bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasive Salmonella Infections Among Children in Shenzhen, China: A Five-year Retrospective Review
Authors: Jiang Man , Wang Hong-mei , Zhou Guang-lun , Chen Yun-sheng , Deng Ji-kui 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Invasive Salmonella infections are highly prevalent worldwide. Clinical data of childhood invasive Salmonella infections from China are limited.

Methods:
Data of hospitalized children <18 years old with invasive Salmonella infections from 2016 to 2020 in Shenzhen Children’s Hospital in Shenzhen were retrospectively collected. Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility tests of the invasive Salmonella isolates were performed.

Results:
Sixty-three cases were enrolled during the 5-year study period including 8 in 2016, 11 in 2017, 16 in 2018, 6 in 2019 and 22 in 2020. The median age was 15 months (interquartile range, 11–22 months), and 79.4% (50 cases) were <2 years of age. Underlying diseases were found in 28.6% (18 cases) of the patients with a great variety, but no cases of malaria or HIV infection were identified. Most of the invasive Salmonella cases were bloodstream infections (84.1%), followed by osteoarthritis (11.1%) and meningitis (4.8%). Gastroenteritis (49.2%) and pneumonia (28.6%) were found to be the major manifestations among the patients. Furthermore, invasive Salmonella infections resulted in the death of 3 children (4.8%). Salmonella enteritis (12 cases; 15.9%) and Salmonella typhimurium (9 cases; 19.0%) as the most common serovars were identified. The resistance rates of Salmonella strains to ceftriaxone, ceftazidime and cefepime were also measured to be 17.5%, 17.5% and 9.5%, respectively.

Conclusions:
An increasing number of childhood invasive Salmonella infections with a broad range of serotypes was observed in Shenzhen, China. It is critical to pay attention to the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates taken from children with invasive Salmonella infections.
The haplotypes GCA and ACA in ESR1 gene are associated with the susceptibility of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) in Chinese Han
Authors: Tang Liang , Xiang Qin , Xiang Ju , Li Jianming 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The nonstructured abstract were supplied as following: Estrogen receptor is involved in the pathogenesis of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). The ESR1 and ESR2 genes can mediate nongenomic estrogen responses. This study aimed to assess the genetic association between the ESR1 and ESR2 genes polymorphisms and RSA susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. A total of 258 women who had experienced RSA and 264 unrelated healthy women were recruited. Genotypes of the 6 polymorphisms in the ESR1 (rs9340799, rs2234693, and rs3798759) and ESR2 genes (rs207764, rs4986938, and rs1256049) were analyzed using Snapshot technology. No association was detected between the alleles and genotypes of ESR1 rs9340799, rs2234693, and rs3798759 polymorphims and RSA risk (P > .05). Subjects carrying the haplotype of rs9340799A-rs2234693C-rs3798759A had a significantly increased RSA risk in the case group compared with the control group (P = .0005, Padj = .003, odds ratios [95% CI] = 0.35 [0.19–0.65]). However, subjects carrying the haplotype of rs9340799G-rs2234693C-rs3798759A had a significantly decreased RSA risk in the case group compared with the control group (P = .0005, Padj = .003, odds ratios [95% CI] = 2.99 [1.57–5.70]). In addition, no association was found between the alleles, genotypes, and haplotypes of ESR2 rs207764, rs4986938, rs1256049 polymorphisms and RSA risk (P > .05). In conclusion, the haplotype rs9340799A-rs2234693C-rs3798759A of ESR1 might be a risk factor. And the haplotype rs9340799G-rs2234693C-rs3798759A of ESR1 might be a protective factor for RSA in a Chinese Han population.
Spleen stiffness-spleen size-to-platelet ratio risk score as noninvasive predictors of esophageal varices in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis
Authors: Cho Young Seo , Lim Sanghyeok , Kim Yongsoo , Lee Min Hee , Choi Seo-Youn , Lee Ji Eun 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the predictive value of spleen stiffness-spleen size-to-platelet ratio risk score (SSPS) as a noninvasive predictor of esophageal varices (EVs) and to compare it with others.
In this retrospective study, from April 2017 to October 2018, a total of 65 patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis who underwent the liver and spleen stiffness (LS, and SS) measurements by 2 dimensional-shear wave elastography and endoscopic evaluation for EVs were enrolled. Liver stiffness-spleen size-to-platelet ratio risk score (LSPS) and SSPS were calculated. The prognostic values were assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).
Twenty-six patients had no EV on endoscopy. Among 39 patients who had EVs, 12 patients had high risk EVs. The AUCs of the LS value, SS value, LSPS, and SSPS for predicting EVs were 0.72, 0.77, 0.80, and 0.85, respectively. The AUCs of the LS value, SS value, LSPS, and SSPS for predicting high-risk EVs were 0.55, 0.78, 0.67, and 0.80, respectively. SSPS had the highest specificity, at 96.15%, for predicting EVs.
SSPS may be beneficial to exclude from having EVs and it is expected that the frequency of performing endoscopies for screening EVs can be reduced.
Pathophysiology of bilateral hyperaldosteronism
Authors: Nanba Kazutaka , Rainey William E. 
Published: May 2022

