bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community of Inquiry
Authors: Nishiyama Kei 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the ‘Community of Inquiry’, (CoI) as a form of deliberative group interview. Pioneered by pragmatist philosophers such as John Dewey, CoI enables reflective knowledge-construction in a group setting. When applied as a deliberative interview method, CoI requires participants to share their views and experiences about the issue at stake, exchange reasons, question taken-for-granted assumptions, and listen to different views. During this process, CoI participants act both as interviewers and interviewees. This enables them to examine their experience carefully and reflectively and serves to minimize potential power imbalances between them. This chapter draws on the example of CoI practised with teenagers in Japan and elaborates on the ways CoI can contribute to interpretive deliberative research. Research process involving CoI includes: (i) set up, (ii) topic and question selection, (iii) instruction, (iv) deliberation and facilitation, and (v) wrap-up and analysis.
Italy
Authors: Marrone Alessandro 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe chapter analyses Italy’s policy within NATO, its characteristics, priorities, strengths, and weaknesses. It explains why NATO has always been central to Italy’s security and defence policy and this despite the frequent turnover in the country’s governments. On the one hand, Rome believes in the idea of an international liberal order which is cooperative, multilateral, and rules-based, and NATO comes as a pillar of such order. On the other hand, narrowly defined national interests are better pursued through this framework than through bilateral relations with stronger interlocutors like the United States. The chapter also argues that Italy has constantly sought a greater NATO commitment to the ‘wider Mediterranean’ region through crisis management operations and partnerships. Italy has obtained some results in this regard, including the establishment of the Strategic Direction South ‘Hub’ in Naples, yet the overall weak attention of the Alliance to its Southern flank has generated frustration among Italian elites. This notwithstanding, the chapter shows Italy’s record of constant presence in NATO operations, thus presenting itself as a security provider within the Alliance. The Italian presence in Afghanistan has been particularly significant, but Italy has also been much involved in Kosovo and in Iraq. Looking forward, Italy is likely to continue to engage with and within NATO, in accordance with the evolution of the threat environment and the US posture, while pursuing its traditional priorities, including NATO–EU cooperation.
Walking from Dandi
Authors: Siganporia Harmony 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In February 2019, Harmony Siganporia walked from Dandi to Ahmedabad, retracing the route of Gandhi’s Salt March in reverse. She walked this route of just under 400 kilometres over 25 days, much as Gandhi and the original band of Marchers did in 1930. The ‘Dandi Path’ is the setting against which she explores the story of modern Gujarat, tracing the contours of the State’s seismic shift towards espousing the narrative of vikas, abandoning in the process the possibility of a quest for swaraj. Gujarat has been described as the laboratory of Hindutva, and this book is an effort to explore this theme, even as it attempts to unearth whether there remain any contesting epistemes to it; memories of the region’s prior avatar as the setting against which Gandhi put into practice his experiments with truth, non-violent civil disobedience, and satyagraha. This project investigates what—if anything—remains of the Salt March in Gujarat’s cultural memory, while also attempting to fill out the contours of the ‘single story’ of vikas with which the State has become so closely associated.
Aslali-Ahmedabad
Authors: Siganporia Harmony 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This section pertains to the end of the journey, with the walkers arriving in Ahmedabad, at Gandhi’s Satyagraha Ashram along the banks of the Sabarmati River, after 25 days on the road. The walk may well be walked, but it keeps walking its walkers. The Conclusion which follows this description of the last day on the Dandi Path muses about the role of the ashram in Gandhi’s life and scheme of things, asserting that it was more space than place; more about the community that cohered around Gandhi than about the physical location it was grounded in; more about the experiments—individual and collective—that were the markers of aforesaid community than about them merely living a prescriptive existence premised on the famous Ashramic vows.
