bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bankrupt
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
By the late 1940s, George’s business is unsteady. He sells the Hollywood house; Russell retains the chattel mortgage on the artwork. In 1950, George consults a financial manager; this lasts mere months. His career flags as new leaders emerge in fashion photography: Irving Penn and Richard Avedon. George publishes nudes in the Swiss homophile periodical Der Kreis under his own name and as “Roberto Rolf.” The journal’s advocacy predates Harry Hay’s American homophile Mattachine Society. George helps Neel Bate, aka “Blade,” produce an underground illustrated porn edition, The Barn. George befriends Samuel Steward, a Kinsey protégé, encouraging Steward’s correspondence explicitly describing his homosexual escapades. In 1951, George moves alone to rough Hell’s Kitchen, turning his tenement into a facsimile of elegance. His finances are desperate—the IRS demands settlement of an old $4,000 tax claim. His studio is padlocked, his equipment seized, the entirety put up for auction.
Vapors and Friends
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Russell and Mildred travel to Europe after publication of Russell’s The Tastemakers. This revives George’s desire to travel abroad. Yet visiting his doctor after coughing up blood, he is referred to a specialist and kept in hospital for tests. By May 20, 1955, exploratory surgery confirms inoperable lung cancer. George is consigned to a radiation regime, unaware of his prognosis. News spreads among close relations. George’s flat is packed away since he cannot work or handle stairs, then Russell borrows a free apartment where friends gather to keep George cheered. Tiring radiation treatments last through June. By summer, George stays in North Egremont, joined by Perlin who humors him with campy quips and needling. Relations with Russell are strained by financial pressures, George’s testiness, and Mildred’s own hospitalization for depression. Desperate to get to Paris, where George can stay with filmmaker François Reichenbach, George prepares an autumn trip once permitted by doctors.
Negating Conditionals
Authors: Willer Malte 
Published: March 2022

A recurring narrative in the literature is that the empirical facts about negated conditionals provide compelling evidence for the principle of Conditional Excluded Middle and sit uncomfortably with a large family of analyses of conditionals as universal quantifiers over possible worlds. I show that both parts of the narrative are in need of a rewrite by articulating an innovative conditional analysis in a bilateral semantic setting that takes inspiration from the Ramsey test for conditionals but distinguishes the classical Ramseyan question of what it takes to accept a conditional from the one of what it takes to reject a conditional. The resulting framework disentangles the empirical facts about negated conditionals from the validity of Conditional Excluded Middle but also shows how the principle can live happily in a strict analysis of conditionals, and how it can co-exist with other non-classical principles such as Simplification of Disjunctive Antecedents without negative side-effects.
Digital Genetic Editing and Computer-Assisted Genetic Criticism
Authors: Van Hulle Dirk 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Instead of focusing on a single ‘work in progress’, this chapter discusses the need for genetic criticism on the level of the author’s complete works, the ‘oeuvre in motion’. It suggests ways of modelling genetic Complete Works editions, especially in a digital paradigm, and it discusses forms of close and distant reading of writing processes. Not all traditional forms of literary studies are microscopic or focused on close reading, and vice versa, not all digital forms of literary study are macroscopic or panoramic. Distant reading can even be reductive in some ways: it usually limits its ‘reading’ to only one version of a text. Instead of working with this dichotomy between microanalysis and macroanalysis, it might be more useful to think in terms of a spectrum, and to expand it to even include nanoanalysis and mega-analysis on either side. This expanded spectrum defines the structure of this chapter, which also discusses the genesis of born-digital works and techniques of capturing that process, such as keystroke logging.
From Biopolitics to Biopoetics and Back Again
Authors: Prozorov Sergei 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The chapter addresses the relation between Michel Foucault’s studies of biopolitics and his work on the ancient techniques of the self in the 1980s. It argues that Foucault’s distinction between biopoetics and biopolitics in his 1980–1 lectures serves as the articulation of these research projects into a meaningful whole. The argument proceeds in two steps. The chapter first reconstitutes Foucault’s analysis of the Stoic discourse on marriage in his Subjectivity and Truth lectures as a paradigm for the articulation of biopolitics and biopoetics that opens governmental rationalities to various forms of reception, readjustment, or resistance by the subject. It then proceeds to Foucault’s study of the Cynics in his lecture course The Courage of Truth, in which biopoetics is in turn submitted to a politicization that consists in the constitution of a form of life through the confrontation with the existing order. Finally, the conclusion addresses the implications of this reading for contemporary discussions of affirmative biopolitics.
