bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insect-parasitic phases in the development of the mycetophagous wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus trypophloei, in its vector, an aspen bark beetle Trypophloeus asperatus
Authors: Tomalak Marek 
Published: September 2022

Summary
Bursaphelenchus trypophloei is a common wood nematode associated with the poplar bark beetle, Trypophloeus asperatus, in European aspen, Populus tremula. The nematode develops and reproduces in larval galleries of T. asperatus and is transmitted to new breeding trees by adult beetles during their flight and oviposition. Its dispersal third-stage juveniles (DJIII) are unique because of their exceptionally early penetration into the haemocoel of the second- or third-larval stage of the future vector/host and long-term (up to 10 months) occupation of this environment. Detailed morphological/anatomical, and bionomic study revealed that while living in the vector’s haemocoel the nematode dispersal/dauer juveniles pass through a series of intermittent changes with three distinct developmental phases. The sequence of these phases corresponded to the process of diapause observed in many plant and animal parasites. Throughout the period of living in the haemocoel, the nematodes remained at their dispersal juvenile stage (DJIII) but clearly increased in size and changed their morphometrics and shape of such anatomical/morphological characters as the metacorpus and tail terminus. Moreover, the juveniles apparently ingested the food from the vector’s haemolymph. Specifically, in the insect haemocoel, the body of dispersal/parasitic juveniles became less transparent with most organs being obscured by an increasing amount of refractive nutrient storage granules. After penetration into the insect the process of diapause was irreversible, irrespective of the availability of food (i.e., Leptographium spp. fungus). The nematodes could resume their further development only after the natural emergence from the vector beetle to its new galleries or a few days earlier, when mature third phase DJ (DJIII-3) juveniles were dissected from the beetle and transferred to a fresh fungal culture. The data indicate that B. trypophloei is exclusively mycetophagous when free-living in the larval galleries of its insect vector, T. asperatus, and parasitic in the haemocoel of this insect.
Pittard on Religious Disagreement
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper focuses on Pittard’s path to rationalism. It begins from the master argument Pittard identifies against rational disagreement among epistemic peers. It raises an issue for Pittard’s endorsement of the first premise of that argument, but focuses primarily on the third premise. It suggests a way of denying the third premise beyond the possibilities Pittard identifies, and then questions the strategy Pittard uses for ruling out competitors to his rationalism for defending the possibility of partisan justification in cases of peer disagreement.
The Roman Catholic Church and Youth Unemployment in South-East Nigeria
Authors: Amaefule Adolphus Ekedimma 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Like many places in Africa, youth unemployment in Nigeria is massive. Granted, some scholars have deliberated on the role of the Church in Nigeria in tackling it; their preoccupation, however, has been majorly with the Church in Nigeria as a whole, rather than with individual churches. Employing historical and descriptive phenomenological methodology, this article, on the contrary, considers the role of the Roman Catholic Church in South-East Nigeria, in the fight against the same issue, of youth unemployment. The article, among others, makes a case for a much more participation of faith-based organizations in confronting the many social problems facing the youths in contemporary Africa.
Conversion, Persecution, and the Reforming Voices of Muslims in Post–Revolution Iran
Authors: Nazir-Ali Michael , Bazmjou Amir S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Christian faith has a long and continuous history in Iran. The period since the Islamic Revolution of 1979 has been particularly stressful, with outbreaks of severe persecution, imprisonment and both judicial and extrajudicial killings. Despite this, record numbers of people have been coming to faith in Christ and meeting mostly in homes. Although the Iranian people remain largely tolerant of difference, the regime has cracked down hard on these new Christians, closing churches, arresting leaders, imprisoning believers and confiscating assets. Some reforming voices have, however, been raised against the suffocating Theocracy of contemporary Iran and the suffering it causes in all sections of the population. It remains to be seen whether these voices will influence the future course of Iranian society and whether they will have any effect on the suffering of Christians and other minorities in Iran.
Muslim Minorities in Europe
Authors: Ghatas Ishak Makram 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Living in Europe substantially alters the context of Muslim immigrants. They live as minorities amid non-Muslims and are governed by the secular state (with Christian antecedents) and its laws. This paper focuses on one aspect of larger research conducted in Belgium.1 It examines evidence from the ground related to issues involving dietary rules. It shows how Muslims in Belgium look for creative adaptations to challenges of everyday life, involving food. At a deeper level, the findings highlight examples of ordinary Muslims proactively seeking guidance for particular issues and finding their own creative solutions in many instances. Therefore, they are not passive followers but free agents making choices in adapting to the position they consider most suitable.
