bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term learning transforms prefrontal cortex representations during working memory
Authors: Miller Jacob A. , Tambini Arielle , Kiyonaga Anastasia , D’Esposito Mark 
Published: February 2022

SummaryThe lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) is reliably active during working memory (WM) across human and animal models, but the role of lPFC in successful WM is under debate. For instance, non-human primate (NHP) electrophysiology research finds that lPFC circuitry stores WM representations. Human neuroimaging instead suggests that lPFC plays a control function over WM content that is stored in sensory cortices. These seemingly incompatible WM accounts are often confounded by differences in the amount of task training and stimulus exposure across studies (i.e., NHPs tend to be trained extensively). Here, we test the possibility that such long-term training may alter the role of lPFC in WM maintenance. We densely sampled WM-related activity across learning, in three human participants, using a longitudinal functional MRI (fMRI) protocol. Over three months, participants trained on (1) a serial reaction time (SRT) task, wherein complex fractal stimuli were embedded within probabilistic sequences, and (2) a delayed recognition task probing WM for trained or novel stimuli. Participants were scanned frequently throughout training, to track how WM activity patterns change with repeated stimulus exposure and long-term associative learning. WM task performance improved for trained (but not novel) fractals and, neurally, delay activity significantly increased in distributed lPFC voxels across learning. Pattern similarity analyses also found that item-level WM representations became detectable within lPFC, but not in sensory cortices, and lPFC delay activity increasingly reflected sequence relationships from the SRT task, even though that information was task-irrelevant for WM. These findings demonstrate that human lPFC can show stimulus-selective WM responses with learning and WM representations are shaped by long-term experience. Therefore, influences from training and long-term memory may reconcile competing accounts of lPFC function during WM.
A glimpse into the DNA virome of the unique “living fossil” Welwitschia mirabilis
Authors: Debat Humberto , Bejerman Nicolás 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHere, we report the identification and characterization of four novel DNA viruses associated with Welwitschia mirabilis. Complete circular virus-like sequences with affinity to Caulimoviridae members and geminiviruses were detected and characterized from Welwitschia mirabilis genomic data. The two newly Caulimoviridae-like viruses have been tentatively named as Welwitschia mirabilis virus 1 and 2 (WMV1-WMV2); whereas the two identified geminiviruses were named as Welwitschia mirabilis associated geminivirus A and B (WMaGVA-WMaGVB). Phylogenetic analysis suggests that WMV1-2 belong to a proposed genus of Caulimoviridae-infecting gymnosperms. WMaGVA-B are phylogenetically related with both mastreviruses and capulaviruses and likely represent a distinct evolutionary lineage within geminiviruses.
An exploration of alcohol and drug related fire injuries
Authors: Taylor Mark , Appleton Deb , Fielding John , Oakford Gary 
Published: February 2022

PurposeThe study examines alcohol and drug related accidental dwelling fire injuries during 2006–2016 in Merseyside in England.Design/methodology/approachThe study carries out an examination of alcohol and drug related fire injuries from 2006 to 2016 in Merseyside, including analysis of injuries by age group, gender, level of deprivation and housing type.FindingsDeprivation was a significant factor in alcohol and drug related fire injuries over the period studied, with 70% of such injuries occurring in areas with the highest level of deprivation. Males appeared roughly twice as likely to be injured in an alcohol and drug related fire incident than females. The majority of those injured were in the age range 35–59.Research limitations/implicationsThere were limitations on the generalizability of the research findings to other fire and rescue services, as Merseyside has some of the highest levels of alcohol consumption and deprivation in UK.Practical implicationsAn understanding of those vulnerable to alcohol and drug related fire risks can support more targeted fire prevention strategies and aid referrals to partner health agencies to help to reduce underlying alcohol and drug misuse issues.Originality/valueThe study provides a detailed analysis of the circumstances associated with alcohol and drug related fire injuries over a ten-year period covered by a UK fire and rescue service, in particular, in terms alcohol and drug related fire injury risk differences between different groups.
A data mining approach using machine learning algorithms for early detection of low-performing students
Authors: Khor Ean Teng 
Published: February 2022

PurposeThe purpose of the study is to build predictive models for early detection of low-performing students and examine the factors that influence massive open online courses students' performance.Design/methodology/approachFor the first step, the author performed exploratory data analysis to analyze the dataset. The process was then followed by data pre-processing and feature engineering (Step 2). Next, the author conducted data modelling and prediction (Step 3). Finally, the performance of the developed models was evaluated (Step 4).FindingsThe paper found that the decision trees algorithm outperformed other machine learning algorithms. The study also confirms the significant effect of the academic background and virtual learning environment (VLE) interactions feature categories to academic performance. The accuracy enhancement is 17.66% for decision trees classifier, 3.49% for logistic regression classifier and 4.89% for neural networks classifier. Based on the results of CorrelationAttributeEval technique with the use of a ranker search method, the author found that the assessment_score and sum_click features are more important among academic background and VLE interactions feature categories for the classification analysis in predicting students' academic performance.Originality/valueThe work meets the originality requirement.
Microstructure investigations and optimisation of maraging steel parts for UAV applications
Authors: Indukuri Rama Pavan Kumar Varma , Penmetsa Rama Murty Raju , Chalamalasetti Srinivasa Rao , Siriyala Rajesh 
Published: February 2022

