bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas
Authors: Oba Atsushi , Wu Y. H. Andrew , Schulick Richard D. , Del Chiaro Marco 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs) have been increasingly identified due to extensive use of high-quality cross-sectional imaging. A recent prospective study showed that pancreatic cystic lesions can be detected in about 49.1% of the population. Correct management of PCN is crucial, since some PCNs have a high possibility of progressing to cancer, whereas some can be completely benign. Unfortunately, it is difficult to accurately diagnose PCNs before an operation, as recent data showed that the diagnostic accuracy for PCNs ranges from 60% to 80% in experienced centres. This chapter offers an overview of the currently available evidence for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of PCNs. It is important to note that the current level of evidence related to this topic is low and the management of PCNs is constantly evolving with more emerging evidence.
Diagnosis and Evaluation of Patients with Seizures
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Approximately, 10% of the general population will experience at least one seizure within their lifetimes. However, not all individuals go on to develop epilepsy, which is defined as having recurring seizures. To properly diagnose “epilepsy” requires that a physician do more than simply establish that recurrent seizures have occurred or are highly likely to occur after the first one. This chapter discusses in detail history-taking, physical examination, and appropriate testing of patients presenting with a seizure. Antiseizure medication selection is discussed, as is alternatives to medication. When to treat and when to refer to a specialist are also covered.
Aggravation of Seizures by Antiseizure Medications
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Drugs may sometimes aggravate seizures, defined as an increase in either the frequency or severity of existing seizures, the emergence of new types of seizures, or the occurrence of status epilepticus. Seizure aggravation can occur with virtually all antiseizure medications (ASMs). Pharmacodynamic aggravation of epilepsy usually translates into both increased seizure frequency and increased interictal electroencephalographic changes. A doubling or greater increase in seizure frequency may be considered as evidence for seizure aggravation. The underlying mechanisms for seizure aggravation with ASMs are not fully understood.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Liver Disease
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The use of antiseizure medications (ASMs) in the presence of liver diseases and hepatic dysfunction is associated with an increased risk of adverse effects. The type of hepatic disease may also preferentially affect some enzyme systems that are associated with the metabolism of ASMs. Unlike renal failure, which can be quantified, liver disease is not easily quantifiable, so adjustments in dosing are more difficult. Fortunately, even moderate liver dysfunction does not significantly impact ASM clearance, other than problems caused by the associated hypoalbuminemia. Knowledge of the mechanisms of metabolism and elimination of these drugs is crucial when selecting an ASM in patients with liver disease.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Preexisting Psychiatric Problems
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although most people with epilepsy lead normal lives, neurobehavioral problems are found in a large proportion of patients with epilepsy than in the general population. Higher rates of psychopathology also are observed in people with epilepsy relative to the general population, to other neurological control groups, and to people with chronic non-neurological disorders. This largely reflects the effect of uncontrolled epilepsy and the underlying brain injury, which predispose patients to depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric symptoms. Some antiseizure medications (ASMs) are also psychotropic agents with either positive or negative effects. The psychotropic effects of ASMs in people with epilepsy are, however, variable and unpredictable.
Introduction to the Movement Disorders
Authors: Furr Stimming Erin , Murillas Jorge Patino , Ondo William G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Movement disorders are a group of clinically, pathologically and genetically heterogeneous neurological conditions that clinically manifest as a perturbation in normal motor function. They are categorized into two major groups: hyperkinetic (chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, athetosis, tics, tremor, stereotypies) and hypokinetic movement disorders. Patient history and the neurological examination remain the most important factors when approaching movement disorders. Once a phenotype is established, subsequent imaging, genetic and serologic testing can elucidate the exact diagnosis. Motor symptoms and psychiatric symptoms are highly integrated. Psychiatric manifestations are very common in diseases that are recognized as movement disorders, movement disorder manifestations are very common in psychiatric conditions.
