bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Roots of African Corruption
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that in broad swaths of Africa, many types of corrupt practice are not the deviant behavior of a small minority--they are a standard mode of transacting political and financial business. The article traces the historical roots of this phenomenon, explaining how hollowed out institutions of the postcolonial state have been used by secret services, money launderers, offshore bankers, corporate lawyers, sanctions busters, drug traffickers, arms smugglers, political elites and others for personal gain. Underlying this is the imposition of legal-rational institutions by colonial powers on indigenous societies, the economic decline that has beset the continent since the 1970s, and a perception on the part of African leaders that the international system is rigged against them. As long as this mood prevails, corruption in Africa will continue.
No Shortcuts
Authors: Smeets Max 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOver the past decade, numerous states have declared cyberspace as a new domain of warfare, sought to develop a military cyber strategy and establish a cyber command. These developments have led to much policy talk and concern about the future of warfare as well as the digital vulnerability of society. No Shortcuts provides a level-headed view of where we are in the militarization of cyberspace. In this book, Max Smeets bridges the divide between technology and policy to assess the necessary building blocks for states to develop a military cyber capacity. Smeets argues that for many states, the barriers to entry into conflict in cyberspace are currently too high. Accompanied by a wide range of empirical examples, Smeets shows why governments abilities to develop military cyber capabilities might change over time and explains the limits of capability transfer by states and private actors.
TouchIT
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Ramduny-Ellis Devina , Hare Jo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe physical world is increasingly filled with digital products to the extent that the boundaries of digital and physical reality become blurred. From mundane devices such as mobile phones and washing machines, to esoteric research including tangible computation and body implants, we continually bridge two worlds, literally touching buttons and dials and metaphorically touching the bits beyond. The connection between pure thought and abstract information is through solid keyboard and mouse, but likewise the material world of buildings, cars, and running shoes is suffused with computation through sensors, displays, and flashing LEDs. How do people understand this world and how can designers create usable hybrid physical–digital products? This book brings together experience from human–computer interaction and industrial design, exploring these themes under four main headings: human body and mind; objects and things; space; and computation and information. In considering each it looks at the underlying physical processes, our human understanding of them, and then the way these inform and are informed by digital design. The final part of the book draws together the theoretical and practical implications of this for design. This includes practical advice, potential tools, and philosophical underpinnings. Digital technology is fundamentally altering the world we live in but can only be truly understood in relation to the physical world we all inhabit. The most successful future products and policies will be those that take this rich digital/physical ecology seriously.
Body
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOur bodies are obviously physical. In the case of assistive technology, this may be to ameliorate gaps in our abilities, in other cases it may be to work alongside or extend our bodily functions. Our physical size influences the technology we are able to use and may be used as a positive part of design, including for child safety. We also have temporal limits: nerve impulses taking as long to propagate through our body as the fastest Internet signals take to pass around the world. This chapter explores how the design of digital devices and environments need to take into account the physical constraints of the human body. It also discusses how the technology we carry with us, wear on our bodies, or have embedded within us means that we are all, to some extent, cyborgs.
Body and Mind
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the past, mind and body were seen as separate: the brain like a distant general sending orders to corporeal troops. However, it is virtually impossible to describe one without the other. This chapter considers how we sense ourselves as well as the outside world, so that posture and facial expression affect feelings as well as being caused by them. It shows that simple activities, such as lifting a cup, are the result of a closed-loop control cycle of action and sensing. Fitts’ Law is well known in HCI as a ‘law’ of the human motor system, but it is in fact a cybernetic law of the extended human body – indeed, from the first stone tools to the modern computer, humans have always been cyborgs. Apparently internal plans and intentions turn out to be intermixed with physical sensing and action, so that some regard our very mind as embodied in the world.
Social, Organizational, and Cultural
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter looks at humans as social beings, and as a species how our social identity and interactions have been forged in the physical world. However, increasingly our communication, community, and identity is mediated digitally. The chapter shows that in some ways digital technology is merely an extension of previous forms of remote communication. However, digitally enabled physical artefacts are also enabling new ways of meeting and even achieving intimacy at a distance. Physical objects mediate many human activities; understanding this helps us to digitally augment existing artefacts or design new ones; and by recognizing that organizations perform computational functions we can see the ways the physical objects encode memory and processing. Culture itself is often seen through the lens of the artefacts it creates, and social identity in terms of geographic location or physical similarities. Increasingly both are becoming redefined digitally.
