bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shower water contributes viable nontuberculous mycobacteria to indoor air
Authors: Shen Yun , Haig Sarah-Jane , Prussin Aaron J , LiPuma John J , Marr Linsey C , Raskin Lutgarde 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are frequently present in municipal drinking water and building plumbing, and some are believed to cause respiratory tract infections through inhalation of NTM-containing aerosols generated during showering. However, the present understanding of NTM transfer from water to air is insufficient to develop NTM risk mitigation strategies. This study aimed to characterize the contribution of shower water to the abundance of viable NTM in indoor air. Shower water and indoor air samples were collected, and 16S rRNA and rpoB genes were sequenced. The sequencing results showed that running the shower impacted the bacterial community structure and NTM species composition in indoor air by transferring certain bacteria from water to air. A mass balance model combined with NTM quantification results revealed that on average 1/132 and 1/254 of NTM cells in water were transferred to air during 1 hour of showering using a rain and massage showerhead, respectively. A large fraction of the bacteria transferred from water to air were membrane-damaged, i.e. they had compromised membranes based on analysis by live/dead staining and flow cytometry. However, the damaged NTM in air were recoverable as shown by growth in a culture medium mimicking the respiratory secretions of people with cystic fibrosis, implying a potential infection risk by NTM introduced to indoor air during shower running. Among the recovered NTM, Mycobacterium mucogenicum was the dominant species as determined by rpoB gene sequencing. Overall, this study lays the groundwork for future pathogen risk management and public health protection in the built environment.
Engineering enzyme activity using an expanded amino acid alphabet
Authors: Birch-Price Zachary , Taylor Christopher J , Ortmayer Mary , Green Anthony P 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEnzyme design and engineering strategies are typically constrained by the limited size of nature’s genetic alphabet, comprised of only 20 canonical amino acids. In recent years, site-selective incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) via an expanded genetic code has emerged as a powerful means of inserting new functional components into proteins, with hundreds of structurally diverse ncAAs now available. Here, we highlight how the emergence of an expanded repertoire of amino acids has opened new avenues in enzyme design and engineering. ncAAs have been used to probe complex biological mechanisms, augment enzyme function and, most ambitiously, embed new catalytic mechanisms into protein active sites that would be challenging to access within the constraints of nature’s genetic code. We predict that the studies reviewed in this article, along with further advances in genetic code expansion technology, will establish ncAA incorporation as an increasingly important tool for biocatalysis in the coming years.
The Geography of Subadvisors, Managerial Structure, and the Performance of International Equity Mutual Funds
Authors: Broman Markus , Densmore Michael , Shum Nolan Pauline 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We study whether subadvising abroad provides an information advantage that improves the performance of international equity mutual funds. We find that it does not. In fact, internationally outsourced funds underperform on a risk-adjusted basis by up to 162 bps annually. The underperformance is concentrated in funds managed by single subadvisors, who are less likely to be terminated after poor performance compared to funds with multiple subadvisors. We dissect fund performance by the location of its subadvisors and find that international subadvisors underperform primarily in their local holdings. Finally, we show that the industry is nonetheless on a path toward equilibrium. (JEL G11, G12, G14, G15, G23).
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Governing Refugees in Saudi Arabia (1948–2022)
Authors: Lysa Charlotte 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Saudi Arabia is a non-signatory state to the Refugee Convention, with no domestic refugee law. Its refugee population is generally not categorised as such. Based on these facts, Saudi Arabia is largely missing from the refugee studies literature in general, and the increasing scholarship on refugee protection in states not signatory to the Refugee Convention in particular. What characterises refugee governance in wealthy, non-signatory states with a largely invisible refugee population? And, how does the “Saudi approach” to refugee protection relate to those of other non-signatory states? Based on hitherto unresearched archival material, interviews, and openly available sources it argues that while there are no legal framework for governing refugees in Saudi Arabia, the state has adopted ad-hocratic policies, which nevertheless followed a certain pattern when refugee situations emerge. This ad-hocratic approach is similar to that found in other non-signatory states in the Middle East and North Africa; the state responds to particular situations based on nationality or ethno-religious affiliations, keeping refugees strictly temporary and often on opaque terms. Where the situation in Saudi Arabia differs, is in the role undertaken by UNHCR who instead of acting as a “surrogate state” takes on a lobbying and monitoring role.
Trajectories of reported sleep duration associate with early childhood cognitive development
Authors: Cai Shirong , Tham Elaine Kwang Hsia , Xu Hai-Yan , Fu Xiuju , Goh Rick Siow Mong , Gluckman Peter D , Chong Yap-Seng , Yap Fabian , Shek Lynette Pei-chi , Hoe Teoh Oon , Gooley Joshua J , Yam-Thiam Goh Daniel , Meaney Michael J , Schneider Nora , Rifkin-Graboi Anne , Broekman Birit F P 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Study Objectives
Examine how different trajectories of reported sleep duration associate with early childhood cognition.

