bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concepts in penal law: results of criminological and penal analysis
Authors: Гришко Александр Яковлевич 
Published: April 2022

Статья посвящена раскрытию основных понятий, содержащихся в уголовно-исполнительном законодательстве, сопряженных с криминологическими понятиями. Речь идет о таких понятиях, как «личность преступника» и «личность осужденного», исправление, противодействие преступности, судимость. Раскрывается содержание указанных понятий, определяется их соотношение между собой и их соответствие целям и задачам уголовно-исполнительного законодательства. Автор, определяя понятие «личность осужденного», связывает его с институтом судимости. Приводя различные точки зрения на соотношение судимости и наказания, делается заключение о том, что на протяжении судимости лицо несет соответствующие нагрузки, посягающие на карательный характер. Анализируя уголовно-исполнительное законодательство, автором отмечается декларативность норм, относящихся к личности осужденного. Речь идет о степени их исправления как таковой. В нем нет определения таких степеней. Предлагаются пути решения данного вопроса. В статье освещается тема возмещения вреда, причиненного преступлением. Делается вывод, что оно должно быть одной из целей уголовно-исполнительного законодательства. Для этого термин «предупреждение» следует заменить на термин «противодействие», содержанием которого охватывается возмещение вреда, или обозначить его в качестве самостоятельной цели.
The article is devoted to the disclosure of the basic concepts contained in the criminal executive legislation, associated with criminological concepts. We are talking about such concepts as: “personality of the criminal” and “personality of the convicted”, correction, crime prevention, conviction. The content of these concepts is revealed, their relationship between each other and their correspondence to the goals and objectives of the penal legislation is determined. The author, defining the concept of “personality of a convicted person”, connects it with the institution of a criminal record. Bringing different points of view on the ratio of conviction and punishment, it is concluded that throughout the conviction a person bears the corresponding burdens, encroaching on the punitive nature. Analyzing the penal legislation, the author notes the declarative nature of the norms related to the personality of the convict. It is about the degree of their correction, as such. There is no definition of such degrees in it. The ways of solving this issue are suggested. The article highlights the topic of compensation for harm caused by a crime. It is concluded that it should be one of the goals of the penal legislation. For this, the term “prevention” should be replaced by the term “counteraction”, the content of which covers compensation for harm or designate it as an independent goal.
Assessment of the genesis of the legislative initiative of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the introduction of the concept of “criminal offense”
Authors: Железняк Игорь Николаевич 
Published: April 2022

В статье рассматривается ситуация, представляющая правовую неопределенность в вопросе соответствия задач оперативно-розыскной деятельности правовой категории «уголовный проступок» по предлагаемой Верховным Судом Российской Федерации законодательной инициативе «О внесении изменений в Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации и Уголовно-процессуальный кодекс Российской Федерации в связи с введением понятия уголовного проступка». Указанная инициатива, по мнению актора, направлена на гуманизацию уголовного законодательства. Верховным Судом Российской Федерации предлагается из числа преступлений небольшой тяжести выделить деяния, за совершение которых закон не предусматривает наказание в виде лишения свободы, и признать их уголовными проступками. Приводится характеристика уголовно-правовых категорий, при этом акцентируется внимание на отсутствии соответствующих инициатив корректировки оперативно-розыскного законодательства. На основе анализа теоретических источников, мнений ученых, норм уголовного и оперативно-розыскного права, ретроспективы вопроса излагается взгляд автора на совершенствование указанных мер.
The article deals with the situation representing legal uncertainty in the issue of compliance of the tasks of operational investigative activity with the legal category “criminal offense” under the legislative initiative proposed by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation “On amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation in connection with the introduction of the concept of criminal offense”. This initiative, according to the actor, is aimed at the humanization of criminal legislation. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation proposes to single out from among the crimes of minor gravity acts for which the law does not provide for punishment in the form of imprisonment, and recognize them as criminal offenses. The characteristics of criminal-legal categories are given, while attention is focused on the lack of appropriate initiatives to adjust operational-investigative legislation. Based on the analysis of theoretical sources, opinions of scientists, norms of criminal and operational-investigative law, a retrospective of the issue, the author's view on the improvement of these measures is presented.
About the prerequisites for the appointment of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities as special types of punishment
Authors: Караваева Юлия Станиславовна 
Published: April 2022

