bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetes mellitus is associated with declines in physical function among men with and without HIV
Authors: Masters Mary C. , Yang Jingyan , Lake Jordan E. , Abraham Alison G. , Kingsley Lawrence , Brown Todd T. , Palella Frank J. , Erlandson Kristine M. 
Published: January 2022

Objective:
To determine the longitudinal relationships between abnormal glucose metabolism and physical function in persons with HIV (PWH) and without HIV.

Design:
Prospective cohort study of men with or at risk for HIV in four United States cities between 2006 and 2018.

Methods:
Men with or at risk for HIV from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) had semi-annual assessments of glycemic status, grip strength, and gait speed. We used linear mixed models with random intercept to assess associations between glycemic status and physical function. Glycemic status was categorized as normal, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), controlled diabetes mellitus [hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) <7.5%], or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (HbA1C ≥ 7.5%).

Results:
Of 2240 men, 52% were PWH. Diabetes mellitus was similar among PWH (7.7%) vs. persons without HIV (6.7%, P = 0.36) at baseline. PWH had slower gait speed (1.17 vs. 1.20 m/s, P < 0.01) but similar grip strength (40.1 vs. 39.8 kg, P = 0.76) compared with persons without HIV at baseline. In multivariate models, gait speed decline was greater with controlled diabetes mellitus [−0.018 m/s (−0.032 to −0.005), P = 0.01] and grip strength decline was greater with controlled [−0.560 kg (−1.096 to −0.024), P = 0.04] and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus [−0.937 kg (−1.684 to −0.190), P = 0.01), regardless of HIV serostatus compared with normoglycemic individuals.

Discussion:
Abnormal glucose metabolism was associated with declines in gait speed and grip strength regardless of HIV serostatus. These data suggest that improvement in glucose control should be investigated as an intervenable target to prevent progression of physical function limitations among PWH.
Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in people with HIV
Authors: González de Aledo Manuel , Cañizares Angelina , Vázquez-Rodríguez Pilar , Castro Ángeles , Moldes Luz , López Soledad , Míguez Enrique , Bou Germán , Mena Álvaro 
Published: January 2022

Objective:
To evaluate the safety and the serological response after two doses of mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in people with HIV (PWH).

Methods:
Participants were evaluated 4 weeks after the second dose of mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 vaccine. Tolerability was evaluated with a specific adverse event questionnaire. Patient's sera were analysed using LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG (DiaSorin).

Results:
One-hundred PWH were included, 75% of them men, with a mean age of 44 ± 11 years old, all receiving antiretroviral treatment and mostly with controlled viral loads (98% with HIV RNA <50 copies/ml) and 96% had >200 CD4+/μl. All patients seroconverted after vaccination (antibody concentration ≥33.8 binding antibody units [BAU]/ml). Only 3% of the patients had a low antibody concentration (<520 BAU/ml), whereas 67% of them had concentrations above the assay's detection range (>2080 BAU/ml). Fifty-six patients had local or systemic symptoms, with mild arthromyalgia being the most common systemic symptom. No severe adverse events were reported.

Conclusions:
Vaccination with two doses of mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 is well tolerated in PWH under effective antiretroviral treatment and it leads to a successful antibody response.
Impact of Deep Learning Reconstruction Combined With a Sharpening Filter on Single-Shot Fast Spin-Echo T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Uterus
Authors: Tsuboyama Takahiro , Onishi Hiromitsu , Nakamoto Atsushi , Ogawa Kazuya , Koyama Yoshihiro , Tarewaki Hiroyuki , Tomiyama Noriyuki 
Published: January 2022

Objective
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of deep learning (DL) reconstruction and a postprocessing sharpening filter on the image quality of single-shot fast spin-echo (SSFSE) T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) of the uterus.

Materials and Methods
Fifty consecutive patients who underwent pelvic magnetic resonance imaging were included. Parasagittal T2WI with a slice thickness of 4 mm was obtained with the periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction (PROPELLER) and SSFSE sequences (mean scan time, 204 and 22 seconds, respectively). The following 3 types of SSFSE images were reconstructed, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and tissue contrast were assessed: conventional reconstruction (SSFSE-C), DL reconstruction (SSFSE-DL), and DL with a sharpening filter (SSFSE-DLF). Three radiologists independently assessed image quality, and area under the visual grading characteristics curve (AUCVGC) analysis was performed to compare the SSFSE and PROPELLER images.

Results
Compared with that of the PROPELLER images, the SNR of the SSFSE-C, SSFSE-DL, and SSFSE-DLF images was significantly lower (P < 0.05), significantly higher (P < 0.05), and equivalent, respectively. The SSFSE-DL images exhibited significantly lower contrast between the junctional zone and myometrium than those obtained with the other sequences (P < 0.05). In qualitative comparisons with the PROPELLER images, all 3 SSFSE sequences, SSFSE-DL, and SSFSE-DLF demonstrated significantly higher scores for artifacts, noise, and sharpness, respectively (P < 0.01). The overall image quality of SSFSE-C (mean AUCVGC, 0.03; P < 0.01) and SSFSE-DL (mean AUCVGC, 0.23; P < 0.01) was rated as significantly inferior, whereas that of SSFSE-DLF (mean AUCVGC, 0.69) was equivalent or significantly higher (P < 0.01).

Conclusion
Using a combination of DL and a sharpening filter markedly increases the image quality of SSFSE of the uterus to the level of the PROPELLER sequence.
Comparison of the Surgical Outcomes of Cranioplasty Using Titanium, Customized Polymethylmethacrylate, and Liquid Polymethylmethacrylate in Maharaj Nakhon Chiang Mai Hospital, Thailand
Authors: Vongsfak Jirapong , Vaniyapong Tanat , Norasethada Thunya , Watcharasaksilp Wanarak , Jetjumnong Chumpon , Srihagulang Chanon , Limpastan Kriengsak 
Published: January 2022

Abstract:
Cranioplasty is a standard procedure used to restore skull defects after craniectomy. Many different materials are used in cranioplasty. The study aim was to compare the surgical outcomes of cranioplasty using different materials: liquid polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), customized PMMA, and titanium. The authors retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of cranioplasty performed from 2016 to 2021. Data collection included patient characteristics and complications, including postoperative infection, hematoma, implant exposure, and subgaleal cerebrospinal fluid collection. Eighty-five patients received cranioplasty with different materials: titanium, 14; customized PMMA, 31; and liquid PMMA, 40. There were no significant differences in the basic patient characteristics among the 3 cranioplasty groups except for lower age in the customized PMMA group. There were no significant differences between superficial and deep infections, implant exposure, postoperative hematoma, or seizure. However, subgaleal cerebrospinal fluid collection was more common in the liquid PMMA group than in the customized PMMA group (P = 0.02). This study showed that good outcomes were achieved by cranioplasty performed with different materials (titanium, customized PMMA, and liquid PMMA).
Nonmydriatic Retinal Photography in the Outpatient Neurology Resident Clinic
Authors: Pyatka Nataliya , Banks Matthew K. , Fotedar Neel , DeLozier Sarah J. , Morgan Michael , Preston David C. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
The funduscopic examination is an essential component of the neurologic examination. However, examination of the ocular fundus with a direct ophthalmoscope is often difficult. Nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography allows direct visualization of the ocular fundus with high-quality photographs. We used nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography to improve patient care and funduscopy skills of residents in the Neurology Resident Clinic.

Methods:
At the time of triage, funduscopic photographs of all new neurology resident clinic patients were taken. The images were imported into the hospital's imaging software. The residents completed a full neurologic examination, including a funduscopic examination with a handheld ophthalmoscope. At the time of staffing the patients with the attendings, the residents received immediate feedback and teaching on retina photograph evaluation.

Results:
A total of 255 patients were enrolled. Of those, 230 (90%) had at least one high-quality funduscopic photograph. Retinal photographs were normal in 161 (70%). Out of the 69 abnormal photographs, only 7% of abnormalities were detected by the residents. Ninety-three percent of residents found the retinal photographs useful.

