bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Requisite Level of Mitigation Action
Authors: Mayer Benoit 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses the possibility of quantifying a state’s requisite level of mitigation action—that is to say, determining the stringency of the mitigation outcomes that a state would have to achieve in order to comply with its general mitigation obligations. The chapter reveals that this determination faces major obstacles. While states have outlined some collective objectives, they have neither accepted an obligation to act consistently with these objectives nor defined what these objectives mean for either collective or individual action on climate change mitigation. Various arguments that have been advanced in the context of domestic litigation rely on illusory legal or scientific benchmarks. Until states agree on more specific objectives and burden-sharing criteria, a judicial determination of a state’s requisite level of mitigation action may not be entirely impossible, but it would inevitably involve an unusual degree of judicial discretion.
EU Diplomatic Law
Authors: Duquet Sanderijn 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis book is the first monograph to analyse how European Union (EU) practices in initiating, conducting, and terminating diplomatic and consular relations have affected international diplomatic and consular law. Over the past six decades, the EU has been granted unique powers that enable it to act prominently on the international plane. It has thereto developed a worldwide bilateral and multilateral diplomatic network. Much like states, the EU sends ambassadors to all corners of the world and accredits permanent missions at its Brussels headquarters. These developments take place against the background of international diplomatic and consular law which are based quintessentially on the principles of state sovereignty, non-interference, and reciprocity. The book offers a detailed overview of the scope of EU diplomatic and consular powers (especially in relationship to its member states), its application of the Vienna Conventions and customary international law, the consular protection of EU citizens, questions of protocol and precedence, and the legal status of the EU’s diplomatic staff and premises abroad. Finally, it identifies and conceptualises the specific contribution the EU makes to the shaping of diplomatic and consular law.
Voyaging through Strange Seas of Thought
Authors: Mee Nicholas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Newton’s theories of mechanics and gravity are discussed in detail and the gravitational force within a hollow mass is considered. Newton’s theories led to the greatest revolution in the history of science. The lives and work of John Michell and Henry Cavendish, two important, but lesser-known figures of eighteenth-century science, are also discussed. The text describes William Herschel and his discovery of the planet Uranus. In the nineteenth century, Urbain Le Verrier used Newtonian mechanics to deduce the existence of another planetary body—Neptune. Le Verrier went on to find discrepancies in the orbit of Mercury and suggested these might be due to an unseen inner planet subsequently named Vulcan, but no-one was able to find conclusive evidence for the existence of this planet.
Ripples in the Fabric of Things
Authors: Mee Nicholas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter is about gravitational waves. It discusses the Hulse–Taylor binary neutron star system and its importance in testing general relativity and the discovery that the system is losing energy by emitting gravitational waves. The chapter looks at the history of gravitational wave detectors, culminating in the construction of the Advanced LIGO interferometer. The detection of the first gravitational wave signal is discussed in detail along with an analysis of the system that produced the gravitational wave. The text discusses the significance of this new window on the universe. The detection of neutron star mergers has offered an insight into how heavy elements such as gold are created. The detection of black hole mergers has given the most direct evidence for the existence of stellar mass black holes and has confirmed that gravitational waves travel at the speed of light. The chapter closes by looking at future gravitational wave observatories.
Social Behaviour in an Uncooperative Society
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWytham’s badgers live in groups, but why? An opening question regarding the evolution of group living is how does it get started? Generally, if adult offspring are to be recruited to the workforce of the ‘family firm’, how can there be space (resources/food) to accommodate them in the family home? We look for evidence of cooperative benefits, and find little. Indeed, when analysing whether the presence of potential allomothers/parents translates into improved circumstances, and ultimately survival, of badger cubs, we find the opposite. Turning to hunting, we investigate whether badgers cooperate in hunting fleas. Why does the humble badger flea merit attention? Because it may tell us something about the evolution of cooperation. Fleas prompt legion questions: How many fleas might a badger have? What do badgers do about their flea burden? How much time do badgers devote to mutual grooming? Does this cooperation pay? Is flea removal effective? Or maybe mutual grooming is motivated by each individual’s sensitivity to itchiness? This leads to discoveries about the consequences of communal denning in terms of ectoparasites.
