bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transgender health content in medical education: a theory-guided systematic review of current training practices and implementation barriers & facilitators
Authors: van Heesewijk Jason , Kent Alex , van de Grift Tim C. , Harleman Alex , Muntinga Maaike 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHealth disparities faced by transgender people are partly explained by barriers to trans-inclusive healthcare, which in turn are linked to a lack of transgender health education in medical school curricula. We carried out a theory-driven systematic review with the aim to (1) provide an overview of key characteristics of training initiatives and pedagogical features, and (2) analyze barriers and facilitators to implementing this training in medical education. We used queer theory to contextualize our findings. We searched the PubMed/Ovid MEDLINE database (October 2009 to December 2021) for original studies that reported on transgender content within medical schools and residency programs (N = 46). We performed a thematic analysis to identify training characteristics, pedagogical features, barriers and facilitators. Most training consisted of single-session interventions, with varying modes of delivery. Most interventions were facilitated by instructors with a range of professional experience and half covered general LGBT+-content. Thematic analysis highlighted barriers including lack of educational materials, lack of faculty expertise, time/costs constraints, and challenges in recruiting and compensating transgender guest speakers. Facilitators included scaffolding learning throughout the curriculum, drawing on expertise of transgender people and engaging learners in skills-based training. Sustainable implementation of transgender-health objectives in medical education faces persistent institutional barriers. These barriers are rooted in normative biases inherent to biomedical knowledge production, and an understanding of categories of sex and gender as uncomplicated. Medical schools should facilitate trans-inclusive educational strategies to combat transgender-health inequities, which should include a critical stance toward binary conceptualizations of sex and gender throughout the curriculum.
Effects of Jet-to-Jet Spacing of Air-Jet Vortex Generators in Shock-Induced Flow-Separation Control
Authors: Ramaswamy Deepak Prem , Schreyer Anne-Marie 
Published: April 2022

AbstractExperiments were carried out to assess the influence of spanwise spacing between adjacent orifices of an air-jet vortex-generator (AJVG) array on their separation-control effectiveness. The array was applied to a 24° compression-ramp-induced shock-wave / turbulent boundary-layer interaction at $$M_{\infty } = 2.52$$

M
∞

=
2.52

and $$Re_{\theta } = 8225$$

R

e
θ

=
8225

. Three spanwise oriented AJVG arrays of small, intermediate, and large jet spacings were studied. Their influence on the mean-flow organisation and turbulence quantities was assessed using flow visualisations and planar particle image velocimetry across multiple measurement planes. The streamwise vortices induced by the AJVGs incited different control effects depending on the degree of interaction between adjacent vortices. The array with intermediate spacing achieved the most favourable effects with reductions in separation length and area of about $$25\%$$

25
%

and $$52\%$$

52
%

, respectively. This reduction was brought about by the formation of stable, interacting streamwise-elongated coherent vortices downstream of jet injection and the associated entrainment of high-momentum fluid. The smallest jet spacing incites vortex interactions to adverse strength, breaking up the coherent structures and even increasing separation. The AJVGs with the largest spacing display characteristics similar to single jets in crossflow, with only a local modification of the separation region. Turbulent quantities are amplified both by the jets and the separation-inducing shock; AJVG control reduces the amplification across the shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction and the intermediate jet spacing is most effective also here.
Within and Between Subject Spectral Fingerprints of EEG-Microstate Parameters
Authors: Zulliger Johannes , Diaz Hernandez Laura , Koenig Thomas 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEarly reports have claimed that EEG microstate features (e.g. their mean duration or percent of time covered) are largely independent from EEG spectra. This has meanwhile been questioned for conceptual and empirical reasons, but so far, EEG spectral power map correlates of microstate features have not been reported. We present the results of such analyses, conducted both within and between subjects, and report patterns of systematic changes in local EEG spectral amplitude associated with the mean duration, frequency of occurrence and relative contribution of particular microstate classes. The combination of EEG microstate analysis with spectral analysis may therefore be helpful to come to a deeper understanding of local patterns of activation and inhibition associated with particular microstate classes.
The non-Mendelian behavior of plant B chromosomes
Authors: Chen Jianyong , Birchler James A. , Houben Andreas 
Published: April 2022

