bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experience of nevirapine use in a London cohort of HIV‐infected pregnant women
Authors: Edwards Sg , Larbalestier N , Hay P , De Ruiter A , Welch J , Taylor Gp , Easterbrook P 
Published: July 2002

1
King's College Hospital,

2
St Thomas' Hospital,

3
St George's Hospital and

4
St Mary's Hospital, London, UK Objective  To describe the experience of four London HIV centres prescribing nevirapine (NVP) to HIV‐1 infected pregnant women with respect to immunological and virological response, tolerability and pregnancy outcome.Methods  We identified all HIV‐1‐infected women who received NVP as part of a triple antiretroviral regimen during pregnancy between January 1997 and September 1999. Laboratory results, clinical events, side‐effects and pregnancy outcome were abstracted using a standardized proforma from the medical records.Results  Forty‐six women were identified, 85% of whom were black African. At initiation of NVP, the median age was 29 years and the median baseline CD4 cell count and viral load were 242 cells/μL and 4.15 log10 copies/mL, respectively. Thirty‐two out of 36 women who had a plasma sample obtained at, or just prior to, delivery had an undetectable viral load (< 50 to < 400 copies/mL). Adverse events that were definitely attributed to NVP included a generalized rash (n = 2) and hepatitis (n = 2). Obstetric complications occurred in nine women (19.5%), which was not statistically different (P = 0.36) from that found in a historical (1990–96) control group 7/51 (14%). The rate of preterm delivery (13%) was similar to that previously reported in HIV‐1 infected pregnant women (18%).Conclusions  NVP (as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy) reduced plasma viraemia to below the limit of detection in 89% of women. It was generally well tolerated and clinical and laboratory adverse events were infrequent. There was no evidence of an increase in obstetric complications including preterm delivery during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.
Tolerability and efficacy of hydrocolloid dressings in the treatment of venous leg ulcers under tropical conditions: an open prospective study
Authors: Zeegelaar JE , Langenberg W , Hu R , Lai A Fat RFM , Faber WR 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn the Western world, hydrocolloid dressings are widely used in wound treatment. However, little is known about their tolerability and efficacy under tropical conditions. The purpose of this study was to assess the tolerability and efficacy of a hydrocolloid dressing in combination with short stretch compressive bandages under tropical conditions. Seventeen patients with venous leg ulcers attending an outpatient clinic in Surinam were enrolled in the study for a period of 6 weeks. Swabs for bacterial cultures were taken at the beginning and end of the study. All ulcers showed a good healing tendency. Percentage of granulation tissue in the ulcers improved from mean 27% at start to 92% at the end. Mean circumference at start was 9.9 cm, at the end 4.9 cm. Exudation diminished from moderate in six and severe in eight ulcers, to moderate in 10 and almost none in two ulcers. In general, the dressing was very well accepted, pain was never reported. Leakage was noticed 39 times in the 164 dressing changes. This study revealed no differences in the rate of bacterial infections or colonization of wounds compared with studies performed in temperate regions. Our data indicate that hydrocolloid dressings can be used under tropical conditions.
The ideal nasal corticosteroid: balancing efficacy, safety and patient preference
Authors: Durham S. R. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryTopical corticosteroids represent first‐line treatment in patients with moderate–severe persistent allergic rhinitis. Topical steroids have a wide range of anti‐inflammatory properties, particularly suppression of the release of Th2‐type cytokines from T cells and also from mast cells and basophils. Topical corticosteroids are effective against all nasal symptoms including nasal blockage. They are more potent than oral antihistamines and topical cromones. They may also improve seasonal asthma. Potential disadvantages include a slightly slower onset of effect (days), the need for regular treatment and occasional local irritation/bleeding. The properties of an ideal intranasal corticosteroid include high efficacy against all nasal symptoms, a rapid onset of action and a proven once‐daily dosing schedule. Local corticosteroid preparations should be acceptable to patients with low or absent local/systemic side‐effects. There should be no long‐term adverse effects on the nasal mucosa. Triamcinolone acetonide (TAA) aqueous nasal spray meets these criteria and a particular advantage is its lack of taste and smell, which may improve acceptability and compliance in some patients.
