bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic Identification and Categorization of Opioid Prescribing and Dispensing Policies in 16 States and Washington, DC
Authors: Andraka-Christou Barbara , McAvoy Elizabeth , Ohama Maggie , Smart Rosanna , Vaiana Mary E , Taylor Erin , Stein Bradley D 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objectives
State policies can impact opioid prescribing or dispensing. Some state opioid policies have been widely examined in empirical studies, including prescription drug monitoring programs and pain clinic licensure requirements. Other relevant policies might exist that have received limited attention. Our objective was to identify and categorize a wide range of state policies that could affect opioid prescribing/dispensing.

Methods
We used stratified random sampling to select 16 states and Washington, DC, for our sample. We collected state regulations and statutes effective during 2020 from each jurisdiction, using search terms related to opioids, pain management, and prescribing/dispensing. We then conducted qualitative template analysis of the data to identify and categorize policy categories.

Results
We identified three dimensions of opioid prescribing/dispensing laws: the prescribing/dispensing rule, its applicability, and its disciplinary consequences. Policy categories of prescribing/dispensing rules included clinic licensure, staff credentials, evaluating the appropriateness of opioids, limiting the initiation of opioids, preventing the diversion or misuse of opioids, and enhancing patient safety. Policy categories related to applicability of the law included the pain type, substance type, practitioner, setting, payer, and prescribing situation. The disciplinary consequences dimension included specific consequences and inspection processes.

Discussion
Policy categories within each dimension of opioid prescribing/dispensing laws could become a foundation for creating variables to support empirical analyses of policy effects, improving operationalization of policies in empirical studies, and helping to disentangle the effects of multiple state laws enacted at similar times to address the opioid crisis. Several of the policy categories we identified have been underexplored in previous empirical studies.
Effects of Simvastatin on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in Atherosclerotic Calcification
Authors: Li Jianhua , Zhao Libo , Zhou Zhe , Liu Lin , Zou Xiao , Xu Weihao , Fan Li , Yan Muyang , Wang Shengqi 
Published: August 2022

Objective:
The effectiveness of statins in reducing atherosclerotic calcification remains controversial. The aim of this study was to confirm that simvastatin reduces atherosclerotic calcification and stabilizes plaque by restricting endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-mediated apoptosis.

Methods:
Twenty-four 8-week-old male apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-/- mice (C57BL/6J genetic background) were selected and randomly divided into model (n = 12) and simvastatin (n = 12) groups. Twelve male C57BL/6J mice were selected as control group (n = 12). The mice were adaptively fed for 2 weeks and were put on a high-fat diet thereafter. After 9 weeks, they were treated with simvastatin (20 mg/kg) or phosphate-buffered saline daily for 8 weeks. Aortic sinus samples were obtained from ApoE-/- and C57BL/6J mice for hematoxylin and eosin, von Kossa, alizarin Red S, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, and immunohistochemical staining after in vivo treatment with simvastatin. In addition, mouse vascular smooth muscle cells were analyzed after exposure to simvastatin in vitro.

Results:
Administration of simvastatin in vivo drastically attenuated the atherosclerosis, calcification, and apoptosis, and decreased the serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The expression levels of glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and caspase 12 (CASP12) in the aortic sinus decreased in the simvastatin group compared with the model group. In vitro, simvastatin or simvastatin plus ERS inhibitor (taurine) attenuated calcification and apoptosis, and reduced the expression of ERS-related proteins GRP78, CHOP, and CASP12.

Conclusion:
Treatment with simvastatin suppressed atherosclerotic calcification. This effect may be mediated through the inhibition of ERS-related apoptosis.
Nasal Tip Depressor Manipulation through Upper Buccal Sulcus Approach in Selected Open Primary Rhinoplasties
Authors: Elgazzar Khaled , Elshahat Ahmed , Lashin Riham 
Published: August 2022

Background:
During smiling, the prominent action of nasal tip depressors (NTDs) antagonizes the rhinoplasty nasal tip support maneuvers and favors scarring forces‚ pulling the nasal tip in a less projecting vector. The NTDs’ disinsertion is feasible through the open rhinoplasty approach. Yet, the reliability of the open approach to manipulate all NTD attachments is still questionable. The upper buccal sulcus approach (UBSA) is a reliable approach to manipulate variable anatomy of the NTDs.

