bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors and long-term course of gastroesophageal reflux disease after peroral endoscopic myotomy: A large-scale multicenter cohort study in Japan
Authors: Shiwaku Hironari , Sato Hiroki , Shimamura Yuto , Abe Hirofumi , Shiota Junya , Sato Chiaki , Ominami Masaki , Sakae Hiroyuki , Hata Yoshitaka , Fukuda Hisashi , Ogawa Ryo , Nakamura Jun , Tatsuta Tetsuya , Ikebuchi Yuichiro , Yokomichi Hiroshi , Hasegawa Suguru , Inoue Haruhiro 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and reflux esophagitis remain problems after peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). This study aimed to elucidate the risk factors and long-term course of reflux esophagitis and symptomatic GERD after POEM.
Methods This multicenter cohort study involved 14 high volume centers. Overall, 2905 patients with achalasia-related esophageal motility disorders treated with POEM were analyzed for reflux esophagitis, severe reflux esophagitis (Los Angeles classification C or D), and symptomatic GERD.
Results Reflux esophagitis was diagnosed in 1886 patients (64.9 %). Age ≥ 65 years (risk ratio [RR] 0.85), male sex (RR 1.11), posterior myotomy (RR 1.12), esophageal myotomy > 10 cm (RR 1.12), and gastric myotomy > 2 cm (RR 1.17) were independently associated with reflux esophagitis. Severe reflux esophagitis was diagnosed in 219 patients (7.5 %). Age ≥ 65 years (RR 1.72), previous treatments (RR 2.21), Eckardt score ≥ 7 (RR 0.68), sigmoid-type achalasia (RR 1.40), and esophageal myotomy > 10 cm (RR 1.59) were factors associated with severe reflux esophagitis. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were more effective for reflux esophagitis at 5-year follow-up (P = 0.03) than after 1 year (P = 0.08). Symptomatic GERD was present in 458 patients (15.9 %). Symptom duration ≥ 10 years (RR 1.28), achalasia diagnosis (RR 0.68), integrated relaxation pressure ≥ 26 (RR 0.60), and posterior myotomy (RR 0.80) were associated with symptomatic GERD. The incidence of symptomatic GERD was lower at 5-year follow-up compared with that after 1 year (P = 0.04), particularly in PPI users (P < 0.001).
Conclusions The incidence of severe reflux esophagitis was low after POEM, but excessive myotomy for older patients with previous treatments should be avoided. Early phase symptomatic GERD is non-acid reflux dependent and the natural course is favorable, basically supporting conservative treatment.
Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Biphenyl-2-yl Trifluoromethanesulfonates with Dibromomethane to Access Fluorenes
Authors: Zhang Yanghui , Pan Shulei , Zhu Qiongqiong 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA facile and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of fluorenes by Pd-catalyzed C–H alkylation of biphenyl-2-yl trifluoromethanesulfonates. The trifluoromethanesulfonates are more readily available and more environmentally benign than biphenyl iodides, and are advantageous substrates for traceless directing-group-assisted C–H activation. The reaction generates C,C-palladacycles as the key intermediates that form two C(sp2)–C(sp3) bonds through reaction with CH2Br2. The reaction tolerates various functional groups, permitting easy access to a range of fluorene derivatives.
Association of 24-Hour In-house Neonatologist Coverage with Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants
Authors: Debay Anthony , Shah Prakesh , Lodha Abhay , Shivananda Sandesh , Redpath Stephanie , Seshia Mary , Dorling Jon , Lapointe Anie , Canning Rody , Strueby Lannae , Beltempo Marc ,   on behalf of the Canadian Neonatal Network Investigators
Published: February 2022

Objective This study aimed to assess if 24-hour in-house neonatologist (NN) coverage is associated with delivery room (DR) resuscitation/stabilization and outcomes among inborn infants <29 weeks' gestational age (GA).
Study design Survey-linked cohort study of 2,476 inborn infants of 23 to 28 weeks' gestation, admitted between 2014 and 2015 to Canadian Neonatal Network Level-3 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) with a maternity unit. Exposures were classified using survey responses based on the most senior provider offering 24-hour in-house coverage: NN, fellow, and no NN/fellow. Primary outcome was death and/or major morbidity (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe neurological injury, late-onset sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and retinopathy of prematurity). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between exposures and outcomes and adjust for confounders.
