bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PrEP Indications and PrEP Knowledge, Access, and Interest Among Individuals With HCV
Authors: Hill Kristi C , Kattakuzhy Sarah M , Silk Rachel , Eyasu Rahwa , Ogbumbadiugha Onyinyechi , Ebah Emade , Cover Amelia A , Davis Ashley , Gayle Britt , Sternberg David , Bijole Phyllis , Sun Junfeng , Masur Henry , Kottilil Shyam , Solomon Daniel , Rosenthal Elana S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background
Individuals with hepatitis C (HCV) represent a population that may benefit from pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), given the overlapping risk factors and transmission networks of HCV and HIV. This analysis assesses the prevalence of PrEP indications among individuals with HCV monoinfection and PrEP awareness, interest, and access in this population.

Methods
GRAVITY was an observational study for the collection of epidemiologic data from individuals with HCV and/or HIV in Washington DC and Baltimore, with the present analysis limited to HCV-monoinfected patients. The prevalence of PrEP indications was determined using epidemiologic survey responses. Bivariate and multivariable analyses assessed for associations between PrEP indications and PrEP awareness, access, and interest.

Results
Among 314 HCV-monoinfected participants, 109 (35%) had an indication for PrEP. Forty-eight (44%) had a drug use indication alone, 40 (37%) had a sexual indication alone, and 21 (19%) had both drug use and sexual indications. Eighty-five (27%) participants had heard of PrEP, 32 (10%) had been offered PrEP by a provider, 114 (38%) were interested or maybe interested in PrEP, and 6 (2%) were currently taking PrEP. On bivariate analysis, PrEP awareness was significantly associated with study site (P &lt; .0001), race (P = .0003), age (P &lt; .0001), and sexual PrEP indication (P = .04). However, only study site remained significant (P = .0002) on regression analysis.

Conclusions
Though indications for PrEP were prevalent among individuals with HCV in this cohort, most patients were unaware of PrEP, had never been offered PrEP, and were not using PrEP. These data support the need for improved PrEP implementation among people with HCV.
Introduction to Effective Field Theories
Authors: Manohar Aneesh V. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Introductory lectures on effective field theory (EFT) methods as used in high-energy physics to compute experimentally observable quantities. Topics covered in this chapter, which is based on these lectures, include power counting, loop corrections, field redefinitions and their relation to the equations of motion, decoupling of heavy particles, naive dimensional analysis, and the standard model effective field theory (SMEFT). It also discusses naturalness and the hiearchy problem in an appendix. There are many exercises with detailed solutions (written up by the students) included to aid understanding of the topic.
The economic and fiscal effects on the United States from reduced numbers of refugees and asylum seekers
Authors: Clemens Michael A 
Published: September 2022

AbstractInternational migrants who seek protection also participate in the economy. Thus the policy of the United States to drastically reduce refugee and asylum-seeker arrivals from 2017 to 2020 might have substantial and ongoing economic consequences. This paper places conservative bounds on those effects by critically reviewing the research literature. It goes beyond prior estimates by including ripple effects beyond the wages earned or taxes paid directly by migrants. The sharp reduction in US refugee admissions starting in 2017 costs the overall US economy today over $9.1 billion per year ($30,962 per missing refugee per year, on average) and costs public coffers at all levels of government over $2.0 billion per year ($6,844 per missing refugee per year, on average) net of public expenses. Large reductions in the presence of asylum seekers during the same period likewise carry ongoing costs in the billions of dollars per year. These estimates imply that barriers to migrants seeking protection, beyond humanitarian policy concerns, carry substantial economic costs.
Carm1 and the Epigenetic Control of Stem Cell Function
Authors: Saber John , Rudnicki Michael A 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCoactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) is a methyltransferase whose function has been highly studied in the context of nuclear receptor signaling. However, CARM1 is known to epigenetically regulate expression of several myogenic genes involved in differentiation such as Myog and MEF2C. CARM1 also acts to regulate myogenesis through its influence on various cellular processes from embryonic to adult myogenesis. First, CARM1 has a crucial role in establishing polarity-regulated gene expression during an asymmetric satellite cell division by methylating PAX7, leading to the expression of Myf5. Second, satellite cells express the CARM1-FL and CARM1-ΔE15 isoforms. The former has been shown to promote pre-mRNA splicing through its interaction with CA150 and U1C, leading to their methylation and increased activity, while the latter displays a reduction in both metrics, thus, modulating alternative pre-mRNA splice forms in muscle cells. Third, CARM1 is a regulator of autophagy through its positive reinforcement of AMPK activity and gene expression. Autophagy already has known implications in ageing and disease, and CARM1 could follow suite. Thus, CARM1 is a central regulator of several important processes impacting muscle stem cell function and myogenesis.
Thirty-day Treatment Continuation After Audio-only Buprenorphine Telehealth Initiation
Authors: Wunsch Caroline , Wightman Rachel , Pratty Claire , Jacka Brendan , Hallowell Benjamin D. , Clark Seth , Davis Corey S. , Samuels Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2022

