bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liquid to Liquid Cooling for High Heat Density Liquid Cooled Data Centers
Authors: Heydari Ali , Shahi Pardeep , Radmard Vahideh , Eslami Bahareh , Chowdhury Uschas , Saini Satyam , Bansode Pratik , Miyamura Harold , Agonafer Dereje , Rodriguez Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Removal of heat is becoming a major challenge in today’s data centers. Computing-intensive applications such as artificial intelligence and machine learning are pushing data center to compute intensive systems, such as GPU, CPU, and switches to their extreme limits. Racks of IT can approach up to 100kW of heat dissipation challenging traditional data center designs for enterprises and cloud service providers. Direct-to-chip liquid cooling utilizing cold plates is becoming a common method of removing heat from high heat density data center server racks. There are various methods of applying liquid cooling to data centers to address the high heat density components such as liquid to liquid (L2L), liquid to air (L2A), and liquid to single phase refrigerant (L2R). This study aims to investigate the thermo-hydraulic performance of the L2L cooling systems using cooling distribution units (CDUs). CDUs provide a cold secondary coolant (Propylene Glycol 25%) into the cooling loops of liquid-cooled server racks, with the CDUs providing liquid to liquid heat exchange between the primary facility water and secondary liquid used for cold plates. This study uses Thermal Test Vehicles (TTVs) which have been built to reproduce and simulate high heat density servers. Four different cooling loops are characterized experimentally, and detailed analytical and numerical simulations using CFD are developed for analyzing the cooling characteristics of the entire L2L cooling loop, including the CDU, for removing heat from the cold plates. Detailed Flow Network Modeling (FNM) has been performed to analyze precise hydraulic modeling of the secondary fluid flow, from the CDUs to the cooling loops, for predicting pressure drop and flow rate of the secondary coolant. A FNM properly sizes the pumping requirements of the L2L cooling system. Additionally, a system calculator has been created for quickly sizing all secondary loop piping for L2L heat exchanger deployments.
Comparative Study of Single-Phase Immersion Cooled Two Socket Server in Tank and Sled Configurations
Authors: Sivaraju Krishna Bhavana , Bansode Pratik , Gupta Gautam , Lamotte-Dawaghreh Jacob , Saini Satyam , Simon Vibin , Herring Joseph , Karajgikar Saket , Mulay Veerendra , Agonafer Dereje 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Submerging a cluster of servers inside a large tank is the customary way of employing single-phase immersion cooling. But this approach requires a complete renovation of existing air-cooled infrastructure. A practical approach to convert an air-cooled data center to immersion cooled data center can be retaining the rack and server arrangements and supplying each server with immersion liquid in sled configuration – retaining horizontal position. The present study aims at characterizing the thermal performance of a 2-socket server in sled and tank configurations using CFD. In the tank configuration model, the server is immersed vertically with the coolant supply from bottom to top as in the case of a typical single-phase immersion deployments. In the sled configuration, the server orientation is retained (horizontally) and the fluid supply is modeled as an inlet and outlet manifold connected to the same side of the server. The CFD modeling approach is aimed to determine the heat transfer behavior of the server in two configurations being looked at was done for a commercially available dielectric immersion liquid, EC 110. A detailed baseline geometry of the server was first simplified, considering only the components that are significant source of heat and/or impact the server flow characteristics. Some of the components considered for analysis include CPU, storage drives and memory modules. The performance of the server in two configurations is compared to determine the efficiency of both the server configurations while ensuring the components do not exceed their respective thermal threshold. Component temperatures are obtained by varying the coolant flow rates and dielectric temperatures.
CFD Analysis of Heat Capture Ratio in a Hybrid Cooled Server
Authors: Shalom Simon Vibin , Reddy Lochan Sai , Shahi Pardeep , Valli Amrutha , Saini Satyam , Modi Himanshu , Bansode Pratik , Agonafer Dereje 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rising power densities at the server level due to increasing performance demands are being met by using efficient thermal management methods such as direct-to-chip liquid cooling. The use of cold plates that are directly installed yields a lower thermal resistance path from the chip to the ambient. In a hybrid-cooled server arrangement, high-heat-generating components are cooled with water or a water-based fluid, while the rest of the components are cooled with air using server-level fans. It is imperative to characterize the heat capture ratio for various server boundary conditions to ascertain the best possible liquid and airflow rates and temperatures. These parameters serve as inputs in defining the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). The present investigation numerically evaluates the heat capture ratio in a hybrid cooled server for peak server load and varying inlet temperature for air and liquid. The CFD model of a Cisco Series C220 server with direct-to-chip liquid-cooled CPUs was developed. The cold plate for the CPU was experimentally characterized for pressure drop and thermal resistance characteristics and a black-box model was used for CFD simulations using 25% propylene glycol as the coolant. The heat capture ratio value was obtained under the varied temperature and flow rate boundary conditions of air and liquid. Based on the heat capture ratio values obtained, optimum values of inlet temperatures and flow rates are recommended for air and liquid for the server being investigated.
Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Additively Printed Circuits With Magnetically Orientated Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive Attachment for FHE Applications
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Narangaparambil Jinesh , Miller Scott 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Developing component attachment techniques with low-temperature processing is required to implement flexible hybrid electronics utilizing additively printed circuits. Additive electronics may be made on several substrates such as Polyimide, PET, and PEN. While polyimide may be processed at standard reflow temperatures, thermally stabilized PET and PEN require a peak processing temperature of less than 150 °C. A variety of novel solder materials have emerged that can be worked at temperatures lower than 150 degrees Celsius. The low temperature also provides the added benefits of less warpage, less energy use, and a reduced carbon footprint. The process-performance-reliability relationships for the printed magnetically oriented conductive adhesive on the printed conductive metallization have been investigated in this work. Young’s modulus of the bonding material has been evaluated using the nanoindentation technique. Characterization of the frequency-performance of surface mount component attachments on additively printed metallization was used to study electrical and mechanical performance. The performance of the interconnects was compared to the COTS predefined tolerance limits. In flex-to-install applications, the reliability and performance deterioration of additively printed circuits have been measured. The interconnection reliability is also tested for dynamic flexing conditions for cycles to failure. Optical imaging has also been used to investigate the intermetallics at the interface of conductive adhesive and additively printed circuits.
AI-Based Reliability Assessment of Power Electronic Systems
Authors: McCluskey F. Patrick , Buxbaum Clifton , Mazumder Sudip K. , Sarwat Arif , Ursino Matt , Russell Miles C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
One of the most important elements for market acceptance of new technologies is ensuring reliability. Nowhere is this truer than in the shift from well characterized fossil fuel technologies to newer renewable and sustainable energy technologies. The key enabling technology driving these shifts is the development of power converters and inverters. Conventional approaches to assess reliability of these devices have severe drawbacks. Frequent redesigns, often with new parts having no historical data, limit the usefulness of methods based on historical data. Conversely, physics-of-failure approaches often do not capture the most relevant failure mechanisms, including those related to operationally induced electrical overstress and software. In this paper, we will discuss a revolutionary new reliability assessment approach that utilizes advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and data analytics, along with new techniques for characterizing and modeling failure mechanisms to improve power electronics reliability.
The reliability assessment method combines AI and machine learning algorithms for analyzing field failure data, with top down models that translate the impacts of grid-connected and grid-parallel mode dynamics and mode-transition dynamics on power systems, and reliability physics degradation models for key failure mechanisms that simulate the effects of both electrical and environmental degradation under field operational stresses. These models can be embedded in digital twins created specifically to replicate the design of current and new inverters. The output of these digital twins reflects the effects of aging and component degradation on system performance and will be transferable to multiple power electronic systems and platforms.
Physical Educators’ Perceptions and Experiences of Teaching Students With Mobility Disabilities
Authors: Benzinger Jacob , Crane Jeff R. , Coppola Angela M. , Hancock David J. 
Published: December 2022

Schools can support physical education (PE) among students with mobility disabilities (SMDs). However, previous research has indicated that people and resources in the school environment have served as facilitators and barriers to engaging SMDs in PE. Thus, the purpose of this pragmatic, qualitative study was to explore physical educators’ perceptions and experiences of teaching SMDs to learn how to develop a PE environment supportive of SMDs. Eleven K-8 PE teachers who taught SMDs engaged in semistructured interviews. A thematic analysis revealed three themes describing facilitators and barriers of a supportive PE environment for SMDs: (a) teacher planning, (b) students in the PE environment, and (c) resources and support. These findings provide context to PE environments for SMDs and highlight a need for increased communication and collaboration with students with or without mobility disabilities, training or professional development for PE teachers to develop skills for adapted PE, and financial and personnel support.
Why Do Unfairly Paid Trainees Persist? Pay Fairness and Human Capital Investment in Development Leagues
Authors: McLeod Christopher M. , Agha Nola 
Published: December 2022

Pay fairness and human capital theories make different predictions about trainees’ occupational turnover in situations where trainees perceive unfair pay but receive huge potential returns from training. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how pay fairness and human capital investment combined to explain why trainees are motivated to persist in employment when they perceive unfair pay. Cross-sectional survey data from 144 minor league baseball players showed that athletes perceived unfair pay but had low occupational turnover intentions because they perceived high learning achievement and expected to play in Major League Baseball eventually. Perceptions of unfair pay only increased occupational turnover intentions under certain conditions, such as when athletes had low expectations of playing at least one game in Major League Baseball in the next 3 years. The results support a framework that combines human capital theory and pay fairness theories to explain boundary conditions for trainee motivation.
