bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventive Treatment with Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Billbug at the Valentine Research Center, University Park, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The field plot consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass. Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a complete randomized block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with four 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (10 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 77°F; RH, 45%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.75 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 20.3% sand, 60.1% silt, 19.6% clay; organic matter, 2.6%; soil moisture (oven baked), 22.6%; water pH, 7.0; and soil pH, 5.6. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 47 d later (26 Jun). Bluegrass billbug control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and the total number of bluegrass billbug life stages (larvae, pupae, adults) were recorded from each sample and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4-inch cup cutter.
Influence of Kinetic Wetting Agent on Chlorpyrifos for Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs, Indiana, 1991
Authors: Edward King J. , shaw Michael C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An efficacy trial was conducted on the Indiana University baseball field (Bloomington, IN) to determine if Kinetic nonionic wetting agent could improve thatch penetration and efficacy of two chlorpyrifos formulations (Dursban 4 E and FN-5354 2 E) for control of Japanese beetle grubs. Four replications of each treatment were applied to 5 X 10 ft plots on 4 Sep with a C02 sprayer (80014 nozzle) at a volume of 2.3 gal/1000 ft2. Weather conditions at time of application were sunny with 5-10 mph winds and a temperature of 83°F. Thatch layer ranged from ⅛ to ¼ inch in density above the sandy loam soil. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water 2 h after the final spray application. Posttreatment counts were made 2 wks later (18 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of live Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded.
Residual Efficacy of Triumph Vs. Oftanol for Control of White Grubs, 1990
Authors: Potter D. A. , Patterson C. G. , Spicer P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted in a Kentucky bluegrass plot in Fayette Co., KY. The established turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) with pH = 6.2. Thatch accumulation was &lt;0.25 inch. On 26 Jun we sunk 60, 8 inch diam cylinders made from PVC sewer pipe into the turf to a depth of about 3 inches. Implantation of cylinders was facilitated by cutting circular slits (8 inch diam) in the turf with a serrated-edge, cylindrical steel bit attached to a gasoline-powered soil auger. Cylinders were arranged in four groups of 15, representing the four treatment timings, and the three treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block within each timing group. Cylinders were treated with either isazophos (Triumph 4 E) or isofenphos (Oftanol 2 F) at 2 lbs AI/A, or were left untreated. Treatments were prepared by mixing 1.52 ml of isazophos or 3.04 ml of isofenphos in 1000 ml of water, and applying 10 ml of the respective solution to each cylinder using a trigger-type hand sprayer. The spray nozzle was adjusted to a coarse setting, and the amount of pesticide delivered per cylinder was carefully controlled by placing the sprayer siphon into a 100 ml graduated cylinder containing the diluted insecticide. Groups of 15 cylinders were treated on either 5, 31 Jul, or 16 Aug, corresponding to 56, 30, or 14 d before grubs were implanted. Third instar SMC grubs were collected from untreated roughs of a local golf course on 30 Aug, and 10 active grubs were placed into each cylinder. Any grub that had not burrowed into the soil within 10 min was replaced. The final set of cylinders was treated on 31 Aug, 24 h after the grubs were implanted. The cylinders were harvested on 14 Sep. The soil was carefully examined in large plastic pans, and the number of surviving grubs was counted. Because the site had a low population of masked chafer grubs, counts of SMC grubs represent mainly those that were experimentally implanted. The turf was also naturally infested with JB grubs, and surviving grubs of this species were also counted.