Implications of Genotypic Diversity and Phenotypic Plasticity in the Ecophysiological Success of CAM Plants, Examined by Studies on the Vegetation of Madagascar1
Authors: Kluge M. , Razanoelisoa B. , Brulfert J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract: On the basis of δ13C‐values, genotypic diversity and phenotypic plasticity of CAM behaviour in plants of the Malagasy vegetation is surveyed. The study compares CAM patterns performed in the wild on the levels of genera (Kalanchoë [Crassulaceae], Angraecum [Orchidaceae], Lissochilus [Orchidaceae] and Rhipsalis [Cactaceae]), on the level of a family (Didiereaceae) and finally on the level of a common growth form, namely in leafless orchids. For Rhipsalis, also non‐Malagasy species were included in the comparison. The genus Kalanchoë was found to be dominated by species representing the CAM‐physiotype with CO2 fixation taking place only during the night, whereas the CAM/C3‐ and the C3‐physiotypes (with limited intrinsic CAM potential) were less frequent. The opposite holds true for Angraecum. In the genus Rhipsalis, in the Didiereacean family and in the leafless orchids only the CAM‐physiotype is represented. The photosynthetic physiotypes of CAM plants were found to be related to the environmental conditions of the habitat. That is, strong CAM performers are typically abundant in the dry climatic zones or at otherwise dry niches, species of the C3‐physiotype (possibly with weak intrinsic capability of CAM performance) are distributed at humid sites and those of the CAM/C3‐physiotype occupy sites with medium and changing exposure to stress. Phenotypic plasticity of CAM, as indicated by the intraspecific variability of the δ13C‐values, was lower in the CAM‐physiotype compared with the CAM/C3‐physiotype.Our data support the view that strong stress leads to the dominance of highly adapted specialists among the CAM plants, with low phenotypic plasticity of the photosynthetic behaviour, whereas medium stress advances the unfolding of plastic CAM behaviour. Moreover, the data suggest that genera comprising all three physiotypes (Kalanchoë, Angraecum) are dispersed all over Madagascar, whilst groups comprising only strong CAM performers are restricted to limited areas or special types of habitats. This suggests that both genotypic diversity and phenotypic plasticity are important factors for the ecophysiological success of CAM.
Citizenship education in France and Britain: evolving theories and practices
Authors: Starkey Hugh 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTIn the late 1990s both the British and the French governments gave new impetus to citizenship education. This article examines the theories and world views that underpin the formal syllabuses for citizenship education in England and France. It notes that whereas the English curriculum aspires to create a diverse society founded on multicultural citizenship, an insufficiently strongly agreed statement of values undermines the implementation of the project. The French syllabus, on the other hand, emphasizes a commitment to anti‐racism, human rights and civil action against injustice. Its theoretical basis in the French Republic, committed to individual equality without distinction, denies any recognition to the existence of social groups based on culture or ethnicity. This blindness to difference also tends to undermine citizenship education as a social project intended to promote integration through schools. Whereas French citizenship education is intended to integrate individuals into a predetermined, existing republican framework, English citizenship education apparently aims to create a new society and a new national identity. The article concludes that such a project requires an explicit commitment to and promotion of human rights as the basis for a social consensus and citizenship.
Public opinion and alcohol policy: comparisons of two Canadian general population surveys
Authors: GIESBRECHT NORMAN , KAVANAGH LYNN 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn recent years increasing attention has been devoted to the association between public opinion and alcohol policy. This paper compares public opinion on alcohol policy questions in two national cross‐sectional surveys of representatives samples of the general population in Canada, with total Ns of 11 634 (1989) and 12 155 (1994). Views on the following topics are analysed: taxation of alcoholic beverages, the legal drinking age, beer and liquor store hours, government advertising against drinking, efforts to prevent drunken patrons from being served, adding warning labels on alcoholic beverage containers, selling alcohol in convenience (corner) stores, alcohol and drug education and treatment programs. Public support for current and potential alcohol policies is compared to actual changes in alcohol policy at the national level and to gradual or dramatic increases in access to alcohol in provincial contexts. Personal views on policies are placed into context by examining associations among support for policies, respondents' demographic characteristics and their drinking volumes and patterns. A decline in support for further or enhanced policy interventions is evident, although support remains high for several measures. In some instances public responses seemed to be a reaction to increased access, in others a confirmation of greater availability.
1956 and the PSI: The end of ‘ten winters’
Authors: Favretto Ilaria 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe focus of this article is the revisionist course which the Italian Socialist Party embarked upon after 1956 and which led up to the first Centre-Left government. The article challenges two quite well established views. One view is that the transformation experienced by the PSI during the 1956-64 period was simply tactically expedient and devoid of any substance and consistency. This article argues, by contrast, that these years represented, in Alessandro Pizzorno's words, a veritable ‘Copernican revolution’. This period of revisionism was as important as the better-known revisionisms elaborated during the same period by other European Socialist parties such as the German SPD or British Labour. The second main argument is that ‘structural reformism’, the new strategy adopted by the PSI after 1956, was not, as it has often been described, an expression of ‘duplicity’ owing to the party's incapacity to behave like a genuinely reformist party - a phenomenon that has allegedly long characterized parties of the Left. Instead, the strategy was reflected in the changes to European socialism during the early 1960s. In particular, this period marked a contrast to the previous years which were characterized by the dominance of ideas of ‘redistributive’ socialism, à la Anthony Crosland. This period marked also a shift among Socialist parties towards the acceptance of greater state controls over the economy by way of public planning and ownership.
Ferritin Oxidation in Vitro: Implication of Iron Release and Degradation by the 20S Proteasome
Authors: Rudeck M. , Volk T. , Sitte N. , Grune T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFerritin, the major iron storage protein in mammalian cells, was treated with various concentrations of different oxidants: xanthine/xanthine oxidase, Sin‐1 (3‐morpholinosydnonimine, purchased from Alexis, Grunberg, Germany), DEA‐NO (Diethylamine NONOate, purchased from Calblochem‐Novabiochem, Schwalbach, Germany), and hydrogen peroxide. The proteolytic susceptibility towards the isolated 20S proteasome of untreated ferritin and oxidized ferritin was measured in parallel with the iron liberated by these oxidants. With increasing hydrogen peroxide, Sin‐1, and xanthine oxidase concentrations, the measured proteasomal degradation of ferritin also increased. At higher oxidant concentrations, however, the proteolytic susceptibility began to decrease. The oxidation of ferritin by DEA‐NO was accompanied by a lesser increase of proteolytic susceptibility in comparison with the effects of the other oxidants. Addition of DEA‐NO to Sin‐1 suppressed the increase in proteolytic susceptibility of ferritin, whereas adding xanthine/xanthine oxidase had no additional effect. Iron was liberated readily from ferritin as a result of the oxidation process, although the increase in proteolytic susceptibility was not always correlated to the iron release. In fact, the degradation of oxidatively damaged ferritin was not accompanied by a further increase of free iron. Therefore, we conclude that the proteasome is a secondary antioxidative defense system that degrades only nonfunctional ferritin.
The deconstructed journal — a new model for academic publishing
Authors: Smith John W T 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe limitations of existing proposed and operational publishing models intended to replace the academic journal are briefly reviewed. Three ‘insights’ are described, the first is into the ‘means/end’ confusion of much current net‐based publishing activity, the second is that it is the purpose, not the form, that is the important aspect of the traditional academic journal model, and the third is that satisfactory net‐based publishing models need not contain a central publisher. From this new viewpoint is developed the Deconstructed Journal (DJ) model which it is suggested is a better model for network based academic publishing. It also solves some of the problems of the current model. Although the main focus of the DJ model is the replacement of the STM journal it has implications for all areas of academic journal publishing.
Molecular isolation and expression analysis of hemocyanin isoform 2 of Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Srisuk Chutima , Choolert Chanitcha , Bendena William G. , Longyant Siwaporn , Sithigorngul Paisarn , Chaivisuthangkura Parin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Objective
Hemocyanin is a copper-bearing protein in the hemolymph of many arthropods and mollusks and functions as an oxygen transport and important nonspecific immune protein.

Methods
In this study, complementary DNA of hemocyanin isoform 2 of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (MrHc2) was isolated by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and mRNA expression was characterized to elucidate molecular basis of its function.

Result
With a molecular mass of 77.3 kDa, MrHc2 contained three domains: hemocyanin-all-alpha, hemocyanin-copper-containing, and hemocyanin-immunoglobulin-like domains. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that MrHc2 belongs to the γ-type subunit and is closely related to hemocyanin subunit 1 of the palaemonid shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense. In addition, MrHc2 resided in a different clade relative to hemocyanin (MrHc) of M. rosenbergii (α-type subunit) and in a different subclade relative to the hemocyanin proteins of penaeid shrimp. The messenger RNA transcript of MrHc2 was highly expressed in the hepatopancreas and weakly expressed in the gills, intestine, stomach, muscle, and hemocytes. Upon challenge with M. rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV), the expression of MrHc2 was 1.96-, 2.93-, and 1.96-fold on days 3, 4, and 5, respectively, and then gradually declined to basal levels on day 7.

Conclusion
This study suggests that MrHc2 plays an important role in the innate immune response of M. rosenbergii to MrNV.
Semiconductor Halogenation in Molecular Highly‐Oriented Layered p–n (n–p) Junctions
Authors: Cojocariu Iulia , Jugovac Matteo , Sarwar Sidra , Rawson Jeff , Sanz Sergio , Kögerler Paul , Feyer Vitaliy , Schneider Claus Michael 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOrganic p–n junctions attract widespread interest in the field of molecular electronics because of their unique optoelectronic singularities. Importantly, the molecular donor/acceptor character is strongly correlated to the degree of substitution, e.g., the introduction of electron‐withdrawing groups. Herein, by gradually increasing the degree of peripheral fluorination on planar, D4h−symmetric iron(II) phthalocyanato (FePc) complexes, the energy level alignment and molecular order is defined in a metal‐supported bilayered Pc‐based junction using photoemission orbital tomography. This non‐destructive method selectively allows identifying molecular levels of the hetero‐architectures. It demonstrates that, while the symmetric fluorination of FePc does not disrupt the long‐range order and degree of metal‐to‐molecule charge transfer in the first molecular layer, it strongly impacts the energy alignment in both the interface and topmost layer in the bilayered structures. The p–n junction formed in the bilayer of perhydrogenated FePc and perfluorinated FeF16Pc may serve as an ideal model for understanding the basic charge‐transport phenomena at the metal‐supported organic–organic interfaces, with possible application in photovoltaic devices.
Highly Stable and End‐group Tuneable Metal–Organic Framework/Polymer Composite for Superior Triboelectric Nanogenerator Application
Authors: More Yogeshwar D. , Saurabh Satyam , Mollick Samraj , Singh Sachin Kumar , Dutta Subhajit , Fajal Sahel , Prathamshetti Anil , Shirolkar Mandar M. , Panchal Suresh , Wable Minal , Ogale Satishchandra , Ghosh Sujit K. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are receiving significant attention lately as efficient mechanical energy harvesting devices. They are finding multiple uses in numerous low‐power applications. Current TENG designs, although innovative, fall short on practical demands like performance tunability, modulatory, and stability. This invites further research in the use of new materials for TENGs. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) offer a unique feature of molecular tunability to optimize energy conversion which has been exploited in this study. Prototypal hybridization strategy is deployed on underexplored isoreticular subfamily UiO‐66(Zr) MOFs through UiO‐66‐X/PVDF (X = H or Br) composites for TENG output tuning and amplification. UiO‐66‐X/PVDF exhibits good aquatic and thermal stability accompanying substantial boost in TENG power. Functionalized H2BDC linker improved surface roughness and potential. UiO‐66‐Br encased in PVDF matrix boosted charge and TENG performance by enhancing electrification. Computational details support observations. Device captures waste energy in a vertical contact‐separation mode and functions consistently amidst diverse environmental settings. Functionalized TENG‐2 delivers a Vp–p of 110.41 V, which is 2.92 times and 14.12 times higher than unfunctionalized TENG‐1 and PVDF film, respectively. Findings reveal maiden example of ligand‐mediated functional group‐driven performance tuning of TENG and mechanistic insight using isoreticular MOFs/PVDF composites.
Thermally Induced Mechanical Switching of the Second‐Harmonic Generation in pNIPAM Hydrogels‐Linked Resonant Au and Si Nanoparticles
Authors: Gerasimova Elena N. , Yaroshenko Vitaly V. , Mikhailova Lidia V. , Dolgintsev Dmitry M. , Timin Alexander S. , Zyuzin Mikhail V. , Zuev Dmitry A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNanostructures enabling light manipulation in response to external stimuli offer unprecedented opportunities for efficient control over optomechanical systems at the nanoscale. The integration of stimuli‐responsive materials in such systems is an important milestone in the creation of miniaturized and smart nano‐ and micromechanical systems. In this article, a thermally sensitive mechanically driven platform based on pNIPAM microspheres modified with high refractive index dielectric silicon (Si) and plasmonic gold (Au) nanoparticles is presented to probe the temperature‐dependent reversible mechanical transformations through the second‐harmonic generation signal switching. The second‐harmonic generation process is investigated theoretically and experimentally depending on the applied temperature and pNIPAM phase. It is found that the change of the interparticle distance in the system during the phase transition provokes generation of optically induced static electric field probed by the second‐harmonic generation signal. The obtained results can become the foundation in the creation of nanophotonic devices based on thermo‐sensitive polymers, as they combine reversible tuning of optical signals with the opportunity of local probing of mechanical changes.
Unraveling the Atomic‐Level Manipulation Mechanism of Li2S Redox Kinetics via Electron‐Donor Doping for Designing High‐Volumetric‐Energy‐Density, Lean‐Electrolyte Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Shan Jiongwei , Wang Wei , Zhang Bing , Wang Xinying , Zhou Weiliang , Yue Liguo , Li Yunyong 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDesigning dense thick sulfur cathodes to gain high‐volumetric/areal‐capacity lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) in lean electrolytes is extremely desired. Nevertheless, the severe Li2S clogging and unclear mechanism seriously hinder its development. Herein, an integrated strategy is developed to manipulate Li2S redox kinetics of CoP/MXene catalyst via electron‐donor Cu doping. Meanwhile a dense S/Cu0.1Co0.9P/MXene cathode (density = 1.95 g cm−3) is constructed, which presents a large volumetric capacity of 1664 Ah L−1 (routine electrolyte) and a high areal capacity of ≈8.3 mAh cm−2 (lean electrolyte of 5.0 µL mgs−1) at 0.1 C. Systematical thermodynamics, kinetics, and theoretical simulation confirm that electron‐donor Cu doping induces the charge accumulation of Co atoms to form more chemical bonding with polysulfides, whereas weakens CoS bonding energy and generates abundant lattice vacancies and active sites to facilitate the diffusion and catalysis of polysulfides/Li2S on electrocatalyst surface, thereby decreasing the diffusion energy barrier and activation energy of Li2S nucleation and dissolution, boosting Li2S redox kinetics, and inhibiting shuttling in the dense thick sulfur cathode. This work deeply understands the atomic‐level manipulation mechanism of Li2S redox kinetics and provides dependable principles for designing high‐volumetric‐energy‐density, lean‐electrolyte LSBs through integrating bidirectional electro‐catalysts with manipulated Li2S redox and dense‐sulfur engineering.