bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency medicine in Switzerland: an analysis of physician workforce, gender equality and academics
Authors: Ravioli Svenja , Haidinger Michael , Exadaktylos Aristomenis K. , Pluess Emanuel , Lindner Gregor 
Published: October 2022

BACKGROUND: Globally, emergency medicine is continuously evolving and in numerous countries, societies and colleges help develop the specialty on a professional and academic level. However, there are countries, including Switzerland, where emergency medicine is not a fully recognised specialty and there is a historical gender gap.
AIMS OF THE STUDY: It was the aim of this study to investigate the trends and developments in Swiss emergency medicine in terms of physician workforce, gender equality and academic posts over time.
METHODS: In this observational longitudinal analysis, the number and gender distribution of Swiss Society of Emergency and Rescue Medicine (SSERM) members as well as SSERM-certified physicians were analysed in 2011, 2016 and 2021. Additionally, head and leading physicians of SSERM-certified emergency departments of category 1 and 2 were analysed in 2021 with special regard to gender distribution. Finally, an analysis of Swiss academic emergency medicine including Swiss academic tracks, professors in emergency medicine as well as committees, chairs and speakers of the annual SSERM conference was performed.
RESULTS: From 2011 to 2021, there was an increase in SSERM members of 52% and a growing proportion of women from 26% to 35%. Similarly, there was a rise of 66% in physicians certified in in-hospital and 79% certified in prehospital emergency medicine. The proportion of women increased by 153% and 131%, respectively. In the analysed emergency departments, 69% of all head physicians were men whereas 50% of senior consultants and consultants with extended responsibility were women in 2021. Concerning academics, emergency medicine was a mandatory subject at all Swiss universities offering a master's degree in medical studies in 2021. However, 11 Swiss universities reported only six full professors, of whom only one was a woman, and three associate professors in emergency medicine in 2021. The analysis of the annual SSERM conferences from 2016 to 2019 revealed that men outnumbered women at every conference in terms of committees, chairs and speakers.
CONCLUSIONS: The number of SSERM members and board-certified emergency physicians, women in particular, remarkably increased in 10 years. Equality appears to be within reach for clinical emergency physicians, but women continue to be underrepresented in academic positions, at scientific conferences and among professors. In Switzerland, academic emergency medicine appears to be lagging behind in view of the growing emergency physician and women workforce, which might complicate further progress in and development of Swiss emergency medicine on a scientific and professional level.
Laser Pointer Retinopathy: A Case Report and Review
Authors: Swatch Priya , Chang Annie , Bhakhri Raman 
Published: October 2022

Purpose: Laser pointer retinopathy is a condition increasing in prevalence due to poor education of proper laser use at the childhood/teenage level and poor awareness of risks and complications of laser pointers among the adult population. Eye care physicians can serve as an important bridge among these populations to help increase awareness and promote and educate patients on the potentially damaging retinal effects associated with laser pointer viewing/exposure. Pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, multimodal imaging interpretation, and treatment management options of laser pointer retinopathy are reviewed through a case study. Background: A 19-year-old male presented to the eye clinic without any ocular or visual complaints for a routine eye examination. Fundus examination revealed yellow subfoveal scarring in the left eye and corresponding damage to the foveal ellipsoid zone on optical coherence tomography imaging. Amsler grid findings further confirmed metamorphopsia that was present only in the left eye. Further questioning determined the foveal damage to be laser pointer retinopathy secondary to extended laser pointer viewing. Conclusions: Laser pointer retinopathy is an increasingly prevalent retinal finding in younger populations. In most cases vision loss slowly improves with time, but the retinal damage has often been reported to be irreversible. Considering this information, it is imperative for optometrists to educate school staff, parents and children of the permanent ocular damage that can occur with laser pointer viewing and promote safe practices. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/laser-pointer-retinopathy-a-case-report-and-review)
Case Series: Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy as a Sign of Severe Systemic Vasculopathy
Authors: Cheng Lorraine , Yu Xiao X. 
Published: October 2022