Methods
Caregiver-reported sleep duration data (n = 330) were collected using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months and Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire at 54 months. Multiple group-based day-, night-, and/or total sleep trajectories were derived—each differing in duration and variability. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (Bayley-III) and the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test- 2 (KBIT-2) were used to assess cognition at 24 and 54 months, respectively.

Results
Compared to short variable night sleep trajectory, long consistent night sleep trajectory was associated with higher scores on Bayley-III (cognition and language), while moderate/long consistent night sleep trajectories were associated with higher KBIT-2 (verbal and composite) scores. Children with a long consistent total sleep trajectory had higher Bayley-III (cognition and expressive language) and KBIT-2 (verbal and composite) scores compared to children with a short variable total sleep trajectory. Moderate consistent total sleep trajectory was associated with higher Bayley-III language and KBIT-2 verbal scores relative to the short variable total trajectory. Children with a long variable day sleep had lower Bayley-III (cognition and fine motor) and KBIT-2 (verbal and composite) scores compared to children with a short consistent day sleep trajectory.

Conclusions
Longer and more consistent night- and total sleep trajectories, and a short day sleep trajectory in early childhood were associated with better cognition at 2 and 4.5 years.
Addressing the ‘Lively Controversy’ around proprietary estoppel: Guest v Guest [2022] UKSC 27
Authors: Purewal Anita 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The long-awaited Supreme Court ruling in Guest v Guest has provided a welcomed judgment on a core principle in equity and trusts law, proprietary estoppel. The leading judgment not only provides guidance on the purpose of relief for proprietary estoppel, but also provides much needed clarity on a persistently debated issue in case law, namely whether an ‘expectation-based’ or ‘reliance-based’ approach to calculating relief for proprietary estoppel should be adopted, with the judgment providing an insightful step-by-step guide for the exercise of judicial discretion in such cases to ensure appropriate and justified relief is awarded.
Uncovering cloves: characterization of volatile compounds present in clove cigarettes
Authors: Picanço João Marcelo Astolfi , Limberger Renata Pereira , Apel Miriam Anders 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIndonesian clove cigarettes—called “kretek” due to the crackling sound that can be heard when the product burns—are tobacco products containing clove and the "saus", a mixture of essential oils and plant extracts whose ingredients are mostly kept in secret. It is important to determine which ingredients those are to properly assess the effects that clove cigarettes can cause. An organoleptic, qualitative and quantitative analysis was made in 9 different brands of clove cigarettes obtained in Brazil. Nicotine, eugenol, menthol, and β-caryophyllene were quantified through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The samples presented 20 different compounds, and all samples had a different combination of the compounds. Nicotine concentrations were generally higher than eugenol, and lower than nicotine concentration in a conventional cigarette. One sample had menthol even though the cigarette pack did not inform that it was a menthol product. There were traces of 2 unusual substances. Clindamycin is an antibiotic that can be used to treat bacterial infections in respiratory airways, and octodrine is an amphetaminic stimulant used in nutritional supplements, considered as a substance of doping by the World Anti-Doping Association. The presence of both substances was not tested using certified reference materials, but its possible presence raises concern about the compounds in kretek cigarettes. There should be more studies about the contents of clove cigarettes, to improve antitobacco legislations and regulations. This way it would be possible to properly inform the risks of smoking clove cigarettes and to diminish the number of tobacco users throughout the world.
Making Progress in Age Stereotype Research
Authors: Murphy Kevin R , DeNisi Angelo S 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMurphy and DeNisi’s review suggested that the links between age and personnel decisions in organizations were generally weak and inconsistent and, on this basis, suggested that the effects of age stereotypes on these decisions might not be large. Fourteen papers commented on the evidence and arguments offered by Murphy and DeNisi. In our response, we comment on three broad themes running though this set of papers. First, several papers challenged the description of age effects as small and argued that age stereotypes can have negative effects and that older workers can be disadvantaged in the workplace. We fully agree but note that the size of the effects shown in our review and in the research cited by these commentaries effectively rules out the hypothesis that age stereotypes are consistently and strongly negative and that they have large effects in personnel decisions. Second, both context factors and intersectionality are suggested as potential moderators of age stereotype effects. We believe that progress in this area requires the development of specific models of these effects, and we offer examples. Third, many papers highlighted the challenges in studying age stereotype effects, in particular the failure of many studies to measure the stereotypes held by decision makers or to rule out factors unrelated to age stereotypes. We thus offer suggestions for improving age stereotype research.
Müller Muscle Conjunctival Resection: A Multicentered Prospective Analysis of Surgical Success
Authors: Leung Victoria C. , Dupuis Jessica El-Khazen , Ashraf Davin C. , Idowu Oluwatobi O. , Massicotte Erika , Vagefi M. Reza , Kersten Robert C. , Kalin-Hajdu Evan 
Published: November 2022

