bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF ARTICLE 16 OF THE IRELAND–NORTHERN IRELAND PROTOCOL
Authors: Melo Araujo Billy 
Published: May 2022

AbstractArticle 16 of the Ireland–Northern Ireland Protocol annexed to the EU–UK Withdrawal Agreement is an escape clause which allows the parties to deviate from their obligations under certain conditions. This article maps out the main features of the safeguards provision in the Protocol in light of international trade law and international relations literature on treaty design. It provides a detailed examination of the safeguards provision in the Protocol and highlights the key design flaws associated with this regime as well as some potential solutions to such flaws.
In search of the origin of an Antarctic ghost ship: The legend of the Jenny re-evaluated
Authors: Schuster Frank M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWhen Sir John Franklin’s expedition ships, lost since 1845, were found in the Arctic in 2014 and 2016, respectively, they were referred to several times in the media as ghost ships. However, such a comparison is not new. In 1862, an article linking the disappearance of the Franklin expedition to that of a ghost ship in Antarctic waters appeared in a newly founded German geographic journal aimed at a general audience. The story of the ghost shipJennyin the Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica would probably have been long forgotten had it not appeared again in this journal in English translation a century later. Since then, the story has appeared again and again in publications about mysterious phenomena, without succeeding in answering the question of whether such a ship ever existed at all. Instead of continuing to look for evidence of the actual existence of the ship, the following article not only presents the sources of the 1862 journal article but also examines how the story itself might have originated. In addition to a well-known legend about a ghost ship in the Arctic waters of Greenland, which will also be analysed in greater detail, oral tales and tradition about two almost forgotten voyages into Antarctic waters and a well-known one have probably also been incorporated into the tale of the ghost shipJenny. All translations from German are by the author.
A broad v. focused digital intervention for recurrent binge eating: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial
Authors: Linardon Jake , Shatte Adrian , McClure Zoe , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Matthew 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundEmpirically validated digital interventions for recurrent binge eating typically target numerous hypothesized change mechanisms via the delivery of different modules, skills, and techniques. Emerging evidence suggests that interventions designed to target and isolate one key change mechanism may also produce meaningful change in core symptoms. Although both ‘broad’ and ‘focused’ digital programs have demonstrated efficacy, no study has performed a direct, head-to-head comparison of the two approaches. We addressed this through a randomized non-inferiority trial.MethodParticipants with recurrent binge eating were randomly assigned to a broad (n = 199) or focused digital intervention (n = 199), or a waitlist (n = 202). The broad program targeted dietary restraint, mood intolerance, and body image disturbances, while the focused program exclusively targeted dietary restraint. Primary outcomes were eating disorder psychopathology and binge eating frequency.ResultsIn intention-to-treat analyses, both intervention groups reported greater improvements in primary and secondary outcomes than the waitlist, which were sustained at an 8-week follow-up. The focused intervention was not inferior to the broad intervention on all but one outcome, but was associated with higher rates of attrition and non-compliance.ConclusionFocused digital interventions that are designed to target one key change mechanism may produce comparable symptom improvements to broader digital interventions, but appear to be associated with lower engagement.
FOCAL NODES AND RITUAL ECONOMY IN ANCIENT MAYA HINTERLAND COMMUNITIES: A CASE STUDY FROM SAN LORENZO, BELIZE
Authors: Ingalls Victoria , Yaeger Jason 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPublic structures in the Maya region materialize ideologies and define centers of power as they create politically charged sacred landscapes. These locations are focal nodes for community and polity making processes, embedding social hierarchies, ideologies, and social memories into the physical landscape. Archaeologists, however, have historically focused little attention on small-scale focal nodes within rural communities. To explore the ways hinterland or rural communities may integrate and articulate with larger heartland seats of power, this article examines one such public group at the hinterland site of San Lorenzo, Belize. Drawing from studies of integrative features, we explore practices of affiliation from the Late Preclassic through the Terminal Classic periods and the ways they are expressed at a civic-ceremonial community space through ritual economy. Focal nodes facilitated the face-to-face interactions that were necessary for community integration and the practices enacted within such spaces allow associated groups to negotiate and display their status within the community and to larger regional polities.
