bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The refractive and diffractive contributions to GPS signal scintillation at high latitudes during the geomagnetic storm on 7–8 September 2017
Authors: Zheng Yuhao , Xiong Chao , Jin Yaqi , Liu Dun , Oksavik Kjellmar , Xu Chunyu , Zhu Yixun , Gao Shunzu , Wang Fengjue , Wang Hui , Yin Fan 
Published: October 2022

Different indices have been used to reflect, or monitor the ionospheric scintillation, e.g. the detrended carrier phase,σφ,S4,the rate of change of the vertical total electron content index (vROTI), as well as the ionosphere‐free linear combination (IFLC) of two carrier phases. However, few studies have been performed to investigate the refractive and diffractive contributions to these indices, especially during geomagnetic storms. In this study, we analyze the high-resolution (50 Hz) phase and amplitude measurements from four high-latitude stations in Svalbard, Norway during the geomagnetic storm on 7–8 September 2017. Our results show that at high latitudes, the high-pass filter with a standard cutoff frequency of 0.1 Hz sometimes cannot effectively remove the refraction-driven phase variations, especially during the geomagnetic storm, leading to a remaining refraction contribution to the detrended carrier phase andσφwhen scintillation happens. In the meanwhile, asvROTI is sensitive to the TEC gradients, regardless of small- or large-scale ionospheric structures, both refraction and diffraction effects can cause visible fluctuations ofvROTI. For most of the scintillation events, the phase indices (including detrended carrier phase,σφ, andvROTI), IFLC,andS4show consistent fluctuations, indicating that diffraction usually occurs simultaneously with refraction during scintillation. One interesting feature is that although the IFLC andS4are thought to be both related to the diffraction effect, they do not always show simultaneous correspondence during scintillations. The IFLC is enhanced during the geomagnetic storm, while such a feature is not seen inS4. We suggest that the enhanced IFLC during the geomagnetic storm is caused by the increased high-frequency phase power, which should be related to the enhanced density of small-scale irregularities during storm periods.
Randbetonte erythematöse Plaques bei einem Patienten mit kongenitaler Ichthyose: von häufigen und seltenen Dermatosen
Authors: Hoffmann Vincent , Schneider Lisa Christina , Mechow Norma , Weilandt Juliane , Gellrich Sylke , Guski Silja , Kinzel Miriam , Ludwig-Peitsch Wiebke 
Published: October 2022

ZusammenfassungNicht-syndromale autosomal-rezessive kongenitale Ichthyosen (ARCI) sind seltene hereditäre Verhornungsstörungen mit einem heterogenen Spektrum an Phänotypen von einer nahezu erscheinungsfreien Haut über eine milde bis schwere Erythrodermie bis hin zu Panzer-artigen Schuppen. Zu den Hauptvertretern zählen die lamelläre Ichthyose, die kongenitale ichthyosiforme Erythrodermie, die Harlekin-Ichythose, die „bathing suit ichthyosis“ und die „self-improving congenital ichthyosis“ (SICI), die sich im Laufe des ersten Lebensjahres bessert und im späteren Leben nur noch durch eine Xerosis cutis mit diskreten, feinen weißen Schuppen äußert.Wir berichten über einen 38-jährigen Patienten, der sich mit einer milden kongenitalen Ichthyose unbekannter genetischer Ursache und einem seit einem Monat erheblich verschlechterten Hautbefund vorstellte. Anhand des klinischen Befundes mit anulären, randbetonten, schuppenden erythematösen Plaques, der Histologie und einer Schuppenpilzkultur konnte eine durch Trichophyton rubrum hervorgerufene Tinea corporis als Ursache für die Exazerbation identifiziert werden. Diese heilte nach 4-wöchiger systemischer Therapie mit Terbinafin komplett ab. Zurück blieb nur eine Xerosis cutis mit einer feinen weißen Schuppung. Passend zur klinischen Verdachtsdiagnose einer SICI erbrachte die molekulargenetische Untersuchung zwei mutmaßlich compound-heterozygote, wahrscheinlich pathogene Varianten im ALOXE3-Gen, eine Spleiß-Variante (c.1392+2T>A;p.?) und ein komplexes Rearrangement. ALOXE3 kodiert für die Lipooxygenase E3, die für die epidermale Differenzierung und für den Aufbau des „cornified envelope“ bedeutsam ist. Varianten in diesem Gen sind eine der Hauptursachen für SICI.Patienten mit Ichthyosen weisen aufgrund des verdickten Stratum corneum, einer verzögerten Desquamation, einer gestörten epidermalen Barrierefunktion und einer Störung der Talg- und Schweißproduktion ein erhöhtes Risiko für Dermatophytosen auf. Diese präsentieren sich oft atypisch und können daher leicht verkannt werden. Insbesondere bei schweren kongenitalen Ichthyosen sind chronische Verläufe und Rezidive häufig. Unser Fall zeigt, dass auch und gerade bei Patienten mit seltenen Verhornungsstörungen an häufige infektiöse Dermatosen wie Tinea corporis gedacht werden muss.
ZNS- und Nebennierenmetastasen bei Merkelzellkarzinom – ein besonderer Fall
Authors: Hage Sina-Maria , Burbach Guido , Harth Wolfgang 
Published: October 2022

