bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epileptogenesis in Common Parasitic Infections
Authors: Mazumder Rajarshi , Lee John K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose of the review
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) has been well recognized as a leading cause of epilepsy. More recently, studies of other parasitic diseases such as cerebral malaria (CM) and onchocerciasis are yielding novel insights into the pathogenesis of parasite-associated epilepsy. We compare the clinical and electrophysiological findings in epilepsy associated with these highly prevalent parasites and discuss the mechanisms involved in epileptogenesis.

Recent Findings
Electrophysiological and imaging biomarkers continue to emerge, and individuals who are at-risk of developing parasite-associated epilepsies are being identified with greater reliability. While both Taenia solium and Plasmodium falciparum directly affect the brain parenchyma, Onchocerca volvulus is not known to invade the central nervous system. Thus, the causal association between O. volvulus and epilepsy remains controversial.

Summary
Both NCC and CM have a well-defined acute phase when the parasites directly or indirectly invade the brain parenchyma and lead to local inflammatory changes. This is followed by a chronic phase marked by recurrent seizures. However, these stages of epileptogenic process have not been identified in the case of O. volvulus.
Translation of policy for reducing undernutrition from national to sub-national levels in Rwanda
Authors: Iruhiriye Elyse , Olney Deanna K. , Frongillo Edward A. , Niyongira Emmanuel , Nanama Simeon , Rwibasira Eugene , Mbonyi Paul , Blake Christine E. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUnderstanding how countries improve children’s nutrition can inform policies and contribute to further improvements. We examined the relationship between improvements in nutrition in Rwanda (1992–2017) and political commitment to- and policy coherence in- nutrition. We reviewed nutrition-relevant Rwandan policies and programs (2000–2018) and conducted 90 semi-structured interviews with national (n = 32), mid-level (n = 38), and community (n = 20) nutrition stakeholders and 40 community-level focus group discussions (FGDs). FGDs and sub-national interviews were conducted in ten purposefully selected districts, five each in which stunting decreased (reduced) and increased or stagnated (non-reduced) between the 2010 and 2014/15 Rwanda Demographic and Health Surveys. Analysis consisted of thematic analysis and the assessment of events, policy developments, and strategies that influenced nutrition in Rwanda, including operationalization of political commitment and policy coherence for nutrition. Political and institutional commitment to nutrition increased in Rwanda as evidenced by the adoption of a multisectoral nutrition policy that was reinforced with national and subnational horizontal coordination platforms. These platforms strengthened multisectoral strategies to address nutrition and supported operational and institutional commitment. The role of mid-level actors in nutrition governance increased as responsibilities for planning, implementing, and monitoring nutrition programs were increasingly delegated to sub-national administrative levels. Variations in policy implementation existed between reduced and non-reduced districts. Despite improvements, challenges remained in coordination, financial commitment, and capacity to address, monitor, and evaluate nutrition. Political commitment to- and policy coherence in- nutrition at the national level are important for improving nutrition, and when reinforced institutionally, can be translated to sub-national levels where implementation occurs.
Biochar from food waste: a sustainable amendment to reduce water stress and improve the growth of chickpea plants
Authors: Pradhan Snigdhendubala , Mackey Hamish R. , Al-Ansari Tareq A. , McKay Gordon 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe application of biochar in agriculture is a developing means to improve soil water retention, fertility, and crop yield. The present work focuses on biochar preparation from mixed vegetable and fruit wastes, using cauliflower, cabbage, banana peels, corn leaves, and corn cobs. The biochar produced at 400 °C was applied to the soil as an amendment to observe the qualitative changes of soil quality, plant growth, and water retention capacity of the soil based on screening in a previous study. Pot experiments were conducted at a laboratory scale having 0%, 2%, and 6% biochar mixed with sand. Each pot was sown with seeds of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) and monitored over 60 days. Two biochar application rates improved soil quality by increasing soil porosity from 49.3 to ≥ 53.4%, more than doubling cation exchange capacity to ≥ 21.1 cmolc.kg−1, providing a small reduction in bulk density of approximately 10% and decreasing electrical conductivity of the extract by at least 40% in comparison to control condition. The biochar application also increased key soil nutrients K, Mn, S, and P by a factor of 2–9 times. Application of biochar at 2% and 6% improved water retention from 55 to 77 and 91 mL respectively over the study and, more importantly, more than doubled the biomass yield for the same water application. The lower biochar application rate of 2% led to more germinated seeds (p = 0.0001), leaves (p = 0.0001), flowers, and fruiting chickpeas than the control condition. The 6% biochar application rate slightly improved plant height (p = 0.01) and provided a small reduction in water loss compared with the 2% biochar. Both biochar loadings increased the root and shoot biomass (p = 0.005) and nutrient content of the shoot and root biomass, particularly K, P, and S (p = 0.0001). This study demonstrates that biochar application at 2–6% is an effective means to increase chickpea yield and reduce water stress. Given small differences in performance within this application range, 2% application is recommended. The study establishes valorization of cellulose rich food waste in the form of biochar as a potential method for positive soil management and increased agricultural productivity in arid environments.
Interrelations Between Food Form, Texture, and Matrix Influence Energy Intake and Metabolic Responses
Authors: Forde Ciarán G. , Bolhuis Dieuwerke 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPurpose of ReviewNutrition often focuses on food composition, yet differences in food form, texture, and matrix influence energy intake and metabolism. This review outlines how these attributes of food impact oral processing, energy intake, and metabolism.Recent FindingsFood form has a well-established impact on intake, where liquids are consumed more than solids and semi-solids. For solids, texture properties likethickness,hardness, andlubrication, and geometrical properties like size and shape influence oral processing, eating rate, and intake. Food matrix integrity can influence nutrient and energy absorption and is strongly influenced by food processing.SummaryFood texture and matrix play important roles in modulating energy intake and absorption. Future research needs to consider the often overlooked role of texture and matrix effects on energy and metabolic responses to composite foods and meals. Research is needed to understand how processing impacts macro- and micro-structure of food and its long-term impact on energy balance and health.
Effect of COVID-19 quarantine on cognitive, functional and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia
Authors: Vernuccio Laura , Sarà Davide , Inzerillo Florenza , Catanese Giuseppina , Catania Angela , Vesco Miriam , Cacioppo Federica , Dominguez Ligia J. , Veronese Nicola , Barbagallo Mario 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundDuring the last two years, COVID-19 affected older people with dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but conflicting and sparse results are still present. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency and type of changes in functional, cognitive and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), and caregiver’s stress during the period of quarantine in 2020 in patients affected by dementia/MCI living in Palermo, Sicily.MethodsOutpatients affected by MCI/dementia were evaluated before and after COVID-19 quarantine. Functional status was investigated using basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL); cognitive performance with the mini-mental state examination; BPSD through the neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI). All scales were reported as pre/post-COVID-19 quarantine and a logistic regression analysis was performed for investigating the factors associated with worsening in NPI in patients and their caregivers.ResultsOne hundred patients (mean age 77.1; females = 59%) were evaluated over a median of 10 months. In the sample as whole, a significant decline in functional and cognitive status was observed (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). The NPI significantly increased by 3.56 ± 8.96 points after the COVID-19 quarantine (p < 0.0001), while the caregivers’ stress increased by 1.39 ± 3.46 points between the two evaluations (p < 0.0001). The decline was more evident in people with milder dementia. Higher values of instrumental ADL at baseline were associated with a significant lower worsening in NPI and caregiver’s stress.ConclusionsCOVID-19 quarantine negatively affected functional, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric symptoms in older people affected by dementia/MCI, highlighting the impact of COVID-19 quarantine for this population.
Differences in cardiometabolic risk profiles between Chinese and Finnish older adults with glucose impairment and central obesity
Authors: Le S. , Zhang Y. , Voutilainen A. , Tan X. , Laukkanen J. , Wang C. , Cheng S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Obesity and ethnicity play important roles in cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to compare cardiometabolic risk profiles between Chinese and Finnish older adults of central obesity with prediabetes or T2DM.

