bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finding the Right Balance: Technical and Political Decentralization in the Token Economy
Authors: Pfister Michelle , Kannengießer Niclas , Sunyaev Ali 
Published: August 2022

AbstractToken economy instances can be built on a variety of protocols, such as distributed ledger technology (DLT) protocols. DLT protocols are used to operate DLT systems that perform, in a decentralized way, several tasks (e.g., the prevention of double-spending) that are usually handled by central actors, such as banks. Using DLT can be subject to challenges in terms of interoperability between DLT systems (e.g., due to incompatible interfaces), limiting the dynamics in token economy instances, for example, regarding collaboration between organizations operating on separate distributed ledgers. Cross-ledger interoperability (CLI) systems can connect DLT systems. However, it is unclear how the degree of decentralization (i.e., technical and political) of CLI systems affects token economy instances that comprise multiple DLT systems. To better understand such effects, we describe patterns for the implementation of CLI systems and present our notion of political decentralization in token economy instances using CLI. We describe potential implications of CLI patterns and governance mechanisms on token economy instances. Drawing from those implications, we discuss balancing centralization and decentralization in token economy instances that comprise multiple DLT and CLI systems.
Tokenization and Regulatory Compliance for Art and Collectibles Markets: From Regulators’ Demands for Transparency to Investors’ Demands for Privacy
Authors: Barbereau Tom , Sedlmeir Johannes , Smethurst Reilly , Fridgen Gilbert , Rieger Alexander 
Published: August 2022

