bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Construction and evaluation of a manikin for perioperative heat exchange
Authors: Bräuer A. , English M. J. M. , Sander H. , Timmermann A. , Braun U. , Weyland W. 
Published: July 2002

Background: During surgery hypothermia can be avoided only if the heat exchange between the body surface and the environment can be controlled. To allow a systematic analysis of this heat exchange, we constructed and evaluated a copper manikin of the human body.Methods: The manikin consists of six tubes (head, trunk, two arms and two legs) painted matt‐black to simulate the emissivity of the human skin. Hot‐water mattresses are bonded to the inner surface of the copper tubes to set the surface temperature. Calibrated heat flux transducers were placed on the following points to determine the heat exchange coefficient for radiation and convection (hRC) of the manikin: Forehead, chest, abdomen, upper arm, forearm, dorsal hand, anterior thigh, anterior leg and foot. Room temperature was set to 22°C. Surface temperature of the manikin was set between 22°C and 38°C. The hRC was determined by linear regression analysis as the slope of the temperature gradient between the manikin and the room versus the measured heat flux. Subsequently we studied five minimally clothed volunteers in a climate chamber. Initial chamber temperature was set to 29°C and was lowered slowly to 12°C. The hRC was determined as described above for each volunteer.Results: The hRC of the manikin was 11.0 W m−2°C−1 and hRC of the volunteers was 10.8 W m−2°C−1.Conclusion: The excellent correlation of hRC between the volunteers and the manikin will allow the manikin to be used for standardised studies of perioperative heat exchange.
Giant cell collagenoma: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Brito Hugo , Pereira Emílio M. , Reis‐Filho Jorge S. , Maeda Sueli A. 
Published: July 2002

Background: Giant cell collagenoma (GCC) is a recently described cutaneous fibrous neoplasm that usually affects young to middle‐aged adults. Despite its similar histological appearance with circumscribed storiform collagenoma, no association of GCC with Cowden's syndrome has been described so far. To the best of our knowledge only five cases of this rare fibrous tumor have been reported so far.Methods: We report a case of a 79‐year‐old male patient presenting with a slow growing flesh‐colored dome‐shaped lesion in his left forearm, with a clinical diagnosis of fibroma. No stigma of Cowden's syndrome was depicted.Results: The histological analysis showed a symmetrical and well‐circumscribed flat‐dome‐shaped lesion covered by an atrophic overlying epidermis. The neoplasm was composed of hyalinized collagen bundles disposed in a whorled storiform pattern. Admixed with the collagen matrix, there were two distinct cell populations, one composed by spindle‐shaped mononuclear cells, and the other composed by bizarre multinucleated giant cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positivity for vimentin and actin HHF35 in the mononucleated. The multinucleated cells only immunoexpressed vimentin.Conclusion: GCC is an unusual cutaneous fibrous tumor that should be differentiated from circumscribed storiform collagenoma, pleomorphic fibroma, regressive forms of dermatofibroma, and solitary myofibroma based on its histological features.
Effects of dietary fatty acids and vitamin E levels in HL‐60 cell proliferation
Authors: Colomé C. , Alonso R. , Mata P. , Badimon L. 
Published: July 2002

BackgroundFatty acids have shown to be both modulators and messengers of signals triggered at the level of cell membranes. There is, however, controversy about the role of fatty acids in cell proliferation kinetics, and it is still unknown whether cell proliferation can be regulated by fatty acid dietary intake in humans. Our objective was to investigate whether feasible changes in the human dietary food intake that induce significant changes in lipids, fatty acids and the oxidative state were able to influence proliferation kinetics of the leukaemia cell line HL‐60.Materials and methodsHealthy men and women were subjected to four consecutive dietary periods with increasing degree of unsaturation: saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐6 PUFAs), n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFAs). Plasma lipids and oxidation parameters were controlled during each period. Serum from each subject in the four dietary periods was incubated for 3 days with the leukaemia cell line, HL‐60 (250 × 103 cell mL−1), to study cell proliferation.ResultsIn men, an n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid‐enriched diet showed a significant inhibition of DNA duplication with respect to a saturated‐enriched diet, but the effect is not sufficient in blocking cell proliferation. However, as expected, the in vitro addition of fatty acids to HL‐60 cells significantly halted proliferation. In addition, the HL‐60 growth ratio was shown to be inversely correlated with plasma vitamin E (P = 0.0004) and oleic acid in phospholipids (P = 0.01) in plasma of the individuals in the dietary intervention study.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that changes in serum fatty acid composition obtained with dietary changes, without extreme variations of the regular diets of a free‐living population, cannot block HL‐60 cell proliferation.
Linear IgA disease
Authors: Fracs Justine R Smith Mbbs , Fracp Ann Kupa Mbbs , Frcs Douglas J Coster Mbbs 
Published: July 2002

