bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compensative movement ameliorates reduced efficacy of rapidly-embodied decisions in humans
Authors: Kobayashi Akemi , Kimura Toshitaka 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDynamic environments, such as sports, often demand rapid decision-making and motor execution. The concept of embodied decision refers to the mutual link between both processes, but little is known about how these processes are balanced under severe time constraints. We address this problem by using a baseball-like hitting paradigm with and without Go/No-go judgment; participants were required to hit (Go) a moving target in the strike area or not to hit (No-go) other targets. We found that Go/No-go judgments were effective with regard to task performance, but efficacy was lost below the time constraint of 0.5 seconds mainly due to a reduction in judgment accuracy rather than movement accuracy. However, either slowing movement initiation in Go trials or canceling the movement in progress in No-go trials improved judgment accuracy. Our findings suggest that embodied decision efficacy is limited in split-second periods, but compensation is possible by changing ongoing movement strategies.
Effects of Medical Masks on Voice Quality in Patients With Voice Disorders
Authors: Lin Yuhong , Cheng Liyu , Wang Qingcui , Xu Wen 
Published: April 2022

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of medical masks on the voice quality of patients with voice disorders.

Method:

We included 106 patients diagnosed with voice disorders. Among them, 59 were diagnosed with vocal-fold benign lesions, 27 with insufficient glottis closure, and 20 with precancerous lesions/early-stage glottic carcinoma. Perceptual parameters (GRBAS [grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, strain] scale), acoustic parameters (
f
o
, sound pressure level [SPL], jitter, shimmer, noise-to-harmonic ratio [NHR], and cepstral peak prominence [CPP]), and maximum phonation time (MPT) without and with medical masks were analyzed. Changes in the GRBAS scale after wearing medical masks were also evaluated.

Results:

With medical mask wearing, the G, R, and B scales in the vocal-fold benign lesion and insufficient glottic closure groups decreased, with a statistical significance seen in the G and R scales of the vocal-fold benign lesion group (G 1.07 ± 0.59, 0.95 ± 0.68,
p
< .01; R 1.07 ± 0.59, 0.95 ± 0.68,
p
< .01). The B scale in the precancerous lesions/early-stage glottic carcinoma (95%) and vocal-fold benign lesion groups (83%) and R scale in the insufficient glottic closure group (77.8%) were stable with mask wearing.
f
o
and SPL in the vocal-fold benign lesion group and
f
o
and jitter in the insufficient glottic closure group increased significantly with medical masks. The NHR and CPP in each group changed little, and all the parameters in the precancerous lesions/early-stage glottic carcinoma group showed no significant change.

Conclusions:
The effects of medical masks on the voice quality of patients with voice disorders were associated with the type of the disease, degree of hoarseness, and subjective scale influencing specific voice disorder. When wearing medical masks, the pitch and loudness of patients increased as compensation. Medical masks had the least impact on the precancerous lesions/early-stage glottic carcinoma group.
From Higher Education to Hands-On: A Qualitative Examination of the Preparation of Early Intervention Speech-Language Pathologists
Authors: Farrugia Audrey M. 
Published: April 2022

Purpose:
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association has outlined the primary roles and responsibilities of early intervention (EI)–based speech-language pathologists (SLPs). However, many SLPs feel underprepared to practice in EI. The purpose of this research note is to understand and describe the preparation experiences of EI-based SLPs practicing in Michigan, at a state level, as a first step in understanding the experiences of EI-based SLPs nationwide.

Method:
This qualitative investigation employed a phenomenological approach. Semistructured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 EI SLP participants practicing in the state of Michigan. When all interviews were completed and reviewed, the researcher conducted line-by-line focused coding to cluster frequently used terms and common experiences into specific themes.

Results:
The participants described their current roles and responsibilities in comparison to their preparation for EI. Despite variations in practice and location, the participants shared common experiences with lack of university preparation for practice and on-the-job learning.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates the need to further explore the ways to better prepare SLPs to enter into the field of EI. Academic programs could begin this work by reaching out to local, practicing EI-based SLPs for guidance and consultation on course content so that it is rooted in actual practice and that connections for student observation and field experience can be made.
Probabilistic time series forecasting with deep non‐linear state space models
Authors: Du Heming , Du Shouguo , Li Wen 
Published: April 2022

