bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Assault on Civil Society: Explaining State Crackdown on NGOs
Authors: Chaudhry Suparna 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNongovernmental organizations are central to contemporary global governance, and their numbers and influence have grown dramatically since the middle of the twentieth century. However, in the last three decades more than 130 states have repressed these groups, suggesting that a broad range of states perceive them as costly. When they choose to repress NGOs, under what conditions do states use violent strategies versus administrative means? The choice depends on two main factors: the nature of the threat posed by these groups, and the consequences of cracking down on them. Violent crackdown is useful in the face of immediate domestic threats, such as protests. However, violence may increase the state's criminal liability, reduce its legitimacy, violate human rights treaties, and further intensify mobilization against the regime. Therefore, states are more likely to use administrative crackdown, especially in dealing with long-term threats, such as when NGOs influence electoral politics. I test this theory using an original data set of administrative crackdowns on NGOs, as well as violent crackdown on NGO activists, across all countries from 1990 to 2013. To shed light on the strategic decision between violent or administrative crackdown, and how states may perceive threats from domestic and international NGOs differently, I provide a case study from India. I conclude by discussing the implications of this crackdown for the use of civil society actors by the international community, as well as donors and citizens in the global South.
Three new species of Duplicibothrium (Cestoda: ‘Tetraphyllidea’) from cownose rays in Senegal with a phylogenetic analysis of the genus
Authors: Stephan Douglas , Caira Janine N. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Three new species of ‘tetraphyllideans’ in the family Serendipeidae are described from cownose rays off Senegal. Duplicibothrium jeannettae n. sp. and Duplicibothrium collosum n. sp. parasitize both Rhinoptera marginata and Rhinoptera peli. Duplicibothrium jillae n. sp. parasitizes R. marginata. Duplicibothrium jeannettae n. sp. and D. jillae n. sp. differ from one another and their described congeners in size, number of proglottids, and locular configuration. The generic assignment of D. collosum n. sp. was initially unclear because its scolex more closely resembles that of Serendip than Duplicibothrium. To help inform generic placement, sequence data were generated for the 28S rDNA gene (D1–D3 region) for the three new species as well as for Duplicibothrium minutum and Duplicibothrium n. sp. 2 from Rhinoptera bonasus off North Carolina, Duplicibothrium n. sp. 3 from Rhinoptera brasiliensis off Belize, Duplicibothrium n. sp. 4 and Duplicibothrium n. sp. 5 from Rhinoptera jayakari off Mozambique, and Duplicibothrium n. sp. 6 from Rhinoptera neglecta off Australia. Comparable data were obtained from GenBank for adults and larvae of Duplicibothrium collected from the Gulf of Mexico. The tree resulting from a maximum likelihood analysis (MLA) placed D. collosum n. sp. robustly within Duplicibothrium; the generic diagnosis is emended accordingly. This raises a question regarding the independence, and thus also validity, of the three genera of the Serendipeidae – a question that must await a molecular analysis that includes Serendip and Glyphobothrium. These results extend the hosts of Duplicibothrium to include R. brasiliensis, R. jayakari, R. marginata, R. neglecta and R. peli, and the distribution to include the western Pacific Ocean, eastern Atlantic Ocean, and western Indian Ocean (Zoobank Registration: 97BB5020-BFFF-4FEA-AE07-B4711D1110FC).
Effects of primary Sjögren's syndrome on hearing and vestibular systems
Authors: Ulusoy B , Limon M , Yılmaz S , Çolpan B , Aygün A A , Körez M K , Erdur Ö 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate primary Sjögren's syndrome patients in terms of hearing and vestibular functions.MethodsThe patient group consisted of 35 individuals diagnosed with primary Sjögren's syndrome and a control group of 35 healthy individuals similar in terms of age and gender.ResultsThe rate of hearing loss in the patient group was significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.021). The N1 latency value for the ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials test was significantly longer in the patient group than in the control group (p = 0.037). Additionally, the posterior semicircular canal and lateral semicircular canal vestibulo-ocular reflex gain values were significantly lower than in the control group (p = 0.022 and p < 0.001, respectively).ConclusionThese results indicate subclinical vestibular involvement and hearing loss in primary Sjögren's syndrome patients. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials and video head impulse tests can be used to detect vestibular involvement in primary Sjögren's syndrome patients.