Reproducibility
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAn idea externalized once is transient or maybe cabalistic, but once reproduced it becomes the driver of culture whether through print in books, or industrial processes in plastic toys. This chapter discusses how the need to reproduce in symbols and language naturally leads to discretization: each ‘A’, whilst written differently is the same letter, each LEGO brick needs to be the same to connect to the next. Reproducibility led to the emergence of industrial and consumer culture, and was essential for the growth of Amazon, and yet in an age of reproduction, scarcity is often the core of value and we seek singularity and irreproducible experiences. Oddly, we then capture the transient in recordings from cave paintings to Flickr. In an age of unremitted recording, the ‘infinite archive’, it seems we ‘capture’ everything, and yet the recording is decontextualized, potentially devaluing or dehumanizing the experience, challenging our notions of privacy, and enabling fake news.
Underground Penality
Authors: Dudai Ron 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHow should we approach the pursuit of informers by armed groups? While most accounts treat it as terrorism, this chapter argues that it should be conceptualised as a penal phenomenon, and that the perspective of punishment and society provides the most productive lens for the understanding and analysis of the issue. The chapter begins with a review of the ways in which some scholars of punishment and society have begun examining issues beyond the traditional focus on the state criminal justice system, demonstrating the increasing interest in non-state actors in the field. It then introduces armed groups and explores how many of them engage not only in violence against their adversaries, but also in governance and control of the population they seek to represent. The third section defines and explores informing, explains its particular prominence and significance in violent political conflicts and offers a review of armed groups’ norms and practices against informers—while noting that punishment and society scholars have thus far not engaged with this practice. The final section pulls these threads together and defines the rebel pursuit of informers as ‘underground penality’: a distinct form of punishment and social control by non-state actors. It distinguishes this case from other forms of non-state punishment such as vigilantism and lynching, being an organised form of penalty that seeks to usurp rather than complement the state’s penal system.
European Integration and Media Personalization
Authors: Gattermann Katjana 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChapter 3 focuses on the relationship between institutional personalization and media personalization at the supranational level and studies the EU news coverage by the Financial Times between 1982 and 2019. It distinguishes two types of media personalization to compare the visibility of politicians with that of institutions, namely centralized personalization, that is, an increased focus on the President, and decentralized personalization, i.e., the dispersion of personalization away from leaders. It finds a moderate increase in both centralized and decentralized personalization in the news coverage involving the European Commission. These trends appear to be driven by the different Presidents rather than by formal treaty changes. Institutional changes nevertheless led to an increased focus on the Presidents of the Eurogroup and the European Council right after the offices had been created. These and additional findings are discussed against the backdrop of the media’s responsibilities to hold European politicians publicly accountable.
Personalization of Politics Inside the European Parliament
Authors: Gattermann Katjana 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChapter 5 analyses the extent to which the legislative behaviour of MEPs has become more personalized between 1999 and 2019. First, it shows that the relative number of individual questions versus questions put forward by several MEPs is high throughout all terms, but decreases slightly during the eighth Parliament. This development is related to new rules of procedure, which capped the number of questions per MEP in the eighth term, underlining that institutional depersonalization has halted further personalization in MEPs’ legislative behaviour. Second, the findings nonetheless suggest that more MEPs tend to ask more questions over time. Third, an individual-level analysis shows that personalized behaviour is conditional upon domestic media contexts and electoral systems. After a brief discussion of the implications of the findings for party representation in EU politics, the chapter concludes that personalized legislative behaviour provides positive conditions for media coverage of European representatives.
Members of the European Parliament and Political Communication
Authors: Gattermann Katjana 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChapter 6 is interested in the extent to which the legislative and communicative behaviour of MEPs become increasingly intertwined, and whether this has any consequences for their visibility in traditional and on social media. The chapter begins by providing an overview of Twitter adoption among MEPs, which demonstrates that, by the eighth term, Twitter has become a standard tool of communication for MEPs, regardless of where and how they are elected. Next, the chapter analyses the interplay of Twitter activity and legislative behaviour of Dutch MEPs during the seventh and eighth parliamentary terms, showing that their legislative and communicative behaviour have become more intertwined in the eighth Parliament compared to before. MEPs have also become more effective in influencing the agenda of traditional and social media with their legislative activities. The chapter ends with the question whether these developments would make a difference for European citizens.
