bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Various Wrist and Forearm Motions on Distal Radius Forces
Authors: Chebolu Vela , Werner Frederick W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background Dart throw motions are frequently used during rehabilitation but the ideal orientation of a dart throw motion is unknown.
Questions/Purposes The purpose of this study was to measure the axial force on the distal radius during different dart throw motions with the wrist and forearm in various positions. Our hypothesis was that there would be a significant difference on the axial force between various forearm positions and different dart throw orientations.
Methods Eight fresh frozen cadaver wrists were moved through 10 different orientations of a dart throw motion with the forearm in neutral, in pronation, and during a dynamic forearm rotation motion while the axial force was measured.
Results Significantly smaller axial force occurred with the forearm in pronation than during the dynamic forearm motion. The shorter dart throw motions which were oriented equally toward the flexion/extension and radioulnar deviation axes had significantly smaller distal radius forces than nearly all of the other dart throw motions.
Conclusion/Clinical Relevance Rehabilitation protocols incorporating a dart throw motion may be of benefit after injury or surgery. To minimize the axial force transmitted through a healing distal radius fracture, short dart throw motions, oriented at 45 degrees from the sagittal and coronal planes, with the forearm in pronation, might be preferable for range of motion activities during rehabilitation.
Methylation related genes affect sex differentiation in dioecious and gynodioecious papaya
Authors: Zhou Ping , Zhang Xiaodan , Ma Xinyi , Yue Jingjing , Liao Zhenyang , Ming Ray 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Morphological, genic and epigenetic differences often exist in separate sexes of dioecious and trioecious plants. However, the connections and relationships among them in different breeding systems are still unclear. Papaya has three sex types, which is genetically determined and epigenetically regulated, and was chosen as a model to study sex differentiation. Bisulfite sequencing of genomic DNA extracted from early-stage flowers revealed sex-specific genomic methylation landscapes and seasonally methylome reprogramming processes in dioecious and gynodioecious papaya grown in spring and summer. Extensive methylation of sex-determining region (SDR) was the distinguishing epigenetic characteristics of nascent XY sex chromosomes in papaya. Seasonal methylome reprogramming of early-stage flowers in both dioecy and gynodioecy systems were detected, resulting from transcriptional expression pattern alterations of methylation-modification-related and chromatin-remodeling-related genes, particularly from those genes involved in active demethylation. Genes involved in phytohormone signal transduction pathway in male flowers have played an important role in the formation of male-specific characteristics. These findings enhanced the understanding of the genetic and epigenetic contributions to sex differentiation and the complexity of sex chromosome evolution in trioecious plants.
In-vitro Assessments of Clot Elicitation by Thrombogenic Fibers vs. Embolization Coils
Authors: Chaput Oriane , Solt Derek , Sukavaneshvar Sivaprasad , Fenouil Nathalie , Burg Brian R. , Pouletty Philippe , Haulon Stephan , Fabre Dominique 
Published: January 2022

Late and persistent type II endoleaks (EL2) following Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) have been recognized as an independent and significant risk factor for aneurysm sac growth and secondary procedures. Solutions are available for treatment, with varying success rates; preventive perioperative sac embolization with coils appears safe and effective. The objective of this study is to compare whole blood coagulation elicited by a textile stent-graft equipped with thrombogenic, patented “Kardiozis” fibers (PKF) to that elicited by embolization coils in an in vitro study.
The approach is to establish an equivalence between PKF and coils in a static model, then to compare clot elicitation by both materials in a perfused model aneurysm chamber subjected to EL2.
The weight of clot elicited during exposure to blood was the primary measurement. In the static model, PKF and coils were soaked in blood for up to 90 minutes (N = 30) and elicited similar clotting. In the dynamic model, stent-grafts equipped with PKF or coils were exposed to blood flow inside an aneurysm model for up to 3h (N = 5), with generally higher clot weights for stent-grafts with PKF (non-significant). Complete thrombosis of the aneurysm model was observed in one experimental series (positive control and stent-graft with PKF).
