bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A neural surveyor to map touch on the body
Authors: Miller Luke E. , Fabio Cécile , Azaroual Malika , Muret Dollyane , van Beers Robert J. , Farnè Alessandro , Medendorp W. Pieter 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Perhaps the most recognizable “sensory map” in neuroscience is the somatosensory homunculus. Although the homunculus suggests a direct link between cortical territory and body part, the relationship is actually ambiguous without a decoder that knows this mapping. How the somatosensory system derives a spatial code from an activation in the homunculus is a longstanding mystery we aimed to solve. We propose that touch location is disambiguated using multilateration, a computation used by surveying and global positioning systems to localize objects. We develop a Bayesian formulation of multilateration, which we implement in a neural network to identify its computational signature. We then detect this signature in psychophysical experiments. Our results suggest that multilateration provides the homunculus-to-body mapping necessary for localizing touch.
Sector search strategies for odor trail tracking
Authors: Reddy Gautam , Shraiman Boris I. , Vergassola Massimo 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Surface-bound odor trail tracking is critical for the survival of terrestrial animals dependent on olfaction. Little is known about how animals track trails at the algorithmic level. In the present study, we propose that a tracking animal maintains a noisy estimate of where the trail is headed based on its past contacts with the trail. We show that virtual agents trained to exploit this strategy reproduce the tracking patterns of ants and rodents. The observed patterns emerge simply as a consequence of common geometric constraints, which also impose fundamental limits on how quickly an animal can track trails. A series of experiments is proposed to quantify how past experience and trail statistics shape tracking behavior.
Trawl impacts on the relative status of biotic communities of seabed sedimentary habitats in 24 regions worldwide
Authors: Pitcher C. Roland , Hiddink Jan G. , Jennings Simon , Collie Jeremy , Parma Ana M. , Amoroso Ricardo , Mazor Tessa , Sciberras Marija , McConnaughey Robert A. , Rijnsdorp Adriaan D. , Kaiser Michel J. , Suuronen Petri , Hilborn Ray 
Published: January 2022

Significance
We estimated the biological state of seabed sedimentary habitats, with specified uncertainty, in 24 trawled regions worldwide. Seabed status differed greatly among regions (from 0.25 to 0.999, relative to an untrawled state of 1); 15 regions had average status > 0.9. Two-thirds of all assessed seabed area was untrawled with status = 1, 93% had status > 0.8, but 1.5% had status = 0. The total area swept by trawling was a strong driver of regional status, providing a relationship to predict status from the regional estimated total amount of trawling. Seabed status is high in regions where fisheries are exploited sustainably—emphasizing that good fishery management contributes to better ecosystem outcomes—and, conversely, low status highlights regions needing improved management.
Structural basis for effector recognition by an antibacterial type IV secretion system
Authors: Oka Gabriel U. , Souza Diorge P. , Cenens William , Matsuyama Bruno Y. , Cardoso Marcus V. C. , Oliveira Luciana C. , da Silva Lima Filipe , Cuccovia Iolanda M. , Guzzo Cristiane R. , Salinas Roberto K. , Farah Chuck S. 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) have been studied for more than 70 y because of their roles in mediating horizontal DNA transfer, responsible for the spread of antibiotic resistance, and the injection of virulence factors into animal and plant hosts. Another important function is the contact-dependent injection of toxic effectors into competing bacteria of different species during bacterial warfare. The present study reveals how T4SSs use a specific domain of the VirD4 coupling protein to recruit antibacterial toxins for secretion by recognizing conserved carboxyl-terminal secretion signal domains. The molecular structure of the secretion signal domain described in this work will serve as a model for thousands of homologs encountered in several hundred distinct bacterial species.
Proteomics of isolated sieve tubes fromNicotiana tabacum: sieve element–specific proteins reveal differentiation of the endomembrane system
Authors: Liu Yan , Vasina Viktoriya V. , Kraner Max E. , Peters Winfried S. , Sonnewald Uwe , Knoblauch Michael 
Published: January 2022

SignificanceSieve elements are crucially important plant cells that distribute photoassimilates and communicate developmental and defensive signals throughout the plant body. They remain the least understood cell type in plants nonetheless, defying standard research methods as they are exceedingly sensitive and possess neither nucleus (no DNA) nor protein synthesis. We developed a protocol to isolate sieve elements for proteome analysis and discovered unfamiliar sieve element–specific proteins that define an internal differation of the endoplasmic reticulum—which demonstrates the power of this approach to the elusive sieve element.
