bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myhsse – Analytic Transformation of Health, Safety, Security and Environment HSSE in Making Prescriptive Possible Towards Zero Incident; Geared by End Users’ Pain Points
Authors: Badzri Shairizal , Lim Swee Fung , Jamil Nor Eliea Eluziea , Hassan A Hakim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
HSSE digitalisation and big data analytics in Oil and Gas industry present a multitude of challenges which includes the inconsistency of work processes in data management, questionable data integrity, high operating cost in managing digital systems, lack of visibility and the mindset shift of users. These challenges have led to the digital transformation journey in PETRONAS.
Since PETRONAS embarked on the digitalisation and analytic transformation, numerous value creations have been recorded namely improved HSSE performance, compliance to internal and HSSE regulatory requirements, cost value realization and supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs).
The objective of this paper is to provide strategy guidance in HSSE system digitalisation and data analytics enhancement. The inclusion of digitalisation as one of the focus areas in PETRONAS HSSE Strategy and its supporting blocks in realising the bigger digitalisation agenda can be emulated and/or referenced by industry peers who face similar challenges and are keen to embark on the transformation journey.
Synergy Between High-Fidelity Dynamic Simulation and AI Surrogate for Robust Design Optimization
Authors: Macri Andrea , Genovese Simone 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIt is common practice in the industry to proceed with validation and optimization of any conceptual design of a process or piece of equipment to ensure that its size, configuration, and operation meet all the requirements in terms of production, safety and more. Design methods are mostly initiated by doing steady-state calculations. However, due to the dynamic nature of certain phenomena, a dynamic simulation is often required for a rigorous design.The performance of first-principles dynamic models is limited by the high number and frequency of calculations required for an accurate representation of the process behavior. Especially with large simulations we should not expect to accelerate more than 3 or 5 times faster than real time. A transient of one minute will still take 15-20 seconds to be completed. Running thousands of dynamic scenarios to identify the optimal design using only first-principles dynamic models would require a considerable amount of time. So, when time is a constraint, and time is always a constraint in a project, the optimization effort will inevitably be considered completed after a reduced number of runs resulting in a design which satisfies the process requirements but does not guarantee the lowest possible capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenses (OPEX).Artificial intelligence surrogate models can compute considerably faster, but they require a good amount of data to be trained with and they are less reliable.This paper demonstrates through a real-life example the advantages of combining in the same engineering workflow a rigorous dynamic representation of the process behavior and AI surrogates to identify the best robust and reliable design for an industrial process.The proposed workflow starts with the initial investigation of the design space using a dynamic simulation of the process. The initial data extracted from the first-principles model is then used to train an AI surrogate model that can quickly complete the great majority of the scenarios. Only the final robust optimization of the most promising nominal design cases is then performed using again the first-principles simulation.The design optimization was completed in a fraction of the time that would have been needed by using only first-principles models.
Efficient and Cost-Effective Casing Leak Detection Methodology on Offshore Oil Fields
Authors: Al-Hamdan Mohammad , Al-Shammari Ahmad 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Maintaining well integrity is one of the critical factors in the oil and gas industry. It requires close monitoring during the life cycle of the well, especially in offshore fields, to maximize the well life cycle and avoid catastrophic failure.
Casing and bonded cement are major components of well completion that secure oil and gas production paths from different overburden formations. However, casing leaks are a common issue that might lead to serious losses in oil and gas production, locked reserves due to formation damage, personnel injuries, and severe environmental impact. Thus, it is important to detect casing leaks in the early stages to prevent such losses, which might induce a high cost of workover operations and well suspension or abandonment.
Casing leaks occur due to corrosive fluids in the formations and long-term exposure to corrosive gases. During drilling, cement is set between the casing and the different formations or between the two casings for isolation and well protection. A bad cementing job leads to the failure of well barriers, cracks, and microchannels that allow corrosive fluids to migrate, which slowly corrodes casing and tubing over time. The flow direction determines the type of casing leak, either dumping (downward) or taking (upward). However, both types have a dangerous effect depending on leak severity.
The identification of casing leaks, their severity, depth, and flow direction are a crucial task. Well diagnostic using the latest advanced leak detection tools is important in deciding the most appropriate remedial actions.
This paper discusses a case study in a well of the Al-Khafji offshore field, where different methodologies were utilized to identify casing leaks. It involves the use of pressure/temperature profiles through downhole memory gauges, annuli pressure surveys, well-testing operations, geochemical analysis, and conventional production logs. The approach used succeeded in identifying casing leaks, flow direction, and the accurate determination of the leak location/depth.
