bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coda
Authors: Stecopoulos Harilaos 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The book ends with a brief account of how 21st century US cultural diplomacy has emphasized multicultural literature. After discussing how the State Department deploys writers of color as literary ambassadors, I focus on how the War on Terror urged government interest in Arab American writers. The remainder of the coda examines how Elmaz Abinader, a Lebanese American writer, found in contemporary US cultural diplomacy a means of forging diverse global ties.
The ‘Social Dimension’ of Postwar Europe
Authors: Andry Aurélie Dianara 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This first chapter sketches the historical background to the project for a ‘social Europe’ from the Second World War to the 1960s. It outlines the ‘social dimension’—or rather the social deficit—of postwar European unity schemes, which underpinned the exceptional growth of the postwar decades and helped the stabilization of capitalism—a Keynesian type of ‘welfare capitalism’—in western Europe. Although European integration from the Marshall Plan to the European Communities was not a ‘pure’ liberal or free-market process, it bore the mark of Christian democracy and ordoliberalism, of the affirmation of a new international liberal order dominated by the United States, and of a productivist economic model. It was intrinsically anti-communist, and the non-communist European Left scarcely managed to play a role in its genesis.
A New Social Wind
Authors: Andry Aurélie Dianara 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter re-examines the new social thrust that came to the European Community (EC) at the dawn of the 1970s (1969–72). The first works of the EC on social policy after the Hague Summit showed some will to develop the social activity and image of the EC but did not modify the productivist and market-oriented inspiration of European social policy, nor did it improve the association of labour organizations with European policy making. As western Europe experienced a turn to the left and enlargement to include new members would increase the influence of social democracy within the EC, however, a redefinition of the social goals of ‘Europe’ seemed increasingly plausible. Brandt’s government played a decisive role in this regard in the run-up to the October 1972 Paris Summit, which would mark the apex (perhaps the twilight) of European elites’ new social intentions.
The Defeat
Authors: Andry Aurélie Dianara 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates the defeat of the European Left’s struggle for a ‘social Europe’ in the late 1970s and early 1980s. It first exposes how, despite some achievements, the European Community (EC) social concern of the early 1970s faded away with the 1974–5 economic recession, the restrictive turn of several governments, and Schmidt replacing Brandt in West Germany. Second, it turns to the failed ‘Eurocorporatist’ attempt to define a new EC-level social compromise. Third, it retraces the unions’ forgotten efforts to take to the streets their demands for an alternative macroeconomic European strategy and for a European reduction of working time. Fourth, it exposes the defeat of the struggle for a democratization of the economy through greater workers’ control of multinational companies. Finally, it shows how the French government’s 1983 decision to abandon its socialist programme in order to remain in the EMS marked the final blow to the European Left’s struggle for a redistributive, planning-oriented, and regulatory ‘worker’s Europe’.
Coda
Authors: Mariani Maria Anna 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe coda discusses the multiple intersections between nuclear apocalypse and environmental catastrophe. The coexistence of these two potential catastrophes was immediately apparent to Carlo Cassola, one of the Italian writers most active on the disarmament front. The coda analyzes his novel Il mondo senza nessuno (The World without Humans), a text that translates the author’s apocalyptic prophecies into narrative worlds and fuses his antimilitarist mission with a focus on environmental issues. Who are the witnesses to the world’s extinction? The plants. It is the plants who will repopulate the earth and bid farewell to the world before it ends.
Starting Over in Postwar Europe
Authors: Field Geoffrey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In October 1945 Wiskemann moved to Rome and lived there for almost two years, writing for the Economist and the Spectator about the birth of the Italian Republic. Her contacts with Italian exiles in wartime Switzerland provided access to leading political and cultural circles. Like most of her friends, she was deeply disappointed by the fragmentation of the anti-fascist Resistance coalition of 1946–47 and the swift decline of the Action party. She also wrote two books on modern Italy; one, The Rome-Berlin Axis (1949), was the first major study of the alliance between Hitler and Mussolini. Work on research projects for Chatham House rekindled her interests in Central and Eastern Europe, especially West Germany, whose policies under Chancellor Adenauer she distrusted and criticized for their failure to fully engage with the nation’s Nazi past. In 1954 Chatham House recruited her to write the first study in English of the expulsion of 12 million Germans from Eastern Europe in 1945–47. Intended as a guide for policymakers, the book gained praise in Britain and North America but fierce opposition in West Germany. Wiskemann’s critique of refugee organizations’ influence on Federal politics and her view that the Potsdam agreements and the Oder–Neisse frontier should be accepted as irreversible, made her the target of an abusive campaign orchestrated by the government, refugee organizations, and research institutes focused on the ‘lost East.’
