bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of parasitoid host preference and performance in response to an invasive host acting as evolutionary trap
Authors: Kruitwagen Astrid , Beukeboom Leo W. , Wertheim Bregje , van Doorn G. Sander 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe invasion of a novel host species can create a mismatch in host choice and offspring survival (performance) when native parasitoids attempt to exploit the invasive host without being able to circumvent its resistance mechanisms. Invasive hosts can therefore act as evolutionary trap reducing parasitoids' fitness and this may eventually lead to their extinction. Yet, escape from the trap can occur when parasitoids evolve behavioral avoidance or a physiological strategy compatible with the trap host, resulting in either host‐range expansion or a complete host‐shift. We developed an individual based model to investigate which conditions promote parasitoids to evolve behavioral preference that matches their performance, including host‐trap avoidance, and which conditions lead to adaptations to the unsuitable hosts. The model was inspired by solitary endo‐parasitoids attacking larval host stages. One important aspect of these conditions was reduced host survival during incompatible interaction, where a failed parasitization attempt by a parasitoid resulted not only in death of her offspring but also in host killing. This non‐reproductive host mortality had a strong influence on the likelihood of establishment of novel host–parasitoid relationship, in some cases constraining adaptation to the trap host species. Moreover, our model revealed that host‐search efficiency and genetic variation in host‐preference play a key role in the likelihood that parasitoids will include the suboptimal host in their host range, or will evolve behavioral avoidance resulting in specialization and host‐range conservation, respectively. Hence, invasive species might change the evolutionary trajectory of native parasitoid species, which is important for predicting biocontrol ability of native parasitoids towards novel hosts.
Green‐up selection by red deer in heterogeneous, human‐dominated landscapes of Central Europe
Authors: Sigrist Benjamin , Signer Claudio , Wellig Sascha D. , Ozgul Arpat , Filli Flurin , Jenny Hannes , Thiel Dominik , Wirthner Sven , Graf Roland F. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe forage maturation hypothesis (FMH) assumes that herbivores cope with the trade‐off between digestibility and biomass in forage by selecting vegetation at intermediate growth. The green wave hypothesis (GWH) extends the FMH to suggest how spatiotemporal heterogeneity in plant quality shapes migratory movements of herbivores. Growing empirical support for these hypotheses mainly comes from studies in vast landscapes with large‐scale habitat heterogeneity. It is unclear, however, to what extent ungulates surf green waves in human‐altered landscapes with small‐scale heterogeneity in terms of land use and topography. We used plant phenological proxies derived from Sentinel 2 satellite data to analyze the habitat selection of 93 collared red deer (Cervus elaphus) in montane and alpine habitats. Using a step selection analysis, we investigated how plant phenology, that is, the instantaneous rate of green‐up (IRG) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and a set of variables describing topography and human presence influenced red deer resource selection in open habitats. We learned that red deer selected areas with high biomass at green‐up and avoided habitats with possible exposure to human activity. Additionally, landscape structure and topography strongly influenced spatial behavior of red deer. We further compared cumulative access to high‐quality forage across migrant strategies and found migrants gained better access than residents. Many migratory individuals surfed the green wave, and their surfing behavior, however, became less pronounced with decreasing distance to settlements. Within the constraints of topography and human land use, red deer track spring green‐up on a fine spatiotemporal scale and follow the green wave across landscapes in migration movements. Thus, they benefit from high‐quality forage even in human‐dominated landscapes with small‐scale heterogeneity and vegetation emerging in a heterogenic, dynamic mosaic.
Are short‐read amplicons suitable for the prediction of microbiome functional potential? A critical perspective
Authors: Heidrich Vitor , Beule Lukas 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTaxonomic marker gene analysis allows uncovering taxonomic profiles of microbial communities at low cost, making it omnipresent in microbiome research. There is an ever‐expanding set of tools to extract further biological information from this kind of data. In this perspective, we enunciate several concerns regarding the biological validity of predicting functional potential from taxonomic profiles, especially when they are generated by short‐read sequencing. The taxonomic resolution of marker genes, intragenomic variability of marker genes, and the compositional nature of microbiome data are discussed. Combining actual measurements of microbiome functions with predicted functional potentials is proposed as a powerful approach to better understand microbiome functioning. In this context, the significance of predicted functional potentials for generating and testing hypotheses is highlighted. We argue that functions of microbiomes predicted from microbiome DNA read count data generated by short‐read amplicon sequencing should not serve as the only basis to draw biological inferences.
