bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schwarzschild black hole quantum statistics from Z(2) orientation degrees of freedom and its relations to Ising droplet nucleation
Authors: Kastrup H.A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractGeneralizing previous quantum gravity results for Schwarzschild black holes from 4 to D ≥ 4 space‐time dimensions yields an energy spectrum En = α n(D—3)/(D—2) EP,D n = 1, 2, …, α = O(1), where EP,D is the Planck energy in that space‐time. This energy spectrum means that the quantized area AD—2(n) of the D — 2 dimensional horizon has universally the form AD—2 = n aD—2, where aD—2 is essentially the (D — 2)th power of the Planck length in D dimensions. Assuming that the basic area quantum has a Z(2)‐degeneracy according to its two possible orientation degrees of freedom implies a degeneracy dn = 2n for the n‐th level. The energy spectrum with such a degeneracy leads to a quantum canonical partition function which is the same as the classical grand canonical potential of a primitive Ising droplet nucleation model for 1st‐order phase transitions in D — 2 spatial dimensions. The analogy to this model suggests that En represents the surface energy of a “bubble” of n horizon area quanta. Exploiting the well‐known properties of the so‐called critical droplets of that model immediately leads to the Hawking temperature and the Bekenstein‐Hawking entropy of Schwarzschild black holes. The values of temperature and entropy appear closely related to the imaginary part of the partition function which describes metastable states.
Higgs mass as a signature of chaos in YMH system
Authors: Dobrowolski T. , Szczȩsny J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSector of the Yang‐Mills‐Higgs (YMH) system containing spherically symmetric solutions is considered. It is found in the framework of the geodesic deviation equation that Higgs mass is a natural indicator of the presence of the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in the model.
Nonlinear dynamics in a high‐gain amplifier: the dc SQUID
Authors: Bulsara A.R. , Wiesenfeld K. , Inchiosa M.E. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe study the detection of very weak time‐periodic magnetic signals via a double‐junction (dc) Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID). The device, represented by two coupled nonlinear differential equations for the quantum mechanical junction phase differences, admits long‐time static or oscillatory solutions, the transition between them being easily controlled by experimentally accessible parameters. Gain is maximal when the device is tuned to the onset of the oscillatory solutions; i.e., when the minima in the 2D potential function disappear. We concentrate on the SQUID dynamics near this critical point and compute the oscillation frequency via a center manifold reduction of the full 2D dynamics. Knowing this frequency permits its exploitation as a detection/classification tool in magnetic remote sensing applications.
Rectified steady flow induced by white shot noise: diffusive and non‐diffusive regimes
Authors: Czernik T. , Łuczka J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe one‐dimensional random dynamics of overdamped Brownian particles moving in spatially periodic potentials and driven by asymmetric Poissonian white shot noise is studied in the diffusive and non‐diffusive regimes. The stationary probability density and the probability current are determined for differentiable and non‐differentiable periodic forces.
Resonant bistable flows driven by colored noise
Authors: Marchesoni F. , Borromeo M. , Santucci S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe escape times of an overdamped Brownian particle confined to a quartic bistable potential is known to be extremely sensitive to the fluctuation correlation time. In the presence of an external Gaussian noise source with fixed variance, the escape times develop a minimum for a certain value of the correlation time—a behavior reminiscent of the so‐called resonant activation phenomenon. The optimal escape conditions are investigated for a wide range of the noise variance.
Quantum Smoluchowski equation
Authors: Pechukas Philip , Ankerhold Joachim , Grabert Hermann 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe strong friction limit of the Caldeira‐Leggett model for quantum Brownian motion is analyzed. In this Smoluchowski limit the density operator of the Brownian particle is essentially diagonal in coordinate, and the diagonal element satisfies the classical Smoluchowski equation. This result cannot be obtained from the master equations that have been proposed for quantum Brownian motion, whether or not these equations are of Lindblad form.