Soil Ph and Irrigation Effects on Residual Control of White Grubs with Triumph 4 E, 1991
Authors: Spicer P. , Potter D. A. , Patterson C. G. , Powell A. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted in a Kentucky bluegrass plot at the Univeristy of Kentucky Spindletop Research Farm, Fayette Co., KY. The established turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf), with pH = 5.8. Thatch accumulation was &lt;0.25 inch. Experimental plots for separate tests of residual effectiveness of isazophos (Triumph 4 E) as affected by irrigation and soil pH were established in late Jun. A split-plot design with 5 replications was used for each test. For the irrigation test, there were two levels of watering (3" total per wk in two watering periods, or natural rainfall). Main plots (6 × 5 ft) were divided into two subplots (3 × 5 ft) maintained under the different irrigation regimes. For the pH test, each main plot (9 × 5 ft) was divided into three subplots (3 X 5 ft). Subplots were treated either with ammonium sulfate to lower soil pH, calcium hydroxide to elevate soil pH, or were left untreated. Two applications of ammonium sulfate (0.9 lbs/15 ft2) were applied to acidic subplots on 3 Jul and 8 Jul. Calcium hydroxide (1.8 lbs/15 ft2) was applied to basic subplots on 3 Jul. Soil samples were taken from each-plot at the beginning (11 Jul) and end of the test (15 Sep) and analyzed for pH. On 19 Jul, we sunk five, 8 inch diam cylinders made from PVC sewer pipe into each subplot to 7.5 inch depth in both tests. Cylinders represented microplots which were either left untreated or treated with isazophos (Triumph 4 E) at 2 lbs AI/A. Non-watered microplots in the irrigation test were covered with aluminum foil before the rest of the site was irrigated. Treatments were applied 19 Jul, 2, 16 Aug, or 3 Sep, representing 6 wk, 4 wk, or 2 wk before grubs were present, or 3 Sep, after grubs were added (remedial treatment). Third instar JB were collected from an untreated golf course rough on 1 Sept, and 10 active grubs were placed in each cylinder. Grubs that had not burrowed into the turf within 10 min were replaced. Treatments were prepared by mixing 1.52 ml of isazophos in 1 liter of water, and applying 10 ml to each microplot using a trigger-type hand sprayer. Posttreatment irrigation (0.75 inch) was applied to all microplots immediately following isazophos treatments. The cylinders were harvested on 15 Sep. The soil was carefully examined in large plastic pans and the no. of surviving grubs was counted.
Control of Southern Masked Chafer Grubs, 1991
Authors: Spicer P. , Potter D. A. , Patterson C. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted in a Kentucky bluegrass plot at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Research Farm, Fayette Co., KY. The established turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf), with pH = 6.2. Thatch accumulation was &lt;0.25 inch. On 15 Aug we sunk 75, 8 inch diam cylinders made from PVC sewer pipe into the turf to a depth of about 7 inches. The turf was first irrigated with about 2 inches of water to soften the soil, after which a heavy (100 lb) tractor weight was used to drive the cylinders into the turf nearly flush with surface. Cylinders were about 12 inches apart, and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 5 replications and 15 treatments. Third instar SMC grubs were dug from an untreated rough on a local golf course on 19 Aug. Grubs were immediately taken to the experimental site and 15 active grubs were placed in each cylinder. Grubs that had not burrowed into the soil within 10 min were replaced. All cylinders except those receiving RH 3045 were treated between 9-11 am on 22 Aug, 72 h after grubs were introduced. Air temperature at the time of treatment was 75-80°F, with clear skies, 72% relative humidity, and 5 mph wind. Liquid formulations were diluted with water and applied as a coarse spray to the turf using a hand-held, triggertype sprayer. A total of 15 ml of diluted formulation was applied per cylinder. Growth regulator formulations (RH 5849, RH 0345) were mixed with Triton AG 98 surfactant (0.313 ml/liter). Nematode formulations were mixed with water and applied at a rate equivalent to 2 billion nematodes/acre. Granular formulations were weighed on a microbalance and sprinkled evenly into the cylinders. The turf within each cylinder was sprinkled with 50 ml of water immediately after treatment to wash the liquid formulations from the foliage and to provide a favorable microenvironment for the nematodes. Immediately after the final treatment was applied, the site was irrigated with about 2 cm of water. Because of a leaking package that was not noticed until the scheduled treatment date, the RH 0345 treatments were delayed for 5 d until a fresh sample had been received. These 15 cylinders were treated on 27 Aug in the manner described earlier. An additional 2 cm of water was applied to all cylinders following application of these treatments. Effectiveness of treatments was evaluated 21 DAT by removing each cylinder with a spade and examining the enclosed soil and turf for surviving grubs. Grubs, which consisted mostly of SMC with smaller no. of endemic Japanese beetle and May beetle grubs, were sorted by species. A small no. of cocoons of Tiphia sp., a parasitoid of SMC, were also recovered and counted. Data for live SMC, SMC & parasitoids, and total grubs were tested separately by ANOVA, and treatment means were separated by LSD test at the 5% significance level following square root transformation of the counts. Data are presented as original means (° SE).
