bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What If Jones Beach Was Not Public?
Authors: Low Setha 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3. What if Jones Beach Was Not Public? Social Justice and Belonging on Long Island, New York explores social justice and belonging through an ethnographic study of Jones Beach on Long Island, New York. Visitor behavior, participant observation, and interviews portray how the components of social justice—inclusion, representation, recognition of difference, an ethic of care and contestation and resistance—are experienced and valued. It illustrates how social contact can develop into a public culture of acceptance and tolerance by findings one’s own place and a sense of belonging and sharing with others. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the Public Space and Social Justice Evaluation Framework and how it can be used to identify and design just public space.
Improvising Public Space and the Informal Economy
Authors: Low Setha 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6. Improvising Public Space and the Informal Economy: Sidewalks, Streets, and Public Markets in Buenos Aires, New York City, and Baguio City examines the central role that public space plays in the lives of informal workers. Ethnographic case studies from Latin America, Asia, Europe, and the North America depict how sidewalks, streets, and markets offer workplaces for vendors, trash pickers, nannies, and many others. When viewed from an informal economy perspective, public space offers flexible workplaces, innovative forms of work, integration of immigrants into the local economy, and social capital that can lead to better jobs and supportive relationships. Public spaces play an important role in supporting and promoting the informal economy especially in rapidly growing cities straining to provide economic opportunities and adequate employment.
From the Winter of Despair to the Summer of Euphoria
Authors: Low Setha 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9. From the Winter of Despair to the Summer of Euphoria: Public Space During COVID-19 in New York City (2020–2021) investigates the contraction and expansion of public space in New York City during the pandemic. A personal and archival account of the transformation of public spaces from March 22, 2020, through December 1, 2021, reveals the loneliness and depression of sheltering in place as well as the euphoria of resuming social interaction even while wearing masks and physically distancing. New forms of public space use including the democratization of the arts and culture in local parks and streets, and the closing of streets and parking spaces to enable a vibrant restaurant scene of sidewalk cafes and restaurants, reflect the importance of public space during the crisis. Lessons from the impact of public space openings and closings reiterate many of the findings of the previous chapters.
Water Chemistry
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book provides students with the tools necessary to understand the processes that control the chemical species present in waters of both natural and engineered systems. After providing basic information about water itself and the chemical composition of water in environmental systems, the text coves the theory (thermodynamics, activity, and kinetics) and other background material necessary to solve chemical problems. The text emphasizes that both equilibrium and kinetic processes are important in aquatic systems. The content is focused not only on inorganic constituents, but also on the organic chemicals present in water. Quantitative equilibrium and kinetic problems related to acid-base chemistry, complexation, solubility, oxidation/reduction reactions, sorption, and the fate and reactions of organic chemicals are solved using mathematical, graphical, and computational tools. These concepts are extended to photochemistry, chlorine and disinfectants, geochemical controls on chemical composition, trace metals, nutrients, and natural organic matter. Numerous in-chapter examples are provided to show the application of theory and demonstrate how problems are solved using various techniques. Additional web material provides advanced content and context.
Bad Habits on Goodreads?
Authors: English James F. , Enderle Scott , Dhakecha Rahul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents some findings from work on the social reading site and Amazon subsidiary, Goodreads. It aims to connect the reception-oriented strains of literary studies to positive psychology and well-being studies by way of three questions. The first is methodological and concerns a basic challenge in the empirical social sciences that has made its way into literary studies via digital humanities: how to build datasets adequately representative of such a vast and varied field of practice as reading. The second is a sociological question, arising out of work that began in the 1990s: whether there has been a general shift of cultural values such that readers are encouraged to adopt open and tolerant habits of reading, replacing the ideal of narrowly “good taste” with that of eclecticism, and establishing creative curation as the basis of a genuinely happy and healthy relationship to books. The third question links the other two by asking whether digital platforms such as Goodreads, besides being rich sources of data about readers and reading, might themselves, through their ever more comprehensive algorithmic mediations, be affecting this entire scheme of values, preferences, and readerly well-being.
