bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining Marketing Efficiency of Floricultural Production Firms by Market Channel, Market Period, and Size of Firm
Authors: Brumfield Robin G. , Coutu Arthur J. , Nelson Paul V. , Willits Daniel H. , Sowell Robert S. , Anderson Robert G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Economic efficiencies were greatest in peak sales periods in surveyed floricultural firms selling both to retail florists, and mass markets. Efficiency decreased in intermediate and slack sales periods. About the same procedures were followed in each time period, but sales were reduced in intermediate, and slack periods. Surveyed firms selling to mass markets sold bedding plants during peak periods which required no variable labor or capital marketing inputs; thus, they were more technically efficient than firms selling to retail florists during the peak period. Economies of size were found in the retail florist channel but not in the mass market channel. Maximum economic efficiency was reached at a smaller size by firms selling to mass markets, indicating that the mass market channel was more competitive in the marketing function than was the retail florist channel. Large differences in technical efficiency were found within groups, indicating that increased profit could be made by the least efficient firms adopting the efficient technology of the most efficient firms within the same group. Within groups, the most efficient firms utilized more fully their fixed inputs than did the least efficient, and were thus able to expend a reduced percentage of sales on variable inputs. A persistant problem for the least efficient firms, especially during slack periods, was a delivery cost larger than that of the most efficient firms resulting from an increase in distance and number of stops.
Weed Control in Azaleas Grown in Raised Field Beds
Authors: Frank J. Ray , Beste C. Edward 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two annual applications of oxyfluorfen (2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene), oxadiazon (2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one) or prodiamine (2,4-dinitro-N3,N3-dipropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzenediamine) at 4.5 kg/ha controlled 80% of the weeds in several cultivars of newly-planted or established azaleas. Significant early season injury was observed in 1980 on ‘Hershey Red’, ‘Hinocrimson’, and ‘Delaware Valley White’ azaleas treated with DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) at 11.2 kg/ha. Established ‘Hinocrimson’ azaleas treated with oxyfluorfen at 4.5 kg/ha were significantly larger than the control plants at the end of these experiments.
Variation in Calcium Efficiency among Strains of Cauliflower
Authors: Hochmuth G. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Using a nutrient solution providing 375 μmol calcium (Ca) to each plant, 40 cauliflower (Brassica oleracea, Botrytis) strains were evaluated for growth under low-Ca stress. The most efficient strain produced 14 times the dry matter as the least efficient. Calcium efficiency ratios (mg plant dry matter produced per mg Ca in tissue) differed by a factor of 3 between Ca-efficient and Ca-inefficient strains. Increased Ca accumulation and increased Ca utilization contributed to the increased growth by cauliflower strains under Ca deficiency.
Long-term Effects of Pruning Severity, Nodes per Bearing Unit, Training System, and Shoot Positioning on Yield and Quality of ‘Concord’ Grapes
Authors: Morris J. R. , Cawthon D. L. , Sims C. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Yields on ‘Concord’ grape (Vitis labrusca L.) increased as pruning severity was decreased until the 6th and last year of this study, at which time the yields tended to equalize between the 30 + 10, 50 + 10, and 70 + 10 pruning treatments. By the last year, vines pruned to the 70 + 10 level produced fruit of unacceptable quality. When the 3-node spurs were shoot-positioned, their productivity was comparable to buds on the 6- and 9-node canes, indicating the need for exposure to sunlight. The length of the bearing unit has little or no effect on fruit quality attributes. In general, shoot positioning increased yield, node productivity, the percentage of soluble solids, and lowered vine size throughout the study. Geneva Double Curtain (GDC) trained vines produced more fruit than the bilateral cordon (BC) trained vines. Fruit from GDC trained vines had a reduced percentage of soluble solids in 2 of the last 3 years, and tended to have a low pH. The most productive vines producing fruit of acceptable quality for the 6-year mean were the GDC trained, 50 + 10 pruned to 6-node bearing units, and shoot positioned.
