bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loophole or Fire Alarm? The Consensus Requirement for the Appointment of Appellate Body Members and the Institutional Design of the WTO
Authors: Vidigal Geraldo 
Published: March 2022

The past four years have shown that, in contrast to previous assessments that saw the WTO dispute settlement organs as exercising irresistible authority over the WTO Agreements, a WTO Member can single-handedly derail the functioning of the WTO by obstructing appointments to the Appellate Body. This article investigates the origins and character of this feature of theWTO Agreements and examines possible means to overcome it, arguing that merely appointing seven new Appellate Body members will not be sufficient to the future operation of the dispute settlement system. If Members wish to avoid obstruction of appointments becoming a regularly employed negotiation tactic, they must explicitly establish that this possibility is not an integral feature of the institutional design of the WTO– a fire alarm thatMembers can resort to in case they are dissatisfied with developments within the organization – but an unwarranted loophole in the WTO institutional structure. Among the possible courses of action available to address it, one that is both politically feasible in the short term and unlikely to have its legal effects disputed is a decision, made by consensus by theMembership, to clarify the relationship between the decision-making authority of the Ministerial Conference and the provisions governing appointment of Appellate Body members.
World Trade Organization, Appellate Body, International Dispute Settlement, Institutional Design, Dispute Settlement Body, International Courts
The Political Psychology of Vertical Trust Between the European Union and the Member States
Authors: Lonardo Luigi 
Published: March 2022

Mutual trust in European Union law traditionally refers to a horizontal relationship between Member States, requiring them to consider ‘all the other Member States to be complying with EU law’, as the European Court of Justice has repeatedly stated. This Article considers a new perspective: is it possible to detect the existence of trust between Member States on one hand and the European Union’s institutions on the other hand? If so, what are its legal manifestations? And what light does trust shed on the cooperation between the peoples of Europe? To answer these questions, the Article seeks to offer a synthetic vision of the case law, selecting legal issues of European integration as examples of ascending (from Member States to the EU) and descending (from EU to Member States) trust. It then discusses reasons why the Court of Justice of the European Union may want to create a relationship of trust with Member States, drawing from the fruitful insights of political psychology.
EU law, mutual trust, political psychology, vertical trust, supremacy, internal market
Servicing the Internal Market: The Contribution of Positive Harmonization Through the Services Directive and Its Interaction with Negative Integration
Authors: Maletic Isidora 
Published: March 2022

The article considers the principal legal implications of the key, general legislative framework on services regulation, the Services Directive (Directive 2006/123/EC on services in the internal market), exploring, several years since its implementation deadline and in view of the emerging litigation, the resilience of this regulatory endeavour at the heart of the EU’s economy. In particular, the present contribution analyses focal aspects of the directive, especially as interpreted by the Court of Justice of the European Union, through the prism of the directive’s objectives of legal certainty, acquis compatibility, and synchronization. In doing so, the study evaluates the contribution of the directive to positive harmonization and its interaction with the negative integration regime for the completion of the internal market in services.
Free movement of services, Freedom of establishment, Services Directive, Directive 2006/ 123, Positive harmonization, Negative harmonization, Exhaustive harmonization, Administrative cooperation, Purely internal situation, Healthcare
Turnover Taxes, the Fight for the National Tax Base and the EU Court of Justice: An Undeserved Triumph for Member State Direct Tax Autonomy?
Authors: Varju Marton , Papp Mónika 
Published: March 2022

