bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crime, or Politics?
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In the postwar Austrian Republic, murder was reinterpreted as a symbol of declining society and as a tool to dehumanize political opponents. Following Austria’s defeat and the dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy, the most prominent form of individual violence came to represent the lack of a future direction of the republic and its complete material and moral breakdown, further adding to the feeling of a lack of personal safety in the dim streets of Vienna after sunset. Murder was also used in the young republic to dehumanize and discredit political opponents and to strengthen the internal solidarity of one’s own political camp. Thus, seemingly apolitical murders became instruments of bitter political struggle, or were interpreted as such. Whether it was a murder committed by a Catholic farmer or an urban proletarian laborer, newspapers assigned the perpetrators a social class, deepening divisions in society and complicating postwar renewal. Hence, the media’s construction of murder not only contributed to strengthening the overall sense of defeat, upheaval, and frustration, but also aggravated political polarization.
That the President May Long Govern
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In Czechoslovakia, the media and commentators explained the sharp increase in the number of murder cases following the dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy and the establishment of the new state by the twisted morality inherited from the Habsburg period. The expectation was that these “teething” problems, murder, and its cause, poverty, would simply go away and would be dealt with by the state once transition was fully completed. However, in the immediate postwar period the local courts were inundated with criminal cases, which were at time eased by the main symbol of unity in Czechoslovakia, President Tomáš G. Masaryk, who enacted a large number of presidential pardons, including in the case of murder. Murder was, as this chapter shows, prominently reported in the press where it was constructed as one of the elements in the complex culture of victory, with the reporting emphasizing that the wartime sacrifices needed to be defended in the new republic. In victorious Czechoslovakia, the press and the political parties did not use murder to sow the seeds of political divisions, but rather stressed the need for unity.
Ominous Eagles
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
After the end of the First World War, the area of South Tyrol first came under Italian military occupation and, with the signing of the Treaty of Saint Germain, Italy formally annexed the region. Following the end of the war the local press indicated that the region’s geopolitical horizons remained within the orbit of the now defunct Habsburg Monarchy, with reports on murders outside South Tyrol covering its previous German-language world. The Italian authorities welcomed this focus on the Austrian lands, as it highlighted the instability of the new Austrian Republic. As for murders within the South Tyrol, the press used these crimes to escalate the tensions between Germans and Italians, in an attempt to try to hold on to the German character of the province in the face of the Italianization efforts of the Fascists. The growing tensions between the Germans and the Italian authorities (and the Fascists) came to a head in 1922 with the killing of the German teacher Franz Innerhofer by an unidentified Fascist. Innerhofer’s death became a symbol of postwar crisis and decline.
Youths Outside the House
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Collective violence was not a new phenomenon during the First World War, but as this chapter shows, this form of violence did transform during the war and in its aftermath. Before 1914, collective violence tended to focus on issues of politics and nationalism and it was largely led by men, although women also did take part in a smaller capacity. However, the departure of men to the front changed the gender of collective protest. Violence during these protests increased and it was no longer possible to keep it in check via institutional means. During the war issues that were previously thought of as apolitical, such as the issue of food supply, were politicized. Thus, by studying collective violence we can point to a spontaneously arising “politics from below” during the war. Our aim is to understand the genesis of collective violence in the Austrian lands, the Czech lands, and in South Tyrol, the ideas this form of violence sought to share, and the various paths that these lands took out of the apocalypse and toward a postwar renewal.
Conclusion
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Focusing on murder and collective violence, we argue that these two forms of violence took on hitherto different meanings and importance for individuals and societies, shedding light on the mental horizons of societies that had been destabilized and then reconstructed in the postwar years. The concluding chapter provides readers with a summary of how the perception and narratives around murder developed from the periods before, during, and after the First World War. The public saw “bloody images” of murder through the narratives constructed by the press, but also through new scientific understandings in the courts. However, in Austria, in the Czech lands, and in South Tyrol local circumstances, the different views or lack of expert opinion, and in the postwar period their new situations following the dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy all influenced their understanding of murder differently. Collective violence, “bloody streets,” in many of its aspects was a new phenomenon in the last two years of the war and in the postwar period. The novelty was to be found in the growing number of collective excesses and in the composition of the crowds. Examining these two forms of violence helps us understand how societies that had been destabilized by the apocalypse of war and then embarked on different paths out of it, gave meaning to their unique, yet widely shared experiences.