AbstractArt and collectibles markets tend to involve lower liquidity and higher fees than public equity markets. Distributed ledger technology can tokenize artworks and collectibles, so that claims to these assets can be exchanged digitally without intermediaries. Tokenization offers investors access to a global market plus a digitized paper trail, as well as new options for the fractional ownership of artworks, art-collateralized loans, and yield-bearing art assets. The main challenge for tokenization researchers and platform developers is to simultaneously satisfy regulators’ demands for transparency and auditability as well as art investors’ demands for privacy. New technological solutions are required that enable market participants to disclose the absolute minimum amount of information that is demanded by regulators. We investigate how distributed ledger technology, cryptography, and digital identity management can help address this challenge.
General Background
Authors: Petter Françoise , Trontin Charlotte , Anthoine Géraldine , Mehle Nataša , Ravnikar Maja , Dreo Tanja , Lukežič Tadeja , Vučurović Ana 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe recent COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of rapid and reliable pathogen detection. In the field of plant health accurate and timely detection is a corner stone for successful pest control. Plant pests can be diagnosed with a variety of tests, which may be developed by commercial companies or research institutions. The reliability of diagnostic tests depends on the intended use of the tests, their performance characteristics and associated uncertainty obtained from validation studies and the experience of the laboratories. The performance characteristics of tests are obtained during a process called validation. Performance characteristics that are frequently used to characterise tests include: analytical sensitivity, analytical specificity (inclusivity and exclusivity), selectivity, repeatability and reproducibility. The validation process requires significant investment in terms of human and financial resources and can be conducted by a single diagnostic laboratory or through interlaboratory comparisons. The purpose of this book is to provide practical and technical guidance for the organisation of test performance studies (TPS), which are one type of interlaboratory comparison where the performance of (a) test(s) (is)are assessed by two or more laboratories. The major steps and challenges faced during the preparation, organisation and reporting of TPS are identified and can be used by organisers of future TPS not only in the field of plant pest detection, but also in other areas.
Description of the Process of TPS Organisation
Authors: Anthoine Géraldine , Brittain Ian , Chappé Anne-Marie , Chabirand Aude , Dreo Tanja , Faggioli Francesco , Harrison Catherine , Mehle Nataša , Mezzalama Monica , Mouaziz Hanna , Raaymakers Tom M. , Renvoisé Jean-Philippe , Westenberg Marcel , Petter Françoise , Trontin Charlotte , Lukežič Tadeja , Vučurović Ana , Ravnikar Maja 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe organisation of a test performance study (TPS) involves different steps that are mostly sequential, but some may be conducted simultaneously. This chapter details the following: the steps regarding the selection of the tests to be validated; the selection of the laboratories to participate in the TPS; the preparation of the materials and the dispatch of the samples; and the completion of the TPS (including the collection and analysis of the TPS results). The reader will be able to get the detailed information on how to define and plan timeline of the TPS, the appropriate number of samples (including replicates) and of laboratories that should be included in the TPS to ensure an appropriate statistical analysis, and how to perform basic analyses of the obtained data. In addition, this chapter covers the most important critical points which can endanger successful TPS organization providing the future TPS organisers in the field of plant health (but also in other similar fields) with the possibility to identify them in advance and carry-out successful TPS.
Conclusions
Authors: Vučurović Ana , Anthoine Géraldine , Trontin Charlotte , Dreo Tanja , Lukežič Tadeja , Petter Françoise , Ravnikar Maja , Mehle Nataša 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe organisation of a test performance study (TPS) requires significant inputs in finances, time, and a high level of expertise from the TPS organiser to ensure a smooth process and reliable results. In this book authors have used collective experience gained in the organization of 12 TPS studies, as well as previous extensive experience in the organization of similar studies to prepare a ‘textbook’ for organisers of future TPS not only in the field of plant pest detection, but also in other areas of microbiology. This chapter summarises the main challenges which can occur during the TPS organisation and provides the recommendations how to foresee them and successfully organize TPS.
Time dependent field correlators from holographic EPR pairs
Authors: Kawamoto Shoichi , Lee Da-Shin , Yeh Chen-Pin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We study the correlators of the fields that couple to the quark and anti-quark EPR pair in the super Yang-Mills theory using the holographic description, which is a string in AdS space with its two ends anchoring on the boundaries. We consider the cases that the endpoints of the string are static and that the endpoints are uniformly accelerated in opposite directions where the exact solutions for the string’s profiles are available. In both cases, the two-point correlators of the boundary field, described by the linearized perturbations in the worldsheet, can also be derived exactly where we obtain the all-time evolution of the correlators. In the case of the accelerating string, the induced geometry on the string worldsheet has the causal structure of a two-sided AdS black hole with a wormhole connecting two causally disconnected boundaries, which can be a realization of the ER=EPR conjecture. We find that causality plays a crucial role in determining the nature of the dispersion relation of the particle and the feature of the induced mutual interaction between two particles from the field. In the case that two boundaries of the worldsheet are causally disconnected, the induced effect from the field gives the dissipative dynamics of each particle with no dependence on the distance between two particles, and the induced mutual coupling between them vanishes in the late times, following a power law. When two ends are causally connected, the induced dispersion relation becomes non-dissipative in the late times. Here, we will also comment on the implications of our findings to the entangled particle dynamics and the ER=EPR conjecture.
Scattering bound states in AdS
Authors: Ma Wen-Jie , Zhou Xinan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We initiate the study of bound state scattering in AdS space at the level of Witten diagrams. For concreteness, we focus on the case with only scalar fields and analyze several basic diagrams which more general diagrams reduce to. We obtain closed form expressions for their Mellin amplitudes with arbitrary conformal dimensions, which exhibit interesting behavior. In particular, we observe that certain tree-level bound state Witten diagrams have the same structure as loop diagrams in AdS.
Exploring the landscape of (anti-) de Sitter and Minkowski solutions: group manifolds, stability and scale separation
Authors: Andriot David , Horer Ludwig , Marconnet Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We classified in [1] certain 10d supergravity solutions with a 4d de Sitter, Minkowski or anti-de Sitter spacetime. We then found new solutions in previously unexplored classes. In this paper we study their properties, compare them to swampland conjectures, and make new observations.Using new numerical tools, we first identify all Lie algebras underlying the 6d group manifolds, allowing us to discuss their compactness. We then investigate scale separation, and prove related no-go theorems. Last but not least, we automatize and analyze the stability of all solutions. This leads us to propose the Massless Minkowski Conjecture, claiming the systematic presence of a 4d flat direction.
Nonlinear (chiral) p-form electrodynamics
Authors: Avetisyan Zhirayr , Evnin Oleg , Mkrtchyan Karapet 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In our previous article Phys. Rev. Lett.127 (2021) 271601, we announced a novel ‘democratic’ Lagrangian formulation of general nonlinear electrodynamics in four dimensions that features electric and magnetic potentials on equal footing. Here, we give an expanded and more detailed account of this new formalism, and then proceed to push it significantly further by building the corresponding Lagrangian theories of higher form field interactions in arbitrary dimensions. Special attention is given to interactions of chiral 2k-forms in 4k + 2 dimensions, with further details for 2-forms in 6 dimensions and 4-forms in 10 dimensions. We comment more broadly on the structure of covariant equations of motion for chiral fields, and on the place of our Lagrangian theories in this context. The Lagrangian theories we develop are simple and explicit, and cover a much broader class of interactions than all past attempts in the literature.
Präklinische perimortale Crash-Sectio im Rahmen einer Traumareanimation
Authors: Wolff Justus , Breuer Florian , von Kottwitz Konrad , Poloczek Stefan , Röschel Tom , Dahmen Janosch 
Published: August 2022

