bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1982
Authors: Micinski Stephen , Townsend Howard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted on mature apple trees using paired-tree plots replicated 4 times in a completely randomized design. The appropriate acaracide was applied to a single tree within each paired-tree plot on Apr 21. On Jul 23 a second application was made, this time to the previously unsprayed tree within each plot. Carzol was applied only on the second application date (Jul 23). All applications were made using an airblast sprayer. Mite population estimates were made by randomly picking 10 leaves from each tree, brushing the mites and eggs onto glass plates, and counting eggs and motile mites.
Northern Fowl Mite Control with PVC Bands Impregnated with 10% Permethrin, 1982
Authors: Lemke L.A. , Nolan M.P. , Kissam J.B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Polyvinylchloride bands impregnated with 10% permethrin were evaluated for control of northern fowl mites on roosters in a breeding flock located in Batesburg, SC. Mite populations were visually estimated, by parting the feathers in the vent area and on the thighs immediately preceding treatment, 4 wk, 8 wk and 12 wk post treatment. Population levels were indexed by the following codes: 1 = 0-10 mites/bird, 2 = 11-100 mites/bird, 3 = 101-500 mites/bird, 4 = 501-1000 mites/bird, 5 = 1001-10,000 mites/bird and 6 = 10,000+ mites/bird. Potential roosters were isolated from the flock of 800 roosters and 8000 hens and their mite populations estimated. If mite populations did not look sufficiently high, they were returned to the flock. Otherwise, they were banded with an identifying numbered leg band and either 1, 2 or no PVC bands. After selection of birds, banding of roosters with 1 or 2 treatment bands or for use as a control was done randomly. PVC bands were placed above the first joint (hock) of the leg. In all, 116 roosters were leg banded to be used as a control or treatment replicate. Treatments were made on Jun 10.
Acaricide and IGR Screening for Control of Lone Star Tick, 1982
Authors: Hunt L.M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Engorged females, Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus), the lone star tick, that have detached naturally from cattle no more than 24 h earlier are used in the dipping tests. The ticks are washed, blotted dry, sorted into groups of 8 and each group placed in individual dipping cages. The cages are lowered into 50 ml of test material, while it is being stirred slowly with a small magnetic bar, and the cages are agitated continually for 30 sec. The ticks are then removed from the cages and placed on blotters for air drying. Each tick is weighed, placed into preweighed shell vials, incubated at 26.5 ± 1°C and + 80% RH and held for oviposition. After oviposition, the spent females are removed and individual egg masses are weighed and replaced in the incubator until percentage hatch can be estimated approximately 1 mo later. The same number of ticks serve as controls for each treatment group and receive the same exposure, but without the active ingredient. The candidate acaricides or IGR’s are usually tested as technical materials formulated as emulsifiable concentrates containing 25% active ingredient, 65% xylene, and 107, Triton X-100. If solubility is a problem, some compounds are formulated as 10 or 20% AI or diluted 1:1 v/v in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone before adding the Triton X-100 and xylene. All formulations are mixed with water immediately before treatment. Candidate compounds are routinely tested at 0.1, 0.01, 0.001% AI. Effectiveness is determined by comparing the estimated reproduction (ER) of each treated group with that of its control group.
Cattle, Lone Star Tick Animal Screen, 1982
Authors: Hunt L.M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Hereford yearling cattle that are artificially tick infested are treated with new insecticides found to be effective acaricides in-the acaricide screening tests. Hair from the cattle is removed from the back midline down the side so that an area about 0.1m on each side of the yearling is close clipped. Two stockinet sleeves (30 cm diameter) are glued to these areas with contact cement applied on 3 cm of the edges of the sleeves. Twenty hr after the sleeves are attached, 250 adult male and 250 adult female lone star ticks are placed in each sleeve. Five days later another sleeve 20 cm diameter) is placed on 1 hip and 20 h later 200 nymphal lone star ticks are placed in the sleeve. The following day (all ticks have now attached) sleeves are cut off leaving only the glued areas, and the cattle are whole-body sprayed. Eight liters/animal of the test compound, usually formulated as emulsifiable concentration (EC), is applied at 50 psi, with the spray nozzle approximately 38-40 cm from the sprayed surface. Tick infested animals used for controls receive the same treatments, but without the active ingredient. After spraying, the animals are tethered in the sun until dry and the sleeves replaced by gluing them on the previously glued areas. Individual engorged+female and/or detached dead tick are collected twice daily. The engorged females are weighed and held for oviposition at 26.5 ± 1°C and + 80% RH. Individual egg masses are weighed and percentage hatch estimated. Effectiveness of the treatment on adFlts is determined by comparing the estimated larvae (EL) of treated ticks with that of the control ticks.
