bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NMDA receptor antagonists engender neuroprotection against gp120‐induced cognitive dysfunction in rats through modulation of PKR activation, oxidative stress, ER stress and IRE1α signal pathway
Authors: Zeng Yirong , Wang Lixuan , Zhou Yijun , Liang Mei , Yu Jiajia , Wu Sisi , Zhou Yan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIt is widely accepted that the surface glycoprotein (gp120) of human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) plays an important role in HIV‐1‐induced nerve damage and pathogenesis of HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Our previous work has demonstrated that gp120 enhanced excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) mediated by N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and caused neural injury. However, the relationship between gp120, NMDARs and HAND is still unclear. Several lines of evidence indicate that double‐stranded RNA‐activated protein kinase (PKR) is involved in NMDA‐induced cerebral ischaemia and retinal damage, but because its role in neuropathology is still debated, we examined whether PKR links oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to exert a deleterious role in the rat model with gp120‐induced dementia. In this study, we found that NMDAR antagonist memantine or PKR inhibitor C16 improved gp120‐induced learning and memory impairment and inhibited gp120‐induced PKR activity. Furthermore, memantine or C16 was found to attenuate gp120‐induced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, ER stress and its downstream IRE1α/JNK pathway. Additionally, memantine or C16 evidently inhibited apoptotic pathways by reducing the Bax and caspase‐3, ‐8, ‐9 expressions and increasing Bcl‐2 expression. So the NMDA receptor antagonists could alleviate HIV/gp120‐induced dementia in the rat model by altering PKR level. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that NMDARs play a key role in HIV/gp120‐induced hippocampal damage and cognitive dysfunction through PKR‐mediated oxidative stress, ER stress, and IRE1α/JNK signalling pathway in rats, and implicating PKR inhibitors could provide a novel neuroprotective strategy for HAND via inhibiting ER stress and its downstream IRE1α signalling pathway.
Biodiversity and yield trade‐offs for organic farming
Authors: Gong Shanxing , Hodgson Jenny A. , Tscharntke Teja , Liu Yunhui , van der Werf Wopke , Batáry Péter , Knops Johannes M. H. , Zou Yi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOrganic farming supports higher biodiversity than conventional farming, but at the cost of lower yields. We conducted a meta‐analysis quantifying the trade‐off between biodiversity and yield, comparing conventional and organic farming. We developed a compatibility index to assess whether biodiversity gains from organic farming exceed yield losses, and a substitution index to assess whether organic farming would increase biodiversity in an area if maintaining total production under organic farming would require cultivating more land at the expense of nature. Overall, organic farming had 23% gain in biodiversity with a similar cost of yield decline. Biodiversity gain is negatively correlated to yield loss for microbes and plants, but no correlation was found for other taxa. The biodiversity and yield trade‐off varies under different contexts of organic farming. The overall compatibility index value was close to zero, with negative values for cereal crops, positive for non‐cereal crops, and varies across taxa. Our results indicate that, on average, the proportion of biodiversity gain is similar to the proportion of yield loss for paired field studies. For some taxa in non‐cereal crops, switching to organic farming can lead to a biodiversity gain without yield loss. We calculated the overall value of substitution index and further discussed the application of this index to evaluate when the biodiversity of less intensified farming system is advantageous.
The European Academy of Neurology Brain Health Strategy: One brain, one life, one approach
Authors: Bassetti Claudio L. A. , Endres Mathias , Sander Anja , Crean Michael , Subramaniam Sumathi , Carvalho Vanessa , Di Liberto Giovanni , Franco Oscar H. , Pijnenburg Yolande , Leonardi Matilde , Boon Paul 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackground and purposeBrain health is essential for health, well‐being, productivity and creativity across the entire life. Its definition goes beyond the absence of disease embracing all cognitive, emotional, behavioural and social functions which are necessary to cope with life situations.MethodsThe European Academy of Neurology (EAN) Brain Health Strategy responds to the high and increasing burden of neurological disorders. It aims to develop a non‐disease‐, non‐age‐centred holistic and positive approach (‘one brain, one life, one approach’) to prevent neurological disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, stroke, epilepsy, headache/migraine, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, sleep disorders, brain cancer) but also to preserve brain health and promote recovery after brain damage.ResultsThe pillars of the EAN Brain Health Strategy are (1) to contribute to a global and international brain health approach (together with national and subspecialty societies, other medical societies, the World Health Organization, the World Federation of Neurology, patients' organizations, industry and other stakeholders); (2) to support the 47 European national neurological societies, healthcare and policymakers in the implementation of integrated and people‐centred campaigns; (3) to foster research (e.g., on prevention of neurological disorders, determinants and assessments of brain health); (4) to promote education of students, neurologists, general practitioners, other medical specialists and health professionals, patients, caregivers and the general public; (5) to raise public awareness of neurological disorders and brain health.ConclusionsBy adopting this ‘one brain, one life, one approach’ strategy in cooperation with partner societies, international organizations and policymakers, a significant number of neurological disorders may be prevented whilst the overall well‐being of individuals is enhanced by maintaining brain health through the life course.
Earthworms as catalysts in the formation and stabilization of soil microbial necromass
Authors: Angst Gerrit , Frouz Jan , van Groenigen Jan Willem , Scheu Stefan , Kögel‐Knabner Ingrid , Eisenhauer Nico 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMicrobial necromass is a central component of soil organic matter (SOM), whose management may be essential in mitigating atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate change. Current consensus regards the magnitude of microbial necromass production to be heavily dependent on the carbon use efficiency of microorganisms, which is strongly influenced by the quality of the organic matter inputs these organisms feed on. However, recent concepts neglect agents relevant in many soils: earthworms. We argue that the activity of earthworms accelerates the formation of microbial necromass stabilized in aggregates and organo‐mineral associations and reduces the relevance of the quality of pre‐existing organic matter in this process. Earthworms achieve this through the creation of transient hotspots (casts) characterized by elevated contents of bioavailable substrate and the efficient build‐up and quick turnover of microbial biomass, thus converting SOM not mineralized in this process into a state more resistant against external disturbances, such as climate change. Promoting the abundance of earthworms may, therefore, be considered a central component of management strategies that aim to accelerate the formation of stabilized microbial necromass in wide locations of the soil commonly not considered hotspots of microbial SOM formation.
A demographic framework for understanding fire‐driven reptile declines in the ‘land of the lizards'
Authors: Santos Julianna L. , Sitters Holly , Keith David A. , Geary William L. , Tingley Reid , Kelly Luke T. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundFire creates habitats for many animals but changes in fire activity threaten species worldwide. While conservation assessments routinely identify fire as a threat to lizards and snakes, the processes underlying fire‐driven population declines have received less attention. Assessing the effects of fire on demographic processes – survival, reproduction and movement – provides a means to identify mechanisms of population declines and forecast population changes. Here, we synthesize how inappropriate fire regimes contribute to declines of animal populations, using threatened Australian squamates as a case study.MethodsWe applied a demographic framework in a systematic review to identify fire characteristics and interacting threats associated with population declines in imperilled Australian squamates (n = 88). We reviewed primary literature and conservation assessments on these species and classified fire‐related threats according to seven key mechanisms of population decline, five fire‐regime characteristics, and eight interacting threats.ResultsInappropriate fire regimes threaten 43% of Australian squamates of conservation concern, including geckos, skinks and snakes. Our analysis indicates that high fire intensity and severity, high fire frequency, and large fires are the main causes of fire‐related population declines, particularly via their impacts on survival. Low fire frequency also contributes to declines of some species through reduced survival or reproductive success. Weed invasion and predation are observed or predicted to interact with fire to amplify reptile declines. Our results also reveal a dearth of robust empirical studies on squamates of conservation concern.Main conclusionsThe demographic framework applied here will help forecast population changes in a new era of fire. By focusing on processes that are relevant to squamate populations globally, we anticipate that the framework will help diagnose causes of population declines in ecosystems that experience fire, and quantify the consequences of alternative management actions, including urgent conservation interventions after megafires.
Working in the gig economy is boring: Non‐encounters and the politics of detachment in platform capitalism
Authors: Straughan Elizabeth R. , Bissell David 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis paper develops the concept of the non‐encounter for geography in the context of the changing experience of gig economy work during COVID‐19. Supplementing political economy insights with a cultural geographic sensitivity to embodiment, we explore the fluctuating bodily capacities of food delivery drivers during the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Melbourne, Australia. We reflect on fieldwork with gig workers which drew our attention to how the practice of doorstep food delivery became ‘contact‐free’ during the pandemic. In dialogue with cultural geographical literatures on boredom and interruptions, our paper highlights the deleterious impacts of repetition without interruption on workers' bodies. We argue that the felt absences of previously enjoyed light‐touch interactions with customers and other delivery drivers has created a strange kind of ‘non‐encounter’ for gig workers, intensifying feelings of boredom and a sense of detachment. We speculate on what this means for the future of gig work and for cultural geographers.
National heroes, disposable workers. How collective action in the health and social care sector during the pandemic negotiated with the self‐sacrificing worker ideal
Authors: Galanti Costanza 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDuring the pandemic, the ideal of the self‐sacrificing health and social care worker became both more powerful and more unsustainable than ever. This article explores the manner and extent to which health and social care workers collectively challenged this ideal. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Italy, this paper discusses mobilizations organized within three occupations: doctors in training, nurses, and social care workers. The study finds that collective action partially rejected and partially reproduced the self‐sacrificing worker ideal. Moreover, it shows how inequality regimes, imposing this ideal through classist, gendered, ageist, and racist‐nationalist processes in a pattern specific to each occupation, fundamentally shape the ways in which the ideal is challenged, as does the political culture of the groups organizing the mobilizations.
Histologic characterization of paediatric mesenchymal neoplasms treated with kinase‐targeted therapy
Authors: Baranov Esther , Winsnes Katrina , O'Brien Matthew , Voss Stephan D , Church Alanna J , Janeway Katherine A , DuBois Steven G , Davis Jessica L , Al‐Ibraheemi Alyaa 
Published: May 2022

