bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modèles et apprentissage organisationnel
Authors: Hatchuel Armand , Moisdon Jean-Claude 
Published: March 2022

Models and organizational learning.
In this paper, the authors attempt to specify under which conditions a decision-aiding model can contribute to the process of organizational learning. Considering that an organization can be viewed as the resuit of delegation, coordination and evaluation Systems, the authors hold that organization modelling always conveys an implicit representation of the organization to which it is applied. A decision-aiding model is indeed always bound to make some assumptions as to the basic mechanisms which define the organization.
However, the knowledge available on the inner mechanisms of an organization is necessarily limited, as is the knowledge of the model designer. Consequently, the implicit organization of the model always reveals a more or less significant discrepancy with respect to the actual organisation.
Either this discrepancy cannot be managed, and the chances are the model will be ineffective, or it can be managed, that is interpreted, and then the model can actually describe the determining factors in the organization will allow the organizational learning process, by introducing either a better understanding of the situation or a convergence towards new management policies.
Two real examples of this process are mentioned in the paper. In thefirst example, the authors attempt to apply the theory of decision to the prospects and production choices of an oil company. They show that the model implies a great deal of communication between experts from diverse areas within the company, whereas, in reality, the study of investment projects is organized so as to limit this communication as much as possible.
The second example involves a car manufacturer and the design process of a new vehicle. The desired change consists in improving the information flows between the various designers. The tools implemented in this study shows that intense communication is already the rule, and that the problems, concerning quality in particular, resuit from other causes.
These two contrasting examples, which are almost antithetical, demonstrate that the model indicates an existing organization of which the people involved have only a fuzzy perception.
Farm household production under CAP reform : the impact of borrowing restrictions
Authors: Phimister Euan 
Published: March 2022

This paper examines the potential impact of borrowing constraints on the production responses of farm households to certain aspects of the MacSharry reforms. A life cycle model of the farm household is calibrated for specialized cereal producers in France and used to simulate the output effects of cereal price reductions, set-aside and compensation payments.
The responses of this model are contrasted with a recursive model where production is independent of consumption. The results show that the output effects resulting from the policy changes are always less negative in the farm household model than in the recursive model and may, in many cases, be positive.
Regional input-output analysis and agriculture
Authors: Midmore Peter , Medcalf Rebecca , Harrisson-Mayfield Lucy 
Published: March 2022

Analyse input-output régionale et agriculture.
L'intérêt du modèle input-output pour analyser les performances d'une agriculture régionale est désormais reconnu. En effet, cette technique permet de prendre en compte la spécialisation du secteur et son intégration croissante dans l'économie globale grâce au calcul des multiplicateurs économiques régionaux, d'une part, et de ceux qui relient l'économie d'une région donnée à l'économie nationale, de l'autre. Dans cet article, les auteurs examinent les apports et les limites du modèle input-output régional et de ses prolongements récents que sont la matrice de comptabilité sociale et le modèle d'équilibre général calculable. L'estimation des coefficients régionaux fait l'objet d'une analyse détaillée ; en effet, le coût — en temps et en ressources diverses — des enquêtes sur lesquels ils sont basés limite sérieusement l'obtention de coefficients permettant une évaluation fiable des effets multiplicateurs régionaux. Le reste de l'article est consacré à la construction d'un modèle input-output de l'économie du Pays de Galles, centré sur l'agriculture et les secteurs qui lui sont liés. Il est utilisé pour analyser la diversification des sources de revenu des ménages agricoles, selon deux modalités susceptibles d'améliorer le caractère durable de l'agriculture galloise d'un point de vue social et environnemental. Dans un premier exemple, on compare l'intérêt de la restauration de forêts anciennes non entretenues dépendant d'exploitations agricoles et de nouvelles plantations. C'est la reprise progressive de la gestion et de l'entretien des forêts caduques actuellement abandonnées qui procure l'amélioration la plus sensible du revenu rural au Pays de Galles, alors que l'accent mis aujourd'hui sur les nouvelles plantations est moins justifié du point de vue du revenu et des emplois qu'elle génère. Le deuxième thème concerne l'agriculture biologique. On compare la réduction de la demande d'intrants à l'accroissement de l'utilisation locale des produits qu'elle génère et on évalue l'effet probable de son développement graduel sur l'économie des régions rurales galloises. Des simulations prenant en compte des degrés croissants de conversion de systèmes conventionnels à l'agriculture biologique montrent que cette évolution conduirait à de faibles baisses du revenu et de l'emploi, même si elle concernait des zones assez étendues. De plus, les aménités fournies par l'agrobiologie en ce qui concerne la qualité de l'environnement et la baisse de la production justifient tout à fait de lui apporter un soutien. Ces exemples montrent l'intérêt des techniques input-output pour l'analyse de nombre de questions concernant la politique agricole et le développement rural, et en particulier lorsque des problèmes économiques, sociaux et d'environnement sont en cause.
Partage du risque dans un contrat entre agriculteurs et industriel
Authors: Monier-Dilhan Sylvette , Ossard Hervé 
Published: March 2022

