bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing and structural evolution of the Sevier thrust belt, western Wyoming
Authors: Malone David H. , Craddock John P. , Konstantinou* Alexandros 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTThe results of new detrital zircon analyses of 15 (n = 1334) Sevier belt synorogenic (Jurassic–Eocene) conglomerates combined with U-Pb zircon ages from the literature (n = 2638) support the structurally dynamic role of the western Paris thrust sheet as the dominant high-standing, out-of-sequence portion of the Sevier belt. This result requires modification of the traditional structural view of the thin-skinned Sevier fold-and-thrust belt having formed by west-to-east shortening over an ~100-m.y. period (ca. 150–50 Ma) with episodic thrust motions that become younger toward the craton (east), as constrained by numerous synorogenic deposits shed to the east from each thrust hanging wall. Sevier thrusting was preceded by deposition of the Jurassic Stump Formation, which has a maximum depositional age of 149 Ma and a unique detrital zircon and heavy mineral (garnet, magnetite) provenance. The oldest thrust, the Paris (Willard) thrust, eroded and deposited the Jurassic–Cretaceous Ephraim Conglomerate as a synorogenic fan devoid of quartzite clasts and with a detrital zircon provenance consistent with reworked sediment from the fold belt, but not from the hinterland or the Sierra Nevada arc of the orogenic system. All subsequent synorogenic deposits from the mid-Cretaceous Echo Conglomerate (Meade-Crawford thrust) to a variety of more easterly Eocene deposits (Sevier belt, Green River, Absaroka, and Bighorn basins) are rich in quartzite clasts. All the quartzite clasts were eroded from the Paris thrust hanging wall, which reached its peak orogenic height at ca. 95 Ma, 50 m.y. after first motion, and the Proterozoic Brigham Group remained a quartzite clast source for ~40 m.y. The detrital zircon signatures of these samples require additional sources of sediment, reworked from the hinterland and the Sierra Nevada and Idaho Batholith arcs, thus implying that long-distance sediment fairway(s) were active during the Mesozoic–early Cenozoic. Based on the same detrital zircon data, variable sources of sediment are inferred between each of the thrust sheets; however, within each thrust system, the source of sediment remained the same. The Teton Range was thrust up at ca. 50 Ma, long after the Sevier belt formed, and it was not a buttress to thin-skinned Sevier deformation. Rather, Teton–Gros Ventre–Wind River Laramide uplifts deformed the older Sevier belt with numerous back and out-of-sequence thrusts and synorogenic deposits, including the Darby thrust, which records the youngest displacement.
Emergence of wet conditions in the Mono Basin of the Western USA coincident with inception of the Last Glaciation
Authors: Ali Guleed A.H. , Lin Ke , Hemming Sidney R. , Cox Stephen E. , Ruprecht Philipp , Zimmerman Susan R.H. , Stine Scott , Wang Xianfeng 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
At present, the Basin and Range of the western USA is arid, but geologic studies show evidence of past wetness. The timing of these wetter conditions reveals a close association with glacial conditions. This association has led to the hypothesis of a causal link between glacial climate and regional wetness, but poor age control on the onset of regional wetness thwarts a test of this hypothesis. Here we determine the start of the most recent interval of persistent wetness in the Mono Basin, which is a hydrologically closed depression that sits at the west-central edge of the Basin and Range. The most recent emergence of persistent wetness in the Mono Basin is stratigraphically correlated with the depositional age of Ash 19—a rhyolitic ash bed that represents the oldest tephra of the Wilson Creek Formation and one of the earliest-known products of explosive volcanic activity from the Mono Craters. We constrain the depositional age of Ash 19 by using the U/Th disequilibrium dating method to date carbonates that are younger and older than Ash 19. Our U/Th dating results show that Ash 19 was deposited before the formation of a cross-cutting carbonate bed dated to 69.2 ± 0.3 ka but after an underlying carbonate tufa dated to 67.4 ± 3.5 ka, which suggests that the start of wetness in the Mono Basin was contemporary with the inception of the Last Glaciation—the beginning of Marine Isotope Stage 4—at ca. 70 ka. This finding corroborates the hypothesis of a link between glacial climate and regional wetness.
