bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondhand Tobacco Smoke and Functional Impairments in Older Adults Living in the Community
Authors: Craciun Oana M , Ortolá Rosario , Pascual Jose A , Pérez-Ortuño Raul , Galán Labaca Iñaki , Banegas Jose R , Rodríguez Artalejo Fernando , García-Esquinas Esther 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background/Aim
There has been no comprehensive examination of the potential association of SHS with broad functional limitation assessment in older adults, where functional limitations are burdensome and challenging.

Methods
We examined 2258 community-dwelling non-smoking older adults from the Seniors-Enrica-2-cohort. At baseline (2017) and follow-up (2019) grip strength was measured with a Jamar dynamometer, lower-extremity performance with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), overall physical function using the physical component summary (PCS) of the Spanish version of the SF-12, frailty with a Deficits Accumulation Index (DAI), and mobility limitations with the Rosow-Breslau scale. Baseline exposure to SHS was assessed by serum cotinine, and past exposure was self-reported. Cross-sectional analyses were performed using linear and logistic regression models, whereas functional performance changes were examined using repeated measures models with robust SE estimates.

Results
Overall, the median (IQR) serum cotinine concentration was 0.079 (0.035–0.175) ng/ml, with 20 participants presenting concentrations ≥3 ng/ml. Compared to the unexposed, fully-adjusted models showed that the highest exposure group (≥0.239 ng/ml) presented lower grip strength (mean difference: −1.05 kg; 95% CI = −1.80, -0.31) and higher DAI scores (1.52; 95% CI = 0.38, 2.66) at baseline. Similarly, in models of self-reported past exposure, never-smokers who had lived with ≥2 smokers or been exposed to higher SHS cumulative doses showed lower baseline SPPB values, higher DAI scores, and higher prevalence of mobility limitations. In prospective analyses, those in the highest quartile of baseline cotinine presented harmful SPPB [-0.24 (-0.46, -0.02)] and DAI [1.28 (0.00, 2.55)] changes, and higher risk of mobility limitations [hazard ratio: 1.64; 95% CI = 1.01, 2.68] than the unexposed.

Conclusions
SHS exposure over the life-course and during old age may accelerate functional decline.

Implications
This manuscript provides a comprehensive examination of the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and a broad range of functional limitations in older adults. Results show that: (i) non-smokers who had been exposed to higher cumulative doses of SHS in adulthood show worse physical function than non-exposed. (ii) Exposure to SHS during old age, as measured with cotinine concentrations, is associated with accelerated short-term functional declines. (iii) The effects of SHS are stronger among older adults with chronic morbidities. (iv) Results suggest that more efforts are needed to protect older adults from passive smoking, especially to those with chronic conditions because of their potential greater vulnerability to the effects of SHS.
Association between sleep duration and incidence of type 2 diabetes in China: the REACTION study
Authors: Liu Hongzhou , Chen Gang , Wen Junping , Wang Anping , Mu Yimin , Dou Jingtao , Gu Weijun , Zang Li , Zhang Saichun , Lyu Zhaohui 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Backgrounds:
Inadequate sleep duration is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and the relationship is nonlinear. We aim to assess the curve relationship between night sleep duration and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in China.

Methods:
A cohort of 11,539 participants from the REACTION study without diabetes at baseline (2011) were followed until 2014 for the development of type 2 diabetes. The average number of hours of sleep per night was grouped. Incidence rates and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for the development of diabetes in each sleep duration category.

Results:
Compared to people who sleep for 7 to 8 h/night, people with longer sleep duration (≥9 h/night) had a greater risk of type 2 diabetes (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.01–1.61), while shorter sleep (<6 h/night) had no significant difference in risk of type 2 diabetes. When the dataset was stratified based on selected covariates, the association between type 2 diabetes and long sleep duration became more evident among individuals <65 years of age, male, body mass index <24 kg/m2 or with hypertension or hyperlipidemia, no interaction effects were observed. Furthermore, compared to people persistently sleeping 7 to 9 h/night, those who persistently slept ≥9 h/night had a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. The optimal sleep duration was 6.3 to 7.5 h/night.

