bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The movements of yellowfin tuna, blue marlin, and sailfish within the Palau National Marine Sanctuary and the western Pacific Ocean
Authors: Filous Alexander , Friedlander Alan M , Toribiong Melvin , Lennox Robert J , Mereb Geory , Golbuu Yimnang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We used satellite tags to monitor the movements of yellowfin tuna, blue marlin, and sailfish in the Palau National Marine Sanctuary (PNMS) and provide a first look into their use of this large-scale marine protected area (LSMPA). Tagged fish ranged over a wide geographic area between 1°S to 17°N and 125 to 154°W. Both blue marlin and sailfish exhibited fidelity to the PNMS; however, they dispersed more than 1000 km before returning. The monitoring periods of yellowfin tuna were insufficient to evaluate their long-term movements, but their dispersal from Palau's EEZ occurred in all directions, up to distances of 2010 km. The space use of this pelagic species assemblage overlapped with two bodies of international waters, six EEZs, and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission's management units seven and three of the western Pacific Ocean. Our results add to the knowledge base on the movements of pelagic species in the PNMS and highlight the need for additional research to determine the long-term movements of these species and the contribution of the PNMS to fisheries management in the western and central Pacific Ocean.
Re-thinking the “ecological envelope” of Eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua): conditions for productivity, reproduction, and feeding over time
Authors: Svedäng Henrik , Savchuk Oleg , Villnäs Anna , Norkko Alf , Gustafsson Bo G , Wikström Sofia A , Humborg Christoph 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Hypoxia is presently seen as the principal driver behind the decline of the former dominating Eastern Baltic cod stock (EBC; Gadus morhua). It has been proposed that both worsening conditions for reproduction and lower individual growth, condition, and survival are linked to hypoxia. Here, we elucidate the ecological envelope of EBC in terms of salinity stratification, oxygen content, and benthic animal biomasses, and how it has affected EBC productivity over time. The spawning conditions started deteriorating in the Gotland Deep in the 1950s due to oxygen depletion. In contrast, in the Bornholm Basin, hydrographic conditions have remained unchanged over the last 60 years. Indeed, the current extent of both well-oxygenated areas and the frequency of hypoxia events do not differ substantially from periods with high EBC productivity in the 1970s–1980s. Furthermore, oxygenated and therefore potentially suitable feeding areas are abundant in all parts of the Baltic Sea, and our novel analysis provides no evidence of a reduction in benthic food sources for EBC over the last 30 years. We find that while reproduction failure is intricately linked to hydrographic dynamics, a relationship between the spread of hypoxia and the decline in EBC productivity during the last decades cannot be substantiated.
Column randomization and almost-isometric embeddings
Authors: Mendelson Shahar 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The matrix $A:{{\mathbb{R}}}^n \to{{\mathbb{R}}}^m$ is $(\delta ,k)$-regular if for any $k$-sparse vector $x$, $$\begin{align*} & \left| \|Ax\|_2^2-\|x\|_2^2\right| \leq \delta \sqrt{k} \|x\|_2^2. \end{align*}$$We show that if $A$ is $(\delta ,k)$-regular for $1 \leq k \leq 1/\delta ^2$, then by multiplying the columns of $A$ by independent random signs, the resulting random ensemble $A_\varepsilon $ acts on an arbitrary subset $T \subset{{\mathbb{R}}}^n$ (almost) as if it were Gaussian, and with the optimal probability estimate: if $\ell _*(T)$ is the Gaussian mean-width of $T$ and $d_T=\sup _{t \in T} \|t\|_2$, then with probability at least $1-2\exp (-c(\ell _*(T)/d_T)^2)$, $$\begin{align*} & \sup_{t \in T} \left| \|A_\varepsilon t\|_2^2-\|t\|_2^2 \right| \leq C\left(\varLambda d_T \delta\ell_*(T)+(\delta \ell_*(T))^2 \right), \end{align*}$$where $\varLambda =\max \{1,\delta ^2\log (n\delta ^2)\}$. This estimate is optimal for $0&lt;\delta \leq 1/\sqrt{\log n}$.
The international data governance landscape
Authors: Bernier Alexander , Molnár-Gábor Fruzsina , Knoppers Bartha Maria 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
