bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Trustworthy AutoGrading of Short, Multi-lingual, Multi-type Answers
Authors: Schneider Johannes , Richner Robin , Riser Micha 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAutograding short textual answers has become much more feasible due to the rise of NLP and the increased availability of question-answer pairs brought about by a shift to online education. Autograding performance is still inferior to human grading. The statistical and black-box nature of state-of-the-art machine learning models makes them untrustworthy, raising ethical concerns and limiting their practical utility. Furthermore, the evaluation of autograding is typically confined to small, monolingual datasets for a specific question type. This study uses a large dataset consisting of about 10 million question-answer pairs from multiple languages covering diverse fields such as math and language, and strong variation in question and answer syntax. We demonstrate the effectiveness of fine-tuning transformer models for autograding for such complex datasets. Our best hyperparameter-tuned model yields an accuracy of about 86.5%, comparable to the state-of-the-art models that are less general and more tuned to a specific type of question, subject, and language. More importantly, we address trust and ethical concerns. By involving humans in the autograding process, we show how to improve the accuracy of automatically graded answers, achieving accuracy equivalent to that of teaching assistants. We also show how teachers can effectively control the type of errors made by the system and how they can validate efficiently that the autograder’s performance on individual exams is close to the expected performance.
Analytical Study for Different Extremal State Solutions of an Irrigation Optimal Control Problem with Field Capacity Modes
Authors: Lemos-Paião Ana P. , Lopes Sofia O. , de Pinho M. d. R. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this paper we study the problem of daily irrigation of an agricultural crop using optimal control. The dynamics is a model based on field capacity modes, where the state, x, represents the water in the soil and the control variable, u, is the flow rate of water from irrigation. The variation of water in the soil depends on the field capacity of the soil, $$x_{FC}$$

x

FC

, weather conditions, losses due to deep percolation and irrigation. Our goal is to minimize the amount of water used for irrigation while keeping the crop in a good state of preservation. To enforce such requirement, the state constraint $$x(t) \ge x_{\min }$$

x

(
t
)

≥

x
min

is coupled with the dynamics, where $$x_{\min }$$

x
min

is the hydrological need of the crop. Consequently, the problem under study is a state constrained optimal control problem. Under some mild assumptions, we consider several basic profiles for the optimal trajectories. Appealing to the Maximum Principle (MP), we characterize analytically the solution and its multipliers for each case. We then illustrate the analytical results running some computational simulations, where the analytical information is used to partially validate the computed solutions. The need to study irrigation strategies is of foremost importance nowadays since 80% of the fresh water used on our planet is used in agriculture.
The influence of fracture pattern on the residual resistance of laminated glass at high strain-rates: an experimental investigation of the post-fracture bending moment capacity based on time-temperature mapping of interlayer yield stress
Authors: Angelides S. C. , Talbot J. P. , Overend M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLaminated glass panels are increasingly installed in glazed façades to enhance the blast protection of buildings. These ductile panels offer residual bending resistance following the fracture of the glass layers, due to the composite action of the attached glass fragments in compression and the interlayer in tension. Three-point bending tests performed previously on laminated glass specimens at low temperature, which aimed to simulate the effects of high strain-rate due to the time-temperature dependency of the interlayer, demonstrated an enhancement of the ultimate load capacity by two orders of magnitude compared to that at room temperature. These tests were performed on specimens with an idealised fracture pattern, by pre-fracturing cracks at a uniform spacing of 20 mm, aligned in both glass layers. Under blast loads, however, a random pattern of irregular fragment sizes occurs, with the cracks not always aligned in the two glass layers. Additionally, the plastic hinge location within each specimen coincided with the point of application of the load, which may have influenced the results. This paper addresses these concerns by reporting on further low-temperature tests that have considered four additional pre-fractured patterns in both three- and four-point bending. The results demonstrate that the bending moment capacity of the specimens is unaffected by the number and size of the glass fragments, and by the choice of the loading rig. An enhancement of the bending capacity is consistently observed for specimens with misaligned cracks that is almost twice that of specimens with aligned cracks. This suggests that the idealised pattern with aligned cracks, considered in previous work, results in a lower-bound estimate of the bending capacity for panels with random fracture patterns formed under blast loading.
Prämenstruelles Syndrom (PMS) und prämenstruelle dysphorische Störung (PMDS)
Authors: Nuriyeva Rahila , Bachmann Annette 
Published: March 2022

ZusammenfassungDas prämenstruelle Syndrom (PMS) ist ein häufiges Krankheitsbild, das bei 20–30 % der gebärfähigen Frauen auftritt. Es wird durch zyklusabhängige psychische und somatische Symptome definiert.Die prämenstruelle dysphorische Störung (PMDS) ist eine schwere Form des PMS mit vor allem psychischen Auffälligkeiten, die bei 2–8 % der gebärfähigen Frauen vorkommt. Die Ätiologie von PMS und PMDS bleibt unklar. Eine PMDS geht oft mit anderen psychischen Erkrankungen einher.Die Symptome treten in der zweiten Zyklushälfte auf und lassen mit Beginn der Periode nach. Zur Diagnosestellung hilft die Führung eines Zykluskalenders.Ein gesunder Lebensstil (Sport, ausgeglichene Ernährung etc.) stellt die Basis für alle Therapieoptionen dar. Zahlreiche Studien konnten die Effektivität der Behandlung mit Antidepressiva (aus der SSRI- oder SNRI-Gruppe) sowie Ovulationshemmern darlegen.Beide Medikamentengruppen werden in Deutschland im „off label use“ zur Behandlung von PMS/PMDS-Beschwerden angewendet. Für die Therapieempfehlung sind die Grunderkrankungen der Patientin zu berücksichtigen.
Social identities in climate action
Authors: Hornung Johanna 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWith the increasingly hazardous effects of climate change on nature and humanity, a key question in social science research is how to foster climate action, i.e., individual and collective behavior towards containment of negative consequences of climate change. Even political measures adopted by associations, political parties, governments, and governing coalitions, as well as by private stakeholders and companies, are decided upon by individual actors. Therefore, to understand and promote climate action, it is indispensable to shed light on the driving forces of individual behavior with a specific focus on what leads them to align their actions with the expected (positive) consequences on the environment. A key challenge is that individual behavior only limitedly follows a rational weighing of costs and benefits. Instead, deeply anchored beliefs, situational constellations, emotions, and the identification with social groups have been found to be significantly influential on individual action. This contribution presents a short review of the psychological roots of climate action and emphasizes the relevance of social identities. It thereby sets out a theoretical framework to explain climate action at the individual yet political level and provides empirical evidence for the role that social groups play in explaining and guiding climate action. The focus on social groups holds important implications for practitioners.
Categorizing and Ranking Graphs in Economics Research: The American Economic Review over the Last Century
Authors: Schwabish Jonathan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHow do economists use graphs, and do they use them well? Using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, I provide evidence to these questions by exploring more than 2600 graphs published in the first issue of the American Economic Review from 1911 to 2017. I find that economists use a lot of line charts – more than 80% of the total sample are line charts. I also find that the share of graphs that use data (as opposed to diagrams) fell over the first half of the century and then increased from about the early 1980s to today, correlated with perceived graph quality.
Healthcare-associated multispecies outbreaks of OXA-48–positive carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a Singapore tertiary-care hospital
Authors: Venkatachalam Indumathi , How Molly Kue Bien , Ko Karrie Kwan Ki , Abdul Rahman Nurdyana Binte , Conceicao Edwin Philip , Aung May Kyawt , Aung Myat Oo , Yang Yong , Tan Kwee Yuen , Sim Jean Xiang Ying , Lee Lai Chee , Ling Moi Lin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjective:To describe OXA-48–like carbapenem-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) outbreaks at Singapore General Hospital between 2018 and 2020 and to determine the risk associated with OXA-48 carriage in the 2020 outbreak.Design:Outbreak report and case–control study.Setting:Singapore General Hospital (SGH) is a tertiary-care academic medical center in Singapore with 1,750 beds.Methods:Active surveillance for CPE is conducted for selected high-risk patient cohorts through molecular testing on rectal swabs or stool samples. Patients with CPE are isolated or placed in cohorts under contact precautions. During outbreak investigations, rectal swabs are repeated for culture. For the 2020 outbreak, a retrospective case–control study was conducted in which controls were inpatients who tested negative for OXA-48 and were selected at a 1:3 case-to-control ratio.Results:Hospital wide, the median number of patients with healthcare-associated OXA-48 was 2 per month. In the 3-year period between 2018 and 2020, 3 OXA-48 outbreaks were investigated and managed, involving 4 patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae in 2018, 55 patients with K. pneumoniae or Escherichia coli in 2019, and 49 