bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical scatter correction: CBCT scatter artifact reduction without prior information
Authors: Trapp Philip , Maier Joscha , Susenburger Markus , Sawall Stefan , Kachelrieß Marc 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe image quality of cone beam CT (CBCT) scans severely suffers from scattered radiation if no countermeasures are taken. Scatter artifacts may induce cupping and streak artifacts and lead to a reduced image contrast and wrong CT values of the reconstructed volumes. Established software‐based approaches for a correction of scattered radiation typically rely on prior knowledge of the CT system, scan parameters, the scanned object, or all of the aforementioned.PurposeThis study proposes a simple and effective postprocessing software‐based correction method of scatter artifacts in CBCT scans without specific prior knowledge.MethodsWe propose the empirical scatter correction (ESC), which generates scatter‐like basis images from each projection image by convolution operations. A linear combination of these basis images is subtracted from the original projection image. The logarithm is taken and an FDK reconstruction is performed. The coefficients needed for the linear combination are determined automatically by a downhill simplex algorithm such that the resulting reconstructed images show no scatter artifacts. We demonstrate the potential of ESC by correcting simulated volumes with Monte Carlo scatter artifacts, a head phantom scan performed on our table‐top CBCT, and a pelvis scan from a Varian Edge CBCT scanner.ResultsESC is able to improve the image quality of CBCT scans, which is shown on the basis of our simulations and on measured data. For a simulated head CT, the CT value difference to the scatter‐free reference image was as low as −6 HU after using ESC, whereas the uncorrected data deviated by more than −200 HU from the reference data. Simulations of thorax and abdomen CT scans show that although scatter artifacts are not fully removed, anatomical features which were hard to discover prior to the correction become clearly visible and better segmentable with ESC. Similar results are obtained in the phantom measurement, where a comparison to a slit scan of our head phantom shows only small differences. The CT values in soft tissue are improved in this measurement, as well. In soft tissue areas with severe scatter artifacts, the CT values agree well with those of the slit scan (difference to slit scan: 35 HU corrected and −289 HU uncorrected). Scatter artifacts in measured patient data can also be reduced using the proposed ESC. The results are comparable to those achieved with designated correction algorithms installed on the Varian Edge CBCT system.ConclusionsESC allows to reduce artifacts caused by patient scatter solely based on the projection data.
Modified ethylene/α‐octene co‐polymer composites based on dual toughening of hydrogen bonding network and nanospheres
Authors: Huang Zhiyi , Liao Tingting , Liu Xiaochun , Wu Jianyu , Tang Zilun , Pan Guoyi , Liu Huameng , Lin Xiaofeng , Lin Wenjing , Li Yong , Gu Yuxin , Yi Guobin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThermoplastic elastomer ethylene/α‐octene co‐polymer (POE) is a special polymer material with both elasticity and thermoplasticity. However, the nonpolarity and low‐tensile strength of POE limit its application in polar materials and high‐strength materials fields. In this study, we synthesized a specific molecule with C═C bonds and NH bonds, which was introduced into POE to construct hydrogen bonding network, and the prepared modified POE is further blended with carboxyl terminated polystyrene nanospheres as toughening agent to prepare modified POE elastomer composites. Based on such dual toughening strategy containing chemical modification and physical toughening, the modified POE elastomer composites possess improved mechanical properties. The composites achieve a tensile strength of 21.4 MPa, elongation at break of 1268%, fracture energy of 109.6 MJ∙m−3 and exhibit improved thermal stability. Impressively, the tensile strength of reprocessed composites is restored to more than 90% of their original tensile strength even after four times of reprocessing steps, demonstrating excellent reusability.
Multifunctional wood composites based on Camellia oleifera shell with harsh‐weather and self‐mildew resistance
Authors: Chen Guoliang , Wang Hanzhang , Zhang Shifeng , Zhang Wei , Wu Hong , Li Changzhu , Xiao Zhihong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCamellia oleifera shell is rich in lignin and tea saponin and other natural active substances, and it is used to directly prepare fuel and biochar, which are low‐value applications. Inspired by the tea oil fruit shell, a new type of wood‐based composite was designed, which was bonded between inner layers and coated on the surface with Camellia oleifera shell‐based phenolic resin through a one‐step manufacturing process. The acid catalyst type, reaction time, and substitution ratios (Camellia oleifera shell/phenol) were used to optimize the formulation and process of Camellia oleifera shell phenolic resin. The chemical structure, wet bonding strength, harsh‐weather resistance, thermal properties, and flame resistance of the composites (Camellia oleifera shell phenolic resin surface coated plywood [CSPCPs]) were evaluated. The results indicated that the CSPCPs showed better‐wet bonding strength and thermal properties and harsh‐weather resistance compared with the common uncoated plywood. CSPCP‐3 presented the maximum wet bonding strength of 1.63 MPa. The limiting oxygen indexes of the CSPCPs were all higher than that of common plywood. All CSPCPs displayed excellent acid rain corrosion resistance, with little mass loss under simulated acid rain conditions. Grayscale was used to compare the samples' color to assess their self‐mildew resistance. As the amount of shell increased, the mold resistance of CSPCPs increased. CSPCP‐3 showed excellent comprehensive performance and can be a multifunctional wood composite suitable for outdoor applications.
Simultaneous characterization of preform expansion and permeability in vacuum assisted resin infusion
Authors: Grofti Zaynab , Croteau‐Labouly Bruno , Boukhili Rachid , Causse Philippe , Belouettar Salim , Perrin Henri , Trochu François 
Published: April 2022

