bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qatar Labour Reforms Ahead of the FIFA 2022 World Cup
Authors: Qadri Mustafa 
Published: July 2022

In response to a forced labour review by the International Labour Organization (ILO) that threatened to turn into a formal international inquiry,1 the government of Qatar commenced an ambitious programme of labour reforms aimed largely at addressing concerns about its treatment of migrant workers. About 2.4 million men and women,2 an estimated 88.4 per cent of the small Gulf nation’s population,3 are migrant workers. It has the second largest known gas reserves in the world, and its airbases are home to the largest United States military installation in the Middle East.4 Yet, the small Gulf emirate garnered little international scrutiny until it was awarded in 2010 the right to host the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) men’s Football World Cup tournament in 2022.
Warm-waterTcherskidiumfauna (Brachiopoda) in the Late Ordovician Northern Hemisphere of Laurentia and peri-Laurentia
Authors: Jin Jisuo , Blodgett Robert B. , Harper David A.T. , Rasmussen Christian M.Ø. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Late Ordovician (late Katian)Tcherskidiumfauna consisted of large- and thick-shelled virgianid pentamerid brachiopods characterized by large and ribbed shells ofTcherskidiumandProconchidiumand usually associated withHolorhynchus,Deloprosopus, andEoconchidium. This unique fauna was widely distributed across several tectonic plates, largely confined to the paleoequatorial and especially the northern paleotropical zones, such as northern Laurentia, accretionary terranes of Alaska, Kolyma, Baltica, Siberia, Kazakh and adjacent terranes, and South China. In Laurentia, the eponymous genusTcherskidiumwas predominant in regions north of the paleoequator and, in sharp contrast, was absent south of the paleoequator. In this study,Tcherskidium lonein. sp. andProconchidium schleyin. sp. are described from Alaska and North Greenland, respectively, adding new data on theTcherskidiumfauna of the Late Ordovician Northern Hemisphere. Shell gigantism, together with the sharp paleobiogeographic division, suggests that the Late Ordovician (late Katian) Northern Hemisphere had a prevailing warm-water mass, probably due to the lack of large landmass beyond the northern tropics. This was in sharp contrast to the Southern Hemisphere, which was frequently influenced by cold-water invasions from the ice-bearing Gondwana supercontinent centered on the South Pole.UUID:http://www.zoobank.org/25d9b772-bd7d-4ad6-bfc6-ba02b1567cf3
Associations between children’s reports of food insecurity and dietary patterns: findings from the Generation XXI birth cohort
Authors: Maia Isabel , Oliveira Andreia , Severo Milton , Santos Ana Cristina 
Published: July 2022

AbstractEvidence on the association between children’s food insecurity (FI) and dietary patterns (DPs) is scarce. This study assessed the association between children’s FI anda priorianda posteriori-defined DPs in a Portuguese population-based sample of children. A cross-sectional study including 2800 children from the 10-year-old follow-up of the Generation XXI birth cohort was performed. Data on food security status, assessed by the Self-administered Food Security Survey Module for children (SAFSSMC), dietary intake and socio-demographics were collected. A previously developed Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was adapted for this study. Using the HEI score and its food groups, linear and logistic regression models were performed. Using latent class analysis, fivea posteriori-defined DPs were identified. The DPs names considered an overall picture of the DP. Food security status as a categorical (food security/FI) and continuous variable (SAFSSMC raw score: higher scores representing higher FI) was used. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to assess the association between food security status and DPs. Children’s FI (9·4 %) was inversely associated with the HEI score (β=–0·695;95%CI:–1·154,–0·235), representing worse diet quality. A higher SAFSSMC raw score was associated with low fruit and vegetables (OR=1·089;95%CI:1·023,1·159) and seafood and eggs consumption (OR=1·073;95%CI:1·009,1·142) and high consumption of meat and meat products (OR=1·091;95%CI:1·026,1·160), salty snacks (OR=1·067;95%CI:1·003,1·136) and soft drinks (OR=1·097;95%CI:1·031,1·168). The SAFSSMC raw score was positively associated with ‘Low consumption’ (OR=1·119;95%CI:1·016,1·232), ‘Energy-dense foods’ (OR=1·155;95%CI:1·028,1·298) and ‘Snacking’ (OR=1·119;95%CI:1·006,1·245) DPs. FI was associated with worse dietary choices. Intervention strategies targeting food insecure children should be developed to promote healthy dietary habits.