Wittgenstein, Tolstoy, and the ‘Apocalyptic View’
Authors: Lovibond Sabina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Some aspects of Wittgenstein’s thought, especially on modernity and on the condition of Europe after 1945, are considered in the light of a remark he makes about the ‘apocalyptic’ view of the world. The influence of Tolstoy on Wittgenstein—already apparent in the closing pages of the Tractatus, but not limited to that early work—is discussed and elaborated with reference to the idea of a ‘form of life’ as a locus of order, and also to that of ‘exceptionality’ in an unfolding course of events; the latter sets up a connection with the ‘apocalyptic’ theme. This imaginative backdrop remains visible in Wittgenstein’s later philosophy, which draws upon it to perhaps unexpected effect in achieving a dialectical balance between the motifs of order and breakdown.
Between Tradition and Criticism
Authors: Lovibond Sabina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This essay considers how the ‘authority of tradition’ can be viewed as an intellectually enabling (not just authoritarian) principle, invoking for this purpose a ‘naturalism of second nature’ in which rational capacities are understood as embedded in a quasi-Wittgensteinian ‘form of life’; and hence, as grounded ultimately in a certain contingent like-mindedness which exceeds what we can make explicit (or ‘codify’). However, we need to enquire further into what is meant by ‘codification’. It is argued that the kind of authority which does genuinely inhere in cultural tradition will prove not to be at variance with the demands of independent or critical thought, and that recognition of the real social possibility of such thought—where that possibility exists—is in fact required by Wittgenstein’s (metaphysical) quietism.
The Varieties of Attention
Authors: Lovibond Sabina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This essay interrogates Iris Murdoch’s call for a ‘new vocabulary of attention’ and her appeal, in that context, to the thought of Simone Weil. In Murdoch’s early literary essays, the novel—at its best—figures as an encounter with the unsurveyable (‘sublime’) plurality of human character and situation. Meanwhile, Weil’s own work offers the idea of attention as annihilation of the ego: ‘Absolutely unmixed attention is prayer.’ But here a certain mismatch is noticeable between the novelist’s powers of attention (and the reader’s pleasure in imaginative engagement with fiction), and on the other hand the Weilian ideal of self-abnegation. The difficulty this poses for Murdoch’s Platonism is the central theme of The Fire and the Sun, which the present essay discusses in connection with some relevant evidence from her novels.
Vulnerable and Invulnerable
Authors: Lovibond Sabina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In her most recent work, Pamela Sue Anderson engages with the facts of ‘mutual vulnerability’ and ‘precarious life’, whether at a practical level or in philosophical argument. The essay considers this topic in relation to the tradition we inherit from Plato, and to ‘dialectics’ in the specialized, Platonic sense of truth-directed conversation. It suggests that there are these two sides to the classic dialectical encounter: aporia, as exemplified by the sceptical and quasi-sacrificial figure of Socrates; but also the (equally Socratic) ambition to escape from aporia, to be no longer at a loss. With the latter point in view, Anderson’s theme of intellectual precarity returns us to the institutional critique of philosophy, and to the lived experience of vulnerability about which some practitioners of the subject know so much more than others.
Philosophy, Literature, Politics
Authors: Lovibond Sabina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Richard Rorty wishes philosophy to turn away from traditional epistemological ideals of reason, truth, and objectivity and devote itself instead to ‘continuing the conversation of the West’. He celebrates the achievements of ‘abnormal’ philosophical discourse, represented for example by Heidegger and (the later) Wittgenstein. The Oxford philosopher R. G. Collingwood is an exact contemporary of the two thinkers just mentioned and shares Rorty’s contrarian and historicist attitude, as well as his interest in the status of philosophy as a branch of literature. On the other hand, Collingwood looks like a clear case of allegiance to the teleological and rationalist values which Rorty challenges. This essay explores some worrying implications—for political engagement as well as for pure theory—of replacing the rationalist conception of philosophy with a Rorty-style successor that would no longer conceive of itself as engaged in (truth-orientated) ‘enquiry’.