Movement Disorders Associated With SSRIs
Authors: Goldman Jennifer G. , Galicia Carlos Manuel Guerra 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) play an important role in treating neuropsychiatric symptoms, including depression as first-line therapy and in other conditions that share a relationship with serotonin, including anxiety, panic, eating disorders, and obsessive-compulsive behaviors. In general, SSRIs are well tolerated, with reasonably good predictable clinical responses and usually few adverse effects. Adverse effects, however, can occur with SSRIs, and movement disorders have been associated with SSRI use. The relationship between SSRIs and movement disorders involves complex interactions among neurochemicals including serotonin and dopamine as well as other neurochemical and cellular mechanisms. Various movement disorder phenomenologies of different frequencies have been reported in the context of SSRI use. These movement disorders include akathisia, dystonia, parkinsonism, tremor, and acute and tardive dyskinesia. In many cases, these movement symptoms may resolve after SSRI discontinuation or dose lowering, but in some cases, additional treatments are required. Treatment decisions require consideration of risks and benefits related to medication use, medication selection, and need for management of neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Stereotypies in Childhood Developmental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Jimenez-Shahed Joohi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Stereotypies consist of non-goal‐directed movement patterns that are repeated continuously for a period of time in the same form and on multiple occasions, and which are typically distractible and are not associated with an urge. They can be distinguished from other movement disorders based on their phenomenology and can be seen in normally developed children or in pathologic neurologic and psychiatric states. The pathophysiology of stereotypies likely relates to reduced indirect pathway functioning within the motor loop of the corticobasal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit, with contributions from alterations in dopaminergic, cholinergic, and/or serotonergic signaling. This chapter focuses on stereotypies seen in childhood developmental disorders such as autism, and neurodegenerative disorders such as frontotemporal dementia, and reviews their clinical features, pathophysiology, and assessment. When required, treatment can include behavioral therapy, dopamine receptor blocking or dopamine depleting agents, or serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Tics and Tourette’s Syndrome
Authors: Lenka Abhishek , Jankovic Joseph 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tourette’s syndrome (TS) is a childhood-onset complex neurobehavioral disorder. The defining feature of TS is the presence of tics, which are described as sudden-onset, recurrent, brief-lasting, irregular, involuntary movements (motor tics) or sounds (phonic tics). Most patients with TS also have a variety of comorbid behavioral disorders, particularly attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, and mood disorders. The etiopathogenesis of TS has not been fully understood but genetically-determined involvement of the GABAergic system resulting in “disinhibition” has been postulated to play a key role. Educating the patients, caregivers, and school officials in detail about the spectrum, severity, and natural course of the symptoms of TS is an important step in the management of TS. If available, cognitive-behavioral intervention should be offered to all patients with tics as the initial step of management. Comorbid medical and behavioral abnormalities should be kept in mind and individualized when choosing the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for tics. The common classes of medications useful for the treatment of tics include alpha-2 agonists (clonidine, guanfacine), antipsychotics (haloperidol, pimozide, aripiprazole), dopamine-depleting drugs (tetrabenazine, deutetrabenazine, valbenazine), benzodiazepine (clonazepam), and antiepileptics (topiramate). While botulinum toxin should be considered in patients with troublesome focal tics, deep brain stimulation may be an option in patients with “malignant” TS. A multidisciplinary approach along with appropriate use of the aforementioned therapeutic options should lead to optimal functional outcomes in TS patients.
Huntington’s Disease
Authors: Rocha Natalia Pessoa , Liu Andy , Anderson Karen , Furr Stimming Erin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene on chromosome 4p16.3. The result is an abnormally long polyglutamine repeat in the huntingtin protein (HTT), which will aggregate in neuronal nuclei, cytoplasm, dendrites, and axon terminals. Striatal degeneration is the main change observed in HD brains, and although HTT misfold and aggregation is regarded as the pathological hallmark of HD, the mechanisms underlying neuronal death/dysfunction in HD are not completely understood. Clinically, HD is traditionally defined as a movement disorder, as its formal diagnosis is based on the unequivocal presence of otherwise unexplained extrapyramidal motor symptoms, mainly chorea, dystonia, and parkinsonism. However, HD is characterized not only by motor but also cognitive and behavioral features. This chapter presents the clinical picture of HD, including the treatments currently available to mitigate the symptoms of this devastating disease, as well as the preclinical and clinical trials focused on disease-modifying therapies for HD.
