bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural organization of the spongy mesophyll
Authors: Borsuk Aleca M. , Roddy Adam B. , Théroux‐Rancourt Guillaume , Brodersen Craig R. 
Published: January 2022

Summary

Many plant leaves have two layers of photosynthetic tissue: the palisade and spongy mesophyll. Whereas palisade mesophyll consists of tightly packed columnar cells, the structure of spongy mesophyll is not well characterized and often treated as a random assemblage of irregularly shaped cells.

Using micro‐computed tomography imaging, topological analysis, and a comparative physiological framework, we examined the structure of the spongy mesophyll in 40 species from 30 genera with laminar leaves and reticulate venation.

A spectrum of spongy mesophyll diversity encompassed two dominant phenotypes: first, an ordered, honeycomblike tissue structure that emerged from the spatial coordination of multilobed cells, conforming to the physical principles of Euler’s law; and second, a less‐ordered, isotropic network of cells. Phenotypic variation was associated with transitions in cell size, cell packing density, mesophyll surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio, vein density, and maximum photosynthetic rate.

These results show that simple principles may govern the organization and scaling of the spongy mesophyll in many plants and demonstrate the presence of structural patterns associated with leaf function. This improved understanding of mesophyll anatomy provides new opportunities for spatially explicit analyses of leaf development, physiology, and biomechanics.
A novel panel of yeast assays for the assessment of thiamin and its biosynthetic intermediates in plant tissues
Authors: Strobbe Simon , Verstraete Jana , Fitzpatrick Teresa B. , Faustino Maria , Lourenço Tiago F. , Oliveira M. Margarida , Stove Christophe , Van Der Straeten Dominique 
Published: January 2022

Summary

Thiamin (or thiamine), known as vitamin B1, represents an indispensable component of human diets, being pivotal in energy metabolism. Thiamin research depends on adequate vitamin quantification in plant tissues. A recently developed quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method is able to assess the level of thiamin, its phosphorylated entities and its biosynthetic intermediates in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as in rice. However, their implementation requires expensive equipment and substantial technical expertise. Microbiological assays can be useful in deter‐mining metabolite levels in plant material and provide an affordable alternative to MS‐based analysis.

Here, we evaluate, by comparison to the LC–MS/MS reference method, the potential of a carefully chosen panel of yeast assays to estimate levels of total vitamin B1, as well as its biosynthetic intermediates pyrimidine and thiazole in Arabidopsis samples.

The examined panel of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants was, when implemented in microbiological assays, capable of correctly assigning a series of wild‐type and thiamin biofortified Arabidopsis plant samples.