Methods
Study subjects were 60–74 years old and originated from two population samples. The Finnish subjects came from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease (KIHD) study (n = 1089), and the Chinese subjects came from the Shanghai High-risk Diabetic Screen (SHiDS) study (n = 818). The KIHD and SHiDS studies used similar questionnaires to determine participants’ baseline characteristics regarding the history of medication use and diseases and lifestyle factors. All study subjects participated in glucose tolerance tests and anthropometry assessments, including waist circumference measurements.

Results
Among study subjects of central obesity with prediabetes (n = 298), fasting and 2-h glucose, and fasting insulin and insulin resistance were significantly higher in Chinese than in Finnish (p < 0.0001–0.016). In addition, triglyceride (TG) level was higher and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and LDL to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) ratio were lower in Chinese than in Finnish (p < 0.0001–0.003). Among subjects of central obesity with T2DM (n = 251), Chinese subjects had significantly less proportions of antihypertensive, glycaemic control medication, and statin users as well as lower level of physical activity (p < 0.0001 for all), while higher blood pressure (p = 0.002 for systolic blood pressure and p < 0.0001 for diastolic blood pressure), TG levels (p < 0.05) and HDL (p = 0.002) than the Finnish counterparts. There were no differences in β-cell function (HOMA-β) between Chinese and Finnish both in prediabetes and T2DM.

