bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulated Model for a New Design of Thermal Energy Storage System
Authors: Elsharafi Mahmoud , Elmozughi Ali , Pokharel Pranaya , Holmes Clayton , Krahl Madison , Aldawsari Musaad , Rolle Theo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The importance of this article is to study of Phase Change Materials (PCM) in thermal energy storage systems using simulation Software, ANSYS, to conduct Thermal Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) studies. Because of the versatile nature of latent heat thermal energy storage systems, it is pertinent to conduct further studies. SolidWorks is used to create precise 3D models of Tranter Heat Exchanger Components. This purpose is to extract the volume between plates of an actual Tranter Heat Exchanger System. Also, in this model, located in a custom-made chamber of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) or plexiglass, contacting the heat exchanger plate is the volume in which the phase change material (PCM) is stored to be melted and retrieved to obtain stored energy. A PCM is a medium that is capable of absorbing and releasing energy as the phase changes occur in low temperature, in our case from solid to liquid and conversely. Due to this process, it is necessary to study the various types of latent heat storage materials. Transient heat transfer analysis is conducted to investigate low temperature energy storage using corrugated thermal flow channel for lower temperature applications. The enthalpy porosity method is applied to simulate model in pure conduction. The PCM used in the study is the Paraffin C22−C45 packed in the chamber and contacted to corrugated stainless steel plate. Energy storage into PCM and energy retrieval from PCM is simulated in turbulent flow of the heat transfer fluid. Other key variables consist of time temperature, pressure, turbulent type flow, and properties of H2O and Paraffin C22−C45. The use of ANSYS Software can determine distribution of heat throughout the unit, and witness the melting process simultaneously unlike in physical testing. Due to the simulation’s quick nature, relative to physical testing, in future, multiple experiments can be performed with various phase change materials, calculations on the total energy stored can be performed quickly, and power recovery can be estimated based on the simulation results. The novelty of the work is demonstrated in simulation of PCM that is stored above a volume generated from combined complex ‘chevron’ shaped plates. The goal is to compare the results of the simulation to corresponding simulations. Due to the nature of the plate and its arrangement, it is correctly observed from the simulation that the melting of the PCM begins at the center of the plate where maximum heat transfer takes place.
Estimates of Area, Output and Levelized Energy Cost of Wind Energy Schemes in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abdulghani Mohannad , Alabdulkarem Abdullah 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Renewable energy is experiencing a surge in the Middle East and North Africa. Investigations of the economic feasibility of utility level renewable energy projects are necessary for such projects to become part of the zeitgeist of power generation in the region and be viewed as a sustainable clean alternative. Saudi Arabia, with the advent of Vision 2030, has placed renewable energy as a key pillar of its energy policy with several renewable energy projects planned and commissioned in the past couple of years. Although Solar Energy seems like an obvious choice for Saudi Arabia, owing to its location and the amount of solar irradiance it experiences annually, there remain unanswered questions about this option’s viability. Several investigations into the financial efficacy of large-scale solar projects in the kingdom have raised concerns about their economic feasibility. Wind turbines have the potential of resolving the economic questions about renewable energy as a source of power for domestic consumption to cover the Kingdom’s growing energy demands. The power generation capacity of Saudi Arabia has grown exponentially due to several factors such as modernization and a population boom in the past five decades, thus necessitating finding clean energy alternatives. In this work, estimates of area, energy output, and levelized energy cost for a large, utility-scale, energy scheme is obtained using a RETScreen model, which is informed by up-to-date figures from the region. The levelized cost of energy, area required, and energy output of a wind power plant with a nameplate capacity — the full load of the power plant as intended — equivalent to the country’s peak load demand is estimated. The levelized energy cost resulting from the model is compared with the current unsubsidized costs of energy in the kingdom.
A Safety-Space-Based Approach to Inspection Path Planning for the Sheet Metal Assemblies
Authors: Liu Yinhua , An Chao , Duan Zhenxia 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The inspection path planning of sheet metal assemblies plays an important role in the measurement efficiency of large free-form surfaces. In the path generation of a 5-axis coordinate measurement machine (CMM), large calculation of collision detection and obstacle avoidance are needed in the traditional computer-aided inspection planning methods. Owing to structure complexity of large free-form surfaces, the planning procedures for collision detection and automatic collision-free trajectory generation is time-consuming and low-efficiency. To address this problem, a safety-space-based modeling approach is proposed to generate a feasible collision-free path for a large number of key measurement points. At first, based on the decomposition of the dynamic motion trajectory of the probe and discretizing of the inspected object, a continuous envelope space, i.e., safety space is constructed for candidate path generation of the probe. In the proposed planning strategy, the work of collision detection and avoidance are eliminated. Then, a heuristic optimization algorithm is used to generate the feasible trajectory in the constructed safety space for all the measurement points. At last, an inspection path planning case of a car door assembly was used to illustrate the procedure of the proposed method.
