bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semi-Quantitative Detection ofDrosophila suzukii(Diptera: Drosophilidae) From Bulk Trap Samples Using PCR Technology
Authors: Renkema Justin M , McFadden-Smith Wendy , Chen Shu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDrosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a ubiquitous global pest of several fruit crops. Trapped adult numbers are used to monitor populations and make control decisions, but differentiating D. suzukii from other trapped Drosophila spp. is laborious. We developed a real-time PCR method for specific detection and semi-quantification of D. suzukii from trap samples. The PCR assay did not amplify DNA from 29 other Drosophilidae species tested. Drosophila suzukii was detected from ≥0.96 pg target DNA and from laboratory samples containing one D. suzukii in 2000 other Drosophila spp. flies. We tested DNA stability of one D. suzukii in 100 Drosophila spp. flies in water or ethanol at 20, 25, or 30°C for 1, 4, or 7 d. Only water at 30°C for 7 d fully impaired D. suzukii DNA detectability. Substituting mouthwash for water resulted in D. suzukii detection in all samples held for 7 d at 30°C or daily fluctuating temperatures of 33/23°C. Traps with mouthwash as a drowning liquid had D. suzukii captures equal to traps with water. A calibration curve was established using samples in mouthwash containing 1/1,000—100/1,000 D. suzukii/total Drosophila spp. flies and incubated at 25°C for 7 d. The curve had a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9279 between D. suzukii numbers from the PCR and the true D. suzukii numbers in samples prepared in 70% ethanol. Collecting samples in mouthwash is expected to improve detection accuracy, and the qPCR method can be a useful tool to support D. suzukii monitoring and management.
Ontogeny and synchrony of diving behavior in Humpback whale mothers and calves on their breeding ground
Authors: Huetz Chloé , Saloma Anjara , Adam Olivier , Andrianarimisa Aristide , Charrier Isabelle 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
For humpback whales, the mother–calf pair is the only stable social unit with calves following their mother after birth and staying in close proximity. This following strategy ensures the maintenance of such close proximity between the mother and her calf, with calves benefiting from maternal protection and care. Using multi-sensor tags, we recorded the diving behavior of calves at three different age-classes (C1, C2, C3) to assess how calves developed in their natural environment at an early stage of their life. From 29 deployments on calves, we extracted the diving metrics from two C1 neonate calves, eight C2 calves, and 19 C3 calves, and we found that some diving metrics (dive duration, time at bottom, maximal depth, or maximal dive duration) differed among calves’ age-classes. On 23 tagged mothers, we analyzed if their diving profiles also varied depending on calf’s age-class. We showed that only two dive metrics of mothers varied with the age of their own calves (time spent at the bottom, and time interval between dives), but all others were not reliant on the calf’s age. Simultaneous deployments on seven mother–calf pairs in 2016 and 2017 revealed highly synchronized dives, with mothers leading the diving pattern. This work represents an extensive study investigating the diving behavior in humpback whale mother–calf pairs on their breeding ground.
Impacts of an Opioid Safety Initiative on US Veterans Undergoing Cancer Treatment
Authors: Vitzthum Lucas K , Nalawade Vinit , Riviere Paul , Marar Mallika , Furnish Timothy , Lin Lewei A , Thompson Reid , Murphy James D 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
There is limited research on how the opioid epidemic and consequent risk reduction policies have affected pain management among cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to analyze how the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) implemented at the Veterans Health Administration affected opioid prescribing patterns and opioid-related toxicity.

