bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing forensic ballistics three-dimensionally through graphical reconstruction and immersive VR observation
Authors: Guarnera Luca , Giudice Oliver , Livatino Salvatore , Paratore Antonino Barbaro , Salici Angelo , Battiato Sebastiano 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA crime scene can provide valuable evidence critical to explain reason and modality of the occurred crime, and it can also lead to the arrest of criminals. The type of evidence collected by crime scene investigators or by law enforcement may accordingly effective involved cases. Bullets and cartridge cases examination is of paramount importance in forensic science because they may contain traces of microscopic striations, impressions and markings, which are unique and reproducible as “ballistic fingerprints”. The analysis of bullets and cartridge cases is a complicated and challenging process, typically based on optical comparison, leading to the identification of the employed firearm. New methods have recently been proposed for more accurate comparisons, which rely on three-dimensionally reconstructed data. This paper aims at further advancing recent methods by introducing a novel immersive technique for ballistics comparison by means of Virtual Reality. Users can three-dimensionally examine the cartridge cases shapes through intuitive natural gestures, from any vantage viewpoint (including internal iper-magnified views), while having at their disposal sets of visual aids which could not be easily implemented in desktop-based applications. A user study was conducted to assess viability and performance of our solution, which involved fourteen individuals acquainted with the standard procedures used by law enforcement agencies. Results clearly indicated that our approach lead to faster adaptation of users to the UI/UX and more accurate and explainable ballistics examination results.
Earthquake fatalities and potency
Authors: Wyss Max , Speiser Michel , Tolis Stavros 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe have compiled a new catalogue of earthquake fatalities for the world, covering the period 856 BC to March 2022, listing 2795 reports. We estimate that the reporting of fatal earthquakes is complete for events with more than 16 fatalities since 1927. The total number of fatalities recorded is 8,336,526. 117 countries have reported at least one earthquake with one fatality or more. 77 and 52 countries have reported more than 100 and 1000 earthquake fatalities, respectively. Caution has to be exercised in estimating what earthquake disasters are in store for a given country because the 95 year period of high quality recording is about an order of magnitude shorter than return times of great earthquakes. Nevertheless, we introduce the earthquake potency for a country, defined as the sum of recorded fatalities divided by the number of earthquakes that it took to accumulate them, which equals the average earthquake disaster size in a given country, in units of fatalities per event. Potency is listed based on all known fatal earthquakes and also based on those since 1927. Both lists have their shortcomings, but provide estimates of what size of future earthquake disaster is likely in store for a particular country. For rescue purposes, it is important to realize that small earthquake, M 5 ± 0.5, can cause significant numbers of fatalities.
Microdialysis of Voriconazole and its N-Oxide Metabolite: Amalgamating Knowledge of Distribution and Metabolism Processes in Humans
Authors: Schulz Josefine , Michelet Robin , Zeitlinger Markus , Mikus Gerd , Kloft Charlotte 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Voriconazole is an essential antifungal drug whose complex pharmacokinetics with high interindividual variability impedes effective and safe therapy. By application of the minimally-invasive sampling technique microdialysis, interstitial space fluid (ISF) concentrations of VRC and its potentially toxic N-oxide metabolite (NO) were assessed to evaluate target-site exposure for further elucidating VRC pharmacokinetics.

Methods
Plasma and ISF samples of a clinical trial with an approved VRC dosing regimen were analyzed for VRC and NO concentrations. Concentration-time profiles, exposure assessed as area-under-the-curve (AUC) and metabolic ratios of four healthy adults in plasma and ISF were evaluated regarding the impact of multiple dosing and CYP2C19 genotype.