patients with multispecies Enterobacterales in 2020. During the 2020 outbreak, independent risk factors for OXA-48 carriage on multivariate analysis (49 patients and 147 controls) were diarrhea within the preceding 2 weeks (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.1–10.7; P = .039), contact with an OXA-48–carrying patient (OR, 8.7; 95% CI, 1.9–39.3; P = .005), and exposure to carbapenems (OR, 17.2; 95% CI, 2.2–136; P = .007) or penicillin (OR, 16.6; 95% CI, 3.8–71.0; P < .001).Conclusions:Multispecies OXA-48 outbreaks in our institution are likely related to a favorable ecological condition and selective pressure exerted by antimicrobial use. The integration of molecular surveillance epidemiology of the healthcare environment is important in understanding the risk of healthcare–associated infection to patients.
CEO labor market and R&D investment in high-technology firms: an empirical study on the disciplinary effect of CEO labor market
Authors: Seo Jeongil , Lee Gyeonghwan , Park Choelsoon 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPrevious corporate governance research has paid little attention to the role of chief executive officer (CEO) labor markets in controlling CEO behaviors because the CEO labor market has been considered inefficient. With the increasing mobility of top executives across firms, however, the potential of CEO labor markets to serve as an external disciplining force has been growing. In this study, we argue that CEOs will be more pressured to engage in desirable behaviors as the CEO labor market becomes more efficient. Using a longitudinal sample of S&P 1500 firms in high-technology industries in United States from 2011 to 2019, we found that CEOs tend to increase R&D investment as CEO labor market supply increases. We also found that the tendency is greater when external CEO succession is more frequent in the market. Our results demonstrate that CEO labor markets have the potential to function as an effective external governance mechanism.
Political Imagery and the Russia-Germany-America Triangle
Authors: Wood Steve 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe material dimension of Russian foreign and domestic policy is accompanied by one of images and performativity. The Putin regime has affective-emotional and instrumental motives. Its main target audience is the Russian public. Its principal adversary is the United States. The decisive external audience is the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), a pluralist entity that is also concerned with past and present images of itself. Politics in this critical international triangle is infused with theatrical, mediatized, and psychological elements, and the (re)construction of national and individual personae.
Skipping breakfast regimen induces an increase in body weight and a decrease in muscle weight with a shifted circadian rhythm in peripheral tissues of mice
Authors: Kiriyama Kohei , Yamamoto Mizuki , Kim Daeun , Sun Shumin , Yamamoto Hirotaka , Oda Hiroaki 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMeal timing is a key factor in synchronising the circadian clock in peripheral tissues. Circadian disorders are associated with the metabolic syndrome. Previously, we demonstrated that a skipping breakfast regimen (SBR) with a high-fat diet increased body weight gain in rats. In this study, we investigated whether SBR with a normal diet led to abnormal lipid metabolism and muscle metabolism in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed during zeitgeber time (ZT) 12–24 in the control group and ZT 16–24 in the SBR group for 2 weeks. SBR mice showed increased body weight gain and perirenal adipose tissue weight. The plantar muscle weight was decreased in the SBR group compared with that in the control group. Furthermore, SBR delayed the circadian oscillations in clock gene expression in peripheral tissues, such as the liver, adipose tissue and muscle, as well as the oscillations in the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in the liver and adipose tissue. These results suggest that skipping breakfast over a long period of time is associated with a risk of obesity, the metabolic syndrome and muscle loss, such as sarcopenia.
Evidence-Informed Update of Argentina’s Health Benefit Package: Application of a Rapid Review Methodology
Authors: Alcaraz Andrea , Alfie Verónica , Gonzalez Lucas , Virgilio Sacha , Garcia-Marti Sebastián , Augustovski Federico , Pichon-Riviere Andrés 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Argentina has a fragmented healthcare system with social security covering almost two thirds of the population. Its benefit package—called compulsory medical program (PMO; by its Spanish acronym Programa Médico Obligatorio)—has not been formally and widely updated since 2005. However, laws, clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), and a high-cost technology reimbursement fund complement it. Our objective was to comprehensively review such a PMO and propose an update considering the corresponding complementary sources.

Methods
We followed four steps: (i) identification of health technologies from the current PMO and complementary sources, (ii) prioritization, (iii) assessment through rapid health technology assessment (HTA), and (iv) appraisal and recommendations. We evaluated three value domains: quality of evidence, net benefit, and economics, which were summarized in a five-category recommendation traffic-light scale ranging from a strong recommendation in favor of inclusion to a strong recommendation for exclusion.

Results
Eight hundred fifty technologies were identified; 164 of those, considered as high priority, were assessed through rapid HTAs. Those technologies mentioned in laws and CPGs were mostly outpatient essential medicines, whereas those from the reimbursement system were mostly high-cost drugs; of these 101 technologies, 50 percent were recommended to be kept in the PMO. The other 63 (identified by the Superintendence of Health Services, technology producers, and patients) were mostly medical procedures and high-cost drugs; only 25 percent of those resulted in a favorable recommendation.

Conclusions
A methodology based on four clearly identified steps was used to carry out a comprehensive review of an outdated and fragmented benefit package. The use of rapid HTAs and a traffic-light recommendation framework facilitated the deliberative evidence-based update.
Exploring the meaning of unresolved loss and trauma in more than 1,000 Adult Attachment Interviews
Authors: Bakkum Lianne , Verhage Marije L. , Schuengel Carlo , Duschinsky Robbie , Cornelisz Ilja , van Klaveren Chris , van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Raby K. Lee , Roisman Glenn I. , Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J. , Oosterman Mirjam , Madigan Sheri , Fearon R. M. Pasco , Behrens Kazuko ,   The Collaboration on Attachment Transmission Synthesis
Published: March 2022

AbstractUnresolved states of mind regarding experiences of loss/abuse (U/d) are identified through lapses in the monitoring of reasoning, discourse, and behavior surrounding loss/abuse in response to the Adult Attachment Interview. Although the coding system for U/d has been widely used for decades, the individual indicators of unresolved loss/abuse have not been validated independently of the development sample. This study examined the psychometric validity of U/d, using individual participant data from 1,009 parent–child dyads across 13 studies. A latent class analysis showed that subsets of commonly occurring U/d indicators could differentiate interviewees with or without unresolved loss/abuse. Predictive models suggested a psychometric model of U/d consisting of a combination of these common indicators, with disbelief and psychologically confused statements regarding loss being especially important indicators of U/d. This model weakly predicted infant disorganized attachment. Multilevel regression analysis showed no significant association between ratings of unresolved other trauma and infant disorganized attachment, over and above ratings of unresolved loss/abuse. Altogether, these findings suggest that the coding system of U/d may have been overfitted to the initial development sample. Directions for further articulation and optimization of U/d are provided.
(Anti-)Colonialism, religion and science in Bengal from the perspective of global religious history
Authors: Strube Julian 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article focuses on debates about the relationship between religion, science and national identity that unfolded in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Bengal. Combining perspectives from religious studies and global history, it offers a specific approach to theoretical and methodological issues revolving around entanglement, agency and modernity. This will be operationalized, first, through an exploration of personal networks surrounding the Bengali Tantric pandit Shivachandra Bhattacharya Vidyarnava; his Bengali disciple, philosopher and nationalist educator, Pramathanath Mukhopadhyay and Shivachandra’s British disciple, the judge John Woodroffe. Second, an investigation of the connections between self-referentially ‘orthodox’ societies, so-called reformers, and the Theosophical Society will further illustrate the global exchanges that conditioned and shaped contemporary debates about religion, science and politics. This will complicate and shed new light on the contested relationship between modernity and tradition, or reformism and orthodoxy, opening new perspectives for further dialogue between religious studies and global history.
Martyrs, Fanatics, and Pious Militants: Religious Violence and the Secular State in 1930s Mexico
Authors: Kloppe-Santamaría Gema 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article examines the cultural and political repertoire that contributed to Catholics’ understanding of violence as a legitimate means to resist the secular state in 1930s Mexico. Following the end of the Cristero War (1926-29), the Church officially and overtly rejected the use of violence by Catholics as a means to defend religious freedom. However, many Catholic militants and organizations continued to support violence as a last but necessary recourse to resist the country's so-called tyrannical government and to build a Catholic nation that would recognize the kingship of Christ on earth. Informed by noncanonical understandings of martyrdom, sacrifice, and redemptive violence, as well as by an intransigent view of politics, these Catholics regarded violence as a moral response against the injustices and dangers posed by what they considered an oppressive and blasphemous state. The article is based on the examination of a series of violent events perpetrated by Catholic militants during the 1930s, as well as on the analysis of several newspapers, official documents, and Catholic publications. Contrary to government portrayals of Catholicism as a top-down, monolithic, and unchanging set of institutions and practices that promoted recalcitrant forms of religious militancy, Catholics were in fact deeply divided regarding the legitimacy of violence along theological, moral, and practical grounds.
Simulating Fully‐Integrated Hydrological Dynamics in Complex Alpine Headwaters: Potential and Challenges
Authors: Thornton J. M. , Therrien R. , Mariéthoz G. , Linde N. , Brunner P. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHighly simplified approaches continue to underpin hydrological climate change impact assessments across the Earth's mountainous regions. Fully‐integrated surface‐subsurface models may hold far greater potential to represent the distinctive regimes of steep, geologically‐complex headwater catchments. However, their utility has not yet been tested across a wide range of mountainous settings. Here, an integrated model of two adjacent calcareous Alpine headwaters that accounts for two‐dimensional surface flow, three‐dimensional (3D) variably‐saturated groundwater flow, and evapotranspiration is presented. An energy balance‐based representation of snow dynamics contributed to the model's high‐resolution forcing data, and a sophisticated 3D geological model helped to define and parameterize its subsurface structure. In the first known attempt to calibrate a catchment‐scale integrated model of a mountainous region automatically, numerous uncertain model parameters were estimated. The salient features of the hydrological regime could ultimately be satisfactorily reproduced – over an 11‐month evaluation period, the Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency of simulated streamflow at the main gauging station was 0.76. Spatio‐temporal visualization of the forcing data and simulated responses further confirmed the model's broad coherence. Presumably due to unresolved local subsurface heterogeneity, closely replicating the somewhat contrasting groundwater level signals observed near to one another proved more elusive. Finally, we assessed the impacts of various simplifications and assumptions that are commonly employed in physically‐based modeling – including the use of spatially uniform forcings, a vertically limited model domain, and global geological data products – on key simulated outputs, finding strongly affected model performance in many cases. Although certain outstanding challenges must be overcome if the uptake of integrated models in mountain regions around the world is to increase, our work demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of their application in such complex systems.