The additional taxation of corporate turnover has emerged in the EU Member States and at the EU level as part of efforts to secure the national tax base and presumably to enable a fair and equitable sharing of the tax burden among corporate taxpayers covered by the national tax jurisdiction. Its introduction is usually based on the expectation that such taxation enables the exercise of taxing rights over value generated in the national analogue and digital economy when the traditional taxation of corporate income seems to fail in achieving the same. However, turnover taxes are problematic tax instruments from a legal perspective and their lawfulness is debatable as a matter of both EU and national law. After years of contestation before the European Commission and the courts of the EU based on EU internal market and State aid law, it has been revealed that EU law is not available to challenge some of the fundamental problems with the regulation of turnover taxes. As the law now stands, there is a possibility that in this area of taxation Member States can get away with misrepresenting their intentions and abusing their taxing rights in this way. This latter issue must not be overlooked when addressing the non- or under-taxation of corporate taxpayers in the national and the European economy.
turnover taxation, digital taxes, national tax base, Member State tax policy autonomy, discrimination, abuse of taxing rights
Independência e imparcialidade do árbitro: alguns aspectos polêmicos, em uma visão luso-brasileira
Authors: Calado Diogo 
Published: March 2022

RESUMO: O artigo visa a desenvolver o tema da independência e da imparcialidade dos árbitros sob uma perspectiva prática, fazendo um cotejo entre o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e o português, bem como considerando a influência das IBA Rule on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitrations e as recentes decisões das cortes estaduais. ABSTRACT: The paper aims to develop the issue of the independence and impartiality of the arbitrators under a practical perspective, comparing the Brazilian legal system with the Portuguese one, as well as considering the IBA Rules on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitrations and the recent state courts decisions.
Judicial Precedent and Arbitration  Are Arbitrators Bound by Judicial Precedent? A Comparative Study Among England, Scotland, the United States and Brazil
Authors: Amaral Guilherme Rizzo 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: this is the written version of a lecture given at the Edinburgh Centre for Commercial Law on February 28, 2017. The article addresses a fundamental and recurring theme in the legitimacy debate about arbitration: the arbitrator’s duty to follow the law and, more specifically, to follow precedents.The ideas exposed in this article were expanded by the author in the book Judicial precedent and arbitration – are arbitrators bound by judicial precedent? A comparative study among the United Kingdom, the United States and Brazil, to be released in 2017 (London: Wildy Simmonds & Hill). RESUMO: esta é a versão escrita de uma palestra dada na Faculdade de Direito de Edimburgo (Edinburgh Centre for Commercial Law) em 28 de fevereiro de 2017. O artigo trata de um tema fundamental e recorrente no debate sobre a legitimidade da arbitragem: o dever do árbitro de observar o Direito e,mais especificamente, de seguir precedentes. As ideias deste artigo foram ampliadas pelo autor no livro Judicial precedent and arbitration – are arbitrators bound by judicial precedent? A comparative study among the United Kingdom, the United States and Brazil, que será lançado em 2017 (London: Wildy Simmonds & Hill).
Arbitrabilidade objetiva dos conflitos com a administração pública
Authors: Accioly João Pedro 
Published: March 2022

This article aims to delimit which matters are susceptible of arbitration in disputes with public entities, considering the Brazilian legal system. At the outset, the criteria proposed by the literature, for the interpretation of the legal parameter, are critically analyzed. Then, a formula is proposed to operationalize the one that seems most appropriate. At this point, it addresses the powers of the arbitrators to appraise previous inarbitrable questions necessary for the composition of the patrimonial and disposable conflicts submitted to them by the parties.
Arbitration; Public Administration; arbitrability; objective arbitrability; patrimonial and disposable rights.
Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure on Financial Performance: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Maqbool Muhammad Muarif , Rana Tanveer Hussain , Aslam Muhammad 
Published: March 2022

Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure (CSRD) Guidelines (2012) constituted by the Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) for all listed companies in Pakistan. The purpose of this study is to explore post guidelines effects over firms’ CSRD level as well as CSRD association with financial performance of Pakistan’s automobile sector from 2013-2019. CSRD has been measured by developing CSRD index of 45 items from six CSR dimensions (employee, customer, community, environment, energy and investor). Financial performance has been measured by return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and Tobin’s Q (TBQ). Study considered firm age, firm size and financial leverage as control variables. Descriptive statistics has applied for measuring CSRD level. The association between CSRD and financial performance has measured by multiple regression models. Findings of the study show an increasing trend in the CSRD level during the study time period except 2019. Study also provides an evidence of significant positive association of CSRD with financial performance with all financial performance measures.
Mediating Role of Job Work Environment between the Relationship of Servant Leadership and Faculty Retention in Higher Education
Authors: Sheikh Aneela , Ali Abdul Jalil , Soomro Muhammad Akram 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Current study aims to explore the mediating role of job work environmentbetween the relationship ofservant leadership and faculty retention.Thepopulation of this study consists of all fulltime faculty members of four privatehigher educationinstitutes of Lahore, Pakistan.The total number of population consists of 2,230 full time facultymembers. A sample of 330 faculty memberswere drawn through clusterrandom sampling technique.The data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 23.Theoretically, this study has been conducted under the domain of socialexchange theory(SET).Themediation of job work environment was checked through Baron and Kenny path analysis procedure, the results reveled that servant leadership has a positive significant impact on faculty retention and job work environment, and job work environment partially mediates the relationship betweenservant leadershipandfaculty retention. Such type of study should also be conducted for public universities and other higher education institutes.
Globalización post covid-19: Efectos sociopolíticos y económicos del fenómeno.
Authors: Requelme Paladines Francisco Alonso , Suarez Valencia José Gullermo 
Published: March 2022

El fenómeno de la globalización ha sido considerado por las facciones pro libre mercado como el estandarte del desarrollo del comercio, la información y la tecnología, sinónimos del progreso, la prosperidad y el crecimiento de los países. Existe un vasto desarrollo teórico del tema, del cual se han circunscrito diferentes percepciones y posturas frente a las ventajas y desventajas que ha traído para el desarrollo económico y social de los países.
Este artículo pretende reinstalar dichas reflexiones en la agenda pública, a la luz del surgimiento, desarrollo y reconfiguración de la globalización en un contexto post pandemia Covid-19, intentando definir los posibles efectos sobre los factores sociopolíticos y económicos en los países de América Latina y el caribe.
Hybrid Quaternions of Leonardo
Authors: Mangueira M. C. S. , Alves F. R. V. , Catarino P. M. M. C. 
Published: March 2022

In this article, we intend to investigate the Leonardo sequence presenting the hybrid Leonardo quaternions. To explore Hybrid Quaternions of Leonardo, the priori, sequence of Leonardo,quaternions and hybrid numbers were presented. Soon after, its recurrence, characteristic equation, its relation with the Fibonacci quaternions, generating function, Binet’s formula, as well as its extension to non-positive integer indices were developed. Finally, identities involving Leonardo’s hybrid quaternions are presented.
Comparison of percutaneous access and open femoral cutdown in elective endovascular aortic repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms
Authors: Akbulut Mustafa , Ak Adnan , Arslan Özgür , Faruk Akardere Ömer , Zehra Karakoç Ayşe , Gume Serkan , Şişmanoğlu Mesut , Altuğ Tuncer Mehmet 
Published: March 2022

Background: The aim of this study was to compare postoperative outcomes of percutaneous access and femoral cutdown methods for elective bifurcated endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.
Methods: Between November 2013 and September 2020, a total of 152 patient (135 males, 17 females; mean age: 70.6±6, range, 57 to 87 years) who underwent endovascular repair due to infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm were retrospectively analyzed. According to femoral access type, the patients were grouped into two groups as the total percutaneous femoral access and open cutdown femoral access endovascular repair. Intra- and postoperative data were compared, including operative time, amount of contrast media, bleeding requiring transfusion, return to the operating room, access vessel complications, wound complications, and overall length of hospital stay.
Results: Eighty-seven (57.2%) femoral cutdown access repair and 65 (42.8%) percutaneous femoral access repair cases were evaluated in the study. The two groups were comparable in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics (p>0.05), except for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease which was more frequent in the percutaneous access group (p=0.014). After adjustment, age, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and obesity were not predictive of percutaneous access failure. Percutaneous femoral access was observed as the only preventing factor for wound infection (odds ratio=0.166, 95% confidence interval: 0.036-0.756; p=0.021).
Conclusion: Although femoral access preference does not affect mortality and re-intervention rates, percutaneous endovascular repair reduces operation time, hospital stay, and wound site complications compared to femoral artery exposures.
Rhythm disorders after isolated mitral valve surgery: Consideration of the variations of the sinoatrial nodal artery in choice of atriotomy
Authors: Reyhancan Adem , Öz Kürşad , Kafa Kulaçoğlu Ülkü , Ersoy Burak , Apaydın Zinar , Onan Burak 
Published: March 2022

