bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXII-17 The Effects of N Fertilization on N2O Emissions from Urine or Fecal Samples from Nellore Bulls
Authors: Ongaratto Fernando , Xavier Felipe , Lima Lais , Fernandes Marcia H , Vyas Diwakar , Malheiros Euclides 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Better understanding of N2O emissions from interactions between urine or feces, with different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization on tropical pastures would be helpful in developing strategies to mitigate emissions and improve N2O inventories. The objective of this study was to evaluate N2O emissions from feces or urine samples collected from Nellore young bulls, isolated or in association with different levels of N fertilizer. Study was designed as completely randomized block design with five replications per treatment. Treatments were two levels of excreta (Feces or Urine) and three levels of N fertilizer (0, 75 and 150 kg N ha-1). Ammonium nitrate was used as source of N (32% of N). One liter of urine or 1.5 kg of feces was used per chamber with the respective N dose directly applied on excreta sample. Gas emissions were evaluated using the static chamber closed method and quantified using gas chromatography. Chambers were closed for 40 min and gas samples were collected at 0, 20 and 40 min. After treatment imposition, gas was sampled three times during week 1, twice during week 2, 3, and 4 and once during week 5, 6, 7 and 8, and subsequently every 2 weeks for two consecutive years. Type of excreta samples did not affect N2O emissions. Additionally, associative effects of N fertilizer onto feces or urine was similar. Cumulative N2O emissions linearly increased with increasing levels of N regardless of source, and ranged from 5.95, 32.1 to 74.7 mg of N2O/m2, for 0, 75 and 150 kg/ha/year of N. Similarly, emissions factor of N2O were linearly increased with increased N fertilizer (0.15, 0.36 and 0.73%, for excreta, excreta + 75 kg N and excreta + 150 kg N). Therefore, the interaction between N fertilizer and excreta on N2O emissions in tropical pastures was additive.
PSX-B-21 Equine Embryo Viability Based on Morphokinetics
Authors: Hickerson Sydney L , Richardson Katylyn J , Perkins Tommy L , Killingsworth Russell , Wells Cara W , Veneklasen Gregg , Jesko Noah P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze equine embryo morphokinetics and whether or not they were indicative of survivability upon successful implantation into the uterus of a recipient female. In equine reproduction, fertility is a lowly heritable trait that has an exceedingly large financial impact on the ability to grow genetic lines. In order to increase pregnancy rates, producers must have access to accurate decision-making tools. Ten (n = 10) fertilized equine embryos collected via flushing by licensed veterinarian, Dr. Gregg Veneklasen, DVM in Canyon, TX. Flushed embryos were filmed for a thirty-five (35) second observation period with an Iolight Microscope and then processed through video motion magnification (VMM) software Lambda Vue, that amplified embryo activity 300x their normal movement. These VMM embryos were then assessed for time specific morphological changes using Image J software. Embryo morphological dimension shifts previously unseen under a simple microscope became humanly perceptible and measurable. For morula stage embryos, measurements of significance were taken on the inner cell mass (ICM), total embryo area, trophoblast to ICM distance, and finally the vertical, diagonal, and horizontal axis of the sub-zonal distance. Protocols were developed for embryos in the blastocyst stages, where measurements were taken on the vertical, diagonal, and horizontal axis of the total embryo, area of the embryo, notation of general ICM location, and trophoblast thickness around the embryo face. All measurements were taken in microns every five seconds for the thirty-five second recording period. Findings presented that embryos with a greater ICM, total embryo area, and sub-zonal vertical, diagonal, and horizontal distance established pregnancies as frequently as embryos with less momentous differences in distance (P &lt; 0.1). This research has shown the relationship between morphokinetics and pregnancy had no significance of determining pregnancy viability. This resulted in enhanced prediction of embryo transfer techniques based on traditional grading, making pregnancy rates more predictable and consistent.
