bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annual and Semiannual Variation in the Ionospheric F2-Layer Electron Density over the Indian Zone and Effect of Solar Activity on It
Authors: Chamua Minakshi , Bhuyan Pradip , Bora Saradi 
Published: July 2022

In situ measurement carried out by the Retarding potential Analyzer (RPA) on board SROSS C2 and ROCSAT during 1995 to 2003 covering ascending and descending periods of solar cycle 23 over Indian equatorial and low latitude were used to study the annual and semiannual variation of electron density at the topside F region. The ‘Semiannual anomaly’ which represent the electron density in equinox (March, April, September and October) is greater than that at solstice (May, June, July, August, November, December, January and February). The ‘annual anomaly’ which represents the electron density in winter (November, December, January, February) is higher than that in summer (May, June, July, August). The analysis has been carried out for the geomagnetic equator and ±10o magnetic latitudes. Observations reveal the existence of an equatorial asymmetry during daytime (10:00 – 14:00 hrs.) with higher electron density in spring (March, April) than in autumn (September, October) for both ascending and descending leg of the solar cycle. At the peak of the solar cycle, the density becomes equal for both equinoxes. Nighttime (22:00 – 00:00 hrs.) density in autumn is higher than that in spring for the ascending half of the solar cycle, becomes equal for both the equinoxes around the peak of the solar cycle. In the descending half the vernal density becomes higher than the autumnal density. The periodograms obtained from a Fourier analysis of the daytime average density shows that the annual variation is dominant over the semiannual variations for low to moderate solar activity whereas the semiannual peak becomes dominant over annual peak for high solar activity irrespective of the latitudes. At night, however, latitudinal differences have been observed. The annual variation is stronger than the semiannual variation at 10o N for low to moderate solar activity while for high solar activity the situation reverses. At 10o S and the magnetic equator, the annual variation is dominant for all levels of solar activity. Amplitude of the annual variation is higher in winter compared to that in summer. The physical and dynamical processes responsible for the observed annual and semi-annual trends in topside density will be identified and discussed.
Athens, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic
Authors: Zaccarini Matteo 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

The most famous
polis
in ancient Greece, Athens developed complex social, administrative, and political structures starting from the Archaic period; it rose to prominence during the fifth century, but was eventually defeated by Sparta. Despite frequent conflicts and financial troubles, during the fourth century the Athenian democracy reached its most developed form. Frequently caught in the struggles between Alexander's successors, Athens was not a protagonist of the Hellenistic period but managed to attract the favor of major external powers, enjoying long‐lasting fame as a cultural hub with a glorious past.
Treatment plan comparison of volumetric‐modulated arc therapy to intensity‐modulated radiotherapy in lung stereotactic body radiotherapy using either 6‐ or 10‐MV photon energies
Authors: Wei Zhigong , Peng Xingchen , He Ling , Wang Jingjing , Liu Zheran , Xiao Jianghong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to dosimetrically compare volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) techniques using either 6‐ or 10‐MV photon beam energies in lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) plans.MethodsThirty patients with primary or metastatic lung tumors eligible for SBRT were randomly selected. VMAT and IMRT treatment plans using either 6‐ or 10‐MV photon energies were generated through automatic SBRT planning software in the RayStation treatment planning system.ResultsFor planning target volume, there was no difference in D95% for all plans, whereas D2% and D50% were significantly increased by 5.22%–5.98% and 2.47%–2.59%, respectively, using VMAT6/10‐MV plans compared to IMRT6/10‐MV plans. When comparing the Dmax of organs at risk (OARs), VMAT6/10‐MV was 18.32%–47.95% lower than IMRT6/10‐MV for almost all OARs. VMAT6/10‐MV obviously decreased Dmean, V5Gy, V10Gy, and V20Gy of whole lung by 9.68%–20.92% than IMRT6/10‐MV. Similar results were found when comparing VMAT6‐MV with IMRT10‐MV or VMAT10‐MV with IMRT6‐MV. The differences in the D2%, heterogeneity index, and conformity index between 6‐ and 10‐MV plans are not statistically significant. Plans using 6‐MV performed 4.68%–8.91% lower levels of Dmax of spinal cord, esophagus, great vessels, and trachea and proximal bronchial tree than those using 10‐MV plans. Similarly, Dmean, V5Gy, V10Gy, and V20Gy of whole lung were also reduced by 2.79%–5.25% using 6‐MV. For dose fall‐off analysis, the D2cm and R50% of VMAT6/10‐MV were lower than those of IMRT6/10‐MV. Dose fall‐off curve based on 10 rings was steeper for VMAT plans than IMRT plans regardless of the energy used.ConclusionsFor lung SBRT plans, VMAT‐based plans significantly reduced OARs dose and steepened dose fall‐off curves compared to IMRT‐based plans. A 6‐MV energy level was a better choice than 10‐MV for lung SBRT. In addition, the dose differences between different techniques were more obvious than those between different energy levels.
