bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining epistemological challenges of large language models in law
Authors: Paseri Ludovica , Durante Massimo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Large Language Models (LLMs) raises challenges that can be examined according to a normative and an epistemological approach. The normative approach, increasingly adopted by European institutions, identifies the pros and cons of technological advancement. Regarding LLMs, the main pros concern technological innovation, economic development and the achievement of social goals and values. The disadvantages mainly concern cases of risks and harms generated by means of LLMs. The epistemological approach examines how LLMs produce outputs, information, knowledge, and a representation of reality in ways that differ from those followed by human beings. To face the impact of LLMs, our paper contends that the epistemological approach should be examined as a priority: identifying risks and opportunities of LLMs also depends on considering how this form of artificial intelligence works from an epistemological point of view. To this end, our analysis compares the epistemology of LLMs with that of law, in order to highlight at least five issues in terms of: (i) qualification; (ii) reliability; (iii) pluralism and novelty; (iv) technological dependence and (v) relation to truth and accuracy. The epistemological analysis of these issues, preliminary to the normative one, lays the foundations to better frame challenges and opportunities arising from the use of LLMs.
Monetary sovereignty and external constraints: Identifying the flaws of modern monetary theory
Authors: Garzón Espinosa Eduardo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The concept of monetary sovereignty employed by Modern Monetary Theory has been criticised on many fronts. One of the most important criticisms points out that Modern Monetary Theorists (MMTers) ignore or underestimate problems arising from external constraints. Another important (and complementary) criticism is that MMTers focus only on purely macroeconomic aspects and ignore political and geopolitical issues. In this paper, we discuss these important criticisms and we conclude that, although the MMT concept of monetary sovereignty is useful and can be considered an analytical advance, it is incomplete and biased because it minimises macroeconomic problems arising from external constraints and because it does not take into account international political factors.
High-contrast 10 PW laser system at the Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics facility
Authors: Chalus Olivier , Derycke Christophe , Charbonneau Mathilde , Pasternak Stanislas , Ricaud Sandrine , Fischer Peter , Scutelnic Valeriu , Gaul Erhard , Korn Georg , Norbaev Saidbek , Popa Stefan , Vasescu Lidia , Toma Antonia , Cojocaru Gabriel , Dancus Ioan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We are showing a significant enhancement in the temporal contrast by reducing the coherent noise of the 10 PW laser system at the Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics facility. The temporal contrast was improved by four orders of magnitude at 10 picoseconds and by more than one order of magnitude at 50 picoseconds before the main peak. This improvement of the picosecond contrast is critical for the experiments using thin solid targets.
Perturbation analysis of Markov chain Monte Carlo for graphical models
Authors: Lin Na , Liu Yuanyuan , Smith Aaron 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The basic question in perturbation analysis of Markov chains is: how do small changes in the transition kernels of Markov chains translate to chains in their stationary distributions? Many papers on the subject have shown, roughly, that the change in stationary distribution is small as long as the change in the kernel is much less than some measure of the convergence rate. This result is essentially sharp for generic Markov chains. We show that much larger errors, up to size roughly the square root of the convergence rate, are permissible for many target distributions associated with graphical models. The main motivation for this work comes from computational statistics, where there is often a tradeoff between the per-step error and per-step cost of approximate MCMC algorithms. Our results show that larger perturbations (and thus less-expensive chains) still give results with small error.
Mean-field analysis of stochastic networks with reservation
Authors: Fricker Christine , Mohamed Hanene 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The problem of reservation in a large distributed system is analyzed via a new mathematical model. The target application is car-sharing systems. This model is motivated by the large station-based car-sharing system in France called Autolib’. This system can be described as a closed stochastic network where the nodes are the stations and the customers are the cars. The user can reserve a car and a parking space. We study the evolution of the system when the reservation of parking spaces and cars is effective for all users. The asymptotic behavior of the underlying stochastic network is given when the number N of stations and the fleet size M increase at the same rate. The analysis involves a Markov process on a state space with dimension of order

