bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
57 Effect of Calcium Carbonate Level with or without Benzoic Acid on Weanling Pig Growth Performance, Fecal Dry Matter, and Blood Ca and P Concentrations
Authors: Warner Alan J , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 360 barrows (DNA Line 200×400; initially 6.2 ± 0.03 kg) were used in a 38-d study to evaluate the interactive effects of added dietary calcium carbonate and benzoic acid on nursery pig growth performance, fecal dry matter, and blood Ca and P concentration. Upon arrival to the nursery research facility, pigs were randomly assigned to pens (5 pigs/pen) and pens were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (12 pens/treatment). Dietary treatments fed from d 0 to 24 were formulated to provide 0.45, 0.90, or 1.35% calcium carbonate with or without 0.5% benzoic acid (VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ). Diets were fed in 3 phases with total Ca of 0.66, 0.83, or 1.00% Ca from d 0 to 10, and 0.54, 0.72, or 0.89% from d 10 to 24. A common diet was fed from d 24 to 38 (0.68% Ca). Serum Ca and P was analyzed on d 21. There were no calcium carbonate×benzoic acid interactions observed for any response criteria (P &gt; 0.10). For the experimental period (d 0 to 24), there was a tendency for benzoic acid to improve ADG (P = 0.056) and ADFI (P = 0.071) with no influence on G:F (P&gt;0.10). Increasing calcium carbonate linearly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) G:F. For serum analysis, serum Ca increased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) as the level of dietary calcium carbonate increased. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.010) in fecal DM. For the overall study (d 0 to 38), pigs fed benzoic acid had increased ADG (P = 0.011) and ADFI (P = 0.030) and marginally improved (P = 0.096) G:F. Calcium carbonate level did not influence overall performance. This data suggests that lower levels of calcium carbonate may improve feed efficiency in early nursey period. Adding benzoic acid to the diet for nursery pigs increased ADG and ADFI, and tended to increase G:F regardless of the calcium carbonate level.
67 Effects of Monoglycerides on Growth Performance and Diarrhea of Weanling Pigs Experimentally Infected with a Pathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Park Sangwoo , Kim Kwangwook , Sokale Adebayo O , Barri Adriana , Liu Yanhong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of monoglycerides on growth performance and diarrhea of weanling pigs experimentally infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli) F18. Sixty weaned pigs [body weight (BW) = 6.49 ± 0.74 kg; around 21 d old] were individually housed and fed with 1 of 4 diets (15 replicates/diet): 1) control diet (CON); 2) CON+0.3% monoglycerides; 3) CON+3000 mg/kg ZnO and 4) CON+50 mg/kg antibiotics (carbadox). The experiment lasted 28 d with 7 d before and 21 d after first inoculation (d 0). All piglets were orally challenged with F18 E. coli (1010 CFU/3 mL) for 3 consecutive days. Growth performance was measured, and diarrhea scores were recorded daily throughout the experiment. Fecal swabs were collected on d 2, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 post-inoculation (PI) to estimate the percentage of β-hemolytic coliforms. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS with randomized complete block design. Supplementation of ZnO increased (P &lt; 0.05) BW on d 5, 14, and 21 PI, and average daily gain and average daily feed intake from d 0 to 21 PI, compared with other treatments. Both monoglycerides and antibiotics did not affect growth performance throughout the experiment. Compared with CON, supplementation of ZnO or antibiotics reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the incidence and severity of diarrhea, while supplementation of monoglycerides tended to have less (P &lt; 0.10) severity of diarrhea throughout the experiment. The addition of ZnO reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the percentage of β-hemolytic coliforms in feces on d 5 PI compared with CON. No differences were observed in the severity of diarrhea and percentage of β-hemolytic coliforms among monoglycerides, ZnO, and antibiotics. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 0.3% monoglycerides did not enhance growth rate but may reduce diarrhea severity of weaned pigs infected with E. coli F18.
