bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced defect recovery in self-ion damaged W due to simultaneous deuterium exposure during annealing
Authors: Simmonds M.J. , Schwarz-Selinger T. , Patino M.I. , Baldwin M.J. , Doerner R.P. , Tynan G.R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Deuterium (D) plasma exposure during annealing of self-ion damaged tungsten (W) is shown to exhibit reduced defect recovery when compared to annealing without D plasma exposure. In these experiments, samples were first damaged with 20 MeV W ions. Next, samples were annealed either with or without simultaneous D2 plasma exposure. The simultaneous annealed samples were first decorated by D2 plasma at 383 K prior to ramping up to an annealing temperature of 473, 573, 673, or 773 K and held for 1 h with concurrent plasma exposure. The vacuum annealed samples each had a corresponding temperature history but without D2 plasma treatment. Finally, all samples were exposed to D2 plasma at 383 K to decorate any remaining defects. Nuclear reaction analysis and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) shows that the simultaneous plasma-exposed and annealed samples exhibited virtually no defect recovery at annealing temperatures of up to 673 K, and had higher D retention than found in the vacuum annealed samples. TDS results indicate that only the lowest detrapping energy defects recover at an 773 K anneal for the simultaneous plasma annealed samples, while the vacuum annealed samples showed defect recovery at all anneal temperatures. This experiment clearly demonstrates that D occupied defects can significantly reduce or eliminate defect annealing in W, and is consistent with the existence of synergistic plasma exposure/displacement damage effects in fusion-energy relevant plasma facing materials.
An evapotranspiration deficit-based drought index to detect variability of terrestrial carbon productivity in the Middle East
Authors: Alsafadi Karam , Al-Ansari Nadhir , Mokhtar Ali , Mohammed Safwan , Elbeltagi Ahmed , Sh Sammen Saad , Bi Shuoben 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe primary driver of the land carbon sink is gross primary productivity (GPP), the gross absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) by plant photosynthesis, which currently accounts for about one-quarter of anthropogenic CO2emissions per year. This study aimed to detect the variability of carbon productivity using the standardized evapotranspiration deficit index (SEDI). Sixteen countries in the Middle East (ME) were selected to investigate drought. To this end, the yearly GPP dataset for the study area, spanning the 35 years (1982–2017) was used. Additionally, the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM, version 3.3a), which estimates the various components of terrestrial evapotranspiration (annual actual and potential evaporation), was used for the same period. The main findings indicated that productivity in croplands and grasslands was more sensitive to the SEDI in Syria, Iraq, and Turkey by 34%, 30.5%, and 29.6% of cropland area respectively, and 25%, 31.5%, and 30.5% of grass land area. A significant positive correlation against the long-term data of the SEDI was recorded. Notably, the GPP recorded a decline of >60% during the 2008 extreme drought in the north of Iraq and the northeast of Syria, which concentrated within the agrarian ecosystem and reached a total vegetation deficit with 100% negative anomalies. The reductions of the annual GPP and anomalies from 2009 to 2012 might have resulted from the decrease in the annual SEDI at the peak 2008 extreme drought event. Ultimately, this led to a long delay in restoring the ecosystem in terms of its vegetation cover. Thus, the proposed study reported that the SEDI is more capable of capturing the GPP variability and closely linked to drought than commonly used indices. Therefore, understanding the response of ecosystem productivity to drought can facilitate the simulation of ecosystem changes under climate change projections.
