bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Tyranny
Authors: Al-Kawakibi Abdul Rahman 
Published: June 2022

The Nature of Tyranny was written and published at the dawn of the twentieth century by Abdul Rahman Al-Kawakibi, one of the pioneering thinkers of the Arab world. More than a century later, another Arab awakening exploded, led by a new generation of youth who chanted Al-Kawakibi's words in revolutionary cries from Aleppo, his hometown, to Cairo's Tahrir Square. Today this seminal text appears in English for the first time, with a foreword from Leon T. Goldsmith offering an overview of Al-Kawakibi's intellectual contributions. The first chapter of the text provides a definition of tyranny, presenting it as akin to a sickness or malaise that seeps into all classes of society, leaving behind decay. The following seven chapters apply this conception of tyranny to what Al-Kawakibi sees as society's crucial elements: religion, knowledge, honor, economy, ethics and progress. Having laid a theoretical framework for understanding the centrality of tyranny, its characteristics and its devastating effects, Al-Kawakibi concludes by setting forth a brief program for remedying the "disease" of tyranny. The final chapter outlines another book in which he had planned to elaborate upon his ideas, but, ultimately, his fate arrived too soon.
Battles Around Legal Education Reform in India
Authors: Dezalay Yves , Garth Bryant 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers battles around legal education reform in India. Such battles have long played a strategic role in law and development efforts around the world whether promoted from abroad or from local importers. The chapter employs the theoretical concept of a “legal revolution” developed by Harold Berman in his famous books on law and revolution. Berman highlighted how the learned capital of relatively marginal scholarly groups is linked with emerging political movements. The theoretical approach illuminates the so far relatively unsuccessful efforts of Indian legal modernists—who draw on US and global law firm approaches—to challenge the entrenched power of a very conservative Indian legal elite embodied in the senior advocates and high court judiciaries. Corporate law firms, think tanks, and especially new private and public law schools have in part taken up the challenge, relying on a reinvestment in globally-inspired legal scholarship and technology, but so far have not been able to modernize the grand advocates, who rely more on familial capital than scholarly and meritocratic capital. The grand advocates are essential for major cases, control the governance of the National Law Schools, and, with a few notable exceptions, resist the modernization inspired from abroad.
Asian Legal Education’s Engagement with Policy
Authors: Taylor Veronica L. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines what Terence Halliday has called “the knowledge mandate” of the legal profession, as it is reflected in public policy engagement by law schools in Asia. Using policy engagement examples from China, Japan, Indonesia, Myanmar, and the Philippines, this chapter observes the ways in which altruistic or liberal legal values are at issue; transnational or global influences are visible; and multiple stakeholders are using the law school as a site for developing or thwarting norms in order to influence public policy. This chapter explains how such normative contestation has been managed in each case and draws attention to policy engagement as an understudied element of legal education institutions in Asia. In each case, the state seeks to use law schools as repositories of knowledge and expertise, and to regulate research and engagement behaviors that it deems desirable. Law schools and their academics are not passive in the face of such initiatives; they exert their own agency. The examples in this chapter show that some regulatory relationships between public policy actors and law schools result in more policy engagement than others. The knowledge mandate for the profession widens or narrows accordingly.
Who Wants the Global Law School?
Authors: Davis Kevin E. , Zhang Xinyi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines factors that influence student decisions about whether to participate in globally oriented legal education drawing on recent experience with a study abroad program at NYU School of Law. Calls for the globalization of US legal education often rest upon an unstated presumption that there will be significant demand for globalized legal education from students motivated by economically defined career goals. The case study suggests that the conventional view neglects the potentially confounding influences of imperfect information, on the parts of both employers and students, as well as social and cultural factors that influence students’ decision-making. The potential career impact of participation in a study abroad program was only one of several factors in students’ decisions. Other factors included the desire to have fun, influences from their peers, and general perceptions of the study abroad sites.
Who Rules the World?
Authors: Madsen Mikael Rask 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
While the proliferation of international courts Cs has been described in details, we know surprisingly little about who the actual judges sitting at the helm of contemporary judicialized international law are. What was once been termed the “invisible college of international law” remains to a large extent invisible to this day. What is certain, there are today many more international judges than previously Currently, more than three hundred men and women hold the office of international judge. Most are found in Europe, at the two regional courts of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights, but many other regional and global courts also employ a significant number of international judges. Besides some mainly descriptive studies of the international judiciary, we have very little analysis of who these people are and what commonalities they have, for example in terms of education, knowledge, and know-how. This chapter seeks to remedy this gap and presents a first systematic study of the configuration of the international judiciary as concerns the legal educational capital of international judges.
