bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite‐horizon approximate linear programs for capacity allocation over a rolling horizon
Authors: Vossen Thomas W.M. , You Fan , Zhang Dan 
Published: January 2022

Approximate linear programs (ALPs) have been used extensively to approximately solve stochastic dynamic programs that suffer from the well‐known curse of dimensionality. Due to canonical results establishing the optimality of stationary value functions and policies for infinite‐horizon dynamic programs, the literature has largely focused on approximation architectures that are stationary over time. In a departure from this literature, we apply a nonstationary approximation architecture to an infinite‐dimensional linear programming formulation of the stochastic dynamic programs. We solve the resulting problems using a finite‐horizon approximation. Such finite‐horizon approximations are common in the theoretical analysis of infinite‐horizon linear programs, but have not been considered in the approximate linear programming literature. We illustrate the approach on a rolling‐horizon capacity allocation problem using an affine approximation architecture. We obtain three main results. First, nonstationary approximations can substantially improve upper bounds on the optimal revenue. Second, the upper bounds from the finite‐horizon approximation monotonically decrease as the horizon length increases, and converge to the upper bound from the infinite‐horizon approximation. Finally, the improvement does not come at the expense of tractability, as the resulting ALPs admit compact representations and can be solved efficiently. The resulting approximations also produce strong heuristic policies and significantly reduce optimality gaps in numerical experiments.
Identification of new proteins in mature sieve elements
Authors: Sanden Niels Christian , Schulz Alexander 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe phloem enables vascular plants to transport photoassimilates from source tissues to heterotrophic sink tissues. In the phloem, unbroken strings of enucleated sieve elements, which lose the majority of their cellular contents upon maturation, provide a low resistance path for mass flow. The protein machinery in mature sieve elements performs vital functions to maintain the flow, transmit systemic signals and defend the sugar stream against pests. However, our knowledge of this particular protein population is very limited since mature sieve elements are difficult to isolate and not amenable to transcriptomic analysis due to their enucleate nature. Here, we used co‐expression analysis and published gene clusters from transcriptomic studies to generate a list of sieve element proteins that potentially survive the enucleation process to reside in mature sieve elements. We selected seven candidates and show that they all localize in sieve elements in Arabidopsis roots and six of them in bolting stems. Our results support the idea that nascent sieve elements prior to enucleation translate part of the protein machinery found in mature sieve elements. Our co‐expression list and the publicly available gene clusters expressed in late proto‐ and meta‐phloem sieve elements are valuable resources for uncharacterized genes that may function in mature sieve elements.
Respiratory distress in small animals: Pathophysiology and clinical approach
Authors: Loewen Jennifer M. , Bach Jonathan F. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundRespiratory distress is a common reason for animals to present to the emergency room. An understanding of respiratory physiology is helpful to facilitate accurate localization of the patient's source of respiratory distress. This knowledge will aid implementation of more appropriate therapies.Physiology/pathophysiology summaryRespiratory distress can occur secondary to lesions at any location of the respiratory system. Diseases affecting different portions of the respiratory track (eg, upper airway, lower airways, parenchymal, or the pleural space) lead to distinguishing clinical signs as the patient's respiratory physiology is affected differently.Clinical importanceRespiratory distress can be life‐threatening if it is not recognized and addressed in a timely matter. Prompt recognition of unique clinical signs may aid the clinician's ability to localize the disease process and implement targeted therapies.Key Points

