bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Tritium Compatible Stainless Steel Roots Pumps
Authors: Banerjee Indranil , Schopphoff Andreas , Hughes Shaun , Pearce Robert , Nasluzov Sergei 
Published: June 2022

SummaryThe tritium compatible Roots pump Okta 1500 (Pfeiffer Vacuum) is designed for pumping light gas species consisting of diluted radioactive gas, especially tritium mixed with other hydrogen isotopes and helium. Therefore, the pump is constructed of stainless steel and equipped with a special gas lubricated mechanical seal.The series of experiments presented in this work include the evaluation of the performance and an integrity check of the glide ring seal as well as the determination of the light gas pumping performance at low pressure. Those qualifications are needed for efficient embedding of the pump in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Fusion Reactor (ITER) project. As a nuclear facility (Installation Nucléaire de Base, INB) ITER is operated in accordance with the French nuclear safety regulations (INB guidelines) that demand qualification and integrity of the tritium bearing equipment to maintain performance and confinement of active gases at every stages via design, testing, commissioning, operation and surveillance. The experimental methodologies and findings are important to advocate the qualification of the pump for the purpose of radioactive light gas pumping as a roughing pump to back Torus high vacuum cryogenic pump.
Zuverlässige Konzentrationsbestimmung von Gasen mit Schall
Authors: Dreher Maximilian 
Published: June 2022

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Artikel werden mehrere Prinzipien zur Analyse von Gasen betrachtet. Dabei handelt es sich sowohl um universelle, als auch binäre Ansätze. Besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf die binäre Gasanalyse auf Basis der Schallgeschwindigkeitsmessung mit dem SRS BGA244 gelegt, dessen Funktionsprinzip ebenfalls erläutert wird. Die Fähigkeiten und Vorteile dieses Messprinzips werden anhand von Beispielen in Zusammenhang mit Wasserstoff als Kühlmittel von Elektrizitätsgeneratoren sowie in der Dotierung bei der Halbleiterherstellung aufgezeigt. Messergebnisse bestätigen die Zuverlässigkeit und Genauigkeit des binären Gasanalysesystems.
Morphological characteristics and Minkowski functionals of Ag‐DLC thin films
Authors: Lighvan Yousef Leghapour 
Published: June 2022

