bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Hybrid Technique for Coupling Chemical Kinetics and Hydrodynamics Computations in Multi-Phase Reacting Flow Systems
Authors: Chang S. L. , Lottes S. A. , Zhou C. Q. , Petrick M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A hybrid technique to couple hydrodynamics and chemical kinetics calculations in a multi-phase, multi-species, turbulent reacting flow simulation has been developed. It divides a flow simulation into two parts: a reacting flow hydrodynamic simulation with a small but sufficient number of lumped reactions to compute flow field properties followed by a many subspecies (of order 10 to 100) reaction kinetics and transport calculation. This technique has been incorporated in a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code to predict concentrations of many subspecies in a reacting flow where complex chemical reactions take place, and it can be applied to many applications such as combustors. The application presented in this paper is the flow simulation of a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) riser reactor. Applying the technique in the FCC riser application has shown that it can be used to identify critical processes and operating parameters including the trends and relationships that are necessary to the improve the quality and quantity of FCC products.
A Steady-State Three Dimensional Thermo-Fluid Mathematical Model of a Continuous Glass Furnace
Authors: Rodicio Sandra Coutín , Chapman Kirby S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A three dimensional thermo-fluid mathematical model of the load tank of a continuous natural gas glass furnace has been developed. The main objective of this work is twofold: the successful coupling of this model and an existing combustion gas model, which simulates the combustion process; and the study of the variation of several furnace operating conditions and their impact in the overall furnace performance and glass thermal behavior. This model provides important information about the heat transfer characteristics of a commercial type glass and how these are affected by the variation of the radiative properties of the load (glass) surface and refractory surfaces in the combustion space, as well as by the incoming air temperature to the combustion chamber. This paper includes the results of three-dimensional velocity and temperature profiles of the glass flowing through the furnace. In addition, the results of a parametric study on the glass surface emissivity, refractory emissivity and preheat air temperature are included.
Parallel Computing Strategies for a Disperse Phase Flow and Combustion Model
Authors: Fiveland W. A. , Parker K. L. , Gansman R. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Flow and combustion models are being used to evaluate new designs and retrofit options for various industrial combustion systems. Combustion models being used today are often very modular and, since they apply serial algorithms, require long run times to produce results. It is common for solutions to take several days, and the use of finite rate chemistry and Lagrangian based particle models can lengthen run times to a week or more. The modularity of these methods makes them candidates for parallel computing.
This paper presents results for a distributed computing algorithm using the PVM software, which is applied to the finite rate chemistry and particle transport modules. It is based on a master-slave algorithm in which the master doles work to a number of independent processors. A load balancing scheme is used to account for the variability in the time the slaves complete their work.
PVM was successfully used for parallel computations in the finite rate chemistry and particle modules. Significant speedups were found for both modules, but the work clearly indicates the need to control granularity and the need to optimize the algorithm specifically for the processors being used. Future work is planned to improve the algorithms presented here as well as extending the work to other parts of the combustion model.
Batch Fabrication of Pneumatic Valve Arrays by Combining MEMS With Printed Circuit Board Technology
Authors: Cheung Patrick , Berlin Andrew A. , Biegelsen David K. , Jackson Warren B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper introduces a novel approach that combines Printed Circuit Board (PCB or PC board) Technology with MEMS technology to batch-fabricate large-area arrays of released mechanical structures that are of macro-scale size. As an initial demonstration of this approach. we have batch-fabricated a passively-addressed array of 256 electrostatically-actuated valves and air jets, intended for use in a “Smart” application. Preliminary experiments have been performed showing that these valves can switch a substantial air flow multiple times per second. The electrostatic voltage required to maintain valve closure was found to be many times higher than predicted analytically through modeling of the geometries, flow rates, and forces involved, indicating a need for further analysis and experimentation to better understand the physical effects that come into play at this macroscopic scale. Using PCB technology as a means for extending the MEMS design and fabrication methodologies has the potential to enable batch fabrication of macro-scale arrays of sensors, actuators, conduits, and other elements of a complete system.
Mechanism of Thermally-Induced Optical Transition in Polypentapeptide (PPP) Elastin
Authors: Morgan Tyler J. , Majumdar Arun 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Polypentapeptide (PPP) elastin undergoes a reversible transparent-opaque optical transition in the visible spectrum when the temperature is changed across a transition temperature, Tt. To discover the mechanism of this transition, transmissivity and reflectivity measurements of a PPP membrane were made in the wavelength region of 500–1050 nm. Analysis of the measured data using a two-flux radiative transfer model showed that above the transition temperature the scattering albedo varied with wavelength as that of a Rayleigh scattering particle. It is proposed that the optical transition occurs due to scattering by three-dimensionally folded chains of PPP which are formed above the transition temperature when water pentamers are broken and intramolecular hydrophobic interactions are induced.
