bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vision centre helps reduce blindness and vision impairment. Proof of concept in a four-year longitudinal study in an urban area in India
Authors: Gogate Parikshit M , Phadke Supriya P , Das Taraprasad , Sane Shrivallabh , Moosa Soumya , Dhangar Ashok , Inamdar Minhaj , Khandekar Rajiv , Magdum Renu , Bhawalkar Jitendra S , Bhoosnurmath Kashinath 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To estimate the prevalence of blindness and severe visual impairment (SVI) by using a door-to-door screening and vision center (VC) examination strategy in an urban area in western Maharashtra (Pune), India and repeat the exercise after 4 years to study its impact.

Methods:
Four trained community health workers measured the visual acuity and performed an external ocular examination in patients’ homes. People with vision <6/18 were requested to visit the VC for a comprehensive eye examination by an optometrist. An ophthalmologist examined people whose vision did not improve to 6/12. A home examination was done for people who did not visit the VC despite two requests. The same population was examined twice in an interval of 4 years.

Results:
In the study, 44,535 people in 2015–16 and 98.14% (n = 43,708) of them in 2018–19 were examined. Blindness (vision < 3/60 in better eye), and moderate-to-severe visual impairment (MSVI, vision 6/18–6/60 in better eye) were 0.26% and 1.3%, respectively, in the first cohort, and 0.16% and 1.1%, respectively, in the second cohort (P < 0.001). When the worse eye was considered, the prevalence of blindness reduced from 0.72% to 0.44%, SVI reduced from 0.1% to 0.07%, and MVI decreased from 1.7% to 1.49% between 2015 and 2019 (P < 0.001). Females (P < 0.001) and older individuals (P < 0.001) were more likely to have blindness or SVI. In the VC, 8211 people were examined in 4 years.

Conclusion:
The reduction of blindness and MSVI in the urban area of Pune can be partly ascribed to the presence of a VC and attendant screening in this locality.
Evaluation of retinal microvasculature according to stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity and the correlation of pulmonary parameters with optical coherence tomography angiography findings
Authors: Kurtul Bengi Ece , Cakmak Ayse Idil , Kasapoglu Dilek Ezgi , Dikmen Nursel 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To evaluate the retinal and optic disc microvascular changes according to disease severity in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and the correlation of pulmonary parameters with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) findings.

Methods:
Forty patients with COPD and 30 age- and sex-matched subjects (control group) were included in this cross-sectional prospective study. The COPD group was then divided into two subgroups according to GOLD classification and disease severity as mild-to-moderate COPD group (group 1) and severe COPD group (group 2). OCTA was performed with 6 mm × 6 mm sections for the macula and 4.5 mm × 4.5 mm sections for the optic disc. Foveal retinal thickness (FRT), peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and vessel density in different sections of the retina and optic disc were analyzed.

Results:
The mean ages, gender, intraocular pressures, peripapillary RNFL thickness, FRT, and optic disc vessel densities were similar among the groups. Compared to the control group and group 1, group 2 showed significantly lower mean foveal vessel density measurements in superficial and deep capillary plexus (P = 0.014 and P = 0.007, respectively). Cigarette packets/year, exacerbation per year, and Modified Medical Research Council showed significant negative correlations, whereas forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and FEV1/forced vital capacity showed significant positive correlations with foveal vessel densities.

Conclusion:
COPD severity seems to have a negative effect on OCTA measurements. OCTA may reflect the severity of inflammation and hypoxia in COPD and may provide useful detailed information on the role of retinal vascular changes in the follow-up and progression of patients with COPD.
Comparison of ocular biometry and refractive outcome between ANTERION and IOL Master 700
Authors: Panda Amita , Nanda Ashok , Sahoo Kalyani 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To assess the comparability of ocular biometry measurements and refractive outcomes between ANTERION and IOL Master 700.

Methods:
This comparative prospective study was conducted from December 2020 to February 2021. A total of 225 patients who had cataracts were enrolled for the study and different parameters such as anterior keratometry (Steep K, Flat K) with axis, Sim K, central corneal thickness (CCT), aqueous depth (AQD), lens thickness (LT), and axial length (AL), white-to-white (WTW) were evaluated in IOL master 700 first and then with ANTERION. Finally, 203 patients completed the 6-week follow-up and the postoperative refraction was done at the 6th week. To assess the agreement between the devices, intraclass coefficient (ICC) and Bland–Altman analysis with 95% limits of agreement (LoA) were used. To analyze the agreement for postoperative residual refractive error between the two devices, Kappa statistics were used.

