bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Wireworms with Soil Insecticides and Seed Treatments, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassa. , Steffey Kevin L. , Gray Mike E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We established 2 wireworm trials in field corn, one at Assumption (Christian County) and the other at Hutsonville (Crawford County). The Assumption site had been a permanent pasture until 10 yr ago, and wireworms have been a problem for the last 6 yr. Three wireworm baits (each a 2-oz mixture of wheat and corn buried 4-6 inches deep) were placed in this field in early spring. An average of 4 wireworms/bait station was found in the germinating seed-baits 3 wk after baiting. The Hutsonville site had been used as set-aside acreage in 1987 and had been planted to soybeans and corn in 1988 and 1989, respectively. An average of 12 wireworms was found in each of the 3 bait stations in this field. The experimental designs were randomized complete block with 4 replications at Assumption and 6 at Hutsonville. Treatments were applied to single rows (50-ft long at Assumption and 85-ft long at Hutsonville) with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticides were applied with Noble units mounted on each of the planter units (John Deere 7000 series, 4-row max-emergence planter). Granules were applied in-furrow or in a 7- inch band ahead of the firming wheels and were incorporated into the soil. Seed treatments were mixed with seed on the day of planting. Following corn emergence, stand counts (in 17.3 ft of row) and 2 trench soil samples were taken from each plot. A soil sample consisted of a trench of soil 3.3 ft (length) × 4 inches (width) × 4 inches (depth) that was removed and sifted from each row. The number of live wireworm larvae was recorded for each trench sample. In addition, seeds/seedlings in each 3.3 ft of row were examined for wireworm damage and rated according to the following scale; (1) seed/seedling undamaged, (2) seed/seedling damaged but plant established, (3) seed/seedling damaged, with plant showing some signs of stress, and (4) seed/seedling damaged, with no plant establishment. The percentage of damaged plants was calculated from the rating scale. Before ANOVA, wireworm data were transformed by square root (x + 0.5) and percent damage data were transformed by arcsine [square root (%/100)]. Untransformed data are presented.
Control of Southern Corn Billhug in Field Corn, 1990
Authors: Roberts P. M. , All J. N. , Guillebeau L. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn seed was planted on 16 Apr at the Southeastern Branch Experiment Station, Burke County. Soil type was a Marlboro sandy loam. A randomized complete block design was used with 2-row plots × 20 ft long × 38 inch row width with 3 ft alleys and 6 replications. Granules were applied in a 15-cm band at planting. All plants in each plot were examined for southern corn billbug damage on 2, 9, and 16 May. Yield was determined by harvesting all ears in each plot on 4 Sep.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1990
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Granular insecticides were applied to suppress larval rootworm populations in two fields in west central Nebr. Insecticides were applied to Field I at planting on 18 May with application boxes on a John Deere Max-emerge planter. Two replications of each treatment were arranged in a randomized complete block design. T-Band applications were made in a 7.0 inch band in front of the press wheel. Banded applications were made by applying a 7.0 inch band behind the press wheel. In-furrow applications were made by applying insecticide directly into the seed furrow. Corn variety for Field I was undetermined at time of writing. Insecticides were applied to Field II at the time of irrigation furrow construction, 27 Jun, to the base of the plants, with International Harvester boxes on a Hawkins/Bridger ditching unit. Treatments in Field II were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were evaluated 13 Jul by rating washed roots, using the 1-6 Iowa State root rating scale, of 4 plants from each treatment.
Evaluation of In-Furrow Insecticides for Early Season Thrips Control on Cotton in Mississippi, 1990
Authors: Grant Robert R. , Reed Jack T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eleven treatments were evaluated for thrips control on cotton planted 25 May in sandy loam soil on the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Soil and ambient temperatures at planting were 23.0 and 23.7°C, respectively, and soil moisture was adequate. Plots were 4 rows x 50 ft (38 inch centers) arranged in a randomized complete block statistical design with four replications. Granular materials were applied by a John Deere planter equipped with granule applicator boxes. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer with an 8002E nozzle positioned above and in line with the furrow so as to direct all the spray into the furrow at a rate of 5 gal/acre. Water was used as the carrier for sprayed insecticides. Thrips counts were obtained by collecting 5 plants at random from each plot, placing them in a plastic bag and transporting them to the laboratory. Samples were collected on 6, 12, 21 and 27 Jun. Plants were washed with a few drops of detergent and sodium hyperchlorite bleach per liter of water and rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve. Thrips were then rinsed onto filter paper for counting under a binocular microscope. Rainfall between the planting date and 27 Jun totaled 5.09 inches. Boll counts were made on 26 Sep. The center 2 rows of each plot were mechanically harvested on 9 Oct.
