bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Politics of Regulating Global Finance
Authors: Quaglia Lucia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe first part of this chapter reviews several bodies of scholarly works that are relevant to this research, which brings together the international political economy literature on regulating global finance, and the international relations literature on regime complexity. Building on the first body of works, this chapter discusses the main actors—states, regulators, and private actors—that affect the governance of global finance, teasing out the pathways through which they exert their influence. Then, building on the second body of works, regime complexity is considered as a contextual factor that affects global governance in a given policy area, in this case, shadow banking, by compounding problems, while splintering solutions. The second part of the chapter spells out the research design, the analytical framework, the methodology, and the sources used. Empirically, this book examines the definition, measurement, and monitoring of global shadow banking as well as international standards for shadow banking entities and activities.
The International Architecture for Shadow Banking Governance
Authors: Quaglia Lucia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter sets the context for the rest of the book—after explaining what is shadow banking, it outlines the shadow banking regime complex and the multi-dimensional chessboard it generates. Three institutional features of the complex have profound implications for the global governance of shadow banking. First, a variety of international standard-setting bodies that have different memberships, remits, tasks, and epistemic views are involved in the definition, monitoring, and regulation of shadow banking entities and activities. Second, there is not a focal institution in the shadow banking regime complex. Third, international bodies bring together domestic regulators that oversee different parts of the financial sector and have distinctive mandates, competences, and regulatory outlooks. Finally, this chapter outlines the post-crisis international standards concerning various aspects of shadow banking, arguing that they have limited stringency, precision, and consistency (bar some exceptions).
Bank Exposure to Shadow Banking
Authors: Quaglia Lucia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAfter the 2008 crisis, the indirect regulation of shadow banking was pursued by tightening up international banking regulation, which is the topic of this chapter. Whereas post-crisis bank capital and liquidity rules were tightened up building on pre-existing international standards (the Basel accords), other banking rules, notably, those on large exposures, equity investment in funds, and step-in risk, lacked any real bite. Eventually, bank capital rules for ‘safe’ securitization were also revised downwards. This pattern is explained by the preferences of the main jurisdictions and the mobilization of the financial industry. To begin with, the US and the UK, which were eager to sponsor stringent international bank capital and liquidity rules in the wake of the crisis, acted as pace-setters. Other banking rules lacked major ‘sponsor’ jurisdictions. There was also lobbying by the financial industry, which sought to forge an alliance with non-financial firms in the real economy.
Mothers and Fathers
Authors: Gibson Kate 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines parents’ attitudes towards their children, using letters, diaries, and poor relief records. It argues that legitimate and illegitimate parenthood were viewed differently, but that the gap between the two was often only a matter of degree. A positive parental relationship with illegitimate children was possible and could fit within wider ideals of parenthood in this period. Unmarried parents could, and did, act as tender fathers and anxious mothers to illegitimate children. This chapter emphasizes the importance of socio-economic class in parental experience. By contrasting the experience of poor, middling, and elite parents, it argues that the poor law created an atmosphere of antagonistic filiation, which was primarily responsible for fathers refusing to acknowledge children. Fathers made judgements over the likelihood of their paternity and the trustworthiness of women which were dependent on the mother’s class and the type of parental relationship. Limitations on maternal acknowledgement were primarily practical, reflecting women’s limited economic agency, and parents did not generally associate their children with shame.
The Problem of Georgian Oxford
Authors: Darwall-Smith Robin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Georgian Oxford is generally dismissed as an undistinguished a time of decline and intellectual inactivity. This chapter sets out some of the issues covered in this book as part of a reappraisal of this period, in particular to ask whether one is necessarily asking the right questions of the Georgian university. A portrait of the structure of the Georgian university is given, and then four themes, religion, politics, education, and statutes, examined, to reveal a university which could and did show signs of intellectual life. The role of Georgian Oxford as an Anglican seminary is reconsidered, with fresh evidence suggesting that more Oxford alumni took holy orders than has been thought; there is fresh discussion of education and study, and of the issues relating to the difficulty of accommodating medieval statutes to the eighteenth century, and some of the problems faced by such Colleges as All Souls and Magdalen relating to controversial reinterpretations of them by their Visitors. The chapter ends by comparing Oxford with universities elsewhere in Britain and the rest of Europe, and discussing what challenges were faced elsewhere, be it how much autonomy different universities were permitted, or their comparative reputations, good or bad.