Methods:
Thirty-two patients had primary open rhinoplasty between 2016 and 2020. All patients showed hyperactive NTDs during smile preoperatively. Through UBSA, disruption of NTDs was done. Aesthetic outcome was evaluated by comparing the pre/postoperative nasal tip projection (NTP) and nasolabial angle (NLA) in lateral views.

Results:
The sample included 28 women and four men, and the mean age was 30.7 years. The mean follow-up period was 23.8 months. Preoperatively, 53% (n = 17) of patients showed normal NTP measurements; this percentage increased to 87.5% (n = 28) postoperatively. The mean NLA for the 32 patients was 91.0 degrees preoperatively‚ which was increased to 102.5 degrees postoperatively. These aesthetic results were maintained throughout the follow-up period‚ with no significant increase in the incidence of complications.

Conclusions:
The combination of the UBSA with open rhinoplasty resulted in objective visualization and manipulation of the NTDs. This was proven by the maintained NTP and NLA in aesthetic optimum values throughout the follow-up period. We believe that UBSA can be safely combined with open rhinoplasty as a reliable hidden approach to manipulate hyperactive NTD cases.
Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor pathway suppresses tubulointerstitial injury in renal congestion
Authors: Matsuki Takuma , Hirose Takuo , Ohsaki Yusuke , Shimada Satoshi , Endo Akari , Ito Hiroki , Takahashi Chika , Yamakoshi Seiko , Oba-Yabana Ikuko , Anan Go , Kato Toshiko , Tajima Ryo , Nakayama Shingo , Kimura Tomoyoshi , Nakamura Hannah , Tani Junichi , Takahashi Kazuhiro , Kure Shigeo , Mori Takefumi 
Published: August 2022

Objective:
Increased central venous pressure in congestive heart failure is responsible for renal dysfunction, which is mediated by renal venous congestion. Pericyte detachment from capillaries after renal congestion might trigger renal fibrogenesis via pericyte-myofibroblast transition (PMT). Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), which are PMT indicators, were upregulated in our recently established renal congestion model. This study was designed to determine whether inhibition of the PDGFR pathway could suppress tubulointerstitial injury after renal congestion.

Methods:
The inferior vena cava between the renal veins was ligated in male Sprague-Dawley rats, inducing congestion only in the left kidney. Imatinib mesylate or vehicle were injected intraperitoneally daily from 1 day before the operation. Three days after the surgery, the effect of imatinib was assessed by physiological, morphological and molecular methods. The inhibition of PDGFRs against transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFB1)-induced fibrosis was also tested in human pericyte cell culture.

Results:
Increased kidney weight and renal fibrosis were observed in the congested kidneys. Upstream inferior vena cava (IVC) pressure immediately increased to around 20 mmHg after IVC ligation in both the imatinib and saline groups. Although vasa recta dilatation and pericyte detachment under renal congestion were maintained, imatinib ameliorated the increased kidney weight and suppressed renal fibrosis around the vasa recta. TGFB1-induced elevation of fibrosis markers in human pericytes was suppressed by PDGFR inhibitors at the transcriptional level.

Conclusion:
The activation of the PDGFR pathway after renal congestion was responsible for renal congestion-induced fibrosis. This mechanism could be a candidate therapeutic target for renoprotection against renal congestion-induced tubulointerstitial injury.
Impact of various night-time period definitions on nocturnal ambulatory blood pressure
Authors: Nolde Janis M. , Hillis Graham S. , Atkins Emily , Von Huben Amy , Marschner Simone , Chan Justine , Reid Christopher M. , Nelson Mark R. , Figtree Gemma , Chalmers John , Usherwood Tim , Rodgers Anthony , Chow Clara K. , Schlaich Markus P. 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Several definitions of night-time BP exist for the calculation of nocturnal blood pressure (BP) based on 24-h BP measurements. How much these methods differ regarding the resulting nocturnal blood pressure values, under which circumstances these differences become clinically meaningful, and under which circumstances diary-adjusted measurements should be used preferentially remains uncertain.

Methods:
Data of 512 24-h BP recordings were analysed regarding differences in nocturnal BP based on three alternative definitions of night-time: 2300–0700 h, 0100–0500 h, and diary-adjusted measures.

