bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facial imaging to screen for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A scoping review
Authors: Roomaney Imaan , Nyirenda Clement , Chetty Manogari 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFacial imaging tools have rapidly advanced in recent years and show potential for use in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) screening and diagnosis. This scoping review describes the current state of evidence regarding the use of facial imaging being as a screening tool for FASD at a community level. This review follows the guidelines for the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews and is registered with the Open Science Framework (osf.io/e4xw6). An electronic search of five databases was conducted. The time frame was limited to the period 2006 to 2022. The search included any form of imaging of the head, neck, oral cavity, and dentition. Animal and antenatal studies were excluded, as were those using only brain imaging. The search retrieved 730 unique titles. After title, abstract, and full‐text screening, 28 primary studies were included in this review. Most studies were conducted with South African participants. Imaging included 2D photographs, 3D stereophotogrammetry, 3D laser scanning, and radiographs. Various measurements and landmarks were used to discriminate FASD from non‐FASD participants, which included anthropometry, face shape analysis, and facial curvatures. Methods of data processing, analysis, and modeling ranged from manual methods to fully automated systems utilizing artificial intelligence. The use of facial imaging to screen for and diagnose patients with FASD is a rapidly advancing field. Most studies in the field remain exploratory, attempting to find accurate, reliable, and consistent landmarks and measures across different populations. For community screening, none of the tools in this review in their current form completely fulfill all the identified properties of an ideal screening tool. More research and development are needed prior to advocating for the use of any tool listed and the ethical implications are yet to be fully explored.
Predictors of abstinence, no heavy drinking days, and a 2‐level reduction in World Health Organization drinking levels during treatment for alcohol use disorder in the COMBINE study
Authors: Wallach Joshua D. , Gueorguieva Ralitza , Phan Huong , Witkiewitz Katie , Wu Ran , O'Malley Stephanie S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundData from trials of medications for alcohol use disorder (AUD) can be used to identify predictors of drinking outcomes regardless of treatment, which can inform the design of future trials with heterogeneous populations. Here, we identified predictors of abstinence, no heavy drinking days, and a 2‐level reduction in World Health Organization (WHO) drinking levels during treatment for AUD in the Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions (COMBINE) Study.MethodsWe utilized data from the COMBINE Study, a randomized placebo‐controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of naltrexone and acamprosate, both alone and in combination, for AUD (n = 1168). A tree‐based machine learning algorithm was used to construct classification trees predicting abstinence, no heavy drinking days, and a 2‐level reduction in WHO drinking levels in the last 4 weeks of treatment, based on 89 baseline variables.ResultsThe final tree for predicting abstinence had one split based on consecutive days abstinent prior to randomization, with a higher proportion of subjects achieving abstinence among those classified as abstinent for >2 versus ≤2 consecutive weeks prior to randomization (66% vs. 29%). The final tree for predicting no heavy drinking days in the last 4 weeks of treatment had three splits based on consecutive days abstinent, age, and total Alcohol Dependence Scale score at baseline. Seventy‐three percent of the subjects classified as abstinent for >2 consecutive weeks prior to randomization had no heavy drinking days in the last 4 weeks of treatment. Among those classified as abstinent ≤2 consecutive weeks prior, three additional splits showed that younger subjects (age ≤44 years; 37%), and older subjects (age >44) with a total Alcohol Dependence Scale score >13 and complete abstinence (56%) or other drinking goals (35%), were less likely to have no heavy drinking days than older subjects with a total Alcohol Dependence Scale score ≤13 (67%). The final tree for predicting a 2‐level reduction in WHO levels had no splits.ConclusionsConsecutive days abstinent prior to randomization may predict abstinence and no heavy drinking days and total Alcohol Dependence Scale score and age may predict no heavy drinking days. The 2‐level reduction in WHO levels outcome may be less likely to discriminate based on multiple patient characteristics.
