bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tensile and Fatigue Response of the Laser Powder-Bed Fused Ti-6Al-4V Alloy at High Temperature Conditions
Authors: Rahman M. Shafiqur , Pulok Mohammad Khairul Habib , Chakravarty Uttam K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the thermal and mechanical properties of L-PBF processed specimens at room and elevated temperatures while varying the loading conditions. The study covers finite element (FE) modeling of the tensile and fatigue behavior of the L-PBF processed Ti-6Al-4V specimens at room and high temperatures and corresponding experimental validation. The specimen used for the study is a heat-treated and post-machined standard ASTM sub-size flat dog-bone specimen. The FE modeling for the fatigue analyses is conducted for a load ratio of R = 0.1 and by applying fully-reversed cyclic loads at different frequencies. The high-temperature test condition is obtained by adjusting the convective heat transfer coefficient of surrounding air and emissivity inside the furnace. Results for the von Mises stress, strain, total deformation, fatigue life, the factor of safety, and fatigue limit are obtained at room (22 °C) and elevated temperatures (350 °C and 450 °C). The FE results show that the fatigue life decreases as the load increases. It is also found that the strength and fatigue life decrease as the temperature increases due to the development of thermal stress. The performance of the L-PBF processed specimens is also compared to the conventionally manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts under the same magnitude of load and temperature to outline the differences in strength and fatigue resistance properties. The validation of the FE model is performed by comparing the numerical results with the experimental results under similar operating conditions.
Near Field Resonant Capacitive Heating of Water
Authors: Jaladi Divya , Pearce Matthew , Van Neste C. W. , Languri Ethan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Remediation of water from tailings is a critical and challenging issue in many industries, particularly in oil sand refineries and waste water treatment. Mining of the Canadian oil sands, also one of the largest known crude petroleum reserve in the world, is done to extract bitumen by the processes like hot water extraction, resulting in numerous amounts of tailings (large ponds). Techniques that can achieve contaminant separation over large surface areas/volumes, with low energy input, and at a low economic investment are of primary interest. Hence, such techniques can be applied for the manufacturing industries with the similar concerns. In this paper, a di-electric heating method is presented that combines electrical standing wave voltage amplification with porous interface (carbon foam) materials to intensify water evaporation. The system targets the di-electric loss tangent of the aqueous solution accompanied with porous interface by operating at a high voltage and frequency in the low megahertz (1–5 MHz). The non-uniform charge distributions across the interface material enables distributed heat localization at the air-water/material boundary, therefore avoiding bulk heating. The most important parameters determining efficiency of capacitive heating are determining the resonant frequency of material in contact with the heating end of helix, and properties of the interface material. Different porous configurations treated for the application were applied as interface layers and the experimental results demonstrate an 80% increase in evaporation rates compared to solar and natural heating. The combination of electrical heating with reduced heat losses results in accelerated vapor generation. Hence, results showcase heat localization at the interface, electric field at the heating boundary and energy requirements for the mentioned scenario. The proposed method offers a promising solution to localize heat over a large area by application of low-cost porous materials and high voltage/high frequency electrical resonators for use in water treatment, remediation, and go further with distillation applications for water reclamation.
Neck Motions and Loads With Head Supported Mass Under Sagittal Accelerative Loading
Authors: Purushothaman Yuvaraj , Yoganandan Narayan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Studies have reported the susceptibility of females to cervical spine disorders under impact loading in the military and civilian populations. Inertial loading applied to the head-neck complex at its base is an example. Morphological differences exist between female and male cervical necks. The incidence of neck pain is more in the military than in the civilian populations. While use of the head supported mass is less common in the civilian populations, military personnel use head mounted devices: helmet, night vision goggles, etc. Any added head supported mass from the helmet and its attached devices adds to the in vivo head mass. This additional weight on the human head-neck system alters the load path, affects load-sharing, changes the internal forces and moments and kinematics on the osteoligamentous cervical spine column under accelerative and chronic loads. While many studies have been conducted to delineate the role of gender associated with postero-anterior Gx loading injury via experiments, clinical investigations, modeling and epidemiological research, the effect of the added head mass on segmental motions has received less attention. The objective of the study is to determine the role of the head supported mass on the segmental motions and loads on the female cervical spinal column from Gx loading applied to the base of the spine.