Conclusions:
Nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography improved the care in patients presenting to a Neurology resident clinic and facilitated residents in recognizing funduscopic findings. Its benefits are clear when one considers (1) the high risk of negative patient outcomes and possible medicolegal consequences due to missed findings, (2) the ease of incorporating retinal photographs into the patients' medical records, and (3) the benefit of improving resident education in regard to the ophthalmologic examination.
Orbital Inflammation in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Liou Victor D. , Yoon Michael K. , Maher Mary , Chwalisz Bart K. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
To present 2 patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody–associated disease with unilateral orbital inflammation, optic nerve head edema, and abnormalities of the optic nerve and nerve sheath on imaging. We review the most current literature on this important and uncommon clinical phenotype.

Methods:
A case report of 2 patients and a comprehensive review of the relevant literature on orbital inflammation in MOG antibody–associated disease (MOG-AD).

Results:
Two patients presented with decreased vision and unilateral orbital inflammation. Both had optic nerve head edema and abnormalities of the optic nerve and nerve sheath on imaging. The patients were treated with immunosuppressants and had improvement of vision changes as well as their orbital inflammatory signs. MOG antibody was positive in high titers in both patients. Only 3 other cases of orbital inflammation associated with MOG antibody have been described. In all cases, orbital signs responded rapidly to intravenous methylprednisolone, but the improvement in visual acuity was variable and less robust.

Conclusion:
Orbital inflammation is a unique and underrecognized phenotype of MOG-AD with only a few reports in the literature. In patients who present with vision loss and orbital inflammation, MOG-AD should be considered in the differential.
Multidomain Cognitive Impairment in Children With Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome
Authors: Mahajnah Muhammad , Suchi Ariel T. , Zahakah Hazar , Sharkia Rajech , Shuhaiber Shaden R. , Srugo Isaac , Genizi Jacob 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Although prompt and suitable treatment of pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS) leads to an excellent prognosis and can prevent optic nerve atrophy, adults show long-lasting neurocognitive deficits even with prompt treatment. The purpose of our study was to evaluate cognitive outcomes in pediatric patients with PTCS.

Methods:
We performed a prospective study on children diagnosed with PTCS and a healthy control group. Children with pre-existing neurological conditions or psychiatric drug use were excluded. Both groups underwent a neurocognitive evaluation, using the NeuroTrax computerized battery of tests. The PTCS group were tested 3 months after the initial diagnosis.

Results:
We evaluated 82 children (49 females [60%], 6.5–16 years old, mean age 13.3), including 26 diagnosed with idiopathic PTC and 56 controls. Global cognitive score (P < 0.001), verbal memory (P < 0.001), executive function (P < 0.001), attention (P< 0.003), and information processing speed (P < 0.004) were all significantly lower in the PTCS group. No differences were found between children currently being treated and those whose symptoms had resolved and treatment was stopped.

Conclusions:
Children with PTCS experience comprehensive cognitive decline that persists after the resolution of the symptoms and treatment.
Clinical Neurophysiology of Zika Virus Encephalitis
Authors: Ferrari-Marinho Taissa , De Marchi Luciana R. , Caboclo Luis Otavio 
Published: January 2022

