bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public attitudes about equitable COVID-19 vaccine allocation: a randomised experiment of race-based versus novel place-based frames
Authors: Schmidt Harald , Shaikh Sonia Jawaid , Sadecki Emily , Buttenheim Alison , Gollust Sarah 
Published: August 2022

Equity was—and is—central in the US policy response to COVID-19, given its disproportionate impact on disadvantaged communities of colour. In an unprecedented turn, the majority of US states used place-based disadvantage indices to promote equity in vaccine allocation (eg, through larger vaccine shares for more disadvantaged areas and people of colour).We conducted a nationally representative survey experiment (n=2003) in April 2021 (before all US residents had become vaccine eligible), that examined respondents’ perceptions of the acceptability of disadvantage indices relative to two ways of prioritising racial and ethnic groups more directly, and assessed the role of framing and expert anchors in shaping perceptions.A majority of respondents supported the use of disadvantage indices, and one-fifth opposed any of the three equity-promoting plans. Differences in support and opposition were identified by respondents’ political party affiliation. Providing a numerical anchor (that indicated expert recommendations and states’ actual practices in reserving a proportion of allocations for prioritised groups) led respondents to prefer a lower distribution of reserved vaccine allocations compared with the randomised condition without this anchor, and the effect of the anchor differed across the frames.Our findings support ongoing uses of disadvantage indices in vaccine allocation, and, by extension, in allocating tests, masks or treatments, especially when supply cannot meet demand. The findings can also inform US allocation frameworks in future pandemic planning, and could provide lessons on how to promote equity in clinical and public health outside of the pandemic setting.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and alcohol and drug use comorbidity at 25 US level I trauma centers
Authors: Nguyen Jefferson , Whiteside Lauren K , Bulger Eileen M , Veach Laura , Moloney Kathleen , Russo Joan , Nehra Deepika , Wang Jin , Zatzick Douglas F 
Published: August 2022

BackgroundQuestions regarding the extent to which post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is comorbid with alcohol and drug use are particularly germane in an era when the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACS-COT) is considering policy requiring screening, intervention and/or referral services for patients presenting with psychological sequalae of traumatic injury. Literature review revealed few multisite trauma-center-based investigations that have assessed the association between PTSD symptoms and alcohol and drug use comorbidities in injured patients.MethodsThis investigation was a secondary analysis of baseline data collected prior to randomization in a 25-site trauma center pragmatic clinical trial. All 635 patients included in the investigation had elevated PTSD symptom levels at the time of trauma center admission. Self-report questionnaire screening, laboratory toxicology results, and electronic health record data were combined to assess the frequencies of alcohol, stimulant (i.e., amphetamine and cocaine), opioid and marijuana use comorbidities for injured patients. Logistic regression was used to assess the associations between demographic and injury characteristics and alcohol and drug use comorbidity.ResultsThe frequency of patients with one or more alcohol or substance use comorbidity was between 62% and 79%. Over 50% of patients were positive for one or more alcohol or cannabis comorbidity. Approximately 26% of patients were positive for stimulants and 10% for opioid comorbidity.DiscussionThis multisite investigation suggests that between 62% and 79% of hospitalized injury survivors with elevated PTSD symptoms have one or more alcohol or drug use comorbidity. Orchestrated ACS-COT policy and trauma center service delivery development should incorporate the key finding that a substantial majority of patients with high levels of psychological distress (eg, elevated PTSD symptoms) may have alcohol and drug use comorbidities.Level of evidenceLevel II (epidemiological investigation of untreated controls from a multisite randomized clinical trial)Trial registration numberNCT02655354.
The charged Zipoy–Voorhees metric with astrophysical applications
Authors: Gurtug Ozay , Halilsoy Mustafa , Mangut Mert 
Published: August 2022

