bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of the Woods-Saxon potential in studying quadrupole and octupole excited states using machine learning
Authors: Sobhani Hadi , Luo Yan-An 罗延安 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this study, the energy bands of quadrupole and octupole excited states are investigated. This is achieved by employing the Bohr Hamiltonian, incorporating quadrupole and octupole deformations whose variables are accurately separated. Subsequently, the Woods-Saxon potential is added to the problem. Given that this problem cannot yield suitable solutions using conventional approximations, we solve it numerically using machine learning. &#xD;A detailed description is given of how wave functions and their associated energies are obtained. It is demonstrated throughout this procedure how machine learning helps us and makes it easier to accomplish our objective.&#xD;We have examined and analyzed the energy spectrum and possible multipole transitions for candidate isotopes $^{226}$Ra and $^{226}$Th.
Short-circuit failure modes and mechanism investigation of 1200 V planar SiC MOSFETs
Authors: Huang Yi , Chen Qiurui , Ma Rongyao , Tang Kaifeng , Wang Qi , Zhang Hongsheng , Ding Ji , Xu Dandan , Gao Sheng , Han Genquan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the short-circuit failure mechanisms in commercial 1.2 kV planar silicon carbide (SiC) metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) under 400 and 800 V bus voltage conditions. The study compares two products with varying short-circuit tolerances, scrutinizing their external characteristics and intrinsic factors that influence their short-circuit endurance. Experimental and numerical analyses reveal that at 400 V, the differential thermal expansion between the source metal and the dielectric leads to cracking, which in turn facilitates the infiltration of liquid metal and results in a gate–source short circuit. At 800 V, the failure mechanism is markedly different, attributed to the thermal carrier effect leading to the degradation of the gate oxide, which impedes the device's capacity to switch off, thereby triggering thermal runaway. The paper proposes strategies to augment the short-circuit robustness of SiC MOSFETs at both voltage levels, with the objective of fortifying the device's resistance to such failures.
Advancing Al-doped ZnO thin films structural, optical and electrical properties of low temperature PET substrates via flash lamp annealing
Authors: Lee Juwon , Jo Chang-Hyeon , Lee Gwangseop , Bae Min-Sung , Prucnal Slawomir , Zhou Shengqiang , Khan Muhammad Zubair , Gohar Osama , Saleem Mohsin , Koh Jung-Hyuk 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this study, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films were deposited onto a low-temperature polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate using DC magnetron sputtering. Deposition parameters included power range of 100−300 W, a working pressure of 15 mTorr, and a substrate temperature of 50 °C. Post-deposition, flash lamp annealing (FLA) was employed as a rapid thermal processing method with a pulse duration of 1.7 ms and energy density of 7 J·cm−2, aimed at enhancing the film's quality while preserving the temperature-sensitive PET substrate. FLA offers advantages over conventional annealing, including shorter processing times and improved material properties. The structural, optical, and electrical characteristics of the AZO films were assessed using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy, and Hall effect measurements. The results demonstrated that properties of AZO films varied with deposition and annealing conditions. Films deposited at 200 W and subjected to FLA exhibited superior crystallinity, with average visible light transmittance exceeding 80% and resistivity as low as 0.38 Ω·cm representing 95% improvement in transmittance. Electrical analysis revealed that carrier concentration, mobility, and resistivity were influenced by both sputtering and annealing parameters. These findings underscore the effectiveness of FLA in optimizing AZO thin film properties, highlighting potential in optoelectronics applications.
Tailoring band gap of ZnO nanoparticles via Cu doping for improved photocatalytic activity
Authors: Tamanna  , Kumar Pawan , Simran  , Kumar Sanjeev , Kaur Harpreet , Kumar Ashish , Kumar Abhishek 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper reports the improvement in photocatalytic performance of ZnO by substitution of Cu with variable Cu concentration. ZnO and Cu 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% doped ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol gel combustion method. Before measuring photocatalytic property, we have confirmed the HCP structure, granular nanoparticles morphology of all samples with XRD and SEM analysis. Functional group have been ascertain by FTIR peak assignment. Small variation in structural parameter and ZnO stretching mode indicate substitution of Cu at ZnO site of ZnO nanostructure. The band gap engineering with variable Cu concentration successfully reduces the apparent band gap, which help to improve the photocatalytic performance of ZnO. The Rhodamine B dye degradation efficiency depend on Cu doping concertation and shows best result for Cu 2% doped ZnO nanoparticles.