Ovo-Larvicidal Activity of Curacron From Different Spray Droplet Attributes, 1990
Authors: Kirk I. W. , House V. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Curacron applied at 3 rates with 2 nozzle types was evaluated for % mortality of TBW eggs and neonate larvae and percent control of fruit damage by the neonate larvae. Cotton plants were grown in the greenhouse, 2 plants/pot, to average heights of 17-21 inches. TBW eggs (0-24 h old) were collected from a susceptible strain of laboratory reared moths and transferred to the cotton plants with a small water-moistened brush. Plants were sprayed in a laboratory spray chamber and then returned to the greenhouse for further treatment and evaluation. A factorial arrangement of treatments was used to determine the effect of droplet size and density and rate of Curacron on control of TBW eggs, neonate larvae, and fruit damage. Target droplet sizes, Dv0.3, of 285 and 180 μm with corresponding droplet densities of 25 and 70 drops/cm2 were obtained in preliminary screening of selected sections of the spray plume of Spraying Systems 8002E and 650033 nozzles, respectively. Rates were 0.057, 0.125, and 0.250 lb/acre in spray deposit rates of 1.12 and 2.28 gal/acre for the 650033 and 8002E nozzles, respectively. Nine eggs were placed on each of 3 fully expanded terminal leaves of each plant in each pot prior to spraying (54 eggs/pot). Eggs were similarly placed on other sprayed plants 1 and 2 DAT. This 2 × 3 × 3 (nozzle × rate × days posttreatment) experiment with 3 replications was conducted in triplicate. Six d after egg placement, the plants were examined for egg hatch, larval mortality, and fruit damage. The percentage eggs hatched, percentage larval recovery from hatched eggs, and percentage damaged fruit were converted to percent mortality and percent damage compared to an untreated check by Abbott's formula. Data were transformed by arcsine x prior to ANOVA and DMRT.
Early Season Insect Control with Infurrow Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Long D. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The insecticidal efficacy, effects on plant growth and yields of selected insecticide treatments applied as in-furrow sprays was compared to that for Temik 15 G. Cotton was planted in a Gigger Silt Loam on 24 Apr with a John Deere 7100 planter modified to apply pesticides through a granular applicator hopper boxes or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. Infurrow sprays were applied with a COa charged delivery system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre through Teejet 8003 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 52 psi. Plots consisted of 4 rows on 40-inch centers × 65-ft. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Numbers of thrips and aphids were determined by sampling 10 plants on 16 and 25 May using whole-plant washing procedures. Plant stand, leaf area and plant height were measured on 15, 21 and 28 May, respectively. Yields were measured by harvesting the 2 middle rows of each plot on 24 Sep and 10 Oct. All plots received Terraclor Super-X (10 lb form./acre) at planting as a standard fungicide treatment. The entire test was furrow irrigated throughout the season.
Late-Season Control of the Bollworm-Tobacco Budworm Complex, 1990
Authors: Micinski S. , Kirby M. L. , Graves J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticides and 6 insecticide combinations were evaluated late season at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, La., to determine the efficacy of the selected treatments in controlling the bollworm-tobacco budworm complex on cotton. Cotton was planted 8 Jun on 1.02-m centers. Plots were 4 rows × 30.5 m and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 11.4 liters of finished spray solution/acre at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Treatments were applied on 24 and 30 Aug, and 6 Sep. A standard cotton insecticide program was followed on the entire test area until 9 Aug, when all insecticide sprays were terminated. Insect levels and plant damage were monitored 3—5 DAT by examining 25 squares/plot.
Evaluation of In-Furrow and Side-Dress Insecticide Applications for Thrips and Aphid Control on Cotton, 1990
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Brown Paul H. , Grant Robert R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirteen treatments were evaluated for thrips and aphid control on cotton planted 17 May in sandy loam soil on the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Soil and ambient temperatures were 24.6 and 22.2°C, respectively, and soil moisture was adequate. Plots were 12 rows by 50 ft (38 inch centers) arranged in a randomized complete block statistical design with 4 replications. Granular material was applied by a John Deere planter equipped with granule applicator boxes. Liquid treatments were applied at planting by use of a CO2-powered sprayer with an 8002E nozzle positioned above and in line with the furrow so as to direct all the spray into the furrow at a volume of 5 gal/acre. Water was used as the carrier for sprayed insecticides. Five treatments received an additional application by side-dressing and 2 treatments received only the side-dressing application. Sidedressing was applied 27 Jun, 2 inches deep by using a John Deere planter offset 8 inches from the seed furrow and with 1 press wheel removed. Liquids were applied at 10 gal/acre. Insect samples were obtained by collecting 5 plants at random from the center 4 rows of each plot, placing them in a plastic bag and transporting them to the laboratory. Samples for thrips on seedling cotton were collected 24 May, 1, 7, 12 and 19 Jun. Plants were washed with a few drops of detergent and sodium hyperchlorite bleach per liter of water, and rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve. Insects were then rinsed onto filter paper for counting under a binocular microscope. Sampling for aphids after 19 Jun was accomplished by counting insects on each of 10 leaves picked at random in the center 4 rows of each plot from 3 levels of the plant canopy, the fourth fully expanded leaf below the terminal, a leaf arising from the mainstem Vi of the plant height down the plant from the terminal, and a leaf near the bottom of the plant. Rainfall between the planting date and 19 Jun totaled 6.03 inches. Rainfall between 27 Jun and 19 Jul was 3.65 inches. The center 4 rows of all plots were mechanically harvested 9 Oct. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. An application of Thiodan at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre was applied 3 Jul to reduce aphids because control from the side-dressing was not noticeable.