AbstractProbabilistic time series forecasting aims at estimating future probabilistic distributions based on given time series observations. It is a widespread challenge in various tasks, such as risk management and decision making. To investigate temporal patterns in time series data and predict subsequent probabilities, the state space model (SSM) provides a general framework. Variants of SSM achieve considerable success in many fields, such as engineering and statistics. However, since underlying processes in real‐world scenarios are usually unknown and complicated, actual time series observations are always irregular and noisy. Therefore, it is very difficult to determinate an SSM for classical statistical approaches. In this paper, a general time series forecasting framework, called Deep Non‐linear State Space Model (DNLSSM), is proposed to predict the probabilistic distribution based on estimated underlying unknown processes from historical time series data. We fuse deep neural networks and statistical methods to iteratively estimate states and network parameters and thus exploit intricate temporal patterns of time series data. In particular, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is adopted to calculate marginal likelihoods and update distributions recursively for non‐linear functions. After that, a non‐linear Joseph form covariance update is developed to ensure that calculated covariance matrices in UKF updates are symmetric and positive definitive. Therefore, the authors enhance the tolerance of UKF to round‐off errors and manage to combine UKF and deep neural networks. In this manner, the DNLSSM effectively models non‐linear correlations between observed time series data and underlying dynamic processes. Experiments in both synthetic and real‐world datasets demonstrate that the DNLSSM consistently improves the accuracy of probability forecasts compared to the baseline methods.
Analysis of rotor winding interturn short circuits affected by the initial dynamic eccentricity in large synchronous condensers
Authors: Ma Minghan , Hou Yuejia , Li Yonggang , He Pengkang , Jiang Meng , Wu Yucai 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTo investigate the effect of initial dynamic eccentricity on the rotor winding turn‐to‐turn short circuit (RWISC) in a large synchronous condenser, this paper uses the study object of a 300 MVar dual water intercooler condenser. Firstly, the air gap flux density characteristics, unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) and stator circulating current of the condenser under single and compound faults are derived theoretically. Then, a phase‐modulated field‐circuit coupling model is constructed using Anosoft software. It is used to simulate and analyse the condenser. Finally, the operation of the condenser was simulated with the SDF‐9 experimental setup, and the correctness of the theoretical derivation and simulation analysis was verified. The results show that the initial dynamic eccentricity of the condenser has a cutting effect on the fault characteristics generated by the RWISC. The 2nd harmonic of air gap flux density and stator circulating current and the fundamental wave of UMP decrease and increase with eccentricity. This study can provide theoretical guidance to eliminate disturbing factors to improve the accuracy of RWISC diagnosis in large synchronous condensers.
Saturated full model capability of virtual synchronous generator to improve transient stability of hybrid power system
Authors: Sedaghati Alireza , Al‐Durra Ahmed 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn hybrid power system (HPS), there are many inverter‐based generators (IBGs) that inject renewable energy into the system as electrical power. Transient stability analysis of HPS in which synchronous generators (SGs) are operated in parallel with IBGs is necessary to operate the network safely under large disturbances. This paper examines the transient behaviour of IBGs with effective strategies, in which constraint on output current of IBGs is strictly considered to bring the results closer to reality. The control strategy is based on reference model tracking and substitution theory for networks, including parallel SG‐IBGs to full IBGs. First, for a network with full IBGs, a constant power model reference is proposed as a static model. Then a dynamic reference model called saturated full model of virtual synchronous generator (VSG) or simply SFMVSG is introduced as the final solution for the controller of IBG in HPS. The SFMVSG has all existing VSG features and provides virtual damping torque created by the interaction of virtual damping fluxes. The simulation results confirm that the study is efficient.
Silicon nitride waveguide polarization rotator and polarization beam splitter for chip-scale atomic systems
Authors: Gallacher Kevin , Griffin Paul F. , Riis Erling , Sorel Marc , Paul Douglas J. 
Published: April 2022

The design, fabrication, and characterization of a silicon nitride waveguide polarization rotator and polarization beam splitter that operate with a polarization extinction ratio (PER) of ∼30 dB at the rubidium atomic transition of 780 nm wavelength are demonstrated. These polarization devices are fabricated on the same chip using a self-aligned process for integration of the rib and ridge waveguide structures. The polarization rotator is based on the mode evolution approach using adiabatic tapers and demonstrates a PER of ≥20 dB over a 100 nm bandwidth (730–830 nm wavelengths) with an insertion loss (IL) ≤1 dB. The polarization beam splitter is based on a cascaded tapered asymmetric directional coupler with phase matching between the fundamental and higher order TM modes, whereas the TE mode is separated by the through port. This provides a PER ≥ 20 dB with IL ≤ 1 dB over a 50 nm bandwidth for the cross port and a PER ≥ 15 dB with an IL ≤ 1 dB over an 18 nm bandwidth for the through port. These polarization control waveguide devices will enable photonic integrated circuits for saturated absorption spectroscopy of atomic vapors for laser stabilization on-chip.
Fermi–Löwdin orbital self-interaction correction of adsorption energies on transition metal ions
Authors: Withanage Kushantha P. K. , Sharkas Kamal , Johnson J. Karl , Perdew John P. , Peralta Juan E. , Jackson Koblar A. 
Published: April 2022

