bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender diversity in UK surgical specialties: a national observational study
Authors: Newman Thomas Hedley , Parry Matthew G , Zakeri Roxanna , Pegna Victoria , Nagle Amy , Bhatti Farah , Vig Stella , Green James Stephen Arthur 
Published: March 2022

ObjectivesTo compare gender diversity between UK surgical specialties, assess trends over time, and estimate when gender parity might be achieved.DesignObservational study.SettingNational Health Service, UK.ParticipantsNHS Hospital & Community Health Service workforce statistics for 2011 to 2020Main outcome measuresLogistic regression was used to compare female representation in 2020 between surgical specialties, and to examine for any significant trends between 2011 and 2020. The method of least squares was used to estimate when female representation of specialty registrars would reach 50% (‘gender parity’) for specialties with <40% female representation.ResultsIn 2020, female consultant and specialty registrar representation was significantly different between surgical specialties (both p<0.001). Female representation for each specialty were as follows (from highest to lowest): Specialty Registrars—Ophthalmology 49.7%, Otolaryngology 48.2%, Paediatric Surgery 45.5%, Plastic Surgery 42.2%, General Surgery 39.8%, Urology 31.6%, Vascular Surgery 25.0%, Neurosurgery 24.7%, Cardiothoracic Surgery 21.3%, and Trauma and Orthopaedics 20.6%; Consultants—Ophthalmology 32.4%, Paediatric Surgery 31.7%, Plastic Surgery 20.9%, General Surgery 17.5%, Otolaryngology 17%, Vascular Surgery 13.7%, Urology 11.7%, Cardiothoracic Surgery 10.8%, Neurosurgery 8.2%, and Trauma and Orthopaedics 7.3%. There was a significant positive trend in female representation of specialty registrars between 2011 and 2020 for all specialties except for Paediatric Surgery (representation consistently >45%) and Vascular Surgery (representation consistently <30%). General Surgery was estimated to achieve gender parity of their specialty registrars by 2028, Urology by 2033, Neurosurgery by 2064, Trauma and Orthopaedics by 2070, and Cardiothoracic Surgery by 2082.ConclusionsDespite improvements over the last decade, gender disparity persists in the UK surgical workforce and there are significant differences between surgical specialties. Further work is necessary to establish the reasons for these observed differences with a specific focus on Vascular Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, and Trauma and Orthopaedics.
Association of adolescents’ independent mobility with road traffic injuries in Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Khan Uzma Rahim , Razzak Junaid , Gerdin Wärnberg Martin 
Published: March 2022

ObjectiveParticipation in walking, cycling and taking public transportation without adult supervision is defined as independent mobility of children and adolescents. The association between adolescents’ independent mobility and road traffic injury (RTI) is unclear. The purpose of this study is to determine measures of adolescents’ independent mobility associated with RTIs in an urban lower middle-income setting.Study designCross-sectional survey.SettingSchools in Karachi, Pakistan.ParticipantsAdolescents aged 10–19 years in grades 6–10 were enrolled from private and public schools.OutcomeAny self-reported lifetime RTI sustained as a pedestrian, as a cyclist or while in a car or another vehicle that resulted in any first aid at home/school or consultation in a healthcare setting.ExposureSelf-reported independent mobility was assessed by four variables. (1) Any travel companion from school to home on the survey day, (2) parental permission to cross main roads alone, (3) parental permission to travel by public bus alone and (4) activity/activities outside the home on the previous weekend alone.ResultsData from 1264 adolescents, 10–19 years old, were included. Most were females (60%). Adolescents who had parental permission to cross main roads alone (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.39; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.86) and who participated in one or more activities outside the home alone on the previous weekend (aOR 2.61; 95% CI 1.42 to 5.13) or participated in a mixture of activities with and without adult accompaniment (aOR 2.50; 95% CI 1.38 to 4.89) had higher odds of RTIs.ConclusionsParental permission to cross main roads alone and participation in activity/activities outside the home on the previous weekend alone were two measures of independent mobility associated with higher odds of RTIs among adolescents. The study provides an understanding of the risk posed by adolescents’ independent mobility in road traffic environments.
