bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Height Equations for Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) Plantation in Ketou Commune, Ketou, Republic of Benin
Authors: Adekanmbi D. I. , Saka M. G. 
Published: June 2022

Aim: To develop Height equation for a seven years old Teak (Tectona grandis) plantation in Ketou commune, Republic of Benin.
Study Design: Simple random sampling technique was adopted for this study, in which, 25 plots of 20 x 20 m in size. Information was collected on the species tree height (TH) and Diameter at breast height (Dbh) at 1.3 m above the ground level on a randomly laid 25 plots of 20 x 20 m in size in the entire plantation.
Place and Duration: The study was carried out in a private Teak plantation in Ketou commune, Republic of Benin from October to December. 2021.
Methodology: The collected data was splitted into two parts: 1,552 trees were used for model development while the remaining 754 was used for data validation. Linear, semi-log, double and exponential equations were fitted to the calibrated tree height data, using stepwise regression method procedures in Statistical Package for Social Scientist (SPSS, version 20).
Results: The result revealed that, TH, Dbh and basal area (BA) of ranges between 2.4 – 16.3 m, 5.0 – 16.0 cm and 1.6 x 10-3 to 5.9 x 10-3 m2 respectively for both the calibrated and validated data set. Out of the total number of trees enumerated, only two diameter (dbh) class of 5 – 10 and 11 -15 cm was observed in the plantation. 270 trees (11.7 %) of the trees fell into lower diameter class of 5 to 10 cm, while 2,036 trees (88.3 %) fell into 11 to 15 cm class indicating that the most the tree species are still in pole stage. Correlation analysis between the dependent and independent variables were evaluated. A moderately negative correlation was exhibited with the weighted diameter at breast height. Considerable differences were found among the predictive ability of the selected models. The adjusted coefficient of determination values ranges between 55.5 and 96.7%, while the root mean square error and bias ranges between 0.026 to 1.638 and 1.2 x 10-3 to 5.6 x 10-3 respectively. Judging by the regression analysis criteria’s, Model III gave the highest R2Adj and lowest RMSE value among the competing models. The findings clearly shows that, Model III was the appropriate function to fits the data and was selected as the best equation for describing total height growth of Tectona grandis in Ketou commune, Republic of Benin.
Glycols
Authors: Forkner Matthew W. , Robson John H. , Snellings William M. , Martin A. E. , Murphy F. H. , Parsons T. E. , Albin Brooke A. , Burgess Lloyd M. , Proulx Grant 
Published: June 2022

AbstractGlycols are diols, compounds containing two hydroxyl groups attached to separate carbon atoms in an aliphatic chain, and are adducts of their parent oxide. The simplest glycol, ethylene glycol, is produced commercially by hydrolysis of ethylene oxide. Ethylene glycol has many uses ‐ polyester fibers, PET bottles, PET films, and antifreeze to name a few. Propylene glycol is primarily produced by hydrolysis of propylene oxide but can also be produced from glycerol. Propylene glycol is used as antifreeze, in various food and drug applications, and in the production of polyester resins. The physical and chemical properties; manufacture; economic aspects; health, safety, and environmental factors; and uses for various glycols are discussed in this article.
Aging and biliary tract cancers: Epidemiology, molecular biology, and clinical practice
Authors: Weng Xiaoling , Song Xiaoling , Shao Rong , Liu Fatao , Liu Yingbin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBiliary tract cancer (BTC) that contains cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, and ampullary cancer is highly malignant and mostly diagnosed in elderly patients. Over the past decades, human life has globally risen; thus, aging emerges as the primary risk factor for BTC. However, an effective treatment for this vulnerable population remains a large clinical challenge. As a result, the incidence and mortality of TBC remains high. Here, we discuss the potential link between aging and BTC from the aspects of molecular and cellular mechanisms, surgical resection, and chemotherapy. In addition, we update a number of clinical trials that are currently ongoing in elderly patients. The overview of BTC in elderly patients is expected to help develop a new therapeutic strategy tailored to this elderly population, ultimately improving their life quality.