Fixed‐time nonsingular adaptive containment control for uncertain nonlinear multi‐agent systems with predefined accuracy
Authors: Shan Huadi , Xue Hong , Jia Tinghan , Pan Yingnan , Zhao Meng 
Published: July 2022

SummaryThis article studies the containment control problem for uncertain nonlinear multi‐agent systems. To solve this problem, a performance‐oriented fuzzy adaptive algorithm is proposed. By constructing a new Lyapunov function and using the predefined accuracy functions, the algorithm ensures the negative‐definite property of the time derivative of the Lyapunov function while guaranteeing that the containment errors converge to a user‐defined interval. Different from most existing results, the control algorithm proposed in this article realizes the negative‐definite property of the time derivative of Lyapunov function without adjusting parameters. Then, an event‐triggered mechanism is introduced to reduce the communication burden between the controller and the actuator. Moreover, by using the singularity‐avoidance functions, a fixed‐time fuzzy nonsingular controller is constructed to avoid the possible “singularity” problem in the backstepping recursive design. Based on the fixed‐time stability criterion, it is proved that all output signals converge to a predefined interval in a fixed time. Finally, several simulation results further demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented control strategy.
Remotely Actuated Magnetic Nanocarpets for Bone Tissue Engineering: Non‐Invasive Modulation of Mechanosensitive Ion Channels for Enhanced Osteogenesis
Authors: Unnithan Afeesh Rajan , Sasikala Arathyram Ramachandra Kurup , Shrestha Bishnu Kumar , Lincoln Alex , Thomson Thomas , El Haj Alicia J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractNon‐invasive approaches using remotely controllable nanomaterials have demonstrated their potential ability to enhance treatment efficacy in regenerative medicine and tissue repair. Although magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been used for multiple healthcare applications where their remote control properties can show significant advances, enhanced surface functional groups, and electrical properties would expand their capabilities. To address this, in this study, MNPs incorporated Graphene Oxide (GO) based nanocomposites (GOMNPs) are developed and functionalized with TREK1 and Piezo1 antibodies to specifically target the respective mechanosensitive ion channels. Magnetic ion channel activation (MICA) technology is used to remotely activate MG63 osteoblast‐like cells tagged with these functionalized GOMNPs. Remote activation of mechanotransduction pathways shows significant upregulation in osteogenic gene expression as well as enhanced alkaline phosphate activity and calcium mineralization with enhanced bone formation. The development of a GOMNP composite has extensive applicability for future clinical translation.
Homogeneity of Supported Single‐Atom Active Sites Boosting the Selective Catalytic Transformations
Authors: Shi Yujie , Zhou Yuwei , Lou Yang , Chen Zupeng , Xiong Haifeng , Zhu Yongfa 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSelective conversion of specific functional groups to desired products is highly important but still challenging in industrial catalytic processes. The adsorption state of surface species is the key factor in modulating the conversion of functional groups, which is correspondingly determined by the uniformity of active sites. However, the non‐identical number of metal atoms, geometric shape, and morphology of conventional nanometer‐sized metal particles/clusters normally lead to the non‐uniform active sites with diverse geometric configurations and local coordination environments, which causes the distinct adsorption states of surface species. Hence, it is highly desired to modulate the homogeneity of the active sites so that the catalytic transformations can be better confined to the desired direction. In this review, the construction strategies and characterization techniques of the uniform active sites that are atomically dispersed on various supports are examined. In particular, their unique behavior in boosting the catalytic performance in various chemical transformations is discussed, including selective hydrogenation, selective oxidation, Suzuki coupling, and other catalytic reactions. In addition, the dynamic evolution of the active sites under reaction conditions and the industrial utilization of the single‐atom catalysts are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and frontiers are identified, and the perspectives on this flourishing field is provided.
Homogeneous First‐row Transition‐metal‐catalyzed Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation to Formic Acid/Formate, and Methanol
Authors: Singh Tushar , Jalwal Sachin , Chakraborty Subrata 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDepletion of fossil fuel for global energy need emits large amount of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into the biosphere. Carbon dioxide constitutes a sustainable C1 feedstock and cost‐effective raw material for the synthesis of bulk and fine chemicals. The catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid, and methanol is an attractive protocol owing to their application in chemical industry and as potential renewable hydrogen storage materials. Catalytic hydrogenation reactions are atom‐economical, green and sustainable synthetic routes towards various new environmentally benign transformations. Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions based on earth‐abundant, eco‐friendly, first‐row base metals for the preparation of an assortment of organic scaffolds is currently of paramount importance in academia and industry. The surge in base metal catalysis is evident from the increase in reports available in the literature in recent years.In this review, we summarize advances on homogeneous first‐row transition metal catalysed direct and indirect reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid/formate and methanol based on the hydrogenation strategy.
Association between intestinal microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Zhang Yunchang , Si Xuemeng , Yang Ling , Wang Hui , Sun Ye , Liu Ning 
Published: July 2022

AbstractInflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), has emerged as a global disease with high incidence, long duration, devastating clinical symptoms, and low curability (relapsing immune response and barrier function defects). Mounting studies have been performed to investigate its pathogenesis to provide an ever‐expanding arsenal of therapeutic options, while the precise etiology of IBD is not completely understood yet. Recent advances in high‐throughput sequencing methods and animal models have provided new insights into the association between intestinal microbiota and IBD. In general, dysbiosis characterized by an imbalanced microbiota has been widely recognized as a pathology of IBD. However, intestinal microbiota alterations represent the cause or result of IBD process remains unclear. Therefore, more evidences are needed to identify the precise role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD. Herein, this review aims to outline the current knowledge of commonly used, chemically induced, and infectious mouse models, gut microbiota alteration and how it contributes to IBD, and dysregulated metabolite production links to IBD pathogenesis.
α‐Synuclein Seed Amplification in CSF and Brain from Patients with Different Brain Distributions of Pathological α‐Synuclein in the Context of Co‐Pathology and Non‐LBD Diagnoses
Authors: Arnold Moriah R. , Coughlin David G. , Brumbach Barbara H. , Smirnov Denis S. , Concha‐Marambio Luis , Farris Carly M. , Ma Yihua , Kim Yongya , Wilson Edward N. , Kaye Jeffrey A. , Hiniker Annie , Woltjer Randy L. , Galasko Doug R. , Quinn Joseph F. 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of α‐synuclein seed amplification assay (αSyn‐SAA) in antemortem and postmortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of autopsy‐confirmed patients with different distributions of pathological αSyn, co‐pathologies, and clinical diagnoses.MethodsThe αSyn‐SAA was used to test antemortem CSF samples from 119 subjects with a variety of clinical syndromes and standardized neuropathological examinations from Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) and University of California San Diego (UCSD; 56 additional postmortem CSF samples available). The αSyn‐SAA was also applied to frontal cortex and amygdala homogenates. Sensitivity and specificity were compared across distributions of αSyn pathology. Clinical data and co‐pathologies were compared across αSyn‐SAA positive and negative groups.ResultsFifty‐three individuals without and 66 with αSyn‐pathology (neocortical [n = 38], limbic [n = 7], and amygdala‐predominant [n = 21]) were included. There