-label utilization, of BMP-2 has been controversial and debated in the literature. Given the concerns regarding cancer and potential complications, the risk benefit profile of BMP must be weighed with each surgical case. The debate regarding the costs and potential side effects of BMP-2 compared with autologous iliac crest bone harvest has continued.

Methods:
The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was queried for the use of BMP-2 (ICD-9-CM 84.52) between 2004 and 2014 across 44 states. The NIS database represents a 20% sample of discharges, weighted to provide national estimates. BMP-2 utilization rates in spine surgery fusion procedures were calculated as a fraction of the total number of thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal fusion surgeries performed each year.

Results:
Between 2004 and 2014, BMP-2 was utilized in 927,275 spinal fusion surgeries. In 2004, BMP-2 was utilized in 28.3% of all cases (N=48,613). The relative use of BMP-2 in spine fusion surgeries peaked in 2008 at 47.0% (N=112,180). Since then, it has continued to steadily decline with an endpoint of 23.6% of cases in 2014 (N=60,863).

Conclusions:
Throughout the United States, the utilization of BMP-2 in thoracolumbar fusion surgeries increased from 28.3% to 47.0% between 2004 and 2008. However, from 2008 to 2014, the utilization of BMP-2 in thoracolumbar spine fusion surgeries decreased significantly from 47.0% to 23.4%. While this study provides information on the utilization of BMP-2 for the entire United States over an 11-year period, further research is needed to the determine the factors affecting these trends.
Effect of Inconsistent Optical Coherence Tomography Scan Location on Glaucoma Progression Analysis
Authors: Hwang Young Hoon , Song Mi Yeon 
Published: February 2022

Précis:
Circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness change induced by optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan circle location displacement was not completely compensated despite the use of Guided Progression Analysis (GPA), especially when the “R1” registration method was applied.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of inconsistent OCT scan location on glaucoma progression detection using GPA.

Methods:
Eighty-four glaucomatous eyes with at least 4 serial OCT tests were included. To evaluate the ability of OCT GPA to adjust the OCT scan location, an analysis was performed without manipulation (control set), and after the OCT scan of the latest test was intentionally moved inferotemporally (test set). The eyes were classified into the adjustment and nonadjustment groups based on the superior or inferior quadrant RNFL thickness agreement between the control and test sets.

Results:
When the OCT GPA parameters between the control and test sets were compared, the test set showed a greater superior RNFL thickness and lesser inferior RNFL thickness compared with the control set (P<0.05). The eyes in the nonadjustment group (n=21, 25%) had a lower chance of applying the eye-tracking function (P=0.003) and a higher frequency of the “R1” registration method of OCT GPA (P<0.001) than the adjustment group (n=63, 75%); all eyes with the “R1” method were in the nonadjustment group and all eyes with the “R2” method were in the adjustment group.

Conclusions:
Inconsistent OCT scan location induced changes in RNFL thickness that were not completely compensated despite the use of OCT GPA, especially when the “R1” registration method was applied. These findings indicates a potential for misidentified glaucoma progression.
Placebo Response Rates in Acupuncture Therapy Trials for Functional Dyspepsia
Authors: Liu Jie , Song Gengqing , Huang Yizhou , Lv Chaolan , Wang Ying , Wu Dandan , Sun Chenyu , Jing Meng , Yu Yue 
Published: February 2022

Background:Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a functional digestive disease with limited management selection. Previous studies revealed that acupuncture therapy is effective for FD. However, because sham controls were not implemented in most clinical trials following acupuncture therapy, it is difficult to differentiate overall treatment responses from placebo. This study aims to quantify placebo responses in clinical trials in which FD patients received sham manual acupuncture (MA) and sham electroacupuncture (EA).Materials and Methods:Randomized controlled trials of MA and EA for FD patients were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases, as well as 4 Chinese language databases from inception to January 2021. RevMan 5.20 software was used for pooled analysis of symptom scores and quality of life. The symptom scores were combined using standard mean difference (SMD) or weighted mean difference (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The quality of included studies was tested using modified Jadad scale and Standards for Reporting Interventions in Controlled Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA) checklist. Egger’s test, Begg’s test, and sensitivity analyses were conducted using Stata 11.0 statistical software. The protocol of this study is registered in PROSPERO as CRD42021233858.Results:After screening, the current systematic review included 13 randomized controlled trials, of which 8 studies were used in the meta-analysis. Regarding subjective outcomes, the combined effect of sham MA on FD symptoms was [SMD=−0.42, 95% CI (−0.72, −0.12);P=0.005], whereas sham EA treatment was [SMD=−0.54, 95% CI (−0.81, −0.27);P<0.001]. The combined effect on FD quality of life of post-sham MA group was [SMD=−0.32, 95% CI (−0.52, −0.12);P=0.002]. With regard to objective outcomes, the combined effect of sham EA on dominant frequency was [WMD=−0.11, 95% CI (−0.30, −0.08);P=0.24], while the combined effect of sham EA on dominant power was [WMD=−3.35, 95% CI (−8.04, 1.35);P=0.16].Conclusions:Sham MA and sham EA remarkably improve symptoms and quality of life scores of FD without influencing objective outcomes, highlighting the significance of sham controls in acupuncture therapy clinical trials.
Addressing Occupational Fatigue in Nurses
Authors: Steege Linsey M. , Arsenault Knudsen Élise N. , Brzozowski Sarah , Cho Hyeonmi 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVE
To understand hospital nurses' current fatigue risk management (FRM), identify design goals and principles, and obtain feedback on FRM design concepts.