Who Goes There: Friend or Foe?
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAre Wytham’s badgers territorial, and has this altered over time? How are groups delineated, and are these borders respected? Scent is key, using faeces at latrine sites, but how is this reinforced and matched to the strengths of the depositors or the size of the opposing group? Is a current function of badgers’ perimeter latrines in Wytham territorial defence, or are there other explanations for this geometry? These questions lead us to explore the chemistry of anal gland secretion, and to learn that badgers respond differently to the scents of their own group, their immediate neighbours, and more distant strangers. Latrines are located along the margins of group interactions—why so? ‘Keep out’? Or ‘Hello neighbour’? We deduce that they are notice boards, a badger social media for advertisement. What information is signalled; what does the fine print say? What information is signalled by anal gland secretion, and is it different to the information in urine, laden as it is with hormone metabolites?
Perception and Idealism
Authors: Robinson Howard 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
It is a standard feature of modern philosophy, at least from Locke, to tie together the questions of how we perceive the world and what we have reason to think the world is like in itself. This is a natural connection, because the questions of how we perceive it, and what kind of conception of it we can best form on the basis of that mode of perception, are obviously intimately linked. Part I of this volume defends the sense-datum theory of perception against its opponents, and argues that the sense-datum theory is much closer to a form of direct realism than is normally thought: we directly perceive the world in the form that it naturally manifests itself to creatures like us. This leaves open the question of what it is like in itself, and Part II tries to show that a Berkeleian interpretation—that the world is a nomological structure in the mind of God—is the most plausible option. Arguments with roots in Berkeley, in modern philosophers such as John Foster, and in modern science, are drawn on to support this conclusion.
Intentionality and Perception (I)
Authors: Robinson Howard 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Brentano said that intentionality is the mark of the mental; that is, mental states are about, or reach out towards, their ‘object’, which may or may not exist. Someone can believe in fairies, though there are no fairies. Can the same model be applied to perception and sensation? Certainly, one can seem to see an elephant and there be no elephant, if one is, for example, hallucinating. But what about the status of the elephant-shape and colour? If I believe in fairies, their fairiness and whatever colour and shape I attribute to them—if any—are in the same situation, all being represented in thought. But bed-rock sense experience involves, not merely representation, but presentation, that this is the seeming presence of the object before one. Surely something constitutes this presentational nature which is not present in the case of thought or belief. Can the intentionalist cope with this extra element while avoiding qualia or sense-data? The argument of this and the next chapter is that he cannot.
Building the Manifest World
Authors: Robinson Howard 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter is the climax of Part I of this book. It attempts to show that all the ways in which the sense-datum theory has been set up as the bogy-man in the philosophy of perception are completely misconceived. This is mainly because the classical empiricist tradition had a crude account of thought and judgement, which did not allow it to grasp the interrelation of cognition and sensation. Once this is sorted out, one does not need to impute intentionality or representation to the fundamental nature of sensation in order to preserve both our natural intuitions about the directness of perception, and the dependence of perception on the particular nature of our sensory capacities, which involves sense-data.
General Conclusion
Authors: Robinson Howard 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The General Conclusion is brief and summarizes what each chapter claims to have achieved. Part I was dedicated to defending what the author deems to be a version of a sense-datum theory of perception. The author claims that a theory is a sense-datum theory if it claims that qualities are actually present in, and not merely represented in, phenomenal content. These data are the way the world manifests itself to creatures like us. The purpose in Part II is to investigate what the world is like in itself, and suggests that the idealist solution is much less counterintuitive than it seems at first sight. Part I is independent of the conclusions of Part II, but it is a necessary prolegomenon. The author has some hope of convincing people of his thoughts on perception, and hopes, at least, to raise worries about the metaphysics of physical reality, if not wholly convince the reader, by the arguments in Part II.
Workers
Authors: Taverner Charlie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how the work of street trading in London’s past took different forms and how this affected street sellers’ occupational identity. First, it shows how hawking could be part-time, poorly paid work, carried outside alongside other jobs, typical of the mass of casual labour that defined London’s growing economy. Next, it demonstrates how some street sellers built up complex, substantial businesses, and employed servants and apprentices. A closing section considers the impact of hawking’s flexibility and seasonality on traders’ working identities, and how they were able to express their collective worth, particularly in the later nineteenth century.
