bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of traditional and surgical treatment modalities in segmental vitiligo: A review article
Authors: Khalili Maryam , Amiri Rezvan , Mohammadi Saman , Iranmanesh Behzad , Aflatoonian Mahin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundSegmental vitiligo (SV) is a distinctive variant of vitiligo that is usually resistant to traditional treatments. Therefore, surgical therapies are mainstay of treatment in this type of vitiligo. To date, there is no review article or systematic review that evaluates specifically efficacy of treatment modalities on SV.AimTo evaluate current evidence regarding efficacy and safety of traditional and surgical treatment modalities in SV.MethodsWe conducted a search in PubMed, Embase, Web of science, and Google Scholar for key words of "vitiligo" AND "segmental" AND "treatment" OR "therapy" OR "surgical treatments" OR "medical treatments" OR "laser" OR "phototherapy". Inclusion criteria were English literature that investigated efficacy of different treatments on three or more cases on SV from January 2000 until July 2021.ResultsA total of thirty‐four articles were selected for detailed assessment. Different treatment modalities include medical treatment [systemic corticosteroid (SCS), topical CS (TCS), and topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCI)], phototherapy [narrow band‐ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB), psoralen and UVA (PUVA) and psoralen+solar exposure (PUVASOL)], laser/lights [helium‐neon and Excimer laser/light (EL)] and surgical treatments [punch graft (PG), follicular graft, suction blister epidermal grafting (SBEG), spilt‐thickness skin graft (STSG), and cultured/non‐cultured‐melanocytes‐keratinocytes transplantation (MKTP)].ConclusionThere were few randomized controlled trials (RCT) evaluating the efficacy of treatments in SV. Therefore, future high quality studies are required for better assessment of various treatment modalities in SV. Results of current evidence indicate resistance of SV to traditional therapies unless in patients with short duration of vitiligo. Therefore, surgical interventions are the first‐line of treatment in refractory cases, long‐standing disease, or presence of leukotrichia in depigmented patches.
Celebrity endorsements, whitening products, and consumer purchase intentions: A review of literature
Authors: Khan Aima , Sabir Raja Irfan , Majid Muhammad Bilal , Javaid Muhammad Umair , Anwar ul Haq Muhammad , Mehmood Hamid 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine how much celebrity endorsement stimulates skin color racism in the cosmetics industry.Design/Methodology/ApproachThe data were collected from Google Scholar and Web of Science published articles, and researchers had chosen 45 research articles. Some of the research articles used a quantitative research approach while others had used qualitative research approach. And for the current study, content analysis has been used.FindingsThe study finds that celebrity endorsement does influence and promote racism, implying that when celebrities promote fairness products, people perceive themselves inferior due to darker skin tone that gives birth to the notion of racism. Brand Image intervenes in the relationship between Celebrity Endorsement and Racism, and also, intervenes in the relationship between Celebrity Endorsement and Purchase Intention.LimitationsThis study is only limited to Google Scholar and Web of Science directory. Only forty‐five articles were taken from 2001 to 2021 year. Real examples were taken from all over the world, but especially from the Less Developed countries like Pakistan and India due to the huge population, rising income, and surging cosmetics industry. Hence, the findings of this study cannot be generalized to the Technologically Advanced Countries.ImplicationsIt is obvious that firms design advertisement campaigns that can get consumers’ attention. For this purpose, they engage celebrities to evoke more interest and awareness as well as perception. The study will help the management of different brands to understand that how they can improve their advertisements in a way that does not promote racism. And the celebrities, signing contracts with brands that promote racism, will keep in mind the negative influence these endorsements have on society while companies will make sure that they are also not promoting racism by making such promotional campaigns.