AbstractStarting from an integral of the interaction region of colliding Einstein–Maxwell waves and by applying a coordinate transformation, we obtain the charged version of the static Zipoy–Voorhees (ZV) metric valid for all values of the distortion parameter $$\gamma $$
γ
. In Schwarzschild coordinates, we investigate the effect of the charge in the newly found spacetime, stress the analogy with Reissner–Nordstrom metric and discuss some of its features. It is shown that from the expression of Weyl curvature, directional singularities become manifest. For astrophysical importance, we find lensing of null geodesics from the Gauss–Bonnet theorem in such non-spherically charged objects. To prepare the ground for our null, circular geodesics we consider the angular equation linearized about the symmetry plane $$\theta =\pi /2$$

θ
=
π
/
2

. This, in turn, suggests the distortion parameter (the ZV parameter) must be in the interval $$1/2<\gamma <1$$

1
/
2
<
γ
<
1

. It is found that the lensing angle is highly dependent on the distortion parameter, and becomes decisive on the effect of the charge. For a class of charged compact stars, we plot the deflection angle versus the ratio of impact parameter to the radius of the star. Plots have revealed that for perfectly spherical compact stars, it is hard to identify the effect of electric/magnetic charge, but for non-spherical compact stars the effect of electric charge becomes apparent. For comparison, the same lensing angle has also been found for the stationary ZV metric in the equatorial plane. Our analysis indicates that depending on the value of $$\gamma $$
γ
, the stationary state induces counter effect on the bending angle and thus, when compared with the uncharged static ZV case, the bending angle decreases. The influence of the parameter $$\gamma $$
γ
on the gravitational redshift is also displayed.
Challenges and Benchmark Datasets for Machine Learning in the Atmospheric Sciences: Definition, Status, and Outlook
Authors: Dueben Peter D. , Schultz Martin G. , Chantry Matthew , Gagne David John , Hall David Matthew , McGovern Amy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Benchmark datasets and benchmark problems have been a key aspect for the success of modern machine learning applications in many scientific domains. Consequently, an active discussion about benchmarks for applications of machine learning has also started in the atmospheric sciences. Such benchmarks allow for the comparison of machine learning tools and approaches in a quantitative way and enable a separation of concerns for domain and machine learning scientists. However, a clear definition of benchmark datasets for weather and climate applications is missing with the result that many domain scientists are confused. In this paper, we equip the domain of atmospheric sciences with a recipe for how to build proper benchmark datasets, a (nonexclusive) list of domain-specific challenges for machine learning is presented, and it is elaborated where and what benchmark datasets will be needed to tackle these challenges. We hope that the creation of benchmark datasets will help the machine learning efforts in atmospheric sciences to be more coherent, and, at the same time, target the efforts of machine learning scientists and experts of high-performance computing to the most imminent challenges in atmospheric sciences. We focus on benchmarks for atmospheric sciences (weather, climate, and air-quality applications). However, many aspects of this paper will also hold for other aspects of the Earth system sciences or are at least transferable.

Significance Statement
Machine learning is the study of computer algorithms that learn automatically from data. Atmospheric sciences have started to explore sophisticated machine learning techniques and the community is making rapid progress on the uptake of new methods for a large number of application areas. This paper provides a clear definition of so-called benchmark datasets for weather and climate applications that help to share data and machine learning solutions between research groups to reduce time spent in data processing, to generate synergies between groups, and to make tool developments more targeted and comparable. Furthermore, a list of benchmark datasets that will be needed to tackle important challenges for the use of machine learning in atmospheric sciences is provided.
An Analytical Solution of the Effective-Buoyancy Equation
Authors: Davies-Jones Robert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effective buoyancy per unit volume is the statically forced part of the local nonhydrostatic upward pressure-gradient force. It is important because it does not depend on the basic-state density defined with the anelastic approximation. Herein, an analytical solution is obtained for the effective buoyancy associated with an axisymmetric column of less dense air. In special cases where the radial profiles of density are step functions, the analytical solutions replicate qualitatively several features in a recently published numerical solution as follows. The effective buoyancy is positive within the column of lighter air and negative outside. It increases from the axis to the inner edge of the column, then jumps discontinuously to a negative value and thereafter increases until it reaches zero at radial infinity. As the column radius increases, the effective buoyancy on the axis decreases and the change in effective buoyancy between the axis and the inner edge increases, but the jump magnitude is unaltered. For continuous radial density distributions that resemble step functions, the solutions are similar except the cusps are rounded off and the jumps become smooth transition zones.

