bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
150 Impact of Prefarrow Feeding Strategy on Farrowing Duration and Piglet Survival
Authors: Peppmeier Zack , McAleese Brianna , Van Genderen Chelsey , Swalla Luke A , Knauer Mark 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of prefarrow feeding strategies on sow farrowing duration and percentage of stillborn piglets. Sows (n = 215) were farrowed at a commercial sow farm in eastern North Carolina. Genetics of the sows were PIC. Farrowing rooms were curtain sided with natural ventilation. Sows were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 prefarrow feeding strategies. Upon entering a farrowing stall, sows were fed either 2.27kg in the morning (Control), 1.14kg in the morning and 1.14kg in the evening (TWICE) or 2.27kg in the morning top dressed with 50g of TransRite Sow Ultra (CaCl). Sows started dietary treatments and farrowed, on average, d 112.6 and d 115.6 of gestation, respectively. Data were analyzed in SAS using PROC GLM. Statistical models contained prefarrow feeding strategy and parity as fixed effects and total number born was included as a covariate. Average total number born, number born alive and stillborns were 15.42, 14.16 and 1.26 piglets, respectively. Farrowing duration differed (P &lt; .01) between treatments. Both TWICE and CaCl had shorter (P &lt; .05) farrowing duration than Control sows (4:51 and 5:26 vs. 6:49, respectively). First parity sows had shorter (P &lt; 0.05) farrowing duration than multiparous sows (4:23 vs. 6:08). Sows fed CaCl had a lower (P &lt; 0.05) percentage of stillborns when compared with Control sows (6.1 vs. 9.2%) while TWICE did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) from CaCl or Control (7.3% stillborns). An increase of 1 piglet in total number born increased (P &lt; 0.05) percent stillborns by .24%. Results suggest either TWICE or CaCl could be used to reduce farrowing duration, perhaps reducing the need for farrowing assistance and allowing for improved farm labor efficiency. Funding for this project was provided by the Swine Research and Education Experience through the U.S. Pork Center of Excellence.
151 Impact of Feed Allotment During the Wean-To-Estrus Interval on Sow Reproductive Performance
Authors: Reeb Macie E , Kellner Trey A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Pork producers have recently inquired whether the allotment of feed should be greater during the wean-to-estrus interval to optimize sow performance. The objective of this experiment was to validate the amount of feed allotted to sows during the wean-to-estrus interval to optimize feed costs and farrowing performance. A total of 257 PIC 1050 (PIC, Inc., Hendersonville, TN) weaned sows were blocked to 3 body condition categories (thin, ideal, or heavy, respectively) and then randomly allotted to 1 of 2 feed quantity treatments (2.7 or 5.4 kg, respectively) on d 0. The sows used in this experiment were housed under commercial conditions and had an average parity of 3.15. One day prior to weaning, each sow was calipered to determine body condition and feed boxes were validated to determine that the desired amount of feed was actually allocated during the experimental period. Sows were fed their allotted amount of feed (2.7 or 5.4 kg, respectively) from d 0 till the sows were serviced or if the sows had not been detected in estrus until d 8. Sows were tracked through their subsequent wean to detect any downstream differences. Data were analyzed using Proc MIXED (SAS 9.4; Cary, NC) with sow as the experimental unit, treatment as the main effect, and caliper score as the block criteria. These data indicate that allocating 5.4 kg of feed did not improve wean-to-first service interval (2.7 kg = 4.4 d vs. 5.4 kg = 4.4 d; P = 0.99), farrowing rate (2.7 kg = 91.5% vs. 5.4 kg = 90.6%; P = 0.81), or total born (2.7 kg = 15.9 vs. 5.4 kg = 15.4 pigs/litter; P = 0.31). In summary, feeding greater than 2.7 kg of feed from wean-to-estrus does not improve sow performance, but does increase feed costs.
