bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grain-size-reducing- and mass-gaining processes in different hydrothermal fault rocks
Authors: Berger Alfons , Herwegh Marco 
Published: May 2022

AbstractInteractions of hydrothermal and deformation processes in active fault zones are important in light of seismic and geothermal activities. This study investigates different tectonites of the Grimselpass breccia fault, a hydrothermally active strike-slip structure in the Central Alps (Switzerland). We combine microstructural and geochemical investigations to decipher the interaction of grain-size reduction and associated dilation (volume gain) during frictional deformation with geochemical processes such as mass gain via precipitation, grain growth and healing. Three types of tectonites were investigated in the fault zone: (1) cockade-bearing tectonites, (2) cataclasites and (3) fault gouges. They differ in terms of microstructure of clasts, mass and volume gain/loss, as well as type and degree of cementation. Clast size distributions show decreasing median values from low-strain cataclasites to high-strain cataclasites. Mass/volume gains are up to 20 %, with samples of smallest clast sizes often showing the highest mass gain. In the case of cockade-bearing tectonites large volume and mass gain occur. In particular, the precipitation of SiO2-rich cements is inferred to (i) reduce permeability and (ii) induce a gain in strength of the respective fault rocks. Location, timing and degree of healing directly control the fault architecture by deactivating fault strands from the circulation of hydrothermal fluids. In this case, new rupturing events are necessary to reactivate locked fault strands. Such feedback cycles of episodic deformation, mass/volume and clogging preserved hydrothermal circulation and deformation over the last 3.4 Ma, representing a process chain for the long-term preservation of orogenic hydrothermal systems.
Smuggling and Border Enforcement
Authors: Kim Diana , Tajima Yuhki 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article analyzes the efficacy of border enforcement against smuggling. We argue that walls, fences, patrols, and other efforts to secure porous borders can reduce smuggling, but only in the absence of collusion between smugglers and state agents at official border crossings. When such corruption occurs, border enforcement merely diverts smuggling flows without reducing their overall volume. We also identify the conditions under which corruption occurs and characterize border enforcement as a sorting mechanism that allows high-skilled smugglers to forge alternative border-crossing routes while deterring low-skilled smugglers or driving them to bribe local border agents. Combining a formal model and an archival case study of opium smuggling in Southeast Asia, we demonstrate that border enforcement has conditional effects on the routes and volumes of smuggling, depending on the nature of interactions between smugglers and border agents. By drawing attention to the technological and organizational aspects of smuggling, this article brings scholarship on criminal governance into the study of international relations, and contributes to debates on the effects of border enforcement and border politics more generally.
Macroalgae from two coastal lagoons of the Gulf of California as indicators of heavy metal contamination by anthropogenic activities
Authors: Méndez-Rodríguez Lia , Piñón-Gimate Alejandra , Casas-Valdez Margarita , Cervantes-Duarte Rafael , Arreola-Lizárraga José Alfredo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMetal concentrations in coastal zones are a critical study subject since anthropogenic activities surrounding these zones are increasing and affecting environmental concentrations of metals. Macroalgae have been used as biomonitors since they can act as indicators of metal concentrations in the water column. Tissue samples of three abundant macroalgae species (Spyridia filamentosa, Padina mexicana and Ulva ohnoi) were collected from three sites with different anthropogenic impacts at La Paz Bay and Guaymas Bay, Mexico, during three contrasting seasons (dry, rainy and cold) in the year 2016. Tissue concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The highest concentrations were found in S. filamentosa inhabiting both bays. The highest Cd and Mn concentrations were recorded in algae from La Paz Bay, while the highest concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe were recorded in algae from Guaymas Bay. Metal concentrations varied seasonally; the highest Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb levels were recorded in the cold season in algae from both bays. S. filamentosa concentrated more Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb, while P. mexicana and U. ohnoi showed higher Mn and Cd. Therefore, S. filamentosa proved to be the most suitable indicator of metal concentrations, followed by P. mexicana and U. ohnoi. The high metal concentrations recorded in algae from San Juan de la Costa, La Paz Bay, are related to mining activities, whereas those in algae from Guaymas Bay are related to canneries, maritime traffic and others.