AbstractB chromosomes, also known as supernumerary chromosomes, are dispensable elements in the genome of many plants, animals, and fungi. Many B chromosomes have evolved one or more drive mechanisms to transmit themselves at a higher frequency than predicted by Mendelian genetics, and these mechanisms counteract the tendency of non-essential genetic elements to be lost over time. The frequency of Bs in a population results from a balance between their effect on host fitness and their transmission rate. Here, we will summarize the findings of the drive process of plant B chromosomes, focusing on maize and rye.
Procedural and outcome impact of obesity in cryoballoon versus radiofrequency pulmonary vein isolation in atrial fibrillation patients
Authors: Scheurlen Cornelia , van den Bruck Jan-Hendrik , Filipovic Karlo , Wörmann Jonas , Arica Zeynep , Erlhöfer Susanne , Dittrich Sebastian , Heijman Jordi , Lüker Jakob , Steven Daniel , Sultan Arian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Cryoballoon (CB) ablation and radiofrequency (RF) ablation are the most common techniques for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF). An increasing number of patients undergoing PVI are obese.
To address the paucity of data on outcomes of CB- vs. RF-based PVI in relation to body mass index (BMI) of AF patients.

Methods
All patients undergoing de novo PVI between 01/2018 and 08/2019 at University Hospital Cologne were included in this retrospective analysis. Patients of each group (CB-PVI vs. RF-PVI) were analyzed based on their BMI. Hereafter, procedural characteristics and AF recurrence rate were compared regarding different BMI groups.

Results
A total of 526 patients (62% male, 65±11 years) underwent successful de novo PVI (320 CB and 206 RF). In obese patients, two differences in procedural characteristics were noted: A significantly increased contrast medium volume in CB group and a lower fluoroscopy dose in RF group: contrast medium: CB 50 [40-80] vs. RF 20 [20-30], p<0.001; fluoroscopy dose: CB 392.4 [197.9-995.9] vs. RF 282.5 [139.8-507.2], p<0.001. The complication rate was equal throughout all BMI groups, regardless of CB or RF usage. For obese patients, a trend toward a higher AF recurrence rate was revealed after RF-PVI as compared to CB-PVI. In line with previous studies, the overall procedure time was significantly shorter with CB-PVI regardless of BMI.