Conclusions
Our results indicated that Chinese and Finnish older adults of central obesity with prediabetes and T2DM had similar β-cell function. However, Chinese individuals with prediabetes are prone to insulin resistance. Meanwhile, lipid metabolism dysfunction is also different between Chinese and Finnish. Chinese older adults of central obesity with prediabetes showed higher TG, but Finnish showed higher LDL and LDL/HDL. Strategic for T2DM prevention and treatment should be ethnically specific.
Comparing attribute-based and memory-based preferential choice
Authors: Jarecki Jana B. , Rieskamp Jörg 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCommon theories of multiattribute preferential choice predict that people choose options that have on average better attribute values than alternative options. However, following an alternative memory-based view on preferences people might sometimes prefer options that are more similar to memorized options that were experienced positively in the past. In two incentivized preferential choice experiments (N =32,N =28), we empirically compare these theoretical accounts, finding support for the memory-based value theory. Computational modeling using predictive model comparison showed that only a few participants could be described by a model that uses sums of subjectively weighted attribute values when experience was available. Most participants’ choices resembled the predictions of the memory-based model, according to which preferences are based on the similarity between novel and old memorized options. Further, people whose experience consisted of direct sensory exposure, like tasting a portion of food, were also those with higher likelihoods of a memory-based process, compared to people whose exposure was indirect. These results highlight the central role of memory and experience in preferential choices and add to the growing evidence for memory and similarity-based processes in the domain of human preferences.
Comprehensive characterization of mechanical and physical properties of PLA structures printed by FFF-3D-printing process in different directions
Authors: Morettini Giulia , Palmieri Massimiliano , Capponi Lorenzo , Landi Luca 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe industrial interest in additive manufacturing (AM) techniques is currently increasing for the realization of functional mechanical components. For this reason, the structural simulation of parts or complete structures made using this new manufacturing technique is gaining considerable importance. To realise accurate finite element models for the purpose of predicting the dynamic or static behaviour of the component printed and avoid unexpected failures, it is necessary to be aware of some mechanical and physical properties of the print material. Unfortunately, in the literature, it is very difficult to find all the data necessary to perform static or dynamic simulations of 3D printed parts. In this context, this activity aims to determine all these mechanical and physical properties for parts made in White-Pearl Polylactic-acid (PLA) Ultimaker filament using the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique. A set of printing parameters was chosen and kept constant in all tests which, based on literature data, maximizes the static strength and the fatigue limit of the component. Only the building direction was varied to increase the applicability of the obtained results to any geometry. The main results found for the horizontally moulded specimens (representing the best constructive solution) are the Ultimate Tensile Strength equal to 57.15 MPa, the elastic modulus 2606 MPa, the fatigue limit evaluated at $$2 \times 10^{6}$$

2
×

10
6

cycles equal to 13.5 MPa, the damping and density of the material of 0.008 dimensionless value and 1.1246 g/cm3, respectively. Only thanks to the obtained results, finite element models can be developed for reliable static and dynamic analysis.
Antisemitismus in Berlin. Verbreitung, Gründe, Erfahrungen, Folgen und Umgangsweisen in der Zivilgesellschaft
Authors: Pickel Gert , Tzschiesche Selana , Reimer-Gordinskaya Katrin , Decker Oliver 
Published: March 2022

