bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVI-20 Effect of Skin Thickness and Rumen-Protected Methionine on Body Temperature of Nelore Cows Keep on Tropical Environment
Authors: Brauner Cassio Cassal , Barbosa Matheus , de Izquierdo Vinicius Souza , Cardoso Jordani , Lopes Fernanda , Corrêa Marcio Nunes , Schmitt Eduardo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rumen-protected (RPM) supplementation on body temperature, as well as the relationship between skin thickness and body temperature of Nelore cows in a tropical climate. The study was carried out at the Hildegard Georgina Von Pritzelwitz Agrozootechnical Experimental Station (Fazenda Figueira), located in southern Brazil (23º34'26" S; 50º58'14" W), during the 2020/2021 breeding season. In the period from d-28, 28 days after the FTAI protocol, the animals were divided into 2 treatments: the Control Group (CG) receiving 100g/cow/day of mineral salt, and the Methionine group (MG) with the same mineral salt supplementation plus 3g RPM. Between d-9 and d-2 FTAI the body temperature was measured using a data logger coupled to the progesterone device, with assessment of vaginal temperature every 30 minutes. The skin was measured in millimeters (mm) with a cutimeter in the scapular region at the same day of pregnancy diagnosis (d28). The mean plus one standard deviation of the skin thickness was used to categorize the animals with thick skin and thin skin corresponding to (CG: 5.09% of 530 animals; GM: 5.28% of 530 animals) leaving a total of 55 animals in total, GC=27 and MG=28. Data were analyzed using Mixed Models in JMP, considering the body temperature as the random variable; group, day, quartile and their interactions with fixed effects; animals were included as a random effect. Body temperature was different between GC (38.878±0.028) and GM (38.784±0.028), P&lt; 0.05. The interaction between group and skin category was different between GC-thin skin (38.92±0.041) and MG-thin skin (38.74±0.037; P&lt; 0.05), the other categories showed no difference (P &gt; 0.05). The other evaluations did not show difference (P &gt;0.05). In conclusion, methionine was able to reduce the internal body temperature of Nelore cows at tropical temperatures, mainly in those with thin skin thickness.
PSVI-17 Effect of Post-Ruminal Amino Acid Supply on Organ Mass and Small Intestinal Length in Holstein Bull Calves fed a Starch-Based Milk Replacer
Authors: Petzel Emily , Acharya Subash , Bailey Eric , Shiba Setsabile , Brake Derek 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Forty Holstein bull calves were fed 1 of 3 starch-based milk replacers for either 10 or 35 days to determine responses in organ mass and small intestinal length. Calves (87.2 ± 7.7 kg) were bottle-fed a cornstarch-based milk replacer (727 g of cornstarch daily) alone, milk replacer with added casein (154.7 g/d) or milk replacer with added glutamate (45.5 g/d) for 10 or 35 d. Prior to receiving treatments calves were fed a commercial milk replacer for either 12 or 15 weeks so that measures of organ mass and small intestinal length were collected at the same day of age. Measures of organ mass were achieved after calves were euthanized and digesta was removed. Duodenum was defined as the first 1-m caudal to the pyloric sphincter. Jejunum and ileum were defined as the cranial and caudal halves of the remaining small intestines. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Average daily gain was 68% greater (P = 0.02) for calves fed casein compared to control, but glutamate did not differ from casein or control. Mass of the omasum, abomasum, jejunum, ileum, heart, or kidney and length of the jejunum or ileum were not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.18); however, additions of casein increased (P ≤ 0.05) mass of the rumen, duodenum, large intestine, liver, and spleen. Greater duration of treatment increased rumen, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, large intestine, heart, liver, and spleen mass (P ≤ 0.05), but there was treatment by duration interaction (P ≥ 0.18). Interestingly, there was an interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for jejunal and ileal length in response to treatment and duration. Length of each segment increased with duration of treatment for calves fed casein or glutamate but lengths decreased in calves fed control for greater amounts of time.
