bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Insecticide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry , Annan Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to 6 single-tree plots (3 'Rome Beauty,' 3 'Golden Delicious') of 33-yr-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 3.86 km/h and delivered 935 liters/ ha. Dates of application were 9 Apr (delayed dormant [DD]), 14 Apr (tight cluster [TC]), 21 Apr (prepink [PP]), 7 May (petal fall [PF]), 26 May (first cover [1C]), 11 Jun (second cover [2C]), 25 Jun (third cover [3C]), 8 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 23 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 6 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 20 Aug (seventh cover [7C]) and 3 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Bayleton, Benlate, Bordeaux mixture, Captan, Manzate 200, Polyram, and Streptomycin. Control of RAA was determined by counting colonies on the periphery of each tree. WALH control was evaluated by counting nymphs found on 25 leaves selected from the periphery of each tree. Effect of treatments on ERM was determined by sampling 33 leaves from the periphery of each 'Rome Beauty' tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. Treatment effect on S. punctum was determined by counting adults and larvae observed on the periphery of each 'Rome Beauty' tree during a 3-min period. Effect of treatments on fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 600 apples per treatment (100/replication) and all fallen apples sampled on 28 Sep. Fruit picked from 'Golden Delicious' trees were rated for finish (0-5 worst).
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Pesticide Efficacy Tests in Florida, 1987
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots in a randomized complete block design in both tests. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied with a handgun using a truck-mounted sprayer at 350 psi on 9-10 Jun (ca. 5 gal/tree) in test 1 and 3-4 Aug (ca. 4 gal/tree) in test 2. Water pH was 7.9 (test 1) and 7.7 (test 2). Twenty fruit were examined around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm2 count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as one observation. Cumulative mite day totals were calculated (Allen, 1976. Environ. Entomol. 5: 1083-88).
Texas Citrus Mite and Citrus Red Mite Pesticide Efficacy Tests in Florida, 1986
Authors: Childers C. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 5 times on single tree plots in a randomized complete block design. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute using a handgun at 350 psi from a truck-mounted sprayer on 10 Apr. Ca. 2.5 gal of finished spray were applied to each treatment tree (= ca. 239 gal/ acre). Water pH was 7.8. Twenty five leaves from the spring flush were picked at random around the perimeter of each sample tree at various time intervals before and after spraying of test materials. Each 25-leaf sample was placed in a separate labeled paper bag and returned to the laboratory. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the entire upper and lower leaf surfaces for living motile spider mites. The spider mite count on each leaf was recorded as one observation.
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1987
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three insecticides were evaluated for control of the blackmargined aphid and the yellow pecan aphid on pecan. The study was conducted at the LSU Pecan Research-Extension Station, Robson, La. Trees were selected on the basis of the number of aphids per tree rather than cultivar. Trees were 6-yr old and planted on a 35 ft-by-35 ft spacing. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design consisting of 3 blocks, with 1 tree per treatment per block. Pretreatment counts were made on 24 Aug. Applications of foliar applied materials were made on 25 Aug using an FMC61VS sprayer and handgun. Three gallons of finished spray were applied per tree (107 gal per acre). Posttreatment counts were made at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. Samples consisted of counting the number of aphids (nymphs and adults on 10 compound leaves. Zolone and RH-7988 provided good control of aphids.
Insect Control in Early Snap Beans, 1987
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Mullins C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Podsquad’ snap beans were planted in 4 row plots 15 ft long on 6 May at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville, Tenn. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with 5-ft alleys between blocks. The distance between rows was 38 inches. Spray treatments were applied on 3 Jun, 17 Jun, and 1 Jul using a 2.5-gal compressed-C02 sprayer at 50 gal/acre and 50 psi. Mexican bean beetle larvae (MBBL) precounts averaged 16.5 larvae/15 row ft. The middle two rows from each plot were harvested using a mechanical 2- row picker on 8 Jul. A subsample (5 lb) of beans from each plot was rated for damaged pods by MBBL and European corn borer (ECB) and expressed as a percent.
Control of Imported Cabbageworm and Cabbage Looper Using Pyrethrin, Rotenone, or Asana with or Without One of Four “Synergists,” 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was located in a commercial transplanted cabbage field near Belle Plaine, Minn. Plots were two 38 inch rows, 25 ft long, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block. Insecticide applications were made on 28 Jul with a handheld CO2 sprayer using 40 psi pressure and 17 gal total material/acre. Temperature at application was 90°F. Numbers of living and dead larvae were counted on 5 plants 24 h posttreatment in reps 1 to 3 and 48 h posttreatment in rep 4. Larval counts were converted to % control, transformed using ARCSINE, and the means were compared. Phytotoxicity was observed particularly due to Rotacide earlier, so a l-to-3 scale was used, with the most intense purple and brown cabbage discolorations considered a 3.
