bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemigation Applications for Second-Generation Corn Borer Control, 1988
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Sloderbeck P. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in furrow-irrigated corn in Finney County, Kans. Standard and simulated chemigation applications of corn borer insecticides were made to evaluate their efficacy under 2 methods of application. Untreated and miticide-treated (Di-Syston) plots were included as controls. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The plots were 4 rows wide (10 ft) and 45 ft long. The standard insecticide applications were made with a high-clearance sprayer using a 10-ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (one nozzle directly over the row and 2 suspended on 18-inch drop hoses). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 40 gal/acre with 30 psi of CO2 pressure. The simulated chemigation applications were made using 3 Delvan 100/140, 3/4-inch raindrop nozzles mounted on the high-clearance sprayer at tassel height between the rows. This system was calibrated to deliver 5,400 gal/acre on the 2 center rows (equivalent to a 0.2-inch irrigation). Chemicals were added to 200 gal of water in the main tank of the sprayer and agitated by recirculation and applied within 20 min of mixing. The treatments were applied on 4 Aug and some were retreated on 12 and 17 Aug. The timing of applications was based on the Kansas State University SWCB and ECB models and the presence of corn borer eggs in the field. Evaluations were made 21-27 Sep by dissecting 10 corn plants from each plot (5 consecutive corn plants from each of the 2 center rows). The number of larvae of each species and the length of tunneling was recorded for each plant.
Northern Corn Rootworm Control, 1988
Authors: Chaddha S. , Ostlie K. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A soil insecticide performance trial was established at West-Central Agricultural Experiment Station, Morris, Minn. Soil type in this continuous corn field was Hammerly clay loam. Each treatment plot measured 2 rows (76-cm spacing), 12.2 m long. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. All insecticides were calibrated in the laboratory and delivered at a tractor speed of 4 mph. Insecticides were applied at planting on 12 May using a modified Noble applicator with interchangeable bottles. Stand counts were taken 5 Jul to test chemical phytotoxicity. On 12 Jul 5 roots were dug from each plot and rated for root injury on a modified 1-6 Iowa rating scale (subdivided into half increments for higher sensitivity). Plant height and yield were not measured because severe drought stunted plants and inhibited ear formation and pollination.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1988
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two insecticide evaluation studies were conducted for control of mixed populations of NCW and WCR. Test 1 was conducted at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs, Centre County, Pa. Corn was planted no-till 23 May using a 2-row John Deere Max Emerge planter with 30-inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied to 10- by 40-ft plots in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates/treatment. On 30 Jun plots were thinned to 28,000 plants/acre. Root damage ratings were evaluated 29 Jul, and 1, 2, and 3 Aug taking 5 plants/plot and using the Iowa 1-6 rating scale. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting 2 rows from each plot for shelled corn. Test 2 was conducted on the Dotterer farm, Clinton County, Pa. Corn (‘Doeblers 75 X’) was planted no-till 9 May using the same 2-row planter. Insecticides were applied to 5-by 20-ft plots in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates/treatment. Plots were thinned to 28,000 plants/acre 22 Jun. Root damage ratings were evaluated 18 and 19 Jul, taking 4 plants/plot and using the Iowa 1-6 rating scale. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting each plot for shelled corn.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1988
Authors: Jarvi K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine soil insecticides were applied at the full rate at planting time and at a reduced rate at planting and first cultivation times at Concord, Nebr. The test plots were planted 6 May in a continuous corn field (at least 8 yr) with a silty clay loam soil type. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each treatment consisted of a single 50-ft-long row; rows were 30 inches apart. Insecticides were applied in a 7-inch band by a Noble granular metering unit mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator equipped with incorporation tines. Cultivation time treatments were applied over the row followed immediately by a tractor-mounted cultivator. Planting time treatments were applied on 10 May and cultivation treatments were applied on 31 May. No phytotoxicity was observed. Feeding damage was evaluated 7-12 Jul. Five roots were dug from each treatment row and rated by the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no damage; 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed).