Manabe’s Radiative–Convective Equilibrium
Authors: Jeevanjee Nadir , Held Isaac , Ramaswamy V. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Syukoro (Suki) Manabe’s Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded largely for his early work on one-dimensional models of “radiative–convective equilibrium” (RCE), which produced the first credible estimates of Earth’s climate sensitivity. This article reviews that work and tries to identify those aspects that make it so distinctive. We argue that Manabe’s model of RCE contained three crucial ingredients. These are (i) a tight convective coupling of the surface to the troposphere, (ii) an assumption of fixed relative humidity rather than fixed absolute humidity, and (iii) a sufficiently realistic representation of greenhouse gas radiative transfer. Previous studies had separately identified these key ingredients, but none had properly combined them. We then discuss each of these ingredients in turn, highlighting how subsequent research in the intervening decades has only cemented their importance for understanding global climate change. We close by reflecting on the elegance of Manabe’s approach and its lasting value.
A Modern Approach to a Stability-Based Definition of the Tropopause
Authors: Tinney Emily N. , Homeyer Cameron R. , Elizalde Lexy , Hurst Dale F. , Thompson Anne M. , Stauffer Ryan M. , Vömel Holger , Selkirk Henry B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Definition of the tropopause has remained a focus of atmospheric science since its discovery near the beginning of the twentieth century. Few universal definitions (those that can be reliably applied globally and to both common observations and numerical model output) exist and many definitions with unique limitations have been developed over the years. The most commonly used universal definition of the tropopause is the temperature lapse-rate definition established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1957 (the LRT). Despite its widespread use, there are recurrent situations where the LRT definition fails to reliably identify the tropopause. Motivated by increased availability of coincident observations of stability and composition, this study seeks to reexamine the relationship between stability and composition change in the tropopause transition layer and identify areas for improvement in a stability-based definition of the tropopause. In particular, long-term (40+ years) balloon observations of temperature, ozone, and water vapor from six locations across the globe are used to identify covariability between several metrics of atmospheric stability and composition. We found that the vertical gradient of potential temperature is a superior stability metric to identify the greatest composition change in the tropopause transition layer, which we use to propose a new universally applicable potential temperature gradient tropopause (PTGT) definition. Application of the new definition to both observations and reanalysis output reveals that the PTGT largely agrees with the LRT, but more reliably identifies tropopause-level composition change when the two definitions differ greatly.

Significance Statement
In this study we provide a review of existing tropopause definitions (and their limitations) and investigate potential improvement in the definition of the tropopause using balloon-based observations of stability and atmospheric composition. This work is motivated by the need for correct identification of the tropopause to accurately assess upper-troposphere–lower-stratosphere processes, which in turn has far-reaching implications for our understanding of Earth’s radiation budget and climate. The result of this research is the creation of a new, universally applicable stability-based definition of the tropopause: the potential temperature gradient tropopause (PTGT).
Randomized Subensembles: An Approach to Reduce the Risk of Divergence in an Ensemble Kalman Filter Using Cross Validation
Authors: Caron Jean-François , McTaggart-Cowan Ron , Buehner Mark , Houtekamer Pieter L. , Lapalme Ervig 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In an ensemble Kalman filter, when the analysis update of an ensemble member is computed using error statistics estimated from an ensemble that includes the background of the member being updated, the spread of the resulting ensemble systematically underestimates the uncertainty of the ensemble mean analysis. This problem can largely be avoided by applying cross validation: using an independent subset of ensemble members for updating each member. However, in some circumstances cross validation can lead to the divergence of one or more ensemble members from observations. This can culminate in catastrophic filter divergence in which the analyzed or forecast states become unrealistic in the diverging members. So far, such instabilities have been reported only in the context of highly nonlinear low-dimensional models. The first known manifestation of catastrophic filter divergence caused by the use of cross validation in an NWP context is reported here. To reduce the risk of such filter divergence, a modification to the traditional cross-validation approach is proposed. Instead of always assigning the ensemble members to the same subensembles, the members forming each subensemble are randomly chosen at every analysis step. It is shown that this new approach can prevent filter divergence and also brings a cycling ensemble data assimilation system containing divergent members back to a state consistent with Gaussianity. The randomized subensemble approach was implemented in the operational global ensemble prediction system at Environment and Climate Change Canada on 1 December 2021.
