bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is it worth it? Carers' views and expectations of residential respite for people living with dementia during and beyond the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Samsi Kritika , Cole Laura , Orellana Katharine , Manthorpe Jill 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe Covid‐19 pandemic has taken a heavy toll on many people living with dementia and carers. Caring for a person living with dementia at home with limited avenues for support and a break challenged many carers. Care homes in England closed to visitors, with very few offering opportunities for a short‐stay. We investigated impact of Covid‐19 on views and expectations of carers of people living with dementia about residential respite.Methods/DesignQualitative interviews with 35 carers were conducted March–December 2020: 30 women and 5 men, with ages ranging 30–83 years. Interviews explored experiences, views of residential respite, and expectations post‐Covid. Data were thematically analysed and salient concepts were drawn out and discussed within the research team and study advisers.ResultsThree themes were identified in transcripts, relating to impact of Covid‐19 on views and expectations of respite: (1) Carers described regularly negotiating risks and stresses of Covid, weighing up how to prevent infection and changing family arrangements to facilitate caring; (2) Carers were balancing different needs, prioritising needs of their relatives while bearing the impact of cumulative caregiving responsibilities. (3) Uncertainty about future residential respite continued, in terms of availability, ongoing restrictions and trustworthy information sources.ConclusionsResidential respite is a positive, acceptable option for some carers to get a break from caring. Covid‐19 may have heighted some of caregiving stressors and there may be an increased need for a break. Views of care homes developed during the pandemic suggest that individual confidence to use respite may need to be rebuilt.
Non‐Additive Effects of Combined NOX1/4 Inhibition and Calcimimetic Treatment on a Rat Model of Chronic Kidney Disease‐Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD‐MBD)
Authors: Damrath John G , Chen Neal X , Metzger Corinne E , Srinivasan Shruthi , O'Neill Kalisha , Biruete Annabel , Avin Keith G , Wallace Joseph M , Allen Matthew R , Moe Sharon M 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTChronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) increases cardiovascular calcification and skeletal fragility in part by increasing systemic oxidative stress and disrupting mineral homeostasis through secondary hyperparathyroidism. We hypothesized that treatments to reduce reactive oxygen species formation and reduce parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels would have additive beneficial effects to prevent cardiovascular calcification and deleterious bone architecture and mechanics before end‐stage kidney disease. To test this hypothesis, we treated a naturally progressive model of CKD‐MBD, the Cy/+ rat, beginning early in CKD with the NADPH oxidase (NOX1/4) inhibitor GKT‐137831 (GKT), the preclinical analogue of the calcimimetic etelcalcetide, KP‐2326 (KP), and their combination. The results demonstrated that CKD animals had elevated blood urea nitrogen, PTH, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and phosphorus. Treatment with KP reduced PTH levels compared with CKD animals, whereas GKT treatment increased C‐terminal FGF23 levels without altering intact FGF23. GKT treatment alone reduced aortic calcification and NOX4 expression but did not alter the oxidative stress marker 8‐OHdG in the serum or aorta. KP treatment reduced aortic 8‐OHdG and inhibited the ability for GKT to reduce aortic calcification. Treatments did not alter heart calcification or left ventricular mass. In the skeleton, CKD animals had reduced trabecular bone volume fraction and trabecular number with increased trabecular spacing that were not improved with either treatment. The cortical bone was not altered by CKD or by treatments at this early stage of CKD. These results suggest that GKT reduces aortic calcification while KP reduces aortic oxidative stress and reduces PTH, but the combination was not additive. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
CircRNA casein kinase 1 gamma 1 (circ‐CSNK1G1) plays carcinogenic effects in thyroid cancer by acting as miR‐149‐5p sponge and relieving the suppression of miR‐149‐5p on mitogen‐activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)