AbstractVacuum assisted resin infusion (VARI) is a composite manufacturing process, in which a fibrous reinforcement is laid out in a mold, and then sealed under a vacuum bag. The preform is compressed under vacuum and a liquid polymer resin is infused into the mold cavity. A characterization of compressibility and permeability is required to get accurate predictions of infusion times and thickness of final parts. A new experimental methodology is developed to simultaneously characterize the preform expansion and permeability of fibrous reinforcements during infusion. It is implemented in a one‐dimensional rectangular workbench by impregnating the preform with silicone oil. Pressure sensors measure the liquid pressure, and the reinforcement thickness is acquired by linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs). The flow rate is also recorded with a scale. The expansion of the wetted reinforcement and permeability can be modeled by power laws as a function of pressure and fiber volume content, respectively. For isotropic preforms, a single experiment provides all the information needed to simulate the flow and predict the infusion time, the thickness and pressure. To validate this new characterization approach, the results of two infusions are successfully compared with numerical simulations.
Statin‐associated muscle symptoms—A review: Individualizing the approach to optimize care
Authors: Wiggins Barbara S. , Backes James M. , Hilleman Daniel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, also known as “statins” are considered first‐line pharmacologic therapy for reducing low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C). They have been demonstrated efficacy in a variety of patients populations to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. Like any pharmacologic therapy, however, they are not without possible adverse effects that can lead to discontinuation, thus leading to a loss of benefit. The most common side effect related to statin therapy impacting compliance is musculoskeletal related, commonly referred to as statin‐associated muscle systems (SAMS). While the overall incidence is relatively low, the consequences of nonadherence to statin therapy can have a negative impact on patient care. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to understand risk factors, how to diagnose, and how to manage this unfortunate adverse effect in order to optimize care.
The relationship between precipitation and its spatial pattern in the trades observed during EUREC4A
Authors: Radtke Jule , Naumann Ann Kristin , Hagen Martin , Ament Felix 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTrade wind convection organises into a rich spectrum of spatial patterns, often in conjunction with precipitation development. Which role spatial organisation plays for precipitation and vice versa is not well understood. We analyse scenes of trade‐wind convection scanned by the C‐band radar Poldirad during the EURECA field campaign to investigate how trade‐wind precipitation fields are spatially organised, quantified by the cells' number, mean size, and spatial arrangement, and how this matters for precipitation characteristics. We find that the mean rain rate (i.e., the amount of precipitation in a scene) and the intensity of precipitation (mean conditional rain rate) relate differently to the spatial pattern of precipitation. Whereas the amount of precipitation increases with mean cell size or number, as it scales well with the precipitation fraction, the intensity increases predominantly with mean cell size. In dry scenes, the increase of precipitation intensity with mean cell size is stronger than in moist scenes. Dry scenes usually contain fewer cells with a higher degree of clustering than moist scenes do. High precipitation intensities hence typically occur in dry scenes with rather large, few, and strongly clustered cells, whereas high precipitation amounts typically occur in moist scenes with rather large, numerous, and weakly clustered cells. As cell size influences both the intensity and amount of precipitation, its importance is highlighted. Our analyses suggest that the cells' spatial arrangement, correlating mainly weakly with precipitation characteristics, is of second‐order importance for precipitation across all regimes, but it could be important for high precipitation intensities and to maintain precipitation amounts in dry environments.
Influence of laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis and its recurrence on perinatal outcomes
Authors: Ono Yosuke , Furumura Kyoko , Yoshino Osamu , Ota Hajime , Sasaki Yasushi , Hidaka Takao , Fukushi Yoshiyuki , Hirata Shuji , Yamada Hideto , Wada Shinichiro 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPurposeIt is unknown whether surgery for endometriosis or recurrence of endometriosis affects obstetric outcomes.MethodsA total of 208 pregnant women with a history of endometriosis were analyzed. Patients who had endometriomas >3 cm and no history of laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis were defined as non‐surgery group (n = 60), while those who had a history of surgery for endometriosis (n = 148) were defined as surgery group. We investigated the obstetric outcomes in 208 patients according to with or without postoperative recurrence of endometriosis and the time from surgery to