bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coda “A Pulpit in my Mind”
Authors: Prakas Tessie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Poetic Priesthood ends with a coda on Thomas Traherne, who died in the same year as Milton, but whose personal and literary trajectory did not obviously resemble his. Traherne embraced the public responsibilities of ministerial vocation and remarked on them in both prose and verse. Yet perhaps most extensively of the poets in this study, Traherne also describes communion with the divine as an individual experience, one best achieved in “retirement” rather than in company with other mortals. In a reading of “Dumnesse,” the coda examines how Traherne uses the form of the catalogue to locate that retirement in verse.
Probabilities, Indicatives, and Relevance
Authors: Berto Francesco , Özgün Aybüke 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter combines topic-sensitivity and probabilities to provide an account of the acceptability conditions of (simple) indicative conditionals, i.e. indicatives with no further indicatives embedded in the antecedent or consequent. The account is in the spirit of the so-called Adams’ Thesis, in that the acceptability of a simple indicative is tied to the corresponding conditional probability; and in line with the Ramsey Test, whereby we assess conditionals by evaluating the consequent on the supposition of the antecedent. But it fixes the empirical and theoretical shortcomings of Adams’ Thesis by adding a relevance constraint for acceptability, where relevance is understood, again, as topic-sensitivity: we accept a simple indicative ‘If φ, then ψ’ to the extent that p(ψ|φ), the conditional probability of ψ given φ, is high, provided ψ is fully on-topic with respect to the topic of φ, plus that of background assumptions which matter for getting the consequent. The chapter presents a probabilistic logic for simple indicatives in terms of Popper functions, arguing that its (in)validities are both plausible and in line with empirical results on how people reason with conditionals.
Why Simulate Roman Economies?
Authors: Brughmans Tom 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter explores the question of why a book on the topic of simulating Roman economies is needed at all. It aims to provide the common ground that simulation studies of the Roman economy need in order to contribute constructively to our understanding of this complex past phenomenon. It does this by describing and supporting seven claims, illustrated by using the chapters of this book as examples. Claim 1: formal modelling and computational simulation are necessary techniques for explicitly representing (aspects of) our complicated theories, and for testing them against historical and archaeological evidence. Claim 2: complex systems simulation is the only suitable approach for identifying emergent properties in complex systems. Claim 3: the Roman economy was a highly complex system. Theories describing this system are necessarily extremely complicated. Claim 4: building complicated models is a step-by-step cumulative process, where simplification is key. Claim 5: simulation should be integrated as one of our tools of the trade. This is an addition to and enrichment of current practice; it is not in conflict with current practice. Claim 6: there are many different and competing views on the nature of the Roman economy. Simulation studies will enhance constructive multivocality of these theoretical debates. Claim 7: good simulation studies of the Roman economy necessarily rely on collaboration across specialisms (where simulation is a specialism in the same way as ceramology or osteology). Encouraging this means integrating the basics of simulation approaches into education in classical studies.
Simulating Roman Maritime Trade
Authors: Warnking Pascal 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To determine ancient shipping routes and travel times, a specialized navigation software program was used to simulate ancient voyages. Originally aimed solely at allowing a better understanding of the business model of a Roman trader in the first century ad by making a reliable estimate of the travel time on the main trading routes, this new method makes a contribution to a number of related debates, such as providing new aspects on the actual routes taken, the sailing capabilities of Roman merchantmen and the explanation of the shipping rates in Diocletian’s Edict on Maximum Prices. The computer permits simulating the complex interaction of a Roman sailing boat with the dynamic weather systems it encountered on its route and calculates the route under real weather conditions by virtually simulating a journey. The results obtained through this formal modelling and computational simulation, and further work on the technical sophistication of the model by adding more performance data from reconstructed ships and more ship types, such as warships, allow us to address a wider range of research questions, even beyond the Roman economy. Shipping shaped antiquity. The better we understand shipping, the better we understand antiquity. The method presented in this paper contributes to that goal.
