bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automatic inspection of program state in an uncooperative environment
Authors: Magalhães José Wesley de Souza , Liao Chunhua , Pereira Fernando Magno Quintão 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe program state is formed by the values that the program manipulates. These values are stored in the stack, in the heap, or in static memory. The ability to inspect the program state is useful as a debugging or as a verification aid. Yet, there exists no general technique to insert inspection points in type‐unsafe languages such as C or C++. The difficulty comes from the need to traverse the memory graph in a so‐called uncooperative environment. In this article, we propose an automatic technique to deal with this problem. We introduce a static code transformation approach that inserts in a program the instrumentation necessary to report its internal state. Our technique has been implemented in LLVM. It is possible to adjust the granularity of inspection points trading precision for performance. In this article, we demonstrate how to use inspection points to debug compiler optimizations; to augment benchmarks with verification code; and to visualize data structures.
Shape optimization of tall buildings cross‐section: Balancing profit and aeroelastic performance
Authors: Nieto Félix , Cid Montoya Miguel , Hernández Santiago 
Published: September 2022

SummaryShape optimization is an effective tool to improve the aerodynamic performance of tall buildings by introducing minor modifications to the original project. Nevertheless, economic criteria demand efficient cross sections aiming at maximizing the building's profitability. These two contradictory criteria are commonly handled by adopting multi‐objective optimization approaches seeking the definition of Pareto fronts. However, the aerodynamic nonlinear features of low‐aspect‐ratio cross sections typically adopted in architectural practice can cause wind‐induced acceleration response surfaces over the considered design domain with multiple local minima that eventually lead to discontinuous Pareto fronts with non‐convex regions. This study delves into this problem and proposes a design framework that effectively combines the reduced basis method with multi‐objective optimization techniques to carry out the aerodynamic shape optimization using surrogates trained with CFD simulations. The ability of the optimization strategy to properly define the non‐convex regions of discontinuous Pareto fronts is successfully leveraged by adopting the weighted min–max method.
Metagenomic analysis of endemic viruses in oral secretions from Chinese pigs
Authors: Umar Sajid , Anderson Benjamin D. , Chen Kuanfu , Wang Guo‐Lin , Ma Mai‐Juan , Gray Gregory C. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundPigs are unique reservoirs for virus ecology. Despite the increased use of improved biosecurity measures, pig viruses readily circulate in Chinese swine farms.ObjectivesThe main objective of this study was to examine archived swine oral secretion samples with a panel of pan‐species viral assays such that we might better describe the viral ecology of swine endemic viruses in Chinese farms.MethodologyTwo hundred (n = 200) swine oral secretion samples, collected during 2015 and 2016 from healthy pigs on six swine farms in two provinces in China, were screened with molecular pan‐species assays for coronaviruses (CoVs), adenoviruses (AdVs), enteroviruses (EVs), and paramyxoviruses (PMV). Samples were also screened for porcine circovirus (PCV) 3, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and influenza A virus (IAV).ResultsAmong 200 swine oral secretion samples, 152 (76.0%) were found to have at least one viral detection. Thirty‐four samples (17%) were positive for more than one virus, including 24 (70.5%) with dual detection and 10 (29.5%) with triple detection. Seventy‐eight (39.0%) samples were positive for porcine AdVs, 22 (11.0%) were positive for porcine CoVs, 21 (10.5%) were positive for IAVs, 13 (6.5%) were positive for PCV, 7 (3.5%) were positive for PMV, six (3.0%) were positive for PRRSV and five (2.5%) were positive for porcine EV.ConclusionOur findings underscore the high prevalence of numerous viruses among production pigs in China and highlight the need for routine, periodic surveillance for novel virus emergence with the goal of protecting pigs.
Successful treatment but delayed complete recovery of griseofulvin‐induced bone marrow hypoplasia in an FIV‐seronegative cat
Authors: López‐Gómez Natalia , Piñeiro Isabel Rodríguez , Fernández Yordan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA 1‐year‐old, female, spayed domestic shorthair cat was referred with a history of lethargy, hyporexia, fever and pancytopenia 1 month after the administration of griseofulvin for the treatment of cutaneous dermatophytosis. Infectious disease testing was negative, and thoracic and abdominal imaging was unremarkable. Bone marrow cytology and histopathology identified bone marrow hypoplasia. Griseofulvin‐induced bone marrow hypoplasia was diagnosed based on the history of drug administration and after ruling out other causes of bone marrow hypoplasia and pancytopenia. Griseofulvin was discontinued and the cat was hospitalised and treated with enteral nutrition, intravenous fluid therapy, broad‐spectrum antibiotics and a granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor. The clinical signs and pancytopenia improved progressively and the cat was discharged 5 days later. Complete resolution of the pancytopenia occurred within 6 months.
