bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finzi-Contini and Del Vecchio
Authors: Silber Norman I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Guido’s family history on his mother’s side. On his mother’s paternal side, the Finzi-Contini line connects Guido Calabresi to elegance, accomplishment, and assimilation over many centuries into northern Italian privileged society. The generation coming of age in the Fascist era made fateful choices about Finzi-Contini religious faith, security, and political allegiance. Through his mother’s mother he is also a Del Vecchio. The Del Vecchios connect themselves to a Roman Jewish diaspora population whose origin and ritual practice is ancient; Guido identifies his patrimony with a line that includes religious leaders, bankers, and academics who rose, stumbled, and rose again.
Minerbi and Calabresi
Authors: Silber Norman I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Guido Calabresi’s patrilineal line. On his paternal grandmother’s side, these were the Minerbi; and on his paternal grandfather’s, the Calabresi. Both sides were Jewish, but by the nineteenth century had left religious practices and rituals behind. His grandmother Olga Minerbi was part of a wealthy Farrarese family—among the wealthiest—that placed agrarian virtues and commercial ambitions above intellectual accomplishments or academic recognition. The Calabresi side acquired wealth but was the least patrician and economically secure. Perhaps for that reason the roots on this side are more speculative. Massimo Calabresi’s father, Ettore, is the only grandparent of Guido who could be described as self-made.
Embracing Catholicism at the Old Palace
Authors: Silber Norman I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guido Calabresi has Jewish roots on all sides, but his parents had divergent ideas about faith and religious institutions—ideas that planted in Guido feelings of ambivalent curiosity. His mother, Bianca, converted to Catholicism sometime after Guido was born, because she “decided that she was religious.” His father, Massimo, was hostile to all religions. In the larger family, especially on his mother’s side, conversions to Catholicism had occurred after the passage of the Italian racial laws, and for at least some were primarily intended to forestall discrimination. Not until after college did Guido make an affirmative decision about the nature of his belief and institutional devotion.
A Law Student at Mid-Century
Authors: Silber Norman I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter concerns Guido Calabresi’s legal education and the Yale Law School during the period of his legal education and early teaching. With burgeoning interest in law and an undiminished interest in economics, Guido entered Yale Law School in fall, 1955. The Sterling Law Building where he lived and attended classes stood across the street from the main campus but at a greater social and pedagogical distance from undergraduate life. Law students paid less attention to self-exploration and more to legal doctrine. They came from a wider variety of social backgrounds. The educational environment at the law school was heavy in theory, intellectually specialized, and competitive. Responding to institutional incentives and in line with their high ambitions, students vied to move to the top of the class. Yale’s administration, meanwhile, competed aggressively, itself—to attract the best students, the most illustrious alumni, the most respected judges, the most sought-after scholars. Shortly before Guido arrived, there had been considerable turmoil and turnover on the faculty, and by Guido’s second year, a cohort of brilliant and eccentric appointees to the faculty had begun to modernize—in the light of the new Harvard Legal Process School—dominant Realist perspectives at the school and in the profession.
Courtship
Authors: Silber Norman I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores aspects of Guido’s personal life and his marriage to Anne Gordon Audubon Tyler Calabresi. Guido married Anne after he had been a member of the law faculty for two years. Anne’s mother, Harriett Eugenie Crosby, was from Minneapolis and General Mills; her father, Morris Tyler, was a successful lawyer descended from New Haven’s founding governor Theophilus Eaton and his rebel wife—Elihu Yale’s grandmother—as well as New Haven political figures and Yale professors. Guido recollects that Morris Tyler was “not terribly interested in his old New Haven background, but much prouder of the fact that he descended directly from the French American painter and naturalist John James Audubon.
Judicial Sunset
Authors: Silber Norman I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In 1977, Guido delivered the Holmes Lectures at Harvard. As he describes in this chapter, these lectures led to his third major book, A Common Law for the Age of Statutes, published by Harvard University Press in 1982. His frank observation that judges were implicitly revising some of his identification of “staturofication” of the law as a central legal problem of the day, drew considerable attention in the Academy—although his proposals to support judicial activism of this sort did not win legislative endorsements. Allan Hutchinson and Derek Morgan declared that “in its quality, timeliness, and provocativeness,” the book was “likely to stand alongside the seminal works of Ronald Dworkin and Grant Gilmore.” It was among the most widely reviewed and cited in the legal literature for more than a decade.
