bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Multi-level Interventions to Mitigate Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant at a PUBLIC UNIVERSITY in Southern United States
Authors: Arbuthnot Keena N. , Christofferson Rebecca C. , Trapido Edward J. , Pardue John H. , Perret John N. , Tate William F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, navigating the implementation of public health measures in a politically charged environment for a large state entity was challenging. However, Louisiana State University (LSU) leadership developed and deployed an effective, multi-layered mitigation plan and successfully opened in-person learning while managing cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the fourth surge. We describe the plan to provide a framework for other institutions during this and future responses. The goals were 3-fold: maintain a quality learning environment, mitigate risk to the campus community, and ensure that LSU operations did not contribute to health-care stress. As of September 2022, LSU has achieved high compliance with interventions and relatively low virus activity on campus compared with peer institutions. This university model can serve as a template for similar implementation plans in the context of complex socio-political and economic considerations.
Age- and sex-based differences in the moral intuitions of American early adolescents
Authors: Bretl Brandon L. , Goering Marlon 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This study sought to explore the validity of a latent-factor model of moral intuition development during early adolescence. The 3-Factor Character Foundations Survey (CFS-3) was used to assess the moral intuitions of early adolescents (n = 850, mean = 12.4 years old, SD = 0.96) under a moral foundations theory framework. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the psychometric validity of the three latent factor constructs (autonomy, loyalty and empathy), and partial metric invariance was established to allow for the comparison of latent factor means between four age- and sex-based groups coinciding with averages for pubertal onset. Results support prior findings of greater latent factor means for females in all three factors when compared with males in the 11–12-year-old age group. Additionally, 13–14-year-old females exhibited lower latent factor means in autonomy and loyalty factors when compared with 11–12-year-old females. This resulted in 13–14-year-old females remaining higher in empathy and autonomy but showing no difference in loyalty when compared with 13–14-year-old males. The results are interpreted through the lens of attachment theory, socio-cultural influence and certain limitations of the survey instrument itself. Suggestions for future studies are proposed.
On the Hardy–Littlewood–Chowla conjecture on average
Authors: Lichtman Jared Duker , Teräväinen Joni 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThere has been recent interest in a hybrid form of the celebrated conjectures of Hardy–Littlewood and of Chowla. We prove that for any$k,\ell \ge 1$and distinct integers$h_2,\ldots ,h_k,a_1,\ldots ,a_\ell $, we have:$$ \begin{align*}\sum_{n\leq X}\mu(n+h_1)\cdots \mu(n+h_k)\Lambda(n+a_1)\cdots\Lambda(n+a_{\ell})=o(X)\end{align*} $$for all except$o(H)$values of$h_1\leq H$, so long as$H\geq (\log X)^{\ell +\varepsilon }$. This improves on the range$H\ge (\log X)^{\psi (X)}$,$\psi (X)\to \infty $, obtained in previous work of the first author. Our results also generalise from the Möbius function$\mu $to arbitrary (non-pretentious) multiplicative functions.
Environmental air sampling for detection and quantification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical settings: Proof of concept
Authors: Middelkoop Keren , Koch Anastasia S. , Hoosen Zeenat , Bryden Wayne , Call Charles , Seldon Ronnett , Warner Digby F. , Wood Robin , Andrews Jason R. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjective:Novel approaches are needed to understand and disrupt Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission. In this proof-of-concept study, we investigated the use of environmental air samplings to detect and quantify M. tuberculosis in different clinic settings in a high-burden area.Design:Cross-sectional, environmental sampling.Setting:Primary-care clinic.Methods:A portable, high-flow dry filter unit (DFU) was used to draw air through polyester felt filters for 2 hours. Samples were collected in the waiting area and TB room of a primary care clinic. Controls included sterile filters placed directly into collection tubes at the DFU sampling site, and filter samplings performed outdoors. DNA was extracted from the filters, and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) was used to quantify M. tuberculosis DNA copies. Carbon dioxide (CO2) data loggers captured CO2 concentrations in the sampled areas.Results:The median sampling time was 123 minutes (interquartile range [IQR], 121–126). A median of 121 (IQR, 35–243) M. tuberculosis DNA copies were obtained from 74 clinic samplings, compared to a median of 3 (IQR, 1–33; P < .001) obtained from 47 controls. At a threshold of 320 DNA copies, specificity was 100%, and 18% of clinic samples would be classified as positive.Conclusions:This proof-of-concept study suggests that the potential for airborne M. tuberculosis detection based on M. tuberculosis DNA copy yield to enable the identification of high-risk transmission locations. Further optimization of the M. tuberculosis extraction technique and ddPCR data analysis would improve detection and enable robust interpretation of these data.