Fate and transformation of iodine species during Mn(VII)/sulfite treatment in iodide‐containing water
Authors: Shao Binbin , Zhu Yating , Chen Jie , Lin Yimin , Guan Xiaohong 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDuring oxidative treatment of iodide (I−)‐containing waters, I− is easy to be oxidized into hypoiodous acid (HOI) by various oxidants and the further reaction of HOI with organic compounds can lead to the formation of iodinated disinfection by‐products (I‐DBPs). Oxidation of HOI to iodate (IO3−) or reduction of HOI to I− has been proposed to reduce the formation of I‐DBPs. Because the reaction of HOI with sulfite proceeds rapidly, this study examined the fate of iodine and the formation of I‐DBPs in Mn(VII)/sulfite process. Results showed that I− was oxidized to HOI but the further formation of IO3− was suppressed due to the fast reduction of HOI to I− by sulfite. The reactions of HOI with SO32− and IO− with SO32− are the major pathways with species‐specific second‐order rate constants determined to be 1.12 × 105 M−1 s−1 and 9.43 × 107 M−1 s−1, respectively. The rapid reaction of HOI with sulfite plays an essential role in minimizing the formation of iodinated products in HOI‐ and phenol‐containing solutions. The toxic risk analysis showed that the toxicity of the generated DBPs from Mn(VII)/sulfite pre‐oxidation followed by chlorination only changed slightly.Practitioner Points
The decay of I− was negligible in Mn(VII)/sulfite process.
The rapid reaction of HOI with SO32− resulted in the negligible generation of IO3−.
Mn(VII)/sulfite process exerted slight influence on the formation of I‐DBPs.
Mn(VII)/sulfite process is promising for the pretreatment of I−‐containing water.
Indigenous Adaptation – Not Passive Victims
Authors: Nursey-Bray Melissa , Palmer Robert , Chischilly Ann Marie , Rist Phil , Yin Lun 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIndigenous peoples, despite being affected by climate change, are responding in diverse ways to implement various forms of adaptation. These adaptations build on ages old cultural knowledge and a historical tradition of responding to change. In this chapter, a range of these adaptations are presented, and we argue that Indigenous adaptation requires tailored and specific actions suitable to culturally identified places and peoples, both old and new. Further, we argue that Indigenous adaptation is not just a response to climate change but is part of wider responses engineered to also address the impacts of colonisation and other threats to Indigenous sovereignty. Far from being passive victims, Indigenous peoples are active in asserting their rights to a voice about how to address climate change, and as such we argue that old ways are the founding step for the cultivation of adaptations to meet socio-ecological and cultural responsibilities in these new days.
Tribal Capacity Building and Adaptation Planning: The United States
Authors: Nursey-Bray Melissa , Palmer Robert , Chischilly Ann Marie , Rist Phil , Yin Lun 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter, the first of our three focus chapters offers a detailed perspective on the climate change story in the United States and what one particular institution, the Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals (ITEP) at Northern Arizona University, has been working on to address climate-related concerns/issues. The chapter highlights not only the human face of climate change, but the ways in which previous colonial trauma exacerbates its impacts. Further, it explores how complex climate governance can be, when engaging with Indigenous needs and aspirations, not just when addressing impacts but in working out how to have a voice at the decision-making table.
Introduction
Authors: Goodpaster Kenneth E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, I offer a reflection on my nearly 50-year career in the field of applied ethics, suggesting that certain issues (conscience and corporations) were themes in the first twenty years. In the second 20 years, the issues still included corporations, but added is the issue of what constitutes the common good. I introduce the four insights around which the narrative is built (the moral insight, the institutional insight, the anthropological insight, and the Socratic insight). I remind the reader that these explorations of the ethics of organizations take their philosophical departure from Plato’s analogical comparison of the soul of the human person with the culture of the city-state in his dialogue, the Republic. I then provide an overview of Times of Insight: Conscience, Corporations, and the Common Good as a whole and the organization of the chapters to come, including a graphic depiction of these chapters that will be used as a unifying thread throughout. This chapter is an organic part of a larger work about the overall contribution of Kenneth Goodpaster to the field of applied ethics and is best read in the context of that larger work.
