bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The origin of UV/optical emission in the black hole low-mass X-ray binary Swift J1753.5–0127
Authors: Yang Pengcheng , Zhang Guobao , Russell David M , Gelfand Joseph D , Méndez Mariano , Wang Jiancheng , Lyu Ming 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The emission from the accreting black holes (BHs) in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) covers a broad energy band from radio to X-rays. Studying the correlations between emission in different energy bands during outbursts can provide valuable information about the accretion process. We analyse the simultaneous optical, ultraviolet (UV), and X-ray data of the BH-LMXB Swift J1753.5–0127 during its ∼12-yr long outburst with the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory. We find that the UV/optical and X-ray emission are strongly correlated during the hard states of the outburst. We fit the relation with a power-law function $F_{\rm {UV/optical}} \propto F_{X}^{\beta }$ and find that the power-law index β increases from ∼0.24 to ∼0.33 as the UV/optical wavelength decreases from ∼5402 Å (V) to ∼2030 Å (UVW2). We explore the possible reasons for this and suggest that in Swift J1753.5–0127 the UV/optical emission is dominated by a viscously heated accretion disc at large radii. We find that the data that deviate from the correlation correspond to the low-intensity peaks appeared in the X-ray band during the outburst, and suggest that these deviations are driven by the emission from the inner part of the accretion disc.
The host galaxy and persistent radio counterpart of FRB 20201124A
Authors: Ravi Vikram , Law Casey J , Li Dongzi , Aggarwal Kshitij , Bhardwaj Mohit , Burke-Spolaor Sarah , Connor Liam , Lazio T Joseph W , Simard Dana , Somalwar Jean , Tendulkar Shriharsh P 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The physical properties of fast radio burst (FRB) host galaxies provide important clues towards the nature of FRB sources. The 16 FRB hosts identified thus far span three orders of magnitude in mass and specific star formation rate, implicating a ubiquitously occurring progenitor object. FRBs localized with ∼arcsecond accuracy also enable effective searches for associated multiwavelength and multi-time-scale counterparts, such as the persistent radio source associated with FRB 20121102A. Here we present a localization of the repeating source FRB 20201124A, and its association with a host galaxy (SDSS J050803.48+260338.0, z = 0.098) and persistent radio source. The galaxy is massive (${\sim}3\times 10^{10}\, \text{M}_{\odot }$), star-forming (few solar masses per year), and dusty. Very Large Array and Very Long Baseline Array observations of the persistent radio source measure a luminosity of 1.2 × 1029 erg s−1 Hz−1, and show that is extended on scales ≳50 mas. We associate this radio emission with the ongoing star formation activity in SDSS J050803.48+260338.0. Deeper, high-resolution optical observations are required to better utilize the milliarcsecond-scale localization of FRB 20201124A and determine the origin of the large dispersion measure (150–220 pc cm−3) contributed by the host. SDSS J050803.48+260338.0 is an order of magnitude more massive than any galaxy or stellar system previously associated with a repeating FRB source, but is comparable to the hosts of so far non-repeating FRBs, further building the link between the two apparent populations.
scIMC: a platform for benchmarking comparison and visualization analysis of scRNA-seq data imputation methods
Authors: Dai Chichi , Jiang Yi , Yin Chenglin , Su Ran , Zeng Xiangxiang , Zou Quan , Nakai Kenta , Wei Leyi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
With the advent of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), one major challenging is the so-called ‘dropout’ events that distort gene expression and remarkably influence downstream analysis in single-cell transcriptome. To address this issue, much effort has been done and several scRNA-seq imputation methods were developed with two categories: model-based and deep learning-based. However, comprehensively and systematically comparing existing methods are still lacking. In this work, we use six simulated and two real scRNA-seq datasets to comprehensively evaluate and compare a total of 12 available imputation methods from the following four aspects: (i) gene expression recovering, (ii) cell clustering, (iii) gene differential expression, and (iv) cellular trajectory reconstruction. We demonstrate that deep learning-based approaches generally exhibit better overall performance than model-based approaches under major benchmarking comparison, indicating the power of deep learning for imputation. Importantly, we built scIMC (single-cell Imputation Methods Comparison platform), the first online platform that integrates all available state-of-the-art imputation methods for benchmarking comparison and visualization analysis, which is expected to be a convenient and useful tool for researchers of interest. It is now freely accessible via https://server.wei-group.net/scIMC/.