Results Among the 28 participating NICUs, most senior providers ensuring 24-hour in-house coverage were NN (32%, 9/28), fellows (39%, 11/28), and no NN/fellow (29%, 8/28). No NN/fellow coverage and 24-hour fellow coverage were associated with higher odds of infants receiving DR chest compressions/epinephrine compared with 24-hour NN coverage (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.12–10.6 and aOR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.44–7.70, respectively). Rates of mortality/major morbidity did not differ significantly among the three groups: NN, 63% (249/395 infants); fellow, 64% (1092/1700 infants); no NN/fellow, 70% (266/381 infants).
Conclusion 24-hour in-house NN coverage was associated with lower rates of DR chest compressions/epinephrine. There was no difference in neonatal outcomes based on type of coverage; however, further studies are needed as ecological fallacy cannot be ruled out.
Key Points
Impact of Online Classes on the Health of Indian Medical and Dental Students during the Pandemic Period of COVID-19: An Observational Study
Authors: Tripathi Alok , Patel Ajay Kumar , Jain Ishi , Khare Satyam , Jain Shilpi , Raizaday Shobhit 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background After attending online classes during the coronavirus disease pandemic, drastic changes were observed in their physical, mental, and social health, which were also reflected in their academic performances. All these negative impacts were due to prolonged screen time and sedentary lifestyle due to online classes, no interaction with classmates, and poor teacher–student interaction.
Material and Method This was an observational study, and the data were collected through a self-designed questionnaire sent via the mode of electronic message (Google forms) to Indian medical and dental students across India. Eight hundred students responded to our questionnaire. All the responses were then compiled in the form of adequate tables and charts to study the responses.
Results Among 800 responders, 83.4% students preferred the offline mode of teaching over the online mode. Online classes had negative impact on the academic performance of 73.6% students and 67% students were frustrated with their academic performance. Weight gain due to lockdown (online classes) was seen in 62.6% students. The low energy level was seen in 58.8% students. Lost interest toward careers was observed in 51.6% students. Complains of frequent headaches were seen in 50.6% students, and 54.3% students had visual problems. Interaction with batch mates during classes was missed by 76.1% students.
Conclusion From the present study, we conclude that there is a negative impact of online classes not only on the physical, mental, and social health but also on the academic performance and interest toward the careers of Indian medical and dental students.
A Comparison of Methods to Detect Changes in Prediction Models
Authors: Schnellinger Erin M. , Yang Wei , Harhay Michael O. , Kimmel Stephen E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background Prediction models inform decisions in many areas of medicine. Most models are fitted once and then applied to new (future) patients, despite the fact that model coefficients can vary over time due to changes in patients' clinical characteristics and disease risk. However, the optimal method to detect changes in model parameters has not been rigorously assessed.
Methods We simulated data, informed by post–lung transplant mortality data and tested the following two approaches for detecting model change: (1) the “Direct Approach,” it compares coefficients of the model refit on recent data to those at baseline; and (2) “Calibration Regression,” it fits a logistic regression model of the log-odds of the observed outcomes versus the linear predictor from the baseline model (i.e., the log-odds of the predicted probabilities obtained from the baseline model) and tests whether the intercept and slope differ from 0 and 1, respectively. Four scenarios were simulated using logistic regression for binary outcomes as follows: (1) we fixed all model parameters, (2) we varied the outcome prevalence between 0.1 and 0.2, (3) we varied the coefficient of one of the ten predictors between 0.2 and 0.4, and (4) we varied the outcome prevalence and coefficient of one predictor simultaneously.
Results Calibration regression tended to detect changes sooner than the Direct Approach, with better performance (e.g., larger proportion of true claims). When the sample size was large, both methods performed well. When two parameters changed simultaneously, neither method performed well.