In the Centre and on the Periphery
Authors: Darwall-Smith Robin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Georgian members of Oxford generally had an excellent command of Latin, and their knowledge of Greek improved during the century. However, this linguistic skill is not the same as a command of classical scholarship, be it in textual criticism or other fields. Case studies of some undergraduates’ reading matter shows how classics was one among several subjects studied by the more intellectually adventurous. In particular, science professors, for all that their subjects lay outside the curriculum, were regularly able to attract undergraduates to their lectures, because their subjects were not taught in Colleges. Oxford classical scholarship had its share of successes and failures, the former from Thomas Burgess, Samuel Musgrave, Peter Elmsley and others, the latter from John Shaw and Thomas Falconer. The University Press, meanwhile, was attracting classicists from abroad like Daniel Wyttenbach to publish with them. Contrasts are drawn with universities elsewhere, showing that in France and Italy the classics were much less studied than in Dutch and German universities. Another difference is that, whereas a scholar like Daniel Wyttenbach would devote his whole career to classics, in Oxford the study to classics was seen as a prelude to the higher study of theology, and many promising scholars at Oxford chose to give up classics in favour of theology.
Undergraduate Studies and the Collections Books at Christ Church
Authors: Curthoys Judith 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Undergraduate studies at Oxford in the eighteenth century have traditionally been considered negligible. At two or three colleges, including Christ Church, this was most definitely not the case. From the end of the seventeenth century and particularly during the deanery of George Smalridge (1713–1719), teaching and the monitoring of teaching were overhauled with the setting of texts for each year-group, or Classis, and the introduction of termly Collections, internal viva voce examinations designed to assess understanding and interpretation of those texts. This paper examines these changes and shows how they set Christ Church on an upward academic trajectory that reached a peak under Dean Cyril Jackson at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Arabic Studies in Eighteenth-Century Oxford
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article discusses three aspects of Arabic studies at Oxford – the actual teaching of the language, the use of the Bodleian library, and the publications of the university press. At a time when fewer and fewer prospective Arabists endeavoured to learn the language at a university, the teaching of Arabic at Oxford was directed at a decreasing number of students and made no progress with respect to the achievements of the seventeenth century. Although a number of the Oxford professors of Oriental languages were esteemed members of the Republic of Letters, the greatest contributions to the teaching was made by scholars such as the Hungarian Joannes Uri who was employed by the Bodleian and was never part of the university staff. With one of the finest collections of Arabic manuscripts in the West, the Bodleian offered scholars immense possibilities, drawing Arabists from all over Protestant Europe and leading to major publications of Arabic texts and works on Islam and the Arab world. Many of these publications appeared thanks to the university press. Clearly in decline in the first half of the eighteenth century, it experienced a revival which allowed it to retrieve much of its former importance in the second.
Eighteenth-Century Antecedents and Rivals of Blackstone’s Institutionalism
Authors: Macnair Mike 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
William Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England is probably the most celebrated product of legal study in Georgian Oxford, so much so that for many non-specialist authors and even some specialists it has radically overshadowed all the other introductory legal writing that went before (apart from the thirteenth-century treatise called Bracton); authors imagine that all that existed in English legal writing before Blackstone, was alphabetised texts. This chapter argues, by contrast, that if we look back over the issue of the alternative approaches available to analysis of the law, and compare it with the issue of Blackstone’s antecedents, the result seems to be that Blackstone was more specifically an ‘Oxford product’ than it appeared at first sight and in the light of the eventual success of this approach. Oxford seems to have been, well before Blackstone, supplying ‘institutional’ analysis of law as a propaedeutic to the more rebarbative study of the common law. The Georgian University thus probably contributed significantly to ‘classicism’ in English legal thought more generally.
‘Keeping’ Natural Philosophy Alive in Eighteenth-Century Oxford
Authors: Roos Anna Marie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This essay focusses upon two keepers of the Ashmolean Museum that were important to promoting natural philosophy, and promoting it well in Oxford in the unloved eighteenth century: John Whiteside (1679–1729) and William Huddesford (1732–1772). Whiteside, elected keeper on 14 December 1714, was a member of Christ Church and clergyman, a keen and talented astronomer, an FRS, and Edmond Halley communicated two of his astronomical observations to the Royal Society. Huddesford was also not only a significant natural historian, but an antiquary whom we have to thank for preserving the early modern archives in the natural sciences. An analysis of the work of Whiteside and Huddesford demonstrates that we need to think more about Georgian keepers of the Ashmolean as proper natural philosophers and antiquaries beyond the usual narratives of the ‘Scientific Revolution’, which premise an eighteenth-century decline. This chapter also analyses the significant interconnections between antiquarianism and early modern natural philosophy which were often part of the same intellectual endeavour.
