bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
314 Steer Production Performance and Enteric gas Emissions Associated with Free-Choice Mineral Supplement Infused with Varying Levels of Garlic Powder
Authors: Oyedeji Oluwatobi , Lardner Bart , Cheang Iris , Block Hushton , Durunna Obioha N 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The addition of phytogenics such as garlic powder into beef mineral supplements is motivated by the potential for increased mineral intake and associated insectifugal outcomes. This 3-yr study compared feed and mineral intake and performance in crossbred beef steers that received free-choice mineral supplements infused with or without garlic powder (5% inclusion). The study design was a randomized complete block design where each steer (n=180) was randomly assigned to either a 5%GP or 0%GP treatment group, balancing for breed composition and initial body weight. Different garlic brands (5%GPLO, 5%GPSE, and 5%GPWL) were also assessed during the third year of study. Individual feed and mineral supplement intakes were monitored using automatic feeding units from different bunks ad libitum. Enteric gas fluxes (CH4, CO2, O2, and H2) were also measured with an automated head-chamber emission monitoring system. Over 3 yr, there was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in dry matter intake, average daily gain, and gain to feed ratio between 5%GP and 0%GP groups, but supplement intake was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for 5%GP (206 gd-1) compared with 0%GP (152 gd-1) treatment. Comparing all brands in third year showed differences in mineral consumption where 5%GPLO (223 gd-1) had greatest (P &lt; 0.0001) supplement intake, but there was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) among 5%GPSE (133 gd-1), 5%GPWL (103 gd-1) and 0%GP (145 gd-1). Enteric gas fluxes did not differ between 5%GPLO and 0%GP for CH4 (129 gd-1, 119 gd-1; P = 0.69), CO2 (7912 gd-1, 7351 gd-1; P = 0.31), O2 (5394 gd-1, 4816 gd-1; P = 0.15) and H2 (0.84 gd-1, 0.67 gd-1; P = 0.42). Results suggest that infusing garlic at 5% increased supplement intake in feedlot cattle but had no effect on growth or enteric gas fluxes. Differences in the brands evaluated here may be related to the shelf/storage age of the products and the bioactive compound profiles.
326 Nutritional Grouping and Machine-Learning Techniques: Towards a Feed Efficiency Improvement in Beef Cattle Production
Authors: Lopez Pablo Guarnido , de Vega Antonio , Benaouda Mohammed , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nutritional grouping (NG) strategies have been proposed mainly in dairy cattle to improve economic efficiency (30-60$/cow per year) of dairy farmers. In dairy cattle, NG is made according to net energy (NE) requirements estimated from some animal variables (i.e., milk yield and dairy merit). However, NG has not been evaluated for beef cattle, likely because data are not readily available and existing protocols have been fixed for decades by the beef industry, such as allotting by body weight (BW): growing diet for 180 to 400-kg animals, and finishing diet for 400 to 550-kg animals. Therefore, we investigated an unsupervised machine learning (ML) technique in R to sort animals at the arrival according to their DM intake (DMI), NE and metabolizable protein (MP) requirements, estimated through INRA from BW and average daily gain. We utilized data from 77 growing Friesian steers allotted conventionally by BW (139±21.6 kg) in 4 pens, weighed every 3 weeks (n=9 weighings) during 190 days, and fed a high-energy diet (1.59 Mcal NE/kg DM and 89 g MP/kg DM). Results identified that estimated performances were significantly (P&lt; 0.002) different between 3 groups made from ML and between 4 pens made from BW; however, ML groups presented a minor within-group variability of NE and MP requirements (-25%CV) than pens. We also regressed energy and protein intake minus their respective requirements by the duration of the experiment observing a better fitting (R2= 0.93 vs 0.80) when allotting animals by groups than by pens, which implicates better feed efficiency if diets were formulated according to requirements established by ML groups. We demonstrated that ML techniques could help the decision-making of beef farmers to better sort animals according to their requirements and not only by BW. The next step is to formulate rations according to animal requirements to improve efficiency.