Improved neonatal brain MRI segmentation by interpolation of motion corrupted slices
Authors: Verschuur Anouk S. , Boswinkel Vivian , Tax Chantal M.W. , van Osch Jochen. A.C. , Nijholt Ingrid M. , Slump Cornelis H. , de Vries Linda S. , van Wezel‐Meijler Gerda , Leemans Alexander , Boomsma Martijn F. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackground and PurposeTo apply and evaluate an intensity‐based interpolation technique, enabling segmentation of motion‐affected neonatal brain MRI.MethodsModerate‐late preterm infants were enrolled in a prospective cohort study (Brain Imaging in Moderate‐late Preterm infants “BIMP‐study”) between August 2017 and November 2019. T2‐weighted MRI was performed around term equivalent age on a 3T MRI. Scans without motion (n = 27 [24%], control group) and with moderate‐severe motion (n = 33 [29%]) were included. Motion‐affected slices were re‐estimated using intensity‐based shape‐preserving cubic spline interpolation, and automatically segmented in eight structures. Quality of interpolation and segmentation was visually assessed for errors after interpolation. Reliability was tested using interpolated control group scans (18/54 axial slices). Structural similarity index (SSIM) was used to compare T2‐weighted scans, and Sørensen‐Dice was used to compare segmentation before and after interpolation. Finally, volumes of brain structures of the control group were used assessing sensitivity (absolute mean fraction difference) and bias (confidence interval of mean difference).ResultsVisually, segmentation of 25 scans (22%) with motion artifacts improved with interpolation, while segmentation of eight scans (7%) with adjacent motion‐affected slices did not improve. Average SSIM was .895 and Sørensen‐Dice coefficients ranged between .87 and .97. Absolute mean fraction difference was ≤0.17 for less than or equal to five interpolated slices. Confidence intervals revealed a small bias for cortical gray matter (0.14‐3.07 cm3), cerebrospinal fluid (0.39‐1.65 cm3), deep gray matter (0.74‐1.01 cm3), and brainstem volumes (0.07‐0.28 cm3) and a negative bias in white matter volumes (–4.47 to –1.65 cm3).ConclusionAccording to qualitative and quantitative assessment, intensity‐based interpolation reduced the percentage of discarded scans from 29% to 7%.
Isolation of bacterial consortia with probiotic potential from the rumen of tropical calves
Authors: Rodríguez‐González Sarahí , González‐Dávalos Laura , Robles‐Rodríguez Carolina , Lozano‐Flores Carlos , Varela‐Echavarría Alfredo , Shimada Armando , Mora‐Izaguirre Ofelia 
Published: March 2022

AbstractProbiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits to their animal host by balancing the composition of its gastrointestinal microbiota and modulating its immune response. In this work, we studied bacterial consortia isolated from the rumen of 28‐ and 42‐day‐old calves to select those showing probiotic capacity. Consortia were characterized and their growth dynamics were determined in several growth media. The number of viable bacteria was larger in the Man, Rogosa and Sharpe broth (MRS) than in nutritive medium A (MNA) and the largest was for A3D42. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial consortia in MRS was higher than in MNA and the most susceptible samples were A1D28 and A3D42. In turn, A3D42 showed the highest tolerance to bile salts in MRS and MNA. Moreover, all bacterial consortia showed optimal growth at pH 5, 5.5, 6 and 7 in both media, while their temperature tolerance was higher in MRS. The antagonistic activity of bacterial consortia in MNA was higher than in MRS with A2D42 showing the best antagonistic activity for Pseudomona aureginosa (ATCC 9027) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) in MNA. Additionally, A1D42 and A2D42 in MRS and A3D42 in MNA had significant adhesion to mucins, and A1D42 in MRS had the highest. Regarding their species composition, all bacterial consortia in MRS belonged to the phylum Firmicutes, and the class Bacilli and bacterial consortia in MNA belonged to three phyla; Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus johnsonii were identified in all bacterial consortia in MRS broth. Based on these results, A1D42 and A3D42 grown in MRS showed the best potential as probiotics for calves, which could result in health benefits and improve their production.
