bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity in Children: Symptoms and Complications
Authors: Agrawal Tanya , Hiwale Keshav 
Published: January 2022

We aim to review the causes, symptoms, and treatment for obese children. And what does an obese children problems the effect and problem? We can say complicated condition in which our body weight is more than desired weight according to height, weight, and age. Obesity is characterized differently for children and teenagers than it is for adults. Male child and Female children develop at various rates, and children are still growing. This condition leads to a a higher risk of getting other dangerous diseases like DM, HTN, etc. Childhood is the right time to pay attention; otherwise it will lead to obese adolescents and adults. Facts from different articles was amalgamated and shown in a simplified fashion, with the year of publication, the age of the children, sample size, study design, and study conclusions all taken into account. The key finding of this review was obesity is a major topic of concern today, especially in childhood. The lifestyle we have adapted in the present generation is more luxurious and physically less active. Obesity is the primary cause of a lot of diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, thyroidism, even in younger children
This review article thoroughly covers a lot of ground, with references provided. It is a collection of various case studies that have been completed. As a result, this essay will only include essential information if anyone reads it. Childhood Obesity is a word used to describe a youngster who is considerably overweight for their age and height. Childhood obesity can lead to diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.
Knowledge of Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate among Medical Students of a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India
Authors: Mohan Sajitha , Mahipathy Surya Rao Rao Venkata , Ganesh Praveen , Durairaj Alagar Raja , Sundaramurthy Narayanamurthy , Jayachandiran Anand Prasath , Rajendran Suresh 
Published: January 2022

Background: Sufficient knowledge and awareness of cleft lip and palate deformity is required to identify and manage at the condition at the earliest.
Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the awareness and knowledge of medical students on cleft lip and palate. To assess the understanding of the possible causative factors of cleft lip and palate among the same population.
Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among 128 medical students attending a tertiary care hospital in south India. This was performed through a researcher administered questionnaire which contained queries regarding risk factors and management.
Results: A total of 89.1% of the subjects were aware of the term cleft lip and palate with the majority being females. Though they were not well informed regarding the treatment procedures, and timings. The results were then interpreted in table formats for better understanding of the level of education on the topic.
Conclusion: There is a general lacking of experience in the diagnosis and management of cleft lip and palate among medical students which should be addressed to ensure timely cure and quality of life of the patients.
Adherence to Pharmacological Treatment and Factors Affecting the Adherence among Hypertensive Patients Attending Primary Health Care Centers in Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Khalafalla Husameldin Elsawi , Shugairi Ahmad A. , Othathi Faisal A. , Alhuraysi Abdulrahman M. , Albrraq Abdulaziz Y. , Rayani Ahmad Y. , Shami Mohammed O. , Jareebi Mohammad , Doweri Abrar A. 
Published: January 2022

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is a major health problem globally because it can result in significant morbidity and a reduction in life expectancy, HTN is responsible for 9.4 million deaths annually, either due to heart attack or stroke with a contribution of 45% and 51%, respectively
Objective: Evaluate the level of adherence to anti-HTN medications and which factors affect this adherence in the Jazan area
Methodology: The researcher investigated the adherence to anti-hypertension (anti-HTN) medication of participants aged more than 18 in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia, they conducted interviews with patients who attend primary health care centers and focused on their socio-demographics, such as age, education, and topographical location of their home. The data from the interviews were analyzed using the Hill-Bone scale to determine perfect and imperfect adherence to anti-HTN medication
Results: 82.7% of the participants show imperfect adherence to medication which is a significantly higher percentage than that found in other areas of Saudi Arabia and the Middle East. The researchers further analyzed the data for correlations between sociodemographic characteristics and adherence to anti-HTN medication. This showed that patients living in the mountainous areas of Jazan have a stronger adherence to their medication than those living in the plains or on the coast (OR = 10.77, P value = 0.011). Also, those patients with an income of 5,000 RS or less are more likely to adhere to their medication than those with higher income (OR = 0.18, P value = 0.035). Other socio-demographic characteristics showed no strong correlation with medication adherence.