331 Effects of on-Arrival Application of a Modified-Live Respiratory and Clostridia Vaccination on Health, Growth Performance, and Antibody Titers of Newly Weaned Calves
Authors: Gubbels Erin R , Francis Forest L , Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate health, growth performance, and antibody titers to IBR, BVD 1 and 2, PI3, and BRSV for calves administered a respiratory and clostridia vaccine compared with no vaccination upon arrival. Single-sourced, newly weaned steers (n = 70; initial body weight (BW) = 254±5.9 kg) were allotted to 10 pens (n = 5 pens/treatment with 7 steers/pen). Steers were blocked by BW in a RCBD of VAC (vaccinated for IBR, BVD 1 and 2, PI3, and BRSV and clostridial upon arrival) or NOVAC (not vaccinated upon arrival). Steers were individually weighed on d 0 (arrival), 1, 21, and 42 for growth performance measures. Whole blood samples were collected (n = 3 steers/pen closest to the pen mean BW) on d 1, 21, and 42 via jugular venipuncture for antibody titer responses. Depression scores of 0 (normal) to 4 (moribund) were recorded for each individual steer for 21 d. Body weight gain and feed efficiency were not influenced (P ≥ 0.10) by treatment. However, dry matter intake tended (P &lt; 0.07) to increase as a percentage of BW by 3.5% for NOVAC compared with VAC. No treatment by day interactions (P &gt; 0.05) were observed for depression scores or BVD 1 and 2 or PI3 titers. However, a treatment by day interaction (P &lt; 0.03) was observed for IBR and BRSV titers. VAC steers had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) titers for both IBR and BRSV on d 1 compared with d 21 but were similar (P &gt; 0.05) to d 42, which were also similar (P &gt; 0.05) to d 21 titers. Additionally, VAC steers had a 27% increase (P &lt; 0.03) in PI3 titers compared with NOVAC steers. Collectively, growth performance was unaffected by vaccination, and vaccinated calves had increased antibody titer responses, as expected.
339 Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Beef Yearling Steers Offered Finishing Diets with Direct fed Microbial Mixtures
Authors: Lopez Alejandra M , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren H , Ciriaco Francine M , Johnson Bradley J , Woerner Dale R , Scaranto Silva Kaliu G , Nardi Kaue Tonelli , Rush Camron J , Rodrigues Barbara , Peters Sarah , Manna Mikala Di , Osorio-Doblado Andrea M , Coello Kymberly , Quijada Angel A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of dietary inclusion of live bacteria on feedlot beef cattle growth performance and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus yearling steers (n = 192; initial BW = 409 kg ± 8 kg) were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned into 48 pens (4 steers/pen; 16 pens/treatment) following a randomized complete block design. A steam-flaked corn-based fishing diet was offered ad libitum once daily containing the following treatments: 1) Control, in which no direct fed microbial (DFM) was offered (lactose as carrier only); 2 and 3) Probiotic mixtures at distinct concentrations [Mixture A and B, at 2g/animal-daily (lactose used as carrier)]. Orts DM were quantified daily and subtracted from total dietary DM offered to calculate DM intake. Two-day consecutive unshrunk BW were recorded before feeding on d 0, 30, 60, 90, 121, and 153 (prior to shipment to a federally inspected slaughter facility). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS and pen was considered the experimental unit, in which F-test protected pre-planned contrasts comparing control versus DFM mixture-A and control versus DFM mixture-B were used. Steers offered mixture-A increased carcass-adjusted ADG (P = 0.03) by 6.7%, gain efficiency (P &lt; 0.01) by 6%, tended to increase carcass-adjusted final BW (P = 0.07) by 15kg and hot carcass weight (P = 0.07) by 10kg. The overall (d 0 to end) DM intake (P = 0.36) was not affected by treatment; however, a subtle (1.2%) decrease (P &lt; 0.01) during the initial 30 days for steers offered DFM mixture-B was observed. Carcass variables (dressing percentage, 12th rib fat, longissimus muscle area, marbling, yield grade, and liver scores) were not affected (P ≥ 0.13) by treatments. Growth performance was improved with DFM mixture-A which seemed to positively affect carcass weight without inducing deleterious effects on other carcass characteristics.