Submicron drops from flapping bursting bubbles
Authors: Jiang Xinghua , Rotily Lucas , Villermaux Emmanuel , Wang Xiaofei 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Bubble bursting aerosols play a critical role in forming clouds, scattering sunlight, and transporting pathogens from water to the air. Most of them are produced from the fragmentation of bubble cap film. They usually have a diameter below 1 μm. However, their physical production mechanism has remained unknown. In this work, we discovered that these drops are probably generated from flapping bubble cap film (like a flapping flag). It explains the mysterious relation between bubble size and number of drops produced per bubble, providing a fundamental framework for understanding the production flux of bubble bursting aerosols, such as sea spray aerosol, and substance transfer through the air–water interface during drop ejection.
Evidence that Pacific tuna mercury levels are driven by marine methylmercury production and anthropogenic inputs
Authors: Médieu Anaïs , Point David , Itai Takaaki , Angot Hélène , Buchanan Pearse J. , Allain Valérie , Fuller Leanne , Griffiths Shane , Gillikin David P. , Sonke Jeroen E. , Heimbürger-Boavida Lars-Eric , Desgranges Marie-Maëlle , Menkes Christophe E. , Madigan Daniel J. , Brosset Pablo , Gauthier Olivier , Tagliabue Alessandro , Bopp Laurent , Verheyden Anouk , Lorrain Anne 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Humans are exposed to toxic methylmercury mainly by consuming marine fish. New environmental policies under the Minamata Convention rely on a yet-poorly-known understanding of how mercury emissions translate into fish methylmercury levels. Here, we provide the first detailed map of mercury concentrations from skipjack tuna across the Pacific. Our study shows that the natural functioning of the global ocean has an important influence on tuna mercury concentrations, specifically in relation to the depth at which methylmercury concentrations peak in the water column. However, mercury inputs originating from anthropogenic sources are also detectable, leading to enhanced tuna mercury levels in the northwestern Pacific Ocean that cannot be explained solely by oceanic processes.
Machine learning–driven multiscale modeling reveals lipid-dependent dynamics of RAS signaling proteins
Authors: Ingólfsson Helgi I. , Neale Chris , Carpenter Timothy S. , Shrestha Rebika , López Cesar A. , Tran Timothy H. , Oppelstrup Tomas , Bhatia Harsh , Stanton Liam G. , Zhang Xiaohua , Sundram Shiv , Di Natale Francesco , Agarwal Animesh , Dharuman Gautham , Kokkila Schumacher Sara I. L. , Turbyville Thomas , Gulten Gulcin , Van Que N. , Goswami Debanjan , Jean-Francois Frantz , Agamasu Constance , Chen De , Hettige Jeevapani J. , Travers Timothy , Sarkar Sumantra , Surh Michael P. , Yang Yue , Moody Adam , Liu Shusen , Van Essen Brian C. , Voter Arthur F. , Ramanathan Arvind , Hengartner Nicolas W. , Simanshu Dhirendra K. , Stephen Andrew G. , Bremer Peer-Timo , Gnanakaran S. , Glosli James N. , Lightstone Felice C. , McCormick Frank , Nissley Dwight V. , Streitz Frederick H. 
Published: January 2022

SignificanceHere we present an unprecedented multiscale simulation platform that enables modeling, hypothesis generation, and discovery across biologically relevant length and time scales to predict mechanisms that can be tested experimentally. We demonstrate that our predictive simulation-experimental validation loop generates accurate insights into RAS-membrane biology. Evaluating over 100,000 correlated simulations, we show that RAS–lipid interactions are dynamic and evolving, resulting in: 1) a reordering and selection of lipid domains in realistic eight-lipid bilayers, 2) clustering of RAS into multimers correlating with specific lipid fingerprints, 3) changes in the orientation of the RAS G-domain impacting its ability to interact with effectors, and 4) demonstration that RAS–RAS G-domain interfaces are nonspecific in these putative signaling domains.
