bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Great God A'Mighty! The Dixie Hummingbirds
Authors: Zolten Jerry 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Great God A’Mighty follows the career of the venerated and influential Dixie Hummingbirds from their origins in the 1920s segregated South to postwar successes that carried over well into the twenty-first century. In Greenville, South Carolina, James Davis organized a group to sing in school and at church. Aspiring professionals, they, as the Dixie Hummingbirds, embarked on a campaign of “wildcatting,” working local radio and communities to build a fanbase. Their breakthrough came in 1939 with fourteen sides released on the Decca label. With the addition of lead singer Ira Tucker, the Hummingbirds forged ahead, making Philadelphia their base and touring the East Coast as far south as Florida. During World War II, the Hummingbirds performed at New York City’s integrated nightclub Café Society, where they perfected harmonies and stagecraft. Following the war, the Hummingbirds experimented. Recording for several independent labels, they eventually signed with Peacock Records and, with the addition of electric guitarist Howard Carroll, released a string of trendsetting soul gospel hits that put them on top. The quintessential lineup was Ira Tucker, James Walker, James Davis, Beachey Thompson, William Bobo, and Howard Carroll. Collaborating with Paul Simon and Stevie Wonder, the Hummingbirds broke into the mainstream in the 1970s. Their continued successes well into the twenty-first century garnered them an international following and standing as a revered institution. Mentored by the late Ira Tucker, the current lineup of the Dixie Hummingbirds is forging ahead to keep the ninety-plus-year legacy alive.
“A Wheel in a Wheel, ’Way Up in the Middle of the Air”
Authors: Zolten Jerry 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
James Davis, founding member of the Dixie Hummingbirds, came of age in 1920s segregated Greenville, South Carolina. The African American community nonetheless thrived there with its own institutions, businesses, schools, churches, and entertainment. Blacks and whites lived in proximity but interacted rarely and out of necessity. Davis was close to his mother, Jannie, a devoutly religious homemaker. His father, John, was constantly on the move, hustling a living as best he could. His father taught him to sing using shape notes, where the shape of a note, not its position on a staff, indicated pitch. Davis attended the all-black Sterling High School, where he and friend Barney Parks with encouragement and training from teachers organized an acapella quartet to sing at high school programs and local churches. In 1928, the group traveled to Atlanta, where at the annual Church of God in Christ Convention they performed for the first time for an audience outside their own community. Billed as the Sterling High School Quartet, they were applauded and as a self-perceived sensation set out in a borrowed car to seek their fortune as professional gospel quartet singers.
The Theogony and the Works and Days
Authors: Sattler Barbara M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows Hesiod’s work as the beginning of central discussions in the area of natural philosophy, ethics, and political philosophy and as the first attempt in Western literature to account systematically for the different phenomena in the universe. It is demonstrated that Hesiod is the first to offer a general account of time and space: space is shown as a necessary condition for anything to come into being; time is depicted as cyclical in connection with the natural year and as linear in the progress of the divine generations and in the decline in human history. Hesiod’s Works and Days is discussed as the first attempt to sketch the big structures of human history, which is seen a story of moral decline. Finally, Hesiod’s suggestions for how to act rightly in corrupt times and how to account for normativity in terms of the natural world are investigated.
Hōnen’s Senchaku-Shū
Authors: Inukai Yumiko 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Hōnen’s teachings of the nembutsu presented in the Senchaku Hongan Nembutsu Shū, a doctrinal text of the Pure Land Buddhism founded in Japan in the twelfth century ce. It is shown how intriguing and astute Hōnen is, especially with regard to his sole endorsement of the nembutsu and his insight into its psychological implications. It is argued particularly that his teachings of the nembutsu are informed by his own spiritual journey of profound self-reflection and self-realization, and he consequently places much weight on the psychological process of the nembutsu practice in which the practitioner’s sense of the self becomes transformed to the point where she “forgets herself.” It aims to show the authenticity of the Senchaku-Shū, as it represents personal experiences and awareness of what it is to be a human, written by someone who indeed underwent very common aspects of human life—failure and disappointment.
B. R. Ambedkar on “Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development”
Authors: Krishnamurthy Meena 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In “Castes in India,” Ambedkar gives a pathbreaking account of the origin and evolution of caste in India. This chapter begins by explaining what caste is and why it originated, in Ambedkar’s view, and by discussing the role that caste plays in the oppression of women in India. The author argues that, in giving a causal explanation of women’s oppression, Ambedkar departs from other important political works of the time, including Gandhi’s, which all but ignore the oppression of women as an important form of social inequality. The author discusses the philosophical lessons that can be learned from reading Ambedkar’s essay. Drawing on Charles W. Mills’s criticisms of liberal political theory, the author closes the chapter by arguing that, because of the insights it offers, Ambedkar’s “Castes in India” serves as an important corrective to the traditional canon in political philosophy.
