bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flurprimidol: Plant Response, Translocation, and Metabolism
Authors: Sterrett J. P. , Tworkoski T. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flurprimidol was injected into several species to evaluate effects on growth. Height growth was inhibited 85% in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Black Valentine’) and 90% in California privet (Ligustrium ovalifolium Hassk.) by the lowest flurprimidol doses (125 and 625 μg/plant, respectively). Shoot growth was further suppressed as doses increased. Gibberellic acid reversed the inhibitory effect of flurprimidol on privet. In June, height growth of field-grown yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) was uniformly reduced 35% by all flurprimidol doses. By late July, height growth increment decreased linearly as flurprimidol increased from 5 to 40 mg/tree. Thirty-five days after injection of 2.5 mg 14C-labeled flurprimidol in 1-year-old apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), 10% had moved into the new shoots, 1.5% into the scion phloem, and 80% remained near the injection site. A high percentage of the 14C activity was unmetabolized flurprimidol; 95% of the 14C activity in the xylem, 86% in the phloem, and 75% in the shoot. Although it is not highly mobile, flurprimidol effectively inhibits shoot growth, apparently inhibiting gibberellin synthesis. Chemical names used: α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoro-methoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol).
Effects of Physical and Environmental Factors on the Release Kinetics of Ethylene from (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid and (2-Chloroethyl)-methylbis(phenylmethoxy)silane
Authors: Beaudry R. M. , Kays S. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several environmental and physical factors affect the kinetics of ethylene release from (2-chloroethyDphosphonic acid and (2-chloroethyl)methylbis(phenylmethoxy)silane. Target surface chemistry exerted a strong influence on the evolution of ethylene from both compounds. Ethylene release from (2-chloroethyl)methylbis(phenylmethoxy) silane was slowed by glass and hydrophobic substances such as wax, surfactants in the spray solution, and high concentrations of the parent molecule, but not by epicuticular waxes on leaves. Ethylene evolution from (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid was inhibited by glass and high levels of epicuticular waxes. The rate of ethylene release from both compounds was positively correlated with temperature; however, ethylene released from (2-chloroethyl)methylbis(phenylmethoxy)silane was much less affected by temperature increases. Increases in light intensity promoted the initial release of ethylene from (2-chloroethyl)methylbis(phenylmethoxy)silane, but decreased long-term yield. Light intensity had no effect on the breakdown of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid.
Genetic Diversity of North American Strawberry Cultivars
Authors: Sjulin Thomas M. , Dale Adam 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pedigrees of 134 North American strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars introduced since 1960 were used to calculate 1) the genetic contribution of founding clones to these cultivars; 2) genetic relatedness among these cultivars; and 3) inbreeding coefficients of these cultivars. Fifty-three founding clones accounted for the pedigrees of these cultivars, with a mean genetic contribution ranging from <0.1% to 11%. Cultivars were clustered according to the genetic contribution into groups strongly related to geographic region of origin. Cultivars developed in California plus those derived in large part from California germplasm were a distinct cluster. The remaining cultivars divided strongly into two geographical divisions, with cultivars of a western or northern origin primarily in the first division, and cultivars of a southern or eastern origin primarily in the 2nd division. Cluster groups within each division also were related to the region of origin of cultivars. Cultivars also were clustered on the basis of Wright’s coefficient of relationship, a measure of genetic relatedness. Cluster groups from this analysis were strongly related to region of origin of cultivars, and were similar in content to groups based on genetic contributions. Inbreeding coefficients ranged from 0.0 to 0.875, but were <0.5 for all cultivars developed from cross-fertilization. Inbreeding coefficients were related partly to region of origin of the cultivars, but this relationship was probably an indirect result of unequal numbers of generations of controlled hybridization from common ancestors. For example, cultivars developed in California, which resulted from more generations of hybridization, generally had higher inbreeding coefficients. Strategies are suggested for maintaining and increasing genetic diversity of North American breeding populations.
