bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ageing surveillance programmes in Swiss nuclear power plants
Authors: Schulz S. F , Tipping Ph. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ageing surveillance programmes for Swiss nuclear power plants were started about ten years ago. The following contribution gives an overview of these programmes. They deal with ageing phenomena of materials of mechanical and electrical components, as well as civil structures. For each safety relevant component, the known ageing mechanisms are identified, and the maintenance, testing, inspection and monitoring programmes are then examined with respect to their suitability for detecting the ageing degradation. Programmes and procedures may be adjusted, or new ones introduced to ensure state of science and technology ageing surveillance. Documentation of the plant-specific ageing surveillance programmes is prepared by the nuclear power plant operators and given to the Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate for assessment. Experience with the ageing surveillance programmes over the last ten years shows favourable results for the monitoring of ageing and safe operation of the plants.
Online-monitoring of motor operated valves
Authors: Zander R.-M. , Findler T. , Adamczyk J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Traditionally, evaluating the running behaviour of motor operated valves (MOV) is based upon a non-continuous and demand oriented method. Gundremmingen Nuclear Power Plants has improved this strategy over the last 3 years. At MOVs within the safety system, diagnostics modules were installed for an online monitoring of active power during every run on demand. In the near future, functionality will be further enhanced in order to increase the particular knowledge, as a basis for both a safety oriented, but optimised, condition-based preventive maintenance approach and a plant life management strategy. Furthermore, during spring outage of unit B in 2002, a benchmark was implemented at four MOVs, which includes both comparison between two different kinds of power monitoring as well as active control of one of the systems.
German utility nuclear power plant ageing management concept
Authors: Metzner K.-J. , Alt M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper is supposed to clarify the existing German utility integrity concept and is its sound application regarding ageing management issues covering the following key topics: requirements established in the German regulations and codes/standards, NPP safety relevance; NPP availability concerns, safety relevant systems to be considered, component ranking concerning safety significance, explanation of ageing management concept elements, examples for the application of ageing management concepts.
Four-dimensional multi-particle tracking in living cells based on lifetime imaging
Authors: Chen Danni , Li Heng , Yu Bin , Qu Junle 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Research on dynamic events in living cells, such as intracellular transportation, is important for understanding cell functions. As movements occur within cells, the microenvironment of the moving vesicles or biomacromolecules may affect the behavior of them. Herein, we propose a method of simultaneously monitoring changes in spatial positions and the local environment related to the fluorescence lifetime, i.e., four-dimensional (4D) multi-particle parallel-tracking in living cells. Based on double-helix point spread function (DH-PSF) microscopy and streak camera, the method combines three-dimensional (3D) localization methods and fluorescence lifetime imaging. By modifying the PSF of the system, the 3D positions and fluorescence lifetime information for several molecules within a depth of a few microns can be acquired simultaneously from a single snapshot. The feasibility of this method is verified by simulating the real-time tracking of a single particle with a given trajectory. In addition, a proof-of-concept 4D tracking system based on the DH-PSF and streak camera was built. The experimental results show that the 3D localization and lifetime precision are σ(x, y, z) = (26 nm, 35 nm, 53 nm) and σ(τ) = 103 ps, respectively, and the effective depth of field is approximately 4 μm. Finally, intracellular endocytosis in a living cell was observed using the system, which demonstrated the successful 4D tracking of two microspheres moving within an axial depth of 4 μm. This work opens a new perspective for research of dynamic processes, by providing information about the chemical (microenvironments) and physical (positions) changes of moving targets in living cells.
Effect of heat treatment process on microstructure and properties of S47450 bolt
Authors: Tao Siyou , Sun Shibao , Wang Sailong , Rong Chai , Du Xiaodong 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The effects of heat treatment process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of S47450 bolt materials were studied by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile test, impact test and hardness test. The results showed that in the temperature range selected by the test, the quenched martensite of the bolt material after quenching at 1070 °C and tempering at 670 °C was fully refined and evenly distributed, and the precipitation of Cr23C6 played the role of precipitation hardening. It showed the excellent comprehensive mechanical properties, with the Brinell hardness reaching 295 HBW and the tensile strength of 1035 MPa. The elongation was 16 %, and the impact energy at room temperature was 21 J.
