bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sugarcane Borer Control, 1991
Authors: Schexnayder H. P. , White C. A. , Reagan T. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven insecticide treatments were tested for season long control of SCB in a block of 'CP74-383' variety plant cane (SCB-susceptible sugarcane) located in Assumption Parish on the Westfield Plantation in Paincourtville, LA. The test consisted of 3 row (1.8 m centers) plots, 7.3 m long (0.004 ha/plot) arranged in a randomized block design with 5 replications. Insecticide applications were made when SCB infestations exceeded economic threshold levels of 5% of the stalks containing live larvae in the leafsheaths. The treatments (11 Jul, 2, and 22 Aug) were applied to the sugarcane canopy of all 3 rows in each plot with knapsack sprayers (pressure and output ca. 1.41 kg/cm2 and 250 liters/ha, respectively). Season long control was evaluated on 26 Sept by examining 20 stalks randomly selected from the center row of each plot for SCB entrance and exit holes. Data on the percentage of bored intemodes were analyzed using a weighted logistic analysis, and least squares separation of means where significant differences among treatment were detected.
Culttvar Vs. Seed Damage with and Without Insecticide, 1989
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Ford Harla. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A range of 10 sunflower cultivars were established at the Southwest Experiment Station in Lamberton, MN. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows × 9.15 m long with 1.5 m between replicates. Karate 1 E at 0.044 kg/ha was applied to plots as indicated (+) using a hand held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi in 64 liters/ha. Stand counts were taken from 6.7 m of the 2 center rows. Damaged seed counts were taken by smashing heads prior to threshing, removing a sample of this unclean material, and examining 200 seeds for BSM and SFM larval feeding. Remaining material was then threshed and clean seed weighed for yields.
Tobacco Aphid Control, 1990
Authors: Johnson Dougla. , Maksymowicz Willia. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tobacco was transplanted at the Research and Education Center, Princeton, KY, on 30 May. All tobacco was produced using standard agronomic practices, including topping on 7 Aug, harvest on 19 Sept, housing, firing, stripping, and grading. Plots were 3 rows wide by 25 ft long. Adjacent plots were separated by single untreated guard rows. Foliar application of insecticides was made to the center row using a Co2 powered back pack sprayer fitted with 3, 70° hollow cone nozzles/row with one nozzle directly over the row and with 8 inch drops (aimed 135° from vertical) on either side of the row. Treatments were applied in 29 gal/acre at 42 psi. Aphid ratings were made from 5 consecutive plants in the center of each plot, using the following rating scale. 0°no aphids present, 1°very light, 1 aphid to small colonies, 2°several colonies but not widespread, 3°general, widespread colonies, 4°extremely heavy, on all plant parts. Application of Orthene 75 SP was applied in the transplant water, by foliar application or by a combination. Thiodan 3EC was applied by foliar application. The topping time spray was made on 8 Aug. Schedule sprays were made on 26 Jul, 8 Aug, and 24 Aug. Thus, the schedule sprays included the topping time spray. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design.
Tobacco Insect Control on Dark-Fired Tobacco, 1991
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed Martha B. , Wilkinson W. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, VA, to test various insecticides and insecticide application methods for tobacco aphid control on dark-fired tobacco. Tobacco was transplanted into Wedowee sandy loam soil on 17 May. Experimental plots were 1 row (4 ft) wide × 40 ft (24 plants) long and separated by single, untreated, border rows. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was utilized to evaluate the treatments. Blocks were separated by 5 or 10 ft vacant alleys. Except for insect control, production practices followed recommendations of the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Immediately after transplanting, transplant water (TPW) treatments were applied with a measuring cup at 8 fl oz/plant (314 gal/acre) to designated plots. Foliar treatments were applied on 9 Jul with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 26.4 gal/acre through 3 TX-10 hollow cone nozzles/row at 60 psi. Temik was applied before transplanting in a 12-inch band using a Gandy granular applicator and was incorporated immediately by bedding. Aphid numbers were estimated for the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA, SAS 1985) and significant means (P = 0.05) were separated using DMRT. Aphid data were transformed to log(x+1) before analysis. Actual means are presented in the tables.
