bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Ethyl Methyl 4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylates as
Potential Calcium Channel Blockers for Hypertension
Authors: Bansal Ranju , Jain Priyanka , Narang Gaurav , Kaur Anupreet , Calle Carmen , Carron Rosalia 
Published: June 2022

Aim:
Several new dihydropyridine-based calcium channel blockers have been synthesized and
pharmacologically evaluated for the treatment of hypertension

Background:
Dihydropyridines constitute an important class of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) due to
their high potency, wide heterogeneity and tremendous biological usefulness. As a follow-up to our previous
studies on 4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridines as calcium channel blockers for the treatment of hypertension,
four new series of methyl ethyl ester substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines are reported.

Objectives:
The aim of the work was to study the effects of unsymmetrical ester substitutions on calcium
channel blocking activity of dihydropyridines (DHPs) while retaining the aminoalkoxy side chain at various
positions of the 4-aryl ring. The type and location of the substituents on the 4-aryl ring have been
extensively explored to study the structure-activity relationship (SAR) in this series of dihydropyridines
as calcium channel blockers.

Methodology:
The target DHPs were synthesized using modified Hantzsch condensation and further derivatization.
The compounds were screened for their inhibitory potential against L-type calcium channels at a single
concentration of 10 μM on NG108-15 cells (Neuroblastoma X Glioma). The most potent DHP 12 was
also tested for its vasodilatory activity using rat thoracic aortic rings precontracted with KCl (30 mM) and
in vivo antihypertensive activity in rats using the tail-cuff method.

Results:
The newly synthesized DHPs displayed diversified calcium channel blocking activity with compounds
1e, 1h, 2d, 2f, 2h, 6, 9, 11, 12 and 14, producing more than 50% inhibition of veratridine response.
3-imidazolylpropoxy substituted analogue 12 turned out to be the most potent compound of the
four series of compounds and produced fairly higher inhibition (78.6%) of veratridine response in comparison
to nifedipine (70%) at 10 μM. In addition, compound 12 produced potent vasodilatory and antihypertensive
properties.

Conclusion:
Both location of the side chain and the type of substituent on methyl ethyl ester substituted
4-aryl ring affected the response of dihydropyridine derivatives towards L-type calcium channels.
A State-of-the-art Review on Keratin Biomaterial as Eminent Nanocarriers
for Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: Palanisamy Ponnusamy , Srinivasan Venkataramanan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract:
The utilization of biomaterials in the human body was first practiced several years ago to restore
normal functional activities by replacing the impaired organs with bio-inspired materials without
devastating the cells and tissues. Today, many advanced technologies are reported to be worthwhile to
effectively prepare different categories of biomaterials with amplified properties and characteristics for
therapeutic applications. When considering the prosperous aspects of biomaterials, keratin has proved to
be a fascinating material and has allured many researchers in various novel scientific studies, especially
in drug delivery systems. Keratin is a naturally derived fibrous protein with cysteine, proline, serine, and
glycine as the main amino acid constituents and has been found to have remarkable properties. Although
keratin exhibits excellence and loss of distinction, it is utilized effectively in drug delivery for treating
various diseases. Certainly, keratin nanoparticles (KNPs) showed remarkable features, such as optimistic
surface area, good encapsulation efficiency, and controlled release of drugs. However, there is a need for
more research to know about the cell interaction with keratin nanoparticles in novel drug delivery management.
Indeed, certain biological and mechanical factors in alpha and beta keratins are still ambiguous,
and higher attentiveness is required. The major purpose of this review is to assess the prospective utility
and outstanding features of keratin nanoparticles in drug delivery systems. Keratin types, source of extraction,
and properties are reviewed in this article. The characteristics and development of KNP are highlighted.
Furthermore, the importance of nanoparticles in drug delivery, drug release mechanisms, challenges,
and the need for future research are discussed.
Development of a Ranibizumab Biosimilar using Bovine Milk-Derived
Exosomes for the Inhibition of Corneal Neovascularization
Authors: An-Jianbin  , Zhou-Nalei  , Li-Yanchao  , Qiao-Xinrui  , Yang-Xinya  , Ma-Siqi  , Shi-Junfang  
Published: June 2022

Introduction:
Corneal neovascularization disease is an important clinical symptom of many ocular surface disorders, and the use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs is considered the most promising treatment method.

