bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Parallel Argument
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Parallel Argument’s key part is that: 1. There could have been nothing physical. 2. If (1), there could have been nothing concrete. So, 3. There could have been nothing concrete. So, 4. There could have been no perfect being. Chapter 9 argues that while (1) is true, (2) may well be false. It also contends that one would have to argue (3) independently to adequately support (2). If that is true, the Parallel Argument is dialectically powerless, for everything turns simply on the support that (3) has independent of the argument. Examination of the Parallel Argument involves considering proposed definitions for “concrete” and “physical.” Sources of support for premises which the chapter considers include modal intuition, a sense of wonder, and subtraction arguments. The chapter also considers the claim that there is a physical necessary being.
Contingency Concluded
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 16 completes the argument that there is no acceptable way to account for the possibility of a perfect being in a world in which it does not exist. It considers the claims that something outside such “absence worlds” makes the perfect being possible in them, and that nothing at all makes it possible in them. It argues that Lewis’s views can make sense of perfect being contingency, but only at an unacceptable cost. It considers proposals by Mellor and Simons on which (they claim) nothing at all would account for this possibility. It argues that in fact, on these proposals, the possibility would be accounted for, and in unacceptable ways. It also discusses the view that propositions are true just of themselves, and the view that analyticity can account for possibility.
The Less-Maker Argument
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter’s main argument is as follows. A perfect being is “whatever it is…better to be than not to be.” For a perfect being, existing necessarily is equivalent to lacking three less-making attributes. Prima facie, it is better to be than not to be lacking less-makers. So prima facie, a perfect being would exist necessarily. This prima facie conclusion becomes ultima facie if being necessary would come at an acceptable cost. It would. So a perfect being would be necessary. The three less-makers are mortality, the ability entirely to miss out on existing, and the ability to miss past time it would have been good to live through. Here is why they are less-makers. A perfect being would be guaranteed a good life. It is good to be able to die if one is not. But if one’s life can only be good, death has to be a loss of overall good. So being able to die is being able to miss out on goods. If missing out is bad, the chance to miss out is bad too. Mortality provides this chance. Again, because a perfect being would be guaranteed a good life, being “able” never to exist is being “able” to miss out on goods. So is being “able” also to have missed past good time.
The Company, 1922–1926
Authors: Potter Simon J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the establishment of radio, or ‘wireless’, broadcasting in Britain, and the creation of the British Broadcasting Company in 1922. It argues that the BBC was founded to both control and popularize the new medium. It was tightly regulated, and strict constraints were placed on its activities so that it did not compete with the newspaper and entertainment industries or influence politics. It was given a monopoly over all broadcasting in Britain. Much broadcasting in the UK during this period was local. Individual BBC stations made their own programmes. However, from an early stage the Company was keen to establish a national network, and to increase the influence of London over BBC programming. The first BBC director general, John Reith, was closely associated with this approach, and with the idea of using radio to ‘uplift’ and improve the audience: a policy that became known as ‘Reithianism’. By 1926, the BBC had transformed broadcasting in Britain, and its role in the General Strike provided a sign of how its relationship with the state would develop in future.
On the market, 1980–1999
Authors: Potter Simon J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
During the 1980s, the BBC triumphed in bringing the nation together, and linked up the globe, with great ‘media events’ like the wedding of Princess Charles and Lady Diana and, later, Live Aid. Yet the BBC also faced significant challenges. The governments of Margaret Thatcher imposed new financial discipline on the BBC, and its own managers introduced internal markets in an attempt to fend off even more fundamental reforms. The BBC also engaged in serious disputes with the government over its political journalism, ultimately leading to the sacking of the director general, Alasdair Milne. Under his successors, Michael Checkland and John Birt, the commercialization of the BBC’s international and domestic operations proceeded apace. Dwindling resources meanwhile left the BBC struggling to compete with ITV. Some staff felt that the basic values of the BBC had been betrayed, and that independent journalism and creativity in programme-making had been badly undermined. The World Service meanwhile played a significant role in the final years of the Cold War and its aftermath, but then struggled to find a role. As the 1990s drew to a close, the BBC actively engaged with the start of the digital media revolution. It also sought to develop a less deferential relationship with the monarchy, notably through Martin Bashir’s famous interview with Diana. Her death, and the BBC’s coverage of her funeral, showed that the days of the media event were not yet over.
Where Shall the Free Negro Go?