A stent-graft with PKF elicits at least as much clot as embolization coils dispersed in an aneurysm model chamber under continuous blood flow. PKF positioned on the outer wall of stent-grafts could have a similar action as coiling of the aneurysm sac during the index EVAR.
Particle flow modulates growth dynamics and nanoscale-arrested growth of transcription factor condensates in living cells
Authors: Muñoz-Gil Gorka , Romero-Aristizabal Catalina , Mateos Nicolas , Campelo Felix , de Llobet Cucalon Lara I. , Beato Miguel , Lewenstein Maciej , Garcia-Parajo Maria F. , Torreno-Pina Juan A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLiquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is emerging as key physical principle for biological organization inside living cells, forming condensates that play important roles in the regulation of multiple functions. Inside living nuclei, transcription factor (TF) condensates regulate transcriptional initiation and amplify transcriptional output of expressed genes. Yet, the biophysical parameters controlling TF condensation are still poorly understood. Here we applied a battery of single molecule imaging tools, theory and simulations to investigate the physical properties of TF condensates of the Progesterone Receptor (PR) in vivo. Analysis of individual PR trajectories at different ligand concentrations showed marked signatures of a ligand-tunable and regulated LLPS process. Using a machine learning architecture, we uncovered that diffusion within condensates follows fractional Brownian motion, reflecting viscoelastic interactions between PR and chromatin within condensates. High density single molecule localization maps further revealed that condensate growth dynamics is dominated by Brownian motion coalescence (BMC) at shorter times, but deviate at longer timescales reaching a growth plateau with nanoscale condensate sizes. To understand our observations we developed an extension of the BMC model by including stochastic unbinding of particles within condensates. The model reproduced the BMC behavior together with finite condensate sizes a steady-state, fully recapitulating our experimental data. Our results are thus consistent with droplet growth dynamics being regulated by the escaping probability of TFs molecules from condensates. The interplay between condensation assembly and molecular escaping maintains an optimum physical condensate size. Such phenomena must have implications for the biophysical regulation of other TF condensates and could also operate in multiple biological scenarios.
Encoding sensing functions into material interface for a rationally engineered integrated electrochemical liquid biopsy
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Zhu Hao , Ying Zi , Gao Xinghua , Chen Wei , Zhan Yueping , Feng Lingyan , Liu Chung-Chiun , Dai Yifan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLimited healthcare capacity highlights the needs of integrated and simple sensing systems for personalized health monitoring. However, only a limited set of sensors can be employed for point-of-care applications, emphasizing the lack of a generalizable engineering strategy for sensor construction. Here, we report a de novo rational engineering strategy for the construction of an integrated electrochemical liquid biopsy (ELB) platform capable of direct profiling cancer exosomes from blood. Using a bottom-up approach for sensor design, a series of critical sensing functions is considered and encoded into the material interface by programming the electrode material with different chemical and structure features. We present that the rationally engineered electrochemical liquid biopsy platform is able to achieve one-step sensor fabrication, target isolation, non-fouling and high-sensitivity sensing, direct signal transduction and multiplexed detection. Integrating the multiplexed sensing with principal component analysis, we demonstrate the capability of the programmed sensing system on differentiating cancerous groups from healthy controls by analyzing clinical samples from lung cancer patients.
