bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Almost‐Linear Planted Cliques Elude the Metropolis Process
Authors: Chen Zongchen , Mossel Elchanan , Zadik Ilias 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTA seminal work of Jerrum (1992) showed that large cliques elude the Metropolis process. More specifically, Jerrum showed that the Metropolis algorithm cannot find a clique of size for , which is planted in the Erdős‐Rényi , in polynomial‐time. Information theoretically, it is possible to find such planted cliques when . Since the work of Jerrum, the computational problem of finding a planted clique in was studied extensively, and many polynomial‐time algorithms were shown to find the planted clique if it is of size , while no polynomial‐time algorithm is known to work when . The planted clique problem for is now widely considered a foundational problem in the study of computational‐statistical gaps. Notably, the first evidence of the problem's algorithmic hardness is commonly attributed to Jerrum (1992). In this paper, we revisit the original Metropolis algorithm suggested by Jerrum. Interestingly, we find that the Metropolis algorithm actually fails to recover a planted clique of size for any constant , unlike many other efficient algorithms that succeed when . Moreover, like many results in the MCMC literature, the result of Jerrum shows that there exists a starting state for which the Metropolis algorithm fails. For a wide range of temperatures, we show that the algorithm fails when started at the most natural initial state, which is the empty clique. This answers an open problem from Jerrum (1992).
How Far Is China From the Ideal Sustainable Development Pathway?
Authors: Zhang Sun , Chen Wei , Shi Haimeng , Li Qiao 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTSustainable development is a concern across all sectors in the modern world. While numerous measures have been developed to evaluate sustainable development levels, significant gaps persist in assessing the sustainability of development pathways. This study assesses the sustainability of China's development through the framework of “strong sustainability” and proposes region‐specific development pathways informed by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) index and underlying driving factors. The Sustainable Development Pathway Index (SDPI) is used to establish sustainable social standards and distinguish development pathways among regions. Using data from China in 2000 and 2020, quantile regression is employed to analyze the driving factors effectively. The results indicate a stepped distribution from east to west, with 77.42% of regions following a sustainable development pathway. Notably, Beijing has entered the “Brundtland Quadrat.” Ecological factors, such as vegetation cover, act as constraints on the development of regions with the HH and LH patterns. Social and cultural factors, such as infrastructure development and maternal education levels, play a pivotal role in guiding regions following sustainable development pathways toward an ideal sustainable development society. Accurately measuring the SDPI and determining regional development patterns provide valuable insights for decision‐makers and serve as key references for other developing countries in their pursuit of sustainable development pathways.
Lipid/ZIF‐8 Biocomposites Based on Liposomes or Vesicles: In Situ Formation, and Preliminary Evaluation as Delivery Vehicles for Hydrophobic Drugs
Authors: Cano‐Sarabia Mary , Aydin Funda , Meng Lingxin , Gil‐Bonillo Marta , Fonseca Javier , Dietrich Manuela , Renner Simon , Amenitsch Heinz , Falcaro Paolo , Imaz Inhar , Maspoch Daniel 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIntegrating lipid self‐assemblies with metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) creates biocomposites ideal for encapsulation, protection, and delivery of functional species. This can be achieved using preformed MOFs or through in situ MOF formation. Herein, the one‐pot formation of ZIF‐8 MOF particles in the presence of two lipid self‐assemblies (vesicles or liposomes) is reported, generating two types of hybrid lipid/ZIF‐8 biocomposites. Each lipid assembly can be used to encapsulate hydrophobic actives into the hybrid lipid/ZIF‐8 biocomposites, demonstrated with Nile Red and Astaxanthin (ATX) as representative cargo. In vitro digestion of ATX‐loaded hybrid lipid/ZIF‐8 particles in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) shows distinct release kinetics: liposome‐based particles offer a more sustained release compared to vesicle‐based biocomposites. Intriguingly, in various media (water, simulated gastric fluid, bicarbonate, and SIF), the sodalite ZIF‐8 topology in liposome‐based lipid/ZIF‐8 particles undergoes a crystalline phase transition to the denser, more‐stable phase ZIF‐C. This phase transition, along with a deeper internalization of ATX in liposome‐based particles, accounts for the differences in release kinetics. In summary, the study provides valuable insights for the synthesis of hybrid lipid/ZIF‐8 biocomposites, the encapsulation of hydrophobic molecules, the importance of investigating potential crystalline phase transitions of MOFs in different media, and their potential as drug delivery vehicles.