‘Gothick’ and ‘Sollid’
Authors: Geraghty Anthony 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks afresh at Nicholas Hawksmoor’s additions to All Souls College, Oxford, built in 1716–35. I show how the North Quadrangle of the College was conceived within a tradition of Gothic buildings instituted by Sir Christopher Wren after the Great Fire of London, and within a body of thought that judged architectural style in relation to Euclidean geometry. Through an extended analysis of the building, I argue that Hawksmoor tempered the fifteenth-century forms of the Old Quadrangle to bring them into line with the Vitruvian values of strength, beauty and convenience. Finally, I suggest that this reformation of architectural style was encouraged and understood in relation to the post-Reformation function and composition of All Souls itself.
The Great Survivor
Authors: Aston Nigel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Charles Butler, 1st Earl of Arran (1671–1758) was the third successive head of the Butler family to be Chancellor of Oxford and held the post for longer than anyone either before or after him from 1715 but has barely been noticed by posterity except as a ‘Jacobite’. And yet it was Arran who led the University safely through the troubled times of the early Hanoverian era. His office conferred on its holder important patronage rights including the vice-chancellorship, several Hall principalships, and many professorships. Many of these were given to Tories during decades when they were largely excluded from office in the state and from major positions in the established Church but, after involvement in the Atterbury Plot in the early 1720s had brought him close to disaster, Arran was careful to cultivate a wider spectrum of opinion within the University. This unrecognised pragmatism in conjunction with his own modest and appealing character played no small part in easing the University’s relations with successive Whig ministries. Arran learnt to tread adroitly and responsibly and offered a modest, low-key form of institutional leadership indicative of personal skill as well as good fortune.
Robust Rights and Harmless Wronging
Authors: Bowen Joseph 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines a range of cases in which it appears one’s rights against harm are violated by another’s behaviour, even though this behaviour has done one no harm. These cases raise a serious problem for most theories of rights, though the problem is most pronounced on the Interest Theory of Rights. According to that theory, rights necessarily protect their holder’s wellbeing. At first glance, one might think that the person’s wellbeing cannot be said to be protected by the right in cases of harmless wronging because they are not harmed in such cases—so, the necessary condition set for the ascription of a right is not satisfied. This chapter puts forward a novel solution to this problem, the Safety Condition. The Safety Condition looks beyond what happens in the actual world to close worlds in order that individuals’ wellbeing is robustly protected across circumstances that could easily come about.
Solidarity in Kantian Moral Theory
Authors: Cureton Adam 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Critics of Kantian moral theory worry that it denies, downplays, or misrepresents the role of friendship, community, and other loving relationships in the moral life. The aim of this chapter is to describe a new and unorthodox way for such theories to incorporate and justify the status of certain relationships as permissible, obligation-generating, and worthy of promotion, protection, and respect. Contrary to what most defenders and critics of Kant usually believe, the chapter argues that one theme in his thinking is that human persons have intrinsic rational interests in forming, maintaining, perfecting, respecting, and promoting relationships of solidarity. Attributing these “interests of reason,” which are ends, drives, concerns, dispositions, or needs of reason itself, to human persons provides us with rational grounds for what is justifiable to persons, what we could rationally will as universal law, or what we would agree to as rational legislators in a kingdom of ends.
Blessed Lives, Bright Prospects, Incomplete Orderings
Authors: Dreier Jamie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Separability principles allow us to explain why one complex arrangement of value is better than another on the basis of how much value is present at various locations. For example, the Principle of Personal Good tells us that one distribution is better than a second if it is at least as good for everyone and better for someone, and the Sure-Thing Principle tells us that one prospect is better than a second if it is at least as good in each way the world could turn out to be, and better in some. But sometimes goods are apparently incomparable, and when they are, classical separability is useless. This chapter examines the prospects for extended, strengthened versions of separability, and finds that they tend to clash with other plausible principles, especially with permutation principles. It also considers whether permutation and the separability extensions vary in plausibility depending on what interpretation of apparent incomparability we think is right.
