bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skin Autofluorescence, a Noninvasive Biomarker of Advanced Glycation End-products, Is Associated With Frailty: The Rotterdam Study
Authors: Waqas Komal , Chen Jinluan , Rivadeneira Fernando , Uitterlinden André G , Voortman Trudy , Zillikens M Carola 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in tissues has been linked to various age-related disease phenotypes. Therefore, we investigated the potential relationship between skin AGE accumulation and frailty.

Methods
A cross-sectional analysis was performed on 2 521 participants from the Rotterdam Study. Skin AGEs were assessed as skin autofluorescence (SAF) using the AGE reader™. We used 2 approaches to define frailty. Fried’s criteria, including weight loss, weakness, slow gait speed, exhaustion, and low physical activity, were used to define physical frailty (presence of ≥3 components) and prefrailty (presence of ≤2 components). Rockwood’s concept, including 38 deficits from physical and psychosocial health domains, was used to calculate the frailty index (score 0–1). Multinomial logistic and multivariate linear regression were used with SAF as exposure and physical frailty (ordinal) and frailty index (continuous) as outcome adjusting for age, sex, diabetes, renal function, socioeconomic status, and smoking status.

Results
The mean SAF was 2.39 ± 0.49 arbitrary units and the median age was 74.2 (14.0) years. Regarding physical frailty, 96 persons (4%) were frail and 1 221 (48%) were prefrail. Skin autofluorescence was associated with both being prefrail (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.29 [1.07–1.56]) and frail (1.87 [1.20–2.90]) compared with nonfrail. Regarding the frailty index, the median value was 0.14 (0.10–0.19) and higher SAF was also associated with a higher frailty index (coefficient, B = 0.017 (0.011–0.023]).

Conclusions
Higher skin AGEs are associated with both physical frailty and frailty index. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the causality and the potential of SAF as a biomarker to screen frailty.
Peanut oral immunotherapy: current trends in clinical trials
Authors: Reinwald Simone , Rolland Jennifer M , O’Hehir Robyn E , van Zelm Menno C 
Published: January 2022

AbstractImmunotherapy for allergy has been practiced for over 100 years. Low-dose repeated exposure to specific allergen extracts over several months to years can successfully induce clinical tolerance in patients with allergy to insect venoms, pollen, house dust mite, and domestic animals. Different regimens and routes for immunotherapy include subcutaneous, sublingual, oral, and intralymphatic. Food allergies have been difficult to treat in this way due to high anaphylactic potential and only recently the first immunotherapy for peanut allergy has received regulatory approval. Several clinical trials have indicated high efficacy in desensitisation of peanut-allergic individuals using oral immunotherapy, which allows for safer administration of relatively high allergen concentrations. Still, the risk of adverse events including serious allergic reactions and high anxiety levels for patients remains, demonstrating the need for further optimisation of treatment protocols. Here we discuss the design and outcomes of recent clinical trials with traditional oral immunotherapy, and consider alternative protocols and formulations for safer and more effective oral treatment strategies for peanut allergy.
Mentorship Interest in Breast Imaging: Survey Results From the Society of Breast Imaging
Authors: Weinfurtner R Jared , Lee Amie , Vincenti Kerri , Gundry Kathleen , Hoyt Tamarya , Klein Katherine , Merkulov Alex , Mullen Lisa , O’Brien Sophia , Roubein Daniel , Tseng Joseph , Margolies Laurie 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objective
This study assessed mentorship interest within the breast radiologist community to guide development of a mentorship program through the Society of Breast Imaging (SBI).

Methods
A 19-question survey developed by the SBI mentorship committee was distributed electronically to its members March 16, 2021, to May 7, 2021, to gauge interest in forming a society-sponsored mentorship program. Responses were analyzed, with subgroups compared using chi-square analysis.