362 Evaluation of Different Levels of Trace Mineral Supplementation to Calves Prior to Wearing
Authors: Hernandez Gracia M Puerto , Boyd Derringer , Livingston Julia , Gossbodily Garrett , Bohnert David , Ranches Juliana 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A two-year study evaluated two different levels of trace mineral supplementation (Cu, Se, and Zn) to calves prior to weaning. Approximately 84 days prior to weaning, 24 calves/year (Angus × Hereford) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: trace mineral supplementation following NASEM (2016) requirements (Control); and trace mineral supplementation above NASEM (2016) requirements (Super). Calves were individually fed and trace minerals were provided in 0.5 lb of dry distillers grains three times weekly. The total weekly amount of trace minerals was divided into three feeding events (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). Body weight (BW), blood, and liver samples were collected on d 0 and at weaning (d 84). All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). No differences (P ≥ 0.69) were observed for the initial liver concentration of Se, Cu, and Zn. No differences (P = 0.54) were observed for liver Se concentration at weaning. A year effect (P &lt; 0.0001) and a tendency for treatment x year effect (P = 0.09) were observed for liver Zn concentration at weaning. In year 1 but not in year 2, calves assigned to Control treatment had greater liver Zn concentration than calves assigned to Super treatment. For Cu liver concentration, a year effect (P &lt; 0.0001) and a tendency for treatment x year effect (P = 0.09) were observed at weaning. In year 2, but not in year 1, calves assigned to Super treatment had greater liver Cu concentration than calves assigned to Control treatment. No treatment effects (P ≥ 0.23) were observed for BW or average daily gain pre- or post-weaning. Except for Cu, supplementation of trace minerals above the NASEM (2016) recommendations does not lead to improved mineral status of calves in this environment.
360 The Ability of an Enhanced Zeolite-Based Flow Agent to Mitigate the Effects of Ergot-Like Alkaloids Consumed by Beef Cattle
Authors: Zeltwanger Joshua M , Bailey Eric , Hergenreder Jerilyn , Canterbury Landon , Brake Derek , Petzel Emily , Nelson Benjamin , Du Xiangwei  , Evans Tim 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Aluminosilicate-based flow agents, like zeolites, may impact digestion of ergot-like alkaloids in the ruminant gut. Twenty-four steers (226 ± 27.6 kg) were used in a 21-d experiment to test the effects of an enhanced zeolite-based flow agent (KALLSIL, Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA) on site of ergot-like alkaloid excretion, serum prolactin, rectal temperature, respiration rate, and nutrient digestibility. Treatments were control (E+) or enhanced zeolite inclusion (E+Z; 2 g/kg, DM basis). Steers were fed a TMR at 1.85% of BW (DM-basis). Tall-fescue seed was included in the diet at 11.14%, providing 465 µg of ergovaline/kg DM. Steers had no ORTS during the experiment. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were recorded daily at 0700 and 1200 h from steers housed tie stalls in a room kept at (18.5°C ± 0.33°C, 32.6% ± 2.19%). Serum was harvested from blood collected on d-1, 7, 14, and 21 to measure prolactin. On d-21 jugular catheters were placed to measure prolactin following the infusion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; 1 µg/kg BW). Spot samples of feces and urine were collected every 8 h from d 17-20, with 2-hour advancement each day to determine digestibility, N balance, and recovery of ergot-like alkaloids. Digestion and N balance was not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.16). Enhanced zeolite tended (P = 0.15) to increase recovery of ergovaline. Prolactin concentration decreased over time (P &lt; 0.01), but was greater (P = 0.01) at each time point for E+Z steers. Following the infusion of TRH, prolactin tended (P = 0.11) to be greater for E+Z. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates were not affected (P ≥ 0.89) by E+Z. Results from this study indicate that enhanced zeolite inclusion tended to increase recovery of ergot-like alkaloids in feces and increased serum prolactin when offered to beef steers in a diet containing ergot-like alkaloids.