72 Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Swine Growing-Finishing Feeding Programs Using Different Amounts of Soybean Meal, Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles, and Crystalline Amino Acids
Authors: Yang Zhaohui , Hung Yuan-tai , Jang Jae C , Urriola Pedro E , Johnston Lee J , Shurson Gerald C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the environmental impact, using life-cycle assessment (LCA) analysis, of 4 different, 4-phase growing-finishing feeding programs consisting of diets containing corn and soybean meal (CSBM), low protein CSBM supplemented with crystalline amino acids (LP), CSBM with 30% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and DDGS supplemented with crystalline Ile, Val, and Trp (DDGS+IVT). The LCA analysis was performed using an online software application (Opteinics, BASF, Lampertheim, Germany) with calculations based on environmental impact factors from the Global Feed LCA Institute feed ingredient database. The specific model included impacts of feed production, animal farming, manure management, and meat processing. Environmental impacts were calculated at the farm gate and the functional unit was 1,000 kg of carcass weight. Diet composition, growth performance, and carcass data obtained from a feeding trial were used as inputs in the LCA calculations. Using CSBM as the reference feeding program (Table 1), the LP feeding program resulted in an overall decrease in impacts associated with acidification (10.9%), water use (7.6%), and land use (9.8%), but increased impacts associated with climate change (3.3%) and fossil resource use (3.7%). Both DDGS and DDGS+IVT feeding programs increased impact on climate change (18.4-18.7%), fossil resource use (42.7-47.3%), and water use (47.2-50.0%), but decreased impacts associated with acidification (3.0-3.4%) and land use (27.2-27.3%) compared with the CSBM feeding program. Overall, the LP feeding program resulted in the lowest total environmental footprint (1.0776 person years), followed by the CSBM (1.1081 person years), DDGS+IVT (1.1845 person years), and DDGS (1.1884 person years) feeding programs. These results indicate that feeding CSBM diets without and with crystalline amino acids have less impact on climate change, water use, fossil resource use, and total environmental footprint than DDGS feeding programs per 1,000 kg of pork carcass weight.
94 Feeding a Multi-Carbohydrase (Rovabio Advance) Improves the Morbidity of Wean-to-Finish Pigs
Authors: Giesemann Mark A , Bloxham Darlene J , Shirley Robert B , Giesemann Mark A , Ceccantini Marcio , Gourley Gene , Chinchilla-Vargas Josue , Bruder Emily K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of the multi-carbohydrase Rovabio Advance on growth performance, mortality, and morbidity of wean to finish pigs. In the trial, 1,260 DNA weanling barrows were fed from 5.9 kg to 133 kg live weight. Four diets were fed: positive control (PC), low nutrient density control (LNDC), PC with Rovabio Advance (PC+), and LNDC with Rovabio Advance (LNDC+). LNDC compared with PC contained 41 Kcal/kg less NE and 0.012% less SID lysine. Positive control diets contained 1.3% more added fat than LNDC. During each phase, all diets contained equal amounts of wheat middlings and corn DDGS, beginning at 3.75% each and increasing to 15% each. Each pen had 21 pigs each with 15 pens per dietary treatment. Pigs and feed were measured throughout all growth phases, as were the number and weight of dead pigs (mortality) and other pig removals (morbidity). Ten pigs per pen were harvested at 150 d on feed and the balance at 164 d on feed. Pigs fed PC vs LNDC had greater ADG and G:F and final live weight (P &lt; 0.01). Feeding Rovabio reduced pigs removed from test by nearly 40% (8.1 vs 4.9%, (P &lt; 0.03)). Standard deviation within pen of hot carcass weight tended (P &lt; 0.22) to be reduced by feeding Rovabio Advance and was reduced (P &lt; 0.03) by LNDC vs PC. Pig value per unit carcass weight was improved by Rovabio Advance (P &lt; 0.14) and by LNDC (P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, feeding Rovabio Advance from weaning (5.9 kg) to finish (133 kg) decreases pig morbidity.