163 Peak-Infection Application of Increased SID Lysine:ME Diets Does Not Improve Disease Challenge Growth Performance
Authors: Miller Kayla A , Mendoza Omarh , Shull Caleb M , Baumann Tyler , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Increasing dietary SID Lys:ME augments growth performance of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) challenged pigs when diets with greater SID Lys concentrations are in place at time of infection. Our objective was to evaluate the delayed implementation of increased SID Lys:ME diets post PRRSV challenge on pig performance. 491 grower pigs (45.8 ± 7.4 kg BW) were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary strategies (n = 16 pens/treatment, 10-11 pigs/pen). All pigs received a common diet from day post inoculation (dpi) -14 to dpi 21 (P1), that met SID Lys:ME recommendations. From dpi 21 to 77 (market body weight), dietary treatments were implemented in 2 phases (P2 and P3). The 2 dietary treatments were 2.23 g/Mcal (100%), 2.56 g/Mcal (115%), 2.90 g/Mcal (130%) in P2; and 1.92 g/Mcal (100%), 2.21 g/Mcal (115%), 2.49 g/Mcal (130%) in P3. On dpi 0, all pigs were inoculated with PRRSV. Pig BW, feed disappearance and feed efficiency were determined in each phase. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit in a complete randomized design. During P1, ADG, ADFI, or G:F did not differ (P &lt; 0.05). In P2 and P3, ADG, ADFI, or G:F did not differ between the 100%, 115% and 130% treatments (P &gt; 0.10). Overall, ADG (0.90, 0.90 and 0.92 kg/d, P = 0.44) and ADFI (2.61, 2.57 and 2.57 kg/d, P = 0.48) did not differ between the 100%, 115% and 130% treatments, respectively. However, overall G:F was significantly higher for the 130% compared with the 100% and 115% treatments (0.36 versus 0.34 and 0.35, respectively; P = 0.021). Mortality was similar across treatments (P = 0.717). In conclusion, delayed feeding of diets with increased SID Lys:ME post infection was not beneficial to pig performance indicating this diet strategy needs to be in place near time of disease challenge.
171 Effect of Supplemental DL-Ethionine or DL-Methionine-Hydroxy Analogue on Performance, Gene Expression and Serum Antioxidant Activity in Heat Stressed Pigs
Authors: Mejía Sindy Pérez , Trejo Adriana Morales , Bernal Hugo , Arce Néstor , Pérez Mejía Lucero R , Vásquez Nydia , Caroline González-Vega J , Htoo John K K , Cervantes Miguel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) increases body temperature and production of reactive-oxygen-species in pigs. Because HS-pigs redirect blood flow to the periphery to maintain normal body temperature, less blood reaches internal organs that, combined with decreased feed intake, nutrients supply to the small intestine reduces causing intestinal damage. Methionine functions as intracellular antioxidant thus HS-pigs may increase its requirement. An experiment with 36 individually housed pigs (27.4±4.3 kg BW) was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing DL-Methionine or the calcium-salt of DL-Methionine-hydroxy-analogue (MHA-Ca) on performance, intestinal histology, serum antioxidant enzymes, and expression of genes coding for amino acid transporters B0 and b0,+. The basal wheat-soybean meal diet met 100% methionine and exceeded at least 20% the other essential AA requirements. Pigs were exposed to HS and randomly assigned to 3 treatments: basal-diet (Met100); and basal-diet plus 0.12% methionine as DL-Methionine (Met120) or MHA-Ca (MHA-Ca120). Feed and water were freely available during the 21-d trial. At completion, blood samples, and samples from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected. Serum antioxidant activity, and villi-height, crypt-depth, their ratio (villi:crypt), and expression of B0 and b0,+ in intestinal segments were analyzed. Weight gain tended to increase (P &lt; 0.10) and gain:feed increased (P &lt; 0.05) in Met120 and MHA-Ca120 pigs compared with Met100 pigs. Crypt-depth in duodenum and jejunum decreased but villi:crypt in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum increased (P &lt; 0.01) in Met120 and MHA-Ca120 pigs, compared with Met100 pigs. Jejunum and ileum villi-height increased in Met120 and MHA-Ca120 pigs compared with Met100 pigs (P &lt; 0.01). Serum superoxide-dismutase increased in Met120 and MHA-Ca120 pigs compared with Met100 pigs; glutathione increased in Met120 pigs compared with Met100 or MHA-Ca120 pigs (P &lt; 0.05). Expression of mRNA coding for b0,+ was higher in Met120 pigs than in MHA-Ca120 pigs (P &lt; 0.05). These results indicate that supplying Met at 20% above the requirement, as DL-Methionine or DL-Methionine-hydroxy-analogue, ameliorates the negative effects of HS on pigs, as evidenced by increased weight-gain, gain:feed, and activity of serum superoxide-dismutase and glutathione.