Significance Statement
In atmospheric convection, vertical accelerations are due to buoyancy forces and vertical perturbation pressure-gradient forces. Separately, these forces depend on the choice of a basic state. To avoid the ambiguity of an arbitrary reference atmosphere defining which parcels are buoyant, we define an effective-buoyancy force per unit volume that is independent of any basic state. It is the part of the vertical nonhydrostatic pressure-gradient force that depends solely on horizontal density variations. The remaining part of the vertical force is dynamical in origin; it depends only on inertial forces. An analytical solution demonstrates that, for an axisymmetric column of lighter air, effective buoyancy is greatest just inside the column edge and is most negative just outside the edge.
Absence of Association of Tinnitus With Pre-existing Hypertension: A Population-based Study
Authors: Huang Po-Hsiu , Xirasagar Sudha , Chen Jin-Hua , Cheng Yen-Fu , Kuo Nai-Wen , Lin Herng-Ching 
Published: August 2022

Objectives: Whether tinnitus is associated with pre-existing hypertension remains uncertain. This study explored the association between tinnitus and pre-existing hypertension. Methods: We obtained data on a retrospective cohort of 542 884 cases ≥18 years old with a first-time tinnitus diagnosis from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. We used propensity-score matching to select 542 884 matched controls and performed multiple logistic regression analyses to estimate the adjusted odds of prior hypertension among patients with tinnitus versus controls. Results: Bivariate analysis showed no significant difference in the prevalence of prior hypertension between the tinnitus and no-tinnitus groups (35.58% vs 35.5%, P = .617). Univariable logistic regression analysis confirmed the bivariate analysis finding, unadjusted odds of prior hypertension among the tinnitus group relative to controls, 1.002, 95% CI: 0.994-1.010, P = .617). After adjusting for age, sex, monthly income, geographic location and urbanization level, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hearing loss, obesity, anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, alcohol abuse, nicotine dependence, anxiety disorder, depressive disorder and idiopathic intracranial hypertension, the odds of prior hypertension were similar among the tinnitus and no-tinnitus groups (OR = 1.006, 95% CI: 0.997-1.016, P = .178). Conclusions: Our population-based study found no evidence for an association between tinnitus and pre-existing hypertension.
Spark plasma sintering of ZrO2 reinforced Ni-Cr alloy: Microstructure and mechanical behavior
Authors: Oketola Adeola , Jamiru Tamba , Adegbola Adesola T , Ogunbiyi Olugbenga , Rominiyi Azeez L , Salifu Smith 
Published: August 2022

Ni-Cr-ZrO2 composites with varying amounts of ZrO2 additive (5 wt%, 7.5 wt%, 10 wt% and 12.5 wt%) were fabricated using spark plasma sintering method at a sintering temperature of 1000°C, heating rate of 100°C/min, holding time of 5 min, and a pressure of 50 MPa. The effect of ZrO2 addition on the microstructure, tribological and mechanical properties of the developed composites were studied. The results showed that maximum densification was attained at 10 wt% ZrO2. Further increase in the fractions of ZrO2 within the composites results in a decrease in the relative density of the sintered composite. A significant increase in hardness from 433.24 HV to 510.11 HV and elastic modulus from 252.67 GPa to 294.6 GPa was observed in the fabricated samples as the ZrO2 content increase from 5 to 12.5 wt%. An appreciable improvement in the wear performance of the sintered samples was obtained with increasing ZrO2 content. The observed improvement in the properties of the sintered composites was attributed to the presence of the hard dispersoids of ZrO2 and formation of solid solution strengthening and hard Cr3Ni2 phases within the matrix of the sintered composites.
Electrospun poly (lactic acid) -cotton core-shell yarns: Processing, morphology, and mechanical properties
Authors: Maleki Homa , Yilmaz Demet , Semnani Rahbar Rouhollah , Alay Aksoy Sennur 
Published: August 2022

