bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards species‐level forecasts of drought‐induced tree mortality risk
Authors: De Kauwe Martin G. , Sabot Manon E. B. , Medlyn Belinda E. , Pitman Andrew J. , Meir Patrick , Cernusak Lucas A. , Gallagher Rachael V. , Ukkola Anna M. , Rifai Sami W. , Choat Brendan 
Published: April 2022

SummaryPredicting species‐level responses to drought at the landscape scale is critical to reducing uncertainty in future terrestrial carbon and water cycle projections.We embedded a stomatal optimisation model in the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) land surface model and parameterised the model for 15 canopy dominant eucalypt tree species across South‐Eastern Australia (mean annual precipitation range: 344–1424 mm yr−1). We conducted three experiments: applying CABLE to the 2017–2019 drought; a 20% drier drought; and a 20% drier drought with a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2).The severity of the drought was highlighted as for at least 25% of their distribution ranges, 60% of species experienced leaf water potentials beyond the water potential at which 50% of hydraulic conductivity is lost due to embolism. We identified areas of severe hydraulic stress within‐species’ ranges, but we also pinpointed resilience in species found in predominantly semiarid areas. The importance of the role of CO2in ameliorating drought stress was consistent across species.Our results represent an important advance in our capacity to forecast the resilience of individual tree species, providing an evidence base for decision‐making around the resilience of restoration plantings or net‐zero emission strategies.
Emergency catheter ablation: A feasible option for acute treatments of patients with unstable pre‐excited atrial fibrillation
Authors: Chen Weijie , Xiao Peilin , Zhou Genqing , Liu Zengzhang , Chen Songwen , Du Huaan , Li Dan , Zhang Changzhi , Xu Yanping , Su Li , Liu Shaowen , Ling Zhiyu , Yin Yuehui 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundPre‐excited atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased risk of life‐threatening events. However, at times, patients with pre‐excited AF still repetitively suffer from hemodynamic disturbance, with resistance to acute treatments of antiarrhythmic therapy and cardioversion.MethodsTo evaluate the feasibility in correcting hemodynamic disturbance, patients with pre‐excited AF who underwent catheter ablation of accessory pathway as an emergency procedure, were retrospectively collected from two centers of China. The medical records of patients were analyzed and summarized in this case series.ResultsFive patients with pre‐excited AF who received emergency catheter ablation of accessory pathway, were collected from two contributor centers and reported in this case series. All collected patients still repetitively suffered from hemodynamic disturbance induced by rapid anterograde conduction of AF via pathway, even guideline recommended acute interventions of intravenous antiarrhythmic therapy and cardioversion had been performed. Finally, as an emergency procedure, catheter ablation of accessory pathway was performed in collected patients. Correspondingly, the hemodynamic unstable status was greatly relieved. Meanwhile, all collected patients with high risk of pre‐excited AF were combined with left‐sided accessory pathway, with shortest RR interval of widened pre‐excited QRS complex less than 250 ms. Thus, combination with left‐sided pathway is proposed as an indicator for the increased risk of life‐threatening events in patients with high risk of pre‐excited AF.ConclusionsEmergency catheter ablation of accessory pathway is an effective option for the acute managements of patients with high risk of pre‐excited AF in unstable hemodynamics, which is resistant to antiarrhythmic therapy and cardioversion.
