bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical confidence in parentage analysis with incomplete sampling: how many loci and offspring are needed?
Authors: Neff B. D. , Repka J. , Gross M. R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe have recently presented models to estimate parentage in breeding systems with multiple mating and incomplete sampling of the candidate parents. Here we provide formulas to calculate the statistical confidence and the optimal trade‐off between the number of loci and offspring. These calculations allow an understanding of the statistical significance of the parentage estimates as well as the appropriate sampling regime required to obtain a desired level of confidence. We show that the trade‐off generally depends on the parentage of the putative parents. When parentage is low, sampling effort should concentrate on increasing the number of loci. Otherwise, there are similar benefits from increasing the number of loci or offspring. We demonstrate these methods using genetic data from a nest of the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus).
Effects of hypoxia on root morphology and lesion development in Eucalyptus marginata infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Burgess T. , StJ. Hardy G. E. , McComb J. A. , Colquhoun I. 
Published: July 2002

Plants of a Eucalyptus marginata clone (1JN30) were grown in aeroponics chambers that could be sealed to allow the manipulation of oxygen levels in the root environment. Roots were grown for varying periods of hypoxia (0, 2, 5, 11 or 29 days) before being inoculated with zoospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi. A similar set of roots was inoculated 3 days after the hypoxia treatments. Root extension was reduced at the end of all the hypoxia treatments. Six days after the hypoxia treatments, root extension had returned to normal for roots that had been exposed to 5 days of hypoxia, while for roots exposed to 11 or 29 days, extension was half the normal rate. Longitudinal sections of root tips after 5, 11 or 29 days of hypoxia indicated that the treatment caused a reduction in cell division, but not in cell expansion. In the case of roots exposed to 2 days of hypoxia, the apical meristem appeared normal at the end of the treatment, but 3 days after the return to normal oxygen conditions many of the apical meristems had died and the roots had a clubbed appearance. Thus, E. marginata roots have an acclimatization period to hypoxia of between 2 and 5 days, after which they can tolerate hypoxia for extended periods. However, their ability to recover rapidly posthypoxia is reduced after 11 days' exposure.The percentage of inoculated roots that became infected and developed lesions was significantly reduced in roots inoculated immediately posthypoxia, compared with roots grown under normal oxygen conditions. As root growth recovered, lesion development also returned to normal. Thus, the rate of lesion development was related to the rate of root extension at the time of inoculation.
The potential to manipulate the numbers of insects in lucerne by strip cutting
Authors: Hossain Z , Gurr Gm , Wratten Sd 
Published: July 2002

AbstractUncut strips of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) were evaluated as refuges for natural enemies of pests in lucerne hay crops. Vacuum catches of seven species of predator were significantly greater in uncut strips than in cut control areas on as many as six of seven sample dates over three harvests. Catches of pest larvae (Helicoverpa spp.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were consistently lower in the natural enemy refuges than in regrowth 16 or more days after harvest. Further work with larger plot sizes is warranted.
Survey of the current state of pediatric drug use in Japan (1994–6)
Authors:   DRUG THERAPY COMMITTEE OF THE JAPAN PEDIATRIC SOCIETY
Published: July 2002

Abstract Background: A survey of the current state of pediatric drug therapy in Japan was conducted using a questionnaire completed by committee members and the former president of the Drug Therapy Committee of the Japan Pediatric Society.
Methods
: Questionnaires were mailed to the members of the Drug Committee, who represent the various specialities of the Japan Pediatric Society, and to its former chairperson. Questionnaires contained eight items.
Results
: This survey demonstrated that, although use of drug therapy in adults is clearly defined, pediatric drug therapy in Japan is extremely imprecise, with the potential to lead to undesirable consequences.
Conclusion
: The Japan Pediatric Society demands that the standardization of drug information labels and dosages specifically for children, including premature and full‐term neonates, should be included under all aspects of National Health Insurance.
Immunohistochemical study of Fas, Fas ligand and interleukin‐1β converting enzyme expression in human prostatic cancer
Authors: Sasaki  , Ahmed  , Takeuchi  , Moriyama  , Kawabe  
Published: July 2002

Objective To determine the cellular expression of Fas, Fas ligand and interleukin‐1β converting enzyme (ICE) in prostatic cancer.Patients and methods Specimens of prostate were obtained from 21 patients (mean age 66 years, sd 5) undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostatic cancer. Nine of the 21 patients had received endocrine therapy before surgery. Specimens were also obtained from 10 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and during autopsy from 10 patients who had died from hormone‐unresponsive prostate cancer. Paraffin‐embedded sections were cut from the specimens and stained immunohistochemically to detect Fas, Fas ligand and ICE.Results Fas was expressed in all 21 of the cancer specimens while Fas ligand was detected in none and ICE was expressed in 11. The difference between the expression of Fas and ICE was significant (P<0.001). ICE was expressed in nine of 12 patients who were untreated before surgery and in two of nine treated with endocrine therapy (P<0.05). Fas expression was detected in the specimens from all 10 patients with BPH and in all 10 autopsy specimens; the expression tended to be more marked than that in specimens from total prostatectomy (P<0.1).Conclusion The expression of ICE was weaker than that of Fas in the total prostatectomy specimens, suggesting a possible interruption of the apoptotic signalling pathway. Prostates with BPH and hormone‐unresponsive cancer therefore showed no appreciable change in Fas expression when compared with total prostatectomy samples.
Modeling and diagnostics of silicon nitride deposition from 254-nm Hg photosensitization of SiH4-NH3 mixtures: Luminescence of HgNH3 excimer and laser-induced fluorescence of NH2(Ã 2A1)
Authors: Fuyuki Takashi , Allain Bruno , Perrin Jérôme 
Published: July 2002

Silicon nitride thin films are obtained from the Hg(63P1) -photosensitized decomposition of SiH4 and NH3 using the 254-nm radiation of a low-pressure Hg discharge lamp. Several diagnostics are associated to characterize the physicochemical mechanisms and measure the densities of reactive species or reaction products. The photon flux is obtained by radiometry, the Hg density is determined by absorption of the 254-nm radiation, and the SiH4 gas depletion is measured by mass spectrometry. The luminescence at 340 nm of HgNH3 excimers is used as a probe of the metastable Hg(63P0) density and the NH2 radical is detected by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) using the 597.8-nm line to excite NH2(Ã2A1) Σ(0,9,0) vibronic states.
The interpretation of LIF results in terms of NH2 density takes into account collisional transfer and quenching of NH2(Ã2A1) revealed by nonexponential time decay of the fluorescence. In addition, the silicon nitride film deposition rate is monitored and the N/Si stoichiometry is determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. All these data are used to validate a one-dimensional spatially resolved modeling of the photochemistry. The model involves radiative transfer of the 254-nm radiation from the lamp, excitation and quenching of Hg(63P1) and Hg(63P0) by photoabsorption and reactive collisions, dissociation of NH3 and SiH4 into H, NH2, and SiH3 radicals, gas-phase diffusion and secondary reactions of these radicals, and eventually surface reactions of SiH3 and NH2 on the growing silicon nitride film surface, in terms of sticking and recombination probabilities.
It is shown that SiH4 diluted in NH3 is essentially dissociated by reactive collisions with Hg(63P0) metastables produced by collisional deexcitation of Hg(63P1) with NH3. Moreover, within the assumptions and the precision of the model, we derive from LIF data that the rate constant for the reaction of NH2 with SiH4 is lower or equal to 10−13 cm3 s−1, in agreement with a recent determination. It is also shown that the radical-radical reactions between SiH3, NH2, and H are the main cause for the limitation of radical gas-phase density and deposition rate.
Interaction of hydrogen, methane, ethylene, and cyclopentane with hot tungsten: Implications for the growth of diamond films
Authors: Winters Harold F. , Seki Hajime , Rye Robert R. , Coltrin Michael E. 
Published: July 2002

Modulated-beam mass spectrometry and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been used to investigate the interaction of CH4, C2H4, C5H10, and H2 with carburized and uncarburized tungsten. It is shown that significant evaporation of C1, C2, and C3 occurs for carburized tungsten at temperatures above 1900 °C. The temperature dependence of the carbon evaporation rate was found to be similar to the temperature dependence of the diamond film deposition rate observed in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactors, similar to the temperature dependence for the carbon deposition rate observed in the present experiments, and similar to the expected evaporation rate of carbon from graphite and tungsten carbide. The desorption of hydrocarbon species (other than the incident gas) was not clearly observed under any conditions for methane or ethylene. In contrast, it is quite likely that cyclopentane decomposes at the surface to produce new species which are subsequently desorbed into the gas phase. The reaction of ethylene with tungsten is believed to result in complete decomposition with the hydrogen being desorbed as atoms or molecules while the carbon remains on the surface where there is competition between carburization and evaporation. The reaction probability of ethylene with tungsten was found to be close to unity while the reaction probability of methane was small. The removal of carbon from carburized tungsten via an etching reaction involving hydrogen was not observed.
The production of hydrogen atoms from H2 was found to be largest on clean tungsten, less on carburized tungsten, and not observable on graphite. Evaporation of tungsten from carburized tungsten was seen at temperatures below 2500 °C but not below 2200 °C. XPS measurements indicated that slightly carburized tungsten contained some graphite in the surface region while heavily carburized tungsten contained much more graphite. The surface concentration of carbon was found to depend in a complicated manner on the balance between carbide and graphite growth and carbon evaporation. The reaction probability of the incident gas is also a determining factor. In addition, computer simulations were used to calculate the concentrations of various species in the gas phase under conditions which are typical of those used in diamond hot-filament CVD reactors. Calculated gas-phase species distributions near the substrate for carbon-atom/H2 mixtures are found to be similar for most species to those calculated for CH4/H2 mixtures. It appears that the fast H2 and H chemistry determines the equilibrium mixture and that it is nearly independent of the type of carbon containing species introduced near the filament. Literature results obtained in typical diamond hot-filament CVD reactors are compared and interpreted on the basis of the present data.
A state-to-state study of the electron transfer reactions Ar+(2P3/2,1/2)+N2(X̃,v=0)→Ar(1S) +N+2(X̃,v′)
Authors: Liao C.-L. , Shao J.-D. , Xu R. , Flesch G. D. , Li Y.-G. , Ng C. Y. 
Published: July 2002

The vibrational state distributions of N+2(X̃,v′) ions resulting from the reactions, Ar+(2P3/2)+N2(X̃,v=0)→Ar(1S0) +N+2(X̃,v′) [reaction (1)] and Ar+(2P1/2)+N2(X̃,v=0)→Ar(1S0) +N+2(X̃,v′) [reaction (2)], over the center-of-mass collisional energy (Ec.m.) range of 0.25–41.2 eV in a crossed ion–neutral beam experiment have been probed by the charge exchange method. The experimental results obtained for reaction (1) are in accord with the predictions of the semiclassical multistate calculation of Spalburg and Gislason that N+2 ions are formed predominantly (≳85%) in the v′=1 state and that the production of N+2(X̃,v′=0) becomes more important as Ec.m. is increased. The experiment also supports the theoretical results for reaction (2) at Ec.m.=1.2 and 4.1 eV showing that ≳80% of N+2 product ions are in the v′=2 state. However, the calculation is found to either over-estimate the populations for N+2(v′&lt;2) or underestimate the populations for N+2(v′&gt;2) resulting from reaction (2) at Ec.m.=10.3
and 41.2 eV. Absolute spin-orbit-state-selected total cross sections for reactions (1) and (2), σ3/2 and σ1/2, respectively, at the Ec.m. range of 0.25–115.3 eV have also been measured using a tandem photoionization mass spectrometer which is equipped with a radio frequency (RF) octopole ion guide reaction gas cell. The measured values for σ3/2 at Ec.m.=4.1, 10.3, and 41.2 eV and σ1/2 at 41.2 eV are in reasonable agreement with the theoretical cross sections. However, the experimental values for σ3/2 at 1.2 eV and σ1/2 at 1.2, 4.1, and 10.3 eV are approximately a factor of 2 higher than the theoretical predictions. A model analysis, which takes into account possible collision-induced spin-orbit mixings of the reactant Ar+ states in the RF octopole gas cell, shows that the values for σ1/2/σ3/2 and σ1/2 determined using the ion beam–RF octopole gas cell arrangement can be strongly susceptible to gas cell pressure effects whereas the experimental values for σ3/2 are reliable. The values for σ1/2 deduced by multiplying the values for σ3/2 and the ratios σ1/2/σ3/2 determined in the crossed ion–neutral beam experiment are in agreement with the theoretical cross sections. Both σ3/2 and σ1/2 are found to increase as Ec.m. is increased from 41.2 eV. This observation is interpreted as due to the formation of N+2 in the Ã 2Πu state at high Ec.m. . Combining the measured vibrational state distributions of product N+2(X̃,v′) ions and the absolute state-selected total cross sections, absolute state-to-state total cross sections for reactions (1) and (2) at selected Ec.m. are determined.
Stability of sub-Alfvénic plasma expansions
Authors: Huba J. D. , Hassam A. B. , Winske D. 
Published: July 2002

A comprehensive theoretical treatment of the linear stability of a sub-Alfvénic plasma expansion is developed. The analysis is similar to those performed for the lower-hybrid-drift instability and the drift cyclotron instability. In addition to the diamagnetic drift (Vdi) that drives these instabilities, the gravitational drift (Vg) caused by the deceleration of the plasma shell, and the Pedersen drift (VP) caused by ion–neutral collisions and neutral gas flow, are included. The emphasis of the paper is on the instability driven by the gravitational drift. The theory is fully kinetic and includes finite-beta effects (i.e., electromagnetic coupling and electron ∇B drift-wave resonances), collisional effects (electron–ion, electron–neutral, and ion–neutral collisions), and neutral gas flow, effects that have not been considered to date. The analysis is carried out in a slab geometry although the applications are to spherical expansions. The main conclusions are as follows. In the strong drift limit (Vg&gt;vi and Vdi∼vi, where vi is the ion thermal velocity) it is found that (1) finite-beta effects are stabilizing and reduce the wavelength of the maximum growth rate; (2) ion–neutral collisions are stabilizing and do not affect the wavelength of the maximum growth rate; (3) electron–neutral collisions are stabilizing and increase the wavelength of the maximum growth rate; (4) the gravitational drift driven mode maximizes the growth rate at longer wavelengths than the diamagnetic drift driven mode; (5) the Pedersen drift effectively reduces the gravitational drift, and is therefore a stabilizing influence; and (6) the instability splits into two modes for Te≫Ti in finite-beta plasmas: the lower-hybrid-drift instability at high frequencies and short wavelengths, and a gravitational mode at lower frequencies and longer wavelengths.
In the weak drift regime (Vg&lt;vi and Vdi&lt;vi) it is found that (1) finite-beta effects are stabilizing and increase the wavelength of the maximum growth rate; (2) ion–neutral collisions are destabilizing and decrease the wavelength of the maximum growth rate; and (3) electron–ion and electron–neutral collisions are stabilizing, and increase the wavelength of the maximum growth rate. When the growth rate becomes less than the ion cyclotron instability (γ&lt;Ωi), the growth rate as a function of wave number ‘‘breaks up’’ into a discrete set of modes which is associated with the coupling of the drift waves to ion cyclotron waves. These results are applied to the AMPTE magnetotail release [J. Geophys. Res. 92, 5777 (1987)], the Naval Research Laboratory laser experiment [Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2299 (1987)], and the upcoming CRRES GTO releases [D. Reasoner (private communication, 1989)].
“The Mythical Jew”: Antisemitism, Intellectuals, and Democracy in Post-Communist Romania
Authors: Rosenthal Denise 
Published: July 2002

