bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaction Rate Theory-Based Mathematical Approximation for the Amount of Time it Takes For Cellular Respiration to Occur
Authors: Chaturvedi Archit 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The venerable process of cellular respiration is essential for cells to produce energy from glucose molecules, in order to carry out cellular work. The process is responsible for producing molecules of ATP, a molecule which is thermodynamically coupled with other biochemical and biophysical processes in order to provide energy for such processes to occur. While the process of cellular respiration is essential to biology, one cycle of the process occurs only in a matter of milliseconds, and so, it would be impractical to measure the time it takes for the process to occur through conventional means. Therefore, using concepts from reaction rate theory, particularly Marcus Theory of electron transfer, Michaelis-Menten kinetics for enzymatic catalysis, and the hard-sphere model of collision theory, I formulate and propose a mathematical approximation for the amount of time it takes for cellular respiration to occur. Through this heuristic approach, quantitatively knowing the amount of time it takes for one cycle of cellular respiration to occur could potentially have future applications in biological research.
Homological dimensions relative to preresolving subcategories II
Authors: Huang Zhaoyong 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Let

𝒜

{\mathscr{A}}

be an abelian category having enough projective and injective objects,
and let

𝒯

{\mathscr{T}}

be an additive subcategory of

𝒜

{\mathscr{A}}

closed under direct summands.
A known assertion is that in a short exact sequence in

𝒜

{\mathscr{A}}

, the

𝒯

{\mathscr{T}}

-projective
(resp.

𝒯

{\mathscr{T}}

-injective) dimensions of any two terms can sometimes induce an upper
bound of that of the third term by using the same comparison expressions. We show that
if

𝒯

{\mathscr{T}}

contains all projective (resp. injective) objects of

𝒜

{\mathscr{A}}

, then
the above assertion holds true if and only if

𝒯

{\mathscr{T}}

is resolving (resp. coresolving).
As applications, we get that a left and right Noetherian ring R is n-Gorenstein if and only if
the Gorenstein projective (resp. injective, flat) dimension of any left R-module is
at most n. In addition, in several cases, for a subcategory

