bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing a Waterflood Using a Combination of Machine Learning and Reservoir Physics. A Field Application for Reducing Fresh Water Injection with no Impact on Oil Production and Improved Carbon Intensity
Authors: Sarma Pallav , Rafiee Javad , Gutierrez Fernando , Calad Carlos , Hilliard Ryan , Plotno Sebastian , Mamani Eduardo , Angulo Oscar , Quintero Gabriel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
As the oil and gas industry embarks on the path to energy transition, pressure from government regulators, investors, and the public in general demand that companies have clear and transparent net-zero goals and that their operational initiatives and plans support such transition efforts. Mature fields present an opportunity to increase production through operational optimization, which at the same time, can also lead to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions efficiency.
This paper presents the application of a novel modeling and optimization technique in a mature waterflood environment. Data Physics is the amalgamation of the state-of-the-art in machine learning and the same underlying physics present in reservoir simulators. These models can be created as efficiently as machine learning models, integrate all kinds of data, and can be evaluated orders of magnitude faster than full scale simulation models, and since they include similar underlying physics as simulators, they have good long term predictive capacity and can even be used to predict performance of new wells without any historical data. The technology was applied to a mature field in the Neuquen basin in Argentina to effectively reduce the amount of water injected into the reservoir with no negative impact on the production. Additionally, a new Carbon Intensity (CI) modeling tool was used to compare the emissions intensity before and after optimization showing a significant improvement in CI achieving three objectives in one single decision: 1) obtain significant water injection reduction with its corresponding impact in injection and water treatment costs; 2) maintaining production compared to the initial decline of the field, improving the top line; and 3) improving the GHG emissions intensity hence the long term benefit to the environment.
The paper deals more with the implementation of the technologies than the technologies themselves, assuming that readers unfamiliar with both Data Physics and Carbon Intensity tools will refer to the references section to gain familiarity with these.
Caprock Velocity Characteristics and Its Significance for CO2 Storage in a Saline Aquifer: A Case Study in Malay Basin
Authors: Cai Zhong , Tiwari Pankaj Kumar , Leite Renato Jordan , Das Debasis Priyadarshan , Chidambaram Prasanna , Patil Parimal Arjun 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Malay Basin is located at the southern part of the Gulf of Thailand between Vietnam and Peninsular Malaysia. The produced gases in the basin contain varying amounts of CO2. High CO2 concentrations (&gt;50 mol%) are, in typical of reservoirs, mainly derived from inorganic sources. In order to develop these fields with reduced or zero greenhouse gas emissions for sustainability development, some geological storage sites were screened to store the future CO2 production. One of the important geological storage sites is the saline aquifer. There are many elements to assess the quality of the CO2 storage sites, such as caprock integrity and storage capacity. This study focused on one of the caprock characteristics, i.e., caprock velocity characteristic, and its significance for CO2 storage in a saline aquifer.
The studied saline aquifer is one of a numerous grabens or sub-basins at the southern part of Malay Basin. There is one abandoned exploration well with 2D and 3D seismic surveys and there are several types of velocity data, including sonic log, checkshot and seismic stacking velocity. The formations are composited of multiple thick sandstones and shales. Based on velocity analysis, including average velocity and inter-val velocity analysis. the interval velocity in caprock zone is related to the lithology, normally expressed by the sandstone percentage in the caprock zone. The lithology variation will affect the geomechanics characteristics, so, the velocity in caprock zone presents the caprock quality. The caprock is confined within the sub-basin and sandstone percentage is less than 40%, which shows a good seal capacity, com-bined with the caprock thickness distribution.
The velocity in shale zone (caprock) is higher than overlying and overlain sandstones. There is strong positive reflection (peak) at the top of shale zone (caprock) and negative reflection (trough) at the bottom of caprock, i.e., top of sandstone aquifer. There would be strong class III AVO feature at the top of sand-stone aquifer on time-lapse 4D seismic reflection once CO2 is injected. These features (negative reflection with bright spots) and class III AVO at the top of aquifer) are useful for MMV to monitor the CO2 plume migration.
