bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic Stability and Ethylene Evolution in Androecious Cucumber1
Authors: Rudich J. , Baker L. R. , Scott J. W. , Sell H. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of 4 daylength and temperature combinations on sex expression and growth of androecious (allmale) cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were studied. Three of 4 androecious lines were stable for male expression under all 4 combinations. However, low temperature and short days promoted femaleness in one line causing monoecious expression.
Ethylene production by androecious was compared to that of monoecious, andromonoecious, hermaphroditic and gynoecious phenotypes. Low ethylene evolution was associated with plants of androecious and monoecious phenotypes as compared to more female phenotypes. Furthermore, ethylene production by androecious plants remained low and constant throughout 30 days of growth, but a small peak in ethylene production by monoecious plants was noted. This small peak may be associated with the initiation of female flowers in monoecious phenotypes.
The Effect of Temperature and Light During Bulb Storage on Traits Related to Onion Seed Production1
Authors: DeMille B. , Vest G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Light had no significant effect on traits related to onion (Allium cepa L.) seed production by plants from bulbs which had been exposed to various light and temperature treatments during storage. However, storage temperature affected seed yield/plant, number of seed/plant, number of seed/umbel, weight of individual seeds, and number of leaves/plant. Plants from bulbs stored at 7°C the first half and 2°C the last half of the storage period had the highest seed yield and the greatest number of seeds/plant. The heaviest seeds were produced by plants from bulbs that were stored at both 2° and 7° during the storage period. Bulbs stored at 2° and then at 7° produced plants that had fewer leaves than plants from bulbs stored at the 2 other temperature regimes.
Chilling Regimes Affect Bud Break in ‘Tifblue’ Rabbiteye Blueberry1
Authors: Spiers J. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) plants were subjected to constant and intermittent artificial chilling (7°C) and natural chilling. Insufficient artificial and natural chilling hours affected vegetative-bud break less than floral break. Plants flowered normally only after receiving 500 or more hours constant or intermittent artificial chilling. A high temperature of 23 ± 3°C when alternated with low temperature slowed, but did not nullify, the low temperature effect. A high temperature (18°C) did not nullify low temperature effects. A close association is evident between artificial constant chilling and natural chill-unit data on floral- or vegetative-bud break. Chill-unit models have potential use in predicting completion of the rest period in rabbiteye blueberry.
Calcium Levels of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples as Influenced by Calcium Sprays, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic Acid, and Other Plant Growth Regulator Sprays1
Authors: Stahly Edward A. , Benson Nels R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) Ca concentration was depressed by 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), 3 sprays of Ca(NO3)2 increased fruit Ca concentration and visibly reduced fruit pitting and internal breakdown. TIBA application at intervals from full bloom stopped Ca accumulation in the skin, but not in the flesh. Consequently, it appears that Ca moves into the flesh for a longer period after bloom, but at a slower rate than it does into the skin. TIBA was the only one of several growth regulators used that reduced fruit Ca concentration. Although within a given year Ca was associated with pitting, low-Ca fruit did not pit every year. Apparently, low Ca predisposes fruit to pitting, but pit development is associated with unknown factors.
Vineyard Management Practices Influencing Oxidant Injury in ‘Concord’ Grapevines1
Authors: Kender Walter J. , Shaulis Nelson J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mature grapevines (Vitis labrusca L. cv. Concord) in a factorial experiment testing effects of nitrogen fertilization, rootstock, flower cluster thinning, weed control, and pruning severity were evaluated for oxidant injury in 1971, 1972, and 1973. Nitrogen at 56 and at 112 kg/ha, own-rooted vines, and flower-cluster thinning reduced the incidence of oxidant stipple over no nitrogen, vines grafted on Couderc 3309 rootstock, and no thinning, respectively. In 1971, a relatively dry growing season, vines in clean-cultivated plots showed less oxidant injury than vines in sod plots. Pruning severity and training system had no influence on oxidant stipple development. Total N concentration of tissue was negatively correlated to oxidant stipple severity. The interactions between flower cluster thinning and weed control, rootstock, and N fertilization were significant, where thinning moderated the deleterious effects of these factors.
Effect of Sulfur-coated Urea on Yield, N Uptake, and Nitrate Content in Turnip Greens, Cabbage, and Tomato1
Authors: Sharma Govind C. , Patel A. J. , Mays D. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a 3-year study sulfur-coated urea (SCU) resulted in differences in crop response which were related to the different N release rates. On Decatur silty clay loam at Normal, Alabama, SCU with relatively high N-dissolution rates performed best in terms of yield and N uptake for turnip greens, Brassica campestris L. (Rapifera group) while SCU with a slower dissolution rate performed better on Morrison sandy loam at Tuskegee, Alabama. On cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. (Capitata group) SCUs performed similar to ammonium nitrate (AN) and uncoated urea (UCU). With tomato, Lycopersicon esculetum Mill., spring-applied SCU with the highest dissolution rate, performed as well as split applications of AN, indicating the possibility for labor saving with SCU through reduced number of applications. Effect of SCU on nitrate accumulation was minimal. At harvest in the top 15 cm soil the total N content was highest in tomato plots treated with split AN, followed by SCU-A, SCU-C, and AN, respectively.
The Inheritance of Cercospora Leaf Spot Resistance in the Southernpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)1
Authors: Fery R. L. , Dukes P. D. , Cuthbert F. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two southernpea breeding lines, CR 17-1-34 and Ala. 963.8, highly resistant to a leaf spot incited by Cercospora cruenta Sacc. were crossed with susceptible cultivars. The F1 and F2 progenies of these crosses, the F1 of the backcrosses, and the parental lines were grown in field experiments in which natural Cercospora leaf spot epiphytotics were allowed to develop. The resistances in the two breeding lines were found to be conditioned by different genetic factors. Resistance in CR 17-1-34 was controlled by a single dominant gene and that in Ala. 963.8 by a single recessive gene. We propose that the dominant and recessive genes to be designated Cls1 and cls2, respectively.
Photosynthetic Supplementary Lighting of Spray Pompon, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat1
Authors: Carpenter William J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Photosynthetic lighting of spray pompon chrysanthemums from August to March plantings for 15 or 20 days during the vegetative period were taller at the start of short-day treatment with larger stem diameter than plants photoperiodically lighted and at flowering the plants had significant increases in plant height, fresh weight, and flower number. The largest benefits developed in October to January plantings. The usual fall and winter decline in plant quality of 9- and 10-week response group chrysanthemum cultivars at northern U.S. latitudes was prevented by 20 days of photosynthetic lighting.
Performance of ‘Bartlett’ Pear on Standard and Old Home × Farmingdale Clonal Rootstocks1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Lombard P. B. , Bjorstand H. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Decline- and fire blight-resistant clonal rootstock selections of Old Home × Farmingdale (OH×F), Pyrus communis L. were compared during a 12-year period with Bartlett seedling, P. calleryana Decne. seedling and clonal Old Home as understocks for ‘Bartlett’. Some OH×F clones were found to be more vigorous than Old Home rootstock, while others were much less vigorous. Only OH×F 51 was as dwarfing as East Mailing (EM) Quince A. Trees on some clones of each vigor class were more efficient (yield per unit of tree size) than others of the same class. Yield efficiency was not well correlated with rootstock vigor, but the semi-dwarf clones tended to induce more efficient yield than vigorous ones.
Effects of 6-Benzylamino Purine and Gibberellin A4/7 on Seedling Growth of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.1
Authors: Aung L. H. , Byrne J. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Apical application of varying concentrations of 6-benzylamino purine (BA), and gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7) alone or in combination promoted hypocotyl and cotyledonary growth in ‘Fireball’ tomato seedlings. Both height and width of the apical meristematic dome were enlarged by 10−4M BA and 10−6M GA4/7 alone and in combination. The length of the hypocotyl cortical cells was unaffected, but width was increased by 10−4M BA. However, 10−6M BA significantly reduced the height and width of the meristematic dome and length of the cortical cells. GA4/7 at 10−6M, on the other hand, significantly increased both the length and width of cortical cells.
