bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black Swans and the Emergence of Unemployment Insurance in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Obinger Herbert , Schmitt Carina 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCompared to other branches of the welfare state unemployment compensation was enacted later and in much lesser countries. This chapter examines the introduction and spread of unemployment compensation schemes across the globe until 1950. We argue that unemployment insurance was (and still is) the most controversial social protection scheme, which, in addition, is intimately tied to the existence of complementary institutions such as capitalist labour markets and employment exchanges. Programme adoption therefore only occurred in economically developed countries crucially facilitated by interstate war and deep economic crises. Both world wars and the Great Depression set-off shock waves across the globe, which not only created tremendous social needs but also opened a (short) window of opportunity for the introduction and reform of unemployment insurance.
International Transfers and National Path Dependencies: Pension Systems in Britain and Germany after the Second World War
Authors: Torp Cornelius 
Published: February 2022

AbstractExternal influences have always played an important role in British and German pension politics. Until the 1970s, bilateral interdependencies in the form of knowledge transfers were paramount. Later, transnational developments transcending Britain and Germany such as the evolving discourse about demographic aging have shaped pension reform debates in both countries. Neither the short-lived British experiment with earnings-related pensions in the 1970s nor the German move towards the privatisation of old-age provision in recent years can be explained without referring to external influences. The effect of international impulses, however, should not be overstated. Even the profound pension reforms in both countries shortly after the year 2000 did not abandon the different institutional paths by which the two pension systems had been characterised in the past.
Social Long-Term Care Insurance: An Idea Travelling Between Countries?
Authors: Fischer Johanna , Kim Hongsoo , Frisina Doetter Lorraine , Rothgang Heinz 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFew countries have, to date, introduced distinct social insurance systems that explicitly address the risk of long-term care (LTC) dependency. Germany, Japan, and South Korea all established such long-term care insurance schemes in the 1990s/2000s. While domestic factors and discourses were important for these adoptions, transnational expert exchange accompanied the introduction, too. This chapter aims to investigate the role of LTC policy transfer and learning in Japan and South Korea: What indications exist for transnational—“positive” as well as “negative”—transfer? We compare the (dis)similarities in the design of the LTC systems and consider the evidence on foreign influences provided in the literature. While we find potential instances of transfer, our analysis shows that evidence on transnational learning remains thin for both cases.
The Emergence of the Socialist Healthcare Model After the First World War
Authors: Heinrich Andreas 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOne of the most influential models in healthcare organisation and finance is the so-called Semashko model. This chapter scrutinises its origins in the Soviet Union and its expansion to Central and Eastern Europe. Its creation and later its spatial expansion were both by-products of war. While the Russian Revolution of October 1917 (brought about by the First World War) was the starting point for the development and introduction of the Semashko model, its spatial expansion was precipitated by the end of the Second World War when the Soviet healthcare model was (forcibly) exported to large parts of Central and Eastern Europe. Even though the initial success of the healthcare model ended in crisis, its legacies still influence healthcare policies in this region today.
Dependencies of Long-Term Care Policy on East–West Migration: The Case of Germany
Authors: Gottschall Karin , Noack Kristin , Rothgang Heinz 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis contribution reconstructs the policy shift from a Bismarckian “low road” to a “higher road” of long-term care (LTC) policy in Germany. We argue that this policy change is deeply intertwined with migration to uphold and transform LTC policy. Cash benefits did not just stabilise family care, but are increasingly used to establish a “migrant-in-the-family” model. Moreover, while the marketisation of care services led to an expansion of commercial services, this process increasingly depended on migrant carers. Policy measures to improve working conditions in formal care were only initiated when ever-growing demands could not be met by migrant workers. At the same time live-in arrangements are only cautiously regulated. Reflecting the familialistic legacy, provision of care by women (paid/unpaid, formal/informal, professional/semi-professional) has become more stratified.
Feminist Scholarship in Europe on the Politics of International Migration
Authors: Cleton Laura , Bonjour Saskia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of feminist scholarship on the politics of international migration by Europe-based scholars, explaining that feminist IR scholarship makes up a small and recent part of a wider, rich tradition of feminist migration studies. It shows how feminist IR scholarship on migration focuses on familiar IR themes (security and conflict); shifts traditional IR frames from the global to the local; and foregrounds the discursive constructions of people on the move and their embodied experiences. In drawing parallels between these studies and the wider field, the chapter highlights pathways for future interdisciplinary and global collaboration.
Feminist International Political Economy in Europe
Authors: Altan-Olcay Özlem 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter reviews the contributions feminist scholars situated in Europe have made to international political economy. It discusses three main areas of influence in the form of critique of capitalism and neoliberalism; debates on international development discourses, governance, and programming; and the conceptual connections established between macroeconomic decision-making and gendered everyday experiences. It also highlights the limits of the scholarship in the form of the hegemony of English language production, the limits brought by the unique positionality of being situated in the European continent, and the restrictions in the dialogue with the broader IPE field.
Decentering Political Authority and Power: Feminist Global Governance Studies in Europe
Authors: Çağlar Gülay 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter identifies distinctive contributions of feminist IR scholarship in Europe on global governance and international organizations. On the one hand, this scholarship is closely connected to feminist IR worldwide in seeking to analyze transnational feminist networks’ mobilization and framing, role in the diffusion of gender equality norms internationally and locally, and strategies for implementing gender equality in international organizations. On the other hand, feminist scholarship in Europe has made an original and essential contribution to feminist IR scholarship in general by applying state theory to the global level and by theorizing knowledge and gender expertise as technologies of power.
Konsumkritische Medienpraktiken als Schlüssel(-kategorie) für eine nachhaltige Gesellschaft und das „gute Leben“
Authors: Kannengießer Sigrid 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Kapitel werden die empirischen Ergebnisse der Studie anhand von sechs theoretischer Dimensionen diskutiert: Zunächst wird anhand der theoretischen Konzepte der Medienpraktiken und der Materialität gezeigt, dass die in den Fallstudien untersuchten Individuen, Nichtregierungsorganisationen und Unternehmen in Relation zu Medien handeln, wenn sie sich diese aneignen, um zu einer nachhaltigen Gesellschaft und dem „guten Leben“ beizutragen und bei diesem Handeln die Akteur*innen die Materialität digitaler Medientechnologien reflektieren, sich mit dieser bewusst auseinandersetzen und diese verändern (wollen). Neben den Zielen der untersuchten Medienpraktiken, welche diese als konsumkritisch charakterisieren, werden auch die Werte, die sich in den Medienpraktiken manifestieren, aus einer medienethischen Perspektive in den Blick genommen. Die Fallstudien zeigen, dass verschiedene Akteur*innen nicht alleine handeln, sondern auch in Kollektiven, sodass Aspekte von Vergemeinschaftung in den Fallstudien herausgearbeitet werden. Aufgrund der identifizierten Ziele und Werte der Akteur*innen, wird ihr Handeln zu einer Form politischer Partizipation. Der Ergebnisteil diskutiert abschließend, ob und inwiefern in den Fallstudien und die Fallstudien übergreifend soziale Bewegungen wahrgenommen werden können, die einige der Akteur*innen der Fallstudien bewusst herstellen (wollen).
Diskussion der Ergebnisse
Authors: Kepura Jürgen 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Kapitel werden zentrale empirische Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung zur polizeilichen Präventionsarbeit professionstheoretisch diskutiert. Es wird der aporetische Charakter polizeilicher Präventionsarbeit herausgearbeitet. Auf dieser Grundlage werden Konturen einer Professionalitätstheorie polizeilicher Präventionsarbeit mit Kindern und Jugendlichen formuliert.
Interactions Between Materials and Socio-Culture in Sanitation
