bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The need for biomarkers to determine response to enteral nutrition during and after critical illness: an update
Authors: Reintam Blaser Annika , Preiser Jean-Charles , Forbes Alastair 
Published: November 2022

Purpose of review
Biomarkers proposed to provide prognosis or to determine the response to enteral nutrition have been assessed in a number of experimental and clinical studies which are summarized in the current review.

Recent findings
There are several pathophysiological mechanisms identified which could provide biomarkers to determine response to enteral nutrition. Several biomarkers have been studied, most of them insufficiently and none of them has made its way to clinical practice. Available studies have mainly assessed a simple association of a biomarker with outcomes, but are less focused on dynamic changes in the biomarker levels. Importantly, studies on pathophysiology and clinical features of gastrointestinal dysfunction, including enteral feeding intolerance, are also needed to explore the mechanisms potentially providing specific biomarkers. Not only an association of the biomarker with any adverse outcome, but also a rationale for repeated assessment to assist in treatment decisions during the course of illness is warranted.

Summary
There is no biomarker currently available to reliably provide prognosis or determine the response to enteral nutrition in clinical practice, but identification of such a biomarker would be valuable to assist in clinical decision-making.
Turner syndrome: fertility counselling in childhood and through the reproductive lifespan
Authors: Bollig Kassie J. , Mainigi Monica , Senapati Suneeta , Lin Angela E. , Levitsky Lynne L. , Bamba Vaneeta 
Published: November 2022

Purpose of review
The potential for fertility in Turner syndrome has improved in recent years. Understanding of associated risks and approaches is important for the care of girls and women with this condition. This review focuses on reproductive health, fertility options and appropriate counselling for women with Turner syndrome and their families.

Recent findings
Women with Turner syndrome have rapidly declining ovarian function beginning in utero. Therefore, counselling regarding fertility concerns should begin at a young age and involve discussion of options, including ovarian tissue cryopreservation, oocyte preservation and use of nonautologous oocytes. Clinical guidance on fertility management and pregnancy risk assessment based on karyotype, associated comorbidities and fertility is still not fully data driven. Realistic expectations regarding reproductive options and associated outcomes as well as the need for multidisciplinary follow-up during pregnancy are crucial to the ethical and safe care of these patients.

Summary
Fertility care in women with Turner syndrome is evolving as current management techniques improve and new approaches are validated. Early counselling and active management of fertility preservation is critical to ensure positive and well tolerated reproductive outcomes.
The prognostic value of post thyroidectomy Tc-99m pertechnetate thyroid scan in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer
Authors: Eloteify L.M. , Algizawy Samy M. , Abdelnaim Aya K.M. , Mekkawy Nesreen 
Published: November 2022

Aim
To evaluate the prognostic value of postoperative Tc-99m pertechnetate scanning in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC).

Method
Patients with pathologically proven low or intermediate-risk DTC were enrolled in this study. Postoperative Tc-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy was performed 20 min after IV of 185 MBq of Tc-99m pertechnetate Positive thyroid residual uptake was characterized as higher Tc-99m pertechnetate uptake at the thyroid bed than the surrounding background’s activity. A negative residual was considered if there was no definite abnormal radioactivity at the thyroid bed. Follow-up by thyroglobulin, thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg Abs), neck ultrasound (US) and diagnostic I-131 WBS (Dx WBS) were considered the reference standard. Successful ablation outcome was considered if there was free Dx WBS, stimulated serum thyroglobulin < 1 ng/ml with negative Tg Abs, and free US

Result
Two hundred and two patients, mean age; of 38.8 years were retrospectively recruited in this study. Positive residual uptake at the thyroid scan was detected in 131 patients wherea the remaining 71 patients had no detectable uptake. According to the reference standard we encountered 114 and 88 cases with successful ablation and unsuccessful ablation respectively, Tc-99m pertechnetate scanning successfully detected 63 true positive and 46 true negative cases giving 72% sensitivity, 40% specificity, 48% positive predictive value and 56% negative predictive value.

Conclusion
In low- and intermediate-risk DTC patients; despite the relatively high sensitivity of postoperative Tc-99m pertechnetate thyroid scan, it has low specificity and low negative predictive value so it cannot be used to predict the ablation outcome.
Vertebral and ribs enhancement in Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate bone scan image by blind deconvolution algorithm
Authors: Kaur Gagandeep , Pandey Anil Kumar , Chaudhary Jagrati , Hemrom Angel , Sharma Param D. , Patel Chetan , Kumar Rakesh 
Published: November 2022

Aims and objectives
The objective of the study was to restore Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate (MDP) bone scan image using blind deconvolution (BD) algorithm so that ribs, vertebrae, and lesions present in them become prominent.

