bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Britain’s Sanctions Policy: Institutional Design and Targeting Russia
Authors: Timofeev I. N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Britain is one of the key initiators of sanctions against Russia. It is pursuing an independent policy of restrictive measures against Russia since its withdrawal from the European Union. However, both the institutional design and practice of the UK’s sanctions policy remain poorly covered by the academic literature. These gaps generate a number of questions that are central to this article. What are the institutional characteristics of the contemporary UK policy of sanctions? What are the trends in comparison with other players like the United States, the European Union, and others? In what way are these institutional and practical features implemented in relation to Russia? Three assumptions follow. (i) the UK institutional design provides considerable autonomy to the executive branch to implement sanctions, although the instruments used are standard and similar to the ones applied by other Western countries (including blocking sanctions and export control); (ii) Britain is quite active in using sanctions. Although the UK applies sanctions less actively than the US or the EU, it uses them far more actively than China and Russia; (iii) Russia is becoming a priority target for London both in terms of the number of sanctions imposed and the variety of methods used. These assumptions are tested in this article based on the analysis of legal and official documents, as well as the Sanctions Events Database (SED) designed by the Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC).
Intrathecal haematoma after an epidural blood patch
Authors: Ito Yoshimi , Bhagwat Amit 
Published: September 2022

SummaryThis case demonstrates a rare but potentially serious complication of an epidural blood patch (EBP). Intrathecal haematoma is a rare complication after an EBP and anaesthetists should be able to promptly identify and manage these patients to prevent long-term damage. This case also highlights the importance of informed consent according to the principles of the Montgomery judgement/principle of consent.
Genetic and clinical landscape ofARR3-associated MYP26: the most common cause of Mendelian early-onset high myopia with a unique inheritance
Authors: Wang Yingwei , Xiao Xueshan , Li Xueqing , Yi Zhen , Jiang Yi , Zhang Fengsheng , Zhou Lin , Li Shiqiang , Jia Xiaoyun , Sun Wenmin , Wang Panfeng , Zhang Qingjiong 
Published: September 2022

AimsTo elucidate genetic background of early-onset high myopia (eoHM) and characteristics ofARR3-associated MYP26.MethodsVariants in 14 genes reported to contribute to eoHM, includingARR3, were selected from exome sequencing data set and classified into different categories following American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines based on in silico prediction, associated phenotypes, confirmation and cosegregation analysis. The available clinical data of individuals were summarised.ResultsPathogenic and likely pathogenic variants in three of 14 genes were identified in 52 of 928 families with eoHM, including 29 inARR3, 22 inOPN1LWand 1 inLRPAP1. ForARR3, 24 pathogenic variants (16 truncation and 8 missense) were identified in 66 women and 12 men, in whom 64 women and 4 men had eoHM by X-linked female-limited inheritance. Refraction ranged from −5.00 to −28.75 diopter (−12.58±4.83). Mild-to-moderately reduced cone responses were recorded in 76.9% (10/13) of patients with electroretinogram recordings. Most patients (75.9%, 41/54) had mild myopic fundus changes (C0 to C1). Genotype–phenotype analysis suggested that the myopic retinopathy degree was correlated with age and the variant’s nature. Peripheral retinal degeneration was observed in 38.5% (5/13) patients using wide-field examinations.ConclusionThis study revealsARR3as the most frequently implicated gene for Mendelian eoHM. Truncations and highly scored missense variants inARR3are pathogenic. Myopia due toARR3mutations is transmitted in X-linked female-limited inheritance, manifests with mild cone impairment and slowly progresses to pathologic myopia. Identification of the most common cause for Mendelian eoHM provides a valuable starting point into the molecular mechanism of myopia.
Effectiveness of a behavioural intervention delivered by text messages (safetxt) on sexually transmitted reinfections in people aged 16-24 years: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Free Caroline , Palmer Melissa J , McCarthy Ona L , Jerome Lauren , Berendes Sima , Knight Megan , Carpenter James R , Morris Tim P , Jamal Zahra , Dhaliwal Farandeep , French Rebecca S , Hickson Ford Colin Ian , Gubijev Anasztazia , Wellings Kaye , Baraitser Paula , Roberts Ian , Bailey Julia V , Clayton Tim , Devries Karen , Edwards Phil , Hart Graham , Michie Susan , Macgregor Louis , Turner Katy M E , Potter Kimberley 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Objective
To quantify the effects of a series of text messages (safetxt) delivered in the community on incidence of chlamydia and gonorrhoea reinfection at one year in people aged 16-24 years.

