bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De-Risking Cavings by Coupling Spalling Rate and Numerical Geomechanics Modeling
Authors: AlBahrani Hussain , Alqam Mohammad , Makrami Adnan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Wellbore instability is a major cause of stuck-pipe incidents. Wellbore enlargements induced by instability work to produce enlarged rock fragments known as cavings. These fragments can overwhelm the rig hydraulics system, which can potentially lead to tight spots, overfill, stuck-pipe, and even loss of well. Therefore, it is essential to manage, prevent, or anticipate the production of cavings through reliable modeling techniques. Conventional geomechanics models can predict yielding and rock failure through a fitted failure criterion. This failure assessment does not offer a prediction of size or quantity of cavings that can be introduced to the wellbore. This is because failed rock, as predicted by a conventional geomechanics model, will not necessary dis-integrate and fall off into the wellbore. To overcome this blind spot, a numerical geomechanics model is coupled with spalling rate analysis.
The analysis is carried out using a 3D poro-elasto-plastic finite element model (FEM). The FEM uses offset wells data along with the best fitting failure criterion to estimate the wellbore instability limit. The considered offset wells data used consist of wireline logs, drilling reports, and mechanical testing lab results belonging to the formation of interest. The model uses this data to estimate the stress distribution and define the best fitting failure criterion. The model is then coupled with spalling rate analysis. This relies on hollow cylinder tests, which are conducted on cores extracted from the formation of interest, to determine the spalling criterion. The end result is prediction of quantities and sizes of cavings that will be introduced into the wellbore under the specified conditions.
Coupling spalling rate analysis with the 3D FEM model makes way for de-risking cavings production. It is shown that by applying different controls, such as the mud weight and its rheological properties, instability related challenges can be overcome within the means of the rig hydraulics system. It is also shown that at different values of mud weight, the quantities and sizes of cavings can be constrained in a manner that would allow the well hydraulics to manage them. Finally, the results make a clear distinction between yielded or failed rock, as decided by the failure criterion, and spalled or damaged rock, which will be introduced into the wellbore as caving fragments.
The coupled modeling approach presented in this work amplifies the impact of geomechanics analysis on drilling operations. This is done by not limiting the geomechanics modeling recommendations and output to mud weight only, but other controls within the rig hydraulics system.
Navigate Narrow Pressure Windows with Superior Performance and Minimal Risk Using Flat Rheology Oil-Based Drilling Fluids
Authors: Olivares Tulio Daniel , Al-Zahrani Walid , Anioke Chidiebere , Sultan Aldarini Wafa Saeed 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to present the added value and superior performance of Flat Rheology Oil-Based Drilling Fluid (FROBDF) utilization across Narrow Pressure Windows and very challenging wellbore stability conditions. The FROBDF was able to mitigate the high potential chances of induced losses, wellbore collapse and resulted in reduced non-productive time (NPT) associated with successful trips, liner runs, barite sagging avoidance and no wellbore stability issues. Multiple formulations were evaluated during the design of the low pressure-impact FROBDF to meet operation requirements. Extensive tests were done in the lab with different sized bridging materials and wellbore stabilizers to overcome the expected challenges. Also, various contamination test including, drill solids, seawater, cement and acid gases contamination test were performed to understand fluids’ behavior and tolerance to various contamination. The results demonstrate high tolerance to most contaminations, the performance of the fluid was maintained without any major impact in fluid properties. Furthermore, key performance indicators (KPI) were stablished for field applications and was demonstrated the superior performance of FROBDF. Field applications were executed with the customized FROBDF formulation and demonstrated that the Low-pressure impact flat rheology drilling fluid reduced the effect of temperature on the fluid rheological properties and minimized the risk of induced formation losses. These same rheological features reduced non-productive time (NPT) associated with liner runs and barite sagging (maintained sag factor at 0.509). Reduced frequency of tandem sweeps pumping. With the proposed bridging strategy wellbore stability was achieved during the whole drilling and tripping phase of the well. In addition to that, after 64 hours under static conditions with 1,500 psi overbalance, no stuck pipe incidents, no loss circulation incidents, no excessive pressures recorded with low dilution and product consumption rate while maintaining flat rheologic profile below 30% variance across a different temperature range of 60°F, 80°F, 120°F and 150°F while drilling.
