bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unionid growth patterns in rivers of differing riparian vegetation
Authors: Morris Todd J. , Corkum Lynda D. 
Published: July 2002

1. Growth rates were examined as potential controlling agents of unionid distributions.2. Analyses of long‐term growth in unionid shells revealed two distinct patterns. Species which dominate rivers with forested riparian vegetation (e.g. Elliptio dilatata) show slow growth throughout life, whereas species which dominate grassy rivers (e.g. Pyganodon grandis) show rapid growth during early life and achieve a smaller maximum size at a younger age.3. Pyganodon grandis, which occurs in both river types but is much more abundant in grassy habitats, demonstrates a single growth pattern in both basin types. In contrast, Lasmigona complanata (Barnes, 1823), which occurs equally in both basin types, demonstrates two growth patterns which differ depending upon which river is inhabited. In forested rivers, L. complanata grow slow and steady, whereas in grassy rivers, these unionids grow faster and achieve maximum size earlier.4. Short‐term transplant studies of P. grandis and E. dilatata confirmed this pattern of growth for specialist species.
Adapting a patch model to simulate the sensitivity of Central‐Canadian boreal ecosystems to climate variability
Authors: Price D. T. , Halliwell D. H. , Apps M. J. , Peng C. H. 
Published: July 2002

Summary AimTo investigate effects of within‐season and interannual climate variability on the behaviour of boreal forest ecosystems as simulated by the FORSKA2 patch model. LocationEleven climate station locations distributed along a transect across the boreal zone of central Canada. MethodsFORSKA2′s water balance submodel was modified to enable it to behave more realistically under a varying climate. Long‐term actual monthly time‐series of temperature and precipitation data were detrended and used to drive the modified model. Long‐term monthly averages of the same detrended data were used to drive the unmodified model. ResultsModifications created significant improvements when simulating species composition at sites in boreal Canada. Simulated forest biomass values were slightly higher than those obtained from the unmodified model using averaged climate records, but resembled the observed distribution of vegetation more closely. Main conclusionsModified FORSKA2 suggests that boreal forest composition and distribution may be more sensitive to changes in monthly rainfall data than to changes in temperature. Climate variability affects seasonal water balances and should be considered when using patch models to forecast vegetation dynamics during and following a period of climate transition. The modified model provided improved representation of the latitudinal trend in spatially averaged biomass density in this region.
Comparison of long versus short duration of anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism: a meta‐analysis of randomized, controlled trials
Authors: Pinede L. , Duhaut P. , Cucherat M. , Ninet J. , Pasquier J. , Boissel J. P. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract. Pinede L, Duhaut P, Cucherat M, Ninet J, Pasquier J, Boissel JP (Hôpital Edouard Herriot and Unité de Pharmacologie Clinique, Lyon, France). J Intern Med 2000; 247: 553–562.Objective. To assess the length of oral anticoagulant therapy (short versus long duration) after a first episode of venous thromboembolism (VTE).Design. Meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials, comparing two durations of anticoagulation, identified in 1999 by a computerized search of the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register, Medline and Embase, completed by an extensive review of the references of pertinent articles.Setting and subjects. The meta‐analysis was performed on literature data. Seven published controlled trials were included. Relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were computed using the relative risk logarithm method. Statistical significance was set up at 0.01 for the test of association.Main outcome measures. Outcomes are major haemorrhage and recurrence after a 12‐month follow‐up.Results. For the recurrence end‐point (sample size of 2304 patients), a duration treatment of 12–24 weeks seems preferable to a 3–6 week regimen, with a relative risk (RR) of 0.60 (95% CI: 0.45–0.79, P < 0.001). For the major haemorrhage end‐point (1823 patients), the RR is not significantly different from 1 (RR = 1.43, 95% CI: 0.51–4.01, P = 0.5). The results were similar for the subgroup ‘permanent risk factors’ or ‘idiopathic VTE’ (RR for recurrence = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.34–0.68, P < 0.001). The tendency was similar, although not reaching statistical significance, for the ‘temporary risk factors’ subgroup (RR for recurrence = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.13–0.93, P = 0.035).Conclusions. After a first episode of VTE, a long‐term treatment regimen allows a significant reduction in the incidence of recurrences without increasing the incidence of bleeding events.