PSXV-16 Association of Experience and pre-Race Behavior in Performance Among Racing Quarter Horses
Authors: Sedziol Carley , Bosnyak Sari , Knox Nadja , Ravia Haley , Ferguson Clarence E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The annual average cost of maintaining a racehorse will typically outweigh its earning, making it important that the horse performs above average. The goal of this study was to investigate if the age or experience level of a racehorse could be associated with performance. This study observed pre-racing Quarter Horses (n = 1,033) behavior during one racing season at Delta Downs racetrack (Vinton, LA). The horses were placed into groups based on race experience (0-2, 3-10, and 11+ total races). Horse pre-race before saddling (BSAD), saddling (SAD), after saddling (ASAD) and post-parade (POST) behaviors (calm, ready or nervous) were observed to identify if the horse was calm, ready, or nervous. The behavior types were recorded as categorical variables in this study and were analyzed using proc FREQ, and the finish was recorded as a quantitative variable and were analyzed using proc GLM with (P &lt; 0.05) being statistically different. Horses with 11+ races had a mean±SE finish (4.9±0.1), better (P&lt; 0.05), than horses with 3 to 10 races (4.8±0.2) and both were better (P&lt; 0.05) than horses with 0 to 2 races experience (5.5±0.2). Race experience was also associated with pre-race behaviors. There were more (P&lt; 0.05) horses with 0 to 2 races experience that were classified as nervous during the BSAD (39/326, 11.9%), SAD (29/326, 8.9%), ASAD (13/325, 4.0%) and POST (17/320, 5.3%) compared with horses with 11 plus races experience; BSAD (5/343, 1.5%), SAD (16/343, 4.7%), ASAD (4/343, 1.2%) and POST (1/341, 0.3%). The improvement in race finish among horses with more experience could be that they have been placed in more suitable levels of racing competition compared with unexperienced horses. However, the additional racing experience was associated with less stress or fear-full behaviors pre-race that can result in a reduction of available energy to possibly prolonged elevated cortisol concentrations.
PSII-B-21 Does Prior Viral Infection Exacerbate the Response to Heat Stress?
Authors: Mayorga-Lozano Edith J , Rodriguez-Jimenez Sonia , Baumgard Lance H 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In rodent models, prior immune activation appears to exacerbate the response to heat stress (HS), presumably by compounding an inflammatory response by both insults. Thus, study objectives were to investigate whether prior viral infection aggravates the physiological and feed intake (FI) responses to HS. Crossbred barrows (n=45; 75.5±4.8 kg BW) were enrolled in two experimental periods (P). During P1 (2 d), pigs were fed ad libitum and housed in thermoneutral (20ºC) conditions. During P2 (6 d), pigs were exposed to an increased heat load (28 to 31ºC). Rectal temperature (TR), skin temperature (TS), and respiration rate (RR) were obtained twice daily. FI was measured daily as feed disappearance. Unexpectedly, pigs became sick during the experiment and tested positive for influenza on d 6 of P2. Based on TR obtained during P1, animals were retrospectively categorized into 1 of 2 groups: 1) High-TR (HT; top third of pigs; TR&gt;39.32ºC; x̅=39.38ºC; n=15), or 2) Low-TR (LT; bottom third of pigs; TR&lt; 39.10ºC; x̅=38.95ºC; n=15). Pigs in the middle third tier were excluded from the analysis. This ostensibly categorized pigs into a “sick” and “healthy” status. Data were statistically analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. As expected, HS increased TR in both groups; however, HT had elevated TR during P2 relative to LT pigs (+0.5ºC; P&lt; 0.01). Skin temperature and RR increased during HS but remained similar between HT and LT pigs (P&gt;0.41). During P1, FI was similar between groups (P&gt;0.33). During P2, HS reduced FI in both groups; however, the decrease was more severe in HT than LT pigs (53 vs. 37%, respectively; P=0.01). Altogether, HT pigs, presumably infected before HS exposure, had increased TR and a more drastic reduction in FI during HS than LT pigs. A better understanding of how viral or bacterial infection influences the response to HS would have pragmatic implications for all segments of animal agriculture.