Estimated size of the clinical medical imaging physics workforce in the United States
Authors: Rose Sean D. , Jordan David W. , Bevins Nicholas B. , Dave Jaydev K. , Hintenlang David E. , Lofton Brad K. , Patel Pankaj 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThere is no current authoritative accounting of the number of clinical imaging physicists practicing in the United States. Information about the workforce is needed to inform future efforts to secure training pathways and opportunities. In this study, the AAPM Diagnostic Demand and Supply Projection Working Group collected lists of medical physicists from several state registration and licensure programs and the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD) registry. By cross‐referencing individuals among these lists, we were able to estimate the current imaging physics workforce in the United States by extrapolating based on population. The imaging physics workforce in the United States in 2019 consisted of approximately 1794 physicists supporting diagnostic X‐ray (1073 board‐certified) and 934 physicists supporting nuclear medicine (460 board‐certified), with a number of individuals practicing in both subfields. There were an estimated 235 physicists supporting nuclear medicine exclusively (150 board‐certified). The estimated total workforce, accounting for overlap, was 2029 medical physicists. These estimates are in approximate agreement with other published studies of segments of the workforce.
Potential advantages of FDG‐PET radiomic feature map for target volume delineation in lung cancer radiotherapy
Authors: Falahatpour Zahra , Geramifar Parham , Mahdavi Seyed Rabie , Abdollahi Hamid , Salimi Yazdan , Nikoofar Alireza , Ay Mohammad Reza 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the potential benefits of FDG PET radiomic feature maps (RFMs) for target delineation in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) radiotherapy.MethodsThirty‐two NSCLC patients undergoing FDG PET/CT imaging were included. For each patient, nine grey‐level co‐occurrence matrix (GLCM) RFMs were generated. gross target volume (GTV) and clinical target volume (CTV) were contoured on CT (GTVCT, CTVCT), PET (GTVPET40, CTVPET40), and RFMs (GTVRFM, CTVRFM,). Intratumoral heterogeneity areas were segmented as GTVPET50‐Boost and radiomic boost target volume (RTVBoost) on PET and RFMs, respectively. GTVCT in homogenous tumors and GTVPET40 in heterogeneous tumors were considered as GTVgold standard (GTVGS). One‐way analysis of variance was conducted to determine the threshold that finds the best conformity for GTVRFM with GTVGS. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and mean absolute percent error (MAPE) were calculated. Linear regression analysis was employed to report the correlations between the gold standard and RFM‐derived target volumes.ResultsEntropy, contrast, and Haralick correlation (H‐correlation) were selected for tumor segmentation. The threshold values of 80%, 50%, and 10% have the best conformity of GTVRFM‐entropy, GTVRFM‐contrast, and GTVRFM‐H‐correlation with GTVGS, respectively. The linear regression results showed a positive correlation between GTVGS and GTVRFM‐entropy (r = 0.98, p < 0.001), between GTVGS and GTVRFM‐contrast (r = 0.93, p < 0.001), and between GTVGS and GTVRFM‐H‐correlation (r = 0.91, p < 0.001). The average threshold values of 45% and 15% were resulted in the best segmentation matching between CTVRFM‐entropy and CTVRFM‐contrast with CTVGS, respectively. Moreover, we used RFM to determine RTVBoost in the heterogeneous tumors. Comparison of RTVBoost with GTVPET50‐Boost MAPE showed the volume error differences of 31.7%, 36%, and 34.7% in RTVBoost‐entropy, RTVBoost‐contrast, and RTVBoost‐H‐correlation, respectively.ConclusionsFDG PET‐based radiomics features in NSCLC demonstrated a promising potential for decision support in radiotherapy, helping radiation oncologists delineate tumors and generate accurate segmentation for heterogeneous region of tumors.
Emerging Graphene Derivatives and Analogues for Efficient Energy Electrocatalysis
Authors: Wang Hao‐Fan , Tang Cheng , Zhao Chang‐Xin , Huang Jia‐Qi , Zhang Qiang 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe demand for highly efficient conversion and storage of renewable energy sources calls for advanced electrocatalytic technologies. 2D graphene has long been investigated as a versatile material platform with flexible structure and tunable surface properties for the design of efficient electrocatalysts. In recent years, new types of graphene derivatives and analogues keep emerging and showing great potential for highly active and selective electrocatalytic applications. In this review, recent progresses on emerging graphene derivatives and analogues for electrocatalysis are summarized. This review starts from the introduction of the material requirements for efficient electrocatalysis and the advantages of 2D graphene derivatives and analogues. Then new advances on graphene derivatives for electrocatalysis are introduced, including twisted graphene superlattices, molecular‐level single‐atom catalysts, and graphene‐supported dual‐atom catalysts or atomic clusters. The next section deals with the emerging research directions of graphene analogues for electrocatalysis, including 2D metal‐free materials, metallenes, 2D transition metal borides (MBenes), and new design strategies of them. Finally, an overview on the development status of this field is provided, and perspectives on the future development of efficient electrocatalytic technologies based on 2D materials are proposed.
