bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Radon Exposure From Thawing of Permafrost Due To Climate Change
Authors: Glover P. W. J. , Blouin M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRadon is a natural radioactive gas accounting for approximately one in 10 lung cancer deaths, with substantially higher death rates in sub‐Arctic communities. Radon transport is significantly reduced in permafrost, but permafrost is now thawing due to climate change. The effect of permafrost thawing on domestic radon exposure is unknown. Here we present results from radon transport modeling through soil, permafrost, and model buildings either with basements or built on piles. We find that permafrost acts as an effective radon barrier, reducing radiation exposure to a tenth of the background level while producing a ten‐fold increase in the radon activity behind the barrier. When we model thawing of the permafrost barrier, we find no increase in radon to the background level for buildings on piles. However, for buildings with basements, the radon increases to over one hundred times its initial value and can remain above the 200 Bq/m3 threshold for up to 7 years depending on the depth of the permafrost and the speed of thawing. When thawing speed is taken into account, radiations remain higher than the threshold for all scenarios where 40% thawing occurs within 15 years. This new information suggests that a significant sub‐Arctic population could be exposed to radon levels dangerous to health as a result of climate change thawing of permafrost, with implications for health provision, building codes, and ventilation advice.
Conductivities of Titan's Dusty Ionosphere
Authors: Shebanits O. , Wahlund J.‐E. , Waite J. H. , Dougherty M. K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTitan's ionosphere hosts a globally distributed non‐trivial dusty ion‐ion plasma, providing an environment for studies of dusty ionospheres that is in many aspects unique in our solar system. Thanks to the Cassini mission, Titan's ionosphere also features one of the largest dusty plasma data sets from 126 flybys of the moon over 13 years, from 2004 to 2017. Recent studies have shown that negatively charged dust dramatically alters the electric properties of plasmas, in particular planetary ionospheres. Utilizing the full plasma content of the moon's ionosphere (electrons, positive ions, and negative ions/dust grains), we derive the electric conductivities and define the conductive dynamo region. Our results show that using the full plasma content increases the Pedersen conductivities at ∼1,100–1,200 km altitude by up to 35% compared to the estimates using only electron densities. The Hall conductivities are in general not affected but several cases indicate a reverse Hall effect at ∼900 km altitude (closest approach) and below. The dayside conductivities are shown to be factor ∼7–9 larger than on the nightside, owing to higher dayside plasma densities.
Ongoing Asthenospheric Upwelling and Delamination‐Style Down‐Welling Beneath Northeast China: Evidence From High‐Resolution Magnetotelluric Profiles
Authors: Ye Gaofeng , Xia Zhiheng , Unsworth Martyn , Wei Wenbo , Jin Sheng , Liu Zhilong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNortheast China was formed during the progressive closure of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean before the Early Mesozoic, and was then later affected by the westward subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific Plate and the west‐to‐east closure of the Mongolia‐Okhotsk Ocean. Huge volumes of granites were emplaced across this region during the Mesozoic, and widespread Cenozoic volcanism is still active in the Quaternary. To study past and present magmatic processes in this region, two parallel high‐resolution magnetotelluric profiles were collected to produce lithospheric resistivity models. Northwest of the Greater Xing'an Range, the lithosphere has a relatively low resistivity. The resistivity of the upper mantle low‐resistivity anomaly (C2) is consistent with the presence of a few percent of basaltic melt. This feature connects with a shallower low‐resistivity zone (C1) that extends into the crust. Its properties are consistent with 5–10% shoshonitic melt. The lithosphere in the southeast part is highly resistive. The upper mantle high‐resistivity zones (R1 and R2) are interpreted as regions of thickened lithosphere that may be undergoing delamination. The lower crust exhibits localized low‐resistivity zones (C3, C4, and C5), and they are interpreted as partial melt which may have originated in the ongoing upwelling. The overall pattern of magmatism appears to be driven by asthenosphere upwelling which might have been triggered by the Paleo‐Pacific Plate retreat, but the upper mantle low‐resistivity zone originates and rises from the northwest. Down‐welling in the southeast might be the combined effect of the subduction and retreat of the Paleo‐Pacific Plate and the instability of thickened lithosphere.