Conclusions:
Short or long sleep duration was associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. Persistently long sleep duration increased the risk.
The effects of flap extension time on the fuel burn of commercial aircraft
Authors: Sahin Ozlem 
Published: May 2022

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the effects of descent time spent with flaps extended on fuel burn (FB) and specific range for five different flight path angles (FPAs) ranging between 2.0° and 4.0° for a commercial aircraft.

Design/methodology/approach
A large data set of actual flight data (n = 475) of the same type of a frequently used commercial aircraft were investigated by using statistical methods.

Findings
The result of the comparison of the highest and the lowest FBs of flight profiles for each FPAs present that the fuel saving was achieved by keeping at as a high airspeed as possible and deploying flaps as late as possible, which is in line with the objective of delayed deceleration approaches. From analyzing the flight profiles, it was proven that delaying deceleration and also descending without flaps or with flap over a shorter time resulted in less FB of 101.1, 70.9 and 94.9 kg for FPA 2.5°, FPA 3.0° and FPA 3.5°, respectively.

Originality/value
This study differs from prior studies because it focused on the effects of the different vertical profiles on FB. Also, the use of real flight data recorder data in the analysis presents the originality of this study.
Diagnostic value of lncRNA NORAD in pulmonary tuberculosis and its regulatory role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of macrophages
Authors: Sun Wenna , He Xiong , Zhang Xiushuang , Wang Xiaomeng , Lin Wen , Wang Xiaofeng , Liang Yan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) infection is a chronic inflammatory response caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The purpose of this study was to confirm the value of long noncoding RNA NORAD (noncoding RNA activated by DNA damage) in the diagnosis of PTB and to explore its mechanism in Mtb‐infected macrophages. NORAD serum levels were estimated by qRT‐PCR in 90 patients with PTB and 85 healthy individuals. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted to assess the diagnostic value of NORAD in PTB. Human and murine macrophages were infected with Mtb strain H37Rv. CCK‐8 (a cell counting kit) and ELISA detected viability of macrophages and inflammatory cytokine secretion, respectively. A dual‐luciferase reporter assay was performed to analyze the relationship between NORAD and microRNA (miR)‐618. NORAD was significantly elevated in patients with PTB, and its positivity was correlated with levels of inflammatory cytokines IL‐1 β (r = 0.854), TNF‐α (r = 0.617), and IL‐6 (r = 0.585). With an area under the curve of 0.918, and sensitivity and specificity of 80.0% and 89.4%, respectively, NORAD remarkedly differentiated patients with PTB from healthy individuals. Furthermore, Mtb infection significantly increased NORAD levels in THP‐1 and RAW264.7 cells and increased their viability and inflammation (P < 0.001). However, this increased effect was weakened by reduced NORAD levels. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay results confirmed that miR‐618 in macrophages is a target miRNA for NORAD and can be negatively regulated by it. Moreover, elevated miR‐618 suppressed macrophage viability and inflammation in Mtb infection. NORAD is a potential diagnostic biomarker for PTB and is involved in Mtb‐infected macrophage activity and inflammation by targeting miR‐618.
Interpreting past trophic ecology of a threatened alpine parrot, keaNestor notabilis, from museum specimens
Authors: Wehi Priscilla M. , Rogers Karyne M. , Jowett Tim , Sabadel Amandine J. M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWhen ecosystems are under severe pressure or environments change, trophic position and intraspecific niche width may decrease or narrow, signalling that conservation action is required. In New Zealand, alpine and subalpine ecosystems have been extensively modified through farming since 19th‐century European settlement, with consequences for indigenous species such as the keaNestor notabilis.We investigated feather stable isotope values in the kea and predicted a lower trophic position in modern kea populations, to reflect reduced lowland habitat and a mixed diet with more plant material. We predicted that size and sex would influence trophic values in this sexually dimorphic species, with larger birds more likely to have a high protein diet.We examined potential dietary changes in 68 museum collected kea from 1880s to 2000s, first recording accession details including provenance and sex and measuring culmen length. We used bulk carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses (BSIAs) of feathers and a further feather subset using compound‐specific stable isotope analyses of amino acids (CSIA‐AA) to obtain isotopic values and estimate trophic position.BSIA showed δ15N values in kea feathers declined through time and could indicate that early century kea were highly omnivorous, with δ15N values on average higher than in modern kea. Variance in δ15N values was greater after 1950, driven by a few individuals. Few differences between males and females were evident, although females in the south region had lower δ15N values. There was a tendency for large male birds to have higher trophic values, perhaps reflecting dominant male bird behaviour noted in historical records. Nonetheless, CSIA‐AA performed on a subset of the data suggested that variation in BSIA is likely due to baseline changes rather than relative trophic position which may be more homogenous than these data indicate. Although there was more variability in modern kea, we suggest caution in interpretation.Stable isotope data, particularly CSIA‐AA, from museum specimens can reveal potential change in ecological networks as well as sexually dimorphic feeding patterns within species. The data can reveal temporal and regional variation in species trophic position and changes in ecosystem integrity to inform conservation decision‐making.
Agroecological farming, flowering phenology and the pollinator–herbivore–parasitoid nexus regulate non‐crop plant reproduction
Authors: Monticelli Lucie S. , Labonté Audrey , Turpin Mélinda , Biju‐Duval Luc , Felten Emeline , Laurent Emilien , Matejicek Annick , Vieren Eric , Deytieux Violaine , Cordeau Stephane , Vanbergen Adam J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Agroecological farming uses crop and non‐crop plant biodiversity to promote beneficial insects supplying pollination and biocontrol services to crops. Non‐crop plants (sown or weeds) are integral to supporting these beneficial insect species interactions. How the uplift of biotic complexity by agroecological management (crop diversification, ecological infrastructure) influences mutualistic and antagonistic insect interactions regulating the reproduction of non‐crop plants remains less understood.