As the adoption of digital health accelerates health research increasingly relies on large quantities of biomedical data. Research institutions scattered across a large number of jurisdictions collaborate in producing and analyzing biomedical big data. National data protection legislation, for its part, grows increasingly complex and localized. To respond to heterogeneous legal requirements arising in numerous jurisdictions, decentralized health consortia must develop scalable organizational and 6 technological arrangements that enable data flows across jurisdictional boundaries. In this article, proposals are made to enable health sector organisations to align established biomedical ethics process and data analysis practices to shifting data protection norms through both public law co-regulation, private law tools, and design-oriented approaches.
An unusual pigmented tonsil neoplasm presenting to Head & Neck Clinic: a case report and literature review of primary tonsillar malignant mucosal melanoma
Authors: Rae Pete J , Bates James E H M , Fraser Lisa R 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Primary mucosal melanoma of the tonsil is rare, with 27 reported cases. Careful diagnosis is necessary, as the tonsil is more often a site of metastatic melanoma from a cutaneous primary tumour. In this report, we present a case of primary right tonsillar mucosal melanoma with widespread metastasis in a 31-year-old man who presented with a 3-month history of enlarging neck lumps. On examination, he had cervical lymphadenopathy and a pigmented, vascular lesion of his right tonsil, which was diagnosed as melanoma following investigation. He had widespread metastases upon presentation, and is currently undergoing palliative immunotherapy. Owing to the aggressive behaviour, late presentations and lack of effective treatment to cure mucosal melanomas, they have a poor prognosis. Treatment involves wide local excision in local disease, and immunotherapy as the first-line for metastatic disease.
Torsed ectopic intra-abdominal liver rest within an adolescent female
Authors: Smiley Kyle , Partrick David A , Corkum Kristine S , Derderian S Christopher 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Extrahepatic liver (EL) rests are rare, with a reported annual incidence of 0.24–0.47. While reports often note EL incidentally found on pathologic specimens of aberrant tissue, there has been a case report of hepatocellular carcinoma arising from one of these rests, highlighting the importance of surgical resection. EL has been reported to cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, intraperitoneal bleeding and compression of adjacent organs. Most commonly, it has been identified in the gallbladder, likely due to proximity of the gallbladder to the native liver. The paucity of diagnostic tests makes the preoperative diagnosis challenging. We present a case of a 12-year-old female presenting with severe epigastric pain secondary to incapsulated EL tissue attached to the stomach via a narrow stalk. By describing this case, we hope to improve the diagnosis and management of abdominal masses with unclear etiology.
Unilateral aural atresia: a case report
Authors: Fourla Natalia V , Chrysikos Dimosthenis T , Makrypidis Konstantinos T , Memtsas Zacharias A , Protogerou Vasileios D , Karamanidi Maria G , Troupis Theodore T 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Congenital aural atresia refers to abnormal embryological development of the external auditory canal. The treatment of this anatomical malformation is only surgical repair. This article reports a case of unilateral congenital aural atresia, the surgical procedure performed and the post-operative findings.
Navigating travel in Europe during the pandemic: from mobile apps, certificates and quarantine to traffic-light system
Authors: Blanford Justine I , Jong Nienke Beerlage-de , Schouten Stephanie E , Friedrich Alex W , Araújo-Soares Vera 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Ever since 2020, travelling has become complex, and increasingly so as the COVID-19 pandemic continues. To reopen Europe safely, a consensus of travel measures has been agreed between countries to enable movement between countries with as few restrictions as possible. However, communication of these travel measures and requirements for entry are not always clear and easily available. The aim of this study was to assess the availability, accessibility and harmonization of current travel information available in Europe.

Methods
We performed a systematic documental analysis of online publicly available information and synthesized travel entry requirements for all countries in the European Union and Schengen Area (N = 31). For each country we assessed entry requirements, actions after entry, how risk was assessed, and how accessible the information was.

Results
We found varying measures implemented across Europe for entry and a range of exemptions and restrictions, some of which were consistent between countries. Information was not always easy to find taking on average 10 clicks to locate. Twenty-one countries required pre-travel forms to be completed. Forty apps were in use, 11 serving as digital certification checkers. All countries required some form of COVID-19 certification for entry with some exemptions (e.g. children). Nineteen percent (n = 6) of countries used the ECDC risk assessment system; 80% (n = 25) defined their own. Forty-eight percent (n = 15) of countries used a traffic-light system with 2–5 risk classifications.

Conclusion
A comprehensive set of measures has been developed to enable continued safe travel in Europe. However further refinements and coordination is needed to align travel measures throughout the EU to minimize confusion and maximize adherence to requested measures. We recommend that, along with developing travel measures based on a common set of rules, a standard approach is taken to communicate what these measures are.
The spatial distribution of globular clusters in dwarf spheroidal galaxies and the timing problem
Authors: Sánchez-Salcedo F J , Lora V 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
The dynamical friction time-scale of massive globular clusters (GCs) in the inner regions of cuspy dark haloes in dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies can be much shorter than the Hubble time. This implies that a small fraction of the GCs is expected to be caught close to the centre of these galaxies. We compare the radial distribution of GCs predicted in simple Monte Carlo models with that of a sample of 38 spectroscopically confirmed GCs plus 17 GC candidates associated mainly with low-luminosity dSph galaxies. If dark matter haloes follow an NFW profile, the observed number of off-centre GCs at projected distances less than one-half the galaxy effective radius is significantly higher than the models predict. This timing problem can be viewed as a fine-tuning of the starting GC distances. As a result of the short sinking time-scale for GCs in the central regions, the radial distribution of GCs is expected to evolve significantly during the next 1–2 Gyr. However, dark matter haloes with cores of size comparable to the galaxy effective radii can lead to a slow orbital inspiral of GCs in the central regions of these galaxies, providing a simple solution to the timing problem. We also examine any indication of mass segregation in the summed distribution of our sample of GCs.
Three Gorges Dam: friend or foe of riverine greenhouse gases?
Authors: Ni Jinren , Wang Haizhen , Ma Tao , Huang Rong , Ciais Philippe , Li Zhe , Yue Yao , Chen Jinfeng , Li Bin , Wang Yuchun , Zheng Maosheng , Wang Ting , Borthwick Alistair G L 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDams are often regarded as greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters. However, our study indicated that the world's largest dam, the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), has caused significant drops in annual average emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O over 4300 km along the Yangtze River, accompanied by remarkable reductions in the annual export of CO2 (79%), CH4 (50%) and N2O (9%) to the sea. Since the commencement of its operation in 2003, the TGD has altered the carbonate equilibrium in the reservoir area, enhanced methanogenesis in the upstream, and restrained methanogenesis and denitrification via modifying anoxic habitats through long-distance scouring in the downstream. These findings suggest that ‘large-dam effects’ are far beyond our previous understanding spatiotemporally, which highlights the fundamental importance of whole-system budgeting of GHGs under the profound impacts of huge dams.
Risk Factors for Invasive Meningococcal Disease Belonging to a Novel Urethritis Clade of Neisseria meningitidis—United States, 2013–2017
Authors: Oliver Sara E , Retchless Adam C , Blain Amy E , McNamara Lucy A , Ahrabifard Susann , Farley Monica , Weiss Don , Zaremski Elizabeth , Wang Xin , Hariri Susan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We describe cases of invasive meningococcal disease caused by nongroupable Neisseria meningitidis belonging to a novel phylogenetic clade associated with urethritis. Seven cases were identified, comprising 0.6% of sequenced invasive meningococcal disease isolates from 2013 to 2017. Five patients had a known or likely immunocompromising condition, including 2 with a complement deficiency.
Nonstudent Young Men Put Students at High Risk of HIV Acquisition in Guangxi, China: A Phylogenetic Analysis of Surveillance Data
Authors: Jiang He , Lan Guanghua , Zhu Qiuying , Liang Shujia , Li Jianjun , Feng Yi , Lin Mei , Xing Hui , Shao Yiming 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
We sought to identify students and their sexual partners in a molecular transmission network.

Methods
We obtained 5996 HIV protease and reverse transcriptase gene sequences in Guangxi (165 from students and 5831 from the general populations) and the relevant demographic data. We constructed a molecular transmission network and introduced a permutation test to assess the robust genetic linkages. We calculated the centrality measures to describe the transmission patterns in clusters.

Results
At the network level, 68 (41.2%) students fell within the network across 43 (8.1%) clusters. Of 141 genetic linkages between students and their partners, only 25 (17.7%) occurred within students. Students were more likely than random permutations to link to other students (odds ratio [OR], 7.2; P &lt; .001), private company employees aged 16–24 years (OR, 3.3; P = .01), private company or government employees aged 25–49 years (OR, 1.7; P = .03), and freelancers or unemployed individuals aged 16–24 years (OR, 5.0; P &lt; .001). At the cluster level, the median age of nonstudents directly linked to students (interquartile range) was 25 (22–30) years, and 80.3% of them had a high school or higher education background. Compared with students, they showed a significantly higher median degree (4.0 vs 2.0; P &lt; .001) but an equivalent median Eigenvector Centrality (0.83 vs 0.81; P = .60).

Conclusions
The tendency of genetic linkage between students and nonstudent young men and their important position in the HIV transmission network emphasizes the urgent need for 2-pronged public health interventions based on both school and society.
Risk factors and predictors of violence: insights from the emergency department at a level 1 trauma center in the USA
Authors: El-Menyar Ayman , Goyal Priya , Samson David , Tilley Elizabeth , Gashi Saranda , Prabhakaran Kartik , Latifi Rifat 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to assess the risk factors and predictors of violence among patients admitted to a Level 1 trauma center in a single institution.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who were admitted with a history of violence between 2012 and 2016.ResultsA total of 9855 trauma patients were admitted, of whom 746 (7.6%) had a history of violence prior to the index admission. Patients who had history of violence were younger and more likely to be males, Black, Hispanic and covered by low-income primary payer in comparison to non-assault trauma patients (P &lt; 0.001 for all). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that covariate-adjusted predictors of violence were being Black, male having low-income primary payer, Asian, drug user, alcohol intoxicated and smoker.ConclusionsViolence is a major problem among young age subjects with certain demographic, social and ethnic characteristics. Trauma centers should establish violence injury prevention programs for youth and diverse communities.
Warnings from the Grave: Necromancy, Talking Bones, and the Final Marvel of the Wonders of the East
Authors: Clements Jill Hamilton 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article examines the concluding entry in the early medieval catalogue of marvels known as Wonders of the East preserved in London, British Library, MS Cotton Tiberius B.v. The text relates the apocryphal story of two magician brothers associated with Pharaoh: Mambres conjures the soul of his dead brother Jamnes through opening the latter’s ‘magical books’ and the dead Jamnes then speaks a warning from hell about the inevitable doom awaiting Mambres. The accompanying full-page illustration, I argue, does not show the reanimated Jamnes in hell (as is frequently assumed), but instead represents Mambres teetering at the edge of an open pit wherein a hairy, green Satan reaches up toward him. While the text affirms the possibility of communing with the dead, the illustration denies and even warns against that possibility by showing Satan, rather than Jamnes, responding to Mambres’ necromancy. I argue that text and image negotiate two different homiletic traditions about the conjured dead, ultimately functioning as both a warning against practising magic and an admonition to prepare for death.
Measuring Unfair Inequality: Reconciling Equality of Opportunity and Freedom from Poverty
Authors: Hufe Paul , Kanbur Ravi , Peichl Andreas 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEmpirical evidence on distributional preferences shows that people do not judge inequality as problematic per se but that they take into account the fairness or unfairness of the outcome. This article conceptualizes a view of unfair inequality and introduces a new measure of inequality based on two widely held fairness principles: equality of opportunity and freedom from poverty. It develops a method for decomposing inequality and its trends into an unfair and a fair component. We provide two empirical applications of our measure. First, we analyse the development of inequality in the US from 1969 to 2014 from a fairness perspective. Second, we conduct a corresponding international comparison between the US and 31 European countries in 2010. Our results document that unfair inequality matches the well-documented inequality growth in the US since 1980. This trend is driven by decreases in social mobility, i.e., increasing importance of parental education and occupation for the income of their children. Among the 32 countries of our international comparison, the land of opportunity ranks among the most unfair societies in 2010.
Treating sleep and circadian problems to promote mental health: perspectives on comorbidity, implementation science and behavior change
Authors: Harvey Allison G 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Insufficient sleep and mistimed sleep are prominent, yet under-appreciated and understudied, contributors to poor mental health and to mental disorders. The evidence that improving sleep and circadian functioning is an important pathway to mental health continues to mount. The goal of this paper is to highlight three major challenges ahead. Challenge 1 points to the possibility that comorbidity is the norm not the exception for the sleep and circadian disorders that are associated with mental disorders. Hence, the sleep and circadian problems experienced by people diagnosed with a mental disorder may not fit into the neat diagnostic categories of existing nosologies nor be adequately treated with single disorder approaches. The Sleep Health Framework and the Transdiagnostic Intervention for Sleep and Circadian Dysfunction (TranS-C) are discussed as alternative approaches. Challenge 2 points to the large time lag between the development of a treatment and the availability of that treatment in routine clinical practice. This is a key reason for the emergence of implementation science, which is a flourishing, well-developed, and quickly moving field. There is an urgent need for more applications of implementation science within sleep and circadian science. Challenge 3 describes one of the greatest puzzles of our time—the need to unlock the fundamental elements of behavior change. There is potential to harness the science of behavior change to encourage widespread engagement in sleep health behavior and thereby reduce the staggering burden of sleep and circadian problems and the associated mental health problems.
Management of metastatic melanoma with new immunotherapy approaches beyond PD-1/CTLA-4 inhibitors
Authors: Devaux Alix , Baurain Jean-Francois 
Published: January 2022

Purpose of review
If we may cure metastatic melanoma patients thanks to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), it is fair to say that around 2/3 of the patients present primary or secondary resistance to ICI. Therefore, progresses are needed and numerous new treatments are tested either alone or in combination with cytolytic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) or (PD)-1 blockade to overcome this resistance. In this review, we focused on new immunotherapeutic approaches studied in advanced melanoma previously treated by anti-PD-1 (Programmed cell Death 1 receptor) or anti-CTLA-4 antibodies.

Recent findings
The different approaches have been classified based on ‘the cancer immunity cycle’. These new strategies target either the T-cell priming and activation step, T-cell trafficking and tumor infiltration, or tumor antigen recognition by T-cell and tumor killing.

Summary
Most of these novel strategies are based on mAbs targeting T-cell inhibitory or stimulatory coreceptors. The second main focus is based on modifying the tumor micro-environment. Combination strategies seem promising in few patients and suggest that a deeper understanding of the resistance in individual patients is mandatory to go further.