bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Alcohol Markers in Urine and Oral Fluid after Regular and Hard Kombucha Consumption
Authors: Li Sun Yi , Smith Christina R , Bartock Sarah H , Leland McClure F , Edinboro Leslie E , Swortwood Madeleine J 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although kombucha is a popular fermented beverage, the presence of alcohol markers has not been well studied despite being potential indicators of unintentional impairment. Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) were measured in oral fluid and urine collected after consumption of regular or hard kombucha. Participants drank within 20 min and provided all urine voids for 12 h, the first urine voids on days 2 and 3 and oral fluid specimens at fixed time points for 48 h. Screening employed liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS; EtS, 25 ng/mL cutoff [oral]; 100 ng/mL cutoff [urine]; EtG, 500 ng/mL cutoff [urine] and immunoassay (IA; EtG, 500 ng/mL cutoff [urine]). After consuming regular kombucha (n = 12 participants), EtS was not detected in oral fluid but both markers were detected by LC–MS-MS in urine specimens within the first five voids from 83% of participants with median (range) concentrations of 240 (100–3,700) ng/mL for EtS and 830 (530–2,200) ng/mL for EtG. Neither marker was positive by IA nor LC–MS-MS after day 1. After consuming hard kombucha (n = 7 participants), 2 (2.8%) of the 70 collected oral fluid specimens tested positive for EtS 3 h after consumption; however, 21 (30%) had EtS levels above the limit of detection (LOD, 10 ng/mL) after 0.5–8 h. Both markers were detected in urine specimens from all participants with median (range) concentrations of 3,381 (559–70,250) ng/mL for EtS and 763 (104–12,864) ng/mL For EtG. Urine specimens were negative for EtG and EtS by the end of the 48-hour study.
Analysis, Stability and Distribution of Pharmaceuticals and Drugs of Abuse over a Period of One Year in Formalin-Fixed Liver and Formalin Solutions
Authors: Orfanidis Amvrosios , Gika Helen , Theodoridis Georgios , Chatziioannou Anastasia Chrysovalantou , Raikos Nikolaos 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe present study reports a thorough research on the stability of drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals over a time period of 12 months. Fixed-liver tissues and formalin solutions where the tissues were preserved were analyzed using an ultra high performance liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry method that has been developed and validated for this purpose. The method monitors 84 drugs in a 13-minute run. The concentrations of the drugs found were compared with their concentrations determined in the fresh liver tissues in a previous study. In the study, 14 cases with forensic interest were included with the main objective of the analysis and the study of the stability and the distribution of drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals in the human liver and the formalin solution during preservation. The results showed that the number of detected compounds in the first month was significantly lower than the compounds found in fresh tissues. The effect of formalin was catalytic, and few substances could be detected. Specifically, out of the 86 positive detections of the monitored substances in the fresh tissues (in which 25 different substances were found), only 32 (37%) remained detectable 3 months after, 20 (23%) 6 months after and 15 (17%) 12 months after.
Thermal analysis for radiative flow of Darcy–Forchheimer nanomaterials subject to entropy generation
Authors: Khan Sohail A , Hayat T , Alsaedi A , Alhodaly M S 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background and objective
Flow due to the Darcy–Forchheimer medium is an important perspective in various geophysics, industrial processes, geothermal energy, and thermodynamic processes. The importance of the Darcy–Forchheimer medium is noticed in technical, mechanical, industrial, and scientific fields including atomic waste archive, artificial dialysis, catalytic converters, gas turbine, improved oil recuperation, atherosclerosis, grain stockpiling, geo-energy production, and warm protection designing, etc. In view of such industrial and geothermal applications, the objective of this paper is to highlight the influence of entropy generation in chemical reactive MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) Darcy–Forchheimer nanoliquid flow with radiation. Flow by an exponentially stretching permeable sheet is taken. Thermal radiation, heat source, magnetic force, and dissipation impacts are considered in thermal expression. Additionally, Buongiorno’s model with random and thermophoresis diffusions is explained. Physical features of entropy are deliberated. The first-order isothermal reaction is discussed.

Methodology
Non-linear expressions are reduced to the dimensionless non-linear system through the implementation of non-similar transformations. The resultant non-linear systems are solved subject to local non-similarity via the ND-solve technique

Results
Graphical results for entropy rate, concentration, velocity, and thermal field versus emerging variables are studied. The reverse trend holds for entropy and velocity through the magnetic variable. A larger approximation of the Eckert number intensifies the thermal field.

Conclusions
A higher Forchheimer number reduces the fluid flow. A reverse impact for concentration and thermal field is seen through random motion variable. Similar behavior for thermal distribution is seen by thermophoresis and radiation effects. A larger porosity variable declines the entropy rate, while the reverse effect holds for the Brinkman number. A larger diffusion variable increases the entropy generation.