$N^2$

. It is quite remarkable that the state process describing the evolution of the stations, whose dimension is of order N, converges in distribution, although not Markov, to a non-homogeneous Markov process. We prove this mean-field convergence. We also prove, using combinatorial arguments, that the mean-field limit has a unique equilibrium measure when the time between reserving and picking up the car is sufficiently small. This result extends the case where only the parking space can be reserved.
UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES? THE CHANGING COMPOSITION OF IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED KINGDOM AFTER BREXIT
Authors: Portes Jonathan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The end of free movement and the introduction of the post-Brexit migration system represent the most important changes to the UK migration system in half a century. Coinciding with the aftereffects of the pandemic, the result has been very large changes both to the numbers of those coming for work and study, and to their composition, both in terms of countries of origin and in the sectors and occupations of new migrants. It has also resulted in a political backlash, resulting in significant further changes to the system announced in December 2023. I discuss the evidence to date of the impact of recent migration trends on the UK economy and labour market, distinguishing between different sectors.
Evaluation of serum total antioxidant level, nutritional status and Mediterranean diet adherence of adult women with rheumatoid arthritis: a case–control study
Authors: Bekar Cansu , Armagan Berkan , Sari Alper , Ayaz Aylin 
Published: January 2025

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterised by chronic inflammation in joints. Obesity, stress, being women and dietary pattern are important in pathogenesis. The joint damage in RA is accelerated by oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to examine the serum total antioxidant level, nutritional status and Mediterranean diet adherence of adult women with RA. Thirty-five adult women RA patients and thirty-five healthy control participated in this study (45·4 ± 11·61 and 42·5 ± 8·50 years, respectively). Nutritional status, physical activity levels and adherence to the Mediterranean diet were questioned. Physicians assessed the disease activity score of patients with RA. Serum total antioxidant and oxidant status were analysed. The serum total antioxidant status of the control group was higher, whereas the oxidative stress index and total oxidant status were lower than that of the RA group. Dietary protein, fibre, EPA, retinol, Fe, Zn and total antioxidant intake in the RA group were lower than in the control group (P < 0·05). Individuals with higher fibre intake showed a significantly lower risk for RA after adjusting for potential confounding factors (OR = 0·845, 95 % CI = 0·773–0·923, P < 0·001). The mean physical activity level of the control group was higher than that of the RA group (1·59 ± 0·10 and 1·53 ± 0·13, respectively) (P = 0·01). In conclusion, serum antioxidant parameters and dietary antioxidant intake are decreased in patients with RA. Therefore, medical treatment for these patients should be supplemented with medical nutrition therapy to achieve optimal nutritional status.
Caregivers’ Experiences of Nursing Home Restrictions During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hande Mary Jean , Weeks Lori E. , Chamberlain Stephanie A. , Hubley Emily , Burke Rosanne , Warner Grace , Andrew Melissa K. , Keefe Janice 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Pandemic-related restrictions in nursing homes have undermined the critical role that family and friend caregivers play in enhancing resident quality of life.

Objective
We examined how family caregiver access restrictions in nursing homes were implemented and how they impacted the mutual well-being of and relationships between residents and their caregivers over time. Methods Between March 2021 and march 2022, 24 ‘designated caregivers’ in Atlantic Canada were interviewed three times.

Findings
We identified changes in family relationships and activities over time, constricted support networks, the increasing need for advocacy and monitoring, and the generally negative cumulative impacts of restrictions, especially during residents’ end-of-life. Subsequent adaptations to access restrictions allowed caregivers to contribute to essential monitoring, care relationships, and advocacy roles.