Evaluation of a Reanalysis‐Driven Configuration of WRF4 Over the Western United States From 1980 to 2020
Authors: Rahimi Stefan , Krantz Will , Lin Yen‐Heng , Bass Benjamin , Goldenson Naomi , Hall Alex , Lebo Zachary J. , Norris Jesse 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDynamical downscaling remains a powerful tool for studying regional climate processes, and the genesis of high‐resolution historical and future climate data. This technique is particularly important over areas of complex terrain, such as the western United States (WUS), where global models are especially limited in representing regional climate. After identifying a suite of WRF options that best simulate snow and precipitation for an average water year (2010) over the WUS, we evaluate the performance of the dynamically downscaled European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasting's fifth Reanalysis (ERA5) from 1980 to 2020 on 45‐km, 9‐km, and two 3‐km grids. We find that by decreasing the horizontal grid spacing within WRF, improvements to Sierra Nevada and Northern Rocky Mountain snow, Santa Ana and Diablo winds, and coastal meteorology occur. For landfalling atmospheric rivers (ARs), the downscaled reanalysis simulates greater upstream integrated vapor transport (IVT) than ERA5. However, WRF skillfully simulates the positioning of the IVT and the timing and magnitude of AR precipitation. This potential IVT bias, in conjunction with increasing resolution, leads to a wet precipitation bias across the Sierra Nevada in the 3‐km experiment. This conclusion is supported by streamflow analysis, although we note that the bias in the 3‐km experiment can also be explained by in situ undercatch issues. Meanwhile, the 9‐km experiment is more biased than the 3‐km experiment across the Northern Rocky Mountains compared to in situ measured SWE and precipitation, indicating a geographic sensitivity to biases.
A New Standalone Tool for DC‐Equivalent Network Generation and GIC Calculation in Power Grids With Multiple Voltage Levels
Authors: Marsal S. , Torta J. M. , Canillas‐Pérez V. , Curto J. J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSpace Weather phenomena pose a major socio‐economic threat due, in part, to the vulnerability of power network transformers to geomagnetically induced currents (GIC). In 1985, Lehtinen and Pirjola (LP) provided a method to calculate GICs in a single‐voltage‐level network. The need to account for lower voltages has caused the proliferation of GIC risk assessments applied to power grids with multiple voltages. We hereby present a tool to systematically generate the direct currents (DC)‐equivalent of a multiple‐voltage‐level network. The LP and Nodal Admittance Matrix methods are the most popular schemes to compute the GIC from the resulting equivalent network by solving the circuit laws for the earthing current or the voltage at each node, respectively. A new scheme is presented here that solves the circuit laws for the current flowing between the bus nodes and the neutral point which, unlike LP, requires no (infinite‐resistance) earth connections for the buses. The number of equations/unknowns of the resulting GIC matrix equation is reduced compared to the traditional methods, thus optimizing the computational cost ‐an advantage that becomes important for large networks‐, while keeping a good condition of the design matrix associated with the inversion. Examples are shown for different test cases and a standalone computationally efficient code is provided.
Cerebellar connectivity maps embody individual adaptive behavior in mice
Authors: Spaeth Ludovic , Bahuguna Jyotika , Gagneux Theo , Dorgans Kevin , Sugihara Izumi , Poulain Bernard , Battaglia Demian , Isope Philippe 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe cerebellar cortex encodes sensorimotor adaptation during skilled locomotor behaviors, however the precise relationship between synaptic connectivity and behavior is unclear. We studied synaptic connectivity between granule cells (GCs) and Purkinje cells (PCs) in murine acute cerebellar slices using photostimulation of caged glutamate combined with patch-clamp in developing or after mice adapted to different locomotor contexts. By translating individual maps into graph network entities, we found that synaptic maps in juvenile animals undergo critical period characterized by dissolution of their structure followed by the re-establishment of a patchy functional organization in adults. Although, in adapted mice, subdivisions in anatomical microzones do not fully account for the observed spatial map organization in relation to behavior, we can discriminate locomotor contexts with high accuracy. We also demonstrate that the variability observed in connectivity maps directly accounts for motor behavior traits at the individual level. Our findings suggest that, beyond general motor contexts, GC-PC networks also encode internal models underlying individual-specific motor adaptation.