A New Profession
Authors: McCann Leo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides an introductory overview of the purpose, content, and themes of the book. It opens by recalling the 1989–1990 ambulance service industrial relations dispute, showing how the resolution to that crisis laid the basis for the development of a clinically trained and ‘professional’ paramedic role. The remainder of the chapter provides an introductory description of the basics of how the NHS ambulance service in England operates today, taking the reader on a tour of the inside of ambulance response vehicles, and explaining the dynamics of the 999 ambulance service operating model, paramedic scope of practice, and ambulance service culture. It concludes by introducing the rest of the contents of the book to come.
Out on the Road
Authors: McCann Leo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis first empirical chapter of the book takes the reader out into the complex field where paramedics work; a place where emergencies happen, where patients are cared for, where vehicles are mobilized and ‘where the rubber hits the road’. Chapter 3 above all demonstrates the sheer broadness of the emergency ambulance working experience. It begins by describing the location where paramedic working shifts begin and end—the ambulance station. Ethnographic vignettes then illuminate the experience of receiving calls and driving on blue lights, and how ‘the ambulance journey’ has changed in an environment shaped by huge patient demand andsaturated by digital technologies. Interview excerpts describe how crews interact with one another, and what ‘a good shift’ looks like, focusing on the importance of crews developing effective working relations with each other and with ‘Control’, and on how the occupation accounts for and values appropriate interaction with the patients and the public.
Street-Level Professionals
Authors: McCann Leo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter will explore paramedics’ understanding of professionalism at both the abstract, structural level of the occupation, and also at the more tangible, more personal levels of the individual self and at the operating context where paramedic work takes place—at Lipsky’s legendary ‘street-level’. Building on several themes already explored in the book, this chapter aims to identify the essence of paramedic professionalism at work. With ambulance work being so varied, it is difficult to isolate a specific ‘unique selling point’ of this profession. With this in mind, the chapter’s overall aim is to bring into sharper focus the idea of paramedics as ‘street-level professionals’, a notion drawing inspiration from both Michael Lipsky’s ‘street-level bureaucracy’ and from a much less well-known idea—Donald Metz’s characterization of ambulance workers as ‘blue-collar professionals’.
Say What you Mean
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Feedback—the way a game communicates through visuals, sound, and any other means—is half of the game interaction equation. This half of game interaction is the focus of this chapter, discussing the many different ways that information can be represented. Both HUD design and the creation of responsive feedback through things like sound and animation are discussed throughout. Starting with an exploration of the different sensory channels available to designers, the chapter moves on to explain different ways to tackle common challenges, like representing numeric information intuitively at-a-glance. It also examines what determines the success of feedback design in terms of accessibility and artistic value.
Rejecting your Reality
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) offers an unprecedented level of immersion in player interaction, having established itself in the games market as a relatively niche platform, at least for the time being. Designing VR interactions is substantially different both in terms of game communication and player input, bringing a variety of challenges. Head-mounted displays offer a rich visual experience, but they can also induce motion sickness if designers aren’t careful about how they take players through a virtual world. Novel controllers present opportunities for gestural interaction, but a wide variety of hardware makes preserving consistency difficult. This chapter addresses these challenges, exploring solutions to common VR design conundrums like player locomotion and camera design. It also discusses opportunities in designing games that creatively take advantage of features specific to VR, such as room-scale physical interaction.
Specifying Poverty Lines
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThere are two distinct issues in the measurement of poverty. The first issue is identifying the poor, and the second one is constructing an aggregate poverty index, measuring the degree of suffering by a society. The literature on poverty measurement has primarily focused on the second issue. A poverty line is a practical tool used to identify the poor. This chapter offers a new model for constructing a poverty line, defining society’s minimum acceptable standard of living in monetary units and using consumer theory to generate food and non-food poverty lines. The methodology developed is applied to construct poverty thresholds to the data obtained from Pakistan. This chapter also surveys the literature on the construction of global poverty lines to produce global poverty counts. It provides a critical evaluation of the World Bank methodology to construct a global poverty threshold, suggesting an advanced method.