Risk sharing within a contract between farmers and firm.
Beside spot markets, processors often contract with growers to buy agricultural raw materials. In this paper, we focus on the determination of payment scheme between the processor and the growers. The only way for the processor to purchase an input is to contract. The processor determines the contract. The farmer has complete control over the production process. This paper uses principal-agent framework. The processor is imperfectly informed about the effort decision of the grower. We deal with a moral hazard problem.
A framework for empirical analysis of the contractual relationship between the processor and the farmer(s) is presented. We analyse the impact of the terms of the contract on the risk share between farmers and the processor. To explore this question, we collect data on seeds processor contract located in a small geographically area. The methodology consists in calibrating the optimal-incentive contract to a benchmark solution. This first step solves the problem of unknown variables, as the risk aversion coefficients. We compare the optimal linear-incentive contract with its first best alternative. Moreover, this comparison indicates a small asymmetry informational gap in the studied case. We analyse the impact of the processor's attitude toward risk on contractual characteristics. It turns out that the processor is risk adverse. Finally, based on this result, some interesting relationships between the characteristics of the contract and exogeneous factors are shown. For example, in that case, a marginal change in the price of output has a particular importance in determining the contractual characteristics.
Valeur de préservation de la qualité de l'eau souterraine : une comparaison entre usagers et non-usagers
Authors: Rozan Anne , Stenger Anne , Willinger Marc 
Published: March 2022

Preservation value for groundwater quality : a comparison between users and non-users.
We report the results of a contingent valuation study on the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for preserving groundwater quality in the Alsace region (France). The resource is a large aquifer which supplies 80 % of the households of the region. The purpose of our paper is to compare the results of two separate studies, one concerning households that are supplied by ivater from the aquifer (users) and households which are currently supplied by a different source than the aquifer (non-users). Non-users are households which are located in an area close enough from the aquifer to become eventually supplied by groundwater in the future. We expected that non-users would be likely to pay an insurance premium in order to secure access to a substitute and preserved water source in the future, for the event where their current water source would be polluted. A contingent valuation questionnaire was submitted to respondents in 12 different locations spread over the aquifer region during a face-to-face interview. In 2 of the locations there were only non-users. One of the main results of the study is that non-users are willing to pay a substantial amount of money to preserve the quality of the water in the aquifer, even if they believe that it is unlikely that they will use it in the future. Moreover, their WTP relies apparently much more on bequest and existence motives than on an insurance motive. The results also show that the households' dependence on groundwater has a positive influence on their WTP. The non-users' mean WTP is about 60 % of the users' WTP, which is an interesting indication about the importance of non-users for contingent valuation studies. But both WTP have different explanatory variables. Only the bid value and the respondent's income appear as common explanatory variables in our study.
La spécialisation des exploitations agricoles : changements techniques et prix des facteurs
Authors: Dupraz Pierre 
Published: March 2022

The process of specialisation of French farms : technical changes and input price trend.
For decades, the French agricultural sector has been characterised by farm specialisation and concentration. The competitive equilibrium with a finite number of farms is the framework to analyse the changes in scale and scope economies and their consequences on the respective competitiveness of specialised and diversified farms. This theoretical approach shows how the input price trend may explain the farm specialisation process through these technical changes. Accordingly, the empirical analysis deals with the dissociation of the animal and vegetal production lines, observed in the French farms. According to our theoretical framework, the specialisation process was mainly linked to the relative increase of the labour price compared to the other input prices. Up to 1987, the specialisation permitted the substitution of labour by other inputs at the sector level. In the same time, this input substitution at the farm level was higher in surviving diversified farms than in specialised farms. As a consequence, specialisation would not have induced more labour savings at the sector level after 1987, and the specialisation process has been stopped since.
Le terroir, le cépage et la marque : stratégies de valorisation des vins dans un contexte de mondialisation
Authors: Garcia-Parpet Marie-France 
Published: March 2022

