bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using all our genomes: Blood‐based liquid biopsies for the early detection of cancer
Authors: Adams Eddie , Sepich‐Poore Gregory D. , Miller‐Montgomery Sandrine , Knight Rob 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe pursuit of highly sensitive and specific cancer diagnostics based on cell‐free nucleic acids isolated from minimally invasive liquid biopsies has been an area of intense research and commercial effort for at least two decades. Most of these tests detect cancer‐specific mutations or epigenetic modifications on circulating DNA derived from tumor cells (ctDNA). Although recent FDA approvals of both single and multianalyte liquid biopsy companion diagnostic assays are proof of the tremendous progress made in this domain, using ctDNA for the diagnosis of early‐stage (stage I/II) cancers remains challenging due to several factors such as low mutational allele frequency in circulation, overlapping profiles in genomic alterations among diverse cancers, and clonal hematopoiesis. This review discusses these analytical challenges, interim solutions, and the opportunity to complement ctDNA diagnostics with microbiome‐aware analyses that may mitigate several existing ctDNA assay limitations.
Bioresponsive nanoplatforms for imaging and therapy of cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Li Chenwen , Wu Peng , Dou Yin , Li Qi , Zhang Jianxiang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still the first cause of death worldwide. Conventional small molecular diagnostic and therapeutic agents generally show limited in vivo detection sensitivity and efficacies, due to their non‐targeting distribution and/or low accumulation at diseased sites. New strategies are required to better address the unmet need for the management of CVDs. Bioresponsive nanoplatforms with excellent triggerable release profiles and desirable targeting capability have demonstrated intriguing prospects in detection, prevention, and therapy of CVDs. This review summarizes recent advances in bioresponsive nanoplatforms responsive to biochemical stimuli, such as pH, redox potential, reactive oxygen species, enzymes, and adenosine triphosphate. We highlight the applications of different bioresponsive nanoplatforms for imaging and therapy of typical CVDs, including myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ischemic stroke, and heart failure. Finally, existing challenges and future perspectives are also discussed, with respect to the development and translation of bioresponsive nanoplatforms for CVDs.
Characterization of compositional particles in eye shadow powder by scanning electron microscope and X‐ray mapping
Authors: Kim Un‐Chol , Ju Kyong‐Sik , Yu Chol‐Jun , Kim Song‐Hui , Ri Su‐Pom 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe developed an analysis method to evaluate the size and shape of particles of eye shadow cosmetics by applying the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with the energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Backscattered electron (BE) and X‐ray mapping images from the SEM‐EDS measurements were interpreted to identify the size and shape of powder particles according to different factors such as 9 size and 5 shape indices established in this work. By using the developed method, we could classify the inorganic and organic particles of the eye shadow powder by composition, which can contribute to improving the product quality.
Polder Politics Under Pressure: The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in the Netherlands
Authors: Pattyn Valérie , Timmermans Arco 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPolitical science in the Netherlands has a long tradition and a history of institutionalization. It developed as a broad discipline, together with public administration, and grew into separate research and education programmes. Does this segmented nature of political science appear in the external activities of those scholars concerned? Or is the overall consensus-style and neo-corporatist (‘polder’) advisory system in which political scientists are placed a more important determinant? What about developments in the policy advisory system itself, pressures on institutions and trends in the environment and their consequences for the supply and demand of scholarly political science advice? These are the central questions we examine in this chapter. We first present the development of the discipline in the country. Then we look at the main features and trends of the advisory system and the niche occupied by political scientists. As we will show on the basis of the survey results, political scientists in the Netherlands gauge their visibility and their social and political impact as relatively high, and a large majority of them engage in advisory activities. Our findings also highlight that the effects of the segmented structure of political science on the type of advisory role are relatively limited.
Removing Political Barriers to Engagement: The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Albania
Authors: Xhindi Nevila , Bino Blerjana 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter analyzes Albania’s policy advisory system focusing on the advisory roles of political scientists. Albania’s political science discipline is relatively new, as it has mainly developed since the turn of the century. After exploring how the policy development process happens and how different factors may hinder the demand for Albania’s policy advice, this chapter considers political scientists’ role within the national context. Political barriers limit the role of political scientists in the policy process. In general, Albanian political scientists do engage in policy advice, but not in a structured and well-organized way. Mostly it is informal and based on a network of connections. Also, in the Albanian system, they have little incentives for such engagement external to their university work. Political scientists engage in policy advice more with societal actors than directly with legislative or executive institutions and officials. Future research may include the demand side of policy advice to understand the role of political scientists better and provide clues for their future engagement.