Лишение права занимать определенную должность или заниматься определенной деятельностью являются специальными видами наказаний, поскольку направлены на ограниченный круг субъектов, обладающих соответствующими статусно-ролевыми признаками. Данные признаки либо являются специальными признаками субъекта как элемента состава преступления, либо позволяют раскрыть механизм совершения конкретного деяния, не имея при этом значения для целей квалификации. И в том, и в другом случае назначение судом наказания, предусмотренного ст. 47 УК РФ, в качестве основного или дополнительного не вызывает возражений, поскольку налицо связь между совершенным деянием и спецификой субъекта. Вместе с тем, анализ теории и судебной практики показывает, что не во всех случаях применения указанной нормы суд устанавливает наличие подобной связи, руководствуясь, в частности, невысокой общественной опасностью совершенного деяния и (или) личности виновного. Связывая наличие такой практики с недостаточно четко выраженной позицией законодателя, автор указывает на необходимость внесения соответствующих изменений в ст. 47 УК РФ, направленных на обеспечение однозначного учета связи между совершенным преступлением и должностью или деятельностью виновного как предпосылке назначения лишения права.
Deprivation of the right to hold a certain position or engage in a certain activity are special types of punishment, since they are aimed at a limited number of subjects with appropriate status and role characteristics. These signs are either special signs of the subject as an element of the corpus delicti, or they allow to reveal the mechanism of committing a specific act, without having significance for the purposes of qualification. In both cases, the appointment by the court of the punishment provided for by art. 47 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as the main or additional one, does not raise objections, since there is a connection between the committed act and the specifics of the subject. At the same time, the analysis of theory and judicial practice shows that not in all cases of application of the specified norm, the court establishes the existence of such a connection, guided, in particular, by the low public danger of the committed act and (or) the identity of the perpetrator. Linking the existence of such a practice with the insufficiently clearly expressed position of the legislator, the author points out the need to make appropriate amendments to Article 47 of the Criminal Code, aimed at ensuring unambiguous consideration of the connection between the crime committed and the position or activity of the perpetrator as a prerequisite for the appointment of deprivation of the right.
PENGARUH LUMPUR PADA PASIR TERHADAP KEKUATAN BETON
Authors: Romadhon Eri Setia 
Published: April 2022

Pengaruh Lumpur dalam campuran beton secara fisis akan mengurangi angka slump, sehingga campuran beton sulit dikerjakan akibatnya kekuatan beton menurun. Sedangkan secara kimiawi kadar Lumpur dalam campuran beton akan mengakibatkan reaksi kimia yang terjadi antara air dan partikel semen terganggu, akibatnya kekuatan beton juga menurun. Pada penelitian ini mencoba untuk mengetahui pengaru Lumpur pada pasir terhadap kekuatan beton. Dari penelitian diperoleh hasil : Pengaruh kenaikan kadar Lumpur dalam pasir secara signifikan berpengaruh terhadap penurunan niliai slump, untuk kadar lumpur dalam pasir mencapai 25% prosentase penurunan nilai slump mencapai 72,7% dari 11 cm menjadi 3 cm, suatu angka yang sangat rendah untuk nilai slump. Untuk kuat tekan beton umur 7 hari kenaikan kadar Lumpur dalam pasir secara signifikan berpengaruh terhadap penurunan kuat tekan, untuk kadar Lumpur dalam pasir 5 % sampai 10% prosentase penurunan kuat tekan beton mencapai 63,08% dan 64,23% suatu penurunan yang sangat besar sekali, apalagi untuk kadar Lumpur mencapai 25% prosentase penurunan kuat tekan betonnya mencapai 71,54%. Untuk kuat tekan beton umur 28 hari kenaikan kadar Lumpur dalam pasir secara signifikan berpengaruh terhadap penurunan kuat tekan, untuk kadar Lumpur dalam pasir 5 % sampai 10% prosentase penurunan kuat tekan beton mencapai 36,13% dan 37,39% suatu penurunan yang sangat besar sekali, apalagi untuk kadar Lumpur mencapai 25% prosentase penurunan kuat tekan betonnya mencapai 58,97%
EVALUASI BIAYA DAN WAKTU DENGAN EARNED VALUE PADA PROYEK GEDUNG SPORTAINMENT TELKOM CORPORATE UNIVERSITY GEGERKALONG BANDUNG
Authors: Sumanang Irvan Riva'i , Rivai Indartono 
Published: April 2022

