bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causation
Authors: Boyle Deborah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Shepherd’s objections to Humean causation. After a brief overview of Hume’s account of causation, the chapter proceeds through the first four of six points Shepherd makes in opposition to Hume: that we know through reason, not “custom,” the causal principle that every object that begins to exist must have a cause other than itself; that we also know through reason, not custom, that causes that are similar to each other will necessarily have effects that are similar to each other; that Shepherd can offer a better definition of ‘cause’ than Hume; and that Hume’s definitions of ‘cause’ are flawed in several respects. In the course of surveying her objections, the chapter introduces Shepherd’s own novel theory of causation as synchronous necessary connection.
Causation, Sentience, and Life
Authors: Boyle Deborah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the final two chapters of Shepherd’s essay on causation, where she considers the ramifications of a Humean theory of causation for scientific investigation by focusing on the theories of life and sentience espoused by London surgeon William Lawrence. After providing a survey of Lawrence’s immanentist accounts of sentience and life, the chapter explores Shepherd’s objections to Lawrence’s account of necessary connections as well as her specific objections to his accounts of sensation and life. The chapter ends with a sketch of Shepherd’s own account of what it means to say a creature is living—namely, that life is a general capacity or power that, when combined with other factors, causes a body to have specific types of environment-resisting motions.
Easing Down the Road
Authors: Bunch Ryan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Broadway musical The Wiz (1975) and its film adaptation (1978) rework The Wizard of Oz to make an African American claim on the American fairy tale through Black performance traditions. The concept of soul and the language of soul music are integral to this adaptation, in which home is a feeling more than a place. It allegorizes Black migration and performance while celebrating Black culture. Dorothy, a Black iteration of an icon of American girlhood, learns to perform soulfully on her journey through Oz, joining the family and community of Black people she finds there. Intersecting performances of race, gender, sexuality, and age lend authority to a concept of home as self-knowledge. The Wiz is an important musical for Black audiences and performers, making a political statement about Black joy and excellence.
Economic Growth, Rising Inequality, and Deindustrialization
Authors: Bhorat Haroon , Lilenstein Kezia , Oosthuizen Morné , Steenkamp François , Thornton Amy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
South Africa provides an interesting case for contextualizing the ‘developer’s dilemma’. While the South African economy enjoyed growth-enhancing structural transformation and had shifted from being ‘structurally underdeveloped’ to ‘structurally developing’ by the 1980s, the post-apartheid shift toward services—or tertiarization—saw a period of growth-inducing structural transformation accompanied by rising inequality. Thus, a strong Kuznetsian tension emerges, where South Africa missed an opportunity to undergo a period of inequality-decreasing growth due in large part to oppressive, race-based apartheid laws which hindered the economic advancement of Black Africans. As one of the most unequal societies in the world, which also faces widespread poverty and high open unemployment, it is crucial that South Africa establishes a successful pro-poor growth path in order to generate sustainable livelihoods for those previously excluded from economic opportunities.
The Politics of Legitimation and Delegitimation in Global Governance
Authors: Bexell Magdalena , Bäckstrand Karin , Ghassim Farsan , Gregoratti Catia , Jönsson Kristina , Söderbaum Fredrik , Stappert Nora , Uhlin Anders 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter advances a theoretical framework for studying how, why, and with what impact on audiences, global governance institutions (GGIs) are legitimated and delegitimated. The first component of the framework concerns the distinction between agents and objects. An agent enacts practices of (de)legitimation, whereas an object of (de)legitimation is what is being (de)legitimated, namely the GGI or specific policies. The second component is an agent-structure approach enabling the study of (de)legitimation processes within broader institutional and structural contexts. In this regard, the chapter identifies institutional set-up, policy field, and social structure as particularly relevant factors to account for variation in (de)legitimation across GGIs. The third component of the framework consists of practices, justifications, and audiences of (de)legitimation. Legitimation practices are what different agents engage in when they legitimate or delegitimate GGIs. Justifications are the substantive normative content these agents draw on when engaging in such practices. Audiences are the actors on the receiving end of these processes. The chapter develops overall theoretical expectations related to variation in practices, justifications, and audiences of (de)legitimation across GGIs.