Purpose: A case of linear IgA disease is reported to alert ophthalmologists and physicians to this unusual cause of chronic cicatrizing conjunctivitis. Methods: Clinical records of a patient suffering from linear IgA disease were reviewed. Results: A 65‐year‐old woman with a complicated medical history experienced rapidly progressive chronic cicatrizing conjunctivitis leading to corneal perforation. Undiagnosed gingivitis and palatal ulceration had been present for 5 years prior to the onset of ocular symptoms and vitamin C deficiency had followed the consequent dietary restrictions. A diagnosis of linear IgA disease was made on conjunctival biopsy, which demonstrated linear deposits of IgA along the epithelial basement membrane. The perforation was managed successfully with a conjunctival pediculate flap. Control of the inflammation was achieved with systemic prednisolone and cyclophosphamide but at the expense of serious systemic side‐effects. Conclusions: Linear IgA disease causes progressive conjunctival cicatrization in many affected individuals. Although dapsone generally controls the inflammation, heavier systemic immunosuppression was required in this case. Involvement of skin or other mucosal surfaces may become symptomatic before the conjunctivitis, and physicians must be educated to refer patients for ophthalmological review on diagnosis. Conversely, ophthalmologists encountering ocular linear IgA disease should be aware of the possibility of other mucosal involvement requiring physician intervention.
Allelic variation in the vacA gene of Helicobacter pylori isolated from Chinese patients
Authors: Xuhuai Ji , Burroni Daniela , Guoming Xu , Pagliaccia Cristina , Reyrat Jean‐Marc , Zhenxing Tu , Hua Ding , Yiqi Du , Rappuoli Rino , Telford John L 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the vacA alleles present in Chinese Helicobacter pylori strains and to compare the allelic variation in the vacA gene of Chinese strains with that of Western strains. METHODS: Twenty‐two single colonies of H. pylori isolated from five biopsy specimens with different gastric disorders were characterized for the expression of VacA protein and for evaluating the cytotoxic activity in HeLa cells. Five representative strains were selected and the vacA gene was amplified by PCR and subjected to automatic DNA sequencing using a primer walking strategy. RESULTS: Four strains expressed the VacA protein. Only one of the five strains induced vacuole degeneration in HeLa cells. All five vacA genes coded for identical signal peptides of the sla allele and had similar sequences encoding a 37 kDa subunit and outer membrane exporter. One of the five strains expressed a VacA protein with a middle region of the m1 allele and the others of the m2 allele. The four m2 allele strains had little vacuolating activity in HeLa cells. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the homology of the Chinese vacA genes was 97.6–99.2% compared with 91.3–92.0% in the Western strains. CONCLUSIONS: There are allelic variations in the vacA gene between Chinese and Western H. pylori. Chinese H. pylori strains form a phylogenetically independent cluster separated from Western isolates. The m2‐type strains seem to be more prevalent in China. Cytotoxicity in HeLa cells appear to associate with the middle region but not the signal sequence.
Localization and quantitative study of hepatic oval cells in patients with chronic liver diseases: A pathological analysis of 29 liver specimens
Authors: Dekai Qiu , Xiong Ma , Yanshen Peng , Xiaoyu Chen , Yao Shi 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVE: To observe the morphological characteristics of oval cells in human chronic liver disease and to determine the relationship between the number of oval cells and the grading and staging of liver fibrosis. METHODS: Oval cells in paraffin‐embedded sections of three normal control livers and 29 chronically diseased livers were detected by using histoimmunochemistry. Cells were counted and scored if they satisfied the morphological criteria for oval cells and showed cytoplasmic staining. RESULTS: Oval cells were not observed in normal livers. In chronic liver disease, oval cells were characterized by the presence of an ovoid nucleus, a small‐sized cell and scanty cytoplasm, and were located predominantly in the periportal region and fibrous septa. The number of oval cells increased significantly (F = 22.60, P < 0.01) as the staging of fibrosis increased (7 ± 3, 12 ± 3, 25 ± 7, 33 ± 9, and 44 ± 10 in stages 0–4, respectively). There were significant differences between all stages (P < 0.05) except those in stages 0 and 1, and 1 and 2. The number of oval cells was significantly related to the staging of liver fibrosis (r = 0.88, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Oval cells are frequently detected in chronically diseased livers. Their presence is related to the staging of fibrosis.
Occupational urothelial tumours: a regional case study
Authors: Sorahan  , Hamilton  , Wallace  , Bathers  , Gardiner  , Harrington  
Published: July 2002

