bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production and Purification of Shark and Camel Single‐Domain Antibodies from Bacterial and Mammalian Cell Expression Systems
Authors: Duan Zhijian , Buffington Jesse , Hong Jessica , Ho Mitchell 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSingle‐domain antibodies, including the antigen‐binding variable domains of the shark immunoglobulin new antigen receptor and the camelid variable region of the heavy chain, are the smallest antigen recognition domains (∼15 kDa) and have unique characteristics compared to conventional antibodies. They are capable of binding epitopes that are hard to access for classical antibodies and can also be used for therapeutics or diagnostics or as modular building blocks for multi‐domain constructs, antibody‐drug conjugates, immunotoxins, or chimeric antigen receptor therapy. This article contains detailed procedures for the purification and validation of two single‐domain antibodies (one shark and one camel), which bind to the S2 subunit of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein, using both bacterial and mammalian cell expression systems. It provides a comprehensive reference for the production of single‐domain antibodies with high yield, good quality, and purity. © Published 2022. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.Basic Protocol: Production of single‐domain antibodies from Escherichia coliAlternate Protocol: Production of single‐domain antibodies using the mammalian cell line Expi293FSupport Protocol 1: Production and purification of single‐domain antibodies on a small scale with the polymyxin B methodSupport Protocol 2: Validation of single‐domain antibodies by ELISA
Oral hygiene knowledge versus behavior in children: A questionnaire‐based, interview‐style analysis and on‐site assessment of toothbrushing practices
Authors: Gund Madline P. , Bucher Marina , Hannig Matthias , Rohrer Tilman R. , Rupf Stefan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectivesOral hygiene plays an important role in eliminating biofilms and preventing dental caries. However, the implementation of oral health knowledge that children learn from their parents and through school dental health programmes remains poorly studied. This study aimed to investigate oral hygiene knowledge and its practical utilization in children and young adolescents (CYAs) aged 2–15 years.Material and methodsThis was a questionnaire‐based, interview‐style community survey and on‐site practical assessment of CYAs' toothbrushing skills conducted during two 1‐day public science‐promoting events held at a major German university hospital in consecutive years. CYAs first answered questions on toothbrushing frequency, dental aids used, and dental care. They subsequently underwent diagnostic staining and demonstrated their brushing technique and method. CYAs' responses (percentages) to questionnaire items addressing oral hygiene knowledge and practice, and on‐site assessment of toothbrushing skills served as the main outcome measures.ResultsOf 244 participating CYAs, 178 (73%) CYAs had no caries experience, the percentage increasing with age from 5% in 2–5‐year‐olds to 40% in those aged > 10 years. Of 117/244 (48%) indicating that teeth should be brushed three times daily, 80/117 (68%) self‐reported twice‐daily brushing, 32/117 (27%) reported brushing three times, and 4/117 (3%) stated doing so only once. Although 131/244 (54%) considered that teeth should be brushed for 3 min, 77/131 (59%) self‐reported actually doing so and 41/131 (31%) reported brushing for 2min. Seventeen of 42 (40%) participants aged > 10 years showed no systematic brushing method, with 21/42 (50%) failing to clean their teeth completely. Participants aged 6–10 years exhibited the highest proportion (97/134, 72%) of complete cleaning. One hundred and forty‐six of 244 (60%) of CYAs knew about floss; 63/134 (43%) reported using it. Good adherence to oral health recommendations (i.e., brushing ≥ 2/day for ≥2min) was observed in 212/244 (87%) CYAs, the remaining 32/244 (13%) exhibiting poor adherence.ConclusionCYAs knew about the importance of oral hygiene and cleaned their teeth frequently. However, translation of their knowledge into practice showed deficiencies. Repeated encouragement to put oral health knowledge into practice is important.