The drilling industry with the current worldwide oil situation is continuously looking for non-productive time reduction strategies, this low pressure-impact high performance non-aqueous drilling fluid is an effective solution designed to extend the critical drilling narrow window. This innovative technology is non-progressive gel structure that reduces hydraulic impact, optimizing low-shear-rate viscosity improves hole cleaning without generating excessive pressures in the circulating system. This allows for optimal rates of penetration in those challenging conditions.
Drilling Operations Real-Time Monitoring and Alerting Using Advanced Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Alzahrani Majed A , Alotaibi Bader M , Aman Beshir 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Well construction is a lengthy, complex and an expensive process. A drilling rig can spend several months to complete the operation in a single well. When analyzing the type of operations performed by rigs, we can see that almost 30% of the time is consumed while making new hole (i.e., drilling time), while the majority of the rig time represents what is called the flat time. Any optimization of flat time can significantly reduce the well construction cost.
Flat time is a group of operation types that involve no drilling operations, such as BHA making, drill pipe tripping, hole conditioning, casing running, cementing, etc. For instance, the performance of two specific types of these operations is only determined by rig crew and rig capabilities, and is not influenced by hole condition or formation related factors. These operations are the drill pipe tripping in cased hole (DPTCH) and the drill pipe connection operations (CONN). In typical well construction operations, the DPTCH and CONN operations represent 30% and 20% of the flat time, respectively.
In this paper, we discuss the potential benefits of developing and deploying an automated solution to monitor and alert the performance of these two operations in real time. The paper will explain how the solution can employ advanced machine learning (ML) algorithms to process rig operation sensor data and realize rig states. Then, we discuss the impact on the operation when applying this solution to optimize the DPTCH and CONN operations.
A developed solution of real-time monitoring and alerting can contribute to a significant time and cost savings. It also can improve early warning signs and detection of operation troubles. Also, it can be the foundation of many real-time operation optimization solutions.
Benefits of Hydraulic Jet Pump for Unloading a Well Over Conventional Nitrogen Lift Method
Authors: Azeez Kamaran , Abdelbary Marwan , Rehman Abid Ur 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Removing fluid from a wellbore column, allowing a well to flow initially, or bringing a previous well back online, nitrogen lifting is commonly used in north Iraq wells. Due to the inability of coiled tubing units to be delivered on time and their high cost, operators are forced to seek for an alternative method of unloading drilling fluid. A hydraulic Jet Pump is a technology used to complete the task.
A newly drilled well DB-H was chosen, and the drilling fluid volume calculated was 12,000 bbl. to pump to the surface and begin production, assuming nonstop operation between unloading and producing. The deployment of the hydraulic lift Jet Pump for both stages was planned. Well data from the operator was collected, the process design was initiated, and Jet Evaluation Modeling Software (JEMS) was used to run the design models. A Proper pump size was set up based on available data to meet operator expectations. A Reverse Circulating Jet Pump (RCJP) was chosen to be installed inside a Sliding Sleeve Door (SSD) at a depth of 2,450 ft using a slickline. injecting power fluid with a discharge pressure of 1,500 psi and a flow rate of 1.11 bbl per minute through the casing-tubing annulus and getting the return from 3.5-in tubing. Cleanup process, and production achieved in one run time.
Within the first three days of operation, the well had produced double than expected. The operating parameters of the surface unit were adjusted and well tested. Data acquisitions consisted of collecting samples to read the properties of oil and fluids. After ten days of continuous well offloading and producing, the operator decided to pull out the downhole memory gauge to collect real data and see how the well performance behavior changed with the jet pump operating. New data was gathered, and the jet pump operation was resumed. Operating parameters were tuned to achieve the production target (at 1,700 psi injection pressure and 1,690 BPD injection rate), and the net return was 1,300 BPD with 0.4 percent BSW.
This paper explains in detail the operation that saved the operator money and time by using an artificial lift to produce hydrocarbon from a specific well, which saved USD 300,000 at an early stage of cleanup and unloading the well. Increased production by 100 percent, generating $USD 3.5 million in monthly revenue in the production stage with the minimal cost of lifting.
