bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine Environment
Authors: Klein Natalie , Parlett Kate 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines cases arising under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that relate to the marine environment. It assesses judicial decisions on the core obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment and its application to all maritime zones and the types of activities that are implicated in that obligation, such as island-building, habitat destruction, and transporting and processing during deep seabed mining. The chapter also addresses cases concerned with obligations to protect the marine environment from pollution, the conservation of marine living resources and the protection of the deep seabed (Area). The chapter further reflects on judicial discourse pertaining to the duty to cooperate, environmental impact assessments and the precautionary approach. Safeguards against the enforcement of environmental requirements have received some judicial consideration and are examined in the chapter. Finally, the relevance of due diligence standards in disputes concerning the protection and preservation of the marine environment is canvassed.
Judging the Law of the Sea
Authors: Klein Natalie , Parlett Kate 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The concluding chapter of Judging the Law of the Sea seeks to summarise the main findings on jurisdiction for the compulsory resolution of disputes under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It also summarises the central conclusions that have emerged from judicial consideration of maritime space, maritime boundary delimitation, navigation, fisheries, and the protection of the marine environments. This chapter also revisits the role of the judge in light of the analysis set out in Judging the Law of the Sea. The significant roles played by international judges are acknowledged, while still noting that international judges are one of many actors that make decisions contributing to the public order of the oceans. It concludes that UNCLOS dispute settlement continues to play an important role in elaborating on international obligations in UNCLOS and setting future expectations on ocean governance.
iMAPping the Perturb-Atlas
Authors: Sun Yiwen , Lin Wenyang , Kaundal Ravinder , Chi Tian 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A key objective of the research in the postgenomic era is to decipher the functions of the mammalian genome, which has remained largely enigmatic despite intensive efforts in the functional genomics field over the past two decades. To attack this problem, we have combined the CRISPR-Cas and Cre-Lox technologies to develop iMAP (inducible Mosaic Animal for Perturbation), a transformative tool for rapidly unraveling mammalian genome function in situ. Furthermore, we have used iMAP to rapidly construct a “Perturb-Atlas” profiling the functions of 90 protein-coding genes across 39 tissues in mice, which has offered rich insights into gene functions difficult to readily obtain using conventional mouse gene-targeting models. In this research highlight, we offer a brief primer on the iMAP technology, outlining its mechanism, strengths and limitations, and pointing out future directions of research in the area.
The Serious Side of Supplements: An Ischemic Stroke in a Healthy 38-year-old Female
Authors: Pence Sierra T , Mehta Ketan , Crum-Bailey Jennifer 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
The incidence of ischemic stroke in the young is on the rise. With young stroke victims, providers must consider both typical risk factors and other rare causes. We present a case of a healthy, 38-year-old female military dependent who presented with an ischemic right posterior central gyrus stroke in the setting of a patent foramen ovale and supplement diindolylmethane use. This case serves as a reminder of the hazards associated with supplement use and the importance of a thorough investigation of etiology in medical cases of ischemic stroke in the young.
Correction performance uniformity on ground-layer adaptive optics
Authors: Yang Ying , Zhang Lanqiang , Rao Changhui 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTGround-layer adaptive optics (GLAO) is generally used to improve the seeing for large-aperture ground-based optical telescopes across a wide field of view with uniform imaging quality. In this paper, a new criterion, which is defined as the weighted sum of the mean and mean-square-error values of the full width at half-maximum of the field-dependent point spread function of the image over the whole field of view, is proposed to evaluate GLAO performance uniformity. An analytic model of the GLAO-corrected point spread function based on spatial filtering methods is used to investigate the uniformity and image quality over the whole field of view for different guide-star layouts, telescope apertures, numbers of actuators for the deformable mirror, and turbulence profiles. Simulations are performed on the GLAO configurations for the 1-m New Vacuum Solar Telescope at Fuxian Solar Observatory. The results show that, compared with that of the classical evaluation, the correction uniformity improves by 63 per cent, with the resolution sacrificing only 5 per cent for a measured turbulence profile at Fuxian Solar Observatory. Furthermore, this criterion is applied to various requirements, and some critical system parameters are suggested for the wide field-of-view GLAO.