Thrips Control in Peanuts, 1989
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Gorbet D. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was located in Jackson County, Fla., planted 18 May. Plot size was 4 rows × 20 ft with a 36-inch row spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Granular treatments were applied at planting in a 7-inch band over the row, by using a Gandy applicator attached to the planter. In-furrow insecticides were released between the seed furrow openers and the press wheels. The banded insecticide treatment was released after the press wheel but before a drag chain. Spray insecticide treatments were applied 6 Jun with a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with 3, D3 nozzles/row. These chemicals were applied at about 36 psi, with the amount of spray about 25 gal/acre. The density of thrips in terminal buds was estimated in each untreated control and granular insecticide plot on 1 Jun and in plots of all treatments on 12, 15, and 22 Jun. Each thrips sample consisted of 8 terminal buds randomly selected from the 2 outer rows of a plot on each sample date. A terminal bud consisted of all unexpanded leaves on the end of a stem. Each sample was placed in a labeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents of each vial under a 7 to 15 × dissecting scope.
Corn Earworm Control in 'Nc T Peanut in Virginia, 1990
Authors: Herbert D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against CEW in cv. NC 7 virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, Va. Peanuts were planted 2 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Temik 15 G at 1 lb (AI)/acre was applied in-furrow at planting. Test treatments were applied on 20 Aug using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal formulation/acre at 50 psi through three D2-13 disc-core cone spray nozzles per row, 1 over the top and 1 on each side. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 30 ft. Treatments were evaluated at 2, 7 and 14 DAT by comparing numbers of small, medium and large-sized CEW larvae, corresponding to lst-2nd, 3rd-4th and 5th-6th instar groupings, respectively, per 3 row-ft. Pretreatment means were determined from four 3 row-ft samples per replicate taken before treatments were applied on 20 Aug. Yield was determined by digging, combining (28 Sep), drying and weighing peanuts from the two center rows of each plot.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Corn Earworms and Fall Armyworms on Peanuts, 1990
Authors: Mack T. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled peanut at the Wiregrass Substation in Headland, Ala. Eight treatments and a control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 4 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 50 ft long. Replicates were separated by a 15 ft alley. Treatments were applied in water on 26 Jul using a boom sprayer equipped with 3 TX3 nozzles/row operating at 40 psi and delivering 8.3 gal/acre. Insect populations were monitored by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between 2 randomly selected rows and by beating both rows. Samples were taken at 1 hr before treatment and at four and seven DAT.
Velvetbean Caterpillar (VBC) Control in Soybean, 1989
Authors: Funderburk Joe , Maruniak Jim , Boucias Drion 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was located in Gadsden County, Fla., and planted 23 May. Plot size was 8 rows × 15 m with a 0.91-m row spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 replications. All treatments were applied on 22 Aug, except for a treatment of the VBC nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AgNPV) which was applied on 17 Aug. All applications were made with a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with 3, D3 nozzles/row. Each treatment was applied at about 36 psi, with the amount of spray about 25 gal/acre. Efficacy data were made by taking 25 sweeps/plot with a 0.38-m-diam sweepnet on each of 5 dates. The 2 center rows of each plot were not sampled, and yield estimates were made by harvesting 10 m of these rows on 11 Nov.