Kink Subcultures and Community Membership
Authors: Wignall Liam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter moves beyond individualistic perspectives on kink to highlight how kink can be understood through subcultural frameworks that contain multiple kink communities. Theoretical developments in subcultural research are described, highlighting how subcultures were framed through a lens of deviance, then toward one of resistance, and finally through one of distinction. To compliment these theoretical developments, the chapter provides a working definition of subculture. The chapter draws on some key examples of research into sexual subcultures before describing the rich history of work on kinky sexual subcultures. The chapter also provides a discussion of the function of kink subcultures for its members.
Introduction
Authors: Gill Bates 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Opening with the question “What does China want from the world?” this chapter introduces the six fundamental drivers that increasingly shape Chinese foreign policy in the Xi Jinping era: legitimacy, sovereignty, wealth, power, leadership, and ideas. The chapter also outlines the book’s key motivations: to explain the fundamental objectives underlying Beijing’s international behavior and make them plainly understood; to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date catalog of the People’s Republic of China toolkit abroad, including in the economic, diplomatic, political, military, cultural, and ideational realms; and to clarify both the opportunities and challenges facing China’s global ambitions. Now a decade into Xi’s leadership, China is better positioned than ever before to realize its grand ambitions and has the potential to transform global affairs more in the next 10 years than it has over the past 30. As such, a clear understanding of the objectives driving Beijing’s foreign policy is needed now more than ever.
Opportunities机遇
Authors: Gill Bates 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the “period of strategic opportunity” that Chinese leaders saw before them—roughly the 20 to 25 years between the late 1990s and 2020—which would, in their view, favor China’s rise and establish the foundation on which to realize the long-standing aspiration of restoring China’s greatness—the “China Dream.” The chapter places Xi Jinping’s ascent to power within the larger context of that national dream and explains how Xi’s background and life experiences have shaped his leadership in pursuit of it. The chapter then outlines the many steps Xi has taken, both at home and abroad, to consolidate Party power, assert PRC interests more confidently, and lay the foundation for national rejuvenation in his first 10 years as paramount leader.
Perspectival Realism
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
What does it mean to be a realist about science if one takes seriously the view that scientific knowledge is always perspectival, namely historically and culturally situated? In Perspectival Realism, Michela Massimi articulates an original answer to this question. The result is a philosophical view that goes under the name of ‘perspectival realism’ and it offers a new lens for thinking about scientific knowledge, realism, and pluralism in science. Perspectival Realism begins with an exploration of how epistemic communities often resort to several models and a plurality of practices in some areas of inquiry, drawing on examples from nuclear physics, climate science, and developmental psychology. Taking this plurality in science as a starting point, Massimi explains the perspectival nature of scientific representation, the role of scientific models as inferential blueprints, and the variety of realism that naturally accompanies such a view. Perspectival realism is realism about phenomena (rather than about theories or unobservable entities). The result of this novel view is a portrait of scientific knowledge as a collaborative inquiry, where the reliability of science is made possible by a plurality of historically and culturally situated scientific perspectives. Along the way, Massimi offers insights into the nature of scientific modelling, scientific knowledge qua modal knowledge, data-to-phenomena inferences, and natural kinds as sortal concepts. Perspectival realism offers a realist view that takes the multicultural roots of science seriously and couples it with cosmopolitan duties about how one ought to think about scientific knowledge and the distribution of benefits gained from scientific advancements.
A tale from the ice, the sea, and the land: climate modelling
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces a second case study for perspectival modelling: the multi-model ‘ensembles’ in the 2013 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Fifth Assessment Report, Working Group 1 (AR5-WG1). It underlines the multifactorial nature of the phenomenon ‘global warming’ and how it in itself is the result of perspectival data-to-phenomena inferences that require a plurality of epistemic communities to work together. Such inferences are perspectival in bringing together a plurality of scientific perspectives, from dendroclimatology to palaeoclimatology and geothermal physics, among others. This perspectival pluralism is key to the reliability of the inferences from datasets and the justification of the knowledge claims advanced about global warming. The IPCC AR5-WG1 climate modelling is another example of perspectival modelling in being exploratory and delivering knowledge of what is possible. The purpose of this complex modelling exercise is not just to reliably establish that global warming is occurring, but also how fast it has occurred since the pre-industrial era, and, most importantly, to project how fast it may occur in the future depending on a number of greenhouse gas (GHG) Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Climate models illustrate what I call physical conceivability as a guide to possibility: they invite us to physically conceive of a number of GHG concentration scenarios so as to deliver knowledge of what might be the case about global warming in the year 2100, for example.