Sustaining interventions in care homes initiated by quality improvement projects: a qualitative study
Authors: Devi Reena , Martin Graham P , Banerjee Jaydip , Gladman John RF , Dening Tom , Barat Atena , Gordon Adam Lee 
Published: March 2022

IntroductionInadequate and varied quality of care in care homes has led to a proliferation of quality improvement (QI) projects. This study examined the sustainability of interventions initiated by such projects.MethodThis qualitative study explored the sustainability of seven interventions initiated by three QI projects between 2016 and 2018 in UK care homes and explored the perceived influences to the sustainability of interventions. QI projects were followed up in 2019. Staff leading QI projects (n=9) and care home (n=21, from 13 care homes) and healthcare (n=2) staff took part in semi-structured interviews. Interventions were classified as sustained if the intervention was continued at the point of the study. Thematic analysis of interview data was performed, drawing on the Consolidated Framework for Sustainability (CFS), a 40-construct model of sustainability of interventions.ResultsThree interventions were sustained and four interventions were not. Seven themes described perceptions around what influenced sustainability: monitoring outcomes and regular check-in; access to replacement intervention materials; staff willingness to dedicate time and effort towards interventions; continuity of staff and thorough handover/inductions in place for new staff; ongoing communication and awareness raising; perceived effectiveness; and addressing care home priorities. All study themes fell within 18 of the 40 CFS constructs.DiscussionOur findings resonate with the CFS and are also consistent with implementation theories, suggesting sustainability is best addressed during implementation rather than treated as a separate process which follows implementation. Commissioning and funding QI projects should address these considerations early on, during implementation.
Hydroxychloroquine in the pregnancies of women with lupus: a meta-analysis of individual participant data
Authors: Clowse Megan E B , Eudy Amanda M , Balevic Stephen , Sanders-Schmidler Gillian , Kosinski Andrzej , Fischer-Betz Rebecca , Gladman Dafna D , Molad Yair , Nalli Cecilia , Mokbel Abir , Tincani Angela , Urowitz Murray , Bay Caroline , van Noord Megan , Petri Michelle 
Published: March 2022

ObjectiveMultiple guidelines recommend continuing hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for SLE during pregnancy based on observational data. The goal of this individual patient data meta-analysis was to identify the potential benefits and harms of HCQ use within lupus pregnancies.MethodsEligible studies included prospectively collected pregnancies in women with lupus. After a systematic literature search, seven datasets meeting inclusion criteria were obtained. Pregnancy outcomes and lupus activity were compared for pregnancies with a visit in the first trimester in women who did or did not take HCQ throughout pregnancy. Birth defects were not systematically collected. This analysis was conducted in each dataset, and results were aggregated to provide a pooled OR.ResultsSeven cohorts provided 938 pregnancies in 804 women. After selecting one pregnancy per patient with a first trimester visit, 668 pregnancies were included; 63% took HCQ throughout pregnancy. Compared with pregnancies without HCQ, those with HCQ had lower odds of highly active lupus, but did not have different odds of fetal loss, preterm delivery or pre-eclampsia. Among women with low lupus activity, HCQ reduced the odds of preterm delivery.ConclusionsThis large study of prospectively-collected lupus pregnancies demonstrates a decrease in lupus activity among woman who continue HCQ through pregnancy and no harm to pregnancy outcomes. Like all studies of HCQ in lupus pregnancy, this study is confounded by indication and non-adherence. As this study confirms the safety of HCQ and diminished SLE activity with use, it is consistent with current recommendations to continue HCQ throughout pregnancy.
Heterolaophonte natator n. sp. (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from Haida Gwai, British Columbia — and possible relatives in the U.K. and Iceland
Authors: Lewis Alan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A new species of the genus Heterolaophonte Lang, 1948 is described. Heterolaophonte natator n. sp. was first collected from eelgrass in Louscoone Inlet, Moresby Island, Haida Gwai. The leg armature is provided for the new species and others that are either similar or reported from British Columbia coastal waters. Although both the female and male have distinct paddling leg armatures, the male fourth leg with its unique minute endopodite and third leg with a plug on the endopodite are characteristics shared with the male of a European laophontid copepod, H. littoralis (T. Scott & A. Scott, 1893). Both unique and shared characteristics are provided in the description as well as a discussion of similar copepods, particularly the association with a European species, as well as three others with similar characteristics, all of whom live in formerly glaciated areas.