Design
Parallel group randomised controlled trial.

Setting
92 sexual health clinics in the United Kingdom.

Participants
People aged 16-24 years with a diagnosis of, or treatment for, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, or non-specific urethritis in the past two weeks who owned a mobile phone.

Interventions
3123 participants assigned to the safetxt intervention received a series of text messages to improve sex behaviours: four texts daily for days 1-3, one or two daily for days 4-28, two or three weekly for month 2, and 2-5 monthly for months 3-12. 3125 control participants received a monthly text message for one year asking for any change to postal or email address. It was hypothesised that safetxt would reduce the risk of chlamydia and gonorrhoea reinfection at one year by improving three key safer sex behaviours: partner notification at one month, condom use, and sexually transmitted infection testing before unprotected sex with a new partner. Care providers and outcome assessors were blind to allocation.

Main outcome measures
The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of chlamydia or gonorrhoea reinfection at one year, assessed by nucleic acid amplification tests. Safety outcomes were self-reported road traffic incidents and partner violence. All analyses were by intention to treat.

Results
6248 of 20 476 people assessed for eligibility between 1 April 2016 and 23 November 2018 were randomised. Primary outcome data were available for 4675/6248 (74.8%). At one year, the cumulative incidence of chlamydia or gonorrhoea reinfection was 22.2% (693/3123) in the safetxt arm versus 20.3% (633/3125) in the control arm (odds ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 0.98 to 1.31). The number needed to harm was 64 (95% confidence interval number needed to benefit 334 to ∞ to number needed to harm 24) The risk of road traffic incidents and partner violence was similar between the groups.

Conclusions
The safetxt intervention did not reduce chlamydia and gonorrhoea reinfections at one year in people aged 16-24 years. More reinfections occurred in the safetxt group. The results highlight the need for rigorous evaluation of health communication interventions.

Trial registration

ISRCTN registry
ISRCTN64390461
.
Testing strategies to detect acute and prevalent HIV infection in adult outpatients seeking healthcare for symptoms compatible with acute HIV infection in Kenya: a cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Babigumira Joseph B , Agutu Clara A , Hamilton Deven T , van der Elst Elise , Hassan Amin , Gichuru Evanson , Mugo Peter Mwangi , Farquhar Carey , Ndung'u Thumbi , Sirengo Martin , Chege Wairimu , Goodreau Steven M , Sanders Eduard J , M Graham Susan 
Published: September 2022

