bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing job training effectiveness in Chile: A longitudinal approach
Authors: Didier Nicolas 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe process of technological change brings significant challenges to societies. While private sector organizations seek to include new technologies in their production processes, individuals and government agencies look for possibilities for adaptation. In the context of highly unequal countries such as those in Latin America, the way the adaptation occurs can play a significant role in social mobility and family wealth creation. As the literature suggests, one of the essential policy tools to cope with changes in the labor market lies in job training policies. In this article, I assess the effectiveness of the Chilean training system, focusing on how training affects wages. Using the Casen household survey and the Social Protection Survey longitudinal versions, I estimate a training skill premium near 11%. While the different data sources show that job training has an effect, differentiation of this effect lies with the decision maker in the training process.
Intrapopulation variance in ecophysiological responses to water limitation in a butterfly metapopulation suggests adaptive resilience to environmental variability
Authors: Lehmann Philipp , Wheat Christopher W. 
Published: October 2022

How organisms that are part of the same trophic network respond to environmental variability over small spatial scales has been studied in a multitude of systems. Prevailing theory suggests a large role for plasticity in key traits among interacting species that allows matching of life cycles or life‐history traits across environmental gradients, for instance insects tracking host‐plant phenology across variable environments (Posledovich et al. 2018). A key aspect that remains understudied is the extent of intrapopulation variability in plasticity and whether stressful conditions canalize plasticity to an optimal level, or alternatively if variation in plasticity indeed could increase fitness in itself via alternative strategies. In a From the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Kahilainen et al. (2022) investigate this issue in a classical insect study system, the metapopulation of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitea cinxia) in the Åland archipelago of Finland. The authors first establish how a key host plant responds to water limitation, then quantify among‐family variation in larval growth and development across control and water‐limited host plants. Finally, they use RNA sequencing to gain mechanistic insights into some of these among‐family differences in larval performance in response to host‐plant variation, finding results suggesting the existence of heritable, intrapopulation variability in ecologically relevant plasticity. This final step represents a critically important and often overlooked component of efforts to predict sensitivity of biological systems to changing environmental conditions, since it provides a key metric of adaptive resilience present in the system.
Stem rot of jute (Corchorus spp.): New insight on its causal organisms
Authors: Mandal Kunal , Ghosh Dipankar , Kar Chandan S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractStem rot disease is a major threat to the successful cultivation of jute (Corchorus spp.). Although Macrophomina phaseolina is the causal agent attributed to this disease, in the present study we documented the involvement of several pathogens. Disease samples were collected from West Bengal, a major jute‐growing state in India and six different types of symptoms were observed under field conditions. Isolated pathogens (n = 387) produced four types of colonies resembling growth patterns of Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Lasiodiplodia and Macrophomina. Based on pigmentation on the reverse side of plates, Diaporthe‐ and Lasiodiplodia‐type colonies formed two subgroups each. However, no correlation could be established between types of disease symptoms and the associated pathogens. While Colletotrichum was prevalent in the Coochbehar district, the spatial distribution of the other pathogens was random. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA and translation elongation factor 1‐α (TEF) genes from two representative isolates from each of six morphogroups were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic trees were generated based on these sequences, which suggested that seven fungal pathogens belonging to four genera (Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Lasiodiplodia and Macrophomina) were involved with stem lesions of jute. Three recommended fungicides (carbendazim, hexaconazole and tebuconazole) were tested against the selected fungal pathogens and all were found effective in suppressing their growth in vitro.
