bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in colorectal cancer in Iraq over two decades: incidence, mortality, topography and morphology
Authors: Ibrahem Salih , Ahmed Hussien , Zangana Suhair 
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND:
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is mainly a disease of the elderly in the Western world, but its characteristics are changing globally. Iraq does not have a well established CRC screening program. Understanding trends of CRC incidence, fatality and the clinical features of CRC patients is vital to the design of effective public health measures; public awareness, screening, diagnosis and treatment strategies to meet the future demands.

OBJECTIVES:
Determine trends in demography, incidence proportion, mortality, topography (primary tumor site) and morphology (histology) over two decades.

DESIGN:
Registry-based study

SETTING:
Iraqi National Cancer Registry (INCR) database

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
We collected and analyzed data from CRC patients obtained from the INCR to calculate incidence and mortality proportion per 100 000 population for the period from 2000 to 2019. In addition to estimation, data were examined by anatomic location and morphological type.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Change in the incidence and mortality proportion, topography and morphology of CRC over 20 years.

SAMPLE SIZE:
20 880 CRC patients ranging in age from 14-80 years.

RESULTS:
The overall (males and females) CRC incidence proportion (CIP) increased from 2.28 to 6.18 per 100 000 population in 2000 and 2019, respectively, with an annual percentage change (APC) of 5.11%. The incidence proportion (IP) of CRC in patients from 20 to <50 years rose from 1.46 in 2000 to 4.36 per 100 000 population in 2019, which is an APC of 5.6%. The IP in patients older than 50 years rose from 12.7 to 40.59 per 100 000 population in 2000 and 2019, respectively, with an APC of 5.98%. The percentage of all CRC cases to all total malignancies in Iraq grew from 3.69% in 2000 to 6.5% in 2019. The CRC mortality proportion increased from 1.25 to 1.77 per 100 000 populations in 2010 and 2019, respectively, reflecting an APC of 3.54%. Anatomically, colon (C18) tumor represented 59.2% and 65.7% in 2000 and 2019, respectively. Rectal (C20) tumors were 37.2% in 2000 down to 31.4% in 2019, while rectosigmoid junction tumor (C19) were 3.6% in 2000 dropping to 2% in 2019.

CONCLUSIONS:
CRC in Iraq is still a disease of the elderly and is rising in incidence and mortality in all age groups. This necessitates reconsidering health policy regarding CRC; public awareness, screening and management strategies to accommodate for these alarming changes.

LIMITATIONS:
Data about stages, grades and molecular characterisations are not available in the INCR.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
None.
Association between serum vitamin D levels and age in patients with epilepsy: a retrospective study from an epilepsy center in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alhaidari Hussam Mohammed , Babtain Fawzi , Alqadi Khalid , Bouges Abdulrahman , Baeesa Saleh , Al-Said Youssef A. 
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND:Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to various medical conditions such as bone loss, decreased mineralization, endocrine disorders, and central nervous system disorders, including epilepsy. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among patients with epilepsy (PWE). However, the specific association between vitamin D levels and age in PWE is unclear.OBJECTIVES:Identify the relation between vitamin D level and age in PWE and evaluate factors that may play a role in seizure control.DESIGN:Retrospective analytical medical record reviewSETTING:Outpatient epilepsy research clinic in Saudi ArabiaPATIENTS AND METHODS:Between November 2016 and April 2020, we selected eligible PWE aged older than 14 years whose vita-min D levels were recorded at least once after reviewing 1550 patient electronic files. We analyzed data on serum vitamin D level by age and other factors, vitamin D supplement use, seizure classification, and conducted a multivariate logistic regression to assess associations with seizure control.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Relationships between vitamin D levels and age and factors that might affect seizure control.SAMPLE SIZE:524 patientsRESULTS:The prevalence of low serum vitamin D levels was high (86.8%). The median vitamin D level in all patients was low (38 nmol/L), and was lower in young PWE than in adult PWE (P<.01). Only 146 patients received vitamin D supplements. High vitamin D levels were associated with a 40% seizure reduction.CONCLUSION:Vitamin D deficiency is underestimated in PWE in Saudi Arabia, and is more prevalent among young adults and patients on polytherapy than in other PWE. Patients with high vitamin D levels had good seizure control compared with those with low levels. The effect of vitamin D supplements on seizure control should be further investigated in randomized control trials.LIMITATIONS:Retrospective study and no categorization by presence of supplementation.CONFLICT OF INTEREST:None.
Health outcomes after acute ischemic stroke:retrospective and survival analysis from Oman
Authors: Al Alawi Abdullah M. , Al Busaidi Ikhlas , Al Shibli Emaad , Al-Senaidi Al-Reem , Al Manwari Shahd , Al Busaidi Ibtisam , Muhanna Fatema , Al Qassabi Ahmed 
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND:
Stroke mortality and related functional disability have been declining over the last two decades, but stroke continues to represent the second leading cause of cardiovascular death worldwide and the number one cause for acquired long-term disability.

