bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The soft X-ray background with Suzaku. I. Milky Way halo
Authors: Ueda Masaki , Sugiyama Hayato , Kobayashi Shogo B , Fukushima Kotaro , Yamasaki Noriko Y , Sato Kosuke , Matsushita Kyoko 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We present measurements of the soft X-ray background emission for 130 Suzaku observations at 75° &lt; l &lt; 285° and |b| &gt; 15° obtained from 2005 to 2015, covering nearly one solar cycle. In addition to the standard soft X-ray background model consisting of the local hot bubble and the Milky Way Halo (MWH), we include a hot collisional-ionization-equilibrium component with a temperature of ∼0.8 keV to reproduce spectra of a significant fraction of the lines of sight. Then, the scatter in the relation between the emission measure vs. temperature of the MWH component is reduced. Here, we exclude time ranges with high count rates to minimize the effect of the solar wind charge exchange (SWCX). However, the spectra of almost the same lines of sight are inconsistent. The heliospheric SWCX emissions likely contaminate and give a bias in measurements of temperature and the emission measure of the MWH. Excluding the data around the solar maximum and using the data taken before the end of 2009, at |b| &gt; 35° and 105° &lt; l &lt; 255°, the temperature (0.22 keV) and emission measure (2 × 10−3 cm−6 pc) of the MWH are fairly uniform. The increase of the emission measure toward the lower Galactic latitude at |b| &lt; 35° indicates the presence of a disk-like morphology component. A composite model which consists of disk-like and spherical-morphology components also reproduces the observed emission measure distribution of MWH. In this case, the hydrostatic mass at a few tens of kiloparsec from the Galactic center agrees with the gravitational mass of the Milky Way. The plasma with the virial temperature likely fills the Milky Way halo in nearly hydrostatic equilibrium. Assuming a gas metallicity of 0.3 solar, the upper limit of the gas mass of the spherical component out to 250 kpc, or the virial radius, is ∼ a few × 1010 M⊙.
Comparison of Polynucleotide, Sodium Hyaluronate, and Crosslinked Sodium Hyaluronate for the Management of Painful Knee Osteoarthritis: A Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Study
Authors: Moon Jee Youn , Kim Jeongsoo , Lee Jin Young , Ko Youngkwon , Park Hue Jung , Jeon Young Hoon 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Objective
To compare the clinical effectiveness of sodium polynucleotide, classic hyaluronic acid, and crosslinked hyaluronic acid for the management of painful knee osteoarthritis.

Design
Randomized, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial.

Setting
Multicenter study.

Subjects
Patients with chronic painful knee osteoarthritis.

Methods
Ninety patients were selected and randomized into polynucleotide, classic hyaluronic acid, and crosslinked hyaluronic acid groups (30 per group). Intra-articular injections of the viscosupplement for each group were administered to the patients three times at one-week intervals. The primary outcome was differences in changes of weight-bearing pain scores at 16 weeks between the groups. The secondary outcomes were changes in the intensity of knee pain during weight-bearing, walking, and rest, and functional disability, quality of life, and adverse events during the 16-week follow-up period.

Results
At 16 weeks, the polynucleotide group showed a higher reduction in pain score using a Visual Analog Scale score (0–100) than the classic hyaluronic acid (−17.6 [95% CI = −35.1 to −0.1]; P = .048) and crosslinked hyaluronic acid (−22.4 [95% CI = −41.5 to −3.3]; P = .016) groups. The polynucleotide and crosslinked hyaluronic acid groups showed an early-onset reduction in knee pain during weight-bearing, walking, and rest. All three groups showed reductions in functional disability and improved quality of life at 16 weeks without inter-group differences. No severe adverse events were reported throughout the study period.