Results
VRC and NO revealed distribution into ISF with AUC values being ≤2.82- and 17.7-fold lower compared to plasma, respectively. Intraindividual variability of metabolic ratios was largest after the first VRC dose administration while interindividual variability increased with multiple dosing. The CYP2C19 genotype influenced interindividual differences with a maximum 6- and 24-fold larger AUCNO/AUCVRC ratio between the intermediate and rapid metabolizer in plasma and ISF, respectively. VRC metabolism was saturated/auto-inhibited indicated by substantially decreasing metabolic concentration ratios with increasing VRC concentrations and after multiple dosing.

Conclusion
The feasibility of the simultaneous microdialysis of VRC and NO in vivo was demonstrated and provided new quantitative insights by leveraging distribution and metabolism processes of VRC in humans. The exploratory analysis suggested substantial dissimilarities of VRC and NO pharmacokinetics in plasma and ISF. Ultimately, a thorough understanding of target-site pharmacokinetics might contribute to the optimization of personalized VRC dosing regimens.
Military societies: self-governance and criminal justice in Indian country
Authors: Crepelle Adam , Fegley Tate , Murtazashvili Ilia 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe argue that criminal justice institutions must be accessible to citizens, legitimate and have capacity to enforce law. Such was the case with the military societies of the Plains Indians: a system of criminal justice that predated the time of European contact and which remained a significant source of law and order in Indian country until the Indian Wars concluded at the end of the nineteenth century. Nonetheless, the federal government attempted to replace military societies with federal police starting circa 1850. Despite such attempts, we show that military societies remain an important institution for criminal justice on the contemporary Northern Cheyenne Reservation. When the federal government shirked on policing during the coronavirus pandemic, military societies took over important policing functions. This does not mean that traditional military societies should replace federal enforcement; rather, it shows that until the quality of federal policing improves, traditional institutions of criminal justice remain an important source of public safety in Indian country.
What can we learn (and not learn) from thought experiments in black hole thermodynamics?
Authors: El Skaf Rawad , Palacios Patricia 
Published: October 2022