Core–shell NaBH4@Ni Nanoarchitectures: A Platform for Tunable Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Salman Muhammad Saad , Yang Yuwei , Zubair Muhammad , Bedford Nicholas M. , Aguey‐Zinsou Kondo‐Francois 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe core–shell approach has surfaced as an attractive strategy to make complex hydrides reversible for hydrogen storage; however, no synthetic method exists for taking advantage of this approach. Here, a detailed investigation was undertaken to effectively design freestanding core–shell NaBH4@Ni nanoarchitectures and correlate their hydrogen properties with structure and chemical composition. It was shown that the Ni shell growth on the surface of NaBH4 particles could be kinetically and thermodynamically controlled. The latter led to varied hydrogen properties. Near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure analysis confirmed that control over the Ni0/NixBy concentrations upon NiII reduction led to a destabilized hydride system. Hydrogen release from the sphere, cube, and bar‐like core–shell nanoarchitectures occurred at around 50, 90, and 95 °C, respectively, compared to the bulk (>500 °C). This core–shell approach, when extended to other hydrides, could open new avenues to decipher structure–property correlation in hydrogen storage/generation.
Hydrophilic Crosslinked TEMPO‐Methacrylate Copolymers – a Straight Forward Approach towards Aqueous Semi‐Organic Batteries
Authors: Elbinger Lada , Schröter Erik , Friebe Christian , Hager Martin D. , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCrosslinked hydrophilic poly(2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐N‐oxyl‐co‐[2‐(methacryloyloxy)‐ethyl]trimethyl ammonium chloride) [poly(TEMPO‐co‐METAC)] polymers with different monomer ratios are synthesized and characterized regarding a utilization as electrode material in organic batteries. These polymers can be synthesized rapidly utilizing commercial starting materials and reveal an increased hydrophilicity compared to the state‐of‐the‐art poly(2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐N‐oxyl‐4‐methacrylate) (PTMA). By increasing the hydrophilicity of the polymer, a preparation of cathode composites is enabled, which can be used for aqueous semi‐organic batteries. Detailed battery testing confirms that the additional METAC groups do not impair the battery behavior while enabling straight‐forward zinc‐TEMPO batteries.
Community assembly, functional traits, and phylogeny in Himalayan river birds
Authors: Sinha Ankita , Chatterjee Nilanjan , Krishnamurthy Ramesh , Ormerod Steve J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHeterogeneity in riverine habitats acts as a template for species evolution that influences river communities at different spatio‐temporal scales. Although birds are conspicuous elements of these communities, the roles of phylogeny, functional traits, and habitat character in their niche use or species' assembly have seldom been investigated. We explored these themes by surveying multiple headwaters over 3000 m of elevation in the Himalayan Mountains of India where the specialist birds of montane rivers reach their greatest diversity on Earth. After ordinating community composition, species traits, and habitat character, we investigated whether river bird traits varied with elevation in ways that were constrained or independent of phylogeny, hypothesizing that trait patterns reflect environmental filtering. Community composition and trait representation varied strongly with increasing elevation and river naturalness as species that foraged in the river/riparian ecotone gave way to small insectivores with direct trophic dependence on the river or its immediate channel. These trends were influenced strongly by phylogeny as communities became more clustered by functional traits at a higher elevation. Phylogenetic signals varied among traits, however, and were reflected in body mass, bill size, and tarsus length more than in body size, tail length, and breeding strategy. These variations imply that community assembly in high‐altitude river birds reflects a blend of phylogenetic constraint and habitat filtering coupled with some proximate niche‐based moulding of trait character. We suggest that the regional co‐existence of river birds in the Himalaya is facilitated by this same array of factors that together reflect the highly heterogeneous template of river habitats provided by these mountain headwaters.