Material‐Mediated Immunotherapy to Regulate Bone Aging and Promote Bone Repair
Authors: Xue Pengfei , Wang Jiayi , Fu Yu , He Hongyan , Gan Qi , Liu Changsheng 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAs the global population ages, an increasing number of elderly people are experiencing weakened bone regenerative capabilities, resulting in slower bone repair processes and associated risks of various complications. This review outlines the research progress on biomaterials that promote bone repair through immunotherapy. This review examines how manufacturing technologies such as 3D printing, electrospinning, and microfluidic technology contribute to enhancing the therapeutic effects of these biomaterials. Following this, it provides detailed introductions to various anti‐osteoporosis drug delivery systems, such as injectable hydrogels, nanoparticles, and engineered exosomes, as well as bone tissue engineering materials and coatings used in immunomodulation. Moreover, it critically analyzes the current limitations of biomaterial‐mediated bone immunotherapy and explores future research directions for material‐mediated bone immunotherapy. This review aims to inspire new approaches and broaden perspectives in addressing the challenges of bone repair and aging by exploring innovative biomaterial‐mediated immunotherapy strategies.
A Dual‐Responsive Fe₃O₄@ZIF‐8 Nanoplatform Combining Magnetic Targeting and pH Sensitivity for Low Back Pain Therapy
Authors: Li Hao , Zhang Zhihao , Zhu Dingding , Zheng Huiyuan , Zhu Zhongze , Shen Nana , Guo Zhu , Wu Xiaolin , Qi Xiaoying , Li Qiang , Ma Qingming , Xiang Hongfei 
Published: February 2025

AbstractLow back pain (LBP) resulting from sciatic nerve compression presents major challenges in pain management, as traditional therapies provide only short‐term relief and pose risks of systemic toxicity. In this study, an innovative Fe3O4@ZIF‐8‐RVC (FZR) dual‐responsive nanoplatform is introduced that integrates magnetic targeting with pH‐sensitive, sustained drug release to overcome these limitations. The FZR nanoplatform encapsulates ropivacaine (RVC) within the ZIF‐8‐coated Fe3O4 core, enabling precise and prolonged analgesia at the injury site through magnetic guidance and acid‐triggered release. In vitro and in vivo assessments indicate that FZR achieves high drug loading, sustained release in acidic environments, and excellent biocompatibility, significantly extending analgesic effects in chronic nerve injury models while minimizing systemic exposure. Behavioral tests and molecular analyses in LBP rat models confirm that FZR effectively suppresses pain‐related neuronal activity and central sensitization markers. This dual‐responsive nanoplatform FZR offers a safe, long‐lasting, and targeted therapeutic approach, holding strong potential for advancing pain relief in LBP and related neuropathic pain conditions.
Structural Changes of NiFe Layered Double Hydroxides During the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: A Diffraction and Total Scattering Operando Study
Authors: Aalling‐Frederiksen Olivia , Schlegel Nicolas , Punke Stefanie , Anker Andy S. , Wiberg Gustav K. H. , Wang Baiyu , Edelvang‐Pejrup Jens , Holde Freja B. , Salinas‐Quezada María Paula , Magnard Nicolas P. L. , Graversen Laura G. , Arenz Matthias , Pittkowski Rebecca K. , Jensen Kirsten M. Ø. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractNiFe‐layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media. Here, operando X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray total scattering are used with Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis to investigate the atomic structure of the catalytically active material and follow structural changes under operating conditions. XRD shows an interlayer contraction under applied oxidative potential, which relates to a transition from the α‐LDH to the γ‐LDH phase. The phase transition is reversible, and the α‐LDH structure is recovered at 1.3 VRHE. However, PDF analysis shows an irreversible increase in the stacking disorder under operating conditions, along with a decrease in the LDH sheet size. The analysis thus shows that the operating conditions induce a breakdown of the particles leading to a decrease in crystallite size.