The Influence of the Commercial Speech Doctrine on the Development of Tobacco Control Measures
Authors: Melillo Margherita 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAmong the attempts to oppose tobacco control legislation, the tobacco industry has alleged violations of its right to commercial speech. While the disputes that took place in some jurisdictions like the United States (US), Canada, or the European Union (EU) have been already analyzed, much less is known about how, globally, this doctrine has influenced the adoption of tobacco control measures. This article contributes to filling this gap by illustrating how the commercial speech doctrine influenced the negotiations of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Moreover, using the Tobacco Control Database of Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, it shows that arguments on commercial speech have been used to challenge tobacco control measures in an increasing number of countries.
Balancing the Scales: The Role of the Canadian Supreme Court in Weighing Commercial Speech and Public Health
Authors: Cinà Margherita M. , Nardi Francesca E. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Supreme Court of Canada has established that commercial speech is protected under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and that commercial speech exists along a continuum of utility and value, which is balanced against objectives such as public health. This article examines jurisprudence to determine when infringements on commercial speech are acceptable, analyzing considerations of evidence, rational connections between policies and outcomes, proportionality, and minimal impairment.
Right to Commercial Speech in India: Construing Constitutional Provisions Harmoniously in Favor of Public Health
Authors: Subramanian Sujitha , Gokani Nikhil , Aneja Kashish 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis article examines the right to commercial speech that has been read into the right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India. Restrictions on this right are only permitted if they come within the ambit of the exhaustive list of reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2), under which public health is notably absent. Nevertheless, through the doctrine of harmonious construction, the Indian judiciary have adopted a purposive interpretation to circumvent the omission of public health by carving up freedom of commercial speech into two parts: protected speech which furthers public interest and unprotected speech which is purely commercial. Moreover, the Indian courts have construed these provisions in light of the right to life under Article 21 and the health-related Directive Principles of State Policy under Part IV of the Constitution. This article concludes that judicial creativity in India has consistently been used in favor of protecting public health.
Restricting Unhealthy Food and Beverage Advertising in Brazil: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Barbosa Isabel , Leite Fábio , Britto Carla 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn Brazil, the normative landscape around advertising is complex, not the least because of limitations inherent to dispute resolution mechanisms. Focusing on unhealthy food and beverages, this case study identifies some challenges and opportunities around advertising restrictions, including in relation to freedom of speech.
The Right to Free Commercial Speech in South Africa and its Tension with Public Health Interventions
Authors: Kruger Petronell , Mafuyeka Mikateko , Karim Safura Abdool 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMarketing restrictions to promote public health invoke competing rights, including the right to free commercial speech which for-profit entities use to protect their freedom to market products without undue regulation. The right to free commercial speech in South Africa has been developed through case law since the adoption of the first democratic constitution in South Africa in 1996. This article examines the impact of this recent judgment and the lessons for policy makers to ensure effective regulation of marketing practices in South Africa.
Public Reason, Public Comments, and Public Charge: A Case Study in Moral & Practical Reasoning in Federal Rulemaking
Authors: Fabi Rachel , Zahn Lauren 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe “public charge” rule is a long-standing immigration policy that seeks to determine the likelihood that a prospective immigrant will become dependent on the government for subsistence. When the Trump administration sought to expand the criteria that would count against an applicant for permanent residency to include public benefits historically excluded from the calculation, thousands of commenters wrote to oppose or support the proposed changes. This paper explores the moral and practical reasons commenters provided for their position on the public charge rule and considers the value of the public comment process for immigration, health, and social policy.
TheOSHA COVID-19 Caseand the Scope of the Occupational Safety and Health Act
Authors: Rothstein Mark A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) issued an emergency temporary standard (ETS) for COVID-19 applicable to private sector employers with 100 or more employees. Among other things, the ETS required employers either to mandate employee vaccination or weekly testing and wearing masks.
Regressive Federalism, Rights Reversals, and the Public’s Health
Authors: Hodge James G. , Piatt Jennifer L. , Barraza Leila , White Erica N. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAs the United States emerges from the worst public health threat it has ever experienced, the Supreme Court is poised to reconsider constitutional principles from bygone eras. Judicial proposals to roll back rights under a federalism infrastructure grounded in states’ interests threaten the nation’s legal fabric at a precarious time. This column explores judicial shifts in 3 key public health contexts — reproductive rights, vaccinations, and national security — and their repercussions.
The United Kingdom’s contributions to the development of aeronautics Part 4. The origins of the jet age
Authors: Ackroyd J. A. D. 