Frontotemporal Dementia
Authors: Amran Albert Y. , Bukhbinder Avram S. , Schulz Paul E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is defined by its involvement of the frontal and temporal lobes. It has recently become apparent, however, that it is not a single disease. Instead, multiple underlying pathologies and genetic mutations can present clinically and pathologically affecting these lobes. Diagnosis can be difficult because, in addition to its well-known cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal symptoms, FTD can also involve motor systems in multiple ways such that it can be confused with isolated motor neuron disease, Huntington’s disease, or even Parkinsonian syndromes. The goals of this chapter are to discuss the cognitive and behavioral symptoms of FTD, their neuropsychologic findings, the FTD phenotypes and how they relate to their pathologic and genetic underpinnings, and the myriad motor system findings that occur in a significant percentage of patients, and how they are associated with the different forms of FTD.
Childhood Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the long-term effects of childhood trauma, placing them in a broader biopsychosocial perspective. Strong evidence has shown that trauma does not necessarily involve distinct life events but rather long-term patterns of family dysfunction, and that the most important form of child maltreatment tends to be emotional neglect. These pathways are complex but can be partly explained by attachment theory; however, the idea that earlier experiences are more pathogenic is challenged. The chapter also shows that most children are resilient to adversity and go on to have a productive adult life; however, a significant minority who are more sensitive are more likely to develop symptoms later in development.
Trauma and the Science of Memory
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter is a critique of theories that posttraumatic stress disorder in adults can be caused by childhood adversities that are not remembered. Instead, research shows that traumatic memories are particularly likely to be remembered. Recovered memories are probably an artefact of therapies in which patients are strongly encouraged to report them. There is little evidence for the concept that repression and dissociation can suppress memories of trauma, or that they need to be “recovered” in psychotherapy. The author shows that the methods used to recover lost memories represent a form of pseudoscience, and offers a strong critique of the concepts behind the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder.
Cardiopulmonary
Authors: Adhikari Sapana P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter includes various illustrations that pertain to the cardiopulmonary system. The images depict bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis and pedal edema. Further images depict a normal chest pain evaluation, a heart attack, an irregular heartbeat, pericarditis and pericardial effusion, congestive heart failure and its causes. The chapter ends with images of hypertension, hypertensive urgency, aortic dissection, aortic aneurysm, and poor circulation.
Orthopedics
Authors: Adhikari Sapana P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter includes various images that pertain to the orthopedic system. The first images depict different types of broken bones followed by an image that depict growth plate injury. The next images depict compression fracture, arthiritis, bursitis, rib fracture, pneumothorax, back pain, sacroiliitis, sciatica, cervical strain, motor vehicle accident, osteoarthritis, knee strain, joint diseases like gout and septic joint, Baker’s cyst, ankle pain, carpal tunnel syndrome and plantar fasciitis.
Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs) – XV. Constraining the cosmic reionization at 5.5 &lt; z &lt; 7
Authors: Lu Ting-Yi , Goto Tomotsugu , Hashimoto Tetsuya , Santos Daryl Joe D , Wong Yi Hang Valerie , Kim Seong Jin , Hsiao Tiger Y-Y , Kilerci Ece , Ho Simon C-C , Nagao Tohru , Matsuoka Yoshiki , Onoue Masafusa , Toba Yoshiki ,   SHELLQs collaboration
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Revealing the cosmic hydrogen reionization history is one of the main goals of the modern cosmology. z &gt; 5 quasars (QSOs) have been used as back-lights to investigate the evolution of the intervening intergalactic medium (IGM) during the cosmic reionization since their first discovery. However, due to the small population of luminous QSOs (∼130 QSOs known to date), a tight constraint on the reionization history has not yet been placed. In this work, we aim to tighten the constraint using the 93 QSOs (5.5 &lt; z &lt; 7.1) recently discovered in the Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQS) project. This is the largest QSO sample used to constrain the epoch of reionization. We measure the mean IGM Ly α transmission and the QSO near-zone size using the UV spectra of these QSOs. The mean IGM Ly α transmission rises above zero at z ≲ 6, indicating the end of the reionization. The near-zone sizes of the SHELLQs QSOs are consistent with sizes spanned by QSOs of lifetime tq ∼ 1–100 Myr in simulations. Due to the scatter created by the low signal-to-noise spectra and large Ly α redshift uncertainty, we cannot conclude whether the redshift evolution of the near-zone size is affected by the reionization effect.
Wavelet analysis of the transient QPOs in MAXI J1535−571 with Insight-HXMT
Authors: Chen X , Wang W , Tian P F , Zhang P , Liu Q , Wu H J , Sai N , Huang Y , Song L M , Qu J L , Tao L , Zhang S , Lu F J , Zhang S N 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Using wavelet analysis and power density spectrum, we investigate two transient quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) observed in MAXI J1535−571 observed with Insight-HXMT. The transient QPOs have a centroid frequency of ∼10 Hz with an FWHM ∼0.6 Hz, and an rms amplitude $\sim 14{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. Energy spectra of QPO and non-QPO regimes are also separated and analysed, and the spectra become softer with higher Ecut in the non-QPO regime compared to the QPO regime. Our results suggest that the transient QPOs detected in MJD 58016 and 58017 are still the type-C QPO, and the source remains in its HIMS. The duration of all type-C QPO signals based on wavelet is positively correlated with the mean count rate above ∼10 keV, implying appearance of QPOs in different time-scales should be coupled with the corona. The transient QPO properties could be related to the jet or flares, perhaps the partial ejection of the corona is responsible for the disappearance of the type-C QPO.
Breakdown of force-free electrodynamics in electric zones
Authors: Levinson Amir 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It is shown that force-free electrodynamics (FFE) breaks down in regions where B2 − E2 &lt; 0 (electric zones) even if ${\boldsymbol E}\cdot {\boldsymbol B} =0$. Spontaneous creation of such regions will inevitably lead to plasma oscillations that will subsequently decay over a few periods via anomalous heating and, under certain conditions, emission of high-energy quanta, until the system relaxes to a state in which B2 − E2 ≲ 0. For M87, assuming pair plasma, the inverse Compton cooling time is estimated to be shorter than the dynamical time when E2/B2 − 1 &gt; (104/σ)2 roughly, where σ is the magnetization. If the electric zone is weak, the global system will maintain a nearly force-free state, however, the force-free condition, FμνJν = 0, will be broken at the order of the excess electric field and cannot describe wave dynamics. Our analysis does not support recent claims, that creation of electric zones can trigger a transition to force-free turbulence which, when generated in the ergosphere of a Kerr black hole, can lead to extraction of the black hole rotational energy. Whether some secondary electromagnetic modes produced in the decaying electric zone can extract the BH energy is yet an open question.
Unravelling morphological overlap of the rock-dwelling snails Pyramidula saxatilis (Hartmann, 1842) and P. pusilla (Vallot, 1801)
Authors: Horsák Michal , Líznarová Eva , Coufal Radovan , Nekola Jeffrey C , Horsáková Veronika 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Pyramidula saxatilis and P. pusilla are two Central European rock-dwelling snail species that frequently co-occur and show substantial overlap in overall shell morphology. The two species can be separated from each other by differences in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (mtDNA and nDNA) sequences. Recent studies have not shown consistent differences between these species in shell shape but have suggested possible species-specific features in shell microstructure. We investigated this issue by studying variation in the microsculpture of the upper shell surface (based on five shells per population from a total of nine populations for each species) and by analysing the geometric morphometrics of shell shape (based on 51 individuals and 12 populations of P. saxatilis and 54 individuals and 14 populations of P. pusilla), with species identifications based on mtDNA and nDNA markers. While geometric morphometrics and canonical variance analysis did reveal some statistical differences in overall shell shape, these differences were too subtle to be consistently detected by the eye. However, the density and development of growth ridges on the upper shell surface of the two species were found to be statistically different, with P. saxatilis having denser and very regular ridges. As a final verification of the utility of shell miscrosculpture, we were able to separate these two species even in two mixed populations with highly overlapping shell phenotypes, the shell-based identifications being confirmed by cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequence data for all of the collected individuals. We therefore recommend using shell microsculpture to distinguish these two species.