Conclusion Neither change detection method examined here proved optimal under all circumstances. However, our results suggest that if one is interested in detecting a change in overall incidence of an outcome (e.g., intercept), the Calibration Regression method may be superior to the Direct Approach. Conversely, if one is interested in detecting a change in other model covariates (e.g., slope), the Direct Approach may be superior.
Combined zinc and selenium biofortification in field peas under Mediterranean conditions
Authors: Reynolds-Marzal Maria D. , Rivera-Martín Angélica M. , Pinheiro Nuno M. , Rodrigo Sara M. , Santamaria Oscar , Poblaciones Maria J. 
Published: February 2022

The intake of zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se), two essential micronutrients, is deficient worldwide both in humans and in livestock. This deficiency could be alleviated through agronomic biofortification, a practice that increases their concentrations in edible parts through mineral application. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in a 2-year field experiment (2017/18, 2018/19) the suitability of field peas to increase Zn and Se grain concentration after soil Zn application (50 kg Zn ha−1; no Zn) and foliar application (0; 10 g Se ha−1; 8 kg Zn ha−1; 10 g Se ha−1 + 8 kg Zn ha−1). Zinc bioavailability (estimated by the molar ratio phytate/mineral), grain yield, thousand grain weight, grain crude protein and mineral status (magnesium, calcium and iron) of the grain were also evaluated by following a split-split plot design. For biofortification purposes, the combined foliar application of Zn (8 kg Zn ha−1) and Se (10 g Se ha−1) increased Zn and Se concentrations in grain by around 30% and 73%, respectively, as well as Zn bioavailability, decreasing the molar ratio phytate/Zn by 30%. The additional soil application of 50 kg Zn ha−1 increased grain yield by 16%. Other nutritional parameters, such as content of protein or other essential minerals, were also improved (or at least not negatively affected) by the combined application of Zn and Se. All of these aspects evidenced the suitability of field peas for use in biofortification programmes through the simultaneous application of Zn and Se, which might also cheapen application costs.
French ne … que exceptives in prepositional contexts
Authors: Authier Jean-Marc , Reed Lisa A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A common assumption in the literature is that French (ne) … que exceptives cannot appear inside a prepositional phrase. In this chapter we examine in some detail three contexts that counterexemplify this generalization. We show that in all cases, the data are consistent with the relatively recent hypothesis that (ne) … que exceptives contain a silent n-word (O’Neill 2011; Homer 2015; Authier & Reed 2019; Authier 2020). We also demonstrate that whenever an exceptive appears within a prepositional phrase, it is unable to take sentential scope. We provide three pieces of evidence that support this conclusion. First, PP-internal exceptives go hand in hand with the obligatory absence of the (optional) sentential negative scope marker ne. Second, PP-internal exceptives, unlike their PP-external counterparts, are unable to scope over modals in the clause in which they appear. Third, PP-internal exceptives, unlike their PP-external counterparts, do not license negative concord readings when they co-occur with a clause-mate n-word. These properties reveal the existence of a novel constraint that is not easily subsumed under existing theories of scope. That is, it seems that the combination of an exceptive’s quantificational component (i.e., its n-word) with its association with focus property is such that any PP that contains it acts as a scope island.
Zum Stand der Erfassung und Erschließung des Wortschatzes der nordfriesischen Sprache der Inseln Föhr und Amrum
Authors: Århammar Nils 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
It is a great pleasure for me to be able to contribute this exhaustive presentation of the Fering-Öömrang lexicography, and partly also its lexicology, to this volume in honour of Jarich Hoekstra. During my time in Groningen, I had the privilege of introducing Jarich to North Frisian dialectology, and during the last two decades he has been the director of the Nordfriesische Wörterbuchstelle at the University of Kiel, sharing my special interest in Fering-Öömrang and also Halunder, the closely related Insular North Frisian dialect of Heligoland. In the final chapter two major lexicological projects are outlined, taking into account a recently published comprehensive etymological dictionary of the Frisian adjectives.
