bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insecticide Evaluation for Beetle Grub Control in Golf Course Turf, PA, 1978
Authors: Heller Paul R. , Shetlar David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were tested for grub control on two golf course fairways. The turf at Kennett Square, PA was predominately Kentucky bluegrass. This fairway was infested with Japanese beetles with a pretreatment count average of 13.5 grubs/ft2. A randomized complete block design was used with treatments applied on August 14 and posttreatment counts made on September 25. Environmental conditions were: air temp - 32°C; soil class - loam; % soil moisture - 30.2%; pH - 6.7; thatch - 13mm; soil temp - 28 C; and partly cloudy skies. At Oakmont, PA the turf was predominately annual bluegrass infested with Japanese beetle and some northern maked chafer with a pretreatment count average of 21.8 grubs/ft2. A complete randomized block design was used with treatments applied on August 22 and posttreatment counts made on October 3. Environmental conditions were: air temp - 27°C; soil class - silty loam; % soil moisture - 18.9%; pH - 6.5; thatch - 3mm; soil temp - 23°C; and clear skies. Sprayable formulations applied by hand held sprinkling cans were mixed in with 8.5 qt water/100 ft2, then watered in with an additional 8.5 qt water. Granular products were applied with a hand held shaker. Four sq ft samples were taken in each of 3 replicates. The treated fairway at Kennett Square, PA received 1/4-1/2 inch additional irrigation immediately after treatment. The fairway at Oakmont, PA received no additional water. Knox-out 2 FM, Oftanol 6E and Oftanol 15G were applied at 2X and 4X rates for phytotoxicity tests.
Japanese Beetle Control, South Windsor, Connecticut, 1977
Authors: Moore Robert E. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On August 16, 1977 insecticides were applied to two year old Kentucky bluegrass turf. Plots were 100 ft2, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Pretreatment counts averaged 20 second and third stage grubs per I ft2. Granular formulations were mixed with sand to increase bulk and applied with a hand spreader. Liquids and wettable powders, except for Dursban-Nemajet treatments, were applied with a 2 gal hand pump sprayer (one gal finished spray/plot). Dursban was also applied with a Nemajet attached to a hydraulic pump delivering 300 psi to determine if the active ingredient forced through the thatch layer under pressure would provide better control than conventional low pressure applications. The Dursban-Nemajet trials were applied by passing the jet across the plot in one direction (‘one way’), and in a crisscross pattern (‘two way’) which doubled the amount of cuts through the thatch layer. The volume of toxicant remained the same for both treatments since the application time remained constant for both treatments. Total rainfall from August 16 until plot evaluation the week of Sept 19 was 4.08 inches. All plots received .75 inch of irrigatior 30 minutes after insecticides were applied. Site conditions at treatment time were: thatch layer .62 inch, soil type, Agawam very fine sandy loam with a 6.2 pH, 70.2% sand, 24.8% silt, 5.0% clay, and 4.1% organic matter.
Japanese Beetle Control on Bluegrass Turf, 1978
Authors: Moore Robert E. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Candidate insecticides were compared with two registered insecticides commonly used on turf in Connecticut. The test was laid out in a randomized complete block design with 100 ft2 plots. Treatments were replicated 4 times. The test site was a commercial turf farm near Windsor. Insecticides were applied on September 7 with granular materials mixed in sand to increase bulk and applied with a hand spreader. Liquid formulations were applied with a watering can at 1.5 gal/100 ft2 rate. All plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches of water one hour after treatment. The grub population consisted of 15 second and third stage larvae per ft2. The soil was a silty loam with an analysis of: pH 5.2, organic matter 4.1%, sand 72.4%, silt 22.6% and clay 5.0%. The thatch layer was 0.50 inches. Rainfall from the start of the test to September 28-29, when the test was evaluated, was 1.30 inches. The sampling technique consisted of taking six, 0.23 ft cores from each test plot and counting the grubs in each core.
Apple, Test of Insecticides, 1978
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to runoff to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 4 replicates of Golden Delicious. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. Experimental sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35-gpm pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Approximately 8.0 gallons of spray was applied per replicate tree. Spray dates for the test insecticides were: May 30, Jun 15, 29, Jul 12, 26, Aug 9, 23, and Sep 6. During May, general sprays involving Cyprex, Polyram, sulfur, and calcium chloride were applide with an airblast sprayer at 50 gallons of water/acre to the whole experimental block. From June through July, the general sprays involved captan, sulfur, and calcium chloride. Late season general sprays were of captan and zineb. Average temperatures were: May 58.6°F, Jun 68.5°F, Jul 70.4°F, Aug 74.1°F, and Sep 64.8°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 5.67, Jun 3.24, Jul 7.98, Aug 2.46, and Sep 1.5. Effectiveness on the apple aphid was evaluated by counting the number of infested terminals/10 top terminals/tree, the number of aphid infested leaves/terminal, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf/infested terminal. The effect of the sprays on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 leaves/tree. The effectiveness of the test materials on the the Japanese beetle was assessed by counting the number of damaged terminals/20 top terminals/tree and the number of damaged leaves/terminal. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the European red mite, the two-spotted spider mite, and predatory mites was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 15 leaves/tree, 60 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays of the predator S.punctum was evaluated by 3-min. counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after Jun 27 and 2 picked samples on Aug 2] and Sep 20. Apple samples averaged 220 fruits/replicate and 880/treatment. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Kentucky Bluegrass, Grasshopper Control, 1978
Authors: Schuder Donald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A series of 14 treatments was applied to a Kentucky bluegrass lawn at the Federated Church in West Lafayette, Indiana on June 14, 1978. Plots were 7 by 14 feet and the experiment was replicated five times. Sprays were applied with a boom mounted on a bicycle wheeled type frame. A pressure of 30 psi was maintained with a CO2 tank. Granular applications were made with a 7 foot wide John Deere granular applicator mounted on a bicycle wheeled type frame. Half of each plot was sampled on July 12 and 25 by applying a mixture of “Diagnostic Aid” and water to half of the plot with a sprinkling can and counting the number of larvae that emerged.
Control of Grasshoppers on Lawns, Bozeman, Montana, August 1978
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plot size for each rate (2 and 4 oz ai/acre) of 3 candidate insecticides was 0.01 acre of lush meadow grass mowed to theheightof the typical lawn. There plots were divided into 4 equal 0.0025-acre subplots, each representing one replication. A knapsack compressed air sprayer was used to treat each subplot with insecticide diluted in one quart of water (i.e., 100 gal/acre). Immediately after spraying, a 1/2 yd2 cage was secured on the still-wet grass in each subplot, and 20 adult grasshoppers were placed into each cage. There was an untreated check for each of the 3 materials.
Imported Fire Ant Control with Ferriamicide, 1978
Authors: Collins Homes L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ferriamicide, a degradable formulation of mirex produced by the Mississippi Authority for the Control of Fire Ants, was evaluated for control of imported fire ants on non-agricultural land during the summer of 1978. The granular bait formulation was applied broadcast at a rate of 1 lb bait per acre (227 mg ai/acre), by helicopter equipped with a specially designed bait distribution system. A total of eighteen different test plots ranging in size from 10 to 100 acres were treated between Aug 25 and 31, 1978. All test plots were located in Central and South Mississippi. The degree of control was determined by counting all live ant colonies within three to eight subplots randomly located within each test plot. Counts were made prior to treatment and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks following treatment.
Control of Lice on Beef Cattle, Virginia, 1977
Authors: Akers R. C. , Roberts J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were conducted comparing two rates of Dow TF-302. The insecticide was applied along the center backline at 5 ml/100 lb body weight and 15 ml/100 lb body weight at Broadford and Marion respectively. Lice counts were taken on five areas of the body (head, brisket, neck, backline, and rump) per average three hair parts. The cattle used for these tests were 16 Hereford yearlings weighing approximately 350 lb at Broadford and 500 lb at Marion. Louse counts on five untreated control calves were made on the same dates as the two treated groups. These cattle showed that the louse population varied from counting date to counting date, but did not show a strong decline during the duration of the trial. The use of untreated controls in lice trials mainly validates the continuing presence of lice during the trial.
Acaricide Screening for Control of Psoroptic Mites, 1978
Authors: Wright F. C. , Riner J. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Normally, common scabies mites, Psoroptesovis (Hering), were obtained from Government-owned cattle for acaricide tests. During the summer months these mites were not available; therefore, we used Psoroptescuniculi (Delafond) taken from the ears of rabbits for these tests. Approximately 20 to 25 mites (adults or nymphs) were put in “tea bags” (2.5 cm by 2.5cm) made from heat-sealable rice paper (modified method of Gladney, W.J. et a., 1972, J. Econ. Entomol. 65: 174-176). The bags were dipped in the acaricides for 30 sec and then allowed to dry at room temperature and prevailing humidity.
Guinea Pig-

Amblyomma

Americanum

Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1978
Authors: Hunt L. M. , Gilbert B. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The procedure is as follows: Guinea pigs are “close-clipped” around the midsection. Then 2 capsule cages are attached with contact cement and tape. Then 24 starved nymphal lone star ticks are placed in the cages (12/capsule), and the candidate compound is administered 24 hr later. Doses are established by weighing the guinea pigs to determine the amount of active ingredient to be used; they depend on structure, LD50, and other compound characteristics though the maximum is 50 mg/kg. This amount is formulated in diethyl succinate and administered subcutaneously in a volume of &lt; 500 μl/injection. The injections are given on 3 alternate or consecutive days. About 4-6 days after the 1st treatment, dead ticks are detached and counted, and/or replete ticks were removed from the capsules and held to observe mortality and nymphal molt.
Laboratory Test of Effect of Molt Inhibitors and an Insect Growth Regulator on Fertility and Fecundity of Western Spruce Budworm, 1978
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Kimball Richard A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experiments to determine whether three molt inhibitors and an insect growth regulator might reduce fertility or fecundity of western spruce budworm were conducted. The chemicals were formulated in dimethylformamide and topically applied to newly-emerged adult females at the dosage rate of 10 ug/100 mg body weight. Controls were treated with solvent only. Each female was placed in an 8-oz paper cup with a newly-emerged adult male. The pair was left in a darkened room for 30 days, when numbers of eggs laid and hatched larvae were counted by means of a dissecting microscope.
Cotton, Laboratory Determination of Reproductive Inhibitors with the Boll Weevil 1978
Authors: Wright James E. , Haynes Jack W. , Jurd Leonard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory reared adults (25 newly emerged, mixed sexes) were immersed in acetone solutions of the candidate chemicals for 5 sec, air dried, and held at 27°C and 60% RH, fresh field squares (cotton buds) were then provided daily (1 square/5 weevils) for feeding and oviposition. Also, the candidate chemicals were placed in the adult diet (0.5%), and newly emerged adults were allowed to feed for 3 days. Eggs from both treatments were collected; one-half the eggs were held for hatch, and one-half the eggs were placed on larval diets for determination of adult emergence. High adult mortality was obtained with chemicals JURD 2693 and JURD 2581 when incorporated within the diet. Chemical JURD 2335 in the diet also gave a reduced adult emergence. None of the compounds were active when tested by dipping in acetone solution.
Apple, Insecticide Test, 1978
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Los Lorraine 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The materials were applied with an airblast sprayer, ca. 4 gal/tree, to 14-yr-old apple trees, cultivars Red Delicious, Sungold, and Stayman. Each treatment was applied to 18 trees, 2 replicates of 3 tree of each variety, with the plots arranged in a randomized block design. Treatments were made on May 26, Jun 9, 27, Jul 12, and Aug 3. Captan 50W and Cyprex 65W at 1.0 and 0.5 lb formulation/100 gal, respectively, were added to each insecticide treatment for apple scab control. Live apple aphids on each of 10 terminals were counted for 1 tree/replicate. White apple leafhoppers were counted on 50 leaves from each of 5 Stayman trees for each treatment. The number of spotted tentiform leafminer mines observed during a 1-min period was recorded for each Stayman tree. Number of injured fruit at harvest was based on 100 fruit/tree, except Red Delicious, where only 4 of the 6 trees were sampled. Counts for white apple leafhopper and spotted tentiform leafminer were transformed to logarithms before analysis of variance and comparison of means.
Apple, Mite Control with Insecticides, Hudson Valley, 1978
Authors: Weires R. W. , Smith G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide treatments were evaluated for their miticidal properties in a seasonal control program conducted near Highland, NY. Eight-tree plots from 5 to 7 different apple cultivars on the EM 2 rootstock were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high pressure hand gun sprayer at 400 psi. Treatments were applied at petal fall (May 26) and in 5 cover sprays (Jun 10, 23, Jul 7, 24, and Aug 9) except HOE 25682, which omitted from the Aug 9 spray. During May and June 4.2 gal spray/tree (403 gal/acre) was applied, while in July and August 5.2 gal (499 gal/acre) was required for complete coverage. Additional sprays, applied for disease control over the entire block, included: Difolatan 4F 5 gal/acre (Apr 24) and Cyprex 65W 2 lb/acre (Jun 6). Pest mite population pressure was very high, with all three phytophagous species increasing throughout July and August. Rainfall was below normal during June and July, while temperatures were above normal during August. Mite populations were evaluated August 15 by collecting 25 ‘Red Delicious’ leaves/tree from one tree/replicate. The leaves were brushed with a mite brushing machine and all mite stages counted under a scope.
Pear, Pear Psylla Dormant Season Control, 1978
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three synthetic pyrethroids were applied as dilute air-blast sprays to plots of mixed Bartlett and d’Anjou pear for control of overwintered pear psylla adults. Plots were about one-half acre in size. In some plots superior type oil was added to the spray while in others the insecticide was diluted with water only. All sprays were applied at 400 gal/acre. Treatments were evaluated for adult kill by a pre- and several posttreatment counts using the beating tray technique (25 limb taps at random from each plot on each counting date), and for nymphs by a count from 5 spurs at or shortly after bloom stage.
Control of European Red Mite and Peach Silver Mite, 1978
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 10- to 15-year-old mixed variety block of peaches was selected for this test. An early application of Pydrin was used to remove predators. All plots were sprayed to the point of drip with hand guns at 400 to 500 psi. Plots consisted of four single-tree replicates randomized throughout the block. Samples of mites were taken at weekly intervals by collecting 25 leaves/tree or 100 leaves/plot. Leaves were brushed with a mite brushing machine and mites counted under a binocular microscope.
Blueberry, Maggot Control, 1978
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In abandoned blueberry fields at Turner and Jonesboro, Maine, test materials were first applied when ca. 2 to 10% of the berries were ripening and turning blue. Treatment dates are shown in the table. The plot size in Test I was 3 x 4 ft and in Test 2, 25 x 25 ft. For the 3 x 4-ft plots, Trithion dust was placed into test tubes and applied onto the plots with a bicycle hand pump; a cage covered with clear plastic and located over the plot during the dusting was used to confine the dust to the plot. The other materials were each mixed with water added at a rate of 25 gal/acre and sprayed onto the plots with a hand sprayer. For the 25 x 25-ft plots, Trithion dust was applied by a hand crank duster. The remaining materials were each mixed with water at 20 gal/acre, or 100 gal/acre for Mesurol, and applied with a knapsack sprayer. No other pesticides were applied to the plots. The number of replications per treatment is shown in the table. A randomized complete block design was utilized. The Jonesboro plots were raked on Aug 17 and the Turner plots on Aug 3-8. All berries were raked from the 3 x 4-ft plots (1 to 3 oz blueberries per plot at Jonesboro and 9 to 11 oz per plot at Turner). Quart samples were raked per 25 x 25-ft plot at Jonesboro and pint samples at Turner. Berries were processed for maggots by boiling the berries and extracting the maggots from the pulp. July and August were hot and dry. Maggot population pressure was light.
Tarnished Plant Bug Control with Vydate L, 1978
Authors: Schaefers George A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar applications of Vydate L at 3 different rates were applied with a row-crop sprayer at 100 gpa in a single application on May 30, 1978. Each treatment was replicated on four 2 x 20 ft of matted row. Plant bug counts were made by knocking 5 blossom clusters/replication into a 6-inch pot saucer and counting the numbers of nymphs present. All berries picked between June 23 and July 10 were evaluated for insect injury.
Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1978
Authors: French J. Victor 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six acaricide treatments and a control were arranged in a completely randomized design with each treatment replicated on 6 single trees. The 4-yr-old grapefruit trees, on a 24 ft x 24 ft spacing on sandy loam soil, were sprayed by hand gun with a John Bean Model 1010-MTBT sprayer at 225 psi, using ca. 10 gal/tree. Treatments were applied on May 28 and mite counts made at 30-day intervals posttreafment. Twelve fruit/tree were selected at random and rust mite were counted on the top, median, and bottom of each fruit using a 10X handlens with a l-cm2 grid. Texas citrus mite were counted by collecting 15 to 20 leaves/tree at random, brushing the mites from leaves onto counting plates with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine, and counting at 40X under a binocular microscope. Acaraben and efhion + 1% citrus spray oil were the standard acari cides.
Citrus Rust Mite Control, Oxnard, California, 1978
Authors: Brown R. D. , Jesser M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Several acaricides were tested for efficacy against citrus rust mite (CRM). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in 2-tree plots (except only 2 plots for Vendex at the 1.5-oz rate). Trees were assigned to a replicate on the basis of their prespray CRM infestation level. Trees were sprayed on May 1 with a Hardy orchard spray gun (No. 8 orifice) at 500 psi, using ca. 15 gal/tree (1600 gal/acre). On each count date, 10 green lemons (picked from within the canopy of the tree) were rated as infested or not. Lemons were examined with a 10X handlens: The path made with the lens was a circle 4 cm in diameter centered on the stem, plus a line from stem to the opposite end of the lemon.
Citrus Red Mite Control with Acaricides, 1978
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Arvizo G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers speed sprayer to 5-tree plots and 4 replicates. Sprays were applied at 150 gpa and 400 psi on Apr 12. The spray pattern was adjusted to cover the height of trees. The tractor speed was 2 mph. Mite counts represent both immature and adult stages beginning with a precount Apr 8 of 9.04 mites/leaf. Treatments were evaluated by sampling 50 leaves selected at random per plot. Daily maximum temperature during the test in April was 88°F and 93°F for May. There was no rainfall.
Mite Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1978
Authors: Boethel David J. , Shelton Richard R. , McBride Jere M. , Stewart Larry 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on mature ‘Stuart’ and ‘Success’ pecan trees at Monroe, Louisiana. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with eight single-tree replications per treatment. Applications were made on Aug 21 with a Meyers 2A42 sprayer with each tree receiving ca. 36 gal of spray. Evaluation occurred on Aug 28 by counting the mites present on 2 leaflets on each of 10 randomly selected compound leaves per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Phylloxera Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1978
Authors: Boethel David J. , Shelton Richard R. , McBride Jere M. , Stewart Larry 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two similar but independent experiments were conducted to control pecan phylloxer on pecans at Whitehall and Bossier City, Louisiana. At Whitehall, the experimental design was a completely randomized design with four single-tree replications per treatment. The trees were the ‘Caspiana’ cultivar. Applications were made with a John Bean 957 sprayer with each tree receiving ca. 30 gal of spray. The Superior 70 Oil was applied on Mar 10 while all other treatments were applied Apr 5. Evaluation occurred on May 11 by counting the number of terminals infested and the numbers of phylloxera galls present on 100 randomly selected terminals per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the results are shown below:
Pecan Weevil Control with Soil Insecticides in Brown County Texas, 1975, 1976
Authors: Calcote V. R. , Hyder D. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Orthene 10G and Furadan 10G were applied Jul 9’75 to a 9.29-sq-meter area under large pecan trees and disced in. The treatments, including untreated controls, were replicated 10 times in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were evaluated by placing a wire cone trap (1 M dia) in the center of each treated area in order to capture emerging adults. The treatments were designed primarily for efficacy against the pupal’ and adult stages. Only 6 malesand 4 females emerged from the 10 replicates in 1975 and are omitted from the table. Nine replicates were evaluated in 1976 (Bumblebee nest in 1 replicate).