SummaryNowadays, there is a great interest in designing and fabricating thin films with unique morphologies to improve the surface properties for various applications. In this regard, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is widely used to investigate the surface morphology of thin films. The high spatial and vertical resolution makes AFM capable of extracting surface micro‐roughness information precisely. In this study, films were deposited on different substrates using the RF‐PECVD method. The morphological properties were studied by AFM analysis according to ISO 25178‐2: 2012.The results of analyzing the AFM data demonstrate that a copper substrate is a good option for the fabricated silver film in this study, and it is a relatively ideal surface in terms of fractality.
Identification of differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs in the ovarian tissue of Shal and Sangsari ewes using RNA‐seq
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Shahram , Masoudi Ali Akbar , Torshizi Rasoul Vaez , Ehsani Alireza 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe ovary has an important role in reproductive function. Animal reproduction is dominated by numerous coding genes and noncoding elements. Although long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are important in biological activity, little is known about their role in the ovary and fertility.MethodsThree adult Shal ewes and three adult Sangsari ewes were used in this investigation. LncRNAs in ovarian tissue from two breeds were identified using bioinformatics analyses, and then target genes of LncRNAs were discovered. Target genes were annotated using the DAVID database, and their interactions were examined using the STRING database and Cytoscape software. The expression levels of seven LncRNAs with their target genes were assessed by real‐time PCR to confirm the RNA‐seq.ResultsAmong all the identified LncRNAs, 124 LncRNAs were detected with different expression levels between the two breeds (FDR < 0.05). According to the DAVID database, target genes were discovered to be engaged in one biological process, one cellular component, and 21 KEGG pathways (FDR < 0.05). The PES1, RPS9, EF‐1, Plectin, SURF6, CYC1, PRKACA MAPK1, ITGB2 and BRD2 genes were some of the most crucial target genes (hub genes) in the ovary.ConclusionThese results could pave the way for future efforts to address sheep prolificacy barriers.
Process-Based Ecophysiological Models of Tree-Ring Stable Isotopes
Authors: Wei Liang , Marshall John D. , Brooks J. Renée 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTree-ring stable isotopes can be used to parameterizeprocess-based models by providing long-term data on tree physiological processes on annual or finer time steps. They can also be used to test process-based ecophysiological models for the assumptions, hypotheses, and simplifications embedded within them. However, numerous physiological and biophysical processes influence the stable carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopes in tree rings, so the models must simplify how they represent some of these processes to be useful. Which simplifications are appropriate depends on the application to which the model is applied. Fortunately, water and carbon fluxes represented in process-based models often have strong isotopic effects that are recorded in tree-ring signals. In this chapter, we review the status of several tree-ring δ13C and δ18O models simulating processes for trees, stands, catchments, and ecosystems. This review is intended to highlight the structural differences among models with varied objectives and to provide examples of the valuable insights that can come from combining process modeling with tree-ring stable isotope data. We urge that simple stable isotope algorithms be added to any forest model with a process representation of photosynthesis and transpiration as a strict test of model structure and an effective means to constrain the models.
Isotopes—Terminology, Definitions and Properties
Authors: Werner Roland A. , Cormier Marc-André 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe intention of this chapter is to give insight into the properties and peculiarities of the stable isotopes of the bioelements. Following an overview about the terminology and ʻtechnical jargonʼ used in stable isotope sciences, methods to calculate and express isotopic abundances are presented. Subsequently, a short description of the physicochemical basis of equilibrium and kinetic (mass-dependent) isotope effects (EIEs and KIEs) as origin of isotope fractionation in chemical and biological systems is given. Further, measures for calculation and presentation of isotope fractionation are introduced and the corresponding properties of these quantities are critically discussed. Finally, examples for equilibrium and kinetic isotope fractionation in biochemical reactions are presented in more details and subsequent effects and consequences including the relationship between EIEs and KIEs are reviewed.
QCD predictions for event-shape distributions in hadronic Higgs decays
Authors: Coloretti G. , Gehrmann-De Ridder A. , Preuss C. T. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We study the six classical event-shape observables in hadronic Higgs decays at next-to-leading order in QCD. To this end, we consider the decay of on-shell Higgs bosons to three partons, taking into account both the Yukawa-induced decay to b-quark pairs and the loop-induced decay to two gluons via an effective Higgs-gluon coupling. The results are discussed with a particular focus on the discriminative power of event shapes regarding these two classes of processes.
A restricted superposition principle for (non-)linear Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov equations on Hilbert spaces
Authors: Dieckmann Martin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe prove a version of the Ambrosio–Figalli–Trevisan superposition principle for a restricted subclass of solutions to the Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov equation that is valid on separable infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. Furthermore, we transfer this restricted superposition principle into a nonlinear setting.
Cognitive architectures for artificial intelligence ethics
Authors: Bickley Steve J. , Torgler Benno 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAs artificial intelligence (AI) thrives and propagates through modern life, a key question to ask is how to include humans in future AI? Despite human involvement at every stage of the production process from conception and design through to implementation, modern AI is still often criticized for its “black box” characteristics. Sometimes, we do not know what really goes on inside or how and why certain conclusions are met. Future AI will face many dilemmas and ethical issues unforeseen by their creators beyond those commonly discussed (e.g., trolley problems and variants of it) and to which solutions cannot be hard-coded and are often still up for debate. Given the sensitivity of such social and ethical dilemmas and the implications of these for human society at large, when and if our AI make the “wrong” choice we need to understand how they got there in order to make corrections and prevent recurrences. This is particularly true in situations where human livelihoods are at stake (e.g., health, well-being, finance, law) or when major individual or household decisions are taken. Doing so requires opening up the “black box” of AI; especially as they act, interact, and adapt in a human world and how they interact with other AI in this world. In this article, we argue for the application of cognitive architectures for ethical AI. In particular, for their potential contributions to AI transparency, explainability, and accountability. We need to understand how our AI get to the solutions they do, and we should seek to do this on a deeper level in terms of the machine-equivalents of motivations, attitudes, values, and so on. The path to future AI is long and winding but it could arrive faster than we think. In order to harness the positive potential outcomes of AI for humans and society (and avoid the negatives), we need to understand AI more fully in the first place and we expect this will simultaneously contribute towards greater understanding of their human counterparts also.
Endoscopic stent versus diverting stoma as a bridge to surgery for obstructive colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Jianhao , Zhu Hong , Yang Wenming , Liu Xueting , Zhang Dechun , Jiang Xiaolian , Yang Lie , Zhou Zongguang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS), an alternative to diverting stoma (DS), has been used as a “bridge to surgery” (BTS) to decompress acute obstruction of colorectal cancer (CRC) for decades. However, whether SEMS is a safe technique for obstruction of CRC without compromising the long-term survival of patients remains unidentified compared to those of DS. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the safety and survival outcomes of SEMS and DS.