PSIII-A-8 Daily Clenbuterol Administration to Lambs Born with low Birthweight due to Intrauterine Growth Restriction Recovered Growth Rates and Improved Body Composition at 60 D of age
Authors: Gibbs Rachel L , Swanson Rebecca M , Beard Joslyn , Schmidt Ty B , Yates Dustin T 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Low birthweight due to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results from unfavorable in utero conditions (i.e., hypoxemia, hypoglycemia) that impairs growth capacity for muscle and other tissues. This programming effect reduces growth efficiency in IUGR offspring below their genetic potential. Specific programming mechanisms are not known, but recent evidence indicates reduced β2 adrenergic regulation of IUGR muscle. Thus, our objective was to determine if early-life growth deficits in IUGR juvenile lambs are improved by manipulating β2 adrenergic activity with daily IM administration of the β2 agonist, clenbuterol (Clen), from birth to 60 d of age. Maternal heat stress-induced IUGR (n=10) and IUGR+Clen (n=9) lambs were smaller (P&lt; 0.05) than controls (n=11) at birth, weighed 18% and 11% less (P&lt; 0.05), respectively, than controls at 30 d of age, and weighed 16% and 13% less (P&lt; 0.05), respectively, at 60 d of age. Average daily gain at 30 and 60 d of age was reduced (P≤0.05) for IUGR but not IUGR+Clen lambs compared to controls. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to estimate body composition in live lambs at 58 d of age. Estimated fat-free lean mass and estimated muscle mass were less (P≤0.05) for IUGR but not IUGR+Clen lambs compared to controls. Estimated protein and fat content as well as protein:fat were likewise reduced (P&lt; 0.05) for IUGR but not IUGR+Clen lambs. At necropsy, whole hindlimbs tended to be lighter (P≤0.09) and flexor digitorum superficialis muscle was lighter (P&lt; 0.05) for IUGR but not IUGR+Clen lambs compared to controls. Loin-eye areas measured in chilled carcasses were 15% smaller (P&lt; 0.05) for IUGR lambs and 19% larger (P&lt; 0.05) for IUGR+Clen lambs compared to controls. From this study, we conclude that poor postnatal growth and body composition observed in IUGR juvenile lambs was improved when clenbuterol was used to target programmed deficits in β2 adrenergic regulation of muscle.
PSIII-A-19 Thermotolerance and Residual Feed Intake in Bos-Indicus Influenced Beef Heifers
Authors: da Silva Gleise Medeiros , Podversich Federico , Schulmeister Tessa M , Gonella Angela M , Mateescu Raluca , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between thermotolerance and residual feed intake (RFI) in Bos-indicus influenced replacement beef heifers. Multiple individual vaginal temperatures (VT) collected during the summer in Florida were used to select the most (n = 14; thermotolerant) and least (n = 13; non-thermotolerant) heat tolerant heifers to undergo a feed efficiency test in the fall. The maximum initial VT difference between groups was of 0.19 and 1.2 ± 0.065 °C (P &lt; 0.01) for thermotolerant and non-thermotolerant heifers, respectively. Heifers (398 ± 11.3 kg; approximately 720 d of age) were randomly allocated to four concrete-floored pens equipped with two GrowSafe feed bunks each and received a common ad libitum total mixed ration (16.9% crude protein and 52% total digestible nutrients) for 56 d (14 d adaptation and 42 d evaluation period). Body weight (BW) was collected on d -1, 0, 14, 28, 41, and 42, while VT was recorded (10 min intervals for 4 consecutive d) from d 29 to 32, using temperature probes placed intravaginally with a hormone-free controlled internal drug release device. Final BW, average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), DMI as a percentage of BW, RFI, and VT were analyzed as a completely randomized design. Final BW, ADG, DMI, and VT collected during the feeding period were not affected by thermotolerance phenotype (P ≥ 0.42); however, heifers previously classified as thermotolerant had decreased RFI (P = 0.01; -1.32 vs. 1.27 ± 3.31 kg, respectively) and DMI as a percentage of BW (P = 0.01) when compared with non-thermotolerant heifers. In conclusion, Bos-indicus influenced replacement beef heifers previously classified as thermotolerant based on multiple vaginal temperature measurements collected throughout the summer had decreased residual feed intake when measured in the fall, indicating the potential of more heat tolerant heifers to be more feed efficient.