Reading Summer in Summer 2020
Authors: Davies Ben , Lupton Christina , Gormsen Schmidt Johanne 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 zooms in on Ali Smith’s 2020 novel Summer, a fiction published in that very specific season it describes. This provides an opportunity to explore the way readers connected that first summer of the pandemic to the consumption of new novels, as well as to ask more theoretically whether a novel can anticipate its own reception. Not only were there synchronic differences between people’s pandemic experiences, but there were also differences diachronically across the period of the pandemic. It is with this latter complication in mind that this chapter turns to one season which does seem to have solicited a sense of agreement amongst readers, if only as an idea: that of Summer 2020. Many accounts of reading gathered converge on the sense that it was then that there was (or that there seems in hindsight to have been) more time for books. The first summer of the pandemic was marked in readers’ minds as providing spaces and times almost mythically hospitable to the novel. Turning to a second order problem that this sense of agreement about summer reading generates, however, the chapter argues that the experience of real readers shows that works cannot completely locate themselves in time, however much they wish to speak to a particular historical moment.
Questions
Authors: Dixon R. M. W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe Jalnguy (‘mother-in-law’) avoidance style has different form for each lexical unit but grammatical affixes and words are the same. This principle shows that interrogative content words fall into two classes: (a) lexical interrogatives which are different in Jalnguy; these include ‘what’, ‘how many’, and ‘when’, interrogative verbs ‘do what’ and ‘do how’ and (b) grammatical interrogatives which are the same in Jalnguy: ‘who’ and ‘where’. There is detailed discussion and exemplification for each interrogative content word. Of especial note are the intransitive and transitive question verbs ‘do what’ and ‘do how’; these show similar structure and faction to the pair of demonstrative verbs ‘do like this’ and are discussed in conjunction with them. Polar questions may be marked by a second position enclitic =ma, or just by intonation. The chapter closes with speculation about past diachronic changes.
The apprehensive suffix
Authors: Dixon R. M. W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLike most other Australian languages, Dyirbal has both nominal and verbal means of drawing attention to something which may have negative consequences. The aversive case on nominals was described in chapter 3; for example ‘You’d better hide policeman-aversive’ (‘for fear of the policeman’).The present chapter deals with the apprehensive suffix to verbs. A verb marked as apprehensive is normally used in the second clause of a two-clause coordination and refers to something which may happen and would be unwelcome. For example, ‘Don’t go there the policeman see-apprehensive you’ (‘lest the policeman see you’). The apprehensive suffix appears at first sight to be an inflection. However, it can be followed by dative case; it behaves as something of a hybrid, part way between an inflection and a nominalisation.
Vladimir Nabokov’s Unbearable Intimacy
Authors: Battersby Doug 
Published: November 2022

AbstractChapter 1 considers Vladimir Nabokov’s fiction in light of his own understanding of the history of the novel form, highlighting the importance he places on the technical innovations of Gustave Flaubert, Leo Tolstoy, Marcel Proust, and James Joyce. Though Nabokov regarded Ulysses (1922) as the definitive modernist novel, he also criticized its use of stream of consciousness narration, firstly for presenting thoughts and feelings as more linguistic than they ‘really’ are, and secondly for presupposing an objective perspective from which a character’s experience might be neutrally ‘recorded’. This suspicion of modernist narration’s putative affectation of objectivity is apparent in Nabokov’s own derangements of interior monologue and free indirect narration in Ada or Ardor (1969), his most formally ambitious and ethically provocative novel. Other critics have approached Ada as a dramatization of the processes by which the mind gradually comes to know the world in ever more detail. By contrast, a more formally attentive and affectively attuned close reading demonstrates that its experiential descriptions are so saturated with particularities of emotion, fantasy, and desire as to be irreconcilable with conceptually consistent epistemological accounts of this kind. The chapter concludes by assessing Nabokov’s contribution to late modernism and elaborating on the implications of a revised understanding of the philosophical charge of Nabokov’s aesthetics for ethical readings of his fiction, suggesting that his perversion of Flaubertian and Joycean techniques recalibrates the assumption, often propagated by modernist forms, of the inherent virtue of being intimate with another person’s thoughts, feelings, and desires.