Expanding antiviral therapy indications for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients with normal ALT and positive HBV DNA
Authors: Zhou Jing , Wang Fada , Li Lanqing , Chen Enqiang 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
With the improved efficacy and accessibility of antiviral agents as well as the concerns about disease progression, there is a hot discussion on whether HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and positive HBV DNA should be treated. According to the international guidelines on the stages of the natural history of HBV infection, HBeAg-negative CHB patients with normal ALT and positive HBV DNA can be divided into two groups: one is the well-known “inactive carrier phase”, which is defined as serum HBV DNA &lt; 2000 IU/ml and no significant liver inflammation; and the other is the “indeterminate phase”, which is defined as serum HBV DNA ≥ 2000 IU/mL regardless of the pathological changes in liver tissue, or HBV DNA &lt; 2000 IU/mL but accompanied by significant pathological changes in the liver. In this minireview, we will expound the disease characteristics, disease progression, and clinical management status of these two groups. Based on the analysis, we propose that HBeAg-negative patients with normal ALT but detectable serum HBV DNA should be treated, regardless of their age, family history of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or the severity of liver necroinflammation. Expanding the indications of antiviral therapy will help improve the survival and quality of life of patients by preventing disease progression, and consequently reduce the risk of HCC development.
The mutual history of Schlegel’s Japanese gecko (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) and humans inscribed in genes and ancient literature
Authors: Chiba Minoru , Hirano Takahiro , Yamazaki Daishi , Ye Bin , Ito Shun , Kagawa Osamu , Endo Komei , Nishida Shu , Hara Seiji , Aratake Kenichiro , Chiba Satoshi 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Knowing how the present distribution of organisms was formed is an essential issue in evolutionary ecology. Recently, the distribution of organisms on Earth has been significantly changed by human-mediated dispersal due to globalization. Therefore, significant attention has been paid to such processes. However, although humankind has taken considerable time to achieve modernization, the impact of ancient human activity on ecosystems has not yet been thoroughly studied. We hypothesized that ancient urban development and transitions had a non-negligible effect on species distribution. Inferring the impact of past human activity on ecosystems from ancient literature and verifying that impact by genetic analysis and human history is an effective means of tackling this problem. As geckos, a popular neighbor of human dwellings, are good material for this model, we performed this combination approach using Schlegel’s Japanese gecko, Gekko japonicus. We show that G. japonicus migrated from China to the western Japanese archipelago before Christ. The gecko species dispersed itself from western to eastern the archipelago on a time scale of thousands of years. There are many synchronizations between the dispersal history of G. japonicus and the historical development of human society. It is suggested by such synchronizations that humans have influenced the distribution of G. japonicus many times throughout its dispersal history.
Do Nonfinancial Firms Use Financial Assets to Take Risk?
Authors: Chen Zhiyao , Duchin Ran 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Using hand-collected data on financial asset portfolios and exploiting the 2014 oil price crisis as an exogenous cash flow shock, we investigate financial risk-taking at distressed firms. We find that distressed firms, with high debt rollover risk proxied for by short-term liabilities, substantially increase their investments in risky financial assets, including corporate debt, equity, and mortgage-backed securities. The effects are stronger for unhedged firms with low collateral assets. Overall, we provide new evidence that distressed firms take risk using financial assets camouflaged as cash reserves, which, compared to real assets, are less visible and carry lower transaction costs and accelerated payoffs. (JEL G32, G34)
Navigating Loss of Abortion Services: A large Academic Medical Center Prepares for the Overturn of Row v. Wade
Authors: Harris L. 
Published: November 2022