LncRNA-Smad7mediates cross-talk between Nodal/TGF-β and BMP signaling to regulate cell fate determination of pluripotent and multipotent cells
Authors: Kong Xiaohui , Yan Kun , Deng Pujuan , Fu Haipeng , Sun Hongyao , Huang Wenze , Jiang Shuangying , Dai Junbiao , Zhang Qiangfeng Cliff , Liu Jun-jie Gogo , Xi Qiaoran 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTransforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily proteins are potent regulators of cellular development and differentiation. Nodal/Activin/TGF-β and BMP ligands are both present in the intra- and extracellular milieu during early development, and cross-talk between these two branches of developmental signaling is currently the subject of intense research focus. Here, we show that the Nodal induced lncRNA-Smad7 regulates cell fate determination via repression of BMP signaling in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Depletion of lncRNA-Smad7 dramatically impairs cardiomyocyte differentiation in mESCs. Moreover, lncRNA-Smad7 represses Bmp2 expression through binding with the Bmp2 promoter region via (CA)12-repeats that forms an R-loop. Importantly, Bmp2 knockdown rescues defects in cardiomyocyte differentiation induced by lncRNA-Smad7 knockdown. Hence, lncRNA-Smad7 antagonizes BMP signaling in mESCs, and similarly regulates cell fate determination between osteocyte and myocyte formation in C2C12 mouse myoblasts. Moreover, lncRNA-Smad7 associates with hnRNPK in mESCs and hnRNPK binds at the Bmp2 promoter, potentially contributing to Bmp2 expression repression. The antagonistic effects between Nodal/TGF-β and BMP signaling via lncRNA-Smad7 described in this work provides a framework for understanding cell fate determination in early development.
RNADisease v4.0: an updated resource of RNA-associated diseases, providing RNA-disease analysis, enrichment and prediction
Authors: Chen Jia , Lin Jiahao , Hu Yongfei , Ye Meijun , Yao Linhui , Wu Le , Zhang Wenhai , Wang Meiyi , Deng Tingting , Guo Feng , Huang Yan , Zhu Bofeng , Wang Dong 
Published: September 2022

AbstractNumerous studies have shown that RNA plays an important role in the occurrence and development of diseases, and RNA-disease associations are not limited to noncoding RNAs in mammals but also exist for protein-coding RNAs. Furthermore, RNA-associated diseases are found across species including plants and nonmammals. To better analyze diseases at the RNA level and facilitate researchers in exploring the pathogenic mechanism of diseases, we decided to update and change MNDR v3.0 to RNADisease v4.0, a repository for RNA-disease association (http://www.rnadisease.org/ or http://www.rna-society.org/mndr/). Compared to the previous version, new features include: (i) expanded data sources and categories of species, RNA types, and diseases; (ii) the addition of a comprehensive analysis of RNAs from thousands of high-throughput sequencing data of cancer samples and normal samples; (iii) the addition of an RNA-disease enrichment tool and (iv) the addition of four RNA-disease prediction tools. In summary, RNADisease v4.0 provides a comprehensive and concise data resource of RNA-disease associations which contains a total of 3 428 058 RNA-disease entries covering 18 RNA types, 117 species and 4090 diseases to meet the needs of biological research and lay the foundation for future therapeutic applications of diseases.