bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A recent solidification approach for nanosuspension: formulation, optimisation and evaluation of canagliflozin immediate release pellets
Authors: Patel Nisha C. , Patel Hitesh A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Introduction: Canagliflozin is a BCS class IV drug. Nanosuspension is known to enhance the saturation solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs owing to the increased surface area of nanosized particles.
Aim: In the present study, we aimed to improve the dissolution characteristics of a poorly water-soluble drug canagliflozin by nanosuspension formulation and stability of this solubility enhancing system - nanosuspension can be improved by converting them into solidified forms as immediate release pellets.
Materials and methods: Canagliflozin nanosuspension was formulated using the media milling method. Poloxamer 407 was used to stabilise nanosuspension. Prepared nanosuspensions were subjected to the characterisation of particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and drug content. Optimised nanosuspension (NS1) was solidified by converting into immediate release pellets: as improved stability, where canagliflozin nanosuspension was used as a binder. Pellets were prepared by +extrusion-spheronization technique using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as pelletizing aid and sodium starch glycolate as super disintegrant. Different important process parameters e.g. concentration of sodium starch glycolate (A), spheronization speed (B) and spheronization time (C) were investigated by 23 factorial design to accomplish desired disintegration time (R1) and drug release at 10 min (R2).
Results: The optimised nanosuspension had 120.5 nm particle size, 99.14% drug content and the optimised immediate release pellets (PF5) disintegrated within 23.29 second, and had 99.11% drug content. In vitro dissolution studies showed 89.59% drug release within 10 min in 0.75% w/v SLS. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed uniform and spherically shaped pellets. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis reveal no significant interaction between drug and excipients.
Conclusions: It can be concluded from the findings of this study that the formulation of nanosuspension and its use as a binder in the formulation of immediate release pellets should be investigated further in order to improve the dissolution rate and formulation stability.
Effets de la COVID-19 sur le marché du travail en Afrique subsaharienne : analyse sous le prisme de l’informalité au Burkina Faso, Mali et Sénégal
Authors: Balde Racky , Boly Mohamed , Avenyo Elvis 
Published: June 2022

La pandémie de COVID-19 est une crise mondiale qui a mis en lumière les défis socioéconomiques de l’Afrique subsaharienne. Cet article présente des données d’enquête en temps réel sur les effets de la COVID-19 sur le marché du travail pendant le pic de la pandémie en 2020 dans trois pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest : le Sénégal, le Mali et le Burkina Faso. Nous étudions comment l’informalité exacerbe les effets immédiats de la pandémie de COVID-19 sur la perte d’emploi, la diminution des revenus et les difficultés des individus à subvenir à leurs besoins essentiels. Notre analyse documente une réduction des activités économiques et constate que les travailleurs de l’économie informelle ont eu tendance à être plus durement touchés par la pandémie de COVID-19. Les travailleurs informels étaient plus susceptibles de perdre leur emploi et de subir une diminution de leurs revenus. Ces résultats sont également valables pour ceux qui travaillaient dans des secteurs à haut risque. Les travailleurs informels semblaient également être plus susceptibles d’avoir des difficultés à satisfaire leurs besoins fondamentaux au milieu de la pandémie. Nous discutons des implications politiques de ces résultats.
Ce que la lutte contre la radicalisation fait au métier de surveillant de prison
Authors: Chantraine Gilles , Scheer David 
Published: June 2022

Cet article, basé sur une recherche ethnographique, analyse les transformations du métier de surveillant sous l’effet de la lutte contre la radicalisation et de la mise en œuvre des « quartiers d’évaluation de la radicalisation » (QER) dans les prisons françaises, en embrassant les différents types d’activité du surveillant au quotidien dans toute leur diversité : « surveiller, séparer, isoler » d’abord, « négocier, dialoguer punir » ensuite, et, enfin, « observer, consigner, tracer ». Ce cadre d’observation nous permet de décrire, dans un premier temps, la défiance guerrière qui surplombe les activités de surveillance et de contrôle. Dans un second temps, nous détaillons les formes de dialogue qui s’instaurent néanmoins entre détenus et surveillants, parfois sous-tendues par des objectifs de « déradicalisation » informelle ; enfin, nous décrivons comment l’activité d’écriture des surveillants est structurée à la fois par leur participation au travail d’évaluation des détenus, et leur enrôlement plus ou moins fort dans l’activité de renseignement pénitentiaire.
Les voyageurs à Daphné du xviiie siècle jusqu’à la fouille franco-américaine
Authors: Meyer Guy 
Published: June 2022

