bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The small bowel in acute and critical illness
Authors: Reintam Blaser Annika , Jakob Stephan M. , Windsor John A. , Preiser Jean-Charles 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe pathophysiology of small bowel dysfunction in critical illness includes perfusion abnormalities, tissue oedema, metabolic response to stress, alterations in endocrine and immunological functions, and gut barrier alterations. Several of these aspects are related to critical illness, others are the result of treatments or an interaction between the two. The small bowel can become hypoperfused, oedematous, and distended with changes in microbiome, all of which can have consequences for gastrointestinal surgery during critical illness, and its clinical outcome. Specific monitoring tools for small bowel (dys)function in critically ill patients are lacking and management options are largely supportive, aiming at restoration of tissue perfusion and minimizing factors causing bowel dysmotility.
Duodenal adenomas and small bowel polyps, including familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Latchford Andrew , Backman Ann-Sofie , Spigelman Allan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Small bowel and duodenal polyps are commonly seen in the rare polyposis syndromes, where they may be a major clinical problem and may be a cause of significant morbidity and indeed mortality. Sporadic polyps at these sites, however, are uncommon. This chapter reviews the current level of understanding of such polyps and outlines current approaches to surveillance, as well as endoscopic and surgical interventions used to treat them. Data are reviewed according to polyp subtype and then by the syndromes in which such polyps occur. The best data are available for familial adenomatous polyposis and so there is a focus on this syndrome which, given its incidence, will be the condition to which clinicians are most likely to be exposed.
Lymphomas of the small bowel and duodenum
Authors: Cirocchi Roberto , Tondo Annalisa , Morabito Antonino 
Published: October 2022

AbstractGastrointestinal tract lymphomas are rare and affect both adults and children, with differences in epidemiology and histological prevalence. A diagnosis is made after a biopsy of the lesions. Medical and surgical treatments are available, and their use depends on the type of tumour, its site, extension, and the patient’s age.
Phenomenology of Tics and Sensory Urges
Authors: Leckman James F. , Bloch Michael H. , Sukhodolsky Denis G. , Artukoğlu Bekir B. , Scahill Lawrence , King Robert A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The origin of tics may be related to a heightened and selective sensitivity to cues from within the body or from the outside world, possibly as a result of a reduced ability to suppress irrelevant information in sensory, motor, and cognitive domains. The temporal pattern of tics, which are known to occur in bouts and wax and wane in severity, and their long-term outcome might represent important clues to the neurobiology of tics. Moreover, the role played by the environmental context in modulating tic expression may be key to developing and refining novel behavioral interventions. The association of tics with comorbid behavioral problems has a very strong impact on social, emotional, and academic outcomes in adulthood. This chapter introduces the reader to the wide phenomenological spectrum of Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. The key phenomenological features of Tourette syndrome and related disorders represent crucial educational objectives for clinicians, teachers, parents, and peers that may lead to better clinical, social, and academic outcomes.
Comprehensive Assessment Strategies
Authors: King Robert A. , Landeros-Weisenberger Angeli 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In the assessment of a potential new or established case of tic disorder, the clinician has several goals that extend beyond confirming or clarifying the presence and severity of tics and the diagnosis of tic disorder. These include assessing the impact of the disorder on the patient and family, identifying the factors that exacerbate or mitigate the symptoms, determining the extent of comorbid conditions, clarifying the patient’s and the family’s understanding of the disorder, and developing an alliance and shared perspective on the patient’s problems in order to pursue the treatment goals and priorities that emerge from the assessment. Clinicians, teachers, parents, and peers should be educated regarding the key phenomenological features and natural course of Tourette syndrome and related disorders. For children, the clinician needs to place the tics into the context of overall development so that the child’s development is kept on track. This often involves refocusing the family’s attention away from the tics and helping them find ways to build on the child’s strengths and abilities. Social, emotional, and academic outcomes in adulthood do not always reflect tic outcomes given the chronic course, the negative impact on peer and family relationships, and the variable number of co-occurring conditions. Helping a child or an adult become a “self-advocate” rather than being ashamed of their tics is often a helpful approach. A comprehensive assessment of each of these domains will ensure that a consensus can be reached concerning treatment priorities.
Evoked Potentials
Authors: Misulis Karl E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks into evoked potentials, which are the electrical responses to stimulation. EPs gradually became more popular when the diagnosis of central disorders was partnered with more therapeutic options. However, EPs are less used to evaluate physiological processes of the brain and spine when the MRI could not. The chapter clarifies the types of evoked potential to be considered such as visual EP, somatosensory EP, auditory EP, and motor EP. Additionally, EPs are averaged to allow being beyond electrical and physiological noise. The analysis is often a combination of automatic and manual as most modern acquisition devices make good estimates of where the measurement markers should be.
