bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre-service Chemistry Teachers’ Views about the Tentative and Durable Nature of Scientific Knowledge
Authors: Mueller Stefan , Reiners Christiane S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWith regard to current controversial public discussions about the credibility of scientific knowledge, it seems particularly important that students possess adequate ideas about the tentativeness of scientific knowledge, which is a key aspect of nature of science. However, international studies show that many pre-service science teachers tend to have naïve conceptions about the tentativeness and these conceptions turn out to be resistant to change. So far, no research was done, on the conceptions of German pre-service chemistry teachers about tentativeness. Therefore, two empirical, qualitative research studies were conducted. The first study with 50 participants was to investigate, which conceptions about tentativeness German pre-service chemistry teachers possess, what the origins of these conceptions are and if they are resistant to change. In a second study with 56 participants, it was examined how a more adequate and functional understanding could be promoted. Data were collected by using different methods, such as open-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The participants’ views about tentativeness were assigned to different categories. Results show that most participants held inconsistent or only partially informed views on tentativeness. The views turn out to be resistant to change, and many participants are not able to explain their ideas. And if so, their explanations are mostly restricted to scientific theories. Additionally, dealing with tentativeness unsettles some participants. To promote an adequate understanding, new approaches were developed, like the BlackTube activity. Additionally, instructions should focus on the durability of scientific knowledge. Furthermore, a differentiated reflection on different types of scientific knowledge seems necessary.
Rethinking hereditary relations: the reconstitutor as the evolutionary unit of heredity
Authors: Veigl Sophie J. , Suárez Javier , Stencel Adrian 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis paper introduces the reconstitutor as a comprehensive unit of heredity within the context of evolutionary research. A reconstitutor is the structure resulting from a set of relationships between different elements or processes that are actively involved in the recreation of a specific phenotypic variant in each generation regardless of the biomolecular basis of the elements or whether they stand in a continuous line of ancestry. Firstly, we justify the necessity of introducing the reconstitutor by showing the limitations of other evolutionary conceptions of the unit of heredity, such as the replicator, the reproducer, and the Darwinian individual. We argue that these conceptions are based on the requirement of lineage formation (Stability of Lineages), which we argue to be unnecessary for the existence of evolutionary heredity. In the second part, we introduce the reconstitutor, which we base on the concept of Stability of Traits, and illustrate how it covers cases of hereditary phenomena (small RNAs, microbiota) not covered by the previous accounts. Secondly, we illustrate how the reconstitutor could serve as a platform to rethink ecological inheritance and other forms of inheritance that have been recently introduced under the song/singer model of evolution.
Molecular and functional characterization of two RGA type genes in the PdR1b locus for Pierce’s disease resistance in Vitis arizonica/candicans
Authors: Agüero Cecilia B. , Riaz Summaira , Tenscher Alan C. , Bistué Carolina , Walker M. Andrew 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPierce’s disease is a deadly disease of grapevines caused by the bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa (Xf). A Pierce’s disease resistance locus from Vitis arizonica/candicans b43-17 segregated as a single dominant gene and mapped as PdR1a and PdR1b in two F1 sibling selections. The physical mapping of the PdR1b allele allowed the identification of five ORFs of the Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase gene family. Two ORFs: V.ari-RGA14 and V.ari-RGA18 were used to transform embryogenic callus of V. vinifera Chardonnay (CH) and Thompson Seedless (TS) and V. rupestris St George (SG) via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Regenerated plants were inoculated with Xf under greenhouse conditions. Genetic transformation with RGA14 and 18 did not generate resistance in CH and TS, although some lines of CH showed significantly lower stem bacterial concentration and/or exhibited reduced symptoms. In transgenic SG14, improved regrowth was accompanied with lower bacterial titers and decreased pectin lyase and ß-1,3-glucanase 3 gene expression. The limited effects of the transgenes on PD resistance could be explained by the lack of suitable partners or the presence of susceptibility factors that could not be overcome under these experimental conditions. The involvement of RGA17 in b43-17 resistance to Xf should not be discarded.
