bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Undoing reconstruction: Racial threat and the process of Redemption, 1870–1920
Authors: Greenberger Michael 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveOver the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, steps made toward full enfranchisement of African Americans, competitive elections, and representative democracy in the former Confederate States collapsed. White “Redeemers” established a subnational authoritarian regime that encompassed nearly the entire formerly Confederate South—reasserting the rule of political and economic white supremacy. This paper aims to understand how racial threat affected the political decisions made by disfreanchisers.MethodsAnalyzing an originally constructed data set of congressional elections returns and demographic data from 1870 to 1920.ResultsI find evidence that racial threat, properly specified, explains why democracy deteriorated in particular pockets of the South faster and more completely than in others.ConclusionI argue that racial threat, despite its contemporary limitations, is a useful theory for understanding the political development of the American South.
Sparking Interest in German through the Goethe/AATG‐sponsored SPARK Program
Authors: Baumgartner Karin , Brown Connor , Demschar Isabel , Rellaford David , Tanner Keaton , Thomas Alyssa 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe article discusses a year‐long outreach activity, “Sparking interest in German.” Five University of Utah German students engaged in the AATG/Goethe‐Institut‐sponsored SPARK program and taught German to local middle schoolers. At the heart of this outreach project were questions such as whether student‐run outreach programs could truly spark interest in German among middle school students and whether outreach projects administered via service learning or practicum courses offer our college students a viable academic experience. The article describes the structure of the program, student learning activities, and assesses whether the goals were reached. At the end of the project, parents, middle schoolers, and university students were highly satisfied with the SPARK program and recommended continuation of the program.
Abscisic acid facilitates phosphate acquisition through the transcription factor ABA INSENSITIVE5 in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Yu , Li Ting‐Ting , Wang Lin‐Feng , Guo Jia‐Xing , Lu Kai‐Kai , Song Ru‐Feng , Zuo Jia‐Xin , Chen Hui‐Hui , Liu Wen‐Cheng 
Published: May 2022

SUMMARYLow phosphate (LP) in soil is a common nutrient stress that severely restricts agricultural production, but the role, if any, of the major stress phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) in plant phosphate (Pi) starvation responses remains elusive. Here, we report that LP‐induced ABA accumulation promotes Pi uptake in an ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5)‐dependent manner in Arabidopsis thaliana. LP significantly activated plant ABA biosynthesis, metabolism, and stress responses, suggesting a role of ABA in the plant response to Pi availability. LP‐induced ABA accumulation and expression of two major high‐affinity phosphate transporter genes PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1;1/1;4 (PHT1;1/1;4) were severely impaired in a mutant lacking BETA‐GLUCOSIDASE1 (BG1), which converts conjugated ABA to active ABA, and the mutant had shorter roots and less Pi content than wild‐type plants under LP conditions. Moreover, a mutant of ABI5, which encodes a central transcription factor in ABA signaling, also exhibited suppressed root elongation and had reduced Pi content under LP conditions. ABI5 facilitated Pi acquisition by activating the expression of PHT1;1 by directly binding to its promoter, while overexpression of PHT1;1 completely rescued its Pi content under LP conditions. Together, our findings illustrate a molecular mechanism by which ABA positively modulates phosphate acquisition through ABI5 in the Arabidopsis response to phosphate deficiency.
Fasting or the short‐term consumption of a ketogenic diet protects against antipsychotic‐induced hyperglycaemia in mice
Authors: Shamshoum Hesham , Medak Kyle D. , McKie Greg L. , Hahn Margaret K. , Wright David C. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAntipsychotic (AP) medications, such as olanzapine (OLZ), are used in the treatment of schizophrenia and a growing number of ‘off‐label’ conditions. A single dose of OLZ causes robust increases in blood glucose within minutes of treatment. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether interventions that increase circulating ketone bodies (fasting, β‐hydroxybutyrate (βHB), ketone esters or a ketogenic diet (KD)) would be sufficient to protect against the acute metabolic side effects of OLZ. We demonstrate that fasting or the short‐term consumption of a KD protects against OLZ‐induced hyperglycaemia, independent of alterations in whole‐body insulin action, and in parallel with a blunted rise in serum glucagon. Interestingly, the effects of fasting and KDs were not recapitulated by acutely increasing circulating concentrations of ketone bodies through treatment with βHB or oral ketone esters, approaches which increase ketone bodies to physiological or supra‐physiological levels, respectively. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that fasting and the short‐term consumption of a KD can protect against acute AP‐induced perturbations in glucose homeostasis, whereas manipulations which acutely increase circulating ketone bodies do not elicit the same beneficial effects.Key points
Antipsychotic medications cause rapid and robust increases in blood glucose.