365 Towards the Integration of Microbial Genomic Information Into Mechanistic Models of the Rumen Microbiome: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Davoudkhani Mohsen , Rubino Francesco , Creevey Christopher J , Muñoz-Tamayo Rafael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop a mathematical framework enabling the integration of microbial genomic information (i.e., 16S rDNA) into mechanistic models of the rumen microbiome. Mechanistic modelling provides promising tools to enhance our system-level understanding of the rumen ecosystem. Existing mechanistic models of rumen fermentation consider an aggregated representation of the rumen microbiota and its metabolic function. However, none of these models integrate microbial genomic knowledge and are thus limited to capitalize on the rich information of microbial genomic sequencing. In this work, we investigated theoretically, how microbial time series of the rumen microbiota determined by 16S rDNA can be integrated into a mechanistic fermentation model of the rumen microbiome. Our study used a previously developed model of in vitro rumen fermentation that represents the microbiota by three microbial functional groups, namely sugar utilisers, amino acid utilisers, and methanogens 1. The model was extended to represent the fermentation under continuous operation (i.e. chemostat). We considered a hypothetical scenario where 16S rumen microbial time series are available. Our rationale is that the microbial species can be categorized into the macroscopic functions of the mechanistic model by using tools such as CowPI 2. In a simulation case study, we used the theory of state observers to integrate the mechanistic model and the microbial data to provide estimations of the dynamics of the volatile fatty acids (VFA) acetate, butyrate, and propionate. The estimated VFA converge towards the real VFA dynamics demonstrating the promising potential of our approach. The next step we are currently working is the validation of our approach using in vitro experimental data. 1 Muñoz-Tamayo, R. et al. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 220, 1–21 (2016)2 Wilkinson, T. J. et al. Front. Microbiol. 9, 1095 (2018)
366 Effect of Native Rumen Bacteria Supplementation in Methane Emissions, Growth Performance, and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Pittaluga Alejandro , Yang Fan , Embree Jordan , Gilmore Sean , Embree Mallory , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To evaluate the effect of supplementing feedlot cattle with native rumen bacteria (NRB; Prevotella albensis, Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, and Chordicoccus furentiruminis) in growth performance, carcass characteristics and gas emissions, Angus × SimAngus-crossbred (body weight (BW) 353 ± 64 kg) steers (n = 32) and heifers (n = 48) were used in randomized complete block design. Cattle stratified by BW were randomly assigned to 4 pens (2/treatment) and fed a corn silage-based diet for 49 d (backgrounding) followed by a ground corn-based diet for 84 d (finishing). When reaching desired finished BW, cattle were harvested. Diets were offered ad libitum and with (WNB) or without (CON) the inclusion of NRB feed supplement. Measurements of CH4 emissions were taken using the GreenFeed system (n = 12/ treatment). All data were analyzed as a mixed procedure (Table 1). There was a treatment (P ≤ 0.05) effect for CH4 emissions yield [g/kg dry matter intake (DMI)] and intensity [g/kg average daily gain (ADG)] during the growing period. Including NRB in the diet during growing, decreased CH4 emissions yield and intensity by 13.5% and 29%, respectively. During the first 84-d period on the finishing diet (d133), feeding NRB increased (P = 0.02) the ADG and tended to increase (P = 0.10) DMI. At d133, cattle fed NRB tended (P = 0.06) to be heavier than cattle in the CON treatment. Days on feed (DOF) was 9 days longer for CON animals than those of WNB animals (P = 0.04). No other differences (P ≥ 0.25) were detected throughout the experimental period and no differences (P ≥ 0.11) were observed in carcass characteristics. Results from this study indicate that feeding NRB decreased methane yield and intensity in the backgrounding period, improved finishing performance of beef cattle, and decreased DOF
PSXIII-2 Effect of Rest, Post-Rest Transport Duration, and Conditioning on Performance and Physiological Welfare Indicators of Beef Calves
Authors: Meléndez Daniela M , Marti Sonia , Schwinghamer Timothy D , Haley Derek B , Yang Xiaohui , Reynolds Matthew R , Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of conditioning, rest, and post-rest transport duration on welfare indicators of 6-7 mo old beef calves. A total of 328 weaned calves (237 ± 29.7 kg BW) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design: conditioning, conditioned (C) or non-conditioned (N); rest, 0 (R0) or 8 (R8) h, and post-rest transport, 4 (T4) or 15 (T15) h. Calves were sampled prior to and after 20h of transport, prior to and after the additional 4 or 15-h transport, and at 1, 2, 3, 5, 14, and 28 d after transport ended. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Fixed effects were conditioning, transport and time nested within rest period, while random effects were animal and pen. For R0-T4 calves, the mean L-lactate concentrations were greater than R8-T4 calves on d 1 and 2 (p-values = 0.02) while, for R0 calves, mean ADG was greater than R8 calves 14 to 28 d after transport (p-values &lt; 0.01). For R8-T4 calves 1 week after transport, mean ADG was greater and mean WBC counts were less than R8-T15 calves on d 5 (p-values &lt; 0.01). For N calves, overall mean haptoglobin, creatine kinase, serum amyloid-A, and non-esterified fatty acids were greater than C calves (p-values ≤ 0.05). Overall, few and inconsistent differences were observed for rest, where rest improved L-lactate but affected ADG. Few differences were observed for transport, where shorter transport durations after the rest improved ADG and WBC counts. In general, N calves had greater physiological indicators of reduced welfare than C calves. Based on these findings, the best way to improve calf welfare during and after transport is to condition them prior to transport.
