bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency Stress, Hardiness, Coping Strategies and Burnout in Health Care and Emergency Response Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Vagni Monia , Maiorano Tiziana , Giostra Valeria , Pajardi Daniela , Bartone Paul 
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveStress is a growing problem in the general population, but most especially for workers responding to the COVID-19 crisis. The present study examines stress and Burnout in Health Care workers and Emergency Responders during the third COVID wave in Italy. In addition, we explore the value of psychological Hardiness and positive coping strategies as protective factors against the ill-effects of stress.MethodsOver a 5-month period in 2021, surveys were administered across all Italian regions to several groups including Health Care workers (N = 220), Emergency Responders (firefighters, civil protection, ambulance personnel; N = 121), volunteer Italian Red Cross workers (N = 328), and a comparison group (N = 400) drawn from the General Population of Italy.ResultsResults showed that among the groups, Health Care workers had the highest levels of Emergency Stress, while the Red Cross volunteers had relatively lower stress levels. Hardiness and positive coping levels were highest among Red Cross workers, and lowest in the General Population sample. The biggest impact on Burnout was seen among health care workers, especially on Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization. Multiple regression results showed that Hardiness operates as a moderator of the effects of Emergency Stress on Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization aspects of Burnout, while problem focused coping and Stopping Negative Thoughts-Emotions also showed moderating effects.ConclusionThese results suggest that Health Care workers and Emergency Responders would benefit from additional training in hardiness and positive coping skills.
A Model Guided Approach to Evoke Homogeneous Behavior During Temporal Reward and Loss Discounting
Authors: Thome Janine , Pinger Mathieu , Halli Patrick , Durstewitz Daniel , Sommer Wolfgang H. , Kirsch Peter , Koppe Georgia 
Published: June 2022

BackgroundThe tendency to devaluate future options as a function of time, known as delay discounting, is associated with various factors such as psychiatric illness and personality. Under identical experimental conditions, individuals may therefore strongly differ in the degree to which they discount future options. In delay discounting tasks, this inter-individual variability inevitably results in an unequal number of discounted trials per subject, generating difficulties in linking delay discounting to psychophysiological and neural correlates. Many studies have therefore focused on assessing delay discounting adaptively. Here, we extend these approaches by developing an adaptive paradigm which aims at inducing more comparable and homogeneous discounting frequencies across participants on a dimensional scale.MethodThe proposed approach probabilistically links a (common) discounting function to behavior to obtain a probabilistic model, and then exploits the model to obtain a formal condition which defines how to construe experimental trials so as to induce any desired discounting probability. We first infer subject-level models on behavior on a non-adaptive delay discounting task and then use these models to generate adaptive trials designed to evoke graded relative discounting frequencies of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 in each participant. We further compare and evaluate common models in the field through out-of-sample prediction error estimates, to iteratively improve the trial-generating model and paradigm.ResultsThe developed paradigm successfully increases discounting behavior during both reward and loss discounting. Moreover, it evokes graded relative choice frequencies in line with model-based expectations (i.e., 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7) suggesting that we can successfully homogenize behavior. Our model comparison analyses indicate that hyperboloid models are superior in predicting unseen discounting behavior to more conventional hyperbolic and exponential models. We report out-of-sample error estimates as well as commonalities and differences between reward and loss discounting, demonstrating for instance lower discounting rates, as well as differences in delay perception in loss discounting.ConclusionThe present work proposes a model-based framework to evoke graded responses linked to cognitive function at a single subject level. Such a framework may be used in the future to measure cognitive functions on a dimensional rather than dichotomous scale.
Lifetime Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among African Americans and Black Caribbeans by Sex and Ethnicity
Authors: Gran-Ruaz Sophia Maria , Taylor Robert Joseph , Jacob Grace , Williams Monnica T. 
Published: June 2022

ObjectivePosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disorder requiring timely diagnosis and treatment, with special attention needed for Black populations in the U.S. Yet, stakeholders often fail to recognize Black communities' heterogeneous ethnic composition, thus not allowing diverse sociocultural realities to inform PTSD interventions. This study aims to characterize sex and ethnic differences in lifetime trauma exposure, lifetime PTSD diagnosis and symptoms, and help-seeking among the African Americans and Black Caribbeans in the U.S.MethodThis study relied on data from the National Survey of American Life 2001–2003 (NSAL) to investigate the lifetime exposure to traumatic events and prevalence of a clinical PTSD diagnosis based on the DSM-IV among African American (n= 3,570) and Black Caribbean (n= 1,623) adults. 44.5% of respondents were men and 55.5% were women. Logistic regression was utilized to investigate the impact of traumatic events on PTSD.ResultsSeveral ethnic and sex differences in exposure to potentially traumatic events were identified. African American respondents were more likely to experience spousal abuse and toxin exposure than their Black Caribbean counterparts. Black Caribbeans reported higher lifetime exposure to muggings, natural disasters, harsh parental discipline, being a civilian living in terror and/or being a refugee than African American respondents. Specific to sex, Black men reported more events of combat, a peacekeeper/relief worker, being mugged, toxin exposure, seeing atrocities, and/or injuring someone. Black women were more likely to have been rape/sexual assault and/or intimate partner violence victims. The assaultive violence trauma type was most predictive of lifetime PTSD diagnosis among Black Americans. African American women were more likely to report PTSD symptoms than men, with almost no significant differences in Black Caribbean men and women. Approximately half of Black Americans sought help for their worst traumatic event, commonly engaging family/friends, psychiatrists, and mental health professionals. Further, there were almost no ethnic and sex differences related to professional and non-professional help sought.ConclusionFuture PTSD-related research should aim to characterize the heterogenous experiences of potentially traumatic events within different Black communities. Clinicians working with Black clients should strive to understand the limitations within their tools/interventions in meeting the needs of diverse groups.
Feasibility of Online High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Psychological Symptoms in Students in Lockdown During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Philippot Arnaud , Moulin Pauline , Charon Marie-Hélène , Balestra Costantino , Dubois Vincent , de Timary Philippe , De Volder Anne , Bleyenheuft Yannick , Lambrechts Kate 
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the feasibility of an online High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) program on clinical psychological symptoms in higher education students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.Materials and MethodsDuring the lockdown, 30 students aged 18–25 years, who had been screened previously with a cut-off score ≥5 in the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire, were randomly assigned to either the 4-week HIIT program with three sessions per week conducted through online videos, or a no-intervention control group. The primary outcome was the feasibility assessment. The secondary outcome was a psychological self-report with the 21-items Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Assessment and intervention were performed in compliance with social distancing rules.ResultsTwo participants in the HIIT were lost to follow-up, leaving 13 participants vs. 15 in the control group. We observed high adherence (87%) and complete safety for mental and physical status with the HIIT intervention delivered by online videos. The Mann-Whitney test demonstrated a significant (group × time, P-Value = 0.046) reduction of clinical stress symptoms and a trend (group × time, P-Value = 0.08) toward reduction of clinical depression symptoms, both favoring the HIIT group. No significant (group × time, P-Value = 0.118) interaction was found for anxiety symptoms.ConclusionThe online HIIT program was found to be feasible and safe in a clinical sample of young adults, who were experiencing social and physical restrictions due to COVID-19. HIIT reduced stress and depressive symptoms and thus these preliminary results show promise for broader application among higher education students during the present lockdown necessitated by the global COVID-19 health crisis.
China's Fight Against COVID-19: What We Have Done and What We Should Do Next?
Authors: Cheng Sixiang , Zhao Yuxin , Kaminga Atipatsa Chiwanda , Zhang Xinping , Xu Huilan 
Published: June 2022