Summary:
Zika virus (ZIKV) has been shown to be highly neurotropic; neurologic disorders are a common complication of this infection. Encephalitis—an inflammation of the brain parenchyma associated with neurologic dysfunction—is a rare complication of ZIKV infections. It affects patients from young to elderly ages. Clinical presentation of ZIKV encephalitis may be heterogeneous, including altered mental status (decreased or altered level of consciousness, lethargy, or personality change), seizures, and focal deficits. Complementary diagnostic investigation should include neuroimaging, lumbar puncture, and EEG. Neuroimaging findings in ZIKV encephalitis are not specific and may be diverse, including normal findings, hyperintense lesions on MRI involving cortical or subcortical structures, symmetric or asymmetric lesions involving supra or infratentorial regions, and more widespread involvement such as brain swelling. A remarkable scarcity of neurophysiological data on ZIKV encephalitis was found in the literature. In line with other diagnostic examinations, there are no neurophysiological findings suggestive or specific of the disease. EEG in ZIKV encephalitis showed different results: normal or diffuse disorganization of background activity, asymmetry with abnormal focal slow waves, focal epileptic discharges or generalized spike–wave and multispike–wave complexes, and periods of generalized voltage attenuation.
Does the morphology of the posterior malleolar fragment influence clinical outcomes of trimalleolar fractures after surgical fixation? A systematic review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Patel Sandeep , Dhillon Mandeep Singh , Baburaj Vishnu , Sharma Siddhartha 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundPosterior malleolus (PM) fractures have historically been classified according to the size of the fragment, to study the need for surgical fixation and to assess clinical outcomes. Recent research has suggested that the morphology of the PM fragment is of more relevance than its size.ObjectivesThis systematic review aims to determine if the size of the PM fragment influences clinical outcomes of trimalleolar fractures after surgical fixation, and if so, to find out which fracture type has the best outcomes.MethodsThis systematic review will be conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. A literature search will be conducted on the electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Ovid with a pre-determined search strategy. A manual bibliography search of included studies will also be done. Original articles in English that have relevant data on the outcomes of PM fractures and its morphology will be included. Data will be extracted from included studies and analysis carried out with the help of appropriate software.
Extracting abundance information from DNA-based data
Authors: Luo Mingjie , Ji Yinqiu , Warton David , Yu Douglas W. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe accurate extraction of species-abundance information from DNA-based data (metabarcoding, metagenomics) could contribute usefully to diet analysis and food-web reconstruction, the inference of species interactions, the modelling of population dynamics and species distributions, the biomonitoring of environmental state and change, and the inference of false positives and negatives. However, multiple sources of bias and noise in sampling and processing combine to inject error into DNA-based datasets. We focus here on the laboratory and bioinformatic processes of generating DNA-based data, since sampling bias and noise are addressed extensively in the ecological literature. To extract abundance information, it is useful to distinguish two concepts. (1)Within-sample across-speciesquantification describes relative species abundances within one sample. (2)Across-sample within-speciesquantification describes how the abundance of each individual species varies from sample to sample, as in a time series, an environmental gradient, or experimental treatments. First, we review the literature on methods to recover (1)across-speciesabundance information (which is achieved by removing what we call ‘species pipeline biases’) and (2)within-speciesabundance information (by removing what we call ‘pipeline noise’). We argue that many ecological questions can be answered by extracting only within-species quantification, and we therefore demonstrate how to use a ‘DNA spike-in’ to correct for pipeline noise and recover within-speciesabundance information. We also introduce a model-based estimator that can be employed on datasets without a physical spike-in to approximately estimate and correct for pipeline noise.
Multi-micron crisscross structures from combinatorially assembled DNA-origami slats
Authors: Wintersinger Christopher M. , Minev Dionis , Ershova Anastasia , Sasaki Hiroshi M. , Gowri Gokul , Berengut Jonathan F. , Corea-Dilbert F. Eduardo , Yin Peng , Shih William M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLiving systems achieve robust self-assembly across length scales. Meanwhile, nanofabrication strategies such as DNA origami have enabled robust self-assembly of submicron-scale shapes.However, erroneous and missing linkages restrict the number of unique origami that can be practically combined into a single supershape. We introduce crisscross polymerization of DNA-origami slats for strictly seed-dependent growth of custom multi-micron shapes with user-defined nanoscale surface patterning. Using a library of ~2000 strands that can be combinatorially assembled to yield any of ~1e48 distinct DNA origami slats, we realize five-gigadalton structures composed of >1000 uniquely addressable slats, and periodic structures incorporating >10,000 slats. Thus crisscross growth provides a generalizable route for prototyping and scalable production of devices integrating thousands of unique components that each are sophisticated and molecularly precise.One-sentence summaryCrisscross polymerization of DNA-origami slats can yield micron-scale structures with uniquely addressable nanoscale features.