Tensions in the Enactment of Neoliberal Consumer Responsibilization for Waste
Authors: Cherrier Hélène , Türe Meltem 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Research has explored consumer responsibilization processes, yet there is a lack of understanding about the tensions that consumers might experience when enacting their responsibility. Using a large data set collected in France around waste responsibilization, we demonstrate how waste pathways can generate spatiotemporal, guidance, and destructiveness tensions in households. Consumers respond to such tensions by keeping waste at home, which allows them to suspend, clarify, or reappropriate their waste responsibility. In delineating the waste responsibility tensions, our study reveals the boundaries of neoliberal governance’s success in mobilizing entrepreneurial consumers’ actions, namely, community structure/shared vision, emotions, and market demand. These boundaries illustrate the challenges for neoliberal governance in providing and maintaining for consumers an illusion of control through the crafting of heightened uncertainty, abstraction, and risk–benefit categorizations. This study has implications for waste management actors, as well as consumer researchers interested in neoliberal governance, consumer responsibilization, consumer activism, sustainability, and waste disposal.
Prevalence of Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ESR1) Somatic Mutations in Breast Cancer
Authors: Kinslow Connor J , Tang Ashley , Chaudhary Kunal R , Cheng Simon K 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Estrogen receptor–positive breast tumors, which initially respond effectively to endocrine therapy, progress due to acquired endocrine therapy resistance, including genomic alterations in estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1). A recent study has suggested that there is a sufficient number of preexisting ESR1 mutations acting as an intrinsic resistance mechanism to warrant primary screening. We determined the incidence of de novo ESR1 mutations in hormone-positive treatment-naïve primary breast tumors using 12 publicly available international datasets in the cBioPortal. The prevalence of mutation was statistically significantly lower in treatment-naïve primary tumors (n = 6 of 3682, 0.16%) than in metastatic (n = 156 of 1089, 14.3%, 2-sided P &lt; .001) or previously treated primary tumors (n = 11 of 92, 12.0%, 2-sided P &lt; .001). Pathogenic ESR1 mutations are a common mechanism of acquired but not intrinsic resistance to endocrine therapy and may not warrant universal testing of primary breast cancer populations.
Advances in mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics for elucidating abscisic acid signaling and plant responses to abiotic stress
Authors: Chong Leelyn , Hsu Chuan-Chih , Zhu Yingfang 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Abiotic stresses have significant impacts on crop yield and quality. Even though significant efforts during the past decade have been devoted to uncovering the core signaling pathways associated with the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and abiotic stress in plants, abiotic stress signaling mechanisms in most crops remain largely unclear. The core components of the ABA signaling pathway, including early events in the osmotic stress-induced phosphorylation network, have recently been elucidated in Arabidopsis with the aid of phosphoproteomics technologies. We now know that SNF1-related kinases 2 (SnRK2s) are not only inhibited by the clade A type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) through dephosphorylation, but also phosphorylated and activated by upstream mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP3Ks). Through describing the course of studies to elucidate abiotic stress and ABA signaling, we will discuss how we can take advantage of the latest innovations in mass-spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics and structural proteomics to boost our investigation of plant regulation and responses to ABA and abiotic stress.
Introduction and History
Authors: Whiteside Stephen P. H. , Ollendick Thomas H. , Biggs Bridget K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to exposure therapy, its application, and its history. The chapter provides a description of exposure therapy and a review of why and when a clinician would choose to use this technique with youth suffering from anxiety or obsessive–compulsive disorder. The chapter differentiates anxiety disorders and their treatment with exposure from environmental stressors. The chapter then reviews the history of exposure therapy from the early case series by Dr. Mary Cover Jones through the explosion of research during the 1990s and 2000s. The chapter provides the background for clinicians to begin learning about the implementation of exposure therapy.
Preparing for Exposure
Authors: Whiteside Stephen P. H. , Ollendick Thomas H. , Biggs Bridget K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter, which focuses on implementing exposure therapy for childhood anxiety and obsessive–compulsive disorder, presents steps for preparing families to engage in exposure. Preparation for exposure typically requires completion of three fundamental tasks: (1) teaching the patient and family the cognitive–behavioral conceptualization of anxiety maintenance through avoidance and applying it to the child’s specific symptoms, (2) learning how to “do” exposures, and (3) building a fear ladder based on the child’s symptoms. The speed with which these three tasks can be accomplished varies, but they can frequently be completed in 1 or 2 hours with an experienced clinician. The chapter details how clinicians can meet these goals and prepare patients to successfully participate in exposure therapy.
