bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perception et critères de sainteté en France méridionale (XIIIe -XVe siècle)
Authors: Paul Jacques 
Published: December 2022

On a connaissance de la présence de saints parmi ses contemporains par la notoriété qui s’attache à eux. Les procès de canonisation provençaux du XIVe siècle font une place importante à la fama. Elle repose sur l’entourage, la famille, les prêtres et les religieux. Elle finit par atteindre des cercles beaucoup plus larges. Ceux qui ont connu les personnes perçoivent leur sainteté à travers les vertus chrétiennes traditionnelles.
Assurer qu’il s’agit bien d’un saint demande des vérifications qui permettent de fonder des certitudes, car les doutes sont assez légers. La véracité des faits repose sur une expérience qui est transmise par des témoignages faits lors d’une enquête. Les miracles, indispensables à une canonisation, entraînent l’adhésion immédiate de la foule. Elle les recherche avec ferveur principalement lors des funérailles, ce qui soulève bien des questions.
Les miracles de Pierre de Luxembourg (1387-1390)
Authors: Prouvost Yveline 
Published: December 2022

The Miracles of Pierre of Luxemburg (1387-1390).
Pierre of Luxemburg died at a very young age, on July 2nd, 1387. He was immediately the subject of a very fervent cult, which grew and spread rapidly. Two sources mention those events : the young cardinal’s canonization trial, which took place in 1390, and a collection of miracles, from July to December 1387. The present paper first specifies the content of both sources, showing the connections between them. Then, the early stages of the cult are presented through the book of miracles of 1387. The latter deals with the place of cult at its beginnings, the agents of the cult and its organisation during the first two months. Lastly, the comparison between the two sources enables the analysis of the putting together of the canonization trial from the book of miracles, this is a crucial issue since the trial, once over, was used as a basis for the subsequent cult.
La Faculté de droit de Toulouse au temps du Grand Schisme
Authors: Gilles Henri 
Published: December 2022

Gilles (Henri), La Faculté de droit de Toulouse au temps du Grand Schisme.
Les maîtres de la Faculté de droit de Toulouse admettent, sauf deux, la légitimité du pape d’Avignon. A partir de l’élection de Benoît XIII, ils jouent un rôle important dans les débats sur le Schisme ; en 1398, leurs représentants se prononcent contre la soustraction d’obédience ; durant celle-ci, contre l’université de Paris, l'Epistola tholosana maintient une position identique. Ultérieurement, les doctores tholosani demeurent fidèles à Benoît XIII. Toutefois, après son repli à Perpignan, ce dernier ne conserve plus qu’un petit nombre de fidèles ; une bonne part des maîtres s’en détache, tandis qu’une génération nouvelle prend acte de l’évolution irréversible entraînée par le concile de Constance.
La province des frères mineurs de Provence durant le Grand Schisme
Authors: Ruiz Damien 
Published: December 2022

Ruiz (Damien), La province des frères mineurs de Provence durant le Grans Schisme.
Chronique d’une province religieuse ordinaire en reconstruction dans une Chrétienté extraordinaire, car bicéphale. Telle pourrait être le titre de cette brève étude sur la province de frères mineurs de Provence durant le Grand Schisme. Les Franciscains de Provence, partisans de l’obédience clémentine, ont su tirer parti du retour d’un souverain pontife à Avignon. Leur soutien ne s’est jamais démenti jusqu’au moment où s’est offert à eux la possibilité de pouvoir adhérer à une possibilité de résolution du Grand Schisme.
Le Grand Schisme en vision.. . Parole de Dieu et foi de visionnaires
Authors: Barnay Sylvie 
Published: December 2022

Visions of the Great Schism - the Word of God and Visionary Faith.
During the years between the beginning of the Great Schism and the end of the Council of Constance, words inspired by God became a kind of hermeneutics of the unfolding historical processes. The books of revelations by the visionary women of God from the 14th and the 15th centuries epitomise the evolution. Middle-Age clerics kept questioning their legitimacy and authenticity. But the context of scission within Christendom introduced a new relationship to the support from the Roman Church in regards visions and apparitions. The « revelationes » are characterised by a discourse borrowing from theophany and theology, which shows how the word of God on the Schism was exploited. Constance de Rabastens and Marie Robine, two figures from the South of France, make it possible to grasp the way it was exploited in the region.
Les celleres du Roussillon, mises au point et discussions
Authors: Catafau Aymat 
Published: December 2022