Materials and methods
Our study consists of retrospective data in which 356 Tc-99m MDP bone scan images (178 anterior and 178 posterior) were processed using dynamic stochastic resonance algorithm, block-matching 3D filter, and then restored using BD algorithm. Two nuclear medicine (NM) physicians compared restored image with its input image; they especially lookedfor: (a) improvement in lesions detectability, (b) artifacts if any, (c) deterioration in ribs and vertebra, and (d) contrast enhancement in adjacent vertebra and adjacent ribs. They selected one out of two (restored and input) images, which had better quality. The overall image quality was also assessed using the following image quality metrics: brightness, blur, global contrast factor, and contrast per pixel. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied for finding significant difference between the value of image quality metrics of restored image and input image at level of significance alpha = 0.05.

Results
According to NM physicians, 80.3% (286 out of 356) of restored images were acceptable, whereas 19.6% (70 out of 356) were unacceptable. Ribs and vertebrae were prominent in 161 out of 178 posterior restored images. Lumbar vertebrae were enhanced and well differentiated from adjacent vertebrae in 125 out of 178 anterior restored images. The value of image quality metrics of restored and input images were found to be significantly different (P-value < 0.0001).

Conclusion
Ribs, vertebrae, and lesions present in them become prominent in the most of Tc-99m MDP bone scan images (80.3%) restored using BD algorithm.
Comprehensive access strategies to the frontal sinus
Authors: Turri-Zanoni Mario , Battaglia Paolo , Bignami Maurizio , Castelnuovo Paolo , Arosio Alberto D. 
Published: November 2022

Purpose of review
Despite the impressive evolutions in endoscopic endonasal approaches and instrumentations, the frontal sinus remains a challenging area. Different surgical options have been described over the years, but the main criticism lies in choosing the most suitable approach for a given case, based on the anatomy of each patient and the disease to treat. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of surgical access strategies currently available to address the frontal sinus, including both endonasal and traditional external procedures, analysing indications, contraindications, complications and outcomes.

Recent findings
Frontal sinus surgery includes minimally invasive endonasal approaches (balloon dilatation, Draf type I); extended endonasal approaches (Draf type IIA-IIB-IIC, Draf type III and their modifications via orbital transposition and contralateral pyriform aperture resection); external procedures (superior eyelid incision, frontal osteoplastic flap, Riedel procedure, Riedel-Mosher operation); and combined approaches.

Summary
Recent advances in endoscopic endonasal techniques have deeply reshaped the surgical options to manage frontal sinus diseases, in an attempt to minimize the invasiveness of the procedures and maximize their outcomes. Traditional external procedures should be used in selected cases nonamenable for endonasal surgery. The appropriate selection of cases appears to be of paramount importance to obtain successful outcomes.
Loneliness, social isolation, and living alone associations with mortality risk in individuals living with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression
Authors: Long Róisín M. , Terracciano Antonio , Sutin Angelina R. , Creaven Ann-Marie , Gerstorf Denis , D’Arcy-Bewick Sinéad , O’Súilleabháin Páraic S. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Objective
To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations between loneliness, social isolation, and living alone and risk of mortality among individuals with established Cardiovascular Disease (CVD).

Methods
Five electronic databases were searched [MEDLINE (Ovid), PsycINFO, EMBASE, PubMed and SCOPUS] from inception to 25th November 2021. In all, 35 studies were included in a narrative synthesis and where appropriate, a meta-analytic evaluation using a random effects model.

Results
Living alone was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality [k = 15, n = 80243, HR = 1.48, 95% CI (1.20-1.83), I2
= 83%] and meta-regressions found that the effects were stronger in studies from Europe and with longer follow-up. However, there was evidence of publication bias. Social isolation was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, measured both as a dichotomous variable [k = 3, n = 2648, HR = 1.46, 95% CI (1.08-2.04), I
2 = 31%] and as a continuous variable [k = 5, n = 2388, HR = 1.11, 95% CI (1.02-1.24), I
2 = 51%]. Meta-analysis was not feasible for loneliness as exposure, but narrative synthesis of four studies suggested a tentative association between loneliness and increased risk of all-cause mortality.

Conclusions
Supporting public health concerns, our review finds that loneliness, social isolation, and living alone are associated with premature mortality among individuals with established CVD. However, evidence of publication bias and large methodological differences across studies point to the need for more rigorous research.
Analysis of Pediatric Maxillofacial Fractures: A 10-year Retrospective Study
Authors: Huang Wu , Hu Sunqiang , Wang Chi , Xiao Jin 
Published: November 2022

Background:
The aim of this study is to analyze patterns of maxillofacial fractures in children and adolescent in southeast of China,in a period of 10 years.