PSVII-12 Efficacy of Formic Acid as a Silage Preservative on Dairy Cattle Performance
Authors: Menezes Guilherme L , Oliveira Alan , Gonçalves Lúcio , Ferraretto Luiz , Dorea João , Jayme Diogo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Formic acid (FOR) is a silage additive used to suppress growth of undesired bacteria. However, its effects on silage quality and dairy cattle performance have not yet been systematically reviewed. The objectives of this study were to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis (1) to evaluate the efficacy of FOR as a silage additive on fermentation quality and (2) to evaluate the effects of silage preserved with FOR on dairy cattle performance. One hundred and fifty-three and twenty-eight research articles were reviewed for silage quality and dairy cattle performance. The data were analyzed using a mixed model, with random effects of study and fixed effect of treatment (formic acid) The raw mean difference (RMD) for each response variable, with 95% confidence interval, was calculated as the difference between FOR and control diets. The additives increased (P &lt; 0.01) dry matter intake (RMD = 0.540 kg/d), milk yield (RMD = 0.453 kg/d), fat (RMD = 0.115 %) and protein (RMD = 0.075 %) concentrations. Milk urea nitrogen (RMD = -0.813 mg/dL) and lactose (RMD = -0.018 %) were reduced (P &lt; 0.01) with the use of additives. Formic acid increased (P &lt; 0.01) silage dry matter (DM) concentration (RMD = 6.06 g/kg DM), recovery (RMD = 2.30 % of DM), and in vitro digestibility (RMD = 19.1 g/kg DM), and water-soluble carbohydrates (RMD = 16.5 g/kg DM) concentration. The addition of FOR reduced (P &lt; 0.001) silage pH (RMD = -0.226), ammonia-N (RMD = -37.3 g/kg of total nitrogen), lactic (RMD = -13.4 g/kg DM), acetic (RMD = - 11.5g/kg DM) and butyric (RMD = - 1.92 g/kg DM) acids. Formic acid-based additives ( &gt;50% of FOR) improved silage quality and dairy cattle performance.
PSVII-16 Evaluation of the Population Profile of Methanogenic Microorganisms in Animals Treated with the Additive Fator P
Authors: Ferreira Luis , Daurea Andre , Araújo Wellington , Bertelli Lauriston , Nishimura Felipe , Saltoratto Ana 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects caused by climatic variations in the world, have been attributed to the increase in the emission of greenhouse gases and as a consequence of worsening global warming. The improper handling of animals can contribute to the emission of gases of enteric origin, which are harmful to the environment. The use of additives in the diet of animals tends to be more advantageous as it will equilibrate the ruminal microbial flora, modulate the ruminal metabolism, and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases to environment. Fator P is a natural additive that was developed to attend the current needs of the livestock market, and make the management system more productive and sustainable, and reduce impacts on the environment. The aim of this work was to evaluate the profile of methanogenic microorganisms by the method of relative quantification by qPCR in animals treated with the natural additive Fator P. The experiment was carried out in triplicate, with a total of six animals, in pasture, receiving 6 gr of the Fator P additive and control. Over 28 days of experiment, the ruminal liquid was collected in days 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and the DNA was extracted using the Qiagem 51604 kit. The reaction of qPCR was realized using a primers sequence of total bacteria and methanogenic bacteria. The population profile of microorganisms over the days, Factor P showed a statistically significant reduction (p &lt; 0,05) on days 2 (55,7%; p = 0,0188), 7 (72,08%; p = 0,0445), 14 (56,31%, p = 0,0123), 21 (46,62%, p = 0,0049), 28 (53,28%, p = 0,0499). The result indicates that the reduction in the population of methanogens can reduce the emission of gases of enteric origin and shows the efficiency of the additive in management system more productive and sustainable.