Density functional theory (DFT)-based descriptions of the adsorption of small molecules on transition metal ions are prone to self-interaction errors. Here, we show that such errors lead to a large over-estimation of adsorption energies of small molecules on Cu+, Zn+, Zn2+, and Mn+ in local spin density approximation (LSDA) and Perdew, Burke, Ernzerhof (PBE) generalized gradient approximation calculations compared to reference values computed using the coupled-cluster with single, doubles, and perturbative triple excitations method. These errors are significantly reduced by removing self-interaction using the Perdew–Zunger self-interaction correction (PZ-SIC) in the Fermi–Löwdin Orbital (FLO) SIC framework. In the case of FLO-PBE, typical errors are reduced to less than 0.1 eV. Analysis of the results using DFT energies evaluated on self-interaction-corrected densities [DFT(@FLO)] indicates that the density-driven contributions to the FLO-DFT adsorption energy corrections are roughly the same size in DFT = LSDA and PBE, but the total corrections due to removing self-interaction are larger in LSDA.
Layered evolution of gene expression in “superfast” muscles for courtship
Authors: Pease James B. , Driver Robert J. , de la Cerda David A. , Day Lainy B. , Lindsay Willow R. , Schlinger Barney A. , Schuppe Eric R. , Balakrishnan Christopher N. , Fuxjager Matthew J. 
Published: April 2022

Significance
The process by which new complex traits evolve has been a persistent conundrum throughout the history of evolutionary inquiry. How multiple physiological changes at the organism level and genetic changes at the molecular level combine is still unclear for many traits. Here, we studied the displays of manakins, who beat their wings together at nearly twice the speed of other songbirds to produce a loud “snap” that attracts mates. We simultaneously analyzed evolution of gene expression levels and gene sequences to identify key genes related to muscle contractions and tissue regeneration after stress. Our results show how innovative behavioral traits evolve as a layered process where recent molecular shifts build on ancestral genetic evolutionary changes.
Influence of temperature on magnetorheological fluid properties and damping performance
Authors: Kumar Kariganaur Ashok , Kumar Hemantha , Arun M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The magnetorheological (MR) system’s performance depends on the MR fluid’s temperature in operation. This study aims to evaluate the temperature effect of MR fluid on performance while the damper is working. Before synthesizing MR fluid, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and particle size analysis verifies for the synthesis of MR fluid in-house. Characterization of the MR fluid at different temperatures and magnetic fields was carried out. The Herschel–Bulkley model is used to analyse the nonlinearity in the fluid by incorporating the temperature effect. The range of critical parameters used to fabricate the MR damper is selected using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution performance score. The temperature of the MR fluid is measured using an embedded thermocouple while the damper is operating at different loading parameters. The results reveal that the fluid temperature rises significantly from atmospheric to 125.39 °C with decrease in damping force by 66.32% at higher loading parameters. The theoretical model predicts the increase in temperature similar to that of the experimental values with an average error of 10.24% in the on-state condition. Particle characterization after dynamic testing reveals particle morphology has not changed but the saturation magnetization of the particles reduced by 57% at higher temperatures (127 °C). It is observed through thermogravimetric analysis that, the life of the fluid is reduced by 0.25%, which is negligible after dynamic testing of the fluid for approximately 85000 cycles. Finally, to imitate the temperature effect on the particle, particles were heat-treated at 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C, and through scanning electron microscope image it is confirmed that deterioration of the particle starts after 200°C, if the fluid is operated for a prolonged amount of time.
Possibility for Using Biochar for Sustainable Agriculture: a Case Study in Bulgaria
Authors: Velichkova Rositsa , Zheng Wandong , Markov Detelin , Simova Iskra , Ivanov Ivan , Denev Ivan , Pushkarov Martin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In both industrialized and developing countries, soil loss and degradation are observed at unprecedented rates and profound implications for soil ecosystem properties. In many regions, loss of soil productivity occurs despite the intensive use of agrochemicals, in parallel with the adverse environmental impact of soil and water resources. The soil types and the agro-ecological areas in Bulgaria are presented. Four samples of chernozem soil were collected and were investigated with and without biochar. The results obtained show the effect of adding biochar to the change of the pH of the soil
A Meritocratic Origin of Egalitarian Behaviour
Authors: Cappelen Alexander W , Mollerstrom Johanna , Reme Bjørn-Atle , Tungodden Bertil 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We report from a study of how uncertainty about whether a given inequality reflects performance or luck shapes distributive behaviour. We show theoretically that the reaction to uncertainty depends on how people trade-off the probability of making a mistake when redistributing, and the size of this mistake. We show experimentally that uncertainty causes a strong egalitarian pull among a majority of meritocratic individuals. The theoretical framework and the experimental results are supported in general population surveys in the United States and Norway. Our findings suggest that how people handle uncertainty about the source of inequality may be of great importance for understanding distributive conflicts in society.
Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Optic Nerve Damage
Authors: Qiu Jianhua , Boucher Masen , Conley Grace , Li Yue , Zhang Jingdong , Morriss Nicholas , Meehan III William P , Mannix Rebekah 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Vision disorders are associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in 20%–40% of clinical cases and involve a diverse set of potential symptoms that can present acutely or chronically. Due to its structure and position, the optic nerve is vulnerable to multiple forms of primary injury, which can result in traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). Multiple studies have shown that the optic tract may also be injured during TBI, though data regarding the temporospatial resolution of injury to the optic nerve are sparse. We evaluated the time course of optic nerve injury and visual impairments in our closed head impact acceleration mouse model of mild TBI (mTBI) designed to mimic repetitive injuries experienced in the context of sport. Our results show that inflammation and gliosis occur acutely in response to injury. Additionally, indications of optic nerve degeneration and functional loss of vision beginning at 1-month postinjury, and retinal ganglion cell loss at 7 months, revealed that the degeneration is continuous and permanent. Together, this study demonstrated that the optic nerve is vulnerable to damage during mTBI, which can cause TON and vision loss. These findings will be important for clinicians to consider to determine whether optic nerve is injured in the TBI patients with vision problems.
Uruguay
Authors: Bardazano Gianella 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
According to dogmatic literature on Uruguayan Constitutional history, one of its main characteristics is the link between the successive reforms of the Constitution and the corresponding agreements between the main political parties. This is confirmed by an analysis of the Uruguayan constitutional processes from the perspective of the theory of law and political science. This central feature, at the same time, relates to the institutional significance—manifest in reform processes—that political agreements between parties have had. The constitutional reforms of 1917, 1934, 1942, 1952, and 1966 were total reforms, each of which completely replaced the text of the previous constitution in place. The reforms approved in 1912, 1932, 1936–1938, 1942, 1989, 1994, 1996, and 2004, were, instead, partial in nature. As Uruguayan scholars correctly point out, all those reforms were supported by broad agreements among the main political parties. However, the facet I would like to stress is the specific power-sharing purpose of those agreements—that is, the agreements that motivated and guided reforms were directed to the quite express goal of co-participation of the main political parties in government. This is a descriptive chapter that addresses, in the first place, the Uruguayan constitutional evolution on the basis of the aforementioned central characteristic of that process (i.e. successive adjustments to the political parties’ power-sharing mechanisms) to, then, expose the central elements of the current Constitution under the same light.
Authoritarian Constitutionalism
Authors: Pozas-Loyo Andrea , Ríos-Figueroa Julio 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Authoritarian constitutionalism is a distinct phenomenon that involves an intriguing mixture of a regime type commonly known for its tendency to abuse power with a centuries-old lineage of theories and practices seeking precisely to place limits on how it be used. This chapter provides a conceptual and analytical framework that addresses both dimensions of authoritarian constitutionalism, and in so doing, it discusses the theoretical and empirical advantages and disadvantages of distinct conceptualizations of this term. It then illustrates the different categories in a conceptual map with examples drawn from Latin American countries. The chapter concludes with some promising avenues for research in this interesting and vibrant area.
Constitutions and Foreign Affairs
Authors: Lopes Dawisson Belém , Valente Mario Schettino 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Constitutions of twenty-two countries from Latin America and the Caribbean to analyse their foreign policy cycles by identifying the constitutional distribution of legal prerogative, and assessing alternatives for participation as well as opposition through institutional design. The results display a variety of constitutional patterns on foreign policy-making in the region, and, despite the changing nature of this subject matter, aim to represent an important heuristic resource for the development of future investigations on the external affairs of Latin American and Caribbean countries. Three specific goals will guide this chapter: (i) mapping out the distribution of prerogatives among Latin American states’ branches through procedural regulation; (ii) identifying non-procedural regulation mechanisms, i.e. normative principles which underpin foreign policy making, as clearly seen in the Brazilian case; and (iii) organizing sets of countries by comparing their constitutional designs.
Costa Rica
Authors: Wilson Bruce M. , Rodriguez Loaiza Olman 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Costa Rica’s political and geographic remoteness from the Capitanía General de Guatemala (the political and economic administrative centre for Spain’s Central American colonies) allowed the province a great deal of administrative freedom that benefited the country in the independence period. A widely held view of Costa Rica’s democratic origins was based on the country’s geopolitical detachment and general poverty of the settlers. However, this view has been largely debunked and replaced by evidence that suggests that the province was neither egalitarian nor particularly democratic in its early years. This chapter demonstrates that Costa Rica’s rise as one of Latin America’s most accomplished constitutional democracies was neither immediate nor complete at the time of independence, but came about through numerous political struggles, constitutional documents, and several non-democratic governments before the country became a fully-fledged democracy, marked by the first post-Civil War election in 1953.