Results:
The mean difference for steep K, flat K, and Sim K between ANTERION and IOL Master 700 were − 0.18 +/−0.26 D, −0.13+/− 0.28D, −0.15 +/−0.23, respectively. The CCT, ACD, and LT also showed excellent agreement (ICC > 0.9) but the similarity for the keratometry axis was not up to the mark (ICC = 0.794). For postoperative refractive outcomes, the Kappa value was 0.437, indicating moderate agreement.

Conclusion:
ANTERION showed a good agreement for the majority of parameters with IOLMaster 700 in measuring ocular biometry, except for the keratometry. The accuracy of the intraocular lens power calculations was clinically acceptable with both biometers though the IOL power given by ANTERION remained slightly on the hypermetropic side.
Clinicopathological study of parasitic lesions of the eye and ocular adnexa in a tertiary care ophthalmic center in South India
Authors: Mahesh Meenakshi , Pauly Marian , Krishna Shruthi M , Raman M , Biswas Jyotirmay 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To study clinical and pathological features of parasitic lesions in the ocular adnexa in a tertiary care ophthalmic center in south India.

Methods:
43 cases of ocular parasitosis were analysed clinically and correlated with the pathological findings (gross morphology and histopathology) over a period of five years (2015–2020).

Results:
Among the 43 cases, the age group ranged from 9 months to 78 years (mean age of 41.6 years). Female patients were more common than male patients, with a percentage of 63% (27) and 37% (16) respectively. Cystic lesion in the lid or orbit was seen in 23 cases (53.4%); solid mass lesions were seen in 17 cases (39.5%); subconjunctival worms in three cases; and subretinal parasite in one. Gross examination and histopathologic study showed Dirofilaria in 23 cases (53.5%), followed by Cysticercus in six cases (14%) and Microfilariae in four cases (9.3%). Exact species identification was not possible in ten cases (23.25%). Correlation between the type of lesion and type of inflammatory cells with the specific parasite was done.

Conclusion:
Our study showed that important clinicopathological correlations can be made from the parasitic lesions in the eye and adnexa, which can aid in definitive diagnosis and prompt identification of the parasite for patient management.
Clinical profile and demographic distribution of band shaped keratopathy in India: A study of 8801 patients
Authors: Das Anthony V , Pillutla Lalitha N , Chaurasia Sunita 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To describe the clinical profile and demographic distribution of band-shaped keratopathy (BSK) in patients presenting to a multitier ophthalmology hospital network in India.

Methods:
This cross-sectional hospital-based study included 2,664,906 new patients presenting between January 2011 and January 2021 (10-year period). Patients with a clinical diagnosis of BSK in at least one eye were included as cases. The data were collected using an electronic medical record system.

Results:
Overall, 8801 (0.33%) patients were diagnosed with BSK. The prevalence rates were 0.47% in children (age: <16 years) and 0.31% in adults. The majority of patients were males (62.87%) with unilateral affliction (85.21%). The mean age of the patients was 40.43 ± 23.14 years. The majority (16.93%) of the patients were in the age bracket of 11–20 years. A larger proportion of the patients were from higher socioeconomic status (60.46%) and the urban region (45.9%). Of the 10,103 eyes affected with BSK, the common ocular comorbidities were status post-vitreoretinal surgery (20.55%) and uveitis (12.7%) in children and corneal scar (41.23%) and spheroidal degeneration (13.7%) in adults. Most of the eyes had mild or no visual impairment (24.74%). Among the eyes that needed surgical intervention, chelation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was the most performed surgical procedure (1.68%) along with phototherapeutic keratectomy (0.32%).

Conclusion:
BSK commonly affects adult males and is unilateral in nature. The majority of the patients in this cohort belonged to higher socioeconomic strata and urban geography. At initial presentation, visual impairment was mild to moderate in a vast majority of the patients, and the most common surgical intervention performed was chelation with EDTA during the study period.
Changes in ocular surface after withdrawal of anti-glaucoma medications following non-penetrating deep sclerectomy
Authors: Fuente-García Carlota , Muñoz-Negrete Francisco José , de Dompablo Elisabet , Moreno-Montañés Javier , Rebolleda Gema 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To analyze the ocular surface changes in eyes after the withdrawal of anti-glaucomatous drugs when non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) is performed.

