bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Editorial
Authors: Dudek Debra , Ommundsen Wenche 
Published: January 2022

Building cultural citizenship: Multiculturalism and children’s literature
In his influential book White Nation: Fantasies of White Supremacy in a Multicultural Society (1998), Ghassan Hage compares different versions of multiculturalism using an example from a children’s book, The Stew that Grew by Michael and rhonda Gray. the book presents an allegory of Australian cultural diversity: the ‘eureka stew’ which features ingredients brought by all the ethnic groups that make up the Australian nation. According to Hage, it is an allegory fraught with ideological paradox: ‘far from celebrating cultural diversity – or rather, in the process of so doing,’ the book actually embodies ‘a White nation fantasy in which White Australians...enact...their capacity to manage this diversity.’ (p.119) He explains that although the stew is presented as the palatable blend of all the cultural influences which went into its making, it is not a mix where all cultures are equal: the Anglo character Blue is in charge of the cooking throughout; the ‘ethnics’ are reduced to the function of adding flavour.
Haunted by Humans: Inverting the Reality of the Holocaust in Markus Zusak’s The Book Thief
Authors: Yarova Aliona 
Published: January 2022

Inversion in The Book ThiefIn Gabriel García Márquez’s A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings a strange angel-like man appears in the human world. A different kind of other-worldly visitor features in Markus Zusak’s The Book Thief 1. In this text it is Death who takes a journey into the hellish realms of Nazi Germany to discover the humanity of the humans who were dehumanised in the Holocaust. The Book Thief is the story of a nine-year-old Liesel Meminger who lives in Germany during the escalation of World War II. The novel has several levels of the plot development: Liesel’s life during war; her relationships with her foster parents Hans and Rosa, the other residents of their neighbourhood, and a Jewish fist-fighter Max, who avoids deportation by hiding in her home; Liesel’s book thievery (as the title suggests) and the power of storytelling. The novel is set in a realistically depicted German town and could belong to the genre of historical realism were it not that Liesel’s story is narrated by the other-worldly character: Death. Death is the only unreal character in this otherwise realistic novel, and though he does not interact with real human characters, we see all the events through his eyes. This ‘magical’ narrator unveils a broader history of the war and the Holocaust by questioning: What is real? What is normal? What is humane? The inversion enables Zusak to present horror that would otherwise be too complex to grasp. As Hegerfeldt comments: ‘The world is an absurd place where [...] anything is more believable than the truth. Magic realist fiction proposes that such a topsy-turvy reality requires a similarly inverted approach’ (Hegerfeldt 2005, p. 339).
Contemporary History: First Nation Australian Representations in Nanberry: Black Brother White
Authors: Stanton Sophie 
Published: January 2022

Representations of First Nation Australian and Torres Strait Islanders (First Nation Australians) in children’s literature have gone through many changes since the first literature for children published in the late 1800s. These representations often conformed to and perpetuated negative stereotypes that have changed with the social and political landscape. Given the degree of cultural investment in children’s and young adult literature it is important to work towards a landscape in which negative stereotypes give way to representations reflecting deeper inter-cultural understandings. In this context, the analysis of contemporary texts representing First Nation Australians has an important role to play.
This paper analyses Nanberry: black brother white by Jackie French, published in 2011. Nanberry is of interest as it is a contemporary, critically-acclaimed young adult novel. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the representations of the First Nation Australian characters in the novel with reference to analytical frameworks put forward by Bradford (2001) and Lucashenko (2000/2009).
Nanberry introduces alternative narratives about the colonisation of Australia and its impacts by using artistic licence, by the adoption of First Nation Australian perspectives and also the perspectives of other historical figures of whom little to no primary evidence of their lives survives to the present day. Nanberry balances historical research with artistic licence and has an implied young, modern day readership. The intersection of these three factors, has resulted in conflict and incongruities between the characters, the plot and even the cover image. This paper argues that these incongruities and conflicts are highly problematic in relation to the representation of First Nation Australian experience.
No Traveller Returns: The Liminal World as Ordeal and Quest in Contemporary Young Adult Afterlife Fiction
Authors: Masson Sophie 
Published: January 2022

In recent years, fiction specifically set in or about the afterlife has become a popular, critically acclaimed subgenre within contemporary fiction for young adults. One of the distinguishing aspects of young adult afterlife fiction is its detailed portrayal of an alien afterworld in which characters find themselves. Whilst reminiscent of the world-building of high or quest fantasy, afterworlds in young adult afterlife fiction have a distinctively different quality, and that is an emphasis on liminality. Afterlife landscapes exhibit many strange, treacherous qualities. They are never quite what they seem, and this sense of a continually shifting multiplicity is part of the destabilisation experienced by the characters in the liminal world of the afterlife. Inspired by traditional but diverse images of afterlife, afterworld settings also incorporate aspects of dream-space as well as of the real, material world left behind by the characters. The uncanny world of the dead is not just background in these novels, but crucial to the development of narrative and character.