Pada pelaksanaan suatu proyek membutuhkan pengawasan dan pengendalian yang baik untuk dapat berjalan sesuai dengan kualitas yang telah disepakati dalam kontrak baik ketepatan aspek waktu maupun biaya meskipun jarang ditemui dalam suatu proyek yang dapat berjalan sesuai dengan jadwal ataupun biaya yang telah direncanakan.Pengawasan dan pengendalian ini mutlak diperlukan dalam rangka mencapai target keuntungan tanpa mengurangi kualitas yang telah disepakati dalam kontrak maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi terhadap Schedule Variance dan Cost Variance, evaluasi terhadap Cost Performance Index dan Schedule Performance Index, evaluasi terhadap besarnya Budgeted Estimate To Complete dan Budgeted Estimate At Complete dan evaluasi terhadap lamanya Schedule Estimate To Complete dan Schedule Estimate At Complete pada proyek pembangunan Gedung Sportainment Telkom Corporate University Bandung.Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan data atau informasi yang digunakan dalam penulisan tugas akhir ini adalah data primer diperoleh dari studi literatur dan data sekunder diantaranya Kurva S rencana dan realisasi, Harga Pekerjaan/ Anggaran dan Biaya yang telah dikeluarkan sebenarnya oleh kontraktor (Biaya Aktual/ ACWP). Metode pengolahan data menggunakan perhitungan sesuai dengan Earned Value Method atau Metode Konsep Nilai Hasil dengan menganalisa penyimpangan, produktifitas kinerja, prakiraan waktu dan biaya akhir penyelesaian proyek.Dari parameter tersebut dilakukan evaluasi terhadap aspek biaya dan waktu selanjutnya dianalisa biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk pembiayaan proyek dan waktu penyelesaian dengan Metode Earned Value dilakukan menggunakan data pelaporan minggu ke-20 dengan nilai ACWP Rp. 19.314.546.194,00; nilai BCWS Rp.16.916.964.517,00 dan nilai BCWP Rp.19.071.846.495,00. Hasil analisis data diperoleh estimasi nilai akhir diketahui nilai CV negatif dan nilai CPI 0,99<1 dan nilai BEAC proyek sebesar Rp.41.097.395.211,00 maka disimpulkan bahwa biaya proyek lebih besar dari rencana semula senilai Rp.40.580.980.000,00, dan dapat diketahui pula nilai SV positif dan nilai Indeks SPI 1,13 > 1 dapat diketahui bahwa proyek ini dapat diselesaikan dengan waktu lebih cepat dengan SEAC selama 233,14 hari lebih cepat dari durasi rencana selama 245 hari.
Revisiting the EU Legal System: Substantive & Procedural Loyalty for the Judicial Enforcement of the Rule of Law
Authors: Zinonos Panagiotis 
Published: April 2022