Violation of matter‐antimatter symmetry
Authors: Kleinknecht K. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA small matter‐antimatter asymmetry of the weak force was experimentally established. This CP violation may be related to the small excess of matter from the big bang. The nature of CP violation in the K0 system has been clarified after 35 years of experimentation: it is due to a small part of the weak interaction (“milliweak interaction”). A non‐trivial phase in the weak quark mixing matrix generates “direct CP violation” in the weak Hamiltonian. The experiments demonstrating direct CP violation are discussed.
The quantization of the atom in three acts
Authors: Ridgen J.S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe challenge that faced physicists soon after the discovery of the quantum in 1900 was to determine the structure of the atom. Success came through the application of quantum ideas to this challenge. The focus of these efforts was the hydrogen atom. Three very different approaches led to the successful explanation of the Balmer series of hydrogen and, in the process, the foundation for atomic and molecular physics was established.
Quantum string cosmologies
Authors: Da̧browski Mariusz P. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDifferent models of quantum string minisuperspaces for both isotropic and anisotropic geometries are presented. As for the isotropic case the general model of axion‐dilaton cosmology of arbitrary curvature is studied and solved explicitly. In the anisotropic case Bianchi type I and IX and Kantowski‐Sachs geometries are investigated. A short review of string cosmology is given with the emphasis on its “graceful‐exit” problem. The problems of boundary conditions, wave packets in minisuperspace and possible implications for the arrow of time in cosmology are briefly discussed.
Critical exponents predicted by grouping of Feynman diagrams in φ4 model
Authors: Kaupužs J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDifferent perturbation theory treatments of the Ginzburg‐Landau phase transition model are discussed. This includes a criticism of the perturbative renormalization group (RG) approach and a proposal of a novel method providing critical exponents consistent with the known exact solutions in two dimensions. The usual perturbation theory is reorganized by appropriate grouping of Feynman diagrams of φ4 model with O(n) symmetry. As a result, equations for calculation of the two‐point correlation function are obtained which allow to predict possible exact values of critical exponents in two and three dimensions by proving relevant scaling properties of the asymptotic solution at (and near) the criticality. The new values of critical exponents are discussed and compared to the results of numerical simulations and experiments.
On the production of entropy within the concept of incomplete description of states
Authors: Hajdu J. , Szépfalusy P. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe calculate the linear response production of relevant entropy as defined recently by Balian. This quantity is — in contrast to the production of entropy defined in thermodynamics of irreversible processes — not determined by the linear transport coefficients alone but depends also on the susceptibilities with respect to the relevant observables. However, for systems satisfying a generalized ergodicity criterion the two expressions for the entropy production coincide.
Imaging of atomic orbitals with the Atomic Force Microscope — experiments and simulations
Authors: Giessibl F.J. , Bielefeldt H. , Hembacher S. , Mannhart J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) is a mechanical profiling technique that allows to image surfaces with atomic resolution. Recent progress in reducing the noise of this technique has led to a resolution level where previously undetectable symmetries of the images of single atoms are observed. These symmetries are related to the nature of the interatomic forces. The Si(111)‐(7 × 7) surface is studied by AFM with various tips and AFM images are simulated with chemical and electrostatic model forces. The calculation of images from the tip‐sample forces is explained in detail and the implications of the imaging parameters are discussed. Because the structure of the Si(111)‐(7 × 7) surface is known very well, the shape of the adatom images is used to determine the tip structure. The observability of atomic orbitals by AFM and scanning tunneling microscopy is discussed.
Lagrangian cohomological couplings among vector fields and matter fields
Authors: Bizdadea C. , Cioroianu E.M. , Miaută M.T. , Negru I. , Saliu S.O. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractConsistent couplings between a set of vector fields and a system of matter fields are analysed in the framework of Lagrangian BRST cohomology.
Anisotropic relativistic stellar models
Authors: Harko T. , Mak M.K. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe present a class of exact solutions of Einstein's gravitational field equations describing spherically symmetric and static anisotropic stellar type configurations. The solutions are obtained by assuming a particular form of the anisotropy factor. The energy density and both radial and tangential pressures are finite and positive inside the anisotropic star. Numerical results show that the basic physical parameters (mass and radius) of the model can describe realistic astrophysical objects like neutron stars.
