bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rupturing Phenomena in the Deltaic Deposits of Cape Rytyi on the Northwestern Shore of Lake Baikal
Authors: Lunina O.V. , Gladkov A.A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
—We present materials of aerial photography of Cape Rytyi, a unique and most mysterious place on the northwestern shore of Lake Baikal. Photogrammetric survey was carried out using a DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2.0 UAV and provided an orthophoto and a digital terrain model of an 11.074 km2 area. When deciphering the images obtained in the Rita River deltaic sediments composing the cape, surface ruptures trending north and northeast at 30–150 m from the shore of Lake Baikal were discovered. The ruptures are a clearly localized zone 2.9 km in total length. The performed analysis showed that the structural features of the zone obey the general laws of the development of faults resulted from prevailing extension. It has been established that the formation of the ruptures was predetermined by tectonics and is a secondary effect of resonant oscillations from the M = 5.2 earthquake of 08.13.1962, the epicenter of which was located ~35 km southeast of Cape Rytyi, in the Morskoi fault zone. The seismic event initiated the formation of surface ruptures, which led to a gravitational subsidence of coarse deposits of the fan in the shore zone. It is concluded that the development of modern geomorphologic forms in the peripheral part of the Rita River fan on land is similar to the formation of an underwater topography in the region of the Selenga River delta. It occurs under the influence of seismogenic rupturing and following gravitational movements, which intensify in a water-saturated environment and are subsequently complicated by erosion processes.
Sustainable Recovery: 2022: Recovery With a New Trajectory?
Authors: Ben-Naceur Kamel 
Published: February 2022

It’s January, and the JPT issue has a new look and a new digital edition. I would like to take the opportunity to thank the JPT staff, led by Pam Boschee and Glenda Smith, along with the JPT Editorial Review Committee, for producing exciting articles and technology news every month. For some, the move to a digital-only issue of JPT has disrupted reading and sharing habits. While I know that many of you miss having a print version, the SPE Board believes that remaining digital is the right decision as we look to the future. We’ve changed the digital edition this month. Your feedback on how we can make the digital version match your expectations is very important.
I want to take the opportunity to wish you, your family, and those who matter to you an excellent year following the roller coaster we experienced in 2021. Last year started with the hope that the rapid development of vaccines soon would be providing us protection against the COVID-19 virus. However, the numerous waves of infection (we are now in the fifth in many countries) and the various mutations of the virus have kept health authorities and governments in a reactive mode. With the number of COVID-19-related fatalities worldwide above 5 million at the end of 2021, nearly all of us had family or friends who were affected.
For the economy in general and our industry in particular, 2022 will bring a bag of uncertainties. Mohamed El-Erian, a recognized economic expert, said at 2021 ADIPEC, “The recovery from the pandemic crisis can be characterized by the U’s: uneven, unusual, uncertain.” The December 2021 OECD Economic Outlook mentions, “The rebound is losing some momentum as the surge in demand for goods has met bottlenecks in production chains. Inflation pressures have emerged in all economies.”
Among the risks associated with the large stimulus packages are bottlenecks in production chains, disruptions in commodities and energy supply, high inflation rates (which developed economies had not seen for the past 2 decades), and the loss of momentum in the economic rebound.
In terms of the upstream activity outlook, James West, senior managing director at Evercore, in an optimistic outlook recently said, “The spending cycle begins anew: 2021 was the beginning,” adding that “2022 is acceleration.” For our industry, this is great news following two sharp downcycles in less than 6 years.
The year 2021 ended on a high note. 2021 ADIPEC in Abu Dhabi was a great success from organizational, technical, and attendance standpoints. In addition to the excellent papers and panels, the exhibition attracted large numbers of visitors (in line with 2019 ADIPEC). I was impressed by the eagerness of participants to meet. The exhibition booths were busy with members that wanted to discuss innovation until the last hours of the fourth day of the conference. Great attention was given to ensure the health and safety of the participants.
