bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing dietary levels of the n-3 long-chain PUFA, EPA and DHA, improves the growth, welfare, robustness and fillet quality of Atlantic salmon in sea cages
Authors: Lutfi Esmail , Berge Gerd M. , Bæverfjord Grete , Sigholt Trygve , Bou Marta , Larsson Thomas , Mørkøre Turid , Evensen Øystein , Sissener Nini H. , Rosenlund Grethe , Sveen Lene , Østbye Tone-Kari , Ruyter Bente 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe present study evaluated the effects of increasing the dietary levels of EPA and DHA in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in sea cages, in terms of growth performance, welfare, robustness and overall quality. Fish with an average starting weight of 275 g were fed one of four different diets containing 10, 13, 16 and 35 g/kg of EPA and DHA (designated as 1·0, 1·3, 1·6 and 3·5 % EPA and DHA) until they reached approximately 5 kg. The 3·5 % EPA and DHA diet showed a significantly beneficial effect on growth performance and fillet quality compared with all other diets, particularly the 1 % EPA and DHA diet. Fish fed the diet containing 3·5 % EPA and DHA showed 400–600 g higher final weights, improved internal organ health scores and external welfare indicators, better fillet quality in terms of higher visual colour score and lower occurrence of dark spots and higher EPA and DHA content in tissues at the end of the feeding trial. Moreover, fish fed the 3·5 % EPA and DHA diet showed lower mortality during a naturally occurring cardiomyopathy syndrome outbreak, although this did not reach statistical significance. Altogether, our findings emphasise the importance of dietary EPA and DHA to maintain good growth, robustness, welfare and fillet quality of Atlantic salmon reared in sea cages.
Refined universality for critical KCM: lower bounds
Authors: Hartarsky Ivailo , Marêché Laure 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe study a general class of interacting particle systems called kinetically constrained models (KCM) in two dimensions tightly linked to the monotone cellular automata called bootstrap percolation. There are three classes of such models, the most studied being the critical one. In a recent series of works by Martinelli, Morris, Toninelli and the authors, it was shown that the KCM counterparts of critical bootstrap percolation models with the same properties split into two classes with different behaviour. Together with the companion paper by the first author, our work determines the logarithm of the infection time up to a constant factor for all critical KCM, which were previously known only up to logarithmic corrections. This improves all previous results except for the Duarte-KCM, for which we give a new proof of the best result known. We establish that on this level of precision critical KCM have to be classified into seven categories instead of the two in bootstrap percolation. In the present work, we establish lower bounds for critical KCM in a unified way, also recovering the universality result of Toninelli and the authors and the Duarte model result of Martinelli, Toninelli and the second author.
Opioid antagonism mitigates antipsychotic-associated weight gain: focus on olanzapine
Authors: McIntyre Roger S. , Citrome Leslie , Cummings Hannah , Todtenkopf Mark S. , Tan Laura A. , White Marni , Akerman Sarah 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe endogenous opioid system affects metabolism, including weight regulation. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies provides a rationale for targeting this system to mitigate weight-related side effects of antipsychotics. This review describes the role of the opioid system in regulating weight and metabolism, examines the effects of opioid receptor antagonism on those functions, and explores the use of opioid antagonists to mitigate antipsychotic-associated weight gain and/or metabolic effects.MethodsA PubMed literature search was conducted to identify representative opioid antagonists and associated preclinical and clinical studies examining their potential for the regulation of weight and metabolism.ResultsThe mu opioid receptor (MOR), delta opioid receptor (DOR), and kappa opioid receptor (KOR) types have overlapping but distinct patterns of central and peripheral expression, and each contributes to the regulation of body weight and metabolism. Three representative opioid antagonists (eg, naltrexone, samidorphan, and LY255582) were identified for illustration. These opioid antagonists differed in their receptor binding and pharmacokinetic profiles, including oral bioavailability, systemic clearance, and half-life, and were associated with varying effects on food intake, energy utilization, and metabolic dysregulation.ConclusionsPreclinical and clinical data suggest that antagonism of the endogenous opioid system is a mechanism to address antipsychotic-associated weight gain and metabolic dysregulation. However, evidence suggests that the differing roles of MOR, DOR, and KOR in metabolism, together with the differences in receptor binding, pharmacokinetic, and functional activity profiles of the opioid receptor antagonists discussed in this review, likely contribute to their differential pharmacodynamic effects and clinical outcomes observed regarding antipsychotic-associated weight gain.
A novel technique for peripheral dose measurements in external beam radiation therapy
Authors: Balan Gowri , Ramasubramanian Velayudham 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction:
In radiotherapy, the dose delivered outside the field is known as peripheral dose (PD). In this study, we have attempted to develop a dataset using the PD values measured with a two-dimensional array, IMatrixx.