Assessment of seasonal pattern of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a retrospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Tal O , Ibrahim N , Ronen O 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundA seasonal trend of patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss may direct research into possible aetiology.MethodsThis study reviewed data from the medical records of patients who presented from 2004 to 2019 and who were diagnosed with new-onset idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Seasonal pattern was assessed using chi-square and Rayleigh tests, and further confirmed by Monte Carlo simulation.ResultsThe study included 740 patients with a mean age of 48.3 years and a median age of 49 years. There was no statistical evidence for a difference in the distribution of sensorineural hearing loss cases for the four seasons of each year or with the cumulative data. New-onset idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss cases averaged around 11 per month; there was no statistical evidence for a seasonal difference, as determined either by the Rayleigh test or with Monte Carlo simulation.ConclusionThere was no evidence to support the claim that idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss incidence displays a seasonal pattern. More research is necessary to explore potential external factors such as climate or infection.
Anthropogenic food: an emerging threat to polar bears
Authors: Smith Tom S. , Derocher Andrew E. , Mazur Rachel L. , York Geoff , Owen Megan A. , Obbard Martyn , Richardson Evan S. , Amstrup Steven C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSupplemental food from anthropogenic sources is a source of conflict with humans for many wildlife species. Food-seeking behaviours by black bears Ursus americanus and brown bears Ursus arctos can lead to property damage, human injury and mortality of the offending bears. Such conflicts are a well-known conservation management issue wherever people live in bear habitats. In contrast, the use of anthropogenic foods by the polar bear Ursus maritimus is less common historically but is a growing conservation and management issue across the Arctic. Here we present six case studies that illustrate how negative food-related interactions between humans and polar bears can become either chronic or ephemeral and unpredictable. Our examination suggests that attractants are an increasing problem, exacerbated by climate change-driven sea-ice losses that cause increased use of terrestrial habitats by bears. Growing human populations and increased human visitation increase the likelihood of human–polar bear conflict. Efforts to reduce food conditioning in polar bears include attractant management, proactive planning and adequate resources for northern communities to reduce conflicts and improve human safety. Permanent removal of unsecured sources of nutrition, to reduce food conditioning, should begin immediately at the local level as this will help to reduce polar bear mortality.
Clarifying links to literacy: How does morphological awareness support children’s word reading development?
Authors: Levesque Kyle C. , Deacon S. Hélène 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe know a great deal about children’s first steps into reading. Here, we explore how they become more sophisticated readers, learning to read complex words. Theoretical accounts predict that one key factor is morphological awareness, or awareness of the minimal units of meaning in language. And yet empirical studies have yet to clarify whether morphological awareness has a stronger relation to the development of reading skill for words with multiple morphemes in particular (i.e., morphological decoding) or to the reading of a whole range of words. We examined this question in this study by contrasting the role of morphological awareness in the development of morphological decoding and of broader word reading skill. Participants were 197 English-speaking children who were followed from Grade 3 to 4. We conducted longitudinal analyses that included stringent autoregressive controls to capture the determinants of gains over time, as well as controls for vocabulary and phonological awareness. Structural equation modeling (SEM) path analysis with this set of controls revealed that morphological awareness predicted significant unique gains in morphological decoding from Grade 3 to 4 with no such unique contributions to broader word reading skill. These findings clarify the role of morphological awareness in supporting children in developing the ability to read morphologically complex words, supporting a more targeted role for morphology in theories of word reading development.