PurposeMilitary and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) applications like rocket motor casings, missile covers and ship hulls use components that are made of maraging steel. Maraging steel has properties that are superior to other metals, making it more suitable for the fabrication of such components. A grey relational analysis (GRA) that is based on the Taguchi method has been utilised in the current study to optimise a laser beam welding (LBW) process. Further aspects such as GRA's optimum ranges and percentage contributions were also estimated.Design/methodology/approachA Taguchi L16 orthogonal array is utilised to design and conduct the experiments. Laser power (LP), welding speed (WS) and focal position (FP) are the three parameters are chosen for the process of welding. The output responses are the upper width of the heat-affected zone (HAZup), the upper width of the fusion zone (FZup) and the depth of penetration (DOP). The effect of the above key parameters on the responses was examined using an analysis of variance (ANOVA).FindingsThe results of ANOVA reveal that the parameter that has the most influence on the overall grey relational grade (GRG) is the FP. Finally, metallographic characterisation and a microstructural analysis are conducted on the weld bead geometry to demarcate the zone of HAZ and fusion zone (FZ).Originality/valueAs the most important criteria for LBW of maraging steels is the provision of higher DOP, higher FZ width and lower heat-affected zone, the study intended to prove the applicability of GRA technique in solving multi-objective optimisation problems in applications like defence and unmanned systems.
Traditional dairy goat value chain in Lebanon: an uneven distribution of values
Authors: Khairallah Lamisse , Chedid Mabelle , Jaber Lina , Martiniello Giuliano , Hamadeh Shady K. 
Published: February 2022

PurposeSmall-scale goat farming and dairy goat productions are significant constituents in the livelihoods of marginal Lebanese rural communities. Reviving and supporting that sector is instrumental in creating value for rural communities to build sustainable livelihoods and safeguard climate-adapted value chains (VCs). The paper aims to describe the dairy goat VC in the Shouf and West Bekaa (WB) areas of Lebanon, which are traditionally popular for caprine production.Design/methodology/approachA socio-economic approach was employed to determine the perceived challenges, opportunities and context of goat farmers and dairy processor in the Shouf and WB casas as case studies, using the Heifer International's toolkit for goat value chains. Questionnaires were developed for the five actors of the VC: farmer, milk collector, processor, retailer and consumer. The data were analyzed quantitatively, using simple statistical analysis, and qualitatively through observation, gathering, coding and thematically organizing the responses.FindingsIn the Shouf, the chain is shorter, consisting of a farmer, processor and consumer, while in the WB the VC includes a milk collector and larger dairy factories. The value is unequally and unfairly distributed among the actors putting the small-scale farmers and processors in subordinate positions. In terms of enabling environment, the role of the state, authorities and organizations remains minimal in supporting the sector. The challenges facing this sector are economic, regulatory, operational, social and hygienic as perceived by the participants.Research limitations/implicationsThe economic, political and social instability of the country hinders the performance of the sector.Originality/valueLimited research is available on the small ruminants' VC in Lebanon, addressing the socio-economic status of goat farmers and opportunities available in the sector. On the other hand, the demand for traditional dairy products is increasing amid rising concerns related to intensive livestock systems and negative association of livestock systems with climate change. Accordingly, basic assessment and research on the existing small ruminant dairy chains is important as a first step for the sustainable development of the sector.
The relevance of management research debate: a historical view, 1876–2018
Authors: Wood Thomaz , Souza Renato , Caldas Miguel P. 
Published: February 2022

Purpose
This paper aims to map how the debate concerning the relevance of management research historically evolved to (a) determine if B-schools and management researchers have been uninterested bystanders, as critics posit, or if they have had a relevant role, and (b) discover if a pathway for management research becoming socially relevant has been established by such debate.

Design/methodology/approach
This study performed a citation network analysis of the scientific literature concerning the relevance of management research. The network had a total of 1,186 research papers published between 1876 and 2018.

Findings
The results show that from a minimal to peripheral role at the beginning and middle stages, management researchers have rather taken over this debate since the 1990s; the key components of the citation network reveal a strong convergence on what needs to be done, but no convergence on how to do it; and the debate has failed to generate actual change.