Street food
Authors: Taverner Charlie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the foods London street sellers sold and how they reached the city, before discussing their dietary significance. It deals, in turn, with the production, supply, and varieties of fruit and vegetables, milk, fish, and prepared dishes like pies, sausages, gingerbread, and ice cream—foods that tended to be perishable, seasonal, and produced within the metropolitan region. These early street foods have been neglected by historians, but were important supplements to the staples of beer, bread, and meat and contributed to a distinctive metropolitan diet.
Retailers
Authors: Taverner Charlie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter is the first of three that consider the transforming space of the street, introducing the arguments about the halting, contradictory processes of improvement and modernization that run through them. It shows how hawkers helped ensure London’s streets remained a place of business between the late sixteenth and early twentieth centuries, not just a channel for flowing people, traffic, and goods. It explores the various spaces in which hawkers traded, from homes to drinking houses to bridges, and how they brought the techniques of retailing and shopkeeping to the street. Finally, it describes the emergence of street markets from the mid-nineteenth century as distinctive, working class retail institutions.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The chapter provides the background to the passing of the Public Interest Disclosure Act, and the overall contents of the Act, then moves on to how that has shaped the consensus around the topic of whistleblowing. The recommendation of various bodies which have produced proposals for reform are then considered; the Hooper Commission, the Francis Report, and the Shipman Report by Lady Justice Smith. The changes which have been made to the Act so far are considered. The overall thesis is examined as to why what was originally the most comprehensive statute in the world is now seen by some as being too narrow. Against that context there is consideration of significant domestic proposals for reform and also developments in the EU, notably the new Whistleblowing Directive, which has to some extent influenced the domestic reform agenda.
Unfair Dismissal for Making a Protected Disclosure
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the provisions that render a dismissal for making a protected disclosure automatically unfair. It considers the relationship between a dismissal of an employee for making a protected disclosure and an ‘ordinary’ unfair dismissal. It deals with the amendment of claims to add a public interest disclosure element and the thin boundary line between dismissal and detriment. Identifying the principal reason in dismissal cases is another key element, as are tainted information and tainted decisions to dismiss. The chapter also considers constructive dismissal, selection for redundancy, unofficial industrial action, and the burden of proof, as well as dismissal for unprotected disclosures and time limits.
Defamation (Contributed by Antonia Foster, Partner, Carter-Ruck Solicitors)
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the circumstances in which a whistleblower could find him or herself on the receiving end of a complaint in defamation. It considers the basic tenets of a claim for defamation, including the important statutory requirement for a claimant to show ‘serious harm’ pursuant to the statutory test under section 1 Defamation Act 2013. It considers the defences most likely to be available to a whistleblower in such circumstances: the defences of truth, qualified privilege, absolute privilege, or publication on a matter of public interest (and the approach of the courts in considering whether or not publication was on a matter of public interest). It also compares traditional qualified privilege and the concept of publication on a matter of public interest.
Whistleblowing in the Health and Financial Services Sectors
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers whistleblowing in the health and financial services sector. In relation to health it examines the momentum for reform, the introduction of Freedom to Speak Up and amendments to NHS terms and conditions. It looks at the professional standards authority for health and social care and the legislative reform for applicants in the NHS, the National Whistleblowing policy in the NHS, and the role of Whistleblowing Guardians and the National Guardian’s Office. It considers the use of injunctions and the applicability of judicial review. In relation to the financial services sector, the chapter examines the internal whistleblowing arrangements and role of the FCA and PRA. It considers the purpose and function of the whistleblowers’ champion. It discusses the use of settlement agreements and the duty to report concerns, with financial incentives to report matters. Finally, it considers the annual reports from the PRA and FCA as prescribed bodies.
Grounded Normative Theory
Authors: Johnson Genevieve Fuji 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a way of studying deliberative democracy from an Engaged or Grounded Normative Theory (GNT) approach that blends empirical study with normative theorizing recursively, inclusively, accountably, and solidaristically. The GNT proposed in this chapter is intended to provide inspiration to deliberative democrats to develop their critical muscles and to ensure that deliberative democracy remains relevant to addressing pressing political issues, including racialized injustice and oppression. Upon outlining the basic contours of GNT as a broad field, I discuss its more specifically solidaristic expression. I then draw from my own application of solidaristic GNT methodology and offer two suggestions to encourage deliberative democrats to adopt this methodology and conduct research in ways that are in solidarity with groups, communities, and nations seeking justice as they define it.
Discourse Quality Index
Authors: Bächtiger André , Gerber Marlène , Fournier-Tombs Eléonore 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter surveys the development of the Discourse Quality Index (DQI) from its original to its expanded versions. It documents the DQI’s various blind spots, ranging from the omission of substantive argumentative quality and sincerity to insufficient context- and goal-sensitivity. Special attention is given to aggregation strategies of the various DQI indicators and related validity issues especially in the context of the systemic approach. The chapter proposes new ways to capture context-sensitive and distributed forms of deliberation as well as provides a concrete illustration of how to aggregate deliberative quality in novel ways (e.g. via a Lexical Scale). Finally, it considers recent developments in the automated measurement of deliberative quality.
Survey Methods
Authors: Gastil John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Surveys are a powerful tool for measuring deliberation and its impact. This chapter examines surveys in four ways. An initial section discusses the theoretical assumptions underlying surveys. The second section considers methodological challenges, such as how to draw a proper sample, how to measure complex concepts, and how to ensure adequate statistical power, particularly across different levels of analysis. The rest of the chapter examines issues in relation to previously conducted surveys, starting with those administered to the panellists who take part in deliberative events. Attention then shifts to public surveys more appropriate to studying deliberation’s impact on larger political systems. These last two sections take up issues such as longitudinal analysis, retrospective attitudes, and survey experiments.
Social Network Analysis
Authors: da Silva Eduardo M. , Ribeiro Antônio Carlos A. , Higgins Silvio S. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Social Network Analysis (SNA) as a method for studying deliberative systems. SNA can help investigate whether and how a deliberative system works, whether different components of the system relate to each other, whether and how discourses and ideas flow from one site to another, and the extent to which some clusters of discourses are isolated from the rest of the system. The chapter presents four different examples that illustrate the practical application of SNA in deliberative democracy research, and emphasizes the potential of this method in revealing the connections and the pathologies within various deliberative systems.
Case Study Research
Authors: Elstub Stephen , Pomatto Gianfranco 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Case study research is widely used in the field of deliberative democracy due to the depth of insight and attention to context that this method provides. This chapter explains why case study research has been integral to deliberative democracy’s development from a normative theory to an established and mature theory guided by significant empirical evidence. This chapter also suggests that as deliberative democracy research moves towards a systemic approach, case studies will continue to be essential for understanding the practice of deliberative democracy across the huge variety of contexts a system involves. Case studies are a research approach that is relevant to both positivist and interpretivist research traditions, but, as this chapter also demonstrates, this distinction is one that deliberative democracy can transcend. This chapter provides guidance on selecting a suitable case as well as collecting and analysing data, specifically in relation to the field of deliberative democracy.
Deliberative Policy Analysis
Authors: Wagenaar Hendrik 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Deliberative Policy Analysis (DPA) integrates the process of public participation into policy analysis, and seeks to address the complexity, uncertainty, and divergence of values and understandings which characterize contemporary policy arenas. It emphasizes deliberation between citizens and officials as a strategy of policy inquiry and an orientation towards practice as the key component of policy analysis. The chapter considers the development of DPA since its original formulation by Maarten Hajer and Hendrik Wagenaar in 2003 and offers three distinct methodological approaches of DPA as frequently used by its practitioners: Designed Deliberative Platforms, the Enhancement of the Deliberative Capacity of a Policy System; and Institutional Design-in-Practice. The chapter describes the features of these three approaches and provides practical illustrations. The chapter concludes with outlining three limitations of DPA. First, DPA claims that it provides a strategy for dealing with complexity, but its theory of complexity, and its implications for policymaking are underdeveloped. Second, DPA describes itself as a normative-empirical programme, but it does not offer a coherent understanding of, and approach to, integrating contextualized values into policy inquiry. And third, for various reasons DPA runs the risk that its results are not adopted or acknowledged by officials in a policy system.