bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)-Guided Paravalvular Leak (PVL) Closure: Expanding Horizons Beyond Operating Room
Authors: Singh Rashmi , Kapoor Poonam Malhotra 
Published: September 2022

AbstractParavalvular leak (PVL) is a common, yet challenging entity occurring due to dehiscence of the annular tissue around the prosthetic valve, resulting in regurgitation of blood retrogradely. Although any prosthetic valve can be subjected to the risk of developing PVL, it is most commonly reported with the mitral valve followed by the aortic valve. The incidence of mitral PVL is around 7 to 17%, whereas with the aortic valve it is 5 to 10%. Symptomology can vary from asymptomatic patients with mild PVL to disabling symptoms pertaining to heart failure and hemolysis. TEE plays a pivotal role in the overall assessment along with procedural guidance for their closure. Multiple two-dimensional (2D) imaging views are required to scan the entire sewing ring diameter of a prosthetic valve. Three-dimensional (3D) TEE can give crucial information such as the number, size, shape, and circumference of the defects. 3D mitral en face view can give anatomical localization of the defect. During the procedure, TEE can assist in the confirmation of the position of the guidewire through the defect and not through the prosthetic valve. It also helps to conform to the adequate positioning of the vascular plug device and unrestrictive movement of the native prosthetic heart valve. TEE when combined with fluoroscopy can help in real-time guidance of passage of the guidewire and transcatheter device in relation to the prosthetic valve. Recently, Ahmed et al have named this technology as “Fusion Technique,” where they have combined real-time 2D and 3D TEE with fluoroscopy to facilitate the closure of PVL. Now that the time of minimally invasive surgery has taken over conventional surgery and fast tracking and enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) is the need of the moment, percutaneous PVL closure is preferred over surgical PVL closure. A study done by Gakrinho et al showed that percutaneous PVL closure has a reasonable success rate along with a low complication rate and the results are comparable to surgical treatment in high-risk patients. We hereby share our experience of the successful closure of PVL via the transcatheter technique using various 2D and 3D techniques.
Sepsis Associated with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Jain Aashish , Mehta Yatin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSepsis in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) remains a serious complication. Its presence is a poor prognostic marker and increases overall mortality. Adult patients with prolonged duration on ECMO are at high risk of developing sepsis. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and bloodstream infections are the main sources of infection these patients. A strong early suspicion, drawing adequate volume for blood cultures, and early and timely administration of empirical antibiotics can help control the infection and decrease the morbidity and mortality. The diagnostic and the treatment are both challenging. Cardiac patients have increased risk of nosocomial infection while on ECMO, which may be in part due to longer cannulation times, as well as increased likelihood of undergoing major procedures or having an open chest.
Effects of Growth and Reproductive History on the Egg Size–Fecundity Trade‐off in Steelhead
Authors: Quinn Thomas P. , Seamons Todd R. , Vøllestad Leif Asbjørn , Duffy Elisabeth 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe allocation of energy by females into different components of reproduction is critical and includes trade‐offs between egg size and number. In anadromous salmonids, it is unclear whether the allocation patterns are determined by the growing conditions experienced when the fish are in freshwater or at sea or by the female's reproductive history. We collected data on length, egg size, and fecundity from female steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss that had spent 1 year in freshwater and then 2 (designated 1.2) or 3 years at sea (1.3) before spawning for the first time. We also collected the same data from females spawning for the second time but of the same age as those spawning after 3 years for the first time (1.1S1). The older females were longer than the younger ones, but there was considerable overlap in length. The repeat‐spawning fish were shorter than fish of the same age that were spawning for the first time, which reflected the reduction in growth associated with the previous spawning migration and reproductive event. Fish length was positively correlated with egg size and fecundity, but the 1.2 females had smaller eggs for their size than did the 1.3 fish, which implied an effect of growth rate at sea. We then measured scales from a subset of the fish as an index of individual fish size at the time of seaward migration and size after their first year of growth at sea. Fish that matured first after 2 years at sea were slightly larger as smolts but grew significantly more in their first year at sea than did those maturing a year later. However, neither measure was related to egg size or egg number after adjustment for length. The processes controlling the egg size–fecundity trade‐off in steelhead and other salmonid species remain unclear, but the present evidence is incompatible with the hypothesis that growth in freshwater as juveniles determines reproductive trade‐offs at maturity by females.
