bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SDG2 – The Elusive Global Quest to End Hunger
Authors: Byerlee Derek , Fanzo Jessica 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
SDG2 recognizes that access to sufficient, nutritious and safe food is arguably the most fundamental necessity for a healthy and productive life. This chapter provides an overview of the many dimensions of hunger and malnutrition and how societies from ancient times—states, civil society, and private philanthropists—have gradually organized collectively to reduce the burden of hunger and malnutrition. The chapter begins with a discussion of famine, the most visible manifestation of hunger throughout history that was once a scourge in most societies but has now largely been eliminated in the twenty-first century. We then discuss how from the early twentieth century the goal of zero hunger became an international cause and a basic human right. The review then moves to the post-Second World War period when foreign assistance programs and countries focused on producing more staples to feed the world’s burgeoning population, narrowly measured in per capita calories supplied. In the 1980s, the focus turned from supply to access to food, and from around 1990 to the multiple dimensions of malnutrition, now including obesity. This has resulted in the move to multi-sectoral approaches including agriculture, the food industry, nutrition policy, public health, and the status of women. Finally, we conclude that although the world has registered impressive achievements on some measures of malnutrition, the continuing presence of hundreds of millions suffering chronic malnourishment in its various dimensions remains a huge challenge but one that with sufficient will and focus can be solved with available resources and knowledge.
SDG 10 – The Politics and Policies of Inequality in the West, 1800–2015
Authors: Brady Anne Marie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Since the 1980s income and wealth have accrued to a very small group of people who, in turn, wield a substantial amount of political and economic power that has the effect of undermining social cohesion and democratic norms. It is in this context that the United Nations, building on the Millennium Development Goals, adopted the goal to reduce inequality within and among countries as one of its 17 Sustainable Development Goals. To understand how we came to this point where an explicit goal to reduce inequality needed to be articulated by a global body, this chapter will provide an analysis of the historical foundation of economic inequality—with a focus on income inequality—in the United States and in Western Europe, with the objective of using history to understand both the causes and the consequences of inequality today. By exploring key points in time since the advent of the Industrial Revolution and the modern capitalist economy, this chapter will argue that the shape of inequality and the distribution of wages is not wholly the result of external factors or because the “winners” in any economy have simply worked harder and therefore earned the rewards. Rather, inequality is a choice we made with the rules we created and the policies we implemented to structure the economy.
SDG 13 – How Societies Succeeded or Failed to Respond to Environmental Disruption
Authors: Haldon John , Izdebski Adam , Kemp Luke , Mordechai Lee , Trump Benjamin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Historical climatic and environmental pressures and societal responses have varied markedly. Connecting climatic changes to social transformations is not an invention of the modern age. Commentators since antiquity have attributed political and economic changes to extreme weather events. But while explanations for rapid change or catastrophic events were based within the cultural logic of the impacted society, past societies also learned to manage their environments within the limits of their technology and their beliefs and generally understood how to manage their resources sustainably. We offer examples of how premodern societies dealt with or responded to long- and short-term environmental and climatic challenges, including their ability or their failure to foresee and mitigate them. We also look at questions of how societal responses included measures contributing to both resilience and sustainability. Finally, we draw out some generalizable lessons about past responses and behaviors and the ways in which these have contributed, positively and negatively, to the development of more recent and contemporary understanding of and policies toward the impacts of climate change.
Seeking the Last End
Authors: Herdt Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines happiness, the good, and the final end in the thought of Augustine and Aquinas, considering their indebtedness to ancient pagan eudaimonism. While there are differences between the two, arising in part from the strong influence of Aristotle on Aquinas, both embrace “ecstatic” eudaimonism, that is, the pursuit as final end of a good greater than oneself and worthy of one’s commitment and devotion. Pagan and Christian ethicists alike have taken persons to be perfected insofar as they seek a good beyond their own fulfillment. Love of “the good,” however, does not lead away from finite goods and persons; one who “ascends” learns to love concrete others well. For Augustine, we love God as highest good only when we grasp God as common, not private good. For Aquinas, those who love God are drawn into the intrinsically communicative and self-giving life of God.