(N Engl J Med. 2022;386:2061–2064. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2206246)
Because of its highly politicized nature, the authors fear medical centers will not be prepared to face the health care challenges put in place by the sudden illegalization of abortion across many states, especially Michigan. A 1931 Michigan law criminalizing abortion except to save the life of a pregnant person is forcing health care workers to begin understanding the consequences of this law. However, only some patients at the University of Michigan seeking abortion definitively require a life-saving abortion. This article discusses marginalized individuals, health care legal proceedings, and that health care workers themselves that will be affected by this change.
Uterine Exteriorization Versus In Situ Repair in Cesarean Delivery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Tan H.S. , Taylor C.R. , Sharawi N. , Sultana R. , Barton K.D. , Habib A.S. 
Published: November 2022

(Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth. 2022;69:216–2123)
Optimizing surgical technique is an important part of improving outcomes in cesarean delivery. It is unclear whether uterine exteriorization is associated with hemostasis benefits, and if there is a benefit, it is unclear if that outweighs the risks of nausea and vomiting. This review aimed to compare uterine exteriorization for cesarean delivery with in situ repair. The primary outcome of the study was intraoperative nausea and vomiting (IONV) and decrease in hemoglobin concentration.
Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage After Cesarean Delivery: A Network Meta-Analysis of Available Pharmacologic Agents
Authors: Jaffer D. , Singh P.M. , Aslam A. , Cahill A.G. , Palanisamy A. , Monks D.T. 
Published: November 2022

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226:347–365)
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a leading cause of maternity mortality. Cesarean deliveries (CDs) put women at an increased risk of PPH. The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests oxytocin be administered to women to mitigate the risk of PPH without regards to type of delivery or whether CD was prepartum or intrapartum. This study aimed to use network meta-analysis (NMA) to determine whether prophylactic agent efficacy is influenced by surgical context for parturients undergoing CD.
Scientific Evidence Supporting Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine Efficacy and Safety in People Planning to Conceive or Who Are Pregnant or Lactating
Authors: Girardi G. , Bremer A. 
Published: November 2022

(Obstet Gynecol. 2022;139:3–8. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004636)
The COVID-19 vaccine was approached with hesitancy, despite the vaccine’s importance in achieving herd immunity. This is particularly true among females ages 18 to 39, possibly due to inaccurate social media claims regarding vaccines and infertility or spontaneous abortion. This publication summarizes past research regarding the COVID-19 vaccine and menstruation, fertility, pregnancy, and lactation.
Incidence, Morbidity, and Associated Factors for Sepsis in Women Hospitalized for Delivery: A Nationwide Retrospective Observational Population-based Study in Canada
Authors: Balki  , Baghirzada L , Walker A , Lapinsky S , Balki M. 
Published: November 2022

(Can J Anaesth. 2022;69:298–310. doi: 10.1007/s12630-021-02158-0)
Sepsis is a leading cause of death and leads to 25% to 40% maternal deaths worldwide. Sepsis-caused maternal morbidity is a concern as well. Despite the prevalence of sepsis deaths in countries around the world, Canada lacks an epidemiological analysis regarding maternal sepsis. The aim of the study was to examine causes of sepsis for women hospitalized during pregnancy in Canada. Incidence, the progression of sepsis, trends, and associated obstetric and medical conditions were evaluated.
The Continued Evolution of Peripartum Anesthesiologists
Authors: Lee W. , George R.B. 
Published: November 2022

(Can J Anaesth. 2022;69:283–288. doi: 10.1007/s12630-021-02159-z)
The role of an obstetric anesthesiologist has evolved from providing effective and safe analgesia and anesthesia during cesarean deliveries. Obstetric anesthesiologists now help ensure effective and safe neuraxial catheters; offer low concentrations of local anesthetics for epidural analgesia to minimize instrumental vaginal deliveries and maximize parturient movement; use vasopressors to reduce the risk of parturient hypotension; and develop emergency protocols to best treat adverse outcomes such as pre-eclampsia and hemorrhage.
Neonatal Outcomes of Births in Freestanding Birth Centers and Hospitals in the United States, 2016-2019
Authors: Grunebaum A. , McCullough L. , Bornstein E. , Lenchner E. , Katz A. , Spiryda L. , Klein R. , Chervenak F. 
Published: November 2022

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226:116.e1–116.e7)
Free-standing birth centers, a group of locations offering delivery care matching a home setting, do not have access to cesarean deliveries, epidural anesthesia, labor inductions, and more. Transfer between these locations and a hospital takes time and happens frequently, ~23.4% to 45.5% of the time. Despite many studies describing unfavorable results, the number of birth centers and deliveries therein have increased, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study compared neonatal safety in freestanding birth centers and in-hospital delivery centers.
Baseline Parameters for Nonactivated Rotational Thromboelastometry Tests With and Without Heparinase in Healthy Pregnant Women at Term Gestation
Authors: Getrajdman C. , Shin D.W. , Sison M. , Katz D. 
Published: November 2022