Authors: Chen Huan , Li Qin , Yi Rong , Li Baiyun , Xiong Dongling , Peng Hui 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe initiation and development of thyroid cancer may be associated with the deregulation of circular RNAs (circRNAs). The purpose of this work was to explore the role of circRNA casein kinase 1 gamma 1 (circ‐CSNK1G1) in thyroid cancer.MethodsThe expression of circ‐CSNK1G1, miR‐149‐5p, and mitogen‐activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) was concluded using quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR), and the expression of MAPK1 protein was detected by Western blot assay. Cell viability was monitored by CCK‐8 assay. Cell proliferation was determined by colony formation assay and EdU assay. Cell apoptosis and cycle were checked by flow cytometry assay. Cell invasion was determined by transwell assay. The predicted binding relationship between miR‐149‐5p and circ‐CSNK1G1 or MAPK1 was verified by dual‐luciferase reporter assay. The role of circ‐CSNK1G1 in vivo was determined by establishing animal models.ResultsThe present work discovered the upregulation of circ‐CSNK1G1 in tumor tissues of thyroid cancer. In function, circ‐CSNK1G1 knockdown inhibited proliferation, survival, and invasion in cancer cells, and tumor growth in mouse models. MiR‐149‐5p was a target of circ‐CSNK1G1, and the anti‐tumor effects of circ‐CSNK1G1 knockdown were abolished by miR‐149‐5p downregulation. In addition, miR‐149‐5p directly targeted MAPK1, and miR‐149‐5p restoration‐inhibited cell proliferation and invasion were recovered by MAPK1 overexpression.ConclusionCirc‐CSNK1G1 acted as miR‐149‐5p to relieve the inhibition of miR‐149‐5p on MAPK1, thus promoting the malignant development of thyroid cancer.
A funds of knowledge approach to developing engineering students' design problem framing skills
Authors: Svihla Vanessa , Chen Yan , Kang Sung “Pil” 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundEngineering programs have increasingly incorporated design challenges into courses. These design challenges vary in the degree to which they present complex, ill‐structured, and relevant problems, and therefore may vary in the degree to which they support students to learn to frame design problems.Purpose/HypothesisWe characterized how first‐year engineering students with little formal design training approach problem framing. We developed design challenges informed by funds of knowledge. We compared the development of problem framing skills in first‐year students who completed these challenges to students who completed more traditional challenges and to students in capstone design.Design/MethodStudents completed a pre/post performance‐based assessment of problem framing skills. We analyzed student responses in terms of design requirements, design practices, and design styles. We used descriptive statistics and correlations to characterize how students initially approached problem framing and repeated‐measures ANOVA to compare groups of students.ResultsFirst‐year students approached framing a design problem in one of four primary ways. Compared to students in the original course, they showed growth in attending to an underlying need, considering contexts of use, and depicting design function. Compared to capstone students, they also showed growth in considering stakeholder roles and planning the next steps.ConclusionsFunds of knowledge can provide a means to evaluate possible design challenges as authentic yet accessible for first‐year students, in turn, providing opportunities to support the development of the design problem framing ability.
Complement activation during cardiopulmonary bypass and association with clinical outcomes
Authors: Kefalogianni Rengina , Kamani Farah , Gaspar Mihaela , Aw TC , Donovan Jackie , Laffan Mike , Pickering Matthew C. , Arachchillage Deepa J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this prospective, single‐centre observational study of 30 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the effect of unfractionated heparin (UFH), CPB surgery and protamine sulphate on complement and on post‐operative blood loss were assessed. Although C3 and C4 levels decreased significantly immediately following the administration of UFH, C3a, C5a, Bb fragment and SC5b‐9 remained unchanged. During CPB, C3 and C4 continued to fall whilst both alternative and classical pathways activation markers, Bb, C3a, C5a and SC5b‐9 increased significantly. Protamine sulphate had no effect on classical pathway components or activation markers but decreased alternative pathway activation marker Bb. Over the 12–24 h post‐surgery, both classical and alternative pathway activation markers returned to baseline, whilst C3 and C4 levels increased significantly but not to baseline values. Total drain volume 24 h after the surgery showed a moderate inverse correlation with post‐protamine C3 (r = −0.46, p = 0.01) and C4 (r = −0.57, p = 0.0009) levels, whilst a moderate positive correlation was observed with post‐protamine C3a (r = 0.46, p = 0.009), C5a (r = 0.37, p = 0.04) and SC5b‐9 (r = 0.56, p = 0.001) levels but not with Bb fragment (r = 0.25, p = 0.17). Thus, inhibition of complement activation may be a therapeutic intervention to reduce post‐operative blood in patients undergoing CPB.