Oligo targeting for profiling drug resistance mutations in the parasitic trypanosomatids
Authors: Altmann Simone , Rico Eva , Carvalho Sandra , Ridgway Melanie , Trenaman Anna , Donnelly Hannah , Tinti Michele , Wyllie Susan , Horn David 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTrypanosomatids cause the neglected tropical diseases, sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and the leishmaniases. Studies on these lethal parasites would be further facilitated by new and improved genetic technologies. Scalable precision editing methods, for example, could be used to improve our understanding of potential mutations associated with drug resistance, a current priority given that several new anti-trypanosomal drugs, with known targets, are currently in clinical development. We report the development of a simple oligo targeting method for rapid and precise editing of priority drug targets in otherwise wild type trypanosomatids. In Trypanosoma brucei, approx. 50-b single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides were optimal, multiple base edits could be incorporated, and editing efficiency was substantially increased when mismatch repair was suppressed. Resistance-associated edits were introduced in T. brucei cyclin dependent kinase 12 (CRK12, L482F) or cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 3 (N232H), in the Trypanosoma cruzi proteasome β5 subunit (G208S), or in Leishmania donovani CRK12 (G572D). We further implemented oligo targeting for site saturation mutagenesis, targeting codon G492 in T. brucei CRK12. This approach, combined with amplicon sequencing for codon variant scoring, revealed fourteen resistance conferring G492 edits encoding six distinct amino acids. The outputs confirm on-target drug activity, reveal a variety of resistance-associated mutations, and facilitate rapid assessment of potential impacts on drug efficacy.
The American Form of Democracy, 1796–1836
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson were bookends in the development of a distinctively American form of democracy during the first third of the 19th century. The chapter looks into the ways in which their personal demeanors and backgrounds differed and the impacts they both had on the shaping of current American democracy. The chapter looks at the legacies they left. The dual legacies of Jefferson and Jackson included to elicit the mass democracy that the Constitution's framers feared. They were also instrumental in designing would become enduring forms of representative politics: political party organizations and its national nominating convention.
Progressive Frustrations: Institutional Limits and Reform Prophesies, 1880s–1920s
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter turns to the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century to analyse how this era affected modern-day democracy in the American system. The chapter examines the origins of the presidential primary, its adoption, and stalling out by the 1920s. The origins and development of America's elaborate candidate selection process was shaped by sustained conflict, defeat, and, decades later, unexpected revival. The chapter situates the push for direct primaries within the broader progressive agenda to mitigate monopolies and trusts. Contemporary observers often mistakenly blame the prevalence of presidential primaries today with their launching by Progressives a century ago. The reality, however, as this chapter shows, is that the reform was opposed and stopped in the early 20th century. Established party organizations effectively resisted primaries to preserve their institutional position and political power. The opposition, as the chapter argues, was broader and more compelling.
Renewing American Democracy and Restraining Political Elites
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter turns to the current situation in the American democratic system as we know it. It identifies the strains and breakdowns in the current political system that create opportunities to stabilize and invigorate American democracy. It begins by linking reform strategies to political and institutional constraints. It then identifies two imperatives for a strategically-guided effort at reform — restraining elites and designing in broader and more inclusive citizen participation.