Conclusion
Polynucleotide significantly relieves pain more and relieves pain faster in patients with knee osteoarthritis than classic and crosslinked hyaluronic acid, with improved health-related quality of life.
The lifetime of charged dust in the atmosphere
Authors: Méndez Harper Joshua , Harvey Dana , Huang Tianshu , McGrath Jake , Meer David , Burton Justin C 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Wind-blown dust plays a critical role in numerous geophysical and biological systems, yet current models fail to explain the transport of coarse-mode particles (&gt;5 μm) to great distances from their sources. For particles larger than a few microns, electrostatic effects have been invoked to account for longer-than-predicted atmospheric residence times. Although much effort has focused on elucidating the charging processes, comparatively little effort has been expended understanding the stability of charge on particles once electrified. Overall, electrostatic-driven transport requires that charge remain present on particles for days to weeks. Here, we present a set of experiments designed to explore the longevity of electrostatic charge on levitated airborne particles after a single charging event. Using an acoustic levitator, we measured the charge on particles of different material compositions suspended in atmospheric conditions for long periods of time. In dry environments, the total charge on particles decayed in over 1 week. The decay timescale decreased to days in humid environments. These results were independent of particle material and charge polarity. However, exposure to UV radiation could both increase and decrease the decay time depending on polarity. Our work suggests that the rate of charge decay on airborne particles is solely determined by ion capture from the air. Furthermore, using a one-dimensional sedimentation model, we predict that atmospheric dust of order 10 μm will experience the largest change in residence time due to electrostatic forces.
The strings of the ‘golden straitjacket’: sovereign ratings and the welfare state in developed countries
Authors: Johnston Alison , Barta Zsófia 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDo sovereign ratings influence social spending in developed countries? Ratings are highly publicized and fiscally consequential assessments of countries’ creditworthiness shown to penalize welfare-largesse. We hypothesize that downgrades induce governments to retrench social spending, and test this hypothesis via panel-analyses of 23 OECD countries between 1995 and 2019. Our event-study shows that downgrades are associated with spending reductions, but upgrades have no effect. Our error-correction models demonstrate that, since the global financial crisis, spending on social services and transfers is reduced after downgrades, with reductions in social transfers occurring over the longer run. Reductions are particularly pronounced in country-years with high public debt and social–democratic executives but are independent of elections. We conclude that ratings became a binding constraint on social spending since the crisis drove home developed countries’ fallibility in international debt markets.
A qualitative study regarding menstrual hygiene in a rural community of Haryana, India
Authors: Parija Pragyan Paramita , Sharma Nitika , Salve Harshal R , Kumar Rakesh , Yadav Kapil , Mandal Suprakash 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTIntroductionAdolescent girls face challenges in menstrual hygiene in routine patterns which impacts their education and health. A qualitative study was undertaken to assess the knowledge and practices regarding menstruation in a rural community of Haryana and to identify the barriers to menstrual hygiene.MethodologyThe study was conducted in the month of September 2019 among various stakeholders i.e. adolescent females, adolescent males, Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) workers, Anganwadi workers, school teachers and Medical Officers. The stakeholders were mapped with the help of a Multi-Purpose Health Worker and ASHA of the village. Interview guides for focus group discussion (FGD) and in-depth interview (IDI) were prepared from previous literature to understand menstrual health management among the stakeholders.ResultsAfter IDI and FGD, we found that there is a barrier to accessibility of regular sanitary pads, a lack of education on menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls. School absenteeism was a concern due to the unavailability of mechanisms for the disposal of sanitary pads in school and poor maintenance of toilets.ConclusionProper implementation of the Adolescent Reproductive Sexual Health program and Menstrual health education can improve the use and reduce stigma and ignorance. Free uninterrupted supply of sanitary pads through school and Anganwadi will help improving accessibility and separate toilets for girls would lead to a reduction in absenteeism.
Fast-forwarding evolution—Accelerated adaptation in a proofreading-deficient hypermutator herpesvirus
Authors: Xing Na , Höfler Thomas , Hearn Cari J , Nascimento Mariana , Camps Paradell Georgina , McMahon Dino P , Kunec Dusan , Osterrieder Nikolaus , Cheng Hans H , Trimpert Jakob 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Evolution relies on the availability of genetic diversity for fitness-based selection. However, most deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses employ DNA polymerases (Pol) capable of exonucleolytic proofreading to limit mutation rates during DNA replication. The relative genetic stability produced by high-fidelity genome replication can make studying DNA virus adaptation and evolution an intensive endeavor, especially in slowly replicating viruses. Here, we present a proofreading-impaired Pol mutant (Y547S) of Marek’s disease virus that exhibits a hypermutator phenotype while maintaining unimpaired growth in vitro and wild-type (WT)-like pathogenicity in vivo. At the same time, mutation frequencies observed in Y547S virus populations are 2–5-fold higher compared to the parental WT virus. We find that Y547S adapts faster to growth in originally non-permissive cells, evades pressure conferred by antiviral inhibitors more efficiently, and is more easily attenuated by serial passage in cultured cells compared to WT. Our results suggest that hypermutator viruses can serve as a tool to accelerate evolutionary processes and help identify key genetic changes required for adaptation to novel host cells and resistance to antiviral therapy. Similarly, the rapid attenuation achieved through adaptation of hypermutators to growth in cell culture enables identification of genetic changes underlying attenuation and virulence, knowledge that could practically exploited, e.g. in the rational design of vaccines.
Is Standing Function Improved After Orthopaedic Surgery in Children With Cerebral Palsy at GMFCS Levels III/IV?
Authors: Lennon Nancy , Church Chris , Chua Theresa , Salazar-Torres Jose J. , Henley John , Gillooly Elizabeth , Shrader M. Wade , Kalisperis Faithe , Miller Freeman , Howard Jason J. 
Published: October 2022

