bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixed Methods
Authors: Ginossar Tamar 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mixed methods research (MMR) is a methodology based on a systematic, rigorous collection and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data within a single study or research project. Rooted in pragmatism, it provides an important methodological option for health communication researchers who seek to study multidimensional and dynamic processes in applied settings. MMR facilitates integration of multiple ontological, epistemological, and axiological standpoints, and has been applied in different health communication research projects. Although a dearth of health communication articles report on MMR, there is a growing number of studies applying this methodology. Greater efforts should be dedicated to advance implementation of thoughtful MMR design and analysis in health communication. Such efforts should include dialogue between researchers and editors on modifying current publication guidelines to fit with the complexity of MMR. Enhancing the scope of published MMR has the potential to create synergy and advance the field of health communication.
Narrative Methods
Authors: Spradley Elizabeth L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry introduces narrative methodology to study health communication. Health communication values narrative as a way of communicating about health and a way of studying health communication. As such, health communication has drawn on narrative methods within rhetorical and interpretive traditions demonstrating a wide range of narrative methodologies, including pentadic criticism, representative anecdote, narrative rationality, critical narrative analysis, structural analysis, thematic analysis, and multi‐genre analysis. This entry concludes with ways health communication scholarship can advance narrative methods and use narrative methods to advance health communication.
Cyberbullying
Authors: Vandebosch Heidi , Pabian Sara 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cyberbullying is a form of online aggression that may have an important health impact, and thus needs to be addressed using evidence‐based interventions. Cyberbullying is most prevalent amongst young adolescents. They are in a developmental phase that is characterized by an increased importance of the peer group, high information and communication technology use for social purposes, and risk taking. These factors explain their higher odds of being involved in cyberbullying, either as a perpetrator, victim, or bystander. Because cyberbullying is often interwoven with traditional bullying in the school context, one way to tackle the problem is to integrate anti‐cyberbullying components into a whole‐school anti‐bullying approach. Such an approach not only considers the problem in different phases, but also involves different stakeholders (i.e., pupils, teachers, parents). Cyberbullying, however, can also be prevented, detected or reported, and addressed at the platforms (e.g., social networking sites) where the cyberbullying is actually taking place. These platforms can use reflective interfaces to make people think twice before they actually post a harassing message, support users with protecting their account, use reporting mechanisms to detect cyberbullying instances, and intervene. In addition, other technological solutions (e.g., helplines, serious games) might be used to address the problem. Tackling cyberbullying amongst young people is important as it impacts their mental and physical health, both in the short and the long term. Moreover, involvement in cyberbullying is also related to other externalizing problems (e.g., substance abuse and conduct problems) for perpetrators, and other internalizing problems (e.g., suicidal ideation and self‐harm) amongst victims.
Health Blogging
Authors: Rains Stephen A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Blogs are a form of social media that has been used as a resource for digital coping by people facing illness. Blogs offer a platform for people to self‐disclose about their illness‐related experiences. After first defining the term blog and providing some context about the meaning of illness, the affordances of health blogs are considered. Motivations for health blogging are next reviewed and a summary of health blog content is then provided. The entry concludes with a discussion of the positive and negative outcomes of health blogging.
Social Media: General
Authors: Holtz Bree , Kanthawala Shaheen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The rise of social media has been meteoric over the past two decades, connecting people from across the world to share information regardless of geography and time. This entry provides a general breadth of understanding of how social media has been utilized in health communication. It begins with a brief examination of the differences between online health communities, which have traditionally been spaces for health discussions online, and health communities on social media platforms. Next, it briefly discusses each of the major social media platforms, including a short description, and presents examples of how these have been used in the health communication context. The entry then reviews the different theories that have been used in the social media/health communication space. It further considers “rules of thumb” when thinking about using social media for health communication promotion or campaign and trends. Finally, the entry concludes by examining health‐related misinformation and disinformation on social media platforms, and ends with a brief discussion regarding the future of social media and health communication.
Social Media: Twitter
Authors: Mao Yuping 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry provides the background of Twitter's popularity and different functions. With Twitter's wide reach to a large number of users, government officials and medical professionals are aware of and have used Twitter in public health crisis management, doctor–patient interaction, and health campaigns. However, misinformation on Twitter poses a threat to public health communication. The current literature on Twitter focuses on content of tweets and specific health issues, and more future research on health communication processes and effectiveness could provide useful suggestions for practitioners to use Twitter as a public health communication platform.