PSXII-2 Effect of TG5 (c.-422C&gt;T) Polymorphism on Fatty Acid Composition of Muscle Tissue in Bull
Authors: Tepavcevich Jela , Sycheva Irina , Orishev Aleksandr , Bystrenina Irina , Mamedov Azer , Karnaushkina Maria , Vasilev Vladimir 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Intensive fat deposition is accompanied by an increased synthesis of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, resulting in a decrease in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle tissue. The TG5 (c.-422C &gt;T) polymorphism is associated with fat metabolism in Bos Taurus. The aim of the research was to study the effect of TG5 (c.-422C &gt;T) polymorphism on fatty acid composition of muscle tissue in Hereford bulls. Polymorphism TG5 (c.-422C &gt;T) was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. The fatty acid composition of lipids was determined by gas-liquid chromatography on a “Kristall-4000 Lux” chromatograph (Russia). Hereford bulls were slaughtered at 15 months of age. Two groups of bulls with TG5CC and TG5CT genotypes were formed according to the results of genotyping. The total share of SFA and MUFA in muscles of bulls with the TG5CC genotype was 71.2% and exceeded indicators of their peers by 1.0%. These data were consistent with increased synthesis of inter- and intramuscular fat, as well as subcutaneous adipose tissue. The TG5CT genotype was associated with better fat quality in terms of essential fatty acids content, which accounted for 29.8%. Bulls with TG5CT genotype outperformed their peers in content of palmitic by 0.74% and behenic by 0.02% among saturated fatty acids, palmitoleic by 0.67% among monounsaturated fatty acids, linoleic by 1.07%, linolenic by 0.15 % and arachidonic by 0.05% among polyunsaturated fatty acids. The maximum content of stearic (by 1.72%) and oleic (by 0.72%) fatty acids was observed in the group with the TG5CC genotype. The greatest (by 0.08 units) ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids indicated the best quality of adipose tissue in TG5CT bulls. Thus, the increased intensity of fat deposition in TG5CC carriers had a negative impact on the quality of meat.
PSXV-4 Analysis of the Relationship between Carcass Traits and Linear Body Measurements in Hanwoo Cattle
Authors: Park Mi Na , Naserkheil Masoumeh 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Selection emphasis on linear body measurement traits associated with increased lifetime production efficiency may be beneficial to decrease culling and increase profitability in both dairy and beef industry. The importance of knowledge of associations between body measurement and carcass traits is essential to obtain indices in order to increase the response to selection and incorporate these traits in designing a breeding program. Hence, the objective of the present study was to estimate variance components and genetic parameters for linear body measurement and carcass traits in the Hanwoo cattle. Backfat thickness (BFT), carcass weight (CWT), eye muscle area (EMA), and marbling score (MS) at around 24 months of age considered as carcass traits and analyzed 10 body measurement traits at yearling age of Hanwoo were body height (BH), body length (BL), chest depth (CD), chest girth (CG), chest width (CW), hip height (HH), hip width (HW), rump length (RL), rump width (RW), and thurl width (TW). The (co)variance components were estimated using AI-REML in a series of bivariate analyses, which were implemented by the AIREMLF90 software. Moderate to high heritability estimates were found for the carcass traits, which were 0.32, 0.46, 0.50, and 0.61 for CWT, EMA, BFT, and MS, respectively. Heritability estimates for linear body measurement were low to medium, ranging from 0.12 to 0.37. The body measurement traits exhibited moderate to relatively high genetic correlations with CWT, while the genetic correlations of body measurement with the three other carcass traits were very low. The results of this study demonstrated the favorable and positive genetic correlations between linear body measurement and carcass weight, indicating that selection on these traits can be effective in Hanwoo breeding programs without having unfavorable effects on other carcass traits.