bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revealing the nano-structures of low-dimensional germanium on Ag(1 1 0) using XPS and XPD
Authors: Kesper Lukas , Schmitz Marie , Schulte Malte G. H. , Berges Ulf , Westphal Carsten 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this work, we present a structural investigation of sub-monolayer films of germanium on Ag(1 1 0) by means of photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and diffraction (XPD), as well as low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). Since the rising progress in the synthesis of various kinds of nanoribbons, also germanium nanoribbons (Ge-NR) have been synthesized on Ag(1 1 0), recently. Here, we focus on their structural evolution and found the formation of two different phases of germanium at coverages of $${0.5}\, \hbox {ML}$$

0.5

ML

and $${0.7}\,\hbox {ML}$$

0.7

ML

, differing fundamentally from predicted nanoribbon structures. By means of LEED measurements, we obtained evidence for germanium superstructures which are not aligned along the $$[{\overline{1}}\;1\;0]$$

[

1
¯

1

0
]

-direction, as expected for nanoribbon growth. Using synchrotron-based high-resolution XPS and XPD experiments of the Ge 3d and Ag 3d core-levels, we resolved the local chemical and atomic order of the germanium films. Thus, the strong internal bonding of the buckled germanium film and a weak Van-der-Waals interaction between silver and germanium were discovered. Moreover, XPD-simulations delivered a detailed model of the structural arrangement of the preliminary nanoribbon phase, which also provided an approach to identify the origin of the two chemically shifted components in the Ge 3d signal by applying a component-wise decomposition of the XPD data.
Decoding Human Hematopoietic Stem Cell Self-Renewal
Authors: Fares Iman , Calvanese Vincenzo , Mikkola Hanna K. A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain blood and immune cell homeostasis by balancing quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation. HSCs can be used in lifesaving transplantation treatments to create a healthy hematopoietic system in patients suffering from malignant or inherited blood diseases. However, lack of matching bone marrow donors, and the low quantity of HSCs in a single cord blood graft, are limitations for successful transplantation. The enormous regenerative potential of HSCs has raised the hope that HSC self-renewal could be recapitulated in culture to achieve robust expansion of HSCs for therapeutic use. Yet, when HSCs are cultured ex vivo their function becomes compromised, limiting successful expansion.

Recent Findings
After decades of efforts to expand human HSCs ex vivo that resulted in minimal increase in transplantable units, recent studies have helped define culture conditions that can increase functional HSCs. These studies have provided new insights into how HSC stemness can be controlled from the nucleus by transcriptional, posttranscriptional and epigenetic regulators, or by improving the HSC microenvironment using 3D scaffolds, niche cells, or signaling molecules that mimic specific aspects of human HSC niche. Recent studies have also highlighted the importance of mitigating culture induced cellular stress and balancing mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomal functions. These discoveries have provided better markers for functional human HSCs and new insights into how HSC self-renewal and engraftment ability may be controlled ex vivo.