Using a pesticide‐free farm‐scale (125 ha) agroecological experiment, we tested how the individual reproduction of pollinator‐dependent, non‐crop plant species with different flowering phenology (Cyanus segetum, Centaurea jacea) and their mutualistic (pollinator) and antagonistic (seed herbivore–parasitoid) insect interactions were affected by agroecological practices.

Seed set and species interactions of replicate C. segetum and C. jacea randomly introduced to field margins were correlated with floral resource heterogeneity at focal plant (e.g. flower display size), local community (floral richness/abundance driven by sown wildflower or grass margins) and local landscape (crop diversification, area of semi‐natural habitat or mass flowering crops) scales.

At the seasonal peak of non‐crop floral diversity and abundance, antagonistic interactions weakly regulated C. segetum seed set with gains from pollinator activity predominating. Conversely, C. jacea, which flowered past the peak of non‐crop floral diversity/abundance, benefited from the promotion of seed herbivore parasitism and pollinator activity by the local landscape cover of semi‐natural habitat and mass flowering crops.

Synthesis and applications. Agroecological management produced spatial and temporal gradients in crop and non‐crop floral resources that interacted to modify pollinator or seed herbivore–parasitoid interactions and Cyanus segetum and Centaurea jacea seed set. The degree of phenological overlap between C. segetum and C. jacea flowering and floral resources in the local community or landscape dictated the type and level of exposure to insect interactions influencing reproduction. Design of agroecological practices to deliver pollination and biocontrol services must consider how effects will vary with species traits and the mutualistic (pollination) and antagonistic (herbivory, parasitism) interactions governing non‐crop plant reproduction. Agroecological management supporting beneficial insect interactions may feedback to help restore functional non‐crop plant populations and associated biodiversity, potentially reducing the frequency of management interventions (e.g. re‐sowing wildflower strips).
Patients treated for acute headache with intranasal droperidol spend less time in the emergency department: A retrospective observational study
Authors: Stern Ari , Munro Andrew , King Chris , Knight Amy , Bruce Emily , Stacey James , Hammond Siggi , Holland Amy 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveHeadache is a common presenting complaint to the ED. Using time from the first provider to discharge as a surrogate for effectiveness, we aimed to determine if intranasal (IN) droperidol is as beneficial as usual treatment for acute headache in the ED.MethodsThere were 1213 consecutive presentations of adults with acute headache over a 42‐month period. Electronic records for each event were interrogated, 406 events met pre‐determined exclusion criteria. Of the remaining 805 eligible patient events, 139 received IN droperidol, whereas 666 were given usual therapy.ResultsThere was a 20 min reduction of mean and median ED length of stay (LOS) for the group that got treated with IN droperidol.ConclusionsIN droperidol reduced LOS in the ED. There are potential cost savings of this effective treatment via this novel route. A prospective multi‐centre study of the use of IN droperidol for the treatment of acute headache in the ED is recommended.
Generation of a chromosome‐level genome assembly for Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) and characterization of its sex‐determining genomic region