Structural insights into the galanin receptors signaling
Authors: Jiang Wentong , Zheng Sanduo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGalanin is a biologically active neuropeptide, and functions through three distinct G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), namely GALR1, GALR2 and GLAR3. GALR signaling plays important roles in regulating various physiological processes such as energy metabolism, neuropathic pain, epileptic activity, and sleep homeostasis. GALR1 and GALR3 signal through the Gi/opathway, whereas GALR2 signals mainly through the Gq/11pathway. However, the molecular basis for galanin recognition and G protein selectivity of GALRs remains poorly understood. Here, we report the cryoelectron microscopy structures of the GALR1-Goand the GALR2-Gqcomplexes bound to the endogenous ligand galanin or spexin. The galanin peptide mainly adopts an alpha helical structure, which binds at the extracellular vestibule of the receptors, nearly parallel to the membrane plane without penetrating deeply into the receptor core. Structural analysis combined with functional studies reveals important structural determinants for the G protein selectivity of GALRs as well as other class A GPCRs. In addition, we show that the zinc ion is a negative allosteric regulator of GALR1 but not GALR2. Our studies provide insight into the mechanisms of G protein selectivity of GPCRs and highlight potential novel function of the neuromodulator zinc ion as a modulator of GPCR signaling in the central nervous system.Significance StatementGalanin exerts various physiological functions through galanin receptors, including antinociceptive activity, depression and sleep. Here, we reveal a distinct binding site and binding pose of galanin peptide in galanin receptors from that of the published structures of peptide-bound GPCRs. Moreover, our work show that the neuromodulator zinc ion negatively modulates galanin signaling in the central nervous system, and further advances our understanding of mechanisms of G protein selectivity of GPCRs. These unique features of galanin receptors can be exploited for rational design of subtype selective ligands for treatments of neurological disorders.
Tribological investigation and process optimization of dry sliding wear behavior for WS2 solid lubricant layer deposition on Al 6061-T6 surface
Authors: R. Rajeshshyam , R. Venkatraman , S. Raghuraman 
Published: January 2022

Purpose
This tribological investigation aims to identify the effect of WS2 deposition on the Al 6061 surface and optimize the dry sliding conditions to enhance the friction and abrasion wear behavior.

Design/methodology/approach
WS2-deposited Al 6061-T6 surface was considered for this tribological investigation. The design of the experiment was based on the Box–Behnken design of the response surface methodology approach, which is used to evaluate the interaction effect of input parameters on friction coefficient (COF) and specific wear rate (SWR). The abrasive wear behavior of WS2 deposition against SiC emery sheet was explored through pin-on-disc experimentation by varying applied load (L), sliding velocity (V) and distance (D). Using analysis of variance and regression model, COF and SWR were predicted.

Findings
Based on composite desirability criteria, multi-objective optimization was performed to minimize the COF and SWR. The obtained optimal sliding conditions are L = 10 N, V = 2 m/s and D = 949.49 m. The validation test results indicate that the experimental and predicted data are in good conformance. For optimized conditions, worn surface characterization was done using a scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis was performed to ensure the formation of WS2 phases on worn-out surfaces. Furthermore, a counter body surface with collected wear debris has been analyzed.

Originality/value
Almost the industries are now focused on a new surface modification technique, which improves the surface and tribological characteristics. This research work specifically relates the tribological effect of WS2 deposition on an Al 6061-T6 surface through a novel electrical discharge deposition approach and optimizes the dry sliding conditions to improve the frictional and abrasive wear resistance.
Functional characterization of the methylarsenite‐inducible arsRM operon from Noviherbaspirillum denitrificans HC18
Authors: Zhang Jun , Chen Jian , Wu Yi‐Fei , Liu Xia , Packianathan Charles , Nadar Venkadesh S. , Rosen Barry P. , Zhao Fang‐Jie 
Published: January 2022

SummaryMicrobial arsenic methylation by arsenite (As(III)) S‐adenosylmethionine methyltransferases (ArsMs) can produce the intermediate methylarsenite (MAs(III)), which is highly toxic and is used by some microbes as an antibiotic. Other microbes have evolved mechanisms to detoxify MAs(III). In this study, an arsRM operon was identified in the genome of an MAs(III)‐methylation strain Noviherbaspirillum denitrificans HC18. The arsM gene (NdarsM) is located downstream of an open reading frame encoding an MAs(III)‐responsive transcriptional regulator (NdArsR). The N. denitrificans arsRM genes are co‐transcribed whose expression is significantly induced by MAs(III), likely by alleviating the repressive effect of ArsR on arsRM transcription. Both in vivo and in vitro assays showed that NdArsM methylates MAs(III) to dimethyl‐ and trimethyl‐arsenicals but does not methylate As(III). Heterologous expression of NdarsM in arsenic‐sensitive Escherichia coli AW3110 conferred resistance to MAs(III) but not As(III). NdArsM has the four conserved cysteine residues present in most ArsMs, but only two of them are essential for MAs(III) methylation. The ability to methylate MAs(III) by enzymes such as NdArsM may be an evolutionary step originated from enzymes capable of methylating As(III). This finding reveals a mechanism employed by microbes such as N. denitrificans HC18 to detoxify MAs(III) by further methylation.
