bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Jokes: Mocking the Working Irish Woman: Winning Essay, Journal of Victorian Culture Graduate Essay Prize 2021
Authors: Healy Catherine 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The figure of the laughably ignorant Irish maid was one of the most recognizable Irish stereotypes in Anglo-American print culture over the late nineteenth century. Jokes about ‘Bridget’ and ‘Biddy’ crossed the Atlantic in both directions, contributing to a transnational repository of comic Irish tropes. While the cultural representation of Irish immigrants was often shaped by regional concerns, Irish servant gags were comparable, and at times identical, across locations – an indication of just how interlinked domestic sensibilities were in England and the United States. Ethnic humour of this kind partly reflected the prevalence of anti-Irish sentiment, echoing older anti-Irish caricatures. The class and racial biases revealed by transatlantic depictions of the Irish is stressed in the existing literature on Irish diaspora history, and certainly such biases help to explain many of the jokes told about servants. This essay moves beyond these perspectives, however, in arguing that comic representations of domestic service also spoke to the anxiety of the middle and upper classes reliant on external help to maintain household order, an intricate endeavour in the context of elaborate Victorian domestic protocols. The huge volume of social commentary devoted to the so-called servant question over these years was a marker of the discomfort felt by employers about managing domestic labour, and joking about the competence of maids and cooks was one means of alleviating some of the tensions prompted by servant-keeping.
Embracing Green Computing in Molecular Phylogenetics
Authors: Kumar Sudhir 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMolecular evolutionary analyses require computationally intensive steps such as aligning multiple sequences, optimizing substitution models, inferring evolutionary trees, testing phylogenies by bootstrap analysis, and estimating divergence times. With the rise of large genomic data sets, phylogenomics is imposing a big carbon footprint on the environment with consequences for the planet’s health. Electronic waste and energy usage are large environmental issues. Fortunately, innovative methods and heuristics are available to shrink the carbon footprint, presenting researchers with opportunities to lower the environmental costs and greener evolutionary computing. Green computing will also enable greater scientific rigor and encourage broader participation in big data analytics.
Structure of plant RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2, an enzyme involved in small interfering RNA production
Authors: Du Xuan , Yang Zhenlin , Ariza Alfredo Jose Florez , Wang Qian , Xie Guohui , Li Sisi , Du Jiamu 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In plants, the biogenesis of small interfering RNA (siRNA) requires a family of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases that convert single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) into double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which is subsequently cleaved into defined lengths by Dicer endonucleases. Here, we determined the structure of maize (Zea mays) RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2 (ZmRDR2) in the closed and open conformations. The core catalytic region of ZmRDR2 possesses the canonical DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP) catalytic sites, pointing to a shared RNA production mechanism between DdRPs and plant RDR-family proteins. Apo-ZmRDR2 adopts a highly compact structure, representing an inactive closed conformation. By contrast, adding RNA induced a significant conformational change in the ZmRDR2 Head domain that opened the RNA binding tunnel, suggesting this is an active elongation conformation of ZmRDR2. Overall, our structural studies trapped both the active and inactive conformations of ZmRDR2, providing insights into the molecular mechanism of dsRNA synthesis during plant siRNA production.
Hexose transporter SWEET5 confers galactose sensitivity to Arabidopsis pollen germination via a galactokinase
Authors: Wang Jiang , Yu Ya-Chi , Li Ye , Chen Li-Qing 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Galactose is an abundant and essential sugar used for the biosynthesis of many macromolecules in different organisms, including plants. Galactose metabolism is tightly and finely controlled, since excess galactose and its derivatives are inhibitory to plant growth. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), root growth and pollen germination are strongly inhibited by excess galactose. However, the mechanism of galactose-induced inhibition during pollen germination remains obscure. In this study, we characterized a plasma membrane-localized transporter, Arabidopsis Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter 5, that transports glucose and galactose. SWEET5 protein levels started to accumulate at the tricellular stage of pollen development and peaked in mature pollen, before rapidly declining after pollen germinated. SWEET5 levels are responsible for the dosage-dependent sensitivity to galactose, and galactokinase is essential for these inhibitory effects during pollen germination. However, sugar measurement results indicate that galactose flux dynamics and sugar metabolism, rather than the steady-state galactose level, may explain phenotypic differences between sweet5 and Col-0 in galactose inhibition of pollen germination.
From ‘Immoral’ Users to ‘Sunbed Addicts’: The Media–Medical Pathologising of Working-class Consumers and Young Women in Late Twentieth-century England
Authors: Creed Fabiola 
Published: February 2022

