bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between childhood immunisation coverage and proximity to health facilities in rural settings: a cross-sectional analysis of Service Provision Assessment 2013–2014 facility data and Demographic and Health Survey 2015–2016 individual data in Malawi
Authors: Johns Nicole E , Hosseinpoor Ahmad Reza , Chisema Mike , Danovaro-Holliday M Carolina , Kirkby Katherine , Schlotheuber Anne , Shibeshi Messeret , Sodha Samir V , Zimba Boston 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesDespite significant progress in childhood vaccination coverage globally, substantial inequality remains. Remote rural populations are recognised as a priority group for immunisation service equity. We aimed to link facility and individual data to examine the relationship between distance to services and immunisation coverage empirically, specifically using a rural population.Design and settingRetrospective cross-sectional analysis of facility data from the 2013–2014 Malawi Service Provision Assessment and individual data from the 2015–2016 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, linking children to facilities within a 5 km radius. We examined associations between proximity to health facilities and vaccination receipt via bivariate comparisons and logistic regression models.Participants2740 children aged 12–23 months living in rural areas.Outcome measuresImmunisation coverage for the six vaccines included in the Malawi Expanded Programme on Immunization schedule for children under 1 year at time of study, as well as two composite vaccination indicators (receipt of basic vaccines and receipt of all recommended vaccines), zero-dose pentavalent coverage, and pentavalent dropout.Findings72% (706/977) of facilities offered childhood vaccination services. Among children in rural areas, 61% were proximal to (within 5 km of) a vaccine-providing facility. Proximity to a vaccine-providing health facility was associated with increased likelihood of having received the rotavirus vaccine (93% vs 88%, p=0.004) and measles vaccine (93% vs 89%, p=0.01) in bivariate tests. In adjusted comparisons, how close a child was to a health facility remained meaningfully associated with how likely they were to have received rotavirus vaccine (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.63, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.33) and measles vaccine (AOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.37).ConclusionProximity to health facilities was significantly associated with likelihood of receipt for some, but not all, vaccines. Our findings reiterate the vulnerability of children residing far from static vaccination services; efforts that specifically target remote rural populations living far from health facilities are warranted to ensure equitable vaccination coverage.
Exploring the association between khat use and psychiatric symptoms: a systematic review
Authors: Edwards Betsy , Atkins Naomi 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesConsumption of the drug khat is high across East Africa and the South-Western Arabian Peninsula despite evidence for its adverse psychiatric effects. This systematic review aims to explore cross-sectional research in the field to determine the strength of the association between khat use and psychiatric symptomsMethodsSix databases were searched in October 2021—Ovid Medline, Embase, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus and Proquest—using the following search terms: “khat” OR “qat” OR “qaad” OR “catha” OR “miraa” OR “mairungi” AND “depression” OR “anxiety” OR “mania” OR “psych*” OR “schiz*” OR “mental” OR “hallucinations” OR “delusions” OR “bipolar”. Eligible studies were cross-sectional studies of any population or setting comparing the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in long term or dependent khat users with non-users. The quality of each study was appraised by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. A meta-analysis was planned using a random effects model to produce an OR with 95% CIs—using the Mantel-Haenszel method—alongside an I2 statistic to represent heterogeneity. The quality of this meta-analysis was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) scoring system.Results35 studies were eligible for inclusion (total participants=31 893), spanning 5 countries (Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, UK). Meta-analysis suggests that khat use is associated with an 122% increased prevalence of psychiatric symptoms (OR 2.22, 95% CIs 1.76 to 2.79, p<0.00001, GRADE score: ‘very low’).ConclusionsThe high heterogeneity of the meta-analysis is likely due to the wide variation between the studies within the evidence base. To perform a more accurate systematic review, further primary studies are needed with standardised measurements of variables, particularly khat consumption.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020224510.
