bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of high-frequency PCB laminate on thermal cycling behavior of electronic packaging structures
Authors: Huang Lijuan , Zhu Zhenghu , Wu Hiarui , Long Xu 
Published: January 2022

PurposeAs the solution to improve fatigue life and mechanical reliability of packaging structure, the material selection in PCB stack-up and partitioning design on PCB to eliminate the electromagnetic interference by keeping all circuit functions separate are suggested to be optimized from the mechanical stress point of view.Design/methodology/approachThe present paper investigated the effect of RO4350B and RT5880 printed circuit board (PCB) laminates on fatigue life of the QFN (quad flat no-lead) packaging structure for high-frequency applications. During accelerated thermal cycling between −50 °C and 100 °C, the mismatched coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between packaging and PCB materials, initial PCB warping deformation and locally concentrated stress states significantly affected the fatigue life of the packaging structure. The intermetallics layer and mechanical strength of solder joints were examined to ensure the satisfactorily soldering quality prior to the thermal cycling process. The failure mechanism was investigated by the metallographic observations using a scanning electron microscope.FindingsTypical fatigue behavior was revealed by grain coarsening due to cyclic stress, while at critical locations of packaging structures, the crack propagations were confirmed to be accompanied with coarsened grains by dye penetration tests. It is confirmed that the cyclic stress induced fatigue deformation is dominant in the deformation history of both PCB laminates. Due to the greater CTE differences in the RT5880 PCB laminate with those of the packaging materials, the thermally induced strains among different layered materials were more mismatched and led to the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks in solder joints subjected to more severe stress states.Originality/valueIn addition to the electrical insulation and thermal dissipation, electronic packaging structures play a key role in mechanical connections between IC chips and PCB.
Romantic attachment, childhood stability, depression, and PTSD in couples with an incarcerated partner
Authors: Tadros Eman , Ansell Andrew 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIncarceration has a multitude of effects on prisoners’ finances, health, education, employment, and family relationships. Incarceration complicates the maintenance of attachment bonds between romantic partners. Data from the Multi‐site Family Study on Incarceration, Parenting, and Partnering were analyzed to examine the effects of childhood stability on adult romantic attachment while controlling for the effects of PTSD and depression within the carceral population. Findings indicate that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression have statistically significant effects on adult romantic attachment. PTSD on romantic attachment for men is statistically significant (p < 0.05) at −0.193 with an overall standardized effect of −0.086. For women, the effect is statistically significant (p < 0.01) at −0.235 with an overall standardized effect of −0.1. Effects of depression on romantic attachment for men is statistically significant (p < 0.001) −0.129 with an overall standardized effect of −0.229. For women, depression is also statistically significant (p < 0.001) at −0.153 with a standardized effect of −0.265. We examined the effects of childhood stability on adult romantic attachment while controlling for the effects of PTSD and depression within the carceral population. Findings supported our hypothesis that individuals with better childhood stability will experience better romantic attachments. Findings related to our hypothesis that having a partner with better childhood stability is positively associated with better romantic attachment produced mixed results. Clinical implications are discussed, and future directions call for research, practice, and training to improve outcomes for justice‐involved romantic partners, their attachment, and consideration of covariates of depression and PTSD.