Renal duplication anomalies in the fetus: clues for prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Abuhamad A. Z. , Horton C. E. , Horton S. H. , Evans A. T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDuplex kidneys are one of the most common major congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract. The antenatal diagnosis of duplex kidney and its associated ureterocele is infrequent. We report on our experience with the prenatal diagnosis of duplex kidneys in seven fetuses over the past 24 months. In all fetuses, the sagittal length of the duplex kidney was above the 95th centile for gestational age. A ‘cyst‐like’ structure in the upper pole of the duplex kidney and a ureterocele in the urinary bladder were present in all of the seven fetuses. An ipsilateral dilated ureter was seen in six of seven fetuses. Postnatal confirmation of renal duplication anomalies was obtained in all neonates. Increased familiarity of the prenatal sonographer with duplex kidney will allow for its antenatal diagnosis and thus early postnatal treatment. Copyright © 1996 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Theoretical model for deposition of superconducting thin films using pulsed laser evaporation technique
Authors: Singh R. K. , Holland O. W. , Narayan J. 
Published: July 2002

We have theoretically and experimentally analyzed the laser-induced evaporation process for deposition of superconducting thin films from bulk targets. The spatial thickness variations have been found to be significantly different from a conventional thermal deposition process. Unlike a cos θ thickness variation expected from a thermal evaporation process, the laser evaporation process is characterized by a forward-directed deposit with a sharp variation in its thickness as a function of distance from the center of the deposit. We have studied in detail the interactions of nanosecond excimer laser pulses with bulk YBa2Cu3O7 targets leading to evaporation, plasma formation, and subsequent deposition of thin films. A theoretical model for simulating the pulsed laser evaporation (PLE) process has been developed. This model considers an anisotropic three-dimensional expansion of the laser-generated plasma, initially at high temperature and pressure. The forward-directed nature of laser deposition has been found to result from anisotropic expansion velocities of the plasma edges arising due to the density gradients in the gaseous plasma.
The physical process of the laser ablation technique for deposition of thin films can be classified into three separate interaction regimes: (i) interaction of the laser beam with the bulk target, (ii) plasma formation and initial isothermal expansion, and (iii) adiabatic expansion leading to deposition of thin films. The first two regimes occur during the time interval of the laser pulse, while the last regime initiates after the laser pulse terminates. Under PLE conditions, the evaporation of the target is assumed to be thermal in nature, while the plasma expansion dynamics is nonthermal as a result of interaction of the laser beam with the evaporated material. The expansion velocities of the plasma edges are related to the initial dimensions and temperature of the plasma, and the atomic weight of the respective species present in it. Preliminary calculations have been carried out on spatial thickness variations as a function of various parameters in PLE deposited thin films. The effects of the various beam and substrate parameters including energy density and substrate-target distance affecting the nature of deposition of superconducting thin films have been theoretically examined. Experimental results have been obtained from thin films deposited on silicon substrates by XeCl pulsed excimer laser (λ=308 nm, τ=45×10−9 s) irradiation. The spatial thickness and compositional variations in thin films have been determined using Rutherford backscattering technique and the results compared with the theoretical calculations.
Adsorption geometry of hydrogen on Fe(110)
Authors: Moritz W. , Imbihl R. , Behm R. J. , Ertl G. , Matsushima T. 