Efficient Photon Extraction in Top‐Emission Organic Light‐Emitting Devices Based on Ampicillin Microstructures
Authors: Kim Dong Hyun , Lee Chang Min , Islam Amjad , Choi Dong Hyun , Jeong Geon‐Woo , Kim Tae Wook , Cho Hyun Woo , Kim Yeong Beom , Shah Syed Hamad Ullah , Park Min Jae , Kim Chul Hoon , Lee Hyun Jae , Lee Jae Woo , Bang Seain , Bae Tae‐Sung , Park Jong Bae , Yu Seung Min , Kang Yong‐Cheol , Park Juyun , Park Myeongkee , Jeong Yeonsu , Lee Sang Geul , Jin Jong Sung , Kim Kyoung‐Ho , Sujak Muhammad , Moon Surk‐Suik , Park Sanghyuk , Song Myung kwan , Kim Chang‐Su , Ryu Seung Yoon 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe desire to enhance the efficiency of organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) has driven to the investigation of advanced materials with fascinating properties. In this work, the efficiency of top‐emission OLEDs (TEOLEDs) is enhanced by introducing ampicillin microstructures (Amp‐MSs) with dual phases (α‐/β‐phase) that induce photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL). Moreover, Amp‐MSs can adjust the charge balance by Fermi level (EF) alignment, thereby decreasing the leakage current. The decrease in the wave‐guided modes can enhance the light outcoupling through optical scattering. The resulting TEOLED demonstrates a record‐high external quantum efficiency (EQE) (maximum: 68.7% and average: 63.4% at spectroradiometer; maximum: 44.8% and average: 42.6% at integrating sphere) with a wider color gamut (118%) owing to the redshift of the spectrum by J‐aggregation. Deconvolution of the EL intensities is performed to clarify the contribution of Amp‐MSs to the device EQE enhancement (optical scattering by Amp‐MSs: 17.0%, PL by radiative energy transfer: 9.1%, and EL by J‐aggregated excitons: 4.6%). The proposed TEOLED outperforms the existing frameworks in terms of device efficiency.
Room‐Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries: Rules for Catalyst Selection and Electrode Design
Authors: Li Zhen , Wang Changlai , Ling Fangxin , Wang Lifeng , Bai Ruilin , Shao Yu , Chen Qianwang , Yuan Hua , Yu Yan , Tan Yeqiang 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSeeking an optimal catalyst to accelerate conversion reaction kinetics of room‐temperature sodium–sulfur (RT Na–S) batteries is crucial for improving their electrochemical performance and promoting the practical applications. Herein, theoretical calculations of interfacial interactions of catalysts and polysulfides in terms of the surface adsorption state, interfacial ions migration, and electronic concentration around the Fermi level are systematically proposed as guiding principles of catalyst selection for RT Na–S batteries. As a case, MoN catalyst is accurately selected from transition metal nitrides with different d orbital electrons, and for experiment, it is introduced into the carbon nanofibers as a dual‐functioning host (MoN@CNFs). The MoN@CNFs can effectively anchor polysulfides and accelerate their conversion reaction. In addition, for the sodium anode, the MoN@CNFs can also induce uniform deposition of Na and inhibit dendrite growth, which are supported by in situ characterizations and finite element simulation technique. As a result, the as‐prepared RT Na–S battery displays high reversible capacity of 990 mAh g–1 at 0.2 A g–1 after 100 cycles and long lifespan over 1500 cycles at 2 A g–1. Even with high S loading of 5 mg cm–2, the RT Na–S battery still exhibits a high areal capacity of 2.5 mAh cm–2.