Evaluation of Insecticidal Control of Hessian Fly and Sawfly in Wheat, 1990
Authors: Buschman L. L. , El Houssaini K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in dryland wheat at Sidi El Aydi, Morocco, during the 1989-90 growing season. The Hessian fly susceptible spring bread wheat variety 'Nesma' was planted in a vertic calcixeroll soil (66% clay, 25% silt, 9% sand, and 1.87% organic matter). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The plots were 1.5 m wide (six rows) × 9 m long and separated by 0.5 m bare ground. Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow with the seed at planting (15 Dec 1989) to control the first generation HF. Foliar insecticide applications were made on 8 Feb to control 2nd generation HF and on 21 Mar to control SF. They were applied with a hand-operated backpack sprayer delivering 833 liter/ha. Twenty plants (5 from each of the center 4 rows) were collected from each plot on 25 May and examined in the laboratory for HF and for SF cut stems. After harvest in Jun plants in 0.5 m from each of the center 2 rows of each plot were collected and examined in the laboratory for SF cut stems. Minimum air temperatures for Dec through Apr averaged 3.4 to 8.0°C and maximum air temperatures averaged 17.0 to 23.6°C. A total of 113.8 mm of rain fell prior to planting, but after planting there were only 4 rainfall events during the period greater than 10 mm, on 27 Dec, 4 Jan, 29 Jan, and 9 Mar, for a total accumulation in the period of 200 mm.
Apple, Leafhopper Control, 1991
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied to mature trees in Douglas, MI ('E' Block) on 7 Jun at a rate of 90 gpa with an FMC 1029 sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Dodine, Captan, Nova, Rubigan, and NAA were applied separately to all treatments. Applications of all materials were made on 7 Jun. Evaluation of pests was made on 7 Jun (pre-count), 10 Jun, 17 Jun, and 24 Jun. Motile stages of leafhoppers were counted on the end 4 leaves of 25 terminals per tree (100 per treatment).
Insect and Mite Control, 1991
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to 8-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi at 200 gal/acre. All treatments were made on 23 May (petal fall), 5 Jun (first cover), 18 Jun (second cover), 2 Jul (third cover), 15 Jul (fourth cover), 29 Jul (fifth cover), 13 Aug (sixth cover), and 26 Aug (seventh cover). The standard pesticide program consisted of Thiram 65 W (2.0 lb/100 gal) on 5 dates, Cyprex 65 W (6 oz) on 1 date, and Nova 40 W (2.5 oz) on 5 dates. There were no mixtures of insecticides with other pesticides. There were 8 'McIntosh' single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used. Except for test trees, the orchard was not sprayed with insecticides or acaricides. On 30 Aug, up to 100 apples were picked from each tree and examined on 10 Sep for external AM egg punctures, PC egg-laying scars, and CM and LAW typical feeding injuries. ERM were counted on 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. AA were counted on 10 terminals around each tree. Summer months were slightly warmer and more humid than normal, with less than adequate rainfall in Jun and Jul.
Pear, Prebloom Applications of Insegar for Control of Pear Psylla, 1991
Authors: Burts Everet. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mature bearing pear trees were sprayed with air carrier equipment applying 400 gal per acre to test prebloom applications of Insegar for control of PP. Plots consisted of unreplicated blocks of 1/2 acre or larger. Treatments were applied at delayed dormant (20 Mar) and at clusterbud (8 Apr) stages of tree development. Additional sprays applied to the entire orchard during the growing season included Dimilin 25% WP 1 lb/acre plus superior type oil 1 gal/acre on May 31, Guthion 35% WP 2.5 lb/acre plus Vendex 4 L 2 pt/acre on 11 Jul and Guthion 35% WP 2 lb/acre plus Mitac 50% WP 3 lb/acre on 31 Jul. Treatments were evaluated by adult, egg, and nymph counts on several dates after treatment. Adults were counted by the limb tap method. Early season eggs and nymphs were counted on fruiting spurs collected at random from test plots and examined under magnification in the laboratory. Later egg and nymph samples were counted from 2 50-leaf samples per plot. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf, and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under magnification. PP russet was rated according to US grade standards for fresh market 'Bartlett' and 'd'Anjou' pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruit per plot. Factors of fruit quality including firmness, soluble solids, and size were evaluated from 2 10-fruit samples per plot at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray.
Sawfly Control, 1991
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied on 11 Jun to 20- by 20-ft plots in a crop-year blueberry field at Deblois, Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a completely random design with 5-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/ acre using a C02-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat-spray, 800067 Teejet nozzles operating at 35 psi. Plants showed ca. 2% bloom and 98% fruit set at treatment. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the test. Temperatures were generally warm.
Asparagus Beetle Control, 1991
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Mary Washington’ asparagus was planted in Feb, 1985, near Benson, NC, on 60 inch centers. Plots consisted of 2 rows 10 ft long, separated by 5 ft alleys, and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a C02 backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18 ×). Application rate was 54 gal/acre delivered at 50 psi. Applications were made 12 Apr (spears) and 17 May (ferns). Spears were harvested 16 Apr and the number with eggs and feeding damage was recorded. Counts of asparagus beetle larvae and adults on all ferns in the plots were made 21 May.
