bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting Marginalized Group Politics
Authors: Board Jr. Marcus 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The second of a three-chapter layout of the invisible weapons framework, this chapter examines the Political Activity and Self-Determination Survey—nationally representative survey data from 2015 with a Black and Latinx oversample. The survey instrument focuses on hard-work beliefs in politics and labor. The chapter then identifies the relationship between being non-white, being a woman, and in spite of more challenging lived experiences, believing that hard work is correlated with success. Continuing to align with dissonance and disempowerment, this chapter also brings in the causes of such experiences. Far from naturally occurring, these politics are the result of targeted silencing and co-optation efforts—as evidenced by the disproportional racial and gender outcomes. Breaking down these national-level responses, white men and women are the least likely to inhabit such experiences and Black women are most likely. The only remaining question is identifying who is behind these efforts, a question addressed in the subsequent chapter.
State Coercion Diminishing Radical Autonomy
Authors: Board Jr. Marcus 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The third of a three-chapter layout of the invisible weapons framework, this chapter examines in-depth interviews of Chicagoans participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). The interviews focus on radical engagement in the aid office and during the job-seeking process. The chapter then identifies the relationship between dissonance, disempowerment, and the state. The targeted silencing and co-optation are particularly evident in the aid office, while moving to radical engagement outside of government-run spaces. Breaking down these individual-level responses, the chapter reveals a compartmentalizing of these political differences—where respondents with very different experiences with SNAP and unemployment similarly recount their disconnectedness in the aid offices. In the end, the findings show a constrained sense of autonomy—people do not feel a sense of choice when they need political change.
The Silent Epidemic of Gun Injuries
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gun violence undermines a quest for a healthy and productive life. This book is urban focused, with race and socioeconomic class assuming prominence, thus bringing a social justice and equity lens. Gun violence is best conceptualized as a jigsaw puzzle, with deaths representing one dimension and injuries the other. The vast majority of gun violence encounters cause an injury rather than death, which only enhances the importance of this public health issue. US gun violence is commonplace, particularly in its cities and in communities of color. This translates into major policy decisions that ignore these communities, and fear of crime is the glue that helps associate gun violence and race. This book addresses five goals: (1) provide a picture of the extent and nature of gun injuries among children/youth and adults, with a special emphasis on those of color and cities; (2) provide a series of concepts for conceptualizing urban-focused interventions; (3) provide case illustrations of innovative interventions; (4) highlight recommendations for practice, education, and research; and (5) identify crosscutting themes to move this field forward.
Gun Injury Research and Statistics
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides statistics on various aspects of gun injuries, including limitations in data-gathering approaches. Knowledge of gun injuries is still in its infancy and will change as more research is conducted from a multidisciplinary perspective. This chapter, in addition, presents quantitative and qualitative research approaches highlighting gun injury within urban communities and population subgroups. Both approaches are in order to develop a comprehensive picture of this phenomenon. The complexity of gun injuries cannot be captured solely through quantitative or qualitative methods.
Gun Injuries
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The majority of gun violence outcomes result in injuries, but injuries do not receive needed attention from research and practice standpoints. The subject of gun injuries benefits from greater attention, but it must be multidisciplinary and community centered. The term “gun injuries” engenders a multitude of reactions and images, with many responses probably influenced by their portrayal in television and film. Gun injuries cover a range of types and severity, making generalizing impossible, if not dangerous, and calling for increased injury research. Further, the historical paucity of gun violence research funding limits the creation of data consistent and comparable across sites and time periods. This chapter addresses the extent and complexities of gun injuries, taking them beyond a statistic. Injuries are complex, and there is no such thing as a minor injury. Further, we can never relegate injuries to a prescribed time period; they often extend to a lifetime, especially when considering trauma. Multiple types of injuries are discussed. Those paralyzed by gun injuries receive additional attention in this chapter because of the multiple resources required to aid them.