Judicial Protection against the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA)
Authors: Ritleng Dominique 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the judicial remedies available to litigants, in particular investment firms, both on national and EU levels, against European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) action taken under MiFID II or MiFIR. As it has rightly been pointed out, ‘given the extensive powers of agencies, most visibly exemplified in some cases by their power to adopt decisions binding on third parties, judicial review as a check on agency power becomes central in a discussion of agency accountability’. The most significant aspect of legal accountability is, therefore, judicial review. The challenge is to identify which judicial remedies may be used against these various types of action and legal instrument, and to assess whether, and to what extent, they ensure an effective judicial protection against these actions and instruments. The chapter, first, looks at direct and indirect legality review of ESMA’s legal acts. It then considers the possibility of filing an action for damages caused by ESMA. It is important to note that, so far, no judicial proceedings, save staff cases, have been directly or indirectly brought against ESMA before EU courts.
Ensuring the Principle of Good Administration in EU Financial Markets Law
Authors: Reichel Jane 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how the principle of good administration can be used as an accountability tool within the composite administrative structure of EU financial market law. Composite administrative procedures are not new in EU secondary law, and are well known in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). But financial market law differs from traditional composite administrative procedures in that it does not merely link decision-making, but also aspires to establish a common supervisory culture. Supervision in its entirety, here, is shared between EU and member state bodies, both in regards to factual administration, and decision-making procedure in individual cases, where different parts of the administrative decision-making procedure are taking place within different jurisdictions, European and national. Since the financial crisis at the end of the first decade of this millennium, a coherent and efficient supervision of the integrated European financial market has, in itself, been identified as an overriding aim. However, even though administrative cooperation and composite procedure are regulated in MiFID II and MiFIR, central components of the principle of good administration—for example the duty to care and the right to be heard—are not addressed in these acts.
Damages Liability as a Dual Opportunity to Promote Accountability
Authors: Strand Magnus 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the dual role of investment firms in accountability through damages claims. It begins by looking at the opportunities to promote accountability for the investment firms themselves, focusing on the relevant passage in MiFID II (Article 69(2)(3)) and the conditions to be satisfied. The chapter then considers the opportunities for investment firms to act as agents for the rule of law by holding EU and national authorities accountable through actions for damages. The underlying theory in this presentation is that damages liability can contribute to accountability, and thereby to deterrence from infringements of MiFID II and MiFIR. Consequently, the chapter argues that damages liability should be promoted as an instrument of the rule of law in the financial markets.
Introduction
Authors: Bower Hannah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the material, linguistic, and intertextual contexts informing late medieval vernacular medical recipes. After a survey of the medical theories and earlier Greek, Arabic, Latin, and vernacular sources informing these later recipes, the chapter starts to flesh out their relationship to other forms of practical and scientific writing, including culinary and household recipes. The chapter also uses case studies to explore the types of people who might have written, read, owned, and used recipes. This historical introduction is supplemented in the second half of the chapter with an evaluation of extant scholarship on medieval and early modern recipes and an explanation of terms and concepts integral to the rest of the study: these terms include practical, poetic, and playful. An outline of the remaining chapters’ content follows.
The Scheler–Sartre View of Emotion and Value
Authors: Poellner Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the qualified version of affective perceptualism articulated by Max Scheler and Jean-Paul Sartre. According to this version, immediately and intrinsically intelligible episodic emotions are experiential encounters with value properties as such properties, and some ‘psychic’ emotion types involve perceptual experiences, or derivative intuitional experiences, as of value properties in objects. This elaborated and qualified version of the view is a useful foil for discussing the main objections to affective perceptualism. Four prominent criticisms are considered. First, the perceptual model misdescribes even the kinds of emotional experience that are taken to be central by its advocates. Second, there are phenomenological disanalogies between conscious emotions and standard perceptual experiences. Third, there are fundamental differences in the rationalizing properties of standard perceptions and emotions. Fourth, the very idea of evaluative properties had by objects, and of these being directly accessible as such in emotional experience, is mysterious.
Conclusion
Authors: Poellner Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This Conclusion has two aims. First, it summarizes and reviews the central claims of the existential modernist philosophers discussed in this book. Second, it presents a summary of what the author takes to be a defensible existential modernist position on ethics. The overall conception of ethics that is recommended combines substantial contributions from each of the thinkers— Friedrich Nietzsche, Max Scheler, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Robert Musil—whose ideas have been presented and, in part, reconstructed in the book. It also includes ideas elaborated in the preceding chapters that are only implicit in some of these thinkers, such as the notion of phenomenally intrinsic value.
The Edge of the Union?