Growth and Fruiting Responses of Vigorous Apple Branches to Pruning and Branch Orientation Treatments1
Authors: Elfving D. C. , Forshey C. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vigorous branches of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Delicious) were headed-back into previous season's growth (1-year-old wood). Increased pruning severity (removal of a greater fraction of 1-year-old wood) resulted in increased shoot growth from 1- and 2-year-old branch segments. Fruitfulness decreased as pruning severity increased. Heading-back altered the distribution of growth between 1- and 2-year-old segments of horizontal and downward-oriented branches but resulted in a total increase in growth only in vertically-oriented branches.
Pectinesterase Activity in Controlled Atmosphere Stored Avocados1
Authors: Barmore Charles R. , Rouse A. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pectinesterase (PE) activity was determined in avocado fruit (Persea americana Mill) at various times during controlled atmosphere storage (CA) and subsequent softening. A reduction in the initial softening time as related to storage temperature or ethylene accumulation in the CA unit was associated with a decrease in the PE activity of firm fruit at time of removal from storage. It is suggested that PE activity in fruit could be used to monitor a change in softening time during CA storage.
Influence of Temperature on Seed Development of Allium cepa L.1
Authors: Chang W. N. , Struckmeyer B. Esther 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Male-sterile onion lines, M2399A and P54-306A were hand pollinated with pollen from 2 male-fertile lines M611B and P52-371B, in 3 Biotron chambers with maxima temperatures of 24°, 35°, and 43°C, respectively, and a minimum temperature of 18°C. There was no significant effect of temperature on magagmetophyte development. Percent abortion of young seeds was 21, 11, and 66% at 24°, 35°, and 43°, respectively; 35° was more favorable for ovule, seed and ovary growth than 24° and 43°. The endosperm nuclei divided soon after fertilization and continued normally the first 5 days after pollination at all 3 temperatures. Subsequent growth of endosperm nuclei was retarded at 43° and only 1 or 2 seeds per ovary continued to grow at a normal rate. The first embryo division was observed 7 to 8, 5 to 6, and 6 to 7 days after pollination at 24°, 35°, and 43°, respectively.
Influence of In-row Spacing on Yield of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Starking Delicious’ Apple on M 9 Rootstock in Hedgerows1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Roberts A. N. , Bjornstad H. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Starking Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Mailing 9 (M 9) rootstock were planted in 1956 in alternate rows 4.57 m (15 ft) apart, with in-row spacings of 1.22, 1.83 and 2.44 m (4, 6, and 8 ft). Average annual yield was higher at the closest spacing (1794 trees/ha) during the entire 18 years of the test. The pattern of yield was similar for the 2 cultivars but was higher for ‘Golden Delicious’ because of the lower fruit set of ‘Starking’ in some years due to adverse weather. Pruning during the last 6 years of the test was done by mechanical shearing of tops and sides, with no detailed pruning within the fruiting wall. This type of pruning on dwarf trees resulted in adequate fruit size, color, and quality with normal fruit thinning practices.
Morphological and Anatomical Response of Apples to a Late Spring Frost in Relation to Stage of Fruit Development1
Authors: Simons Roy K. , Doll C. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cellular changes of 3 apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh. cvs. Jonared, Golden Delicious, and Starkrimson) were studied anatomically in respect to specificity of injury at anthesis and for subsequent development of the fruit. Injury to primary and secondary fruitlets of the 3 cultivars was recorded as wound healing progressed. The crop of economic significance was produced from the secondary bloom on ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Jonared’. Tissue damage at anthesis persisted at fruit maturity. Fruit-pedicel injury was specific on ‘Jonared’ and extensive russeting was evident in the cavity region in all cultivars.
Effect of Initial Seed Moisture on Snap Bean Emergence from Cold Soil1
Authors: Roos E. E. , Manalo J. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The moisture content of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds used in commercial plantings ranged from 7.7 to 13.7% on a fresh-weight basis. Bean seeds having initial seed moisture contents above 12% had higher field emergence than lower moisture seeds particularly at soil temperatures below 10°C. The high-moisture seeds quickly lost moisture when planted in very dry soil. Laboratory germination was improved a lesser amount by raising initial seed moisture content.
