bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictive encoding of pure tones and FM-sweeps in the human auditory cortex
Authors: Stein Jasmin , von Kriegstein Katharina , Tabas Alejandro 
Published: November 2022

AbstractExpectations substantially influence perception, but the neural mechanisms underlying this influence are not fully understood. A prominent view is that sensory neurons encode prediction error with respect to expectations on upcoming sensory input. Although the encoding of prediction error has been previously demonstrated in the human auditory cortex (AC), previous studies often induced expectations using stimulus repetition, potentially confounding prediction error with neural habituation. These studies also measured AC as a single population, failing to consider possible predictive specializations of different AC fields. Moreover, the few studies that considered prediction error to stimuli other than pure tones yielded conflicting results. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to systematically investigate prediction error to subjective expectations in auditory cortical fields Te1.0, Te1.1, Te1.2, and Te3, and two types of stimuli: pure tones and frequency modulated (FM) sweeps. Our results show that prediction error is elicited with respect to the participants’ expectations independently of stimulus repetition and similarly expressed across auditory fields. Moreover, despite the radically different strategies underlying the decoding of pure tones and FM-sweeps, both stimulus modalities were encoded as prediction error in most fields of AC. Altogether, our results provide unequivocal evidence that predictive coding is the general encoding mechanism in AC.
Women’s Lived Experience of the Interconnectedness of Trauma, Substance Use, and Prison
Authors: Vilhjalmsdottir Arndis , Halldorsdottir Sigridur , Sigurdardottir Sigrún 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to explore women's experience of Icelandic prisons and of the interconnectedness of trauma, substance use, and prison. Nine incarcerated women, 20–45 years old, participated in this phenomenological study. One or two in-depth interviews were conducted with each participant, in all 16 interviews. The interconnectedness of trauma, substance use, and prison was evident in the participants' accounts. The participants had experienced severe traumas, in childhood and/or in adult life, most of it caused by recurrent experience of violence, bullying, neglect, and beatings and later violent relationships. For the participants, substance use was an unhelpful coping strategy intended to numb severe emotional distress. Most of the participants used substances intravenously that had progressed incredibly fast from initial drug use. They had tried most of the addiction treatments available to them, none of which were trauma based. Participants struggled with complex physical and mental health problems related to substance use and previous traumas but often felt prejudged when they sought healthcare services. They experienced being in prison as depersonalizing and dehumanizing. Most of them were mothers and had lost custody of their children because of substance use causing some of them deep grief. Participants called for more active substance treatment programs in prisons and complained about idleness that they felt increased their addiction. As a conclusion, we call for a trauma-informed care approach in prisons for women to prevent revictimization as well as to assist with mental health issues and substance use.
The Scientific Rigor of the Objective Structured Examination for Competency Assessment in Health Sciences Education: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pelland Lucie , Kolomitro Klodiana , Hopkins-Rosseel Diana , Durando Paola 
Published: November 2022

Background and Purpose.
The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is widely used as an assessment of competency in health sciences education. The aim of our systematic review was to appraise the scientific rigor of the OSCE as a competency-based assessment in health sciences education, including physical therapy.

Methods.
Our search was performed in 6 databases—Ovid MEDLINE(R), CINAHL, EMBASE, APA PsycINFO, ERIC, and Web of Science—to identify original data evaluating the OSCE in programs of education in physical therapy and related health sciences disciplines. Data were extracted as per the Utility Model to evaluate the validity, educational impact, reliability, acceptability, and costs of the OSCE in these programs.

Results.
The search identified 106 records, with 13 studies meeting our eligibility criteria. The OSCE is distinct from traditional clinical assessments, with low-to-fair concurrent validity between the 2 assessment types. The OSCE was used for instructional design, namely, curriculum development and alignment, and for educational practice, namely, making decisions on students' readiness for practice. Limitations of the OSCE include poor-to-low validity to predict practice readiness and low-to-acceptable reliability, with student-specific, domain-specific, and examiner-specific effects on outcomes identified. Strategies were provided which could improve the scientific rigor of the OSCE.

Discussion and Conclusion.
