bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do introductory courses disproportionately drive minoritized students out of STEM pathways?
Authors: Hatfield Neil , Brown Nathanial , Topaz Chad M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Diversifying science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) requires a critical examination of institutional structures at every educational level. In higher education, performance in core introductory courses required for STEM degrees is strongly associated with degree completion. Leveraging a multi-institutional database, we examine nearly 110,000 student records from six large, public, research-intensive universities in order to assess whether these introductory courses disproportionately weed out underrepresented minority (URM) students. We find that the association between low performance in an introductory STEM class and failure to obtain a STEM degree is stronger for URM students than for other students, even after controlling for academic preparation in high school and intent to obtain a STEM degree. To facilitate interpretation of our multivariate logistic regression model, and to highlight the dire situation in higher education, we also calculate predicted probabilities of STEM degree attainment for students of various demographics. The probability of obtaining a STEM degree for a STEM-intending white male student with average academic preparation who receives grades of C or better in all introductory courses is 48%. In contrast, for an otherwise similar URM female student, the probability is merely 35%. If these students receive less than a C in even one introductory STEM course, the probabilities drop to 33% and 21%, respectively.
Social media behavior is associated with vaccine hesitancy
Authors: Rathje Steve , He James K , Roozenbeek Jon , Van Bavel Jay J , van der Linden Sander 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Understanding how vaccine hesitancy relates to online behavior is crucial for addressing current and future disease outbreaks. We combined survey data measuring attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine with Twitter data in two studies (N1 = 464 Twitter users, N2 = 1,600 Twitter users) with preregistered hypotheses to examine how real-world social media behavior is associated with vaccine hesitancy in the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK). In Study 1, we found that following the accounts of US Republican politicians or hyper-partisan/low-quality news sites were associated with lower confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine—even when controlling for key demographics such as self-reported political ideology and education. US right-wing influencers (e.g. Candace Owens, Tucker Carlson) had followers with the lowest confidence in the vaccine. Network analysis revealed that participants who were low and high in vaccine confidence separated into two distinct communities (or “echo chambers”), and centrality in the more right-wing community was associated with vaccine hesitancy in the US, but not in the UK. In Study 2, we found that one's likelihood of not getting the vaccine was associated with retweeting and favoriting low-quality news websites on Twitter. Altogether, we show that vaccine hesitancy is associated with following, sharing, and interacting with low-quality information online, as well as centrality within a conservative-leaning online community in the US. These results illustrate the potential challenges of encouraging vaccine uptake in a polarized social media environment.
Associations between abstract working memory abilities and brain activity underlying long-term recognition of auditory sequences
Authors: Fernández-Rubio Gemma , Carlomagno Francesco , Vuust Peter , Kringelbach Morten L , Bonetti Leonardo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Memory is a complex cognitive process composed of several subsystems, namely short- and long-term memory and working memory (WM). Previous research has shown that adequate interaction between subsystems is crucial for successful memory processes such as encoding, storage, and manipulation of information. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between different subsystems at the behavioral and neural levels. Thus, here we assessed the relationship between individual WM abilities and brain activity underlying the recognition of previously memorized auditory sequences. First, recognition of previously memorized versus novel auditory sequences was associated with a widespread network of brain areas comprising the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, insula, inferior temporal cortex, frontal operculum, and orbitofrontal cortex. Second, we observed positive correlations between brain activity underlying auditory sequence recognition and WM. We showed a sustained positive correlation in the medial cingulate gyrus, a brain area that was widely involved in the auditory sequence recognition. Remarkably, we also observed positive correlations in the inferior temporal, temporal-fusiform, and postcentral gyri, brain areas that were not strongly associated with auditory sequence recognition. In conclusion, we discovered positive correlations between WM abilities and brain activity underlying long-term recognition of auditory sequences, providing new evidence on the relationship between memory subsystems. Furthermore, we showed that high WM performers recruited a larger brain network including areas associated with visual processing (i.e., inferior temporal, temporal-fusiform, and postcentral gyri) for successful auditory memory recognition.
Perturbative path-integral of string fields and the A∞ structure of the BV master equation
Authors: Masuda Toru , Matsunaga Hiroaki 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The perturbative path-integral gives a morphism of the (quantum) A∞ structure intrinsic to each quantum field theory, which we show explicitly on the basis of the homological perturbation. As is known, in the Batalin–Vilkovisky (BV) formalism, any effective action also solves the BV master equation, which implies that the path-integral can be understood as a morphism of the BV differential. Since each solution of the BV master equation is in one-to-one correspondence with a quantum A∞ structure, the path-integral preserves this intrinsic A∞ structure of quantum field theory, where A∞ reduces to L∞ whenever multiplications of space-time fields are graded commutative. We apply these ideas to string-field theory and (re-)derive some quantities based on the perturbative path-integral, such as effective theories with finite α′, reduction of gauge and unphysical degrees, the S-matrix, and gauge-invariant observables.
Improving Workplace Climate in Large Corporations: A Clustered Randomized Intervention
Authors: Alan Sule , Corekcioglu Gozde , Sutter Matthias 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We evaluate the impact of a training program aimed at improving the relational atmosphere in the workplace. The program encourages prosocial behavior and the use of professional language, focusing primarily on leaders’ behavior and leader-subordinate interactions. We implement this program using a clustered randomized design involving over 3,000 headquarters employees of 20 large corporations in Turkey. We evaluate the program with respect to employee separation, pro- and antisocial behavior, the prevalence of support networks, and perceived workplace climate. We find that treated firms have a lower likelihood of employee separation at the leadership level, fewer employees lacking professional and personal help, and denser, less segregated support networks. We also find that employees in treated corporations are less inclined to engage in toxic competition, exhibit higher reciprocity toward each other, and report higher workplace satisfaction and a more collegial environment. The program’s success in improving leader-subordinate relationships emerges as a likely mechanism to explain these results. Treated subordinates report higher professionalism and empathy in their leaders and are more likely to consider their leaders as professional support providers.
Local Anesthetic Cardiac Toxicity Is Mediated by Cardiomyocyte Calcium Dynamics
Authors: Plakhotnik Julia , Zhang Libo , Estrada Marvin , Coles John G. , Lonnqvist Per-Arne , Maynes Jason T. 
Published: September 2022