Diseases affecting different portions of the respiratory track (eg, upper airway, lower airways, parenchymal, or the pleural space) lead to distinguishing clinical signs as the patient's respiratory physiology is affected differently.
Recognition of respiratory patterns allows clinicians to correlate clinical signs to the most likely affected region of the respiratory tract.
Ideally, alveolar gas (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) are equally matched. However, even a normal lung does not have ideal ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) matching.
There are a variety of conditions that lead to decreased lung compliance, from pathology of the pulmonary parenchyma (eg, pulmonary edema, alveolar infiltrates such as pneumonia or contusions, or pulmonary fibrosis), pleural space disease (eg, pneumothorax or pleural effusion), abdominal distension, or the inability to expand the rib cage (eg, pain, thoracic wall injury, constricting thoracic bandages).
The five classic causes of hypoxemia include low FiO2, diffusion impairment, hypoventilation, shunt, and V/Q mismatch.
Being prepared to rapidly induce anesthesia and intubate dyspneic animals with upper airway obstruction may be required alleviate the risk of respiratory arrest.
Patient-Customized Theatre Mattress Supports for Spinal Surgery: A Pilot Study Presenting a Novel Engineering Virtual Design and Manufacturing Technique
Authors: Little J. Paige , Green Daniel , Izatt Maree T. , Moloney Gregory E. , Askin Geoffrey N. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Optimal patient positioning for spine surgery is vital for surgical success and the minimization of complications intra-/postoperatively. In patients with complex comorbidities, commercially available surgical positioning equipment is inadequate. To overcome this, a novel method was developed to create custom-fit patient-specific theater mattresses for patients undergoing spine surgery. An innovative digital workflow involving three-dimensional (3D) surface scanning, 3D simulation, and computer-aided design was developed to manufacture customized theater supports with patient-specific requirements. These supports offered the surgeon an enhanced ability to relieve load bearing on prominent anatomical features or where desired, to tailor the support surface to the patient's anatomy for lengthy surgery. The bespoke theater mattress was evaluated by whether the support resulted in a complication-free surgery. Using this new workflow, case examples for two patients with complex comorbidities were described. The spine surgeon and anesthetist reported the patient-specific custom mattresses were fit as per the required design, provided sufficient clearance around anatomical prominences and areas that required to be unloaded, had sufficient clearance for the anesthetic method and cannulation, provided excellent surgical access and stability during surgery, and postoperatively no soft tissue overload over bony prominence and implanted devices. Positive patient outcomes after successful lengthy surgical interventions were associated with these patient-specific, contoured mattress supports. Future projects will seek to utilize this technology for other types of surgeries and intra-operative positioning requirements, and for a broader demographic of patients in both the pediatric and adult setting.
Shockwaves in Jammed Ductile Granular Media
Authors: Fonseka R. Devanjith J. I. , Awasthi Amnaya , Lambros John , Geubelle Philippe H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We investigate shock propagation in confined, frictionless granular media using discrete element simulations with an elastoplastic contact law. Depending on the level of confinement and loading, elastoplastic systems exhibit a weak or strong shock propagation response similar to an elastic Hertzian system although the details of the shock development differ markedly from the elastic case. Two modes of dynamic stress propagation are observed based on the shock intensity regime: weak shocks carry the stresses via the initial contact path while strong shocks form new contact networks behind the front. However, unlike for elastic shock propagation, there is an upper bound to the front velocity of strong shocks that depends on the maximum intergranular contact stiffness. Since elastoplastic contact is a dissipative process, results show that dissipation is enhanced with confining pressure in the weak shock regime.
Parameter Study of Geometrically Induced Flow Maldistribution in Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Authors: Schab Richard , Dorau Tim , Unz Simon , Beckmann Michael 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Shell and tube heat exchangers (STHEs) are the most common type of heat exchanger in preheat trains (PHT) of oil refineries and in chemical process plants. Most commercial design software tools for STHE assume uniform distribution over all tubes of a tube bundle. This leads to various challenges in the operation of the affected devices. Flow maldistribution reduces heat duty of STHE in many applications and supports fouling buildup in fluids that tend to particle, bio, and crystallization fouling (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, ed., 2010, Heat Atlas, 2nd ed., VDI-Buch., Springer-Verlag). In this article, a fluid mechanics study about tube side flow distribution of crude oil and related hydrocarbons in two-pass PHT heat exchangers is described. It is shown that the amount of flow maldistribution varies significantly between the different STHE designs. Therefore, a parameter study was conducted to investigate reasons for maldistribution. For instance, the nozzles diameter, type, and orientation were identified as crucial parameters. In consequence, simple design suggestions for reducing tube side flow maldistribution are proposed.
Differences in Strength, Speed, and Power Performance Between Visually Impaired Paralympic and Olympic Sprinters
Authors: Freitas Tomás T. , Alcaraz Pedro E. , Winckler Ciro , Zabaloy Santiago , Pereira Lucas A. , Loturco Irineu 
Published: January 2022

Purpose:To compare the strength, speed, and power performance of elite sprinters with and without visual impairment.Methods:Twelve elite able-bodied sprinters and 15 Paralympic sprinters with visual impairment took part in this study. Sprinters from both groups performed the following tests: squat and countermovement jumps, maximum bar-power output in the half-squat and jump-squat exercises, and 60-m sprint. The differences between groups in all variables examined were analyzed using the independentttest.Results:Olympic sprinters revealed better performances in all tests when compared with Paralympic sprinters with visual impairment (effect sizes ranging from 1.29 to 9.04;P < .001). Differences of ∼32% and ∼20% were found for the half-squat and loaded and unloaded vertical jumps, respectively. Smaller differences (from ∼8% to ∼11%) were obtained in linear sprint performance.Conclusions:Between-groups differences peaked at low-velocity exercises (eg, ∼32% in the half-squat) and decreased as movement velocity and specificity increased (eg, ∼8% at 60-m sprint). Thus, the greatest differences between Olympic and Paralympic sprinters seem to be related to their ability to apply force at low movement velocities. Coaches are encouraged to work on all sprinting phases and across the entire force–velocity spectrum, bearing in mind that improvements in strength capacity will possibly lead to increased sprint performance in Paralympic sprinters with visual impairment, especially in the acceleration phase of sprinting.
Parental Perception of the Social and Physical Environment Contributes to Gender Inequalities in Children’s Screen Time
Authors: Rodrigues Daniela , Nogueira Helena , Gama Augusta , Machado-Rodrigues Aristides M. , Silva Maria-Raquel G. , Rosado-Marques Vítor , Padez Cristina 
Published: January 2022

