bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunoglobulin Gene Mutational Status Assessment by Next Generation Sequencing in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Langlois de Septenville Anne , Boudjoghra Myriam , Bravetti Clotilde , Armand Marine , Salson Mikaël , Giraud Mathieu , Davi Frederic 
Published: May 2022

AbstractB cell receptor (BcR) immunoglobulins (IG) display a tremendous diversity due to complex DNA rearrangements, the V(D)J recombination, further enhanced by the somatic hypermutation process. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the mutational load of the clonal BcR IG expressed by the leukemic cells constitutes an important prognostic and predictive biomarker. Here, we provide a reliable methodology capable of determining the mutational status of IG genes in CLL using high-throughput sequencing, starting from leukemic cell DNA or RNA.
Targeted Locus Amplification as Marker Screening Approach to Detect Immunoglobulin (IG) Translocations in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
Authors: Genuardi Elisa , Alessandria Beatrice , Civita Aurora Maria , Ferrero Simone 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAlthough MRD monitoring by the classic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach is a powerful outcome predictor, about 20% of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and 50% of follicular lymphoma (FL) patients still lack a molecular marker and are thus resulting not eligible for MRD monitoring. Targeted locus amplification (TLA), a new NGS technology, has been revealed as a feasible marker screening approach able to identify uncommon B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 (BCL1) and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) rearrangements in MCL and FL cases defined as having “no marker” by the classic PCR approach.
Vision Zero: How It All Started
Authors: Tingvall Claes 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis is a presentation of how I remember the first steps of Vision Zero, the Swedish reorientation of traffic safety policy that took place from the mid-1990s and onwards. It is not an objective text that would be impossible to write as one of the initiators of the policy change. But it brings up some of the steps of the process and presents some hypotheses on how policy change might happen.It is claimed that there was no planned process, not even an ideology or well-developed idea, behind VZ from the very beginning. But there were opportunities and events where one thing led to another. The most fundamental being the immediate acceptance from the Swedish Minister of Infrastructure back in January 1995.The most prominent ideas behind VZ are that firstly safety is a matter of how the providers of the road transport system design and build and manage the system. The second idea is that a professional provider cannot trade off the citizens’ life and health for benefits to the society and its citizens. The underlying hypothesis is that tradition and road traffic rules for the road users have been used as an excuse for not undertaking necessary system changes and modifications. The users have always been blamed for crashes and its consequences by the legal system as well as general approach from the society.The last part of the paper reflects on what is necessary to do in the future to eradicate amateurism, populism, and trade-offs from the road traffic safety field. Maybe a “duty of care” legislation needs to be introduced, protecting the citizen from poor design and operations.
Economics of Oil and Gas Production
Authors: Bret-Rouzaut Nadine 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, Nadine Bret-Rouzaut analyzes the technical and economic aspects of hydrocarbon exploration and production. The chapter begins with a presentation of the different actors in order to understand their respective roles. Then a focus is made on the different phases of an exploration-production project in order to highlight the cost structure and the nature of the risks related to each phase. Finally, an analysis of rent sharing according to the different taxation systems points out the profitability problems of this capital-intensive industry, which is facing many challenges related to climate change.
The Trading and Price Discovery of Oil Products
Authors: Bossley Liz 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWhile crude oil is one of the biggest markets in the world the consumer has little interest in the raw material that comes out of the ground. It is the refined products that can be extracted from the crude oil that the end-user wants to know about. This chapter explains which hydrocarbons are mixed up inside a barrel of crude oil and how the refining process separates, treats and upgrades the composite to extract the usable products needed. It looks at whole crude properties and what these mean for handling and transporting the oil. It defines the different types of refinery processes, from primary distillation to reforming right through to cracking and coking. It describes the range of products that result from refining crude oil and the use to which each product is put.
Unbundling, Markets, and Regulation
Authors: Morrison Eleanor J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEnergy market restructuring and liberalisation has produced mixed results. While wholesale market design and competition has matured, retail competition has remained static. This chapter discusses the reasons that contribute to the success and failure of energy market unbundling with the use of global examples. The new trends and policies in energy markets are discussed from a regulatory perspective including active investor participation, technological innovation, and the growth in renewable energy.
Economics of Access to Energy
Authors: Falchetta Giacomo , Tagliapietra Simone 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEnergy services underpin the socio-economic development of nations and their prosperity. This chapter discusses the key obstacles that have so far prevented 840 million people worldwide from gaining access to electricity and 2.9 billion from accessing clean cooking facilities. The authors argue that the problem of access to modern commercial energy is fundamentally an economic one. They explore the different yet common roots linking energy access to technological, governance, and financing aspects. The electricity and clean cooking challenges are firstly discussed separately to highlight the specific techno-economic issues underlying each service. This is beneficial to a conclusive discussion of the key economic policy instruments and financing approaches necessary to achieve universal access to modern energy.