De “Burmania”-sprekwurden. Meitsjen, sammeljen en útjaan
Authors: Breuker Philippus 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The so-called “Burmania” – proverbs have come down to us in two versions, as a manuscript from 1614 and as a printed edition from 1641. The former must be a copy. The blueprint is from about 1610, possibly from Sibrandus Siccama. The author must have had an older collection of proverbs at his disposal, probably compiled around 1540–1550. A non-native speaker who learned Frisian at the time, or who had already done so, edited the edition from 1641, modernising the Frisian from 1614 in a consistent manner. As editor, Johannes Arcerius comes to mind. He lived in the place where the book was printed, he wrote a Frisian akin to that of 1641, and in 1662 he seemingly had at his disposal the manuscript from 1614, or its blueprint from about 1610. At the time there was a certain interest in Frisian, which commercially benefitted this edition of Frisian proverbs.
Addenda zum Etymologischen Wörterbuch der friesischen Adjektiva, Teil II
Authors: Faltings Volkert F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Etymologisches Wörterbuch der friesischen Adjektiva was published in 2010. Due, however, to the complicated linguistic situation in North Frisia, and as the result of further research into hitherto uncharted lexicographic material, further adjectives have been discovered which need to be similarly subjected to an etymological analysis. This article provides a second supplement with such analyses.
#hokerbeest
Authors: Heyen Hauke 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In small language communities like that of North Frisian, the limited communicative range of the small language is a major obstacle when it comes to computer mediated communication in social media networks. Although completely genuine Frisian content is rarely published in public postings on the Instagram network, users do use Frisian language hashtags. This paper shows how different types of hashtags can be classified and argues that the majority of Frisian hashtags will most likely appear in non-Frisian postings.
Two notes on the Old Frisian Version of ‘The Fifteen Days before Doomsday’
Authors: Stiles Patrick V. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
It is suggested that the text of Day 10 of the Old Frisian Version of ‘The Fifteen Days before Doomsday’ be understood not as saying the world reverts to its state before the Creator made it, but when He made it. This entails a reinterpretation of the form er in the clause in question. In Day 14, the word dāthon ‘dead ones’ is problematic, because the medial consonantism -th- is not immediately reconcilable with the accepted interpretation as the substantivized adjective dād (we expect medial -d-). A solution is provided by the extinct modern East Frisian dialect of the island of Wangerooge (which is closely related to the Riostring dialect of the Old Frisian text). It attests the lexeme dooeTH (m.) ‘der Todte, die Leiche’. Assuming such a form existed already in Old Frisian solves the problem.
Flexible actuator by electric bending of saline solution-filled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Gao Xiang , Zhang Fujian , Hu Xinghao , Zhang Zhongqiang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
As a two-phase hybrid material, liquid-filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provide a great opportunity to design dexterous flexible nano-manipulator actuated by electric field. Here, we report a group of saline solution-filled CNTs with the end constraint can realize 360° all-round bending in a suitable electric field. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results show that saline solution-filled CNTs can be bent under the axial-lateral compound electric field, whereas the bending deflection increases with the increase of salinity, CNTs length and electric intensity. The deformation mechanism of saline solution-filled CNTs under the electric field is clarified by exploring the movement and distribution of salt ions in CNTs under the axial electric field. Moreover, based on the bending deformation characteristics of saline solution-filled CNTs, the MD simulations for the two-finger and four-finger nano grippers grasping diamond balls are carried out to demonstrate the micromanipulation functions of saline solution-filled CNTs. The findings will provide an important theoretical basis for the design and application of micromanipulation devices based on low dimensional carbon materials.
The role of different types of dopants in 1.3 μm InAs/GaAs quantum-dot lasers
Authors: Deng Huiwen , Jarvis Lydia , Li Zhibo , Liu Zizhuo , Tang Mingchu , Li Keshuang , Yang Junjie , Maglio Benjamin , Shutts Samuel , Yu Jiawang , Wang Lingfang , Chen Siming , Jin Chaoyuan , Seeds Alwyn , Liu Huiyun , Smowton Peter M 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The performance of O-band InAs/GaAs quantum-dot (QD) lasers grown by molecular beam epitaxy with three different doping strategies in the active region are investigated for a temperature range of 17 °C–97 °C. The lasing performance indicates that the n-type doping technique reduced the threshold current density of InAs QD lasers across the full temperature range and narrowed the near field lasing spot. However, for short-cavity lasers, the n-type doped laser switches from ground-state to excited-state lasing at a lower temperature compared to undoped and p-type modulation-doped lasers. In contrast, the p-type modulation-doped lasers have a reduced threshold current density for higher temperatures and for shorter lasers with cavity lengths of 1 mm and below.