Published: July 2002

From an analysis of the low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) intensities we have determined the adsorption geometry of the two ordered H adlayers formed at T&lt;270 K on Fe (110): a (2×1) and a (3×1) structure, with ideal coverages of θ= 1/2 and θ= (2)/(3) . Calculations were performed for different adsorption sites and structural models, taking the Fe–H bond length and the first Fe–Fe interlayer spacing as variable parameters. An R factor analysis was used for quantitative comparison with the experimental data. In both structures the H atoms are adsorbed on highly coordinated (i.e., quasithreefold) sites: The R factors of only the superlattice beams (RZanazzi–Jona=0.26, RPendry=0.55 in the (2×1) and RZJ=0.4, RP=0.58 in the (3×1) structure) are significantly lower than those from models with a long bridge adsorption site (RZJ=0.37, RP=0.66 and RZJ=0.6, RP=0.74). The on top site and the short bridge site can clearly be ruled out. For both structures the minima occur at the same Fe–H interlayer spacing of 0.9±0.1 Å, equivalent to an Fe–H distance of 1.75±0.05 Å or rH=0.47±0.05 Å. From the R factor minimum of all beams
(RZJ=0.23, RP=0.46) the first Fe–Fe interlayer spacing is found to be equal to its bulk value, like on the clean surface. In the (2×1) structure the only possible arrangement of the Had atoms consists of dense packed rows in [001] direction which are separated by a row of unoccupied sites, respectively, due to a delocalization of the H atoms over two neighboring threefold sites, short-range fluctuations can be envisaged. Their influence upon I/V curves and relative intensities of different superlattice beams was analyzed. As a result this effect could be excluded, large domains are required, in which only one type of threefold sites is occupied. For the (3×1) structure a model is favored in which the lateral distribution of the adatoms differs from a previous suggestion. It is shown that this model is more plausible in view of the H–H interactions. The higher density of threefold sites also has implications for the discussion of the 2D phase diagram of H/Fe (110), especially on the requirement of trio interactions.
Photofragment imaging of methane
Authors: Heck Albert J. R. , Zare Richard N. , Chandler David W. 
Published: July 2002

The photolysis of methane is studied using photofragment imaging techniques. Our study reveals that the photolysis of methane proceeds via many different pathways. The photofragment imaging technique is used to resolve and characterize these various pathways and provides therefore unique insight into the dynamical processes that govern this photodissociation. The formation of H-atom photofragments following absorption of a Lyman-α photon, and H2 photofragments following absorption of two ultraviolet photons (λ=210–230 nm) are studied. The measured H-atom photofragment images reveal that a channel that produces fast H atoms concomitant with methyl fragments is dominant in the Lyman-α photolysis of methane. This channel leads to an anisotropic recoil of the fragments. A secondary channel is observed leading to the formation of somewhat slower H atoms, but an unique identification of this second channel is not possible from the data. At least part of these slower H atoms are formed via a channel that produces H atoms concomitant with CH and H2 photofragments. The recoil of these slower H atoms appears to be isotropic. The measured, state-resolved H2(v,J), photofragment images reveal that two channels lead to H2 photofragments from the two-photon photolysis of methane: a channel that leads to H2 products concomitant with methylene fragments; and a channel that leads to H2 products concomitant with CH and H fragments.
H2(v,J) rotational and vibrational distributions are measured for each of these two channels separately. The H2 products formed via the H2+CH2 channel are rotationally and vibrationally highly excited, whereas those formed via the H2+CH+H channel are rotationally and vibrationally cooler. Rotational distributions of H2 formed via the H2+CH+H channel are well reproduced by Boltzmann distributions. Results on D2 elimination following two-photon photolysis of CD4 are in general similar and in qualitative agreement with the results on CH4.