I had the pleasure to attend the SPE Abu Dhabi Section dinner, and I was pleased to see how much progress has been made in diversity and inclusion.
Guest Editorial: Want To Learn Something New About DFITs? Start With an Old Book
Authors: Buijs Hernán 
Published: February 2022

Early in the development of unconventional reservoirs, the industry had little choice but to rely on the toolsets handed down from decades of conventional engineering practices. Later, new tools would be crafted in the hopes of better fitting the unconventional paradigm. This presents a choice to the technical community—rely on a traditional and proven method, or one designed for the unconventional system but less tested? Recently, many hydraulic fracturing engineers have been asking themselves this question when it comes to the diagnostic fracture injection test (DFIT). That includes myself, and the journey I took to find an answer culminated in a technical paper (SPE 206239) that was presented at the 2021 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.
What follows are some of that paper’s key findings which are being shared with the intent to further the discussion on best practices for those challenged with interpreting unconventional diagnostics.
The paper utilizes the concept of permeability to validate traditional minimum stress interpretations across multiple reservoir conditions by comparing DFIT fracture closure time permeability estimates with core, pressure buildup, after-closure pressure, and rate transient analysis. This author was able to further support the results by the integration of a wide range of diagnostic technologies such as fiber optics, microseismic, and, among others, DFIT numerical inversions shared through eight case histories.

Diagnostic Injections, a Long History Made Short
One of the few ways to begin a conversation with a reservoir is by pumping treated fluid at fracturing rates and analyzing how the pressure falls off with time after the injection is stopped.
The language for such dialogue and information exchange is formed by the dimensionless time function called “G-function” and was introduced by Ken Nolte in 1979.
Nolte’s innovative postulations allowed our industry to determine the expected frac geometry, its conductivity, the formation flow capacity, and the optimum hydraulic fracture design as well as the means necessary to place the treatment.
Recently introduced into industry literature is the proposed fracture closure pressure interpretation based on the fracture compliance method, interpreting an earlier, higher-stress estimation than estimates from well‑established methodologies.
The practitioner is now faced with the dilemma of finding out which fracture closure interpretation technique is correct since this has a profound impact on how fracture geometry is modeled and optimized. To answer this question, a multibasin analysis of pre-frac tests from the Russia, North Sea, Europe, North Africa, and South America regions was undertaken.
Low-Resistivity/Low-Contrast Reservoirs Increase Production in Offshore Brownfield
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: February 2022

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 202331, “Unlocking the Hidden Oil: How Low-Resistivity, Low‑Contrast Reservoirs Contributed to 800 BOPD of Production in a 30‑Year‑Old Offshore Brownfield,” by Su Li Tham, SPE, Kwang Chian Chiew, and Hamed Hassani, Petronas, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Production-enhancement opportunities in 30-year-old Field D in Balingian province, oﬀshore Sarawak, are dwindling. An in-house evaluation tool, resolution enhanced modeling (REM), was developed to evaluate and characterize thin beds or laminations. These low-resistivity/low-contrast (LR/LC) sands are commonly bypassed because conventional logging tools cannot resolve their true parametric values and the apparent log responses across these zones appeared as shaly sand. By running REM across these intervals, the properties of the thin sands could be characterized properly, improving the net pay and economics of perforating and producing these reservoirs.

Introduction
The major reservoirs of Field D were deposited in a ﬂuvial environment, resulting in channel sands, and are mainly under solution gas drive with weak aquifer and large gas-cap drive. The major sands generally are well-developed, including the implementation of water injection as a secondary recovery method in 2016 and perforation of remaining behind-casing opportunities across the ﬁeld. As the ﬁeld enters its later life, attention has been shifted to minor reservoirs in a ﬁnal eﬀort to extract remaining oil from wells before abandonment.
