bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The treatment of sarcoidosis: translating the European respiratory guidelines into clinical practice
Authors: Judson Marc A. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
Recently, the European Respiratory Society (ERS) developed new international guidelines for the treatment of sarcoidosis. This manuscript attempts to distill the ERS Sarcoidosis Treatment Guidelines to a manageable format that can be easily used by practitioners.

Recent findings
The ERS Sarcoidosis Treatment Guidelines addressed the treatment of pulmonary, skin, cardiac, neurologic, and sarcoidosis-associated fatigue. Therapeutic drug dosing and treatment algorithms for these conditions were also addressed. Glucocorticoids were the initial recommended treatment for these conditions except for sarcoidosis-associated fatigue where a pulmonary exercise program or a neurostimulant was initially suggested. Because of the risk of glucocorticoid side-effects, the Guidelines recommended early consideration of glucocorticoid-sparing therapy including certain antimetabolites and two specific tumor necrosis alpha antagonists: infliximab and adalimumab.

Summary
The ERS Sarcoidosis Treatment Guidelines used a rigorous GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) methodology to update treatment recommendations for this condition. This manuscript summarizes the Guideline findings in practical terms for clinicians. Suggested algorithms and treatment dosing recommendations are provided.
Harmonization based on quantitative analysis of standardized uptake value variations across PET/CT scanners: a multicenter phantom study
Authors: Monsef Abbas , Ay Mohammad Reza , Sheikhzadeh Peyman , Geramifar Parham , Rahmim Arman , Ghafarian Pardis 
Published: July 2022

Objectives
This study aimed to measure standardized uptake value (SUV) variations across different PET/computed tomography (CT) scanners to harmonize quantification across systems.

Methods
We acquired images using the National Electrical Manufacturers Association International Electrotechnical Commission phantom from three PET/CT scanners operated using routine imaging protocols at each site. The SUVs of lesions were assessed in the presence of reference values by a digital reference object (DRO) and recommendations by the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM/EARL) to measure inter-site variations. For harmonization, Gaussian filters with tuned full width at half maximum (FWHM) values were applied to images to minimize differences in SUVs between reference and images. Inter-site variation of SUVs was evaluated in both pre- and postharmonization situations. Test-retest analysis was also carried out to evaluate repeatability.

Results
SUVs from different scanners became significantly more consistent, and inter-site differences decreased for SUVmean, SUVmax and SUVpeak from 17.3, 20.7, and 15.5% to 4.8, 4.7, and 2.7%, respectively, by harmonization (P values <0.05 for all). The values for contrast-to-noise ratio in the smallest lesion of the phantom verified preservation of image quality following harmonization (>2.8%).

Conclusions
Harmonization significantly lowered variations in SUV measurements across different PET/CT scanners, improving reproducibility while preserving image quality.
The eyes have it: when skin findings prompt referral to ophthalmology
Authors: Dunn Charles , Foss Michael , Kumar Monique 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
Co-presentation of ocular and cutaneous conditions is common and prompt recognition of known associations may be imperative to sight-saving intervention. There are currently limited reviews in the pediatric literature addressing comorbid ocular and dermatologic presentations. Recent diagnostic and therapeutic advances have drastically altered the prognostic landscape for several disease states when recognition and referral are timely. The aim of this report is to examine important oculocutaneous disease associations with emphasis on management of ocular complications and appropriate referral practices to ophthalmology specialists.

Recent findings
Oculocutaneous associations can be broadly classified into four etiologic categories: infectious, inflammatory, genetic, and medication/nutrition induced pathology. Several conditions in all four categories have had recent advances in their etiologic understanding, diagnostic evaluation, and therapeutic approach. Thematically, these advances highlight increasing disease prevalence of certain conditions, previously unrecognized pediatric relevance of others, updated diagnostic criteria, and newer categories of iatrogenic illness induced by advances in medical therapy.

Summary
This review is designed to provide the pediatric practitioner a vignette-based high-level overview of both common and sight threatening associations that should prompt consideration for ophthalmology consultation. Conditions were selected based on relevance, relative urgency, and recent advances in their etiologic/therapeutic understanding.
Tumor predisposition: what's the skin got to do with it?
Authors: Stacy Andrea , Shinawi Marwan , Coughlin Carrie C. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
Recognition of skin findings associated with tumor predisposition syndromes can prompt early evaluation and surveillance and improve management. Additionally, knowing when to test and when to defer performing genetic testing can streamline management. This article reviews tumor predisposition syndromes with recently characterized skin findings and disorders for which early recognition and counseling can impact the course of disease.