Paracentral acute middle maculopathy represents deep capillary ischemia that can cause acute symptoms of scotoma. This case series describes two cases of symptomatic paracentral acute middle maculopathy that reflect the more severe spectrum of associated etiologies. Case 1: A 65-year-old male with recent history of hypertensive encephalopathy presented with sudden onset central visual disturbance described as amorphic in shape. Dilated fundus exam revealed severe hypertensive retinopathy with paracentral acute middle maculopathy. The patient died one year after the initial discovery of the retinal lesions. Case 2: A 87-year-old male presented with paracentral vision loss in one eye for three days. Clinical examination revealed multiple Hollenhorst plaques and paracentral acute middle maculopathy at presentation, and a subsequent branch retinal artery occlusion two days later. The patient was found to have 76% left carotid artery stenosis with numerous brain infarcts. The detection of paracentral acute middle maculopathy indicates an investigation through ocular and systemic risk factors to determine an attributable etiology. The search for possible etiologies should be tailored to the particular patient, based on age, associated ocular findings, systemic history, and symptomatic versus incidental presentation. The presence of symptomatic paracentral acute middle maculopathy, particularly in at-risk vasculopathic patients, should be addressed urgently as it may be an indicator of an underlying severe systemic disease process. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/case-series-paracentral-acute-middle-maculopathy-as-a-sign-of-severe-systemic-vasculopathy)
Acquired Vitelliform Lesions in the Setting of Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Nano Eni , Raposo Fatima , Greenberg Paul B. , Savoie Brian 
Published: October 2022

Introduction: Acquired vitelliform lesions (AVL) are unilateral or bilateral lesions found in a variety of macular conditions including age related macular degeneration. They can masquerade as a choroidal neovascular membrane leading to unnecessary referrals to specialists for further treatment. Case Presentation: An 81-year-old male patient with a history of acquired vitelliform lesions and age related macular degeneration in both eyes presents for an examination complaining of decreased vision. Upon diagnostic imaging, the lesions were suspicious for a CNV and patient was referred to retina specialist for further workup. Management and Outcome: The referral to the Ophthalmologist warranted both OCT angiography and fluorescein angiography that did not show leakage of the lesions and thus no evidence of a CNV in either eye. Discussion: While a referral to a retina specialist is warranted for suspicious vision threatening lesions, a closer look at fundus examination and OCT diagnostic imaging is crucial in correctly diagnosing these lesions and differentiating them from a CNV. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/acquired-vitelliform-lesions-in-the-setting-of-nonexudative-age-related-macular-degeneration)
Clinical Pearls in Postoperative LASIK Management
Authors: Stein Raymond , Stein Rebecca 
Published: October 2022

More than 35 million LASIK procedures have been performed worldwide with reported improvement in outcomes and safety.1 With proper preoperative screening and advanced technology, visual outcomes are excellent with a low complication rate. This paper reviews potential LASIK complications and treatment options. The majority of complications are minor and resolve with treatment without any adverse effects on visual acuity or quality of vision. Over the past 30 years, there have been significant advances in excimer laser technology, which include improved nomograms, flying spot lasers to deliver smoother ablations, accurate trackers, larger optical zones, aspheric curves, and customized treatments that reduce not only refractive errors but other optical aberrations of the eye. In North America, femtosecond lasers for creation of the corneal flap have generally replaced mechanical microkeratomes that require a blade. Advances in femtosecond technology have shown predictable flap thickness and the ability to customize the diameter, location, hinge, and edge profile of the LASIK flap. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/clinical-pearls-in-postoperative-lasik-management)
Case Report: Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Authors: Al-Hassan Noor , Yiasemis Andrea 
Published: October 2022

Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a dysplastic lesion of the conjunctiva and is the most common tumor of the ocular surface. CIN typically presents as a fleshy, gelatinous lesion that is typically located at the limbus. Risk factors include ultraviolet light exposure, immunocompromised state, history of smoking and human papilloma virus (HPV). Case Report: We present a case of CIN in a 76 year-old African American patient whose only complaint was of dry eye symptoms. Anterior segment examination revealed a gelatinous, vascularized lesion on the bulbar conjunctiva of the right eye. Excisional biopsy revealed a diagnosis of CIN with positive margins. The patient was treated with topical interferon alpha 2b drops. Conclusion: CIN is a neoplastic disorder that has a relatively favorable prognosis with treatment which includes both topical and surgical management. Careful anterior segment examination is crucial in detecting these lesions with prompt referral for treatment. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/conjunctival-intraepithelial-neoplasia)
Case Report of Adult-Onset Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy
Authors: Miller Rachael Y. 
Published: October 2022