The Rousillon Celleres : Clarification and Discussion.
Due to the extent of the phenomenon and the abounding literature, Catalonia is a region which lends itself to the study population settlements around places of worship. Written testimonies, maps drawn in the 19th century, as well as the observation of remains show that the origin of Rousillon villages is the cellere. The circular area, which laid within a thirty pace radius around the church and the graveyard, enjoyed the same advantages and protection as the church. Therefore, the area was densely occupied by buildings which were used as storerooms - belonging to peasants or lords - or houses, particularly for priests in charge. That peculiar outlay of settlement appeared in the context of the feudal crisis which hit Catalonia in the second and third decades of the 1 1th century. The movement, at first spontaneous, even anarchic, was only institutionalised afterwards by the acts of consecration.
Du catharisme à la sorcellerie : les inquisiteurs du Midi dans le procès des templiers
Authors: Frale Barbara 
Published: December 2022

From Catharism to Sorcery : Inquisitors from the South of France in the Templars’ Trial.
A fragment of a large inquiry against the Templars which took place in Southern France in 1308 or 1310 is preserved in the Registry Avignon 305 of the Archivo Segreto Vaticano. The document is unique among the sources left after the trial against the Templars because it is filled with testimonies about crimes related to magic and sorcery. The latter were built from a series of accusations far more serious than those that can be found in the order of arrest issued by Philip the Fair on September 14, 1307, and even more serious than those on which the French inquisitor based his interrogation the Templars directly after they were captured in October 1307. Another peculiarity lies in the fact that the interrogation found in the Registry Avignon 305, known for greater convenience as the « Languedoc » interrogation, seems to have been put together by one or more « professionals », with enough experience in that kind of matter to build on the defendants’ confessions until they came to the expected picture. Some elements could indicate that Bernard Gui himself was involved in the organisation of the interrogation.
Le destin des templiers du Roussillon, 1276-1330
Authors: Vinas Robert 
Published: December 2022

The Destiny of Rousillon Templars, 1276-1330.
With the creation of the Kingdom of Majorca, the capital of which was Perpignan, the Masdéu commandery acquired a special status. The new ruler recruited administrators and diplomats among Templars. The trial which the commandery staff had to undergo remains a model of the genre. In that particular case, the Templars did not have to go through torture, they were allowed to use their Rule to defend themselves and were all found innocent. The rich Catalan archives make it possible to follow the individual destinies of many Templars after the elimination of the Order, from that of the commander, brother Ramon Saguardia, to that of humble working brothers, all of whom retired in the region and lived off their pensions.
La justice du commandeur (Bas-Rhône, XIIIe s.)
Authors: Carraz Damien 
Published: December 2022

The Commander’s Justice (Lower Rhône, 13th Century).
Military orders, as lords of the church, practiced temporal justice on the people under their rule. Historiography, even if it has looked at conflicts of jurisdiction between sovereign powers and commanderies, has largely underestimated the latter’s judicial activities. In the South of France, the numerous archive documents of the orders of the Hospital and of the Temple show an interesting series of proceedings of judicial practice (verbal public announcements, criminal inverstigations, condemnation statements etc.). The important role of knights in the spreading of judicial practices and in maintaining social order, as shown by the Templar commanderies in Lansac and Montfrin, can thus be emphasised - especially if one draws a comparison with the remarkable study of the wide jurisdiction of the order of the Hospital in Manosque which has recently been carried out. The documents make a list of the staff employed to serve those small commandery courts, the procedures used by criminal judges, the cracking down of ordinary crime in those castra of the Lower-Rhône region and, lastly, of the different checks put to the coercive power of the order of the Temple by the organisation of communities and the consolidation of the influence of the state. The peculiarity of the justice of the Church (which did not hesitate to use merum imperium and to give corporal sentences) can hardly be seen through the way it worked, the ideals it pursued and the repressive action which it took.
Familia-domus : étude sémantique et historique
Authors: Carozzi Claude 
Published: December 2022