Fundamental Physics in Space: A guide to present projects
Authors: Lämmerzahl C. , Dittus H. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA review is presented about most of the current Fundamental Physics (FP) projects in space. After illustrating of what is meant by FP and which are its objectives, reasons are expatiated of why it is of great advantage to do FP in space. Then we give extensive introductions into all present and future FP projects in space. This consists of an explanation of the various scientific objectives, a description of the scientific payload and the used technologies, and an outline of the planned mission scenarios. Furthermore, we give a guide to further information (review papers, web‐pages) about the various projects.
A note on limitations of standard thermodynamics
Authors: Meyer‐Ortmanns H. , Landsberg P.T. , Abe S. , Rajagopal A.K. , Yamano T. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRecently, as a common foundation of various branches in science, thermodynamics is getting fresh notice. One of the reasons are long‐range forces that may have far‐reaching consequences for the applicability of standard thermodynamics. In this paper we trace these consequences in connection with gravity, particle physics, condensed matter physics, and plasma physics. We point on scenarios (like hot plasmas of elementary particles in the early universe) where usually the applicability of standard thermodynamics is not even questioned. Therefore we wish to attract the reader's attention to such cases and mention some first steps towards non‐standard thermodynamics. It is, however, too early to propose final solutions at the present stage. We wish to provoke thoughts about the “old” thermodynamics from a modern perspective.
Stability analysis of mean field models described by Fokker‐Planck equations
Authors: Frank T.D. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA mean field model for weakly coupled oscillators is studied that can describe transitions from stationary uniform distributions to traveling wave solutions. The mean field model is reminiscent of a XY model with infinite‐range interactions. A linear stability analysis of the uniform distribution has been carried out by Kuramoto. We show that the stability analysis can also be carried out on the basis of Lyapunov's direct method. In doing so, we illustrate that the correspondence of Lyapunov's direct method and linear stability analysis that is well‐known for deterministic autonomous systems also holds for mean field models.
Fractional charges in pyrochlore lattices
Authors: Fulde P. , Penc K. , Shannon N. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA pyrochlore lattice is considered where the average electron number of electrons per site is half‐integer, concentrating on the case of exactly half an electron per site. Strong on‐site repulsions are assumed, so that all sites are either empty or singly occupied. When there are in addition strong nearest‐neighbour repulsions, a tetrahedron rule comes into effect, as previously suggested for magnetite. We show that in this case, there exist excitations with fractional charge ±e/2. These are intimately connected with the high degeneracy of the ground state in the absence of kinetic energy terms. When an additional electron is inserted into the system, it decays into two point like excitations with charge ‐e/2, connected by a Heisenberg spin‐chain which carries the electron's spin.
Oscillations of the critical temperature in superconducting Nb/Ni bilayers
Authors: Sidorenko A.S. , Zdravkov V.I. , Prepelitsa A.A. , Helbig C. , Luo Y. , Gsell S. , Schreck M. , Klimm S. , Horn S. , Tagirov L.R. , Tidecks R. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe investigated Nb/Ni bilayers prepared by magnetron sputtering on glass subtrates. The quality of the films was characterized by small‐angle X‐ray diffraction analysis. The thickness of the layers was determined by the Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). For specimens with constant Nb layer thickness we observed distinct oscillations of the superconducting critical temperature upon increasing the thickness of the Ni layer. The results are interpreted in terms of Fulde‐Ferrell‐Larkin‐Ovchinnikov (FFLO) like inhomogeneous superconducting pairing in the ferromagnetic Ni Layer.
Effective Collaboration in Water and Wastewater Construction Projects: A Case Study
Authors: Andary Elie G. , Mata Juan 
Published: May 2022

Key TakeawaysDelivering water and wastewater construction projects involves complex processes that focus on minimizing environmental impacts and public expense.Water utilities could realize benefits by establishing a collaborative working environment throughout the life cycle of a construction project.Collaboration practices from an integrated project delivery approach could improve the efficiency and success of design–bid–build projects and still honor traditional contract limitations.