Le site de Daphné a attiré bien moins de voyageurs que celui d’Antioche. Son identification officielle ne remonte qu’à la publication de Richard Pococke, Description of the East and Some Other Countries (Londres, 1745), mais tout porte à croire qu’il était déjà connu auparavant. Les particularités spectaculaires du site et sa réputation sulfureuse ont fait fantasmer les Occidentaux, aussi bien avant sa découverte que lors de leurs visites, car Daphné, avec ses cascades, ses cours d’eau et sa végétation luxuriante, est d’abord un endroit pittoresque. Les ruines, avant la fouille de la mission franco-américaine lancée en 1932, sont presque évanescentes : une église, des restes architecturaux mal identifiés, des canalisations souterraines et le théâtre découvert dans les dernières années du xixe siècle. Il n’a livré pour le reste que quelques antiquités isolées, des sarcophages et des inscriptions, sans contexte archéologique.
Des ruines pour la postérité ? Le temple d’Apollon à Daphné après l’incendie de 362
Authors: Davoine Charles 
Published: June 2022

Le temple d’Apollon à Daphné n’a pas été intégralement détruit par l’incendie de 362 : les auteurs païens déplorent surtout la disparition de la statue du dieu, tandis que les chrétiens s’en réjouissent et insistent également sur l’embrasement du toit pour démontrer que le feu fut envoyé du ciel et ne fut pas l’œuvre des hommes. Les murs et les colonnes du temple ont continué de marquer longtemps le paysage, si l’on en croit deux œuvres de Jean Chrysostome et un passage de l’Histoire ecclésiastique de Philostorge. L’absence de restauration du bâtiment et de démolition des vestiges illustre le sort ambigu des lieux de culte païens à la fin du ive siècle et s’explique aussi par le prestige du site de Daphné et de son bois sacré. Par ailleurs, Jean Chrysostome, dans son Discours sur Babylas, donne des ruines du temple une description inédite par sa précision et leur prête la fonction de mémorial pour la postérité. Toutefois, le prédicateur chrétien n’appelle pas à une conservation volontaire des vestiges, mais son discours montre comment, dans cette période de transition religieuse, les bâtiments détruits peuvent être investis de significations radicalement nouvelles.
Le wādī Ḍuraʾ (Yémen) pendant l’Antiquité : une histoire tourmentée, révélée par les inscriptions
Authors: Robin Christian Julien 
Published: June 2022

Les inscriptions relevées par la Mission archéologique française au Yémen-Sud dans le wādī Ḍuraʾ, une vallée du Yémen qui descend vers le bassin désertique intérieur du Ramlat al-Sabʿatayn, se rapportent principalement à des aménagements agricoles et hydrauliques. Elles complètent logiquement l’étude sur les ouvrages et système d’irrigation du wādī Ḍuraʾ, parue dans Syria 96 (2019), même s’il est bien difficile de faire le lien entre les aménagements qui s’observent aujourd’hui et ceux qui sont mentionnés dans les textes antiques. L’intérêt de ces inscriptions réside également dans le fait qu’elles sont rédigées dans trois langues différentes, le sabaʾique, le qatabānique et le sabaʾique de Ḥimyar. On peut en ajouter une quatrième, le ḥaḍramawtique, qui n’est pas attestée dans les inscriptions sur pierre, mais qui est utilisée dans celles sur les ustensiles métalliques de luxe provenant des tombes du wādī Ḍuraʾ. Chaque changement de domination politique a donc entraîné un changement de langue. On peut en déduire que la langue des inscriptions est celle de la classe dominante et non celle des populations ; elle ne peut être utilisée que très prudemment pour établir la carte des langues qui étaient effectivement parlées.
À la frontière des steppes syriennes : l’église deʿUqayribāt et ses mosaïques
Authors: Abdallah Komait 
Published: June 2022

