bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poland
Authors: Proctor Tammy M 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The American Relief Administration, along with the Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Quakers, and Polish-Americans, sent funding and personnel to alleviate hunger, disease, and displacement in postwar Poland. Particularly important were immigrant relief workers who provided an anchor for understanding efforts to enlist minority groups in American relief projects in Europe. Through their labors abroad, religious minorities and recent immigrants attempted to “prove” their Americanness in a highly charged political environment regarding immigration in the United States in the early 1920s. Paradoxically, their limited success in this endeavor also helped solidify the exclusion of other groups in overseas aid, mirroring new legal restrictions on immigration from Asia and echoing political restrictions on African Americans in the postwar period.
Legacies
Authors: Proctor Tammy M 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
By 1924 rescuing a grateful Europe had become central to an American global mission and self-identity, and by the 1940s, it had become a key piece of U.S. foreign policy as the threat from the Soviet Union led to an aggressive anti-Communist stance. Yet it was not only the high-level diplomacy of postwar and Cold War interactions that determined American food aid and relief, it was also the outpouring of support from ordinary people in the United States when called upon to relieve and save Europeans. Just as in World War I, farmers, university students, religious groups, and social clubs organized funds and packages to relieve suffering in the devastated regions of Europe, this time with more permanent aid organizations at the helm. Americans answered the call, assuming that the mantle of protection was a responsibility of their power in the world.
Introduction
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Eighteenth-century children’s voices are usually distant echoes, but this book uses art, military records, and autobiography to examine how children experienced war, and how adult attitudes to childhood affected this turbulent period in Britain’s history. “Children” are understood broadly, generally meaning anyone from infancy to (roughly) 18 years of age. The emphasis here is on youngsters’ “perspective” and “experience,” and—to a lesser degree—their “agency.” Though it answers Sarah Maza’s call to write history “through” children, this book agrees with her critics that there is equal value in looking at children’s lived history as well. Childhood and War in Eighteenth-Century Britain thus examines both how war affected youngsters and how concepts of childhood affected war. It is focused on the years stretching from mid-century to the aftermath of the battle of Waterloo. There is an ambiguity to contemporaries’ attitudes to children and war in this period. On the one hand, Enlightenment appreciation of childhood sought to protect youngsters from war’s horrors. On the other, military goals all too frequently trumped concerns for children’s safety and stability.
Objects of War
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Children could be used as objects in a variety of ways. Rankers’ children were tools for the Army to ensure their father’s compliance (by promising to care for offspring or threatening to withhold it). They were also future recruits, but only if they were male. This justified offering more spaces for boys in orphanages. Apart from Eurasian daughters of British soldiers in India who could be raised to be rankers’ wives, girls had little value to the Army. Along with infants and toddlers, girls were objects of encumbrance on campaign; they were not wanted. The prospect of juvenile suffering was a useful pretext to separate men from their families, yet wives and children were also denied army support outside the regiment. Soldiers’ offspring did, however, make compelling objects of need, attracting private and parish charity. In the art and literature of the time, relief for servicemen’s children was presented as a way for civilians to help the war effort or, conversely, to condemn the war and its recruiting practices. Images by Thomas Rowlandson and other artists used juvenile iconography to alternately condemn women’s presence on the march and humanize servicemen by presenting them as loving fathers.
Amidst War’s Alarms
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Army children had a diverse range of experiences. Even those given official permission to follow the drum could be jettisoned on retreats or when soldier fathers died. Young camp followers were not always miserable, however; there are accounts of children finding comfort and pleasure at play in camps and garrisons. Large ships and tropical animals delighted young eyes. In fact, they were even more likely than their parents to experience alienation when the regiment returned to England from abroad. The Army might become a surrogate family, with officers and men alike helping to care for youngsters. This was less true of the enslaved children purchased to help officers’ wives, or the Eurasian offspring fathered by soldiers in colonial garrisons. Even the most cherished sons and daughters of the Army could be turned out of baggage carts when military goals clashed with juvenile interests. Contemporaries’ obsession with the serviceman’s orphan has obscured mothers’ significance in Army children’s lives. They were with their mothers more than their fathers, so her loss held far more terror than that of their father. Children in the midst of war also faced the threat of their own death, injury, imprisonment, and dislocation, yet the Army denied them the right to medical attention and took minimal responsibility for their safety, blaming their mothers for their unwanted presence in combat. The challenges faced by Army children persist today, indicating that the mobility and danger of military life can never be fully reconciled to juveniles’ need for stability and safety.