In the case of Field D, the focus is on the LR/LC reservoirs (Fig. 1). These reservoirs mostly are shaly sands and are localized because of their depositional environment of mouth bars and crevasses. There are exceptions, however, as observed in Well A3-S and Well C6, where the reservoirs are clean sands with a thickness of 5–10 ft; these wells likely have penetrated the center of a mouth bar or crevasse.
These LR/LC plays can be detected only by high-resolution logs or core photography. Consequently, LR/LC reservoirs are often overlooked because their properties and hydrocarbon saturation are underestimated, thereby placing them below the cutoﬀ as pay zones. Thus, reservoir characterization and subsequent estimation of reserves remain a challenge in maturing LR/LC perforation proposals.
Fast Screening Tool for Assessing the Impact of Poro-Mechanics on Fractured Reservoirs Using Dual-Porosity Flow Diagnostics
Authors: Gutierrez-Sosa Lesly , Geiger Sebastian , Doster Florian 
Published: February 2022

Summary
Accounting for poro-mechanical effects in full-field reservoir simulation studies and uncertainty quantification workflows is still limited, mainly because of their high computational cost. We introduce a new approach that couples hydrodynamics and poro-mechanics with dual-porosity flow diagnostics to analyze how poro-mechanics could affect reservoir dynamics in naturally fractured reservoirs without significantly increasing computational overhead.
Our new poro-mechanically informed dual-porosity flow diagnostics account for steady-state and single-phase flow conditions in the fractured medium while the fracture-matrix fluid exchange is approximated using a physics-based transfer rate coefficient, which models two-phase flow using an analytical solution for spontaneous imbibition or gravity drainage. The deformation of the system is described by the dual-porosity poro-elastic theory, which is based on mixture theory and micromechanics to compute the effective stresses and strains of the rock matrix and fractures. The solutions to the fluid flow and rock deformation equations are coupled sequentially. The governing equations for fluid flow are discretized using a finite-volume method with two-point flux-approximation while the governing equations for poro-mechanics are discretized using the virtual element method. The solution of the coupled system considers stress-dependent permeabilities for fractures and matrix. Our framework is implemented in the open-source MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST).
We present a case study using a fractured carbonate reservoir analog to illustrate the integration of poro-mechanics within the dual-porosity flow diagnostics framework. The extended flow diagnostics calculations enable us to quickly screen how the dynamics in fractured reservoirs (e.g., reservoir connectivity, sweep efficiency, and fracture-matrix transfer rates) are affected by the complex interactions between poro-mechanics and fluid flow where changes in pore pressure and effective stress modify petrophysical properties and hence affect reservoir dynamics.
Because of the steady-state nature of the calculations and the effective coupling strategy, these calculations do not incur significant computational overheads. They provide an efficient complement to traditional reservoir simulation and uncertainty quantification workflows because they enable us to assess a broader range of reservoir uncertainties (e.g., geological, petrophysical, and hydromechanical uncertainties). The capability of studying a much broader range of uncertainties allows the comparison and ranking from a large ensemble of reservoir models and select individual candidates for more detailed full-physics reservoir simulation studies without compromising on assessing the range of uncertainties inherent to fractured reservoirs.