AbstractScientists investigating the thermal properties of black holes rely heavily on theoretical and non-empirical tools, such as mathematical derivations, analogue experiments and thought experiments. Although the use of mathematical derivations and analogue experiments in the context of black hole physics has recently received a great deal of attention among philosophers of science, the use of thought experiments (TEs) in that context has been almost completely neglected. In this paper, we will start filling this gap by systematically analyzing the epistemic role of the two TEs that gave birth to black hole thermodynamics, namely Wheeler’s demon and Geroch’s engine. We will argue that the two main epistemic functions of these TEs are to reveal and resolve inconsistencies, in line with El Skaf’s (Probing theoretical statements with thought experiments. Synthese 199:6119–6147, 2021) approach to TEs. We will, then, go beyond El Skaf’s approach by stressing an important difference between the strategies employed to assess the reliability of each epistemic function.
Longitudinal association of executive function and structural network controllability in the aging brain
Authors: Tang Rongxiang , Elman Jeremy A. , Franz Carol E. , Dale Anders M. , Eyler Lisa T. , Fennema-Notestine Christine , Hagler Donald J. , Lyons Michael J. , Panizzon Matthew S. , Puckett Olivia K. , Kremen William S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractExecutive function encompasses effortful cognitive processes that are particularly susceptible to aging. Functional brain networks supporting executive function—such as the frontoparietal control network and the multiple demand system—have been extensively investigated. However, it remains unclear how structural networks facilitate and constrain the dynamics of functional networks to contribute to aging-related executive function declines. We examined whether changes in structural network modal controllability—a network’s ability to facilitate effortful brain state transitions that support cognitive functions—are associated with changes in executive function cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Diffusion-weighted imaging and neuropsychological testing were conducted at two time points (Time 1: ages 56 to 66,N = 172; Time 2: ages 61 to 70,N = 267) in community-dwelling men from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. An executive function factor score was computed from six neuropsychological tasks. Structural networks constructed from white matter connectivity were used to estimate modal controllability in control network and multiple demand system. We showed that higher modal controllability in control network and multiple demand system was associated with better executive function at Time 2, after controlling for age, young adult general cognitive ability, and physical health status. Moreover, changes in executive function over a period of 5 to 6 years (Time 1-Time 2,N = 105) were associated with changes in modal controllability of the multiple demand system and weakly in the control network over the same time period. These findings suggest that changes in the ability of structural brain networks in facilitating effortful brain state transitions may be a key neural mechanism underlying aging-related executive function declines and cognitive aging.
Perspective-taking and belief in a just world matter: Adolescents’ role experiences in bullying processes
Authors: Wolgast Anett , Donat Matthias , Liesen Johanna , Rüprich Claudia 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBullying is a serious problem around the world, especially among adolescents. Evidence exists that low levels of social perspective-taking as well as belief in a just world played an important role in bullying. Both dispositions function as psychological resources that may help students behave appropriately in social life. Previous research identified distinct bullying roles such as perpetrator, victim, assistant, reinforcer, defender, and bystander experiences. Although this participant-role approach has been extensively investigated in the last years, a simultaneous examination of students’ perspective-taking and belief in a just world in relation to their experiences in these roles is still missing. This study’s objective was to examine a differential approach of school students’ visuospatial and dispositional social perspective-taking, emotional concern, and personal belief in a just world in relation to their experiences in bullying roles. We tested these relations in a sample of n = 1309 adolescents (50.6% female, Mage = 13.73, SDage = 0.85) from 38 schools in Germany. The results from a latent structural-equation model suggested that experiences as a perpetrator, assistant, reinforcer but also as defender related to low visuospatial social perspective-taking. Emotional concern was positively related to defender experiences. Personal belief in a just world was negatively associated with experiences as a perpetrator and a victim. The results underline the importance of disentangling concurrent contributions of perspective-taking and belief in a just world related to the bullying roles. We conclude that adolescents’ visuospatial social perspective taking seems to be a further mental resource against antisocial behavior in bullying.
Quantification of Upper Limb Movements in Patients with Hereditary or Idiopathic Ataxia
Authors: Lipponen Joonas , Tiulpin Aleksei , Majamaa Kari , Rusanen Harri 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAssessment of ataxic movements is usually based on clinical judgment. Technical devices can be employed in the quantification of ataxic movements in addition to clinical evaluation. The effect of maximal speed in upper limb movements in ataxia patients has not been quantified. The aim was to quantify upper limb movements in patients with hereditary or idiopathic ataxia and to find features of movement that are characteristic for ataxia. We examined 19 patients with degenerative ataxia and 21 healthy controls. An ad hoc system comprising a touch screen, an accelerometer, and a gyroscope was used to measure speed, angular acceleration, consistency, and accuracy of upper limb movements. The movements were quantified during finger-to-nose test that the patients were asked to perform at their own pace and as fast as possible. Disease severity was estimated by using the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA). The mean SARA score of the patients was 13.5. Compared to the controls the performance of the patients was slow (p < 0.001) and arrhythmic (p < 0.001), but end-point accuracy on the touch screen was intact. The SARA score correlated with the standard deviation of amplitude of angular acceleration in Z-axis (F(1,17) = 15.00, p < 0.001 with R2 = 0.47). Upper limb movements of the patients with degenerative ataxia were slower and more arrhythmic than those in the controls. The patients retained spatial end-point accuracy.
Stable isotope analysis in food web research: Systematic review and a vision for the future for the Baltic Sea macro-region
Authors: Eglite Elvita , Mohm Clarissa , Dierking Jan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractFood web research provides essential insights into ecosystem functioning, but practical applications in ecosystem-based management are hampered by a current lack of knowledge synthesis. To address this gap, we provide the first systematic review of ecological studies applying stable isotope analysis, a pivotal method in food web research, in the heavily anthropogenically impacted Baltic Sea macro-region. We identified a thriving research field, with 164 publications advancing a broad range of fundamental and applied research topics, but also found structural shortcomings limiting ecosystem-level understanding. We argue that enhanced collaboration and integration, including the systematic submission of Baltic Sea primary datasets to stable isotope databases, would help to overcome many of the current shortcomings, unify the scattered knowledge base, and promote future food web research and science-based resource management. The effort undertaken here demonstrates the value of macro-regional synthesis, in enhancing access to existing data and supporting strategic planning of research agendas.
Effectiveness of Fan Anchors in Preventing Debonding in FRP-Strengthened Steel Members
Authors: Esmaeeli Esmaeel , Shadan Parisa 
Published: October 2022