International Law Student Mobility in ContextUnderstanding Variations in Sticky Floors, Springboards, Stairways, and Slow Escalators
Authors: Silver Carole , Ballakrishnen Swethaa S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on international students across degree programs in US law schools and uses their navigation of American legal education as a tool to unpack the everyday experience of legal globalization. While graduate degree programs still account for the largest segment of international students studying law in the United States, there has been a concurrent rise in the number of international students who pursue a JD—the more mainstream US law degree. In this Chapter, we make the case that while prominent, these paths to assimilation are not seamless for many students. In tracing these students and their mobility contexts, this Chapter makes three main contributions. First, it maps the changing demographics of international law student participation and explores the factors shaping students’ preferences, including the relative importance of access to training opportunities, language, immigration status, prior work experience, and lawyer regulation and licensing (at home and abroad). Second, it offers a set of four metaphorical categories to help think about these empirical processes: sticky floors, springboards, stairways and slow escalators. Using each of these broad categories, we suggest that students find different sources of persuasion and pushback as they navigate their respective paths within law schools. Students’ decisions are molded at different stages by different actors and institutional constraints, with ultimate choices (and, therefore, tracks) reflecting a range of interactions between each of these constraints and capacities. Finally, the pathways provide a framework for theorizing about malleable social capital and recursive transnational theory.
How Is It to Be Done?
Authors: Bohrer Ashley J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights competing options for movement activists weighing prefigurative and harm-reduction approaches to social movement work. It reflects on the trade-offs between reformist efforts to work within the political system and those seeking deep transformational change through a more confrontational posture, even while remaining peaceful. Moving beyond the standard academic (and often reductive) frame of “reform or transform,” the chapter explores how both approaches can be used strategically, depending on circumstances, while also noting the inherent tensions that this draws out. It also discusses how the path to a politics that can galvanize movements into seeing the radical possibilities of a more just and liberated world is paved by the contrasting ideas of Audre Lorde and Serene Khader. Where Lorde provides a philosophy that helps activists avoid replicating oppressive structures, Khader suggests resistance strategies should be assessed on their efficacy. From these two contrasting visions of feminist theory, the chapter then extracts a set of provocative and invaluable questions that movement leaders must ask themselves about institutions that have largely been built by and for men from dominant classes, castes, ethnicities, and religions.
The Ones Who Walk Away to Stay and Fight
Authors: Gamaghelyan Philip 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores another angle to the challenges of leadership and activism. Drawing on the work of science fiction authors Ursula K. Le Guin and N. K. Jemisin, who have long engaged with justice issues in their work, it identifies a range of political actors. These include those who acquiesce to injustice, those who leave, and those who stay and fight. The last group often faces significant challenges, including the dilemma of navigating both domestic pressures from a repressive state and well-meaning but overwhelming influence from outside allies. The chapter uses experiences from across the South Caucasus to explore the ethical trade-offs in alliance building in these complex situations.
Establishing an Ethics of Post-Sanctions Peacebuilding
Authors: Lopez George A. , Geaghan-Breiner Beatrix 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses the normative issues surrounding the contemporary uses of economic sanctions in international politics, which raise complex ethical questions because of their often profound economic impact on civilians. In principle, sanctions are used to compel repressive states to change their violent behavior. However, as this chapter notes, shorn of specific and clear evaluative criteria and benchmarks, sanctions can exacerbate civilian suffering. At its most basic, the wicked problem is whether it is worth inflicting new harms in order to end ongoing harms. The chapter uses the case of U.S. sanctions on Venezuela to develop a norm of the “responsibility to restore” targeted economies in critical areas. It concludes by outlining the various practitioner and scholarly tasks needed to bring this to fruition.
Interests That Abide
Authors: Poling Gregory B. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The introduction provides a brief geographic and political overview of the South China Sea disputes. It presents the frequently raised question of whether the United States has “lost” the South China Sea and notes that a proper answer requires first establishing what winning and losing would mean. It explains that the United States has been drawn to the South China Sea by two long-standing interests: freedom of the seas and alliance credibility. The first results in a brief history of U.S. commitment to maritime freedoms and how that helped drive it to Asia in the first place. The second requires a particular focus on the Philippines as the last U.S. ally in the South China Sea disputes.