A Novel Chemical Treatment and Well Completion Strategy to Prevent Scale and Production Losses in Shushufindi Aguarico Field
Authors: Paredes Monica , Bravo Marques da Silva Luciano , Egas Lucia , Endara Edison , Escalona Pedro , Maulidani Oki , Pineda Alexander , Estevez Diego , Guaman Juan , Carrion Johana , Freire Carola , Villamar Fausto 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this case study, EP Petroecuador and Consorcio Shushufindi evaluate a chemical treatment and completion strategies to reduce the extensive impact of bottomhole scale deposits on oil production, electrical submersible pumps (ESP) run life, and operating costs of wells completed in the high-scaling tendencies reservoir. The positive impact on oil production optimization resulting from these strategies will also be discussed and the advantages, lessons learned, and constraints of this work.
Conventionally, corrosion and scale chemical inhibitors are deployed through capillary lines; this method is effective up to the pump depth but does not prevent deposits at the perforations or at the lower completion and near wellbore. Rapid production decline or complete loss of production is observed, requiring costly well interventions. Laboratory analysis and evidence from the interventions show that lower T-sand fluids present a high-scale tendency at the bottomhole; therefore, a process to identify candidates and deploy chemical treatment in the rathole to prevent scale deposits was defined and proved. The technology selected was encapsulated scale inhibitors (microcaps).
Based on the process, two wells were selected from a portfolio of 12 wells that match the criteria to apply the method to deploy the technology. The following observations were drawn: -Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is the most common scale-ESP parameters and production surveillance are essential for early detection of problems associated with scale deposits at bottomhole-The action of microcaps and the installation of a pipe tail below the ESP base sensor allowed to deepen the continuous dosage of scale inhibitor and has already doubled the run life of the ESP equipment, with direct savings on operations costs (approximately USD 240,000) in the short time and continue and can continue to yield more.-According to post workover (WO) production tests of the two candidates and the performance of ESP parameters, the application of this strategy made possible to restore the productivity indexes and sustain them over time. This leads to reduction in production losses of 310 BOPD or 60% of the actual production in the similar period before the treatment.-The microcaps can be applied and refilled through rig-less annulus-It is a low-cost solution for scale problems at bottomhole.
This document presents an analysis to reduce operating costs in wells that produce fluids with a high-scaling tendency at bottom hole, through an unconventional and low-cost strategy of chemical treatment from the sand face to the wellhead. This novel process and microcaps application can be used in wells in remote and difficult areas to service on a regular basis.
Combining Physics and Machine Learning for Multimodal Virtual Flow Metering with Confidence
Authors: AL-Qutami Tareq Aziz , Ishak Mohd Azmin , Wollebaek Lars , W. Ahmad W. Adrie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper introduces a multimodal virtual flow meter (VFM) that merges physics-driven multiphase flow simulations with machine learning models to accurately estimate flow rates in oil and gas wells. The combining algorithm takes advantage of the confidence decay and historical performance factors to assign confidence and contribution weights to the base estimators and then aggregates their estimates to arrive at more accurate flow rate estimates. Furthermore, the proposed multimodal VFM provides an indication of the confidence level for each estimate based on the underlying agreement of the base estimates and the historical performance. The proposed VFM was tested in a 6 months online pilot in two oil wells. The proposed multimodal algorithm resulted in almost 50% improvements in performance compared to individual VFMs. The proposed robust multimodal approach can provide a complimentary benefit as an optimal VFM and reduce the overall system uncertainty. The developed VFM can be used for real-time production monitoring, verification and backup of physical meters, and well-test validation.
Pipeline Leak Detection Combining Machine Learning, Data Assimilation Approaches and Pipeline Fluid Flow Physics Models
Authors: Kyriacou Stylianos , Sarma Pallav , Rafiee Javad , Carlos Calad 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
With growing worldwide consensus about the impacts of climate change, the oil and gas industry faces unprecedented pressure to minimize its carbon footprint. The biggest source of carbon emissions in the industry is the so-called fugitive emissions, accounting for ~57% of the total oil and gas industry emissions, resulting from leaks in oil and gas pipelines and facilities. Fast, accurate and economic prediction of leaks in pipelines would significantly reduce fugitive emissions by reducing the time to respond to a leak.