ZusammenfassungAntisemitismus ist ein gesellschaftliches Problem, welches gerade in jüngerer Zeit wieder eine verstärkte Öffentlichkeit erfahren hat. Dabei darf die berechtigte Empörung über antisemitische Anschläge nicht über Alltagsantisemitismus und Defizite in der Solidarität mit Jüd:innen hinwegtäuschen. Im Beitrag werden die Existenz von antisemitischen Ressentiments in der Berliner Bevölkerung und ihre Auswirkungen auf die jüdische Community mithilfe eines triangulativen Ansatzes aus Bevölkerungsbefragung und Aktivierender Befragung untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich eine Präsenz unterschiedlicher Formen antisemitischer Ressentiments, welche auch in Berlin sowohl manifest als auch latent existieren. Der durch unterschiedliche soziale Gruppen getragene differenzierte Antisemitismus wirkt sich dabei massiv auf Jüd:innen in Berlin aus. Zum einen durch starke Erfahrungen von Besonderung und Bedrohung, zum anderen durch ein Fehlen von Sichtbarkeit und Solidarität. Dabei erweist sich Berlin aufgrund seiner pluralen Stadtgesellschaft als weniger für Antisemitismus offen, was aber keineswegs ein Verschwinden antisemitischer Ressentiments oder von Exklusionspraxen gegenüber Jüd:innen bedeutet.
Computational Tools and Resources for CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing
Authors: Li Chao , Chu Wen , Gill Rafaqat Ali , Sang Shifei , Shi Yuqin , Hu Xuezhi , Yang Yuting , Zaman Qamar U. , Zhang Baohong 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a rapid evolution in identifying more versatile clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) nucleases and their functional variants, as well as in developing precise CRISPR/Cas-derived genome editors. The programmable and robust features of the genome editors provide an effective RNA-guided platform for fundamental life science research and subsequent applications in diverse scenarios, including biomedical innovation and targeted crop improvement. One of the most essential principles is to guide alterations in genomic sequences or genes in the intended manner without undesired off-target impacts, which strongly depends on the efficiency and specificity of single guide RNA (sgRNA)-directed recognition of targeted DNA sequences. Recent advances in empirical scoring algorithms and machine learning models have facilitated sgRNA design and off-target prediction. In this review, we first briefly introduce the different features of CRISPR/Cas tools that should be taken into consideration to achieve specific purposes. Secondly, we focus on the computer-assisted tools and resources that are widely used in designing sgRNAs and analyzing CRISPR/Cas-induced on- and off-target mutations. Thirdly, we provide insights into the limitations of available computational tools that would help researchers of this field for further optimization. Lastly, we suggest a simple but effective workflow for choosing and applying web-based resources and tools for CRISPR/Cas genome editing.
Are Radial Pressure Waves Effective for the Treatment of Moderate or Mild to Moderate Erectile Dysfunction? A Randomized Sham Therapy Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Sandoval-Salinas Carolina , Saffon José P. , Martínez Juan M. , Corredor Hector A. , Gallego Andrés 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTIntroductionRadial wave therapy is commercialized as an option for the management of erectile dysfunction. However, the mechanism of action of the radial waves differs substantially from shock waves, so the evidence gathered for shock wave therapy cannot be extrapolated, and there are very few clinical trials with the radial wave.AimTo assess the efficacy and safety of radial wave therapy compared with sham therapy for the treatment of moderate and mild to moderate erectile dysfunction.MethodsA randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial was realized. Eighty patients with moderate erectile dysfunction, without sickle cell anemia, anticoagulation treatment, comorbidities, or conditions associated with secondary erectile dysfunction were included. The efficacy and safety were assessed at 6 and 10 weeks after randomization. Patients were randomized 1:1 to 1 of 2 arms: (i) 6 weekly sessions of radial wave therapy (RW group) or (ii) 6 weekly sessions of sham therapy (control group). All patients received sildenafil 25 mg.OutcomeThe primary outcome was the mean change in the International Index of Erectile Function - Erectile Function (IIEF-EF) domain score at 6 weeks after randomization.ResultsEighty men were randomized. The average baseline IIEF-EF score was 16.3 (Standard Deviation - SD 3.2), and the median baseline Erection Hardness Score (EHS) was 3 (IQR 1). At 6 weeks after randomization, the mean change in the IIEF-EF score was 3.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5-5.2) in the RW group and 4.2 (95% CI 2.5-5.9) in the control group. No differences were observed between groups (P value =.742). No change was observed in the median EHS score in the evaluations. No serious adverse events occurred in 2 (5%) patients after radial wave therapy, and in 1 (2.5%) patient after sham therapy.Clinical ImplicationsKnowledge of the effectiveness of radial waves protocols used for the treatment of moderate erectile dysfunction, helps doctors and patients in making decisions about the use of this therapy.Strengths & LimitationsOne strength is conducting the study with high methodological standards to minimize risk biases. Our results are limited to the evaluation of 1 specific protocol in moderate and mild to moderate erectile dysfunction.ConclusionsNo difference was found in this study between men with moderate and mild to moderate erectile dysfunction treated with radial waves and men treated with placebo sham therapy. Studies with different protocols of radial waves are necessary.
Understanding Barriers and Facilitators to Compliance with UK Social Distancing Guidelines During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Interview Study
Authors: Burton Alexandra , McKinlay Alison , Dawes Jo , Roberts Anna , Fynn Wendy , May Tom , Fancourt Daisy 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWhen followed, there is evidence that social distancing measures play a major role in reducing the transmission of viruses such as COVID-19. However, not all individuals follow the guidance. We explored barriers and facilitators to compliance with UK social distancing guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic through semi-structured interviews with 116 adults. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis and themes mapped to the Capability, Opportunity and Motivation Model of Behaviour (COM-B). Barriers to compliance included inconsistent rules, caring responsibilities, fatigue, unintended consequences of control measures, and the need for emotional support. Facilitators were informational support and social responsibility. Six themes were both a barrier and a facilitator: lived environment, beliefs about consequences of non-compliance, influence of others, practical support, and trust in government. Reflective motivation, psychological capability, and social opportunity were important drivers for compliance. Measures that enable social support alongside strategies to maintain motivation to comply, provide clear guidance and optimise social cohesion should be promoted.