Summary
Drawing on the changing representations of sunbed consumers within everyday entertainment media and national newspapers from the late 1980s to early 1990s, this article will demonstrate how sunbed use was framed, at first, as an ‘immoral’ working-class activity, and later as a growing addictive threat to white adolescent women. Medical experts had finally confirmed that sunbeds increased the risk of developing skin cancer, and the media had taken this ‘public health’ matter into their own hands. As this occurred during a backlash against Thatcherism, their anti-sunbed coverage became entangled with moralised concerns about class, women and consumerism. These sunbed warnings stigmatised both ‘yuppies’ and young women who exercised their new economic freedoms. Unravelling these complex political, economic and social tensions will also show how historians can use fictional and ‘low-brow’ media sources (from television soaps, cartoons and the Daily Mail) to further develop the history of public health approaches.
Comparison of Ustekinumab Trough Concentrations Measured by 2 ELISA Kits and Evaluation of Clinical Response in Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Kwon Yiyoung , Kang Ben , Kim Eun Sil , Choe Yon Ho , Kim Mi Jin 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Ustekinumab is a recently introduced biological agent for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. The clinical use of the trough concentration of ustekinumab is not as standardized as that of infliximab. The authors aimed to introduce a measurement method and the results of trough concentrations of ustekinumab in clinical applications.

Methods:
Thirty-two blood samples from 10 young adult patients diagnosed with Crohn’s disease were analyzed. During the maintenance treatment, injection intervals were shortened from 12 weeks to 8 weeks in 4 patients who exhibited a loss of response. Ustekinumab trough concentrations were measured using 2 commercial ELISA kits, kit A and kit B.

Results:
The median trough concentrations measured with kits A and B were 0.26 and 0.38 mcg/mL, respectively. In the case of kit A, low trough concentrations were undetected on many occasions and measured as zero, whereas kit B displayed their relative values even at low concentrations. Poor clinical parameters, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and calprotectin levels were significantly correlated with lower trough concentrations (P < 0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of kit B (0.921) was greater than that of kit A (0.744). The optimal cutoff values for prediction clinical responses were 0.17 and 0.41 mcg/mL for kit A and kit B, respectively.

Conclusions:
The trough concentration of ustekinumab measured by the 2 ELISA kits correlated with laboratory results that indicated the activity of Crohn’s disease. Furthermore, kit B detected even minute changes in trough concentrations.
ELEVATED LEVEL OF URIC ACID, BUT NOT GLUCOSE, IN AQUEOUS HUMOR AS A RISK FACTOR FOR DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES
Authors: Qin Yong Jie , Zhang Yu Lin , Zhang Yu Qiao , He Bei Ting , Wang Sheng , Yu Hong Hua , Chan Sun On , Zhang Hong Yang 
Published: February 2022

Purpose:
To determine the association of uric acid (UA) and glucose in aqueous humor with diabetic macular edema (DME) in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

Methods:
Patients with DME or diabetes mellitus without retinopathy were enrolled from August 2016 to December 2020. Nondiabetic patients with age-related cataract or age-related macular degeneration were included as controls.

Results:
A total of 585 eyes from 585 patients were included for this study. Statistical analysis showed that aqueous UA was associated with central retinal thickness (r = 0.39, P < 0.0001), with higher levels of UA in severe DME and lower levels in mild DME, suggesting an ocular source of UA from the diabetic retina. Aqueous UA {odds ratio (OR), 6.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.61–18.12)}, but not aqueous glucose (0.95 [95% CI, 0.73–1.23]) or serum UA (0.90 [95% CI, 0.66–1.23]), was a stronger predictor for DME than the duration of DM (1.26 [95% CI, 1.12–1.42]) or hemoglobin A1c (1.35 [95% CI, 0.99–1.83]). If aqueous UA (<2.46 mg/dL) and aqueous glucose (<6.43 mmol/L) were used as reference, high UA (≥2.46 mg/dL) alone was associated with 5.83-fold increase in risk of DME, but high glucose (≥6.43 mg/dL) alone was not associated with DME.

