bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stresses From Local Loadings in Cylindrical Pressure Vessels
Authors: Bijlaard P. P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A short discussion is given of the possible methods for computing the stresses caused in cylindrical shells by local loadings. It is concluded that the method of developing the loads and displacements into double Fourier series leads to formulas which are best suited for numerical evaluation. With this method the pertinent expressions for the displacements caused by radial loads are found by reducing the three partial differential equations of the shell theory to an eighth-order differential equation in the radial displacements, which is similar to, but not identical with, those derived by Donnell and Yuan. Insertion of the Fourier series for the radial displacements and the external loading in this equation leads directly to a double series expression of the radial displacement w in terms of the load factors Zmn of the radial load. This results in the pertinent expressions for the other displacements and for the bending moments and membrane forces. The cases of radial loading considered here and those which can be reduced to it are (a) a load uniformly distributed within a rectangle, (b) a point load, (c) a moment in the longitudinal direction, uniformly distributed over a short distance in the circumferential direction, (d) a moment in the circumferential direction, uniformly distributed over a short distance in the longitudinal direction. For all these loadings the load factors Zmn, which have to be used in the pertinent formulas for the displacements, bending moments, and membrane forces, are computed. For the case of tangential loading an eighth-order differential equation is derived in terms of the radial displacement and the tangential load. Using this equation, formulas for the displacements, bending moments, and membrane forces for tangential loading within a rectangle are found.
CO Boiler and Fluidized-Bed Steam Superheater on Sinclair Refining Company’s New Fluid Unit at the Houston Refinery
Authors: Campbell O. F. , Pennels N. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Approximately 400,000 lb per hr of 550-psig, 750 F total temperature steam production is a unique feature of Sinclair Refining Company’s new fluid catalytic-cracking unit at its Houston, Texas, Refinery. Over 300,000 lb per hr of 700-psig saturated steam are produced on the oil industry’s first direct-fired unit to recover both the sensible heat and the heat of combustion from the high-temperature regenerator-exit flue gas. The heat of combustion of the regenerator-exit flue gas is derived from its CO content. Saturated steam produced on the boiler is superheated to 750 F total temperature in industry’s first fluidized-bed respray steam superheater. The superheater-respray feature produces approximately 100,000 lb per hr of additional steam and allows simultaneous control of both the regenerator-bed temperature and the steam superheat.
Secondary Flow in Axial-Flow Turbomachinery
Authors: Smith L. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A method is presented by which one can include the principal effects of secondary flow in the design of multi-stage axial-flow turbomachinery. The method uses the conventional axial-symmetry solution as a basic flow picture from which the induced turning and radial velocities characteristic to the secondary flow can be deduced. Frictional effects, such as the growth of boundary layers on the blades, are excluded from the analysis, but the disposition of the fluid which comes from boundary layers on the hub and casing surfaces upstream of a blade row can be accounted for in an approximate manner by assuming that the fluid is frictionless while in the blading. To get a first-order approximation of the secondary flow in a blade row, it is necessary to know only the number of blades in the row and the axisymmetric-flow solution. The principal assumption involved in this approximation is that the distortion of the flow surfaces due to the secondary velocities is small. The method is sufficiently accurate for predicting the secondary flows which occur as a result of nonuniform blade loading, but solutions for boundary-layer flows must be considered only qualitative because of the large flow-surface distortions which are associated with these flows.
Temperature Distribution at the Tool-Chip Interface in Metal Cutting
Authors: Chao B. T. , Trigger K. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A rapid, iterative method is presented for computing the distribution of temperature at the tool-chip interface. Calculation shows that the maximum temperature occurs at a point near the trailing edge of the contact when chips are produced at conventional feeds and speeds with sintered-carbide tools. The heat-flux distribution at the interface is also obtained. The analysis reveals that, under the usual conditions, heat is being conducted from the tool into the chip over a small region close to the cutting edge. It also has been found that the thermal conductivity of the tool material has only small influence on the mean cutting temperature. Relatively more significant is the effect on the temperature distribution. The role which the interface-temperature distribution plays in the formation of crater wear is pointed out.
Stack Heights Required to Minimize Ground Concentrations
Authors: Hewson E. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Aerodynamic and meteorological concepts are combined in a procedure for estimating ground concentrations of effluents from stacks with various possible heights and exit gas velocities. The operation of each of the several influences at work is first described. A detailed example is then given of how the most important phases were integrated into a consistent procedure for predicting ground concentrations in answer to a specific design problem. Further improvements and refinements of the method are desirable and are being incorporated in a later study.