Small Ambassadors
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In foreign campaigns and domestic service, British officers and soldiers relied on local children in several significant ways. They provided a cultural bridge. Though civilian children could become weapons in quartering disputes, they could also help their parents, neighbours, and relatives accept the army’s presence in their community. Servicemen associated foreign children with those of their acquaintance back home, finding more common ground with local adults through shared parenting practices and affection for youngsters. Children’s linguistic adaptability also made them ideal servants. Their unthreatening appearance and tendency to roam about the countryside allowed them to serve the military in other roles as well: as messengers, guides, and informers on deserters. Within the regiment, rank-and-file and junior-officer fathers might receive preferment through their offspring, if the latter’s appearance and behaviour endeared them to a senior officer. Equally, rankers with a knack for quieting officers’ babies and entertaining their older children were in high demand. Their skill at child-minding might make them more valuable to their commanding officer than their skill at arms. Youngsters were conduits for hostility as well, such as when junior officers beat a superior’s boy servant. Despite the risks, young people were often rewarded as servants, guides, and hawkers to British troops. They did not always serve army interests, however; children might identify more with its enemies or have goals that conflicted with those of the campaign.
War’s Infantilizing Effect
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The novelty of enlistment and foreign postings evoked feelings of juvenility among enlisted men, but it went well beyond new recruits. Contemporary understandings of “infantry” emphasized the “infant” roots of the term, defining all of the rank-and-file as childlike. The army required men to surrender themselves entirely to officers’ control. The latter treated the men under their command as helpless children, without the capacity to manage their own money or even properly feed and clothe themselves. This was especially true of soldiers with children of their own, since the army refused to pay them enough to support their offspring. It promoted itself as a refuge for men wanting to avoid adult responsibilities, but in actuality, it simply hampered any who wished to become responsible husbands and fathers. Hardened veterans returning to civilian life were also infantilized when their war wounds left them physically weakened and reliant on charity for survival. Rank-and-file autobiographies contain traces of their resistance to infantilization, especially in their accounts of pet-keeping and pranks. Instead of highlighting their juvenility, ranker memoirists framed soldiers’ ventriloquist hijinks as subversive wit, and their expertise with animals as evidence of their sensibility. This kind of resistance to infantilization had limited effect. Most rankers opposed being treated like children in ways that cannot be easily captured by the documentary record. Officers gloried in the idea of the childlike soldier because it emphasized their own benevolence and reinforced their superiority.
Thematic Genitives in Early Greek Hexameter Poetry
Authors: McConnell Tom 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to thematic genitives. Firstly, Janko’s approach to quantifying these is discussed and ultimately rejected. It is argued that formulae and metre play a significant role in the distribution of the genitives. Moreover, the existence of the intermediary form *-oo, held by some to come between -οιο and -ου, is challenged (and discussed further in an appendix), and it is argued that the most meaningful way to count the ending is a simple alternation between -οιο and -ου. Different interpretations (chronology, dialect, and style) are discussed as possible explanatory factors.
Summary of the Key Findings of Part 1
Authors: McConnell Tom 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This brief chapter summarizes the key conclusions and discussion points from the preceding chapters on specific linguistic features. It serves as a bridge to the next two chapters, where these findings will be contextualized within a broader framework. The upcoming chapters aim to expand on these insights, using them to construct more substantial arguments and to explore their wider implications. By condensing the most critical points here, this summary provides a foundation for understanding how the detailed analysis of linguistic features contributes to the larger, overarching themes addressed in the following sections.