Seeds of Discord
Authors: Poling Gregory B. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the early history of the South China Sea disputes and the reactions of the United States to those claims. It focuses particularly on French, Japanese, and Republic of China jostling over the Spratly and Paracel Islands from the 1910s through 1930s. It also explores the early determination of the United States that Scarborough Shoal was U.S. territory as part of the Philippines. It examines early Philippine interest in annexing the Spratlys in the lead-up to World War II and U.S. concerns about keeping Japan out of the “Dangerous Ground,” as the uncharted eastern portions of the Spratlys were known. The chapter then explores operations in the South China Sea during World War II, Japanese use of the islands, and the scramble by France and the ROC to claim them in the immediate postwar years.
America and the Free Seas, Part I
Authors: Poling Gregory B. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the challenges to the colonial-era norms governing freedom of the seas, including from the United States, which eventually led to the Truman Proclamations on the continental shelf and fishery management. It explores the unforeseen consequences of those proclamations and the unsuccessful post-Truman efforts to control the fallout, which eventually led to the first two United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea. The chapter examines how those conferences formalized many concepts of modern maritime law, including the continental shelf, but left key disagreements unresolved. Throughout, the chapter examines the role of the various Southeast Asian claimants in these debates.
America and the Free Seas, Part II
Authors: Poling Gregory B. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the tensions in the regime of maritime law that led to the start of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. It examines the evolving positions of the United States and other powers in these debates, including the role of China, the Philippines, and the other South China Sea claimants. It explores those concepts that emerged in UNCLOS which are most relevant to the South China Sea disputes, and the new claims made in the disputed waterway as a result. It also takes a detailed look at where the conference landed on contentious issues involving innocent passage and military activities in the exclusive economic zone, which are major points of tension between the United States and China today.
Introduction
Authors: Fabian Mark 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The study of subjective wellbeing has grown substantially in recent decades and is now seeking to influence public policy. The complexities of this new application have revealed weaknesses in the foundations of the field. Its operationalist epistemology was appropriate given its historical context, but undermines its ability to explain the mechanisms by which policy can improve subjective wellbeing. Likewise, the field’s deliberate avoidance of the evaluative element of “wellbeing”—what is “good for” somebody—leaves it poorly equipped to engage with the ethical and political complexities of policymaking. The present volume provides the theoretical depth that the field of subjective wellbeing is lacking by integrating psychological, philosophical, economic, and political perspectives on wellbeing. The end result is a rich and ethically sensitive theory of subjective wellbeing that can underpin scholarly research, inform therapy and self-help, and guide wellbeing public policy
The Capabilities Constraint
Authors: Fabian Mark 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Capabilities are, broadly speaking, the options available to an individual in terms of what sort of life they can lead. They are typically conceptualized as causes (or even constitutive) of wellbeing. This chapter argues for an alternative perspective, namely that capabilities are a constraint on rather than cause of wellbeing. While the capabilities constraint is binding, as in poverty, the life that would maximize someone’s subjective wellbeing is not available. Consequently, capabilities appear to cause ill-being. But once the constraint is relaxed, high subjective wellbeing does not necessarily eventuate. This is because people must know what life would best suit them to actualize. This is an information problem. The coalescence of being, outlined in chapter 9, is a model of the iterative process by which individuals learn the values most appropriate to them and thereby alleviate this problem.
The Success-Failure Dichotomy
Authors: Beck Colin J. , Bukovansky Mlada , Chenoweth Erica , Lawson George , Nepstad Sharon Erickson , Ritter Daniel P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the dichotomy of successful versus failed revolutionary outcomes by examining the 1989 revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe. Initially, these revolutions were declared a success as Soviet-style regimes were toppled and democratization programs implemented. However, weak democratic institutions failed to achieve revolutionary hopes and aspirations. Inequality deepened as neoliberal economies took root and economic development that would benefit the broader population was thwarted by intra-oligarchic competition and corruption. As a result, the 1989 movement for democracy, civil liberties, and human rights gave way to a populism that has scapegoated immigrants for failures by elites to realize the hopes of the revolutions. These developments help to show the ways in which a dichotomy of success or failure is problematic: all revolutions fail in that they do not, indeed cannot, fully meet the expectations of those who wage them. In this way, all revolutions are unfulfilled projects. But not all fail in the same way, for the same reasons, or to the same degree. And some revolutions have achieved significant change and notable improvements in the lives of their citizens. This chapter explores whether there is a link between revolutionary means and ends: is there a relationship between the tactics of revolutionary movements and post-revolutionary outcomes? While many armed struggles have created a dynamic of violence, counter-revolution, and war, many unarmed struggles have suffered from a “moderation curse.”