«Terroir», brands and vine variety : globalisation and wine's valorisation strategies.
Today, the wine industry is experiencing deep changes : the reputation of "terroirs" tends to evolve, the social hierarchies settled between "appellations" are shaken by more modest ones, and in particular by those of the "new world" countries. The objective of this paper is to analyse the effects of these transformations on the French wine industry, and more especially on the principles of classifications of first-rate wines, taking into account the fact that history, differences of reputation and institutional structures have an orderly role on the economic behaviour of (wine) producers, especially with regard to international markets. We study two cases - Chinon's "appellation" and Languedoc-Roussillon - that have a different position in the French wine industry. Both of them did not incorporate at the same time and in the same way the AOC label. These two instances clearly show the importance of social perception of wine quality in establishing their values and in explaining all the changes that occured about their classifications. Although Chinon's "appellation" adopted the traditional approach, Languedoc-Roussillon' s strategy consisted of turning the rules of the game in its favour by introducing a new category of wine in France, thus anticipating the changes of the international wine market.
This article does not pretend to provide definite answers on the respective merits of classifications but clarifies the economic and symbolic strategies of agents concerned by the cultural transformations of world wine markets.
La production d'identités territoriales à usage commercial dans l'entre-deux-guerres en Bourgogne
Authors: Laferté Gilles 
Published: March 2022

The production of territorial identities with commercial usage during the inter-war years in Burgundy
The development of tourism leads to changes in the models and representations of territorial identities. In the XIXth century, political leaders and members of learned societies developed a set of practices to produce cultural and political territories and identities such as the development of regional and local languages, folklore, heroes, and ethnographic museums. Using the regionalist creed at the beginning of the XXth century, national tourist associations drew upon these models of identity but transformed them by placing the emphasis on their more spectacular and entertaining dimensions. In addition, these models of territorial identity donned a more commercial character (gastronomy as a territorial marker, carnivals, folksongs, literary prizes. ..) as the link was established between the development of a cultural specificity attributed to a region and economic development. Regionalism in Burgundy adopted these regionalist and gastronomic dimensions linked to tourism as shown by the gastronomic fair of Dijon in 1921 which was in all intents and purposes a shop window for regional products designed to promote the region.
While the town of Beaune, through its political and intellectual representatives, used the model of territorial identity inherited from the XIXth century to create a regional folklore centered on wine for a wide but essentially local audience, the town of Meursault innovated with its "Paulée" in 1924, which was less a celebration of regional identity for local consumption than a gathering of regional and national elites seeking to project the regional identity to a wider audience. This "Paulée" was conceived as a means to defend wine producers supporting the Law on labels of origin implemented in 1919 against the wine merchants. A decade later, in the context of economic recession, the largest wine producers, allied this time with the merchants of Nuits-Saint-Georges, founded the "Confrérie des Chevaliers du Tastevin" as an instrument for the commercial promotion of quality vintage wines. This collective action, relayed by the national and international press, sought to conquer new markets with the end of Prohi¬ bition in the United States and accompanied the development of French marketing based on luxury goods.
The use of regional identity and flolkore as an instrument for marketing wire ran parallel to the institutionalization of French ethnography, which discounted these forms of commercialized folklore. After World War II, the political forms of folklore instrumentalized by the Vichy regime lost all semblance of legitimacy, while the commercialized form of folklore continued to flourish and develop but was largely ignored by professional ethnographers.
Wine and tourism : new perspectives for vineyard areas in Emilia-Romagna
Authors: Gatti Silvia , Incerti Fabrizio , Ravagli Mirko 
Published: March 2022

Vin et tourisme : nouvelles perspectives pour les vignobles d'Emilie-Romagne
L'Emilie-Romagne représente l'une des régions les plus importantes d'Italie pour la production viticole, avec 12% de la production totale, 15% des exploitations viticoles italiennes et 30% de la superficie, sachant que le vignoble détient la valeur record de 63% des vignes concentrées dans la plaine.
Il existe une réelle nécessité de réorganiser ce vignoble, en identifiant et en créant de nouvelles opportunités d'emplois tout en améliorant les circuits commerciaux. Contrairement aux solutions apportées dans les années 60 qui ont conduit à l'exode rural, une forte volonté se manifeste afin d'améliorer la qualification, la promotion et la valorisation du terroir à partir d'un nombre très diversifié d'activités.
Le vin représente aujourd'hui un outil de communication et d'attraction touristique pour les zones rurales. La réalisation d'un projet intégré sur la production viticole et le tourisme (tel que les routes du vin) pourrait fournir une solution d'avenir pour développer la promotion du territoire et créer de réelles opportunités de développement. A l'aide d'une méthode de classification hiérarchique, inspirée de l'approche de Ward, nous cherchons à identifier les différentes sous-régions de Romagne de vins DOC et DOCG qui montrent les éléments essentiels favorables à la mise en place de véritables politiques de tourisme du vin.
Nouveaux enjeux autour de l’abattage rituel musulman : une perspective européenne
Authors: Bergeaud-Blackler Florence 
Published: March 2022