Omicron variant of SARS‐CoV‐2: Genomics, transmissibility, and responses to current COVID‐19 vaccines
Authors: Araf Yusha , Akter Fariya , Tang Yan‐dong , Fatemi Rabeya , Parvez Md. Sorwer Alam , Zheng Chunfu , Hossain Md. Golzar 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCurrently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has spread worldwide as an Omicron variant. This variant is a heavily mutated virus and designated as a variant of concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO cautioned that the Omicron variant of SARS‐CoV‐2 held a very high risk of infection, reigniting anxieties about the economy's recovery from the 2‐year pandemic. The extensively mutated Omicron variant is likely to spread internationally, posing a high risk of infection surges with serious repercussions in some areas. According to preliminary data, the Omicron variant of SARS‐CoV‐2 has a higher risk of reinfection. On the other hand, whether the current COVID‐19 vaccines could effectively resist the new strain is still under investigation. However, there is very limited information on the current situation of the Omicron variant, such as genomics, transmissibility, efficacy of vaccines, treatment, and management. This review focused on the genomics, transmission, and effectiveness of vaccines against the Omicron variant, which will be helpful for further investigation of a new variant of SARS‐CoV‐2.
An intense precipitation event causes a temperate forested drainage network to shift from N2O source to sink
Authors: Aho Kelly S. , Fair Jennifer H. , Hosen Jake D. , Kyzivat Ethan D. , Logozzo Laura A. , Weber Lisa C. , Yoon Byungman , Zarnetske Jay P. , Raymond Peter A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) evasion from streams and rivers is a significant, yet highly uncertain, flux in nitrogen cycle models. Most global estimates of lotic N2O emission assume that evasion rates are proportional to inorganic nitrogen inputs to a stream or river. However, many field studies do not detect relationships between lotic N2O evasion and dissolved nitrogen concentration, highlighting the need for better understanding of process‐based controls on this flux. This study reports 4‐yr time series of pN2O and N2O evasion from eight nested streams and rivers and detects an abrupt change in N2O dynamics associated with an intense rainstorm. This rainstorm, and the associated hydrologic flood event, pushed forested reaches across the watershed from consistent N2O sources to prolonged N2O sinks. We attribute this shift to disturbance of incomplete denitrification in the stream network and surrounding watershed, although alternate hypotheses are also discussed. There was continued availability of nitrate () for in‐stream processing, eliminating the possibility that ‐availability limited N2O production, and post‐storm N2O‐to‐nitrate ratios were lower than pre‐storm ratios suggesting that the large storm affected in‐situ nitrogen processing rates. The sustained period of post‐storm N2O undersaturation resulted in net negative evasion for five of the eight study sites in 2018, which mitigated emissions over the 4‐yr study. This nonlinear response in N2O dynamics illustrates the potential importance of storm events to control lotic N2O production and emissions.
Stress Response and Deformation of Block Copolymer Lamellae on Stretching in Normal Direction: Effects of Lateral Size of Lamellae
Authors: Yagi Seiichiro , Oguro Masaaki , Tokita Masatoshi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHerein, it is determined that the stress response of stacked microlamellae to tensile deformation along the normal direction depends on the lateral size of the lamellae. Lamellae with different lengths are formed by B5‐29‐EMA‐φ block copolymers (BCPs) comprising poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) segments attached to a liquid crystal (LC) BB‐5(3‐Me) polyester having Mn = 29 kDa at both ends at PEMA volume fractions of φ%. The LC and PEMA blocks are segregated to form microlamellae; however, the lamellar length depends on the value of φ; B5‐29‐EMA‐22 forms long‐range lamellae, and B5‐29‐EMA‐44 comprises LC block lamellae separated by PEMA blocks. The stress response is similar between these copolymers in the elastic region but differs in the succeeding stage; B5‐29‐EMA‐22 films show a stress plateau, and B5‐29‐EMA‐44 films continuously increase the stress, displaying the strain hardening. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering measured simultaneously with the stress–elongation curves discloses that these different stress responses accompany individual lamellar deformations. B5‐29‐EMA‐22 undulates and folds the lamellae, whereas B5‐29‐EMA‐44 maintains parallel lamellar stacking, remarkably increasing the PEMA block lamellar thickness. These preferentially thickened lamellae are occupied by extended PEMA chains, which causes stress at the expense of the chain entropy, resulting in strain hardening.