Energy and the Economy in China
Authors: Meidan Michal 
Published: May 2022

AbstractChina’s rapid economic growth has generated a voracious appetite for energy. Despite large domestic resources of coal, oil and gas, the country has emerged as a key importer of oil and natural gas, exposing it to vulnerabilities associated with import dependence. Over the course of China’s economic expansion, its energy policy has been geared towards ensuring adequate supplies at affordable prices to end-users, preferring to use administrative measures to regulate supply and demand rather than market mechanisms. Yet as the country’s economic structure shifts away from heavy industry and towards consumer services, its energy needs and choices are changing, while the role of markets is expanding. And the negative environmental impact of China’s energy choices has now become a social concern, as well as an industrial opportunity.
Energy and the Economy in Europe
Authors: Hafner Manfred , Raimondi Pier Paolo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEurope’s energy landscape is characterized by a great heterogeneity due to differences in terms of population, economy, energy resources (availability of different energy sources) and differing policies in favor or against specific energy sources. Over the decades, the European energy mix has undergone important transformations. The EU set an energy policy framework based on three pillars (security of supply, competitiveness and sustainability) with the goal to address three different priorities: competitiveness (affordable prices), security (of energy supply) and sustainability (clean energy). These three pillars appear to pursue contradictory goals, especially in the short term, but they are seen as converging in the longer term. This chapter aims to analyze how these different objectives have been key drivers of the European energy policy and economics. To illustrate this, the authors also present five case studies: the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Germany and Poland. Lastly, the chapter presents the “European Green Deal”, whose ultimate goal is to reach carbon-neutrality by 2050. The chapter analyzes how a climate-neutrality goal requires a substantial transformation of the EU economy, which comes with some internal and external frictions.
Hydropower
Authors: Blume-Werry Eike , Everts Martin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHydropower is one of the oldest power generation technologies and the source of the largest power stations in the world. Despite a phenomenal rise of new renewable generation technologies, hydropower remains responsible for most of the renewable electricity generation around the globe. This chapter explores the economics of power generation from hydro and its advantages as well disadvantages. It describes the characteristics of the three hydropower generation types: run-of-river, hydro storage and pumped storage in detail and provides an outlook on the future role of hydropower in modern energy systems.
The Introduction of Pension, Accident, and Health Insurance in Urban China
Authors: ten Brink Tobias , Müller Armin , Liu Tao 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSince the initiation of reform and opening policies, social protection for urban workers in China has transformed massively. Before the 1980s, state-owned enterprises were responsible for protecting workers from social risks such as old age, accidents, and illness. Today, these three areas are organised as contribution-based social insurance systems with Chinese characteristics. This chapter identifies the causal mechanisms that led to the introduction of insurance schemes in the 1990s and early 2000s. We find three causal mechanisms: (neutral and strategic) policy experimentation, top-leader intervention, and (consensus-based and enforced) elite cooperation. Moreover, we demonstrate that the presence or absence of complementarity between the international environment and the domestic actor constellation had a decisive effect on how those mechanisms played out.
Causal Mechanisms in the Introduction of Mandatory Health Insurance in the Post-Soviet Region
Authors: Heinrich Andreas , Isabekova Gulnaz , Pleines Heiko 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAfter the end of the Soviet Union, mandatory health insurance (MHI) emerged as the most popular reform model. This chapter first describes the resistance avoidance mechanism leading to its legal introduction. Actual implementation of MHI schemes, however, faced severe problems. We identify two causal mechanisms which were at the core of these problems: Fight for state funding and informalisation. We argue that against this background, (partially) successful introduction of MHI was only possible if the reform supporter mechanism occurred, meaning that a strong supporter in favour of the new healthcare model was created in the form of a centralised MHI Fund.
Appropriating the Colonial State: The Emergence of Social Insurance in Tunisia and Uganda
Authors: Thyen Kressen , Schlichte Klaus 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn most African countries, social insurance has played a limited role in ensuring social protection for the wider populace. Based on a most-dissimilar case comparison of Tunisia and Uganda, we argue that the segmented and exclusive social insurance systems go back to colonial social policies. Original colonial pension schemes emerged via imperial staffing, the employment of “indigenous” public service and military personnel. With decolonisation, the appropriation of colonial structures and policies perpetuated the segmented feature of social insurance. Its expansion into the private sector after independence was mediated by two context-specific mechanisms: labour incorporation in more industrialised economies led to broader social insurance coverage, which could not be realised via insurance funds in the logic of top-down public resource accumulation.
