bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Weakly Supervised Brain Tumor Segmentation Strategy Based on Multi-level Sub-category and Membership Matrix
Authors: Li Zi-Wei , Xuan Shi-Bin , Wang Li , Wang Kuan 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Using a classification network to generate class activation mapping (CAM) is
a mainstream method for weakly supervised semantic segmentation. However, for brain tumor images,
CAM cannot fit the boundary of the tumor well.

Objective:
To improve the performance of brain tumor CAM, we propose a weakly supervised learning
strategy based on a multi-level sub-category and membership matrix.

Methods:
Firstly, a multi-level sub-category strategy is used to intensively classify the data set. It allows
the convolutional network to learn the in-depth characteristics of the input for enhancing CAM.
Secondly, the idea of fuzzy clustering is introduced into model learning. The membership matrix is
combined with CAM to construct the loss function.

Results:
Exhaustive experiments on the brain tumor dataset BraTS2019 demonstrate that the proposed
method can effectively improve the performance of CAM. Compared with the baseline method, our
approach significantly improved by 17.1% using the common dice similarity coefficient evaluation
approach, and compared with the recent study, our score also improved by almost 9%.

Conclusion:
The proposed methods train the network under image-level labels and help the convolutional
network mine the target boundary information. They can help CAM fit the target border more
accurately.
Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Pirotte Bernard , Arslan Deniz , Schoumacher Matthieu , Dilly Sébastien , Elmoualij Benaïssa , Zorzi Danièle , Quatresooz Pascale , Lambert Vincent , Noël Agnès , de Tullio Pascal 
Published: August 2022

Aims:
The present work describes the synthesis and the biological evaluation of novel
compounds acting as pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) inhibitors. These drugs should become
a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of pathologies improved by the control of the blood
lactate level.

Methods:
Four series of compounds belonging to N-(4-(N-alkyl/aralkylsulfamoyl)phenyl)-2-
methylpropanamides and 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides were prepared and evaluated as PDK
inhibitors.

Results:
The newly synthesized N-(4-(N-alkyl/aralkylsulfamoyl)phenyl)-2-methylpropanamides
structurally related to previously reported reference compounds 4 and 5 were found to be potent
PDK inhibitors (i.e. 10d: IC50 = 41 nM). 1,2,4-Benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides carrying a (methyl/
trifluoromethyl)-propanamide moiety at the 6-position were also designed as conformationally
restricted ring-closed analogues of N-(4-(N-alkyl/aralkylsulfamoyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamides.
Most of them were found to be less potent than their ring-opened analogues. Interestingly,
the best choice of hydrocarbon side chain at the 4-position was the benzyl chain, providing
11c (IC50 = 3.6 μM) belonging to “unsaturated” 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides, and 12c (IC50
= 0.5 μM) belonging to “saturated’ 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides.

Conclusion:
This work showed that ring-closed analogues of N-(4-(N-alkyl/aralkylsulfamoyl) phenyl)-
2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamides were less active as PDK inhibitors than their corresponding
ring-opened analogues. However, the introduction of a bulkier substituent at the 4-position of the
1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide core structure, such as a benzyl or a phenethyl side chain, was
allowed, opening the way to the design of new inhibitors with improved PDK inhibitory activity.
Novel Gatifloxacin3-Carboxamide Derivatives as Anti-Tumor Agents: Synthesis,
Enantioseparation, and Molecular Docking
Authors: Mimouni Fatima. Z. , Belboukhari Nasser , Sekkoum Khaled , Aboul-Enein Hassan Y. 
Published: August 2022

Background::
The drug's affinity to the identified target (protein/enzyme) is a critical characteristic in the development of a novel drug. Fluoroquinolone derivatives with a carboxylic group change have improved antimicrobial and anticancer activity while maintaining antibacterial activity similar to parent drugs.

Aim::
The rationale upon which synthesis of the new compounds, evaluation of their anticancer activity with in silico study, and suggestion of their mechanism of action is presented in this paper.