Quality of patient-reported and proxy-reported outcomes for children with impairment of the lower extremity: systematic review protocol
Authors: Saris Tim , Kalle Ruben , Sierevelt Inger , Eygendaal Denise , van Bergen Christiaan 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionAs patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have become of significant importance in evaluation of care and clinical research, adequately selecting the appropriate instrument is an integral part of paediatric orthopaedic research and clinical practice. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of PROMs targeted at children with impairment of the lower limb, and to critically appraise and summarise the quality of their measurement properties by applying the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) methodology.Method and analysisA systematic search of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases will be performed to identify relevant publications reporting on the development and/or validation of PROMs used for evaluating children with impairment of the lower extremity. Data extraction and quality assessment of the included studies will be undertaken by two reviewers independently and in accordance with COSMIN guidelines.Ethics and disseminationIt is not necessary to obtain ethical approval for this systematic review. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and will be presented at relevant conferences to enhance information dissemination.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021287323.
Five years of outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone in the paediatric emergency department: what clinical features are associated with need for admission?
Authors: Scally Benjamin J , Buxton Gemma , Smith Jennifer K 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundMore children presenting to Emergency Departments (EDs) with acute infections are now directly referred for outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT). Sparse data exist on what clinical features in these children are associated with OPAT failure. We hypothesised that children who were younger or presented with systemic features of infection would be more likely to need admission.MethodsWe conducted a service evaluation over a 5-year period (12 September 2015–12 September 2020) at a single UK tertiary centre paediatric ED formally known as the Royal Hospital for Sick Children Edinburgh. All children referred from the ED for OPAT with ceftriaxone were included. OPAT failure was defined as a decision by a senior clinician of need for admission. Univariate statistical testing and multivariate logistic regression modelling were performed.Results754 children received OPAT in the ED over a 5-year period. 95 children (13%) required admission for inpatient management. Need for admission was independently associated with having a positive blood culture (adjusted OR (aOR) 8.9; 95% CI 1.49 to 47; p=0.01) or an ultrasound performed (aOR 6.8; 95% CI 3.74 to 12.7; p<0.001). We observed no significant association between age and systemic features (fever, white cell count or C reactive protein) with need for admission in our multivariate analysis.ConclusionIn children presenting with acute infections to our paediatric ED who were deemed suitable by senior clinicians to be managed using OPAT with ceftriaxone, younger age (above 3 months) and the presence of systemic features were not independently associated with need for admission. Overall, our service was safe and no child came to harm from early ambulation during this evaluation.
Surgical management of tricuspid regurgitation: a new algorithm to minimise recurrent tricuspid regurgitation
Authors: Rodriguez Torres Diego , Torres Quintero Lucía , Segura Rodríguez Diego , Garrido Jimenez Jose Manuel , Esteban Molina Maria , Gomera Martínez Francisco , Moreno Escobar Eduardo , Garcia Orta Rocio 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionRecurrent tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is frequently observed after cardiac surgery; however, the correct approach remains controversial. We developed an algorithm for action on the tricuspid valve (TV) and conducted a 1-year follow-up study. The aim was to assess the efficacy of the algorithm to minimise residual TR after TV surgery. The hypothesis was that the TR rate at 1 year would be reduced by selecting the surgical approach in accordance with a set of preoperative clinical and echocardiographic variables.MethodsA prospective, observational, single-centre study was performed in 76 consecutive patients with TV involvement. A protocol was designed for their inclusion, and data on their clinical and echocardiographic characteristics were gathered at 3 months and 1-year postsurgery. The treatment of patients depended on the degree of TR. Surgery was performed in all patients with severe or moderate-to-severe TR and in those with mild or moderate TR alongside the presence of certain clinical or echocardiographic factors. They underwent annuloplasty or extended valve repair when the TV was distorted. If repair techniques were not feasible, a prosthesis was implanted. Residual TR rates were compared with published reports, and predictors of early/late mortality and residual TR were evaluated.ResultsTR was functional in 69.9% of patients. Rigid ring annuloplasty was performed in 35.7% of patients, De Vega annuloplasty in 27.1%, extended repair in 11.4% and prosthetic replacement in 25.7%. TR was moderate or worse in 8.19% of patients (severe in 3.27%) at 1 year postintervention. No clinical, surgical or epidemiological variables were significantly associated with residual TR persistence, although annulus diameter showed a close-to-significant association. Total mortality was 12.85% for all causes and 10% for cardiovascular causes. In multivariate analysis, left ventricular ejection fraction was related to both early and late mortality.ConclusionsSevere residual TR was significantly less frequent than reported in other series, being observed in less than 4% of patients at 1-year postsurgery.