Methods:
Thirty-one patients (33 eyes) diagnosed with glaucoma that underwent NPDS were included in this prospective study. The control group included 33 eyes. Four variables were studied using Keratograph 5M (K5M): ocular hyperemia (OH), non-invasive tear film break-up time (NI-BUT), lower tear meniscus height (LTMH), and meibography. LTMH was also measured using the anterior segment module of a Spectralis Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) instrument. Moreover, an evaluation of corneal and conjunctival staining was performed. In the glaucoma group, five visits were carried out: pre-surgery, 1 week after surgery, and 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery. In control groups, examinations were performed in only one visit. In addition, patients were asked to answer two questionnaires: Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) before and 6 months after surgery.

Results:
Before NPDS, eyes showed worse objective data than healthy control subjects (P ≤ 0.049). In this group, a significant improvement was observed in questionnaire responses (P < 0.001), LTMH-FD-OCT (P = 0.037), LTMH-K5M (P = 0.025), K5M-OH (P = 0.003), NI-BUT (P = 0.022), and conjunctival and corneal staining (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed between groups in FD-OCT and K5M LTMH, NI-BUT, corneal-conjunctival staining, nor in the most OH sector values at 6 months (P ≥ 0.62).

Conclusion:
A significant improvement in the ocular surface was observed 6 months after NPDS, suggesting that the withdrawal of the topical anti-glaucomatous treatment had a beneficial effect on the subjects.
Photo-activated chromophore for infectious keratitis cross-linking and its efficacy as a treatment modality in managing microbial keratitis
Authors: Saini Sanchita , Singh Satyaprakash , Dwivedi Kshama , Singh Sanskriti , Kumar Santosh , Rana Jagriti 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To assess Photo Activated Chromophore for Infective Keratitis-Cross Linking (PACK-CXL) and its efficacy as a treatment modality in managing microbial keratitis.

Methods:
Single Centre prospective interventional study in infectious keratitis. A total of eleven patients were taken who had corneal thickness (CT) more than 400µm. PACK-CXL was performed according to Dresden’s protocol. The response was assessed by slit lamp examination, BCVA and AS-OCT at the time of complete healing.

Results:
The mean visual acuity at presentation was 1.207logMAR (0.3-3) which improved to mean value of 0.53logMAR (0.3-1). Mean time taken for complete epithelization was 17.45 days (14- 30 days) and that for complete healing was 33.72 days (21- 60 days). Mean CT at the baseline was 650.5± 108µm which reduced on consecutive follow up visits. There was reduction in the symptoms in nine patients except in two. One case reported increase in symptoms with worsening increase in endoexudates and hypopyon, and the other developed drug toxicity due to topical medications.

Conclusion:
Patients who underwent PACK-CXL showed good and early healing, good remodelling of cornea and improved visual acuity. The recalcitrant cases became responders to the same medications after PACK-CXL. Thus, PACK-CXL works well for both fungal and bacterial keratitis.
Corneal densitometry in patients with arcus senilis and its correlation with serum lipid levels
Authors: Yilmaz Yusuf Cem , Ipek Sefik Can , Ozer Muhammet Derda , Celebi Tugba 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To evaluate corneal densitometry (CD) of patients with arcus senilis (AS) and its association with the serum lipid markers.

Methods:
This is a cross-sectional, case-control study. The AS diagnosis was made clinically. Forty-five eyes of 45 patients with AS and 38 eyes of 38 age-matched control subjects with no noticeable AS were enrolled in the study. All participants underwent detailed ophthalmologic examination along with corneal Scheimpflug imaging with CD measurement. The evaluated serum lipid markers of the participants included total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). The Spearman correlation analysis was used to correlate the serum lipid values and the CD. P < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant.

Results:
The male to female ratio was 26/19 and 14/24 in the study and control groups, respectively (P = 0.057). The mean age was 59.56 ± 8.7 and 56.47 ± 8.6 years in the study and control groups, respectively (P = 0.117). The mean total CD values in the zones extending from 2 to 12 mm were higher in the study group than in the control group (P < 0.001). The serum HDL level was found to be significantly decreased in the study group compared to the control group (P = 0.048 and Z = −1.976). There was a significant positive correlation between the serum triglyceride level and the CD value of the outermost zone (10–12 mm) (r = 0.334 and P = 0.025).