BackgroundDetection of acute and prevalent HIV infection using point-of-care nucleic acid amplification testing (POC-NAAT) among outpatients with symptoms compatible with acute HIV is critical to HIV prevention, but it is not clear if it is cost-effective compared with existing HIV testing strategies.MethodsWe developed and parametrised a decision tree to compare the cost-effectiveness of (1) provider-initiated testing and counselling (PITC) using rapid tests, the standard of care; (2) scaled-up provider-initiated testing and counselling (SU-PITC) in which all patients were tested with rapid tests unless they opted out; and (3) opt-out testing and counselling using POC-NAAT, which detects both acute and prevalent infection. The model-based analysis used data from the Tambua Mapema Plus randomised controlled trial of a POC-NAAT intervention in Kenya, supplemented with results from a stochastic, agent-based network model of HIV-1 transmission and data from published literature. The analysis was conducted from the perspective of the Kenyan government using a primary outcome of cost per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted over a 10-year time horizon.ResultsAfter analysing the decision-analytical model, the average per patient cost of POC-NAAT was $214.9 compared with $173.6 for SU-PITC and $47.3 for PITC. The mean DALYs accumulated per patient for POC-NAAT were 0.160 compared with 0.176 for SU-PITC and 0.214 for PITC. In the incremental analysis, SU-PITC was eliminated due to extended dominance, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) comparing POC-NAAT to PITC was $3098 per DALY averted. The ICER was sensitive to disability weights for HIV/AIDS and the costs of antiretroviral therapy.ConclusionPOC-NAAT offered to adult outpatients in Kenya who present for care with symptoms compatible with AHI is cost-effective and should be considered for inclusion as the standard of HIV testing in this population.Trial registration numberTambua Mapema (“Discover Early”) Plus study (NCT03508908) conducted in Kenya (2017–2020) i.e., Post-results.
Local area public sector spending and nutritional anaemia hospital admissions in England: a longitudinal ecological study
Authors: Jenkins Rosemary , Vamos Eszter P , Mason Kate E , Daras Konstantinos , Taylor-Robinson David , Bambra Clare , Millett Christopher , Laverty Anthony A 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionReductions in local government spending may have impacts on diets and health which increase the risk of hospital admissions for nutritional anaemias. Mechanisms include potential impacts of changes to local authority (LA) services (eg, housing services) on personal resources and food access, availability and provision. We therefore investigated the association between changes in LA spending and nutritional anaemia-related hospital admissions. Specifically, we address whether greater cuts to LA spending were linked to increased hospital admissions for nutritional anaemias.DesignLongitudinal analysis of LA panel data using Poisson fixed effects regression models.Setting312 LAs in England (2005–2018).Main exposureTotal LA service expenditure per capita per year.Main outcomePrincipal and total nutritional anaemia hospital admissions, for all ages and stratified by age (0–14, 15–64, 65+ years).ResultsLA service expenditure increased by 9% between 2005 and 2009 then decreased by 20% between 2010 and 2018. Total nutritional anaemia hospital admissions increased between 2005 and 2018 from 173 to 633 admissions per 100 000 population. A £100 higher LA service spending was associated with a 1.9% decrease in total nutritional anaemia hospital admissions (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR): 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96 to 0.99). When stratified by age, this was seen only in adults. A £100 higher LA service spending was associated with a 2.6% decrease in total nutritional anaemia hospital admissions in the most deprived LAs (aIRR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95 to 1.0).ConclusionIncreased LA spending was associated with reduced hospital admissions for nutritional anaemia. Austerity-related reductions had the opposite effect, increasing admissions, with greater impacts in more deprived areas. This adds further evidence to the potential negative impacts of austerity policies on health and health inequalities. Among other impacts, re-investing in LA services may prevent hospital admissions associated with nutritional anaemias.
Protocol for a pragmatic feasibility randomised controlled trial of peer coaching for adults with long-term conditions: PEER CONNECT
Authors: Dennett Rachel , Thompson Tom , Clyne Wendy , Straukiene Agne , Davies-Cox Helen , Hosking Joanne , Bones Krystina , Weight Olivia , Elston Julian 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionPatients with low levels of knowledge, skills and confidence to manage their health and well-being (activation) are more likely to have unmet health needs, delay seeking healthcare and need emergency care. National Health Service England estimates that this may be applicable to 25%–40% of patients with long-term health conditions. Volunteer peer coaching may support people to increase their level of activation. This form of intervention may be particularly effective for people with low levels of activation.Methods and analysisThis single site, two-arm randomised controlled trial has been designed to assess the feasibility of conducting a definitive trial of volunteer peer health and well-being coaching for people with long-term health conditions (multiple sclerosis, rheumatic diseases or chronic pain) and low activation. Feasibility outcomes include recruitment and retention rates, and intervention adherence. We will measure patient activation, mental health and well-being as potential outcomes for a definitive trial. These outcomes will be summarised descriptively for each time point by allocated group and help to inform sample size calculation for the definitive trial. Criteria for progression to a full trial will be used.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been granted by the London - Surrey Research Ethics Committee, reference 21/LO/0715. Results from this feasibility trial will be shared directly with participants, presented at local, regional and national conferences and published in an open-access journal.Trial registration numberISRCTN12623577.
Study protocol: primary healthcare transformation through patient-centred medical homes—improving access, relational care and outcomes in an urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population, a mixed methods prospective cohort study
Authors: Butler Danielle , Clifford-Motopi Anton , Mathew Saira , Nelson Carmel , Brown Renee , Gardner Karen , Turner Lyle , Coombe Leanne , Roe Yvette , Gao Yu , Ward James 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionFor over 40 years, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Community-Controlled Health Services (ACCHS) in Australia have led strategic responses to address the specific needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. Globally, there has been rapid growth in urban Indigenous populations requiring an adaptive primary healthcare response. Patient-centred medical homes (PCMH) are an evidenced-based model of primary healthcare suited to this challenge, underpinned by principles aligned with the ACCHS sector—relational care responsive to patient identified healthcare priorities. Evidence is lacking on the implementation and effectiveness of the PCMH model of care governed by, and delivered for, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations in large urban settings.Method and analysisOur multiphased mixed-methods prospective cohort study will compare standard care provided by a network of ACCHS to an adapted PCMH model of care. Phase 1 using qualitative interviews with staff and patients and quantitative analysis of routine primary care health record data will examine the implementation, feasibility and acceptability of the PCMH. Phase 2 using linked survey, primary care and hospitalisation data will examine the impact of our adapted PCMH on access to care, relational and quality of care, health and wellbeing outcomes and economic costs. Phase 3 will synthesise evidence on mechanisms for change and discuss their implications for sustainability and transferability of PCMHs to the broader primary healthcare systemEthics and disseminationThis study has received approval from the University of Queensland Human Research Ethics Committee (2021/HE00529). This research represents an Aboriginal led and governed partnership in response to identified community priorities. The findings will contribute new knowledge on how key mechanisms underpinning the success and implementation of the model can be introduced into policy and practice. Study findings will be disseminated to service providers, researchers, policymakers and, most importantly, the communities themselves.
Global evidence on falls and subsequent social isolation in older adults: a scoping review
Authors: Thomas Sonia M , Parker Amanda , Fortune Jennifer , Mitchell Gary , Hezam Areej , Jiang Ying , de Groh Margaret , Anderson Kerry , Gauthier-Beaupré Amélie , Barker Joan , Watt Jennifer , Straus Sharon E , Tricco Andrea C 
Published: September 2022