Authors: Jasonowicz Andrew J. , Simeon Anna , Zahm Margot , Cabau Cédric , Klopp Christophe , Roques Céline , Iampietro Carole , Lluch Jérôme , Donnadieu Cécile , Parrinello Hugues , Drinan Daniel P. , Hauser Lorenz , Guiguen Yann , Planas Josep V. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) is a key species in the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea ecosystems, where it also supports important fisheries. However, the lack of genomic resources limits our understanding of evolutionary, environmental and anthropogenic forces affecting key life history characteristics of Pacific halibut and prevents the application of genomic tools in fisheries management and conservation efforts. In the present study, we report on the first generation of a high‐quality chromosome‐level assembly of the Pacific halibut genome, with an estimated size of 602 Mb, 24 chromosome‐length scaffolds that contain 99.8% of the assembly and a N50 scaffold length of 27.3 Mb. In the first application of this important resource, we conducted genome‐wide analyses of sex‐specific genetic variation by pool sequencing and characterized a potential sex‐determining region in chromosome 9 with a high density of female‐specific SNPs. Within this region, we identified the bmpr1ba gene as a potential candidate for master sex‐determining (MSD) gene. bmpr1ba is a member of the TGF‐β family that in teleosts has provided the largest number of MSD genes, including a paralogue of this gene in Atlantic herring. The genome assembly constitutes an essential resource for future studies on Pacific halibut population structure and dynamics, evolutionary history and responses to environmental and anthropogenic influences. Furthermore, the genomic location of the sex‐determining region in Pacific halibut has been identified and a putative candidate MSD gene has been proposed, providing further support for the rapid evolution of sex‐determining mechanisms in teleost fish.
Assessment of Sentinel‐2A images for estimating rosemary land cover through an object‐based image analysis approach
Authors: Sabbahi Monsif , Nemmaoui Abderrahim , Tahani Abdessalam , El Bachiri Ali 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRosemary is a medicinal plant widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry. In Morocco, rosemary harvesting generates significant benefits for the local economy. Even though, decision makers are short of accurate information about its geographical distribution area. The aim of this study is to delineate the rosemary shrubs in the Oriental region in Morocco in order to provide guidance for the sustainable use of these natural resources. We therefore used the freely available images of Sentinel‐2A for binary classification (rosemary shrubs and the other lands) through an object‐based image‐analysis approach. The random forest classifier was deployed and trained with different object features likewise spectral values and vegetation indices. As a result, the distribution area of rosemary is 240,747 ha, which represents 18% of the studied area. Besides, an encouraging overall accuracy of 94.24% was attained; the user's accuracy for the class of “rosemary” and “Others” is 93.3% and 95.0%, respectively; meanwhile, the producer's accuracy for “rosemary” and “Others” is 93.72% and 94.65%.
Morph frequencies, sex ratios and infections in Danaus chrysippus populations in Rwanda
Authors: Ndatimana Gilbert , Kayitete Laban , Martin Simon , Smith David A. S. , Hagenimana Thacien , Nkundimana Adrien , Muhayimana Simon , Antony Jonas , Sibomana Constantin , Uwizelimana Jean de Dieu , Omufwoko Kennedy Saitoti , Nyirakanani Chantal , Gordon Ian J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe African Queen butterfly (Danaus chrysippus) is noted for its colour pattern polymorphism despite its aposematic and chemically defended lifestyle and for its infection with a male‐killing endosymbiont (Spiroplasma). The polymorphism is largely restricted to east and central Africa where three different colour forms meet and interbreed in a large contact or hybrid zone. The primary objective of this study is to present recent data on the polymorphism, sex ratio and the incidence of male killing in D. chrysippus populations in Rwanda. We also report previously unpublished data from a random sample collected in 1914 in Bujumbura in Burundi