BACKGROUND
FRM systems can address fatigue and associated risks, yet they are not widely implemented in hospital nursing. This may be due to a lack of contextually appropriate FRM tools.

METHODS
A user-centered design approach was used, including interviews with 21 hospital nursing stakeholders.

FINDINGS
Nurses described integrated fatigue monitoring and management activities to pursue balance between work demands and capacity to meet those demands as individual nurses, within the unit, across the hospital, and over time. Seven principles were identified and applied to 2 initial design concepts for tools to support FRM. Participants' feedback on designs was positive.

CONCLUSIONS
This study advances the science and practice for FRM in nursing. The design principles and concepts from this study can be used to facilitate implementation of FRM systems in hospitals.
Peripheral IV Administration of Hypertonic Saline: Single-Center Retrospective PICU Study*
Authors: Pohl Charles E. , Harvey Helen , Foley Jennifer , Lee Euyhyun , Xu Ronghui , O’Brien Nicole F. , Coufal Nicole G. 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVES:
To determine the frequency and characteristics of complications of peripherally administered hypertonic saline (HTS) through assessment of infiltration and extravasation.

DESIGN:
Retrospective cross-sectional study.

SETTING:
Freestanding tertiary care pediatric hospital.

PATIENTS:
Children who received HTS through a peripheral IV catheter (PIVC).

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
We conducted a single-center retrospective review from January 2012 to 2019. A total of 526 patients with 1,020 unique administrations of HTS through a PIVC met inclusion criteria. The primary endpoint was PIVC failure due to infiltration or extravasation. The indication for the administration of HTS infusion was collected. Catheter data was captured, including the setting of catheter placement, anatomical location on the patient, gauge size, length of time from catheter insertion to HTS infusion, in situ duration of catheter lifespan, and removal rationale. The administration data for HTS was reviewed and included volume of administration, bolus versus continuous infusion, infusion rate, infusion duration, and vesicant medications administered through the PIVC. There were 843 bolus infusions of HTS and 172 continuous infusions. Of the bolus administrations, there were eight infiltrations (0.9%). The continuous infusion group had 13 infiltrations (7.6%). There were no extravasations in either group, and no patients required medical therapy or intervention by the wound care or plastic surgery teams. There was no significant morbidity attributed to HTS administration in either group.

CONCLUSIONS:
HTS administered through a PIVC infrequently infiltrates in critically ill pediatric patients. The infiltration rate was low when HTS is administered as a bolus but higher when given as a continuous infusion. However, no patient suffered an extravasation injury or long-term morbidity from any infiltration.
Are Opioids Out? Assessing Prescription Patterns in Plastic Surgery Using Medicare Part D Beneficiary Data
Authors: Maisner Rose S. , Song Amy , Zhou Benjamin , Srinivasan Nivetha , Thepmankorn Parisorn , Siniakowicz Claudia , Ayyala Haripriya S. 
Published: February 2022

Introduction
Since 1999, nearly 841,000 individuals have died from overdoses, 29% involving prescription opioids. Use of opioids for postoperative pain lacks evidence-based guidelines, and despite studies showing the efficacy of nonopioid agents in reducing postoperative morbidity, opioids are still routinely prescribed. However, multiple states are adopting prescription drug monitoring programs and prescription drug laws. The authors sought to investigate recent opioid prescription patterns among plastic surgeons.

Methods
This cross-sectional study used “Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: Part D Prescriber” provided by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services from 2016 to 2018. Entries were filtered to include plastic surgeons. Demographic variables included surgeon sex, geographic region and state, board certification status, and length of experience. The surgeon's practice was designated as academic, private, or both. Outcomes included total opioid claims, opioid prescriber rate, and days per claim. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical comparison (α = .05).

Results
From 2016 to 2018, plastic surgeons wrote 289,525 opioid prescriptions for 1,729,523 days (6.0 days per prescription), totaling $3,346,979.39. In 2018, 62.2% of plastic surgeons prescribed 0 to 10 opioids, 36.5% prescribed 11 to 50 opioids, and 1.3% prescribed more than 50. Furthermore, 99.5% of plastic surgeons prescribing opioids are practicing in metropolitan areas (rural-urban commuting area codes 1–3). Plastic surgeons who were male or were board certified had significantly lower opioid prescriber rates (P < 0.001). There were no significant variations in outcomes by length of surgeon experience. Geographic region was significantly associated with opioid prescription rates and days per claim, with Southern plastic surgeons having lower rates (P < 0.001) and those Northeastern ones prescribing shorter courses (P = 0.004). The number of opioid claims, days per claim, and opioid prescriber rates were all significantly lower in 2018 than in 2017 and 2016 (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Prescriptions written by plastic surgeons may have contributed to the opioid epidemic, but 2018 data suggest opioids are becoming less routine in postoperative pain control. Further studies are warranted to assess factors related to reduced and shorter opioid prescriptions by plastic surgeons in the South and Northeast, respectively. Such insight, if adopted into law and implemented into clinical practice, may help reduce the burden of the opioid epidemic.