Results
There was an 18% response rate (598/3277), and 65% (381/588) professed interest in an SBI-sponsored mentorship. Respondents were evenly distributed between academic (241/586, 41%) and private practice (242/586, 41%). Most were breast imaging fellowship-trained (355/593, 60%) and identified as female (420/596, 70%). For practice years, 50% (293/586) were late career (11+ years) with the remainder early-mid career (201/586, 34%) or trainees (92/586, 16%). For mentorship content areas, work/life balance was the most popular choice (275/395, 70%) followed by leadership (234/395, 59%). Most respondents were not currently mentors (279/377, 74%) or mentees (284/337, 84%). Those interested in a mentorship relationship were statistically younger (&lt;45 years old, 234/381, 61% vs 31/207, 15%, P &lt; 0.00001), female (289/381, 76% vs 123/207, 59%, P = 0.00003), academics (189/381, 50% vs 48/207, 23%, P &lt; 0.00001), identified as a racial/ethnic minority (138/381, 64% vs 121/297, 15%, P &lt; 0.00001), and fellowship-trained (262/381, 69% vs 88/207, 43%, P &lt; 0.00001).

Conclusion
There is demand, especially among the society’s young and minority members, for an SBI-sponsored mentorship program. Work/life balance and leadership were the most popular choices for guidance.
The International Criminal Court and Afghanistan
Authors: Wigard Kyra , Jahangiri Guissou 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Afghanistan situation at the International Criminal Court (ICC) has been plagued by misunderstandings and misinformation from the moment the Prosecutor announced her request to open an investigation. This article assesses how these phenomena relate in part to the ICC’s own decision-making. First, the ICC has itself been prone to misunderstandings of the situation and its stakeholders, illustrated by the manner in which the Pre-Trial Chamber and the Registry attempted to reach out to victims and the consequences which ensued. Secondly, these misunderstandings led to a vacuum that has been filled by misinformation and competing narratives which undermined victims’ interests and the possible impact of the ICC’s involvement in the situation, such as the ‘peace versus justice’ narrative. These misunderstandings and misinformation have led to disproportionate attention focused on the United States angle of the investigation as opposed to the actual situation in Afghanistan. Yet the ICC’s engagement may still constitute both a positive and substantial avenue if there is an active effort to conduct communication and outreach to victim communities.
Opportunities for and Impediments to Pollinator Conservation in Urban Settings: A Review
Authors: Braman S Kristine , Griffin Becky 
Published: January 2022

AbstractUrban plants and the design and maintenance of urban landscapes play a critical role in pollinator conservation and the preservation of essential ecosystem services. Effective conservation decisions and planning require careful assessment of the consequences of land use change, and the effects of local and landscape scale factors on bees, butterflies, flies, and other pollinators. Understanding and not under-estimating the needs of the various pollinator functional guilds to inform conservation strategies are critical to success. Research indicates that diverse pollinator assemblages can be enhanced and conserved in urban areas through local and landscape scale efforts. Education and communication are key elements needed to engage policy makers to move conservation forward at the accelerated pace required to address current (rapid urbanization) and impending (climate change and invasive species) challenges. Conservation and protection of urban pollinators and the ecosystem services that they provide require that we move from reactive to proactive activities that tie together regional efforts. Citizen science initiatives can be effective ways to communicate essential information, garner public support, and acquire valuable data concerning pollinators in a cost-effective manner. Improving our knowledge of bee life history, phenology, and nesting sites is essential. Understanding the role and lifecycles of lesser-known pollinators like flies (Diptera) and wasps (Hymenoptera) is vital while there is a critical need to expand our available taxonomic expertise. In this review, we discuss case studies integrating elements of pest and pollinator management through plant selection, landscape and recreational area design, and community engagement with the goal of pollinator conservation. Decision-making resources are included.