Conclusion
For obese patients, CB-PVI is similarly safe and effective as RF-PVI. The significantly shorter procedure time for CB-PVI may minimize potential obesity-related complications. However, the lower contrast medium quantity and fluoroscopy dose in RF-PVI must be considered. AF recurrence rates were comparable between CB-PVI and RF-PVI.
A virtual sensor for backlash in robotic manipulators
Authors: Giovannitti Eliana , Nabavi Sayyidshahab , Squillero Giovanni , Tonda Alberto 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGear backlash is a quite serious problem in industrial robots, it causes vibrations and impairs the robot positioning accuracy. Backlash estimation allows targeted maintenance interventions, preserving robot performances and avoiding unforeseen equipment breakdowns. However, a direct measure of the backlash is hard to obtain, and dedicated auxiliary sensors are required for the measurement. This paper presents a method for estimating backlash in robotic joints that does not require the installation of extra devices. It only relies on data gathered from the motor encoder, which is always present in a robotic joint. The approach is based on the observation of a characteristic vibration pattern arising on the motor speed signal when backlash affects the joint transmission. By looking at the amplitude of this vibration some information about the entity of the backlash in the joint is gathered. Experimental results on simulated data are reported in the study to show the robustness of the method, also with respect of noise. Furthermore, tests on real-world data, gathered from robots installed in a production plant, demonstrate the efficacy of the technique. The approach is cost-effective, fast, and easily automatable, therefore convenient for the industrial world.
Strength assessment of Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 using micro- and macro-scale biaxial tests
Authors: Gross Jürgen Peter , Malzbender Jürgen , Schwaiger Ruth 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe application of ceramics in advanced functional applications often requires thicknesses below a few hundred micrometers, rendering an assessment of the materials’ strength particularly challenging. In this work, different testing methods are combined to elucidate the effect of the volume and the surface area of the specimens under tensile loading on the fracture strength of Alumina of different purities and Spinel. A ball-on-3-ball test has been implemented into a micro-indentation system permitting as novelty a high control and acquisition of loads and displacements to study the biaxial fracture stress of thin specimens. In addition, ring-on-ring tests are carried out for thicker specimens. Weibull statistics is applied to analyze the fracture stresses. Considering all individual data sets obtained using the two testing methods, the effective volume approach appears most suitable for the materials tested. This conclusion is confirmed by fractographic analysis, where pores could be identified as the main failure initiating defect. The combination of a micro-indentation system and a ball-on-3-ball test as micro-and macro-scale biaxial tests represents an easy, fast and reliable methodology to investigate small scale ceramic materials.
Simulating the complete pyrolysis and charring process of phenol–formaldehyde resins using reactive molecular dynamics
Authors: Purse Marcus , Holmes Ben , Sacchi Marco , Howlin Brendan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe examine the mechanism of pyrolysis and charring of large (> 10,000 atom) phenol–formaldehyde resin structures produced using pseudo-reaction curing techniques with formaldehyde/phenol ratios of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. We utilise Reactive Molecular Dynamics (RMD) with a hydrocarbon oxidation parameter set to simulate the high-temperature thermal decomposition of these resins at 1500, 2500 and 3500 K. Our results demonstrate that the periodic removal of volatile pyrolysis gasses from the simulation box allows us to achieve near complete carbonisation after only 2 ns of simulation time. The RMD simulations show that ring openings play a significantly larger role in thermal decomposition than has previously been reported. We also identify the major phases of phenolic pyrolysis and elucidate some of the possible mechanisms of fragment formation and graphitisation from the RMD trajectories and compute the thermal and mechanical properties of the final pyrolysed structures.
Graphical abstract
When Things Turn Sour: A Network Event Study of Organized Crime Violence
Authors: Niezink Nynke M. D. , Campana Paolo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Objective
This study examines the mechanisms underpinning the emergence of violence among individuals in the organized crime milieu.

Methods
Relying on criminal event data recorded by a UK Police Force, we apply a longitudinal network approach to study violent interactions among offenders. The data span the period from 2000 to 2016 and include 6,234 offenders and 23,513 organized crime-related events. Instead of aggregating these data over time, we use a relational event-based approach to take into consideration the order of events. We employ an actor-oriented framework to model offenders’ victim choices in 156 violent events in the OC milieu.

Results
We find that the choice of offenders to target a particular victim is strongly affected by their mutual history. A violent act is often preceded by a previous act of violence, both in the form of repeated violence and reciprocated violence. We show that violence is strongly associated with prior co-offending turning sour. We uncover a strong effect for previous harassment as a retaliation cum escalation mechanism. Finally, we find evidence of conflicts within organized crime groups and of violence being directed to offenders with the same ethnic background.

