bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Late-stage” deforestation enhances storm trends in coastal West Africa
Authors: Taylor Christopher M. , Klein Cornelia , Parker Douglas J. , Gerard France , Semeena Valiyaveetil Shamsudheen , Barton Emma J. , Harris Bethan L. 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Tropical deforestation tends to increase regional air temperatures, but its impacts on rainfall are more complex. The conventional picture, based largely on studies over Amazonia, is that storm frequency can increase over small, deforested areas but is reduced when the landscape is predominantly deforested. This study examines Southern West Africa, a coastal region that has little remaining intact forest. Here, the ongoing patchy deforestation increases the frequency of afternoon storms locally. Deforestation appears especially effective at triggering storms near the coast, where temperature-sensitive sea breezes dominate, and rapidly urbanizing populations are vulnerable to flood risk. Our results emphasize dynamical processes over moisture limitation and are highly relevant for many tropical deforestation hotspots, which, unlike Amazonia, are located near the coastline.
Observing the loss and revival of long-range phase coherence through disorder quenches
Authors: Nagler Benjamin , Barbosa Sian , Koch Jennifer , Orso Giuliano , Widera Artur 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Understanding the combined effects of disorder and interactions in quantum many-body systems is a key topic of condensed matter physics. While most studies have considered a static disorder, here we investigate the relaxation dynamics of a three-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate after switching on or off an optical disorder potential. We study, experimentally and numerically, the transient and steady-state atomic density distribution and the ability of the gas to hydrodynamically expand, directly reflecting long-range phase coherence. We find that, when the gas is exposed to disorder, long-range phase coherence breaks down one order of magnitude faster than the density distribution responds. In the opposite case, surprisingly, long-range coherence takes two orders of magnitude longer times to revive than the density relaxation.
Structural insights into how vacuolar sorting receptors recognize the sorting determinants of seed storage proteins
Authors: Tsao Hsi-En , Lui Shu Nga , Lo Anthony Hiu-Fung , Chen Shuai , Wong Hiu Yan , Wong Chi-Kin , Jiang Liwen , Wong Kam-Bo 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Seeds such as rice and soybean are major food staples in the human diet. During seed development, storage proteins are deposited in a specialized organelle called the protein storage vacuole and are mobilized to provide nutrients during germination. Storage proteins are transported as cargoes via specific protein–protein interactions with the vacuolar sorting receptors. Supported by structural and mutagenesis studies, our work provides insights into how the sequence-specific information, or the vacuolar sorting determinant, on the storage proteins is recognized by the vacuolar sorting receptors for their targeting to the vacuoles. Insights gained into the rules of receptor–cargo recognition will be useful in engineering recombinant proteins for biotechnological applications of the protein storage vacuoles in seeds.
Convergent evolution of venom gland transcriptomes across Metazoa
Authors: Zancolli Giulia , Reijnders Maarten , Waterhouse Robert M. , Robinson-Rechavi Marc 
Published: January 2022

SignificanceOn more than 100 occasions, animals have independently evolved the ability to produce and deliver potent secretions to subdue prey or predators—venom. This prompts the following question: Have animals repeatedly adopted the same genetic toolkit for venom production? In this study, we found, surprisingly, that the venom glands of different animal lineages had similar global gene expression patterns. Notably, groups of genes involved in protein secretion, and especially stress response pathways, had similar expression levels, revealing that many animals have come up with the same solution independently. On the other hand, signaling and regulatory networks had lineage-specific patterns, suggesting that the way in which cells are regulated and communicate might reflect the diverse developmental origins of venom systems.
Intersectional inequalities in science
Authors: Kozlowski Diego , Larivière Vincent , Sugimoto Cassidy R. , Monroe-White Thema 
Published: January 2022

SignificanceThe US scientific workforce is not representative of the population. Barriers to entry and participation have been well-studied; however, few have examined the effect of these disparities on the advancement of science. Furthermore, most studies have looked at either race or gender, failing to account for the intersection of these variables. Our analysis utilizes millions of scientific papers to study the relationship between scientists and the science they produce. We find a strong relationship between the characteristics of scientists and their research topics, suggesting that diversity changes the scientific portfolio with consequences for career advancement for minoritized individuals. Science policies should consider this relationship to increase equitable participation in the scientific workforce and thereby improve the robustness of science.