Religion and attitudes towards nature in Britain
Authors: Hayes Bernadette G. , Marangudakis Manussos 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTReligious institutions have been identified as important conduits in shaping social attitudes toward nature and the environment. Using Lynn White's historical thesis that Judeo‐Christianity has cherished the domination of nature (‘dominion’ belief) by humans as our frame of reference, this article examines the impact of religion, specifically Abrahamic and Judeo–Christian beliefs, on environmental attitudes in Britain. Based on the 1993 British Social Attitudes Survey, a nationally representative sample of the adult population in Britain, the multivariate results of this paper suggest that: (a) there is no significant difference between Christians and non‐Christians concerning environmental attitudes; (b) Roman Catholics are the most sceptic toward nature among Christian denominations; and (c) irrespective of religious identification, the two most notable and consistent factors in determining prodominion attitudes in Britain are educational attainment and particularly levels of scientific knowledge about the natural environment.
From disorganized capitalism to transnational fine tuning?: recent trends in wage development, industrial relations, and ‘work’ as a sociological category
Authors: Hasse Raimund , Leiulfsrud Håkon 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe disorganization thesis concentrates upon globalization and market dynamics, which are believed to trigger the breakdown of any kind of institutional structures. The diversity of capitalism approach, by contrast, places much emphasis on the persistence of distinct paths of national economies. Referring to comparative data from the OECD and other sources it is shown that some variables indicate a robustness of national styles of capitalism. Others hint at resemblance: e.g.there is a striking synchronization of the overall and sectoral wage development, there is a significant decrease in industrial disputes, and the class composition tends to become more similar. A move beyond the disorganization thesis and diversity of capitalism approach is suggested. Special attention should be paid to the profound impacts of transnational institutions and knowledge carriers in the form of experts and guidelines.
Beyond Living with Drugs: an interview with Mike Gossop
Authors: ALLSOP STEVE J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLiving with Drugs [1] has now been printed in four editions, a rare achievement for any text in the drug field. Many consider the book, which clearly enunciates the history, debate and controversies in the drug field, to be an essential read for researchers, clinicians, educators and students. Gossop was recently in Australia as a National Drug Strategy Visiting Fellow. This provided the opportunity to explore the author's views on a number of key policy, clinical and research issues.
Alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2–1 and ADH2–2 allelic isoforms in the Russian population correlate with type of alcoholic disease
Authors: Ogurtsov Pavel P. , Garmash Irina V. , Miandina Galina I. , Guschin Alexander E. , Itkes Alexander V. , Moiseev Valentin S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe frequency ADH2‐2 allele in the Moscow urban population and a correlation between the ADH2‐2 allele, alcoholic dependence without cirrhosis, symptomatic alcoholic cirrhosis and status on hepatitis B and C infection have been studied. One hundred and twenty‐three inhabitants of Moscow (50 healthy donors, 36 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (subdivided into infected and uninfected by HBV and/or HCV) and 37 patients with alcoholic dependence) of a similar age/sex and drinking pattern have been analysed. The frequency of 41% for ADH2‐2 allele is characteristic for an urban Moscow population. This value is intermediate between that found for Asian peoples and for Central and Western Europe. There is a negative correlation between the ADH2‐2 allele and alcohol misuse (both alcoholic dependence and alcoholic cirrhosis). This correlation is expressed more in alcoholic dependence. In spite of the possession of the ADH2‐2 allele (or genotype ADH2‐1/2), alcohol misuse increases the risk of cirrhosis. At the same time, positive status for active hepatitis B, C or combined infection B + C (replication markers HBV‐DNA or HCV‐RNA) increases the risk for symptomatic alcoholic cirrhosis in alcohol abusing patients, independently of ADH2 genotype.