PSV-B-21 Genome-Wide Analysis of Sheep Artificially or Naturally Infected with Gastrointestinal Nematodes
Authors: Thorne Jacob W , Redden Reid , Bowdridge Scott A , Becker Gabrielle M , Stegemiller Morgan R , Murdoch Brenda M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are detrimental to the health and productivity of sheep across the world, necessitating genetic selection for improved GIN resistance. In this study, we used genomic analyses across- and within- two important breeds in the United States (US), Rambouillet and Dorper, to investigate physiological mechanisms associated with GIN resistance. Genomic data were evaluated from two experiments where lambs were challenged with GIN, either in a natural environment or artificially. Lambs were genotyped with the Axiom™ Ovine Genotyping Array (50K) with 42,608 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) remaining following quality control for minor allele frequency and variant call rate. In experiment 1, a fecal egg count (FEC) was collected from four- to eight-month-old Dorper and Rambouillet lambs (n=188 total) exposed to GIN on pasture. Using Plink v1.9, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified significant SNP (P &lt; 6.0e-5) associated with either an increase or decrease of FEC on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 15 and 20. In Experiment 2, Rambouillet lambs (n=77) were inoculated with 10,000 Haemonchus contortus L3 larvae and FEC and packed-cell volume (PCV) were recorded. An ensuing GWAS identified significant SNP (P &lt; 2.0e-5) on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 16, 17 and 23 associated with high and low FEC and SNP on chromosome 10 associated with decreased PCV. Multiple genes were in proximity to the identified SNP, including PIK3 subunits in both experiments. Pathway analysis of reported genes, including PIK3, IMP4, NDST3, MRPL22, HSPA2, TGFA, TGFBR1 and RUNX1 revealed involvement in tissue repair, T-cell differentiation and cytokine signaling in Rambouillet and Dorper sheep more resistant to GIN. Results from this study contribute to the genetic underpinnings of host response to GIN in two important breeds in the US, providing a foundation for future selection of animals more resistant to H. contortus infection.
PSVI-21 Including Gene-Edited Individuals in Genetic Evaluations can Bias the Estimated Breeding Values of Their Progeny
Authors: Sanglard Leticia P , See Garret , Spangler Matthew L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Gene-editing offers the potential to increase genetic gain for complex traits, but practical issues for routine genetic evaluations need to be addressed to ensure kinship-based predictions are not biased. The objective of this study was to quantify differences in estimated breeding values (EBV) using a 8-generation simulated beef cattle population with progeny of gene-edited (GE) sires. After generating haplotypes, 99 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTN) and 6,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were distributed across 3 chromosomes. A single trait (h2=0.4) was simulated. After 8 generations, GE sires (n=1, 25, or 50) were introduced. The number of QTN edited (% additive variation) was 1 (2%), 3 (5%), or 13 (20%). All scenarios were replicated 15 times. Genetic evaluations were performed using pedigree (A), genomic (G), or combined (H) kinship matrices. Relationships were also weighted (w) based on the proportion of genetic variance explained by the edited QTN. To create Aw, weights were based on the expected difference between G and Gw. Hw was formed using Aw and Gw. Scenarios were compared using accuracy (correlation of true BV (TBV) and EBV), average absolute bias, and the slope (b1) of the regression of TBV on EBV. Accuracy of EBV between GE vs. non-GE sired progeny did not differ. EBV of GE sired progeny were under-dispersed (b1 from 0.61 to 0.92) and associated with greater average absolute bias (0.8 to 3.8), and these issues increased in severity with the number of edited QTN. Weighting kinship reduced the average absolute bias (from 2.7 to 0.9 with 13 edited QTN) and the dispersion of EBV (from 0.7 to 0.9 with 13 edited QTN). The same pattern was observed across all kinship matrices. Results indicate that including GE individuals in genetic evaluations could lead to biased EBV, but weighting kinship could partially mitigate this concern.
PSVIII-B-8 Effects of Habituation to Livestock Trailer and Extended Transportation on Plasma Metabolomic Profiles in Goats
Authors: Batchu Phaneendra , Naldurtiker Aditya , Kouakou Brou , Terrill Thomas H , Kannan Govind 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Goats raised for meat production are often transported long distances. Twelve-month-old male Spanish goats were used to determine the effects of habituation to trailers on plasma metabolomic profiles when transported for long periods. In a split-plot design, 168 goats were separated into two treatment (TRT; whole plot) groups and maintained on two different paddocks. Concentrate supplement was fed to one group inside two livestock trailers (habituated group, H), while the other group received the same quantity of concentrate, but not inside the trailers (non-habituated, NH). Goats were subjected to a 10-hour transportation stress in 4 replicates (n = 21 goats/replicate/TRT) after 4 weeks of habituation period. Blood samples were collected prior to loading (Preload), 20 min after loading (0 h), and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h of transportation (Time; subplot). A targeted quantitative metabolomics approach was employed to analyze the samples using a combination of direct injection mass spectrometry with a reverse-phase LC–MS/MS custom assay. The data were analyzed using R software. Several amino acids (alanine, serine, glycine, histidine, glutamate, trans-hydroxyproline, asparagine, threonine, methylhistidine, ornithine, proline, leucine, tryptophan) were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the H group compared to the NH group. Five diacylphosphotidyl cholines, 10 lysophosphotidyl cholines, and several other sphingomyelins were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the NH group compared to the H group. Butyric acid, propionic acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations were lower (P &lt; 0.05) in the NH goats compared to the H goats. In general, amino acid concentrations decreased and acylcarnitine levels increased with transportation time (P&lt;0.05). Habituation to trailers can be beneficial in enhancing stress coping abilities in goats due to higher concentrations of metabolites that support energy homeostasis and antioxidant activities. Fatty acid metabolism may be the main energy pathway in goats during long-distance transportation.
