bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting evaporation from moist, cracked soil, based on near‐surface wind speed, crack width and crack distance
Authors: Poulsen Tjalfe G. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEvaporation from both cracked and uncracked soil surfaces under moist conditions was measured as a function of near‐surface wind speed, with wind speeds ranging between 0 and 5 ms−1. Crack aperture width and distance between neighbouring cracks ranged from 2 to 20 mm and 40 to 120 mm, respectively, while crack depth was kept constant at 50 mm. Experiments were carried out in a wind tunnel with a 1 m × 1 m × 2.5 m test section, using large‐scale (50 cm diameter, 15 cm depth) soil samples. Sixty‐six combination of crack properties and wind speed were considered. Resulting evaporation data were used to assess the shape of the relationships between evaporation rate, wind speed conditions and crack properties. A semiempirical model for estimating evaporation from cracked soil, as a function of wind speed, crack width and crack distance, given evaporation as a function of wind speed from uncracked soil, was developed. Results showed that evaporation from cracked soil under moist conditions increased by 60%–65% compared to uncracked soil, for the wind speed and crack properties given above. Evaporation from crack apertures was up to eight times higher than from an uncracked surface under the same wind conditions. Results further indicated that for constant wind speed and crack distance, there exists a crack width at which evaporation from the soil is at maximum. The semiempirical model based on exponential and power function relationships, was able to very closely match the experimental data and is further expected to be able to approximate evaporation under natural conditions.Highlights
Near‐surface wind speed is strongly affected by presence of cracks
Cracking in moist soils can increase evaporation up to 65% over uncracked soil
There exists an intermediate crack width at which evaporation is at a maximum
Evaporation may be estimated based on wind speed and crack properties
Lessons from the Field. Classroom gender composition in the context of youth relationship education
Authors: Chan Alexander E. , Harcourt‐Medina Kate Taylor , Adler‐Baeder Francesca 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe main aim of the study was to assess whether and how the gender composition of classrooms affect learning outcomes as reported by youth participants in youth relationship education (YRE) classes.BackgroundAlthough gender has been explored as a moderator of relationship education outcomes, the influences of the gender composition of the YRE setting on outcomes has not been tested. Youth in sex education settings frequently cite embarrassment and anxiety about discussing sensitive topics among other genders. Despite reporting anxiety, youth in several studies report benefits of participating in sex education in mixed‐gender settings. Although sex education differs in purpose from YRE, similar dynamics may influence the learning outcomes of YRE. Thus, it is important for YRE researchers to replicate the study of gender composition that has been carried out in other educational settings.MethodsRepeated‐measure analyses of variance were conducted on data from a community‐based sample of 4,597 YRE participants to test for interaction effects of time by classroom gender balance ratio on each of the outcome variables.ResultsResults suggest that for the majority of learning outcomes, young women benefit from YRE regardless of the gender composition of the classroom. Young men, however, appear to report greater changes in skills at posttest when they are in balanced or predominantly young women (>55% identifying as female) classrooms, with one exception for young men 15 years of age and younger.ImplicationsThese results, taken in concert with results from other studies of gender composition, suggest that young men benefit from the enhanced opportunity for dialogue with young women in the YRE educational setting.
Foreign object damage characteristics and their effects on high cycle fatigue property of Ni‐based superalloy GH4169
Authors: Jia Xu , Zhang Zi‐Wen , Ling Chen , Lu Xu‐ping , Jiang Rong , Song Ying‐Dong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this study, high‐speed ballistic impact tests were conducted on GH4169 alloy samples with the aeroengine compressor blade leading‐edge feature to simulate the notch‐type foreign object damages (FOD). Macroscopic and microscopic characterization of FOD and high cycle fatigue tests were performed to investigate the effect of FOD depth on GH4169 alloy fatigue strength along with numerical analysis using the Kitagawa–Takahashi diagram. Results show that the incident side of notch‐type FODs is relatively smooth, whereas the exit side is rugged. The FOD depth ranges from 0.18 to 1.33 mm, and the fatigue strength of damaged samples is 37.93% – 97.04% of the undamaged samples. As the FOD depth increases, damage length, material losses, and the stress concentration coefficient of the FOD increase significantly and accompanied by the increasing of adiabatic shear bands, micro voids, and cracks, resulting in fatigue strength reduction. Numerical analysis indicates that the Kitagawa–Takahashi diagram can provide a basic model for the design of FOD tolerance.
