bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation on Post-Deformation Recrystallization Behavior of 22MnB5 Steel based on Stress Relaxation
Authors: Xu Yakun , Birnbaum Peter , Pilz Stefan , Zhuang Xincun , Zhao Zhen , Kräusel Verena 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWith the aim of analyzing the post-deformation Recrystallization (PDRX) of 22MnB5 steel and the grain size evolution after hot forming of the sheet and using the BAEHR 805 A/D thermo-mechanical simulator, several isothermal stress relaxation tests were performed in a temperature range of 800 to 950 °C, a predeformation range of 0.4 to 0.8 and a strain rate range of 0.01 to 0.8 s−1. As a result of isothermal stress relaxation after deformation, PDRX kinetics can be described based on an Avrami equation as a function of temperature, degree of predeformation and strain rate. As the temperature increases, the recrystallization kinetics accelerates. The strain rate also has a positive influence on the fast PDRX. Predeformation has the opposite effect, as the consumption of stored energy occurred in predeformation process of relaxation tests. Furthermore, the microstructure evolution is described as a function of the predeformation parameters. The investigation of the microstructure after isothermal stress relaxation tests showed that the PDRX kinetics corresponds to the calculations. Furthermore, EBSD analysis helped to analyze the effects of certain stress relaxation conditions on the martensite morphology. The results indicate that a lower temperature and higher strain rate lead to fine martensite packages. In contrast, the martensite block width increases when applying higher strain rates.
The price of private dental services: results from a national representative survey of Ireland
Authors: Smith Samantha , Jiang Jing Jing , Normand Charles , O’Neill Ciaran 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Dental services in Ireland are delivered in a mixed public–private system but the majority of dental care is paid for out-of-pocket by individuals. Ireland is not unusual in the global context where public subsidisation for oral healthcare is limited in many countries. This is despite the fact that oral health plays an important role in well-being and despite international evidence on the negative impact of user fees on utilisation of beneficial healthcare. However, there has been little up-to-date assessment of the prices faced by individuals for a range of non-acute care services in Ireland, including dental care. This paper presents an up-to-date assessment of private dental prices in Ireland for a range of preventive, primary, and complex services based on a nationally representative survey.

Methods
The total sample size for the desk-based survey was 103, accounting for 6% of private dentists in Ireland, weighted to reflect the geographic distribution of dentists. Dentists were selected at random from the publicly available list of dentists participating in the Dental Treatment Benefit Scheme. The adult price of 10 different services covering core preventive, primary, and complex procedures were identified from public websites for the selected dental practices.

Results
Results showed that in addition to there being an uneven supply of dentists across the country, dental prices also vary with some notable variations by region and type of service. In particular, dental practices located in border counties, and those in rural areas typically show lower mean prices relative to non-border counties and urban areas. These factors need to be considered when planning how to reduce inequalities in access to oral health services in Ireland.
Source apportionment of ambient concentration and population exposure to elemental carbon in South Korea using a three-dimensional air quality model
Authors: Son Kyuwon , Kim Byeong-Uk , Kim Hyun Cheol , Kim Soontae 
Published: June 2022