Root Morphological Characteristics of Field-grown Cowpeas
Authors: Kahn Brian A. , Stoffella Peter J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted in 1984 at Bixby, Okla. and Fort Pierce, Fla. to examine root morphological components of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata Walp.). Six or seven cultivars were sampled individually at anthesis and again at harvest (when most pods were dry) to assess differences in root morphology. Root masses were partitioned into adventitious, basal, lateral, and tap components. On average, adventitious roots accounted for <10% of the total root mass of plants at both locations. Basal roots averaged about 21% and 37% of the total root mass in Oklahoma and Florida, respectively. The majority of the root mass occurred in the taproot and its associated laterals at both locations. Lateral roots averaged about 24% of the total root mass at both locations. Taproots averaged about 31% of the total root mass in Florida but accounted for 49% at harvest in Oklahoma. Cultivars differed in root morphological characteristics and in total root dry weight at both growth stages in both locations. Seed yield was not correlated strongly with any of the root-related variables.
Effects of Water Stress on Pollen of Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Authors: Shen Xiu Ying , Webster Barbara D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Effects of Water Stress on Pollen of Phaseolus vulgaris L.”, by Xiu Ying Shen and Barbara D. Webster (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111:807–810, September 1986), on p. 808, the last sentence before Results and Discussion should read: “The term microspore refers to the uninucleate structures released from tetrads after meiosis. The term pollen grain refers to the above structures after mitosis of the microspore nucleus and formation of the vegetative (tube) and generative cells.”
Calcium and Ethephon Effects on Tabasco Pepper Leaf and Fruit Retention and Fruit Color Development
Authors: Conrad R.S. , Sundstrom F.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
All possible combinations of ethephon at 0, 5000, 10,000, and 15,000 ppm, and calcium as Ca(OH)2 at concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 m were applied to Tabasco pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). In the greenhouse, as ethephon rates increased, leaf retention percentages decreased. Over all ethephon rates, as Ca(OH)2 concentration increased, Tabasco leaf retention percentages increased. Ethephon-induced fruit abscission was greatest in less-mature fruit. Overall fruit retention percentages were greatest when ethephon was applied with either 0.1 or 1 m Ca(OH)2. In the field, when ethephon was applied without Ca(OH)2, leaf and fruit abscission was so great that data could not be recorded. When ethephon was applied with 0.1 m Ca(OH)2, percentages of orange and red fruit on the plant increased with an increase in ethephon rate. Chemical name used: (2-choloroethyI)phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Osmotic Priming of Tomato Seeds: Effects on Germination, Field Emergence, Seedling Growth, and Fruit Yield
Authors: Alvarado Ana Daniela , Bradford Kent J. , Hewitt John D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Osmotic priming of seed was evaluated as a means of improving stand establishment, early seedling growth, and yield of processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cvs. UC204 and 6203). Seeds were primed in aerated solutions of 3% KNO3 (w/v) or of polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG) of equivalent osmotic potential (-1.25 MPa; 314 g-kg−1 of water) at 20°C for 7 days, rinsed, and dried in forced air at 30°. Under laboratory conditions, seeds primed in either osmoticum germinated more rapidly than untreated seeds at 20° and 30°. At 10°, the PEG treatment was of little benefit for either variety, while the KN03 treatment still reduced the time to 50% germination to 60% to 80% of the control value. Priming did not affect the final germination percentage. Seedling emergence in the field was evaluated in March and April planting dates. In both trials, seedlings from primed seeds emerged earlier and more uniformly than seedlings from untreated seeds. Seedlings from primed seeds maintained greater mean plant dry weights, leaf areas, and ground cover percentages than untreated seedlings throughout the preflowering period. This advantage was due entirely to early emergence rather than to an increased relative growth rate. The early growth advantage from seed priming did not improve earliness of maturity, total yield, or soluble solids content of fruit.