Combined Time- and Frequency-Domain Aircraft System Identification Using Pareto Optimization
Authors: Stachiw Terrin , Ricciardi Joseph , Crain Alexander 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Aircraft system identification can either occur in the time-or frequency-domain with each approach having inherent advantages and disadvantages. For example, time-domain modelling generates superior time history matches and has a superior ability to achieve a trim solution. However, time-domain models do not provide a high degree of insight to the frequency responses of the system, which is important for control law development and for matching handling qualities for pilot-in-the-loop simulation — this is a strength of the frequency-domain approach. This paper utilises a Pareto optimization procedure to combine both the time- and frequency-domain approaches and exploit the strengths of both methods. Pareto fronts are generated for the system identification of a 6 degree-of-freedom forward flight model at 90 kts of the National Research Council of Canada’s Bell 412 helicopter. The generated Pareto fronts showed the necessity of balancing the time- and frequency-domain matches whereby moving from the compromise solution to either the isolated time- or frequency-domain solutions resulted in a small improvement in one while the other suffered relatively more. Accordingly, the multi-objective solution using Pareto optimization capitalized on the strengths of both approaches and avoided an overspecialized solution in either of the domains.
Probabilistic Response of a Vibration Energy Harvester With Customized Nonlinear Force Driven by Random Excitation
Authors: Devarajan K. , Shankaranarayanan V. , Nithishrajan K. , Gaouthaman M. , Chandraditya B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Nonlinear restoring forces have been widely introduced into the harvesting of vibratory energy to enhance energy harvester performance. Generally, the various source of nonlinearity include magnetic forces, spring forces, geometric and material nonlinearity, etc. However, these kind of nonlinear forces cannot be manipulated in an arbitrary manner. The performance of the energy harvester can be further optimized if the nonlinear forces are manipulated according to the requirements. The aim of this work is to study the energy harvesting performance of vibration energy harvester that can customize the nonlinear forces subjected to Gaussian white noise. The approximate analytical solution is obtained by moment differential method for the vibration energy harvester and there is a good agreement between analytical and the numerical solution obtained by Euler Maruyama scheme. Mean squared output power is presented to illustrate the device output performance. The nonlinear forces are customized For monostable and bistable piezoelectric energy harvester and the influence of noise intensity, and effect of system parameters on the response of the energy harvester is analyzed both numerically and analytically. The effect of stochastic resonance on the performance of the system also analyzed numerically for the bistable energy harvester.
Measuring Sustainability and Operational Performance by Engineering Students In University-Business PBL Partnerships
Authors: Alves Anabela C. , Abreu M. Florentina 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper describes an assignment given to fourth-year Industrial Engineering and Management (IEM) students in a Project-Based Learning (PBL) developed in the context of university-business partnerships. The aim of this assignment was students assess sustainability business effectiveness in an industrial context. To achieve this, they must use an indicator that was explained in the context of Lean-Green synergy, a content lectured in the course Production Systems Organization II (PSOII) of the fourth year IEM program of the School of Engineering at University of Minho. This course is one of the five courses which contents must be integrated into the Integrated Project of Industrial Engineering and Management II course, under PBL. Students worked in teams of 6–10 students and developed their projects in companies. The cohort of 2020–21 involved 12 teams in a total of 100 students. In each company, teams had a supervisor that supported and supervised their work. Teams had to organize themselves to attend lectures in university and visit the companies according to companies’ availability, which was difficult by the pandemic situation. The project developed under PBL is related to the analysis and proposals improvements for companies’ production system applying the knowledge and contents learned in courses of fourth or previous years. Taking into account the results obtained in the indicator used, the teams had to propose some environmental and operational improvement actions to increase it. The teams’ main findings, the sustainability learning process, and outcomes are discussed in the paper.
Sizing Optimization of District Energy Systems Considering Meteorological, Demand, and Electricity Emission Factor Uncertainties
Authors: Ghaemi Zahra , Tran Thomas T. D. , Smith Amanda D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this study, a framework is developed to perform two-stage stochastic programming in a district energy system. This framework optimizes the sizing of energy components to minimize the total cost and operating CO2 emissions. Uncertainties in electricity demand, solar irradiance, wind speed, and electricity emissions are considered. A group of buildings at University of Utah is used as the case study to test the optimization framework. This study is novel by forming an open-source framework, considering electricity emissions with more details compared to previous studies in the literature, and performing the optimization for a campus in the U.S. This study’s results show the trade-off between cost and emissions when different energy configurations are used for three electricity purchasing cases. This framework can help facility managers to evaluate the optimum sizing of their district energy system to minimize the cost and emissions.
