bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracing the Active Phase and Dynamics for Carbon Nanofiber Growth on Nickel Catalyst Using Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Lyu Yiqiang , Wang Peng , Liu Dongdong , Zhang Fan , Senftle Thomas P. , Zhang Guanghui , Zhang Zhenyu , Wang Jianmei , Liu Wei 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBenefitting from outstanding ability of CC reforming and hydrogen activation, nickel is widely applied for heterogeneous catalysis or producing high‐quality carbon structures. This high activity simultaneously induces uncontrollable carbon formation, known as coking. However, the activity origin for growing carbon species remains in debate between the on metallic facets induction and nickel carbide segregation. Herein, carbon growth on Ni catalyst is tracked via in situ microscopy methods. Evidence derived from high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging, diffraction, and energy loss spectroscopy unambiguously identifies Ni3C as the active phase, as opposed to metallic Ni nickel or surface carbides as traditionally believed. Specifically, Ni3C particle grows carbon nanofibers (CNF) layer‐by‐layer through synchronized oscillation of tip stretch and atomic step fluctuations. There is an anisotropic stress distribution in Ni3C that provides the lifting force during nanofiber growth. Density functional theory computations show that it is thermodynamically favorable for Ni3C to decompose into Ni and surface‐adsorbed carbon. Carbonaceous deposits aggregate asymmetrically round the particle because partial surface is exposed to the hydrocarbon environment whereas the bottom side is shielded by the support. This induces a carbon concentration gradient within the particle, which drives C migration through Ni3C phase before it exits as CNF growth.
Genetic dissection of seed characteristics in field pennycress via genome‐wide association mapping studies
Authors: Tandukar Zenith , Chopra Ratan , Frels Katherine , Heim Brett , Marks M. David , Anderson James A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractField pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) is a new winter annual cash cover crop with high oil content and seed yield, excellent winter hardiness, early maturation, and resistance to most pests and diseases. It provides living cover on fallow croplands between summer seasons, and in doing so reduces nutrient leaching into water sources, mitigates soil erosion, and suppresses weed growth. The first ever genome‐wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on a pennycress diversity panel to identify marker trait associations with important seed size and composition related traits. The entire population was phenotyped in three total environments over 2 yr, and seed area, length, width, thousand grain weight, total oil, and total protein were measured post‐harvest with specialized high‐throughput imaging and near‐infrared spectroscopy. Basic unbiased linear prediction values were calculated for each trait. Seed size traits tended to have higher entry mean reliabilities (0.76–0.79) compared with oil content (0.51) and protein content (0.37). Genotyping‐by‐sequencing identified 33,606 high quality genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) that were coupled with phenotypic data to perform GWAS for seed area, length, width, thousand grain weight, total oil, and total protein content. Fifty‐nine total marker–trait associations were identified revealing genomic regions controlling each trait. The significant SNPs explained 0.06–0.18% of the total variance for that trait in our population. A list of candidate genes was identified based on their functional annotations and characterization in other species. Our results confirm that GWAS is an efficient strategy to identify significant marker–trait associations that can be incorporated into marker‐assisted selection pipelines to accelerate pennycress breeding progress.
Evaluation of ocular surface parameters in dogs with and without meibomian gland dysfunction
Authors: Jeong Dajeong , Kang Seonmi , Shim Jaeho , Lee Eunji , Jeong Youngseok , Seo Kangmoon 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundInterest in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is growing in veterinary medicine. However, research on MGD in dogs is lacking. The aims of this study were to compare the interferometry grades, tear meniscus height (TMH) and non‐invasive tear break‐up time (NIBUT) grades between dogs with and without MGD.MethodsRoutine ophthalmic examination, interferometry, NIBUT assessment, TMH measurement and meibography were performed. Age and Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1) results were compared between the control and MGD groups using Student's t‐test. Interferometry grades, NIBUT grades and TMH were compared between the two groups using Mann–Whitney U‐test.ResultsThere was no significant difference in age between the two groups (p = 0.279). STT‐1 (p = 0.024), interferometry (p = 0.004) and NIBUT grades (p = 0.012) were significantly lower in the MGD group than in the control group. No significant difference in TMH values (p = 0.587) was observed between the two groups. While the control group included 18 and seven eyes in meiboscore 0 and 1, in MGD group, 12, eight, five and three eyes were included in meiboscore 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively.ConclusionsLow interferometry and NIBUT grades were associated with MGD, suggesting decreased meibum and disrupted tear film quality. TMH did not differ between the two groups. Meibography could aid in the diagnosis of MGD in severe cases, although it could not detect early MGD in the dogs in this study.