Methods::
This part describes the practical procedures used for the synthesis of four new gatifloxacin 3-carboxamide derivative, with their spectral data (UV-vis, IR, and 1H-NMR).
The enantiosaparation and docking studies are presented and discussed.

Results::
Four gatifloxacin 3-carboxamide derivatives were enantioseparated using a high-performance liquid chromatography approach using two distinct polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs). The baseline enantioseparation of all derivatives evaluated in this study was achieved using both coated and immobilized amylose columns. In silico molecular docking study, revealed that all compounds showed good docking score.

Conclusion::
The novel Fluoroquinolone caboxamides derivatives could be repositioned as DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors, allowing them to be employed as anticancer agents, according to our in silico study.
Experiments in vitro and in vivo are required to confirm their efficacy.
Hot Stage Microscopy-based Method for Determination of Particle Size in
Reverse Engineering: Establishment of a Platform Technology Employing
Carvedilol as a Model Drug
Authors: Deore Jayshri , Rajput Niraj , Jadav Tarang , Sahu Amit Kumar , Sengupta Pinaki 
Published: August 2022

Aim:
To develop a hot stage microscopy based method for determination of particle size in reverse engineering and establishment of a platform technology employing carvedilol as a model drug. It was hypothesized that reverse engineering using thermal methods will suggest a logical path in decoding the innovator’s formulation to develop an efficient generic product and preconize the morphology of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).

Background:
To develop a generic formulation, a detailed analysis of identification, quantification and characterization of APIs and excipients present in the innovator product is a mandatory requirement. Identification of actives, excipients, and manufacturing processes involved in innovator product formulation can be facilitated using reverse engineering studies.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to establish a platform technology for determination of particle size in reverse engineering using hot stage microscopy (HSM).

Method:
Method: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and HSM techniques were employed for identification of different unit processes that can affect the particle size distribution of API during formulation.

Result:
Result:	DSC technique helped to unwind information about qualitative as well as quantitative nature of the formulation blend. HSM technique helped to reveal the particulate level properties of the drug present in the blend and formulation.

Conclusion:
The study concluded that the two thermal techniques DSC and HSM together could be effectively used to reverse engineer a given formulation using a very less sample quantity. The study suggested a logical path in decoding innovator’s formulation to develop an efficient generic product. Moreover, this HSM based thermal method of particle size determination will offer new insight into the decoding of an innovator product in a shorter period.
Nanomaterial-based Electrochemical Biosensors
Authors: Şensoy Kübra Gençdağ , Akpınar Fatma , Muti Mihrican 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Nanomaterials often show very different sizes, shapes, and stability properties. They also
facilitate electron transfer and can be easily modified with chemical ligands and biomolecules. These
properties, combined with the ease of miniaturizing nanoscales and their application to sensing
devices, make nanomaterials well suited for essential chemical/biochemical sensing applications.

:
Nanomaterials are superior materials not only due to their structural properties but also their functional
properties. Using various methods makes it possible to change the available and stack properties.

:
Nano-sized materials are preferred in modern technological systems because they have a large surface
area and different optical and electronic properties.

:
In this study, electrochemical biosensor applications based on sensors modified with various nanomaterials
were evaluated in terms of analytical parameters, such as detection limit, linear range, and
features, such as easy fabrication, storage stability, and reproducibility. Besides, the advantages of
using nanomaterials were examined under 6 different headings as enzyme biosensors, immunosensors,
nucleic acid sensors, cell, phage, and aptasensors.
Recent Advances of Nanotechnology in Brain Targeting
Authors: Dewangan Hitesh Kumar , Singh Vanshita , Garg Akash , Sharma Rajeev 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Central nervous system disorders, particularly neurodegenerative disorders, are a serious public health concern that researchers must address to protect the persons against them. The
prevalence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which segregates the blood from cerebral parenchyma and hence limits the brain uptake of most of the therapeutic agents, makes developing drug
delivery systems for brain delivery one of the most challenging research subjects in pharmaceutical domains. The detailed description of BBB-crossing nanotechnology in this article is expected
to pique the attention of researchers from a wide range of fields who want to help build powerful
BBB-crossing nanosystems for highly effective brain targeting. Recent advances in nanotechnology have resulted in multifunctional nanosystems that can cross or circumvent the BBB, allowing
for more accurate assessment and treatment of brain tumours. The application of nanotechnology
in targeting different drugs across the brain is included in this review.
Computational Modelling Strategies for Exploring Triazolopyridazine PIM1 Kinase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents
Authors: Walhekar Vinayak , Bagul Chandrakant , Kumar Dileep , Achaiah Garlapati , Muthal Amol , Kulkarni Ravindra , Basavarju Maccha 
Published: August 2022

Background:
PIM (Proviral Integration site for Moloney Murine Leukemia virus) kinases are members of
the class of kinase family serine/threonine kinases, which play a crucial role in cancer development. As there is no drug
in the market against PIM-1, kinase has transpired as a budding and captivating target for discovering new anticancer
agents targeting PIM-1 kinase.

Aim:
The current research pondered the development of new PIM-1 kinase inhibitors by applying a ligand-based and
structure-based drug discovery approach involving 3D QSAR, molecular docking, and dynamics simulation.

Methods:
In this study, association allying the structural properties and biological activity was undertaken using 3DQSAR
analysis. The 3D-QSAR model was generated with the help of 35 compounds from which the best model manifested
an appreciated cross-validation coefficient (q2) of 0.8866 and conventional correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9298,
respectively and the predicted correlation coefficient (r2
pred) was obtained as 0.7878.

Results:
The molecular docking analysis demonstrated that the analogs under analysis occupied the active site of the
PIM-1 kinase receptor and interactions with Lys67 in the catalytic region, Asp186 in the DFG motif, and Glu171 were
noticed with numerous compounds.

Discussion:
Furthermore, the molecular dynamics simulation study stated that the ligand portrayed strong conformational
stability within the active site of PIM-1 kinase protein, forming two hydrogen bonds until 100 ns, respectively.

Conclusion:
Overall outcomes of the study revealed that applications of the ligand-based drug discovery approach and
structure-based drug discovery strategy conceivably applied to discovering new PIM-1 kinase inhibitors as anticancer
agents.
The mRNA Expression of PTEN, LEF1, JAK3, LC3 and p62/SQSTM1
Genes in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Sharifzadeh Sedigheh , Lak Elahe Razmara , Tamaddon Gholamhossein , Ramzi Mani , Ranjbaran Reza , Abedi Elham 
Published: August 2022

Introduction:
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a progressive myeloproliferative
disorder resulting from forming a chimeric BCR-ABL gene. The proteins derived from this gene
can affect some genes from various signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/Wnt/catenin/JAK/Stat
involved in proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and genes related to autophagy. Imatinib is the
first-line treatment for CML patients, with durable and proper responses in Iranian children and
adult CML patients. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the mRNA expression of some selected key
genes from those pathways in patients with CML before and under treatment.

Methods:
In the case-control study, the mRNA expression of PTEN, LEF1, JAK3, LC3 and p62
genes were measured in 51 CML patients (6 patients before treatment and 45 patients under treatment
with imatinib mesylate) and 40 healthy controls using the Real-time PCR method.

Results:
The mRNA expression of PTEN and P62 were significantly higher in newly diagnosed
patients than in controls (P<0.0001 and P = 0.0183, respectively), while the expression of the LC3
gene was significantly lower in the untreated newly diagnosed group than in control subjects (P =
0.0191). The expression level of PTEN, LEF1, JAK3 and P62 genes were significantly decreased
in patients under treatment than in the group before treatment (P = 0.0172, P = 0.0002, P = 0.0047
and P = 0.0038, respectively). A positive correlation was seen between the gene expression of P62
and BCR-ABL in the patients under treatment (r 0529, P = 0.016).

Conclusion:
Our findings showed that the changes in expression of these genes were related to the
patient’s treatment. Due to the key role of these genes in proliferation, differentiation and tumor
suppression, it is proposed that these genes may be helpful for follow-up of treatment in CML
patients.
A Comprehensive Review on COVID-19: Emphasis on Current Vaccination
and Nanotechnology Aspects
Authors: Dewangan Hitesh Kumar , Rai Akriti , Shah Kamal , Sharma Rajiv 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been expanding. SARS-CoV caused
an outbreak in early 2000, while MERS-CoV had a similar expansion of illness in early 2010. Nanotechnology
has been employed for nasal delivery of drugs to conquer a variety of challenges that
emerge during mucosal administration. The role of nanotechnology is highly relevant to counter this
“virus” nano enemy. This technique directs the safe and effective distribution of accessible therapeutic
choices using tailored nanocarriers, as well as the interruption of virion assembly, by preventing
the early contact of viral spike glycoprotein with host cell surface receptors. This study summarises
what we know about earlier SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV illnesses, with the goal of better understanding
the recently discovered SARS-CoV-2 virus. It also explains the progress made so far in
creating COVID-19 vaccines/ treatments using existing methods. Furthermore, we studied nanotechnology-
based vaccinations and therapeutic medications that are now undergoing clinical trials
and other alternatives.
A Sequential Pattern-Based Method for Mining Technological Context and
Developing R&D Strategies for the Cloud Computing Industry
Authors: Huang Jia-Yen , Zhuang Pei-Hua 
Published: August 2022

Aim:
Cloud computing has been a hot topic in recent years, yet its technology trend is
rarely comprehensively studied in peer-reviewed publications. Owing to a great number of professional and technical terms and the increasing volume of technical data presented in patents, it is difficult to analytically identify the timeframe of technological development.

Methods:
To remedy this problem, this study uses a sequential pattern method and social network
analysis to develop the technological context of cloud computing.

Results & Discussion:
The analysis of relative patent position, technology quality, and technology
life cycle was incorporated.

Conclusion:
This study proposes a method of patent portfolio analysis on the technological level to
assist managers of cloud computing enterprises in developing competitive research and development
(R&D) strategies.
Single Cell Protein for Foods and Feeds: A Review of Trends
Authors: Onyeaka Helen , Anumudu Christian K. , Okpe Calistus , Okafor Arthur , Ihenetu Francis , Miri Taghi , Odeyemi Olumide A. , Anyogu Amarachukwu 
Published: August 2022

Introduction:Predictions on the world’s population in the next few decades suggest that the global demand for animal-derived proteins may not be met if current conventional agriculture approaches are used. One promising solution to this complex crisis lies in the use of single-cell proteins (SCP). SCP refers to the edible biomass of unicellular microorganisms and can be developed as animal feeds or human foods. This paper provides a detailed overview on research towards the production and utilisation of SCPs and trends within the field.Study Design:A bibliometric based study was conducted on 425 SCP research articles collected from the Web of Science database, analysing the most cited papers using VOSviewer software, and contributing authors, affiliations and country of origin. Research publications on SCP started in 1961 and has grown steadily over the years.Discussion:Emerging research topics within SCP production focused on the use of improved fungal strains, the composition and characteristics of SCPs based on the type of substrates used, industrial production processes and the use of waste for SCP production, which serves the dual purpose of mitigating the cost associated with waste disposal and production of a valuable product.
Modulation of Lignin and its Implications in Salt, Drought and Temperature
Stress Tolerance
Authors: Kavi Kishor P.B.  , Srinivas B.  , Singam Prashant , Sahitya G.  , Tulya Rupa Sri V.  , G. Rajasheker , Suravajhala Prashanth 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Lignins are phenylpropanoid polymers with complex composition and structures
and crucial components in plant cell walls. Lignins are biosynthesized from oxidative polymerization
of 4-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols, but differ in the degree of methoxylation.