Economic inequality in later life and imagination of the future
Authors: Ekerdt David J. , Adamson Erin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe personal futures of older adults are continually in mind, motivating goals, desires and plans. People approach the near and long term with differing agentic traits and dispositions, and they face forward, as well, from differing standpoints according to socio-economic position. This is a study of how persons who are economically privileged diverge in their future thought from persons of modest means, asking how income level qualifies the capacity to imagine, and foresee affecting, the future. We draw upon interviews conducted with 42 older, community-dwelling individuals in the Midwestern United States of America, a sample that was partitioned into two groups, one with below-median incomes versus one with incomes above 200 per cent of median. Interviews disclosed various foci of future thought with common contents among the two groups. Three foci, however, confirmed between-group differences in confidence about handling possible material and support needs, and also in enacting idealised norms of retirement. The underlying theme of these foci – financial security, long-term supports and services, and trips and travel – was the perceived affordability of the future. We conclude that there is indeed a material basis for imagination of and proactivity toward the future. When paradigms about later life set expectations that idealise lifestyle choice, consumption and prudential preparation for the future, these are prospects towards which some can reach more readily than others.
Disinvestment in healthcare: a scoping review of systematic reviews
Authors: Kamaruzaman Hanin Farhana , Grieve Eleanor , Wu Olivia 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Disinvestment from low value health technologies is growing globally. Diverse evidence gathering and assessment methods were used to implement disinvestment initiatives, however, less than half of the empirical studies report reduced use of the low-value services. This scoping review aimed to synthesize the information from available reviews on the concepts and purposes of disinvestment in healthcare, the approaches and methods used, the role of stakeholders and facilitators and barriers in its implementation.

Methods
This scoping review was guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis and PRISMA statement for scoping review. Published reviews on disinvestment were identified from scientific databases including health technology assessment (HTA) Web sites using the terms “disinvestment,” “health technology reassessment,” and “healthcare.” The data obtained was synthesized narratively to identify similarities and differences across the approaches based on the prespecified categories.

Results
Seventeen reviews were included with thirty-four initiatives identified across sixteen countries at various levels of implementation and responsible agencies for the activities. Two most used methods to facilitate disinvestment decisions are Programme Budgeting and Marginal Analysis (PBMA) and HTA. Stakeholder involvement is the most important aspect to be addressed, as it acts as both facilitator and barrier in disinvestment initiatives implementation.

Conclusions
Disinvestment programs have been implemented at multilevel, involving multistakeholders and using multiple methods such as PBMA and HTA. However, there is a lack of clarity on the additional dimensions of technical analysis related to these tools. Further research could focus on technology optimization in healthcare as part of overall health technology management.
Prevalence and surveillance of tuberculosis in Yemen from 2006 to 2018
Authors: Al-Shehari Wadee Abdullah , Yin Yi-An , Wang Xinyang , Wang Ying , Sun Haobo , Fu Yingmei , Zhang Fengmin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major public health issue in Yemen, a country located at the southwestern tip of the Arabian Peninsula, while the situation of tuberculosis had been further exacerbated since the war started in 2015. The objective of this study is to investigate the incidence of tuberculosis in Yemen before the outbreak of COVID-19, from 2006 to 2018. During the 13-year period, 92 482 patients were enrolled in the TB programme records from the 22 governorates. Almost equal number of cases were diagnosed between males and females (a male to female ratio, 1.03:1). A notable rising incidence was observed in all age groups starting from 2011. The sharpest increase occurred in children under age 15, rising by 8.0-fold from 0.5 in the period 2006–2010 to 4.1 in the period 2011–2018. Paediatric TB accounted for 9.6% of all reported cases. In terms of the patient residence, incidence has more than doubled in Sana'a city, Sana'a Gov., Hajjah and Saadah. Concomitant diseases with tuberculosis included diabetes mellitus (14.0%), brucellosis (6.1%), hepatitis (6.0%), rheumatoid arthritis (4.3%), renal disorders (2.5%) and HIV infection (2.5%). Development of interventions to reduce tuberculosis incidence in children and concomitant communicable diseases is urgently needed.
