bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the response of Blainville's beaked whales to U.S. naval sonar exercises in Hawaii
Authors: Jacobson Eiren K. , Henderson E. Elizabeth , Miller David L. , Oedekoven Cornelia S. , Moretti David J. , Thomas Len 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBehavioral responses of beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) to naval use of mid‐frequency active sonar (MFAS) have been quantified for some species and regions. We describe the effects of MFAS on the probability of detecting diving groups of Blainville's beaked whales on the U.S. Navy Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) in Hawaii and compare our results to previously published results for the same species at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) in the Bahamas. We use passive acoustic data collected at bottom‐mounted hydrophones before and during six naval training exercises at PMRF along with modelled sonar received levels to describe the effect of training and MFAS on foraging groups of Blainville's beaked whales. We use a multistage generalized additive modeling approach to control for the underlying spatial distribution of vocalizations under baseline conditions. At an MFAS received level of 150 dB re 1 μPa rms the probability of detecting groups of Blainville's beaked whales decreases by 77%, 95% CI [67%, 84%] compared to periods when general training activity was ongoing and by 87%, 95% CI [81%, 91%] compared to baseline conditions. Our results indicate a more pronounced response to naval training and MFAS than has been previously reported.
Infestation rates, seasonal distribution, and genetic diversity of ixodid ticks from livestock of various origins in two markets of Yaoundé, Cameroon
Authors: Sado Yousseu Francine , Simo Tchetgna Huguette , Kamgang Basile , Djonabaye Doumani , McCall Philip J. , Ndip Roland Ndip , Wondji Charles S. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractLittle is known about the impact of ticks on livestock and humans in Cameroon. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, seasonal variation, and genetic diversity of hard ticks in the country. Ticks were collected during a cross‐sectional survey on domestic livestock in two markets of Yaoundé in 2019 and 2020 and identified using morphological keys, 16S ribosomal DNA, (16S rDNA), and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (Cox1) genes. The infestation rates were 39.18%, 11.53%, and 2.74% in cattle, sheep, and goats respectively. Three genera of ticks were identified, Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, and Hyalomma comprising eleven tick species. The main species were Rhipicephalus decoloratus (30.25%), R. microplus (24.43%), and Amblyomma variegatum (12.96%). Rhipicephalus spp. (81.31%) and Amblyomma variegatum (51.54%) were abundant during the rainy season, while Hyalomma spp. (83.86%) during the dry season (p‐value <0.00001). Cox1 and 16S rDNA analysis showed a high level of genetic diversity among tick species with sequences close to those observed across Africa. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that our R. microplus belong to clade A and we identified R. sanguineus s.l. as R. linnea. This study shows a high tick infestation rate in cattle, while low in small ruminants with an extensive diversity of tick species, including several known vectors of important tick‐borne diseases.
A prospective observational study of video laryngoscopy‐guided coaching in the pediatric intensive care unit
Authors: Laverriere Elizabeth K. , Fiadjoe John E. , McGowan Nancy , Bruins Benjamin B. , Napolitano Natalie , Watanabe Ichiro , Yamada Nicole K. , Walsh Catharine M. , Berg Robert A. , Nadkarni Vinay M. , Nishisaki Akira 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundThere are limited data on the use of video laryngoscopy for pediatric patients outside of the operating room.AimOur primary aim was to evaluate whether implementation of video laryngoscopy‐guided coaching for tracheal intubation is feasible with a high level of compliance and associated with a reduction in adverse tracheal intubation‐associated events.MethodsThis is a pre‐post observational study of video laryngoscopy implementation with standardized coaching language for tracheal intubation in a single‐center, pediatric intensive care unit. The use of video laryngoscopy as a coaching device with standardized coaching language was implemented as a part of practice improvement. All patients in the pediatric intensive care unit were included between January 2016 and December 2017 who underwent primary tracheal intubation with either video laryngoscopy or direct laryngoscopy. The uptake of the implementation, sustained compliance, tracheal intubation outcomes including all adverse tracheal intubation‐associated events, oxygen desaturations (<80% SpO2), and first attempt success were measured.ResultsAmong 580 tracheal intubations, 284 (49%) were performed during the preimplementation phase, and 296 (51%) postimplementation. Compliance for the use of video laryngoscopy with standardized coaching language was high (74% postimplementation) and sustained. There were no statistically significant differences in adverse tracheal intubation‐associated events between the two phases (pre‐ 9% vs. post‐ 5%, absolute difference −3%, CI95: −8% to 1%,p = .11), oxygen desaturations <80% (pre‐ 13% vs. post‐ 13%, absolute difference 1%, CI95: –6% to 5%,p = .75), or first attempt success (pre‐ 73% vs. post‐ 76%, absolute difference 4%, CI95: –3% to 11%,p = .29). Supervisors were more likely to use the standardized coaching language when video laryngoscopy was used for tracheal intubation than with standard direct laryngoscopy (80% vs. 43%, absolute difference 37%, CI95: 23% to 51%,p < .001).ConclusionsImplementation of video laryngoscopy as a supervising device with standardized coaching language was feasible with high level of adherence, yet not associated with an increased occurrence of any adverse tracheal intubation‐associated events and oxygen desaturation.