Objective:
This review makes an endeavour to identify the gaps in our understanding of lignin modulation
and gain insights into their relevance to abiotic stress tolerance.

Methods:
Critical review of the recent literature to understand the regulation of lignin, the major biopolymer
involved in a multitude of functions.

Results:
Lignin contributes to the growth of tissues, and organs that give mechanical protection or
lodging resistance and also responds to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. The quantity and quality of
accumulation of lignin is dependent on the type of plant species and abiotic stress. In this review, we
briefly discuss the biosynthesis, modulation of lignin by diverse transcription factors and its role in
salt, drought and temperature stress tolerance.

Conclusion:
We need to explore many areas to gain comprehensive knowledge about the secondary
cell wall deposition of monolignols, and their transport, leading to lignin accumulation which imparts
biotic and abiotic stress tolerance to plants.
Synthesis, Characterization, Textile Dyeing Study and Antimicrobial
Activity of 3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2-chloroquinoline
Authors: Maru Minaxi S. , Kaur Varinder , Behal Jagriti , Vaid Samriti 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Benzimidazoles are important heterocyclic compounds having significant
attention in the pharmacological industry due to their various biological and dying properties.

Objective:
3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2-chloroquinoline, a heterocyclic dye (1), was prepared
using o-phenylenediamine and 2-chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde in the presence of ceric
ammonium nitrate catalyst and hydrogen peroxide under reflux condition, which was subjected to
mordant and disperse dyeing study and antimicrobial activity to develop antimicrobial textile
garment products.

Methods:
Elemental analysis, NMR, FT-IR, Mass and UV-visible spectroscopic techniques were
used to characterize dye (1). Polyester, wool and silk textile fabrics were selected for the
evaluation of dyeing assessment of dispersed heterocyclic dye. The in vitro antimicrobial screening
was done against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus
aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and
Aspergillus clavatus strains using standard drugs as reference.

Results:
The deep brown to green shades were observed for dye (1), particularly on polyester
samples and showed excellent wash fastness and light fastness properties. Dye (1) was active
against Staphylococcus aureus showing 100 µgmL-1 MIC with 16.5 mm ZOI better than the
reference drug ampicillin. It was more active against Candida albicans with 12.5, µgmL-1 MIC
with 33 mm ZOI in compared to nystatin reference drug during antifungal screening. In primary
screening, the MIC value for antimycobacterial activity was <12.5 µgmL-1
.

Conclusion:
The characteristics values of spectroscopic data support the chemical structure of dye
(1). It may become the potent applicant for the production of antimicrobial textile garment products
like socks, stockings, caps, etc. due to its fastness, lightning and antimicrobial activity results.
Assessment of Various Scheduling and Load Balancing Algorithms in
Integrated Cloud-Fog Environment
Authors: Jyotsna  , Nand Parma 
Published: August 2022

Background:
It is required to design a suitable scheduling algorithm that enhances the timely execution of goals such as load distribution, cost monitoring, and minimal time lag to react, increased security awareness, optimized energy usage, dependability, and so on. In order to attain these criteria, a variety of scheduling strategies based on hybrid, heuristic, and meta-heuristic techniques are under consideration.

Objective:
IoT devices and a variety of network resources make up the integrated cloud-fog environment. Every fog node has devices that release or request resources. A good scheduling algorithm is required in order to maintain the requests for resources made by various IoT devices.

Method:
This research focuses on analysis of numerous scheduling challenges and techniques employed in a cloud-fog context. This work evaluates and analyses the most important fog computing scheduling algorithms.

Results:
The survey of simulation tools used by the researchers is done. From the compared results, the highest percentage in the literature has 60% of scheduling algorithm which is related to task scheduling and 37% of the researchers have used iFogSim simulation tool for the implementation of the proposed algorithm defined in their research paper.

Conclusion::
The findings in the paper provide a roadmap of the proposed efficient scheduling algorithms and can help researches to develop and choose algorithms close to their case studies.