Alternance of alternative stable states influence the functional diversity of microcrustaceans in a shallow subtropical lake
Authors: Martins Karoline Pereira , Albertoni Edélti Faria 
Published: May 2022

AbstractShallow lakes in subtropical climate regions may have a clear water state with a predominance of submerged or floating macrophytes and a turbid water state with a predominance of phytoplankton. The relationship between microcrustaceans and these changes in alternative states is still incipient in the literature. And to better understand these relationships, the functional approach is an excellent tool. Thus, the present work seeks to test the hypothesis that changes in alternative stable states over time reflect the variability of composition and functional diversity of microcrustaceans. For this, samples of microcrustaceans collected in a subtropical shallow lake, which underwent alternate state changes in the period to 2000–2014, were used. Our results demonstrate a variation in composition and functional diversity among alternative states, thus supporting our hypothesis. In periods of clear water with a predominance of floating macrophytes, we found a greater functional diversity and richness of genera. This result may be associated with several factors such as greater habitat heterogeneity and lower predation pressure. The lowest values of functional diversity found in periods of turbid waters with predominance of phytoplankton and periods of clear waters with submerged macrophytes are related to the dominance of functional traits, such as scraper feeding type, herbivorous/omnivorous trophic group, littoral habitat and asexual reproduction. These traits are functional features of most Ostracoda genera, a taxonomic group abundant in these two alternative states. The predominance of this group may be related to the environmental characteristics of these periods, such as the high vegetation cover and the availability of niches unoccupied by more sensitive species, since most Ostracoda have high environmental tolerance. We conclude that the functional traits approach combined with taxonomic groups respond to temporal variations of alternative stable states and are important tools to detect environmental changes.
Psarocolius decumanus(Icteridae) acts as a seedling disperser ofGomesa recurva(Orchidaceae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: do Nascimento Tubarão Felipe , Fajardo Villela Antolin Barberena Felipe 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPsarocolius decumanus(crested oropendola) (Icteridae) is a neotropical bird whose reproductive biology is well studied. Its nests consist of pendulous bags up to 2‐m long usually made ofTillandsia usneoides(Bromeliaceae) with dry leaves lining up the incubation chamber. Several materials from different botanical families have been reported in the nests of crested oropendolas. However, these other plants have not been recognized at the specific level. In the present study, we report the use of roots and pseudobulbs ofGomesa recurva(Orchidaceae) by crested oropendolas to build nests in strictly protected area in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The roots ofG. recurvaare fibrous, eventually intertwined and reach tens of centimetres, constituting a suitable material for building nests. This interaction could also be beneficial for the orchid, because when searching for roots and pulling them out, the birds end up taking with them also small pseudobulbs. When building the nest with these parts ofG. recurva, crested oropendolas promote the dispersal of the orchid throughout the area. Seedlings may occasionally get attached to the lower branches and grow at more basal strata of the phorophytes or as terricolous in the forest understory after nests fall. In addition, as the nests are always built in the upper strata of trees, crested oropendolas may also be improving plant performance since many orchid species need relatively high light environments to bloom. The relationship betweenP. decumanusandG. recurvaand the ecological conditions required by both species need to be better investigated in future studies.
Real‐world staging computed tomography scanning technique and important reporting discrepancies in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Grogan Alexander , Loveday Benjamin , Michael Michael , Wong Hui‐Li , Gibbs Peter , Thomson Benjamin , Lee Belinda , Ko Hyun Soo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundComputed tomography (CT) is the first‐line staging imaging modality for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) which determines resectability and treatment pathways.MethodsBetween January 2016 and December 2019, prospectively collated data from two Australian cancer centres was extracted from the PURPLE Pancreatic Cancer registry. Real‐world staging CTs and corresponding reports were blindly reviewed by a sub‐specialist radiologist and compared to initial reports.ResultsOf 131 patients assessed, 117 (89.3%) presented with symptoms, 74 (56.5%) CTs included slices ≤3 mm thickness and CT pancreas protocol was applied in 69 (52.7%) patients. Initial reports lacked synoptic reporting in 131 (100%), tumour identification in 2 (1.6%) and tumour measurement in 13 (9.9%) cases. Tumour‐vascular relationship reporting was missing in 69–109 (52.7–83.2%) for regarding the key arterial and venous structures that is required to assess resectability. Initial reports had no comment on venous thrombus or venous collaterals in 80 (61.1%) and 109 (83.2%) and lacked locoregional lymphadenopathy interpretation in 13 (9.9%) cases. Complete initial staging report was present in 72 (55.0%) patients. Sub‐specialist radiological review resulted in down‐staging in 16 (22.2%) and up‐staging in 1 (1.4%) patient. Staging discrepancies were mainly regarding metastatic disease (12, 70.6%) and tumour‐vascular relationship (5, 29.4%).ConclusionReal‐world staging imaging in PDAC patients show low proportion of dedicated CT pancreas protocol, high proportion of incomplete staging reports and no synoptic reporting. The most common discrepancy between initial and sub‐specialist reporting was regarding metastases and tumour‐vascular relationship assessment resulting in sub‐specialist down‐staging in almost every fifth case.