Material and Methods:
In this retrospective study, the medical records of 162 hospitalized patients under 18 years old were analyzed in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatology Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China. Age, gender, etiology, site, and type of fracture, monthly distribution, weekly distribution, dental complications, and treatment were evaluated. The cases were divided into 3 age groups: group A: 0 to 6 years, group B: 7 to 12 years, and group C: 13 to 18 years.

Results:
Three hundred thirty-four maxillofacial fractures in 162 patients younger than 18 years were analyzed. The male to female ratio was 2.24:1 and mean age of these patients was 9.85 years old . Falls were the leading cause of maxillofacial fractures.The most frequent fracture site was mandible. Most patients with maxillofacial fractures were treated by open reduction. And it was done more in adolescents than in children.

Conclusions:
Falls were the main reason for maxillofacial fracutres in childern, and traffic accidents was the leading cause in adolescent. Preventive measures should be applied to reduce occurrences of pediatric facial fractures .Children can not be left at home alone, and monitoring is very necessary when children play in the high place. The government can consider related e-bike driving skills training. Teenagers must pass the relevant electric vehicle test before they can drive. Make the law that the driver of e-bike must wear a safety helmet. Our study shows that open reduction was a good choice for pediatric facial fractures, but usually conservative treatment is a better choice for condylar fractures.
Sex differences in cooperative coalitions: a mammalian perspective
Authors: Smith Jennifer E. , Jaeggi Adrian V. , Holmes Rose K. , Silk Joan B. 
Published: November 2022

In group-living species, cooperative tactics can offset asymmetries in resource-holding potential between individuals and alter the outcome of intragroup conflicts. Differences in the kinds of competitive pressures that males and females face might influence the benefits they gain from forming intragroup coalitions. We predicted that there would be a female bias in intragroup coalitions because females (1) are more like to live with kin than males are, and (2) compete over resources that are more readily shared than resources males compete over. We tested this main prediction using information about coalition formation across mammalian species and phylogenetic comparative analyses. We found that for nearly all species in which intragroup coalitions occur, members of both sexes participate, making this the typical mammalian pattern. The presence and frequency of female or male coalitions were not strongly associated with key socio-ecological factors like resource defensibility, sexual dimorphism or philopatry. This suggests that once the ability to form intragroup coalitions emerges in one sex, it is likely to emerge in the other sex as well and that there is no strong phylogenetic legacy of sex differences in this form of cooperation.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives’.
Weak, but not strong, ties support coalition formation among wild female chimpanzees
Authors: Fox Stephanie A. , Muller Martin N. , González Nicole Thompson , Enigk Drew K. , Machanda Zarin P. , Otali Emily , Wrangham Richard , Thompson Melissa Emery 
Published: November 2022

In social species, individuals may be able to overcome competitive constraints on cooperation by leveraging relationships with familiar, tolerant partners. While strong social ties have been linked to cooperation in several social mammals, it is unclear the extent to which weak social ties can support cooperation, particularly among non-kin. We tested the hypothesis that weakly affiliative social relationships support cooperative coalition formation using 10 years of behavioural data on wild female chimpanzees. Female chimpanzees typically disperse and reside with non-kin as adults. Their social relationships are differentiated but often relatively weak, with few dyads sharing strong bonds. Females occasionally form aggressive coalitions together. Three measures of relationship quality—party association, five-metre proximity and whether a dyad groomed—positively predicted coalitions, indicating that relationship quality influenced coalition partnerships. However, dyads that groomed frequently did not form more coalitions than dyads that groomed occasionally, and kin did not cooperate more than expected given their relationship quality. Thus, strong bonds and kinship did not bolster cooperation. We conclude that cooperative coalitions among female chimpanzees depend on social tolerance but do not require strong bonds. Our findings highlight social tolerance as a distinct pathway through which females can cultivate cooperative relationships.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives’.
Association patterns of female gorillas
Authors: Young Christopher , Robbins Martha M. 
Published: November 2022

Social interactions ultimately impact health and fitness in gregarious mammals. However, research focusing on the strength of affiliative interactions has primarily been conducted on female philopatric species. Gorillas provide an interesting counterpoint to previous research as females emigrate multiple times throughout their lives. We compare female–female association strength, duration and consistency in wild mountain (Gorilla beringei beringei) and western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Additionally, we examine whether the alpha male influences female association strength and if these associations are an artefact of both females concurrently in spatial proximity of the alpha male. In this between-species comparison, female gorillas had differentiated association patterns that were consistent on average for 2 years. The alpha males did not influence female association strength, with associations being similar in his presence or absence. Finally, we found more variability in association patterns among mountain gorillas with higher average association scores and higher proportion of ‘preferred associates' than western gorillas. The rare dispersal pattern in theGorillagenus may lead to greater flexibility in female association patterns than in species exhibiting female philopatry and strong kinship bonds. This may echo ancestral human society and provide new evidence to help us understand the evolution of modern human society.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives’.
Shodagor women cooperate across domains of work and childcare to solve an adaptive problem
Authors: Starkweather K. E. , Reynolds A. Z. , Zohora F. , Alam N. 
Published: November 2022

Across human societies, women's economic production and their contributions to childcare are critical in supporting reproductive fitness for themselves, their spouses and children. Yet, the necessity of performing both work and childcare tasks presents women with an adaptive problem in which they must determine how best to allocate their time and energy between these tasks. Women often use cooperative relationships with alloparents to solve this problem, but whether or not women cooperate across different domains (e.g. work and childcare) to access alloparents remains relatively under-explored. Using social network data collected with Shodagor households in Bangladesh, we show that women who need childcare help in order to work draw on cooperative work partners as potential alloparents, and that all women rely heavily on kin, but not reciprocal cooperation for childcare help. These results indicate that Shodagor women strategize to create work and childcare relationships in ways that help solve the adaptive problem they face. We discuss the implications of our results and the example provided by Shodagor women for a broader understanding of women's cooperative relationships, including the importance of socio-ecological circumstances and gendered divisions of labour in shaping women's cooperative strategies.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives’.
Sedentarization and maternal childcare networks: role of risk, gender and demography
Authors: Page Abigail E. , Migliano Andrea B. , Dyble Mark , Major-Smith Daniel , Viguier Sylvain , Hassan Anushé 
Published: November 2022

Women cooperate over multiple domains and while research from western contexts portrays women's networks as limited in size and breadth, women receive help, particularly with childcare, from a diverse range of individuals (allomothers). Nonetheless, little exploration has occurred into why we see such diversity. Wide maternal childcare networks may be a consequence of a lack of resource accumulation in mobile hunter–gatherers—where instead households rely on risk-pooling in informal insurance networks. By contrast, when households settle and accumulate resources, they are able toretain riskby absorbing losses. Thus, the size and composition of mothers' childcare networks may depend on risk-buffering, as captured by mobile and settled households in the Agta, a Philippine foraging population with diverse lifestyles. Across 78 children, we find that childcare from grandmothers and sisters was higher in settled camps, while childcare from male kin was lower, offering little support for risk-buffering. Nonetheless, girls’ workloads were increased in settled camps while grandmothers had fewer dependent children, increasing their availability. These results point to gender-specific changes associated with shifting demographics as camps become larger and more settled. Evidently, women's social networks, rather than being constrained by biology, are responsive to the changing socioecological context.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives’.
Dynamics of cooperative networks associated with gender among South Indian Tamils
Authors: Simpson Cohen R. , Power Eleanor A. 
Published: November 2022

Helping behaviour is thought to play a major role in the evolution of group-living animals. Yet, it is unclear to what extent human males and human females use the same strategies to secure support. Accordingly, we investigate help-seeking over a 5-year period in relation to gender using data from virtually all adults in two Tamil villages (N= 782). Simulations of network dynamics (i.e. stochastic actor-oriented models) calibrated to these data broadly indicate that women are more inclined than men to create and maintain supportive bonds via multiple mechanisms of cooperation (e.g. reciprocity, kin bias, friend bias, generalized exchange). However, gender-related differences in the simulated dynamics of help-seeking are modest, vary based on structural position (e.g. out-degree), and do not appear to translate to divergence in the observed structure of respondents' egocentric networks. Findings ultimately suggest that men and women in the two villages are similarly social but channel their sociality differently.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives’.
No strong evidence for universal gender differences in the development of cooperative behaviour across societies
Authors: House Bailey , Silk Joan B. , McAuliffe Katherine 
Published: November 2022

Human cooperation varies both across and within societies, and developmental studies can inform our understanding of the sources of both kinds of variation. One key candidate for explaining within-society variation in cooperative behaviour is gender, but we know little about whether gender differences in cooperation take root early in ontogeny or emerge similarly across diverse societies. Here, we explore two existing cross-cultural datasets of 4- to 15-year-old children's preferences for equality in experimental tasks measuring prosociality (14 societies) and fairness (seven societies), and we look for evidence of (i) widespread gender differences in the development of cooperation, and (ii) substantial societal variation in gender differences. This cross-cultural approach is crucial for revealing universal human gender differences in the development of cooperation, and it helps answer recent calls for greater cultural diversity in the study of human development. We find that gender has little impact on the development of prosociality and fairness within these datasets, and we do not find much evidence for substantial societal variation in gender differences. We discuss the implications of these findings for our knowledge about the nature and origin of gender differences in cooperation, and for future research attempting to study human development using diverse cultural samples.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives’.