Purpose:
This is a multicenter prospective cohort study investigating Müller muscle conjunctival resection success rates based on marginal reflex distance-1 (MRD1) and symmetry criteria. A secondary objective was to identify predictors of success.

Methods:
One hundred fifty-two patients with unilateral or bilateral blepharoptosis (229 eyelids) undergoing Müller muscle conjunctival resection were consecutively recruited from 2015 to 2020 at the Université de Montréal and University of California San Francisco. Ptosis was defined as MRD1 ≤ 2.0 mm or MRD1 > 1 mm lower than the contralateral eyelid. Patients were selected for Müller muscle conjunctival resection surgery if they demonstrated significant eyelid elevation following phenylephrine 2.5% testing. MRD1 success (operated eyelid achieving MRD1 ≥ 2.5 mm) and symmetry success (patient achieving an intereyelid MRD1 difference ≤ 1 mm) were evaluated for the patient cohort. Predictors of MRD1 and symmetry success were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis.

Results:
MRD1 success was achieved in 72.1% (n = 165) of 229 operated eyelids. Symmetry success was achieved in 75.7% (n = 115) of 152 patients. MRD1 before phenylephrine testing was the only statistically significant predictor of MRD1 success (odds ratio [OR] 2.69, p = 0.001). Symmetry following phenylephrine testing was the only variable associated with increased odds of symmetry success (OR 2.71, p = 0.024), and unilateral surgery (OR 0.21, p = 0.004), the only variable associated with reduced odds of symmetry success.

Conclusions:
Müller muscle conjunctival resection effectively achieves postoperative MRD1 and symmetry success. MRD1 before phenylephrine testing is the strongest determinant of MRD1 success. Neither a large rise in MRD1 with phenylephrine nor increasing tissue resection length adequately counterbalance the effect of a low MRD1 before phenylephrine. Unilateral surgery and the absence of symmetry following phenylephrine predict greater odds of symmetry failure.
Outcomes of a 5-Week Aquatic Physical Therapy Program for a Child With Myelomeningocele: A Case Report
Authors: Conklin Ashley , Simonds Adrienne H. , Berger Allison , Fadahunsi Tolu , Freitag Nicole , Lazaro Kayla , Thow Kelly 
Published: November 2022

Background and Purpose:Myelomeningocele (MM) is a congenital disorder resulting from insufficient closure of the spinal column, with neural tissue compromise. MM can result in multisystem deficits that may result in functional limitations. Physical therapists may use an aquatic environment as a tool in rehabilitation. The principles of water enable ease of movement and mobility. Aquatic physical therapy (APT) has led to functional improvements in children with neuromuscular disorders. However, evidence of the effect of APT on children with MM is limited. The purpose of this case report was to present the outcomes of a 5-week APT intervention for a child with MM.Case Description:This case was an 8-year-old girl with T8 MM with hypotonia throughout the trunk and limbs and absent motor function and sensation throughout the right lower extremity, impacting her functional mobility. She demonstrated atypical preservation of motor function and sensation throughout the left lower extremity (LLE) with fair strength. APT was implemented twice a week for half-hour sessions over 5 weeks.Outcomes:After 10 APT sessions, improved average gait speed measured using computerized gait analysis was documented. A change of 18.6 seconds was obtained on the Timed Up and Go Test, which far exceeds its minimal detectable change (MDC) of 1.40 seconds. LLE strength gains were obtained as measured by hand-held dynamometry. Strength gains were obtained in the LLE hip and knee extension of more than 6 lb, exceeding the MDC of 1.7 lb.Discussion:A 5-week APT program appeared to contribute to functional and clinical improvements in a child with atypical thoracic-level MM. APT may be considered an appropriate intervention for children with MM. Further research with larger samples of children with MM using similar APT protocols is recommended to explore generalizability of results and optimize frequency and duration of APT implementation.
Aberrant Hypermetabolism of Nasal Leiomyoma Mimicking Malignancy on 18F-FDG PET/CT
Authors: Takeda Kazuya , Iwamoto Shusuke , Yasumatsu Ryuji 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Leiomyomas are benign tumors that commonly arise from the uterus. They rarely occur in the nasal cavity. Leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas are clinically similar and may be difficult to distinguish preoperatively. Although PET has been reported to be useful for evaluating uterine smooth muscle tumors, the use of PET for evaluating sinonasal leiomyoma has not yet been reported. Here, we describe the images of a patient with leiomyoma of the nasal septum in whom intense FDG uptake was noted on PET/CT.
The effect of genetically proxied IL-6 signalling on severe malaria: A Mendelian randomisation analysis
Authors: Hamilton Fergus , Mitchell Ruth , Constantinescu Andrei , Hughes David , Cunnington Aubrey , Ghazal Peter , Timpson Nicholas J 
Published: November 2022