Background: This cross-sectional study aimed to explore how parental perceptions of the social and physical environment of the neighborhood was associated with 3- to 10-year-old children’s use of traditional and modern screen devices. Methods: Participants were recruited under the scope of the project ObesInCrisis, conducted in 2016–2017 in the cities of Porto, Coimbra, and Lisbon (Portugal). Data from 6347 children aged 3–10 years were analyzed (3169 boys [49.9%]). A parental questionnaire was used to collect data on children’s screen time (dependent variable) and parents’ perceived social and physical environment (from the Environmental Module of the International Physical Activity Prevalence Study questionnaire; independent variable), parental education, and urbanization (used as covariates). Results: Neighborhood features were more correlated with girls’ screen time, than with boys’, particularly among younger children. Also, more social than physical characteristics of the neighborhood were positively associated with children’s use of television and mobile devices (ie, tablet and smartphone). Conclusions: Community-based approaches should improve the social environment and implement supervised after-school programs to encourage and support children to be outdoors and spend less time in sedentary pursuits.
Public support for policies to regulate flavoured tobacco and e-cigarette products in rural California
Authors: Payán Denise Diaz , Burke Nancy J , Persinger Jamie , Martinez Juliette , Jones Barker Lisa , Song Anna V 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionFlavoured tobacco control policy exemptions and electronic cigarette products may contribute to increased youth access and tobacco use disparities.MethodsWe assessed public support among California Central Valley residents for four policies to regulate flavoured tobacco products and e-cigarettes. The probability-based, multimode survey was conducted with English-speaking and Spanish-speaking registered voters (n=845) across 11 counties between 13 and 18 August 2020. Weighted logistic regression analyses measured odds of policy support, adjusting for predictor variables (attitudes and beliefs) and covariates.ResultsThe weighted sample was 50% female and predominantly Latino (30%) or non-Hispanic white (46%); 26% had a high school education or less, and 22% an annual household income <US$30 000. Overall, 58% support a comprehensive flavoured tobacco product sales ban, and 59% support a flavoured e-cigarette product sales ban. In addition, 81% support limiting the amount of nicotine in e-cigarette pods, and 91% support mandating vaping health warning signs at local retailers. Flavour bans were more likely to be backed by women, seniors, Latinos, non-smokers and non-vapers. Participants who believe minors have more access to flavoured products had greater odds of supporting all policies. Those aware of the association between e-cigarettes and lung injury were more likely to support non-ban policies. Participants who believe e-cigarettes help to reduce tobacco use or e-cigarettes are relatively less addictive were less likely to support bans.DiscussionFindings add to mounting evidence of support for policies to regulate flavoured tobacco and e-cigarette products. Results on attitudes and beliefs elucidate how these factors influence support.
High intramuscular triglyceride turnover rates and the link to insulin sensitivity: influence of obesity, type 2 diabetes and physical activity
Authors: Barrett J.S. , Whytock K.L. , Strauss J.A. , Wagenmakers A.J.M. , Shepherd S.O. 
Published: January 2022