The 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Score and Cancer Risk: A Longitudinal Analysis in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study
Authors: Korn Ariella R. , Reedy Jill , Brockton Nigel T. , Kahle Lisa L. , Mitrou Panagiota , Shams-White Marissa M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background:
We examined associations between adherence to the 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) Cancer Prevention Recommendations using the standardized 2018 WCRF/AICR Score and cancer risk among older U.S. adults.

Methods:
Participants included 215,102 adults in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study followed between 2004 and 2011 (mean 7.0 person-years). Scores (range: 0–7 points) were calculated from self-reported weight, physical activity, and diet and alcohol intake measures. Outcomes included 17 cancers reviewed by WCRF/AICR (cases: male n = 11,066; female n = 8,865) and top three U.S. cancers in males (total n = 4,658; lung n = 2,211; prostate n = 920; colorectal n = 1,527) and females (total n = 5,957; lung n = 1,475; post-menopausal breast n = 3,546; colorectal n = 936). Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated for score and cancer risk associations, stratifying by sex and smoking status.

Results:
Each one-point score increase was associated with 6% to 13% reduced cancer risk across combined outcomes, except for male never smokers’ risk for top three cancers and male current smokers’ risk for both combined cancer outcomes. Higher scores were associated with decreased lung cancer risk only among male former smokers (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.79–0.89) and female current smokers (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.82–0.96). Higher scores were associated with 7% to 19% decreased breast cancer risk across smoking strata and 10% to 14% decreased colorectal cancer risk among male and female never and former smokers.

Conclusions:
Greater recommendations adherence was associated with reduced cancer risk.

Impact:
Findings emphasize the importance of considering combined contributions of multiple lifestyle factors for cancer prevention among older adults and the potential modifying role of smoking history.
Comparative Oncology Assessment of a Novel Inhibitor of Valosin-Containing Protein in Tumor-Bearing Dogs
Authors: LeBlanc Amy K. , Mazcko Christina N. , Fan Timothy M. , Vail David M. , Flesner Brian K. , Bryan Jeffrey N. , Li Shan , Wang Feng , Harris Scott , Vargas Jesse D. , Govindharajulu Jeevan P. , Jaganathan Soumya , Tomaino Francesca , Srivastava Apurva K. , Chou Tsui-Fen , Stott Gordon M. , Covey Joseph M. , Mroczkowski Barbara , Doroshow James H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Pet dogs with naturally occurring cancers play an important role in studies of cancer biology and drug development. We assessed tolerability, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships with a first-in-class small molecule inhibitor of valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97), CB-5339, administered to 24 tumor-bearing pet dogs. Tumor types assessed included solid malignancies, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. Through a stepwise dose and schedule escalation schema, we determined the maximum tolerated dose to be 7.5 mg/kg when administered orally on a 4 days on, 3 days off schedule per week for 3 consecutive weeks. Adverse events were minimal and mainly related to the gastrointestinal system. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data suggest a relationship between exposure and modulation of targets related to induction of the unfolded protein response, but not to tolerability of the agent. An efficacy signal was detected in 33% (2/6) of dogs with multiple myeloma, consistent with a mechanism of action relating to induction of proteotoxic stress in a tumor type with abundant protein production. Clinical trials of CB-5339 in humans with acute myelogenous leukemia and multiple myeloma are ongoing.