Redox‐engineering enhances maize thermotolerance and grain yield in the field
Authors: Sprague Stuart A. , Tamang Tej Man , Steiner Trevor , Wu Qingyu , Hu Ying , Kakeshpour Tayebeh , Park Jungeun , Yang Jian , Peng Zhao , Bergkamp Blake , Somayanda Impa , Peterson Morgan , Oliveira Garcia Ely , Hao Yangfan , St. Amand Paul , Bai Guihua , Nakata Paul A. , Rieu Ivo , Jackson David P. , Cheng Ninghui , Valent Barbara , Hirschi Kendal D. , Jagadish SV Krishna , Liu Sanzhen , White Frank F. , Park Sunghun 
Published: June 2022

SummaryIncreasing populations and temperatures are expected to escalate food demands beyond production capacities, and the development of maize lines with better performance under heat stress is desirable. Here, we report that constitutive ectopic expression of a heterologous glutaredoxin S17 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtGRXS17) can provide thermotolerance in maize through enhanced chaperone activity and modulation of heat stress‐associated gene expression. The thermotolerant maize lines had increased protection against protein damage and yielded a sixfold increase in grain production in comparison to the non‐transgenic counterparts under heat stress field conditions. The maize lines also displayed thermotolerance in the reproductive stages, resulting in improved pollen germination and the higher fidelity of fertilized ovules under heat stress conditions. Our results present a robust and simple strategy for meeting rising yield demands in maize and, possibly, other crop species in a warming global environment.
Using field evaluation and systematic iteration to rationalize the accumulation of omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic Camelina sativa
Authors: Han Lihua , Silvestre Susana , Sayanova Olga , Haslam Richard P. , Napier Johnathan A. 
Published: June 2022

SummaryThe Brassicaceae Camelina sativa (gold of pleasure) is now an established niche crop and being used as a transgenic host for a range of novel seed traits. Most notable of these is the accumulation of omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturates such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), fatty acids normally only found in marine organisms. As part of continued efforts to optimize the accumulation of these non‐native fatty acids via seed‐specific expression of algal genes, a new series of iterative constructs was built and introduced into Camelina. Seed fatty acid composition was determined, and the presence of EPA and DHA was confirmed. To provide an additional level of evaluation, full environmental release was carried out on selected events, providing a real‐world gauntlet against which to assess the performance of these novel lines. Composition of the seed oil triacylglycerol was determined by mass spectrometry, allowing for conclusions as to the contribution of different activities to the final accumulation of EPA and DHA. Since these data were derived from field‐grown material, they also represent a robust demonstration of the stability of the omega‐3 LC‐PUFA trait in Camelina. We propose that field trialling should be routinely incorporated in the plant synthetic biology ‘design–build–test–learn’ cycle.
A case of inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus successfully treated with Brodalumab
Authors: Green Rebecca , Hunter Charlene , Chia Justin C. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractInflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN) is a rare type of epidermal nevus, commonly arising in childhood. We present a case of a 13‐year‐old female with Blaschkoid psoriasiform plaques extending from her left foot to the scalp, sparing the right side of the body. While treatment options historically show variable success, we trialed an IL‐17a receptor inhibitor as studies have shown increased levels of IL‐17 receptor expression in ILVEN keratinocytes. At both 3 and 6 months after treatment initiation there was found to be significant improvement. We propose brodalumab as an effective treatment option for widespread ILVEN.