Minority Governments in Sweden
Authors: Bäck Hanna , Hellström Johan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on governments in Sweden, a country which has a relatively high share of minority governments, over 70 percent, in the post-war period. Most governments formed during this period have been single-party Social Democratic cabinets, supported by one or more parties in parliament, but there have also been several cases of minority coalitions. Swedish politics has historically been characterized by a strong emphasis on a near-unidimensional political conflict along the left–right policy dimension, and a negative parliamentary system which most likely account for the high occurrence of minority cabinets. The chapter describes Sweden as a prime example of what has been called ‘contract parliamentarism’, where minority governments often had support party arrangements in the form of an explicit written contract with one or more opposition parties, publicly committing the partners to a policy agreement. The chapter also shows that minority governments in Sweden have performed well, with a high share of government bills having passed through parliament, a high survival of cabinets, and a high level of electoral support. The legislative successes are partly because of contract parliamentarism but also because opposition parties can gain substantial policy influence via the rather strong parliamentary committee system.
Intellectuals, Masses, and Leaders
Authors: Bonnell Andrew G. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Two new sociological concepts came into circulation at the end of the nineteenth century: ‘intellectuals’ and ‘the masses’. These concepts gathered increasing weight in social and political discourse in the early twentieth century. Arguably, the clash between a new organized mass politics of the left, in the form of the socialist labour movement, and attempts by old and new right-wing elites to create a counter-mobilization of other social groups outside the elites themselves, was one of the main factors shaping Europe’s twentieth-century ‘age of extremes’. Michels often reflected on, and saw himself as personally exemplifying, the role of the intellectual in a mass working-class party. One of the aspects of the Italian Socialist Party which Michels found attractive was the prominent role of intellectuals in the party, including many university professors, which would have been impossible in imperial Germany. Michels believed that the involvement of bourgeois intellectuals such as himself in the German Social Democratic Party was proof of their intellectual superiority, whereas workers were motivated more by material gain. Michels increasingly espoused the view that ‘the masses’ were politically incompetent and in need of leaders to whom they could look up, a view that converged with the contemporary ideas of writers such as Gustave Le Bon, Gaetano Mosca, and Vilfredo Pareto.
The Investment Treaty Regime and Public Interest Regulation in Africa
Authors: Dagbanja Dominic Npoanlari 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Regulatory autonomy inheres in state sovereignty. Legally, it arises out of states’ primary duties to regulate in the public interest which are sourced from national constitutions and general international law. Accordingly, states commonly invoke national constitutions and general international law in defence of measures challenged in investor-state arbitration. The capacity of states to make treaties is equally founded on these legal norms which are necessary for the coming into existence, legal status and juridical consequences of a treaty. The premise of this book, then, is that an analysis of investment treaties and states’ right to regulate must start with the legal and normative limits to states’ capacity to conclude investment treaties. Thus, based on a constitutional-general international law imperatives analysis, this book develops the imperatives theory as a legal and principled framework for explaining the intersection of investment treaties and regulatory autonomy, and the legal status of investment treaties and investor-state arbitration in Africa. It addresses, and answers affirmatively, the a priori question of whether fundamental constitutional and general international law obligations of African states towards citizens place limitations on their competence to conclude investment treaties. It makes a case for the public interest to be prioritised in Africa’s participation in international investment rule-making and for investment treaties to be concluded subject to states’ public interest obligations. This book, a form of resistance towards the investment treaty regime, presents revolutionary perspectives on the necessity, making and reform of investment treaties and investor-state arbitration in Africa with global implications and significance.
The Intersection of Investment Treaty Law and Arbitration and Public Interest Regulation in Africa
Authors: Dagbanja Dominic Npoanlari 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the research theme and questions and covers the history of international investment law in Africa, establishing that gaining political independence by African states was central in making investment treaties in Africa. The history of investment treaties in Africa is thus a post-colonial one. This chapter also analyses the standards of investment protection in African investment treaties such as fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, national treatment, most-favoured-nation treatment, expropriation, repatriation/transfer of investment and returns, and provision for investor–state arbitration. It establishes that the ill-defined nature of the substantive standards is the reason they limit public interest regulation. This chapter reviews investor–state arbitration globally and as it involves African states and analyses fundamental constitutional and general international law rights and corresponding duties of African states. The object, contribution, scope, methodology, and overall structure of the monograph are also covered in this chapter. This chapter thus gives a complete picture of the book in terms of the intersection of the right to regulate under national constitutions and in general international law and investment treaty obligations to protect foreign investment in Africa.