Control of Whitefringed Beetle Larvae, 1988
Authors: Kouskolekas Costas , Smith Ron , Farrior Olin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted in a grower’s field near Atmore, Ala. Corn was planted 24 Mar in 30-inch rows. Test plots were 2 rows wide and 320 ft long, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Five insecticides were applied as granules in 7-inch bands over the rows and lightly incorporated into the soil during planting. Diazinon plots were planted with ‘Pioneer 3389’; all other plots with ‘Pioneer 3320.’ The field was irrigated 9 times during the season with 1.5 inches water/application. Stand counts and counts of damaged plants were taken 20 Apr. Plots were harvested 24 Aug, yield data were collected, and the moisture content was measured. Yields were adjusted to 15.5% moisture for comparison.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1988
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Spike B. P. , Gifford J. M. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Planting-time soil insecticide test plots were established at 6 Iowa locations in 1988. Two locations also were used for cultivation-time tests. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates for the root-protection trials (registered and experimental products) and 6 replicates for the yield trials (registered products only). All treatments were applied to 50-ft-long rows on 30-inch spacing. The root protection trials had single-row treatments; yield trials had double-row treatments. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been calibrated to deliver material at 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was monitored constantly to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps directed the insecticide to both sides of the corn for basal treatments. Banders positioned directly above the plant whorl provided whorl treatments. The inclusion of soybeans in our trials resulted from grower testimonials reporting the prevention of rootworm damage by applying ground soybeans. Soybeans were gound to a size similar to that of insecticide granules and applied at 11.2 lb/acre, the highest rate possible. The low bulk density of soybean meal caused the drop tubes to clog at higher rates. In early Jul, rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no damage or only a few minor feeding scars; 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Chemical phytotoxicity was checked by taking stand counts from 1/1,000 acre for each treatment and measuring the height of 10 consecutive plants from each treatment. Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Yield trials were machine harvested. Roots also were evaluated for larval damage in the yield trials by digging them from a 15-ft area at the end of each treatment. This area was not included in the harvest sample. Even though many parts of Iowa experienced drought conditions later in the growing season, there was sufficient moisture at all 6 locations following planting to establish good stands. At least 1/2 inch of rain fell at all locations within 2 wk after plot establishment. To determine treatment differences, data were subjected to ANOVA.
Control of Hop Vine Borer, 1986
Authors: Ostlie K. , Breitenbach F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot insecticide trial was conducted near Eyota, Minn., to evaluate the performance of soil-applied liquid insecticides against HVB. Seven insecticides, primarily pyrethroids, were chosen for their activity against cutworms. Plots of 6 rows (30-inch spacing) by 20 ft were located along a railroad right-of-way that served as a reservoir for migrating HVB. The plots were located in Rows 2-7 from the field edge. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Insecticides were broadcast 29 May when stand loss and “dead-heart” symptoms of HVB attack were noted in Row 1. A CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 17 gal water/acre at 40 psi through 8002 nozzles was used 1 to apply the insecticides. Corn was in stage V2 (2 leaves with exposed collars). Attacking HVB were third and fourth instars. Efficacy was measured indire through stand counts taken at 0 and 14 DAT.
Control of Hop Vine Borer, 1987
Authors: Ostlie K. , Breitenbach F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot study was initiated near Eyota, Minn., to evaluate efficacy of foliar insecticides against migrating HVB. Plots of 6 rows (30-inch spacing) by 20 ft, were located in Rows 2-7 bordering a roadside ditch that served as a reservoir for migrating HVB. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Applications were made 16 May when stand loss and “dead-heart” symptoms of HVB attack were noted in Row 1. Corn was in stage V2 (2 leaves with exposed collars). Attacking HVB were third and fourth instars. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 15 gal water/acre at 40 psi through 8002 nozzles. One treatment, Asana (border) at 0.05, was applied to the ditch and Bow 1 but not to the plot. The soil surface was dry at application and very little rainfall (0.23 inch) occurred within 7 DAT. Because HVB primarily cause stand loss, efficacy was evaluated indirectly through stand counts taken at 0 and 14 DAT.
European Corn Borer Control, 1988
Authors: Witkowski J. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar applications of registered and nonregistered insecticides for first-generation ECB control were applied 24 Jun to dryland corn plots in Dixon County, Nebr. Granular insecticides were applied with a specially modified Hahn Hi-boy. Liquid insecticides were applied in 16 gal water/acre at 3 mph and 30 psi with a specially modified backpack sprayer. Each single-row plot was 100 ft (40-inch spacing). ECB-infested plants were marked for later evaluation. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. In late July, 10 plants/replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined, and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Control of Heliothis Spp., 1988
Authors: Doss Michael , Price Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The cotton cultivar ‘Paymaster 145’ was planted 24 May at the South Central Research Station at Chickasha, Okla. Planting rate was 20 lb/acre. Eight-row plots, 150 ft long, were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Spray applications were made with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer traveling at 4.5 mph. Insecticide applications consisted of 5.0 gal/acre at 40 psi with 1 no. 8 (Spraying Systems) nozzle/row. Applications were made 1, 8, 15, and 22 Aug. Plots were irrigated 21 Jul, 2 Aug, and 25 Aug, and rainfall occurred during the test as follows: 4 Aug, 0.77 inches; 9 Aug, 0.85 inches; 10 Aug, 0.12 inches; 19 Aug, 0.76 inches; 20 Aug, 0.17 inches; and 28 Aug, 0.12 inches for a total of 2.79 inches. Damage was estimated prior to spraying by collecting at random 100 fruits from the upper one-third of plants in each plot.