Direct measurement of biexcitons in monolayer WS2
Authors: Conway M A , Muir J B , Earl S K , Wurdack M , Mishra R , Tollerud J O , Davis J A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The optical properties of atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides are dominated by Coulomb bound quasi-particles, such as excitons, trions, and biexcitons. Due to the number and density of possible states, attributing different spectral peaks to the specific origin can be difficult. In particular, there has been much conjecture around the presence, binding energy and/or nature of biexcitons in these materials. In this work, we remove any ambiguity in identifying and separating the optically excited biexciton in monolayer WS2 using two-quantum multidimensional coherent spectroscopy (2Q-MDCS), a technique that directly and selectively probes doubly-excited states, such as biexcitons. The energy difference between the unbound two-exciton state and the biexciton is the fundamental definition of biexciton binding energy and is measured to be 26 ± 2 meV. Furthermore, resolving the biexciton peaks in 2Q-MDCS allows us to identify that the biexciton observed here is composed of two bright excitons in opposite valleys.
Addressing severe chronic NCDs across Africa: measuring demand for the Package of Essential Non-communicable Disease Interventions-Plus (PEN-Plus)
Authors: Boudreaux Chantelle , Barango Prebo , Adler Alma , Kabore Patrick , McLaughlin Amy , Mohamed Mohamed Ould Sidi , Park Paul H , Shongwe Steven , Dangou Jean Marie , Bukhman Gene 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Severe chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose important challenges for health systems across Africa. This study explores the current availability of and demand for decentralization of services for four high-priority conditions: insulin-dependent diabetes, heart failure, sickle cell disease, and chronic pain. Ministry of Health NCD Programme Managers from across Africa (N = 47) were invited to participate in an online survey. Respondents were asked to report the status of clinical care across the health system. A care package including diagnostics and treatment was described for each condition. Respondents were asked whether the described services are currently available at primary, secondary and tertiary levels, and whether making the service generally available at that level is expected to be a priority in the coming 5 years. Thirty-seven (79%) countries responded. Countries reported widespread gaps in service availability at all levels. We found that just under half (49%) of respondents report that services for insulin-dependent diabetes are generally available at the secondary level (district hospital); 32% report the same for heart failure, 27% for chronic pain and 14% for sickle cell disease. Reported gaps are smaller at tertiary level (referral hospital) and larger at primary care level (health centres). Respondents report ambitious plans to introduce and decentralize these services in the coming 5 years. Respondents from 32 countries (86%) hope to make all services available at tertiary hospitals, and 21 countries (57%) expect to make all services available at secondary facilities. These priorities align with the Package of Essential NCD Interventions-Plus. Efforts will require strengthened infrastructure and supply chains, capacity building for staff and new monitoring and evaluation systems for efficient implementation. Many countries will need targeted financial assistance in order to realize these goals. Nearly all (36/37) respondents request technical assistance to organize services for severe chronic NCDs.
‘When We are in Crisis’: Youth-Centered Transitional Justice, Police Violence, and Political Imaginaries
Authors: Anderson Patrick , Aushana Christina , Collins Caroline 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
This article describes youth involvement in the voter-mandated transition to a fully independent, powerful community commission overseeing the San Diego (California) Police Department. We begin by describing the historical context of police violence against communities of color in San Diego, and previous attempts to practice transparency and accountability in public safety. We then situate our work with local high school students to engage directly in the transition process, and to imagine future models of public safety with youth justice at its core.
Efficient implementation of the exact artificial boundary condition for the exterior problem of the Stokes system in three dimensions
Authors: Sun Ting , Zheng Chunxiong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this paper the Stokes system in an unbounded domain is solved by the artificial boundary method. The novelty lies in an operator form of the exact Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) mapping. With the help of the Chebyshev rational approximation of the square root function, we derive a highly accurate approximate DtN mapping, which can be numerically implemented without resorting to the eigen-decomposition in terms of the vectorial spherical harmonics. In addition, we develop an efficient block preconditioner for the augmented truncated saddle point problem. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A topological approach to the creative city: artists’ perceptions of cultural places in Paris
Authors: Ferru Marie , Rallet Alain , Cariou Christophe 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The paper delivers a framework for the analysis of creative cities based on a topology of cultural places and artists’ perceptions of these places in the Paris Region. We apply this framework to a survey of 267 artists by using mental maps to capture their perceptions of the places they regard as having contributed the most to their creativity. A quantitative treatment of these representations was conducted to identify what places attracted what artists, analyzing the reputation of places among artists and the properties of the network of creative places in the Paris region. The study renews the approach of creates city by replacing the mainstream approach with a subjective but quantified vision that starts from the artists’ perceptions of the places that impact their creativity.
