bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐invasive phrenic nerve stimulation to avoid ventilator‐induced diaphragm dysfunction in critical care
Authors: Keogh Conor , Saavedra Francisco , Dubo Sebastian , Aqueveque Pablo , Ortega Paulina , Gomez Britam , Germany Enrique , Pinto Daniela , Osorio Rodrigo , Pastene Francisco , Poulton Adrian , Jarvis Jonathan , Andrews Brian , FitzGerald James J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundDiaphragm muscle atrophy during mechanical ventilation begins within 24 h and progresses rapidly with significant clinical consequences. Electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerves using invasive electrodes has shown promise in maintaining diaphragm condition by inducing intermittent diaphragm muscle contraction. However, the widespread application of these methods may be limited by their risks as well as the technical and environmental requirements of placement and care. Non‐invasive stimulation would offer a valuable alternative method to maintain diaphragm health while overcoming these limitations.MethodsWe applied non‐invasive electrical stimulation to the phrenic nerve in the neck in healthy volunteers. Respiratory pressure and flow, diaphragm electromyography and mechanomyography, and ultrasound visualization were used to assess the diaphragmatic response to stimulation. The electrode positions and stimulation parameters were systematically varied in order to investigate the influence of these parameters on the ability to induce diaphragm contraction with non‐invasive stimulation.ResultsWe demonstrate that non‐invasive capture of the phrenic nerve is feasible using surface electrodes without the application of pressure, and characterize the stimulation parameters required to achieve therapeutic diaphragm contractions in healthy volunteers. We show that an optimal electrode position for phrenic nerve capture can be identified and that this position does not vary as head orientation is changed. The stimulation parameters required to produce a diaphragm response at this site are characterized and we show that burst stimulation above the activation threshold reliably produces diaphragm contractions sufficient to drive an inspired volume of over 600 ml, indicating the ability to produce significant diaphragmatic work using non‐invasive stimulation.ConclusionThis opens the possibility of non‐invasive systems, requiring minimal specialist skills to set up, for maintaining diaphragm function in the intensive care setting.
Risk factors of pediatric venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation‐related gastrointestinal bleeding after open‐heart surgeries
Authors: Yang Yinyu , Yu Xindi , Guo Zheng , Zhang Wei , Shen Jia , Wang Wei 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the risk factors for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in congenital heart disease (CHD) patients supported with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V‐A ECMO) after open‐heart surgery.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed on children with (GI group: 26 cases) and without (control group: 122 cases) GI bleeding during ECMO at Shanghai Children's Medical Center from 2017 to 2020. Clinical data were analyzed and compared between groups to search for risk factors for GI bleeding.ResultsA total of 148 cases were included in the study. The overall incidence of GI bleeding was 17.6% (26/148). The in‐hospital mortality rate in the GI group was 61.5% (16/26) versus 45.9% (56/122) in the control group. Twenty‐six patients suffered cardiac arrest before ECMO support. The GI bleeding incidence among extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) patients was 50.0% (13/26) versus 28.7 (35/122) among non‐ECPR patients, p = 0.035. The activated clotting time (ACT) was 201.40 s (180.47 to 247.27) in the GI group versus 177.63 s (167.79 to 203.13) (p = 0.050) in the control group. The lowest antithrombin level (Min AT) was 27.00 ± 13.07% versus 37.62 ± 15.18 (p = 0.001). The pH and lactate levels before ECMO (Pre PH and Pre Lac) were lower in the GI group than in the control group. (7.31 ± 0.23 vs. 7.35 ± 0.17, p = 0.035 and 12.2 ± 6.11 vs. 7.78 ± 6.67, p = 0.003). Liver function during ECMO support was statistically worse in the GI group than in the control group. Multivariate analysis showed that Pre Lac (OR = 1.106 [1.018–1.202], p = 0.0016) was an independent risk factor for GI bleeding. ROC analysis of Pre Lac and GI bleeding showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.700 (95% CI: 0.600–0.800, p = 0.002) and a cutoff value of 9.30 mmol/L (sensitivity, 73.1%; specificity, 62.7%).ConclusionsAs the first study in this field, the probability of GI bleeding and related mortality was found to be high in children supported with V‐A ECMO after open‐heart surgery. A higher lactate level before ECMO was an independent risk factor for GI bleeding.