ZusammenfassungDas Merkelzellkarzinom ist ein hochaggressiver, seltener Hauttumor. Bei Erstdiagnose bestehen bereits bei 30% der Patienten loko-regionäre Lymphknotenmetastasen. Fernmetastasen finden sich häufig in entfernten Lymphknotenstationen, der Haut, den abdominellen Organen und den Knochen. Bei Auftreten von Fernmetastasen reduziert sich das 5-Jahres-Überleben auf 18%. Wir berichten über eine Patientin mit Merkelzellkarzinom, die ein Jahr nach Erstdiagnose Fernmetastasen im ZNS und den Nebennieren entwickelte. Beide Lokalisationen sind bisher selten beschrieben. Therapeutisch kamen Radiatio, Radiochirurgie und eine Immuntherapie mit Avelumab zum Einsatz. Während sich hierunter eine komplette Remission der Hirnfiliae zeigte, führte ein rasanter Progress der Nebennierenmetastasen zur Umstellung auf eine palliative platinbasierte Chemotherapie.
Dermatologie im Vivantes Konzern: von drei Hautkliniken zu einem gemeinsamen Hauttumorzentrum
Authors: Ludwig-Peitsch Wiebke , Hillen Uwe , Harth Wolfgang 
Published: October 2022

ZusammenfassungDas 2001 gegründete Vivantes Netzwerk für Gesundheit ist der größte kommunale Krankenhauskonzern Deutschlands. Von den neun über Berlin verteilten Klinik-Standorten verfügen drei über Hautkliniken. Die Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie ist im Norden Berlins in Spandau angesiedelt, die Klinik für Dermatologie und Phlebologie in der Mitte im Friedrichshain und die Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie im Süden in Neukölln. Nach der Strategie 3 × 3 × 3 bietet jede Hautklinik zusammen mit ihren Medizinischen Versorgungszentren (MVZ) das gesamte stationäre, tagesstationäre und ambulante dermatologische Spektrum. Zudem hat jede Klinik wie bereits an den Namen erkennbar besondere, sich gegenseitig sehr gut ergänzende Schwerpunkte.Im Jahr 2008 fand erstmals eine gemeinsame Hautkrebskonferenz der drei Kliniken statt, die den Boden für die Gründung eines Standort-übergreifenden Hautkrebszentrums bereitete. 2019 wurde das Vivantes Hauttumorzentrum als deutschlandweit erstes dreistandortiges Hautkrebszentrum von der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft zertifiziert. Dank engagierter Klinik-Teams, sehr guter Vernetzung innerhalb des Vivantes Konzerns, Berlins und der dermatologischen Fachgesellschaften und hervorragender Kooperationen entwickeln sich das Hauttumorzentrum und die drei Kliniken in der heutigen turbulenten Zeit erfolgreich weiter.
Das kutane Plattenepithelkarzinom – ein Update
Authors: Burda Birgit , Schultz Erwin S. 
Published: October 2022

