bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maps of cropping patterns in China during 2015–2021
Authors: Qiu Bingwen , Hu Xiang , Chen Chongcheng , Tang Zhenghong , Yang Peng , Zhu Xiaolin , Yan Chao , Jian Zeyu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMultiple cropping is a widespread approach for intensifying crop production through rotations of diverse crops. Maps of cropping intensity with crop descriptions are important for supporting sustainable agricultural management. As the most populated country, China ranked first in global cereal production and the percentages of multiple-cropped land are twice of the global average. However, there are no reliable updated national-scale maps of cropping patterns in China. Here we present the first recent annual 500-m MODIS-based national maps of multiple cropping systems in China using phenology-based mapping algorithms with pixel purity-based thresholds, which provide information on cropping intensity with descriptions of three staple crops (maize, paddy rice, and wheat). The produced cropping patterns maps achieved an overall accuracy of 89% based on ground truth data, and a good agreement with the statistical data (R2 ≥ 0.89). The China Cropping Pattern maps (ChinaCP) are available for public download online. Cropping patterns maps in China and other countries with finer resolutions can be produced based on Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI) images using the shared code.
Carpenter bee thorax vibration and force generation inform pollen release mechanisms during floral buzzing
Authors: Jankauski Mark , Casey Cailin , Heveran Chelsea , Busby M. Kathryn , Buchmann Stephen 
Published: August 2022

AbstractApproximately 10% of flowering plant species conceal their pollen within tube-like poricidal anthers. Bees extract pollen from poricidal anthers via floral buzzing, a behavior during which they apply cyclic forces by biting the anther and rapidly contracting their flight muscles. The success of pollen extraction during floral buzzing relies on the direction and magnitude of the forces applied by the bees, yet these forces and forcing directions have not been previously quantified. In this work, we developed an experiment to simultaneously measure the directional forces and thorax kinematics produced by carpenter bees (Xylocopa californica) during defensive buzzing, a behavior regulated by similar physiological mechanisms as floral buzzing. We found that the buzzing frequencies averaged about 130 Hz and were highly variable within individuals. Force amplitudes were on average 170 mN, but at times reached nearly 500 mN. These forces were 30–80 times greater than the weight of the bees tested. The two largest forces occurred within a plane formed by the bees’ flight muscles. Force amplitudes were moderately correlated with thorax displacement, velocity and acceleration amplitudes but only weakly correlated with buzzing frequency. Linear models developed through this work provide a mechanism to estimate forces produced during non-flight behaviors based on thorax kinematic measurements in carpenter bees. Based on the buzzing frequencies, individual bee’s capacity to vary buzz frequency and predominant forcing directions, we hypothesize that carpenter bees leverage vibration amplification to increase the deformation of poricidal anthers, and hence the amount of pollen ejected.
Comprehensive application of bio-char and nitrogen fertilizer in dry-land maize cultivation
Authors: Sun Chen , Sun Jiying , Gao Julin , Liu Jian , Yu Xiaofang , Wang Zhigang , Yang Xiujuan , Ji Nan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDrought stress and the scarcity of nitrogen fertilizer are two of the important abiotic factors affecting maize growth. Bio-char can enhance the maize yield. Therefore, two field experiments were carried out in the 2 years (2019–2020) to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer at three levels and four levels of bio-char on endogenous protective enzymes, dry matter accumulation, and yield of the maize ‘Xianyu 335’ under two different irrigation methods. A split-plot system in three replications was established to conduct the field trials. Two irrigation methods (Regular irrigation and Irregular irrigation) were in the main plots, three nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 150, 300 kg h−1 m2) were in sub-plots, and four bio-char levels (0, 8, 16, 24 t h−1 m−2) were in the sub-sub plots. Each sub-plot consisted of 9 rows with 5 m length and 0.6 m width, and each sub-plot area was 30 m2 in the 2 years. The results indicated that the irrigation methods, the nitrogen, and bio-char supply significantly affected the maize endogenous protective enzymes, dry matter accumulation, and yield in the 2 years. Under the same irrigation method, nitrogen fertilizer and bio-char significantly improved the endogenous protective enzyme activity, dry matter accumulation, and yield of maize compared to the treatment without nitrogen fertilizer and bio-char. The above characteristics improved with increased bio-char supply and nitrogen fertilization at 150 kg h−1 m−2. The treatment of C24N150 recorded the highest values for the parameters of maize endogenous protective enzymes activity, dry matter accumulation, and yield under different irrigation methods during the two harvest seasons.