Cypermethrin and Permethrin Ear Stips for Control of Lice on Beef Cattle, 1982
Authors: Lloyd J.E. , Kumar R. , Jones C.J. , Watson O.W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental cattle were heifer calves of mixed breeds, and originated in eastern WY. Experimental groups of 9 animals each were housed in separate pens at Torrington, WY. Insecticidal ear strips were suspended from standard, identification tags by means of plastic straps. Each strap was placed through a hole near the bottom of the ear tag and through a hole in the end of the ear strip. Cypermethrin 7% or permethrin 10% strips were placed on both ears of the experimental animals. All strips were installed on Nov 25, ‘8’, following pretreatment lice counts. Total numbers of lice were recorded in inspection areas which were one 15-cm hair part on the poll and three 15-cm hair parts on the head, brisket, neck, backline and rumptail head. Viability of lice was determined post treatment by microscopic examination of specimens.
Ectiban Permethrin and Fenvalerate Ear Tag Devises for Face Fly and Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle, 1981
Authors: Quisenberry Sharron , Strohbehn Daryl 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ectiban permethrin 0.9 g AI adhesive tape (1 tape/cow) and fenvalerate 5% AI ear tag (2 tags/cow) were evaluated for control of horn flies and face flies on mixed breed beef cattle herds in Story Co, IA. The 2 cow-calf herds were separately pastured. A third herd of 22 cows served as an untreated control. Ectiban permethrin tapes were applied on Jun 4 and again on Jul 31. Each wk between 9:00 am and 1:00 pm, flies were counted on 15 randomly selected cattle. Horn flies were counted on 1 side of the animal and face flies on the entire face.
Cattle, Face and Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle with Ectrin Ear Tags, 1980
Authors: Roberts James E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ectrin ear tags were attached to 2 herds of beef cattle at VPIASU, Blacksburg, VA. Each group consisted of 30 cows with calves. The cows in herd #1 were tagged in 1 ear on Jun 30 and those in herd #2 were tagged in 1 ear on Jul 28. A third untreated herd consisting of 28 mixed breed cows served as control. The herds were located at least 2 miles apart from each other. At weekly intervals 10 head were selected at random from each herd between 2-5 pm. Face flies were counted on the entire face and horn flies on both sides of each animal.
Evaluation of Wipes and Sprays Against Face Fly and Horn Fly on Horses, 1982
Authors: Hoilis J.H. , Knapp F.W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two ready-to-use 1% Permethrins (ICI, Ectiban Pour-on and Philips Roxanne, Rub-on), one 1.5% Permethrin, formulation (Burroughs Wellcome, Atroban) and a 1% water emulsion made from a 10% fenvalarate formulation (Diamond Shamrock Corp., DS 533459) were wiped on horses or sprayed onto the tails and manes of horses at 4 oz/horse. Varying numbers of horses were used for each treatment. Untreated horses and horses treated with a commercial standard Farnam’s Wi p V were used for comparison. Fly counts were made at a predetermined schedule of times until effective fly control has ended. Percent reductions were based on the zero hour counts, which were averaged from 3 pretreatment counts.