John Banville’s Performance of Passion
Authors: Battersby Doug 
Published: November 2022

AbstractChapter 4 argues that John Banville’s contribution to late modernism resides in his playful exploitation of the modes of reading and interpretation taught to readers of postwar fiction by modernism’s signature techniques, encouraging us to see in every inflection of style a potential revelation of concealed feeling or desire. His lamentation that postwar novelists have followed Samuel Beckett into experimentalism notwithstanding, Banville’s understanding of the history of the novel is archetypally late modernist—like Vladimir Nabokov, for instance, he venerates Ulysses (1922) whilst expressing doubts about the verisimilitude of its interior monologues. No less late modernist is Banville’s preoccupation with the representability of affective experience, the elusiveness of the past, and the performative inauthenticity of the self. What is distinctive, this chapter suggests, is the characteristically equivocal tone of his narrations, which so often leave us uncertain if emotion is being sincerely expressed or archly performed at our expense. This tonal balancing act is most brilliantly executed in Ancient Light (2012), a novel in which the narrator’s grief for his dead daughter troublingly mingles with recollections of a teenage affair with his best friend’s mother, and where evocations of loss always threaten to metamorphose into the burlesque. The chapter concludes with the suggestion that, because of their eschewal of experimentalism, Banville’s exquisitely crafted novels ultimately lack the paradigmatic force of Nabokov’s or Beckett’s and seem unlikely to catalyse new formal innovations in the twenty-first century—unlike those of his contemporary, J. M. Coetzee, the subject of the next chapter.
Conclusion
Authors: Battersby Doug 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe conclusion highlights how Troubling Late Modernism recalibrates our understanding of modernist narrative techniques, showing them to be far more ethically fraught than other historians of postwar modernism, who have celebrated their ethical or political efficacy, have supposed. This analysis of the darker emotive uses of modernist aesthetics might be extended in future work either by exploring high modernist writers’ own hesitations about the affective power of the techniques they developed or by appraising whether the use of those techniques in more conventionally realist contemporary fiction amounts to a domestication of their most troubling qualities. The conclusion also elaborates on the wider contribution of the book’s engagement with debates about method, emphasizing how a more experiential approach to close reading reveals Vladimir Nabokov, Samuel Beckett, Toni Morrison, John Banville, J. M. Coetzee, and Eimear McBride to be more philosophically challenging writers than the ubiquitous epistemological accounts of their fiction would have us believe. After reflecting on the book’s contribution to affect studies, the conclusion closes with the suggestion that its greater advocacy is ultimately for a more aesthetically generous and pragmatic approach to critical method, capable of reorienting criticism of modernist fiction towards what matters most—the experience of reading such troublingly compelling prose.
Homer in Wittenberg
Authors: Weaver William P. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Homer in Wittenberg draws on manuscript and printed materials to demonstrate Homer’s foundational significance for educational and theological reform during the Reformation in Wittenberg. The first study of Melanchthon’s Homer annotations from three different periods spanning his career, and the first book-length study of his reading of a classical author, it offers a new perspective on the liberal arts of grammar, logic, and rhetoric, and textual authority in the Renaissance and Reformation. Melanchthon’s significance in the teaching of the liberal arts has long been recognized, but Homer’s prominent place in his educational reforms is not widely known. Homer was instrumental in Melanchthon’s attempt to transform the university curriculum, and his reforms of the liberal arts are clarified by his engagements with Homeric speech, a subject of interest in recent Homer scholarship. Beginning with his Greek grammar published just as he arrived in Wittenberg in 1518, and proceeding through his 1547 work on dialectic, Homer in Wittenberg shows that teaching Homer decisively shaped Melanchthon’s redesign of grammar, logic, and rhetoric. Melanchthon embarked on reforming the liberal arts with the ultimate objective of reforming theological education. His teaching of Homer illustrates the philosophical principles behind his use of well-known theological terms, including sola scriptura, law and gospel, and loci communes. Homer’s significance extended even to a practical theology of prayer, and Wittenberg scholia on Homer from the 1550s illustrate how the Homeric poem could be used to exercise faith as well as literary judgment and eloquence.