The Crowdfunding Regulation in the Context of the Capital Markets Union
Authors: Macchiavello Eugenia 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the broader EU law context within which the new Crowdfunding Regulation fits. The Crowdfunding Regulation was proposed as part of the Fintech Action Plan, within the broader and pre-existing Capital Markets Union (CMU) Action Plan (September 2015), and eventually adopted in October of 2020. The Crowdfunding Regulation aims to create a single crowdfunding market, improving firms’ financing while protecting investors and ensuring a level-playing field for different operators. Thus, it shares with most CMU actions the difficult task of balancing the goal, on the one hand, of expanding Small and Medium Sized Enterprises’ (SMEs) access to finance through simplification and, on the other, of ensuring investor protection and maintaining stability. The chapter then analyses financial-return crowdfunding (FRC) in comparison with traditional forms of finance and other alternative funding methods touched upon by the CMU Plan, and identifies the related main legal issues raised by the Crowdfunding Regulation.
Collective Redress in Crowdfunding
Authors: Arons Tomas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the use of class action procedures to resolve crowdfunding-related disputes. In collective proceedings, associations or foundations will typically act as claimants, representing a constituency of investors that allegedly suffered the same type of harm, and taking decisions with (legal) consequences for the individual members of this groups. In principle, this type of dispute seems to be suitable for class action schemes, e.g. aggregating the claims of a multitude of investors against a project owner, or a service provider. Yet, the availability of this sort of procedures varies largely among European legal systems. The chapter discusses class actions as a method for the resolution of crowdfunding-related disputes, also in light of the new EU Directive on collective redress.
War
Authors: 9780192538451  , Clapham Andrew 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
How relevant is the concept of war today? This book examines how notions about war continue to influence how we conceive legal rights and obligations. It considers situations that recognize the significance of a Declaration of War or a State of War, both domestically and internationally. It outlines how the institution of War was abolished in the 20th century and replaced with a ban on the use of force. At the same time, international criminal law was developed to prosecute wars of aggression and war crimes. The book highlights how states nevertheless continue to claim that they can resort to the use of force, engage in lawful killings in war, imprison law of war detainees and attack objects that are said to be part of a war-sustaining economy. The book provides an overall account of the laws of war and a detailed inquiry into whether states should be able to continue to claim Belligerent Rights over the enemy and neutrals, including those rights connected to booty and blockade. The book claims that while there is general agreement that War has been abolished as a legal institution for settling disputes, the time has come to admit that the Belligerent Rights that states claim flow from being at war are no longer available. Therefore, claiming to be in a war or an armed conflict does not grant anyone a licence to kill people, destroy things, and acquire other people’s property or territory.
The Multiple Meanings of War
Authors: Clapham Andrew 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes the meaning of war as that term is used in different contexts. It illustrates this by considering a selection of decisions from the US courts in three different areas: life insurance claims, military discipline for US military personnel, and environmental liability. The chapter also looks at international law, which abolished war as an acceptable way for states to settle their disputes, but war is still referenced in texts in ways that can trigger rights and obligations. It concludes that national and international law still distinguishes between armed conflicts (often described as wars) and a State of War formally speaking which is defined in the chapter and refers to a situation where two states intend to create a State of War, known thought the book as War with a capital W.
Introduction
Authors: Gabriel Henry Deeb 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides a general comparison of the substantive law of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Convention) with the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts (Principles), and the Sales provisions of Article Two of the Uniform Commercial Code (Code). The Convention, the Principles, and the Code are similar in two important aspects: all three are attempts to seek uniformity in the law of sales, and all three are attempts to reflect modern commercial practices. Unlike the Code, the Convention and the Principles are not based on any particular set of underlying established domestic legal principles. Instead, the Convention and the Principles were drafted to be independent of rather than work in conjunction with any particular domestic law or legal tradition. Another significant difference among the Convention, the Principles, and the Code is that the sales provisions of the Code are an integral part of the larger Uniform Commercial Code. Neither the Convention, the Code, nor the Principles cover all aspects of commercial contracts. Unlike the Principles, the Convention and the Code are limited to contracts for the sale of goods.