PSVII-4 Effects of Feeding Direct-fed Microbials on Performance and Carcass Traits of Finishing Bos Indicus Cattle
Authors: de Dias Bruno Garcia Carvalho , Meschiatti Murilo A , Brixner Bárbara , Almeida Alecsander , Cappellozza Bruno , Copani Giuseppe , Ferreira Paulo , Queiroz Oscar , Santos Flavio 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Feed additives, such as direct-fed microbials (DFM), are commonly included into feedlot diets to improve rumen fermentation, gastrointestinal tract health, and overall animal performance. Among the strains of interest in DFM products, yeast, lactic acid and bacilli are highlighted. Hence, we hypothesized that the supplementation of different DFM would improve performance of feedlot Bos indicus cattle receiving a finishing diet. On day -1, 240 Nellore bulls were blocked based on initial body weight (BW; 374 ± 35.3 kg) into 1 of 60 feedlot pens (4 bulls/pen) and pens within blocks were randomly assigned to: (1) Control: no DFM supplementation (n = 20), (2) EFSC: 1 gram/head per day of a DFM based on Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Probios Precise, Chr. Hansen A/S, Horsholm, Denmark; n = 20), and (3) BLBS: 2 grams/head per day of a DFM based on Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis (Bovacillus, Chr. Hansen A/S; n = 20). There were 3 adapting diets and the finishing diet (20% corn silage, 33% ground flint corn, 45% distiller’s bran plus soluble and 2% minerals and vitamins mixture) that was offered throughout the experimental period (115 days). On day 113, carcass ultrasound evaluations were performed, and carcass traits were also obtained upon slaughter on day 117. All data were analyzed as orthogonal contrasts (SAS Software): (1) DFM vs. Control and (2) EFSC vs. BLBS. No effects were observed on daily DMI (P ≥ 0.18) or final BW (P ≥ 0.12). Nonetheless, DFM supplementation, regardless of type, tended to improve ADG (1.57 vs. 1.50 kg; P = 0.10) and FE (145 vs. 140 g/kg; P = 0.07). No further effects were observed on carcass traits measured via ultrasound or at slaughter (P ≥ 0.22). In summary, DFM supplementation, regardless of type, tended to benefit feedlot performance of Bos indicus bulls.
PSVII-13 Evaluation of Ginkgo Leaf as a Feed for Ruminants by Using in Vitro gas Production Technique
Authors: Wang Lin , Lin Miao , Yang Yuwei , Liu Dalin , Zhao Guoqi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the fermentation characteristics of ginkgo leaf compared with traditional feeds, rice straw, alfalfa and soybean meal, by using in vitro gas production technique. Three ruminal cannulated Chinese Holstein dairy cows were fed a total mixed ration. Rumen fluid was collected via from a ruminal cannula before feeding and then filtered through four layers of cheesecloth. Samples (220 mg air-dried) of rice straw, alfalfa, soybean meal and ginkgo leaf were placed in each glass bottle (150 mL), and 30 mL mixed solution with rumen fluid and a buffer solution (1:2 v/v). Three replicates of each sample were incubated in shaking bath at 39 °C for 48 h. The gas production was measured at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively. The gas production data were fitted to the non-linear model Y = A + B (1 – e-CT). The results demonstrated that the ginkgo leaf had significantly greater in vitro gas production compared with the other feeds at each observation time. The amount of gas production from the immediately soluble fraction (A) of the four test feeds were all positive. The gas production from the insoluble fraction (B) of alfalfa was least at 43.82 mL and ginkgo leaf showed significantly greater B values than alfalfa. The gas production rate (C) was significantly greater for ginkgo leaf than those C values for rice straw and soybean meal. The in vitro dry matter and crude protein digestibility (%) of ginkgo leaf were 99.6 and 98.7, respectively, which were significantly greater than those of soybean meal. The total volatile fatty acid production of ginkgo leaf was significantly greater than that of rice straw, and the ammonia concentration of ginkgo leaf decreased significantly. It indicated that ginkgo leaf could be used as a protein source feed for ruminants.
PSVII-14 Evaluation of Precision Feeding on Production Efficiency Responses in Finishing Beef Cattle
Authors: Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K , Hanson Santana 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Angus heifers (n = 60; initial shrunk BW = 460 ± 26.2kg in n = 10 pens; 5 replicate pens/treatment) were used in a 112-d feedlot finishing experiment to evaluate animal growth performance outcomes, efficiency measures, and carcass characteristics when varying degrees of ingredient inclusion tolerances were imposed. Treatments included: 1) Normal feeding with 1lb tolerance for all ingredients (FIXED). 2) Variable inclusion strategy where each ingredient was randomly increased or decreased but the targeted as-fed quantity for the daily delivery was met (VAR). All heifers were fed once daily with all bunks managed using a slick bunk approach. Monensin sodium was fed at 33mg/kg and ractopamine HCl was fed (300mg per head daily) the final 28d. Individual BW measures were captured at processing and every 21d. Diets consisted of earlage, dried distiller’s grains, and a liquid supplement. Ingredient inclusions were randomized by assigning independently a random integer to DDGS and LS with each integer corresponding to the deviation from targeted inclusions. Earlage inclusion was adjusted so that the targeted as-fed amount of the diet was delivered. As-fed inclusion rates varied from formulated targets by -20, -15, -10, -5, 0, +5, +10, +15, or +20%. Actual DM inclusion was within 5% of expectations 72% of the time in FIXED (13periods/18periods) and only 27% of the time in VAR (5periods/18periods). Ingredient inclusion accuracy did not affect ADG, DMI, or feed conversion efficiency in this experiment (P ≥ 0.15). DMI and liquid inclusion rates showed an inverse relationship. There were no differences (P ³ 0.35) detected between treatments for carcass characteristics. No differences were noted between dietary treatments for liver abscess prevalence or severity. Under the conditions of this experiment, randomly altering ingredient proportions did not affect live animal performance, efficiency measures, or carcass characteristics.