Autoantibody and hormone activation of the thyrotropin G protein-coupled receptor
Authors: Faust Bryan , Singh Isha , Zhang Kaihua , Hoppe Nicholas , Pinto Antonio F. M. , Muftuoglu Yagmur , Billesbølle Christian B. , Saghatelian Alan , Cheng Yifan , Manglik Aashish 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThyroid hormones are vital to growth and metabolism. Thyroid hormone synthesis is controlled by thyrotropin (TSH), which acts at the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR). Autoantibodies that activate the TSHR pathologically increase thyroid hormones in Graves’ disease. How autoantibodies mimic TSH function remains unclear. We determined cryogenic-electron microscopy structures of active and inactive TSHR. In inactive TSHR, the extracellular domain lies close to the membrane bilayer. TSH selects an upright conformation of the extracellular domain due to steric clashes between a conserved hormone glycan and the membrane bilayer. An activating autoantibody selects a similar upright conformation of the extracellular domain. Conformational changes in the extracellular domain are transduced to the seven transmembrane domain via a conserved hinge domain, a tethered peptide agonist, and a phospholipid that binds within the seven transmembrane domain. Rotation of the TSHR ECD relative to the membrane bilayer is sufficient for receptor activation, revealing a shared mechanism for other glycoprotein hormone receptors that may also extend to G protein-coupled receptors with large extracellular domains.
Engineering SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies for increased potency and reduced viral escape
Authors: Zhao Fangzhu , Keating Celina , Ozorowski Gabriel , Shaabani Namir , Francino-Urdaniz Irene M. , Barman Shawn , Limbo Oliver , Burns Alison , Zhou Panpan , Ricciardi Michael J. , Woehl Jordan , Tran Quoc , Turner Hannah L. , Peng Linghang , Huang Deli , Nemazee David , Andrabi Raiees , Sok Devin , Teijaro John R. , Whitehead Timothy A. , Ward Andrew B. , Burton Dennis R. , Jardine Joseph G. 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTThe rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants poses a constant threat of escape from monoclonal antibody and vaccine countermeasures. Mutations in the ACE2 receptor binding site on the surface S protein have been shown to disrupt antibody binding and prevent viral neutralization. Here, we use a directed evolution-based approach to engineer three neutralizing antibodies for enhanced binding to S protein. The engineered antibodies showed increased in vitro functional activity in terms of neutralization potency and/or breadth of neutralization against viral variants. Deep mutational scanning revealed that higher binding affinity reduced the total number of viral escape mutations. Studies in the Syrian hamster model showed two examples where the affinity matured antibody provided superior protection compared to the parental antibody. These data suggest that monoclonal antibodies for anti-viral indications could benefit from in vitro affinity maturation to reduce viral escape pathways and appropriate affinity maturation in vaccine immunization could help resist viral variation.
The role of metal binding in the function of the human salivary antimicrobial peptide histatin-5
Authors: Stewart Louisa , Hong YoungJin , Holmes Isabel , Firth Samantha , Bolton Jack , Santos Yazmin , Cobb Steven , Jakubovics Nicholas , Djoko Karrera 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are key components of diverse host innate immune systems. The family of human salivary AMPs known as histatins bind Zn and Cu. Fluctuations in Zn and Cu availability play significant roles in the host innate immune response (so-called “nutritional immunity”). Thus, we hypothesised that histatins contribute to nutritional immunity by influencing host Zn and/or Cu availability. We posited that histatins limit Zn availability (promote bacterial Zn starvation) and/or raise Cu availability (promote bacterial Cu poisoning). To test this hypothesis, we examined the interactions between histatin-5 (Hst5) and Group A Streptococcus (GAS), which colonises the human oropharynx. Our results showed that Hst5 does not strongly influence Zn availability. Hst5 did not induce expression of Zn-responsive genes in GAS, nor did it suppress growth of mutant strains that are impaired in Zn transport. Biochemical examination of purified peptides confirmed that Hst5 binds Zn only weakly. By contrast, Hst5 bound Cu tightly and it strongly influenced Cu availability. However, Hst5 did not promote Cu toxicity. Instead, Hst5 suppressed expression of Cu-inducible genes, stopped intracellular accumulation of Cu, and rescued growth of a ΔcopA mutant strain that is impaired in Cu efflux. We thus proposed a new role for salivary histatins as major Cu buffers in saliva that contribute to microbial homeostasis in the oral cavity and oropharynx by reducing the potential negative effects of Cu exposure (e.g. from food) to microbes. Our results raise broad questions regarding the physiological roles of diverse metal-binding AMPs and the management of host metal availability during host-microbe interactions.