bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality Prediction in Hip Fracture Patients: Physician Assessment Versus Prognostic Models
Authors: Karres Julian , Zwiers Ruben , Eerenberg Jan-Peter , Vrouenraets Bart C. , Kerkhoffs Gino M. M. J. 
Published: May 2022

Objectives:
To evaluate 2 prognostic models for mortality after a fracture of the hip, the Nottingham Hip Fracture Score and Hip Fracture Estimator of Mortality Amsterdam and to compare their predictive performance to physician assessment of mortality risk in hip fracture patients.

Design:
Prospective cohort study.

Setting:
Two level-2 trauma centers located in the Netherlands.

Patients:
Two hundred forty-four patients admitted to the Emergency Departments of both hospitals with a fractured hip.

Intervention:
Data used in both prediction models were collected at the time of admission for each individual patient, as well as predictions of mortality by treating physicians.

Main Outcome Measures:
Predictive performances were evaluated for 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year mortality. Discrimination was assessed with the area under the curve (AUC); calibration with the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test and calibration plots; clinical usefulness in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.

Results:
Mortality was 7.4% after 30 days, 22.1% after 1 year, and 59.4% after 5 years. There were no statistically significant differences in discrimination between the prediction methods (AUC 0.73–0.80). The Nottingham Hip Fracture Score demonstrated underfitting for 30-day mortality and failed to identify the majority of high-risk patients (sensitivity 33%). The Hip fracture Estimator of Mortality Amsterdam showed systematic overestimation and overfitting. Physicians were able to identify most high-risk patients for 30-day mortality (sensitivity 78%) but with some overestimation. Both risk models demonstrated a lack of fit when used for 1-year and 5-year mortality predictions.

Conclusions:
In this study, prognostic models and physicians demonstrated similar discriminating abilities when predicting mortality in hip fracture patients. Although physicians overestimated mortality, they were better at identifying high-risk patients and at predicting long-term mortality.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Risk Factors for Deep Infection and Conversion Total Hip Arthroplasty After Operative Combined Pelvic Ring and Acetabular Fractures
Authors: Strom Shane , Mihas Alexander K. , Bonner Henry V. , Cichos Kyle H. , McGwin Gerald , Patch David A. , Agarwal Abhinav , Spitler Clay A. 
Published: May 2022

Objectives:
To determine risk factors for deep infection and conversion total hip arthroplasty (THA) after operative management of combined pelvic ring and acetabular injuries.

Design:
Retrospective case control study.

Setting:
Level 1 trauma center.

Patients and Intervention:
We reviewed 150 operative combined pelvic ring and acetabular injuries at our institution from 2010 to 2019, with an average follow-up of 690 (90–3282) days.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Deep infection and conversion THA.

Results:
Patients who developed deep infection (N = 17, 11.3%) had higher rates of hip dislocation (P = 0.030), intraoperative transfusion (P = 0.030), higher body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.046), increased estimated blood loss (P < 0.001), more intraoperative units transfused (P = 0.004), and longer operative times (P = 0.035). Of the 84 patients with 1-year follow-up, 24 (28.6%) required conversion to THA. Patients requiring conversion THA were older (P = 0.022) and had higher rates of transverse posterior wall fracture pattern (P = 0.034), posterior wall involvement (P < 0.001), hip dislocation (P = 0.031), wall comminution (P = 0.002), and increased estimated blood loss (P = 0.024). The order of the pelvic ring versus acetabular fixation did not affect rates of conversion to THA (P = 0.109). Multiple logistic regression showed that an increased number of intraoperative units transfused [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.16–2.09, P = 0.003] and higher BMI (aOR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.01–1.16, P = 0.024) were independently associated with an increased odds of deep infection. Posterior wall involvement was independently associated with an increased odds of conversion THA (aOR = 5.73, 95% CI = 1.17–27.04, P = 0.031).