PSVII-19
Feeding Behavior of Feedlot Beef Steers Consuming Finishing Diets with an Added Nutritional Packet
Authors: Nardi Kaue Tonelli , Scaranto Silva Kaliu G , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren H , Crossland Whitney L , Tedeschi Luis O , Mendes Egleu 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of a nutritional packet offered to beef yearling-steers during the feedlot-finishing phase on feeding behavior were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus steers (n = 30; initial BW = 542 ± 8 kg) were assigned to pens (15 steers/pen; animal = experimental unit) in a randomized complete block design. Steers were offered a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet ad libitum, and treatments as follows: 1) control and 2) 30 g/steer-daily (DM-basis) of a nutritional packet (live yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 8.7 Log CFU/g], vitamin C [5.4 g/kg], vitamin B1 [13.33 g/kg], NaCl [80 g/kg], and KCl [80 g/kg]). Ground corn was used as a carrier and included at 1% of diet DM. Orts were subtracted from the dietary DM offered to calculate DM intake. Feeding behavior (meal frequency, meal size, bunk visit duration, and meal criterion) were continuously recorded using the Smartfeed system (individual animals). Three periods during the last 60 days before cattle harvest were assessed: 1) d7-11; 2) d28 -32; and 3) d49-53. Periods were used to compute meal criteria for each animal using the Meal Criterion Calculation (v. 1.9) software. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. No treatment × period interactions were observed (P ≥ 0.32) for meal frequency, duration (min/meal), and intake (kg/meal). Steers offered the nutritional packet had greater overall meal duration during periods 1 and 3 (75 and 77 min/d; P &lt; 0.01), but did not differ (68 min/d; P = 0.09) for period 2 (Control AVR = 55 min/d). Steers offered the nutritional packet had greater (P ≤ 0.01) meal frequency (20 vs. 16 meals/d), while individual meal duration (3.85 min/meal) and meal intake (0.46 kg/meal) were not affected by treatments (P &gt; 0.86). Improved meal frequency and overall time spent eating, without affecting intake, may induce a more desirable daily distribution of nutrients.
PSVIII-5
Impact of Forage Allowance During mid- to Late-Gestation on the Performance of the cow/Calf Pair
Authors: Souza William L , Sousa Luciana M , Cidrini Iorrano A , Zamudio German D R , Prados Laura F , Oliveira Ivanna M , Siqueira Gustavo R , Resende Flávio D 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of different forage allowance in the mid to late gestation on the performance of the cow/calf pair. The experiment started at the final 151 days of gestation (D-151) until weaning (D205). Nellore cows pregnant with male calves [n = 56; 444±42 kg body weight (BW)] were blocked by the initial BW and randomly assigned to receive different forage allowances (FA): (1) Low (LFA; 2.81 kgDM)/kgBW; and (2) High (HFA; 7.58 kgDM/kgBW) until calving (d0); divided into 6 blocks and 12 paddocks of 7.5 ha each consisting of forage Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, without application of treatment after d0. Cows received a protein supplement (33% TDN and 50% CP) with a supply of 0.1% BW/day from d-151 to d0 and ad libitum mineral mixture from d0 to d205. Fasting BW, body condition score (BCS) on d-151, d0 and d205, mean daily gain (ADG), and milk production and composition of cows on d30, d120 and d205, and d0, d120 and d205 were used in determining ADG. The data analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED, SAS 9.4. HFA cows showed greater BW, ADG and BCS with the FA × period interaction effect (P&lt; 0.01) in D-151 to the D0. The BW was similar for cows kept in LFA and HFA, greater ADG for LFA; however, the BCS was greater for HFA from d0 to d205. Milk production and composition were not affected by the FA x period (P≥0.21). The performance of HFA calves showed greater BW with the interaction effect of FA x period (P=0.05) and without effect of FA x period (P=0.13) on ADG. In conclusion, the low forage allowance promoted a feed restriction capable of reducing the performance of the cows and consequently reducing the performance of the offspring from birth to weaning.
