bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Horizontal Modes of Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sabeena Sasidharanpillai , Ravishankar Nagaraja 
Published: October 2022

Background: Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a significant transmission route in households, among contact sport athletes and institutionalized individuals. Children often are infected by non-sexual close contacts with an increased tendency to become chronic carriers. Hence, the awareness about various high-risk behaviours leading to horizontal transmission in the community is essential. A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to assess quantitatively the pooled prevalence of horizontally transmitted HBV infection globally.
Methods: The study was started after ruling out registered or ongoing systematic reviews related to this topic in the PROSPERO database. The study protocol was documented in PROSPERO with a registration number CRD42021235165. We searched electronic databases for published articles in English between 1981 and April 2021 reporting horizontal modes of hepatitis B transmission among unvaccinated contacts. Meta-analysis was carried out in STATA version 13.0 (College Station, Texas 77,845 USA). The forest plots were constructed using metaprop package in STATA.
Results: Forty-one studies were systematically reviewed and 15 studies were qualified for the meta-analysis, including 1619 hepatitis B cases and 4869 contacts. The overall pooled prevalence of horizontally transmitted HBV infection among the contacts was 38% (95% CI 30%-46%). The pooled prevalence among 3,912 household contacts from nine qualified studies was estimated as 44% (95% CI 35%-54%). The pooled prevalence rates among institutionalized individuals and contact sport athletes were 30% (95% CI 23%-37%) and 18% (95% CI 5%-32%), respectively.
Conclusion: The likelihood of horizontal transmission of HBV is greater among household contacts of chronic carriers of HBV and institutionalized individuals.
From interpretation to refutation of marxism. On Leszek Nowak’s non-marxian historical materialism
Authors: Brzechczyn Krzysztof 
Published: October 2022

The aim of this article is to outline the theory of a historical process developed within the framework of the Poznań School of Methodology, mainly by Leszek Nowak and a team of his co-workers. In the first part of the paper, the meta-philosophical and meta-theoretical assumptions of Poznań school are reconstructed and juxtaposed with the relevant assumptions of Western analytical Marxism. In the central part of the paper, the main ideas of adaptive reconstruction of historical materialism and non-Marxian historical materialism are presented. In its final part, some problems of reception of Leszek Nowak’s theory of historical process in Polish People’s Republic and the Third Republic are discussed.
Evaluation by electrical bioimpedance method of selected morphological parameters of the body of women aged 19 to 26 not engaging in physical activity
Authors: Całyniuk Beata , Malczyk Agata 
Published: October 2022

WstępNiewłaściwe odżywianie i brak aktywności ruchowej sprzyjają rozwojowi wielu schorzeń, początkowo nie dających objawów klinicznych, dlatego regularne monitorowanie stanu zdrowia jest niezbędne dla jego zachowania. Podstawowym badaniem wykorzystywanym w ocenie stanu odżywienia indywidualnych osób, a także wybranych populacji jest analiza składu ciała. Celem pracy była ocena składu ciała kobiet w wieku 19–26 lat niepodejmujących aktywności fizycznej.Materiał i metodyW badaniu wzięło udział 548 kobiet w wieku 19–26 lat. Oceny składu ciała dokonano za pomocą analizatora wykorzystującego metodę bioimpedancji elektrycznej. Badanie pozwoliło na uzyskanie informacji na temat zawartości tkanki tłuszczowej i beztłuszczowej w organizmie, masy mięśni, masy mineralnej kości, całkowitej zawartości wody, z uwzględnieniem wody wewnątrzkomórkowej i zewnątrzkomórkowej oraz proporcji wody zewnątrzkomórkowej do całkowitej, a także wskaźnika masy ciała (<i>body mass index</i> – BMI), wskaźnika tkanki wisceralnej, wieku metabolicznego i podstawowej przemiany materii.WynikiPonad 75% badanych kobiet w wieku 19–26 lat miało prawidłową masą ciała, a prawie 90% prawidłową zawartość wody w organizmie. Jednak u 86,7% badanych stosunek wody zewnątrzkomórkowej do całkowitej zawartości wody w organizmie był podwyższony. Stosunek wody zewnątrzkomórkowej do całkowitej zawartości wody w organizmie wzrastał istotnie statystycznie wraz z wiekiem. U prawie 45% badanych występowała zbyt duża (na poziomie podwyższonym i wysokim) zawartość tkanki tłuszczowej w organizmie. Wiek metaboliczny u co trzeciej badanej kobiety był wyższy niż wiek metrykalny.WnioskiLepszym stanem odżywienia – w porównaniu z pozostałymi badanymi – ocenianym na podstawie BMI i analizy składu ciała charakteryzowały się kobiety w wieku 21 lat.
Improved sealing polymers and cleaning procedures to mitigate aroma carryover during bottling of aromatised and regular wines on the same filling line
Authors: Gottmann Jörg , Müller David , Becker Anna Maria , Vestner Jochen , Schuster Jens , Fischer Ulrich 
Published: October 2022

Bottling of aromatised wines and regular table wines often takes place on the same bottling line. Installed sealings in the bottling line absorb volatiles from aromatised wines and, due to inadequate cleaning, carryover occurs into the subsequently bottled regular wine. This unintentional carryover can lead to accusations of illegal flavouring of wine. To minimise the carryover risk, sealing materials that absorb less volatiles are beneficial. Incorporating kaolin and micro-cellulose into the ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) network decreased absorption of the critical α-ionone by 51 and 60 %, respectively.Besides the minimisation of the absorption, a performed cleaning can reduce aroma carryover. So far, knowledge about cleaning parameters that can increase cleaning efficiency is limited since cleaning usually focuses on surficial removal and prevents microbiological cross-contamination. An evaluation of the cleaning parameters, temperature, time and agents clearly revealed a high factor in the considered temperature. The highest cleaning efficiency was seen at 85 °C, whereas the cleaning additives such as citric acid, caustic soda, ozone or dissolved carbon dioxide had no impact. High proportions of the aroma compounds were removed from the polymer in the first 20 min at 85 °C, but none of the performed cleaning sequences was able to remove all compounds.
Tensor Calculus in Digital Colorimetry
Authors: Saukova Y. N. , Hundzina M. A. 
Published: October 2022

Any object can have many implementations in the form of digital images and any digital image can be processed many times increasing or decreasing accuracy and reliability. Digital colorimetry faces the need to work out issues of ensuring accuracy, metrological traceability and reliability. The purpose of this work was to generalize approaches to the description of multidimensional quantized spaces and show the possibilities of their adaptation to digital colorimetry. This approach will minimize the private and global risks in measurements.For color identification digital colorimetry uses standard color models and spaces. Most of them are empirical and are improved during the transition from standard to real observation conditions taking into account the phenomena of vision and the age of observers. From the point of view of measurement, a digital image can be represented by a combinatorial model of an information and measurement channel with the appearance of the phenomenon of a color covariance hypercube requiring a significant amount of memory for data storage and processing. The transition from the covariance hypercube to high-dimensional matrices and tensors of the first, second and higher ranks provides the prospect of optimizing the color parameters of a digital image by the criterion of information entropy.Tensor calculus provides opportunities for expanding the dynamic range in color measurements describing multidimensional vector fields and quantized spaces with indexing tensors and decomposing them into matrices of low orders.The proposed complex approach based on tensor calculus. According to this approach the color space is a set of directed vector fields undergoing sampling, quantization and coding operations. Also it is a dynamic open system exchanging information with the environment at a given level and to identify color with specified levels of accuracy, reliability, uncertainty and entropy.
Implementation of a New Proprietary Vortex Fluid Sucker Rod Pump System to Improve Production by Enhancing Flow Dynamics
Authors: Coyes Corbin , Williams Benny , Jensen Camille , Conner Mike , Link Bradley , Saponja Jeff , Quinn Jordy 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Conventional ball valve systems and insert-guided cages compromise performance due to gas interference, solids accumulation and ball vibration that shortens the life and efficiency of conventional travelling and standing valve cages. Analysis of the flow profile around a common ball valve resulted in the design of a new proprietary pump system that maximizes fluid flow, creating a vortex profile that extends service life while increasing production.
The proprietary vortex fluid pump system was compared against conventional inserts in a laboratory flow loop in over 1000 iterations with varying pressures, ball sizes and ball types. Maximum and minimum flow rates were digitally measured to calculate the pressure drop at each flow rate with and without injecting gas. The transparent flow loop tubing allowed a visual qualitative assessment of fluid flow. Laboratory data was confirmed in numerous field applications as well as four case studies from four different fields for four separate operators.
During laboratory testing, conventional inserts measured high ball vibration with excessive pressure drop. The proprietary vortex fluid pump system had no ball vibration, with significant pressure drop decrease and gas remained entrained as it cycled through a vortex flow. Results from laboratory testing showed an average 40% - 46% pressure drop decrease compared to conventional inserts. When extended to field applications, the vortex fluid pump system showed greater pump efficiencies and pump longevity. After installation of the system, cumulative results were combined to show an average 46% production increase over 485 wells in North America in one year.
The proprietary vortex fluid pump system decreases erratic velocity profile and reduces vibration in the valve system resulting in improved efficiency and reliability of sucker rod pumps. The design optimizes flow dynamics enabling the ball to remain stationary, allowing smaller and lighter balls, increasing the cross-sectional flow area in the most restrictive pump section. The design reduces solids accumulation, lessens cage wear, improves pump efficiency and increases production. The vortex fluid pump system replaces all conventional valve systems.
Bottom Intake ESP for Slim Wells Applications
Authors: Caridad Jose , Alamoudi Marwan Mohammad , Lim Lester Zhi Guang , Alyami Salem Feras 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In certain oil fields, slim wells are common due to corrosion or erosion in 7-in. casing and sidetracks to evaluate secondary reservoirs. Efforts to produce such wells by electric submersible pumps (ESPs) pose several challenges such as early failures and insufficient pressure to reach target flows due to the limited casing clearance which also limits the pump size. This paper discusses the successful installation and a production test of a bottom intake ESP. In comparison, conventional slim electric submersible pumps had been installed in the same field with limited success in the same type of slim wells.
The slim ESPs have shorter run life compared to standard ESPs, mainly because of equipment damage while running in hole (RIH). The motor lead extensions (MLE) are particularly vulnerable given the tight clearance available, which precludes the use of MLE cable protectors along the ESP. Production is also limited because of the smaller diameters that conventional slim ESPs require to fit into the slim (4.5-in. and 5-in.) casings.
To tackle these challenges, an operator and an energy technology company collaborated to devise a solution using a bottom intake slim ESP architecture. The objective was to modify the conventional slim ESP to maximize clearance thereby improving the reliability of the ESPs and increasing the production rate in slim wells. By combining conventional slim ESP technologies and the inverted architecture used in coiled-tubing-deployed ESP, the challenges described were addressed. The bottom intake slim ESP was designed with MLE to be installed along jointed tubing. Since it is terminated at the top of the ESP string, risk of damage to the MLE while RIH is eliminated, and a larger pump can also be installed. The larger pump outside diameter results in a substantial production increase. The bottom intake slim ESP can operate on higher drawdown compared to conventional ESPs as it can be set deeper. The objective was to prove bottom intake slim ESP technology as a solution to produce 3,500 to 7,000 BPD in 5-in. casing wells, while eliminating the risk of MLE damage during RIH in the operator slim wells. Moreover, based on erosion simulation, the effect of discharge velocity on the casing was negligible, and by utilizing plug-and-play technology, human error and rig time were reduced.
Testing Gas-Liquid Homogenization for High GVF Flow Applications in ESPs
Authors: Ejim Chidirim Enoch , Xiao Jinjiang , Badr Hassan Mohamed , Alsarkhi Abdelsalam Mohammad , Ben-Mansour Rached 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
High gas volume fractions (GVFs) decrease the pressure boosting capacity of electric submersible pumps (ESPs). To prevent this, advanced gas handlers, helico-axial-pumps, etc., may be installed upstream of the pump, but these equipment can be expensive. This study presents results of testing different impeller combinations up to 90% intake GVF. The findings present a potential economical option for managing high GVF flows in ESP operation, beneficial to boosting and maximizing production from a field asset.
