bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The regulatory state in developing countries: Redistribution and regulatory failure in Brazil
Authors: Donadelli Flavia , van der Heijden Jeroen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFollowing the traditional doctrine of the “regulatory state”, regulatory agencies should be given very focused mandates and stay away from the politicized realm of distributive policies and decisions. An opposing perspective would state that if regulatory agencies can contribute to economic redistribution, positive results such as network expansion, economies of scale, and fiscal efficiency will ultimately lead to lower levels of regulatory failure. This article tests whether, in countries of high socio‐economic inequality, such as Brazil, the active incorporation of distributive considerations by regulatory agencies leads to lower levels of failure. Through the analysis of the activities of seven Brazilian network regulatory agencies, the article develops theory‐driven expectations and tests these expectations using crisp set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA). It concludes that not prioritizing redistribution is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for regulatory agencies' failure. In most types of failure, a lack of priority to redistribution leads to failure when combined with low regulatory capacity and low levels of competence.
Peritoneal dialysis fluids
Authors: Low Sanmay , Liew Adrian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThere have been significant advances in the understanding of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the last 40 years, and uptake of PD as a modality of kidney replacement therapy is increasing worldwide. PD fluids, therefore, remains the lifeline for patients on this treatment. Developing these fluids to be efficacious in solute clearance and ultrafiltration, with minimal adverse consequences to peritoneal membrane health and systemic effects is a key requirement. Since the first PD fluid produced in 1959, modifications to PD fluids have been made. Nonetheless, the search for that ideal PD fluid remains elusive. Understanding the components of PD fluids is a key aspect of optimizing the successful delivery of PD, allowing for individualized PD prescription. Glucose remains an integral component of PD fluids; however, its deleterious effects continue to be the impetus for the search of an alternative osmotic agent, and icodextrin remains the main alternative. More biocompatible PD fluids have been developed and have shown benefits in preserving residual kidney function. However, high cost and reduced accessibility remain deterrents to its widespread clinical use in many countries. Large‐scale clinical trials are necessary and very much awaited to improve the narrow spectrum of PD fluids available for clinical use.
Validation of automated fluorescent‐based technology for measuring total nucleated cell viability of hematopoietic progenitor cell products
Authors: Patel Kanan A. , Patel Nita , Kim Grace H. , Chape Laura S. , Agbon Kristianne Gail D. , Angulo Fuentes Minnie P. , Barbosa Francis‐Marie L. , Castellano Ryan T. , Gonzalez Gloria N. , Mathew Sheeba , Mantile‐Selvaggi Giuditta , Reich‐Slotky Ronit 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundA reliable rapid method for measuring total nucleated cell (TNC) viability is essential for cell‐based products manufacturing. The trypan blue (TB) exclusion method, commonly used to measure TNC viability of hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) products, is a subjective assay, typically uses a microscope, and includes a limited number of cells. The NucleoCounter NC‐200 is an automated fluorescent‐based cell counter that uses pre‐calibrated cartridges with acridine orange and DAPI dyes to measure cell count and viability. This study describes the validation of the NC‐200 for testing HPC's viability.MethodsSamples from 189 fresh and 60 cryopreserved HPC products were included. Fresh products were tested for viability after collection by both TB and NC‐200. 7‐aminoactinomycin D (7AAD) CD45+ cell viability results were obtained from a flow cytometry test. Cryopreserved products thawed specimens were tested for viability by both TB and NC‐200. The NC‐200 viability results were compared with the other methods. Acceptability criteria were defined as ≤10% difference between the NC‐200 method and the other methods for at least 95% of the samples.ResultsFresh products' mean viability difference between NC‐200 and TB or 7AAD CD45+ method was 4.9% (95%CI 4.6–5.4) and 2.8% (95%CI 2.2–3.4), respectively. Thawed products' mean viability difference between NC‐200 and TB was 3.0% (95%CI 0.4–5.6).ConclusionThe NC‐200 automated fluorescent‐based method can be used effectively to determine HPC's viability for both fresh and cryopreserved products. It can help eliminate human bias and provide consistent data and operational ease.