Coping with a Closed and Politicized System: The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Hungary
Authors: Molnár Gábor Tamás 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides a first look at the policy advisory system of an illiberal-populist democracy, Hungary, asking how can we explain the low level of advisory engagement of Hungarian political scientists? and how can we apply our theoretical framework to describe the patterns of policy advisory activities of Hungarian political scientists? Based on an overview of Hungarian policymaking, we expect a closed, politicized policy advisory system dominated by the central government and its externalized structures of advice. Access is expected to be selective, based on personal connections. We find that policy advice is neither especially restricted nor incentivized by professional norms and academic career considerations, but there is a general lack of fit between knowledge demand from policymakers and traditional areas of political science. The decisive factor in explaining the low level of engagement in Hungary seems to be demand from the potential recipients and the selective access to the policymaking process. Advice is institutionalized outside of academia and the internal governmental arena, with (consulting) firm membership being the strongest predictor of advisory engagement and think tanks being the most frequent recipient. The advisory strategies observable are often highly informal, while those lacking personal connections utilize alternative, more formal means.
Navigating Deep Uncertainty in Complex Human–Water Systems
Authors: Pérez-Blanco C. D. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractComplex human–water systems are deeply uncertain. Policymakers are not aware of all possible futures (deep uncertainty type 2), while the probability of those futures that can be identified ex-ante is typically unknown (deep uncertainty type 1). In this context, standard decision-making based on a complete probabilistic description of future conditions and optimization of expected performance is no longer appropriate; instead, priority should be given to robustness, through the identification of policies that are (i) insensitive to foreseeable changes in future conditions (classical robustness that addresses deep uncertainty type 1) and (ii) adaptive to unforeseen contingencies (adaptive robustness that addresses deep uncertainty type 2). This research surveys recent advances in (socio-)hydrology and (institutional) economics toward robust decision-making. Despite significant progress, integration among disciplines remains weak and allows only for a fractioned understanding and partial representation of uncertainty. To bridge this gap, I will argue that science needs to further underpin the development and integration of two pieces of ex-ante information: (1) a modeling hierarchy of human–water systems to assess policy performance under alternative scenarios and model settings, so as to navigate deep uncertainty type 1 and (2) a longitudinal accounting and analysis of public transaction costs to navigate deep uncertainty type 2.
Stress-Testing Adaptation Options
Authors: Wilby Robert L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis technical contribution discusses ways of testing the performance of adaptation projects despite uncertainty about climate change. Robust decision making frameworks are recommended for evaluating project performance under a range of credible scenarios. Stress-testing options help to establish conditions under which there may be trade-offs between or even failure of project deliverables. Stress-tests may be undertaken for specified portfolios of management options, using models of the system being managed (including inputs and drivers of change), and then assessed against decision-relevant performance indicators with agreed options appraisal criteria. Field experiments and model simulations can be designed to test costs and benefits of adaptation measures. Simple rules may help to operationalize the findings of trials—such as ‘plant 1 km of trees along a headwater stream to cool summer water temperatures by 1 °C’. However, insights gained from field-based adaptation stress-testing are limited by the conditions experienced during the observation period. These may not be severe enough to represent extreme weather in the future. Model simulations overcome this constraint by applying credible climate changes within the virtual worlds of system models. Nonetheless, care must be taken to select meaningful change metrics and to represent plausible changes in boundary conditions for climate and non-climate pressures. All stress-testing should be accompanied by monitoring, evaluation and learning to benchmark benefits and confirm that expected outcomes are achieved.
An Introduction to Digital Face Manipulation
Authors: Tolosana Ruben , Vera-Rodriguez Ruben , Fierrez Julian , Morales Aythami , Ortega-Garcia Javier 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDigital manipulation has become a thriving topic in the last few years, especially after the popularity of the term DeepFakes. This chapter introduces the prominent digital manipulations with special emphasis on the facial content due to their large number of possible applications. Specifically, we cover the principles of six types of digital face manipulations: (i) entire face synthesis, (ii) identity swap, (iii) face morphing, (iv) attribute manipulation, (v) expression swap (a.k.a. face reenactment or talking faces), and (vi) audio- and text-to-video. These six main types of face manipulation are well established by the research community, having received the most attention in the last few years. In addition, we highlight in this chapter publicly available databases and code for the generation of digital fake content.