Conclusions:
Rates of deep infection and conversion THA after operative fixation of combined injuries were 11.3% and 28.6%, respectively. Higher average BMI and number of intraoperative units of blood transfused were independently associated with deep infection, whereas posterior wall involvement was independently associated with conversion to THA in these patients.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Nuclear Medicine Patient as a Line Source: The Source Length Is Certainly Not the Patient Height, But It Is a Reasonable Approximation
Authors: Broggio David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Nuclear medicine patients are a source of exposure and should receive instructions to restrict contact time with different categories of people. The calculation of the restriction time requires that the dose rate at a given distance, known from an initial measurement and a whole-body retention function, can be extrapolated at other distances. As a basis for this extrapolation, it has been suggested to consider the patient as a line source. However, the validity of this suggestion is based on a few studies and limited measurement distances. We collected from the literature dose rates of nuclear medicine patients measured at different distances and investigated the robustness of the line source model. The cases of 18F-FDG exams, 99mTc bone scan exams, and 131I for hyperthyroidism treatment and remnants ablation were considered. The data were pooled, different cases of measurement time after administration were considered, and the data were fitted according to the line source model in which the half patient thickness was introduced. It was found that the line source model fits well the data put with a source length that is radionuclide-specific and significantly different from the standard adult height. However, considering a standard source length of 176 cm and neglecting the patient thickness induced at maximum an overestimation by a factor of 2.5 when extrapolating from 1 m to 10 cm. Such an overestimation is not of considerable importance in the calculation of contact restriction times.
Corneal Complications Secondary to Involutional Entropion at Presentation
Authors: Parsons Shaun R. , O’Rourke Micheal A , Satchi Khami , McNab Alan A. 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To determine the frequency and significance of corneal complications at presentation of involutional entropion in an Australian population. Patient demographics and duration of symptoms were collated to assess how these factors related to presentations.

Methods:
Case records were retrospectively interrogated at an Oculoplastic Ophthalmology practice over a 15-year period to identify patients with lower eyelid involutional entropion. All patients had ophthalmic examination by an ophthalmologist. Patients meeting inclusion criteria had data collected including detailed assessment of corneal examination findings.

Results:
The final cohort included 203 patients of which 50.7% were male. The mean age was 75.1 years. Cornea findings at presentation included superficial punctate keratopathy (69%), no change (25.6%), corneal ulcer (4%), and other (1%). One percent of patients had vision loss attributable to complications of entropion. Range of duration of symptoms was 2 weeks to 6 years with a mean of 11.5 months.

Conclusions:
At presentation, involutional entropion has mild corneal findings with 95.1% of patients demonstrating superficial punctate keratopathy or normal corneal epithelium. Vision loss is a rare complication and was observed in 1% of patients in this study, all with preexisting corneal pathology.
Religious Involvement and DSM-IV Anxiety Disorders Among African-Americans
Authors: Hodge David R. , Taylor Robert Joseph , Chatters Linda M. , Boddie Stephanie C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This study examined the relationship between eight measures of religious involvement and five anxiety disorders among a nationally representative sample of African-Americans (N = 3403). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess 12-month and lifetime prevalence for each disorder. Logistic regression indicated weekly service attendance was inversely associated with 12-month and lifetime panic disorder, lifetime agoraphobia, and 12-month and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Prayer was inversely associated with 12-month agoraphobia, 12-month social phobia, and lifetime PTSD. Listening to religious radio and looking to God for strength were also inversely related to, respectively, 12-month and lifetime panic disorder. Conversely, reading religious materials was positively associated with 12-month panic disorder, 12-month agoraphobia, lifetime PTSD, and lifetime generalized anxiety disorder. The results are discussed in light of conceptual models that specify multiple and sometimes divergent pathways through which religion impacts health, and suggestions for clinicians addressing anxiety disorders are delineated.
Emergence and algorithmic information dynamics of systems and observers
Authors: Abrahão Felipe S. , Zenil Hector 
Published: May 2022

One of the challenges of defining emergence is that one observer’s prior knowledge may cause a phenomenon to present itself as emergent that to another observer appears reducible. By formalizing the act of observing as mutual perturbations between dynamical systems, we demonstrate that the emergence of algorithmic information does depend on the observer’s formal knowledge, while being robust vis-a-vis other subjective factors, particularly: the choice of programming language and method of measurement; errors or distortions during the observation; and the informational cost of processing. This is called observer-dependent emergence (ODE). In addition, we demonstrate that the unbounded and rapid increase of emergent algorithmic information implies asymptotically observer-independent emergence (AOIE). Unlike ODE, AOIE is a type of emergence for which emergent phenomena will be considered emergent no matter what formal theory an observer might bring to bear. We demonstrate the existence of an evolutionary model that displays the diachronic variant of AOIE and a network model that displays the holistic variant of AOIE. Our results show that, restricted to the context of finite discrete deterministic dynamical systems, computable systems and irreducible information content measures, AOIE is the strongest form of emergence that formal theories can attain.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Emergent phenomena in complex physical and socio-technical systems: from cells to societies’.
Survival rate of positive peritoneal cytology in endometrial cancer; a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Dehghan Hamidreza , Binesh Fariba , Moravej Mohammad Taghi , Dehnavi Ali Zare , Dehghanbanadaki Hojat , Heydari Safiyehsadat , Nikfard Maryam , Mansouri Mehrdad 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe impact of positive peritoneal cytology on survival rate of endometrial cancer patients in different stages and histopathology is still controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the influence of positive peritoneal cytology (PPC) on survival rate of patients with endometrial carcinoma.MethodsA systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane databases was conducted up to November 24, 2020. The quality of included studies was evaluated by Quality in prognosis study (QUIPS) tool.ResultsInitially, 3014 articles were found, of which 65 met the inclusion criteria for qualitative analysis and 27 studies on 75897 patients with endometrial cancer were included in the meta-analysis. PPC was associated with a lower overall survival in endometrial cancer (HR= 2.102; 95% CI:1.629-2.711; P< 0.001). The findings also identified PPC as an independent prognostic factor for both disease-free survival (HR= 3.052; 95% CI: 2.348-2967; P< 0.001) and cancer specific survival (HR= 3.461; 95% CI: 2.280-5.254; P< 0.001). In addition, we meta-analyzed the studies in 21 subgroups based on staging and histopathology of the endometrial cancer which all identified PPC as a non-prognostic factor for cancer of endometrium.ConclusionPPC is an independent prognostic factor for endometrial cancer survival rate in all staging and histopathologic subgroups.
Human health effects of recycling and reusing plastic packaging in the food system: a systematic review and meta-analysis of life cycle assessments
Authors: Deeney Megan , Green Rosemary , Yan Xiaoyu , Dooley Claire , Yates Joe , Rolker Heike B , Kadiyala Suneetha 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCircular strategies, including recycling and reuse of food packaging, are critical responses to the plastic pollution crisis and could provide co-benefits and trade-offs for human health. Our meta-analysis of life cycle assessment (LCA) data quantifies possible health effects using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) mediated by climate change, ozone, air pollution, toxicity, and water scarcity. We found strong evidence for reduced health risks with both a higher percentage of recycled content and a greater end-of-life recycling rate, resulting in around a day of healthy life saved per tonne of plastic packaging recycled. On average, reusable packaging reduced the health impacts associated with single use plastics after 30 uses, which is unlikely reflected in current consumer behaviour. Data from low- and middle-income countries, and greater use of health indicators in LCA, are urgently needed. LCA is a unique tool that could be optimised for interdisciplinary public health research on circular economies.TeaserLife cycle assessment meta-analysis shows recycling and reusing plastic food packaging could provide human health co-benefits, and some risks.
Asian Lung Cancer Absolute Risk Models for lung cancer mortality based on China Kadoorie Biobank
