bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards an Improved General Vibration-Based Method for Elastic Identification of Materials
Authors: Ayorinde Emmanuel O. , Yu Lin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Refinements and generalizations are made to a method developed by the first author and associates to obtain the elastic constants of composite materials using data from vibration tests on freely-supported plates. Elastic constants identified from different sets of vibration model data varied in accuracy. In this work, sensitivity analysis is automatically integrated into the procedure. The flexibility of using diagonally symmetric modes (in the case of isotropic, square panels), omitted from previous models, is also provided. Accurate identification of Poisson ratio values has been one of the main challenges in this area of research. Attempt is made to refine the search procedure for these values. Different example cases are considered.
Mean Flow Effects on Sound Generation and Propagation
Authors: Atassi H. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The effects of nonuniform flows on sound generation and propagation are examined. When the mean flow gradients, the Mach number and frequency are not too small, it is not, in general, possible to separate the processes of sound generation and propagation. The aeroacoustics of unsteady nonuniform flows is therefore closely connected to the field of unsteady aerodynamics. Sound generation and propagation for potential and vortical mean flows are analyzed using theories based on the rapid distortion approximation wherein Euler’s equations are linearized about a nonlinear mean flow. For mean potential flows, two sets of results are presented. For a single lifting airfoil, it is shown that the so-called quadrupole effects become very significant. For a cascade of loaded blades, the results show strong interference between the acoustic and unsteady aerodynamic loading. Finally, for vortical flows, the coupling between the mean flow vorticity and the unsteady part of the flow strongly affects the nature, intensity and propagation of the sound waves.
Dynamic Measurement of CNC Part Paths
Authors: Schmitz Tony L. , Ziegert John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The current procedure followed to manufacture a new part by CNC machining is to write the part program, machine a test part and measure the test part for conformance to the required dimensions and tolerances. If the test part dimensions out of tolerance, the part program is modified and the process repeated until a successful part is machined. In many applications, such as the aerospace industry, where material cost and machining time are high, this iterative process becomes economically unacceptable.
Research has been conducted to test the feasibility of using the Laser Ball Bar (LBB), a spatial coordinate measuring device, to measure dynamic continuous-path contours of CNC part programs to micrometer accuracy prior to machining. In this way, a virtual test part can be measured and compared to the design drawings to validate the CNC part program. This reduces or eliminates the costly and time-consuming steps involved in the machining of physical test parts.
Monitoring Technology for Achieving Intelligent Grinding System
Authors: Inasaki Ichiro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The paper deals with the monitoring technologies for making the grinding process more intelligent and reliable by applying the sensor fusion and artificial intelligence technologies. Increase of the practical application of CBN wheels requires a development of reliable monitoring system to utilize expensive abrasives more efficiently. Combination of an acoustic emission sensor and a power sensor makes the judgment of the wheel life possible with high reliability. One of the characteristic features of the proposed monitoring system is that the acoustic emission sensor is integrated in the CBN wheel, which makes it possible to detect a reliable signal. Monitoring of the dressing process is made possible by applying the same system. Concept of the intelligent data base system based on the genetic algorithms and fuzzy production rules is proposed.
A New Electromagnetic Contact Sensing Technique for Enhancing Machining Accuracy
Authors: Ostafiev V. A. , Venuvinod Patri K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a new electromagnetic contact sensing technique called the “Fine Touch” method which enables the cutting tool itself to be used as a probe during on-machine measurement of parts. The simple sensor design of the probe (the cutting tool) has resulted in a low cost system for workpiece set-up and inspection. Tests have shown that the sensor precision is of the order of 0.01 μm and, hence, could be used on coordinate measuring machines (CMM) as well. The sensor is effective irrespective of variations in cutting tool geometry, cutting insert coatings, insert geometry and size, cutting fluids, and workpiece material.
Improving the Accuracy of Machined Parametric Surfaces Using Cutting Force Synthesis and Surface Offset Techniques
Authors: Gadalla Mohamed A. E. , ElMaraghy Waguih H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Prediction of machining errors and compensation for these errors during the tool path generation stage can improve the product quality significantly. A traditional approach would be machining a few parts, followed by a measuring process to estimate the errors, and finally using a scheme to compensate for the errors. In this paper two approaches are used to avoid trial runs. In the first approach prediction of the deflection of the cutting tool (based on modelling of the cutting forces) at certain points distributed on the design surface is calculated. An inverse operator is then applied to these errors to calculate a compensation vector at each point. A variable offset geometrical model was developed that uses these vectors to build the compensated surface. A detailed simulation analysis for the proposed compensation scheme is presented for different surface shapes in both up and down milling. The second approach is based on improving the roughing strategy by leaving a uniform thickness layer during the roughing phase on top of the finished surface. This leads to more uniform distribution of the cutting forces that may improve the accuracy of the finished surface.