Kinetics of tick infection by the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii acquired through artificial membrane feeding chambers
Authors: Stewart Philip E. , Raffel Sandra J. , Gherardini Frank C. , Bloom Marshall E. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii is transmitted by the tick Ornithodoros hermsi. To study the B. hermsii-tick interactions required for pathogen acquisition and transmission we developed an artificial membrane feeding system for O. hermsi nymphs and adults that results in a high percentage of engorgement. This system provides the nutritional requirements necessary for the tick to develop, mate, and produce viable eggs. By inoculating the blood with B. hermsii, we were able to obtain infected ticks for quantitative studies on pathogen acquisition and persistence. These ticks subsequently transmitted the spirochetes to mice, validating this system for both acquisition and transmission studies. Using this feeding method, a mutant of the antigenic variation locus of B. hermsii (Vmp–) that is incapable of persisting in mice was acquired by ticks at equivalent densities as the wild-type. Furthermore, Vmp is not required for persistence in the tick, as the mutant and wild-type strains are maintained at similar numbers after ecdysis and subsequent feeding. These results support the theory that Vmp is an adaptation for mammalian infection but unnecessary for survival within the tick. Interestingly, B. hermsii numbers severely declined after acquisition, though these ticks still transmitted the infection to mice. This procedure reduces animal use and provides a safe, highly controlled and well-contained alternative method for feeding and maintaining O. hermsi colonies. Importantly, this system permits quantitative studies with B. hermsii strains through ingestion during the blood meal, and thus more closely recapitulates pathogen acquisition in nature than other artificial systems.
Identification of misdiagnosis by deep neural networks on a histopathologic review of breast cancer lymph node metastases
Authors: Chen Cancan , Zheng Shan , Guo Lei , Yang Xuebing , Song Yan , Li Zhuo , Zhu Yanwu , Liu Xiaoqi , Li Qingzhuang , Zhang Huijuan , Feng Ning , Zhao Zuxuan , Qiu Tinglin , Du Jun , Guo Qiang , Zhang Wensheng , Shi Wenzhao , Ma Jianhui , Sun Fenglong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe frozen section (FS) diagnoses of pathology experts are used in China to determine whether sentinel lymph nodes of breast cancer have metastasis during operation. Direct implementation of a deep neural network (DNN) in clinical practice may be hindered by misdiagnosis of the algorithm, which affects a patient's treatment decision. In this study, we first obtained the prediction result of the commonly used patch-DNN, then we present a relative risk classification and regression tree (RRCART) to identify the misdiagnosed whole-slide images (WSIs) and recommend them to be reviewed by pathologists. Applying this framework to 2362 WSIs of breast cancer lymph node metastasis, test on frozen section results in the mean area under the curve (AUC) reached 0.9851. However, the mean misdiagnosis rate (0.0248), was significantly higher than the pathologists’ misdiagnosis rate (p < 0.01). The RRCART distinguished more than 80% of the WSIs as a high-accuracy group with an average accuracy reached to 0.995, but the difference with the pathologists’ performance was not significant (p > 0.01). However, the other low-accuracy group included most of the misdiagnoses of DNN models. Our research shows that the misdiagnosis from deep learning model can be further enriched by our method, and that the low-accuracy WSIs must be selected for pathologists to review and the high-accuracy ones may be ready for pathologists to give diagnostic reports.