Catestatin induces glycogenesis by stimulating the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase‐AKT pathway
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Gautam , Tang Kechun , Webster Nicholas J. G. , van den Bogaart Geert , Mahata Sushil K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimDefects in hepatic glycogen synthesis contribute to post‐prandial hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetic patients. Chromogranin A (CgA) peptide Catestatin (CST: hCgA352‐372) improves glucose tolerance in insulin‐resistant mice. Here, we seek to determine whether CST induces hepatic glycogen synthesis.MethodsWe determined liver glycogen, glucose‐6‐phosphate (G6P), uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and glycogen synthase (GYS2) activities; plasma insulin, glucagon, noradrenaline and adrenaline levels in wild‐type (WT) as well as in CST knockout (CST‐KO) mice; glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis in primary hepatocytes. We also analysed phosphorylation signals of insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1), phosphatidylinositol‐dependent kinase‐1 (PDK‐1), GYS2, glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β), AKT (a kinase in AKR mouse that produces Thymoma)/PKB (protein kinase B) and mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) by immunoblotting.ResultsCST stimulated glycogen accumulation in fed and fasted liver and in primary hepatocytes. CST reduced plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels. CST also directly stimulated glycogenesis and inhibited noradrenaline and adrenaline‐induced glycogenolysis in hepatocytes. In addition, CST elevated the levels of UDPG and increased GYS2 activity. CST‐KO mice had decreased liver glycogen that was restored by treatment with CST, reinforcing the crucial role of CST in hepatic glycogenesis. CST improved insulin signals downstream of IR and IRS‐1 by enhancing phospho‐AKT signals through the stimulation of PDK‐1 and mTORC2 (mTOR Complex 2, rapamycin‐insensitive complex) activities.ConclusionsCST directly promotes the glycogenic pathway by (a) reducing glucose production, (b) increasing glycogen synthesis from UDPG, (c) reducing glycogenolysis and (d) enhancing downstream insulin signalling.
Central metabolism as a potential origin of sex differences in morphine antinociception but not induction of antinociceptive tolerance in mice
Authors: Gabel Florian , Hovhannisyan Volodya , Andry Virginie , Goumon Yannick 
Published: January 2022

Background and PurposeIn rodents, morphine antinociception is influenced by sex. However, conflicting results have been reported regarding the interaction between sex and morphine antinociceptive tolerance. Morphine is metabolised in the liver and brain into morphine‐3‐glucuronide (M3G). Sex differences in morphine metabolism and differential metabolic adaptations during tolerance development might contribute to behavioural discrepancies. This article investigates the differences in peripheral and central morphine metabolism after acute and chronic morphine treatment in male and female mice.Experimental ApproachSex differences in morphine antinociception and tolerance were assessed using the tail‐immersion test. After acute and chronic morphine treatment, morphine and M3G metabolic kinetics in the blood were evaluated using LC‐MS/MS. They were also quantified in several CNS regions. Finally, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability of M3G was assessed in male and female mice.Key ResultsThis study demonstrated that female mice showed weaker morphine antinociception and faster induction of tolerance than males. Additionally, female mice showed higher levels of M3G in the blood and in several pain‐related CNS regions than male mice, whereas lower levels of morphine were observed in these regions. M3G brain/blood ratios after injection of M3G indicated no sex differences in M3G BBB permeability, and these ratios were lower than those obtained after injection of morphine.ConclusionThese differences are attributable mainly to morphine central metabolism, which differed between males and females in pain‐related CNS regions, consistent with weaker morphine antinociceptive effects in females. However, the role of morphine metabolism in antinociceptive tolerance seemed limited.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc
Improving zebrafish laboratory welfare and scientific research through understanding their natural history
Authors: Lee Carole J. , Paull Gregory C. , Tyler Charles R. 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTGlobally, millions of zebrafish (Danio rerio) are used for scientific laboratory experiments for which researchers have a duty of care, with legal obligations to consider their welfare. Considering the growing use of the zebrafish as a vertebrate model for addressing a diverse range of scientific questions, optimising their laboratory conditions is of major importance for both welfare and improving scientific research. However, most guidelines for the care and breeding of zebrafish for research are concerned primarily with maximising production and minimising costs and pay little attention to the effects on welfare of the environments in which the fish are maintained, or how those conditions affect their scientific research. Here we review the physical and social conditions in which laboratory zebrafish are kept, identifying and drawing attention to factors likely to affect their welfare and experimental science. We also identify a fundamental lack knowledge of how zebrafish interact with many biotic and abiotic features in their natural environment to support ways to optimise zebrafish health and well‐being in the laboratory, and in turn the quality of scientific data produced. We advocate that the conditions under which zebrafish are maintained need to become a more integral part of research and that we understand more fully how they influence experimental outcome and in turn interpretations of the data generated.