The effects of napping on night‐time sleep in healthy young adults
Authors: Mograss Melodee , Abi‐Jaoude Joanne , Frimpong Emmanuel , Chalati Diaa , Moretto Umberto , Tarelli Lukia , Lim Andrew , Dang‐Vu Thien Thanh 
Published: March 2022

SummaryThe discrepancies in the effects of napping on sleep quality may be due to differences in methodologies, napping behaviours, and daytime activity levels across studies. We determined whether napping behaviours and daytime activity levels are associated with night‐time sleep fragmentation and sleep quality in young adults. A total of 62 healthy adults (mean [SD] age 23.5 [4.2] years) completed screening questionnaires for sleep habits, physical activity, medical and psychological history. Actigraphy was used to record sleep including naps. The fragmentation algorithm (KRA) was applied to the actigraphic data to measure night‐time sleep fragmentation. We classified participants’ nap frequency as “non‐nappers” (0 naps/8 days), “moderate nappers” (1–2 naps/8 days) or “frequent nappers” (≥3 naps/8 days) naps. Nap duration was defined as “short” (≤60 min) or “long” (>60 min). Naps’ proximity to the night sleep episode was defined as “early” (≥7 h) and “late” (<7 h) naps. Outcome variables were night‐time KRA and actigraphic sleep variables. Frequent nappers had a significantly higher KRA than moderate nappers (p < 0.01) and non‐nappers (p < 0.02). Late naps were associated with poorer measures of night sleep quality versus early naps (all p ≤ 0.02). Nap duration and daytime activity were not associated with significant differences in the outcome variables (all p > 0.05). KRA correlated with sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and awakenings (r = −0.32, −0.32, and 0.53, respectively; all p < 0.05). Frequent napping and late naps may be associated with increased sleep fragmentation and poorer sleep quality, reflected in longer sleep onsets and increased awakenings. These findings have implications for public health sleep hygiene recommendations.
Removal of medicaid restrictions were associated with increased hepatitis C virus treatment rates, but disparities persist
Authors: Nephew Lauren D. , Wang Yumin , Mohamed Kawthar , Nichols Deborah , Rawl Susan M. , Orman Eric , Desai Archita P. , Patidar Kavish R. , Ghabril Marwan , Chalasani Naga , Kasting Monica L. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDespite the release of a growing number of direct‐acting antivirals and evolving policy landscape, many of those diagnosed with hepatitis C virus (HCV) have not received treatment. Those from vulnerable populations are at particular risk of being unable to access treatment, threatening World Health Organization (WHO) HCV elimination goals. The aim of this study was to understand the association between direct‐acting antivirals approvals, HCV‐related policy changes and access to HCV virus treatment in Indiana, and to explore access to treatment by race, birth cohort and insurance type. We performed a retrospective cohort study of adults with HCV from 05/2011‐03/2021, using statewide electronic health data. Nine policy and treatment changes were defined a priori. A Lowess curve evaluated treatment trends over time. Monthly screening and treatment rates were examined. Multivariable logistic regression explored predictors of treatment. The population (N = 10,336) was 13.4% Black, 51.8% was born after 1965 and 44.7% was Medicaid recipients. Inflections in the Lowess curve defined four periods: (1) Interferon + DAA, (2) early direct‐acting antivirals, (3) Medicaid expansion/optimization and (4) Medicaid restrictions (fibrosis/prescriber) removed. The largest increase in monthly treatment rates was during period 4, when Medicaid prescriber and fibrosis restrictions were removed (2.4 persons per month [PPM] in period 1 to 72.3 PPM in period 4, p < 0.001; 78.0% change in slope). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed being born after 1965 (vs. before 1945; OR 0.69; 95% 0.49–0.98) and having Medicaid (vs. private insurance; OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.42–0.53), but not race was associated with lower odds of being treated. In conclusion, DAAs had limited impact on HCV treatment rates until Medicaid restrictions were removed. Additional policies may be needed to address HCV treatment‐related age and insurance disparities.