Decision-Driven Subsurface Surrogate Model for Development Optimization Under Uncertainties
Authors: Li Jizhou , Shao Yufen , Zhu Yuzixuan , Furman Kevin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWith ever-increasing complexity in Upstream project planning, to ensure decision quality, the dynamics of subsurface resources need to be embedded into concept screening to maintain consistency between the production forecast and development plan. We developed a decision-driven subsurface surrogate model that encapsulates key reservoir dynamics into the machine augmented mathematical technologies for holistic decision recommendation in concept selection and development planning under uncertainties. The surrogate model replicates the essential subsurface dynamics by using a hybrid-approach that takes into accounts both reservoir simulation data and physical first principle. In addition to standalone usage on production forecast for rapid profile screening under resource uncertainties, the subsurface surrogate model is incorporated into mathematical optimization models that simultaneously consider surface network, commercial obligation and project economics etc. to provide alternative concepts under various uncertainties. Our subsurface surrogate model has been applied for decision making on gas gathering system design, field development optimization, field-management timing and sequencing, and field tie-back study etc. Results not only show the capability of surrogate models to enable large scale rapid decision screening, but also bear a close resemblance between the predicted production profiles and the reservoir simulation results when fed with the field operating strategy recommended by our decision models with surrogate dynamics. The study demonstrates the reliability of our surrogate modeling technology on ensuring decision quality and helps build business’ confidence on technology adoption. By further incorporating subsurface uncertainties into surrogate models, the decision makers are provided with: probabilistic analysis of the outcomes, value of information analysis, cost of optionality and flexibility, and holistic project outlook etc. Our decision-driven surrogate modeling technology incorporated in mathematical decision models is the first of its kind for holistic decision support in concept selection and development planning in oil and gas industry, and has full potentials in a variety of asset lines with reliable subsurface performance prediction under uncertainties.
Blockchain in Oil and Gas Digital Fuel Passports – Protecting the Fuel Value Chain, Enabling New Business Models
Authors: Mueller Florian , Rudkovskaya Olga 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to showcase how digital supply chain transparency solutions can be a key enabler for both certainty and new business models in today's value chains for both conventional and/or renewable fuel. In this context, we will discuss the pivotal role for the next decades to come of sustainability regulation - such as for example in the European Union's Green Deal - in setting the direction for all industry players involved. We will also consider the current (post-) pandemic crises currently unfolding which we believe will pose both challenges but also opportunities for established energy companies, especially with a view to adjacent and transitory business models.
For the fuel market, one key challenge will be a substantial increase in demand for renewable forms of fuel – be it in pure form or as a mix between conventional and renewable fuel; given the likely differential tax and regulatory treatment, there will be a need to unequivocally document the provenance, composition, and also tax-paid status of such fuels. This will require new forms of fuel assurance, involving both physical and digital solutions to address the two key topics: Fighting tax fraud and mislabelling: Proof of provenance and tax paid status - to protect the supply chain from infiltration of smuggled, non-tax paid, or fraudulently labelled fuel (renewable vs conventional origin)Mandatory reporting of sustainability related data: Proof of composition and quantification – enable accurate and trustworthy data on fuel composition (fully renewable, mix, conventional), as well as environmental footprinting – the latter being particularly important when dealing with bio- or renewable fuels that might require a verified carbon footprint and other relevant ESG/sustainability data
Based on this, we will introduce Digital Fuel Passports (DFPs) as a solution to address these points through one flexible and adaptable approach – leveraging an integrated solution consisting of industrial grade marking and inspection, as well as a robust digital supply chain traceability solution.
Investigation on corrosion behaviour of polymeric coatings on weathering steel under 3.5% NaCl Solution
Authors: Periasamy K , Manivannan S , Venkatesh R , Vivekanandan M 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Construction of columns and bridges for sea transportation, where corrosion resistance is a major factor, is the most common use of weathering steel, it is a low carbon alloy steel. Under the correct environmental circumstances, weathering steel develops an adherent protective coating on its surface. Patina is the protective layer that develops on the surface of weathering steel. It protects against further corrosion occurring to the structure. Since these weathering steels are repeatedly exposed to a wet environment, their corrosion resistance decreases. Our research focuses on investigations of the coatings used on weathering steel to increase its corrosion resistance in marine conditions. The coatings applied on the substrate were poly urea, polyurethane, epoxy and black enamel. Immersion test, salt spray test and potentio-dynamic test were performed on the coated samples to determine how they would react to various conditions. The depth of the corrosion on the coatings was confirmed by the profilometry test. Based on corrosion tests, the conclusion that polyurea is the best coating, followed by polyurethane, black enamel, and epoxy, based on the corrosion studies.
WITHDRAWN: Morphometry of Foramen Magnum by Using Post-Mortem Computed Tomography (PMCT) for Discriminant Analysis of Sex and Population Affinity among Malaysian Population
Authors: Lai Poh Soon , Yi-Li Wong , Noor Mohamad Helmee Mohamad , Ibrahim Mohamad Azaini 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Aims: Morphometrics of foramen magnum were assessed for discriminant function analysis of sex estimation and population affinity estimation by using post mortem computed tomography (PMCT) images in a Malaysian population-based study.
Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted by using convenient sampling of PMCT skull images among 300 Malaysian adults. Standardized morphometric evaluation of two foramen magnum parameters i.e. foramen magnum anterior posterior diameter (FMAPD) and transverse diameter (FMTD) were performed. Statistical analyses included independent t-test, ANOVA, univariate and multivariate analyses together with discriminant function analyses were performed in this study.
Results: There were substantial significant differences of FMTD and FMAPD between sexes within respective population affinity. The foramen magnum morphometry of males was relatively larger than females.There were relatively significant differences of FMTD between population affinities. The multivariate analysis showed that there were also generally sufficient significant differences of FMAPD between population affinities. The morphometry of foramen magnum among Chinese was generally larger than those in Malay and Indian.
Discussion and Conclusion: Morphometry of foramen magnum had stronger discriminant function in sex estimation with 60% accuracy as compared to population affinity estimation at only 40.7% accuracy. This study had shown the FMTD and FMAPD could be the potential discriminators in sex estimation among Malaysian population especially whenever other sex dimorphism indicators not available for investigation.
Policy Analysis: The Prevalence of Leisure-related Concepts Found in Mental Health Legislation
Authors: Levick Jessica J , Broome Kieran , Oprescu Florin , Gray Marion 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background. There appears to be limited investigation on the impact mental health acts have on the implementation of therapeutic modalities such as leisure or recreation in acute settings. This policy analysis explores Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom’s documents as they share similar principles on service delivery for mental health. This paper explores 33 mental health act legislation and supporting documents within Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, in comparison with international (WHO, UN) recommendations, to explore their alignment with the promotion of access to meaningful leisure activities.
Methods. A checklist was developed from the literature on ideal criteria that can facilitate leisure engagement and best-practice standards for leisure delivery. Each document was hand-searched and scored.
Results. Some documents did not contain any leisure related language and received a score of 1. Leisure-related language was typically associated with the built environment. Australia was the only country to contain high-quality leisure-related language in their policy. New Zealand presented with the lowest scores overall and lacked meaningful use of leisure-related language throughout its reviewed documents.
Conclusion. The legislation and supporting documents reviewed do not include sufficient language to support therapeutic engagement in inpatient units.
Resolution approximation method; An analysis, failures and successes
Authors: Shiri Babak 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The resolution approximation method is introduced for the first time for data approximating with minimizing an energy function. The minimization problem of the corresponding energy function is analyzed with three different distances, maximum distance, average distance and Ecleadian distance. Interestingly, the first approximations for monomials with introduced distances are equivalent to descriptive statistics such as minimum, maximum, average and median. Unfortunately, the resolution approximation methods with monomials fail. A cure with Haar scale functions is introduced. The theoretical results are validated with some examples.
MSC Classification: 41A05 , 94A16
Optimizing soil moisture in subsurface irrigation system based on porous clay capsule technique
Authors: vaghei Hojjat Ghorbani , Bahrami HosseinAli , Saleh Farzin Nasiri 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

A clay capsule is one of the porous pipes in a sub-irrigation system that can release water near the root zone. This paper has attempted to improve the physical and hydraulic properties of clay capsules based on changing the percentage of organic matter in the raw materials. The raw material used for making clay capsules is obtained from the calcareous soil of Nasr Abad village of Gorgan, Iran. The ratio of rice bran to calcareous soil as improving hydraulic properties was 1:2, 1:5, 1: 10, 1:15, and 1:20 (kg of rice bran to kg of air-dried soil). The produced clay capsules were named G2, G5, G10, G15, and G20 respectively. The water discharge and soil water distribution of clay capsules were measured at 10, 25, 50, 80, and 100 kPa of hydrostatic pressures by a discharge-pressure automation instrument. The results showed a significant relationship between discharges of porous clay capsules and organic matter mixed with raw material. Also, the results show that with increasing organic matter percentage in the clay capsule component, the discharge of clay capsules increased. The relationship between discharges of G10, G15, and G20 with hydrostatic pressure is linear, and in G2, and G5, this relationship becomes non-linear. Meanwhile, the soil wetting shape followed a spherical trend due to the slow seepage of clay capsules. But the soil wetting shapes in G10, G15, and G20 were completely spherical, and in G5 and G2 trended to ellipsoid vertically. Finally, this is of significance for irrigating plants in arid and semi-arid regions.