Statins and Mortality of Patients After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Yarahmadi Pourya , Kabiri Ali , Forouzannia Seyed Mohammad , Yousefifard Mahmoud 
Published: September 2022

While TAVI is widely used, optimal medical therapy to reduce the mortality rate after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is still unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of statins on mortality following TAVI. Present systematic review of the literature was performed using Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science; all studies reported all-cause mortality in patients who underwent TAVI and received or did not receive statin therapy. Data were analyzed using random-effects models. Seventeen articles (21 380 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. Statin therapy was associated with a reduction of all-cause mortality (Hazard ratio [HR] = .78, 95% Confidence interval [CI] .68–.89, P < .001). Moderate between-study heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 45.2). High-intensity statin therapy was more effective than low or moderate intensity statin therapy in reduction of all-cause mortality (Risk ratio [RR] = .62, 95% CI 0.45–.85, P = .003, I2 = .0). Statin therapy could reduce the mid-term all-cause mortality rate following TAVI. However, all included studies were observational and, therefore, randomized controlled trials are still needed to assess the effect of statin therapy on mortality after TAVI.
Iatrogenic Pneumothorax During Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Implantation: A Large Database Analysis
Authors: Lorenz F. Jeffrey , Goyal Neerav 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjectiveThere have been case reports of adverse events of hypoglossal nerve stimulator (HNS) implantation not seen in previous clinical trials, including pneumothorax and pleural effusion. The purpose of this study was to determine the rates of these complications and potential risk factors.Study DesignRetrospective case‐control study during 2014 to 2021.SettingTwenty‐five health care organizations across the United States.MethodsThe TriNetX Research Network was queried by using disease codes to retrospectively identify patients with obstructive sleep apnea who underwent HNS implantation. Rates of pneumothorax, pleural effusion, other complications, and need for revision/replacement or explant were determined.ResultsWe identified 1813 patients from 25 health care organizations who underwent HNS implantation. The average age was 60 years, and there were 68% males and 32% females. Of the cohort, 2.4% (n = 44 from 7 implant centers) experienced a pneumothorax, and 0.6% (n = 11) were diagnosed with a pleural effusion on the day of surgery. Patients who experienced pneumothorax were more likely to have a history of chronic lower respiratory diseases when compared with those who did not (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1‐4.1; P = .02).ConclusionThe incidence of intraoperative pneumothorax and pleural effusion during HNS implantation may be greater than initially thought. Patients with chronic lower respiratory diseases may be at increased risk. This should be communicated with patients during the informed consent process.
Development and Interrater Reliability of the Lactation Assessment Care Tool
Authors: Wessells Allyson , Chertok Ilana R. A. , Haile Zelalem T. , Johnston Jarold 
Published: September 2022

Background: There have been no comprehensive predictive measurement instruments published that account for the dynamic interaction between maternal, infant, and functional factors related to breastfeeding difficulty. The Lactation Care Assessment Tool (LACT) was developed by the authors as a predictive measure of lactation acuity to identify families at risk for breastfeeding difficulty and facilitate access to the most effective level of care. Research Aim: To describe the development, content validation, and interrater reliability of the LACT. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional, online survey. Upon reading a standardized case scenario reflective of common experiences among families with goals to breastfeed, participants ( N = 82) anonymously completed the LACT, which consisted of 16 measures based upon research relevant to maternal, infant, and functional factors affecting breastfeeding success. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize and describe the characteristics of the study sample. Interrater reliability was evaluated using Krippendorff’s alpha. Results: An acceptable degree of interrater reliability ( α = 0.70) among participants was detected for the 16 measures included in the instrument. Conclusion: This instrument supports Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative Step 10 to facilitate more precise and timely continuity of care after discharge from the hospital by identifying families in need of referral to a level of care consistent with their lactation acuity. Future research is necessary to determine appropriate levels of care and support based on the instrument scores in diverse breastfeeding dyads during early lactation and through the duration of breastfeeding.