PSVIII-B-5 Dynamic of Accessible Chromatin Regions in Cattle Rumen Epithelial Tissue During Weaning
Authors: Boschiero Clarissa , Gao Yahui , Vi Rannsom Baldwin , Liu George E , Li Congjun 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Weaning in ruminants is characterized by the transition from a milk-based diet to a solid diet which drives a critical gastrointestinal tract transformation. Identifying regulatory control of this transformation during weaning can help identify strategies to improve rumen health. This study aimed to identify regions of accessible chromatin in rumen epithelial tissue in pre- and post-weaning calves and investigate differentially accessible regions (DARs) to uncover regulatory elements in cattle rumen development using the ATAC-seq approach. A total of 126,071 peaks were identified, covering 1.15% of the cattle genome. From these accessible regions, 2,766 DARs were discovered. Gene ontology enrichment resulted in GO terms related to cell adhesion, anchoring junction, growth, cell migration, motility, and morphogenesis. In addition, putative regulatory canonical pathways were identified (TGFβ, Integrin-linked kinase, Integrin signaling, and regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition). Canonical pathways integrated with co-expression results showed that TGFβ and ILK signaling pathways play essential roles in rumen development through the regulation of cellular adhesions. In this study, DARs during weaning have been identified, revealing enhancers, transcription factors, and candidate target genes that represent potential biomarkers for the bovine rumen development which will serve as a molecular tool for rumen development studies.
PSVIII-B-4 Differences in Bull Prolificacy and Offspring Body Performance in Western Canadian Multi-Sire Commercial Herds
Authors: Oyedeji Oluwatobi , Thompson Sean , Doherty Becky , Rogerson Jessica , Hamilton Bevin , Durunna Obioha N 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Beef cattle producers employing multi-sire natural mating systems expect superior breeding and production performance from the bulls. The bulls that sire more healthy calves are more economical considering that the annual maintenance cost for each bull could exceed $2000. Industry benchmarks on bull prolificacy and the production performance of their offspring will enable producers to make better selection and culling decisions. This 3-yr study evaluated 2,130 calves from 62 bulls and 1, 869 cows to assess bull prolificacy and calf production performance in multi-sire breeding pastures – VS (VS1, VS2), OS, CF, KF, DIF, and DEF across Alberta Canada. Calves were matched to bulls using DNA paternity analysis. Prolificacy was assessed among bulls engaged in breeding activities year-over-year. Percentage calves assigned to each sire from sire-progeny matches were assessed within sites over consecutive years (VS1: 11.5 - 46.34%, VS2: 4 - 75%, OS: 2 - 17%, CF: 6 - 33%, KF: 5 - 38%, DIF: 3 - 26%, DEF: 16 - 62%). The differences in body and growth performance of calves were analyzed with linear mixed models. The average birth weight of calves varied by sires (p &lt; 0.05) in VS1 (39.92kg – 42.74kg; P &lt; 0.05), OS (34.09kg–39.49kg), CF (35.72-40.27kg) but not in VS2 (36.35 – 38.02kg; P &gt; 0.05). Similarly, the average calf weaning weights among sires did not differ in VS1 (309.44 – 316.77kg; P = 0.33) but were different (P &lt; 0.05) in OS (219.25 - 236.36kg), CF (216 -243 kg) and KF (178 - 232kg). Differences were also observed in calves' average daily body gain among sires in VS1 (0.93 – 1.14 kg d-1; P &lt; 0.0001). Verifying the sires of calves in multi-sire herds will enable beef producers to make effective management and economic decisions. Measuring the production performance of calves from different bulls is important for the beef industry's profitability and sustainability.