Summary
Uncovering the mechanisms that control the human HSC self-renewal process may help improve the ex vivo expansion of HSCs for clinical purposes.
Hierarchical Optimization-Based Model Predictive Control for a Class of Discrete Fuzzy Large-Scale Systems Considering Time-Varying Delays and Disturbances
Authors: Sarbaz Mohammad , Zamani Iman , Manthouri Mohammad , Ibeas Asier 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this manuscript, model predictive control for class of discrete fuzzy large-scale systems subjected to bounded time-varying delay and disturbances is studied. The considered method is Razumikhin for time-varying delay large-scale systems, in which it includes a Lyapunov function associated with the original non-augmented state space of system dynamics in comparison with the Krasovskii method. As a rule, the Razumikhin method has a perfect potential to avoid the inherent complexity of the Krasovskii method especially in the presence of large delays and disturbances. The considered large-scale system in this manuscript is decomposed into several subsystems, each of which is represented by a fuzzy Takagi–Sugeno (T-S) model and the interconnection between any two subsystems is considered. Because the main section of the model predictive control is optimization, the hierarchical scheme is performed for the optimization problem. Furthermore, persistent disturbances are considered that robust positive invariance and input-to-state stability under such circumstances are studied. The linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) method is performed for our computations. So the closed-loop large-scale system is asymptotically stable. Ultimately, by two examples, the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated, and a comparison with other papers is made by remarks.
A responsible AI framework: pipeline contextualisation
Authors: Vyhmeister Eduardo , Castane Gabriel , Östberg P.-O. , Thevenin Simon 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIncorporating ethics and values within the life cycle of an AI asset means securing its development, deployment, use, and decommission under these perspectives. These approaches depend on the market domain where AI is operational – considering the interaction and the impact on humans if any process does not perform as expected – and the legal compliance, both required to ensure adequate fulfilment of ethics and values. Specifically, in the manufacturing sector, standards were developed since the 1990’s to guarantee, among others, the correct use of mechanical machinery, systems robustness, low product variability, workers safety, system security, and adequate implementation of system constraints. However, it is challenging to blend the existing practices with the needs associated with deployments of AI in a trustworthy manner. This document provides an extended framework for AI Management within the Manufacturing sector. The framework is based on different perspectives related to responsible AI that handle trustworthy issues as risk. The approach is based on the idea that ethical considerations can and should be handled as hazards. If these requirements or constraints are not adequately fulfilled and managed, it is expected severe negative impact on different sustainable pillars. We are proposing a well-structured approach based on risk management that would allow implementing ethical concerns in any life cycle stages of AI components in the manufacturing sector. The framework follows a pipeline structure, with the possibility of being extended and connected with other industrial Risk Management Processes, facilitating its implementation in the manufacturing domain. Furthermore, given the dynamic condition of the regulatory state of AI, the framework allows extension and considerations that could be developed in the future.
Mixed methods study to understand the experiences of adults with acquired brain injury and their family members who receive specialised rehabilitation
Authors: O’Shannessy Elizabeth , Reeder Sandra , Vishwanath Swarna , Hill Sophie , Perta Andrew , Jolliffe Laura , Morarty Jacqui , Hunter Peter , Lannin Natasha A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackground and Aim:Rehabilitation therapy is a key part of the recovery pathway for people with severe acquired brain injury (ABI). The aim of this study was to explore inpatients’ and their family members’ experiences of a specialist ABI rehabilitation service.Methods:A cross sectional, prospective mixed method study was undertaken at a metropolitan specialist ABI rehabilitation unit in Victoria, Australia. All inpatients and their family members of the service were invited to complete a satisfaction survey. Employing purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted with inpatients and/or their family members.Results:In total, 111 people completed the satisfaction survey and 13 were interviewed. High levels of satisfaction with the specialist service were reported; the majority of inpatients (74%) and family members (81%) rated the overall quality of care received in the service as ‘high’ or ‘very high’. Interviews revealed four main themes: (i) satisfaction with rehabilitation services, (ii) inconsistent communication, (iii) variable nursing care, and (iv) strengths and weakness of the rehabilitation environment. Overall, important components of a positive experience were being involved in decision making and discharge planning, effective communication and information processes, and being able to form therapeutic relationships with staff. Key sources of dissatisfaction for inpatients and family members related to inconsistency in care, accessing information about treatments in a format easily understood, and communication.Conclusion:Specialised rehabilitation is valued by inpatients and their family members alike. The findings highlight the importance of exploring inpatient experiences to optimise service delivery in a tailored, specialised rehabilitation programme.
War, Identity Politics, and Attitudes toward a Linguistic Minority: Prejudice against Russian-Speaking Ukrainians in Ukraine between 1995 and 2018