Potential effects of arid shrubland degradation on habitat suitability for a declining arid zone bird, the Chestnut‐rumped Thornbill (Acanthiza uropygialis)
Authors: Belder Donna J. , Paton David C. , Pierson Jennifer C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAustralia's arid shrublands have been impacted by a variety of threatening processes since European settlement, and changes to ecosystem structure and function have been observed at multiple levels. The lack of recruitment and regeneration of the perennial shrub and tree layer in these communities has implications for many shrubland birds, including species of conservation concern such as the Chestnut‐rumped Thornbill (Acanthiza uropygialis: Acanthizidae). We documented foraging behaviour and habitat selection of the Chestnut‐rumped Thornbill at the Arid Recovery Reserve in South Australia and surveyed vegetation characteristics within the Reserve and in an adjacent pastoral property. We found that Chestnut‐rumped Thornbills preferentially use certain plant species:Callitris glaucophylla,Acacia aneura,Acacia ligulataandAcacia tetragonophylla, and that these species were significantly less abundant at our study sites outside the Reserve than inside. Major differences in the structure and composition of the vegetation inside and outside the Reserve suggest that changes in habitat structure and composition occurring in the broader landscape (outside the fenced area) decrease the suitability of arid shrubland habitat for the Chestnut‐rumped Thornbill and may contribute to their absence in unprotected areas. Our study indicates that deterioration of the perennial shrub layer could have significant consequences for the persistence of the Chestnut‐rumped Thornbill in arid rangelands. Our findings highlight the importance of rangeland management and restoration of Australia's arid shrublands in preventing declines of the Chestnut‐rumped Thornbill and other insectivorous birds.
Positive family relationships in a digital age: Hearing the voice of young people
Authors: Johnson Nicola F. , Francis Zoe 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study focused on young people's perspectives about family relationships and how they can be strengthened or weakened through digital media practices. Located in Melbourne, Australia, 20 participants aged between 13 and 17 years were interviewed about how digital devices and practices shaped the way they interacted with family. The thematic analysis points to the young people's commitment to family cohesion. This was demonstrated through responsible use of social media, admitting the need for device‐free time, acknowledging the challenges of being online, and their sense of responsibility as a family member, which informed and shaped the way they individually acted.
Curzerene suppresses progression of human glioblastoma through inhibition of glutathione S‐transferase A4
Authors: Cheng Bo , Hong Xiaoliang , Wang Linfang , Cao Yuanyuan , Qin Dengli , Zhou Han , Gao Dianshuai 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimsGlioblastoma is the central nervous system tumor with the highest mortality rate, and the clinical effectiveness of chemotherapy is low. Curzerene can inhibit the progression of non‐small‐cell lung cancer, but its role in glioma has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of curzerene on glioma progression and further explore its potential mechanism.MethodsThe expression of glutathione S‐transferase A4 (GSTA4) in glioblastoma and the effect of curzerene on the expression of GSTA4 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 and the activation of the mTOR pathway were detected by Western blotting and RT‐PCR, and the effects of curzerene treatment on glioma malignant character were detected by cell biological assays. The in vivo antitumor effects of curzerene were analyzed in a nude mouse xenograft model.ResultsCurzerene was found to inhibit the expression of GSTA4 mRNA and protein in U251 and U87 glioma cells, and this effect correlated with a downregulation of the proliferation of these cells in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. Invasion and migration were also inhibited, and curzerene treatment correlated with induction of apoptosis. Curzerene inhibited the activation of the mTOR pathway and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9, and it correlated with increased 4‐hydroxynonenal levels. In vivo, curzerene was found to significantly inhibit tumor growth in nude mice and to prolong the survival time of tumor‐bearing nude mice.ConclusionIn conclusion, inhibition of GSTA4 correlates with positive outcomes in glioma models, and thus, this molecule is a candidate drug for the treatment of glioma.