Relative Susceptibilities of Five Mosquito Species to Bacillus Thuringiensis Var. Israelensis, 1982
Authors: Hinkle N.C. , Mullen G.R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Susceptibilities of 5 species of mosquito larvae to Bacillus thurinqiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) were compared in the laboratory at termperatures from 5-30 C. Three commercial formulations of B.t.i. were tested: BACTIMOSlO.125 and 0.25 kg/ha), TEKNAR (0.5 and 1.0 pt/acre) and VECTOBAC (0.5 and 1.0 lb/acre). All tests were conducted in temperature chambers maintained at 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Polyvinyl test aquaria (diam = 15 cm, ht = 18 cm) were filled to a depth of 15 cm with aged tap water. Aquaria were placed in the test chambers at least 12 h prior to initiation of each test to assure equilibration of the water temperature. Twenty III-IV-instar larvae of a given species were placed in each aquarium and starved for 12 h prior to treatment. All tests were conducted in continuous light and applications were made between 8 and 10 am. Applications were made by pipetting the B.t.i. formulations onto the water surface and mortality counts were made 24 h post treatment. Each test was replicated 3 times and compared with an untreated check.
Effects of Amdro Fire Ant Insecticide Mound Treatments on Southern California Ants, 1982
Authors: Wagner Robert E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Acceptability of Amdro fire ant insecticide to 12 species of ants was determined in Sep at 3 elevations by mound applications. All Myrmicine species accepted bait to a greater or lesser degree and rate of colony kill was inversely related to speed of bait acceptance. Foragers from nests of P. californicus located at 3 different elevations did not accept bait as readily at the highest elevation as at the lower 2. Acceptance of bait appeared to be mitigated by the degree of satiation of the colonies. At 300 M elevation seeds of annuals and perennials were very scarce and bait was entirely removed into the nests within 1 h of application. At 900 M, P. californicus nested in an open sandy area adjacent to a stream course in a woodland canyon where L. occidentale was nesting in Torested sites. Seed availability at this elevation was poor at the time of treatment. At 1500 ‘R seed supplies were abundant and some bait particles remained on P. californicus nest discs after 1 wk. Nests of V. pergandei were located at ca 300 M elevation in uncultivated sandy areas and foragers avidly collected bait. Nests of S. maniosa treated were located at the same elevation, but in or adjacent to urban lawns and bait acceptance was considerably slower. Nests of F. pruinosum and T. sessile were also encounted in this habitat and foragers of these species shunned the bait entirely. Nests of P. rugosus were encountered at ca 600 M elevation in uncultivated foothill grassland and were large perennial colonies known to be 3 or more years of age at the time of treatment. The remaining 2 Myrmicine species V. andrei and V. chamberlini were found at 1500 M elevation in grassland areas also densely inhabited by P. californicus, C. bicolor, and C. insana. V. andrei was slow to accept bait but none remained on the nest mound after 2 wk. The rare species, V. chamberlini, readily accepted bait and even foraged bait which had been applied to P. californicus nests several meters away.
Control of Red Harvester Ant with Drenches, Granules, and Aerosols, 1982
Authors: Price Richard , King Ed , Pinkston Ken , Foltz Julie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Control of red harvester ants was evaluated in 2 separate tests. Test 1 was conducted along a roadside outside of Perkins, OK. Test ? was conducted at the OSU Agricultural Research Station near Perkins, OK. Treatments in both tests were randomized and replicated 10 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity and marked prior to the start of the tests. Treatments for Test 1 and 2 were made on Jun 9 and Jul 22, respectively. Mounds were checked for activity 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 wk after treatments. If 2 ants were observed per mound, the colony was recorded as active. On the 8th wk, all mounds were checked for activity by digging to a depth of 6 in beneath the mound. Treatments were applied over each nest opening which covered an area 4 ft in diameter. Drenches consisted of applying 1 gal from a garden sprinkler can and granules were evenly distributed over the surface of the mounds. In Test 2, Cessco aerosol treatments were made by dividing each mound into quadrants and making 1 injection per quadrant plus 1 center injection in the middle of the nests at an application rate of 4 or 8 sec per injection. Rainfall in the area of all tests was: Jun, 4.37 in; Jul, 1.98 in; and Aug, 1.38 in for a total of 7.73 in.