Effects of Season and Environment on Flowering of Bird of Paradise in Hawaii
Authors: Kawabata O. , Criley R. A. , Oshiro S. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A harmonic model, consisting of growth and seasonal components, accounted for 80% of the variation in flower production of Strelitzia reginae Ait. (bird of paradise). Time series analyses showed low temperatures to be most closely associated with flower production. A model of flower stalk development indicated the mechanism of seasonal flower production in the increasing phase of the model, low temperature (14° to 16°C) retarded floral differentiation and subsequent elongation prior to flower emergence. A temperature threshold of 27° was the source of seasonal flower production in the decreasing phase of the model by causing flower bud abortion.
Alleviation of High Temperature Stress by Preplant Permeation of Phthalimide and Other Growth Regulators into Lettuce Seeds via Acetone
Authors: Zeng Guang-Wen , Khan Anwar A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A preplant acetone permeation of ‘Grand Rapids’ and ‘Mesa 659’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds with either cyclohexanecarboxamide 1-(3-chlorophthalimide) (phthalimide) or gibberellin A 4+7 (GA) in combination with kinetin (KIN) and/or (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) markedly relieved the adverse effect of high temperature (20°, 12 hr night/30°C day regime) on seedling emergence from soil. Permeation of GA in ‘Grand Rapids’ seeds increased seedling hypocotyl length by 121% compared to only 25% for phthalimide permeated seeds. In ‘Mesa 659’ seeds, the corresponding increases with GA and phthalimide permeation were 52% and 26%, respectively. Permeation of GA + ethephon + KIN and phthalimide + ethephon + KIN increased seedling hypocotyl elongation over the control by 126% and 60% in ‘Grand Rapids’ and 91% and 21% in ‘Mesa 659’, respectively. Seed permeation with phthalimide tended to increase the leaf chlorophyll content of emerging seedlings. Permeation of GA decreased leaf chlorophyll up to 28% in ‘Mesa 659’ and up to 13% in ‘Grand Rapids’. These findings indicate that phthalimide could be substituted for GA in seed treatments needed to alleviate the adverse effects of high temperatures on germination and seedling establishment and to improve growth characteristics of emerged seedlings.
Regulation of Ethylene Production by Ripening Nectarine Fruit as Influenced by Ethylene and Low Temperature
Authors: Brecht Jeffrey K. , Kader Adel A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The rise in C2H4 production during nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit ripening at 20°C was accompanied by an increase in the level of 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and ACC synthase activity. Activity of the C2H4-forming enzyme (EFE) also increased during ripening, but the level was at least 2-times greater than the C2H4 production rate at all stages. C2H4 treatment significantly increased C2H4 production rate, ACC accumulation, and ACC synthase activity. Ability to convert ACC to C2H4, however, was reduced following C2H4 treatment. An increase in total C2H4 production at 20° following storage of nectarines at 0° for up to 4 days was attributable to enhanced ACC synthase activity. Exposure to C2H4 at 0° for more than 4 days reduced C2H4 production and EFE activity during ripening. Increased accumulation of ACC and lowered EFE activity following prolonged C2H4 treatments at 0° suggests that C2H4 production during ripening of fruit held under these conditions is limited by slowed conversion of ACC to C2H4.
Increasing Returns from Roses with Root-zone Warming
Authors: Moss Gerald I. , Dalgleish Robert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three rose cultivars, Ilona, Mercedes, Sonia, on Rosa multiflora rootstock were grown in a nutrient film technique (NFT) system for 2 years, with root-zone warming (RZW) to 25°C compared with ambient temperature roots. In the 1st season the night air temperatures were 18°, 12°, and no heating (9°); in the 2nd season, 18°, 14°, and 10°. Harvested flowers were graded according to stem length. In the 1st winter seasons RZW increased the proportion of long stemmed roses and increased the total yield, especially in ‘Ilona’. In the 2nd winter season, RZW again increased the proportion of long stemmed roses in ‘Ilona’ but increased the total number of blooms more in the other cultivars. The effects of RZW persisted into the summer period. Prevailing wholesale prices were used to calculate probable gross returns based on yields. Since RZW tended to give longer stemmed roses and more blooms than did ambient conditions, this treatment enhanced returns more than that of the increased air temperature treatments. RZW increased probable returns over the ambient for ‘Ilona’, ‘Mercedes’, and ‘Sonia’ by 49%, 69%, and 78%, respectively.