Fires in the Amazon Region: Quick Policy Review
Authors: Eufemia Luca , Dias Turetta Ana Paula , Bonatti Michelle , Da Ponte Emmanuel , Sieber Stefan 
Published: January 2022

SummaryMotivationThe combination of institutional weaknesses, climate change, and overexploitation is increasingly recognized as endangering the Amazon forest. These three factors made 2020 the worst year for forest fires recorded in the previous 60 years. We analyse environmental policies across the nine countries of the Amazon Basin to develop national and regional forest programmes to tackle this scenario.PurposeThe study synthesizes and compares key environmental legislation concerning protected natural areas (PNAs) and fire management in the nine countries of the Amazon Basin. To this end, the research question asks what directions can be drawn from a visualization and compilation of national regulations for future policy research and practice.Methods and approachWe undertake a critical literature review of PNAs and fire‐management policies across the nine countries of the Amazon Basin and their further alignment using analyses of previous policy reviews on forest codes and land distribution.FindingsThe article shows the heterogeneity of national fire‐use and fire‐management policies among the nine countries of the Amazon Basin. In addition, it suggests that top‐down policies and regulations are likely to be characterized by misunderstandings (either direct or indirect) of local practice, rationale, and capacity; and, in some cases, risk criminalizing local and indigenous daily subsistence.Policy implicationsThe study indicates the need for more in‐depth research and policy on participatory governance platforms for the use and management of fire, rather than fire‐suppression and fire‐risk adaptation strategies. There are some positive, albeit often isolated, cases, to which scholars, policy‐makers, and environmental practitioners should pay more attention.
THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT CONSUMPTION SPENDING
Authors: Moro Alessio , Rachedi Omar 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe document a secular change in the structure of government consumption spending: Over time the government purchases relatively more private‐sector goods, and relies less on its own production of value added. This process alters the transmission of fiscal policy, by dampening the response of hours, public value added, and the labor share to government spending shocks, while leaving the response of total output unchanged. We rationalize these facts in a general equilibrium model where a decline of the public‐sector relative productivity drives the changing structure of government spending, which in turn modifies the transmission mechanism of government spending shocks.
Thermophysical modeling of raw glaze liquidus temperature and viscosity
Authors: Hsieh Peter Y. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRaw glazes, which do not contain pre‐melted glass frits, are widely used due to their low cost. The natural variability of the mineral compositions used in raw glazes affects their viscosity during firing. Molten glaze viscosity plays an important role in determining the final surface quality; therefore, it is important to determine how raw glaze composition and firing conditions affect viscosity. Thermophysical modeling provides a way to evaluate the liquidus temperature and viscosity of molten glazes as a function of composition and oxygen activity. Equilibrium phase volume fraction and composition of 242 raw glaze recipes were evaluated under oxidizing and reducing conditions. Undissolved or precipitation of solid phases explains the secondary flux transition from anti‐fluxing to fluxing near the liquidus temperature. The liquidus temperature and viscosity of iron glazes decrease as a function of increasing iron content under a reducing atmosphere. The empirical probability distribution of molten glaze viscosity follows a lognormal distribution, with lead glazes having significantly lower viscosity compared with glazes without lead. The peak firing temperature viscosity of lead‐free glazes is near the working point of glass. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that the peak firing temperature viscosity and liquidus temperature significantly predict the viscosity factor.