bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The acceptability of cognitive analytic guided self-help in an Improving Access to Psychological Therapies service
Authors: Wray Annie , Kellett Stephen , Bee Charlotte , Smithies Jess , Aadahl Vikki , Simmonds-Buckley Mel , McElhatton Colleen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackground:An Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) service in England has implemented cognitive analytic therapy guided self-help (CAT-GSH) alongside cognitive behavioural guided self-help (CBT-GSH) in order to support enhanced patient choice. This study sought to explore the acceptability to psychological wellbeing practitioners (PWPs) of delivering CAT-GSH.Method:This study used a qualitative design with semi-structured interviews and associated thematic analysis (TA). A sample ofn=12 PWPs experienced in delivering CAT-GSH were interviewed.Results:Five over-arching themes (containing 12 subthemes) were identified and conceptually mapped: (a) the past-present focus (made up of working with clients’ pasts and the different type of change work), (b) expanding the treatment offer (from the perspective of PWPs and clients), (c) the time and resources required to effectively deliver CAT-GSH (to enable safe and effective delivery for clients and personal/professional development for PWPs), (d) understanding CAT-GSH (made up of confidence, learning new therapeutic language/concepts and appreciating the difference with CBT-GSH) and (e) joint exploration (made up of therapeutic/supervisory relationships and enhanced collaboration).Conclusion:CAT-GSH appears an acceptable (but challenging) approach for PWPs to deliver in IAPT services. Services should prioritise training and supervision for PWPs to ensure good governance of delivery.
Associations of percentage energy intake from total, animal and plant protein with overweight/obesity and underweight among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Hemler Elena C , Bromage Sabri , Tadesse Amare Worku , Zack Rachel , Berhane Yemane , Canavan Chelsey R , Fawzi Wafaie W , Willett Walter C 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjective:This study investigated associations between types and food sources of protein with overweight/obesity and underweight in Ethiopia.Design:We conducted a cross-sectional dietary survey using a non-quantitative FFQ. Linear regression models were used to assess associations between percentage energy intake from total, animal and plant protein and BMI. Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of percentage energy intake from total, animal and plant protein and specific protein food sources with underweight and overweight/obesity.Setting:Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Participants:1624 Ethiopian adults (992 women and 632 men) aged 18–49 years in selected households sampled using multi-stage random sampling from five sub-cities of Addis Ababa.Results:Of the surveyed adults, 31 % were overweight or obese. The majority of energy intake was from carbohydrate with only 3 % from animal protein. In multivariable-adjusted linear models, BMI was not associated with percentage energy from total, plant or animal protein. Total and animal protein intake were both associated with lower odds of overweight/obesity (OR per 1 % energy increment of total protein 0·92; 95 % CI: 0·86, 0·99; P = 0·02; OR per 1 % energy increment of animal protein 0·89; 95 % CI: 0·82, 0·96; P = 0·004) when substituted for carbohydrate and adjusted for socio-demographic covariates.Conclusion:Increasing proportion of energy intake from total protein or animal protein in place of carbohydrate could be a strategy to address overweight and obesity in Addis Ababa; longitudinal studies are needed to further examine this potential association.
Perceptions of tap water associated with low-income Michigan mothers’ and young children’s beverage intake
Authors: Bauer Katherine W , Weeks Heidi M , Clayson Michelle , Needham Belinda 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjective:To quantify perceptions of tap water among low-income mothers with young children residing in Michigan and examine associations between perceptions of tap water, mothers’ and young children’s beverage intake, and mothers’ infant feeding practices.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Online survey.Participants:Medicaid-insured individuals who had given birth at a large Midwestern US hospital between fall 2016 and fall 2020 were invited by email to complete a survey in winter 2020 (N 3881); 15·6 % (N 606) completed eligibility screening, 550 (90·8 %) were eligible to participate, and 500 (90·9 %) provided valid survey data regarding perceptions of tap water, self and child beverage intake, and infant feeding practices.Results:Two-thirds (66·2 %) of mothers reported that their home tap water was safe to drink without a filter, while 21·6 % were unsure about the safety of their home tap water. Mothers’ perceptions of their home tap water were associated with their own tap and bottled water intake and their young children’s tap water and bottled water intake. Mothers with more negative perceptions of tap water in general, independent of their perceptions about their home tap water, consumed more bottled water and sugar-sweetened beverages, and their young children drank bottled water and fruit drinks more frequently. Few associations were observed between mothers’ perceptions of tap water and infant feeding practices.Conclusions:Uncertainty about tap water safety and negative perceptions of tap water are common among low-income Michigan mothers. These beliefs may contribute to less healthful and more costly beverage intake among mothers and their young children.