Sustainable approach toward novel poly(vinyl chloride) composite using calcite‐rich waste particulates
Authors: Chaturvedi Ranjan , Tyagi Prashant , Gupta Manoj Kumar , Pappu Asokan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this study, flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites with two different types of fillers, precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and marble waste (MW) particulates, were prepared via melt processing. The MW collected from a dumping site, had a particle size of approximately 60 μm and high calcite content. The content of fillers and plasticizer was varied to study the effect on the properties of the composites. It was found that at higher plasticizer content (30 phr), MW afforded up to 9% higher tensile strength compared to PCC, indicating a better interfacial adhesion of MW particulates with the matrix. However, at lower plasticizer content (15 phr), composites with PCC exhibited slightly higher tensile strength. Additionally, at high plasticizer content, the addition of MW up to 10 phr afforded better tensile strength than pure PVC. When the composites were fully submerged in the water for 48 h at elevated temperature (60 °C), composite with MW had a slightly higher water absorption (0.4–1.4%) compared to PCC‐filled composites. Also, composite with higher plasticizer showed elevated water uptake at any particular filler content. The study categorically proves the potential of MW in flexible PVC formulations as a cost‐effective sustainable filler.
The role of zoological institutions in a changing world: A review of the ark and beyond: The evolution of zoo and aquarium conservationBen A.Minteer,JaneMaienschein, andJames B.CollinsChicago, IL.University of Chicago Press,2018,528pp., US$38.00, softcover, ISBN: 978‐0‐226‐53846‐4
Authors: Stadtländer Christian T. K.‐H. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractZoos and aquariums are perhaps best known in society for their exhibition of wildlife collections and live animal presentations. However, zoological institutions are involved in additional activities such as animal research and education, providing visitors a stronger connection to animals and nature, advocating for roles in environmental protection, and, last but not least, conservation of endangered species with the option, if feasible, to reintroduce them into the wild. This study provides information not only about the origin of zoos and aquariums but also about their changing role in society. The review is based on the book The Ark and Beyond: The Evolution of Zoo and Aquarium Conservation, edited by Ben A. Minteer, Jane Maienschein, and James B. Collins.
Semantic Interoperability Framework for Digital Finance Applications
Authors: Di Orio Giovanni , Brito Guilherme , Maló Pedro 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis chapter outlines the theoretical foundation for the design and implementation of the Semantic Interoperability Framework of the INFINITECH project. It details a methodology for semantic models and ontology engineering and prototyping that defines the overall strategy used to design and specify semantic models for digital finance applications. The semantic models are organized hierarchically according to the domain and the specific application and linked to reference ontologies such as the Financial Industry Business Ontology (FIBO), the Financial Instrument Global Identifier (FIGI), and the Legal Knowledge Interchange Format (LKIF). The provided models establish the cornerstone for semantic interoperability within INFINITECH applications while enabling the distributed processing of semantically linked streams.
Heavy neutrino searches through double-bang events at Super-Kamiokande, DUNE, and Hyper-Kamiokande
Authors: Atkinson M. C. , Coloma Pilar , Martinez-Soler Ivan , Rocco Noemi , Shoemaker Ian M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A variety of new physics scenarios allows for neutrinos to up-scatter into a heavy neutral lepton state. For a range of couplings and neutrino energies, the heavy neutrino may travel some distance before decaying to visible final states. When both the up-scattering and decay occur within the detector volume, these “double bang” events produce distinctive phenomenology with very low background. In this work, we first consider the current sensitivity at Super-Kamiokande via the atmospheric neutrino flux, and find current data may already provide new constraints. We then examine projected future sensitivity at DUNE and Hyper-Kamiokande, including both atmospheric and beam flux contributions to double-bang signals.
The Siebeck–Marden–Northshield Theorem and the Real Roots of the Symbolic Cubic Equation
Authors: Prodanov Emil M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe isolation intervals of the real roots of the symbolic monic cubic polynomial $$x^3 + a x^2 + b x + c$$