was a sensitivity of 97.8% and specificity of 98.1% of the αSyn‐SAA to identify patients with limbic/neocortical pathology from antemortem CSF. Sensitivity to detect amygdala‐predominant pathology was only 14.3%. Postmortem CSF and brain tissue αSyn‐SAA analyses also showed higher assay positivity in samples from limbic/neocortical cases.InterpretationCSF αSyn‐SAA reliably identifies αSyn seeds in patients with diffuse αSyn pathology in the context of co‐pathology and non‐Lewy body disease (LBD) diagnoses. The analysis of brain homogenates suggests that pathological αSyn in the amygdala might differ from pathological αSyn in the frontal cortex. The αSyn‐SAA might facilitate the differential diagnosis of dementias with mixed pathologies. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:650–662
Polymorphic and microstructural behaviors of palm oil/lecithin blends crystallized under shear
Authors: Smith Paul , Shiori Tanaka , Hondoh Hironori , Wallecan Joël , Ueno Satoru 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThere has been much work on polymorphism and crystal habit of quiescently crystallized palm oil. However, researchers have found it difficult to probe the process of sheared crystallization. The effect of surface‐active molecules as nucleation agents or habit modifiers was demonstrated in quiescent systems. The aim of this work is to explore the effects of shear and specific lecithins (soy and sunflower) on palm oil crystallization by monitoring crystallization under shear using a synchrotron radiation source, as well as microscopy and DSC. It was found that increasing shear led to increasing β′ stabilization in all situations. Soybean lecithin had little effect on behavior. Sunflower lecithin led to even greater β′ stabilization. The different lecithins interact with the crystallizing fat changing rates of nucleation and crystal growth. Thus, the structure of the overall system can be dramatically altered. Microscopy revealed very different structures even if the polymorphism of the different systems was similar. Consequently, specific interactions can be manipulated in order to control the system. In particular, control of lecithin composition affects the stability of the different polymorphs. Palm oil crystallization under realistic processing conditions has been characterized. Under these conditions, increasing shear rates give higher β′ stability. Specific lecithins have different effects. In particular, soybean lecithin is β′ stabilizing, whereas sunflower lecithin has limited effects. Thus the overall structure of lecithin is important in determining the efficacy. This can be applied to control the structure and properties of different systems such as shortenings or spreads where crystalline interactions create the macro‐structure that determines product properties.
Preparation of ethyl cellulose–glycerol tribenzoate microcapsules in CO2/N2‐switchable hydrophilicity solvent and solvent recycling
Authors: Zheng Cunchuan , Liu Fuchuan , Xu Ke , Wu Yang , Wang Jinyu 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this article, a novel method of microcapsule preparation was provided, that is, ethyl cellulose–glycerol tribenzoate microcapsule (EGM) was prepared using CO2/N2 switchable hydrophilicity solvent(N, N‐dimethylcyclohexylamine) combined with an emulsion method. Microcapsules were prepared and solvents were recovered by changing the properties of the solvent. The optimum preparation conditions of EGM were the materials ratio of 20%, the oil–water ratio of 4.5:5.5, emulsifier content of 2%, the Span80‐Tween80 ratio of 1:3, and the core‐shell ratio of 1. The morphology of EGM is spherical, and the particle size can be adjusted from 0.01 μm to 90 μm by controlling the agitation speed in the synthesis process. Surprisingly, the average yield(Y[%]) reached 95.36%, the effective content(W[%]) reached 41%, and the encapsulation rate(E[%]) reached 90.66% of EGM. The solvent recovery rate(SR[%]) of the first recovered is 96.37%. Significantly, this method not only provides a new idea for the preparation of microcapsules but also expands the application field of switchable hydrophilicity solvents, which makes it has great potential application value in the field of microcapsule preparation in the future.