Practices of (De)legitimation in Global Governance
Authors: Uhlin Anders , Verhaegen Soetkin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of patterns of discursive, behavioral, and institutional (de)legitimation practices across policy fields and types of global governance institutions (GGIs). Focusing on a sample of nine GGIs and drawing on three datasets (annual reports, Twitter, and elite survey), the chapter demonstrates how different types of data can be used to capture institutional, discursive, and behavioral (de)legitimation practices, respectively. The chapter finds a higher intensity of (de)legitimation practices related to intergovernmental GGIs as compared to the nongovernmental and hybrid GGIs in the sample, but the types of (de)legitimation practices are similar across governmental and nongovernmental/hybrid GGIs. The regional organizations in the sample—the EU and ASEAN—do not display markedly different patterns of (de)legitimation practices as compared to the global GGIs. Instead, the chapter finds significant differences between these two regional GGIs, which can be attributed to their different positions in global power relations. Regarding policy field, the chapter finds that economic GGIs, as compared to GGIs in other policy fields, tend to more frequently use and be targeted by a diversity of (de)legitimation practices.
Justifications in the (De)legitimation of Global Health Governance and Global Trade Governance
Authors: Jönsson Kristina , Gregoratti Catia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on normative justifications in legitimation and delegitimation, differentiating between justifications related to the purpose, procedure, and performance of a global governance institution (GGI). It explains variation in such justifications with reference to factors related to policy field and structural context. The empirical focus is on two major intergovernmental GGIs in different policy fields: the WHO and the WTO. Making use of policy documents, annual reports, Twitter communication, and qualitative interviews, the chapter analyses two time frames of intense GGI politicization: 1995 to 2000, and 2019 to 2021. While technocratic justifications are the most prevalent in self-legitimation in both cases over time, justifications related to fairness are common in both legitimation and delegitimation, albeit in different ways depending on policy field and time specific normative structures. The chapter demonstrates the interplay between legitimation and delegitimation over time and how justifications used by state and non-state agents of (de)legitimation have been embedded in a structural context of neoliberalism and, increasingly, of nationalism. The latter is epitomized by the WTO deadlock and the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis also shows that issues that transcend several policy fields influence normative justifications in individual fields through spill-over effects between fields.
Conclusions
Authors: Jönsson Kristina , Uhlin Anders 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis concluding chapter provides answers to the volume’s overall research question: How, why, and with what impact on audiences, are global governance institutions (GGIs) legitimated and delegitimated? Concerning how GGIs are (de)legitimated, the chapter outlines the broad patterns of (de)legitimation practices and normative justifications across policy field and type of GGIs. The explanatory question is answered with reference to factors related to the institutional set-up of the GGI, characteristics of the policy field, and broader social structures. Turning to the impact on audiences, the chapter elaborates on how and when (de)legitimation influence both the composition of targeted and self-appointed audiences and individuals’ legitimacy beliefs. Moreover, the chapter theorizes the interplay between legitimation and delegitimation. This is done by specifying the main differences between processes of legitimation and processes of delegitimation, analyzing how legitimation and delegitimation feed into and influence each other. Tentative expectations on when legitimation is likely to result in delegitimation, and vice versa, are provided. The chapter ends with a discussion of the implications of the results for the broader research fields of legitimation studies, global governance studies, and normative debate on rule-making beyond the nation-state.
The Marketisation of ‘Legitimate’ Violence
Authors: Infantino Federica 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses empirical evidence on how public–private cooperation plays out in the implementation of immigration detention for the purpose of expulsion. It shows how the state responds to constraints on its control capacity, most notably the rule of law by delegating violence, even though the use of ‘legitimate’ violence lies at the core of sovereignty, and by ‘inducing deportations’. While private companies undertake the state’s coercive action and, with it, accept the responsibilities and blame that might result, state actors concentrate their efforts on induced deportations, in which they secure migrants’ agreement to leave by advising, persuading, and threatening.
Irish Culture and “The People”
Authors: O'Malley Seamus 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis book argues that populism has been a shaping force in Irish literary culture. Populist moments and movements have compelled authors to reject established forms and invent new ones. Sometimes, as in the middle period of W.B. Yeats, populism forces a writer into impossible stances, spurring ever greater rhetorical and poetic creativity. At other times, as in the critiques of Anna Parnell or Myles na gCopaleen, authors penetrate the rhetoric fog of populist discourse and expose the hollowness of its claims. Yet in both politics and culture, populism can be a generative force. Daniel O’Connell and later the Land League utilized populist discourse to advance Irish political freedom and expand rights. The most powerful works of Lady Gregory and Ernie O’Malley are their portraits of The People that borrows from the populist vocabulary. While we must be critical of populist discourse, we dismiss it at our loss. This study synthesizes existing scholarship on populism to explore how Irish texts have evoked “The People”—a crucial rhetorical move for populist discourse—and how some writers have critiqued, adopted, and adapted the languages of Irish populisms.