Effect of Different Nanoparticles Silver, Iron Oxide and Titanium Oxide to Control Corrosion by Desulfovibrio Sp.Isolated from Oil Fields
Authors: Alsakkaf Sarah , Al-Dosary Sahar , El-Komy Hesham , Al. Ahmadi Mona 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), or biocorrosion is a corrosion of metals in environment containing microorganism. The microorganisms can initiate corrosion or accelerate by their metabolic activities. Recently, MIC problems common in oil recovery which depend on seawater injection. Many of researchers have been investigated that Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is the major groups of microorganisms that cause corrosion. Pitting corrosion and sulfide generation in oil and gas fields are correlated to presence of SRB. Last decade, nanotechnology is alternative biocide of chlorine-free. Metal nanoparticles improve the antimicrobial activity of the metals. The biocidal activity of AgNPs, Fe2O3NPs and TiO2NPs against Desulfovibrio sp. (St.7) at 1 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm concentrations as estimated by cell growth and H2S production was examined. AgNPs and Fe2O3NPs had no significant effect at a low concentration, 1 ppm, on both bacterial growth and sulfide production. Whereas, increasing NPs concentration to 50 ppm and 100 ppm led to a complete inhibition of both growth and sulfide production. TiO2NPs gave complete inhibitory effect on both growth and H2S production by Desulfovibrio sp. (St.7) at all the tested concentrations (1ppm, 50ppm, 100ppm). The study supports the use of such nanoparticles as a green biocide and safe method to control corrosion problem caused by sulphate reducing bacteria.
Laboratory Evaluation Comparison Study Between the Performance of Fatty Acid Solid Lubricant and Liquid Lubricant
Authors: Bukhawwah Munirah , Alrammah Sarah 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
High torque and friction factors are major challenges while drilling. Providing lubrication helps in reducing torque and drag and increasing rate of penetration (ROP) in water-based fluids and produced water. The lubricants are inert hence, they do not react with other fluid additives or cuttings and will not affect fluid rheology. All Lubricants in the oil and gas industry are in liquid form and usually used to reduce torque and decrease coefficients of friction, they came in different chemical compositions a toxic lubricant mineral oil and non-toxic vegetable lubricants, and they have many papers talk about how they function as lubricants, but with a new generation of solids lubricants, it will be changing the whole industry.
Powdered encapsulated lubricant additive comprises a liquid lubricant blended with an inert solid substrate. The solid lubricant additive compositions thus, obtained are advantageously employed in drilling fluids.
Fatty acid solid lubricant is one of the aforementioned powdered lubricants. It is a dry form encapsulated lubricant composed of micronized capsules containing oil that remains held until sufficient operational pressure, friction, or shear break the encapsulation to release the oil on demand.
In this paper, we present a testing plan, lab results of fatty acid solid lubricant, compare and contrast results with liquid lubricants that had the same component group in three types of salts (brine) to see the range of efficiency between solid and liquid forms.
Taking a New Approach Towards Chelating Agents for Scale Removal
Authors: Solling Theis , Mahmoud Mohamed , Pittelkow Michael 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Scale presents a significant challenge in any context where flow is involved. In the oil and gas sector scale associated problems are notorious because of the significant volumes of brine that are involved at any stage of production. In addition, the formation brines are usually extremely concentrated when it comes to electrolytes that are prone to form scale. The real problematic scales are usually considered to be barite (BaSO4) and pyrite (FeS2, or mixed iron sulfides). The approach to remove them is usually to drive the solubility equilibrium towards solution by simply stabilizing the ions that are involved. That is usually done by coordination of the ions with a ligand that favors binding to the particular cation in question. For pyrite the challenge is then to identify a ligand that strongly coordinates Fe2+ whereas in the case of barite the focus will be on Ba2+. This is the classical approach to mostly target the cation and it has mostly been dealt with in the form of various chelating agents. We show results firstly, where newly designed cation binders provide a 20 % higher dissolving power than the second best and where binding pockets are designed for anions. This new binding mode will enable the design of a structure that simultaneously binds cations and anions and this is where we are heading with the current results. The efficiency of chelating agents is significantly dependent on pH this topic will be touched upon in a computational study here the calculated structure and the associated calculated binding energy will be discussed and related to dissolving power. The result show that ab initio calculations are nice supplements to experimental endeavors.