Churchyard Poetics
Authors: Metcalf James 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The familiar literary-critical category of ‘graveyard poetry’ has made the eighteenth-century churchyard a commonplace in the period’s cultural imaginary: a location in which melancholy, religious poets get lost in imaginative reveries or didactic visions of the afterlife. By contrast, Churchyard Poetics: Landscape, Labour, and the Legacy of Genre shows how the churchyard takes on a new shape and a fresh importance for a counter-tradition of women and labouring-class poets, for whom this landscape is a resting place with no closure. In work by Mary Leapor, Ann Yearsley, Charlotte Smith, and John Clare—but also for Robert Blair, Thomas Gray, and William Wordsworth—the churchyard emerges as a contested space of social life through a shared focus on the body as the instrument of labour. The book focuses on how these poets use genres such as georgic, pastoral, topographical poetry, and elegy to locate the churchyard in a broader terrain of laborious life, disarranged in the press towards industrial capitalism. Managing the material of their violently reordered world through genre and other aesthetic strategies, these poets articulate the pressures on working bodies and the associated structures of feeling attendant on the experience of history at its sharpest edge. The poems examined in Churchyard Poetics thus strain against without resolving the ideal the churchyard is made to express: that collective life is reassuringly organized around places of burial and remembrance. Declining continuity or consolation, the poets at the centre of this book refigure the churchyard as a traumatized landscape and unearth from its wounded ground an affective archive of social injury—of bodies compelled into service by new regimes of labour and dispatched to the churchyard when their usefulness runs out.
Churchyard Poetics, 1743–1821
Authors: Metcalf James 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Introduction sets up the stakes of the book’s argument and the methods with which this argument is made. A first section outlines the book’s contribution: providing a counter-tradition to the familiar category of eighteenth-century ‘graveyard school’ by reading churchyard poems by women and labouring-class poets. It introduces ‘graveyard poetry’ before offering an intervention shaped by cultural materialist literary criticism. If the churchyard is often solely scenic, churchyard poems by Robert Blair, Mary Leapor, Ann Yearsley, Charlotte Smith, and John Clare recover this landscape as a contested space of social life—one where history is not suspended but rather felt in all its intensity by the working bodies pressed to earth in new regimes of work under capital. A second section introduces the genres that redefine the churchyard as a literary and social landscape. Georgic, pastoral, topographical poetry, elegy, and the long poem provide poets with aesthetic technologies for managing the difficult material of life under capital as its casualties are disclosed in the churchyard’s buried bodies. This section also provides a brief history of the churchyard, to orient readers to its social status in the eighteenth century. A third section makes a reading of Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1751) to demonstrate how, even here, difficult feelings emerge as poets struggle with historical experiences of labour. A final section locates the book in studies of lyric poetry, the senses, affect, gender, and genre, explaining what this combination makes possible for a new reading of churchyard poetry.
‘Earthing up’
Authors: Metcalf James 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 1 presses on the seemingly innocent figures of nature in Robert Blair’s The Grave (1743) to highlight the poem’s difficulty with working the irremediably physical churchyard landscape into a vision of the afterlife through the medium of an ambivalent georgic poetics—a variation on the genre that this chapter calls churchyard georgic. The body is an unignorable subject in The Grave—one that cannot easily be redeemed by Christian models of transcendence or consolation, nor reduced to a prop for didactic imperatives to look to death for moral improvement. A source of some anxiety in a religious text seemingly intent upon the afterlife, this indivisibility of body from earth is a georgic fixation, and the poet must work continually to restore the dead who insist on their status as decaying matter. This chapter examines how the novel association of The Grave and the georgic tradition encourages a different approach to the eighteenth-century fascination with places of burial and human remains, as poets make much imaginative work from the lowest of materials: the earth from which we are made and to which we return. Where this orthodoxy has seemed so universal in the ‘death-the-leveller’ didacticism of ‘graveyard poetry’, its complication by georgic’s more proximate and socially determined pressures transfigure the churchyard into a scene of hard work.
Exploring novel determinants of exercise behavior: a lagged exposure-wide approach
Authors: Lee Harold H , Kim Eric S , Kim Younseo , Conroy David E , VanderWeele Tyler J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Many middle-aged to older adults do not engage in regular exercise at all, despite its importance for healthy aging. Extensive research grounded in behavioral and social science theories has identified numerous determinants of exercise. However, few studies used an exposure-wide approach, a data-driven exploratory method particularly useful for identifying novel determinants.
Methods: We used data from 13 771 participants in the Health and Retirement Study, a diverse, national panel study of adults aged &gt;50 years in the United States, to evaluate 62 candidate determinants of exercise participation. Candidate predictors were drawn from the following domains: health behaviors, physical health, psychological well-being, psychological distress, social factors, and work. We used Poisson regression with robust error variance to individually regress exercise in the outcome wave (t2: 2014/2016) on baseline candidate predictors (at t1: 2010/2012) controlling for all covariates in the previous wave (t0: 2006/2008).
Results: Some physical health conditions (eg, physical functioning limitations and lung disease), psychological factors (eg, health mastery, purpose in life, and positive affect), and social factors (eg, helping others, religious service attendance, and volunteering) were robustly associated with increased subsequent exercise. Among factors related to psychological distress, perceived constraints stood out as a factor in reducing exercise.
Conclusions: We identified potentially novel exercise determinants, such as helping friends/neighbors/relatives, religious attendance, and volunteering, that have not been captured using a theory-driven approach. Future studies validating these findings experimentally in midlife and older adults are needed.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of frailty and pre-frailty amongst older hospital inpatients in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Davidson Sean Lawlor , Lee Jim , Emmence Luke , Bickerstaff Emily , Rayers George , Davidson Elizabeth , Richardson Jenny , Anderson Heather , Walker Richard , Dotchin Catherine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
As populations age, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are rapidly adapting hospital services to meet the needs of older populations. This systematic review aimed to establish the prevalence of frailty and pre-frailty amongst older people admitted to hospital in LMICs, and to compare levels with existing estimates for high-income settings.

Methods
Databases Medline, Embase, CINAHL and PsychInfo were searched, and results were manually screened by two researchers. Included studies were cross-sectional or cohort design and reported data from hospital inpatients, aged ≥60 years, in LMICs, using validated methods for identifying frailty. Risk of bias was assessed by two researchers using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Where possible, results were synthesised using meta-analysis.

Results
Twenty-nine studies were included, all reporting data from middle-income countries. Physical frailty tools were the most common, with Fried’s phenotype and the FRAIL Scale being the most often used methods of assessment. The pooled estimate of the prevalence of frailty was 39.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 31.9–46.6%] comprising data from 23 311 older inpatients. For pre-frailty, prevalence was 40.0% (95% CI 25.1–51.4%) from 6954 individuals.

Discussion
Due to the paucity of eligible studies and their geographical distribution, these pooled estimates are only representative of the burden of frailty in select middle-income settings (particularly China). Future research should seek to establish the prevalence of frailty in hospitals in low-income countries, and to assess clinical outcomes by frailty status, in order to develop bespoke clinical tools and to aid the planning of future geriatric services.
The role of epidemiologists in addressing the public health consequences of the United States criminal legal system
Authors: Levintow Sara N , Remch Molly , LeMasters Katherine , Rice Dana K 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Exposure to the United States criminal legal system – whether through contact with law enforcement, incarceration in a jail or prison, or community supervision – is associated with a range of adverse health outcomes. There is mounting evidence that mass incarceration drives health inequities, particularly for Black, Indigenous, and People of Color. However, relative to its outsized impacts on health and health inequities, the criminal legal system has received limited attention in epidemiology. In this commentary, we use a public health prevention framework to highlight opportunities for epidemiological research aiming to: 1) reduce the number of people entering the criminal legal system (primary prevention), 2) improve conditions of confinement (secondary), and 3) reduce recidivism and re-involvement in the system (tertiary). We describe common biases (confounding, selection, measurement, and missingness) encountered in research at each prevention level and identify ways in which epidemiologists can help to address these challenges. Our goal is to emphasize the unique strengths that epidemiologists can bring to investigating and intervening on the wide-ranging health consequences of a societal system that disproportionately impacts its most marginalized members.
Three Underused Statistical Methods in Social Epidemiology: Multiple Informant Models, Fractional Regression, and Restricted Mean Survival Time
Authors: Fang Jinrui , Goodman Melody S , Wizentier Marina Mautner , Cuevas Adolfo G , Bather Jemar R 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We recommend three well-established yet underused statistical methods in social epidemiology: Multiple Informant Models (MIMs), Fractional Regression Model (FRM), and Restricted Mean Survival Time (RMST). MIMs improve how we identify critical windows of exposure over time. FRM addresses the inadequacies of ordinary least squares and logistic regression when dealing with fractional outcomes that are naturally proportions or rates, thereby accommodating data at the boundaries of the unit interval without requiring transformations. RMST offers a robust alternative to the hazard ratio in the presence of non-proportional hazards, providing an interpretable summary of treatment effects over time that is not dependent on the proportional hazards assumption. We illustrate the utility of each method using simulated case examples. These methodologies enrich the analytical toolbox of social epidemiologists, offering refined approaches to unraveling the complexities of social determinants of health inequities.