Background: This study aims to investigate the effect of atriotomy approaches applied in mitral valve surgery and variations of the sinoatrial nodal artery on postoperative arrhythmias and the need for a temporary or permanent pacemaker.
Methods: Data of 241 patients (108 males, 133 females, mean age: 53.7±12.3 years; range, 18 to 82 years) who underwent isolated mitral valve surgery with a median sternotomy between January 2009 and December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into three groups according to the surgical approach for mitral valve exploration as left atriotomy (n=47), transseptal (n=131), and superior transseptal (n=63). By scanning the hospital records, the origin of the sinoatrial nodal artery was determined in the coronary angiography images obtained before surgery. Postoperative rhythm changes were analyzed based on electrocardiography and telemetry recordings.
Results: Temporary pacing was required in 31 (49.2%) patients in the superior transseptal group, 40 (30.5%) patients in the transseptal group, and 12 (25.5%) patients in the left atriotomy group, indicating a statistically significantly higher rate in the superior transseptal group (p=0.013). Permanent pacemaker implantation was required in only one patient (superior transseptal), indicating no significant difference among the groups. The first-degree atrioventricular block was seen in 28 (44.4%) patients in the superior transseptal group, 42 (32.1%) patients in the transseptal group, and 13 (27.7%) patients in the left atriotomy group (p=0.130). The PR interval in the postoperative period was longer in the superior transseptal group than in the left atriotomy group in patients with the sinoatrial nodal artery originating from the right coronary artery (p=0.049). No significant difference was observed among the surgical approaches regarding the PR interval in patients with the sinoatrial nodal artery originating from the left circumflex coronary artery after surgery.
Conclusion: We believe that the choice of atriotomy in isolated mitral valve surgery and sinoatrial nodal artery variations do not affect permanent arrhythmia alone. Still, the superior transseptal approach causes the electrical conduction to slow down temporarily more than the left atriotomy and transseptal method.
An experience in the COVID-19 pandemic period: Turkish Cardiovascular Surgery Online Board Exam 2020
Authors: Şahin Hatice , Özgür Alper , Paker Tufan , Atay Yüksel 
Published: March 2022

Background: The aim of this study was to provide information about the results of the Turkish Cardiovascular Surgery Board written exam, which was held online due to the pandemic.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included a total of 41 cardiovascular surgeons and residents (39 males, 2 females) in November 21st, 2020 between 10:00 A.M. and 12:00 P.M. After the online exam was completed, data on participant information and answers to exam questions were obtained from the information system.
Results: Of all participants, 39% were working in university hospitals. A total of 82.9% of the participants were specialists. The total mean score of the participants was 60.3±10.2 and 53.7% of them were declared successful-passed. Aortic surgery (63%), heart failure surgery (50%), and mitral valve surgery (50%) were the most incorrectly answered questions.
Conclusion: With the online exam, the Board gained different experiences regarding exam planning and implementation. The Turkish Cardiovascular Surgery Board did not give up the Board exam during the pandemic period and conducted a reliable written exam with many participants.
The association between sedentary behavior and low back pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies
Authors: Alzahrani Hosam , Alshehri Mansour Abdullah , Alzhrani Msaad , Alshehri Yasir S. , Al Attar Wesam Saleh A. 
Published: March 2022

Background
Low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal problem globally. While spending a longer time in sedentary behaviors is linked to several health problems; the quantitative association between different amounts of sedentary time and LBP is still unknown. This study aims to systematically review studies that examined the association between sedentary behavior and LBP development and LBP-related outcomes.

