bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrete micro-physics interactions determine fracture apertures
Authors: Couples Gary D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAn important question arises in relation to a rock-mass that is disrupted by an array of fractures, namely: how to quantify the evolving spatial arrangement of fracture apertures that are a major factor in bulk fluid flow processes. The approach herein employs a discrete micro-physics model of the rock texture, enabling the formulation of analytical expressions that explicitly define the fluids//geomechanics interactions that occur at the micro-scale. The resulting macro-scale responses of the model define the stress, bulk strain, and pressure states that characterise the porous rock. Via extending the discrete model by introducing a planar discontinuity, the fracture-normal bulk strain determines the status of the fracture aperture, as a consequence of the movement of the rock//fracture interface. The micro-physics model shows that a closed fracture cannot change to an open fracture by pressure changes alone; instead, bulk strain must elongate the porous rock in a direction normal to the fracture. Once opened, fracture apertures respond to changes in fluid pressure. A realistic context, within which the required bulk strain occurs, is the discontinuum geomechanics of fractured rock-mass systems, for which previous simulations exhibit a range of emergent local states that relate to the conditions, identified via the micro-physics, as being the essential controls on aperture evolution.Article highlightsDiscrete rock-texture model underpins micro-physics expressions that lead to macro-scale material response of matrix//fractureClosed fracture cannot open without local elongation normal to fracture; high pressure alone does not open fractureOpen fracture changes aperture with changing pressure
Identification of TUBB8 Variants in 5 Primary Infertile Women with Multiple Phenotypes in Oocytes and Early Embryos
Authors: Yu Wenzhu , Zhang Shaodi , Yin Baoli , Dong Chang , Zhang Victor Wei , Zhang Cuilian 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Tubulin beta 8 class VIII (TUBB8) is a β-tubulin isotype that is specifically expressed in human oocytes and early embryos. It has been identified as a disease-causing gene in primary female infertility by affecting oocyte maturation arrest. This study investigated the genetic cause of female infertility in five patients from four families. Five women with primary infertility were recruited. Medical-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed on the patients, and their family members to identify candidate genes that explained infertility. Additionally, the morphology of oocytes and zygotes from the patients and controls were assessed. We observed recurrent oocytes MI arrest, oocytes abnormal fertilization, uncleaved embryos, and embryo transfer failure in the patients. Heterozygous missense variants in TUBB8, c.538G > A (p.V180M), c.527C > G (p.S176W), c.124C > G (p.L42V), and c.628A > C (p.I210L), were verified in four unrelated families. This study expanded the mutational spectrum of TUBB8 by identifying three novel heterozygous missense variants. Screening for TUBB8 mutation demonstrated the diagnostic utility of female infertility.
A review of the modern principles and applications of solid-phase extraction techniques in chromatographic analysis
Authors: Badawy Mohamed E. I. , El-Nouby Mahmoud A. M. , Kimani Paul K. , Lim Lee W. , Rabea Entsar I. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAnalytical processes involving sample preparation, separation, and quantifying analytes in complex mixtures are indispensable in modern-day analysis. Each step is crucial to enriching correct and informative results. Therefore, sample preparation is the critical factor that determines both the accuracy and the time consumption of a sample analysis process. Recently, several promising sample preparation approaches have been made available with environmentally friendly technologies with high performance. As a result of its many advantages, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is practiced in many different fields in addition to the traditional methods. The SPE is an alternative method to liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), which eliminates several disadvantages, including many organic solvents, a lengthy operation time and numerous steps, potential sources of error, and high costs. SPE advanced sorbent technology reorients with various functions depending on the structure of extraction sorbents, including reversed-phase, normal-phase, cation exchange, anion exchange, and mixed-mode. In addition, the commercial SPE systems are disposable. Still, with the continual developments, the restricted access materials (RAM) and molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) are fabricated to be active reusable extraction cartridges. This review will discuss all the theoretical and practical principles of the SPE techniques, focusing on packing materials, different forms, and performing factors in recent and future advances. The information about novel methodological and instrumental solutions in relation to different variants of SPE techniques, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME), and magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) is presented. The integration of SPE with analytical chromatographic techniques such as LC and GC is also indicated. Furthermore, the applications of these techniques are discussed in detail along with their advantages in analyzing pharmaceuticals, biological samples, natural compounds, pesticides, and environmental pollutants, as well as foods and beverages.Graphical abstract
Entre Dios y el Cesar: El clero secular rioplatense de las reformas borbónicas a la Revolución de Independencia
Authors: Di Stefano Roberto 
Published: October 2022

ResumenEsta nota analiza las profundas transformaciones que en distintos órdenes—religioso, social, cultural y político-eclesiástico—experimentaron la diócesis de Buenos Aires y su clero secular a fines del período colonial. Si bien en el Río de la Plata la política reformista de la corona española en el terreno eclesiástico no tuvo la misma incidencia que en otras áreas de América, las últimas décadas del siglo XVIII—ricas en fermentos innovadores como en situaciones conflictivas—resultan decisivas para comprender el desarrollo de los acontecimientos político-religiosos de la primera mitad del siglo XIX, entre ellos la cuestión de la politización del clero y la reforma eclesiástica de 1822.