MXene‐Based Broadband Ultrafast Nonlinear Activator for Optical Computing
Authors: Yang Zhan , Tan Weimin , Zhang Tianju , Chen Chenduan , Wang Zixin , Mao Yu , Ma Chenxi , Lin Qing , Bi Wanjun , Yu Fei , Yan Bo , Wang Jun 
Published: June 2022

AbstractOptical neural networks (ONNs) are particularly advantageous owing to their inherent parallelism and low energy consumption. However, one of the obstacles to the implementation of ONNs is the lack of optical nonlinearity. In this study, optical nonlinear activators for ONNs are prepared by combining Ti3C2Tx MXene with microfibers and their principles are verified. Activation functions obtained from experimental measurements are used to simulate multiclassification and super‐resolution reconstruction tasks with performance comparable to that of activation functions commonly used in computers. Four necessary criteria are proposed and validated for evaluating the performance of the nonlinear activator: recovery time, deviation from linearity, the activation function close to identity mapping, and reconfigurability of the configuration. Theoretically, the nonlinear activator can compute 100 times faster than commonly used electronic computers and can be used as a nonlinear activation unit for ONNs to help the integration of ONNs with artificial intelligence.
Reconfigurable Parfocal Zoom Metalens
Authors: Yang Fan , Lin Hung‐I , Shalaginov Mikhail Y. , Stoll Katherine , An Sensong , Rivero‐Baleine Clara , Kang Myungkoo , Agarwal Anuradha , Richardson Kathleen , Zhang Hualiang , Hu Juejun , Gu Tian 
Published: June 2022

AbstractZoom lenses with variable focal lengths and magnification ratios are essential for many optical imaging applications. Conventional zoom lenses are composed of multiple refractive optics, and optical zoom is attained via translational motion of one or more lens elements, which adds to module size, complexity, and cost. In this paper, a zoom lens design based on multi‐functional optical metasurfaces is presented, which achieves large step zoom ratios, minimal distortion, and diffraction‐limited optical quality without requiring mechanical moving parts. Two embodiments of the concept are experimentally demonstrated based on polarization‐multiplexing in the visible and phase change materials in the mid‐infrared, both yielding 10× parfocal zoom in accordance with the design.
A Benzene Ring‐Linked Dimethylamino and Borate Ester‐Based Molecule and Organic Crystal: Efficient Dual Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence with Responsive Property
Authors: Xie Ning , Wang Jiaxuan , Huang Tingting , Zhao Liupeng , Sun Peng , Lu Geyu , Wang Yue , Li Chenglong 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPure organic crystal of N,N‐di‐methyl‐4‐(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)aniline (DMAB) exhibits efficient room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) with an emission maximum at 387 nm and a high phosphorescence efficiency of 35.2%. Significantly, DMAB shows an exceptional photo‐induced ultra‐long RTP (URTP) at 539 nm, which displays an afterglow time of 14 s in air. The two phosphorescent bands are attributed to the monomeric and aggregated RTP of DMAB, respectively. Continuous UV irradiation for ≈1 min can dramatically improve the lifetimes for both of the monomeric and aggregated phosphorescent emissions. The photo‐induced URTP can be spontaneously switched off after standing the crystal in air for 50 min, and this cyclic process has been repeated several times. The molecular packing based on multiple intermolecular noncovalent interactions is adopted in DMAB crystal, which is beneficial to RTP. Upon UV irradiation, the consumption of oxygen in the crystal matrix accounts for the distinctive photo‐induced URTP. Taking advantage of the unique photo/oxygen‐sensitive properties, DMAB crystals have been successfully utilized in oxygen sensing and anticounterfeiting.