Rethinking presbyopia: results of bilateral refractive lens exchange with trifocal intraocular lenses in 17 603 patients
Authors: Brenner Luis F , Nistad Kristin , Schonbeck Urban 
Published: February 2022

PurposeTo evaluate the safety and effectiveness of bilateral refractive lens exchange (RLE) with trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) as the surgical treatment of presbyopia.SettingsMemira AS. Norway, Sweden and Denmark.DesignMulticentric retrospective interventional case series.Methods17 603 consecutive patients submitted to bilateral presbyopic RLE with trifocal IOLs from 2013 to 2019. The main outcomes were manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), uncorrected distance (UDVA) and near (UNVA) visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), vision gain/loss, safety and efficacy indices, IOL power calculation accuracy and rate of excimer laser enhancements.ResultsThree months postoperatively, the mean MRSE was 0.00±0.40 diopters (D), mean binocular UDVA was −0.03±0.09, with 14 470 patients (82.2%) with combined binocular UDVA and UNVA equal or better than 0.00 and Jaeger 3. Approximately 86% (n=30.124) of the eyes were within 0.50D of MRSE. Enhancement surgery was performed in 5810 eyes (16.5%). IOL power calculation refining improved accuracy and reduced enhancements rate from 20% in 2013 to 12% in 2019. Safety and efficacy indices were 0.98±0.11 and 0.85±0.18, respectively. Myopic eyes presented significant higher safety (1.00±0.19) and efficacy indices (0.87±0.19), with p<0.005. Approximately 0.38% (n=130) of the eyes lost two or more lines of CDVA, with cystoid macular oedema (n=53, 40.8%) and posterior capsular opacification (n=35, 26.9%) as the main causes. After proper care, the final incidence of two or more lines of vision loss was 0.08% (28 eyes).ConclusionsPresbyopic RLE with trifocal IOL is a safe and effective modality of treatment for patients with presbyopia.
Exercise prehabilitation during neoadjuvant chemotherapy may enhance tumour regression in oesophageal cancer: results from a prospective non-randomised trial
Authors: Zylstra Janine , Whyte Greg P , Beckmann Kerri , Pate James , Santaolalla Aida , Gervais-Andre Louise , Russell Beth , Maisey Nick , Waters Justin , Tham Gemma , Lagergren Jesper , Green Michael , Kelly Mark , Baker Cara , Van Hemelrijck Mieke , Goh Vicky , Gossage James , Browning Mike , Davies Andrew 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundThere is increasing evidence for the use of exercise in cancer patients and data supporting enhanced tumour volume reduction following chemotherapy in animal models. To date, there is no reported histopathological evidence of a similar oncological benefit in oesophageal cancer.MethodsA prospective non-randomised trial compared a structured prehabilitation exercise intervention during neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery versus conventional best-practice for oesophageal cancer patients. Biochemical and body composition analyses were performed at multiple time points. Outcome measures included radiological and pathological markers of disease regression. Logistic regression calculated ORs with 95% CI for the likelihood of pathological response adjusting for chemotherapy regimen and chemotherapy delivery.ResultsComparison of the Intervention (n=21) and Control (n=19) groups indicated the Intervention group had higher rates of tumour regression (Mandard TRG 1–3 Intervention n=15/20 (75%) vs Control n=7/19 (36.8%) p=0.025) including adjusted analyses (OR 6.57; 95% CI 1.52 to 28.30). Combined tumour and node downstaging (Intervention n=9 (42.9%) vs Control n=3 (15.8%) p=0.089) and Fat Free Mass index were also improved (Intervention 17.8 vs 18.7 kg/m2; Control 16.3 vs 14.7 kg/m2, p=0.026). Differences in markers of immunity (CD-3 and CD-8) and inflammation (IL-6, VEGF, INF-y, TNFa, MCP-1 and EGF) were observed.ConclusionThe results suggest improved tumour regression and downstaging in the exercise intervention group and should prompt larger studies on this topic.Trial registration numberNCT03626610.