Aristotle and Bolzano on Grounding
Authors: Malink Marko 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper examines Aristotle’s conception of scientific proofs as the historical roots of Bolzano’s conception of grounding and compares the two philosophers’ views on infinite grounding chains, on the role that generality plays in ground-revealing proofs, and on scientific knowledge. It begins by observing some key similarities between Aristotle’s account of demonstration in the Posterior Analytics and the account of grounding developed by Bolzano in the Theory of Science. Despite these similarities, Bolzano differs from Aristotle in that he accepts infinite regresses of grounds. Next, it considers how Bolzano adapts Aristotle’s principle that the premises of a demonstration should be of maximal generality. Finally, it discusses the role played by the relation of grounding in the broader logical theory developed by Bolzano in the Theory of Science.
The Grounds of Moral ‘Truths’
Authors: Morscher Edgar 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCentral to Bolzano’s ethics is his supreme moral law, i.e. an ethical truth that grounds all other ethical truths. While Bolzano considers this law to be fundamental in the realm of ethics, he also claims that it is not an ungrounded, basic truth. This paper discusses Bolzano’s view in the context of a succinct reconstruction of his views on grounding, his ethics, and his deontic logic. A specific problem that is addressed concerns the is–ought dichotomy: Bolzano is well known for accepting it for deducibility (Ableitbarkeit); the question, however, is whether he also accepts it for grounding (as he states in an early diary entry but denies in Wissenschaftslehre).
Grounding in PracticeBolzano’sPurely Analytic Proofin Light of theContributions
Authors: Rusnock Paul 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBolzano’s best-known and arguably best mathematical work, the Rein analytischer Beweis of 1817, promises to deliver a ground-revealing proof of an important theorem from the theory of equations, which Bolzano shows to follow from a generalization of the Intermediate Value Theorem. This paper explains and assesses this promise against the background of Bolzano’s early account of mathematical method, in which the idea of grounding plays a central role. In addition, it shows how Bolzano’s early views on proof, though still in an early stage of development, provided the basis for decisive criticisms of previous attempts to prove the theorem. Finally, Bolzano’s early views on proof and grounding are briefly considered in light of the later development of his thought.
A Fundamental Being
Authors: Schnieder Benjamin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn his ontology Bolzano uses the notion of grounding to make claims about the dependent and independent existence of entities. In particular, he argues that there must be a fundamental object (in Bolzano’s terminology: an unconditioned object) whose existence is not grounded in the existence of any other object. The argument is a philosophical gem, whether or not one endorses it in its entirety. Since the conception of grounding Bolzano works with is remarkably modern in spirit, his argument can be treated and discussed like a contribution to the contemporary debate about grounding and fundamentality. This paper reconstructs Bolzano’s argument, explains its Leibnizian roots, and puts the argument under scrutiny.
The Legal Complex in Struggles for Political Liberalism in Sweden
Authors: Schaffer Johan Karlsson 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the role lawyers and judges played in political liberalism in Sweden. It covers the struggles for political liberalism in Sweden from the constitutional revolution in 1809 to the rights revolution in the late nineteenth century. It also looks at previous research on the legal complex that focused on legal professionals acting through courts or arising as public spokespersons for political liberalism. The chapter cites examples of political lawyering in the Swedish case, such as the time of the wartime press freedom trials. It highlights the extent legal professionals have shaped the expansion or contraction of political liberalism in Sweden, particularly achievements that have occurred through the slow and less theatrical work in governmental committees.
Finland
Authors: Konttinen Esa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the theory of legal complex, wherein the lawyers' actions that favor or resist political liberalism are closely connected with the positions, cultural character, and roles of their core institutions in society. It talks about liberal action, which implies the autonomy of the bar and the judicial system, even amid a general cleavage in political society, pitting the state against society. It also examines the alliance of the various parts of lawyers' collectives that can improve the possibility that efforts to advance political liberalism succeed. The chapter emphasizes that the relationships between lawyers and political liberalism are quite complex and specific to Finnish society. It studies how lawyers' sociocultural character, their institutions, and their positions in Finnish society influence their orientations and activities around issues of political liberalism.
SDG 4 – Global Education Unfolding: Concepts, Emergence, Objectives
Authors: Fuchs Eckhardt 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the history of education based on the key themes laid out in the Sustainable Development Goals 4 “Quality Education.” The first part traces the development of education since the beginning of the nineteenth century, paying particular attention to the main trends and actors that shaped the international discourses and practices of education. The second part focuses on SDG 4 goals such as compulsory education, peace education and global citizenship education, children’s rights, gender equality, inclusive education, human rights education, and education for sustainable development, sketching the history of each. It argues that the internationalization of the semantics and practices of education that had been perceptible since the mid nineteenth century initially remained primarily confined to Western Europe and North America. After 1945 this internationalization reached a new level, both in terms of the areas of education and the actors themselves—particularly with the establishment of international state educational organizations—and also in terms of their geographical scope.