Oral Reading Fluency of College Graduates: Toward a Deeper Understanding of College Ready Fluency
Authors: Rasinski Timothy , Galeza Abbey , Vogel Lauren , Viton Brittany , Rundo Heather , Royan Emma , Nemer Shaheen Randa , Bartholomew Monica , Kaewkaemket Chotika , Stokes Faida , Young Chase , Paige David 
Published: July 2022

AbstractReading fluency has been identified as a critical competency for reading success. Accurate and automatic word recognition, one component of fluency, is normally assessed through reading rate (Oral Reading Fluency—ORF). While norms for ORF exist through grade 8, norms beyond grade 8 are largely unknown. The present study attempted to establish ORF norms associated with successful adult readers (college graduates), thus establishing a ceiling ORF target range for success in fluency. Results indicate that a word recognition accuracy range of 98–100% and an automaticity range of 138–158 words read correctly per minute on high school level reading material are associated with average performance by college graduates. Results are discussed in terms of implications for monitoring students' progress in fluency in the secondary grades and beyond.
A qualitative interview study of the attitudes toward reproductive options of people with genetic visual loss
Authors: Redgrave Sophie , McNeill Alisdair 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn the United Kingdom (U.K), 2.19 million people are affected by visual loss. Monogenic causes of visual loss include retinal dystrophies, optic neuropathies, and congenital glaucoma. A variety of reproductive options are available to adults with genetic visual loss to permit them to have an unaffected child. Prenatal diagnostic testing (PND) via amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) is possible, provided the causal genetic variants are known in the family. We report a qualitative interview study of people with genetic causes of visual loss to explore their attitudes toward reproductive options. Participants reported a range of challenges associated with living with genetic conditions associated with visual loss. These had the potential to shape attitudes to reproductive options. Participants expressed enthusiasm for genetic testing, as it enabled them to understand if relatives might be affected by the visual loss. Decisions around reproductive options were recognized as challenging and highly personal. Positive opinions of PGT were reported, as it permitted conception of a child without the genetic cause of visual loss while avoiding the need for the termination of pregnancy. The provision of accessible information resources on genetics and reproductive options was reported to be important.
A novel mutation of X‐linked recessive deafness gene POU3F4 in a boy with congenital deafness
Authors: Yu Rong , Wang Kai , Xiong Yuanping , Jiang Hongqun 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPurposeTo report an interstitial deletion of Xq21.1 in chromosome X in a boy with congenital deafness.MethodsThe proband underwent a thorough physical examination and a detailed audiological and temporal bone computed tomography (CT) scan. Cochlear implantation was performed on the proband, and follow‐up was conducted. High throughput sequencing and copy number analysis was made of peripheral blood samples from the proband, family members, and control subjects.ResultsSensorineural hearing loss was present in the boy and temporal bone CT scan showed a bilateral incomplete partition type III anomaly (IP‐III). Q21.1 (79.40–83.32 Mb) of chromosome X in the proband had a copy number deletion with a fragment size of about 3.92 Mb. Categories of auditory performance scores and SIR scores of the cochlea in this child improved after surgery.ConclusionThrough the analysis of POU3F4, a novel mutation site with potentially pathogenic significance was found.Level of Evidence: 5.
Treatment of overactive bladder in men: Is it really different?