Intervention strategies with 2D cellular automata for testing SARS-CoV-2 and reopening the economy
Authors: Lugo Igor , Alatriste-Contreras Martha G. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDuring the period of time between a new disease outbreaks and its vaccine is deployed, the health and the economic systems have to find a testing strategy for reopening activities. In particular, asymptomatic individuals, who transmit locally the COVID-19 indoors, have to be identified and isolated. We proposed a 2D cellular automaton based on the SI epidemic model for selecting the most desirable testing frequency and identifying the best fitting size of random trails on local urban environments to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 and isolate infected people. We used the complex systems approach to face the challenge of a large-scale test strategy based on urban interventions, starting with first responders and essential workers. We used the case of Mexico to exemplify a credible and intelligent intervention that reduces the virus transmission and detects economic and health costs. Findings suggest that controlling and stopping the virus transmission in a short period of time are possible if the frequency of testing is daily and the percentage of random samples to be tested is at least 90%. This combination of model parameters represents the least expensive intervention compared to others. Therefore, the key for a national testing-isolating strategy is local interventions.
Transcriptomes reveal the involved genes in the sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus exposed to high flow velocities
Authors: Tian Ruihuan , Shi Dongtao , Yin Donghong , Hu Fangyuan , Ding Jun , Chang Yaqing , Zhao Chong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDespite the importance of flow velocity in marine ecosystems, molecular mechanisms of the water flow induced behavioral and growth changes remain largely unknown in sea urchins. The present study compared the gene expressions of the sea urchin Mesocentrotusnudus at high flow velocities (10 cm/s and 20 cm/s) and low flow velocity (2 cm/s) using transcriptomes. A total of 490 and 470 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were discovered at 10 cm/s and 20 cm/s, respectively. There were 235 up-regulated and 255 down-regulated genes at 10 cm/s, 213 up-regulated and 257 down-regulated genes at 20 cm/s, compared with sea urchins at 2 cm/s. Further, there were 72 overlapped DEGs involved in regulation at both 10 cm/s and 20 cm/s. Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation showed that DEGs were mainly enriched to cellular process, cell part, binding, and metabolism process. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis found that DEGs were enriched in three pathways related to amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism. A number of genes related to growth and metabolism of sea urchins were mobilized in high flow velocity environment. We further highlighted a muscle-associated gene ankyrin-1, which is correlated with the movement of tube feet at different flow velocities. The present study provides valuable information on the molecular mechanisms of changed behaviors and growth when sea urchins are exposed to high flow velocity.
Dominant controls of cold-season precipitation variability over the high mountains of Asia
Authors: Mehmood Shahid , Ashfaq Moetasim , Kapnick Sarah , Gosh Subimal , Abid Muhammad Adnan , Kucharski Fred , Batibeniz Fulden , Saha Anamitra , Evans Katherine , Hsu Huang-Hsiung 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA robust understanding of the sub-seasonal cold season (November–March) precipitation variability over the High Mountains of Asia (HMA) is lacking. Here, we identify dynamic and thermodynamic pathways through which natural modes of climate variability establish their teleconnections over the HMA. First, we identify evaporative sources that contribute to the cold season precipitation over the HMA and surrounding areas. The predominant moisture contribution comes from the mid-latitude regions, including the Mediterranean/Caspian Seas and Mediterranean land. Second, we establish that several tropical and extratropical forcings display a sub-seasonally fluctuating influence on precipitation distribution over the region during the cold season. Many of them varyingly interact, so their impacts cannot be explained independently or at seasonal timescales. Lastly, a single set of evaporative sources is not identifiable as the key determinant in propagating a remote teleconnection because the sources of moisture anomalies depend on the pattern of sub-seasonally varying dynamical forcing in the atmosphere.