SDG 5 – A Long, Short, and Unfinished History of the Journey to Gender Equality
Authors: Somerville Claire , Pesantes Maria Amalia 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The United Nations 2015 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for Gender Equality is an example of more than a century of global-level codification and commitment to the rights of women and equality of the sexes. Feminist activism and women’s movements of the past 150 years have contributed to ensuring issues around the position, conditions, and status of all women, men, and non-binary persons have remained present and on the agenda throughout the international system, from its margins to the center. The journey is far from over and this chapter adds a historical lens to contemporary concern around gender and decolonization, grassroots activism, and Black Lives Matter, and finally the gendered impact of the global pandemic.
SDG 11 – The Past, Present, and Future of Sustainable Cities
Authors: Caradonna Jeremy L. , Owens Cameron E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the historical conditions that gave rise to SDG 11—that is, the unsustainable growth and development of cities and urban populations over the past two centuries. It is structured thematically and provides high-level overviews of transportation, food systems, the built environment, consumption and waste, and key methods for evaluating urban impacts. Cities exist at the intersection of the great crises of the twenty-first century: soaring populations, social inequality, slums, and lack of affordable housing; high levels of consumption, waste, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; land-use impacts, lack of access to fresh water, and the predominance of car culture. This chapter both historicizes these current conditions and, looking ahead, assesses some of the positive trends in urbanism that could help meet the lofty goals of SDG 11.
Recipe Time
Authors: Bower Hannah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses the theme of time to show how the patchwork and piecemeal nature of remedy book compilation could facilitate shifting and metamorphic ways of envisaging human bodies. Remedy collections offer multiple ways of situating sick and healing persons in time, which oscillate between appearing marvellous and mundane and which sometimes exist in tension with one another. Modern scholars do not often associate this kind of imaginative flexibility with practical texts but medieval readers and poets seem to have understood that imaginative potential: the chapter shows that some writers of romances, a self-consciously literary and fantastical text-type, used the language and form of medical recipes within their narratives to imagine bodies transitioning in marvellous ways between health and sickness. The final section of this chapter explores how manuscript compilations that place recipes in conversation with other text-types can open up even more intersecting and overlapping temporal horizons.
Introduction—Taming the Tiger
Authors: Hall Kersten T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This brief chapter introduces the book Insulin—The Crooked Timber. It recounts the author’s experience of the then-undiagnosed symptoms of diabetes. The chapter starts by telling the story of the initial reaction of his GP to various tests run by the GP at his local surgery, and the need for precise and urgent diagnosis and management by endocrine specialists at St James’s Hospital in London. The author recounts his diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes, the seriousness of the condition, comorbidities of the disease, and what happens to the body without insulin. Finally, the author introduces the subject matter of the book and explains the science behind the discover of insulin.
A Greek Tragedy
Authors: Hall Kersten T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
John Murlin was not the only researcher who claimed the discovery of insulin. In Berlin, German physician Georg Zuelzer was dismayed to hear that Banting and Macleod had been awarded the Nobel Prize. Zuelzer claimed he had first discovered a pancreatic extract with anti-diabetic properties in 1908 upon which he had filed a patent. This chapter tells Zuelzer’s story and his struggle to overcome problems of supply, resources, funding, and recognition to eventually win support from the Swiss company Hoffman-La Roche. Working with the chemist Camille Reuter, he discovered an effective anti-diabetic preparation by August 1914. His success was overshadowed by the outbreak of the First World War.
The Clone ‘Wars’
Authors: Hall Kersten T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The discovery of bacterial restriction enzymes in the late 1960s and early 1970s raised the possibility that a specific fragment of DNA could be excised from the genome of one organism and physically joined with that from another, unrelated, organism to create a hybrid, or recombinant DNA molecule. This technology promised new understanding of how genes worked but it also raised fears amongst the public and media. What if, for example, a section of DNA known to be oncogenic in humans was inserted into the genome of a common bacterium? It was against this backdrop of fear and suspicion that two rival teams of researchers, one led by Walter Gilbert at Harvard, and the other by Bill Rutter at the University of California San Francisco raced to be the first to insert the DNA sequence encoding human insulin into the genome of a bacterium to produce functional human protein.
Does Working Longer Enhance Old Age?
Authors: Fitzpatrick Maria D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Understanding the link between retirement and health is crucial for both improving people’s well-being and for designing optimal public policy around retirement. Yet, to date, the economics literature has been inconclusive about whether retirement causes improvements or deterioration in health. The lack of consensus is likely driven by differences in study design, population, the age of workers, and the set of health outcomes studied. In this chapter, I explain and distill the literature, highlight patterns in the highest quality studies, and discuss the implications of the findings for longevity risk management and worker and retiree health going forward.