Surface Stabilization to Enhance Single Molecule Toroidal Behavior in {Dy3} Molecules: the Impact of Au(111), MgO, and Graphene Surfaces
Authors: Chauhan Deepanshu , Tiwari Rupesh Kumar , Rajaraman Gopalan 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSingle‐molecule toroids (SMTs), with vortex‐like magnetic anisotropy axes, hold promise for quantum technologies, but controlling their toroidal states on the surface remains challenging. To address this, the SMT behavior of [Dy3(µ3‐OH)2L3Cl(H2O)5]Cl3 (where L = ortho‐vanillin) grafted onto Au(111), MgO has been studied, and graphene surfaces in pristine form (1) and with pyrene (2) and (CH2)8S (3) linkers, using periodic density functional theory and ab initio CASSCF/RASSI‐SO methods. Both pristine and chemically functionalized molecules are stable on Au(111) and graphene surfaces; however, functionalization provides higher binding energies and, in some cases, enhances the SMT properties. The MgO surface, however, is found to be unsuitable as it abstracts an H atom from the molecule, leading to the loss of its SMT characteristics. The energy gap (ΔE) between the toroidal (nonmagnetic) and spin‐flip (magnetic) states in complex 1 on Au(111) and graphene surfaces are 6.9 and 6.6 cm−1, respectively. Complexes 2 on Au(111) and 3 on graphene exhibit ΔE and toroidal blocking fields of 9.8 cm−1/1.2 T and 6.8 cm−1/0.83 T, respectively, representing the highest recorded values for this class of SMTs. These findings demonstrate the potential of surface stabilization to improve the functionality and applicability of SMTs in advanced quantum technologies.
Ultra‐Bandwidth Microwave Absorption and Low Angle Sensitivity in Dual‐Network Aerogels with Dual‐Scale Pores
Authors: Wang Xin , Chen Xiaoming , Wang Baichuan , He Qingyuan , Cao Jincao , Zhu Ye , Su Kewei , Yan Huiyi , Sun Pengsong , Li Runlang , Zhang Jie , Shao Jinyou 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAerogels with porous structures offer an attractive approach to modulating electromagnetic parameters and enhancing electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption performance. However, conventional aerogels are limited by their single‐scale pore size and fixed orientation, which constrain their EMW absorption capabilities. This study introduces aerogels with dual‐scale pores and dual‐network structure constructed via constant‐temperature freezing and secondary‐infusion freezing method. Multiscale aerogels with both micrometer‐ and submillimeter‐scale pores are constructed when the Ti3C2Tx MXene and thermoplastic polyurethane solution is frozen and dried at a specific temperature, leading to an ultra‐wide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) reaching 10.41 GHz in the vertical direction. Furthermore, to address the poor EMW absorption in the parallel direction, a secondary infusion freezing method is applied to form an aerogel with a dual‐network structure, which forms reflective interfaces perpendicular to the incident EMW in various directions. This adjustment enhances the EAB in the parallel direction from 1.58 to 5.93 GHz, marking a 275.32% enhancement, while the EAB in the vertical incident direction reaches 8.08 GHz. This design strategy overcomes the limitations of structural scale and arrangement direction, enriching the attenuation mechanisms of the absorber, while effectively reducing sensitivity to the direction of incoming EMW, offering new insights for designing efficient EMW absorbers.
Polar‐Nonpolar Synergy Toward High‐Performance Aqueous Zinc–Iodine Batteries
Authors: Zhu Lingfeng , Guan Xinwei , Zhang Zhenfang , Yuan Zhilong , Zhang Congcong , Wang Ye , Xue Ruichang , Mayes Edwin L. H. , Yong Zijun , Xu Haimei , Li Xiaoning , Li Hui , Jia Baohua , Yu Hai , Ma Tianyi , Sun Yifei 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAqueous zinc‐iodine batteries (AZIBs) hold great promise for large‐scale energy storage due to their inherent safety, cost‐effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. However, their practical application is hindered by the sluggish redox kinetics of iodine species and the “shuttle effect” of polyiodides, both of which degrade cycling stability and capacity retention. Herein, a “polar‐nonpolar strategy” is proposed for the first time, which couples nonpolar porous carbon (PC) as the iodine host with highly polar zinc oxide (ZnO) as separator modification materials. Specifically, the PC host leverages its porous structure and nonpolar properties to accommodate and immobilize iodine, simultaneously enhancing the conductivity of the cathode. Meanwhile, the polar ZnO on the separator accelerates electron transfer with polyiodides through strong adsorption and catalytic effects, improving the reversible transformation of iodine species. UV–visible spectroscopy and electrochemical kinetic analyses confirm the rapid transformation and effective polyiodide inhibition in this system. As a result, the prepared PC‐I2//ZnO@GF battery demonstrates high‐rate capacity and excellent long‐term cycling stability, surpassing the performance of other recently reported AZIBs. This polar‐nonpolar strategy establishes a novel design rationale for developing future high‐performance zinc‐iodine batteries.
Thiophene Substituent Engineering of Carbazole Based Self‐Assembled Monolayers for Use in High‐Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhao Peng , He Dingqian , Fu Xu , Gao Huixin , Xia Jianxin , Hu RuiYuan , Li Xingao , Zhang Yi , Feng Yaqing , Zhang Bao 
Published: February 2025

AbstractCarbazole‐based self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) are widely used in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the biased intermolecular assembly of SAM molecules, and the lack of Lewis‐basic heteroatoms to efficiently tune the crystallinity of perovskites and passivate the interface defects still limited the further improvement of the efficiency and stability for PSCs involving carbazole‐based SAMs. Herein, a novel 3,6‐dithiophene carbazole‐based SAM molecule (named CzTh) is designed via the substituent engineering strategy, which is demonstrated to effectively solve the obstacles. The theory and experiment find that the introduction of thiophene regulated SAMs with the carbazole core in terms of surface wettability for precursor solvent, energy level alignment, the crystallization of perovskite films and defects passivation, which is attributed to dipole moment changes, and the Lewis base property of S atom. Consequently, the PSCs with CzTh achieved enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) and excellent air stability, compared to the commercial SAMs (Me‐4PACz). As an “one‐stone‐three‐birds” design strategy for SAMs, the “thiophene‐substitution” effectively tunes the perovskite crystallization, passivates the defects, and enhances the hole injection at the perovskite/SAMs interface of inverted PSCs.
Microstructure Manipulation Achieves Superior Efficiency of GeTe‐Based Thermoelectric Modules
Authors: Sun Qianqian , Chen Kaiyi , Tan Xiaojian , Li Hongtao , Wu Guangjie , Guo Zhe , Cai Jianfeng , Liu Guo‐Qiang , Wu Jiehua , Jiang Jun 
Published: February 2025

AbstractGeTe has good thermoelectric performance at relatively high temperatures, but the low‐symmetry structure near room temperature and phase transition limit its service stability for power generation applications. Here, the thermoelectric properties and mechanical hardness of GeTe are improved by microstructure manipulation and phase transition engineering. The incorporation of Cr, Pb, and Sb into the GeTe lattice modulates the phase transition, increasing the cubic phase fraction from 49% to 73% at 300 K. These modifications introduce shear strains and refined herringbone structures, enhancing phonon scattering while simultaneously improving carrier mobility through dislocation accumulation and band convergence. Consequently, the optimal materials achieve a maximum zT of 2.1 at 700 K and an average zT of 1.5 across the 300–773 K temperature range, along with a Vickers hardness of 1.88 GPa. Paired with n‐type PbTe, the fabricated seven‐pair module achieves a superior efficiency of 9.7% under a 500 K temperature gradient. This study demonstrates microstructure manipulation is a promising strategy for GeTe‐based thermoelectric applications.
Amorphous/Crystalline Interface of Bi/Bi4NbO8Cl Heterostructure for Improved Piezo‐Photocatalysis
Authors: Wang Shangyong , Li Yongjin , Li Zhifeng , Xu Liang , Yin Zhaoyi , Qiu Jianbei , Yang Zhengwen , Song Zhiguo 
Published: February 2025

AbstractEfficient separation of photogenerated charges at the surface of photocatalysts is vital for achieving high photocatalytic activity. Here, a Bi/Bi4NbO8Cl heterostructure piezo‐photocatalyst with an amorphous/crystalline interface (acBi/BNC) is prepared by in situ reduction using Bi4NbO8Cl as a self‐sacrificial template. This ingenious design synergistically utilizes the advantages of the amorphous/crystalline interface structure, localized surface plasmon resonance effect, and piezoelectric field. The formation of amorphous/crystalline interfaces induces the generation of oxygen vacancies, and subsequently lattice distortions, thus improving the piezoelectric properties. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the combination of piezoelectric field and amorphous/crystalline interface promotes the effective separation and migration of photogenerated charges between the bulk and surface of the catalysts. Under simultaneous light and ultrasound, the optimal heterostructure (acBi/BNC‐3) exhibit superior photodegradation efficiency of tetracycline reached 80% within 5 min, and the reaction rate (2.78 × 10−1 min−1) is 7.8 and 5.4 times that of pure Bi4NbO8Cl (BNC) and crystalline Bi/Bi4NbO8Cl (cBi/BNC), respectively. Furthermore, the piezo‐photocatalytic tetracycline degradation efficiency surpasses those under individual photocatalysis and piezocatalysis conditions. This work provides a novel rational design to improve the spatial charge separation of Bi‐based catalysts and prepare high‐performance piezo‐photocatalysts via interface engineering.