(J Clin Anesth. 2021;75:110484. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2021.110484)
Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) provides point-of-care technology for detecting hyperfibrinolysis, a condition that can precede coagulopathy and lead to excessive bleeding with childbirth. Early awareness of the contribution of hyperfibrinolysis to postpartum hemorrhage in patients allows for targeted anti-fibrinolytic treatment that can reduce the risk of severe bleeding. This study investigates the efficacy of ROTEM for predicting the development of excessive blood loss by timely detection of hyperfibrinolysis at the earliest stages of severe hemorrhage. In addition, anticoagulation therapy is increasing in the obstetric population in response to thromboembolism as a primary cause of maternal mortality.
Introduction to Machine Learning in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors: Shazly S.A. , Trabuco E.C. , Ngufor C.G. , Famuyide A.O. 
Published: November 2022

(Obstet Gynecol. 2022;139:669–679. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004706)
Artificial intelligence has been shown to outperform human intelligence at times. A technology’s ability to accurately and quickly perform medical tasks makes machine learning an important innovation within obstetrics and gynecology. This article reviews and identifies how artificial intelligence enhances the medical practice, specifically the field of obstetrics and gynecology.
A Randomized Trial to Investigate Needle Redirections/Reinsertions Using a Handheld Ultrasound Device Versus Traditional Palpation for Spinal Anesthesia in Obese Women Undergoing Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Weiniger C.F. , Carvalho B. , Ronel . , Greenberger C. , Aptekman B. , Almog O. , Kagan G. , Shalev S. 
Published: November 2022

(Int J Obstet Anes. 2022;49:103229)
Compared with palpation (PAL), using ultrasound to identify the insertion point in neuraxial procedures is associated with higher success rates. Handheld ultrasound (H-US) devices use an algorithm to analyze images, rather than clinician interpretation with console or laptop ultrasound. These devices may be especially useful in obese obstetric patients. This study aimed to compare H-US and PAL in terms of number of reinsertions and redirections in obese patients undergoing spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery.
Improving Resident Knowledge of Ergonomics Guidelines
Authors: Jeffries E. , Hardesty S. , Scott N. 
Published: November 2022

(Obstet Gynecol. 2022;139:1194–1195. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004814)
Surgeons often face musculoskeletal disorders resulting from the work environment. These injuries likely affect surgeons’ well-being and their ability to provide care. By educating obstetricians and gynecologists, injury prevention could prolong and enhance their careers and their patients’ experience. In honor of ACOG Wellness Week, this article outlines their efforts and the effectiveness of educating obstetrician and gynecology residents regarding individual preventative actions.
Care Levels for Fetal Therapy Centers
Authors: Baschat A.A. , Blackwell S.B. , Chatterjee D. , Cummings J.J. , Emery S.P. , Hirose S. , Hollier L.M. , Johnson A. , Kilpatrick S.J. , Luks F.I. , Menard M.K. , McCullough L.B. , Moldenhauer J.S. , Moon-Grady A.J. , Mychaliska G.B. , Narvey M. , Norton M.E. , Rollins M.D. , Skarsgard E.D. , Tsao K. , Warner B.B. , Wilpers A. , Ryan G. 
Published: November 2022

(Obstet Gynecol. 2022;139:1027–1042. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004793)
Fetal therapy carries both benefits and extensive risks for the fetus and pregnant patient. As such, outlines created by several different groups and organizations are used throughout the country, but these general guidelines do not anticipate the needs of individual circumstances. This article recommends certain parameters for resources at fetal therapy centers in order to provide both pregnant patients and their fetus with an adequate level of care.
Early Cryoprecipitate Transfusion Versus Standard Care in Severe Postpartum Haemorrhage: A Pilot Cluster-randomized Trial
Authors: Green L. , Daru J. , Gonzalez Carreras F.J. , Lanz D. , Pardo M.C. , Perez T. , Philip S. , Tanqueray T. , Khan K.S. ,   Collaborators
Published: November 2022