Design of Knee Prosthesis to Sustain ACL/PCL Ligaments and Alleviate Osteoarthritis
Authors: Honarmandi Peyman , Malki Erwan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
As human beings age, their bodies tend to deteriorate. It is the task of an engineer to counteract this natural process to ensure that humans can have a high quality of life for as long as possible. A condition that affects a wide range of people life is a discomfort and pain in the knee. This is most often caused by osteoarthritis, which occurs when the cartilage in the knee deteriorates causing the bones to rub against each other creating extreme discomfort. In this study, the attempt is to design an inexpensive and practical prosthesis to maintain and preserve the patient’s anterior cruciate ligament. The other design goals of this prosthesis are to be manufacturable and applicable by surgeons. Further, the finite element analysis has been conducted to assure the designed prosthesis can withstand the physiological loads applied on knees during daily activities.
Evaluation of Systematic Design Methods Used in Senior Design Projects
Authors: Xiao Angran , Gailani Gaffar , Zhang Andy 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
System Engineering (SE) is utilized in structuring a product development process into simple and collaborative activities, while at the same time, supporting engineers’ decision-making. In most undergraduate engineering design courses, SE was taught by assigning industrial-like projects in which teams of students developed products using certain design methods while following structured design process. It has been observed that some design methods were adopted naturally and used effectively by students while some are less preferred. This is due to various reasons, from strict project deadlines to the fact that some methods are difficult to understand. In this paper, we studied these design methods in the context of senior design projects. We have observed students’ applications of these methods and conducted surveys to assess whether they believe these methods helped their design activities. This study will help us understand how to help students gain knowledge in product development through project-based learning, as well as provide some insights on how inexperienced engineers may use various design methods.
Nonlinear Finite Element Modeling and Experimental Validation of Advanced High Fatigue Strength Threaded Connections for Sucker Rod Pumping Applications
Authors: Song Fei , Li Ke 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Rod pump systems can be the most commonly used artificial lift technology for oil production. A rod pump system that brings underground oil to the earth’s surface consists of a prime mover, a surface pump, a sucker rod string, and a downhole pump. A pin at each end of the rod and a box coupling are threaded together to connect the sucker rod and form the rod string. The sucker rod string acts as the connecting link between the surface pumping unit and the subsurface rod pump. The loads generated from the reciprocating upstroke and downstroke motions could impose a risk of fatigue failure in the sucker rod connections with cyclic tensile stresses. The increasingly harsh field operational conditions that require deeper wells and higher production are pushing the connections to their limits. As a result, failures of the standard API (the American Petroleum Institute) sucker rod connections are becoming increasingly more frequent. The resulting rod string failures are expensive to repair because the whole string must be disassembled and removed so that the failed rod can be accessed, and the rod string must then be reassembled. Such high repair cost is unaffordable for the wells with low production rates. Therefore, there is a strong demand for having a threaded connection design with high fatigue strength that is suitable for sucker rod pumping applications.
To enable a long service life and to reduce cost of service delivery caused by frequent repairs, an advanced rod pump threaded connection design with significantly improved fatigue resistance over the standard API design has been developed and experimentally qualified. Modeling and simulation techniques had been extensively used to drive the design and qualification process. The newly developed connection design is featured by an optimized thread form and stress relief groove, and an advanced manufacturing process. Nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) was extensively utilized to predict the fatigue resistance of the threaded connection with makeup torque and service stroke loads, and to explore and optimize the designs of the threads and stress relief feature prior to physical prototyping and testing. The FEA models had favorably predicted the performance of the new design, which was later experimentally validated through full-scale axial and rotary bending fatigue tests, respectively. The work presented in the paper sets a successful example of model-driven design, which can significantly shorten the development time and cost. The newly developed high fatigue strength sucker rod connections have great potential for mitigating the risk of rod string failures during pumping operations and therefore improving operational reliability for both beam and progressing cavity pumping systems.
Performance Study of an Electric Vehicle “Eolo” With a Mounted Aeolian Generator
Authors: Garcia Arturo , Reyes J. Sergio , Wang Xiuling , Roldan Javier , Olaya Mauricio 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The issue of global warming and greenhouse gasses is being addressed in some ways with the production of hybrid vehicles, including the idea of the Colombian Wind Powered Electrical Vehicle (EV), Eolo. This paper will give a brief review over how the engineers behind this pioneering project created the hybrid Electric-Aeolian car. The primary focus was on verifying experimental results with simulations and gaining an in-depth understanding of its performance characteristics. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software of ANSYS, Fluent was used to model the vehicle traveling along the road at various wind machine configurations. The data gathered from the simulations along with empirical data collected by Eolo Company about their turbine would be used to calculate the aerodynamic coefficient, among other relevant engineering parameters. These values will be compared against the experimental values and evaluated as to any discrepancies and validation of the experimental results.