Conservation of currents in reduced full-F electromagnetic kinetic and fluid models
Authors: Gerrú R , Wiesenberger M , Held M , Nielsen A H , Naulin V , Rasmussen J J , Järleblad H 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we present an analysis of the conservation of currents in a full-F electromagnetic gyro-kinetic model in the long-wavelength limit. This equation corresponds to what is usually called the ‘vorticity equation’, which is not strictly correct as it cannot be formulated as the curl of a velocity equation. In the paper, we will therefore use the term ‘current conservation equation’ instead. Our results are relevant to reduced plasma descriptions like gyro-kinetic, drift-kinetic, gyro-fluid and drift-fluid models for tokamaks and stellarators. The equation describes the change of the polarization charge density (often called ‘vorticity’) in terms of the polarization stress due to the

E
×
B

flow, external sources and three currents: the parallel current, the curvature current and a current related to the magnetic field fluctuations. We compare this equation with previous drift- and gyro-fluid equations and find general agreement, except in the vorticity source terms where previous drift-fluid models fail to capture the heating and density sources. We discuss the role of currents in the dynamics of diamagnetic and

E
×
B

flow shear. The possible connection between these currents with phenomena observed in experiments that influence the radial electric field in the edge of tokamak plasmas, like resonant magnetic perturbations, and different magnetic field configurations and shapes, is presented.
Uncertainty quantification of TMS simulations considering MRI segmentation errors
Authors: Zhang Hao , Gomez Luis J , Guilleminot Johann 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that is used to study brain function and conduct neuropsychiatric therapy. Computational methods that are commonly used for electric field (E-field) dosimetry of TMS are limited in accuracy and precision because of possible geometric errors introduced in the generation of head models by segmenting medical images into tissue types. This paper studies E-field prediction fidelity as a function of segmentation accuracy. Approach.The errors in the segmentation of medical images into tissue types are modeled as geometric uncertainty in the shape of the boundary between tissue types. For each tissue boundary realization, we then use an in-house boundary element method to perform a forward propagation analysis and quantify the impact of tissue boundary uncertainties on the induced cortical E-field. Main results. Our results indicate that predictions of E-field induced in the brain are negligibly sensitive to segmentation errors in scalp, skull and white matter (WM), compartments. In contrast, E-field predictions are highly sensitive to possible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) segmentation errors. Specifically, the segmentation errors on the CSF and gray matter interface lead to higher E-field uncertainties in the gyral crowns, and the segmentation errors on CSF and WM interface lead to higher uncertainties in the sulci. Furthermore, the uncertainty of the average cortical E-fields over a region exhibits lower uncertainty relative to point-wise estimates. Significance. The accuracy of current cortical E-field simulations is limited by the accuracy of CSF segmentation accuracy. Other quantities of interest like the average of the E-field over a cortical region could provide a dose quantity that is robust to possible segmentation errors.
Non-axisymmetric MHD simulations of the current quench phase of ITER mitigated disruptions
Authors: Artola F.J. , Loarte A. , Hoelzl M. , Lehnen M. , Schwarz N. , the JOREK Team  
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Non-axisymmetric simulations of the current quench phase of ITER disruptions are key to predict asymmetric forces acting into the ITER wall. We present for the first time such simulations for ITER mitigated disruptions at realistic Lundquist numbers. For these strongly mitigated disruptions, we find that the safety factor remains above 2 and the maximal integral horizontal forces remain below 1 MN. The maximal integral vertical force is found to be 13 MN and arises in a time scale given by the resistive wall time as expected from theoretical considerations. In this respect, the vertical force arises after the plasma current has completely decayed, showing the importance of continuing the simulations also in the absence of plasma current. We conclude that the horizontal wall force rotation is not a concern for these strongly mitigated disruptions in ITER, since when the wall forces form, there are no remaining sources of rotation.