Human Rights Archives and Research on Historical Memory: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay
Authors: Bickford Louis 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis research note discusses an emerging subfield of inquiry in the study of democratization in Latin America: a focus on the relationships between past human rights abuses and democratization processes. It outlines four sets of questions emerging around the themes of “historical memory” and “legacies of authoritarian rule.” The study then examines documentary collections of major human rights nongovernmental organizations (HRNGOs) in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. The purpose of this endeavor is to provide researchers interested in studying the four issues with specific information on documents produced and currently held by the HRNGOs in the Southern Cone. The essay examines seven HRNGOs in Chile, ten in Argentina, and four in Uruguay, and ends with practical hints for researchers who wish to use these resources.
Brazilian Archives and Recent Historiography on Colonial Brazil
Authors: Russell-Wood A. J. R. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis article draws attention to archival research by Brazilian historians in Portugal and Brazil and the fruits of these labors in monographs, dissertations, and articles. Following a survey of historical writing in the colonial period, this essay discusses the growing movement in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to preserve documents in libraries, archives, and museums in Brazil. The existence of such institutions spurred divulgation of manuscript collections through journals and published transcriptions of documents. The essay then traces Brazilian historiography in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as well as Brazilian responses to new trends in historical writing in the 1960s. A survey of archives consulted by scholars of colonial Brazil provides the background for the main section, which uses case studies to demonstrate how Brazilian historians have used these depositories. Scholarship published between 1983 and 1999 is emphasized. The intensive use of manuscript collections and the high quality of publications testify to the vitality of studies by Brazilian scholars of colonial Brazil.
Mexican Tourism: Export Growth and Structural Change since 1970
Authors: Clancy Michael 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOver the past three decades, tourism has become integral to the Mexican economy. Mexico easily leads Latin America in tourism exports, the provision of tourist-related services to foreigners visiting the country. Today tourism also serves as the second-largest employer in Mexico and ranks consistently among the top three earners of foreign exchange. This study traces the origin of Mexico's tourism boom by examining state policies and private-sector activity during the last thirty years. It also presents data on distributional patterns associated with tourism in an effort to evaluate Mexico's tourism record within the larger context of development.
Neoliberalism, Gender, and Property Rights in Rural Mexico
Authors: Hamilton Sarah 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe Mexican Constitution was revised in 1992 to foster privatization of agrarian reform lands. Legal inheritance protections for spouses were removed, and individual title holders (85 percent male) obtained rights to sell land formerly considered family patrimony. State disinvestment contributed to economic crisis in the land-reform sector. This longitudinal study of four communities in northern and central Mexico explores the counterintuitive effects of agrarian law, customary inheritance norms, and women's changing roles in household economies and community sociopolitics on the material and ideological bases for women's entitlement to land. Quantitative and qualitative data show that women's rights to land under customary inheritance norms were upheld locally and that women's control of family land increased along with growing responsibility for production and community activism. Women's property rights were enhanced rather than eroded as families and communities struggled to meet the economic and social challenges posed by the neoliberal agenda.
Rural Puerto Rico in the Early Twentieth Century Reconsidered: Land and Society, 1899–1915
Authors: Ayala César J. , Bergad Laird W. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe U.S. occupation of Puerto Rico in 1898 radically altered patterns of social and economic development. Examination of census and archival data on land tenure reveals that contrary to generally accepted conclusions, land tenure did not become more concentrated in fewer hands in the years from 1898 to 1915. Instead, and despite massive agro-industrial investments by U.S. sugar corporations, more small farmers owned land in 1915 than at the end of the Spanish colonial period in 1898. This surprising revelation contradicts the findings of all previous studies, and it prompts us to research further the social and economic impact of U.S. colonialism in Puerto Rico in the first decades of the twentieth century.
The Politics of Decentralization in Latin America
Authors: Willis Eliza , Garman Christopher da C. B. , Haggard Stephan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOne of the most significant developments in Latin American politics and political economy in the last two decades has been the increasing decentralization of government. This development has generated a substantial literature on the pros and cons of decentralization and on subnational politics but few attempts to explain differences in the pattern of decentralization across countries. Fiscal decentralization must be understood as a political bargain involving presidents, legislators, and subnational politicians, each having somewhat conflicting preferences. How these bargains are struck will depend heavily on the lines of accountability within political parties. In systems with centralized political parties, the central government has exercised greater control over resources and uses than in countries with decentralized parties, in which subnational politicians exercise strong influence over legislators. The article explores this hypothesis through a comparative analysis of decentralization in Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, and Mexico.
The Mexican State and Transmigrant Organizations: Negotiating the Boundaries of Membership and Participation
Authors: Goldring Luin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis article examines relations between the Mexican state and transmigrants through an analysis of migrant- and state-led transnational practices and policies. It addresses discussions of the strength and extent of Mexican state control and hegemony as well as debates in the transnationalism literature on the potential autonomy of transmigrant groups and the role of subnational linkages. The analysis is based on information on transmigrant organizations and Mexican political authorities in Los Angeles and Mexico and focuses on Zacatecas. Mexican transmigrant organizations predate current state initiatives aimed at Mexicans in the United States, but state involvement has been crucial to the institutionalizing of transnational social spaces. The state's hegemonic project involves the largely symbolic reincorporation of paisanos living abroad back into to the nation but depends on provincial and municipal authorities and transmigrant organizations for implementation. Because these vary, the project has been implemented unevenly. The complexity of these processes can be captured only by examining transnational social spaces at a subnational level. The case of Zacatecas shows how a corporatist and semi-clientelist transmigrant organization has managed to gain concessions that broaden opportunities for participation. It remains to be seen whether and how promises of political representation will be fulfilled.
The Valenzuela Collection in the Biblioteca Nacional de Guatemala
Authors: Little-Siebold Todd 
Published: October 2022

The principal facts that direct the historic life of a country lie in the rulers who have served during different political eras. One can be sure that they are the protagonists of history because each of them creates with his or her actions chapters that will be recounted in many volumes through the years.Gilberto Valenzuela GonzálezWhile many researchers who have worked in Guatemala in the past decade would take issue with the perspective on the past reflected in Gilberto Valenzuela's statement, few would deny the importance of the collection of documents he began. In an era when history was the history of kings and battles, presidents and laws, one family's tradition of collecting any and all documents on Guatemala gave rise to a remarkable collection. The Sección Valenzuela of the Biblioteca Nacional de Guatemala offers today the basis for an in-depth reconstruction of Guatemalan history during the last century and a half.
Studying the History of Latin America: A Case of Hemispheric Convergence
Authors: Skidmore Thomas E. 
Published: October 2022

The belief survives among us[Latin Americans] that United Statesscholars would write better historiesof Latin America if they studiedless and invented more.Daniel Cosío VillegasHistory and the Social Sciences in Latin AmericaThis article will analyze the way in which U.S. historians' writing on Latin America, especially on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, has been influenced by the changing relationship between the United States and Latin America. It will also trace more briefly the changing approaches of historians from Latin America. In my view, the two groups have taken different routes but have arrived at much the same destination.
Environmental Networking in Mexico: The Comité Nacional Para la Defensa de los Chimalapas
Authors: Umlas Elizabeth 
Published: October 2022

In fact, for the chimas, the defense of their patrimony is a fundamental part of their history.... What is new is the growing interest of different branches of government and of national and international groups, which have realized the importance of the Chimalapas. Voces en la selvaAlthough often individually weak and marginalized in Mexico, environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and indigenous communities coalesced in the early 1990s around the issue of preserving the Chimalapas rain forest in southeastern Mexico. They then brought the problem to national and international attention and eventually helped force the redrawing of a proposed highway route. This research note will analyze the formation and activities of the Comité Nacional para la Defensa de los Chimalapas (CNDCHIM), a network of environmental NGOs, artists and intellectuals, activists and researchers, and representatives of forty-five indigenous communities in the Chimalapas. CNDCHIM formed in 1991 in response to a proposed highway that was to run through La Reserva El Ocote in the Chimalapas, one of Mexico's last two rain forests. The Chimalapas issue is extremely complex, entailing social justice, land tenure, megaprojects, federal and state politics, and environmental policy. This study will focus mostly on CNDCHIM and its relationship with the Mexican government, placing the organization within the context of agrarian conflict and the political and ecological issues surrounding the potential destruction of the Chimalapas.