Recent findings
Café au lait macules (CALMs) are important in many tumor predisposition syndromes, and ‘atypical’ CALMs are associated with constitutional mismatch repair deficiency and Fanconi anemia. Melanoma predisposition syndromes caused by pathogenic variants in POT1 and BAP1 are more recently described, and both are associated with Spitzoid tumors. Somatic pathogenic variants can cause segmental nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and a mosaic form of Peutz–Jeghers syndrome. Patients with PTEN hamartoma syndrome have increased risk for melanoma but this might not occur until adulthood.

Summary
The cutaneous manifestations of tumor predisposition syndromes can aid diagnosis. Early photoprotection is key to modifying a main risk factor for skin cancer in many of these syndromes. Implementing surveillance guidelines facilitates early detection of tumors.
Clinical and biological markers for risk-stratification of T1 high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Soria Francesco , Dutto Daniele , Gontero Paolo 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
To summarize the prognostic and predictive role of current clinical and biological markers in patients with T1 high-grade (T1HG) nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).

Recent findings
Classical clinico-pathologic markers such as age, tumor size, focality, and location as well as the presence of concomitant carcinoma in situ, lymphovascular invasion, and histological variants at the time of transurethral resection (TUR) should be used in the risk-stratification of T1HG to improve patients’ selection for early aggressive treatment. pathological T1 substaging has shown to predict disease progression and response to intravesical therapy, and should therefore be reported in the pathological assessment to improve clinical decision-making. Urinary inducible cytokines measured at different time points during Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy may be used to predict response to treatment, while urinary mRNA-based biomarkers may be of value to select patients for repeated TUR (reTUR). The advent of genomic classification in NMIBC and that of immune markers may improve current risk-stratification tools and pave the way toward personalized treatment.

Summary
The role of clinico-pathologic variables in the risk-stratification of T1HG NMIBC remains unaltered, despite insufficient. Urinary biomarkers and tissue-based immune markers hold the promise to revolutionize the paradigm of risk-stratification due to their potential role in predicting response to intravesical and systemic immunotherapy. However, to date, none of the investigated biomarkers is used in clinical practice to risk-stratify T1HG patients due to the lack of external and/or prospective validations.
Drug instillation in the management of urinary tract urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Kim Sung Han , Lerner Seth P. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
This article aimed to investigate the efficacy of drug instillation therapy in preventing the recurrence of postsurgical upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) by reviewing recently published research articles.

Recent findings
Several clinical trials have shown new potential forms of postsurgical intracavitary and intravesical drug instillation methodologies with better efficacy and less toxicity for use in UTUC. With the improvement of endoscopic imaging techniques and laser sciences, diverse attempts in drug instillation have shown an improved recurrence rate after kidney-sparing surgery in low-grade, low-tumor burden cancers in the upper urinary tract. A gel-form type of mitomycin-C in intracavitary instillation further reduced recurrence rates in UTUC. Other studies have compared different drug instillation methodologies with varying initiation times and timed instillation. They have shown that early instillation with multiple rounds resulted in better protective effects for recurrence rates before, during, and after surgery.

Summary
A new gel-form of intracavitary instillation of mitomycin-C, the timing of drug instillation, and refining techniques can result in better recurrence-free survival of patients with UTUC after surgery. Further large-scale prospective clinical trials are needed to validate these new forms of drugs and methodologies to change the therapeutic guidelines of UTUC.
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Young Children With Feeding and Eating Problems and Disorders and Their Families
Authors: Krom Hilde , van Mameren Joost , Remijn Lianne , de Nennie Katinka , Dumont Eric , van der Gaag Ellen , van Leeuwen Marianne C. C. , Mulkens Sandra , Schakelaar Chantal , Kindermann Angelika 
Published: July 2022

Objectives:
The incidence of feeding and eating problems and disorders (FEPD) in children increased during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on young children with FEPD and their parents.

Methods:
Cross-sectional survey: parents of children with FEPD (0–11 years) in the Netherlands completed an online questionnaire (January–April 2021). This questionnaire included 4 demographic questions (including criteria of pediatric feeding disorder [PFD] and/or avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder [ARFID]) and 11 questions related to experienced impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Parental responses regarding children with FEPD (including PFD and ARFID) were compared with those of healthy controls (HCs).

Results:
In total, 240 children (median age, 5.5 years; interquartile range [IQR], 3.5–7.9 years; 53.3% female) were included; 129 children with FEPD and 111 HC. Most children with FEPD fulfilled criteria for PFD (n = 119; 92.2%) and/or ARFID (n = 117; 90.7%). Parents of children with FEPD reported more stress (of their child [P = 0.014] and parental stress [P = 0.014]), worse eating by the child (P < 0.001), more negative relations within the family (P = 0.006), and less support from the environment (P = 0.001) compared with parents of HC during the COVID-19 pandemic than before.