Efficient Feedrate Optimization Method for Spline Toolpath Based on Typical Characteristics of Integral Impeller
Authors: Xiao Jianxin , Li Bingran , Fang Jun , Zhang Hui 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
As a relatively complex part of aero-engine turbine blades, the integral impeller is characterized by complex space, high steepness, and distortion. An actual five-axis computerized numerical control (CNC) machining process unaffected by the machining quality and accuracy of a large curvature range. Consequently, knowing how to reasonably adjust the feed speed of a path in view of further improving the efficiency has always been difficult. This research adopts the method of combining computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and CNC and proposes a direct interpolation algorithm for the double non-uniform rational B-spline curves based on the typical characteristics of the integral impeller. First, in the CNC, the integral impeller is divided into high-speed regions and three-dimensional characteristic parameters of the integral impeller in CAM. Second, in the low-speed area, the feature-divided high- and low-speed areas are discretized on the basis of the interpolation period and equal arc length. Then, the low-speed area speed is adjusted to meet the kinematic constraints according to the dichotomous configuration. Finally, the discrete speed is smoothly filtered by the Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter to be able to meet the dynamic response characteristics of the machine tool. Simulations and experiments show that the algorithm can effectively improve the speed and smoothness of the inlet and exhaust edges of the overall impeller, effectively reduce the calculation amount of the numerical control system, and improve the overall machining efficiency of the impeller under the requirements of machining accuracy.
Abrasive and Cutting Element Use in Friction Element Welding
Authors: Grimm Tyler J. , Deshpande Amit B. , Mears Laine 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Increasing awareness of the global warming effects of greenhouse gas emissions has caused governments to impose strict regulations requiring significant improvements in vehicles’ fuel economy. These regulations have required automotive manufacturers to revise traditional designs. An effective method of improving fuel economy is through lightweighting, which can be achieved by incorporating multi-material designs. However, this method presents difficulty in manufacturing since traditional joining methods, such as resistance spot welding, cannot in many cases be directly used.
Many advanced joining methods have recently been developed to enable multi-material joining. Friction element welding (FEW) is one such process which can join aluminum sheets to steel without any required pre-hole drilling. In this process, the fastener is rotated and driven into the aluminum sheet, producing frictional heat which causes the aluminum to flow around the fastener shaft. In a successful joint, this aluminum flow remains near the shaft of the element and is covered by the element’s head upon welding. However, when joining high-strength aluminum alloys, the flow is hindered and aluminum protrusions are formed which extend beyond the cover of the element’s head. These protrusions, termed chips, are known to increase corrosion and should be eliminated. A novel method of reducing this effect is explored which utilizes modified elements to increase friction between the element and the aluminum sheet, causing accelerated heating. Additionally, a modified tip design is tested which aims to cut through the aluminum sheet. These methods were found to reduce chipping; however, chipping could not be eliminated. It was concluded that this is not a viable method of addressing the chipping issue in FEW.
Thermocapillary Flow of a Moderate-Prandtl Number Fluid in Annular Pools With a Heat Inner Cylinder
Authors: Mo Dong-Ming , Zhang Li , Ruan Deng-Fang , Li You-Rong 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a set of direct numerical simulations on the thermocapillary flow of 2cSt silicone oil with Prandtl number of 28.01 in annular pools heated from inner cylinder were carried out. The critical Marangoni number of flow destabilization was determined, and the flow pattern evolution with Marangoni number was revealed when the aspect ratios of the annular pools were 0.375 and 0.75. It was found that the axisymmetric steady flow will transit into different types of oscillatory flows. The critical Marangoni number of flow destabilization depends on types of flow instability. At a small aspect ratio, the flow transits to the oscillatory concentric ring pattern firstly, then into the combination of the oscillatory concentric ring pattern and azimuthal non-uniform temperature fluctuation, and eventually into rotating wave, while it transits directly into the rotating wave at a large aspect ratio. With the increase of Marangoni number, the oscillation frequency of the oscillatory flow increases, and the wave number is almost unchanged. However, when the oscillatory flow pattern transition happens, there is always an abrupt drop of the oscillation frequency.
Multi-Physics Topology Optimization for Efficient Spacecraft Design
Authors: Corrado Casey R. , Ramos-Carrizosa Francisco F. , Neu Samuel C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The current development process for spacecraft consists of designing for mission goals first and mitigation for environmental requirements second. Environmental issues often arise late in the design process, leading to longer design times and less efficient use of the available volume and mass. Faster and more efficient development of spacecraft can be achieved through a novel design methodology, Multi-Physics Topology Optimization (MPTO). The work presented provides an overview of a MPTO for small satellite design, combining thermal management and structural design into a single, streamlined process. This method results in a more effective use of allotted mass and volume, providing opportunities to increase system functionality. An example case is provided using an existing 3U CubeSat, where the proposed methodology was used to improve specific performance attributes. As topology optimization technologies continue to develop, this method can be expanded to include new capabilities, such as multi-material optimization, as well as new objectives, such as optical and electrical performance.