𝒞

{\mathscr{C}}

of

𝒯

{\mathscr{T}}

,
we show that the finitistic

𝒞

{\mathscr{C}}

-projective and

𝒯

{\mathscr{T}}

-projective dimensions of

𝒜

{\mathscr{A}}

are identical.
Numerical study of heat and mass transfer on the pulsatile flow of blood under atherosclerotic condition
Authors: Shabbir Muhammad Shahzad , Abbas Zaheer , Ali Nasir 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The present article investigates the effects of heat and mass transfer on the pulsatile flow of blood through a tapered artery under atherosclerotic conditions. The blood is treated as Sutterby fluid. The wall of the artery is considered to be time-invariant having overlapping stenosis in its lumen. The fully coupled momentum, energy and concentration equations in conjunction with the constitutive equation of Sutterby fluid are simplified by applying the mild stenosis assumption. The governing equations together with the prescribed boundary conditions are discretized and solved by using the finite difference method. The results highlighting the effects of various emerging parameters on the heat and mass transfer are also displayed through graphs. The effects of stenosis height and Prandtl number on the axial variation of Nusselt number are also discussed in detail. A comparison of Sutterby fluid with the Newtonian fluid is also presented to highlight the effects of the Prandtl number on the heat and mass transfer. The present study reveals that the distribution of temperature in the constricted region of the blood vessel is closely associated with the viscoelastic nature of blood. It is also observed that the rate of heat transfer at the wall of the artery can be enhanced by reducing the thermal conductivity.
The Performance of Option Pricing Models Estimating the Marketability Discount in a Pre-IPO Real-World Data Setting: Evidence from Europe
Authors: Grbenic Stefan O. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Valuation analysts adjust prices of private firm’s stock downward from their fully marketable counterparts, reflecting the private firms’ lower level of marketability. This discount for lack of marketability can be substantial in magnitude. This study examines the performance (according to bias and accuracy employing estimation error methodology) of seven popular option pricing models in generating discount estimates to coincide with empirically observed discount benchmarks (based on the pre-IPO methodology) in European Union member countries over the period 2004 until 2018. The results allow for the general conclusion that some option pricing models are superior in most settings, coinciding with their individual benefits and deficiencies. The detailed analysis indicates that (i) the superiority of these option pricing models holds for a wide range of periods of assumed restricted marketability, (ii) segmenting discount benchmarks according to their size improves the performance of the option pricing models, (iii) segmenting discount benchmarks according to both, the underlying volatility of stock returns and dividend yields, does not improve the performance of the option pricing models, and (iv) IPO underperformance has no material impact on relative option pricing model’s performance.
Workers’ Movements and the Global Supply Chain: Introduction
Authors: Ovetz Robert , Alimahomed-Wilson Jake 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The global supply chain crisis during the pandemic provides an opportunity to reflect on the vulnerabilities of the just-in-time model of capitalist production. As capital studies and prepares for risks to the global supply chain, so must workers if we are make global systemic changes needed to reverse the many catastrophic crises facing humanity. The articles in this forum re-examine unions and global workers organizing in seven countries to move us past the limited focus on collective bargaining, contracts, labor law, and unions tied to neoliberal political parties to identify and assess strategies for cross-border worker organizing at these choke points to apply pressure, extract gains, and tip the balance of power in their favor.
Moral legitimation in capital trials: the case of the prosecution’s closing summation
Authors: Chaemsaithong Krisda 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUnderpinned by the assumption that the legitimacy of a social practice is obtained discursively, this study proposes a linguistically-grounded model for examining moral legitimation in the sentencing phase of capital trials. Drawing upon state lawyers’ closing speech in six capital trials (Indiana, USA), the study identifies key strategies the State uses to justify death and explores their ideological basis. The quantitative findings indicate that moral legitimation is integral to this genre, and, qualitatively speaking, the State relies to a great extent on strategies such as naming labels, assignment of agency, and evaluation, respectively. This is followed by emotion-based reasoning and analogy. It is argued that the reliance on moral legitimation treats death as a natural corollary of such moral characterizations and precludes the discussion of the life-sentence option.
Non-traditional oils with water-soluble substrate as cell growth booster for the production of mannosylerythritol lipids by Pseudozyma antarctica (ATCC 32657) with their antimicrobial activity
Authors: Bhangale Akash P. , Wadekar Sushant D. , Kale Sandeep B. , Mali Suraj N. , Pratap Amit P. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Among glycolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL), are mild and environmentally friendly surfactants used in various industrial applications. MELs are produced by biofermentation using non-traditional oils with various water-soluble carbon sources as cell growth booster. This substrate affects the production yield and cost of MEL. In this research work, the non-traditional oils jatropha oil, karanja oil and neem oil were used as new substrates along with glucose, glycerol and honey as new water-soluble substrates. All these oils are new feedstocks for the production of MEL using Pseudozyma antarctica (ATCC 32657). Jatropha oil, karanja oil and neem oil with honey as substrates resulted in higher MEL yields of (8.07, 7.75, and 1.86) g/L and better cell growth of (8.07, 7.75, and 1.86) g/L, respectively, than non-traditional oils with glucose and glycerol as substrates. Neem oil gave a lower yield of MEL (1.54 g/L) as well as cell growth (6.06 g/L) compared to jatropha oil and karanja oil (7.03 and 6.17) g/L, respectively. Crude MEL from the fermentation broth was detected by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform infrared spectrommetry (FT-IR), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). Purified MEL has been used as an antimicrobial agent in cosmetic products associated with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi.
Investigation of the synergistic effect and the morphology of the binary compound systems with potassium N-lauroyl glycinate