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Hintergrund Das kutane Plattenepithelkarzinom (PEK) ist nach dem Basalzellkarzinom der zweithäufigste bösartige Hauttumor. In Deutschland wurden 2014 über 50 000 PEK-Neuerkrankungen dokumentiert. Mit Zunahme der durchschnittlichen Lebenserwartung und Komorbiditäten treten mittlerweile auch gehäuft lokal fortgeschrittene Tumore mit Metastasierung auf.
Methode Selektive Literaturrecherche in PubMed und unter Berücksichtigung der deutschen S3-Leitlinien „Aktinische Keratosen und Plattenepithelkarzinom der Haut“ und „Prävention von Hautkrebs“.
Ergebnisse Beim PEK ist der Goldstandard die vollständige Exzision des Primärtumors mittels histopathologischer Kontrolle der Schnittränder. Eine Radiotherapie kann eingesetzt werden, wenn eine vollständige Exzision nicht erreicht werden kann bzw. Inoperabilität besteht. Im Falle eines metastasierten (mPEK) oder lokal fortgeschrittenen (laPEK) PEK, welches nicht kurativ operiert oder bestrahlt werden kann, werden systemische medikamentöse Therapien eingesetzt. Mit der Zulassung des PD1-Antikörpers Cemiplimab steht seit 2019 in der EU eine neue systemische Therapie zur Behandlung des fortgeschrittenen PEK zur Verfügung. Nach bis zu 3 Jahren Follow-up sprechen noch 46 % der Patienten mit mPEK und laPEK auf Cemiplimab an, der Medianwert für das Gesamtüberleben und die Ansprechdauer ist in beiden Gruppe noch nicht erreicht. Weitere Antikörper gegen PD1 oder PDL1, Kombinationstherapien sowie die Immuntherapie mit onkolytischen Viren ermöglichen zahlreiche Therapieoptionen und sind aktuell Gegenstand der Forschung.
Schlussfolgerung Mit der Zunahme von fortgeschrittenen Stadien des PEK nimmt die Wichtigkeit des interdisziplinären Tumorboards für den Therapieentscheid immer mehr zu. Die Weiterentwicklung bestehender therapeutischer Konzepte, die Identifikation von gut wirksamen Kombinationstherapien sowie die Entwicklung weiterer verträglicher zielgerichteter Systemtherapien ist eine entscheidende dermatoonkologische Herausforderung der nächsten Jahre.
Study on the reaction mechanism of the potassium bicarbonate alkali activation process in black liquor
Authors: Lee Jeong Han , Cha Young Lok , Kang Yong-Mook , Roh Kwang Chul 
Published: October 2022

The alkaline hydrothermal separation of cellulose is a crucial step in biofuel generation, wherein black liquor containing lignin and alkali is produced as a by-product. This study explored the reaction mechanism of the residual alkali during the activation process. In this reaction, the impregnated K reagent exhibited unusual behavior owing to its bonding with the lignin structure, which was confirmed by the K 2p peak shift in x-ray photoelectron spectra. This behavior resulted in the formation of a microporous and mesoporous substance with a high surface area of 2146 m2 g−1 without requiring additional chemical reagents. Furthermore, the activated carbon derived from black liquor possessed outstanding properties, allowing its use in supercapacitors. This study demonstrates that giant miscanthus-derived black liquor can be used as an activated carbon precursor for application in electric double-layer capacitors owing to its superior electrochemical capabilities.
Japanese turn-finaltteyuuas a formulation device
Authors: Arita Yuki 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis paper offers a conversation analytic study of the Japanese turn-final constructiontteyuuas a conversational practice of formulation.Tteyuuis normally used in clausal noun modification, being placed between its preceding clausal component and a following head noun. However,tteyuualso appears to be employed utterance-finally without a following head noun. Through microanalysis of mundane conversation data, this study documents a previously unstudied aspect of the turn-finaltteyuuas a formulation device. This study especially focuses on how informing recipients utilizetteyuuformulations to summarize or explicate the gist of some part of their conversations, while indicating their high degree of epistemic access to the formulated information. Furthermore, this research examines what conversation participants accomplish by mobilizing this particular type of formulations. This study aims to contribute to the research of formulation by unveiling how a language-specific item can be deployed as a resource for turn-constructional formatting of formulation.