The assays provide a readily applicable method allowing rapid screening of vitamin B1 (and its biosynthetic intermediates) content in plant material, which is particularly useful in metabolic engineering approaches and in germplasm screening across or within species.
Root hydraulic phenotypes impacting water uptake in drying soils
Authors: Cai Gaochao , Ahmed Mutez A. , Abdalla Mohanned , Carminati Andrea 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSoil drying is a limiting factor for crop production worldwide. Yet, it is not clear how soil drying impacts water uptake across different soils, species, and root phenotypes. Here we ask (1) what root phenotypes improve the water use from drying soils? and (2) what root hydraulic properties impact water flow across the soil–plant continuum? The main objective is to propose a hydraulic framework to investigate the interplay between soil and root hydraulic properties on water uptake. We collected highly resolved data on transpiration, leaf and soil water potential across 11 crops and 10 contrasting soil textures. In drying soils, the drop in water potential at the soil–root interface resulted in a rapid decrease in soil hydraulic conductance, especially at higher transpiration rates. The analysis reveals that water uptake was limited by soil within a wide range of soil water potential (−6 to −1000 kPa), depending on both soil textures and root hydraulic phenotypes. We propose that a root phenotype with low root hydraulic conductance, long roots and/or long and dense root hairs postpones soil limitation in drying soils. The consequence of these root phenotypes on crop water use is discussed.
Soil water stress overrides the benefit of water‐use efficiency from rising CO2 and temperature in a cold semi‐arid poplar plantation
Authors: Jia Guodong , Chen Lixin , Yu Xinxiao , Liu Ziqiang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe counteractive effect of atmospheric CO2 (ca) enrichment and drought stress on tree growth results in great uncertainty in the growth patterns of forest plantations in cold semi‐arid regions. We analysed tree ring chronologies and carbon isotopes in Populus simonii plantations in cold semi‐arid areas in northern China over the past four decades. We hypothesized that the hydraulic stress from drought would override the stimulating effect of increasing ca and temperature (T) on stem growth (basal area increment [BAI]). We found the stimulating effect of rising ca and T on the growth, indicated by continuous increase of intrinsic water‐use efficiency in all stands and a positive correlation between T and BAI. However, these effects failed to alleviate the negative impacts of drought on tree growth. Concurrent acceleration of BAI reversed during the intensive drought episodes. Water stress resulted from inaccessibility of roots to deep soil water rather than from lack of precipitation, suggested by the decoupling of BAI from precipitation and vapour pressure deficit. Local soil water limitation might also cause greater stomatal regulation in declining trees, indicated by lower intercellular CO2 concentration. Thus, site‐specific soil moisture conditions growth sensitivity to global warming resulting in site‐specific decline episodes in drought‐prone areas.
Impacts of long‐term coronavirus disease 2019 school closures on Japanese school children
Authors: Hayano Chiaki , Shimakawa Shuichi , Fukui Miho , Yoshida Seiji , Tsuda‐Kitahara Hikaru , Ashida Akira 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThis study investigated the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic school closures on the mental health of school students with chronic diseases.MethodsQuestionnaires were distributed to students from 4th–9th grade diagnosed with chronic diseases at Osaka Medical College Hospital and their parents or caregivers. Questionnaires from 286 families were returned by mail after the schools reopened. The students were divided into the “psychosomatic disorder” group (group P, n = 42), the “developmental disorder” group (group D, n = 89), and the “other disease” group (group O, n = 155). Using students' self‐reports on the Questionnaire for Triage and Assessment with 30 items, we assessed the proportion of students with a high risk of psychosomatic disorder in three groups. We investigated how the students requiring the support of somatic symptom (SS) felt about school during school closure. Further, using parents’ and caregivers' answers, SS scores were calculated before and during school closure and after school reopening.ResultsThe proportion of students with a high risk of developing psychosomatic disorder increased in all groups. For the students in Group P, the response “I did not want to think about school” indicated an increase in SS scores, and for the students in Group O, “I wanted to get back to school soon” indicated a decrease. Furthermore, especially in Group P students, SS scores decreased transiently during school closure and increased after school reopening.ConclusionsThe impact of school closure on mental health differed depending on students' diagnoses and feelings about school during school closures.
Physical activity changes among non‐Hispanic Black pregnant women