Conclusion: Overall, anti-HTN medication adherence in the Jazan region is poor and researchers recommend the implementation of an educational program to highlight the importance of adhering to anti-HTN medication.
Assessing the state of New Zealand's garden birds from national to local scales
Authors: MacLeod Catriona J. , Green Peter , Howard Simon , Gormley Andrew M. , Brandt Angela J. , Spurr Eric B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Better biodiversity indicators are needed to address information gaps, describe trends accurately and robustly and be useful for decisionmakers. Citizen science's potential to help address these challenges often goes unrealized, despite promises by organizers to deliver such information.

This paper addresses these challenges by demonstrating the powerful utility of citizen science results for improving our knowledge of the state of New Zealand's garden birds, from the national to the local scale. For 14 species and three annual assessments, we: (a) calculate changes in bird counts over the medium to short term (over 10 and 5 years, respectively); (b) use an alert system to identify trends of interest or concern and collate the assessments in an online interactive tool; and (c) apply the results to address management questions.

Seven species have declined nationally in gardens in the medium term, but the population trends of six of these have improved in the short term (the declines of three have been reversed). For Otago, as a regional example, a wider range of medium‐term alerts was initially raised, and positive short‐term changes were also more evident. Performance differed across Otago's districts: positive increases were muted in Dunedin City, while Waitaki had the highest number of increasing species and Central Otago more species rapidly increasing.

For 54 neighbourhoods managed by Predator Free Dunedin, as a local example, the baseline medium‐term assessment detected rapid declines in two species, moderate to shallow declines in five species and increases in three species.

Based on these findings, managers could improve benefits for biodiversity by using: (a) trends, to direct and evaluate policy investments; (b) benchmarks, to provide social incentives; and (c) targets, to give management purpose and direction.

Our case study highlights how citizen science can address biodiversity information gaps and make powerful management contributions at scale by delivering metrics that are robust and comparable across time and space, showing decisionmakers how to readily access and interpret information of interest, building trust and value and highlighting how spatially hierarchical assessments can facilitate multiple end‐user benefits.
Sirolimus for epileptic seizures associated with focal cortical dysplasia type II
Authors: Kato Mitsuhiro , Kada Akiko , Shiraishi Hideaki , Tohyama Jun , Nakagawa Eiji , Takahashi Yukitoshi , Akiyama Tomoyuki , Kakita Akiyoshi , Miyake Noriko , Fujita Atsushi , Saito Akiko M. , Inoue Yushi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether sirolimus, a mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, reduces epileptic seizures associated with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type II.MethodsSixteen patients (aged 6–57 years) with FCD type II received sirolimus at an initial dose of 1 or 2 mg/day based on body weight (FCDS‐01). In 15 patients, the dose was adjusted to achieve target trough ranges of 5–15 ng/mL, followed by a 12‐week maintenance therapy period. The primary endpoint was a lower focal seizure frequency during the maintenance therapy period. Further, we also conducted a prospective cohort study (RES‐FCD) in which 60 patients with FCD type II were included as an external control group.ResultsThe focal seizure frequency reduced by 25% in all patients during the maintenance therapy period and by a median value of 17%, 28%, and 23% during the 1–4‐, 5–8‐, and 9–12‐week periods. The response rate was 33%. The focal seizure frequency in the external control group reduced by 0.5%. However, the background characteristics of external and sirolimus‐treated groups differed. Adverse events were consistent with those of mTOR inhibitors reported previously. The blood KL‐6 level was elevated over time.InterpretationThe reduction of focal seizures did not meet the predetermined level of statistical significance. The safety profile of the drug was tolerable. The potential for a reduction of focal seizures over time merit further investigations.