Authors: Warkentin Matthew T. , Tammemägi Martin C. , Espin-Garcia Osvaldo , Budhathoki Sanjeev , Liu Geoffrey , Hung Rayjean J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality globally. Early detection through screening can markedly improve prognosis and prediction models can identify high-risk individuals for risk-based screening. However, most models have been developed in North American cohorts of smokers and much less is known about risk factors for never-smokers, which represent a growing proportion of lung cancers, particularly for Asian populations.MethodsBased on the China Kadoorie Biobank, a population-based prospective cohort study of 512,639 adults age 30-79 recruited between 2004-2008 with up to 12 years of follow-up, we built an Asian Lung Cancer Absolute Risk Model (ALARM) for lung cancer mortality using flexible parametric survival models, separately for ever- and never-smokers, accounting for competing risks of all-other-cause mortality. Model performance was evaluated in a 25% hold-out test set using the time-dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and by comparing the model-predicted and observed risks for model calibration.ResultsPredictors assessed in the never-smoker lung cancer mortality model were age, sex, household income, lung function, history of emphysema/bronchitis, family history of cancer, personal cancer history, BMI, passive smoking, and indoor air pollution. The ever-smoker model additionally assessed smoking status (former vs. current), duration, and intensity. The 5-year AUC based on the hold-out test set for the never and ever-smoker models were 0.77 (95% CI: 0.73-0.80) and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.79-0.84), respectively. The maximum 5-year risk for never and ever smokers were 2.6% and 12.7%, respectively.ConclusionsThis study is among the first to develop and test risk models specifically for Asian populations, separately for never (ALARM-NS) and ever-smokers (ALARM-ES). Our models identify Asian never- and ever-smokers at high-risk of death due to lung cancer with a high degree of accuracy and may identify those with risks exceeding common eligibility thresholds who would likely benefit from lung cancer screening.
Remote working and experiential wellbeing: A latent lifestyle perspective using UK Time Use Survey before and during COVID-19
Authors: Chen Jerry , Wan Li 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTMental health in the UK had deteriorated compared with pre-pandemic trends. Existing studies on heterogenous wellbeing impacts of COVID-19 tend to segment population based on isolated socio-economic and demographic indicators, typically gender, income and ethnicity, while a more holistic understanding of such heterogeneity among the workforce seems lacking. This study addresses this gap by 1) combining UK time use surveys collected before and during COVID-19, 2) identifying nuanced lifestyles within three working mode groups (commuters, homeworkers and hybrid workers) using latent class model, and 3) quantifying heterogeneous experiential wellbeing (ExWB) impacts across workers of distinct lifestyles. It was found that the direction and magnitude of ExWB impact were not uniform across activity types, time of day and lifestyles. ExWB impact outside of usual working hours (before 6am and after 6pm) was consistently negative for all lifestyles. In contrast, the direction of ExWB impact during usual working hours (6am-6pm) varied in accordance with lifestyle classifications. Specifically, ExWB decreased for all homeworkers but increased significantly for certain hybrid workers. Magnitude of ExWB impact correlated strongly with lifestyle: the optionality of choosing one’s place of work and the associated ability to travel during the pandemic seemed to improve ExWB. To understand the significant heterogeneity in ExWB outcomes, a spatial-temporal conceptualisation of working flexibility is developed to explicate the strong yet complex correlations between wellbeing and lifestyles. Whilst greater spatio-temporal flexibility is generally linked to increase in workers’ ExWB, there is preliminary evidence of a flexibility threshold – above which the marginal ExWB increase would diminish and even become negative. The implications to post-pandemic “back-to-work” policies are 1) shifting policy focus from simplistic workplace choice to spatial-temporal optionality (i.e. lifestyle choice), and 2) providing wider support for lifestyle adaptation and transitions.
Tanycytes are degraded in Alzheimer’s Disease, disrupting the brain-to-blood efflux of Tau