Purpose of review
Renin-independent aldosterone production from one or both affected adrenal(s), a condition known as primary aldosteronism (PA), is a common cause of secondary hypertension. In this review, we aimed to summarize recent findings regarding pathophysiology of bilateral forms of PA, including sporadic bilateral hyperaldosteronism (BHA) and rare familial hyperaldosteronism.

Recent findings
The presence of subcapsular aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2)-expressing aldosterone-producing micronodules, also called aldosterone-producing cell clusters, appears to be a common histologic feature of adrenals with sporadic BHA. Aldosterone-producing micronodules frequently harbor aldosterone-driver somatic mutations. Other potential factors leading to sporadic BHA include rare disease-predisposing germline variants, circulating angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibodies, and paracrine activation of aldosterone production by adrenal mast cells. The application of whole exome sequencing has also identified new genes that cause inherited familial forms of PA.

Summary
Research over the past 10 years has significantly improved our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of bilateral PA. Based on the improved understanding of BHA, future studies should have the ability to develop more personalized treatment options and advanced diagnostic tools for patients with PA.
Optimal and novel imaging of the adrenal glands
Authors: Navin Patrick J. , Moynagh Michael R. 
Published: May 2022

Purpose of review
Adrenal imaging forms an important role in the workup of adrenal masses. The purpose of this review is to briefly review the traditional role of imaging in adrenal diseases and highlight the most recent research and new applications aimed to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Recent findings
The current review will focus on new applications of computed tomography (CT), MRI and PET/CT imaging, addressing the implications of artificial intelligence and radiomics in progressing diagnostic accuracy.

Summary
The new applications of adrenal imaging are improving diagnostic accuracy and expanding the role of imaging, particularly with novel PET radiotracers and the use of artificial intelligence.
Inpatient Care Utilization and Epidemiology of Hirschsprung Disease: Analysis of the National Inpatient Sample
Authors: Dharmaraj Rajmohan , Reno Jessica , Fridge Jacqueline , Perger Lena , Zhu Yiliang 
Published: May 2022

Background/Objectives:
Hirschsprung disease (HD) is associated with significant morbidities including long-term bowel dysfunction. The aim of this study was to update national and regional trends in the inpatient care utilization and epidemiology of HD in the United States between 2009 and 2014 using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database.

Methods:
We identified all pediatric admissions with a diagnosis of HD within the NIS from 2009 through 2014. We analyzed HD discharges with respect to various demographic and clinical factors, specifically trends and group differences in inflation-adjusted cost of hospitalization, procedures, co-morbidities, hospital mortality, and length of stay (LOS). A modified Cochrane–Armitage trend test was used to analyze trends for dichotomous outcome variables, and regression analyses were conducted for continuous and binary variables.

Results:
National estimates of HD-discharges showed no significant trend between 2009 and 2014 (P = 0.27), with estimated relative incidence ranging from 46 to 70 per 100,000 pediatric discharges. Inflation-adjusted cost of hospitalization increased by $1137 (SE $326) per year (P = 0.0005). Pull-through procedures in neonatal age group increased from 33.0% in 2009 to 36.5% in 2014 (P = 0.003). Hospital mortality has remained stable between 0.4% and 1.0% (P = 0.598). LOS decreased by 0.23 days per year (P = 0.036).

Conclusion:
Increasing cost of HD-related hospitalization despite decreasing LOS was observed in this cohort. Stable rate of hospitalizations with increasing proportions of pull-through procedures among neonates was noted. Future studies and development of protocols to standardize patient care could improve outcomes and healthcare spending.
6- and 12-Month Outcomes after 90:10 Enteral Nutrition Induction Therapy in Pediatric Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Davidson Nicole , Rutsky Jessica , Bricker Josh B. , Smith Jennifer , Maltz Ross M. , Dotson Jennifer L. , Michel Hilary K. , Boyle Brendan 
Published: May 2022

Objectives:
Studies describing longer-term outcomes after EEN induction are limited. We describe clinical outcomes during 90:10 EN induction, and 6- and 12- month outcomes among patients that successfully completed EN induction and then continued either EN or immunomodulator (IM) maintenance therapy.

Methods:
All children with CD treated with 90:10 EN induction protocol (90% formula:10% regular diet) at our IBD Center from 2013 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded at baseline, 6, and 12 months (± 3 months at each timepoint). Therapy changes after initiation of EN induction through 12 months were recorded. Among patients that successfully completed 90:10 induction, outcomes between EN and IM maintenance groups were compared.

Results:
In total, 44/105 (42%) patients completed 8–12 weeks of 90:10 EN induction. Sixty-one patients had incomplete EN induction, with 52% requiring corticosteroids and 25% anti-TNF therapy as alternate induction approaches. Forty-four patients completed EN induction (18 continued EN maintenance and 26 IM maintenance therapy). Twenty-seven of these 44 (61%) remained on initial maintenance therapy at 6 months (10/18 (56%) EN and 17/26 (65%) IM). In total, 16/44 (36%) remained on their initial maintenance therapy at 12 months. By 12 months, 10 patients required anti-TNF and 11 corticosteroids after successful completion of induction.

Conclusions:
In this retrospective study of short and longer-term outcomes after 90:10 EN induction, the need for an alternate induction therapy was common, most frequently to anti-TNF or corticosteroid therapy. Future studies are needed to evaluate for predictors of long-term success after EN induction.
Improving shared decision-making for prosthetic care: A qualitative needs assessment of prosthetists and new lower-limb prosthesis users
Authors: Anderson Chelsey B. , Fatone Stefania , Mañago Mark M. , Swink Laura A. , Hager Emily R. , Kittelson Andrew J. , Christiansen Cory L. , Magnusson Dawn M. 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Prosthesis design is complex and multiple appropriate options exist for any individual with lower-limb amputation. However, there is insufficient evidence for guiding decision-making. Shared decision-making (SDM) offers an opportunity to incorporate patient-specific values and preferences where evidence is lacking for prosthesis design decisions. To develop resources to facilitate SDM, and consistent with the International Patient Decision Aid Standards, it is necessary to identify the decisional needs of prosthetists and prosthesis users for prosthesis design decisions.

Objectives:
To assess the needs of prosthetists and new prosthesis users for SDM about the first prosthesis design.

Study design:
Qualitative descriptive design.

Methods:
Six focus groups were conducted with 38 prosthetists. Individual semistructured interviews were conducted with 17 new prosthesis users. Transcripts were analyzed using directed content analysis, with codes defined a priori using existing frameworks for SDM: the Three Talk Model for SDM and the Ottawa Decision Support Framework.

Results:
Four main themes were identified among prosthetists and prosthesis users: acknowledging complexity in communication, clarifying values, recognizing the role of experience to inform preferences, and understanding the prosthetic journey.

Conclusions:
Resources that support SDM for the first prosthesis design should consider methods for identifying individual communication needs, support with clarifying values, and resources such as experience for achieving informed preferences, within the context of the overall course of rehabilitation and recovery following lower-limb amputation. The themes identified in this work can inform SDM to promote collaborative discussion between prosthetists and new prosthesis users when making prosthesis design decisions.
68Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT Imaging of Tracheal Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Authors: Peng Dengsai , Chen Qian , Cao Jianpeng , Huang Yilin , Chen Yue 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A 23-year-old woman presented with a dry cough and dyspnea. Contrast-enhanced CT revealed an intratracheal space-occupying lesion with continuous homogeneous enhancement and airway stenosis. The patient then underwent 68Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT, which showed increased uptake of FAPI-04 by the lesion. Postoperative pathology confirmed the lesion as tracheal mucoepidermoid carcinoma. This case reports a rare site of mucoepidermoid carcinoma and highlights the potential utility of 68Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT for the diagnosis of tracheal mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Unexpected Detection of Skeletal Muscle Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastasis With 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-Tyr3-Octreotide (Tektrotyd) Scan
Authors: Fuoco Valentina , Barisella Marta , Lorenzoni Alice , Verzoni Elena , Maccauro Marco 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with 99mTc-Tektrotyd is widely used for the investigation of neuroendocrine tumors. Overexpression of somatostatin receptors has been shown in different tumor types including lymphomas, breast carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Isolated case reports have shown that RCC metastases can be identified using somatostatin receptor imaging such as Octreoscan scintigraphy and 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT. We report the case of a 70-year-old man with a history of surgically removed RCC who referred to 99mTc-Tektrotyd scintigraphy for the evaluation of a pancreatic tail lesion. The scan revealed intense tracer uptake in a left splenius cervicis muscle lesion that on biopsy was consistent with metastatic RCC.
Hypermetabolic Esophagitis Dessicans Superficialis Mimicking Esophageal Cancer on FDG PET/CT
Authors: Mamaliga Tatiana , Liu Yiyan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
An 83-year-old man with history of multiple myeloma obtained an FDG PET/CT for surveillance. Although there was no evidence of metabolically active myeloma, an incidental highly FDG-avid focus was noted at the gastroesophageal junction. Findings were interpreted as malignancy. The patient underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy, which showed nonerythematous desquamation of the distal esophagus consistent with esophagitis dessicans superficialis (EDS) without any evidence of malignancy. There is paucity of literature regarding EDS and its image findings. This case illustrates an instance of focal mass-like uptake on FDG PET/CT, which represents an endoscopy- and pathology-confirmed EDS and mimics esophageal cancer.
Liver Outcome in Renal Transplant Recipients Who Acquired Hepatitis C Infection From an Infected Graft: Study Based on Liver Biopsy Findings
Authors: Kothadia Jiten P. , Bhalla Anshul , Molnar Miklos Z. , Mohan Rahul , Balaraman Vasanthi , Talwar Manish , Helmick Ryan , Eymard Corey , Clark Ian , Jain Richa , Faust Thomas W. , Vanatta Jason M. , Eason James D. , Nair Satheesh P. 
Published: May 2022

Background.
Long-term liver outcome in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-negative kidney recipients who acquired HCV infection from viremic donors is of intense interest in the transplant community. We evaluated the incidence of fibrosis in liver biopsy specimens of recipients who were transplanted with HCV-infected grafts.

Methods.
Patients were evaluated in the hepatology clinic, and 29 patients agreed to undergo liver biopsy. The liver histology was scored by the meta-analysis of histological data in viral hepatitis scoring system and was assessed by hepatopathologists. The fibrosis score was compared between patients who initiated direct-acting antiviral (DAA) within 6 wk (n = 6) and after 6 wk (n = 29).

Results.
Eighty-nine aviremic patients were transplanted with HCV-infected grafts between March 2018 and October 2019. All patients developed HCV infection and were treated with DAA treatment after kidney transplantation (median, 70 d; interquartile range, 55–85 d). All patients (n = 89) achieved sustained virologic response with DAA. The median follow-up time from kidney transplant to liver biopsy was 28 mo (interquartile range, 26–30 mo). Twenty-five patients (86%) had F0, and 4 patients (14%) had F1 fibrosis. No patient had advanced fibrosis (F3–F4). Grade 1 inflammation was present in 6 (21%) patients, whereas 26 (90%) patients had iron accumulation in the hepatocytes and reticuloendothelial cells. There was no difference in the fibrosis score between patients who received treatment within 6 wk versus after 6 wk (P = 0.55).

Conclusions.
Kidney transplantation of HCV-infected graft to HCV-negative recipients is safe and has no long-term liver-related complications with successful eradication of HCV. In our cohort, delayed treatment did not affect sustained virologic response or liver histology.
Increasing the Cognitive Screening Efficiency of Global Phase III Trials in Early Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Doherty Thomas , Gee Michelle , Maruff Paul , Smith Robert , Murphy Jennifer , Marsh Julie , Koschalka Luke , Martinez Mairelys , Irizarry Michael , Albala Bruce 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
A Cognitive Task Force (CTF) was established for the MissionAD program with the aim of reducing the screen failure (SF) rate to ∼30% and thereby reduce unnecessary subject burden, site burden, and excess trial costs.

Methods/Subjects:
The MissionAD program consisted of 2 global phase 3 studies evaluating the BACE inhibitor elenbecestat in subjects with early Alzheimer disease. The CTF monitored and engaged with MissionAD clinical sites to provide support through collegial discussions to maximize the efficiency of the preconsent recruitment phase.

Results:
The CTF significantly improved cognitive screening efficiency in the MissionAD program, with a 24% decline in cognitive SF rate for the sites that the CTF contacted. The study-wide 11.5% reduction in cognitive SF rates were likely further driven by wider country-level initiatives in which CTF members held CTF-specific Investigator meetings with the recruitment staff, speaking to all sites on a country level regardless of their recruitment performance.

Conclusions:
The establishment of a CTF to support efficient cognitive screening is highly recommended for future Alzheimer disease studies. Additional benefits included improved site relationships, increased engagement in MissionAD and access to a group of cognitive experts for consulting, with a focus on achieving more efficient trial recruitment.
Use of long read sequencing to characterise the genomic architecture of mobile genetic elements encoding blaCTX-M-15 in Escherichia coli causing travellers’ diarrhoea
Authors: Bird Matthew , Nair Satheesh , Greig David , Dallman Timothy , Gharbia Saheer , Jenkins Claire 
Published: May 2022

Increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have been documented in Escherichia colicausing travellers’ diarrhoea, particularly to the third-generation cephalosporins. Diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC) can act as a reservoir for the exchange of AMR genes between bacteria residing in the human gut, enabling them to survive and flourish through the selective pressures of antibiotic treatments.
Using Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT), we sequenced eight different sequence types (ST) belonging to five different pathotypes of extended-beta-lactamase-producing DEC harbouring blaCTX-M-15from four patients recently returned to the UK from Pakistan. The aim of the study was to determine whether blaCTX-M-15 was chromosome or plasmid-encoded to better understand the mechanisms of onward transmission of AMR determinants.
In Patient A, blaCTX-M-15was plasmid-encoded in both DEC isolates (ST504/ST3032), whereas in Patient B blaCTX-M-15was located on the chromosome in both DEC isolates (ST227/1283). Patients C and D both had one isolate where blaCTX-M-15 was located on the plasmid and one chromosomally encoded (ST443/182 and ST38/99, respectively). The two plasmids associated with Patient A were different although one exhibited high similarity to the plasmid from Patient C. In the four isolates where blaCTX-M-15 was chromosomally encoded, the site of insertion and the characteristics of the inserted plasmid segment differed.
Analysis of long-read sequencing data enables us to characterise the genomic architecture of mobile genetic elements encoding AMR determinants. These data may contribute to a better understanding of persistence and onward transmission of AMR determinants in MDR E. coli causing gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal infections.
Comparison of genome-derived and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shigella species isolated from patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal disease in England, 2015-2020
Authors: Poh Ching-Ying , Gentle Amy , Jenkins Claire 
Published: May 2022

Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Shigellaspecies is a global public health problem. We compared genotypic and phenotypic methods for the detection of AMR in Shigellaspecies to evaluate the use of genome data for surveillance and monitoring of emerging AMR.
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) data from 388 isolates of all four Shigella species were analysed for the presence/absence of specific AMR determinants and selected accordingly. Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using in-agar dilution on all viable and pure isolates (n=358). The genotypic and phenotypic AMR profiles were then compared.
There were 335 (93.6%) isolates resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 222 (62%) isolates were multi-drug resistant, of which the majority (77%) were associated with foreign travel. Out of a possible 2864 isolate/antimicrobial class combinations, we identified 119 unexpected results, giving an overall concordance of 96.8% between the two methods. There were 54 samples that had an AMR determinant expected to confer resistance that were phenotypically susceptible, of which 31/54 (57.4%) were associated with tetracycline resistance and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance. There were 65 that were phenotypically resistant to a specific antimicrobial class, but no AMR determinant was detected, of which 32/65 (49.2%) were associated with isolates harbouring a single gyrA mutation and exhibiting an unexpectedly high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to ciprofloxacin.
Although comparisons between both methods showed good correlation between the genotypic and phenotypic AMR profiles, phenotypic monitoring is required to identify novel AMR mechanisms and to update reference database used for WGS analysis.