Dosing Variation at Initiation of Adalimumab and Etanercept and Clinical Outcomes in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry Study
Authors: Verstegen Ruud H. J. , Shrader Peter , Balevic Stephen J. , Beukelman Timothy , Correll Colleen , Dennos Anne , Phillips Thomas , Feldman Brian M. ,   for the CARRA Registry Investigators
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveTo determine the dose–response relationship of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibition in the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).MethodsParticipants of the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry were eligible for inclusion in the analyses if they started TNF inhibition treatment for JIA. The primary treatment response was determined 3 to 7 months after the start of treatment, based on the JIA American College of Rheumatology Pediatric criteria for improvement, clinical Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score, and persistence of treatment after 6 months. Subsequently, pooled logistic regression models were performed to include long‐term follow‐up data. The models were adjusted for risk factors associated with poor treatment response. Dosing was expressed by body weight, body surface area, ideal body weight, fat free mass, and lean body mass.ResultsParticipants treated with adalimumab (n = 328) and etanercept (n = 437) were included in the analyses (median dose 0.82 mg/kg body weight [interquartile range (IQR) 0.66–1.04] and 0.83 mg/kg body weight [IQR 0.75–0.95], respectively). The majority of analyses did not show a relationship between dose and outcome. Where associations were found, results were conflicting. Alternative dosing characteristics based on ideal body weight, fat free mass, and lean body mass did not result in stronger or more consistent associations.ConclusionThis study was not able to confirm our hypothesis that increased dosing of TNF inhibitors results in improved treatment outcomes. Although adjustment was performed for risk factors of impaired treatment response, residual confounding by indication likely explains the negative associations found in this study.
Patient Perceptions and Preferences Regarding Telemedicine for Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases Care During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Danila Maria I. , Gavigan Kelly , Rivera Esteban , Nowell W. Benjamin , George Michael D. , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Christopher‐Stein Lisa , Banerjee Shubhasree , Merkel Peter A. , Young Kalen , Shaw Dianne G. , Gordon Jennifer , Venkatachalam Shilpa 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveTo assess the perceptions and preferences of telemedicine among patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases during the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsWe conducted an online survey among patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Attitudes about telemedicine (i.e., telemedicine acceptability), evaluated using the validated Telemedicine Perception Questionnaire (TMPQ), and visit satisfaction were assessed for different telemedicine experiences and types of autoimmune rheumatic disease.ResultsOf 3,369 invitations, 819 responses were received. Participants had a mean ± SD age of 58.6 ± 11.6 years and were mostly White (n = 759, or 92.7%) and female (n = 702, or 85.7%). Of the 618 participants who said that telemedicine was available to them, 449 (72.7%) reported having a telemedicine visit, with 303 (67.5%) reporting attending a telemedicine video visit. On a 0 to 10 scale, the mean ± SD visit satisfaction score was 7.3 ± 1.8, with 25.8% of respondents being very satisfied (scores of 9 or 10). Video visits and higher TMPQ scores were associated with higher satisfaction. Compared to those who did not experience a telemedicine visit, patients who did were more likely to prefer telemedicine (video or phone) for routine visits (73.7% versus 44.3%; P < 0.001), reviewing test results (64.8% versus 53.8%; P < 0.001), when considering changing medications (40.5% versus 26.8%; P < 0.001), and when starting a new injectable medication (18.9% versus 12.7%; P = 0.02).ConclusionDuring the COVID‐19 pandemic, patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases frequently had telemedicine visits, with the majority held via video, and were satisfied with these visits. These results suggest that because patients prefer telemedicine for certain visit reasons, maximizing effective use of telemedicine will require personalized patient scheduling.
Heterometallic Benzenehexathiolato Coordination Nanosheets: Periodic Structure Improves Crystallinity and Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Toyoda Ryojun , Fukui Naoya , Tjhe Dionisius H. L. , Selezneva Ekaterina , Maeda Hiroaki , Bourgès Cédric , Tan Choon Meng , Takada Kenji , Sun Yuanhui , Jacobs Ian , Kamiya Kazuhide , Masunaga Hiroyasu , Mori Takao , Sasaki Sono , Sirringhaus Henning , Nishihara Hiroshi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCoordination nanosheets are an emerging class of 2D, bottom‐up materials having fully π‐conjugated, planar, graphite‐like structures with high electrical conductivities. Since their discovery, great effort has been devoted to expand the variety of coordination nanosheets; however, in most cases, their low crystallinity in thick films hampers practical device applications. In this study, mixtures of nickel and copper ions are employed to fabricate benzenehexathiolato (BHT)‐based coordination nanosheet films, and serendipitously, it is found that this heterometallicity preferentially forms a structural phase with improved film crystallinity. Spectroscopic and scattering measurements provide evidence for a bilayer structure with in‐plane periodic arrangement of copper and nickel ions with the NiCu2BHT formula. Compared with homometallic films, heterometallic films exhibit more crystalline microstructures with larger and more oriented grains, achieving higher electrical conductivities reaching metallic behaviors. Low dependency of Seebeck coefficient on the mixing ratio of nickel and copper ions supports that the large variation in the conductivity data is not caused by change in the intrinsic properties of the films. The findings open new pathways to improve crystallinity and to tune functional properties of 2D coordination nanosheets.