Putting Human Rights to Work
Authors: Collins Philippa 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The very existence of an employment relationship places the human rights of a worker at risk. Employers can, and frequently do, exercise their managerial and disciplinary powers in a manner that interferes with the most fundamental rights of the individual worker. Adequate safeguards against such infringements are necessary if individuals are to receive full protection of their rights. This book examines how far the labour laws of England and Wales offer such guarantees, with a particular focus on dismissal law. The chapters reflect on the relationship between employment, labour, and human rights before conducting a detailed and critical analysis of the scope, shape, and application of domestic employment law. The framework for evaluation is drawn from the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, as it develops a principled and tailored approach to how the rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights should be enforced in working relationships. Statutory mechanisms, such as the law of unfair dismissal, and common law causes of action are examined and found to be lacking in their capacity to vindicate and enforce the human rights of workers. The book culminates in the proposal and elaboration on an innovative solution, the Bill of Rights for Workers, that would draw on the successes of human rights and labour law instruments to render the Convention rights directly enforceable in the relationship between a worker and their employer.
Why Must We Protect the Human Rights of Workers?
Authors: Collins Philippa 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that employers should be subject to a duty to respect the human rights of their workers. This position runs contrary to the centrality of state actors in human rights discourse, which will be outlined first. The imposition of such a duty will be justified by reference to the status of employers within modern society and the distinctive features of employment relationships. Employers can be distinguished from other private actors on the grounds that they are gatekeepers to an opportunity that is crucial to people in their enjoyment of a decent and fulfilling life–work balance. In addition, several important characteristics of employer–worker relations generate the potential for human rights infringements in the workplace. The dependence of an individual worker upon their job for a range of needs, the inequality of bargaining power between the parties, and the worker’s subordination to the rules and hierarchy of the organization will be highlighted. These features combine to generate an inherent conflict between the worker’s free exercise of their human rights and the existence of a relationship of employment.
Labour Law, the European Convention on Human Rights, and the States’ Positive Obligations
Authors: Collins Philippa 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
All states that are signatories of the European Convention on Human Rights are subject to obligations to take positive steps to protect human rights in each jurisdiction. In order to assess whether a system of labour law protects Convention rights effectively, this chapter derives from the case law of the European Court of Human Rights a set of positive obligations that guide how human rights should be guaranteed and adjudicated at national level. Member states are subject to three key positive obligations that are relevant to labour law. Firstly, there is an obligation to extend any domestic right that enforces a fundamental right to all people, unless a restriction is justified under the Convention. In addition, national adjudicators must examine any interference with a Convention right seriously and assess whether it is justified in a manner that aligns with the European Court of Human Rights’ own case law. A victim of a human rights violation must also receive an effective remedy. Finally, this framework of positive obligations could be applied to any national system of labour rights to test the standard of protection that workers’ rights receive.
The Relational Scope of Labour Rights
Authors: Collins Philippa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe first challenge for any potential litigant seeking to enforce their human rights before an Employment Tribunal is demonstrating that they enjoy the requisite employment status. Dismissal law, for example, is available only to the most privileged group within the workforce: those with a contract of employment. This chapter dissects the battery of statutory and common law requirements that individuals must satisfy to vindicate their fundamental rights before the courts and tribunals, noting a sharp contrast between the restrictive availability of employment rights and the inclusivity of the European Convention on Human Rights. The need to be a party to a contract which underpins the provision of work, the common law tests that restrict the scope of some protections to a narrow group of individuals, and the additional statutory requirements such as the need for continuous period of service will be discussed. This chapter will note progress in specific instances where the European Convention on Human Rights have been relied upon to extend employment rights to particular claimants, but it also observes that these advances are far from universal. A comprehensive review of the relational scope of employment rights is urgently needed.
Human Rights and the Law of Unfair Dismissal
Authors: Collins Philippa 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Both in terms of the values that underpin the jurisdiction and the structure of the enquiry, the law of unfair dismissal seems initially to be well suited to the enforcement of the qualified Convention rights of individuals at work. The Court of Appeal has even attempted to draw the standard of fairness into closer alignment with the Convention’s proportionality standard. Nevertheless, this chapter will observe significant disparities between the standard of fairness applied by the tribunals, which is deferential and leaves employers with a wide degree of managerial prerogative, and the way that the European Court of Human Rights examines whether an infringement is justified. Tribunals often decide cases without any reference to human rights that may be engaged by the facts and, if rights are considered, the examination of the proportionality of the interference is far from searching. The chapter concludes with consideration of the remedies available following an unfair dismissal, noting several scenarios in which the successful claimant may not receive an effective remedy.