Thermal Characterization of Two-Phase Heat Transfer in Porous Materials: An Experimentally Confirmed Method in Non-Dimensionalized Form
Authors: Dickey J. T. , Peterson G. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Investigations of a relatively new heat transfer scheme, were conducted. This system combines two-phase heat transfer with forced flow through porous materials and has the ability to absorb high heat fluxes at low and extremely uniform surface temperatures. To predict the heat transfer attributes of the system, a semi-analytical model was developed using the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy along with the apparent physical properties of the composite material. Verification of the analytical model is demonstrated through experimental confirmation. The resulting model predicts the liquid vapor interface and surface temperature profile for a channel to which a constant heat flux is applied to within ±5 % of the channel width and ±0.1 °C. In addition, a non-dimensionalized method for predicting the heat transfer attributes of these systems was developed.
On the Interface Instability During Rapid Evaporation in Microgravity
Authors: Juric Damir 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The rapid evaporation of a superheated liquid (vapor explosion) under microgravity conditions is studied by direct numerical simulation. The time-dependent Navier-Stokes and energy equations coupled to the interface dynamics are solved using a two-dimensional finite-difference/front-tracking method. Large interface deformations, topology change, latent heat, surface tension and unequal material properties between the liquid and vapor phases are included in the simulations. A comparison of numerical results to the exact solution of a one-dimensional test problem shows excellent agreement. For the two-dimensional rapid evaporation problem, the vapor volume growth rate and unstable interface dynamics are studied for increasing levels of initial liquid superheat. As the superheat is increased the liquid-vapor interface experiences increasingly unstable energetic growth. These results indicate that heat transfer plays a very important role in the instability mechanism leading to vapor explosions. It is suggested that the Mullins-Sekerka instability could play a role in the instability initiation mechanism.
Windage Power Loss of High-Speed Generators
Authors: Durkin Edward B. , Schauer John J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Direct-drive electromachines that are designed to operate at higher rotating speeds will have a windage drag that is a more significant loss factor; this loss will require greater attention in the initial machine design. Switched-reluctance machines with poled rotors can further increase windage by fluid pumping and mixing between the rotor poles. Reliable windage data for highspeed poled rotors was unavailable, so an experimental study was initiated to determine the total air friction power loss and the contributing factors to this loss. The first rotor test was with concentric cylinders to establish a valid viscous film theory. The parametric analysis then proceeded with a matrix of tests for various rotor, stator, and air gap geometries. Later tests with rotor end “shrouds” then demonstrated reduced windage loss by reducing the induced airflow and mixing in the rotor pole gaps.
Use of Extended Exergy Analysis as a Tool for Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Industrial Processes
Authors: Creyts J. C. , Carey V. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Traditional applications of exergy analysis have focused upon the design and optimization of parameters in thermal systems. The success of the technique as applied to these systems is well documented. In this paper, an extended form of exergy analysis is introduced in which the basic principles of traditional analyses are applied generically to industrial energy and material flows. This Extended Exergy Analysis produces an energy-based metric useful for the assessment of the potential environmental impacts of industrial processes. This information can be used to evaluate the environmental performance of industrial systems of varying degrees of complexity. Several important points emerge from the discussion. The first is the importance of the ground state in determining a material stream’s exergetic value. It is shown that by qualifying the definition of these states to include provisions for environmental acceptability, exergy analysis can be used to provide insight into the environmental compatibility of industrial processes. Secondly, the paper demonstrates the importance of two distinct ways of calculating exergy. The process path approach, a method based upon envisioning idealized thermodynamic processes that transform residual streams from harmful to environmentally benign states, is shown to be useful in cases where rigorous design optimization is the goal. A second approach involving use of property data in conjunction with standard exergy equations and efficiency factors, represents an expedient alternative for instances where order-of-magnitude data will suffice. Finally, it is shown that the technique’s usefulness is not limited solely to industry. Use of Extended Exergy Analysis by legislators and policy analysts can help these groups understand the impacts that changes in environmental standards and legislation are likely to produce. The paper concludes with the discussion of a simulated example in which the Extended Exergy Analysis is applied to analyze the environmental impact of material flows through a metal machining process.
On the Quest for Objective Equations in Exergy Costing
Authors: Lazzaretto Andrea , Tsatsaronis George 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Exergy costing may be performed using different approaches each one being characterized by a different level of subjectivity. The SPECO methodology, a new process-based methodology for exergy costing, is aimed at minimizing the subjectivity associated with the definitions of fuel and product for various components and the auxiliary cost equations. In the SPECO methodology, the auxiliary cost equations are obtained by directly registering the exergy and cost additions and removals along the exergy streams of a thermal system.