Objectives
Before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, federal law required in-person evaluation before buprenorphine initiation. Regulatory changes during the pandemic allow for buprenorphine initiation by audio-only or audiovisual telehealth. Little is known about treatment engagement after buprenorphine initiation conducted via audio-only telehealth.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study of 94 individuals who received initial treatment through an audio-only encounter between April 2020 and February 2021 was performed. Participant demographics, substance use history, withdrawal symptoms, 30-day treatment engagement, and adverse outcomes were determined by an electronic chart and REDcap database review. Subsequent buprenorphine prescriptions filled within 30 days of the initial encounter were tracked through the Rhode Island Prescription Drug Monitoring Program.

Results
Buprenorphine was prescribed for 94 individuals. Most (92 of 94 [97.9%]) filled their prescription within 30 days. Most had previously taken buprenorphine, including prescribed (42 of 92 [45.7%]) and nonprescribed (58 of 92 [63.0%]). Two thirds were in opioid withdrawal at the time of the call (61 of 92 [66.3%]) with a mean Subjective Opioid Withdrawal Scale of 26.8 (range, 4–57). Four individuals experienced precipitated withdrawal (4 of 94 [4.3%]), and 2 reported persistent withdrawal at their follow-up visit (2 of 94 [2.1%]). More than 70% filled a subsequent prescription for buprenorphine within 30 days of the end of their hotline prescription (65 of 92 [70.7%]), on average of 5.88 days (range, 0–28) after completion of their telehealth prescription.

Conclusions
Expanding telehealth-delivered buprenorphine care has the potential to address treatment gaps and facilitate delivery of on-demand services during peak motivation. This evaluation of audio-only buprenorphine initiation found high rates of unobserved buprenorphine initiation and treatment continuation with low rates of complications.
Health and Vaccination Status of Unaccompanied Minors After Arrival in a European Border Country: A Cross-sectional Study (2017–2020)
Authors: Carreras-Abad Clara , Oliveira-Souto Inés , Pou-Ciruelo Diana , Pujol-Morro Joan Miquel , Soler-Palacín Pere , Soriano-Arandes Antoni , Sulleiro Elena , Treviño-Maruri Begoña , Broto-Cortés Claudia , Esperalba Juliana , García-Salgado Guadalupe , Zarzuela Francesc , Serre-Delcor Núria , Espiau María 
Published: September 2022

Background:
Unaccompanied and separated children (UASC) are a high-risk group for infectious diseases and information on their vaccination status is scarce. Different approaches are used to screen newly arrived minors in Europe. The aim of this study was to describe the health status and serological protection against different vaccine-preventable diseases among UASC to inform public health decision-making.

Methods:
Retrospective study of all UASC seen at an international health reference center in Barcelona (Spain) between January 2017 and February 2020. Screening results were analyzed using binary logistic regression with adjustment for symptoms, geographic origin, and time since arrival.

