bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photosynthetic Characteristics of Strawberry Plants Treated with Paclobutrazol or Flurprimidol
Authors: Archbold Douglas D. , Houtz Robert L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Paclobutrazol and flurprimidol were foliar-applied to drip at 250 mg·liter–1 to ribbon-row grown ‘Honeoye’ strawberry plants 1 month after planting. Compared to untreated plants, paclobutrazol treatment increased leaf chlorophyll per unit area, but had no effect on leaf total protein or dry weight per unit area of leaf disks sampled 3 and 12 months after treatment. Flurprimidol had no effect on these leaf characteristics. Net photosynthetic rates were reduced 3 months after application of both inhibitors, but were slightly increased in paclobutrazol-treated plants only in the fruit harvest period 12 months after application. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) activities were significantly reduced in inhibitor-treated leaves 3 months after application, whereas 12 months later, rubisco activity averaged 34% less than that from control leaves, but was not statistically significant at the 5% level. Leaf conductance was significantly increased by paclobutrazol treatment when measured 12 months after application. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorphenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); α-(1-methylethyl)α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol).
Use of Farming Systems Research Extension (FSR/E) Methods to Identify Horticultural Research Priorities in The Gambia, West Africa
Authors: Gaye G. O. , Jack Isatou , Caldwell John S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Gambia is a small country on the West African coast, located along the Gambia River and surrounded on three sides by Senegal. The climate is a bimodal rainfall (800-1400 mm precipitation yearly) type with distinct dry (October-May) and wet (June-September) seasons. Mean monthly air temperatures range from a minimum of 14.5°C to a maximum of 41° (15).
Effects of Paclobutrazol on Height and Performance of Aluminum Plant in a Simulated Interior Environment
Authors: Cox Douglas A. , Whittington Flora F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Maintaining size and shape of tropical foliage plants used in interior landscapes can be difficult. Both low and high interior light levels can cause undesirable increases in stem length or plant volume, necessitating pruning or replacement with another plant. Although only a few reports (1-5) are available, paclobutrazol has been shown to be effective in reducing the height of many tropical foliage plant species. In addition, paclobutrazol is reported to reduce leaf abcission of plants placed indoors (1, 3, 5) and intensify green leaf color (1, 4). Soil drench applications, because of the persistence of paclobutrazol in soil (6), can maintain plant size for a long time (4).
Paulownia tomentosa ‘Somaclonal Snowstorm’
Authors: Marcotrigiano Michael , Jagannathan Lakshmi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Some authorities place the genus Paulownia in the family Bignoniaceae, while others place it in the Scrophulariaceae, a closely related family (4). Paulownia tomentosa Steud., the empress or princess tree, originates in China. According to Hu (2), there appears to be no published record of an accurate introduction date into the United States, although it probably was introduced shortly after 1844. The species received an award of merit from the Royal Horticultural Society of London in 1934 (1). Because of its tolerance of poor soils and its rapid growth rate, it has become popular for strip mine reclamation (10). In addition, the wood of Paulownia is considered valuable, especially in Japan (9).
CMS(ESG) 508 and CMS(ESG) 512 Cytoplasmic Male-sterile Cabbage Germplasm (with Radish Cytoplasm)
Authors: McCollum Gilbert D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Intergeneric crosses between radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and several horticultural forms of Brassica oleracea L. were made at Beltsville in 1967 and 1969 following a suggestion by A. E. Kehr that alloplasmic male sterility in cole crops could be originated from wide hybridization and genome transfer in much the same way that male sterility was known to arise in other plant groups, such as Nicotiana. Synthesis of raphanobrassica amphidiploids and difficulties in eliminating radish chromosomes and female sterility in the early backcrosses with B. oleracea (broccoli and cabbage) have been described (3), and the recovery of male-sterile and female-fertile broccoli-like plants in a BC6 family has been reported (4). Because subsequent backcrosses with broccoli and several other forms of B. oleracea (cabbage, cauliflower, kale, brussels sprouts) produced some plants with partially restored pollen fertility, it was necessary to locate maintainer genotypes for the cytoplasmic male sterility. Several maintainer lines were selected during the course of another six backcrosses with cabbage inbreds and cultivars. In Feb. 1987, two of these, TM-LFD 508 and CD 512, and corresponding male-sterile lines CMS(ESG) 508 and CMS(ESG) 512, were released by ARS to plant breeders.
‘Nava’ Grape
Authors: Spiegel-Roy P. , Asaph R. , Baron I. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In a breeding program for table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) initiated in 1968 at Bet Dagan, Israel, one objective has been to breed large-berried, better-flavored grape cultivars for replacement of ‘Ribier’ (syn. Alphonse Lavallee). A selection with large black berries has been made and named ‘Nava’ (Fig. 1.). The fruit is well-adapted for the fresh market.