Authors: Davis Jean W. , Hyer Suzanne , Xie Rui , Martinez Valerie C. , Wheeler Jenna M. , Misra Dawn P. , Giurgescu Carmen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo examine aerobic physical activity (PA) among non‐Hispanic Black pregnant women.DesignLongitudinal prospective cohort study.SampleA subset of 161 non‐Hispanic Black pregnant women from the Midwestern US participating in a larger study completed questionnaires about aerobic physical activity (PA) before pregnancy (reported at 24.46±2.13 weeks gestation), mid‐pregnancy (24.46±2.13 weeks gestation), and late pregnancy (31.78±1.95 weeks gestation).MeasurementsAerobic PA was measured using the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA).ResultsMost participants reported being active prior to pregnancy (n = 101, 63%), with 60 (37%) underactive/sedentary. Aerobic RAPA scores were highest pre‐pregnancy (3.29±1.11, median = 4, interquartile range [IQR] = 1) compared with mid‐pregnancy (3.05±1.26, median = 4, IQR = 2) and late pregnancy (3.05±1.24, median = 4, IQR = 2). Pre‐pregnancy scores were significantly higher than mid‐pregnancy scores (Wilcoxon test = 1472, p = .008) and late pregnancy scores (Wilcoxon test = 1854, p = .01).ConclusionMost Black pregnant participants reported high levels of aerobic PA both before pregnancy and during pregnancy. However, many were underactive or sedentary. Aerobic PA decreased during pregnancy compared with pre‐pregnancy, without the drop in third trimester PA found in other populations. Providers should assess PA across pregnancy and promote adequate PA for maternal and infant health, particularly among Black women.
The role of fisheries for poverty reduction and food security: Evidence from household‐level data
Authors: Martuscelli Antonio 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThough fisheries can contribute to nutritional needs, food security, poverty alleviation, and sustainable natural resource management in many developing countries, their role in the achievement of sustainable development goals is often overlooked. Accordingly, data on the socioeconomic characteristics and living conditions of fishing communities and households are limited. This study contributes to a better understanding of fishing‐related livelihoods by analyzing household survey data relating to the food security, poverty, and livelihoods of fishing households. It reveals that, in many countries, fishing households have a lower probability of falling below the poverty line, with improved food security and nutrition indicators, showing that fisheries can, indeed, be an important ally in the fight against poverty, hunger, and food insecurity.
Understanding Sentiment Toward “Black Lives Matter”
Authors: Leach Colin Wayne , Teixeira Cátia P. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA publicized series of police (and other) violence against unarmed Black people over the last decade has fueled unprecedented mass protest as well as political and policy debate in the United States, and beyond. Given this ethical dispute over whether democratic society upholds its cardinal values of freedom and equality for all, sentiment toward Black Lives Matter is suggestive of what people believe police killings, and protest against them, say about the state of democracy itself. In this review, we use the latest empirical evidence in psychology and related sociobehavioral sciences to document sentiment regarding Black Lives Matter. Because continuing racial inequity is a foundational assumption of Black Lives Matter, we will also review the most relevant studies of attention to, knowledge of, and beliefs and feelings about police violence and related acts and issues that may be viewed as indicating racial inequity. Much of this work shows a dramatic divergence of sentiment across racial and political lines, as increased social and political polarization and insulation evidences in divergent attention, cognition, affect, emotion, motivation, and action regarding relevant events and social issues. In this way, examinations of the psychology of such sentiment reveal just how deep the social and political rifts run in society.
A new index representative of seismic cracks to assess post‐seismic landslide susceptibility
Authors: Yamaguchi Shui , Kasai Mio 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn a major earthquake, strong shaking reduces the natural soil strength. Therefore, evaluation of the susceptibility of post‐seismic landslides may help prevent further disasters in an affected area. This study developed an index representing the spatial density of seismic cracks—the dense crack index (DCI)—to express the degree of local ground effects. An area of 6 km2 with 196 slides identified after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake (Mw 7.0) was analyzed using models that incorporated the weight of evidence (WoE), logistic regression, and random forest (RF) methods, with the DCI as a conditioning factor. The WoE and RF models confirmed the importance of the DCI, although the improvement in performance as indicated by area under the curve values was marginal or negligible. This was largely due to combinations of other factors that enabled inclusion of locations with strong seismic waves, which compensated for the absence of the index. The contribution of the DCI could be improved if more accurate LiDAR data were used in the analysis.
GENETIC VARIATIONS OF NUTRITION RELATED GENES AND FOOD PREFERENCES IN THE KAZAKHS OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Sikhayeva N. , Talzhanov Y. , Dzharmukanov Zh , Shevtsov A. , Zholdybayeva E. , Karabayeva R. , Benberin V. , Filipenko M. , Ramankulov Y. 
Published: January 2022