Foliar Insect Control in Lupine, 1990
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Sheets Becky 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was located on an irrigated sandy loam soil at the Staples Irrigation Station, Staples, MN. Plots were 4 rows X 9.15 m in length. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. A sticker was applied to the seed to help retain bacterial inoculum. Seed was planted 30 May using an Almaco planter. Granular insecticides were applied by hand in a 15.2 cm band following planting, and lightly incorporated. The field was irrigated to provide uniform germination. Foliars were applied in 30.4 liter/ha of water on 7 Jul and 2 Aug using a handheld CO2 sprayer at 3.15 kg/cm2. Stand counts, plant height, and yield were taken on 6.1 m of row. Moisture readings were taken on harvested seed and yields of clean seed adjusted accordingly.
Allegheny Mound Ant Control, Hardy Co., West Virginia, 1991
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ant mound sizes ranged from 0.9 to 1.8 m in diam (67% were in the range of 1.3 to 1.7 m) and 0.2 to 0.7 m in height (67% were in the range of 0.5 to 0.7 m). Mounds used in the experiment were located on a highway right of way adjacent to a pasture/woodland area that contained numerous mounds similar to those used in the study. The first treatments were applied 7 Jul using a 2 gal compression sprayer to apply 2 liters of spray to the surface of the mound and to an area of about 1 ft around the periphery of each mound. Treatments were replicated 3 times (one mound being a replicate). Air temperature was 30°C; RH, 54%; sunny; avg soil temperature at 1.5 inches into mounds, 31°C. Treatment efficacy was evaluated at 1 and 7 DAT by excavating a small opening into the mounds with a hand trowel and observing the responding activity of ants to this disturbed area. Total percipitation during the first treatment period (7 d) was 0.17 inches. A second type of treatment was applied on 24 Jul to the same previously treated mounds. The top 20 to 30 cm of each mound was scraped off with a hand trowel to expose the large passage tunnels of each mound. The mound was then treated with 2.5 liters of the treatment solution applied to the exposed area with a sprinkler can. Ants were very active inside all mounds when the tops were scraped off for treatment. Air temperature was 32.5°C, RH 40%, and sunny. Treatment efficacy at 10 and 25 DAT was evaluated similarly as the method used in the first treatment. Evaluation of efficacy at 86 DAT consisted of digging away at least Vt of each mound down to ground level to check for ant activity. Accumulative precipitation for the period was: 0.25, 1.77, and 3.62 inches at 10, 25, and 86 DAT, respectively.