Abstract We quantified the foreign and domestic contributions to annual mean elemental carbon (EC) concentration over South Korea in 2016 using the Primary Carbon Appointment tool in the community multiscale air quality model. The individual domestic contributions were further examined by emission source category (area, mobile, and point) in each sub-region (i.e., Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), Gangwon, Chungcheong, Youngnam, and Honam). EC contribution and population-weighted exposure contribution (PWEC) for each emission source were calculated. Two indicators were compared and adjusted considering uncertainties of emissions from sub-regions. Based on the results of this analysis, the primary EC emission sources that need to be managed to alleviate the concentrations and PWECs were classified, and the cost-effectiveness was compared with contribution rates for EC and PWEC. The modeled annual mean EC concentration in South Korea was 0.6 µg/m3, of which 54% was contributed by foreign sources (0.3 µg/m3). However, the quarterly foreign contribution differed by up to five times depending on the monsoon, while the domestic contribution did not. Simultaneously, spatial variations of the annual mean EC contributions are smaller than those of the foreign contributions. Regardless of the uncertainty of emissions, domestic PWEC was 20% higher than the domestic concentration as domestic EC emissions were concentrated in densely populated areas. It implies that EC emission control has more significant meaning not only to improve concentration but also to improve population exposure. In addition, the contribution rate showed greater variation between sub-regions than the EC emission source categories within a region. Considering this, if the cost used to reduce a unit EC emission is the same, the cost effect can be expected when EC emissions are reduced in the sub-regions with a large contribution rate regardless of EC emission source category.
SARS-CoV-2 infection and liver involvement
Authors: Luo Mingjia , Ballester Maria Pilar , Soffientini Ugo , Jalan Rajiv , Mehta Gautam 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic is the largest public health challenge in living memory. Patients with underlying liver disease have been disproportionately affected, experiencing high morbidity and mortality. In addition, elevated liver enzymes appear to be a risk factor for disease progression, even in the absence of underlying liver disease. Nevertheless, the mechanism of liver injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection remains largely unknown. This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 induces liver injury, and the impact of COVID-19 on cirrhosis, alcohol-related liver disease, autoimmune liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis B and C virus infection, liver-transplant recipients and patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Finally, emerging data on vaccination in liver diseases is discussed, to help inform public health policy.
SPCS: a spatial pyramid convolutional shuffle module for YOLO to detect occluded object
Authors: Li Xiang , He Miao , Liu Yan , Luo Haibo , Ju Moran 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn crowded scenes, one of the most important issues is that heavily overlapped objects are hardly distinguished from each other since most of their pixels are shared and the visible pixels of the occluded objects, which are used to represent their features, are limited. In this paper, a spatial pyramid convolutional shuffle (SPCS) module is proposed to extract refined information from the limited visible pixels of the occluded objects and generate distinguishable representations for the heavily overlapped objects. We adopt four convolutional kernels with different sizes and dilation rates at each location in the pyramid features and adjacently recombine their fused outputs spatially using a pixel shuffle module. In this way, four distinguishable instance predictions corresponding different convolutional kernels can be produced for each location in the pyramid feature. In addition, multiple convolutional operations with different kernel sizes and dilation rates at the same location can generate refined information for the corresponding regions, which is helpful to extract features for the occluded objects from their limited visible pixels. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that SPCS module can effectively boost the performance in crowded human detection. YOLO detector with SPCS module achieves 94.11% AP, 41.75% MR, 97.75% Recall on CrowdHuman, 93.04% AP, and 98.45% Recall on WiderPerson, which are the best compared with previous state-of-the-art models.
Mixer-phaser Ansätze for quantum optimization with hard constraints
Authors: LaRose Ryan , Rieffel Eleanor , Venturelli Davide 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe introduce multiple parametrized circuit ansätze and present the results of a numerical study comparing their performance with a standard Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz approach. The ansätze are inspired by mixing and phase separation in the QAOA, and also motivated by compilation considerations with the aim of running on near-term superconducting quantum processors. The methods are tested on random instances of a quadratic binary constrained optimization problem that is fully connected for which the space of feasible solutions has constant Hamming weight.For the parameter setting strategies and evaluation metric used, the average performance achieved by the QAOA is effectively matched by the one obtained by a ”mixer-phaser” ansatz that can be compiled in less than half-depth of standard QAOA on most superconducting qubit processors.
Regulation of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress by receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases
Authors: Liang Xiangxiu , Zhang Jie 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAs sessile organisms, plants have to cope with environmental change and numerous biotic and abiotic stress. Upon perceiving environmental cues and stress signals using different types of receptors, plant cells initiate immediate and complicated signaling to regulate cellular processes and respond to stress. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) transduce signals from receptors to cellular components and play roles in diverse biological processes. Recent studies have revealed the hubbing roles of RLCKs in plant responses to biotic stress. Emerging evidence indicates the important regulatory roles of RLCKs in plant responses to abiotic stress, growth, and development. As a pivot of cellular signaling, the activity and stability of RLCKs are dynamically and tightly controlled. Here, we summarize the current understanding of how RLCKs regulate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress.
Redox-induced transformation of potentially toxic elements with organic carbon in soil
Authors: Xu Zibo , Tsang Daniel C.W. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSoil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial component that significantly affects the soil fertility, soil remediation, and carbon sequestration. Here, we review the redox-induced transformation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) through the abiotic impact of SOC. The complex composition of SOC includes humus, pyrogenic carbon (e.g., biochar), dissolved organic matter, and anthropogenic carbon (e.g., compost), with varying concentrations and properties. The primary redox moieties on organic carbon are surface functionalities (e.g., phenol, quinone, and N/S-containing functional groups), environmentally persistent free radicals, and graphitic structures, and their contents are highly variable. Owing to these rich redox moieties, organic carbon can directly affect the reduction and oxidation of PTEs in the soil, such as Cr(VI) reduction and As(III) oxidation. In addition, the interactions between organic carbon and soil redox moieties (i.e., O2, Fe, and Mn minerals) cause the transformation of PTEs. The formation of reactive oxygen species, Fe(II), and Mn(III)/Mn(II) is the main contributor to the redox-induced transformation of PTEs, including Cr(VI) reduction and As(III)/Cr(III)/Tl(I) oxidation. We articulated both the positive and negative effects of organic carbon on the redox-induced transformation of PTEs, which could guide soil remediation efforts. Further scientific studies are necessary to better understand the potential transformations of PTEs by SOC, considering the complicated soil moieties, variable organic carbon composition, and both biotic and abiotic transformations of PTEs in the environment.
Graphical Abstract
Oxygen Consumption and Blood Pressure Are Not Influenced by Use of a Backpack Hip Strap
Authors: Del Vecchio Angelica R. , Matthews Evan L. , Sullivan William , Hosick Peter A. 
Published: June 2022

