bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and Quality of Hinodegiri Azalea as Influenced by Isobutylidene Diurea, Urea, and Nitrapyrin
Authors: Nash M. A. , Wagner D. F. , Mazur A. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Extensive losses in N applied to container-grown woody ornamental plants prompted this investigation to determine a) leaching of N from urea (U) and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU); b) influence of nitrapyrin (NI), a nitrification inhibitor, on N leaching losses from U; and c) to evaluate influences of these materials on growth, quality, and N uptake by Rhododendron obtusum Lindl. cv. Hinodegiri. In root medium composed of 60 pine bark : 30 sand : 10 soil (by volume), 48.8% of applied N from U was leached after 87 days, whereas leachate losses of N from IBDU and U + NI were 42.3% and 37.2%, respectively. All plants attained marketable quality by the end of the study. Azaleas fertilized with IBDU were of significantly higher quality on days 70 and 77 than those treated with U + NI and higher quality on days 77, 84, and 87 than those treated with U. No differences were found in shoot dry weight or N content in shoot tissues.
Influence of Paclobutrazol on the Growth and Flowering of Camellia × Williamsii
Authors: Wilkinson R. I. , Richards D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plant height and lateral shoot growth of Camellia × Williamsii ‘Waterlily’ and ‘Debbie’ were controlled effectively by foliar sprays or media drenches of paclobutrazol. A single foliar application of 500 mg·liter–1 paclobutrazol reduced height of both cultivars by ≈30%, and plants were considered commercially acceptable. The response did not carry over into subsequent years. Some rates of paclobutrazol increased the total number of open flowers, but there was a varied effect on flower abscission. Paclobutrazol treatment could prove a useful technique for the commercial production of camellias for temporary use as indoor flowering pot plants before subsequent planting in the landscape. Chemical name used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol, ICI-PP333).
Capacity of Citrus Flowers to Supercool
Authors: Yelenosky G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Hamlin’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] flowers readily supercooled on young trees tested in a controlled-temperature room. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) determinations with thermocouples inserted into different flower parts indicated ice nucleation occurred from –3.8° to –6.1°C when flowers were attached to trees and from -8.1° to — 11.9°C when flowers were detached. Similar supercooling levels also were noted in ovaries and young leaves. Ice-nucleation-active (INA) bacteria apparently were not involved based on total bacteria counts and flower wash extracts sprayed on flowers. Supercooling of citrus flowers was comparable to flowers of deciduous fruit trees in temperate climate zones. Data indicate a degree of freeze avoidance not previously recognized in citrus reproduction organs.
Seedling Emergence Forces of Vegetable Crops
Authors: Taylor A. G. , Broeck C. W. Ten 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Individual seedling emergence forces were determined for nine vegetable crops with an universal testing instrument (Model TTCM Instron). The seed energy content also was calculated with an oxygen bomb calorimeter. Seed weights of the different crops were correlated with seedling forces and the seed energy content. The time required to achieve the maximum force varied among crops and the pressure exerted varied from 26 mN for table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) to 3400 mN for snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Equipment was developed to measure the combined seedling emergence forces of 50 seedlings. Snap bean seeds were sized into three groups: 200, 275, and 350 mg per seed. Total force, percent seedling emergence, force per seedling, pressure exerted, and energy content increased in a linear trend as seed size increased. An inverse relation existed between the capacity of seeds to use reserve materials and seed size. Small-sized seeds were more efficient in using reserve materials than large ones.
Path Analysis of Chrysanthemum Growth and Development
Authors: Karlsson M. G. , Pritts M. P. , Heins R. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plants of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) were grown under one of 25 irradiance and temperature combinations from start of short days to flower. Four phases of development were defined as 1) the start of short days to the appearance of 4-mm terminal flower buds (phase I), 2) appearance of 4-mm terminal flower buds to removal of lateral flower buds when the terminal flower bud was 7 to 8 mm (phase II), 3) removal of lateral flower buds to flower buds showing first color (phase III), and 4) flower buds showing color to flowering (phase IV). Path analysis was used to study the influence of development time and relative dry weight gain during each of these four phases on development time and relative dry weight gain of subsequent phases. Relative dry matter accumulation during phases I, II, III, and IV significantly influenced cumulative relative dry weight gain, with phase I having the greatest influence. Increasing relative dry weight gain during phase I had a significant negative effect on relative dry weight gain in phase II. Time within each phase significantly affected total time to flower. Under the constant environmental conditions of this experiment, time in one phase did not influence the length of time in later phases.