x
3

+
a

x
2

+
b
x
+
c

are determined, in terms of the coefficients of the polynomial, by solving the Siebeck–Marden–Northshield triangle—the equilateral triangle that projects onto the three real roots of the cubic polynomial and whose inscribed circle projects onto an interval with endpoints equal to stationary points of the polynomial.
On-call abdominal ultrasonography: the rate of negative examinations and incidentalomas in a European tertiary care center
Authors: Sluijter Tim E. , Yakar Derya , Kwee Thomas C. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Objectives
To determine the proportions of abdominal US examinations during on-call hours that are negative and that contain an incidentaloma, and to explore temporal changes and determinants.

Methods
This study included 1615 US examinations that were done during on-call hours at a tertiary care center between 2005 and 2017.

Results
The total proportion of negative US examinations was 49.2% (795/1615). The total proportion of US examinations with an incidentaloma was 8.0% (130/1615). There were no significant temporal changes in either one of these proportions. The likelihood of a negative US examination was significantly higher when requested by anesthesiology [odds ratio (OR) 2.609, P = 0.011], or when the indication for US was focused on gallbladder and biliary ducts (OR 1.556, P = 0.007), transplant (OR 2.371, P = 0.005), trauma (OR 3.274, P < 0.001), or urolithiasis/postrenal obstruction (OR 3.366, P < 0.001). In contrast, US examinations were significantly less likely to be negative when requested by urology (OR 0.423, P = 0.014), or when the indication for US was acute oncology (OR 0.207, P = 0.045) or appendicitis (OR 0.260, P < 0.001). The likelihood of an incidentaloma on US was significantly higher in older patients (OR 1.020 per year of age increase, P < 0.001) or when the liver was evaluated with US (OR 3.522, P < 0.001).

Discussion
Nearly 50% of abdominal US examinations during on-call hours are negative, and 8% reveal an incidentaloma. Requesting specialty and indication for US affect the likelihood of a negative examination, and higher patient age and liver evaluations increase the chance of detecting an incidentaloma in this setting. These data may potentially be used to improve clinical reasoning and restrain overutilization of imaging.
B cells in autoimmune hepatitis: bystanders or central players?
Authors: Schultheiß Christoph , Steinmann Silja , Lohse Ansgar W. , Binder Mascha 
Published: April 2022