Combined phylogenetic analysis of Pleurodema (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
Authors: Ferraro Daiana Paola 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe genus Pleurodema comprises 15 species distributed through the Neotropical region, from sea level up to 5000 m.a.s.l. A total‐evidence analysis of Pleurodema is provided based on the parsimony criterion. The combined dataset included morphometric, phenotypic, and DNA evidence (34 taxa, 4441 characters). The parsimony analysis yielded one most‐parsimonious tree. Pleurodema was recovered as a well‐supported clade composed of two major subclades. One subclade has an identical topology to that of previous analyses, the P. brachyops Clade (P. alium, P. borellii, P. brachyops, P. cinereum, P. diplolister, and P. tucumanum). The other subclade includes the remaining nine species of the genus, exhibiting a topology different from that of previous studies. According to the present phylogeny, this second lineage is formed by the P. nebulosum Clade (P. guayapae + P. nebulosum), P. marmoratum, the re‐defined P. thaul Clade (P. bufoninum, P. somuncurense, P. thaul) and the P. bibroni Clade (P. bibroni, P. cordobae, P. kriegi). The reproductive modes of Pleurodema represent a unique combination of features within Leiuperinae, including three egg‐clutch structures, two types of amplexus, and lack of vocalization. Also, some species of Pleurodema have been considered fossorial, because they are capable of digging with their hind‐limbs and remaining in self‐made burrows during dry seasons. The evolution of characters associated with reproductive biology and fossoriality is discussed in light of the obtained results.
Detecting population trends for US marine mammals
Authors: White Easton R. , Schakner Zachary , Bellamy Amber , Srinivasan Mridula 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTrend analysis can provide valuable information about marine mammal population dynamics, potentially revealing the influence of environmental factors and inform conservation and management decisions. We reviewed the marine mammal stock assessment reports (SARs) published by the US National Marine Fisheries Service and found that 80% of the selected 244 marine mammal stocks with SARs lack assessment for trends in population abundance. We compared trend analysis with another common management tool, potential biological removal (PBR), a measure of the maximum human‐caused mortality that can still result in positive population growth. We found that, generally, estimates of PBR were lower for declining stocks than for increasing or stable stocks and varied by life history characteristics. As a case study, we used a resampling approach on three well‐studied stocks, killer whale (Orcinus orca—Northern Resident), beluga (Delphinapterus leucas—Cook Inlet), and humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae—CA/OR/WA), to test the minimal amount of time and sampling necessary to detect population trends with high statistical power. We found seven sampling events over more than 10 years were needed for a high statistical power level for all three stocks. Altogether, these findings suggest that well‐studied stocks can provide crucial information on the statistical requirements for detecting trends. Furthermore, our proposed resampling approach might enable more frequent trend analysis, even with limited time series available for many stocks.
Immunosuppression in patients with grade 3 acute‐on‐chronic liver failure at transplantation: A practice analysis study
Authors: Faitot Francois , Artzner Thierry , Michard Baptiste , Besch Camille , Schenck Maleka , Herbrecht Jean‐Etienne , Janssen Langenstein Ralf , Maestraggi Quentin , Guillot Max , Harlay Marie‐Line , Castelain Vincent , Addeo Pietro , Ellero Bernard , Woehl‐Jaegle Marie‐Lorraine , Serfaty Lawrence , Bachellier Philippe , Schneider Francis ,   the Strasbourg LIVER Transplantation (SLIVERT) Study group
Published: January 2022

AbstractTransplantation for patients with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure grade 3 (ACLF3) has encouraging results with 1‐year‐survival of 80‐90%. These patients with multiple organ failure meet the conditions for serious alterations of drug metabolism and increased toxicity. The goal of this study was to identify immunosuppression‐dependent factors that affect survival. This retrospective monocentric study was conducted in patients with ACLF3 consecutively transplanted between 2007 and 2019. The primary endpoint was 1‐year survival. Secondary endpoints were overall survival, treated rejection, and surgical complications. Immunosuppression was evaluated as to type of immunosuppression, post‐transplant introduction timing, trough levels, and trough level intra‐patient variability (IPV). One hundred patients were included. Tacrolimus IPV < 40% (P = .019), absence of early tacrolimus overdose (P = .033), use of anti‐IL2‐receptor antibodies (P = .034), and early mycophenolic acid introduction (P = .038) predicted 1‐year survival. Treated rejection was an independent predictor of survival (P = .001; HR 4.2 (CI 95%: 1.13‐15.6)). Early everolimus introduction was neither associated with higher rejection rates nor with more surgical complications. Management of immunosuppression in ACLF3 critically ill patients undergoing liver transplantation is challenging. Occurrence and treatment of rejection impacts on survival. Early introduction of mTOR inhibitor seems safe and efficient in this situation.