Authors: Sauvé Florent , Ternier Gaëtan , Dewisme Julie , Lebouvier Thibaut , Dupré Elian , Danis Clément , Rasika S. , Kim Young-Bum , Ciofi Philippe , Giacobini Paolo , Buée Luc , Landrieu Isabelle , Pasquier Florence , Maurage Claude-Alain , Nogueiras Ruben , Schwaninger Markus , Prevot Vincent 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTThe accumulation of pathological Tau in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its eventual increase in the blood are hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the mechanisms of Tau clearance from the brain to the periphery are not clear. We show here, using animal and cellular models as well as patient blood samples and post mortem brains, that hypothalamic tanycytes, whose cell bodies line the ventricular wall and send long processes to the underlying pituitary portal capillary bed, take up and transport Tau from the CSF and release it into these capillaries, whence it travels to the pituitary and eventually the systemic circulation. Specifically blocking tanycytic vesicular transport leads to an accumulation of exogenous fluorescent Tau in the CSF of mice. In AD and frontotemporal dementia, tanycytic morphology is altered, with a dramatic fragmentation of the secondary cytoskeleton in the former but not the latter, accounting for reduced CSF Tau clearance in AD. Both the implication of tanycytic degradation in the pathophysiology of a human disease and the evidence for the existence of a brain-to-blood tanycytic shuttle are unprecedented, and raise important questions regarding the role of tanycytes in physiological clearance mechanisms and the development of neurodegenerative disorders.
Effective screening strategies for safe opening of universities under Omicron and Delta variants of COVID-19
Authors: Rabil Marie Jeanne , Tunc Sait , Bish Douglas R. , Bish Ebru K. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTAs new COVID-19 variants emerge, and disease and population characteristics change, screening strategies may also need to change. We develop a decision-making model that can assist a college to determine an optimal screening strategy based on their characteristics and resources, considering COVID-19 infections/hospitalizations/deaths; peak daily hospitalizations; and the tests required. We also use this tool to generate screening guidelines for the safe opening of college campuses. Our compartmental model simulates disease spread on a hypothetical college campus under co-circulating variants with different disease dynamics, considering: (i) the heterogeneity in disease transmission and outcomes for faculty/staff and students based on vaccination status and level of natural immunity; and (ii) variant- and dose-dependent vaccine efficacy. Using the Spring 2022 academic semester as a case study, we study routine screening strategies, and find that screening the faculty/staff less frequently than the students, and/or the boosted and vaccinated less frequently than the unvaccinated, may avert a higher number of infections per test, compared to universal screening of the entire population at a common frequency. We also discuss key policy issues, including the need to revisit the mitigation objective over time, effective strategies that are informed by booster coverage, and if and when screening alone can compensate for low booster coverage.
“Does a respiratory virus have an ecological niche, and if so, can it be mapped?” Yes and yes
Authors: Stephens Christopher R. , González-Salazar Constantino , Martínez Pedro Romero 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAlthough the utility of Ecological Niche models (ENM) and Species Distribution models (SDM) has been demonstrated in many ecological applications, their suitability for modelling epidemics or pandemics, such as SARS-Cov-2, has been questioned. In this paper, contrary to this viewpoint, we show that ENMs and SDMs can be created that can describe the evolution of pandemics, both in space and time. As an illustrative use case, we create models for predicting confirmed cases of COVID-19, viewed as our target “species”, in Mexico through 2020 and 2021, showing that the models are predictive in both space and time. In order to achieve this, we extend a recently developed Bayesian framework for niche modelling, to include: i) dynamic, non-equilibrium “species” distributions; ii) a wider set of habitat variables, including behavioural, socio-economic and socio-demographic variables, as well as standard climatic variables; iii) distinct models and associated niches for different species characteristics, showing how the niche, as deduced through presence-absence data, can differ from that deduced from abundance data. We show that the niche associated with those places with the highest abundance of cases has been highly conserved throughout the pandemic, while the inferred niche associated with presence of cases has been changing. Finally, we show how causal chains can be inferred and confounding identified by showing that behavioural and social factors are much more predictive than climate and that, further, the latter is confounded by the former.