Phosphorus Requirements of Wine Grapes: Extractable Phosphate of Leaves Indicates Phosphorus Status
Authors: Skinner P.W. , Matthews M.A. , Carlson R.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although premium wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are planted in soils of low P availability, there is little knowledge of P requirements and of the appropriate methods of P analysis in grapevines. Therefore, acetic acid extractable P was investigated as a method for determining grapevine P status. Analysis of absorption spectra established that absorbance peaks at 710 or 882 nm of the phosphomolybdate complex formed in acetic acid extracts of grapevine tissues can be used for analysis of P status. Acetic acid-extractable P was independent of sample size and extraction time and was linearly related (r2 = 0.96) to total P in four premium wine grape varieties. Lamina indicated whole plant P status better than petioles, since extractable P accumulated more in lamina than in petioles. Total and extractable P of basal lamina decreased significantly after anthesis, which diminished the differences between P-sufficient and P-deficient vines. Therefore, the best time to assess vine P status using leaves is at anthesis. When P fertilizer was applied, lamina-extractable P was positively correlated with berry weight, yield, and pruning weight in Chenin blanc vines growing under P-deficient conditions. The results indicate that acetic acid extractable P in lamina sampled at anthesis is a sensitive measure of grapevine P status.
High Temperature Effects on Growth and Floral Development of Chrysanthemum
Authors: Whealy C.A. , Nell T.A. , Barrett J.E. , Larson R.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pinched plants of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ‘Orange Bowl’ and ‘Surf’ grown in a chamber maintained at 22° day/18°C night were transferred to 30° day/26° night at the beginning of week 1, 3, 5, or 7 after start of photoinduction period (15-hr nyctoperiod). Plants remained at high temperatures for 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks and then were returned to the 22°/18° chamber. Exposure to high temperatures during the first 4 weeks of short days increased the number of nodes, leaf area, stem length, and dry weight of leaves and stems. Rate of floret initiation and perianth differentiation decreased when exposed to high temperatures during the first 4 weeks of short days in ‘Orange Bowl’ but not in ‘Surf’. ‘Orange Bowl’ exposed to high temperatures for 10 weeks from the start of short days flowered 12 days later than plants grown at lower temperatures and formed bracteate buds. Flowering of ‘Orange Bowl’ grown at 22718° during the first 4 weeks of short days, then transferred to high temperatures, was not substantially delayed and flowers developed normally. Flowering was delayed 3 days when ‘Surf’ was exposed to high temperatures for 8 weeks from the start of short days. Exposure to high temperatures did not cause bracteate bud formation in ‘Surf’. With both cultivars, increasing the duration of high temperature exposure increased the time to flowering.
Hydathode Anatomy and Adaxial Water Loss in Micropropagated ‘Silvan’ Blackberry
Authors: Donnelly D.J. , Skelton F.E. , Nelles J.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Foliar anatomical comparisons were made between in vitro-grown plantlets and greenhouse-grown plants of ‘Silvan’ blackberry (Rubus sp.) using scanning and light microscopy. Each apex and marginal serration of in vitro- and greenhouse-grown leaves had a terminal hydathode region composed of a scattered, primarily adaxial, group of sunken water pores. Water pores and stomata of plantlet leaves were open, while greenhouse-grown plant leaves had closed water pores and stomata or comparatively small apertures. Internally, the hydathodes of both cultured plantlets and greenhouse-grown plants were delimited by a bundle sheath that flanked the vascular tissues and extended to the epidermis. Between the vascular tissues and the epidermis were loosely arranged epithem cells. The hydathodes of plantlet leaves were simpler than those of greenhouse-grown plants, with fewer water pores and reduced epithem. Water loss from detached leaves of plantlets occurred through both leaf surfaces, although more water was lost from the abaxial surface. In contrast, foliar water loss from severed leaf blades of greenhouse-grown plants was primarily abaxial.
Weight Loss in Sweet Potatoes During Curing and Storage: Contribution of Transpiration and Respiration
Authors: Picha David H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Weight Loss in Sweet Potatoes During Curing and Storage: Contribution of Transpiration and Respiration”, by David H. Picha (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111:889–892, November 1986), Figs. 1 and 2 were reversed. The correct figures and captions are printed below.
Stomatal Resistance and Water Potential of Calceolaria Grown Under Two Different Heating Systems
Authors: Panter Karen Kampman , Hanan Joe J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Calceolaria × herbeohybrida cv. Multiflora Mix was sown on five dates in the 1984 and 1985 winter seasons and grown in greenhouses heated with forced hot-air or infrared heating systems. Neither stomatal resistance nor water potential was significantly different between plants grown in the two heating systems.