Electrolyte Leakage and Seed Quality in a Shrunken-2 Maize Selected for Improved Field Emergence
Authors: Tracy W. F. , Juvik John A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Acceptance of shrunken-2 (sh2) sweet corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids is limited by poor seed quality and seedling emergence, especially in cold soils. The conductivity of the electrolytes leached from imbibing seeds, a rapid measurement of seed quality, is highly correlated with field emergence among sweet corn hybrids. Our objective was to determine if conductivity is related to field emergence in a sh2 population that had undergone selection for improved field emergence for 10 cycles. The response of conductivity to indirect selection was linear, and the linear trend accounted for a large portion of the variation in conductivity (r2 = 0.70). Conductivity ranged from 82.0 dS·m–1 in cycle 0 to 35.3 dS·m–1 in cycle 8, with cycle 10 not differing from cycle 8. High conductivity indicates greater electrolyte leakage. At P ≤ 0.01, conductivity was negatively correlated with all seed performance ratings; field emergence (r = –0.82), plant height (r = –0.81), uniformity (r = –0.92), and relative emergence (r = –0.85).
Commercial Use of Long-term Storage of Lemon with Intermittent Warming
Authors: Cohen Eliahou 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Long-term storage of lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm] at 13°C for 3 months and longer resulted in a high incidence of rot. The remaining sound fruit became dry, overripe in color, and therefore unmarketable. Storage at < 10°C caused chilling injury, including internal membranosis, peel pitting, and changes in juice composition (4). Intermittent warming for 7 days at 13° following 21 days at 2° eliminated chilling injury development in ‘Eureka’ and ‘Villa franca’ lemon, limons could be kept in storage for 6 months or longer and retain their marketing quality without chilling injury (5). Herein are presented the results of 2 years of commercial use of long-term storage of lemons at suboptimal temperature with intermittent warming.
An Inexpensive, Pocket-size Meter for Measuring Growing Media pH
Authors: Hershey David R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The pH of a plant growing medium is a major determinant of nutrient availability and plant growth (1), so monitoring the pH of growing media is an important management practice. The pH of growing media can be measured colorimetrically with test papers or indicator solutions (2, 4) or potentiometrically with a glass electrode pH meter (1, 2, 6). Colorblind people, estimated to be 10% of the male population, cannot use colorimetric methods (3).
Effect of Postharvest Heating on Electrolyte Leakage and Fresh Weight Loss from Stored Muskmelon Fruit
Authors: Lester Gene , Dunlap James , Lingle Sarah 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Exposure of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. Group reticulatus) fruit to high temperatures at harvest causes sunbuming, decreases firmness, lessens overall quality (2), and may accelerate fresh weight loss. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of high prestorage temperatures on muskmelon fresh weight loss and on relative storage life measured as electrolyte leakage of shrink-film wrapped and nonwrapped fruit.
A Laboratory Exercise to Demonstrate Adventitious Shoot Formation Using Stem Internodes of Parrot-feather
Authors: Kane Michael E. , McConnell Dennis B. , Sheehan Thomas J. , Dehgan Bijan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plant tissue culture instructors face a dilemma when selecting laboratory exercises for large classes. Class size and equipment limitations may require that the exercises be performed without a laminar flow hood. The problem is further complicated when one attempts to choose an exercise to demonstrate adventitious shoot formation. There are few plant species from which suitable tissue explants can be obtained to demonstrate rapid adventitious shoot formation. Problems associated with surface sterilization, extended culture duration, or sporadic shoot regeneration limit the usefulness of most explants for classroom demonstrations.
Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Berry and Seed Development in ‘Orlando Seedless’ Grape
Authors: Halbrooks M. C. , Mortensen J. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Increased berry size in response to GA3 applications occurs in most seedless grape cultivars. GA3 applications made between bloom and fruit set are generally most effective; however, the specific developmental stage at which optimum response occurs is different for each cultivar (4). Inhibition of seed development has been associated with prebloom applications of GA3 on a few cultivars of normally seeded Vitis vinifera L., but the response can be variable (2). Thus, extensive research on use of GA3 may be required for each new cultivar.
‘Blanc Du Bois’ Grape
Authors: Mortensen J. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Blanc Du Bois’ grape was released by the Univ. of Florida as a hybrid bunch grape for use in making premium white wine. It is early ripening, resistant to Pierce's disease (PD), and grows and fruits well on its own roots (Fig. 1). The name is in honor of Emile DuBois, an accomplished grape grower and winemaker in the Tallahassee, Fla. area, who emigrated from France in 1882. DuBois spearheaded viticultural and enological efforts in Florida for 20 years.