Originality/value
This study maps the debate concerning the relevance of management research since its historical inception using a method underused in management history research. It reveals the main path of the debate and the journals that echoed such debate.
The importance of managerial discretion on managerial ability–firm cash holding nexus
Authors: Magerakis Efstathios 
Published: February 2022

PurposeThis paper examines the role of managerial discretion in the relation between managerial ability on the level of corporate cash.Design/methodology/approachConjoining the upper echelons theory's premises and the theoretical framework of cash holdings, we posit that the managerial ability's effect on cash policy varies with managerial discretion using firm-level data. To test the empirical prediction, we employ a linear regression model with fixed effects with a sample of US listed firms from 1980 to 2016.FindingsThe findings reveal that the positive association between the ability of chief executive officers and corporate cash savings is weakened by firm-level managerial discretion. The results are robust to various additional analyses, namely lagged independent variables regression, reduced form regression and granger causality test. Overall, the findings are generally consistent with the cash holding motives yielding transaction and precautionary demand for money. However, our findings also shed light on whether managerial discretion moderates or exacerbates agency problems related to top executives' cash holding policies.Originality/valueThis work's distinct characteristic is the investigation of the joint effect of managerial talent and discretion on a firm's cash holding, which remains unexplored in the literature.
Dynastic cores and the borrowed time of newcomers. Wealth accumulation and the Norwegian one percent
Authors: Toft Maren , Hansen Marianne Nordli 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper explores the trajectories of Norwegians who, in their late‐thirties, possessed financial assets, such as securities, company shares and stocks, qualifying them as the wealthiest one percent nationally. We describe the accumulation of financial wealth over a 25‐year period in adulthood and study how different wealth sequences are linked to family origins and kinship ties. Although some Norwegians manage to build up large fortunes from relatively modest starting points over their life courses, we find that the value of the assets possessed by self‐made individuals, and their ability to retain wealth over time, differ significantly to those based on dynastic lineage. Among the latter group, profound wealth early in adulthood and strategic positions in the economy add to propel exponential ownership of financial wealth from a young age and throughout adulthood. This chimes with C. Wright Mills' suggestion that the amassing of great fortunes is driven by two mechanisms of the big jump that enables initial asset build‐up, and the accumulation of advantages that flows from advantageous economic and social ties. Kinship seems of key importance to ensure the efficacy of both mechanisms. Differences in the relationship of wealth accumulation and class origin seem to have little to do with educational strategies. We draw attention to direct wealth transfers and the institution of marriage as two little explored dimensions involved in dynastic closure.
Free‐ranging livestock altered the spatiotemporal behavior of the endangered North Chinese leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis) and its prey and intensified human–leopard conflicts
Authors: LIU Mingzhang , WANG Yiqing , XIA Fan , BU Hongliang , LIU Yanlin , SHEN Xiaoli , LI Sheng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWidespread distribution of livestock in the natural habitats of large carnivores may negatively impact carnivore populations by reducing wild prey availability and increasing human–carnivore conflicts. In this study, we used camera‐trapping data collected in the temperate forests of the Taihang Mountains in North China during 2016–2019 to examine whether and how free‐ranging cattle affected habitat use and Diel activity patterns of the endangered North Chinese leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis) and its 2 wild prey species, Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa). Residents were also interviewed to record livestock depredation events by leopards during 2015–2019. We found that roe deer spatially avoided sites frequented by cattle, but wild boar did not. In the growing seasons, leopards shared habitats with cattle and tended to increase their diurnal activities where cattle were present. All 3 study species exhibited fine‐scale spatial‐temporal segregation to cattle. Leopards selectively preyed on calves over adult cattle and livestock depredation frequency was positively correlated with the detection rates of cattle and wild prey, but not that of leopard. These findings not only show that through behavioral adaption large carnivores and their ungulate prey may persist under livestock disturbance, but also highlight how important proper livestock management is for conserving North Chinese leopards in this region. To enhance livestock management and mitigate human–leopard conflicts, we recommend specific actions, such as better guarding of free‐ranging cattle or adoption of a captive farming system.
Influence of rurality on general practitioner registrars' participation in their practice's after‐hours roster: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Morgan Tobias , Tapley Amanda , Davey Andrew , Holliday Elizabeth , Fielding Alison , van Driel Mieke , Ball Jean , Spike Neil , FitzGerald Kristen , Morgan Simon , Magin Parker 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether practice rurality and rural training pathway are associated with general practitioner registrars' participation in their practice's after‐hours care roster.DesignA cross‐sectional analysis of data (2017‐2019) from the Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training study, an ongoing inception cohort study of Australian general practitioner registrars. The principal analyses used logistic regression.SettingThree national general practitioner regional training organisations across 3 Australian states.ParticipantsGeneral practitioner registrars in training within regional training organisations.Main outcome measureInvolvement in practice after‐hours care was indicated by a dichotomous response on a 6‐monthly Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training study questionnaire item.Results1576 registrars provided 3158 observations (response rate 90.3%). Of these, 1574 (48.6% [95% confidence interval: 46.8‐50.3]) involved registrars contributing to their practice's after‐hours roster. In major cities, 40% of registrar terms involved contribution to their practice's after‐hours roster; in regional and remote practices, 62% contributed to the after‐hours roster. On multivariable analysis, both level of rurality of practice (odds ratio(OR) 1.75, P = .007; and OR 1.74, P = .026 for inner regional and outer regional/remote locations, respectively, versus major city) and rural training pathway of registrar (OR 1.65, P = .008) were significantly associated with more after‐hours roster contribution. Other associations were registrars' later training stage, larger practices and practices not routinely bulk billing. Significant regional variability in after‐hours care was identified (after adjusting for rurality).ConclusionThese findings suggest that registrars working rurally and those training on the rural pathway are more often participating in practice after‐hours rosters. This has workforce implications, and implications for the educational richness of registrars' training environment.
Viscoelastic haemostatic point‐of‐care assays in the management of postpartum haemorrhage: a narrative review
Authors: Dias J. D. , Butwick A. J. , Hartmann J. , Waters J. H. 
Published: February 2022