Digital Face Manipulation in Biometric Systems
Authors: Ibsen Mathias , Rathgeb Christian , Fischer Daniel , Drozdowski Pawel , Busch Christoph 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBiometric technologies, in particular facerecognition, are employed in many personal, commercial, and governmental identity management systems around the world. The processing of digitally manipulated face images within a face recognition system may lead to false decisions and thus decrease the reliability of the decision system. This necessitates the development of manipulation detection modules which can be seamlessly integrated into the processing chain of face recognition systems. This chapter discusses the impact of face image manipulation on face recognition technologies. To this end, the basic processes and key components of biometric systems are briefly introduced with particular emphasis on facial recognition. Additionally, face manipulation detection scenarios and concepts of how to integrate detection methods to face recognition systems are discussed. In an experimental evaluation, it is shown that different types of face manipulation, i.e. retouching, face morphing, and swapping, can significantly affect the biometric performance of face recognition systems and hence impair their security. Eventually, this chapter provides an outlook on issues and challenges that face manipulation poses to face recognition technologies.
Toward the Creation and Obstruction of DeepFakes
Authors: Li Yuezun , Sun Pu , Qi Honggang , Lyu Siwei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAI-synthesized face-swapping videos, commonly known as DeepFakes, is an emerging problem threatening the trustworthiness of online information. The need to develop and evaluate DeepFake detection algorithms calls for large-scale datasets. However, current DeepFake datasets suffer from low visual quality and do not resemble DeepFake videos circulated on the Internet. We present a new large-scale challenging DeepFake video dataset, Celeb-DF, which contains 5, 639 high-quality DeepFake videos of celebrities generated using an improved synthesis process. We conduct a comprehensive evaluation of DeepFake detection methods and datasets to demonstrate the escalated level of challenges posed by Celeb-DF. Then we introduce Landmark Breaker, the first dedicated method to disrupt facial landmark extraction, and apply it to the obstruction of the generation of DeepFake videos. The experiments are conducted on three state-of-the-art facial landmark extractors using our Celeb-DF dataset.
ANIMA Noise Platform and ANIMA Methodology: One-Stop Shop for Aviation Noise Management
Authors: Covrig Alexandra , Heyes G. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWhen you think about aviation noise, you might imagine an airplane taking off. When you think about decreasing aviation noise, the first thing that usually comes up in one’s mind are the new silent plane engines. This makes perfect sense, but it does not fully grasp the issue of aviation noise. The ANIMA project is based on a holistic approach to aviation noise, as it focuses on non-acoustical factors as well. Annoyance, as perceived by local communities surrounding airports, also depends on non-acoustical factors, which can be situational (time of the day, day of the week, activity performed while exposed to noise) and personal (sensitivity to noise, attitudes, noise insulation).
Noise Burden in Europe
Authors: Sainz Pardo Ana Garcia , Rajé Fiona 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe consequences of noise on the health of the population, as well as the policies and measures that can be adopted to minimise the problem, are a growing concern in Europe. This is highlighted in the recent report prepared in 2020 by the European Environment Agency (EEA), Environmental noise in Europe report (ENER). The main aim of the chapter is to quantify the noise generated by air transport at the EU level and discuss the consequences that this can have on the health of the population exposed to it. The summary of results for air transport contained in the aforementioned report will be presented, as well as those that the EEA presents in more detail for each country in the EEA 2019 Noise country fact sheets (NCFS). All results are derived from the 3rd Environmental Noise Directive (END) round, reported in 2017 and based on 2016 annual traffic data.
Competing Agendas for Land-Use Around Airports
Authors: Rajé Fiona , Dimitriu Delia , Radulescu Dan , Burtea Narcisa , Hooper Paul 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes the core aspects of the land-use planning (LUP) element of the Balanced Approach (BA) by acknowledging the potential of effective LUP as one of the few anticipatory tools available to manage noise. It explores the planning shortcomings that fail to stop encroachment and, thus, the need for remedial mitigation actions such as sound insulation, compensation and buy-out. It goes on to outline core future challenges and steps to develop a better spatial understanding of noise through improved understanding of people’s soundscapes (e.g. via the ANIMA app). To illustrate how LUP challenges can be addressed, the chapter also presents case studies from Iasi Airport and on insulation campaigns, in Marseille and Heathrow respectively. It concludes with an exploration of the lessons that can be taken from LUP experience and examines how more comprehensive communication and engagement with key stakeholders underpins more effective application of planning tools.
Impact of Aircraft Noise on Health
Authors: Benz Sarah , Kuhlmann Julia , Jeram Sonja , Bartels Susanne , Ohlenforst Barbara , Schreckenberg Dirk 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAircraft noise exposure is an environmental stressor and has been linked to various adverse health outcomes, such as annoyance, sleep disturbance, and cardiovascular diseases. Aircraft noise can trigger both psychological (annoyance and disturbance) and physiological stress responses (e.g. activation of the cardiovascular system and release of stress hormones). People are usually able to deal with this kind of stressor. However, a constant exposure to aircraft noise can cause a continuous state of stress. This in turn can constrain a person’s ability to regenerate and restore its resources to cope with the noise situation. As a consequence, the risk for certain negative health outcomes can be increased. Within the ANIMA project, literature reviews on the effects of aircraft noise on health outcomes have been performed. This chapter gives an overview of the relevant health outcomes affected by aircraft noise and summarises the results of different reviews and studies on these outcomes. Additionally, the underlying mechanisms of how noise impacts health are explained for daytime as well as night-time aircraft noise exposure (i.e. while sleeping). Further, the relevance of considering not only the general population, but vulnerable groups as well (such as children and elderly people) is described. Lastly, open questions for further studies are presented and discussed.
Engaging Communities in the Hard Quest for Consensus
Authors: Heyes G. , Hauptvogel D. , Benz S. , Schreckenberg D. , Hooper P. , Aalmoes R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMistrust, negative attitudes and the expectation of not having any voice against airport authorities can considerably impact on the perception of aircraft noise exposure, lead to increased annoyance and can even influence sleep quality of the noise affected residents. As a result, quality of life can reasonably be assumed to be reduced. This chapter focuses on measures to engage airport communities in aviation-related decision making by improving the information and communication of airports in order to enhance residents’ ‘competence’ and also trust in the airport noise authorities. The role of non-acoustical factors, including aviation-related media coverage in this process, is discussed and results from a media coverage analysis conducted in the ANIMA project are presented. Based on research on perceived fairness in communication, recommendations are given as to how to communicate and engage residents with the aim of building a neighbourly relationship between airport authorities and residents on an even footing and, thus, enable an improved exchange leading to deeper understanding and comprehension by both parties. Results from the ANIMA review on airport management strategies (including communication and engagement aspects) of several European airports are presented and conclusions are drawn about what characterises good (or bad) communication and community engagement strategies for the purpose of a neighbourly relationship between the airport and its residents.
Migrant Irregularity in Britain and Spain, London and Barcelona
Authors: Schweitzer Reinhard 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides the necessary context for my comparative analysis. It first discusses the distinctive roles that the most common (state) responses to migrant irregularity – deportation, regularisation and internal control – are playing in the UK and Spain. Then it looks at more localised responses to migrant irregularity and its control that can be identified at the level of cities (and specifically in London and Barcelona) and in relation to the British and Spanish welfare systems.
Managing Irregularity Through the Provision of Public Healthcare
Authors: Schweitzer Reinhard 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter applies the conceptual and analytical frameworks to the institutional sphere of healthcare and thereby draws systematic comparisons between the two national and local contexts. First, I closely examine the relevant laws and policies enacted at various administrative levels as well as local implementation practices, by drawing on relevant documents and the original accounts of my interview respondents. This allows me to map the various ethical concerns, practical difficulties and organisational conflicts that either migrant irregularity itself, or the internalisation of its control, creates for individual healthcare workers and the institutions they work for. At the end of the chapter, and with the help of my analytical framework, I summarise the main differences between the two contexts in terms of how they position the various categories of workers in relation to migrant irregularity and its control.
Kondo line defects and affine Gaudin models
Authors: Gaiotto Davide , Lee Ji Hoon , Vicedo Benoît , Wu Jingxiang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe describe the relation between integrable Kondo problems in products of chiral SU(2) WZW models and affine SU(2) Gaudin models. We propose a full ODE/IM solution of the spectral problem for these models.