North American tree migration paced by climate in the West, lagging in the East
Authors: Sharma Shubhi , Andrus Robert , Bergeron Yves , Bogdziewicz Michal , Bragg Don C. , Brockway Dale , Cleavitt Natalie L. , Courbaud Benoit , Das Adrian J. , Dietze Michael , Fahey Timothy J. , Franklin Jerry F. , Gilbert Gregory S. , Greenberg Cathryn H. , Guo Qinfeng , Hille Ris Lambers Janneke , Ibanez Ines , Johnstone Jill F. , Kilner Christopher L. , Knops Johannes M. H. , Koenig Walter D. , Kunstler Georges , LaMontagne Jalene M. , Macias Diana , Moran Emily , Myers Jonathan A. , Parmenter Robert , Pearse Ian S. , Poulton-Kamakura Renata , Redmond Miranda D. , Reid Chantal D. , Rodman Kyle C. , Scher C. Lane , Schlesinger William H. , Steele Michael A. , Stephenson Nathan L. , Swenson Jennifer J. , Swift Margaret , Veblen Thomas T. , Whipple Amy V. , Whitham Thomas G. , Wion Andreas P. , Woodall Christopher W. , Zlotin Roman , Clark James S. 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Suitable habitats for forest trees may be shifting fast with recent climate change. Studies tracking the shift in suitable habitat for forests have been inconclusive, in part because responses in tree fecundity and seedling establishment can diverge. Analysis of both components at a continental scale reveals a poleward migration of northern species that is in progress now. Recruitment and fecundity both contribute to poleward spread in the West, while fecundity limits spread in the East, despite a fecundity hotspot in the Southeast. Fecundity limitation on population spread can confront conservation and management efforts with persistent disequilibrium between forest diversity and rapid climate change.
Phase-transforming metamaterial with magnetic interactions
Authors: Liang Xudong , Fu Hongbo , Crosby Alfred J. 
Published: January 2022

SignificanceMaterial phase transitions offer promise for driving motion and managing high-rate energy transfer events; however, engineering conventional phase transitions at a molecular or atomic level is challenging. We overcome this challenge by coupling multiple interacting fields within a metamaterial framework. Specifically, we embed magnetic domains, with nonlinear, orientationally dependent force interactions, within elastic structures to control reversible phase transitions and program high–strain-rate deformation. The resulting high-rate energy transformations are used to enhance elastic recoil, which could be used to drive high-power motion and to quickly dampen impact loading events. The developed Landau free energy–based model for this material system broadens the impact of this advance, setting the stage for metamaterials with wide-ranging compositions, interacting fields, and engineered properties.
A multidimensional approach to identifying the physical qualities of male English regional academy rugby union players; considerations of position, chronological age, relative age and maturation
Authors: Owen Cameron , Till Kevin , Phibbs Padraic , Read Dale J. , Weakley Jonathon , Atkinson Mark , Cross Matt , Kemp Simon , Sawczuk Thomas , Stokes Keith , Williams Sean , Jones Ben 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTInterpreting the physical qualities of youth athletes is complex due to the effects of growth, maturation and development. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of position, chronological age, relative age and maturation on the physical qualities of elite male academy rugby union players. 1,424 participants (n = 2,381 observations) from nine Rugby Football Union regional academies prospectively completed a physical testing battery at three time points, across three playing seasons. Anthropometrics, body composition, muscular power, muscular strength, speed, aerobic capacity and running momentum were assessed. Positional differences were identified for all physical qualities. The largest effect sizes were observed for the associations between chronological age (d = 0.65–0.73) and maturation (d = −0.77 to −0.69) and body mass related variables (i.e. body mass and running momentum). Relative strength, maximum velocity and aerobic capacity were the only models to include two fixed effects with all other models including at least three fixed effects (i.e. position and a combination of chronological age, relative age and maturation). These findings suggest a multidimensional approach considering position, chronological age, relative age and maturation is required to effectively assess the physical qualities of male age grade rugby union players. Therefore practitioners should use regression equations rather than traditional descriptive statistic tables to provide individualised normative comparisons thus enhancing the application of testing results for talent identification and player development.Highlights
Practitioners should record and incorporate position, chronological age, relative age and maturation into the physical evaluation of elite academy rugby union players.
The regression equations provided within this study offer highly generalisable comparative values that are specific to a players chronological and biological development.
Through the use of enhanced player evaluation practitioners will be able to make more informed decisions surrounding talent identification and athlete development.
Direct demonstration of complete combustion of gas-suspended powder metal fuel using bomb calorimetry
Authors: Tran Quan , Altman Igor , Dube Pascal , Malkoun Mark , Sadangi R , Koch Robert , Pantoya Michelle L 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Off-the-shelf calorimeters are typically used for hydrocarbon-based fuels and not designed for simulating metal powder oxidation in gaseous environments. We have developed a method allowing a typical bomb calorimeter to accurately measure heat released during combustion and achieve nearly 100% of the reference heat of combustion from powder fuels such as aluminum. The modification uses a combustible organic dispersant to suspend the fuel particles and promote more complete combustion. The dispersant is a highly porous organic starch-based material (i.e. packing peanut) and allows the powder to burn as discrete particles thereby simulating dust-type combustion environments. The demonstrated closeness of measured Al heat of combustion to its reference value is evidence of complete metal combustion achieved in our experiment. Beyond calorific output under conditions simulating real reactive systems, we demonstrate that the calorimeter also allows characterization of the temporal heat release from the reacting material and this data can be extracted from the instrument. The rate of heat release is an important additional parameter characterizing the combustion process. The experimental approach described will impact future measurements of heat released during combustion from solid fuel powders and enable scientists to quantify the energetic performance of metal fuel more accurately as well as the transient thermal behavior from combusting metal powders.
Imaging the electrostatic landscape of unstrained self-assemble GaAs quantum dots
Authors: Martin Lanzoni Evandro , Covre da Silva Saimon F , Knopper Matthijn Floris , Garcia Ailton J , Costa Carlos Alberto Rodrigues , Deneke Christoph 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Unstrained GaAs quantum dots are promising candidates for quantum information devices due to their optical properties, but their electronic properties have remained relatively unexplored until now. In this work, we systematically investigate the electronic structure and natural charging of GaAs quantum dots at room temperature using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). We observe a clear electrical signal from these structures demonstrating a lower surface potential in the middle of the dot. We ascribe this to charge accumulation and confinement inside these structures. Our systematical investigation reveals that the change in surface potential is larger for a nominal dot filling of 2 nm and then starts to decrease for thicker GaAs layers. Using k · p calculation, we show that the confinement comes from the band bending due to the surface Fermi level pinning. We find a correlation between the calculated charge density and the KPFM signal indicating that k · p calculations could be used to estimate the KPFM signal for a given structure. Our results suggest that these self-assembled structures could be used to study physical phenomena connected to charged quantum dots like Coulomb blockade or Kondo effect.
Au-on-Ag nanostructure for in-situ SERS monitoring of catalytic reactions
Authors: He Shuyue , Wu Di , Chen Siwei , Liu Kai , Yang Eui-Hyeok , Tian Fei , Du Henry 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Dual-functionality Au-on-Ag nanostructures (AOA) were fabricated on a silicon substrate by first immobilizing citrate-reduced Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs, ∼43 nm in diameter), followed by depositing ∼7 nm Au nanofilms (Au NFs) via thermal evaporation. Au NFs were introduced for their catalytic activity in concave-convex nano-configuration. Ag NPs underneath were used for their significant enhancement factor (EF) in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based measurements of analytes of interest. Rhodamine 6G (R6G) was utilized as the Raman-probe to evaluate the SERS sensitivity of AOA. The SERS EF of AOA is ∼37 times than that of Au NPs. Using reduction of 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a model reaction, we demonstrated the robust catalytic activity of AOA as well as its capacity to continuously monitor via SERS the disappearance of reactant 4-NTP, emergence and disappearance of intermediate 4,4′-DMAB, and the appearance of product 4-ATP throughout the reduction process in real-time and in situ.
3D-printed bio-inspired zero Poisson’s ratio graded metamaterials with high energy absorption performance
Authors: Hamzehei Ramin , Zolfagharian Ali , Dariushi Soheil , Bodaghi Mahdi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This study aims at introducing a number of two-dimensional (2D) re-entrant based zero Poisson’s ratio (ZPR) graded metamaterials for energy absorption applications. The metamaterials’ designs are inspired by the 2D image of a DNA molecule. This inspiration indicates how a re-entrant unit cell must be patterned along with the two orthogonal directions to obtain a ZPR behavior. Also, how much metamaterials’ energy absorption capacity can be enhanced by taking slots and horizontal beams into account with the inspiration of the DNA molecule’s base pairs. The ZPR metamaterials comprise multi-stiffness unit cells, so-called soft and stiff re-entrant unit cells. The variability in unit cells’ stiffness is caused by the specific design of the unit cells. A finite element analysis (FEA) is employed to simulate the deformation patterns of the ZPRs. Following that, meta-structures are fabricated with 3D printing of TPU as hyperelastic materials to validate the FEA results. A good correlation is observed between FEA and experimental results. The experimental and numerical results show that due to the presence of multi-stiffness re-entrant unit cells, the deformation mechanisms and the unit cells’ densifications are adjustable under quasi-static compression. Also, the structure designed based on the DNA molecule’s base pairs, so-called structure F‴, exhibits the highest energy absorption capacity. Apart from the diversity in metamaterial unit cells’ designs, the effect of multi-thickness cell walls is also evaluated. The results show that the diversity in cell wall thicknesses leads to boosting the energy absorption capacity. In this regard, the energy absorption capacity of structure ‘E’ enhances by up to 33% than that of its counterpart with constant cell wall thicknesses. Finally, a comparison in terms of energy absorption capacity and stability between the newly designed ZPRs, traditional ZPRs, and auxetic metamaterial is performed, approving the superiority of the newly designed ZPR metamaterials over both traditional ZPRs and auxetic metamaterials.
Gravitational waves × HI intensity mapping: cosmological and astrophysical applications
Authors: Scelfo Giulio , Spinelli Marta , Raccanelli Alvise , Boco Lumen , Lapi Andrea , Viel Matteo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Two of the most rapidly growing observables in cosmology and astrophysics are gravitational waves (GW) and the neutral hydrogen (HI) distribution.
In this work, we investigate the cross-correlation between resolved gravitational wave detections and HI signal from intensity mapping (IM) experiments.
By using a tomographic approach with angular power spectra, including all projection effects, we explore possible applications of the combination of the Einstein Telescope and the SKAO intensity mapping surveys.
We focus on three main topics:
(i) statistical inference of the observed redshift distribution of GWs;
(ii) constraints on dynamical dark energy models as an example of cosmological studies;
(iii) determination of the nature of the progenitors of merging binary black holes, distinguishing between primordial and astrophysical origin.
Our results show that:
(i) the GW redshift distribution can be calibrated with good accuracy at low redshifts, without any assumptions on cosmology or astrophysics, potentially providing a way to probe astrophysical and cosmological models;
(ii) the constrains on the dynamical dark energy parameters are competitive with IM-only experiments, in a complementary way and potentially with less systematics;
(iii) it will be possible to detect a relatively small abundance of primordial black holes within the gravitational waves from resolved mergers.
Our results extend towards GW × IM the promising field of multi-tracing cosmology and astrophysics, which has the major advantage of allowing scientific investigations in ways that would not be possible by looking at single observables separately.
Inflation and dark matter after spontaneous Planck scale generation by hidden chiral symmetry breaking
Authors: Aoki Mayumi , Kubo Jisuke , Yang Jinbo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking in a QCD-like hidden
sector is used to generate the Planck mass and the electroweak scale
including the heavy right-handed neutrino mass. A real scalar field
transmits the energy scale of the hidden sector to the visible
sectors, playing besides a role of inflaton in the early Universe
while realizing a Higgs-inflation-like model. Our dark matter
candidates are hidden pions that raise due to dynamical chiral
symmetry breaking. They are produced from the decay of inflaton.
Unfortunately, it will be impossible to directly detect them,
because they are super heavy (109 ∼ 12 GeV), and moreover
the interaction with the visible sector is extremely suppressed.