Concentrations of transferrin and carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin in postmortem human brain from alcoholics
Authors: DODD PETER R. , ECKERT ALLISON L. , FLETCHER LINDA M. , KRIL JILLIAN J. , HARPER CLIVE G. , HALLIDAY JUNE W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTransferrin (T f) and its carbohydrate‐deficient isoform (CDT) were measured by radioimmunoassay in phosphate‐buffered saline extracts of two informative areas of cerebral cortex tissue obtained at autopsy from alcoholics without other associated disease (n = 4); alcoholics with cirrhosis of the liver (n = 4) and agematched controls (n = 4). Total T f was also measured in two informative cortical areas from five dementia cases. All cases were male. Total immunoreactive T f was assayed directly in the extract, CDT immunoreactivity in the concentrated eluate after the sialylated form was removed by passing through DEAE‐Sephacel at pH 5.65. Brain CDT averaged 10% of total T f overall. Although replicate extractions of individual samples gave consistent assays for both substances, there was wide variation both between different cortical areas from a given case and between cases within groups. There were no significant differences between total T f levels in uncomplicated alcoholics, dementia cases and controls, but cirrhotic alcoholics gave significantly higher values. The CDT: T f ratio was not increased in the brains of either group of alcoholics compared to controls. Whereas the serum CDT: T f ratio is an excellent marker of recent alcohol consumption, brain T f and CDT concentrations do not mark alcoholism nor dementia, and their biological variability diminishes their usefulness as disease indices. However, brain T f may be a marker of cirrhosis‐induced changes.
Frequency of the A1/A2 alleles of the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene in a British, Caucasian control group screened to exclude alcoholism and heavy drinking
Authors: TURNER ADRIAN , LAWRENCE JACOB , CHIH‐HUI CHEN ANDREW , COOK CHRISTOPHER , GURLING HUGH 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAbstract Recent reports of a genetic association between restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the D2 dopamine receptor locus (DRD2) on chromosome 11q and alcoholism have suggested involvement of the D2 receptor protein in the aetiology of alcoholism, smoking and possibly other disorders. These allelic association findings have been criticized on the basis of the possible confounding of ethnic with disease differences, between allele frequencies of subjects and controls, and the fact that some of the control groups were not screened to exclude alcoholism or heavy drinking. We have observed the frequency of the A1 and A2 alleles in a population of 307 Caucasian British individuals screened for alcohol consumption of less than the UK Royal College of Psychiatrists’ recommended sensible drinking limits for males and females and who also failed to qualify for a diagnosis of alcoholism according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). The frequency of the A1 allele was found to be 0.20, which is slightly higher than most of the other screened Caucasian control groups from Europe and the United States. The allele and genotype frequencies in our sample are a resource for comparison with samples of alcoholics from the United Kingdom which have been selected on the basis of British ancestry and for residence in London. When we combined our new control data with that of the previous Caucasian control samples we found a significantly higher frequency of A1A1 homozygotes among the unscreened than the screened controls, suggesting that the DRD2 locus may be involved in drinking variation among the general population.
Kinetic Characteristics of ATP Hydrolysis by a Detergent‐Solubilized Alkaline Phosphatase From Rat Osseous Plate
Authors: Demenis Marlene A. , Leone Francisco A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPolidocanol‐solubilized alkaline phosphatase was purified to homogeneity with a specific activity of 822.3 U/mg. In the absence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions and at pH 9.4, the enzyme hydrolyzed ATP in a manner that could be represented by biphasic curves with V = 94.3 U/mg, K0.5 = 17.2 muM, and n = 1.8 and V = 430.3 U/mg, K0.5 = 3.2 muM, and n = 3.2 for high‐ and low‐affinity sites, respectively. In the presence of saturating concentrations of Mg2+ or Ca2+ ions, the hydrolysis of ATP also followed biphasic curves. However, the specific activity increased to as much as 1,000 U/mg, whereas the K0.5 and n values remained almost unchanged. In the presence of nonsaturating concentrations of metal ions, the hydrolysis of ATP was similar to that observed in the absence of these ions, but with a marked decrease in K0.5 values. At pH 7.5, the enzyme also hydrolyzed ATP with K0.5 = 8.1 muM and V = 719.8 U/mg. Apparently, alkaline phosphatase was able to hydrolyze ATP in vivo, either at pH 7.5 or pH 9.4. These data contribute to the knowledge of the biological properties of skeletal alkaline phosphatase and suggest that this enzyme may have a high‐affinity binding site for ATP at alkaline pH.