Methods
We performed an interrupted time series analysis of 42 064 opioid-naïve patients treated at the Veterans Health Administration for prostate, lung, breast, and colorectal cancer from 2011 to 2016. Segmented regression was used to evaluate the impact of the OSI on the incidence of any new opioid prescriptions, high-risk prescriptions, persistent use, and pain-related emergency department (ED) visits. We compared the cumulative incidence of adverse opioid events including an opioid-related admission or diagnosis of misuse before and after the OSI. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
The incidence of new opioid prescriptions was 26.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 25.0% to 28.4%) in 2011 and increased to 50.6% (95% CI = 48.3% to 53.0%) by 2013 before OSI implementation (monthly rate of change: +3.3%, 95% CI = 1.3% to 4.2%, P &lt; .001). After the OSI, there was a decrease in the monthly rate of change for new prescriptions (−3.4%, 95% CI = −3.9 to −2.9%, P &lt; .001). The implementation of the OSI was associated with a decrease in the monthly rate of change of concomitant benzodiazepines and opioid prescriptions (−2.5%, 95% CI = −3.2% to −1.8%, P &lt; .001), no statistically significant change in high-dose opioids (−1.2%, 95% CI = −3.2% to 0.9%, P = .26), a decrease in persistent opioid use (−5.7%, 95% CI = −6.8% to −4.7%, P &lt; .001), and an increase in pain-related ED visits (+3.0%, 95% CI = 1.0% to 5.0%, P = .003). The OSI was associated with a decreased incidence of opioid-related admissions (3-year cumulative incidence: 0.9% [95% CI = 0.7% to 1.0%] vs 0.5% [95% CI = 0.4% to 0.6%], P &lt; .001) and no statistically significant change in the incidence of opioid misuse (3-year cumulative incidence: 1.2% [95% CI = 1.0% to 1.3%] vs 1.2% [95% CI = 1.1% to 1.4%], P = .77).

Conclusions
The OSI was associated with a relative decline in the rate of new, persistent, and certain high-risk opioid prescribing as well as a slight increase in the rate of pain-related ED visits. Further research on patient-centered outcomes is required to optimize opioid prescribing policies for patients with cancer.
Presumed Dissent? Opt-out Organ Donation and the Exclusion of Organs and Tissues
Authors: Williams Nicola J , O’Donovan Laura , Wilkinson Stephen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
It is often claimed that a legitimate approach to organ donation is an opt-out system, also known as ‘presumed consent’, ‘deemed consent’, or ‘deemed authorisation’, whereby individuals are presumed or deemed willing to donate at least some of their organs and tissues after death unless they have explicitly refused permission. While sharing a default in favour of donation, such systems differ in several key respects, such as the role and importance assigned to the family members of prospective donors and their preferences, and exclusions and safeguards which often specify the demographic groups, purposes, or organs and tissues that will remain outside the scope of the opt-out system. Using the recent shift to opt-out in England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland as case studies, and by reference to the key goals motivating this shift across the UK, this article asks whether and, if so, why, and how, opt-out systems for post-mortem organ donation should restrict the types of organs and tissues for which consent is deemed. In other words, ought opt-out systems for PMOD presume dissent regarding the donation of certain organs and tissues?
Moderate and Severe Acute Normobaric Hypoxia and the 3-Repetition Deadlift, Hand-Release Push-Up, and Leg Tuck Events From the Army Combat Fitness Test
Authors: Jenkins Jasmin R , Salmon Owen F , Smith Cory M 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe newly implemented Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) of the U.S. Army seeks to revolutionize the Army’s fitness culture and reduce the rate of preventable injuries among soldiers. The initial rollout of the ACFT has been met with several challenges, including a gender-neutral scoring system. The ACFT has undergone several revisions to adapt to the present state of U.S. Army physical fitness; however, the test faces several more obstacles as more data become available. The ACFT was designed to measure combat readiness, a useful tool for units facing deployment or a change in duty station to a high-altitude environment. Reduced oxygen availability (hypoxia) at high altitude influences many physiological functions associated with physical fitness, such that there is an increased demand for oxygen in exercising muscle. Therefore, the purpose was to investigate the effects of normoxic and two levels of hypoxia exposure (moderate and severe; fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2]: 16.0% and 14.3%) during the 3-repetition deadlift (MDL), hand-release push-up (HRP), and leg tuck (LTK) events of the ACFT.Materials and MethodsFourteen recreationally active men (n = 10) and women (n = 4) soldier analogs (27.36 ± 1.12 years, height 1.71 ± 2.79 m, weight 80.60 ± 4.24 kg) completed the MDL, HRP, and LTK at normoxia and acute normobaric moderate (MH; FiO2 16%) and severe (SH; FiO2 14.3%) hypoxic exposure. Scores and performance were recorded for each event, and heart rate (HR) and total body oxygen saturation (SpO2) were monitored throughout. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess differences in modified ACFT scores, performance, HR, and SpO2 among hypoxic conditions, with follow-up one-way ANOVA and paired t-test when appropriate.ResultsTotal body oxygen saturation was decreased at MH and SH conditions compared to normoxia but did not vary between ACFT events. Heart rate was not influenced by altitude but did increase in response to exercise. Scores of the modified total and individual ACFT events were not different between normoxia, MH, and SH. There was also no difference in performance based on the amount of weight lifted during the MDL and number of repetitions of the HRP and LTK events in response to hypoxic exposure.ConclusionsPerformance and scores of the modified ACFT were not influenced by acute normobaric MH and SH exposure compared to normoxia. Further investigations should examine the full testing battery of the ACFT to provide a comprehensive analysis and potential evidence for such differences.