Estimation of Genetic Diversity within and among Populations of Oncorhynchus mykiss in a Coastal River Experiencing Spatially Variable Hatchery Augmentation
Authors: Heggenes Jan , Beere Mark , Tamkee Patrick , Taylor Eric B. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe allelic variation at 10 microsatellite loci was assayed in potentially wild rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout) collected from 11 tributaries and three upper main‐stem river sites (n = 547) in the Kitimat River, central British Columbia, and compared with the variation in steelhead from areas within the lower river (n = 333), where a hatchery has operated since 1984. The objective was to see whether the genetic structure of O. mykiss in the upper river was influenced by hatchery‐reared fish stocked in the lower river. Measures of genetic diversity indicated that tributary and upper‐river diversity were similar to what has previously been documented for wild populations. The level of genetic subdivision (θ) was significant (θ = 0.031), indicating that genetic structure exists, and was higher than that among sites located in the lower main‐stem river where the hatchery operates (θ = 0.004). Bayesian assignment clustering suggested the existence of a genetic structure (K = 3) in O. mykiss in the upper river. The overall spatial pattern, however, identified no clearly separate genetic populations; rather, the genetic structure appeared to be an overlapping mosaic of modestly genetically divergent localities. We conclude that indigenous wild O. mykiss populations exist in the tributaries and the upper main‐stem river and its tributaries. These upper‐river populations appear to have retained genetic diversity and differentiation despite extensive releases of hatchery fish in the lower river.
Diel Turnover of Assemblages of Fish and Shrimp on Sandbanks in a Temperate Floodplain River
Authors: Roach Katherine A. , Winemiller Kirk O. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSeven sandbanks in the main channel of the Brazos River, Texas, were sampled a total of 35 times during both day (1800–1900 hours) and night (2200–2300 hours) in June and July 2008 to examine the diel turnover of fish assemblages. Day samples had an average of 10.1 species, whereas night samples had an average of 12.9 species. Average abundance (catch per unit effort, here defined as the number of individuals per 10‐m seine haul) for day samples was 41.5, compared with 80.5 for night samples. Species richness and abundance were significantly greater on sandbanks at night. Additionally, nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis and cluster analysis indicated consistent differences in assemblage structure between day and night samples. Most of the diel change in assemblage structure was due to ictalurids and palaemonids (freshwater decapod crustaceans) that were only common on sandbanks nocturnally. Catastomids, clupeids, cyprinids, and poeciliids were present on sandbanks both diurnally and nocturnally. Species that exclusively use sandbank habitats may be foraging during the day and seeking refuge from predators at night. Nocturnal species apparently move onto sandbank habitats at night for foraging and then migrate to deeper, more structurally complex habitats during the day to escape predation. Diel turnover of sandbank fish assemblages may be a general phenomenon in lotic ecosystems, but it is apparently not as pronounced in temperate rivers as in tropical rivers. Diel changes in habitat use deserve greater study because species assemblage structure and habitat use are the basis for ecological niche models used to predict species distributions based on climate change scenarios as well as physical habitat simulation models designed to determine instream flows.
Distinguishing between Natural and Hatchery Snake River Fall Chinook Salmon Subyearlings in the Field Using Body Morphology
Authors: Tiffan Kenneth F. , Connor William P. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe used body morphology to distinguish between natural‐ and hatchery‐origin subyearling fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in rearing areas of the Snake River and at a downstream dam during seaward migration. Using subjective eye and body shape characteristics, field personnel correctly classified 88.9–100% of natural subyearlings (N = 626) and 90.0–100% of hatchery subyearlings (N = 867) in rearing areas from 2001 to 2008. The morphological characteristics used by these personnel proved to have a quantitative basis, as was shown by digital photography and principal components analysis. Natural subyearlings had smaller eyes and pupils, smaller heads, deeper bodies, and shorter caudal peduncles than their hatchery counterparts during rearing and at the dam. A discriminant function fitted from this set of morphological characteristics classified the origin of fish during rearing and at the dam with over 97% accuracy. We hypothesize that these morphological differences were primarily due to environmental influences during incubation and rearing because it is highly probable that a large portion of the natural juveniles we studied were the offspring of hatchery × hatchery mating in the wild. The findings in this paper might provide guidance for others seeking to differentiate between natural and hatchery fish.