Comparative transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses reveal conserved and divergent regulatory pathways in barley response to temperature stresses
Authors: Li Bo , Yang Caixian , An Bingzhuang , Wang Hongpan , Albaqami Mohammed , Abou‐Elwafa Salah Fatouh , Xu Le , Xu Yanhao 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDNA methylation and histone modification enable plants to rapidly adapt to adverse temperature stresses, including low temperature (LT) and high temperature (HT) stress. In this study, we conducted physiological, epigenetic, and transcriptomic analyses of barley seedlings grown under control (22°C), mild low temperature (MLT, 14°C) and HT (38°C) conditions to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Compared to MLT, HT implies greater deleterious effects on barley seedlings' growth. The methylation‐sensitive amplification polymorphism analysis showed that MLT induced more DNA methylation and HT more DNA demethylation compared to control. Besides, the higher levels of H3K9ac and H3K4me3 under HT compared to MLT stresses might lead to the loosening of chromatin and, subsequently, the activation of gene expression. Consistently, the transcriptome analysis revealed that there were more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in plants subjected to HT stress than MLT stress compared to control. The common and unique pathways of these DEGs between MLT and HT were also analyzed. Transcription factors, such as ERF, bHLH, NAC, HSF, and MYB, were most involved in MLT and HT stress. The underlying gene regulation networks of epigenetic modulation‐related genes were further explored by weight gene co‐expression network analysis. Our study provides new insights into the understanding of epigenetic regulation responses to temperature stress in barley, which will lead to improved strategies for the development of cold‐ and heat‐tolerant barley varieties for sustainable barley production in a climate‐changing world.
Invasive weed‐based biochar facilitated the restoration of coal mine degraded land by modulating the enzyme activity and carbon sequestration
Authors: Ghosh Dipita , Maiti Subodh K. 
Published: June 2022

Excessive growth of invasive weeds in reclaimed coal mine sites are undesirable as they compete for nutrient with the planted species. To overcome this problem, these invasive species may be converted to biochar and used as an amendment during reclamation. Objectives of the present study are to prepare biochar from invasive weeds and apply as amendment in an 8‐year‐old reclaimed mine spoil (RMS) and study the changes in spoil physio‐chemical properties, enzymatic activity, and C‐stock. Biochar was prepared at 450°C and applied at 10 t/ha (BC10) and 20 t/ha (BC20) in field condition. The result showed that biochar ameliorates RMS physio‐chemical properties significantly with respect to moisture content (+27%), available‐N (+3%), exchangeable‐K (+15%), and cation exchange capacity (+35%) in BC20 compared to control. Geometric mean of enzymatic activities index increase in BC10 (8) and BC20 (10.2) compared to control (5.8) indicating improved microbial activities. BC20 had significantly high recalcitrant carbon, which indicates higher C‐sequestration potential by biochar application. Additionally, the total C‐stock increased by 13 and 91% at BC10 and BC20, respectively. CO2 sequestered increased by 13% at BC10 and 91% at BC20 amendment. In‐situ production and surface application of biochar at 20 t/ha will cost 239 USD/ha. The study concluded that invasive weed biochar has the potential to improve the spoil nutritional properties (N & K), increase C‐stock and C‐sequestration potential in coal mine spoil.