In this paper, it is argued that the concept of liminal place is at the core of the central ordeal and quest of characters in young adult afterlife fiction. It explores how authors have constructed the individual settings of their fictional afterworlds and examines the significance of the liminal nature of the afterworlds depicted in young adult afterlife fiction.
Look Who’s Talking – Quantifying the Lasting Effects of Fracture-Driven Interactions
Authors: Senters Chad , Harper Rachel , Jayakumar Swathika , Leonard Dick , Warren Mark , Woodroof Robert 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Fracture-driven interactions (FDI’s) occur on most modern drilling and completion programs. These well-to-well interactions can be of benefit, but it is often difficult to quantify the lasting effects of these interactions and benchmark it for comparison.
The approach for quantifying the effects of fracture-driven interactions in this paper is to compare the magnitude and duration of communication events identified by chemical tracers for wells in a specific basin. Metrics are established to compare communication between projects to determine the effects of "common contributors" to significant fracture-driven interactions. The common contributors compared in this paper are well spacing, depletion effects from prior production, perforation cluster design, geologic features, and stimulation treatment design.
A "Communication Intensity" metric (CI) is established to quantify the amount of communication taking place on a particular pad or project. This is computed for hundreds of projects across a basin or multiple basins. The CI is used as a performance indicator to compare current project-level communication to area or basin-level benchmarks. Case histories are presented in this paper that utilize the CI metric to determine the effects of common contributors of well communication to established basin benchmarks. In addition to project-level communication, localized (well-level) communication events are investigated to determine the cause of the individual event and if any preventative or mitigative strategy could have been applied in the job design or execution phase.
Few if any industry benchmarks are available to compare the immediate, intermittent, and lasting effects of fracture-driven interactions (FDI’s) on a project or well level. The results of this paper outline a process for comparing projects to optimize well spacing and fracturing treatment design, as well as reflect on known and unknown features contributing to significant interactions.
An Investigation of Candidate Mechanisms for Hydraulic Fracture Swarming through High-Fidelity Numerical Modeling
Authors: Joseph Morris , Fu Pengcheng , Sherman Christopher , Wu Hui , Huang Jixiang , Fu Wei 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Many have attributed the success of hydraulic fracturing in unconventionals to the development of increased reservoir contact area through complex fracture networks with significant shear-enhancement of flow on preexisting natural fractures. Core samples recovered in recent field experiments have revealed large numbers of subparallel hydraulic fractures (swarms) that provide an alternative explanation for the enhanced stimulated surface area. We argue that understanding the mechanisms behind the development of this stimulated surface area is key to optimizing the stimulation of unconventional resources. We investigate potential phenomena that could lead to fracture swarming. First, we consider whether "swarming" is indeed a correct term. We show that the null hypothesis that the hydraulic fractures are actually randomly placed cannot be rejected with significant confidence. We next investigate several mechanical explanations for the genesis of closely-spaced fractures (branching, poromechanics, variations in situ stress orientation, and near wellbore effects associated with perforations). Our analysis eliminated all mechanisms other than near wellbore effects to be the primary cause for the observed closely spaced hydraulic fractures.
A First Step for Fracturing: Successful Real Time Brain Calibration Lays the Foundation for Predicting Fracturing Outcomes
Authors: Karthik Mahadev , Andrea Kuesters , Andrew Czeropski , Yue Hu , Juan Vergara 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Fracturing utilizes significant heuristics and biases in their execution. A pressure history match, changing simulator inputs to match actual field test, is limited by rig time and capacity of a human brain. A virtual agent or brain can quickly iterate across small step sizes for a wide range of inputs to find optimal real time solutions. The ability to match pressures in real time will allow time and cost savings on minifrac tests and reverse outs. More importantly, the virtual brain can learn from past mistakes, get better over time (reinforcement learning), never forget past tests, and compare pressure signatures from vast historical data. This would be the foundational step for predictive ability on frac treatments that would eventually automate operational decision making. This also allows for consistent execution and serves as a design aid in service of building enduring capability for completion engineers.
