bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNase 1 Protects From Increased Thrombin Generation and Venous Thrombosis During Aging: Cross‐Sectional Study in Mice and Humans
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Sonkar Vijay K. , Swamy Jagadish , Ahmed Azaj , Sharathkumar Anjali A. , Pierce Gary L. , Dayal Sanjana 
Published: January 2022

Background
Human aging is associated with increased risk of thrombosis, but the mechanisms are poorly defined. We hypothesized that aging induces peroxide‐dependent release of neutrophil extracellular traps that contribute to thrombin generation and thrombosis.

Methods and Results
We studied C57BL6J mice and littermates of glutathione peroxidase‐1 transgenic and wild‐type mice at young (4 month) and old (20 month) ages and a healthy cohort of young (18–39 years) or middle‐aged/older (50–72 years) humans. In plasma, we measured thrombin generation potential and components of neutrophil extracellular traps (cell‐free DNA and citrullinated histone). Aged wild‐type mice displayed a significant increase in thrombin generation that was decreased in aged glutathione peroxidase‐1 transgenic mice. Both aged wild‐type and aged glutathione peroxidase‐1 transgenic mice demonstrated similar elevation of plasma cell‐free DNA compared with young mice. In contrast, plasma levels of citrullinated histone were not altered with age or genotype. Release of neutrophil extracellular traps from neutrophils in vitro was also similar between young and aged wild‐type or glutathione peroxidase‐1 transgenic mice. Treatment of plasma or mice with DNase 1 decreased age‐associated increases in thrombin generation, and DNase 1 treatment blocked the development of experimental venous thrombi in aged C57BL6J mice. Similarly, thrombin generation potential and plasma cell‐free DNA, but not citrullinated histone, were higher in middle‐aged/older humans, and treatment of plasma with DNase 1 reversed the increase in thrombin generation.

Conclusions
We conclude that DNase 1 limits thrombin generation and protects from venous thrombosis during aging, likely by hydrolyzing cell‐free DNA.
Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Symptoms in the REGARDS Study
Authors: Reading Turchioe Meghan , Soliman Elsayed Z. , Goyal Parag , Merkler Alexander E. , Kamel Hooman , Cushman Mary , Soroka Orysya , Masterson Creber Ruth , Safford Monika M. 
Published: January 2022

Background
It is unknown if stroke symptoms in the absence of a stroke diagnosis are a sign of subtle cardioembolic phenomena. The objective of this study was to examine associations between atrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke symptoms among adults with no clinical history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).

Methods and Results
We evaluated associations between AF and self‐reported stroke symptoms in the national, prospective REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) cohort. We conducted cross‐sectional (n=27 135) and longitudinal (n=21 932) analyses over 8 years of follow‐up of REGARDS participants without stroke/transient ischemic attack and stratified by anticoagulant or antiplatelet agent use. The mean age was 64.4 (SD±9.4) years, 55.3% were women, and 40.8% were Black participants; 28.6% of participants with AF reported stroke symptoms. In the cross‐sectional analysis, comparing participants with and without AF, the risk of stroke symptoms was elevated for adults with AF taking neither anticoagulants nor antiplatelet agents (odds ratio [OR], 2.22; 95% CI, 1.89–2.59) or antiplatelet agents only (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.61–2.29) but not for adults with AF taking anticoagulants (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.71–1.65). In the longitudinal analysis, the risk of stroke symptoms was also elevated for adults with AF taking neither anticoagulants nor antiplatelet agents (hazard ratio [HR], 1.41; 95% CI, 1.21–1.66) or antiplatelet agents only (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.04–1.46) but not for adults with AF taking anticoagulants (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.62–1.18).

Conclusions
Stroke symptoms in the absence of a stroke diagnosis may represent subclinical cardioembolic phenomena or “whispering strokes.” Future studies examining the benefit of stroke symptom screening may be warranted.
Effectiveness of a School‐Based Educational Intervention to Improve Hypertension Control Among Schoolteachers: A Cluster‐Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mini G. K. , Sathish Thirunavukkarasu , Sarma Prabhakaran Sankara , Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman 
Published: January 2022

Background
The control of hypertension is low in low‐ and middle‐income countries like India. We evaluated the effects of a nurse‐facilitated educational intervention in improving the control rate of hypertension among school teachers in India.