The corona mortis: is it a rare and dangerous anomaly in adolescents undergoing periacteabular osteotomy?
Authors: Hu Alan W , McCarthy James J , Breitenstein Rachel , Uchtman Molly , Emery Kathleen H , Whitlock Patrick W 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The corona mortis (CM) is a vascular connection between the obturator and external iliac or internal epigastric vessels that has historically been identified as a source of hemorrhage in pelvic surgery. However, its frequency, location, proximity to the osteotomies performed, vascular contributions and impact on blood loss in patients undergoing periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) are unknown. We sought to identify the frequency, origin, location relative to osteotomies performed during surgery and impact on blood loss of the CM. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the hips of 28 adolescent patients (56 hips) undergoing PAO was retrospectively reviewed for the presence of a CM. When identifiable, the size, nature (arterial or venous), orientation, position relative to the iliopectineal eminence (IPE) and associated estimated blood loss (EBL) were recorded. 75% (21/28) of patients possessed an identifiable, ipsilateral CM to the site of PAO, 90% of which were venous and 10% arterial. The vessel was typically 8.3 ± 3.8 mm medial and 11.1 ± 5.3 mm caudal from the anterosuperomedial edge of the IPE. There was no significant difference in the amount of EBL (519 ± 260 versus 694 ± 369 ml) or need for post-op transfusions (1/21 versus 0/7) between patients who possessed a CM and those who did not, respectively (P = 0.21). CM was more prevalent in this study than previously reported. However, the presence of an ipsilateral CM was not associated with an increase in EBL or transfusion during routine PAO surgery using modern surgical techniques.
The impact of tomographic redshift bin width errors on cosmological probes
Authors: Hasan Imran S , Schmidt Samuel J , Schneider Michael D , Tyson J Anthony 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Systematic errors in the galaxy redshift distribution n(z) can propagate to systematic errors in the derived cosmology. We characterize how the degenerate effects in tomographic bin widths and galaxy bias impart systematic errors on cosmology inference using observational data from the Deep Lens Survey. For this we use a combination of galaxy clustering and galaxy–galaxy lensing. We present two end-to-end analyses from the catalogue level to parameter estimation. We produce an initial cosmological inference using fiducial tomographic redshift bins derived from photometric redshifts, then compare this with a result where the redshift bins are empirically corrected using a set of spectroscopic redshifts. We find that the derived parameter S8 ≡ σ8(Ωm/.3)1/2 decreases from $0.841^{+0.062}_{-0.061}$ to $0.781^{0.061}_{0.054}$ upon correcting the n(z) errors in the second method.
Structural and spectral properties of Galactic plane variable radio sources
Authors: Yang Jun , Chen Yongjun , Gurvits Leonid I , Paragi Zsolt , Yang Aiyuan , Yang Xiaolong , Shen Zhiqiang 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
In the time domain, the radio sky in particular along the Galactic plane direction may vary significantly because of various energetic activities associated with stars, stellar, and supermassive black holes. Multi-epoch Very Large Array surveys of the Galactic plane at 5.0 GHz enabled the finding of a catalogue of 39 variable radio sources in the flux density range 1–70 mJy. To probe their radio structures and spectra, we observed 17 sources with the very-long-baseline interferometric (VLBI) imaging technique and collected additional multifrequency data from the literature. We detected all of the sources at 5 GHz with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, but only G23.6644–0.0372 with the European VLBI Network (EVN). Together with its decadal variability and multifrequency radio spectrum, we interpret it as an extragalactic peaked-spectrum source with a size of ≲10 pc. The remaining sources were resolved out by the long baselines of the EVN because of either strong scatter broadening at the Galactic latitude &lt; 1° or intrinsically very extended structures on centi-arcsec scales. According to their spectral and structural properties, we find that the sample has a diverse nature. We notice two young H ii regions and spot a radio star and a candidate planetary nebula. The rest of the sources are very likely associated with radio active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Two of them also display arcsec-scale faint jet activity. The sample study indicates that AGNs are common place even among variable radio sources in the Galactic plane.