A randomized controlled trial showing safety and efficacy of a whole sporozoite vaccine against endemic malaria
Authors: Sirima Sodiomon B. , Ouédraogo Alphonse , Tiono Alfred B. , Kaboré Jean M. , Bougouma Edith C. , Ouattara Maurice S. , Kargougou Désiré , Diarra Amidou , Henry Noelie , Ouédraogo Issa N. , Billingsley Peter F. , Manoj Anita , Abebe Yonas , KC Natasha , Ruben Adam , Richie Thomas L. , James Eric R. , Joshi Sudhaunshu , Shrestha Biraj , Strauss Kathy , Lyke Kirsten E. , Plowe Christopher V. , Potter Gail E. , Cox Catherine , Jones Walter , Sim B. Kim Lee , Hoffman Stephen L. , Laurens Matthew B. 
Published: December 2022

A highly effective malaria vaccine remains elusive despite decades of research.
Plasmodium falciparum
sporozoite vaccine (PfSPZ Vaccine), a metabolically active, nonreplicating, whole parasite vaccine demonstrated safety and vaccine efficacy (VE) against endemic
P. falciparum
for 6 months in Malian adults receiving a five-dose regimen. Safety, immunogenicity, and VE of a three-dose regimen were assessed in adults in Balonghin, Burkina Faso in a two-component study: an open-label dose escalation trial with 32 participants followed by a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (RCT) with 80 participants randomized to receive three doses of 2.7 × 10
6
PfSPZ (
N
= 39) or normal saline (
N
= 41) just before malaria season. To clear parasitemia, artesunate monotherapy was administered before first and last vaccinations. Thick blood smear microscopy was performed on samples collected during illness and every 4 weeks for 72 weeks after last vaccinations, including two 6-month malaria transmission seasons. Safety outcomes were assessed in all 80 participants who received at least one dose and VE for 79 participants who received three vaccinations. Myalgia was the only symptom that differed between groups. VE (1 − risk ratio; primary VE endpoint) was 38% at 6 months (
P
= 0.017) and 15% at 18 months (0.078). VE (1 − hazard ratio) was 48% and 46% at 6 and 18 months (
P
= 0.061 and 0.018). Two weeks after the last dose, antibodies to
P. falciparum
circumsporozoite protein and PfSPZ were higher in protected versus unprotected vaccinees. A three-dose regimen of PfSPZ Vaccine demonstrated safety and efficacy against malaria infection in malaria-experienced adults.
Life-threatening rupture of interstitial ectopic pregnancy: a rare presentation of metastatic invasive mole
Authors: Figueiredo Joana , Tomé Ana , Nazaré Patrícia , Antunes Sofia Carralas 
Published: December 2022

An invasive mole is an uncommon type of gestational trophoblastic disease, and if considering its implantation in an interstitial extrauterine location, we are facing a rarer condition.There are 14 cases described of interstitial ectopic gestational trophoblastic disease. As far as we know, we present the third case of invasive mole within interstitial location, in this case with pulmonary metastases.The diagnosis of an interstitial implantation is challenging. Our patient was initially diagnosed with an intrauterine hydatidiform molar pregnancy, and a uterine aspiration was performed. Two weeks later, she presented with haemodynamical instability due to a severe haemoperitoneum. A laparotomy was immediately performed and revealed a ruptured interstitial pregnancy with molar vesicle extrusion. Besides its rarity, we highlight the clinical presentation with hypovolaemic shock due to rupture of ectopic pregnancy in a young nulliparous woman, which required an emergent surgical approach with lifesaving purpose while preserving future fertility.