Adult-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy is a bilateral dystrophy characterized by round subretinal yellow macular lesions. The dystrophy manifests between the third and fifth decades of life and has a variable genetic inheritance. A case of adult-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy is presented with the use of electrophysiological testing, fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/case-report-of-adult-onset-vitelliform-macular-dystrophy)
Ocular Manifestations of Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Landig Mark L. , Ilsen Pauline F. 
Published: October 2022

Background: Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that elicits a type III hypersensitivity reaction in which antibody-immune complexes precipitate and causes further immune response. There are three types of LE: discoid, systemic, and drug-induced. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is among the most common and concerning of the three. SLE harms mostly the heart, joints, skin, blood vessels, liver, kidneys, and nervous system. In addition to systemic issues, LE uniquely manifests itself in and around the eye. Secondary Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) and severe dry eyes are common among LE patients. Currently, there is no cure for LE; patients are often treated with an immunosuppressant or antimalarials, such as hydroxychloroquine. Case Reports: A patient who appeared to have discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) with secondary SS was referred to eye clinic by rheumatology for hydroxychloroquine screening. He presented with severe dry eyes. Treatment for dry eyes was initiated and screening for hydroxychloroquine toxicity was conducted. Another patient presented to the eye clinic for reduced vision in his right eye. He was diagnosed with systemic lupus with no treatment. Ophthalmic examination revealed a unilateral macular edema secondary to a central retinal vein occlusion likely to active systemic lupus. Immediate referral to rheumatology and ophthalmology was made. Conclusion: Since patients with LE may have many ocular manifestations, optometrists should be able to recognize them and ensure that the patient receives appropriate treatment. Communication with ophthalmology and rheumatology is important for the management of these cases. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/ocular-manifestations-of-lupus-erythematosus)
A Late Presentation of Unilateral Idiopathic Retinal Vasculitis, Aneurysms, and Neuroretinitis (IRVAN) Syndrome
Authors: Walburg Zachary G. , Janigian Robert H. , Greenberg Paul , Mega Joseph , Hunter Amanda 
Published: October 2022

Although uncommon, idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN) syndrome can lead to vision threatening complications if not diagnosed and treated appropriately. This case report describes an atypical presentation of unilateral IRVAN syndrome, which resulted in significant visual loss in an elderly male. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/a-late-presentation-of-unilateral-idiopathic-retinal-vasculitis-aneurysms-and-neuroretinitis-irvan-syndrome)
Atypical Gout-Associated Band Keratopathy
Authors: Moses Sara , Moses Sara , Schifanella Lisa , Schifanella Lisa , Prewitt Ellen , Prewitt Ellen 
Published: October 2022

Band keratopathy is a chronic condition that involves the deposition of crystals in the anterior layers of the cornea. There are many etiologies, both ocular and systemic, that can result in the formation of these crystals. These conditions include chronic ocular inflammation, hypercalcemia, and gout. Case Report: Herein we report a case of band keratopathy due to gout and discuss the possible systemic etiologies and management of band keratopathy. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/atypical-gout-associated-band-keratopathy)
Guidelines and Clinical Pearls for Laser Vision Correction
Authors: Stein Raymond , Stein Rebecca 
Published: October 2022

LASIK and PRK are well established procedures for the correction of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. The percentage of ophthalmologists and optometrists that have undergone these procedures is higher than in the general population. The clinical goal is to continue to advance the technology and techniques to improve outcomes. The newest and considered the most advanced custom vision correction is Topography-guided LASIK and Topography-guided PRK using advanced analytics software. Topographic corneal imaging is used to measure over 20,000 data points, and this curvature information is used to guide the excimer laser to reduce irregularity of the corneal surface and treat the refractive error. In addition, the excimer laser ablation is centered on the line of sight versus the center of the pupil, and there is iris registration to account for cyclotorsion. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/guidelines-and-clinical-pearls-for-laser-vision-correction)
Horner’s Syndrome Following COVID-19 Infection and Treatment
Authors: Prewitt Ellen , Edwards Katherine 
Published: October 2022