Discussion
We argue that the role of designated caregivers in nursing homes must be maintained during public health emergencies to ensure resident’s supportive family relationships and general well-being.
Epidemiology of invasive Escherichia coli disease in adults in England, 2013–2017
Authors: Blum Maxim , Geurtsen Jeroen , Herweijer Eva , Sarnecki Michal , Spiessens Bart , Reynolds Diogo Gil , Hermans Peter , Thelwall Simon , Bhattacharya Alex , Verstraeten Thomas , Poolman Jan , Hope Russell 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) causes invasive E. coli disease (IED), including bacteraemia and (uro)sepsis, resulting in a high disease burden, especially among older adults. This study describes the epidemiology of IED in England (2013–2017) by combining laboratory surveillance and clinical data. A total of 191 612 IED cases were identified. IED incidence increased annually by 4.4–8.2% across all ages and 2.8–7.6% among adults ≥60 years of age. When laboratory-confirmed urosepsis cases without a positive blood culture were included, IED incidence in 2017 reached 149.4/100 000 person-years among all adults and 368.4/100 000 person-years among adults ≥60 years of age. Laboratory-confirmed IED cases were identified through E. coli-positive blood samples (55.3%), other sterile site samples (26.3%), and urine samples (16.6%), with similar proportions observed among adults ≥60 years of age. IED-associated case fatality rates ranged between 11.8–13.2% among all adults and 13.1–14.7% among adults ≥60 years of age. This study reflects the findings of other published studies and demonstrates IED constitutes a major and growing global health concern disproportionately affecting the older adult population. The high case fatality rates observed despite available antibiotic treatments emphasize the growing urgency for effective intervention strategies. The burden of urosepsis due to E. coli is likely underestimated and requires additional investigation.
The healthcare experiences of rural-living Canadians with and without a primary care provider: a qualitative analysis of open-ended cross-sectional survey responses
Authors: Rush Kathy L. , Seaton Cherisse L. , Burton Lindsay , Smith Mindy A. , Li Eric P.H. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Aim:
This study aimed to explore healthcare experiences of rural-living patients both with (attached) and without (unattached) a local primary care provider.

Background:
Primary care providers serve a gatekeeping role in the Canadian healthcare system as the first contact for receiving many health services. With the shortage of primary care providers, especially in rural areas, there is a need to explore attached and unattached patient experiences when accessing healthcare.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey of rural patients both with (attached) and without (unattached) a primary care provider was conducted July–September 2022. An open-ended question gathered participants’ thoughts and experiences with provider shortages.