Evolving natural kinds
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter elucidates the nature and role of ‘truth-conducive conditionals-supporting inferences’ over time, seeing these inferences as joining the dots among modally robust phenomena and their lawlike dependencies. It is this inferential game that ultimately underpins the Neurathian strategy of NKHF. To illustrate this point, the chapter delves into an example taken from the history of the electron. It reconstructs how J.J. Thomson arrived at the identification of the charge-to-mass ratio for what he called a ‘corpuscle’ working on cathode rays around 1897 and the role of situated epistemic communities including glass-blowers and kelp-makers behind this discovery (Section 10.2). It turns then to a different perspective within which Grotthuss and later Helmholtz and others were studying the phenomenon of electrolysis (Section 10.3). And it briefly examines the influential treatment of the electric charge as a natural unit by Planck and the emerging quantum perspective (Section 10.4). These historical details feed into the philosophical analysis in the rest of the chapter, which returns to the notion of perspectival models as inferential blueprints and modally robust phenomena (Section 10.5). It illustrates how Grotthuss’s chain model and Thomson’s model of the Faraday tubes acted as inferential blueprints to support truth-conducive conditionals-supporting inferences. Section 10.7 zooms into the details of one such chain of conditionals-supporting inferences. The division of modal labour between indicative and subjunctive conditionals described in Chapter 5 is here applied to tease out and exemplify how our knowledge that there is an electric charge is the outcome of epistemic communities across scientific perspectives engaging in an inferential game of asking for reasons as to why any particular grouping of phenomena hangs together.
The Second Movement
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 identifies the form of the second (Andante) movement as alternating variation form, a design invented by Josef Haydn. Two themes—both composed earlier—appear in opposing modes, followed alternately by variations. A specific prototype for this movement is identified in Haydn’s “Drumroll” Symphony. Mahler’s first theme flows freely in a Schubertian manner; its variations add an expansive, lyrical countermelody. The second theme is more energetic, and its variation becomes developmental. In combining a free-flowing, Schubertian melody with the more rigid protocols of alternating variation form, Mahler allows the Schubertian aesthetic to prevail. Although audiences generally received it approvingly, Mahler was dissatisfied with this movement, particularly with the intensity of its contrast with the first movement. Mahler attempted to ameliorate the contrast between the first and second movements by mandating a five-minute pause between the first and second movements.
How to Complete the Symphony
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We know that Mahler put the Second Symphony aside for five years but resumed work in 1893, completing the three inner movements. In Chapter 8, we learn that he still lacked a text for what he planned as a choral finale. In March 1894, he attended the funeral of Hans van Bülow. There he heard a chorale on Friedrich Klopstock’s poem Auferstehen about resurrection. It provided a moment of epiphany regarding the needed text for the finale. According to his friend Josef Foerster, Mahler began composing the finale the same day and completed it in relatively short order. The Viennese psychoanalyst Theodor Reik, however, offered an alternative view of Mahler’s epiphany. Citing the annihilating criticism von Bülow levelled at the first movement of Mahler’s symphony, Reik suggested that Mahler unconsciously wished for the conductor’s death, and it was the fulfilment of that wish that expedited work on the finale.
The Last Movement, Part 3: Collapse, Climactic Resolution, a Stunning Reversal, and Celebration
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 11 examines the symphony’s denouement. Dramatically, the chorus sings Mahler’s music for Klopstock’s Auferstehen, the statement of traditional Christian eschatology Mahler heard at von Bülow’s funeral. The music begins with a complete returning-note figure, providing sublime satisfaction for listeners who realize that the many incomplete renditions of this figure insinuated the need for its completion here. The succeeding music confirms this powerful resolution. Christian resurrection renders life meaningful after death. The symphony could end here but for an important loose end: we still don’t know the significance of the sensual English horn theme. Stunningly, Mahler upends the choral climax and provides another, more compelling conclusion. The contralto sings the sensual music to Mahler’s verses, which offer a secular-leaning eschatology: immortality is gained not through judgment, but by striving for love. The symphony ends with a love duet in the manner of Tristan, and a powerful statement of the Immortality motive from Siegfried.