Published: July 2022

Despite the common title of this series of papers, the specific area into which we now move originated on a more global scale than the title suggests. Thus in the spirit of the plan set down at the outset for this review,vizthat major ideas from abroad must be included, contributions from such countries as France, Germany and the United States here warrant greater prominence.In Part 3 of this review we surveyed the development within Britain of the stress-skinned streamlined monoplane. Since the 1920s increasing numbers within Britain’s government research establishments, the universities and industry had been actively promoting this advance. Nonetheless, the practical hardware’s eventual emergence by the mid-1930s was largely driven by industry’s need for greater aerodynamic efficiency and a desire to excel. Thus record-breaking attempts, events such as the Schneider Trophy and MacRobertson races, all provided the impetus for this. So, too, did the commercial pressure of a new generation of American airliners and, for those astute enough to interpret them as such, the alarum calls of an impending Second World War. As a result of the appreciable decrease in drag coefficient achieved, coupled to a massive improvement in piston engine power, military aircraft, in particular, proved capable of flying not only further and higher but also dramatically faster. A further consequence, however, was that certain wartime high-speed fighter aircraft began to encounter serious, even fatal, compressibility effects as their enhanced speeds in dives reached subsonic critical Mach number conditions.
Computational simulation of wing rock in three degrees-of-freedom for a generic fighter with chine-shaped forebody
Authors: Saad A. A. , Liebst B. S. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractModern fighter aircraft have been associated with lateral self-excited limit cycle oscillation known as ‘wing rock’. Simulations of wing rock have been encouraged to develop a complete understanding of the fluid mechanism that triggers and drives the oscillation, as well as for prediction purposes. Previous simulations of wing rock in wind/water tunnels were almost exclusively limited to a single degree-of-freedom in roll, due to the difficulty encountered in mounting the model to freely oscillate in more than one degree-of-freedom. Numerical simulations, utilising computational fluid dynamics, were also limited to roll-only degree-of-freedom. The loss of simulation accuracy due to the reduction of the actual wing rock degrees-of-freedom to roll-only has not as yet been fully investigated. In this study wing rock is numerically simulated in three degrees-of-freedom: roll, sideslip, and vertical motion for a generic fighter model. The unsteady Euler equations are coupled with the rigid-body dynamic equations through an innovative sub-iteration algorithm to simultaneously solve the coupled equations. The effect of including the sideslip and vertical degrees-of-freedom was found to delay the onset angle-of-attack of wing rock by 5° and reduce the limit cycle amplitude by about 50% with the frequency remained almost unchanged.
Mechanical and electromagnetic behaviour of auxetic honeycomb structures
Authors: Scarpa F. , Smith F. C. , Chambers B. , Burriesci G. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this work a combined analysis of the out-of-plane mechanical and the electromagnetic properties of auxetic re-entrant honeycombs is performed. Experimental and numerical simulations are carried out to evaluate the correlation between the anisotropicity of the transverse mechanical properties (shear and compressive modulus) and the permittivity tensor of auxetic honeycombs. The results are evaluated to assess the feasibility of this kind of cellular solid for electromagnetic absorption and window applications with high structural integrity performance.
Staged combustor optimisation in the environmental aircraft envelope
Authors: Wulff A. , Hourmouziadis J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA new semi-empirical one-dimensional approach for the prediction of aeroengine combustor emissions is presented. The model features a high level of versatility, resulting in a remarkable correlation quality of measurement data of different combustors. This combustion model was modified to reflect the design characteristics of staged combustors. After implementation in an optimisation procedure it was used for staged combustor design studies. For a typical aeroengine application an optimised combustor design was derived with respect to a predefined criteria. Potential exchange rates of combustion efficiency versus NOx emissions by rematching the fuel split for different operating conditions at extreme points of the environmental envelope (ISA/hot day/cold day) of a modern commercial aircraft were investigated. Conclusions regarding the suitable operation of the combustor were drawn. Finally the effect of changed design constrains on the optimisation result was investigated.
Autonomous behavioural algorithm for space applications
Authors: Radice G. , McInnes C. R. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present a new approach in the concept and implementation of autonomy for autonomous spacecraft. The one true ‘artificial agent’ approach to autonomy requires the spacecraft to interact in a direct manner with the environment through the use of sensors and actuators. Rather than using complex world models, the spacecraft is allowed to exploit the dynamics of its environment for cues as to appropriate actions to take to achieve its mission goals. The particular artificial agent implementation used here has been inspired by studies of biological systems. The so-called ‘cue-deficit’ action selection algorithm considers the spacecraft to be a non-linear dynamical system with a number of observable states. Using optimal control theory a set of rules is derived which determine which of a finite repertoire of behaviours the spacecraft will perform. A simple model of a single imaging spacecraft in low polar Earth orbit is used to demonstrate the algorithm.