An infrared image‐enhancement algorithm in simulated prosthetic vision: Enlarging working environment of future retinal prostheses
Authors: Liang Junling , Li Heng , Chen Jianpin , Zhai Zhenzhen , Wang Jing , Di Liqing , Chai Xinyu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundMost existing retinal prostheses contain a built‐in visible‐light camera module that captures images of the surrounding environment. Thus, in case of insufficient or lack of visible light, the camera fails to work, and the retinal prostheses enter a dormant or “OFF” state. A simple and effective solution is replacing the visible‐light camera with a dual‐mode camera. The present research aimed to achieve two main purposes: (1) to explore whether the dual‐mode camera in prosthesis recipients works under no visible‐light conditions and (2) to assess its performance.MethodsTo accomplish these aims, we enrolled subjects in a psychophysical experiment under simulated prosthetic vision conditions. We found that the subjects could complete some simple visual tasks, but the recognition performance under the infrared mode was significantly inferior to that under the visible‐light mode. These results inspired us to develop and propose a feasible infrared image‐enhancement processing algorithm. Another psychophysical experiment was performed to verify the feasibility of the algorithm.ResultsThe obtained results showed that the average efficiency of the subjects completing visual tasks using our enhancement algorithm (0.014 ± 0.001) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of subjects using direct pixelization (0.007 ± 0.001).ConclusionsWe concluded that a dual‐mode camera could be a feasible solution to improving the performance of retinal prostheses as the camera adapted better to the specific existing ambient light conditions. Dual‐mode cameras combined with this infrared image‐enhancement algorithm could provide a promising direction for the design of future retinal prostheses.
Short‐term preservation of porcine zygotes at ambient temperature using a chemically defined medium
Authors: Lin Qingyi , Le Quynh Anh , Takebayashi Koki , Hirata Maki , Tanihara Fuminori , Sawamoto Osamu , Kikuchi Takeshi , Otoi Takeshige 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe aimed to develop a simple method for the short‐term preservation of in vitro‐produced porcine zygotes at 25°C for up to 2 days. Firstly, we evaluated the efficiency of three storage solutions to preserve porcine zygotes at 25°C for 24 h. Two of these were commercially available defined media for cell storage (Cell‐W and Cell‐S), and the third was fetal bovine serum (FBS). Thereafter, we examined the effects of storing the zygotes in the Cell‐W solution for 24–72 h at 25°C. The Cell‐W solution was the most efficient for 24 h storage of porcine zygotes at 25°C, with no apparent effects on blastocyst quality. However, short‐term storage of porcine zygotes for 24 h reduced the blastocyst formation rate compared with the fresh control group. As storage duration increased from 24 to 48 or 72 h, blastocyst formation rates were significantly decreased from 11.3% to 4.4% and 0%, respectively. In conclusion, during zygote storage, the developmental competence to the blastocyst stage decreased with time. Storage of zygotes in chemically defined media did not affect blastocyst quality, but the storage in 100% serum had an adverse effect on developing embryos causing apoptosis.
Development and validation of a life expectancy calculator for US patients with prostate cancer
Authors: Chase Elizabeth C. , Bryant Alex K. , Sun Yilun , Jackson William C. , Spratt Daniel E. , Dess Robert T. , Schipper Matthew J. 
Published: April 2022

ObjectiveTo develop and validate an accurate, usable prediction model for other‐cause mortality (OCM) in patients with prostate cancer diagnosed in the United States.Materials and MethodsModel training was performed using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2010 including men aged >40 years with follow‐up to the year 2014. The model was validated in the Prostate, Lung, Colon, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial prostate cancer cohort, which enrolled patients between 1993 and 2001 with follow‐up to the year 2015. Time‐dependent area under the curve (AUC) and calibration were assessed in the validation cohort. Analyses were performed to assess algorithmic bias.ResultsThe 2420 patient training cohort had 459 deaths over a median follow‐up of 8.8 years among survivors. The final model included eight predictors: age; education; marital status; diabetes; hypertension; stroke; body mass index; and smoking. It had an AUC of 0.75 at 10 years for predicting OCM in the validation cohort of 8220 patients. The final model significantly outperformed the Social Security Administration life tables and showed adequate predictive performance across race, educational attainment, and marital status subgroups. There is evidence of major variability in life expectancy that is not captured by age, with life expectancy predictions differing by 10 or more years among patients of the same age.ConclusionUsing two national cohorts, we have developed and validated a simple and useful prediction model for OCM for patients with prostate cancer treated in the United States, which will allow for more personalized treatment in accordance with guidelines.
Reconstructing subsurface sandbody connectivity from temporal evolution of surface networks
Authors: Steel Elisabeth , Paola Chris , Chadwick Austin J. , Hariharan Jayaram , Passalacqua Paola , Xu Zhongyuan , Michael Holly A. , Brommecker Hannah , Hajek Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCharacterization of groundwater aquifers and hydrocarbon reservoirs requires an understanding of the distribution and connectivity of subsurface sandbodies. In deltaic environments, distributary channel networks serve as the primary conduits for water and sediment. Once these networks are buried and translated into the subsurface, the coarse‐grained channel fills serve as primary conduits for subsurface fluids such as water, oil or gas. The temporal evolution of channels on the surface therefore plays a first‐order role in the 3D permeability and connectivity of subsurface networks. Land surface imagery is more broadly available than topographic or subsurface data, and time‐series imagery of river networks can hold useful information for constraining the shallow subsurface. However, these reconstructions require an understanding of the degree to which channel bathymetry and river kinematics affect connectivity of subsurface sandbodies. Here, we present a novel method for building synthetic cross sections using overhead images of an experimental delta. We use principal components analysis to extract river networks from surface imagery, then couple this with an inverse‐CDF method to estimate channel bathymetry, to generate a time‐series of synthetic delta topography. This synthetic topography is then transformed, accounting for deposition and subsidence, to produce synthetic stratigraphy that differentiates coarse‐grained channel fill from overbank and offshore deposition. We find that large‐scale subsurface architecture is relatively insensitive to details of channel bathymetry, but instead is primarily controlled by channel location and kinematics. We analyse the connectivity of sand bodies and the geometries of barriers to flow and find that periods of rapid sea‐level rise have more variability in sand body connectivity. We also find that barrier width decreases downstream during all sea‐level phases. Our method generates synthetic stratigraphy that closely resembles the large‐scale architecture and 2‐dimensional connectivity of the real stratigraphy built during the experiment it was based on. We anticipate that it will be broadly applicable to other experimental and field‐scale scenarios.
Current status of first‐line treatment with pembrolizumab for non–small‐cell lung cancer with high PD‐L1 expression
Authors: Ikezawa Yasuyuki , Mizugaki Hidenori , Morita Ryo , Tateishi Kazunari , Yokoo Keiki , Sumi Toshiyuki , Kikuchi Hajime , Kitamura Yasuo , Nakamura Atsushi , Kobayashi Maki , Aso Mari , Kimura Nozomu , Yoshiike Fumiaki , Furuta Megumi , Tanaka Hisashi , Sekikawa Motoki , Hachiya Tsutomu , Nakamura Keiichi , Shimokawa Mototsugu , Oizumi Satoshi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIt is not clear whether pembrolizumab monotherapy (MONO) or pembrolizumab plus platinum‐based chemotherapy (COMB) should be selected for patients with advanced non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) exhibiting high PD‐L1 expression (tumor proportion score ≥ 50%). We performed a retrospective, multicenter study of 300 patients with NSCLC exhibiting high PD‐L1 expression who received MONO or COMB as first‐line treatment between December 2018 and January 2020. We reviewed the medical records of all consecutive patients with no driver mutations, and assessed the patient characteristics, therapeutic regimens, treatment periods, and adverse events. In total, 166 (55%; median age: 74 years) and 134 (45%; median age: 68 years) patients received MONO and COMB, respectively. Patients were younger and had better performance status (0–1) in the COMB group (p < 0.01). With a median follow‐up time of 10.6 (range: 0.1–20.6) months, the median progression‐free survival was 7.1 months with MONO and 13.1 months with COMB. The objective response rate was 42.2% with MONO and 67.9% with COMB. With respect to treatment discontinuation, 36 out of 166 (21.7%) and 28 out of 134 (20.1%) patients discontinued MONO and COMB, respectively. In conclusion, COMB may be a promising option for first‐line treatment for NSCLC with high PD‐L1 expression and good performance status.
Linguistic Redundancy and its Effects on Younger and Older Adults’ Real‐Time Comprehension and Memory
Authors: Saryazdi Raheleh , Nuque Joanne , Chambers Craig G. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRedundant modifiers can facilitate referential interpretation by narrowing attention to intended referents. This is intriguing because, on traditional accounts, redundancy should impair comprehension. Little is known, however, about the effects of redundancy on older adults’ comprehension. Older adults may show different patterns due to age‐related decline (e.g., processing speed and memory) or their greater proclivity for linguistic redundancy, as suggested in language production studies. The present study explores the effects of linguistic redundancy on younger and older listeners’ incremental referential processing, judgments of informativity, and downstream memory performance. In an eye tracking task, gaze was monitored as listeners followed instructions from a social robot referring to a unique object within a multi‐object display. Critical trials were varied in terms of modifier type (“…closed/purple/[NONE] umbrella”) and whether displays contained another object matching target properties (closed purple notebook), making modifiers less effective at narrowing attention. Relative to unmodified descriptions, redundant color modifiers facilitated comprehension, particularly when they narrowed attention to a single referent. Descriptions with redundant state modifiers always impaired real‐time comprehension. In contrast, memory measures showed faster recognition of objects previously described with redundant state modifiers. Although color and state descriptions had different effects on referential processing and memory, informativity judgments showed participants perceived them as informationally redundant to the same extent relative to unmodified descriptions. Importantly, the patterns did not differ by listener age. Together, the results show that the effects of linguistic redundancy are stable across adulthood but vary as a function of modifier type, visual context, and the measured phenomenon.
Cost‐effectiveness of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors among patients with type 2 diabetes with and without established cardiovascular diseases: A model‐based simulation analysis using 10‐year real‐world data and targeted literature review
Authors: Peng Zi‐Yang , Yang Chun‐Ting , Ou Huang‐Tz , Kuo Shihchen 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimWe conducted a model‐based economic analysis of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) versus dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors (DPP4is) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), with and without established cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), using 10‐year real‐world data.Materials and MethodsA Markov model was utilized to estimate healthcare costs and quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) over a 10‐year simulation time horizon from a healthcare sector perspective, with both costs and QALYs discounted at 3% annually. Model inputs were derived from analyses of Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database or published studies of Taiwanese populations. The primary outcome measure was the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Incorporated with our study findings, a targeted literature review was conducted to synthesize updated evidence on the cost‐effectiveness of SGLT2is versus DPP4is.ResultsOver 10 years, use of SGLT2is versus DPP4is yielded ICERs of $3244 and $4186 per QALY gained for patients with T2D, with and without established CVDs, respectively. Results were robust across a series of sensitivity and scenario analyses, showing ICERs between $‐1074 (cost‐saving) and $8467 per QALY gained for patients with T2D with established CVDs and between $369 and $37 122 per QALY gained for patients with T2D without established CVDs.ConclusionsUse of SGLT2is versus DPP4is was highly cost‐effective for patients with T2D regardless of their CVD history in real‐world clinical practice. Our results extend current evidence by showing SGLT2is as an economically rational alternative over DPP4is for T2D treatment in routine care. Future research is warranted to explore the heterogeneous economic benefits of SGLT2is given diverse patient characteristics in clinical settings.
Effectiveness of low‐carbohydrate diets for long‐term weight loss in obese individuals: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Silverii Giovanni Antonio , Cosentino Claudia , Santagiuliana Federica , Rotella Francesco , Benvenuti Federica , Mannucci Edoardo , Cresci Barbara 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimTo assess whether low‐carbohydrate (LC) diets are associated with differences in weight loss and well‐being in people with obesity, and their cardiovascular and renal safety.Materials and MethodsA meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials longer than 3 months, retrieved through an extensive search on MedLine and Embase databases, comparing weight loss with LC and control diets in people with body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2, was conducted.ResultsWe retrieved 25 trials. Compared with controls, LC diets were associated with significant reduction of body weight at 3‐4 (MD −2.59 [−3.93, −1.25] kg) and 6‐8 months (MD −2.64 [−4.32, −0.95]), but no difference at 10‐14 and 18‐30 months, and significantly greater BMI reduction at 3‐4 months (−1.66 [−2.70, −0.61] kg/m2), but not at other time points. Because only four trials reported data on renal function and psychological variables, renal safety and impact on well‐being could not be assessed. Differences in fasting plasma glucose at any time point were not statistically significant. No significant differences in total or LDL cholesterol or blood pressure were found in the long term, whereas a long‐term reduction of triglycerides (23.26 [−45.53, −0.98] mg/dl at 18‐30 months), and increase of HDL cholesterol (MD 4.94 [0.30, 9.57] mg/dl at 18‐30 months), were observed.ConclusionLC diets are associated with greater short‐term weight loss than non‐carbohydrate–restricted diets and a longer term favourable effect on cardiovascular risk factors. Further evidence on long‐term efficacy and renal safety is needed before LC diets can be recommended as the preferred diets in obese people.
Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide by subgroups of patient characteristics in the PIONEER phase 3 programme
Authors: Aroda Vanita R. , Bauer Robert , Christiansen Erik , Haluzík Martin , Kallenbach Klaus , Montanya Eduard , Rosenstock Julio , Meier Juris J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide versus comparators by patient characteristic subgroups in patients with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsChange from baseline in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and body weight, and achievement of HbA1c <7.0% with oral semaglutide 7 mg, oral semaglutide 14 mg, flexibly dosed oral semaglutide (flex) and comparators were assessed across baseline subgroups (age, race, ethnicity, diabetes duration, body mass index and HbA1c) from the PIONEER programme. Treatment differences were analysed using a mixed model for repeated measurements for continuous variables and a logistic regression model for the binary endpoint. Pooled safety data were analysed descriptively.ResultsChanges from baseline in HbA1c and body weight, and the odds of achieving HbA1c <7.0%, were greater with oral semaglutide 14 mg/flex (n = 1934) and higher or similar with oral semaglutide 7 mg (n = 823) versus comparators (n = 2077) across most subgroups. Changes in HbA1c with oral semaglutide 14 mg/flex were greater for patients with higher baseline HbA1c (HbA1c >9.0%: –1.7% to –2.6%; HbA1c <8.0%: –0.7% to –1.2%). In some trials, Asian patients experienced greater HbA1c reductions with oral semaglutide 14 mg/flex (–1.5% to –1.8%) than other racial groups (–0.6% to –1.6%). The overall incidence of adverse events (AEs) with oral semaglutide was similar to that with comparators and was consistent across subgroups. More gastrointestinal AEs were observed with oral semaglutide, versus comparators, across subgroups.ConclusionsOral semaglutide demonstrated consistently greater HbA1c and body weight reductions across a range of patient characteristics, with greater HbA1c reductions seen at higher baseline HbA1c levels.