Weapons of Mass Destruction and Islam: Applying the Šarīʿa in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Cigar Norman 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This is a study of a legal treatise by ʿĀdil ʿAwaḍ, published by Umm al-Qurā University in Mecca, a scholarly attempt to deal with the legality and ethics of Weapons of Mass Destruction (wmd) from the perspective of the šarīʿa. Saudi Arabia offers a relevant real-world case study, given the continuing importance of Islam in its socio-political system and the indications that Riyadh is considering the acquisition of nuclear weapons. ʿAwaḍ addresses the moral and legal – and essentially religiously-based, although mingled with Realpolitik – considerations pertinent to acquiring and potentially using wmd, especially nuclear weapons, and he addresses issues such as deterrence, first-strike capability, the parameters of targeting, and proportionality. This study engages an actual player, rather than limiting the approach to a theoretical perspective and to positing how Muslims could or should think, and concludes that the findings in ʿAwaḍ’s treatise legitimize and contribute to the proliferation and use of wmd.
Developing a Climate Prediction System over Southwest China Using the 8-km Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model: System Design, Model Calibration, and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Yu Entao , Ma Jiehua , Sun Jianqi 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A high-resolution, short-term climate prediction system for summer (June–July–August) climate over Southwest China has been developed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model nested with a global climate prediction system (PCCSM4). The system includes 12 ensemble members generated by PCCSM4 with different initial conditions, and the finest horizontal resolution of WRF is 8 km. This study evaluates the ability of the WRF Model to predict summer climate over Southwest China, focusing on the system design, model tuning, and evaluation of baseline model performance. Sensitivity simulations are first conducted to provide the optimal model configuration, and the model performance is evaluated against available observational data using reforecast simulations for 1981–2020. When compared to PCCSM4, the WRF Model shows major improvements in predicting the spatial distribution of major variables such as 2-m temperature, 10-m wind speed, and precipitation. WRF also shows better skill in predicting interannual temperature variability and extreme temperature events, with higher anomaly correlation coefficients. However, large model biases remain in seasonal precipitation anomaly predictions. Overall, this study highlights the potential advantages of using the high-resolution WRF Model to predict summer climate conditions over Southwest China.
Model Evaluation by Measurements from Collocated Remote Sensors in Complex Terrain
Authors: Pichugina Yelena L. , Banta Robert M. , Brewer W. Alan , Kenyon J. , Olson J. B. , Turner D. D. , Wilczak J. , Baidar S. , Lundquist J. K. , Shaw W. J. , Wharton S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Model improvement efforts involve an evaluation of changes in model skill in response to changes in model physics and parameterization. When using wind measurements from various remote sensors to determine model forecast accuracy, it is important to understand the effects of measurement-uncertainty differences among the sensors resulting from differences in the methods of measurement, the vertical and temporal resolution of the measurements, and the spatial variability of these differences. Here we quantify instrument measurement variability in 80-m wind speed during WFIP2 and its impact on the calculated errors and the change in error from one model version to another. The model versions tested involved updates in model physics from HRRRv1 to HRRRv4, and reductions in grid interval from 3 km to 750 m. Model errors were found to be 2–3 m s−1. Differences in errors as determined by various instruments at each site amounted to about 10% of this value, or 0.2–0.3 m s−1. Changes in model skill due to physics or grid-resolution updates also differed depending on the instrument used to determine the errors; most of the instrument-to-instrument differences were ∼0.1 m s−1, but some reached 0.3 m s−1. All instruments at a given site mostly showed consistency in the sign of the change in error. In two examples, though, the sign changed, illustrating a consequence of differences in measurements: errors determined using one instrument may show improvement in model skill, whereas errors determined using another instrument may indicate degradation. This possibility underscores the importance of having accurate measurements to determine the model error.