Strategic protection of landslide vulnerable mountains for biodiversity conservation under land-cover and climate change impacts
Authors: Li Binbin V. , Jenkins Clinton N. , Xu Weihua 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Landslides are triggered more often by human-induced changes, such as deforestation, infrastructure building, and increasing precipitation extremes, because of climate change. The huge economic and societal loss calls for a more cost-effective way to reduce risks and ensure sustainable development. Land-cover and land-use changes not only increase landslide susceptibility but also drive habitat loss and species extinctions. The high spatial overlap between landslide susceptibility and biodiversity in mountains provides an opportunity to achieve co-benefits in conservation and development. The identification of vulnerable mountains with both high biodiversity and landslide susceptibility prioritizes the regions for expansion of protected areas, forest conservation, and restoration, providing a nature-based solution to mitigate landslide risks through the protection of natural habitat.
Evolution of cooperation with asymmetric social interactions
Authors: Su Qi , Allen Benjamin , Plotkin Joshua B. 
Published: January 2022

SignificanceHumans have a remarkable, but not ubiquitous, tendency toward altruism. This behavior reflects a classic enigma in evolutionary theory: When and why would individuals forgo selfish interests to help strangers? Population structure is known to catalyze cooperation because it enables local reciprocity—I help you, and you help me. But this explanation assumes bidirectional social interactions, whereas human interactions are often unidirectional: One individual has the opportunity to contribute altruistically to another, but not conversely. Here we uncover a surprising result, that directionality can actually facilitate cooperation. We study this effect theoretically and also in empirical social networks. We suggest several practical implications, including how to modify the directions of social interactions to promote cooperation.
Direct measurement of the viscoelectric effect in water
Authors: Jin Di , Hwang Yongyun , Chai Liraz , Kampf Nir , Klein Jacob 
Published: January 2022

SignificanceThe viscosity of polar liquids increases in an electric field because of its interaction with the dipolar molecules. This viscoelectric effect was measured for organic liquids, but for water, the most important polar liquid, where it is crucial in areas from surface potential determination to nanofluidic applications, this is very challenging, and no direct measurements have been carried out to date. Consequently, estimates of its magnitude in water vary by more than a thousandfold. Here, we use a surface force balance to measure the dynamic approach of two molecularly smooth surfaces with a uniform, controlled electric field between them across water; this is modulated by the water viscosity and hence the viscoelectric effect, enabling its magnitude to be directly determined.
Temporal–spectral signaling of sensory information and expectations in the cerebral processing of pain
Authors: Nickel Moritz M. , Tiemann Laura , Hohn Vanessa D. , May Elisabeth S. , Gil Ávila Cristina , Eippert Falk , Ploner Markus 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Pain is not only shaped by sensory information but also by an individual’s expectations. Here, we investigated how commonly analyzed electroencephalography (EEG) responses to pain signal sensory information, expectations, and discrepancies thereof (prediction errors) in the processing of pain. Bayesian analysis confirmed that pain perception was shaped by objective sensory information and expectations. In contrast, EEG responses at different latencies (including the N1, N2, and P2 components) and frequencies (including alpha, beta, and gamma oscillations) were shaped by sensory information but not by expectations. Thus, EEG responses to pain are more involved in signaling sensory information than in signaling expectations or prediction errors. Expectation effects are obviously mediated by other brain mechanisms than the effects of sensory information on pain.
An asymmetric grating refractive index sensor generating quasi-bound states in the continuum with high figure of merit and temperature self-compensation
Authors: Wang Qi , Jiang Ju-Xin , Wang Lei , Yin Xiang-Yu , Yan Xin , Zhu Aisong , Qiu Fengmei , Zhang Ke-Ke 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A subwavelength asymmetric grating refractive index (RI) sensor based on quasi-bound states in the continuum (q-BIC) with temperature self-compensation was proposed. The sensor structure consisted of a prism/asymmetric grating/analytes, where the grating layers were periodically arranged asymmetric silicon (Si) and polydimethylsiloxane. The asymmetry of the structure led to the fact that the tangential field component and the radiative field component in the grating layer were no longer in a fully decoupled state at the resonance position, creating two extremely narrow q-BIC resonance peaks, which gave the sensor a high figure of merit (FOM) and a low detection limit (DL). In addition, the thermo-optical coefficient of the materials made one of the resonance peaks more sensitive to temperature changes, realizing the temperature self-compensation of RI detection and thus improving the detection accuracy. From the results, reducing the asymmetry of the structure by modifying the parameters could theoretically make FOM > 5.1 × 106 RIU−1 and DL < 9.8 × 10−9 RIU. For the RI sensor with temperature self-compensation, FOM = 3057.85 RIU−1 and DL = 1.64 × 10−5 RIU for the RI, FOM = 0.88 °C−1 and DL = 0.057 °C for the temperature. These findings could effectively improve the temperature interference resistance of the sensor and thus the accuracy of trace substance detection.