This agile project is currently the only reinforcement learning/machine learning project that interfaces with the reservoir within Wells at bp. A reward function that uses root mean square error between the brain's prediction and actual field data is used as the basis to reward or punish the brain i.e., reinforcement learning. Blind training of the brain was utilized on several deployments in the field. This led to a better understanding of the data engineering requirements to feed real time data to the virtual machine. As a result of the deployment, two brains in series are being run, one for pad fluid and one for frac fluid with proppant. By obtaining a real time calibration with pad, the cost of diagnostic tests is eliminated. More importantly, the brain can significantly shorten the learning curve for new engineers and help avoid typical execution mistakes. Finally, the vast memory capacity of an agent and its ability to compare various pressure traces in short time frames can eventually be used for predictive ability as the technology matures.
This project is acknowledged as a groundbreaking project within bp and industry. The concept can be replicated at scale to various other petroleum engineering operations given the vast amount of historical data available in various disciplines.
Azimuthally Resolved Wellbore Strain Measurements: A Powerful New Fracture Diagnostics Method
Authors: Zheng Shuang , Elliott Brendan , Sharma Mukul 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we present a novel fracture diagnostic method to determine the geometry of multiple propagating fractures. The method relies on the measurement of the Azimuthally Resolved WEllbore Strain Tensor (ARWEST) as a function of time at multiple locations in an observation well.
A pad-scale fracturing simulator is used to simulate dynamic fracture propagation in a treatment well. The geometry of the monitoring wellbore is represented with a very fine (millimeter scale) computation mesh to capture the impact of the propagating fractures on the monitoring wellbore. The axial and radial strain at different locations along the wellbore is computed as a function of time as the fractures approach the observation wellbore. These measurements together with the wellbore pressure response are interpreted to obtain the height, length and width of the fractures as well as the cluster efficiency of the stage.
The emergence of peaks in the strain and pressure monitoring data clearly detects the arrival of each fracture. As the fracture approaches the monitoring well, the tensile strain measured within the wellbore in the axial direction increases, the compressive strain in the radial direction increases and the sealed wellbore pressure increases. As the fracture intersects the wellbore, the tensile strain in axial direction decreases and compressive strain in the radial direction decreases. The sealed wellbore pressure further increases. When the treatment is complete, both the magnitude of the monitored strain and pressure decrease. The major axis of the oval wellbore is oriented towards the tip of the propagating fracture. The wellbore ovality, therefore, provides a direct measure of the location of the fracture tip in 3-D. The results obtained from these azimuthal wellbore measurements can be interpreted with the aid of the simulations to provide a new low cost facture diagnostic method.
This new 3-D fracture diagnostics method allows us to infer (a) the location of the fracture front, (b) estimate the geometry (length, height, width) and (c) determine the cluster efficiency by monitoring the strain tensor as a function of time along an observation well. The results presented here will allow operators to integrate the measured casing strain tensor and the sealed wellbore pressure data. Such a diagnostic method opens the possibility of real-time fracture diagnostics and optimization.
Understanding the Hydraulic and Conductive Half Lengths in the Bakken/Three Forks Play – Coupling Sealed Wellbore Pressure Monitoring SWPM & Chow Pressure Group CPG
Authors: Ballinger Bradley , Green Brett , Vajjha Pavan , Haffener Jackson , Edwards Mark , Almasoodi Mouin , Haustveit Kyle 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In development of the Bakken/Three Forks play, it is crucial to obtain a strong understanding of not just the hydraulic fracture geometry, but also what portion of those hydraulic fractures are conductive. If both parameters and their interactions are not fully understood, then development of the play could be severely compromised due to unoptimized well spacing and completion design. This study represents a two-pronged approach to better understand this interaction. The first step was to perform a Sealed Wellbore Pressure Monitoring (SWPM) test to gain an understanding of hydraulic half-length (Haustveit. et al. 2020). Then, a conductive interference test was performed to utilize Chow Pressure Group (CPG) to understand the conductive half-length (Chu et al. 2018). This paper will address the results from these two tests and how they can be coupled together to optimize the unique relationship between well spacing and completion design to maximize the value in development of the Bakken/Three Forks play or any play both new and mature.
The SWPM test was successfully completed on a nine well zipper frac operation consisting of two pads (four well pad/five well pad) where four Middle Bakken and five Three Forks wells were stimulated. The SWPM results provided insight into the hydraulic fracture geometry of the stimulation in multiple scenarios of vertical and lateral separation, as well as various amounts of offsetting depletion. The next step in the analysis was performing a CPG interference test on the five well zipper pad. The CPG results provided insight into not just the initial conductive geometry, but a three month follow up test also showed how the conductivity of the fractures rapidly degrade over time. By coupling the SWPM and CPG analysis together, an operator can learn where hydraulic fractures are growing and what portion of those fractures are conductive. This project design of coupled SWPM and CPG provided multiple learnings:
Hydraulic fractures for a well in either the Middle Bakken or Three Forks grow through the Lower Bakken Shale and create large geometries in both the landing and staggered zone Hydraulic growth is faster and geometry larger growing towards modern completion parents versus vintage completion parents A relatively small portion of the hydraulic geometry is conductive, and although early time wells communicate through the Lower Bakken Shale, a 3-month interference test shows closure between the Three Forks and Middle Bakken.