Usefulness of ultrasonography for small intestinal evaluations in pediatric Crohn's disease
Authors: Okuhira Takeru , Yoden Atsushi , Kaji Emiri , Otani‐Akamatsu Masano , Inoue Keisuke , Aomatsu Tomoki , Takitani Kimitaka , Ashida Akira 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundSmall bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) for Crohn's disease is useful; however, its use has some limitations, such as invasiveness when endoscopic assistance is required in patients who cannot swallow the capsule, and the burden of interpretation on a physician. In contrast, intestinal ultrasonography (IUS) is a non‐invasive modality for children. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of IUS for pediatric patients with established Crohn's disease.MethodsSmall bowel capsule endoscopy and IUS findings from the same period in pediatric patients with established Crohn’s disease were analyzed retrospectively. First, we compared the Lewis score (LS), small bowel endoscopic activity, and IUS findings by small bowel wall thickness (SBWT) and mesenteric lymph node size (MLNS). Second, we compared the performance of IUS findings with those of some biomarkers.ResultsIn 22 procedures, SBWT and MLNS were correlated with LS (r = 0.52, P < 0.05, and r = 0.45, P < 0.05, respectively). Small bowel wall thickness, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and fecal calprotectin levels had the highest accuracy (81.8%, 81.8%, and 81.8%, respectively). The combination of SBWT and MLNS had the highest positive predictive value and negative predictive value (100% and 83.3%, respectively).ConclusionsIntestinal ultrasonography findings, including SBWT and MLNS, are useful for monitoring small bowel lesions in pediatric patients with established Crohn’s disease. We suggest first evaluating small bowel inflammation by IUS in pediatric patients with Crohn’s disease before SBCE because IUS is less invasive than SBCE.
Extensive secretion of phenolic acids and fatty acids facilitates rhizosphere pH regulation in halophyte Puccinellia tenuiflora under alkali stress
Authors: Li Hong , Xu Chenyang , Han Lei , Li Changyou , Xiao Binbin , Wang Huan , Yang Chunwu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPuccinellia tenuiflora is a forage grass with high nutritional value that is an extreme alkali‐tolerant halophyte: it can survive at pH 10–11. Root secretion is perceived as a major plant alkali tolerance mechanism. In the present study, we applied a widely targeted metabolomic approach to identify and quantify the root exudates of P. tenuiflora under alkali stress. We also surveyed the transcriptional and metabolic profiling of P. tenuiflora roots under salt (96‐mM Na+, pH 6.8) and alkali (96‐mM Na+, pH 9.6) stresses to reveal the biological processes mediating root secretion. In P. tenuiflora plants, 493 root exudates were detected under control conditions, 544 root exudates under salt stress conditions, and 607 root exudates under alkali stress conditions. Salt‐stressed plants and alkali‐stressed plants shared 64 root exudates, and 60 root exudates were unique to alkali‐stressed plants. The secretion rate of 56 phenolic acids, 43 fatty acids, and 9 organic acids was faster in alkali‐stressed roots than in control and salt‐stressed roots. In P. tenuiflora roots, alkali stress enhanced the accumulation of 23 phenolic acids, five organic acids, and only one fatty acid. In addition, transcriptomic analysis revealed that alkali stress upregulated glycolysis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways in P. tenuiflora roots. Taken together, extensive secretion of phenolic acids and fatty acids promotes rhizosphere pH regulation of P. tenuiflora under alkali stress, which contributes to its strong alkali tolerance. The root secretion of P. tenuiflora upon alkali stress is highly organized. Enhanced glycolysis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and organic acid synthesis in the roots provide more reducing power and carbon source for the root secretion process of alkali‐stressed P. tenuiflora.
Coping strategies of caregivers in performing oral hygiene care in adults with special needs: A qualitative study
Authors: Leme Pedro Augusto Thiene , Nishiyama Rafaela Rie , Santos Lais Cesário , Mialhe Fábio Luiz 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionBasic and daily oral hygiene care is essential for maintaining oral health in adults with special needs. The caregivers act in this process and need to be understood about the difficulties and the resources they use to deal with this demand. The aim of this qualitative study was to understand the difficulties and strategies of caregivers regarding oral hygiene for adults with special health care needs (SHCN)MethodsTwenty‐one caregivers of adults with SHCN participated in an interview in which the following questions were asked: What are the greatest difficulties in performing oral hygiene for the adult with SHCN you take care? and “How do you overcome these difficulties?” The interviews were recorded and the qualitative data were analyzed using the Discourse of the Collective Subject techniqueResultsAll respondents were female with a mean age of 58.5 years (± 10.8) and the adults with SHCN presented mean age of 30 years (± 18). The greatest difficulty pointed out by caregivers regarding oral hygiene for adults with SHCN was their non‐cooperation to do such activity. Regarding coping strategies, caregivers pointed out several strategies to perform oral hygiene in adults with SHCN, such as supervising their brushing, seek for a qualified dentist to assist with this task, performing oral hygiene during the bath, performing physical restraint, among othersConclusionThe caregivers' perspectives indicate feelings of failure, discomfort, but also the use of creative resources to deal with the task. The results bring up themes that refer to anxieties and are related to technical and dental issues, that could be explored and need to be recognized by the reference oral healthcare team, whose responsibility it is also to work for the empowerment of caregivers.