The Difficult Politics of Peace
Authors: Clary Christopher 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This book offers a systematic examination of conflict and cooperation in the India-Pakistan rivalry from 1947 to the present. It draws from India and Pakistan’s complex history to identify patterns in their enduring rivalry as well as in relations commonly seen between other rival states. The book explains why and when states in rivalry pursue war-making or peacebuilding by emphasizing the unique politics that emerge within rival states, and how those politics favor the perpetuation of hostility. The book introduces an explanation, called leader primacy theory, which predicts that the degree of state responsiveness to strategic incentives will vary based on the presence or absence of concentrated foreign policy authority within a state. Through detailed case studies of India-Pakistan crises, wars, and peace processes, it shows that the presence of fractured authority often biases rival states toward conflict even in situations where powerful strategic disincentives for conflict exist. By focusing on the dysfunctional politics that can trap countries in hostile international relationships, this book offers a new framework for understanding the causes of war and peace between rival states.
Partition, the First Kashmir War, and the Origins of the Rivalry
Authors: Clary Christopher 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the events of Partition, which created India and Pakistan out of a formerly united British India, before turning to a discussion of the emergence of the Kashmir dispute and its consequences for India-Pakistan relations. It shows that the violence of Partition, especially in the formerly united provinces of Punjab and Bengal, along with disputes over the rightful accession of three so-called princely states, caused a rapid shift in Indian and Pakistani perceptions of one another. The chapter traces the rapid evolution of the disputes over Junagadh, Hyderabad, and Jammu and Kashmir, and how those disputes devolved into violence and the first India-Pakistan war. It concludes by examining proposals floated in intrawar negotiations over Kashmir and examines why those proposals were not accepted, thus perpetuating a territorial dispute that has been a principal motivating feature in the subsequent India-Pakistan rivalry.
War Scares and the Failure of Kashmir Talks, 1948–1954
Authors: Clary Christopher 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how Indian and Pakistani leaders were able to avoid a relapse into interstate war despite major war scares in the earliest years after independence. It focuses on the leadership role played by Jawaharlal Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan in defusing the 1950 Bengal Crisis. It then discusses India-Pakistan negotiations after the crisis, including the role of third-party mediators and the mechanics of several demilitarization and plebiscite proposals for Kashmir. The chapter shows how the loss of concentrated executive authority in Pakistan after Liaquat’s death in October 1951 complicated the ability of India and Pakistan to find a peaceful settlement of the Kashmir dispute.
The Rise of Bhutto, Sino-Indian Conflict, and the Second Kashmir War
Authors: Clary Christopher 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how Jawaharlal Nehru managed India’s domestic and international politics even as his health failed him and his political control within India was weakened by India’s disastrous defeat in the 1962 Sino-Indian War. It also introduces Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who emerged in this period as a charismatic young advisor to Ayub Khan. Bhutto used his political influence to convince Ayub that Pakistan needed to intervene militarily to “defreeze” the Kashmir dispute before India could complete its post-1962 defense modernization and during a period of political turmoil in India following Nehru’s death in 1964. It discusses why fractured authority and secrecy in Pakistan made it more likely that Bhutto’s plans would fail, resulting in the debacle of the 1965 India-Pakistan War. It concludes by examining how Bhutto vetoed a more substantial postwar settlement between Ayub and Lal Bahadur Shastri at Tashkent, setting the stage for Ayub’s political downfall.
From Musharraf to Modi
Authors: Clary Christopher 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Following Pakistan’s defeat in the 1999 Kargil War, the region found itself in repeated, serious crises in 2001–2002, 2008, 2016, and 2019. Yet amid this troubling environment was one of the more sustained conciliatory initiatives in India and Pakistan’s shared history. The 2003–2007 peace process involved concrete steps (most importantly the 2003 Line of Control ceasefire), overt statements, formal government-to-government talks, as well as informal and discreet backchannel dialogues. Both governments came close to resolving long-term irritants, such as the Siachen Glacier and Sir Creek boundary disputes, even as they reduced violence in Kashmir for over a decade. Manmohan Singh’s partial control of the Indian government and the unexpected collapse of Pervez Musharraf’s dictatorship prevented completion or ratification of any of the near-deals discussed during the dialogue process.