Effect of Morphology and Concentration of Two Carbon Allotropes on the Enhancement of Specific Heat Capacity of Eutectic Molten Salt
Authors: Jahan Salim Nusrat , Rahman Md. Ashiqur , Firoz Shakhawat H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This study aims at investigating the effect of nanoparticle morphology and concentration on the specific heat capacity of a molten salt used as thermal energy storage material in concentrated solar power plants. Binary carbonate salt eutectic (lithium carbonate and potassium carbonate at a molar ratio of 62:38, respectively) is used as the base material. Two different carbon allotropes, graphite nanoparticles (Gp) and carbon nanotube (CNT) are used as dopants to look into the morphological effect on specific heat (Cp). A series of experiments are carried out to systematically investigate the effect of nanoparticle concentration by varying the mass percentages of carbon allotropes (2 wt.%, 4 wt.%, and 6 wt.%) in the base material. The specific heat capacity of the samples is measured both in solid (250 °C and 400 °C) and liquid phases (520°–560 °C) using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results show a maximum enhancement of 35% in Cp for 6 wt.% Gp -based salt in the liquid phase. CNT-based nanomaterials exhibit a maximum enhancement of 20% for 4 wt.% CNT inclusion in the liquid phase. The superior performance of Gp compared to CNT and mass concentration-controlled specific heat is explained using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. FESEM and EDS analysis confirm the presence and the composition of the compressed layer, respectively. These layers are considered to be responsible for the anomalous increase in specific heat capacity at different mass concentrations for the carbon allotropes.
From Medals to Minutes: Time on Camera for Men and Women During the 2020 Tokyo Olympics on NBC Television
Authors: Arth Zachary W. , Pike Mackenzie P. , Angelini James R. 
Published: June 2022

This study assessed the time on camera dedicated to men and women athletes at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. An analysis of all of NBC’s Olympic programming, consisting of both the flagship prime-time broadcasts and the additional content on their network, yielded nearly 230 hr of Olympic content to code. In the 62 hr of prime-time coverage, women received 57.95% of the time on camera. During the non-prime-time coverage, which spanned 167 hr, women again received the majority of clock time, accounting for 55.22%. In addition, differences by sport were uncovered with the major differences occurring in gymnastics and beach volleyball, both of which saw much more hours dedicated to the women’s competitions. Utilizing agenda setting as the theoretical framework for this study, ramifications for these broadcast trends and differences are discussed.
Simple Approach to Defining Training Intensity in Endurance Runners
Authors: Foster Carl , Barroso Renato , Bok Daniel , Boullosa Daniel , Casado Arturo , Cortis Cristina , de Koning Jos J. , Fusco Andrea , Haugen Thomas 
Published: June 2022

Training intensity distribution is important to training program design. The zones 1 to 2 boundary can be defined by the Talk Test and the rating of perceived exertion. The zones 2 to 3 boundary can be defined by respiratory gas exchange, maximal lactate steady state, or, more simply, by critical speed (CS). The upper boundary of zone 3 is potential defined by the velocity at maximum oxygen uptake (vVO2max), although no clear strategy has emerged to categorize this intensity. This is not normally definable outside the laboratory. Purpose: This study predicts vVO2max from CS, determined from 1 (1.61 km) and 2 (3.22 km) citizen races in well-trained runners. Methods: A heterogeneous group of well-trained runners (N = 22) performed 1- and 2-mile races and were studied during submaximal and maximal treadmill running to measure oxygen uptake, allowing computation of vVO2max. This vVO2max was compared with CS. Results: vVO2max (4.82 [0.53] m·s−1) was strongly correlated with CS (4.37 [0.49] m·s−1; r = .84, standard error of estimate [SEE] = 0.132 m·s−1), 1-mile speed (5.09 [0.51] m·s−1; r = .84, SEE = 0.130 m·s−1), and 2-mile speed (4.68 [0.49] m·s−1; r = .86, SEE = 0.120 m·s−1). Conclusions: CS, calculated from 2 citizen races (or even training time trials), can be used to make reasonable estimates of vVO2max, which can be used in the design of running training programs.
An Experimental Complex for Researching High Velocity Magnetic Hydrodynamic Flows
Authors: Masloboev I. A. , Fomichev V. P. , Shevchenko A. B. , Yadrenkin M. A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stand based on a shock tube is described. A distinctive feature of this apparatus is the presence of a system for generating a magnetic field with an induction of up to 2.5 T and devices for ionization of the flow (electron gun, current generators), which makes it possible to solve a wide range of problems in magnetoplasma aerodynamics. The design features of the MHD test bench make it possible to simulate the MHD effect on the flow structure during flow around the investigated bodies under conditions of high-speed flight in the Earth’s atmosphere at the flow Mach numbers M = 6–12. The main experimental techniques used at the stand are considered. Examples of the results of the study of MHD effects obtained with this setup are presented.