The meaning of reflection for understanding caring and becoming a caring nurse
Authors: Jaastad Turid Anita , Ueland Venke , Koskinen Camilla 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundReflection is essential for students to learn and understand caring, their formation as human and caring beings, and their ability to meet patients in a caring way. Consequently, to facilitate nurse students’ development into professionals, learning support is needed where the focus is on understanding caring and becoming caring nurses.Aim and research questionsThe exploratory study aim is to gain knowledge of the meaning of reflection in first‐term nursing education, and how reflection grounded in caring theory can deepen the students’ understanding of caring and their professional formation of becoming a caring nurse.MethodData consisted of individual written reflections and were collected from 64 nursing students from Norway, who had completed their instruction in caring theories and participated in four reflection groups where they reflected on caring and becoming a caring nurse. A thematic analysis was used.FindingsThe results are based on the three main themes, Reflection provides an understanding of caring by developing a language for caring; Reflection provides an understanding of seeing the person behind the illness; and Reflection contributes to increased self‐understanding and awareness of oneself as a caring nurse.ConclusionsInstruction in caring theories and participation in reflection groups, with reflection grounded in caring theory, has a key function in facilitating students’ development of a language for caring in nursing and appropriation of caring theory. The appropriation of caring theory provides a foundation for the nurse students to see themselves within a broader perspective and is important for mutual support in the professional formation of becoming a caring nurse. The expected outcome of such integration is a nursing curriculum that progressively supports the development of nursing students professionally and personally in the formation of becoming a caring nurses.
Self‐injury motives: A person‐centered examination
Authors: Dixon‐Gordon Katherine L. , Turner Brianna J. , Haliczer Lauren A. , Gratz Kim L. , Tull Matthew T. , Chapman Alexander L. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionPeople report multiple motives for nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI), but few studies have examined how these motives relate to one another. This study identified person‐centered classes of NSSI motives, their NSSI and psychopathological correlates, and their utility in predicting future NSSI across two samples.MethodsParticipants were adolescents and young adults (aged 15–35) with recent NSSI recruited from online forums (n = 155, Sample 1) or the community (n = 127, Sample 2). Participants completed measures of NSSI, emotion regulation difficulties, borderline personality disorder (BPD), depression, and reported on their NSSI over 12 months.ResultsLatent profile analyses yielded five classes in each sample: low interpersonal, self‐punishment/interpersonal, moderate intra/interpersonal, high intra/interpersonal, and mainly interpersonal motives. Classes were not associated with lifetime NSSI characteristics, but highly motivated participants reported more severe depression and BPD symptoms, and greater emotion dysregulation than low‐motivated participants. Those in the mainly interpersonal (Sample 1) and self‐punishment/interpersonal (Sample 2) motives classes reported greater NSSI frequency during follow‐up.ConclusionsThis study identified five classes of NSSI motives. Participants who report multiple motives for NSSI may be more clinically severe, whereas those who report strong desires to communicate with others or punish themselves may be at the highest risk for more frequent NSSI over time.