Ascites at the Border
Authors: Marcelin Jasmine R. , Virk Abinash 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Coccidioidal infection typically occurs after inhalation of arthroconidia of Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii. The most common initial clinical presentation is a self-limited pneumonia, but disseminated disease can occur after hematogenous spread in about 1% of cases, with exposure typically occurring weeks to months before development of symptoms. The most common sites of dissemination include the skin and soft tissue, bones and joints, and the central nervous system. Disseminated coccidioidomycosis can be diagnosed by serologic screening with an enzyme immunoassay. Antifungal therapy is recommended for patients with extrapulmonary coccidioidomycosis.
The Resistance
Authors: Marcelin Jasmine R. , Cummins Nathan W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Mutations in HIV genes that result in drug resistance can be caused by antiretroviral drug selection pressure in treatment-experienced patients or transmission of a resistant HIV strain in treatment-naive patients. Varying genetic barriers to resistance have been observed for some antiretroviral drug classes. Protease inhibitors generally have a high genetic barrier to resistance. Acquired and transmitted resistance to integrase strand transfer inhibitors currently is uncommon. Combination antiretroviral therapy should be selected to maximize use of effective agents and to avoid agents that are expected to be associated with resistance.
Disclosure
Authors: Tan Eugene M. , Marcelin Jasmine R. , Temesgen Zelalem 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
United States state laws vary with regard to notifying partners of persons living with HIV. Some states have expanded confidentiality laws protecting sensitive health information. Other states have HIV-specific criminal laws, which impose penalties on HIV-infected individuals who knowingly expose others to HIV without first disclosing their status. HIV-specific criminal laws may have unintended consequences of increasing HIV-related stigma and may decrease the willingness of persons living with HIV to disclose their status.
Transplant Headaches
Authors: Tan Eugene M. , Marcelin Jasmine R. , Rizza Stacey A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Cryptococcal infections account for approximately 8% of all invasive fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients and typically occur 16 to 21 months after transplantation. Cryptococcal infection should be considered for any transplant recipient who presents with altered sensorium and fever. Analysis should include opening pressure measurement, cryptococcal antigen testing, cell count with differential, and glucose and protein levels. Initial treatment should consist of a lipid formulation of amphotericin B and flucytosine for at least 2 weeks, followed by high-dose fluconazole for 8 weeks and then lower doses of fluconazole for 6 to 12 months or possibly longer.
Neurologic Lesions Acquired Abroad
Authors: Ball Caroline , Cawcutt Kelly A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) causes acute T-cell lymphoma (ATL) and is estimated to affect 5 to 20 million individuals worldwide. Transmission of HTLV-1 occurs through sexual intercourse (most commonly from men to women), from mother to child (predominantly through breastfeeding), and through blood transfusions. Most carriers are asymptomatic. Four clinical subtypes of ATL are defined, although the subtypes are generally categorized as aggressive or indolent ATL. Symptoms of all subtypes are diverse and can include generalized lymphadenopathy, skin lesions, hepatosplenomegaly, leukocytosis with abnormal lymphocytes, hypercalcemia, and frequent opportunistic infections. Treatment is determined on the basis of the ATL category.
A Swollen Leg
Authors: O’Horo John C. , Enzler Mark J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Endemic Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is common in Africa and accounts for 2% to 10% of all pediatric cancers and 25% to 50% of soft tissue sarcomas in children. The typical presentation of endemic KS is chronic lymphedema, primarily affecting the feet and legs, and skin changes. Endemic KS is chemosensitive, and several different therapeutic options are available. Local radiotherapy and surgery can be used to treat limited disease. Antiviral therapy directed at human herpesvirus 8 has been tested, but it has not shown a consistent benefit and currently is not part of established treatment guidelines.