Normative Measures of Tax Progressivity
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe public debates on taxation revolve around tax progressivity and the redistribution effects of taxation. It is, therefore, essential to assess the extent to which tax systems lead to social welfare gains or losses. However, the literature on taxation has yet to explore the social welfare implications of the measures of progressivity. This chapter has undertaken a pioneering effort to develop a social welfare function framework for deriving tax progressivity measures and exploring their social welfare implications. This social welfare framework has helped derive progressivity measures from eight alternative social welfare functions. Every tax progressivity measure has an implicity social welfare function that determines the society’s normative values. The chapter concludes that optimizing social welfare requires three factors: (i) a progressive tax system, (ii) minimum administrative costs for collecting taxes, and (iii) efficient investments of tax revenues to maximize the social rates of return.
Poverty Price Indices
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPrices play an essential role in people’s lives. If society’s concern is to protect the poor, knowing how prices affect them is crucial. The main objective of this chapter is to measure the impact of price changes on poverty. The chapter has achieved this objective by developing a new consumer demand theory methodology. Developing countries collect a significant amount of revenue from indirect taxes. How should governments determine tax rates on various goods and services? These rates have both direct and indirect impacts on the prices of goods and services. Governments can determine these tax rates to have a minimum effect on poverty. The poverty elasticity with respect to prices and the pro-poor index developed in the chapter provides valuable tools to determine tax rates. This chapter also creates a price index for the poor, systematically capturing the poor’s consumption patterns through poverty price elasticity. While this index can be computed for any poverty measure, this chapter has focused on three poverty measures: the head-count ratio, the poverty gap ratio, and the severity of poverty. All three poverty measures show that Brazil’s price changes during the 1999–2006 period have favored the non-poor proportionally more than the poor.
The origin of ergative case markers
Authors: Luraghi Silvia , Inglese Guglielmo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHittite neuter nouns must take a dedicated -ants/antes form when occurring as the subject of a transitive verb. There is still no consensus on the interpretation of this pattern: for some scholars -ant- is a derivational suffix indicating gender motion from neuter to common gender. Others regard -ants as an ergative case marker, assuming that Hittite features a gender-based split-ergativity system. This chapter discusses evidence on the distribution of -ants nouns in chronologically ordered Hittite texts, showing that the suffix started out as derivational in Old Hittite, becoming an ergative case ending in New Hittite. We assess the semantics of the suffix at its derivational stage compared with other -ant- formations, showing how its various functions facilitated its development into an ergative marker. We also discuss the reconstruction of alignment in Proto-Anatolian, compared with areal tendencies in ancient Anatolia, framing the Hittite developments within typological data on the rise of ergativity.
Infinitives and subjecthood between Latin and Old Italian
Authors: Fabrizio Claudia 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe chapter examines the syntactic behaviour of a special class of non-canonical subjects, namely nominal infinitives, in Latin and in one of its daughter languages, Old Italian. The data show that Latin infinitives can appear in subject function only if the finite verb of the clause belongs to a restricted set of unaccusative predicates, corresponding to states or telic changes of state. In other words, Latin infinitives cannot surface as subjects of unergative and transitive predicates, thus conforming to a widespread cross-linguistic trend concerning non-canonical subjects. Vice versa, the distribution of subject infinitives in Old Italian is unrestricted, insofar as they are eligible to subjecthood regardless of the finite verb of the clause. The hypothesis this chapter explores is that the change which took place from Latin to Old Italian, involving the syntactic status of nominal infinitives, might have started from the clauses with a finite experiencer predicate.
Alignment changes with Spanish experiential verbs
Authors: Melis Chantal 
Published: September 2022

AbstractExperiential verbs have a tendency to exhibit a variety of argument patterns across and within languages. The concern in the present chapter lies with a group of emotional predicates from Spanish, which in their basic transitive use assign the subject function to the stimulus and the direct object role to the experiencer, but which allow for three alternative mappings serving to upgrade the experiencer, while simultaneously signalling the affected condition of the promoted human participant. The alternatives encompass a middle voice structure, a non-canonical dative valence frame, and, unexpectedly, a type of patient subject construction reminiscent of ‘active’ alignment systems. The three coding strategies are first characterised from a typological point of view and the ensuing discussion focuses on their development in Spanish with the emotional verbs under study.