bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure of the malaria vaccine candidate Pfs48/45 and its recognition by transmission blocking antibodies
Authors: Ko Kuang-Ting , Lennartz Frank , Mekhaiel David , Guloglu Bora , Marini Arianna , Deuker Danielle J. , Long Carole A. , Jore Matthijs M. , Miura Kazutoyo , Biswas Sumi , Higgins Matthew K. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAn effective malaria vaccine remains a global health priority and vaccine immunogens which prevent transmission of the parasite will have important roles in multi-component vaccines. One of the most promising candidates for inclusion in a transmission-blocking malaria vaccine is the gamete surface protein Pfs48/45, which is essential for development of the parasite in the mosquito midgut. Indeed, antibodies which bind Pfs48/45 can prevent transmission if ingested with the parasite as part of the mosquito bloodmeal. Here we present the structure of full-length Pfs48/45, showing its three domains to form a dynamic, planar, triangular arrangement. We reveal where transmission-blocking and non-blocking antibodies bind on Pfs48/45. Finally, we demonstrate that antibodies which bind across this molecule can be transmission-blocking. These studies will guide the development of future Pfs48/45-based vaccine immunogens.
Astrochronology of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum on the Atlantic Coastal Plain
Authors: Li Mingsong , Bralower Timothy J. , Kump Lee R. , Self-Trail Jean M. , Zachos James C. , Rush William D. , Robinson Marci M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe chronology of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~56 Ma) remains disputed, hampering complete understanding of the possible trigger mechanisms of this event. Here we present an astrochronology for the PETM carbon isotope excursion from Howards Tract, Maryland a paleoshelf environment, on the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain. Statistical evaluation of variations in calcium content and magnetic susceptibility indicates astronomical forcing was involved and the PETM onset lasted about 6 kyr. The astrochronology and Earth system modeling suggest that the PETM onset occurred at an extreme in precession during a maximum in eccentricity, thus favoring high temperatures, indicating that astronomical forcing could have played a role in triggering the event. Ca content data on the paleo-shelf, along with other marine records, support the notion that a carbonate saturation overshoot followed global ocean acidification during the PETM.
Flame-made ternary Pd-In2O3-ZrO2 catalyst with enhanced oxygen vacancy generation for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol
Authors: Pinheiro Araújo Thaylan , Mondelli Cecilia , Agrachev Mikhail , Zou Tangsheng , Willi Patrik O. , Engel Konstantin M. , Grass Robert N. , Stark Wendelin J. , Safonova Olga V. , Jeschke Gunnar , Mitchell Sharon , Pérez-Ramírez Javier 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPalladium promotion and deposition on monoclinic zirconia are effective strategies to boost the performance of bulk In2O3 in CO2-to-methanol and could unlock superior reactivity if well integrated into a single catalytic system. However, harnessing synergic effects of the individual components is crucial and very challenging as it requires precise control over their assembly. Herein, we present ternary Pd-In2O3-ZrO2 catalysts prepared by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) with remarkable methanol productivity and improved metal utilization, surpassing their binary counterparts. Unlike established impregnation and co-precipitation methods, FSP produces materials combining low-nuclearity palladium species associated with In2O3 monolayers highly dispersed on the ZrO2 carrier, whose surface partially transforms from a tetragonal into a monoclinic-like structure upon reaction. A pioneering protocol developed to quantify oxygen vacancies using in situ electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals their enhanced generation because of this unique catalyst architecture, thereby rationalizing its high and sustained methanol productivity.
Two modes of evolution shape bacterial strain diversity in the mammalian gut for thousands of generations
Authors: Frazão N. , Konrad A. , Amicone M. , Seixas E. , Güleresi D. , Lässig M. , Gordo I. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHow and at what pace bacteria evolve when colonizing healthy hosts remains unclear. Here, by monitoring evolution for more than six thousand generations in the mouse gut, we show that the successful colonization of an invader Escherichia coli depends on the diversity of the existing microbiota and the presence of a closely related strain. Following colonization, two modes of evolution were observed: one in which diversifying selection leads to long-term coexistence of ecotypes and a second in which directional selection propels selective sweeps. These modes can be quantitatively distinguished by the statistics of mutation trajectories. In our experiments, diversifying selection was marked by the emergence of metabolic mutations, and directional selection by acquisition of prophages, which bring their own benefits and costs. In both modes, we observed parallel evolution, with mutation accumulation rates comparable to those typically observed in vitro on similar time scales. Our results show how rapid ecotype formation and phage domestication can be in the mammalian gut.
Human centromere repositioning activates transcription and opens chromatin fibre structure
Authors: Naughton Catherine , Huidobro Covadonga , Catacchio Claudia R. , Buckle Adam , Grimes Graeme R. , Nozawa Ryu-Suke , Purgato Stefania , Rocchi Mariano , Gilbert Nick 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHuman centromeres appear as constrictions on mitotic chromosomes and form a platform for kinetochore assembly in mitosis. Biophysical experiments led to a suggestion that repetitive DNA at centromeric regions form a compact scaffold necessary for function, but this was revised when neocentromeres were discovered on non-repetitive DNA. To test whether centromeres have a special chromatin structure we have analysed the architecture of a neocentromere. Centromere repositioning is accompanied by RNA polymerase II recruitment and active transcription to form a decompacted, negatively supercoiled domain enriched in ‘open’ chromatin fibres. In contrast, centromerisation causes a spreading of repressive epigenetic marks to surrounding regions, delimited by H3K27me3 polycomb boundaries and divergent genes. This flanking domain is transcriptionally silent and partially remodelled to form ‘compact’ chromatin, similar to satellite-containing DNA sequences, and exhibits genomic instability. We suggest transcription disrupts chromatin to provide a foundation for kinetochore formation whilst compact pericentromeric heterochromatin generates mechanical rigidity.
Dithranol as novel co-adjuvant for non-invasive dermal vaccination
Authors: Sohl Julian , Hartmann Ann-Kathrin , Hahlbrock Jennifer , Bartneck Joschka , Stassen Michael , Klein Matthias , Bros Matthias , Grabbe Stephan , Marini Federico , Woods Kevin , Guezguez Borhane , Mack Matthias , Schild Hansjörg , Muth Sabine , Melchior Felix , Probst Hans Christian , Langguth Peter , Radsak Markus P. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTranscutaneous immunization (TCI) utilizing the TLR7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ-TCI) induces T cell-driven protective immunity upon application onto intact skin. In our present work, we combine the anti-psoriatic agent dithranol with IMQ-TCI to boost vaccination efficacy (Dithranol/IMQ-based transcutaneous vaccination (DIVA)). Using ovalbumin-derived peptides as model antigens in mice, DIVA induced superior cytolytic CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells with a TH1 cytokine profile in the priming as well as in the memory phase. Regarding the underlying mechanisms, dithranol induced an oxidant-dependent, monocyte-attracting inflammatory milieu in the skin boosting TLR7-dependent activation of dendritic cells and macrophages leading to superior T cell priming and protective immunity in vaccinia virus infection. In conclusion, we introduce the non-invasive vaccination method DIVA to induce strong primary and memory T cell responses upon a single local treatment. This work provides relevant insights in cutaneous vaccination approaches, paving the way for clinical development in humans.
A 10 m resolution urban green space map for major Latin American cities from Sentinel-2 remote sensing images and OpenStreetMap
Authors: Ju Yang , Dronova Iryna , Delclòs-Alió Xavier 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMapping is fundamental to studies on urban green space (UGS). Despite a growing archive of land cover maps (where UGS is included) at global and regional scales, mapping efforts dedicated to UGS are still limited. As UGS is often a part of the heterogenous urban landscape, low-resolution land cover maps from remote sensing images tend to confuse UGS with other land covers. Here we produced the first 10 m resolution UGS map for the main urban clusters across 371 major Latin American cities as of 2017. Our approach applied a supervised classification of Sentinel-2 satellite images and UGS samples derived from OpenStreetMap (OSM). The overall accuracy of this UGS map in 11 randomly selected cities was 0.87. We further improved mapping quality through a visual inspection and additional quality control of the samples. The resulting UGS map enables studies to measure area, spatial configuration, and human exposures to UGS, facilitating studies on the relationship between UGS and human exposures to environmental hazards, public health outcomes, urban ecology, and urban planning.
A chromosome-scale reference genome for Spironucleus salmonicida
Authors: Xu Feifei , Jiménez-González Alejandro , Kurt Zeynep , Ástvaldsson Ásgeir , Andersson Jan O. , Svärd Staffan G. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSpironucleus salmonicida is a diplomonad causing systemic infection in salmon. The first S. salmonicida genome assembly was published 2014 and has been a valuable reference genome in protist research. However, the genome assembly is fragmented without assignment of the sequences to chromosomes. In our previous Giardia genome study, we have shown how a fragmented genome assembly can be improved with long-read sequencing technology complemented with optical maps. Combining Pacbio long-read sequencing technology and optical maps, we are presenting here this new S. salmonicida genome assembly in nine near-complete chromosomes with only three internal gaps at long repeats. This new genome assembly is not only more complete sequence-wise but also more complete at annotation level, providing more details into gene families, gene organizations and chromosomal structure. This near-complete reference genome will aid comparative genomics at chromosomal level, and serve as a valuable resource for the diplomonad community and protist research.
State space methods for phase amplitude coupling analysis
Authors: Soulat Hugo , Stephen Emily P. , Beck Amanda M. , Purdon Patrick L. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPhase amplitude coupling (PAC) is thought to play a fundamental role in the dynamic coordination of brain circuits and systems. There are however growing concerns that existing methods for PAC analysis are prone to error and misinterpretation. Improper frequency band selection can render true PAC undetectable, while non-linearities or abrupt changes in the signal can produce spurious PAC. Current methods require large amounts of data and lack formal statistical inference tools. We describe here a novel approach for PAC analysis that substantially addresses these problems. We use a state space model to estimate the component oscillations, avoiding problems with frequency band selection, nonlinearities, and sharp signal transitions. We represent cross-frequency coupling in parametric and time-varying forms to further improve statistical efficiency and estimate the posterior distribution of the coupling parameters to derive their credible intervals. We demonstrate the method using simulated data, rat local field potentials (LFP) data, and human EEG data.
Nanoscale inhomogeneity of charge density waves dynamics in La2−xSrxNiO4
Authors: Campi Gaetano , Bianconi Antonio , Joseph Boby , Mishra Shrawan Kr , Müller Leonard , Zozulya Alexey , Nugroho Agustinus Agung , Roy Sujoy , Sprung Michael , Ricci Alessandro 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWhile stripe phases with broken rotational symmetry of charge density are known to emerge in doped strongly correlated perovskites, the dynamics and heterogeneity of spatial ordering remain elusive. Here we shed light on the temperature dependent lattice motion and the spatial nanoscale phase separation of charge density wave order in the archetypal striped phase in La2−xSrxNiO4+y (LSNO) perovskite using X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) joint with scanning micro X-ray diffraction (SµXRD). While it is known that the CDW in 1/8 doped cuprates shows a remarkable stability we report the CDW motion dynamics by XPCS in nickelates with an anomalous quantum glass regime at low temperature, T < 65 K, and the expected thermal melting at higher temperature 65 < T < 120 K. The nanoscale CDW puddles with a shorter correlation length are more mobile than CDW puddles with a longer correlation length. The direct imaging of nanoscale spatial inhomogeneity of CDW by scanning micro X-ray diffraction (SµXRD) shows a nanoscale landscape of percolating short range dynamic CDW puddles competing with large quasi-static CDW puddles giving rise to a novel form of nanoscale phase separation of the incommensurate stripes order landscape.
Semiclassical relativistic stars
Authors: Arrechea Julio , Barceló Carlos , Carballo-Rubio Raúl , Garay Luis J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe present strong evidence that semiclassical gravity can give place to self-consistent ultracompact stars beyond the Buchdahl limit. We integrate the semiclassical equations of (spherically symmetric) stellar equilibrium for a constant-density classical fluid. The semiclassical contribution is modelled by a quantum massless scalar field in the only static vacuum state compatible with asymptotic flatness (Boulware vacuum). The Renormalized Stress-Energy Tensor (RSET) is firstly approximated by the analytic Polyakov approximation. This already reveals a crucial difference with respect to purely classical solutions: stars with compactness close to that of a black hole exhibit bounded pressures and curvatures up to a very small central core compared with the star radius. This suggests that a more refined approximation to the RSET at the core may give rise to strictly regular configurations. Following this suggestion, we prove that a minimal deformation of the Polyakov approximation inside the central core is sufficient to produce regular ultracompact stellar configurations.
Integrated graph measures reveal survival likelihood for buildings in wildfire events
Authors: Chulahwat Akshat , Mahmoud Hussam , Monedero Santiago , Diez Vizcaíno Francisco Jośe , Ramirez Joaquin , Buckley David , Forradellas Adrián Cardil 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWildfire events have resulted in unprecedented social and economic losses worldwide in the last few years. Most studies on reducing wildfire risk to communities focused on modeling wildfire behavior in the wildland to aid in developing fuel reduction and fire suppression strategies. However, minimizing losses in communities and managing risk requires a holistic approach to understanding wildfire behavior that fully integrates the wildland’s characteristics and the built environment’s features. This complete integration is particularly critical for intermixed communities where the wildland and the built environment coalesce. Community-level wildfire behavior that captures the interaction between the wildland and the built environment, which is necessary for predicting structural damage, has not received sufficient attention. Predicting damage to the built environment is essential in understanding and developing fire mitigation strategies to make communities more resilient to wildfire events. In this study, we use integrated concepts from graph theory to establish a relative vulnerability metric capable of quantifying the survival likelihood of individual buildings within a wildfire-affected region. We test the framework by emulating the damage observed in the historic 2018 Camp Fire and the 2020 Glass Fire. We propose two formulations based on graph centralities to evaluate the vulnerability of buildings relative to each other. We then utilize the relative vulnerability values to determine the damage state of individual buildings. Based on a one-to-one comparison of the calculated and observed damages, the maximum predicted building survival accuracy for the two formulations ranged from$$58 - 64 \%$$58-64%for the historical wildfires tested. From the results, we observe that the modified random walk formulation can better identify nodes that lie at the extremes on the vulnerability scale. In contrast, the modified degree formulation provides better predictions for nodes with mid-range vulnerability values.
Antifouling coatings can reduce algal growth while preserving coral settlement
Authors: Roepke Lisa K. , Brefeld David , Soltmann Ulrich , Randall Carly J. , Negri Andrew P. , Kunzmann Andreas 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the early stages after larval settlement, coral spat can be rapidly overgrown and outcompeted by algae, reducing overall survival for coral reef replenishment and supply for restoration programs. Here we investigated three antifouling (AF) coatings for their ability to inhibit algal fouling on coral settlement plugs, a commonly-used restoration substrate. Plugs were either fully or partially coated with the AF coatings and incubated in mesocosm systems with partial recirculation for 37 days to track fouling succession. In addition, settlement of Acropora tenuis larvae was measured to determine whether AF coatings were a settlement deterrent. Uncoated control plugs became heavily fouled, yielding only 4–8% bare substrate on upper surfaces after 37 days. During this period, an encapsulated dichlorooctylisothiazolinone (DCOIT)-coating was most effective in reducing fouling, yielding 61–63% bare substrate. Antiadhesive and cerium dioxide (CeO2−x) nanoparticle (NP) coatings were less effective, yielding 11–17% and 2% bare substrate, respectively. Average settlement of A. tenuis larvae on the three types of AF-coated plugs did not statistically differ from settlement on uncoated controls. However, settlement on the NP-coating was generally the highest and was significantly higher than settlement found on the antiadhesive- and DCOIT-coating. Furthermore, on plugs only partially-covered with AF coatings, larval settlement on coated NP- areas was significantly higher than settlement on coated antiadhesive- and DCOIT-areas. These results demonstrate that AF coatings can reduce fouling intensity on biologically-relevant timescales while preserving robust levels of coral settlement. This represents an important step towards reducing fine-scale competition with benthic fouling organisms in coral breeding and propagation.
Fracture toughness of schist, amphibolite, and rhyolite from the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF), Lead, South Dakota
Authors: Jahnke Ben , Ruplinger Casey , Bate Charlotte E. , Trzeciak Maciej , Sone Hiroki , Wang Herbert F. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Cracked Chevron Notched Brazilian Disc (CCNBD) method was selected for Mode I fracture toughness tests on Poorman schist, Yates amphibolite, and rhyolite dikes from the EGS Collab site at the SURF in Lead, South Dakota. The effects of lithology, anisotropy, and loading rate were investigated. Fracture toughness was greatest in amphibolite, with schist and rhyolite having similar toughness values ($${K}_{amphibolite}$$

K

amphibolite

> $${K}_{rhyolite}$$

K

rhyolite

≈ $${K}_{schist}$$

K

schist

). The effects of anisotropy on fracture toughness were investigated in the foliated schist samples. Schist samples were prepared in three geometries (divider, arrester, and short transverse) which controlled how the fracture would propagate relative to foliations. The divider geometry was strongest and short transverse geometry was the weakest ($${K}_{divider}$$

K

divider

> $${K}_{arrester}$$

K

arrester

> $${K}_{short transverse}$$

K

shorttransverse

). Fracture toughness was observed to decrease with decreasing loading rate. Optical and SEM microscopy revealed that for the short transverse geometry, fractures tended to propagate along grain boundaries, whereas in arrester and divider geometries fractures tended to propagate through grains. In foliated samples, the tortuosity of the fracture observed in thin section was greater in arrester and divider geometries than in short transverse geometries.
Origin of metamagnetism in skyrmion host Cu$$_2$$OSeO$$_3$$
Authors: Chauhan Harish Chandr , Kumar Birendra , Ghosh Subhasis 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSkyrmion host chiral Cu$$_2$$

2

OSeO$$_3$$

3

has attracted researchers due to several intriguing properties. Observation of metamagnetism in low-temperature and low-field makes the magnetic properties of Cu$$_2$$

2

OSeO$$_3$$

3

more complex. Here, we present an investigation on metamagnetism in Cu$$_2$$

2

OSeO$$_3$$

3

by analyzing its structural and magnetic properties. Study of magnetic properties reveal spin-flip of one of the Cu$$^{2+}$$

2
+

ions, embedded in square pyramidal CuO$$_5$$

5

polyhedra, due to the development of strain in low-temperature and low-field regime. The spin-flip is found to be the main reason for field-induced first-order metamagnetic transition. Magnetic phase diagram of Cu$$_2$$

2

OSeO$$_3$$

3

has been constructed with the help of magnetization analyses. It is argued that the metamagnetic hysteretic field region may be low-temperature skyrmion phase with additional spiral and tilted-conical phases. A tricritical point has been observed in the phase diagram at which first-order metamagnetic hysteretic field range ceases to exist.
The advantage of self-protecting interventions in mitigating epidemic circulation at the community level
Authors: Pastor-Satorras Romualdo , Castellano Claudio 
Published: September 2022

AbstractProtecting interventions of many types (both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical) can be deployed against the spreading of a communicable disease, as the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically shown. Here we investigate in detail the effects at the population level of interventions that provide an asymmetric protection between the people involved in a single interaction. Masks of different filtration types, either protecting mainly the wearer or the contacts of the wearer, are a prominent example of these interventions. By means of analytical calculations and extensive simulations of simple epidemic models on networks, we show that interventions protecting more efficiently the adopter (e.g the mask wearer) are more effective than interventions protecting primarily the contacts of the adopter in reducing the prevalence of the disease and the number of concurrently infected individuals (“flattening the curve”). This observation is backed up by the study of a more realistic epidemic model on an empirical network representing the patterns of contacts in the city of Portland. Our results point out that promoting wearer-protecting face masks and other self-protecting interventions, though deemed selfish and inefficient, can actually be a better strategy to efficiently curtail pandemic spreading.