Prioritizing nurturing care at the municipal and district level with the Brazilian Early Childhood Friendly Municipal Index (IMAPI)
Authors: Buccini Gabriela , Pimentel Juliana L. , Pedroso Jéssica , Coelho Kubo Stefanie Eugênia dos Anjos , Bertoldo Juracy , Sironi Alberto , Barreto Marcos E. , Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael , Gubert Muriel B. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Brazilian Early Childhood Friendly Municipal Index (IMAPI) is a population‐based approach to monitor the nurturing care environment for early childhood development (ECD) using routine information system data. It is unknown whether IMAPI can be applied to document metropolitan urban territorial differences in nurturing care environments. We used Brasilia, Brazil's capital with a large metropolitan population of 2,881,854 inhabitants divided into 31 districts, as a case study to examine whether disaggregation of nurturing care data can inform a more equitable prioritization for ECD in metropolitan areas. IMAPI scores were estimated at the municipal level (IMAPI‐M, 31 indicators) and at the district level (IMAPI‐D, 29 indicators). We developed a quantitative prioritization process for indicators in each IMAPI analysis, and those selected were jointly mapped in the socioecological model for the role of indicators in relation to the enabling environment for nurturing care. Out of 28 common nurturing care indicators across IMAPI analysis, only four were prioritized in both analyses: one from the Adequate nutrition, two from the Opportunities for early learning, and one from the Responsive caregiving domains. These four indicators were mapped as enabling policies, supportive services, and caregivers’ capabilities (socioecological model) and Effort, Coverage, and Quality (indicator's role). In conclusion, the different levels of nurturing care data disaggregation in the IMAPI can better inform decision‐making than each one individually, especially in metropolitan areas where municipalities and districts within metropolitan areas have relative decision‐making autonomy.
Long non‐coding RNAs MALAT1 and NEAT1 in non‐syndromic orofacial clefts
Authors: Wang Errui , Guo Yumeng , Gao Shuting , Zhou Ying , Liu Bin , Dissanayaka Waruna Lakmal , Zheng Yayuan , Zhou Qiaozhen , Zhai Junkai , Gao Zhengkun , Zhang Baoping , Liu Ruimin , Zhang Kailiang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLong non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are thought to play important roles in non‐syndromic orofacial clefts (NSOFC). Clinical diagnosis was categorized as either non‐syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P), or non‐syndromic cleft palate only (NSCPO). Tissues excised from the trimmed wound edge were reserved as experimental samples; adjacent normal control was used as a positive control, and tissue from healthy individuals was used as a blank control. Target lncRNAs in the collected tissues were identified using microarrays and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT‐qPCR). Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and RT‐qPCR were used to verify the target mRNAs. Pathway, gene ontology (GO) enrichment, and TargetScan predictions were employed to construct competing endogenous RNA networks (ceRNA networks) and explore their potential functions. RNA‐Seq revealed 24 upregulated and 43 downregulated lncRNAs; MALAT1 and NEAT1 were screened and validated using RT‐qPCR. Common NSOFC risk factors were positively correlated with MALAT1 and NEAT1 expression. Bioinformatics predicted four ceRNA networks; GO enrichment focused on their potential functions. RT‐qPCR and IHC data were consistent with respect to expression levels of proteins and the mRNAs that encode them. As MALAT1 and NEAT1 are associated with the severity of NSOFC, they represent potential therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers.
The epistemology of spacetime
Authors: Dewar Neil , Linnemann Niels , Read James 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHow is it that the basic structures of space and time come to manifest themselves in physical theories and theorising, and in our empirical experience of the world? This question is central to an important field of the philosophy of physics: the epistemology of spacetime. In this article, we survey systematically the various responses which have been offered to this question, highlighting little‐explored connections and open research questions.
Citrus photosynthesis and morphology acclimate to phloem‐affecting huanglongbing disease at the leaf and shoot levels
Authors: Keeley Mark , Rowland Diane , Vincent Christopher 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHuanglongbing (HLB) is a phloem‐affecting disease in citrus that reduces growth and impacts global citrus production. HLB is caused by a phloem‐limited bacterium (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus). By inhibiting phloem function, HLB stunts sink growth, including the production of new shoots and leaves, and induces hyperaccumulation of foliar starch. HLB induces feedback inhibition of photosynthesis by reducing foliar carbohydrate export. Here, we assessed the relationship of bacterial distribution within the foliage, foliar starch accumulation, and net CO2 assimilation (Anet). Because HLB impacts canopy morphology, we developed a chamber to measure whole‐shoot Anet to test the effects of HLB at both the leaf and shoot level. Whole‐shoot level Anet saturated at high irradiance, and green stems had high photosynthetic rates compared to leaves. Starch accumulation was correlated with bacterial population, and starch was negatively correlated with Anet at the leaf but not at the shoot level. Starch increased initially after infection, then decreased progressively with increasing length of infection. HLB infection reduced Anet at the leaf level but increased it at the whole‐shoot level, in association with reduced leaf size and greater relative contribution of stems to the photosynthetic surface area. Although HLB‐increased photosynthetic efficiency, total carbon fixed per shoot decreased because photosynthetic surface area was reduced. We conclude that the localized effects of infection on photosynthesis are mitigated by whole‐shoot morphological acclimation over time. Stems contribute important proportions of whole‐shoot Anet, and these contributions are likely increased by the morphological acclimation induced by HLB.