Non-Newtonian Rheology in a Capillary Tube with Varying Radius
Authors: Lanza Federico , Rosso Alberto , Talon Laurent , Hansen Alex 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFluid blobs in an immiscible Newtonian fluid flowing in a capillary tube with varying radius show highly nonlinear behavior. We consider here a generalization of previously obtained results to blobs of non-Newtonian fluids. We compute here the yield pressure drop and the mean flow rate in two cases: (i) When a single blob is injected, (ii) When many blobs are randomly injected into the tube. We find that the capillary effects emerge from the non-uniformity of the tube radius and contribute to the threshold pressure for flow to occur. Furthermore, in the presence of many blobs the threshold value depends on the number of blobs and their relative distances which are randomly distributed. For a capillary fiber bundle of identical parallel tubes, we calculate the probability distribution of the threshold pressure and the mean flow rate. We consider two geometries: tubes of sinusoidal shape, for which we derive explicit expressions, and triangular-shaped tubes, for which we find that essential singularities are developed. We perform numerical simulations confirming our analytical results.
Auxiliary signal-guided knowledge encoder-decoder for medical report generation
Authors: Li Mingjie , Liu Rui , Wang Fuyu , Chang Xiaojun , Liang Xiaodan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMedical reports have significant clinical value to radiologists and specialists, especially during a pandemic like COVID. However, beyond the common difficulties faced in the natural image captioning, medical report generation specifically requires the model to describe a medical image with a fine-grained and semantic-coherence paragraph that should satisfy both medical commonsense and logic. Previous works generally extract the global image features and attempt to generate a paragraph that is similar to referenced reports; however, this approach has two limitations. Firstly, the regions of primary interest to radiologists are usually located in a small area of the global image, meaning that the remainder parts of the image could be considered as irrelevant noise in the training procedure. Secondly, there are many similar sentences used in each medical report to describe the normal regions of the image, which causes serious data bias. This deviation is likely to teach models to generate these inessential sentences on a regular basis. To address these problems, we propose an Auxiliary Signal-Guided Knowledge Encoder-Decoder (ASGK) to mimic radiologists’ working patterns. Specifically, the auxiliary patches are explored to expand the widely used visual patch features before fed to the Transformer encoder, while the external linguistic signals help the decoder better master prior knowledge during the pre-training process. Our approach performs well on common benchmarks, including CX-CHR, IU X-Ray, and COVID-19 CT Report dataset (COV-CTR), demonstrating combining auxiliary signals with transformer architecture can bring a significant improvement in terms of medical report generation. The experimental results confirm that auxiliary signals driven Transformer-based models are with solid capabilities to outperform previous approaches on both medical terminology classification and paragraph generation metrics.
Quality assurance and quality control reporting in untargeted metabolic phenotyping: mQACC recommendations for analytical quality management
Authors: Kirwan Jennifer A. , Gika Helen , Beger Richard D. , Bearden Dan , Dunn Warwick B. , Goodacre Royston , Theodoridis Georgios , Witting Michael , Yu Li-Rong , Wilson Ian D. ,   the metabolomics Quality Assurance and Quality Control Consortium (mQACC)
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
Demonstrating that the data produced in metabolic phenotyping investigations (metabolomics/metabonomics) is of good quality is increasingly seen as a key factor in gaining acceptance for the results of such studies. The use of established quality control (QC) protocols, including appropriate QC samples, is an important and evolving aspect of this process. However, inadequate or incorrect reporting of the QA/QC procedures followed in the study may lead to misinterpretation or overemphasis of the findings and prevent future metanalysis of the body of work.