Conclusion:
Increased aqueous UA, but not glucose, is an independent risk factor for DME. These data suggest that an intravitreal UA-lowering therapy could be beneficial for DME.
RESPONSE TO TREATMENT OF CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION IN HIGHLY MYOPIC EYES WITH DOME-SHAPED MACULA
Authors: Pozzo Giuffrida Francesco , Leone Gaia , Mainetti Claudia , Galli Davide , Dell’Arti Laura , Mapelli Chiara , Nassisi Marco , Viola Francesco 
Published: February 2022

Purpose:
To compare the 2-year outcome to antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy for myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in the eyes with or without dome-shaped macula (DSM).

Methods:
Data from treatment-naive myopic CNV with a 2-year follow-up were retrospectively collected and divided into two groups according to the presence of DSM. The best-corrected visual acuity was acquired at baseline, 3, 12, and 24 months. The association between visual outcomes and CNV type and area, presence of scleral-derived feeder vessel, macular atrophy, and lacquer cracks at baseline was also evaluated.

Results:
Fifty-four eyes of 54 patients were included; 18 eyes (33.4%) had DSM. Choroidal neovascularization was foveal in 10 DSM eyes (55.6%) and in 30 non-DSM eyes (83.9%), P = 0.033. At baseline, the mean best-corrected visual acuity was significantly higher in the DSM group (68.33 ± 12.04 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters, 20/40 Snellen) compared with the non-DSM group (57.75 ± 13.46 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters, 20/72 Snellen; P = 0.007). This difference disappeared after 3 months and did not reoccur afterward. All other parameters were not significantly associated with visual outcomes.

Conclusion:
Overall, DSM does not represent a negative prognostic factor in response to antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy in myopic CNVs after 2 years. However, in DSM eyes, CNVs tend to be extrafoveal, thus ensuring a good visual prognosis from the earliest stage of the disease.
BILATERAL SERPIGINOUS-LIKE CHORIORETINITIS ASSOCIATED WITH CILIOCHOROIDAL MELANOMA
Authors: Al-Moujahed Ahmad , Lin Jonathan H. , Gagnon Michael R. , Pulido Jose , Mruthyunjaya Prithvi , Jung Jesse J. 
Published: February 2022

Purpose:
To report the clinicopathologic correlation of a case of bilateral serpiginous-like chorioretinitis (SLC) associated with unilateral ciliochoroidal melanoma.

Methods:
A 71-year-old white woman was diagnosed with progressive SLC in both eyes associated with ciliochoroidal melanoma in the right eye. Clinical findings and imaging before and after enucleation in the right eye were correlated to histologic and immunohistochemistry sections.

Results:
Examination and imaging identified a peripheral bilobed amelanotic lesion with low reflectivity on B-scan ultrasound with an associated exudative detachment in the right eye. Additionally, multiple areas of new SLC lesions in the macula and peripapillary region in the right eye and along the inferior arcade in the left eye were observed. Oncologic evaluation confirmed a Class 2, ciliochoroidal melanoma, and the eye was enucleated. Autoimmune and infectious laboratory evaluations for the etiology of the SLC lesions were negative. Histopathology of the enucleated eye confirmed the diagnosis of uveal melanoma with lymphocytic inflammation at the edges of the tumor itself and in the areas of discrete SLC lesions. Immunohistochemistry identified similar predominantly CD3 and CD8 T cells and fewer CD20 B cells in both regions.

Conclusion:
Serpiginous-like chorioretinitis may present as a paraneoplastic, predominantly T-lymphocyte inflammation associated with intraocular tumor such as uveal melanoma.
PRIMARY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND VITREORETINAL LYMPHOMA MIMICKING VIRAL RETINITIS IN A YOUNG PATIENT
Authors: Mehta Nitish , Scholle Tahira , Chevez-Barrios Patricia , Schefler Amy C. , Weng Christina Y. 
Published: February 2022

Background/Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to report a young immunocompetent patient with primary central nervous system and vitreoretinal lymphoma initially presenting with peripheral retinitis.