Co‐treatment approaches to offset these harmful metabolic side effects have not been identified.
We demonstrate that fasting or the consumption of a short‐term ketogenic diet, but not treatment with β‐hydroxybutyrate or oral ketone esters, protects against acute antipsychotic‐induced hyperglycaemia.
The protective effects of fasting and ketogenic diets were paralleled by reductions in serum glucagon, but not improvements in whole‐body insulin action.
A Nested Weighted Tchebycheff Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization Approach for Flexibility of Unknown Utopia Estimation in Expensive Black-Box Design Problems
Authors: Biswas Arpan , Fuentes Claudio , Hoyle Christopher 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We propose a nested weighted Tchebycheff Multi-objective Bayesian optimization (WTB MOBO) framework where we built a regression model selection procedure from the ensemble of models, toward better estimation of the uncertain parameters (utopia) of the weighted Tchebycheff expensive black-box multi-objective function. In our previous work, a weighted Tchebycheff MOBO approach has been demonstrated which attempts to estimate the model parameters (utopia) in formulating the acquisition function of the weighted Tchebycheff multi-objective black-box functions, through calibration using an a priori selected regression model. However, the existing MOBO model lacks flexibility in selecting the appropriate regression models given the guided sampled data and, therefore, can under-fit or over-fit as the iterations of the MOBO progress. This ultimately can reduce the overall MOBO performance. As, in general, it is too complex to a priori guarantee a best model, this motivates us to consider a portfolio of different families (simple-to-complex) of predictive models that have been fitted with current training data guided by the WTB MOBO, and the best model is selected following a user-defined prediction root-mean-square error-based approach. The proposed approach is implemented in optimizing a thin tube design under constant loading of temperature and pressure, minimizing the risk of creep-fatigue failure and design cost. Finally, the nested WTB MOBO model performance is compared with different MOBO frameworks with respect to accuracy in parameter estimation, Pareto-optimal solutions, and function evaluation cost. This approach is generalized enough to consider different families of predictive models in the portfolio for best model selection, where the overall design architecture allows for solving any high-dimensional (multiple functions) complex black-box problems and can be extended to any other global criterion multi-objective optimization methods where prior knowledge of utopia is required.
A Data-Driven Wheel Wear Prediction Model for Rail Train Based on LM-OMP-NARXNN
Authors: Deng Yinqiang , Liu Long , Li Mingyang , Jiang Man , Peng Bo , Yang Yue 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The wheel wear situation on the railway vehicles will affect the train running stability and riding comfort. Thus, the prediction model of wheel tread wear is critical for anticipating the wheelset state information and formulating the reprofiling strategy. However, for the wheel wear analysis, the physical simulation models based on vehicle track system dynamics are time consuming and do not have universal adaptability. Moreover, it underutilized the large amount of raw data accumulated by the wheelset detection system in the long-term service of the vehicle. This article presents a data-driven method for precisely predicting wheel wear in future. This method includes nonlinear autoregressive models with exogenous inputs neural networks (NARXNNs), Levenberg Marquardt (LM), and orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm, i.e., LM-OMP-NARXNN, and LM-OMP is used to ascertain the network weight and nodes of the prediction model structure. Datasets of the case study are derived from a motor station for three consecutive years. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method leads to a more compact model with the reduced size. Besides, it has higher accuracy in the prediction of wheelset tread wear status in the short term when compared with other prediction models and other training algorithms used in NARXNN.