Imaginal and Interoceptive Exposure Case Examples
Authors: Whiteside Stephen P. H. , Ollendick Thomas H. , Biggs Bridget K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents case examples to more fully illustrate how to implement exposure therapy with a variety of presenting problems. The case presentations in this chapter focus on the less commonly used and less intuitive methods of imaginal and interoceptive exposure. The cases demonstrate the application of exposure to obsessions and compulsions, general anxiety and worry, as well as panic. Each case example begins with a brief description of the case and then conceptualizes the case using the model presented previously in this book. The examples then describe family involvement, discuss the creation of a fear ladder, present a detailed exposure, and comment on the course of treatment. Each case illustrates a broader point related to the implementation of exposure, which is discussed last.
Phillip Shaver, Mario Mikulincer, and the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale
Authors: Duschinsky Robbie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Philip Shaver, Mario Mikulincer, and the Experiences in Close Relationships scale, the most widely used self-report measure of adult attachment. The chapter begins by revisiting Ainsworth’s reasons for abandoning self-report measures of security, and Shaver and Hazan’s reason for reigniting this approach. Shaver and Hazen’s development of the ‘love quiz’ and early work on adult attachment is discussed, considering ways in which their ideas converged and diverged from earlier attachment theory. The chapter then explores the creation of the Experiences in Close Relationships scale, which has provided a methodological and theoretical basis for the social psychological tradition of attachment research over subsequent decades. The chapter clarifies Shaver and Mikulincer’s approach to conceptualising and measuring attachment, secure base use, and minimising and maximising strategies.
Aorta Ultrasound
Authors: Soucy Zachary , Reynolds Cecily , Weinberg Nicholas , Haughey David 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter uses clinical vignettes and multiple-choice questions to explore core and advanced principles of aortic ultrasound. The cases assess image acquisition pearls and pitfalls, image interpretation, false positive and negative findings, and integration into patient management. Clinical vignettes include stable and unstable patients presenting with undifferentiated symptoms such as abdominal pain, back pain, or hypotension. Each case includes detailed explanations for correct and incorrect answer choices, incorporating landmark studies as well as the latest literature that clinical sonographers will find of interest. Relevant references and sources for each case are also included, as well as keywords for each section.
Hepatobiliary Ultrasound
Authors: Lobo Viveta , Anderson Kenton , Poffenberger Cori , Gharahbaghian Laleh 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter uses clinical vignettes and multiple-choice questions to explore core and advanced principles of hepatobiliary ultrasound, including cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, cholangitis, cirrhosis, ascites, and hepatic masses. The cases assess image acquisition pearls and pitfalls, image interpretation, false positive and negative findings, and integration into patient management. Clinical vignettes include patients presenting with a wide variety of hepatobiliary pathology who are commonly seen in emergency departments and other clinics. Each case includes detailed explanations for correct and incorrect answer choices, incorporating landmark studies as well as the latest literature that clinical sonographers will find of interest.
Testicular Ultrasound
Authors: Gold Delia L. , Prats Michael I. , Bellows Fara F. , Boulger Creagh T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Acute scrotal pain is not an uncommon complaint, and ultrasound is the primary imaging modality for associated pathology. Compared to other applications of point-of-care ultrasound, testicular studies are more often deferred in favor of comprehensive studies. This is likely due to fear of missing or delaying the high-risk diagnosis of testicular torsion. This fear is not unfounded. Potential delays of indeterminant studies should be a consideration prior to performance. However, an experienced practitioner can also expedite management by confirming diagnosis of testicular torsion with ultrasound performed immediately at the point of care. In addition to testicular torsion, testicular ultrasound is indicated for almost any cause of acute scrotal pain or swelling. It can be used to diagnose a variety of pathologies, ranging from fairly benign to those threatening reproductive abilities.
Hippocampal Sclerosis
Authors: Teton Zoe E. , Raslan Ahmed M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of adult localization-related epilepsy and 80% of these cases originate in the hippocampus. Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the single most common cause of medically refractory epilepsy that is also amenable to surgery and is a combination of astrogliosis and atrophy throughout the hippocampus. HS is both a cause and result of seizures originating in this region and is among the least likely seizure disorders to be cured by medical treatment alone. Selective amygdalohippocampectomy (SAHC) has been shown to have comparable rates of seizure freedom to anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) with fewer neurocognitive side effects. Complications include visual field deficits, ischemia, and neurocognitive decline, most commonly in verbal memory.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Authors: Chon Tony Y. , Bauer Brent A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Traditionally, CAM has encompassed treatments such as acupuncture, herbs and dietary supplements, massage, and chiropractic. Yet, in recent decades, the explosive growth of research in this arena has led to a number of therapies being incorporated increasingly into conventional training and practice. For example, lessons that teach a mind-body practice (eg, meditation) to a patient to help control hypertension are combined with the use of such therapies as medications or lifestyle modifications. This growing integration of evidence-based CAM therapies and conventional medicine is increasingly being referred to as integrative medicine.