Development of Ornamental Crops Under Split Night Temperatures
Authors: Shanks James B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trials over five consecutive winter seasons with ornamental crops growing in the greenhouse at split night and constant night temperatures (SNTs and CNTs) showed that a 5-hr period of 17°C minimum temperature during the dark period accelerated development over a CNT minimum of 12° to 13°. Maintaining 17° from 1700-2100 HR accelerated development over a 9° to 12° minimum CNT more than later periods of a 17° minimum with Euphorbia, Hydrangea, Kalanchoe, and Lilium. Continuation of 17° until 0100 or 0200 hr before a 9° to 12° minimum CNT was adequate for flower formation in Chrysanthemum. SNTs improved the bract : stem size ratio in Euphorbia and cyme size in Hydrangea relative to a 17° minimum CNT. Begonia × hiemalis, Begonia semperflorens, Brassaia, Coleus, Fuchsia, and Impatiens showed favorable growth responses or the potential for energy savings through the use of SNTs.
Firmness of Tomato Fruit Tissues According to Cultivar and Ripeness
Authors: Hall C.B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The firmness of tissues of a transverse equatorial slice of fruits of ‘Flora-Dade’, ‘Walter’, ‘MH-1’, and ‘Homestead 24’ tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was determined at different stages of ripeness by use of an Instron Food Testing System. The outer, radial, and inner pericarp tissues of ‘Flora-Dade’ and ‘MH-1’ were firmer than those of ‘Walter’ when ripened 6, 8, or 10 days at 20°C after incipient color formation. ‘Walter’ tissues were intermediate in firmness between ‘MH-1’ and ‘Flora-Dade’ at the mature green stage, but had softened much more than either at the incipient color stage. Most of the softening of the tissues of the three cultivars had occurred by 4 days after incipient color. The placental tissue of ‘Homestead 24’ fruit was much firmer than that of ‘Walter’ and ‘Flora-Dade’ over a period of 7 to 19 days after incipient color stage, although the outer pericarp tissue was much softer than that of the latter two.
Isozyme Variation Among California Almond Cultivars: I. Inheritance
Authors: Hauagge R. , Kester D.E. , Asay R.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was used to study the inheritance of some isozyme variants in almond seedling and almond-peach hybrid populations. In almond, aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) have two zones of activity, one of which is monomorphic in each case. The polymorphic loci, AAT-1 and GPI-2 each had two alleles and behaved as dimers in the electrophoretic analysis. LAP-1 behaved like a monomeric enzyme with two functional alleles, in addition to an hypothesized null allele. PGM behaved like a monomeric enzyme specified by two polymorphic loci, Pgm-1 and Pgm-2. Pgm-1 displayed two alleles, while Pgm-2 apparently had three, although one gave aberrant segregation ratios. Acid phosphatase (AcP), glyceraldehyde-phosphatase dehydrogenase (GAP), and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) isozymes showed two zones of activity in the almond cultivars assayed and produced no allelic variation. In peach, AAT-1 and GPI-2 had the same Rf values as almond and segregated in typical Mendelian ratios in F1 and F2 almond × peach populations. The alleles for LAP-1 and LAP-2 not only had different mobilities in almond and peach but were tightly linked to each other within each species. Thus, four-banded patterns were produced in the F1, which segregated in the F2 to peach, almond, and hybrid phenotypes with a reduced number of recombinants.
Comparison of Two Onion Irrigation Scheduling Programs
Authors: Kruse E. Gordon , Ells James E. , McSay Ann E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two onion (Allium cepa L.) irrigation scheduling procedures were compared in field studies over a 3-year period. The McSay–Moore model uses volume of distilled water evaporated from calibrated Bellani atmometers as a basis for predicting irrigation. This model tells when to irrigate, but not how much to apply. The ARS/USDA model uses energy and aerodynamic equations to make estimates of evaporation rates from meteorological data. This model not only predicts when to irrigate, but also the amount to apply. Given the conditions for these experiments, onion yields and water use efficiencies were greater with the ARS/USDA than with the McSay–Moore model.