Authors: Shapiro Katherine K. , Brucker Benjamin M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIntroductionOveractive bladder (OAB) in men is a topic that is gaining increasing attention as there is a wider understanding that OAB is not a female condition. There are several treatments; however, data in male populations are lacking compared to female cohorts. The high likelihood of concomitant benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) adds to the complexity of the treatment algorithm. The overlap in urinary storage symptoms also makes the interpretation of the literature challenging.MethodsArticles that evaluated men with OAB and men with OAB and BPH/BPO were evaluated and assessed.ResultsBehavioral interventions can offer a significant benefit to male patients with OAB. Medical therapies that have been studied in men with OAB include anticholinergics, beta‐3 agonists, and phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibits. These agents can be offered in addition to alpha‐blockers for men with coexisting BPH/BPO. The literature on Onabotulinumtoxin‐A and neuromodulation modulation in the male population is growing and shows promising results.ConclusionMale OAB is complex; however, there is a growing body of literature to help guide treatments. Many treatments are available and they have shown considerable success.
Metabolic dysfunction and obesity‐related cancer: Beyond obesity and metabolic syndrome
Authors: Karra Prasoona , Winn Maci , Pauleck Svenja , Bulsiewicz‐Jacobsen Alicja , Peterson Lacie , Coletta Adriana , Doherty Jennifer , Ulrich Cornelia M. , Summers Scott A. , Gunter Marc , Hardikar Sheetal , Playdon Mary C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectives: The metabolic dysfunction driven by obesity, including hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, increases risk for developing at least 13 cancer types. The concept of “metabolic dysfunction” is often defined by meeting various combinations of criteria for metabolic syndrome. However, the lack of a unified definition of metabolic dysfunction makes it difficult to compare findings across studies. This review summarizes 129 studies that evaluated variable definitions of metabolic dysfunction in relation to obesity‐related cancer risk and mortality after a cancer diagnosis. Strategies for metabolic dysfunction management are also discussed.MethodsA comprehensive search of relevant publications in MEDLINE (PubMed) and Google Scholar with review of references was conducted.ResultsMetabolic dysfunction, defined as metabolic syndrome diagnosis or any number of metabolic syndrome criteria out of clinical range, inflammatory biomarkers, or markers of metabolic organ function, has been associated with risk for, and mortality from, colorectal, pancreatic, postmenopausal breast, and bladder cancers. Metabolic dysfunction associations with breast and colorectal cancer risk have been observed independently of BMI, with increased risk in individuals with metabolically unhealthy normal weight or overweight/obesity compared with metabolically healthy normal weight.ConclusionMetabolic dysfunction is a key risk factor for obesity‐related cancer, regardless of obesity status. Nonetheless, a harmonized definition of metabolic dysfunction will further clarify the magnitude of the relationship across cancer types, enable better comparisons across studies, and further guide criteria for obesity‐related cancer risk stratification.
Ethnic disparities in liver fat accumulation in school‐aged children
Authors: de Groot Jasmin M. , Geurtsen Madelon L. , Santos Susana , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a different prevalence in adults from different ethnic groups. This study examined whether these ethnic differences originate in early life and could be explained by early‐life factors.MethodsThis observational study was embedded in a population‐based prospective cohort study from fetal life onward among 2,570 children born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Information about prepregnancy, pregnancy, and childhood factors, as well as childhood BMI, was obtained from questionnaires and physical examinations. Liver fat was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging at age 10 years.ResultsMedian liver fat fraction was 2.0% (95% CI: 1.2%‐5.3%), and NAFLD prevalence was 2.8%. Children from a Turkish background had the highest median liver fat percentage (2.5%, 95% CI: 1.2%‐10.7%) and NAFLD prevalence (9.1%). Children of Cape Verdean, Dutch Antillean, Surinamese‐Creole, or Turkish background had a higher total liver fat fraction compared with children with a Dutch background (p < 0.05). After controlling for early‐life factors, these differences persisted only in children with a Turkish background.ConclusionsPrevalence of liver fat accumulation and NAFLD differs between ethnic subgroups living in the Netherlands, especially for those with a Turkish background. Early‐life factors have a strong influence on these associations and may hold clues for future preventive strategies.
