bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVI-2 Effect of Increasing the SID Tryptophan:Lysine Ratio and Dietary Energy Level on Growth Performance of Growing-Finishing Pigs
Authors: Yeich Brian P , Ellis Michael , Shull Caleb M , Mendoza Omarh 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing the SID Tryptophan:Lysine ratio in growing-finishing and dietary energy level in finishing on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs (43.6 ± 0.85 kg to 131.7 ± 2.09 kg BW). A RCBD was used with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: A) Dietary Energy Level: Low Energy (3,294 kcal/kg ME) vs. High Energy (3,527 kcal/kg ME) and B) SID Tryptophan:Lysine Ratio: Low Try:Lys [16%] vs. High Try:Lys [21%]. Dietary Energy Level treatment was applied from 96 kg BW to end of study and SID Tryptophan:Lysine Ratio treatment was applied throughout the study period. Diets were based on corn-soybean meal and corn coproducts and formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements (NRC, 2012) for each of 4 dietary phases. A total of 1,356 pigs were housed in single-sex groups of 34 pigs (10 replicates) at a floor space of 0.63 m2/pig. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water. Pen was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using R version 4.0.2, with the model accounting for the fixed effects of treatment, the interaction, and the random effect of replicate. There were no treatment interactions (P &gt; 0.05). High Try:Lys compared with Low Try:Lys increased (P &lt; 0.05) overall ADG but had no effect (P &gt; 0.05) on ADFI or G:F (Table 1). The High Energy treatment reduced (P &lt; 0.05) overall ADFI and increased (P &lt; 0.05) overall G:F compared with the Low Energy treatment. In summary, pigs fed the elevated SID Tryptophan:Lysine level had increased ADG and feeding a diet with a higher dietary energy level improved feed efficiency.
PSVIII-6 Animal Science’s Challenge and Opportunity
Authors: Ballerstedt Peter J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Knowledge of the global epidemic of metabolic syndrome provides animal scientists with an opportunity to improve their health and that of their communities; increase awareness and support of their disciplines and efforts; and support truly sustainable food systems and economic development. This presentation will expand these arguments. Professionals within the disciplines of animal science must push back against those who oppose animal agriculture, particularly by refuting the dietary messaging accusing animal source foods of being health hazards. Official dietary policy for almost half a century has been explicitly anti-animal products, despite a growing body of scientific evidence refuting these recommendations. Animal science undergraduates receive more training in nutrition than medical students. Animal nutrition is a functional scientific discipline. Swine nutritionists have a more advanced understanding of amino acid nutrition in monogastrics than many human nutritionists. Human nutrition has necessarily relied on observational studies, which are widely recognized as being of low scientific quality. Serious conflicts of interests exist within the field of human nutrition. The leadership of the human nutrition community has failed to: acknowledge the weak scientific basis of their dietary guidance; incorporate the highest-quality scientific evidence available into their guidance and policies; and address a global epidemic – metabolic syndrome (hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance). According to the CDC, more than 34% of adults in the Midwestern US region are obese (Body Mass Index ³ 30). Odds are that a significant proportion of our fellow Midwest Section members are afflicted with metabolic syndrome, most of them unaware of their condition and its risks. Likewise in the communities we serve. We have an opportunity, and in light of the failures of human nutrition, a responsibility to: stop accepting their pronouncements; stop citing them in our research; and challenge their legitimacy wherever possible.
PSI-11 Testing a Computer Vision System for Automatically Detecting Piglet Interbirth Interval
Authors: Kittle Olivia J , Leonard Suzanne M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An apparent opportunity for improvement in the swine industry is preweaning piglet mortality. Preweaning piglet mortality results in economic loss, decreasing productivity per sow, and food waste. One aspect of preweaning mortality, stillborn piglets, can be reduced with timely caretaker interventions to reduce interbirth interval. However, a single caretaker is often in charge of managing many farrowing events concurrently. To address this labor need, piglet interbirth interval could be monitored using thermal cameras. In the present study the performance of a custom image capturing and processing system was evaluated for its ability to identify piglet births. Thermal images of 4 sows in farrowing stalls were collected once every 2 seconds to compare the image processing algorithm’s ability to identify piglet interbirth interval with human observations. There were 66 piglets born in total. Piglets born less than 2 minutes apart were classified as one birthing event, resulting in 49 birthing events total. When the algorithm detected piglet birthing events, they were considered correct if they were within 2 minutes of the human timestamp. The algorithm correctly identified 27 out of 49 birthing events. The algorithm resulted in 22 false negatives and 27 false positives. Results show that 55% of birthing events were accurately detected. With further refinement, the algorithm has the potential to increase accuracy of piglet birthing event identification. The present study demonstrates that computer vision systems can be implemented to monitor piglet birthing events in real-time, allowing caretakers to target their efforts on the most at-risk animals in the farrowing room. This continuous monitoring system has the potential to change the view of farrowing in the swine industry.