Conclusion:
The CD of patients with AS was found to increase not only in the peripheral zone but also in the cornea’s paracentral zone compared to the healthy controls. The serum triglyceride level should give an insight into the intensity of arcus senilis. The serum HDL levels were decreased in patients with AS.
The All India Ophthalmological Society - Academic and Research Committee pan-India diabetic retinopathy project “Fixing the missing link”: Prevalence data from Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
Authors: Biswas Partha , Batra Sneha , Porwal Amit C , Prasad R Krishna , Bawankule Prashant , Saxena Rohit , Sinha Satyajit , Ghosh Prajjwal 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its risk factors among diabetic patients in the states of Madhya Pradesh (MP) and Chhattisgarh (CG).

Methods:
Diabetic patients were screened in the treating diabetologist/physician’s clinic by a team that included an ophthalmologist, an optometrist, and a counselor. Demographic details, diabetic control, compliance to eye checkup, awareness regarding diabetic blindness, and visual acuity were recorded using a questionnaire. DR was graded both by indirect ophthalmoscopy and fundus photo taken with a portable fundus camera.

Results:
In total, 602 subjects were screened across five selected locations of MP and CG. The prevalence of DR was 13.62%. No significant difference with gender was seen. The presence and grade of DR were related to age, diabetic age, and diabetic control.

Conclusion:
This study provides the prevalence data for DR among diabetic patients from the states of MP and CG and highlights important barriers to DR screening in our country.
Clinical profile and long term outcomes of eyes with choroidal detachment following trabeculectomy
Authors: Rao Sanjana , Maheshwari Devendra , Pawar Neelam , Kadar Mohideen A. , Ramakrishnan Rengappa , Uduman Mohammed S 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To assess the long-term outcomes of choroidal detachments (CDs) in eyes following trabeculectomy.

Methods:
Retrospective comparative case series. Data of patients with CDs following trabeculectomy (5-year period) with or without cataract surgery with a minimum of 3 months of follow-up were included.

Results:
In total, 45 patients with CDs following trabeculectomy were included. The mean age was 63.27 ± 8.68 years, (M:F = 2:1); 29 of 45 eyes (64.4%) had a baseline IOP of >24 mm Hg. Patients had a median follow-up of 22.2 (IQR: 16.2–30.5) months. Further, 10 of 45 eyes (22.2%) had CDs following suture lysis. The median onset of choroidal detachment from the time of surgery was 16.0 (IQR: 11–36) days. The mean BCVA improved from 0.62 ± 0.28 to 0.24 ± 0.27 (P < 0.001) and mean IOP increased from 4.07 ± 2.66 to 11.20 ± 5.31 (P < 0.001) at last visit. The cumulative success rates were 76.4% (95% CI: 48.4–90.5) in POAG eyes and 79.3% (95% CI: 62.8–89.1) in PACG eyes (P = 0.547). Medical management was the mainstay in all patients. Four of 45 (8.88%) patients underwent subsequent choroidal drainage.

Conclusion:
Choroidal detachment following modern-day trabeculectomy has favorable long-term visual acuity and IOP outcomes. There was no difference in the long-term surgical success of trabeculectomy with choroidal detachments in primary angle-closure and open-angle glaucoma eyes. Long-term follow-up is essential to prevent chronic hypotony and trabeculectomy failure.
Rhinosporidiosis of the lacrimal sac in a tertiary care hospital of India - A retrospective case study
Authors: Behera Sharmistha , Chowdhury Ravindra Kumar , Dora Jayashree 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
Though rhinosporidiosis of the lacrimal sac is a rare disease across the globe, the frequency with which these patients come to the outpatient department in western Odisha is quite alarming. This study was undertaken to upgrade the knowledge about the clinical profile and management of rhinosporidiosis of the lacrimal sac.

Methods:
This is a retrospective study comprising 32 clinically diagnosed and histopathologically proved cases of lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis who were managed with dacryocystectomy with meticulous excision. Intraoperative copious irrigation with 5% povidone–iodine for 5 min and postoperative dapsone therapy for 3–6 months had been administered to all the patients. The mean follow-up period was 16.7 months. The study was conducted over 5 years from August 2015 to July 2020.

Results:

Rhinosporidium seeberi, an aquatic protistan parasite, was found to be the causative agent. Males and females were affected equally. Children less than 10 years of age comprised 56.2% (18 cases). History of pond bathing was found in 100% of cases. The most common presentation was boggy swelling over the lacrimal sac. The involvement was unilateral in all the cases. None of the patients were found to have nasal involvement. In 65.6%, the lesion was limited within the sac. Recurrence was noted in 25% of cases.

Conclusion:
Rhinosporidiosis of the lacrimal sac should be excluded in all patients presenting with boggy swelling of the lacrimal sac with a history of pond bath. The recurrence can be minimized by meticulous excision, intraoperative betadine, and postoperative dapsone therapy.
Histopathological analysis of residual lens cells in capsular opacities after cataract surgery using objective software
Authors: Mastromonaco Christina , Balazsi Matthew , Coblentz Jacqueline , Toledo Dias Ana Beatriz , Zoroquiain Pablo , Burnier Miguel N 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
Remnant lens epithelial cells (LECs) within the capsular bag (CB) undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and acquire a myofibroblast phenotype, depositing extracellular matrix (ECM) components, leading to posterior capsular opacification (PCO). This study histopathologically analyzes the LEC-to-myofibroblast transition and de novo ECM component deposition (i.e., smooth muscle actin (SMA) and fibronectin (FN) expression) and determines the intraocular lens (IOL) and patient factors associated with these changes.

Methods:
In total, 190 CBs with IOLs were removed from donor eyes. Digital images were obtained, and PCO was graded using published software (ADOS, Medical Parachute). Automated immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-SMA to detect EMT and anti-FN to document ECM remodeling. Slides were digitized and analyzed using the Positive Pixel Count v9 algorithm. Linear regression and Poisson regression were performed (P < 0.05).

Results:
SMA positive expression decreased as the time of IOL implantation increased (P < 0.0001). Positivity of SMA and FN demonstrated a positive correlation (P = 0.0002). Controlling for confounding factors in Poisson regression, hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials showed higher FN and SMA expression when compared to silicone material lenses (FN; P = 0.018; P < 0.0001, SMA; P = 0.001; P = 0.003, respectively). The square optic design had 29% higher SMA positivity compared to the opti-edge design (P = 0.042). One-piece haptic lenses had higher SMA expression compared to three-piece haptic (P = 0.042). A higher risk of expression of SMA and FN was seen in patients with a history of smoking, hypertension, and glaucoma (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
This study demonstrated that SMA and FN expression is different according to IOL design and patient factors, thus indicating that LEC changes depend on lens biocompatibility. Therefore, by analyzing the histopathological composition of PCO by using LECs, further insight into the characteristics of IOLs that are important for biocompatibility can be ascertained.
Efficacy of nebulized magnesium sulfate in moderate bronchiolitis
Authors: Guruprasad N. , Gopalakrishna Mithra C. A. , Ratageri Vinod H. 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Bronchiolitis is a common cause of illness and hospitalization in infants and young children. The effectiveness of various bronchodilators remains unclear. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of nebulized magnesium sulfate in hospitalized children with moderate bronchiolitis in the age group of 1–24 months.

Subjects and Methods:
This was a prospective observational study done from December 2018 to June 2020. All children with moderate bronchiolitis (clinical severity score [CSS]-4–8) meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria were enrolled. A detailed history, demographic profile, CSS and oxygen saturation in room air, and heart rate were recorded. They were given two doses of magnesium sulfate in the form of nebulization for 10 min each, at 30 min apart. The children were assessed for CSS at 0 h, 1 h, and 4 h after nebulization. The children were considered improved if CSS <4 at the end of 4 h. The children were monitored for adverse reactions of magnesium sulfate.

Results:
Sixty children were enrolled. The mean age was 7.5 ± 6.47 months. Most children (51.7%) were in 1–6 months. The mean CSS scores at 0 h, 1 h, and 4 h were 6 ± 1.008, 2.95 ± 1.395, and 2.40 ± 1.564, respectively (P = < 0.001). Fifty-three (88.3%) children improved and seven (11.7%) children did not improve. In nonimproved group, subanalysis was done and found hypoxia (odds ratio − 12.6) as a significant risk factor. Flushing was the most common adverse effect noticed in eight (13.3%) children.

Conclusions:
Children with moderate bronchiolitis were improved with nebulized magnesium sulfate.