bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fewer non‐native insects in freshwater than in terrestrial habitats across continents
Authors: Sendek Agnieszka , Baity‐Jesi Marco , Altermatt Florian , Bader Martin K.‐F. , Liebhold Andrew M. , Turner Rebecca M. , Roques Alain , Seebens Hanno , Spaak Piet , Vorburger Christoph , Brockerhoff Eckehard G. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAimBiological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Insects represent an important group of species in freshwater and terrestrial habitats, and they constitute a large proportion of non‐native species. However, while many non‐native insects are known from terrestrial ecosystems, they appear to be less represented in freshwater habitats. Comparisons between freshwater and terrestrial habitats of invader richness relative to native species richness are scarce, which hinders syntheses of invasion processes. Here, we used data from three regions on different continents to determine whether non‐native insects are indeed under‐represented in freshwater compared with terrestrial assemblages.LocationEurope, North America, New Zealand.MethodsWe compiled a comprehensive inventory of native and non‐native insect species established in freshwater and terrestrial habitats of the three study regions. We then contrasted the richness of non‐native and native species among freshwater and terrestrial insects for all insect orders in each region. Using binomial regression, we analysed the proportions of non‐native species in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Marine insect species were excluded from our analysis, and insects in low‐salinity brackish water were considered as freshwater insects.ResultsIn most insect orders living in freshwater, non‐native species were under‐represented, while they were over‐represented in a number of terrestrial orders. This pattern occurred in purely aquatic orders and in orders with both freshwater and terrestrial species. Overall, the proportion of non‐native species was significantly lower in freshwater than in terrestrial species.Main conclusionsDespite the numerical and ecological importance of insects among all non‐native species, non‐native insect species are surprisingly rare in freshwater habitats. This is consistent across the three investigated regions. We review hypotheses concerning species traits and invasion pathways that are most likely to explain these patterns. Our findings contribute to a growing appreciation of drivers and impacts of biological invasions.
Neurodivergence‐informed therapy
Authors: Chapman Robert , Botha Monique 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe neurodiversity movement is a social movement that emerged among autistic self‐advocates. It has since spread and has been joined by many with diagnoses of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, and developmental coordination disorder among others. By reconceptualizing neurodiversity as part of biodiversity, neurodiversity proponents emphasize the need to develop an ‘ecological’ society that supports the conservation of neurological minorities through the construction of ecological niches—that is, making space for all. This is an alternative to the drive to eliminate diversity through attempts to ‘treat’ or ‘cure’ neurodivergence. So far, neurodiversity theory has not been formally adapted for psychotherapeutic frameworks, and it is not the role of the therapist to make systemic changes to societal organization. Still, there is room for fruitfully drawing on a neurodiversity perspective for therapists working with neurodivergent people in clinical settings. Here, we draw on the example of autism and synthesize three key themes to propose the concept of neurodivergence‐informed therapy. First, the reconceptualization of dysfunction as relational rather than individual. Second, the importance of neurodivergence acceptance and pride, and disability community and culture to emancipate neurodivergent people from neuro‐normativity. Third, the need for therapists to cultivate a relational epistemic humility regarding different experiences of neurodivergence and disablement.
Mediation of the total effect of cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes on mortality: A UK Cystic Fibrosis Registry cohort study
Authors: Tanner Kamaryn T. , Daniel Rhian M. , Bilton Diana , Simmonds Nicholas J. , Sharples Linda D. , Keogh Ruth H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAimTo investigate whether the effect of cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes (CFRD) on the composite outcome of mortality or transplant could act through lung function, pulmonary exacerbations and/or nutritional status.MethodsA retrospective cohort of adult cystic fibrosis (CF) patients who had not been diagnosed with CFRD were identified from the UK Cystic Fibrosis Registry (n = 2750). Rate of death or transplant was compared between patients who did and did not develop CFRD (with insulin use) during follow‐up using Poisson regression, separately by sex. Causal mediation methods were used to investigate whether lung function, pulmonary exacerbations and nutritional status lie on the causal pathway between insulin‐treated CFRD and mortality/transplant.ResultsAt all ages, the mortality/transplant rate was higher in both men and women diagnosed with CFRD. Pulmonary exacerbations were the strongest mediator of the effect of CFRD on mortality/transplant, with an estimated 15% [95% CI: 7%, 28%] of the effect at 2 years post‐CFRD diagnosis attributed to exacerbations, growing to 24% [95% CI: 9%, 46%] at 4 years post‐diagnosis. Neither lung function nor nutritional status were found to be significant mediators of this effect. Estimates were similar but with wider confidence intervals in a cohort that additionally included people with CFRD but not using insulin.ConclusionThere is evidence that pulmonary exacerbations mediate the effect of CFRD on mortality but, as they are estimated to mediate less than one‐quarter of the total effect, the mechanism through which CFRD influences survival may involve other factors.