Seedcorn Maggot Control in Edible Dry Bean, 1989
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Sheets Beck. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This trial was located at the Staples Irrigation Station in Staples, MN. Soils were irrigated sandy loams. Plots were 2 rows X 9.15 m in length. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. The plot rows were marked with the planter and a 1:1:1 bait mixture of bone meal, blood meal, and meat scraps was applied four days prior to planting. Approximately 102 kg of this mixture was applied to the plot area. The seed was treated with a sticker, coated with the appropriate seed treatment, allowed to dry, and planted 27 May using a John Deere Maximerge planter. Granular insecticide treatments were applied in a 15.2 cm band on the row following planting. The field was then irrigated to ensure rapid and uniform germination. Stand counts and yield were taken from two 3.05 m lengths of row. The threshed seed was cleaned, dried, moisture level determined, and final yields adjusted to a standard moisture.
Control of Lepidoptera on Late Season Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Vaughn T. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Bravo’ cabbage was transplanted at Fry Farm, Wooster, OH, on 17 Jun. The field was sprayed with one insecticide application of Sevin XLR on 24 Jul for flea beetles. Plots were 2 rows wide on 36 inch centers, 50 ft long, and separated by 10 ft alleys. Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made 5, 16, and 20 Sep using a tractor mounted drop nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Five plants per plot were randomly selected and destructively sampled for DBM, ICW, and CL small (1-2 instar) and large (&gt;3 instar) larvae on 26 Sep. A final marketability rating of 30 cabbage heads per plot was also taken on 26 Sep, judging marketability according to USDA guidelines for fresh market no. 1 cabbage.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly in Cantaloupe in Texas, 1991
Authors: Riley David G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cantaloupe was seeded into Sunshine Mix* potting mixture in 10 cm pots on 19 Mar in a greenhouse heavily infested with SPW. Plants were transferred on 8 Apr into spray chambers (25 cm X 30 cm PVC cylinders) in a randomized complete block design with ten treatments and six replicates. Plants were irrigated daily using drip tubes to avoid wetting of foliage. Untreated plants were interspaced between treated plants for an added source of SPW adults. Adults were counted on the third expanded leaf from the growing point and SPW immatures were sampled using a 2.1 cm diameter leaf disk cutter 24 hours prior to treatment. Plants were sprayed to runoff (3 seconds/31 ml/plant, ca. 100 gal/acre) using a C02 backpack sprayer with two TX-4 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned 5 to 10 cm from the plant canopy (one above and one below) at 60 psi. SPW adults were counted 24 and 72 hours after treatment. Immatures were sampled on 2.1 cm diameter leaf disks and numbers were recorded by instar 24 and 120 hours after treatment.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly in Cantaloupe with Two Pyrethroid and Two Organochlorine Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Riley David G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cantaloupe was seeded into Sunshine Mix® potting mixture in 10 cm pots on 24 Jun in a greenhouse heavily infested with SPWF. Plants were transferred on 22 Jul into spray chambers (25 cm × 30 cm PVC cylinders) in an RCB design with five treatments and six replicates. Plants were irrigated daily using drip tubes to avoid wetting of foliage. Adults were counted on the second or third expanded leaf from the growing point 24 hours prior to treatment. Plants were sprayed to runoff (3 seconds/31 ml/plant, ca. 100 gal/acre) using a C02 backpack sprayer with two TX-4 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned 5 to 10 cm from the plant canopy (one above and one below) at 60 psi. Treatment applications were made on 24 and 31 Jul. Untreated plants were inter-spaced between treated plants for an added source of SPWF adult re-infestation. SPWF adults were counted on the second or third expanded leaf on treated plants at 24 and 120 hours after the first application and at 24 hours after the second application. Immature SPWF (including eggs and all stages of nymphs) were sampled from one 2.1 cm diameter leaf disk/plant and numbers were recorded by instar from the oldest or second oldest leaf at 120 hours after the first and second treatment applications.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Lance R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 27 Dec 1990. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 246 kg/ha) and covered with white on black plastic mulch on 19 Dec. Plants were spaced 0.3 m apart within rows and 0.76 m apart between row on 1.8 m-center beds. Fertilizer (1680 kg/ha of granular 6:12:12) was applied and incorporated into the soil on 18 Dec. Goal 2 EC was applied (.56 kg (AI)/ha) between the beds on 20 Dec for week control. Plants were irrigated 4 h/day using a turbo T-tape irrigation system (model 40) which delivered 5.0 liters of water/m of dripline/h. Fourteen insecticide treatments and a nontreated check were compared. Treatments were: biweekly applications of CME 13406 (0.033 kg (AI)/ha) until heading and then judiciously thereafter; the above in combination with Butacide (10:1; Butacide:CME 13406 AI); the above in combination with Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha); biweekly applications of the above rotated on alternate weeks with applications of Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha); weekly applications of Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha); weekly applications of Javelin WG (1.1 kg/ha); weekly applications of Dipel 2X (1.1 kg/ha); three applications of Biosafe Steinernema carpocapsae (Filipjev) strain All (3.7 and 7.4 billion infective juveniles/ha); three applications of S. carpocapsae (7.4 billion infective juveniles/ha) and six application of Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha) when S. carpocapsae was not applied; judicious applications of RH-9999 20 WP (0.11 or 0.22 kg (AI)/ha) rotated with Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha) on dates when RH-9999 was not applied; judicious applications of Margosan-0 (0.3% Al) 0.22 kg (AI)/ha) as above; judicious applications of MK-244 0.16 EC (0.011 kg (AI)/ha) as above; Phosdrin 4 EC (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha); and a nontreated check. All treatments, except S. carpocapsae were applied with Bond (2.3 liters/ha). CME 13406, the above in combination with Butacide, and the above in combination with Cutlass WP were applied on four dates: 31 Jan, 14 Feb, 1 and 14 Mar.