Atrial fibrillation is an independent risk factor for heart failure hospitalization in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Yang Eunice , Vaishnav Joban , Song Evelyn , Lee Joan , Schulman Steven , Calkins Hugh , Berger Ronald , Russell Stuart D. , Sharma Kavita 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAimsAtrial fibrillation (AF) is a common comorbid condition in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The effect of AF on heart failure (HF) exacerbation in HFpEF has not been well described. This study investigated how AF modifies the clinical trajectory of HFpEF patients after hospitalization for decompensated HF.Methods and resultsWe stratified HFpEF subjects by AF diagnosis and performed longitudinal analysis to compare risk for HF hospitalization after index hospitalization for decompensated HF. All‐cause mortality, 30 day all‐cause readmissions, and response to inpatient diuresis were also evaluated. Of 90 subjects enrolled, 35.6% (n = 32) had AF. Subjects with AF were older (72.5 vs. 60.5 years; P < 0.01), more often male (46.9% vs. 24.1%; P = 0.03), and had greater left atrial diameter (4.9 vs. 3.8 cm; P < 0.01) compared with those without AF. Subjects with AF had a higher risk for HF hospitalization than their counterparts without AF (P = 0.02); this relationship remained significant following multivariable competing risk regression with propensity score weighting (hazard ratio 2.53, P = 0.04 and hazard ratio 2.91, P = 0.04, with overlap and inverse probability weighting, respectively). Although having AF appeared to increase the risk of all‐cause hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge (37.5% vs. 17.5%; P = 0.036), this relationship failed to remain significant following propensity score adjustment for clinical covariates.ConclusionsAtrial fibrillation is an independent risk factor for HF rehospitalization in HFpEF. Further understanding of the interplay between AF and HFpEF will be critical to guide the selection of appropriate rhythm management strategies in this population.
Angiotensin receptor‐neprilysin inhibitor in symptomatic patients with Duchenne dilated cardiomyopathy: A primetime
Authors: Arcudi Alessandra , Di Francesco Marco , Rodolico Daniele , D'Amario Domenico 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAimsDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X‐linked recessive neuromuscular disorder, characterized by significant long‐term cardiac involvement. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the main cause of death in DMD, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and beta‐blockers (BB) are first‐line treatments in DCM. It is unknown whether angiotensin receptor‐neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi) could provide greater benefits in this setting. Our aim is to assess whether ARNi use may prevent deterioration in ejection fraction (EF) or is associated with EF improvement compared with ACEi in DMD patients with heart failure and to report the tolerability of ARNi in this group of patients.Methods and resultsWe followed 22 DMD patients, 6 of them with an EF < 40% and 16 with an EF > 40%. The first group received ARNi on top of BB, while the control group started or continued first‐line therapy with ACEi ± BB. From December 2016 to December 2021, we recorded EF values at baseline and at follow‐up, comparing EF changes. Median follow‐up was 7 months (interquartile range 4.7–9.1). At baseline, the mean of EF (%) in the ARNi group was 31 ± 2%, while it was 59 ± 9% in the control group. At follow‐up, we recorded an EF improvement in the ARNi group (38 ± 6%, P‐value < 0.05). Among controls, EF at follow‐up was substantially unchanged from baseline.ConclusionsOur data suggest that the use of ARNi in DMD patients with DCM and an EF < 40% might be associated with an EF improvement and a safe tolerability profile.
Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis and Chemoinformatics: A Fruitful Synergy towards Better Chemical Libraries
Authors: Lenci Elena , Trabocchi Andrea 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn these two decades, Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis (DOS) has changed significantly: from the historical focus on structural diversity, new approaches have been developed in order to increase the biological outcome of the molecules within the library, such as the privileged‐based DOS or the Diversity‐Oriented Fluorescence Library Approach (DOFLA). In this context, chemoinformatics can assist organic chemists in identifying biologically‐relevant regions of the chemical space not yet explored. Also, chemoinformatics tools can be used to graphically visualize and/or predict the structural diversity and complexity of the compounds within the library. This review highlights the improvement that DOS has received from chemoinformatics, presenting recent articles (published between 2016 and 2021) in which DOS libraries are analysed by chemoinformatics tools.