Lepidopterous Larvae Control on Collards, 1988
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Vates’ collards were transplanted 3 May near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 60 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Black plastic mulch and trickle irrigation were used in all plots. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18 x). Application rate was 54 gal/acre delivered at 60 psi, and Triton B-1956 spreader-sticker was used with all treatments. Applications were made 22 Jun, 1, 6, 14, 21 Jul, 3, 10, 17, and 25 Aug. Foliar damage ratings were made 12, 19, 26 Jul, 9, 16, 22, and 30 Aug. Counts of larvae on 3 plants/plot were made in the untreated check on all sampling dates after 12 Jul.
Insect Control on Sweet Corn, 1989
Authors: Henry P. , Grafius E. , Bishop B. , Maier R. , Stehr M. , Mann A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted at the Michigan State University Entomology Research Farm, East Lansing, 26 Jun. Plots were one row wide (30 inch row spacing, 9 inch plant spacing) and 25 ft long. Two untreated buffer rows were left between adjacent plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replications/treatment. Pheromone traps (european corn borer, ECB-2 strains and corn ear worm, CEW) were placed in close proximity to the trial and throughout the farm. These were used to predict peak adult flight and schedule sampling and sprays. Treatments were applied with a hand-held carbon dioxide sprayer at 30 gal/acre and 40 psi on 17, 25, 30 Aug and 8 Sep. The sprayer boom had 3 nozzles, one directed over the top of the plant, and the other 2 directed at each side of the plant. Insects were counted on 32 plants (1 plant/plot) and corn root worm (CRW) adults were counted on 90 plants throughout the trial on 17 Aug (pre-spray count). Three plants/plot were sampled for insects (10 plants/ plot for CRW adults) on 23 and 29 Aug. On 6 and 14 Sep, 10 ears/plot were harvested and inspected for ECB and CEW larvae and damage.
Soil Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1989
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Koch Timothy A. , McCartney David L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Sundance’ sweet corn was planted 18 May at the Beef Unit, OARDC. Corn had been seeded in the plots after 1 Jun 1988, and no insecticide treatments were used that year. Plant spacing was 30 inches between rows. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 40 ft in length. Treatments were applied at planting with an electric Gandy applicator metering granular formulations in 7 inch bands or in the seed furrow. Band applications were placed in front of the press wheel and were immediately incorporated. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were inspected for signs of phytotoxicity after emergence and during the final evaluation. On 18 Jul, 4 root systems/plot were dug, washed, and rated according to the following scale: 1) no damage, 2) up to 2 roots pruned, 3) 3-6 roots pruned, 4) Vn of root mass pruned, 5) % root mass pruned, 6) all roots pruned.
Sweetcorn, Corn Earworm Control, 1989
Authors: Nault B. A. , All J. N. , Guillebeau L. P. , Hsiao W. F. , Roberts P. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn was planted on 21 Apr at the University of Georgia Experiment Station, Oconee Co. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 2-row plots × 20 ft long × 38 inch row width × 3 ft alleys and 5 replicates. Plants were treated with a full cone spray directed at the corn silks using a CO2 pressure sprayer at 30 psi in a final volume of 25 gal/acre. Plots were sprayed 8 times beginning at the initiation of silking on 21 Jun, and continuing on 28, 30, Jun 3, 5, 7, 10, and 12 Jul. All ears in the center 16 ft of the row were examined on 14 Jun for the presence of corn earworm larvae or damage.
Seasonal Insecticide Evaluations, 1989
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to 7 yr old Lawspur Red Rome trees. A randomized block design was used and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Treatments were applied on 25 May (PF), 19 Jun, 7-10 Jul and 9 Aug. All trees were sprayed on 4 Apr and 17 Apr with Pounce 3.2 E. Mite populations were evaluated by randomly selecting 10 leaves/replicate, brushing onto a sticky glass plate and counting all motile forms and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. Stethorus punctum and Orius insididuous were evaluated during a 3 minute observation of each tree. Effects on the PLH were evaluated by counting terminals with visible damage on each tree. AA populations were evaluated in late Jun by examining 10 randomly selected terminals/tree to determine the number of terminals infested. Each tree was then rated 0-5 to account for the severity of the infestation. The severity rating was then multiplied by the number of infested terminals to arrive at an overall treatment effect. All drops were examined for damage by direct pests and discarded periodically from mid-Aug until harvest. Harvest samples were collected (50/rep) on 9 Oct and visually inspected for fruit feeding insect damage. Fruit finish was rated from 0-5 on each apple.