ZusammenfassungEs wird über eine präklinische Crash-Sectio bei einer schwangeren Patientin im traumatischen Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand nach Fenstersturz berichtet. Die für die Präklinik gewonnenen Erkenntnisse der Einsatznachbereitung zu diesem Fall sollen vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen ERC-Guidelines dargelegt und ein Literaturüberblick gegeben werden. Trotz prolongierter und umfassender Maßnahmen entlang aktueller Leitlinienempfehlungen verstarben Mutter und Kind noch am Einsatzort. Die Traumareanimation einer schwangeren Patientin, einschließlich Durchführung einer präklinischen perimortalen Crash-Sectio, stellt ein sehr seltenes und anspruchsvolles wie gleichermaßen emotional belastendes Einsatzszenario für alle Beteiligten dar.
Hängen die Stundenkontingente für ambulante Psychotherapie zur Behandlung von Depressionen mit deren Schweregrad zusammen?
Authors: Singer Susanne , Blanck Julian , Scholz Ida , Büttner Matthias , Maier Lena 
Published: August 2022

Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung
Vor dem Hintergrund der Debatte um eine mögliche Festlegung des Leistungsumfangs für ambulante Psychotherapie anhand der Diagnose haben wir untersucht, ob in der aktuellen Versorgungspraxis bei Patienten mit Depressionen die Anzahl der beantragten sowie die der vom Gutachter befürworteten Stunden mit dem Schweregrad der Erkrankung zusammenhängen.

Methode
Aus einer Zufallsstichprobe von 1000 Anträgen auf Kostenübernahme für ambulante analytische oder tiefenpsychologisch fundierte Psychotherapie wurden jene herausgesucht, in denen eine Depressionsdiagnose mit Schweregradeinschätzung (ICD-10 F32 oder F33) entweder im Bericht oder auf dem Antragsformular kodiert worden war. Die Zahl der beantragten und der befürworteten Stunden pro Antrag wurde extrahiert. Bei Umwandlungs- und Fortführungsanträgen wurden dabei auch die im Vorfeld stattgefundenen Therapiestunden berücksichtigt. Ein möglicher Zusammenhang des Schweregrads der Depression mit der Zahl der beantragten bzw. der vom Gutachter befürworteten Stunden wurde anhand von Spearman-Rangkorrelationen überprüft.