Assimilate Partitioning in Relation to Crop Productivity
Authors: Patrick John W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Assimilate partitioning may contribute to improvements in crop productivity by: a) Increasing total biomass production. Watson (99) drew attention to the subsequently well-qualified observation that assimilate partitioning patterns that favor rapid generation of leaf surface contribute significantly to both genetic- and environmentally induced differences in crop growth rates (87). b) Favoring assimilate transfer to the harvestable portion of the crop. Retrospective physiological analyses have demonstrated that shifts in assimilate partitioning pattern largely account for the evolutionary increase in yield of a range of crop species (for reviews, see ref. 37). Clearly, upper limits exist to the degree to which assimilates may be partitioned to the harvestable portion without jeopardizing the capacity of the plant to support the yield component both structurally and nutritionally. Nevertheless, in these cases, further potential exists for improvement through optimization of yield quality, which, in part, depends on the chemical nature of the assimilate partitioned to the harvested organ.
Considerations for Effective Exchange of Clonally Propagated Plant Germplasm
Authors: Parliman Bruce J. , Daubeny Hugh A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Effective germplasm exchange can be equated with acquisition of desired or appropriate germplasm, its subsequent survival and distribution, and then its exploitation at one or more levels, including breeding programs. Few problems occur when clonally propagated plant materials are moved locally. However, exchange problems continually reoccur when the same type of plant germplasm is shipped over long distances, such as between countries. The purposes of this paper are to: a) identify key components of the international plant germplasm exchange process that are time-consuming and present the most serious threats to the plant germ plasm itself; and b) propose procedures that will minimize or eliminate these problem areas and reduce the length of time required for successful exchange of germplasm to take place. Exchange components for clonally and sexually propagated foreign and domestic plant germplasm, including most temperate fruit crops, are exploration, collection, identification, data recording and manipulation, labeling, shipping, propagation, regulation resulting from quarantine policy development and interpretation, quarantine pathogen testing and therapy, repository/genebank maintenance and preservation, breeding, testing/evaluation, and distribution.
Temperate Fruit Genetic Resources and the IBPGR
Authors: van Sloten Dick H. , Holle M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The genetic diversity of crops, represented by traditional local cultivars and wild relatives, has been disappearing rapidly during recent decades. Plant explorers have been active for centuries; however, concerted international activities were initiated only in the early 1960s by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Technical conferences organized by FAO in 1961, 1967, and 1973 created general awareness for the need to conserve crop genetic resources. Both the 1973 Technical Conference and the United Nations Environment Conference at Stockholm in 1972, led to recommendations for a global program. Subsequently, the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) was established by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and started its work in 1974. The FAO agreed to provide headquarters for the IBPGR.
Fruit Germplasm Preservation and Management: Synopsis of the Symposium
Authors: Moore James N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This symposium has successfully illuminated the history, present status, and future directions of fruit genetic resources and their management. The blue ribbon panel of speakers, each with different expertise and interest, has interwoven separate perspectives into a common fabric of purpose: The collection, preservation, and use of the world’s fruit genetic resources.
Genetic Changes in a Collection over Time
Authors: Roos Eric E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Much emphasis has been placed on the need to preserve plant genetic resources (13, 17, 18, 28, 31, 50). As a reuslt, the number of accessions added to gene banks around the world has risen dramatically over the past 10 to 12 years. The International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), during its first decade of work (1974–84), arranged for the collection of ≈ 121,000 samples of germplasm from more than 90 countries around the world (19). At the USDA National Seed Storage Laboratory, accessions in storage have increased from 91,000 in 1976 to more than 204,000 in 1986. These accessions represent ≈370 genera and 1960 species. The large influx of samples during recent years has placed greater responsibility on germplasm curators to ensure that samples are properly handled, including periodic germination testing and regrowing of samples when needed.
Genetic Considerations for Germplasm Preservation of Clonal Materials
Authors: Towill Leigh E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The present diversity of plants used for the needs of society is immense and could expand greatly with the development of new crops and more extensive use of plants producing useful pharmacological compounds. We are relatively familiar with problems associated with germplasm preservation of major food crops, but such information is lacking for many minor crops. Aspects of genetics, physiology, and phenology must be considered to develop a useful and efficient means of germplasm preservation (29).
On The Emergence of B Cultivars n Squash
Authors: Shifriss Oved 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The names squash and pumpkin are used interchangeably for fruit vegetables that belong to several cultivated species of Cucurbita. The species C. pepo consists of different groups of edible cultivars and a small group of inedible ornamentals known as yellowflowered gourds. In 1939, while leafing through L.H. Bailey's The Garden of Gourds (1937), I was fascinated by the illustrations of some bicolor gourd fruits. It occurred to me that the biocolor fruit pattern (Fig. 1) might be useful experimentally for studies of polarity in bioloy. However, the opportunity to initiate such studies did not come until about 10 years later.