Early Season Insecticide Evaluation Against Mexican Rice Borer on Sugarcane, 1990
Authors: Meagher R. L. , Pfannenstiel R. S. , Saldana R. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A field of 1st ratoon sugarcane, clone ‘CP 70-321,’ located in Hidalgo County, near Runn, Tex., was sprayed during early season to suppress populations of MRB. The field was sectioned into plots of 70 rows (60-inch centers) × 560 ft (4.5 acre). Guthion and an unsprayed control were randomly assigned to plots in a complete block design with 4 replications. Sprays were applied at 30 psi in 47 gal of water/plot (10.5 gal/acre) using a ground sprayer with 7 nozzles (1 per row) on a 42-ft boom. Sprays were applied on 23 Mar and 5 Apr; only 2 sprays were applied so that the grower had the option to spray 3 more times during the rest of the season. A prespray count of live borers and % stalk infestation was taken 21 Mar and postspray efficacy was evaluated 27 Mar, 3, 17, 30 Apr, 14, and 28 May by examining 50 randomly selected surgarcane stalks from each plot. Samples were taken at least 7 rows away from adjoining plots.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Conventional Formulations and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course Fairway in Mifflin County, PA., 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker Robert 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (6 Sep), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 40.8% sand, 42.0% silt, 17.2% sand; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 7.0; and soil pH, 5.4. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 27 d later (Oct 3). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Chinch Bug Control in Buffalograss, 1990
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Riordan T. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on a buffalograss lawn in Lincoln, Nebr. Insecticides were applied on 5 Sep to 4 × 4 ft plots arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Topography in the treated area was level. The predominant grass species was buffalograss (98%) which was maintained at a mowing height of 4.0 inches. Thatch accumulation ranged from 0-0.25 inches. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature 96°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 91°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0-7.0; water pH, 7.0. Soil moisture was well below field capacity. Liquid insecticides were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal spray/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were combined with 5.0 oz clay granules, which served as a carrier, and were hand-shaken over plots. Immediately following application, plots were syringed with 0.125 inches water. No rainfall occurred during the posttreatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 5 DAT (10 Sep) by removing from each plot three turf-soil cores to a depth of 2 inches with a 4-inch diam cup cutter (0.26 ft2 total area per plot). Cores were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 h.
Control of the Greenpeach Aphid on Chrysanthemum Under Greenhouse Conditions, Spring 1989
Authors: Bethke James A. , Parrella Michael P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chrysanthemums were obtained as rooted cuttings and potted in 15 cm pots in a greenhouse at UCR and allowed 4 wk growth before use. During the growth phase, the plants were exposed to heavy populations of aphids within the greenhouse. By 4 wk, the plants had obtained a moderate amount of aphids for treatment. Only the terminal portions of the plants were used for aphid counts (3 unexpanded leaves) and marked with a twist tie around the stem at that point. Therefore, posttreatment counts would be made of the same aphids and their young if produced. Plants were assigned to treatments to ensure an equal distribution of aphids/treatment. Six plants/treatment were sprayed at 45 psi using a hand sprayer. Treated plants were held on raised benches in a greenhouse at 26.7°C and ambient relative humidity. Posttreatment counts were taken at 5 and 8 d.
Pear Psylla Control with S 71639, 1990
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eleven-yr-old pear 'Bartlett' and 'Anjou' trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate S 71639 for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of 2 replicates of 6 × 6 tree rectangles. Treatments were evaluated for PP and PRM control by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adult PP were counted from a 25-beating-tray sample/replication. PP nymphs and PRM were counted from 2 50-leaf sample/ replicate. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under magnification. PP russet and other pest damage were rated according to U.S. grade standards for fresh market pears on 100 mature fruits/cultivar/replication. Factors of fruit quality including firmness, soluble solids and size were evaluated from 2 10-fruit samples/replicate at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray. Pest control and fruit damage were compared to a standard spray program and a control plot in a different pear block located about 300 m from the S 71639 treated plots. The standard program consisted of the following sprays: 1) 15 May, Guthion 35 WP 12 oz; Agri-Mek 0.15 E 5 oz and superior type oil 1 qt/100 gal. 2) 5 Jun, Guthion 35 WP 12 oz/100 gal. 3) 9 Jul, Mitac 50 WP 12 oz/ 100 gal. 4) 19 Jul, Guthion 35 WP 12 oz plus Mitac 50 WP 12 oz/100 gal.
Control of the Greenhouse Whitefly on Selected Ornamentals Under Greenhouse Conditions, Summer 1990
Authors: Bethke James A. , Redak Richard A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Gerbera and lantana provided in 1 gal pots were arranged in a randomized block design (12 plants/treatment) in a commercial greenhouse in Orange County, Calif. Treatments were made using a 3 gal hydraulic sprayer at 150 psi at weekly intervals for a period of 3 wk beginning on 20 Jul. A pretreatment sample of one fully expanded leaf/plant was taken followed by weekly post-treatment samples. The total no. of greenhouse whitefly nymphs/leaf were recorded.