Authors: Savage Robert J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the Thatcher government’s dramatic intervention to suppress a BBC documentary that featured interviews with militant republican and loyalist politicians. It explores the controversy that developed within the BBC between the political appointees on the Board of Governors and professional staff represented by the Board of Management. In addressing the fractures that emerged within the BBC the chapter considers how the Governors, under pressure from the Thatcher government, intervened to stop a programme from being broadcast. Broadcasters considered this a clear case of censorship and mounted a sensational one-day strike that garnered international attention. The chapter also addresses how the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement increased tension within Northern Ireland and the surge in loyalist violence aimed at the police and media. It addresses the hostility the agreement provoked from loyalists and unionists who felt betrayed by the Thatcher government and examines how their hostility challenged the ability of the broadcast media to cover events in the aftermath of the accord between Dublin and London.
The Broadcasting Ban
Authors: Savage Robert J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The gruesome events that played out in Gibraltar, at Belfast’s Milltown Cemetery, and on the streets of Andersonstown in March 1988 pushed the Prime Minister to reconsider her reluctance in ‘constraining the media’. These killings; by the army, a loyalist gunman, and the IRA, gained international publicity because television graphically recorded and quickly disseminated reports of these shocking images. Television cameras actually recorded two of these events as they unfolded and offered compelling programming about the third. Disturbing footage of Michael Stone’s rampage at Milltown Cemetery, of the two corporals being dragged from their car in Andersonstown, together with the unsettling revelations in Thames TV’s Death on the Rock, and BBC Northern Ireland’s Spotlight, fuelled pent up anger and frustration within the Thatcher government. The graphic violence of 1988 provoked Margaret Thatcher to embark upon an aggressive security initiative designed to strike back against the relentless violence of the IRA. In this context Britain’s broadcast media was an easy target for a government fed up and embarrassed by violence that had dragged on for twenty long years. The chapter addresses the Thatcher government’s imposition of censorship and the damage this did to Britain’s reputation as a leading democracy in a bipolar Cold War world.
‘Legitimation by Constitution’: An Introduction
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro , Michelman Frank I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Introduced here are two closely related key ideas for the exchanges in this book, those of dualist democracy and ‘justification by constitution’ (our term). We show the encapsulation of both in the ‘liberal principle of legitimacy,’ proposed by John Rawls in his work on political liberalism to explain the possibility of legitimate democratic rule—majorities enacting laws with coercive effects on citizens who deeply disagree—among free and equal citizens divided by reasonable though incompatible religious, philosophical, and moral doctrines. Among contemporaneous, liberal-minded political theorists, instincts toward dualist democracy and legitimation by constitution have not been unique to the thought of Rawls. Despite notable differences from Rawls and each other in their respective takes on the moral call to democracy, we find participation in these ideas from Bruce Ackerman, Ronald Dworkin, and Jürgen Habermas. Ackerman relies on them to show a country’s people as self-governing despite obvious detachment of daily government from direct popular control, Dworkin to support attribution of contested government policies to an inclusive political membership, and Habermas to fill out a conception of political justification by appeal to procedural values only.
The ‘Most Reasonable for Us’, or ‘Irrecusability’ as Preserving Authenticity
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter engages Michelman’s idea that our sense of certain rights and principles as ‘irrecusable’ for the people as charterers of a democratic regime can be best elucidated by Jürgen Habermas’s view of the ‘linguistic turn’ and, specifically, by the ‘pragmatic’ interpretation of the linguistic turn’s significance. The difficulties incurred by that Habermasian view are highlighted and contrasted with Rawls’s normative notions of the reasonable and the ‘most reasonable’. These two notions are argued to enable us to free our sense of the ‘irrecusability’ of basic rights and democratic principles from all residue of cognitive representation, and to understand ‘irrecusability’ as linked with the non-representational, but practical function of furthering and preserving our authenticity as democratic subjects.
From Decency to Democracy: Leading by Example
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In response to Michelman’s point that a society of peoples might inevitably have to settle for understanding itself as a ‘chequerboard structure’, this chapter explains why that is neither a necessary epilogue nor, in Ferrara’s view, the best transitional result to be looking for when compared with his alternative of a multivariate-polity model for the society of peoples. The chapter ends by noting areas of convergence and three respects in which the two models differ (concerning the transnational regime’s unified or partially integrated quality, its internal centre–periphery relations, and its different exposure to the risk of relapsing into modus vivendi).