Frances Legendre
Authors: Towers Anna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Frances Legendre was accustomed to being in control. When she came to the Palliative Care Unit suffering from advanced ovarian cancer, she was prepared to die. She exuded acceptance and calm, and she drew her family and the palliative care staff into her plans and images of eternity. But Mrs. Legendre did not die then and, a few weeks later, convinced that it was not yet her time, she launched into a relentless effort to find a cure. She insisted that her oncologists enroll her—against their own judgment—in high-risk experimental treatments, and the palliative care team found itself advocating more aggressive care for their patient. When all the treatments failed, Mrs. Legendre again came back to the Palliative Care Unit to die. This time she and her family wanted the end to come quickly, peacefully, now.
Victor Sloski
Authors: Boston Patricia 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Victor Sloski learned that he had lung cancer when he was 57. The news was hard to take. He had lived happily with Shirley, his live-in companion, for 20 years. Still, when experimental treatments failed, he was prepared to die, hoping the end would come soon. It didn’t. His cancer metastasized from his lungs to his stomach, spleen, colon, and finally, to his brain, causing him to go blind. The palliative care team offered to arrange an admission to the inpatient unit, but Mr. Sloski insisted that he wanted home care. He wanted to die at home regardless of how ill he became. Victor Sloski did die at home. Afterward, Shirley said, “Caring for a dying husband was the biggest challenge of my life. But if I had to do it all over again, I would do it.” Getting to that point had been very hard. At times Shirley felt that she was too exhausted, emotionally and physically, to go on.
Miriam Lambert
Authors: Towers Anna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
It happens on occasion in palliative care that a person’s pain remains uncontrolled despite the best efforts of the team. Miriam Lambert was referred to our study because of the difficulty of her case. She had not had an easy life, and emotional issues compounded her situation. The palliative care team tried to control her pain with a full spectrum of medications, as well as with anesthetic blocks. They tried supportive nonmedical and psychological interventions, such as art therapy, music therapy, and massage, to reach her in any way they could. Nonetheless, the pain persisted.
Jenny Doyle
Authors: Lambrinidou Yanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Jenny Doyle, a 47-year-old White American woman with inflammatory breast cancer, received end-of-life care for eight-and-a-half months, much longer than is typical for a US hospice program. Her time with hospice was tumultuous, marked by periods of anger and resentment amid others of gratitude and affection. She fought her disease bitterly to the very end. Her struggle led her to a series of doctors and created serious tensions for the hospice team. Throughout this journey, the legacy of early years of strife with her children created additional stresses and strains, which persisted in the bereavement period. “At least let the moment of her death be peaceful,” her family prayed. But even that was not to be.
Paula Ferrari
Authors: Boston Patricia 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Paula Ferrari was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an incurable degenerative motor neuron disease that leads to progressive weakness of the muscles in the extremities and trunk. For the next three years, Paula lived with ALS. When she was admitted to the Palliative Care Unit, she was no longer able to eat or swallow on her own. Paula knew that these changes would take place and that her disease would progress until she wouldn’t be able to breathe alone. She knew that many others suffering with ALS would have given up and tried to seek physician-assisted suicide if it were legal and available (as it was not in Canada at that time). But for Paula Ferrari, to seek help to hasten one’s death was an act of total self-deprivation. Death, she insisted, is an integral part of our being and existence. To undergo the experience of dying, regardless of the physical suffering it entails, is our ultimate lesson of life. Experiencing suffering offers a unique opportunity to know about ourselves and who we are in our spiritual existence. Paula did suffer physically. But she stood firmly by her beliefs and never wavered. For her caregivers on the Palliative Care Unit, Paula Ferrari seemed to have mastered the extremes of living with a fatal illness.
Difficult airway
Authors: Lyons Craig , O’Sullivan Ellen P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Patients undergoing oromaxillofacial and head and neck surgery can have pathologies that threaten the reliability of oxygen delivery under anaesthesia. Airway management requires a patient-specific and procedure-specific focus, working within the skillset of the anaesthesia and surgical services of the day. This chapter on difficult airway management focuses upon airway assessment and the formation of an airway management plan. Core airway management techniques are discussed, including bag mask ventilation, use of supraglottic airway devices, and laryngoscopy by direct and video-based means. The importance of positioning, preoxygenation, and neuromuscular blockade is explained. Awake airway management techniques (awake fibreoptic intubation, awake videolaryngoscopy, and awake tracheostomy) are discussed, being viewed as essential components of anaesthetists’ armamentarium. Airway management for maxillomandibular fixation is afforded special attention due to the requirement for specific knowledge and skills. The extubation process is explored, with pre-emptive and rescue techniques that may reduce the likelihood of airway compromise during this period identified. Finally, the contribution of human factors to difficult airway management is considered, with task fixation and cognitive overload highlighted as potential threats that must be overcome by anaesthetists in order to prioritize reliable patient oxygenation.