‘Conoy’ Viburnum
Authors: Egolf Donald R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Viburnum × burkwoodii Burk. & Skip. ‘Conoy’ is a backcross allied to such significant hybrid viburnums as V. × burkwoodii Burk. & Skip. (2), V. ×burkwoodii Burk. & Skip. ‘Park Farm Hybrid’ (Burk.) (1), V. × burkwoodii Burk. & Skip. ‘Mohawk’ (Egolf) (3), V. × carlcephalum Burk, (12), V. × carlcephalum Burk. ‘Cayuga’ (Egolf) (3), and V. × ‘Chesapeake’ (Egolf) (7). These viburnums of Asiatic origin are cultivated extensively for their dense growth habit, deciduous to semi-evergreen leaves, and pink to white fragrant flowers. ‘Conoy’ is distinct from these cultivars with compact growth habit, fine-textured evergreen foliage, and persistent, abundant, glossy, red fruit. ‘Conoy’ is the 18th Viburnum cultivar introduction from the U.S. National Arboretum shrub breeding project (4–10).
‘NuMex Sunlite’ Onion
Authors: Corgan J. N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘NuMex Sunlite’ is a bolting-resistant, pink root, [Pyrenochaeta terrestris, (Hansen) Gorenz, Walker and Larson] resistant, yellow grano-type onion (Allium cepa L.) developed for early fall planting. The release of ‘NuMex BR1’ as a bolting-resistant, yellow grano-type in 1981 had a significant impact on the New Mexico onion industry. Bolting resistance permits early planting and increases yield potential, and the greater plant development in cool season, resulting from early planting, helps control pink root losses, which are most severe in warm weather. More than one-half the New Mexico short-day crop in 1986 was ‘NuMex BR1’ ‘NuMex Sunlite’ resembles ‘NuMex BR1’ in bolting resistance, plant characteristics, and yield potential. ‘NuMex Sunlite’ has a higher level of pink root resistance than ‘NuMex BR1’ (Table 1), and is suggested for early fall planting on fields severely infested with P. terrestris.
The Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Celebrates Its 100th Birthday
Authors: Dennis Frank G. , Kelly John F. , Laurie Wink 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A sketch of Eustace Hall is on the cover of this issue of HortScience. Eustace Hall was designed by Liberty Hyde Bailey and was the first building in the United States devoted exclusively to the study and teaching of horticulture. It was completed in 1888—the year of the founding of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. It was named Eustace Hall in memory of Harry J. Eustace, Department Head from 1908–1919. In addition to offices and classrooms, the twostory brick structure contained a photographic darkroom and rooms for grafting and storage of nursery stock. Now the home of the University College, it is the second oldest building on campus.
Accuracy Of Analytical Data
Authors: Jones J. Benton 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
At the 1987 International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, conferees expressed concern regarding the accuracy of analytical data in the published scientific literature. Journals dealing with human health and environmental issues are now rejecting papers in which authors fail to use either accepted reference methods of analysis and/or do not include assay results for a recognized standard as a means of verification of accuracy for their reported analytical results.
Lilac Registration 1986–87
Authors: Vrugtman Freek 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
All correspondence concerned with additional information, plant, or propagation material of newly registered cultivars should be directed to the various originators, describers, or introducers specified in the descriptions below, not to the Royal Botanical Gardens. Previous registration lists of Syringa appeared in AABGA Bui. 13(4):105–110, 14(3):95, 15(3):71–72, 16(4): 131–132, 17(3):67–69, and 18(3):87.
Role of Rootstocks and Spur-type Scions for Controlling Vegetative Growth of Apple and Peach Trees
Authors: Ferree David C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The problem of controlling tree growth, although existing throughout the history of fruit growing, has become more acute as economic conditions and population spread force growers to become more efficient and produce more fruit on each hectare of orchard land. In 1984, a workshop (9) was organized to address this issue and the High Density Plantings Working Group has organized three successful symposia (29, 30, 31) that have reported many studies on methods to increase efficiency.
Combination of Cultural and Chemical Practices: A Systems Approach to Regulating Tree Growth
Authors: Quinlan J. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
With the trend towards more intensive planting systems, particularly in Europe, but increasingly in other fruit growing regions, regulation of tree growth has become of paramount importance. Regardless of the planting system employed, the key to successful management of all orchard crops is the ability of the orchardist to obtain good yields of high quality fruit consistently. Not only is this important for the profitability of the orchard, but also the presence of a crop is a major factor regulating the growth of the tree (1, 2, 8, 10).
Discussion
Authors: Erez A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This workshop reviewed the problem of excessive vegetative growth in trees and its control by using dwarfing rootstocks, cultural methods, and growth retardants. Rootstocks are only partially satisfactory for apples, even though there is a wide choice of size control, and it is used along with less vigorous spur-type cultivars. All other species require some other means to control growth, since the number of dwarfing rootstocks is limited.