LOG-TRANSFORM AND THE WEAK HARNACK INEQUALITY FOR KINETIC FOKKER-PLANCK EQUATIONS
Authors: Guerand Jessica , Imbert Cyril 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article deals with kinetic Fokker–Planck equations with essentially bounded coefficients. A weak Harnack inequality for nonnegative super-solutions is derived by considering their log-transform and adapting an argument due to S. N. Kružkov (1963). Such a result rests on a new weak Poincaré inequality sharing similarities with the one introduced by W. Wang and L. Zhang in a series of works about ultraparabolic equations (2009, 2011, 2017). This functional inequality is combined with a classical covering argument recently adapted by L. Silvestre and the second author (2020) to kinetic equations.
Potential sources of moral distress during COVID-19: Perspectives of hospice interdisciplinary teams
Authors: Jones Tessa , Lin Shih-Yin , Durga Aditi , Luth Elizabeth A. , Lassell Rebecca K.F. , Brody Abraham A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the impact of COVID-19 on hospice Interdisciplinary team (IDT) members’ self-reported stress and identify possible sources of moral distress.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted using Qualtrics to understand the impact of COVID-19 on quality improvement initiative implementation and hospice IDT members’ general and dementia-specific care provision. Directed qualitative content analysis was used to analyze hospice IDT members’ responses from five open-ended survey questions that were indicative of stress and possible moral distress.ResultsThe final sample consisted of 101 unique respondents and 175 comments analyzed. Three categories related to sources of moral distress based on hospice IDT member survey responses were identified: (1) impact of telehealth, personal protective equipment (PPE), and visit restrictions on relationships; (2) lack of COVID-19-specific skills; and (3) organizational climate. Sources of moral distress were categorized in 40% of all responses analyzed.Significance of resultsThis study is one of the first to document and confirm evidence of potential stress and moral distress amongst hospice IDT members during COVID-19. It is imperative given the possible negative impact on patient care and clinician well-being, that future research and interventions incorporate mechanisms to support clinicians’ emotional and ethical attunement and support organizations to actively engage in practices that address clinician moral distress resulting from restrictive environments, such as the one necessitated by COVID-19.
The crisis in international law and the path forward for international humanitarian law
Authors: Stephan Paul B. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article offers a brief review of the forces that have contributed to the contemporary impasse in the formation of new international law and institutions. It identifies areas where development of the law of armed conflict would provide great benefits, yet where current international conditions render formal legal agreements highly unlikely. It then considers how to advance desirable projects nonetheless. In the absence of effective formal international law-making, jurists face a choice. One approach, which I call inspirational, is to propose idealized legal systems based on claims of justice and practicality. Much published work over the last decade seems to take this path. The hope is that the ideas will inspire and thus lead relevant actors to adopt the systems at a time when the obstacles to international agreements recede. The other approach, which I call entrepreneurial and describe here, involves leading States acting as “norm entrepreneurs”. They can propound and in practice adhere to norms with the intention of inducing other States to follow. The entrepreneurial approach entails a State engaging in a practice that it hopes others will emulate, while the inspirational involves an appeal to the international community as a whole, including significant non-State actors.
Surveying stakeholder’s perception of glufosinate and use in North Carolina
Authors: Jones Eric A. L. , Cahoon Charles W. , Leon Ramon G. , Everman Wesley J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractGlufosinate is among the few remaining effective herbicides for postemergence weed control in North Carolina crops. The evolution of glufosinate resistance in key weeds is currently not widespread in North Carolina, but to better assess the current status of glufosinate effectiveness, surveys were distributed at Extension meetings in 2019 and 2020. The surveys were designed to provide information about North Carolina farmers’ perception of glufosinate and its use. Survey results indicate that many North Carolina farmers (≥26%) apply glufosinate at the correct timing (5- to 10-cm weeds). In addition, North Carolina farmers (≥22%) are applying glufosinate as a complementary herbicide to other efficacious herbicides and to control herbicide-resistant weeds, suggesting that glufosinate is part of a diverse chemical weed management plan. Conversely, survey findings indicated that some farmers (13% to 17%) rely exclusively on glufosinate for weed control. Additionally, 28% to 30% of farmers reported glufosinate control failures, and control failures were observed on several weed species among corn, cotton, and soybean crops. The results of the survey suggest that most North Carolina farmers are currently stewarding glufosinate, but they also support the need for Extension personnel to keep educating farmers on how to correctly use glufosinate to delay the evolution of glufosinate-resistant weeds. Semiannual surveys should be distributed to monitor where glufosinate control failures occur and the weed species not being controlled.
