bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cabbage Maggot Control on Chinese Cabbage, Japanese Radish, and Turnip, 1979
Authors: Halfhill J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The tests were conducted at Yakima, WA, in Ritzville sandy loam soil (coarse, silty, mesic, Calciorfhidic Haploxerolls) with a pH of 6.2 and containing 1.6% organic matter. Seeds were planted on Aug 6 in plots consisting of 2 rows (55.9 cm apart x 6.1 m long). Plots were separated by 0.91 m alleys. Interplant spacing of Japanese radish and turnips was 10.2-15.2 cm and that of Chinese cabbage was 30.5-40.6 cm. Treatments applied to the different crops consisted of 3 rates of Lorsban plus the control and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The at-plant granular treatments were applied and incorporated by use of the “bow wave” method whereby the opening and covering shoes of the seeder are used to distribute and incorporate the insecticide. These were followed by a 30-day postplanting (= 30-day preharvest) application to the soil surface of a band spray of the EC formulation at the same rates as the granules. The pesticides were applied in 13.25 litre water/304.8 m linear ft of row through TeeJet 80015E even-spray flat fan nozzles operated at 3.16 kg/cm2 by air pressure. Both treatment methods resulted in 7.6-10.2 cm wide bands of insecticide over the row. With turnips only, an additional test was conducted in which only at-planting granular treatments were applied. At harvest, 15 plants selected at random from each plot were washed and examined for determination of yield, number of roots injured, and degree of Injury to the roots based on an injury rating.
Foliage Sprays to Control Cabbage Looper on Cabbage, 1980
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Round Dutch’ cabbage was transplanted Aug 15 in 3-ft rows with 20-inch row spacing. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single 25-ft long row with an untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 75 gal/acre (40 psi), using a D. B. Smith #E-147 adjustable cone nozzle. Applications were made on Sep 2, 11, 19 and Oct 2. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of loopers/10 cabbage plants and by foliage injury ratings. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were categorized as follows: 1) Only occasional feeding - necessary to look very close to see evidence of injury; 2) Visible signs of feeding but less than 10% of leaves severely damaged; 3) Heavy feeding on 10-25% of foliage; 4) Intense feeding on 25-50% of foliage; and 5) Practically 100% of the foliage severely damaged, plants nearly defoliated.
Caterpillar Control on Sweet Corn, 1980
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Silver Treat’ sweet corn were planted Jul 7 ‘80 to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30 in centers and 25 ft long. Granular systemic treatments were banded in the furrow at planting; granular whorl treatments were applied with a hand shaker over the whorl; whorl sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with one nozzle centered over the row calibrated to deliver 30 gal/A at 40 psi; and foliar sprays at silking were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 4 nozzles/row, directed at the ear zone, which delivered 85 gal/A at 250 psi. Whorl treatments were applied Aug 8 and 15; foliar sprays at silking were applied Aug 29, Sep 2, 5, 8 and 11. Twenty plants/plot were evaluated on Aug 18 for armyworm damage. The categories for armyworm foliar injury damage are as follows: 1) slight feeding; 2) 10% feeding; 3) heavy feeding, 25% of whorl damaged; 4) whorl destroyed, 50% defoliation; and 5) skeletonized, whorls destroyed. At harvest, Sep 15, 20 ears from the middle 2 rows of each plot were evaluated for ‘worm’ damage as “none” (clean), “tip” (&lt; 1 1/2 in tip damage) and “side”. On Oct 15, 20 stalks and ear shanks in each plot were split from 3 nodes above the ear to 3 nodes below the ear; each inch of damage was recorded as 1 cavity.
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms, Fall Armyworms and European Corn Borers in Sweet Corn, 1980
Authors: Linduska James J. , Dively Galen P. , Harrison Floyd P. , Hiddleson Loren M. , Hellman John L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘NK - 199’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 50 ft in length on Jun 6 ’80. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Silk sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 20 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 50% silk (Jul 30 ’80) and 6 days later (Aug 5 ’80). Plots were harvested Aug 13 ’80 and evaluated as to insect species causing injury. One-hundred ears/treatment/ replication were harvested and graded. Only the center 2 rows of each plot were harvested. The soil type was a Galestown sandy loam.
Cowpea Curculio Control on Southern Peas, 1980
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A. , Johnson Eric M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Dixilee’ southern peas were planted in single-row plots 15 ft long on May 22. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with 5 ft alleys between replications. Treflan (at 0.5 lbs ai/acre) was incorporated preplant for weed control. Treatments were applied weekly on Jun 6, 13,20,27, Jul 3, 11, 18, and 25 for a total of 8 applications. All applications were made at a rate equivalent to 100 gallons of water at 40 psi using a piston pump sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle. A single harvest was made on Jul 31 and the percentage of pods with stings and the number of stings per 10 pods were determined. At the same time, all leafminers on 10 leaves were counted for each treatment. Irrigation was used to supplement natural rainfall such that approximately 1 in of water was applied weekly.
Insect Control on Bell Peppers, Delaware, 1980
Authors: Burbutis Paul P. , Chaffee Michael G. , Poekert Joseph 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Spray materials were applied, using a 2-gal, CO2-pressurized, stainless steel sprayer at 38 psi in 1 gal water (= 40 gal/acre), to both sides of the rows. Granular materials were applied to 1 side of each row ca. 5 inches from the main stems and 1-2 inches deep with a hand shaker on Jun 24. Treatments were replicated 4 times, in 3-row, 30 ft-long plots in a randomized complete block design. Plants were set out in early May. Spray treatments were applied on a 10-day schedule starting on Jul 9 and ending on Sep 22 except the Orthene at 1.25 lbs ai/acre treatment which was applied on a 14-day schedule. Copper and Dithane were applied separately to all treatments on a 10-day spray schedule for disease control. First harvest (Sep 22-23) consisted of large red fruit only and the second harvest consisted of commercial-size, mixed red and green fruit (Oct 3). Leaves were sampled every 10 days, 25/plot, for green peach aphid population counts. The test was conducted in Staytonville (Sussex Co.) DE-on a cooperator’s farm.
Irish Potato, Foliar Sprays for Seasonal Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1980
Authors: Bowman James S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was located on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham, New Hampshire. ‘Katahdin’ Irish potato seed pieces were planted in rows 36-inches apart on May 25, 1980. Each plot consisted of two 47-ft rows with each treatment replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. The plots were separated by two buffer rows that had been treated with Temik 15G at 3 lb ai/acre in the seed furrow at planting time. Sprays were applied on Jul 24, Aug 1, 12 and 29, 1980 with a B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer at a rate of 36 gal/acre (40 psi) using a 5 ft hand held boom. Control was determined on Aug 25, 1980 by counting the live larvae and adults that were visible from above without disturbing the foliage on 47 ft of row. Foliage damage ratings were made using the following categories: 0 = no visible signs of leaf feeding injury; 1 = only occasional leaves with partial feeding injury; 2 = moderate injury to 25% of foliage; 3 - heavy feeding to 50% of foliage; 4 = severe injury approaching 100% loss. Yields were determined at harvest on Oct 1, 1980 by weighing all the potatoes in 20 ft of row from the center of each plot.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Foliar Sprays and Soil Applied Systemics, 1980
Authors: Cooper R. M. , Simonet D. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Uncut Norchip potatoes (Size B) were planted, on 3 ft centers at Wooster, OH on May 15, 1980. Each plot consisted of 3, 25-ft long rows with 12 ft between plots. Between each replicate was a 15 ft alley. The soil type was silt loam with O.M. 2.5% and pH 6.6. The herbicide Eptam 7EC at 4.0 lbs ai/A was applied May 6 and the preemergence herbicide Sencor 50W was applied May 27. The fungicide Dithane M-45 at 1 lb ai/acre was applied periodically throughout the season for control of late blight. Granular Temik was applied as insecticide for two treatments with a Planet Jr. in-furrow at planting. The foliar insecticides were applied at a walking pace of 2 mph with a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi. Spray volume was 2 gal of water per treatment (50 GPA). The decision whether to spray in a given week was based on weekly counts of Colorado potato beetle larvae and adults. The thresholds were: (1) greater than 2 overwintered adults/plant; (2) greater than 5 larvae/plant, and (3) greater than 5 first generation adults/plant. Larvae were classed as small (l-ll instar) or large (MI-IV instar). The insect count data were supplemented by percent defoliation data taken Jul 11 and Aug 1 for individual plants within each treatment. By late July, the check plots were completely defoliated. Potatoes were harvested and yields measured on Sep 16.