PPh3‐Mediated Wittig‐Like/Mannich Tandem Reactions of 2‐Alkynylnitrobenzenes with Ketones for the Synthesis of 2,2‐Disubstituted Indolin‐3‐Ones
Authors: Fan Hui , Xu Yao , Yang Fan , Xu Shijie , Zhao Xuechun , Zhang Xiaoxiang 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA synthetic strategy for the construction of 2,2‐disubstituted indolin‐3‐ones from 2‐alkynylnitroarenes and ketones has been described. The corresponding indolin‐3‐one derivatives were afforded in moderate to excellent product yields by using mild conditions. After a Wittig‐like process, the key intermediates 3H‐indol‐3‐ones were generated from 2‐alkynylnitroarenes, which could be further transformed to the desired products through a Mannich addition.magnified image
Operation Mechanism of n‐Type Organic Electronic Metabolite Sensors
Authors: Druet Victor , Nayak Prem D. , Koklu Anil , Ohayon David , Hama Adel , Chen Xingxing , Moser Maximilian , McCulloch Iain , Inal Sahika 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe integration of n‐type (electron‐transporting) polymers with oxidase enzymes has allowed building high‐performance organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) based metabolite sensors. Yet, the operation mechanism of these devices is poorly understood. Here, the process is investigated for the conversion of metabolite oxidation to electrical current in an n‐type organic electrochemical transistor (n‐OECT). By monitoring oxygen (O2), hydrogen peroxide, and pH changes in the electrolyte as well as the potential of each electrical contact of the n‐OECT during glucose detection, light is shed on the physical phenomena occurring at the polymer‐enzyme interface. It is shown that the n‐type film performs O2 reduction reaction in its doped state and that the n‐OECT characteristics are sensitive to O2. A correlation is found between the consumption of electrolyte‐dissolved O2 and the generation of n‐OECT current during the metabolite oxidation. The results demonstrate how the sensitivity of a polymer to O2, species known to deteriorate the performance of many semiconductor devices, becomes a feature to exploit in sensor applications. The importance of in operando analysis of the electrolyte composition and the terminal potentials is highlighted for understanding the operation mechanism of bioelectronic devices and for sensor design and materials development.
PIEZO2‐related distal arthrogryposis type 5: Longitudinal follow‐up of a three‐generation family broadens phenotypic spectrum, complications, and health surveillance recommendations for this patient group
Authors: Sherlaw‐Sturrock Charlotte A. , Willis Tracey , Kiely Nigel , Houge Gunnar , Vogt Julie 
Published: June 2022

AbstractArthrogryposis is a heterogenous condition with a wide variety of etiological causes. It has been subdivided clinically based on the presence of additional features. Dominant gain of function (GoF) pathogenic variants in PIEZO2 have been associated with several forms of arthrogryposis. Previous reports have focused on diagnosis and clinical features. We report a three‐generation family with four affected individuals with a known pathogenic GoF change p.(Glu2727del) in PIEZO2. All family members presented at birth with distal arthrogryposis and ophthalmoplegia but have varied in their subsequent clinical course with differences in mobility and joint restriction. In the longer term, other features have presented including dysphagia, back pain and spinal stenosis‐like symptoms, raised intraocular pressure, and progressive restrictive lung disease. As far as we know, this is the first report detailing the longitudinal follow‐up of a three‐generation family which highlights potential long‐term complications in patients with PIEZO2‐related arthrogryposis. We present this family to demonstrate the importance of long‐term follow‐up for the clinical management of this group of patients.
Plant secondary metabolites and primate food choices: A meta‐analysis and future directions
Authors: Windley Hannah R. , Starrs Danswell , Stalenberg Eleanor , Rothman Jessica M. , Ganzhorn Joerg U. , Foley William J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe role of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) in shaping the feeding decisions, habitat suitability, and reproductive success of herbivorous mammals has been a major theme in ecology for decades. Although primatologists were among the first to test these ideas, studies of PSMs in the feeding ecology of non‐human primates have lagged in recent years, leading to a recent call for primatologists to reconnect with phytochemists to advance our understanding of the primate nutrition. To further this case, we present a formal meta‐analysis of diet choice in response to PSMs based on field studies on wild primates. Our analysis of 155 measurements of primate feeding response to PSMs is drawn from 53 studies across 43 primate species which focussed primarily on the effect of three classes of PSMs tannins, phenolics, and alkaloids. We found a small but significant effect of PSMs on the diet choice of wild primates, which was largely driven by the finding that colobine primates showed a moderate aversion to condensed tannins. Conversely, there was no evidence that PSMs had a significant deterrent effect on food choices of non‐colobine primates when all were combined into a single group. Furthermore, within the colobine primates, no other PSMs influenced feeding choices and we found no evidence that foregut anatomy significantly affected food choice with respect to PSMs. We suggest that methodological improvements related to experimental approaches and the adoption of new techniques including metabolomics are needed to advance our understanding of primate diet choice.