The Antonine Plague
Authors: Vlach Marek 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Since the beginning of discussions about the ‘third-century crisis’, the famous epidemic called the Antonine Plague has often been argued to be a key causal factor. During the crisis period, different segments and regions of the Roman world underwent various forms of turmoil (social unrest and uprising, economic problems, political instability, etc.) or external incursions (warfare, barbarian raids). Our current knowledge of the period suggests considerable ranges of the estimated death toll of the epidemic. The main intention of this chapter is to test the plausibility of these different estimated impacts on the basis of emulative digital modelling and simulation. A geographically explicit context, with a cellular framework, represents a workspace for spatio-temporal quantitative simulations to test various scenarios. Model input data include a reconstructed distribution of population density, infrastructural density, historical clinical data on the disease, and other factors. The vital part of simulation dynamics is defined through epidemiology mathematics (a compartment model with dynamics driven by differential equations). Coping with a large array of input variables, which are known only to a limited extent, has constrained our ability to test scenarios for assessing possible quantitative and spatial aspects of the epidemic impact within the demographic structures of the Roman Empire. Nevertheless, on the basis of simulation results it was possible to put the general plausibility of some existing estimates into a new perspective.
Settlement Scale and Economic Networks in the Roman Empire
Authors: Hanson J. W. , Brughmans Tom 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The demand created by city populations for food, water, building materials, fuel, and other commodities must have had a tremendous impact on their immediate surroundings and the functioning of the Roman economy. But what effect did the population sizes of settlements have on trade, the flow of economic information, and the degree of economic integration in the Roman Empire? This chapter explores this question from the perspective of settlement scaling theory using computational modelling, which is made possible thanks to two important recent developments: (1) the development of sophisticated computational models for how the attributes of settlements change as the numbers of individuals who reside in them increase, and (2) the development of credible estimates of the numbers of residents in settlements for the Roman world in the imperial period, including the Eastern Mediterranean. By using simulation to test a wide range of hypothetical scenarios against archaeologically observed tableware distribution patterns, we are able to propose a new viable theory for tableware trade in the Roman East for this period. This consists of two elements: (1) commercial actors and businesses active in the tableware trade followed a sublinear scaling relationship known from commercial sectors such as transportation, warehousing, and retail, confirming our impression that traders were more akin to middlemen; and (2) a tableware production capacity reflective of the population size of a major urban centre was a crucial factor determining the shape of the tableware’s inter-regional distribution.
Copying of Economic Strategies in Eastern Mediterranean Inter-regional Tableware Trade
Authors: Carrignon Simon , Brughmans Tom , Romanowska Iza 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ceramic tableware evidence from the Roman East reveals clear evidence of influence of tablewares on each other (through distributions, stamps, and morphologies), suggestive of a competitive market. In this chapter we evaluate the plausibility of a theory describing this influence and possible competition: did tableware traders have limited or abundant access to each other’s tableware buying strategies, and did they use this information to their advantage by letting it guide their own commercial strategies? To explore whether this is a viable theory, we formulate three hypotheses using an agent-based model (H1, no access to economic information and individual learning; H2, limited access and unbiased learning; H3, complete access and success-biased learning) and statistically compare their simulation results to the archaeological data using approximate Bayesian computation. The individual modification of tableware traders’ buying strategies without access to others’ economic information is revealed as the most plausible hypothesis (H1), whilst copying the most successful trader’s buying strategy enabled through complete access to all traders’ buying strategies was the least plausible hypothesis (H3). Although these results confirm the need for inter-regional tableware traders to innovate their buying strategies individually, they firmly reject the idea that this innovation was driven by copying from other traders or having access to others’ strategies. We discuss how this result is complementary with previous work that did not conceptualize wares as distinct products and showed the need for access to information about supply and demand at markets (rather than about traders’ strategies). We believe this important insight lends further support to theories of product differentiation and producer-level mechanisms.
A Model of Grain Production and Trade for the Roman World
Authors: Dermody Brian J. , Chiu-Smit Alexander , van Beek Rens (L. P. H.) 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Agriculture was the dominant sector of the Roman economy, with grain being the main source of calories for most of the population. In order to sustain growing urbanization and its armies, Rome maintained a stable grain supply in two principal ways: an impressive trade network, and agricultural intensification through rainfed and irrigated cultivation. Using a purpose-built Grain Production and Trade Model of the Roman World, we demonstrate how formal modelling approaches can be applied to examine the interplay between modes of agricultural production, interannual climate variability, and trade networks. This chapter argues that stable irrigated agricultural output, regional grain surpluses, and effective grain trade within and between provinces facilitated the empire?s resilience to interannual climate variability and were crucial for facilitating the high levels of urbanization during the early imperial period.