Further record of the deep-sea euphausiid, Thysanopoda cristata G. O. Sars, 1883 (Euphausiacea, Euphausiidae) from the southwestern Atlantic: with comments on morphological variations
Authors: Alves-Júnior F. A. , Andrade L. F. , Bertrand A. , Neumann-Leitão S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Euphausiids are a diverse order of crustaceans that play a key role in pelagic food webs. The genus Thysanopoda H. Milne Edwards, 1830 is composed of 14 valid species, widely distributed in all oceans. However, some gaps remain in our knowledge of the geographic distribution of Thysanopoda cristata G. O. Sars, 1883, and its actual occurrence in Brazil. This study aims to expand the knowledge on krill diversity in Brazilian waters, confirming the occurrence of T. cristata and providing illustrations of its morphological variations. Four specimens, two males and two females, were collected on board R/V “Antea” in October 2015, using a micronekton net with 1 mm mesh size, at depths ranging between 10 and 1660 m. Before this study, reports of T. cristata from Brazil were provided only in species lists or unpublished data. Our study confirms the presence of the species from the southwestern Atlantic and brings new information on its morphology.
Description of Laimaphelenchus piceae sp. n., a new evidence of cryptic speciation, and L. sinensis Gu et al., 2020 (Rhabditida: Aphelenchoididae), a record from Shanxi province, north China
Authors: Wang Liyi , Yang Yimeng , Zhao Zengqi , Wang Jianming , Xu Yumei 
Published: March 2022

Summary
This contribution deals with the record and description of one new species and record of one known species of the genus Laimaphelenchus from Shanxi province, north China. The type population of L. piceae sp. n. is characterised by having females 642-807 μm long, the cephalic region with six labial sectors divided by ribs, stylet 12-14 μm long, lateral field with four incisures, postvulval uterine sac (PUS) 114-161 μm long, vulva with a well-developed anterior flap, tail with a single stalk at tip, bearing four pedunculate tubercles, each tubercle including 5-7 finger-like protrusions; males spicules 18-24 μm long and three pairs of caudal papillae present. The new species looks closely similar to L. persicus, representing its cryptic species, being separated by differences in some morphological indices and partial large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequences. Its morphological differences from other relevant species were discussed. L. sinensis was also recorded from Shanxi province for the first time. The phylogenetic relationships of the recovered populations were reconstructed using sequences of the near full length small subunit (SSU) and D2-D3 segments of LSU rDNA, and the relationships of both species were discussed.
Relics in Exile: A Collection of Armenian Sacred Objects between Poland-Lithuania and the Ottoman Empire, 1672–1699
Authors: Pavlish Bogdan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Despite the historians’ growing interest in material culture, collections of sacred objects have largely been overlooked by scholars of religious history and art history alike. While the former tend to reduce church artifacts to their religious function, the latter focus mostly on individual items of singular artistic import. This essay examines a collection of displaced relics from the perspective of their shifting meanings and multiple uses as ritual objects, offerings, gifts, and commodities. Charting the parallel displacements of objects and people during the Polish-Ottoman wars of 1672–1699, I argue that the mutability of the relics shaped the refugees’ attempts to deal with the conflicting social obligations and economic pressures of exile. Drawing on the church inventories and trial records of the Armenian communities in Poland-Lithuania, this essay offers a wider analytical framework with which to approach the problems of migration, displacement, and collective possessions in the early modern world.
Possession Amnesia
Authors: Tibbs Clint 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The occurrence of possession amnesia—memory loss subsequent to the cessation of possession by a spirit—is chronicled in Akkadian, Greek, early Jewish, and Christian literature. Anthropologists have collected data that witness to the same phenomenon occurring in indigenous cultures. Anthropologists have argued that patterns of experience with certain inexplicable phenomena, such as with spirits, may provide clues for evidence of their existence. This article discusses patterns of possession amnesia that occur cross-culturally and transhistorically as possible evidential support for the existence of spirits.