Investigation of fluconazole heteroresistance in clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans complex and Cryptococcus gattii complex in the state of Amazonas, Brazil
Authors: Moreira Izabela de Mesquita Bárcia , Cortez Ana Cláudia Alves , de Souza Érica Simplício , Pinheiro Silviane Bezerra , de Souza Oliveira Juliana Gomes , Sadahiro Aya , Cruz Katia Santana , Matsuura Ani Beatriz Jackisch , Melhem Márcia de Souza Carvalho , Frickmann Hagen , de Souza João Vicente Braga 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Heteroresistance, defined as the occurrence of apparently homogeneous subpopulations of microbial cells showing different levels of antimicrobial susceptibility is a problem that has been associated with therapeutical failure in cryptococcosis. The purpose of the study was an investigation on the level of heteroresistance to fluconazole (LHF) as observed in clinical and environmental C. neoformans/C. gattii complex species isolates from Amazonas State (AM), Brazil. A total of 45 isolates and 9 type strains were analyzed. The assessments comprised testing for minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), for LHFs, for the strains’ capacity of adaptation to high fluconazole (FLC) concentrations above the LHF, and for the stability of the heteroresistance phenomenon. The mean MICs for clinical isolates of C. gattii (6.4 µg/ml) were higher than those observed for environmental C. gattii strains (1.7 µg/ml) and clinical (3.7 µg/ml) as well as environmental (1.5 µg/ml) C. neoformans isolates. The phenomenon of heteroresistance to FLC was recorded for all isolates. On average, the LHF (8–256 µg/ml) of the isolates was 16 times higher than the FLC MICs (0.5–16 µg/ml) and a proportion of 85% isolates showed LHFs ≥ 16 µg/ml, 40% even ≥ 32 µg/ml. According to the adaptation assay, a considerable number of isolates (58%) showed the capacity of adaptation to MICs even higher than the initially recorded LHF. After the adaptation experiment, the adaptative-LHF values (8–512 µg/ml) were about 60 times higher than the original MIC values. After nine subsequent passages in drug-free broth, the isolates had their adaptative-LHF reduced. However, the LHF did not revert to the initially measured level. Our findings challenge the clinical interpretation of the antifungal MIC testing and motivate future studies correlating the levels of heteroresistance and parameters like LHF and adaptative-LHF with cryptococcosis-associated morbidity and mortality.

Lay summary
Cryptococcosis affects many people and is caused by fungi of the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii complexes. These agents appear to become more resistant to antifungals when exposed to increasing concentrations of antifungals due to a phenomenon called heteroresistance.