En 2018, le service des Antiquités de Hama (Syrie centrale) a découvert fortuitement les restes d’une église et de ses pavements dans le village de ʿUqayribāt situé à 90 km à l’est de Hama, à la frontière des steppes. Cette découverte présente un intérêt particulier puisqu’il s’agit de la première église d’époque byzantine trouvée dans la région. Elle a révélé deux niveaux de mosaïques couvrant 450 m2 environ. Les mosaïques du premier niveau, les mieux conservées, sont datées par les inscriptions entre 414/415 et 416/417 apr. J.-C ; elles présentent un programme décoratif exceptionnel qui se distingue par les motifs géométriques et les figures animalières dont certaines contiennent des significations symboliques. Les mosaïques du deuxième niveau, datées par l’épigraphie de 437/438 apr. J.-C., ne sont préservées que dans le bêma et l’abside.
Impact of histological clot composition on preprocedure imaging and mechanical thrombectomy
Authors: Johnson Jeremiah N. , Srivatsan Aditya , Chueh Juyu , Arslanian Rose , Gounis Matthew J. , Puri Ajit S. , Srinivasan Visish M. , Chen Stephen Russell , Burkhardt Jan-Karl , Kan Peter 
Published: June 2022

INTRODUCTION:
We studied the relationship of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) large-vessel occlusion clot composition with vessel recanalization and preprocedure imaging.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS:
Individual clots from AIS patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy (MT) between September 2016 and September 2018 were examined. Clot composition was analyzed histologically through a trichrome staining and image segmentation, and the area occupied by red blood cells (RBCs), fibrin, or mixed composition was quantified.

RESULTS:
Forty-three patients (65.4 ± 12.7 years, 39% of females) who underwent 92 retrieval passes (mean 2.14, range 1–6) were included in this study. Fibrin (44%) occupied the greatest area, followed by mixed composition (34%) and RBCs (22%). A stent retriever was deployed in 81% of cases, 20 patients (47%) achieved first-pass efficacy (FPE) (thrombolysis in cerebral infarction [TICI] 2b-3 after first pass), 41 (95%) achieved successful revascularization (TICI 2b-3), and 21 (49%) had good outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] ≤2) at 90 days. Hyperdense artery sign (HAS) on initial computed tomography was correlated with mixed clot composition (P = 0.01) and lack of fibrin content (P = 0.03). In the univariate analysis, FPE was associated with RBC clot area, atrial fibrillation, and occlusion location but not with fibrin clot area, mixed clot area, stroke etiology, thrombectomy technique, distal emboli, or 90-day mRS. In the multivariate analysis, FPE was significantly correlated with low RBC clot area (odd ratio = 0.96, confidence interval [0.92.99], P = 0.034) but not with atrial fibrillation or location.

CONCLUSION:
Our results suggest that HAS is correlated with mixed clot composition and lower fibrin content and that lower RBC clot composition is associated with FPE in patients undergoing MT.
Profile and in-hospital outcomes of deliberate self-harmed patients in a tertiary care centre
Authors: John Juby , Rashmi K. P. , Jayachandran R. 
Published: June 2022

Objective:
Suicide is an unrecognised and underestimated epidemic of high complexity and accounts for premature loss of at least 1 million lives worldwide, leaving behind irreparable loss and backlash to family, friends and society. This study was carried out with the aim of analysing the clinical presentation, modes of deliberate self-harm (DSH), demographic and biochemical features with outcomes of patients presenting with DSH and admitted through the emergency unit of the medicine department to a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India.