Excessive Lack of Fusion in Welds of Limited Accessibility
Authors: Neidel Andreas , Riesenbeck Susanne , Giller Madeleine 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One definition of failure is that the subject component lost its function intended by design. The case study presented in this contribution is admittedly borderline in this respect. The parts in question have never seen any engine service and were taken straight out of fabrication, namely the weld shop. Welded components for turbomachinery exhibited excessive areas of lack of fusion in welds. Some of the subject assemblies were put in engine service in non-OEM machinery, without experiencing any failures. This was before weld imperfections were detected in fabrication. However, even though faulty components did not yet fail in service, the presented case is still categorized as a failure case, since the subject weld imperfections were so severe that failure had to be considered imminent. This
Does Doubt Require Reasons?
Authors: Pfisterer Christoph C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In On Certainty, Wittgenstein conceives a novel way of dispelling skeptical doubts about our knowledge of the external world. He acknowledges that in his attempt to refute the skeptic, Moore uncovered epistemologically relevant propositions such as ‘I know that this is a hand’. But he denies that appealing to such truisms is likely to succeed in refuting skepticism–not because they cannot be doubted, but because they are not objects of knowledge in the first place. Rather than refuting skepticism about the external world, Moore’s truisms form the background against which claims to knowledge and doubt are reasonable, meaningful, or justified. By incorporating such conditions for doubt, Wittgenstein seems to provide an effective rationale against skepticism: not only do we lack reasons for certain doubts about our knowledge of the external world, but those doubts also presuppose that much of what we take to know is exempt from them. This paper critically examines the claim that doubt requires reasons and uses Descartes’ famous dream argument as an example to show that not every doubt can be easily dispelled by invoking it.
Unexpected Uncertainty in Adaptive Learning
Authors: Sandru Adrian Razvan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Wittgenstein talks in his Philosophical Investigations of a pupil engaging in a repetitive series continuation who suddenly begins to apply a different rule than the one instructed to him. This hypothetical example has been interpreted by a number of philosophers to indicate either a skeptical attitude towards rules and their application (Kripke 1982; Wright 1980), an implicit need of knowledge and understanding of a rule accessible to those engaged in a given practice (McDowell 2002), or a certain normativity that guides our actions but is not cognitive, but processual in nature (Ginsborg 2020). I wish to support and extend Ginsborg’s account of primitive normativity from a novel perspective in a twofold manner: 1) by describing the mechanism of primitive normativity via Kant’s concept of aesthetical and epistemic pleasure and displeasure; 2) by applying the conceptual pair of expected and unexpected uncertainty from adaptive learning theories, which describe the fluctuation of learning rates under uncertain circumstances.
I am grateful to Dr. Romain Ligneul's help in better understanding the subtleties of this conceptual pair.
Tiefgehende Uneinigkeiten aus Logisch-Pragmatischer Sicht
Authors: Wendler Hannes 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Deep Disagreements from the Logico-Pragmatical Point of View: An Analysis of Disagreements Based on Moyal-Sharrock’s Interpretation of Wittgenstein’s

On Certainty.