Manipulation of current rectification in van der Waals ferroionic CuInP2S6
Authors: Jiang Xingan , Wang Xueyun , Wang Xiaolei , Zhang Xiangping , Niu Ruirui , Deng Jianming , Xu Sheng , Lun Yingzhuo , Liu Yanyu , Xia Tianlong , Lu Jianming , Hong Jiawang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDeveloping a single-phase self-rectifying memristor with the continuously tunable feature is structurally desirable and functionally adaptive to dynamic environmental stimuli variations, which is the pursuit of further smart memristors and neuromorphic computing. Herein, we report a van der Waals ferroelectric CuInP2S6 as a single memristor with superior continuous modulation of current and self-rectifying to different bias stimuli (sweeping speed, direction, amplitude, etc.) and external mechanical load. The synergetic contribution of controllable Cu+ ions migration and interfacial Schottky barrier is proposed to dynamically control the current flow and device performance. These outstanding sensitive features make this material possible for being superior candidate for future smart memristors with bidirectional operation mode and strong recognition to input faults and variations.
Asymmetric reinforcement learning facilitates human inference of transitive relations
Authors: Ciranka Simon , Linde-Domingo Juan , Padezhki Ivan , Wicharz Clara , Wu Charley M. , Spitzer Bernhard 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHumans and other animals are capable of inferring never-experienced relations (for example, A > C) from other relational observations (for example, A > B and B > C). The processes behind such transitive inference are subject to intense research. Here we demonstrate a new aspect of relational learning, building on previous evidence that transitive inference can be accomplished through simple reinforcement learning mechanisms. We show in simulations that inference of novel relations benefits from an asymmetric learning policy, where observers update only their belief about the winner (or loser) in a pair. Across four experiments (n = 145), we find substantial empirical support for such asymmetries in inferential learning. The learning policy favoured by our simulations and experiments gives rise to a compression of values that is routinely observed in psychophysics and behavioural economics. In other words, a seemingly biased learning strategy that yields well-known cognitive distortions can be beneficial for transitive inferential judgements.
Equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines makes a life-saving difference to all countries
Authors: Ye Yang , Zhang Qingpeng , Wei Xuan , Cao Zhidong , Yuan Hsiang-Yu , Zeng Daniel Dajun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDespite broad agreement on the negative consequences of vaccine inequity, the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines is imbalanced. Access to vaccines in high-income countries (HICs) is far greater than in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). As a result, there continue to be high rates of COVID-19 infections and deaths in LMICs. In addition, recent mutant COVID-19 outbreaks may counteract advances in epidemic control and economic recovery in HICs. To explore the consequences of vaccine (in)equity in the face of evolving COVID-19 strains, we examine vaccine allocation strategies using a multistrain metapopulation model. Our results show that vaccine inequity provides only limited and short-term benefits to HICs. Sharper disparities in vaccine allocation between HICs and LMICs lead to earlier and larger outbreaks of new waves. Equitable vaccine allocation strategies, in contrast, substantially curb the spread of new strains. For HICs, making immediate and generous vaccine donations to LMICs is a practical pathway to protect everyone.