OBJECTIVES:
Assess short- and long-term health outcomes after acute ischemic stroke and analyze factors associated with poor survival and functional outcomes.

DESIGN:
Retrospective and survival analysis

SETTING:
Inpatient unit at a tertiary care referral hospital.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
All patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke from 1 January 2017 to 31 August 2018 were included in the study. Functional status was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Other demographic and clinical variables were obtained from medical records. Data were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards, and the Kaplan-Meier method. Long-term follow-up data, including mortality and mRS was collected by follow-up phone call.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Functional dependency and factors associated with mortality.

SAMPLE SIZE AND CHARACTERISTICS:
110 with mean age of 67.0 (14.7) years; 59 patients (53.6%) were males.

RESULTS:
Hypertension (75.5%), diabetes mellitus (54.6%), and dyslipidemia (29.1%) were common. Sixty-five patients (59.1%) had mRS >2 upon discharge including 18 patients (16.4%) who died during the hospital stay. The cumulative mortality rate was 25.4% (28/110) at 12 months and 30.0% (33/110) at 24 months. Twenty-nine stroke survivors (29/70, 41.4%) remained physically dependent (mRS >2) at the end of follow-up. Old age, atrial fibrillation, history of prior stroke, chronic kidney disease, and peripheral arterial disease were associated with increased mortality and functional dependence.

CONCLUSIONS:
Patients in Oman with acute ischemic stroke tend to have a high comorbidity burden, and their functional dependency and mortality are higher compared to patients from developed countries. Therefore, evidence-based measures such as establishing stroke units are essential to improve the health outcomes of patients with acute ischemic stroke.

LIMITATIONS:
Retrospective at single center.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
None.
Rethinking Higher Education Unit Design: Embedding Universal Design for Learning in Online Studies
Authors: Garrad Traci-Ann , Nolan Huw 
Published: August 2022

Inclusive education in Australia has resulted in a concerted push for the differentiation of pedagogical teaching approaches by educators across Kindergarten to Year 12 (K-12) learning environments. Such approaches have been shown to meet a diverse range of learner needs found in today's classrooms. While progress is evident at the primary and secondary levels of education, implementing effective inclusive practices in higher education appears stagnant. Utilising the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in a fully online pre-service teacher training unit, multiple means of representation of the learning content and multiple means of engagement were explicitly incorporated into the online unit design. This approach aimed to proactively support the engagement of all students in an online teaching and learning environment. This study provides preliminary evidence that the application of UDL principles resulted in higher levels of student engagement and lower rates of student attrition.
Estudo bibliográfico sobre as potenciais interações medicamentosas envolvendo antidepressivos tricíclicos
Authors: Barros Landerson Guimarães , Rodrigues Junior Omero Martins , Oliveira Júnior José Reinaldo Ferreira de , Silva Alessandro Tavares da 
Published: August 2022