Objective To investigate the role of occupational exposures in the risk of developing urothelial cancer.Materials and methods Occupational histories, obtained using a self‐administered questionnaire, for 803 patients with urothelial cancer (first diagnosed 1991–93) were compared with similar information for 2135 matched controls. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Comparisons were also made with historical regional employment information available from the 1971 census.Results There were many statistically significant positive associations for urothelial cancer risks and ever being employed in specified occupations (with or without statistical adjustment for smoking status in 1991). Smoking‐adjusted RRs of >2.0 were obtained for seven occupations; manufacture of fire lighters/ patent fuels (RR 4.30, 95% confidence interval 0.78–23.79), rodent extermination (3.71, 1.20–11.48), manufacture of dyestuffs (2.61, 0.98–7.00), leather work (2.51, 1.44–4.35), cable manufacturing industry (2.46, 1.20–5.04), textile printing and dyeing (2.32, 0.98–5.45), and sewage works (2.19, 1.16–4.11). Analyses of the occupations followed in 1971 (thus allowing for 20‐year latency) indicated an elevated RR for workers in the plastics industry (5.22, 1.57–17.36).Conclusions The historical legacy of exposure to aromatic amines in the rubber, cable‐making, dyestuffs and other industries remains. An important proportion of patients presenting with urothelial tumours are likely to have had occupational exposure to urothelial carcinogens. A review of occupational exposures in the contemporaneous plastic, textile and leather industries is warranted.
‘Sausage toe’: a reliable sign of underlying osteomyelitis
Authors: Rajbhandari S. M. , Sutton M. , Davies C. , Tesfaye S. , Ward J. D. 
Published: July 2002

Summary Aims To follow‐up patients with a ‘sausage’ deformity of the toe associated with local neuropathic ulceration to confirm the diagnosis of underlying osteomyelitis. This was based on our observation that some diabetic patients with suspected pedal osteomyelitis with a local neuropathic ulcer have a ‘sausage’ deformity of a toe. Methods Over a period of 2 years, 14 patients with foot ulcers, who were observed to have the ‘sausage’ deformity of a toe in the diabetic foot clinic were followed up and investigated. Results Underlying osteomyelitis was confirmed in six on the very first X‐ray examination. A further seven had osteomyelitis diagnosed on bone scanning. Both the X‐ray and the bone scan were equivocal in one patient, whose ulcer only healed after an 8‐week course of antibiotics. Antibiotic therapy was successful in 11 patients and three patients required amputation of the affected toe. Following successful treatment, there was full resolution of the ‘sausage toe’ in the majority. Conclusions The appearance of a ‘sausage toe’ should alert the physician of the possibility of underlying osteomyelitis in diabetic foot, so that prompt treatment can be commenced with antibiotics.
Normal pericardial fluid in the fetus: color and spectral Doppler analysis
Authors: Yoo S.‐J. , Min J.‐Y. , Lee Y.‐H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo estimate the incidence of sonographic identification of pericardial fluid in normal fetuses and to evaluate the flow pattern of pericardial fluid by using color and spectral Doppler techniques.MethodsWe evaluated 27 normal fetuses for the presence of pericardial fluid by using gray‐scale two‐dimensional and M‐mode ultrasound, and color and spectral Doppler techniques.ResultsPericardial fluid was detected in 52% of cases by two‐dimensional and M‐mode ultrasound and in 81% of cases by color Doppler. The pericardial fluid moved towards the ventricles during systole and towards the atria during diastole. In 9 of 22 fetuses with pericardial fluid identified by color Doppler, spectral waveforms were obtained. The waveforms confirmed the bidirectional flow pattern identified at color Doppler. In six cases there was monophasic systolic and biphasic diastolic flow. In the remaining three cases, the flow was monophasic during both systole and diastole.ConclusionsPericardial fluid can be identified with color Doppler in the majority of normal fetuses. It characteristically shows bidirectional flow as it moves with ventricular systole and diastole. Spectral waveforms can be obtained from the pericardial fluid. The presence of pericardial fluid per se should not be considered as abnormal. Color‐coded pericardial fluid should not be mistaken for coronary artery blood flow. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Stability of high beta tokamak plasmas*
Authors: Strait E. J. 
Published: July 2002

