bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug concentration at the site of disease in children with pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Lopez-Varela Elisa , Abulfathi Ahmed A. , Strydom Natasha , Goussard Pierre , van Wyk Abraham C. , Demers Anne Marie , Deventer Anneen Van , Garcia-Prats Anthony J. , van der Merwe Johannes , Zimmerman Matthew , Carter Claire L. , Janson Jacques , Morrison Julie , Reuter Helmuth , Decloedt Eric H. , Seddon James A. , Svensson Elin M. , Warren Rob , Savic Radojka M. , Dartois Véronique , Hesseling Anneke C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Current TB treatment for children is not optimized to provide adequate drug levels in TB lesions. Dose optimization of first-line antituberculosis drugs to increase exposure at the site of disease could facilitate more optimal treatment and future treatment-shortening strategies across the disease spectrum in children with pulmonary TB.

Objectives
To determine the concentrations of first-line antituberculosis drugs at the site of disease in children with intrathoracic TB.

Methods
We quantified drug concentrations in tissue samples from 13 children, median age 8.6 months, with complicated forms of pulmonary TB requiring bronchoscopy or transthoracic surgical lymph node decompression in a tertiary hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Pharmacokinetic models were used to describe drug penetration characteristics and to simulate concentration profiles for bronchoalveolar lavage, homogenized lymph nodes, and cellular and necrotic lymph node lesions.

Results
Isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide showed lower penetration in most lymph node areas compared with plasma, while ethambutol accumulated in tissue. None of the drugs studied was able to reach target concentration in necrotic lesions.