A depressão vem atingindo uma considerável parte da população e representa uma das principais causas de incapacidade, resultando em aumento do uso de antidepressivos. Associações entre medicamentos podem ocasionar interações medicamentosas (IM), com potencial risco para o paciente. Acredita-se que a incidência de IM é de 3 a 5% em pacientes que usam menos de 4 medicamentos, atingindo 20% entre aqueles que usam de 10 a 20 medicamentos simultaneamente. Desta forma, o objetivo deste artigo é: Identificar as potenciais interações medicamentosas envolvendo antidepressivos tricíclicos e discutir a função do farmacêutico na prevenção e no manejo dessas interações. A metodologia adotada para o desenvolvimento deste estudo foi a pesquisa bibliográfica de cunho qualitativo descritivo, fundamentada em estudos já desenvolvidos. Para tal, buscou-se os materiais por meio das plataformas de pesquisa acadêmica online: Google Acadêmico, LILACS, Scielo, Periódicos CAPES e Pubmed, no período de 2013 a 2022 e as estratégias de busca foram baseadas nas combinações das palavras-chaves e nos idiomas português e inglês, e os operadores booleanos AND e OR. Verifiou-se que dentre os antidepressivos mais envolvidos em interações medicamentosas destaca-se os antidepressivos tricíclicos. Contudo, por meio da assistência farmacêutica, pode-se prevenir e detectar reações adversas relacionadas a interações medicamentosas, alertar os prescritores e sugerir eventuais mudanças na posologia ou no esquema terapêutico, colaborando para melhorar a eficácia e segurança da farmacoterapia.
A Model for Sustainable Adoption of Solar Photovoltaic Technology in Tanzania
Authors: Raymond J. , Kihedu J. H. , Kimambo C. Z. M. 
Published: August 2022

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has been used for several decades to meet the electric energy need of various communities in Tanzania, particularly in rural areas that face a supply gap, due to various reasons. This study builds on three previous projects that were implemented at different locations of the United Republic of Tanzania. These projects are the Sustainable Solar Market Packages 1 (SSMP 1) Project, which was implemented in Sumbawanga District; the Sida/MEM Solar Project, which was implemented in several regions of Tanzania Mainland and the UNDP/MEM Solar PV Project, which was implemented in Mwanza region. The aim was to develop a sustainable model for enhancement of the solar PV technology adoption in Tanzania. The model was developed based on the identified barriers that hinder the adoption of solar PV technology and adopted the best strategies from successful projects. Further, the drivers and activities were developed based on selected best strategies from successful projects. The identified barriers to the adoption of solar PV technology were grouped into five categories based on their significances. These include; limited access to finance (32%), weak enforcement of relevant policy and regulations (31%), technical capacity (18%), lack of awareness (9%) and other social drivers (10%). The analysis of information and data that was obtained from the project reports shows that there are prevailing challenges on awareness on solar PV technology and non-enforcement of quality standards. However, major barriers are on the high price of solar PV systems and lack of access to finance. A model for adoption of solar PV technology in Tanzania was developed and tested by validating it with a successfully implemented solar PV project in Tanzania. In the validation, thirteen (13) out of twenty-one (21) activities of the UNDP/MEM Solar PV Project demonstrated the moderate compliance with the model prescription by 62%. The UNDP/MEM Solar PV project developed a financing mechanism but it was not sustainable due to low application of sustainable adoptions strategies. Also, most of the strategies lacked some important drivers and activities due to financial constraints and technical know-how. The mechanism was not opening opportunities for new users to adopt the solar PV technology or maintain the existing ones. Moreover, stakeholders have not put in place the conducive conditions for existing projects to be sustainable. Recommended future interventions include application of the developed adoption model for Solar PV by using data from other solar PV projects for sensitivity analysis of identified barriers and best strategies.
The Ways of Testing the Quality of Inter-Lingual Translation For The Language Leaners
Authors: Susi Ekalestari  , Barus Efendi 
Published: August 2022