Results:
We studied 289 UASC (88.9% males; median age, 17 years). At least one infection was diagnosed in 136 minors (47.1%). There was a high prevalence of intestinal parasites (22.8%), latent tuberculosis infection (22.5%), and hepatitis B (5.2%), even in asymptomatic individuals, and especially among UASC from sub-Saharan Africa (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.5–4.0, P < 0.001). We did not observe a significant association between clinical symptoms and the presence of infection or differences in the prevalence of different infections according to number of months since arrival. Protection against hepatitis B virus (36%), measles (80%), and varicella (83%) was suboptimal.

Conclusions:
Our results highlight the importance of screening and vaccination programs for UASC arriving in Europe, especially border countries. Protocols should be adjusted according to geographic origin. Absence of symptoms does not necessarily rule out infection, highlighting the importance of screening in asymptomatic minors. These programs are a public health priority and should not be neglected during the current COVID-19 pandemic.
Fatigue in Heart Failure
Authors: Hoch Christine R. , Klinedinst N. Jennifer , Larimer Karen , Renn Cynthia , Fiskum Gary , Gottlieb Stephen S. 
Published: September 2022

Background
Fatigue in heart failure (HF) is a burdensome symptom with profoundly negative effects on quality of life and an association with worsening prognosis and mortality. Despite its deleterious outcomes, HF-related fatigue remains poorly understood with limited treatment modalities.

Objective
The objective of this study was to identify correlates of HF-related fatigue.

Methods
A scoping review was completed using the Arksey and O'Malley framework. The theory of unpleasant symptoms was used as a basis for organizing key findings into concepts related to HF-related fatigue. Published, primary studies in English that explored correlates or predictors of fatigue in adult patients with HF were included.

Results
The search identified 655 articles, of which 38 were retained. An additional 4 articles were included for final review (N = 42). Nineteen concepts were identified as having a relationship with HF-related fatigue: age, sex, disease severity, inflammation, anemia, volume status, dyspnea, pain, body weight, depression, anxiety, perception of symptoms/health, sleep disturbances, poor social support, poor self-care, polypharmacy, reduced quality of life, risk for hospitalization, and mortality. Concepts were grouped into 4 categories: physiologic, psychologic, situational, and outcome.

Conclusions
Heart failure–related fatigue is a complex symptom that has physiologic, psychologic, and situational antecedents that influence the symptom and patient outcomes, all of which should be addressed when developing treatment modalities. Cultural and societal norms, racial disparities, and the co-occurrence of multiple symptoms should also be considered. Inconsistent or weak relationships with multiple physiologic correlates suggest the presence of unrecognized influencing factors.
The Impact of Resilience, Health Literacy, and Social Support on Medication Adherence and Self-care Among Adults With Heart Failure
Authors: Meraz Rebecca , McGee Jocelyn , Caldwell Elizabeth Perry , Ke Weiming , Osteen Kathryn 
Published: September 2022

Background
Personal and psychological factors, such as depression, have a considerable influence on nonadherence to medications and self-care in those with heart failure. More evidence is needed about positive personal factors that motivate adherence to medications and self-care in those with heart failure.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there was a relationship between the personal resources of resilience, hope, health literacy, social support, and self-care activation and adherence to HF self-care and medications and whether race impacts adherence.

Methods
This study used a cross-sectional, correlational design. Stepwise regression was used to test whether resilience, hope, health literacy, self-care activation, and race significantly predicted medication adherence and self-care. A diverse sample was recruited for this study.

Results
Of the 174 participants, 51% were female, 51.7% were White, and the mean age was 62 years. After adjustment for differences in age and depressive symptoms, a predictive relationship remained between resilience, health literacy, and medication adherence. Hope, activation, and race were not selected in the final regression model. A high level of perceived social support was the only predictor of better HF self-care.