The Initial Diagnosis Was Cholecystitis
Authors: Ramanan Poornima 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Tularemia is a rare but potentially fatal zoonotic infection that is most often caused by Francisella tularensis, a fastidious, aerobic, gram-negative coccobacillus. This facultative intracellular pathogen evades the host immune response by surviving in host macrophages. The major reservoirs of F tularensis are various terrestrial and aquatic small mammals such as rabbits, hares, ground squirrels, muskrats, and water rats. In humans, F tularensis causes 6 distinct clinical syndromes that are dictated by its mode of transmission: ulceroglandular, glandular, oculoglandular, typhoidal, oropharyngeal, and pneumonic tularemia. Aminoglycosides are bactericidal to F tularensis and are the first-line treatments for tularemia in humans.
Fever in a Returning Traveler
Authors: Fida Madiha , Elbadawi Lina I. , Enzler Mark J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A common patient presentation in the travel clinic is fever in the returning traveler. Brucellosis is an uncommon reportable disease in the United States. Domestically acquired cases are typically associated with ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products. Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection that may be transmitted through direct inoculation, inhalation of infected aerosols, or ingestion of food products derived from infected animals. The microbiologic diagnosis is established by culture, serology, or polymerase chain reaction. Treatment of brucellosis requires combination antibiotic therapy with agents that are active intracellularly; with this therapy, cure rates are up to 92%.
A 60-Year-Old Man With Multiple Falls
Authors: Fida Madiha , Cook Sara L. , Abu Saleh Omar M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is one of the most common forms of human prion disease. Clinical symptoms are characterized by rapidly progressive mental deterioration that may include dementia, behavioral changes, and impairment of memory and judgment. Myoclonus is a cardinal manifestation of CJD and is especially provoked by startling the patient. Diagnosis is made by considering a combination of clinical features, imaging findings, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, but the definitive diagnosis requires histopathologic analysis of brain tissue. No effective treatment for CJD exists, and most individuals die within a year of diagnosis.
The Furuncle Keeps Getting Worse
Authors: Cano Cevallos Edison J. , DeSimone Daniel C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Actinomycosis represents an invasive infection by an Actinomyces organism, characterized by continuous and progressive spread, often across tissue planes. The classic and most common presentation is cervicofacial actinomycosis, characterized by slow progression of a painless, indurated abscess that forms deep sinus tracts and most commonly originates from odontogenic infections. Surgical intervention is paramount in the management of patients with actinomycosis. A combination of surgical débridement plus intravenous antibiotics is widely recommended, followed by 3 to 6 months of treatment with oral antimicrobial agents, provided that the patient has improvement after surgical intervention and no evidence of recurrence.
Oral Ulcers in an Immunocompromised Patient
Authors: Azam Tariq , Enzler Mark J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Although most Histoplasma capsulatum infections (&gt;90%) are asymptomatic and self-limited, 1 in 2,000 acute infections may result in severe, progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (DH). DH is associated with the spread of infection to extrapulmonary organs such as lymph nodes, skin, adrenal glands, brain, wrist tendons or synovium, gastrointestinal tract, liver, bone marrow, oral mucosa, and heart valves (rare). Diagnosis of DH requires a clinical suspicion of histoplasmosis for patients residing in Histoplasma-endemic regions and patients who have been exposed to birds or bird guano. DH is confirmed by H capsulatum cultured from bodily fluids or tissue biopsies.
HIV and Its Myriad Opportunistic Infections
Authors: Gurram Pooja R. , Wright Alan J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Opportunistic infections and coinfections of HIV/AIDS include Pneumocystis pneumonia, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Symptoms of Pneumocystis pneumonia are progressive shortness of breath, dry cough, fever, and chest discomfort. First-line medication for treating Pneumocystis pneumonia is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. For patients with HIV-HBV coinfection, a combination of either lamivudine or emtricitabine plus either tenofovir alafenamide or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate must be used as the nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor combination. Common treatment regimens for MAC infection include a 2- or 3-drug regimen with a macrolide (azithromycin or clarithromycin), ethambutol, and possibly rifabutin.