Impact of self‐efficacy and percentage of English learners on implementation of instructional practices by secondary mathematics and science teachers
Authors: DeLozier Rebecca 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study analyzed data from the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Study of secondary education teachers to investigate differences in instructional practices of mathematics and science teachers in relation to the percentage of English learners (EL) they instruct. The study used a series of regression models to examine if EL class composition and teacher self‐efficacy are significant predictors of clarity of instruction or cognitive activation practices. Further tests investigated whether the interaction of these terms moderated instructional practice. Results indicate that mathematics teachers increase the use of clarity of instruction but decrease cognitive activation practices with increased numbers of ELs but showed no correlation to instructional practices for science teachers. Results do not support a moderating effect of teacher self‐efficacy on the relationship between instructional practices and the percentage of ELs in classrooms, suggesting that trends associated with class composition are independent of teacher ability beliefs.
High false discovery rate of the Architect anti‐HCV screening test in blood donors in Uganda and evaluation of an algorithm for confirmatory testing
Authors: Lucey Olivia , Acana Susan , Olupot‐Olupot Peter , Muhindo Rita , Ayikobua Ronald , Uyoga Sophie , Kyeyune‐Byabazaire Dorothy , Cooke Graham , Maitland Kathryn 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAdequate supplies of donor blood remain a major challenge in sub‐Saharan Africa. This is exacerbated by a lack of confirmatory testing for transfusion‐transmitted infections by blood transfusion services (BTS), leading to significant blood disposal owing to putatively high seroprevalence rates amongst Ugandan blood donors. We aimed to ascertain the false discovery rate of the Architect anti‐hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening assay and categorize screen‐reactive samples into three groups: presumed false positive, active and past infection, and develop an algorithm for confirmatory testing.Materials and MethodsA total of 470 screen‐reactive HCV blood donations were retested using the Architect anti‐HCV assay, an alternative antibody test (SD Biosensor) and a core antigen (cAg) test. signal‐to cut‐off (S/CO) ratios and pre‐analytical factors (centrifugation speed, haemolysis check, time between collection and testing) were recorded. Based on the S/CO ratio evaluation, we propose a testing algorithm to guide supplemental tests.ResultsThe false discovery rate of the Architect anti‐HCV assay was 0.84 as 395/470 (84%) screen‐reactive samples had no evidence of HCV infection (SD Biosensor and cAg negative) (presumed false positive), 38/470 (8.1%) were antigenaemic, and 32/470 (6.8%) had evidence of past infection. The median S/CO ratios of the presumed false‐positive and active infection samples were 1.8 and 17.3, respectively. The positive predictive value of HCV positivity in samples with ratios above 12 was 91.8%. On retesting, 104/470 (22.1%) samples became negative.ConclusionThe Architect anti‐HCV assay has a very high false discovery rate in Ugandan BTSs, leading to excessive blood disposal. Pre‐analytical factors likely contribute to this. An introduction of confirmatory testing using an algorithm based on S/CO ratio evaluation could limit unnecessary blood wastage and donor deferral.
Clodronate disodium is neither cytotoxic nor cytoprotective to normal and recombinant equine interleukin‐1β‐treated joint tissues in vitro
Authors: Vergara‐Hernandez Fernando B. , Panek Char L. , Nielsen Brian D. , Robison Cara I. , Colbath Aimee C. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effects of clodronate disodium (CLO) on control and recombinant equine interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β)‐treated equine joint tissues.Study designIn vitro experimental study.Sample populationCartilage explants, chondrocytes, and synoviocytes (n = 3 horses).MethodsMonolayer cultures of chondrocytes and synoviocytes from three horses were subjected to: control media (CON), 5 ng/ml CLO (C/low), 50 ng/ml CLO (C/med), 100 ng/ml CLO (C/high), with and without IL‐1β, and 10 ng/ml IL‐1β (IL) alone for 72 hours. Cartilage explants from three horses were subjected to CON, IL, C/low, and C/med with and without IL‐1β for 72 hours. Culture media was analyzed for prostaglandin‐E2 (PGE2), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and nitric oxide (NO). Explant media was analyzed for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and NO. At 72 hours, explant and monolayer culture viability were assessed, and explant GAG content was measured.ResultsIL‐1β treatment resulted in higher media concentrations of GAG, NO, PGE2, and IL‐6 compared to the CON treatment (p < .05), demonstrating a catabolic effect of IL‐1β on explants and monolayer cultures. CLO treatments did not increase media concentrations of GAG, NO, PGE2, or IL‐6 compared to CON, indicating no cytotoxic effect. Nevertheless, CLO treatments administered to IL‐1β‐treated monolayer cultures and explants did not significantly reduce the inflammatory response regardless of concentration.ConclusionCLO did not demonstrate cytotoxic nor cytoprotective effects in normal and IL‐1β‐stimulated chondrocytes, synoviocytes or explants in culture.Clinical significanceThis study does not support the use of CLO as an anti‐inflammatory treatment. Further research is necessary to confirm any anti‐inflammatory effects of CLO on joint tissues.