Effectiveness of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Managing Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Meta-Analysis
Authors: Choo Yoo Jin , Kwak Sang Gyu , Chang Min Cheol 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
In fibromyalgia, central sensitization is a key mechanism, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been reported to potentially manage symptoms of fibromyalgia. In this meta-analysis, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of rTMS in patients with fibromyalgia according to stimulation locations and follow-up time points.

Methods
We searched the MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science databases for articles published from January 1, 1990, to August 26, 2021, including randomized controlled studies investigating the effectiveness of rTMS on managing fibromyalgia.

Results
In total, 10 articles and 299 participants were included. High-frequency rTMS on the left primary motor cortex (Lt. M1) had a significant effect on pain reduction immediately and 1–4 weeks after the end of the session but had no significant effect after 5–12 weeks. Additionally, after high-frequency rTMS sessions on the Lt. M1, the effect on patients’ quality of life appeared late at 5–12 weeks of follow-up. In contrast, high-frequency rTMS on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Lt. DLPFC) did not reduce pain from fibromyalgia. The effect on controlling the affective problem was not observed after rTMS treatment on either the Lt. M1 or the Lt. DLPFC.

Conclusions
High-frequency rTMS had a positive pain-reducing effect immediately and at 1–4 weeks after completion of the rTMS sessions, and the patients’ quality of life improved after 5–12 weeks. However, Lt. DLPFC stimulation was not effective in controlling fibromyalgia symptoms.
Effects of periodic bottlenecks on the dynamics of adaptive evolution in microbial populations
Authors: Izutsu Minako , Lake Devin M. , Matson Zachary W. D. , Dodson Jack P. , Lenski Richard E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPopulation bottlenecks are common in nature, and they can impact the rate of adaptation in evolving populations. On the one hand, each bottleneck reduces the genetic variation that fuels adaptation. On the other hand, each founder that survives a bottleneck can undergo more generations and leave more descendants in a resource-limited environment, which allows surviving beneficial mutations to spread more quickly. A theoretical model predicted that the rate of fitness gains should be maximized using ∼8-fold dilutions. Here we investigate the impact of repeated bottlenecks on the dynamics of adaptation using numerical simulations and experimental populations ofEscherichia coli. Our simulations confirm the model’s prediction when populations evolve in a regime where beneficial mutations are rare and waiting times between successful mutations are long. However, more extreme dilutions maximize fitness gains in simulations when beneficial mutations are common and clonal interference prevents most of them from fixing. To examine the simulations’ predictions, we propagated 48E. colipopulations with 2-, 8-, 100-, and 1000-fold dilutions for 150 days. Adaptation began earlier and fitness gains were greater with 100- and 1000-fold dilutions than with 8-fold dilutions, consistent with the simulations when beneficial mutations are common. However, the selection pressures in the 2-fold treatment were qualitatively different from the other treatments, violating a critical assumption of the model and simulations. Thus, varying the dilution factor during periodic bottlenecks can have multiple effects on the dynamics of adaptation caused by differential losses of diversity, different numbers of generations, and altered selection.SignificanceMany microorganisms experience population bottlenecks during transmission between hosts or when propagated in the laboratory. These bottlenecks reduce genetic diversity, potentially impeding natural selection. However, bottlenecks can also increase the number of generations over which selection acts, potentially accelerating adaptation. We explored this tension by performing simulations that reflect these opposing factors, and by evolving bacterial populations under several dilution treatments. The simulations show that the dilution factor that maximizes the rate of adaptation depends critically on the rate of beneficial mutations. On balance, the simulations agree well with our experimental results, which imply a high rate of beneficial mutation that generates intense competition between mutant lineages.