‘Ayles’, ‘Guara’, and ‘Moncayo’ Almonds
Authors: Felipe A. , Socias i Company R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
• In the article ‘“Aylés’, ‘Guara’, and ‘Moncayo’ Almonds”, by A. Felipe and R. Socias i Company (HortScience 22(5):961–962, October 1987), the percentage bar did not appear on FIg. 1. The correct figure appears on the right.
Horticultural Training in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: von Hentig W. -U. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
When tracing the roots of horticultural training in Germany, one must go back to the Middle Ages with the founding in 1276 of the first gardener’s guild on German-speaking territory in Basel (now Switzerland), where the institutionalized training of the rising generation of gardeners began. During the Middle Ages, guilds formed in all trades. Free craftsmen organized themselves into guilds to carry out their joint profession and to determine and regulate economic conditions. Guilds also determined and conducted training of apprentices for the first time. A gardener apprenticeship usually began at age 15 and lasted for 3 years, after which the trainee was deemed a “trained gardener”.
Introduction
Authors: Tibbitts T. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It is a pleasure to be introducing this symposium to provide an appreciation of the real interest that NASA has in using plant systems for life support in space. The symposium is directed toward providing details on what is planned, and what is actually underway, in this effort. It is a program that has been titled CELSS, Controlled Ecological Life Support System, and involves a tremendous breadth of horticultural areas—areas that can require the expertise of nearly everyone in horticulture, as suggested in Fig. 1. The project must start with plant propagation, probably tissue culture propagation, and involve all aspects of environmental optimization of growth, breeding of adapted cultivars, nutrient, possibly nutrient film, feeding techniques (NFT) and automated nutrient recycling, contaminant control in the atmosphere, pathogen control in the nutrient solution, precise growth modeling for regulation of the system, maximization of harvest index to reduce inedible portions, efficient food processing, balanced diets, and complete recycling of all wastes. The expertise of all types of horticulturists is needeed if this project of NASA is to be successful.
CELSS for Advanced Manned Mission
Authors: Olson R. L. , Oleson M. W. , Slavin T. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An overview of the major concepts of Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) includes an identification of environmental factors, such as gravity levels, light levels, and growth volume, that influence the type of CELSS system that can be developed. Various plant growth systems are described together with their possible space applications. Life support functions performed by plants include food production, atmosphere regeneration, and water purification. Selected relationships between biological and physical–chemical life support techniques are considered as a part of these functions.
Plant Productivity in Controlled Environments
Authors: Salisbury Frank B. , Bugbee Bruce 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To assess the cost and area/volume requirements of a farm in a space station or Lunar or Martian base, a few laboratories in the United States, the Soviet Union, France, and Japan are studying optimum controlled environments for the production of selected crops. Temperature, light, photoperiod, CO2, humidity, the root–zone environment, and cultivars are the primary factors being manipulated to increase yields and harvest index. Our best wheat yields on a time basis (24 g·m–2·day–1 of edible biomass) are five times good field yields and twice the world record. Similar yields have been obtained in other laboratories with potatoes and lettuce; soybeans are also promising. These figures suggest that ≈30 m2 under continuous production could support an astronaut with sufficient protein and about 2800 kcal-day-1. Scientists under Iosif Gitelzon in Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, have lived in a closed system for up to 5 months, producing 80% of their own food. Thirty square meters for crops were allotted to each of the two men taking part in the experiment.
Influence of Paclobutrazol on in Vitro Growth of Sweet Cherry Shoots
Authors: Snir Iona 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shoot tips from in vitro-established shoot tip cultures of Prunus avium L. cv. Hedelfingen and cv. Starkrimson were cultured on sweet cherry propagation medium to which several concentrations of paclobutrazol (PP333) were added and gibberellic acid (GA3) omitted, in order to reduce the elongation of the shoots. A reduction in both shoot length and bud number was achieved even with the lowest concentration of paclobutrazol (0.2 mg·liter–1). Shoot tips from the inhibited cultures when replanted on regular propagation medium overcame the inhibition at the first transfer. In order to use this system for cold preservation experiments, the cultures were examined under dark and low temperature conditions (0.5° ± 0.5°C). There was a significant difference between the PP333 system and the control after certain periods of cold preservation. The survival ratio of the PP333-inhibited culture was higher than the control after removing from the cold preservation conditions and recultured. Chemical name used: β-[(4- chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol.