Early-Season Control, 1988
Authors: Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was direct seeded to moist Raymondville clay loam soil 15 Apr at the Texas Agricultural Research and Extension annex farm in Mercedes. Insecticide treatments were made by placing materials in the seed furrow at planting. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 8 treatments and 5 blocks. Plots were 2 beds (40-inch centers) by 40 ft long with a buffer row of sorghum between beds. Plots were surveyed for early-season pests (thrips, aphids, fleahoppers) by examining 10 plants/plot. The field was irrigated 30 May.
Beet Armyworm Control, 1988
Authors: Elzen Gary W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted at 2 locations against beet armyworm in nonirrigated cotton planted 15 May on heavy clay soil at the USDA Mechanization Farm, Stoneville, Miss. Plots were 8 rows (40-inch centers) by 50 ft, separated by 15-ft alleys. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates/treatment. Treatments were applied 9 Aug by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed-air spray system. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 5 mph and 40 psi using 2 TX6 nozzles/row. Plots within a replicate were sprayed consecutively with the boom rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Pretreatment random scouting had shown a moderate infestation of beet armyworm throughout both fields (19.9 ± 9.6 beet armyworms/5 row ft). Counts of beet armyworm larvae were made 72 h after treatment using a drop cloth and visual search of plants on 5 ft of row in each plot.
Ovicide, Larvicide Trials, 1988
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Benedict J. H. , Pickel S. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot field study was conducted in a commercial field near Taft, Tex., to measure the efficacy of 5 treatments against eggs and freshly hatched larvae of tobacco budworm. Treatment efficacy was evaluated on eggs obtained from a pyrethroid-susceptible strain of tobacco budworm (ICI laboratory colony maintained at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi). Treatments were compared in 5-row by 50-ft plots of cotton planted 7 Mar on 38-inch rows. Fresh eggs (24 h old) were placed on the upper surfaces of leaves (10-12 eggs/leaf) located near the shoot terminal of each of 6 flowering cotton plants/treatment with a camel’s hair brush moistened with distilled water. Treatments were applied 22 Jun, 30 min after placement of eggs on leaves, with a CO2-pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Based on visual examination, the coverage of leaves and eggs with treatment sprays was optimal. At 6 h after application, all leaves that contained eggs were collected and placed individually into covered plastic Petri dishes containing filter paper moistened with distilled water. The eggs were held for 72 h, then inspected for unhatched eggs and dead or live larvae. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block. A replicate consisted of 2 leaves and 18-22 eggs, depending on the number of eggs lost in the field.
Control of Tobacco Budworm and Boll Weevil, 1988
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Benedict J. H. , Pickel S. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot field study was conducted in a commercial cotton field near Austwell, Tex., to measure the efficacy of 11 treatments against tobacco budworm and boll weevil. Treatments were compared in 5-row by 50-ft plots of cotton planted 28 Apr on 30-inch rows. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized (38 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Heliothis larvae (n = 50) were collected from the test plots and reared to adulthood for identification of species. Applications were made 13, 18, and 23 Jul. Twenty-five randomly selected squares or bolls were inspected from each plot for the presence of tobacco budworm larvae and damage and for boll weevil damage on 17, 22, and 27 Jul. Seed cotton was hand-harvested from a 6.8-ft section of row in each plot for yield analysis.
In-Furrow Insecticides for Thrips Control, 1987
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn was planted 8 May in plots 4 rows wide and 20 ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The granular insecticides were applied at planting. The soil type was Houston clay. Furadan on corncob and clay granules was compared with Counter, Temik, and an untreated control. Twenty-five seedling plants were pulled 4 d after seedling emergence on 19 May. These seedlings were beaten 25 times over hardware cloth and thrips were counted.