Control on Sweet Corn, 1989
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 4 May near Georgetown, DE. Single row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 52 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 12, 14, 18, 21, 25 and 28 Jul. At harvest maturity (31 Jul), all ears from each plot were husked and evaluated for damage as “fresh market” (clean ears, no damage evident) and “processing” (evidence of tip feeding, but less than 3.6 cm tip damage). All worms found were identified, counted and recorded.
Insect Control in Fall Cucumbers, 1989
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey W. , Speese John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cucumbers were planted on 2 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated row. Plants were spaced 12 inches apart with 5 ft spacing between rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times on a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow-cone nozzles per row and delivering 70 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made weekly beginning 16 Aug through 26 Sep. Evaluation criteria consisted of direct visual counts of the number of striped cucumber beetle (SCB), spotted cucumber beetle (SCRW), and squash bug (SB). Counts were taken on 10 randomly chosen plants/plot on 16 and 22 Aug. On the remaining sampling dates after the vines began to run, counts were taken in two randomly chosen 6 ft sections/plot. On 28 Sep, the percent wilted vines/treatment was calculated to determine the extent of cucumber beetle-transmitted bacterial wilt.
Eggplant, Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1989
Authors: Linduska James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Classic’ eggplant transplants were planted in 15 foot rows on 22 May with a 2-row Holland transplanter. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 24 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All spray treatments were mixed in one gal of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 36 psi. Treatments were applied 22 and 27 Jun, 3, 11, 19 and 25, Jul, 2 and 9 Aug. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae/5 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 14, 20 and 26 Jul, 1 and 11 Aug from 5 plants.
Larval Control, Fall 1988
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. , Sherwood Winans S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six treatments were applied to commercial head lettuce near harvest on 23 Nov at a Bruce Church Inc. of Arizona ranch near Poston, AZ. Treatments were of randomized complete block design over 4 40-inch wide lettuce beds by a backpack sprayer calibrated to apply 25 gal/acre at 30 psi using a single T-Jet 8004 nozzle. Plots were 25 ft long. Samples were collected by removing wrapper leaves at 2 DAT, placing in plastic bags and holding at room temperature. Samples consisted of the uppermost leaf with noticeable mining and the next 4 leaves beneath it (5 leaves/sample). Leafminers were allowed to exit. Samples were evaluated by counting the number of larvae and pupae that had exited the leaves. One head/plot was sampled. Samples were counted 1 and 5 d after collection (3 and 7 DAT). Lettuce tissues were deteriorating at 5 d after collection.
Cherry Pepper, Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer Control, 1988
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet Red Cherry’ pepper was transplanted 18 May, near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 60 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft separated replicates. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18 X) operating at 60 psi to apply 54 gal/ acre. Treatments were applied 23 Jun, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 Jul, 4, 11, 18, 25 Aug, 2 and 13 Sep. When Orthene 75 SP and Asana XL were sprayed alternate weeks, Orthene was applied 23 Jun, 7, 21, 28 Jul, 11, 25 Aug and 13 Sep. Asana was applied on the remaining dates. Fruit was harvested 4, 11, 18, 25 Aug, 1, 12, and 21 Sep, and scored for earworm and corn borer damage. Counts were combined, and the percent damaged fruit determined.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Systemic Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Bishop B. , Grafius E. , Henry P. , Roragen K. , Maier R. , Rattlingourd P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Systemic insecticides were evaluated for control of first generation larvae at the Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Farm, Entrican, MI. Potatoes were planted on 13 May 1988. Plots were 3 rows wide by 50 ft long (34 inch row spacing), and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications/treatment. Adjacent plots were separated by 2 rows of plants treated with Temik 15 G in furrow (normal field rate). For in-furrow applications, the insecticides were sprinkled into the furrow directly over the seed piece before closing the row, at planting. For the Temik banded treatment, an 8 inch band in the center of the furrow was leveled and the chemical applied within this band directly over the seed piece, before closing the row. The Thimet sidedress treatment was applied on 26 May, just prior to hilling. Insects were counted on 2 randomly-selected plants in the center row of each plot on 14, 21, and 28 Jun, 7 and 21 Jul, 2 and 15 Aug. Insect damage was assessed on a per plant basis (2 plants/plot) on 7 Jul and 15 Aug. Per plot damage ratings were made on 19 Jul and 15 Aug. The center row of each plot was harvested on 5 Oct. Potatoes were sorted by size and weighed.