A new reactive power compensation concept for distribution systems using a grid‐integrated hybrid photovoltaic/wind turbine system: PV‐WT‐STATCOM
Authors: Akbari Sadegh , Taheri Mostafa , Taheri Asghar , Ojaghi Mansour 
Published: May 2022

SummaryIn this paper, a new concept based on an integrated hybrid energy system including photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) for reactive power support of the grid is presented. Considering the shared grid‐side converter in hybrid energy systems, which is preferably responsible for delivering active power to the grid, the remaining capacity of the converter after providing active power management is utilized as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to overcome the power quality problems in the main grid. For this aim, a new concept named PV‐WT‐STATCOM is proposed, and a flexible control scheme is accordingly designed, which enables a sufficient reactive power compensation in both steady and transient states. The steady‐state issues in the main grid are resolved using the remaining capacity of the shared inverter. In the transient mode, where a large amount of reactive power is probably needed for restoring the grid‐side voltage while the unoccupied capacity of the shared inverter is not sufficient, a new control strategy is developed for reducing the PV's generated power, and providing more unused capacity in the shared inverter. The effectiveness of the proposed configuration in handling reactive power compensation in both steady and transient states are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink. The extensive simulation results in presence of the variable weather conditions confirm that the proposed concept is properly able to improve grid‐side power factor and voltage in steady and transient modes, respectively, without requiring any additional STATCOM.
Bidirectional effects between maternal mental health and adolescent internalizing problems across six years in Northern Ireland
Authors: Luningham Justin M. , Wentz Bethany , Merrilees Christine E. , Taylor Laura K. , Goeke‐Morey Marcie C. , Shirlow Peter , Shannon Tess , Cummings E. Mark 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundEmerging evidence indicates the existence of bidirectional relations between mothers’ mental health and adolescent adjustment, but few studies have examined these relations in contexts of high environmental adversity, including economic deprivation and political violence. Given other empirical connections between political violence and adolescent adjustment problems, the impact of child adjustment problems on maternal mental health may be exacerbated in contexts of sectarian violence.MethodsAddressing this gap, latent change score modeling was used to examine interrelations between trajectories of maternal mental health and adolescent internalizing symptoms over time in communities afflicted by political conflict. Over six years, 999 adolescent‐mother dyads participated in a longitudinal study in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Six‐hundred ninety‐five families were originally recruited in year 1, with 304 recruited to supplement the sample in year 3; the largest available sample for a given year was 760 dyads. Models including maternal mental health, adolescent internalizing symptomatology, and political violence (i.e., sectarian antisocial behavior) as a time‐varying covariate were tested.ResultsResults demonstrated that for both mothers and adolescents in a dyadic pairing, higher rates of symptomology in one member of the dyad were related to symptoms observed in the other member. Results also suggest that political violence and factors related to social deprivation increased symptoms across the dyad.ConclusionThis study advances understanding of the bidirectional impact between maternal mental health and adolescent internalizing over time in contexts of political violence.
Synthesis of asymmetrically dihydrophobic chain poly(ethylene glycol) lipids for long circulation and membrane fusion
Authors: Zhao Yu , Liu Chenyu , Chen Hailiang , Zhou Hengjun , Yu Simiao , Mi Deze , Yue Shuli , Qiao Weihong 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLiposomes are the predominant drug delivery system widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, but rapid clearance and endosome degradation are the main barriers to improve the delivery efficiency of liposomes, especially for protein or genes. Simulating viral membrane fusion peptides, four asymmetrically dihydrophobic chain polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipids with long circulating and membrane fusion properties have been designed and synthesized with a high yield. The structure of synthetic PEG lipids is characterized by 1H NMR and mass spectrometry. The critical micelle concentrations of PEG lipids are lower by one or two orders of magnitude compared with traditional surfactants such as SDBS or SDS, which show excellent self‐assembly performance of lipids. The size and morphology of liposomes constituted with neutral lipid DOPC and PEG lipid are characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the conditions of 50% ethanol and 5–25 mmol L−1 Ca2+, the PEG neutral lipid complexes encapsulated pEGFP are almost neutral with a diameter below 300 nm.