This paper demonstrates how the “fuel” and “product” rules suggested by this methodology for formulating the cost equations are obtained by depicting the process of cost additions and removals in each exergy stream. The application to a cogeneration system highlights the features of the methodology which is here combined with both the Last In First Out (LIFO) and the Average Costing (AVCO) approaches.
Lumped Parameter Thermodynamic and Heat Transfer Modeling of a Scroll Pump
Authors: Sunder Sankar , Smith Joseph L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We present a lumped parameter thermodynamic model for the internal processes of a scroll pump. This model serves as a tool with which to quickly predict scroll pump thermodynamic performance without worrying too much about details of scroll pump geometry. The model described here selectively incorporates sources of irreversibility in the scroll compression process and iteratively solves for the resultant thermodynamic states of the compression cycle. Inputs to the model are scroll pump displacement volumes, pump inlet state, pump discharge pressure, and motor operating speed. Descriptions of suction and discharge heat transfer, internal leakage, kissing heat transfer and wall conduction are also incorporated into the model. Outputs of the model are mass flow rate of the machine, pump discharge state, closed process polytropic coefficient and pump wall temperatures. Additional sources of irreversibility can also be incorporated into the model using the methodology outlined in the paper.
Vibratory States in and Radiation From a Framed Cylindrical Shell With Internal Complexity
Authors: Houston Brian H. , Photiadis Douglas M. , Bucaro Joseph A. , Simpson Harry J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Understanding the structural acoustics of stiffened shells with complexities is central to advancing the acoustic design of many aerospace and marine vehicles. Some of the mechanisms that have been studied to date include the scattering of structure-borne energy by discontinuities1–7 and the coupling of this energy into internal vibratory states leading to storage and dissipation phenomena1,8–9. Recently, we have reported the results of experiments where complex internal structure has been demonstrated to dramatically influence the scattering cross-section of fluid-loaded shells10–12 and that these effects can be predicted using spatially varying local admittance functions13. We report here for the first time measurements of the vibratory response of a ribbed fluid-loaded shell with a large number of internally attached oscillators (∼1000). Comparisons are made to the response of an identical framed shell with no internal complexity.
Energy Absorption and Dissipation Characteristics of Pultruded Glass-Graphite/Epoxy Hybrid Composite Beams
Authors: Kowsika Murthy V. S. L. N. , Mantena P. Raju , Balasubramaniam K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The response of pultruded glass-graphite/epoxy hybrid composites is evaluated under two different incident impact energy conditions. A high incident energy (HIE) and a low incident energy (LIE) of impact are chosen to cause either complete fracture or induce delamination, respectively, for assessing the energy absorption characteristics and delamination fracture toughness of these hybrid composites. From the HIE instrumented drop-weight impact tests, the energies required for damage initiation, propagation as well as total absorbed energies and other parameters necessary for evaluating the impact performance of composites were derived from the load-deformation behavior of each sample. The influence of hybridization on the energy absorption characteristics of pultruded composites was investigated. A parametric study was also performed to correlate the energy absorption characteristics with the energy dissipative mechanisms attributed to the inherent material damping capacity of these composites. The qualitative assessment of the impact performance using inherent damping capacity as a non-destructive testing parameter is highlighted.
The samples that were subjected to LIE impact testing were examined using ultrasonic C-scan tests to ascertain the changes in the extent of delamination crack propagation as a result of hybridization. Finite element modeling was performed to simulate delamination crack propagation at various levels through the thickness. The strain energy release rate computed using the virtual crack closure technique was monitored to determine the likelihood of delamination crack propagation with increment in crack growth. The results obtained from LIE impact tests and ultrasonic C-scan tests were used to corroborate the predicted delamination fracture toughness of pultruded hybrids.
Ballistic and Damping Characteristics of ECPE/Glass Hybrid Composites
Authors: Bhatnagar Ashok , Rammoorthy Madhu , Glaser Raymond , Nori Chandrasekhar V. , Mantena P. Raju 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Lightweight ballistic composites offer a host of advantages over traditional metal armor for stopping bullets and fragments in armored vehicles. Military and civilian vehicles armored with metal require higher horsepower engines, heavy suspension systems, and heavy duty hinges. Lightweight composites, however, are easy to install and remove, and increase vehicle life by as much as 50%. Another advantage lightweight composites offer is damping to the vehicle system. Composites reduce vibration and thus increase the comfort and fatigue life of other vehicle components. In this paper the damping behavior of four types of ballistic composites using combinations of glass and extended chain polyethylene (ECPE) is characterized. These composites provide a low cost, lightweight, easy to mold material for vehicle armor. A study of ballistic properties is included and compared to damping behavior.