181 Evaluation of the Fecal Microbiota in Commercial Sows with Variable Risk for Pelvic Organ Prolapse During Late Gestation
Authors: Kiefer Zoe E , Koester Lucas R , Studer Jamie M , Mainquist-Whigham Christine , Schmitz-Esser Stephan , Ross Jason W 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Sow mortality has increased during the last decade with a large portion due to pelvic organ prolapse (POP) manifesting during late gestation and early lactation. Approximately 21% of sow mortality is attributed to POP, creating a significant economic and animal welfare concern. The study objective was to identify differences in sow fecal microbiota associated with POP risk and to determine if fecal and vaginal microbial communities are correlated. Using an established perineal scoring (PS) system, 2,864 sows were assigned PS1 (low), PS2 (moderate), or PS3 (high) based on phenotypic observations and presumed POP risk during gestation week 15. Of those sows scored, 1.0%, 2.7%, and 23.4% of PS1, PS2, and PS3 assigned sows, respectively, subsequently experienced POP. At the time of scoring, fecal swabs were collected from sows (n = 213) and DNA was extracted for 16S rRNA gene Illumina MiSeq sequencing, and analyzed using mothur, phyloseq and SAS. Additionally, co-occurrence networks were constructed between fecal and vaginal microbial communities using CoNet (V1.1.1), to identify correlations in taxa abundance. Differences in fecal community composition (PERMANOVA; P &lt; 0.05), structure (alpha diversity measurements; P &lt; 0.05), and 13 individual operational taxonomic units (OTU; Q &lt; 0.05) were detected between PS1 and PS3 sows. The abundance of several taxa were correlated across sample collection sites, suggesting the fecal and vaginal microbial communities may influence one another. Collectively, fewer differences exist in fecal microbiota in sows differing risk for POP than previously observed in vaginal microbiota, suggesting the vaginal microbial communities may be a better indicator of POP risk. Understanding correlations between the fecal and vaginal microbial communities may provide strategies or targets for combatting POP. This project was supported by the National Pork Board and the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research.
192 Engineering Strategies and Solutions to Improve Swine Resilience and Alleviate Physiological Stress in a Changing Climate
Authors: Ramirez Brett C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Heat stress negatively affects a variety of production parameters in the swine industry including growth, carcass composition, and reproduction. The combination of climate forecasts and improved genetic performance, indicate increasingly negative impacts of heat stress for the future. Therefore, future heat stress mitigation approaches will need engineered solutions that also consider expected economic risk and corresponding uncertainty. Physically modifying the environment is currently the best approach by utilizing the heat dissipation (albeit, poor) mechanisms of the pig, that is, via the 4 modes of heat transfer, conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation. A temperature gradient for sensible or vapor pressure gradient for latent heat loss are needed to drive heat exchange. Strategies can then be grouped into (a) modifying the thermodynamic properties of the incoming air via the ventilation system; (b) building characteristics or features; (c) animal zone environment modification; and (d) changes in management. Examples of each strategy include (a) evaporative cooling pads, earth-air-heat exchanger; (b) insulation, spatial orientation; (c) fogging, cooling the drinking water, increasing air velocity; and (d) stocking density. Engineering of future controlled swine environments will need enhanced modeling of heat transfer between pigs and their environment, advanced design/analysis methods of environmental control, and creation of innovative technology that improves sensing, controlling, and modifying the environment. Much of the engineering process starts with and relies on established standards that describe key analytical methods for design, data to enable design computations, and criteria/goals for different environments. There is and will continue to be a need for consistent updates to these data to ensure modern intensive housing is able to provide the proper thermoneutral zone, ventilation rates, etc. for prolific pigs in a changing climate.