Conclusion
Persons with heart failure may have better medication adherence and overall self-care if sufficiently resilient, health literate, and supported regardless of their degree of hope or activation. Race and age may be important factors to consider. More research is needed to understand the connection between resilience and medication adherence.
More than sleepiness: prevalence and relevance of nonclassical symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Verbraecken Johan 
Published: September 2022

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to describe the nonclassical symptoms and manifestations occurring in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), both from a standpoint of prevalence and in terms of clinical relevance. Particular emphasis will be given to nightmares, comorbid insomnia, restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder, bruxism, morning headache, nocturia, acid reflux, chronic cough and dysphagia.

Recent findings
A review of the recent literature suggests that nonclassical symptoms have a high prevalence, are underestimated, and can interact with quality of life. Although these disturbances may occur together by mere coincidence, they may interact reciprocally. However, the degree of symptoms is not always correlated with OSA severity.

Summary
OSA is a heterogeneous disease with variable clinical manifestations. This review highlights the need for detailed evaluation of patients with OSA to diagnose other important sleep disorders and clinical manifestations, given their frequent association.
Progress and challenges in fungal lung disease in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Hong Gina 
Published: September 2022

Purpose of review
This review is an overview of the recent progress made for the diagnosis and understanding of fungal lung disease in people with cystic fibrosis (CF), with a focus on Aspergillus fumigatus, the most common filamentous fungus in the CF airway. Currently, the longstanding question of the clinical significance of Aspergillus fumigatus and other fungi in CF respiratory cultures, in the absence of allergy, remains. Clinical criteria and biomarkers are needed to classify fungal lung disease and determine who may warrant therapy.

Recent findings
Several retrospective and prospective studies have described the prevalence of A. fumigatus and other fungi in the CF lung and factors contributing to the changes in fungal epidemiology. Selective fungus culture testing for the detection of fungi in CF sputa has been well studied, yet a standardized fungus culture protocol has yet to be defined. Culture-independent molecular studies and other fungal diagnostic testing have been conducted in the CF population, leading to efforts to better understand the clinical role of these tests. Recent works have aimed to determine whether chronic A. fumigatus colonization is associated with lung disease progression measured by FEV1 percentage predicted, structural lung disease, lung clearance index and respiratory quality-of-life. However, the existing knowledge gaps remain: definition of a fungal respiratory infection, the association between fungal infection and clinical outcomes, and indications for antifungal therapy.

Summary
Significant progress has been made for the detection and diagnosis of fungal lung disease. Yet, the role and impact of A. fumigatus and other fungal infections on respiratory health in people with CF remains to be determined.
Risk Factors Associated with Severe Macromastia among Adolescents and Young Women
Authors: Massey Gabrielle G. , Firriolo Joseph M. , Nuzzi Laura C. , Pramanick Tannishtha , Malloy Shannon M. , DiVasta Amy D. , Labow Brian I. 
Published: September 2022

Background:
Macromastia is common among adolescents and young women with well-documented, negative physical and psychosocial impacts. The pathogenesis of idiopathic macromastia has been attributed to increased end organ sensitivity to circulating gonadal hormones. Despite the known negative effects of macromastia, there is a paucity of literature examining the clinical risk factors associated with macromastia severity in this age group.

Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, standardized clinical forms were administered to patients between the ages of 12-21 years undergoing reduction mammaplasty. Data were collected pertaining to patient demographics, biometrics, breast symptomology, medical/family history, and breast tissue resection mass at the time of reduction. Resection mass was normalized to patient body surface area in analyses.

Results:
A total of 375 subjects were included in analyses; mean surgical age was 18.1 years. The following risk factors were positively associated macromastia severity in both univariate and multivariate logistic regression models: overweight/obesity, racial/ethnic minority status, patient-reported gynecological/endocrine complaints, and early menarche (P < .05, all). More severe cases of macromastia were associated with approximately three times the odds of being overweight or obese or achieving menarche before 11 years old.