BackgroundChinese government conducted unprecedented massive public health prevention interventions at the national level, which have effectively contained the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections. Specifically, the outbreak in Wuhan has been effectively controlled. Meanwhile, the Chinese efforts to contain the virus have been widely recognized. Even the World Health Organization has praised the efforts of the Chinese government and advised other countries to learn from China's experience in the fight against COVID-19. However, the measures that have been conducted by China to effectively prevent the spread of COVID 19 in the country have not been rigorously analyzed. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the characteristics of China's control and prevention strategies, and identify the elements that changed the epidemiological curve of rapidly rising new confirmed cases of COVID-19.MethodsPublic health intervention measures and their effects on the spread of COVID-19 in terms of daily newly confirmed and cumulative cases were collected between January 20, 2020, and March 5. Notices of the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism for COVID-19 of the State Council on Implementing Measures in Hubei were collected. Information obtained by relevant important documents and announcements was collected from the official website of the Chinese government. Additionally, from other media platforms, news, articles, and reviews were used to explain the intervention measure. Thus, using these data, we performed a retrospective description of the intervention strategies at three stages.ResultsThe Chinese government adopted non-pharmacological interventions measures (NPIs) timely and efficiently. On February 20, the declining epidemic trend in China indicated that the three strictest disease prevention and control strategies issued by the Hubei Government had contributed to a smooth decline in the spread of the epidemic.ConclusionsThe NPIs taken by China play a decisive role to control the spread of novel coronavirus outbreaks. Further research and action are needed to ensure a sufficiently sensitive surveillance system and strong response mechanism, including the establishment of a highly accessible laboratory network, maintenance of awareness of both primary healthcare providers and the public, and regular training and exercise of local Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and general practitioners in the community-level.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Vaccination Strategies to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of the Hepatitis B Virus Using a Markov Model Decision Tree
Authors: Yang Nan , Lei Lei , Meng Yiyu , Zhou Naitong , Shi Lizheng , Hu Ming 
Published: June 2022

ObjectivesCurrently, in China, several strategies exist to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). These include providing Hepatitis B vaccination and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) injection with different types of administration and dosages. The aim of this study is threefold: first, to evaluate the economic viability of current hepatitis B vaccination strategies for preventing MTCT from a public health policy perspective; second, to optimize the current immunization strategy for preventing perinatal transmission of the HBV; and third, to offer policy options to the National Health Commission in China.MethodsTo simulate the disease outcome for the entire life of newborns infected with HBV, a Markov model with eight possible health states was built by using TreeAge Pro 2011 software. In the present study, the model parameters were probability and cost, which were extracted from literature and calculated using Microsoft Excel 2013. The optimal immunization strategies were identified through cost-benefit analyses. A benefit-cost ratio (BCR) &gt; 1 indicated that the strategy had positive benefits and vice versa. A one-way sensitivity analysis was used to investigate the stability of the results.ResultsFrom a public health care system perspective, we evaluated the economic viability of 11 strategies in China. For all 11 strategies, the BCR was &gt; 1, which indicated that the benefits of all the strategies were greater than the costs. We recommended strategy number 9 as being optimal. In strategy number 9, babies born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive mothers were given an HBIG (200 IU) within 24 h of birth and three injections of hepatitis -B vaccine (20-μg each) at 0, 1, and 6 months, and the strategy had a BCR of 4.61. The one-way sensitivity analysis revealed that the full vaccination coverage and effective rates of protection were two factors that greatly influenced the BCR of the different prevention strategies; other factors had little effect.ConclusionThe benefits of all strategies were greater than the costs. For decision-making and application, the strategy should be based on local socio-economic conditions so that an appropriate immunization strategy can be selected.
An Explainable AI Approach for the Rapid Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Ensemble Learning Algorithms
Authors: Gong Houwu , Wang Miye , Zhang Hanxue , Elahe Md Fazla , Jin Min 
Published: June 2022

BackgroundArtificial intelligence-based disease prediction models have a greater potential to screen COVID-19 patients than conventional methods. However, their application has been restricted because of their underlying black-box nature.ObjectiveTo addressed this issue, an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) approach was developed to screen patients for COVID-19.MethodsA retrospective study consisting of 1,737 participants (759 COVID-19 patients and 978 controls) admitted to San Raphael Hospital (OSR) from February to May 2020 was used to construct a diagnosis model. Finally, 32 key blood test indices from 1,374 participants were used for screening patients for COVID-19. Four ensemble learning algorithms were used: random forest (RF), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). Feature importance from the perspective of the clinical domain and visualized interpretations were illustrated by using local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) plots.ResultsThe GBDT model [area under the curve (AUC): 86.4%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.821–0.907] outperformed the RF model (AUC: 85.7%; 95% CI 0.813–0.902), AdaBoost model (AUC: 85.4%; 95% CI 0.810–0.899), and XGBoost model (AUC: 84.9%; 95% CI 0.803–0.894) in distinguishing patients with COVID-19 from those without. The cumulative feature importance of lactate dehydrogenase, white blood cells, and eosinophil counts was 0.145, 0.130, and 0.128, respectively.ConclusionsEnsemble machining learning (ML) approaches, mainly GBDT and LIME plots, are efficient for screening patients with COVID-19 and might serve as a potential tool in the auxiliary diagnosis of COVID-19. Patients with higher WBC count, higher LDH level, or higher EOT count, were more likely to have COVID-19.
Suspected and Confirmed Acute Appendicitis During the COVID-19 Pandemic: First and Second Quarantines—a Prospective Study
Authors: Petrauskas Vidas , Poskus Eligijus , Luksaite – Lukste Raminta , Kryzauskas Marius , Petrulionis Marius , Strupas Kestutis , Poskus Tomas 
Published: June 2022

PurposeCOVID-19 posed an unprecedented modern global healthcare crisis affecting both elective and urgent surgeries. The aim of this study is to evaluate the difference in the presentation of acute appendicitis (AA) before and during the COVID-19 era, the first and second quarantines.MethodsWe performed a prospective study from December 2018 to May 2021. Two cohorts were analysed, one with patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) with suspected AA and the second with confirmed AA. Both cohorts were divided into four groups: before COVID-19, during the first quarantine, between the first and second quarantine, and during the second quarantine. Data such as demographics, the time to first contact with the healthcare provider and time to operation, laboratory tests, clinical stage of AA, length of stay, and COVID-19 status were collected. A total of 469 patients were enrolled.ResultsA total of 209 patients were male (45%) and 260 were female (55%), with the median age being 33 years (24–45). In the first cohort of suspected AA, there was no difference in sex; however, more older patients presented to the ED during the first quarantine (41 years) compared with other groups (28.5, 36, and 32.5 years), p &lt; 0.000. Before the pandemic, there was a shorter duration of symptoms to first contact with the healthcare provider (13 h) compared with other groups, p = 0.001. In the second cohort of confirmed AA, there was a shorter period of time to operation from first symptoms before the pandemic (22 h) compared with other groups (30, 35, 30.5 h), p &lt; 0.000. There were more complicated gangrenous, perforated appendicitis or periappendicular abscess in Group 2 and 3 (26, 22 and 10%, and 26, 22 and 2%, respectively) compared with Group 1 (20, 4 and 3%) and Group 4 (22, 12, and 2%), p = 0.009. Hospital stay was longer during the first quarantine (3 days) compared with other groups (2 days), p = 0.009. Six patients were COVID-19 positive: one from Group 3 and five from Group 4 (p &gt; 0.05).ConclusionsOur study suggests that during the first quarantine of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was delayed presentation to the ED with suspected AA and there was a greater proportion of complicated appendicitis and longer hospitalization in confirmed cases as well.
Huzurevlerinde Yaşayan Bireyler Aile Hekimliği Uygulaması Hakkında Ne Kadar Bilgi Sahibi?
Authors: OZCAN Fatih , ELBİ Hüseyin , SEVİM Saniye 
Published: June 2022

Giriş ve Amaç: Aile hekimliği uygulaması bireylere ve ailelerine sürekli ve çok yönlü sağlık hizmeti sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bazı yaşlı bireyler için huzurevleri barınma ihtiyacı için bir seçenek olarak gündemdeki yerini korumaktadır. Bu araştırmada Manisa merkez ilçelerinde bulunan huzurevi sakinlerinin, ülkemizdeki aile hekimliği uygulaması hakkındaki farkındalıklarının ve bu uygulamadan ne kadar hizmet alabildiklerinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırma tanımlayıcı kesitsel tiptedir. Araştırma Manisa ili merkez ilçelerinde iki farklı huzurevinde yaşamakta olan sakinler arasında yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya 81 birey dahil edilmiştir. Demografik bilgiler ile katılımcıların aile hekimliği uygulaması ile ilgili farkındalıkları, Aile Hekimliğine kayıtlı olup olmadıkları ve aile hekimliği uygulamasından nasıl yararlandıkları gibi soruları içeren bir anket uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizi için SPSS 15.0 programı kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 75,8 ± 9,20 (58 – 94)’dir. Katılımcıların %70,4’ünün aile hekimliği uygulamasından haberdar olduğu görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte katılımcılar, %64,2’sinin bir aile hekimine kayıtlı durumda olduklarını belirtmiştir. Katılımcıların %37,0’ı ilk olarak devlet hastanesine, %35,8 i üniversite hastanesine, %19,8 i aile hekimliğine ve %7,4 ü özel hastaneye başvuru yapmaktadır.
Sonuç:Ülke çapında yaygın örgütlenmeye sahip aile sağlığı merkezlerinin yaşlı nüfus gruplarına vereceği sağlık hizmetlerinin niteliği, yaşlı nüfus topluluğu açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Kolay erişilebilir ve yaygın dağılımı olan aile hekimliği uygulamasının, başta huzurevlerinde yaşayan, ileri yaş nüfus grubuna tanıtılması sağlanmalıdır. Bu yönde atılacak adımların, en azından huzurevlerinde kalan yaşlı popülasyonun birinci basamak sağlık hizmetlerine erişimi açısından olumlu bir katkısı olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Ebelerin Kadına Yönelik Şiddet Belirtilerini Tanıma Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: AKIN Bihter , ERKAL AKSOY Yasemin , TÜRKMEN Hülya 
Published: June 2022

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı ebelerin kadına yönelik şiddet belirtilerini tanıma düzeylerini belirlemektir.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tanımlayıcı tipte bu araştırma Türkiye genelinde kamu kuruluşunda çalışan toplam 213 ebe ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler, Ebe Tanıtım Formu ve Hemşire ve Ebelerin Kadına Yönelik Şiddet Belirtilerini Tanımalarına İlişkin Ölçek (HEKYŞBTÖ) kullanılarak online olarak toplanmıştır.
Bulgular: Ebelerin toplam HEKYŞBTÖ puan ortalaması 19.94±2.96 (min=12, max=26), fiziksel belirtiler alt boyut puan ortalaması 8.12±1.53 (min=4, max=12), duygusal belirtiler alt boyut puan ortalaması 11.82±2.27 (min=6, max=16) olarak belirlenmiştir. Kadına yönelik şiddet belirtilerini tanıma konusunda eğitim alındığında şiddet belirtilerini tanıma düzeyi yükselmektedir. Ayrıca kadına yönelik şiddetle karşılaşan ebelerin nerdeyse yarısı konu ile ilgili herhangi bir bildirimde bulunmamıştır.
Sonuç: Özellikle birinci basamak sağlık kuruluşunda çalışan ebeler, 15-49 yaş kadın ve gebe izlemlerinde kadınlarla etkili bir iletişim kurma şansına sahiptir. Ebelerin farkındalıklarının artması ve böyle bir durumla karşılaştığında herhangi bir tereddüt yaşamadan bildirimde bulunması için konu ile ilgili düzenli eğitim verilmesi ve lisans eğitim müfredatlarına eklenmesi önerilmektedir.
UAV Classification using Neural Networks and CAD-generated Radar Datasets
Authors: Sayed Ahmed N. , Riad Michael M.Y.R. , Ramahi Omar M. , Shaker George 
Published: June 2022

<p>Using micro-doppler signatures is an effective way to classify different types of UAVs, as well as other airborne objects such as birds. To generate signatures for drones, radar measurements are needed; however, these measurements are limited to the types of available drones, the radar parameters, the targets’ range, and the environments in which these measurements are conducted. In this paper, a new method for generating signature datasets is introduced. The method uses full-wave electromagnetic simulation software. Using this method, radar drones’ datasets can be generated using different types, sizes, drone materials, radar parameters, detected range, targets speed, and rotor RPM for rotary drones. A 77 GHz modeled FMCW radar is used to create dataset for classification purposes. Finally, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm is used to classify five types of drones. Based on the results, the classification of the drones is found to exceed 97% accuracy. </p>