Policy Pollination as a Causal Mechanism Explaining Social Protection Adoption in Africa
Authors: Devereux Stephen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the instrumental role of international development agencies in the rapid and sustained rise of social protection as a policy agenda throughout Africa in the early twenty-first century. These agencies acted as “policy pollinators,” using various tactics to persuade African governments to implement social protection programmes. Such tactics included generating empirical evidence that cash transfers have beneficial impacts, financing social protection programmes, building state capacity to deliver social protection, and commissioning national social protection policies. Nonetheless, some governments resisted these pressures and inducements, because their political interests and national priorities were not well aligned with the agendas of development agencies. Questions arise about whether the adoption of social protection by African governments should be understood as a nationally owned or “donor-driven” process.
Against All Odds: Introducing Social Health Insurance in Albania. An Actor-Centred Approach to Causal Mechanisms
Authors: Druga Ertila 
Published: May 2022

AbstractScholarship on international development acknowledges the World Bank as a coercive actor, constraining developing countries to accept and adopt its prescribed policies through conditional structural adjustment loans. While less research examines the non-coercive, persuasive side of the World Bank, this chapter attempts to fill this gap by investigating Social Health Insurance introduction in post-communist Albania. Focused on the interaction between the Albanian Government and the World Bank and applying an actor-centred perspective, the analysis reveals a complex causal mechanism of transnational cooperation, which occurs in a non-coercive form, that explains the process. Next, it illustrates three elementary causal mechanisms that comprise the complex one. They are the rational orientation of the Albanian Government, the normatively-embedded calculatory orientation, and the reflective orientation of the World Bank.
Helium Nanodroplets: Formation, Physical Properties and Superfluidity
Authors: Toennies J. Peter 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this introductory chapter, we begin by informing the reader about the fascinating history of superfluidity in bulk liquid helium. This is followed by relating attempts in using liquid helium as a low temperature matrix for spectroscopy. After a brief review of the thermodynamic properties of helium in Sect. 1.2, the different types of free jet expansions used in experiments to produce clusters and nanodroplets of different sizes are described in Sect. 1.3. First it is shown how they depend on the nature and location in the phase diagram of the isentropes which determine the course of the expansion. Depending on the four regimes of isentropes, different number sizes and distributions are expected. Next in Sect. 1.4, the results of theoretical and, where available, experimental results on the total energies, excited states, radial density distributions, and temperatures of clusters and droplets are discussed. Finally, in Sect. 1.5 the theoretical and experimental evidence for the superfluidity of nanodroplets is briefly reviewed. For more information on the production and characteristics of nanodroplets, the reader is referred to the chapters in this book and to the reviews in Appendix.
Ultrafast Dynamics in Helium Droplets
Authors: Bruder Lukas , Koch Markus , Mudrich Marcel , Stienkemeier Frank 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHelium nanodroplets are peculiar systems, as condensed superfluid entities on the nanoscale, and as vessels for studies of molecules and molecular aggregates and their quantum properties at very low temperature. For both aspects, the dynamics upon the interaction with light is fundamental for understanding the properties of the systems. In this chapter we focus on time-resolved experiments in order to study ultrafast dynamics in neat as well as doped helium nanodroplets. Recent experimental approaches are reviewed, ranging from time-correlated photon detection to femtosecond pump-probe photoelectron and photoion spectroscopy, coherent multidimensional spectroscopy as well as applications of strong laser fields and novel, extreme ultraviolet light sources. The experiments examined in more detail investigate the dynamics of atomic and molecular dopants, including coherent wave packet dynamics and long-lived vibrational coherences of molecules attached to and immersed inside helium droplets. Furthermore, the dynamics of highly-excited helium droplets including interatomic Coulombic decay and nanoplasma states are discussed. Finally, an outlook concludes on the perspectives of time-resolved experiments with helium droplets, including recent options provided by new radiation sources of femto- or even attosecond laser pulses up to the soft X-ray range.
