bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N-acetylcysteine can be the key to tackling substance use disorders
Authors: Alves M. , Ferreira L. Paulino , Durães D. , Gamito A. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionN-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a precursor of cysteine and glutathione, widely known as an antidote to paracetamol overdose. Its role as precursor of an antioxidant and modulating agent of glutamatergic, dopaminergic, neurotropic and inflammatory pathways, raised interest in its application in psychiatric disorders. NAC emerges as a promising therapeutic agent in substance use disorders (SUD) and provides a treatment option in a field with limited and suboptimal therapies.ObjectivesTo describe the use of NAC in SUD (tobacco, cocaine, cannabis, methamphetamine and alcohol), its potential mechanisms and clinical application.MethodsThe literature was searched using the Pubmed database with the following keywords “N-acetylcysteine”, “Substance use disorders” and “Psychiatry”. Retrieved papers (2011-2018) were selected according to their relevance.ResultsSUD results in disruption of glutamate system, in nucleus accumbens, a critical brain area in the rewarding system. NAC reestablishes glutamate homeostasis restoring function of the cysteine-glutamate exchange in glial cells and reversing the downregulated GLT-1 receptor. Concerning its properties, evidence suggests that NAC is able to decrease drive, craving or compulsion to consume, making it particular useful in relapse prevention after achieving abstinence.ConclusionsNAC has revealed itself as a promising therapeutic agent in SUD and its safety profile and favourable tolerability, as well as being an over-the-counter medication, adds to its interest. Data is still preliminary for the use of NAC in psychiatry disorders, due to the relatively small number of trials and their heterogeneous methodology. Larger studies are needed to confirm efficacy, optimal doses, long-term tolerability and side effects.
Analysis of the content consumed by internet addicted adolescents of central siberia: Gender and age differences
Authors: Semenova N. , Tereshchenko S. , L L. Evert , Kostyuchenko Y. , Shubina M. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionTeenagers’ Internet addiction can be supported by a wide variety of Internet content.ObjectivesTo study the structure of the content consumed by Siberian adolescents with Internet addiction.Methods200 (69 boys and 131 girls) Internet addicted adolescents aged 11-18 years and living in the urban area of Central Siberia (Krasnoyarsk) were surveyed. Content consumption was studied using Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents and The Social Media Disorder Scale.Results19.0% of adolescents were addicted to Internet games, 22.5% of adolescents were addicted to social media. A combination of both types of addictions was found in 23.5% of adolescents. Other types of content addiction was found in 35% of adolescents. Boys prefer Internet games (62.3% of boys vs. 32.1% of girls), while girls prefer communication on social media (55.0% of girls vs. 29.0% of boys), p <0.001. Combined addiction is observed equally in both sexes (23.2% and 23.7% respectively). For older adolescents, there is observed a decrease in the interest to Internet games (from 48.4% at 11-14 y.o. to 37.6% at 15-18 y.o.) and to social media (from 49.5% to 43.1%). At the same time, interest to other types of content is growing (from 27.5% to 41.3%).ConclusionsBoys with internet addiction are more likely to be addicted to internet games, while girls are more likely to get engaged in social media. Older adolescents show a decrease in the interest both to Internet games and social media, while their interest to other types of content increases. The study was funded by RFBR project № 18-29-2203218.Conflict of interestThe study was funded by RFBR project № 18-29-2203218.
Leading patterns of internet-addicted behavior in adolescents in central siberia according to the results of the CIAS test
Authors: Semenova N. , Tereshchenko S. , L L. Evert , Kostyuchenko Y. , Shubina M. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionKnowing the leading patterns will help timely predict that addictive behavior is being formed.ObjectivesTo identify the leading patterns of addictive behavior in adolescents in Central Siberia according to the results of the CIAS test.Methods200 adolescents aged 11-18, 69 males and 131 females, with Internet addiction living in an urban area (Krasnoyarsk) were surveyed. The patterns of addictive behavior were assessed using the CIAS test, which includes scales of key symptoms: “Com” (compulsive symptoms), “Wit” (withdrawal symptoms), “Tol” (tolerance symptoms); and negative consequences scales: “IH” (intrapersonal and health problems), “TM” (problems with time management).ResultsThe mean results (M) of key symptoms were obtained at 14.56 on the “Com” scale, 15.27 on the “Wit” scale, 12.23 on the “Tol”. The mean indices of negative manifestations were obtained at 17.00 on the “IH” scale and 13.94 on the “TM” scale. When comparing the mean results of the scales of addicted behavior by the method of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), statistically significant differences between representatives of different sex and age groups were not revealed (p> 0.05).ConclusionsThe leading key symptoms of Internet-addicted behavior in Central Siberia adolescents include withdrawal symptoms: decreased mood, anxiety and irritation in the absence of access to the Internet. Symptoms of negative consequences include decreased social contacts, reduced communication with family members, and problems at school. When such symptoms emerge, one should suspect the formation of Internet addiction and carry out the necessary diagnostics for timely intervention. The study was funded by RFBR project № 18-29-22032\18.Conflict of interestThe study was funded by RFBR project № 18-29-22032\18.
Internet addiction and excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents
Authors: Semenova N. , Tereshchenko S. , L L. Evert , Zaytseva O. , Shubina M. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionInternet addiction (IA) is associated with personal peculiarities, psychosocial characteristics, and physiological factors. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is one of the most common sleep disorders in adolescents associated with social behavior patterns.ObjectivesTo evaluate the association of IA with EDS in Siberian adolescents.Methods4637 urban Siberian (Krasnoyarsk, Abakan) school-based adolescents (aged 12-18; boys/girl ratio 2215/2422) were tested with Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS). Internet users were categorized into three groups: adaptive Internet users (AIU) (scoring 27–42); maladaptive Internet users (MIU) (scoring 43–64); and pathological Internet users (PIU) (scoring ≥65). EDS was assessed by Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS); cutoffs for EDS were PDSS 95% percentiles for each age group: 12 y.o. – 20 points, 13 y.o. – 21 points, 14-16 y.o. – 22 points, 17-18 y.o. – 23 points. Quantitative data are shown as median (25-75% quartiles). Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used.ResultsEDS prevalence increase with IA severity: AIU group (n=2402) – 1.4%, MIU group (n=1905) – 3%, and PIU group (n=330) – 12.4% (pAIU-MIU=0.001; pAIU-PIU<0.001; pMIU-PIU<0.001). Positive association was detected between IA severity and PDSS score: AIU group – 10 (6-13), MIU group – 14 (10-17), and PIU group – 17 (13-21), p(K-W)<0.001).ConclusionsEDS is associated with IA in Siberian adolescents. The possible explanations of this relation may be: (1) the higher rate of night activity, (2) night sleep disturbances and (3) the presence of common pathogenic factors in IA and EDS, such as personality characteristics, depression, anxiety. The study was funded by RFBR project № 18-29-2203219.Conflict of interestThe reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project № 18-29-22032\19.
What is the genetic architecture of major psychiatric disorders?
Authors: Hennah W. , Gennarelli M. 
Published: February 2022

Taken as a whole, psychiatric disorders are considered as complex genetic disorders. There are clear genetic mutations and susceptibility factors to these disorders. However, these form the full spectrum of impact, frequency, and mutation type. With rare large scale chromosomal rearrangements and copy number mutations of high impact at one end, and common single nucleotide variations of minor impact at the other. This multitude of variation type also means that different epidemiological study designs are needed to test the genetic component of these disorders, from familial forms, to common population level studies. This process has been facilitated by advances in genomic analysis, that enable the measuring of genetic variation at a greater depth in a greater number of individuals and has led to a boom in genetic information. This has given us a greater understanding of the genetic aetiology of psychiatric disorders and how they are biologically related to each other. How this information can be translated to the clinics, can now be considered. Genetic testing in psychiatric disorders, is currently possible for certain disorders and mutation types, but is not universally advised. Much still remains to be understood about population level genetic risk factors before they could conceivably be utilised in the clinic. Whereas genetic testing of high impact mutations could be of use to the clinical programs, and are actively tested for in clinics across Europe.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Forensic data on adolescents who died by suicide in Greece
Authors: Paraschakis A. , Karageorgiou V. , Kourtesis I. , Boyokas I. , Michopoulos I. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionSuicide is the second most common cause of adolescent mortality worldwide.ObjectivesTo study the characteristics of a sample of adolescents (<18years of age) who died by suicide in Greece.MethodsWe investigated all suicides that took place within the area of the Piraeus Department of Forensic Medicine (population covered ~700,000) for the period 1992-2016, based on the victims’ forensic records.ResultsDuring the 25-year period, 16 adolescents (and 1162 adults) died by suicide. They were mostly males (11/68.75%) and of Greek Nationality (14/87.5%). The mean age was 15.56 years (range: 12-17, standard deviation: 1.46). Two (12.5%) were under psychiatric medication (an antipsychotic and an antidepressant, respectively); none was receiving a benzodiazepine or a mood-stabilizing antiepileptic. None had used amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine or heroin. Two (12.5%) -one girl one boy- had consumed alcohol. The suicides took place primarily at home (12/75%), followed by outdoors (3/18.75%); one (6.25%) took place in a correctional facility. Hanging was the most prevalent method (6/37.5), followed by jumping (5/31.25%), shooting by a firearm (2/12.5%), drowning (1/6.25%), medication overdose (1/6.25% -amitriptyline poisoning) and a case of suffocating death (1/6.25%). Most suicides happened in September (5/31.25%) and April (3/18.75%). No significant differences were noted with the adult sample.ConclusionsThe methods chosen by the adolescents who died by suicide in our sample differ strikingly from those of usual suicide attempts at that age (medication overdose/self-cutting). The periods when the suicides took place may imply a role for school stress. Our study was retrospective and focused primarily on a large urban area.
Patients with substance use disorder who have higher alexithymia levels present more suicidality history: Preliminary results in an outpatient addiction treatment center in Spain
Authors: Álvarez R. Palma , Daigre C. , Ros-Cucurull E. , Serrano-Pérez P. , Ortega-Hernandez G. , Perea-Ortueta M. , Vendrell-Serres J. , Gallego L. , Ramos-Quiroga J.A. , Grau-López L. , Roncero C. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionPatients with substance use disorders (SUD) have higher alexithymia levels and present frequently suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide (SA) [1,2]. Beside, alexithymia has been related to suicidal behaviors in several psychiatric disorders[3]. Although, there are some studies on alexithymia and suicidality in SUD patients, to our knowledge there are no studies on this issue in Spanish population.ObjectivesTo compare the alexithymia levels in SUD patients with and without SI and SA in an outpatient addiction treatment center in Spain.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study performed on 110 patients (74.3%males; mean age 43.6±14.5years old) for whom we had information from the Toronto Alexithymia Scale(TAS-20) and the presence or not of lifetime SI and SA.ResultsLifetime SI and SA were present in 55.5% and 35.5% of the sample respectively. The mean score of TAS-20, difficulties identifying feelings (DIF), difficulties describing feelings (DDT), and externally-oriented thinking(EOT) were 57.2±13.3, 20.0±7.0, 14.7±4.5, and 22.5±4.5 respectively.ConclusionsSI and SA may be related to alexithymia levels. Hence, alexithymia should be further analyzed in SUD patients in longitudinal studies in order to analyze the bilateral association with suicidal spectrum behaviors. REFERENCES Rodríguez-Cintas L, et al. Factors associated with lifetime suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in outpatients with substance use disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2018;262:440-5. Morie KP, et al. Alexithymia and Addiction: A Review and Preliminary Data Suggesting Neurobiological Links to Reward/Loss Processing. Curr Addict Rep. 2016;3(2):239-48. Hemming L, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between alexithymia and suicide ideation and behaviour. J Affect Disord. 2019;254:34-48.
The mediating role of impulsivity in the relationship between suicidal behaviour and early traumatic experiences in depressed subjects
Authors: Santo F. Dal , Carballo J.J. , Velasco Á. , Jiménez-Treviño L. , Rodríguez-Revuelta J. , Martínez-Cao C. , Caro-Cañizares I. Irene , De La Fuente-Tomás L. , Menéndez-Miranda I. , González-Blanco L. , García-Portilla M.P. , Bobes J. , Saiz P.A. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionDepressed patients with early traumatic experiences may represent a clinically distinct subtype with worse clinical outcome. Since early traumatic experiences alter the development of systems that regulate the stress response, certain personality features may influence coping strategies, putting individuals with depression and a history of early traumatic experiences at greater risk of suicidal behaviour.ObjectivesTo determine whether impulsivity mediates the relationship between early traumatic experiences and suicidal behaviour in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodsThe sample included 190 patients [mean age (SD)=53.71 (10.37); females: 66.3%], with current MDD. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), the List of Threatening Experiences (LTE), and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) were used to assess childhood and adulthood adverse life events and impulsivity. We developed mediation models by bootstrap sampling methods.Results81 (42.6%) patients had previous suicide attempts (SA). CTQ-SF-Total and BIS-11-Total scores were higher in MDD patients with previous SA. Correlation analyses revealed significant correlations between the CTQ-SF-Total and BIS-11-Total, CTQ-SF-Total and HDRS-Total, and BIS-11-Total and HDRS-Total scores. Regression models found that CTQ-SF-Total, BIS-11-Total, and HDRS-Total scores were associated with SA. Mediation analyses further revealed the association between CTQ-SF-Total and SA was mediated by the indirect effect of the BIS-11-Total score (b=0.007, 95% CI=0.001, 0.015), after controlling for sex, HDRS-Total, and LTE-Total.ConclusionsImpulsivity could mediate the influence of childhood trauma on suicidal behaviour. This will help understand the role of risk factors in suicidal behaviour and aid in the development of prevention interventions focused on modifiable mediators when risk factors are non-modifiable.
Suicidal behaviors in the elderly. About a case
Authors: Barea M. ValverDe , Solis M.O. , Castro C. Mata , Moreno F. Cartas 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionSuicide is a global health problem. The elderly is the range with the highest suicide rate and suicidal behaviors are more lethal, with greater planning and less possibility of rescue. In the elderly, Major Depressive Disorder is the diagnosis most frequently associated with suicidal behavior. 15% of the elderly with a depressive picture commit suicide. Loneliness, the main cause of suicides in the elderly population.ObjectivesThe objective of the clinical case presented is to address the risk factors for suicide in the elderly.Methods80-year-old patient, widower who makes a suicide attempt by ingesting glyphosate. Personal history: Acute myocardial infarction 1 month ago. Not mental illness. Family stressors: illness of his granddaughter, loss of his son’s job. Personal stressors: Loss of autonomy due to ischemic heart disease. The patient was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit with acute pulmonary edema secondary to the suicide attempt. Psychopathological exploration: Conscious, oriented and collaborative. Depressive mood in relation to the stressors presented. Makes partial criticism of the suicide attempt, recognizes its seriousness and planning.ResultsDiagnosis: Moderate depressive episode. SAD PERSONS scale: 9 High risk.ConclusionsThe risk factors for suicide in older people can be medical, psychiatric, psychological, family environment and social - environmental factors. There are hardly any specific action protocols that allow early intervention and suicide prevention in the elderly. As social health professionals, we must work on the elaboration and application of these, since consummated suicide represents a major public health problem throughout the world.
Italian validation of the interpersonal needs questionnaire (INQ-15-I) in a sample of university students
Authors: Magliocca S. , Dolenz F. , Silva A. , Madeddu F. , Calati R. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionThe Interpersonal Theory of Suicide posits that thwarted belongingness (TB) and perceived burdensomeness (PB) are proximal causes of current suicidal desire, while the acquired capability predicts suicide attempts (Joiner, 2005).ObjectivesThis study examined the psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ-15-I), as a measure of the two constructs, on a sample of 458 Italian university students.MethodsAfter examining the socio-demographic, clinical and psychosocial characteristics of the sample, we tested the differences in current suicidal ideation and lifetime suicide risk among students. We conducted a confirmatory factor analyses to identify the latent structure of the INQ-15-I and we tested the reliability, criterion concurrent validity and convergent/discriminant validity.ResultsThe socio-demographic, clinical and psychosocial features of the sample are in line with the literature on the topic. A two-factor related model with 15 item, showed a good fit to the data and subscales showed excellent internal consistencies (α ≥ 0.84). TB, but mostly PB, were mainly correlated with concurrent suicidal ideation and less with suicidal risk. Divergent validity has emerged with the constructs of the acquired capability. Convergent validity is supported for similar constructs such as depression, low reasons for living, anxiety, interoceptive awareness, psychological pain, loneliness, absence of social support and low self-esteem.ConclusionsINQ-15-I provides a valid measure of the interpersonal needs among Italian university students by indirectly investigating suicidal risk factors. It also suggest specific clinical intervention areas in suicide prevention. Thus it may be included in suicide risk assessment protocols in Italy.
Factors for suicide attempt recurrence among patients with borderline personality disorder
Authors: Brahim S. , Aoun M.H. , Charaa O. , Henia M. , Abid A. , Zarrouk L. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionThe prevalence of borderline personality disorder (BPD) is significant, ranging from 0.5% to 5.9% in the general population. This personality disorder is associated with high rates of suicide attempt and for suicide attempt recurrence.ObjectivesReview recent studies of predictors of suicide attempt and for suicide attempt recurrence in patients with borderline personality disorder.MethodsThis is a literature review via Medline and Sciences Direct. The database was searched using the combination of the keywords “borderline” with “suicide”, “borderline personality disorder” with “suicide”, “borderline personality disorder” with “suicide attempts” “borderline personality disorder” with “suicide recurrence”.ResultsRecently it has been shown that BPD has a greater correlation with suicidal behavior than that of characterized depressive disorders. Several studies have shown that suicidal behavior in patients with BPD was associated with the coexistence of antisocial personality disorder, depression, hostility, impulsivity, a high number of suicide attempts and a first suicide attempt at a young age. Recently it has been established that the predictors of suicidal recidivism are the high number of suicide attempts, the female sex and single life status.ConclusionsSpecial attention should be paid to predictive factors for suicide attempt and for suicide attempt recurrence in the clinical evaluation of patients with borderline personality disorder, especially in suicidal crisis.
Suicide in narcissism: Can shame-proneness make a difference?
Authors: Zobel S. Beomonte , Mirizio V. , Velotti P. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionCluster B personality disorders are characterized by a higher prevalence of suicidal ideation and behavior than others, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder is no different. Very intense feelings of shame, intolerable for the individual, are often found in patients with Narcissistic Personality Disorder and may have a role in suicidal behavior.ObjectivesTo offer preliminary empirical evidences concerning the relationship between narcissism, shame and suicide ideation.MethodsWe administered Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI), Test of Self Conscious Affects (TOSCA) and Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSI) to a sample of individuals with Suicide ideation (n= 65) and a sample of community participants (n=65).ResultsControlling for age and gender, in the merged sample we found that BSI scores correlated significantly with the vulnerable dimension of narcissism and with TOSCA Interpersonal Shame subscale. In the clinical sample, Interpersonal shame partially mediates the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and suicidal ideation.ConclusionsShame seems to play a key role in the relationship between the vulnerable facet of narcissism and suicidal ideation, although the profound mechanism by which it works remains to be understood. Future directions and clinical implications are discussed.