Translation is one of the main aspects in understanding and learning second language. In https://www.gala-global.org said: translation is the communication of meaning from one language (the source) to another language (the target).It is often said as unimportant thing in learning second language or considered as secondary skill. Actually, translation must be supposed as the primary skill for the second language. They must know the meanings of the words or the sentences as a whole. The method of research is on the basis of library research and technical activities done by the undergraduate students. The technique of approach is done in two ways: 1. An approach to the lexical items, 2. An Approach to the Oral and Written Translation. The result of this research is that when one translates text from language A into language B, a different translator then turns the B text back into A, and the resulting A text is compared with the original A text . If the test is virtually identical, it is strong evidence that the original translation was of high quality. Inter-lingual translation should be a basic skill for mastering L2. The conclusion is that translation, oral or written translation, must be different from those who are already fluent in L2. It must practically be easier the written translation than the oral translation for both, the beginners and the fluent ones.
Keywords: Ways of testing, translation, quality L1, L2.
THE LANGUAGE INSTINCT (Steven Pinker vs Noam Chomsky)
Authors: Sihombing Nur Cahaya 
Published: August 2022

Language is a communication tool used in daily interaction. Language used to convey meaning to someone with easy word order understandable. Therefore, in order to convey the meaning clearly, use of the correct language is very important. This paper examines Steve Pinker’s arguments for the existence of a language instinct encoded in the genes of human beings as an explanation for the human language capacity. The analysis covers Pinker’s own arguments as well as those by Chomsky and by other authors in the 1990s. Argumen of Steven Pinker language is first and foremost a product of our biological make-up as a species. Pinker does not mean to deny the influence of culture on language, but means that language grows out of the "predisposition" or biological readiness of every normal human being. Human infants have a natural gift for quickly absorbing and then using the structures of spoken language used by others around them. According to Chomsky, children are born with the tools of acquisition Language. " language acquisition device (LAD). This tool is a biological gift that has been programmed to detail the possible items of a grammar. LAD is considered to be a specialized physiological part of the brain to process language. So it can be seen that experts have given the same theory and opinion regarding the way of language development and acquisition, which is related to the language instinct that has existed since in the womb.
Key Word : The Language Instinct
The Role in SLA played by Universal Grammar
Authors: Ritonga Maria Elizabet 
Published: August 2022

One important issue in current language acquisition research is whether the acquisition of a second language is fundamentally different from that of the first language. Researchers approaching second language acquisition (SLA) from the linguistic perspective often relate this issue to the availability of Universal Grammar to second language acquisition. The main focus of this paper is to examine the role of Universal Grammar in the second language acquisition and to what extent it plays in the process. To illustrate this, the four access hypotheses or theories were given.
Keywords: Universal Grammar, Second Language Acquisition
The Critical Period Hypothesis of SLA Eric Lenneberg's
Authors: Siahaan Friska 
Published: August 2022

In second language acquisition, The Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) holds that there is a critical time period for a person to learn a new language with native proficiency. This time usually begins around the age of two and ends just before puberty. According to the hypothesis, learning a new language after this critical period will be more difficult and unsuccessful. The crucial phase is the stage of a person's development when their nervous system is primed and sensitive to environmental stimuli, according to developmental psychology. If a person does not receive the appropriate environmental stimuli during this time, their capacity to learn new skills will deteriorate, compromising a variety of adult social functions. If a child does not learn a language during this vital era, they are unlikely to achieve native fluency in their first language. Because of the adaptability of the brain, a person is poised to learn new abilities throughout the critical period. Synapses, or brain connections, are extremely receptive to information. Some researchers refer to the'sensitive period' or 'weak critical period' as a synonym for the critical period. The sensitive phase is comparable to the critical period in that it is characterized by a high level of neuroplasticity and rapid formation of new synapses in the brain. The key distinction is that the sensitive phase is thought to endure longer than puberty, but there are no hard bounds.
Keywords: Critical period hypothesis, Second Language acquisition
SOSIALISASI PEMBUATAN WADAH PENCUCI TANGAN DARI BARANG BEKAS SEBAGAI UPAYA PENCEGAHAN COVID-19 (SOCIALIZATION OF MAKING HANDWASHING CONTAINERS FROM USED GOODS AS AN EFFORT TO PREVENT COVID-19)
Authors: Khairani Siti , Nurlani Harahap Siti , Novita Sari Dini , Dian Nila Sari Fitri 
Published: August 2022

Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini memiliki tujuan untuk memberikan edukasi kepada masyarakat tentang bahayanya virus corona; memanfaatkan barang-barang bekas yang ada di lingkungan sekitar sebagai wadah cuci tangan sehingga dapat menekan penyebaran virus corona; memberikan edukasi kepada masyarakat bagaiman mencuci tangan dengan baik; mensosialisasikan kepada masyarakat cara pembuatan wadah cuci tangan yang sederhana dan murah serta mengingatkan masyarakat untuk membiasakan mencuci tangan menggunakan sabun sesudah ataupun sebelum melakukan aktivitas. Kegiatan ini dilakukan oleh dosen – dosen Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sumatera Utara sebagai upaya membantu pemerintah dalam memutus mata rantai penyebaran COVID-19 di tengah masyarakat Sumatera Utara melalui tindakan pencegahan dan pengendalian penyebaran virus. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini dilaksanakan di daerah desa Saentis, Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Metode pelaksanaan pengabdian masyarakat dilakukan dalam 3 tahap yaitu persiapan, pelaksanaan dan pelaporan. Pada tahap persiapan dilakukan persiapan segala dokumen dan mengumpulkan barang bekas berupa tong cat untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai wadah pencuci tangan. Pada Tahap pelaksanaan dilakukan dengan membuat tong cat menjadi wadah pencuci tangan, memberikan sosialisasi kepada masyarakat akan pentingnya mencuci tangan sebelum dan setelah melakukan kegiatan. Pada tahap pelaporan yaitu menyusun laporan akhir kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat. Hasil dari kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat tersebut yaitu ada 6 produk wadah pencuci tangan yang dapat dibuat dari tong cat bekas dan diserahkan kepada kepala desa Saentis oleh Dosen-dosen Unusu dan ada 20 peserta sosialisasi yang terdiri dari masyarakat desa tersebut dengan respon yang positif. Tidak banyak masyarakat yang tahu bahwa barang bekas yang sehari-hari dijumpai ternyata dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi Wadah Pencuci Tangan sehingga kegiatan ini telah memberikan informasi, membuka wawasan berpikir dan menambah pengetahuan warga Desa Saentis.
Christian Moralism in The House of the Seven Gables
Authors: Cook Jonathan A. 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
This essay analyzes the pervasive presence of Christian motifs in The House of the Seven Gables, arguing that the most useful term to describe the author’s religious agenda in the novel is Christian moralism. While previous critics have noticed some of the religious and allegorical features of the narrative, none have provided an overarching explanation for their overall significance. A series of overt and covert biblical allusions thus provides a basis for key scenes and characterizations in the narrative, as the Pyncheon patriarchs, Colonel and Judge, are symbolically damned for their murderous hubris, while the inhabitants of the Pyncheon family mansion are eventually rewarded for their moral virtues of submission (Hepzibah, Clifford), love and charity (Phoebe), and forgiveness of injuries (Holgrave). Tracing the evidence of Christian moralism in The House of the Seven Gables enhances the reader’s appreciation of Hawthorne’s artistry in incorporating religious themes and motifs into his fiction without giving them overtly tendentious purposes.
“A kind of privilege to haunt”: Settler Structures, Land-Based Knowledge, and the Agency of the (Super)Natural inThe House of the Seven Gables
Authors: Scruton CJ 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACTThe House of the Seven Gables constantly seems, on the surface, to separate settler civilization from North American Nature, from the obsession with cultivating garden space to the fear of moral decay within white American homes and lineages. However, a closer look at the actions and presence of Nature in the novel reveals a complex network of agential beings that are not so controllable or conquerable. I argue that the novel’s spectral conflict is a material conflict between Nature and settler institutions, a conflict that ultimately undermines this binary opposition and reveals the presence and agency of nonhuman Nature in settlers’ lives. Anxieties over the (super)natural presence of ghosts and witchcraft in the novel reflect the reality that beings in the natural environment have massive, invisible influence on settler society despite attempts to erase both Natural spaces and Native presence and relationships to the land.