Conclusions:
It seems that the COVID-19 pandemic had great impact on young children with FEPD and their parents because parents of children with FEPD reported significantly more perceived stress within both the child and parents, more difficult eating behavior of the child, more negative behavior between family members, and less support from the environment as compared with HC.
Forty-Eight Week Outcomes of a Site-Randomized Trial of Combined Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Medication Management Algorithm for Treatment of Depression Among Youth With HIV in the United States
Authors: Brown Larry K. , Baltrusaitis Kristin , Kennard Betsy D. , Emslie Graham J. , Chernoff Miriam , Buisson Sarah , Lypen Kathryn , Whiteley Laura B. , Traite Shirley , Krotje Chelsea , Knowles Kevin , Townley Ellen , Deville Jaime , Wilkins Megan , Reirden Dan , Paul Mary , Beneri Christy , Shapiro David E. ,   for the IMPAACT 2002 Team
Published: July 2022

Background:
Studies suggest that manualized, measurement-guided, depression treatment is more efficacious than usual care but impact can wane. Our study among youth with HIV (YWH), aged 12–24 years at US clinical research sites in the International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Network, found a significant reduction in depressive symptoms among YWH who received a manualized, measurement-guided treatment. This paper reports outcomes up to 24 weeks after the intervention.

Methods:
Eligibility included diagnosis of ongoing nonpsychotic depression. Using restricted randomization, sites were assigned to either combination cognitive behavioral therapy and medication management algorithm tailored for YWH or to enhanced standard of care, which provided psychotherapy and medication management. Site-level mean Quick Inventory for Depression Symptomatology Self-Report (QIDS-SR) scores and proportion of youth with treatment response (>50% decrease from baseline) and remission (QIDS-SR ≤ 5) were compared across arms using t tests.

Results:
Thirteen sites enrolled 156 YWH, with baseline demographic factors, depression severity, and HIV disease status comparable across arms. At week 36, the site-level mean proportions of youth with a treatment response and remission were greater at combination cognitive behavioral therapy and medication management algorithm sites (52.0% vs. 18.8%, P = 0.02; 37.9% vs. 19.4%, P = 0.05), and the mean QIDS-SR was lower (7.45 vs. 9.75, P = 0.05). At week 48, the site-level mean proportion with a treatment response remained significantly greater (58.7% vs. 33.4%, P = 0.047).

Conclusions:
The impact of manualized, measurement-guided cognitive behavioral therapy and medication management algorithm tailored for YWH that was efficacious at week 24 continued to be evident at weeks 36 and 48.
Importance of Local Ablative Therapies for Lung Metastases in Patients With Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Lee Byung Min , Chang Jee Suk , Koom Woong Sub , Byun Hwa Kyung , Kim Han Sang , Beom Seung-Hoon , Oh Caleb , Suh Young Joo , Ahn Joong Bae , Shin Sang Joon , Park Byung Jo , Park Seong Yong 
Published: July 2022

Objective:
To assess the effect of local ablative therapy (LAT) on overall survival in patients with lung metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC) compared with patients treated with systemic therapy.

Summary Background Data:
CRC affects approximately 1.4 million individuals worldwide every year. The lungs are commonly affected by CRC, and there is no treatment standard for a secondary lung metastasis from CRC.

Methods:
This longitudinal, retrospective cohort study (2010–2018) quantified the pulmonary and extrapulmonary tumor burden of 1143 patients by retrospectively reviewing computed tomography images captured at diagnosis. A comprehensive multidisciplinary approach informed how and when surgery and/or stereotactic body radiotherapy was administered.

Results:
Among 1143 patients, 473 patients (41%) received LAT, with surgery first (n = 421) or stereotactic ablative radiation therapy first (n = 52) either at the time of diagnosis (n = 288), within 1 year (n = 132), or after 1 year (n = 53). LAT was repeated in 158 patients (33.4%, 384 total sessions) when new lung metastases were detected. The 5- and 10-year survival rates for patients treated with LAT (71.2% and 64.0%, respectively) were significantly higher than those of patients treated with systemic therapy alone (14.2% and 10.0%, respectively; P <0.001). The overall survival of patients who received LAT intervention increased as the total tumor burden decreased.

Conclusions:
A high long-term survival rate was achievable in a significant portion of patients with lung metastasis from CRC by the timely administrations of LAT to standard systemic therapy. The tumor burden and LAT feasibility should be included in a discussion during the follow-up period.
Factors Associated With Days Away From Home in the Year After Major Surgery Among Community-living Older Persons
Authors: Gill Thomas M. , Becher Robert D. , Murphy Terrence E. , Gahbauer Evelyne A. , Leo-Summers Linda , Han Ling 
Published: July 2022

Objective:
To identify the factors associated with days away from home in the year after hospital discharge for major surgery.

Background:
Relatively little is known about which older persons are susceptible to spending a disproportionate amount of time in hospitals and other health care facilities after major surgery.