Highly congested spiro-compounds via photoredox-mediated dearomative annulation cascade
Authors: Zhou Chao , Shatskiy Andrey , Temerdashev Azamat Z. , Kärkäs Markus D. , Dinér Peter 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPhoto-mediated radical dearomatization involving 5-exo-trig cyclizations has proven to be an important route to accessing spirocyclic compounds, whereas 6-exo-trig spirocyclization has been much less explored. In this work, a dearomative annulation cascade is realized through photoredox-mediated C–O bond activation of aromatic carboxylic acids to produce two kinds of spirocyclic frameworks. Mechanistically, the acyl radical is formed through oxidation of triphenylphosphine and subsequent C–O bond cleavage, followed by a 6-exo-trig cyclization/SET/protonation sequence to generate the spiro-chromanone products in an intramolecular manner. Furthermore, the protocol was extended to more challenging intermolecular tandem sequences consisting of C–O bond cleavage, radical addition to an alkene substrate, and 5-exo-trig cyclization to yield complex spirocyclic lactams.
Morphine and high-fat diet differentially alter the gut microbiota composition and metabolic function in lean versus obese mice
Authors: Blakeley-Ruiz J Alfredo , McClintock Carlee S , Shrestha Him K , Poudel Suresh , Yang Zamin K , Giannone Richard J , Choo James J , Podar Mircea , Baghdoyan Helen A , Lydic Ralph , Hettich Robert L 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThere are known associations between opioids, obesity, and the gut microbiome, but the molecular connection/mediation of these relationships is not understood. To better clarify the interplay of physiological, genetic, and microbial factors, this study investigated the microbiome and host inflammatory responses to chronic opioid administration in genetically obese, diet-induced obese, and lean mice. Samples of feces, urine, colon tissue, and plasma were analyzed using targeted LC-MS/MS quantification of metabolites, immunoassays of inflammatory cytokine levels, genome-resolved metagenomics, and metaproteomics. Genetic obesity, diet-induced obesity, and morphine treatment in lean mice each showed increases in distinct inflammatory cytokines. Metagenomic assembly and binning uncovered over 400 novel gut bacterial genomes and species. Morphine administration impacted the microbiome’s composition and function, with the strongest effect observed in lean mice. This microbiome effect was less pronounced than either diet or genetically driven obesity. Based on inferred microbial physiology from the metaproteome datasets, a high-fat diet transitioned constituent microbes away from harvesting diet-derived nutrients and towards nutrients present in the host mucosal layer. Considered together, these results identified novel host-dependent phenotypes, differentiated the effects of genetic obesity versus diet induced obesity on gut microbiome composition and function, and showed that chronic morphine administration altered the gut microbiome.
Metagenomic shifts in mucus, tissue and skeleton of the coral Balanophyllia europaea living along a natural CO2 gradient
Authors: Palladino Giorgia , Caroselli Erik , Tavella Teresa , D’Amico Federica , Prada Fiorella , Mancuso Arianna , Franzellitti Silvia , Rampelli Simone , Candela Marco , Goffredo Stefano , Biagi Elena 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Using the Mediterranean coral Balanophyllia europaea naturally growing along a pH gradient close to Panarea island (Italy) as a model, we explored the role of host-associated microbiomes in coral acclimatization to ocean acidification (OA). Coral samples were collected at three sites along the gradient, mimicking seawater conditions projected for 2100 under different IPCC (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) scenarios, and mucus, soft tissue and skeleton associated microbiomes were characterized by shotgun metagenomics. According to our findings, OA induced functional changes in the microbiomes genetic potential that could mitigate the sub-optimal environmental conditions at three levels: i. selection of bacteria genetically equipped with functions related to stress resistance; ii. shifts in microbial carbohydrate metabolism from energy production to maintenance of cell membranes and walls integrity; iii. gain of functions able to respond to variations in nitrogen needs at the holobiont level, such as genes devoted to organic nitrogen mobilization. We hence provided hypotheses about the functional role of the coral associated microbiome in favoring host acclimatation to OA, remarking on the importance of considering the crosstalk among all the components of the holobiont to unveil how and to what extent corals will maintain their functionality under forthcoming ocean conditions.