Ergebnisse
Insgesamt 521 Anträge (52 %) enthielten eine F32- und/oder eine F33-Diagnose. Davon waren 63 (12 %) als leicht kodiert, 349 (67 %) als mittelgradig und 50 (10 %) als schwer.
Im Median wurden 75 h bei leichter sowie je 50 h bei mittelgradiger bzw. bei schwerer Depression beantragt, wobei die Zahlen innerhalb der Gruppen stark variierten (10 bis 327 h) und der Zusammenhang zwischen Schweregrad und beantragter Stundenzahl gering war (Rho −0,10).
Die befürworteten Stundenkontingente waren im Median 74 (leichte Depression), 50 (mittelgradig) und 50 (schwer) Stunden, auch hier war die Spannweite hoch (0 bis 327 h) und die Korrelation gering (Rho −0,11).

Diskussion
Es gibt keine Anhaltspunkte dafür, dass Psychotherapeuten die benötigten Stundenkontingente allein anhand des Schweregrads der Diagnose festlegen.
Regional income convergence in Colombia: population, space, and long-run dynamics
Authors: Peiró-Palomino Jesús , Prieto-Bustos William Orlando , Tortosa-Ausina Emili 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe examine the trajectory of regional income dynamics in Colombia. Using data on all 33 Colombian departments from 2000 to 2016, we employ extensions of (spatial) Markov chains, space-time mobility measures, along with a fully weighted version of the distribution analysis approach. By considering these extensions, our analysis enables us to answer questions such as whether the role of spatial context influences the distributional dynamics of Colombian departments, or the magnitude of the moderating effect of department’s population. The inclusion of additional measures such as the asymptotic half-life of convergence provides additional results, informing on how long it would take to reach the hypothetical long-run distribution of per capita income. Results, which are reported for both pre- and post-2008 trends, complement previous literature on regional economic convergence in a relevant South American context, showing stronger convergence patterns when controlling for the population living in each department. The patterns do not particularly intensify when controlling for spatial spillovers, since the role of spatial context was already playing a relevant role from the beginning of the period analyzed. Therefore, although the ergodic distributions show a conditional-convergence pattern, addressing the problems of spatial exclusion fully, persistent polarization among geographical departments and populations, along with the relevant core-periphery gaps, still requires the design and implementation of specific policies.
How to quantify the accuracy of mass anomaly time-series based on GRACE data in the absence of knowledge about true signal?
Authors: Ditmar Pavel 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA novel technique has been developed to assess noise levels in GRACE-based mass anomaly time-series when the true signal is not known. The technique is based on computing an optimal combination of analyzed time-series in the presence of a regularization. To find the optimal weights associated with individual time-series, variance component estimation is used. In this way, noise variance (and, therefore, noise standard deviation) for each time-series is estimated. To validate the developed technique, altimetry-based water level variations in several lakes are used as independent information. Those variations are compared with mass anomaly time-series extracted from eight GRACE models of time-varying Earth’s gravity field from different data processing centers. The lake tests demonstrate a good performance of the developed technique, provided that the regularization functional is properly chosen. The best results are obtained with a novel regularization functional, which can be understood as a minimization of year-to-year differences between the values of the second time-derivative of the unknown function. Finally, the GRACE models under consideration are analyzed globally. It is found that the models produced at the Institute of Geodesy at Graz University of Technology (ITSG) and at the Center of Space Research of the university of Texas at Austin (CSR) show, in general, the lowest noise levels. The aforementioned lake tests also allow the signal damping in GRACE models to be quantified. It is shown, among others, that regularized GRACE models may suffer from a noticeable signal damping (up to $$\sim 15\%$$

