bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compression-dependent microtubule reinforcement comprises a mechanostat which enables cells to navigate confined environments
Authors: Ju Robert J. , Falconer Alistair D. , Dean Kevin M. , Fiolka Reto P. , Sester David P. , Nobis Max , Timpson Paul , Lomakin Alexis J. , Danuser Gaudenz , White Melanie D. , Oelz Dietmar B. , Haass Nikolas K. , Stehbens Samantha J. 
Published: February 2022

SummaryCells migrating through complex 3D environments experience considerable physical challenges including tensile stress and compression. To move, cells need to resist these forces whilst also squeezing the large nucleus through confined spaces. This requires highly coordinated cortical contractility. Microtubules can both resist compressive forces and sequester key actomyosin regulators to ensure appropriate activation of contractile forces. Yet, how these two roles are integrated to achieve nuclear transmigration in 3D is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that compression triggers reinforcement of a dedicated microtubule structure at the rear of the nucleus by the mechanoresponsive recruitment of CLASPs (cytoplasmic linker-associated proteins) which dynamically strengthens and repairs the lattice. These reinforced microtubules form the mechanostat: an adaptive feedback mechanism that allows the cell to both withstand compressive force and spatiotemporally organise contractility signalling pathways. The microtubule mechanostat facilitates nuclear positioning and coordinates force production to enable the cell to pass through constrictions. Disruption of the mechanostat imbalances cortical contractility, stalling migration and ultimately resulting in catastrophic cell rupture. Our findings reveal a new role for microtubules as cellular sensors which detect and respond to compressive forces, enabling movement and ensuring survival in mechanically demanding environments.One Sentence SummaryMechanically tuned microtubules form a mechanostat to coordinate contractility and nuclear positioning in confined migration.
All-optical manipulation of the Drosophila olfactory system
Authors: Zanon Mirko , Zanini Damiano , Haase Albrecht 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThanks to its well-known neuroanatomy, limited brain size, complex behaviour, and extensive genetic methods, Drosophila has become an indispensable model in neuroscience. A vast number of studies have focused on its olfactory system and the processing of odour information. Optogenetics is one of the recently developed genetic tools that significantly advance this field of research, allowing to replace odour stimuli by direct neuronal activation with light. This becomes a universal all-optical toolkit when spatially selective optogenetic activation is combined with calcium imaging to read out neuronal responses. Initial experiments showed a successful implementation to study the olfactory system in fish and mice, but the olfactory system of Drosophila has been so far precluded from an application. To fill this gap, we present here optogenetic tools to selectively stimulate functional units in the Drosophila olfactory system, combined with two-photon calcium imaging to read out the activity patterns elicited by these stimuli at different levels of the brain. This method allows to study the spatial and temporal features of the information flow and reveals the functional connectivity in the olfactory network.
Home-based work and stress in the pandemic period: a case of working women in Kerala
Authors: Soman Sumesh , Mohanan Dhanya 
Published: February 2022

PurposeThe study has a twofold purpose. The first purpose is to understand the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on women's work–home integration and stress from both a constructivist and positivist perspective. The other purpose is to emphasize the need for enterprises to understand the embedded considerations of occupational stress of women for strategy formulation.Design/methodology/approachThe study has used a convergent parallel design to obtain data. A total of 63 respondents (a survey with a sample of 53 and ten narratives) was identified using the snowball technique. The respondents were married and working professionals from Kerala. Perceived stress scale was used to procure data on their stress in the home-based work during the pandemic lockdown. Simultaneously narratives were taken from ten respondents from the same pool. The data were analyzed using R software version 4.0.2.FindingsThe findings reflect that home-based work was stressful for women, and they weighed home tasks over work needs. There was no age difference in perceived stress, while it significantly differed by profession and designation they hold. Also, a mother felt more stressed than a non-mother. Quantitative data heavily backed up the narratives. Of the sample, 76% experienced higher stress levels.Practical implicationsThis research will help users understand the stress distribution in women workers and how various sample characteristics influence stress. The enterprise could use this study to introduce a gender touch to their strategy. The study also adds value to the existing literature on home-based work during the pandemic.Originality/valueThe study systematically measures the stress felt by women during home-based work using a perceived stress scale. The mixed approach to the study helps to gain a deep understanding of the topic. This study is an original contribution by the authors to the collection of home-based work and stress literature.
The impact of the institutional environment on entrepreneurial activity: an analysis of developing and developed countries
Authors: Mello Lucas Pereira de , Moraes Gustavo Hermínio Salati Marcondes de , Fischer Bruno Brandão 
Published: February 2022

