bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nietzsche's Free Spirit Trilogy and Stoic Therapy
Authors: Ure Michael 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article examines Nietzsche's engagement with Stoic philosophical therapy in the free spirit trilogy. I suggest that Nietzsche first turned to Stoicism in the late 1870s in his attempt to develop a philosophical therapy that might treat the injuries human beings suffer through fate or chance without recourse to the metaphysical theodicies discredited by Enlightenment skepticism and positivism. I argue that in HH and D Nietzsche adopts a conventional form of Stoic therapy. The article then shows how Nietzsche came to take a critical stance against Stoic therapy on the grounds that it entails a radical extirpation of the value judgments that underpin the emotions. For this reason, I claim that in GS he attempts to develop a rival philosophical therapy, one that aims to enable human beings to unconditionally affirm fate but without this affirmation entailing, as it does for the Stoics, the dissolution of all emotional valuations. However, despite Nietzsche's belief that he had fundamentally broken with Stoicism, I argue, first, that Nietzsche's therapy in GS is deeply indebted to a “cosmic” model of Stoicism, which consists in the loving consent to the events that happen to us, and second, that he gives us no reasonable account of how it is possible to unconditionally affirm fate without adopting some form of Stoic indifference or apatheia.
Assessing Academic/Intellectual Skills in Keene State College's Integrative Studies Program
Authors: Rancourt Ann 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Key to the design of Keene State College's Integrative Studies Program (ISP) was the intention to create a program based on a conceptual framework. The framework came from AAC&U's Greater Expectations report (2002) in which the essential learning outcomes for a liberal education were identified. In 2007 the program was implemented. The program has three sets of outcomes (intellectual skills, perspectives and interdisciplinary outcomes and integrative outcomes). The focus of this paper will be on the development of our process and on the assessment of intellectual skills.
John Frederick Hintz, Eighteenth-Century Moravian Instrument Maker, and the Use of the Cittern in Moravian Worship
Authors: Graf Lanie 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Previous historians have identified John Frederick Hintz as a prominent German Moravian furniture and instrument maker in mid-eighteenth-century London. This article considers how Hintz's involvement in the Moravian Church may have affected his decision to pursue making instruments. The author specifically examines Hintz's prominence as a maker of citterns (or English guitars) in light of the widespread use of this instrument in Moravian music and worship. Using archival and pictorial records the author discusses the role of the cittern in Moravian communities, and by doing so, brings to light the previously unrecognized importance of this instrument to eighteenth-century Moravian life.
Peter Brown of Bethlehem and the Revival of the Moravian Mission in Antigua 1770-1780
Authors: Mason John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Moravian mission to slaves in Antigua that began in 1756 experienced a revival and a rapid expansion around 1770. By 1790 one fifth of the island's slave population was connected with the Moravians. Moravian historians associate the revival with missionary Peter Brown, but the degree to which this is justified needs to be examined. The author analyzes Brown's role in the revival and in the mission's subsequent growth. He places the revival in the context of a crisis of subsistence in the 1770s and discusses how the mission was able to meet the slaves' socio-religious needs and combine some "African" with Christian beliefs. The author concludes that slaves and missionaries together created the black Moravian Church in Antigua.
The Camphill Movement: The Moravian Dimension
Authors: Jackson Robin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This essay explores the nature and extent of the debt that the worldwide Camphill Movement owes to the Moravian Church by focusing on the lives of its two principal architects, Karl and Mathilde (Tilla) Koenig. Particular attention is drawn to the time that Karl Koenig spent in Gnadenfrei, a Moravian settlement in Silesia, which was the birthplace of his wife. Karl Koenig later acknowledged that his stay in Gnadenfrei constituted a pivotal moment in his destiny. When he was forced to flee Nazi-controlled Austria after the Anschluss because of his Jewish family background, he went to Scotland, where he was committed to the idea of building a Christian community based on a model similar to that created by Count Zinzendorf. The day-to-day running of this first Camphill community rested largely with Tilla Koenig. Contemporary commentators agree that she wove a strong, discernible, and enduring element of Moravian practice into the fabric of Camphill life and work. Perhaps the greatest debt owed by the Camphill Movement to the Moravian Church is an appreciation of the real meaning of community living, the importance of religious experience in community life, and the spiritual value which is inherent in each community member.
Constructions of the Religious Self. Moravian Conversion and Transatlantic Communication
Authors: Mettele Gisela 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Within Pietism the concept of "conversion" played an important role in the life of the individual believer. The author studies the way Moravians spoke and wrote about conversion, and what this meant for the constitution of their personality, as well as the community. The main source form thousands of memoirs (Lebensläufe), written by individual Moravians and preserved as manuscripts in various Moravian archives; hundreds were published in Moravian periodicals. The Moravian understanding of conversion was expressly oriented against every notion of "sanctification". The author argues that conversion was both an individual as well as a communal experience. Individual Moravians were shaped by the vocabulary and framework established by previously published memoirs; on the other hand, individuals also affected the development of memoir-writing with their own, personal interpretations of religious life. For Moravians conversion was a lifelong pilgrimage on precarious terrain. The journey did not lead toward personal perfection, but, as the author explains, toward a radical acknowledgement of human imperfection.
Moravian Music: Introduction, Theme, and Variations
Authors: Knouse Nola Reed 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The author answers the question "What is Moravian music?" with an accurate survey of the full spectrum of Moravian music in light of this basic principle: Moravian music, past and present, is grounded and rooted, grows and bears fruit, within and for the worship of the Savior. Beginning with a review of attempts to document and research Moravian music, Knouse explains the development of the Moravian musical tradition from the eighteenth century to the present according to a framework of six priniciple tenets: congregational hymn-singing and the Singstunde; the composition of original music for festivals and special occasions; organ music as accompaniment to the hymns; brass music; the general use of instruments in the Collegium musicum, or "music of the community"; and the importance of music education. Moravian music, comprised of these principle tenets, is viewed as a worship tool in which focus is placed on the Savior and the church community, not individual talents. In this way, music becomes another aspect of "liturgisch leben", the attempt by Moravians to live a liturgical life pleasing to God
Distant Garden: Moravian Missions and the Culture Of Slavery in the Danish West Indies, 1732-1848
Authors: Richards Helen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The author traces the effects of Moravian mission work on the slave culture of the Danish West Indies. She describes the colonization of the islands, including the context of its religious foundations and role of Moravian missionaries from their arrival in 1732 through the ultimate emancipation of the slave population in 1848. Although Moravians understood slavery as a condition ordained by God, they believed in the spiritual equality of all souls. One of the first missionaries, Friedrich Martin, became a strong advocate of teaching literacy among slaves in order to spread the gospel. Plantation owners initially resisted this instruction, but as the abolition movement swelled over the next hundred years, Moravians inadvertently became facilitators of peace and education. In 1839 all schools for free and slave negroes were placed under Moravian control. In their indirect role as teachers and purveyors of the gospel, Moravian missionaries nurtured a sense of dignity and equality among slaves, which contributed greatly to the emancipation movement in the Danish West Indies.
De-Nazification, Socialism and Solidarity: Re-Establishing International Relations in the Moravian Church after 1945
Authors: Richter Hedwig 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Despite the fierce animosities between Germans and Americans during the Second World War, a surprising sense of international fellowship developed between Moravians in the USA and in East Germany, even before the war had completely ended. The author shows how this new relationship evolved and how much East German Moravians depended on transatlantic help to rebuild their churches and communities. The old concept of an international Moravian "Unity" was revived by establishing and inventing new common traditions. The renewed international unity of the Moravian Church is placed in the context of the general awakening of internationalism after the Second World War.
Zinzendorf and the English Moravians
Authors: Podmore Colin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article begins by pointing to the tendency among British Moravians to downplay Zinzendorf's role in their church's history and arguing that that the difficult aspects of the relationship between the Count and the English Moravians of his day, which the article charts, help to explain that tendency. Zinzendorf's priority in England was relations with the Church of England. Recognition of the Moravian Church as a foreign episcopal sister church of the Church of England was important for the position of ordained Moravians working as missionaries in the British colonies. Zinzendorf feared that if the Moravian Church developed as a free church in England that would endanger such recognition. It would also conflict with his understanding of the 'Brüdergemeine' as a fellowship of awakened Christians within the existing churches. Evangelistic activity which effectively competed with the established church would similarly imperil recognition. British Moravians did not share these views.
The Songs of the Sifting. Understanding the Role of Bridal Mysticism in Moravian Piety during the late 1740s
Authors: Peucker Paul 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Moravian piety in the late 1740s was characterized by unusual religious language and practice. Moravians themselves soon called this period a time of "Sifting" and tried to eradicate most textual references to this era. A recently-discovered handwritten hymn book offers a source for the hymns sung by Moravians during the late 1740s. The author discusses the role of communal hymn singing in the common liturgical practice of 18th-century Moravians and places the songs in the context of the older religious tradition of bridal mysticism.
The Moravian Music Tradition in Germany: Continuity and Change from 1865 to 1907
Authors: Vogt Peter 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
in 1865 a manual was published for organists and worship leaders in the German Moravian Church, with later editions and additions until 1907. These editions give us insight into the development of Moravian choral music in Germany in the second half of the 19th century. The author argues that whereas the 1865 edition was an attempt to codify the Moravian music tradition in a time of change, the 1891 edition was the attempt to break free from the constraints of the past and to open up the tradition for all the new musical developments that were taking place within and outside of the Moravian Church.