AbstractB cells are central for the adaptive immune system to mount successful immune responses not only as antibody producers but also as regulators of cellular immunity. These multifaceted features are also reflected in autoimmunity where autoreactive B cells can fuel disease by production of cytotoxic autoantibodies, presentation of autoantigens to autoreactive T cells, and secretion of cytokines and chemokines that either promote detrimental immune activation or impair regulatory T and B cells. The role of B cells and autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) have been controversially discussed, with typical autoantibodies and hypergammaglobulinemia indicating a key role, while strong HLA class II association suggests T cells as key players. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on B cells in AIH and how different B cell subpopulations may drive AIH progression beyond autoantibodies. We also discuss recent findings of B cell-directed therapies in AIH.
The PV2 cluster of parvalbumin neurons in the murine periaqueductal gray: connections and gene expression
Authors: Leemann Siri , Babalian Alexandre , Girard Franck , Davis Fred , Celio Marco R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe PV2 (Celio 1990), a cluster of parvalbumin-positive neurons located in the ventromedial region of the distal periaqueductal gray (PAG) has not been previously described as its own entity, leading us to study its extent, connections, and gene expression. It is an oval, bilateral, elongated cluster composed of approximately 475 parvalbumin-expressing neurons in a single mouse hemisphere. In its anterior portion it impinges upon the paratrochlear nucleus (Par4) and in its distal portion it is harbored in the posterodorsal raphe nucleus (PDR). It is known to receive inputs from the orbitofrontal cortex and from the parvafox nucleus in the ventrolateral hypothalamus. Using anterograde tracing methods in parvalbumin-Cre mice, the main projections of the PV2 cluster innervate the supraoculomotor periaqueductal gray (Su3) of the PAG, the parvafox nucleus of the lateral hypothalamus, the gemini nuclei of the posterior hypothalamus, the septal regions, and the diagonal band in the forebrain, as well as various nuclei within the reticular formation in the midbrain and brainstem. Within the brainstem, projections were discrete, but involved areas implicated in autonomic control. The PV2 cluster expressed various peptides and receptors, including the receptor for Adcyap1, a peptide secreted by one of its main afferences, namely, the parvafox nucleus. The expression of GAD1 and GAD2 in the region of the PV2, the presence of Vgat-1 in a subpopulation of PV2-neurons as well as the coexistence of GAD67 immunoreactivity with parvalbumin in terminal endings indicates the inhibitory nature of a subpopulation of PV2-neurons. The PV2 cluster may be part of a feedback controlling the activity of the hypothalamic parvafox and the Su3 nuclei in the periaqueductal gray.
IDL-PMCFG, a Grammar Formalism for Describing Free Word Order Languages
Authors: Hublet François 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe introduce Interleave-Disjunction-Lock parallel multiple context-free grammars (IDL-PMCFG), a novel grammar formalism designed to describe the syntax of free word order languages that allow for extensive interleaving of grammatical constituents. Though interleaved constituents, and especially the so-called hyperbaton, are common in several ancient (Classical Latin and Greek, Sanskrit...) and modern (Hungarian, Finnish...) languages, these syntactic structures are often difficult to express in existing formalisms. The IDL-PMCFG formalism combines Seki et al.’s parallel multiple context-free grammars (PMCFG) with Nederhof and Satta’s IDL expressions. We define the semantics of IDL-PMCFGs and study their expressivity, proving that IDL-PMCFG extends both PMCFG and IDL-CFG (context-free grammars equipped with IDL expressions) and that IDL-PMCFG parsing is $$\mathrm {NP}$$
NP
-hard. We then introduce COMPĀ, a programming language extending Ranta’s Grammatical Framework (GF) and built as a high-level front-end formalism to IDL-PMCFG for practical grammar development. We present a parsing algorithm for IDL-PMCFG inspired by earlier Earley-style PMCFG parsing algorithms and Nederhof and Satta’s IDL graphs and give a worst-case estimate of its complexity as a function of several metrics on IDL expressions, the size of the input and a new notion of the G-density of a language.
On-Chip and Distributed Dynamic Parallelism for Task-based Hardware Accelerators
Authors: Heinz Carsten , Koch Andreas 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe open-source hardware/software framework TaPaSCo aims to make reconfigurable computing on FPGAs more accessible to non-experts. To this end, it provides an easily usable task-based programming abstraction, and combines this with powerful tool support to automatically implement the individual hardware accelerators and integrate them into usable system-on-chips. Currently, TaPaSCo relies on the host to manage task parallelism and perform the actual task launches. However, for more expressive parallel programming patterns, such as pipelines of task farms, the round trips from the hardware accelerators back to the host for launching child tasks, especially when exploiting data-dependent execution times, quickly add up. The major contribution of this work is the addition of on-chip task scheduling and launching capabilities to TaPaSCo. This enables not only low-latency dynamic task parallelism, it also encompasses the efficient on-chip exchange of parameter values and task results between parent and child accelerator tasks. For larger distributed systems, the dynamic launch capability can even be extended over the network to span multiple FPGAs. Our solution is able to handle recursive task structures, and is shown to achieve latency reductions of over 35x compared to the prior approaches.
Quantifying Older Black Americans’ Exposure to Structural Racial Discrimination: How Can We Measure the Water In Which We Swim?
Authors: LaFave S. E. , Bandeen-Roche K. , Gee G. , Thorpe R. J. , Li Q. , Crews D. , Samuel L. , Cooke A. , Hladek M. , Szanton Sarah L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