Conclusions
Relational effects on victimization are consistently stronger than the effects of individual characteristics. Therefore, from a policy perspective, we believe that relational red flags (or risk factors) should play a more central role. A focus on harassment could be valuable in the development of an early intervention strategy.
Distinguishing the Origin of Asteroid (16) Psyche
Authors: Elkins-Tanton Linda T. , Asphaug Erik , Bell James F. , Bierson Carver J. , Bills Bruce G. , Bottke William F. , Courville Samuel W. , Dibb Steven D. , Jun Insoo , Lawrence David J. , Marchi Simone , McCoy Timothy J. , Merayo Jose M. G. , Oran Rona , O’Rourke Joseph G. , Park Ryan S. , Peplowski Patrick N. , Prettyman Thomas H. , Raymond Carol A. , Weiss Benjamin P. , Wieczorek Mark A. , Zuber Maria T. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe asteroid (16) Psyche may be the metal-rich remnant of a differentiated planetesimal, or it may be a highly reduced, metal-rich asteroidal material that never differentiated. The NASA Psyche mission aims to determine Psyche’s provenance. Here we describe the possible solar system regions of origin for Psyche, prior to its likely implantation into the asteroid belt, the physical and chemical processes that can enrich metal in an asteroid, and possible meteoritic analogs. The spacecraft payload is designed to be able to discriminate among possible formation theories. The project will determine Psyche’s origin and formation by measuring any strong remanent magnetic fields, which would imply it was the core of a differentiated body; the scale of metal to silicate mixing will be determined by both the neutron spectrometers and the filtered images; the degree of disruption between metal and rock may be determined by the correlation of gravity with composition; some mineralogy (e.g., modeled silicate/metal ratio, and inferred existence of low-calcium pyroxene or olivine, for example) will be detected using filtered images; and the nickel content of Psyche’s metal phase will be measured using the GRNS.
A 1D Hypoplastic constitutive model for expansive soils
Authors: Grandas Tavera Carlos Eduardo , Nitsch Antonia , Machaček Jan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a simple hypoplastic constitutive model that describes the essential features of the material behaviour of partially saturated clayey soils observed in oedometric compression tests. The model is formulated in terms of net stress and degree of saturation. The total strain rate is decomposed into a portion related to the changes in saturation and a portion for the evolution of net stress. However, no distinction is made between plastic and elastic strains. With this strain rate decomposition, the maximum swelling strain/stress are obtained by simulating wetting processes under constant stress/strain conditions. In addition to the void ratio, the model includes two scalar variables to track the loading history (preloading). The calibration of the model constants using common laboratory tests is discussed. Confined and unconfined swelling tests under oedometric conditions with subsequent loading and unloading phases carried out on three different materials were satisfactorily simulated by the model. Its promising results call for an extension to a 3D formulation.
Soziale Selektivität individueller und strukturierter Promotionsformen revisited
Authors: de Vogel Susanne 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Studie „Wie beeinflussen Geschlecht und Bildungsherkunft den Übergang in individuelle und strukturierte Promotionsformen?“ von de Vogel aus dem Jahr 2017 gelangte auf Basis des vom Deutschen Zentrum für Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsforschung (DZHW) erhobenen Absolventenpanels 2005 zu dem Schluss, der Zugang zu strukturierten Promotions- und Stipendienprogrammen sei weniger selektiv als der Übergang in Individualpromotionen. Am Beispiel dieses Artikels zeigt Neumeyer in diesem Heft, dass die Berechnung und Interpretation absoluter Ungleichheitsmaße wie Average Marginal Effects in der Ausgangsstudie problematisch sein kann, wenn die Randverteilungen der Bildungsalternativen stark divergieren. Bei einer Reanalyse der Herkunftsdifferenzen mit relativen Ungleichheitsmaßen (Odds Ratios, Relative Risk Ratios und relativen Average Marginal Effects) gelangt er teils zu gegenteiligen Befunden. Daran anknüpfend erfolgt in diesem Beitrag eine Einordnung dieser Erkenntnisse in den laufenden methodischen Diskurs der Ungleichheitsforschung. Ergänzend bringt auch eine Reanalyse der Geschlechterunterschiede aus der Ausgangsstudie abweichende Ergebnisse hervor. Zieht man relative Ungleichheitsmaße heran, zeigen sich am Übergang in Promotionen im Rahmen von Anstellungen als wissenschaftlich Mitarbeitende zwar nach wie vor die größten Geschlechterunterschiede. Im Vergleich erweist sich der Zugang zu freien Promotionen aber als weniger selektiv als der Zugang zu strukturierten Promotions- und Stipendienprogrammen. Die Verwendung relativer statt absoluter Ungleichheitsmaße hat auch Auswirkungen auf die Ergebnisse der Dekompositionsanalysen. Die aktuelle Diskussion demonstriert, wie bedeutsam die Wahl der Analyseperspektive und Ungleichheitsmaße bei der Messung und Quantifizierung sozialer Ungleichheiten ist. Der vorliegende Beitrag macht zudem deutlich, dass zukünftige Studien neben der Wahl des Ungleichheitsmaßes auch mit alternativen Forschungsansätzen die Erkenntnislage zur Selektivität formaler Promotionsformen weiter absichern sollten.