Taxus, Control of Black Vine Weevil Larvae, Wooster, Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Taxus plants, growing in 1 pt (0.47 liter) containers obtained from a nursery in NE OH, were used to evaluate conventional insecticides and entomogenous nematodes against black vine weevil larave. Plants were repotted 12 Jul in 1-gal (3.8 liter) containers using two different media mixes. Medium # 1 contained three parts pine bark and one part peat moss (3:1). Dolomitic lime was added to the mix at 6 lb/cuyd. Medium #2 contained three parts pine bark, one part hardwood bark, and one part peat moss (3:1:1). The Dolomitic lime was added to the hardwood bark by the supplier prior to the mixing of the three components. Plants were fertigated with 100 ppm N, P, K (Peter’s 20-20-20) every Mon, Wed, and Fri. Beginning 1 Aug, water alone was applied via over-head irrigation. Black vine weevil eggs were collected from adults held at 22°C and 80%+ RH and a 16:8 LD. On 3 Aug, all containers received 60 brown eggs, placed 2.54 cm beneath the surface of the potting medium. An additional 69 brown eggs were added to each container 10 Aug, as before. Hatchability was 73 and 81 percent, respectively. Nematode treatments were applied 29 Oct when larval head-capsule width avg 1.7 mm and 20 Nov when head-capsule width avg 1.8 mm. A nematode stock suspension was made by placing 1 unit of BIOSYS (10,000,000 nemas) in 10 gal of water. Nemas were applied volumetrically in 473 ml of water to deliver pre-determined no. of nemas per pot. Nema stock suspensions were thoroughly stirred, and 1 liter of the solution was placed in a capped bottle. The bottle was shaken, a pre-determined vol containing a target no. of nematodes was poured into a graduated cylinder. These measured amt of suspension were placed in pt jars, and water was added to bring the vol to 473 ml. This finished suspension was added to each 1 gal pot. All finished suspensions were poured over the potting medium to achieve even distribution. Other insecticide treatments were applied 10 Sep or 29 Oct by mixing the pre-determined pot rate in 473 ml of water which was poured over the pot medium, as before. All plants were watered prior to and after application. Plants received 2.0 cm of over-head irrigation every Mon, Wed, and Fri. Effects of the first nematode treatment were evaluated 11 Dec. The second nematode treatments, along with the insecticide treatments, were evaluated 17 Dec, by removing the plant and medium from each container, counting the no. of larvae, and recording their condition. Some pupation was occurring when evaluations were made.
Efficacy of Pt® 370 Ascend™ (Avermectin Bl) Against the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis Invicta Buren, Fall, 1990
Authors: Bhatkar Awinash P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of Avermectin Bl-based red imported fire ant (RIFA) bait was tested. Ten 15 m radius circular test plots (approx. 0.1 ha) containing 5-8 mounds were laid out in a single-queen RIFA-infested fallow lot. For each treated plot an adjacent plot was selected as control, being part of the same colony population. The mounds were staked and numbered for identification. A single broadcast application of 0.011% Avermectin B-l was made at the rate of 1.12 kg/ha (8.2 mg Al/plot) on 21 Sep, using a precalibrated, hand-held seed spreader. The plots were treated by walking along the circumference of circles subtended by 1.5, 4.6, 7.6, 10.6, and 13.7 m radii and applying insecticide pacing normally. The activity of ants in the five treated and untreated (control) plots (replicates) was monitored by thrusting five 20 ml Fluon®-rimmed scintillation vials into each mound and pooling the ants sampled. The samples were taken at the time of application (21 Sep) and at 10 d post-application intervals (2 Oct, 12 Oct, 22 Oct, 2 Nov, and 13 Nov). Ambient and soil temperatures during the sampling were 25.19 ° 5.97°C and 24.07 ° 5.87°C, respectively. The capture of workers was used as a parameter to deduce the decline in ant activity in the mounds as a result of insecticidal application.
Fall Webworm Control, 1991
Authors: Nixon Philip L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fall webworm larvae on black cherry, rose, and white mulberry growing at the edge of a natural stand of mixed hardwood tree species 5.2 miles west of Monticello, IL, were sprayed on 21 Aug. Variously-aged larvae, mostly older larvae from 2 to 3 cm long, were sprayed with a hand-pressurized portable sprayer to the point of runoff. Treatments included chlorpyrifos (Pageant DF and XRM-5184) and cyfluthrin (Tempo 2 and Tempo 20 WP) diluted with water, as well as controls consisting of water only. The nozzle of the sprayer was inserted into the webbing so that the larvae were sprayed directly. There were three replications per treatment. The no. of live larvae per web was counted before treatment and 2, 4, and 12 DAT. Moribund larvae were recorded as dead.