∼
15
%

).
Cardiovascular protection by DPP-4 inhibitors in preclinical studies: an updated review of molecular mechanisms
Authors: Zakaria Esraa M. , Tawfeek Walaa M. , Hassanin Mohamed H. , Hassaballah Mohammed Y. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors are a class of antidiabetic medications that cause glucose-dependent increase in incretins in diabetic patients. One of the two incretins, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), beside its insulinotropic activity, has been studied for extra pancreatic effects. Most of DPP4 inhibitors (DPP4i) have been investigated in in vivo and in vitro models of diabetic and nondiabetic cardiovascular diseases including heart failure, hypertension, myocardial ischemia or infarction, atherosclerosis, and stroke. Results of preclinical studies proved prominent therapeutic potential of DPP4i in cardiovascular diseases, regardless the presence of diabetes. This review aims to present an updated summary of the cardiovascular protective and therapeutic effects of DPP4 inhibitors through the past 5 years focusing on the molecular mechanisms beneath these effects. Additionally, based on the results summary presented here, future studies may be conducted to elucidate or illustrate some of these findings which can add clinical benefits towards management of diabetic cardiovascular complications.
Spatial quantitation of antibiotics in bone tissue compartments by laser-capture microdissection coupled with UHPLC-tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Kaya Firat , Zimmerman Matthew D. , Antilus-Sainte Rosleine , Gengenbacher Martin , Carter Claire L. , Dartois Véronique 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBones are the site of multiple diseases requiring chemotherapy, including cancer, arthritis, osteoporosis and infections. Yet limited methodologies are available to investigate the spatial distribution and quantitation of small molecule drugs in bone compartments, due to the difficulty of sectioning undecalcified bones and the interference of decalcification methods with spatially resolved drug quantitation. To measure drug concentrations in distinct anatomical bone regions, we have developed a workflow that enables spatial quantitation of thin undecalcified bone sections by laser-capture microdissection coupled to HPLC/tandem mass spectrometry, and spatial mapping on adjacent sections by mass spectrometry imaging. The adhesive film and staining methods were optimized to facilitate histology staining on the same sections used for mass spectrometry image acquisition, revealing drug accumulation in the underlying bone tissue architecture, for the first time. Absolute spatial concentrations of rifampicin, bedaquiline, doxycycline, vancomycin and several of their active metabolites are shown for both small rodent bones and larger rabbit bones that more closely resemble human bone density. Overlaid MALDI mass spectrometry images of drugs and histology staining enabled the generation of semi-quantitative data from regions of interest within anatomical bone compartments. These data correlated with absolute drug concentrations determined by HPLC–MS/MS in laser-capture microdissection samples. Collectively, these techniques enable semi- and fully quantitative drug distribution investigations within bone tissue compartments for the first time. Our workflow can be translated to image and quantify not only drugs but also biomarkers of disease to investigate drug penetration as well as mechanisms underlying bone disorders.
Graphical abstract
Prevalence and Severity of Burn Scars in Rural Mozambique
Authors: Barba Patrick , Neubauer Daniel C. , Cossa Matchecane , Sieker Jeremy , Hornacek Michael W. , Lance Samuel H. , Ewing Emily , Tsai Catherine , Funzamo Carlos , Amado Vanda , Adamo Fatima , Rose John , Bendix Peter , Vaz Fernando , Noormahomed Emilia , Bickler Stephen W. , Gosman Amanda 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundBurn injuries are common in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) and their associated disability is tragic. This study is the first to explore burn scars in rural communities in Mozambique. This work also validated an innovate burn assessment tool, the Morphological African Scar Contractures Classification (MASCC), used to determine surgical need.MethodsUsing a stratified, population‐weighted survey, the team interviewed randomly selected households from September 2012 to June 2013. Three rural districts (Chókwè, Nhamatanda, and Ribáuè) were selected to represent the southern, central and northern regions of the country. Injuries were recorded, documented with photographs, and approach to care was gathered. A panel of residents and surgeons reviewed the burn scar images using both the Vancouver Scar Scale and the MASCC, a validated visual scale that categorizes patients into four categories corresponding to levels of surgical intervention.ResultsOf the 6104 survey participants, 6% (n = 370) reported one or more burn injuries. Burn injuries were more common in females (57%) and most often occurred on the extremities. Individuals less than 25 years old had a significantly higher odds of reporting a burn scar compared to people older than 45 years. Based on the MASCC, 12% (n = 42) would benefit from surgery to treat contractures.ConclusionUntreated burn injuries are prevalent in rural Mozambique. Our study reveals a lack of access to surgical care in rural communities and demonstrates how the MASCC scale can be used to extend the reach of surgical assessment beyond the hospital through community health workers.