The Emerging Legal Framework for Smart Cities in Vietnam
Authors: Van Cuong Nguyen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe idea of the “smart city” is widely understood in Vietnam today. On 1 August 2018, the prime minister issued a decision to approve a national plan for development of smart sustainable cities during 2018–2025, with a vision toward 2030. This decision sets a target to turn the four biggest cities in Vietnam (Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Da Nang, and Can Tho) into cities with core smart functions by 2025 or 2030. However, most of the smart city projects remain at the pilot stage. There are several legal issues to be addressed to help those projects run smoothly. This paper traces the evolution of the legal framework for smart cities in Vietnam in recent years and the driving forces behind this evolution. It shows that the legal framework for smart city projects in Vietnam is still in an early stage of development with room for improvement, especially in the areas of legal rules for information and communication technology (ICT) application (especially digital signatures), urban governance of infrastructure, construction and engineering laws, intellectual property rights, and protection of personal data (data rights law and privacy law).
Dual theory for maximally $$ \mathcal{N} $$ extended flat supergravity
Authors: Banerjee Nabamita , Bhattacharjee Arindam , Biswas Surajit , Neogi Turmoli 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Maximally $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
extended 2 + 1 dimensional flat supergravity theories exist for a class of super-Poincaré algebras for arbitrary $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
. They have rich asymptotic structures and contain all interesting topological supergravity solutions in presence of non-trivial holonomy. For the asymptotic symmetry algebra being a suitable flat limit of the superconformal algebra, which is an infinite dimensional extension of two copies of Osp($$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
|2; R) group, we have found the 1 + 1 dimensional chiral WZW model as the dual quantum field theory that describes the dynamics of these solutions. In the Hamiltonian analysis, the reduced phase space resembles a flat super Liouville theory.
The Twisted Hilbert Space Ideals
Authors: Cabello Sánchez Félix , García Ricardo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe study those operators on a Hilbert space that can be lifted or extended to any twisted Hilbert space. We prove that these form an ideal of operators which contains all the Schatten classes. We characterize those multiplication operators on $$\ell _p$$

ℓ
p

that are liftable/extensible through centralizers.
Social influence for societal interest: a pro-ethical framework for improving human decision making through multi-stakeholder recommender systems
Authors: Fabbri Matteo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn the contemporary digital age, recommender systems (RSs) play a fundamental role in managing information on online platforms: from social media to e-commerce, from travels to cultural consumptions, automated recommendations influence the everyday choices of users at an unprecedented scale. RSs are trained on users’ data to make targeted suggestions to individuals according to their expected preference, but their ultimate impact concerns all the multiple stakeholders involved in the recommendation process. Therefore, whilst RSs are useful to reduce information overload, their deployment comes with significant ethical challenges, which are still largely unaddressed because of proprietary constraints and regulatory gaps that limit the effects of standard approaches to explainability and transparency. In this context, I address the ethical and social implications of automated recommendations by proposing a pro-ethical design framework aimed at reorienting the influence of RSs towards societal interest. In particular, after highlighting the problem of explanation for RSs, I discuss the application of beneficent informational nudging to the case of conversational recommender systems (CRSs), which rely on user-system dialogic interactions. Subsequently, through a comparison with standard recommendations, I outline the incentives for platforms and providers in adopting this approach and its benefits for both individual users and society.
Patients’ and clinicians’ perspectives on the clinical utility of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Foot Disease Activity Index
Authors: Hoque Anika , Steultjens Martijn , Dickson Diane M. , Hendry Gordon J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAlthough patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are recommended in clinical practice, their application in routine care is limited. The Rheumatoid Arthritis Foot Disease Activity Index (RADAI-F5) is a validated PROM for assessing foot disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To explore patient and clinician opinions and perceptions of the clinical utility of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Foot Disease Activity Index (RADAI-F5), eight RA patients and eight clinicians routinely involved in the management of RA patients participated in one semi-structured remote video-based interview. They provided their perspectives on the barriers and facilitators to clinical implementation of the RADAI-F5. Three global themes were identified; 'Feet are a priority' as the impact of RA on the feet negatively impacted upon patient quality of life. The second theme was 'Need for a clinically feasible foot PROM' as participants recognised the current lack of a clinically feasible tool to determine RA foot disease. The third global theme of ‘Implementation’ was drawn together to form two subordinate themes: ‘Facilitators to RADAI-F5 implementation’ as the tool can promote communication, guide management, help screen foot symptoms, monitor foot disease status and treatments, and promote patient education and; ‘Barriers to RADAI-F5 implementation’ as there were associated practical difficulties, including lack of appointment time, administrative burdens, IT barriers and preference for further RADAI-F5 validation using imaging. The RADAI-F5 has significant potential as a clinical tool to aid foot disease management. However, implementation challenges must be overcome before broad adoption in rheumatology clinics.