Experimental Study of the Pre-Stressing Capability Through Residual Stress Generation in Superfinish Machining of Hardened Steel
Authors: Liu C. R. , Agha S. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
It has been recently shown, [Liu and Mittal 1995, 1996] that it is feasible to eliminate the needs for grinding and superfinishing by turning, in selected conditions, directly on hardened steel up to a hardness of 64 RC, for a surface finish of Ra smaller than 8 μ in. Furthermore, it was shown that hard turning is capable of pre-stressing the machined surface so that it may partially “compensate” the surface load for improved fatigue life. A preliminary study has indicated a potential improvement of over 200% in fatigue life is possible. It also offers a prospect that it is possible to produce a component which will never fail due to fatigue. Therefore, it is desirable to explore the capability of pre-stressing by finish hard turning in broad machining condition, thus this study. The purpose of this study is to investigate the residual stress after finish machining of hardened AISI 52100 steel with hardness of 60–62 HRC using CBN inserts. The effect of tool, feed rate, and depth of cut on the residual stress distribution are studied. Surface finish better than 8 μ in. was produced comparable to that produced by grinding and superfinishing. The round tool (0.5 inch radius) was found to give more compressive stress than the 0.0623 inch nose radius diamond-shaped tool. The smaller feed rate gave more compressive residual stress.
A Dynamic Model for Bound Abrasive Grinding of Optical Materials: The Effect of Grinding Conditions on the Workpiece Surface Quality
Authors: Takahashi Toshio , Funkenbusch Paul D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A simple dynamic model to describe the grinding behavior in bound abrasive microgrinding of optical materials with CNC (Computerized Numerical Control) machining equipment is discussed and compared with data collected from direct measurement of grinding force. The model involves the relation between grinding force and material removal rate, machine stiffness, and tool condition. Measurements have shown that the tool’s effectiveness and the workpiece surface quality are closely tied through the normal load exerted by the tool on the workpiece during grinding.
A Neural Network Based Interactive Programing of a Deburring Robot in a Virtual Environment
Authors: Kesavadas T. , Khor Chin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper describes an interactive neural network based system for specifying robotic tasks using virtual tools. This virtual environment allows an operator to reach into a live video scene and direct robots to use corresponding real tools to carry out complex metal finishing tasks. The virtual tool concept provides a human-machine interface that is robust to unanticipated developments and tunable to the specific requirements of a particular task. This interactive specification concept is applied to robotic deburring processes. A function is formulated to map the end-effector position of this robot to corresponding set of joint angles through a neural network learning process obtained through examples. The experimental result of such a system that has been implemented on the Mitsubishi RV-M1 robot shows the efficiency of the approach and its potential for use in virtual reality based interactive robotics.
Preview Control for Robot Force Control: Experimental Investigation of Edge-Following
Authors: Yong Boojoong 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
It is often useful in automation tasks to make a robot manipulator interact with its environment in a controlled manner. This paper considers an edge-following using accommodation force control. The robot behavior changes with configuration, and unexpected workpiece disturbances degrade the system performance. The tracking speed and force regulation of the edge-following can be improved by preview control. The preview controller is implemented on an industrial robot system, and experiments are carried out to verify validity of the preview control.
Striation Formation and Surface Finish in Laser Cutting of Mild Steel
Authors: Chen Kai , Yao Y. Lawrence 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The mechanisms of melt ejection and striation formation in laser cutting of mild steel are discussed. It is argued that the melt ejection from the cutting front is not a steady state process, but rather shows a cyclic phenomenon. The striation are strongly affected by the unstable characteristic of the thin liquid film on the cutting front during the melt ejection, together with the oxidation and heat transfer process. Dependent on the cutting speed, the liquid film will either rupture or generate waves on the cutting front. Theoretical explanation is given according to the instability theory of a thin liquid film in a high velocity gas jet and the diffusion controlled oxidation theory. The striation frequency and depth can be estimated according to the above theories. Experimental investigations were carried out and the results are consistent with the calculations. The better understanding has shed light on further investigations and optimal process development.