Comparative analyses of American and Asian lotus genomes reveal insights into petal color, carpel thermogenesis and domestication
Authors: Zheng Ping , Sun Heng , Liu Juan , Lin Jishan , Zhang Xingtan , Qin Yuan , Zhang Wenping , Xu Xiuming , Deng Xianbao , Yang Dong , Wang Meng , Zhang Yanting , Song Heyun , Huang Yongji , Orozco‐Obando Warner , Ming Ray , Yang Mei 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARYNelumbo lutea (American lotus), which differs from Nelumbo nucifera (Asian lotus) morphologically, is one of the two remaining species in the basal eudicot family Nelumbonaceae. Here, we assembled the 843‐Mb genome of American lotus into eight pseudochromosomes containing 31 382 protein‐coding genes. Comparative analyses revealed conserved synteny without large chromosomal rearrangements between the genomes of American and Asian lotus and identified 29 533 structural variants (SVs). Carotenoid and anthocyanin pigments determine the yellow and red petal colors of American and Asian lotus, respectively. The structural genes encoding enzymes of the carotenoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways were conserved between two species but differed in expression. We detected SVs caused by repetitive sequence expansion or contraction among the anthocyanin biosynthesis regulatory MYB genes. Further transient overexpression of candidate NnMYB5 induced anthocyanin accumulation in lotus petals. Alternative oxidase (AOX), uncoupling proteins (UCPs), and sugar metabolism and transportation contributed to carpel thermogenesis. Carpels produce heat with sugars transported from leaves as the main substrates, because there was weak tonoplast sugar transporter (TST) activity, and with SWEETs were highly expressed during thermogenesis. Cell proliferation‐related activities were particularly enhanced in the warmer carpels compared with stamens during the cold night before blooming, which suggested that thermogenesis plays an important role in flower protogyny. Population genomic analyses revealed deep divergence between American and Asian lotus, and independent domestication affecting seed, rhizome, and flower traits. Our findings provide a high‐quality reference genome of American lotus for exploring the genetic divergence and variation between two species and revealed possible genomic bases for petal color, carpel thermogenesis and domestication in lotus.
α1‐Adrenoceptors activate the NLRP3 inflammasome through downregulation of Kir2.1 in cardiac inflammation
Authors: Chen Ling , Wang Wenbo , Peng Xiangyang , Liu Luqian , Zhang Aimei , Li Xinzhi , Ma Ketao , Wang Li 
Published: April 2022

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What is the mechanism of cardiac inflammation induced by α1‐adrenoceptor stimulation by NLRP3 inflammasome activation?
What is the main finding and its importance?
In the mechanism of cardiac inflammation induced by α1‐adrenoceptor overactivation, Kir2.1 exerts cardioprotective and anti‐inflammatory effects by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.

AbstractOverstimulation of sympathetic nerves in cardiovascular diseases can lead to impaired cardiomyocyte function and potential heart failure, which activates not only the β‐adrenoceptors but also the α1‐adrenoceptors (α1‐AR). A previous report indicated that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is involved in cardiac inflammation induced by the α1‐AR agonist phenylephrine (PE), but the mechanism is still unknown. Here, we aimed to study whether Kir2.1 is involved in cardiac inflammation caused by PE. The results from in vitro experiments showed that PE upregulated the expression levels of NLRP3, caspase‐1, interleukin (IL)‐18 and IL‐1β and downregulated the expression level of Kir2.1 in H9C2 cells. The Kir2.1 agonist zacopride downregulated the expression of NLRP3, caspase‐1, IL‐1β and IL‐18, and the Kir2.1 inhibitor ML133 upregulated their expression. To further explore the mechanism, we found that zacopride downregulated the protein expression level of p‐p65 and that ML133 upregulated it. Moreover, the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signalling pathway inhibitor curcumenol reversed the expression of NLRP3 inflammasomes caused by PE in H9C2 cells. In in vivo experiments, the protein expression level of Kir2.1 in the PE group was significantly decreased, and the activation of Kir2.1 by zacopride reduced cardiac inflammation. In short, Kir2.1 is involved in α1‐AR overactivation, which induces cardiac inflammation, through the NF‐κB signalling pathway, and activating Kir2.1 can downregulate NLRP3 inflammation and exert cardioprotective effects induced by zacopride.