Authors: Huang Jian , Xu Hujun 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Potassium N-lauroyl glycinate (PLG) is an amino acid surfactant widely used in detergents and has excellent chemical properties. In the present work, PLG was mixed in different molar ratios (α1) with the commonly used amphoteric surfactant lauryl amidopropyl betaine (LAB) or the non-ionic surfactant alkyl glycoside (APG). Subsequently, the surface tension, average hydrodynamic radius and number of micellar aggregates of the individual surfactants and the compound systems were measured using the hanging plate method, dynamic light scattering and fluorescence probe method, respectively, and the corresponding surface activity parameters were calculated. The results show that the binary PLG/LAB and PLG/APG systems exhibit non-ideal behaviour and that there was mutual attraction in the systems. The broad distribution of the micelle radius of the PLG/LAB compound system indicates that there are two types of micelles, namely spherical and rod-shaped in the systems. The distribution of the micelle radius of the PLG/APG compound system decreases to the minimum value at α
1 = 0.5. At α
1 = 0.7 and 0.9, double peaks and a broad distribution were also observed. The number of micelle aggregates in the PLG/LAB and PLG/APG compound systems is less than that of the individual surfactants at the respective mole fractions.
Stability of pesticide in water emulsion induced by mixed surfactants
Authors: Liu Jiexiang , Qian Cuihua , Zhang Xiaoguang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Etofenprox emulsions in water were prepared by mixing polyoxyethylene (20) castor oil ether (EL-20) with the surfactants polyoxyethylene (10) octylphenyl ether (OP10), polyoxyethylene styrenated phenol ether (602), polyoxyethylene (40) castor oil ether (EL-40) and octylphenyl polyoxyethylene phosphonate (OPP), respectively. Emulsion stability was investigated and analysed based on the hydrophilic-lipophilic equilibrium, surfactant structure and surface tension of the diluted emulsion. The results showed that the emulsions (EL-40 + EL-20) and (OPP + EL-20) had relatively high stability. Subsequently, the surfactants polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-styrenated phenol ether (1601), polyalkoxylated butyl ether (LQ) and OPP were added separately to the emulsions (EL-40 + EL-20), (602 + EL-20) or (OPP + EL-20) to obtain the ternary surfactant systems. Emulsion stability was further investigated and discussed based on droplet size, zeta potential and surface tension. The results revealed that the addition of OPP and LQ could further improve the stability of (EL-40 + EL-20) emulsions, and that LQ was also beneficial for the stability of (OPP + EL-20) emulsions. The stability mechanism of the emulsion was also discussed.
Synergistic interaction between sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and N,N-dimethyldodecan-1-amine oxide (DDAO) and their adsorption onto activated charcoal and Jordanian natural clay
Authors: Abdel-Rahem Rami A. , Niaz Sana , Altwaiq Abdelmnim M. , Esaifan Muayad , Al Bitar Mohammad Bassam , Al Bawab Abeer 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Solutions of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and N,N-dimethyldodecan-1-amine oxide (DDAO) with mole fractions of 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 were prepared and their surface tension was measured as a function of total surfactant concentration. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of these mixed solutions were also determined. The minimum area occupied by a surfactant molecule at air/water interface was calculated for single and binary surfactant mixtures. A pronounced synergistic interaction between SDBS and DDAO was detected. The surface tension and CMC-values of SDBS/DDAO mixtures are significantly lower than those of the single surfactant. The mixed system of SDBS/DDAO exhibits a highly negative interaction parameter (β = −10.6) according to regular solution model, and is found to fulfill the condition of Hua and Rosen, indicting a strong synergistic interaction between the two surfactants. The contact angle measurements show the wettability of the surfactant mixture onto polyethylene substrate is higher than of the respective single surfactant. In addition, the adsorption of SDBS and DDAO or their mixtures on 1.0% activated carbon and 5.0% Jordanian natural clay (JNC), respectively, was investigated using the depletion method. The individual surfactants were found to adsorb to a considerable extent on activated carbon, and a slightly higher adsorption tendency was even measured for mixed SDBS/DDAO surfactant systems. Although no SDBS molecules adsorbed on JNC, adsorption was observed for solutions containing DDAO and SDBS/DDAO surfactants. The improvement in wettability and adsorption of SDBS/DDAO surfactants at the air/water and solid/water interfaces is directly related to the synergistic interaction between the two surfactants.
Synergistic behavior of SLS-OPE-10 binary mixtures at their CMC
Authors: Chavan Akshaya Ravindra , Bhagwat Sunil S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The micellation behaviour of mixtures of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and octylphenol ethoxylate-10 (OPE-10) was investigated using tensiometry and dye solubilisation. The interaction parameters for the system were determined using Rubingh’s model for non-ideality and the adsorption parameters were calculated. The surfactant mixture was found to behave synergistically in terms of CMC reduction and dye solubilisation. Furthermore, the mixture appears to mimic the adsorption and micellation properties of OPE-10 more closely than SLS, regardless of composition. With this knowledge, and considering that OPE-10 is typically more expensive than SLS, the formulator can now use only a fraction of the required amount of OPE-10 for a given application (instead of using 100% OPE-10), resulting in high performance yet economical products. It was also found that the said mixture exhibits azeotropic behaviour at a certain fixed composition.
Synthesis and characterisation of carboxy amide-bonded pyridinium Gemini surfactants: influence of the nature of the spacer group and counterions on the aggregation behaviour
Authors: Franke Maximilian Eberhard , Rehage Heinz 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A series of novel dimeric pyridinium surfactants has been synthesised and the effects of a semi-flexible p-xylyl spacer and flexible, polyethylene glycol spacers have been studied. The nature of the spacer determines solubility and aggregation behaviour in two- and three-dimensional systems. Some of these insoluble compounds form two-dimensional, rigid-condensed structures at the air–water interface, while others form liquid-analogue monolayers. Whereas the latter compounds become soluble after exchange of the counterions, the former remain insoluble. The aggregation behaviour of Langmuir layers was, inter alia, investigated by Brewster angle microscopy. The micellisation behaviour of diluted aqueous solutions of soluble surfactants was primarily investigated by conductometric measurements and thermodynamic parameters of aggregation have been deduced with respect to the spacer length.
Services Rendered
Authors: Fischer Michael 
Published: March 2022