In this study, aiming to improve the mechanical performance of the Poly (lactic acid) (PLA)-based nanofibrous structures, the electrospinning method was employed to develop twisted yarns with core-shell structure. Within this process, a conventional ring-spun cotton yarn fed to the electrical field, where nanofibers covered it by a certain orientation owning to the twisting procedure. This approach combines the excellent biological and physical-mechanical properties of cotton with outstanding features of the PLA nanofibers for biomedical applications. The effects of the core and shell structures on the ultimate properties of the electrospun core-shell yarns were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that relatively uniform and bead-free fibers with smooth surfaces were formed. SEM images also confirmed that the nanofibers were arranged around the core with a specific angle to the axis (with the angle range of 8–44 based on the twisting rate) to constitute a twisted core-shell yarn. The diameter of the electrospun yarns decreased (∼ 22%) by increasing the twist rate. The influence of the core on the mechanical behavior of core-shell yarn are also discussed. Improvements in mechanical performance of core-shell yarns were generally perceived at low twist levels of the core yarn (αe = 2.8), and electrospun shell (40 rpm).
Antidepressant effects of a psychedelic experience in a large prospective naturalistic sample
Authors: Nygart Victoria Amalie , Pommerencke Lis Marie , Haijen Eline , Kettner Hannes , Kaelen Mendel , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Nutt David John , Carhart-Harris Robin Lester , Erritzoe David 
Published: August 2022

Background: Over the last two decades, a number of studies have highlighted the potential of psychedelic therapy. However, questions remain to what extend these results translate to naturalistic samples, and how contextual factors and the acute psychedelic experience relate to improvements in affective symptoms following psychedelic experiences outside labs/clinics. The present study sought to address this knowledge gap. Aim: Here, we aimed to investigate changes in anxiety and depression scores before versus after psychedelic experiences in naturalistic contexts, and how various pharmacological, extrapharmacological and experience factors related to outcomes. Method: Individuals who planned to undergo a psychedelic experience were enrolled in this online survey study. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and 2 and 4 weeks post-psychedelic experience, with self-rated Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR-16) as the primary outcome. To facilitate clinical translation, only participants with depressive symptoms at baseline were included. Sample sizes for the four time points were N = 302, N = 182, N = 155 and N = 109, respectively. Results: Relative to baseline, reductions in depressive symptoms were observed at 2 and 4 weeks. A medicinal motive, previous psychedelic use, drug dose and the type of acute psychedelic experience (i.e. specifically, having an emotional breakthrough) were all significantly associated with changes in self-rated QIDS-SR-16. Conclusion: These results lend support to therapeutic potential of psychedelics and highlight the influence of pharmacological and non-pharmacological factors in determining response. Mindful of a potential sample and attrition bias, further controlled and observational longitudinal studies are needed to test the replicability of these findings.
Treating peripheral neuropathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus with intraneural facilitation: a single blind randomized control trial
Authors: Sahba Kyan , Berk Lee , Bussell Mark , Lohman Everett , Zamora Francis , Gharibvand Lida 
Published: August 2022