Stability at high beta (the ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic field pressure) is an important requirement for a compact, economically attractive fusion reactor. It is also important in present large tokamak experiments, where the best performance is now often limited by instabilities rather than by energy transport. The past decade has seen major advances in our understanding of the stability of high beta tokamak plasmas, as well as in the achievement of high values of beta. Ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory has been remarkably successful in predicting the stability limits, and the scaling of maximum stable beta with the normalized plasma current predicted by Troyon and others has been confirmed in many experiments, yielding a limit βmax≊3.5 (%-m-T/MA) I/aB (where I is the plasma current, a is the minor radius, and B is the toroidal field). The instabilities which are predicted to limit beta have been observed experimentally, in good agreement with theoretical predictions, including long-wavelength kink modes and short-wavelength ballooning instabilities. Advances in understanding of tokamak stability have opened several paths to higher values of beta. The use of strong discharge shaping, approaching the limits of axisymmetric stability, has allowed beta values as high as 12% to be reached in agreement with Troyon scaling. Recent experimental results and ideal MHD modeling have shown that the beta limit depends on the form of the pressure and current density profiles, and modification of the current density to create a centrally peaked profile has allowed beta values up to 6I/aB to be achieved experimentally.
Recent experiments have also begun to explore both local and global access to the predicted second stable regime for ballooning modes, with the potential for very high values of β/(I/aB). Preliminary experimental investigations of wall stabilization and radio-frequency (RF) current profile control hold the promise of further improvements in beta through passive and active control of instabilities. The developing understanding of high beta stability and the application of this understanding to present experiments and future fusion devices hold the potential for production of stable, steady state plasmas at high beta with good confinement.
Italianità and internationalism: Production, design and mediation at Alessi, 1976–96
Authors: Lees-Maffei Grace 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThis article considers the Italian household product design company Alessi as quintessentially Italian and international. The interplay of mass-production and craft techniques at Alessi, an extended design process and the presentation of the family in company publicity exemplify the ambiguities identified within Italian design. The extent to which Alessi typifies Italian post-war design is questioned with reference to the company's international design team and the marketing of its products to foreign consumers as manifestations of italianità. The findings are based on primary research in Milan and the Alessi factory, including a series of interviews with designers, retailers, curators and media workers, combined with secondary material centred upon design history.
Spindle Self-organization and Cytokinesis During Male Meiosis in asterless Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Bonaccorsi Silvia , Giansanti Maria Grazia , Gatti Maurizio 
Published: July 2002

While Drosophila female meiosis is anastral, both meiotic divisions in Drosophila males exhibit prominent asters. We have identified a gene we call asterless (asl) that is required for aster formation during male meiosis. Ultrastructural analysis showed that asl mutants have morphologically normal centrioles. However, immunostaining with antibodies directed either to γ tubulin or centrosomin revealed that these proteins do not accumulate in the centrosomes, as occurs in wild-type. Thus, asl appears to specify a function required for the assembly of centrosomal material around the centrioles.
Despite the absence of asters, meiotic cells of asl mutants manage to develop an anastral spindle. Microtubules grow from multiple sites around the chromosomes, and then focus into a peculiar bipolar spindle that mediates chromosome segregation, although in a highly irregular way.
Surprisingly, asl spermatocytes eventually form a morphologically normal ana–telophase central spindle that has full ability to stimulate cytokinesis. These findings challenge the classical view on central spindle assembly, arguing for a self-organization of this structure from either preexisting or newly formed microtubules. In addition, these findings strongly suggest that the asters are not required for signaling cytokinesis.
Left-distributive embedding algebras
Authors: Dougherty Randall , Jech Thomas 
Published: July 2002