Carozzi (Claude), Familia-domus : Étude sémantique et historique.
Le sens et l’utilisation des mots latins familia et domus sont analysés successivement dans les Étymologies d’Isidore de Séville (560 ?-636) et dans le Registre d’Inquisition de l’évêque de Pamiers Jacques Fournier, tenu de 1318 à 1326. Le sens d’aucun de ces deux termes ne correspond directement à celui que nous donnons de nos jours à famille. La structure de celle-ci est en effet beaucoup plus large aussi bien au VIIe siècle qu’au XIVe dans le pays d’Alion (Montaillou). Tout repose sur la domus, à la fois lieu de protection et de maintien de la cohésion familiale au sens large du mot. L’entourage et la domesticité font parties non de la famille au sens actuel, mais de la domus au sens médiéval attesté aussi bien par Isidore de Séville que par le Registre de Jacques Founier. La constitution d’une familia relève surtout d’une adhésion collective à une doctrine ou à des intérêts politico-religieux communs, elle peut être qualifiée de domus dès lors qu’elle repose sur des structures institutionnelles : diocèse, maison seigneuriale ou autres.
Parenté et fraternité monastique dans les miracles posthumes de saint Honorat (Vita sancti Honorati, BHL 3976, fin du XIIIe s.)
Authors: Magnani Eliana 
Published: December 2022

Magnani (Eliana), Parenté et fraternité monastique dans les miracles posthumes de saint Honorat (Vita sancti Honorati, BHL 3976, fin XIIIe siècle).
La vie légendaire de saint Honorat, abbé fondateur de l’abbaye de Lérins et archevêque d’Arles (BHL 3976), est un long récit anonyme de la fin du XIIIe siècle, dont les chapitres 30 à 48 rassemblent trente-sept miracles posthumes du saint. Proches des exempla qui circulaient à l’époque, ces récits riches en enseignements moraux témoignent des représentations des rapports sociaux en vigueur dans la perspective du modèle idéal de la fraternité monastique. Ils explicitent l’inscription de la cellule conjugale dans un large tissu de relations horizontales convergeant vers Lérins ainsi que les codes de comportement sexuel qui régissent le mariage et placent les femmes au cœur de la stabilité des alliances.
De l'éducation des filles (et des épouses) aux mères comme éducatrices des enfants selon Francesc Eiximenis
Authors: Renedo Puig Xavier 
Published: December 2022

Renedo (Xavier), The Education of Girls (and Wives) and Mothers as Children Educators According to Francesc Eiximenis
Taking into account the works of the Franciscan Francesc Eiximenis (circa 1330-1409), this paper studies the role of mothers as educators and the strategies to follow when educating girls, maiden and even wives. The imperfections attributed to female nature generated, on the one hand, distrust on the role of mothers as responsible for the education of their sons, and, on the other hand, forced to establish a strategy of fear and shame in female education, a strategy that Eiximenis justifies from a medical point of view. In contrast with such a distrust, in Eiximenis’ works there is also a strong defence of the rights of women to read and write, both because of the moral benefits produced by the reading and because of their practical and even economical benefits.
Les personnes âgées et leurs familles d'après quelques prédicateurs méridionaux des XIIIe et XIVe siècles
Authors: Lallouette Anne-Laure 
Published: December 2022

Lallouette (Anne-Marie), The Elderly and their Families According to Southern Preachers During the 13th and 14th Centuries.
Great social transformations happened during 13th century, mainly in urban places which were in full expansion. Because of those changes, the traditional cares given to the old people by the younger generations were dropped out. To cope with this situation, preachers prescribed the eldest and their family different kinds of lines of action, which are supposed to palliate those difficulties. First of all, they encouraged old people to stand aside their own family, to choose a contemplative life devoted to God, and, possibly, to integrate a monastic community, which became their new family. If such a solution was to be excluded, preachers reminded the faithful that, as Christian, they owe to take care of the elder generations, particularly because of the danger that isolated old persons, espacially women, represented for urban communities.
Sans famille. Orphelins et enfants abandonnés
Authors: Le Blévec Daniel 
Published: December 2022