The density of taste buds, differences in genes encoding receptors, and other factors affect the on perception of taste and further food preferences. This study aimed to evaluate the association between 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms and food preferences in a Kazakh cohort. A total of 400 subjects were recruited from an outpatient clinic and genotyped for 24 polymorphisms previously described as associated with eating behaviour and food preferences in other ethnic groups. Regression analysis was conducted, adjusting for age and sex.
Associations were detected between rs2290550 polymorphism in phospholipase C-B2 (PLCB2), rs34160967 polymorphism in taste 1 receptor member 1 (TAS1R1) gene, and rs860170 polymorphism in TAS2R16 gene and preferences for beef steak, unleavened bread, and sweet tea or coffee, respectively. There was an association between AA haplotype (TAS2R38) and a preference for fried potato. The main results of this study are the detection of associations between nutrition-related genes (BCMO1, PLCB2, TRPV1, TAS1R1, and TAS2R) and food preferences in a Kazakh population.
Novel Operating Mode of a Fluidic Oscillator
Authors: Nicholls Chris J. , Tang Brian M. T. , Turner James , Bacic Marko 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Fluidic oscillators show promise for use in aerodynamic flow control applications, with many studies reporting oscillation frequencies in the 1–10 kHz range. Spyropoulos, “A Sonic Oscillator,” introduced a “sonic” oscillator whose oscillation frequency depends on the inlet flow rate. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the existence of a second mode of operation (mode II) for such an oscillator, with a separate physical mechanism to the traditional, flow rate-dependent mode (mode I). Mode II is shown to be a back-pressure-driven oscillation that is largely independent of flow rate once instigated. This is explained by a stationary wave formed along the outlet paths, and occurs when conditions on the degree of back pressure and the weakening of the Coandă attachment strength are met. For a fixed device geometry, the conditions reduce to a minimum flow rate threshold so that the combination of high flow rate and constant oscillation frequency could make mode II an attractive flow control solution in an industrial context where minimizing device size is often critical.
Design for High Efficiency of Low-Pressure Axial Fans With Small Hub-to-Tip Diameter Ratio by the Vortex Distribution Method
Authors: Wang Jie , Kruyt Niels P. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Axial fans with a small hub-to-tip diameter ratio (HTR) are widely used in industry, especially for cooling and ventilation purposes. The optimization of their aerodynamic performance is important, for which the vortex distribution method is well-established for axial fans with medium to high HTR. However, only a few studies have focused on small HTR fans. For such fans, downstream backflow regions are often present near the hub. The vortex distribution (polynomial in spanwise coordinate) and the HTR have been determined by maximizing the total-to-static efficiency of a baseline axial fan with a small HTR. For free vortex designs, analytical expressions for the maximum total-to-static efficiency and the optimal HTR have been formulated. By combining the vortex distributions thus obtained with a suitable choice for the spanwise lift coefficient distribution, fan blade designs have been established. The effects of different vortex distributions on the aerodynamic performance have been investigated, employing a computational fluids dynamics (CFD) simulation strategy that has been validated for the baseline axial fan. The current CFD results show that the free and the polynomial vortex distribution designs satisfy the desired pressure rise, with significantly improved total-to-static and total-to-total efficiency (maximum improvement by 3.9% and 4.6% points, respectively). For the free vortex design with larger HTR, neither flow separation nor backflow is observed. For the other designs at the design flow rate, only flow separation near the hub is found. Backflow is observed only for the designs with smaller HTR.
Multi-organ dysfunction as a presentation of calcium channel blocker intoxication
Authors: Osman Abdul-Fatawu , Prasad Rohan Madhu , Marein Shawn , O'Brien Corey 
Published: January 2022