Results:
Mean systolic nocturnal BP between 2300–0700 h was 2.5 mmHg higher than between 0100 and 0500 h and 1.6 mmHg higher than diary adjusted estimates. Up to 38.3% of individuals showed BP differences of more than 5 mmHg when comparing temporal definitions of night-time, resulting in significant proportions of individuals being re-classified as hypertensive. When diary-derived sleeping patterns differed by less than 2 h from the 2300 to 0700 h fixed time definition, mean BP discrepancies remained below 3 mmHg. Absolute time discrepancies between diary and 2300–0700 h fixed time definition of 2–4, 4–8 or at least 8 h led to SBP/DBP differences of 4.1/3.1, 6.8/6.1, and 14.5/9.1mmHg, respectively.

Conclusion:
Average differences of nocturnal BP between varying definitions in study/cohort data are small and would be of limited relevance in many settings. However, substantial differences can be observed in individual cases, which may affect clinical decision-making in specific patients. In patients whose sleeping patterns differs by more than 2 h from defined fixed night-times, diaries should be used for adjustment.
Young South Asian women in the United Kingdom show evidence of blunted endothelium-dependent dilatation: implications for future cardiovascular disease
Authors: Ali Majid , Hussein Zainab , Marshall Janice M. 
Published: August 2022

Introduction:
Prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is higher in South Asians than white Europeans. The offspring of hypertensive parents (OH) have greater risk of hypertension than offspring of normotensive parents (ON). We hypothesized that endothelium-dependent dilatation is already blunted in young South Asians, relative to young white European women, particularly in South Asian OH women.

Methods:
In young white European ON, South Asian ON and OH women (18–25 years old; 10 per group) who were normotensive, we recorded cutaneous perfusion by laser Doppler fluximetry during reactive hyperaemia and iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh), before and after inhibiting NO synthesis (NOS) or/and cyclooxygenase (COX). In these and an additional 135 age-matched South Asian and white European women, physical activity and life-style factors were assessed by questionnaire.

Results:
ACh-evoked dilatation was blunted in young South Asians, relative to white European women. It was attenuated by NOS or COX inhibition in white European ON; by NOS inhibition only in South Asian ON, but not OH women. After combined NOS and COX inhibition, ACh-evoked dilatations were similar to control ACh responses. Similar findings were made for reactive hyperaemia. Questionnaire data indicated young South Asians have lower physical activity levels, fresh fruit and vegetable intake than white European women, South Asian OH being lower than white European ON, or OH women.

Conclusion:
Endothelium-dependent dilatation is blunted in young South Asians, relative to white European women, especially in South Asian OH in whom NO-dependent and prostaglandin-dependent dilatation is blunted. We suggest improved diet and greater physical activity could be particularly effective in improving endothelium-dependent dilatation and reducing future CVD risk in young South Asian OH women.
Ultrasound-Guided Pars Plana Vitrectomy
Authors: Berrones David , Rivera-Cortes Mariana , Monroy-Esquivel Luz , Becerra-Revollo Catalina , Mayorquin-Ruiz Mariana , Velez-Montoya Raul 
Published: August 2022

Purpose:
To assess the feasibility of a novel surgical technique that combines B-scan ultrasound with modern vitrectomy techniques.

Methods:
Patients with a clinical diagnosis of infectious keratitis endophthalmitis, which were scheduled for pars plana vitrectomy and ruled out as candidates for transient keratoprosthesis, were enrolled. The ultrasound probe was placed over the eye to use the images to witness the vitreous movement around the cutter and to establish its position in relation to the retinal wall. The procedure was performed in at least four ultrasound projections (longitudinal-9,6, 3, and 12). All patients were followed for three months, and in each visit, the visual acuity and the presence of adverse effects were assessed.

Results:
Overall, 12 patients (mean age: 56.2 ± 18.4 years) were enrolled. Visual acuity at baseline was 2.3 ± 0.25 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution. Sixty-six percent achieved inactivation of endophthalmitis. Two patients had evisceration caused by uncontrolled infection, and two more had retinal detachment during follow-up. Visual acuity at the end of follow-up was 2.1 ± 0.3 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (P = 0.5).