Le Blévec (Daniel), Nobody's Children. Orphans and Abandoned Children.
Even though they are different from a legal, social and economic point of view, those two categories were often considered as one and the same by Christian institutions. The measures taken to bring relief to their distress, through institutions, did not appear in the south of France until the end of the 14th century. At the heart of the organisation, hospitals took up, in the limits of their means, this mission of assistance. Little by little, one or two special institutions in charge of the reception and the care of abandoned new-boms or young orphans emerged in the main towns of Provence and Languedoc. Precise accounts were put together, as for instance in Saint-Esprit Hospital in Marseilles, mentioning in particular the wages of the wet nurses to whom the feeding of the babies was entrusted by rectors. Those allow us to know the number of children who were taken in every year and the expenses caused by the care provided. It represented a heavy burden for the administrators, who were always looking for new sources of revenue and who wanted a better distribution of tasks within the town. Agreements were concluded and often ended up making clear the respective expenses falling to each institution. There is however a historiographic tradition which describes the Saint-Esprit order in Montpellier as playing a specific role in the early care of abandoned children. The most recent research shows that this is to a large extent untrue : the first established mentions of such an activity appear at a very late date, most probably not until 1295. Archeological sources overall confirm the information given by documents. Most of the children's graves that were found in the old cemetary of the house of the Saint-Esprit in Montpellier date back to the last two centuries of the Middle Ages. On the other hand, Montpellier is where one of the first orphanages was opened at the beginning of the 14th century. Among the first towns, there is also Avignon at the time of Urban V and of Gregory XI, whose orphanage was to become a model of the kind
Le développement du décor monumental et la conquête de l’extérieur des églises : sagreres et façades catalanes au cours de la première moitié du XIe siècle
Authors: Trivellone Alessia 
Published: December 2022

The Development of Monumental Decoration and the Conquest of the Outward Parts of the Churches : Sagreres and Catalonian Church Frontages in the First Half of the 11th Century.
This study proposes first of all a survey of the external church decoration development in West Europe. Different kinds of external decoration (sculptures, wall decorative brickwork, blind arcades, bronze doors) appear between the 10th and the 11th Centuries. This development is considered together with the extension of the sacredness outside the medieval churches, at the same period. Then, the article deals with the medieval façades in Cataluna of the first half of the 11th Century, which are contemporary with the apparition of sagreres, the local immunity areas around the churches. A new interpretation of the lintels of Saint-Genis-des-Fontaines and Saint-André-de-Sorède is also proposed. Expressing a strong Church/church exaltation, their iconography is perfectly coherent with a lintel function. The Saint-Genis-des-Fontaines lintel had a great influence upon the later arrangement of the entire façade.
La parole des réformateurs du Midi : l’apport des bibles méridionales (Aquitaine, Languedoc, Provence, XIe -XIIe siècles)
Authors: Lobrichon Guy 
Published: December 2022

The word of reformers in the Midi : the contribution of the southern French Bibles (Aquitaine, Languedoc, Provence, XIth-XIIth centuries).
This paper looks at Biblical manuscripts understood as a manifestation of the word of God. It concentrates on some ten manuscripts created in scriptoria in the South between 1050 and 1150. The distinctive southern features are very real (such as the insertion in the Bible of extraneous texts, or the presentation of the Song of Songs as a dramatic dialogue). In conclusion, from a perspective that may be termed « evangelical », one can underline the importance ascribed to the « unadorned word » of the Bible.
Audi Israel. Le parchemin de consécration et la parole de Dieu dans l’autel (Catalogne et Languedoc, XIe -XIIIe siècle)
Authors: Henriet Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Audi Israel. The consecration scroll and the word of God within the altar (Catalonia and Languedoc, XIth -XIIIth centuries).
Since the end of the XIXth century, almost fifty consecration scrolls have been discovered in altars in Languedoc, Catalonia, Navarre and Aragon. This practice, well attested in liturgical manuscripts, seems to have originated in the ecclesiastical province of Narbonne. These scrolls always included the ten commandments, the beginning of the four Gospels and some additional information about the consecration. They enabled the altar (ara) to become the successor to Ark of the Covenant (area), following a typological schema. The word of God, from both the Old and the New Testaments, was thus forever contained inside the altar.
L'alliance de la prière et de la musique : le motet Panthéon/ Apollinis/[Quadruplum]/Zodiacum/In omnem terram de B. de Clugni (milieu XIVe siècle)
Authors: Dumas Gisèle 
Published: December 2022