The pump used was a two-stage, radial-type centrifugal pump with 3.78-inch impeller diameter operating at 3400 RPM. Three impeller pairs were used: P0 (no hole in any impeller blades), P1 (holes only in second stage impeller blades), and P2 (holes in first and second stage impeller blades). Water flow rates were fixed from 75 to 550 barrels per day (BPD), and air flow rates varied to give intake GVFs between 10% to 92% for average fluid temperatures about 25°C. The corresponding differential pressures across the pump were measured and compared to one another.
The results showed that for all impellers, the differential pressure across the pumps decreased with increasing GVF. At 75 BPD, pump P0 attained zero differential pressure at about 72% GVF. The impellers in P1 and P2 were able to extend its operation to reach zero differential pressure at 90% and 90% GVF, respectively. When the liquid flow rate was increased to 275 BPD, the differential pressures in P0, P1 and P2 reached zero at about 36%, 38% and 41%, respectively. Increasing the liquid flow rate even further to 410 BPD, results in zero differential pressure at about 26%, 30% and 29% GVF for P0, P1, and P2, respectively. The general trend is that the GVF at which the differential pressure reaches zero decreases with increasing liquid volume flow rate. At lower liquid volume flow rates, holes drilled in the impeller blades significantly extend the pump's GVF handling capability by homogenizing the flow at the inlet of the centrifugal pump. Since the gas-handling performance of a radial-type pump was enhanced, it may be concluded that the performance will be even more favorable for a mixed-flow or axial-flow pump, especially at higher rotational speeds and intake pressures than in these tests.
This study highlights the importance of pursuing economical alternatives to extend the performance envelope of a centrifugal pump operating in high GVF flows. The findings from this work imply that with appropriate modifications to ESP impellers, their operating envelopes may be increased using cost-effective methods. This opens opportunities for stakeholders to maximize production from field assets with very high-gas content, and increase the economic bottomline for the operator.
Intermediate Diameter, High Horsepower ESP Motors for Unconventional Wells
Authors: Wheeler Charles Leroy , Rumbaugh Michael Robert 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Unconventional well construction presents challenges for many types of artificial lift technologies. This includes electric submersible pumps (ESPs). And, while ESPs provide compelling advantages in production rate and depth capabilities for unconventional wells, the drilling and completion practices of these wells can severely limit ESP system options. This is especially true in 5 ½ inch cased wellbores with heavy wall casing (defined as 20 or 23 lb. per foot tubing weight). This paper will highlight the consequences of these drilling and well construction practices for the production phase of the well or field. Solutions of various types will be listed, including an outline of ESP equipment options. Finally, a case study will presented for the solution that incorporates an intermediate diameter, high horsepower ESP induction motor.
Novel Use of PMM Technology in Complicated Well Environment
Authors: Chaudhari Bhushan , Mishra Chetan , Atamanov Oleg , Nikitin Yuriy 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Electrical Submersible Pump is playing a pivotal role in crude extraction. It is one of the innovative technologies at this stage being used globally to produce wells with a higher flow rate. Today, ESP systems are acting as an effective medium for companies to operate efficiently with higher production. As of today, ESPs are being used at many different applications like dewatering, multi-zone production etc, however, technology use shall need minor modification to operate ESP with longer run life. In the coming era, fields are expected to enter the EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) stage, wherein every drop of the reservoir would add importance in production for companies. ESP with PMM motors is the typical application in such EOR, adding many benefits over the operation of IM application. Polymer flooding is used in some wells in the onshore Rajasthan field to perform enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The typical static bottom hole temperature of wells in this field is 65°C. When using ESPs with industry-standard induction motors, the motor operating temperature has been recorded at 105°C on initial startup. Polymer deposition on the motor causes heat to rise, with operating temperatures escalating quickly to 180°C. Temperature-induced polymer deposition requires frequent back-flush interventions to maintain target production and results in premature motor failure. Because PMMs have been shown to operate at lower temperatures than induction motors, they were tested in ESPs in this field in an attempt to increase motor run life and reduce ESP failure rates. Four wells were targeted for this study with the goal of limiting motor temperatures to 80°C without impairing production. Detailed ESP designs are explained along with the results. Unique ESP designs were made for four wells that use PMMs rated for 3600 RPM @ 60Hz. The operating plan called for limiting the motor load to no more than 60% to keep motor temperatures around 78°C. PMMs operate at 15-20% lower temperatures due to reduced frictional, mechanical, and hydraulic loss with higher efficiency up to 95%. PMMs were installed with high-efficiency pumps capable of producing 5000-10000 BFPD. Target production rates were maintained in all four wells, with motor temperatures remaining around 78°C during operation. The result was the longer motor and ESP run life compared to offset wells in the field using ESPs with induction motors. The PMM systems also reduced the need for back-flushing operations, reducing CAPEX and lowering intervention costs. PMMs were shown to maintain low motor temperatures, reduce polymer deposition, and significantly increase economic well life.
This paper examines the outcomes discovered when using PMMs in a difficult EOR well environment where only asynchronous induction motors had been previously used. It shows that PMMs can be used to control motor temperatures, reduce polymer deposition, and increase run life in the conditions presented by this polymer flood application.
An E-Line Deployed Electric Submersible Progressive Cavity Pump (ESPCP) to Unload Observation Wells for Logging
Authors: Cochran Jamie , Xiao JJ , Mutairi Khaled , Winarno Mulad , Wrighton Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the development and field trial test of a new well intervention service tool for lifting observation wells for oil saturation logging. The Well Intervention Service Tool (WIST) is a high efficiency, slim hole pumping system that is conveyed and powered through a wireline power cable to appropriate depth in order to lift wellbore fluids. A multi-resettable inflatable packer system was developed to work in conjunction with the permanent magnet motor pumping system, which allows the pump to be positioned and repositioned in the well as required. This improves operational efficiency, enabling jobs to be conducted in a single run, rather than multiple runs as would be the case with conventional packer design.
A field trial test was conducted to qualify the prototype system. This paper will describe the test result and future improvement plans. This lightweight cable deployed pump system is an alternative to coiled tubing and nitrogen lift jobs, which can often be expensive and logistically challenging, requiring large amount of equipment and personnel at the wellsite to perform the activity.
Solutions to the issues encountered during this work have since been successfully implemented in further testing.
Surface PM Motor Drive for Sucker Rod Pumps – Design and Field Results
Authors: Alexeev Yaroslav , Shakirov Anton 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
For decades standard V-Belt transmission systems with induction motor have been a traditional method to drive beam pumping unit. This study describes a new approach based on the use of a Permanent Magnet Motor with no transmission.
Non-transmission drive integrates a permanent magnet motor and smart variable frequency drive. The technology eliminates the need for conventional V-belt systems, the motor is installed directly on the gearbox. Application results revealed unique features of the drive, that cannot be reached with standard application. Elimination of V-belt system allows for safe and environmentally friendly operation with enhanced reliability and reduced non-productive time as no maintenance is required. High-efficient PM Motor with no additional losses in V-belt improves power consumption resulting in total power savings of 15-35 % if compared to the previously installed systems. The system is easy to install, with installation time being less than 1 hour [1].
Synchronous nature of PM motor operation provides a number of options for its control through smart VSD algorithms requiring no additional sensors. VSD embeds mathematical models with a number of options for motor speed and rod load control, operation monitoring, failure risk mitigation, and production optimization, e.g. real-time up-stroke / down-stroke speed adjustment, torque control, operating trips detection and many other features. This can potentially improve production, expected runlife of rods and surface equipment.
This paper demonstrates an effective and efficient alternative for oil production with Sucker-Rod Pumps. Application of the new type of surface PMM drive has proved its high potential for production optimization and power consumption improvement with minimized risk of failures.