Palliative Care
Authors: Lorenz Amanda K. , Strand Jacob J. , Carey Elise C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cancer-related pain affects up to 50% of patients receiving cancer-directed therapies and between 70% and 90% of patients with advanced-stage cancers. However, pain is a common symptom for many patients with serious illness other than cancer. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis, and various neurodegenerative disorders experience pain from their conditions. In these cases, pain is often underrecognized and undertreated, which can lead to functional impairment and suboptimal quality of life.
Preoperative Evaluation
Authors: Dougan Brian M. , Sundsted Karna K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The mortality rate associated with anesthesia and surgery has decreased markedly in the past several decades. Today, the overall mortality ratio is 1 in 250,000 cases, even though more complex surgical procedures are performed on sicker patients. However, the need for a complete preoperative evaluation remains a mainstay for assessing surgical risks.
Health Care–Associated Infections and Infective Endocarditis
Authors: DeSimone Daniel C. , Sohail M. Rizwan , Tosh Pritish K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights various infections acquired in the hospital, especially hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-acquired pneumonia, which account for 25% of all infections in the intensive care unit and are the basis for 50% of all antimicrobials prescribed in the hospital.
Skin, Soft Tissue, Bone, and Joint Infections
Authors: Urena Eric O. Gomez , Tande Aaron J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Specific skin and soft tissue infections can be characterized by their visual appearance, including vesicles, bullae, folliculitis, crusted lesions, papular lesions, ulcerations, and cellulitis. Cellulitis is most common in tissue damaged by trauma and in extremities with impaired venous or lymphatic drainage (eg, the arm after mastectomy, the leg after saphenous vein harvest for coronary artery bypass grafting). The approach to treatment of cellulitis is guided by the type of skin and soft tissue infection and the severity of clinical presentation.
Electrolyte Disorders
Authors: Qian Qi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Disorders of sodium balance, or volume disorders, can lead to volume expansion or volume depletion. Volume expansion can be general (as in patients with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, or nephrotic syndrome) or regional (as in patients with regional capillary leak, venous insufficiency, or lymphatic obstruction). Volume depletion is associated primarily with gastrointestinal tract (GI) fluid loss, excessive sweating, and renal sodium loss related to diuretic use or, rarely, renal salt loss.
Renal Parenchymal Diseases
Authors: Norby Suzanne M. , Fervenza Fernando C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Acute and chronic interstitial inflammation can result in injury to renal tubules, leading to tubular dysfunction and, chronically, tubular atrophy. Causes of chronic tubulointerstitial damage include autoimmune and hereditary causes, analgesic nephropathy, uric acid, lithium, heavy metals, mercury, lead, and oxalate. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary kidney disease. Clinical manifestations of glomerular injury vary. Different types of TMA are characterized by decreased kidney function, along with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia.
Headache, Facial Pain, and “Dizziness”
Authors: Starling Amaal J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Headache is considered to be a nearly universal experience. Approximately 98% of the population experiences some form of headache in a lifetime. Persons with headache disorders also present frequently to outpatient clinics; they are the reason for approximately 1 in every 10 consultations with a primary care physician. Dizziness is a nonspecific term that can describe any one of several subjective experiences, including light-headedness, vertigo, imbalance and unsteadiness, or ataxia.
Oncologic Emergencies and Chemotherapy Complications
Authors: Moynihan Timothy J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Oncologic emergencies occur at any time during the course of cancer, from its initial manifestation to end-stage disease. Prompt recognition and diagnosis of these emergencies improves survival and quality of life for patients. Throughout evaluation and management of the emergency, the patient’s overall condition and prognosis should always be considered, and patients should always be offered relief for pain and other symptoms.
HIV Transmission Prevention
Authors: Chu Carolyn , Baumgartner Katrina , Bositis Christopher M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Behavioral factors and opportunities surrounding HIV prevention are discussed in this chapter. These include strategies to reduce HIV exposure risk and considerations for unique circumstances and populations. Structural and systems-level interventions are reviewed as well as medical interventions for HIV transmission prevention. Special attention is paid to prevention of HIV related to substance use, substance use screening, and expanded HIV testing. The chapter includes data from clinical trials detailing eligibility, preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) prescription, concerns related to PrEP use, and PrEP challenges and disparities. Occupational and nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis are discussed as well as novel antiretrovirals and delivery methods for PrEP.
Initial Evaluation of the Person Living with HIV
Authors: DelPilar-Morales Esteban A. , Skiest Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes what is essential in the HIV-oriented medical history as well as the HIV-oriented physical examination. Detailed descriptions of what is needed for the medical history, the physical examination, the initial HIV laboratory evaluation, and signs and symptoms of acute retroviral illness are presented to the reader via tables. The chapter also outlines the importance of patient–provider relationships and addresses issues such as cultural competency and language. Telehealth in HIV is briefly touched on.