SummaryWe report the case of a 73-year-old woman who intentionally ingested 400 mg of amlodipine in a suicidal attempt who initially presented with hypotension which persisted despite aggressive therapy with fluid resuscitation, multiple pressor support, high-dose insulin therapy and calcium infusion. Her haemodynamic instability evolved to include bradycardia requiring atropine and transcutaneous pacing. Eventually she required salvage therapy with intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) therapy . Despite all aggressive therapy, she developed multi-organ failure resulting in death. The literature on high-dose insulin euglycaemic therapy (HIET) and ILE therapy shows mixed results with some showing significant improvement in haemodynamic status. In our case, it had no significant positive impact on the outcome.
Healthcare use in 700 000 children and adolescents for six months after covid-19: before and after register based cohort study
Authors: Magnusson Karin , Skyrud Katrine Damgaard , Suren Pål , Greve-Isdahl Margrethe , Størdal Ketil , Kristoffersen Doris Tove , Telle Kjetil 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo explore whether and for how long use of healthcare services is increased among children and adolescents after covid-19.DesignBefore and after register based study.SettingGeneral population of Norway.ParticipantsNorwegians aged 1-19 years (n=706 885) who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 from 1 August 2020 to 1 February 2021 (n=10 279 positive, n=275 859 negative) or not tested (n=420 747) and were not admitted to hospital, by age groups 1-5, 6-15, and 16-19 years.Main outcome measuresMonthly percentages of all cause and cause specific healthcare use in primary care (general practitioner, emergency ward) and specialist care (outpatient, inpatient) from six months before to about six months after the week of being tested for SARS-CoV-2, using a difference-in-differences approach.ResultsA substantial short term relative increase in primary care use was observed for participants during the first month after a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result compared with those who tested negative (age 1-5 years: 339%, 95% confidence interval 308% to 369%; 6-15 years: 471%, 450% to 491%; 16-19 years: 401%, 380% to 422%). Use of primary care for the younger age groups was still increased at two months (1-5 years: 22%, 4% to 40%; 6-15 years: 14%, 2% to 26%) and three months (1-5 years: 26%, 7% to 46%, 6-15 years: 15%, 3% to 28%), but not for the oldest group (16-19 years: 11%, −2% to 24% and 6%, −7% to 19%, respectively). Children aged 1-5 years who tested positive also showed a minor long term (≤6 months) relative increase in primary care use (13%, −0% to 26%) that was not observed for the older age groups, compared with same aged children who tested negative. Results were similar yet the age differences less pronounced compared with untested controls. For all age groups, the increase in primary care visits was due to respiratory and general or unspecified conditions. No increased use of specialist care was observed.ConclusionCovid-19 among children and adolescents was found to have limited impact on healthcare services in Norway. Preschool aged children might take longer to recover (3-6 months) than primary or secondary school students (1-3 months), usually because of respiratory conditions.
Development and external validation of prognostic models for COVID-19 to support risk stratification in secondary care
Authors: Adderley Nicola J , Taverner Thomas , Price Malcolm James , Sainsbury Christopher , Greenwood David , Chandan Joht Singh , Takwoingi Yemisi , Haniffa Rashan , Hosier Isaac , Welch Carly , Parekh Dhruv , Gallier Suzy , Gokhale Krishna , Denniston Alastair K , Sapey Elizabeth , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesExisting UK prognostic models for patients admitted to the hospital with COVID-19 are limited by reliance on comorbidities, which are under-recorded in secondary care, and lack of imaging data among the candidate predictors. Our aims were to develop and externally validate novel prognostic models for adverse outcomes (death and intensive therapy unit (ITU) admission) in UK secondary care and externally validate the existing 4C score.DesignCandidate predictors included demographic variables, symptoms, physiological measures, imaging and laboratory tests. Final models used logistic regression with stepwise selection.SettingModel development was performed in data from University Hospitals Birmingham (UHB). External validation was performed in the CovidCollab dataset.ParticipantsPatients with COVID-19 admitted to UHB January–August 2020 were included.Main outcome measuresDeath and ITU admission within 28 days of admission.Results1040 patients with COVID-19 were included in the derivation cohort; 288 (28%) died and 183 (18%) were admitted to ITU within 28 days of admission. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for mortality was 0.791 (95% CI 0.761 to 0.822) in UHB and 0.767 (95% CI 0.754 to 0.780) in CovidCollab; AUROC for ITU admission was 0.906 (95% CI 0.883 to 0.929) in UHB and 0.811 (95% CI 0.795 to 0.828) in CovidCollab. Models showed good calibration. Addition of comorbidities to candidate predictors did not improve model performance. AUROC for the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium 4C score in the UHB dataset was 0.753 (95% CI 0.720 to 0.785).ConclusionsThe novel prognostic models showed good discrimination and calibration in derivation and external validation datasets, and performed at least as well as the existing 4C score using only routinely collected patient information. The models can be integrated into electronic medical records systems to calculate each individual patient’s probability of death or ITU admission at the time of hospital admission. Implementation of the models and clinical utility should be evaluated.