Patterns of craniomaxillofacial trauma among helmeted cyclists
Authors: Stanbouly Dani , Selvi Firat , Patel Neel , Ro Deborah Christina , Kocaelli Humeyra 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackground/AimThe head and face are prone to injury in bicycle accidents and helmets are proven to be helpful in decreasing injuries to some extent. The aim of this study was to determine whether certain craniomaxillofacial regions are at increased risk of injury (fracture) during bicycle accidents among helmeted cyclists.Materials and methodsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Data concerning craniomaxillofacial injuries as a result of cycling accidents between 2019 and 2020 were reviewed. The primary predictor variables were the craniomaxillofacial region and a craniofacial bone. The co‐variates included patient characteristics (age, gender, race) and injury characteristics (location, season). The primary outcome variable was a fracture. Logistic regression was used to determine any independent risk factors for a fracture.ResultsFive hundred patients reported helmet use at the time of injury. Fractures of the face region were 75 times (p < .01) more likely than the head region. No particular craniofacial bone was at greater risk of fracture relative to the maxilla. Adults (OR 24.0, p < .01) and seniors (OR 38.6, p < .01) were each at greater risk for fracture relative to children.ConclusionsThe facial region was at increased risk of fracture relative to the head during a bicycle accident. Adults and seniors were at increased risk of suffering craniofacial fractures relative to children.
Size and location of host‐plant shape the spatial pattern of forest insect
Authors: Jing Tian‐Zhong , Cai Xiao‐Lin , Lu Hua‐Yang , Dai Li‐Min , Liu Li‐Ping , Bai Li , Li Xiang , Li Man‐Yu , Wen Yi , Han Qing 
Published: September 2022

AbstractInsect–host relationships can generate spatial patterns. The effect of plant species has been widely investigated, whereas the effect of plant size was ignored.The authors characterized the spatial pattern of the swift mothEndoclita excrescensButler by combining spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) and spatial point pattern analysis (SPPA). Two contiguous plots of monospecific plantations of Manchurian ashFraxinus mandshuricawith different diameters at breast height (DBH) were sampled, and the position, DBH, and count of attack holes of each ash tree were recorded.The aggregation at the landscape scale is far stronger than those at the stand scale. At the landscape scale, trees with small number of bored holes were close to each other at distances ofr < 4 m. None of the significant patterns were found at the stand scale.SADIE results showed a strong association between count of attack holes and DBH at the landscape scale, whereas weak association at the stand scale. SPPA results showed that, either at the landscape or stand scale, the locations of ash trees were randomly distributed at small distance, but aggregated at large distance. The counts of holes are only dependent on the point (tree) at small distances (r < 2.5 m) at the landscape scale. These results provide basic information for sampling and precision‐targeted controlling programs.
Astrocytes show increased levels of Ero1α in multiple sclerosis and its experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model
Authors: Samtleben Samira , Mina Lucas , Yap Megan C. , Branton William G. , Yousuf Muhammad Saad , Tenorio Gustavo , Ballanyi Klaus , Giuliani Fabrizio , Kerr Bradley J. , Power Christopher , Simmen Thomas 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal models are characterized by cellular inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS). The sources and consequences of this inflammation are currently not completely understood. Critical signs and mediators of CNS inflammation are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that promote inflammation. ROS originate from a variety of redox‐reactive enzymes, one class of which catalyses oxidative protein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, the unfolded protein response and other signalling mechanisms maintain a balance between ROS producers such as ER oxidoreductin 1α (Ero1α) and antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase 8 (GPx8). The role of ROS production within the ER has so far not been examined in the context of MS. In this manuscript, we examined how components of the ER redox network change upon MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We found that unlike GPx8, Ero1α increases within both MS and EAE astrocytes, in parallel with an imbalance of other oxidases such of GPx7, and that no change was observed within neurons. This imbalance of ER redox enzymes can reduce the lifespan of astrocytes, while neurons are not affected. Therefore, Ero1α induction makes astrocytes vulnerable to oxidative stress in the MS and EAE pathologies.
Nietzsche on the sociality of emotional experience
Authors: Creasy Kaitlyn 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this paper, I explore the sociality of emotional experience in the work of Friedrich Nietzsche. Specifically, I describe four key mechanisms through which an individual's sociocultural context shapes her emotional experience on Nietzsche's view—emotional contagion as habitual affective mimicry, the production of emotions' felt character through the assimilation of dominant social beliefs and norms, affective interpretation à la Christopher Fowles, and the imposition of dominant notions of emotional appropriateness—fleshing out a dimension of Nietzsche's thought which is largely taken for granted but remains undertreated. After detailing these mechanisms, I argue that attending to the sociality of emotional experience in Nietzsche's thought is crucial not only for understanding key elements of his moral psychology (including certain of his reflections on freedom and self‐transformation), but also for understanding his interpretation of nihilism as a psychological‐affective phenomenon produced by the society to which one belongs. On Nietzsche's view, attending to the sociality of emotion helps individuals recognize the way in which the sociocultural contexts they inhabit might undermine their flourishing—and also helps them envision the conditions (especially sociocultural conditions) requisite for healthier, more empowering emotional lives.
Group interventions for mental health and parenting in parents with adverse childhood experiences: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lyu Renhui , Lu Shuang , Ma Xinyao 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis meta‐analysis synthesizes the effects of group parenting interventions (GPIs) on mental health and parenting‐related outcomes among parents with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).BackgroundParents' history of ACEs can jeopardize parental mental health and impede their children's development through dysfunctional parenting. GPIs are increasingly applied to parents with ACEs, but their effectiveness remains to be synthesized.MethodWe identified 12 relevant studies that involve 709 families from PsycINFO, Medline, CINAHL Plus, and Embase. The overall intervention effect size was estimated by adjusted pooled standardized mean difference using random‐effects models, and moderator analyses were performed to explore the variability in intervention effects. Risks of bias and publication bias were also assessed.ResultsMost of the parents in the included studies were mothers from ethnic minority groups who had limited family support and a low socioeconomic status. The average age of parents ranged from 18 to 32 years. GPIs showed small positive effects on parenting (Hedge's g = 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.22, 0.49]) and parent mental health (g = 0.34, CI [0.16, 0.53]), with some variability across the studies.ConclusionGPIs show promising effects in improving parenting and mental health among parents who have experienced early‐childhood trauma.ImplicationsAddressing the needs of parents with ACEs warrants a comprehensive intervention framework. Interventions for parents with ACEs should balance the focus on building healthy parent–child attachment and addressing parents' personal emotional needs.
Effect of cyclic softening and mean stress relaxation on fatigue crack initiation in a hemispherical notch
Authors: Qvale Paul , Zarandi Ershad P. , Arredondo Alberto , Ås Sigmund K. , Skallerud Bjørn H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCorroded surfaces of offshore mooring chains typically show a very irregular shape with different pit geometries. Fatigue tests were performed in three‐point bending on specimens with hemispherical notches, representing an idealized geometry of a corrosion pit. Digital image correlation was used to detect crack initiation lives and locations. The aim of the study was to quantify mean stress relaxation (MSR) and its influence on fatigue initiation life. MSR data were obtained from strain‐controlled fatigue tests on R4‐grade offshore mooring chain steel. Interestingly, MSR was observed even at a stress amplitude below the cyclic yield stress. For initiation lives below 100,000 cycles, significant improvement in predictions was obtained if cyclic softening and MSR were accounted for. Using only the monotonic stress‐strain curve led to less accurate predictions. For longer lives, scatter in the base material
data and residual stresses from machining of the notch made predictions less accurate.
Assessment of plaque control efficacy using two types of toothbrushes in young adults: An interventional crossover study
Authors: Nair Uma P. , Ravindra Shivamurthy , Reddy Raghavendra N. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjectiveEvaluation of plaque removal efficacy of short‐headed toothbrush as compared to conventional/traditional toothbrush.MethodA total of 20 subjects meeting the inclusion criteria were considered. Selected subjects were divided into test and control groups. Initially, subjects were advised to refrain from brushing teeth for 24 h, to determine the plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) at the baseline. Further, crossover observation between the groups was recorded based on short‐headed toothbrush (Curaprox CS 5460) and traditional brushes (ultrasoft). Finally, a questionnaire survey was conducted to gather preferences and experiences of each subject.ResultsIn terms of plaque removal, the short‐headed toothbrush and the conventional toothbrush demonstrated comparable results. In terms of PI and GI, the intergroup comparison revealed no significant differences (p = 0.878). Individual acceptability of the short‐headed toothbrush was shown to be higher in the questionnaire survey.ConclusionIt was observed that both toothbrushes showed similar efficacy. However, the subjects preferred short‐headed toothbrush.Clinical relevanceShort‐headed toothbrushes comprising a higher number of bristles can be recommended in terms of better oral hygiene.
Childhood follow‐up of the GRoW randomized trial: Metformin in addition to dietary and lifestyle advice for pregnant women with overweight or obesity
Authors: Deussen Andrea R. , Louise Jennie , Dodd Jodie M. 