The proposed leak detection algorithm is a mixture of state-of-the-art machine learning and data assimilation techniques with well-known physical models and correlations of fluid flow in pipeline networks. The algorithm is tasked to continuously oversee pipeline operations by means of pressure and flow measurements. The proposed algorithm can probabilistically detect when and where a leak is taking place at the frequency of data collection (minutes/hours), thus minimizing the time to respond and the total fluid loss (fugitive emissions). The proposed algorithm utilizes a variant of the ensemble Kalman filter for probabilistic data assimilation together with an underlying network physics model. The model is augmented with meta-models and anomaly detection machine learning algorithms for real-time detection of leaks. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through a synthetic test case based on a realistic dataset.
Advanced Pore and Rock Type Characterization Using NMR T2 Gamma Inversion in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Haji Abdullah , Fateh Ahmed , Abouzaid Ahmed 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Carbonate reservoir complexity imposes some challenges in formation evaluation and characterization. Grain, pore, and throat size distributions play major roles in rock typing to understand static and dynamic behaviors of carbonate reservoirs. Special core analysis techniques, such as MICP and digital core imaging, revealed that the presence of different types of pore structures can be classified based on sizes as micro, meso and macro pores. This paper explores a unique inversion technique using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data to deliver fast, accurate, and continuous pore typing across logged intervals.
The traditional NMR data processing technique consists of sequential steps that ultimately convert echoes from time domain into T2 domain using an exponential inversion, also known as Laplace transform. NMR-gamma inversion (NMR-GI) workflow is a mathematical approach to process the NMR data using probabilistic functions. The gamma inversion function has a form of a bell curve with the base in the logarithmic x-axis. Unlike exponential inversion technique, this inversion produces multiple components. Each component is located at a particular time and it is labeled with a specific number, which reflects the T2 time stamp of each component. The individual area under each component is translated into porosity units.
The application of gamma inversion in a T2 spectrum results in subcomponents via deconvolution of the original spectrum. The display of the components makes it easy to visually analyze and interpret the porosimetry for pore size distribution and group the components for pore typing.
A deeper look into the different components of the T2 spectrums enlarges the NMR measurement portfolio by displaying the porosimetry and pore size distribution. The inverted T2 results from both logging while drilling (LWD) and wireline tools in different fields are consistent with the reservoir geological and petrophysical models. The added value of this technique can be tangible for geophysical and geological (G&G) applications as well as completion design optimization. The NMR-GI technique can be further utilized and calibrated to improve reservoir understanding and optimize advanced core analysis by providing a quick continuous carbonate pore and rock type log.
Pressure Transmission Testing Confirms Performance of Aluminum Complex Fluids as Dynamic Borehole Stabilizer
Authors: Buranaj Hoxha Bez , Porter Justin , Everhard Eli 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Testing the interaction between drilling/completion fluids and the formation is the key critical concept to understand the fundamental mechanism to borehole stability. Unfortunately, most industry tests lack the down-hole conditions to give realistic results. However, there is one advanced testing that can be used to directly and quantitively provide realistic borehole stability interpretations. Specifically, the pore pressure transmission (PPT) test has increasingly gained popularity providing results on how to stabilize troublesome shales by facilitating proper fluid design. In this study, precipitating aluminum chemistry is employed to develop a high-performance water-based mud (HP-WBM) that is tremendously robust and versatile – demonstrating that it can stabilize multiple shale type formations.