Histone acetylome-wide associations in immune cells from individuals with active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: del Rosario Ricardo C. H. , Poschmann Jeremie , Lim Carey , Cheng Catherine Y. , Kumar Pavanish , Riou Catherine , Ong Seow Theng , Gerges Sherif , Hajan Hajira Shreen , Kumar Dilip , Marzuki Mardiana , Lu Xiaohua , Lee Andrea , Wijaya Giovani Claresta , Rayan Nirmala Arul , Zhuang Zhong , Du Bruyn Elsa , Chee Cynthia Bin Eng , Lee Bernett , Lum Josephine , Zolezzi Francesca , Poidinger Michael , Rotzschke Olaf , Khor Chiea Chuen , Wilkinson Robert J. , Wang Yee T. , Chandy George K , De Libero Gennaro , Singhal Amit , Prabhakar Shyam 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHost cell chromatin changes are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Here we describe a histone acetylome-wide association study (HAWAS) of an infectious disease, on the basis of genome-wide H3K27 acetylation profiling of peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes from persons with active Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and healthy controls. We detected >2,000 differentially acetylated loci in either cell type in a Singapore Chinese discovery cohort (n = 46), which were validated in a subsequent multi-ethnic Singapore cohort (n = 29), as well as a longitudinal cohort from South Africa (n = 26), thus demonstrating that HAWAS can be independently corroborated. Acetylation changes were correlated with differential gene expression. Differential acetylation was enriched near potassium channel genes, including KCNJ15, which modulates apoptosis and promotes Mtb clearance in vitro. We performed histone acetylation quantitative trait locus (haQTL) analysis on the dataset and identified 69 candidate causal variants for immune phenotypes among granulocyte haQTLs and 83 among monocyte haQTLs. Our study provides proof-of-principle for HAWAS to infer mechanisms of host response to pathogens.
Kinematic characteristics during gait in frail older women identified by principal component analysis
Authors: Tsuchida Wakako , Kobayashi Yoshiyuki , Inoue Koh , Horie Masanori , Yoshihara Kumiko , Ooie Toshihiko 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFrailty is associated with gait variability in several quantitative parameters, including high stride time variability. However, the associations between joint kinematics during walking and increased gait variability with frailty remain unclear. In the current study, principal component analysis was used to identify the key joint kinematics characteristics of gait related to frailty. We analyzed whole kinematic waveforms during the entire gait cycle obtained from the pelvis and lower limb joint angle in 30 older women (frail/prefrail: 15 participants; non-frail: 15 participants). Principal component analysis was conducted using a 60 × 1224 input matrix constructed from participants’ time-normalized pelvic and lower-limb-joint angles along three axes (each leg of 30 participants, 51 time points, four angles, three axes, and two variables). Statistical analyses revealed that only principal component vectors 6 and 9 were related to frailty. Recombining the joint kinematics corresponding to these principal component vectors revealed that frail older women tended to exhibit greater variability of knee- and ankle-joint angles in the sagittal plane while walking compared with non-frail older women. We concluded that greater variability of knee- and ankle-joint angles in the sagittal plane are joint kinematic characteristics of gait related to frailty.
Solid-state synthesis of CdFe2O4 binary catalyst for potential application in renewable hydrogen fuel generation
Authors: Asiri Abdullah M. , Adeosun Waheed A. , Khan Sher Bahadar , Alamry Khalid A. , Marwani Hadi M. , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Grätzel Michael 
Published: January 2022

AbstractClean energy is highly needed at this time when the energy requirements are rapidly increasing. The observed increasing energy requirement are largely due to continued industrialization and global population explosion. The current means of energy source is not sustainable because of several reasons, most importantly, environmental pollution and human health deterioration due to burning of fossil fuels. Therefore, this study develops a new catalyst for hydrogen and oxygen evolution by water splitting as a potential energy vector. The binary metal oxide catalyst CdFe2O4 was synthesized by the solventless solid-mechanical alloying method. The as-prepared catalyst was well characterized by several methods including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform infrared red spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (XEDS). The as-prepared catalyst, CdFe2O4 was successfully applied for water electrolysis at a moderate overpotential (470 mV). Specifically, the onset potential for the oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions (OER and HER) were 1.6 V/RHE and 0.2 V/RHE respectively (vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode). The electrode potential required to reach 10 mA/cm-2 for OER (in alkaline medium) and HER (in acidic medium) was 1.70 V/RHE (corresponding to overpotential η = 0.47 and − 0.30 V/RHE (η = − 0.30 V) respectively. Similarly, the developed OER and HER catalyst displayed high current and potential stability for a period of 12 h. This approach is seen as the right track of making water electrolysis for hydrogen energy feasible through provision of low-energy requirement for the electrolytic process. Therefore, CdFe2O4 is a potential water splitting catalyst for hydrogen evolution which is a clean fuel and an antidote for world dependence on fossil fuel for energy generation.