AbstractFibre Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) are extensively employed to strengthen existing structures because of their several advantages over other strengthening techniques. On the other hand, the premature debonding of FRP reduces its effectiveness in strengthening steel structures. Anchoring FRP composites is an effective solution to delay or even prevent their debonding. Very limited anchorage methods, however, have been introduced for FRP-strengthened steel structures and the need for an effective anchorage system remains. Fan anchor has been validated as one of the remedies against debonding failure in FRP-strengthened concrete structures. Considering the advantages that fan anchors offer, the use of fan anchors for FRP-strengthened steel structures is proposed and evaluated in this paper. Since FRP-steel joints have a different bond-slip law than FRP-concrete joints and the strengthened steel members are prone to buckling-debonding interactions, this study focuses on the efficiency of fan anchors in delaying FRP debonding by assuming that an adequate mechanical connection between the dowel and the steel substrate is provided. Three experimental studies involving shear, flexural and buckling strengthening of steel components were simulated through finite element modelling, and fan anchors were added to the models after validation. The effect of fan anchors on strength, failure mode and FRP's strain distribution of the models was examined. The study showed that the fan anchor was successfully able to delay debonding mode, which increased the strength and ductility and exploited a higher strain capacity of FRP plates.
Recent Developments in Additive-Manufactured Intermetallic Compounds for Bio-Implant Applications
Authors: Yeh Po-Yuan , Huang Jacob C. , Jang Jason S. C. , Pan Cheng-Tang , Chen Chung-Hwan , Lin Che-Hsin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Purpose
This paper reviews the recent developments of two newly developed intermetallic compounds (IMCs) of metallic glasses (MGs) and high-entropy alloys (HEAs) as potential implantable biomaterials.

Methods
The paper commences by summarizing the fundamental properties of recently developed MGs and high-entropy alloys (HEAs). A systematic review is presented of the recent literature about the use of AM technology in fabricating MG and HEA components for biological implant applications.

Results
The high strength, low Young’s modulus, and excellent corrosion resistance make these IMCs good candidates as bio-implantable materials. Recent studies have shown that additive manufacturing (AM) techniques provide an advantageous route for the preparation of glassy metallic components due to their intrinsically rapid cooling rates and ability to fabricate parts with virtually no size or complexity constraints. A practical example is conducted by AM producing a porous gradient Ti-based MG spinal cage. The produced MG powders and the in vivo test results on an 18 M-old Lanyu pig confirm the feasibility of the AM technique for producing implantable IMC-based prosthesis.

Conclusion
The non-crystalline structure of MGs alloy and the random crystalline composition of HEAs provide unique material properties that will substantially impact the development of future implantable prostheses.
A Retrospective Analysis of Applications for Registration of Generic Medicines Processed by the Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe
Authors: Samunda Brilliant Tinashe , Sithole Tariro , Khoza Star 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Many applications for registration of medicines are rejected because applicants fail to submit or resolve critical deficiencies in the quality, efficacy, and safety of the medicines. The study aimed to establish approval rates, processing timelines, and common deficiencies of generic medicines applications processed by the Medicines Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ).

Method
A retrospective study of applications finalized by MCAZ between 2018 and 2020 was conducted. Data were collected from the assessment reports and verified with copies of letters sent to the applicants. Deficiencies were classified as administrative, quality, efficacy, and safety. Other characteristics collated included time to finalization, dosage form, region of origin, and therapeutic class.