Authors: Morales R. Isabela 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
During the antebellum period, state law prohibited freed slaves from remaining in Alabama after their manumission. As Samuel Townsend’s executor, S. D. Cabaniss was responsible for finding a place to settle the newly freed Townsends. In 1858, he relocated Samuel’s eldest son Wesley Townsend to southern Ohio, where Wesley attended school and attempted to practice his trade as a blacksmith. In 1860, Cabaniss was able to send the rest of the “legatees of the first class” (primarily Samuel’s other children and his nieces) to Wilberforce University in Xenia, Ohio, where they received a formal education and were exposed to racial uplift ideals. In Ohio, the Townsends faced discrimination from white residents but also benefited from the capital they brought to the communities where they settled.
I Ain’t Satisfied Here at All
Authors: Morales R. Isabela 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In 1860, the “legatees of the second class” (mainly the extended family of Samuel and Edmund Townsend’s children) were freed and relocated to Leavenworth, Kansas. The Townsends expected that they would be able to purchase land in Kansas with the money from Samuel Townsend’s estate; when war broke out and the Confederate government prohibited its citizens from sending money to “alien enemies” in the United States, however, S. D. Cabaniss was forced to cut off contact with the freed Townsends. During the war, some of the Townsend women sought financial security by working as domestic servants or pursuing further education. Other members of the family, such as Samuel’s son Wesley and Edmund’s son Woodson, shunned their local Black communities out of a sense of superiority based on their mixed-race ancestry and promised inheritance. Yet they still experienced discrimination, and in 1864, Woodson was falsely accused of rape by a white woman and was imprisoned in Leavenworth.
Making Sense of Ethnic Nationalism in the West
Authors: Schertzer Robert , Woods Eric Taylor 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of how the concept of nationalism is understood and operationalized in the book, focusing on the distinction between “ethnic” and “civic” nationalism, and between “hot” and “banal” nationalism. Following this, the chapter outlines a theoretical framework for analyzing the rise of ethnic nationalism in the West, which primarily uses insights from an emergent approach in the study of nationalism referred to as ethno-symbolism. Ethno-symbolism focuses on the role played by ethnic myths and symbols in the enduring affective power of nationalism. After systematizing the key elements of ethno-symbolism, the chapter makes a case for why it provides a powerful framework for examing the deep historical and cultural origins of ethnic nationalism in the West, in order to better understand why this ideology resonates so widely among white majorities.
Bludgeons and Becomings
Authors: Rivera Takeo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This second chapter is an immediate sequel to the first, examining two staged performances contending with the murder of Vincent Chin that transpire in the decades that followed his death. These performances are Ping Chong’s 1995 play Chinoiserie and Philip Kan Gotanda and Frank Wu’s trial re-enactment at UC Hastings in 2013. This chapter argues that Chinoiserie continues the liberal cultural politics laid by the American Citizens for Justice (ACJ) while imbuing the Chin event with libidinal force through a masochistic aesthetic of suspenseful reveal. Chinoiserie teases the Chin murder throughout its narrative, offering it as a final climactic jouissance of a China/America dialectic, concluding a rhythm that lurches the audience ever closer to its end. In contrast, the UC Hastings re-enactment imagines masochism otherwise, subjecting the Chin narrative itself to masochistic scrutiny in order to reveal the systemic inadequacy of a liberal legal system to provide redress.
White Skin, Yellow Flesh
Authors: Rivera Takeo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 concludes with a critical playing of the 2011 techno-orientalist cyberpunk video game Deus Ex: Human Revolution (DX:HR) by Eidos Montreal. As a game, a medium governed predominantly by active and direct interactivity, DX:HR provides an opportunity for the Asian American gamer to experience not only their own body-as-stereotype, but also their own body-as-other. I argue that this is precisely how DX:HR presents generative potential for the Asian subject who plays it and engages its deeply problematic gameworld. I thus suggest that by playing and performing within the techno-orientalist gameworld of DX:HR, the Asian American subject may exercise a mode of what Elizabeth Freeman terms “erotohistoriography,” a deployment of violent erotics to contend with one’s own subject formation. Through a reading of DX:HR, this concluding chapter gestures to an Asian American cultural politics that locates itself in slippages, role reversals, and unintuitive affects.
Changeable Demons
Authors: Proctor Travis W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores Justin Martyr’s claim that demons assumed polymorphic forms in order to deceive humans, promote improper worship, and inspire persecution against Christians. The chapter first argues that Justin’s distinctive highlighting of demonic changeability emerges alongside his counter-emphasis on the “immovability” of the Christian God, which, in turn, functions to undercut the polymorphic Greco-Roman pantheon’s collective claim to divinity. The second part of the chapter explores Justin’s distinctive retelling of the myth of the Watchers in his 2 Apology, which omits the characters of the giants in its recounting of demonic origins. In doing so, Justin promotes a closer correspondence between fallen angels and demons, highlighting his simultaneous ascription of polymorphic capabilities to both angelic fathers and demonic sons. The chapter concludes by examining how Justin associates demonic changeability with “magical” trickery, which aids the Apologist’s constructions of proper Christian exorcism as a “simple” practice distinct from “magical” alternatives.