Methods
Embase, PubMed, and Medline were searched for qualified studies published until October, 2020, in which SEMS or DS was performed as a BTS without resection at the same stage. The last search was on December 5th, 2020. The Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of included studies. The major complication rate, mortality, 3-year overall survival (OS), and permanent stoma rate were estimated as outcomes.

Results
The present study was registered on INPLASY (No. 2020100079). Seven eligible studies were included, involving 646 and 712 patients who underwent SEMS and DS treatments, respectively. The Clavien-Dindo I/II grade complication rate was significantly lower in the SEMS group than in the DS group (8.68 vs. 16.85%; RR, 0.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41–0.84; P = 0.004). The Clavien-Dindo III/IV grade complication rate was comparable in two groups (7.69 vs. 8.79%; RR, 0.82; 95% CI 0.54–1.27; P = 0.37). There were no statistical differences in the short-term mortality (5.16 vs. 4.53%; RR, 1.25; 95% CI 0.75–2.08; P = 0.39), 3-year OS (71.91 vs. 76.60%; RR, 0.93; 95% CI 0.86–1.01; P = 0.10), and permanent stoma rate (22.08 vs. 27.54%; RR, 0.84; 95% CI 0.67–1.06; P = 0.14) between the two groups.

Conclusions
To some extent, SEMS is a safe BTS technique for acute obstructive CRC, without significant adverse effect on the survival of patients. Given the advantage of minimal invasion, SEMS may be a better alternative to DS for obstructive CRC. However, the conclusions remain to be discussed because of lacking high-quality randomized controlled trails.
Damage assessment for the 2018 lower East Rift Zone lava flows of Kīlauea volcano, Hawaiʻi
Authors: Meredith Elinor S. , Jenkins Susanna F. , Hayes Josh L. , Deligne Natalia Irma , Lallemant David , Patrick Matthew , Neal Christina 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCataloguing damage and its correlation with hazard intensity is one of the key components needed to robustly assess future risk and plan for mitigation as it provides important empirical data. Damage assessments following volcanic eruptions have been conducted for buildings and other structures following hazards such as tephra fall, pyroclastic density currents, and lahars. However, there are relatively limited quantitative descriptions of the damage caused by lava flows, despite the number of communities that have been devastated by lava flows in recent decades (e.g., Cumbre Vieja, La Palma, 2021; Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2002 and 2021; Fogo, Cape Verde, 2014–2015). The 2018 lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) lava flows of Kīlauea volcano, Hawaiʻi, inundated 32.4 km2 of land in the Puna District, including residential properties, infrastructure, and farmland. During and after the eruption, US Geological Survey scientists and collaborators took over 8000 aerial and ground photographs and videos of the eruption processes, deposits, and impacts. This reconnaissance created one of the largest available impact datasets documenting an effusive eruption and provided a unique opportunity to conduct a comprehensive damage assessment. Drawing on this georeferenced dataset, satellite imagery, and 2019 ground-based damage surveys, we assessed the pre-event typology and post-event condition of structures within and adjacent to the area inundated by lava flows during the 2018 LERZ eruption. We created a database of damage: each structure was assigned a newly developed damage state and data quality category value. We assessed 3165 structures within the Puna District and classified 1839 structures (58%) as destroyed, 90 structures (3%) as damaged, and 1236 (39%) as unaffected. We observed a range of damage states, affected by the structural typology and hazard characteristics. Our study reveals that structures may be damaged or destroyed beyond the lava flow margin, due to thermal effects from the lava flow, fire spread, or from exposure to a range of hazards associated with fissure eruptions, such as steam, volcanic gases, or tephra fall. This study provides a major contribution to the currently limited evidence base required to forecast future lava flow impacts and assess risk.
Accelerating the distance-minimizing method for data-driven elasticity with adaptive hyperparameters
Authors: Nguyen Lu Trong Khiem , Aydin Roland Can , Cyron Christian Johannes 
Published: June 2022

AbstractData-driven constitutive modeling in continuum mechanics assumes that abundant material data are available and can effectively replace the constitutive law. To this end, Kirchdoerfer and Ortiz proposed an approach, which is often referred to as the distance-minimizing method. This method contains hyperparameters whose role remains poorly understood to date. Herein, we demonstrate that choosing these hyperparameters equal to the tangent of the constitutive manifold underlying the available material data can substantially reduce the computational cost and improve the accuracy of the distance-minimizing method. As the tangent of the constitutive manifold is typically not known in a data-driven setting, and as it can also change during an iterative solution process, we propose an adaptive strategy that continuously updates the hyperparameters on the basis of an approximate tangent of the hidden constitutive manifold. By several numerical examples we demonstrate that this strategy can substantially reduce the computational cost and at the same time also improve the accuracy of the distance-minimizing method.
Law Smells
Authors: Coupette Corinna , Hartung Dirk , Beckedorf Janis , Böther Maximilian , Katz Daniel Martin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBuilding on the computer science concept ofcode smells, we initiate the study oflaw smells, i.e., patterns in legal texts that pose threats to the comprehensibility and maintainability of the law. With five intuitive law smells as running examples—namely, duplicated phrase, long element, large reference tree, ambiguous syntax, and natural language obsession—, we develop a comprehensive law smell taxonomy. This taxonomy classifies law smells by when they can be detected, which aspects of law they relate to, and how they can be discovered. We introduce text-based and graph-based methods to identify instances of law smells, confirming their utility in practice using the United States Code as a test case. Our work demonstrates how ideas from software engineering can be leveraged to assess and improve the quality oflegalcode, thus drawing attention to an understudied area in the intersection of law and computer science and highlighting the potential of computational legal drafting.
Rectification Versus Aid: Why the State Owes More to Those it Wrongfully Harms
Authors: Osben Natasha 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAre the state’s obligations to victims of its own wrongdoing greater than to persons who have suffered from bad luck? Many people endorse an affirmative answer to this question. Call this the Difference View. This view can seem arbitrary from the perspective of the victims in question; why should a victim of bad luck, who is just as badly off through no fault of her own, be entitled to less assistance from the state than a victim of state-caused wrongful harm? This paper defends a qualified version of the Difference View, the Threshold Version of the Difference View. According to this view, all disadvantaged persons, no matter what the cause of their disadvantage, must be compensated until they reach a minimum threshold of wellbeing; however, among disadvantaged persons above this threshold, full compensation is owed for those who are victims of state wrongdoing, whereas full compensation is not necessarily owed to those who are disadvantaged due to bad luck.
First-order Layer in Artificial Pain Pathway
Authors: Bektash Oghuz , la Cour-Harbo Anders 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe neural mechanisms involved in pain perception consist of a pathway which carry signals from the periphery to the cerebral cortex. First-order pain neurons transduce the potentially damaging stimuli detected by the sensorial extremes into long-ranging electrical signals that are transmitted to higher order neurons where the organisation is more heterarchical, especially in the cerebral cortex. However, the first order neurones, as their name states, have a degree of branching which clearly identifies them as hierarchical elements in the arrangement of pain pathway. This research aims to develop an artificial neural pain pathway that mimics this biological process, in particular the first order neurones. First, the research proposes the periodogram method on the condition monitoring data with a minor malfunction and operational damage. As the pain is associated with actual or potential tissue damage, using such data from a machinery system can provide insights which can be used to improve the computational effectiveness. Then, a one-dimensional convolutional neural network model is introduced to represent the second and third orders of the pain pathway. The research findings found clear support for studying the similarities between the major components of biological information processing of tissue damage and statistical signal processing for damage estimation.
A Retrospective, Longitudinal External Study of the robustness and reproducibility of National Antibacterial Prescribing Survey Data
Authors: Abbas Zahraa Mahdi , Hughes Jeff , Sunderland Bruce , Czarniak Petra 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Point prevalence surveys are used internationally to audit antibacterial use as well as the impact of interventions on improving prescribing and resistance rates. The annual National Antibacterial Prescribing Survey provides data on the appropriateness of antibacterial agent prescribing in Australian hospitals. Assessing the survey’s robustness and result reproducibility is essential to its role in improving antibacterial prescribing practice.