Single-layer MoSeN – a synthetic Janus two-dimensional transition-metal compound grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Yue Xingyu , Xia Yipu , Ding Degong , IO Weng Fu , He Daliang , He Chao , Wang Yueyang , Xue Hongxia , Jin Yuanjun , Yuan Mengfei , Zhang Junqiu , Ho Wingkin , Xu Hu , Ki Dong-Keun , Hao Jianhua , Jin Chuanhong , Xie Maohai 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials hold immense application potentials such as in high-performance nano-electronics, and asymmetric 2D structures with inherent electric dipoles will extend the application promises. Yet synthesizing asymmetric 2D structures remains challenging. Herein, we report the first synthesis of single-layer (SL) hexagonal (H-) phase polar Janus MoSeN via nitrogen-plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. This is a significant achievement given the incommensurate valence between Mo, Se, and N, and the inherent strain from the Janus architecture. Using an array of compositional and structural characterization methods, we establish the atomic configurations of the synthesized MoSeN SL, confirming that they are 2D Janus transition-metal chalcogen-nitrides rather than alloys. By employing density functional theory calculations and transport measurements, we explore the structural feasibility and offer insights into its electronic properties, demonstrating its metallic behavior with ohmic contact characteristics. Piezoresponse force microscopy measurements reveal vertical piezoelectricity and ferroelectric potentials from the Janus MoSeN SL. Therefore, it exhibits great potential for applications in, e.g. piezoelectric and ferroelectric devices, sensing technologies, and optoelectronic devices. This work not only addresses existing challenges in 2D nanomaterial research but also opens new avenues for the development of advanced functional materials.
Health risk assessment of lead and cadmium contamination in raw cow’s milk from eastern Algeria
Authors: Boussadia Meriem Imen , Boudebbouz Ali , Boudalia Sofiane , Kerdoun Mohamed Amine , Zebsa Rabah , Bensakhri Zinette , Sadek Atoussi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
To assess potential health risks from heavy metal exposure through raw cow’s milk, we investigated lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels in milk samples from eastern Algeria using atomic absorption spectrometry and estimated dietary risks for adults and children. In 2021, 99 milk samples were collected from various regions. Average Pb and Cd levels were 0.332 ± 0.097 and 0.016 ± 0.011 mg kg−1, respectively, with Pb exceeding the MRL in 99% and Cd in 87% of samples. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values for both metals were below established limits, indicating acceptable average exposure levels. However, the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) assessments revealed significant concerns. For adults, THQ and HI remained below 1, and carcinogenic risk (CR) values for Pb were below 10−4. In children, Cd posed minimal risk (THQ < 1), but Pb was problematic. While average THQ for Pb was below 1, 39% of samples exceeded this limit. HI for both metals surpassed 1 in 51% of samples, and CR for Pb exceeded 10−4 in 17 samples. These findings highlight the need for further analysis of milk from various Algerian regions to ensure consumer safety.
Deep learning approach for optimizing material removal rate in wire electrical discharge machining using neural networks
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Jayswal Suresh Chand 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This research focuses on optimizing the Material Removal Rate (MRR) in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (Wire EDM) using deep learning techniques. The study identifies existing challenges in predicting MRR due to complex, non-linear relationships between process parameters. By adopting a systematic design of experiments, a dataset was generated to evaluate the impact of pulse on time, pulse off time, current, voltage, and wire feed rate on MRR. A neural network model was developed and trained with different activation functions, with the Sigmoid function yielding the best performance metrics, including an R-square of 0.9999 and a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.0004. This work demonstrates the potential of artificial intelligence to enhance machining processes, providing valuable insights for industrial applications and paving the way for future research in advanced manufacturing technologies.
James’s Methodology
Authors: Klein Alexander Mugar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses William James’ accounts of the three central methods to be employed in physiological psychology. These include the introspective, the experimental, and the comparative methods. The chapter provides a reading of James’s model of introspection, with special attention to his views on the nature of representation (intentionality) and of objectivity. On his model, introspection can only target prior (just-passed) mental states; and representation is a matter of having a capacity to intervene with an object. This chapter aims to correct a common misreading according to which James denigrated all but the introspective methods. In fact, James held that the introspective, the experimental, and the comparative methods all have a fruitful role to play in psychological investigation when conducted properly; and all three aim at objectivity in the sense that the researcher can and should try to minimize a genuine gap between appearance and reality.
Descartes
Authors: Klein Alexander Mugar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
William James first articulated his account of consciousness in the context of an 1870s debate over automatism. The clash over automatism carried forward an older dispute over the limits of mechanistic (roughly: purely physical) explanation of physiological function. The dispute traces back at least to Descartes, whose conception of mechanical action that is appropriately tuned to circumstances would structure the later debate. This chapter examines Descartes’s views on the automatism of brutes, his evocation of fabricated automata, his conception of appropriate action, and his third-person criteria for distinguishing conscious from non-conscious (purely mechanical) action.