Studies on the Doping Mechanism of Conjugated Thienothiophene Polymer/MWCNT Hybrids for Thermoelectric Application
Authors: Ignatious Vijitha , Raveendran Neethi , Poovattil Sruthy , Jacob Navin , Chakkooth Vijayakumar , Deb Biswapriya 
Published: January 2022

AbstractConducting polymer‐based thermoelectric (TE) materials have great promise for fabricating lightweight modules that can directly convert waste heat into electricity. Doping is essential for these materials to tune the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, enhancing their overall TE response. However, the doping mechanism on polymer‐based hybrid systems needs further clarification for materials design and selection. Herein, two different TE hybrids are fabricated using different side‐chain groups containing benzodithiophene‐thienothiophene (BDT‐TTE) based conjugated polymers and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The TE properties of the hybrids before and after p‐doping are presented. Post‐doping, a simultaneous increase in electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient is observed for the composites of alkylthiophene side‐chain containing polymer, leading to ≈24× enhancements in the power factor (PF). The composite with alkoxy side‐chain polymer showed a nominal increase in electrical conductivity after doping, and the Seebeck coefficient remained unaffected. Tracking of electronic structure and density of valence state (DOVS) revealed the presence of charge‐transfer‐complexes (CTC) with different coordination sites, along with repositioned Fermi level and valance band maximum (VBM) that contribute to the observed differences in the TE response. This work presents a general understanding of the doping mechanism and the underlying physics to design high‐performance organic‐based TE composites.
Evaluation of the indication of BRCA1/2 genetic tests in Iranian women and acceptance rate of risk‐reducing surgeries in BRCA mutation carriers
Authors: Vasigh Mahtab , Eslami Bita , Elahi Ahmad , Kaviani Ahmad , Shirkoohi Reza , Majidzadeh Keivan , Nazarian Newsha , Omranipour Ramesh 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundA higher risk for breast and ovarian cancer has been reported in BRCA carriers and prophylactic surgeries are proposed to reduce this risk. This retrospective cohort study has evaluated the indication of BRCA1/2 genetic tests in Iranian women and the rate of women's acceptance of prophylactic surgeries recommended by the surgeon.MethodsMedical records of 147 high‐risk women according to NCCN clinical practice guidelines who referred for BRCA mutations testing were assessed. Individual information, indications for BRCA1/2 genetic testing and their results, physician recommendations, and type of accepted surgery were registered. To evaluate the current status of women an active visit follow‐up every six months was conducted.ResultsThe mean age of women was 43.40 ± 10.94 and the median follow‐up time was 1.92 years. Genetic test results showed 49(33.3%) women were positive for either BRCA1/2 mutations. Although the occurrence of breast cancer younger than 40 was the most common indication for genetic tests (26.5%), positive breast cancer history in first‐degree relatives and two relatives younger than 50 was the most common indications with positive results. The rate of acceptance of prophylactic mastectomy and bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy was (14.3% and 34.7%) in BRCA mutation carriers.ConclusionIf the onset of breast cancer at a young age (less than 40) will be the only indication for a BRCA analysis, the rate of a positive result (12.8%) is very low. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the age limit for genetic testing in our country. Prophylactic mastectomy acceptance is very low in BRCA1/2 carriers in our centers.