Methods:
From a cohort of 754 community-living persons, aged 70+ years, 394 admissions for major surgery were identified from 289 participants who were discharged from the hospital. Candidate risk factors were assessed every 18 months. Days away from home were calculated as the number of days spent in a health care facility.

Results:
In the year after major surgery, the mean (SD) and median (interquartile range) number of days away from home were 52.0 (92.2) and 15 (0–51). In multivariable analysis, 5 factors were independently associated with the number of days away from home: age 85 years and older, low score on the Short Physical Performance Battery, low peak expiratory flow, low functional self-efficacy, and musculoskeletal surgery. Based on the presence versus absence of these factors, the absolute mean differences in the number of days away from home ranged from 31.2 for age 85 years and older to 53.5 for low functional self-efficacy.

Conclusions:
The 5 independent risk factors can be used to identify older persons who are particularly susceptible to spending a disproportionate amount of time away from home after major surgery, and a subset of these factors can also serve as targets for interventions to improve quality of life by reducing time spent in hospitals and other health care facilities.
Modifiable Factors Related to Firearm Homicides
Authors: Scantling Dane R. , Holena Daniel N. , Kaufman Elinore J. , Hynes Allyson M. , Hatchimonji Justin , Byrne James P. , Wiebe Douglas , Seamon Mark J. 
Published: July 2022

Objective:
This study aims to identify modifiable factors related to firearm homicide (FH).

Summary Background Data:
Many socioeconomic, legislative and behavioral risk factors impact FH. Most studies have evaluated these risk factors in isolation, but they coexist in a complex and ever-changing American society. We hypothesized that both restrictive firearm laws and socioeconomic support would correlate with reduced FH rates.

Methods:
To perform our ecologic cross-sectional study, we queried the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) for 2013–2016 state FH data. We retrieved firearm access estimates from the RAND State-Level Firearm Ownership Database. Alcohol use and access to care data were captured from the CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Detached youth rates, socioeconomic support data and poverty metrics were captured from US Census data for each state in each year. Firearm laws were obtained from the State Firearms Law Database. Variables with significant FH association were entered into a final multivariable panel linear regression with fixed effect for state.

Results:
A total of 49,610 FH occurred in 2013–2016 (median FH rate: 3.9:100,000, range: 0.07–11.2). In univariate analysis, increases in concealed carry limiting laws (P=0.012), detached youth rates (P<0.001), socioeconomic support (P<0.001) and poverty rates (P<0.001) correlated with decreased FH. Higher rates of heavy drinking (P=0.036) and the presence of stand your ground doctrines (P=0.045) were associated with increased FH. Background checks, handgun limiting laws, and weapon access were not correlated with FH. In multivariable regression, increased access to food benefits for those in poverty [β: −0.132, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.182 to −0.082, P<0.001] and laws limiting concealed carry (β: −0.543, 95% CI: −0.942 to −0.144, P=0.008) were associated with decreased FH rates. Allowance of stand your ground was associated with more FHs (β: 1.52, 95% CI: 0.069–2.960, P<0.040).

Conclusions:
The causes and potential solutions to FH are complex and closely tied to public policy. Our data suggests that certain types of socioeconomic support and firearm restrictive legislation should be emphasized in efforts to reduce firearm deaths in America.
No Reduction in Parastomal Hernia Rate 3 Years After Stoma Construction With Prophylactic Mesh
Authors: Ringblom Christian , Odensten Christoffer , Strigård Karin , Gunnarsson Ulf , Näsvall Pia 
Published: July 2022

Objective:
The primary objective was to compare rates of parastomal hernia (PSH) 3 years after stoma construction with prophylactic mesh or no mesh. A secondary objective was to compare complications requiring reintervention within 3 years.

Background:
Recent studies have shown that a prophylactic mesh does not reduce the rate of PSH contrary to older studies. Long-term data on efficacy and safety is however scarce.

Methods:
A randomized controlled double-blind multicenter trial. Patients planned for permanent end colostomy were randomized to either prophylactic mesh in the retromuscular position around the stoma site or no mesh. They were evaluated for PSH clinically and with computed tomography (CT) 3 years after stoma construction. Medical records of all patients included were also reviewed at 3 years to detect any abdominal or abdominal wall surgery during that period.

Results:
A total of 232 patients were randomized. At 3 years, 154 patients were available for clinical evaluation and 137 underwent a CT scan. No significant difference in PSH rates was seen between the treatment allocation arms (clinical: P=0.829 and CT: P=0.761, respectively), nor was there a significant difference in the number of reinterventions, but 2 patients had their mesh removed at emergency surgery.

Conclusions:
Prophylactic mesh does not reduce the rate of PSH and cannot be recommended for routine use.