bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Malnutrition and nutritional screening in patients undergoing surgery in low and middle income countries: A systematic review
Authors: Jones Debra , Knight Stephen R. , Sremanakova Jana , Lapitan Marie Carmela M. , Qureshi Ahmad U. , Drake Thomas M. , Tabiri Stephen , Ghosh Dhruva , Thomas Maria , Kingsley Pamela A. , Sundar Sudha , Maimbo Mayaba , Yenli Edwin , Shaw Catherine , Valparaiso Apple P. , Bhangu Aneel , Magill Laura , Norrie John , Roberts Tracey E. , Theodoratou Evropi , Weiser Thomas G. , Harrison Ewen M. , Burden Sorrel T. ,   NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundThere is a high incidence of preoperative undernutrition in hospitalised patients in low and middle‐income countries (LMICs), leading to increased postoperative complications, length of hospital stay and early mortality. Review aims are to establish the prevalence of undernutrition and assess the use of validated nutritional screening tools in surgical patients across LMICs.MethodsProtocol was PRISMA compliant and Prospero registered (CRD42019126765). Twelve international databases were searched from January 1990 to April 2021. Included studies were on nutritional screening in adults (≥16 years) undergoing surgery in LMICs. Two researchers screened studies and assessed quality. Prevalence of undernutrition was presented as a weighted percentage with confidence intervals (CI).ResultsOf the 4649 records identified, 16 studies (n = 4032) were eligible. Subjective global assessment (SGA) or patient generated (PG)‐SGA were the tools used most widely. SGA and PG‐SGA showed a high prevalence of undernutrition overall (0.61, 95% CI 0.50, 0.73), with a proportion identified with moderate undernutrition (0.44, 95% CI 0.31, 0.57) or severe undernutrition (0.32, 95% CI 0.19, 0.45).ConclusionsData show the prevalence of undernutrition in surgical patients as high as three in five patients within LMICs. Results indicate that the SGA is suitable for assessing this group of patients and that it may be the most appropriate tool to use due to its subjectivity and reliability. PG‐SGA although similar includes more symptom assessment, which is important for nutritionally depleted cancer patients. The limited data on validity and reliability of nutritional screening tools in LMICs indicates further research is required.
Significance and perspectives of telocytes in lung diseases
Authors: Song Dongli , Zhang Ding , Zheng Yonghua 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTelocytes (TCs) are a type of interstitial cells with essential roles in regenerative medicine. TCs spatially exist in the stem cell niche and are considered a ‘stem cell helper cell’. Mesenchymal stromal cells therapy has been widely used in treating lung diseases, while there is increasing evidence from preclinical studies to show the beneficial effects of TCs to support smooth muscle cells and treat lung diseases, by releasing paracrine factors, exosomes, and microvesicles. There are still limitations and challenges to be overcome for TCs‐based translational medicine and clinical applications, by developing new methods and improving therapeutic strategies. The present review overviews the historical development, morphology and spatialization, biomarker specificity and values, biological functions, therapeutic effects on preclinical lung diseases, as well as potential mechanisms and future perspectives in lung diseases. TCs exert beneficial effects on preclinical asthma and acute lung injury and essential roles in repairing injured lung tissues and angiogenesis, by releasing paracrine factors and exosomes.
Experimental assessment of downstream environmental DNA patterns under variable fish biomass and river discharge rates
Authors: Van Driessche Charlotte , Everts Teun , Neyrinck Sabrina , Brys Rein 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe development of environmental DNA (eDNA) methods toward implementation as a cost‐effective, nonlethal tool for fish biomonitoring in lotic environments requires insights on the temporal and spatial distribution of eDNA in river systems. Yet, little is known on how downstream eDNA dispersal is affected by the combination of river discharge and source biomass effects. In this study, we aimed at unraveling the effect of source‐ and system‐specific processes on the stream reach of eDNA. We used a longitudinal cage study in two river sections characterized by a significantly different discharge rate, where two invasive and two native fish species were introduced under two contrasting biomass treatments. Using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) analyses, we found that eDNA concentrations become strongly reduced 2 km downstream from the source, an effect that is strengthened with increasing river discharge and coinciding dilution effects. Higher discharge rates resulted in equal or even higher detection probabilities at increasing distance from the source. The introduction of high fish stock biomass resulted in an increase of eDNA concentrations, as well as detection probabilities and in parallel reduced the stochasticity of the measurements. A peak in eDNA concentrations at a downstream distance ranging between 300 m and 2 km confirms the complexity of plume‐shaped downstream eDNA patterns. Our results showed interspecific variation in eDNA emission and suggest species‐specific differences in eDNA persistence. This study underlines the impact of both river discharge rate and source biomass on downstream eDNA detection and dispersal patterns.