Method:
Ranibizumab (RB) is one of the few anti-VEGF drugs approved by the FDA in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases, but the special synthetic route leads to a short biological half-life, and therapeutic concentration cannot be maintained for a long time in clinical treatment. Therefore, we aim to develop a low immunogenicity sustained release system to improve the bioavailability of RB. RB was loaded on bovine milk-derived exosomes (MEXOs), and the in vitro release profile and pharmacokinetic characteristics were detected. RB was continuously release from the MEXOs (2 days, 60 h). The tubular network formation experiment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells showed that the MEXOs enhanced the inhibitory effects of RB on VEGF-induced tube formation, as confirmed by a cell proliferation experiment.

Results:
In vivo experiments showed that RB-loaded bovine milk-derived exosomes (RB-MEXOs) increased the precorneal residence time and half-life period of RB in New Zealand white rabbits.

Conclusion:
These results suggested that RB-MEXOs is conducive to the maintenance of effective RB concentration in vivo, and their use is potential strategy for treating corneal vascularization.
Key Radiological Features of COVID-19 Chest CT Scans with a Focus
on Special Subgroups: A Literature Review
Authors: Nouaili Noor , Garner Rachael , Salehi Sana , Rocca Marianna La , Duncan Dominique 
Published: June 2022

Abstract:
In 2019, a series of novel pneumonia cases later known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) were reported in Wuhan, China. Chest computed tomography (CT) has played a key role in the management and prognostication in COVID-19 patients. CT has demonstrated 98%
sensitivity in detecting COVID-19, including identifying lung abnormalities that are suggestive of COVID-19, even among asymptomatic individuals.

Methods:
We conducted a comprehensive literature review of 17 published studies, including focuses on three subgroups, pediatric patients, pregnant women, and patients over 60 years old, to identify key characteristics of chest CT in COVID-19 patients.

Results:
Our comprehensive review of the 17 studies concluded that the main CT imaging finding is ground glass opacities (GGOs) regardless of patient age. We also identified that crazy paving pattern, reverse halo sign, smooth or irregular septal thickening, and pleural thickening may serve as indicators of disease progression. Lesions on CT scans were dominantly distributed in the peripheral zone with multilobar involvement, specifically concentrated in the lower lobes. In the patients over 60 years old, the proportion of substantial lobe involvement was higher than the control
group and crazy paving signs, bronchodilation, and pleural thickening were more commonly present.

Conclusion:
Based on all 17 studies, CT findings in COVID-19 have shown a predictable pattern of evolution over the disease. These studies have proven that CT may be an effective approach for early screening and detection of COVID-19.
Location of Early Stage Tumor Detection using Microwave Imaging in the
Breast Phantom
Authors: Vanaja S. , Preetha R. , Sheela J. Joselin Jeya , Devi K. Durga , Warrier Gayathry Sobhanan , Krishnan Rahul 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Universally, the most predominant cause of female mortality is mainly due to
breast cancer. Owing to numerous constraints in the existing imaging technique, researchers are trying
out an alternative tool to detect the tumor before going to the miserable stage.

Methods:
This article presents a novel method to detect the mean value system for detecting the location
of the tumor in different depths by shifting the antenna anywhere in the breast tissue. In addition,
an algorithm to reconstruct the breast image, namely Delay-Multiply-and-Sum (DMAS) is followed to
identify the tumor implanted in the breast tissue.

Results:
The analysis shows that the maximum mean value occurs while the antenna moves very near
to the tumor while the mean value reduces while the antenna shifts apart from the tumor location. The
mean value in different locations is converted into a microwave image. The high intensity in the image
exhibits the precise position of the tumor. This technique can identify the location of early-stage tumor
of size 3mm. Multiple tumors of sizes 6mm and 7mm can identify at a depth of 12mm and 18mm in
the homogeneous breast phantom. DMAS can provide better imaging results in the early stage tumor
of size 3mm embedded in the breast phantom.