Will
Authors: Klein Alexander Mugar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
If I raise my hand, I experience my arm rising; do I also experience myself raising my arm? This chapter examines William James’s empirically informed attack on the idea that we experience our own tryings. A debate about this was raging in the late nineteenth century. James recruited observations of patients with paralysis, paresis, and kinaesthetic deficits (including the famous Landry case) to argue that we have no experience of outflowing (efferent) nerves that trigger muscular contraction. The feeling of muscular effort always stems from inflowing (afferent) nerves coming from just-contracted muscles, for James. This chapter uses James’s afference theory to flesh out his sophisticated model of action induction and motor control. A cornerstone of his model is what he called a “general law,” that every conscious state naturally triggers some physiological change or other. No special trying state is needed to translate any thought into bodily change, for James. His model of motor control is especially interesting because it proposes a predictive, error-correction feedback loop in which “guiding sensations” are continually compared with antecedent predictions. Finally, the chapter reflects on James’s substantial role in the forgotten history of empirically informed philosophy of mind.
Disappearing Ink
Authors: O'Neill Eileen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Eileen O’Neill’s influence is almost single-handedly responsible for the entry of early modern women philosophers into the canon. Before the publication of her groundbreaking essay “Disappearing Ink: Early Modern Women Philosophers and the History of Philosophy,” women philosophers of the early modern period were mentioned only in passing, if at all, in the various histories and anthologies of that period. The current volume presents O’Neill’s essays on the historiography of philosophy, her studies of individual philosophers, and her major historical writings. Part I focuses on women and the historiography of philosophy, discussing historical methodology in general and providing detailed justifications for the incorporation of women into the canon. This section provides a case study of her method at work: a reading of an individual figure, Marie de Gournay, whose stylistic idiosyncrasies concealed the dialectical structure of her writings and misled historians, who, insensitive to the philosophical content of her work, assigned it to a literary genre—the querelle des femmes. Part II takes on specific themes in early modern thought: gender and causation, the latter encompassing perception and mind–body interaction. These essays are wide-ranging, covering intrasubstantial causation in Descartes, the history and explication of the notion of physical influx, Margaret Cavendish’s organicist vitalism, Mary Astell’s Cartesian account of sensation, and gender and cognition in Cartesian thought. Part III provides a study of female sexual agency as represented in visual art of the late 1980s.
Influxus Physicus
Authors: O'Neill Eileen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides a critical history of the concept of physical influx, with the goal of clarifying precisely what both Leibniz and the occasionalists were responding to in their theories of natural change. Four determinate influx models are considered: Scholastic, Neoplatonic, atomistic-corpuscular, and Roger Bacon’s multiplication-of-species model. On all of these approaches, change results from something “flowing” from the agent to the recipient of change, but everyone except the corpuscularians tries to show that what flows from the agent was never part of the agent and so is not “transmitted.” Leibniz himself took the Scholastics to be advocating an influx model in this family, but was unconvinced that they had a genuine alternative to the transmission model. If, as an influx model tells us, change involves a body’s producing a likeness of itself in another, how, other than by transmission, are we to conceive the means by which this production is effected?
Acting on Knowledge
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter revises the account in Knowledge and its Limits of the symmetry between knowledge and action. On the new version, belief stands to knowledge as intention stands to action, but as inputs to practical reasoning in the former case and as outputs from it in the latter. The analogy is explored in detail with reference to the failure of parallel attempts to analyse knowledge in terms of belief and action in terms of intention. Rather, just as merely intending is a failure to act, so merely believing is a failure to know. Marginalizing knowledge in epistemology is as perverse as it would be to marginalize action in the philosophy of action.
On Being Justified in One’s Head
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter is a critique of Robert Audi’s internalist account of the justification of belief and action. In particular, it argues that Audi’s attempt to reconcile internalism about the justification of belief with externalism about the content of belief does not work. Audi’s attempt to reconcile internalism about justified belief with externalism about knowledge also fails, because knowledge justifies belief. Furthermore, since the internalist standard of justification is grounded in private introspectability, it is unsuitable for justification in both science and politics, where public checkability matters. A general argument is given to show that Audi’s internalist constraints on justification cannot be satisfied.
Non-Modal Normativity and Norms of Belief
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter argues that articulating norms in terms of deontic modals introduces potentially conflicting noise, because the semantics of deontic modals is sensitive to a parameter for the set of contextually relevant possibilities, whereas the underlying condition for complying with the norm is not context-sensitive in that way. Thus, the norm is more perspicuously represented by its compliance condition than by the corresponding conditions for permissibility or obligation. To illustrate the confusion caused by deontic modal formulations in the literature, it is shown how a simple truth norm for belief with a straightforward compliance condition generated a complex debate about the condition for it to be permissible or obligatory to believe a given proposition, with exception-barring clauses to handle Moore paradoxes and the like.
Standing Up For Neutrality
Authors: White Stephen J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
It has become standard to distinguish between reasons for action that are agent-neutral, on the one hand, and those that are agent-relative, on the other. Agent-neutral reasons are, roughly, reasons that have normative bearing on what anyone should do, regardless of the identity of the agent. For example, the fact that you will die if you don’t get to the hospital soon may provide anyone with a reason to help get you to the hospital. If so, this reason is agent-neutral. On the other hand, the fact that getting to work early may help win you a promotion is perhaps a reason for you to make sure you do. But others may have no reason to make sure you get to work early. Your career would thus supply reasons that are relative to you. White thinks that this view about how best to represent the intuitive phenomena is questionable and raises some doubts about the apparent need to posit agent-relative reasons. He does so by challenging two assumptions that he takes to support the view. The first assumption is that reasons are, at bottom, reasons to promote the occurrence of events or bring about states of affairs. The second is a view about how one is to take into account, in one’s deliberation, the various considerations that may constitute reasons for action. If we abandon these assumptions, then there is little intuitive support for the idea that reasons and values are agent-relative. Moreover, White argues that there are good theoretical reasons for thinking that reasons and values must be agent-neutral.
The Problem of Self-Torture
Authors: White Stephen J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We commonly face circumstances in which the cumulative negative effects of repeatedly acting in a certain way over time will be significant, although the negative effects of any one such act, taken on its own, are insubstantial. Warren Quinn’s puzzle of the self-torturer presents an especially clear example of this type of predicament. This paper considers three different approaches to understanding the rational response to such situations. The first focuses on the conditions under which it is rational to revise one’s prior intentions. The second raises the possibility of a fundamental disconnect between the rational assessment of an extended pattern of choices and the assessment of the individual choices that make up that pattern. White shows that neither adequately addresses the underlying issues. He proposes a third approach, according to which the rational assessment of the “self-torturer’s” choices is guided, not by any plan or intention that he has actually adopted, but by the plan or plans it would have been reasonable for him to adopt from the outset. The larger significance of this conclusion is brought out through the identification of conditions under which one’s past choices can non-derivatively constrain the rational response to one’s present circumstances.
Collective Obligations and the Ethics of Participation
Authors: White Stephen J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
There are many morally significant problems whose solution requires the combined or collective action of many different people. The main question White pursues in this paper is this: Supposing there are irreducibly collective obligations, what is the normative significance for an individual person of the fact that he or she is a member of group of people who are together obligated to behave in a certain way? White defends a principle he calls Defeasible Transmission, according to which the fact that you and others are collectively obligated to do A gives you a reason to do your part in A regardless of whether others do their parts, although a reason that may be overridden by countervailing considerations. He then defends a strikingly restricted conception of what countervailing considerations can act as defeaters in this context.
Action and Production
Authors: White Stephen J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper argues against production-oriented conceptions of practical reason—a conception that understands all reasons for action ultimately in terms of the desirable features of outcomes associated with those actions. In contrast to the production theory, White defends a view according to which some consideration provides an agent with a reason to act in a certain way if the agent would in some respect be acting well in performing the action on the basis of that consideration. Hence, motives for performing an action cannot be conceptualized as the outcomes of action.
Belgium
Authors: Proctor Tammy M 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Between 1914 and the U.S. entry into World War I in April 1917, the Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB) transported more than 2.5 million tons of foodstuffs through submarine-infested waters to Rotterdam, in the neutral Netherlands. The supplies continued through tight border controls into northern Belgium, where local watermen moved the goods by canal boats into thousands of communities in German-occupied Belgium. While the CRB functioned as logistical agents and supervisors, the volunteer American “delegates” only numbered about four dozen at any given time. Belgians handled the massive food operation, and Americans remained the “face” of the relief, which helped establish a particular U.S. identity in Europe long before American soldiers set foot there. CRB delegates and the American Mission in Brussels understood their role in profoundly gendered ways—these men saw themselves as saviors of a feminized and occupied Belgium from an aggressively male Germany.