Materials and Methods:
The clinical presentation, demographic details, psychiatric evaluation and blood investigations of patients admitted with a history of DSH during the study (2020–2021) were analysed, with special emphasis on serum cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Results:
In this study, of the 508 patients studied, the most common mode of self-harm was poisoning by drug overdose (32.28%) followed by plant toxin poisoning and rodenticide ingestion-finding different from other studies of South India during this COVID pandemic. Values of TSH, serum cholesterol, CRP and haematogram were normal in majority of patients. All the patients underwent psychiatry evaluation in which substance abuse, adjustment disorders and personality disorders were the most common diagnosis reached.

Conclusions:
Clinical profile and methods of DSH have marked regional variation necessitating the need to create a regional database. Serum cholesterol, CRP and TSH are subject to genotypic and regional variations and thus are not reliable as biomarkers of suicidal ideation.
Pharmacovigilance study of spontaneous adverse drug reaction in a tertiary care centre
Authors: Ali Wazid , Manjavkar Smita , Kazmi Imran , Khan Shamim Ullah 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a rapidly growing universal problem that has a significant impact on users worldwide. They are the cause of significant disability and mortality and are expected to be associated with an economic burden on the health-care system.

Aims:
To promote patient safety from pharmaceutical products.

Materials and Methods:
A prospective, observational evaluation of the ADRs collected during spontaneous pharmacovigilance reporting over a period of 18 months in various hospital departments. During the study period, 214 individual case safety reports (ICSR) were reported.

Results:
The 214 reports that were identified, a slightly higher percentage of ADRs in females 105 (50.93%) was observed as compared to males 109 (49.07%), 73 (34.1%) serious and 141 (65.9%) non serious ADRs. In serious ADRs, the male patients were 35 (33.3%) and females were 38 (34.9%) including 6 (2.8%) deaths. The largest number of reports was associated with antimicrobials 41% followed by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs − 21.1%, antidiabetic − 10.9%. The most commonly implicated organ system was skin − 46.62% followed by gastrointestinal reactions − 18.05%, blood and metabolic disorder − 11.65%, central nervous system − 6.77%, liver − 6.02% and cardiovascular system (3.38%). The outcomes were recorded as recovering (45.8%), recovered (26.2%), continuing (19.2%) and unknown (6.1%) at the time of processing ICSR through vigiflow database. The causality of more than half of ADRs were recorded as possible (59.8%) followed by probable (24.8%), certain (15%) and unlikely (0.5%).

Conclusion:
Limited ADR is permissible in normal clinical trials setting; hence, spontaneous adverse reaction reporting systems need to be developed, which may improve rational drug prescribing habits to obtain maximum benefits meanwhile minimizing the risk of health from undesirable effects of drugs.
Development and feasibility testing of a smartphone video-based exercise program for patients with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Mbada Chidozie E. , Oluwatobi Sonuga , Awosika Henry Akintunji , Esan Oluwadare , Oke Kayode Israel , Makinde Moses Oluwatosin , Oyewole Oyeleye Olufemi , Oyewole Adewale Isaiah , Christiana Odole Adesola , Fatoye Francis 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Telerehabilitation has been recommended as a potential solution to bridge service delivery gap, especially in geographically remote areas with shortage of healthcare personnel and lack of access to physical therapy. This study was aimed to develop and test the feasibility of a smartphone video-based exercise program (VBEP) for patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods:
This two-phase study involved the development and feasibility testing stages. A three-round modified Delphi approach was employed in the development phase involving a panel of four experts and a patient with knee OA. Based on consensus, five types of exercises comprising seated knee flexion and extension, quadriceps isometric setting, quadriceps strengthening exercise, hamstring clenches, and wall squats were developed into a video-program for knee OA. 15 consenting patients with knee OA participated in the feasibility testing of the program after 2 weeks of utilization. Feasibility of the VBEP was assessed using system usability scale and user experience questionnaire, respectively. The quadruple visual analog scale was used to assess the pain intensity.