Results
Of the 579 finalized applications, 74.1% were approved while 25.9% were refused. Approved applications had more review cycles (median = 3 cycles) compared to refused applications (median = 2 cycles). However, refused applications had longer review times (median = 25 months) compared to approved applications (median = 18 months). The majority of applications (83.0%) were from Asian manufacturers and intended for oral administration (66.1%). Medicines for the endocrine system (50.0%) and rheumatism/gout (53.3%) had lower approval rates compared to other therapeutical classes (p < 0.001). The most common reasons for refusal of applications included failure to respond to review queries (52.6%), deficiencies in the API information (54.7%), FPP specifications (42.7%), FPP stability data (36.0%), and pharmaceutical development (31.3%).

Conclusion
To improve the quality of applications and evaluation outcomes, there may be a need for the regulatory authority to engage applicants through training and pre-submission meetings.
Does Central Monitoring Lead to Higher Quality? An Analysis of Key Risk Indicator Outcomes
Authors: de Viron Sylviane , Trotta Laura , Steijn William , Young Steve , Buyse Marc 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Central monitoring, which typically includes the use of key risk indicators (KRIs), aims at improving the quality of clinical research by pro-actively identifying and remediating emerging issues in the conduct of a clinical trial that may have an adverse impact on patient safety and/or the reliability of trial results. However, there has to-date been a relative lack of direct quantitative evidence published supporting the claim that central monitoring actually leads to improved quality.

Material and Methods
Nine commonly used KRIs were analyzed for evidence of quality improvement using data retrieved from a large central monitoring platform. A total of 212 studies comprising 1676 sites with KRI signals were used in the analysis, representing central monitoring activity from 23 different sponsor organizations. Two quality improvement metrics were assessed for each KRI, one based on a statistical score (p-value) and the other based on a KRI’s observed value.

Results
Both KRI quality metrics showed improvement in a vast majority of sites (82.9% for statistical score, 81.1% for observed KRI value). Additionally, the statistical score and the observed KRI values improved, respectively by 66.1% and 72.4% on average towards the study average for those sites showing improvement.

Conclusion
The results of this analysis provide clear quantitative evidence supporting the hypothesis that use of KRIs in central monitoring is leading to improved quality in clinical trial conduct and associated data across participating sites.
A study of summable QTAG-modules
Authors: Sikander Fahad , Begam Firdhousi , Fatima Tanveer 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis manuscript deals with the quasi-isomorphic invariants for QTAG modules; specially the cases when the module is summable, $$\sigma $$
σ
-summable, $$(\omega +n)$$

(
ω
+
n
)

-projective or HT -module. We show that if for a QTAG module M with a submodule N such that M/N is bounded, then M is weakly $$\omega _1$$

ω
1

-separable if and only if N is weakly $$\omega _1$$

ω
1

-separable.
Measure Identification for the Choquet Integral: A Python Module
Authors: Türkarslan Ezgi , Torra Vicenç 
Published: October 2022

AbstractFuzzy integrals are common concepts which are used to aggregate input values in practical applications. Aggregation of inputs using fuzzy integrals opens up numerous possibilities for modeling interaction, redundancy, and synergy of inputs. However, fuzzy integrals need a fuzzy measure to start this aggregation process. This situation pushes us into the fuzzy measure identification process. This process becomes difficult due to the monotony condition of the fuzzy measure and the exponential increase on the number of measure parameters. There are in the literature many ways to determine fuzzy measures. One of them is learning from data. In this paper, our aim is to introduce a new fuzzy measure identification tool to learn measures from empirical data. It is a Python module which finds the measure that minimizes the difference between the computed and expected outputs of the Choquet integral. In addition, we study some properties of the learning process. In particular, we consider k-additive fuzzy measures and belief functions as well as arbitrary fuzzy measures. Using these variety of measures we examine the effect of k and noisy data on the learning process.