Driverless Finance
Authors: Allen Hilary J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Everyone is talking about fintech, and they’re usually saying good things. Driverless Finance provides a balance to that conversation, exploring the threats that different fintech innovations pose for our financial system. With in-depth and accessible descriptions of new financial technologies and business models—ranging from distributed ledgers to machine learning, cryptoassets to robo-investing—this book helps readers to think more critically about fintech, and about how the law should respond to it. This book highlights the increased speed, complexity, and coordination inherent in new fintech innovations, and shows how these features could come together in a massive financial system failure. It makes the case for a precautionary approach to regulating fintech, erring on the side of caution to avoid a financial crisis that could have irreversible and catastrophic effects for our society. Because fintech’s system risks aren’t fully addressed by existing financial regulation (or by experimental new approaches like regulatory sandboxes), this book makes several bold new proposals for regulation designed to make fintech-inspired financial crises less likely. These proposals include new forms of disclosure and supervision, new forms of technological tools (known as suptech), and a new licensing regime for financial technologies. This book finishes by discussing how fintech’s impact on financial stability relates to pressing debates about innovation, expertise, cybersecurity, privacy, and competition.
Precautionary Regulation of Fintech Innovation
Authors: Allen Hilary J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter proposes a variety of precautionary regulatory strategies for addressing the rise of driverless finance, but before doing so, it reckons with the resource and jurisdictional challenges that impede such regulatory responses. Having settled on some ways of addressing those challenges, it recommends a variety of regulatory responses ranging from licensing regimes for crypotassets and robo-investing models to so-called “suptech” technological interventions to principles-based oversight regimes for risk management and operational technologies used internally by financial firms. These reform proposals seek to respond to the problems of speed, coordination, and complexity identified in Part II of the book.
Survival of the Virtuous
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Survival of the Virtuous offers an account of how moral traits evolved in the human species. It explains why we are not necessarily bad by nature, why we are not evolved to look out only for number one, and why nice guys need not finish last. It offers an account of how virtuous behaviors such as altruism, justice, honesty, loyalty, self-control, purity, and respect for authority evolved in our species (and in other species as well). It argues that the key to solving puzzles of morality such as what it is, how we acquire moral traits, why we sometimes behave badly, and how we make moral decisions lies in figuring out what adaptive functions moral traits served in early human environments and how they are influenced by social learning, culture, and strategic social interactions in the modern world. It offers evidence that the primary function of virtuous behaviors is to enable individuals to advance their interests by cooperating with others and that moral decision-making mechanisms evolved and develop in a Russian doll manner. Uniquely human “new brain” mechanisms that enable us to make moral decisions in rational ways evolved on top of “old brain” mechanisms that induce us (and some other animals) to make moral decisions in more emotional-intuitive ways. Although we tend to become increasingly rational as we develop, we retain the capacity to make moral judgments in primitive ways, and reason is a tool that can be used for good or evil.
Respect for Authority
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the biological and psychological sources of respect for authority and explores its status as a moral virtue. It reviews evidence that young children view morality primarily in terms of obedience to authority, with older children and adults viewing morality in more autonomous and cooperative ways. It traces the evolutionary roots of respect for authority and shows that primitive forms of deference are regulated by essentially the same neurological and hormonal processes in humans as they are in other primates. It argues that, like other primates, we are naturally inclined to form dominance and status hierarchies that create social order in groups, but that there is an inevitable tension in social hierarchies because it is in the interest of lower-ranking members to change the status quo. It asserts that externally imposed morality reinforced by punishment is inferior to internally motivated morality based on cooperation, because the latter is more balanced and stable.
