bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data Visualization
Authors: Yang Fan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Data visualization is a type of communication method that utilizes various visual displays to present numeric information, usually complicated big data sets, to audiences for better comprehension. With the accelerated achievement of computer software and technology, contemporary data visualization can be delivered to audiences in a variety of formats, including one of the most popular displays – interactive data visualization. It is not only practitioners who have been widely adopting data visualization for better communication in diverse contexts, such as health disease prevention and environmental protection, but communication scholars also have started to explore the mechanism of data visualization for comprehension and/or persuasion. This entry reviews the communication research related to data visualization and health, as well as the prospective study of this field.
Linguistic Agency Assignment
Authors: McGlone Matthew S. , Glowacki Elizabeth M. , Wang Yiwei 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In linguistics, “agency assignment” refers to the verbal ascription of action in words to one or more entities in the discourse context. Agency assignment is a fundamental feature of language that can be manipulated to augment the persuasive impact of health messaging. It also serves as a linguistic marker of affective experience in people's spontaneous descriptions of health and illness.
Normative Aspects of Persuasion
Authors: Hansen Solveig L. , Schicktanz Silke 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Persuasion is an intentional act of communication through which a speaker aims at changing a recipient's attitude, belief, or behavior. Different approaches have influenced the understanding of persuasion as well as its normative assessment. Whereas the psychological tradition understands persuasion as effective influencing, ethics and the political‐democratic tradition conceptualize it as deliberative argumentation. Analyzing persuasion from a normative perspective entails interrelated dimensions: the intention of the persuader, the autonomy of the persuadee, the moral implications of communicative means, and the effects and effectiveness of persuasive health interventions. Part of the normative analysis of persuasion is its distinction from other communication techniques, such as coercion, manipulation, and nudging. In four instances, persuasion is considered ethically problematic: (i) when it blurs information in such a way that autonomous decision making is no longer possible; (ii) when it excludes affected persons or vulnerable groups or when it addresses them inappropriately and leads to discrimination; (iii) when harms outweigh benefits; (iv) if aims are not deliberately determined and the respective means make individuals responsible for social issues. Where no social consensus regarding the goals can be assumed, it appears problematic to work with persuasion since this technique tends to obscure moral dissent.
Cancer: Prevention
Authors: Banerjee Smita C. , Cameron Kenzie A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This entry describes communication approaches in cancer prevention, beginning with a delineation of behaviors that constitute primary (focus on stopping a cancerous process from developing), secondary (identify and control precancerous or cancerous processes occurring in the body and may include effective treatment as well), and tertiary (focus on those who already have a cancer diagnosis, and may include additional screening and early detection for secondary malignancies, or may focus on survivorship issues to improve one's quality of life). The ecological model of health behavior is described as the foundational approach for understanding cancer prevention behaviors across the five levels of the model, comprising individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy levels, and illustrative examples are provided. Intervention approaches for communication‐focused cancer prevention are presented next and include both narrative and non‐narrative approaches. Recommendations for future research are provided at the end.
eHealth Literacy
Authors: Parker Naomi D. , Paige Samantha R. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The concept and measurement of eHealth literacy have evolved over the past decades alongside technological advancements. In general, eHealth literacy refers to an individual's capacity to locate, evaluate, exchange, and use information from health communication technologies to benefit themselves and others. eHealth resources have the potential to enhance global healthcare systems and alleviate equity gaps in access and delivery, and scientific consensus remains that an array of health outcomes are related to eHealth literacy. Patient–clinician relationships, informed health decision making, healthcare engagement, and health behaviors are known to be positively influenced by eHealth literacy. Individuals lacking adequate eHealth literacy, however, cannot realize these benefits. eHealth literacy remains an important consideration for healthcare systems in designing, implementing, and disseminating ICTs. This entry describes the dynamic concept of eHealth literacy, its evolving definition, measurements, and practical applications.
Health Campaigns: Underserved/Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Bigman Cabral A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Health campaigns have the potential to promote health equity by reducing health disparities. However, closing health gaps requires that health researchers and practitioners be attuned to how strategies in health campaigns affect disadvantaged populations, including vulnerable, underserved, and marginalized groups. In this review of different kinds of health intervention approaches and their relevance for health campaigns, a communication inequalities lens is applied to structure discussion and highlight ways that health campaigns can have disparate impact for disadvantaged populations. In addressing aspects of the communication inequalities framework, concepts such as digital inequalities, knowledge gaps, belief gaps, conversation gaps, power gaps, and the potential for algorithmically induced inequalities are introduced before concluding with a brief discussion of future research directions.