pregnancy.ResultsAmong 177 cases of on‐going pregnancy, in surgery group, there were lower prevalence of placenta previa compared with non‐surgery group (8.5% vs. 23.4%; p = 0.020). Subgroup analysis revealed a decreased prevalence of placenta previa in postoperative non‐recurrence group (6.0%: p = 0.007) compared with non‐surgery (23.4%) and postoperative recurrence group (28.6%). Placenta previa was more prevalent in the patients who got pregnant more than 2 years after surgery (20.0%) than the patients who got pregnant within 2 years (2.4%: p = 0.002). Multivariate analysis revealed that the surgery was associated with a reduction in placenta previa (OR: 0.32, 95% CI [0.11–0.90]; p = 0.032).ConclusionsPregnancy within two years after laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis may reduce placenta previa.
Approximate two‐loop robust nonlinear model predictive control with real‐time execution and closed‐loop guarantee
Authors: Farajzadeh Devin Mohammad Ghassem , Hosseini Sani Seyed Kamal 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this article, a robust nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) scheme with two control loops is considered and its real‐time execution is guaranteed for a predefined sampling time. Robustness of the NMPC scheme against bounded input uncertainty is achieved by assuming Lipschitz continuity of the inner‐loop dynamic function. The NMPC control law is approximated using piecewise affine linear functions over hyper‐rectangle regions generated by k‐d tree partitioning algorithm. Additionally, error bound on the approximation of the optimal solution function is obtained by assuming bounds on the subgradient of the optimal solution function. Consequently, the robust stability and recursive feasibility of the closed‐loop system for the proposed approximate NMPC framework are proven, and at the same time, real‐time execution of the proposed scheme for a predefined sampling time is guaranteed. Simulation results, on a nonlinear benchmark problem, are used to better illustrate the proposed approach and to compare it with some other methods.
The nexus between renewable energy, income inequality, and consumption‐based CO2 emissions: An empirical investigation
Authors: Baloch Muhammad Awais , Danish  
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe income inequality and emissions nexus have been a hot issue of debate among scholarly circles. However, the effect of income inequality coupled with renewable energy on consumption‐based carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has not been addressed adequately in the recent literature. This study fills the auspicious gap in the literature by investigating the impacts of income inequality and renewable energy on consumption‐based CO2 emissions for BRICS economies. Considering the unique features of income distributions, two proxies of income inequality: the Gini index and income earned by the top 10%, are utilized to understand the various analytical approaches. To yield consistent and reliable estimates several panel data estimation techniques are employed for the period from 1994 to 2018 for BRICS economies. Empirical results reveal that income inequality contributes to consumption‐based CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. However, renewable energy helps in reducing consumption‐based CO2 emissions. Based on the empirical findings, the study suggests important policy implications for BRICS countries to control the environmental impacts.
Operando High‐Valence Cr‐Modified NiFe Hydroxides for Water Oxidation
Authors: Wang Ming Hua , Lou Zhen Xin , Wu Xuefeng , Liu Yuanwei , Zhao Jia Yue , Sun Kai Zhi , Li Wen Xin , Chen Jiacheng , Yuan Hai Yang , Zhu Minghui , Dai Sheng , Liu Peng Fei , Yang Hua Gui 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHigh‐valence metal‐doped multimetal (oxy)hydroxides outperform noble metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) owing to the modified energetics between 3d metals and high‐valence dopants. However, the rational design of sufficient and subtle modulators is still challenging. With a multimetal layered double hydroxide (LDH) as the OER catalyst, this study introduces a series of operando high‐valence dopants (Cr, Ru, Ce, and V), which can restrict the 3+ valence states in the LDH template to prevent phase separation and operando transfer to the >3+ valence states for sufficient electronic interaction during the OER process. Through density functional theory simulations, ultrathin Cr‐doped NiFe (NiFeCr) LDH is synthesized with strong electronic interaction between Cr dopants and NiFe bimetallic sites, evidenced by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. The resulting NiFeCr‐LDH catalyzes the OER with ultralow overpotentials of 189 and 284 mV, obtaining current densities of 10 and 1000 mA cm–2, respectively. Further, a NiFeCr‐LDH anode is coupled in the anion exchange membrane electrolyzers to promote alkaline water splitting and CO2‐to‐CO electrolysis, which achieves low full cell voltages at high current densities.
Monodispersed Lignin Colloidal Spheres with Tailorable Sizes for Bio‐Photonic Materials