PSI-2 Effect of Gruel Feeding and Oral Dextrose on the Survivability of Pigs After Weaning
Authors: Boschert Andrew W , Wensley Madie R , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Stephenson Ethan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted using 3,087 (Exp. 1) and 988 (Exp. 2) pigs to determine the effect of gruel feeding (Exp. 1) and oral glucose (Exp. 2) on pig survivability after weaning. Upon arrival to the nursery, the smallest 10% of pigs were selected and randomly placed in designated pens with 61 to 108 pigs/pen. Pens of small pigs were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatment consisted of gruel feeding 2 or 4 times/day for 14-d post-placement. At each gruel feeding, approximately 1.13 kg of solid feed was added to a round Rotecna bowl (Rotecna S.A., Agramunt, Spain) located at the front of the pen. Water was added at a decreasing rate over time. From d 0 to 5, 6 to 10, and 11 to 14 the ratio of water to feed was 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3, respectively. In Exp. 2, every other pig removed from general population or pens of small pigs for welfare considerations received a single 10 mL oral dose of a 50% dextrose solution and were placed in sick/fallback pens. All removed pigs were tagged and blood glucose measured prior to and 30 min after entering sick/fallback pens. Overall, gruel feeding small pigs 2 or 4 times/day for 14-d post-placement did not influence (P &gt; 0.10) mortality from weaning to the end of gruel feeding (3.78 vs 4.25%, respectively). Likewise, dextrose administration did not influence (P &gt; 0.10) pig mortality after removal to approximately d 38 after weaning (21.4 vs 23.4% respectively), even though blood glucose increased (P &lt; 0.001) in those administered dextrose (11.4 vs 19.1 mg/dL). In summary, gruel feeding 4 times/d or providing sick/fallback pigs glucose supplementation does not improve survivability of pigs after weaning. More research is needed using alternative protocols to understand the value of gruel feeding on pig survival post-weaning.
Flares in gamma-ray burst X-ray afterglows as prompt emission from slightly misaligned structured jets
Authors: Duque Raphaël , Beniamini Paz , Daigne Frédéric , Mochkovitch Robert 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
We develop a model to explain the flaring activity in gamma-ray burst X-ray afterglows within the framework of slightly misaligned observers to structured jets. We suggest that flares could be the manifestation of prompt dissipation within the core of the jet, appearing to a misaligned observer in the X-ray band because of less favourable Doppler boosting. These flares appear during the afterglow phase because of core–observer light travel delays. In this picture, the prompt emission recorded by this observer comes from material along their line of sight, in the lateral structure of the jet, outside the jet’s core. We start by laying down the basic analytical framework to determine the flares characteristics as a function of those of the gamma-ray pulse an aligned observer would see. We show that there is viable parameter space to explain flares with typical observing times and luminosities. We then analytically explore this model, showing that it naturally produces flares with small aspect ratios, as observed. We perform fits of our model to two Swift/XRT flares representing two different types of morphology, to show that our model can capture both. The ejection time of the core jet material responsible of the flare is a critical parameter. While it always remains small compared to the observed time of the flare, confirming that our model does not require very late central engine activity, late ejection times are strongly favoured, sometimes larger than the observed duration of the parent gamma-ray burst’s prompt emission as measured by T90.
Effects of sucrose and lactose as partial replacement to corn in lactating dairy cow diets: a review
Authors: Ravelo A D , Vyas D , Ferraretto L F , Faciola A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Carbohydrates are one of the three macronutrients that provides energy in diets and are classified by their structures. Starch is a nonstructural carbohydrate and polysaccharide made of glucose monomers used for storage in plant cells. When starch makes up greater than 30% of the DM in diets there can be adverse effects on NDF digestibility due to decreases in ruminal pH. Sugars are water soluble carbohydrates that consist of monosaccharide and disaccharide units. Sugars ferment faster than starch because microorganisms in the rumen can ferment carbohydrates at different rates depending on their structure; however, this has not been shown to have negative effects on the ruminal pH. Sources of sugars such as molasses (sucrose) or whey (lactose) can be included in the diet as a partial replacement for starch in dairy cow diets. The purpose of replacing starch with sugars in a diet would be to add differing sources of carbohydrates in the diet to allow for continual fermentation of carbohydrates by the microorganisms in the rumen. It has been seen in studies and previous literature that the partial replacement of starch with sugars has the potential to maintain the ruminal environment and milk yield and composition in dairy cows without reducing NDF digestibility. The objective of this review is to evaluate the effects of partially replacing starch with sugars in dairy diets and its implication on ruminal fermentation, nutrient utilization, milk production, and feeding replacement strategy.
Early Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Addition to Early Mobilization Improves Functional Status and Decreases Hospitalization Days of Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Campos Débora R. , Bueno Thatiana B. C. , Anjos Jackeline S. G. G. , Zoppi Daniel , Dantas Bruno G. , Gosselink Rik , Guirro Rinaldo R. J. , Borges Marcos C. 
Published: April 2022