Economic burden of female genital mutilation in 27 high-prevalence countries
Authors: Tordrup David , Bishop Chrissy , Green Nathan , Petzold Max , Vallejo Fernando Ruiz , Vogel Joshua P , Pallitto Christina 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundFemale genital mutilation (FGM) is a traditional harmful practice affecting 200 million women and girls globally. Health complications of FGM occur immediately and over time, and are associated with healthcare costs that are poorly understood. Quantifying the global FGM-related burden is essential for supporting programmes and policies for prevention and mitigation.MethodsHealth complications of FGM are derived from a meta-analysis and stratified by acute, uro-gynaecological, obstetric and psychological/sexual. Treatment costs are calculated from national cohort models of 27 high-burden countries over 30 years. Savings associated with full/partial abandonment are compared with a current incidence reference scenario, assuming no changes in FGM practices.ResultsOur model projects an increasing burden of FGM due to population growth. As a reference scenario assuming no change in practices, prevalent cases in 27 countries will rise from 119.4 million (2018) to 205.8 million (2047). Full abandonment could reduce this to 80.0 million (2047), while partial abandonment is insufficient to reduce cases. Current incidence economic burden is US$1.4 billion/year, rising to US$2.1 billion/year in 2047. Full abandonment would reduce the future burden to US$0.8 billion/year by 2047.ConclusionFGM is a human rights violation, a public health issue and a substantial economic burden that can be avoided through effective prevention strategies. While decreasing trends are observed in some countries, these trends are variable and not consistently observed across settings. Additional resources are needed to prevent FGM to avoid human suffering and growing costs. The findings of this study warrant increased political commitment and investment in the abandonment of FGM.
Atrial fibrillation detection using a automated electrocardiographic monitoring in a transient ischaemic attack service
Authors: D'Anna Lucio , Sikdar Oishi , Lim Suyin , Kalladka Dheeraj , Banerjee Soma 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundThe vast majority of the transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) services in UK reported significant delays in the initiation of the routine cardiac monitoring that may result in a significant number of missed atrial fibrillation (AF) paroxysms and increased long-term risk of recurrent stroke. Automated continuous ECG monitoring (ACEM) system has shown promising results in terms of AF detection but it is unclear if ACEM improves AF detection in a rapid outpatient TIA service.ObjectivesWe assessed ACEM in patients with TIA with the aim to significantly reduce the delay to initiate the cardiac monitoring and to enhance the yield of AF detection in these patients. We also aimed to determine the impact of a more rapid initiation of ACEM on the 6-month risk of recurrent stroke/TIA.MethodsThis is an observational, prospective before (phase 1: 1 July to 31 December 2018) versus after (phase 2: 1 January to 30 June 2019) study of the effect of ACEM, compared with routine initiation of 24h-Holter ECG, in patients with TIA assessed in our service.ResultsThe phase 1 (n=136) and phase 2 (n=105) cohorts did not differ with regards to age, risk factors, duration of cardiac monitoring. The rate of newly detected AF was significantly higher in phase 2 compared with phase 1 (9.52% vs 2.21%, p<0.001). The 6-month risk of recurrent stroke/TIA was significantly lower in phase 2 compared with phase 1 (7.4% vs 1%, p=0.018).ConclusionsEarly initiation of ACEM improves AF detection after TIA in a rapid TIA service and is associated with a reduced risk of recurrent TIA/stroke.
Evaluating the use of reactivity levels to inform risk communication and improve service user experience in an HIV self-sampling service
Authors: Taylor Jennifer , O'Brien Sally , Fagg Jamie , Holdsworth Gillian , Amos-Gibbs Stuart , Ardines Elena , George Blake , Baraitser Paula 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesThis service improvement study scoped the value of using quantitative reactivity levels (RL) to introduce a two-tier counselling approach in HIV self-sampling services. The objectives were to (1) use self-reported confirmatory test results to estimate the positive predictive value (PPV) of the first-line assay and (2) to calculate the impact on the PPV and theoretical negative predictive value of a range of proposed RL thresholds, which could be used to differentiate between higher and lower reactive results.MethodsWe studied HIV testing data from a UK-based online sexual health service from 1 December 2018 to 15 July 2020. Routinely collected, anonymised data on RL and self-reported confirmatory testing outcomes were used to calculate PPV at a range of RL thresholds.Results116 474 adequate HIV tests were reported during the study period, of which 889 were reactive (0.76%, 95% CI 0.71% to 0.82%). Confirmatory testing outcomes were self-reported by 572 (64.34%) reactive service users, of whom 43 (7.52%) had a new HIV diagnosis, 412 (72.03%) were negative and 117 (20.45%) already had a known HIV diagnosis. PPV was 9.45% at an RL threshold of >1. Quantitative RLs were reported for 30 281 results, of which 200 were reactive. PPV increased to 80% at an RL threshold of >30. No confirmed HIV diagnoses were reported among service users with RL <30.ConclusionRLs could be used to support a more nuanced approach to counselling, potentially reducing anxiety prior to confirmatory testing.