America’s legacy of racism and inequity has created a criminal legal system that privileges money over innocence. A protracted encounter with the courts has the potential to bankrupt entire families, keeping them and even their descendants in a cycle of disadvantage that can span generations. Yet there are also countless legal backwaters across the country where money, instead of insulating a defendant from the worst of the criminal legal system, puts a different kind of target on their back.
Drawing on the author’s lived experience as a formerly incarcerated citizen, this piece uses personal history to explore the different financial pressure points used in the criminal legal system: the ecosystem of cash bail, fines, and fees. It outlines differences in the ways such pressure is applied depending on a defendant’s economic standing, and argues that it amounts to a form of coercion inflicted on defendants from across the spectrum of financial privilege.
The piece also highlights how financial exploitation in the criminal legal system can leave defendants not only financially indebted to their support networks but emotionally indebted as well: ashamed of the money and time that was spent—and seemingly wasted—on trying to secure an outcome that the system, by design, always keeps just out of reach.
Punishment Through Restitution
Authors: Lollar Cortney E. 
Published: March 2022

Criminal restitution is a standard part of sentencing. As criminal restitution obligations have become more common, the contours of what constitutes “restitution” have expanded. A consequence of the rise in the number of restitution orders, as well as the growth in restitution amounts, is an increase in uncollected restitution obligations. Unpaid restitution debt runs in the billions of dollars, most of which is uncollectible due to the indigence of those ordered to pay it. Unpaid restitution leaves everyone unsatisfied: crime victims are rarely compensated sufficiently and those ordered to pay restitution remain under the authority of the criminal legal system while their restitution obligation remains outstanding.
Federal legislation established criminal restitution as a punitive mechanism, in addition to a compensatory one, but courts have been reluctant to fully acknowledge the implications of accepting restitution as punishment. If courts would concede restitution’s punitive purpose and effect, the Constitution could limit the scope of restitution awards — through the Sixth Amendment’s jury trial right and the Eighth Amendment’s excessive fines clause. Under the Sixth Amendment, juries could determine the amount of restitution. Despite language in the federal statutes prohibiting courts from considering a defendant’s ability to pay, courts could declare those portions of the restitution statutes unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment, and consider, instead, the proportionality of the restitution amount relative to the gravity of the offense, relying on the anti-ruination principle in determining excessiveness.
Assessment of Clinical Efficacy of Dexamethasone in Patients with Moderate COVID-19
Authors: Tolochko M. V. , Leyderman I. N. , Khokhunov O. A. , Mazurok V. A. , Rzheutskya R. E. 
Published: February 2022