Cost Effective Solution for Replacing Amine Columns
Authors: Al Awadhi Ibrahim , Sharma Ashok , Al Zeyoudi Saleimah 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective/Scope
Amine Regenerator column is in operation since 1980 and severe internal corrosion / erosion observed since 2000 and subsequent local shell course replacement in 2015 and 2017 were done. Therefore, to avoid frequent maintenance and repair cost and to ensure long-term measure of integrity and availability of the equipment, it was concluded to replace the existing CS column with enhanced metallurgy

Methods, Procedures, Process
The convectional approach of replacing the full column with CS +SS 3mm clad material which typically take around 12 month schedule for fabrication activities in dedicated shutdown in 2021. In addition, this replacement was planned to include replacement of full internals of amine column, existing foundation, pipe support and platform. Moreover, the execution strategy planned to be through FEED/EPC. However, looking for enhanced metallurgy and studying the local market stock of raw material and manufacturer have a big role to carry out the replacement job in planned shutdown in 2020 and within planned budget.

Results, Observations & Conclusions
The solution in going with solid SS vessel instead of clad will not only improve integrity but also will lead to enhanced schedule into 6.5 months and it is the most commercially attractive option. Moreover, going with solid SS material will reduce the fabrication time and avoid the issues associated with cladded materials and the requirements of the NDT due to welding job. In addition, it was planned to replace partially the column internals after reviewing the inspection history instead of replacing them fully. Further, the column and column internals procurement were accomplish with in in-house resources. The installation job of column, column internals, and foundation carried out within available planed June 2020 shutdown.
The development of execution strategy/in-house engineering led to avoid of 35-days unit 2021 shutdown. Also, achieving direct cost saving of USD 1 million in procurement of Column and Column Internal from the planned budget.
Further, the availability of SS solid material in UAE ex-stock and local manufacturer, were considered in minimizing the transportation and delivery schedule.

Novel/Additive Information
The column replacement was the solution to tackle the repetitive corrosion/ thickness loss failures in the vessel. The way forward of replacing full column with SS solid material will improve integrity, enhanced delivery schedule, commercially it is an attractive option and has direct support to ADNOC ICV strategy. Hence, this job will avoid the dedicated 35 days in 2021 shutdown and accordingly the revenues losses of OPCOs shutdown
Preparation of a Synthetic Geopolymer Cement Utilizing Saudi Arabian Volcanic Ash for a Sustainable Development: Method, Preparation and Applications
Authors: Alanqari Khawlah , Al-Yami Abdullah , Wagle Vikrant 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The global production of cement is the third largest source of CO2 emissions into the environment, which comes from the decomposition of carbonates. Geopolymer cements can reduce CO2 emissions by 64-80% compared to conventional Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). In other words, OPC produces around 900 kg of CO2 for every 1000 kg of cement production. Whereas, geo-polymer cements emits zero CO2 emissions while production. In addition, Geo-polymer cements can be prepared utilizing waste materials such as fly ash. In Saudi Arabia, we have enough volcanic ash to sustain the development of this ecofriendly cement. Moreover, geopolymer cements have demonstrated promising mechanical properties in comparison to OPCs. We successfully developed a novel geopolymer cement utilizing a Saudi Arabian volcanic ash for primary cementing applications for the Oil and Gas industry that can replace OPCs completely. This novel cement was prepared by activating the volcanic ash particles with an alkali solution to undergo a geopolymerization reaction. The objective of this paper is to prepare a geopolymer cement with excellent strength and to discuss the synthesis of this cement based on the chemical composition of the volcanic ash (VA). Also, to investigate the effect of the type and concertation of the activating solution on the final geopolymer mechanical properties as well as to detail lab testing.
The volcanic ash particles were activated by a mixture of NaOH, sodium silicate and water to develop a geopolymer cement. In this study, we prepared four different activating solutions by varying the alkali concertation based on the VA chemical composition. The effect of these variations on the setting time and compressive strength of the final geopolymer VA-based cement were investigated. This was done to develop a cement with excellent strength and controlled setting to assure a right cement placement. In addition, the chemical conditions were evaluated to simulate a variety of downhole conditions to prove the effectiveness of this novel geopolymer composition as a cement for primary cementing applications.
The lab testing includes thickening time measurement, compressive strength, and a chemical analysis of the volcanic ash. Test results indicate that the resulting compressive strength and thickening time are strongly affected by the alkali concentration and the addition amounts of the activating solution. Based on this study, we were able to prepare a geopolymer cement with good rheology, setting time and compressive strength for primary cementing application.