Enzymatic Browning of Stored Parsnip Roots1
Authors: Chubey B. B. , Dorrell D. Gordon 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We established that surface browning in parsnips is due to enzymatic oxidation of phenolic compounds by an active polyphenoloxidase system. Potential browning was highest in the tissue immediately below the surface. The total phenolic content was lowest on the root surface and highest in the vascular cylinder region, whereas chlorogenic acid generally was uniformly distributed throughout the entire root. Enzyme activity was highest in the surface tissue and almost absent in the vascular cylinder. No direct relationships were found between the degree of browning and the parameters studied.
Acceleration of Enzymatic Browning in Carrot and Parsnip Roots by Induced Suberization1
Authors: Gordon D. , Chubey B. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Carrot and parsnip roots showed a sigmoidal increase in surface browning, total phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid, and polyphenoloxidase activity over 7 days of suberization. Parsnip roots changed more rapidly and ended with higher levels than carrot roots. Total phenolic content of parsnips increased with depth of tissue; the reverse was generally true in carrots. In contrast, potential browning and enzyme activity decreased with depth of tissue in both root crops. The vascular cylinder had no detectable enzyme activity and little browning. However, after suberization, all tissues, regardless of their original composition, showed considerable synthesis of all compounds investigated. This study indicated that any damage to the root which stimulates the suberization process also accelerates surface browning and adversely affects market quality.
Effects of Controlled Temperature and Light Intensity on Growth and Carbohydrate Levels of ‘Thompson Seedless’ Grapevines1
Authors: Kliewer W. M. , Lider L. A. , Ferrari Norman 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nonfruiting ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapevine rootings were grown for 30-day periods in phytotron rooms at variable day temp (6:00 AM to 6:00 PM) from 20 to 40°C, in combination with high light (HL,>2,000 ft-c) and low light (LL, <400 ft-c). Night temp in all treatments was 15°C. Maximum total vine growth and net assimilation rate occurred at 30°C under HL and at 20°C under LL. Gain in dry matter per vine was 3- to 18-fold greater under HL than under LL. The level of total carbohydrates (sugars plus starch) in roots of plants grown under HL was also maximal at 30°C. The concn of total carbohydrates in trunk tissues however, varied little with temp from 20 to 35°C, but was significantly (P<0.01) reduced at 40°C. Low light intensity markedly reduced (P<0.01) the levels of sugars and starch in root and trunk tissues compared to the levels in vines grown at HL, regardless of temp.
Red Color Enhancement of Pimiento Peppers with (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid1
Authors: Lockwood David , Vines H. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pimiento peppers from all ethephon treatments had a faster rate and a higher percentage of coloring than peppers receiving the ethylene treatment or the control. The completely green peppers, however, did not color to an acceptable commercial grade within 96 hr.
Ethephon induced a climacteric in the respiration of the treated detached peppers that was not present in the control fruits, indicating that metabolism was affected as the coloring rate was increased.
An Anatomical and Histochemical Study of Abscission in Maturing Sweet Cherry Fruit
Authors: Wittenbach V. A. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Abscission of maturing sweet cherry fruit (Prunus avium L. cv. Windsor) occurred at 2 different abscission zones, depending on the stage of fruit development. Immature fruit abscised at the upper zone between the pedicel and peduncle; mature fruit abscised at the lower zone between the fruit and receptacle. Separation in the abscission layer began directly above the stony pericarp and resulted in the formation of a cavity. Later separation occurred at the fruit : pedicel indentation and extended through the abscission layer toward the vascular bundles. Abscission involved the fracturing of cell walls as well as wall separation. There was no evidence of change in pectins, cellulose or other polysaccharides in the cell walls of the abscission layer prior to or during fruit separation. No starch accumulation in the abscission zone or lignification of tissue adjacent to the abscission layer was observed through fruit maturity.