Turkish Translation, Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity of the Exercise-Induced Leg Pain Questionnaire
Authors: Özden Fatih , Özkeskin Mehmet , Bakırhan Serkan , Mutlu Tonguç Osman 
Published: May 2022

Context: Exercise-induced leg pain (EILP) is a chronic condition that generally arises in elite and recreational athletes’ lower quarter of the legs. Objectives: The study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the EILP questionnaire into Turkish (T-EILP) and evaluate its reliability and validity. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: Established guidelines were preferred for translation and adaptation. T-EILP was filled twice with a 1-week interval. In the first assessment, patients were also evaluated with Short Form-36 and Visual Analog Scale, both for preexercise and postexercise. Test–retest reliability and internal consistency of the T-EILP were measured with the intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach α coefficient, respectively. The construct validity was demonstrated with the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). Further, the minimum detectable change and standard error of measurement with 95% confidence were calculated. Results: A total of 121 participants (23.0 [3.59] y) were included in the study. The test–retest reliability was excellent and internal consistency was acceptable (intraclass correlation coefficient = .821, α = .808). T-EILP was highly correlated with the physical function subscore of the Short Form-36 (r = .509, P < .01). There was a moderate correlation between T-EILP with the bodily pain subscore of the Short Form-36 and Visual Analog Scale (postexercise; r1 = .436, r2 = −.355, P < .01). The standard error of measurement and minimum detectable change with 95% confidence were 3.54 and 9.81, respectively. Conclusion: T-EILP is a reliable and valid tool in Turkish-speaking participants. The minimum detectable change with 95% confidence of the T-EILP provides an essential reference for monitoring EILP.
Geological history and supercontinent cycles of the Arctic
Authors: Harrison Christopher , St-Onge Marc R. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe geological history of the Arctic is constrained within the framework of the assembly and breakup of three supercontinents. The first of these was preceded by the crystallization of the oldest dated rocks on Earth and consolidation of the Arctic region’s Archean cratons between 2.82 and 2.54 Ga. Following the emplacement of regional mafic dike swarms between 2.51 and 2.03 Ga, the cratons were amalgamated into the Nuna (Columbia) supercontinent between 2.0 and 1.6 Ga, and the distribution of low-thermalgradient eclogite (indicative of continental subduction) and ophiolite (indicative of obduction of oceanic crust onto a continental margin) suggests that diagnostic plate-tectonic processes were well in place by the early Paleoproterozoic. Basin formation, flood basalts, and dike swarms are features of the partial(?) breakup of Nuna (Columbia) by 1.5–1.27 Ga. The extent to which specific dike swarms led to continental breakup and a rift-to-drift transition remains unclear. Assembly of the second supercontinent (Rodinia, 1.4–0.9 Ga) is recorded by a network of Grenvillian and Sveconorwegian collisional orogenic belts. Prominent features of Rodinia breakup (780–615 Ma) in the Arctic are extensive dike swarms and regional-scale glacial-periglacial deposits associated with the Sturtian (717–661 Ma) and Marinoan (ca. 645 ± 6 to ca. 635 Ma) snowball Earth glaciations. Assembly of the third supercontinent, Pangea, between 600 Ma and ca. 250 Ma, was accomplished through stitching of four orogens in the Arctic (Timan-Varanger, Caledonian, Ellesmerian, and Urals-Taymyr). Pangea breakup (rifting since 250 Ma and oceanic spreading since the Cretaceous) led to the emplacement of Cretaceous and Paleogene flood basalts, new oceanic crust in the Labrador Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, and Arctic Ocean, and orogens characterized by relatively small but far-traveled accreted terranes with provenance in Laurentia, Baltica, and Siberia. Paleogeographic similarities and geological correlations among Laurentia, Baltica, Siberia, and the North China craton suggest that Rodinia formed following incomplete breakup of Nuna (Columbia) and/or by introversion, whereas unique paleogeographic traits for Pangea within the Arctic region point to supercontinent formation by extroversion.
Prevalence of alcohol and other drug use in patients presenting to hospital for fall-related injuries: a systematic review
Authors: Lau Georgina , Ang Jia Ying , Kim Nayoung , Gabbe Belinda J , Mitra Biswadev , Dietze Paul M , Reeder Sandra , Beck Ben 
Published: May 2022

BackgroundAlcohol and other drug (AOD) use is a key preventable risk factor for serious injuries. Prevention strategies to date have largely focused on transport injuries, despite AOD use being a significant risk factor for other injury causes, including falls. This systematic review aimed to report the prevalence of AOD use in patients presenting to hospital for fall-related injuries.MethodsThis systematic review includes studies published in English after the year 2010 that objectively measured the prevalence of AOD use in patients presenting to hospital for a fall-related injury. Screening, data extraction and risk of bias assessments were completed by two independent reviewers. Data were presented using narrative synthesis and, where appropriate, meta-analyses.ResultsA total of 12 707 records were screened. Full texts were retrieved for 2042 records, of which 29 were included. Four studies reported the combined prevalence of any alcohol and/or drug use, generating a pooled prevalence estimate of 37% (95% CI 25% to 49%). Twenty-two records reported on the prevalence of acute alcohol use alone and nine reported specifically on the prevalence of drugs other than alcohol, with prevalence ranging from 2% to 57% and 7% to 46%, respectively. The variation in prevalence estimates likely resulted from differences in toxicology testing methods across studies.ConclusionsAOD exposure was common in hospitalised fall-related injuries. However, research addressing prevalence across different types of falls and the use of drugs other than alcohol was limited. Future research should address these areas to improve our understanding of which populations should be targeted in AOD and injury prevention strategies .PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020188746.