(Anaesthesia. 2022;77:175–184)
Fibrinogen levels play a key role in maintaining homeostasis during postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Fibrinogen levels <2 g/L is significantly associated with adverse outcomes. Fibrinogen substitution effectively improves outcomes in severe PPH. However, the only studies evaluating early fibrinogen use describe the fibrinogen concentrate utilization, although cryoprecipitate is the more commonly used product. This study assessed the feasibility of early cryoprecipitate administration during PPH and other aspects needed to conduct future large trials to evaluate early cryoprecipitate use in PPH.
Carbetocin Versus Oxytocin Following Vaginal and Cesarean Delivery: A Before-After Study
Authors: Tareef A. , Downey K. , Ma B. , Whittle W. , Carvalho J. 
Published: November 2022

(Can J Anaesth. 2022;69:97–105)
Postpartum hemorrhage increases mortality, morbidity, potential blood transfusion, and length of hospital stay. Usually oxytocin, an effective agent with a short half-life and various possible side effects, is most used to treat postpartum hemorrhage. Carbetocin, though an unpopular method of treatment, has a longer half-life. Because of the shortage of oxytocin in Canada between the months of October and November in 2019, all stakeholders began to use carbetocin. This study researched the difference between carbetocin and oxytocin, especially regarding additional uterotonic medication administration, incidence of postpartum hemorrhage, and blood transfusion rates in a pragmatic before-after study.
Preeclampsia
Authors: Magee L.A. , Nicolaides K.H. , von Dadelszen P. 
Published: November 2022

(N Engl J Med. 2022;386:1817–1832. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2109523)
Preeclampsia affects 2% to 4% of global pregnancies, targeting low- and middle-income countries specifically, and it results in serious complications for 5% to 20% of women. Preeclampsia often causes or contributes to endothelial damage, increased peripheral vascular resistance, hypertension, pulmonary edema, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic encephalopathy, kidney, liver, hematologic, and perinatal injury. Demographic characteristics, medical history, current pregnancy characteristics, physiological abnormalities, abnormal laboratory test results, and ultrasonography abnormalities are risk factors for preeclampsia. These risk factors play a critical role in early identification and treatment during pregnancy.
Management and Implications of Severe COVID-19 in Pregnancy in the United Kingdom: Data From the UK OBSTETRIC Surveillance System National Cohort
Authors: Vousden N. , Ramakrishnan R. , Bunch K. , Morris E. , Simpson N. , Gale C. , O’Brien P. , Quigley M. , Brocklehurst P. , Kurinczuk J.J. , Knight M. 
Published: November 2022

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2022;101:461–470. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14329)
With the inauspicious rise to dominance of the Sars-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) in the United Kingdom in May 2021, the proportion of pregnant women experiencing severe disease proliferated significantly [35.8% during the Alpha variant duration vs. 45% in the Delta-dominant duration, adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.53]. A high proportion of pregnant women with COVID-19 deliver prematurely, are admitted to intensive care, and have neonates that also require intensive care. Most data thus far have come from single-center cohorts with small sample sizes, and present conflicting conclusions. There is an urgent need to investigate the risks and outcomes of severe COVID-19 illness in pregnant women to update guidelines for clinical management and prevention practices.
The Effect of High-dose Versus Low-dose Epidural Fentanyl on Gastric Emptying in Nonfasted Parturients: A Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Fiszer E. , Aptekman B. , Baar Y. , Weiniger C.F. 
Published: November 2022

(Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2022;39:50–57. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000001514)
Aspiration of gastric contents is a risk for laboring women who may undergo general anesthesia. Although organizations regard the risk/benefit of eating during labor with varying approaches, it is still important to clarify factors that may contribute to pulmonary aspiration during childbirth. High-dose epidural fentanyl (≥100 µg) has been previously associated with delayed gastric emptying by paracetamol absorption test, but not low-dose fentanyl (<100 µg). As paracetamol does not directly measure the volume of gastric contents, the previously validated gastric ultrasonography technique is used in this study to measure the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the antrum to observe the effects of epidural fentanyl on gastric emptying in nonfasted laboring women.