Meta‐analysis of patient risk factors associated with post‐bariatric surgery leak
Authors: Spiro Calista , Bennet Simon , Bhatia Kiron 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveModifiable risk factors such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic steroid use and smoking, have been shown in observational studies to negatively affect surgical outcomes. The purpose of this study is to identify and determine the effect of modifiable risk factors on post‐operative bariatric surgery leak, as pre‐operative risk modification has been shown to reduce the impact on complications.MethodsElectronic literature searches of MEDLINE, PUBMED, OVID and Cochrane Library databases were performed, including a manual reference check, over the period of 2010 and 2020. 620 articles were screened according to the PRISMA protocol.ResultsTwenty articles were included in the meta‐analysis of risk factors. Significant risk factors and the associated effect sizes include: 1. Smoking with an overall OR of 1.31 [1.06, 1.61] and an OR of 1.72 [1.44, 2.05] in Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) patient cohorts; 2. Diabetes with an overall OR of 1.23 [1.08, 1.39] and an OR of 1.33 [1.02, 1.73] in Roux‐en‐Y patient cohorts; 3. Chronic kidney disease with an overall OR of 2.41 [1.62, 3.59] and 4. Steroid use with an overall OR of 1.57 [1.22, 2.02]. Non‐significant risk factors include hypertension with an OR of 0.85, 1.83, OSA with an OR of 1.08 [0.83, 1.39] and hyperlipidemia with an OR of 0.80 [0.61, 1.04]. Combined SG and Roux‐en‐Y patient cohorts with hyperlipidemia have shown a protective effect of 0.78 [0.65, 0.94].ConclusionsSignificant risk factors for leak post bariatric surgery are smoking in all patients and particularly SG patients, diabetes for all patients and particularly Roux‐en‐Y patients, and CKD and chronic steroid for all patients. Hyperlipidemia in two combined patient cohorts (SG and Roux‐en‐Y) appears to have a weak protective effect.
Knowledge of returning wildlife species and willingness to participate in citizen science projects among wildlife park visitors in Germany
Authors: Ostermann‐Miyashita Emu‐Felicitas , König Hannes J. , Pernat Nadja , Bellingrath‐Kimura Sonoko Dorothea , Hibler Sophia , Kiffner Christian 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Successful conservation efforts have led to recent increases of large mammals such as European bison Bison bonasus, moose Alces alces and grey wolf Canis lupus and their return to former habitats in central Europe. While embraced by some, the recovery of these species is a controversial topic and holds potential for human‐wildlife conflicts. Involving the public has been suggested to be an effective method for monitoring wildlife and mitigating associated conflicts.

To assess two interrelated prerequisites for engaging people in Citizen Science (CS)—knowledge of returning species and respondents' readiness to participate in CS activities for monitoring and managing these species—we conducted a survey (questionnaire) in two wildlife parks located in different states of Germany. Based on 472 complete questionnaires, we developed generalized linear models to understand how sociodemographic variables and exposure to the species affected visitors' knowledge of each species, and to investigate if sociodemographic variables and knowledge influenced the likelihood of visitors to participate in CS activities.

Almost all visitors were aware of the returning wolf population, while knowledge and awareness about bison and moose were significantly lower. Knowledge of the two herbivores differed geographically (higher knowledge of moose in the north‐eastern state), possibly indicating a positive association between exposure to the species and knowledge. However, models generally performed poorly in predicting knowledge about wildlife, suggesting that such specific knowledge is insufficiently explained by sociodemographic variables.

Our model, which explained stated willingness in CS indicated that younger participants and those with higher knowledge scores in the survey were more willing to engage in CS activities.

Overall, our analyses highlight how exposure to large mammals, knowledge about wildlife and human demographics are interrelated—insights that are helpful for effectively recruiting citizen scientists for wildlife conservation.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Performance degradation assessment of the three silicon PV technologies
Authors: Adar Mustapha , Najih Youssef , Chebak Ahmed , Mabrouki Mustapha , Bennouna Amin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis study investigates seasonal performance and assesses the annual degradation rates (RD), of three types of silicon‐based PV module technologies, using four statistical methods, namely, linear regression (LR), classical seasonal decomposition (CSD), Holt‐Winters exponential smoothing (HW), and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) on a 5‐year temperature‐corrected DC‐performance ratio time series. The lowest performance degradation rates being exhibited are found for the polycrystalline silicon (pc‐Si) system with a RDvalues confined between 0.23%/year and 0.36%/year. The RDvalues provided by the four statistical methods to the monocrystalline silicon (mc‐Si) PV modules range from 0.40%/year to 0.77%/year. The values attributed to the annual performance degradation rate of PV modules of amorphous silicon technology typically range from 0.31%/year to 0.57%/year.