Why Do Hydrocarbon Citizens Think Differently about Their Government?
Authors: Mazaheri Nimah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three factors explain how oil has transformed public opinion among the citizens of the Middle East’s oil-rich states today. First, oil’s unpredictable and paradoxical qualities force citizens to rely on the government to guide the economy and national development. Second, the history, geography, and technology of oil production require Middle Eastern citizens to rely on their government in order to receive any of oil’s benefits. Finally, Western exploitation of Middle Eastern oil has led citizens to endow their governments with greater responsibilities of guiding the oil sector and protecting the nation’s wealth. These factors have led the citizens of oil-rich states to endow their governments with more positive qualities compared to citizens in countries without oil. In turn, this has affected the ways that citizens evaluate the merits of democratic change.
Hydrocarbon Citizens and Government Performance in the Middle East
Authors: Mazaheri Nimah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
People living in the Middle East’s oil-rich states hold fundamentally different attitudes about their government’s performance compared to people living in the oil-poor states. People in the oil-rich states are more likely to believe that the government does a good job of managing the economy, is effective at job creation, is concerned about providing services to the population, is effective at improving healthcare, is committed to reducing inequality and corruption, and is concerned with the needs of ordinary citizens. These results emerge from basic statistical analysis of public opinion data. However, different segments of a hydrocarbon citizenry are more or less likely to perceive the government’s performance as good. Citizens who are young, male, and economically insecure tend to hold more negative attitudes about their government’s performance compared to their counterparts.
A Passion in the Desert
Authors: Mazaheri Nimah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Saudi Arabians tend to hold very positive attitudes about their government’s performance across economic, social, and oil-related policy areas. These findings emerge from an original survey of nearly 600 Saudi Arabians in 2018. However, Saudi Arabians with more education, lower incomes, and those residing in the oil-rich Eastern Province tend to hold more negative attitudes. The link between a Saudi Arabian’s occupation and perceptions about government performance is examined in depth in this chapter. Although government ministry employees tend to hold more positive attitudes, non-ministry employees tend to hold more negative attitudes. Working Saudi Arabian women tend to have more positive attitudes compared to working Saudi Arabian men. Small business owners tend to have more critical attitudes about government performance compared to large business owners.
Social Security’s Heroic Incrementalists
Authors: Berman Greg , Fox Aubrey 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 tells the story of what successful incrementalism looks like in practice. In the popular imagination, the New Deal is often conceived of as a series of revolutionary changes that were implemented by arguably the most powerful American president ever, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, to deal with the devastating economic hardship wrought by the Great Depression. While much of this story is true, a closer look reveals that the creation of the Social Security Administration—one of our largest, most durable, and most politically popular government institutions—does not hew to this narrative. Social Security was largely the product of two cautious, behind-the-scenes reformers from Wisconsin who intentionally chose to develop the program in an incremental fashion when there were more radical and comprehensive options on the table.
The Limits of Law and the Value of Rights in Addressing Terrorism
Authors: Aoláin Fionnuala Ní 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter starts from a critical and historical assessment of the phenomena of terrorism, and the tendency to inflate, conflate, and abuse the concept in law and practice. The analysis addresses the increasing tendency to lump various disaggregated experiences of violence under the banner of terrorism, the practice of numerous states in defining many forms of legitimate dissent, expression, and religious practice as terrorism, and the inability or unwillingness to disaggregate terrorism from complex forms of low- to high-intensity armed conflict subject to appropriate regulation under the laws of armed conflict. In tandem, the chapter addresses the relationship between the increased pervasiveness of certain forms of violence and the conditions conducive to terrorism, with a particular emphasis on the social science data that underpins this push-pull relationship, and the central role of the repressive, unaccountable, and dysfunctional state to the production of violence. The analysis pays particular attention to the emergence of an expansive UN counterterrorism architecture post 9/11and pinpoints the ways in which this architecture has enabled a permissive global environment for the abuse of counterterrorism in the past two decades. In assessing a positive way forward, the chapter affirms the central role of effective accountability and oversight in addressing state abuses of counterterrorism discourse and practice. It underscores the long-term dangers to peace and security absent significant pruning and restraint in global, regional, and national counterterrorism practices.