SummaryViscoelastic haemostatic assays provide rapid testing at the bed‐side that identify all phases of haemostasis, from initial fibrin formation to clot lysis. In obstetric patients, altered haemostasis is common as pregnancy is associated with coagulation changes that may contribute to bleeding events such as postpartum haemorrhage, as well as thrombosis events. In this narrative review, we examine the potential clinical utility of viscoelastic haemostatic assays in postpartum haemorrhage and consider the current recommendations for their use in obstetric patients. We discuss the clinical benefits associated with the use of viscoelastic haemostatic assays due to the provision of (near) real‐time readouts with a short turnaround, coupled with the identification of coagulation defects such as hypofibrinogenaemia. The use of viscoelastic haemostatic assay‐guided algorithms may be beneficial to diagnose coagulopathy, predict postpartum haemorrhage, reduce transfusion requirements and monitor fibrinolysis in women with obstetric haemorrhage. Further studies are required to assess whether viscoelastic haemostatic assay‐guided treatment improves clinical outcomes, and to confirm the utility of prepartum viscoelastic haemostatic assay measurements for identifying patients at risk of postpartum haemorrhage.
Universal gestational diabetes screening and antepartum stillbirth rates in Austria—A population‐based study
Authors: Muin Dana A. , Pfeifer Bernhard , Helmer Hanns , Oberaigner Wilhelm , Leitner Hermann , Kiss Herbert , Neururer Sabrina 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionOccult or untreated gestational diabetes (GDM) is a well‐known risk factor for adverse perinatal outcomes and may contribute to antepartum stillbirth. We assessed the impact of screening for GDM on the rate of antepartum stillbirths in non‐anomalous pregnancies by conducting a population‐based study in 974 889 women in Austria.Material and MethodsOur database was derived from the Austrian Birth Registry. Inclusion criteria were singleton live births and antepartum stillbirths ≥24+0 gestational weeks, excluding fetal congenital malformations, terminations of pregnancy and women with pre‐existing type 1 or 2 diabetes. Main outcome measures were (a) overall stillbirth rates and (b) stillbirth rates in women at high risk of GDM (i.e., women with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2, history of previous intrauterine fetal death, GDM, previous macrosomic offspring) before (2008–2010, “phase I”) and after (2011–2019, “phase II”) the national implementation of universal GDM screening with a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in Austrian pregnant women by 2011.ResultsIn total, 940 373 pregnancies were included between 2008 and 2019, of which 2579 resulted in intrauterine fetal deaths at 33.51 ± 5.10 gestational weeks. After implementation of the GDM screening, a statistically significant reduction in antepartum stillbirth rates among non‐anomalous singletons was observed only in women at high risk for GDM (4.10‰ [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.09–5.43] in phase I vs. 2.96‰ [95% CI 2.57–3.41] in phase II; p = 0.043) but not in the general population (2.76‰ [95% CI 2.55–2.99] in phase I vs. 2.74‰ [95% CI 2.62–2.86] in phase II; p = 0.845). The number needed to screen with the oral glucose tolerance test to subsequently prevent one case of (non‐anomalous) intrauterine fetal death was 880 in the high‐risk and 40 000 in the general population.ConclusionsThe implementation of a universal GDM screening program in Austria in 2011 has not led to any significant reduction in antenatal stillbirths among non‐anomalous singletons in the general population. More international data are needed to strengthen our findings.