Authors: Eras Laura 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe war in Donbas led some observers to speculate that this event might threaten intergroup relations in Ukraine. While studies in the 1990s indicated relatively positive attitudes between the different ethnic and linguistic groups, it has not been analyzed systematically how these attitudes have developed over time. Such an analysis contributes to our general understanding as to how war and nation-building politics affect attitudes toward minorities. Analyzing survey data from the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology from 1995 to 2018 using multivariate statistical methods, I show that the prejudice toward Russian-speaking Ukrainians – measured using the social distance scale – has increased since 2014, when both the war and Poroshenko’s presidency began, although the rise is rather small. A likely explanation to this phenomenon is the perceived link between Russian speakers and Russia as the aggressor in the war. The fact that Yushchenko’s presidency (2006–2009) did not result in a similar increase of negative sentiments, despite similarities between Yushchenko’s and Poroshenko’s identity politics, allows me to suggest that the higher level of prejudice under Poroshenko cannot be solely explained by the political rhetoric promoting an ethnic Ukrainian identity. However, the interplay of political rhetoric and war might have been relevant.
Late Holocene development of Bubiyan Island, Kuwait
Authors: Reinink-Smith Linda M. , Carter Robert 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBubiyan Island, presently a vast sabkha and salt flat in the westernmost part of the Shatt Al-Arab delta, originated ca. 4000 cal yr BP as prodelta deposits from a paleochannel of the Euphrates River that flowed into a shallow sea. Southeastern Bubiyan Island first surfaced when spits and barrier islands formed on a 1–2 m forebulge caused by heavy sediment load to the northwest; the spits and barriers delineated an incipient shoreline and sheltered a shallow lagoon. Progradation of southeastern Bubiyan Island began when the spits and barriers were gradually stranded as beach ridges during minor sea-level fluctuations and continued marginal uplift. AMS dating of the beach ridges, which are ~1–5 km from the present shoreline, implies that Late Holocene relative sea level fell in three phases: ca. 3700–3400 cal yr BP, ca. 2600–1000 cal yr BP, and ca. 600–500 cal yr BP. Prior to each phase, relative sea level apparently stabilized to near stillstands, allowing spits and barriers to accrete. Torpedo-jar pottery sherds scattered on some of the most prominent beach ridges indicate Sasanian (AD ca. 300–650; 1650–1300 cal yr BP) to early Islamic (AD ca. 650–800; 1300–1150 cal yr BP) periods of human presence, concurrent with the Second phase of beach-ridge formation.
Homotopy commutativity in Hermitian symmetric spaces
Authors: Kishimoto Daisuke , Takeda Masahiro , Tong Yichen 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGanea proved that the loop space of
$\mathbb{C} P^n$
is homotopy commutative if and only if
$n=3$
. We generalize this result to that the loop spaces of all irreducible Hermitian symmetric spaces but
$\mathbb{C} P^3$
are not homotopy commutative. The computation also applies to determining the homotopy nilpotency class of the loop spaces of generalized flag manifolds
$G/T$
for a maximal torus T of a compact, connected Lie group G.
Negotiating trade-offs between the environment, sustainability and mass tourism amongst guides on Svalbard
Authors: Andersen Trine C. B. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper investigates how guides on Svalbard make sense of their relations to the environment whilst working with mass tourism. The Arctic is heating up more rapidly than any other part of the world, and over the last 30 years the effect of climate change has had a large impact on the environment in the Arctic. The guides as such find themselves living a paradox where their work destroys the nature that they care about and depend on. This paper analyses empirical data collected during four months of fieldwork amongst guides in Svalbard. Throughout the paper, two dimensions are explored: the guides’ relation to and understanding of the environment as well as their ways of caring for it. Building on illustrations of the guides’ preconceptions of the environment, it is shown how the guides in their everyday life are engaged in pro-environmental practices. These practices are embedded in the guides’ reciprocal relationship with the environment, where they negotiate between different trade-offs. The guides thus find a way to navigate the complexity of caring for the environment and working in tourism through their intimate relation to the environment.
Slam Bam, Thank you, Ma’am: The Challenges of Advance Care Planning Engagement in Long-Term Care
Authors: Sussman Tamara , Mintzberg Susan , Sinai-Glazer Hagit , Venturato Lorraine , Strachan Patricia H. , Kaasalainen Sharon 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis interpretative, qualitative study explored residents’ and families’ perspectives on advance care planning (ACP) in long-term care (LTC). Perspectives on when, how, and with whom ACP discussions should be introduced and barriers and solutions to improving ACP engagement were examined. Fifty-one residents and families participated in seven focus groups. The findings revealed that residents and families prioritized caring connections over professional rank when reflecting on staff involvement in ACP. The findings further revealed that the caring and compassionate environment considered to be a critical pre-condition for ACP engagement was more typically enacted at end of life when ACP was no longer an option. Our findings suggest that work practices and organizational structures within LTC play an important role in inhibiting ACP engagement.
Horse-related title taking and animal cruelty in colonial eastern Nigeria: re-examining the economic rationale behind the introduction of humane killers
Authors: Okonkwo Uche Uwaezuoke , Ejikeme Joy N. U. , Ukaogo Victor Okoro 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHorse trading was an important aspect of the Igbo economy and horse-related title taking was a unique feature among various Nigerian groups, especially in eastern Nigeria. The demand for the introduction of humane horse killers in eastern Nigeria was heightened by the economic drive of the colonial political economy, and was not necessarily a consideration for the harmful treatment of animals. Horse-related title taking was accompanied by the increasing rate of intergroup relations between northern Nigeria and various Nigerian groups such as Igala and the Igbo. Ordinarily, men and women sought horse-related titles as signs of prestige and honour. The culture and traditional humane living of the people saw Ogbuinya horse-related title taking as a way of achieving certain degree of social status, but it also regrettably promoted animal cruelty. Sources for writing this article were derived from archival documents, books, journals, and other written materials. A descriptive method of analysis has been adopted in writing this article.