Comparative Hardiness of Flower Buds and Blossoms of Some Almond Genotypes in Relation to Time of Bloom and Leafing1
Authors: Buyukyilmaz Mustafa , Kester Dale E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relationship between hardiness of flower buds and blossoms, and time of leafing was studied in 25 almond cultivars, species and interspecific hybrids. In artificial freezing tests, genotypes of almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) and related species and interspecific hybrids exhibited a wide range of hardiness. A relationship was observed between blossom hardiness and time from leafing to bloom with some exceptions. Results show that genetic sources for blossom hardiness, not necessarily related to time of bloom, exist in these species.
Some Seed, Seedling, and Maternal Characters as Estimates of Commercial Performance in Sweet Potato Breeding1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Dukes P. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Thirty random seedlings from each of 50 random parents of a sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) mass selected population were evaluated in the greenhouse and their subsequent field performances were recorded. Simulated selection sequences were also studied. A sequence with mass selection first on maternal hill weight, high seed set, and high seed weight followed by a 50% culling level within families on the basis of low greenhouse seedling vigor resulted in average progeny field yields 45% above that of no selection. The results showed seed weight to be a potentially useful selection criterion for root yield. Individual seedling root weight in the greenhouse was not a good predictor of field yield.
Characterization of Major Plastid Pigments in Skin of ‘Mission’ Fig Fruits1
Authors: Puech Antoine A. , Rebeiz Constantin A. , Crane Julian C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plastid pigments in the fruit skin of fig (Ficus carica L. cv. Mission) were extracted in acetone:0.1 N NH4OH (9:1 v/v) and purified by thin layer chromatography. Spectral analysis indicated the pigments were chlorophylls a and b, β-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin. These constituents were similar to those found in the leaves. Carotenoids present in the skin of bluish-black mature fruits were the same as those present in green, immature fruits.
Cell Wall-bound Nitrophenylglycosidases of Tomato Fruits1
Authors: Pharr D. M. , Sox H. N. , Nesbitt W. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit extracts of Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Tiny Tim were found to contains α- and β-galactosidase, a- and β-glucosidase, α- and β-mannosidase, and α- and β-xylosidase activities. All of these enzymes either declined or remained constant in concentration during fruit development and ripening. Activities of β-glucosidase and α-galactosidase were found to be associated with isolated cell wall fragments. No evidence was found for an increase in concentration of the enzymes in the cell wall during ripening. The probability that these enzymes are not involved in fruit softening is discussed.
Changes in Chlorophyll a, b, and the a/b Ratio during Color Development in Citrus Fruit1
Authors: Jahn Otto L. , Young Roger 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Light-reflectance measurements at 648-740 and 674-740 nm decreased as chlorophyll was lost during the maturation and degreening of citrus fruits. The difference between these measurements changed as the chlorophyll level declined. This change was shown as an initial decrease followed by an increase in 648-674 nm measurements. Analyses of rind samples revealed changes in the relative concentration of chlorophyll a and b and consequent decreases in the a/b ratio as total chlorophyll levels decreased. Formulas were developed to convert light-reflectance readings at 674-740 and 648-740 nm to concentration of chlorophyll a and b in the tissue. The greater resistance of chlorophyll b to degradation during color development may explain the difficulty of satisfactorily degreening some fruit and may serve as a basis in selecting for improved coloring characteristics.
The Use of Electrolytic Conductance to Assess Differential Sensitivity of French Prune Fruit to Applied Ethylene1
Authors: Weinbaum S. A. , Muraoka T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruiting branches of French prune (Prunus domestica L.) were exposed to ethylene or the ethylenegenerating (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and subsequently 14C-uptake and ion leakage patterns of excised mesocarp disks were determined. Ion leakage was increased by these treatments, and the magnitudes of variances associated with ethephon-treated samples indicated differences in sensitivity among treated fruit. Under laboratory conditions electrolyte loss was associated with senescence of mesocarp tissue but was not a prerequisite of fruit abscission.