Experimental Determination of the Thermal-Entrance Length for the Flow of Water and of Oil in Circular Pipes
Authors: Hartnett J. P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Thermal entrance-length results are presented for the flow of two different fluids, water and oil, in a ¾-in. 4-ft-long tube with a constant heat input per unit length. A hydrodynamic calming section of 97 tube diameters preceded the test section. Pressure-drop measurements in the water tests indicate that the condition of fully established flow at the test-section entrance was closely approximated, if not actually attained. Confidence in the entry-length heat-transfer results is indicated by the agreement of the asymptotic heat-transfer performance of both test fluids with the generally accepted correlation equations. The resulting thermal-entrance lengths were from 10 to 15 tube diameters over the Reynolds modulus range of 104 to 105 and agreed favorably with the analytical results of Deissler and Latzko. When compared at the same Reynolds modulus, the water and oil-entrance lengths were in excellent agreement over the range of Reynolds number common to both fluids (17,000 to 48,000), thereby indicating a negligible influence of the Prandtl modulus on the thermal-entrance length for Prandtl numbers above unity. In the transition region, experimental entry-length values are reported for the flow of oil. As the Reynolds number was increased from 2000 to 10,000, the thermal-entrance length steadily decreased from a large value representative of laminar flow down to a value of approximately 10 diameters.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop for Viscous-Turbulent Flow of Oil-Air Mixtures in a Horizontal Pipe
Authors: Johnson H. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The heat transfer and static pressure drop for two-phase, two-component flow of oil and air were measured for flow in a steam-heated horizontal 15-ft length of ¾-in. extra-heavy copper pipe. This is a second part of a two-phase heat-transfer program for which the first part, on water-air mixtures, was reported in reference (1). Tentative correlations are presented and used in a comparison of the oil-air and water-air results for heat transfer and nonisothermal pressure drop in the same test system.
Accuracy and Results of Steam-Consumption Tests on Medium Steam Turbine-Generator Sets
Authors: Kimball D. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Precision steam-rate or heat-rate tests on turbine-generator sets insure their owners and builders that the sets equal guaranteed and expected performance. The writer’s company made such tests on 22 medium-sized sets rated 2500 to 18,750 kw between 1946 and 1952. Most were tested at its plant at Lynn, Mass., on facilities for loads of 15,000 kw or less, with steam up 1500 psig and 1000 F. This paper presents the test methods and results, emphasizing an analysis of their accuracy. This analysis shows: (a) 0.5 per cent uncertainty in manufacturing and factory-testing these sets; (b) 0.3 per cent as the day-to-day uncertainty of tests; (c) 0.17 per cent uncertainty to be charged to the instrumentation of factory tests; (d) probably 0.5 per cent poorer performance of tests in the owner’s plants than in factory tests. This analysis confirms our belief of many years that it is proper to accept or reject a turbine-generator set on the basis of precision tests, with no allowance for test error.
Experience in Testing Large Steam Turbine-Generators in Central Stations
Authors: Kratz E. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Since 1930 the author’s company has participated in the tests of 111 central station steam turbine-generators of 15,000 kw rating or larger. These were all tests in the owners’ power plants, substantially under service conditions. The measurements were made with calibrated test instruments using the careful procedures which experience has proven necessary if reliable data are to be obtained. The purpose of this paper is to make the testing techniques established as a result of this experience available to the power industry and especially to those directly concerned with tests on central station equipment.
Performance of Free-Piston Gas Generators
Authors: McMullen J. J. , Payne W. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The rapid development now under way of the free-piston gas generator-turbine power plant is outlined. The original Pescara unit in France, and the Cooper-Bessemer and Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton generators being perfected in the United States, are described, and possible applications are mentioned.
A Photographic Study of Events in a 14-In. Two-Cycle Gas-Engine Cylinder
Authors: Boyer R. L. , Craig D. R. , Miller C. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The more important results are presented from a 2-year research program involving, it is believed, the first high-speed photographic records of events occurring within a very large engine cylinder. This research was performed on a co-operative basis by The Cooper-Bessemer Corporation and Battelle Memorial Institute. Involved in this study was a Cooper-Bessemer GMV engine, a two-cycle, spark-ignited engine of 14-in. bore and 14-in. stroke, which operates on natural gas. This engine is widely used for pumping natural gas through cross-country pipe lines. The photographs were made with the Battelle Isotran camera. Schlieren photographs were taken of combustion, exhaust blowdown, scavenging, gas turbulence, and fuel injection, through large glass windows mounted at various positions in the cylinder head and cylinder wall. All of these phenomena were rendered clearly visible in slow-motion pictures, and exact data were secured for all gas and flame velocities, as well as the crank angles involved in these events. The most important indication from the photographs is the basic nature of flow of scavenging air through the cylinder volume in turbulent jets, which apparently cannot be circumvented.
The Friction Terms in Metal Cutting
Authors: Leone W. C. , Saibel Edward 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The paper presents the results of an investigation of the friction terms in metal cutting. The so-called “machining constant” is shown to be related directly to the coefficient of internal friction and to vary with the conditions of cutting. The coefficients of external and internal friction appear to be related to the thermal number, and these relationships seem to be quite similar.