Country case study 5: Russia
Authors: Som Lalita 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The predominance of large enterprises in a natural resource dominated economy has posed a significant challenge to market entry and competition and has preserved protected pockets of inefficiency, irrespective of ownership. The post-2004 Russian State has opted to reassert direct control and ownership of these assets, instead of regulating private owners. Extensive State ownership and interference have led to regulatory uncertainty and a business climate that is not conducive to fair competition nor effective market functioning. Continuing state presence and influence in many sectors, the misuse of resource rents, and the widespread presence of one-company towns, and the high-volume state procurement have locked in a pattern of sub-optimal resource allocation. But this Russian version of capitalism has succeeded in maintaining both the interests of the state and public officials.
Adbhutam Clusters in the Mahābhārata
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 follows up on the Parvasaṃgraha’s mention of parvans and other units as wondrous. It thus treats the Pañcendra-Upākhyāna (“Five Indras Side Tale”), which culminates Draupadi’s wedding, and the wondrous Udyogaparvan, with Kṛṣṇa’s “peace mission” to the Kuru court and his first theophany there (his Bhagavad Gītā theophany in Book 6 is also covered). The Karṇaparvan, “full of wonders and meanings,” tells the harsh duel between Karṇa and Arjuna seen by gods and men as if they were onlookers at a play. The chapter’s end is designed to show how south Indian vernacular Mahābhāratas had veered from the Sanskrit epic with their shortened vīrarasic accounts that ended with the celebration of the Pāccavas’ victory and Yudhiṣṭhira’s coronation. On the contrary, nothing wondrous is celebrated in the long buildup to the coronation. Yudhiṣṭhira is filled with guilt for his part in killing Karṇa, his older brother. Any pretense to vīrarasa has vanished in a war-ending scene with a universally seen gender reversal that “embarrassed” Kṛṣṇa, Arjuna, and Bhima after they felled Duryodhana with an unwarlike (“effeminate”) low blow. Addendum 3 discusses how the “three Kṛṣṇas” (Kṛṣṇa Vāsudeva, Kṛṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsa, and Kṛṣṇ Draupadī) take turns motivating the protagonists and antagonists from parvan to parvan throughout the epic. Technically, they are the Mahābhārata’s joint āśraya who make the stable emotion (surprise) known to others.
Adbhutarasa and Hyperbole
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 discusses the two long postwar books, 12 and 13, that contain the battlefield oration by the patriarch Bhīṣma on his heroic bed of arrows. Vīrarasic activity remains at a standstill as all the war’s survivors of any standing gather around Bhīṣma to hear his “didactic” four-phased dialogue with Yudhiṣṭhira, who is now reluctantly king. For much of his sermon, Bhīṣma uses adbhutam-cluster language sparingly, usually just one word at a time, except in certain units that feature his versatility with it, among them, the Uñchavrtti-Upākhyāna (“Gleaner’s Side Tale”) and the Umā-Maheśvara Saṃvāda, which also commends gleaning. These units and the Kuṇḍadhāra-Upākhyāna, named after a kindly cloud, introduce an interplay between gleaning, hyperbole (atiśayukti), and bhakti, and affect a contrast between gleaners and ahiṃsakas, who may eat meat at ancestral śrāddha ceremonies. Addendum 4 presents Bhīṣma’s last speech and describes his last wonder: the yogic feat of removing all wounds from his body while freeing it from the mesh of arrows as he ascends to heaven.
Memory
Authors: Stallard Katie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers Nikita Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization campaign in the USSR following the Twentieth Party Congress in 1956, followed by Khrushchev’s ouster and Leonid Brezhnev’s attempts to shore up public support by appealing to the memory of World War II, or the Great Patriotic War. It covers the Thaw period under Khrushchev that allowed greater discussion of the complexities of the conflict and the subsequent return to strict censorship and a simplified, glorious narrative of the Great Patriotic War under Brezhnev. It includes the reintroduction of the Victory Day holiday in 1965 and the new Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Moscow in 1967. This chapter covers the period 1956–1976.
Truth
Authors: Stallard Katie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the role of Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms in the collapse of the USSR and his decision to allow greater freedom to research past atrocities carried out under Stalin and to fill in the blank spots of history. It examines Vladimir Putin’s rise to power and his efforts to consolidate his own rule through appeals to the history of the Great Patriotic War and increased commemoration of wartime anniversaries, such as the annual Victory Day commemorations on May 9, as well as renewed efforts at patriotic education and patriotic youth initiatives. It covers the period 1990–2008.
Qurʾānic Others
Authors: Hughes Aaron W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the problems associated with our earliest sources. Rather than maintain that these sources (e.g., Qurʾān; biography of Muhammad) provide eyewitness or historical accounts, this chapter argues that they are, in part, comprised of a set of malleable literary motifs that helped later generations make sense of the ambiguities associated with the earliest period. This led to the creation of a set of indigenous categories that facilitated the imposition of order on what was undoubtedly a very messy social situation. Such categories provided the categories into which could be placed the various social groups that those who followed the early Muhammadan message encountered. Fluid, imprecise, and ambiguous, such categories nevertheless created a map upon which self and others could be conveniently plotted and subsequently located.
Shīʿa
Authors: Hughes Aaron W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the Shīʿa, the internal other par excellence in mainstream Sunnism. Once again, we witness a series of tensions as real-life groups had to be reduced to arbitrary paradigms. If “the Jew” functioned as the quintessential other without, “the Shīʿī” necessarily becomes the other within. Both subsequently take up their respective places as the disembodied denizens of heresiographical lists and other texts that function as the catalyst for establishment of so-called correct belief. Shīʿī and Jew thus both become inextricably linked in their marginalization, even though such marginalization is paradoxically responsible for the very articulation of orthodoxy. Orthodoxy, in other words, demands heterodoxy for its own clarification. Indeed, the former could not exist without the latter, and vice versa. In medieval Islam, heresiography functioned as the primary vehicle for Sunnī theologians to define who they were and what they believed by using what they imagined to be the incorrect beliefs of those who rejected them.
The Amorphous Zindīq
Authors: Hughes Aaron W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on yet another ambiguous term, that of the zindīq (pl. zanādiqa). This was a category used to refer to those individuals, and rarely communities, who were believed to be nominally Muslim but who subscribed to what were increasingly becoming nonorthodox practices or beliefs. It was a catch-all phrase that could be used to describe everything from Manicheans to libertines, and from court secretaries to one’s theological opponents. Like the others discussed in this study, they further aided in the construction of what would become Islamic orthodoxy by providing a representation of what heresy (as opposed to just heterodoxy) and nonbelief looked like. Unlike those religious others (ahl al-kitāb) who were tolerated, zindīqs in the early ʿAbbāsid period were sought out, tried for their “crime,” and even executed. Indeed, the caliph al-Mahdī (r. 158/775–169/785) went so far as to set up an “inquisition” (miḥna) responsible for weeding them out. This chapter argues, among other things, that such a political act was heavily invested in further establishing religious orthodoxy at a formative moment in Islam’s development.
The Emergence of the Social Subject
Authors: Fujiki Hideaki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter, the only one in Part I, first shows how the discourse of both bureaucrats and intellectuals began to recognize “the people” (minshū) as a “social problem” in connection with the rise of capitalism, riots, social movements, and the ideas of “democracy” and “socialism” in the 1910s. It then describes how subsequent discourses promoted the idea of educating “the people” through cinema and other media into a subject that could serve the community, as envisioned in the 1920s by the term “society” (shakai). Here, the idea of “the people” marked the emergence of the social subject in two senses: first, they were “discovered” as an agent exerting an influence on society and afterward were discursively constructed as a subject that was expected to serve “society” or the state: “discussions of popular entertainment” (minshū goraku ron) and “discussions of social education” (shakai kyōiku ron) flourished during this period, promoting a normative concept of the social subject. These discourses saw cinema as a kind of popular entertainment located in the exhibition district rather than as a mechanical medium of reproduction and modeled the view of cinema audiences on idealized images of self-disciplinary male factory workers whose lifestyle consisted of three activities—work, leisure, and sleep—while also feeling that female consumers threatened this norm of spectatorship.