Antithrombotic therapy in the postacute phase of cervical artery dissection: the Italian Project on Stroke in Young Adults Cervical Artery Dissection
Authors: Pezzini Debora , Grassi Mario , Zedde Maria Luisa , Zini Andrea , Bersano Anna , Gandolfo Carlo , Silvestrelli Giorgio , Baracchini Claudio , Cerrato Paolo , Lodigiani Corrado , Marcheselli Simona , Paciaroni Maurizio , Rasura Maurizia , Cappellari Manuel , Del Sette Massimo , Cavallini Anna , Morotti Andrea , Micieli Giuseppe , Lotti Enrico Maria , Delodovici Maria Luisa , Gentile Mauro , Magoni Mauro , Azzini Cristiano , Calloni Maria Vittoria , Giorli Elisa , Braga Massimiliano , La Spina Paolo , Melis Fabio , Tassi Rossana , Terruso Valeria , Calabrò Rocco Salvatore , Piras Valeria , Giossi Alessia , Locatelli Martina , Mazzoleni Valentina , Sanguigni Sandro , Zanferrari Carla , Mannino Marina , Colombo Irene , Dallocchio Carlo , Nencini Patrizia , Bignamini Valeria , Adami Alessandro , Costa Paolo , Bella Rita , Pascarella Rosario , Padovan Alessandro , Pezzini Alessandro 
Published: May 2022

ObjectiveTo explore the impact of antithrombotic therapy discontinuation in the postacute phase of cervical artery dissection (CeAD) on the mid-term outcome of these patients.MethodsIn a cohort of consecutive patients with first-ever CeAD, enrolled in the setting of the multicentre Italian Project on Stroke in Young Adults Cervical Artery Dissection, we compared postacute (beyond 6 months since the index CeAD) outcomes between patients who discontinued antithrombotic therapy and patients who continued taking antithrombotic agents during follow-up. Primary outcome was a composite of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack. Secondary outcomes were (1) Brain ischaemia ipsilateral to the dissected vessel and (2) Recurrent CeAD. Associations with the outcome of interest were assessed by the propensity score (PS) method.ResultsOf the 1390 patients whose data were available for the outcome analysis (median follow-up time in patients who did not experience outcome events, 36.0 months (25th–75th percentile, 62.0)), 201 (14.4%) discontinued antithrombotic treatment. Primary outcome occurred in 48 patients in the postacute phase of CeAD. In PS-matched samples (201 vs 201), the incidence of primary outcomes among patients taking antithrombotics was comparable with that among patients who discontinued antithrombotics during follow-up (5.0% vs 4.5%; p(log rank test)=0.526), and so was the incidence of the secondary outcomes ipsilateral brain ischaemia (4.5% vs 2.5%; p(log rank test)=0.132) and recurrent CeAD (1.0% vs 1.5%; p(log rank test)=0.798).ConclusionsDiscontinuation of antithrombotic therapy in the postacute phase of CeAD does not appear to increase the risk of brain ischaemia during follow-up.