The USA was built on legalized racism that started with enslavement and continues in the form of structural racial discrimination. This discrimination is difficult to measure because its many manifestations are hard to observe and dynamic. A useful tool would measure across settings, institutions, time periods in a person’s life and the country’s history. The purpose of this study was to design a measure of structural racial discrimination that meets those criteria and can be used in large national datasets. To do this, we started with an exploratory mixed-methods instrument design, including qualitative interviews with 15 older Black adults and focus groups with 38 discrimination researchers and other key stakeholders. We then identified 27 indicators of structural racial discrimination across nine theorized discrimination contexts. We matched these with historical administrative data sets to develop an instrument that could quantify older Black Americans’ exposure to structural racial discrimination across contexts, the life course, and geographies. These can be mapped to the life course of structural discrimination based on the home addresses of those surveyed. Linking these to available indicators is a promising approach. It is a low burden for participants and enables increasingly multifaceted and focused measurement as more national datasets become available. A flexible, feasible comprehensive measure of structural discrimination could allow not only more thorough documentation of inequities but also allow informed decision making about policies and programs intended to promote racial equity.

Significance Statement
To our knowledge, this is the first study that presents a framework for assessing structural racial discrimination across contexts, life course, and geography that is grounded in theory and in the lived experience of intended participants. Leading researchers and policy makers have called for improved measures of structural racism and discrimination and specifically for a lifecourse approach to measurement. This study is a step in that direction.

Classification
Social Sciences
Virtual shimming simulation for smart assembly of aircraft skin panels based on a physics-driven digital twin
Authors: Esposito Chris , Cosenza Chiara , Gerbino Salvatore , Martorelli Massimo , Franciosa Pasquale 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA leading challenge in the assembly process of aircraft skin panels is the precise control of part-to-part gaps to avoid excessive pre-tensions of the fastening element which, if exceeded, impair the durability and the response under dynamics loads of the whole skin assembly. The current practice is to measure the gap in specific points of the assembly with parts already at their final location, and then be-spoke shims are machined and inserted between the mating components to fill the gap. This process involves several manual measurement-fit-adjust quality loops, such as loading parts on the assembly frame, measuring gaps, off-loading parts, adding be-spoke shims and re-positioning parts ready for the fastening operation—as a matter of fact, the aircraft is re-assembled at least twice and therefore the current practice has been proved highly cost and time ineffective. Additionally, the gap measurement relies on manual gauges which are inaccurate and unable to follow the actual 3D profile of the gap. Taking advantage of emerging tools such as in-line measurement systems and large-scale physics-based simulations, this paper proposes a novel methodology to predict the part-to-part gap and therefore minimise the need for multiple quality loops. The methodology leverages a physics-driven digital twin model of the skin assembly process, which combines a physical domain (in-line measurements) and a digital domain (physics-based simulation). Central to the methodology is the variation model of the multi-stage assembly process via a physics-based simulation which allows to capture the inherent deformation of the panels and the propagation of variations between consecutive assembly stages. The results were demonstrated during the assembly process of a vertical stabiliser for commercial aircraft, and findings showed a significant time saving of 75% by reducing costly and time-consuming measurement-fit-adjust quality loops.