Effects of Soil Calcium Level on Mineral Concentration in Lima Bean Seedlings1
Authors: Hegwood Donald A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growing lima bean seedlings in unbuffered soil treated with Ca at levels from 0 to 2000 lb./A increased the concn of Ba, Ca, Cu, Ca:Mg, and Ca:Sr, and decreased P, K, Mg, Zn, Mo, Mn, Fe, and A1 in top tissue. In root tissue, Ca, Cu, and Ca:Mg increased and P, Ba, Zn, B, Mo, and Mn concn decreased as the soil Ca level increased. Lima bean tops contained higher levels of P, K, Ca, Sr, and Cu than roots and lower levels of Ba, Mg, Zn, Mo, and Mn. Plant tops contained higher levels of Sr than Ba, but roots contained lower levels. Increasing the soil Ca level to 1000 lb./A increased the Sr level of tops, but further increases in soil Ca decreased top Sr. Soil Mg increased and Mn decreased markedly with increased soil Ca level and soil pH was increased from 4.7 to 6.1.
Temperatures and Net Heat Gain in Normal and Whitewashed Cantaloupe Fruits1
Authors: Lipton Werner J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A method is presented to calculate net heat gain per unit time (G) for normal (N) and for whitewashed (W) cantaloupe fruits (Cucumis melo, L., var. reticulatus Naud.) exposed to direct solar radiation. Calculations of G were based on pulp temp. G of the W fruits averaged 80% of that for the N fruits during warming. Values of G can aid in evaluating the effectiveness of radiation-reflective materials that protect cantaloupe fruits from sunburn, a major cause of culls and market quality losses. Maximum pulp temp about 1 mm below the surface reached 49°C for the N and 42° for the W fruit. Maximum ambient air temp was 43°C.
Effects of Ethephon on Vegetative and Flowering Behavior in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)1
Authors: Karchi Z. , Govers Anneke 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethephon [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] applied at seedling stage of a monoecious and a gynoecious cucumber reduced internode length. The rate of increase and the total increase in cumulative fruit number was significantly higher, compared to the untreated plants in the monoecious, but not in the gynoecious cultivar. Preflowering treatments of both cultivars caused simultaneous development of numerous lateral shoots. There was also a significant increase in the number of nodes especially on side branches. Preflowering treatments generally excelled seedling treatments and the control in total number of fruits. Preflowering application of 150 ppm ethephon to the monoecious and 250 and 350 ppm rates to the gynoecious cultivar resulted in higher cumulative fruit number at each and every one of the 9 harvests during the 18-day harvest period. Ethephon treatments lowered percent fruit set in the monoecious cultivar.
Effect of Zinc Sources and Methods of Application on Yield and Leaf Mineral Concentration of Pecan, Carya illinoensis, Koch1
Authors: Worley Ray E. , Harmon S. A. , Carter R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Zinc uptake by pecan leaves as affected by Zn sources and methods of application was compared for young and old pecan trees. Sources of Zn used were ZnSO4, ZnO, ZnHEDTA, and ZnEDTA. Methods of application were broadcast, in holes, and foliar sprays. Chelates were applied at 1/5 - 1/10 the rate of Zn used for ZnSO4 or ZnO. Leaf Zn from trees treated with ZnO broadcast was either equal to or greater than that from trees treated with ZnSO4 broadcast when both were applied every year. On young Zn deficient trees, ZnEDTA entered the tree earlier than the other sources when broadcast. Zinc deficiency symptoms appeared when leaf Zn was 40 ppm or less. Foliar sprays of ZnSO4 caused erratic and temporary increases in leaf Zn.
Stimulation of Lateral Bud Growth of Apple Trees by 6-Benzylamino Purine1
Authors: Kender Walter J. , Carpenter Stephen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Orchard and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the influence of foliar applications of 6-benzylamino purine (BA) on branching of young apple trees. BA at 100 and 500 ppm, applied to actively growing shoots stimulated lateral bud growth on these shoots during the current season. The presence of fruit, termination of shoot growth, and the localization and non-persistence of BA reduced its effectiveness in breaking apical dominance. For optimum response to BA, multiple spray applications to actively growing shoots in a non-fruiting condition were required. Spray applications of BA failed to induce lateral bud growth on previous season’s wood.