Nijinska’s Apprenticeship
Authors: Garafola Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
After completing her training in 1908, Nijinska becomes a member of St. Petersburg’s Imperial Ballet, where she dances in works by Marius Petipa, Lev Ivanov, and others. The following year she takes part in the inaugural season of Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes in Paris, rising in the next four years from a member of the corps to a valued company soloist and performing a wide range of classical and character roles in Michel Fokine’s new ballets. She has a complicated relationship with her brother Vaslav Nijinsky. When he resigns from the Imperial Ballet to work full-time for the Ballets Russes, she follows. She plays a key role in the genesis of his first ballet, L’Après-midi d’un Faune, which awakens her desire to choreograph, and was the original Chosen Maiden in his Rite of Spring, a modernist landmark. Her failed romance with the singer Fedor Chaliapin, linked to the budding awareness of herself as a creative artist, becomes a theme of her diaries for the next twenty-five years. In 1912 she marries the dancer Alexander Kochetovsky and the following year gives birth to her daughter, Irina. Her pregnancy infuriates her brother, and he drops her from the cast of The Rite of Spring. When Nijinsky is dismissed from the Ballets Russes after his marriage, she resigns from the company and becomes both the ballerina and ballet mistress of his Saison Nijinsky in London. In 1914 she returns to Russia where she spends World War I and the Revolution.
Globalizing Modernism
Authors: Garafola Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In addition to fulfilling other engagements, Nijinska spends most of 1926 and 1927 as ballet director at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. Here she stages several of her Ballets Russes and Paris Opéra productions in addition to creating new ballets, including the Colón’s first dance work by an Argentine composer, Cuadro campestre. Les Noces, which premieres only four months after its first performance in London, is a triumph. As a teacher, she has a lasting impact on the rapidly professionalizing corps of young dancers, which includes several of the company’s future ballerinas, while as a choreographer, she aligns the repertory with the latest trends of European ballet modernism. The Colón’s generous salary allows her to pay off most of her debts, while supporting her mother and children in Paris, and paying her own living expenses and those of her husband in Buenos Aires. As her second nine-month engagement comes to an end, she vows to find work in Europe to remain close to her family.
Les Ballets de Madame Ida Rubinstein
Authors: Garafola Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Back in Paris, in 1928 Nijinska becomes the choreographer of a new ballet company organized by Ida Rubinstein, an actress, sometime dancer, celebrity, and French music patron of note, who at forty-five dreams of being a classical ballerina. For the immensely wealthy Rubinstein, Nijinska assembles a company of fifty dancers, mostly Russian émigrés trained in Paris but with a sprinkling of dancers from England (including the young choreographer Frederick Ashton), the United States, and elsewhere. The company gives two seasons at the Paris Opéra, in addition to performances at La Scala, the Théâtre de la Monnaie in Brussels, and the Vienna Staatsoper. Despite Rubinstein’s insistence on starring in every work, Nijinska creates several important ballets, including Bolero, Le Baiser de la Fée, La Bien-Aimée, and La Valse, although Nijinska’s first realization of the Ravel score is excoriated by the Paris critics. Unlike the Ballets Russes, the Rubinstein company is female centered and exudes a new romanticism that looks forward to the 1930s. For a private soiree in 1929 she choreographs a second ballet to Poulenc’s music—Aubade.
Untouched Raw Feels?
Authors: Lau Hakwan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
When we don’t pay attention, we don’t perceive many details. But our experience may be subjectively “inflated” beyond what we actually represent in the sensory cortices. This poses troubles for local theorists. At the same time, the inflation account also suggests that the role played by the prefrontal cortex in consciousness isn’t as straightforward as global broadcast. This chapter relates current debates on the possibility of phenomenological overflow, to classic studies of attentional selection. One important suggestion is that we should move beyond asking whether attention is “necessary” for consciousness, and instead we should more broadly assess the relationship between the two. The inflation account put forward will also be compared with other views of unattended or peripheral vision, including those concerning filling-in and representations of summary statistics.
Are We Alone?
Authors: Lau Hakwan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the chapter we address the remaining issues of consciousness in animals and robots. A good way to address this may be to first figure out what in principle accounts for consciousness in the human cases. From there, we can see if similar mechanisms exist or not in the animals or robots. To make this inductive generalization, we need a theory of consciousness. We introduce the perceptual reality monitoring theory, according to which some animals may not be conscious. And yet, perhaps even a robot or computer program could be. This is to say, it is a functionalist account, based on an empirical interpretation of a variant of higher-order theory of consciousness. To evaluate the theory, we should compare it against other existing theories in terms of plausibility.