High‐sulfidation epithermal–porphyry transition in the Kumbokarno Prospect, Trenggalek district, East Java, Indonesia: Constraints from mineralogy, fluid inclusion, and sulfur isotope studies
Authors: Aldan Finlan Adhitya , Idrus Arifudin , Takahashi Ryohei , Kaneko Genki 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAn indication of high‐sulfidation epithermal–porphyry transition was observed in the Kumbokarno prospect, East Java, Indonesia. The prospect is composed of two Middle Miocene intrusions with tonalitic and dioritic compositions. Tonalite, the main host‐rock was subjected to argillic, advanced argillic, and vuggy quartz alteration, whereas the juxtaposing diorite was subjected to peripheral propylitic alteration. Three types of vein exist in the research area, which are massive quartz, comb quartz, and stockwork vein. In addition, supergene alteration represented by goethite and hematite pervasively superimposed both the hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. Fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry analysis on three types of quartz veins distinguished primary fluid inclusions into two groups, that is, V30 group composed of vapor (30 vol%)–liquid (70 vol%), and the second group V30H group composed of vapor (30 vol%)–halite (30 vol%)–liquid (40 vol%). The homogenization temperatures of both the groups show a similar range of ca. 350–480°C, but the V30H group has significantly higher salinity (35–50 wt% NaCl eq.) compared to the V30 group (10–20 wt% NaCl eq.). In terms of the vein types, the massive quartz vein has the highest homogenization temperatures, followed by the comb quartz vein and lastly the stockwork veins. The presence of alunite and its sulfur isotope compositions, δ34S = 19.6 (σ = 2.1‰), indicate acidic pH and presence of SO42− in the hydrothermal fluids. The prospect is an intrusion‐centered magmatic‐hydrothermal system reflecting the porphyry‐epithermal transition. The fluid inclusions with high homogenization temperatures up to 480°C and high salinity up to 50 wt% NaCl eq. also support the transition of porphyry to high‐sulfidation epithermal mineralization. The presence of two different types of primary fluid inclusions suggests that boiling process occurred and separated the original magmatic fluid into the liquid and vapor phases. More, this fluid underwent dilution and mixing with meteoric waters. The migration of both the fluids were likely unrelated to the formation of the advanced argillic–argillic alteration halo because the quartz veins cut across this alteration. The prospect was later subjected to intensive weathering process that altered most of the sulfides into iron oxides and hydroxides. Small amounts of copper and minor gold were detected, especially in the iron oxides and hydroxides ones with colloform and bladed textures. The Kumbokarno prospect evidences the potential for high‐sulfidation to porphyry deposits at the Southern Mountain Arc, Indonesia.
Neural Forecasting of the Italian Sovereign Bond Market with Economic News
Authors: Consoli Sergio , Tiozzo Pezzoli Luca , Tosetti Elisa 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we employ economic news within a neural network framework to forecast the Italian 10-year interest rate spread. We use a big, open-source, database known as Global Database of Events, Language and Tone to extract topical and emotional news content linked to bond markets dynamics. We deploy such information within a probabilistic forecasting framework with autoregressive recurrent networks (DeepAR). Our findings suggest that a deep learning network based on long short-term memory cells outperforms classical machine learning techniques and provides a forecasting performance that is over and above that obtained by using conventional determinants of interest rates alone.