L’alliance de la prière et de la musique : le motet Pantheon/Apollinis/[Quadruplum]/Zodiacum/In omnem terram de B. de Clugni (milieu XIVe siècle).
Dans ce motet composé vers le milieu du XIVe siècle dans le contexte de la chapelle pontificale d’Avignon, B. de Clugni élabore une réflexion sur le chant, la prière et la musique. Revendiquant l’Ars Nova à travers la nature même de cette pièce, il légitime la pratique de cette polyphonie savante et raffinée face au plain-chant, en s’appuyant sur la tradition pythagorico-platonicienne et biblique telle qu’elle a été reformulée par Boèce. Celle-ci définit à la fois le chant comme mode normal d’expression de la prière, et la science musicale ou « harmonie » (ars musicae) comme voie d’accès à la connaissance divine. Ainsi, comme le montre l’analyse poétique et musicale du motet, se met en place un mouvement cyclique où l’harmonie, tirant son origine de Dieu et s’exprimant en termes musicaux et numériques, doit revenir à Dieu grâce à la louange chantée par les musiciens. Ce faisant, B. de Clugni valorise les fondateurs de l'Ars Nova, contemporains de Clément VI, et identifie l’ensemble des musiciens - théoriciens, compositeurs, chantres - en tant que corporation (groupe socioprofessionnel) dont la fonction est l’expression de la prière.
Le serment, une parole sacrée ?
Authors: Leveleux-Texeira Corinne 
Published: December 2022

Is oath sacred speech ?
Despite its prohibition in principle by the New Testament, the use of oaths is present everywhere in the Inquisition. At first sight, this may seem paradoxical. Why, indeed, should the church take the risk of defending orthodoxy by means of a practice which is morally dubious and religiously challenged ? The canonical analysis of swearing oaths provides a partial answer to this question. It shows that, despite (or thanks to) judicial inconsistency, oaths, as sacred words, have a dual and powerful function. Due to the strength that derives from the utterance of God’s name, oaths facilitate the reassertion of truth in the faith and in the discourse of the faithful - far from dogmatic deviations into error. Moreover, because oaths also mobilise a fides that unites men, they contribute to the restoration of social ties of mutual trust, which had been broken by the crisis of heresy.
Les lectures de l’office du chapitre, une lecture sacrée ?
Authors: Lemaitre Jean-Loup 
Published: December 2022

The readings of the chapter office, a sacred word ?
From the Carolingian period onwards, there appeared within the monastic and cathedral churches a particular office - the chapter office - whose readings were not taken from the Old or New Testaments. It was celebrated after the office of prime, and involved the commemoration of the saints and the dead. Nearly all of its elements are in place by the second half of the ninth century. The first part of this office included primarily the reading of the martyrology, the « capitula » of the homily on the Gospel read at the third nocturne on feast days, a chapter of the rule for the other days and, finally, a reading of the directory and the necrology. Twenty-two such chapter books have survived for the churches of southern France. Twelve of them are from of Languedoc. The reading of the martyrology and necrology was usually done by a young cleric, which explains the moderate use of abbreviations in the list of names. The rare surviving guidelines indicate that the mention of offices should not be read out, which some copyists, like that at Béziers, incorporated into their text, but also that the names of the dead should be read out in hierarchical order. Saints and the dead mentioned during the office of prime could also be remembered in the canon of the Mass (Memento etiam). The office of prime was part of the daily liturgy, except during the Easter triduum. For this reason, this reading of the names of the saints and the dead commemorated by the church may be considered holy writ.