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of intraneural facilitation (INF) for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Methods This single-blind, randomized clinical trial enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and moderate-to-severe DPN symptoms below the ankle. Patients were randomly assigned to receive INF or sham treatment. In the INF group, trained INF physical therapists provided therapy for 50–60 min, three times a week for 3 weeks. Sham treatment consisted of patients believing they received anodyne therapy for 3 weeks. Pre- and post-treatment data were compared between the two groups for quality of life, balance, gait, protective sensory function and pain outcome measures. Results A total of 28 patients (17 males) were enrolled in the study (INF group n = 17; sham group n = 11). There was a significant decrease in the overall pain score in both the INF and sham groups over time, but the decrease was greater in the INF group (1.11 versus 0.82). Between-group comparisons demonstrated significant differences in unpleasant pain and protective sensory function. The INF group showed post-treatment improvements in protective sensory function and composite static balance score. Conclusions INF treatment improved pain perception, the composite static balance score and protective sensations in patients with DPN. Research Registry number: CNCT04025320
The Longitudinal Youth in Transition Study (LYiTS) Cohort Profile: Exploration by Hospital- Versus Community-Based Mental Health Services
Authors: Cleverley Kristin , Davies Julia , Brennenstuhl Sarah , Bennett Kathryn J. , Cheung Amy , Henderson Joanna , Korczak Daphne J. , Kurdyak Paul , Levinson Andrea , Pignatiello Antonio , Stevens Katye , Voineskos Aristotle N. , Szatmari Peter 
Published: August 2022

Objectives Youth face numerous challenges in receiving coordinated and continuous mental health services, particularly as they reach the age of transition from child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) to adult mental health services (AMHS). The Longitudinal Youth in Transition Study (LYiTS) follows youth prospectively as they cross this transition boundary to better understand their transition pathways and resulting symptoms and health service use outcomes. The current paper presents the baseline profile description for the LYiTS cohort and additionally examines differences in symptoms and functioning and health service utilization between youth receiving services at hospital- versus community-based CAMHS. Methods A cross-sectional design was used. A sample of 237 16–18-year-old youth recruited from outpatient CAMHS at two hospitals and two community sites completed self-report measures at their first of four annual assessments. A latent profile analysis was conducted to identify symptomology profiles, and youth were compared on symptoms and health service use between hospital- and community-based sites. Results Four distinct symptomology profiles were identified (subclinical, moderate internalizing, moderate externalizing, and high symptomology). Symptom profiles and functioning levels reported by youth were no different across both types of organization, although there were differences detected in health service utilization, such as type of provider seen and use of medications. Conclusions These findings suggest that there is little difference in symptomology between youth accessing hospital versus community-based CAMHS. With growing interest in understanding the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different models of mental health care, these findings provide a new understanding of the clinical and service use profiles of transition-aged youth that will be explored further as this cohort is followed across the CAMHS to AMHS transition boundary.
How do patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis enrolled in the EXPAND randomized controlled trial compare with those seen in German clinical practice in the NeuroTransData multiple sclerosis registry?
Authors: Braune Stefan , Bergmann Arnfin , Bezlyak Vladimir , Adlard Nicholas 
Published: August 2022

Background In EXPAND (NCT01665144), a phase 3 randomized clinical trial, siponimod reduced disability progression versus placebo in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). Aim To understand how a real-world population with SPMS relates to that in EXPAND, we conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study using the German NeuroTransData (NTD) multiple sclerosis (MS) registry. Methods The NTD MS registry is run by a Germany-wide network of physicians. Two cross-sectional analyses were performed using the NTD MS registry. The first included patients with SPMS, as recorded in the registry, and compared their characteristics between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2018 with patients in EXPAND. The second described the characteristics of patients in the registry at the time of diagnosis of SPMS between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2018. Results The first analysis included 773 patients: patients were older in the NTD MS registry than in EXPAND (mean age, 57.9 vs 48.0 years) and had a longer duration of SPMS (mean, 6.2 vs 3.8 years). In the NTD MS registry, median Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores were comparable to EXPAND (6.0 versus 6.0), although fewer patients had relapses in the previous 24 months (16% vs 36% [siponimod] and 37% [placebo]). Data on gadolinium-enhancing lesions were only available for 5.8% of patients in the NTD MS registry. The second analysis included 916 patients: at the time of SPMS diagnosis, the mean age was 53.2 years and the median EDSS score was 5.0. Conclusion The population in the NTD MS registry was older to that in EXPAND, but were similar in terms of disability. Differences likely reflect the inclusion criteria of EXPAND but also highlight that real-world populations encompass a wider range of patient characteristics.