Methods and Results
This was a cluster‐randomized controlled trial involving 92 schools in Kerala, which were randomly assigned equally into a usual care group and an intervention group. Participants were 402 school teachers (mean age, 47 years; men, 29%) identified with hypertension. Participants in both study groups received a leaflet containing details of a healthy lifestyle and the importance of regular intake of antihypertensive medication. In addition, the intervention participants received a nurse‐facilitated educational intervention on hypertension control for 3 months. The primary outcome was hypertension control. Key secondary outcomes included systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and the proportion of participants taking antihypertensive medications. For the primary outcome, we used mixed‐effects logistic regression models. Two months after a 3‐month educational intervention, a greater proportion of intervention participants (49.0%) achieved hypertension control than the usual care participants (38.2%), with an odds ratio of 1.89 (95% CI, 1.06–3.35), after adjusting for baseline hypertension control. The odds of taking antihypertensive medications were 1.6 times higher in the intervention group compared with the usual care group (odds ratio, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.08–2.45). The reduction in mean systolic blood pressure was significantly greater in the intervention group by 4.2 mm Hg (95% CI, −7.2 to −1.1) than in the usual care group.

Conclusions
A nurse‐facilitated educational intervention was effective in improving the control and treatment rates of hypertension as well as reducing systolic blood pressure among schoolteachers with hypertension.

Registration

URL:
https://www.ctri.nic.in
; Unique Identifier: CTRI/2018/01/011402.
Ajmaline‐Induced Abnormalities in Brugada Syndrome: Evaluation With ECG Imaging
Authors: Pannone Luigi , Monaco Cinzia , Sorgente Antonio , Vergara Pasquale , Calburean Paul‐Adrian , Gauthey Anaïs , Bisignani Antonio , Kazawa Shuichiro , Strazdas Antanas , Mojica Joerelle , Lipartiti Felicia , Al Housari Maysam , Miraglia Vincenzo , Rizzi Sergio , Sofianos Dimitrios , Cecchini Federico , Osório Thiago Guimarães , Paparella Gaetano , Ramak Robbert , Overeinder Ingrid , Bala Gezim , Almorad Alexandre , Ströker Erwin , Pappaert Gudrun , Sieira Juan , Brugada Pedro , La Meir Mark , Chierchia Gian‐Battista , de Asmundis Carlo 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundThe rate of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in Brugada syndrome (BrS) is ≈1%/y. Noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging is a noninvasive mapping system that has a role in assessing BrS depolarization and repolarization abnormalities. This study aimed to analyze electrocardiographic imaging parameters during ajmaline test (AJT).Methods and ResultsAll consecutive epicardial maps of the right ventricle outflow tract (RVOT‐EPI) in BrS with CardioInsight were retrospectively analyzed. (1) RVOT‐EPI activation time (RVOT‐AT); (2) RVOT‐EPI recovery time, and (3) RVOT‐EPI activation‐recovery interval (RVOT‐ARI) were calculated. ∆RVOT‐AT, ∆RVOT‐EPI recovery time, and ∆RVOT‐ARI were defined as the difference in parameters before and after AJT. SCD‐BrS patients were defined as individuals presenting a history of aborted SCD. Thirty‐nine patients with BrS were retrospectively analyzed and 12 patients (30.8%) were SCD‐BrS. After AJT, an increase in both RVOT‐AT [105.9 milliseconds versus 65.8 milliseconds,P<0.001] and RVOT‐EPI recovery time [403.4 milliseconds versus 365.7 milliseconds,P<0.001] was observed. No changes occurred in RVOT‐ARI [297.5 milliseconds versus 299.9 milliseconds,P=0.7]. Before AJT no differences were observed between SCD‐BrS and non SCD‐BrS in RVOT‐AT, RVOT‐EPI recovery time, and RVOT‐ARI (P=0.9,P=0.91,P=0.86, respectively). Following AJT, SCD‐BrS patients showed higher RVOT‐AT, higher ∆RVOT‐AT, lower RVOT‐ARI, and lower ∆RVOT‐ARI (P<0.001,P<0.001,P=0.007,P=0.002, respectively). At the univariate logistic regression, predictors of SCD‐BrS were the following: RVOT‐AT after AJT (specificity: 0.74, sensitivity 1.00, area under the curve 0.92); ∆RVOT‐AT (specificity: 0.74, sensitivity 0.92, area under the curve 0.86); RVOT‐ARI after AJT (specificity 0.96, sensitivity 0.58, area under the curve 0.79), and ∆RVOT‐ARI (specificity 0.85, sensitivity 0.67, area under the curve 0.76).ConclusionsNoninvasive electrocardiographic imaging can be useful in evaluating the results of AJT in BrS.
Michael Polanyi’s Personal Knowledge as a Work of Alchemy in the Jungian Sense
Authors: Barnes Collin D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A climactic moment appears in Michael Polanyi’s Personal Knowledge when he describes the modern predicament of humanity as a second ejection from paradise triggered by the uneasy discovery that our knowledge cannot be justified objectively. Polanyi’s philosophy is a response to the cataclysmic consequences of this second fall from grace. It seeks to establish a “balance of mind” that yields neither to the Scylla of objectivism nor the Charybdis of nihilism. Such themes are reminiscent of Jungian psychology and the process of individuation, yet there is no evidence that Polanyi appreciated this. That he nevertheless employs metaphors and ideas suggestive of the psychical transformations recorded by alchemists is telling. It raises the possibility that while his work is evidently concerned with epistemology, it is, at another level, a highly sophisticated depiction of psychological growth—both for Polanyi, and for anyone who accepts his invitation to join the opus.
Jesuit Sanctity: Hypothesizing the Continuity of a Hagiographic Narrative of the Modern Age
Authors: Motta Franco , Rai Eleonora 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The introduction to this special issue provides some considerations on early modern sanctity as a historical object. It firstly presents the major shifts in the developing idea of sanctity between the late medieval period and the nineteenth century, passing through the early modern construction of sanctity and its cultural, social, and political implications. Secondly, it provides an overview of the main sources that allow historians to retrace early modern sanctity, especially canonization records and hagiographies. Thirdly, it offers an overview of the ingenious role of the Society of Jesus in the construction of early modern sanctity, by highlighting its ability to employ, create, and play with hagiographical models. The main Jesuit models of sanctity are then presented (i.e., the theologian, the missionary, the martyr, the living saint), and an important reflection is reserved for the specific martyrial character of Jesuit sanctity. The introduction assesses the continuity of the Jesuit hagiographical discourse throughout the long history of the order, from the origins to the suppression and restoration.
Finding Martyrs at Home?: Jesuit Attempts at Redefining Martyrdom in the Seventeenth Century and Their Censure
Authors: Gay Jean-Pascal 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Pope Francis’s recent recognition of the death of several priests active in Guatemala in the 1980s as martyrdom has reminded the public of a long-term hesitation within Catholicism as to the boundaries of martyrdom. Key aspects of the history of this hesitation played out in the seventeenth century. Several religious orders—most prominently the Jesuits—argued for a redefinition of martyrdom that would include the so-called “martyrdom of charity” (i.e. the death of those who had imperiled their lives to care for the sick). Among the theologians that entered the fray to advocate for such a redefinition, the most prominent is certainly Theophile Raynaud (the “new Bellarmine” of the mid seventeenth century) whose De martyrio per pestem was censured with other texts that promoted the same position, when the Inquisition decided to take a stand against the campaign for the redefinition of martyrdom. By studying Raynaud’s and other treatises, as well as their censure, this paper will try to assess the significance of this debate for Jesuit history and that of early modern Catholicism. It will try and show how it connected with the theological controversies of the time but also how it pertained to an issue within the order, namely that of the hierarchy of ministries that sometimes weighed on how the order operated, particularly in Europe.
Impact of Indian and East Asian Summer Monsoons on the Diurnal Temperature Range of the Low-Latitude Highlands of China in the Rainy Season
Authors: Cao Jie , Wen Dayong , Yang Ruowen , Zhu Yingmo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This study investigates the impact of the Indian and East Asian summer monsoons on the diurnal temperature range (DTR) in the low-latitude highlands of China (CLLH) based on in situ DTR observations, ERA5 data, and numerical simulations. Diagnoses indicate that the DTR in the CLLH shows a significant positive correlation with the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and a negative correlation with the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). When a strengthened ISM occurs with a weakened EASM, an anomalous anticyclonic circulation with downward motion is excited over the CLLH. This anomalous circulation pattern increases the DTR in the rainy season by reducing the medium and high cloud cover in the CLLH. A weakened ISM with a strengthened EASM decreases the DTR over the CLLH in the rainy season. Numerical experiments help to verify this crucial physical process linking the variability of the ISM and EASM with the DTR in the CLLH. The model results further indicate that the covariability of ISM and EASM contributes most to the variability of the rainy season DTR in the CLLH, followed by the individual variability of the EASM; the smallest contribution to the rainy season DTR in the CLLH is the individual variability of the ISM.
Does Model Calibration Reduce Uncertainty in Climate Projections?
Authors: Tett Simon F. B. , Gregory Jonathan M. , Freychet Nicolas , Cartis Coralia , Mineter Michael J. , Roberts Lindon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Uncertainty in climate projections is large as shown by the likely uncertainty ranges in equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) of 2.5–4 K and in the transient climate response (TCR) of 1.4–2.2 K. Uncertainty in model projections could arise from the way in which unresolved processes are represented, the parameter values used, or the targets for model calibration. We show that, in two climate model ensembles that were objectively calibrated to minimize differences from observed large-scale atmospheric climatology, uncertainties in ECS and TCR are about 2–6 times smaller than in the CMIP5 or CMIP6 multimodel ensemble. We also find that projected uncertainties in surface temperature, precipitation, and annual extremes are relatively small. Residual uncertainty largely arises from unconstrained sea ice feedbacks. The more than 20-year-old HadAM3 standard model configuration simulates observed hemispheric-scale observations and preindustrial surface temperatures about as well as the median CMIP5 and CMIP6 ensembles while the optimized configurations simulate these better than almost all the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models. Hemispheric-scale observations and preindustrial temperatures are not systematically better simulated in CMIP6 than in CMIP5 although the CMIP6 ensemble seems to better simulate patterns of large-scale observations than the CMIP5 ensemble and the optimized HadAM3 configurations. Our results suggest that most CMIP models could be improved in their simulation of large-scale observations by systematic calibration. However, the uncertainty in climate projections (for a given scenario) likely largely arises from the choice of parameterization schemes for unresolved processes (“structural uncertainty”), with different tuning targets another possible contributor.

Significance Statement
Climate models represent unresolved phenomena controlled by uncertain parameters. Changes in these parameters impact how well a climate model simulates current climate and its climate projections. Multiple calibrations of a single climate model, using an objective method, to large-scale atmospheric observations are performed. These models produce very similar climate projections at both global and regional scales. An analysis that combines uncertainties in observations with simulated sensitivity to observations and climate response also has small uncertainty showing that, for this model, current observations constrain climate projections. Recently developed climate models have a broad range of abilities to simulate large-scale climate with only some improvement in their ability to simulate this despite a decade of model development.
Benefits of Smoothing Backgrounds and Radar Reflectivity Observations for Multiscale Data Assimilation with an Ensemble Kalman Filter at Convective Scales: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Sodhi Jagdeep Singh , Fabry Frédéric 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), the covariance localization radius is usually small when assimilating radar observations because of high density of the radar observations. This makes the region away from precipitation difficult to correct using only radar data stating “no echo” if no other observations are available, as there is no reason to correct the background. To correct errors away from innovating radar observations, a multiscale localization (MLoc) method adapted to dense observations like those from radar is proposed. In this method, different scales are corrected successively by using the same reflectivity observations, but with a different degree of smoothing and localization radius at each step. In the context of observing system simulation experiments, single and multiple assimilation experiments are conducted with the MLoc method. Results show that the MLoc assimilation updates areas that are away from the innovative observations and improves on average the analysis and forecast quality in single cycle and cycling assimilation experiments. The forecast gains are maintained until the end of the forecast period, illustrating the benefits of correcting different scales.
Anastomotic Outcomes in Military Exploratory Laparotomies in the Modern Combat Era
Authors: Walker Patrick F. , Bozzay Joseph D. , Schechtman David W. , Shaikh Faraz , Stewart Laveta , Carson M. Leigh , Tribble David R. , Rodriguez Carlos J. , Bradley Matthew J. ,   on behalf of the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program Trauma Infectious Disease Outcomes Study Group
Published: January 2022