A qualitative study to understand people’s experiences of living with Charcot neuroarthropathy
Authors: Gooday Catherine , Hardeman Wendy , Game Frances , Woodburn Jim , Poland Fiona 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimsCharcot neuroarthropathy (CN) is a complication of neuropathy, in people with diabetes. Treatment requires the prolonged wearing of an offloading device, which can be challenging. The importance of understanding people's perspectives for promoting their engagement in self management is well known. However, no such studies have been done in CN. This qualitative study aimed to understand people's experiences of CN.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews with a purposive sample of 14 participants with CN, recruited from a randomised controlled trial. We gathered opinions, thoughts and the meanings participants attributed to their experiences of CN and its physical, socio‐economic and physiological effects and how this affected their families and relationships. We analysed the interviews using Inductive Thematic Analysis.ResultsFour analytic themes were identified: (1) ‘Trapped at home isolated and missing social life and daily life routines’; (2) ‘Disruption to people's roles, responsibilities, relationships and mobility, which people adapted to try and address and manage’; (3) ‘Pain which participants related to the direct or indirect consequences of wearing the cast or boot’; and (4) ‘Blame for developing CN, attributed to themselves and healthcare professionals’. Participants described guilt about needing more support, expressing frustration, low mood and low self‐esteem.ConclusionThis study highlights experiential aspects of the previously unrecognised burden of CN. Its physical, social and emotional impacts on participants and their families are substantial and sustained. There is a need to raise clinical awareness of CN and its wider effects.Trial registrationISRCTN74101606. Registered on 6 November 2017, http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN74101606?q=CADom&filters=&sort=&offset=1&totalResults=1&page=1&pageSize=10&searchType=basic‐search
How structural is unemployment in the United States?
Authors: Liu Yuelin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAggregate matching efficiency (AME) is constructed and endogenized for assessing driving forces behind U.S. unemployment fluctuations. Working with AME sidesteps the problematic orthogonal assumptions on sources of mismatch in the previous studies. Matching efficiency and labor supply shocks, which capture potential variations in structural factors, are identified in a time‐varying structural vector autoregression. Empirical results suggest that the bulk of U.S. unemployment fluctuations is cyclical rather than structural. Meanwhile, the contribution of aggregate shocks to unemployment is substantially time‐varying. In particular, the surge of unemployment rate during the Great Recession is mainly resulting from a shortfall in aggregate demand.
A fatigue life prediction approach to interior cracking induced high cycle and very high cycle fatigue for surface‐carburized steels
Authors: Li Cheng , Zhang Yucheng , Cai Liang , Hu Tianyi , Wang Ping , Li Xiaolong , Sun Rui , Li Wei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHigh cycle fatigue and very high cycle fatigue tests with pulsating tension for three surface‐carburized steels were performed to investigate interior failure behavior and life prediction method. As a result, all cracks with fine granular area and fisheye characteristics are induced from inclusions in matrix or in carburized layer. However, the later cracking morphology is smoother, which is due to the difference of plastic deformation and microstructure of the two regions. Based on estimation of threshold values for small and long crack growth, fatigue design curves are established. The maximum inclusion sizes of three carburizing steels were estimated by four statistical analysis methods. Combined with material microstructure characteristics and the critical plane theory, a failure‐based life prediction model is proposed by using fatigue indicator parameter, whose validity is verified based on good agreement between predicted and experimental ones.
Balancing responsibilities, rewards and challenges: A qualitative study illuminating the complexity of being a rapid response team nurse
Authors: Bunkenborg Gitte , Barfod O'Connell Malene , Jensen Hanne Irene , Bucknall Tracey 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAim and ObjectiveTo explore Rapid Response Team nurses' perceptions of what it means being a Rapid Response Team nurse including their perceptions of the collaborative and organisational aspects of the rapid response team (RRT).BackgroundFor more than 20 years, RRT nurses have been on the frontline of critical situations in acute care hospitals. However, a few studies report nurses' perceptions of their role as RRT nurses, including collaboration with general ward nurses and physicians. This knowledge is important to guide development and adjustment of the RRT to benefit both patients' safety and team members' job satisfaction.DesignQualitative focus group interviews.MethodsA qualitative approach was applied. Throughout 2018 and across three regions and three acute care settings in Denmark, eight focus group interviews were conducted in which 27 RRT nurses participated. Transcribed interviews were analysed using inductive content analysis. Reporting of this study followed the COREQ checklist.ResultsOne overarching theme ‘Balancing responsibilities, rewards, and challenges’ was derived, comprising six categories: ‘Becoming, developing and fulfilling the RRT nurse role’, ‘Helping patients as the core function of RRT’, ‘The RRT‐call at its best’, ‘The obvious and the subtle RRT tasks’, ‘Carrying the burden of the RRT’, and ‘Organisational benefits and barriers for an optimal RRT’.ConclusionBeing a RRT nurse is a complex task. Nurses experience professional satisfaction and find it meaningful helping deteriorating patients. The inadequate resources available to train general ward staff how to manage basic clinical tasks are an added stress to nurses.Relevance to clinical practiceOrganisational managers need a better understanding of the necessary staffing requirements to attend patients' needs, train staff and handle the increasing acuity of ward patients. Failure to do so will be detrimental to patient outcomes and compromise RRT nurses' job satisfaction.
Evaluation of alarm fatigue of nurses working in the COVID‐19 Intensive Care Service: A mixed methods study
Authors: Akturan Selçuk , Güner Yasemin , Tuncel Bilge , Üçüncüoğlu Melek , Kurt Tuğba 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAims and ObjectivesTo reveal the existence of alarms in COVID‐19 intensive care units, where medical devices with alarm function are frequently used, the effects of alarms on nurses, especially their on‐the‐job performances and social lives, and their coping methods.Methodology/MethodsThis was a mixed design, including descriptive and qualitative research methods with two stages, and was carried out between March and April 2021. The study adhered to the STROBE checklist for cross‐sectional studies and the COREQ guidelines for qualitative studies.SettingNurses in the COVID‐19 intensive care unit of a university hospital constituted the sample. 58 nurses participated in the quantitative data phase, and 18 nurses in the qualitative interviews.ResultsMore than half of the nurses worked in the COVID‐19 intensive care unit for more than 5 months and overtime, and 87.9 had day and night shifts. The monthly income level of 65.5% was between the hunger and poverty lines, and 12.1 % received psychiatric support in the last 6 months. A positive and significant relationship was found between the mean score obtained from the alarm fatigue questionnaire and the level of discomfort felt due to the alarms (1–10 points) (p = 0.001). Five themes and thirty sub‐themes were emerged in the focus group interviews.ConclusionThe number of alarms of the medical devices in the COVID‐19 intensive care units was more than the other intensive care units, resulting in fatigue in nurses. Since alarm fatigue is directly related to patient safety, the effective management of medical device alarms can reduce alarm fatigue and prevent potentially dangerous outcomes.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses care for patients with severe clinical conditions in COVID‐19 intensive care units. This situation caused them to be exposed to more alarms. Nurses should make efforts to reduce their alarm intensity.