ARHGEF9 gene variant leads to developmental and epileptic encephalopathy: Genotypic phenotype analysis and treatment exploration
Authors: Yang Haiyan , Liao Hongmei , Gan Siyi , Xiao Ting , Wu Liwen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe ARHGEF9 gene variants have phenotypic heterogeneity, the number of reported clinical cases are limited and the genotype–phenotype relationship is still unpredictable.MethodsClinical data of the patients and their family members were gathered in a retrospective study. The exome sequencing that was performed on peripheral blood samples was applied for genetic analysis. We used the ARHGEF9 gene as a key word to search the PubMed database for cases of ARHGEF9 gene variants that have previously been reported and summarized the reported ARHGEF9 gene variant sites, their corresponding clinical phenotypes, and effective treatment.ResultsWe described five patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy caused by ARHGEF9 gene variants. Among them, the antiepileptic treatment of valproic acid and levetiracetam was effective in two cases individually. The exome sequencing results showed five children with point mutations in the ARHGEF9 gene: p.R365H, p.M388V, p.D213E, and p.R63H. So far, a total of 40 children with ARHGEF9 gene variants have been reported. Their main clinical phenotypes include developmental delay, epilepsy, epileptic encephalopathy, and autism spectrum disorders. The variants reported in the literature, including 22 de novo variants, nine maternal variants, and one unknown variant. There were 20 variants associated with epileptic phenotypes, of which six variants are effective for valproic acid treatment.ConclusionThe genotypes and phenotypes of ARHGEF9 gene variants represent a wide spectrum, and the clinical phenotype of epilepsy is often refractory and the prognosis is poor. The p.R365H, p.M388V, p.D213E, and p.R63H variants have not been reported in the current literature, and our study has expanded the genotype spectrum of ARHGEF9 gene. Our findings indicate that levetiracetam and valproic acid can effectively control seizures in children with epileptic phenotype caused by ARGHEF9 gene variations. These findings will help clinicians improve the level of diagnosis and treatment of the genetic disease.
Targeted gene sequencing of FYCO1 identified a novel mutation in a Pakistani family for autosomal recessive congenital cataract
Authors: Saleem Rani Saira , Siddiqui Sorath Noorani , Irshad Saba , Ashraf Naeem Mahmood , Hamid Arslan , Khan Muhammad Azmat Ullah , Khan Muhammad Imran , Micheal Shazia 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundCongenital cataract is causing one‐third of blindness worldwide. Congenital cataract is heterogeneous in its inheritance patterns. The current study is aimed to explore the unknown genetic causes underlying congenital cataracts.MethodsBlood samples from affected and normal individuals of n = 25 Pakistani families identified with congenital cataracts were collected. Genomic DNA was extracted and Sanger sequencing was performed to identify novel pathogenic variants in the FYCO1 (MIM#607182) gene. Later structural bioinformatics tools and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to analyze the impact of these variants on protein structure and function.ResultsSanger sequencing resulted in the identification of a novel splice site mutation (NM_024513.3: c.3151‐29_3151‐7del) segregating in an autosomal recessive manner. This novel variant was confirmed to be absent in the n = 300 population controls. Further, bioinformatics tools revealed the formation of a mutant protein with a loss of the Znf domain. In addition, we also found a previously known (c.4127 T > C; p.Leu1376Pro) mutation in four families. We also report a novel heterozygous variant (c.3419G > A; p.Arg1140Gln) in another family.ConclusionsIn conclusion, we report a novel deletion (NM_024513.3: c.3151‐29_3151‐7del) in one family and a frequent homozygous missense mutation (c.4127 T > C; p.Leu1376Pro) in four Pakistani families. The current research highlights the importance of autophagy in lens development and maintaining its transparency.