The physics governing the upper truncation mass of the globular cluster mass function
Authors: Hughes Meghan E , Pfeffer Joel L , Bastian Nate , Martig Marie , Kruijssen J M Diederik , Crain Robert A , Reina-Campos Marta , Trujillo-Gomez Sebastian 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
The mass function of globular cluster (GC) populations is a fundamental observable that encodes the physical conditions under which these massive stellar clusters formed and evolved. The high-mass end of star cluster mass functions are commonly described using a Schechter function, with an exponential truncation mass Mc, *. For the GC mass functions in the Virgo galaxy cluster, this truncation mass increases with galaxy mass (M*). In this paper, we fit Schechter mass functions to the GCs in the most massive galaxy group ($M_{\mathrm{200}} = 5.14 \times 10^{13} \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$) in the E-MOSAICS simulations. The fiducial cluster formation model in E-MOSAICS reproduces the observed trend of Mc, * with M* for the Virgo cluster. We therefore examine the origin of the relation by fitting Mc, * as a function of galaxy mass, with and without accounting for mass loss by two-body relaxation, tidal shocks and/or dynamical friction. In the absence of these mass-loss mechanisms, the Mc, *-M* relation is flat above $M_* \gt 10^{10}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$. It is therefore the disruption of high-mass GCs in galaxies with $M_{*}\sim 10^{10} \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ that lowers the Mc, * in these galaxies. High-mass GCs are able to survive in more massive galaxies, since there are more mergers to facilitate their redistribution to less-dense environments. The Mc, * − M* relation is therefore a consequence of both the formation conditions of massive star clusters and their environmentally dependent disruption mechanisms.
Age dissection of the vertical breathing motions in Gaia DR2: evidence for spiral driving
Authors: Ghosh Soumavo , Debattista Victor P , Khachaturyants Tigran 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Gaia DR2 has revealed breathing motions in the Milky Way, with stars on both sides of the Galactic mid-plane moving coherently towards or away from it. The generating mechanism of these breathing motions is thought to be spiral density waves. Here, we test this hypothesis. Using a self-consistent, high-resolution simulation with star formation, and which hosts prominent spirals, we first study the signatures of breathing motions excited by spirals. In the model, the breathing motions induced by the spiral structure have an increasing amplitude with distance from the mid-plane, pointing to an internal cause for them. We then show that, at fixed height, the breathing motion amplitude decreases with age. Next, we investigate the signature of the breathing motions in the Gaia DR2 data set. We demonstrate that, at the location with a consistently large breathing motion, the corresponding amplitude increases monotonically with distance from the mid-plane, in agreement with the model. Furthermore, we show that at the same location, the breathing motion amplitude decreases with age, again similar to what we find in the model. This strengthens the case that the observed breathing motions are driven by spiral density waves.
Constraining density and metallicity of the Milky Way’s hot gas halo from O vii spectra and ram-pressure stripping
Authors: Martynenko Nickolay 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Milky Way’s (MW) hot gaseous halo extends up to the Galactic virial radius (∼200 kpc) and contains a significant component of baryon mass of the Galaxy. The halo properties can be constrained from X-ray spectroscopic observations and from satellite galaxies’ ram-pressure stripping studies. Results of the former method crucially depend on the gas metallicity assumptions while the latter one’s are insensitive to them. Here, a joint analysis of both kinds of data is presented to constrain electron density and metallicity of the gas. The power law is assumed for the electron density radial profile, while for the metallicity, a common-used constant-metallicity assumption is relaxed by introducing of a physically motivated spherical profile. The model is fitted to a sample of 431 (18) sightlines for O vii emission (absorption) measurements and seven electron density constraints from ram-pressure stripping studies. The best-fitting halo-associated electron density profile of ne ∝ r−(0.9...1.1) (where r ≫ 1 kpc is the Galactocentric radius) is found. The metallicity is constrained as Z ≃ (0.1...0.7) Z⊙ (subscript ⊙ represents the solar values) at $r \gtrsim 50$ kpc. These imply a total hot gas mass of M ≃ (2.4...8.7) × 1010 M⊙, which accounts for ∼(17...100) per cent of the MW’s missing baryon mass. The model uncertainties are discussed, and the results are examined in the context of previous studies.