Background:
Children with cerebral palsy (CP) at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels III/IV are at risk for losses in standing function during adolescence and transition to adulthood. Multilevel surgery (MLS) is an effective treatment to improve gait, but its effects on standing function are not well documented. The objectives of our study were to describe standing function in children with CP classified as GMFCS levels III/IV and evaluate change after MLS.

Methods:
This retrospective study included children with CP (GMFCS III/IV) ages 6 to 20 years who underwent instrumented gait analysis. A subset who underwent MLS were evaluated for change. Primary outcome measures were Gross Motor Function Measure dimension D, gait velocity, functional mobility scale, and the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI). Additional impairment level measures included foot pressure, knee extension during stance phase of gait, and knee extension passive range of motion.

Results:
Four hundred thirty-seven instrumented gait analysis sessions from 321 children with CP (ages 13.7±4.8 y; GMFCS III-81%/IV-19%) were included. The GMFCS III group had higher Gross Motor Function Measure dimension D, gait velocity, PODCI scores, and better knee extension compared with the GMFCS IV group (P<0.05); 94 MLS were evaluated for postoperative change 15.3±4.2 months after MLS. Children at GMFCS level III had improved PODCI scores (P<0.05), better knee extension passive range of motion (P<0.01), and improved coronal plane foot pressure (P<0.05) post MLS. Maximum knee extension during stance and heel impulse improved significantly in both groups (P<0.01).

Conclusions:
Standing function of children with CP at GMFCS IV was significantly more limited than at GMFCS III. After MLS, both groups (III/IV) showed improvement in impairment level outcomes (knee extension and foot position), whereas only those functioning at GMFCS III had improvement in activity/participation outcomes according to the PODCI. For children with CP at GMFCS levels IV, MLS may improve standing function, but appropriate goals related to assisted standing and measurement protocols sensitive to limited functional mobility should be adopted.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative study.
A Case Series With Acquired Dermal Melanocytosis: A Retrospective Study From 2001 to 2018
Authors: Hsiao Pa-Fan , Chou Wayne , Wu Yu-Hung 
Published: October 2022