Endovascular coiling versus neurosurgical clipping for treatment of ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms during pregnancy and postpartum period
Authors: Garg Aayushi , Elmashala Amjad , Roeder Hannah , Ortega-Gutierrez Santiago 
Published: May 2022

BackgroundSelection of appropriate surgical strategy for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms (IA) during pregnancy requires careful consideration of the potential risks to the mother and fetus. However, limited data guide treatment decisions in these patients. We compared the safety profiles of endovascular coiling (EC) and neurosurgical clipping (NC) performed for the treatment of ruptured and unruptured IA during pregnancy and the postpartum period.MethodsPregnancy-related or postpartum hospitalizations undergoing surgical intervention for IA were identified from the Nationwide Readmissions Database 2016–2018. Safety outcomes included periprocedural complications, in-hospital mortality, discharge disposition, and 30-day non-elective readmissions.ResultsThere were 348 pregnancy-related or postpartum hospitalizations that met the study inclusion criteria (mean±SD age 31.8±5.9 years). Among 168 patients treated for ruptured aneurysms, 115 (68.5%) underwent EC and 53 (31.5%) underwent NC; whereas among 180 patients treated for unruptured aneurysms, 140 (77.8%) underwent EC and 40 (22.2%) underwent NC. There were no statistically significant differences in the baseline characteristics between patients undergoing EC versus NC for either ruptured or unruptured aneurysm groups. The outcomes were statistically comparable between EC and NC for both ruptured and unruptured IA, except for a lower incidence of ischemic stroke in patients undergoing EC for ruptured aneurysms (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.84).ConclusionsMost pregnant and postpartum patients are treated with EC for both ruptured and unruptured IA. For treatment of ruptured IA, EC is independently associated with a lower risk of perioperative ischemic stroke, but other in-hospital complications and mortality are comparable between EC and NC.
PUMA, antiProton unstable matter annihilation
Authors: Aumann T. , Bartmann W. , Boine-Frankenheim O. , Bouvard A. , Broche A. , Butin F. , Calvet D. , Carbonell J. , Chiggiato P. , De Gersem H. , De Oliveira R. , Dobers T. , Ehm F. , Somoza J. Ferreira , Fischer J. , Fraser M. , Friedrich E. , Frotscher A. , Gomez-Ramos M. , Grenard J.-L. , Hobl A. , Hupin G. , Husson A. , Indelicato P. , Johnston K. , Klink C. , Kubota Y. , Lazauskas R. , Malbrunot-Ettenauer S. , Marsic N. , O Müller W. F. , Naimi S. , Nakatsuka N. , Necca R. , Neidherr D. , Neyens G. , Obertelli A. , Ono Y. , Pasinelli S. , Paul N. , Pollacco E. C. , Rossi D. , Scheit H. , Schlaich M. , Schmidt A. , Schweikhard L. , Seki R. , Sels S. , Siesling E. , Uesaka T. , Vilén M. , Wada M. , Wienholtz F. , Wycech S. , Zacarias S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPUMA, antiProton Unstable Matter Annihilation, is a nuclear-physics experiment at CERN aiming at probing the surface properties of stable and rare isotopes by use of low-energy antiprotons. Low-energy antiprotons offer a very unique sensitivity to the neutron and proton densities at the annihilation site, i.e. in the tail of the nuclear density. Today, no facility provides a collider of low-energy radioactive ions and low-energy antiprotons: while not being a collider experiment, PUMA aims at transporting one billion antiprotons from ELENA, the Extra-Low-ENergy Antiproton ring, to ISOLDE, the rare-isotope beam facility of CERN. PUMA will enable the capture of low-energy antiprotons by short-lived nuclei and the measurement of the emitted radiations. In this way, PUMA will give access to the so-far largely unexplored isospin composition of the nuclear-radial-density tail of radioactive nuclei. The motivations, concept and current status of the PUMA experiment are presented.
Bose–Einstein Condensate dark matter models in the presence of baryonic matter and random confining potentials
Authors: Harko Tiberiu , Madarassy Eniko J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe consider the effects of an uncorrelated random potential on the properties of Bose–Einstein Condensate (BEC) dark matter halos, which acts as a source of disorder, and which is added as a new term in the Gross–Pitaevskii equation, describing the properties of the halo. By using the hydrodynamic representation we derive the basic equation describing the density distribution of the galactic dark matter halo, by also taking into account the effects of the baryonic matter, and of the rotation. The density, mass and tangential velocity profiles are obtained exactly in spherical symmetry by considering a simple exponential density profile for the baryonic matter, and a Gaussian type disorder potential. To test the theoretical model we compare its predictions with a set of 39 galaxies from the Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves (SPARC) database. We obtain estimates of the relevant astrophysical parameters of the dark matter dominated galaxies, including the baryonic matter properties, and the parameters of the random potential. The BEC model in the presence of baryonic matter and a random confining potential gives a good statistical description of the SPARC data. The presence of the condensate dark matter could also provide a solution for the core/cusp problem.