Violence: Gender
Authors: Hernández Leandra H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In recent years, organizations such as the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control have deemed gender violence more broadly and violence against women more specifically a global public health epidemic and an urgent public health priority. One in three women worldwide has experienced violence (mental, physical, and sexual) inflicted by an intimate partner or non‐partner. In 2020, when COVID‐19, remote work, social distancing measures, and quarantine occurred, gender‐based violence rates skyrocketed, with scholars noting that COVID‐19 spurred a “shadow pandemic” resulting in increased rates of domestic violence, intimate partner violence, psychological distress, and separation from social support networks. Reports from the United Nations stress that the COVID‐19 pandemic intensified violence against women, especially given national and international urges to address and mitigate the pandemic, not necessarily the gender violence located within the pandemic. This entry first defines gender violence, then discusses critical health communication approaches to gender violence and the role of contemporary events in shaping research approaches to gender violence.
Health Campaigns: Cultural Tailoring
Authors: Storey Douglas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Cultural tailoring involves the use of sociobehavioral theories and systematic research to develop communication and messaging strategies that are most likely to achieve desired health outcomes among groups of people with shared characteristics and cultural identity. Group characteristics that can inform tailoring strategies include a wide range of demographic and psychographic factors such as beliefs, attitudes, values, norms, lifestyles, behavioral patterns, decision‐making styles and stages, racial or ethnic identification, religiosity, linguistic styles, fashion and musical preferences, and physical appearance, to name just a few. Effective tailoring requires rigorous and culturally sensitive formative research, both qualitative and quantitative, to understand factors that are relevant to members of an intended audience and predictive of the desired health outcomes. Participatory research approaches and co‐design with members of the audience increase the likelihood of success. While common social and behavioral science constructs like beliefs and norms are important to consider, it is the ability to specify which beliefs or norms are unique to an intended audience that makes tailoring effective. Research has documented successful tailoring across a wide range of health issues, including reduction in communicable and noncommunicable disease, prevention and mitigation of chronic illness, service utilization, and community and social support for healthy practices, as well as among many diverse types of ethno‐cultural audiences, nationalities, ages, and gender. Meta‐analyses indicate that tailored communication interventions generally produce effect sizes in the small to intermediate range but do provide added value and can increase the effectiveness of messaging and the magnitude of outcomes.
Transgender
Authors: Dasgupta Satarupa 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The transgender community across the globe faces significant health disparities, has limited access to healthcare, and suffers from poorer quality of care. Deep‐seated stigma, discrimination, socioeconomic inequalities, and institutional inequities act as barriers in healthcare seeking. This entry focuses on delineating transgender health disparities in the developing nations especially in the Global South. Cultural contextualization of support services, sensitization of clinicians, and reform of medical education – to address and include transgender‐specific disparities – are significantly lacking in the Global South and across the globe. Research shows that the existing health disparities need to be addressed by empowering patients, increasing trust, and enhancing cultural competence.
Marriage and Family Therapy
Authors: King Mary E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Marriage and family therapy (MFT) emerged in the 1940s and is focused on improving individuals' emotional well‐being and the state of the relationship. In MFT communication is a primary focus as interpersonal issues relating to individuals in relationships, families, and groups are meant to be resolved. The goal of a marriage and family therapist is to assess, diagnose, and treat mental illness and psychological distress within the context of marriage and family systems. As couples gain awareness of the process they use to communicate with each other, they gain a better understanding of their own unique interactive patterns, which opens up possibilities for them to change their unproductive communication patterns and ultimately improve their relationship.
Multimorbidities
Authors: Jansen Jesse , Giguere Anik , Pel‐Littel Ruth E. , van der Weijden Trudy 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Multimorbidity is commonly defined as the presence of two or more chronic diseases in the same individual. Patients with multimorbidity are faced with many decisions about their health. This can be supported through shared decision making (SDM). SDM is the process of explaining to patients that a decision is to be made, describing the available options, each with potential benefits and harms, eliciting patient preferences, and collaboratively deciding on the best course of action. SDM is especially important in patients with multimorbidity because it can help ensure that health interventions address what matters most in the patient's life and personal circumstances. At the same time, multimorbidity complicates SDM. For example, a decision around treatment options for early‐stage breast cancer is more challenging if a patient has diabetes, let alone if the patient also suffers from depression. In this entry, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of SDM in patients with multimorbidity.