The host immune response, primarily manifested by hypercytokinemia, obviously plays a key role in the development of severe novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19. Currently, numerous therapies aimed at suppressing the hyperinflammatory response and the "cytokine storm" are being investigated. One of these methods is the use of corticosteroids, particularly dexamethasone.The aim was to assess the clinical efficacy of dexamethasone in patients with moderate bilateral multifocal pneumonia caused by SARS CoV-2 virus.Material and methods. Sixty-nine patients aged from 31 to 88 years hospitalized in Almazov National Research Center and the Semashko City Hospital No 38 with SARS CoV-2 coronavirus infection complicated by moderate (semiquantitative visual pulmonary lesion grading system CT 2-3 corresponding to 25-50% and 50-75% parenchymal involvement, respectively) community-acquired bilateral multifocal pneumonia were retrospectively studied. Group 1 included 39 patients with moderate coronavirus infection who received therapy according to the current version of the temporary guidelines (TG) of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, including dexamethasone. The drug was administered parenterally twice daily in a dosage of 12 mg in the morning and 8 mg in the evening for the first three days, then the dose was gradually reduced over 5-7 days. No Interleukin-6 inhibitors were administered to patients in this group. Group 2 was composed of 30 patients who received therapy according to the current version of TG, including a parenteral interleukin-6 inhibitor (tocilizumab, olokizumab, or sarilumab) following the standard regimen. Patients in this group were not administered with dexamethasone.Results. CT scans corresponding to severity grade 3 and 4 (50-75% and >75% involvement, respectively) lung lesions on Day 7 were found in 35.89% of group 1 patients, while similar CT scans were found in 50% of patients who received interleukin-6 inhibitors (P=0.33). On Day 14 no significant differences in this parameter were revealed as well. Duration of fever in the dexamethasone group was 3.69 (0.62;6.76) days, while in the control group it was 3.95 (0.61;7.29) days (P=0.98). There was a tendency to decreased blood Creactive protein (CRP) values in the dexamethasone group on days 5 and 7. The frequency of transfer of patients to the ICU and hospital stay duration did not differ significantly between the groups.Conclusion. Dexamethasone has comparable clinical efficacy with IL-6 antagonists in the comprehensive treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19 disease, which is confirmed by the chest CT evolution, duration of fever, and changes in serum CRP.
Diaphragm Function Parameters in Patients with Severe COVID-19
Authors: Yakovlev A. Y. , Pevnev A. A. , Belous M. S. , Maksimychev V. N. , Chistyakov S. I. 
Published: February 2022

The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of predicting the need for mechanical ventilation in patients with severe COVID-19 disease using ultrasound assessment of diaphragm function.Material and methods. An open prospective pilot study included 60 patients diagnosed with the novel coronavirus infection, who, at the time of admission to the intensive care unit (NEWS score > 6), underwent ultrasound assessment of diaphragm excursion, thickness and the diaphragm thickening fraction. Group 1 (n=30) included patients who did not require mechanical ventilation, and group 2 (n=30) consisted of patients who were subsequently transferred to mechanical ventilation.Results. Patients in group 2 had significantly lower diaphragm function parameters (left excursion value (P<0.001), right excursion value (P<0.001), diaphragm thickness on inspiration (P=0.043), and thickening fraction (P<0.001) than patients in group 1.Conclusion. Decreased diaphragm excursion of less than 17.1 mm on the right side is a predictor of initiation of mechanical ventilation in patients with the COVID-19 infection (sensitivity 93.3%, specificity 76.7%). Morphological examination in deceased patients of group 2 revealed pericellular and perivascular edema, venular thrombosis, endoneurial edema, and sludge in the lumen of arterioles.