Based on current evidence, the scientific rigor of the OSCE may be insufficient to support its use to make academic decisions on students' standing in health sciences programs, including physical therapy, and readiness for clinical practice, with confidence. However, the OSCE can play an important role in instructional design and in guiding student learning.

Protocol registration:
PROSPERO, ID 162338.
TRAINED IMMUNITY: A POTENTIAL APPROACH FOR IMPROVING HOST IMMUNITY IN NEONATAL SEPSIS
Authors: Polcz Valerie E. , Rincon Jaimar C. , Hawkins Russell B. , Barrios Evan L. , Efron Philip A. , Moldawer Lyle L. , Larson Shawn D. 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
Sepsis, a dysregulated host immune response to infection, is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality worldwide. Improved understanding of the perinatal immune system is critical to improve therapies to both term and preterm neonates at increased risk of sepsis. Our narrative outlines the known and unknown aspects of the human immune system through both the immune tolerant in utero period and the rapidly changing antigen-rich period after birth. We will highlight the key differences in innate and adaptive immunity noted through these developmental stages and how the unique immune phenotype in early life contributes to the elevated risk of overwhelming infection and dysregulated immune responses to infection upon exposure to external antigens shortly after birth. Given an initial dependence on neonatal innate immune host responses, we will discuss the concept of innate immune memory, or “trained immunity,” and describe several potential immune modulators, which show promise in altering the dysregulated immune response in newborns and improving resilience to sepsis.
Efficient SARS-CoV-2 detection utilizing chitin-immobilized nanobodies synthesized inUstilago maydis
Authors: Philipp Magnus , Müller Lisa , Andrée Marcel , Hussnaetter Kai P. , Schaal Heiner , Feldbrügge Michael , Schipper Kerstin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted the global economy and health care systems, illustrating the urgent need for timely and inexpensive responses to a pandemic threat in the form of vaccines and antigen tests. The causative agent of COVID-19 is SARS-CoV-2. The spike protein on the virus surface interacts with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) via the so-called receptor binding domain (RBD), facilitating virus entry. The RBD thus represents a prime target for vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and antigen test systems. Currently, antigen testing is mostly conducted by qualitative flow chromatography or via quantitative ELISA-type assays. The latter mostly utilize materials like protein-adhesive polymers and gold or latex particles. Here we present an alternative ELISA approach using inexpensive materials and permitting quick detection based on components produced in the microbial modelUstilago maydis. In this fungus, heterologous proteins like biopharmaceuticals can be exported by fusion to unconventionally secreted chitinase Cts1. As a unique feature, the carrier chitinase binds to chitin allowing its additional use as a purification or immobilization tag. In this study, we produced different mono- and bivalent SARS-CoV-2 nanobodies directed against the viral RBD as Cts1 fusions and screened their RBD binding affinityin vitroandin vivo. Functional nanobody-Cts1 fusions were immobilized on chitin forming an RBD tethering surface. This provides a solid base for future development of an inexpensive antigen test utilizing unconventionally secreted nanobodies as RBD trap and a matching ubiquitous and biogenic surface for immobilization.