Background
Long-lasting local anesthetic use for perioperative pain control is limited by possible cardiotoxicity (e.g., arrhythmias and contractile depression), potentially leading to cardiac arrest. Off-target cardiac sodium channel blockade is considered the canonical mechanism behind cardiotoxicity; however, it does not fully explain the observed toxicity variability between anesthetics. The authors hypothesize that more cardiotoxic anesthetics (e.g., bupivacaine) differentially perturb other important cardiomyocyte functions (e.g., calcium dynamics), which may be exploited to mitigate drug toxicity.

Methods
The authors investigated the effects of clinically relevant concentrations of racemic bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or ropivacaine on human stem cell–derived cardiomyocyte tissue function. Contractility, rhythm, electromechanical coupling, field potential profile, and intracellular calcium dynamics were quantified using multielectrode arrays and optical imaging. Calcium flux differences between bupivacaine and ropivacaine were probed with pharmacologic calcium supplementation or blockade. In vitro findings were correlated in vivo using an anesthetic cardiotoxicity rat model (females; n = 5 per group).

Results
Bupivacaine more severely dysregulated calcium dynamics than ropivacaine in vitro (e.g., contraction calcium amplitude to 52 ± 11% and calcium-mediated repolarization duration to 122 ± 7% of ropivacaine effects, model estimate ± standard error). Calcium supplementation improved tissue contractility and restored normal beating rhythm (to 101 ± 6%, and 101 ± 26% of control, respectively) for bupivacaine-treated tissues, but not ropivacaine (e.g., contractility at 80 ± 6% of control). Similarly, calcium pretreatment mitigated anesthetic-induced arrhythmias and cardiac depression in rats, improving animal survival for bupivacaine by 8.3 ± 2.4 min, but exacerbating ropivacaine adverse effects (reduced survival by 13.8 ± 3.4 min and time to first arrhythmia by 12.0 ± 2.9 min). Calcium channel blocker nifedipine coadministration with bupivacaine, but not ropivacaine, exacerbated cardiotoxicity, supporting the role of calcium flux in differentiating toxicity.

Conclusions
Our data illustrate differences in calcium dynamics between anesthetics and how calcium may mitigate bupivacaine cardiotoxicity. Moreover, our findings suggest that bupivacaine cardiotoxicity risk may be higher than for ropivacaine in a calcium deficiency context.

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A Road Map for Academic Developmental-Behavioral Pediatric Practices to Increase Access
Authors: Godwin Dinah L. , Cervantes Jennifer , Torres Jennifer Y. , Ostermaier Kathryn K. , Berry Leandra N. , Voigt Robert G. 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT:
There are currently at least 19 million children and adolescents in the United States with disorders of development (learning disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disabilities, autism, motor incoordination/cerebral palsy, etc.) and only approximately 800 board-certified developmental-behavioral pediatricians (DBPs) practicing nationally. Given the astronomical mismatch between the number of children and adolescents with developmental disorders and the number of board-certified DBPs, developmental-behavioral pediatric consultations are likely the most inaccessible in all of medicine. With the goal of increasing access to these consultations, an academic developmental-behavioral practice in a large urban hospital system developed a longitudinal “Road Map,” led by our team of social workers, which is designed to provide such services while continuing to focus DBP efforts on initial consultative evaluation and diagnosis of as many children as possible. The programs that this new Road Map has provided have allowed the DBP practice not only to increase access to developmental evaluations but also to provide more holistic and targeted care from the point of being added to the waiting list and then throughout the life span at vital transition periods. Especially given the extreme mismatch between the scarce number of practicing DBPs and the prodigious number of pediatric patients with disorders of development, our hope is that other centers will consider replicating this innovative care model to address the ever-growing need for specialized DBP consultation and longitudinal wraparound care for our patients and families.
Effect of All-trans Retinoic Acid on Panniculus Carnosus Muscle Regeneration in Fetal Mouse Wound Healing
Authors: Takaya Kento , Aramaki-Hattori Noriko , Sakai Shigeki , Okabe Keisuke , Asou Toru , Kishi Kazuo 
Published: September 2022