A Review of FE-FFT-Based Two-Scale Methods for Computational Modeling of Microstructure Evolution and Macroscopic Material Behavior
Authors: Gierden Christian , Kochmann Julian , Waimann Johanna , Svendsen Bob , Reese Stefanie 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe overall, macroscopic constitutive behavior of most materials of technological importance such as fiber-reinforced composites or polycrystals is very much influenced by the underlying microstructure. The latter is usually complex and heterogeneous in nature, where each phase constituent is governed by non-linear constitutive relations. In order to capture such micro-structural characteristics, numerical two-scale methods are often used. The purpose of the current work is to provide an overview of state-of-the-art finite element (FE) and FFT-based two-scale computational modeling of microstructure evolution and macroscopic material behavior. Spahn et al. (Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 268:871–883, 2014) were the first to introduce this kind of FE-FFT-based methodology, which has emerged as an efficient and accurate tool to model complex materials across the scales in the recent years.
Water Use of Hybrid Poplar (Populus deltoides Bart. ex Marsh $$\times$$ P. nigra L. “AF2”) Growing Across Contrasting Site and Groundwater Conditions in Western Slovakia
Authors: Fontenla-Razzetto Gabriela , Wahren Filipa Tavares , Heilig Dávid , Heil Bálint , Kovacs Gábor , Feger Karl-Heinz , Julich Stefan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe water use by short rotation coppices (SRC) has been a focus of ongoing research in the last decades. Nevertheless, investigations that consider site factors and present long-term monitoring of the components of the water balance are rare. This research quantified the tree-based transpiration in the 4th growing season of uncoppiced 1st rotational hybrid poplar stands (Populus deltoides Bart. ex Marsh × P. nigra L. “AF2”) in western Slovakia. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of meteorological and soil-related site conditions on transpiration rates. Three experimental plots were located in the Morava River floodplains, on loamy sand-textured soils with different groundwater accessibilities: higher, low, and fluctuating groundwater level. We measured sap flow (Heat Ratio Method), volumetric water content, matric potential, groundwater level, and meteorological variables throughout the growing season in 2019. The results indicated that transpiration in the three sites was almost constant during that period, which was characterized by distinct conditions. The average cumulative transpiration at the site with a higher groundwater level (1105 mm) was larger than at the site with a lower groundwater level (632 mm) and the site with fluctuating groundwater (863 mm). A principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis identified that the contribution of meteorological and soil-related site variables to transpiration differed among the sites. Soil water availability and groundwater accessibility are critical variables for the water use of poplar SRC. We concluded that the combination of site conditions needs to be reconsidered for the expansion of sustainable short rotation plantations in Europe.
A Rapid Routine Methodology Based on Chemometrics to Evaluate the Toxicity of Commercial Infant Milks Due to Hazardous Elements
Authors: Gredilla Ainara , de Vallejuelo Silvia Fdez-Ortiz , Arana Gorka , de Diego Alberto , Oliveira Marcos L. S. , da Boit Katia , Madariaga Juan Manuel , Silva Luis F. O. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe toxicity and the health risk assessment associated to the presence of some hazardous elements (HEs) in dried (infant formula and powdered) milks due to manufacturing and packaging process, raw materials used, environmental conditions, etc. need to be determined. With this aim, a new methodology based on the combination of health risk quotients and non-supervised (as cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA)) chemometric techniques is proposed in this study. The methodology was exemplified using the concentration of 27 elements, some of them HEs, measured in 12 powdered milk samples produced for children and adults in Brazil and Colombia. The concentration values were obtained by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after acid microwave digestion. Elemental concentrations vary depending upon the type of milk (initiation, growing-up, follow-on milks and adult milks). However, hazard quotients (HQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR) values showed no risk associated to the presence of HEs on milks. The methodology designed made possible to conclude that adults’ milks are more characteristic of elements naturally present in milk. Children milks present major presence of trace and minor elements. Between infant milks, sample H, designed for babies between 12 and 36 months, was identified as of poor quality. Moreover, it was possible to deduce that while the fortification process applied to children powdered milks is a probable metal and metalloid source, together with the manufacturing, the skimming process is not a contamination source for milks.
Graphical abstract