Fully automated volumetric measurement of malignant pleural mesothelioma by deep learning AI: validation and comparison with modified RECIST response criteria
Authors: Kidd Andrew C , Anderson Owen , Cowell Gordon W , Weir Alexander J , Voisey Jeremy P , Evison Matthew , Tsim Selina , Goatman Keith A , Blyth Kevin G 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundIn malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), complex tumour morphology results in inconsistent radiological response assessment. Promising volumetric methods require automation to be practical. We developed a fully automated Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for this purpose, performed blinded validation and compared CNN and human response classification and survival prediction in patients treated with chemotherapy.MethodsIn a multicentre retrospective cohort study; 183 CT datasets were split into training and internal validation (123 datasets (80 fully annotated); 108 patients; 1 centre) and external validation (60 datasets (all fully annotated); 30 patients; 3 centres). Detailed manual annotations were used to train the CNN, which used two-dimensional U-Net architecture. CNN performance was evaluated using correlation, Bland-Altman and Dice agreement. Volumetric response/progression were defined as ≤30%/≥20% change and compared with modified Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours (mRECIST) by Cohen’s kappa. Survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier methodology.ResultsHuman and artificial intelligence (AI) volumes were strongly correlated (validation set r=0.851, p<0.0001). Agreement was strong (validation set mean bias +31 cm3(p=0.182), 95% limits 345 to +407 cm3). Infrequent AI segmentation errors (4/60 validation cases) were associated with fissural tumour, contralateral pleural thickening and adjacent atelectasis. Human and AI volumetric responses agreed in 20/30 (67%) validation cases κ=0.439 (0.178 to 0.700). AI and mRECIST agreed in 16/30 (55%) validation cases κ=0.284 (0.026 to 0.543). Higher baseline tumour volume was associated with shorter survival.ConclusionWe have developed and validated the first fully automated CNN for volumetric MPM segmentation. CNN performance may be further improved by enriching future training sets with morphologically challenging features. Volumetric response thresholds require further calibration in future studies.
NN-Lock
: A Lightweight Authorization to Prevent IP Threats of Deep Learning Models
Authors: Alam Manaar , Saha Sayandeep , Mukhopadhyay Debdeep , Kundu Sandip 
Published: February 2022

The prevalent usage and unparalleled recent success of Deep Neural Network (DNN) applications have raised the concern of protecting their Intellectual Property (IP) rights in different business models to prevent the theft of trade secrets. In this article, we propose a lightweight, generic, key-based DNN IP protection methodology,
NN-Lock
, to defend against unauthorized usage of stolen DNN models.
NN-Lock
utilizes SBox, a cryptographic primitive, with good security properties to encrypt each parameter of a trained DNN model with the secret keys derived from a master key through a key-scheduling algorithm. The method ensures that only an authorized user with a correct master key can accurately use the locked DNN model. Evaluation results of
NN-Lock
on a Google Coral edge device for various DNN architectures on several datasets show that for an incorrect master key, the accuracy of a locked model is that of a random classifier. The dense network of encrypted parameters makes the method robust against the
model fine-tuning attack
and a novel
approximation attack
using the Genetic Algorithm, which achieves reasonable success against another recent IP protection scheme called HPNN Chakraborty et al.
2020
. The security evaluation of
NN-Lock
against other families of attacks demonstrates its soundness in practical scenarios.
NN-Lock
does not modify any internal structure of a DNN model, making it scalable for all of the existing DNN implementations without adversely affecting their performance.
Detecting Dynamic Manipulation of the Space Charge Region in Doped Ceria with Scanning Thermo-Ionic Microscopy
Authors: Gerwe Brian S , Nasr Esfahani Ehsan , Li Jiangyu , Adler Stuart B. 
Published: February 2022

A new generation of high performance energy storage and conversion devices is instrumental to commercial adoption of renewable, but intermittent, energy sources. Developing new materials for these devices often relies on bulk characterization techniques, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which are inherently unable to spatially resolve electrochemical phenomena and material properties. Conversely, scanning probe methods (SPM) have long been employed to probe local electrochemistry and material properties; however, relating these measurements to macroscopic performance can be challenging. We aim to bridge this gap by using SPM as a localized in operando witness during macroscopic measurements.