Abstract:
Acquired dermal melanocytosis (ADM) is a pigmented lesion caused by melanocytes in the dermis, and it is most often observed on the face of young and middle-aged Asian women. ADM development may be associated with melanin synthesis alterations, but little evidence of its molecular and histological alteration has yet been reported. This study aimed to evaluate ADM in different body locations using different immunohistochemical and chemical staining techniques. This retrospective case series includes consecutive patients confirmed as ADM by biopsy between 2001 and 2018. Patient data and archival images were used to determine the pattern and duration of skin lesions, as confirmed by data analysis of immunohistopathological staining of skin biopsy specimens. A total of 22 ADM patients were included with mean age at diagnosis of 47 years, and 63.6% were female. The most common site was limbs (36.4%), followed by face (27.3%), trunk (22.7%), and scalp (13.6%). Melanin levels were highest in the face and upper extremities and lowest in the trunk. All participants had perivascular distribution of dermal melanocytes, particularly on the face and limbs. The perineural distribution of dermal melanocytes was observed in the lower limbs, with prominent inflammation and fibrosis on the scalp. Dermal melanocytes expressed most markers recognizing melanocytes except for CD117. Analysis of this ADM case series has confirmed that melanin is activated by dermal melanocytes that may aggregate along blood vessels. CD117 may be a useful biomarker by which to identify the migration of epidermal melanocytes.
Presence of the partner in the operating room during emergency caesarean section
Authors: Nedergaard Helene K. , Balaganeshan Thanikaivashan , Weitling Eva E. , Petersen Henriette S. , Brøchner Anne C. 
Published: October 2022

BACKGROUND
Emergency caesarean sections are often very urgent, with limited time for informing and guiding parents. Is it preferable to leave the partner outside of the operating room, or let the partner accompany the mother?

OBJECTIVE
This review aimed to provide an overview of the available evidence regarding the presence of the partner in the operating room during emergency caesarean sections.

DESIGN
Scoping review.

DATA SOURCES
A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cinahl and the Cochrane Library.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
All published literature reporting on emergency caesarean sections in regional or general anaesthesia with the partner present in the operating room were eligible, no matter the design.

RESULTS
Twenty-four titles, published between 1984 and 2020, were included; 15 contained original clinical findings and 9 were letters/debates. Quality of evidence was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool and found to be very low/low (17 studies), moderate (6) or good (1). Studies originated from Europe (16 studies), USA/Canada (4), South America (2), Asia (1) and Africa (1). Content data were thematically summarised and were overall either in favour or against having the partner present. Staff seemed reluctant to let partners be present for caesarean sections under general anaesthesia; mothers and partners preferred the partners’ presence. Under regional anaesthesia, parents also wished for the partners’ presence and described the caesarean section under regional anaesthesia as a predominantly positive experience. Most staff had a favourable attitude towards letting the partner be present for caesarean sections under regional anaesthesia.

CONCLUSION
Limited evidence exists regarding the presence of the partner during emergency caesarean sections, but is of low quality. Most parents prefer having their partner present. Staff can be reluctant, especially when general anaesthesia is used.
CHOROIDAL NEVUS ASSOCIATED WITH VITELLIFORM DEPOSITION IN A PATIENT WITH AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT BEST DYSTROPHY
Authors: Adams Olufemi E. , Siddiqui Yousuf , Simmons Michael A. , Tang Peter H. , Koozekanani Dara D. 
Published: October 2022