Ultra‐Thick Graphene Films with High Thermal Conductivity Through a Non‐Stacking Strategy
Authors: Yang Shujing , Zheng Haolong , He Peng , Lu Yonghua , Guo Na , Li Yanhong , Ding Guqiao 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe growing heat flow density from the miniaturization trend of electronic devices seriously challenges the heat diffusion in electronic systems. Consequently, there is an increasing demand for thermal management materials with both thermal conductivity (K) and material thickness (d) to effectively transfer devices’ heat flux. Graphene films (GFs) with high K have attracted significant attention, but achieving both high K and large d remains challenging due to graphene's intrinsic properties and fabrication limitations. Here, a novel non‐stacking strategy is proposed for fabricating monolithic thick GFs. By utilizing the ultra‐small‐sized graphene oxide slurry, introducing multi‐line shearing, and utilizing a specially designed frame, stable and highly oriented thick films are successfully produced. These thick films eliminate the interfacial defects and enable a monolithic GF with ultra‐high K over 1600 W m−1 K−1 (improved by 17.03%) when d exceeds 300 µm compared to the conventional multi‐layer stacking method. While the K × d value, which represents the film's heat transfer capability, increased by 21.34% to 0.544 W K−1, the chip's operating temperature further decreased by 3.3 °C. The proposed strategy provides a promising solution to produce high‐performance thick GFs and represents an effective route for heat dissipation of electronic systems.
Controllable Growth of Thick‐Layer Graphene or Graphite on Copper by Tuning Silicon Additives
Authors: Liu Fengning , An Hao , He Qing , Li Xuesong , Ding Feng 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe synthesis of multilayer van der Waals (vdW) film materials has attracted considerable interest in both fundamental and applied research. Recently, methods for synthesizing multilayer graphene films or graphite on single‐crystal nickel foils are developed. However, the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis of thick‐layer graphene films or graphite (TLG) on copper substrates remains a significant challenge due to the self‐limiting growth phenomenon. In this study, a novel method to grow TLG on copper substrates by controlling the silicon additive is presented. The as‐grown TLG exhibits high quality, with controllable thickness from a few layers to tens of nanometers. The growth of TLG films is achieved by the synchronous growth of multilayer graphene islands on a silicide copper surface, which is likely to be in a liquid state according to the Cu‐Si phase diagram. On the Cu‐Si surface, all graphene layers grow synchronously, circumventing the self‐limiting mechanism and the antiwedding cake growth or wedding cake mode of van der Waals material growth. Based on this synchronous growth mode, the thickness of TLG can be precisely controlled, ranging from a few to tens of nanometers. The study provides a facile and scalable way to synthesize high‐quality thick vdW films for various applications.
Hippocampal Granule Cells Downregulate Their GABAergic Phenotype and Deactivate Its Activity‐Dependent Reinduction in Culture Conditions
Authors: Gómez‐Lira Gisela , Castro Héctor , Reyes‐Vaca Arturo , Gutiérrez Rafael 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTHippocampal granule cells express GABAergic and glutamatergic phenotype markers during development; hence, they corelease GABA and glutamate. In the adult, the GABAergic phenotype is switched off; however, increased excitability upregulates the GABAergic phenotype and thus, granule cells corelease glutamate and GABA. Previous work shows that short‐term cultures (24 h) of dissociated granule cells prepared from adult rats, which do not express GAD or VGAT, can express these markers when exposed to kainic acid and BDNF. We here test whether the same manipulation enables granule cells to corelease glutamate and GABA in long‐term cultures where cells are connected. Interestingly, we find that long‐term cultured cells are not able to express the GABAergic phenotype despite presenting it during their development, and with paired recordings, we confirm that granule cells only release glutamate. The development of granule cells in long‐term isolation likely deprives them of essential signaling that a normal cellular milieu provides to enable phenotypic change. The molecular mechanisms that could underlie this should be further explored by comparing their development in situ and in cultured conditions.