Corporations and the Institutional Insight
Authors: Goodpaster Kenneth E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAs anticipated in Chap. 2, this chapter takes on directly the issue of predicating conscience of corporations. In my work over many years, I have defended the analogical predication of moral attributes of organizational actors, referring to this practice as the Principle of Moral Projection (an inversion of Plato’s strategy in the Republic). After clarifying the meaning of analogical predication, I turn to the central theme of this chapter: the institutional insight. Drawing upon the work of Hugh Heclo, professor of government and public affairs at George Mason University, I describe institutions as vehicles for achieving a measure of permanence and continuity for what we value, despite our mortality. So if we think of business as an institution, we must attribute not only a focal purpose to individual corporations but also an institutional purpose—to carry forward the provision of goods that are truly good and services that truly serve. The institutional insight does more than “give permission” or “affirm fittingness.” It asks organizational leadership to embrace not only the presenting purposes of their organizations but also their institutional purposes (as they relate to the common good). This chapter then takes on several related themes such as: Does the attribution of moral responsibility to a corporation preclude the attribution of responsibility to certain individuals within the corporation? And if corporations can be morally responsible actors, can they also deserve moral consideration as recipients of the actions of others? This chapter is an organic part of a larger work about the overall contribution of Kenneth Goodpaster to the field of applied ethics and is best read in the context of that larger work.
Concluding Reflections: Then and Now
Authors: Goodpaster Kenneth E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis is the concluding chapter of the book but is by no means merely a summary. I begin with a brief summary for the reader, to be sure, but then proceed to describe my “changes and discoveries” over the many years represented by this narrative. I acknowledge some of my critics with the advantage of hindsight and perspective. I also share my “discoveries”—recognitions from “below my awareness,” including linkages among the four insights that unify this book and the four avenues of ethical analysis. I then turn to a discussion of “the last eight years,” the years of my retirement as Emeritus Professor. I describe the extraordinary polarization that has developed in the United States during this period and the impact that this polarization has had on business behavior. I suggest that a number of “counterfeits of conscience” have emerged during this time, including a politicization of the corporation and explicit partisanship on the part of business leaders—almost as if “conscience” is being “outsourced” to political parties. I then turn my eyes to the future of the field of applied ethics, acknowledging the challenges but identifying several sources of hope, including wise books and new institutions dedicated to bridging, indeed healing, the divide between “red and blue” citizens. This chapter is an organic part of a larger work about the overall contribution of Kenneth Goodpaster to the field of applied ethics and is best read in the context of that larger work.
Afterword
Authors: Goodpaster Kenneth E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSince completing these chapters and sharing them with a number of thoughtful colleagues, including Series Editor Frank den Hond, I would like to revisit briefly five convictions: the four insights and one additional concern about the future of the field of business ethics alluded to in the final chapter. Four of these convictions, in retrospect, have been the sources of energy behind much of my work in the field of business or organizational ethics, the motivators that have guided my teaching and research for over five decades. The fifth theme signals my worries but also my optimism regarding the future of the field to which I hope I have contributed. This Afterword is the book in microcosm, I suppose, even though it does not do justice to the richness of the story told in Chapters 1 through 6. It is nevertheless an organic part of a larger work about my overall contribution to the field of applied ethics and is best read in the context of that larger work.
Fertility Trends in the Developing World, 1950–2020
Authors: Bongaarts John , Hodgson Dennis 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn 1950 the world’s “less developed regions,” containing 1.72 billion people (68% of the world’s population), had a total fertility rate of 6 births per woman. This chapter focuses on tracing how by 2020 that population grew into 6.5 billion people (84% of the world’s population), with a total fertility rate of just 2.6 births per woman. The mid-century political and economic situations of the developing world are briefly described. Using UN fertility data, the movement of the developing world through three phases of its fertility transition is traced, and the distinctive patterns of the populations of Asia, Latin America, and Africa are discussed. An analytical framework to understand the fertility transition is described, and its theoretical basis is summarized. Three major drivers of fertility decline are identified: socio-economic development, voluntary family planning programs, and coercive antinatalist policies. The paths by which these drivers affect desired family size as well as demand for and use of birth control are outlined.
Transitions in Individual Reproductive Behavior and Preferences
Authors: Bongaarts John , Hodgson Dennis 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPopulation-level fertility transitions are brought about by the actions of millions of individual women to limit and space childbearing. This chapter begins with an overview of levels and trends in contraception and abortion and their impact on fertility. Over the course of the fertility transition from near seven to two children per woman the proportion of women using contraception rises from near zero to about 75%. Despite this large increase in contraceptive prevalence, it falls short of the demand for contraception throughout the transition in all populations. The gap between use and demand implies that some women who want to avoid pregnancy are not using contraception. These women are considered to have an “unmet need” for contraception. This unmet need is caused by a number of obstacles women face in trying to implement their reproductive intentions. As a result, a large proportion of pregnancies end in unplanned births and abortions, especially in the later phases of the transition.