Objective
The aim of this guidance is to provide researchers with a framework that encourages them to describe quality assessment and quality control procedures and outcomes in mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based methods in untargeted metabolomics, with a focus on reporting on QC samples in sufficient detail for them to be understood, trusted and replicated. There is no intent to be proscriptive with regard to analytical best practices; rather, guidance for reporting QA/QC procedures is suggested. A template that can be completed as studies progress to ensure that relevant data is collected, and further documents, are provided as on-line resources.

Key reporting practices
Multiple topics should be considered when reporting QA/QC protocols and outcomes for metabolic phenotyping data. Coverage should include the role(s), sources, types, preparation and uses of the QC materials and samples generally employed in the generation of metabolomic data. Details such as sample matrices and sample preparation, the use of test mixtures and system suitability tests, blanks and technique-specific factors are considered and methods for reporting are discussed, including the importance of reporting the acceptance criteria for the QCs. To this end, the reporting of the QC samples and results are considered at two levels of detail: “minimal” and “best reporting practice” levels.
Unterrichtsqualität aus der Sicht von externen Raterinnen und Ratern – Analysen zum Reihenfolgeeffekt
Authors: Igler Jennifer , Ohle-Peters Annika , McElvany Nele 
Published: August 2022

ZusammenfassungUnterrichtsqualität wird häufig über Urteile von Externen erfasst. Mit Blick auf die Güte dieser Urteile stellt sich die Frage, ob diese aufgrund von Darbietungsmodalitäten sowie individuellen Faktoren systematisch verzerrt sein können. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden daher der Einfluss der Reihenfolge von Unterrichtsvideos mit unterschiedlichen Qualitätsniveaus sowie von individuellen Faktoren wie Vorerfahrung und mentaler Zustand (Müdigkeit) auf Unterschiede in den Urteilen und Interaktionen untersucht. Hierfür wurdenN = 69 Studierende zu drei Versuchsgruppen zugeordnet, die zwei zehnminütige Videos in variierender Reihenfolge der Qualitätsniveaus präsentiert bekamen: Gruppe A (niedrig/mittel), B (mittel/hoch) und C (hoch/mittel). Die Analysen zeigten Unterschiede in den mittleren Ratings aufgrund der Reihenfolge sowie der Vorerfahrung und der Müdigkeit. Überdies wurden Interaktionen zwischen der experimentellen Bedingung und der Müdigkeit identifiziert. Die Ergebnisse wiesen auf Verzerrungen der Urteile von Externen hin, besonders im Bereich Motivierung. Konsequenzen für die Interpretation und Durchführung von videogestützten Unterrichtsqualitätsstudien werden diskutiert.
Kinetic Modeling of Grain Boundary Cementite Evolution
Authors: Vogric M. , Kozeschnik E. , Svoboda J. , Führer M. , Kreyca J. , Wei W. , Povoden-Karadeniz E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Prediction of grain boundary cementite growth kinetics in hypereutectoid steels is necessary to control its thickness. It is a question of major industrial importance but has remained unresolved to date. This paper presents and compares two different and new modeling approaches. The first one relies on diffusion-based nucleation and growth of cementite precipitates using a modified SFFK model with short-circuit grain boundary diffusion and accounting for heterogeneous nucleation site energy during isothermal treatments and continuous cooling. It is compared to previously published simulations of diffusion-controlled reaction with moving phase boundaries and a similar simulation using the software Dictra. The second approach implies that cementite thickening is driven by the nucleation of ledges at the stepped austenite/cementite interface, controlled by a structure barrier to ledge formation previously assumed in the literature.[1] We suggest a semi-empirical formulation of this barrier to ledge nucleation during isothermal transformation. Both approaches lead to an excellent match to experimental data for an almost pure Fe–C system. This implies that modeling the stepped structure of the austenite/cementite interface is not imperative for simulation of thickening kinetics, but also that understanding the governing physics of ledge formation allows for a comprehensive description of secondary cementite formation.
Boronic Acid-Based n-Type Semiconductor for Electronic Device Application
Authors: Kagatikar Sneha , Sunil Dhanya , Kekuda Dhananjaya , Satyanarayana M. N. , Kulkarni Suresh D. , Karkera Chaya 
Published: August 2022

AbstractElectron transporting, or n-type, semiconductors can serve as charge-transport materials, and are ideal for use in organic electronic devices. Boron-based small organic molecules have garnered immense research attention as the heteroatom can effectively alter the electronic structures leading to excellent photophysical and electrochemical properties. A luminescent Schiff base (E)-(4-((2-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)hydrazono)methyl)phenyl)boronic acid (SHB) was prepared by a one-pot condensation reaction between salicyloyl hydrazide and formylphenylboronic acid. The synthesized molecule was chemically characterized by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The blue-emitting boronic acid-derived molecule displayed intramolecular charge transfer, high carrier concentration, good thermal stability, a reversible reduction tendency and formation of uniform amorphous thin films. A diode was successfully fabricated via a solution processing technique with an ideality factor of 7.76. Further, AC conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and capacitance values in a frequency range of 10–1000 Hz were extracted from dielectric studies. The dielectric constant of SHB was found to be 9.71 with an AC conductivity of 6.34 × 10−9 Ω−1 cm−1 at 1000 Hz.
Graphical Abstract
Ribosomal RNA Transcription Machineries in Intestinal Protozoan Parasites: A Bioinformatic Analysis
Authors: Lagunas-Rangel Francisco Alejandro 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Ribosome biogenesis is a key process in all living organisms, energetically expensive and tightly regulated. Currently, little is known about the components of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription machinery that are present in intestinal parasites, such as Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Entamoeba histolytica. Thus, in the present work, an analysis was carried out looking for the components of the rRNA transcription machinery that are conserved in intestinal parasites and if these could be used to design new treatment strategies.

Methods
The different components of the rRNA transcription machinery were searched in the studied parasites with the NCBI BLAST tool in the EuPathDB Bioinformatics Resource Center database. The sequences of the RRN3 and POLR1F orthologs were aligned and important regions identified. Subsequently, three-dimensional models were built with different bioinformatic tools and a structural analysis was performed.

Results
Among the protozoa examined, C. parvum is the parasite with the fewest identifiable components of the rRNA transcription machinery. TBP, RRN3, POLR1A, POLR1B, POLR1C, POLR1D, POLR1F, POLR1H, POLR2E, POLR2F and POLR2H subunits were identified in all species studied. Furthermore, the interaction regions between RRN3 and POLR1F were found to be conserved and could be used to design drugs that inhibit rRNA transcription in the parasites studied.