Hydathode Structure of Micropropagated Plantlets and Greenhouse-grown ‘Totem’ Strawberry Plants
Authors: Donnelly D.J. , Skelton F.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaves of in vitro-grown plantlets and greenhouse-grown plants of ‘Totem’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) were compared using scanning and light microscopy. Each apex and marginal serration of in vitro- and greenhouse-grown leaves had a terminal hydathode region. The leaf teeth were composed of an acuminate-mucronate tip, obscured in greenhouse-grown plants by an abaxial cluster of thick-walled unicellular trichomes, and a subterminal, adaxial group of sunken water pores. Water pores and stomata of plantlet leaves were open, whereas greenhouse-grown plant leaves had closed water pores and stomata or comparatively small apertures. Internally, the hydathodes of greenhouse-grown plants and cultured plantlets were delimited by a bundle sheath that extended below the vascular tissues, approaching the adaxial epidermis on each side of the zone of water pores. Between the epidermis and the vascular tissues were loosely arranged epithem cells. The hydathodes of plantlet leaves were smaller than greenhouse-grown plants, with fewer water pores and reduced epithem.
Use of Ancymidol Bulb Dips to Control Stem Elongation of Easter Lilies Grown in a Pine Bark Medium
Authors: Larson R.A. , Thorne C.B. , Milks R.R. , Isenberg Y.M. , Brisson L.D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted on the Easter lily cultivars (Lilium longiflorum thunb.) Ace and Nellie White over a 4-year period to compare ancymidol bulb dips to media drenches and foliar spray applications. Several bulb dip concentrations and durations were used. ‘Ace’ plants responded more than ‘Nellie White’ plants to bulb dips, primarily because of more natural vigorous growth of ‘Ace’ plants. A 1-hr dip at 33 ppm gave adequate height control, but flowering was delayed. Reliance on bulb dips to achieve optimum height control may be questionable because ancymidol must be applied before one is certain excessive height will be a problem. Chemical name used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol).
Effects of Sequential Low-oxygen and Standard Controlled Atmosphere Storage Regimens on Apple Quality
Authors: Lidster P.D. , Lougheed E.C. , McRae K.B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Storing ‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) initially in 1.0% or 1.5% CO2 plus 1.0% O2 at 3°C (LO) was more effective in retarding firmness loss than initial storage in 4.5% or 5.0% CO2 plus 3.0% O2 at 3° (SCA), indicating that early exposure to LO suppressed the subsequent rate of softening in SCA. ‘McIntosh’ firmness retention, determined 1 day after storage and after 7 days at 20°, decreased with fruit maturity for all LO and SCA storage regimens, but mature fruit tended to soften more rapidly in SCA after being exposed initially to LO. Initial storage in SCA for >75 days with subsequent storage in LO (in 1984) did not result in firmer apples than those stored continuously in SCA. The initial exposure period in LO needed to induce retention of apple firmness depended on cultivar and temperature. For ‘McIntosh’, ‘Spartan’, and ‘Golden Delicious’ cultivars, respectively, maximum post-storage fruit firmness was reached after 7.5, 4.5, and 1.5 months of initial exposure to LO at 0° and after 4.5, 3.0, and 3.0 months at 3°. Poststorage evolution of CO2 and C2H4 and the severity of senescent disorders generally decreased with continuing storage in LO, but the incidence of low-O2 injury increased. Poststorage ethanol evolution increased with exposure to 1.0% O2 in ‘McIntosh’ apples stored at 0°, and ‘Spartan’ apples held at either 0° or 3°. Chemical name used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).
Diurnal Chilling Sensitivity and Desiccation in Seedlings of Tomato
Authors: King Ann I. , Reid Michael S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of six cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) showed differences in chilling sensitivity depending on the time during the diurnal light/dark cycle when they were placed at low temperature. In all cultivars, sensitivity was highest when the chilling exposure started at the end of a dark period, although the magnitude of the diurnal variation differed among the cultivars. When roots were removed prior to or just after chilling, injury also appeared earlier in seedlings whose chilling was started at the end of a dark period. Seedlings chilled starting at different times during the diurnal cycle had similar stomatal conductance values during chilling. It appears that diurnal changes in chilling sensitivity are not due to altered root function during or following chilling exposure, nor to variations in desiccation during the chilling period resulting from diurnal differences in stomatal conductance.