Comparison of form measurement results for optical aspheres and freeform surfaces
Authors: Fortmeier Ines , Schulz Michael 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Comparing form measurement data for aspheres and freeform surfaces is an important tool for ensuring the quality and functionality of the devices used to take such measurements and may also allow the underlying measurement methods to be evaluated. However, comparing the highly accurate form measurements of such complex surfaces is a demanding task. It is difficult to analyze measurement results whose accuracies are in the range of several tens of nanometers root-mean-square, especially when comparing data with different, and anisotropic distributions of the 3D measurement points on the surface under test. In this paper, we investigate eight different 3D measurement point distributions that are typical of highly accurate measurement systems currently in use and demonstrate the effects of these distributions on the comparison results by using virtually generated data and applying different evaluation strategies. The results show that, for the examples investigated, the different 3D measurement point distributions can yield different levels of accuracy for the comparison. Furthermore, an improved evaluation procedure is proposed and recommendations on how to significantly reduce the influence of the different 3D measurement point distributions on the comparison result are given. A method of employing virtually generated test data is presented that may be generalized in order to further improve and validate future comparison methods.
Development of a metrological reference system for the form measurement of aspheres and freeform surfaces based on a tilted-wave interferometer
Authors: Fortmeier Ines , Stavridis Manuel , Schulz Michael , Elster Clemens 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Aspheres and freeform surfaces play an important role in today’s optics industry. However, the measurement of such complex surfaces is still challenging even with state-of-the-art manufacturing technology, and there is an urgent need in industry for a non-contact, highly accurate reference measurement technique. To meet this demand, at Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), a metrological reference system for the contact-free form measurement of aspheres and freeform surfaces is under development. The measurement system is based on a tilted-wave interferometer. Advances in computational capabilities have made it possible to solve the complex inverse problems associated with this measurement system and to develop sophisticated analysis procedures for reconstructing the surface under test from the measured interferogram data. In this paper, we will present the status of the tilted-wave interferometer-based measurement system at PTB, describe the analysis procedures we have designed and show initial measurement results. The benefit of the implementation presented here is that it allows insight to be gained into the performance of the measurement system and enables traceable measurements to be established with low uncertainty.
Instability and turbulent relaxation in a stochastic magnetic field
Authors: Cao Mingyun , Diamond P H 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An analysis of instability dynamics in a stochastic magnetic field is presented for the tractable case of the resistive interchange. Externally prescribed static magnetic perturbations convert the eigenmode problem to a stochastic differential equation, which is solved by the method of averaging. The dynamics are rendered multi-scale, due to the size disparity between the test mode and magnetic perturbations. Maintaining quasi-neutrality at all orders requires that small-scale convective cell turbulence be driven by disparate scale interaction. The cells in turn produce turbulent mixing of vorticity and pressure, which is calculated by fluctuation-dissipation type analyses, and are relevant to pump-out phenomena. The development of correlation between the ambient magnetic perturbations and the cells is demonstrated, showing that turbulence will ‘lock on’ to ambient stochasticity. Magnetic perturbations are shown to produce a magnetic braking effect on vorticity generation at large scale. Detailed testable predictions are presented. The relations of these findings to the results of available simulations and recent experiments are discussed.
Coalescence and counterflow of droplets on needle electrode with negative corona discharge
Authors: Wang Zutao , Li Chuan , Xiao Menghan , Wang Pengyu , Zhang Ming , Shi Peng , Li Jiawei , Li Dingchen , He Fuyou , Yang Wendi , Yang Yong , Yu Kexun , Pan Yuan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The coalescence of droplets on the discharge electrode surface in high humidity environments has rarely been studied, which may affect discharge characteristics. Meanwhile, directional transport of droplets is of great significance for many applications ranging from fluidic processing to thermal management. Here, corona discharge in a needle-plate electrode is adopted to explore the coalescence rule of droplets attached on the discharge electrode surface in a high-humidity environment, and to realize the counterflow of droplets. The experimental results show that the number of coalesced droplets on the needle electrode surface reaches the maximum under −7.5 kV at relative humidity ∼94% and ambient temperature ∼20 °C. When the applied voltage increases from −6 kV to −11 kV, the droplet moves up 2.76 mm in 5 s. The size of the attached droplet depends on the balance of coalescence and evaporation. The coalescence is mainly attributed to the dielectrophoretic force caused by the high electric field gradient. The evaporation is related to the ionic wind generated by the corona discharge. With regard to the counterflow phenomenon of the droplet, we speculate that the high concentration gradient of positive ions near the needle electrode provides a driving force for the negatively charged droplets. Meanwhile, the electrons and negative ions below the needle tip offer a repulsive force to the droplet. The shape and moving direction of the droplet attached to the needle surface can be manipulated by changing the voltage applied to the needle electrode, which shows the potential application value in realizing the self-cleaning of electrodes, liquid lenses and so on.