COVID‐19
Authors: Ma Zexin , Nan Xiaoli , van Weert Julia C. M. , Ou Mengxue , Ho Shirley S. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCOVID‐19 is a highly contagious disease first identified in December 2019 and has caused a pandemic of respiratory illness. During a global public health crisis like this one, health communication serves an instrumental role in controlling the spread of the virus. This entry provides a brief overview of the public health communication practices in the midst of the pandemic. Specifically, we focus on public health messaging in relation to the nature of the disease and mitigation measures in North America, Asia, and Europe. We identify several communication challenges during the pandemic and offer recommendations for future communication.
Cochrane Reviews
Authors: Spijker René , Hooft Lotty 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Cochrane reviews are high‐quality systematic reviews of research in healthcare and health policy. A systematic review attempts to identify, appraise, and synthesize all the empirical evidence that meets pre‐specified eligibility criteria to answer a given research question. Researchers conducting systematic reviews use explicit methods aimed at minimizing bias, in order to produce more reliable findings that can be used to inform decision making. The Cochrane Collaboration has been instrumental in the development and promotion of systematic review methodology and has produced over 7,000 reviews. In this entry the background of the Cochrane Collaboration, the key steps of a Cochrane review, and how Cochrane and Cochrane reviews came to have a role in health communication are discussed.
Adolescent/Young Adult
Authors: Hall Robert D. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of the unique, life‐stage experiences that adolescents, emerging adults (EAs), and young adults (YAs) face. Additionally, this entry describes how adolescents, EAs, and YAs manage and navigate changes regarding their communication and relationships regarding their health and well‐being through these life‐stage transitions. For future directions, researchers interested in studying adolescents, EAs, and YAs should consider these populations in terms of being “digital natives.” In this way, health communication researchers have an opportunity to inquire specifically about adolescent, EA, and YA management of identity and social support in online contexts.
Genetic Communication
Authors: Scherr Courtney L. , Campbell‐Salome Gemme , McQuaid Shelly W. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Genomics is the study of a person's genes including interactions across genes and a person's lifestyle and environment. In the context of lifespan, genetic testing can be used in family planning, for example, in carrier screening, prior to embryo implantation, and to identify rare but serious conditions in a fetus or during childhood. In adulthood, genetic testing can identify individuals with diseases (e.g., Huntington's, Alzheimer's) and those at risk for diseases, which can be caught early through proactive screening behaviors, or avoided through preventive medications and procedures (e.g., cancers, cardiovascular diseases). Postmortem, genetic testing can be used to make sense of and identify a family member's cause of death to determine if other family members may be at risk (e.g., sudden cardiac death). Before undergoing genetic testing, effective communication between patients and clinicians can facilitate informed decision making about the test. After testing, effective communication between patients and clinicians can support understanding and subsequent decision making related to the genetic test result. Genetics can be passed within families; therefore, if one family member pursues genetic testing, the results of that decision can affect the entire family in many cases. Thus, genetic testing has implications for communication across the lifespan.
Health Promotion Messages in Families
Authors: Villagran Melinda , Keeley Maureen P. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Family communication is essential to promote and reinforce positive health behaviors in the family unit. Health promotion programs that target families can leverage trusted relationships to communicate valuable information and teach skills that empower individual family members to enact relevant healthy behaviors. An increasing number of evidence‐based interventions target families to improve issues related to health and quality of life. Since families share many genetic, social, economic, and political conditions that create risk perceptions and habits, health communication can promote shared family concerns targeted through health promotion activities. Health promotion in families can benefit from the robust support systems rooted in interpersonal relationships and trust among family members. Future research is needed to design health promotion interventions that leverage family communication and relationships to bring about positive health behavior change. Research is also needed to better understand how the interplay among changing family structures, values, and norms affects efforts to promote health and safety from infancy to older adulthood. Traditional health promotion activities that were designed for members of dominant cultural group norms must also be reconsidered to develop more diverse and inclusive approaches that can be used to improve the health and wellness of all types of families.