Appeals: Social
Authors: Reifegerste Doreen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Social appeals are a form of messages that aim to promote public health by referring to the social consequences of health behavior. That means they refer to: (i) the appreciation of individuals' health by others; (ii) the influence of health behavior on affiliation to others; or (iii) the responsibility for others' health. This entry provides an overview of definitions, various forms, theories, and existing research studies. It ends with implications for researchers and health practitioners. Social appeals can be employed by various other persuasion strategies or be combined with them. They offer multiple opportunities to reach target groups who are hard to reach with other forms of appeals. Although systematic research about social appeals is scarce, one can conclude for researchers and health advertising practitioners that social appeals can be effective for target groups. However, an analysis of the underlying motives for the specific health behavior is needed. If social motives (such as social norms, affiliation needs, or caring motives) are a main determinant for a specific behavior and/or a certain target group, then the respective social appeals might be an effective persuasion strategy to promote public health.
Source Credibility
Authors: Spates Stephen A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry provides an introduction to how source credibility is used within health communication. Source credibility refers to a measure of a person's characteristics that makes the information they send more or less believable. Components of source credibility, as a research measure, are discussed. Examples of source credibility's relationship to opinion changes and persuasion are identified along with key research studies and theory. Source credibility's establishment in the communication field is explained. Emerging research in online environments is explained and connections to health messages discussed.
Identification/Parasocial Interaction Theory
Authors: Hedrick Mckenzie Ashley , Kresovich Alex 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry provides a brief introduction to health communication theory on parasocial interaction, parasocial relationships, and identification. Each of these phenomena constitutes a type of cognitive involvement with a media character or celebrity. Health communication practitioners can harness people's parasocial interactions, parasocial relationships, and identification with media characters and celebrities to achieve desirable health‐related outcomes, including decreased stigma for health issues, health‐related information seeking, and increased intentions to seek out specialized health services. However, each of these phenomena has been defined and operationalized inconsistently throughout health communication research, creating a need for improved conceptual clarity in future research.
Language and Social Interaction
Authors: Denvir Paul M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Language and social interaction (LSI) is both a subject matter within the field of communication and a multidisciplinary confederation of scholarly communities. LSI research is primarily concerned with the ways in which people use language and other practical communicative resources to construct and navigate their social and cultural worlds. LSI scholars share an interest in both “everyday” and institutional interaction, and in the last 30 years the latter has included increased emphasis on health settings. This entry includes an overview of some shared theoretical and methodological premises in LSI research, as well as a closer look at several LSI subdisciplines (conversation analysis; ethnography of communication; discourse analysis) and their contributions in health communication.
Cancer: Fears and Recurrence
Authors: Beach Wayne A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cancer is one of the most feared diseases worldwide. In the United States cancer is the second leading cause of death (after cardiovascular disease), and impacts three out of every four families. Cancer fears are critically important for health communication research, intervention, education, and behavioral change. For the general population as well as previously diagnosed cancer survivors fearing recurrence, excessive fears can threaten health by promoting adverse consequences such as anxiety, stress, delays of important clinical visitations, and avoidance of screenings. Manageable fears may also motivate routine check‐ups and healthy lifestyle choices. A close examination of research methods employed to investigate cancer fears, and successful interventions designed to alleviate fearful orientations, reveals a predominant focus on individuals' psychological and emotional burdens. These approaches could be enhanced by integrating close examinations of naturally occurring health communication events, and their impacts on social relationships, across a myriad of daily health scenarios. By focusing on natural histories of interactions in both casual (e.g., home) and clinical settings, more comprehensive and multi‐methodological approaches to cancer fears and care can be designed. A grounded understanding of how cancer fears get interactionally managed, and their social consequences, can facilitate the creation of innovative and effective strategies for designing, implementing, and evaluating health communication campaigns. Two video‐based exemplars are provided of longitudinal health communication research translated into media campaigns for the public good: family cancer journeys from diagnosis through death of a loved one, and throughout breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, surgery, breast reconstruction, and remission.