BackgroundFalls are a leading cause of injury-related hospitalizations among adults aged 65 years and older and may result in social isolation.ObjectiveTo summarise evidence on falls and subsequent social isolation and/or loneliness in older adults through a scoping review.Eligibility criteriaStudies were eligible for inclusion if the population had a mean age of 60 years or older, they examined falls and subsequent social isolation, loneliness, fear of falling or risk factors and were primary studies (eg, experimental, quasi-experimental, observational and qualitative).Sources of evidenceMEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Ageline and grey literature from inception until 11 January 2021.Charting methodsA screening and charting form was developed and pilot-tested. Subsequently, two reviewers screened citations and full-text articles, and charted the evidence.ResultsAfter screening 4993 citations and 304 full-text articles, 39 studies were included in this review. Participants had a history of falling (range: 11% to 100%). Most studies were conducted in Europe (44%) and North America (33%) and were of the cross-sectional study design (66.7%), in the community (79%). Studies utilised 15 different scales. Six studies examined risk factors for social isolation and activity restriction associated with fear of falling. Six studies reported mental health outcomes related to falls and subsequent social isolation.ConclusionsConsistency in outcome measurement is recommended, as multiple outcomes were used across the included studies. Further research is warranted in this area, given the ageing population and the importance of falls and social isolation to the health of older adults.Scoping review registration number10.17605/OSF.IO/2R8HM.
Efficacy and safety of one anastomosis gastric bypass versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for type 2 diabetes remission (ORDER): protocol of a multicentre, randomised controlled, open-label, superiority trial
Authors: Li Mengyi , Liu Yang , Lee Wei-Jei , Shikora Scott A , Robert Maud , Wang Weu , Wong Simon Kin Hung , Kong Yuanyuan , Tong Daniel King Hung , Tan Chun Hai , Zeng Na , Zhu Shaihong , Wang Cunchuan , Zhang Pin , Gu Yan , Bai Rixing , Meng Fanqiang , Mao Zhongqi , Zhao Xiangwen , Wu Liangping , Liu Yanjun , Zhang Songhai , Zhang Peng , Zhang Zhongtao 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionPrevious studies have demonstrated that one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is not inferior to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in treating obesity. However, high level evidence comparing the efficacy and safety of both procedures in type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment is still lacking, which is another main aim of bariatric surgery. The presented trial has been designed to aim at investigating the superiority of OAGB over the reference procedure RYGB in treating T2D as primary endpoint. And diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular complications, cardiovascular comorbidities, weight loss, postoperative nutritional status, quality of life and overall complications will be followed up for 5 years as secondary endpoints.Methods and analysisThis prospective, multicentre, randomised superiority open-label trial will be conducted in patients of Asian descent. A total of 248 patients (BMI≥27.5 kg/m2) who are diagnosed with T2D will be randomly assigned (1:1) to OAGB or RYGB with blocks of four. The primary endpoint is the complete diabetes remission rate defined as HbA1c≤6.0% and fasting plasma glucose≤5.6 mmol/L without any antidiabetic medications at 1 year after surgery. All secondary endpoints will be measured at different follow-up visit points, which will start at least 3 months after enrolment, with a continuous annual follow-up for five postoperative years in order to provide solid evidence on the efficacy and safety of OAGB in patients with T2D.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the ethics committee of leading centre (Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, no. 2021-P2-037-03). The results generated from this work will be disseminated to academic audiences and the public via publications in international peer-reviewed journals and conferences. The data presented will be imported into a national data registry. Findings are expected to be available in 2025, which will facilitate clinical decision-making in the field.Trial registration numberNCT05015283.
Perceived stress and associated factors among pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic period in Northwest Ethiopia, 2020: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Biresaw Mengesha Srahbzu , Takelle Girmaw Medfu , Gebeyehu Enguday Tirfeneh 
Published: September 2022

ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of perceived stress among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic period in Northwest Ethiopia.MethodA cross-sectional study.SettingUniversity of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia.ParticipantsA total of 415 pregnant women were recruited by using a systematic random sampling technique from 28 April 2020 to 12 June 2020.MeasurementThe required data were collected through face-to-face interviews. The Perceived Stress Scale was used to assess perceived stress. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Oslo Social Support Scale 3 were used for associated factors. The data were analysed by using SPSS V.20. We also included sociodemographic, obstetrical and gynaecology, substance use and intimate partner-related factors. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify associated factors with perceived stress. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify the effect of each independent variable with the outcome variable. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.ResultsA total of 415 pregnant women participated in the study with response rate of 98.57%. The prevalence of perceived stress is found to be 13.7% (95% CI=10.4% to 17.1%). According to the multivariable logistic regression result, being a student (adjusted OR (AOR)=9.67, 95% CI=2.739 to 34.183), being at the first and third trimesters of gestational age (AOR=3.56, 95% CI=1.065 to 11.885; AOR=4.80, 95% CI=1.851 to 14.479, respectively), and having antenatal depression (AOR=3.51, 95% CI=1.628 to 7.563) were factors positively associated with perceived stress.ConclusionThe prevalence of perceived stress among pregnant people was relatively high. This study recommends that all pregnant people should be screened and treated for perceived stress particularly during the first and third trimesters. Emphasis should be given to early detection and treatment of antenatal depression. Pregnant students must be strongly evaluated and intervened for perceived stress.