Gyral peaks: Novel gyral landmarks in developing macaque brains
Authors: Zhang Songyao , Chavoshnejad Poorya , Li Xiao , Guo Lei , Jiang Xi , Han Junwei , Wang Li , Li Gang , Wang Xianqiao , Liu Tianming , Razavi Mir Jalil , Zhang Shu , Zhang Tuo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCerebral cortex development undergoes a variety of processes, which provide valuable information for the study of the developmental mechanism of cortical folding as well as its relationship to brain structural architectures and brain functions. Despite the variability in the anatomy–function relationship on the higher‐order cortex, recent studies have succeeded in identifying typical cortical landmarks, such as sulcal pits, that bestow specific functional and cognitive patterns and remain invariant across subjects and ages with their invariance being related to a gene‐mediated proto‐map. Inspired by the success of these studies, we aim in this study at defining and identifying novel cortical landmarks, termed gyral peaks, which are the local highest foci on gyri. By analyzing data from 156 MRI scans of 32 macaque monkeys with the age spanned from 0 to 36 months, we identified 39 and 37 gyral peaks on the left and right hemispheres, respectively. Our investigation suggests that these gyral peaks are spatially consistent across individuals and relatively stable within the age range of this dataset. Moreover, compared with other gyri, gyral peaks have a thicker cortex, higher mean curvature, more pronounced hub‐like features in structural connective networks, and are closer to the borders of structural connectivity‐based cortical parcellations. The spatial distribution of gyral peaks was shown to correlate with that of other cortical landmarks, including sulcal pits. These results provide insights into the spatial arrangement and temporal development of gyral peaks as well as their relation to brain structure and function.
Eosinophils protect against acetaminophen‐induced liver injury through cyclooxygenase‐mediated IL‐4/IL‐13 production
Authors: Xu Long , Yang Yang , Jiang Jiali , Wen Yankai , Jeong Jong‐Min , Emontzpohl Christoph , Atkins Constance L. , Kim Kangho , Jacobsen Elizabeth A. , Wang Hua , Ju Cynthia 
Published: June 2022

Background and Aims:
A better understanding of the underlying mechanism of acetaminophen (APAP)‐induced liver injury (AILI) remains an important endeavor to develop therapeutic approaches. Eosinophils have been detected in liver biopsies of patients with APAP overdose. We recently demonstrated a profound protective role of eosinophils against AILI; however, the molecular mechanism had not been elucidated.

Approach and Results:
In agreement with our previous data from experiments using genetic deletion of eosinophils, we found that depletion of eosinophils in wild‐type (WT) mice by an anti‐IL‐15 antibody resulted in exacerbated AILI. Moreover, adoptive transfer of eosinophils significantly reduced liver injury and mortality rate in WT mice. Mechanistic studies using eosinophil‐specific IL‐4/IL‐13 knockout mice demonstrated that these cytokines, through inhibiting interferon‐γ, mediated the hepatoprotective function of eosinophils. Reverse phase protein array analyses and in vitro experiments using various inhibitors demonstrated that IL‐33 stimulation of eosinophils activated p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), and in turn, cyclooxygenases (COX), which triggered NF‐κB–mediated IL‐4/IL‐13 production. In vivo adoptive transfer experiments showed that in contrast to naive eosinophils, those pretreated with COX inhibitors failed to attenuate AILI.

Conclusions:
The current study revealed that eosinophil‐derived IL‐4/IL‐13 accounted for the hepatoprotective effect of eosinophils during AILI. The data demonstrated that the p38 MAPK/COX/NF‐κB signaling cascade played a critical role in inducing IL‐4/IL‐13 production by eosinophils in response to IL‐33.