Argumentation is central to philosophy. One of its primary functions is to resolve disagreement. Yet, there are cases of disagreement that undercut the conditions of possibility for argumentation themselves: deep disagreements. In his seminal paper, Fogelin (2005) conceived of deep disagreements in Wittgensteinian terms by highlighting their “grammatical” character. Other than normal disagreements, which are located in the space of giving and receiving reasons, deep disagreements are concerned with what enables reasoning in the first place. Hence, they cannot be rationally resolved. Drawing on an interpretation of Moyal-Sharrock’s (2007) account of Wittgensteinian certainties, my logico-grammatical account proposes that deep disagreements pertain to certainties, viz. non-proposional ways of acting in the life-world that are epistemologically basic. Furthermore, the logico-grammatical analysis entails a gradual conception of the transition from normal to deep disagreements by differentiating different types (universal, local, personal, linguistic) and origins (instinctive, acquired) of certainties and specifying which forms of certainty can and cannot be dropped. Also, it allows to identify participating in the human form of life and discursive capabilities as conditions of possibility of disagreements. Consequently, it can specify the turning-point at which disagreement transforms into mere difference. It is at this point that the focus of a dispute switches from the rationality of the discourse to that of the agents of discourse.
Regulatory Barriers to Autonomy in Aviation
Authors:   ASTM International
Published: March 2022

Description
As technology advances and increased automation and autonomy in aviation become ever more within reach, it makes sense to turn our attention to the operational regulatory landscape within which these aircraft will be flown. Technical standards that could be part of the means of compliance for the airworthiness certification of these aircraft are receiving attention within a variety of standards development organizations (SDOs). The operational rules and their implications for autonomous aircraft, however, remain largely unexplored.
Half a century of Sri Lanka research: Subjects, researchers, institutions, journals and impact (1973-2019)
Authors: Ranasinghe Priyanga , Monge-Nájera Julián , Liyanage Chiranthi K. , Ho Yuh-Shan 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Bibliometric analyses of research in Sri Lanka, a lower-middle income island nation in South Asia, has focused mainly on medical research, concluding that there is a need for increased research productivity and impact, and for local solutions to health concerns. There has been no general bibliometric analysis across scientific disciplines in the nation, or any study that covers a long period of time to identify general time trends. Objective: To measure and analyse Sri Lankan research by focusing on subjects, authors, institutions, journals and citation for half a century. Methods: We used an advanced search method to extract publications with the word “Sri Lanka” in the SCI-EXPANDED, and calculated indicators such as total citations from Web of Science Core Collection since publication year to the end of 2019, citations in 2019, and mean citations per publication. Journal data were taken from 2019 Journal Citation Report. Affiliation re-classification was done to ensure consistency regarding the origin of all publications. Publications were further analysed based on collaboration, and first and corresponding authorship. Results: We retrieved 16 069 publications in 19 document types (77 % articles). Corrections had the highest number of authors per publication (616) followed by articles (116). Four articles had more than 5 000 authors and 593 articles had more than 1 000 authors. The highest citations in this database were for international megaprojects where Sri Lankan authors played minor roles. The UK had the most collaborative articles with Sri Lanka (19 %). The articles were published in 3 051 journals across 177 Web of Science categories. The category of Public, environmental and occupational health, with 193 journals, had 6.7 % of all articles, followed by environmental sciences (6.6 %). Conclusion: Sri Lanka has an unusually strong pattern of participating as small role players in international megaprojects about health and physics. Sri Lankan authors should be encouraged to expand their horizons by researching non-applied fields that are the basis of all innovation; to strengthen their own journals so that they have better visibility and impact, and to improve their positions in international projects that are published in larger journals.
Bibliometrics of Sudanese scientific publications: Subjects, institutions, collaboration, citation and recommendations
Authors: Ali Elhassan Moawia Mohammed , Monge-Nájera Julián , Ho Yuh-Shan 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Sudan is the third largest country in Africa and has rich reserves of petroleum and other ground resources, but its per capita Gross Domestic Product is only $808 and researchers work in insufficient institutional facilities and with little funding. Previous studies about its scientific productivity have been limited to specific subjects and relatively short periods, with no large analyses until now. Objective: To analyze the scientific output of Sudan in depth, considering all research areas and several decades of scientific activity. Methods: We retrieved the documents with “Sudan” in field country in the Science Citation Index Expanded for the period 1900-2019. Results: We retrieved over 9 000 publications and found that most were articles; that citation was higher for review articles and book chapters, and that this index mostly covered articles in English. Beginning in 1972, the number of publications in this database has increased rapidly. The citation lifespan indicates slow growth in the Sudanese scientific literature, and collaboration is frequent both nationally and internationally, possibly because the scarce resources make collaboration almost compulsory. Most external collaboration is done with Saudi Arabia but citation is higher for articles resulting from international megaprojects, led by Europe and the USA, in which Sudanese researchers play secondary roles. Research focusses on applied technological subjects with little innovation value. Women play a smaller role in Sudanese science. Conclusions: Our recommendations for Sudanese science include increasing the number of women in leading research positions; providing funding directly to researchers (i.e., bypassing bureaucratic bodies); increasing basic research to avoid stagnation; training Sudanese researchers for leading positions; and identifying specific research areas where Sudan can lead in its region.
Засіб підвищення ефективності моніторингу стану вантажу на суднах-газовозах на основі волоконно-оптичних технологій
Authors: Сандлер А. К. , Данчук Д. П. 
Published: March 2022

Дослідження базується на запиті практики про необхідність розробки й впровадження нових засобів волоконно-оптичних засобів моніторингу вологості газу, які, за рахунок підвищення вірогідності вимірювальної інформації, забезпечують зниження невиробничих втрат. У роботі вирішене актуальне науково-технічне завдання наукового обґрунтування, розробки й дослідження засобу моніторингу вологості газу. Пропонований засіб забезпечує підвищення достовірності результатів вимірювання за рахунок використання принципів часткової інваріантності до зовнішніх неконтрольованих впливів вимірювань, яка досягається шляхом синтезу процесів перетворення світла, конструкції, комбінації матеріалів і способу одержання вимірювальної інформації. Як об'єкт дослідження визначені процеси формування й перетворення інформаційного сигналу у волоконно-оптичному засобі моніторингу вологості газу у складних умовах транспортування. Відповідно, предметом дослідження є волоконно-оптичні засоби моніторингу, що функціонують у складних умовах експлуатації. Теоретична частина роботи виконана з використанням: а) системного аналізу й дослідження операцій – при визначенні структурних зв'язків між елементами вимірювального засобу діагностики й декомпозиції об'єкта дослідження; б) теорії оптичних хвилеводів – при розрахунках коефіцієнтів оптичного зв'язку ділянок оптичного волокна (ОВ); в) методів аналітичного дослідження процесів взаємодії полів хвилеводних елементів – при дослідженні процесів перетворення світлового випромінювання у чутливому елементі (ЧЕ) під впливом деформацій. Проведено порівняльний аналіз впливу експлуатаційних факторів на характеристики волоконно-оптичних пристроїв контролю властивостей газу на суднах-газовоза. Проведений аналіз результатів впливу експлуатаційних дестабілізуючих факторів на характеристики пристроїв моніторингу відомих типів, дозволив локалізувати коло досліджень у межах використання волоконно-оптичних датчиків амплітудної модуляції. Визначено, що компенсацію некорельованої складової погрішності акселерометра необхідно виконувати на основі використання методів інваріантних перетворень, заснованих на принципі багатоканальності. Обрані методи, припущення і математичний апарат дослідження. Обґрунтовано застосування хвильового аналізу процесів у чутливому елементі (ЧЕ) засобу моніторингу на основі рівнянь Максвелла та методу рівних об'ємів. На підґрунті модифікованої теорії зв'язаних мод у оптичних волокнах, а також положеннях теорії пружності, сформована математична модель перетворення світлового випромінювання у пропонованому засобі моніторингу. Застосування запропонованого методу визначення параметрів синтезованого засобу діагностування на практиці створює передумови для розробки вимірювальних перетворювачів широкого цільового призначення.
Reduced Glomerular Filtration in Diabetes Is Attributable to Loss of Density and Increased Resistance of Glomerular Endothelial Cell Fenestrations
Authors: Finch Natalie C. , Fawaz Sarah S. , Neal Chris R. , Butler Matthew J. , Lee Vivian K. , Salmon Andrew J. , Lay Abigail C. , Stevens Megan , Dayalan Lusyan , Band Hamid , Mellor Harry H. , Harper Steven J. , Shima David T. , Welsh Gavin I. , Foster Rebecca R. , Satchell Simon C. 