Large‐Area Synthesis of Ultrathin, Flexible, and Transparent Conductive Metal–Organic Framework Thin Films via a Microfluidic‐Based Solution Shearing Process
Authors: Lee Taehoon , Kim Jin‐Oh , Park Chungseong , Kim Hanul , Kim Min , Park Hyunmin , Kim Ikjin , Ko Jaehyun , Pak Kyusoon , Choi Siyoung Q. , Kim Il‐Doo , Park Steve 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIminosemiquinone‐linker‐based conductive metal–organic frameworks (c‐MOFs) have attracted much attention as next‐generation electronic materials due to their high electrical conductivity combined with high porosity. However, the utility of such c‐MOFs in high‐performance devices has been limited to date by the lack of high‐quality MOF thin‐film processing. Herein, a technique known as the microfluidic‐assisted solution shearing combined with post‐synthetic rapid crystallization (MASS‐PRC) process is introduced to generate a high‐quality, flexible, and transparent thin‐film of Ni3(hexaiminotriphenylene)2 (Ni3(HITP)2) uniformly over a large‐area in a high‐throughput manner with thickness controllability down to tens of nanometers. The MASS‐PRC process utilizes: 1) a micromixer‐embedded blade to simultaneously mix and continuously supply the metal–ligand solution toward the drying front during solution shearing to generate an amorphous thin‐film, followed by: 2) immersion in amine solution for rapid directional crystal growth. The as‐synthesized c‐MOF film has transparency of up to 88.8% and conductivity as high as 37.1 S cm−1. The high uniformity in conductivity is confirmed over a 3500 mm2 area with an arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) of 4.78 nm. The flexible thin‐film demonstrates the highest level of transparency for Ni3(HITP)2 and the highest hydrogen sulfide (H2S) sensing performance (2,085% at 5 ppm) among c‐MOFs‐based H2S sensors, enabling wearable gas‐sensing applications.
Stabilizing Layered Structure in Aqueous Electrolyte via Dynamic Water Intercalation/Deintercalation
Authors: Xue Liang , Zhang Qinghua , Huang Yalan , Zhu He , Xu Lili , Guo Shiying , Zhu Xiaohui , Liu Hanghui , Huang Yin , Huang Jiangfeng , Lu Lude , Zhang Shengli , Gu Lin , Liu Qi , Zhu Junwu , Xia Hui 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAqueous lithium‐ion batteries (ALIBs) with nonflammable feature attract great attention for large‐scale energy storage. However, the layered cathode materials (such as LiCoO2) present serious capacity decay in ALIBs. The degradation mechanism of layered cathode materials in ALIBs is still not clear and an effective strategy to improve cycling stability remains a great challenge. In this work, the authors use LiCoO2 as a typical example to investigate its structural degradation in aqueous electrolytes. It is found that H+ insertion accelerated irreversible layered‐to‐spinel phase transition is the main reason causing structural degradation and fast capacity fading in LiCoO2. Subsequently, Li‐excess Li1+tCo1−tO2−t with intermediate spin Co3+ is developed to mitigate H+ influence and the adverse phase transition in aqueous electrolyte. It is interesting to discover that reversible water intercalation/deintercalation occurs in the layered structure during charge/discharge, which effectively suppresses the layered‐to‐spinel phase transition with cycling. Benefiting from the stabilized layered structure, the Li‐excess Li1.08Co0.92O1.92 shows a significantly improved cycling performance in the neutral aqueous electrolyte with a large specific capacity and excellent rate capability. This work provides a promising structural regulation strategy for the layered cathode materials, enabling their potential application in ALIBs.