Socio-Economic Determinants of Fertility
Authors: Bongaarts John , Hodgson Dennis 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe fertility levels of developing countries correlate with many socio-economic variables including girls’ or women’s education, infant and child mortality, GDP/capita, and percent urban. To determine whether these correlations are causal or simply due to collinearity we rely on multivariate fixed effect regression analyses. The results identify women’s education as the most important determinant of fertility, which is consistent with past studies. Next, we examine the relationship between education and fertility over the course of transitions from 1960 and 2015 in individual developing countries. Instead of finding continuous relationships during the transitions, several puzzling anomalies appear. In the pre-transition phase, fertility is unresponsive to rising education resulting in delays in the onset of transition. Once a few countries in a region enter the transition, other countries follow sooner than expected and over time the onset of the transition occurs at ever lower levels of education. Moreover, once a transition is underway, fertility in many countries declines more rapidly than can plausibly be expected from rising education levels alone. To explain these anomalies, we rely on several concepts that have been neglected in conventional demographic theories: diffusion processes, social norms, and family planning programs.
Controversies Surrounding Fertility Policies
Authors: Bongaarts John , Hodgson Dennis 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDuring the pre-transition phase from 1950 to 1970, the rapid population growth caused by high and stable fertility throughout the less developed world generated considerable concern and some controversy. Existing demographic theory could offer little evidence-based advice on fertility policy. When US based experts and advocates started a global population control movement, controversy developed over its origin, priorities and feasibility. During the transition’s rapid decline phase, from 1970 to 2000, several new controversies developed even as the pace of fertility decline increased: how effective are voluntary family programs; how much pressure should states exert over individual family size decisions; who should control the international policy agenda; and how should demographers interpret new economic and demographic trends.
Does Fertility Decline Stimulate Development?
Authors: Bongaarts John , Hodgson Dennis 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAs the fertility transition proceeds, women have fewer births which in turn leads to fewer young people in subsequent years. The resulting changes in the population age structure include an increase in the proportion of the population of working age. The first dividend from lower fertility refers to an acceleration of growth in GDP per capita as the proportion of the working-age population rises. The benefits can last for decades but are ultimately transitory. The second dividend follows the first and refers to a rise in savings and investment in human and physical capital which raise worker productivity. The second dividend is typically larger than the first dividend and lasts longer. The magnitude and duration of these dividends vary from country to country and depend on the magnitude and pace of fertility decline and the ability if a county to take advantage of the changes in age structure. Over the six decades from 1955 to 2015, the first and second dividend together were highest in Asia and N. Africa (where the fertility transition was completed quickly and early) and lowest in SS Africa (where the fertility transition was slower and later). Projections to 2075 expect the situation to be reversed in the future: Asia’s dividend will likely be smaller than Africa’s. Although much of the contemporary literature on population and development focuses on the demographic dividend, there are other important benefits from fertility decline: the improvement of health, the empowerment of women, the government’s increased ability to maintain public capital (e.g. schools, clinics, infrastructure), increased political stability, an improved environment, and a slower depletion of natural resources.
Conclusion
Authors: Bongaarts John , Hodgson Dennis 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAnswers to three important questions emerge from our examination of the developing world’s fertility transition. The questions are, first, what have we learned that might be of use to policy makers in contemporary high fertility populations? The UN projects that its 953 million population will be 1.9 billion in 2050 and 3.5 billion in 2100.
The Rise of Multimodal Tutors in Education
Authors: Di Mitri Daniele , Schneider Jan , Drachsler Hendrik 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes the insights derived by the design and development of the Multimodal Tutor, a system that uses artificial intelligence for providing digital feedback and to support psychomotor skills acquisition. In this chapter, we discuss the insights which we gained from eight studies: (1) an exploratory study combining physiological data and learning performance (Learning Pulse); (2) a literature survey on multimodal data for learning and a conceptual model (the Multimodal Learning Analytics Model); (3) an analysis of the technical challenges of Multimodal Learning Analytics (the Big Five Challenges); (4) a technological framework for using multimodal data for learning (the Multimodal Pipeline); (5) a data collection and storing system for multimodal data (the Learning Hub); (6) a data annotation tool for multimodal data (the Visual Inspection Tool); (7) a case study in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation training (CPR Tutor) consisting of a feasibility study for detecting CPR mistakes; and (8) a real-time feedback study.
Global constraints on Yukawa operators in the standard model effective theory
Authors: Brod Joachim , Cornell Jonathan M. , Skodras Dimitrios , Stamou Emmanuel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
CP-violating contributions to Higgs-fermion couplings are absent in the standard model of particle physics (SM), but are motivated by models of electroweak baryogenesis. Here, we employ the framework of the SM effective theory (SMEFT) to parameterise deviations from SM Yukawa couplings. We present the leading contributions of the relevant operators to the fermionic electric dipole moments (EDMs). We obtain constraints on the SMEFT Wilson coefficients from the combination of LHC data and experimental bounds on the electron, neutron, and mercury EDMs. We perform, for the first time, a combined fit to LHC and EDM data allowing the presence of CP-violating contributions from several fermion species simultaneously. Among other results, we find non-trivial correlations between EDM and LHC constraints even in the multi-parameter scans, for instance, when floating the CP-even and CP-odd couplings to all third-generation fermions.