Exploration of animal models to study the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Fang Wen , Yang Jin , Wang Hai-yin , Chen Shao-rong , Li Ke-rong , Liu Yu-hua , Duan Yi , Li Tian-mei 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe parasite Fasciola hepatica is an important zoonotic parasite. The development of an animal model of F. hepatica's life cycle is critical for studying the biological characteristics of the parasite in snails and mammals. Eggs of F. hepatica of bovine origin were cultured, and metacercariae were obtained after infection of Galba pervia snails. The life cycle system of F. hepatica was initiated in 2 different animals by orally infecting rabbits, SD rats and Kunming mice with the metacercariae. The animals' survival after infection, parasite migration in the animals and pathological damage to the liver were observed. We discovered that rabbits died due to acute suppurative hepatitis 60–69 days after infection, and eggs were found in the feces on day 63 of infection. The liver of SD rats showed punctate lesions on day 3 of infection, and further changes occurred as the infection progressed. However, liver repair was observed at week 9. SD rats survived for more than a year after infection and continued the F. hepatica life cycle. The liver lesions in Kunming mice after infection were similar but more severe than those in SD rats. Death was observed on the 31st post-infection day. We discovered that while rabbits, SD rats and Kunming mice can all be used as animal models of F. hepatica, SD rats are more suitable experimental animals in terms of tolerance and pathological response.
Faroese children’s first words
Authors: Rasmussen Sissal M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractResearch has shown the importance of vocabulary development in relation to other parts of language development, e.g. grammar and reading development. Cross-linguistic research has shown similar as well as dissimilar tendencies regarding content in different languages. This study examines, for the first time, the characteristics of Faroese children’s early productive vocabulary utilizing a Faroese adaptation of the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-CDI). The study participants were 415 children aged 8 to 20 months. The results provide information on the composition and characteristics of lexical development in Faroese children and demonstrate that nouns are dominant among first words, as are onomatopoetic words and words describing family relationships. Faroese children are comparable to children learning other languages with respect to rate of acquisition and composition of words, with a somewhat higher share of words describing family members as stable words in the emerging language.
A collective call to strengthen monitoring and evaluation efforts to support healthy and sustainable food systems: ‘The Accountability Pact’
Authors: Garton Kelly , Kraak Vivica , Fanzo Jessica , Sacks Gary , Vandevijvere Stefanie , Haddad Lawrence , Brinsden Hannah , Laar Amos , Karupaiah Tilakavati , Omidvar Nasrin , Masters William , Kauer Inge , Swinburn Boyd 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThere is widespread agreement among experts that a fundamental reorientation of global, regional, national and local food systems is needed to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals Agenda and address the linked challenges of undernutrition, obesity and climate change described as the Global Syndemic. Recognising the urgency of this imperative, a wide range of global stakeholders – governments, civil society, academia, agri-food industry, business leaders and donors – convened at the September 2021 UN Food Systems Summit to coordinate numerous statements, commitments and declarations for action to transform food systems. As the dust settles, how will they be pieced together, how will governments and food corporations be held to account and by whom? New data, analytical methods and global coalitions have created an opportunity and a need for those working in food systems monitoring to scale up and connect their efforts in order to inform and strengthen accountability actions for food systems. To this end, we present – and encourage stakeholders to join or support – an Accountability Pact to catalyse an evidence-informed transformation of current food systems to promote human and ecological health and wellbeing, social equity and economic prosperity.