Casing Treatment: Its Potential and Limitations
Authors: Yoon Sungho , Cargill Patricia 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Casing treatment is an advanced design feature intended to improve the stability of a compressor. Various investigations have been conducted based on both experimental and numerical studies at least over the last 50 years. In general, it has been demonstrated that a careful design of a casing treatment can substantially improve the stall margin of a tip-limited compressor although this generally comes with an aerodynamic efficiency penalty. This review paper revisits important past studies on casing treatments to clarify findings on the sometimes-conflicting results and understand what lessons are generally applicable to a wider group of machines. Circumferential grooves over a rotor tip have been in use for some time. Much recent work has focused on axial slots over a rotor tip, because of the significant stall margin improvement and the better efficiency potential of this configuration. This paper includes both configurations, with more emphasis on the latter. The paper concludes that casing treatment offers powerful benefits to a compressor and deserves continuing research and development. Good benefits result from axial slots which start ahead of the rotor leading edge and cover the front part of the rotor tip and include skew (tangential lean in the direction of rotation). Contributing physical mechanisms include increasing the axial momentum of the casing flow casing and reducing the aerodynamic blockage to improve the casing boundary layer and the tip leakage flow. The role of impacting unsteadiness is yet to be further clarified. Areas of further research are recommended, both experimental and analytical, including further work to understand and control the loss mechanisms, studying and controlling stage interaction effects in multistage compressors, and the simultaneous design optimization of the rotor blade with the casing treatment. Multi-disciplinary issues such as manufacturing cost, weight, length, durability, aeromechanics effects, and tolerance to dust and ice also deserve further attention.
Development of a Constant Force Suspended Backpack for Variable Load and Variable Speed Locomotion
Authors: Ju Haotian , Gao Liang , Li Hongwu , Sui Dongbao , Zhang Qinghua , Zhu Yanhe , Zhao Jie 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Studies have shown that the suspended backpack, a wearable device allowing the backpack moving relative to user’s back, can effectively reduce the accelerative vertical force of the backpack to reduce the metabolic cost of users. However, the existing suspended backpack cannot eliminate the accelerative vertical force due to the nonzero suspension stiffness. This paper proposes a constant force suspended backpack adaptable to the varying load to eliminate the accelerative vertical force on the load. To this end, a spring constant force balancing mechanism is designed to achieve near-zero-stiffness suspension. Moreover, a multi-pulley compensation mechanism is proposed for compensating the balance error caused by the pulley diameter to achieve constant force theoretically, and an adjustable mechanism is added to the suspended backpack to nearly achieve constant force balance under different loads. We conducted experiments to validate the efficiency of the constant force suspended backpack. The results demonstrate that the suspended backpack can effectively reduce the maximum net metabolic power of the human by 13.1%, the displacement of the load is reduced by 87.5%, and the peak average acceleration vertical force reduction rate is 88.5%.