A Long-Term Assessment of the Impact of Natural Gas Production in North Texas Influencing Urban and Regional Air Quality
Authors: John Kuruvilla , Lim Guo Quan , Kanayankottupoyil Jithin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Unconventional energy production from the Barnett Shale Play in North Texas has grown and matured over the past two decades. The Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) metroplex area is adjacent to this large energy production region. Ambient air quality data from three North Texas sites (Dallas Hinton (DAL), Fort Worth Northwest (FWNW), and Denton Airport South (DEN)) was acquired from Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ). During 2000–2020, total nonmethane organic compound (TNMOC) concentrations decreased at DAL and FWNW by about −1.62%/year and −0.63%/year, respectively, while an increase of +9.97%/year was noted at DEN. An increase in the observed ethane concentrations and a decrease in acetylene concentrations were observed at all three sites. Ethane is a key ingredient in natural gas. While acetylene, typically associated with traffic emissions along with the concentrations of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) showed a year-to-year decline at all sites. The ozone formation potential (OFP) was calculated using measured TNMOC concentrations. Highly reactive volatile organic compounds (VOC) associated with urban sources (ethylene, propylene, and m/p-xylene) affected the calculated OFP in DAL and FWNW, while slow-reacting n-alkanes linked to natural gas operations (ethane, propane, and butane) influenced the OFP in DEN.
Effect of Pore Size of Copper Foam on Thermal Performance of Bio-Based PCM/Copper Foam Composite
Authors: Sheikh Yahya A. , Gadalla Mohamed , Azmeer Ahmed 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are the materials that have the distinct ability to absorb or release significant quantities of thermal energy at a nearly constant temperature. As a result, PCMs present themselves as an appropriate material candidate when thermal management systems are considered. Unfortunately, bio-based PCMs suffer from one major drawback that is low thermal conductivity. As a result, bio-based PCMs exhibit an inefficient absorption ability of heat and a low heat utilization efficiency for the cooling application. This paper experimentally investigates the effect of pore size on the thermal performance of bio-based PCM/copper foam composite at a fixed porosity. The three copper foams that are used in the current study have the same dimensions of 106 × 96 × 3 mm, and the pore sizes of them are 20, 35, and 60 pores per inch (PPI). The results indicated that the use of Copper foam to augment the thermal performance of bio-based PCM heat sinks is justified due to lower final temperatures in the temperate profiles and longer time taken to reach critical temperatures for PCM-Copper composite samples when compared to pure PCM. Furthermore, amongst the three pore size configurations investigated, PCM-CF 35 PPI appeared to exhibit the most favorable thermal performance when compared to its 20 PPI, and 60 PPI counterparts.
A Projection-Based Derivation of the Equations of Motion for the Moving Frame Method for Multi-Body Dynamics
Authors: Luchtenburg Dirk M. , Shah Mili , Impelluso Thomas J. , Ravneberg Rykkje Thorstein 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The moving frame method for multi-body dynamics, established by Murakami in [10] and [11], embodies a consistent notation and mathematical framework that simplifies the derivation of equations of motion of complex systems. The derivation of the equations of motion follows Hamilton’s principle and requires the calculation of virtual angular velocities and the corresponding virtual rotational displacements. The goal of this paper is to present a projection-based approach, which only requires knowledge of Euler’s first and second law, that results in the same equation of motion. The constraints need not satisfy d’Alembert’s principle and the projection is based on a generalization of Gauss’ principle of least constraint [14]. One advantage of the proposed method is that it avoids variational principles and therefore is more accessible to undergraduate students. In addition, the final form of the equation of motion is more easily understood. We motivate our approach using the example of the simple pendulum, derive the main result, and apply the methodology for derivation of the equations of motion for a modified Chaplygin sleigh and a rotary pendulum.
Theoretical Analysis of a Single-Stage Gas-Fired Ejector Heat Pump Water Heater
Authors: Spitzenberger Jeremy , Wang Pengtao , Ismael Laith , Ma Hongbin , Abuheiba Ahmad , Nawaz Kashif 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Ejector driven systems have the ability to operate at high efficiencies, utilizing recycled thermal energy as a power source. For a typical ejector heat pump system, the increase of the condenser temperature reduces the coefficient of performance (COP). In addition, if the condenser temperature is higher than the critical temperature, the ejector may not function. In this situation, the condenser temperature must be reduced, and an additional heater will be utilized to heat the production water from the condenser temperature to the desired temperature. In this investigation, a single-stage gas-fired ejector heat pump (EHP) is investigated and thermodynamically modeled in order to optimize the system COP for the purpose of heating water by utilizing the thermal energy from the ambient air. The effects of the high-temperature evaporator (HTE) and low-temperature evaporator (LTE) temperatures on the ejector critical back pressure and the EHP system performance are examined for a HTE temperature range of 120–180 °C and LTE temperatures of 15.5, 17.5, and 19.5 °C. Results show that an optimized COP of the EHP system exists which depends on HTE and LTE temperatures, primary nozzle throat diameters. In addition, it is found that the EHP COP is independent of the ejector COP. From this investigation a maximum EHP COP of 1.31 is able to be achieved for a HTE temperature of 160 °C and a LTE temperature of 19.5 °C with a total heat capacity of 15.98 kW.
Climatology and Trends of Heat Index, Human Discomfort Index and Energy per Capita for CONUS and Meso-America
Authors: Faiz Qurat , González Jorge E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Air temperature and humidity both affect the human comfort and health in warm and humid climates. An effective way to measure the overall effect of temperature and humidity on human comfort (or discomfort) is using the term referred as Heat Index (HI). The HI is a measure of how people “feel” when exposed to warm and humid environments, making it an effective variable to explain the effects of heat in people, to alert of heat advisories, and to reform public health policies. Evidently, heat index is a changing variable with geography and with climate seasons and change. This research aims to investigate the spatial and temporal trends of Heat Index and energy per capita (EPC) in the Continental US (CONUS) and the Meso-America (the Caribbean, and Northern Regions of South America).
In order to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution and trends of heat index and EPC in different regions of the CONUS and the Meso-America, hourly air temperature and relative humidity datasets were collected from two sources; The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP) North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and weather stations for the period of thirty years: 1990 to 2019. The Algorithm used in our study to determine the HI is similar to the one used by the National Weather Service (NWS) measuring air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (T) and relative humidity in percent (RH). Our analysis of the HI and EPC climatology for the summer season for Southeast US and the Meso-America exhibits the largest values in Southeast US, followed by the Greater Antilles, and then the Lesser Antilles. HI is used herein to quantify the impacts of these warming trends on EPC. Results of the analysis depict a Southern Greater Antilles with a positive EPC rate of 2 kWh per year for summer season. These spatial trends using NARR data were found to correlate very well with selected weather stations and were also determined to be statistically significant. The state level trends of electricity consumption per person per year (Figure 5.) suggests, in general, a correlation between trends on total energy consumption per capita and increasing maximum heat index. Therefore, increased energy production and improved energy infrastructure will be required to maintain ideal indoor building conditions as consequence of a warmer climate.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling and Experimental Testing of Hydraulic Spool Valves
Authors: Janosky Kyle , Younessi Sinaki Maryam , Kashid Bipin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
To have faster time to market one must reduce the required experiments needed to develop new products. In this paper, hydraulic spool valves were investigated and a comparison of actual experimental data to the results of Fluent simulation was made. This comparison included multiple standard turbulence models in addition to a custom version of GEKO k-omega. Along with turbulence models, different solver options were compared to evaluate their impact on the results. This data will help better correlate future simulations to experimental data, thus utilizing simulation to design and experiment to verify the final solution if required.
Imaging-Based Fatigue Mechanism Investigation of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Chen Jie , Meng Changyu , Liu Yongming 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The fatigue characterization of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V plays a vital role in ensuring the structural safety. This study focuses on image based surface characterization and the fatigue mechanical property investigation of as-built additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V. Three sets of processing parameters (the absorbed laser power, scan velocity, building orientation) are adopted corresponding to the EOS nominal settings, lack-of-fusion and keyhole regimes. Before the fatigue testing, the specimens are scanned using X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) and the complete surface morphology is obtained. During fatigue testing, the specimen is scanned using microCT after certain numbers of loading cycles to capture the fatigue crack initiation locations and trace the crack growth trajectories. After the fatigue testing is completed, the fractured specimen is scanned by both microCT and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on the experimental investigation, vertically built specimens have lower average surface roughness than angled specimens along the transverse direction. Along longitudinal direction, the average surface roughness does not very significantly among all specimens. The fatigue crack may initiate from near surface pores or external rough surface. Cracks initiating from different locations at the similar height coalesce while propagating. Fracture surfaces present tortuous or tearing features, which corresponds to shorter and longer fatigue lives under the same fatigue loading, respectively.