Conclusions:
In our sample, overweight/obesity, racial/ethnic minority status, early menarche, and patient-reported gynecological/endocrine complaints were all positively associated with macromastia severity. Awareness of these factors can empower physicians to identify and address modifiable risk factors to prevent progression to more severe disease. Macromastia itself should prompt screening for gynecological/endocrine complaints with referral as indicated.
Optimization of Patient Positioning for the Sonographic Evaluation of Gallstone Impaction: Analysis of Gallbladder Orientation Based on Computed Tomography
Authors: Zulfiqar Maria , Calhoun Brendan , Shetty Anup , Jyoti Arora , Middleton William 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An important sonographic sign of cholecystitis is stone impaction in the gallbladder neck. Demonstration of stone mobility excludes impaction. The purpose of this study is to analyze the orientation of the gallbladder on computed tomography and determine the patient position most likely to facilitate stone mobility. ImageJ processing software was used to determine the x (transverse), y (anterior-posterior), and z (craniocaudal) coordinates for the gallbladder neck and fundus in 544 consecutive computed tomography examinations. The differences in the fundal and neck coordinates were used to determine the likelihood of moving a stone from the neck to the fundus for the left and right lateral decubitus positions (x coordinates), the prone position (y coordinates), and the upright position (z coordinates). The coordinate with the largest difference was considered to predict the position most likely to facilitate stone motion. The difference in position of the fundus and neck was greatest in the y-, z-, and x-axis in 232 (42.6%), 194 (35.7%), and 118 (21.7%) of patients, respectively. For body mass index (BMI) less than 25 kg/m2, the difference was greatest in the z-axis (59.8%). For BMI greater than 25 kg/m2, the difference was greatest in the y-axis (47.1%). Based on their relative location, the optimal position to facilitate gallstone mobility from the gallbladder neck to fundus was most often prone (especially in high BMI patients), followed by upright (especially in low BMI patients), followed by right lateral decubitus. The left lateral decubitus position was never optimal.
Lighting the Way with Fluorescent Cholangiography in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Reviewing 7 Years of Experience
Authors: Broderick Ryan C , Li Jonathan Z , Huang Estella Y , Blitzer Rachel R , Lee Arielle M , Serra Joaquin L , Bouvet Michael , Sandler Bryan J , Jacobsen Garth R , Horgan Santiago 
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND:
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with fluorescent cholangiography using indocyanine green dye (FC) identifies extrahepatic biliary structures, potentially augmenting the critical view of safety. We aim to describe trends for the largest single-center cohort of patients undergoing FC in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

STUDY DESIGN:
A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database identified patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with FC at a single academic institution. Patient factors included age, sex, BMI, and American Society of Anesthesiologists score. Outcomes included operative time, conversion to open procedure, biliary injury, length of stay, and complications.

RESULTS:
A total of 828 patients underwent FC. Of these, 74.3% were female, the mean age was 50.4 years, and the average BMI 28.8 kg/m2. Mean operating room time was 68.6 minutes. There were no mortalities or common bile duct injuries. Morbidities included 4 bile leaks and 1 retained stone. Six patients required conversion to an open approach. Operative time, length of stay, and open conversion significantly decreased after a standard indocyanine green protocol (p < 0.05). Compared with white light, FC demonstrated lower operative times (99 vs 68 minutes), length of stay (1.4 vs 0.4 days), open conversions (8% vs 0.7%), emergency department visits (13% vs 8%) and drain placements (12% vs 3%) (all p < 0.05). Patients with BMI greater than 30 saw elevated operative times and length of stay.

CONCLUSIONS:
In conclusion, this paper demonstrates improved operative outcomes with the use of FC through the consistent ability to delineate biliary anatomy, even in the setting of complex anatomy. No common bile duct injuries have occurred in our 7-year experience with FC. We recommend FC as the standard of care when performing laparoscopic cholecystectomies.