Methods:
The IMatrixx was used to measure the PD up to a distance of 45 cm from the field edge, in a Varian Clinac 2100-C machine. Solid water slabs and water phantom were used to get the required geometry for the PD measurements. The measurements were done for different field sizes, collimator angles, source to surface distance (SSD) and depths. The influence of gantry angles and photon energies on the PD was studied. The surface dose measurements were carried out using thermoluminescent detectors (TLD).

Results:
The dataset shows that the PD increased significantly with field size and depth and its increase was insignificant for collimator rotation and SSD. The influence of gantry angle was less pronounced at dmax than at the surface. The TLD measurements at the surface of patients were in agreement with the IMatrixx measurements.

Conclusions:
The IMatrixx can be used for the generation of PD values and it is less time-consuming, accurate, and commonly available in all radiotherapy departments.
Impact of an education program to facilitate nurses’ discussions of existential issues in neurological care
Authors: Ozanne A. , Henoch I. , Öhlén J. , Jakobsson Larsson B. , Melin-Johansson C. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectivesDiscussing existential issues is integral to caring for people with acute, progressive, or life-limiting neurological illness, but there is a lack of research examining how nurses approach existential issues with this patient group and their family members. The purpose was to examine the experiential impact of an educational program for nurses designed to facilitate discussions of existential issues with patients and family members in neurological wards.MethodNurses in inpatient and outpatient care at a neurological clinic in Sweden were invited to participate in an education program about discussing existential issues with patients and their family members as related to neurological conditions. The evaluation of the program and of the nurses’ view of discussing existential issues was conducted through focus groups before and after participation. The data were analyzed by qualitative content analysis.ResultsThe program gave nurses a deeper understanding of existential issues and how to manage these conversations with patients and their family members. Both internal and external barriers remained after education, with nurses experiencing insecurity and fear, and a sense of being inhibited by the environment. However, they were more aware of the barriers after the education, and it was easier to find strategies to manage the conversations. They demonstrated support for each other in the team both before and after participating in the program.Significance of resultsThe educational program gave nurses strategies for discussing existential issues with patients and family members. The knowledge that internal and external barriers impede communication should compel organizations to work on making conditions more conducive, for example, by supporting nurses to learn strategies to more easily manage conversations about existential issues and by reviewing the physical environment and the context in which they are conducted.
What Might Degrowth Mean for International Economic Law? A Necessary Alternative to the (un)Sustainable Development Paradigm
Authors: FYOCK Claiton 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article examines the implications for a change in framework from sustainable development to degrowth in the environmental and social discourse of International Economic Law (I.Econ.L.). It argues that the framework of sustainable development accommodates the Global North's inaction in assuaging environmental degradation and alleviating global inequality by remaining embedded in a capitalist, growth-oriented political economy. Degrowth would provide a strategy to move past such an impasse by encouraging actors to grapple with the role growth plays in the rationale behind I.Econ.L. Degrowth advocates a planned economic contraction to reconcile human's relationship with the environment. This project serves as the first effort to link ideas of degrowth with I.Econ.L. and seeks to identify some of the areas in I.Econ.L.'s scholarship where degrowth would serve as an alternative to sustainable development and what such an alternative would mean for the norms in the different areas of I.Econ.L.
Estimating Three‐Dimensional Carbon‐To‐Phosphorus Stoichiometry of Exported Marine Organic Matter
Authors: Kwon Eun Young , Holzer Mark , Timmermann Axel , Primeau François 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe stoichiometric carbon to phosphorus ratios (rC:P) in suspended particulate organic matter (POM) are generally inversely correlated with surface phosphate (PO4) concentration. However, it is uncertain if previously suggested relationships between rC:P and PO4 are appropriate for the vertical export flux of organic matter. Using a global steady‐state inverse ocean biogeochemistry model and annual‐mean observed tracers, we estimate optimal parameters for both linear and power law representations of rP:C (= 1/rC:P), and find rP:C = (0.0066 ± 0.0018) × [PO4] + (0.0053 ± 0.0010) and rP:C = (0.0112 ± 0.0018) × [PO4](0.36±0.07), respectively, where [PO4] is in μM. Both parameterizations allow us to fit global tracer observations equally well, but the power law model implies an up to 50% larger uptake rC:P in oligotrophic gyres. For both formulations, the POM export rC:P from the euphotic zone is nearly equal to the uptake rC:P, while the dissolved organic matter export rC:P is up to two times larger than the uptake rC:P. Although weakly constrained, our model suggests that in eutrophic regions the vertical organic P fluxes are attenuated faster with depth than the organic C fluxes. By contrast, in oligotrophic regions there are no discernible differences between the organic P and C flux‐attenuation profiles. As a result, the large spatial range of rC:P spanning 50–200 at the base of the euphotic zone is diminished to 110–160 at 2000 m depth. In oligotrophic regions at 150–500 m depths, our estimated export rC:P values are significantly lower than those measured with sediment traps, implying a potentially large modulation of export rC:P by migrating zooplankton within the twilight zone.