Aiming to foster reflection on the role of the EU regarding the enforcement of the rule of law, this essay revisits, in a normative fashion, the Union’s legal system with references to recent and established case law and literature. It understands the judicial enforcement of the rule of law as a synonym of effective judicial protection and analyses the pluralistic system of the Union as being overarched by loyalty. It then introduces three specific components of the rule of law related to its judicial enforcement. The first concerns its material aspect: the standards of protection of rights and principles. The contribution opines that the systemic analysis of the Union excludes conflicts of standards. The second component refers to judicial control. It is argued that the related structural obligations of the Member States are enforceable by individual claims grounded on a self-standing right. The last component is organic and relates to the judge. The contribution posits that the national judge is empowered by her European mandate to enforcing the rule of law. While the technique of exceptional circumstances as part of the mechanism of the European arrest warrant confirms this position, cases of constitutional conflicts suggest the procedural deficiency.
EU legal system, rule of law, effective judicial protection, judicial enforcement of the rule of law, multidimensional legal system, substantive loyalty, standards of protection, procedural loyalty, duties of the Member States, individual claims, European mandate of the national judge, judicial cooperation, preliminary ruling, exceptional circumstances, constitutional conflicts
The Mercosur Socio-Labour Declaration: The Development of a Common Regional Framework in the Global South
Authors: Pucheta Mauro 
Published: April 2022

The Socio-Labour Declaration is the legal instrument that protects fundamental labour rights within Mercosur and its Member States legal orders. Its 2015 revision enhanced quantitively and qualitatively the rights enshrined therein. Relying upon recent literature on Latin American regional integration, this article considers the complex institutional and legal framework in which the Declaration has been adopted and implemented. It examines how the intergovernmental character of Mercosur has shaped the legal content of the Socio-Labour Declaration. The institutional context of the Declaration requires the active cooperation and intervention of both regional and national actors. This article explores how Mercosur bodies have taken advantage of the flexible institutional framework to implement the Declaration through regional plans and policies. It also analyses the contrasting enforcement roles of the national executive and legislative powers, characterized by their timidity, and the judicial activism that is essential to consider the Declaration as a justiciable instrument. The article concludes that the Socio-Labour Declaration is a crucial instrument in protecting workers’ rights in this trade bloc, and that the 2015 revision introduced substantial improvements that may provide the legal basis for future judgments, and regional and national labour laws reforms.
Mercosur, Socio-Labour Declaration, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Venezuela, Regional Integration, Labour Rights, Regional Trade Blocs, Latin America, Global South
Is Currency Undervaluation a Subsidy: US Law and Practice and the WTO Compatibility
Authors: Wu Chien-Huei , Lo Mao-Wei 
Published: April 2022

On 4 February 2020, the Department of Commerce (Commerce) adopted revised Regulations Regarding Benefit and Specificity in Countervailing Duties Proceedings after reviewing solicited comments. Soon after, the Commerce initiated countervailing investigations against Vietnamese passenger vehicle tires and Chinese twist ties, and for the first time imposed preliminary countervailing duties (CVDs) against these two countries based on currency undervaluation. This article considers the revised regulations, two CVD investigations and their WTOcompatibility. We argue that views on whether or not currency undervaluation constitutes a subsidy reflect divergences between the US and other negotiating parties during the Uruguay Round on the definition of a subsidy. Whereas currency undervaluation does confer benefits to producers and exporters, it does not fulfill the criteria of ‘financial contribution’ and specificity as laid down in the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) Agreement; thus the CVD decisions of the Commerce are WTO-incompatible.
Currency undervaluation, Countervailing duties, subsidy, specificity, financial contribution
Innovation Incentives in the Pharmaceutical Sector: Rethinking Competition and Public Policy?
Authors: P. Maier-Rigaud Frank , Lauer Robert , Robles Laura 
Published: April 2022