Methods:
This study is a case report.

Results:
A 31-year-old woman presented with 20/60 vision in her left eye, vitreous haze, and peripheral retinal whitening. Intravitreal and oral antivirals were initiated for presumed acute retinal necrosis. Anterior chamber paracentesis was negative for viral nucleotide. Subretinal infiltrates developed, and vitreous biopsy was performed and interpreted as “negative except for rare yeast.” Antifungal therapy was initiated. She developed multiple unilateral cranial neuropathies with multifocal areas of enhancement on neuroimaging. Lumbar puncture cytology was negative for neoplastic cells. After further worsening, aforementioned specimens were sent to a specialized ophthalmic pathology laboratory and the diagnosis revised to lymphoma of the diffuse B-cell type. Initial disease regression was seen after combined systemic and intraocular chemotherapy; unfortunately, the patient suffered a central nervous system recurrence and died from systemic complications 1 year later.

Conclusion:
There has been an increased incidence of primary central nervous system and vitreoretinal lymphoma in young patients. Although vitreous biopsy is the diagnostic gold standard for vitreoretinal lymphoma, a risk of false negative interpretation exists. A high index of suspicion and expert interpretation of pathology may be necessary to secure the correct diagnosis.
Adherence to Analgesics Among Outpatients Seriously Ill With Cancer
Authors: Stapleton Stephen J. , Dyal Brenda W. , Boyd Andrew D. , Suarez Marie L. , Ezenwa Miriam O. , Yao Yingwei , Wilkie Diana J. 
Published: February 2022

Background
Adherence to prescribed analgesics for patients seriously ill with cancer pain is essential for comfort.

Objective
The objective of this study was to determine the analgesic adherence in seriously ill patients with cancer and its association with clinical and demographic characteristics.

Methods
This is a cross-sectional study. At home, 202 patients with cancer (mean age, 59.9 ± 14.2 years; 58% female, 48% Black, and 42% White) admitted to hospice/palliative care completed measures on a pen tablet: PAINReportIt, Symptom Distress Scale, mood state item, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index item, and Pain Management Index.

Results
The mean current pain intensity was 4.4 ± 2.9, and the mean worst pain in the past 24 hours was 7.2 ± 2.7. More than one-half of participants were not satisfied with their pain level (54%) and reported their pain was more intense than they wanted to tolerate for 18 hours or longer in the last 24 hours (51%). Only 12% were not prescribed analgesics appropriate for the intensity of their pain. Adherence rates were variable: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (0.63 ± 0.50), adjuvants (0.93 ± 0.50), World Health Organization step 2 opioids (0.63 ± 0.49), and step 3 opioids (0.80 ± 0.40). With setting/clinical/demographic variables in the model, dose intervals of less than 8 hours were associated with less adherence (P < .001).

Conclusion
Little progress has been made toward improving analgesic adherence even in settings providing analgesics without cost. Research focused on targeting analgesic dose intervals and barriers not related to cost is needed.

Implication for Practice
Dose intervals of 8 hours or longer were significantly associated with higher adherence rates; therefore, use of longer-acting analgesics is one strategy to improve pain control at the end of life.
Evaluation of the Cranial Aperture of the Optic Canal on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Images and its Clinical Implications for the Transcranial Approaches
Authors: Adanir Saliha Seda , Bakşi Yusuf Emin , Beger Orhan , Bahşi Ilhan , Kervancioğlu Piraye , Yalçin Eda Didem , Orhan Mustafa 
Published: February 2022

Objective:
This study aimed to investigate morphometric properties of the cranial aperture (CA) of the optic canal.

Methods:
Cone-beam computed tomography images of 400 individuals (200 males and 200 females) aged 37.32 ± 15.87 years were retrospectively examined to assess the morphometry and morphology of the CA.