Background:
The dermal panniculus carnosus (PC) muscle is critical for wound contraction in lower mammals and is a useful model of muscle regeneration owing to its high cellular metabolic turnover. During wound healing in mice, skin structures, including PC, are completely regenerated up to embryonic day (E) 13, but PC is only partially regenerated in fetuses or adult animals after E14. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying wound repair for complete regeneration in PC have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that retinoic acid (RA) signaling, which is involved in muscle differentiation, regulates PC regeneration.

Methods:
Surgical injury was induced in ICR mice on E13 and E14. RA receptor alpha (RARα) expression in tissue samples from embryos was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. To evaluate the effects of RA on PC regeneration, beads soaked in all-trans RA (ATRA) were implanted in E13 wounds, and tissues were observed. The effects of RA on myoblast migration were evaluated using a cell migration assay.

Results:
During wound healing, RARα expression was enhanced at the cut surface in PCs of E13 wounds but was attenuated at the cut edge of E14 PCs. Implantation of ATRA-containing beads inhibited PC regeneration on E13 in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of myoblasts with ATRA inhibited cell migration.

Conclusions:
ATRA inhibits PC regeneration, and decreased RARα expression in wounds after E14 inhibits myoblast migration. Our findings may contribute to the development of therapies to promote complete wound regeneration, even in the muscle.
Combined ALT, Estlander, and Upper Lip Flap for Defects Involving the Oral Commissure
Authors: Matsui Chihiro , Tachibana Kiyomi , Arai Toshihiro , Ikeda Yusuke , Escandón Joseph M. , Mohammad Arbab , Mizuno Hiroshi 
Published: September 2022

Summary:
Lip defects (including the corners of the mouth) are a reconstructive challenge in terms of both aesthetic and functional outcomes. When oral cancer resection results in defects that extend beyond the corners of the mouth to the buccal mucosa and buccal skin, it is difficult to perform reconstructive surgery using only a local flap, and a free flap must be used in combination. In this report, we present a case of reconstructive surgery of the corners of the mouth, buccal mucosa, and buccal skin after tumor resection for buccal mucosal squamous cell carcinoma in a 70-year-old man. The patient presented with a change in an oral mucosal ulcer for a period of 1 year. After biopsy of the ulcerated area, he was pathologically diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma. After tumor resection, including the corners of the mouth, lips, and cheek skin, and neck dissection, the patient underwent reconstructive surgery using an extended upper lip flap combined with an Estlander flap and a free anterolateral thigh flap. Two months after surgery, the patient was able to consume regular food. At 24 months of follow-up, the patient was able to speak normally without any restrictive symptoms such as fluid leakage from the corner of the mouth. Lip sensation restoration was optimal. This method using the combination of an anterolateral thigh flap and extended Estlander flap is a markedly useful option for reconstructive surgery of defects around the corner of the mouth caused by wide excision of invasive cancer.
Fluid balance in pediatric critically ill patients (with and without kidney dysfunction)
Authors: Ricci Zaccaria , Bjornstad Erica 
Published: September 2022

Purpose of review
The issues of fluid balance and fluid overload are currently considered crucial aspects of pediatric critically ill patients’ care.

Recent findings
This review describes current understanding of fluid management in critically ill children in terms of fluid balance and fluid overload and its effects on patients’ outcomes. The review describes current evidence surrounding definitions, monitoring, and treatment of positive fluid balance. In particular, the review focuses on specific patient conditions, including perioperative cardiac surgery, severe acute respiratory failure, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy, as the ones at highest risk of developing fluid overload and poor clinical outcomes. Gaps in understanding include specific thresholds at which fluid overload occurs in all critically ill children or specific populations and optimal timing of decongestion of positive fluid balance.