Introduction Several studies have explored the effect of backpack carriage on physiologic responses while walking, but few have focused specifically on the influence of the use of a hip strap on these responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a backpack hip strap on physiologic responses when walking at a moderate intensity while carrying a backpack with a standardized relative load of 30% of the wearer’s body mass. Methods Twenty-three healthy, active participants carrying backpacks walked on a treadmill at a speed and grade that elicited 40-50% of their heart rate reserve. Participants completed 2 counterbalanced 30-min trials, one with the hip strap in the strapped condition and one with the hip strap unfastened. Metabolic, heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) responses were recorded during both trials. For each variable, 5-min intervals were averaged at baseline, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min. A repeated measures ANOVA test was used to evaluate the differences between the conditions at each time point. Data reported are the values from the final 5-min interval (30 min) and are reported as mean±SD. Results No differences were found between strapped and unstrapped trials for oxygen consumption (strapped 21.9±4.2 mL·kg-1·min-1; unstrapped 22.0±4.4 mL·kg-1·min-1, P=0.842), Δmean arterial pressure (strapped +5±17 Δmm Hg; unstrapped +12±14 Δmm Hg, P=0.128) or muscle oxygen saturation of the quadriceps (strapped 86±15%; unstrapped 90±12%, P=0.359) and calf (strapped 73±19%; unstrapped 81±12%, P=0.888). Conclusions These results suggest that wearing a hip strap does not influence physiologic responses up to 30 min of moderate intensity walking while carrying 30% of the wearer’s mass.
Scalable algorithms for physics-informed neural and graph networks
Authors: Shukla Khemraj , Xu Mengjia , Trask Nathaniel , Karniadakis George E. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Physics-informed machine learning (PIML) has emerged as a promising new approach for simulating complex physical and biological systems that are governed by complex multiscale processes for which some data are also available. In some instances, the objective is to discover part of the hidden physics from the available data, and PIML has been shown to be particularly effective for such problems for which conventional methods may fail. Unlike commercial machine learning where training of deep neural networks requires big data, in PIML big data are not available. Instead, we can train such networks from additional information obtained by employing the physical laws and evaluating them at random points in the space–time domain. Such PIML integrates multimodality and multifidelity data with mathematical models, and implements them using neural networks or graph networks. Here, we review some of the prevailing trends in embedding physics into machine learning, using physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) based primarily on feed-forward neural networks and automatic differentiation. For more complex systems or systems of systems and unstructured data, graph neural networks (GNNs) present some distinct advantages, and here we review how physics-informed learning can be accomplished with GNNs based on graph exterior calculus to construct differential operators; we refer to these architectures as physics-informed graph networks (PIGNs). We present representative examples for both forward and inverse problems and discuss what advances are needed to scale up PINNs, PIGNs and more broadly GNNs for large-scale engineering problems.
The Rules-Based Order, International Law and the British Indian Ocean Territory: Do as I Say, Not as I Do
Authors: Bashfield Samuel , Katselli Proukaki Elena 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPerpetuating Britain’s controversial administration of the Chagos Archipelago (BIOT – British Indian Ocean Territory) raises questions about the UK’s commitment to the rules-based order and international law. This interdisciplinary article examines British administration of the Chagos Archipelago by taking a legal-international relations perspective. It provides an overview to the rules-based order concept and its relation with international law, briefly examines the Territory’s history, and outlines how BIOT violates the principles enshrined in the rules-based order concept, specifically promotion of self-determination, prohibition of forced displacement and respect for international institutions. This study is significant due to its timing – set in a period of increased international pressure on the United Kingdom to cede sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius – and also significant in a period of increased rules-based order strain throughout the Indo-Pacific. This article argues that, despite Britain’s assertion that it is a champion of the rules-based order, of which international law is a component, continued British administration of the Chagos Archipelago is in contravention of both. In an era of rules-based order strain, British BIOT policy provides fertile ground to criticisms of its foreign policy and international law selectivity and double standards.
Effects of pore scale and conjugate heat transfer on thermal convection in porous media
Authors: Korba David , Li Like 
Published: June 2022