Research and Practice on Eor of Three Dimensional Well Pattern in the Thin Interbedded Oil Reservoir in the Middle and Deep Layers of the Sea
Authors: Zhang Zhanhua , Cai Hui , Ge Lizhen , Yang Xiaoyan , Liu Xue 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In order to solve the problems of thin interbedded deposition, strong heterogeneity and large interlayer interference in early development of offshore K oilfield, this paper proposes a research idea of three-dimensional adjustment of injection production well pattern based on multi-layer flow field control in early development.
Through the combination of reservoir numerical simulation method, reservoir engineering and field test, the expression formula of sweep efficiency of water drive area in different stages of injection production unit is established in plane, the injection production well pattern optimization technology based on plane heterogeneity is formed; The quantitative expression formula of multi factor inter layer interference coefficient is put forward vertically. Combining with Lorentz curve, the evaluation template and technical limit of early subdivision layer system of thin interbedded reservoir are established, and the early subdivision layer system technology based on the dynamic interference representation between layers is formed.
By analyzing the seepage characteristics of thin interbedded multi-layer sandstone reservoir and combining with the field practice, the plane well layout model of offshore medium deep thin interbedded reservoir is established, Based on the quantitative characterization of interlayer interference, the technical limits of early subdivision of thin interbedded reservoirs are as follows: the permeability gradient is controlled within 3, the longitudinal span is controlled within 200m, the number of sand control sections is controlled within 4, and the water cut is less than 40%. The horizontal and vertical combination can effectively reduce the interlayer interference and start the poor reservoir area, forming a three-dimensional well pattern deployment technology suitable for the early development of offshore K oilfield. It can effectively improve the plane injection production relationship, increase the sweep range of water flooding as a whole, and improve the development level of oilfield. It can effectively reduce the more serious interlayer interference in the middle and later stage of water injection development of formation, improve the water absorption capacity of thin interbeds, and form balanced displacement and efficient development. The recovery was increased by 4.7%. The field test results show that the technology is effective.
This paper is the first time to form a three-dimensional well pattern deployment technology suitable for the early development of offshore K oilfield, which provides effective development experience for the efficient development of offshore medium and deep thin interbedded reservoirs.
The Classification and Detection of Malicious URLs Using a Machine Learning Based Approach
Authors: Sendi Razan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe world wide web has become the most cardinal and salient source of information, for which in today's technological era, web pages are incessantly being utilized to broadcast pernicious activity over the web. Hence, the perpetual technological advancements have enthralled cybercriminals to easily exploit the web environment by embedding malicious code on these web pages which permits oblivious and innocent users into becoming victims by visiting these harmful pages with a click of a button. Such detrimental and malicious web pages are created by cyber-attackers to promote and host viruses and exploit frauds, attacks, and scams.Consequently, within an organization, emails containing Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) cause a considerable amount of risk towards an organization as these links become instrumental in terms of giving systematic control to the cyber-attackers. There is a critical need of filtering employees’ incoming emails in accordance with the maliciousness of the URL to protect the web environment users from such threats. Accordingly, the premier objective of this proposed paper is to constructively classify and detect malicious URLs while utilizing a machine learning based approach. This will lead towards sufficiently decreasing the number of URL-based attacks that may target organizations via email, protecting the users of the web from phishing, scam, defacement, and malware web attacks. Hence, the conceptualization behind the proposed AI framework is to construct a multi-classification model to effectively thwart and protect organizations from detrimental and malicious web-based attacks by classifying a URL as either a defacement, benign, malware, spam, or a phishing-based URL. The general framework for the proposed malicious URL detection system is illustratively displayed in Figure 1.
SmartPoint Seismic Data Acquisition System
Authors: Song Zhixiang , Lin Qingfu 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Seismic acquisition system is the most essential equipment in seismic exploration for oil and gas. Quality, efficiency, and accuracy of seismic data acquisition play the most important role in oil and gas exploration. True wireless seismic exploration is of great significance in "cost decreasing and benefit increasing" in oil and gas industrial. Seismometer and its supporting software are core equipment in seismic acquisition.
With build-in features of eMBB, uRLLC and mMTC, 5G provides a good opportunity in developing wireless real-time seismic acquisition system. This paper is mainly about R&D progress of SmartPoint Seismic Data Acquisition System (SmartPoint system for short). Based on 5G, SmartPoint system consists of seismographs, software system, 5G networking system and auxiliary system.
SmartPoint system takes good use of industry leading technology such as 5G, AI, Big Data and Cloud Computing to solve the difficulties of high economic and labor cost in seismic acquisition. Field test of SmartPoint system has shown some very promising results. From the current test result, we are confident to deduce that with the help of advanced communication and information technology, SmartPoint system will make seismic data acquisition much more efficient, economic, and less costly.