Apple, Summer Mite Control Treatments, 1980
Authors: Cobb Leonard J. , Poe Sidney L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Acaricide treatments were applied on Jul 24 to five year old York trees. Treatments were applied with a Bean 35 gallon per minute hydraulic sprayer at 300 psi. Trees were sprayed to runoff. Single tree treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sampling was done by collecting 20 leaves from each tree and brushing them with a modified Henderson-McBurnie type machine. Mites and eggs were trapped in a thin layer of polyvinyl alcohol (Emcol 5100) on a revolving glass plate. Mites and eggs on two sections of each plate equalling 20% of the total area were counted. From this the number of mites and eggs on the plate was calculated. All treatments were compatible with horticultural practices and no phytotoxicity was observed. Other pesticides used throughout the season were Polyram, benomyl, captan, Dithane, phosalone, Pirimor, azinphosmethyl, Karathane, Manzate, thiram, and carbaryl.
Trickle Tape Irrigation Applied Insecticide to Control Colorado Potato Beetle, 1980
Authors: Longley T. S. , Sandvol Larry , Wheeler Steven , Burrup Dave 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted May 15, 1980 in 36 inch rows in declo silt loam soil. Plots consisting of 5 treatments and 5 replications were planted in two 40 ft rows, arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each row was irrigated with a single trickle tape with soil moisture maintained at 65 to 100% available soil moisture. Two to 6 hours were required for each irrigation. Ten cc syringes were used to inject DiSyston LC into trickle tape 10 days apart at 1.5 lb ai/acre and 3,0 ai/acre. Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae were recorded 1 and 7 days after last injection.
Control of Fruitworm on Processing Tomato, 1979
Authors: Hamilton J. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The triol was conducted on a commercial crop at Cowra, New South Wales and commenced on December 19, 1978 when the crop was in full flower with a few small fruits. The crop was planted in single rows on hills at 1.5m centres. The plots consisted of 5 rows, 5 m long, and 5 replications were arranged at random in 5 blocks. Sprays were applied on Dec 19 and 28 and Jan 5 and 16, using a CO2 powered back-pack sprayer equipped with 4 hollow cone nozzles delivering 450 l/ha at 310 kPa. The trial was evaluated on Jan 26 by examining 100 fruit per plot selected at random for fruitworm injury. These fruit were obtained from the central area of the middle 3 rows of each plot.
Foliar Sprays to Control Fruitworm on Tomato, 1980
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Marglobe’ tomatoes were transplanted Jul 26 in 6-ft rows with 20-in spacing between plants. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Each treatment plot consisted of a single, 25-ft long row bordered on each side by an untreated row. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 75 gal/acre (40 psi), using a D. B. Smith# E147 adjustable cone nozzle. Applications were made on Aug 29, Sep 4, 10 and 18, Oct 2 and 15. The treatments were evaluated by counting the number of fruitworm damaged tomatoes per 100 fruit on Oct 7 and Oct 27. Infested or damaged fruit were removed during the Oct 7 count therefore the Oct 27 data represent additional wormy fruit.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Direct Seeded Tomatoes with Systemic Insecticides, 1980
Authors: Linduska James J. , Bagley P. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Campbell 28 and UC - 134 tomatoes were direct seeded in alternating rows witft a Planet Jr. UC - 134 tomatoes were planted on May 19 and Campbell 28 tomatoes were planted on May 23. The UC - 134 tomatoes served as buffer rows and were planted early so as to encourage an infestation of Colorado potato beetle. Plots consisted of a single row of tomatoes 45 ft-long, buffered on each side by a guard row. Distance between rows was 6 ft. When plants were 2-3 inches tall they were thinned so as to provide clumps of 3 tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The 10 inch band treatments were applied pre-plant using an electric drive Gandy (Model 901-2) applicator. They were incorporated into the top 2-3 inches of soil with roiling cultivators. Soil temp at the 4 inch depth at the time of treatment was 78° F. The treatment rows were seeded with Campbell 28 tomatoes the same day (May 23) that insecticides were applied to the soil. Soil was classified as a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. When plants were 6-8 inches tall, 10 plants were selected at random in each plot and rated visually to the nearest 10% defoliation. Yield data were taken from a 10-ft section in the center of each plot. Yield data from 6 different harvest dates were combined and reported in tons/acre. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.
Control of Fruitworm and Whitefly on Tomato, 1980
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A. , Johnson Eric M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Better Boy’ tomatoes were transplanted on May 23, 1980, near Benson, NC. Individual plots consisted of 8-ft rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Row spacing was 36 in with 5-ft alleys and plants were spaced 12 in apart. Treflan (at 0.5 lb ai/acre) was incorporated preplant. To prevent blossom end rot, plots were mulched and CaCl2 was applied. Bravo 500 {at 0.75 lb/100 gal) was applied weekly beginning June 20 to prevent early blight. Treatments were applied, using a CO2 back-pack sprayer equipped with a hollow cone nozzle and delivering 100 gal/acre at 40 psi, on Jul 16, 23, 30, Aug 6, and 13 for a total of 5 applications. All ripe fruit was harvested on Aug 8, 11, 13, 15, and 20 and examined for H. zea damage. Whitefly ratings were made on Aug 13, 15, and 20. Data from all harvests and ratings were pooled for statistical analysis.
Apple, Aphid Control, 1981
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied on Jul 30 to 31-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, ME, as dilute sprays with a handgun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 200 psi and at a rate of 250 gal/A. There were 2 single-tree replica-tions/treatment in a randomized complete block design. Prior to treatment, 10 succulent terminal vegetative shoots (5 with high aphid counts and 5 with low counts) were tagged around the periphery of each tree at a height of 3 to 6 ft. Evaluation was based on a count of all live aphids found on the distal 4 unfurled and 1 furled leaves and on the stem included by these leaves on each tagged terminal shoot.
Soil Treatment with Systemic Insecticide for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1981
Authors: Sherrod D. W. , Francis J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Norchip’ seed pieces were planted in open furrows in State sandy loam soil (Typic Hapludult) on Mar 4 at our research station near Painter, VA. Each plot was 3 rows wide (36 inch rows) and 25 ft long with each treatment replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. For furrow application the granular insecticides were spread with a hand-held shaker over the seed pieces and the seed pieces covered. Sidedress treatments were made on May 8 by dribbling the granular insecticide in a 2 inch band on each side of the row ca 4 inches from the center of the row and lightly incorporating the granules with a garden hand rake. Foliar sprays were applied on May 29, Jun 8, 15, 22 and 29.
Soil Insecticide Treatments to Control European Corn Borer and Potato Tuberworm in Fall Potatoes, 1981
Authors: Sherrod D. W. , Francis J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Red Lasoda’ Irish potatoes were planted in open furrows in State sandy loam soil (typic Hapludult) on Jul 28. Each plot consisted of 3 rows (36 inch rows), 25 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Furrow applications were made at planting time by spreading the granular insecticide over the potato seed using a hand held shaker and then covering the seed. The sidedress application was made on Oct 5 by sprinkling the granules in a 2 inch band on each side of the row ca 4 inches from the center of the row and lightly incorporting the granules in the top 2-3 inches of soil with a garden hand rake. Evaluations were made by counting the number tuberworm mines/10 stems taken from 10 separate plants/plot and counting the number of vines with obvious European corn borer injury/10 hills.
Potato Tuberworm Control in Potatoes, 1981
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Hayashi J. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experimental potato planting (’Kennebec’ variety) was made on Mar 26 at Moreno Valley Field Station, Riverside, CA. Insecticide treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The replicates were 21 rows wide (32 inch centers) by 75 ft long with a 5 ft buffer between replicates. Insecticides were applied at 2 wk intervals from Jun 3 through Jul 15 (4 applications). Insecticides were applied by a tractor-mounted back boom sprayer with 1 nozzle per row at an operating pressure of 100 psi and delivery rate of 20 gal/acre. Nozzles were hollow cone, D3 orifice, 25 core and 50 mesh screen. All treatments included 0.04% spreader-sticker (Biofilm). Ten stems/replicate were inspected weekly from Jun 10 through Jul 7 for larvae and mines. The center 2 rows/replicate were harvested on Jul 22. Data were analyzed by DMRT at the 5% level of probability. An arcsin transformation was performed on mean percent infested white and light green tubers and mean percent total infested tubers before analysis.
Control of Lygus and Aphid on Radish Seed Crops with Temik, 1978
Authors: Halfhill J. E. , Lydrin L. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Cherry Bell’ radishes grown for seed in Warden silt loam (Zerollic Camborthids) soil near Quincy, Washington, were sldedressed at the time of bolting with Temik. The granules were injected 3 inches into the soil 5 inches from the plant row on May 22. The plots were rill irrigated within one week of the application. Each of the 4 replications in the randomized complete block design consisted of a plot 12 rows wide by 50 ft long. The rows were 22- and the plants 6-12 inches apart. Efficacy was determined by counting the numbers of aphids on 25-leaf samples/plot or in 10 sweeps/plot for both aphids and lygus at weekly intervals from Jun 1 through Aug 14. Phytotoxicity was determined by counting the number of plants in 8, 5-ft row sections at harvest on Aug 2. The germination of 100 seed subsamples from the same plants was determined by sprouting them on moist filter paper in a petri dish in a controlled environment.
Apple, Test of Insecticides, 1981
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 replicates of York Imperial. Treated single-trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. Experimental sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Approximately 8 gallons of spray were applied per replicate tree. Dates of application were as follows: May 21, Jun 5 and 19, Jul 6 and 20, Aug 4 and 8, Sep 2. During the season general sprays involving Cyprex, Polyram, captan, sulfur, zineb and calcium chloride were applied with an alrblast sprayer at 50 GPA to the whole experimental block. Average temperatures were: May 59.9°F, Jun 69.9°F, Jul 73.2°F, Aug 70.0°F and Sep 62.6°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 3.17, Jun 4.11, July 2.79, Aug 4.08 and Sep 3.02. Effectiveness on the apple aphid was evaluated by counting the number of aphid infested leaves/10 top terminals, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf/infested terminal. The effect of the sprays on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 leaves/tree.
Dipel Plus Coax for Insect Control on Tomato, 1981
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Walter’ tomatoes were planted Jun 3 in 5 styrofoam Speedling trays containing soil mix. Each tray contained 1.5 inches by 1.5 inches inverted pyramid holes (8 holes widthwise and 16 lengthwise) each of which had at least 3 plants. Three weeks after seeding the plants were sprayed to run-off with the following treatments: water only, Dipel only, or Dipel plus Coax at 3 concentrations (1 treatment/tray). Sprays were applied at 40 psi with a 2.5 gal stainless steel sprayer using a single adjustable cone nozzle. When the foliage dried, first fully expanded leaflets were excised and placed on water moistened filter paper on the bottoms of 2 inch diam plastic cups. Twenty-five containers with 2 leaflets each were prepared from each treatment.
Tomato Fruitworm Control, 1981
Authors: Story R. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
tomato seedlings were transplanted into 48 inch rows on Aug 25 at the Hill Farm, Baton Rouge, A. Single row plots 24 ft in length (12 plants/plot) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a hand-held CO2 pressurized sprayer delivering 100 gal/acre at 40 psi through a single spray nozzle containing a D-3 disc, Number 25 core, and 16 mesh strainer. Treatments were begun when ca 50% of the plants had set fruit. Applications were made on Sep 23, Oct 1, 9, and 21. Ripening fruit were picked and examined for injury on oct 21, 26, 30, Nov 3, 10, and 16.