PurposeEntrepreneurship can be understood as a systemic phenomenon, thus relying on sets of influential factors associated with socioeconomic contexts. Institutional conditions play a pivotal role in this regard, affecting the allocation of entrepreneurial efforts. The goal of this research is to verify to what extent do the pillars of Countries' Institutional Profiles – regulatory, cognitive and normative – affect both the prevalence and quality of entrepreneurship, assessing the differences between developing and developed countries both in total entrepreneurial activity and in the following qualitative frames: innovation rate, high job creation expectations and motivational index.Design/methodology/approachThe authors’ assessment uses data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) with a longitudinal approach for 112 countries over the period 2003–2019. Dynamic panel data regressions are applied.FindingsBy comparing developing and developed countries, findings highlight that institutional effects are heterogeneous among developing and developed countries, with informal institutions being more relevant for developing countries than formal ones. Also, using a broad range of institutional indicators, the authors’ assessment indicated that the association between institutional conditions and productive entrepreneurship seems to be far more intricate than argued by theoretical literature.Practical implicationsThe authors’ findings indicate the need for developing countries to address formal institutional voids in order to generate more effective conditions for productive entrepreneurship to emerge. Following prior literature, this can have systemic impacts on trajectories for economic growth and development.Originality/valueThe originality of this research consists in using a longitudinal and integrative approach to compare institutional effects on different types of entrepreneurship, as well as comparing these effects in countries at different stages of development.
Toward accountable human-centered AI: rationale and promising directions
Authors: Qadir Junaid , Islam Mohammad Qamar , Al-Fuqaha Ala 
Published: February 2022

Purpose
Along with the various beneficial uses of artificial intelligence (AI), there are various unsavory concomitants including the inscrutability of AI tools (and the opaqueness of their mechanisms), the fragility of AI models under adversarial settings, the vulnerability of AI models to bias throughout their pipeline, the high planetary cost of running large AI models and the emergence of exploitative surveillance capitalism-based economic logic built on AI technology. This study aims to document these harms of AI technology and study how these technologies and their developers and users can be made more accountable.

Design/methodology/approach
Due to the nature of the problem, a holistic, multi-pronged approach is required to understand and counter these potential harms. This paper identifies the rationale for urgently focusing on human-centered AI and provide an outlook of promising directions including technical proposals.

Findings
AI has the potential to benefit the entire society, but there remains an increased risk for vulnerable segments of society. This paper provides a general survey of the various approaches proposed in the literature to make AI technology more accountable. This paper reports that the development of ethical accountable AI design requires the confluence and collaboration of many fields (ethical, philosophical, legal, political and technical) and that lack of diversity is a problem plaguing the state of the art in AI.

Originality/value
This paper provides a timely synthesis of the various technosocial proposals in the literature spanning technical areas such as interpretable and explainable AI; algorithmic auditability; as well as policy-making challenges and efforts that can operationalize ethical AI and help in making AI accountable. This paper also identifies and shares promising future directions of research.
Artificial intelligence and climate change: ethical issues
Authors: Nordgren Anders 
Published: February 2022

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to pinpoint and analyse ethical issues raised by the dual role of artificial intelligence (AI) in relation to climate change, that is, AI as a contributor to climate change and AI as a contributor to fighting climate change.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper consists of three main parts. The first part provides a short background on AI and climate change respectively, followed by a presentation of empirical findings on the contribution of AI to climate change. The second part presents proposals by various AI researchers and commentators on how AI companies may contribute to fighting climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions from training and use of AI and by providing AI assistance to various mitigation and adaptation measures. The final part investigates ethical issues raised by some of the options presented in the second part.

Findings
AI applications may lead to substantial emissions but may also play an important role in mitigation and adaptation. Given this dual role of AI, ethical considerations by AI companies and governments are of vital importance.

Practical implications
This paper pinpoints practical ethical issues that AI companies and governments should take into account.

Social implications
Given the potential impact of AI on society, it is vital that AI companies and governments take seriously the ethical issues raised by the dual role of AI in relation to climate change.

Originality/value
AI has been the subject of substantial ethical investigation, and even more so has climate change. However, the relationship between AI and climate change has received only limited attention from an ethical perspective. This paper provides such considerations.
An overview on recent advances in functional properties of dietary lipids, encapsulation strategies and applications
Authors: Dave Jaydeep Pinakin , Moula Ali Ali Muhammed , Bavisetty Sri Charan Bindu 
Published: February 2022

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to provide contemporary scientific knowledge on the functionality of edible lipids, sources, health benefits, and a special emphasis on different encapsulation strategies to enhance their dietary application and boost the market value.

Design/methodology/approach
Novel technologies overcoming these issues are in great demand. Given that, several novel encapsulation techniques have been established aiming at most of the aspects of functional lipids. In addition, these techniques have been designed to enhance the storage stability and controlled release of lipids in food systems.

Findings
Plant and marine oils are one of the richest sources of functional lipids but are attached with limitations. Currently, alternative sources, such as different types of algae and microorganisms are gaining attention in terms of sustainable production systems. Advances in various encapsulation techniques have helped to overcome the dispersibility and stability problems of lipids encapsulation. Refinement in physicochemical interaction, colloidal dispersion and core-shell modules between wall and core matrix protect dietary lipids during processing have been implemented. Liposomes, micro/nanoemulsions and micro/nanocapsules are found most suitable for food application by improving the fatty acid profile, stability and sensorial properties.

Originality/value
Functional lipids offer numerous health benefits (i.e., simple health-promoting properties to complex disease preventive and curative effects). However, these functional lipids are associated with several disadvantages, such as region-specific availability, vulnerability to oxidation depending on the level of unsaturation, degradation/hydrolysis on processing, low bioavailability, confined storage stability, and others.
Effect of stress on safety‐critical behaviour: An examination of combined resilience engineering and naturalistic decision‐making approaches
Authors: Steen Riana , Pollock Kevin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCombining the conceptual tools and methods of resilience engineering (RE) with naturalistic decision‐making (NDM), in the context of police critical incident command, this study explores the capacity of individual commanders to manage occupational stress during a critical incident or crisis. A case scenario and interviews, together with cognitive task analysis (CTA), are used to investigate how stress affects decision making and performance. The analysis shows: (1) As a social process, sensemaking goes beyond an individual's cognitive capacity. It depends on teams and involves collaboration, sharing and assessing risks and uncertainties. (2) In terms of improvisation, decision‐making requires organisational support in training and authorisation. (3) The mechanisms that ensure the synchronisation of activities link to an operational communication strategy grounded on transparency and trust between the parties involved. (4) Individual adaptive capacity also has organisational characteristics. It improves by facilitating and stimulating proactive learning across the organisation. Bringing RE and NDM together, clarifies interdependencies. Thus, the gap between the organisational system and the individual's performance might be closed, which improves performances at the sharp end by a feedback loop that reconciles bottom‐up and top‐down views.
The association of hospital research publications and clinical quality
Authors: Shahian David M. , McCloskey Dan , Liu Xiu , Schneider Elizabeth , Cheng David , Mort Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the quantity and impact of research publications among US acute care hospitals; to identify hospital characteristics associated with publication volumes; and to estimate the independent association of bibliometric indicators with Hospital Compare quality measures.Data SourcesHospital Compare; American Hospital Association Survey; Magnet Recognition Program; Science Citation Index Expanded.Study DesignIn cross‐sectional studies using a 40% random sample of US Medicare‐participating hospitals, we estimated associations of hospital characteristics with publication volumes and associations of hospital‐linked bibliometric indicators with 19 Hospital Compare quality metrics.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsUsing standardized search strategies, we identified all publications attributed to authors from these institutions from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016 and their subsequent citations through July 2020.Principal FindingsOnly 647 of 1604 study hospitals (40.3%) had ≥1 publication. Council of Teaching Hospitals and Health Systems (COTH) hospitals had significantly more publications (average 599 vs. 11 for non‐COTH teaching and 0.6 for nonteaching hospitals), and their publications were cited more frequently (average 22.6/publication) than those from non‐COTH teaching (18.2 citations) or nonteaching hospitals (12.8 citations). In multivariable regression, teaching intensity, hospital beds, New England or Pacific region, and not‐for‐profit or government ownership were significant predictors of higher publication volumes; the percentage of Medicaid admissions was inversely associated. In multivariable linear regression, hospital publications were associated with significantly lower risk‐adjusted mortality rates for acute myocardial infarction (coefficient −0.52, p = 0.01), heart failure (coefficient −0.74, p = 0.004), pneumonia (coefficient −1.02, p = 0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (coefficient −0.48, p = 0.005), and coronary artery bypass surgery (coefficient −0.73, p < 0.0001); higher overall Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) ratings (coefficient 2.37, p = 0.04); and greater patient willingness to recommend (coefficient 3.38, p = 0.01).ConclusionsA minority of US hospitals published in the biomedical literature. Publication quantity and impact indicators are independently associated with lower risk‐adjusted mortality and higher HCAHPS scores.
Novel methods for spatial prioritization with applications in conservation, land use planning and ecological impact avoidance
Authors: Moilanen Atte , Lehtinen Pauli , Kohonen Ilmari , Jalkanen Joel , Virtanen Elina A. , Kujala Heini 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Spatial (conservation) prioritization integrates data on the distributions of biodiversity, costs and threats. It produces spatial priority maps that can support ecologically well‐informed land use planning in general, including applications in environmental impact avoidance outside protected areas. Here we describe novel methods that significantly increase the utility of spatial priority ranking in large analyses and with interactive planning.