Size-tunable silver nanoparticle synthesis in glycerol driven by a low-pressure nonthermal plasma
Authors: Xu Chi , Andaraarachchi Himashi P , Xiong Zichang , Eslamisaray Mohammad Ali , Kushner Mark J , Kortshagen Uwe R 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (NPs) are extensively used in electronic components, chemical sensors, and disinfection applications, in which many of their properties depend on particle size. However, control over silver NP size and morphology still remains a challenge for many synthesis techniques. In this work, we demonstrate the surfactant-free synthesis of silver NPs using a low-pressure inductively coupled nonthermal argon plasma. Continuously forming droplets of silver nitrate (AgNO3) precursor dissolved in glycerol are exposed to the plasma, with the droplet residence time being determined by the precursor flow rate. Glycerol has rarely been studied in plasma-liquid interactions but shows favorable properties for controlled NP synthesis at low pressure. We show that the droplet residence time and plasma power have strong influence on NP properties, and that improved size control and particle monodispersity can be achieved by pulsed power operation. Silver NPs had mean diameters of 20 nm with geometric standard deviations of 1.6 under continuous wave operation, which decreased to 6 nm mean and 1.3 geometric standard deviation for pulsed power operation at 100 Hz and 20% duty cycle. We propose that solvated electrons from the plasma and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation induced electrons produced in glycerol are the main reducing agents of Ag+, the precursor for NPs, while no significant change of chemical composition of the glycerol solvent was detected.
MX family: an efficient platform for topological spintronics based on Rashba and Zeeman-like spin splittings
Authors: Rehman Majeed Ur , Qiao Zhenhua 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Taking various combinations of M = (Mo, W) and X = (C, S, Se) as examples, we propose that MX (M = transition metals, X = IV,V or VI elements) family can establish an excellent platform for both conventional and topological spintronics applications based on anisotropic Rashba-like and non-magnetic Zeeman-type spin splittings with electrically tunable nature. In particular, we observe sizeable Zeeman-like and Rashba-like spin splittings with an anisotropic nature. Meanwhile, they exhibit Rashba-like and topologically robust helical edge states when grown in ferroelectric and paraelectric phases, respectively. These MX monolayers are realized to be quantum valley Hall insulators due to valley contrasting Berry curvatures. The carriers in these MX monolayers can be selectively excited from opposite valleys depending on the polarity of circularly polarized light. The amplitude of the spin splitting can be further tuned by applying external means such as strain, electric field or alloy engineering. Furthermore, considering graphene sheet over the WC monolayer as a prototype example, we show that these MX monolayers can boost the relativistic effect by coupling with the systems exhibiting extremely weak spin–orbit coupling (SOC). Depending on the surface of WC monolayer in contact with the graphene sheet, graphene over WC monolayer passes through the transformation from the semiconducting junction to the Shotcky barrier-free contact. Finally, we reveal that these MX monolayers could also be grown on the substrates such as WS

