bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Activity of Maintaining Beliefs
Authors: Chrisman Matthew 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Where do we find agency with respect to belief? Many accounts of doxastic agency focus on belief itself or the event of belief-formation to answer this question, to the exclusion of the activity of maintaining a system of beliefs. This chapter argues that the activity of maintaining a system of beliefs is different from the state of believing something. Moreover, the activity of maintaining a system of beliefs, like all activities, does not itself have the temporal structure of a performance. It is characterized here as a sui generis, always ongoing cognitive doing by which we check, sustain, and adjust our belief systems, thereby basing beliefs on reasons. This chapter argues that a full account of epistemic normativity will need to make sense of this activity as a central locus of doxastic agency.
The Aim of Belief and the Goal of Truth
Authors: Chrisman Matthew 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the idea that truth is the fundamental “epistemic” end grounding a norm of belief. By carefully reconstructing an argument for the radical claim that truth cannot be the end that individual believers pursue in forming beliefs, we can identify a way that truth can still be a constitutive aim of the activity of belief-system maintenance. Moreover, by distinguishing between the cognitive epistemic conducts of individual believers and the broader social epistemic practices of a belief-regulating community, we can identify a way that true belief remains a goal of our epistemic interactions with one another, even if it is not an explicit goal individual believers pursue in forming beliefs. This lays important groundwork for a social epistemological account of the nature and source of epistemic normativity developed in later chapters.
Doxastic Involuntarism and ‘Ought to Believe’
Authors: Chrisman Matthew 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the apparent tension between the doxastic involuntaris thesis that we do not exercise voluntary control directly over what we believe and the idea that there are true epistemic normative claims about what people ought to believe. To overcome the apparent tension and to begin to develop an account of epistemic normative evaluations, Sellars’s account of the relation between rules of action and rules of criticism is adapted for the doxastic case. Normative claims about what someone ought to believe are treated here as articulations or applications of state norms with complex inferential relations to action norms pertaining to inquiry and instruction. By conceiving of ‘ought to believe’ in this way, we can make sense of the fact that some of these claims are true, even if we do not exercise direct voluntary control over what we believe.
Bringing Maimonides to Oxford
Authors: Williams Benjamin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Among the books owned by Edward Pococke (1604–1691), Regius Professor of Hebrew and Laudian Professor of Arabic at Oxford, were numerous copies of the Mishnah with Maimonides’ Commentary, including a manuscript now known to have been annotated by Maimonides himself (Bodleian Library, MS Poc. 295). This chapter considers how Pococke studied these texts and whether he realized that he owned part of Maimonides’ working copy. An analysis of Pococke’s annotated books and published works shows that he acquired texts from Aleppo, studied the Mishnah under Rabbi Jacob Roman of Constantinople, used his copies of Maimonides’ Commentary to edit excerpts for publication (Porta Mosis, 1655), and deposited manuscripts at the press to serve as printers’ copy. Pococke’s incomplete knowledge of the transmission of Maimonides’ works and the caution with which he treated the autograph emendations in MS Poc. 295 suggest that the provenance of this manuscript was unknown.
William Guise
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses William Guise’s use of Arabic in his notes to his partial translation of Zera´im. His main sources were the monolingual Arabic dictionaries—al-Jawharī’s Ṣiḥāḥ, Fīrūzābādī’s Qāmūs, the Asās al-balāgha by al-Zamakhsharī, al-Fayyūmī’s Miṣbāḥ al-munīr, and al-Muṭarrizī’s Mughrib—and the medical and botanical ‘dictionaries’ of Ibn Jazla, Ibn al-Bayṭar, and Serapion the Younger. From these sources he derived quotations from other, far earlier, writers. His principal objective was to confirm, or, more often, to contradict, interpretations by other commentators, and to give the Arabic equivalents of certain Hebrew words. His ability to translate some of the more difficult texts proves that, despite the arrogance for which he was so frequently reproached, Guise was one of the most accomplished Arabists of his generation
Johann Christoph Wagenseil
Authors: Boxel Piet van 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Johann Christoph Wagenseil, professor of Oriental languages at the University of Altdorf from 1674 to 1697, is particularly known for his Tela ignea Satanae, which he published in 1681. In spite of the title, the work contains a noteworthy and positive section on Mishnah and Talmud. His esteem for the Mishnah had already in 1674 materialized in an annotated Latin translation of tractate Sotah, which in 1700 was included in Surenhusius’s complete Latin Mishnah edition. In 1699, Wagenseil published German translations of Mishnah tractate Negaʻim and excerpts from tractate Yevamot. This chapter argues that unlike his Sotah translation in which Wagenseil presented himself as orientalist, antiquary, and exegete, the German translations served a different purpose, facilitating the idea of the Institutum Judaicum, which in 1724 was established in Halle for the purpose of converting the Jews.