IntroductionSevere malaria remains a deadly disease for many young children in low- and middle-income countries. Levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been shown to identify cases of severe malaria and associate with severity, but it is unknown if this association is causal, or whether manipulation of IL-6 might alter outcomes in severe malaria.MethodsA single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs2228145) in the IL-6 receptor (IL6R)was chosen as a genetic variant that is known to alter IL-6 signalling. We measured the association between the minor allele of this SNP (C) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, a marker of IL-6 signalling in the non-European ancestry population recruited to UK Biobank.We then took this forward as an instrument to perform Mendelian randomisation (MR) in MalariaGEN, a large cohort study of patients with severe malaria at eleven worldwide sites. As a secondary approach, we identifiedcisprotein quantitative trait loci (cis-pQTL) forIL6Ritself and other markers of IL-6 signalling in a recently published GWAS of the plasma proteome performed in African Americans. We then performed MR using these instruments in the African MalariaGEN sites (9/11). Analyses were performed at each site, and meta-analysed using inverse variance weighting. Additional analyses were performed for specific sub-phenotypes of severe malaria: cerebral malaria and severe malarial anaemia.ResultsThe minor allele (C) of rs2228145 was associated with decreased CRP across all tested continental ancestries in UK Biobank. There was no evidence of heterogeneity of effect and a large overall effect (beta -0.11 per standard deviation of normalised CRP per C allele, p = 7.55 × 10−255)In Mendelian randomisation studies using this SNP, we did not identify an effect of decreased IL-6 signalling on severe malaria case status (Odds ratio 1.14, 95% CI 0.56 – 2.34, p = 0.713). Estimates of the association with any severe malaria sub-phenotype were similarly null although there was significant imprecision in all estimates.Using an alternative instrument (cis-pQTLs forIL6R), which included 3 SNPS (including rs2228145), we identified the same null effect, but with greater precision (Odds ratio 1.02, 95% CI 0.95 – 1.10), and no effect on any severe malaria subtypes.ConclusionsMendelian randomisation analyses using a SNP in the IL-6 receptor known to alter IL-6 signalling do not support a causal role for IL-6 signalling in the development of severe malaria, or any severe malaria sub-phenotype. This result suggests IL-6 may not be causal for severe outcomes in malaria, and that therapeutic manipulation of IL-6 may not be a suitable treatment for severe malaria.
Breast Cancer Trends in Chile: Incidence and Mortality Rates (2007–2018)
Authors: Madariaga Benjamín , Mondschein Susana , Torres Soledad 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroductionBreast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide and in Chile. Due to the lack of a Chilean national cancer registry, there is partial information on the status of breast cancer in the country.AimsTo estimate breast cancer incidence and mortality rates by health care providers and region for Chilean women.MethodsWe used two public anonymized databases provided by the Department of Health Statistics and Information of the Ministry of Health: the national death and hospital discharges datasets. For calculations of incidence and mortality rates, we selected all patients whose primary diagnosis was breast cancer, according to the CDI-10 diagnostic code.ResultsWe considered a cohort of 58,254 and 16,615 BC hospital discharges and deaths for the period 2007–2018. The new cases of BC increased by 43.6%, from 3,785 in 2007 to 5,435 in 2018. Total BC deaths increased by 33.6% from 1,158 to 1,547 during the same time period. Age–adjusted incidence rates were stable over time, with an average rate of 44.0 and a standard deviation of 2.2 during the study period. There were considerable differences in age–adjusted incidence rates among regions, with no clear geographical trend. Women affiliated to a private provider (ISAPRE) have an average age adjusted incidence rate of 60.6 compared to 38.8 for women affiliated with the public provider (FONASA). Age–adjusted mortality rates did not change significantly during the study period, with an average of 10.5 and a standard deviation of 0.4.DiscussionThis study shows important differences in incidence rates between private and publicly insured women, with no significant differences in mortality rates. This result suggests potential inequalities in breast cancer healthcare outcomes in Chilean women, that should be studied in greater depth. Additionally, differences in breast cancer incidence found in this study compared to incidences reported from other estimations reinforce the need of a national cancer registry that should lead to more accurate indicators regarding breast cancer magnitude in Chile.
Modelling the blood bank inventory: simple formulae for stock management in clinical settings
Authors: Vaz S. , Warren C. , Carney E. , Hands K. , Gowans D. , Davidson F. A. , Webb C. , Murray P. J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBlood components are a perishable resource that play a crucial role in clinical medicine. The blood component inventory is managed by transfusion services, who ultimately aim to balance supply with demand so as to ensure availability whilst minimising waste. Whilst the blood component inventory problem has been the focus of theoretical approaches for over 50 years, evidence for the direct utilisation of existing models in the day-to-day management of blood stocks in clinical settings is limited. In this study we formulate a discrete mathematical model that describes the main processes in the management of a single population of red blood cells in a clinical setting: ageing, supply and demand. After time averaging the discrete model, a time-delayed integro-partial differential equation model is derived. Steady state analysis yields expressions for: a range of clinically relevant quantities (i.e. age distributions, total stock levels, wastage rates, age of transfused units); key performance indicators; and simple formulae that identify optimal restock thresholds in terms of parameters that are readily available in clinical settings. The approach is validated by testing predictions using data from a Scottish district general hospital. It is envisaged that the proposed methodology can ultimately be used to aidin situ‘rule-of-thumb’ decision making in clinical laboratory settings.