189 Swine Production and Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Tallaksen Joel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Like much of agriculture, the swine industry is being asked to improve the sustainability of their production systems. In an integrated project, swine researchers, agronomists, and renewable energy scientists collected data to analyze the greenhouse gas and fossil energy footprints from Minnesota commercial swine production facilities as well as cropping and swine production data from the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center. These environmental impacts were assessed using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology in a cradle to farm gate study that examined the impacts on a per unit of liveweight pork produced basis. In the average commercial system, the GHG emissions were 2.41 kg CO2 equiv. per kg hog LW, with 75% emitted during the grow-finish phase, 6% in farrowing, 9% in the nursery phase, 7% in gestation, and 2% in gilt development. GHG emissions for direct operation of swine facilities were 0.15 kg CO2 equiv. per kg and accounted for 6% of emissions in the average commercial scenario. The majority of GHG emissions were in the production of crops and the breakdown of manure during storage. This talk will explore the methods, data, and results from this study and other similar environmental impact studies for swine production. It will also discuss how producers can measure impacts at their farms and implement changes to improve their environmental impacts. An important consideration in the discussion is the ability of producers to directly reduce fossil energy and its carbon footprint, because fossil energy consumption impacts both the environmental and economic aspects of swine production.
202 Evaluating Finishing Performance of Cattle Fed High-Moisture Corn: Steam-Flaked Corn Blends with Modified Distillers Grains
Authors: Troyer Braden , Carlson Zac , McPhillips Levi J , Watson Andrea K , MacDonald Jim C , Erickson Galen E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Steam-flaked corn (SFC) and high-moisture corn (HMC) offer benefits to the cattle feeding industry including improvement of feed efficiency (G:F) and a guarantee of grain supply, respectively. Popularity of SFC in the Midwest is increasing. A study compared finishing cattle performance when fed HMC, SFC, or blends. The objective was to determine the optimum inclusion of HMC:SFC ratio with or without modified distillers grains (MDGS) included at 20% of the diet. This study utilized 120 yearling steers (352 kg; SD=7.1 kg) individually fed using the Calan gate system in a completely randomized design with cattle stratified by body weight (BW). Treatments included: 100% HMC, 50:50 blend HMC:SFC, or 100% SFC fed with and without 20% MDGS. Additionally, a 25:75 blend and a 75:25 blend of HMC:SFC was fed with MDGS only for a total of 8 treatments (DM basis). Cattle were on feed 140 d with 3-d initial BW and 1 d final BW and carcass weight and characteristics. Animal was the experimental unit with 15 replications per treatment. A tendency for an interaction (P = 0.11) was observed for ADG between distillers inclusion and ratio of HMC:SFC. Cattle fed diets with no distillers grains had improved ADG when fed a blend of HMC:SFC (P = 0.07), but gain was not impacted (P = 0.59) as SFC replaced HMC in diets with 20% MDGS. Feeding MDGS increased carcass weight, ADG, intake, and fat thickness compared with control diets (P ≤ 0.04). For diets containing 5 ratios of HMC:SFC with 20% MDGS, feeding greater inclusions of SFC had no impact on intake or ADG (P ≥ 0.31) but tended to linearly improve G:F (P = 0.09). Overall, including MDGS in HMC, SFC, or blended diets increased carcass weight, ADG, and intake and G:F was improved as SFC increased in diets with MDGS.
198 Effects of Corn Processing and Silage Inclusion Levels in Feedlot Diets on Steer Performance
Authors: Meier Nolan R , Wilke Karla , Erickson Galen E , Loza Pablo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Feedlot steers (n = 480, initial BW = 389 kg ± 17 kg) were used to test the interaction between corn processing and silage inclusion on the performance and carcass characteristics. Treatments were designed as a 2 × 4 factorial design experiment with factors as 2 corn processing methods (dry-rolled corn, DRC, and steam-flaked corn, SFC) and 4 inclusions of silage (0, 15, 30, 45% of diet DM). Diets also contained 10% MDGS and 5% supplement. Steers were blocked by BW, assigned randomly to pens, and data analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS with block fixed and pen (n = 48) as the experimental unit. Steers were fed the same days for all treatments (125 d). No significant interactions were observed between corn processing and silage inclusion for performance or carcass characteristics (P &gt; 0.12), therefore, main effects will be presented. As silage inclusion increased, intake (DMI), gain (ADG), and feed efficiency (G:F) changed quadratically (P &lt; 0.03). Gains were greater for cattle fed 15 or 30% silage and lower diets with 0 or 45% silage. Feed efficiency was greatest for steers fed 0% silage (0.168) and decreased to 0.161 and 0.152 as silage inclusion increased to 15 and 30% inclusion. The quadratic response is due to decreased G:F for steers fed 45% silage (0.139). Carcass characteristics responded similar to ADG quadratic (P &lt; 0.01) impacts on fat depth and marbling. Feeding SFC in comparison to DRC led to increased DMI, ADG, G:F, and fat depth (P &lt; 0.04). Gains were greater for cattle fed SFC than cattle fed DRC, which led to increased G:F (SFC = 0.160, DRC = 0.151) across all silage inclusions. Increasing silage inclusion resulted in greater ADG, marbling, and fat depth with 15 and 30% compared with 0 and 45%. Feeding SFC improved performance compared with DRC.
