bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of clinical results between high grade patterns in stage I lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Jeon Hyun Woo , Kim Young‐Du , Sim Sung Bo , Moon Mi Hyoung 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe histological subtype has been introduced in invasive lung adenocarcinoma. The predominant micropapillary and solid subtypes are categorized as high‐grade patterns and provide a worse prognosis. However, the prognostic analysis of high‐grade patterns has not previously been fully investigated. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the prognostic role of high‐grade patterns in pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma.MethodsPatients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma and micropapillary or solid components were reviewed. Clinicopathological features and clinical course were compared in these subtypes, and prognostic factors were analyzed in high‐grade patterns.ResultsThe patients were classified into five groups based on the presence of micropapillary or solid subtypes, namely, micropapillary predominant, solid predominant, both nonpredominant subtypes, only minor micropapillary subtype, and only minor solid subtype present. Disease‐free interval was significantly different, and the micropapillary predominant group showed worse disease‐free interval (p = 0.001). Contrastingly, the solid predominant group showed significantly worse overall survival among high‐grade patterns (p = 0.035). The multivariate analysis revealed an association between smoking, micropapillary predominant, blood vessel invasion, and visceral pleural invasion with recurrence and more association between solid predominant and visceral pleural invasion with overall survival.ConclusionsClinical results were different in stage I high‐grade adenocarcinoma. The predominant micropapillary subtype is the independent prognostic factor for recurrence. However, the solid subtype is the significant factor for overall survival. Furthermore, the predominant subtype is the most valuable and independent prognostic factor for predicting recurrence or survival.
Age‐related thymic involution: Mechanisms and functional impact
Authors: Liang Zhanfeng , Dong Xue , Zhang Zhaoqi , Zhang Qian , Zhao Yong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe thymus is the primary immune organ responsible for generating self‐tolerant and immunocompetent T cells. However, the thymus gradually involutes during early life resulting in declined naïve T‐cell production, a process known as age‐related thymic involution. Thymic involution has many negative impacts on immune function including reduced pathogen resistance, high autoimmunity incidence, and attenuated tumor immunosurveillance. Age‐related thymic involution leads to a gradual reduction in thymic cellularity and thymic stromal microenvironment disruption, including loss of definite cortical‐medullary junctions, reduction of cortical thymic epithelial cells and medullary thymic epithelial cells, fibroblast expansion, and an increase in perivascular space. The compromised thymic microenvironment in aged individuals substantially disturbs thymocyte development and differentiation. Age‐related thymic involution is regulated by many transcription factors, micro RNAs, growth factors, cytokines, and other factors. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of age‐related thymic involution mechanisms and effects.
Understanding the inverse relationship between age and psychotic symptoms: The role of borderline personality traits
Authors: Peters Evyn M. , Yates Kathryn , DeVylder Jordan , Lodhi Rohit J. , Kelleher Ian 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveThere is a well‐established inverse relationship between age and positive psychotic symptoms, both in patients with psychotic disorders and in general population samples with psychotic experiences. The reason for this inverse relationship is unclear. We hypothesized that life‐course developmental changes in borderline personality traits, which also typically decline with age, might explain the inverse relationship between age and positive psychotic symptoms.MethodsWe tested this hypothesis with data from 19,980 adults who completed 2000, 2007, and 2014 UK Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey studies. Hallucinations and delusions were assessed with the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire. Borderline features were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis II Personality Disorders Screening Questionnaire. Logistic regression models with effect decompositions were used to conduct the analyses.ResultsAs expected, age was negatively associated with hallucinations and delusions. These effects were wholly or mostly reduced after controlling for borderline features. Similar results were found in a subgroup of participants with a probable psychotic disorder. Repeating the analysis with a broad index of psychopathology severity instead of borderline features did not produce comparable results. Borderline factor scores reflecting identity/relationship disturbance, mood instability/anger, and self‐harm/suicidality were created, all of which appeared to explain part of the inverse relationship between age and psychotic experiences.ConclusionDeclining borderline traits throughout adulthood may account for the reduced prevalence of positive psychotic symptoms in both clinical and non‐clinical populations. Future research might evaluate the impact of treatments that target borderline traits on positive psychotic symptoms.