The Use of Stator-Blade Control to Obtain Wide Range of Compressor Performance for Wind-Tunnel Application
Authors: McCoy A. W. , Brunner M. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The conventional axial-flow compressor with a variable-speed drive has a limited operating range which makes it inadequate for many present-day applications. The 16-ft × 16-ft propulsion wind tunnel, now being constructed for the Arnold Engineering Development Center at Tullahoma, Tenn., may be cited as a typical application requiring an unusually wide compressor operating range. Regulation of the performance of an axial-flow compressor by means of controllable stator blades provides an extremely wide range of pressure ratio and volume flow at a constant speed, thus offering a significant improvement over the conventional design. Design considerations and methods of prediction of the performance of axial-flow compressors with stator-blade control are given and discussed. The performance of an experimental compressor designed on this basis is presented. The performance range, extending over a 2:1 ratio of volume flows at efficiencies in excess of 80 per cent, is found to be in agreement with the theoretical predictions.
The Mitigation of Marine Fouling by Anaerobic Treatment
Authors: Duplice H. T. , Alexander R. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper deals with the killing of marine fouling organisms, particularly the bay mussel, in salt cooling-water conduits by anaerobic treatment. In a parallel two-tunnel system it was found possible to make efficient “kills” by removing one of the tunnels from service and preventing the entry of new water into it. The marine life within the tunnel consumed the dissolved oxygen and subsequently died from the resulting anaerobic condition. Removal of the dead shells after treatment was accomplished by velocity cleaning—obviating the necessity of dewatering for mechanical cleaning.
Intermittent Heating of Airfoils for Ice Protection, Utilizing Hot Air
Authors: Hauger H. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An investigation into the fundamental transient heat-transfer characteristics of the airfoil leading-edge double-skin configuration when heated intermittently by hot air for ice protection was undertaken on an electrical analog computer. This problem is distinctive from other problems usually solved by such a computer in that an electric input circuit had to be designed which would account correctly for the heat balance as the air passes chordwise through the double-skin passages. Also, a combination of electrical networks was devised which would take into account satisfactorily the thermal resistance and capacitance of the growing layers of ice. This research reveals the effect on the de-icing ability of the double-skin design of variables deemed to be important in such a study. The feasibility of such an ice protection system is attested, and the compromises inherent in the cyclic use of hot air are determined.
A New Type of Radiant Tubular Heater
Authors: Kreipe T. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The advantages of applying direct radiant heat to both sides of heating coils in tubular furnaces, as compared to the more customary direct application of radiant heat from one side only, is discussed. The operation, construction, and application of a novel radiant-type burner is described which embodies many desirable features. Use of the burner in tubular heaters is discussed and operating data are presented.
Mechanical Aspect of Seizing in Metal Wear
Authors: Czyzewski Harry 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Alloys of the class called “self-lubricated” alloys have a resistance to “accelerated mechanical abrasion” which it has not been possible to duplicate by external lubrication. Alloys in this class include gray cast iron (graphite lubricant), oil-impregnated powder-metal compositions (oil lubricant) and leaded copper-base and iron-base alloys (lead lubricant). It is the purpose of this paper to present the mechanical aspect of seizing in metal wear which accounts in a qualitative manner for the observed phenomena in accelerated mechanical abrasion. The mechanical analysis also explains the failure of externally lubricated alloys to equal the performance of self-lubricated alloys.
Rapid Measurements of Thermal Diffusivity
Authors: McIntosh G. E. , Hamilton D. C. , Sibbitt W. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An apparatus and a technique were developed for determining the thermal diffusivity of metals by a periodic heat-flow method. Measurements with a probable error of ± 6.8 per cent were made on specimens of Armco iron, titanium, zirconium, and Haynes Stellite 25 at temperatures of 456, 564, and 672 R.
The Development of High-Output Free-Piston Gas Generators
Authors: Lasley R. A. , Lewis F. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The development of free-piston gas generators suitable for naval-propulsion purposes was started in 1943 at the Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corporation, then the General Machinery Corporation, under a contract with the U. S. Navy Department. At that time little was known in this country regarding the free-piston developments of Pescara in France or Sulzer in Switzerland, which had already been under way for some years. This paper traces the progress made in this project and describes the construction and operating characteristics of various models which have been made during the course of the program.
An Analytical Approach to the Design of Four-Link Mechanisms
Authors: Freudenstein Ferdinand 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The symmetry inherent in four-link mechanisms has been used in deriving a general analytical expression relating the diagonals of a four-link mechanism by means of a characteristic parameter. The nature of this expression has been analyzed. The particular case obtained by using as a parameter the square root of the sum of the squares of the lengths of the links diminished by the sum of the squares of the diagonals, has been worked out in detail and the results reduced to a form believed to be useful in design work. Design applications have been considered.