Investigation on Viscosity Behavior of Anionic Polyacrylamide Copolymer in Brine Solutions for Slickwater Fluids Applications at High Salinity and Hardness Conditions
Authors: Balaga Dileep Kumar , Korlepara Navneeth Kumar , Vyas Aditya , Kulkarni Sandeep D. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Slickwater fluids, used to undertake fracturing in low-permeability reservoirs, may be derived from produced water consisting of a range of dissolved salts. The fluids are pumped downhole at high flowrates, and hence friction reducers, e.g., anionic polyacrylamides (APAMs) are added, which also impart viscosity to the fluid resulting in better proppant transport. The present work investigates the effect of an APAM copolymer on the viscosity of slickwater fluids; specifically, at high salinity and hardness conditions. The experimental part of this study demonstrated the impact of the parameters—APAM concentration and salt type/concentration—on slickwater fluid viscosity. In a freshwater–APAM fluid, as monovalent salt (salinity) is added incrementally, fluid viscosity decreased initially owing to the charge-shielding effect; and, then viscosity values were leveled off beyond a certain salinity level. However, a very peculiar behavior was observed for the addition of divalent salts (hardness) to fluid systems. Initially, as hardness increased up to 50k ppm (parts per million), as expected, fluid viscosity showed a significant decrease; on the contrary, as the hardness was raised beyond 50k ppm, the solution viscosity showed a distinctive increase up to 250k ppm. This phenomenon may be explained on the basis of the reverse charge-shielding effect, i.e., excessive divalent ionicity inducing repulsion between polymer charge sites. To model the above experimentally observed non-monotonous viscosity behavior, various machine learning models were employed; support vector regression (SVR)based models predicted the slickwater fluid viscosity with maximum accuracy. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the prominence of the studied input parameters. The modeling work would assist in minimizing trial-and-error in designing/optimizing a slickwater fluid system.
Experimental Study on Laser-Induced Surface Damage of a Single-Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloy Under Continuous Wave Fiber Laser Scanning Process
Authors: Nandam Srinivasa Rao , Venugopal Rao A. , Gokhale Amol A. , Joshi Suhas S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Single-crystal (SC) nickel-based superalloy castings offer high-temperature mechanical properties that result in superior gas turbine engine performance and durability. These castings undergo various precision machining operations to remove a significant amount of material while manufacturing. Here, nickel-based superalloys are one of the most difficult materials to be cut. Therefore, novel concepts are being employed to improve their machinability including lowering their surface strength. This paper presents the introduction of laser-induced surface damage (LISD) on a second-generation SC nickel-based superalloy using a continuous wave (CW) fiber laser. Laser scanning experiments were performed on SC specimens in the as-cast condition with a laser power of 1000 W, a beam diameter of 1.2 mm, and scanning speeds from 5.5 mm/s to 16.5 mm/s. The cross-sections of the laser-irradiated surfaces were investigated by measuring the irradiated geometries (IRG), microstructural changes, microsegregations, solidification cracking, and heat affected zone (HAZ). The IRG shows the conduction mode of penetration with a high width-to-depth ratio under a bigger beam diameter and top-hat type beam profile. The IRG boundaries have irregular profiles due to the dissolution of interdendrite regions and eutectic phases. The IRG showed fine dendrites and solidification cracks with reduced microsegregation levels. The solidification cracking is mainly attributed to thermal stresses and the microcracking in HAZ is attributed to the dissolution of low melting Mo and Ti eutectics. The evolved HAZ ranges from 15% to 20% of the IRG depth. The LISD volume is evaluated as IRG plus HAZ for removal by machining process.
Ballistic Impact of Structural Steels at Low Temperatures
Authors: Holmen J. K. , Thomesen S. , Perez-Martin M. J. , Hopperstad O. S. , Børvik T. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Steels are usually stronger at low temperatures than at high temperatures. But low temperatures are, particularly in combination with high strain rates and high stress triaxiality ratios, known to cause embrittlement. The common understanding is that the ductility of steels decreases dramatically below a threshold temperature known as the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. This study explores the ballistic performance of Strenx 960 Plus steel plates at both low temperatures and room temperature. We describe a ballistic setup where target plates were cooled down to as low as −60 °C before we present results from ballistic impact tests with three different projectile types. The ballistic limit velocities from tests at low temperatures were higher than the ballistic limit velocities from tests at room temperature, indicating that brittle fracture does not take place. An analytical approach based on the Johnson–Cook constitutive relation, the Cockcroft–Latham ductile failure criterion, and a simple brittle fracture criterion is presented. The model suggests that ductile fracture prevails for most realistic material state histories, both in the ballistic impact tests as well as for quasi-static and dynamic tensile tests. This supports previous observations that brittle fracture is unlikely to occur in modern steels even when subjected to rapid loading and low temperatures.