Epidemiology of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producingEscherichia coliat the human-animal-environment interface in Wakiso district, Uganda
Authors: Muleme James , Musoke David , Balugaba Bonny E. , Kisaka Stevens , Makumbi Frederick E. , Buregyeya Esther , Isunju John B. , Rogers Wambi , Mugambe Richard K. , Kankya Clovice , Munyeme Musso , Ssempebwa John C. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundExtended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producingEscherichia coli(ESBL-PE) represents a significant global public health concern. Much as humans, animals and environments harbor ESBL-PE, its epidemiology in Uganda is still not well understood. This study explains the epidemiology of ESBL-PE using the one health approach in selected farming households in Wakiso district, central Uganda.MethodologyEnvironmental, human, and animal samples were collected from 104 households. Additional data were obtained using observation checklists and through interviews with household members using a semi-structured questionnaire. Surface swabs, soil, water, human and animal fecal samples were introduced onto ESBL chromogenic agar. The isolates were identified using biochemical tests and double-disk synergy tests. To assess associations, prevalence ratios (PRs) were computed using a generalized linear model (GLM) analysis with modified Poisson and a log link with robust standard errors in R software.ResultsA total of 82.7% (86/104) households had at least one positive ESBL-PE isolate. The overall prevalence of ESBL-PE at the human-animal-environment interface was approximately 25.0% (95% CI: 22.7-28.3). Specifically, animals, environment and humans had an ESBL-PE prevalence of 35.4%, 5.8%, and 45.4% respectively. Having visitors (adj PR= 1.19, 95% CI: 1.04-1.36), utilizing veterinary services (adj PR= 1.39, 95% CI: 1.20-1.61) and using animal waste for gardening (adj PR= 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05-1.60) were positively associated with ESBL-PE contamination. However, covering the drinking water container with a lid (adj PR= 0.84 95% CI: 0.73-0.96) was associated with absence of ESBL-PE.ConclusionThere is wider dissemination of ESBL-PE in the environment, humans, and animals, indicating poor infection prevention and control (IPC) measures in the area. Improved collaborative one health mitigation strategies such as safe water chain, farm biosecurity, household and facility-based IPC measures are recommended to reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance at community level.
Analysis of IGHA1 and other salivary proteins post half marathon in female participants
Authors: Maruyama Yosuke , Seki Tomoaki , Ando Seiichi , Tanabe Hiroki , Mori Hitoshi 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundHigh intensity exercise, such as in marathons and triathlons, suppresses transient local and systemic immunity. Much is known about the systemic immunosuppression response, but little is known about its local response in the oral cavity, lungs, bronchial tubes, and skin. The oral cavity is an entrance for bacteria or viruses to enter the body. Saliva covers the epidermis of the oral cavity and plays an important role in the local stress response by preventing infection. In this study, we examined the properties of saliva secreted during the local stress response induced by a half marathon (HM) using quantitative proteomic analysis.MethodsThe Exercise group (ExG), 19 healthy female university students participated in (HM) race. The non-exercise group (NExG), 16 healthy female university students had not participated in the ExG. In ExG, saliva samples were collected 1h pre and 2h and 4h post HM. NExG were collected in same time interval. Saliva volume, protein concentration and relative IGHA1 expression were analyzed. In addition, 1h pre and 2h post HM saliva were analyzed by iTRAQ. The identified factors of iTRAQ, analyzed for the ExG and NExG by western blotting.ResultsWe identified kallikrein 1 (KLK1), immunoglobulin kappa chain (IgK) and cystatin S (CST4) as suppression factors, as well as immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1 (IGHA1), which has been reported as an immunological stress marker. KLK1 (p= 0.011), IGK (p= 0.002), and CST4 (p= 0.003) were suppressed 2 h post-HM compared to pre-HM, and KLK1 (p= 0.004) and CST4 (p= 0.006) were suppressed 4 h post-HM. There was also a positive correlation between IGHA1, IGK, and CST4 2 and 4 h post-HM. In addition, KLK1 and IGK after 2 h post-HM showed a positive correlation.ConclusionOur study demonstrated that the salivary proteome is regulated and antimicrobial proteins are suppressed post-HM. These results suggest that oral immunity was transiently suppressed post-HM. The positive correlation of each protein at 2 and 4 h post-HM suggests that the suppressed state was similarly regulated up to 4 h after a HM. The proteins identified in this study may have applications as stress markers for recreational runners and individuals who perform high- and moderate-intensity exercises in their daily lives.