PSVIII-12 Influence of Colostrum Insulin Supplementation on Brush Border Carbohydrase Activity in Neonatal Holstein Bulls
Authors: Yusuf Mustapha , Hare Koryn S , Nagorske Michael , Wood Katharine M , Steele Michael A , Swanson Kendall C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Insulin concentrations are variable in bovine colostrum (5 to 263 µg insulin/L) and its effects on gastrointestinal function in neonatal calves are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine if varying concentrations of insulin in colostrum would influence intestinal carbohydrases in neonatal Holstein bulls. Calves (n = 26; 49.11 kg, SD = 3.24) were removed from their dams after calving. They were fed 3 meals of colostrum (7% BW or 3.10 ± 0.02 L) at 2, 14 and 26 hours after birth containing one of 3 insulin concentrations: basal (16.8 µg/L; n = 8), or supplemental colostrum containing either a 5× (83.4 µg/L; n = 10) or 10× (167.5 µg/L; n = 8) increase in colostrum insulin respective to basal concentrations. At 30 hours, the animals were killed, and the gastrointestinal tract was removed for mucosal scrapings of the duodenum, proximal jejunum, and ileum. Intestinal mucosal scrapings were assayed for the following brush border carbohydrases: maltase, isomaltase, lactase and glucoamylase. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment and dam parity modeled as fixed effects. There was no treatment effect (P &gt; 0.05) on intestinal maltase, isomaltase and glucoamylase concentrations. However, there was a linear increase (P &lt; 0.05) in jejunal lactase activity (Unit/g of jejunum and U/g of protein) with increasing amount of insulin inclusion. These data indicate that insulin supplementation has minimal effects on activities of brush border starch degrading enzymes, but increases lactase activity in the proximal jejunum of neonatal calves.
PSVIII-11 In Vitro Incubation with a Bacillus-Based Direct-fed Microbial Improves Starch Digestibility
Authors: Pan Liyi , Harper Karen , Cappellozza Bruno , Copani Giuseppe , Queiroz Oscar 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Besides being well-recognized as a probiotic to human and livestock species, Bacillus spp. are also able to secrete a wide range of enzymes that improve carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestibility, which in turn, will lead to greater milk yield and growth performance in dairy and beef cattle, respectively. Hence, we hypothesized that the incubation of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbials (DFM) solution would improve in vitro starch digestibility (IVSD) in different concentrates (two barley sources, corn, sorghum, and wheat; starch content = 41.1 to 72.5% DM). Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effects of incubating a Bacillus-based DFM on IVSD of these concentrates over a 12-h period. Concentrates were incubated, in triplicates, into the media containing (DFM) or not (CON) the DFM (Bacillus licheniformis and B. subtilis; 3.2 × 109 CFU/g; Bovacillus, Chr. Hansen A/S, Horsholm, Denmark) over a 12-h period, whereas IVSD was evaluated at 6- and 12-h post-DFM incubation. Ruminal IVSD on dried 1-mm screen ground samples was determined using procedures previously described and validated. All data were analyzed using SAS. Incubation of a Bacillus-based DFM increased mean IVSD in all samples (P ≤ 0.01) analyzed herein, with the greatest overall improvement observed in low-density barley (18.2%) and sorghum (13.6%). Treatment × hour interactions were observed in 3 out 5 concentrates (P ≤ 0.001). In general, incubation with a DFM improved 6-h IVSD (P ≤ 0.02), ranging from 6.7 (wheat) to 67.8% (low-density barley), whereas 12-h IVSD was also greater in wheat inoculated with DFM (14.9% increase vs. CON; P &lt; 0.0001). In summary, incubation of a Bacillus-based DFM improved in vitro starch digestibility in 5 out 6 concentrate sources, with most of the improvements within 6-h. These results highlight the ability of Bacillus spp. in releasing enzymes that degrade carbohydrates, likely benefiting production parameters of livestock.