Comparison of Jaw-Thrust Maneuver and Standard Method for Airway Management with Laryngeal Mask Airway by Paramedics during Chest Compression: A Randomized, Crossover, Manikin Study
Authors: Ozbek Asim E. , Sanci Emre 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroduction:The first priority of the primary survey of trauma care is airway management. For patients who have a known or suspected cervical spine injury, using the jaw-thrust maneuver is critical. It was hypothesized that the jaw-thrust maneuver would ease the insertion of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) by moving the tongue forward from the palate and posterior pharyngeal wall.Study Objectives:The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of jaw-thrust maneuver on LMA insertion times of the paramedics with or without chest compression and with or without cervical stabilization in a manikin.Methods:Eleven experienced paramedics inserted LMA in jaw-thrust position and standard position in chest compression without cervical stabilization scenario, chest compression with cervical stabilization scenario, cervical stabilization without chest compression scenario, and the scenario where neither cervical stabilization nor chest compression were performed. The primary outcome of the study was the comparison of LMA insertion times for each method. The secondary outcome measures were first-pass success rates and the comparison of the difficulty level of each method.Results:During the LMA placement, performing the jaw-thrust maneuver instead of the standard method did not shorten the LMA insertion times. Adding chest compression and/or cervical stabilization did not complicate the LMA insertion. All of the LMA insertion attempts during the jaw-thrust maneuver and standard method were successful.Conclusion:The findings of this study suggest that LMA insertion might be attempted both during the jaw-thrust maneuver and standard position in patients with or without chest compression and with or without cervical stabilization.
Provision of firm-sponsored training to temporary workers and labor market performance
Authors: Masui Makoto 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper addresses an employer’s decision to invest in firm-specific training for temporary workers within a search-matching framework with two-tier employment contracts. Based on the fact that opportunities to receive firm-provided training are significantly limited in temporary jobs, we examine whether policies aimed at inducing employers to provide training for temporary workers improve labor market performance. Our quantitative analysis produces the following results: first, reducing the cost of training temporary workers, which aims to directly increase their participation in firm-provided training, improves social efficiency but increases the unemployment rate, and decreases the share of permanent workers. Second, relaxing firing regulations on permanent jobs decreases the unemployment rate and increases the proportion of temporary workers who receive training and social welfare. Thus, a spillover effect of reforming employment protection legislation associated with permanent jobs is observed on training provision in temporary jobs.
Influence of Dynamically Stable‐Unstable Flow on Seawater Intrusion and Submarine Groundwater Discharge Over Tidal and Seasonal Cycles
Authors: Fang Yunhai , Zheng Tianyuan , Wang Huan , Zheng Xilai , Walther Marc 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTemporal changes in the external forcing conditions of coastal aquifer systems, such as seasonal inland freshwater input, may disturb the balance between the ocean forces and freshwater hydraulic gradient. An increase or decrease in this imbalance may affect the stability of tide‐induced upper saline plume (USP). In this study, we performed laboratory experiments and numerical simulations to investigate the influence of seasonal inland freshwater input on USP stability and the associated behavior of seawater intrusion (SWI) and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). In contrast to previous studies, we found that USP was not always stable or unstable in the intertidal zone, but experienced a dynamically stable‐unstable process as the seasonal inland freshwater input varied. The extent of SWI and SGD showed a dual response to the seasonal inland freshwater input. On one hand, seasonal fluctuation in inland freshwater input directly induced responsive changes in SWI and SGD; on the other hand, dynamic stability of the USP caused by the seasonal fluctuation resulted in an additional high‐frequency fluctuation in the extent of SWI and SGD during the unstable flow. Moreover, the response of saline SGD and total SGD to the seasonal fluctuation in the inland freshwater input was nonlinear. This overall increased the SGD compared to the scenarios with a temporally constant inland freshwater input. Therefore, ignoring seasonal changes in the inland freshwater input may underestimate the amount of water exchanges across the aquifer‐sea interface.
Observations of Eastward Propagating Quasi 6‐Day Waves From the Troposphere to the Lower Thermosphere During SSWs in Early 2016
Authors: Yu Fan Rong , Huang Kai Ming , Zhang Shao Dong , Huang Chun Ming , Gong Yun 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThere are few reports on quasi 6‐day wave (Q6DW) during stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events, especially the eastward propagating one. By using observations from three meteor radars and three radiosondes combined with reanalysis data from January to March 2016, we study the eastward propagating Q6DWs during the SSWs from the troposphere to the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). There are SSW and stratospheric final warming (SFW) events around February and March in the northern hemisphere, respectively. The polar mean temperature rises by about 45 and 36 K at 10‐hPa level and the mean zonal wind decreases by about 38 and 49 ms−1 during the SSW and SFW, respectively. Large‐scale zonal wind reversal happens during the SSWs. Radar observations and reanalysis data show that two Q6DWs corresponding to the SSWs are robust from the troposphere to the MLT. They are eastward traveling waves with zonal wavenumbers 1–2. The Q6DWs propagate downward in the stratosphere and upward in the MLT, implying that the source of the Q6DWs is in the mesosphere. The meridional gradient of quasi‐geostrophic potential vorticity and Eliassen‐Palm flux divergence show that the instabilities possibly occur in the mesosphere, which likely in situ excite and strengthen the Q6DWs. The instabilities are also found in the stratosphere and may amplify the Q6DWs in the stratosphere at the three stations especially during the SSW.