Development and validation of two environmental DNA assays for American Eel (Anguilla rostrata)
Authors: Moyer Gregory R. , Bartron Meredith L. , Galbraith Heather S. , Grassi Josh , Rees Christopher B. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe developed and validated two species‐specific qPCR markers to detect American Eel environmental DNA. Marker validation included assay design, specificity and sensitivity testing, and in vivo laboratory and field experiments. Markers AME1 and AME2 targeted 116 and 129 bp fragments of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and cytochrome b genes, respectively. Markers were 94%–100% homologous for all 49 aligned American Eel sequences. Specificity tests, with known DNA obtained from 149 individuals spanning 81 fish species, amplified DNA derived from American Eel tissue exclusively. Each marker also had high sensitivity with LOD and LOQ values of 2.8–50 copies. For each marker, pilot testing of American Eel in aquaria at increasing densities (n = 0, 1, 5, 10 eels) showed a significant (p < 0.03) negative relationship between mean qPCR cycle threshold value and number of eels per tank. Our in situ testing of water samples collected from 35 sites on the East Coast (from as far south as Maryland to as far north as Maine) revealed that sites known to contain populations of American Eel (n = 11) were all positive for American Eel DNA, while sites where American Eel were presumed absent (n = 24) failed to amplify American Eel DNA. In three cases, our assays produced positive detections in the lower portion of a watershed but failed to detect American Eel upstream of a presumed impassible barrier in each of the same watersheds (all internal positive controls indicated no evidence of PCR inhibition in our field samples and all negative controls indicated no evidence of contamination). Our encouraging results of in vitro and in situ validation demonstrate the utility of using eDNA as a tool to aid in American Eel conservation efforts.
Shifts in governance modes and explanatory factors in the NIMBY: Findings from the X waste incineration plant in Shenzhen, China
Authors: Lu Haiyan , Mu Rui , Li Yanwei 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWith increasing numbers of environmental conflicts in recent years, Chinese local governments are changing their modes of governance with the aim of addressing these conflicts satisfactorily. Through a case study, we identified shifts in modes of governance from hierarchical to network and from market to hybrid (characterized by a combination of market and hierarchical) in three arenas. Our findings confirm that initiating actors, stakeholder involvement types, rules of interaction, and implementation strategies are useful indicators of shifts in governance modes. Media, protests and policy entrepreneurs in different arenas are important factors in the shift from hierarchical to network governance, while policy entrepreneurs and higher‐level government intervention are crucial factors in the shift from market to a hybrid governance mode. Policy entrepreneurs play an important role in all three arenas. As for theoretical contribution, our research has provided the evidence for non‐hierarchical governance practices in the NIMBY in China. In the future, local governments in China may learn to consider proper governance mode shifts to deal with the NIMBY conflicts in infrastructure planning and construction.
Oligonucleotide separation techniques for purification and analysis: What can we learn for today's tasks?
Authors: Minkner Robert , Boonyakida Jirayu , Park Enoch Y. , Wätzig Hermann 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNucleic acids are the blueprint of life. They are not only the construction plan of the single cell or higher associations of them, but also necessary for function, communication and regulation. Due to the pandemic, the attention shifted in particular to their therapeutic potential as a vaccine. As pharmaceutical oligonucleotides are unique in terms of their stability and application, special delivery systems were also considered. Oligonucleotide production systems can vary and depend on the feasibility, availability, price and intended application. To achieve good purity, reliable results and match the strict specifications in the pharmaceutical industry, the separation of oligonucleotides is always essential. Besides the separation required for production, additional and specifically different separation techniques are needed for analysis to determine if the product complies with the designated specifications. After a short introduction to ribonucleic acids (RNAs), messenger RNA vaccines, and their production and delivery systems, an overview regarding separation techniques will be provided. This not only emphasises electrophoretic separations but also includes spin columns, extractions, precipitations, magnetic nanoparticles and several chromatographic separation principles, such as ion exchange chromatography, ion‐pair reversed‐phase, size exclusion and affinity.