Horner’s syndrome occurs secondary to paresis of the oculo-sympathetic pathway and classically presents with the triad of ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis. Sympathetic innervation to the eye involves a long and tortuous course requiring three separate neuronal junctions to complete the pathway. An insult along any part of this pathway will result in the constellation of findings characteristic of the syndrome. Herein, we report the case of a 63-year-old male who presented with ptosis and anisocoria of the left eye following hospitalization for COVID-19 infection. A diagnosis of Horner’s syndrome was confirmed with pharmacological testing, and further evaluation identified the underlying etiology. We will include an overview of the clinical presentation, various etiologies, diagnosis, and management of Horner’s syndrome. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/case-report-giant-cell-arteritis-presenting-with-6th-nerve-palsy-without-ischemic-optic-neuropathy) Please check COPE course expiry date prior to enrollment. The COPE course test must be taken before the course expiry date.
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Case Review
Authors: Branca Victoria , Doyle Rebecca , Mega Joseph , Greenberg Paul B. , John Sellechio John 
Published: October 2022

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the leading cause of preventable vision loss and visual disability amongst working-age adults in the United States. Complications include neovascularization of the iris, retina, and optic disc, which can lead to vitreous hemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment, and neovascular glaucoma. Treatment options for PDR include pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) and intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection. The case of a 48-year-old male Caucasian with PDR and associated complications is presented. CE Notification This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/proliferative-diabetic-retinopathy-a-case-review)
Traumatic Iritis: A Case Study
Authors: Hafeez Sara , Mega Joseph , Greenberg Paul B. , Hunter Amanda 
Published: October 2022

Trauma to the anterior segment can cause an iritis. A comprehensive eye examination is necessary to determine the extent of the injury to ocular structures. Ruling out differential diagnoses and prompt management with topical cycloplegic agents and steroids improves patient comfort and visual prognosis. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/traumatic-iritis-a-case-study)
Case Report: Retained Lens Fragment in the Anterior Chamber 32 Years after Cataract Surgery
Authors: Phan Tiffany H. , Kawasaki Brian S. , Mietzner David J. 
Published: October 2022

A 73-year-old Asian male presented to the eye clinic reporting a sudden onset of redness, irritation, and light sensitivity of the right eye 32 years after cataract surgery. While retained lens fragment in the anterior segment is an uncommon complication of cataract surgery, this case highlights a unique complication that should be considered as a differential diagnosis for cases of post-operational cataract surgery. It is important to consider a retained lens fragment as a differential when examining pseudophakic patients. Retained lens fragments can present weeks to years after cataract surgery with the more chronic cases secondary to nuclear fragments. Topical medications such as corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti- inflammatories, and cycloplegics can be used in treatment of the acute antiinflammatory event. If persistent inflammation and/or cystoid macular edema becomes an issue, management with subspecialty ophthalmology to remove the lens fragment is warranted. This case represents the longest time in literature between cataract surgery and the appearance of the retained lens fragment. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/case-report-retained-lens-fragment-in-the-anterior-chamber-32-years-after-cataract-surgery) Please check COPE course expiry dates prior to enrollment. The COPE course test must be taken before the course expiry date.
Clinical Findings and Management of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Authors: Prewitt Ellen 
Published: October 2022

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmic emergency and represents the ocular equivalent of a cerebral stroke. Evidence shows that most CRAO patients suffer profound, acute vision loss, as well as an increased risk of subsequent cerebral stroke. There are no current, proven ocular treatments for CRAO. Management is targeted at evaluation and intervention of acute risk factors, preventing secondary ocular neovascular complications, and addressing underlying systemic comorbidities. This case report reviews the clinical features, etiologies, and management of CRAO. CE Notification: This article is available as a COPE accredited CE course. You may take this course for 1-hour credit. Read the article and take the qualifying test to earn your credit. Click here to Enroll (https://www.crojournal.com/clinical-findings-and-management-of-central-retinal-artery-occlusion) Please check COPE course expiry dates prior to enrollment. The COPE course test must be taken before the course expiry date.