Mechanical Degradation of Biopolymers for Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications
Authors: Ferreira Vitor Hugo , Clinckspoor Karl , Vermelho Alane , Cardoso Veronica , Moreno Rosangela 
Published: February 2022

Summary
Polymer degradation is detrimental to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) because it ultimately leads to solution viscosity loss. Molecular breakage during flow owing to high stresses, known as mechanical degradation, can occur in numerous stages during field polymer injection. One of the reasons biopolymers are promising for EOR is their enhanced mechanical stability compared to their polyacrylamide counterparts. This study presents a comparative investigation of the mechanical degradation of biopolymers with potential applications in EOR. The mechanical degradation was evaluated by flowing the solutions through a short-length capillary (internal diameter of 0.127 mm and length of 10 mm) and then testing their viscosity loss through a rheometer. Nine flow velocities were tested between 0.13 and 66 m/s (shear rates between 8.29 × 103 and 1.66 × 107 s−1) in addition to the undegraded baseline. Four biopolymers were evaluated [xanthan gum (XG), scleroglucan (SCLG), schizophyllan (SCP), and guar gum (GG)] and compared to two polyacrylamides [hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and HPAM-AMPS (2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid)] that serve as benchmarks for EOR processes. All the polymers were evaluated in three different concentrations (100, 500, and 2,000 ppm) in synthetic seawater (3.01% total dissolved solids). The degradation was evaluated through the Ostwald-de Waele indices. The consistency index (K) indicates loss of overall viscosity, and the behavior index (n) accounts for the loss of pseudoplasticity. Overall, the mechanical degradation correlated positively with shear rate and negatively with polymer concentration. When increasing the polymer concentration, the dominant mechanisms at play were macromolecule extension inhibition, caused by interactions with surrounding molecules, and hydrodynamic volume reduction. The biopolymers displayed superior resistance to mechanical degradation than the synthetic ones, with XG being the most resistant polymer. In this work, the main factors for the mechanical degradation resistance of different polymers were rigidity of the polymer structure in solution and the molar mass of the polymer chains.
A Pressure Drop Prediction Model for Hydrate Slurry Based on Energy Dissipation under Laminar Flow Condition
Authors: Fu Weiqi , Yu Jing , Xu Yonghe , Wang Chenglai , Huang Bingxiang , Sun Baojiang 
Published: February 2022

Summary
Hydrate formation in deepwater drilling alters the rheology of drilling fluid and increases the risk of hydrate blockage in the low-temperature and high-pressure region. Developing a proper hydrate slurry model effectively helps evaluate the flow risk of hydrate slurry and contributes to organizing an efficient hydrate management plan. In this work, a novel pressure drop prediction model for hydrate slurry is developed under the laminar flow condition based on the energy dissipation theory. The influences of interactions between pipe wall, carry liquid, and hydrate particles on the energy dissipation rates and the pressure losses are analyzed theoretically, including the wall resistance, the liquid flowing around hydrate particles, and the collision between hydrate particles. In case studies, under xanthan gum (XG) concentrations from 0.1 to 0.3% and hydrate concentrations from 1 to 9%, the wall resistance and the liquid flowing around hydrate particles hold dominant contributions in which their fractions of pressure losses are from approximately from 40 to 95% and from 5 to 60%, correspondingly. The collisions between hydrate particles contribute only within 0.2%. The increase of XG concentrations and the decrease of hydrate concentrations both rise the fractions of pressure losses induced by the wall resistance, while they decrease the fractions of pressure losses caused by the liquid flowing around hydrate particles. The reliability of the developed model is validated by the published data, and most of the calculated results have discrepancies less than ±20%.
The anti-integrity activity of eugenol on inflammatory markers of chronic atherosclerosis
Authors: karuppasamy venkadeswaran , Kandhasamy Subramanian , Ramasamy Rajeswari , Sekar Suresh Kumar , Sriniva Venkatesh , Varatharajan Varalakshmi , Ramar Suganya , Kumar Subashini Ramesh , Kannan Shalini 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The putative anti-atherogenic, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory potential of atherogenic diet-fed, eugenol-treated Wistar rats were studied. The levels of hematological parameters (ESR, WBC, and platelet count); the mean levels of nitric oxide (NO), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were investigated in serum samples. The mean ESR, platelet, and total WBC counts were all significantly higher in atherogenic diet-fed (Group II) rat when compared with normal (Group I), whereas the mean ESR, platelet, and total WBC counts were significantly lower in atherogenic diet-fed followed by eugenol treatment (Group III). The mean hepatic tissue mRNA transcript level of the gene responsible for CRP, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB and expression of their protein levels were determined in liver tissue samples were found to be significantly higher in the atherogenic diet-fed followed saline treatment (Group II) rats than the normal fed (Group I) rats. However, in hepatic tissue samples from an atherogenic diet-fed followed by eugenol treated rats, the mean mRNA the transcript level of the gene encoding CRP, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB and their mean concentration of the protein translation were significantly lower than the values in Group II rat’s hepatic tissue, approaching near-normal levels. These results are exhibited anti-atherogenic potential in hypercholesterolemic Wistar rats due to their hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.