Authors: Harada Hidenori 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe function of sanitation is to control the fate of human waste. A toilet is only the entrance to sanitation, and human waste as materials need to be appropriately handled throughout a sanitation service chain to control the impact of human waste on the environment. While the toilet has a private aspect, post-toilet sanitation has a public aspect. It is unclear how individuals and society should share the impact of post-toilet sanitation. Sanitation enabling the use of human waste may have greater material, socio-cultural, and health impacts in society than sanitation that does not enable the use of human waste. If the impacts caused by sanitation are unreasonable, sanitation will not be sustainable. Designing a sanitation service chain is traditionally an engineering-based business that optimizes these impacts, especially from the material and health aspects. However, in the real world, the system with the maximum benefit and minimum burden as a total for society is not necessarily preferred by all individual stakeholders. Rather than simply adjusting stakeholders’ interests, sanitation may actively establish appropriate relationships with each stakeholder, even on an individual level, to be more sustainable. Such a design approach would go beyond the traditional design approaches of sanitation optimization that use conventional engineering tools.
Socio-Cultural Aspects of Sanitation
Authors: Nakao Seiji 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAlthough sanitation is embedded in the socio-culture, the socio-cultural aspects of sanitation are not fully discussed. In this context, we focus on the socio-cultural aspects of sanitation, especially the connection between socio-culture with health (C), and with materials (B), as in the Sanitation Triangle model, from the perspective of humanities and social sciences in this part. To introduce this part, we first briefly review previous studies on sanitation by humanities and social sciences, and show the socio-cultural aspects of sanitation. Then, after providing an overview of this part, we discuss the theoretical points of each chapter such as “hard work” or “dirty work,” a social configuration of technology, and Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) in the local context, and indicate the relevant chapters in this book.
Social Allocation of the Health Risks in Sanitation
Authors: Harada Hidenori 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSanitation can change the fate of excreta and control the emission to the living and ambient environment, leading to the reduction of fecal exposure and the mitigation of fecal–oral infectious risk. The fate of excreta and its associated health risks in sanitation, however, may not be limited within the living boundary of a single person or even within a community. Based on examples in Vietnam, this chapter demonstrates the transfer of health risks in sanitation and its allocation in society. Along a river, fecal pollutants and the associated health risks were transferred from the urban upstream areas to rural downstream areas, resulting in the change of livelihood downstream. Resource-oriented sanitation was enabled at the expense of female farmers’ health risks through their handling of fecal matter, indicating a gender-related risk allocation. This chapter also discusses the health risk allocation of modern sewerages between those who flush excreta and those who work in the sewerages, and that of on-site sanitation along the sanitation service chain. Since sanitation possibly causes the transfer of health risks in society, sound social allocation and mitigation of health risks are essential to address social challenges in sanitation.
Defective repair of topoisomerase I induced chromosomal damage in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Palminha Nelma M. , Dos Santos Souza Cleide , Griffin Jon , Liao Chunyan , Ferraiuolo Laura , El-Khamisy Sherif F. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTopoisomerase1 (TOP1)-mediated chromosomal breaks are endogenous sources of DNA damage that affect neuronal genome stability. Whether TOP1 DNA breaks are sources of genomic instability in Huntington’s disease (HD) is unknown. Here, we report defective 53BP1 recruitment in multiple HD cell models, including striatal neurons derived from HD patients. Defective 53BP1 recruitment is due to reduced H2A ubiquitination caused by the limited RNF168 activity. The reduced availability of RNF168 is caused by an increased interaction with p62, a protein involved in selective autophagy. Depletion of p62 or disruption of the interaction between RNAF168 and p62 was sufficient to restore 53BP1 enrichment and subsequent DNA repair in HD models, providing new opportunities for therapeutic interventions. These findings are reminiscent to what was described for p62 accumulation caused by C9orf72 expansion in ALS/FTD and suggest a common mechanism by which protein aggregation perturb DNA repair signaling.
Air trapping in COVID-19 patients following hospital discharge: retrospective evaluation with paired inspiratory/expiratory thin-section CT
Authors: Franquet Tomás , Giménez Ana , Ketai Loren , Mazzini Sandra , Rial Andrea , Pomar Virginia , Domingo Pere 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Objectives
The study reports our experience with paired inspiration/expiration thin-section computed tomographic (CT) scans in the follow-up of COVID-19 patients with persistent respiratory symptoms.