Wireworm Control on Potato, 1988
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Daigle C. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Certified ‘La Rouge’ seed pieces were planted on 17 Dec in a Perrine marl soil and spaced 4 inches apart in rows that were 3 ft apart. Sixteen treatments were arranged into a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatment plots were 4 rows by 30 ft long. Insecticide treatments were applied on dates. Dyfonate was applied with a 10 ft long gandy applicator and incorporated into the soil with a disc harrow on 17 Dec. Thimet (3.6 lb [AI]/acre) was applied directly to the seed pieces in the furrow at planting on 17 Dec with a planter-mounted gandy applicator. Thimet (1.8 lb [AI]/acre) and Force (0.1 and 0.3 lb [AI]/acre) were applied in the furrows 1 d after planting. Post-emergence applications of Vydate and Di-Syston were made on 14 Jan using fumigator knives that delivered 150 gal/acre at 3 mph directly to the root zone 8 inches off center on both sides of each hill. Post-emergence applications of Thimet were also made 8 inches off center to both sides of each hill using a tractor-mounted, chain-driven gandy and incorporated into the soil with a rolling cultivator after plant emergence on 14 Jan. Vines were killed on 13 Mar with Paraquat Plus (1 qt/acre; 29.1% [AI]). Two 20 ft sections of row/treatment plot were harvested on 4 Apr. Tubers were washed, graded for wireworm injury (holes less than 3/4 inch in depth), damage (holes greater than 3.4 inch in depth), cracking, sunburn, disease, etc., and weighed fresh. Data for injury, damage, sunburn, and cracking are presented as a percentage of total fresh weight/section of row.
Wireworm Control on Potato, 1989
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 26 May 1989, at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Soil type was a Hayseville loam. Soil insecticide treatments were applied in the furrow at planting. Plots consisted of two 30 ft rows on 3.5 ft centers with an untreated row separating treatment rows. Each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. PLH populations were monitored by recording the number of nymphs observed on 15 mid-plant leaves per treatment on 14 and 24 Jul, and 7 Aug. Tubers were harvested on 13 Oct, weighed for yield and examined for wireworm damage. Soil moisture was high throughout the study period with a total of 11.8, 7.2, 6.1 and 8.5 inches of rainfall occurring during Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep, respectively.
Control in Potatoes, 1989
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Superior' white potatoes were planted on 14 Apr near Middletown, DE. Two-row plots, 25 ft long on 36-inch centers, were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized ATV 4-wheeled sprayer delivering 34 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 22, 25 and 30 May; 5, 12, 19 and 26 Jun; and 10 Jul. CPB defoliation ratings were recorded on 30 Jun and 13 Jul. Defoliation injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 1-20% damage; 2) 21-40% damage; 3) 41-60% damage; 4) 61-80% damage; 5) 81-100% damage. The number of early instar (first and second) and late instar (third and fourth) CPB larvae/5 hills was recorded on 8 and 15 Jun. Ten main stems per plot were evaluated for ECB damage on 30 Jun. Plots were harvested and yield recorded (cwt/acre) on 16 Aug.
Aphid Suppression on Spinach, 1989
Authors: McLeod Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six rows of spinach, each separated by 1 ft, were planted in 7-ft wide beds on 15 Oct 1988, 3 mi south of Muldrow, OK. Plots consisted of 1 bed (5 rows) × 25 ft. Plots were separated by 1 ft of bare ground on each side and 3 ft of spinach separated plots within the same row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block (11 treatments × 4 replications). Sprays were applied 6 Apr with a hand held CO2 sprayer equipped with 3 Spraying Systems 8003 nozzles and calibrated to deliver 16 gal/acre. The number of aphids was counted on 1 lower leaf from each of 10 randomly selected plants from each plot at 3 and 7 d after spraying.
Sweetpotato Soil Insect Control, Lenoir County, 1988
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Jewel' sweetpotatoes were transplanted 16 Jun near Kinston, NC. Single row plots, 20 ft long on 42 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Preplant incorporated materials were applied immediately before transplanting, with either a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single flat fan nozzle or a shaker jar. Materials were incorporated 2 to 3 inches deep with a hand rake. Granular layby treatments were applied in an 18 inch band over the row on 2 Aug, with shaker jars. Visual estimates of plant vigor were made on 2 Aug. Sweet potatoes were harvested 28 Oct, and 25 roots/plot were evaluated for insect damage.
Impact of Insecticides on Lepidopterous Larvae and Leafminers on Tomatoes, 1989
Authors: Carson W. G. , Nakakihara H. , Trumble J. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 6 Jul at the University of California's South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 wk, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2— 7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates included 15, 22, 29 Aug and 6, 12, 19, 26 Sep. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 4—6 nozzles/row (as plant height and density increased) incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #23-25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for some treatments at 0.04%. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/replicate from 21 Aug through 25 Sep, inclusive. On 2 Oct, 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800/treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicon). Leafminer populations were low throughout this test. Some insecticides increased leafminer density as compared to the control plots. Beet armyworm populations were moderate, tomato pinworm populations were low and tomato fruitworm populations were low. No phytotoxicity was observed in any treatment.