Conclusion:
Ultrasound-guided vitrectomy is a feasible surgical technique. More studies are needed to assess its safety profile and optimize outcomes.
Increased Risk of Ocular Hypertension in Patients With Cushing’s Disease
Authors: Ma Yichen , Chen Zhengyuan , Ma Zengyi , Ye Hongying , Zhang Zhaoyun , Wang Yongfei , Yang Huiyin , Lu Zhaozeng , Wang Zhiliang , Qiao Nidan , Xiao Yiqin , Zhao Yao 
Published: August 2022

Précis:
An increased risk of ocular hypertension was seen in Cushing's disease.

Introduction:
Systemic steroid use is a significant risk factor for increased intraocular pressure (IOP). The incidence of ocular hypertension may rise to 30%–40% of the general population due to topical or systemic glucocorticoid usage. However, the incidence of ocular hypertension in endogenous hypercortisolemia, as well as the ophthalmological outcomes after endocrine remission due to surgical resection, remain unknown.

Materials and Methods:
The IOP, visual field, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were documented in all patients with Cushing’s disease (CD) admitted to a tertiary pituitary center for surgery from January to July 2019. Patients with acromegaly and patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) during the same study period served as controls. We calculated the odds ratio (OR), identified the risk factors of developing ocular hypertension, and presented postoperative trends of the IOP.

Results:
A total of 52 patients (38.4±12.4 y old) with CD were included. The IOP was higher in patients with CD (left 19.4±5.4 mm Hg and right 20.0±7.1 mm Hg) than in patients with acromegaly (left 17.5±2.3 mm Hg and right 18.6±7.0 mm Hg, P=0.033) and patients with NFPA (left 17.8±2.6 mm Hg and right 17.4±2.4 mm Hg, P=0.005). A total of 21 eyes (20.2%) in patients with CD were diagnosed with ocular hypertension compared with 4 eyes (4.7%) in the acromegaly group and 4 eyes (4.5%) in the NFPA group. The OR of developing ocular hypertension in patients with CD was 5.1 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3–25.1, P=0.029] and 6.6 (95% CI, 1.8–30.3, P=0.007) when compared with the 2 control groups. Among patients with CD, those with a higher urine-free cortisol were more likely to develop ocular hypertension (OR=19.4, 95% CI, 1.7–72.6). The IOP decreased at 1 month after surgery in patients with CD, and the change was sustained for 3 months after surgery.

Conclusions:
An increased risk of ocular hypertension was seen in CD and suggests that endogenous hypercortisolemia should be considered as part of the glaucoma assessment. This result warrants the discretion of both ophthalmologists and neuroendocrinologists.
Maraviroc Population Pharmacokinetics Within the First 6 Weeks of Life
Authors: Liyanage Marlon , Nikanjam Mina , McFadyen Lynn , Vourvahis Manoli , Rogg Luise , Moye John , Chadwick Ellen G. , Jean-Philippe Patrick , Mirochnick Mark , Whitson Kyle , Bradford Sarah , Capparelli Edmund V. , Best Brookie M. 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Treatment and prophylaxis options for neonatal HIV are limited. This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model to characterize the disposition of maraviroc in neonates to inform dosing regimens and expand available options.

Methods:
Using maraviroc concentrations from neonates who received either a single dose or multiple doses of 8 mg/kg of maraviroc in the first 6 weeks of life, a population pharmacokinetic model was developed to determine the effects of age, sex, maternal efavirenz exposure and concomitant ARV therapy on maraviroc disposition. The final model was used in Monte Carlo simulations to generate expected exposures with recommended dosing regimens.

Results:
A total of 396 maraviroc concentrations, collected in the first 4 days of life, at 1 week, at 4 weeks and at 6 weeks, from 44 neonates were included in the analysis. After allometrically scaling for weight, age less than 4 days was associated with a 44% decreased apparent clearance compared with participants 7 days to 6 weeks of life. There were no differences identified in apparent clearance or volume of distribution from ages 7 days to 6 weeks, sex, maternal efavirenz exposure or concomitant nevirapine therapy. Monte Carlo simulations with FDA-approved weight band dosing resulted in the majority of simulated patients (84.3%) achieving an average concentration of ≥75 ng/mL.

Conclusions:
While maraviroc apparent clearance is decreased in the first few days of life, the current FDA-approved maraviroc weight band dosing provides maraviroc exposures for neonates in the first 6 weeks of life, which were consistent with adult maraviroc exposure range. Maraviroc provides another antiretroviral treatment option for very young infants.
Detectability of Hepatitis B Virus in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Among Naive Chronic Hepatitis B Patients With Negative Viremia
Authors: Osman Heba A. , Hetta Helal F. , El-Adly Ahmad M. , Meshaal Ahmad K. , Mekky Mohamed A. 
Published: August 2022

Background and Study Aim
Studies analyzed the extrahepatic reservoir of hepatitis B virus (HBV), especially in those with chronic HBV who are hepatitis B surface antigen positive but have a negative peripheral viremia, are still scarce. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the presence of HBV-DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and to evaluate different factors affecting this.

Patients and Methods
A total of 1650 naive chronic hepatitis B patients were recruited. Among these patients, 320 (19.4%) (75% were male [n = 240]; mean ± SD age, 38.4 ± 12.8 years) have a persistently negative serum real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HBV-DNA without previous treatment experience. For all patients, hepatic function tests and fibrosis assay by Fibroscan and hepatitis C virus coinfection, as well as HBV-DNA-PCR in both serum and PBMCs were analyzed.

Results
More than half of them (n = 170, 53.1%) exhibited positive HBV-DNA in PBMCs. The mean logarithm 10 of quantitative HBV-DNA by PCR in PBMCs was (5.1 ± 0.3 IU/mL). Hepatitis C virus coinfection was found in 30 patients (17.6%). Most of them (320 patients) had insignificant fibrosis scores (less than F2). The multivariate logistic regression analysis for prediction of presence of detectable HBV-positive viremia in PBMCs yielded the following risk factors (odds ratio [OR]): the presence of hepatitis C virus coinfection (OR = 1.7) and a logarithm 10 of quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen more than 3 (OR = 1.1).

Conclusions
A considerable number of patients with negative plasma HBV-DNA are still harboring subtle form of virus within remote extrahepatic compartments. Thus, dual testing for both plasma and PBMCs is mandatory especially in epidemiologic studies.
3D Cube FLAIR plus HyperSense compressed sensing is superior to 2D T2WI FLAIR scanning regarding image quality, spatial resolution, detection rate for cortical microinfarcts
Authors: Liu Tiefang , Wang Yonghao , Xu Zhengyang , Wu Tao , Zang Xiao , Li Meng , Li Jinfeng 
Published: August 2022

3-dimention (3D) Cube isotropic volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) facilitates comprehensive recognition of microinfarcts while it takes long scanning time. HyperSense compressed sensing is an emerging technique for accelerating MRI acquisition to reduce scanning time, while its application along with 3D Cube MRI for microinfarcts is seldom reported. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the efficiency of 3D Cube FLAIR plus HyperSense compressed sensing technique versus conventional 2-dimention (2D) FLAIR scanning in the detection of cortical microinfarcts (CMIs).
Totally 59 patients with cerebrovascular disease were enrolled then scanned by 3D Cube FLAIR plus HyperSense compressed sensing and 2D T2WI FLAIR sequences. The image quality scores, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for gray matter (GM), SNR for white matter (WM), their contrast-to-noise ratio (WM-to-GM CNR), detected number of CMIs were evaluated.
3D Cube FLAIR plus HyperSense showed a dramatically increased scores of uniformity, artifact, degree of lesion displacement, and overall image quality compared to 2D T2WI FLAIR. Meanwhile, it exhibited similar SNRwm and SNRgm, but a higher WM-to-GM contrast-to-noise ratio compared with 2D T2WI FLAIR. Furthermore, the scanning time of 3D Cube FLAIR plus HyperSense and 2D T2WI FLAIR were both set as 2.5 minutes. Encouragingly, 244 CMIs were detected by 3D Cube FLAIR plus HyperSense, which was higher compared to 2D T2WI FLAIR (106 detected CMIs).
3D Cube FLAIR plus HyperSense compressed sensing is superior to 2D T2WI FLAIR scanning regarding image quality, spatial resolution, detection rate for CMIs; meanwhile, it does not increase the scanning time. These findings may contribute to early detection and treatment of stroke.