PPT evaluations on the alumiumum complex HP-WBM was performed at 250°F with a high simulated overbalanced 1000 psi pressure differential, to fully confirm that the system can withstand high pressure influx and prevent pressure transmission into the shale pore matrix, essentially reducing induced borehole instability. PPT testing was performed on two different types of shales, Pierre Type II and Mancos shale exhibit noteworthy differences in physical, chemical, mineralogical, and mechanical properties, making them ideal shales to study the versatility of the aluminum complex drilling fluid. Because of the pore-plugging capabilities, the fluid can establish, an improved semipermeable membrane, allowing for the counterbalance of hydraulic flow into the shale via osmotic backflow. When compared to the base (water-based mud), a significant delay factor is observed using the aluminum complex fluid, indicating significant reduction in pressure transmission into the shale pore matrix. An invert emulsion system was also tested for comparison and showed the Al-HPWBM's was able to perform similarly at stabilizing these shales. Advantages of precipitating aluminum chemistry over other methods will be further discussed.
Brief Perspective on the Design and Operational System of the H2S Lab at the Dhahran Technology Center, Baker Hughes in Saudi Arabia
Authors: AlSuwaij Ahmed , Jackson Tracey , Hoegerl Manuel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
40% of the world gas reserves are located in in the Middle East, of which most contain high amounts of corrosive gases H2S and CO2, this with other environmental factors exerts stress on metallic and nonmetallic materials. For Baker Hughes to address these challenges, one answer was to establish local competencies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a H2S lab and materials science focused team, ultimately targeting the reduction of total expense of corrosion, and to tap into the research capabilities and expertise available in the ecosystem. H2S gas is a major health and safety challenge to deal with, as it is a lethal, flammable, corrosive. The analysis to design the lab was supported by methods of Asset Integrity Risk Management looking on barriers, process, and industry standards. The human factor was considered to ensure competency, mindset & culture. Among others, OSHA standards were followed to develop the Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) and respiratory protection program and Emergency Response and Operations Plan (EROP). An unexpected challenge arose during the COVID-19 pandemic where measures were taken to limit infection while maintaining lab operation. The lab started operation with a narrow scope to focus on critical lab operational skill development, successive new competencies and workflows are added following a Management of Change (MOC) process. Current developments leverage the labs growing competence to address arising challenges on ultra-high H2S, CO2 for CCUS, and hydrogen for the energy transaction.
Descomplicando a Biologia Celular: uma intervenção com modelos didáticos e a gincana da célula
Authors: Reis Tainá Azevedo , Sousa Kamene Costa , Lima Sintiane Maria de Sá , Lima Michelle Mara de Oliveira 
Published: February 2022

O ensino de Biologia Celular enfrenta desafios no aprendizado dos alunos sobre processos e conceitos microscópicos difíceis de serem compreendidos. As metodologias ativas, como jogos e modelos didáticos, são utilizadas na tentativa de aproximar os conteúdos do entendimento deles. Portanto, neste trabalho, foi desenvolvida e aplicada uma intervenção educativa sobre Biologia Celular para alunos do primeiro ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública da rede federal de ensino do município de Floriano-PI. A intervenção foi composta de dois momentos: (1) uso de modelos didáticos durante uma exposição dialogada e (2) aplicação das provas “Gincana da Célula” como forma interativa de avaliar o conhecimento adquirido pelos alunos. Os dados obtidos a partir de questionários aplicados antes (pré-teste) e após (pós-teste) à execução da intervenção, foram avaliados quanto ao ganho normalizado de aprendizagem (g). A avaliação demonstrou uma progressão do conhecimento total alto (g = 0,82). Sobre a aula dialogada, 96,6% dos alunos afirmaram ter gostado por ter sido dinâmica, interativa e bem ilustrada. Quanto à gincana, 96% afirmaram que a proposta promoveu integração do aprendizado. Essa experiência foi enriquecedora, pois fez com que os alunos ficassem mais atentos ao que estava sendo explicado e souberam aplicar bem o que aprenderam.
Ideias base de função e função afim: analisando o livro didático do Ensino Médio
Authors: Krug Carbone Bruno Schmidt , Nogueira Clélia Maria Ignatius 
Published: February 2022

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento da presença das ideias base de função na apresentação do conteúdo matemático função afim pela coleção “Contato Matemática”, aprovada pelo PNLD 2018. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, à luz da Teoria dos Campos Conceituais, reconhecendo a importância do conceito de função na Educação Básica e o livro didático (LD) como principal material pedagógico acessível ao professor, na intenção de identificar se são propostas situações-problema envolvendo função afim, que possibilitam a mobilização das ideias base de função (correspondência, regularidade, variável, dependência, generalização). Os resultados indicam que tanto na parte teórica quanto nas atividades resolvidas e propostas, nem todas as ideias base estão contempladas, tanto quantitativa quanto qualitativamente. A análise permite inferir que o LD considerado precisa ser complementado pelo professor, com conteúdo teórico e atividades práticas para o ensino e a aprendizagem do conceito função afim.
Desenvolvimento do Saber Tecnológico do professor de Matemática por meio da programação de aplicativos educacionais móveis no software App Inventor 2
Authors: Meredyk Fernanda , Motta Marcelo Souza , Panossian Maria Lucia , Kalinke Marco Aurélio 
Published: February 2022

A presença cada vez mais constante das tecnologias nos ambientes coletivos transforma as relações humanas. Com a chegada desses meios ao ambiente escolar, surge a necessidade da (re)adaptação dos saberes docentes a utilização das tecnologias digitais. Neste sentido, utilizando uma abordagem qualitativa, em um procedimento de pesquisa participante, esse estudo tem como objetivo analisar as contribuições que a programação de aplicativos educacionais móveis utilizando o software App Inventor 2 pode trazer para a formação de professores de Matemática. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram licenciandos em Matemática, pós-graduandos em Educação Matemática ou graduados de áreas afins, todos se inscreveram no curso por meio de um questionário online. O curso teve duração 40 horas, sendo realizado em cinco encontros que ocorreram em uma universidade pública do Paraná. Os resultados apontam que ocorreram contribuições para a formação de professores de matemática, por meio do aprimoramento do saber tecnológico evidenciando a intersecção desse saber com os saberes de Tardif (2018). A interseção desses saberes promoveu o desenvolvimento de outros que denominamos por: saber tecnológico disciplinar, saber tecnológico curricular, saber tecnológico da formação profissional e saber tecnológico experiencial.
Effects of fresh garlic extract on Candida albicans sessile cells, biofilms and biofilm associated genes, Flo-8 and Ndt80
Authors: Thomas Dave Aranka , Lee Joshua, Voon Kai , Choo Sulin , Rao Harinash , Chong Pei Pei 
Published: February 2022

Candida-associated nosocomial infections are a persistent problem which has been steadily increasing over the years. The emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains has narrowed the spectrum of effective drugs that can be utilised and indicated the need for alternative therapeutics. Garlic is a spice often studied for its unique characteristics. Most of its antimicrobial properties have been attributed to the presence of allicin, which makes up more than 70% of thiosulfinates extracted from garlic. The present study aimed to determine the effects of fresh garlic extract (FGE) towards the expression of two major biofilm genes, Flo-8 and Ndt80 produced by C. albicans that enable the morphogenesis of yeast from planktonic cells to biofilm. Minimum concentration required for FGE to inhibit C. albicans was determined through agar well and disc diffusion assay. Effect of FGE towards preformed C. albicans biofilms was evaluated at ¼× and ½× inhibitory concentrations of FGE and Amphotericin B, respectively by XTT assay. RNA from FGE-treated C. albicans was extracted, reverse transcribed and analysed by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) to determine FGE effects towards the expression of Flo-8 and Ndt80. Inhibitory concentration of FGE was determined to be 100 mg/mL. Both genes appeared to be upregulated in the presence of FGE with a higher upregulation noted with Flo-8 (67.34 and 30.20-folds) when compared against Ndt80 (5.55 and 1.79-folds) at 5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL, respectively. It is surmised that C. albicans upregulated these genes as a survival mechanism in the presence of FGE. The findings from this study indicate that FGE could inhibit C. albicans growth and biofilms. Further research is required to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) through broth microdilution and to understand the mechanism behind this phenomenon before it can be utilised as a potential therapeutic to combat Candida-associated nosocomial infections.