Embedding experiential learning in undergraduate health promotion curriculum
Authors: Chong Susan C. S. , Anderson Karen , Mackenzie‐Stewart Ruth , Hobbs Carmel , Conna Belinda 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIssue addressedThe experiential teaching method draws on research‐based principles of adult education. The integration of academic learning and practice provides students opportunities to increase their knowledge while developing capabilities to meet the International Union for Health Promotion and Education (IUHPE) Core Competencies and Professional Standards.MethodsCommunity Health Promotion is a second‐year subject offered in the Bachelor of Health Sciences at La Trobe University. The project‐based curriculum, delivered over 12 weeks, consists of theoretical material which students apply through hands‐on project planning, implementation and evaluation; projects are carried out on campus. To bridge academic content and project practicalities the Victorian government's Integrated Health Promotion Resource Kit is used as a foundational teaching resource. Students are supported by teaching staff and a project sponsor throughout the project cycle. Assessment tasks comprised of problem definition and priority setting, project planning and critical reflection on project implementation.DiscussionThe experiential learning approach enables students, in a self‐directed yet collaborative manner, to develop skills aligned with health promotion competencies. Students were able to safely “experiment” and apply health promotion theory while actively developing project management and partnerships skills, reflecting on their practice and communicating project findings. Students consistently provide feedback articulating the value they place on the purposeful and scaffolded transition of classroom learning to real‐life environments which they recognised as building their competencies and enhancing their employability skills.ConclusionExperiential learning through small‐group projects prepares students for the health promotion workforce in a low‐risk, high‐impact educational setting while contributing to promoting the ethos of a health‐promoting university.So what?The authentic assessments provide students with the opportunity to develop competency within several domains of the IUHPE Core Competencies and Professional Standards.
Waka ama: An exemplar of indigenous health promotion in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Reweti Angelique , Severinsen Christina 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIssue addressedThe use of old‐style, top‐down health education and awareness programmes in Aotearoa New Zealand, which adopt a single issue‐based approach to health promotion, primarily ignores a broad approach to social determinants of health, as well as indigenous Māori understandings of wellbeing.MethodsThis paper draws on the indigenous framework Te Pae Māhutonga as a guide for presenting narratives collated from members of a waka ama rōpū (group) who were interviewed about the social, cultural and health benefits of waka ama.ResultsThis waka ama case study is an exemplar of community‐led health promotion within an indigenous context, where Māori values and practices, such as whanaungatanga (the process of forming and maintaining relationships), manaakitanga (generosity and caring for others) and kaitiakitanga (guardianship), are foundational. The findings highlight the multiple benefits of engagement in waka ama and illustrate effective techniques for enhancing wellbeing within local communities.ConclusionAt a time when Aotearoa New Zealand is seeing a decreasing trend in physical activity levels and an increase in mental health challenges, waka ama provides us with an exemplar of ways to increase health and wellbeing within our communities.So what?The findings of this research contribute to the evidence base of effective indigenous health promotion, bridging the gap between academia and local community action. To better recognise, comprehend and improve indigenous health and wellbeing, we argue that active participation of people in the community is required to achieve long‐term and revolutionary change.
The promising novel therapies for familial hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Chen Ruoyu , Lin Shaoyi , Chen Xiaomin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is high. In recent years, novel therapeutic modalities have shown significant lipid‐lowering ability. In this paper, we summarize the recent developments in novel therapies for FH via the treatment of different targets and discuss the characteristics of each targeted therapy. Based on the process of protein synthesis, we attempt to summarize the direct‐effect targets including protein, RNA, and DNA.MethodsFor this systematic review, relevant studies are assessed by searching in several databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The publications of original researches are considered for screening.ResultsMost drugs are protein‐targeted such as molecule‐based and monoclonal antibodies, including statins, ezetimibe, alirocumab, evolocumab, and evinacumab. Both antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) approaches, such as mipomersen, vupanorsen, inclisiran, and ARO‐ANG3, are designed to reduce the number of mRNA transcripts and then degrade proteins. DNA‐targeted therapies such as adeno‐associated virus or CRISPR–Cas9 modification could be used to deliver or edit genes to address a genetic deficiency and improve the related phenotype.ConclusionWhile the therapies based on different targets including protein, RNA, and DNA are on different stages of development, the mechanisms of these novel therapies may provide new ideas for precision medicine.