Academic Organizations: NCA HC Division
Authors: Magsamen‐Conrad Kate 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Health communication is an area of substantive inquiry represented by one of the 63 interest groups of the National Communication Association (NCA). NCA is the United States' largest society dedicated to the study and teaching of communication. Like all NCA interest groups, the Health Communication Division provides networking opportunities, annual convention programming, leadership opportunities, awards, and specialized information dissemination channels for its members. The NCA Health Communication Division shares the rich history of formation of subdiscipline and formation of an organized academic group with the Health Communication Division of the International Communication Association. The NCA Health Communication Division is one of the largest interest groups. It seeks active leaders and members who are passionate about health communication, and who will ensure the division cultivates an organization in which all members are valued, respected, enabled, and supported to achieve their professional goals in teaching, research, and service.
Health Literacy
Authors: Manganello Jennifer , Hadley Molly 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOver the past two decades, health literacy has grown into an important topic area in multiple fields including medicine, education, and communication. There are various definitions of health literacy, but in general it typically includes ideas related to individuals being able to get and understand health information, navigate the healthcare system, and communicate about their healthcare needs. It also includes actions taken by clinicians and organizations to ensure that services and information are easier to navigate and understand. Many people around the world do not have adequate health literacy, and lower levels of health literacy have been associated with a range of negative health outcomes. Health literacy is closely tied to communication given its role in health information seeking, understanding of oral and written health information, use of health technology, communication during healthcare visits, and development of health‐related materials. Whether the focus is on ensuring individuals have the skills needed to navigate a complex health information system or creating information that is easy to read, health literacy has a place in all aspects of health communication. Researchers, clinicians, public health professionals, educators, communication scholars, and anyone working in the healthcare field can work together to continue developing health literacy work and ensuring that everyone has a chance to be health literate.
Ehealth and Technology for Older Patients
Authors: Eide Hilde , Eide Tom 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
eHealth and technology for older patients are expected to enhance healthcare services for older persons in the future. In a health communication perspective, what matters to the patient should be taken as the point of departure. Clinicians are also users of eHealth and technology as these tools should function to support their professional activities in order to provide the best possible healthcare to older persons. There are several challenges on the system and organizational level that need to be solved in order to have a sustainable digital‐supported healthcare system for older persons.
Volume staging for arteriovenous malformation SRS treatment using VMAT
Authors: Mendez Claudia , Gete Ermias 
Published: November 2022

AbstractVolume staging involves dividing the target volume into smaller parts and treating each part separately. In this study, the feasibility of volume‐staged stereotactic radiosurgery (VS‐SRS) on a linear accelerator using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and a frameless patient positioning system is investigated. Ten patients, previously treated with hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy with arteriovenous malformation (AVM) sized from 1.6 to 4.0 cm in diameter, were selected. VS‐SRS plans were created with the VMAT technique on the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) using the TrueBeam STx linear accelerator. For each patient, an AVM‐VMAT set was planned with the AVM as the target and a PTV‐VMAT set using the (PTV = AVM+1 mm) as the target. All targets were divided into two sub‐volumes. The TPS data from the AVM‐VMAT plans was compared to Gamma Knife (GK) VS‐SRS plan data available in the literature. The AVM‐VMAT and PTV‐VMAT plans were compared to investigate the effect of a 1 mm PTV margin on normal brain (NB) dose. End‐to‐end testing was performed using a GaFchromic EBT3 film and point‐dose measurements. Dosimetric effects of multiple setups were investigated through film‐to‐film comparisons. Median target dose coverage, NB V12Gy, and conformity index for the AVM‐VMAT plans were 97.5%, 17 cm3, and 0.8, respectively. PTV‐VMAT plans attained comparable target dose coverage, but the average NB V12Gy increased by 48.9% when compared to the AVM‐VMAT plans. Agreement of point‐dose measurements with TPS calculations was −0.6% when averaged over all patients. Gamma analysis passing rates were above 90% for all film‐to‐film comparisons (2%/1 mm criteria), and for the film to TPS comparison (5%/1 mm). This work suggests that VMAT is capable of producing VS‐SRS plans with similar dose falloff characteristics as GK plans. NB dose depends on PTV margin size, and two‐stage treatment setups do not appear to contribute additional uncertainty to treatment delivery.