CONTROL, COLLAPSE, AND RESILIENCE AT RÍO AMARILLO IN THE COPAN VALLEY, HONDURAS
Authors: McNeil Cameron L. , Barrios Edy , Hruby Zachary X. , Meissner Nathan J. , Tokovinine Alexandre , Díaz García Mauricio , Burgos Morakawa Walter 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article documents the transition from the Late Classic to Postclassic periods at Río Amarillo, a hinterland outpost of the Copan polity, and at an associated residential group, Site 5, in the Río Amarillo East Pocket of the Copan Valley. Late Classic period evidence indicates that the site of Río Amarillo operated as an administrative center for the Copan polity with the likely objective of increased agricultural production for the burgeoning population in the Copan Pocket. In the Terminal Classic period, Río Amarillo shared the fate of Copan, with evidence indicating it was burned and sacked. However, unlike the Copan Pocket, many residential groups remained occupied during the Early Postclassic. Here we focus on Site 5. An unbroken occupation from the Late Classic through to the end of the Early Postclassic period, as this site provides a window into an existence without the requirements of tribute given to their western neighbor. We hypothesize that the smaller settlement size and higher amount of rainfall in this valley pocket, as well as a richer and more diversified environment, were important factors in the survival of some of its population.
Association of genetic variants related to combined exposure to higher BMI and waist-to-hip ratio on lifelong cardiovascular risk in UK Biobank
Authors: Wan Eric Yuk Fai , Fung Wing Tung , Yu Esther Yee Tak , Cheng Will Ho Gi , Chan Kam Suen , Wang Yuan , Chan Esther Wai Yin , Wong Ian Chi Kei , Lam Cindy Lo Kuen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjective:This study examines the individual and combined association of BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with CVD risk using genetic scores of the obesity measurements as proxies.Design:A 2 × 2 factorial analysis approach was applied, with participants divided into four groups of lifetime exposure to low BMI and WHR, high BMI, high WHR, and high BMI and WHR based on weighted genetic risk scores. The difference in CVD risk across groups was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression.Setting:Cohort study.Participants:A total of 408 003 participants were included from the prospective observational UK Biobank study.Results:A total of 58 429 CVD events were recorded. Compared to the low BMI and WHR genetic scores group, higher BMI or higher WHR genetic scores were associated with an increase in CVD risk (high WHR: OR, 1·07; 95 % CI (1·04, 1·10)); high BMI: OR, 1·12; 95 % CI (1·09, 1·16). A weak additive effect on CVD risk was found between BMI and WHR (high BMI and WHR: OR, 1·16; 95 % CI (1·12, 1·19)). Subgroup analysis showed similar patterns between different sex, age (<65, ≥65 years old), smoking status, Townsend deprivation index, fasting glucose level and medication uses, but lower systolic blood pressure was associated with higher CVD risk in obese participants.Conclusions:High BMI and WHR were associated with increased CVD risk, and their effects are weakly additive. Even though there were overlapping of effect, both BMI and WHR are important in assessing the CVD risk in the general population.
Distinct Oceanic Responses at Rapidly Intensified and Weakened Regimes of Tropical Cyclone Ockhi (2017)
Authors: Jyothi Lingala , Joseph Sudheer , P Suneetha , Huber Matthew , Joseph Lijo Abraham 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study analyzed the upper ocean responses to tropical cyclone (TC) Ockhi (2017) from two regions where it underwent (a) rapid intensification (RI) and (b) rapid weakening (RW) using simulations from the high‐resolution HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model. Pre‐existed oceanic conditions in the RI region were warmer and fresher than in the RW region. Though the translation speed was slower over the RI region, the storm‐induced sea surface temperature cooling was weaker (−0.8°C) while a significant cooling (−1.9°C) was observed at RW. The mixed layer heat budget analysis revealed that the dominant process driving the temperature tendency in the RI and RW regions were surface thermal forcing (−0.01°C h−1) and entrainment (−0.015°C h−1), respectively. The role of entrainment was restrained by a thick barrier layer in the RI region. The TC‐induced mixing over a weakly stratified ocean at RW resulted in a significant drop in dynamic temperature (Tdy) compared to the RI. The cooling differences were attributed to the contrasting salinity stratification at RI and RW regimes which modulated the ocean's negative feedback to TC intensity changes. Further, the difference between the depths of mixing length and 26°C isotherm at RI and RW regimes indicate that 26°C isotherm does not necessarily represent the mixing depth under the influence of TC. Hence, this study suggests Tdy may be a better metric for cyclone intensity changes than heat content above a fixed isotherm, particularly in the salinity stratified regions.
Dislocation Generation in Experimentally Shocked Olivine Crystals
Authors: Tielke Jacob A. , Peslier Anne H. , Christoffersen Roy , Erickson Timmons M. , Cline Christopher J. , Jakubek Ryan S. , Cintala Mark J. , Rahman Zia , Fries Marc D. , Bouilhol Pierre 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDuring shock metamorphism, crystals in planetary bodies are exposed to extreme conditions of stress, pressure, and temperature, resulting in the development of a range of shock‐induced defects, including dislocations. To investigate the shock‐induced development of dislocations in olivine, one of the most common minerals found in meteorites and other planetary samples, a series of shock experiments were carried out on olivine single crystals. Olivine crystals were shocked to peak reverberation pressures ranging from 21.3 to 58.7 GPa in a flat‐plate accelerator. The crystals were characterized using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and electron microprobe. EBSD analyses reveal that geometrically necessary dislocations form on all common slip systems. Raman spectroscopy reveals that the full width at half height of characteristic peaks increases linearly as a function of shock pressure. Dislocation loops with the Burgers vector b = [001] have higher densities near fractures as revealed by TEM analyses, whereas dislocations away from fractures are more dependent on the crystal orientation relative to impact direction. The type and density of dislocations that form during shock are largely independent of the starting hydrogen content of crystals. Calculations that incorporate post‐shock cooling rates of meteorites ejected from planetary surfaces, dislocation annihilation rates in olivine, and dislocation densities measured in shocked olivine suggest that shock‐induced dislocations are preserved in olivine in meteorites ejected from planetary bodies and therefore give insight into the conditions of ancient impact events in the solar system.
Pathways to Better Prediction of the MJO: 1. Effects of Model Resolution and Moist Physics on Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Precipitation
Authors: Savarin Ajda , Chen Shuyi S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDespite recent advancements in numerical models, prediction of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) remains a major challenge in numerical weather prediction and climate modeling. This study explores pathways for improving MJO prediction through systematic investigation of the effects of model resolution and moist physics on simulations of the MJO in Part 1, followed by effects of atmosphere‐ocean coupling in Part 2. The Unified Wave Interface—Coupled Model (UWIN‐CM) experiments with different cumulus parameterizations (CP) and explicit microphysics with convection‐permitting resolution are used to study the MJO convective initiation and eastward propagation. Observations of the atmosphere and ocean from the Dynamics of the MJO (DYNAMO) field campaign in 2011 are used to evaluate coupled model simulations. At lower resolution (12 km), the simulation with the Tiedtke CP produced an eastward propagating MJO event, while the simulation with the Kain‐Fritsch CP did not. The main difference between the two low‐resolution simulations is in the vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer which impacts the large‐scale MJO circulation and precipitation. The Kain‐Fritsch CP produced a persistent cloudy boundary layer that decoupled the tropospheric circulation from the surface and failed to produce the MJO. At higher resolution (4 km), convection‐permitting simulations are robust in capturing the observed eastward propagation of MJO precipitation and surface westerly winds. Increasing resolution improves the boundary layer structure and convective systems, which results in more realistic vertical structures of wind and moisture throughout the troposphere, as well as an improved eastward propagation of the MJO.
Narrower Paleo‐Canyons Downsize Megafloods
Authors: David S. R. , Larsen I. J. , Lamb M. P. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCatastrophic drainage of glacial Lake Missoula through the Columbia River Gorge, USA, produced some of the largest floods ever known. However, erosion of the gorge during flooding has not been quantified, hindering discharge reconstructions and our understanding of landscape change by megafloods. Using a neural network and geomorphic observations, we reconstructed the gorge topography and found ∼7.4 km3 of rock was eroded from gorge walls. Accounting for a narrower canyon and matching flood high‐water marks resulted in peak‐flood discharge reconstructions of 6 × 106–7 × 106 m3 s−1, which are 30%–40% lower than prior estimates based on the present‐day topography. Sediment transport modeling indicated that more frequent intermediate‐sized floods transported most of the eroded rock. Thus, similar to alluvial rivers, discharge magnitude‐frequency tradeoffs may also govern canyon formation by repeated megafloods.
The History of Water in Martian Magmas From Thorium Maps
Authors: Black Benjamin A. , Manga Michael , Ojha Lujendra , Longpré Marc‐Antoine , Karunatillake Suniti , Hlinka Lisa 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWater inventories in Martian magmas are poorly constrained. Meteorite‐based estimates range widely, from 102 to >104 ppm H2O, and are likely variably influenced by degassing. Orbital measurements of H primarily reflect water cycled and stored in the regolith. Like water, Th behaves incompatibly during mantle melting, but unlike water Th is not prone to degassing and is relatively immobile during aqueous alteration at low temperature. We employ Th as a proxy for original, mantle‐derived H2O in Martian magmas. We use regional maps of Th from Mars Odyssey to assess variations in magmatic water across major volcanic provinces and through time. We infer that Hesperian and Amazonian magmas had ∼100–3,000 ppm H2O, in the lower range of previous estimates. The implied cumulative outgassing since the Hesperian, equivalent to a global H2O layer ∼1–40 m deep, agrees with Mars’ present‐day surface and near‐surface water inventory and estimates of sequestration and loss rates.
First Estimates of Hydrothermal Helium Fluxes in Continental Collision Settings: Insights From the Southeast Tibetan Plateau Margin
Authors: Zhang Maoliang , Liu Wei , Guan Lufeng , Takahata Naoto , Sano Yuji , Li Ying , Zhou Xiaocheng , Chen Zhi , Cao Chunhui , Zhang Lihong , Lang Yun‐Chao , Liu Cong‐Qiang , Xu Sheng 
Published: May 2022

AbstractContinental regions are essential for the outgassing of deeply‐sourced helium in response to volcanic and tectonic processes. However, the helium fluxes remain largely unknown for continental collision settings such as the Tibetan Plateau. Here, we focus on hydrothermal helium degassing from the Simao block, Southeast Tibetan Plateau margin, and report flux estimates of (0.03 – 32) × 105 atoms m−2 s−1 for 3He and (3.2 – 32) × 1010 atoms m−2 s−1 for 4He, with mantle fractions of helium fluxes up to 2−3 orders of magnitude greater than those of stable continents. Geologically recent magma recharge beneath Quaternary volcanoes is proposed to account for the high mantle helium fluxes and 3He/4He up to 7.24 Ra. Active tectonics driven by the India‐Asia continental collision possibly maintained efficient release of crustal helium over geological timescales. These findings present the first flux estimates for hydrothermal helium degassing controlled by volcanic and tectonic processes in continental collision settings.
Northward Expansion of Desert Climate in Central Asia in Recent Decades
Authors: Hu Qi , Han Zihang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractClimate variation in Central Asia is examined using changes of climate classification to obtain geographically specific information of the variation across the region. Major results show the northward expansion of desert climate by over 100 km in mid‐latitudes of the region since the 1980s. In the meantime, all types of climates in the region have increased temperatures. In mountainous areas, previous cold climate is replaced by warmer and also wetter climate. These changes could have largely resulted in the fast retreat of glaciers and the temporary rise of groundwater and the water levels of lakes in the drainage areas in recent decades. Because different climate types are associated with specific flora and fauna, the shifts of the climate types in locations have elevated the potential to initiate new feedbacks of the ecological systems to the climate and complicate its variation.