Conclusions
Despite similar penetration characteristics compared with adults, low plasma exposures in children led to low site of disease exposures for all drugs except for isoniazid.
A video-based SlowFastMTB model for detection of small amounts of smoke from incipient forest fires
Authors: Choi Minseok , Kim Chungeon , Oh Hyunseok 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis paper proposes a video-based SlowFast model that combines the SlowFast deep learning model with a new boundary box annotation algorithm. The new algorithm, namely the MTB (i.e., the ratio of the number of Moving object pixels To the number of Bounding box pixels) algorithm, is devised to automatically annotate the bounding box that includes the smoke with fuzzy boundaries. The model parameters of the MTB algorithm are examined by multifactor analysis of variance. To demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach, a case study is provided that examines real video clips of incipient forest fires with small amounts of smoke. The performance of the proposed approach is compared with those of existing deep learning models, including convolutional neural network (CNN), faster region-based CNN (faster R-CNN), and SlowFast. It is demonstrated that the proposed approach achieves enhanced detection accuracy, while reducing false negative rates.
Inversion of horizontal in situ stress field based on wide-azimuth seismic data
Authors: Yang Jingyang , Zhang Fanchang , Li Chuanhui 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In situ stress is a significant rock mechanics parameter, which is widely used in many aspects of the petroleum industry. Horizontal in situ stress is an important part of in situ stress. Hence, how to obtain accurate information as to horizontal stress can vary with azimuth has been widely explored. A new prediction method for in situ stress on a horizontal plane is proposed here. This new method analyses the relationship between seismic data, fracture orientation and a horizontal in situ stress field. Through a series of actual data, it is found that azimuth seismic data and azimuth elastic modulus can effectively point out the direction of the horizontal stress. Meanwhile, the magnitude of horizontal stress is shown to be closely related to a combination of rock elastic modulus and seismic amplitude according to a further analysis of log and wide-azimuth seismic data. Under this premise, an objective function of horizontal in situ stress field inversion using azimuth seismic data is established. Finally, the inversion of a horizontal in situ stress field based on wide-azimuth seismic data is realized. This inversion method can simultaneously invert the maximum horizontal stress, minimum horizontal stress and their orientations, which optimizes the prediction process of a horizontal in situ stress field and establish a new method for the prediction of horizontal in situ stress fields. The application of actual data also verifies the prediction accuracy of this method.
Nutritive Value of Wheat Bran Diets Supplemented With Fresh Carrots and Wet Brewers’ Grains in Yellow Mealworm
Authors: Fasce B , Ródenas L , López M C , Moya V J , Pascual J J , Cambra-López M 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We evaluated the effect of supplementation of a wheat bran (WB) diet with fresh carrots (FC) or wet brewer’s grains (WBG) on the growth performance and chemical composition of Tenebrio molitor larvae. Additionally, a digestibility trial was performed to determine the nutritional value of the raw materials used. The control diet was based on WB-only. Two other diets were formulated in which WB was supplemented with FC (FC diet) or with WBG (WBG diet). The experiment was conducted in trays (12 per treatment) and lasted 90 d. Larval weight, feed intake, and excreted feces were controlled in each tray the experiment. The digestibility trial was performed from 48 to 62 d post-hatch. Results showed digestibility coefficients of ashes, crude protein, and gross energy were significantly higher in FC diet compared with the other diets. Consequently, both digestible energy (DE) and digestible protein (DP) contents of FC were also significantly higher than those obtained for WB and WBG diets (on av. +1.12 megajoule [MJ] DE and +9.15 g DP per kg dry matter [DM]; P &lt; 0.003). Mealworms fed FC diet showed significantly higher final weight and average daily gain than those fed the WBG diet (+12.4%), being higher in WBG than in WB diet (+3.5%). Dietary treatment did not affect DM, ashes, ether extract, and crude protein content of mealworms obtained. Some dietary effects on amino acid and fatty acid composition were observed. This study provides novel data and a unique experimental approach to assess the nutritional value of raw materials in mealworms.
Medial Gap: A Structural Factor at the Arterial Bifurcation Aggravating Hemodynamic Insult
Authors: Chen Bo , Tao Wengui , Li Shifu , Zeng Ming , Zhang Liyang , Huang Zheng , Chen Fenghua 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have reported that intracranial aneurysms frequently occur adjacent to the medial gap. However, the role of the medial gap in aneurysm formation is controversial. We designed this study to explore the potential role of the medial gap in aneurysm formation. Widened artery bifurcations with or without medial gaps were microsurgically created and pathologically stained in the carotid arteries of 30 rats. Numerical artery bifurcation models were constructed, and bidirectional fluid-solid interaction analyses were performed. Animal experiments showed that the apexes of widened bifurcations with a medial gap were prone to being insulted by blood flow compared to those without a medial gap. The bidirectional fluid-solid interaction analyses indicated that artery bifurcations with the medial gap exhibited higher wall shear stress (WSS) and von Mises stress (VMS) at the apex of the bifurcation. The disparity of stress between the gap and no-gap model was larger for widened bifurcations, peaking at 180° with a maximum of 1.9 folds. The maximum VMS and relatively high WSS were located at the junction between the medial gap and the adjacent arterial wall. Our results suggest that the medial gap at the widened arterial bifurcation may promote aneurysm formation.
Bad for business: the construction of modern slavery and the reconfiguration of sovereignty
Authors: Fudge Judy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Although the UN calls on governments to end modern slavery, Walk Free, a private foundation connected to the faith-based abolitionist movement, leads the private-public network to eliminate slavery from transnational supply chains. Examining the network’s governance techniques reveals how scale and governance are reconfiguring sovereignty beyond the territory of the nation state and aligning it with neoliberal governmentality.
Digital emotivescapes: Everyday media practices of Sahrawi refugee diasporic women in Spain and Mauritania
Authors: Almenara-Niebla Silvia 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article evaluates the concept of ‘emotivescapes’ as a way of addressing digitally emotional processes of belonging among conflict-generated diasporas. It examines the empirical potential of the concept based on the Sahrawi refugee diaspora in Spain and Mauritania and the connection of its members with their ‘home-camps’ in Algeria. To this end, the article explores everyday digital media practices that reveal the circulation of emotions among the Sahrawi community outside of the refugee camps at the intersection of intimate, community, and national spheres. The research focuses on the experiences of 32 women, considers Sahrawi gender roles, and argues for enriching emotional debates in the diaspora space. The findings demonstrate how female media practices in protracted situations of displacement are negotiated through emotional attachments in not only direct social interactions but also memories and imaginations that are reformulated from the intimate to the national levels.
Creating a Process for the Implementation of Tiered Huddles in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Authors: Merchant Naseema B , O’Neal Jessica , Montoya Alfred , Cox Gerard R , Murray John S 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
In 2019, the Veteran’s Health Administration began its journey in pursuit of becoming an enterprise-wide High Reliability Organization (HRO). Improving the delivery of safe, high quality patient care is a central focus of HROs. Requisite to meeting this goal is the timely identification and resolution of problems. This is best achieved by empowering and engaging both clinical and non-clinical staff across the healthcare organization through the promotion of robust collaboration and communication between various disciplines. Improved care coordination and increased accountability are two important subsequent outcomes. One method for accomplishing this is through the implementation of tiered huddles.