The Right to Development, Development Policy-making and the Investment Treaty Regime in Africa
Authors: Dagbanja Dominic Npoanlari 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the constitutional and general international law right to development and the adverse effects of investment treaties and investor–state arbitration for development policy-making and implementation in Africa. The chapter establishes that there is a right to development in Africa and a corresponding duty of African states to adopt policies and regulatory measures to ensure the realisation of this right. Although development is claimed to be an objective of the investment treaties, the actual terms of the treaties conflict with the adoption of broader development policies when they adversely affect an investment interest. The reform of investment treaties to accommodate development policy has also been explored in the chapter. This chapter argues that the right to development and corresponding duties to make and implement development policies under national constitutions and international environmental and human rights treaties limits the competence of African states in investment treaty-making and must guide the states in concluding investment treaties, taking into consideration the limitations that the terms of the treaties might place on the autonomy to regulate in discharge of these duties. The chapter makes the case for investment treaties to be reconciled or made consistent with the right to development and corresponding duties of African states.
Introduction
Authors: Miller-Melamed Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Introduction poses two questions: why do we emphasize certain historical events more than others, and how does this impact our understanding of the past? Beginning with Bosnian student Bogdan Žerajić’s failure to assassinate Emperor Franz Joseph in 1910, it suggests that this “non act” swerved the course of history just as much as did Gavrilo Princip’s infamous murder of Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914. Yet the Sarajevo assassination has been elevated into a “myth” due to its ironic disproportionality to the outbreak of world war a month later—the “first shots of the First World War” in the “uncivilized” Balkans and problematic analogies to contemporary terrorism, for instance. Meanwhile, Žerajić is all but forgotten. Thus, setting out the book’s thematic framework, the Introduction explains its straightforward narrative methodology, in which examples of the “Sarajevo myth” are embedded into a broad overview of the origins of World War I.
Vying Visions
Authors: Miller-Melamed Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter is framed by the 1908 Bosnian Crisis, when Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina with huge consequences for European alliances, Russian rearmament, Serbian nationalism, and Bosnian student radicalism. It examines Serbian politics/society, including the medieval origins of Greater Serb nationalism and the Kosovo myth. Serbian independence put the nation-state in conflict with Austria-Hungary over the latter’s large south Slavic population. It also helped foster the literary Young Bosnia movement, which protested the oppressive conditions under Habsburg rule despite Austria-Hungary’s economic development of the provinces and Benjamin von Kállay’s effort to create a “Bosnian” national identity. Ideologically, many Young Bosnians embraced Yugoslavism—a south Slavic state independent of Habsburg rule. Habsburg leaders, including Franz Ferdinand through his Military Chancellery, also considered national reorganization to address the South Slavic Question. Indeed, the Bosnian annexation partially strove to convert the Dual Monarchy into a three-part “Trialist” state. Its failure boded ill for Austro-Serb relations.
An “Epic” Conspiracy!
Authors: Miller-Melamed Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the responsibility question: what group or individual initiated/organized the Sarajevo conspiracy; what motivated them? It breaks the issue into two parts: plot “from above” (Unification or Death, i.e., the Black Hand) or “from below” (Young Bosnians). The chapter argues that the Belgrade “troika” (Princip, Grabež, Čabrinović), driven by their hatred of Habsburg rule, initiated the plot and obtained weapons via an intermediary to the Black Hand. First, however, it situates the conspiracy historically—the alleged belligerency of German Kaiser Wilhelm II and the Balkan Wars (preceded by the Italo-Turkish War). Against arguments that the Black Hand organized the plot for fear of Franz Ferdinand’s federal reforms, this chapter suggests that the weapons handover was motivated by Serbia’s civil-military struggle. Major Vojislav Tankosić, who had close ties to Black Hand leader “Apis,” assisted the Young Bosnians to further the Serb nationalist agenda by overturning the Pašić government.
“World History Is Horrific from Up Close”
Authors: Miller-Melamed Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the events of June 28, 1914, focusing on General Potiorek’s role in the decision to continue the imperial procession (with a slight alteration) after Čabrinović’s failed assassination. It then describes initial reactions to the murder, especially in Austria-Hungary. The book argues that “Sarajevo” was not a “flashbulb” event that traumatized Europeans. Rather, the moment that presaged world war came on July 23, 1914, when Austria-Hungary delivered its impossible Ultimatum to Serbia. Before reaching this climax, the chapter describes the anti-Serb violence after the assassination as well as the diplomatic July Crisis. It breaks the latter into two parts—Serbia’s passive response, led by premier Nikola Pašić; and Austrian Foreign Minister Berchtold’s early decision for war. The delay in delivering the Ultimatum was rooted in Hungarian premier Tisza’s hesitation and lethargic Habsburg military preparations. But the “first shots of the First World War” were fired by Austria-Hungary, not Gavrilo Princip.