Chemical reactions in H2O:CO interstellar ice analogues promoted by energetic heavy-ion irradiation
Authors: de Barros A L F , Mejía C , Seperuelo Duarte E , Domaracka A , Boduch P , Rothard H , da Silveira E F 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
H2O:CO, at concentrations of (3:2) and (10:1), was condensed on CsI substrate at 15 K and irradiated with 46-MeV 58Ni11 + ion beam. Radiolysis induced by fast heavy ions was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The formation of nine molecular species: CO2, H2O2, HCOOH, HCO, H2CO, 13CO2, CH3OH, O3, and C3O2 was observed. For both concentrations, carbon dioxide (CO2), formaldehyde (H2CO), formic acid (HCOOH), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are the most abundant products species, and tricarbon dioxide (C3O2) is much less abundant. Precursor destruction cross-sections and formation cross-sections of products are determined. The CO destruction cross-section for the (3:2) concentration is almost five times higher than that of water, while those for the (10:1) concentration are practically the same. Atomic sputtering yields are estimated for the two ice films, the total mass sputtered is approximately 2.5 × 106 u per impact. These results contribute to figure out the chemical pathways of compounds synthesized from the two most abundant organic species (H2O and CO) observed in the ices of grain mantles of the circumstellar envelopes and interstellar medium. In additional, the finding results reveal that molecular astronomical percentages are comparable to those obtained after 15 eV molec−1 of deposited dose in current experiments compared with the relative concentration of molecules in solid phase observed in MYSO, LYSO, BG Stars, and Comets.
Tracking X-ray Outflows with Optical/IR Footprint Lines
Authors: Falcão Anna Trindade , Kraemer S B , Crenshaw D M , Melendez M , Revalski M , Fischer T C , Schmitt H R , Turner T J 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We use Cloudy photoionisation models to predict the flux profiles for optical/IR emission lines that trace the footprint of X-ray gas, such as [Fe X] 6375Å and [Si X] 1.43μm. These are a subset of coronal lines, from ions with ionisation potential ≥ that of O VII, i.e., 138eV. The footprint lines are formed in gas over the same range in ionisation state as the H and He-like of O and Ne ions, which are also the source of X-ray emission lines. The footprint lines can be detected with optical and IR telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope/STIS and James Webb Space Telescope/NIRSpec, and can potentially be used to measure the kinematics of the extended X-ray emission gas. As a test case, we use the footprints to quantify the properties of the X-ray outflow in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4151. To confirm the accuracy of our method, we compare our model predictions to the measured flux from archival STIS spectra and previous ground-based studies, and the results are in good agreement. We also use our X-ray footprint method to predict the mass profile for the X-ray emission-line gas in NGC 4151 and derive a total spatially-integrated X-ray mass of 7.8( ± 2.1) × 105 M⊙, in comparison to 5.4( ± 1.1) × 105 M⊙ measured from a Chandra X-ray analysis. Our results indicate that high-ionisation footprint emission lines in the optical and near-infrared can be used to accurately trace the kinematics and physical conditions of AGN ionised, X-ray emission line gas.
Probing the thermal history during reionization using a seminumerical photon-conserving code script
Authors: Maity Barun , Choudhury Tirthankar Roy 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
The ionization and thermal state of the intergalactic medium (IGM) during the epoch of reionization has been of interest in recent times because of their close connection to the first stars. We present in this paper a seminumerical code which computes the large-scale temperature and ionized hydrogen fields in a cosmologically representative volume accounting for the patchiness in these quantities arising from reionization. The code is an extension to a previously developed version for studying the growth of ionized regions, namely, Semi Numerical Code for ReionIzation with PhoTon Conservation (script). The main additions in the present version are the inhomogeneous recombinations which are essential for temperature calculations. This extended version of script also implements physical consequences of photoheating during reionization, e.g. radiative feedback. These enhancements allow us to predict observables which were not viable with the earlier version. These include the faint-end of the ultra-violet luminosity function of galaxies (which can get affected by the radiative feedback) and the temperature-density relation of the low-density IGM at z ∼ 6. We study the effect of varying the free parameters and prescriptions of our model on a variety of observables. The conclusion of our analysis is that it should be possible to put constraints on the evolution of thermal and ionization state of the IGM using available observations accounting for all possible variations in the free parameters. A detailed exploration of the parameter space will be taken up in the future.