The ‘air side’ of future warfare – military aeronautics
Authors: Bushnell D. M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe ongoing revolutions in information, biological, energetics and nano technologies are changing the nature and equipment of warfare. This is particularly true in military aeronautics. In the nearer term aircraft are becoming increasingly ‘uninhabited’ (UCAVs, UAVs etc.) enabled by the IT revolution, with multitudinous accompanying benefits in terms of affordability, survivability, redefinition of ‘risk’ and lethality. THE issue for such aircraft is enhanced persistence and increased range within the context of the overall system metrics. In the longer term the increasingly capable worldwide ‘sensor web’ will place at risk all air vehicles, in or out of theatre and whether or not they are ‘stealthy’. This, combined with advanced conventional weapons, high energy density material powered EMP (electro-magnetic-pulse) weapons and affordable swarms of ‘brilliant’ munitions will probably require yet another re-definition of military aeronautics, perhaps as survivable (hardened) hypersonic, global range, boost-glide devices.
Life extension of impact damaged honeycomb sandwich panels
Authors: Aitken R. R. , Horrigan D. P. W. , Moltschaniwskyj G. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe assessment of damage due to impacts in composite sandwich panels and the component life reductions associated with such damage is becoming increasingly important within the aerospace industry. This study analyses minimum gauge, non-metallic honeycomb wing panels subject to impact damage. In all instances the damage is caused by ‘soft body’ impactors travelling at elevated velocities to simulate bird strike and other soft debris. The damage formed during these impacts is shown to be large in plan area but shallow and primarily causes crushing of the core in a thin layer. Loading of the panels after impact has been performed to determine the reduction in load carrying capacity and associated failure mechanisms. Damage due to soft body impact is shown to be very different to the classical rigid body impact upon which current repair schemes are based. As a result in many applications the use of current repair schemes may be inappropriate. The viability of new repair techniques is discussed with particular attention to the prevention of failure mechanisms due to loading after impact.
Passive control of shock wave–boundary-layer interactions
Authors: Gibson T. M. , Babinsky H. , Squire L. C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe passive control of a shock wave-boundary-layer interaction involves placing a porous surface beneath the interaction, allowing high pressure air from the flow downstream of the shock wave to recirculate through a plenum chamber into the low pressure flow upstream of the wave.The simple case of a normal shock wave at a Mach number of 1·4 interacting with the turbulent boundary layer on a flat wall is investigated both experimentally and numerically. The experimental investigation made use of holographic interferometry, while the computational section of the investigation made use of a Navier-Stokes code to derive pressure gradients, boundary-layer properties and total pressure losses in the interaction region. It is found that the structure of shock wave-boundary-layer interactions with passive control consists of a leading, oblique shock wave followed by a lambda foot. The oblique wave originates from the upstream end of the porous region, and its strength is determined by the magnitude of the local blowing velocities. The shape of the lambda foot depends on the position of the main shock relative to the control region, resembling an uncontrolled foot when the main shock wave is towards the downstream end of the porosity, but becoming increasingly large as the shock moves upstream and eventually merging with the leading, oblique shock to form a single, large, lambda structure.Improved forms of passive control are suggested based on the findings of this investigation, including the use of passive control systems which incorporate streamwise variations in the level of porosity.
The technology and economics of air transport in its next phase
Authors: Wilkinson K. G. 
Published: July 2022

It is now 72 years since the Wright Brothers made the first controlled flights with a manned heavier-than-air machine, and I am deeply conscious of the great honour conveyed by the invitation to deliver this 64th Memorial Lecture commemorating their great achievement.Their research and development work provides a classic model of a combination of the scientific and practical approaches to the solution of a major problem. However, it is fascinating to look back to those very different days at the turn of the century, and see how incompletely they foresaw all the consequences of their own efforts. Contemporary evidence suggests that their vision was confined to certain secondary uses of the aeroplane, such as military reconnaissance, sport and exploration.
Helicopters in the Royal Navy
Authors: Bryson L. B. , Heenan F. E. , Johnson C. A. 
Published: July 2022

“An historian is a prophet in reverse”.Friedrich Von SchiegelThe advantages to a Navy of an aircraft which can operate from a relatively small deck area are enormous and it is not surprising that the British as a maritime nation were in the forefront of the development of rotary wing aircraft for use at sea. However, the first man to land a rotary wing aircraft on a ship other than an aircraft carrier was an ex-Royal Air Force Officer R. A. C. Brie and the ship was the Italian cruiserFiume.