2

(
001
)

and GaTe (001) with type-II band alignment, where electron and hole become layer splitted across the interface. Our analysis should be fairly applied to other systems with strong SOC and an equivalent geometrical structure to the MX monolayers.
Teleparallel gravity: from theory to cosmology
Authors: Bahamonde Sebastian , Dialektopoulos Konstantinos F , Escamilla-Rivera Celia , Farrugia Gabriel , Gakis Viktor , Hendry Martin , Hohmann Manuel , Levi Said Jackson , Mifsud Jurgen , Di Valentino Eleonora 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTeleparallel gravity (TG) has significantly increased in popularity in recent decades, bringing attention to Einstein’s other theory of gravity. In this Review, we give a comprehensive introduction to how teleparallel geometry is developed as a gauge theory of translations together with all the other properties of gauge field theory. This relates the geometry to the broader metric-affine approach to forming gravitational theories where we describe a systematic way of constructing consistent teleparallel theories that respect certain physical conditions such as local Lorentz invariance. We first use TG to formulate a teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (GR) which is dynamically equivalent to GR but which may have different behaviors for other scenarios, such as quantum gravity. After setting this foundation, we describe the plethora of modified teleparallel theories of gravity that have been proposed in the literature. We attempt to connect them together into general classes of covariant gravitational theories. Of particular interest, we highlight the recent proposal of a teleparallel analogue of Horndeski gravity which offers the possibility of reviving all of the regular Horndeski contributions. In the second part of the Review, we first survey works in teleparallel astrophysics literature where we focus on the open questions in this regime of physics. We then discuss the cosmological consequences for the various formulations of TG. We do this at background level by exploring works using various approaches ranging from dynamical systems to Noether symmetries, and more. Naturally, we then discuss perturbation theory, firstly by giving a concise approach in which this can be applied in TG theories and then apply it to a number of important theories in the literature. Finally, we examine works in observational and precision cosmology across the plethora of proposal theories. This is done using some of the latest observations and is used to tackle cosmological tensions which may be alleviated in teleparallel cosmology. We also introduce a number of recent works in the application of machine learning to gravity, we do this through deep learning and Gaussian processes, together with discussions about other approaches in the literature.
Laser spectroscopy of hot atomic vapours: from ’scope to theoretical fit
Authors: Pizzey D , Briscoe J D , Logue F D , Ponciano-Ojeda F S , Wrathmall S A , Hughes I G 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The spectroscopy of hot atomic vapours is a hot topic. Many of the work-horse techniques of contemporary atomic physics were first demonstrated in hot vapours. Alkali-metal atomic vapours are ideal media for quantum-optics experiments as they combine: a large resonant optical depth; long coherence times; and well-understood atom–atom interactions. These features aid with the simplicity of both the experimental set up and the theoretical framework. The topic attracts much attention as these systems are ideal for studying both fundamental physics and has numerous applications, especially in sensing electromagnetic fields and quantum technology. This tutorial reviews the necessary theory to understand the Doppler broadened absorption spectroscopy of alkali-metal atoms, and explains the data taking and processing necessary to compare theory and experiment. The aim is to provide a gentle introduction to novice scientists starting their studies of the spectroscopy of thermal vapours while also calling attention to the application of these ideas in the contemporary literature. In addition, the work of expert practitioners in the field is highlighted, explaining the relevance of three extensively-used software packages that complement the presentation herein.
A minimal self-tuning model to solve the cosmological constant problem
Authors: Khan Arnaz , Taylor Andy 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The expansion of the Universe is observed to be accelerating, with the simplest solution being a classical cosmological constant. However, this receives contributions from the quantum vacuum, which are predicted to be many orders of magnitude larger than observations, and suffers from radiative instabilities requiring repeated fine-tuning. In this paper we present a minimal, self-tuning scalar field model that can dynamically cancel a large quantum vacuum energy, avoiding Weinberg's No-Go Theorem, and produce accelerated de Sitter expansion at a lower energy scale as a solution to the problem. Our minimal model, which contains a non-canonical kinetic energy and a linear potential, belongs to the Kinetic Gravity Braiding sub-class of Horndeski theory which is not observationally excluded, and lies outside of the known Fab-Four or Well-Tempered models. We find analytic solutions in the limits of slow-roll and fast-roll, and numerically solve the equations of motion to illustrate our model. We show that the model allows for a matter dominated era, and that the attractor solution is stable under a phase transition in the vacuum energy density. We also consider the energy-scales required to match observations. Our model shows the existence of a wider class of successful self-tuning models than previously assumed.
Misalignment of magnetic field in DIII-D assessed by post-mortem analysis of divertor targets
Authors: Masline R. , Bykov I. , Moyer R.A. , Wingen A. , Guterl J. , Rudakov D. , Wampler W.R. , Wang H.Q. , Watkins J.G. , Orlov D.M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We assess the toroidal magnetic field B
t asymmetry in DIII-D due to a misalignment of the toroidal field coils with respect to the poloidal magnetic field coils and vacuum vessel. The peak-to-peak variation of the divertor strike point (SP) radius is measured to be 1 cm, with an n = 1 toroidal pattern. We use the centre of a narrow carbon deposition band on tungsten-coated divertor tiles just inside the outer strike point (OSP) as a proxy for the divertor SP location. The band occurred in a series of reverse B
t discharges with the OSP positioned on the divertor inserts due to strong E × B drift transport of C from the inner to the outer SP through the private flux region. The variation in band radius (and hence the magnetic SP) is a (4.89 ± 0.31) mm shift toward (310 ± 4)° toroidal direction. These measurements agree well with previous measurements of the 3D magnetic field distribution (Luxon 2003 Nucl. Fusion
43 1813), simulations performed by the mafot field line integration code, and recent Langmuir probe measurements in the small-angle-slot (SAS) divertor (Watkins et al 2019 Nucl. Mater. Energy
18 46). Comparison of these measurements in the SAS divertor also indicates that there is the possibility of a tilt (in conjunction with the shift) of the B
t coil field of (0.04 ± 0.07)° towards the toroidal angle of (215 ± 25)°. Previous measurements suggested a field misalignment of (4.6 ± 0.3) mm in the 270° toroidal direction, and a tilt of (0.06 ± 0.02)° toward the 114° toroidal direction, which is similar to the results reported here. These studies will be important for better understanding the radial variation of the toroidal strike line in DIII-D, for designing the new generation of SAS divertor, and for developing an understanding of the impact of error fields on tokamaks with tightly baffled slot divertors.