Four Early Christian Documents from Egypt Regarding Prayer to the Holy Spirit
Authors: Paschke Boris 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thus far, the topic of early Christian prayer to the Holy Spirit has not received much scholarly attention. Only a few studies are available that present relevant primary sources (Tertullian, De baptismo 8; Origen, Hom. Lev. I 1; Acts of John 94 and 96; Acts of Thomas 27 and 50; Phōs Hilaron). This article discusses four documents from ancient Egypt that are absent from these studies. The apocryphal writing The Ascension of Isaiah (5:14) is a witness to second-century early Christian (and perhaps also first-century Jewish) prayer to the Holy Spirit. Clement of Alexandria’s Pedagogue (3.12.101.1–2) dates from around 190 CE and provides very early evidence for liturgical prayer of thanksgiving addressed to the entire Trinity, with express reference to the Holy Spirit. The Apostolic Tradition dates from approximately the same time and contains several references to laudatory (eucharistic) prayers to the Trinity. In spite of its similar wording, the Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1786 from the late third century CE is probably not to be considered a witness to praying to the Holy Spirit.
“Two-Stage” Spirit Reception in the Writings of Paul
Authors: Baker Daniel J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In his 2017 article, “Subsequence in the Pauline Epistles,” Robert Menzies asked, “Is the pentecostal doctrine of subsequence compatible with Paul’s pneumatological perspective?” His answer was yes, based especially on 2 Timothy 1:6–7 and Romans 1:11. However, he notes, “most scholars” reject this position. Building on 1 Corinthians 12:13 and a perceived absence of Spirit reception in Paul’s epistles, these authors would agree with D.A. Carson that “Paul stands positively against” seeing Spirit baptism as “a post-conversion enduement of the Spirit to be pursued by each believer.”1 This article takes up Menzies’ question and builds on his work. It begins with a summary of his article, investigates whether 1 Corinthians 12:13 contradicts a “two-stage” model of Spirit reception, and then examines nine Pauline texts that add more support to Menzies’ proposal. The findings are summarized at the end.
Economy and Modern Christian Thought
Authors: Singh Devin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This work presents key features of the engagement of Christian theology, ethics, and related disciplines with the market and economic concerns. It surveys ways that the dialogue has been approached and invites new models and frameworks for the conversation. It contends that economy and Christian thought have long been interconnected, and recounts aspects of this relationship and why it matters for how one might engage the economy ethically and theologically. Finally, it highlights a number of sites of emerging research that are in need of development in light of pressing social, political, economic, and conceptual issues raised by modern life, including money, debt, racial capital, social reproduction, corporations, and cryptocurrency.
The Transnational Dimension of Data Protection
Authors: De Gregorio Giovanni 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article aims to analyse how the consolidation of the European constitutional system of privacy and personal data has contributed to building a transnational model in the digital age. By adopting a comparative perspective, this work aims to underline how the European approach has created bridges across the Atlantic, providing an opportunity to examine different expressions of digital constitutionalism. The first part underlines the consolidation of the protection of personal data in the European constitutional framework. The second part analyses the extension of the European model across the Atlantic, looking at the extraterritoriality, global delisting, and transfer of data. The third part examines the transatlantic challenges for constitutional democracies as global regulators in the algorithmic society.
Unjustified Interruption of the Taking Evidence by the Court of Origin as a Ground to Refuse Cross-Border Enforcement Under the Brussels I Rules
Authors: Dominelli Stefano 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The contribution examines a recent decision by the Italian Corte di Cassazione rendered in matters of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments issued in other European Union Member States. By analysing the reasoning of the Italian Corte di Cassazione in the application of the public policy test as a ground to refuse enforcement in Italy of a Polish ruling, the Corte di Cassazione’s methodological approaches are scrutinised against the background of the founding principles of mutual trust and free movement of decisions in the European judicial space. The conclusions of the Italian Corte di Cassazione are supported as it emerges from the commented decision that the public policy exception is applied in such a way to avoid an application that would go beyond its scope and purpose. More specifically, the circumstance a foreign decision has been adopted without an evidence being taken has not been considered to be in violation of a general substantive “right to evidence,” whilst it has been deemed that, in relevant fields of life, the lack of taking of an evidence already admitted to trial by the court of origin does constitute a breach of a (constitutionally protected) procedural fair trial in Italy.
Characteristics of Temperature and Humidity Inversions Based on High-Resolution Radiosonde Observations at Three Arctic Stations
Authors: Zhang Yehui , Zhang Birong , Yang Na 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Global Climate Observing System Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) with high-vertical-resolution radiosonde data at three Arctic stations and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis data (ERA5) were used to investigate the characteristics of multiple temperature inversions (TI) and humidity inversions (HI) in this study. It is found that surface-based inversion (SBI) at two coastal stations exists throughout the whole year, mainly due to the surface cooling in cold months, advection warm months, and the orography of the stations. The seasonal variation of surfaced-based HI (SBHI) frequency is similar to that of SBI, and its intensity is greater in summer because of the larger air moisture content. The frequency of the first elevated TI (EI1) and HI (EHI1) are both higher than that of the surface-based ones. The second elevated TI/HI layer (EI2/EHI2) is shallower and weaker than that of the EI1/EHI1. At two coastal stations, EI1 caused by warm advection is thicker and stronger than that caused by subsidence. At the station farther from the coast, EI1 caused by subsidence is higher, thinner, and stronger. The top height and depth of the EHI2 both show seasonal variations, with larger values in the cold months. EHI1 tends to be formed by the TI, whereas EHI2 is dominant by humidity advection at all studied stations. HI under the influence of TI is usually thicker and stronger than that formed by humidity advection. The coexistence of EI and EHI is the most frequent inversion structure at these stations.
Primary Open Latarjet Procedure Results in Functional Differences but No Structural Changes in Subscapularis Muscle Quality vs the Healthy Contralateral Shoulder at Long-term Follow-up
Authors: Ernstbrunner Lukas , Waltenspül Manuel , Suter Cyrill , El-Nashar Rany , Scherr Johannes , Wieser Karl 
Published: March 2022

Background: There are concerns that the Latarjet procedure results in loss of glenohumeral rotation and strength and in subscapularis dysfunction. The long-term effects of this procedure on subscapularis quality, glenohumeral rotation, and strength are unknown. Purpose/Hypothesis: To analyze the long-term effect of the primary open Latarjet procedure using a muscle-splitting approach on internal and external rotation and strength, as well as subscapularis muscle quality as compared with the healthy contralateral side. We hypothesized that the primary open Latarjet procedure is associated with a reduction of long-term shoulder strength and function and decreased subscapularis quality. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 42 patients who underwent a primary open Latarjet procedure for recurrent anterior shoulder instability at a mean age of 26 years (range, 18-36) were reviewed after a mean follow-up of 8.4 years (range, 5-12). The subscapularis muscle volume and fat fraction of both shoulders were assessed. Bilateral active internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER), as well as IR and ER strength, were assessed by isokinetic testing (concentric, eccentric, and fatigability). Results: Active IR (0.6-point difference, P < .001) and ER (4° difference, P = .010) were significantly greater in healthy contralateral shoulders. The IR strength of the operated shoulder was significantly less than that of the healthy shoulder in concentric and eccentric testing (range of deficit, 4%-6%; P < .05). Also, the ER strength of the operated shoulder was significantly less than that of the healthy shoulder in concentric testing (11% deficit, P < .05). Subscapularis muscle volume was significantly greater in the operated shoulder (4% difference, P = .022), and there was no significant difference in fat fraction ( P = .114). Conclusions: The primary open Latarjet procedure was associated with significantly decreased active IR and ER and strength when compared with the healthy contralateral shoulder. The clinical influence of these findings is yet to be defined. There was no increased subscapularis muscle fatty degeneration but a minimal hypertrophy on the operated side at long-term follow-up.