Conclusion
The inhibition of the rRNA transcription machinery in parasites might be a new therapeutic strategy against these microorganisms.
Synergistic Effect of miR-200 and Young Extracellular Matrix-based Bio-scaffolds to Reduce Signs of Aging in Senescent Fibroblasts
Authors: Pennarossa Georgia , De Iorio Teresina , Arcuri Sharon , Gandolfi Fulvio , Brevini Tiziana A. L. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAging is defined as a complex, multifaceted degenerative process that causes a gradual decline of physiological functions and a rising mortality risk with time. Stopping senescence or even rejuvenating the body represent one of the long-standing human dreams. Somatic cell nuclear transfer as well as cell reprogramming have suggested the possibility to slow or even reverse signs of aging. We exploited miR-200 family ability to induce a transient high plasticity state in human skin fibroblasts isolated from old individuals and we investigated whether this ameliorates cellular and physiological hallmarks of senescence. In addition, based on the assumption that extracellular matrix (ECM) provides biomechanical stimuli directly influencing cell behavior, we examine whether ECM-based bio-scaffolds, obtained from decellularized ovaries of young swine, stably maintain the rejuvenated phenotype acquired by cells after miR-200 exposure. The results show the existence of multiple factors that cooperate to control a unique program, driving the cell clock. In particular, miR-200 family directly regulates the molecular mechanisms erasing cell senescence. However, this effect is transient, reversible, and quickly lost. On the other hand, the use of an adequate young microenvironment stabilizes the miR-200-mediated rejuvenating effects, suggesting that synergistic interactions occur among molecular effectors and ECM-derived biomechanical stimuli. The model here described is a useful tool to better characterize these complex regulations and to finely dissect the multiple and concurring biochemical and biomechanical cues driving the cell biological clock.
Graphical Abstract
Interferometric Imaging Ellipsometer for Characterizing the Physical Parameters of a Grown Oxide Layer
Authors: Abdallah A. W. , Farid N. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractInterferometric and ellipsometric techniques are widely used in object characterization, investigation and testing. Both techniques are crucial for industrial sectors in manufacturing and production. In this work, an interferometric imaging ellipsometry method has been developed to measure the ellipsometric parameters Ψ, Δ and thickness t of native oxide layer formed on a copper thin film at wide angle of incidence 57.8–80.2º instantaneously. In this system, Michelson interferometer is illuminated with 45° polarized laser beam of 30 mm diameter. The produced fringes are split by a polarizing beam splitter (PBS) into p- and s- polarization fringes. The interferograms are captured separately by two CCD sensors at the reference and the measurement states without moving any parts in the optical system for each state. The detected p- and s- interferograms are analyzed using ImageJ software for mathematically calculating the values of Ψ, Δ and t of the oxide layer grown on copper thin film surface. The proposed method avoids the offset errors and the probable misalignment resulting from the beam and the optical components. In addition, it gathers the information of the interference pattern with the state of polarization of light for accurate, precise and real time contrast images. The oxide layer thickness is determined under controlled environment with high accuracy and low uncertainty. The results obtained by the proposed technique are consistent with the spectroscopic ellipsometer measurements.
Validation of the Italian Translation of the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale
Authors: Simione Luca , De Berardinis Carola , Calabrese Lucia , Raffone Antonino 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objectives
Assessing mindfulness skills is an important topic for the mindfulness research community around the world. Having a variety of mindfulness measures validated in different languages would increase the quality of research on the topic. Thus, we propose a contribution to the validation of the Italian version of the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS) and its relatively short form, including only 10 out of the original 20 items. We also study its relationships with other psychological measures, and how it relates to meditation experience.

Methods
We translated the original scale into Italian and then assessed its psychometric properties in two convenience samples of healthy participants from the general population (total n = 429). We analyzed the validity and the dimensionality of the scale (study 1 and 2), its construct validity and relationships with other psychological measures (study 3), and then how it relates to meditation experience (study 4).

Results
An exploratory factor analysis (study 1) on sample 1 confirmed the original PHLMS structure, indicating two orthogonal dimensions named awareness and acceptance. A successive confirmatory factor analysis (study 2) on sample 2 also revealed a good fit of the model for the two-factor structure with correlated error. The short form also revealed a good model fit. In the successive studies conducted on a pooled sample including both sample 1 and 2, we confirmed the predominant role of acceptance in determining psychological well-being (study 3) and that meditation experience was related to increased mindfulness skills (study 4).

Conclusions
The results support both the long and short forms of the Italian PHMLS (PHLMS-I) as valid and reliable instruments for measuring mindfulness skills in non-meditative and meditative samples.