Urban Warfare
Authors: Watkin Kenneth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The twenty-first century presents significant challenges for those who view armed conflict as being exclusively a matter for military forces. Operations among urbanized populations, the proliferation of security threats involving criminal activity, the reliance on a “police primacy” approach for defeating insurgencies, as well as the need to resolve the interface between human rights–based policing and the law governing armed conflict places significant pressures on police forces tasked with maintaining order. There is a wide array of police and paramilitary forces that operate in the context of armed conflict. Reliance on policing in urban areas does not stop when armed conflict begins and cannot wait for such hostilities to end before police forces are employed to address contemporary security challenges. Ultimately, the application of human rights law–based policing is the approach that is most likely to result in a return to normalcy.
Fighting for the Past
Authors: Gutacker Paul J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 continues the pre–Civil War historical drama begun in chapter 6. As the sectional crisis heated up, Christianity’s historic relationship to slaveholding became all the more controversial. Dozens of proslavery authors, including Catholics, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists, and Baptists, employed tradition to defend the compatibility of Christianity and slavery, and by the 1850s Christian history was prominent in proslavery arguments put forward by legal scholars and social theorists. Conversely, both white and Black antislavery authors from a variety of denominations used religious history to bolster their cases against slavery. After the South seceded and the Civil War began, the meaning of the Christian past continued to matter for both North and South. For Confederates, church history proved useful in constructing white Christian nationalism, while, in the North, controversy and outrage followed a proslavery account of Christian history written by Episcopal bishop John Henry Hopkins. This chapter shows that the historical dimensions of the argument made it less likely to be resolved on theological grounds. American Protestants did not fail to avoid a bloody Civil War because they ignored history or tradition, but because their readings of the Christian past made them all more intransigent.
A Theory of Responses to Human Rights Pressure
Authors: Gruffydd-Jones Jamie J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter develops a theory of how authoritarian states and their citizens respond to international pressure. It draws on social psychology to argue that patriotic citizens are motivated to form accurate opinions not just in response to foreign pressure, but also to protect their national identity. If they perceive foreign pressure over human rights to be a hostile attack on their country, then they will see that pressure as a threat to be defended against and will be more likely to express support for how their government deals with human rights. Authoritarian regimes have incentives to play up this kind of foreign pressure to their public. The chapter provides testable implications about the types of pressure most likely to achieve this “backfire” and the types of pressure that authoritarian regimes are therefore most likely to tell their public about.
Hostile Human Rights
Authors: Gruffydd-Jones Jamie J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter follows on from where chapter 3 ended. It explores the international reaction to the Tibet crackdown in 2008 and how the aftermath shaped the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP’s) management of foreign human rights pressure. Even as foreign governments have become less willing to call the CCP out over human rights, growing access to foreign news, alongside the public’s defensive, nationalist reaction to foreign criticism in 2008, pushed authorities to become more proactive in reporting on pressure from abroad in state media. Focusing on the erosion of civil liberties in Hong Kong and the arrests of dissidents and rights activists, this chapter shows how authorities have sought to use international pressure strategically, as a lens through which to talk about “sensitive” human rights topics.
People on the Street
Authors: Gruffydd-Jones Jamie J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses interviews with hundreds of Chinese citizens to shed light on the logic people employ when they encounter foreign pressure and how they use it to form attitudes about their own country. It shows that people’s defensive reactions to foreign pressure are closely tied to their belief that the United States is using those issues to deliberately attack China. Hearing about foreign pressure—and in particular American pressure—had an impact on the way people talked about women’s rights and the treatment of endangered animals in China. On the issue of air pollution, however, Chinese citizens were far more positive toward American criticism, suggesting that defensiveness occurs mainly on issues where people’s grievances are not that strongly formed.