The Ideal of Primitive Christianity as a Source of Moravian Liturgical Practice
Authors: Peucker Paul M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The origins of Moravian liturgical practice have traditionally been linked with the ancient Unitas Fratrum. In this essay, the author argues that many liturgical forms and ideas can be traced to Gottfried Arnold's representation of the early Christians in his two-volume work, Die Erste Liebe (1696). The author also investigates the question why this connection has not been acknowledged in previous historiography on the topic. By considering the influence of the ideal of primitive Christianity on the development of liturgical forms in early Herrnhut, important insight into the self-concept of the Moravian movement will be gained.
Versions of Primitive Christianity: John Wesley's Relations with the Moravians in Georgia, 1735-1737
Authors: Hammond Geordan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article is an examination of John Wesley's relationship with the German Moravians in Georgia, which focuses on their respective conceptions of primitive Christianity. Wesley saw Georgia as a laboratory to implement his High Church Anglican/Nonjuror inspired vision of introducing the doctrine, discipline, and practice of the primitive church in the new colony. Wesley's determination to implement his views of primitive Christianity affected all of his relationships in Georgia including his interactions with the Moravians. A close investigation of Wesley's journals and diary along with the journals and letters of the leaders of the Moravians shows that discussion of the nature of the primitive church dominated their conversations. Wesley believed that primitive Christianity could be restored by renewing the precise doctrine, liturgy, discipline, and devotional practice of the primitive church, while the Moravians stressed the communal spirit of the primitive church as worthy of contemporary emulation. Although the Moravians claimed to maintain episcopal apostolic succession, they did not agree with Wesley that it was essential to an efficacious ministry. The leaders of the Moravians, while showing some sympathy with Wesley's High Church primitivism, retained their focus on the spirit and communal form of the early church. Therefore, relations between Wesley and the Moravians in Georgia were marked by mutual respect and tension due to their differing conceptions of primitive Christianity.
Little Side Holes: Moravian Devotional Cards of the Mid-Eighteenth Century
Authors: Atwood Craig D. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
One of the more intriguing types of eighteenth-century Moravian art were small devotional cards. These side-hole cards (Seitenhöhlchenkarten) offer a distinctly Moravian reworking of a medieval iconographic tradition. Most of these cards have verses about the side wound of Jesus written in beautiful calligraphy, sometimes in red and green ink. The most intriguing cards have images of the side wound, sometimes with scenes painted into the wound. Aaron Fogleman offered these pictures as evidence for his thesis that the Moravians viewed Jesus as female and considers them as part of their eroticized devotion to Christ. The author of this essay argues that this is a misinterpretation. These cards were probably used by both children and adults in private devotions and are hardly erotic. Rather, they are visual representations of key elements of Moravian wounds mysticism, especially the concept that all aspects of daily life, even eating and sleeping, should be done in the awareness that one is in the body of Christ.
Three Peculiarities of the Southern Australian Moravian Mission Field
Authors: Jensz Felicity 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The nineteenth-century Moravian mission field of Southern Australia has received little attention in Moravian narratives or in contemporary historical analyses. Although it was relatively small in terms of converts, and short-lived in comparison to some other Moravian missionary fields, it had a profound impact on indigenous Australians and the colonial history of Australia. Tins essay provides an analysis of the Southern Australian Moravian mission field by examining three peculiarities of the field: the lack of native literature; the payment of a missionary by another church; and, the "double positions" held by Moravians as both missionaries and as governmental officials. These three peculiarities themselves diverge from the dominant Moravian missionary narrative, and thus, through their analysis, a more complex and nuanced history of this mission field is presented.
Encounters of Moravian Missionaries with Miskitu Autonomy and Land Claims in Nicaragua, 1894 to 1936
Authors: Everingham Mark , Taylor Edwin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article analyzes the responses of Moravian missionaries in Nicaragua when they encountered colonial and national competition over sovereignty and internal strife and challenging conditions in indigenous communities, from the 1890s to the 1930s. The focus is on Moravian missionaries who settled in the northern portion of Miskitu territory, which is located in the Mosquitia on Nicaragua's Caribbean coast. Diaries and notes, as well as official reports and accounts to the Moravian Church, provide a unique historical lens through which to examine how the missionaries navigated indigenous resistance, land claims, foreign competition, and economic booms and busts. Although not acting according to an explicit political agenda, missionaries systematically constructed religious, educational, and medical institutions that overcame Miskitu resistance to Christian conversion and became integral to Miskitu lives and welfare. Despite this, the Miskitu people preserved a tradition of self-government during the period under consideration. A change of religious beliefs did not constitute a fundamental transformation of Miskitu ideas and aspirations about political and cultural autonomy. The consolidation of Moravian influence contributed to the intensity of Miskitu nationalist sentiments and land claims when demands for indigenous autonomy resurged later in the twentieth century. This article examines Moravian perspectives on disunity and anxiety in coastal and savannah communities on the Tawira side of Miskitu geographic and ethnic divisions. Moravian accounts of the foundation of the Tawira community of Tuara elucidate ancestral roots and communal struggles during the ebb and flow of Miskitu autonomy and vulnerability.
Moravians in Central Labrador: The Indigenous Inuit Mission of Jacobus and Salome at Snooks Cove
Authors: Rollmann Hans J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The article documents Moravian efforts to extend missionary activities from coastal to central Labrador during the second half of the nineteenth century and highlights the evangelization of fellow Inuit at Snooks Cove near Rigolet in 1871/72 by the Hopedale Inuk Jacobus and several companions. The missionary activities of Jacobus are placed in the wider nineteenth-century Moravian context of stimulating increased aboriginal participation among mission churches worldwide. In Labrador, such greater involvement of Inuit in the life of their church was particularly encouraged by Bishop Levin Theodor Reichet, a member of the Unity Elders Conference in Germany, during and after his visitation journeys to Labrador in 1861 and 1874. Appended to the article is a translation from German of Jacobus's original Inuktitut account about his evangelistic activities at Snooks Cove.
Transitions in Moravian Burial and Commemorative Practices in the Former Danish West Indies
Authors: Blouet Helen C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Moravians established the Bethany and Emmaus missions on the Caribbean island of St. John in 1754 and 1782 respectively. The missionaries provided religious and educational outlets to many of the island's enslaved and free Africans. Despite claims of spiritual equality, black Moravians and white Moravians experienced differential access to burial sites and commemorative resources on St. John. Such contexts gradually changed over time as enslaved laborers were freed in 1848, the number of white Moravian missionaries declined, and Afro-Moravians increasingly assumed congregational leadership. Through the interpretation of church cemeteries, family property burial sites, and documentary analysis, this study investigates how Moravians on St. John spatially and materially communicated and transformed religious identities, race relationships, and kinship and communal ties over time from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries.
Archbishop Herring, Anti-Catholicism, and the Moravian Church
Authors: Yonan Jonathan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Until recently, scholars mainly understood the anti-Moravian campaign that started in 1753 as a reaction to the so-called Sifting Time and as the initiative of the enigmatic figure, Henry Rimius. In his 1998 study of the Moravian Church in England, Podmore drew attention to the role Thomas Herring, archbishop of Canterbury, played as being more than only an accommodating spectator. In this article new evidence from a correspondence between Samuel Richardson and his Dutch translator, Johannes Stinstra, has been used to establish that the archbishop himself, and not Rimius, inspired, designed, initiated, and directed the 1753 anti-Moravian campaign. New manuscript evidence also highlights that Herring's campaign was chiefly political in focus, aimed at repealing the 1749 Act of Parliament, and was never principally interested in theological or social issues.
Entangled by the World: William Henry of Lancaster and “Mixed” Living in Moravian Town and Country Congregations
Authors: Gordon Scott Paul 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Members of Moravian “town and country” congregations in eighteenth-century America confronted particular challenges: unable or unwilling to separate themselves from “the world,” such Moravians were often looked at with suspicion by church authorities in settlement congregations such as Bethlehem. These ongoing tensions were exacerbated during the Revolutionary War, when the decisions of many Brethren—most visibly, William Henry of Lancaster—to engage in political activity seemed to confirm the suspicions that town and country congregations had admitted individuals to their fellowship who were too entangled in the world to devote themselves to spiritual matters. Yet it was these Brethren who, thanks to the very entanglements that dismayed church authorities, possessed the political influence to aid and protect the Moravian Church when it was threatened.
Apologizing for the Moravians: Spangenberg's “Idea Fidei Fratrum
Authors: Atwood Craig D. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
After Zinzendorf's death in 1760, August Gottlieb Spangenberg became the major leader of the Moravian Church. Spangenberg's historical and doctrinal publications helped define Moravian theology and practice in the second half of the eighteenth century. In this article, the author argues that the Idea Fidei Fratrum (1779), Spangenberg's most important theological work, was primarily written as an apology for the Moravians as they were struggling with their public image after the death of Zinzendorf. It also serves as a rare example of a systematic theology written by a Moravian leader. By marginalizing key aspects of Zinzendorf's theology and placing Moravian teaching on the foundation of the Augsburg Confession, the Idea Fidei Fratrum was a public demonstration of the theological orthodoxy of the Moravian Church.