Chaplaincy in Greater Boston
Authors: Cadge Wendy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers a historical overview of chaplains in greater Boston, particularly since 1965. It is based on analysis of the Boston Globe every ten years from 1915 to 2015, as well as historical materials found in religious and institutional archives in the city. People who identify as Christian, specifically Catholic, and those without religious affiliations are the largest groups in Boston today. Those calling themselves chaplains in the city have historically been white Catholics, Episcopalians, and clergy in what is today the United Church of Christ. Over time, more have been ordained than laypeople, with slow racial, religious, and gender diversification since 1980. In addition to slow diversification, this chapter shows the broad range of people—from full-time religious professionals to those with little training—who have used the term chaplain to describe their work. It also shows continuing ties between local congregational clergy—some of whom have simultaneously been chaplains with police and fire departments—and those for whom chaplaincy is a full-time job. By the end of the chapter, readers have a clear sense of how those calling themselves chaplains and the work of chaplains has changed over time in Boston and what that suggests about related changes nationally.
Claiming a Promised Inheritance
Authors: Braun Alexandra 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book examines those cases where a person is promised a future inheritance and, having acted on it, later discovers that the promise is unfulfilled. It structures its analysis around the stories of disappointed promisees and their unfulfilled expectations of a future inheritance, and how they might seek redress. It maps and compares the various, and often very diverse range of, legal responses that a promisee can utilize across different legal areas of the law (ranging from contract law to property law, employment law, enrichment law, and succession law) and in both common and civil law traditions. It asks how these responses protect the interests of promisees and whether they are sensitive to the context in which such promises are expressed. In doing so, the focus rests on the level of protection the various forms of redress grant, their scope, and the challenges promisees face when bringing a claim, but also on the values and interests that are at stake when granting relief. The book argues that due to the social and legal context within which promises of a future inheritance are normally made, promisees are often in a vulnerable position that can easily by exploited. It further argues that the law is usually more acutely attuned to the risks that the promisor incurs and that greater attention should be paid to the vulnerability of promisees.
Eudaimonism, Divinity, and Rationality in Greek Ethics
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter is about the inter-entailment of moral virtue and happiness/eudaimonia. It argues (contra Julia Annas) that philosophical eudaimonia was thoroughly conservative in importing in its use of that term the traditional notion of ideal prosperity. The radical turn was making the rule of reason, not good fortune or material well-being insert comma after well-being the essential content of prosperity and virtue, hence postulating the happiness of morality. Crucial to eudaimonia, as construed by the philosophers, were the three connotations of daimôn—divinity, fate, and monitoring spirit—with the prefix eu of eudaimonia signifying the good functioning generated by virtue. The argument focuses on Plato and Stoic philosophers.
Platonic Souls as Persons
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We conventionally translate the Greek word psychê by ‘soul’, but that translation is often misleading, especially for rendering the word in its numerous occurrences in Plato’s dialogues. Drawing on modern analyses of the concept of person, this chapter argues that the Platonic psychê gives human beings the capacity for living as persons, with personhood typified by such attributes as moral agency, desire, intentionality, accountability, happiness, and misery. In contrast with Aristotle, who begins his analysis of psychê at the nutritive level, Plato, in his mature works, treats psychê teleologically from the top down. In this way he makes the ideal psychê a lover of truth and beauty.
The Explanatory Role of Reasons II
Authors: McHugh Conor , Way Jonathan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the second and third parts of the account of the explanatory role of reasons begun in Chapter 5. The second part explains how the weights of reasons determine the overall strength of the case for a response. The chapter defends an amended version of the simple idea that the overall strength of the case for a response is the combined weight of the reasons for that response. This involves arguing that an account of the explanatory role need not appeal to reasons against a response. The third part of the account, starting from the popular idea that you ought to do what there is the strongest case for doing, explains how the overall strength of the case for alternative responses determines the deontic status of those responses. The resulting view is defended against three objections.
Imagination
Authors: Maiden John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the imagination—of the charismatic renewal as it reached ‘full flow’ in translocal exchanges of texts, sounds, and people in the 1970s. Many charismatics, surveying rapidly changing landscapes of moral decay, violent conflict, economic volatility, and political corruption, and aware also of geo-political developments in Israel and the Middle East, assumed the coming of a larger eschatological climax, where the churches were called to be a light in the darkness. This reading of the times lay behind several initiatives for reconciliation, repentance, and spiritual warfare. However, despite these many widely shared priorities and the sense of a worldwide community of the Spirit, by the end of the 1970s, differences, for example over authority and ‘shepherding’, Word of Faith teaching, and denominationalism, seemed increasingly pronounced as contestations within the charismatic imaginary.
Legacy
Authors: Maiden John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This concluding chapter assesses multiple trajectories and legacies of charismatic renewal, both in the Anglo-world and beyond, since 1980. Whereas in earlier decades the renewal, underpinned by an eschatology of ‘new Pentecost’, had constituted a coherent subculture, by the end of the 1970s, many leading charismatics perceived a distinctive phase of the Spirit’s work to be ending. Charismatic Christianity, by now increasingly interconnected across a global nexus, became subject to diversification, diffusion, and organisational and network building. The chapter shows how various global ‘moments’—concerning the Anglican Communion and homosexuality, the Roman Catholic Church, and President Donald Trump—relate to earlier charismatic developments. Across the globe, Christianity has been transformed by the impacts of charismatic renewal.
Introduction
Authors: Ní Ghráinne Bríd 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This brief introductory chapter sets out the monograph’s context, noting that it represents the first detailed study on the relationship between the protection of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and international refugee law. Although IDPs do not have a legal status under international law and there is no specific global treaty that deals specifically with IDP protection, there has been a gradual development of legal and institutional protection of IDPs at international level. This chapter introduces some of these developments, before setting out the central research question and key arguments addressed in the book and considering the contribution to knowledge that these make. The chapter concludes with an overview of the book structure.
Internal Displacement and the Internal Protection Alternative
Authors: Ní Ghráinne Bríd 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The internal protection alternative (IPA) is based on the idea that if there is a safe place within the individual’s state of nationality or habitual residence where they can relocate, they are not a refugee. This chapter examines to what extent becoming an IDP on return is relevant to the IPA inquiry. It explains the relationship between the refugee definition and the IPA, sets out the applicable criteria in the IPA inquiry, and illustrates that even though return to a situation of internal displacement might give rise to human rights violations, the fact that an individual will probably become an IDP on return is not given particular weight in the IPA inquiry. The chapter also draws analogies between the IPA and the cessation clauses and argues that it is even more unlikely that the cessation clauses will be found to apply where there is a situation of internal displacement.
Severe obesity and global developmental delay in preschool children: Findings from a Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program study
Authors: Gehring Nicole D , Birken Catherine S , Belanger Stacey , Bridger Tracey , Chanoine Jean-Pierre , Gibson William T , Hadjiyannakis Stasia , Haines Jess , Hamilton Jill , Haqq Andrea M , Henderson Mélanie , Ho Josephine , Irvine Brittany , Legault Laurent , Luca Paola , Maguire Jonathon , McPherson Amy C , Morrison Katherine , Wahi Gita , Weksberg Rosanna , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Ball Geoff D C 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
The co-presentation of severe obesity (SO) and global developmental delay (GDD) in Canadian preschool children has not been examined. However, SO and GDD may require syndromic diagnoses and unique management considerations.

Objectives
To determine (1) minimum incidence; (2) age of onset and risk factors; and (3) health care utilization for co-presenting SO and GDD.

Methods
Through the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP), a monthly form was distributed to participants from February 2018 to January 2020 asking for reports of new cases of SO and GDD among children ≤5 years of age. We performed descriptive statistics for quantitative questions and qualitative content analysis for open-ended questions.

Results
Forty-seven cases (64% male; 51% white; mean age: 3.5 ± 1.2 years) were included. Age of first weight concern was 2.5 ± 1.3 years and age of GDD diagnosis was 2.7 ± 1.4 years. Minimum incidence of SO and GDD was 3.3 cases per 100,000 for ≤5 years of age per year. Identified problems included school and/or behavioural problems (n = 17; 36%), snoring (n = 14; 30%), and asthma/recurrent wheeze (n = 10; 21%). Mothers of 32% of cases (n = 15) had obesity and 21% of cases (n = 10) received neonatal intensive care. Microarray was ordered for 57% (n = 27) of children. A variety of clinicians and services were accessed. As reported by CPSP participants, challenges faced by families and health service access were barriers to care.

Conclusion
Children with SO and GDD have multiple comorbidities, and require early identification and referral to appropriate services. These cases may also benefit from additional testing to rule out known genetic obesity syndromes.
Stochastic activation of a family of TetR type transcriptional regulators controls phenotypic heterogeneity in Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Pérez-Varela María , Tierney Aimee R P , Dawson Emma , Hutcheson Anna R , Tipton Kyle A , Anderson Sarah E , Haldopoulos Marina E , Song Shaina , Tomlinson Brooke R , Shaw Lindsey N , Weiss David S , Kim Minsu , Rather Philip N 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Phenotypic heterogeneity is an important mechanism for regulating bacterial virulence, where a single regulatory switch is typically activated to generate virulent and avirulent subpopulations. The opportunistic pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii can transition at high frequency between virulent opaque (VIR-O) and avirulent translucent subpopulations, distinguished by cells that form opaque or translucent colonies. We demonstrate that expression of 11 TetR-type transcriptional regulators (TTTRs) can drive cells from the VIR-O opaque subpopulation to cells that form translucent colonies. Remarkably, in a subpopulation of VIR-O cells, four of these TTTRs were stochastically activated in different combinations to drive cells to the translucent state. The resulting translucent subvariants exhibited unique phenotypic differences and the majority were avirulent. Due to their functional redundancy, a quadruple mutant with all four of these TTTRs inactivated was required to observe a loss of switching from the VIR-O state. Further, we demonstrate a small RNA, SrvS, acts as a “rheostat,” where the levels of SrvS expression influences both the VIR-O to translucent switching frequency, and which TTTR is activated when VIR-O cells switch. In summary, this work has revealed a new paradigm for phenotypic switching in bacteria, where an unprecedented number of related transcriptional regulators are activated in different combinations to control virulence and generate unique translucent subvariants with distinct phenotypic properties.
Syntax, Truth, and the Fate of Sentences
Authors: Collins John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Truth appears to be a predicate of sentence-like structures. This raises the question of what a sentence is (or what it is to be sentence-like) such that it is truth-apt. A natural move is to treat sentences and truth-aptness as somehow conceptually or metaphysical coeval—made for each other. This resolution conflicts, however, with now standard approaches in syntactic theory that treat sentences as mere epiphenomena. Siding with the developments in syntax, the paper argues that truth-aptness properly belongs, not to sentences, but to clauses as structures that can be selected by verbs that specify truth-apt states. It is further argued that this arrangement is perfectly consistent with truth-conditional semantics.
The pyramid representation of the functional network using resting-state fMRI
Authors: Yang Zhipeng , Li Luying , Peng Yaxi , Qin Yuanyuan , Li Muwei 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) has been proved to be a useful tool to study the brain mechanism in the quest to probe the distinct pattern of inter-region interactions in the brain. As an important application of RS-fMRI, the graph-based approach characterizes the brain as a complex network. However, the network is susceptible to its scale that determines the trade-off between sensitivity and anatomical variability.

Objective
To balance sensitivity and anatomical variability, a pyramid representation of the functional network is proposed, which is composed of five individual networks reconstructed at multiple scales.

Methods
The pyramid representation of the functional network was applied to two groups of participants, including patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and normal elderly (NC) individuals, as a demonstration. Features were extracted from the multi-scale networks and were evaluated with their inter-group differences between AD and NC, as well as the discriminative power in recognizing AD. Moreover, the proposed method was also validated by another dataset from people with autism.

Results
The different features reflect the highest sensitivity to distinguish AD at different scales. In addition, the combined features have higher accuracy than any single scale-based feature. These findings highlight the potential use of multi-scale features as markers of the disrupted topological organization in AD networks.

Conclusion
We believe that multi-scale metrics could provide a more comprehensive characterization of the functional network and thus provide a promising solution for representing the underlying functional mechanism in the human brain on a multi-scale basis.
Evidence for Improvement in Local but Not Diffuse Pressure Pain Thresholds Following Physical Therapist Interventions for Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alsulaimani Baraa , Perraton Luke , Stasinopoulos Dimitrios , Tavakkoli Sanam , Malliaras Peter 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Objectives
The objectives of this study were to investigate whether quantitative sensory testing proxy measures for peripheral and central sensitization change following physical therapist interventions for tendinopathy and whether changes occur in parallel to changes in self-reported pain.

Methods
Four databases—Ovid EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, and CENTRAL—were searched from inception to October 2021. Three reviewers extracted data for the population, tendinopathy, sample size, outcome, and physical therapist intervention. Studies that reported quantitative sensory testing proxy measures and pain at baseline and another time point following a physical therapist intervention were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s tools and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Levels of evidence were assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation.

Results
Twenty-one studies were included and all investigated changes in pressure pain threshold (PPT) at either local and/or diffuse sites. Change in other proxy measures of peripheral and central sensitization were not investigated among any studies. Diffuse PPT did not demonstrate significant change in all trial arms that reported this outcome. Local PPT improved for 52% of trial arms, and it was more likely to change at the medium (63%) and longer (100%) compared with the immediate (36%) and short (50%) timepoints. On average, 48% of trial arms demonstrated parallel changes in either outcome. Pain improvement was more frequent than local PPT improvement at all timepoints except for the longest.

Conclusion
Local PPT may improve among people receiving physical therapist interventions for tendinopathy, but these changes appear to lag behind changes in pain. Change in diffuse PPT among people with tendinopathy has been infrequently investigated in the literature.

Impact
The findings of the review contribute to knowledge of how tendinopathy pain and PPT change with treatments.