The incentives of pharmaceutical companies to innovate and how competition affects these incentives has been topical in recent years: for the general public, as evidenced by a patent race at an unprecedented pace during the ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic; and more specifically for competition authorities, as demonstrated for example by the role innovation played in the assessment of the Bayer/Monsanto (2018), Dow/DuPont (2017), and the Novartis/GSK (2015) mergers. This article contributes to the innovation debate, notably in the pharmaceutical industry, by giving an overview on firm and market-level incentives to carry out research and development (R&amp;D). Understanding these innovation incentives is relevant for a proper competition assessment where the effect of a particular conduct or structural change on these incentives is considered, but also more generally in the context of public policy or regulatory questions. We review the fundamental elements driving innovation incentives and tentatively relate these to the development of new drugs for neurodegenerative diseases (NDD), in particular Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
Health Economics, Pharmaceutical Products, Innovation, R&D, Information Asymmetry, Coase Conjecture, Replacement Effect, Patent Race, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACECLOFENAC LOADED STARCH MICROSPHERE
Authors: Yadav Rajni , Drammeh Isatou , Galgano Joseph 
Published: April 2022

Microspheres are a new category of novel drug delivery system which targets to increase the bioavailability and is formulated expediently to obtain prolonged or controlled drug delivery system in the body. Aceclofenac; a non steroidal anti inflammatory drug, is used to treat hurting rheumatic conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and alkylosing spondylitis. It eases pain and reduces inflammation at various sites. Aceclofenac acts by blocking the effect of chemical mediators called cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes which are released at inflamed regions. The aim of this research was to formulate Aceclofenac loaded starch microspheres and evaluate its in vitro properties to enhance the bioavailability of aceclofenac tablet. Aceclofenac loaded starch microspheres were prepared using emulsion cross linking method. Aceclofenac microspheres loaded with starch polymer were characterized, evaluated and it was found to influence all the parameters. The microspheres prepared showed great entrapment efficiency. In vitro release of all prepared polymeric formulations was quite good.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ORODISPERSIBLE TABLETS OF ACECLOFENAC BY DIRECT COMPRESSION METHOD
Authors: Ponnaganti Hyma , Anke Kaveri 
Published: April 2022

Nowadays, Oro dispersible tablets are gaining much importance because it is easily approachable and due to its patient compliance. In this study, Formulation and evaluation of one such tablets of Aceclofenac by direct compression method using super disintegrants like Cross carmellose sodium (CCS) was performed.
Due to low water soluble property of aceclofenac, it has poor dissolution and bioavailability. In order to minimize this property OTD’s are prepared. ODT’s were prepared by direct compression method using super disintegrant i.e Cross Carmellose Sodium (CCS) in different concentrations. The prepared powder blend was subjected to various evaluation studies like pre compression parameters like angle of repose, tapped density, and bulk density. Post compression parameters like weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, wetting time, disintegration and dissolution studies were performed. The drug excipients compatibility was verified by FTIR.
The precompression evaluation studies showed that the prepared powder blend has good flow property. The hardness and friability revealed that it has good mechanical strength with acceptable disintegration time. The optimized formulation indicated good in vitro drug dissolution profile with maximum drug being released at all the time intervals indicates an ideal profile for the development of ODT’s. The results of pre compression studies and post compression along with FTIR are presented.
A COMPREHENSIVE ELECTRONIC, VIBRATIONAL, NATURAL BOND ORBITAL AND REACTIVITY DESCRIPTOR ANALYSIS OF PHARMACOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULE MIGALASTAT: A THEORETICAL STUDY
Authors: Khare Abhishek , Narayan Vijay , Singh Ashok Kumar , Kumar Amarendra 
Published: April 2022

Migalastat (Galafold) is a pharmacological chaperone indicated for the long term treatment for fabry disease a rare genetic disorder in adults. Quantum chemical calculations of energy, geometrical shape and vibrational wavenumbers of Migalastat have been accomplished by the usage of DFT method. The specific exploration of the infrared spectra of the compound underneath have a look at is centered on potential energy distribution (PED). Dipole moment, polarizability and first order static hyperpolarizability calculation using DFT/B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory outlined the nonlinear optical behavior of the underlying molecule. The frontier molecular orbitals and molecular electrostatic potential map were additionally given to clarify the molecular characteristics of the compound. To show the chemical activity of the chemical compound, reactivity descriptors and thermodynamic properties were also calculated utilizing 6-311G(d,p) basis set. Electron density distribution on atoms and bonds of given molecule was interpreted by its complete NBO analysis.