bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ABC Test: A New Model for Employment Status Determination?
Authors: Davidov Guy , Alon-Shenker Pnina 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The tests for identifying who is an ‘employee’—the gateway for a multitude of employment rights—have preoccupied generations of labour lawyers. It is relatively rare, however, to see a significant change in the law itself in this area. We are currently witnessing such a rare change in the USA, where a new test called the ‘ABC test’ was adopted in California and is gaining support elsewhere. The new California test starts with a legal presumption of employee status. To rebut the presumption, the hiring party has to demonstrate that all the following conditions are satisfied: no control over the worker, the work is outside the usual course of the employer’s business and the worker is customarily engaged in an independently established business. The goal of this article is examine whether this new test is normatively better than previous tests and should be regarded as a model for legislation in other countries as well. Our assessment is made in light of three benchmarks: whether the new test successfully advances the purpose of labour laws, whether it adopts an optimal balance between selectivity and universalism, and whether it strikes an optimal balance between rules and standards. Our conclusion is generally positive, but at the same time we argue that some modifications are necessary to improve the test and make it a useful model.
How the Body Became Integrated: Cybernetics in the History of the Brain Death Debate
Authors: Scherz Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Although the term integration is central to the definition of brain death, there is little agreement on what it means. Through a genealogical analysis, this essay argues that there have been two primary ways of understanding integration in regard to organismal wholeness. One stems from neuroscience, focusing on the role of the brain in responding to external stimuli, which was taken up in phenomenological accounts of life. A second, arising out of cybernetics, focuses on the brain’s role in homeostasis. Recent debates over brain death are largely over this cybernetic understanding of integration. However, the phenomenological understanding of organismal wholeness can be seen in arguments by the President’s Council on Bioethics in favor of brain death. This essay argues that the cybernetic understanding of life is problematic and should be discarded. A phenomenological understanding of life can provide a better basis for arguments over definitions of life and death.
Measurement of Potential Over- and Under-policing in Communities
Authors: Atherley Loren T , Hickman Matthew J , Parkin William S , Helfgott Jacqueline B 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Over- and under-policing of neighbourhoods can undermine public trust and confidence in the police as well as the broader justice process. This study reports on attempts to operationalize and test a spatial indicator of potential over- and under-policing, where over-policing is defined as a level of police presence at a particular location that is greater-than-expected, given the level of public demand for police services, current police enforcement strategy, and community preference regarding police activity. Automated Vehicle Locator data and Computer-aided dispatch logs from the Seattle Police Department, as well as data drawn from community-based surveys, are modelled using a Geographic Information System. The model uses 2-week data windows to provide timely and actionable information that can be rendered for decision makers in a CompStat style accountability and management forum. Such an approach has potential utility for police management, as well as for community engagement and reform efforts aimed at addressing the problem of over-policing.
Unemployment Insurance as a Subsidy to Risky Firms
Authors: Van Doornik Bernardus , Fazio Dimas , Schoenherr David , Skrastins Janis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We document that a more generous unemployment insurance (UI) system shifts labor supply from safer to riskier firms and reduces the compensating wage differentials that risky firms need to pay. Consequently, a more generous UI system increases risky firms’ value and fosters entrepreneurship by reducing new firms’ labor costs. Exploiting a UI reform in Brazil that affects only part of the workforce allows us to compare labor supply for workers with different degrees of UI protection within the same firm, sharpening the identification of the results. Altogether, our results suggest that UI provides a transfer system from safe to risky firms.
Observation Versus Cast Treatment of Toddler’s Fractures
Authors: Fox Joseph , Enriquez Brianna , Bompadre Viviana , Carlin Kristen , Dales Mark 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Nondisplaced metaphyseal fractures of the distal tibia, or toddler’s fractures, are one of the most common pediatric injuries. Healing typically occurs quickly without sequelae. Treatment ranges from long leg cast immobilization to observation. This study compares short-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of toddler’s fractures treated with long leg casting versus observation.

Methods:
Patients with toddler’s fractures were offered enrollment and randomization at diagnosis. Because many families opposed randomization, a preference arm was added after one year. All subjects were analyzed as a prospective cohort. Radiographs were obtained at diagnosis and 4 weeks. A modified Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire for Children (OAFQ-C) and family satisfaction survey were collected at diagnosis, 4 and 8 weeks. Scores were analyzed using mixed effect models. Family satisfaction surveys were compared using a Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Results:
Forty-four subjects participated in the study, 34 (77%) in the preference arm and 10 (23%) in the randomized cohort. The median patient age was comparable between the cast and the observation groups, 2.0 versus 1.8 years, respectively. Significant improvement in OAFQ-C scores was observed in both groups over 8 weeks (P<0.01). Patients in the observation group had a higher initial play score than the cast group (P=0.03). The observation group trended toward higher physical scores at all time points (P=0.11). There was no significant difference in emotional scores between groups (P=0.77). No displacement was observed in any patient. Casted patients had significantly more minor complications with 4 patients requiring cast change or removal compared with 0 in the observed group (P=0.01). At 8 weeks, 80% of parents in the cast group were likely or very likely to choose the same treatment compared with 95.6% in the observation group. Family satisfaction scores did not differ between groups (P=0.18). They demonstrated differences in perceived normal walking at 4 weeks, with 50% of casted patients walking normally compared with 92% of observed patients. Over 90% of patients in both groups were reportedly walking normally at week 8.

Conclusion:
Observation of toddler’s fractures results in equivalent clinical and radiographic outcomes, high family satisfaction and fewer complications compared with treatment with a long leg cast.

Level of Evidence:
Level II.
Incidence of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Cerebral Palsy Following an Orthopaedic Surgical Event
Authors: Sees Julieanne P. , Maguire Kathleen , Prestowitz Sky , Rogers Kenneth J. , Miller Freeman 
Published: February 2022

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and characterize the demographics, comorbidities, and risk factors for patients with cerebral palsy (CP) having orthopaedic surgery.

Methods:
All patients diagnosed with CP who underwent an orthopaedic surgical procedure at one institution between 2008 and 2017 were identified. Diagnosis codes and associated patient events were recovered from the electronic medical record. Each VTE event was reviewed to ascertain an actual VTE episode related to a surgical event.

Results:
The review included 2583 orthopaedic surgical events in 1371 patients. Of the initial 88 cases identified, 28 cases had a deep thrombosis documented. Six cases of VTE occurred within 3 months following the surgical event. Three of these cases had thigh thrombosis, and 2 patients had upper arm thrombosis, and 1 patient had a superior vena cava thrombosis. On further workup, 5 of these 6 patients were identified as having a congenital hypercoagulable condition.

Conclusions:
VTE is a relatively rare occurrence after orthopaedic surgery in pediatric patients with CP, but when it occurs, a full hematologic workup for a congenital hypercoagulable condition is indicated. Based on the low incidence of thigh thrombosis, routine pharmacological or intermittent mechanical calf compression is not recommended. A careful clinical and family history should be performed to identify patients with possible genetic hypercoagulable conditions who would merit prophylaxis.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Femoral Lengthening in Children: A Comparison of Motorized Intramedullary Nailing Versus External Fixation Techniques
Authors: Tillotson Laura O. , Maddock Connor L. , Hanley Jacqueline , Arseneau Gillian M. , Bradley Catharine S. , Kelley Simon P. 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Femoral lengthening is associated with high complication rates often related to the type of surgical device used to perform the lengthening. The advent of intramedullary lengthening devices has promised a reduction in complications when compared with external fixation systems. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of femoral lengthening in children using a motorized intramedullary nail (Precice) versus an external fixation system (Taylor Spatial Frame—TSF; or Monolateral Rail System—MRS) at a single institution, single surgeon practice.

Methods:
This study is a retrospective comparison of pediatric patients who had previously undergone femoral lengthening (±deformity correction). Patients ages 8 to 18 years of age were included and grouped based on whether they had undergone Precice nailing or external fixation (TSF or MRS) between 2010 and 2019.

Results:
Twenty-seven patients (32 femurs) were included. Thirteen patients (15 femurs) had undergone Precice nailing and 14 patients (17 femurs) had undergone external fixation. The Precice group had significantly fewer problems, obstacles, and complications than the external fixation group, Precice 6.6%, 0%, 0%, respectively, and external fixation 47.1%, 29.4%, 0% respectively (P<0.01). Unplanned return to the operating room occurred in 4 cases, solely in the external fixation group. There were no differences in percentage of goal length achieved, Precice (mean 93.6%, range: 66.7% to 114.3%), external fixation (mean 96%, range: 76.9% to 117.5%) P=0.31 and total length achieved, Precice (mean: 44 mm, range: 20 to 80 mm), external fixation (mean: 46 mm, range: 10 to 70 mm) P=0.72. There was no difference in consolidation index, Precice (24.1 d/cm), external fixation (28.5 d/cm) P=0.36. The Precice group had a significantly shorter length of stay (mean: 2.2 d, range: 1 to 4 d), compared with the external fixation group (mean: 3.7 d, range: 2 to 8), P=0.01.

Conclusions:
Femoral lengthening in children using a motorized intramedullary nail was associated with a markedly reduced rate of complications and shorter length of stay compared with external fixation.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
The value of sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography in differentiating and staging renal cell carcinomas: A systematic review
Authors: Deb Abdalla Ali , Agag Ayman , Naushad Naufal , Krishnamoorthy Rajbabu , Serag Hosam 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Misdiagnosis of benign renal neoplasms can lead to unnecessary surgical resections, which increases the risk of other morbidities and mortality. Therefore, it is crucial to find a diagnostic modality for differentiation between benign and malignant renal masses. In the current study, we summarized published pieces of evidence concerning the use of technetium-99m (99mTc)-sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) as a promising diagnostic nuclear imaging modality for the differentiation of renal neoplasms. The study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. We conducted a systematic electronic database search for suitable studies from inception till February 20, 2020 in 9 databases. The risk of bias was assessed for the included studies using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. We identified 9373 records after exclusion of 8978 duplicates using EndNote software. Title and abstract screening resulted in 761 records for further full-text screening. Finally, four studies were included with total sample size of 80 patients. The overall risk of bias was low to moderate. The results of all the included studies supported using 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT for the differentiation between benign and malignant renal neoplasms. The use of 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT could be a rapid, less invasive, promising diagnostic modality for histological diagnosis and staging of renal neoplasm, as well as monitoring post-therapy tumor's response. However, more studies with large sample sizes are essential to confirm the reliability and accuracy of this modality for usage.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: Friedrichson Benjamin , Kloka Jan A. , Neef Vanessa , Mutlak Haitham , Old Oliver , Zacharowski Kai , Piekarski Florian 
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND
In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many retrospective single-centre or specialised centre reports have shown promising mortality rates with the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy. However, the mortality rate of an entire country throughout the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.

OBJECTIVES
The primary objective is to determine the hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients receiving venovenous ECMO (VV-ECMO) and veno-arterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) therapy. Secondary objectives are the chronological development of mortality during the pandemic, the analysis of comorbidities, age and complications.

DESIGN
Cohort study.

SETTING
Inpatient data from January 2020 to September 2021 of all hospitals in Germany were analysed.

PARTICIPANTS
All COVID-19-positive patients who received ECMO therapy were analysed according to the appropriate international statistical classification of diseases and related health problem codes (ICDs) and process key codes (OPSs).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome was the hospital mortality.

RESULTS
In total, 4279 COVID-19-positive patients who received ECMO therapy were analysed. Among 404 patients treated with VA-ECMO and 3875 treated with VV-ECMO, the hospital mortality was high: 72% (n = 291) for VA-ECMO and 65.9% (n = 2552) for VV-ECMO. A total of 43.2% (n = 1848) of all patients were older than 60 years with a hospital mortality rate of 72.7% (n = 172) for VA-ECMO and 77.6% (n = 1301) for VV-ECMO. CPR was performed in 44.1% (n = 178) of patients with VA-ECMO and 16.4% (n = 637) of patients with VV-ECMO. The mortality rates widely varied from 48.1 to 84.4% in individual months and worsened from March 2020 (59.2%) to September 2021 (78.4%).

CONCLUSION
In Germany, a large proportion of elderly patients with COVID-19 were treated with ECMO, with an unacceptably high hospital mortality. Considering these data, the unconditional use of ECMO therapy in COVID-19 must be carefully considered and advanced age should be considered as a relative contraindication.
Two-Year Outcomes of the Paul Glaucoma Implant for Treatment of Glaucoma
Authors: Tan Marcus Chun Jin , Choy Heng Yoong Chloe , Koh Teck Chang Victor , Aquino Maria Cecilia , Sng Chelvin Cheryl Agnes , Lim Dawn Ka Ann , Loon Seng Chee , Chew Tec Kuan Paul 
Published: February 2022

Purpose:
To determine 2-year efficacy of the PAUL Glaucoma Implant (PGI), a novel glaucoma tube shunt in patients with advanced glaucoma.

Participants:
Patients with glaucoma refractory to maximum medical therapy or previous failed glaucoma surgery.

Methods:
Retrospective review of all patients who had underwent PGI implantation in a single tertiary institution between May 1, 2017 and March 30, 2021.

Main Outcome Measures:
Primary outcome measure was failure defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) >18 mm Hg or <6 mm Hg on 2 consecutive visits after 3 months, reoperation for IOP-related indication, explantation of implant or loss of light perception vision. Complete success was defined as unmedicated IOP ≤18 mm Hg or ≥6 mm Hg in the absence of failure.

Results:
Forty-five eyes in 45 patients were identified, with mean follow-up duration of 24.9±2.0 months. Thirty patients (66.7%) had primary glaucoma and 11 (24.4%) with previous glaucoma surgery. At 2 years following surgery, 8 eyes (17.8%) fulfilled the failure criteria with 32 eyes (71.1%) achieving complete success. Compared with mean medicated preoperative IOP (19.8±6.3 mm Hg), postoperative IOP at 24 months was 13.9±3.7 (P<0.01). Mean number of medications decreased from 3.2±0.8 preoperatively to 0.29±0.65 at 24 months (P<0.01). Significant complications included self-limiting shallow anterior chamber (n=10; 22.2%), hypotony requiring intervention (n=4; 8.9%) and tube occlusion (n=4; 8.9%).

Conclusions:
The PGI was able to achieve sustained IOP reduction with reduction of medications at 2 years postsurgery in patients with advanced glaucoma.
Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Guideline for Transport and Retrieval of Adult and Pediatric Patients with ECMO Support
Authors: Labib Ahmed , August Erin , Agerstrand Cara , Frenckner Bjorn , Laufenberg De’ann , Lavandosky Gerald , Fajardo Christian , Gluck Jason A. , Brodie Daniel 
Published: February 2022

Disclaimer:
This guideline for the preparation for and undertaking of transport and retrieval of patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is intended for educational use to build the knowledge of physicians and other health professionals in assessing the conditions and managing the treatment of patients undergoing ECLS / ECMO and describe what are believed to be useful and safe practice for extracorporeal life support (ECLS, ECMO) but these are not necessarily consensus recommendations. The aim of clinical guidelines are to help clinicians to make informed decisions about their patients. However, adherence to a guideline does not guarantee a successful outcome. Ultimately, healthcare professionals must make their own treatment decisions about care on a case-by-case basis, after consultation with their patients, using their clinical judgement, knowledge and expertise. These guidelines do not take the place of physicians’ and other health professionals’ judgment in diagnosing and treatment of particular patients. These guidelines are not intended to and should not be interpreted as setting a standard of care or be deemed inclusive of all proper methods of care nor exclusive of other methods of care reasonably directed to obtaining the same results. The ultimate judgment must be made by the physician and other health professionals and the patient in light of all the circumstances presented by the individual patient, and the known variability and biological behavior of the clinical condition. These guidelines reflect the data at the time the guidelines were prepared; the results of subsequent studies or other information may cause revisions to the recommendations in these guidelines to be prudent to reflect new data, but ELSO is under no obligation to provide updates. In no event will ELSO be liable for any decision made or action taken in reliance upon the information provided through these guidelines.
Racial Disparities in Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Bodek Daniel D. , Everwine Matthew M. , Lunsford Keri E. , Okoronkwo Nneoma , Patel Pavan A. , Pyrsopoulos Nikolaos 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a deadly disease, with patients’ best hope for a cure being liver transplantation; however, access to health care resources, such as donor organs, between ethnic groups has historically been unbalanced. Ensuring equitable access to donor livers is crucial to minimize disparities in HCC outcomes. As a result, we sought to better elucidate the differences in transplantation rates among various ethnic groups.

Materials and Methods:
The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was utilized to evaluate for disparities in liver transplantation in patients whose primary or secondary diagnosis was recorded as HCC or hepatoma. The study included admissions between 2007 and 2014 to centers with at least 1 documented liver transplant.

Results:
A total of 7244 transplants were performed over 70,406 weighted admissions. Black race was associated with lower transplantation rates, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.46 (95% confidence interval: 0.42-0.51, P<0.01) when accounting for a number of possible confounders including socioeconomic and geographic factors.

Conclusions:
Our study observed decreased rates of liver transplant in blacks compared with whites for HCC. Furthermore, improved economic status and private insurance had a significantly higher odds ratio for transplantation. Hospital-level studies are needed to clarify confounding factors not apparent in large administrative datasets and help better investigate factors that lead to less optimal transplant rates among blacks. Interventions may include more optimal screening policies and procedures, improved interdisciplinary management, and earlier referrals.
Seeking to Understand
Authors: Ferren Melora D. , Von Ah Diane , Stolldorf Deonni P. , Newhouse Robin P. 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to describe cultural characteristics, values, and beliefs that influence sustainability of an evidence-based practice (EBP) intervention in the acute care clinical setting.

BACKGROUND
There is an urgent need to identify best practices to sustain EBP to gain efficiencies in nursing care delivery and improve patient outcomes.

METHODS
A focused ethnographic qualitative study was conducted in a community hospital with nurses that used Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT).

RESULTS
Customizing the intervention to the unit culture evolved and was crucial for sustainability. Overlap in responsibilities, time, clinician confidence, and impact to workflow were noted as negative influences. The intervention was primarily viewed as a task to be checked off a list instead of a tool that informs the patient's plan of care.

CONCLUSIONS
Assessing clinician experiences, beliefs, and values of an EBP should be incorporated into a strategic sustainability plan. Clinician understanding of how an EBP can advance the patient plan of care could promote ownership of professional practice and sustainment.