State Capacity and Social Investment
Authors: Bogliaccini Juan A. , Madariaga Aldo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Latin America has been historically characterized by a focus on compensatory social policies, state capacity problems, and unstable political coalitions impairing political and policy sustainability. In the 1980s–1990s socioeconomic transformations and a new international policy agenda put emphasis on skills creation. Considering skills creation as a key component of a social investment agenda, this chapter sheds light on how Latin American countries have engaged with this agenda and a legacy of low demand for skilled labor and chronic educational coverage and quality problems. The authors analyze one crucial scope condition for social investment expansion: state capacity. Looking at four countries with different state capacity levels and diverse reform outcomes—Bolivia, Guatemala, Chile, and Uruguay—they argue that state capacity is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for skills creation social investment. State capacity matters at two crucial moments of the policymaking process: first, as a background variable that affects reform efforts and, second, during the policy implementation period. A second necessary but insufficient condition is how partisan coalitions interact with policy legacies. The authors show that only the two conditions together allow Latin American countries to advance social investment reforms in a sustainable fashion.
“Awakened in a New World”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter recounts the end of John Leland’s life and considers his place in American religious history. Leland lived a remarkably long life—he was nearly eighty-seven when he died—during some of the most eventful decades of American history. His almost seventy years in the public eye allowed Leland to witness, and participate in, sweeping transformations in American society. These included the achievement of religious disestablishment in both Virginia and New England, the ascendancy of popular revivalism in American religious culture, the promotion of radical individualism in Baptist Christianity, the wide-scale rejection and modification of Calvinistic theology, the rise of denominationalism and voluntary evangelical societies, the ascendancy of evangelicals in American politics, and more.
Strategic Philanthropy and International Strategies
Authors: Levi Ron , Dinovitzer Ronit , Wong Wendy H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Ford Foundation’s grantmaking in the field of legal education. Relying on budget data from the 1950s to the 2000s, we find that the Ford Foundation’s investments in law schools and legal education promoted the reliance on legal expertise for addressing problems of governance, both within the US and abroad. Across different political eras, this notably included the fields of human rights, social justice, international law, trade and commerce, and international development. Internationally, these investments also helped to build greater autonomy for lawyers and legal education from the state. The chapter further demonstrates how the Ford Foundation’s investments were often internationally directed in ways that encouraged law schools to create links between US-based law professors and elites abroad. The chapter further concludes that through grantmaking to law schools and legal education, the Ford Foundation has invested in models of legal expertise as foundational to statemaking.
Transnational Legal Networks and the Reshaping of Legal Education in Latin America
Authors: Couso Javier 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses a unique transnational legal network called “Seminario en Latinoamérica de Teoría Constitucional y Política” (Latin American Seminar on Constitutional and Political Theory), also known as SELA, which brings together legal scholars from Latin America’s most important law schools and one of the United States’ most prestigious centers of legal education, Yale Law School. Due to a number of features analyzed in the chapter, the author argues that SELA represents one of the most consequential networks contributing to global legal education in Latin America in the last twenty-five years. In fact, throughout this period, SELA has managed—in a persistent and gradual way—to contribute to reshaping Latin America’s legal academy, as well as to propagate the values of liberal legalism in the region. Furthermore, its capacity to adapt to changing global and regional circumstances and, in particular, its ability to absorb new paradigms and methodological perspectives, has ensured its survival for a quarter of a century. Finally, the chapter emphasizes the fact that transnational networks of legal academics from the North and the South such as SELA represent sites that do not just play the ostensible role of serving as meeting points where scholars discuss their research, but, in the case of young legal academics from the Global South, these networks allow them to share their plight with colleagues similarly situated, something which, in turn, provides them with strategies and support in their struggle for recognition and academic consolidation in their home countries.
The Unstoppable Force, the Immovable Object
Authors: Vieira Oscar Vilhena , Ghirardi José Garcez 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the unique challenges posed by democratization and globalization to many emerging countries. Those phenomena have compelled them to find suitable answers to the often competing imperatives of fostering social justice and enhancing economic performance. It explains how fast-paced changes in the global economy have pushed countries to rapidly adjust to a radically transformed international marketplace, which has been characterized by a tendency to widen social inequality within individual countries. The chapter also reviews the language of rights that has become a chief vehicle in the struggle against social disparity since Brazil’s return to democratic rule and the enactment of the 1988 Constitution. The chapter provides a brief overview of the origins of Brazil’s law schools, created in 1827 by an imperial decree to provide the newly independent country with a much-needed legal bureaucracy. The chapter recounts how Brazil proved it was capable of educating its own legal and political elite and discusses the current challenges to legal education in Brazil by examining the pioneering experience of FGV Direito SP, founded in 2002, as an illustration of the difficulties in implementing a new paradigm for law schools in the emerging South.