We consider algebras with one binary operation ⋅\cdotand one generator, satisfying the left distributive lawa⋅(b⋅c)=(a⋅b)⋅(a⋅c)a\cdot (b\cdot c)=(a\cdot b)\cdot (a\cdot c); such algebras have been shown to have surprising connections with set-theoretic large cardinals and with braid groups. One can construct a sequence of finite left-distributive algebras AnA_{n}, and then take a limit to get an infinite left-distributive algebra A∞A_{\infty }on one generator. Results of Laver and Steel assuming a strong large cardinal axiom imply thatA∞A_{\infty } is free; it is open whether the freeness of A∞A_{\infty }can be proved without the large cardinal assumption, or even in Peano arithmetic. The main result of this paper is the equivalence of this problem with the existence of a certain left-distributive algebra of increasing functions on natural numbers, called anembedding algebra, which emulates some properties of functions on the large cardinal. Using this and results of the first author, we conclude that the freeness of A∞A_{\infty }is unprovable in primitive recursive arithmetic.
Occupational and Environmental Risk Factors for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Multicenter Case-Control Study
Authors: Baumgartner Kathy B. , Samet Jonathan M. , Coultas David B. , Stidley Christine A. , Hunt William C. , Colby Thomas V. , Waldron James A. , Collaborating Centers  
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Occupational exposures were investigated in a multicenter case-control study of clinically and histologically diagnosed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic diffuse interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology. Results are based on 248 cases, aged 20–75 years, diagnosed at 16 referral centers between January 1989 and July 1993. There were 491 controls ascertained by random digit dialing and matched to cases on sex, age, and geographic region. Data were collected using a standard telephone questionnaire. Occupational factors were based on a detailed history of jobs lasting 6 months or more and job activity, hobby, and specific substance checklists. Several occupational factors, adjusted for age and smoking in conditional multivariate logistic regression analyses, were significantly associated with IPF: farming (odds ratio (OR) = 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0, 2.5); livestock (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3, 5.5); hairdressing (OR = 4.4, 95% CI: 1.2, 16.3); metal dust (OR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.0, 4.0); raising birds (OR = 4.7, 95% CI: 1.6, 14.1); stone cutting/polishing (OR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.2, 12.7); and vegetable dust/animal dust (OR = 4.7, 95% CI: 2.1, 10.4). Interaction was detected between smoking and exposure to livestock (p = 0.06) and farming (p = 0.08). Results confirm previous studies showing increased risk associated with dusty environments. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:307–15.
SOAP, cleaning multiple alignments from unstable blocks
Authors: Löytynoja A. , Milinkovitch M. C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: SOAP is a stand-alone, multi-platform program to test the stability of a multiple alignment of molecular sequences.
Availability: The software is available free of charge at http://dbm.ulb.ac.be/ueg/SOAP/.
Contact: apl@dbm.ulb.ac.be; mcmilink@ulb.ac.be
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Easier threading through web-based comparisons and
cross-validations
Authors: Douguet Dominique , Labesse Gilles 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: We have developed a WWW server for the integration and comparison of protein structure predictions performed by five different servers. Users submit an amino acid sequence to a selected set of these prediction methods. Results are gathered on a web-based page in order to facilitate comparison and analysis. All the alignments are further evaluated through a common threading tool making their comparisons easier.
Availability: The meta-server is available free at http://www.infobiosud.cnrs.fr/bioserver
Contact: douguet@cbs.univ-montp1.fr; labesse@cbs.univ-montp1.fr
Supplementary information: http://www.infobiosud.cnrs.fr/bioserver/hah1.html
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.