Objectives:
To evaluate the impact of the additional use of early neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on an early mobilization (EM) protocol.

Design:
Randomized controlled trial.

Setting:
ICU of the Clinical Hospital of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Patients:
One hundred and thirty-nine consecutive mechanically ventilated patients were included in the first 48 hours of ICU admission.

Interventions:
The patients were divided into two groups: EM and EM+NMES. Both groups received EM daily. In the EM+NMES group, patients additionally received NMES 5 days a week, for 60 minutes, starting in the first 48 hours of ICU admission until ICU discharge.

Measurements and Main Results:
Functional status, muscle strength, ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS), frequency of delirium, days on mechanical ventilation, mortality, and quality of life were assessed. Patients in the EM+NMES group presented a significant higher score of functional status measured by the Functional Status Score for the ICU scale when compared with the EM group in the first day awake: 22 (15–26) versus 12 (8–22) (p = 0.019); at ICU discharge: 28 (21–33) versus 18 (11–26) (p = 0.004); and hospital discharge: 33 (27–35) versus 25 (17–33) (p = 0.014), respectively. They also had better functional status measured by the Physical Function Test in the ICU scale, took less days to stand up during the ICU stay, and had a significant shorter hospital LOS, lower frequency of ICU-acquired weakness, and better global muscle strength.

Conclusions:
The additional application of early NMES promoted better functional status outcomes on the first day awake and at ICU and hospital discharge. The patients in the EM+NMES group also took fewer days to stand up and had shorter hospital LOS, lower frequency of ICU-acquired weakness, and better muscle strength. Future studies are still necessary to clarify the effects of therapies associated with EM, especially to assess long-term outcomes.
Nurse practitioner experiences providing nutrition counseling to adult patients in primary care
Authors: Eaton Maggie , Duffy Lisa , Pozzar Rachel , Board Rhonda 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
Poor nutrition is one of the leading risk factors for preventable chronic diseases in the United States. Nutrition counseling has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in the adult primary care setting. Nurse practitioners (NPs) can help fill the critical need for nutrition counseling, yet little is known about their role providing nutrition counseling.

Purpose:
To describe the primary care NP's experience in providing nutrition counseling to adult patients in primary care practice.

Methods:
Qualitative descriptive study design. Data were collected through virtual semi-structured interviews with 18 board-certified primary care NPs. Interviews were audio-recorded, de-identified, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed. Data collection and analysis took place concurrently and continued until data saturation was achieved.

Results:
Five themes emerged from NPs' descriptions of their experiences in providing nutrition counseling to adult patients in primary care practice: (1) role of nutrition counseling in NP primary care practice; (2) developing NP self-efficacy in nutrition counseling; (3) nutrition counseling is more than the provision of information; (4) emotional aspect of nutrition; and (5) barriers to behavior change.

Conclusions:
Findings suggest that although NPs understand the importance of nutrition counseling in primary care practice and provide it in some capacity, its continuance is limited by multiple barriers. Future research should evaluate ways to enhance NPs' preparedness to provide nutrition counseling, assess specific resources and tools to aid in nutrition counseling, and determine best practices for communication when delivering nutrition counseling.

Implications for practice:
Future interventions have the potential to positively affect patients' dietary practices and improve clinical outcomes.
Interoceptive Awareness and Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Wollast Robin , Fossion Pierre , Kotsou Ilios , Rebrassé Audrey , Leys Christophe 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is related to difficulties in emotion regulation, including a deficit in interoceptive awareness. The lack of interoceptive awareness is considered a vulnerability involved in the development and maintenance of anorexic symptoms. Surprisingly, no study has been conducted that focuses on these associations in an emotional context. This study measures the interoceptive awareness—using heartbeat self-counting and a sphygmomanometer—of 25 subjects suffering from AN and 25 control subjects, first at rest and then in an emotional situation. The results show that a deficit in interoceptive awareness was observed for the subjects suffering from AN at rest as well as when an emotional context was induced. This study encourages future investigations to focus on the impact of interoceptive deficit in AN to develop as efficient a care regimen as possible for these subjects.
The Effect of the Addition of Electrolyte Solutions on the Ferning Patterns of Tears Collected from Normal Eye Subjects
Authors: Alanazi Mana A. , El-Hiti Gamal A. , Alshehri Jaber A. , Alhadyan Ahmed S. , Fagehi Raied , Masmali Ali M. , Almubrad Turki 
Published: April 2022

SIGNIFICANCE
The current study is the first report to describe the improvement of ferning patterns of human tears using electrolyte solutions. The results can help in the production of new artificial tears to improve the quality of tears.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to investigate the effect of the addition of different volumes of various electrolyte solutions on ferning patterns of human tears.

METHODS
Tear samples (20 μL) were collected from the right eye of 13 subjects (5 men and 5 women) aged 19 to 36 years (27.1 ± 5.1 years) with normal eyes. Then, 1 μL of each tear sample was dried on a microscopic glass slide, and obtained ferns were observed using light microscopy and graded using the 5-point tear ferning (TF) grading scale. Homogenous mixtures of each tear sample (0.5 μL) and different volumes (0.5 to 5 μL) of each electrolyte were prepared. A sample (1 μL) of each mixture was dried, and the ferns obtained were graded and compared with those of the corresponding tears collected from subjects before the addition of electrolyte solutions.

RESULTS
After the addition of electrolyte solutions, the TF grades of tears collected from healthy humans were generally improved. Significant (Wilcoxon test) improvements have been seen in the TF grades of the tear samples after the addition of a solution of potassium chloride (P = .03), calcium chloride (P = .01), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (P = .002), and sodium dihydrogen phosphate (P = .002). No significant improvements in the TF grades were seen after the addition of sodium chloride solution (P = .33).

CONCLUSIONS
Ferning grades of human tears improved with most of the electrolytes used.
Case Report: Novel Patient Training Technique for the Application and Removal of Scleral Lenses
Authors: Kwok Alan , Derby Stephanie , Zeldin Dina , Brocks Daniel C. 
Published: April 2022

SIGNIFICANCE
This report shares a technique that can be used to assist training patients to properly and safely apply and remove prosthetic replacement of the ocular surface ecosystem devices (PD) or scleral lenses to reduce patient training nervousness, limit adverse events from training, and limit training failures.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to introduce a novel scleral lens application and removal training method.

CASE REPORT
A 28-year-old woman with limbal stem cell deficiency secondary to contact lens overwear in the left eye greater than the right eye presented for prosthetic replacement of the ocular surface ecosystem treatment. Her ocular history included herpes simplex keratitis, fungal keratitis, and acanthamoeba keratitis in the left eye, which ultimately resulted in corneal perforation requiring repair with cyanoacrylate adhesive. The patient was initially fitted with a PD in 2015 in the left eye but had difficulty with application of the device on the eye, which resulted in discontinuation of use. She returned to the clinic in 2021 for a reevaluation and PD refitting. To address her past difficulties surrounding application and removal of the device, a novel piggyback technique (applying a second scleral lens on top of the primary customized scleral lens that is already on the eye) was used to successfully train the patient.

CONCLUSIONS
A novel piggyback training technique can be used to overcome obstacles during the scleral lens application and removal training process.
Understanding Bilateral Skull Fractures in Infancy
Authors: O'Hara Mandy A. , Valvano Thomas J. , Kashyap Marisha , Daly Jennie C. , Bachim Angela N. , Care Marguerite M. , Egge Melissa K. , Kondis Jamie S. , Lenane Ann M. , Maddocks Alexis B.R. , Metz James B. , Nielsen Anne K. , Reeder Kristen N. , Ruda Michelle T. , Segal Rachel , Sugarman Jacqueline M. , Weeks Kerri , Oral Resmiye 
Published: April 2022

Background
Bilateral skull fractures in infancy often raise suspicion for abuse. Nevertheless, literature suggests that they may occur accidentally. However, empiric data are lacking.

Objective
This multicenter retrospective review aimed to characterize bilateral skull fractures in a large sample.

Participants and Setting
Medical records for infants younger than 24 months with bilateral skull fractures involving hospital consultation with a child abuse pediatrician (CAP) were reviewed from 2005 to 2020 at 13 nationally represented institutions.

Methods
Standardized data collection across institutions included historical features, fracture characteristics, and additional injuries, as well as the CAP's determination of accident versus abuse. Pooled data were analyzed for descriptive and bivariate analyses.

Results
For 235 cases, 141 were accidental, and 94 abuse. The majority occurred in young infants, and a history of a fall was common in 70% of cases. More than 80% involved both parietal bones. Bilateral simple linear fractures were more common in accidental cases, 79% versus 35%, whereas a complex fracture was more frequent in abuse cases, 55% versus 21% (P < 0.001). Almost two thirds of accidental cases showed approximation of the fractures at the sagittal suture, compared with one third of abuse cases (P < 0.001). Whereas focal intracranial hemorrhage was seen in 43% of all cases, diffuse intracranial hemorrhage was seen more in abuse cases (45%) than accidents (11%). Skin trauma was more common in abusive than accidental injury (67% vs 17%, P < 0.001), as were additional fractures on skeletal survey (49% vs 3%, P < 0.001).

Conclusions
A fall history was common in bilateral skull fractures deemed accidental by a CAP. Most accidental cases involved young infants with biparietal simple linear fractures, without skin trauma or additional fractures. A skeletal survey may aid in the determination of accidental or abusive injury for unwitnessed events resulting in bilateral skull fractures in infants.