Processes of Peripheralisation: Toehold and Aspirational Urbanisation in theGCR
Authors: Howe Lindsay Blair 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article interrogates the term “periphery” by examining the forms of urbanisation unfolding in the Gauteng City‐Region (GCR) of South Africa. Among the urbanisation processes identified, it focuses on two, situating them among debates on informality and defining new vocabularies of urbanisation. Aligned with discussions of peripherality as a social phenomenon, the article first depicts how some marginalised groups of people using transversal means carve out “toeholds” near urban centralities and opportunities. Second, it conveys how peripherality is also a geographical phenomenon, describing “aspirational” mass housing for the lower‐middle class on urban peripheries that can generate unexpected forms of precarity. The article concludes that toehold urbanisation and aspirational urbanisation drive peripheralisation in the GCR, and considers the implications of these concepts for critical geography and urban studies.
Future Eco‐Perfect: Temporal Fixes of Liberal Environmentalism
Authors: Collard Rosemary‐Claire , Dempsey Jessica 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn the last half century runaway wildlife declines have been simultaneous with the liberal environmental state’s ascent. Despite proliferating legislation to arrest these declines, states have fuelled economic growth at species’ expense. Through what tactics of power does the liberal environmental state manage this contradiction between promising species protection while authorising their obliteration? Manipulations of tense, futurity, temporal pace and scope are central. Responding to the plight of endangered caribou in Canada, the state tinkers and repeatedly resets time (“starting … now!”) while hailing the future eco‐perfect, a time just‐around‐the‐corner when caribou and the economy will flourish.
Impact of expanding hepatitis B treatment guidelines: A modelling and economic impact analysis
Authors: Lim Young‐Suk , Ahn Sang Hoon , Shim Jae‐Jun , Razavi Homie , Razavi‐Shearer Devin , Sinn Dong Hyun 
Published: May 2022

SummaryBackgroundAntiviral treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) may decrease the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and death. However, only 2.2% of CHB patients receive antiviral treatment globally. The complexity and strictness of the current clinical practice guidelines may limit expanding the treatment coverage for CHB.AimsTo examine the impact of expanding treatment criteria on future disease burden in Korea, a hepatitis B virus (HBV) endemic country with high diagnostic rates.MaterialsDynamic country‐level data were used to estimate the HCC incidence, overall mortality and economic impact of three incremental scenarios compared to the base case in Korea through 2035.ResultsIn 2020, 1,409,000 CHB cases were estimated, with the majority born before 1995. All scenarios assumed treating 70% of eligible individuals. The first scenario removed viral load restrictions in cirrhotic patients, which would avert 13,000 cases of HCC and save 11,800 lives. The second scenario, lowering the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level restriction to the upper limit of the normal in non‐cirrhotic patients, would avert 26,700 cases of HCC and save 23,300 lives. The last scenario removed the restriction by ALT and HBeAg in treating non‐cirrhotic individuals with a viral load of ≥2000 IU/ml, which would avert 43,300 cases of HCC and save 37,000 lives. All scenarios were highly cost‐effective.ConclusionsSimplifying and expanding treatment eligibility for CHB would save many lives and be highly cost‐effective when combined with high diagnostic rates. These dynamic country‐level data may provide new insights for their global application.