Good, Actually: Aristotelian Metaphysics and the ‘Guise of the Good’
Authors: Willows Adam M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this paper I argue that both defence and criticism of the claim that humans act ‘under the guise of the good’ neglects the metaphysical roots of the theory. I begin with an overview of the theory and its modern commentators, with critics noting the apparent possibility of acting against the good, and supporters claiming that such actions are instances of error.These debates reduce the ‘guise of the good’ to a claim about intention and moral action, and in so doing have become divorced from the theory's roots in classical and medieval philosophy. Aristotle and Aquinas’ ‘guise of the good’ is primarily a metaphysical claim resting on the equivalence between actuality and goodness, from which conclusions about moral action are derived. I show the reasoning behind their theory and how it forms the basis for the claims about intention and action at the centre of the modern debate. Finally, I argue that the absence of its original foundation is apparent in recent attacks on the ‘guise of the good’. It is unsurprising that modern action theory and ethics have not always been able to comfortably accommodate the ‘guise of the good’; they are only telling half of the story.
The Literary Artistry of Terentianus Maurus
Authors: Keeline Tom 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTerentianus Maurus, a North African writing probably in the third centurya.d., bequeathed to posterity a preface and three polymetric poems:De litteris, De syllabisandDe metris. The poems’ titles reflect their content, the first two covering the pronunciation of letters and syllables and the third discussing the details of a bewildering array of metres. Unpromising subject matter for poetry? On the contrary. Terentianus Maurus uses this raw material to display his extraordinary poetic skill, while also conveying useful technical information. This paper first examines the programmatic preface to his poems, which is studded with intertextual gems and shines with every kind of literary polish. It then turns to look at passages from the rest of Terentianus’ poetry to see how he puts the ideals of his preface into poetic practice. The paper aims to show that Terentianus Maurus is not, or not just, a grammarian, but rather a consummate literary artist in the tradition of learned didactic verse.
Vocalization and physiological hyperarousal in infant–caregiver dyads where the caregiver has elevated anxiety
Authors: Smith Celia G. , Jones Emily J. H. , Charman Tony , Clackson Kaili , Mirza Farhan U. , Wass Sam V. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCo-regulation of physiological arousal within the caregiver–child dyad precedes later self-regulation within the individual. Despite the importance of unimpaired self-regulatory development for later adjustment outcomes, little is understood about how early co-regulatory processes can become dysregulated during early life. Aspects of caregiver behavior, such as patterns of anxious speech, may be one factor influencing infant arousal dysregulation. To address this, we made day-long, naturalistic biobehavioral recordings in home settings in caregiver–infant dyads using wearable autonomic devices and miniature microphones. We examined the association between arousal, vocalization intensity, and caregiver anxiety. We found that moments of high physiological arousal in infants were more likely to be accompanied by high caregiver arousal when caregivers had high self-reported trait anxiety. Anxious caregivers were also more likely to vocalize intensely at states of high arousal and produce intense vocalizations that occurred in clusters. High-intensity vocalizations were associated with more sustained increases in autonomic arousal for both anxious caregivers and their infants. Findings indicate that caregiver vocal behavior differs in anxious parents, cooccurs with dyadic arousal dysregulation, and could contribute to physiological arousal transmission. Implications for caregiver vocalization as an intervention target are discussed.
Width of the temperature range for seed germination of herbaceous plant species in temperate eastern North America: life cycles, seasons and temperature variation and implication for climate warming
Authors: Baskin Carol C. , Baskin Jerry M. , Hu Xiao Wen , Zhang Chun Hui 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTo persist (without immigration) in habitats with unpredictable environmental conditions, annuals must produce seeds each year or have a seed bank. Thus, we predicted that compared to perennials, annuals have a wider germination temperature range (GTR, the difference in temperature between the week with the highest and the week with the lowest germination during the natural germination season). We determined the GTR via germination phenology data for 350 herbaceous species in 59 families from the eastern USA: summer annuals (SA), 63; winter annuals (WA), 83; monocarpic perennials (MP), 28; and polycarpic perennials (PP), 176. There was no significant phylogenetic signal for the GTR. The width of the GTR during the first spring germination season was 9.6, 8.7 and 8.8°C for MP, PP and SA, respectively, and during the first autumn germination season 12.8, 11.8 and 12.4°C for MP, PP and WA, respectively. Annuals did not have a wider GTR than perennials in either the spring or the autumn germination season. Our data suggest that selection for early germination in either spring or autumn has resulted in only small differences in the GTR. We predict that global warming will have little or no effect on reshaping the germination phenology of herbaceous species of temperate eastern North America.
Constrictive pericarditis: rare but reversible cause of protein losing enteropathy
Authors: Shah Nishant C. , Kiraly Laszlo , El Badaoui Hazem 
Published: February 2022

AbstractConstrictive pericarditis is uncommon in children. It results from scarring and consequent loss of the normal elasticity of the pericardial sac and is most commonly seen as a late sequelae of idiopathic or viral pericarditis. Here, we report a case of protein losing enteropathy as a complication of constrictive pericarditis in a 2-year-old child. Pericardial thickening was demonstrated by cardiac MRI and subsequent pericardiectomy led to remarkable improvement and resolution of protein losing enteropathy.
Christian Formation and Education in Episcopal Boarding Schools: Historical Origins, Contemporary Context, and a Proposal for Reform
Authors: McDonald Emma 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article will consider James K.A. Smith’s proposal for Christian educational reform by examining the historical animating principles and the contemporary embodied practices of Episcopal boarding schools in the United States. Drawing on historical accounts of the early years of Episcopal boarding schools, this paper will surface resonances between Smith’s vision for Christian education and the hopes of the first rectors of Episcopal boarding schools. Moving from the founding of these schools to their contemporary configurations, this paper will draw on ethnographic accounts of Episcopal boarding schools to complicate Smith’s vision of the formative Christian school. Ethnographic accounts of Episcopal schools offer further support for Smith’s cultural liturgies paradigm; at the same time, the concrete realities of Episcopal boarding schools will call into question Smith’s convictions regarding the potential for Christian schools to operate counter-liturgically. A consideration of the Episcopal Church’s ecclesial mission will demonstrate how it departs from Smith’s post-liberal ecclesiology to suggest realistic ways forward in the negotiation of Christian identity and practice in the context of Episcopal boarding schools.
Agent‐Based Model to Manage Household Water Use Through Social‐Environmental Strategies of Encouragement and Peer Pressure
Authors: James R. , Rosenberg D. E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWater conservation has long been an effective component of sustainable water management. However, inelastic price responses, demand hardening, and poor public awareness reduce the effectiveness of strategies. Here, we identify and quantify the effects of psychological and social factors such as attitudes, peer support, opportunities to conserve, and encouragement on household water use. We link household survey, municipal billing, aerial imagery, weather, and appliance flow and duration data. We use the data to develop, populate, and partially validate an agent‐based model for 270 households in Logan, Utah. Simulated indoor water use matched observed use better than outdoor use and improved over prior studies that only conceptually validated model results. Households with stronger conservation attitudes, peer support, and more opportunities saved the most water. Peer pressure saved more water than water manager encouragement because small, diverse social networks could better regulate the behavior of outlier households within the network. Combining peer pressure and encouragement saved the most water. Results suggest managers should provide platforms for households to share their water use stories and information with each other. Managers should target conservation actions to the small fraction of households who use the most water and have large potential to save water. Mangers can use the psychological and social factors to increase household adoption of water conservation actions.
Large Soil Carbon Storage in Terrestrial Ecosystems of Canada
Authors: Sothe Camile , Gonsamo Alemu , Arabian Joyce , Kurz Werner A. , Finkelstein Sarah A. , Snider James 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTerrestrial ecosystems of Canada store a large amount of organic carbon (C) in soils, peats and plant materials, yet little is known about the C stock size and distributions, both spatially and in various C pools. As temperature rises, C is becoming available for disturbance, decomposition and eventual release into the atmosphere, which makes the quantification of C stocks in terrestrial ecosystems of Canada of high interest for the assessment of climate change impacts and conservation efforts. We used a large number of field measurements, multisource satellite, climate and topographic data and a machine learning algorithm to produce the first wall‐to‐wall estimates of C stocks and uncertainties in plants and soils of Canada at 250 m spatial resolution. Our findings show that above and belowground live biomass and detritus store a total of 21.1 Pg of carbon (Pg C). Whereas the Canadian soils store 306 (±147, 90% confidence interval) Pg organic C in the top 1 m, 98 Pg C of which are stored in peatlands, confirming that the soil organic C dominates terrestrial carbon stocks in Canada. We also find previously under‐reported large soil organic C stocks in forested peatlands on the boreal shields of Canada. Given that Canada is warming twice the global average rate and Canadian soils store approximately 20.4% of world soil C stocks in top 1 m, initiatives to understand their vulnerabilities to climate change and disturbance are indispensable not only for Canada but also for the global C cycle.
Solar Wind Velocities at Comets C/2011 L4 Pan‐STARRS and C/2013 R1 Lovejoy Derived Using a New Image Analysis Technique
Authors: Ramanjooloo Yudish , Jones Geraint H. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe ion tails of bright comets have long been considered as a natural tracers of the solar wind (SW) near these objects. Studies of comets and their ion tails allow inexpensive monitoring of key SW structures in the inner heliosphere, much of which is otherwise only accessible by in situ SW spacecraft measurements. Here, we present a novel technique to mine the rich archive of amateur, professional and spacecraft observations of cometary ion tails. To demonstrate this, we focus on Near‐Sun comet C/2011 L4 (Pan‐STARRS) during Carrington Rotations (CR) 2134 and 2135 and comet C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) during CR 2118. We outline the technique’s shortcomings, including its geometric limitations, and present a catalog of radial SW velocities derived in the near‐comet environment and information on the heliospheric conditions inferred from the measured SW. Complementary measurements, derived from folding ion rays and a velocity profile map built from consecutive images, are provided as an alternative means of quantifying the SW ‐cometary ionosphere interaction. We find that comets are generally good indicators of SW structure, but the quality of the results is strongly dependent on the observing geometry.
Oxidation Extent of the Upper Mantle by Subducted Slab and Possible Oxygen Budget in Deep Earth Inferred From Redox Kinetics of Olivine
Authors: Zhao Chengcheng , Yoshino Takashi , Zhang Baohua 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRedox input by subducted slab into mantle is important for deep cycle and isotopic evolution of volatile elements, whose stable forms are controlled by redox state. Given reduced condition in lower part of the upper mantle, taking redox budget from lithospheric mantle into consideration is crucial in redefining redox state there. To constrain to which extent subducted slab modified redox state of the uppermost mantle and how much oxygen budget slab carried into deep Earth, we investigated redox kinetics of olivine adopting diffusion couple method at 1 GPa and 1,373–1573 K in a piston cylinder apparatus. It is found that redox process in olivine is diffusion‐controlled, and diffusing on the order of 10−12 m2/s at 1473 K. Oxidation process in reduced part is oxygen fugacity (fO2)‐independent with activation enthalpy of 235 ± 56 kJ/mol, while reduction process in oxidized part is fO2‐dependent with an fO2 exponent of 2/5. Diffusion profile analysis reveals that for magnetite‐free couple, redox process is controlled by oxygen grain boundary diffusion (GBD) below ΔFMQ + 1, and rate‐limited by faster species which might be hydrogen related Mg vacancy above ΔFMQ + 1. However, for magnetite‐bearing couple, oxygen GBD dominates redox process across wide fO2 range. The extremely slow rate limits the homogenization of the slab with surrounding mantle so that redox state of the uppermost mantle remains unchanged in the past 3.5 Gyrs. A highly underestimated oxygen reservoir may have formed in deep Earth, when subducted slab transports oxidized components to region deeper than the mantle transition zone.
Deep Learning to Evaluate US NOx Emissions Using Surface Ozone Predictions
Authors: He Tai‐Long , Jones Dylan B. A. , Miyazaki Kazuyuki , Huang Binxuan , Liu Yuyang , Jiang Zhe , White E. Charlie , Worden Helen M. , Worden John R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEmissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) in the United States have declined significantly during the past three decades. However, satellite observations since 2009 indicate total column NO2 is no longer declining even as bottom‐up inventories suggest continued decline in emissions. Multiple explanations have been proposed for this discrepancy including (a) the increasing relative importance of nonurban NOx to total column NO2, (b) differences between background and urban NOx lifetimes, and (c) that the actual NOx emissions are declining more slowly after 2009. Here, we use a deep learning model trained by NOx emissions and surface observations of ozone to assess consistency between the reported NOx trends between 2005 and 2014 and observations of surface ozone. We find that the satellite‐derived trends best reproduce ozone in low NOx emission (background) regions. The 2010–2014 trend from older satellite‐derived emission estimates produced at low spatial resolution results in the largest bias in surface ozone in regions with high NOx emissions, reflecting the blending of urban and background NOx in these low‐resolution top‐down analyses. In contrast, the trend from higher resolution satellite‐based estimates, which are more capable of capturing the urban emission signature, is in better agreement with ozone in high NOx emission regions, and is consistent with the trend based on surface observations of NO2. Our results confirm that the satellite‐derived trends reflect anthropogenic and background influences.
Holocene Millennial‐Scale Precipitation Variations in the Asian Summer Monsoon Margin of Northwest China and Their Relation to Migrations of Monsoon Northern Boundary via Oxygen Isotope Analysis of Calcareous Root Tubes in Deserts
Authors: Gao Youhong , Li Zhuolun , Zhu Ruixia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Asian summer monsoon (ASM) margin of northwest China is a critical region for studying Asian monsoon variability during the Holocene. However, the pattern of precipitation variations and migration of the ASM northern boundary in arid regions during the Holocene remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed oxygen isotopes of 70 calcareous root tube (CRT) samples from the desert hinterlands in the ASM margin of northwest China, including the Badain Jaran, Tengger, Ulan Buh, and Kubuqi deserts. The CRT samples were analyzed to reconstruct millennial‐scale precipitation variation patterns during the Holocene and further explored the location of the ASM northwestern boundary during the middle Holocene. Our results demonstrated that the δ18O values of CRTs during the late Holocene (4.0–1.0 cal kyr BP) were all less negative than those during the middle Holocene (8.0–4.0 cal kyr BP), which revealed that the precipitation decreased from the middle Holocene to the late Holocene. Moreover, an increase in δ18O values from the southeast to northwest revealed that the precipitation decreased. We argued that the Holocene millennial‐scale precipitation changes in this region were influenced by the migrations in the ASM northern boundary. During the middle Holocene, due to the strong summer solar radiation and reduced ice sheets, the ASM northern boundary in the arid region advanced by at least 250 km to the northwest, which resulted in increased precipitation. During the late Holocene, the ASM northern boundary retreated southeastward, resulting in decreased precipitation.