264 Awardee Talk: A Systems Approach for Evaluating Productivity, Nutritional Efficiency, and Environmental Impacts of Feeding Programs for Growing-Finishing Pigs
Authors: Yang Zhaohui , Hung Yuan-tai , Jang Jae C , Urriola Pedro E , Johnston Lee J , Shurson Gerald C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Traditional evaluation of swine feeding programs have generally focused only on economically important performance and carcass measures but achieving sustainable pork production also requires formulating diets to reduce negative environmental impacts. Therefore, a systems approach is needed to evaluate swine feeding programs from multiple perspectives. The objectives of this study were to compare productivity, nutritional efficiency, and environmental outcomes of four different growing-finishing feeding programs consisting of diets containing corn and soybean meal (CSBM), low protein CSBM supplemented with crystalline amino acids (LP), CSBM with 30% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and DDGS supplemented with crystalline Ile, Val, and Trp (DDGS+IVT). In experiment 1, growth performance and carcass characteristics of pigs (n=288; initial BW=36.9±4.2 kg) were measured in a 12-wk feeding trial. There were no differences in ADG, ADFI, carcass yield, and carcass fat-free lean percentage observed among feeding programs but gain:feed was greater (P &lt;0.05) in pigs fed CSBM and DDGS+IVT than pigs fed LP. In experiment 2, nitrogen and phosphorus balance of pigs (n=32; initial BW=59.9±5.1 kg) were determined in a metabolism study. Pigs fed CSBM had greater N retained (P &lt;0.05) than those fed other diets, but pigs fed LP had greater (P &lt;0.05) protein efficiency ratio but lower (P &lt;0.05) P intake than pigs fed CSBM and DDGS. In experiment 3, data collected from the previous 2 experiments were used to calculate environmental impacts of the four feeding programs through life-cycle assessments using Opteinics™ (BASF, Lampertheim, Germany). Feeding CSBM had the least impact per 1,000 kg carcass weight on climate change and fossil resource use, while LP had the least impact on acidification, water use, and total environmental footprint. These results indicate that each feeding program has comparative advantages depending on the metrics, which requires using a holistic systems approach for decision-making to improve the sustainability of pork production.
106 Evaluation of a Novel Wet/Dry Feeder in Finishing Pigs
Authors: Greiner Laura L , Humphrey Dalton C , Becker Spenser , Hagen Chloe S , Holtz Katie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Approximately 1,200 pigs (DNA 241×600, Columbus, NE) at approximately 20 kg were randomly allocated into sixty pens (20 pigs/pen) within 3 treatments to evaluate different feeder styles (conventional dry feeder (Dry), PigEasy (PE) wet/dry (PigEasy, Templeton, IA), or Crystal Springs(CS) wet/dry (Crystal Springs, Brandt, SD). Diets for the study were standard, commercial, mash diets that met the growth requirements for the pigs (NRC, 2012). Pigs were allowed 1 week of acclimation to the respective feeder style before the initiation of the study. Pigs were weighed at the beginning of the trial and at each phase change (approximately every 3 to 4 weeks) until market. Feed disappearance was recorded for each phase for the calculation of average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion (G:F). Carcass information was collected by treatment to assess carcass metrics. Data were analyzed by pen, with the fixed effect of feeder type, and using repeated measures (SAS, Cary, NC) for the evaluation of ADG, ADFI, GF. The use of either wet/dry feeder compared with a dry feeder resulted in improved ADFI and body weight and a reduced G:F over time (P &lt; 0.02). At the time of market, pigs on wet/dry feeders were approximately 9 kg heavier compared with a standard dry feeder (121.05, 130.64 and 129.28 kg, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). From d0 until time of first market, both wet/dry feeders had significant differences in ADG, ADFI, and GF compared with the dry feeder (Table 1). The use of a wet/dry feeder resulted in significantly higher backfat (1.54, 1.78 and 1.77 cm, respectively; P &lt; 0.01) compared with the dry feeder. The use of a wet/dry feeder compared with a dry feeder resulted in improved average daily feed intake and daily gain, but reduced G:F and carcass merit compared with the dry feeder. There were no significant differences in performance between the 2 different wet/dry feeders.
108 Quantifying the Presence of Viral Material in Feed Delivered in Iowa
Authors: Kellner Trey A , Ellingson Josh , Thomas Paul , Serao Nick V 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Experimental models have shown that viral genetic material can be found in feedstuffs for over 150 d and experimental viral contamination of feed can cause viral diseases in pigs. However, the actual risk of feed being a fomite for viruses that cause PRRS, PED, PDCoV, and TGE in everyday pork production has yet to be determined. Thus, our objective was to quantify the viral presence in 224 feed samples delivered throughout Iowa in 2 periods of the year. The first period was from November 29th, 2020 through February 20th, 2021, during the period of suspected seasonally elevated virus pressure. The second period was from June 6th through July 3rd, 2021, during the period of suspected decreased virus pressure. We hypothesized that fewer than 2 of the 224 feed samples would result in a positive PCR test. To test our hypothesis and accomplish our experimental objective, 1 feed sample was collected per feed mill (14) for each of 16 weeks (12 in the winter collection period and 4 in the summer collection period; [n = 224]). Each feed sample was collected at the mill during the loading of the feed truck before delivery. Post collection each feed sample was identified and then shipped to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Iowa State University. All collected feed samples were tested via PRRSV PCR and PEDV/PDCoV/TGEV multiplex PCR. The Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Iowa State University declared Ct values &gt;37 a negative (-) result for PRRSV and &gt;36 a negative (-) result for PEDV, PDCoV, and TGEV. Of the 224 collected feed samples, 0 tested positive for PRRSV. Of the 224 collected feed samples, 0 tested positive for PEDV, PDCoV, and TGEV. These results do not disprove that feed can be a fomite of domestic and foreign animal diseases. These results just provide a data point for pork producers to evaluate the actual risk of feed being a fomite of PRRSV, PEDV, PDCoV, and TGEV.
110 Dosage and not Time of Exposure to Deoxynivalenol Affects the Performance of Nursery Pigs Fed High Mycotoxin Diets up to 28 Days Post-Wean
Authors: Burden Yemi O , McCormick Katherine A , Mahoney Julie , Horn Nathan , Woodward Adrienne 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The current experiment was conducted to determine if the dosage or timing of exposure to diets containing high deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin in a variety of feed ingredients, causes performance loss in nursery pigs. In total, 448 mixed-sex nursery pigs [initial BW = 6.18 ± 0.97 kg] weaned at 21 ± 1 d were allotted to 112 pens, with 4 pigs per pen, in a randomized complete block design. In a 3 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments, diets with DON were fed continuously (CONT), at weeks 1 and 3 (WK13), and weeks 2 and 4 (WK24), targeting DON at 1.25 ppm fed (MED), or 2.5 ppm (HIGH), plus the positive control (CONTLOW) for 28 d. All pigs were fed a common, low DON diet from d 28 to 42 to complete the nursery phase. Pen weight and feed intake were measured on d 28 and 42 to calculate ADG and ADFI. Regardless of timing, d 28 BW decreased (P &lt; 0.01) with feeding MED or HIGH diets compared with CONTLOW and markedly decreased (1.57 kg) in the HIGH. This was a response to the decreased ADG (P &lt; 0.01) and ADFI (P &lt; 0.01) from d 0 – 28 in MED or HIGH compared with CONTLOW and with HIGH compared with MED. Similarly, on d 42, performance metrics - BW (P &lt; 0.01), ADG (P &lt; 0.01), and ADFI (P &lt; 0.01) were decreased in MED or HIGH compared with CONTLOW, with a 1.95 kg. decrease in BW in the HIGH compared with CONTLOW. A dose-response to DON was evident whereas, timing of exposure did not affect the performance metrics measured on d 28 or 42. Ultimately, exposure of nursery pigs to levels of DON over 1 ppm results in loss of performance, regardless of exposure timing.
132 Investigating Potential Additive Effects of Formic Acid and Glycerol Monolaurate in Nursery Pig Diets
Authors: Dahmer Payton L , Harrison Olivia , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 350 pigs (DNA 200 × 400; initially 5.7 ± 0.06 kg BW) were used in a 42-d study with 5 pigs per pen and 14 replicate pens per treatment. At weaning, pigs were assigned to pens based on BW, and pens were allotted in a completely randomized design to dietary treatments: 1) negative control (basal diet with no additives); 2) basal diet with 3,000 ppm zinc oxide (ZnO) included in phase 1 and 2,000 ppm ZnO in phase 2; 3) basal diet with 0.7% formic acid (Amasil NA, BASF, Florham, NJ); 4) basal diet with 0.18% glycerol monolaurate (GML) (Natural Biologics GML, Natural Biologics, Newfield, NY); and 5) basal diet with a 1.0% blend of formic acid, sodium diformate, and GML (FORMI 3G, ADDCON GmbH, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany). Pigs were fed treatment diets from d 0 to d 28. A common diet was fed from d 28 to d 42. From d 0 to d 7, pigs fed a diet containing ZnO or the 1.0% blend of formic acid, sodium diformate, and glycerol monolaurate had significantly increased (P = 0.03) ADG compared with pigs fed the control, with no impact (P &gt; 0.05) on feed intake. Overall, pigs fed GML had reduced ADG compared with their counterparts fed the negative control, ZnO, or FORMI diets. Fecal DM was evaluated from d 7 to d 28 and there was a significant treatment × day interaction (P = 0.04). Pigs fed GML had significantly less fecal DM % on d 7, but a greater fecal DM % on d 14 and 21 when compared with pigs fed all other treatments. Fecal DM standardized across treatments by d 28. In summary, there is potential for a blend of formic acid, sodium diformate, and GML to improve growth performance immediately post-weaning without negatively impacting fecal consistency.
136 Optimum Concentration of Spray Dried Plasma for Maximized Growth Performance, Improved Intestinal Health, and Reduced Inflammation in Weaned Pigs Housed in a Challenged Environment
Authors: Bailey Hannah M , Stein Hans H , Campbell Joy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study aimed at testing the hypothesis that greater inclusion of spray dried plasma (SDP) in diets improves growth performance, intestinal morphology, and reduces inflammation in weaned pigs. Four-hundred weaned pigs (body weight: 6.05 ± 0.80 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 5 diets and 2 blocks (16 pens/diet; 5 pigs/pen). Pens were not cleaned between groups to create a sanitation challenge. Phase-1 diets containing 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8% SDP were formulated. One pig per pen was sacrificed on d 14 and samples of intestinal tissue and mucosa were collected. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and linear, quadratic, and cubic contrast statements were used. During phase-1, ADG, ADFI, G:F, and body weight of pigs on d 14 increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) with increasing levels of SDP in the diet (Table 1). Villus width in the jejunum of pigs on d 14 tended to increase (linear, P &lt; 0.10) with increasing inclusion of SDP (Table 2), and villus height:crypt depth tended to increase (quadratic, P &lt; 0.10) with the greatest value observed for pigs fed a diet with 8% SDP. Secretory immunoglobulin A in the jejunal mucosa was decreased when 4 or 8% SDP was included in the diet (cubic, P &lt; 0.05). Interleukin- (IL-) 2 (quadratic, P &lt; 0.10) and IL-18 (cubic, P &lt; 0.10) in the jejunal mucosa tended to decrease at 8% inclusion of SDP and IL-8 (linear, P &lt; 0.10) tended to increase as SDP inclusion increased in the diet. In conclusion, the optimal inclusion of SDP in diets for weanling pigs was 8% as indicated by improvements in growth performance, but the collective intestinal morphology and health data do not result in a clearly conclusive optimum concentration in SDP.
148 Use of an Alpha-Linolenic Acid Source to Reduce Omega-6:3 Ratio in Prrs-Virus Challenged Nursery Pigs
Authors: Bromm Jenna J , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Hastad Chad W , Post Zach 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 1,056 pigs [PIC TR4 × (Fast LW × PIC L02)], originating from an active PRRSV-positive sow farm, were used in a 46-d study to evaluate growth performance and mortality and removals of nursery pigs. Pigs were fed diets containing increasing levels of O3 Trial Feed (NBO3, Manhattan KS), a source of omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid). At placement in the nursery, pens of pigs were randomly assigned 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 22 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. The dietary treatments included increasing percentages of O3 Trial Feed (0, 0.75, 1.5, and 3%). Omega-6:3 ratios for the 4 treatments within each phase were: Phase 1 (15.1:1, 8.4:1, 5.9:1, 3.7:1); Phase 2 (16.5:1, 9.2:1, 6.4:1, 4.0:1); Phase 3 (20.8:1, 10.4:1, 7.0:1, 4.2:1); and Phase 4 (25.3:1, 12.5:1, 8.3:1, 5.0:1), respectively. Pigs remained on treatments throughout the 4 dietary phases over the 46-d study. Overall, pigs fed increased O3 Trial Feed had increased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) ADG, ADFI and G:F. The greatest impact on growth due to dietary treatment began when pigs tested positive for PRRSV during week 3 of the study. This was confirmed by testing oral fluids, collected on a weekly basis, for PRRSV using a PCR test. Pigs fed increasing O3 Trial Feed also had decreased (linear, P = 0.027) total removals and mortalities. In summary, adding O3 Trial Feed to reduce the Omega 6-3 ratio improved growth performance and reduced mortality in nursery pigs with an active PRRSV challenge.