New challenges for Islamic ritual slaughtering : a European perspective
The production and consumption of halal products, i. e. those deriving from ritual slaughtering, has grown steadily over the last 15 years. Today the global halal market is estimated at US$ 150 billion per year. This paper describes the main steps in the integration of “ Muslim ritual slaughtering” into the national legislative systems of Western European countries, and it analyses the economic and political issues involved in this integration. Once being the subject of dispute between animal welfare organisations and religious groups, sometimes based on anti-semitism and racism, the arguments surrounding slaughtering ritual have recently, particularly in the aftermath of the BSE crisis, evolved to become an issue of consumer rights. In this paper, two cases will illustrate this evolution : Switzerland, as a European country, and the UK as a member state of the European Union. Muslim ritual slaughtering has never been precisely defined and has benefited from a status of exception in most legislative systems by overriding animal welfare regulation. One of the consequences of this exceptional status has been the growth of an un-regulated market that does not give the consumer (Muslim as well as non Muslim) any assurance regarding the process of production of halal products. Religious institutions seem unable to handle an issue of this nature, that is more usually dealt with by better equipped economic actors and consumer organisations. Facing this situation, the European Union and member states now have two possible options. Either they abolish the special status of ritual slaughtering and they rescind their commitments to take into account specific religious requirements, or they apply a “ farm to fork” approach to food for religious purposes that is similar, in terms of traceability and labelling, to those that apply to foods posing ethical issues.
La construction institutionnelle de la concurrence. Le cas du marché de la viande à Paris au XIXe siècle
Authors: Stanziani Alessandro 
Published: March 2022

The institutional building of competition. The case of the meat market in 19th century Paris
In Paris, the market of the meat, as under the Old Regime, is regulated up through 1858. Throughout this length of time, regulatory norms coexist with an extremely liberal contract law. On the contrary, between 1858 and 1914, liberalization of prices and free entry on the market go along with the introduction of serious constraints on contractual will. This is to say that state policies and governance include micro (contracts rules) as well as macroeconomic rules. The legal qualification of public action is fundamental as it fixes the procedures of rules enforcement and, thus, economic actors’ legal-economic opportunities and behaviors. This interaction between rules and the market is particularly clear in the process of products qualification ; if commercial customs integrate legal provisions, at the same time they cannot be evoked and enforced out of an explicit reference in official rules. The question consists in understanding the relative place of formal rules and conventions. These considerations lead the author to raise doubts on the traditional chronological as well as logical opposition between free market and regulation. The paper will argue that economic standards and rules are neither in opposition (neo-classical argument), nor complementary (neo-institutionnalist approach) to the market, but they are constitutive of it.
Un cas de déviance dans les classes populaires : les seuils d’entrée dans les troubles alimentaires
Authors: Luis Moreno Pestaña José 
Published: March 2022

A case of deviance in the working classes : On the threshold of eating disorders
This text proposes a sociological analysis of eating disorders in the popular classes. It takes into account Ian Hacking’s theory of ecological niches of transitory mental illness, giving this theory a sociological formulation. The article proposes some hypotheses about the handicaps and the counter-handicaps of the popular classes in relation to eating disorders. The text, except for being based on empirical investigation, presents a profile of a contemporary somatic culture in the working class, especially among the youth, highlighting the differences and similarities to the dominating class.
Les éleveurs et leurs voisins. Etude du renouvellement des rhétoriques professionnelles d'une profession contestée
Authors: Granjou Céline , Mauz Isabelle 
Published: March 2022

Cattle farmers and their neighbours. Study of the new professional discourses of a contested profession.
Today's farmers are facing growing criticism about their activities, around questions of pollution, sanitary affairs, climatic change or animal welfare, non-professional actors promoting their own definitions of what farming activities should be -or should not be. This particular situation provides a good opportunity to explore the new professional discourses developed by a contested profession, fostered to re-elaborate the sense of its activities. Based on a survey in a rural mountain community, we present the criticisms addressed to cattle farmers by non-farmers in the village, which stress problems about land ownership, manure management, and pasture maintenance. We highlight two types of professional discourse developed by cattle farmers in response to the criticisms : The first one combines a victimisation figure with the threat of giving up the job ; the second one claims responsibility and anticipation of the non-farmers' demands, as far as technical constraints make this anticipation possible.
Surveiller et maigrir. Sociologie des modes de contrainte dans un groupe commercial d’amaigrissement
Authors: Darmon Muriel 
Published: March 2022

Discipline and famish. Social control in a commercial weight-loss group
How to make people lose weight ? Based on an ethnographic study of a commercial weight-loss group, this article analyses how such an organization rely on specific modes of surveillance aimed at controlling the participants’ attitudes and behaviours. The article enlightens different agencies of this social control, such as group leaders, peer pressure, or domestic partners. It insists on the role played by writing and written materials as key tools in this body discipline.