203 Effect of Feed Intake and Calcium Salts of Palm Oil Inclusion on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Finishing Steers
Authors: Pittaluga Alejandro , Ortiz Mairim , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Fifty-nine Angus×SimAngus-crossbred steers [body weight (BW) 279 ± 16 kg] were used to evaluate the effect of different dry matter intake (DMI; FS) with or without the inclusion of palm oil calcium salts (4% dry matter basis; CSPO) on growth and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers. Steers were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to individual pens. Treatments (2×2 factorial) consisted of ad-libitum ground corn (GC)-based diet without (ANF) or with (AWF) the inclusion of CSPO, or 85% of the DMI of the ANF treatment without (RNF) or with the inclusion of CSPO (RWF). After weaning, steers were fed a corn silage-based diet for 30-d and subsequently placed in a GC-based diet. Both diet types were offered ad-libitum or at 85% of the ANF intake and with or without CSPO. After 59-d in the finishing diet, all steers had ad-libitum access to feed. All data were analyzed with a mixed model considering the fixed effect of treatments, time and their interaction, and random effect of block. There were FS×CSPO interactions (Table 1; P ≤ 0.01) for BW, DMI, average daily gain (ADG) during the first 106-d. After all steers were switch to ad-libitum, restrictedly fed steers had greater (P ≤ 0.01) ADG and ADG:DMI ratio (G:F) compared with ad-libitum fed steers. No treatment differences (P ≤ 0.21) were observed for final BW (FBW), and overall DMI, and G:F. No treatment or their interactions (P ≥ 0.34) were detected for any carcass characteristic (Table 2) except for longissimus muscle area (LMA, P = 0.07), where CSPO inclusion tended to increase the LMA of steers fed ad-libitum but did not differ from restricted steers. Therefore, differences in growth as a consequence of intake restrictions during the growing and early finishing stage could be mitigated once cattle are allowed ad-libitum access to feed.
221 Assessment and Prediction of Acidosis Risk in Beef Steers: Relationship to Intake and Feeding Behavior During the Finishing Phase
Authors: Dornbach Colten W , McCann Joshua C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objectives were to (1) assess acidosis risk during the end of the finishing phase and (2) build a predictive model utilizing initial feed intake behavior to identify steers at risk for acidosis. For objective 1, dry matter intake (DMI) data from beef steers (n = 733) fed a corn-based diet were collected from the last 56 d of the finishing phase using a GrowSafe system. Acidosis risk was determined as the percentage of days DMI fluctuated more than 30% from the previous day. Steers (n = 80) were selected for divergent acidosis risk. High-risk steers with greater DMI fluctuation had decreased (P ≤ 0.02) ruminal pH and average daily gain (ADG; 1.72 kg) compared with low-risk steers (1.94 kg). These findings suggest steers with greater DMI fluctuation have an increased risk for acidosis. For objective 2, DMI and feed intake behavior data from beef steers (n = 623) fed a corn-based diet were collected over the finishing phase using a GrowSafe system. A stepwise regression model was constructed using the GLMSELECT procedure of SAS 9.4 to predict acidosis risk during the last 56 d of the finishing phase. Acidosis risk was best predicted (r2 = 42.6; RMSE = 0.159) by 21 feed intake behavior traits. Those accounting for the greatest variation included head-down duration, sum of meal duration, and bunk visit frequency. The model predicted 72% of steers at greatest risk for acidosis. Overall, greater DMI fluctuation was indicative of acidosis risk based on decreased ruminal pH and ADG. A stepwise regression model was able to predict acidosis risk based on initial DMI and feed intake behaviors. Early identification of steers at risk for acidosis may facilitate mitigation strategies during the finishing phase to improve cattle health and growth performance.