Methods
From August 13, 2020, to May 31, 2021, 48 long-COVID patients with respiratory symptoms (27 men and 21 women; median age, 62.0 years; interquartile range: 54.0–69.0 years) underwent follow-up paired inspiration-expiration thin-section CT scans. Patient demographics, length of hospital stay, intensive care unit admission rate, and clinical and laboratory features of acute infection were also included. The scans were obtained on a median of 72.5 days after onset of symptoms (interquartile range: 58.5–86.5) and at least 30 days after hospital discharge. Thin-section CT findings included ground-glass opacity, mosaic attenuation pattern, consolidation, traction bronchiectasis, reticulation, parenchymal bands, bronchial wall thickening, and air trapping. We used a quantitative score to determine the degree of air trapping in the expiratory scans.

Results
Parenchymal abnormality was found in 50% (24/48) of patients and included air trapping (37/48, 77%), ground-glass opacities (19/48, 40%), reticulation (18/48, 38%), parenchymal bands (15/48, 31%), traction bronchiectasis (9/48, 19%), mosaic attenuation pattern (9/48, 19%), bronchial wall thickening (6/48, 13%), and consolidation (2/48, 4%). The absence of air trapping was observed in 11/48 (23%), mild air trapping in 20/48 (42%), moderate in 13/48 (27%), and severe in 4/48 (8%). Independent predictors of air trapping were, in decreasing order of importance, gender (p = 0.0085), and age (p = 0.0182).

Conclusions
Our results, in a limited number of patients, suggest that follow-up with paired inspiratory/expiratory CT in long-COVID patients with persistent respiratory symptoms commonly displays air trapping.

Key Points
• Our experience indicates that paired inspiratory/expiratory CT in long-COVID patients with persistent respiratory symptoms commonly displays air trapping.
• Iterative reconstruction and dose-reduction options are recommended for demonstrating air trapping in long-COVID patients.
Validity of tissue homogeneity in confocal laser endomicroscopy on the diagnosis of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Sievert Matti , Aubreville Marc , Gostian Antoniu-Oreste , Mantsopoulos Konstantinos , Koch Michael , Mueller Sarina Katrin , Eckstein Markus , Rupp Robin , Stelzle Florian , Oetter Nicolai , Maier Andreas , Iro Heinrich , Goncalves Miguel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) allows imaging of the laryngeal mucosa in a thousand-fold magnification. This study analyzes differences in tissue homogeneity between healthy mucosa and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) via CLE.

Materials and methods
We included five SCC patients with planned total laryngectomy in this study between October 2020 and February 2021. We captured CLE scans of the tumor and healthy mucosa. Analysis of image homogeneity to diagnose SCC was performed by measuring the signal intensity in four regions of interest (ROI) in each frame in a total of 60 sequences. Each sequence was assigned to the corresponding histological pattern, derived from hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, we recorded the subjective evaluation of seven investigators regarding tissue homogeneity.

Results
Out of 3600 images, 1620 (45%) correlated with benign mucosa and 1980 (55%) with SCC. ROIs of benign mucosa and SCC had a mean and standard deviation (SD) of signal intensity of, respectively, 232.1 ± 3.34 and 467.3 ± 9.72 (P < 0.001). The mean SD between the four different ROIs was 39.1 ± 1.03 for benign and 101.5 ± 2.6 for SCC frames (P < 0.001). In addition, homogeneity yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 81.8% and 86.2%, respectively, regarding the investigator-dependent analysis.