Gonad Development in Triploid Ornamental Koi Carp and Results of Crossing Triploid Females with Diploid Males
Authors: Gomelsky Boris , Schneider Kyle J , Anil1 Ammu , Delomas Thomas A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Gonad development in 4-year-old triploid and diploid ornamental koi, a variant of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio, from corresponding heat-shocked and control progenies was investigated. Diploid males were normally mature. Triploid males from heat-shocked progeny demonstrated development of testes typical for triploid fish; triploid males did not release sperm and their testes had a pinkish color and were significantly reduced in size. Diploid females were normally mature and their gonadosomatic indices (GSIs) varied from 7.5% to 30.7% and the mean value was 21.3%. Triploid females had unexpectedly well-developed ovaries, which were filled with fully grown oocytes; their GSIs varied from 4.2% to 30.1% and the the mean value was 17.0%. Four triploid koi females released large quantities (from 260,000 to 394,500 eggs per female) of ovulated eggs after hormonal injection. Eggs from triploid females were fertilized with sperm from normal diploid koi males. Mass mortality of hatched larvae occurred at the swim-up stage, but about 32,000 swim-up larvae were obtained and stocked for further rearing. A total of 248 juveniles (or less than 1% from the number of stocked larvae) were collected from outdoor tanks. Ploidy analysis of juveniles (n = 110) showed that most of them were aneuploid with ploidy ranging from 2.3n to 2.9n with a mean value of 2.6n; two juveniles were diploid (2n). This shows that triploid koi females produced aneuploid eggs with a ploidy range from haploid to diploid level with the modal ploidy level around 1.5n, similar to the production of aneuploid spermatozoa observed earlier for triploid males in fish.
Situated Language Understanding as Filtering Perceived Affordances
Authors: Gorniak Peter , Roy Deb 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe introduce a computational theory of situated language understanding in which the meaning of words and utterances depends on the physical environment and the goals and plans of communication partners. According to the theory, concepts that ground linguistic meaning are neither internal nor external to language users, but instead span the objective‐subjective boundary. To model the possible interactions between subject and object, the theory relies on the notion of perceived affordances: structured units of interaction that can be used for prediction at multiple levels of abstraction. Language understanding is treated as a process of filtering perceived affordances. The theory accounts for many aspects of the situated nature of human language use and provides a unified solution to a number of demands on any theory of language understanding including conceptual combination, prototypicality effects, and the generative nature of lexical items.To support the theory, we describe an implemented system that understands verbal commands situated in a virtual gaming environment. The implementation uses probabilistic hierarchical plan recognition to generate perceived affordances. The system has been evaluated on its ability to correctly interpret free‐form spontaneous verbal commands recorded from unrehearsed game play between human players. The system is able to “step into the shoes” of human players and correctly respond to a broad range of verbal commands in which linguistic meaning depends on social and physical context. We quantitatively compare the system's predictions in response to direct player commands with the actions taken by human players and show generalization to unseen data across a range of situations and verbal constructions.
Combining Versus Analyzing Multiple Causes: How Domain Assumptions and Task Context Affect Integration Rules
Authors: Waldmann Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn everyday life, people typically observe fragments of causal networks. From this knowledge, people infer how novel combinations of causes they may never have observed together might behave. I report on 4 experiments that address the question of how people intuitively integrate multiple causes to predict a continuously varying effect. Most theories of causal induction in psychology and statistics assume a bias toward linearity and additivity. In contrast, these experiments show that people are sensitive to cues biasing various integration rules. Causes that refer to intensive quantities (e.g., taste) or to preferences (e.g., liking) bias people toward averaging the causal influences, whereas extensive quantities (e.g., strength of a drug) lead to a tendency to add. However, the knowledge underlying these processes is fallible and unstable. Therefore, people are easily influenced by additional task‐related context factors. These additional factors include the way data are presented, the difficulty of the inference task, and transfer from previous tasks. The results of the experiments provide evidence for causal model and related theories, which postulate that domain‐general representations of causal knowledge are influenced by abstract domain knowledge, data‐driven task factors, and processing difficulty.
From discreet resistances to Yellow Vests protests in platform capitalism? An ethnographic survey among bicycle delivery workers
Authors: Rubert Aldo 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Based on ethnographic fieldwork with Parisian food delivery riders during 2018–2019, this article describes how these gig economy workers appropriate their own work to collectively resist the more restrictive dimensions of digital application control. These forms of resistance are often expressed as the refusal to ‘accept everything’. I show that domination is thus rejected by modelling a sense of labour respectability. These silenced resistances make it possible to recode an otherwise unpleasant job. Furthermore, I highlight how psychotropic substances appear to riders as a means of coping and escaping total capture. In a group composed mostly of men who claim a virile self-image, competition combines with peer solidarity in order to numb suffering while involuntary mystifying exploitation. Finally, I explore resistances against the State and the tax system, by introducing some riders who joined the Yellow Vests movement.
