bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Behavior and Dialectic Behavior Therapies
Authors: Winters Ken C. , Ingwalson Ann 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) strategies take the view that clinical problems, such as substance use disorder and other behavioral problems, are learned behaviors. These learned behaviors are hypothesized to be the result of environmental factors. CBT techniques address underlying cognitions and behaviors that are unduly influenced by these environmental factors. CBT approaches are organized around three learning principles that are typically combined into a multicomponent program: classical conditioning (the role of environmental stimuli that contribute to behaviors), operant conditioning (how rewards and punishment influence behaviors), and social learning theory (the power that influential role models have on a person’s behaviors). Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), originally developed by Marsha Linehan to treat her female patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, focuses on client skills for identifying and transforming negative thinking patterns and learning ways to effectively cope with stress and to regulate emotions. DBT encompasses components of CBT.
Actions Toward Feeling Better
Authors: Craske Michelle G. , Dour Halina J. , Treanor Michael , Meuret Alicia E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of monitoring one’s daily activity and mood. It introduces the concept of positive activities, which will help clients appreciate the direct link between their behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. Engaging in positive activities is expected to produce a positive mood cycle and an upward spiral. Because reactivation of positive behaviors is thought to be effective in treating depression, the focus of Positive Affect Treatment (PAT) is on activities that are likely to generate positive emotions. Additionally, memory specificity training will help prevent clients from dismissing positive activities as irrelevant or unimportant. By monitoring their activities, clients will be able to identify which daily activities improve their mood.
Positive Affect Treatment for Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Meuret Alicia E. , Dour Halina , Loerinc Guinyard Amanda , Craske Michelle G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Positive Affect Treatment for Depression and Anxiety: Workbook discusses the process and advantages of the Positive Affect Treatment (PAT), which is a program specifically designed to increase interest or joy in usual activities for individuals with depression or anxiety. The program has three main sets of exercises: Actions Toward Feeling Better, Attending to the Positive, and Building Positivity. The title highlights how PAT will be an indispensable resource for individuals with depression or anxiety who are struggling to find enjoyment in life. It also tackles the concept of anhedonia, which refers to the loss of interest or joy in usual activities.
Module 3: Understanding and Tracking LGBTQ-Related Stress and Emotional Experiences
Authors: Pachankis John E. , Harkness Audrey R. , Jackson Skyler D. , Safren Steven A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on educating the client about the components of emotional experiences and exploring how these emotional experiences may be shaped by LGBTQ-related stress. It discusses how to review the client’s home practice, in which they identified emotional triggers related to LGBTQ-related stress. It also introduces the idea that emotions are functional, adaptive responses to LGBTQ-related stress. The chapter outlines how to help the client develop greater awareness of their own patterns of emotional responding and explore maintaining factors, such as LGBTQ-related stress. It describes the session, in which the therapist focuses more on psychoeducational aspects and some initial personal examples and goes into more detail in reviewing personal examples of the client’s sequence of emotions.
Module 9: Recognizing Accomplishments and Looking to the Future
Authors: Pachankis John E. , Harkness Audrey R. , Jackson Skyler D. , Safren Steven A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on consolidating treatment gains and planning for the future, including long-term goal setting and planning for coping with LGBTQ-related stress. It reviews a client’s home practice, which involves an emotion exposure, as well as the client’s overall experience with home practice throughout treatment. It also examines treatment skills for coping with negative emotions in the context of LGBTQ-related stress. The chapter emphasizes that treatment progress is a continuing process, and that with continued practice of the skills learned in treatment, clients can expect to see continued changes in their symptoms over time. It considers the end of treatment as a new “phase” of treatment, where the client can continue practicing the skills learned in treatment to see further treatment gains or troubleshoot challenges to treatment progress to determine the appropriate next steps.
Emotional Difficulties and LGBTQ-Related Stress
Authors: Pachankis John E. , Jackson Skyler D. , Harkness Audrey R. , Safren Steven A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter talks about difficult, distressing emotions and how negative reactions to strong emotions can actually make them worse. It explores new ways to respond to emotions that can ultimately help a patient feel better and reviews the ways that LGBTQ-related stress can contribute to distressing emotions. It also explains the components of LGBTQ-affirmative cognitive behavioral therapy, which will be the focus of this treatment. The chapter analyzes how LGBTQ-related stress contributes to distressing emotions and introduces the STAIRCaSE model of LGBTQ-related stress and emotional disorders. It mentions the development of the treatment program in order to help LGBTQ people who are struggling with distressing emotions, such as anxiety, sadness, anger, or even shame.