Published: March 2022

Significance Statement
We propose a novel mechanism underlying loss of renal filtration function from studying glomerular endothelial cell (GEnC) fenestrae in human diabetic kidney tissue and in a mouse model of diabetes. Diaphragmed fenestrae may provide structural resistance to filtration. We hypothesize that EHD3 is a key regulator of GEnC fenestrations, and its glomerular expression is lost in diabetes. This study establishes the critical role of GEnC fenestrations in renal filtration function and suggests a key regulator, potentially paving the way for development of targeted therapies to restore fenestrae and thus filtration function in kidney disease.

Background
Glomerular endothelial cell (GEnC) fenestrations are recognized as an essential component of the glomerular filtration barrier, yet little is known about how they are regulated and their role in disease.

Methods
We comprehensively characterized GEnC fenestral and functional renal filtration changes including measurement of glomerular K
f and GFR in diabetic mice (BTBR ob−/ob−
). We also examined and compared human samples. We evaluated Eps homology domain protein-3 (EHD3) and its association with GEnC fenestrations in diabetes in disease samples and further explored its role as a potential regulator of fenestrations in an in vitro model of fenestration formation using b.End5 cells.

Results
Loss of GEnC fenestration density was associated with decreased filtration function in diabetic nephropathy. We identified increased diaphragmed fenestrations in diabetes, which are posited to increase resistance to filtration and further contribute to decreased GFR. We identified decreased glomerular EHD3 expression in diabetes, which was significantly correlated with decreased fenestration density. Reduced fenestrations in EHD3 knockdown b.End5 cells in vitro further suggested a mechanistic role for EHD3 in fenestration formation.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates the critical role of GEnC fenestrations in renal filtration function and suggests EHD3 may be a key regulator, loss of which may contribute to declining glomerular filtration function through aberrant GEnC fenestration regulation. This points to EHD3 as a novel therapeutic target to restore filtration function in disease.
Hypermobility in Turkish schoolchildren: Musculoskeletal pain, physical activity, balance, and quality of life
Authors: EKİCİ TEKİN Zahide , OTAR YENER Gülçin , ŞENOL Hande , BAŞAKCI ÇALIK Bilge , YUKSEL Selcuk 
Published: March 2022

Aim
Joint hypermobility is a term used to describe an excessive range of joint motion. Joint hypermobility can be symptomatic or not. The present study aimed primarily to define the prevalence of joint hypermobility in healthy schoolchildren, and secondly, to determine the relationship between hypermobility and pain, physical activity, joint injury, quality of life, and balance.
Materials and Methods
In this cross-sectional study, the joints of 737 schoolchildren, aged 8 to 15 years, were examined according to the Beighton score (BS). Generalized joint hypermobility was defined by using a cut-off point of ≥6 joints. The participants with a BS between 1 and 5 were accepted as localized hypermobile. If the Beighton score was 0, the participants were accepted as non-hypermobile.
Participants were evaluated using questionnaires or tests for pain, balance, physical activity, and quality of life.
Results
The 350 (47.5%) males and 387 (52.5%) females had a mean age of 11.47 ± 1.3 (8-15) years. The prevalence of generalized hypermobility was 13.4%, and we observed localized hypermobility in 65.9% of children and non-hypermobility in 20.6% of children.
The most common pain localizations in children were neck (15.9%), lower back (13.7%), upper back (10.6%), shoulders (10.2%), and knees (7.9%). There was no association between pain and hypermobility in children aged 8 to 15 years.
Conclusion
The generalized joint hypermobility group was younger, shorter, and thinner than other groups. Additionally, we observed that hypermobility did not make a difference in terms of pain, quality of life, physical capacity, and balance in school-age Turkish children.