Conclusion:
Microwave imaging is an efficient technique to differentiate healthy and malignant tissue
in the breast. Antenna plays a major role in identifying tumors in the breast in the early stage. Hence a
high-performance Ultra Wideband Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA-UWB) is used to identify the
tumor in the breast. An antenna is sketched in different locations of the breast phantom. On account of
the hemispherical structure, the mean value of the reflected signal is high at the center than at the edge.
Hence, the difference in mean value is calculated with and without breast phantom for identifying the
tumor location. The overall efficiency of this technique can be improved by using a high-performance
UWB antenna. The image of the breast is reformed by the DMAS beamforming algorithm.
Antifungal Potential of Selected Medicinal Plants Against Candida albicans
and HPLC Analysis
Authors: Khan Haroon , Sabreen Sobia , Niaz Sadaf , Hussain Anwar , Muhammad Ijaz , Nayab Gul E , Malik Summaya , Ullah Mujeeb 
Published: June 2022

Background:
The number of life-threatening diseases like “Candidiasis” is rapidly increasing worldwide. The effective management of the disease is indeed a great challenge for the clinician.

Objectives:
In an approach to develop effective antifungal compounds for growing fungal diseases, the present study was conducted to investigate the antifungal activity of selected medicinal plants collected from district Mardan.

Methods:
Vitis vinifera (Grapes), Lawsonia inermis (Henna), Millettia ovalifolia (Moulmein rosewood), Azadirachta indica (Neem), and Mentha arvensis (Mint). Methanolic extracts of these plant leaves were used against C. albican by using the Disc diffusion susceptibility method. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic plant extracts was then carried out using (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) HPLC.

Results:
The result obtained showed that methanolic extract of V. vinifera shows 4, 5, 7 and 9mm zone of inhibition at 2,4,6 and 8µg/ml respectively, followed by L. inermis with a significant antifungal property. While A. indica showed less activity against C. albican at 4mm and 7mm concentrations. No effective antifungal properties were shown by M. ovalifolia and M. arvensis.

Conclusions:
These selected medicinal plants and their derived compounds could be a significant source of antifungal agents.
Muscle Strength Seems to be Related to The Functional Status and Severity
of Dementia in Older Adults with Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Isik Ahmet Turan , Dost Fatma Sena , Erken Neziha , Ontan Mehmet Selman , Ates Bulut Esra , Kaya Derya , Kocyigit Suleyman Emre , Dokuzlar Ozge , Aydin Ali Ekrem 
Published: June 2022

Aim:
This study aimed to determine the possible interrelationships between sarcopenia
and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Background:
Sarcopenia and AD are two common geriatric syndromes; however, the relationship
between AD and sarcopenia has not been evaluated in detail so far.

Objective:
The objective is to evaluate the relationship between AD and sarcopenia.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study was performed retrospectively on 128 patients with probable
AD, with a mean age of 76.56±7.54 years. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment, including the activities
of daily living (ADLs), malnutrition, frailty, mini-mental state examination (MMSE), and
orthostatic hypotension was performed. Sarcopenia was defined according to the revised
EWGSOP-2 criteria.

Results:
The frequency of probable sarcopenia and definitive sarcopenia was 54.7% and 18.7%,
respectively. AD patients with probable sarcopenia had lower MMSE and ADLs scores and were
frailer. Clinical dementia rating (CDR) score, MMSE, and basic and instrumental ADLs were independently
related to probable sarcopenia in the patients (p=0.003, p<0.001, p=0.001, and
p=0.001, respectively). The prevalence of probable sarcopenia in those with CDR 2 was higher
than in those with CDR 0.5 and 1 (p=0.002).

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that probable sarcopenia seems to be related to worse MMSE
and ADLs scores and frailty in patients with AD and seems to be related to the severity of AD.
Considering adverse health outcomes and the burden of sarcopenia on the patients and their caregivers,
optimal care and treatment of sarcopenia in patients with AD are of great importance.
MMP3 in Severe COVID-19: A Biomarker or Therapeutic Target?
Authors: Sikora Andrea , Almuntashiri Sultan , Zhang Duo , Somanath Payaningal R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract:
Identifying novel therapies is a critical need in the treatment of coronavirus disease-19
(COVID-19) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Stromelysin-1, also known as matrixmetalloproteinase
3 (MMP3), has been investigated as a diagnostic biomarker and a potential pharmacological
target. Here, we discuss the recent findings of Gelzo et al. in the context of additional MMP3
investigations to delineate its exact role in diagnosis, prognostication, and phenotyping, in addition to
its promising role as a therapeutic target in COVID-19-associated respiratory failure.
Prevalence of Hepatitis in Prisoners: A Systematic Review of Current
Evidence
Authors: Pashangzadeh Salar , SeyedAlinaghi SeyedAhmad , Dadras Omid , Pashaei Zahra , Soleymanzadeh Mahdi , Barzegary Alireza , Mirzapour Pegah , Vahedi Farzin , Fakhfouri Amirata , Noori Tayebeh , Hossein Irani Seyed Mohammad , Mehraeen Esmaeil , Jahanfar Shayesteh 
Published: June 2022

Introduction:
Prisoners represent high-risk behaviors such as injecting drug use, sharing
syringes, tattooing, and unprotected sexual intercourse. The authors aimed to study the prevalence of
hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and hepatitis D in the prisoners.

Methods:
We conducted a systematic search using the keywords in online databases of PubMed, Web
of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct. Two independent researchers examined the quality of the articles
and the probable risk of bias. The most relevant articles by title and abstract were retrieved. Finally,
the full text of selected articles was read, and the critical findings were extracted.

Results:
Reviews of 23 studies showed that most prisoners are susceptible to hepatitis B and hepatitis
C. One study also indicated that prisoners could be infected with hepatitis A and hepatitis E. The most
common routes of hepatitis transmission in prisons were intravenous drug use, needle sharing, tattooing,
and unsafe sex with multiple sexual partners.

Conclusion:
High-risk sexual behaviors, shared contaminated needles for IV drug injection, and tattooing
are the principal routes of hepatitis transmission among prison inmates. Hepatitis treatment is
feasible and could be useful for infected prisoners undergoing a well-designed treatment program.
Recent Patents on Roller Bearing
Authors: Pan Chengyi , Wang Chuan , Zhao Yanling , Bao Yudong , Chang Jiahao 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Roller bearing is a widely used component in modern machinery. It has the
advantages of small friction, low starting torque, high rotation accuracy, less power loss, and high
efficiency. The researches on the structure and working principle of new type roller bearings are
conducive to improving the performance of bearings. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and
summarize the recent research.

Objective:
By summarizing the research on roller bearings in recent years, some valuable conclusions
are obtained to predict the future development of roller bearings and provide a reference for
researchers in related fields.

Methods:
This paper summarizes the representative patents related to roller bearings, including
bearings with tapered rollers, cylindrical rollers, spherical rollers, and needle rollers. The advantages
and disadvantages of these roller bearings are discussed. The influences of the special
structure of these bearings on their performances are analyzed.

Results:
The existing problems are summarized through the analyses of the patents related to roller
bearings. New patents of roller bearing to be developed in the future are expected.

Conclusion:
Optimizing the roller bearing structure improves the accuracy and reliability of the
whole equipment. It is necessary to continually improve the roller bearings' structure according to
the actual working conditions, especially simplifying the bearing structure. More and more novel
bearings will be invented in the future.
Recent Patents on Friction and Wear Tester
Authors: Pan Chengyi , Gu Yanguang , Chang Jiahao , Wang Chuan 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Friction and wear of parts in the machine seriously affect the service life and efficiency of the machine. The friction and wear characteristics of parts are important for the mechanical industry. The mechanism of friction and wear is complex and wear have far lacked a systematic theory. The friction and wear characteristics of materials or parts must be tested through test. Thus, the friction and wear tester plays an important supporting role in tribological research. The function and accuracy of the testers are critical to its accuracy and efficiency.

Objective:
This study summarizes the current development status of friction and wear testers and explains the development trend of friction and wear testers.

Methods:
This article reviews various representative patents related to friction and wear tester. The friction and wear tester is classified. The characteristics of various detection methods are analyzed, the problems existing in the current development are summarized and analyzed.

Results:
The advantages and disadvantages of the related patents of the existing friction and wear tester are analyzed. It is found that there are major problems such as low detection accuracy, low efficiency and incomplete functions. The development trend of friction and wear tester is expected.

Conclusion:
The optimization and progress of the friction and wear tester is conducive to improve the wear resistance of the material, the service life of the parts and the working accuracy. In the future, more friction and wear testers will be invented.
PERFORMA DESALINASI AIR LAUT TENAGA SURYA TIPE WICK METODE KAPILER
Authors: Manafe Siska Rutami , Tarigan Ben V. , Sanusi Arifin 
Published: June 2022

How to get clean water using the seawater desalination process into pure water in coastal communities. Basin is a sea water desalination tool in the form of a tub or bowl to hold sea water. The basin used in this study was shaped like a tub using a cover made of glass with a thickness of 0.003 m, a slope of 25o and consisted of two types of basins in which one consisted of three levels and the other two levels. From the test results with the variation of the cover glass distance and level variations in the basin showed that the productivity of pure water at the distance of the glass cover 0.105 m basin three levels more is 416 ml while at the distance of the glass cover 0.11 m the productivity of pure water in the basin was two levels more which is 450 ml. The most pure water productivity found in the distance of 0.11 m cover glass, either a three-level basin or a two-level basin with a total pure water productivity of 667 ml. Whereas in the variation in the number of levels in the basin, pure water productivity found in the two-level basin, 450 ml with a desalination efficiency of 26.07%.
A Disease Identification Algorithm for Medical Crowdfunding Campaigns: Validation Study
Authors: Doerstling Steven S , Akrobetu Dennis , Engelhard Matthew M , Chen Felicia , Ubel Peter A 
Published: June 2022

BackgroundWeb-based crowdfunding has become a popular method to raise money for medical expenses, and there is growing research interest in this topic. However, crowdfunding data are largely composed of unstructured text, thereby posing many challenges for researchers hoping to answer questions about specific medical conditions. Previous studies have used methods that either failed to address major challenges or were poorly scalable to large sample sizes. To enable further research on this emerging funding mechanism in health care, better methods are needed.ObjectiveWe sought to validate an algorithm for identifying 11 disease categories in web-based medical crowdfunding campaigns. We hypothesized that a disease identification algorithm combining a named entity recognition (NER) model and word search approach could identify disease categories with high precision and accuracy. Such an algorithm would facilitate further research using these data.MethodsWeb scraping was used to collect data on medical crowdfunding campaigns from GoFundMe (GoFundMe Inc). Using pretrained NER and entity resolution models from Spark NLP for Healthcare in combination with targeted keyword searches, we constructed an algorithm to identify conditions in the campaign descriptions, translate conditions to International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes, and predict the presence or absence of 11 disease categories in the campaigns. The classification performance of the algorithm was evaluated against 400 manually labeled campaigns.ResultsWe collected data on 89,645 crowdfunding campaigns through web scraping. The interrater reliability for detecting the presence of broad disease categories in the campaign descriptions was high (Cohen κ: range 0.69-0.96). The NER and entity resolution models identified 6594 unique (276,020 total) ICD-10-CM codes among all of the crowdfunding campaigns in our sample. Through our word search, we identified 3261 additional campaigns for which a medical condition was not otherwise detected with the NER model. When averaged across all disease categories and weighted by the number of campaigns that mentioned each disease category, the algorithm demonstrated an overall precision of 0.83 (range 0.48-0.97), a recall of 0.77 (range 0.42-0.98), an F1 score of 0.78 (range 0.56-0.96), and an accuracy of 95% (range 90%-98%).ConclusionsA disease identification algorithm combining pretrained natural language processing models and ICD-10-CM code–based disease categorization was able to detect 11 disease categories in medical crowdfunding campaigns with high precision and accuracy.