Using medical education as a tool to train doctors as social innovators
Authors: Khan Nagina , Rogers Anne , Melville Colin , Shankar Rohit , Gilliar Wolfgang , Byrne Peter , Serafimov Alex , Sira Mahalingappa Sridevi , Sehdev Simran , Sri Anna , Dave Subodh 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionCurrent medical education prepares doctors to diagnose, assess and treat individual patients yet lacks the expectation to be responsible for the care of the wider community. Learning the skills to recognise and redress the social determinants of health are increasingly being recognised as an essential part of medical education.ObjectivesThe goal of this research was (1) to investigate how medical education can be leveraged to reduce health inequalities through the role and practice of doctors and (2) to elucidate how key innovations in medical education are a necessity that can support doctors as ‘change agents.’MethodsTwo international multidisciplinary roundtable focus groups with 23 healthcare leaders from various backgrounds were facilitated. The discussions were audiorecorded, transcribed and then thematically analysed with the qualitative analysis software QDA Miner.ResultsEight themes emerged: (1) Social innovation training in medical education; (2) Linking community working with social innovation; (3) Future curricula development; (4) Settings, context, environment and leaving the classroom; (5) Developing links with third sector organisations and community, including low-income and middle-income countries; (6) Including learners’ perspectives and lived experience; (7) Medical roles are political and need political support and (8) The need to address power imbalances and impact of discrimination.ConclusionsMedical education needs to fundamentally widen its focus from the individual doctor–patient relationship to the doctor–community relationship. Doctors’ training needs to help them become social innovators who can balance interventions with prevention, promote good health on a community and societal scale and tailor their treatments to the individuals’ contexts.
Comparative-effectiveness research of COVID-19 treatment: a rapid scoping review
Authors: Pham Ba , Rios Patricia , Radhakrishnan Amruta , Darvesh Nazia , Antony Jesmin , Williams Chantal , Ramkissoon Naveeta , Cormack Gordon V , Grossman Maura R , Kampman Melissa , Patel Milan , Yazdi Fatemeh , Robson Reid , Ghassemi Marco , Macdonald Erin , Warren Rachel , Muller Matthew P , Straus Sharon E , Tricco Andrea C 
Published: June 2022

ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic has stimulated growing research on treatment options. We aim to provide an overview of the characteristics of studies evaluating COVID-19 treatment.DesignRapid scoping reviewData sourcesMedline, Embase and biorxiv/medrxiv from inception to 15 May 2021.SettingHospital and community care.ParticipantsCOVID-19 patients of all ages.InterventionsCOVID-19 treatment.ResultsThe literature search identified 616 relevant primary studies of which 188 were randomised controlled trials and 299 relevant evidence syntheses. The studies and evidence syntheses were conducted in 51 and 39 countries, respectively.Most studies enrolled patients admitted to acute care hospitals (84%), included on average 169 participants, with an average age of 60 years, study duration of 28 days, number of effect outcomes of four and number of harm outcomes of one. The most common primary outcome was death (32%).The included studies evaluated 214 treatment options. The most common treatments were tocilizumab (11%), hydroxychloroquine (9%) and convalescent plasma (7%). The most common therapeutic categories were non-steroidal immunosuppressants (18%), steroids (15%) and antivirals (14%). The most common therapeutic categories involving multiple drugs were antimalarials/antibiotics (16%), steroids/non-steroidal immunosuppressants (9%) and antimalarials/antivirals/antivirals (7%). The most common treatments evaluated in systematic reviews were hydroxychloroquine (11%), remdesivir (8%), tocilizumab (7%) and steroids (7%).The evaluated treatment was in favour 50% and 36% of the evaluations, according to the conclusion of the authors of primary studies and evidence syntheses, respectively.ConclusionsThis rapid scoping review characterised a growing body of comparative-effectiveness primary studies and evidence syntheses. The results suggest future studies should focus on children, elderly ≥65 years of age, patients with mild symptoms, outpatient treatment, multimechanism therapies, harms and active comparators. The results also suggest that future living evidence synthesis and network meta-analysis would provide additional information for decision-makers on managing COVID-19.