Discharge Quality Estimation and Significant Feature Identification in Micro-Electrical Discharge Machining
Authors: Ramabhadran R. , Hebbar R. R. , Kashyap R. L. , Chandrasekar S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We present a method for estimating the quality of a measured discharge train in Micro-EDM processes. In contrast to generic EDM, Micro-EDM is characterized by a higher frequency of discharges and is used for machining smaller features, thus making regulation more difficult. In this paper, a system similar to a fuzzy rule based classification is used to identify good and bad disharges based on discharge quality. In addition to traditional machining quality issues, we include parameters that illustrate the degree of control of the voltage pulse input over the spark gap. To aid the formulation of quick closed loop control schemes for Micro-EDM, a method for identifying the parameter/sensor that separates best the good and bad discharges, is presented. The use of this method in closed loop control schemes for Micro-EDM is discussed.
Transient and Steady-State Thermal Design Evaluation of a Carbon Monoxide Gas Sensor Using CFD Tool
Authors: Lee Tien-Yu Tom , Sharma Ravi , Peyre-Lavigne André 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper summarizes thermal modeling work performed on the Motorola Carbon Monoxide (CO) chemical sensor. Gas sensors need low cost reliable packages, good thermal operation, and low power consumption. The goal is to provide a validated thermal model of a gas sensor and its package and develop a sensor design capability with reduced design cycle time. Due to the complex structure of the sensor package, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool was used to analyze the heat transfer and fluid flow within the package. Based on the validated model, parametric studies on filter location and package orientation were performed. In order to minimize the influence of humidity, the sensor is toggled between high and low temperatures by applying 5 volts for 5 seconds of heating, and 1 volt for 10 seconds of cooling. Transient thermal analysis was also performed to predict the temperature response of various components. A detailed description of the thermal model and its results are described in the paper.
On the Equivalent Finite Element Beam Model for Ball Grid Array Analysis
Authors: Cheng Hsien-Chie , Chiang Kuo-Ning , Lee Ming-Hsiao 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Literaturally, the local-global finite element analysis technique plays a very important role in the area array packaging. This technique applies a finite element based method to calculate the geometrical data and elastic/plastic material properties of the equivalent beam model that is used to elastically and plastically simulate the 3-D local model. In this study, the underlying goal is to propose an improved equivalent model for the use in the local/global analysis, and most importantly, provide a systematic procedure in approaching this equivalent model. In addition, the choice of the equivalent beam model (i.e., either solid circular beam or the thin-walled circular pipe) will be also extensively investigated. Since the configuration of the solder joint is far from being close to a “beam-like” structure, defining the corresponding equivalent beam exists a great level of difficulties. Hence, in order to remove the possible difficulties, a comparatively effective way is proposed by incorporating the analytical derivations and optimization approaches. To this end, one practical application is presented to substantiate the proposed methodology.
Sequential Processing Mechanics Modeling for a Model IC Package
Authors: Wang Jianjun , Liu Sheng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a non-linear finite element framework was established for processing mechanics modeling of electronic packaging assemblies and layered manufacturing. In particular, topological change was considered in order to model the sequential steps during a typical IC package assembly. Geometric and material nonlinearity, temperature-dependent material properties were considered. Different stress-free temperatures for different elements in the same model were used to simulate practical manufacturing process-induced thermal residual stress field in the chip assembly. As comparison, two FEM models (Processing Model and Non-Processing Model) of a encapsulated IC package considered, associated with different processing schemes, were analyzed. From the finite element analysis, it is found that due to the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the solder and silicon chip, the substrate and the solder, there exist very high stress fields near these interfaces when the encapsulated IC package is cooled down to room temperature after processing for these two models. But in contrast with the stresses near the edges of all interfaces obtained from Non-Processing Model, the stresses near the edges of all interfaces corresponding to Processing Model are generally higher than those obtained from Non-Processing Model. In particular, the Von Mises stress at the edge of silicon chip/solder interface obtained from Processing Model is nearly 50% higher than that obtained from Non-Processing Model. It is shown that Processing Model which is based on the FEM framework established in this paper can more realistically simulate a series of practical manufacturing processes in the chip assembly, whereas a larger error can be caused by using Non-Processing Model in the analysis of process-induced residual stress field in the packaging assemblies due to the negligence of the bonding process during cooling from 250° C to 160° C.
A Review of Changes and Trends Affecting Military Electronics Manufacturing
Authors: Rafanelli Anthony J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Dramatic business changes in the aerospace and military defense industries have caused contractors to drastically alter their design and manufacturing processes. These changes appear to have been influenced by recent events or movements: The U.S. Department of Defense initiative (Perry, 1994 and U.S. DoD, 9 December 1994) discourage dependence on military specifications/standards (the “Perry Initiative”) which resulted in trends within the electronics industry to use commercial materials in typical military environments (alternative component initiatives). Consequently, changes are underway regarding some of the traditional technologies used in defense electronics. Specifically, this paper will present an overview of the changing nature of some of these technologies, e.g. interconnections, coatings, and plastic encapsulated microcircuits (PEMs) and the standards/practices related to these from a manufacturing aspect. The information, provided, is by no means all-inclusive, but does identify a focus for increased discussion and study.
A Slip-Line Field for Ploughing During Orthogonal Cutting
Authors: Waldorf Daniel J. , DeVor Richard E. , Kapoor Shiv G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Under normal machining conditions, the cutting forces are primarily due to the bulk shearing of the workpiece material in a narrow zone called the shear zone. However, under finishing conditions, when the uncut chip thickness is of the order of the cutting edge radius, a ploughing component of the forces becomes significant as compared to the shear forces. Predicting forces under these conditions requires an estimate of ploughing. A slip-line field is developed to model the ploughing components of the cutting force. The field is based on other slip-line fields developed for a rigid wedge sliding on a half-space and for negative rake angle orthogonal cutting. It incorporates the observed phenomena of a small stable build-up of material adhered to the edge and a raised prow of material formed ahead of the edge. The model shows how ploughing forces are related to cutter edge radius — a larger edge causing larger ploughing forces. A series of experiments were run on 6061-T6 aluminum using tools with different edge radii — including some exaggerated in size – and different levels of uncut chip thickness. Resulting force measurements match well to predictions using the proposed slip-line field. The results show great promise for understanding and quantifying the effects of edge radius and worn tool on cutting forces.
A Structured Approach to Analytical Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Time-Invariant Stability Analysis for Machining
Authors: Ozdoganlar O. Burak , Endres William J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A general, fully analytical stability solution for multi-degree-of-freedom machining is derived based on the formulation of an eigenvalue problem. The structure and process are assumed to be linear and time-invariant. A specific-energy-based cutting process model, which has been adopted by many researchers and practitioners, is used here to represent the process. This model is attractive for industrial application since it requires minimal experimentation for its application over a wide range of cutting conditions and tool geometry. The analysis permits arbitrary orientation of the structure’s orthogonal modes relative to the coordinates in which the cutting process is modeled. The final solution differs from others in that the analytical methods are carried through to the final result without need for the numerical methods used by other investigators when applying Nyquist-based analysis for more degrees of freedom than one. This final result for limiting width of cut and chatter phase, being in analytical form, clearly shows the effects of each individual mode on the stability behavior. En route to the multi-degree-of-freedom solution, one- and two-degree-of-freedom cases are addressed to demonstrate the approach.
An Experimental Study of the Effects of Fixture and Workpiece Variables on Workpiece-Fixture Contact Forces in End Milling
Authors: Hurtado Jose F. , Melkote Shreyes N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Contact forces play an important role in restraining workpiece motion during machining. In particular, frictional forces are often used to immobilize the workpiece against machining forces. This paper presents results of an experimental study of the effects of fixture, workpiece, and machining condition variables on workpiece-fixture contact forces in end milling. The effects of locator tip geometry, workpiece stiffness, workpiece surface roughness, and tool feedrate on the normal and tangential forces measured at a workpiece-fixture contact were analyzed statistically. It was found that the interaction of contact geometry and surface roughness has a significant effect on the tangential contact force. The normal contact force was found to be affected mostly by the machining condition and to a lesser extent by the workpiece stiffness. Experiments also suggest that the workpiece-fixture contact friction is considerably influenced by the cyclical nature of the milling forces.
Finite Element Based Fixture Analysis Model for Surface Error Predictions due to Clamping and Machining Forces
Authors: Chandra Prakash , Athavale Shounak M. , Kapoor Shiv G. , DeVor Richard E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A finite element model to analyze effect of clamping sequence, clamping pre-loads and machining loads (forces) on the surface error for face-milled workpieces was developed. A compliant test part was used to test and demonstrate the predictive capabilities of the model. Experimental measurements of surface deflections/errors after clamping, and after machining were compared with the finite element predictions. Both predicted peak-to-valley surface error values and surface error patterns for ZXY clamping sequence were in good agreement with the experimental measurements.
The effects of fixture compliance, workpiece-fixture contact geometry (point / area contact), and clamping preloads on the surface error predictions were also studied. The clamping preloads have the most significant impact on the surface error during fixturing of flexible parts, followed by effect of contact area geometry. Fixture compliance, however, does not significantly affect the surface error in case of structurally compliant parts.