Maximum Energies of Trapped Particles Around Magnetized Planets and Small Bodies
Authors: Oran Rona , Weiss Benjamin P. , De Soria Santacruz‐Pich Maria , Jun Insoo , Lawrence David J. , Polanskey Carol A. , Ratliff J. Martin , Raymond Carol A. , Ream Jodie B. , Russell Christopher T. , Shprits Yuri Y. , Zuber Maria T. , Elkins‐Tanton Linda T. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEnergetic charged particles trapped in planetary radiation belts are hazardous to spacecraft. Planned missions to iron‐rich asteroids with possible strong remanent magnetic fields require an assessment of trapped particles energies. Using laboratory measurements of iron meteorites, we estimate the largest possible asteroid magnetic moment. Although weak compared to moments of planetary dynamos, the small body size may yield strong surface fields. We use hybrid simulations to confirm the formation of a magnetosphere with an extended quasi‐dipolar region. However, the short length scale of the field implies that energetic particle motion would be nonadiabatic, making existing radiation belt theories not applicable. Our idealized particle simulations demonstrate that chaotic motions lead to particle loss at lower energies than those predicted by adiabatic theory, which may explain the energies of transiently trapped particles observed at Mercury, Ganymede, and Earth. However, even the most magnetized asteroids are unlikely to stably trap hazardous particles.
Understanding Sea Surface Temperature Cooling in the Central‐East Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean During 1982–2020
Authors: Xu Xiaoqi , Liu Jiping , Huang Gang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSea surface temperature (SST) in the Southern Ocean plays an important role in air‐sea interactions, forcing atmospheric variability. Using various observational and reanalysis data sets, we show that the SST cooling trend in the Southern Ocean (50°S–70°S) continues (∼0.3°C from 1982 to 2020). The largest SST cooling trend is in the central‐east Pacific sector, which can extend to 250 m. A detailed trend analysis for the mixed layer heat budget equation suggests that changes in the net surface shortwave radiation and Ekman horizontal advection are the two key contributors, though the other processes contribute to the SST cooling trend in winter and spring. The reduced downward solar radiation is largely due to the increase of cloud cover, which enhances shortwave‐cloud‐radiative feedback and decreases SST. Changes in Ekman advection associated with increased zonal winds is in favor of the colder water remaining in upper ocean layer.
Ionospheric Nighttime F‐Region Irregularities During Geomagnetically Quiet Conditions as Observed With 205 MHz VHF Radar at an Equatorial Trough Station, Cochin
Authors: Varadarajan Rakesh , Haridas Sreekumar , Manoj M. G. , Rebello Rejoy , Paul Binu , Unnikrishnan K. , Sukumarapillai Abhilash , Mohanakumar K. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe VHF radar operating at 205 MHz frequency installed at the Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT) has been configured to probe the nighttime ionospheric field‐aligned irregularities (FAIs) over the near‐equatorial site at Cochin, India during the solar minimum periods. Even though the study period includes the minimum of the 24th and 25th solar cycles, a total of 40 nighttime irregularity events were observed at F‐region heights (150–500 km). Bottom‐type and bottom‐side irregularities were observed in this period, but no large‐scale topside ones at F‐region heights. The nighttime irregularities were most commonly observed at average heights of 200–250 km, accounting for 50% of the total events, and 27.5% of the irregularities preferentially occurred after sunset between 19 and 20 LT. While long‐duration irregularity events were not prominent during this period, irregularities that lasted for less than 50 min were predominant. To check the capability of the 205 MHz VHF radar in observing FAIs, the radar observations were compared with the European Space Agency's ionospheric observation data from the Swarm B satellite. Several derived parameters from the Swarm data set such as electron density (Ne), background Ne (bNe), electron temperature (Te), rate of electron density (ROD), index of ROD (RODI), median vertical total electron content (mVTEC), absolute VTEC (aVTEC), rate of TEC (ROT), ROTI, Bubble Index, and Bubble Probability were utilized for characterizing the ionospheric irregularities. The observation from the Swarm B satellite agrees well with that obtained from the VHF radar.
Machine Learning Investigation of Clinopyroxene Compositions to Evaluate and Predict Mantle Metasomatism Worldwide
Authors: Qin Ben , Huang Fang , Huang Shichun , Python Andre , Chen Yunfeng , ZhangZhou J 
Published: May 2022

Plain Language SummaryClinopyroxene is a major mineral in Earth's upper mantle. Previous studies have attempted to discriminate between reactions modifying the mantle by plotting clinopyroxene major and trace element compositions in two‐dimensional (2‐D) diagrams. However, these 2‐D methods show poor accuracy when applied to global datasets. Therefore, we suggest a machine learning approach to evaluate clinopyroxene compositional data in higher dimensions. Our results demonstrate that machine learning can significantly improve the accuracy of clinopyroxene compositional predictions over classical methods utilizing elemental ratios. Furthermore, the application of our algorithm to a global clinopyroxene dataset suggests that mantle metasomatism is globally widespread.