Findings:
Overall, 523 (Mean age = 51 years, 75% female) rural British Columbia community members (306 attached; 217 unattached) completed the survey. Despite similar overall health, unattached patients received care less frequently overall compared to attached patients, including less frequent non-urgent and preventive care. The vast majority of attached patients sought care from a regular provider whereas unattached patients were more likely to use walk-in, emergency department, and urgent care and 29% did not seek care at all. Overall, 460 (88.0%) provided a response to the open-ended doctor shortage question. Similar themes were found among both attached and unattached participants and included: i) the ubiquity of the doctor shortage, ii) the precariousness or fluidity of attachment status, and iii) solutions and recommendations. Greater attention is needed on the negative and cyclical impacts provider shortages have for both attached and unattached patients alike.
Exposure to Online Abuse of Politicians Does Not Scare Citizens Away From Politics
Authors: Pedersen Rasmus T. , Thau Mads , Petersen Niels Bjørn Grund 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Recent studies suggest that online abuse directed at politicians can have negative effects on their public engagement and continued participation in politics. This article considers the broader consequences of such online abuse by testing whether exposure to online abuse of politicians also decreases the prospective political participation of ordinary citizens. In a preregistered survey experiment with 2,000 participants from Denmark, we find that exposing citizens to cases of online abuse of politicians does not have any statistically significant, or substantively meaningful, negative effects on citizens’ prospective political participation. This result holds across multiple measures of political participation and when distinguishing citizens by their gender and level of conflict avoidance. If anything, exploratory analyses indicate that online abuse of politicians may in some cases mobilize citizens who have been bystanders to such abuse.
Nonenzymatic lysine d-lactylation induced by glyoxalase II substrate SLG dampens inflammatory immune responses
Authors: Zhao Qihang , Wang Qiang , Yao Qinghua , Yang Zhengdong , Li Wenfang , Cheng Xiaojie , Wen Yingling , Chen Rong , Xu Junfang , Wang Xuanying , Qin Dexiang , Zhu Shuyang , He Liujie , Li Nan , Wu Yanfeng , Yu Yizhi , Cao Xuetao , Wang Pin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Immunometabolism is critical in the regulation of immunity and inflammation; however, the mechanism of preventing aberrant activation-induced immunopathology remains largely unclear. Here, we report that glyoxalase II (GLO2) in the glycolysis branching pathway is specifically downregulated by NF-κB signaling during innate immune activation via tristetraprolin (TTP)-mediated mRNA decay. As a result, its substrate S-D-lactoylglutathione (SLG) accumulates in the cytosol and directly induces d-lactyllysine modification of proteins. This nonenzymatic lactylation by SLG is greatly facilitated by a nearby cysteine residue, as it initially reacts with SLG to form a reversible S-lactylated thiol intermediate, followed by SN-transfer of the lactyl moiety to a proximal lysine. Lactylome profiling identifies 2255 lactylation sites mostly in cytosolic proteins of activated macrophages, and global protein structure analysis suggests that proximity to a cysteine residue determines the susceptibility of lysine to SLG-mediated d-lactylation. Furthermore, lactylation is preferentially enriched in proteins involved in immune activation and inflammatory pathways, and d-lactylation at lysine 310 (K310) of RelA attenuates inflammatory signaling and NF-κB transcriptional activity to restore immune homeostasis. Accordingly, TTP-binding site mutation or overexpression of GLO2 in vivo blocks this feedback lactylation in innate immune cells and promotes inflammation, whereas genetic deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of GLO2 restricts immune activation and attenuates inflammatory immunopathology both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, dysregulation of the GLO2/SLG/d-lactylation regulatory axis is closely associated with human inflammatory phenotypes. Overall, our findings uncover an immunometabolic feedback loop of SLG-induced nonenzymatic d-lactylation and implicate GLO2 as a promising target for combating clinical inflammatory disorders.
Energy yield framework to simulate thin film CIGS solar cells and analyze limitations of the technology
Authors: Ramesh Santhosh , Tuomiranta Arttu , Yordanov Georgi H. , Badran Hussein , Hajjiah Ali , Vermang Bart , Poortmans Jef 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis study presents a comprehensive evaluation of Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) solar technology, benchmarked against crystalline silicon (c-Si) PERC PV technology. Utilizing a newly developed energy yield model, we analyzed the performance of CIGS in various environmental scenarios, emphasizing its behavior in low-light conditions and under different temperature regimes. The model demonstrated high accuracy with improved error metrics of normalized mean bias error (nMBE) ~ 1% and normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) of  ~ 8%–20% in simulating rack mounted setup and integrated PV systems. Key findings reveal that the CIGS technology, while slightly underperforming in integrated, low-irradiance setups, shows comparable or superior performance to c-Si PERC technology in high-irradiance and high-temperature conditions. A significant focus of the study was on the low-light performance of CIGS, where it exhibited notable voltage losses. Our research highlights the importance of reducing the diode ideality factor for enhancing CIGS power conversion efficiency, particularly In low-light conditions. These insights provide a pathway for future research and technological improvements, emphasizing defect engineering, passivation strategies to advance the understanding and application of the CIGS technology.
When curiosity gaps backfire: effects of headline concreteness on information selection decisions
Authors: Aubin Le Quéré Marianne , Matias J. Nathan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The selection of information by individuals is a basic process in democratic institutions, including journalism. Publishers attempt to attract readers with “curiosity gap” headlines that offer vague descriptions rather than summarize an article. Lab and field experiments that compare the influence of these two styles have found conflicting results on their efficacy. In this registered report, we propose a theory, based on the psychology of curiosity, to harmonize these results. We introduce and validate an automated linear scale of headline concreteness to differentiate summary and curiosity gap headlines. In a meta-analysis of 8977 headline experiments, we confirm that the effects of headline concreteness on clickthrough rates vary with the overall concreteness of other headlines. When the baseline headline is too vague, higher headline concreteness increases clickthrough rates. When headlines are too concrete, higher headline concreteness decreases clickthrough rates. These findings suggest a curvilinear relationship between information selection decisions and the amount of information conveyed in text, implying that headlines that convey just the right amount of information maximize clickthrough rates at scale.