Alcohol and cannabis co‐use and longitudinal gray matter volumetric changes in early and late adolescence
Authors: Luo Xi , Yang James J. , Buu Anne , Trucco Elisa M. , Li Chiang‐Shan R. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have characterized the impact of substance use on cerebral structure and function in adolescents. Yet, the great majority of prior studies employed a small sample, presented cross‐sectional findings, and omitted potential sex differences.MethodsUsing data based on 724 adolescents (370 females) curated from the NCANDA study, we investigated how gray matter volumes (GMVs) decline longitudinally as a result of alcohol and cannabis use. The impacts of alcohol and cannabis co‐use and how these vary across assigned sex at birth and age were examined. Brain imaging data comprised the GMVs of 34 regions of interest and the results were evaluated with a Bonferroni correction.ResultsMixed‐effects modeling showed faster volumetric declines in the caudal middle frontal cortex, fusiform, inferior frontal, superior temporal (STG), and supramarginal (SMG) gyri, at −0.046 to −0.138 cm3/year in individuals with prior‐year alcohol and cannabis co‐use, but not those engaged in alcohol or cannabis use only. These findings cannot be explained by more severe alcohol use among co‐users. Further, alcohol and cannabis co‐use in early versus late adolescence predicted faster volumetric decline in the STG and SMG across assigned sex at birth.ConclusionsFindings highlight the longitudinal impact of alcohol and cannabis co‐use on brain development, especially among youth reporting early adolescent onset of use. The volumetric decline was noted in cortical regions in support of attention, memory, executive control, and social cognition, suggesting the pervasive effect of alcohol and cannabis co‐use on brain development.
Alcohol's effects on the mouse brain are modulated by age and sex
Authors: Piekarski David J. , Zahr Natalie M. , Zhao Qingyu , Sullivan Edith V. , Pfefferbaum Adolf 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBinge alcohol consumption is common among adolescents and may impair normal brain development. Emerging, longitudinal studies in adolescents suggest that the effects of binge alcohol exposure on brain structure differ between sexes. To test the hypothesis that the effects of binge alcohol exposure on developmental brain growth trajectories are influenced by age of exposure and sex, adolescent and adult, male and female C57Bl/6 mice (n = 32), were exposed to a binge‐like ethanol (EtOH) exposure paradigm (i.e., 5 cycles of 2 on/2 off days of 5 g/kg EtOH intraperitoneal) or served as saline controls. Longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging was acquired at baseline, following binge EtOH exposure, and after 2 weeks of recovery. Alcohol treatment showed interactions with age and sex in altering whole brain volume: adolescents of both sexes demonstrated inhibited whole brain growth relative to their control counterparts, although significance was only attained in female mice which showed a larger magnitude response to EtOH compared to male mice. In region of interest analyses, the somatosensory cortex and cerebellum showed inhibited growth in male and female adolescent mice exposed to EtOH, but the difference relative to controls did not reach multiple comparison‐corrected statistical significance. These data suggest that in mice exposed to binge EtOH treatment, adolescent age of exposure and female sex may confer a higher risk to the detrimental effects of EtOH on brain structure and reinforce the need for direct testing of both sexes.
Modelling the distribution of a key habitat feature to guide future on‐ground habitat assessment for an endangered specialist songbird
Authors: Alves Fernanda , Potts Joanne , Round Vanessa , Stojanovic Dejan , Webb Matthew , Heinsohn Robert , Langmore Naomi E. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSpecies distribution models (SDMs) are often used during the planning stage of reintroduction programmes to model species' occurrence with the aim of selecting potential release sites. However, for many endangered species, only a low number of records are available, leading to models with low accuracy. When planning reintroductions for rare species, an alternative approach may be to model surrogate species that are more abundant or easier to locate. Here, we modelled the distribution of white gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), the preferred food tree of the forty‐spotted pardalote (Pardalotus quadragintus), a rare songbird for which reintroduction has been proposed. Using boosted regression trees, we modelled white gum distribution under current and future climate conditions with the aim of identifying areas of high probability of occurrence that later can be used to plan on ground habitat assessments for reintroductions. Our model show areas with high probability of white gum occurrence outside its currently mapped distribution, indicating that there may be opportunities for reintroduction of pardalotes beyond their current range. Predictions of future climate scenarios showed climate space shifts, not only with some decrease but also with substantial increase in the probability of suitability for occurrence under some scenarios. Our spatial predictions for white gum may be used to design a survey to ground‐truth our model and undertake a comprehensive habitat assessment for other habitat features forty‐spotted pardalotes need to persist. The approach used in our study may be used for other highly specialized species, not only in the context of reintroduction planning but also in the general management of data‐poor specialist species that depend on a more common resource.