Revitalizing Residential Care for Children and Youth
Authors: Whittaker James K. , Holmes Lisa , Fernandez del Valle Jorge Carlos , James Sigrid 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Revitalizing Residential Care for Children and Youth: Cross-National Trends and Challenges addresses the question of how societies with developed welfare and social service systems assess current needs and future directions in their residential child and youth care sectors. This includes dealing with historical concerns raised about the placement of children and youth in residential care settings, as well as identifying innovative strategies that offer new pathways for the integration of this often-neglected sector of service within the broader area of child welfare. Each of the 16 countries selected for inclusion is examined through a common matrix that provides information about the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges. Individual country analyses are supplemented by regional exemplars of innovative residential programs and practice in areas such as family engagement, helping youth with the transition from care to community, promising model programs, and reflections on recent policy reform initiatives. In addition to takeaways from each country, the book’s closing chapter identifies specific implications for policy reform, empirical research, and residential program innovation. What sets this book apart is its systematic cross-national appraisal of residential care for children and youth with an eye toward identifying innovative policies and practices undergirded by research. In so doing, it offers a unique contribution to the international child welfare literature.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in a Cross-National Perspective
Authors: Whittaker James K. , Holmes Lisa , del Valle Jorge F. , James Sigrid 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets the parameters for the editors’ view of “residential care for children and youth” and offers a working definition of the same viewed in the context of legal, administrative, and children’s rights within an organized child welfare system. The editors make clear the rationale for their choice of a range of countries with developed welfare systems, while acknowledging a far more diverse range of residential settings viewed in worldwide context. The contributors to this volume share a commitment to a high-quality, revitalized residential service sector grounded both in research and commonly shared values such as partnership with families and residential practice that is close to the rhythms of diverse and vital community life. This does not mean “one size fits all,” but rather that we can learn much from the often subtle ways in which culture and tradition create the niches within which residential services are formed, sustained, and changed.
Innovation and Impact in Residential Services
Authors: Nicholson Janice 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The four interventions that are summarized in this part of the volume, while different in focus and scope, share two characteristics: (1) they challenge conventional wisdom and (2) they emerge from a felt need for innovation in residential child and youth care services. From England, the first of these, the No Wrong Door program, transformed residential care and treatment from an intervention of last resort to a greatly modified early service choice for initial engagement with challenging adolescents. The No Wrong Door program has generated considerable interest both within England and internationally with its innovative front-end approach to service access and assessment.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in Germany
Authors: James Sigrid , Kilian Juri 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter notes the long historical tradition of residential care in Germany and its current expression in a wide variety of settings. Residential care programs mostly consist of small community-based group homes and supported living units with about seven to 10 youths and four or five pedagogical staff. Some homes offer specialized services (e.g., therapeutic residential care, wilderness programs, mother–child homes). The authors note that residential care is guided by general pedagogical principles and concepts, emphasizing learning through a milieu-based and “life-space-oriented” perspective (Lebensweltorientierung), which stresses an individualized, participatory, and relationship-based approach. Parent engagement and youth participation are also noted as important, as are the growing numbers of unaccompanied minors and their impact on the residential care system. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, which provides information about the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in Portugal
Authors: Barbosa-Ducharne Maria A. , Soares Joana 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the high utilization rate for residential care in Portugal. Despite attempts to improve residential care, the authors note that it has remained essentially unchanged in Portugal from 2012 to 2019. There is evidence that group care does not meet the characteristics and needs of most children currently in residential care in Portugal, and there is an urgent need for children’s de-institutionalization. This will happen only if foster care and other family-based alternatives are actively promoted. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, which provides information about the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in France
Authors: Tillard Bernadette , Join-Lambert Hélène 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter notes the steady growth of children in residential care in France over the past two decades, which the authors suggest is due to a degraded social environment and an increase in unaccompanied minors. Important issues in the country include prevention of institutional abuse and avoiding sibling separation. In a novel program, children remain in the parental home but under the supervision of a team of professionals. Other innovations in some localities include residential care units where parents can share time and everyday activities over a weekend with children. Over the last two decades, residential placements have represented a decreasing share of out-of-home care. Parental autonomy is a focus throughout the placement experience. Residential care occurs in a variety of settings, including very small units. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, which provides information about the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.