Suicide: Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury
Authors: Markiewitz Antonia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry introduces the complex and theoretically diverse concept of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI). NSSI is defined as a form of self‐harm that does not aim for fatal outcome and must therefore be delimited from suicidal behavior with fatal intentions. Nevertheless, NSSI is considered a strong predictor for actual suicidal behavior. As a public health concern which affects adolescents in particular, NSSI is subject to efforts that aim at prevention and provision of help resources. Importantly, the media plays an integral role in the context of self‐harming behavior as it can have both detrimental and beneficial effects: on a continuum of effects, the media can (i) serve as a negative reinforcer promoting harmful behavior or (ii) act as a positive contributor by supporting favorable coping strategies and prevention. Among other determinants, such as intraindividual predisposition or susceptibility, the respective outcome largely depends on how NSSI is portrayed in the media. Thus, attention should be drawn to the role of the media in regard to NSSI – in terms of both research efforts and practical handling of NSSI content. In this, the focus is now largely on social media in particular, and algorithms and machine learning seem to be promising approaches.
Digital Divide (Global)
Authors: Arendt Florian , Karsay Kathrin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Given that new digital technologies and the Internet have substantially influenced the media and communication landscape in recent years, research on digital health divides is of utmost importance to health communication scholarship. Individuals in today's media environments might benefit through facilitated access to health‐related information. However, concerns have been raised on how these new developments may reinforce existing social inequities in health. On a most basic level, mere access to health information can be different. For example, although about two‐thirds of the population worldwide use the Internet, fewer do in Africa and South Asia, a pattern that has been termed a “digital divide.” Thus, one aim is to reduce digital divides on the level of mere access, often termed “first‐level digital divide.” Digital connectivity should encompass all segments in a given society to ensure that all are able to reap benefits provided by new digital technologies and the Internet. However, provision of mere access is insufficient as there can be differences in terms of what kind of and how individuals use health‐related information (“second‐level digital divide”). In the present entry, we provide an overview of research on digital divides and highlight its importance for health communication. Based on the example from one specific topical area, the suicide prevention domain, we outline the substantial consequences of digital health divides. They may even include the ultimate health outcome, death, as the specific example from the suicide domain indicates.
Disability: Stigma
Authors: Lash Brittany N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry introduces disability stigma as a barrier to health and healthcare for individuals with disabilities. It defines and explores stigma in the context of disability specifically. It also examines the impact that disability stigma can have on educational and employment opportunities, both of which are connected to health outcomes. Further, this entry highlights the ways in which disability stigma can influence healthcare interactions and act as a barrier to effective healthcare. Disability stigma contributes to the health disparities individuals with disabilities experience in a variety of ways as this population experiences poorer health outcomes when compared to the general population.
CIH (Complementary and Integrative Healthcare): Art, Music, and Theater in Healthcare
Authors: Harter Lynn M. , Casapulla Sharon , Kaminski Chuck W. , Mock Brandon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry explores how artful encounters enlarge the scope of healthcare and can foster well‐being in ways that lie beyond the traditional reach of biomedicine. In the United States and internationally, arts programming is integrated alongside conventional medicine and used by community‐based organizations in serving their constituents and fostering social change. Meanwhile, the integration of the arts in medical education orients future clinicians to move between the generalities of science and the particularities of people's storied lives to foster holistic care and well‐being.
Academic Organizations: EACH: International Association for Communication in Healthcare
Authors: van Weel‐Baumgarten Evelyn , Rosenbaum Marcy E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

EACH: International Association for Communication in Healthcare is a charitable organization for professionals with an interest in evidence‐based approaches to research, teaching, and policy of healthcare communication. The central focus of EACH has been on healthcare professionals' interactions with patients, families, and each other, as well as the experiences of these persons in navigating illness and healthcare systems. Volunteer members from more than 40 countries share ideas and expertise from a variety of professions and stages of career through networking, an accessible website with interactive forums, and in‐person and online events. EACH is governed by an Executive Committee. National representatives, organized in an Advisory Committee, provide EACH insight in communication in healthcare needs in their respective countries with a broad variety of cultures and healthcare systems. EACH mainly works through three subcommittees on research (rEACH), teaching (tEACH), and policy and practice (pEACH), producing publications, resources, databases, and courses and providing mentoring to junior colleagues. Special interest groups facilitate work between members of specific professional groups or with a focus on important topics within communication and healthcare. EACH hosts an International Conference on Communication in Healthcare (ICCH) every other year and is in collaborative relationships with other professional organizations relevant for the topic of communication in healthcare. EACH is affiliated with
Patient Education and Counseling
(
PEC
), the main journal devoted to communication in healthcare, as a way for EACH and its members to publish and disseminate high‐quality research and teaching of healthcare communication.
Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR)
Authors: Drake Connor D. , Lewinski Allison A. , Zullig Leah L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) is a conceptual framework used extensively to understand the complex and nuanced factors associated with organizational change. CFIR categorizes implementation factors into five domains, each with nested constructs associated with the adoption or translation of evidence‐based programs into real‐world settings. Use of CFIR enables an organized systematic approach to identifying, reporting, and analyzing implementation determinants across diverse settings, contexts, populations, and research designs and approaches; and it guides the examination of barriers to and facilitators of the adoption of an evidence‐based program. The application of CFIR ranges from guiding implementation planning, systematically assessing implementation context, and/or evaluating the effectiveness of multilevel implementation strategies. A large and growing body of literature has used CFIR to better understand and report implementation efforts in contexts such as healthcare, social services, and education.
Health Misinformation and Rumors
Authors: Martinez Lourdes S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry introduces the concept of health misinformation, which refers to health‐related information verified as false. Other concepts related to health misinformation include health misperceptions (false beliefs) and health rumors (unverified health information that may or may not be true). In addition to distinguishing between health misinformation and other related concepts, this entry summarizes research examining effects of health misinformation, where health misinformation is likely to originate and spread, and theory that can be used to study health misinformation. Challenges raised by the problem of health misinformation call for increased research examining the process by which health misinformation is likely to affect populations and identifying the best strategies for addressing health misinformation once it begins to spread across different groups and communities.
Chronic Disease and Families
Authors: Cooke‐Jackson Angela , Gunning Jacqueline N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of chronic diseases and illnesses in family systems. The authors offer a review of the social support literature. Additionally, they provide a brief explanation of how social support varies across racial and ethnic family systems, specifically, African Americans, Latino/Hispanics, American Indian/Alaskan Natives, and Asian American/Pacific Islanders. A brief commentary of the implication of COVID‐19 pandemic on the above‐mentioned groups is provided to understand the impact of specific chronic illnesses on underserved or underrepresented populations. The entry concludes with key takeaways to health communication specialists, physicians, and practitioners to encourage them to consider how families living with chronic diseases and illnesses are impacted over the long term.
Family Health Narratives
Authors: Campbell‐Salome Gemme 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry introduces family health narratives by explicating a family communication theory focused on storytelling and narratives. Communicated narrative sense‐making theory (CNSM) provides three heuristics for investigating family narratives and their links to relational and psychosocial well‐being. Most research in health communication to date has used the first heuristic – retrospective storytelling – to examine the content of family health narratives and how they reflect and affect coping, health attitudes, and health decision making. The second heuristic, interactional sense‐making, provides a framework for exploring the communication processes of family storytelling and ties interactional sense‐making behaviors to improved psychosocial and relational health. More research is needed in the third heuristic – translational storytelling – which is particularly compelling for health communication scholars. Translational storytelling seeks to apply findings from retrospective storytelling and interactional sense‐making to develop and implement narrative interventions to improve coping and health outcomes. This entry concludes with future directions for research on family health narratives using CNSM to expand our understanding of the complex links between family storytelling and health.
Genetic Risk Disclosure and Family Sharing
Authors: Boumis Josephine K. , Dean Marleah 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Detecting inherited predispositions to certain health risks such as cancer can lead to better prevention strategies and management decisions, ultimately reducing morbidity and health risk. Effectively distributing genetic risk information is contingent upon disclosure of risk within families. Family sharing can have a significant impact on family members' decision making concerning their own risk. Past research has found many reasons why individuals are motivated to share their genetic risk test results with their family members. Yet, there are inherent challenges present in these conversations. Understanding both the motivations and barriers to genetic risk disclosure is an important contribution to the efforts to increase cascade testing and the use of genetic counseling.