Five hypoxia and immunity related genes as potential biomarkers for the prognosis of osteosarcoma
Authors: Liu Dachang , Hu Ziwei , Jiang Jie , Zhang Junlei , Hu Chunlong , Huang Jian , Wei Qingjun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOsteosarcoma accounts for a frequently occurring cancer of the primary skeletal system. In osteosarcoma cells, a hypoxic microenvironment is commonly observed that drives tumor growth, progression, and heterogeneity. Hypoxia and tumor-infiltrating immune cells might be closely related to the prognosis of osteosarcoma. In this study, we aimed to determine the biomarkers and therapeutic targets related to hypoxia and immunity through bioinformatics methods to improve the clinical prognosis of patients. We downloaded the gene expression data of osteosarcoma samples and normal samples in the UCSC Xena database and GTEx database, respectively, and downloaded the validation dataset (GSE21257) in the GEO database. Subsequently, we performed GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on the data of the extracted osteosarcoma hypoxia-related genes. Through univariate COX regression analysis, lasso regression analysis, multivariate COX regression analysis, etc., we established a predictive model for the prognosis of osteosarcoma. Five genes, including ST3GAL4, TRIM8, STC2, TRPS1, and FAM207A, were found by screening. In particular, we analyzed the immune cell composition of each gene based on the five genes through the CIBERSORT algorithm and verified each gene at the cell and tissue level. Our findings are valuable for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Dried blood spot sampling for hepatitis B virus quantification, sequencing and mutation detection
Authors: Bezerra Cristianne Sousa , Portilho Moyra Machado , Barbosa Jakeline Ribeiro , de Azevedo Carolina Pimentel , Mendonça Ana Carolina da Fonseca , da Cruz José Napoleão Monte , Frota Cristiane Cunha , do Lago Bárbara Vieira , Villar Lívia Melo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) diagnosis is performed on serum samples, but the access to this diagnosis is difficult in low-income regions. The use of dried blood spot (DBS) samples does not require special structure for collection, storage or transport. This study evaluates the use of DBS for detection, quantification and sequencing of HBV DNA usingin-housetechniques. Two study groups were included: 92 HBsAg + individuals and 49 negative controls. Serum and DBS samples were submitted to quantitative and qualitativein-housePCR forS/polgenes, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Total of 84 serum samples were successfully amplified. Of them, 63 paired DBS were also positive in qualitative PCR. Qualitative PCR in DBS presented a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 100% (Kappa = 0.689). Quantitative PCR in DBS presented a detection limit of 852.5 copies/mL (250 IU/mL), sensitivity of 77.63% and specificity of 100% (Kappa = 0.731). A total of 63 serum samples and 36 DBS samples were submitted to sequencing, revealing the circulation of genotypes A (65.08%), D (4.8%), E (3.2%) and F (27%) with 100% of correspondence between serum and DBS. All sequenced samples displayed polymorphisms in HBsAg gene. An HIV-coinfected patient presented the rtM204V/I-rtL180M double resistance mutation in serum and DBS. In conclusion, DBS is an alternative to detect, quantify and characterize HBV DNA, being a possibility of increasing diagnosis in low-income settings, closing gaps in HBV control.