Santal indigenous knowledge, cultural heritage, and the politics of representation
Authors: Carrin Marine 
Published: October 2022

AbstractUsing different archives, I show how indigeneity was constructed by the Santal themselves during the second half of the nineteenth century, through various figures such as rebels and prophets. This has produced a Santal indigenous knowledge at the interface of orality and writing, revolving around two dimensions—an emergent historical consciousness and a feeling of shared identity, which still informs Adivasi resistance today, enabling them to voice assertion over natural resources. The sacralization of the landscape through pilgrimages and ritual commemorations entails the liberation of formerly encompassed identities, allowing the subaltern communities a certain visibility in the public sphere. Providing a new imagining against dispossession and memory loss, indigenous knowledge, which combines multi-scripturality and ritual innovations, becomes a resource for politics of representation as well as of a common Santal identity.
Insurgent law: Bengal Regulation III and the Chin-Lushai expeditions (1872–1898)
Authors: Sen Anandaroop 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis article studies the adjudicatory practices deployed by colonial military and police forces during a series of punitive British expeditions in the eastern frontiers of British India and the northern reaches of British Burma, specifically the Lushai and Chin Hills in the late nineteenth century. It magnifies the lives, deaths, and afterlives of two ‘tribal’ chiefs of Lushai Hills. Among others, these figures were held responsible for a series of raids carried out in the settled British territories of the northeastern frontiers in the 1890s. After a few inconclusive skirmishes with the British expeditionary force, they were apprehended and imprisoned in a jail in Hazaribagh under the preventive detention act of Bengal Regulation III of 1818, which was reserved and designed to arrest political dissidents of the empire. After a few months, two of them, Liengpunga and Khalkam, were found hanging from the windows of their prison latrine. The British administration labelled these deaths as suicides and closed the cases. The article opens them up. In doing so, it narrates an oblique history of the Scheduled District Act of 1874 which removed hill districts from the jurisdictions of regular courts. By focusing on the historical imbrication of Bengal Regulation III of 1818 in the Scheduled District Act, the article highlights the punitive techniques embedded in the seeming protectionist impulse of the colonial state, something that persists in India's administration of the Northeast region. Closer to the concerns of this issue, it reflects on a legal genealogy of tribal subjects in South Asia.
Can migrants be indigenous? Affirmative action, space, and belonging in the Andaman Islands
Authors: Zehmisch Philipp 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn India, the contested category of Scheduled Tribes (STs) is enacted in order to socially uplift certain indigenous communities. This article concentrates on analysing the intersection between modes of indigenous self-definition, political assertion, and localized conceptualizations of space and belonging. My ethnographic example from the Andaman Islands focuses on the Ranchis, aboriginal labour migrants from the Chotanagpur plateau in central India. Being classified as STs, both in their homelands and other localities to which they migrated, Ranchi activists seek to accomplish coeval recognition in the Andamans. Their demands to be rewarded for the labourers’ contribution to the islands’ development are complicated by their occupation of non-ancestral lands that were originally inhabited by indigenous hunter-gatherer communities. By narrowing the notion of indigeneity, and hence ST status, down to communities who live on ancestral lands and who are culturally, socially, and economically different to migrant communities, state authorities and activists reject the Ranchis’ demands for affirmative action as Adivasis from but not of the Andamans. Reflecting on the existential relationship between land and people in popular understandings of indigenousness, this article aims to investigate the Ranchis’ claims of being migrants, yet also indigenous, in order to explore alternative possibilities to think through the notion of indigeneity. In so doing, I focus on the Ranchis’ subaltern history of racialized labour migration, their lack of voice within the post-colonial welfare regime, and their striving for autonomy and autarky by applying principles of indigenous knowledge and cosmologies from their homelands to the Andamans.