Results:
The height and width of CA were found as 4.22 ± 0.74 mm and 7.27 ± 1.15 mm, respectively. The distances between the CA and the midsagittal line, the anterior and lateral boundaries of the anterior skull base were measured as 5.77 ± 1.32 mm, 64.97 ± 6.36 mm, and 41.00 ± 4.05, respectively. The angle of the optic canal in the sagittal plane was measured as 7.57° ± 3.95°, whereas in the horizontal plane as 38.96° ± 4.36°. The aperture shape was defined as the tear-drop (413 foramina, 51.62%), triangular (180 foramina, 22.50%), oval (158 foramina, 19.75%), round (30 foramina, 3.75%), and polygonal (19 foramina, 2.38%).

Conclusions:
The authors observed that the diameters, and angulations of the CA may change relative to gender and the shape. The anatomic features of CA are important for the positioning of the patient’s head, the choice of the appropriate surgical approach or equipment, and the detection of anatomical landmarks during interventions. In this context, our dataset may be beneficial for surgeons helpful as a reference for radiological evaluations.
Climate change perceptions, impacts and adaptation practices of fishers in southeast Bangladesh coast
Authors: Alam Edris , Mallick Bishawjit 
Published: February 2022

Purpose
The small-scale artisanal fishers in coastal Bangladesh are comparatively more vulnerable to climate risks than any other communities in Bangladesh. Based on practicality, this paper aims to explain the local level climate change perception, its impact and adaptation strategies of the fisher in southeast coastal villages in Bangladesh.

Design/methodology/approach
To achieve the above objective, this study used structural, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion in two coastal communities, namely, at Salimpur in the Sitakund coast and Sarikait Sandwip Island, Bangladesh. It reviews and applies secondary data sources to compare and contrast the findings presented in this study.

Findings
Results show that the fishers perceived an increase in temperature, frequency of tropical cyclones and an increase in sea level. They also perceived a decrease in monsoon rainfall. Such changes impact the decreasing amount of fish in the Bay of Bengal and the fishers’ livelihood options. Analysing seasonal calendar of fishing, findings suggest that fishers’ well-being is highly associated with the amount of fish yield, rather than climatic stress, certain non-climatic factors (such as the governmental rules, less profit, bank erosion and commercial fishing) also affected their livelihood. The major adaptation strategies undertaken include, but are not limited to, installation of tube well or rainwater harvesting plant for safe drinking water, raising plinth of the house to cope with inundation and use of solar panel/biogas for electricity.

Originality/value
Despite experiencing social stress and extreme climatic events and disasters, the majority of the fishing community expressed that they would not change their profession in future. The research suggests implementing risk reduction strategies in the coastal region of Bangladesh that supports the small-scale fishers to sustain their livelihood despite climate change consequences.
R&D spending intensity of private vs public firms: the role of cash flow, leverage and information quality
Authors: Adu-Ameyaw Emmanuel , Danso Albert , Hickson Linda , Lartey Theophilus 
Published: February 2022

PurposeThis study provides a large sample comparison of research and development (R&D) spending intensity in private and public firms and the extent to which these firms' unique characteristics affect their R&D spending rate.Design/methodology/approachThe study compares both private and public data from UK firms for the period 2006–2016, generating a total matched 232,029 firm-year observations, and applies a probability model technique to our large panel datasets.FindingsThe authors uncover that private firms show lower R&D spending intensity compared to their public counterparts. The authors evidence also shows that privately owned firms in the technological (non-technological) sector display higher (lower) probability of R&D spending intensity. Compared with public firms, the authors further observe that the intensity of private firms' R&D spending increases with higher internal cash flow, leverage and industry information quality. The authors results remain robust to alternative econometric models.Research limitations/implicationsDespite the findings of this study, the authors would like to point out that the use of a single country's data limits the generalisability of our findings. Thus, future studies may also consider extending this study across multiple countries.Practical implicationsA key implication of our study is that private firms are more likely to finance R&D intensity from the internally generated cash flow compared to the public ones. This stems from the fact that private firms are more likely to experience higher costs in raising external finance for innovative activities than public firms. Thus, easy access to funding for private firms is vital for enhancing R&D activities of the private firms.Originality/valueBy combining both private and public firms' datasets, the authors are able to provide new evidence to suggest that the intensity of private firms' R&D spending is dependent on internal cash flow, leverage and the industry information level. In fact, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that explores these relationships.