‘To the advantage of the Republic of Letters’?
Authors: Miert Dirk van 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how Guilielmus Surenhusius tried to make a career out of both the Mishnah specifically and Hebrew studies more generally through the book trade and the publishing of Hebrew works. The information is culled mostly from his correspondence, from which we learn that he was working with both Jews and Christians. It is demonstrated that the Surenhusius’s achievements were not only limited to his monumental edition of the Mishnah, but also that he also collaborated on Nuñez and Athias’s Amsterdam edition of Maimonides’ Mishneh Torah (1702), the lost commentary on the whole of the Talmud by Benjamin ben Immanuel Musaphia, the lost Latin translation of the whole of the Talmud by Balthasar Scheidt, and Breithaupt’s Latin translation of Jarchi (Rashi).
Kink Online
Authors: Wignall Liam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on sociosexual networking sites (SSNS) to explore kink that occurs beyond kink communities and venues. These sites have been mostly ignored in much research on kink, either viewed as a threat to existing communities or used only to recruit participants. Using interview data to consider how these sites are part of kink communities and help reinvigorate them, this chapter outlines some of the key kinky and non-kinky SSNS used by participants and distinguishes differences in uses. Non-community participants primarily use SSNS to seek casual kinky sexual encounters. Community members described similar uses but also acknowledged using kinky SSNS to establish new social connections and maintain existing ones. Finally, given the lack of literature on kink SSNS, the chapter explores what online profiles look like on kink SSNS for community members and how discussions occur in these spaces.
Pup Play as a Sexual Subculture
Authors: Wignall Liam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the social and community aspects of pup play that have led to its development as a subculture. The importance of community for pups is highlighted, with the community providing friendships and intimacy, and it is a key motivator for engaging in pup play. The defining characteristics of a subculture are also applied to pup play. The role of Twitter in helping maintain a pup play community is explored. Participants’ online Twitter profiles are described in detail, in addition to the unique ways that participants use the social media platform, describing this as Pup Twitter. Issues of privacy for participants are discussed, and the features of Pup Twitter are evaluated.
Musical care in infancy
Authors: Sanfilippo Katie Rose M. , de l’Etoile Shannon , Trehub Sandra E. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Musical care in infancy, as construed here, encompasses two broad realms, natural and targeted musical care for infants and their caregivers. Natural musical care refers to the everyday use of music in interactions with infants, reinforcing cultural practices that accommodate infant nurture and development, caregiver well-being, and the parent–infant relationship. Targeted musical care draws on educational and clinical approaches to create musical interventions and music therapy practices aimed at optimizing well-being in special or vulnerable populations. Findings from several disciplines—including developmental psychology, ethnomusicology, music therapy, perinatal mental health, and paediatrics—enrich our understanding of musical care in infancy. This chapter begins by considering infants’ capacity for musical engagement, which provides the foundation for musical care interventions in special circumstances. The chapter proceeds to describe mothers’ (or primary caregivers’) intuitive singing and musical care rituals, highlighting natural musical care in Western and non-Western cultures. Subsequently, the chapter focuses on research and practice in musical care interventions and music therapy, or targeted musical care. The chapter considers the role of musical care in supporting maternal and infant well-being in situations involving maternal anxiety and depression, infants with disabilities, and prematurely born infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Finally, the chapter suggests future directions for research and practice, including an exploration of musical care with other caregivers (e.g., fathers and grandparents), development of more interdisciplinary and evidence-based interventions for infants with special needs, and the potential for musical care in support of infants and caregivers from marginalized or seldom-heard communities.