An examination of two Indian megajournals
Authors: XIA Jingfeng 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACTThis study analyzes two online open access peer‐reviewed Indian journals that each published more than 2,000 articles in 2013. It examines various characteristics of these journals, including their publishing policies, author profiles, and quality of articles with regard to language and presentation. The paper recommends taking megajournal publishing in the developing world into consideration of an ecosystem of scholarly communities.
Hawking radiation from an evaporating black hole via Bogoliubov transformations
Authors: Eyheralde Rodrigo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We study Hawking radiation on a Vaidya space-time with a gravitational collapse followed by evaporation. The collapsing body is a null thin-shell and the evaporation is induced by a negative energy collapsing null-shell. This mimics the back-reaction to the Hawking radiation. Using Hawking’s original method of Bogoliubov transformations we characterize the radiated spectrum in the near horizon approximation due to spherically symmetric modes as dominated by a thermal emission with an increasing effective temperature. We compute this time dependent temperature and find numerical agreement with results obtained by other techniques. The known divergences at the evaporation time are explained by the divergent nature of the effective temperature. As a consistency check, we re-derived the results from a zero mass limit of a remnant black hole scenario.
Student use of a quantum simulation and visualization tool
Authors: Zaman Ahmed Shaeema , Weidner Carrie A , Jensen Jesper H M , Sherson Jacob F , Lewandowski H J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Knowledge of quantum mechanical systems is becoming more important for many science and engineering students who are looking to join the emerging quantum workforce. To better prepare a wide range of students for these careers, we must seek to develop new tools to enhance our education in quantum topics. We present initial studies on the use of one of these such tools, Quantum Composer, a 1D quantum simulation and visualization tool developed for education and research purposes. In particular, we conducted five think-aloud interviews with students who worked through an exercise using Quantum Composer that focused on the statics and dynamics of quantum states in a single harmonic well system. Our results show that Quantum Composer helps students to obtain the correct answers to the questions posed, but additional support is needed to facilitate the development of student reasoning behind these answers. We also show that students are able to focus only on the relevant features of Quantum Composer to achieve the task.
Overdamped and underdamped Langevin equations in the interpretation of experiments and simulations
Authors: Tóthová Jana , Lisý Vladimír 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Brownian motion (BM) is not only a natural phenomenon but also a fundamental concept in several scientific fields. The mathematical description of the BM for students of various disciplines is most often based on Langevin’s equation with the Stokes friction force and the random force modeling Brownian particle (BP) collisions with surrounding molecules. For many phenomena, such a description is insufficient, as it assumes an infinitesimal correlation time of random force. This shortcoming is overcome by the generalized Langevin equation (GLE), which is now one of the most widely used equations in physics. In the present work, we offer a simple way of solving this equation, consisting of its transformation into an integro-differential equation for the mean square displacement of the BP, which is then effectively solved using the Laplace transform (LT). We demonstrate the use of this method to solve both the standard Langevin equation and the GLE for the BP in an external harmonic field. We analyze the cases of overdamped (when frictional forces prevail over inertial forces and the BP mass is considered zero in the equation) and underdamped (inertial effects are not neglected) equations. We show under what conditions an overdamped solution can be used instead of complicated solutions of the underdamped equation. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of the use of the LT on a microscopic approach to the derivation of the GLE. Graduate students are offered several problems in which the internal shortcomings of the overdamped Langevin equations manifest themselves.
Prospective teachers’ conceptual understanding of the polarization of light
Authors: Aykutlu Işıl , Ensari Ömer , Bayrak Celal 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It is seen that the polarization of light, which has a wide applications in daily life and modern techniques, is not understood. A detailed investigation of prospective teachers’ conceptual understandings and misconceptions on the polarization of light can be a guide for both teaching the subject and revealing students’ conceptual understanding of electromagnetic waves. This study aims to determine prospective teachers’ conceptual understanding of the polarization of light. Using qualitative research methods, it was realised with the participation of 20 prospective teachers. Participants were asked five open-ended questions to determine their conceptual understanding of the polarization of light. These open-ended questions include polarization explanations and drawings. After first coding, eleven of them were interviewed. Findings indicate that participants have incorrect or insufficient conceptual understanding of the polarization of light. Participants’ explanations and drawings showed that prospective teachers thought of polarization as losing magnetic field, propagating in a single direction, and collecting beams of light. Based on the results obtained in the study, it is believed that prospective teachers’ conceptual difficulties about the polarization of light stem from not having completely understood the electromagnetic structure of light and the function of polaroids. Based on the results, explaining the limitations of each light model, using three-dimensional simulations, and inquiry-based teaching are suggested.