On Arid Ground
Authors: Keating Jennifer 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On Arid Ground focuses on the relationships between empire and environment in Central Asia, using environmental history to examine the practice of Russian imperialism in Turkestan at the end of empire, from the 1860s until 1916. It reveals for the first time a comprehensive assessment of the environmental imprint of Russian colonization, and shows how local ecologies fitted into broader repertoires of imperial rule, accommodation and resistance. Ranging widely above and below the surface in Turkestan, from the deserts of Transcaspia to the highlands and lowlands of rural Fergana and Semirech’e, the book explores infrastructure development, migrant settlement, land reclamation and dispossession, the commodification of nature, and environmental violence to reveal the ways in which ecological change was central to the building and breaking of empire. Attentive to connections, synchronicities, and scale, On Arid Ground makes the case for looking beyond cotton and water in a Central Asian context, for the powerful material role played by animals and plants, sand, silt, and salt in human histories, and for the less visible relationships between far-flung people and things within and beyond Turkestan’s borders. Laying bare the political roots and repercussions of environmental change, the volume brings fresh perspectives both to the history of Central Asia and to that of the wider Russian Empire across Eurasia.
(Re)Claiming Shade, Roots, and Water
Authors: Keating Jennifer 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Work to reclaim and restore land that had once been productive but which was believed to have fallen into dis/mis-use was a key foundation of the imperial environmental enterprise, and an inherently political act. Chapter 2 looks at state efforts to reclaim land via planting and irrigation, examining anxieties over desertification and wind-drift sands, and the political symbolism of projects such as the Murgab Imperial Estate, an experiment in irrigation at the Murgab river delta in Transcaspia. Yet comparing and contrasting the actions of imperial outsiders and Central Asian villagers and tenant farmers reveals a vast gulf between the imagined worlds of restitution and the physical realities of land degradation. Corruption, salinization, erosion, and water disputes all came to characterize schemes that had been intended to project imperial power and to act as beacons for the acceptance of Russian subjecthood. As such, the chapter points towards the gradual discovery of the instabilities and intricacies of local ecosystems and, ultimately, the limits of state land reclamation efforts. In this reading, sand, silt, and mud were powerful material agents that both enhanced and undercut imperial projections of power.
Ecological Afterlives and Natural Tribute
Authors: Keating Jennifer 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Just like infrastructure construction, land reclamation, and rural settlement, conversions from the animate to the inanimate, from living plant or animal to commodified resource were activities that offer insight into the political ecology of empire. The first of two chapters that focus on Turkestan as a commodity frontier, Chapter 4 considers the commodification of Central Asian nature by the state, settlers, and local communities. In doing so, it briefly discusses Turkestan’s famed ‘white gold’—cotton—but also looks at far broader contours of commodities including minerals, fruit, cereal, and vegetable crops. Exploring the social, political, and economic capital located in these resources, the chapter considers ideas about ‘abundance’, ‘value’, ‘tribute’, and ‘surplus’, and varied readings of resources by imperial actors, often external to Turkestan, who sought material recompense for the expenses of military conquest and budget deficits. Looking beyond the sale and transport of resources, however, towards the local display of commodities at exhibitions reveals that the afterlives of animals and plants were embedded in a range of conversations beyond imperial economic interest, becoming touchstones for assertions of regional agency, identity, enrichment, and community that often cut across settler and Central Asian societies.
Revisiting the Commodity Frontier
Authors: Keating Jennifer 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Continuing the theme of the commodity frontier, Chapter 5 proposes a reassessment of how we think about resources in imperial Turkestan. While much of the discussion both at the time and in historical writing since has focused on cotton and water, in fact, imperial and local actors were resource-minded in ways far beyond these dual commodities. Shifting focus to explore ecological modification, biological exchange, and previously hidden commodities such as fossil fuels, precious metals, fodder crops, and pharmaceutical ingredients, the chapter reveals extractive mindsets that exceeded the limits of the state, claims to ‘botanical vandalism’, and global monopolies that created chains of dependence stretching across continents. In doing so, the chapter suggests that in focusing to a significant extent on centre–periphery chains of resource production (primarily cotton export), we have neglected far wider webs of global exchange, labour, and encounter, some of which mirrored longstanding local practices of trade, and others of which owed a good deal not simply to the mobilizing capacity of the imperial state, but to global demand for certain goods that was specific to the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century moment. In many of these cases, looking at what might be considered ‘mundane’ resources exposes entanglements between subsistence, profit, and self-sufficiency, and conflicting processes of regulation and translation as local labour, traditions, and understandings of value faced off against the impositions of empire.