Decrease in species richness and diversity, and shrub encroachment in Cerrado grasslands: A 20 years study
Authors: de Souza Gabriella Ferreira , Ferreira Maxmiller Cardoso , Munhoz Cássia Beatriz Rodrigues 
Published: May 2022

AbstractQuestionThe Cerrado is a global biodiversity hotspot, highly threatened by changes in land use. Alterations in species composition and the colonization of Cerrado grasslands by woody species can lead to long‐term changes in these communities. In this study, we investigated changes over 20 years in three grassland areas, in terms of species richness and diversity and growth‐form cover, as well as the effects of shrub and grass encroachment on species richness.LocationCerrado Brazilian savanna, moist grassland and dry shrub grassland. Areas under low and high anthropogenic pressure.MethodsPlant species composition and cover were sampled on seven occasions between the years 2000 and 2020, in permanent line‐transects. We compared plant cover, richness, diversity and growth‐form cover between the periods for each area. Next, we developed mixed‐effect linear models to test whether species richness in grasslands at the latest sampling event was altered by species representing 70% of the species cover at this time.ResultsGrasslands located in areas under higher anthropogenic pressure presented reduced richness and diversity, and cover concentrated on a few species of shrubs and large tussock grasses. Moist grassland undergoing encroachment by the native shrub Trembleya parviflora had lost over 50% of its diversity since encroachment. In the same area, a shrub grassland undergoing encroachment by native shrub Raulinoreitzia tremula, three native grass species and one exotic grass presented significantly reduced species richness. The moist grassland in an area under low anthropogenic pressure showed a reordering of the species cover over time, but a decrease in species richness.ConclusionWe observed changes in plant richness, diversity, cover, composition and growth‐form cover over a period of 20 years in grassland communities. We found, however, different trajectories in the three grassland areas sampled, mainly due to the encroachment of a few species, leading to floristic homogenization in grasslands located in areas under high anthropogenic pressure.
Hydroxybenzamide derivatives protect pancreatic β cell by suppressing unfolded protein response activation
Authors: Eeda Venkateswararao , Rawal Komal N. , Matlock H. Greg , Herlea‐Pana Oana , Lim Hui‐Ying , Wang Weidong 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEndoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐induced Pancreatic β‐cell dysfunction and death plays important roles in the development of diabetes. The 1,2,3‐triazole derivative 1 is one of only a few structures that have thus far been identified that protect β cells against ER stress, but it is limited for its narrow activity range. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of hydroxybenzamide (HBA) derivatives in which the triazole pharmacophore was substituted with an amide linker. Structure–activity relationship studies identified WO3i (3‐hydroxy‐N‐(4‐[trifluoromethyl]benzyl)benzamide) that possesses β‐cell protective activity against ER stress at a 100% maximal activity with EC50 at 0.19 μM). We showed that WO3i suppresses the expression of CHOP, a key mediator of ER stress‐induced apoptosis, and the activation of apoptotic genes. Mechanistically, we further showed that WO3i suppresses the ER stress‐induced activation of all three pathways of unfolded protein response—ATF6, IRE1α, and PERK. Identification of this novel β‐cell‐protective scaffold thus provides a new promising modality for the potential for drug development for the treatment of diabetes.
2, 4, 5‐Trideoxyhexopyranosides derivatives of diphyllin: Synthesis and anticancer activity
Authors: Cai Rui , Li Yu , Zhu Li , Wei Caiyan , Bao Xiaofeng , Zhao Yu 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDiphyllin and its natural derivatives were identified as potent vacuolar H+‐ATPase (V‐ATPase) inhibitors. In this study, twelve 2, 4, 5‐trideoxyhexopyranosides derivatives of diphyllin were synthesized. Most of these compounds showed potent abilities to inhibit the growth of HT‐29, MCF‐7, HepG2 cancer cells with IC50 values at submicromolar concentration. The compounds 5c3 and 5c4 showed the best inhibitory activity on breast cancer cell lines MCF‐7 with IC50 values of 0.09 and 0.10 μM. Compounds 5c3 and 5c4 showed similar V‐ATPase inhibitory potency to diphyllin. Molecular docking showed that a hydrogen bond was found between the hydroxyl of 5c3 and SerA534 in the pocket of the V‐ATPase receptor.
Retinal neural dysfunction in diabetes revealed with handheld chromatic pupillometry
Authors: Tan Tien‐En , Finkelstein Maxwell T. , Tan Gavin Siew Wei , Tan Anna Cheng Sim , Chan Choi Mun , Mathur Ranjana , Wong Edmund Yick Mun , Cheung Chui Ming Gemmy , Wong Tien Yin , Milea Dan , Najjar Raymond P. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate the ability of handheld chromatic pupillometry to reveal and localise retinal neural dysfunction in diabetic patients with and without diabetic retinopathy (DR).MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 82 diabetics (DM) and 93 controls (60.4 ± 8.4 years, 44.1% males). DM patients included those without (n = 25, 64.7 ± 6.3 years, 44.0% males) and with DR (n = 57, 60.3 ± 8.5 years, 64.9% males). Changes in horizontal pupil radius in response to blue (469 nm) and red (640 nm) light stimuli were assessed monocularly, in clinics, using a custom‐built handheld pupillometer. Pupillometric parameters (phasic constriction amplitudes [predominantly from the outer retina], maximal constriction amplitudes [from the inner and outer retina] and post‐illumination pupillary responses [PIPRs; predominantly from the inner retina]) were extracted from baseline‐adjusted pupillary light response traces and compared between controls, DM without DR, and DR. Net PIPR was defined as the difference between blue and red PIPRs.ResultsPhasic constriction amplitudes to blue and red lights were decreased in DR compared to controls (p < 0.001; p < 0.001). Maximal constriction amplitudes to blue and red lights were decreased in DR compared to DM without DR (p < 0.001; p = 0.02), and in DM without DR compared to controls (p < 0.001; p = 0.005). Net PIPR was decreased in both DR and DM without DR compared to controls (p = 0.02; p = 0.03), suggesting a wavelength‐dependent (and hence retinal) pupillometric dysfunction in diabetic patients with or without DR.ConclusionsHandheld chromatic pupillometry can reveal retinal neural dysfunction in diabetes, even without DR. Patients with DM but no DR displayed primarily inner retinal dysfunction, while patients with DR showed both inner and outer retinal dysfunction.
Pharmacokinetics of asciminib in the presence of CYP3A or P‐gp inhibitors, CYP3A inducers, and acid‐reducing agents
Authors: Hoch Matthias , Huth Felix , Sato Masahiko , Sengupta Tirtha , Quinlan Michelle , Dodd Stephanie , Kapoor Shruti , Hourcade‐Potelleret Florence 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAsciminib is a first‐in‐class inhibitor of BCR::ABL1, specifically targeting the ABL myristoyl pocket. Asciminib is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) and possesses pH‐dependent solubility in aqueous solution. This report summarizes the results of two phase I studies in healthy subjects aimed at assessing the impact of CYP3A and P‐gp inhibitors, CYP3A inducers and acid‐reducing agents (ARAs) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of asciminib (single dose of 40 mg). Asciminib exposure (area under the curve [AUC]) unexpectedly decreased by ~40% when administered concomitantly with the strong CYP3A inhibitor itraconazole oral solution, whereas maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) decreased by ~50%. However, asciminib exposure was slightly increased in subjects receiving an itraconazole capsule (~3%) or clarithromycin (~35%), another strong CYP3A inhibitor. Macroflux studies showed that cyclodextrin (present in high quantities as excipient [40‐fold excess to itraconazole] in the oral solution formulation of itraconazole) decreased asciminib flux through a lipid membrane by ~80%. The AUC of asciminib was marginally decreased by concomitant administration with the strong CYP3A inducer rifampicin (by ~13–15%) and the strong P‐gp inhibitor quinidine (by ~13–16%). Concomitant administration of the ARA rabeprazole had little or no effect on asciminib AUC, with a 9% decrease in Cmax. The treatments were generally well tolerated. Taking into account the large therapeutic window of asciminib, the observed changes in asciminib PK following multiple doses of P‐gp, CYP3A inhibitors, CYP3A inducers, or ARAs are not considered to be clinically meaningful. Care should be exercised when administering asciminib concomitantly with cyclodextrin‐containing drug formulations.