The relationship between compensatory hyperplasia of the myodural bridge complex and reduced compliance of the various structures within the cranio‐cervical junction
Authors: Song Xue , Gong Jin , Yu Sheng‐Bo , Yang Heng , Song Yang , Zhang Xu‐Hui , Zhang Jing , Hack Gary D. , Li Tai‐Lai , Chi Yan‐Yan , Zheng Nan , Sui Hong‐Jin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe myodural bridge complex (MDBC) is described as a functional anatomic structure that involves the dense connective tissue fibers, muscles, and ligaments in the suboccipital region. It has recently been proposed that the MDBC can influence cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation. In the present study, bleomycin (BLM), a type of antibiotic that is poisonous to cells, was injected into the posterior atlanto‐occipital interspace (PAOiS) of rats to induce fibrous hyperplasia of structures in PAOiS. Sagittal sections of tissues obtained from the posterior‐occipital region of the rats were stained utilizing the Masson Trichrome staining method. Semiquantitative analysis evidenced that the collagen volume fraction of collagen fibers of the MDBC, as well as the sum of the area of the spinal dura mater and the posterior atlanto‐occipital membrane in the BLM group were significantly increased (p < .05) compared to that of the other groups. This finding illustrates that the MDBC fibers as well as other tissues in the PAOiS of rats in the BLM group developed fibrotic changes which reduced compliance of the spinal dura mater. Indeed, the sectional area of the rectus capitis dorsal minor muscle in the BLM group was measured to be increased. These changes may further restrict CSF flow. The present research provides support for the recent hypothesis proposed by Labuda et al. concerning the pathophysiology observed in symptomatic adult Chiari malformation Type I patients, that there exists a relationship between the altered compliance of the anatomic structures within the craniocervical region and the resultant compensatory hyperplasia of the MDBC.
Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of chitin metabolism enzymes in Tenebrio molitor
Authors: Li Lu , Wang Yu‐Qin , Li Guang‐Ya , Song Qi‐Sheng , Stanley David , Wei Shu‐Jun , Zhu Jia‐Ying 
Published: July 2022

AbstractChitin is of great importance in the cuticle and inner cuticular linings of insects. Chitin synthases (CHSs), chitin deacetylases (CDAs), chitinases (CHTs), and β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidases (HEXs) are important enzymes required for chitin metabolism, and play essential roles in development and metamorphosis. Although chitin metabolism genes have been well characterized in limited insects, the information in the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, a model insect, is presently still unavailable. With the help of bioinformatics, we identified 54 genes that encode putative chitin metabolism enzymes, including 2 CHSs, 10 CDAs, 32 CHTs, and 10 HEXs in the genome of T. molitor. All these genes have the conserved domains and motifs of their corresponding protein family. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that CHS genes were divided into two groups. CDA genes were clustered into five groups. CHT genes were phylogenetically grouped into 11 clades, among which 1 in the endo‐β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidases group and the others were classified in the glycoside hydrolase family 18 groups. HEX genes were assorted into six groups. Developmental and tissue‐specific expression profiling indicated that the identified chitin metabolism genes showed dynamical expression patterns concurrent with specific instar during molting period, suggesting their significant roles in molting and development. They were predominantly expressed in different tissues or body parts, implying their functional specialization and diversity. The results provide important information for further clarifying their biological functions using the yellow mealworm as an ideal experimental insect.
Accumulated‐ and distributed‐reinforcer arrangements in the treatment of challenging mealtime behavior
Authors: Chen Elaine , Borrero Carrie S. W. , Frank‐Crawford Michelle A. , Borrero John C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTreatment for inappropriate mealtime behavior often includes extinction and differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) in a distributed arrangement in which delivery of brief reinforcer access immediately follows each appropriate mealtime response. Alternatively, DRA may be arranged using accumulated reinforcement wherein delivery of longer, continuous access to reinforcers follows the consumption of multiple consecutive bites. Research has suggested that individuals prefer and perform better under accumulated arrangements in academic settings; however, no research to date has evaluated the efficacy of accumulated arrangements with children with feeding disorders. We compared preference for and efficacy of distributed and accumulated (with and without tokens) reinforcement with nonremoval of the spoon. All three treatments effectively reduced inappropriate mealtime behavior and increased acceptance for two participants and decreased packing and increased mouth clean for one participant. Two participants preferred distributed reinforcement and one preferred accumulated reinforcement without tokens. Findings differ from some previous research, which demonstrated that participants favored accumulated arrangements in academic contexts.