Modelling the Basics of Roman Demography
Authors: Verhagen Philip 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, an introduction is given to palaeodemographic simulation modelling and its application to Roman archaeology. This is illustrated by the case study of the Dutch limes region. It is often assumed that this area could not provide the number of recruits demanded by the Roman army when compared to the available evidence for settlement numbers and sizes. Simulation models based on modern and palaeodemographic data and assumptions on mortality and fertility were set up in NetLogo to test hypotheses on the effects of recruitment on population growth. If it is assumed that soldiers were not allowed to have families, the models show that recruitment of soldiers can have strong negative effects on population size in the longer run. The models were then extended to better understand the effect of marriage strategies and mortality crises such as epidemics on population dynamics. From this, it became clear that the population could have applied various strategies to influence population growth. Also, mortality crises will only seriously curb population growth when they occur frequently. These models, while relatively simple to construct and analyse, are useful to experiment with different socio-cultural, biological, and environmental factors, and can be easily transferred to different settings. We thus see a large potential for this and similar models to be used as heuristic tools that can help to understand the development of population characteristics through time and to assess the importance of the different factors contributing to population growth and decline.
Positioning Computational Modelling in Roman Studies
Authors: Wilson Andrew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This final discussion chapter attempts to set out a way forward for the use of computational models in studies of the Roman economy, and more widely. In 2016 Greg Woolf correctly identified a lack of useful datasets for Social Network Analysis (SNA) as one of the limitations of that field. But for modelling the Roman economy, many more datasets are available than for SNA, and recent years have seen an increase in their numbers and comprehensiveness. This trend will only be helped by the Open Access movement, by moves towards Open Archaeology Data, and by the development of Linked Open Data protocols which allow cross-searching across multiple databases from different sources. Model libraries are available not only to enable researchers to test other modellers’ claims but also to encourage model re-use, improvement, adaptation, and extension. Computing power, accessible software, a growing array of datasets, and model libraries all combine to lower the barriers to getting into this kind of research. Computational modelling of important aspects of the Roman economy is already possible, as the chapters in this volume show, and the field offers a powerful set of tools to analyse an array of variables with a bearing on questions of movement, distribution, connectivity, production, trade, coin circulation, etc. The purpose of the discussion here is not to attempt to summarize the findings of earlier chapters but to sketch some avenues for how some of these questions might be pursued further, especially under the headings of: agriculture; transport, distribution, connectivity, and trade; demography; and epidemiology. A review of useful source datasets is given, together with a discussion of desiderata.
Mind Reading
Authors: Stolte Tyson 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter traces Charles Dickens’s development of the introspective mode as a means to insist on the immateriality of the mind in two early novels, Nicholas Nickleby and Martin Chuzzlewit. In the first chapters of Nicholas Nickleby, Dickens frequently has his omniscient narrator narrate the thoughts of characters in the language of a dualist psychology. The novel is also explicitly dismissive of physiognomy, the idea that the body might serve as an index to the mind, yet Dickens’s characterization seems dependent on key tenets of that body of thought, such as its alignment of beauty and virtue. In Ralph Nickleby’s last moments, however, Dickens moves more definitively away from the outward depiction of consciousness and toward something approaching an introspective perspective. This shift toward introspection continues in Martin Chuzzlewit: Dickens offers a more skeptical assessment of the potential legibility of the body in that novel, eliding the distinction between physiognomy and phrenology and constructing the latter as a distinctly American belief, in line with the other expressions of materialism that so troubled Dickens in the United States. In an effort to cordon off mind from the (potentially legible) body, Martin Chuzzlewit ends with its own extended introspective representation of a character’s interiority, that of the murderer Jonas Chuzzlewit. But Dickens’s depiction of Jonas’s beastliness presents its own problems for a dualist psychology, seeming to erode the essential distinction between humans and animals on which such a psychology insisted.
“An Earthy Flavor Throughout”
Authors: Stolte Tyson 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter traces Dickens’s engagement in The Mystery of Edwin Drood with the nineteenth-century psychological concept of double consciousness, a condition in which individuals seemed to possess two discrete mental lives. According to John Forster, the novel was to conclude with the enigmatic John Jasper’s relation of the murder of his nephew “as if, not he the culprit, but some other man, were the tempted”; Jasper, in other words, was apparently to be plagued by a psychic split that would render introspection largely useless as a means to know the mind. But this chapter suggests that the novel finally seeks to dismiss the notion that Jasper’s mind is so rigidly divided, precisely because of the way double consciousness had been explained by 1870 through both the double brain theory—thereby offering the condition as evidence of the physiological basis of mind—and through theories of reflex thought that narrowed the bounds of consciousness and called into question the agency that might be exerted through any such immaterial entity as the will. Such material explanations of double consciousness, this chapter suggests, equally shed light on the efforts of physical theorists to redefine “soul” so that the word became no more than a synonym for consciousness. But because of Drood’s unfinished state, Dickens’s position in relation to psycho-physiology in this novel is never made entirely clear to most readers, and the concept of double consciousness consequently only imports into the novel the various physical meanings that Dickens sought to refute.
Type and Individual
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter traces the origins of Pater’s oscillation between the specific and the generic in the period from 1864 to 1878, comparing his portraits to Francis Galton’s composite portraits. Both Galton and Pater were interested in the transferral of mental images onto material form. The emergence of Pater’s portraits alongside the birth of psychoanalysis and Galton’s experiments with memory and composite portraiture needs addressing. Slicing out a brief moment of people’s lives, photography freezes youth in art, as do the imaginary portraits. In his ‘Diaphaneitè’ essay (1864) Pater began his pursuit of the ideal type, devoid of physicality, a person without narrative or background. Pater’s Leonardo essay (1869) is discussed as a case study of one such transparent hero, displaying a transparency of vision, mind, and technique. Leonardo’s concern with optics and mirrors casts a long shadow through Pater to Freud and Galton: the mediated self, concerned with androgyny, male procreation, and splittings into recognizable types became a mark of modernity. As constructed images intended to correspond to an abstract mental image of different human types, Galton’s composite portraits challenged contemporary conceptions of photography as mimetic. Galton saw the composites as a mental image made manifest in physical form, emanations on the photographic glass plate of types stored in the mind of someone with particular visionary powers. Like Pater, he was challenging conventional notions of likeness, while aiming at an elusive type, at a face representing ‘no man in particular’.
Advertising and Art
Authors: Rosenberg Anat 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the hoarding—the advertising surface for posters. Towards the mid-nineteenth century, billposting companies started to create new property rights in space by renting or buying display surfaces. They quickly learned that their rights required an aesthetic justification, because the mass exhibition of images in the public sphere attracted criticism. The heated debate that followed drew a polyphony of voices: the National Society for Checking the Abuses of Public Advertising (SCAPA), state and local lawmakers, citizens, and the organized billposting trade. Participants used a variety of legal powers and concepts to address the boundaries between economic and aesthetic categories: advertising and art, capital and beauty, commerce and culture, revealing another facet of the role of law in boundary work. The advertising industry resorted to private law practices to monopolize spaces while claiming to introduce rational aesthetics to the public sphere. Its success only accentuated the sense of threat to art. As the industry’s private law efforts reached a cultural height in the 1890s, known as the golden age of the poster, critics of advertising promoted licensing regimes through public laws. Bound by the earlier achievements of the industry itself, public laws privileged the hoarding over competing advertising forms. However, they also established it as aesthetically inferior in relation to ideals of beauty, which were characterized by being detached from commerce. The aesthetic hierarchy created in this process was driven by anxieties about the power of print images. Yet, it adopted a rationalist approach that did not conceptualize images’ enchanting powers, nor even the limited question of visual persuasion.
Advertising and Science
Authors: Rosenberg Anat 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the relationship between advertising and science in the historical debate about medical quackery. Tensions escalated in the second half of the nineteenth century, as regular medicine sought closer imbrications with science, while the market for quackery expanded and its imperatives for doctors and patients intensified and put pressure on regular medicine. Boundary anxieties were addressed by a legally supported cultural division of labour between the market and science, which we can find in medical ethical codes as well as libel and fraud litigation that dealt with advertising. In this conceptual division, science was defined by ideals of restraint that typified scientific method, logic, and subjectivity, while their negation—leading to exaggeration—defined advertising and the consumer market. Chapter 4 shows how claims to scientific value lost in seriousness as advertising was associated with exaggeration. Quack adverts were construed less as frauds than jokes, the medicines they marketed less dangerous than useless, and the medical choices they encouraged more embarrassing to consumers than interesting for scientific knowledge. Advertising was explicitly disparaged in the ongoing comparison with science, and the consumer market was rendered epistemologically inferior. However, the markdown in cultural capital was also a form of license, for it implied liberation from rationalist restraints. The history examined in this chapter revises a prevalent interpretation of quackery in which law is absent or failing. This interpretation implies that quack advertising was a free-market phenomenon and therefore distorts the ways in which it was encouraged and shaped with legal means.