Ethics in Place and Time
Authors: Guerrero Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Ahnishinahbӕótjibway philosopher Wub-e-ke-niew’s classic book, We Have the Right to Exist: A Translation of Aboriginal Indigenous Thought. Wub-e-ke-niew presents a distinct philosophical worldview and way of life, that of the Ahnishinahbӕótjibway, and contrasts it with what he calls the Lislakh (Western, Euro-American) perspective. This chapter concentrates on two central philosophical themes that emerge: (1) the contrast between Lislakh and Ahnishinahbӕótjibway conceptions of time; and (2) the related differences between Lislakh and Ahnishinahbӕótjibway conceptions of ethical life. In doing so, it suggests that the Ahnishinahbӕótjibway ethical view articulated by Wub-e-ke-niew can help illuminate and support possible responses to the “cluelessness” objection to consequentialist ethical theories, in addition to grounding a principled environmentalist perspective.
Peggy Glanville-Hicks, Sinfonia da Pacifica (1952–53)
Authors: Rogers Victoria 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the theoretical, structural, and stylistic characteristics of Peggy Glanville-Hicks’s melody-rhythm structure, locating it within the context of twentieth-century composition and the dilemmas that had beset Western art music following the collapse of tonality at the turn of the twentieth century. Glanville-Hicks’s writings form the backdrop to the chapter, elucidating the why and the what of the melody-rhythm concept and providing a springboard for the case study that forms the core of the chapter: an analysis of the third movement of her Sinfonia da Pacifica (1952–53). This analysis is in turn the catalyst for the final part of the chapter, which offers an evaluation of the melody-rhythm structure and asks whether it proved to be more avant-garde or postmodern in its essential nature.
William James: A Study in Human Nature
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
According to William James, to understand a person’s beliefs, then seek to learn more about that person’s temperament and life circumstances. Thus, this chapter focuses on the story of William James’s life and his influences to understand how he developed the worldview that he brought to The Varieties of Religious Experience. James’s life was in many ways a study in contrasts. He became a scientist, but trained first as an artist; he was a skeptic, but was fascinated by spiritual feelings; he hoped to understand mental states in terms of physiology, but he defended the inherent value of individual subjectivity; he taught physiology for years but always argued against simplistic reductionism. This familiarity with seeming contradictions may have enabled James to feel comfortable examining religious experience from a scientific perspective—an approach there is still much to learn from.
Revelatory Experiences
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The founders of most of the world’s major religions and innumerable other prophets, seers, and sages through the ages have described hearing voices––Joan of Arc, to name just one well-known example among many, both heard and saw angels. Yet nowadays most people would be alarmed if a loved one told them that they were “hearing voices” or “having visions” that other people cannot hear or see. In popular parlance, these phrases are almost synonymous with serious mental illness. But this is precisely what occurs during revelatory experiences, or voices, visions, or epiphanies that seem to come from a source beyond the self. This chapter describes these experiences and considers the question: Given that so many venerated historical figures heard voices, how can this be squared with the modern assumption of psychopathology?
Paranormal Experiences
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The fields of psychology and neuroscience share an embarrassment about studying experiences involving spirits, heavenly entities, ghosts, and the like. Yet these experiences are reported surprisingly often and so should be studied scientifically to the extent that it’s possible. The focus of this chapter, paranormal experiences, involves such nonphysical entities. Paranormal experiences are somewhat unusual in that they are not associated with the same degree of positive outcomes as other spiritual experiences, although that may have to do with the difficult circumstances in which they frequently occur.
Beliefs Reprise
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Throughout this book, following James, the focus has been on the causes, correlates, and consequences of spiritual experiences, trying to set aside the question of whether they are “real” in the metaphysical sense. But how should the kind of knowledge about the nature of reality that sometimes seems to come from these spiritual experiences be treated? This chapter reviews the responses of three prominent philosophers: William James, Bertrand Russell, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. For Wittgenstein, one can accept such experiences but must stay silent regarding the question of their reality. For Russell, a person can acknowledge and appreciate the psychological value of the experiences, but should treat any apparent knowledge from the experience regarding supernatural content as delusional. James makes a distinction between his professional conclusions and his personal conclusions. Professionally, he believes that one simply cannot know whether a spiritual experience points to any further supernatural reality. But personally, James claims that one can make a leap of faith by adopting a belief that spiritual experiences point to a supernatural reality due to their overall good effects. This chapter comments on and provides additional context to these various possible philosophical responses.
Conclusion
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In James’s discarded first draft of The Varieties, the opening line read: “There is something in life, as one feels its presence, that seems to defy all possible resources of phraseology.” The supposed ineffability of spiritual experiences has been widely discussed, and some have suggested that it is impossible to understand these experiences unless you have had one. Yet it has been shown that quite a bit can be said about spiritual experiences, and that they can indeed be studied scientifically in a number of different ways. As seen throughout this book, scientific progress in the 21st century on better understanding these profound experiences can and has been made. This concluding chapter discusses how on-going work will likely bring still more scientific advances in understanding spiritual experiences, and an even better understanding of life’s most mysterious moments can be looked forward to in the future.
Egypt in the First Intermediate Period
Authors: Carlos Juan , García Moreno 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe First Intermediate Period was a time of considerable transformation in Egypt. After a millennium of apparent political stability, major shifts in the circulation and control of wealth derived from international trade altered the balance of power between the crown and the provincial authorities, and the crown lost control over key regions situated at strategic commercial crossroads. In turn, Thebes and Herakleopolis became the centers of independent kingdoms. Meanwhile, Middle Egypt and the Elephantine region on the First Nile Cataract continued to thrive as indispensable trade mediators, and the western Nile delta flourished in a context of increasing fluvial trade and a sustained expansion of cities. Political support from these regions was crucial for the nascent kingdoms of Thebes and Herakleopolis, leading to a complex interplay of negotiation, alliances, and occasional warfare, from which also Nubia emerged as an important power of its own. As the tax system previously implemented by the centralized monarchy had collapsed, certain individuals were able to accumulate substantial wealth that allowed them to commission their own monuments, in whose inscriptions they emphasized their economic autonomy. Far from being a “dark age,” the First Intermediate Period in Egypt was a time of notable innovations in all domains, from politics to material culture, from religious beliefs to the expression of self-identities. Its durable impact on the organization of power was such that it inspired a rich body of literary compositions aiming to redefine royal authority, social hierarchy, and the expressions of authority itself.
The Middle East after the Fall of Ur
Authors: De Graef Katrien 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe disintegration of the southern Mesopotamian kingdom of Ur caused the emergence of various small polities in the adjacent regions east of the Tigris and in the Zagros Mountains, on the one hand, and of a large power block in the Iranian highlands, on the other. This chapter gives an overview of current knowledge on the kingdom of Ešnunna in the Diyala valley, the Zagros kingdoms of Lullubum and Simurrum, and the powerful Elamite kingdom in the east, extending from the Susiana plain to the Iranian highlands. The chapter traces their evolving interrelationships and the encounters between lowland and highland communities throughout the early second millennium bc.
Justice in Diverse Education Spheres
Authors: Sabbagh Clara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter tells the author’s story as a researcher of justice and how it led to writing the book. The main thesis of the book is that daily distribution practices in schools, non-formal education, and the family shape children’s and young people’s experiences of justice or injustice, affecting their beliefs and behavior. The book focuses on the justice perspectives of younger generations but also elaborates the perspectives of other educational agents as well—the actual purveyors of distributive justice, such as policymakers, teachers, and parents. The main argument in this connection is that young generations are objects of social justice, targeted by different educational agents in an endeavor to establish and sustain justice in democratic societies. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of these issues, the book intersects justice research with established disciplines such as education, sociology of education, (social) psychology, and political philosophy.
Justice and Educational Placement
Authors: Sabbagh Clara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines school tracking as a distribution practice in the learning process, one anchored in a differentiated curriculum. Tracking is essentially a selection device that differentiates learning opportunities and socialization experiences, thus affecting students’ academic performance, their subsequent educational careers and, ultimately, their occupational positions and life chances. Tracking is guided by the liberal justice ideals of equal educational opportunity and meritocracy. Selection for tracking is largely left to the discretion of district authorities and is carried out within institutions by site-based allocators: principals, counselors, and teachers. However, this process often deviates from such liberal justice ideals, giving rise to injustice. Accordingly, the chapter also discusses the adverse implications of injustice when school tracking decisions are driven by bias. With an eye to sociocultural settings, the chapter illustrates cultural variation in school tracking systems and possible differences arising from achievement-based and occupational outcomes.