AimsRecurrent alterations involving receptor tyrosine or cytoplasmic kinase genes have been described in soft‐tissue neoplasms such as infantile fibrosarcoma (IFS) and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT). Recent trials and regulatory approvals for targeted inhibitors against the kinase domains of these oncoproteins have allowed for increased use of targeted therapies. We aimed to characterize the histologic features of paediatric mesenchymal neoplasms with kinase alterations treated with targeted inhibitors.Methods and resultsEight patients with tyrosine kinase‐altered mesenchymal neoplasms with pre‐ and posttreatment samples were identified. Tumours occurred in five females and three males with a median age at presentation of 6.5 years. Tumour sites were bone/somatic soft‐tissue (n = 5) and viscera (n = 3). Pretreatment diagnoses were: IMT (n = 3), epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma (n = 1), and descriptive diagnoses (n = 4) such as “kinase‐driven spindle cell tumor.” Fusions identified were ETV6::NTRK3 (n = 2), TPM3::NTRK1, SEPT7::BRAF, TFG::ROS1, KLC1::ALK, RANBP2::ALK, and MAP4::RAF1. Patients were treated with larotrectinib (n = 3), ALK or ALK/ROS1 inhibitors (n = 3), and MEK inhibitors (n = 2). Posttreatment tumours exhibited a striking decrease in cellularity (7/8) and the presence of collagenous stroma (7/8) with extensive glassy hyalinization (5/8). In two cases, abundant coarse or psammomatous calcifications were seen and in one case prominent perivascular hyalinization was noted. Residual viable tumour was seen in 3/8 cases (<5% in one case, and >75% in 2/8 cases).ConclusionMesenchymal neoplasms with tyrosine kinase alterations treated with targeted inhibitors show a pathologic response, which includes decreased cellularity and stromal hyalinization. The presence of these features may be helpful in assessing tumour response after targeted therapy.
How to streamline the low and negligible research ethics and governance review process from 80 to 10 days: submission to decision
Authors: Milosavljevic Marianna , Hewitt Lyndel , Fish Janaye , Cuenca Jose , Ashford Bruce 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMost clinicians find research ethics and governance difficult and time consuming. This study aimed to develop a better local review process for low‐risk research. We used real‐time processing, leveraged local expertise and streamlined paperwork. As a result, turnaround times decreased from more than 80 days to 10 days, creating an efficient review process for low‐risk projects.
Dielectric relaxations of lead zirconate titanate films up to millimeter‐wave frequencies
Authors: Manikandan Suraj , Aruchamy Naveen , Allirol Lucas , Girod Stéphanie , Glinsek Sebastjan , Defay Emmanuel , Granzow Torsten 
Published: May 2022

AbstractModern high‐frequency applications critically depend on the availability of data on the dielectric properties of functional materials in the microwave and millimeter‐wave range. This paper investigates the dielectric response of polycrystalline lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films prepared by solution deposition at frequencies between 10 MHz and 70 GHz and temperatures of 305–395 K by measuring the S‐parameters of coplanar waveguides (CPW). The real and imaginary parts of the permittivity of the PZT film are de‐coupled from the electrical properties of both the fused silica substrate and the copper electrodes. Two dielectric relaxations are identified: one around 850 MHz, with room‐temperature permittivity dropping from 1080 to 560, and one around 36 GHz, with permittivity dropping below 100, respectively. The low‐frequency relaxation shows a shift to lower frequencies with increasing temperature; it is explained by the conventional Arlt model of mechanical shear mode resonance across the film thickness. The high‐frequency relaxation, which is practically independent of temperature, is attributed to the response of ferroelectric domain walls.
Degradation of oxalic acid by Trichoderma afroharzianum and its correlation with cell wall degrading enzymes in antagonizing Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Wu Xiaoqing , Lyu Yuping , Ren He , Zhou Fangyuan , Zhang Xinjian , Zhao Xiaoyan , Zhang Guangzhi , Yang Hetong 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Aim
Oxalic acid (OA) is one of the pathogenic factors of Botrytis cinerea. Trichoderma afroharzianum exerts both antagonistic and oxalate-degrading effects on B. cinerea. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the elimination of OA by T. afroharzianum and its antagonistic effects on B. cinerea.

Methods and Results
Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatogram (RP-HPLC) analysis showed that T. afroharzianum LTR-2 eliminated 10- or 20-mmol/L OA within 120 h, with the degradation being particularly efficient at the concentration of 20 mmol/L. RNA-seq analysis showed that the oxalate decarboxylase (OXDC) gene Toxdc, β-1,3-exoglucanase gene Tglu and aspartic protease gene Tpro of LTR-2 were significantly upregulated after treatment with 20-mmol/L OA. RT-qPCR analysis showed that under the conditions of confrontation, Toxdc and three cell wall degrading enzyme (CWDE) genes were upregulated before physical contact with B. cinerea. In addition, RT-qPCR analysis showed that OA synthesis in B. cinerea was not significantly affected by LTR-2.

Conclusions
The results revealed a correlation between OA degradation and mycoparasitism in T. afroharzianum when antagonising B. cinerea at the transcriptional level.

Significance and Impact of the Study
The relationship between OA degradation by T. afroharzianum and its effects against B. cinerea provide a new perspective on the antagonism of T. afroharzianum against B. cinerea. In addition, this study provides theoretical data for the scientific application of T. afroharzianum in the field of biocontrol.
Low molecular weight chitooligosaccharide inhibits infection of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro
Authors: Jang Donghwan , Lee Dagyum , Shin Young Chul , Lee Joong Su , Jung Jihee , Ryoo Sungweon 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Aims
The discovery of antiviral substances to respond to COVID-19 is a global issue, including the field of drug development based on natural materials. Here, we showed that chitosan-based substances have natural antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.

Methods and Results
The molecular weight of chitosan-based substances was measured by the gel permeation chromatography analysis. In MTT assay, the chitosan-based substances have low cytotoxicity to Vero cells. The antiviral effect of these substances was confirmed by quantitative viral RNA targeting the RdRp and E genes and plaque assay. Among the substances tested, low molecular weight chitooligosaccharide decreased the fluorescence intensity of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein of the virus-infected cells in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusions
In conclusion, the chitooligosaccharide, a candidate for natural treatment, has antiviral effects against the SARS-CoV-2 virus in vitro.