A Feasible Surface Patterning Method for SEM-DIC: Achieving High-Resolution In Situ Mapping of Local Strain and Microstructure to Reveal the Effect of Slip Transfer on Shear Strain Near Grain Boundaries
Authors: Ding Hao , Cui Xiping , Wang Yuchen , Cai Delong , Wang Zhiqi , Zhang Yuanyuan , Huang Lujun , Geng Lin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This paper exploited an alternative approach to prepare high-quality speckle patterns by uniformly dispersing nano-silica particles onto sample surfaces, helping digital image correlation (DIC) acquire the maximum spatial resolution of local strain up to 92 nm. A case study was carried out by combining this speckle pattern fabrication method with SEM-DIC and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD). Thus, in situ mapping of local strain with ultra-high spatial resolution and microstructure in commercially pure titanium during plastic deformation could be achieved, which favored revealing the effect of slip transfer on shear strain near grain boundaries. Moreover, the slip systems could be easily identified via the combination of the SEM-DIC and EBSD techniques even though no obvious deformation trace was captured in secondary electron images. Additionally, the complex geometric compatibility factor relating to geometric compatibility factors (mʹ) and Schmid factors was proposed to predict the shear strain (εxy) at grain boundaries.
A Combined Model for Kinetic Clumped Isotope Effects in the CaCO3‐DIC‐H2O System
Authors: Watkins James M. , Devriendt Laurent S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMost Earth surface carbonates precipitate out of isotopic equilibrium with their host solution, complicating the use of stable isotopes in paleoenvironment reconstructions. Disequilibrium can arise from exchange reactions in the DIC‐H2O system as well as during crystal growth reactions in the DIC‐CaCO3 system. Existing models account for kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) in these systems separately but the models have yet to be combined in a general framework. Here, an open‐system box model is developed for describing disequilibrium carbon, oxygen, and clumped (Δ47, Δ48, and Δ49) isotope effects in the CaCO3‐DIC‐H2O system. The model is used to simulate calcite precipitation experiments in which the fluxes and isotopic compositions of CO2 and CaCO3 were constrained. Using a literature compilation of equilibrium and kinetic fractionation factors, modeled δ18O and Δ47 values of calcite are in good agreement with the experimental data covering a wide range in crystal growth rate and solution pH. This relatively straightforward example provides a foundation for adapting the model to other situations involving CO2 absorption (e.g., corals, foraminifera, and high‐pH travertines) or degassing (e.g., speleothems, low‐pH travertines, and cryogenic carbonates) and/or mixing with other dissolved inorganic carbon sources.
Watching the Cryosphere Thaw: Seismic Monitoring of Permafrost Degradation Using Distributed Acoustic Sensing During a Controlled Heating Experiment
Authors: Cheng Feng , Lindsey Nathaniel J. , Sobolevskaia Valeriia , Dou Shan , Freifeld Barry , Wood Todd , James Stephanie R. , Wagner Anna M. , Ajo‐Franklin Jonathan B. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPermafrost degradation is rapidly increasing in response to a warming Arctic climate, altering landscapes and damaging critical infrastructure. Solutions for monitoring permafrost thaw dynamics are essential to understand biogeochemical feedbacks as well as to issue warnings for hazardous geotechnical conditions. We investigate the feasibility of permafrost monitoring using permanently installed fiber‐optic seismic networks. We conducted a 2‐month seismic monitoring campaign during a controlled thaw experiment using a permanent surface orbital vibrator (SOV) and a 2D‐array of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) cables, and observed significant (15%) shear‐wave velocity (Vs) reductions and approximately 2 m depression of the permafrost table beneath the heating zone. These observations were validated by time‐lapse horizontal‐to‐vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) analysis from three co‐located broadband seismometers. The combination of SOV and DAS provided unique seismic observations for permafrost monitoring at the field scale, as well as a basis for design and development of early warning systems for permafrost thaw.