Statistical Modeling With R
Authors: Inchausti Pablo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
For most of the twentieth century through to the present day, statistics has been neatly divided into two theoretical frameworks: classical/frequentist and Bayesian. Scientists typically choose the statistical theoretical framework to analyze their data depending on the nature and complexity of the problem, and based on their personal views on probability and uncertainty. While textbooks and courses should reflect and anticipate this dual reality, they rarely do so. Scientists needing to employ the alternative statistical framework almost need to relearn from scratch. This book explains, discusses, and applies both the classical/frequentist and Bayesian statistical frameworks to fit the different types of generalized linear mixed models that allow the analysis of the types of data commonly gathered by researchers in the life sciences, incorporating the experimental or survey design, or, more generally, features of the data collection process. It presents material in an intuitive, approachable, and progressive manner suitable for research scientists and graduate students with only a very basic knowledge of calculus and statistics. The book covers the material in a theoretically rigorous manner, focusing on the practical application of all the methods to actual research data.
Kierkegaard and Climate Catastrophe
Authors: Holm Isak Winkel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Søren Kierkegaard’s work is teeming with images of earthquakes, floods, storms, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, burned-down cities, and apocalyptic events that ‘let the heavens fall and the stars change their places in the overturning of everything’. These disaster images are not just rhetorical packaging of the philosophical and theological content of his works. Rather, disasters play an important but largely understudied role in Kierkegaard’s analysis of human existence. Kierkegaard and Climate Catastrophe focuses on prophetic noir in Kierkegaard’s work: the sombre mood that is evoked when the shadow of future disaster falls upon the present. The book’s core contention is that the prophetic noir in Kierkegaard, modelled after the prophetic books of the Hebrew Bible, contributes to making his works urgently relevant today. On the one hand, from the vantage point of the contemporary world threatened by rapidly evolving climate catastrophes, Kierkegaard’s analysis of human existence emerges in a different light. To exist, in the emphatic sense Kierkegaard gave to that word, is to live a meaningful human life even if things are darkened by the future disaster. On the other hand, a thorough analysis of the prophetic noir in Kierkegaard offers an existential perspective to living in a world threatened by environmental devastation.
He Does Not Prophesy
Authors: Holm Isak Winkel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 presents a reading of the short sermon ‘Ultimatum’ that concludes part two of Either–Or. Here prophetic noir is given shape in the so-called little apocalypse, Jesus’s prediction of the destruction of Jerusalem from Luke the Evangelist. The chapter argues that Kierkegaard’s original contribution to the theodicy debate is to be explained by his audacious combination of prophetic noir and theodical concern; that is, a theodical pattern of argument and a prophetic pattern of affective response. This contribution is discussed in a dialogue with an interpretation of ‘Ultimatum’ by the philosopher of religion Claudia Welz. Opening up a contemporary perspective, the chapter offers a brief analysis of #Misanthropocene: 24 Theses (2014), a poem written collaboratively by the poet Juliana Spahr and the theorist and poet Joshua Clover.
Starvation as Strategy in the Syrian Armed Conflict
Authors: Kanfash Mohammad , Aljasem Ali 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the use of starvation as a weapon of war during the war in Syria including the possible goals and methods of the perpetrators, the outcomes for the victims, as well as the question of accountability. To provide a scope of the use of starvation during the war, as a tactic deployed by a variety of actors and across different geographies, this chapter includes four case studies: eastern Ghouta (in the Damascus suburbs), Aleppo, Deir Alzor, and starvation in detention. It draws on the authors’ interviews, previous research, and professional experience as humanitarian relief workers during the armed conflict in Syria, and an extensive review of media, human rights, and humanitarian reporting on conditions in the country throughout the civil war.
Reporting Famine
Authors: Ferguson Jane 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Drawing on her experience covering famine and conflicts in Yemen and South Sudan, author and journalist, Jane Ferguson, details the immense challenges and need for investigative journalism. The causes of hunger must be investigated by a wide variety of leading news organizations so the public can be made aware when famine victims are in fact the victims of war. Otherwise, there is a very real risk of successful attempts by combatants and governments to manipulate the news by making it unclear to both journalists reporting from afar and their viewers and readers why certain famines are happening. In South Sudan, for example, few news organizations sent their own reporters to the country to report on the famine in 2017, instead taking updates on the famine from aid agencies that were avoiding discussion of its causes (attacks on ethnic communities by government troops) for fear of being thrown out of the country by the government. When the author arrived in South Sudan to report, senior NGO officials told her they could not call this famine man-made because it would risk their entire operation, but that it was indeed caused by the governments brutal counter-insurgency tactics. In Yemen, there has been a more concerted effort by the Saudi-led coalition to prevent journalists from reporting on the famine, aware that its cause is a direct result of the tactics being used in the war.