Assessment of Convective Heat Transfer Characteristics for Elliptical-Shaped Pin-Roughened Surface for the Jet Impingement Cooling
Authors: Yalçınkaya Orhan , Durmaz Ufuk , Tepe Ahmet Ümit , Uysal Ünal , Özel Mehmet Berkant 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In a jet impingement cooling (JIC) system, the layout of the target surface and length of the jet holes can change both the flow field and the heat transfer characteristics. Elliptical-shaped pins (ESPs) with different heights and layouts on the target surface of the extended jet hole configurations were examined numerically in a jet impingement system. The ESPs were arranged in a staggered and circular form. Normalized nozzle length (Gj/Dj = 1.0, 2.0, 6.0) and normalized pin height (Hp/Dj = 0, 0.167, 0.417, 0.667) were investigated as geometric parameters. Also, the effect of different pin layouts (R1, R2, R3) on heat transfer dissipation was studied by changing the number of pin rows in particular configurations. A numerical model was developed and verified with experimental and numerical data from the literature. Numerical analyses were conducted with the shear stress transport (SST) k–ω turbulence model taking the boundary conditions into account under turbulent flow conditions (16,250 ≤ Re ≤ 32,500). Nusselt (Nu) numbers, pressure drop, and the thermo-hydraulic performance of the physical model were quantitatively researched to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of enhanced heat transfer by the ESPs. Results were compared with the orifice surface (Hp/Dj = 0 and Gj/Dj = 6.0). Results showed that area-averaged Nu number on the target wall increased up to 35.82% for Re = 16,250 by R2_Gj/Dj = 1.0 and Hp/Dj = 0.167 compared to the conventional JIC system. The performance evaluation criterion (PEC) was used to analyze the thermo-hydraulic performance of the examined physical models. According to the PEC values, the most feasible parameters for all Re numbers were R3_Gj/Dj = 1.0 and Hp/Dj = 0.167. Furthermore, increasing the number of pin rows in the channel also increased the uniformity of the local heat transfer distribution according to Nu contours.
Stability of a Rotor Partially Filled With Fluid: Test Facility and Experimental Results
Authors: Kasprzyk Marie , Sentmanat John , Delgado Adolfo 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Fluid trapped in a hollow, rotating component may lead to subsynchronous vibrations, resulting in high vibration amplitudes. This asynchronous response is observed around 0.55–0.92× after passing through the first critical frequency and affects large rotating equipment such as centrifuges, fluid-cooled gas turbines, and jet engines. A test rig is designed to evaluate this self-excited asynchronous vibration. The high-speed rig comprises of a flexibly-mounted rotor partially filled with fluid, with an overhung test chamber providing an unobstructed view of the liquid surface. A squeeze film damper provides external damping and allows operation through the asynchronous response when the test chamber contains a large amount of fluid. The results show the rotor response with different fluid depths and external damping values as the rotor-bearing system transverses the first critical speed (cylindrical mode). The experiments show that only a small amount of oil (∼20 mL) is required to induce asynchronous excitations, and increasing the fluid depth increases the amplitude of vibration. External damping slightly decreases the response, but it also expands the range of frequencies where asynchronous vibrations occur. At a given speed ratio, the vibrations reach a limit cycle, and subsequently, begin to drop as the rotor speed increases past the first critical speed.
Agreement of Step-Based Metrics From ActiGraph and ActivPAL Accelerometers Worn Concurrently Among Older Adults
Authors: Hyde Eric T. , Nguyen Steve , Tuz-Zahra Fatima , Moore Christopher C. , Greenwood-Hickman Mikael Anne , Walker Rod L. , Natarajan Loki , Rosenberg Dori , Bellettiere John 
Published: October 2022

Purpose: Our study evaluated the agreement of mean daily step counts, peak 1-min cadence, and peak 30-min cadence between the hip-worn ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer, using the normal filter (AGN) and the low frequency extension (AGLFE), and the thigh-worn activPAL3 micro (AP) accelerometer among older adults. Methods: Nine-hundred and fifty-three older adults (≥65 years) were recruited to wear the ActiGraph device concurrently with the AP for 4–7 days beginning in 2016. Using the AP as the reference measure, device agreement for each step-based metric was assessed using mean differences (AGN − AP and AGLFE − AP), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and Pearson and concordance correlation coefficients. Results: For AGN − AP, the mean differences and MAPE were: daily steps −1,851 steps/day and 27.2%, peak 1-min cadence −16.2 steps/min and 16.3%, and peak 30-min cadence −17.7 steps/min and 24.0%. Pearson coefficients were .94, .85, and .91 and concordance coefficients were .81, .65, and .73, respectively. For AGLFE − AP, the mean differences and MAPE were: daily steps 4,968 steps/day and 72.7%, peak 1-min cadence −1.4 steps/min and 4.7%, and peak 30-min cadence 1.4 steps/min and 7.0%. Pearson coefficients were .91, .91, and .95 and concordance coefficients were .49, .91, and .94, respectively. Conclusions: Compared with estimates from the AP, the AGN underestimated daily step counts by approximately 1,800 steps/day, while the AGLFE overestimated by approximately 5,000 steps/day. However, peak step cadence estimates generated from the AGLFE and AP had high agreement (MAPE ≤ 7.0%). Additional convergent validation studies of step-based metrics from concurrently worn accelerometers are needed for improved understanding of between-device agreement.
Flexor tendon laceration of the hand from opening a glass ampoule
Authors: Estrella Emmanuel Pantaleon , Gavino Sarah Olivia Javier 
Published: October 2022

Sharps and needlestick injuries are serious work-related injuries to the hand in healthcare workers (HCWs). We present two cases of HCWs with hand injuries from opening a medicinal glass ampoule. The index finger (IF) was involved in both cases, with an associated flexor tendon injury, presenting as inability to flex the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints. Sensation was intact, and radiographs showed no foreign body.The surgical repair of the flexor tendon injury was carried out using the Wide-awake Local Anaesthesia No Tourniquet technique. The quality of the repair was tested intraoperatively. Physiotherapy involved gradual progression of finger flexion from 30% to 50% to full range of motion. At 36 and 42 months follow-up, they regained the IF range of motion and returned to work.Flexor tendon injuries from opening medicinal glass ampoules are rare but can be devastating, with a long rehabilitation process after surgical repair.
Geographically regulated designs of incidence surveys can match the precision of classical survey designs whilst requiring smaller sample sizes: the case of snakebite envenoming in Sri Lanka
Authors: Ediriweera Dileepa Senajith , de Silva Tiloka , Kasturiratne Anuradhani , de Silva Hithanadura Janaka , Diggle Peter 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundSnakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease. Data from the worst affected countries are limited because conducting epidemiological surveys is challenging. We assessed the utility of inhibitory geostatistical design with close pairs (ICP) to estimate snakebite envenoming incidence.MethodsThe National Snakebite Survey (NSS) in Sri Lanka adopted a multistage cluster sampling design, based on population distribution, targeting 1% of the country’s population. Using a simulation-based study, we assessed predictive efficiency of ICP against a classical survey design at different fractions of the original sample size of the NSS. We also assessed travel distance, time taken to complete the survey, and sensitivity and specificity for detecting high-risk areas for snake envenoming, when using these methods.ResultsA classical survey design with 33% of the original NSS sample size was able to yield a similar predictive efficiency. ICP yielded the same at 25% of the NSS sample size, a 25% reduction in sample size compared with a classical survey design. ICP showed >80% sensitivity and specificity for detecting high-risk areas of envenoming when the sampling fraction was >20%. When ICP was adopted with 25% of the original NSS sample size, travel distance was reduced by >40% and time to conduct the survey was reduced by >75%.ConclusionsThis study showed that snakebite envenoming incidence can be estimated by adopting an ICP design with similar precision at a lower sample size than a classical design. This would substantially save resources and time taken to conduct epidemiological surveys and may be suited for low-resource settings.