Was Dissolved Nitrogen Regime Driving Diatom to Dinoflagellate Shift in the Bohai Sea? Evidences From Microcosm Experiment and Modeling Reproduction
Authors: Chen Kan , Li Keqiang , Gao Peiyi , Wang Ping , Han Xiurong , Chen Yanan , Wang Xiulin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe shift of diatom dominance to combination of diatom and dinoflagellate dominance in the Bohai Sea (BS), China might be associated with the change of dissolved nitrogen (DN). This study combines field investigation, ship‐based microcosm experiments, a nitrogen biogeochemical model, and statistical analysis to reveal the impact of DN loading on the dominance of diatoms and dinoflagellates in the BS, considering the quantitative relationship between the algal growth/death and nitrogen migration/transformation processes. The diatom to diatom‐dinoflagellate shift was significantly associated with the DN regime shift of oxidized nitrogen (NO3‐N) to reduced nitrogen (NH4‐N and dissolved organic nitrogen [DON]) since the mid‐1990s. This phenomenon was supported by microcosm and numerical experiments: (a) Gonyaulax verior as a dominant dinoflagellate in the BS efficiently absorbed/assimilated NH4‐N, and it can also utilize DON derived from centric diatoms; Chaetoceros densus as dominant centric diatoms in the BS was able to absorb/assimilate NO3‐N, and it can also utilize DON derived from the Xiaoqing River; (b) The change in dinoflagellates/diatoms ratios was reproduced with the change in DN regime from the 1980s to the 2010s by the proposed nitrogen biogeochemical model based on localized parameters in the BS. Moreover, mixotrophism and stronger survival stability, associated with the faster NH4‐N and DONalgal uptake and slower decomposition of G. verior, also supported the shift from diatoms to diatoms–dinoflagellates during high variations in nutrient supply. This study infers the phytoplankton regime shift mechanism associated with the DN structure in coastal waters, providing a credible scientific basis for the shift from water quality‐based to ecosystem‐based environmental management.
Precipitation Estimates and Orographic Gradients Using Snow, Temperature, and Humidity Measurements From a Wireless‐Sensor Network
Authors: Cui Guotao , Rice Robert , Avanzi Francesco , Hartsough Peter , Guo Weichao , Anderson Michael , Conklin Martha , Bales Roger 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study reports on a blending approach using snowpack measurements from a wireless‐sensor network, gauge precipitation, and atmospheric‐moisture data to estimate mountain precipitation amount and phase. We applied the approach in California's American River basin, using dense measurements from a network consisting of over 130 sensor nodes distributed across the upper, more snow‐dominated part of the basin (≥1,500 m elevation). Analysis of 60 precipitation events in water years 2014–2017 showed that the approach provides estimates of precipitation and orographic enhancement that reduce uncertainty from apparent snow undercatch by limited gauges. This approach also infers total precipitation based on snow measurements during rain‐on‐snow events. The sensor network and blending approach yielded median upper‐basin orographic precipitation gradients (OPGs) of 0.57 km−1, smaller than the also‐positive lower‐basin (<1,500 m) medians OPGs from precipitation gauges and a gauge‐based gridded data set of 1.23 and 1.00 km−1, respectively. However, during 73% of the events, both gauges and the gridded product showed negative OPGs in the upper basin, inconsistent with typically positive values from the distributed sensor network. Upper‐basin OPGs from gauges and the gridded product were more negative (p‐values < 0.03) during heavy events related to atmospheric rivers and Sierra barrier jets than during milder events, revealing the challenges for gauges to reliably measure precipitation from large moisture transport by strong winds. In snow‐dominated headwater areas, precipitation from the blending approach is recommended as being more accurate for decision support, providing critical rain‐versus‐snow amounts and complementing precipitation‐gauge data.
Cloud and Precipitation Particle Identification Using Cloud Radar and Lidar Measurements: Retrieval Technique and Validation
Authors: Romatschke Ulrike , Vivekanandan Jothiram 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis paper describes a technique for identifying hydrometeor particle types using airborne HIAPER Cloud Radar (HCR) and High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) observations. HCR operates at a frequency of 94 GHz (3 mm wavelength), while HSRL is an eye‐safe lidar system operating at a wavelength of 532 nm. Both instruments are deployed on the NSF‐NCAR HIAPER aircraft. HCR is designed to fly in an underwing pod and HSRL is situated in the cabin. The HCR and HSRL data used in this study were collected during the Southern Ocean Clouds, Radiation, Aerosol Transport Experimental Study (SOCRATES). Comprehensive observations of the vertical distributions of liquid and mixed‐phase clouds were obtained using in situ probes on the aircraft and remote sensing instruments. Hydrometeor particle types were retrieved from HCR, HSRL, and temperature fields with a newly developed fuzzy logic particle identification (PID) algorithm. The PID results were validated with in situ measurements collected onboard the HIAPER aircraft by a 2D‐Stereo (2D‐S) cloud probe. Particle phases derived from the PID results compare well with those obtained from the 2D‐S observations and agree in over 70% of cases. Size distributions are also consistent between the two methods of observation. Knowledge of the particle type distribution gained from the PID results can be used to constrain microphysical parameterizations and improve the representation of cloud radiative effects in weather and climate models.