Tsarist Russia and the Musical World
Authors: Alexander Tamsin , Helmers Rutger 
Published: July 2022

ExtractThe articles in this issue address and illustrate elements that are essential for furthering the current understanding of Russia's embeddedness in the international musical culture of the long nineteenth century: the exchange of musicians and repertoires; the social and political conditions in which these exchanges took place; the range of mediators, from aristocratic patrons to musical professionals; the methods of movement; and the ways in which Russia was imagined and experienced by foreigners.
Considerations for supporting meaningful stakeholder engagement in global mental health research
Authors: Murphy Jill K. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The need to ensure that research evidence is adopted by health systems and is informed by lived experience expertise has been increasingly recognised in mental health research. In the field of global mental health (GMH), though some progress has been made, the meaningful engagement of key stakeholders in research remains low. This editorial outlines recommendations to support the meaningful engagement of policy makers and people with lived or living experience of mental illness in GMH research. Recommendations include: increasing funding structures that are designed to support meaningful engagement; urging institutions to consider administrative structures that support engagement with lower resourced partners; promoting capacity development opportunities and resources to support researchers to promote meaningful engagement; developing research governance structures that include key stakeholders; and, taking steps to ensure the needs of diverse stakeholders are met through their engagement in research. Examples of good practice from these areas are provided. Though not an exhaustive list of recommendations, this editorial represents a call to the GMH research community to take a deliberate and proactive approach to prioritising meaningful stakeholder engagement in GMH research with the ultimate goal of improving accessible and appropriate mental health care.
Conflict and Elite Formation in Thailand, Laos and Cambodia
Authors: Bultmann Daniel 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe article focuses on a comparative analysis of conflict and elite formation in Thailand, Laos and Cambodia; it argues that societal conflicts in Southeast Asia are grounded in the historical formation of elite social structures within differing sociocultures and that major and long-lasting societal conflicts—both violent and non-violent—occur in social spaces between ‘power elite’ groups. Additionally, it shows how up-and-coming elite groups are recruited from the fringes of the old hierarchy, which is why they are—in many respects—social hybrids of old and new sociocultures. Moreover, after those new arrivals were elevated into the ‘power elite’, the window for upward mobility rapidly re-closed.
A Test of Energetic Particle Precipitation Models Using Simultaneous Incoherent Scatter Radar and Van Allen Probes Observations
Authors: Sanchez Ennio R. , Ma Qianli , Xu Wei , Marshall Robert A. , Bortnik Jacob , Reyes Pablo , Varney Roger , Kaeppler Stephen 
Published: July 2022

AbstractQuantification of energetic electron precipitation caused by wave‐particle interactions is fundamentally important to understand the cycle of particle energization and loss of the radiation belts. One important way to determine how well the wave‐particle interaction models predict losses through pitch‐angle scattering into the atmospheric loss cone is the direct comparison between the ionization altitude profiles expected in the atmosphere due to the precipitating fluxes and the ionization profiles actually measured with incoherent scatter radars. This paper reports such a comparison using a forward propagation of loss‐cone electron fluxes, calculated with the electron pitch angle diffusion model applied to Van Allen Probes measurements, coupled with the Boulder Electron Radiation to Ionization model, which propagates the fluxes into the atmosphere. The density profiles measured with the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar operating in modes especially designed to optimize measurements in the D‐region, show multiple instances of close quantitative agreement with predicted density profiles from precipitation of electrons caused by wave‐particle interactions in the inner magnetosphere, alternated with intervals with large differences between observations and predictions. Several‐minute long intervals of close prediction‐observation approximation in the 65–93 km altitude range indicate that the whistler wave‐electron interactions models are realistic and produce precipitation fluxes of electrons with energies between 10 keV and >100 keV that are consistent with observations. The alternation of close model‐data agreement and poor agreement intervals indicates that the regions causing energetic electron precipitation are highly spatially localized.
Land Subsidence and Aquifer‐System Storage Loss in Central Mexico: A Quasi‐Continental Investigation With Sentinel‐1 InSAR
Authors: Cigna F. , Tapete D. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAquifers play an important role in addressing water needs worldwide. When overexploited, they may lose storage and compact, causing land subsidence and impacts on urban landscapes. Using Sentinel‐1 satellite imagery, we perform the largest ever‐made Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) survey over Mexico, across a 700,000 km2 area hosting >85.2 million inhabitants. We estimate present‐day subsidence rates for yet unmapped and well‐known hotspots (e.g., −45 cm/year in Mexico City), and compute compaction volumes at >300 aquifer‐systems (up to −60 hm3/year at Mexico City Metropolitan Area). InSAR‐derived aquifer‐system compaction generally correlates well with groundwater deficits, extractions and storage changes from management reports. Semi‐theoretical relationships for the whole Central Mexico and hydrological‐administrative regions VII, VIII, and XIII, enable the assessment of compaction rates and volumes resulting from groundwater exploitation. These could be used to inform groundwater management strategies towards adaptation to climate change and future needs of a growing population.
Survival of Ancient Lunar Water Affected by Topographic Degradation of Old, Large Complex Craters
Authors: Talkington C. L. , Hirabayashi M. , Montalvo P. E. , Deutsch A. N. , Fassett C. I. , Siegler M. A. , Shepherd S. L. , King D. T. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractLunar water is redistributed by various processes. Topographic diffusion affects the transport of water and contributes to its preservation in subsurface layers. Here, we analyze 16 complex craters (∼3.2 – ∼4.2 Ga) larger than 20 km in diameter near the lunar south pole to quantify their degradation states. The results show that the diffusive rates of late Imbrian craters are similar to those of similarly aged simple craters, while Nectarian and pre‐Nectarian craters are degraded less efficiently. Within a complex crater, the mass accumulation by topographic diffusion and ejecta blankets from other complex craters preserves water, ranging up to 1 wt% on average. However, impact mixing and internal heat further limit the stability of ancient water to subsurface regions with ages younger than 3.9 Ga and at depth from a few meters to 10s of meters.
Spatiotemporal Features and Associated Synoptic Patterns of Extremely Persistent Heavy Rainfall Over China
Authors: Liu Haisheng , Huang Xiaogang , Fei Jianfang , Zhang Chi , Cheng Xiaoping 
Published: July 2022

AbstractExtremely persistent heavy rainfall (EPHR) is characterized by high rainfall intensity and long durations, which can cause destructive natural disasters. In this study, hourly merged precipitation data for 2009–2019 are used to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of EPHR over China. Reanalysis data are used to classify synoptic patterns related to EPHR. Observations show that the EPHR process is substantially asymmetrical, occurring mostly in South China, whereas its strongest intensity takes place in North China. There is a tendency for EPHR to occur near coastal and mountainous areas, basins, and urban agglomerations. Monthly and diurnal patterns of EPHR exhibit complex regional disparities in frequency and cumulative precipitation. EPHR exhibits a bimodal structure during summer in South and Southwest China, whereas a unimodal structure is observed in Huang‐Huai valleys, and early morning peaks are substantial elsewhere. Furthermore, the synoptic patterns associated with EPHR also differ by region. Using an objective synoptic classification method, typical synoptic patterns are classified in each region. Combining the effect of land‐sea contrast, the low vortices system, low‐level jets (LLJs), and shear lines play a key role in supporting EPHR in South China. The location of EPHR south of the Yangtze River is substantially controlled by the intensity of southwest vortex, LLJs, and the shear line, while the southwest vortex dominates in Southwest China. The effects of the low vortex, shear lines, and terrain are prominent in Jianghuai region. Furthermore, EPHR in the northern region is closely related to western Pacific subtropic high and local vortices.