The High‐Frequency Signature of Slow and Fast Laboratory Earthquakes
Authors: Bolton David C. , Shreedharan Srisharan , McLaskey Gregory C. , Rivière Jacques , Shokouhi Parisa , Trugman Daniel T. , Marone Chris 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTectonic faults fail through a spectrum of slip modes, ranging from slow aseismic creep to rapid slip during earthquakes. Understanding the seismic radiation emitted during these slip modes is key for advancing earthquake science and earthquake hazard assessment. In this work, we use laboratory friction experiments instrumented with ultrasonic sensors to document the seismic radiation properties of slow and fast laboratory earthquakes. Stick‐slip experiments were conducted at a constant loading rate of 8 μm/s and the normal stress was systematically increased from 7 to 15 MPa. We produced a full spectrum of slip modes by modulating the loading stiffness in tandem with the fault zone normal stress. Acoustic emission data were recorded continuously at 5 MHz. We demonstrate that the full continuum of slip modes radiate measurable high‐frequency energy between 100 and 500 kHz, including the slowest events that have peak fault slip rates <100 μm/s. The peak amplitude of the high‐frequency time‐domain signals scales systematically with fault slip velocity. Stable sliding experiments further support the connection between fault slip rate and high‐frequency radiation. Experiments demonstrate that the origin of the high‐frequency energy is fundamentally linked to changes in fault slip rate, shear strain, and breaking of contact junctions within the fault gouge. Our results suggest that having measurements close to the fault zone may be key for documenting seismic radiation properties and fully understanding the connection between different slip modes.
TGF-β promotes pericyte-myofibroblast transition in subretinal fibrosis through the Smad2/3 and Akt/mTOR pathways
Authors: Zhao Zhenzhen , Zhang Yumeng , Zhang Chaoyang , Zhang Jingting , Luo Xueting , Qiu Qinghua , Luo Dawei , Zhang Jingfa 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSubretinal fibrosis remains a major obstacle to the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Choroidal pericytes were found to be a significant source of subretinal fibrosis, but the underlying mechanisms of pericyte-myofibroblast transition (PMT) remain largely unknown. The goal of this study was to explore the role and potential mechanisms by which PMT contributes to subretinal fibrosis. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) was induced by laser photocoagulation in transgenic mice with the collagen1α1-green fluorescent protein (Col1α1-GFP) reporter, and recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 (rAAV2)-mediated TGF-β2 (rAAV2-TGF-β2) was administered intravitreally to further induce PMT. Primary mouse choroidal GFP-positive pericytes were treated with TGF-β2 in combination with siRNAs targeting Smad2/3, the Akt inhibitor MK2206 or the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin to examine cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation into myofibroblasts. The involvement of the Akt/mTOR pathway in PMT in subretinal fibrosis was further investigated in vivo. Intraocular TGF-β2 overexpression induced GFP-positive pericyte infiltration and PMT in subretinal fibrosis, which was mimicked in vitro. Knockdown of Smad2/3 or inhibition of Akt/mTOR decreased cell proliferation, PMT and migration in primary mouse pericytes. Combined inhibition of Smad2/3 and mTOR showed synergistic effects on attenuating α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and cell proliferation. In mice with laser-induced CNV, the administration of the Akt/mTOR inhibitors suppressed pericyte proliferation and alleviated the severity of subretinal fibrosis. Our results showed that PMT plays a pivotal role in subretinal fibrosis, which was induced by TGF-β2 through the Smad2/3 and Akt/mTOR pathways. Thus, inhibiting PMT may be a novel strategy for the treatment of subretinal fibrosis.