Protein interaction analysis ofPlasmodium falciparumcircumsporozoite protein variants with human immunoproteins explains RTS,S vaccine efficacy in Ghana
Authors: Dieng Cheikh Cambel , Ford Colby T. , Lerch Anita , Donu Dickson , Huynh Jennifer , Vegesna Kovidh , Guo Jun-tao , Janies Daniel A. , Amoah Linda , Afrane Yaw , Lo Eugenia 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundThe world’s first malaria vaccine RTS,S provides only partial protection againstPlasmodium falciparuminfections. The explanation for such low efficacy is unclear. This study examined the associations of parasite genetic variations with binding affinity to human immunological proteins including human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and T cell receptors (TCR) involved in RTS,S-induced immune responses.MethodsMultiplicity of infections was determined by amplicon deep sequencing of merozoite surface protein 1 (PfMSP1). Genetic variations in the C-terminal of circumsporozoite protein (PfMSP1) gene were examined across 88 samples ofP. falciparumcollected from high and low transmission settings of Ghana. Binding interactions ofPfMSP1variants and HLA/TCR were analyzed usingNetChopandHADDOCKpredictions. Anti-CSP IgG levels were measured by ELISA in a subset of 10 samples.FindingsHigh polyclonality was detected amongP. falciparuminfections. A total 27 CSP haplotypes were detected among samples. A significant correlation was detected between the CSP and MSP multiplicity of infection (MOI). No clear clustering of haplotypes was observed by geographic regions. The number of genetic differences inPfCSPbetween 3D7 and non-3D7 variants does not influence binding interactions to HLA/T cells nor anti-CSP IgG levels. Nevertheless,PfCSPpeptide length significantly affects its molecular weight and binding affinity to the HLA.InterpretationsThe presence of multiple non-3D7 strains amongP. falciparuminfections in Ghana impact the effectiveness of RTS,S. LongerPfCSPpeptides may elicit a stronger immune response and should be considered in future version RTS,S. The molecular mechanisms of RTS,S cell-mediated immune responses related to longer CSP peptides warrants further investigations.
A Neurogenic Signature Involving Monoamine Oxidase-A controls Human Thermogenic Adipose Tissue Development
Authors: Solivan-Rivera Javier , Loureiro Zinger Yang , DeSouza Tiffany , Desai Anand , Yang Qin , Rojas-Rodriguez Raziel , Skritakis Pantos , Joyce Shannon , Zhong Denise , Nguyen Tammy , Corvera Silvia 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTMechanisms that control “beige/brite” thermogenic adipose tissue development may be harnessed to improve human metabolic health. To define these mechanisms, we developed a species-hybrid model in which human mesenchymal progenitor cells were used to develop white or thermogenic/beige adipose tissue in mice. The hybrid adipose tissue developed distinctive features of human adipose tissue, such as larger adipocyte size, despite its neurovascular architecture being entirely of murine origin. Thermogenic adipose tissue recruited a denser, qualitatively distinct vascular network, differing in genes mapping to circadian rhythm pathways, and denser sympathetic innervation. The enhanced thermogenic neurovascular network was associated with human adipocyte expression of THBS4, TNC, NTRK3 and SPARCL1, which enhance neurogenesis, and decreased expression of MAOA and ACHE, which control neurotransmitter tone. Systemic inhibition of MAOA, which is present in human but absent in mouse adipocytes, induced browning of human but not mouse adipose tissue, revealing the physiological relevance of this pathway. Our results reveal species-specific cell type dependencies controlling the development of thermogenic adipose tissue and point to human adipocyte MAOA as a potential target for metabolic disease therapy.