Differentiation between immune checkpoint inhibitor‐related and radiation pneumonitis in lung cancer by CT radiomics and machine learning
Authors: Cheng Jun , Pan Yi , Huang Wei , Huang Kun , Cui Yanhai , Hong Wenhui , Wang Lingling , Ni Dong , Tan Peixin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPurposeConsolidation immunotherapy after completion of chemoradiotherapy has become the standard of care for unresectable locally advanced non‐small cell lung cancer and can induce potentially severe and life‐threatening adverse events, including both immune checkpoint inhibitor‐related pneumonitis (CIP) and radiation pneumonitis (RP), which are very challenging for radiologists to diagnose. Differentiating between CIP and RP has significant implications for clinical management such as the treatments for pneumonitis and the decision to continue or restart immunotherapy. The purpose of this study is to differentiate between CIP and RP by a CT radiomics approach.MethodsWe retrospectively collected the CT images and clinical information of patients with pneumonitis who received immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) only (n = 28), radiotherapy (RT) only (n = 31), and ICI+RT (n = 14). Three kinds of radiomic features (intensity histogram, gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix [GLCM] based, and bag‐of‐words [BoW] features) were extracted from CT images, which characterize tissue texture at different scales. Classification models, including logistic regression, random forest, and linear SVM, were first developed and tested in patients who received ICI or RT only with 10‐fold cross‐validation and further tested in patients who received ICI+RT using clinicians’ diagnosis as a reference.ResultsUsing 10‐fold cross‐validation, the classification models built on the intensity histogram features, GLCM‐based features, and BoW features achieved an area under curve (AUC) of 0.765, 0.848, and 0.937, respectively. The best model was then applied to the patients receiving combination treatment, achieving an AUC of 0.896.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the promising potential of radiomic analysis of CT images for differentiating between CIP and RP in lung cancer, which could be a useful tool to attribute the cause of pneumonitis in patients who receive both ICI and RT.
Update on use of enteral and parenteral nutrition in hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of malnutrition in the United States
Authors: Guenter Peggi , Blackmer Allison , Malone Ainsley , Mirtallo Jay M. , Phillips Wendy , Tyler Renay , Barrocas Albert , Resnick Helaine E. , Anthony Pat , Abdelhadi Ruba 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundMalnutrition continues to be associated with outcomes in hospitalized patients.MethodsAn updated review of national data in patients with a coded diagnosis of malnutrition (CDM) and the use of nutrition support (enteral nutrition [EN] and parenteral nutrition [PN]) was conducted using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and Medicare Claims data.ResultsResults demonstrated a growing trend in CDM accompanied by continued low utilization of PN and EN.ConclusionUnderutilization of nutrition support may be due to product shortages, reluctance of clinicians to use these therapies, undercoding of nutrition support, strict adherence to published guidelines, and other factors.
A phantom study regarding the formation mechanism of mucosal epithelial echo on intraoral ultrasonography
Authors: Kobayashi Taichi , Hayashi Takafumi , Takamura Masaki , Soga Marie , Nikkuni Yutaka , Katsura Kouji 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectivesThis study is aimed to perform imaging of phantoms to simulate intraoral ultrasound and to investigate the formation mechanism of mucosal epithelial echo.MethodsIn this study, we used phantoms, simulated mucosal layer (SML) with thickness of 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 mm and no SML, and an intraoperative small linear probe as ultrasound transducer. Acoustic coupling polymer gel and agar gel were used as the coupling material, and polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyethylene (PE) and polymethylpentene (PMP) plastic wrap were used. The thicknesses of a surface echo and mucosal epithelial echo were measured on B‐mode images.ResultsA surface echo approximately 0.5 mm thick and a hyperechoic line structure approximately 1.0 mm deep in the 3.0‐mm SML, which were presumed to be artifacts, were visualized with all combinations of acoustic coupling material and plastic wrap except with acoustic coupling agar gel and PMP wrap. When using acoustic coupling polymer gel, a hypoechoic line approximately 0.2 mm thick was observed, even when no SML was present. Thickness of the SML appeared to be lesser on ultrasound images than its actual depth, and the most accurate measurement of thickness was obtained using acoustic coupling agar gel together with PMP wrap.ConclusionWhen using acoustic coupling polymer gel, artifacts may have prevented accurate visualization over an area that is approximately 0.6–0.7 mm thick. This shows that when intraoral ultrasound is performed by this method, it may not be possible to accurately visualize the mucosal epithelium.