Influence of Volumetric Dilation of Microstructural Phases on Residual Stress Distribution in Laser Welded Ti-Alloy
Authors: Kumar Bikash , Bag Swarup , Amin M. Ruhul 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The accurate assessment of welding induced residual stress field is always of significant interest due to its adverse effect on the structural stability and mechanical performance of welded structure. Incorporation of intricate phenomena, in particular, thermal gradient, phase development, volumetric dilation, and phase transformation strain during FE modeling, not only act as a reliable method for residual stress calculation but also serves as a directive to reduce tensile residual stress in a weldment, which is sensitive to the selection of materials. To investigate the same for continuous and pulse laser welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy, the sequential coupled thermal-metallurgical-mechanical models are established. The internal state-dependent variables (SDVs) are implemented to capture the growth of phase evolved during diffusionless β → α′ transformation using Koistinen-Marburger (K-M) theory in the cooling cycle. The role played by a phase transformation induced strain on the generation of residual stress is systematically investigated. The volumetric dilation and associated phase fraction form the basis for the calculating of phase transformation strain in the present study. The accomplishment of highest martensitic fraction, i.e., 95 %, produced a phase transformation strain of 7.95 × 10−3 in pulse mode of operation. As a result, reversal of residual stress from tensile to compressive is perceived for pulse-welded specimen. Enrichment of martensitic phase fraction puts the weld surface into a compression state that mitigates the overall tensile residual stress in a welded structure.
The Use of the Discrete Element Method to Study the Response of Packed Particles to a Pressure Wave
Authors: Florio Catherine S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
While a system of particles confined in a container forms a structure-like system, its response to mechanical loads has characteristics that are both similar to a comparable continuum and unique to the discrete nature of the particles. Even when packed together, local interactions are often discontinuous throughout the system and over time, resulting in complex local and bulk behaviors. The effects of the properties of the particles and their interactions may, therefore, result in local forces and stresses in response to a pressure wave that cannot be readily modeled by continuum based computational modeling methods. This work uses the discrete element method (DEM) to improve the understanding of the model and system parameters that influence the local interactions of individual particles, the forces that develop, and the energy that is stored or dissipated as a pressure wave passes through a confined system of particles. Loads with durations that varied over four orders of magnitude, from quasi-static to near-impulse, were applied to particle systems with and without a pre-compression load. The results of this study and methods described may help in the selection of appropriate modeling parameters for solution stability and accuracy and can guide the determination of physical properties to tailor the local and bulk behavior of a confined particle system.
Post-Processing and Material Properties of Nylon 12 Prepared by Laser-Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Sperry McKay , Busath Annie , Ottesen Michael , Heslington Jacob , Crane Nathan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is a fabrication process in the Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) family of additive manufacturing. The key advantage to L-PBF over other manufacturing methods is design flexibility. Additional design flexibility, however, has previously come at the cost of reduced material properties. Polyamide 12 (PA12, Nylon 12) is a semicrystalline polymer with thermophysical properties that make it ideal for L-PBF. Although L-PBF PA12 has tensile strength comparable to injection molded PA12, it has substantially reduced ductility. This paper reports on a series of post-processing treatment for L-PBF of PA12 and measures their impact on strength, ductility, and density. These include annealing, cooling, and pressure treatments. The treatments resulted in PA12 parts with a wide range of properties, which could be tailored according to end-use application with up to 11% increase in strength or 19% increase in ductility.
Effect of Shaking at or Near Resonance of a Simple Head Model on Skull/Brain Connectors
Authors: Daboin Jose , Saboori Parisa 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A solid model of a six-month-old child has been developed using average human anatomical characteristics combined with crash test dummy dimensions. The model consisted of a body and limbs, and a neck and head combination with the head being hollow and housing a hemispherical brain. This model was then exposed to a linear sinusoidal input displacement to the chest, and the angular displacement of the skull and brain were observed. The resulting data showed that the oscillatory behavior was a function of frequency, and maximal oscillations existed at a frequency close to the expected natural frequency of the head/neck system, and at a frequency one order of magnitude greater than this frequency. In addition, when a square wave was applied, rather than a sine wave, the resulting oscillation proved to be more violent; and finally, a real input was applied to the model, from previous tests, to discover if a different oscillatory behavior resulted.