An endotracheal tumour in a 59‐year‐old man with chronic cough and episodic haemoptysis
Authors: Bouanzoul Mohammed Amine 
Published: July 2022

Key messageEndotracheal paraganglioma is a rare disease, with less than 20 cases reported globally. We present images of a patient with endotracheal paraganglioma unveiled following chronic cough and episodic haemoptysis.
Combinatorial methods for dynamic gray‐box SQL injection testing
Authors: Garn Bernhard , Zivanovic Jovan , Leithner Manuel , Simos Dimitris E. 
Published: July 2022

SummaryThis work presents an extended and enhanced gray‐box combinatorial security testing methodology for SQL injection vulnerabilities in web applications. We propose multiple new attack grammars modelling SQLi attacks against MySQL‐compatible databases, each one targeting a different injection context. Additionally, these grammars are also dynamically refined at the beginning of each attack against an endpoint of a web application, as a further optimization of the used attack model by taking into account the specifics of the generated query of that endpoint. Our goal is to enhance existing combinatorial approaches for detecting SQL injection vulnerabilities. The newly developed methodology is implemented in a prototype security testing tool called SQLInjector+, which is an extension of an earlier prototype developed by us in prior work. This improved tool can attack (i.e. test) any web application that uses a MySQL‐compatible database management system. We evaluate our revised approach and improved prototype tool in a case study comprising of different kinds of web applications to which SQLi is a potential security threat. The case study contains the well‐known verification framework WAVSEP among other five real‐world web applications and one web application firewall. Our generated attack vectors, constructed via combinatorial methods applied to our improved and dynamically optimized attack grammars, are capable of injecting every known vulnerable endpoint in WAVSEP and also of finding new vulnerable parameters in some of the real‐world applications investigated in this paper. Our approach performs equally well or better when compared with existing state‐of‐art of SQL injection security testing tools (sqlmap, w3af, wapiti and fuzzdb) across all tested web applications in the case study.
Adducts of Diaminophosphines with Organoboranes
Authors: Dunaj Tobias , Feil Christoph M. , Nieger Martin , Gudat Dietrich 
Published: July 2022

AbstractReactions of chlorodiaminophosphines (R2N)2PCl (R=Et, iPr) with organoborohydrides M[BR′nH4‐n] (M=Na, Li; n=1–3; R′=alkyl, Ph, CN) proceed via H/Cl metathesis to furnish secondary phosphines and boranes which may either combine to afford isolable donor‐acceptor adducts (R2N)2P(H)−BR′nH3‐n, coexist without any sign of mutual interaction, or give rise to mixtures comprising both a labile phosphine borane and its constituents in a temperature dependent equilibrium. Stable phosphine complexes of BH2CN and BH2Ph react with KN(SiMe3)2 under PH‐bond metalation to afford spectroscopically detectable diaminophosphide boranes whose usability as nucleophilic building blocks is illustrated by trapping one specimen in a PC‐bond formation reaction with an alkyl halide. The selectivity of the individual H/Cl‐metathesis and electrophilic substitution steps as well as the thermal stability of the various reaction products depend subtly on the Lewis acidity of the borane fragment and on steric factors. Several complexes of (iPr2N)‐substituted phosphines with cyano‐ and phenylborane were characterized by single‐crystal XRD.
System Dynamics
Authors: Barbrook-Johnson Pete , Penn Alexandra S. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces System Dynamics, a well-established method to developing full simulations of dynamic systems. We introduce the method and how it can be used to move from conceptual models to ‘stocks and flows’ models and simulations. We describe the steps involved in doing System Dynamics and consider common issues and tricks of the trade. We reflect on what the method is good and bad at and present a brief history of use and debates in the field. Finally, we give some advice on getting started yourself and point to some useful resources.