Snow
Authors: Lal Rattan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Divided into four parts under the sub-titles Srinagar, Bana Haal, Jammu, and Srinagar, the main focus of the story is the absence of snow in Kashmir for three years, and then its eventual fall at the end of the story. Mohan Lal and Mohi-ud-Din work in the same office. They return from Jammu after Mohi-ud-Din quarrels with the boss. Mohan Lal’s daughter Babli, eagerly waiting for snow, asks him if snowfall has occurred on the Bana Haal mountain near the Jawahar Tunnel. After a day-long journey on the bus from Jammu, he is trying to sleep. In the section titled Bana Haal, he recalls the conversations in the bus about the fall of snow. Kashmir has not seen snowfall for the last three years. Finally, when Mohan Lal wakes up late in the day at his home in Kashmir, snow begins to fall, and there is joy all around.
Measureless
Authors: Lal Rattan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The narrator recalls dreaming about Kashmir. He dreams about the boys playing around his home. He recalls the days when earthquakes occurred and how the people moved around. Now that he is in Jammu as a refugee he wakes up from strange dreams. Sometimes these dreams used to give him nightmares. However, things have changed now. He has got used to the situation in Jammu. He gets nightmares, family members reprimand him for disturbing their sleep, and life moves on. Or does it?
The Coast, Wetlands and Sensitive Areas
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the protection of the coastal region, the wetlands, and ecologically sensitive areas. The regulations that preserve the Indian coast seek to balance the needs of diverse interests that use coastal resources. The chapter presents cases which illustrate the conflicts between hoteliers and environmentalists; real estate developers and planning authorities; the shrimp industry and fisherfolk; and between those who seek coastal development vis-à-vis citizen groups who urge protecting coastal areas. The importance of these contests is elevated by the impending rise in sea levels consequent to global warming and climate change. The chapter then considers the ecological importance of inhospitable bogs and swamps and the growing realization about the range of ‘nature services’ that these regions provide. It also looks at initiatives to preserve ecologically sensitive areas through a framework of customized restrictions imposed under the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986.
International Environmental Law and Global Issues
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on international environmental law. India has obligations under numerous international treaties and agreements that relate to environmental issues. To be bound as a contracting party, India must have ratified a treaty, that is, adopted it as national law before it came into force, or acceded to it after it has come into force. For a treaty to enter into force, the requisite number of countries must ratify the treaty, which then has the force of international law. The chapter then outlines the established norms of international environmental law, before considering conflicts between the environment and free trade. It also looks at the relationship between human rights, indigenous people, and the environment, as well as environmental justice. Finally, the chapter studies air pollution and the protection of the atmosphere, endangered species, and the global commons.
Transboundary Environmental Issues
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses transboundary environmental issues. Environmental resources often do not fit within man-made borders; they spill across the borders of nations. The sharing and common use of these resources constitute transboundary environmental issues. Simply put, these are issues relating to the international management of environmental resources and its impact. The chapter considers transboundary water and air pollution from the Indian perspective. Ultimately, transboundary environmental issues must be studied in the context of their ability to ignite conflict and their potential for resolving tension. Particularly in the context of South Asia, which is already a region rife with political and historical tension, transboundary environmental issues can spark conflict. The chapter looks at the law on transboundary environmental issues, as well transboundary river issues in South Asia.
Biodiversity Litigation in Brazil
Authors: Costa de Oliveira Carina , Leuzinger Márcia Dieguez , Carvalho Barros Larissa Suassuna 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses the influence of international biodiversity law (IBL) on the Brazilian biodiversity legal framework and the impacts of biodiversity litigation on material and procedural law issues, through an analysis of the leading cases in the superior and federal courts. Most of the identified leading cases were decided between 2003 and 2020, regarding species (fauna and flora), genetic resources, protected areas, and forests. IBL has more impact on material law issues than on procedural law issues. An important finding was that biodiversity litigation has been strategically used to try to prevent the regression of Brazilian environmental legislation in recent years. Moreover, the research concludes that biodiversity litigation contributes to the effectiveness of biodiversity protection in Brazil, despite obstacles such as the excessive duration of lawsuits and the lack of environmental specialization of the courts.