Spatial mapping of posture-dependent resistance to passive displacement of the hypertonic arm post-stroke
Authors: Kanade-Mehta Priyanka , Bengtson Maria , Stoeckmann Tina , McGuire John , Ghez Claude , Scheidt Robert A 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMuscles in the post-stroke arm commonly demonstrate abnormal reflexes that result in increased position- and velocity-dependent resistance to movement. We sought to develop a reliable way to quantify mechanical consequences of abnormal neuromuscular mechanisms throughout the reachable workspace in the hemiparetic arm post-stroke. Survivors of hemiparetic stroke (HS) and neurologically-intact (NI) control subjects were instructed to relax as a robotic device repositioned the hand of their (hemiparetic) arm between several testing locations sampling the arm’s passive range of motion. During transitions, the robot induced motions at either the shoulder or elbow joint at speeds ranging from very slow (6 °/s) to fast (90 °/s). The robot held the hand at the testing location for at least 20 seconds after each transition. We recorded and analyzed hand force and electromyographic activities from selected muscles spanning the shoulder and elbow during and after transitions. Hand forces and electromyographic activities were small at all speeds and sample times in NI control subjects, but varied systematically by transport speed during and shortly after movement in the HS subjects. Velocity-dependent resistance to stretch diminished within two seconds after movement ceased in the hemiparetic arms. Hand forces and EMGs changed very little from 2 seconds after the movement ended onward, exhibiting dependence on limb posture but no systematic dependence on movement speed or direction. Although each HS subject displayed a unique field of hand forces and EMG responses across the workspace after movement ceased, the magnitude of steady-state hand forces was generally greater near the outer boundaries of the workspace than in the center of the workspace for the HS group but not the NI group. In the HS group, electromyographic activities exhibited abnormalities consistent with stroke-related decreases in the stretch reflex thresholds post-stroke. These observations were consistent across repeated testing days. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Tradeoffs and Benefits Explain Scaling, Sex Differences, and Seasonal Oscillations in the Remarkable Weapons of Snapping Shrimp (Alpheus spp.)
Authors: Dinh Jason P. , Patek S.N. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEvolutionary theory suggests that individuals should express costly traits at a magnitude that optimizes the cost-benefit ratio for the trait-bearer. Trait expression varies across a species because costs and benefits vary among individuals. For example, if large individuals pay lower costs than small individuals, then larger individuals should reach optimal cost-benefit ratios at a greater magnitude of trait expression. Using the remarkable cavitation-shooting weapons found in the big claws of male and female alpheid snapping shrimp, we test whether size- and sex-dependent expenditures explain the scaling of weapon size relative to body size and why males have larger proportional weapon size than females. We found that males and females from three snapping shrimp species (Alpheus heterochaelis, Alpheus angulosus,andAlpheus estuariensis) exhibit resource allocation tradeoffs between weapon and abdomen mass. For maleA. heterochaelis, the species for which we had the greatest sample size and statistical power, the smallest individuals showed the steepest tradeoff. Our extensive dataset inA. heterochaelisalso included data about pairing, breeding season, and egg clutch size. Therefore, we could test for reproductive tradeoffs and benefits in this species. FemaleA. heterochaelisexhibited additional tradeoffs between weapon size and egg count, average egg volume, and total egg mass volume. For average egg volume, the smallest females exhibited the steepest tradeoff relative to weapon size. Furthermore, in males but not females, large weapons were positively correlated with the probability of being paired and the relative size of their pair mate. In conclusion, we establish that size-dependent tradeoffs underlie reliable scaling relationships of costly traits. Furthermore, we show that males and females differ in weapon investment, suggesting that weapons are especially beneficial to males and especially burdensome to females.
Latent factor in Brain RNA-seq studies reflects cell type and clinical heterogeneity
Authors: Al-Ouran Rami , Liu Chaozhong , Wang Linhua , Wan Ying-Wooi , Li Xiqi , Milosavljevic Aleksandar , Shulman Joshua M. , Liu Zhandong 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWith the growing availability of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) transcriptomic data, several studies have nominated new therapeutic targets. However, a major challenge is accounting for latent (hidden) factors which affect the discovery of therapeutic targets. Using unsupervised machine learning, we identified a latent factor in brain tissue, and we validated the factor in AD and normal samples, across multiple studies, and different brain tissues. Moreover, significant metabolic differences were observed due to the latent factor. The latent factor was found to reflect cell-type heterogeneity in the brain and after adjusting for it, we were able to identify new biological pathways. The changes observed at both transcriptomic and metabolomic levels support the importance of identifying any latent factors before pursuing downstream analysis to accurately identify biomarkers.