The Corporation as Technology
Authors: Bruner Christopher M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed environmental, social, and economic upheaval, spawning a host of interconnected crises to which major corporations have contributed. This book examines dynamics of the corporate form and corporate law that incentivize harmful corporate excesses, and advances an alternative vision to render corporate activities more sustainable. The corporate form is widely described by reference to a set of purportedly fixed characteristics that strongly prioritize shareholders’ interests. Bruner, however, argues that such rigid and static depictions fundamentally misconstrue the nature of the entity and reinforce harmful corporate pathologies that include excessive risk-taking, externalization of costs, and insufficient regard for environmental and social impacts. Bruner presents the corporation not as a fixed and rigid set of legal characteristics, but rather as a dynamic legal technology that policymakers can re-calibrate in varying contexts, and over time, in response to a dynamic landscape. On this view, the corporation represents a set of flexible capacities that facilitate differing approaches to the structure and operations of the board, the allocation of governance powers among various stakeholders, and exposure to liability for corporate decision-making. Bruner conceptualizes these flexible capacities as governance levers that policymakers can adjust in various ways, and in differing combinations, to achieve a range of decision-making structures and levels of risk tolerance, toward a range of potential ends. The book explores theoretical and practical ramifications of this alternative vision, focusing on how the corporate form—properly understood—can help secure an environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable future.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Bruner Christopher M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The book opens with a discussion of environmental, social, and economic crises—including climate change and persistent inequalities—and how corporate conduct has contributed to them. It then provides a brief overview of the landscape of international standards and domestic regulatory structures affecting corporate sustainability, focusing particularly on rules and standards of corporate law and governance. The chapter introduces Bruner’s reconceptualization of the corporate form as a dynamic legal technology that can be re-calibrated in varying contexts, and over time, in response to a dynamic landscape, and provides an overview of the book’s structure, summarizing the subjects addressed in each chapter.
The Ocean of Inquiry
Authors: Allen Michael S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Advaita Vedānta is one of the best-known schools of Indian philosophy, but much of its history—a history closely interwoven with that of medieval and modern Hinduism—remains surprisingly unexplored. This book focuses on a single remarkable work and its place within that history: The Ocean of Inquiry, a vernacular compendium of Advaita Vedānta by the North Indian monk Niścaldās (ca. 1791–1863). Though not well known today, Niścaldās’s work was once referred to by Vivekananda (himself a key figure in the shaping of modern Hinduism) as the most influential book in India. The present book situates The Ocean of Inquiry as a representative of both a neglected genre (vernacular Vedānta) and a neglected period (ca. 17th–19th centuries) in the history of Indian philosophy. It argues that the rise of Advaita Vedānta to a position of prestige began well before the period of British rule in India, and that vernacular texts like The Ocean of Inquiry played an important role in popularizing Vedāntic teachings. It also offers a new appraisal of the period of late Advaita Vedānta, arguing that it should not be seen as one of barren scholasticism. For thinkers like Niścaldās, intellectual “inquiry” (vicāra) was not an academic exercise but a spiritual practice—indeed, it was the central practice on the path to liberation. The book concludes by arguing that without understanding both vernacular Vedānta and the scholasticism of the period, one cannot fully understand the emergence of modern Hinduism.
Why Epistemology Matters
Authors: Allen Michael S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter is the first of three chapters that build on one another to develop a sustained argument about the relationship of scholasticism to spiritual practice. The present chapter lays the groundwork by exploring the epistemology contained—implicitly and explicitly—in The Ocean of Inquiry. It shows that for Niścaldās, the kind of knowledge that liberates exists on a continuum with everyday knowledge. The key distinction is not between “academic” knowledge and transcendent knowledge, but rather between doubt-laden awareness and doubt-free awareness. The chapter also draws attention to a dimension of Vedāntic epistemology that has hitherto gone unnoticed: what might be termed “material epistemology,” which relates to the better-known pramāṇa-framework (“instrumental epistemology”) in roughly the same way that, in contemporary discourse, neuroscience relates to philosophy of mind.
The Path to Liberation
Authors: Allen Michael S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Niścaldās’s understanding of inquiry as a spiritual practice. It begins with an examination of the qualifications which seekers of liberation are supposed to meet before undertaking the practice of inquiry, and it explores the logic behind them, pointing again to the importance of the “material epistemology” discussed in the previous chapter. The chapter then turns to the path of liberation as understood by Niścaldās, showing how, for properly qualified seekers, the central practice is primarily intellectual, consisting in a dialectical process of raising and removing doubts. The chapter concludes with a comparison of Niścaldās’s view of inquiry with Pierre Hadot’s well-known idea of “spiritual exercises” in Greco-Roman philosophy.
Leaving the Space—Opening the Gap?
Authors: Weßels Bernhard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Examining the German case in the wider Western European context for the period 1996–2017, the chapter investigates the role of supply and demand factors for vote switching in general and switching to right-wing populist parties in particular. Combining survey data from the CSES with party data from the Manifesto Project, the chapter shows that the growing success of right-wing populist parties, in Germany just as in other Western European countries, was a response to programmatic moves of mainstream center-left and center-right parties to the left. In general, voters’ movements between parties did not follow a symmetric pattern. Changes to parties further left came about as responses to increasing voter-party distances on the socio-economic dimension. In the more recent past, switches to parties further right and, in particular, right-wing populist parties like the German AfD became more frequent, and they were associated with increasing distances on the socio-cultural dimension.