Unveiling real‐time crystallization with nucleators and thickeners for zinc nitrate hexahydrate as a phase change material
Authors: Chakraborty Anirban , Noh Juran , Shamberger Patrick , Yu Choongho 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe primary challenge of salt hydrates as phase change materials (PCMs) is their high degree of supercooling (∆TSup). Past studies have attempted to alleviate ∆TSupby incorporating nucleators possessing similar lattice structure, without a thorough analysis of the nucleator/PCM interactions. This work presents a novel in‐operando study to visually observe the crystallization process of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (ZNH) in real‐time using suitable nucleators and a thickener. We have introduced a new dataset where zinc acetate dihydrate (ZnAc.2H) has been employed as an additive to ZNH for thermal energy storage (TES). According to our in‐operando study, ZnAc.2H underwent hydrolysis in molten ZNH to precipitate needle‐like ZnO particles, which acted as nucleators for the PCM. In the absence of a thickener, the crystal propagation of ZNH exhibited a preferential directional tendency, whereas incorporation of thickener made the phase change process uniform along all directions. Self‐hydrolysis of ZnAc.2H generated excess water which caused the undesirable effect of broadening the endothermic peak. The addition of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) thickener could restrict the activity of excess water and reduce the broadening of the endothermic peak. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that 5 wt% ZnAc.2H additive and 2 wt% CMC thickener added to ZNH can considerably improve the TES properties of ZNH PCM (∆HFusion125.9 J·g−1, ∆TSup3.0°C, melting point [M.P.] 29.0°C). Our in‐operando studies can unveil real‐time phase change behaviors to better design PCM systems with desired characteristics.
Preventive effect of salmon sperm DNA on acute carbon tetrachloride‐induced liver injury in mice through Nrf2/ARE and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway
Authors: Huang Xinyi , Chu Xu , Tian Yingying , Xue Yuhan , Zhang Lei , Li Jing , Hou Hu , Dong Ping , Wang Jingfeng 
Published: October 2022

AbstractLiver injury refers to the damage of liver function, which will seriously harm the body’s health if it is not prevented and treated in time. Sporadic researches have reported that ingestion of DNA has a hepatoprotective effect, but its effect and mechanism were not clarified. The purpose of this study was to explore the preventive effect and mechanism of salmon sperm DNA on acute liver injury in mice induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Six‐week‐old ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) male mice were used to establish a liver injury model by injecting with 4% CCl4, silymarin, and three different concentrations of DNA solutions were given to mice by gavage for 14 days. The histological and pathological changes in the liver were observed. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum and the levels of oxidative and antioxidant markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), and glutathione (GSH) in liver tissue were determined. The levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and hepatic oxidative stress and apoptosis‐related markers were determined by western blotting. The results showed that compared with the model group, the DNA test group significantly improved the liver pathological changes and the level of liver function, regulated liver oxidative stress, reduced hepatocyte apoptosis, and decreased the levels of inflammatory factors such as TNF‐α and IL‐6. Compared with the silymarin group, the high dose of DNA was even more effective in preventing liver injury. In conclusion, salmon sperm DNA has a potential protective effect against acute liver injury induced by CCl4, which is achieved by regulating the Nrf2/ARE (nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF‐E2)‐related factor 2/antioxidant responsive element) oxidative stress pathway and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.
Is microglial dystrophy a form of cellular senescence? An analysis of senescence markers in the aged human brain
Authors: Neumann Pauline , Lenz Dana E. , Streit Wolfgang J. , Bechmann Ingo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAging can cause morphological transformation in human microglia indicative of cell senescence, termed microglial dystrophy. However, cellular senescence is characterized by additional changes, such as an irregular cell cycle arrest, and a variety of metabolic and molecular changes including a senescence‐associated secretory phenotype, dysfunction of degradation mechanisms, and altered DNA damage response. Here, we tested whether dystrophic microglia display customary markers of cell senescence by performing double and triple staining in sections of the temporal lobe and brain stem from 14 humans. We found that markers related to oxidative damage, such as upregulation of 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG), hemeoxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), and y‐H2AX, as well as inclusion of lipofuscin, do not or only exceptionally colocalize with dystrophic microglia. Further, we did not observe a decline in lamin B1 around nuclear laminae in either dystrophic or ramified microglia within the same microscopic field. Only ferritin expression, which is known to increase with aging in CNS microglia, was frequently observed in dystrophic, but rarely in ramified microglial cells. We conclude that neither dystrophic nor ramified microglia in human brain exhibit significant expression of conventional senescence markers associated with oxidative stress, and that ferritin is the dominant immunophenotypic change related to microglial aging. We suggest that multiple pathogenic mechanisms other than those driving cellular senescence contribute to dystrophic transformation of microglia.
Src family kinase targeting in head and neck tumor cells using SU6656, PP2 and dasatinib
Authors: Vu Anh Thu , Akingunsade Lara , Hoffer Konstantin , Petersen Cordula , Betz Christian Stephan , Rothkamm Kai , Rieckmann Thorsten , Bussmann Lara , Kriegs Malte 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundWe have recently shown a frequent upregulation of Src‐family kinases (SFK) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Here we tested, if SFK targeting is effective especially in HNSCC cells with upregulated SFK signaling.MethodsThe impact of SFK inhibitors SU6656, PP2 and dasatinib on three HNSCC cell lines with different SFK activity levels was analyzed using proliferation and colony formation assays, Western blot and functional kinomics.ResultsProliferation was blocked by all inhibitors in a micro‐molar range. With respect to cell kill, dasatinib was most effective, while SU6656 showed moderate and PP2 minor effects. Cellular signaling was affected differently, with PP2 having no effect on SFK signaling while dasatinib probably has non‐SFK specific effects. Only SU6656 showed clear SFK specific effects on signaling.ConclusionThe results demonstrate potential benefit of SFK inhibition in HNSCC but they also highlight challenges due to non‐specificities of the different drugs.
Thoracic epidural arteriovenous malformation causing rapidly progressive myelopathy and mimicking an acute transverse myelitis: A case report
Authors: Yuan Hao , Pi Yu , Zhou Hong‐Su , Wang Chong , Liu Wei , Niu Yong‐Min , Lan Yang , Chen Dong , Liu Shi‐Ran , Xiao Shun‐Wu 
Published: October 2022

AbstractClinical symptoms of spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) combined with acute spontaneous hemorrhage lack specificity, which leads to misdiagnosis and delays treatment. The current study aimed to analyze the causes of misdiagnosis and review the key points of diagnosis and treatment. We presented an extremely rare case of a 25‐year‐old man whose clinical characteristics mimicked acute transverse myelitis, suffering from rapidly and repeatedly progressive myelopathy with a mass. The pathological diagnosis of the mass was AVM; symptom‐based surgical treatment with posterior decompression and the removal of epidural AVMs during the postoperative 12‐month follow‐up period were performed. The manual muscle testing grade score of the proximal and distal muscles in both lower limbs improved from 1 to 5, and the American Spinal Injury Association motor and sensation grade score improved from B to E. In the case of sudden or progressive spinal cord injury of unknown cause and acute spinal cord dysfunction, there might be a misdiagnosis. The key to a differential diagnosis is to take into account AVMs, and spontaneous hemorrhages and hematomas should also be suspected. Angiography and magnetic resonance imaging are very important for the diagnosis of AVM, and we hope to enhance clinicians' understanding of and vigilance for such diseases.
Forkhead box M1 recruits FoxP3+ Treg cells to induce immune escape in hilar cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Ma Kai , Sun Zhaowei , Li Xueliang , Guo Jingyun , Wang Qinlei , Teng Mujian 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectiveHilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA) is a malignancy related to chronic biliary tract inflammation. Tumor immune escape is a necessary process of tumorigenesis. Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) could affect the progression of various carcinomas. This study attempted to elaborate on the mechanism of FoxM1 in HCCA immune escape.MethodsHCCA cell lines were collected to measure the expression of FoxM1 and FoxP3. CD8+ T cells were extracted to establish the co‐culture system with HCCA cells and Treg cells. pcDNA3.1‐FoxM1 or si‐FoxP3 was transfected into HCCA cells in the co‐culture system. HCCA cell viability, mobility, and invasiveness as well as levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β and interleukin (IL)‐6 were evaluated. The binding relation between FoxM1 and FoxP3 promoter was verified. HCCA cells with pcDNA3.1‐FoxM1 were subcutaneously injected into mice to establish the xenograft mouse models.ResultsFoxM1 and FoxP3 were overexpressed in HCCA cells. The co‐culture of CD8+ T and HCCA cells inhibited HCCA cell activity and Treg cells limited CD8+ T killing. FoxM1 overexpression strengthened the inhibiting role of Treg cells in CD8+ T killing, upregulated TGF‐β and IL‐6 levels, and encouraged HCCA immune escape. FoxM1 bound to the FoxP3 promoter region to promote FoxP3 transcription. Silencing of FoxP3 neutralized the promoting role of FoxM1 overexpression in Treg cell immunosuppression and HCCA cell immune escape. FoxM1 aggravated tumor development, upregulated FoxP3 expression, increased Treg cells, and reduced CD8+ T cells.ConclusionFoxM1 bound to the FoxP3 promoter region to promote FoxP3 transcription and recruited FoxP3+ Treg cells, thereby inducing HCCA immune escape.
The impact of Epstein‐Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A on the production of B cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF), APRIL and their receptors
Authors: Madayag Kevin , Incrocci Ryan , Swanson‐Mungerson Michelle 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionEpstein‐Barr virus (EBV) establishes a lifelong infection in human B cells where the virus consistently expresses Latent Membrane Protein 2A (LMP2A) to promote B cell survival. A prior study indicates that LMP2A may increase the production of the pro‐survival factor, B cell Activating Factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF), which could also indirectly increase B cell survival. The current study sought to extend these findings and determine if LMP2A increased BAFF production and/or the responsiveness of LMP2A‐expressing cells to this cytokine.MethodsFour independently derived LMP2A‐negative and ‐positive B cell lymphoma cell lines were analyzed for BAFF and APRIL levels by both ELISA and Western Blot analysis. Additionally, flow cytometric analysis measured any LMP2A‐dependent changes in the receptors for BAFF and APRIL (BAFF‐R, transmembrane activator and calcium‐modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor [TACI], B cell maturation antigen [BCMA]) in both LMP2A‐negative and ‐positive B cell lymphoma cell lines.ResultsIn contrast to previous reports, our data indicate that LMP2A does not increase the expression of BAFF or APRIL by Western blot analysis or ELISA. Additionally, flow cytometric analysis indicates that LMP2A does not influence the expression of the receptors for BAFF and APRIL: TACI, BAFF‐R, and BCMA.ConclusionTherefore, these data suggest that while EBV utilizes other latency proteins to regulate BAFF production, EBV does not appear to use LMP2A to enhance BAFF‐or APRIL‐dependent survival to promote EBV latency.
Discovering glycoRNA: Traditional and Non‐Canonical Approaches to Studying RNA Modifications
Authors: Caldwell Reese M. , Flynn Ryan A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractChemical biology opens the door to understanding biological processes in many areas, but nowhere has it had a greater impact on defining a field than in glycobiology. The Wolf and Nobel Prize‐winning work by Carolyn Bertozzi and coworkers to conceptualize bioorthogonal chemistry, enable it on living cells, deploy it with metabolic chemical reporters (MCRs) such as N‐azidoacetylmannosamine‐tetraacylated (Ac4ManNAz), has allowed researchers to elucidate the structure, functions, and regulation of complex glycans across various domains of life. In this review, we highlight how our work using Ac4ManNAz to discover glycosylated RNA (glycoRNA) shed the traditional paradigms of RNA post‐transcriptional modification discovery. While our understanding of RNA modifications has historically been expanded with unbiased chemical tools, the creative use of Ac4ManNAz for the targeted study of RNA's intersection with glycobiology has advanced Bertozzi's impact into the world of RNA.