Spatial Aggregation of Global Dry and Wet Patterns Based on the Standard Precipitation Index
Authors: Guan Yanlong , Liu Junguo , Chen Aifang , Li Delong , Jiang Yelin , Cui Wenhui , Lu Hongwei , Pellikka Petri , Heiskanen Janne , Maeda Eduardo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractQuantifying the spatial integrity and patterns of dry/wet events over land is essential to understand how the local hydrological regime responds to environmental changes. Spatial aggregation changes in dry and wet areas over land have not been studied extensively. Based on a patch‐mosaic landscape model, we analyzed spatial aggregation changes at two levels corresponding to landscape design during 1949 and 2018. At the landscape level, the global aggregation degree increased initially and then weakened around 2006. However, the spatial aggregation process between dry and wet patterns was inconsistent. For the dry pattern, spatial aggregation was mainly caused by area decline induced decreases in the patch number. For the wet pattern, spatial aggregation was caused by area enlargement induced decreases in the patch number. At the class level, with increases in the dry/wet magnitude, the correlation between the affected area and aggregation strengthened. Our results provide new insights to understand the spatial processes and future trends of dry/wet patterns over land. We argue that future vulnerability of agriculture and ecosystems to drought is likely to be further mediated by the changes in drought patterns' spatial structure.
Blowing Snow Contributes to Positive Surface Energy Budget and Negative Surface Mass Balance During a Melting Season of Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Luo Liping , Zhang Jing 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe impacts of blowing snow, a very common snow‐air interactive process over Antarctica, are investigated with a snow/ice enhanced Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF‐ice) model for the surface energy budget (SEB) and surface mass balance (SMB) modeling over the Larsen C Ice Shelf (LCIS), Antarctic Peninsula. The net effect of blowing snow on LCIS' SMB is negative, because the positive effect of enhanced precipitation, reduced surface sublimation, and blowing snow transport is more than compensated by the negative effect of blowing snow sublimation, enhanced surface melt, and runoff. In sum, blowing snow contributes to positive anomalies in LCIS' SEB and negative anomalies in SMB.
Evolution of Pluto's Impact‐Deformed Ice Shell Below Sputnik Planitia Basin
Authors: Kihoulou M. , Kalousová K. , Souček O. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSputnik Planitia basin, the dominant surface feature of the dwarf planet Pluto, is located very close to the far point of Pluto‐Charon tidal axis. This position is currently believed to be a result of whole body reorientation driven by the combination of (a) the uplift of a subsurface ocean in response to a basin‐forming impact and (b) the nitrogen layer accumulated inside the basin. Since an ice shell made of pure water ice cannot maintain the uplift on timescales of billions of years, the presence of an insulating and highly viscous layer of methane clathrates at the base of the shell has recently been proposed. In this study, we solve the thermo‐mechanical evolution of the ice shell in a 2D spherical axisymmetric geometry and evaluate the gravity anomaly associated with the evolving ice shell shape. Taking into account the effect of impact heating and stress‐dependent rheology of both ice and clathrates, we show that a thick shell (≥200 km) loses the impact heat slowly which leads to fast uplift relaxation of the order of hundreds of million years. On the contrary, a thin shell (∼100 km) cools down quickly (∼10 Myr), becoming rigid and more likely to preserve the ocean/shell interface uplift till the present. These results suggest that a thick ocean may be present beneath Pluto's ice shell.