Visual search: Heritability and association with general intelligence
Authors: Quinn Patrick D. , López Pérez David , Kennedy Daniel P. , Bölte Sven , D'Onofrio Brian , Lichtenstein Paul , Falck‐Ytter Terje 
Published: January 2022

AbstractVisual search guides goal‐directed action in humans and many other species, and it has been studied extensively in the past. Yet, no study has investigated the relative contributions of genes and environments to individual differences in visual search performance, or to which extent etiologies are shared with broader cognitive phenotypes. To address this gap, we studied visual search and general intelligence in 156 monozygotic (MZ) and 158 same‐sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. We found that different indexes of visual search performance (response latency and visual search efficiency) were moderately heritable. Phenotypic correlations between visual search and intelligence were small‐to‐moderate, and only a small proportion of the genetic variance in visual search was shared with genetic variance in intelligence. We discuss these findings in the context of the “generalist genes hypothesis” stating that different cognitive functions have a common genetic basis.
MST1‐knockdown protects against impairment of working memory via regulating neural activity in depression‐like mice
Authors: Chen Bin , Zhang Qiyue , Yan Yuxing , Zhang Tao 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe reported that over‐expression of MST1 induced the impairment of spatial memory via disturbing neural oscillation patterns in mice. Meanwhile, the P‐MST1 is increased in the hippocampus after chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). However, it is unclear if MST1 knockdown protects against stress‐induced memory deficits via modulating neural activities. In the study, a CUMS mouse model was established and an intrahippocampal injection of AAV‐shMST1 was used to knockdown MST1 in the hippocampus. The data showed that there were memory deficits with over‐expressed P‐MST1 level in CUMS mice. However, MST1 knockdown can significantly prevent the damages of CUMS‐induced working memory and synaptic plasticity via regulating neural oscillation patterns. It suggests that MST1 down‐regulation effectively protected against stress‐induced behavioral dysfunctions. Moreover, as a more convenient way, neural oscillation analysis could provide some assistance for the auxiliary diagnosis and treatment of depression.
Heritability in corpus callosum morphology and its association with tool use skill in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Reproducibility in two genetically isolated populations
Authors: Hopkins William D. , Westerhausen René , Schapiro Steve , Sherwood Chet C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe corpus callosum (CC) is the major white matter tract connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It has been hypothesized that individual variation in CC morphology is negatively associated with forebrain volume (FBV) and this accounts for variation in behavioral and brain asymmetries as well as sex differences. To test this hypothesis, CC surface area and thickness as well as FBV was quantified in 221 chimpanzees with known pedigrees. CC surface area, thickness and FBV were significantly heritable and phenotypically associated with each other; however, no significant genetic association was found between FBV, CC surface area and thickness. The CC surface area and thickness measures were also found to be significantly heritable in both chimpanzee cohorts as were phenotypic associations with variation in asymmetries in tool use skill, suggesting that these findings are reproducible. Finally, significant phenotypic and genetic associations were found between hand use skill and region‐specific variation in CC surface area and thickness. These findings suggest that common genes may underlie individual differences in chimpanzee tool use skill and interhemispheric connectivity as manifest by variation in surface area and thickness within the anterior region of the CC.
Conditional loss of Engrailed1/2 in Atoh1‐derived excitatory cerebellar nuclear neurons impairs eupneic respiration in mice
Authors: Taylor Angela P. , Lee Andrew S. , Goedecke Patricia J. , Tolley Elizabeth A. , Joyner Alexandra L. , Heck Detlef H. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEvidence for a cerebellar role during cardiopulmonary challenges has long been established, but studies of cerebellar involvement in eupneic breathing have been inconclusive. Here we investigated temporal aspects of eupneic respiration in the Atoh1‐En1/2 mouse model of cerebellar neuropathology. Atoh1‐En1/2 conditional knockout mice have conditional loss of the developmental patterning genes Engrailed1 and 2 in excitatory cerebellar nuclear neurons, which leads to loss of a subset of medial and intermediate excitatory cerebellar nuclear neurons. A sample of three Atoh1‐derived extracerebellar nuclei showed no cell loss in the conditional knockout compared to control mice. We measured eupneic respiration in mutant animals and control littermates using whole‐body unrestrained plethysmography and compared the average respiratory rate, coefficient of variation, and the CV2, a measure of intrinsic rhythmicity. Linear regression analyses revealed that Atoh1‐En1/2 conditional knockouts have decreased overall variability (p = 0.021; b = −0.045) and increased intrinsic rhythmicity compared to their control littermates (p < 0.001; b = −0.037), but we found no effect of genotype on average respiratory rate (p = 0.064). Analysis also revealed modestly decreased respiratory rates (p = 0.025; b = −0.82), increased coefficient of variation (p = 0.0036; b = 0.060), and increased CV2 in female animals, independent of genotype (p = 0.024; b = 0.026). These results suggest a cerebellar involvement in eupneic breathing by controlling rhythmicity. We argue that the cerebellar involvement in controlling the CV2 of respiration is indicative of an involvement of coordinating respiration with other orofacial rhythms, such as swallowing.