Agonist-antagonist muscle strain in the residual limb preserves motor control and perception after amputation
Authors: Song Hyungeun , Israel Erica A. , Gutierrez-Arango Samantha , Teng Ashley C. , Srinivasan Shriya S. , Freed Lisa E. , Herr Hugh M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
Elucidating underlying mechanisms in subject-specific motor control and perception after amputation could guide development of advanced surgical and neuroprosthetic technologies. In this study, relationships between preserved agonist-antagonist muscle strain within the residual limb and preserved motor control and perception capacity are investigated.

Methods
Fourteen persons with unilateral transtibial amputations spanning a range of ages, etiologies, and surgical procedures underwent evaluations involving free-space mirrored motions of their lower limbs. Research has shown that varied motor control in biologically intact limbs is executed by the activation of muscle synergies. Here, we assess the naturalness of phantom joint motor control postamputation based on extracted muscle synergies and their activation profiles. Muscle synergy extraction, degree of agonist-antagonist muscle strain, and perception capacity are estimated from electromyography, ultrasonography, and goniometry, respectively.

Results
Here, we show significant positive correlations (P < 0.005–0.05) between sensorimotor responses and residual limb agonist-antagonist muscle strain. Identified trends indicate that preserving even 20–26% of agonist-antagonist muscle strain within the residuum compared to a biologically intact limb is effective in preserving natural motor control postamputation, though preserving limb perception capacity requires more (61%) agonist-antagonist muscle strain preservation.

Conclusions
The results suggest that agonist-antagonist muscle strain is a characteristic, readily ascertainable residual limb structural feature that can help explain variability in amputation outcome, and agonist-antagonist muscle strain preserving surgical amputation strategies are one way to enable more effective and biomimetic sensorimotor control postamputation.
Plant proteostasis: a proven and promising target for crop improvement
Authors: Theodoulou Frederica L. , Orosa-Puente Beatriz , Trujillo Marco , Rubio Vicente 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Green Revolution of the 1960s accomplished dramatic increases in crop yields through genetic improvement, chemical fertilisers, irrigation, and mechanisation. However, the current trajectory of population growth, against a backdrop of climate change and geopolitical unrest, predicts that agricultural production will be insufficient to ensure global food security in the next three decades. Improvements to crops that go beyond incremental gains are urgently needed. Plant biology has also undergone a revolution in recent years, through the development and application of powerful technologies including genome sequencing, a pantheon of ‘omics techniques, precise genome editing, and step changes in structural biology and microscopy. Proteostasis – the collective processes that control the protein complement of the cell, comprising synthesis, modification, localisation, and degradation – is a field that has benefitted from these advances. This special issue presents a selection of the latest research in this vibrant field, with a particular focus on protein degradation. In the current article, we highlight the diverse and widespread contributions of plant proteostasis to agronomic traits, suggest opportunities and strategies to manipulate different elements of proteostatic mechanisms for crop improvement, and discuss the challenges involved in bringing these ideas into practice.
Feeder selection method for full cable networks earth faults based on improved K‐means
Authors: Wan Qingzhu , Zheng Shuai , Shi Chenlu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTo improve the accuracy of earth faults feeder selection in full cable networks under different fault conditions, an improved K‐means algorithm for earth faults feeder selection in full cable networks is proposed. Firstly, the transient zero‐sequence network for earth faults in full cable networks is built using the rich fault information contained in its transient current, which per feeder under different fault conditions is decomposed by Fourier transform, active power method, and wavelet packet transform to obtain four features: fundamental wave amplitude, fifth harmonic amplitude, average active power component, and wavelet energy value. Then, the four features are fused by principal component analysis, the principal component components are extracted, and the feature database is established. Eighty per cent and 20% of the database data are used as training sets and test sets, respectively. The feature database is trained by the improved K‐means method to realize fault feeder selection. The proposed method is validated in a full cable network model with five feeders. The findings demonstrate that the suggested technique has high accuracy in feeder selection and is not affected by fault conditions.