Workers have recently employed Scanning Thermo-Ionic Microscopy (STIM), a strain-based SPM that leverages mechano-thermo-chemical coupled effects to detect local ionic concentrations. Briefly, STIM operates by inducing thermal stresses in the material from a periodic temperature perturbation at the scanning probe tip. The strain related to these thermal stresses drives ionic motion and is detected by deflection of the probe tip at a higher order harmonic of the temperature perturbation. This allows the ionic response to be distinguished from electrostatic and electromechanical responses, which occur at the temperature perturbation frequency.
Previous ex-situ measurements demonstrated the potential of STIM to image grain boundary effects in doped ceria, possibly due to space charge regions. More recently, STIM was implemented point-wise to study manipulation of the space charge region under static polarization. Though promising, intensive hardware demands prevented imaging with STIM, thus ultimately reducing the impact of s-SPM implementation. Herein we demonstrate the use of data science enhanced SPM to overcome hardware limitations and extend our work to in operando, dynamic polarization studies. Furthermore, the effect of adsorbed surface species on STIM response is examined by controlling temperature, gas environment, and relative humidity.
The Coupling between Mechanics and Intercalation Chemistry in Layered Battery Materials
Authors: Radin Maxwell , Vinckeviciute Julija , Kaufman Jonas , Thomas John C. , Van der Ven Anton 
Published: February 2022

In addition to a change in lattice parameters, many materials also experience complex structural transformations upon intercalation. For example, many layered lithium and sodium oxides transform between the O3/O1/P3 stacking sequences, and Ni and Mn oxides often undergo transformations associated with collective Jahn-Teller distortions. Many questions remain about how these structural transformations affect battery performance, and in particular, how they affect cycle life limitations arising from fracture and mechanical damage.
Here we present new models to capture the coupling between intercalation chemistry and mechanics arising from stacking-sequence changes and Jahn-Teller distortions. This includes first-principles simulations and mesoscale models to elucidate the thermodynamics and kinetics of stacking sequence changes, as well as analyses of how these transformations might result in irreversible changes to microstructure. Regarding the mechanics of Jahn-Teller distortions, we have developed anharmonic vibrational models to explore the transition from a collective distortion to a dynamic one in layered materials such as lithium nickel and manganese oxides (as well as their sodium analogues). Numerical simulations reveal how the interplay between the shape of the Jahn-Teller energy landscape and rigidity of the crystal impact the local structure and thermodynamic properties of the dynamically distorted phase.
Effect of Electrochemically Induced Fracture and Fatigue on Capacity and Kinetics of LiXMn2O4
Authors: McGrogan Frank P , Bishop Sean R. , Raja Shilpa , Chiang Yet-Ming , Van Vliet Krystyn J. 
Published: February 2022

Li-ion battery (LIB) electrodes suffer from gradual performance loss during repeated electrochemical cycling. The battery community has identified a variety of mechanical and chemical degradation routes leading to capacity fade in LIBs, including fracture of the active electrode particles driven by cycling-induced chemomechanical stress. However, the detailed mechanisms by which this fracture due to electrochemical cycling – or electrochemomechanical fatigue – promotes capacity fade and impedance growth are not understood completely even in the most well studied positive electrode systems.
Here, we demonstrate this connection between fracture, capacity, and impedance growth in LiXMn2O4 cathodes via complex cycling schedules designed to produce discrete fracture events. We implement variations in current and potential to control fracture by electrochemical means, confirmed with in situ acoustic emissions monitoring and post-mortem electron microscopy. We use electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and distribution of relaxation times analysis to identify the physical contributions to electrochemical impedance, and find that fracture causes an immediate increase in electronic contact resistance by creating insulating interfaces in the bulk of the electrode. We also observe an onset of severe capacity fade concurrent with electrochemically induced fracture, indicating that fracture plays a role in accelerating dissolution reactions that compromise battery cathode performance. Thus, we identify two distinct degradation mechanisms acting separately on capacity and impedance over two different time scales. The separation of these performance-reducing effects in a well-studied cathode material is critical to understanding the coupling between electrochemical and mechanical degradation in LIBs.