Summary
Current evidence on fluid balance in critically ill children is mainly based on retrospective and observational studies, and intense research should be recommended in this important field. In theory, active decongestion of patients with fluid overload could improve mortality and other clinical outcomes, but randomized trials or advanced pragmatic studies are needed to better understand the optimal timing, patient characteristics, and tools to achieve this.
Physical Activity Coaching via Telehealth for People With Parkinson Disease: A Cohort Study
Authors: Shih Hai-Jung Steffi , Macpherson Chelsea E. , King Miriam , Delaney Elizabeth , Gu Yu , Long Katrina , Reid Jennifer , Fineman Julie , Yu Geraldine , Rieger Jamie , Satchidanand Ashrita , Shah Hiral , Alcalay Roy N. , Quinn Lori 
Published: September 2022

Background and Purpose:
Physical activity (PA) has many known benefits for people with Parkinson disease (PD); however, many people do not meet recommended levels of frequency or intensity. We designed Engage-PD, a PA coaching program delivered via telehealth and grounded in self-determination theory to promote PA uptake and facilitate exercise self-efficacy in people with Parkinson disease. This study aimed to determine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of Engage-PD, and to explore whether baseline characteristics were associated with outcomes.

Methods:
A single cohort of people with PD (n = 62, Hoehn and Yahr I-III) participated in the 3-month Engage-PD program, which consisted of up to 5 telehealth coaching sessions delivered by physical therapists. Feasibility was evaluated based on recruitment and retention rates, along with participants' feedback. Planned and unplanned PA, exercise self-efficacy (ESE), and individualized goals were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Relationships between baseline characteristics and changes in planned PA and ESE were also evaluated.

Results:
Recruitment (62%) and retention (85%) rates were high, and the intervention was well accepted and perceived by the participants. From pre- to postintervention, participants increased planned PA (d = 0.33), ESE (d = 1.20), and individualized goal performance (d = 1.63) and satisfaction (d = 1.70). Participants with lower baseline planned PA experienced greater improvements in planned PA, and those with lower baseline ESE experienced greater improvements in ESE.

Discussion and Conclusions:
A telehealth PA coaching program for people with PD was feasible and potentially efficacious. Physical therapist-led coaching may be an important component of a consultative model of care starting early in the disease process.

Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A393).
Effects of virtual reality-based exercise on balance in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Shen Jie , Gu Xudong , Yao Yunhai , Li Liang , Shi Meifang , Li Hui , Sun Ya , Bai Hefeng , Li Yan , Fu Jianming 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Objective
To quantify the effects of virtual reality (VR)-based exercise on balance after stroke.

Design
The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science databases were searched until December 31, 2021. Independent investigators abstracted data, assessed the quality of the evidence, and rated the certainty of the evidence. The intergroup differences were determined by calculating mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) by RevMan 5.3 software.

Results
Fourteen RCTs involving 423 stroke patients were included. Patients who received VR-based exercise illustrated marked improvements in the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (MD = 1.35, 95% CI: 0.58 to 1.86, P<0.00001, I2
= 44%), Timed Up and Go test (TUG) (MD = -0.81, 95% CI: -1.18 to -0.44, P < 0.0001, I2
= 0%), Functional Reach Test (FRT) (MD = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.31 to 4.80, P = 0.0006, I2
= 0%), 10 Meters Walking Test (10MWT) (MD = -1.53, 95% CI: -2.92 to -0.13, P = 0.03, I2
= 33%), and Modified Barthel Index (MBI) (MD = 5.26, 95% CI: 1.70 to 8.82, P = 0.004, I2
= 0%) compared with the control group.

Conclusion
Existing low-evidence analyses showed that VR-based exercise could effectively and safely improve balance in chronic stroke. Longer-term VR-based exercise was more effective on functional ability of stroke.
Effects of Motor Imagery Training for Lower Limb Dysfunction in Patients with Stroke A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Zhao Li Juan , Jiang Lin Hong , Zhang Hong , Li Yang , Sun Pingping , Liu Yang , Qi Rui 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effects of motor imagery training (MIT) associated with conventional rehabilitation therapies (CRTs) on lower extremity motor function (LEMF) recovery in poststroke patients.

Design
Comprehensive literature searches were performed to identify studies published before June 5, 2022. RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and the modified Jadad scale. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated with GRADE system.

Result
Twenty-three trials/1109 participants with MIT ability were included in this review. MIT combined with CRTs (MIT-CRTs) versus CRTs demonstrated significant benefits in motor function, balance function, temporospatial gait variables (walking speed, stride length, and cadence) and activities of daily living (ADLs). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that MIT-CRTs had a better effect on improvement in motor function and ADLs in the acute phase and had a greater benefit on walking speed in the chronic phase. Additionally, MIT-CRTs resulted in greater improvements in stride length, cadence, walking ability, and balance function in the subacute phase.

Conclusions
MIT-CRTs have better effects on the recovery of LEMF in poststroke patients than CRTs, which may be most beneficial for LEMF recovery in the first 7 days to 6 months.