The study of thermal convection in porous media is of both fundamental and practical interest. Typically, numerical studies have relied on the volume-averaged Darcy–Oberbeck–Boussinesq (DOB) equations, where convection dynamics are assumed to be controlled solely by the Rayleigh number (Ra). Nusselt numbers (Nu) from these models predict Nu–Ra scaling exponents of 0.9–0.95. However, experiments and direct numerical simulations (DNS) have suggested scaling exponents as low as 0.319. Recent findings for solutal convection between DNS and DOB models have demonstrated that the ‘pore-scale parameters’ not captured by the DOB equations greatly influence convection. Thermal convection also has the additional complication of different thermal transport properties (e.g. solid-to-fluid thermal conductivity ratio ks/kf and heat capacity ratio σ) in different phases. Thus, in this work we compare results for thermal convection from the DNS and DOB equations. On the effects of pore size, DNS results show that Nu increases as pore size decreases. Mega-plumes are also found to be more frequent and smaller for reduced pore sizes. On the effects of conjugate heat transfer, two groups of cases (Group 1 with varying ks/kf at σ = 1 and Group 2 with varying σ at ks/kf = 1) are examined to compare the Nu–Ra relations at different porosity (ϕ) and ks/kf and σ values. Furthermore, we report that the boundary layer thickness is determined by the pore size in DNS results, while by both the Rayleigh number and the effective heat capacity ratio,

$\bar{\phi } = \phi + (1 - \phi )\sigma$

, in the DOB model.
When and what to eat? A scoping review of health outcomes of fasting in conjunction with a low-carbohydrate diet
Authors: Salehi Nasim , Walters Melanie 
Published: June 2022

AbstractOver the last several decades, there has been an increase in chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative, inflammatory, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. Two eating patterns, a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) and fasting, have been researched independently over this period and found to be beneficial in reducing many of these chronic diseases’ detrimental effects. However, there have been limited studies about the synergy of these eating patterns. This current scoping review aims to explore the evidence of the health outcomes of using a LCD in conjunction with fasting. Four databases were searched, and fifteen articles were found that fit the inclusion criteria. The articles reported positive effects of combining the two eating patterns for type 2 diabetes, CVD, inflammatory conditions and weight reduction and maintenance. LCD and fasting together provide synergy in decreasing metabolic syndrome (as the key causes of chronic illnesses), such as insulin levels, fasting glucose, blood pressure, TAG and regulating lipid profile. Due to the paucity of research, further high-quality studies are needed to substantiate this evidence.
Space use and site fidelity in the endangered Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita: Effects of age, season, and sex
Authors: Puehringer-Sturmayr Verena , Krejci Julia , Schuster Richard , Kleindorfer Sonia , Kotrschal Kurt , Frigerio Didone , Loretto Matthias-Claudio 
Published: June 2022

Summary
Understanding space use of endangered species is critical for conservation planning and management. The advances in technology and data analysis allow us to collect data with unprecedented quality and inform us about the movements and habitat use of individuals and groups. With only about 700 individuals left in the wild, the Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita is currently categorised as ‘Endangered’. However, little is known about the movements of this avian species in relation to breeding and individual differences. Using GPS transmitters we studied the movements of 32 Northern Bald Ibis from a semi-wild free-flying colony at the Konrad Lorenz Research Center in Austria during 1–4 years per individual. We investigated how sex, age class, breeding and non-breeding season affect space use and site fidelity. We found that individuals consistently showed high site fidelity, adults more than juveniles, and space use was highly overlapping between individuals and over successive years. When moving between different areas birds used consistent flyways thereby avoiding direct routes over mountainous areas. Adults had more expansive space use during the breeding season as compared to the non-breeding season, while juveniles only showed a slight decrease during the non-breeding season. We found no sex differences regarding space use or site fidelity. Our results lead to a better understanding of how Northern Bald Ibis move through their environment and how they use foraging areas, roosting sites, and space in general that in turn can help to inform conservation management of extant colonies and reintroduction programmes for new colonies.
Passive intelligent reflecting surfaces based on reflectarray panels to enhance 5G millimeter-wave coverage
Authors: Martinez-de-Rioja Eduardo , Vaquero Álvaro F. , Arrebola Manuel , Carrasco Eduardo , Encinar Jose A. , Achour Maha 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper presents the design of two passive shaped-beam reflectarrays acting as passive intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) to enhance 5G millimeter-wave coverage in the 27.2–28.2 GHz band. The reflectarray panels have been designed to generate a broadened and deflected beam in dual-linear polarization (horizontal and vertical). The reflectarray cell provides a robust performance under incidence angles of up to 50°, with more than 360° of phase variation range. Phase-only synthesis based on the generalized intersection approach has been applied to obtain the phase distribution on each reflectarray panel, so that their radiation patterns comply with the beamwidth and pointing requirements of the scenario under study. The two reflectarrays show a stable performance in the 27.2–28.2 GHz band in terms of gain, side-lobe level, and cross-polarization. The results confirm the potential of this technology to implement passive low-cost IRSs that will contribute to improve millimeter-wave coverage in 5G wireless networks.