Minimization of Gear-Train Inertia
Authors: Burgess E. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In the design of a system consisting of a motor driving an inertial load through gearing it is often necessary that the acceleration of the load be a maximum. The gear ratios giving a maximum acceleration are determined here either for a specified over-all train ratio, or for the condition where the over-all ratio must be found. Charts, which embody certain simplifying assumptions, are provided for selecting the optimum number of gear ratios and the ratios of the individual meshes corresponding to maximum load acceleration.
Effect of Single Roughness Elements on the Heat Transfer From a 1:3 Elliptical Cylinder
Authors: Seban R. A. , Levy S. , Doughty D. L. , Drake R. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The effect of single roughness elements on the heat transfer from the surface of a 1:3 elliptical cylinder to an air stream has been investigated by placing single spanwise nylon filaments on the surface of the cylinder. The results are compared with those for the smooth surface of the same cylinder which have already been presented and, as before, these results are given in terms of the pressure coefficient, recovery factor, and local heat-transfer coefficient. On-stream air speeds ranged from 184 to 423 fps giving Reynolds numbers, based on the 6-in. chord of the cylinder, from 531,000 to 1,200,000. The roughness element produced an effect in all cases and in the majority there was an apparent transition to turbulent flow either at or downstream of the element. In those cases in which the roughness element was not too large compared to the thickness of the laminar boundary layer, the heat-transfer coefficients after the point of transition were in good accord with those predicted from the Colburn equation. The point of transition itself was in approximate agreement with values found by other experimenters.
An Experimental Study of Metal Extrusions at Various Strain Rates
Authors: Frisch J. , Thomsen E. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A 4.3-in-diam cylindrical commercially pure lead billet was extruded at room temperature into a 1.5-in-diam solid bar at three extrusion rates of 0.1, 0.74, and 5.15 ipm. Particle velocities, magnitude, and direction, for the inverted extrusion process using a sharp-edged die, were determined on a meridian plane by a stepwise extrusion method. It was found that for the extrusion rates investigated the flow pattern was invariable with respect to the extrusion rates. Measured wall pressures were found to increase approximately linearly with the extrusion speed in a similar manner as the extrusion load, such that the ratio of applied pressure to the wall pressure remained constant. Theoretical considerations appear to agree with the experimental observations. The mean pressure within the metal differed from the measured wall pressure by the condition necessary to establish plastic flow. The predicted mean pressure obtained from a graphical analysis of the velocity pattern of the billet agreed approximately with the measured mean pressure.
Thermal-Shocking Austenitic Stainless Steels With Molten Metals
Authors: Tidball R. A. , Shrut M. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Specimens of AISI 347 pipe and pipe welds have been subjected to repeated thermal shocks by quenching the inner surface with cool sodium-potassium alloy. The equipment used and a method of measuring the transient fluid and wall temperatures are described. Temperature changes encountered during tests and resulting stresses are shown. The effects of 2500 transient thermal cycles on one specimen are discussed.
Design and Operation of High-Recovery Regenerative-Type Air Preheaters: Part 2—Operation of High-Recovery Regenerative-Type Air Preheaters
Authors: Waitkus Joseph 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This section of the paper is devoted to the operation of high-recovery regenerative-type air preheaters from the standpoint of removing deposits and controlling metal temperature. Emphasis is placed on several requirements for an effective removal of deposits by blowing steam or air and washing with treated water. Attention is directed to the need for a dry cleaning medium which has stimulated interest in the use of superheater steam and compressed air. The washing procedure currently recommended assures a higher degree of deposit removal with better protection from acid action. Alkalized or treated water, instead of raw water, accelerates the washing operation and produces a more thorough job. The control of metal temperature is discussed from several possible arrangements and combinations. The comparison is made of corresponding features and their effect on the operation and efficiency of the plant.
The Kaplan Turbine—Design and Trends
Authors: Fisch J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The adjustable-blade propeller turbine, known in the hydropower industry as a Kaplan turbine, in honor of its inventor, Dr. V. Kaplan of Brunn, Czechoslovakia, was first introduced in Europe in the early 1920’s and in the United States in 1928. Since then, approximately 274 units with a total output of 7,647,000 hp have been installed, or are under construction, in this country. Runner diameters vary from 30 to 292 in. and maximum operating heads for the individual units range from 7 to 105 ft. The world’s most powerful Kaplan turbine is in operation at the U. S. Engineers, McNary Dam, developing a guaranteed output of 111,300 hp under a net head of 80 ft. This output will be surpassed by the Dalles units, also for the U. S. Engineers, which are rated at 123,000 hp under 81-ft head.