Materials and Methods
An extensive review of the current literature from 2013 until June 2021 was conducted for evidence highlighting the experiences of other healthcare organizations during implementation of huddles. Following the review, a tiered huddle proposal was developed and presented to the executive leadership team of a healthcare system for approval. Pilot testing of the tiered huddle implementation plan began in October 2021 over a 12-week period with three services. On average, the pilot services had between three to four tiers from frontline staff to the executive level of leadership.

Results
Over the 12-week period, out of the possible 120 tiered huddles that could have been conducted, 68% (n = 81) were completed. Of the tiered huddles conducted, 99% (n = 80) started and ended on time. During the pilot test, seven issues were identified by frontline staff: coordination of pre-procedural coronavirus testing, equipment/computer issues, rooms out of service, staffing levels, and lack of responsiveness from other departments. Issues related to staffing, unresponsiveness from other departments, and equipment concerns required elevation to a higher-level tier with no issues remaining open. Delays in patient care, or prolongation of shift hours for staff because of tiered huddles, was low at 2.5% (n = 2). For the duration of the pilot test, a total of 75 minutes accounted for shifts being extended among five staff members.

Conclusions
The success of this initiative demonstrates the importance of thoughtfully creating a robust process when planning for the implementation of tiered huddles. The findings from this initiative will be of immense value with the implementation of tiered huddles across our healthcare system. We believe that this approach can be used by other healthcare institutions along their journey to improving patient safety and quality.
Downwards Propriety in Epistemic Utility Theory
Authors: Pérez Carballo Alejandro 
Published: March 2022