Module 1: Setting Goals and Building Motivation for LGBTQ-Affirmative Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Authors: Pachankis John E. , Jackson Skyler D. , Harkness Audrey R. , Safren Steven A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights the importance of building motivation and setting goals so that a patient can get the most out of the program. A patient can start by thinking about their motivations for engaging in behavioral health care, as well as the pros and cons of making changes to their life. It reviews progress monitoring, which involves completing questionnaires regarding a patient’s symptoms of anxiety, depression, and any other symptoms that may be important to keep track of. The chapter describes how people who seek this treatment often hope to improve the way they feel, stop behaving in unhelpful ways, and generally improve their life. It assesses two factors that affect how much a person ends up benefiting from therapy: how much the person engages in the treatment and how motivated and committed the person is to changing.
Low intensity psychological interventions for children and young people: the economic case thus far
Authors: Knapp Martin , Wong Gloria 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cost-effectiveness, or good value for money in producing goods and benefits at an acceptable cost, is intricately linked with funding decisions and service access. It is thus a key rationale for low intensity psychotherapies, one that is of particular pertinence in relation to children and young people: demand for mental healthcare in this age group is great, and economic impacts of poor mental health are wide and enduring. While evidence of clinical non-inferiority compared with standard treatment is now accumulating, as noted in other chapters, the cost-effectiveness of low intensity alternatives sometimes appears just to be assumed on the basis that they involve lower costs. After explaining what economic evaluation entails, this chapter describes a few key examples of economic evaluation of low intensity psychological interventions in children and young people to illustrate the necessity and usefulness of economic evidence, particularly its relevance in informing policy and practice decisions.
Negative effects of low intensity interventions in children and young people
Authors: Rozental Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Previous chapters have demonstrated that low intensity interventions are seen by patients to be important, effective, and may be cost-effective. However, just as in medicine, effective psychological treatments may also have side effects. While the evidence for such side effects, or ‘negative effects’ is limited for low intensity therapies in children and young people, they are nonetheless important to consider. This chapter looks at the evidence for negative effects in psychological therapies across adults and children in general, before summarizing the evidence in low intensity treatments and in children and adolescents specifically.
Low intensity interventions for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
Authors: Creswell Cathy , Chessell Chloe , Hill Claire , Waite Polly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Anxiety disorders in children and young people are common and cause significant short- and potentially long-term impairment. For preadolescent children with anxiety disorders, there is good evidence that brief, therapist-guided, parent-led treatments are effective and cost-effective. There is also promising initial evidence for online interventions for both preadolescents and adolescents. Beyond the trials of online interventions, there has been limited evaluation of low intensity treatments specifically for adolescents with anxiety disorders, and this is a clear priority for innovation and evaluation; however, the wider literature highlights the potential of exposure-based interventions.
Low intensity interventions for sleep problems in children and adolescents
Authors: Gavriloff Dimitri , Waite Felicity , Espie Colin A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sleep problems in children and young people are common and varied. They are also often poorly understood and result in significant disruption to the lives of those affected, including to the lives of parents and family members. However, the majority of these problems can be treated using well-evidenced cognitive behavioural approaches. This is particularly important as the effective treatment of sleep problems not only improves sleep itself but also reduces the risk of other mental health problems and improves the ability of the child or young person and their family to function optimally during the day.
Practical applications of implementation science to low intensity cognitive behavioural therapy interventions
Authors: Schriger Simone , Beidas Rinad 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As demonstrated in prior chapters, low intensity cognitive behavioural therapy interventions (henceforth referred to as low intensity interventions) for youth can be used to treat a diverse set of psychological disorders. Broadly, these interventions require less time, cost, and complexity and offer more flexibility and adaptability compared to traditional high intensity interventions. Despite their tremendous potential, few low intensity interventions have been implemented in routine practice outside of the context of research. This chapter discusses how to implement these interventions in community settings so that their public health potential can be realized.
Playing anxiety and depression away
Authors: Lucassen Mathijs F. G. , Fleming Theresa M. , Shepherd Matthew J. , Stasiak Karolina , Merry Sally N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Computer games are utilized for a range of serious reasons, including for educational purposes and to support the mental health of children and adolescents. Applied games such as serious games (i.e. computerized games for serious purposes) and gamification (i.e. gaming elements used outside of commercial games) have the ability to increase treatment adherence by making learning in a therapeutic context enjoyable. This chapter briefly outlines the potential benefits of serious games in relation to child and adolescent depression and anxiety. It draws on the case study of SPARX (Smart, Positive, Active, Realistic, X-factor thoughts) to help illustrate the strengths of serious games, as well as their associated challenges.