Ovicidal Activity of Fenoxycarb, 1987
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was designed to compare the ovicidal activity of Fenoxycarb with Galecron for control of Heliothis spp. eggs. Cotton was planted 28 Apr in plots 4 row wide, 40 ft long, and replicated 4 times. Plots were arranged in a biased randomized complete block with all Galecron plots on the downwind side of the field and separated by 4 buffer rows. The treatments were applied 14 Jul with a CO2-powered sprayer with fan tips (110° LF3) every 19 inches on the boom. At 4 mph, 15 gal/acre of spray was applied. No other insecticides were applied 30 d prior to the test. Leaves with eggs present were collected on 15 Jul, 24 h after spraying. A total of at least 15 brown and white eggs was collected from each plot, and the eggs were separated by color. Eggs were maintained in the laboratory under 14:10 h light in a moist chamber at 30°C. Emerged larvae were removed each day. A larva was considered hatched if it had cut a hole through the chorion and was outside the egg shell. All larvae had emerged by the day 4. The percentage of hatched larvae was determined on counts made 4 d after collections.
Toxicity of Selected Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Leonard B. Roger , Graves J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected insecticide treatments were applied to a field of cotton on the Dean Lee Research Station, Alexandria, La., which had been planted 23 Jun in a silty clay loam soil. Prior to the study, this field had not received an application of insecticide. All insecticides were applied using a hand-held boom with 2 X-3 hollow-cone nozzles/row and charged with a compressed-CO2 spraying system calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre at 38 psi. Plots consisted of 2 rows (38-inch spacing) by 100 ft arranged in a completely random design and replicated 4 times. Freshly laid white Heliothis spp. eggs (10/plot) were collected from each plot 4, 48, and 72 h after treatment. Eggs (attached to a small piece of foliage) were removed from the plant, individually transferred to rearing media, and held in the laboratory at room temperature (80°F) and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D). Mortality to eggs and larvae for each collection was determined 96 h after removal from the field. The survivors in the egg cohort in the untreated control were reared to adults and identified as a population of 64% tobacco budworms and 36% bollworms. Mortality was recorded if eggs did not hatch. Treatment toxicity to newly hatched larvae was determined by the inability of the insect to change position after being prodded. There was no rainfall recorded and relative humidity remained low during the study.
Evaluation of Insecticide Mixtures, 1988
Authors: Merchant Michael E. , Teetes George L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven insecticide treatments, some as combinations, were evaluated for the suppression of Heliothis spp. in cotton at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm at College Station. Cotton was planted 6 Apr in 40-inch rows. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Plots of 8 rows by 65 ft were sprayed with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal/acre through 2 TX-6 hollow-cone nozzles/row at 40 psi. Treatments were applied 16, 22, and 30 Jul. Plant damage, insect abundance, and lint yield were estimated from randomly selected locations from the inner 6 rows of each plot. Estimates of egg and larval densities and terminal damage were made once within all plots prior to the first insecticide application. Estimates of plant damage were made by examining 50 randomly selected one-third-grown or larger squares and 50 soft bolls from each plot on the day of, or the day before, insecticides application. In response to observed mite damage, a total of 15 randomly selected leaves from the upper and middle portions of the cotton canopy were collected from each plot and examined for the presence of motile adult mites.
Yield Enhancement, 1988
Authors: Micinski Stephen , Nguyen K. T. , Graves J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The yield enhancement potential of 7 insecticides was evaluated in a field study at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, La. Plots were 12 rows by 30.5 m arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Cotton was planted 28 Apr on 1.02-m centers. Treatments were applied 6, 15, 21, and 27 Jun with a high-clearance sprayer. Materials were applied in 11.4 liters water/acre at 50 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Plant bug and beneficial arthropod data were collected on 14, 23, and 28 Jun from each plot (25 sweeps/plot) with a standard sweep net (38.1-cm diam). The center 4 rows of each plot were mechanically harvested 23 Sep and 7 Oct.
Control of Thrips, 1988
Authors: Treaey Mike 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot field study was conducted on a commercial farm located near Washington, Okla., to evaluate Thimet for control of thrips on cotton. Two treatments and an untreated check were compared in 4-row by 300-ft plots of cotton planted 24 May in 40-inch rows. Treatments and the untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was applied in the seed furrow at planting time with John Deere applicator boxes. Texture of soil at the test site was medium. Soil moisture at planting time was good. About 0.8 inches of rain fell at the test site within the first 3 wk after planting. Efficacy of treatments was evaluated by inspecting terminals of 20 randomly chosen plants in each plot for numbers of thrips, estimating plant stand by counting plants/10 row-ft at 2 sites in each plot (17 Jun), counting fully expanded leaves on each of 10 randomly chosen plants in each plot (22 Jun), measuring the height of 10 randomly chosen plants in each plot (9 Jul), and counting numbers of squares produced in 20 row-ft in each plot.