bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photographing Large Trees to Show Limb Structure1
Authors: Stebbins R. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The difficulty of photographing a large tree in an orchard so that its limb structure can be clearly seen without the distraction of a confusing background is familiar to many pomologists (Fig. 1). Even more frustrating is the problem of taking good slides of large trees for use in talks on pruning. Trees have a way of outgrowing whatever we stretch behind them in our attempts to simplify the background (Fig. 2). The use of flash photography at night enables one to photograph a large tree in a row of trees with little or no confusing background. The resulting negative can be used to make positive prints (Fig. 3) or can be projected as a slide (Fig. 4). Use of highly sensitive black-and-white film such as Kodak's Tri X, ASA 400, with which the accompanying photographs were taken, eliminates the need for an unusually powerful flash gun. Whether successfully photographed a whole tree with a 10 m spread from a distance of more than 10 m (Fig. 5). Fig. 4 is from a negative made from the original negative used to make Fig. 3. Fig. 4 shows how the original negative looks when projected as a slide for use with lectures on pruning.
CPTA Improves Postharvest Degreening of ‘Shamouti’ Oranges1
Authors: Gertman Eitan , Fuchs Yoram 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Green ‘Shamouti’ oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) were treated with 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)-triethylamine hydrochloride (CPTA), (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), ethylene and wax in various combinations. Effects of these treatments on degreening, as measured by reflectance determinations at 670 nm, showed that CPTA, alone or in combination with ethylene or ethephon may accelerate degreening of oranges but it can not overcome the inhibitory effect of waxing on the degreening process. CPTA was about 100 times more effective at pH 9.0 than at pH 4.2.
A Method for Selecting the Optimum Maturity Distribution for Mechanical Harvesting of Clingstone Peaches for Processing1
Authors: Tyson B. L. , Dull G. G. , Webb B. K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
High speed reflected light spectrophotometry was used to determine an optimum maturity distribution of mechanically harvested clingstone peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) for processing. Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) applied at pit-hardening, advanced the optimum harvest date from 3 to 5 days and increased the yield of processable fruit from 62% for the control trees to 80% for the treated trees.
The Growing of Gras
Authors: Spiher Alan T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
On September 6, 1958, President Eisenhower signed the Food Additives Amendment into law and thus extended the concept of premarketing clearance for drugs and pesticides to food and food additives. Congress, in promulgating this legislation, defined any substance added to food as a food additive, except for two classes of food ingredients: substances that are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) among those scientifically qualified to judge safety and substances whose use(s) in food were sanctioned by the Food and Drug Administration or the U.S. Department of Agriculture prior to September 6, 1958.
Gras Regulations: Concerns of the Food Processing Industry
Authors: Crosby Edwin A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The canning industry’s concern for the Food and Drug Administration’s GRAS regulations covering the breeding and selection of new plant varieties was first aroused in January, 1971. We discovered the proposal published in the Federal Register of December 8, 1970 suggesting new criteria for FDA classification of substances as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in foods. For the first time, these regulations which had previously dealt with chemicals to be used as food additives made reference to new plant varieties and alterations in composition that might occur by breeding or selection. Specifically, the original proposal stated:
“(b)(2) Substances that may be considered as GRAS only after individual reviews of pertinent data; the Food and Drug Administration will promulgate in the Federal Register the names (and limitations, if any) of substances it affirms as GRAS, as follows: … (ii) foods that have had a significant alteration of composition by breeding or selection.”
Apple Quality after Storage in Air, Delayed-CA or CA1
Authors: Anderson Raymond E. , Abbott Judith A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fruit of apple (Malus domestica Bork) stored in air for 3 to 4 months at 0°C before being placed in CA (delayed-CA) generally were of intermediate quality between apples stored in CA soon after harvest and those stored in air. Apples from CA had lower respiration rates, higher acidities, and were rated harder and juicier by taste panelists than apples stored in air. Four cultivars responded similarly to these storage conditions.
Hydraulic Displacement of Tank Fertilizer Solution(s) into a Trickle Irrigation System1
Authors: Ponder H. G. , Kenworthy A. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Objectives were to develop a non-electrical field fertilizer injection system for trickle irrigation and to determine fertilizer turnover rates for the system. Materials included a plastic tank(s), a flow regulating valve, and small I.D. inlet, outlet connector lines. Flow from the tank(s) was created by a pressure differential across the flow regulating valve. With post valve line pressure known, micro tubes for inlet, outlet lines were cut to lengths necessary for specific flow rates. Fertilizer turnover rates were determined by placing known quantities of KC1 in the tank(s) and collecting aliquots released from the tank(s) at half-cycle intervals (1 cycle = volume of tank). K concentration was determined by flame photometer. For a one tank system, 66% of fertilizer solution was removed per cycle. As tanks were added in series the depletion rate was reduced. This system is amenable to field trickle irrigation plots.
The Inheritance of Two Induced Cotyledon Mutants of Cucumber1
Authors: Whelan Ernest D. P. , Williams P. H. , Abul-Hayja Z. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Yellow cotyledon, yc-2, and revolute cotyledon, rc, were induced in seed of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Burpless Hybrid) by gamma radiation. Both mutations were controlled by single, recessive genes. The mutation yc-2 segregated independently of rc, yellow cotyledon, yc-1, determinate growth habit, de, non-bitter cotyledon, bi, crinkled-leaf, cr, glabrate, gib, glabrous, gl, and andromonoecious flowering habit.
Effect of Herbicides on Weed Control and Nitrate Accumulation in Table Beets1
Authors: Phatak S. C. , Cantliffe D. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Good broadleaf weed control was achieved in table beets (Beta vulgaris L.) with cycloate, CNP, pebulate, lenacil, pyrazon (preplant application = pre), IMC 3950, TCA + pyrazon and pebulate (preplant incorporation = ppi) followed by pyrazone (postplant incorporation = post), while fair to good weed control was achieved with EPTC, propachlor and solubor. Poor weed control was obtained from CDEC, chlorpropham, pyrazon (post) and TCA. Yields expressed as $/ha or tons/ha were reduced by chlorpropham, lenacil, CNP and TCA. Nitrate-N was significantly increased in blades of beets by lenacil, pyrazon (pre) and CNP. The herbicides cyloate, CNP, EPTC, pebulate (ppi) — pyrazon (post), and TCA + pyrazon increased NO3-N concentrations in petioles. TCA + pyrazon and CNP increased NO3-N in beet roots, while CDEC, chlorpropham, solubor and pyrazon (post) decreased NO3-N. Total N concentration in the leaf blades was not affected by any of the herbicide treatments. Total N in petioles increased when TCA, chlorpropham, lenacil and CNP were used. TCA, chlorpropham, lenacil and CNP increased root total N.
External and Internal Phosphate Requirements of Field Grown Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Nishimoto Roy K. , Fox Robert L. , Parvin Phillip E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Phosphorus fertilizer was applied as specified by adsorption curves to establish 8 concentrations of P in the soil solutions of a soil developed in volcanic ash with a large capacity to immobiize P. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cvs. Indianapolis Yellow and Iceberg produced similar vegetative growth with the same P levels in soil solution. There were cultivar differences in percentages of P in the recently matured leaves. Growth of a ratoon crop of one cultivar required less external P than was required by the plant crop and the internal P requirement of both was less than the same cultivars grown as a plant crop. For “Indianapolis Yellow’, maximum flower diameter was obtained at much lower external P concentrations than was required for maximum total fresh weight.
Comparative Activity of Commercially Available Maleic Hydrazide Formulations on Several Plant Species1
Authors: Sachs R. M. , DeBie J. , Kretchun T. , Mock T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A new formulation of maleic hydrazide (Royal Slo-Gro), containing the surfactant polyoxyethylene trimethylnonyl ether (TMN-10), was superior to the maleic hydrazide formulation, containing polyoxyethylene nonyl surfactant (X-77) for inhibiting shoot elongation of Pinus radiata L., Xylosma congestum (Lour.) Merr., Viburnum japonicum (Thunb.) Spreng., and Coprosma repens A. Rich. The X-77 formulation was superior to the one containing TMN-10 for inhibiting growth of Juniperus sabina L. ‘Tamariscifolia’, Pyracantha coccinea (Roem.), and Callistemon citrinus (Curt.). There was little difference between the two formulations in tests with Cotoneaster pannosa (Franch.) and mixed results were obtained with Nerium oleander L. The greatest advantage of the TMN-10 formulation was manifested in Pinus where inhibition occurred without severe foliar discoloration, necrosis, or tip dieback which are characteristic of other maleic hydrazide formulations.
Dikegulac: A Promising New Foliar-applied Growth Regulator for Woody Species1
Authors: Sachs R. M. , Hield H. , DeBie J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Foliar application of 0.1 to 1% dikegulac-sodium [sodium 2,3:4,6-di-0-isopropyl-idene-2-keto-L-gulonate (Atrinal)] inhibited (shoot) elongation and axillary bud break for more than 3 months in field grown Xylosma congestum, (Lour.) Merr., Pyracantha coccinea (Roem.), Callistemon citrinus (Curt.), Cotoneaster pannosa (Franch.), and Nerium oleander L. Phytotoxic symptoms were minor in most species, but Nerium, chlorosis of young leaves and necrotic areas on tips of half expanded leaves were noted. Applications made immediately after pruning eliminated this problem. Fully expanded leaves were undamaged and their viability more than 5 months after treatment with 1% solutions were equal to that of control plants. Greenhouse trials with Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) lingelsh, and Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. indicated that this compound will also be a useful inhibitor for landscape tree species, although at 0.4%, phytotoxicity in Eucalyptus may be too severe for general application.
Effect of Intermittent Mist on Abscisic Acid Levels in Euonymus alatus Sieb.: Leaching vs. Moisture Stress1
Authors: Hemphill D. D. , Tukey H. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) content of Euonymus alatus leaves increased in response to increasing moisture stress. In excised leaves, ABA content rose rapidly following loss of 7-10% of the initial fresh weight In intact plants, the ABA increase was triggered at a xylem pressure potential of −10 to −12 bars. Non-misted Euonymus plants contained significantly greater amounts of ABA than misted plants; however, xylem pressure potentials of the misted and non-misted plants did not differ. Thus, leaching of ABA, rather than reduced moisture stress, is apparently the cause of decreased ABA content of misted Euonymus, as previously proposed.
Gas Liquid Chromatography Determinations of Phenolic Acids and Coumarins in Mazzard and Mahaleb Cherry Seedlings1
Authors: Yu Kenneth S. , Carlson R. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of Mazzard (Prunus avium L.) and Mahaleb (P. mahaleb L.) cherries were found to differ in phenolic and coumarin components in the leaf, stem and root Analysis by gas liquid chromatography indicated more o-coumaric acid in the leaves than in stem and roots. Bark of Mahaleb stem and roots contained coumarin and herniarin. The difference in phenolic composition in these cherry seedlings may play a role in scion overgrowth when sweet cherry cultivars are budded on Mahaleb stocks.
The Effect of Pruning on the Mortality and Productivity of Red Raspberry Plants Infected with Botrytis and Didymella1
Authors: Borecka H. , Kleparski J. , Millikan D. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pruning of spur blight (Didymella applanata (Niessl.) infected or cane blight (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.) lightly infected red raspberry plants increased mortality. Pruning of plants heavily infected with Botrytis had no effect on plant mortality but were less productive than those heavily infected with Didymella, while unpruned lightly infected with Botrytis were more productive than those lightly infected with Didymella.
Plantlet Formation from Potato Callus in Vitro1
Authors: Skirvin R. M. , Lam Shue-Lock , Janick Jules 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Lam (1) has recently reported the production of embryoids from callused potato discs cultured in a modified Murashige and Skoog medium with the subsequent induction of shoots after the addition of 6-benzylaminopurine to the medium. While shoots readily proliferate in this medium, shoots are abnormal (Fig. 1). They have a reddish color and the slender stems have only rudimentary unexpanded leafy structures resembling bracts. Such abnormal shoots do not form roots, grow poorly, and do not survive when maintained continuously in the medium.
Fruit and Vegetable Production and the Energy Shortage1
Authors: Lougheed E. C. , Proctor J. T. A. , Rowberry R. G. , Tiessen H. , Southwell P. H. , Riekels J. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Coincident with the world food shortage, ever-increasing food prices and the shortage and high and rising costs of energy, attention is now being directed to the energy-efficiency of agricultural production (1, 5, 6, 12, 13, 18, 30, 31, 34, 40, 45, 47, 48, 52). Although the energy used annually for agriculture in the United States (48) and Canada is not a large percentage of the national totals some feel that to ensure energy supplies “agriculture must stake a claim” (27). The “claim” must stress the form of energy because current agricultural technology is so dependent on liquid fuels for machinery operation and natural gas for the production of nitrogen fertilizers (40). As an important segment of the agricultural industry, horticulturists must also “stake a claim” to energy if they believe fruits and vegetables make a legitimate contribution to food supplies. Fruit and vegetable production is considered energy-extravagant because of the high energy inputs needed compared to the usable energy output (13, 47), although few studies of the energy relationships of individual horticultural crops have been reported. Presented herein are energy calculations for the production of some fruits and vegetables for which production data in Ontario are available with a discussion of the place of fruits and vegetables in a food supply system and the flaws inherent in judging production efficiency solely on an energy basis.
Complementary Influence of Host Plant Resistance on Microbial-chemical Control of Cabbage Caterpillars1
Authors: Creighton C. S. , McFadden T. L. , Robbins M. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Populations of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), and the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L), generally were about the same on 4 cabbage cultivars treated weekly with a spray mixture containing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (45 g/ha) and chlordimeform (1400 g/ha). However, ‘Stein’s Early Flat Dutch’ and ‘Ferrys Round Dutch’ had more plants with uninjured heads and wrapper leaves than did ‘Copenhagen Market No. 86’ and ‘Resistant Golden Acre’. Data suggest complementary effects of host plant natural resistance and the microbial-chemical spray. ‘Stein’s Early Flat Dutch’ was most resistant and ‘Resistant Golden Acre’ was most susceptible, on the basis of the amount of feeding injury.
Air Pollutant Injury to Plant Processes
Authors: Taylor O. Clifton 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Air pollutants are ubiquitous to man’s environment and their impact on society is particularly evident in the most highly industrialized regions and the most densely populated urban communities. Injurious effects of some of these pollutants were observed and reported in the literature as early as the mid-19th century. These early observations were concerned basically with symptoms of acute injury manifested by severe chlorosis, growth distortion, necrotic lesions, and even death of large numbers of plants. Attention was focused on regions where high concentrations of toxic materials occurred frequently and plant communities were exposed to severe dosages. More recently, agriculturists, plant researchers, and air pollution control agencies recognized that visible symptoms are evidence of acute injury but a significant impact of pollutants on the total plant ecosystem may occur in the absence of readily recognizable visible evidence. Attempts to assess economic loss due to air pollutants have been based largely on an evaluation of the overall effect of varying degrees of visible injury, and for lack of information, have usually been forced to ignore injury without visible symptoms.
Occurrence of Cotyledonal Cracking in Snapbeans and its Relation to Nutritional Status in the Seed1
Authors: Aqil Bashir A. , Boe A. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The number of cracks in cotyledon pairs from 16 snapbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars varied from 0 to 4. Two resistant and 2 susceptible cultivars were sampled from different locations to determine field to field variation in cracking. ‘Earliwax’ was consistently resistant and other cultivars varied with environment. Ca, Mg and N content were higher in the two resistant cultivars than in the susceptible cultivars. No relationship was apparent between Zn, B and cotyledonal cracking. Calcium concentration was not correlated while Mg was negatively correlated with cracking index when 16 snapbean cultivars were analyzed.
Seasonal Changes in 12 Leaf Nutrients of ‘Lula’ Avocado with Drip and Flood Irrigation1
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K. , Maxwell Norman P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Leaf samples from 7-year-old avocado trees (Persea americana Mill. cv. Lula) grown with drip and flood irrigation were collected every 2 months for 2 years (2 leaf cycles) and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cl-, and B. Mn and Cl- levels were significantly higher with drip irrigation; levels of the other 10 elements were not affected by irrigation method. Levels of 11 elements did not differ from year to year; only Fe was higher in leaf-cycle 1972-1973 than in leaf-cycle 1973-1974. There were seasonal changes in 10 elements; Na and Zn did not vary significantly with sampling date. Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cl- increased with leaf age; P, K, Cu, and B declined.
Carry Over Effect of Ethephon on Fruit Shape of ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Williams M. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied to ‘Delicious’ apples before harvest to improve fruit quality can change fruit shape (length/diameter ratio) the next year. The change is magnified when ethephon follows a summer application of succinic acid-2,2-dhnethylhydrazide (SADH) and is most evident on low vigor trees.
The U.S. Plant Introduction System1
Authors: Skrdla W. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plant introduction as a service to mankind is as old as mankind itself. It began when the most primitive form of agriculture took place - when man first learned that he could collect seed of his food plants from the wild and grow them near his home. Thus, he could be assured of a food supply, could grow it more abundantly, and above all, reduce his exposure to danger which was always present when he had to search for food in the wild.
Vladimir, a Promising Dwarfing Rootstock for Sweet Cherry1
Authors: Ryugo Kay , Micke Warren 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Thirteen-year-old scions of ‘Bing’, ‘Black Tartarian’ and ‘Royal Ann’ on Vladimir (Prunus cerasus L.) grew to heights of 3 to 4 m while the same cultivars grafted about the same time on seedlings of P. avium L. or P. mahaleb L. or cuttings of Stockton Morello (P. cerasus L.) were 2 to 3 times as large. The trees on Vladimir tended to be willowy and were anchored poorly. Scions grafted on 2-year-old root suckers of dwarfing stock, when left unpruned, have borne crops continuously since the 2nd leaf. A training system utilizing these dwarfing and fruiting characteristics to advantage is described.
Defoliation and Fruit Set in Guava1
Authors: Shigeura G. T. , Bullock R. M. , Silva J. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Flower buds of guava (Psidium guajava L.) are invariably borne on newly emerging axillary or terminal vegetative growth. Any cultural manipulation that will induce the development of this growth will ultimately result in fruit set. Defoliation with urea brings about “instantaneous” flowering and subsequent fruit setting.
Yield Response of Resistant and Susceptible Cucumber Cultivars to Scab Infection1
Authors: Emmatty D. A. , Groenewegen C. , George B. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Total yield of scab resistant cucumber cultivars was unaffected by artificial inoculation with Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. & Arth. and that of susceptible cultivars was reduced up to 57%. As much as 97% of the susceptible cultivar’s yield showed scab infection.
Induced Resistance from Simultaneous Inoculation of Tomato with Fusarium oxysporum Sacc. and Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berth1
Authors: Tigchelaar E. C. , Dick Jean B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Induced resistance to verticillium wilt occurs in fusarium-resistant tomato cultivars from dip inoculation with mixed cultures of Race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum f. lycopersici (F) and Verticillium albo-atrum (V). This induced resistance decreases as F level in mixed inoculi is reduced. Simultaneous screening for resistance to V and F can be achieved by inoculation with V and reinoculating 48 to 72 hours later with F.
Pectinesterase, Polygalacturonase, Cx-Cellulase Activities and Softening of the rin Tomato Mutant1
Authors: Buescher R. W. , Tigchelaar E. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pectinesterase (PE), polygalacturonase (PG), and cellulase (Cx form) activities and softening of 4 physiological maturities were compared in normal and rin tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mil cv. Rutgers). PG, PE, and Cx-cellulase activities increased during ripening of normal fruits. In rin fruits, PG activity was not detected, PE activity remained relatively constant, and Cxcellulase activity increased during ripening. The lack of softening in rin fruits appears to be associated with the lack of PG activity.
The Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan Millsp.), A High-protein, Tropical Bush Legume1
Authors: Morton Julia F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One of the oldest of food crops, the pigeon pea ranks fifth in importance among edible legumes of the world and occupies first place in India. In eastern Kenya, it stands sixth among the leading food commodities. In Uganda, the pigeon pea is now declared to be the fastest-growing cash crop for canning. This legume has been a staple food in Puerto Rico and the Bahamas for generations. The domestic supply no longer meets the local demand and increasing quantities are being imported from East Africa. In many other parts of the tropics, it is a neglected crop with an unrealized potential.