The power of peer support
Authors: Bennett Sophie D. , Croucher Lauren , Hagell Ann , Mertan Elif , Minhinnett Wendy , Shafran Roz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There is a clear need for support for families outside of traditional formal mental health services, given significant problems accessing interventions and navigating provision. Peer support groups, where families can help each other, may have a number of advantages. They can be used for emotional support and expression as well as places to receive and provide advice. This chapter aims to consider the advantages and limitations of peer support for families of children and young people with mental health difficulties. It considers specific examples relating to internet-delivered peer support for parents of children and young people with mental health difficulties.
Refractory Asthma in the Pediatric Patient
Authors: Salant Jennifer A. , Biagas Katherine V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood. Acute exacerbations of asthma, including the persistent presentation status asthmaticus, account for many pediatric hospitalizations that result in pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) admissions in the setting of respiratory failure and arrest. Inhaled beta-agonists and systemic corticosteroids are the mainstays of treatment, but adjunct inhaled and systemic therapies are often required in the setting of status asthmaticus that does not resolve quickly. Ventilation strategies, including noninvasive and invasive modes, are often indicated and require an understanding of cardiopulmonary interactions. ICU providers must be prepared to treat the spectrum of asthma presentations in the pediatric population.
The Failing Fontan
Authors: Ankola Ashish A. , Choudhury Tarif A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Congestive heart failure in the Fontan circulation (“Fontan failure”) can be due to different causes. Presentations can vary from having symptoms of congestive heart failure to demonstrating additional cyanosis in the presence of right to left shunts. A knowledge of the patient’s anatomy and physiology, both past and present, is critical in discerning the clinical urgency of this presentation. A critical assessment of respiratory and cardiac causes is necessary. If a primary respiratory process contributes to a patient’s altered hemodynamics, weighing the need for positive pressure support for ventilation must be carefully balanced against the deleterious it has on Fontan physiology. A suspected cardiac process can be evaluated using a combination of echocardiography and cardiac catheterization to identify anatomic and pathophysiologic causes of Fontan failure. Cardiac catheterization can also provide a means for therapeutic intervention to address residual anatomic defects. With a confirmed diagnosis, maximization of medical therapies to treat elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, diastolic dysfunction, and increased afterload can help to maintain Fontan physiology over the long term.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea With Hypercarpnia and Hypoxia After Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass Surgery
Authors: Sutherland Lauren 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent sleep-related breathing disorder that is characterized by episodes of upper airway collapse leading to apnea or hypopnea while sleeping. OSA is associated with increasing age, BMI, and neck circumference as well as male gender. Diagnosis is made by polysomnography demonstrating 5 or more episodes of apnea or hypopnea per hour, and treatment involves weight loss and positive airway pressure devices. OSA is associated with many cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and metabolic comorbidities. Patients undergoing surgical procedures should be assessed for risk of OSA, and those with a diagnosis or high suspicion should be managed with special precautions throughout the perioperative period.
Introduction
Authors: Forstein Marshall 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The introduction to this book, Loss and Grief: Personal Stories of Doctors and Other Healthcare Professionals, identifies intensely personal narratives from doctors and other healthcare professionals who usually remain less visible and vulnerable in the care of others. Especially daunting over the past few years has been the inescapable impact of the COVID pandemic, intensifying for health professionals the fatigue, unending loss, and change in the public’s faith in the healthcare system. The stories distinguish loss and grief as two different but closely related experiences in the process of letting in, letting go, and moving forward when possible. “Loss is that which is gone forever as it was. Grief is what we do with the loss; how and where we feel it, and how we try, sometimes more successfully than others, to move through that loss to regain some footing in our life remaining.” The editors worked closely with each other and the contributing authors to provide some insight into the suffering and courage as each faced sometimes insurmountable odds of managing unremitting heartbreak professionally while facing powerful personal losses that challenge the best of coping mechanisms.
An Oncologist Reflects on Loss and the Culture of Medicine
Authors: Schapira Lidia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dr. Schapira, a medical oncologist, offers a candid account of the intersection of personal and professional experiences of loss. In this chapter the author explores the basic question of what a patient wants and needs from their doctor when confronted with a life-threatening illness. She takes the reader on a quick tour of medical training and reflects on how she handled personal and professional losses at various moments during her career. The interwoven threads of the narrator’s growth and professional development are presented against the backdrop of the prevailing culture of medicine. The author reflects that stoicism as a personal attribute was highly valued during her training and describes how it affected her emotional response to suffering and loss.