Background/Purpose:To describe the clinical, optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence and ultrasound findings of a patient with a choroidal nevus actively exuding vitelliform material in the setting of autosomal dominant Best dystrophy (BD).Methods:The patient's clinical course was followed over time with ophthalmic examinations and multimodal imaging.Results:A 71-year-old male patient with BD was referred for evaluation of a choroidal nevus in the right eye. Dilated fundoscopic examination showed a small pigmented choroidal nevus in the temporal periphery. Over a 3-year period, the nevus developed progressive deposition of vitelliform material along its inferior border. Meanwhile, OCT and fundus photography showed only slight growth. Ultrasound showed no change in height; basal measurements were confounded by the increased vitelliform deposits. Genetic testing confirmed a heterozygous mutation in theBEST1gene and electrophysiology was consistent with BD.Conclusions:Dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium associated with BD may cause novel presentations of other conditions such as choroidal nevi. The implication for malignant transformation of a choroidal nevus associated with vitelliform deposit accumulation in this context is unknown.
Fluorescein-Assisted Microsurgical Resection of Vestibular Schwannoma: A Prospective Feasibility Study
Authors: Chan Stephen A. , Macielak Robert J. , Tuchscherer Amy M. , Neff Brian A. , Driscoll Colin L.W. , Peris-Celda Maria , Van Gompel Jamie J. , Link Michael J. , Carlson Matthew L. 
Published: October 2022

Objective
To evaluate the optimal dose and timing of administration of sodium fluorescein (SF) for selective fluorescence of sporadic vestibular schwannoma (VS) during microsurgery with the YELLOW 560-nm microscope filter (YE560) and to characterize the potential benefit of this fluorescence as determined by intraoperative surgeon assessment.

Study Design
Prospective cohort study.

Setting
Tertiary referral center.

Patients
Adult patients undergoing VS microsurgery.

Interventions
Intraoperative intravenous administration of SF and visualization with the YE560.

Main Outcome Measures
Time to differential fluorescence, duration of fluorescence, correlation of fluorescence of VS with electrostimulation and white light microscopy visual assessment, and likelihood of surgeons to use SF with the YE560 in future cases.

Results
Novel use of SF and YE560 during microsurgery achieved selective fluorescence of VS with capabilities to differentiate nerve fascicles and tumor approximately 30 minutes after administration. Nuances of SF administration and timing are discussed. Seventy-five percent of surgeons observed an excellent correlation of selective fluorescence with white light microscopy. Representative images and cases are presented.

Conclusions
SF and YE560 may be used in VS microsurgery to visually differentiate VS from surrounding nerves. Potential benefits include enhanced visualization of the tumor–nerve interface for tumor dissection and detection of any residual disease, such as in the fundus after hearing preservation microsurgery.
Anticoagulant and antiplatelet activity of aqueous extracts of Citrus sinensis and Lippia alba: interactions and potential for the development of antithrombotics
Authors: Leite Paula Mendonça , Miranda Ana Paula Nader , Gomes Izabella , Rodrigues Maria Luiza , Amorim Juliana Mendes , de Lima Gilberto Augusto Teixeira Dalboni , Duarte Rita Carolina Figueiredo , Fuly André Lopes , Faraco André Augusto Gomes , das Graças Carvalho Maria , Castilho Rachel Oliveira 
Published: October 2022

Citrus sinensis and Lippia alba are herbal medicines widely used in the form of tea (infusion, decoction), which ethanolic extracts have already shown great anticoagulant activity in vitro. For this reason, they seem to be excellent candidates for the development of new antithrombotics and also have the potential to interact with them.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of aqueous extracts in blood coagulation and platelet aggregation, in addition to analysing the micromolecular composition of these species.
Thrombin generation test (TGT) by the Calibrated Automated Thrombogram method and Platelet Aggregation Test by turbidimetry were performed to evaluate the biological activities, while the chemical composition was qualitatively evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Aqueous extracts were elaborated according to the folk use.
All extracts were effective in reducing thrombin formation in TGT. Infusion of L. alba and infusion and decoction of C. sinensis at a concentration of 0.6 mg/ml significantly reduced platelet aggregation induced by ADP, and only the decoction of L. alba at the same concentration was able to significantly reduce collagen-induced platelet aggregation. The presence of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids in C. sinensis and L. alba extracts was verified. Furthermore, hesperidin was identified in C. sinensis through coinjection.

C. sinensis and L. alba are rich in phenolics and demonstrated an in-vitro effect on important processes of haemostasis (blood coagulation, platelet agreggation), corroborating the potential of C. sinensis and L. alba for the development of antithrombotics and interact with them.