From these learnings, an optimized development is being developed for the Bakken/Three Forks play and a similar workflow can be applied to any play both new or mature to maximize value and returns for operators.
A New Crack Propagation Algorithm That Enables Accurate Simulation of Propagation Across Thin Layers in a Practical Field-Scale Fracturing Model
Authors: Dontsov Egor , Hewson Christopher , McClure Mark 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We developed a propagation algorithm that enables accurate calculation of hydraulic fracture geometry, even in the presence of thin layers and with a relatively coarse crack mesh. Conventionally, hydraulic fracture simulators either add one element at a time (less accurate) or require constant remeshing (computationally expensive). Our new algorithm benefits from the simplicity of adding one element at a time, but does not compromise the accuracy. This is because the algorithm continuously tracks the position of the crack tip within each tip element. In addition, the continuous front tracking allows for the algorithm to account for varying rock properties within the element and to accurately simulate propagation across arbitrarily thin layers. The algorithm has been implemented in a commercial combined hydraulic fracturing and reservoir simulator. First, some mathematical foundations of the algorithm are outlined. Then, we perform basic validation simulations, showing that the algorithm can accurately solve standard benchmark solutions in the toughness and viscosity dominated regimes. Next, we simulate propagation of a single crack in a layered media with highly variable properties (e.g. stress or toughness) between layers. We perform sensitivity analysis to show that the algorithm retains accuracy, even if the mesh is coarsened considerably. The mesh coarsening leads to dramatically faster numerical simulations, relative to the corresponding fine mesh solutions. Finally, we apply the algorithm in a field-scale simulation of an actual pad-scale dataset. We show that the algorithm is capable of accurately reproducing the fracture geometry and, at the same time, retains practical computational times.
Optimizing Longitudinal Fracture Design for Horizontal Well Completions in Laminated Sandstone Reservoirs
Authors: Zhang Junjing , Zwarich Nola , Burton Robert , Carman Paul , Davis Eric , Nozaki Manabu , Buck Brian , Lewis Adam , Wendt Brett 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Horizontal wells with multi-stage longitudinal fractures have been widely used to develop low-to-moderate permeability sandstone formations in enhanced oil recovery schemes. A long-held misconception exists that high fracture conductivity is not essential to well productivity for longitudinal fractures in openhole completions because the pressure drop through the fracture is small due to the geometry. This study provides workflows to optimize longitudinal fracture design for horizontal well completions on the North Slope of Alaska and presents practical considerations that challenge this misconception.
Mechanical properties of core samples across the reservoir interval were evaluated by hardness-based strength calculators and tri-axial compression tests. Based on the rock strength profile, candidate intervals were selected for fracture conductivity measurements. Both summer (low salinity) and winter (high salinity) seawater based fracturing fluids were injected through the propped fracture cell containing both sandstone and mudstone lithologies. Numerical fracture models were built and matched to bottomhole pressures acquired during project appraisal well stimulations. Proppant concentration distribution along the fracture was generated for different design scenarios by varying proppant volume, proppant size, pump schedule, etc. The impact of various design scenarios on well production was also investigated.
Full alignment between the fracture plane and the wellbore results in the highest productivity for fractured horizontal wells with openhole completions. However, calculations demonstrate that even a few degrees of misalignment between horizontal well orientation and the maximum horizontal principal stress results in fracture deviation from the open hole. Due to flow along the fracture and convergence from the fracture to the wellbore, fracture conductivity dominates the pressure drop and completion skin factor for this geometry. Since actual fracture conductivities in wells on the North Slope of Alaska are not infinite, it is therefore inappropriate to use "infinitely-acting" fracture assumptions as has often been used historically for longitudinally fractured horizontal wells with openhole completions. Fracture conductivity tests show severe conductivity loss due to gel residue as well as mudstone and seawater interactions. Realistic discount factors for fracture conductivities in the targeted shallow sandstone-mudstone formations were developed for subsequent reservoir studies. Modeling results suggest that larger job sizes and bigger proppant are needed to achieve desirable skin factors and well inflow performance when the fracture becomes misaligned from the wellbore.