Mepolizumab for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (SYNAPSE): In‐depth sinus surgery analysis
Authors: Fokkens Wytske J. , Mullol Joaquim , Kennedy David , Philpott Carl , Seccia Veronica , Kern Robert C. , Coste André , Sousa Ana R. , Howarth Peter H. , Benson Victoria S. , Mayer Bhabita , Yancey Steve W. , Chan Robert , Gane Simon B. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundPatients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) often require repeat sinus surgery. Mepolizumab reduced the need for sinus surgery in the SYNAPSE trial; this analysis sought to provide a more in‐depth assessment of surgery endpoints in SYNAPSE.MethodsSYNAPSE was a double‐blind Phase III trial (NCT03085797) in adults with recurrent, refractory, severe, CRSwNP eligible for repeat sinus surgery despite standard of care treatments and previous surgery. Patients were randomized (1:1) to mepolizumab 100 mg subcutaneously or placebo, plus standard of care, every 4 weeks for 52 weeks. Time to first inclusion on a waiting list for sinus surgery and time to first actual sinus surgery (both up to week 52) were assessed; the latter endpoint was also analyzed post hoc according to time since last sinus surgery before study screening and baseline blood eosinophil count.ResultsAmong 407 patients (mepolizumab: 206; placebo: 201), mepolizumab versus placebo reduced the risk of being included on a waiting list for sinus surgery (week 52 Kaplan–Meier probability estimate [95% confidence interval]: 13.9% [9.8%, 19.5%] vs. 28.5% [22.7%, 35.4%]). Mepolizumab versus placebo reduced the risk of sinus surgery irrespective of time (<3 vs ≥3 years) since patients' last sinus surgery prior to study screening (hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals] 0.28 [0.09, 0.84] and 0.50 [0.26, 0.98], respectively) and baseline blood eosinophil count.ConclusionsMepolizumab reduced the risk of further sinus surgery in patients with recurrent, refractory, severe CRSwNP, irrespective of the patient baseline characteristics assessed.
Efficacy and safety of Aflibercept for the treatment of inflammatory choroidal neovascularization: The ALINEA study
Authors: Kodjikian Laurent , Abukhashabah Amro , Fardeau Christine , Tadayoni Ramin , Brézin Antoine , Dumas Stéphane , Weber Michel , Bernard Lorraine , Loria Olivier , Decullier Evelyne , Huot Laure , Mathis Thibaud 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate mean change in best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 52 weeks in patients with inflammatory choroidal neovascularization (CNV) treated with aflibercept.MethodsWe conducted a prospective non‐comparative open‐label trial. Following one mandatory intravitreal injection of aflibercept, patients were treated under a pro re nata (PRN) dosing regimen with monthly visits.ResultsA total of 19 patients were included, but one presented exclusion criteria; 16 patients were followed for the whole 52‐week study, and data for the primary endpoint analysis were available for 14. At baseline, mean BCVA and mean central retinal thickness (CRT) were 64.53 (±19.64) letters and 351.79 (±97.77) μm, respectively. At 52 weeks, the mean change in BCVA was +9.50 (±12.90) letters [95%CI = +2.05–+16.95]. One patient had lost more than 15‐letters at 24 weeks, and another one at 52 weeks. CRT change was −62.77 (±100.73) μm at 24 weeks and −66.53 (±97.47) μm at 52 weeks. There was a mean number of 3.56 (±3.29) intravitreal injections at 52 weeks (min = 1; max = 12). No serious ocular adverse events related to the treatment were reported.ConclusionsOur study shows that aflibercept is clinically effective, both anatomically and functionally in the treatment of inflammatory CNV. Following the first injection, the PRN strategy appears sufficient for treating most choroidal neovessels.
Five‐year incidence of primary glaucoma and related risk factors – The Handan eye study
Authors: Zhang Ye , Hao Jie , Zhang Qing , Wang Jin , Li Si Zhen , Thomas Ravi , Wang Ning Li ,   The Handan Eye Study Group
Published: July 2022

AbstractPurposeTo determine the 5‐year incidence of primary glaucoma and its associated risk factors in rural northern China.MethodsPopulation‐based cohort study. A total of 5184 participants aged 30 years and older, without glaucoma at baseline, were subjected to comprehensive standardized interviews and ophthalmic and systemic examinations at baseline and after a 5‐year interval in the Handan Eye Study. Incident glaucoma was diagnosed by a consensus panel of five senior glaucoma specialists. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the baseline risk factors that could predict the incidence of glaucoma.ResultsDuring the 5‐year follow‐up, incident primary glaucoma developed in 82 subjects (1.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2%–1.9%). The age‐ and gender‐standardized incidence of glaucoma among subjects ≥40 years old was 2.1% (0.4% annually), calculated according to the 2010 Chinese census. A higher age (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% CI, 1.04–1.09; p < 0.001), higher intraocular pressure (IOP) (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02–1.20; p = 0.017), and vertical cup disc ratio (VCDR) ≥ 0.60 (OR, 5.30; 95% CI, 3.22–8.73; p < 0.001) were found to be associated with an increased risk of incident glaucoma. For each year, older age and each mmHg higher IOP, the risks of primary glaucoma increased by 1.2% and 2.0% per year, respectively.ConclusionWe reported the 5‐year incidence of primary glaucoma in a rural Chinese population and found that older age, higher IOP, and VCDR ≥ 0.60 at baseline could help in identifying those at highest risk of disease development.