Results:
The mean age and pain intensity of the participants were 67.3 ± 6.4 years and 61.1 ± 10.6, respectively. User perceived usability of the VBEP was 77.1 ± 13.1 (out of 100) with a high usability rating of 86.7%. Pragmatic quality score, hedonic quality rating, attractiveness, and perspicuity were 2.2 (out of 3.0), 1.6 (out of 3.0), 2.4 (out of 3.0), and 3.0 (out of 3.0), respectively. Efficiency, dependability, stimulation, and novelty scores were 2.3 (out of 3.0), 1.8 (out of 3.0), 2.3 (out of 3.0), and 1.0 (out of 3.0), respectively.

Conclusions:
The VBEP for knee OA has high usability and quality rating, as well as good user experience, and it may be a feasible alternative platform for rehabilitation of patients with knee OA.
Super-resolution reconstruction of magnetic resonance images based on multi-scale feature extraction Super-Resolution Convolution Neural Network
Authors: Feng Rui , Li XiuHan , Wang Wei , Yu JunXiao , Cao Da , Li YiShuo , Wu XiaoLing 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Low-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has high imaging speed, but the image details cannot meet the needs of clinical diagnosis. More and more researchers are interested in neural network-based reconstruction methods. How to effectively process the super-resolution reconstruction of the low-resolution images has become highly valuable in clinical applications.

Methods:
We introduced Super-Resolution Convolution Neural Network (SRCNN) into the reconstruction of magnetic resonance images. The SRCNN consists of three layers, the image feature extraction layer, the nonlinear mapping layer, and the reconstruction layer. For the feature extraction layer, a multi-scale feature extraction (MFE) method was used to extract the features in different scales by involving three different levels of views, which is superior to the original feature extraction in views with fixed size. Compared with the original feature extraction only in fixed size views, we used three different levels of views to extract the features of different scales. This MFE could also be combined with residual learning to improve the performance of MRI super-resolution reconstruction. The proposed network is an end-to-end architecture. Therefore, no manual intervention or multi-stage calculation is required in practical applications. The structure of the network is extremely simple by omitting the fully connected layers and the pooling layers from traditional Convolution Neural Network.

Results and Conclusions:
After comparative experiments, the effectiveness of the MFE SRCNN-based network in super-resolution reconstruction of MR images has been greatly improved. The performance is significantly improved in terms of evaluation indexes peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity index measure, and the detail recovery of images is also improved.
Reperfusion and reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke
Authors: Gao Jie , Wehbe Alexandra , Li Fengwu , Chaudhry Naveed , Peng Changya , Geng Xiaokun , Ding Yuchuan 
Published: June 2022

Objectives:
Stroke is a leading cause of distress, disability, and death worldwide. The goal of reperfusion therapy for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the restoration of cerebral blood flow (CBF). If initiated too late, however, reperfusion therapy may paradoxically exacerbate tissue injury. Beyond a critical period, restoration of CBF may amplify already deranged inflammatory, apoptotic, and metabolic processes, increasing neurologic damage. This study was conducted to evaluate how timing of reperfusion therapy affects inflammatory, apoptotic, and metabolic responses after AIS.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 49 male Sprague-–Dawley rats were divided into four groups, either subject to 2- or 4-h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) before reperfusion, 24 h of MCAO with no reperfusion, or a control group. Seven rats from each group were used for histological assay and for Western Blotting, respectively.

Results:
Infarction volumes were slightly decreased in the 2- and 4-h ischemia groups compared to the permanent ischemia group (49.5%, 49.3%, and 53.1%, respectively). No significant variation in neurological deficit scores was observed when comparing 2- and 4-h ischemia groups to the permanent ischemia group. Glucose metabolism protein (GLUT1 and GLUT3) expression was increased in all ischemia groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Expression of pro-inflammatory proteins (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1 β, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 was significantly increased in all ischemia groups compared to the control group at 24 (P < 0.05). There was significantly increased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax) and significantly reduced anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) expression in all the ischemia groups compared to the control group at 24 h (P < 0.05). Nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) expression was significantly increased in all ischemia groups compared to the control group at 24 h (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The results of this study displayed relationships between the timing of reperfusion therapy and the multiple pathways discussed. There is potential utility in exploring and targeting components of the post-AIS inflammatory, apoptotic, and metabolic responses for neuroprotection against AIS and reperfusion injury.