Inventing “the East Asian Race”
Authors: Fujiki Hideaki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter illuminates ways in which a kind of fantasy similar to that of “the national populace” was created for the whole of the Japanese empire through the circulation of the term “East Asian Race” (“tōa minzoku”). Critics, bureaucrats, and entrepreneurs discussed the improvement of film viewing practices, the infrastructure of cinema, and filmic representation as tools by which to build the residents of the empire into their idealized social subjects. However, as this chapter will also show, the concept of the empire itself contained numerous contradictions and conflicts, both between the “inland” (naichi) and the “outland” (gaichi) and within each of these categories, which the imperial discourses like those on the cinema worked to disavow through an ostensible orientation toward “good will” and through the idealization of the “East Asian Race.” This fantasy, the chapter further argues, has remained in right-wing thought and even in other strands of postwar thought after the war and has arguably functioned to make the empire a “good memory” for rightists and others, despite the aggression that characterizes its actual historical legacy.
“The Masses” as Democratic Subjects
Authors: Fujiki Hideaki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how discourses on television and film became intertwined with the three afore-mentioned theories in the context of a major reassemblage of transmedia consumer culture driven by the diffusion of television. In so doing, it illuminates how discourses on the two media defined television viewers as the subjects of “consumer life democracy” and cinema audiences as the subjects of “modern political democracy”—a concept related to the work of Maruyama Masao, Ōtsuka Hisao, and other influential intellectuals of so-called postwar democracy (sengo minshu-shugi) in the 1950s. These subjects can be seen as different and contested forms of “the masses” in the postwar Japanese context in which public antipathy to war and systemic power—typically articulated in discussion of mass society, mass culture, and mass communication—coexisted with Japan’s remarkable economic growth, itself sustained by the unbalanced division of labor between the male-centered workplace and the female-and-television-centered home. As these configurations were taking place, the diffusion of television and other new forms of leisure precipitated a reassembling of transmedia consumer culture, which significantly altered cinema’s position within the whole of the media ecology. This chapter also foregrounds how throughout this period of change regional and gender issues contained the potential to unsettle the existing social norms.
Conclusion
Authors: Fujiki Hideaki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book concludes with a re-examination of five overarching issues—the social subject, media ecology, the relation between media and place, the effect of media, and historiography—illustrating their similarities and differences, delineating how cinema has changed its position and formed transmedia relations as it evolved, and explaining how this changing constellation has linked itself with larger political, economic, and social components. It shows how cinema has maintained its connection with site-specific live performances and events and clarifies how the numerous discourses concerning “the people,” “national populace,” and “the East Asian race” have all persistently emphasized film’s affective power on the audiences as a tool for rendering them into the self-disciplinary subjects of “society,” “state,” or the Japanese empire. Finally, the chapter elucidates the complex interconnections of shift and continuity in the three widely recognized epochs of modern Japanese history, throughout which cinema audiences have continued to be both the subjects woven together by the forces of history and the agents who have woven that very history itself. It is from this key perspective that this book offers a lucid account of the hundred-year Japanese history of cinema, media, and social subjects.
Signs of Hope
Authors: Stucke Maurice E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the de-identification of personal data as a possible way forward, considering whether recent legislation might increase the demand for better ways to anonymize personal data. It refers to policymakers that are keen to address the privacy and competition issues involving data-opolies. It also confirms the possibility of promoting competition through the free flow of personal data while adequately safeguarding privacy, such as requiring the personal data to be aggregated and anonymized. The chapter discusses identified data, which is defined as being unambiguously associated with a specific person, and its key issue on whether personal data can be successfully anonymized. It explains whether data, once de-identified, can remain so without the risk of later being associated with a particular person or household. The chapter ends with signs of hope—with desire for reform within the data-opolies.