AbstractEpistemic utility theory is often identified with the project of axiology-first epistemology—the project of vindicating norms of epistemic rationality purely in terms of epistemic value. One of the central goals of axiology-first epistemology is to provide a justification of the central norm of Bayesian epistemology, Probabilism. The first part of this paper presents a new challenge to axiology-first epistemology: I argue that in order to justify Probabilism in purely axiological terms, proponents of axiology-first epistemology need to justify a much stronger claim about epistemic value—what I label ‘Downwards Propriety’—than any they have offered a justification for. The second part of this paper offers an argument that this challenge cannot be met given a purely accuracy-based account of epistemic value: that there is no hope for providing a purely axiological justification of Downwards Propriety if accuracy is the fundamental source of epistemic value.
The VMC survey – XLVI. Stellar proper motions in the centre of the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Niederhofer Florian , Cioni Maria-Rosa L , Schmidt Thomas , Bekki Kenji , de Grijs Richard , Ivanov Valentin D , Oliveira Joana M , Ripepi Vincenzo , Subramanian Smitha , van Loon Jacco Th 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
We present proper motion (PM) measurements within the central region of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), using near-infrared data from the VISTA survey of the Magellanic Cloud system (VMC). This work encompasses 18 VMC tiles covering a total sky area of ∼28 deg2. We computed absolute stellar PMs from multiepoch observations in the Ks filter over time baselines between ∼12 and 47 months. Our final catalogue contains ∼6322 000 likely LMC member stars with derived PMs. We employed a simple flat-rotating disc model to analyse and interpret the PM data. We found a stellar centre of rotation ($\alpha _{0} = 79.95^{\circ }\,^{+0.22}_{-0.23}$, $\delta _0 = -69.31^{\circ }\,^{+0.12}_{-0.11}$) that is in agreement with that resulting from Hubble Space Telescope data. The inferred viewing angles of the LMC disc ($i=33.5^{\circ }\,^{+1.2}_{-1.3}$, $\Theta =129.8^{\circ }\,^{+1.9}_{-1.9}$) are in good agreement with values from the literature but suggest a higher inclination of the central parts of the LMC. Our data confirm a higher rotation amplitude for the young (≲0.5 Gyr) stars compared to the intermediate-age/old (≳1 Gyr) population, which can be explained by asymmetric drift. We constructed spatially resolved velocity maps of the intermediate-age/old and young populations. Intermediate-age/old stars follow elongated orbits parallel to the bar’s major axis, providing first observational evidence for x1 orbits within the LMC bar. In the innermost regions, the motions show more chaotic structures. Young stars show motions along a central filamentary bar structure.
Mechanical feedback from stellar winds with an application to galaxy formation at high redshift
Authors: Fichtner Yvonne A , Grassitelli Luca , Romano-Díaz Emilio , Porciani Cristiano 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
We compute different sets of stellar evolutionary tracks in order to quantify the energy, mass, and metals yielded by massive main-sequence and post-main-sequence winds. Our aim is to investigate the impact of binary systems and of a metallicity-dependent distribution of initial rotational velocities on the feedback by stellar winds. We find significant changes compared to the commonly used non-rotating, single-star scenario. The largest differences are noticeable at low metallicity, where the mechanical-energy budget is substantially increased. So as to establish the maximal (i.e. obtained by neglecting dissipation in the near circumstellar environment) influence of winds on the early stages of galaxy formation, we use our new feedback estimates to simulate the formation and evolution of a sub-L* galaxy at redshift 3 (hosted by a dark-matter halo with a mass of 1.8 × 1011 M⊙) and compare the outcome with simulations in which only supernova (SN) feedback is considered. Accounting for the continuous energy injection by winds reduces the total stellar mass, the metal content, and the burstiness of the star-formation rate as well as of the outflowing gas mass. However, our numerical experiment suggests that the enhanced mechanical feedback from the winds of rotating and binary stars has a limited impact on the most relevant galactic properties compared to the non-rotating single-star scenario. Eventually, we look at the relative abundance between the metals entrained in winds and those ejected by SNe and find that it stays nearly constant within the simulated galaxy and its surrounding halo.
Implementing FCTC Article 17 Through Participatory Research With Bidi Workers in Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Russell Andrew , Chandra P , Robson Mary , Narayanan Pradeep , Joseph Stanley , Mukherjee Pavan , Aghi Mira , Otañez Marty , Dutta Madhumita , Bhojani Upendra , Pathak Prishanti , John Sushil 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction
The exploitation, poor conditions, and precarity in the bidi (hand-rolled leaf cigarette) industry in India make it ripe for the application of the FCTC’s Article 17, “Provision of support for economically viable alternative activities”. “Bottom-up”, participatory approaches give scope to explore bidi rollers’ own circumstances, experiences, and aspirations.

Methods
A team of six community health volunteers using a participatory research orientation developed a questionnaire-based semi-structured interview tool. Forty-six bidi rolling women were interviewed by pairs of volunteers in two northern Tamil Nadu cities. Two follow-up focus groups were also held. A panel of 11 bidi rollers attended a workshop at which the findings from the interviews and focus groups were presented, further significant points were made and possible alternatives to bidi rolling were discussed.

