bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remediating Oilfield Deposition from the Laboratory Bench to the Field – Development of a Multifunctional Product
Authors: Ferrer Ana , Bennett Brian 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In oil and gas production iron sulfide and/or inorganic scales can be problematic and can result in loss of production due to issues such as plugging, corrosion, flow restriction and emulsions. Efficient ways to handle the oil wet solids is a challenge. Scale inhibitors, THPS (Tetrakishydroxymethylphosphonium sulfate) or acids have historically been used for remediation purposes, but either they were found to be ineffective, or can lead to a variety of additional problems such as corrosivity or hydrogen sulfide generation upon use. The focus of this paper is on the laboratory development of a series of products that act as cleaners, corrosion inhibitors, iron sulfide dissolvers and scale inhibitors. The field deployment of one of these products is also summarized herein.
Modelling Potential Geological CO2 Storage Combined with CO2-Plume Geothermal CPG Energy Extraction in Switzerland
Authors: Hau Kevin P. , Games Federico , Lathion Rodolphe , Saar Martin O. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFor many CO2-emitting industrial sectors, such as the cement and chemical industry, Carbon, Capture and Storage (CCS) will be necessary to reach any set climate target. CCS on its own is a very cost-intensive technology. Instead of considering CO2 as a waste to be disposed of, we propose to consider CO2 as a resource. The utilisation of CO2 in so-called CO2 Plume Geothermal (CPG) systems generates revenue by extracting geothermal energy, while permanently storing CO2 in the geological subsurface.To the best of our knowledge, this pioneer investigation is the first CCUS simulation feasibility study in Switzerland. Among others, we investigated the concept of injecting and circulating CO2 for geothermal power generation purposes from potential CO2 storage formations (saline reservoirs) in the Western part of the Swiss Molasse Basin ("Muschelkalk" and "Buntsandstein" formation).Old 2D-seismic data indicates a potential anticline structure in proximity of the Eclépens heat anomaly. Essentially, this conceptual study helps assessing it's potential CO2 storage capacity range and will be beneficial for future economical assessments. The interpretation of the intersected 2D seismic profiles reveals an apparent anticline structure that was integrated on a geological model with a footprint of 4.35 × 4.05 km2.For studying the dynamic reservoir behaviour during the CO2 circulation, we considered: (1) the petrophysical rock properties uncertainty range, (2) the injection and physics of a two-phase (CO2 and brine) fluid system, including the relative permeability characterisation, fluid model composition, the residual and solubility CO2 trapping, and (3) the thermophysical properties of resident-formation brine and the injected CO2 gas.Our study represents a first-order estimation of the expected CO2 storage capacity range at a possible anticline structure in two potential Triassic reservoir formations in the Western part of the Swiss Molasse Basin. Additionally, we assessed the effect of different well locations on CO2 injection operations.Our currently still-ongoing study will investigate production rates and resulting well flow regimes in a conceptual CO2 production well for geothermal energy production in the future. Nonetheless, our preliminary results indicate that, under ideal conditions, both reservoirs combined can store more than 8 Mt of CO2 over multiple decades of CCUS operation. From our results, we can clearly identify limiting factors on the overall storage capacity, such as for example the reservoir fluid pressure distribution and well operation constraints.
Enhancing Biocide Effectiveness for Better Efficacy Towards Sessile Bacteria in Mitigating Microbiological Induced Corrosion MIC
Authors: Rahman Hasrizal Abd , Norizam Nik Nor Azrizam Nik , Nor Azmi Mohammed 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Microbiologically-induced corrosion (MIC) is an ubiquitous problem in the oil and gas industry. According to NACE, it constitutes 20 percent of the total corrosion cost. PETRONAS itself has to spend RM7.5 million annually to mitigate MIC. This is because if not properly mitigated, MIC could undermine the integrity of the assets, thus posing risks to the operation. One way of mitigating MIC is through the injection of biocide. However, a current commercially available biocide used to control MIC is more effective towards planktonic bacteria; it may take a much higher dosage to be effective on sessile bacteria as they thrive under biofilms that provide nutrients and protection. Realizing this shortcoming, PETRONAS has developed an additive that would improve the efficacy of the biocide by undermining the biofilms. Field testing on two crude oil pipelines has indicated that the addition of the additives allows the biocide to work at 30 percent lower dosage as effectively as the currently recommended dosage in achieving the target bacteria population. This will translate into a considerable saving to PETRONAS, particularly when the price of the biocide has almost doubled.
Thermal and Rheological Study on Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Polymers for Water Shutoff Application
Authors: Alhamad Luai , Altaq Ali , Alrustum Abdullah , Aldarweesh Sajjad 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Hydrogel polymers have gained an increase in demand as plugging material in water control and loss circulation applications due to their effective expansion properties. The increased demand can be explained by the fact that this technology does not require high investment in chemicals and equipment. Hydrogel is a polyacrylamide polymer which are effective in plugging due to the presence of carboxylate groups that enables crosslinking. Though, thermal and mechanical properties of polyacrylamide polymers are subjected to syneresis, precipitation, and breakage at field conditions and interaction. Thereby, this study focuses on developing an understanding of hydrogel polymer behavior when subjected to different conditions.
In this study, an extensive laboratory work was conducted to explore potential intrusion of cations in formation water with carboxylate groups in polymer structures. 100 ml of brines of KCl, NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 at concentrations of 1, 2.5 and 5.5 wt% were used to investigate a subjected polyacrylamide hydrogel polymer swelling with time. Rheological measurements were conducted between 60 and 90°C after hydrolysis of the polyacrylamide polymers. A complete simulation of water shut off treatment was conducted using a linear-based core flooding system that enables studying rock/gel interaction. Different fracture shapes were also made inside tested carbonate core plugs to test subjected hydrogel polymer in reducing infinite permeability.
The results showed that the positive charges of cations in formation water reduced polymers swelling fraction significantly. One gram of the polymer absorbed 100 ml of deionized water in 30 minutes while 54 ml was absorbed from a 1 wt% KCl brine in 90 minutes. This negative effect was more significant when divalent ions existed in solution as only 20 ml of the 1 wt% CaCl2 brine was absorbed in 90 minutes by 1 gram of the polymer comparing to 54 ml from the 1 wt% KCl brine. Rheological tests showed that pH manipulation can be used to facilitate polymer pumping where solution viscosity at pH of 1 was 16 cP and at pH of 7 was 575 cP at 60°C. The simulation model showed that pumping hydrogel polymer at low pH reflected a low pumping pressure. However, once the polymer was in contact with carbonate rock, solution's pH raised and hydrogel polymers enlarged significantly and plugged the created fracture along with surrounded matrix permeability which reduced the overall core permeability by more than 95%.
Successful placement and implementation of water shut off treatment can be achieved by promoting the functional properties of hydrogel polymers. Therefore, optimization of polyacrylamide hydrogel polymers can be achieved by understanding how surrounded conditions can be altered and manipulated.
Exploring the Feasibility of Geological Storage of Hydrogen in Indian Porous Media: Challenges, Opportunities and the Way Ahead
Authors: Joshi Shruti , Chaturvedi Krishna Raghav 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
While hydrogen (H2) continues to attract major attention by Indian policymakers and energy analysts as a future sustainable low-carbon energy source that holds immense potential for decarbonizing power, mobility and industrial sectors, inadequate attention has been paid to address the non-uniformity in H2 supply and power demand cycles. This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of long term storage of hydrogen in porous media to address this non-uniformity. Current research indicates that renewables like solar and wind can be utilized to generate H2 which can then be used to fuel our industrial growth. However, renewables, by their very fundamental nature, are prone to fluctuations in energy generation and may not adequately ensure energy availability at all hours of the day or all seasons of the year. This is even more challenging for a country like India where access to energy must be cheap, sustainable and reliable. For this, ongoing research has focused on generating H2 during the peak intervals (when renewables operate at peak efficiency) and storing it for use during the lean hours (when renewable energy generation capacity is down). The large scale storage of H2 can be accomplished in porous geological media (subsurface H2 storage. SHS), primarily in saline aquifers and oilfields which have been depleted. This would enable planners to balance seasonal discrepancies between energy demand and supply. However, the various processes behind SHS remain poorly understood. Thus, in this study, the various challenges associated with SHS such as inferior front formation, H2 mobility control, maximum storage depth, maximum storability depth, microbial corrosion and permeability changes have been identified and solutions to them have been proposed. Also, to mitigate these challenges, a list of Indian reservoirs have been identified and proposed for SHS. A future course of action has been drawn for Indian policymakers to suitably promote SHS shortly, enabling its large-scale safe and efficient deployment on a nation-wide scale. The paper adds value to the wider scientific community by introducing the relatively new and less well understood concept of subsurface hydrogen storage. It is expected that the information presented in this study will enable faster assimilation and adoption of cleaner hydrogen fuel source while allowing the hydrocarbon industry to leverage their expertise in the coming future.
Analysis of the Effect of Geomechanical Stress on the Acoustic Response of Anisotropic Rocks
Authors: Zharnikov Timur , Ponomarenko Roman , Nikitin Anatoly , Ayadiuno Chris 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the analysis of borehole acoustic logging response in anisotropic rocks under geomechanical stress. Several effects, which are relevant to the interpretation of sonic logs, are observed and discussed. First, it is shown that the crossover of flexural modes dispersion curves in stress-induced anisotropic formation do not necessarily occur. Second, it is demonstrated that the effects of the difference in orientation of principal stress and anisotropy axes directions, stress magnitudes, and degree of anisotropy on the flexural dispersions can compensate each other at least partially. Finally, the examples of measurable stress effects on the dispersion curves in anisotropic formations are presented. The implication of these observations for the formation stress evaluation from sonic logs in the case of anisotropic formation is that the stress estimation from sonic logs should focus not only on stress magnitudes, but also take into account formation anisotropy and stress orientation with respect to the borehole and anisotropy axes.
Got Water? An RPM Solution
Authors: Naima Spurr , Kimberly Lant , Akshaya Singh , Billy Grey 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Water management in oil production is an increasingly burdensome issue for operators. As fields mature and begin to water out, effective treatments are needed to remain profitable. A new, more effective relative permeability modifier (RPM) is a remedy for water with positive effect on oil.
The application is intended for sandstone reservoirs and can be used as a standalone treatment or in conjunction with an acid stimulation treatment. The application is a strong, long-term solution for water management at the near wellbore.
Laboratory and field measurements are presented to show the effect of the RPM on sandstone for effect on water and oil. Laboratory analysis was conducted using core flow to measure regain permeability in low to high permeability Berea sandstone at temperatures of 150°F to 250°F (65.5°C 121°C). Field measurements include comparison of production of pre- and post-treatment of mature, high permeability sandstone formations with heavy oil reserves. Treatment zones were 25-30 feet with bottom hole static temperatures of 150-200°F and deployed with coiled tubing.
Laboratory testing regain permeability showed that RPM treatment across the range of permeabilities could reduce water by more than 80% while regain permeability to oil is maintain a more than 90%.
Field applications showed the initial treatment yielded a 700barrel (bbl) reduction in water while doubling oil production. As the wells stabilized, some of the initial momentum was slowed but showed stabilization of an increased oil production, lower water production and lowered BS&W.
Improved Sand Fill Cleanout Utilizing an Integrated Vacuuming System and Real-Time Monitoring in Horizontal Extended Reach Wells
Authors: Almajid Hussain , Shawly Alaa , Ahmed Usman 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A variety of cleanout methods have been developed in the past to remove scale and sand fill accumulation from the wellbore section to restore well potential. The success rate for such operation is impacted by multiple factors, such as fluid properties, limited annular velocities, particle size, reservoir pressure and wellbore diameter. In addition, this process commonly involves applying excess hydrostatic pressure on the formation to circulate wellbore fluids which can result in lost circulation and formation damage.
This paper aims to share the technical details along with the field results for a novel vacuuming system with integrated real-time data, which can be operated in three different modes to remove both undesirable liquids and solids. The process involves pumping a low cost cleanout fluid down the internal string through a jet pump and venturi nozzle assembly. A localized pressure drawdown is created at the bottomhole assembly (BHA), drawing wellbore liquids and solids into the return flow, and the entrained flow is returned up the outer coiled tubing string to surface.
Several cleanout jobs have been successfully performed in the field using this technique. The use of empirical correlations that have been developed and incorporated into an existing proprietary solids transport computer algorithm which played a vital role in the optimization of the hole cleaning process. Post job results will be discussed in this paper including fill diagnostic process, assessment of cleanout method, job design, selection of fluids, CT bottomhole assembly tools, job execution, field experience and post-cleanout performance evaluation.
This paper will describe a reliable alternative combining an integrated vacuuming system and real-time monitoring that can effectively remove scale and sand fill accumulation caused by excessive sand production and fines migration in large wellbore diameter where annular fluid velocity and lifting efficiency is a major challenge. The novelty of this approach is its ability to create a wellbore vacuuming system that can provide efficient lifting capabilities while eliminating the need for high cost fluids and large quantities of N2 in deep horizontal extended reach wells. Recommendations and lesson learned from several field cases are also shared to further improve the cleanout process.
Wear Failure Mechanism and Main Influencing Factors of All-Metal Progressing Cavity Pump AMPCP
Authors: Gang Cao , Jianing Zhang , He Liu , Chuang Liu , Yang Gao , Siwei Meng , Jian Su 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
All metal progressing cavity pump(AMPCP) has excellent high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance and shows good adaptability in heavy oil production. With the development of pump processing techniques and manufacturing, the performance and reliability of AMPCP have been improved rapidly. However, the wear failure issue of the AMPCP s still considerably severe, leading to high total-life-cycle cost and limiting the commercial application of the products. This paper discussed the mechanism of the wear behavior of AMPCP through numerical simulation and experimental analysis. The main influencing factors of AMPCP wear failure are analyzed as well, which plays an essential guiding role in the pump optimization design.
This paper presents the numerical simulation of the wear behavior of AMPCP under different clearances, structural parameters, and operating speeds and discusses the influence of these parameters on the friction torque and wear behavior. Studies show a series of valuable results: 1) The clearance value between rotor and stator has the most significant impact on the amount of wear. With the change of the pump clearance, the change in the contact area and the amount of wear between the stator and the rotor performs a nonlinear relationship. 2) Although eccentricity changes the inertia effect caused by the eccentric movement of the rotor to a certain extent, it has little effect on the overall friction and wear. 3) The amount of wear and the rate of wear are linearly related to the speed, i.e. the higher the speed, the faster the wear increases. However, there is little difference in the amount of wear at different speeds for high viscosity lifted fluids.
In this paper, the wear analysis model of AMPCP is established for the first time. The evolution of the wear bands between the stator and rotor of the AMPCP is demonstrated by a three-dimensional explicit dynamic model, and the influence of different factors on the wear of AMPCP is discussed in detail.
This paper has laid a necessary theoretical foundation for the optimization design of AMPCP. It also applies essential guidance for further improving the operating performance of AMPCP.
Developing an Integrated Solution to Remove and Inhibit Asphaltene Deposits Through a Laboratory and Field Proven Approach
Authors: Almajid Hussain , Shawly Alaa , Al-Qasim Abdullah 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Asphaltene deposits are considered one of the most common issues facing oil fields with low particle stability that can result in loss of well potential, jeopardize wellbore accessibility and cause premature electrical submersible pump (ESP) failures. Traditionally, these deposits are treated with hydrocarbon based solvents, which have low flashpoints, making them hazardous and expensive. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive solution to effectively remove asphaltene and sand fill accumulation that forms in the near wellbore region. This paper will also provide a computational analysis to accurately predict asphaltene precipitation during the production phase for optimized inhibition process.
A laboratory approach was implemented to test the effectiveness of different water based solvent types, including aromatic, aliphatic and heteroatom instead of the commonly used hydrocarbon solvents such as xylene to dissolve asphaltene samples collected from the field and placed under anaerobic conditions. A thorough evaluation of fundamental asphaltene properties, including saturates, aromatics, resins and onset pressure, is incorporated into a computational model to understand and accurately predict asphaltene precipitation behavior.
The newly developed system offers significant advantages compared to the traditional system in terms of treatment effectiveness, deployment cost and health, safety, and environment (HSE) due to its relatively high flashpoint. The new system utilizes a water based solvent that leaves the formation in a water wet state instead of oil wet, thus creating a barrier layer that will delay asphaltene accumulation and reduce treatment frequency. Field implementation and post-job results utilizing this newly developed water based aromatic solvent will be discussed, including treatment effectiveness to dissolve downhole asphaltene accumulations. Asphaltene inhibition programs have been implemented based on the results acquired from this model and frequent inspection conducted showed no asphaltene deposition over extended production periods.
This paper provides a laboratory proven and field tested water based aromatic solvent that is effective in dissolving asphaltene accumulations resulting in improved well potential while reducing the frequency of required treatments thus maximizing productivity. This system is unique as it provides a high flashpoint water/solvent mixture with solvency power often greater than xylene with the additional benefit of leaving the formation strongly water-wet. The developed computational model helped to reduce the treatment frequency resulting in reduced expenses and sustained production.
Opportunities and Challenges of Steam Generation Using Renewable Energy for Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications: Concepts Overview
Authors: Al Siyabi Idris , Al Shukaili Aiman , Al Ajmi Mustafa , Mujaini Rahima , Al Amri Moosa , Al Ghufaili Ali , Al Harrasi Marwa , Al Ma'Mari Bader 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Steam generation for the Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) using steam injection is considered as one of critical production process in heavy oil industry. It requires a massive amount of thermal energy to generate one ton of steam. The conventional steam generation processes use natural gas as fuel where high amount of emissions is released to ambient. The recent cost reductions of the energy generated by the renewable energy attracts organizations to adopt it. Different technologies such as PV, CSP, electric heaters and thermal energy storage can be integrated to generate steam using the renewable resources of solar and wind. The study explores the different potential of adopting such technologies and the challenges associated with them where the mismatch between the supply and the demand of energy is the main challenge and could be mitigated through storage solutions and the consideration of hybrid system with the conventional steam generation.