Protocol registration
The protocol for this study was pre-registered following in-principle acceptance at https://osf.io/fbzvw/ on September 21st, 2023.
The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 30/08/23. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FBZVW.
White adipose tissues and skeletal muscles as a target of chrysin during the treatment of obesity in rats
Authors: Hassan Omar S. , Megahed Magda A. , Ghazal Nesma A. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractObesity is a rapidly growing epidemic that continues to be a major severe health problem due to its association with various adverse health consequences. Since 1975, the WHO estimates that the prevalence of obesity has tripled globally. Chrysin is a flavone that is mostly found in the Passiflore species of plants and in propolis. The present study was conducted to examine the anti-obesity effect of chrysin on a high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats and to compare their impact to physical activity (swimming). Rats were classified into two groups: the control group and the obese group, which was subdivided into 4 subgroups (8 rats each); an untreated obese group; a chrysin-treated group (oral dose of 100 mg/kg/day); swimming-treated groups (swimming for 1 h/day, five days/week with a constant overload equal to 5% of their weight); and combination-treated groups (chrysin and swimming). After 8 weeks of treatment, blood samples were taken at the end of the experiment for biochemical tests. Animals were then slaughtered to get white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle for analysis of the gene expression of the studied genes. In obese rats, therapy with chrysin reduced weight gain, hyperglycaemia, and insulin resistance. Also, the effects of chrysin may be mediated through acting as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress agent. Physical activity (swimming) is a more efficient anti-obesity agent than treating with chrysin alone through upregulation of PPAR-γ and downregulation of Mir-27a. Physical activity with daily supplementation of chrysin showed the best efficiency for the treatment of obesity.
Sulfoxidation of pyrimidine thioate derivatives and study their biological activities
Authors: El-Gharably Atif A. , Nassar A. A. , El-Ganzory N. M. , Saad-Allah Khalil M. , El-Barbary A. A. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIn a quest to innovate biologically active molecules, the benzoylation of 4,6-dimethylpyrimidine-2-thiol hydrochloride (1) with benzoyl chloride derivatives was employed to produce a series of pyrimidine benzothioate derivatives (2–5). Subsequent sulfoxidation of these derivatives (2–5) using hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid yielded a diverse array of pyrimidine sulfonyl methanone derivatives (6–9). In parallel, the sulfoxidation of pyrimidine sulfonothioates (10–12) yielded sulfonyl sulfonyl pyrimidines (13–15), originating from the condensation of compound 1 with sulfonyl chloride derivatives. The newly synthesized compounds underwent characterization via FT-IR, NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analyses. Biological screenings unveiled interesting properties: compounds 1 and 6 exhibited significant antimicrobial potency against S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus, whereas compound 11 showed distinct insensitivity. Excitingly, compounds 12 and 6 showcased robust antioxidant activity by efficiently scavenging DPPH• radical, underscoring their potential in oxidative stress mitigation. Notably, compounds 10 and 12 displayed promising anti-tumor effects, with compound 12 demonstrating superior efficacy against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line compared to compound 10. The study revealed a spectrum of biological activities across the synthesized derivatives, with modifications often resulting in diminished bioactivity compared to the parent compound 1. These findings shed light on the intricate relationship between chemical modifications and biological properties, offering valuable insights for future drug discovery endeavors.