Community Interventions and Gun Injuries
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Community centrality is manifested in gun injuries, shaping worldviews of who must be at the table in finding solutions to this public health problem. “Community involvement” is a catchall phrase, with many different meanings depending upon the values of those who embrace it and the institutions sponsoring these interventions. Values are like DNAs that interact within a sociocultural context. Community-centered approaches to gun injuries encompass a broad arena and can be both exciting and frustrating. This chapter describes how community-centered approaches are operationalized to address this public health problem. Obviously, no two communities are identical, requiring flexibility in constructing initiatives by taking into account local conditions.
Case 2
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Readers will witness the potential of the arts to transform lives that have been dramatically altered by gun violence, with victims becoming survivors and part of a new cadre addressing this violence. This chapter illustrates what is possible when we are bold and creative in designing interventions. As discussed in Chapter 3, the challenges victims face warrant a case illustration. Victims paralyzed by gun violence present some of the gravest challenges for the field, as well as costing society immense funds over a lifespan. Those engaging in gun violence think they understand the risks, with a bimodal view of life as death and prison. Another bimodal perspective is operative, with disability rarely talked about as a potential outcome of violence, reinforcing a binary view of life as either being able-bodied or dead. Paralysis, and dealing with its complications, necessitates an extensive and highly sophisticated system of care. The Open Doors program offers a unique focus on the arts with its multifaceted approach, including the prominent role played by participants in wheelchairs. Readers will be inspired by how the pain of a life-altering gun violence event has been channeled through use of poetry or the spoken word.
Community Practice
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Community practice is dependent upon our vision of what community means. If we place it at the center of these efforts, then institutions, such as hospitals and others, are there to serve communities, rather than the other way around. Community practice is labor intensive. The slogan “bottom-up” ascends in importance in community practice, translating into a goal of bringing together diverse resident groups in pursuit of a common goal. Community practice is predicated upon an ecological foundation, with relationships forming the glue allowing what appear as disparate elements to pursue a common agenda. We have marching orders that respect different gun injury foci and roles because there is no single path. It is a journey with detours and temporary setbacks, but one worth taking nevertheless. For some of us it means taking a stance at an agency or community level. Others approach this journey from a research, policy, or scholarly standpoint. Further, these roles are not mutually exclusive. Regardless of the role we take, we need others to join us in this march on ending gun violence and corresponding injuries to individuals, families, communities, and the nation.
Travel and Off-Campus Performances
Authors: Swick Bill 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
While in college, music education majors are prepared for teaching in many areas except for perhaps the topic of traveling with students. It is likely this topic is never discussed in most university settings. Chapter 8 focuses on traveling and off-campus student performances. Travel, even when it is within the community, requires a good deal of planning and often money that your program may not have. This chapter is dedicated to helping with the planning and offers solutions for obtaining finances to make travel possible for all students. The chapter also details the importance of travel and provides ideas for the types of trips that are important toward building an award-winning music program.
Introduction
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the topic of the book and identifies its aims and scope. It starts by laying out the main problem that the book addresses, which is how to make sense of claims that there are things we ought to do, when questions about what we ought to do appear to be determined by two very different standards, namely morality and prudence. After presenting the topic, the chapter gives a rough description of the position that will be defended, normative pluralism, as well as its rival view, normative monism. It is also argued that normative pluralism must be distinguished from value pluralism, as two separate and independent theories. A rough outline of the book and some limitations in the scope of the discussion and the strength of the book’s assertions are also described.
A Deliberate Leap in the Opposite Direction
Authors: Kramer Larry 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in technology have produced radical changes in our speech and information environment—yielding a qualitative change in the nature and content of the “marketplace of ideas.” Qualitative changes of the sort we have experienced in the underlying structure of our information environment necessitate a similar qualitative rethinking of the law, rights, and norms of free speech that structure it. This essay examines how technology has substantially changed the context of free speech, why current First Amendment doctrine is inadequate for governing this new landscape, and the danger that relying on this outdated doctrine poses to American democracy. It concludes by proposing ways to begin to rethink free speech doctrine in order to effectively address contemporary issues that threaten the future of our democracy.
The Disinformation Dilemma
Authors: Bazelon Emily 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When it comes to the regulation of speech, we are uncomfortable with the government doing it, and we are uncomfortable with social media or media titans doing it, but we are also uncomfortable with nobody doing it at all. This essay considers options to address this dilemma by, in part, exploring the historical evolution of US media law and examining approaches in other democracies. Other democracies remain democratic though they allow greater regulation of speech. In fact, these countries have arguably created better conditions for their citizenry to sort what is true from what is not, make informed decisions about what they want their societies to be, and be alert to the ways in which demagogic leaders or movements can use disinformation. In the United States, meanwhile, we’re drowning in lies. We can address this in various ways. There’s no legal barrier, for example, to increasing the delivery of reliable information. The government could also make the platforms earn their immunity from lawsuits or promote competition through antitrust enforcement.
A Framework for Regulating Falsehoods
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
If we are committed to freedom of speech, must we tolerate lies? This essay provides a framework for thinking about this and other questions regarding falsehoods. The framework focuses on four sets of issues: (1) the speaker’s state of mind, and the (2) magnitude, (3) likelihood, and (4) timing of harm. From this way of thinking about the problem, we can see that current constitutional law fails to strike the right balance. Public officials and public figures should be able to do far more than they are now permitted to do to respond to defamation, as should ordinary citizens subjected to damaging falsehoods. The government should be able to restrict and punish certain kinds of lies and falsehoods that pose serious threats to public health and safety. To protect the democratic process, the government should be able to regulate other kinds of even nondefamatory falsehoods. The essay draws attention to the sheer diversity of tools available to the government. The government need not censor or punish; it might, for example, require disclosure, labels, or warnings, or some form of choice architecture that reduces the likelihood that falsehoods will spread.
The Free Speech Industry
Authors: Franks Mary Anne 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Large tech companies have created an industry around free speech, one that rivals other large industries, like tobacco and firearms, and can be just as harmful. Social media platforms have promoted extreme, polarizing, and dishonest content in their relentless commodification of speech and pursuit of “engagement.” In many billion-dollar industries, tort reform has served to effectively immunize large corporations from liability for the harms they facilitate. In the case of tech companies, Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act has been the primary vehicle for this immunity. This essay examines how tech companies created the “free speech industry”; how courts have allowed them to use Section 230 to preempt lawsuits by individuals harmed by their products and services; and how the unregulated speech industry undermines democracy. It suggests specific revisions to Section 230 to make it possible to hold these companies accountable for profiting from harmful content and conduct.
Algorithms, Affordances, and Agency
Authors: DiResta Renée 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
With the advent of the internet and social media, the way people communicate and receive news has changed drastically. In the past, citizens primarily experienced a top-down approach to information: Governments, elite institutions, and mainstream media largely controlled what information was disseminated and how. As the internet and social media platforms grew, the average citizen became able to create and disseminate information, form online communities of the like-minded, and participate in the widespread amplification of certain messages. Thus, the creation and spread of narratives has additionally begun to take on an increasingly important bottom-up dynamic. This essay analyzes how the interplay between social media algorithms, affordances, and the agency of users has resulted in a new infrastructure of human connection. Evaluating this regime in the context of historical communication ecosystems, the essay examines the unintended consequences of the new infrastructure and offers ways to move forward in this new age of communication.
Free Speech on Public Platforms
Authors: Greene Jamal 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Suppose the US government establishes and operates a social media platform to create a forum for citizen expression. Under the First Amendment and international human rights law, what rules could the government establish on the platform? Much commentary has recognized that private platform moderation is distinct insofar as it is private. Commentators have focused less on the ways private platform moderation is distinct because it involves platforms. The legality of content moderation on a hypothetical government-run platform should depend not simply on whether regulation involves content discrimination or even viewpoint discrimination, but on the nature and degree of the burden imposed on speakers, the government’s purposes in imposing those burdens, the risk of arbitrary or corrupt enforcement, and—relatedly—the clarity and consistency of the rules the government has put in place.
Platform Power, Online Speech, and the Search for New Constitutional Categories
Authors: Persily Nathaniel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
New communication technologies often challenge existing legal categories concerning freedom of expression. Like television, radio, and even the printing press, social media are forcing governments and civil society to reckon with fundamental questions as to the proper role of the public and private sectors in regulating this new communications medium to realize the benefits and control the harms of speech as amplified through this new technology. This essay highlights the ill-fittedness of existing constitutional categories for the communications revolution that social media have ignited. It argues that social media companies are not state actors, common carriers, or places of public accommodation. Nor should they be considered traditional First Amendment actors with robust claims against government regulation. Instead, it argues, courts need to retrofit our existing conception of speech regulation to be sensitive to the unique features of these new information monopolies: namely, their global scope, the unprecedented velocity of digital communication, and the need for algorithmic moderation at scale.
Profit Over People
Authors: Klobuchar Amy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The essay posits that we are at a critical moment in our history and an inflection point for reform. Our privacy laws and competition policy have not been meaningfully updated since the internet was created. Now, sprawling digital monopolies harvest data, target vulnerable users with harmful content and toxic disinformation, and control access to key online markets. This essay argues that it has become clear that America needs laws that are fit for today’s digital economy: a federal privacy law, provisions to better protect children online, more transparency in social media algorithms, and updates to our competition laws. The author has introduced in Congress proposals for reforms that would rein in the power of Big Tech companies; the essay, in part, discusses how the legislation would help combat the problems associated with Big Tech monopolies.
Three Meetings
Authors: Ambar Saladin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Frederick Douglass’s three meetings with Abraham Lincoln were the first of their kind between an African American political leader and an American president. While ground-breaking in terms of what their encounters meant for the shift in Lincoln’s Civil War policy, the meetings also modeled for the nation what racial equality might look like in the war’s aftermath. Chapter 2 describes how this short-lived but powerful relationship between Lincoln and Douglass came about, and what both men hoped to achieve through it.
First Ladies
Authors: Ambar Saladin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eleanor Roosevelt’s friendship with the Black activist and educator Mary McLeod Bethune was one of the most influential relationships forged in Franklin Roosevelt’s presidency. The pioneering Bethune and the daring First Lady helped orchestrate a number of important policy shifts and advances in matters of race, in an administration deeply averse to taking risks where race was concerned. Over time, their bond helped create new expectations about racial justice and its connection to presidential leadership, even as women in politics were forced to play a subordinate role. Chapter 4 introduces a politically strategic, and yet deeply personal friendship, one that helped broaden the horizons of a racially proscribed New Deal era.
Veins
Authors: Ambar Saladin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When Ralph Ellison reached out to the great but then unheralded critic Stanley Hyman to write for his Negro journal, one of the great tripartite intellectual connections and friendships in American history began. Ellison, Hyman, and the writer Shirley Jackson—still then very much known as “Stanley Hyman’s wife”—would collectively grapple with the great issues of the time in their works, as each explored the primal and the mythical in their writings. This was especially true of Jackson and Ellison, whose mid-century works would become synonymous for the ways in which race, sex, and class have shaped the nature of American democracy. Chapter 5 explores the subtleties of how this artistic triangle, rooted in friendship, blossomed into a social force for broadening American democracy.
Scripts
Authors: Ambar Saladin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When Marlon Brando walked into a diner in New York’s Greenwich Village and sat between James Baldwin and Norman Mailer, it began a friendship that would play out on many stages, including in Paris, Istanbul, and Washington, D.C., during the March on Washington. As both men were conscious of their public standing as two of the most prominent artists of their time, they sought public venues for their interracial friendship, hoping to shatter white supremacy in their lives and in their respective works. Their love and respect for one another was profound and mutually rewarding, even as their sexual identities were subordinated in an era where male romantic love remained taboo. Chapter 6 highlights one of the more important relationships of the civil rights era involving two cultural icons seeking a path towards racial justice through their art.
Icons and Intersectionalities
Authors: Ambar Saladin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Over many decades, the lives of America’s two most iconic radical women intersected—at times with equal parts irony and significance. As Gloria Steinem grew into perhaps the greatest symbol of post-war feminism, Angela Davis can likewise be said to have represented the radical left in America—and the rise of Black Power. As their friendship emerged over the years, their commitment to ending racial and gender-based discrimination intersected, bringing them together for a historic Women’s March after the inauguration of Donald Trump in 2016. Chapter 9 offers a window into their respective stories and their relationship as it demonstrates how the story of interracial friendship in America has many faces and demands new paradigms for understanding how the status of women in society is critical for thinking about racial injustice and white supremacy.