Pedagogies
Authors: Sabbagh Clara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 looks into pedagogical practices, defined as the means teachers use to inspire learning, foster knowledge acquisition, and guide intellectual and personal development. All these goals, once achieved, are expected to contribute to successful performance in society. Since pedagogical practices affect students’ opportunities to learn, questions arise about notions of justice embedded therein. Unlike research into justice in distributional aspects of teaching, which is rather scant, socially just pedagogies have been accorded considerable scholarly attention. These studies largely concur that particular pedagogies can liberate from oppression children and young people with disadvantaged ethnic and racial backgrounds. The chapter encompasses works on critical pedagogies, youth participation action research (YPAR), authentic and productive pedagogies, and Iris Young’s justice legacy. Illustrations are provided of the ways these pedagogies are implemented in various cultural settings. Moreover, two perspectives contravening these approaches are presented: Noddings’s caring pedagogy and Jacques Rancière’s radical pedagogy.
Grading
Authors: Sabbagh Clara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 is devoted to grading. A case is argued that grading is a distribution practice whereby, within the classroom, teachers place students on a hierarchical scale according to their effort and academic performance. This practice forms an integral part of both teaching and learning and can ultimately influence students’ life chances and psychosocial well-being. Grades are a highly valued educational good and are thus salient to the issue of justice. Despite a consensus that teachers should distribute grades according to a meritocratic justice principle, distribution preferences are shaped by other factors as well, such as students’ capacity (i.e., high- versus low-achieving students), learning disability, and the subject taught. Moreover, students’ sense of justice concerning grades affects educational outcomes, such as learning motivation, school engagement, and civic attitudes and behavior. Finally, the chapter discusses some mutually contradictory perspectives on the benefits and drawbacks of grading.
Voluntarism and Social Justice
Authors: Sabbagh Clara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10 examines the interplay between voluntarism and social justice. It develops the idea that voluntary initiatives in non-formal education, such as extracurricular activities, instill justice principles embedded in Western democracies, such as individual freedom and equal participation rights. The value of freedom, in turn, involves elements of procedural justice, such as being active in decision-making and having a right to speak out and exit an activity if dissatisfied. However, voluntary participation in non-formal frameworks is often restricted by social class affiliation: affluent participants usually have wider access than do disadvantaged ones. These differences are attributed to the lower levels of the financial and cultural capital in the hands of disadvantaged groups. Thus, voluntary activities organized by schools are greater equalizers than those that take place outside of school. The chapter points to the putative advantages of participating in non-formal educational settings, such as increasing participants’ social capital through extended social networks.
Balladic Consciousness
Authors: Daub Adrian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Opera and the ballad had an intimate yet vexed relationship. Eighteenth-century opera had occasionally turned to narrative romances or ballads, as one type of aria among many, always in the service of the broader plot. Romantic opera began taking a serious interest in folklore, the rhythms of everyday life, and the poetic forms of the people. But for all that, opera proved hesitant in adapting the ballad form to its own ends. Some operas of the period were often balladic without containing ballads, while others contained ballads as discrete numbers, which ironically made them to contemporaries less Romantic and less balladic. Richard Wagner centered Der fliegende Holländer (1843) on a ballad that tells the opera’s story in compressed form, and at the same time claimed the opera as an extended ballad. This chapter investigates what demands Wagner was placing on his audience while doing so, and what kind of a receptivity he thought ballads demanded both on the stage and off. Wagner operates with a picture of a collective unconscious that gives rise to and dictates various responses to the ballad.
Memorizing Ballads
Authors: Daub Adrian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The ballad had a strange relationship to memory. It pretended to come from a place of collective memory—to tell a story that had circulated for generations—and to replicate acts of bardic memorialization. Due to their narrative clarity, their straightforward cadences, and their precise, at times humorously precise, rhymes, ballads seemed tailor-made for memorization. This dynamic put the poet in a strange position: these poems pretended at one kind of memorialization (of historic events whether real or imagined, of a moral imparted through a memorable story); and at the same time, especially if they proved successful, they were likely to be integrated into a larger collective memorial apparatus far more rote and uncomprehending. Before long, poets began to make use of this duality: August von Platen’s Das Grab im Busento (1828) tells the story of a young king felled in a foreign land. Platen explicitly positions his poem as an extension of the historical memory of the Gothic King Alarich, but the story the poem tells is about the unavailability of this same king to historical memory. In the poem, Alarich’s men hide their king’s body underneath the rapids of the river Busento. Platen likewise hid a story underneath the flow of his prosody: a homoerotic subtext meant to be missed as generations of schoolchildren had to memorize Das Grab im Busento.