Large intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) stores in sedentary, obese individuals have been linked to insulin resistance, yet well-trained athletes exhibit high IMTG levels whilst maintaining insulin sensitivity. Contrary to previous assumptions, it is now known that IMTG content per se does not result in insulin resistance. Rather, insulin resistance is caused, at least in part, by the presence of high concentrations of harmful lipid metabolites, such as diacylglycerols and ceramides in muscle. Several mechanistic differences between obese sedentary individuals and their highly trained counterparts have been identified, which determine the differential capacity for IMTG synthesis and breakdown in these populations. In this review, we first describe the most up-to-date mechanisms by which a low IMTG turnover rate (both breakdown and synthesis) leads to the accumulation of lipid metabolites and results in skeletal muscle insulin resistance. We then explore current and potential exercise and nutritional strategies that target IMTG turnover in sedentary obese individuals, to improve insulin sensitivity. Overall, improving IMTG turnover should be an important component of successful interventions that aim to prevent the development of insulin resistance in the ever-expanding sedentary, overweight and obese populations. Novelty: A description of the most up-to-date mechanisms regulating turnover of the IMTG pool. An exploration of current and potential exercise/nutritional strategies to target and enhance IMTG turnover in obese individuals. Overall, highlights the importance of improving IMTG turnover to prevent the development of insulin resistance.
Targeting Squalene Epoxidase Interrupts Homologous Recombination via the ER Stress Response and Promotes Radiotherapy Efficacy
Authors: Hong Zhipeng , Liu Tao , Wan Lingfeng , Fa Pengyan , Kumar Pankaj , Cao Yanan , Prasad Chandra Bhushan , Qiu Zhaojun , Liu Joseph , Wang Hongbing , Li Zaibo , Wang Qi-En , Guo Peixuan , Guo Deliang , Yilmaz Ayse S. , Lu Lanchun , Papandreou Ioanna , Jacob Naduparambil K. , Yan Chunhong , Zhang Xiaoli , She Qing-Bai , Ma Zhefu , Zhang Junran 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Over 50% of all patients with cancer are treated with radiotherapy. However, radiotherapy is often insufficient as a monotherapy and requires a nontoxic radiosensitizer. Squalene epoxidase (SQLE) controls cholesterol biosynthesis by converting squalene to 2,3-oxidosqualene. Given that SQLE is frequently overexpressed in human cancer, this study investigated the importance of SQLE in breast cancer and non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), two cancers often treated with radiotherapy. SQLE-positive IHC staining was observed in 68% of breast cancer and 56% of NSCLC specimens versus 15% and 25% in normal breast and lung tissue, respectively. Importantly, SQLE expression was an independent predictor of poor prognosis, and pharmacologic inhibition of SQLE enhanced breast and lung cancer cell radiosensitivity. In addition, SQLE inhibition enhanced sensitivity to PARP inhibition. Inhibition of SQLE interrupted homologous recombination by suppressing ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) activity via the translational upregulation of wild-type p53-induced phosphatase (WIP1), regardless of the p53 status. SQLE inhibition and subsequent squalene accumulation promoted this upregulation by triggering the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Collectively, these results identify a novel tumor-specific radiosensitizer by revealing unrecognized cross-talk between squalene metabolites, ER stress, and the DNA damage response. Although SQLE inhibitors have been used as antifungal agents in the clinic, they have not yet been used as antitumor agents. Repurposing existing SQLE-inhibiting drugs may provide new cancer treatments.

Significance:
Squalene epoxidase inhibitors are novel tumor-specific radiosensitizers that promote ER stress and suppress homologous recombination, providing a new potential therapeutic approach to enhance radiotherapy efficacy.
Differential Kinase Activity Across Prostate Tumor Compartments Defines Sensitivity to Target Inhibition
Authors: Karabacak Nezihi Murat , Zheng Yu , Dubash Taronish D. , Burr Risa , Micalizzi Douglas S. , Wittner Ben S. , Lin Maoxuan , Wiley Devon F. , Comaills Valentine , Emmons Erin , Niederhoffer Kira L. , Ho Uyen , Ukleja Jacob , Che Dante , Stowe Hannah , Nieman Linda T. , Haas Wilhelm , Stott Shannon L. , Lawrence Michael S. , Ting David T. , Miyamoto David T. , Haber Daniel A. , Toner Mehmet , Maheswaran Shyamala 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Cancer therapy often results in heterogeneous responses in different metastatic lesions in the same patient. Inter- and intratumor heterogeneity in signaling within various tumor compartments and its impact on therapy are not well characterized due to the limited sensitivity of single-cell proteomic approaches. To overcome this barrier, we applied single-cell mass cytometry with a customized 26-antibody panel to PTEN-deleted orthotopic prostate cancer xenograft models to measure the evolution of kinase activities in different tumor compartments during metastasis or drug treatment. Compared with primary tumors and circulating tumor cells (CTC), bone metastases, but not lung and liver metastases, exhibited elevated PI3K/mTOR signaling and overexpressed receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) including c-MET protein. Suppression of c-MET impaired tumor growth in the bone. Intratumoral heterogeneity within tumor compartments also arose from highly proliferative EpCAM-high epithelial cells with increased PI3K and mTOR kinase activities coexisting with poorly proliferating EpCAM-low mesenchymal populations with reduced kinase activities; these findings were recapitulated in epithelial and mesenchymal CTC populations in patients with metastatic prostate and breast cancer. Increased kinase activity in EpCAM-high cells rendered them more sensitive to PI3K/mTOR inhibition, and drug-resistant EpCAM-low populations with reduced kinase activity emerged over time. Taken together, single-cell proteomics indicate that microenvironment- and cell state–dependent activation of kinase networks create heterogeneity and differential drug sensitivity among and within tumor populations across different sites, defining a new paradigm of drug responses to kinase inhibitors.

Significance:
Single-cell mass cytometry analyses provide insights into the differences in kinase activities across tumor compartments and cell states, which contribute to heterogeneous responses to targeted therapies.