Association of Biological Age with Tumor Microenvironment in Patients with Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ravensbergen C.J. , Holstein Y. van , Hagenaars S.C. , Crobach A.S.L.P. , Trompet S. , Portielje J.E.A. , de Glas N.A. , van Heemst D. , van den Bos F. , Tollenaar R.A.E.M. , Mesker W.E. , Mooijaart S.P. , Slingerland M. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBiological age-related adaptations have been shown to modulate the non-malignant cells comprising the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the current work, we studied the association between biological age and TME characteristics in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. We comparatively assessed intratumoral histologic stroma quantity, tumor immune cell infiltrate, and blood leukocyte and thrombocyte count in 72 patients stratified in 3 strata of biological age (younger <70 years, fit older ≥70 years, and frail older adults ≥70 years), as defined by a geriatric assessment. Frailty in older adults was predictive of decreased intratumoral stroma quantity (B = -14.66% stroma,P= 0.022) relative to tumors in chronological-age-matched fit older adults. Moreover, in comparison to younger adults, frail older adults (P= 0.032), but not fit older adults (P= 0.302), demonstrated a lower blood thrombocyte count at the time of diagnosis. Lastly, we found an increased proportion of tumors with a histologic desert TME phenotype in frail older adults. Our findings provide a biological underpinning for the clinical relevance of assessing frailty in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma, further justifying the need for standardized geriatric assessment in geriatric cancer patients.
Geographic Information System Protocol for Mapping Areas Targeted for Mosquito Control in North Carolina
Authors: Mueller Andrew , Thomas Anthony , Brown Jeff , Young Abram , Smith Kim , Connelly Roxanne , Richards Stephanie L. 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTGeographic information systems (GIS) can be used to map mosquito larval and adult habitats and human populations at risk for mosquito exposure and possible arbovirus transmission. GIS can help simplify and target mosquito control efforts during routine surveillance and post-disaster (e.g., hurricane-related flooding) to protect emergency workers and public health. A practical method for prioritizing areas for emergency mosquito control has been developed and is described here. North Carolina (NC) One Map was used to identify state-level data layers of interest based on human population distribution and mosquito habitat in Brunswick, Columbus, Onslow, and Robeson Counties in eastern NC. Relevant data layers were included to create mosquito control treatment areas for targeted control and an 18-step protocol for map development is discussed. This protocol is expected to help state, territorial, tribal, and/or local public health officials and associated mosquito control programs efficiently create treatment area maps to improve strategic planning in advance of a disaster. This protocol may be applied to any NC county and beyond, thereby increasing local disaster preparedness.
The Src and Abl family kinases activate the Spleen Tyrosine Kinase to maximize phagocytosis andLeishmaniainfection
Authors: Ullah Imran , Barrie Umaru , Kernen Rebecca M. , Mamula Emily T. , Khuong Francis Tho Huu , Booshehri Laela M. , Rhodes Emma L. , Bradford James M. , Datta Arani , Wetzel Dawn M. 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTLeishmaniaspp. are obligate intracellular parasites that must be internalized by phagocytic cells to evade immune responses and cause disease. The uptake of bothLeishmaniapromastigotes (insect-stage parasites) and amastigotes (proliferative stage parasites in humans and mice) by phagocytes is thought to be mainly host cell-driven, not parasite-driven. Our previous work indicates that host Src and Abl family kinases facilitateLeishmaniaentry into macrophages and pathogenesis in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Here we demonstrate that host spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is required for efficient uptake ofLeishmaniapromastigotes and amastigotes. A Src family kinase-Abl family kinase-SYK signaling cascade inducesLeishmaniaamastigote internalization. Finally, lesion size and parasite burden duringLeishmaniainfection is significantly decreased in mice lacking SYK in monocytes or by treatment with the SYK inhibitor entospletinib. In summary, SYK is required for maximalLeishmaniauptake by macrophages and disease in mice. Our results suggest potential for treating leishmaniasis using host cell-directed agents.SUMMARY STATEMENTActivation of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase by Src and Abl family kinases is required for maximalLeishmaniauptake by macrophages and disease in a mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis.