bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crafting Spaces for Good Water Governance in Pakistan
Authors: Bell Andrew Reid , Shah Muhammad Azeem Ali , Anwar Arif , Sam Thida 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe most significant investment in improved water governance for Pakistan in recent decades—irrigation management transfer under the PIDA Act of 1997—ended with repeal in 2019 in the province of Punjab. Before embarking on the next major experiment, we wish to examine what the opportunity space for improvement in Pakistan’s water governance is. We develop a conceptual model that maps the roles of hydrology, infrastructure, management, governance, and learning in shaping water supply. We are motivated by the overarching question of where the best opportunities to improve water governance in Pakistan lie, and suggest in our analysis that the hydraulic constraints of the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) that have previously been the basis for consideration of scale in water (irrigation) governance are inappropriate. Our key recommendation is instead to identify the key “problemsheds” for the IBIS as a vehicle for identifying scales of intervention and communities of common water interest (possibly at village, union, or tehsil administrative levels) that can allow irrigators to transcend the rigid hydraulic user groupings that irrigation channels impose, and contribute more meaningfully to good local water governance.
A batch microfabrication of a self-cleaning, ultradurable electrochemical sensor employing a BDD film for the online monitoring of free chlorine in tap water
Authors: Yin Jiawen , Gao Wanlei , Yu Weijian , Guan Yihua , Wang Zhenyu , Jin Qinghui 
Published: April 2022

AbstractFree chlorine is one of the key water quality parameters in tap water. However, a free chlorine sensor with the characteristics of batch processing, durability, antibiofouling/antiorganic passivation and in situ monitoring of free chlorine in tap water continues to be a challenging issue. In this paper, a novel silicon-based electrochemical sensor for free chlorine that can self-clean and be mass produced via microfabrication technique/MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) is proposed. A liquid-conjugated Ag/AgCl reference electrode is fabricated, and electrochemically stable BDD/Pt is employed as the working/counter electrode to verify the effectiveness of the as-fabricated sensor for free chlorine detection. The sensor demonstrates an acceptable limit of detection (0.056 mg/L) and desirable linearity (R2 = 0.998). Particularly, at a potential of +2.5 V, hydroxyl radicals are generated on the BBD electrode by electrolyzing water, which then remove the organic matter attached to the surface of the sensor though an electrochemical digestion process. The performance of the fouled sensor recovers from 50.2 to 94.1% compared with the initial state after self-cleaning for 30 min. In addition, by employing the MEMS technique, favorable response consistency and high reproducibility (RSD < 4.05%) are observed, offering the opportunity to mass produce the proposed sensor in the future. A desirable linear dependency between the pH, temperature, and flow rate and the detection of free chlorine is observed, ensuring the accuracy of the sensor with any hydrologic parameter. The interesting sensing and self-cleaning behavior of the as-proposed sensor indicate that this study of the mass production of free chlorine sensors by MEMS is successful in developing a competitive device for the online monitoring of free chlorine in tap water.
A deep learning-based hybrid model of global terrestrial evaporation
Authors: Koppa Akash , Rains Dominik , Hulsman Petra , Poyatos Rafael , Miralles Diego G. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTerrestrial evaporation (E) is a key climatic variable that is controlled by a plethora of environmental factors. The constraints that modulate the evaporation from plant leaves (or transpiration, Et) are particularly complex, yet are often assumed to interact linearly in global models due to our limited knowledge based on local studies. Here, we train deep learning algorithms using eddy covariance and sap flow data together with satellite observations, aiming to model transpiration stress (St), i.e., the reduction of Et from its theoretical maximum. Then, we embed the new St formulation within a process-based model of E to yield a global hybrid E model. In this hybrid model, the St formulation is bidirectionally coupled to the host model at daily timescales. Comparisons against in situ data and satellite-based proxies demonstrate an enhanced ability to estimate St and E globally. The proposed framework may be extended to improve the estimation of E in Earth System Models and enhance our understanding of this crucial climatic variable.
The influence of light path length on the color of synthetic ruby
Authors: Yuan Bin , Guo Ying , Liu Ziyuan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe corrected ultraviolet–visible light spectrum was used to calculate the color of synthetic rubies with different light path lengths, and the influence of light path length and standard light source on the color of synthetic ruby was studied. The results show that the difference in colour between the o light direction and the e light direction of the synthetic ruby decreases as the length of the light path increases. At the same time, as the length of the light path increases, the lightness L* decreases, and the hue angle h° increases. The chroma C* first increases as the length of the light path increases, and then begins to decrease under the influence of the continuous decrease in lightness. The color difference ΔE*abreaches the maximum when the light path length is around 10 mm, and the standard light source has the greatest influence on the color difference ΔE*ab. As the length of the light path continues to increase, the influence of the standard light source on the color difference ΔE*abdecreases. In the ultraviolet–visible light spectrum, the strong absorption band of Cr3+at 545 nm is the main cause of the color of the ruby. The larger the area of the band at 545 nm, the lower the lightness and the higher the hue angle, which means the ruby colour is redder.
Fireworks ocular injury in Saudi children: profile and management outcomes
Authors: AlGhadeer Huda , Khandekar Rajiv 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTo explore the demographic profiling, causes, types, complications, management outcomes, and severity of fireworks-inflicted ocular injuries in children in KSA. This is a retrospective study of 115 cases with eye injuries managed at the Emergency Department, of our institution between 2003 and 2019. Demography, clinical features at presentation, mode of management and the Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were evaluated at the last follow up. The study included 117 eyes of 115 children [median age: 9 years; 96 (83.5%) boys;19 (16.5%) girls]. Fifty-six (48.7%) participants were bystanders. The injuries were caused mainly due to bangers (n = 47; 40.9%), rockets in bottle (n = 28; 24.3%), firecrackers (n = 27; 23.5%), and nonspecific reasons (n = 13; 11.3%). The children had presented with various severity levels: corneal abrasion (n = 52; 44.4%); cataract (n = 47;40.2%); penetrating injury (n = 40; 34.2%); secondary glaucoma (n = 22;18.8%); subluxated lens (n = 19;16.2%); limbal stem cell deficiency (n = 14;12.0%); Iridodialysis (n = 12;10.3%), and vitreous hemorrhage (n = 11;9.4%). Management interventions of the eyes under study included: penetrating injury repair (n = 40; 34.2%), lens removal plus intraocular lens implantation (n = 26; 22.2%), removal of foreign body (n = 9; 7.7%). The BCVA after six months was 20/20 to 20/60 in 49 (41%) cases; 20/70 to 20/200 in 27 (23.1%) cases; < 20/200 to 20/400 in 7 (6%) cases, and < 20/400 in 34 (29.1%) of the cases. Out of 51.3% eyes with < 20/200 before management, only 35% recorded severe visual impairment. Fireworks-related eye injuries were mainly observed in boys primarily due to the use of bangers. Visual disability remained in one-third of the managed cases.
Multi-week prediction of livestock chill conditions associated with the northwest Queensland floods of February 2019
Authors: Cowan Tim , Wheeler Matthew C. , de Burgh-Day Catherine , Nguyen Hanh , Cobon David 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe compound extreme weather event that impacted northern Queensland in February 2019 featured record-breaking rainfall, persistent high wind gusts and relatively cold day-time temperatures. This caused livestock losses numbering around 500,000 in the northwest Queensland Gulf region. In this study, we examine the livestock chill conditions associated with this week-long compound weather event and its potential for prediction from eleven world-leading sub-seasonal to seasonal (S2S) forecast systems. The livestock chill index combines daily rainfall, wind and surface temperature data. Averaged over the event week, the potential heat loss of livestock was in the moderate to high category, with severe conditions on the day of peak rainfall (5 February). Using calibrated forecasts from the Bureau of Meteorology's S2S forecast system, ACCESS-S1, a 1-week lead prediction showed a 20–30% probability of extreme livestock chill conditions over the northwest Queensland Gulf region, however the highest probabilities were located to the west of where the greatest livestock impacts were observed. Of the remaining ten S2S systems, around half predicted a more than 20% chance of extreme conditions, more than twice the climatological probability. It appears that the prediction accuracy arose from the skilful forecasts of extreme rainfall, as opposed to cold day-time temperature and strong wind forecasts. Despite a clear association between the observed extreme weather conditions and an active Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) event stalling in the western Pacific, the majority of 1-week lead S2S forecasts showed little indication of a slow-down in the MJO. As the livestock chill index was developed for southern Australian sheep, it may not be the best metric to represent the effects of exposure on tropical cattle breeds. Hence, this study draws attention to the need for tailored diagnostics that better represent the cold effects of summer tropical cyclones and tropical depressions on northern Australian livestock.
The transcriptome from asexual to sexual in vitro development of Cystoisospora suis (Apicomplexa: Coccidia)
Authors: Cruz-Bustos Teresa , Feix Anna Sophia , Lyrakis Manolis , Dolezal Marlies , Ruttkowski Bärbel , Joachim Anja 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe apicomplexan parasiteCystoisospora suisis an enteropathogen of suckling piglets with woldwide distribution. As with all coccidian parasites, its lifecycle is characterized by asexual multiplication followed by sexual development with two morphologically distinct cell types that presumably fuse to form a zygote from which the oocyst arises. However, knowledge of the sexual development ofC. suisis still limited. To complement previous in vitro studies, we analysed transcriptional profiles at three different time points of development (corresponding to asexual, immature and mature sexual stages) in vitro via RNASeq.Overall, transcription of genes encoding proteins with important roles in gametes biology, oocyst wall biosynthesis, DNA replication and axonema formation as well as proteins with important roles in merozoite biology was identified. A homologue of an oocyst wall tyrosine rich protein ofToxoplasma gondiiwas expressed in macrogametes and oocysts ofC. suis. We evaluated inhibition of sexual development in a host-free culture forC. suisby antiserum specific to this protein to evaluate whether it could be exploited as a candidate for control strategies againstC. suis. Based on these data, targets can be defined for future strategies to interrupt parasite transmission during sexual development.
Diagnostic value of thyroid imaging reporting and data system combined with BRAFV600E mutation analysis in Bethesda categories III–V thyroid nodules
Authors: Wu Liuxi , Shu Hua , Chen Wenqin , Gao Yingqian , Yuan Ya , Li Xiao , Lu Wenjuan , Ye Xinhua , Deng Hongyan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractFine needle aspiration biopsy is a crucial method for preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules. However, thyroid nodules classified as Bethesda categories III–V cannot obtain definite cytological results. Our aim was to study the diagnostic value of thyroid imaging reporting and data system combined with BRAFV600E mutation analysis in Bethesda categories III–V thyroid nodules, so as to provide more precise direction for the follow-up treatments. A total of 174 Bethesda categories III–V thyroid nodules performed TIRADS and BRAFV600E mutation analysis were included in the study. We retrospectively analyzed the ultrasound features as well as the results of BRAFV600E mutation of the 174 thyroid nodules. In the multiple regression analysis models, ultrasound features including lobulated or irregular margin, punctate echogenic foci, and shape with taller-than-wide were statistically significant in malignant nodules (p < 0.05). The area under the curve of the combination of TIRADS and BRAFV600E increased to 0.925, which were much higher than TIRADS (0.861) and BRAFV600E (0.804) separately. Combined diagnosis was of the greatest value to identify Bethesda III–V thyroid nodules definitely, especially with higher sensitivity (93%) and accuracy (90%).
Analytic solution for double optical metasurface beam scanners
Authors: Wang Jingru , Ge Yuehe , Chen Zhizhang David , Xu Zhimeng , Zhang Hai 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOptical metasurfaces are researched more and more intensively for the possible realization of lightweight and compact optical devices with novel functionalities. In this paper, a new beam-steering system based on double metasurface lenses (metalenses) is proposed and developed. The proposed system is lightweight, small volume, low cost, and easy to integrate. The exact close-form forward and numerical inverse solutions are derived respectively using the generalized Snell’s law of refraction. Given the orientations of the double metalenses, the pointing position can be accurately determined. If the desired pointing position is given, the required metalenses’ orientations can be obtained by applied global optimization algorithms to solve nonlinear equations related to the inverse problem. The relationships of the scan region and blind zone with the system parameters are derived. The method to eliminate the blind zone is given. Comparison with double Risley-prism systems is also conducted. This work provides a new approach to control light beams.
Pan-cancer analysis on the role of PIK3R1 and PIK3R2 in human tumors
Authors: Liu Yane , Wang Duo , Li Zhijun , Li Xinwei , Jin Mengdi , Jia Ningning , Cui Xingyao , Hu Guoyan , Tang Tongyu , Yu Qiong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPhosphoinositide-3-Kinase Regulatory Subunit 1 (PIK3R1) is believed to function as a tumor suppressor, while Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Regulatory Subunit 2 (PIK3R2) as a tumor driver. However, there is no systematic pan-cancer analysis of them. The pan-cancer study comprehensively investigated the gene expression, genetic alteration, DNA methylation, and prognostic significance of PIK3R1 and PIK3R2 in 33 different tumors based on the TIMER, GEPIA, UALCAN, HPA, cBioPortal, and Kaplan–Meier Plotter database. The results indicated that PIK3R1 is lowly expressed in most tumors while PIK3R2 is highly expressed in most tumors, and abnormal gene expression may be related to promoter methylation. Moreover, not only mutations, downregulation of PIK3R1 and upregulation of PIK3R2 were found to be detrimental to the survival of most cancer patients as well. Furthermore, the expression of both PIK3R1 and PIK3R2 was associated with the level of immune infiltration in multiple tumors, such as breast invasive carcinoma. Our study conducted a comparatively comprehensive analysis of the role of PIK3R1 and PIK3R2 in a variety of cancers, contributing to further study of their potential mechanisms in cancer occurrence and progression. Our findings suggested that PIK3R1 and PIK3R2 could serve as prognostic markers for several cancers.
A novel wavelet decomposition and transformation convolutional neural network with data augmentation for breast cancer detection using digital mammogram
Authors: Oyelade Olaide N. , Ezugwu Absalom E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractResearch in deep learning (DL) has continued to provide significant solutions to the challenges of detecting breast cancer in digital images. Image preprocessing methods and architecture enhancement techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of DL models such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs). For instance, the wavelet decomposition function has been used for image feature extraction in CNNs due to its strong compactness. Additionally, CNN architectures have been optimized to improve the process of feature detection to support the classification process. However, these approaches still lack completeness, as no mechanism exists to discriminate features to be enhanced and features to be eliminated for feature enhancement. More so, no studies have approached the use of wavelet transform to restructure CNN architectures to improve the detection of discriminant features in digital mammography for increased classification accuracy. Therefore, this study addresses these problems through wavelet-CNN-wavelet architecture. The approach presented in this paper combines seam carving and wavelet decomposition algorithms for image preprocessing to find discriminative features. These features are passed as input to a CNN-wavelet structure that uses the new wavelet transformation function proposed in this paper. The CNN-wavelet architecture applied layers of wavelet transform and reduced feature maps to obtain features suggestive of abnormalities that support the classification process. Meanwhile, we synthesized image samples with architectural distortion using a generative adversarial network (GAN) model to argue for their training datasets' insufficiency. Experimentation of the proposed method was carried out using DDSM + CBIS and MIAS datasets. The results obtained showed that the new method improved the classification accuracy and lowered the loss function values. The study's findings demonstrate the usefulness of the wavelet transform function in restructuring CNN architectures for performance enhancement in detecting abnormalities leading to breast cancer in digital mammography.
Presepsin production in monocyte/macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of neutrophil extracellular traps
Authors: Ikegame Akishige , Kondo Akihiro , Kitaguchi Ken , Sasa Kanami , Miyoshi Masashi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPresepsin, a biomarker discovered in Japan, has been clinically applied as a diagnostic aid for sepsis. Recently, however, it has been reported that presepsin levels are elevated in patients with severe systemic lupus erythematosus without infection, suggesting the existence of a production mechanism that does not involve bacterial phagocytosis. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism of presepsin production without bacterial phagocytosis and explore the clinical significance of presepsin. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were induced byEscherichia coliand phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in neutrophils isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy subjects. NET induction alone did not increase presepsin levels, but co-culturing with monocytes significantly increased them. The addition of a NET formation inhibitor also suppressed presepsin levels, suggesting that presepsin production is greatly influenced by monocyte phagocytosis of NETs. Phagocytosis of NETs by THP-1 and U937 cells, which was induced by CD14 expression, also increased presepsin levels. This study suggests that presepsin can be used to assess the severity of inflammatory diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, and monitor treatment effects.
A fully water coupled oblique light-sheet microscope
Authors: Gong Yiyang , Tian Yuqi , Baker Casey 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRecently developed descanned versions of the oblique light-sheet microscope promise to enable high-frame rate volumetric imaging in a variety of convenient preparations. The efficiency of these microscopes depends on the implementation of the objective coupling that turns the intermediate imaging plane. In this work, we developed a fully immersed coupling strategy between the middle and end objectives of the oblique light-sheet microscope to enable facile alignment and high efficiency coupling. Our design outperformed conventional designs that used only air objectives in resolution and light-collection power. We further demonstrated our design’s ability to capture large fields-of-view when paired with a camera with built-in electronic binning. We simultaneously imaged the forebrain and hindbrain of larval zebrafish and found clusters of activity localized to each region of the brain.
Development and validation of prognostic nomograms for patients with metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Zhu Hanlong , Zhao Si , Zhao Tianming , Jiang Kang , Miao Lin , Jiang Mingzuo , Wang Fangyu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe aimed to explore factors associated with prognosis in patients with metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA) as well as to develop and validate nomograms to predict overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). Relevant information of patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2016 was extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Nomograms for predicting 1- and 3-year OS and CSS were established with potential risk factors screened from multivariate cox regression analysis. The discrimination and accuracy of the nomograms were assessed by concordance index (C-index), calibration plots, and the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). In total, 373 SBA patients with M1 category were enrolled. Multivariate analysis revealed that age, size and grade of primary tumor, primary tumor surgery, and chemotherapy were significant variables associated with OS and CSS. The C-index values of the nomogram for OS were 0.715 and 0.687 in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. For CSS, it was 0.711 and 0.690, respectively. Through AUC, decision curve analysis (DCA) and calibration plots, the nomograms displayed satisfactory prognostic predicted ability and clinical application both in the OS and CSS. Our models could be served as a reliable tool for prognostic evaluation of patients with metastatic SBA, which are favorable in facilitating individualized survival predictions and clinical decision-making.