Authors: Wang Jingyu , Chen Wenhao , Yang Dongjie , Fang Zhiqiang , Liu Weifeng , Xiang Ting , Qiu Xueqing 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLignin colloidal spheres (LCSs) are promising biomaterials for application in drug storage and delivery, pollutant adsorption, and ultraviolet protection due to their biocompatibility, amphiphilicity, and conjugated structure. However, wide size distribution of LCSs greatly limits their performances, especially in many precise and advanced applications. Herein, the fabrication of monodispersed LCSs with tailorable sizes ranging from the nanoscale to microscale is reported. Lignin raw materials are first fractionated by solvent extraction, and then the lignin fraction is used to fabricate monodispersed LCSs by solvent/antisolvent self‐assembly. The underlying mechanism for the formation of monodispersed LCS is primarily ascribed to the improved homogeneity of long‐range intermolecular forces, especially the electrostatic forces and hydrophobic forces, between lignin molecules. Moreover, by manipulating the short‐range order of LCSs, an innovative application of lignin as bio‐photonic materials with tunable structural colorations (e.g., red, green, or blue) is demonstrated. This work not only provides deep insight and an effective strategy to eliminate the serious inhomogeneity of LCSs, but also makes lignin resources have great potential as biodegradable and biocompatible photonic materials in diverse advanced optical application fields such as photonic devices, anti‐counterfeiting labels, and structural color pigments.
Reproducibility in Time and Space—The Molecular Weight Effects of Polymeric Materials in Organic Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Gui Ruohua , Liu Yang , Chen Zhihao , Wang Tong , Chen Tao , Shi Rui , Zhang Kangning , Qin Wei , Ye Long , Hao Xiaotao , Yin Hang 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe reproducibility issue is one of the major challenges for the commercialization of large‐area organic electronic devices. It involves both the device‐to‐device variation and opto‐electronic properties in different positions of a single thin film. Herein, the molecular weight effects in polymeric semiconductors with three widely used photovoltaic donor materials P3HT, PBDB‐T, and PM6 are systematically investigated. A simple but effective method is proposed to evaluate the uniformity of large‐area devices by adopting the micron‐level grid electrodes in organic thin films. An interesting phenomenon is observed that the device is gradually improved uniformly with the Mw range lower than 100 kg mol−1. In neat films, both the mobility and energetic disorder values of hole carriers exhibit relatively lower coefficient of variation (cv) in high molecular‐weight systems. After blending with the electron‐accepting materials, their bulk heterojunction films also enjoy more uniform hole transfer rates, fluorescence lifetimes, and power conversion efficiencies in single and different devices. This work not only proposes a facile approach to evaluate the electrical properties of large‐area organic thin films, but also demonstrates the relationship between molecular weight and device reproducibility in polymer solar cells. This contribution provides a new insight into the commercial large‐scale production of organic electronics.
Structure‐activity relations of Pd(II) and Pt(II) thiosemicarbazone complexes on different human glioblastoma cell lines
Authors: Schulz Ellina , Mawamba Viviane , Löhr Mario , Hagemann Carsten , Friedrich Alexandra , Schatzschneider Ulrich 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTen thiosemicarbazone ligands obtained by condensation of pyridine‐2‐carbaldehyde, quinoline‐2‐carbaldehyde, 2‐acetylpyridine, 2‐acetylquinoline, or corresponding 2‐pyridyl ketones with thiosemicarbazides RNHC(S)NHNH2 and R=CH3, C6H5 were prepared in good yield. The reaction of [PdCl2(cod)] with cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene or K2[PtCl4] resulted in a total of 17 Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes isolated in excellent purity, as demonstrated by 1H, 13C, and, where applicable, 195Pt NMR spectroscopy combined with CHNS analysis. The cytotoxicity of the title compounds was studied on four human glioblastoma cell lines (GaMG, U87, U138, and U343). The most active compound, with a Pd(II) metal centre, a 2‐quinolinyl ring, and methyl groups on both the proximal C and distal N atoms exhibited an EC50 value of 2.1 μM on the GaMG cell lines, thus being slightly more active than cisplatin (EC50 3.4 μM) and significantly more potent than temozolomide (EC50 67.1 μM). Surprisingly, the EC50 values were inversely correlated with the lipophilicity, as determined with the “shake‐flask method”, and decreased with the length of the alkyl substituents (C1>C8>C10). Correlation with the different structural motifs showed that for the most promising anticancer activity, a maximum of two aromatic rings (either quinolinyl or pyridyl plus phenyl) combined with one methyl group are favoured and the Pd(II) complexes are slightly more potent than their Pt(II) analogues.
$$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SYM, Argyres-Douglas theories, and an exact graded vector space isomorphism
Authors: Buican Matthew , Nishinaka Takahiro 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this first of two papers, we explain in detail the simplest example of a broader set of relations between apparently very different theories. Our example relates $$ \mathfrak{su}(2) $$
su

2

$$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 super Yang-Mills (SYM) to a theory we call “(3, 2)”. This latter theory is an exactly marginal diagonal SU(2) gauging of three D3(SU(2)) Argyres-Douglas (AD) theories. We begin by observing that the Schur indices of these two theories are related by an algebraic transformation that is surprisingly reminiscent of index transformations describing spontaneous symmetry breaking on the Higgs branch. However, this transformation breaks half the supersymmetry of the SYM theory as well as its full $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 SU(2)F flavor symmetry. Moreover, it does so in an interesting way when viewed through the lens of the corresponding 2D vertex operator algebras (VOAs): affine currents of the small $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 super-Virasoro algebra at c = −9 get mapped to the $$ \mathcal{A}(6) $$
A

6

stress tensor and some of its conformal descendants, while the extra supersymmetry currents on the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 side get mapped to higher-dimensional fermionic currents and their descendants on the $$ \mathcal{A}(6) $$
A

6

side. We prove these relations are facets of an exact graded vector space isomorphism (GVSI) between these two VOAs. This GVSI respects the U(1)r charge of the parent 4D theories. We briefly sketch how more general $$ \mathfrak{su}(N) $$
su

N

$$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM theories are related to an infinite class of AD theories via generalizations of our example. We conclude by showing that, in this class of theories, the $$ \mathcal{A}(6) $$
A

6

VOA saturates a new inequality on the number of strong generators.