Musical care in childhood
Authors: Farrant Camilla , Rabinowitch Tal-Chen , Dunbar Nicola 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Musical care has multiple roles in the nurturing of a child. Music can have a powerful influence on children’s emotions, behaviour, and cognition. The chapter focuses on the ages 5 to 12 years: a period of childhood that typically encompasses rapid and vast developmental change. Drawing together research and clinical perspectives from the authors’ disciplines of music psychology, music education, and music therapy, the chapter frames itself around the three main areas of childhood development: cognitive, physiological/physical, and social-emotional. Research on the cognitive outcomes of musical care for children range from improved spatial abilities and IQ to enhanced memory and verbal intelligence. The physiological outcomes include pain reduction, relaxation, and reduced secretion of the stress hormone cortisol. The physical outcomes include improved gross and fine motor skills, temporal coordination, strength, and greater ability to synchronize with others. Social-emotional outcomes ranges from changes in intrapersonal capacities such as self-esteem, confidence, emotional regulation, and stability to changes in interpersonal capacities, including empathy, social relationships and bonding, shared attention, and communication skills. The chapter discusses the various methodologies used in research studies on music and children and suggests ways towards interdisciplinary collaboration. Then further research directions for musical care in childhood are presented. In conclusion, the authors argue that music is an act of caregiving that can influence the quality of a child’s development and therefore offers one way to nurture children’s cognitive, physical, and social-emotional capacities in preparation for the next stage of life.
Musical care at the end of life
Authors: Tsiris Giorgos , Hockley Jo , Dives Tamsin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Throughout human history, music has been integral to the way that people have cared for the dying and for those around them. Today, musical care at the end of life involves a spectrum of diverse music practices, experiences, and contexts. These range from people’s everyday engagement with music, to music interventions by professionals within specialized contexts. Music emerges as a resource for people and communities as they cope with change, loss, and grief in life. Musical care can offer a sense of well-being and promote quality of life for the dying person, their family, and their wider community. Informed by developments in the field of palliative care, this chapter explores the different facets of musical care and documents contemporary practices with specific reference to adult end-of-life care. Musical care practices are discussed along two continua of care ranging from everyday to specialist, and from public to private. These continua provide a conceptual framework within which four main areas of musical care at the end of life are explored: music therapy as a distinct professional field of practice with an expanding research base and interdisciplinary approaches; music in death education and health promotion; live music performance and its role in end-of-life care; and, musical care by non-music professionals. This chapter highlights how music can generate a space where the unknowns, tensions, and resolutions of living and dying can be embraced, expressed, and celebrated. The chapter points to future directions, including methodological advancements with interdisciplinary collaboration at heart.
A Genealogy of Neocolonial Social Comportment
Authors: Sheth Falguni A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the foundations of neocolonial power and its associated feminist counterpart. Neocolonial feminism refers to a curated standard of public “secular” and “professional” comportment that is held up as an ideal for women of color whose cultures or features locate them as culturally or behaviorally subordinate to “Western” feminist ideals. Liberal feminist standards, as expressed through Martha Nussbaum, are one example of neocolonial feminist expectations. The neocolonial gaze is one by which Muslim women—among other women of color—are taken up and reproduced as legible diasporic children who must be taught to behave. This chapter also explores the intersections of neocolonial and neoliberal feminism as it affects Muslim women of color.
Conclusion
Authors: Sheth Falguni A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The previous eight chapters have illuminated the ways in which women of color—diasporic subjects, immigrants, Black American women—are produced and reproduced continually as neocolonial subjects. Although the analysis is centered on Muslim women as a racialized category in and of itself, the dynamics are a representation of ways in which non-white women are treated through a series of policies, laws, and amendments in the name of a liberal order that emerges from a colonial, slave-owning past, even when that order has claimed to cut ties with that past. To challenge that continual suspicion directed toward neocolonial subjects, women of color must aspire to certain cultural comportments. They are expected to aspire to the prevailing norms of the modern moment—to be modern. In order to see these expectations, one must listen to the silences: to what is not said as well as to what is said.
Pluralism and perspectivism
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter is dedicated to scientific pluralism. First, it deals with the risk of metaphysical inconsistency that some have seen as looming in the pluralist stance. Second, it reviews the role that perspectivism has been assigned so far in this literature on scientific pluralism, and its associated promises and problems. What kind of pluralism is at stake in the view known as scientific perspectivism? Section 3.1 charts the territory of contemporary versions of scientific pluralism. Section 3.2 discusses Kellert, Longino, and Waters’s ‘pluralist stance’ and the problem of inconsistent models associated with it. Two main varieties of scientific perspectivism and their respective arguments are presented in Section 3.3: Giere’s epistemological argument and Rueger–Teller’s methodological argument. The chapter analyses three perspectival answers to the problem of inconsistent models in Section 3.4. Their respective promises are assessed in Section 3.5 vis-à-vis some pressing objections raised by Morrison and Chakravartty. The chapter ends with Section 3.6, which lays out an argument for the problem of inconsistent models and deflates some of the premises behind this argument. It will be the task of the following chapters to offer a substantial positive role for perspectival pluralism in scientific modelling and associated knowledge production.
The Citizen’s Fundamental Question
Authors: Levine Peter 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Good citizens ask, “What should we do?” in a wide variety of groups. Defining citizenship in this way extends republican political theory beyond democracies and other governments to include professions, communities, networks, and markets. Membership requires sacrifice, which is appropriate when a group merits loyalty; however, participants may be complicit if the group acts badly. Group decisions require different ethical principles from those that should guide individual decisions. Groups are not merely accumulations of individuals; they have characteristics of their own. Groups frequently encounter problems that arise regardless of the issues that they explicitly choose to address. These recurrent problems of process fall under the headings of collective action, discourse, and exclusion.
The Frankfurt School and the Citizen as Deliberator
Authors: Levine Peter 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Jürgen Habermas distinguishes between strategic or instrumental action and communicative action. Communicative action aims at truth, justice, and authenticity. Individuals typically begin in Lifeworlds composed of private, biased, but also authentic beliefs and values. Diverse individuals can come into a Public Sphere to test their respective Lifeworld beliefs through communication. The Public Sphere is, however, subject to harmful influence (“colonization”) by the twin Systems of money and power. Habermas suggests that people can build and maintain a Public Sphere, and many practical examples reinforce that possibility. However, this ideal must contend with challenges, including authoritarian popular values, human cognitive limitations, inequality, and the power of governments and markets. Habermas does not argue for reasonable deliberation alone but also endorses adversarial social movements that confront power. The chapter argues that his model is defensibly realistic yet requires insights about designing functional voluntary groups and organizing nonviolent direct action.
Moving to Large Scales
Authors: Levine Peter 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A problem that is not persuasively addressed by any of the theories is scale: how can small groups of voluntary deliberators affect millions or billions of human beings? The solution involves small groups exercising responsible leverage over large institutions and populations, in a polycentric world. Individuals should decide within appropriately structured groups how to exercise leverage in bigger systems. The book concludes with four strategies for enhancing such leverage: enhancing the civic roles of professionals, educating young people for civic engagement, policy reforms that enable or require public deliberation and self-governance, and nudging social movements to embrace diverse internal conversations.
Understanding of Affective States
Authors: Miller Scott A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a complement to the preceding chapter through its focus on forms of affective understanding. As in the cognitive domain, understanding of emotions is a multifaceted development whose mastery extends from infancy through adulthood. This conclusion emerges from a long-standing literature under the emotion understanding heading, as well as from advanced theory-of-mind measures designed for such study (e.g., Strange Stories, Faux Pas). As in Chapter 2, the descriptive picture is followed by a review of research directed to the origins of such understanding, a review that addresses the factors discussed under the cognitive heading (language, executive function, culture, parenting) and adds two others: gender and genetics. The chapter concludes with an important and controversial topic: how well measures of advanced theory of mind, both cognitive and affective, fit together, and whether evidence exists for a common underpinning for advanced developments.
Variations of First-Order Paradigms
Authors: Miller Scott A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
As the title indicates, this chapter examines effects of modifications in the methods to study first-order developments. Both complications and simplifications are discussed with respect to two developments: perspective taking and false belief. The complications reveal further developments in understanding beyond those revealed by the typical methods of study. Although the simplifications have been of interest primarily with respect to infant competencies, they also suggest methods of solution that extend into adulthood. The chapter concludes with a relatively new and important topic: the contribution of neuroimaging research to an understanding of theory of mind.
Consequences: Cognitive Development
Authors: Miller Scott A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Much of the discussion to this point has concerned the origins of individual differences in theory of mind. Theory of mind, however, has always been of interest not simply as an important outcome of development but also as a contributor to other outcomes. This chapter begins with a discussion of the methodological challenges in establishing such cause-and-effect connections. It then reviews work directed to cognitive outcomes for which theory of mind, including advanced theory of mind, has been shown to be a contributor (although never the sole contributor). This research includes outcomes in the academic domain (reading, writing, science), children’s ability to teach others, and various individual differences in language ability, including sensitivity to others’ mental states and understanding of nonliteral utterances.