Extension and Technological Transfer: The Need for an Alternative
Authors: Oakley Peter 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The focus of this paper is the Third World and the changes in thinking on the concept and practice of extension that have emerged over the past decade. Given the fact that the majority of the population of Third World countries in the three continents Asia, Africa, and the Americas continue to depend on some form of agricultural production for a livelihood, extension continues to play a dominant role in agricultural development. Indeed, it could be argued that agricultural extension is the fundamental instrument of agricultural development in most Third World countries and that any failing to achieve this development should be laid at the door of extension services. Most Third World countries have some form of agricultural extension service, and these services are the constant attention of academics and professionals who seek to improve their delivery; yet, improvement in this delivery seems despairingly to elude us. Few will deny the commitment to agricultural extension, the potential in terms of the production of technology that is continually generated, or the professional expertise that guides and directs the delivery, but unquestionably all of this seems to have little impact on the miserable livelihoods of the vast majority. The World Bank more euphemistically concludes that the economic achievements of the past decade or so do not seem to have led to a better standard of living for the vast majority of poor people in the Third World. (23)
Technology Diffusion in Farming Systems Research and Extension
Authors: Hildebrand Peter E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Agricultural technology development and dissemination methodologies through on-farm research have advanced to the point that they can be blended into a highly efficient process that serves most farming systems in a community simultaneously. These methodologies can improve the social distribution of the benefits from public investment in agricultural research and extension and, at the same time, improve the efficiency of these activities.
The Private Consultant: Benefit or Burden?
Authors: Post George R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Private consulting developed as an agricultural profession about 20 years ago to provide knowledge and advice on a regular basis to individual growers. New technologies and cultural practices often are adopted more rapidly and completely by growers who rely on frequent consultations rather than county-wide extension educational programs alone. Experience and the results of a survey conducted for this symposium suggest, however, that increased communication between consultants and extension educators will enhance the exchange and adoption of information and knowledge.
Potato Production from True Seed in Tropical Climates
Authors: Malagamba Patricio 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Research on true potato seed (TPS) at the International Potato Center (CIP) started in 1977. Based on the advantages offered by growing potatoes from TPS in many potential potato-producing areas within the tropical region, research efforts have concentrated on developing genetic materials and techniques adapted to environmental conditions and cultural methods in those areas. The research has extended rapidly to a great number of cooperating institutions throughout the world and, at present, is being carried out in more than 40 countries within the tropics.
Needed Engineering Aids and Mechanization for True Potato Seed Seedling, Seedling Tuber Harvest, and Seedling Tuber Planting
Authors: Phatak Sharad C. , Ghate Suhas R. , Jaworski Casimir A. , Gitaitis Ronald D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although extensive research is currently being conducted related to true potato seed (TPS) in the areas of breeding, production, and cultural practices (1, 3, 4, 5), there is little information generated on the engineering aspects of potato production from TPS. Potato production from TPS varies greatly from current methods in which potatoes are grown from tubers. Potatoes can be produced from TPS in three different ways: 1) seeding TPS in rows to produce potatoes similar to other crops produced by direct seeding; 2) planting TPS to raise transplants for planting in another field; and 3) using TPS for the production of seedling tubers to be used like “seed” tubers. Mechanization needs for each of these TPS uses are different. It might be necessary to modify the existing equipment or develop new equipment to meet specific needs of using TPS. Equipment needs for potato production from TPS in developing countries also will need special consideration. Engineering research conducted at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, related to potato production from TPS has been reported in detail by Ghate et al. (2). Since that publication, we have concentrated our research efforts in the direction of the equipment needs for TPS use in developing countries.
Gene Introduction to Induce Morphogenesis
Authors: Owens Lowell D. , Cohen Jerry D. , Seelke Ralph 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In recent years, we have seen the development of many plant cell and tissue culture techniques that, individually or together with recombinant DNA techniques, are being used to modify crops in novel ways. Although these plant biotechnologies may employ a variety of strategies to achieve a particular crop improvement goal, there is one critical element that they all share, the necessity of regenerating a whole plant from a cultured cell, tissue, or organ. Progress has been made in this area with many plant species. For example, reports that were presented at the VI Congress of the International Association of Plant Tissue and Cell Culture (3-8 Aug. 1986) indicate that rice (Oryza sativa L.) now can be routinely regenerated from protoplasts. However, it is still not possible to regenerate plants from protoplasts of most major crops. Included in this list are wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), maize (lea mays L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and the major grain legume soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Our inability to regenerate plants from protoplasts of these crops constitutes a serious block to genetic modification via direct gene transfer techniques. This paper will consider regeneration in the context of soybean, and describe our efforts to devise a genetic, rather than a cultural-physiological solution to the problem.
Mulches and Herbicides in Ornamental Plantings
Authors: Robinson D. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The present high cost of maintenance is a key factor in every sector of landscape industry. Weed control is a particularly expensive aspect of maintenance and land managers constantly are seeking more effective methods of control. Since soil cultivation is laborious and expensive, herbicides and mulches are becoming popular in many countries. In contrast to herbicides, which have become widely used in ornamentals only in the past 20 years, mulching has been used for centuries.