Results
Bidi workers are aware of the adverse impact of their occupation on them and their families, as well as the major risks posed by the product itself for the health of consumers. However, they need alternative livelihoods that offer equivalent remuneration, convenience, and (in some cases) dignity. Alternative livelihoods, and campaigns for better rights for bidi workers while they remain in the industry, serve to undercut industry arguments against tobacco control. Responses need to be diverse and specific to local situations, i.e. “bottom-up” as much as “top-down”, which can make the issue of scaling up problematic.

Conclusion
Participatory approaches involving bidi workers themselves in discussions about their circumstances and aspirations have opened up new possibilities for alternative livelihoods to tobacco.

Implications
Progress with the FCTC’s Article 17 has generally been slow and has focussed on tobacco cultivation rather than later stages in the production process. The bidi industry in India is ripe for the application of an alternative livelihoods approach. This study is one of the first to use participatory methods to investigate the circumstances, experiences, and aspirations of bidi workers themselves.
Overcoming Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Resistance for a More Rational Therapeutic Approach
Authors: Kullar Ravina , Wenzler Eric , Alexander Jose , Goldstein Ellie J C 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an underappreciated source of morbidity and mortality among gram-negative pathogens. Effective treatment options with acceptable toxicity profiles are limited. Phenotypic susceptibility testing via commercial automated test systems is problematic and no Food and Drug Administration breakpoints are approved for any of the first-line treatment options for S maltophilia. The lack of modern pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data for many agents impedes dose optimization, and the lack of robust efficacy and safety data limits their clinical utility. Levofloxacin has demonstrated similar efficacy to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, although rapid development of resistance is a concern. Minocycline demonstrates the highest rate of in vitro susceptibility, however, evidence to support its clinical use are scant. Novel agents such as cefiderocol have exhibited promising activity in preclinical investigations, though additional outcomes data are needed to determine its place in therapy for S maltophilia. Combination therapy is often employed despite the dearth of adequate supporting data.
What is the Role of Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Diagnosis of Melioidosis?
Authors: Currie Bart J , Woerle Celeste , Mayo Mark , Meumann Ella M , Baird Robert W 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Culture of Burkholderia pseudomallei remains the gold standard for diagnosis of melioidosis but is not possible in many resource-limited settings where melioidosis is endemic. Direct identification of B. pseudomallei antigen in clinical samples has been developed using a lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) targeting B. pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide.

Methods
We summarized the findings from the 8 studies to date of the Active Melioidosis Detect (AMD) LFA and compared these with our results from 232 patients with culture-confirmed melioidosis. We have also optimized the methodology for testing different clinical samples.

Results
Sensitivity and specificity for different samples were broadly similar in our study to those published from Thailand, India, Laos, and Malaysia. One hundred thirty of 232 (56%) of our melioidosis patients were positive on 1 or more AMD tests: 27% for serum (rising to 39% in those with bacteremic melioidosis and 68% in those with septic shock), 63% for urine (72% in bacteremic melioidosis and 90% in septic shock), 85% in sputum that was culture positive, and 83% in pus that was culture positive. Heating sputum and pus samples increased sensitivity. Faint false-positive urine bands seen on earlier AMD versions were not seen when retested using the most recent version, AMD-Plus.

Conclusions
While the sensitivity of melioidosis LFA is low overall for blood samples, there is potential for use as a rapid diagnostic: testing serum and urine from those with severe sepsis who may have melioidosis and testing sputum and pus samples from clinically relevant scenarios. Prospective studies of patients with sepsis and other clinical presentations resembling melioidosis are required to ascertain if the specificity of AMD-PLUS is adequate to enable diagnosis of melioidosis with a high positive predictive value.