Background Intestinal anastomoses in military settings are performed in severely injured patients who often undergo damage control laparotomy in austere environments. We describe anastomotic outcomes of patients from recent wars. Methods Military personnel with combat-related intra-abdominal injuries (June 2009-December 2014) requiring laparotomy with resection and anastomosis were analyzed. Patients were evacuated from Iraq or Afghanistan to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center (Germany) before being transferred to participating U.S. military hospitals. Results Among 341 patients who underwent 1053 laparotomies, 87 (25.5%) required ≥1 anastomosis. Stapled anastomosis only was performed in 57.5% of patients, while hand-sewn only was performed in 14.9%, and 9.2% had both stapled and hand-sewn techniques (type unknown for 18.4%). Anastomotic failure occurred in 15% of patients. Those with anastomotic failure required more anastomoses (median 2 anastomoses, interquartile range [IQR] 1-3 vs. 1 anastomosis, IQR 1-2, P = .03) and more total laparotomies (median 5 laparotomies, IQR 3-12 vs. 3, IQR 2-4, P = .01). There were no leaks in patients that had only hand-sewn anastomoses, though a significant difference was not seen with those who had stapled anastomoses. While there was an increasing trend regarding surgical site infections (SSIs) with anastomotic failure after excluding superficial SSIs, it was not significant. There was no difference in mortality. Discussion Military trauma patients have a similar anastomotic failure rate to civilian trauma patients. Patients with anastomotic failure were more likely to have had more anastomoses and more total laparotomies. No definitive conclusions can be drawn about anastomotic outcome differences between hand-sewn and stapled techniques.
Reference interval for serum concentration of small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the healthy Japanese population
Authors: Nakamura Marie , Yamamoto Yasushi , Imaoka Wataru , Kuroshima Toshio , Toragai Ryoko , Ito Yasuki , Yoshida Hiroshi , Ai Masumi 
Published: January 2022

Background Small dense low-density lipoprotein a smaller and denser subfraction among whole low density lipoprotein particles is known to be highly atherogenic. The reference interval (RI) is not strictly defined for serum concentration of sdLDL-cholesterol (sdLDL-C) in Japan. The purpose of this study is to set the reference interval for sdLDL-C in healthy subjects. Methods The population of this cross-sectional study was consisted of 40,862 individuals who had annual health checkups, and healthy subjects were extracted based on exclusion criteria such as medical history, social history, and blood sampling test results. Their serum sdLDL-C values were statistically analyzed and the RIs were set in men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women separately. Results The mean values of serum sdLDL-C in healthy subjects were 23.9 mg/dL in men, 20.0 mg/dL in premenopausal women and 23.7 mg/dL in postmenopausal women, and the RIs were 12.6–45.3 mg/dL in men, 11.4–35.1 mg/dL in premenopausal women and 14.6–38.6 mg/dL in postmenopausal women. Serum sdLDL-C values were significantly higher in men than in women. Besides, sdLDL-C values were significantly higher in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. In both genders, sdLDL-C values tended to increase with age. Conclusion These results suggest that the RIs for sdLDL-C are recommended as follows: 13–45 mg/dL in men, 11–35 mg/dL in premenopausal women, and 15–39 mg/dL in postmenopausal women, respectively. Aside from these RIs, it is also necessary to define clinical cutoff values graded according to individual risk levels for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.