Hybrid simulation of instabilities in capacitively coupled RF CF4/Ar plasmas
Authors: Dong Wan , Zhang Yi-Fan , Dai Zhong-Ling , Schulze Julian , Song Yuan-Hong , Wang You-Nian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Radio frequency capacitively coupled plasmas (RF CCPs) sustained in fluorocarbon gases or their mixtures with argon are widely used in plasma-enhanced etching. In this work, we conduct studies on instabilities in a capacitive CF4/Ar (1:9) plasma driven at 13.56 MHz at a pressure of 150 mTorr, by using a one-dimensional fluid/Monte-Carlo (MC) hybrid model. Fluctuations are observed in densities and fluxes of charged particles, electric field, as well as electron impact reaction rates, especially in the bulk. As the gap distance between the electrodes increases from 2.8 cm to 3.8 cm, the fluctuation amplitudes become smaller gradually and the instability period gets longer, as the driving power density ranges from 250 to 300 W m−2. The instabilities are on a time scale of 16–20 RF periods, much shorter than those millisecond periodic instabilities observed experimentally owing to attachment/detachment in electronegative plasmas. At smaller electrode gap, a positive feedback to the instability generation is induced by the enhanced bulk electric field in the highly electronegative mode, by which the electron temperature keeps strongly oscillating. Electrons at high energy are mostly consumed by ionization rather than attachment process, making the electron density increase and overshoot to a much higher value. And then, the discharge becomes weakly electronegative and the bulk electric field becomes weak gradually, resulting in the continuous decrease of the electron density as the electron temperature keeps at a much lower mean value. Until the electron density attains its minimum value again, the instability cycle is formed. The ionization of Ar metastables and dissociative attachment of CF4 are noticed to play minor roles compared with the Ar ionization and excitation at this stage in this mixture discharge. The variations of electron outflow from and negative ion inflow to the discharge center need to be taken into account in the electron density fluctuations, apart from the corresponding electron impact reaction rates. We also notice more than 20% change of the Ar+ ion flux to the powered electrode and about 16% difference in the etching rate due to the instabilities in the case of 2.8 cm gap distance, which is worthy of more attention for improvement of etching technology.
Axial and radial development of the hot electron distribution in a helicon plasma source, measured by a retarding field energy analyzer (RFEA)
Authors: Buschmann Lisa , Fredriksen Åshild 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The information about the electron population of a helicon source plasma that expands along a magnetic nozzle is important for understanding the plasma acceleration across the potential drop that forms in the nozzle. The electrons need an energy higher than the potential drop to escape from the source. At these energies the signal of a Langmuir probe is less accurate. An inverted RFEA measures the high-energy tail of the electrons. To reach the probe, they must have energies above the plasma potential V
P, which can vary over the region of the measurement. By constructing a full distribution by applying the electron temperature T
e obtained from the electron IV-curve and the V
P obtained from the ion collecting RFEA or an emissive probe, a density measure of the hot electron distribution independent of V
P can be obtained. The variation of the high-energy tail of the EEDF in both radial and axial directions, in the two different cases of (1) a purely expanding magnetic field nozzle, and (2) a more constricted one by applying current in a third, downstream coil was investigated. The electron densities and temperatures from the source are then compared to two analytic models of the downstream development of the electron density. The first model considers the development for a pure Boltzmann distribution while the second model takes an additional magnetic field expansion into account. A good match between the measured densities and the second model was found for both configurations. The RFEA probe also allows for directional measurement of the electron current to the probe. This property is used to compare the densities from the downstream and upstream directions, showing a much lower contribution of downstream electrons into the source for a purely expanding magnetic field in comparison to the confined magnetic field configuration.
Dynamic stop pooling for flexible and sustainable ride sharing
Authors: Lotze Charlotte , Marszal Philip , Schröder Malte , Timme Marc 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Ride sharing—the bundling of simultaneous trips of several people in one vehicle—may help to reduce the carbon footprint of human mobility. However, the complex collective dynamics pose a challenge when predicting the efficiency and sustainability of ride sharing systems. Standard door-to-door ride sharing services trade reduced route length for increased user travel times and come with the burden of many stops and detours to pick up individual users. Requiring some users to walk to nearby shared stops reduces detours, but could become inefficient if spatio-temporal demand patterns do not well fit the stop locations. Here, we present a simple model of dynamic stop pooling with flexible stop positions. We analyze the performance of ride sharing services with and without stop pooling by numerically and analytically evaluating the steady state dynamics of the vehicles and requests of the ride sharing service. Dynamic stop pooling does a priori not save route length, but occupancy. Intriguingly, it also reduces the travel time, although users walk parts of their trip. Together, these insights explain how dynamic stop pooling may break the trade-off between route lengths and travel time in door-to-door ride sharing, thus enabling higher sustainability and service quality.