bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preface: 5th International Conference on Computer Engineering, Information Science & Application Technology (ICCIA 2022)
Authors: Ma Zhenliang , Kam Fanny 
Published: June 2022

The organizing Committee of ICCIA 2022 was proud to present the proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Engineering, Information Science & Application Technology (ICCIA 2022: http://www.ciaconf.org/), held on April 16-17, 2022 in Hong Kong, China.
The aim of ICCIA 2022 is to provide a platform for researchers, engineers, academicians, as well as industrial professionals, to present their research results and development activities in computer engineering, information science, application technology. It provides opportunities for the delegates to exchange new ideas and application experiences, to establish business or research relations and to find global partners for future collaboration. We hope that the conference results will lead to significant contributions to the knowledge in these up-to-date scientific fields. This two day conference is being organized in technical association with Asian Union of Information Technology, Research Center of Engineering and Science, and will include invited keynote talks and oral paper presentations from both academia and industry to ignite our young minds, to initiate them in the field of meaningful research and thereby enrich their existing knowledge.
ICCIA 2022 has received 192 manuscripts. And less than 100 articles were accepted by our reviewers and the press. By submitting a paper to this 5th ICCIA, the authors agree to the review process and understand that papers undergo a peer-review process. Manuscripts will be reviewed by appropriately qualified experts in the field selected by the Conference Committee, who will give detailed comments and-if the submission gets accepted-the authors submit a revised version that takes into account this feedback. All papers are reviewed using a double-blind review process: authors declare their names and affiliations in the manuscript for the reviewers to see, but reviewers do not know each other's identities, nor do the authors receive information about who has reviewed their manuscript. The Committees of the 5th ICCIA invest great efforts in reviewing the papers submitted to the conference and organizing the sessions to enable the participants to gain maximum benefit.
Hopefully, all participants and other interested readers benefit scientifically from the proceedings and also find it stimulating in the process.
With our warmest regards,
Zhenliang Ma, Fanny Kam
Conference Organizing Committees
Level-specific Perioperative and Clinical Outcome Comparison: Cervical Disk Replacement Versus Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion at C5-C6 in Patients With Myeloradiculopathy
Authors: Jacob Kevin C. , Patel Madhav R. , Parsons Alexander W. , Prabhu Michael C. , Ribot Max A. , Pawlowski Hanna , Vanjani Nisheka N. , Singh Kern 
Published: June 2022

Introduction:
This study compares perioperative and postoperative clinical outcomes in patients undergoing anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion (ACDF) or cervical disk replacement (CDR) at C5-C6 in patients with myeloradiculopathy.

Methods:
Primary, elective, single-level CDR or ACDF procedures at C5-C6 for patients with myeloradiculopathy were included. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) included visual analog scale (VAS) neck, VAS arm, Neck Disability Index (NDI), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function (PROMIS-PF), and Short-Form 12-Item Physical Composite Score (SF-12 PCS) collected at preoperative/6-week/12-week/6-month/1-year time points. Surgical cohorts were assessed for differences in demographics/perioperative characteristics using the chi square test and unpaired Student t-test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Achievement of minimum clinically important difference (MCID) was determined by comparing ΔPROMs with established thresholds. Outcome measures were compared at postoperative time points with the Student t-test, and improvement from preoperative baseline was assessed with a paired sample t-test.

Results:
One hundred thirty-seven patients were included, 43 CDR and 94 ACDF. CDR patients demonstrated significantly reduced surgical times (46.3 versus 55.1 minutes), estimated blood loss (24.4 versus 43.6 mL), revision surgery rates (0.0% versus 5.3%), postoperative length of stay (8.9 versus 23.0 hours), and postoperative narcotic consumption (P < 0.017, all). Complication rates and mean PROMs did not differ between cohorts. The CDR cohort markedly improved from baseline for all PROMs postoperatively except SF-12 PCS/PROMIS-PF at 6 weeks. The ACDF cohort markedly improved at each time point except VAS arm at 1 year, NDI at 6 weeks/1 year, and SF-12 PCS/PROMIS-PF at 6 weeks. A majority of both cohorts achieved overall MCID for VAS neck/NDI/PROMIS-PF. MCID achievement rates did not differ except NDI at 12 weeks/1 year and SF-12 PCS at 6 months, both favoring CDR.

Discussion:
Both procedural cohorts demonstrated similar long-term clinical outcomes for arm/neck pain and physical function; however, patients undergoing CDR at C5-C6 demonstrated an improved ability to maintain 1-year postoperative progress for neck disability with improved 1-year NDI MCID achievement. The CDR cohort, in addition, demonstrated an improved perioperative profile and reduced rate of revision surgery.
Impact of the European Union’s Seed Legislation and Intellectual Property Rights on Crop Diversity
Authors: Mévius Joséphine de 
Published: June 2022

Crop diversity results from farmers’ selection and exchange of seeds. The crop diversity erosion observed over the last century can be attributed to the transition from traditional to industrial farming practices. Farmers’ seed varieties have been replaced by a few privately owned, high-yielding varieties. The resulting uniformity is jeopardizing food security, further exacerbated by climate change. Both the international framework and the EU legislation perpetuate the root cause of crop diversity erosion. The EU only authorizes on the internal market varieties that are distinct, uniform, stable, and of ‘satisfactory value for cultivation and use’. Non-complying seeds, meaning traditional heterogeneous varieties, are banned. Furthermore, the few authorized varieties are open to privatization through either a Community Plant Variety Right or patents on biotechnological inventions. The exchange, access, and use of these seeds are strictly restricted. Although the EU provides derogations in certain cases, the legal space created is too narrow to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA).
seed, plant reproductive material, intellectual property, commons, agriculture, food security, EU.
Data Protection Compliance Organizations (DPCO) Under the NDPR, and Monitoring Bodies Under the GDPR: Two Sides of the Same Compliance Coin?
Authors: Babalola Olumide 
Published: June 2022

The European Union (EU) Data Protection Directive (DPD) was repealed for its failure to achieve the anticipated level of regulatory compliance thereby paving the way for General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which came with a number of novelties including the introduction of monitoring bodies (MBs) as another layer of compliance enforcement with provisions of the GDPR through sector-specific codes of conduct (CoC). While the DPD also had a provision on CoC, it was bereft of its enforcement mechanism, success indicators and workability, hence the introduction of MBs as an additional player in the GDPR-enforcement ecosystem to ensure compliance with the CoC on the one hand and sanction violations on the other. Conversely, on the other side of the Mediterranean Sea, Nigeria issued its own version of the GDPR as ‘Nigeria Data Protection Regulation’ (NDPR) and introduced its own peculiar MB styled ‘Data Protection Compliance Organization’ (DPCO) to, interestingly, on behalf of the National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA) ensure and monitor compliance with the NDPR and at the same time forge a fiduciary relationship with the controllers as their paid auditors. This article places the European concept of MBs and Nigerian novelty of DPCOs side by side while examining the relationship between the two similar yet asymmetric concepts. The article analyses the varying issues surrounding the nature, appointment or creation, powers, and functionalities of MBs and DPCOs under the European and Nigerian regulations.
Nigeria, Nigeria Data Protection Regulation, NDPR, National Information Technology Development Agency, NITDA, Data Protection Compliance Organization, DPCO
The Low Use by Firms of ASEAN Trade Preferences: Will RCEP Follow the Same Destiny? An Agenda for Rescue to Reform Rules of Origin in the Asian and Pacific Region
Authors: Inama Stefano , Crivelli Pramila , Manh Ha Phan 
Published: June 2022

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) rules of origin (RoO) evolved from the original inception in early ’90 to the later formulation in the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) in 2009. Even after the completion of ATIGA, RoO reform has remained high in the agenda of ASEAN Economic Community resulting in more than thirty years of efforts to improve RoO. In spite of repeated research findings of low utilization rates of ASEAN trade preferences by firms, the ASEAN negotiating machinery has been unable to address the main cause of such low utilization, i.e., the shortcomings of ASEAN RoO and their cumbersome administration by ASEAN Member States
The region has recently embarked in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) that has been branded as a solution to the panoply of proliferating sets of RoO existing in Asia and the Pacific. Yet recent research and findings from firms indicated that RCEP has inherited many of the shortcomings of ASEAN rules of origin. An ASEAN Secretariat study of 2021 shows an average utilization rate of ATIGA trade preferences of 50%. This does not bode well for RCEP, unless action is undertaken.
This article argues that it is time that Governments of Asia and the Pacific region act on an overdue reform of rules of origin to create a stable and predictable trade facilitating environment.
rules of origin, regional trade agreements, trade preferences, utilization rates, ASEAN regional integration
Mobilizing for Recognition: Indie Unions, Migrant Workers, and Strategic Equality Act Litigation
Authors: Dias-Abey Manoj 
Published: June 2022

Drawing on a broad repertoire of action, including strategic litigation, several new activist unions have appeared that seek to represent the multiracial working class of contemporary Britain. Although the court cases that have drawn the most attention are those that challenge the misclassification of employees or ‘workers’ as ‘self-employed’, another dimension of these unions’ strategic litigation has been the utilization of the Equality Act 2010 (Equality Act) to allege racial discrimination. The contention advanced in this article is that it might be possible to read unions’ increasing use of the Equality Act as instances of them pursuing a politics of recognition. For those of us interested in analysing and assessing the strategies of unions in respect of their multiracial membership, the critical question is why and how race discrimination claims may act to boost indie unions’ efforts to organize diverse workplaces. Drawing on Nancy Fraser’s work that asserts a politics of recognition can contribute to a politics of redistribution, this article proposes that recognition claims may be advancing the broader goals of labour organizing by building a worker subjectivity poised for action, and a collective identity undergirded by respect, mutual understanding, and solidarity.
Discrimination, Migrant Workers, Legal Mobilization, Recognition, Organizing
Failing to Succeed? The Cambridge School and the Economic Case for the Minimum Wage
Authors: Deakin Simon 
Published: June 2022

The case of the British minimum wage illustrates the interplay of ideas and interests in the making of labour legislation. In the 1980s, the pragmatic and data-driven approach of the Cambridge School, associated with the Department of Applied Economics (DAE), advanced a case for the minimum wage which combined fairness and efficiency justifications. Through collaboration with trade unions and think tanks, the argument was mobilized into an activistled campaign which changed political perceptions of the minimum wage. During the 1990s the campaign looked to have failed, as a more conventional economics informed the passage of the National Minimum Wage Act 1998. In the long run, however, the case made by the Cambridge School has endured, to inform today’s global movement for a living wage.
Cambridge School, Department of Applied Economics, National Minimum Wage Act, National Living Wage, Low Pay Commission
Latin America Isn’t ‘Going South’: A Qualitative Sampling Analysis
Authors: Mereminskaya Elina 
Published: June 2022

This article analyses a qualitative sample of recent judicial decisions from Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Mexico and Peru. Almost all decisions in the sample show ordinary courts’ deference towards arbitration. As long as the courts operate within the framework established by the UNCITRAL Model Law or the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, arbitral awards enjoy a high level of autonomy and protection against unjustified attacks. This allows for conclusion that Latin America isn’t ‘Going South’ on its path into global arbitration realm.
At the same time, in almost all jurisdictions included in the sample, Constitutional courts and Tribunals and constitutional actions for protection of fundamental rights play an extremely – indeed excessively – relevant role. Admittedly, these constitutional actions have been mainly unsuccessful and have not led to amendments of arbitral awards. Nonetheless, its sole availability generates legal uncertainty and undermines the reliability of arbitration as a mechanism of dispute resolution. It seems to be the last hurdle that Latin American countries will have to overcome before they are considered safe and appealing seats for international arbitration.
Arbitration, Latin America, setting aside, recognition and enforcement, amparo, constitutionalization of arbitration
Online Personal Data Protection and Data Flows Under the RCEP: A Nostalgic New Start?
Authors: Wang Xin 
Published: June 2022

This article analyses the institutional designs of online personal data protection, location of computing facilities and cross-border data flows (hereinafter referred to as ‘data-related issues’) in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the free trade agreements (FTAs) concluded between/among the RCEP Parties (hereinafter referred to as ‘inner-FTAs’). Varied institutional designs of the RCEP’s inner-FTAs suggest that uneven liberalization of data flows and regulatory fragmentation are prominent among the parties, but the inner-FTAs are still rooted in the conventional rationale of embedded liberalization. Comparatively, the RCEP’s institutional design concerning data-related issues diverts from the conventional rationale by formally harmonizing its heterogeneous inner-FTAs: the RCEP partially assimilates its inner-FTAs while making some innovations referring to some old elements of the multilateral trading system. In substance, the RCEP allows the Parties to have more autonomy to cultivate consensus and re-adjust the regional legal order as it reasserts the dominance of domestic regulation. The RCEP may head for two directions: it may either complement the multilateral trading system or grow into a novel regional legal order. The destination largely depends on whether the Parties can reach consensus. During the transitional period, soft law and non-state actors will play important roles in bridging the regulatory divide under the shadow of domestic regulation.
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), free trade agreements, institution, institutional design, online personal data protection, cross-border data flows, data localization, soft law, non-state actor, new legal order
Cultural Capture of Competition Policy: Exploring the Risk in the US and the EU
Authors: Broulík Jan 
Published: June 2022

This article explores whether there is a risk that competition policy on both sides of the Atlantic could be distorted by cultural capture. This type of capture differs from traditional regulatory capture operating through self-interest of public officials. It instead arises when policy-relevant views of the officials are subject to disproportionate social influence exerted by representatives of the private sector. The question here is hence whether social interactions enabling this influence take place between competition officials and practitioners. The article answers in the affirmative, finding that many competition officials seem to self-identify with a community dominated by competition practitioners, hold the practitioners in high regard, and have interpersonal relationships with the practitioners. These risk factors are especially pronounced in the United States. There is thus a possibility that competition policy could be designed and enforced in a way that furthers interests of big business to the detriment of consumers and small businesses. The article also discusses preventive measures to limit cultural capture of competition policy such as promotion of diversity and reduction of revolving door, cautioning nevertheless that difficult trade-offs may need to be made in their implementation.
agency independence, anti-interventionism, competition community, competition policy, cultural capture, Antitrust Division, DG Competition, Bureau of Competition, regulatory capture, revolving door, social influence
The European Commission’s Handling of Non-priority Antitrust Complaints: An Empirical Assessment
Authors: Van Rompuy Ben 
Published: June 2022

The Union legislature and courts leave the European Commission a wide discretion in dealing with antitrust complaints submitted to it. The principal external constraint is that if the Commission chooses not to pursue a formal complaint, it must reject it by means of a reasoned decision, which may be subject to judicial review. But the Commission’s administrative discretion is primarily structured and confined by self-imposed rules and principles. Most of these were introduced or formalized when Regulation 1/2003 was adopted and were intended to incentivize complainants to inform the Commission about potential infringements of the EU antitrust rules.
This article maps the precise boundaries of the Commission’s discretion to shelve non-priority antitrust complaints and subsequently examines how the Commission operates within that discretionary space. The empirical analysis is based on a unique dataset of all the rejection decisions the Commission adopted between 2009 and 2021, many of which were uncovered and obtained through access to documents requests. It reveals certain discrepancies between the stated rules and principles governing its treatment of complaints and their implementation in practice, which have the clear potential to undermine the incentives the current complaint handling system sought to create for the filing of formal complaints.
antitrust, European Commission, complaints, complainant, prioritization, rejection, enforcement, discretion, priority setting
Education as community affair: Digitally designing knowledge.
Authors: Leslie Paul , Camargo-Borges Celiane 
Published: June 2022

Distance learning is becoming increasingly prevalent. If education is a community affair, how do we digitally design the conditions for learning at a distance for our students? This research examines a distance learning environment within a Master’s Degree course created using online discussion forums, based upon the Community of Inquiry model (Garrison, Anderson & Archer, 2000). A structural analysis of the discussion forums, a quantitative analysis of social, teaching, and cognitive presence using a ten-factor model (Dempsey & Zhang, 2019), and a qualitative analysis of individual interviews with community members, found that the role of the instructor is critical in providing metacognitive direction to the community. This direction includes encouraging students towards ‘cwelelep’, or the pursuit of uncertainty and cognitive dissonance, thus opening the way for the relational construction of knowledge. To help students embrace uncertainty, they require explicit metacognitive knowledge of the processes that allow a community of inquiry to function.
Keywords: distance education, community of inquiry, social construction, metacognition, First Nations principles
Pemanfaatan Teknologi Berbasis Mobile untuk Laporan Pemakaian Kendaraan Perusahaan
Authors: Muhammad Khumaidi Azra  , Sitorus Edward 
Published: June 2022

Teknologi sudah menjadi kebutuhan yang mendasar untuk sutau badan usaha, teknologi berbasis mobile adalah salah satu yang paling sering digunakan untuk saat ini. Dalam hal menginput data keluar masuk kendaraan, PT.Perkebunan Nusantara II kebun Kwala Madu masih memakai sistem konvensional yang memiliki banyak sekali kelemahan, dimana supir akan mencatat pemakaian kendaraan lapangan yang kemudian setiap harinya pihak lapangan akan mengantarkan laporan tersebut ke kantor. Maka dari itu, tujuan terciptanya aplikasi berbasis mobile ini agar dapat membantu pekerjaan pegawai menjadi lebih efektif dan efisien. Teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan observasi dan wawancara. Setelah melakukan penelitian maka penulis mengimplementasikan hasil penelitian dengan menggunakan platform kodular sebagai media untuk membuat aplikasi android dan airtable sebagai database agar dapat memungkinkan aplikasi berjalan online. Setelah dilakukan pengujian dengan metode blackbox, dapat diketahui aplikasi yang telah dibuat dapat berjalan dengan baik.
A High Gain Antenna with DGS for Sub-6 GHz 5G Communications
Authors: Olawoye T. O. , Kumar P. 
Published: June 2022

This paper introduces the design of a high-gain wideband microstrip patch antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G communication. The proposed antenna integrates a novel defected ground structure (DGS) for achieving the wide bandwidth. The ground plane uses a triangular strip inserted into the ground plane to improve the performance of the antenna. It also uses the reflective plate to concentrate the side lobes and minimise the production of the back lobe, thereby boosting the main lobe of the radiated signal and thus increasing the gain of the proposed antenna. The proposed antenna uses the FR-4 epoxy substrate with an inset feed technique in its design. The simulation and optimisation of the proposed antenna were carried out with CST Microwave Studio Suite. The antenna design is compact with a dimension of 28:03 23:455:35mm3 and a maximum gain and directivity of 6.21 dB and 7.56 dB respectively, with a radiation efficiency of about 80%. The proposed antenna operates from 4.921 GHz to 5.784 GHz, which covers the 4.9 GHz-5.8 GHz of the sub-6 GHz 5G communications spectrum. Fabricated and measured result of the antenna confirm simulated results.