Sex differences in the reward value of familiar mates in prairie voles
Authors: Vahaba Daniel M. , Halstead Emily R. , Donaldson Zoe R. , Ahern Todd H. , Beery Annaliese K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe rewarding properties of social interactions facilitate relationship formation and maintenance. Prairie voles are one of the few laboratory species that form selective relationships, manifested as “partner preferences” for familiar partners versus strangers. While both sexes exhibit strong partner preferences, this similarity in outward behavior likely results from sex‐specific neurobiological mechanisms. We recently demonstrated that in operant trials, females worked hardest for access to familiar conspecifics of either sex, while males worked equally hard for access to any female, indicating a sex difference in social motivation. As tests were performed with one social target at a time, males might have experienced a ceiling effect, and familiar females might be more relatively rewarding in a choice scenario. Here we performed an operant social choice task in which voles lever‐pressed to gain temporary access to either the chamber containing their mate or one containing a novel opposite‐sex vole. Females worked hardest to access their mate, while males pressed at similar rates for either female. Individual male behavior was heterogeneous, congruent with multiple mating strategies in the wild. Voles exhibited preferences for favorable over unfavorable environments in a non‐social operant task, indicating that lack of social preference does not reflect lack of discrimination. Natural variation in oxytocin receptor genotype at the intronic single nucleotide polymorphism NT213739 was associated with oxytocin receptor density, and predicted individual variation in stranger‐directed aggressive behavior. These findings suggest that convergent preference behavior in male and female voles results from sex‐divergent pathways, particularly in the realm of social motivation.
Deletion of the voltage‐gated calcium channel, CaV1.3, causes deficits in motor performance and associative learning
Authors: Lauffer Marisol , Wen Hsiang , Myers Bryn , Plumb Ashley , Parker Krystal , Williams Aislinn 
Published: January 2022

AbstractL‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels are important regulators of neuronal activity and are widely expressed throughout the brain. One of the major L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channel isoforms in the brain is CaV1.3. Mice lacking CaV1.3 are reported to have impairments in fear conditioning and depressive‐like behaviors, which have been linked to CaV1.3 function in the hippocampus and amygdala. Genetic variation in CaV1.3 has been linked to a variety of psychiatric disorders, including autism and schizophrenia, which are associated with altered motor learning, associative learning and social function. Here, we explored whether CaV1.3 plays a role in these behaviors. We found that CaV1.3 knockout mice have deficits in rotarod learning despite normal locomotor function. Deletion of CaV1.3 is also associated with impaired gait adaptation and associative learning on the Erasmus Ladder. We did not observe any impairments in CaV1.3 knockout mice on assays of anxiety‐like, depression‐like or social preference behaviors. Our results suggest an important role for CaV1.3 in neural circuits involved in motor learning and concur with previous data showing its involvement in associative learning.
European city network on migrants with irregular status: Exploring functions and outcomes on a sensitive policy issue
Authors: Spencer Sarah 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCity engagement in transnational municipal networks in the migration field (TMNs) is widely seen as positive. Yet, the evidence for that optimism is limited and analysis of the functions and outcomes of these networks leaves many questions unanswered. This article presents a case study of the City Initiative on Migrants with Irregular Status in Europe (C‐MISE) as a contribution to our understanding. On the basis of documentary evidence and interviews with participants, it explores the operation of a network in a sensitive policy field. It throws light on the network's instrumental and “symbolic” functions and the relationship between them; on the factors which shape its operation and facilitate the accommodation of difference through internal socialization; and on the significance of the outcomes for the future governance of migration by urban and higher tiers. Conceptually, deconstructing “symbolic” functions into those of legitimation, substantiation and framing, facilitates a nuanced analysis of the role that each plays and exploration of a tension where those roles bordered on advocacy for policy change. In a critical assessment of the network's outcomes, it finds grounds for cautious optimism on the role TMNs can play in reframing debates, in the urban governance of migration, and in shifting its overall management from below.
Global trends health science libraries: Part 2
Authors: Murphy Jeannette 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis is the second of three articles which explore trends in health science libraries. It is based on a series of articles called New Directions in Health Science Libraries published in a HILJ regular feature (International Perspectives and Initiatives) between June 2017 and March 2020. The series covered 12 countries: The United States, Canada, Australia, China, England, two countries in Africa (Uganda and Tanzania) and five in Europe (Sweden, Romania, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland). The commissioning editor identified potential authors and invited them to write a short piece. They were given a briefing sheet which said: ‘Your article should serve as a road map, describing the key changes in the field and explain the factors driving the changes’. A review of the 12 articles identified 11 trends. This is the article which explores the trends four trends, using examples provided by the authors. The trends covered are: Involvement in systematic reviews and data synthesis; Professional development for health science librarians; Providing education and training to students, researchers, and clinicians; Supporting the delivery of health literacy.