Methodologically, we describe a novel algorithm for implementing spatial priority ranking, novel alternatives for balancing between biodiversity features, fast tiled FFT transforms for connectivity calculations based on dispersal kernels, and a novel analysis output, the flexibility map.

Marking by N the number of landscape elements with data, the new prioritization algorithm has time scaling of less than Nlog2N instead of the N2 of its predecessor. We illustrate feasible computation times with data up to billions of elements in size, implying capacity for global analysis at a resolution higher than 0.25 km2, or close to 1‐ha resolution for a continent.

The algorithmic improvements described here bring about improved capacity to implement decision support for real‐world spatial conservation planning problems. The methods described here will be at the technical core of forthcoming software releases.
AHA STEROID trial, dexamethasone in acute high‐risk abdominal surgery, the protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Cihoric Mirjana , Kehlet Henrik , Lauritsen Morten Laksáfoss , Højlund Jakob , Kanstrup Katrine , Foss Nicolai Bang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionExisting multimodal pathways for patients undergoing acute high‐risk abdominal surgery for intestinal obstruction (IO) and perforated viscus (PV) have focused on rescue in the immediate perioperative period. However, there is little focus on the peri‐operative pathophysiology of recovery in this patient group, as done to develop enhanced recovery pathways in elective care. Acute inflammation is the main driver of the perioperative pathophysiology leading to adverse outcomes. Pre‐operative high‐dose of glucocorticoids provides a reduction in the inflammatory response after surgery, effective pain relief in several major surgical procedures, as well as reduce fatigue and improving endothelial dysfunction.AimTo evaluate the effect of high‐dose glucocorticoid on the inflammatory response, fluid distribution and recovery after acute high‐risk abdominal surgery in patients with IO and PV.MethodsAHA STEROID trial is a sponsor‐initiated single‐center, randomized, double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial, assessing preoperative high‐dose dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) versus placebo (normal saline) in patients undergoing emergency high‐risk abdominal surgery. We plan to enroll 120 patients. Primary outcome is the reduction in C‐reactive protein on postoperative day 1 as a marker of successful attenuation of the acute stress response. Secondary outcomes include perioperative changes in endothelial and other inflammatory markers, fluid distribution, pulmonary function, pain, fatigue, and mobilization. The statistical plan is outlined in the protocol.DiscussionThe AHA STEROID trial will provide important evidence to guide the potential use of high‐dose glucocorticoids in emergency high‐risk abdominal surgery, with respect to different pathophysiologies.