A Comparison of Experimentally Determined Swimbladder Resonances in Two Species of Fish
Authors: Derenburger Corrie J. , Hastings Mardi C. , Finneran James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Acoustical backscattering is used in determining the presence of fish in many bodies of water. Since the characteristics of this backscatter are predominantly determined by those of the swimbladder, knowing the frequency response of a fish’s swimbladder a priori could allow identification not only of size, but also of species. A noninvasive, non-contact ultrasonic measurement system was used to determine the in vivo frequency responses of the swimbladders of two different species of fish, the goldfish (Carassius auratus) and the oscar (Astronotus ocellatus). Experimental results showed a difference in both the resonance frequency and sharpness of resonance of the swimbladder between the two species even though all the animals tested were approximately the same size.
Line Impedance Method in 2-D Gas Pulsation Modeling
Authors: Lai Peter C.-C. , Soedel Werner 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A general procedure for the analysis of curved or flat, thin two dimensional gas cavities such as thin compressor or engine manifolds or so-called thin shell type muffler elements, which can efficiently utilize the limited space of hermetically sealed compressors or small engine compartments, has been developed by the authors (1996a and 1996b), as long as the thickness of the cavities is substantially small compared to the shortest wavelength of interest. However, for an acoustic system which consists of two different thin gas cavities sharing a common line like boundary, some modifications of this general procedure are required. In this study, a simplified refrigeration compressor manifold model, whose geometry is similar to a circular disk box attached to a cylindrical cavity, is investigated. In order to use the general formulations to solve for the forced responses, the natural frequencies and natural modes of this compressor model have to be first determined by a line impedance method proposed by the authors (1996c). Line impedances are formulated, in analogy to line receptances in structural analysis, from the pressure responses of the cylinder and disk cavities to the line volume flow rate inputs which are distributed harmonically along the circular interface of the two subsystems. The frequency characteristic equation is derived and then solved for the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the compressor model. The acoustic four poles and transfer function are finally obtained by substituting the natural frequencies and mode shapes into the general formulations.
Online Estimation of Surface Roughness by Recurrent Fuzzy Inference in Grinding Process
Authors: Kobayashi Futoshi , Arai Fumihito , Fukuda Toshio , Onoda Makoto , Marui Norimasa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Grinding process is frequently used to produce a smooth surface in the manufacturing system. Recently, for using a whetstone for a long time, grinding system needs to measure the surface roughness. However, it is difficult to measure the surface roughness and it takes a long time to measure it in process. Thus, we have to estimate surface roughness in process by online sensing information. In this paper, we propose a Recurrent Fuzzy Inference (RFI) with recurrent inputs and is applied to a multi-sensor fusion system for estimating the surface roughness. The membership functions of RFI are expressed by Radial Basis Function (RBF) with insensitive ranges. The learning method of RFI is based on the steepest descent method and incremental learning which can add new fuzzy rules. Where, the shape of new fuzzy rules is determined by the fitness of previous fuzzy rules.
Experimental Investigation of Tapped Thread Surface Roughness for Cast Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Cao Tengyun , Batzer Stephen A. , Sutherland John W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thread surface roughness is an important issue both in terms of thread quality and the lubricating effect of cutting fluid in the tapping process. In this work, experiments were conducted to investigate the flank surface roughness of tapped threads produced in cast aluminum alloy workpieces. A full factorial experiment was performed to study the effects of the machining parameters (workpiece material, cutting fluid and spindle speed) on the resulting thread flank surface roughness. Metallographic and Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) examinations of the thread flank surfaces were performed. Effects were calculated for the variables under study. Workpiece material type was identified as a statistically significant variable in influencing the thread surface roughness. Several other factors that appeared to play a role in producing the thread surface roughness variation observed in the experiments were also examined.
Mechanics of Polishing
Authors: Bulsara Vispi H. , Ahn Yoomin , Chandrasekar Srinivasan , Farris Thomas N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A model has been developed to determine the number and sizes of abrasive particles involved in material removal in polishing, and the forces acting on these particles. The effect of particle size on these parameters has been simulated for a range of particle sizes. It is shown that when polishing with abrasive powders having relatively broad size distributions, only a very small percentage of the particles are involved in material removal. Further, these particles are comprised of the larger particles occurring in the tail end of the particle size distribution. The average force on a particle is found to be in the range of 5–200 mN under typical polishing conditions, which is of the order of loads used in micro-indentation hardness testing. These predictions of the model are consistent with observations pertaining to polished surfaces and the polishing process.