On “Doing” Loss
Authors: Harpham Wendy S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven years after opening my solo practice of internal medicine, a cancer diagnosis yanked me to the other side of the stethoscope. My children were one, three, and five years old. Loss greatly influenced my approach to parenting and to living, especially after ongoing illness forced me to retire from clinical medicine at thirty-nine years old. Had I known from the start the lessons learned over the years, I’d have spared myself a lot of unnecessary struggles. My education on loss continued as I faced cancer recurrences, adjusted to aftereffects and late effects, and supported my sister from the day of her cancer diagnosis to her final breath. As a physician, I’ve prized the insights about healing, especially what loss taught me about living well. Here, I share personal stories that illustrate how I made sense of my losses by categorizing them and how I learned to tap into the power of grief and hope to find happiness. As I now face age-related losses, those lessons and my well-practiced approach are helping me make my life the best it can be.
With This Ring
Authors: Krauter Cheryl 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
I lie on the floor holding the still body of my husband in the early hours before the break of an unimaginable dawn that heralds a life without him. The chaos of the earlier storms of paramedics and firemen rushing through the front door and charging into my family room has passed, leaving me behind. I have no memory of them leaving my home after their frantic, helpless efforts to revive John. The whole scene is taking place like a nightmare; only this is real and I will not awaken, sweating and sighing with the relief that it is only a dream. In this shattering reality, I am gasping for air, my body is shaking, my teeth are rattling. I have fallen into an interior world that is like a dark tunnel without light; I hear the distant sound of myself wailing. The story returns to the present and continues with my experience of the timeless space of grief, loss, and healing. The piece weaves the description of the removal of my husband’s ring with a flashback to the day when the rings were created. The story concludes with the removal of my own wedding ring.
Tremor
Authors: Louis Elan D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, we review the history, background, and basic definitions of tremor. Humans have been shaking for thousands of years, and tremors are extraordinarily common. Normal or enhanced physiological tremor is observable in the vast majority of individuals in the general population; essential tremor, the most common pathological tremor, in 4–6% of all adults and as many as 20% of older adults; and Parkinson disease in 0.05–0.25% of adults. Aside from being involuntary, tremors are rhythmic (i.e., regularly recurrent) and oscillatory (i.e., rotating around a central plane). Tremor may also be a symptom, a sign, or a core feature of a diagnosis. Tremor disorders are quite heterogeneous. Greater appreciation of this heterogeneity has fueled recent controversies on how to best classify and name tremors. Research on these disorders is active, and it is hoped that this research will produce greater understanding of underlying etiologies and pathophysiological mechanisms, and, ultimately, be accompanied by a newer nosology and classification.
Orthostatic Tremor
Authors: Bain Peter G. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter concerns orthostatic tremor (OT), a form of tremor that characteristically affects the legs during stance. The clinical features of OT are described in detail, including the findings obtained from the history and examination of patients with OT, along with its associations, social consequences and effects on mood, cognitive function, and quality of life. The investigation of patients with OT using blood tests, MR imaging, single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) dopamine transporter imaging, transcranial sonography, and functional imaging are detailed. The processes involved in differentiating the three subtypes of orthostatic tremor, namely primary orthostatic tremor, orthostatic tremor plus, and pseudo-orthostatic tremor, are discussed, along with a scheme for distinguishing these forms of OT from orthostatic myoclonus. The management of OT by simple measures medical therapy, deep brain stimulation, and chronic spinal cord stimulation, are detailed. The advances in understanding of the pathophysiology of OT are reported.
Assessing Tremor
Authors: LeWitt Peter A. , Fasano Alfonso , Espay Alberto J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe clinician’s assessment of tremor begins with an understanding that its diagnosis involves a probabilistic exercise and that physiological and essential tremor are the most common manifestations. Recognizing the different forms of resting, postural, action, and orthostatic tremor require clinical skills that need to be integral to the education of neurologists. Essential tremor, the most common pathological tremor syndrome, is easily diagnosed in its most common contexts but as a probabilistic diagnosis, sometimes requires the exclusion of other disorders that also manifest tremor, including medications and various hyperkinetic neurological disorders. Diagnosing other types of tremor is often an “educated guess” on a probabilistic basis, since the underlying pathology that generates tremor is generally hidden. Tremor assessment can take advantage of several rating scales that have been developed for categorizing the distribution and severity of tremor as well as its impact on experiences of daily life. Gauging the physiological characteristics of tremor has also benefited from technological advances that offer increased precision in measuring tremor and remote monitoring.