Introduction
Authors: Weaver William P. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Philip Melanchthon’s use of the label “the Homeric poem” to describe the Iliad and Odyssey occasions this study of reception. The introductory chapter outlines the major themes of the book. First, Melanchthon’s teaching of Homer uniquely illustrates his influential theory of rhetoric or “speech rhetoric.” Second, Melanchthon and his colleagues developed an ancient tradition of exegetical scholarship. Finally, reading Homer was integral to theological instruction at the University of Wittenberg, especially in matters of practical theology. The unity of the Homeric poem is not a literary or formal unity, but a prudential unity, realized in acts of reading that include comparison, recollection, translation, paraphrase, and ultimately imitation.
Homeric Prudence
Authors: Weaver William P. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Student notes from Melanchthon’s 1523 lectures on the Iliad illustrate his central aim in teaching Homer: to train students in literary and moral judgment, and to make them competent to enter government service and the ministry. Eloquence and its “shadow” prudence (probity of literary and moral judgment) were the main objectives of reading Homer. In Erasmus’s Adages and Macrobius’s Saturnalia, Melanchthon found models of literary scholarship that could counter scholastic modes of inquiry and textual commentary. Adages or proverbs and topics of invention drawn from rhetoric and dialectic were instrumental in training for practical wisdom and eloquence.
Epilogue
Authors: Weaver William P. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
It required faith to read the Homeric poem in Wittenberg—not necessarily Christian faith, or even faith in God, but a certain faith in the text. In some verses written for private audiences, Philip Melanchthon gave expression to his faith in the Homeric poem as well as the Christian God. George Herbert’s poem “The H. Scriptures 2” describes a similar faith and may reflect a distant legacy of Melanchthon’s reading of Homer. Melanchthon drew on Homer and Homer scholarship to transform public oratory as well as reading practices in the Reformation. Declamations from the last two decades of Melanchthon’s life suggest a Homeric influence on prayers offered up in the academic assembly.
Telling America's Story to the World
Authors: Stecopoulos Harilaos 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Telling America’s Story to the World argues that state and state-affiliated cultural diplomacy contributed to the making of postwar US literature. Highlighting the role of liberal internationalism in US cultural outreach, I contend that the state mainly sent authors like Ralph Ellison, Robert Lowell, William Faulkner, Langston Hughes, and Maxine Hong Kingston overseas not just to demonstrate the achievements of US civilization but also to broadcast an American commitment to global intercultural connection. Those writers-cum-ambassadors may not have helped the state achieve its propaganda goals—indeed, this rarely proved the case—but they did find their assignments an opportunity to ponder the international meanings of US literature. For many of those figures, courting foreign publics inspired a reevaluation of the scope and form of their own literary projects. Testifying to the inadvertent yet integral role of cultural diplomacy in the worlding of US letters, works like The Mansion (1959), Life Studies (1959), “Cultural Exchange” (1961, 1967), Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book (1989), and Three Days Before the Shooting… (2010) reimagine the literary in a mobile, global, and distinctly political register.
The Good Neighbor Theory of American Literature
Authors: Stecopoulos Harilaos 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Drawing on long-ignored essays, poems, and radio plays, this chapter demonstrates that the eminent writer and administrator Archibald MacLeish articulated a complex, if often disappointing critique of US power during the early to mid-1940s. I argue that MacLeish sought to resist US jingoism by locating in hemispheric American texts of first contact the source of a new internationalism. A Western humanist, MacLeish did not fully acknowledge the racist violence endemic to European imperialism and colonialism in the Americas, but he did at times define early American literature as a valuable record of intercultural conflict and communication. The bulk of the chapter is devoted to analyses of MacLeish’s controversial essay “The Irresponsibles” (1940) and his multi-lingual radio series The American Story (1944). The chapter ends by connecting these works to MacLeish’s framing of the United Nations as a `new world’ of internationalist possibility in a 1945 speech for Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr.