bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction—U21 Global Survey
Authors: Rouse Stella M. , McDonald Jared , Engstrom Richard N. , Hanmer Michael J. , González Roberto , Lay Siugmin , Miranda Daniel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
As the largest adult generation, Millennials now influence every aspect of civic life around the world. Political activism surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic and the struggle for racial justice, organized online and through social media, has been driven largely by a younger global citizenry. This chapter argues that global events during Millennials’ formative years, coupled with the proliferation of the internet and smartphones, led to the creation of a Millennial “core persona.” This core persona is more cosmopolitan, with Millennials seeing themselves as sharing common values across the globe in ways that older generations do not. This chapter provides an overview of the Global Millennial Survey and explains why understanding Millennials matters to the broader global landscape. Finally, it places the book in the context of the debate about the importance of identity and the benefit of the generational identity lens to understand factors that influence attitudes and engagement.
The Absolutely Indispensable Man
Authors: Raustiala Kal 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Nobel Laureate, UN Under Secretary General, and American diplomat, Ralph Bunche was present at the creation of the postwar international order. Yet even before that order was launched Bunche championed one of the most consequential, but often unsung, transformations of the twentieth century: the end of colonialism and the transition, for much of Africa and Asia, from empire to sovereignty. As a scholar in the 1930s, Bunche studied the colonial system. As a mediator in postcolonial Palestine, he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to bring peace to the new state of Israel and its Arab neighbors. As a rare Black man in the very white world of diplomacy, Bunche fought to ensure that new states were welcomed—and guided—into the international community. Once “the most honored African American in America,” Ralph Bunche is largely forgotten today; remembered by some as a master of international diplomacy, by others as an icon of racial equality, yet little known to the public at large. Bunche merits recognition both for his extraordinary American life and for the lens he provides on two significant features of the 20th century—the creation of the postwar international order and the struggle for racial equality—that are rarely joined but deserve to be, and that he himself married in the realm of ideas and in his own person. Bunche saw no dissonance in this pairing of diplomacy and civil rights. He sought to make both America and the world more just, more free, and more fair. During his lifetime—and in part due to his efforts—nearly a billion people of color gained independence from foreign rule. The titanic global conflicts of the 20th century, from the Great War to the Cold War, are rarely viewed today through the lens of race and rights. Yet for much of the 20th century race was arguably the central principle in international relations. To Bunche racial justice was a global, not merely national, issue, and empire was one of racism’s most potent and perilous guises. Colonialism was an oppressive form of governance, and the fight to end empire provided a throughline to his stellar—and fascinating—career.
Complexation Reactions and Metal Ion Speciation
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with the second associative reaction type in ionic equilibria: complexation. After presenting definitions, the chapter describes ways to express equilibria of complexes and their components: metal ions and ligands. The chemical and ecological significance of complexes is summarized, along with the two types of complexes—inner and outer sphere. Factors affecting binding strengths of complexes are described, with attention to predictive relationships. Methods to solve and display complexation equilibria are explained, including simple examples solvable manually and computer methods for complicated situations in many natural waters. The roles of inorganic and organic ligands in metal ion speciation are described using examples ranging from soft to hard waters and high-ionic-strength seawater. The kinetics of complex formation and dissociation is treated. Although most formation reactions are fast, dissociation can be slow for strong complexes. Some metal-ligand exchange processes are slow enough to maintain non-equilibrium conditions for extended periods.
Aqueous Geochemistry II
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a more quantitative understanding of the sources and controls on the chemical composition of natural waters than provided in Chapter 2. Much of this understanding has been gained using various modeling approaches. After a perspective gained from observational data, the chapter considers a simple relationship developed more than 50 years ago to explain trends in major ion distributions in natural waters. The chapter then examines stoichiometric and reactor-based models for more quantitative analyses. Silicate minerals are the ultimate source of most inorganic ions in natural waters, and the authors examine the kinetics and mechanisms of mineral weathering. Finally, the chapter considers the types of inferences and understanding of the factors that control the chemical composition of natural waters that we can learn from stable isotope abundances in solutes and from studies using large data sets covering broad spatial scales and various ranges of temporal scales.
The Minor Elements
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter applies the equilibrium and kinetic concepts and tools developed in earlier chapters to analyze the behavior of three important metals—Fe, Mn, and Al—in natural waters. Although their aquatic concentrations usually are lower than those of the seven major ions described in Chapter 2, these elements have very rich chemistries involving acid-base, complexation, solubility, sorption, and, for Fe and Mn, redox processes. They greatly influence the chemical status and biochemical quality of aquatic systems, and they have practical interest to environmental engineers because of their important roles in water treatment.
Dissolved Oxygen
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the chemistry of dissolved oxygen (DO), which plays a critical role in regulating the redox chemistry of natural waters. DO concentrations are controlled by a range of chemical and biological redox processes and by physical factors that affect O2 solubility and transfer rates across the air-water interface. The importance of biological processes in controlling DO conditions in aquatic systems is indicative of a link to nutrient cycle processes described in Chapter 19. Spatial and temporal patterns of DO concentrations in lakes and rivers, and the widespread phenomenon of hypoxia in coastal waters, are explained in the context of major driving forces: solubility, gas-transfer kinetics, and nutrient inputs from land. Analysis of DO by the classic Winkler titration is described as an archetypal redox titration. Chemical principles underlying DO analysis by now more widely used instrumental methods (electrodes and optodes) also are explained.
Natural Organic Matter
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the composition and behavior of natural organic matter (NOM) in aquatic systems. The chemical, ecological, and engineering significance of these substances is described, along with the terminology associated with NOM and its dissolved fraction (DOM). Emphasis is given to DOM and its colored component, known as CDOM, which is closely related to aquatic humic matter (AHM)—fulvic and humic acids. CDOM represents the bulk of DOM in many surface waters. The chapter describes methods to isolate and chemically characterize DOM and CDOM (AHM) by NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry and other modern methods. A historical perspective illustrates changing views on the chemical structure of AHM over time, and the chemical composition of DOM associated with major types of natural and anthropogenic water bodies is described. The spectral, redox, acid-base, and metal-binding properties of DOM are explained, and current metal-binding models, WHAM and NICA-Donnan, are described.
There Shall No Evil Befall Thee?
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Enlightenment severely undermined ideas of supernatural guidance of everyday human affairs, as was expressed so confidently in Psalm 91. Theologians and biblical critics struggled to reconcile those ancient ideas with modern perceptions, and to historicize the Psalm and its intentions. They had to reconcile its promises and blessings with what some called “the facts of life”—namely, that the righteous would indeed suffer and die. In that case, it was almost insulting to pray to God for material blessings, such as defense against a plague. As a seemingly archaic and irrelevant text, the psalm now became a popular theme for writers of Gothic and horror fiction. However, older interpretations of the Psalm also continued forcefully, for instance among soldiers, who relied on the text for defense on battle. Well into the twentieth century, many people still turned to it for defense against disease. A large body of mythology and folklore asserted the continued value of the text.
Under His Wings Shalt Thou Trust
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Psalm 91 has found many enthusiastic believers among the new and rapidly expanding churches of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It is a central part of Christian popular culture in many of those countries, and is often the subject of musical treatment by gospel, rock and rap artists. It also features heavily in street signs and graffiti. So popular is the psalm that it even played a role in the Philippine Revolution of 1986, a story that forms part of its ever expanding mythology. Although most such usage in strictly mainstream and respectable, the psalm has a special appeal for criminals, gangs, and convicts. Some of the psalm’s uses in Global South nations do veer into superstition and magic. As in the global North, the psalm was especially popular as a source of aid during the coronavirus pandemic.
Your Future on the Faculty
Authors: Schimel Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Succeeding and thriving as an academic requires more than just producing scholarship and teaching classes. It requires working effectively within our human and institutional structures: our departments, universities, societies, and professional communities. This calls for wider, “non-academic,” insights and skills into how these operate and how to operate effectively within them. This book focuses on these human dimensions of being an academic beginning with discussing our personal trajectory and then moving out to consider wider systems, from our institutions to our global communities. Section 1 is about navigating the career transitions from Ph.D. past tenure, including a chapter emphasizing the challenges facing women and minoritized faculty. Section 2 is about working with our university systems and support staff team members. Section 3 is about integrating teaching and mentoring into an academic career—how to teach well but without having it consume your life, and how to deal with challenges in mentoring. Section 4 is about larger systems—publishers and professional societies—and how to be an effective member of our larger professional networks. It discusses being part of the peer review system and supporting our academic communities.
Rhythm and Meter
Authors: Rothstein William 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The rhythmic and metric structures of nineteenth-century Italian opera differ from those described by American theorists for German music of the same period. The rhythms of Italian verse must be taken into account. The best contemporary guide is Bonifazio Asioli, whose concept of ritmo armonico is extended to the metric four-cycle. In the music of certain Italian composers, especially Paisiello and Verdi, melodic phrases usually end on the strongest beat of a metric four-cycle. Harmonic and melodic accents often fail to coincide, but they may reach an equilibrium that makes it difficult to distinguish strong from weak measures.
Influenza
Authors: Li Jie Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Influenza is a perennial killer for mankind. The 1918 Spanish flu pandemic was the deadliest pandemic before COVID-19. The influenza A virus was discovered in 1933 using ferrets as the animal model. This chapter talks about the influenza virus, influenza vaccines, small-molecule antiviral drugs used to treat influenza. They include M2 inhibitors and neuraminidase inhibitors. The discovery of neuraminidase inhibitors Relenza and Tamiflu greatly benefited from our knowledge of the protein target’s crystal structure and our knowledge of structure-based drug design.
The non-moral view of perpetrator disgust
Authors: Munch-Jurisic Ditte Marie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents a non-moral view of perpetrator disgust, articulated by genocide scholars who reject the notion that moral significance can be attributed to the phenomenon. From their perspective, the perpetrator’s reaction reflects a merely aesthetic revulsion. In the same vein, a growing number of skeptical voices in philosophy and psychology argue that feelings of disgust and distress are non-moral, irrelevant to, and sometimes inherently distortive of moral judgments. While not denying the role of empathic distress or empathy in ethical and prosocial behavior, or that disgust responses can reflect moral convictions, such views hold that emotions contain no pre-determined moral direction. Their moral meaning or motivation is determined by their use and contextual setting. Torturers do not mute their capacity for empathy, for example; they apply the capacity to devise suffering in their victims.
The moral limits of gut feelings
Authors: Munch-Jurisic Ditte Marie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 presents a contextual view of emotions, arguing that gut feelings do not reveal our true self or grant us insight into human nature, and that our emotions speak to the social facts of our time and place. Building on insights from the latest research in the scientific and philosophical study of emotion, the chapter highlights two dimensions that bear influence on emotional affect: (i) the external context, pointing to both the concrete situation in which an emotion is experienced and the broader environment of an agent that shapes their affective, physiological responses; (ii) the internal context, pointing to an agent’s hermeneutic equipment and epistemic resources to interpret and make sense of their emotional states, both in the actual moment of experience and after the fact.
2° = 9° Theoricus Covariant
Authors: Ó Maoilearca John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This section is the book’s first engagement with “new materialism” in the person of “material vitalist” Jane Bennett. It covers the place of “spirit” in her writings, especially her antipathy to it, despite her own acknowledged debt to Henri Bergson. Her charge that Bergson espoused a hylomorphic approach to matter is criticized, while her own use of material vitality and “thing power” is explored, leading to a realization that her antipathy toward spirit is, in part, both localized and political at source (concerning US religious movements). This leads to the conclusion that, alongside her many insights, there remains a blindness concerning both Bergson and the place of spirit—a disregard that is articulated in terms of the meaning of the occult (occultus—“hidden from sight”) and theory (theoricus—“beholder, spectator”) and a conceptual tension between the two.
Identity Theory
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Stets Jan E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
All people derive their identities from the groups and social categories to which they belong in society, the roles they play out, and their personal characteristics they claim. Introduced more than fifty years ago, identity theory has become a central theoretical perspective in sociological social psychology. Now in a greatly expanded second edition, Identity Theory attempts to explain identities, their processes of operation, and their sources in and consequences for interaction and society. This book describes the origins of identity theory, its development, the research that supports it, and its future direction. It covers the central roles of meaning and resources in human interaction and purpose. It provides a detailed analysis of the nature and operation of identities. A central aspect of identities, identity verification, is discussed in terms of how it works, and its consequences for individuals. In addition, the book discusses the different bases of identities, and the multiple identities that individuals hold from their multiple positions in society. It also covers the way identities offer both stability and change to individuals. Coauthored by the originators of the theory, this book accessibly presents decades of research in a single volume, making the full range of this powerful theory understandable to readers at all levels.
The Characteristics of Identities
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Stets Jan E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Four main characteristics of identities are described in this chapter. These include identity prominence, identity salience, identity commitment, and identity dispersion. Identity prominence, salience, and commitment are discussed in new ways compared to past theorizing on them. Identity prominence is now understood as the sharing of meanings across identities. The more sharing of meanings with other identities, the more important is the identity. Identity salience is the amount of time an identity is activated with more time associated with greater salience. Identity commitment is tied more closely to mutual identity verification with greater mutual verification increasing identity commitment. Finally, identity dispersion, a new characteristic, is the set of meanings that vary around a single point on any dimension of meaning for an identity.
Identity Change
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Stets Jan E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Identity change refers to change in the meanings of the identity standard. It also may refer to changes in the characteristics of identities, that is, changes in identity prominence, salience, commitment, and dispersion. The hierarchical arrangement of identities within a person means that the meanings in an identity standard are a function of the errors of one or more identities higher in the hierarchy. Four sources of identity change are discussed. These include changes in the meanings in the situation that cannot be counteracted by an identity, identity conflict when two identities have different standards, behavior that contradicts the meanings of the identity standard, and adaptive changes in identity meanings when interacting with others in a mutual verification context.
Editor’s Introduction
Authors: Stuhr John J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This introduction to Philosophy and Human Flourishing explains how it is easy to consider any concern with flourishing to be an obscene and out of touch luxury in a world marked by dramatic climate change, viral pandemics, ongoing violence, hate, racism, sexism, poverty, and war; and rising authoritarian and totalitarian challenges to self-government. In such a world—the actual world—the conditions and resources necessary for well-being are the private possessions of only a fortunate few people. In such a world, it is not flourishing but, rather, just staying alive and getting by that command attention for many. However, attention to the pressing problems of daily life is not at odds with reflection on the meaning of flourishing lives and attention to the conditions necessary to obtain them. These things—attention to ideas and attention to realities—are not mutually exclusive. A notion of human flourishing, this introduction argues, is an activist ideal, and it is a project taken up in the chapters that follow.
Pragmatic Stories of Selves and Their Flourishing
Authors: Wahman Jessica 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
An important aspect of human flourishing is the sense of empowerment—the human ability to direct one’s own paths and to make some positive difference in the world. Narratives about individual trajectories and the general stories told about human nature can shape this sense of agency. Specifically, mechanistic models of human behavior can promote a narrative that alienates conscious subjects from their own material organism, making them passive observers in their own life story. As a means of reconstructing the narrative, this chapter turns to pragmatic psychology, where the self is conceived as a system of habits. The chapter shows that identifying the self with the entire organism—one which is not merely a mechanism and of which consciousness is an integral part—allows for a different kind of agency, one that better recognizes both human choices and limitations and that identifies concrete possibilities for increasing freedom and happiness.
Well-Being
Authors: Haybron Daniel M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that accounts of well-being or flourishing need to be responsive to our best understanding of the self, so that self-fulfillment must constitute at least part of human well-being. Following on earlier work, two new arguments are offered for this conclusion. The convergence argument suggests that many accounts of well-being implicitly converge on a self-fulfillment view. Taking three popular theories, the chapter argues that the most compelling insights of each militate for a move toward a self-fulfillment view. Second, the piggybacking argument starts from the reliance on notions of the self in other philosophical realms, suggesting there is independent reason to posit substantive views about the self. And once one has committed to an account of the self, it would be unreasonable to set that view aside when thinking about what it is for one to flourish, as if what’s good for people could be independent of who they are.
Well-Being, Value Fulfillment, and Valuing Capacities
Authors: Tiberius Valerie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A central debate about well-being in analytic philosophy concerns whether there are objective constraints on what it is to flourish or whether well-being is entirely subjective. This chapter argues that the battle lines in this debate have been drawn too starkly and recommends considering a hybrid theory. To date, hybrid theories of well-being in the literature have given more ground to objectivism. The chapter explores a hybrid version of a subjective theory. According to this version of value fulfillment theory, what is good for a person who has values is to have those values fulfilled, and what is good for a person who currently lacks values is to gain the capacities to form and pursue values.