Mirabegron for treatment of erectile dysfunction concomitant with lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with benign prostatic obstruction: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Elbaz Ramy , El‐Assmy Ahmed , Zahran Mohamed H , Hashem Abdelwahab , Shokeir Ahmed A 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of mirabegron in the treatment of erectile dysfunction concomitant with lower urinary tract symptoms in benign prostatic obstruction patients.MethodsIn this randomized controlled trial, 55 sexually active lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic obstruction patients with concomitant erectile dysfunction were randomly allocated in two groups: the first received mirabegron 50 mg plus doxazosin 2 mg once daily (mirabegron group) and the second received tolterodine 4 mg plus doxazosin 2 mg (tolterodine group) for 12 weeks. The evaluation was based on the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire, Erection Hardness Score questionnaire, International Prostate Symptom Score, quality of life, uroflowmetry and post‐voiding residual. The therapeutic outcomes were assessed at 4 and 12 weeks compared with the baseline.ResultsOnly the mirabegron group achieved significant improvement in sexual functions after 4 and 12 weeks. By using ≥5 points difference from the baseline as a cut‐off point of change, there was a significant difference in change of direction of the International Index of Erectile Function‐15 total score in favor of the mirabegron group; after 12 weeks, the International Index of Erectile Function‐15 total score decreased in 0%, was unchanged in 8.3% and improved in 91.7% in the mirabegron group compared with 8.7%, 65.2% and 26.1%, respectively, in the tolterodine group (P < 0.001). Regarding the urinary characteristics, both groups showed significant improvement in the International Prostate Symptom Score, quality of life, and post‐voiding residual after 4 and 12 weeks, with no significant difference among them.ConclusionMirabegron improves urinary characteristics and the associated sexual dysfunction in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic obstruction.
Impact of the acanthocephalan parasite Profilicollis altmani on the fecundity of its crustacean intermediate host, the Pacific mole crab, Emerita analoga
Authors: Bhaduri Ritindra N. , Yamaguchi Taiga J. , Munguia Kimberly , Sandhu Royal K. , Coffey Victoria R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractParasites may influence their hosts in multiple ways, ranging from physiological changes and behavioral modifications, to altering life history traits. One fitness component that is often considered in relation to parasitism is host fecundity. The larval acanthocephalan parasite, Profilicollis altmani, commonly infects the Pacific mole crab, Emerita analoga; yet this parasite's effect on the crab's fecundity is unknown. Consequently, we examined the effects of acanthocephalan parasitism on the fecundity of this mole crab species. Crabs were collected from the swash intertidal zone in Monterey Bay, CA, and the following parameters were quantified: crab body size (carapace length) and weight, egg‐bearing status (nongravid and gravid), egg number and diameter, total volume and weight of egg mass, and their developmental stages (from newly laid eggs to recognizable zoea larval stage). Parasite prevalence, intensity of infection, and body size of larval cystacanths (measured as volume) were assessed. Host fecundity was positively correlated with both body size and body weight. No differences in egg weight were found between uninfected and infected crabs. Similarly, no difference in crab body weight at various embryonic developmental phases was documented between uninfected and infected crabs. Cystacanth volumes in infected nongravid and infected gravid crabs were not significantly different. Our study suggests that the parasite P. altmani does not have any appreciable effect on the fecundity of E. analoga and that female mole crabs undergo normal reproduction and maintain robust population sizes in their natural environments. Our findings thus appear to moderate the pervasive notion of a major impact of parasitism on host reproduction.
The role of alginate dressings in wound healing and quality of life after pilonidal sinus resection: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Mamaloudis Ioannis , Perivoliotis Konstantinos , Zlatanos Christos , Baloyiannis Ioannis , Spyridakis Michael , Kouvata Evangelia , Samara Athina A. , Christodoulidis Gregory , Tepetes Konstantinos 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this trial, we evaluated the role of alginate dressings in the secondary intention wound healing and quality of life (QoL) after pilonidal sinus resection. The study was designed as a prospective randomised controlled trial (RCT). In the experimental group, alginate dressings with silver and high‐G cellulose were introduced after elective pilonidal cyst excision, whereas in the control group, simple gauges were used. The primary end point was the difference in terms of the wound healing period. Blinding existed at the level of the investigator. Overall, 65 patients were included during the study period. Wound healing duration was comparable between the two groups (P = .381). No difference in postoperative pain scores or recovery outcomes was found. The experimental group was associated with reduced wound secretions at specific time end points. Similarly, no effect was identified, on overall Wound‐QoL or SF‐36 scores. Alginate dressings do not accelerate wound healing or improve QoL. Due to suboptimal sample size and several study limitations, further RCTs are required to confirm our findings.