Published: September 2022

SummaryBackgroundMetformin for women with overweight or obesity during pregnancy has been evaluated in randomized trials to reduce adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. The effect on longer‐term child health remains of interest.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of in‐utero exposure to metformin on child health compared with no exposure.MethodsWe assessed children born to 513 women who participated in the Metformin in addition to dietary and lifestyle advice for pregnant women with overweight or obesity: the GRoW randomized trial, where women were randomized to receive either metformin or placebo during pregnancy. Child weight, height, anthropometry, diet, physical activity and neurodevelopment were assessed at six and 18 months and three to five years of age. The main outcome was BMI z‐score > 85th centile for age and sex.ResultsThe number of children with BMI >85th centile was similar between treatment groups at all time points. At 18 months and three to five years of age, more than half of the children had a BMI z‐score > 85th centile, indicating a high risk of childhood obesity.ConclusionsWe did not show evidence of the benefit of metformin for children of women with overweight or obesity during pregnancy adding to the growing literature on the lack of effect of pregnancy interventions in reducing longer‐term risks of childhood obesity.
Initiation of the alternative pathway of complement and the history of “tickover”
Authors: Pangburn Michael K. 
Published: September 2022

SummaryThe evolutionary history of complement suggests that the alternative pathway arose prior to the arrival of the classical and lectin pathways. In these pathways, target specificity is provided by antibodies and sugar specific lectins. While these efficient initiation systems dominate activation on most targets, the alternative pathway produces most of the C3b and 80%‐90% of the C5b‐9. While the tickover process, originally proposed by Peter Lachmann, provided ancient hosts with a crude self/non‐self‐discriminatory system that initiated complement attack on everything foreign, tickover clearly plays a more minor role in complement activation in modern organisms possessing classical and lectin pathways. Spontaneous activation of the alternative pathway via tickover may play a major role in human pathologies where tissue damage is complement‐mediated. The molecular mechanism of tickover is still not convincingly proven. Prevailing hypotheses include (a) spontaneous hydrolysis of the thioester in C3 forming the C3b‐like C3(H2O) in solution and (b) “enhanced tickover” in which surfaces cause specific or non‐specific contact activated conformational changes in C3. Theoretical considerations, including computer simulations, suggest that the latter mechanism is more likely and that more research needs to be devoted to understanding interactions between biological surfaces and C3.
Small particles with large impact: Insights into the unresolved roles of innate immunity in extracellular vesicle‐mediated cardiovascular calcification
Authors: Turner Mandy E , Bartoli‐Leonard Francesca , Aikawa Elena 
Published: September 2022

SummaryExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular calcification, and immune cell infiltration and inflammation have a central role in this process. EVs egress from various cardiovascular cell types, which when acquiring specific properties, become calcifying. These calcifying EVs form nidi for microcalcification, which can progress to the macrocalcification lesions that are visualized clinically. We make the distinction between inflammatory‐driven and mineral dysregulation‐driven calcification, which both share EVs as a central initiator. In inflammation‐mediated calcification, inflammation precedes microcalcification and results from EV release from macrophages. Local cellular crosstalk mediated by EVs as well as circulating EVs and other inflammatory nanoparticles, such as calciprotein particles and lipoproteins, are also critical in the progression of cardiovascular calcification. It is imperative that future work links the already established and to be discovered roles of inflammation and innate immunity in cardiovascular calcification to these key signaling and functional roles of these nanoparticles. It remains an understudied area with high potential to unravel mechanistic roles and has important implications in drug target research.
BNT162b2 vaccination reduced infections and transmission in a COVID‐19 outbreak in a nursing home in Germany, 2021
Authors: Meyer Emily Dorothee , Sandfort Mirco , Bender Jennifer , Matysiak‐Klose Dorothea , Dörre Achim , Bojara Gerhard , Beyrer Konrad , Hellenbrand Wiebke 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundA SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak was detected in a nursing home in February 2021 after residents and staff had received two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine in January 2021.MethodsNursing home staff, long‐term residents and day‐care receivers were included in a retrospective cohort study. We calculated attack rates (AR), secondary AR (SAR) and their 95% binomial confidence interval (CI), and we compared them using Fisher's exact test or chi‐squared test, depending on the sample size. We used Poisson regression with robust error estimates to calculate vaccine effectiveness against SARS‐COV‐2 infections. We selected variables based on directed acyclic graphs. As a proxy for viral load at diagnosis, we compared the mean Ct values at diagnosis using t tests or Mann–Whitney U tests.ResultsThe adjusted vaccine effectiveness against infection was 56% (95% CI: 15–77%, p = 0.04). Ct values at diagnosis were higher when intervals after receiving the second vaccination were longer (>21 vs. ≤21 days: 4.48 cycles, p = 0.08). The SAR was 67% lower in households of vaccinated (2/9 [22.2%]) than of unvaccinated infected staff (12/18 [66.7%]; p = 0.046). Vaccination rates were lowest among staff with close physical contact to care‐receivers (46%). The highest AR in vaccinated staff had those working on wards (14%).ConclusionsVaccination reduced the risk for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, viral load and transmission; however, non‐pharmaceutical interventions remain essential to reduce transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 infections, even for vaccinated individuals. Vaccination coverage of staff ought to increase reduction of infections among themselves, their household members and residents.