Conclusion
Authors: Miller-Melamed Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The narrative structure of this book is punctured with examples of the “Sarajevo myth”—Princip eating a sandwich when the archduke “happens” to drive up; the role of “fate/chance”; supposedly fatally ill assassins; analogies to contemporary terrorism; the murder’s synonymous relation to Armageddon; assumptions about the role of the “secret” Black Hand “terrorist” society, and so on. In Blaise Cendrars’s radio-play Sarajevo, such so-called myths are considered through two characters who had a minor role in the assassination. Much like this book, the play’s protagonists, who regale tourists on the political murder, seek to get to “the bottom of the matter”—to understand how this single event led to world war. The Conclusion draws on Cendrars’s play to reaffirm that there is no ultimate explanation for this disturbing, ironic history. What does matter, however, is recognizing that the war was decided upon by political leaders rather than Princip’s mythicized pistol shots.
Is Working Longer in Jeopardy?
Authors: Berkman Lisa F. , Truesdale Beth C. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Abstract: On average, Americans live longer and healthier lives than they did 50 years ago and substantially longer than when Social Security was created in the 1930’s. Many policymakers and academics think it is logical – almost inevitable – that Americans will spend more of these years in the paid labor force. Longer life expectancies mean that Americans need income to support more years of life, and working longer is a commonly-proposed solution. In this chapter we provide evidence that large and growing economic and social inequalities, coupled with changes across generations or birth cohorts, call for a rethinking of the working-longer policy framework. In the first section of this introduction, we outline trends and inequalities in American demographics, health, family dynamics, jobs, and politics, because the evidence in these five areas – well-known to researchers in those domains but often neglected in the working-longer conversation – is a key motivation for this book. Then we turn to the new frontiers of research on aging, work, and retirement.
Forecasting Employment of the Older Population
Authors: Hurd Michael D. , Rohwedder Susann 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Abstract: Until the COVID-19 pandemic, the employment rate of the older population had increased for more than 25 years. However, two developments besides the pandemic call into question whether this long-term trend will continue: the employment rate of the younger population has remained constant or declined with the implication that a smaller portion will enter older ages in employment; and health, an important predictor of retirement at the individual level, has not improved in the pre-retirement age population. We use the subjective probability of working at several future ages as stated by individuals in the Health and Retirement Study to assess future employment trends of the older population. We simulate employment from pre-retirement to post-retirement ages, calibrating the level to the population subjective probability of working. The employment rate predicted for those who will be age 70 or 71 in the early 2030s is almost the same as or slightly lower than the level in 2016, implying that, even in the absence of COVID, the positive trend would not continue. Further, most subpopulations as defined by education, gender, and race/ethnicity will not experience growth in the employment rate, not even those with the most favorable trends in health.
Declarations of Emergency
Authors: Vivian Bradford 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines recurrent language choices and narrative frameworks that sources of campus misinformation use to normalize allegations of a free speech crisis in higher education. Public figures and news organizations in the late 2010s attempted to transform hyperbolic portrayals of college campuses into a sustained media campaign rather than consistently responsible, evidence-based deliberation about university teaching and research. The specious premise of a free speech crisis in universities emerged from an elitist echo chamber shaped by circular metadiscourse about college campuses and reactionary nostalgia for prior eras of higher education. Understanding how informational distortion about higher learning thrives in present-day media environments can encourage more constructive dialogues about the challenges of university education today as well as its importance to democratic society.
Orthodoxy
Authors: Vivian Bradford 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Orthodoxy is the central term of campus misinformation. Various strains of discourse that constitute such misinformation ultimately reinforce the core premise that liberal, progressive, or secular orthodoxy dominates higher education today. This chapter argues that viewpoint diversity polemics about orthodoxy represent a borrowed partisan religious argument dressed in seemingly scientific verbiage. The chapter further contends that the conceit of orthodoxy in campus misinformation constitutes a mode of strategic doublespeak that falsely depicts free political activities and freely chosen ideas as signs of a radical centralized conspiracy. Reactionary political figures have used this doublespeak to generate pretexts for political restrictions of academic freedom across the United States. Counteracting the doublespeak of orthodoxy in campus misinformation is necessary for promoting a superior framework of public debate about higher education while opposing political efforts to restrict academic freedom.