Hydraircooling: A New Precooling Method with Special Application for Waxed Peaches1
Authors: Bennett A. H. , Wells John M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A new technique, termed hydraircooling, was evaluated for precooling fruit of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) packed in DU-ALL or similar type containers. Cooling rate was determined with respect to air and waterflow. Waterflow rates of 3.63 and 5.44 ml/minute were tested at each of 4 airflow rates (1070, 2140, 3210 and 4280 ml/second). Half-cooling times, with respect to airflow, ranged from 0.460 to 0.348 hour on top and 0.672 to 0.451 hour on the bottom of the container at 3.63 ml/minute waterflow. At the 5.44 ml/minute waterflow, respective half-cooling times ranged from 0.470 to 0.328 hour on top and 0.511 to 0.249 hour on the bottom. The peaches in these tests were 6.35 cm in diameter. In tests to compare hydraircooling with forced-air precooling, using 7 cm diameter peaches, respective half-cooling times were 0.433 hour compared to 0.516 hour on top and 0.523 hour compared to 0.731 hour on the bottom at an airflow of 2140 ml/second and a waterflow in the hydraircooler of 3.63 ml/minute. Cooling rate increased in relation to air and waterflow with the greater significance being obtained in relation to waterflow.
Growth Models for Helianthus annuus L. and Zinnia elegans Jacq.1
Authors: Hammer P. Allen , Langhans R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A second degree central composite rotatable experimental design with 5 environmental variables (root temperature, day and night temperature daylength, and light intensity) was used to estimate growth response surfaces for Helianthus annuus cv. Mammoth and Zinnia elegans cv. Eldorado grown in controlled environment chambers. Fresh and dry weight of shoots, dry weight of roots, and total dry weight for sunflowers produced estimated equations suitable for first approximation response surfaces. The model predicted maximum growth (weight) of sunflowers occurred outside of the design space. More experimentation is needed at root temperature >26.7°C, day/night temperature >37.8°, light intensity >37800 lux and daylength >23 hours to find those conditions that maximize growth with the 5 environmental variables in the present study. Additional experiments at the boundary of design space are suggested for substantial improvements in the present model for sunflowers. In zinnia lack of significance of the estimated equation was observed for all measured growth parameters (fresh and dry weight of shoots, dry weight of roots, total dry weight, number of leaves, stem length, and leaf area). A leaf disorder resembling calcium deficiency was noted on zinnia plants grown at a root temperature of 26.7°C.
Effects of Temperature and Genotype on Pollen Tube Growth in Some Self-incompatible and Self-compatible Almond Cultivars1
Authors: Sodias i Company R. , Kester D. E. , Bradley Muriel V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pollen tube growth in the styles following self- and cross-pollination was studied in self-incompatible ‘Ne Plus Ultra’ almond (Prunus amgdalus Batsch) and 5 unnamed self-fertile almond selections derived from back-cross hybridization with peach (P. persica (L.) Batsch).
Self-incompatibility of ‘Ne Plus Ultra’ was expressed morphologically by failure of all tubes to grow through the style, failure of many tubes to penetrate the style, presence of swollen pollen tube ends and retrogression with time at higher temperatures. Rates of pollen tube growth in self-fertile selections was consistently less than after cross-pollination, but the ratios of self/cross varied. Thus, selections ranged from those approaching selfincompatibility to those approaching self-compatibility.
Optimum temperatures for ‘Ne Plus Ultra’ were 15°C when selfed and 25° when crossed. For the self-fertile selections selfed, it was 25° for all but one, which was 15°. When crossed, it was always 25°. One selection showed a high degree of ovule under-development independent of self-compatibility.
Potential Fertility Levels in Four Diploid Vaccinium Species1
Authors: Ballington J. R. , Galletta G. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As a first step in determining the phylogeny of the rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade), the potential fertility levels among its purported diploid ancestral species. Vaccinium atrococcum (Gray) Heller, Vaccinium caesariense MacKenzie, Vaccinium darrowi Camp, and Vaccinium tenellum Ait., were determined. Differences existed among species in female fertility as determined by total number of seeds and number of potentially viable seeds. The number of seeds per berry was lower than that reported for highbush and rabbiteye blueberry cultivars. No differences were found among species in potential male fertility as indicated by percent stainable pollen. Pollen diameter was not a good criterion for distinguishing species or ploidy levels. Comparison of fertility of diploid species with that of purported polyploid derivatives is suggested as a possible aid in determining phylogeny in Vaccinium. Unreduced pollen grains were detected in only 2 of the 4 species in this study. The average return from heterploid (4n × 2n) crosses was 3 seedlings per 1000 pollinations.