Identification of Sclareol As a Natural Neuroprotective Cav1.3‐Antagonist Using Synthetic Parkinson‐Mimetic Gene Circuits and Computer‐Aided Drug Discovery
Authors: Wang Hui , Xie Mingqi , Rizzi Giorgio , Li Xin , Tan Kelly , Fussenegger Martin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) results from selective loss of substantia nigra dopaminergic (SNc DA) neurons, and is primarily caused by excessive activity‐related Ca2+ oscillations. Although L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channel blockers (CCBs) selectively inhibiting Cav1.3 are considered promising candidates for PD treatment, drug discovery is hampered by the lack of high‐throughput screening technologies permitting isoform‐specific assessment of Cav‐antagonistic activities. Here, a synthetic‐biology‐inspired drug‐discovery platform enables identification of PD‐relevant drug candidates. By deflecting Cav‐dependent activation of nuclear factor of activated T‐cells (NFAT)‐signaling to repression of reporter gene translation, they engineered a cell‐based assay where reporter gene expression is activated by putative CCBs. By using this platform in combination with in silico virtual screening and a trained deep‐learning neural network, sclareol is identified from a essential oils library as a structurally distinctive compound that can be used for PD pharmacotherapy. In vitro studies, biochemical assays and whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings confirmed that sclareol inhibits Cav1.3 more strongly than Cav1.2 and decreases firing responses of SNc DA neurons. In a mouse model of PD, sclareol treatment reduced DA neuronal loss and protected striatal network dynamics as well as motor performance. Thus, sclareol appears to be a promising drug candidate for neuroprotection in PD patients.
Construction of Novel Bimetallic Oxyphosphide as Advanced Anode for Potassium Ion Hybrid Capacitor
Authors: Wang Shouzhi , Lv Songyang , Wang Guodong , Feng Kun , Xie Shoutian , Yuan Guotao , Nie Kaiqi , Sha Mo , Sun Xuhui , Zhang Lei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPotassium ion hybrid capacitors (PIHCs) have attracted considerable interest due to their low cost, competitive power/energy densities, and ultra‐long lifespan. However, the more sluggish insertion kinetics of battery‐type anodes than capacitor‐type cathodes in PIHCs seriously limits their practical application. Therefore, developing advanced anodes with high capacitor and suitable K+ intercalation is imperative and significant. A novel core–shell structure of NiCo oxide/NiCo oxyphosphide (NCOP) nanowires are designed and constructed in this study via efficient and facile strategy. Combining the merits of the core–shell structure and the massive active sites in the oxyphosphide layer, the as‐prepared NCOP composites manifest highly reversible capacitors and outstanding rate capability. Meanwhile, the insertion and conversion potassium storage mechanisms of the NCOP are successfully revealed through in situ X‐ray diffraction and density functional theory calculations, respectively. Furthermore, the PIHC was assembled with NCOP anode and borocarbonitride cathode, which displays a large energy density and high‐power density, along with an exceptional capacity retention of ≈90% over 10 000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1. This work provides the anion regulation strategy for modifying the transition metal oxide and constructing the advancing electrode materials for next‐generation energy storage and beyond.
The United States' power‐based bargaining and the WTO: Has anything really been gained?
Authors: Sheldon Ian M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this article, adoption of “power‐based” bargaining by the United States in trade negotiations is evaluated. A simple game‐theoretic structure highlights use of “bargaining” tariffs by the United States elicited credible retaliation by China through a trigger strategy, bilateral tariffs returning to a Nash equilibrium. This has come at some cost to US consumers, taxpayers, and farmers, although the latter group has regained market share following implementation of the US–China Phase One Trade Agreement. Unfortunately, the Agreement fails to deal with a key reason for the trade war, the Chinese economic model, and China's use of implicit subsidies.