Implementation of a blood bank generated tube for second blood group determination: Challenges, yield, and cost
Authors: Obaidallah Noora , Downie Helen , Colavecchia Connie , Callum Jeannie , Lin Yulia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe second blood group determination or group check sample is a process of verifying the ABO group with a second blood sample prior to transfusion. It has been used to detect errors related to wrong blood in tube (WBIT) events and reduce the risk of ABO‐incompatible transfusions. To prevent the clinical team from collecting the group check sample at the same time as the first sample, a tan top tube only available from the blood bank was introduced for second blood group determinations if drawn within 24 h of the first group and screen.Study design and methodsThis is a retrospective study analyzing data from 2005 to 2020 before and after the implementation of the blood bank supplied tan top tube for group check. The number of WBIT events, transfusion delays, and health care costs were determined.ResultsThe number of WBIT events remained unchanged throughout the time period. No delays in transfusion or procedure were reported due to the tan top tube group check. There was no increase in group O transfusions over time. In comparison to using an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tube, the tan top tube was estimated to add an extra yearly cost of $790.79 Canadian dollars.ConclusionSecond blood group determination using the blood bank supplied tan top tube did not increase the number of WBIT events detected but ensured an independent sample draw. A minimal incremental cost of implementing the tan top tube was noted with no delay in transfusions or procedures.
Impact of mobilization regimen on multiday collection of peripheral blood CD34+ cells by large volume leukapheresis
Authors: Siddiqui Irmeen , Shmookler Aaron , Biller Elizabeth , Hardy Tanner , Hartage Ramon , Losos Michael , Chen Jian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe collection yield of hematopoietic progenitors cell (HPC) by leukapheresis is critical for a successful transplantation, which often requires multiday collections to achieve the collection goal.Study Design and MethodsCollection procedures of 181 patients who underwent leukapheresis for more than 1 day were reviewed. Patients were separated into six groups based on the mobilization regimen: G‐CSF on day 1 (D1) and day 2 (D2) (G‐G); G‐CSF on D1 and G‐CSF and plerixafor on D2 (G‐GP); G‐CSF and plerixafor on day D1 and D2 (GP‐GP); G‐CSF and plerixafor on D1 and G‐CSF on D2 (GP‐G); chemotherapy and G‐CSF on D1 and D2 (GC‐GC); and chemotherapy, G‐CSF, and plerixafor on D1 and D2 (GCP‐GCP). Patient's pre‐collection CD34 count (pre‐CD34) on D1 and D2 were compared in the same individual and among groups.ResultsWe found D2 pre‐CD34 were significantly decreased in G‐G, GP‐G, and GP‐GP groups and significantly increased in G‐GP group (p < .001) using a repeated measures ANOVA analysis. D2 pre‐CD34 remained at similar levels as D1 in GC‐GC and GCP‐GCP groups. A multiple regression analysis showed that the mobilization regimen was the only factor that significantly affected pre‐CD34 D2/D1 ratio (p < .001). There was a significant difference in the pre‐CD34 D2/D1 ratio (p < .001) among these six groups with the lowest in GP‐G group (0.40 ± 0.45), and the highest in G‐GP group (2.35 ± 0.36).DiscussionMobilization regimen has significant impact on pre‐collection CD34 count. Apheresis facilities may change mobilizing drugs accordingly to achieve a specific HPC goal.
Adaptive radiation therapy using weekly hypofractionation for thymoma treatment: A retrospective study of 10 rabbits
Authors: McCready Julianne E. , Poirier Valerie J. , Fleck Andre , Darco Johnson , Beaufrère Hugues H. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRadiation therapy (RT) is being utilized more commonly for rabbit thymomas due to high perioperative mortality rates with surgery. Median overall survival times reported for rabbit thymomas treated with a variety of RT protocols and techniques range from 6 months to greater than 2 years. As thymomas are radiation‐responsive tumours and may shrink rapidly after RT, adaptive radiotherapy (ART) is often warranted. The purpose of this single‐institution retrospective case series was to investigate the tumour volume reduction during RT, the frequency of replanning during RT, and survival time in rabbit thymomas treated using intensity‐modulated/image‐guided radiation therapy (IMRT/IGRT) and a weekly hypofractionated protocol delivering a total dose of 30 Gy. Ten rabbits met the inclusion criteria from October 2014 to October 2019. The median progression‐free survival was 561 days and the median overall survival was 634 days (range: 322–1118 days). The tumour volume gradually decreased with each RT fraction. On post‐hoc analysis, only the first RT fraction was associated with a significant GTV reduction (of more than 50% on average,p < .001). All subsequent RT fractions did not further reduce the GTV significantly (p > .06). Hypofractionated RT using a weekly protocol of 5 fractions of 6 Gy is a reasonable option to treat rabbit thymomas and replanning should be anticipated. The results of this study support the use of RT to rapidly relieve thymoma‐induced dyspnoea in rabbits.
Prediction of the Interface Deformation of Ultrasonic Spot Welding of Multilayer Metal Foils Considering Energy Gradient
Authors: Ma Zunnong , Luo Cheng , Zhang Yansong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The ultrasonic spot welding (USW) is widely used in the joining of multilayer Cu or Al tabs in the lithium-ion battery. Due to the high-frequency vibration of the sonotrode and various deformation in each interface, the friction behavior is complex which makes it difficult to simulate the welding process of multilayer specimens. In this paper, an efficient and accurate finite element model (FEM) was proposed via introducing the interface heat flux to equivalent the heat generation by the friction. The total heat flux was determined by the heat transfer analysis and the proportion of each interface was determined based on the analysis of the friction behavior. Then, the FEM was validated by comparing the simulated temperature and deformation with experimental results. Finally, the FEM was applied to simulate the USW process of four, five, and ten layers of copper and aluminum foils in order to characterize the gradient of the ultrasonic energy. It was found that the heat generation concentrated in middle interfaces was 65% of the total in the welding of four-layer copper foils. The heat generation was mainly related to the welding parameters and the proportion was related to the size of tips and the structure of specimens. The plastic strain varied in specimens because of the gradient of the input energy. It was most obvious in the welding of 10-layer aluminum foils that the maximum equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) in the fifth interface was 92.9% smaller than the top interface.
Fatigue Life Prediction of Structures With Interval Uncertainty
Authors: Desch Michael , Modares Mehdi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA new method for reliable fatigue life prediction in metal structural components is developed, which quantifies uncertainties using interval variables. Using this crack-initiation-based method, first, the uncertainties in laboratory test data for the fatigue failure of a structural detail are enumerated. This uncertainty quantification is performed through an interval-based enveloping procedure that relates the interval stress ranges to the number of cycles to failure. This will lead to the construction of an interval S–N relationship. Next, the uncertainties in field test data are enumerated in the extremum values of each stress range, as intervals, leading to the construction of interval stress ranges. For both the laboratory and field data uncertainty analyses, the mean stress effects are considered. Next, the interval damage accumulated over the duration of the field data is determined using the constructed interval S–N relationship and the obtained interval stress ranges. Then, the interval existing damage and interval remaining life are determined. Finally, as a conservative measure, the minimum remaining fatigue life is obtained in which all uncertainties are considered. A numerical example illustrating the developed method is presented, and the results are compared with results obtained by both Monte Carlo simulation and optimization. Using this method, for the numerical example considered, it is shown that the results for bounds on the existing damage and the remaining fatigue life are sharp. Moreover, due to its set-based approach, the method is significantly more computationally efficient when compared with iterative procedures.
Thermomechanical Topology Optimization of Three-Dimensional Heat Guiding Structures for Electronics Packaging
Authors: Farzinazar Shiva , Ren Zongqing , Lim Jungyun , Kim Jae Choon , Lee Jaeho 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Heterogeneous and complex electronic packages may require unique thermomechanical structures to provide optimal heat guiding. In particular, when a heat source and a heat sink are not aligned and do not allow a direct path, conventional thermal management methods providing uniform heat dissipation may not be appropriate. Here we present a topology optimization method to find thermally conductive and mechanically stable structures for optimal heat guiding under various heat source-sink arrangements. To exploit the capabilities, we consider complex heat guiding scenarios and three-dimensional (3D) serpentine structures to carry the heat with corner angles ranging from 30 deg to 90 deg. While the thermal objective function is defined to minimize the temperature gradient, the mechanical objective function is defined to maximize the stiffness with a volume constraint. Our simulations show that the optimized structures can have a thermal resistance of less than 32% and stiffness greater than 43% compared to reference structures with no topology optimization at an identical volume fraction. The significant difference in thermal resistance is attributed to a thermally dead volume near the sharp corners. As a proof-of-concept experiment, we have created 3D heat guiding structures using a selective laser melting technique and characterized their thermal properties using an infrared thermography technique. The experiment shows the thermal resistance of the thermally optimized structure is 29% less than that of the reference structure. These results present the unique capabilities of topology optimization and 3D manufacturing in enabling optimal heat guiding for heterogeneous systems and advancing the state-of-the-art in electronics packaging.
Study of Diesel Spray Impinging Ignition and Combustion Characteristics Under Variable Ambient Densities Based on the Visualization Experiment
Authors: Lou Diming , Tang Yuanzhi , Wang Chengguan , Fang Liang , Zhang Yunhua 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The application of turbocharged intercooler direct injection (DI) diesel engine in large diesel vehicle transportation and construction machinery will be indispensable for a long time in the future. The extreme condition of the plateau has become a hotspot in the research of diesel combustion. When the diesel engine works on the cold-start or low-load/low-speed condition, the problems of combustion and emission caused by abnormal supercharging of a turbocharger are apparent. The development of the miniaturization of diesel engines can effectively avoid liquid-wall impingement. However, the low density of the plateau will bring inevitable combustion modes, such as impinging ignition and combustion. This study summarized the relationship among spray, fuel–air mixing, ignition, soot formation, and ambient density under the condition of impinging ignition and nonliquid spray impingement, providing a reference for the further research and improvement of diesel engine combustor structure design. The effect of ambient density change on diesel spray mainly weakens radial air entrainment in the fuel injection. There was apparent impinging ignition at 11.37 g/m3 density, and the ignition time delay was 0.2 ms longer than that at 16.07 g/m3, corresponding to the 0 m altitude. Under high altitude with more significant density, the combustion is more intense under higher temperature. However, the larger flame diffusion area under low density leads to the larger soot distribution area and more considerable soot generation.
National Collegiate Athletic Association Swimmers With Glenohumeral Multidirectional Laxity Have an Increased Glenohumeral Joint Range of Motion Profile
Authors: Silverson Oliver A. , Saini Gaura , Knutson Kyle R. , Sauder Briana D. , Sheldon Gregory R. , Willwerscheid Allison F. , Gruber Chelsea L. , Ohlrogge Fanchon , Nelson Bradley J. , Staker Justin L. 
Published: February 2022

Context: Adaptations in glenohumeral joint laxity and range of motion (ROM) are prevalent in competitive swimmers. Increased glenohumeral laxity in swimmers has been found to exist in multiple directions. However, it is unclear if swimmers with multidirectional laxity (MDL) possess altered glenohumeral ROM compared with swimmers without MDL. The purpose of this study was to compare the glenohumeral ROM characteristics of external rotation (ER), internal rotation (IR), total arc of motion (ER + IR), and total arc of motion ratio (ER/IR) between swimmers with MDL and without MDL. Our secondary objective was to investigate the effect of MDL on self-reported pain and function. Design: Observational study. Methods: Twenty-nine NCAA Division I swimmers (females: 15 and males: 14; age 19.5 [1.2] y; body mass index 23.9 [2.0] km/m2) participated in a preseason physical assessment including measures of glenohumeral ROM and joint laxity. These measures were used to determine the presence or absence of MDL for both shoulders of each participant. Glenohumeral ROM characteristics were compared between shoulders with MDL and shoulders without MDL with independent t tests. Self-reported pain and function scores were recorded biweekly across the season with a modified Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic questionnaire. The seasonal average Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic questionnaire scores were compared between swimmers with MDL and swimmers without MDL with analysis of variance, with factors of sex and MDL status. Results: Shoulders with MDL possessed increased glenohumeral IR (P < .001; effect size: 0.65) and total arc of motion (P < .004; effect size: 0.45) compared with shoulders without MDL. There were no differences in ER. There was no difference in self-reported pain and function between groups. Conclusions: Shoulders with MDL possess increased glenohumeral IR and total arc of motion compared with shoulders without MDL. The presence of MDL may not affect self-reported pain and function in competitive swimmers.
Test–Retest of a Novel Wii Board–Based Device to Assess Eccentric Knee Flexor Strength During the Nordic Hamstring Exercise
Authors: Macedo Maria de Cássia , Souza Matheus Almeida , Batista Geyson de Lima , Barbosa Michelle Almeida , Barbosa Alexandre Carvalho 
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to assess the test–retest reliability of a Wii board–based device to assess the eccentric knee strength. Healthy participants (n = 20, 22.7 [3.4] y, 1.71 [0.09] m, 69 [13] kg) performed 2 assessments—days 1 and 2—of the Nordic hamstring exercise (3 trials per day, 3 min of rest between trials, and 48 h between trials) on a padded board with an attached Wii Balance Board (WBB). A ratchet inelastic strap made the contact between the participant’s distal aspect of both legs and the inverted upper surface of the WBB. The means among 3 trials were used to extract the absolute strength and the left and the right limb strengths. No between-session differences were found (P range = .691–.981). The intraclass correlation coefficient range showed excellent results (.905–.926), as the Cronbach α test (above .94). The correlation was high (r > .91; .820 < r2 < .862). The Bland–Altman analysis returned high levels of agreement. The standard error of measurement ranged from 5.56 to 11.07 N and the minimal detectable change from 15.42 to 30.68 N. The percentage of standard error of measurement values were 2.95%, 3.74%, 2.88%, respectively, for absolute strength, right limb strength, and left limb strength. The adapted system showed an excellent cost–benefit relationship with optimal test–retest reliability. The findings suggest that the adapted system, using the WBB, is a reliable method for measuring the eccentric knee strength.
Exploring Sex Differences and Force Level Effects on Grip Force Perception in Healthy Adults
Authors: Li Yan-Xia , Li Lin , Cai Zhi-Qiang , Zhou Xu-Xue , Hao Xiu-Jun , Li Li 
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to explore the effect of sex and force level on grip force reproduction in healthy adults by conducting a force reproduction task. Participants (n = 28) were instructed to replicate a range of reference grip force levels (10–130 N in 10 N increments). We found that women (absolute error: 16.2 ± 8.7 N) replicated these force levels more accurately than men (absolute error: 23.1 ± 9.5 N) at higher force levels (90–130 N). Furthermore, the force reproductions were most accurate at the 30–50 N range for men and the 50–60 N range for women. These results may offer significant insights into the higher rates of musculoskeletal disorders among women, enabling researchers and clinicians to design novel interventions and tools that can improve grip force perception and reduce hand injury rates in both men and women.
No effect of thermal maturity on the Mo, U, Cd, and Zn isotope compositions of Lower Jurassic organic-rich sediments
Authors: Dickson Alexander J. , Idiz Erdem , Porcelli Don , Murphy Melissa J. , Celestino Ricardo , Jenkyns Hugh C. , Poulton Simon W. , Hesselbo Stephen P. , Hooker John N. , Ruhl Micha , van den Boorn Sander H.J.M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe isotope ratios of redox-sensitive metals in organic-rich rocks are critical tools for quantifying the timing and severity of deoxygenation and nutrient cycling in Earth's past. The resilience of isotopic data to thermal alteration of the host sediments over millions of years of burial is, however, largely unknown. We present molybdenum, uranium, cadmium, and zinc stable-isotope data from two stratigraphic successions of the same Lower Jurassic Posidonienschiefer unit in the Lower Saxony Basin of northern Germany that were affected by different burial histories. We show that thermal maturity had no effect on the isotopic compositions of these elements but does appear to have increased their concentrations in the rock. The data corroborate the results of laboratory-based maturation studies and provide constraints on the Mo, U, Cd, and Zn isotopic compositions of ca. 182 Ma seawater in the Lower Saxony Basin.