Significance and Impact of Study
In this study, it was suggested for the first time that chitosan-based substances such as chitooligosaccharide can have an antiviral effect on SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.
Dual species dry surface biofilms; Bacillus species impact on Staphylococcus aureus survival and surface disinfection
Authors: Centeleghe Isabella , Norville Phillip , Hughes Louise , Maillard Jean-Yves 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Aims
Dry surface biofilms (DSB) survive on environmental surfaces throughout hospitals, able to resist cleaning and disinfection interventions. This study aimed to produce a dual species DSB and explore the ability of commercially available wipe products to eliminate pathogens within a dual species DSB and prevent their transfer.

Methods and Results
Staphylococcus aureus was grown with two different species of Bacillus on stainless steel discs, over 12 days using sequential hydration and dehydration phases. A modified version of ASTM 2967–15 was used to test six wipe products including one water control with the Fitaflex Wiperator. Staphylococcus aureus growth was inhibited when combined with Bacillus subtilis. Recovery of S. aureus on agar from a dual DSB was not always consistent. Our results did not provide evidence that Bacillus licheniformis protected S. aureus from wipe action. There was no significant difference of S. aureus elimination by antimicrobial wipes between single and dual species DSB. B. licheniformis was easily transferred by the wipe itself and to new surfaces both in a single and dual species DSB, whilst several wipe products inhibited the transfer of S. aureus from wipe. However, S. aureus direct transfer to new surfaces was not inhibited post-wiping.

Conclusions
Although we observed that the dual DSB did not confer protection of S. aureus, we demonstrated that environmental species can persist on surfaces after disinfection treatment. Industries should test DSB against future products and hospitals should consider carefully the products they choose.

Significance and Impact of the Study
To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting on the production of a dual species DSB. Multispecies DSB have been identified throughout the world on hospital surfaces, but many studies focus on single species biofilms. This study has shown that DSB behave differently to hydrated biofilms.
L-norvaline affects the proliferation of breast cancer cells based on the microbiome and metabolome analysis
Authors: Zhu Qin , Zai Hongyan , Zhang Kejing , Zhang Xian , Luo Na , Li Xin , Hu Yu , Wu Yuhui 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Aims
The altered faecal metabolites and microbiota might be involved in the development of breast cancer. We aimed to investigate the effect of differential metabolites on the proliferative activity of breast cancer cells.

Methods and Results
We collected faecal samples from 14 breast cancer patients and 14 healthy subjects. Untargeted metabolomics analysis, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) targeted analysis, and 16S rDNA sequencing was performed. The gut metabolite composition of patients changed significantly. Levels of norvaline, glucuronate and galacturonate were lower in the cancer group than in the Control (p &lt; 0.05). 4-Methylcatechol and guaiacol increased (p &lt; 0.05). Acetic acid and butyric acid were lower in the cancer group than in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Isobutyric acid and pentanoic acid were higher in the cancer group than in the control (p &lt; 0.05). In the genus, the abundance of Rothia and Actinomyces increased in the cancer group, compared with the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The differential microbiotas were clearly associated with differential metabolites but weakly with SCFAs. The abundance of Rothia and Actinomyces was markedly positively correlated with 4-methylcatechol and guaiacol (p &lt; 0.05) and negatively correlated with norvaline (p &lt; 0.05). L-norvaline inhibited the content of Arg-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with the L-norvaline or doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) group, the proliferation abilities of 4 T1 cells were the lowest in the L-norvaline combined with DOX (p &lt; 0.05). The apoptosis rate increased (p &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
Faecal metabolites and microbiota were significantly altered in breast cancer. Levels of differential metabolites (i.e. Norvaline) were significantly correlated with the abundance of differential microbiota. L-norvaline combined with DOX could clearly inhibit the proliferation activity of breast cancer cells.

Significance and Impact of Study
This might provide clues to uncover potential biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.