Aim
To evaluate the reproducibility of internal assessments of antibacterial agent prescribing of both guideline compliance and appropriateness from a Western Australian hospital.

Method
Census data of 1051 prescriptions from 2013 to 2017 surveys were independently assessed for compliance based on Australian Therapeutic Guidelines - Antibiotics, and appropriateness, based on agent selection, therapy duration and microbiological test results. Concordance of these findings with internal hospital assessments was analysed.

Results
This external study did not reproduce internal hospital audit results for compliance with guideline parameters. Non-compliant prescribing rate was significantly (p < 0.001) higher externally at 50.7% (533/1051) than internal assessment at 34.9% (367/1051). External analysis also found a significantly smaller proportion of prescriptions to be appropriate (551/1051, 52.4%) compared to internal analysis (745/1051, 70.9%) p < 0.001. Cohen’s Kappa analysis found a moderate agreement for compliance (0.49) and appropriateness (0.50) between the external and internal evaluations.

Conclusion
The lack of adequate reproducibility of compliance and appropriateness assessments may limit the generalisability of the audit’s results. Validating point prevalence surveys that assess antibacterial agent prescribing can increase confidence and improve reproducibility of their findings; as they provide important data for antimicrobial stewardship programs.
A screening of wild bird samples enhances our knowledge about the biodiversity of avian adenoviruses
Authors: Harrach Balázs , Megyeri Annamária , Papp Tibor , Ursu Krisztina , Boldogh Sándor A. , Kaján Győző L. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWild birds are threatened by anthropic effects on a global scale, and their adenoviruses might contribute to their endangerment. Thus, it is important to reveal the real biodiversity of avian adenoviruses, as, unfortunately, this research topic is far from being prioritized. The turkey hemorrhagic enteritis is an economically important disease causing high mortalities, and its causative siadenoviral agent is only distantly related to other avian siadenoviruses in phylogenetic analyses. Both to enhance our knowledge about the biodiversity of wild bird adenoviruses and to possibly trace back the origin of the turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus, numerous Hungarian wild bird samples were screened for adenoviruses using PCR, and the detected strains were typed molecularly. The screening revealed numerous new adenovirus types, several of which represent novel adenovirus species as well, in the genera Atadenovirus, Aviadenovirus and Siadenovirus.