Host Plant Affects Response of Colorado Potato Beetle to a Pyrethroid Insecticide
Authors: Carter CD. , Ghidiu G. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The abundance of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) larvae and their response to the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate were compared among three crop hosts, eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), potato (S. tuberosum L.), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Generally, fewer larvae were observed on tomato and eggplant than on potato. Percent reduction of CPB larval populations by fenvalerate was often greater on eggplant and potato than on tomato. Percent defoliation was greater on eggplant and potato than on tomato. Eggplant and potato yields increased as larval populations were reduced by fenvalerate, but tomato yield was unaffected by fenvalerate treatment. Chemical name used: cyano (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl-4-chloro-α-(1-methylethyl) benzeneacetate (fenvalerate); butyl-carbityl 6-propylpiperonyl (piperonyl butoxide).
Asparagus Crown Response to Dikegulac
Authors: Mahotiere Sauveur , Johnson Clarence , Cullers Philamenia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dipping asparagus crowns (Asparagus officinalis L.) in 300 ppm dikegulac (Atrinal) solution significantly reduced the time of emergence and the height of asparagus shoots without affecting their fresh and dry weights. The number of shoots at complete emergence was not affected by the dikegulac treatment, but thereafter a significant increase occurred. Of the concentrations tested (0, 200, 300, and 400 ppm), 300 ppm was the most effective. After the top was cut off, the dikegulac treatment did not affect the time of emergence of the second shoots, but it did continue to increase their number. Chemical name used: 2,3:4,6-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-α-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac).
Influence of Container Type and Cell Size on Cabbage Transplant Development and Field Performance
Authors: Marsh Dyremple B. , Paul K. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine the influence of container type and cell size on cabbage [Brassica oleracea (L.) Capitata Group] transplant growth and subsequent yield. Cabbage seedlings were grown in the greenhouse in two types of containers, Sutton polystyrene and Speedling styrofoam “Todd Trays”. Four sizes of each tray were tested, ranging from 8.0 to 80.5 cm3 for polystyrene and 7.5 to 80 cm3 for styrofoam. In general, stem diameter, plant height, and leaf area of seedlings increased with increase in container size, but container type had no influence. In the field, head width and length were similar for all treatments. Plants grown from the large cell sizes had higher head weight than those from small cell sizes.
Influence of Strain of ‘Delicious’ Apple on Root Development of 1-year-old Trees
Authors: Barritt Bruce H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
First-year root development on the M.7A rootstock shank was evaluated with four nonspur and seven spur-type strains of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica borkh.) The rootstock shank was the portion of the rootstock that was above the soil line in the nursery and was buried at the time of planting in the orchard. First-year total shoot length and trunk diameter increase of the scion were generally greater for nonspur than for spur-type strains. Dry weight of new roots per centimeter of rootstock shank length was correlated with shoot length and with trunk diameter increase (r = 0.53 *** and r = 0.68 ***, respectively). Although the more vigorous nonspur strains generally had more rooting on the rootstock shank than spur-type strains, there appear to be other factors, including the nursery environment, that influence shank rooting.
Influence of Light and Heated Medium on Rooting and Shoot Growth of Two Foliage Plant Species
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ficus benjamina and Codiaeum variegatum ‘Gold Dust’ stem tip cuttings were rooted in a mist bed at 290 or 90 µmols·m–2 Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) with or without 28° ± 1°C medium heating and then potted. Number of roots in C. variegatum was unaffected by either PPF or medium heating; however, both factors enhanced root elongation. Forty days after potting, cuttings rooted under 290 µmol·s–1·m–2 had more lateral shoots than those rooted under 90 µmol·s-1·m–2 PPF. Although cuttings rooted in heated medium under the lower PPF had roots more than twice as long as those on cuttings rooted in unheated medium under the high PPF, it had little effect on subsequent shoot growth. F. benjamina rooting was improved in heated medium and was not affected by PPF. Unheated cuttings rooted better under high than low PPF. Shoot growth 10 weeks after transplanting was unaffected by the initial differences in root grade.
Influence of Photoperiod, Supplemental Light, and Growth Regulators on Growth and Flowering of Pentas lanceolata
Authors: Armitage Allan M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The influence of photoperiod, supplemental lighting, and pinching method on the growth and flowering time of Pentas lanceolata Benth. cultivated as a pot crop was determined. Pentas is a quantitative long-day plant (LDP). Plants given long days (LD) flowered 7 to 10 days earlier than those that received short days (SD). Light was supplemented during daylight hours only to distinguish from photoperiodic effect and 6 weeks of HID (640 ± 30 µmol·s–1·m–2) supplemental light also accelerated flowering. Height was retarded with chlormequat, but daminozide and ancymidol were ineffective. No growth regulator affected flowering time. Pinching delayed flowering time but increased the number of blooms per plant. Pinching to three nodes was more beneficial and resulted in faster flowering than pinching to one node. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium (chlormequat); butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide); α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol).