bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ehrgeizige Pläne der Ampelkoalition zur beruflichen Weiterbildung
Authors: Seifert Hartmut 
Published: May 2022

ZusammenfassungDer Koalitionsvertrag der neuen Ampelregierung listet zwar Vorschläge zur Neuausrichtung der beruflichen Weiterbildung auf, bleibt aber mit seinen Vorschlägen unkonkret. Der vorliegende Beitrag erläutert die im Koalitionsvertrag genannten Weiterbildungskonzepte und zeigt auf, wie sie sinnvoll miteinander verknüpft werden könnten, um die berufliche Weiterbildung zu fördern und Engpässen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in Zukunft entgegenzuwirken.
CO2-Bepreisung beeinflusst den Wettbewerb — und profitiert von ihm
Authors: Paha Johannes 
Published: May 2022

ZusammenfassungMaßnahmen zur Begrenzung des Klimawandels haben Auswirkungen auf den Wettbewerb. Am Beispiel des Brennstoffemissionshandelsgesetzes lässt sich zeigen, warum die umweltpolitisch intendierte Lenkungswirkung der CO2-Bepreisung in von Marktmacht betroffenen Märkten reduziert ist und wie eine konsequente Umsetzung des Kartellrechts diese Situation verbessert. Da der Emissionshandel zudem die internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit deutscher und europäischer Unternehmen gefährden kann, gab es bereits Forderungen nach dessen Modifikation. Es drohen Subventionswettläufe und Steuerwettbewerb, denen die Kontrolle staatlicher Beihilfen als Element der europäischen Wettbewerbspolitik, das Welthandelsrecht und Maßnahmen der Klimadiplomatie entgegenwirken.
Megatrends und Strukturwandel — welche Regionen werden profitieren?
Authors: Kruse Mirko , Nitt-Drießelmann Dörte , Wedemeier Jan 
Published: May 2022

ZusammenfassungGesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Dynamiken führen zu einem stetigen Wandel von Wirtschaftsstrukturen. Abhängig von der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur verlaufen Anpassungsprozesse einfacher oder schwerer. Die transformatorischen Veränderungen wirken sich dabei positiv oder negativ auf die wirtschaftliche Stärke einer Region aus. Der Beitrag zeichnet auf, wie sich regionale Disparitäten aktuell darstellen und welche Regionen von sich abzeichnenden Megatrends profitieren können bzw. in welchen der Anpassungsdruck zunehmen wird. Damit der Wandel gelingt, sind unterstützende politische Rahmenbedingungen und Vorleistungen der öffentlichen Hand unabdingbar.
Präsidentschaftswahl zeigt Frankreichs Spaltung
Authors: Reisen Helmut 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFrench presidential elections 2022 have significantly strengthened anti-EU populists. Traditional mainstream centrists are not among the big three election winners, while far-right Marine Le Pen deftly addressed the plight of the disengaged. The country’s rural-urban divide masks significant differences in voting motives; Paris is a stark outlier. Unemployment rates, low skills, and car dependency fuel Le Pen’s support, as well as xenophobia. The province has fought back against neglect by electing populists. It is doubtful whether place-based policies will solve the structural cause of the populist tendency by the next presidential election in five years.
Truncating TINF2 p.Tyr312Ter variant and inherited breast cancer susceptibility
Authors: Koivuluoma Susanna , Vorimo Sandra , Mattila Tiina M. , Tervasmäki Anna , Kumpula Timo , Kuismin Outi , Winqvist Robert , Moilanen Jukka , Mantere Tuomo , Pylkäs Katri 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTINF2 is a critical subunit of the shelterin complex, which protects and maintains the length of telomeres. Pathogenic missense and truncating TINF2 mutations are causative for dyskeratosis congenita (DC), a rare, dominantly inherited bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by mucocutaneous abnormalities and cancer predisposition. Recent reports indicate that specific TINF2 truncating mutations act as high penetrance cancer predisposition alleles outside DC context, including breast cancer in their tumor spectrum. Here, we have evaluated the role of germline mutations in TINF2 and other shelterin genes in inherited breast cancer susceptibility using exome sequencing data from 98 Northern Finnish breast cancer cases with indication of inherited disease predisposition as a discovery cohort. A single protein truncating variant, TINF2 p.Tyr312Ter, was identified in one of the cases (1/98), and four more carriers were observed in the subsequently genotyped unselected breast cancer cohort (4/1904). None of the carriers were reported to have DC. TINF2 p.Tyr312Ter resulted in stable short form of mRNA transcript, and normal telomere length has been indicated by a recent report. Although recurrent in cases (total of 5/2095), TINF2 p.Tyr312Ter is also present in Finnish population controls (8/12,517), and the observed 4-fold higher frequency in cases falls at most into the range of moderate breast cancer risk alleles (OR 3.74, 95% CI 1.22–11.45, p = 0.029). Current results indicate that not all TINF2 truncating variants are high cancer risk alleles and add further evidence that different TINF2 mutations can have very diverse effects on the disease phenotype.
Interactive effects of drought and edge exposure on old-growth forest understory species
Authors: Koelemeijer Irena A. , Ehrlén Johan , Jönsson Mari , De Frenne Pieter , Berg Peter , Andersson Jenny , Weibull Henrik , Hylander Kristoffer 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Context
Both climatic extremes and land-use change constitute severe threats to biodiversity, but their interactive effects remain poorly understood. In forest ecosystems, the effects of climatic extremes can be exacerbated at forest edges.

Objectives
We explored the hypothesis that an extreme summer drought reduced the richness and coverage of old-growth forest species, particularly in forest patches with high edge exposure.

Methods
Using a high-resolution spatially explicit precipitation dataset, we could detect variability in drought intensity during the summer drought of 2018. We selected 60 old-growth boreal forest patches in central Sweden that differed in their level of drought intensity and amount of edge exposure. The year after the drought, we surveyed red-listed and old-growth forest indicator species of vascular plants, lichens and bryophytes. We assessed if species richness, composition, and coverage were related to drought intensity, edge exposure, and their interaction.

Results
Species richness was negatively related to drought intensity in forest patches with a high edge exposure, but not in patches with less edge exposure. Patterns differed among organism groups and were strongest for cyanolichens, epiphytes associated with high-pH bark, and species occurring on convex substrates such as trees and logs.

Conclusions
Our results show that the effects of an extreme climatic event on forest species can vary strongly across a landscape. Edge exposed old-growth forest patches are more at risk under extreme climatic events than those in continuous forests. This suggest that maintaining buffer zones around forest patches with high conservation values should be an important conservation measure.
Empathy as a selection criterion for medical students: is a valid assessment possible during personal interviews? A mixed-methods study
Authors: Kötter Thomas , Schulz Johanna Christine , Pohontsch Nadine Janis 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Places to study at medical schools are scarce, which makes well-designed selection procedures employing criteria with predictive validity for good students and doctors necessary. In Germany, the pre-university grade point average (pu-GPA) is the main selection criterion for medical school application. However, this is criticised. According to a decision by the Federal Constitutional Court, selection must be supplemented with a criterion other than the pu-GPA. Empathy is a core competency in medical care. Therefore, it seems to be an appropriate criterion. This study evaluates the feasibility of an empathy questionnaire and empathy appraisal by a panel for applicant selection. We employed a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. Results of self- and external assessments of empathy were compared in a quantitative analysis. Thereafter, the concept of empathy and the approach to empathy appraisal by the selection panel members were explored qualitatively in six focus groups with 19 selection panel members using a semi-structured guideline. Transcripts were content analysed using both deductive and inductive coding. We found no significant correlation of self- and external empathy assessment (ρ(212) =  − .031, p > .05). The results of the focus groups showed that, while panel members judged the external empathy assessment to be useful, they had neither a homogenous concept of empathy nor an implicit basis for this assessment. This diversity in panel members’ concepts of empathy and differences in the concepts underlying the Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index seem to be the main reasons for the lack of correlation between self- and external empathy assessments. While empathy is a possible amendment to established selection criteria for medical education in Germany, its external assessment should not be employed without training panel members based on an established theoretical concept of empathy and an objective self-assessment measure.
High performing platinum—copper catalyst for self—breathing polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
Authors: Sapkota Prabal , Boyer Cyrille , Lim Sean , Aguey-Zinsou Kondo-Francois 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPlatinum (Pt) is the most common catalyst in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells due to its ability to effectively promote the oxidation of hydrogen and reduction of oxygen. However, as a noble metal, the use of Pt should be minimized. Alloying Pt with low-cost transition metals is an effective strategy to improve catalytic activity and reduce Pt use. In this context, we report on a one-step synthesis of a Platinum/Copper (PtCu) catalyst, which can be used at both the anode and the cathode of a fuel cell. Catalysts with various Cu to Pt ratios were synthesised and in particular the PtCu catalyst at a Cu to Pt ratio of 0.5 demonstrated a high activity for hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction, i.e. 2.4 times superior to Pt alone. This enhanced catalytic activity was confirmed in a self-breathing PEMFC with a power output of 45.16 mW cm−2, which corresponds to a 1.4-fold increase compared to Pt alone. This is a significant improvement because 40% more power was obtained with 22% less Pt.
Graphical Abstract
Ertugliflozin and incident obstructive sleep apnea: an analysis from the VERTIS CV trial
Authors: Wojeck Brian S. , Inzucchi Silvio E. , Neeland Ian J. , Mancuso James P. , Frederich Robert , Masiukiewicz Urszula , Cater Nilo B. , McGuire Darren K. , Cannon Christopher P. , Yaggi Henry Klar 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Purpose
The sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) empagliflozin may reduce the incidence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular (CV) disease. This analysis of VERTIS CV, the CV outcome trial for the SGLT2i ertugliflozin conducted in a similar group of patients, explored the effects of ertugliflozin on reported incident OSA.

Methods
In VERTIS CV, patients ≥ 40 years with T2D and atherosclerotic CV disease (ASCVD) were randomized to ertugliflozin 5 or 15 mg or placebo. The primary endpoint was the composite of major adverse CV events. This exploratory analysis evaluated the impact of ertugliflozin (5 and 15 mg pooled) on incident OSA. Patients with prevalent OSA were excluded. Incident OSA events were based on investigator-reported events using the MedDRA SMQ term “sleep apnea syndrome.” A multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model was constructed to assess the association between ertugliflozin and incident OSA.

Results
Of 8246 patients enrolled, 7697 (93.3%) were without baseline OSA (placebo, n = 2561; ertugliflozin, n = 5136; mean age 64.4 years; BMI 31.7 kg/m2; HbA1c, 8.2%; 69.2% male; 88.3% White). The OSA incidence rate was 1.44 per 1000 person-years versus 2.61 per 1000 person-years among patients treated with ertugliflozin versus placebo, respectively, corresponding to a 48% relative risk reduction (HR 0.52; 95% CI 0.28–0.96; P = 0.04).

Conclusions
In VERTIS CV, ertugliflozin reduced by nearly half the incidence of OSA in patients with T2D and ASCVD. These data contribute to the literature that SGLT2is may have a significant beneficial impact on OSA.
Trial registration.
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01986881.
Artificial Meat Industry: Production Methodology, Challenges, and Future
Authors: Mateti Tarun , Laha Anindita , Shenoy Pushpalatha 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBiotechnology and food science have pioneered the notion of cultured meat. Conventional meat production face issues related to butchering, dietary inadequacy, foodborne disease, and the emanation of methane, which cultured meat evades while promising the texture and feel of real meat. Mass production techniques for plant-based meat analogs have been developed, whose products have hit the market. In vitro production on scaffolding and self-organizing techniques have manufactured small-scale meat products offering tunable nutrition, although more specialized contrivances are needed to build a cultured meat framework on a large scale. Prospective techniques like 3D/4D bio-printing, biophotonics, and cloning are current research subjects. Cultured meat needs to overcome societal and regulatory hurdles prior to commercialization, and, in any event, is a long-term necessity for humankind, although the high production cost and affirmation among people is the principal impediment.
Putting consumers first in food systems analysis: identifying interventions to improve diets in rural Ghana
Authors: Aberman Noora-Lisa , Gelli Aulo , Agandin John , Kufoalor Doreen , Donovan Jason 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA critical, yet underexplored, dimension of food systems is how consumer food preferences and beliefs interact with the food environment. We present a consumer-centered approach to identifying options for improving diets. The Value Chains for Nutrition (VCN) mixed-methods multi-disciplinary analytical approach was applied in rural Ghana. Data from in-depth consumer interviews, structured vendor interviews, and (secondary) household consumption surveys were analyzed to assess consumer diet patterns, related norms and preferences, and supply and demand characteristics of a set of empirically defined high-potential nutritious foods. Mapping results onto a supply–demand typology, we identify promising interventions to support increased availability, access, and affordability of these foods. Consumption data suggested that diets among Ghanaians were deficient in key micronutrients and calories. Fresh nutritious fruits and vegetables tended to be grown for home consumption rather than sale due to transportation challenges and seasonality of demand, especially near rural markets. Seasonal availability (fruits and vegetables) and affordability (animal foods) severely limited consumption of many nutritious foods. A set of supply, demand, and value chain interventions to enhance availability and affordability of nutritious foods are presented. Critical to success is to consider the set of interventions along each value chain required for impact.
Characterization and management evaluation of the nubian sandstone aquifer in Tazerbo wellfield of the Libyan man-made river project
Authors: Hamad Salah , Saaid Fawzi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTazerbo water wellfield, located in southeast Libya, was constructed as part of the first stage for the Man-Made River Project (Eastern System) during 1995–2003. A group of land subsidence forms was discovered approximately 30 km north of the wellfield two years after production, which began in March 2004. The wellfield production rate is only about one-third of its designed capacity. In addition to the land subsidence, there is a problem with the natural groundwater quality represented by high iron and manganese concentrations. This research aims to characterize the aquifer system and assess the current condition of the wellfield since its operation in 2004 in terms of groundwater quality and quantity. It further evaluates current groundwater management practices. The geographic information system was used to map hydrogeologic data of drilled water wells and groundwater monitoring data from 2003 to 2019. The aquifer system characterization showed that the exploited aquifer has excellent hydraulic properties and promising potential for future groundwater utilization. The measured drawdown during 2019 shows a maximum decline of 28 m. Moreover, the average water production is about 322,270 m3/ day, equivalent to 32% of the total abstraction proposed to the end of the year 2020 of about 1907 million m3. As far as Groundwater quality is concerned, there has been no change in water quality since the beginning of abstraction. This research indicates that current policy and institutional approaches and practices promote the optimum management of the wellfield’s water resources.
Evaluation of WMS model in basins without statistical data in southwestern Iran using Dicken's experimental method (case study: Kuhgel Basin of Khuzestan Province)
Authors: Hoseini Yaser 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFloods are important in studies related to water resources utilization, dam construction, basin management and hydrological studies. Therefore, to a large extent, the accuracy of these studies and the safety of water facilities depends on the flood study methods. The aim of this study was to investigate the WMS model in determining the maximum flood discharge in three sub-basins with areas of 10.3, 1.5 and 7.3 square kilometers in the Kuhgel region located in southwest of Iran. Comparing the results of the model with the results of the Dicken's experimental method in the region showed that the maximum flood discharge and flood volume estimated by the WMS model are well consistent with the values of the Dicken's experimental method. Therefore, the relative error percentage index, root-mean-square error and Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of the model were calculated equal to 6.12, 0.51 and 0.82, respectively. The results also revealed that the mean of model estimates was approximately 0.16% higher than Dicken's experimental method. Based on Student's t-test, the difference between the model values and Dicken's experimental method was not significant at the level of one percent. The results show that the WMS model simulates flood values with appropriate accuracy for basins with no statistical data in southwest of Iran. Due to the high sensitivity of the SCS method in the WMS model to rainfall distribution, rainfall analysis in the study area is necessary to achieve the desired results and the rainfall distribution and its time distribution should be as close as possible to the actual values in the region.
Automatic Classification of Bloodstains with Deep Learning Methods
Authors: Bergman Tommy , Klöden Martin , Dreßler Jan , Labudde Dirk 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe classification of detected bloodstains into predetermined categories is a crucial component of the so-called bloodstain pattern analysis. As in other forensic disciplines, deep learning methods may help to reduce human subjectivity within this process, may increase the classification accuracy, shorten the calculation time and thus, enable high-throughput analysis. In this work, an approach is presented in which a convolutional neural network (Inception v3) was trained from 965 drip stains (passive origin) and 1595 blood spatters (active origin). The trained CNN was evaluated with a test data set consisting of 366 images of drip stains and blood spatters. The success rate was 99.73% which suggests that neural networks could also be used to automatically classify other classes of bloodstain patterns to speed up the investigation process in the future.
DNA sequence features underlying large-scale duplications and deletions in human
Authors: Kołomański Mateusz , Szyda Joanna , Frąszczak Magdalena , Mielczarek Magda 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCopy number variants (CNVs) may cover up to 12% of the whole genome and have substantial impact on phenotypes. We used 5867 duplications and 33,181 deletions available from the 1000 Genomes Project to characterise genomic regions vulnerable to CNV formation and to identify sequence features characteristic for those regions. The GC content for deletions was lower and for duplications was higher than for randomly selected regions. In regions flanking deletions and downstream of duplications, content was higher than in the random sequences, but upstream of duplication content was lower. In duplications and downstream of deletion regions, the percentage of low-complexity sequences was not different from the randomised data. In deletions and upstream of CNVs, it was higher, while for downstream of duplications, it was lower as compared to random sequences. The majority of CNVs intersected with genic regions — mainly with introns. GC content may be associated with CNV formation and CNVs, especially duplications are initiated in low-complexity regions. Moreover, CNVs located or overlapped with introns indicate their role in shaping intron variability. Genic CNV regions were enriched in many essential biological processes such as cell adhesion, synaptic transmission, transport, cytoskeleton organization, immune response and metabolic mechanisms, which indicates that these large-scaled variants play important biological roles.
Mechanic model of water-based boundary lubricated contact based on surface force effects
Authors: Fang Yanfei , Ma Liran 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn water-based boundary lubrication regime, the contact gaps (or boundary lubricated film thickness) and surface pressure distribution must be determined to really understand the boundary lubricated contact mechanism. However, the accurate determination of these parameters is limited. In this study, a mechanical model based on boundary lubricated contact involving surface force effects is developed. The surface force distribution characteristics, normal force vs. central film thickness curve, and macroscale water-based boundary lubricated contact are investigated numerically. The results show that hydration directly affects surface force interaction. The accurate boundary lubricated film thickness and surface pressure distribution can be obtained using this model in point contact. Furthermore, the mechanism of macroscale water- based liquid boundary lubricated contact is investigated, in which a water-based boundary lubricated film is formed under appropriate operating conditions based on surface force effects during running-in. This study can reveal the water-base boundary lubricated contact behavior and the carrying capacity of the surface force effect, and provides important design guidance for the surface force effect to achieve liquid superlubricity in water-based boundary lubricated contacts.