and on the differential effects of weather on males and females in Ghana from 1972 to 1974. We sampled butterflies using butterfly nets and either marked, recorded and released them or kept specimens for subsequent examination. We used PCR/microscopy on the preserved specimens to detect Spiroplasma and the presence of a protozoan parasite (Ophryocystis). Our findings suggest that Rwanda lies close to the western edge of the joint distribution of both Spiroplasma and the polymorphism. Further biogeographical studies are recommended to test the hypothesis that male killing is restricted to the contact zone in which polymorphism is commonly observed.
Human depredation risk and flight initiation distance of birds in rural areas, Zimbabwe
Authors: Ncube Emmanuel , Tarakini Tawanda 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHuman depredation threatens the conservation of bird species especially in rural areas where birds are hunted for protein. This study explored species found in Thekwane village of Bulilima district in Plumtree, Zimbabwe, from July to September 2020. A survey was conducted to assess bird's flight initiation distance (FID) across various habitats and times of the day. Fifty key informants reported which bird species were hunted by locals. A desktop survey was done to determine the average body mass and conservation status according to IUCN for all species recorded. The effect of body mass, time of the day, perch type/height, starting distance, flock size, hunting pressure and habitat type on FID was investigated using generalised linear models. Chi‐square tests were used to explore association between key informants' citation frequency of birds and their level of hunting. The key informants cited 49 species commonly used for protein provision, while 58 species were recorded during FID measurements. FID increased with body mass, and the birds that were perching on the ground had longer FIDs. There was a linear positive relationship between FID and starting distance and large flocks had longer FIDs. However hunting pressure and habitat type had no significant relationship with FID. Our results suggest that the larger bird species had less tolerance to approaching humans and birds that were less likely to be hunted by people had similar levels of wariness compared to those that are more likely to be hunted.
Temporal variability in food choice and availability for the semi‐captive critically endangered mountain bongo in the Mount Kenya Wildlife Conservancy
Authors: Fundi Peter , Mwangi Evans , Githaiga John 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDietary selection and preference are poorly understood for the mountain bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci Thomas, 1902). Focal animal sampling was used to determine seasonal food choice and preference for captive‐bred individuals at the Mount Kenya Wildlife Conservancy, in preparation for reintroduction into the wild at a proposed sanctuary within the surrounding forest reserve. Food availability was assessed using nested plot sampling. Plant life forms contributed differently to the diet (H[4] = 28.93, p < 0.01), with shrubs accounting for 55%. Relative abundance of the principal food plant species influenced their contribution to the diet in both wet and dry seasons (χ2 = 7.33, df = 1, p = 0.07; χ2 = 2.47, df = 1, p = 0.116 respectively). Despite having a high relative abundance (1.88%), Trichocladus ellipticus Eckl. & Zeyh. was less preferred during the wet season (E* = 0.20). It was however most preferred during the dry season (E* = 0.78), possibly reflecting relative nutritive value. The bongos included a large proportion of grass (27%) in their diet like other browsing herbivores that inhabit forest glades. Compared to the conservancy, plant foods were well represented at the proposed sanctuary with 72% and 80% similarity in both wet and dry seasons. This potentially enhances the likelihood of bongos adapting and establishing once reintroduced.