Endogenous Regulators of Root Initiation in Mung Bean Hypocotyls1
Authors: Heuser Charles W. , Hess Charles E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Etiolated mung bean seedlings, Phaseolus aureus Roxb., when decapitated below the cotyledons show a linear decrease with time in root initiation. The decrease does not result from a loss of endogenous auxin because IBA fails to prevent the loss. Three root promoting compounds were found in an ethanolic extract of the hypocotyl tissue, but the level of the compounds could not be consistently related to the decrease in root initiation. Glucose, fructose and sucrose are the major sugars present in the hypocotyl tissue. Total sugar decreased in a linear manner with 2.0 mg lost during the 48-hr treatm ent period. Fifty percent of the decrease in root initiation could be regained by application of glucose or fructose. Total phenolic compounds decreased 20% during decapitation but their contribution to root formation was not determined because they were not purified.
Nitrate Accumulation in Vegetable Crops As Affected by Photoperiod and Light Duration1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
No NO3 accumulated at any photoperiod in leaves or roots of table beets when N was not added to the soil. When N was applied at rates from 100 to 400 lb./acre less NO3 accumulated in both plant parts as photoperiod was extended from 8 to 20 hr. Addition of N to the soil increased the total N content of leaves and roots. Larger total N concn were observed in plants grown under an 8-hr photoperiod than in plants grown under longer photoperiods.
Various radish, spinach, and snap bean cultivars were grown at different soil N rates and harvested 0, 6, and 12 hr after the initiation of the light period. Radish leaves and snap bean pods contained less NO3-N as the plants were harvested further into the light period. Nitrate concn of radish roots and spinach leaves were not changed by harvesting at 6 AM, 12 noon or 6 PM. The addition of N fertilizer increased the NO3-N concn of radish and spinach but decreased the NO3-N concn of snap bean pods. Cultivars differed in their capacity to accumulate NO3 in all 3 species. Nitrite accumulation was proportional to the quantity of NO3 in the tissue.
The Aftermaths of EFL Online Classroom During A Year of Covid-19 Pandemic: Perception and Score
Authors: Rosayanti Novinda , Hardiana Tusi 
Published: August 2022

<p>It has been a year that Indonesia experienced covid-19 pandemic. This situation stands as primary reason of English Foreign Language (EFL) online classroom still being implemented for all levels of education. This case possibly leads to positive and negative impacts for both teachers and students. Hence, this study aims to investigate EFL online classroom implementation throughout a year of Covid-19 pandemic in terms of; the<strong> </strong>EFL teachers’ and students’ perceptions, and how do the students’ score. Quantitative was applied as the approach in this study. In addition, the six EFL teachers and sixty students of senior high schools in Riau were chosen purposively to be involved as the research subjects. The data were collected in two techniques and instruments; survey with close-ended questionnaire and document analysis on the students’ score. The findings revealed that the teachers and students had higher percentage of positive perception on EFL online classroom implementation. Lastly, the score confirmed that all the students passed the criteria minimum of English subject determined by the school in EFL online classroom implementation throughout covid-19 pandemic.</p>
Statistical and spectral analysis of wind over a strategic location
Authors: Srivastava Nishi , Divyam Jaya , Ghosh Upamanyu , Priya Madhu , Saxena Nisheeth , Kumar Manoj 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the present work, we explored the inherent characteristics of the wind over a complex terrain site ‘Ranchi’ situated near a strategic location of the monsoon trough with various mathematical and statistical tools, i.e., time-series analysis, Fast Fourier transform (FFT), FFT coefficients, wavelet decomposition, and Weibull distribution. The time-series analysis showed a rapid day-to-day variability with a seasonal variation with a peak during summer. Fourier coefficients were concentrated for the winter/post-monsoon, indicating lower wind conditions, while wide spreads of the points indicate agility, i.e., high wind during the summer. The spectral features obtained using FFTs infer that wind has a prominent peak at a frequency f=0.00106724 (day−1) and f=0.00266809 (day−1). The power spectrum and wavelet decomposition show that the prominent frequencies correspond to yearly, eight, six, and four months. Weibull probability density function, cumulative probability distributions, and probability profiles are studied. Results show that the Weibull distribution function reasonably models the probability distribution of daily wind speed. Weibull scale parameter varied between 0.26 and 1.33 m/s, and the shape parameter ranged between 1.09 and 2.88. Results from various analyses indicate that the seasonal variation of wind speed over Ranchi is mainly associated with the development of monsoon trough over the site.