Epidemiology of iron deficiency among adolescents aged 10–19 years old in Qatar: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Aabdien Mohamed , Al Kaabi Noora , Al-Kohji Sadriya Mohammed S , Selim Nagah 
Published: December 2022

ObjectiveTo estimate the magnitude and the determinants of iron deficiency among adolescents aged 10–19 years in the State of Qatar.DesignA cross-sectional study design was used to conduct the study.SettingPrimary healthcare centres covering the three main geographical areas. One health centre was selected randomly from each region catchment areas: Northern, Central and Western.ParticipantsFour hundred and fifty adolescents aged 10–19 years of all nationalities were enrolled in the study.Outcome measuresSerum ferritin cut-off level used to diagnose iron deficiency (<15 µg/L), with normal C reactive protein.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 14.00±2.920, and more than half of the participating adolescents were among 10–14 years old age group (56.9%). Fifty-five per cent of the study participants were Non-Qatari, and females consisted of 70.0% of the participants. The prevalence of iron deficiency was 26.4%. Iron deficiency was significantly associated with gender, nationality, attaining menarche and consumption of iron absorption enhancers (citrus fruits and juice).ConclusionIron deficiency among adolescents is of moderate public health concern in the country, according to the classification of the WHO. The estimated prevalence of iron deficiency was close to what was found in other low-income and middle-income countries; however, it is still behind the developed countries. Gender, attaining menarche and dietary habits are among the important factors that are associated with iron deficiency. Thus, there is a need to coordinate efforts and resources to address this issue by implementing effective strategies at the community and primary healthcare levels.
Effect of remote patient monitoring for patients with chronic kidney disease who perform dialysis at home: a systematic review
Authors: Nygård Henriette Tyse , Nguyen Lien , Berg Rigmor C 
Published: December 2022

ObjectiveThe purpose of the systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of remote patient monitoring (RPM) follow-up compared with standard care, for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who perform dialysis at home.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review in accordance with international guidelines. We performed systematic searches for publications from 2015 to 2021 in five databases (eg, Medline, Cinahl, Embase) and a search for grey literature in reference lists. Included effect measures were quality of life, hospitalisation, technical failure as the cause for transfer to a different dialysis modality, infections and time patients use for travel. Screening of literature, data extraction, risk-of-bias assessment and certainty of evidence assessment (using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach) were done by two researchers. We conducted meta-analyses when possible.ResultsSeven studies met the inclusion criteria, of which two were randomised controlled trials and five were retrospective cohort studies with control groups. The studies included 9975 participants from 5 countries, who were a good representation of dialysis patients in high-income and upper-middle-income countries. The patients were on peritoneal dialysis (six studies) or home haemodialysis (one study). There was very low certainty of evidence for the outcomes, except for hospitalisations: there was low certainty evidence from three cohort studies for fewer hospitalisation days in the RPM group. No studies included data for time patients used for travel.ConclusionWe found low to very low certainty evidence that indicate there may be positive effects of RPM follow-up, in comparison to standard care only, for adult patients with CKD who perform dialysis at home. Offering RPM follow-up for home dialysis patients as an alternative or supplement to standard care appears to be safe and provide health benefits such as fewer hospitalisation days. Future implementation should be coupled with robust, high-quality evaluations.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021281779.
Biofeedback Enabled CALM (BeCALM)—the feasibility of biofeedback on procedural anxiety during radiation therapy: study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Forbes Erin , Clover Kerrie , Baker Amanda L , McCarter Kristen Louise , Oultram Sharon , Kumar Mahesh , Wratten Chris , Tieu Minh Thi , Nixon Jodie , Britton Ben 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionPatients undergoing treatment for cancer who require radiation therapy (RT) report anxiety specifically relating to the RT procedure. Procedural anxiety can be detrimental to treatment delivery, causing disruptions to treatment sessions, or treatment avoidance. Acute procedural anxiety is most commonly managed with anxiolytic medication. There is a need for effective, non-pharmacological interventions for patients not suitable for, or who prefer to avoid, anxiolytic medication. The primary objectives of this pilot trial are to evaluate the: (1) feasibility of conducting the Biofeedback Enabled CALM (BeCALM) intervention during RT treatment sessions; (2) acceptability of the BeCALM intervention among patients; and (3) acceptability of the BeCALM intervention among radiation therapists. The secondary objective of this pilot trial is to examine the potential effectiveness of the BeCALM intervention delivered by radiation therapists to reduce procedural anxiety during RT.Methods and analysisThis is a pilot randomised controlled trial. A researcher will recruit adult patients with cancer (3-month recruitment period) scheduled to undergo RT and meeting eligibility criteria for procedural anxiety at the Calvary Mater Hospital, Newcastle (NSW), Australia. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive treatment as usual or the BeCALM intervention (biofeedback plus brief breathing techniques). The primary outcomes are feasibility (measured by recruitment, retention rates and percentage of treatment sessions in which the intervention was successfully delivered); radiation therapists perceived feasibility and acceptability (survey responses); and patient perceived acceptability (survey responses). Secondary outcome is potential effectiveness of the intervention (as measured by the State Trait Anxiety Inventory—State subscale; the Distress Thermometer; and an analysis of treatment duration).Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol has received approval from Hunter New England Health Human Research Ethics Committee (2021/ETH11356). The results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications, as well as presentation at relevant conferences.Trial registration numberACTRN12621001742864.