Conclusions
SCC shows a significant tissue inhomogeneity in comparison to the healthy epithelium. The results support this feature’s importance in identifying malignant mucosa areas during CLE examination. However, the examiner-dependent evaluation emphasizes that homogeneity is a sub-criterion that must be considered in a broad context.
Sleep of recruits throughout basic military training and its relationships with stress, recovery, and fatigue
Authors: Bulmer Sean , Aisbett Brad , Drain Jace R. , Roberts Spencer , Gastin Paul B. , Tait Jamie , Main Luana C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Objective
Studies in basic military training (BMT) examining sleep are largely cross-sectional, and do not investigate relationships between sleep, stress, recovery and fatigue. The aims of this study were to (1a) quantify changes in recruits’ sleep quantity and quality over 12 weeks of BMT; (1b) quantify changes in recruits’ perceptions of stress, fatigue and recovery over BMT; and (2) explore relationships between sleep, and perceptions of stress, fatigue and recovery.

Methods
45 recruits (37 male; 8 female, age: 25.2 ± 7.2 years, height: 176.2 ± 10.0 cm, mass: 76.8 ± 15.0 kg) wore ActiGraph GT9X’s for 12 weeks of BMT, collecting sleep duration, efficiency and awakenings. Subjective sleep quality, fatigue were measured daily, with stress and recovery measured weekly. Multi-level models assessed relationships between sleep, and stress, recovery, and fatigue.

Results
Objective daily means for sleep duration were 6.3 h (± 1.2 h) and 85.6% (± 5.5%) for sleep efficiency. Main effects were detected for all mean weekly values (p < 0.05). Sleep quality showed the strongest relationships with stress, recovery and fatigue. The best model to explain relationships between, stress, recovery and fatigue, included sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep efficiency and awakenings.

Conclusions
The reported mean sleep duration of 6.3 h per night may negatively impact training outcomes across BMT. Combining both subjective and objective measures of sleep best explained relationships between sleep metrics stress, fatigue and recovery. Perceived sleep quality was most strongly related to change in stress, recovery, or post-sleep fatigue.
The transverse-vertical incision (Alazzam hybrid incision)
Authors: Alazzam Moiad , Khalifa Mostafa Abdallah , Al-Ani Abdallah 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Open abdominal surgery evolved around two incisions, vertical and transverse incisions. Transverse incisions are associated with less postoperative morbidities but offer limited access. Vertical incisions offer better access but are associated with more complications. We describe here a hybrid incision, transverse-vertical incision that offers adequate exposure for complex lower abdominopelvic surgery while overcoming the limitations and morbidities associated with midline and transverse incisions.
Usher syndrome type IV: clinically and molecularly confirmed by novel ARSG variants
Authors: Velde Hedwig M. , Reurink Janine , Held Sebastian , Li Catherina H. Z. , Yzer Suzanne , Oostrik Jaap , Weeda Jack , Haer-Wigman Lonneke , Yntema Helger G. , Roosing Susanne , Pauleikhoff Laurenz , Lange Clemens , Whelan Laura , Dockery Adrian , Zhu Julia , Keegan David J. , Farrar G. Jane , Kremer Hannie , Lanting Cornelis P. , Damme Markus , Pennings Ronald J. E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUsher syndrome (USH) is an autosomal recessively inherited disease characterized by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) with or without vestibular dysfunction. It is highly heterogeneous both clinically and genetically. Recently, variants in the arylsulfatase G (ARSG) gene have been reported to underlie USH type IV. This distinct type of USH is characterized by late-onset RP with predominantly pericentral and macular changes, and late onset SNHL without vestibular dysfunction. In this study, we describe the USH type IV phenotype in three unrelated subjects. We identified three novel pathogenic variants, two novel likely pathogenic variants, and one previously described pathogenic variant inARSG. Functional experiments indicated a loss of sulfatase activity of the mutant proteins. Our findings confirm thatARSGvariants cause the newly defined USH type IV and support the proposed extension of the phenotypic USH classification.