Harlequin Bug Control on Cabbage, Spring, 1992
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Golden Acres’ cv. cabbage was transplanted into a Bemow series fine sandy loam soil covered with black plastic mulch on 6 May at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, OK. Planting beds were formed on 1.8 m centers with two rows of plants per bed. Plots were one bed wide by 4.6 m long and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plants were spaced 30 cm apart within rows. An unplanted buffer 3 m long within rows and one unplanted row between plots was used to minimize spray drift. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 2 and 9 Jul with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with two TX-18 spray nozzles spaced 46 cm apart and directed inward towards the plants. The sprayer was calibrated on 28 Jun at 99.6 liters per acre. Eight randomly selected plants per plot were sampled for HB nymphs and adults on 9, 13 and 16 Jul. No pretreatment means for HB were available.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with AC 303630 in the Delayed Dormant Period, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
AC 303630 was evaluated for control of overwintered PLR larvae. The test was conducted in an orchard at the WSU-Tree Fruit Research Center in Wenatchee. Test trees were 12-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on a dwarfing root. Trees ranged in size from 8 to 12 ft and were planted on a 18 x 12 spacing. The test design consisted of two-tree plots replicated five times in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were as handgun sprays at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Treatment were applied on 8 Apr, at the half-inch green-tip stage of fruit bud development. Pre-treatment samples (4 Apr) consisted of 10 fruit buds from each tree in a replicate (20 buds per replicate, 100 buds per treatment). In the laboratory, buds were examined under magnification and the number infested with leafroller larvae recorded. On 13 Apr 100 growing points (buds) on the first tree in each replicate were examined and the number of active feeding sites (live leafroller larvae) recorded. On 22 May every tree was examined for two minutes and the number of live leafroller larvae recorded. Weather during the test period was generally good, without significant rainfall.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Cabbage, 1992
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage transplants were planted on 21 Aug near Georgetown, DE, Two row plots, 20 ft long on 40 inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized wheel barrow sprayer delivering 34 gal/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 25 Aug; 1, 8, 15, 21, and 29 Sep; 5, 12, and 19 Oct. Latron B-1956 spreader/sticker (0.06%) was added to all treatments on every spray date. Number of larvae/5 plants was recorded on 4, 18, and 24 Sep; and 2 Oct.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set on 1 Jun at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Plants were set 12 inches apart within 30 ft rows, and rows were on 3.5 ft centers. Double-row plots were separated by a single untreated row, and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticide applications were begun when approximately 30% of plants were infested with lepidopterous larvae. Applications were made on 30 Jun, 10, 20 and 27 Jul, and 3 Aug. All applications were made with a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 50 psi and delivering 50 gal/acre (unless otherwise indicated in table) through three hollowcone nozzles per row. The nozzles were arranged on the spray wand with one overhead and two drop nozzles. Rainfall was abundant throughout the trial period with 5.82 inches in Jun, 1.72 inches in Jul, and 8.11 inches in Aug. DBM, CL and ICW larval populations were sampled by recording number of larvae on 10 heads per treatment (40 total) at 3 and 7 DAT. ANOVA was conducted on cumulative 3 and 7 DAT counts, and 3 + 7 DAT (season total) counts. Plots were harvested on 17 Aug, and damage ratings were recorded for 20 heads per treatment (80 total) on a scale of 0-5; 0 = no damage, 1 = frame leaf damage, 2 = minimal wrapper leaf damage, 3 = significant wrapper leaf damage, 4 = head damage, and 5 = severe damage. All heads receiving a rating of =&lt; 2 were considered marketable.