Incidence and risk factors for syphilis infection among men who have sex with men: A cohort study from an urban sexual health clinic in Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Kawi Nurhayati H , Sihotang Erik P , Nisa Tiara , Hui Ben , Causer Louise M , Januraga Pande Putu , Ronoatmodjo Sudarto 
Published: September 2022

Objective: Syphilis infection remains a significant health issue among marginalised populations in Indonesia, in particular among men who have sex with men (MSM), in whom there are limited studies from Indonesia exploring risk factors associated with STI acquisition.Our study aimed to identify risk factors of syphilis infection among MSM attending large sexual health clinic in Jakarta. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis using patient records (MSM aged 18 years or older) period Jan 2018-Dec 2019. We used Cox regression to identify risk factors associated with syphilis incidence. Results: Study population were 2912 MSM tested for syphilis, 473 (16.2%) were diagnosed with syphilis on their first visit; early syphilis (415; 14%) and latent syphilis (58, 2%). Among the cohort of 2439 MSM who tested negative at baseline, 40 MSM were identified with a new positive syphilis result during 2 years follow up. Risk factors remaining significantly associated with syphilis incidence included having STI symptom at 1st visit (aHR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.38–5.65), and HIV-infection (aHR 4.53; 95% CI 2.24 – 9.17).Syphilis incidence rate was 8.19 (95% CI 6.01-11.16) per 100 PYFU. Conclusions: Syphilis infection at baseline and incidence was high among MSM attending this large clinic in Jakarta. Integrated and accessible syphilis prevention and detection coupled with HIV services are needed, with a special focus on high-risk individuals.
COVID-19 Vaccination in Cancer Patients: A Review Article
Authors: Mekkawi Rana , Elkattan Bassant A. , Shablak Alaaeldin , Bakr Mohammad , Yassin Mohamed A. , Omar Nabil E. 
Published: September 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Adults with cancer are immunocompromised due to several causes including cancer itself and immunosuppressive therapy. Thus, cancer patients are more susceptible to develop COVID-19 infection. As COVID-19 vaccines became available, patients with cancer would benefit from receiving the vaccine. This article aims to review the recent evidences and recommendations about COVID-19 vaccination in cancer patients. Current guidelines recommend that patients with cancer should have the priority to receive the vaccine given their immunocompromised state. The timing of administration varies depending on cancer type and treatment. Generally, the vaccine should be given before starting the chemotherapy if possible or in between chemotherapy cycles and away from nadir phase. For other cancer treatments, it is recommended to give the vaccine when there is evidence of blood count recovery. In general, induction therapy and treatment for newly diagnosed patients should not be delayed for the vaccination purpose. It is noteworthy to mention that cancer patients especially those with hematologic malignancies might have absented or attenuated response to the vaccine due to their pathophysiological status. On the other hand, the current vaccine guidelines have been criticized for lacking evidence on some important topics that need to be addressed. Firstly, some vaccines have been granted an emergency use authorization, prior to the usual comprehensive safety and efficacy evaluation process. Secondly, specific populations including cancer patients were excluded from the approval trials for safety reasons. Finally, some recommendations regarding the COVID-19 vaccines are extrapolated from other vaccines studies. Further studies are required to fill these gaps and observational studies that include cancer patients are warranted to have a better understanding of the safety and efficacy of the vaccines in cancer patients.
Attitudes to and Experiences of Physical Activity After Colon Cancer Diagnosis Amongst Physically Active Individuals – A Qualitative Study
Authors: Renman David , Strigård Karin , Palmqvist Richard , Näsvall Pia , Gunnarsson Ulf , Edin-Liljegren Anette 
Published: September 2022

Background Physical activity improves survival, reduces postoperative complications, and reduces the risk of developing colon cancer. It is important to maintain physical activity after receiving a diagnosis of colon cancer to improve postoperative recovery. Individuals who are physically active and diagnosed with colon cancer presumably have different motivations to maintain physical activity compared to their sedentary counterparts. Objective Enlighten how the diagnosis of colon cancer might affect physically active individuals in their attitude and experiences towards physical activity. Methods A qualitative study using content analysis was conducted in northern Sweden based on semi-structured telephone interviews of twenty patients diagnosed with colon cancer. All participants met the recommendations for physical activity issued by the World Health Organization. Results Participants were between 50 and 88 years and 50% were male. Three main categories were identified: I’ll fight the cancer and come out stronger; The diagnosis makes no difference; and The diagnosis is an obstacle for physical activity. These main categories represent the ways the individuals reacted to the diagnosis of colon cancer regarding their physical activity. Conclusion Attitudes to and experience of physical activity after colon cancer diagnosis varied from a will to increase physical activity and fight the cancer, to the diagnosis putting a stop to physical activity. It is important that healthcare professionals recommend physical activity even in already physically active individuals, to encourage continued physical activity after diagnosis of colon cancer.