A mouse model with widespread expression of the C9orf72-linked glycine-arginine dipeptide displays non-lethal ALS/FTD-like phenotypes
Authors: Verdone Brandie , Cicardi Maria , Wen Xinmei , Sriram Sindhu , Russell Katelyn , Markandaiah Shashirekha , Jensen Brigid , Krishnamurthy Karthik , Haeusler Aaron , Pasinelli Piera , Trotti Davide 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Translation of the hexanucleotide G4C2 expansion associated with C9orf72 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia (ALS/FTD) produces five different dipeptide repeat protein (DPR) species that can confer toxicity. There is yet much to learn about the contribution of a single DPR to disease pathogenesis. We show here that a short repeat length is sufficient for the DPR poly-GR to confer neurotoxicity in vitro, a phenomenon previously unobserved. This toxicity is also reported in vivo in our novel knock-in mouse model characterized by widespread central nervous system (CNS) expression of the short-length poly-GR. We observe sex-specific chronic ALS/FTD-like phenotypes in these mice, including mild motor neuron loss, but no TDP-43 mis-localization, as well as motor and cognitive impairments. We suggest that this model can serve as the foundation for phenotypic exacerbation through second-hit forms of stress.
Prevalence, Risk Factors and Prevention of Depression in the Adult Population in Mbarara District, Uganda
Authors: Allen‫٭‬ Kiconco , Laban Waswa Bright , Edward Ssemakula , Moses Baikirize , Muhwezi Talbert 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background.
This study concerns the prevalence, risk factors and prevention of depression in the adult population in three sub-counties in Mbarara district. Depression is a common mental disorder which presents with a wide array of symptoms including loss of energy, poor sleep, poor eating habits, fatigue, irritability and social withdrawal. The main objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with depression and to identify measures that can be implemented to reduce risk factors of the disease among adults in Nyamitanga, Rugando and Rwanyamahembe sub-counties in Mbarara district.
Methods.
A cross-sectional design was used to capture data from a study sample size of 383 participants who were involved in completion of screening tests for depression. Scores from a 7-item version of Hopkins Symptom Checklist for Depression were averaged and the probable depression determined for each participant using a cut-off of 1.75. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations between depression outcomes and socio-demographic, behavioural and medical history variables.
Results.
The analyses revealed that the prevalence of depression among adults in the area stands at 27.7%. Depression was significantly associated with discrimination (AOR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.22–4.45, P = 0.010), household size (AOR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.32–0.93, P = 0.026), level of education (primary education: AOR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.15–0.88, P = 0.024; secondary education: AOR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.12–0.76, P = 0.011; tertiary education: AOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.15–0.92, P = 0.032) and drug-abuse related problems (AOR = 4.44, 95% CI = 1.34–14.74, P = 0.015). Measures for reducing the development of depression (which were identified by study participants) include guidance and counselling, awareness campaigns and self-help projects, improved access to quality medical services as well as stress management and spiritual care services.
Conclusions.
These findings show that depression prevalence in the study area, estimated at 27.7%, is high and worrying. Previous studies carried out in Mbarara district and other parts of Uganda have also reported similarly high estimates. They also show that discrimination, household size, level of education and drug-abuse are important risk factors associated with the prevalence of depressive disorders. Strategies targeted at early interventions and ultimately depression prevention need urgent attention in order to reduce risk factors of the disease.