Orofacial pain
Authors: Wong Stanley Sau Ching , Cheung Chi Wai 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Orofacial pain describes pain that is experienced in the face and/or oral cavity. Many of these patients suffer from chronic orofacial pain, which refers to pain lasting more than 3 months. Both acute and chronic orofacial pain are important clinical problems. In particular, chronic orofacial pain can be severe and result in long-term physical and psychosocial impairment. A detailed assessment through history, physical examination, and investigations is needed to delineate the underlying pain pathology, rule out red flag pathologies, and identify psychosocial barriers to pain relief. Since orofacial pain is complex and often challenging to treat, a holistic biopsychosocial approach using a combination of different types of treatment strategies is often needed. Pharmacological treatment remains the mainstay for managing most orofacial pain conditions. However, non-pharmacological therapies such as psychological interventions, behavioural therapy, and physical therapy are useful depending on the specific pain condition. Interventional pain procedures may be effective and should be considered in those who have not responded satisfactorily to conservative treatment. This chapter discusses the epidemiology of orofacial pain, assessment approach, and classification of chronic orofacial pain disorders. The epidemiology, aetiology, clinical features, and management of specific orofacial pain conditions will also be discussed. These include trigeminal neuralgia, persistent idiopathic facial pain, herpes zoster-related pain, and temporomandibular disorders.
Secondary hypertension
Authors: Singh Gurbhej , Wander Gurpreet Singh 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Primary hypertension with no identifiable cause is seen in the majority of patients. When a specific aetiology can be identified, which, most of the times, may be correctable, it is labelled as secondary hypertension. Common causes for secondary hypertension include renal parenchymal disease, renovascular disease, primary hyperaldosteronism, phaeochromocytoma, obstructive sleep apnoea, and substance/drug-induced. Diagnostic work-up for secondary hypertension is guided by history, clinical examination, and clinical clues pointing to specific diagnosis. The cost-effectiveness of diagnostic work-up, treatment, and outcome must be weighed against the pretest probability. This chapter discusses various causes for secondary hypertension, with the clinical clues and their pathophysiology.
Diagnosis and investigation of hypertension
Authors: Wolley Martin , Stowasser Michael 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Establishing the diagnosis of hypertension requires repeated measurements over time, and consideration should be given in many patients to obtaining out-of-office readings with ambulatory or home blood pressure monitoring to rule out the white coat effect. New methods such as unobserved automated office blood pressure measurement give different information to standard office blood pressure measurement, and care needs to be taken to take note of the different blood pressure cut-offs for different measurement techniques. Clinical investigations in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients should be undertaken to seek evidence of end-organ damage, and appropriate patients should be screened for secondary causes. Patients should also be assessed for other cardiovascular risk factors to form an overall risk profile and help plan appropriate and holistic cardiovascular treatment.
Blockers of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in hypertension
Authors: Mordi Ify R. , Lang Chim C. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is pivotal to the pathophysiology of hypertension and its associated end-organ damage. This chapter briefly discusses the role of the RAAS in hypertension before subsequently describing the current pharmacological strategies targeting this pathway for treatment of hypertension (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors, and direct renin inhibitors), including indications and important clinical considerations. The chapter will summarize the relevant literature on the effects of RAAS blockers on both blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes. Finally, the chapter will summarize the current position of RAAS blockers in hypertension management and clinical practice guidelines.
Renal denervation
Authors: Kapil Vikas 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Renal denervation represents an interventional technique aimed at disrupting both efferent and afferent sympathetic signalling between the cardiovascular control centres in the brainstem and the kidneys to lower blood pressure. Renal neural signalling is important for renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation, among others, and different technologies have been developed, iterated, and investigated in clinical trials. Extensive evidence has shown enhanced sympathetic signalling in primary hypertension, with more detailed physiological studies showing the specific importance of renal neural signalling. Renal denervation has been tested in placebo-controlled trials in patients on and off antihypertensive medications, and appears to have a durable blood pressure response, similar in magnitude to a single medication, and be safe in the intermediate term.
Hypertension in pregnancy: physiopathological, preventive, therapeutic, and long-term considerations
Authors: Valdés Gloria 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
During the early 70s, the concept that arterial hypertension resulted from different haemodynamic and humoral patterns that responded selectively to individualized drug treatment was emerging. Since then, many concepts have been acquired over these decades. These include the balance between vasodilatory and vasopressor pleiotropic systems, adaptations of the systemic maternal haemodynamics, development of the utero-placental interface, crosstalk between the placenta and the maternal endothelium, different pathways that lead to pre-eclampsia, long-term consequences in the mother and child in a hypertensive pregnancy, and evolution of different theories. This chapter will provide an updated clinical evaluation and management of this condition.