Assessment of Pediatric Cancer and Its Relationship to Environmental Contaminants: An Ecological Study in Idaho
Authors: Joseph Naveen , Kolok Alan S. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe primary aim of this study was to determine the degree to which a multivariable principal component model based on several potentially carcinogenic metals and pesticides could explain the county‐level pediatric cancer rates across Idaho. We contend that human exposure to environmental contaminants is one of the reasons for increased pediatric cancer incidence in the United States. Although several studies have been conducted to determine the relationship between environmental contaminants and carcinogenesis among children, research gaps exist in developing a meaningful association between them. For this study, pediatric cancer data was provided by the Cancer Data Registry of Idaho, concentrations of metals and metalloids in groundwater were collected from the Idaho Department of Water Resources, and pesticide use data were collected from the United States Geological Survey. Most environmental variables were significantly intercorrelated at an adjustedP‐value <0.01 (97 out of 153 comparisons). Hence, a principal component analysis was employed to summarize those variables to a smaller number of components. An environmental burden index (EBI) was constructed using these principal components, which categorized the environmental burden profiles of counties into low, medium, and high. EBI was significantly associated with pediatric cancer incidence (P‐value <0.05). The rate ratio of high EBI profile to low EBI profile for pediatric cancer incidence was estimated as 1.196, with lower and upper confidence intervals of 1.061 and 1.348, respectively. A model was also developed in the study using EBI to estimate the county‐level pediatric cancer incidence in Idaho (Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency = 0.97).
Topographic Correlations Within Lunar Swirls in Mare Ingenii
Authors: Domingue Deborah , Weirich John , Chuang Frank , Sickafoose Amanda , Palmer Eric 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Moon's bright albedo markings, known as swirls, are defined by broad, bright, on‐swirl areas separated by darker off‐swirl lanes. Their formation mechanism has long been debated and is key for understanding the processing of the lunar surface, the mobility of the lunar soil particles, and the effects of the space environment on planetary surfaces. Here we present, for the first time, evidence that these features do not necessarily cross the surface without regard to topography or local terrain. Within portions of Mare Ingenii on the lunar far‐side, brighter on‐swirl areas have statistically lower mean elevations than adjacent, darker, off‐swirl lanes. These topographic characteristics provide constraints on the plausible formation mechanisms for the swirls in Mare Ingenii, which in turn provide insight into lunar soil migration and evolution. We believe this correlation with topography argues for highly mobile dust transport across the lunar surface.
Enhanced Summer Convection Explains Observed Trends in Extreme Subdaily Precipitation in the Eastern Italian Alps
Authors: Dallan E. , Borga M. , Zaramella M. , Marra F. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUnderstanding past changes in precipitation extremes could help us predict their future dynamics. We present a novel approach for analyzing trends in extremes and attributing them to changes in the local precipitation regime. The approach relies on the separation between intensity and occurrence of storms. We examine the relevant case of the Eastern Italian Alps, where significant trends in extreme precipitation were reported. The model is able to reproduce the observed trends at all durations between 15 min and 24 hr, and allows us to quantify trends in extreme return levels. Despite the significant increase in storm occurrence and typical intensity, the observed trends can be only explained considering changes in the tail heaviness of the intensity distribution, that is the proportion between heavy and mild events. Our results suggest that the observed changes are caused by an increased proportion of summer convective storms.
The First Observation of Additional Ionospheric Layers Over Arecibo Using an Incoherent Scatter Radar
Authors: Gong Yun , Lv Xiedong , Zhang Shaodong , Zhou Qihou , Ma Zheng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe present an analysis of additional ionospheric F‐region layers, the F3 layers at Arecibo (18.3°N, 32°N geomagnetic latitude). The F3 layer is often observed in low geomagnetic latitudes observed above the F2 layer. This is the first time that the F3 layer is reported at Arecibo, which has a dip angle of 43.6°. Three F3 layer events were captured by the Arecibo incoherent scatter radar at around 400 km in the period of 03:00–07:00 LT, 04:00–06:00 LT, and 02:00–06:30 LT on 30 November, 1 December, and 2 December 2016, respectively. The formation of the observed layers is largely due to the change of the height gradient of the vertical ion drift, which accumulates the electrons at around 400 km. This generation mechanism is further verified by the simulation. The altitudinal variation of the vertical ion drift is mainly due to the effect of the westward electric field.