Methods
This systematic review and meta-analysis retrieved journal articles published from inception to March 2020 and were obtained by searching bibliographical databases. We included longitudinal study designs, including adult (aged ≥18) individuals with nonspecific LBP, and reporting estimates of the association between sedentary behavior and LBP development and LBP-related outcomes (i.e., pain intensity and disability).

Results
Sixteen longitudinal studies with 100,002 participants were included in this review (eight studies included in quantitative syntheses with 83,111 participants). The results of meta-analyses showed that a sedentary time of 3–<6 (Odds ratio (OR) 0.95, 95% CI [0.85–1.07]), 6–8 (OR 0.95, 95% CI [0.88–1.02]), and >8 (OR 0.92, 95% CI [0.85–1.00]) hours per day (h/d) was not associated with LBP development. A sedentary time of ≥3 h/d was associated with poor LBP-related disability (OR 1.24, 95% CI [1.02–1.51]), but not with pain intensity.

Conclusion
A meta-analyses of longitudinal studies indicated that sedentary behavior of different durations was not associated with LBP development. However, the results showed that sedentary behavior ≥3 h/d was associated with worse LBP-related disability. These conclusions are tentative as the evidence was derived from mostly fair-quality studies using subjective measures of sedentary behavior.

Systematic review registration
PROSPERO (registration number CRD42018107078).
Instability Analysis of Agricultural Productivity: A District Level Assessment in Karnataka State in India
Authors: Rani Seedari Ujwala , Kumar Pramod , P. Singh Naveen , Paul R. K. , Padaria R. N. , Geetha M. L. 
Published: March 2022

The study has examined productivity instability of major crops for 20 years by considering first period as 1998-99 to 2008-09 and second period as 2009-10 to 2018-19 at the district level in Karnataka state. Instability categories were grouped as low < 15%, medium 15-30% ,High >30%. A low value index indicates the high stability in crop productivity. Through Cudde Della Valle index it was observed that, instability has been low and declined over the time in Rice, Maize, Sugarcane while medium instability noticed in Ragi, and cotton .The trend of instability is high in Arhar, Gram, Groundnut and Jowar. Instability in Pulses and oil seeds is high because area under these crops have been shifted towards Rice, maize which are giving high remunerative prices and assured profit.
Engineering of H‐Bonding Interactions in PVA/g‐C3N4 Hybrids for Enhanced Structural, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties: Toward Water‐Responsive Shape Memory Nanocomposites
Authors: Majdoub Mohammed , Amedlous Abdallah , Anfar Zakaria , Jada Amane 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNew water‐triggered shape memory nanocomposites are developed by incorporating graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g‐C3N4) in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films. The findings demonstrate that the water‐triggered shape memory effect of PVA‐filled g‐C3N4 nanocomposites (PVA/g‐C3N4) is largely enhanced via the establishment of strong H‐bonding interactions between the uncondensed amine groups of g‐C3N4 and hydroxyl groups of PVA (–OH) which induce supplementary physically cross‐linked sites in the formed nanocomposites. Additionally, the designed PVA/g‐C3N4 nanocomposites reveal the achievement of improved physicochemical properties including thermal and mechanical characteristics compared to the neat PVA. Tensile testing displays a significant increment of tensile strength (by 58%) along with an increment of the Young's modulus (by 357%), owing to the existing of noncovalent interactions in the form of H‐bonds established between the PVA matrix and g‐C3N4 functional groups. Furthermore, a shape memory mechanism is suggested to highlight the water‐triggered shape memory behaviors of the PVA/g‐C3N4 nanocomposites. The obtained results are very propitious in terms of plotting and manufacturing g‐C3N4‐based nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and swelling features, providing a framework for designing g‐C3N4‐derived shape memory polymers (gSMP) toward better comprehension of the shape recovery mechanism in water‐triggered gSMP nanocomposites.