A mentally healthy human being can go insane if suddenly diagnosed with leprosy. Eugen Ionescu finds out that even the “Ionescu” name, an indisputable Romanian father, and the fact of being born Christian can do nothing, nothing, nothing to cover the curse of having Jewish blood in his veins. With resignation and sometimes with I don't know what sad and discouraged pride, we got used to this dear leprosy a long time ago.With these words, the Romanian–Jewish writer Mihail Sebastian expresses within his private diary some of the darkest moments of a World War II “transfigured” Romania, populated as they are by the gothic characters of legionaries, Nazis, and antisemitism. His death soon followed in 1945, when Romania was at the threshold of fascism and communism. However, with the discovery and the subsequent publishing of Sebastian's diary in 1996, and following 50 years of communist mystification of the Jewish Holocaust, the entire chaotic war atmosphere with the fascist affections of the Romanian intellectual elite was once again brought to light with all the flavor and scent of the dark past. In this entry from Sebastian's diary he speaks of his friend, Eugen Ionescu who, born of a French-related mother and a Romanian father, was living in Bucharest at that time. He would later become known to the world as Eugène Ionesco, the famous French playwright and author of the well-known playsThe Bald SopranoandThe Rhinoceros.The above quote from Sebastian's journal, predating the international fame of Ionesco, but already marking the end of Sebastian's career under fascism, remains a traumatizing testimony of the Jewish Kafkian torment as “guilt,” a deeply claustrophobic identity that many Eastern European Jewish intellectuals have learned to internalize. Beyond this symbolism, the publishing of Sebastian's diary in Romania unintentionally challenged an existent post-communist tendency of legitimizing inter-war fascist personalities within the framework of a general lack of knowledge about the Jewish Holocaust in both the communist and post-communist periods.
Heroin‐related deaths in regional New South Wales, 1992–96
Authors: DARKE SHANE , ROSS JOANNE 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe coronial files of all 188 heroin‐related fatalities that occurred in regional New South Wales between 1992 and 1996 were inspected. There was a significant increase in fatalities, rising from 23 deaths in 1992 to 53 during 1996. The regions in which the most deaths occurred were Wollongong/Illawarra (43 deaths), Newcastle/Hunter (35) and the far north coast (25). The mean age of cases was 31.5 years and 83% were male, and there were no significant trends in demographic characteristics of cases over the study period. The median blood morphine concentration of cases was 0.39 mg/l (range 0.05–4.5 mg/l). Alcohol was detected in 50% of cases and benzodiazepines in 29%. There were large regional variations in toxicology results, with median blood morphine concentrations ranging from 0.25mg/l among south coast cases to 0.56mg/l in mid‐western New South Wales. Compared to Sydney metropolitan cases, regional cases had a higher median blood morphine concentration, were less likely to have cocaine detected, were more likely to have died in a home environment and to have been born in Australia.
Attitudes and beliefs of doctors prescribing methadone to addicts in the Westfalen‐Lippe region of Germany
Authors: GERLACH RALF , CAPLEHORN JOHN R.M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDoctors who prescribe methadone to heroin addicts in the Westfalen‐Lippe region of Germany were surveyed in 1996 to develop and use German versions of existing Australian and American scales. Two scales were developed from 247 responses using confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. The 10‐item abstinence orientation (AO) scale measures strength of commitment to abstinence‐orientated treatment policies, and the five‐item disapproval of drug use (DDU) scale measures disapproval of illicit drug use. Half the respondents supported and a quarter strongly supported abstinence‐orientated policies, while a quarter supported a punitive societal response to illicit drug use. Scores on the two scales were highly and positively correlated; the stronger the support for abstinence‐orientated policies, the greater the disapproval of illicit drug use. The doctors' median score on a test of knowledge of the risks and benefits of methadone maintenance was six of a possible 10. While allowing for DDU scores, support for abstinence‐orientated policies was stronger among the less well‐informed doctors. The attitudes and beliefs and lack of knowledge identified in the survey are a cause for concern. Previous work has shown there were similar problems among methadone prescribers and staff of methadone units in Sydney, Australia and New York City, USA.
Reduced sensory and motor nerve conduction velocities in moderate drinkers
Authors: D'Amour Monique L. , Brissette Suzanne , Lavoie Joel , Butterworth Roger F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe mechanism responsible for peripheral nerve dysfunction in chronic alcoholism has not been fully elucidated either in terms of its relationship to the quantity of alcohol consumed or to nutritional status. As part of a series of studies to address these issues, the effects of moderate drinking (60–90 g ethanol per day) or heavy drinking (> 100 g ethanol per day) on peripheral nervous function and thiamine status was measured in 73 patients admitted to a detoxification unit. Electromyographic evaluation revealed significant reductions in median and ulnar sensory and motor nerve conduction velocities in both moderate drinkers (n = 30) and heavy drinkers (n = 43) compared to age‐matched controls. Twelve moderate drinkers and 25 heavy drinkers manifested clinical neurological signs of peripheral neuropathy. Thiamine deficiency, as revealed by erythrocyte transketolase activation assay, was detected in two moderate drinkers and seven heavy drinkers but was not significantly correlated with electromyographic alterations with the exception of ulnar nerves. These findings provide evidence for significant early peripheral nerve dysfunction in moderate drinkers and a possible contributory role of thiamine deficiency to the ulnar nerve conduction deficits. Whether deficits in other water‐soluble vitamins or a direct neurotoxic effect of ethanol are implicated in alcoholic peripheral neuropathy awaits further studies.