Significance Statement
To evaluate model forecast accuracy using remote sensing instruments, it is important to understand the effects of measurement uncertainties due to differences in the methods of measurement and data processing techniques, the vertical and temporal resolution of the measurements, and the spatial variability of these differences. In this study, three types of collocated remote sensing systems are used to quantify the impact of measurement variability on the magnitude of calculated errors and the change in error from one model version to another. The model versions tested involved updates in model physics from HRRRv1 to HRRRv4, and reductions in grid interval from 3 km to 750 m.
Identifying Causes of Short-Range Forecast Errors in Maximum Temperature during Recent Central European Heatwaves Using the ECMWF-IFS Ensemble
Authors: Lemburg Alexander , Fink Andreas H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In the last few years, central Europe faced a number of severe, record-breaking heatwaves. Previous studies focused on predictability of heatwaves on medium-range to subseasonal time scales (5–30 days). However, also short-range (3-day) forecasts of maximum temperature (Tmax) can exhibit substantial errors even on larger spatial scales. This study investigates the causes of short-range forecast errors in Tmax over central Europe for the summers of 2015–20 using the 50-member ensemble of the operational ECMWF-IFS (ECMWF-ENS). The 3-day forecast errors, individually calculated for each ensemble member with respect to a 0–18-h control forecast, are fed into a multivariate linear regression model to study the relative importance of different error sources. Outside of heatwaves, errors in Tmax forecasts are predominantly caused by incorrectly predicted downwelling shortwave radiation, mainly due to errors in low cloud cover. During heatwaves, ECMWF-ENS exhibits a systematic underestimation of Tmax (−0.4 K), which is exacerbated under clear-sky and low wind conditions, and other error sources gain importance: the second most important error source is over- or underestimation of nocturnal temperatures in the residual layer. Additional Lagrangian trajectory analysis for the years 2018–20 (due to limited data availability) suggests a link to accumulating errors in near-surface diabatic heating of air masses associated with forecast errors in residence time over land and cloud cover. Regionally, other physical processes can be of dominant importance during heatwaves. Coastal regions are influenced by errors in near-surface wind whereas errors in soil moisture are more important in southeastern parts of central Europe.
On Zero-truncated Alternative Hyper-Poisson Distribution and Its Applications
Authors: Kumar C. Satheesh , Abraham Emil Ninan 
Published: July 2022

Here we propose a zero-truncated version of the alternative hyper-Poisson distribution of Kumar and Nair[ 1 ] and study some of its statistical properties. We derive some of its essential properties such as mean, variance, probability generating function, cumulative distribution function, hazard function, an expression for its factorial moments, raw moments and recursion formulae for its probabilities, raw moments and factorial moments. The method of moments and method of maximum likelihood estimation have been discussed for estimating the parameters of the proposed distribution. To check the suitability of the proposed model it has been applied to certain real-life data sets and has shown that it provides a good fitting to the data sets under consideration. Method of generalized likelihood ratio test is employed for examining the significance of the parameter and a brief simulation study is carried out for verifying the efficiency of the moment and maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters of the distribution. AMS subject classification: 60E05; 60E10; 33C20
Inventory Model for Non-instantaneous Deteriorating Items with Time-dependent Deterioration Rate and Price Discounts
Authors: Samanta Anwesha 
Published: July 2022

In this article, we study a periodic review inventory model for non-instantaneous deteriorating items when the length of a reorder cycle is known and the rate of deterioration is time dependent. In order to stimulate demand within the customers, the inventory manager offers a temporary discount on the selling price in three different stages—(a) before the items start to decay, (b) after deterioration sets in and (c) during shortage. The optimum ordering policy and the discounts to be given are determined so as to maximize the total expected profit over a reorder interval. Numerical examples are cited to illustrate the model. Sensitivity analysis is also carried out to study the effect of change in the model parameters on the optimal policy. AMS subject classification: 90