Impact of Internal Climate Variability on Wintertime Surface Air Temperature Trends Over Eurasia in the CESM1 Large Ensemble
Authors: Gong Hainan , Xiao Hongyin , Chen Quanliang , Wang Lin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study investigates the role of internal climate variability on the wintertime surface air temperature (SAT) trend over Eurasia during 1970–2004 based on outputs from the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble Project. The SAT trends vary significantly in both spatial pattern and magnitude among ensemble members, indicating the essential role of internal climate variability on SAT trends. The leading modes of the spread of SAT trends are extracted via inter‐member empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the SAT trend patterns among 40 ensemble members. The first EOF mode shows widespread warming over northern Eurasia and slight cooling southward of 40°N during its positive phase. The second EOF mode displays a zonal dipole, with one center located in Europe and the other of the opposite sign over Siberia. The Arctic Oscillation and Scandinavian patterns are key dynamical factors associated with the two dominant modes, respectively. A dynamical adjustment method is further employed to decompose the internal climate variability into those related to large‐scale atmospheric circulation and residuals. The spread of SAT trends among ensemble members is primarily associated with the various large‐scale atmospheric circulation and second by the residual component that is closely tied to diverse snow cover trends over Eurasia, especially over northern Eurasia. These results may help understand the relationship between internal climate variability and winter SAT trends over Eurasia via dynamical and thermodynamical processes.
A Comparison of Multitemporal Airborne Laser Scanning Data and the Fuel Characteristics Classification System for Estimating Fuel Load and Consumption
Authors: McCarley T. Ryan , Hudak Andrew T. , Restaino Joseph C. , Billmire Michael , French Nancy H. F. , Ottmar Roger D. , Hass Bridget , Zarzana Kyle , Goulden Tristan , Volkamer Rainer 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCharacterizing pre‐fire fuel load and fuel consumption are critical for assessing fire behavior, fire effects, and smoke emissions. Two approaches for quantifying fuel load are airborne laser scanning (ALS) and the Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS). The implementation of multitemporal ALS (i.e., the use of two or more ALS datasets across time at a given location) in conjunction with empirical models trained with field data can be used to measure fuel and estimate fuel consumption from a fire. FCCS, adapted for use in LANDFIRE (LF), provides 30 m resolution estimates of fuel load across the contiguous United States and can be used to estimate fuel consumption through software programs such as Fuel and Fire Tools (FFT). This study compares the two approaches for two wildfires in the northwestern United States having predominantly sagebrush steppe and ponderosa pine savanna ecosystems. The results showed that the LF FCCS approach yielded higher pre‐fire fuel loads and fuel consumption than the ALS approach and that the coarser scale LF FCCS data did not capture as much heterogeneity as the ALS data. At Tepee, 50.0% of the difference in fuel load and 87.3% of the difference in fuel consumption were associated with distinguishing sparse trees from rangeland. At Keithly, this only accounted for 8.2% and 8.6% of the differences, demonstrating the significance of capturing heterogeneity in rangeland vegetation structure and fire effects. Our results suggest future opportunities to use ALS data to better parametrize fine‐scale fuel load variability that LF FCCS does not capture.
Parameterizing Convective Organization Effects With a Moisture‐PDF Approach in Climate Models: Concept and a Regional Case Simulation
Authors: Yang Ben , Wang Minghuai , Zhang Guang J. , Guo Zhun , Wang Yong , Xu Xin , Dai Guoqing , Huang Anning , Zhang Yaocun , Qian Yun 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe propose a parameterization scheme of convective organization effects based on a moisture‐distribution approach, which can reflect aggregation of convective cells within a model grid as well as the interaction between convection and spatial heterogeneity in free‐troposphere moisture. With this concept, convective cells in an aggregated state are surrounded by air that is moister than the grid‐mean condition, which provides a “shielding” effect favorable for deeper convective updrafts. Such effects are represented quantitatively via utilizing a schematic diagram about the geometric interpretation of convective cluster, dry area, and their contact area, in which both the convective cluster size and dry area fraction increase during the development of convection. Our sensitivity analyses indicate that the new scheme performs well in capturing the mean precipitation features. Excluding the convective organization effects in the model leads to a considerable reduction in the simulated precipitation magnitude. Notably, there exists an inverse relationship between background mean moisture condition and sub‐grid moisture variability for a given rain rate, suggesting that with a high spatial heterogeneity in free‐troposphere moisture, convection can still develop and maintain its strength under relatively dry background conditions, consistent with the convection‐permitting model simulation. Overall, our new parameterization of convective organization effects can successfully reproduce the relationship between precipitation and sub‐grid moisture variability, which is a missing element in traditional convection parameterization schemes but important for the simulations of precipitation variability at various scales in climate models.