First Super‐Pressure Balloon‐Borne Fine‐Vertical‐Scale Profiles in the Upper TTL: Impacts of Atmospheric Waves on Cirrus Clouds and the QBO
Authors: Bramberger Martina , Alexander M. Joan , Davis Sean , Podglajen Aurelien , Hertzog Albert , Kalnajs Lars , Deshler Terry , Goetz J. Douglas , Khaykin Sergey 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAtmospheric waves in the tropical tropopause layer are recognized as a significant influence on processes that impact global climate. For example, waves drive the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) in equatorial stratospheric winds and modulate occurrences of cirrus clouds. However, the QBO in the lower stratosphere and thin cirrus have continued to elude accurate simulation in state‐of‐the‐art climate models and seasonal forecast systems. We use first‐of‐their‐kind profile measurements deployed beneath a long‐duration balloon to provide new insights into impacts of fine‐scale waves on equatorial cirrus clouds and the QBO just above the tropopause. Analysis of these balloon‐borne measurements reveals previously uncharacterized fine‐vertical‐scale waves (<1 km) with large horizontal extent (>1000 km) and multiday periods. These waves affect cirrus clouds and QBO winds in ways that could explain current climate model shortcomings in representing these stratospheric influences on climate. Accurately simulating these fine‐vertical‐scale processes thus has the potential to improve sub‐seasonal to near‐term climate prediction.
Community‐Driven Code Comparisons for Three‐Dimensional Dynamic Modeling of Sequences of Earthquakes and Aseismic Slip
Authors: Jiang Junle , Erickson Brittany A. , Lambert Valère R. , Ampuero Jean‐Paul , Ando Ryosuke , Barbot Sylvain D. , Cattania Camilla , Zilio Luca Dal , Duan Benchun , Dunham Eric M. , Gabriel Alice‐Agnes , Lapusta Nadia , Li Duo , Li Meng , Liu Dunyu , Liu Yajing , Ozawa So , Pranger Casper , van Dinther Ylona 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDynamic modeling of sequences of earthquakes and aseismic slip (SEAS) provides a self‐consistent, physics‐based framework to connect, interpret, and predict diverse geophysical observations across spatial and temporal scales. Amid growing applications of SEAS models, numerical code verification is essential to ensure reliable simulation results but is often infeasible due to the lack of analytical solutions. Here, we develop two benchmarks for three‐dimensional (3D) SEAS problems to compare and verify numerical codes based on boundary‐element, finite‐element, and finite‐difference methods, in a community initiative. Our benchmarks consider a planar vertical strike‐slip fault obeying a rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law, in a 3D homogeneous, linear elastic whole‐space or half‐space, where spontaneous earthquakes and slow slip arise due to tectonic‐like loading. We use a suite of quasi‐dynamic simulations from 10 modeling groups to assess the agreement during all phases of multiple seismic cycles. We find excellent quantitative agreement among simulated outputs for sufficiently large model domains and small grid spacings. However, discrepancies in rupture fronts of the initial event are influenced by the free surface and various computational factors. The recurrence intervals and nucleation phase of later earthquakes are particularly sensitive to numerical resolution and domain‐size‐dependent loading. Despite such variability, key properties of individual earthquakes, including rupture style, duration, total slip, peak slip rate, and stress drop, are comparable among even marginally resolved simulations. Our benchmark efforts offer a community‐based example to improve numerical simulations and reveal sensitivities of model observables, which are important for advancing SEAS models to better understand earthquake system dynamics.
A Physically Based Model of a Two‐Pass Digital Filter for Separating Groundwater Runoff From Streamflow Time Series
Authors: Pozdniakov Sergey P. , Wang Ping , Grinevsky Sergey O. , Frolova Natalia L. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGroundwater runoff is an important component of river runoff and is sensitive to climate change. However, it is difficult to differentiate groundwater runoff from total river runoff by current base flow separation methods. Here, we propose a physically based model with a two‐pass digital filter for separating groundwater runoff from streamflow time series. The proposed method is based on the fundamental theory of surface–groundwater interactions under a variable groundwater recharge process that is highly associated with river stages. Our results show that the groundwater flow recession constant and the base flow recession constant can be determined separately by performing variogram analysis on long‐term streamflow time series data. For watersheds with areas of 103–104 km2, the groundwater flow recession constant differs from the typical values of the base flow recession constant by an order of magnitude or more. Therefore, the developed method can be used to quantify groundwater runoff dynamics on a temporal scale spanning tens of years. Unlike other approaches to base flow separation, our proposed method can reveal the effects of climate change on groundwater runoff.