Apple, Insecticide Tests, 1982
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Darrell Eldridge M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied to Red Delicious trees with high SJS population densities in Tyro, VA. Two applications ca 1 week apart were directed against crawlers of first SJS generation. Spray dates were May 26 and Jun 2; the first application occurred within 24 hr of first crawler emergence. Each treatment was represented by 4 single-tree replicates in a completely randomized design. Unsprayed buffer trees were left between sprayed trees. Applications were made with a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer with handgun attachment. Scale populations were assessed by counting scale-infested fruit in a sample of 50 fruit/tree. Sampling was carried out on Jul 6 and Aug 31, after most crawlers of each generation had settled. Aphids were evaluated by counting aphid-infested shoots over a 3 min period on Jun 7.
Acaricide Screening for Control of Psoroptic Mites, 1982
Authors: Wright F.C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ear Canker mites, Psoroptes cuniculi (Delafond), taken fjjom the ears of domestic rabbits were used for these tests. About 20-25 mites (adults or nymphs) were put in ‘tea bags’ (6.3 cm2) made from heat-sealable rice paper. The acaricides were tested as technical materials usually formulated as emulsifiable concentrates (EC) containing 25% active ingredient, 65% xylene, and 10% Triton X-100, or as a company supplied emulsifiable concentrate. Because of solubility problems, some acaricides were formulated as EC’s in various mixtures of xylene, Triton X-100, l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, and ethanol. Three bags containing mites were dipped in each concentration of the acaricides for 30 sec and then allowed to dry at room temperature and ambient humidity. Mites that served as controls were dipped in dilute solvent and emulsifier at concentrations equivalent to those used in the acaricide emulsions. The bags were opened at 24 h post treatment, and the mites were observed with the aid of a dissecting microscope and scored as dead or alive. Mites scored as dead were immobile or had only feeble leg movement. Mites scored as alive were able to travel normally. The highest concentration of acaricide tested was 0.1%. If 100% kill was obtained at 0.1%, more dilute concentrations (0.01%, 0.001%, 0.0001%...) were tested until mortality was less than 100%.
Citrus Rust Mite Control (CRM), 1982
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Sorrell Robert W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots in both tests. Treatment trees were often directly adjacent in test 1 due to limited number of trees with sufficient fruit. In test 2, an unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a hand-gun at 200 psi on May 25-26 and at 250 psi on Jun 21-22 using a John Bean PC0200 sprayer (test 1) and at 250 psi on Jun 29 in test 2; ca 3 gal/tree was applied at each application in both tests. Water pH was 7.6 (test 1) and 7.0 (test 2). Triton B surfactant was added to the Gulf orchard spray at the rate of 1 oz/gal in test 2 only. The remaining oil formulations already contained surfactant. Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tcee at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as 1 observation.
Citrus Rust Mite Control (CRM), 1982
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Sorrell Robert W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a hand-gun at 400 psi (ca 15 gal/tree) using a truck-mounted sprayer on May 3 and Jul 2. Water pH of each tank mix was determined immediately prior to spraying using a Fisher digital 107 pH meter. Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as 1 observation.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of the Grape Phylloxera, 1982
Authors: Williams Roger N. , Fickle Oan , Werner James 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven treatments were evaluated for control of the grape phylloxera at Wooster, OH. Plots consisted of 2 adjacent grape vines, having 4 replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 8 ft within the row. Granular formulations (Temik and Furadan) were applied only once on Jun 3. Granules were incorporated into the soil 1.5 ft away from each side of the row. Granules were distributed uniformly in the bottom of a 2-inch furrow and covered with soil within 5 minutes. Soil moisture was good at time of application and granules were not watered-in. The rest of the treatments were applied on Jun 24 and Jul 12 as foliar sprays using a hand-operated CO, sprayer operated at 50 psi and equipped with a TeeJet 3D disc and No. 13 core. Sprays were applied to vines at the rate of 60 gal/acre. In sampling, 10 shoots were chosen at random from each plot, half from each side of the row. The number of galls was recorded from the 10 apical leaves on each of these shoots. Also shown are 1982 results of a survey made on May 25 of galls in previous year's phylloxera plots. (Initial results were reported I & A Tests 7:40; Report #49).
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1982
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on mature 'Stuart' pecan trees at the Louisiana State University Pecan Research and Extension Station, Shreveport, Louisiana. A randomized block design was used consisting of 3 blocks with 2 trees per treatment per block. Applications were made on Aug 6 with an FMC 957 speed sprayer delivering approximately 30 gal of material per tree. Sampling was conducted on Aug 9 and consisted of counting the aphids on 10 randomly selected compound leaves per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Black Aphid and Yellow Aphid Control on Pecans in Far West Texas, 1982
Authors: Stone J. D. , Fries J. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A pecan orchard located in the El Paso Lower Valley with trees evenly spaced 9.15 m apart was chosen for this test. Thirty trees of mixed variety were assigned 6 treatments (5 trees/treatment) in a completely randomized design. Foliar application was made on Sep 8 with a gasoline-powered backpack mist-sprayer (Vandermolen KWH 66). Each treated tree received a total of 3.78 1 solution making the rate of application 452.33 1/ha. Aphid counts (10 compound leaves/tree) were taken on 6 dates.
Evaluation of SN72129 for Control of Three Stored Product Insects, 1981
Authors: Faustini D. L. , Klein J. A. , Burkholder W. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
SN72129, a water soluble powder containing 50% AI, was applied to rolled oats and soft spring wheat by mixing an appropriate amount of insecticide with water (1.0 ml) which was sprayed evenly over the commodity with an air brush sprayer, and to whole wheat flour by mixing as the dry powder. Three replicates of each dosage were mixed thoroughly in 1-liter jars. Fifty young adults were placed in each jar: sawtoothed grain beetle (SGB) on oats, red flour beetle (RFB) on wheat flour, and rice weevil (RW) on wheat. The culture jars were maintained under controlled conditions: 27+2 C, 60_10%RH, 16:8 L:D photoperiod. The adults were removed after 7-10 days exposure to the treated commodity and mortality was assessed. The jars were incubated an additional 40 days to determine the effect on the number of progeny per female, assuming even sex distribution of initiating adults. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance.
Driedfruit Beetle, Bioassay to Determine the Efficacy of Selected Insecticides, 1981
Authors: Miller Karl V. , Williams Roger N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bioassays were conducted by dipping figs (Ficus carica 'Calimyrna') which had been reconstituted with water in insecticide suspensions. Dipped figs were allowed to air dry for 30 min and then a single fig was placed in a 0.5 pt canning jar. Twenty laboratory-reared driedfruit beetles (mixed age and sex) were added to each jar. The opening of the jar was covered with organdy cloth held in place with the canning ring. The control consisted of figs dipped in distilled water. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Containers were held at ca. 23 C and 50-70% RH under a 16-h photoperiod. Mortality was assessed 24 and 48 h after treatment.
Evaluation of Several Insecticides as Grain Protectants, 1980
Authors: Strong R. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Technical insecticide in acetone was used in all spray preparations. Freshly made stock solutions were diluted as necessary to contain the amounts of insecticide needed in 5 ml of spray for the desired deposits of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg/kg when applied to 500-g samples of a California hard red wintei; wheat containing approximately 10% moisture. Protectant spray was applied with a Binks "Wren" Air-Brush operated at 20 lb/in as it flowed from a laboratory filling hopper into a grain pan. After spraying, treated wheat was blended 5 min in a Twin Shell Blender, put into polyethylene bags, and left open overnight at room temperature. Then each 500-g lot of wheat was divided into 10 50-g subsamples, which were placed in 4-oz jars. Duplicate subsamples infested with 50 adults of each species of test insects reared on appropriate media in cultures maintained at 26.7 C and 50-60% RH represented 1 treatment replicate; treatments were replicated 3 times in all tests, and unsprayed wheat served as control standards for comparison. Infested wheat samples were held at 26.7 C and 50-60% RH until mortalities were recorded 5 days after initial infestation with sawtoothed grain beetles and 7 days after exposure of treated wheat to other species.