Choke Cherry, Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Wayne Co., Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Choke cherry, 2-5 m tall, growing along a roadside were used to evaluate insecticides against eastern tent caterpillar. An Echo backpack mistblower operating at half-throttle on aperture setting # 2 for 30 s was used to deliver ca. 600 ml of finished spray to each of 3 replicate trees per treatment. Sprays were directed to the dominant tent and surrounding foliage on 3 May when larvae were 6-12 mm long and conditions were cloudy, 12°C, with 24-32 km/h winds. There were 3.1 cm rainfall in the experimental area during the test period. A slight mist occurred within 1 h after the last treatment was applied. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 11 May by assessing the condition of larvae on each replicate tree.
Bagworm Control on Chinese Juniper, 1991
Authors: Doss M. , Pinkston K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The insect growth regulator, RH 5992, was evaluated for bagworm control on Chinese juniper. Plants were 3 to 4 ft tall and 4 to 5 ft wide and were part of an ornamental planting at a local motel. Three rates of the IGR were tested and Orthene 9.4 EC was used as a standard. A spreader sticker, Latron B-1956, was added to all IGR treatments at 6 ml/gal of finished spray. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications and were applied on 17 Jun using a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/min at 150 psi. Temperature and wind velocity at time of application were 75°F and 0-5 mph respectively. Measurable precipitation during the test period occurred on 22 Jun (.10 inch) and 24 Jun (.61 inch). Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each treatment in all replicates at 5 and 10 DAT.
Gypsy Moth Control in Small Red Oak Trees, Michigan, 1991
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Papp C. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Small red oak trees sprouting from old stumps in Crawford County were treated in this test. Each clump of 6-20 stems was 6-10 ft tall, 5-8 ft wide, and were spaced at least 15 ft apart from the nearest clump in an area that had been clearcut 12-15 yrs before. The area was surrounded by forest (35-50 ft tall) with an indigenous population of gypsy moth. On 25 Apr, egg masses from Gladwin County, MI, were collected and treated in the lab for 1 hr with formalin to eliminate NPV surface contamination. These egg masses were introduced because none was found in the immediate plot area. Approximately 700 eggs per tree were introduced on 2 May. On 29 May the leaves had expanded to 1 to 3 inches and the first set of applications was applied. Approximately 10-20 larvae were seeded into each tree located more than 150 ft from the edge of the forest. Treatments 1-4 and 9-17 were calibrated based on a rate of 200 gals of finished spray per acre with 400 trees per acre. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Each tree was sprayed with 1893 ml of finished spray (to first runoff). Treatments 1-4 and 9-17 were mixed in 3 gals of water and were applied through a single 80° 06 flat fan nozzle on an R & D C02 backpack sprayer at 50 psi. Treatments 5, 6, 7, and 8 were applied with a model 723 Solo mist blower. Treatment 5 and 6 were applied undiluted by running the straight material through a Micronair AU8000 rotary atomizer nozzle attached to the mist blower and were applied at a rate of 24 RlU/acre. Since we assumed 400 trees/acre this meant that 4.73 ml of Foray 48 B and 3.02 ml of the Foray 75 B respectively were applied to each tree. Treatments 7 and 8 were applied through the mist blower without the rotary atomizer nozzle and were diluted 20:1 with water and were also applied at 24 BlU/acre (99.3 ml/tree for the 48 B and 63.5 ml/tree for the 75 B). Treatments 10, 17, and 18 were applied on 4 Jun. Treatments 9 and 10 were applied last on both treatment days (after 6pm). A 2yd2 piece of burlap was soaked with water, wadded, and placed at the base of each tree prior to the application of nematodes. The 3 gal sprayer tank contained 3 plastic bottles of ‘BioSafe’ nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae) from Biosys. A sample of the nematodes used in these treatments was observed under a microscope. More than 75% of the nematodes were actively moving. Gypsy moth larvae were counted 6 d after treatments on 29 May and 10 d after treatment on 4 Jun. Larvae were counted by observing each tree for a 2 min sample period. Gypsy moth larvae were “blowing in” from the surrounding forests throughout the test accounting for an increase in the number of larvae/tree in the control treatment during the test.