Virial theorem in clusters of galaxies with MOND
Authors: López-Corredoira M , Betancort-Rijo J E , Scarpa R , Chrobáková Ž 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
A specific modification of Newtonian dynamics known as MOND has been shown to reproduce the dynamics of most astrophysical systems at different scales without invoking non-baryonic dark matter (DM). There is, however, a long-standing unsolved problem when MOND is applied to rich clusters of galaxies in the form of a deficit (by a factor around two) of predicted dynamical mass derived from the virial theorem with respect to observations. In this article, we approach the virial theorem using the velocity dispersion of cluster members along the line of sight rather than using the cluster temperature from X-ray data and hydrostatic equilibrium. Analytical calculations of the virial theorem in clusters for Newtonian gravity + DM and MOND are developed, applying pressure (surface) corrections for non-closed systems. Recent calibrations of DM profiles, baryonic ratio, and baryonic (β model or others) profiles are used, while allowing free parameters to range within the observational constraints. It is shown that solutions exist for MOND in clusters that give similar results to Newton + DM – particularly in the case of an isothermal β model for β = 0.55–0.70 and core radii rc between 0.1 and 0.3 times r500 (in agreement with the known data). The disagreements found in previous studies seem to be due to the lack of pressure corrections (based on inappropriate hydrostatic equilibrium assumptions) and/or inappropriate parameters for the baryonic matter profiles.
Testing a scaling relation between coherent radio emission and physical parameters of hot magnetic stars
Authors: Das Barnali , Chandra Poonam , Shultz Matt E , Leto Paolo , Mikulášek Zdeněk , Petit Véronique , Wade Gregg A 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
Coherent radio emission via electron cyclotron maser emission (ECME) from hot magnetic stars was discovered more than two decades ago, but the physical conditions that make the generation of ECME favourable remain uncertain. Only recently was an empirical relation, connecting ECME luminosity with the stellar magnetic field and temperature, proposed to explain what makes a hot magnetic star capable of producing ECME. This relation was, however, obtained with just 14 stars. Therefore, it is important to examine whether this relation is robust. With the aim of testing the robustness, we conducted radio observations of five hot magnetic stars. This led to the discovery of three more stars producing ECME. We find that the proposed scaling relation remains valid after the addition of the newly discovered stars. However, we discovered that the magnetic field and effective temperature correlate for Teff ≲ 16 kK (likely an artefact of the small sample size), rendering the proposed connection between ECME luminosity and Teff unreliable. By examining the empirical relation in light of the scaling law for incoherent radio emission, we arrive at the conclusion that both types of emission are powered by the same magnetospheric phenomenon. Like the incoherent emission, coherent radio emission is indifferent to Teff for late-B and A-type stars, but Teff appears to become important for early-B type stars, possibly due to higher absorption, or higher plasma density at the emission sites suppressing the production of the emission.
Genomic Signatures of Mitonuclear Coevolution in Mammals
Authors: Weaver Ryan J , Rabinowitz Samantha , Thueson Kiley , Havird Justin C 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMitochondrial (mt) and nuclear-encoded proteins are integrated in aerobic respiration, requiring co-functionality among gene products from fundamentally different genomes. Different evolutionary rates, inheritance mechanisms, and selection pressures set the stage for incompatibilities between interacting products of the two genomes. The mitonuclear coevolution hypothesis posits that incompatibilities may be avoided if evolution in one genome selects for complementary changes in interacting genes encoded by the other genome. Nuclear compensation, in which deleterious mtDNA changes are offset by compensatory nuclear changes, is often invoked as the primary mechanism for mitonuclear coevolution. Yet, direct evidence supporting nuclear compensation is rare. Here, we used data from 58 mammalian species representing eight orders to show strong correlations between evolutionary rates of mt and nuclear-encoded mt-targeted (N-mt) proteins, but not between mt and non-mt-targeted nuclear proteins, providing strong support for mitonuclear coevolution across mammals. N-mt genes with direct mt interactions also showed the strongest correlations. Although most N-mt genes had elevated dN/dS ratios compared to mt genes (as predicted under nuclear compensation), N-mt sites in close contact with mt proteins were not overrepresented for signs of positive selection compared to noncontact N-mt sites (contrary to predictions of nuclear compensation). Furthermore, temporal patterns of N-mt and mt amino acid substitutions did not support predictions of nuclear compensation, even in positively selected, functionally important residues with direct mitonuclear contacts. Overall, our results strongly support mitonuclear coevolution across ∼170 million years of mammalian evolution but fail to support nuclear compensation as the major mode of mitonuclear coevolution.