Effects of a teacher development program on teachers' knowledge and collaborative engagement, and students' achievement in computational thinking concepts
Authors: Kong Siu‐Cheung , Lai Ming 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAn important educational goal for the next generation is the ability to think computationally. Cultivating K‐12 students' computational thinking (CT) requires the capacity building of teachers through teacher development programs. However, if students' learning outcomes were not assessed, it is not known whether the enhancement of teacher capacity could impact on students' learning. This study aimed to examine how a teacher development program changed teachers' content knowledge and collaborative engagement, which in turn influenced their students' learning achievement. The participants were 81 teachers and 3226 students from primary schools. We employed multi‐level modelling to study the relationships between teacher‐level variables and student achievement assessed by a CT concepts test. The teachers' content knowledge and collaborative engagement were significantly enhanced through the program, which in turn had a significant impact on student achievement. Teachers' years of teaching experience, but not their gender or whether they had majored in computer science, could also affect student achievement. The results indicate that a teacher development program can play a significant role in enhancing the teachers' CT content knowledge and collaborative engagement, which can then have a positive effect on student learning.Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic

The cultivation of students' computational thinking (CT) in K‐12 education requires the capacity building of teachers.
A teacher development program can improve teachers' knowledge and attitudes related to CT.
Whether the enhancement of teacher capacity can in turn affect students' learning achievement in CT is less studied.
What this paper adds

We found that a teacher development program could significantly enhance teachers' knowledge in CT and their collaborative engagement in the program.
Using multilevel modelling, we found further that the enhancement of teachers' knowledge and collaborative engagement could affect students' understanding of CT concepts positively.
Teachers' years of teaching experience, but not their gender or whether they had majored in computer science, could also influence student achievement.
Implications for practice and/or policy

In designing similar teacher development programs for teachers, collaborative engagement opportunities should be provided as it can have a positive impact on student achievement.
Although the majority of teachers do not have a background in computer science, a teacher development program can play a significant role in enhancing their knowledge in CT, no matter they had majored in computer science or not.
The significance of the program is not limited to the development of teachers, as the enhancements of teachers' knowledge and collaborative engagement through the program can in turn have a positive impact on students' understanding of CT concepts.
Artificial intelligence: Training the trainer
Authors: Kaestner Lars 
Published: July 2022

Including artificial intelligence in haematological education is compulsory but should not be limited to students. Experienced haematologist and decision‐makers in the clinical environment have at least similar needs. This is because of the tremendous potential, opportunities and benefits the timely inclusion of artificial intelligence offers in diagnosis, prediction and personalised therapy.Commentary on: Chai et al. Integrating artificial intelligence into haematology training and practice: opportunities, threats and proposed solutions. Br J Hematol 2022;198:807–811.
A guide to area‐restricted search: a foundational foraging behaviour
Authors: Dorfman Arik , Hills Thomas T. , Scharf Inon 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACTArea‐restricted search is the capacity to change search effort adaptively in response to resource encounters or expectations, from directional exploration (global, extensive search) to focused exploitation (local, intensive search). This search pattern is used by numerous organisms, from worms and insects to humans, to find various targets, such as food, mates, nests, and other resources. Area‐restricted search has been studied for at least 80 years by ecologists, and more recently in the neurological and psychological literature. In general, the conditions promoting this search pattern are: (1) clustered resources; (2) active search (e.g. not a sit‐and‐wait predator); (3) searcher memory for recent target encounters or expectations; and (4) searcher ignorance about the exact location of targets. Because area‐restricted search adapts to resource encounters, the search can be performed at multiple spatial scales. Models and experiments have demonstrated that area‐restricted search is superior to alternative search patterns that do not involve a memory of the exact location of the target, such as correlated random walks or Lévy walks/flights. Area‐restricted search is triggered by sensory cues whereas concentrated search in the absence of sensory cues is associated with other forms of foraging. Some neural underpinnings of area‐restricted search are probably shared across metazoans, suggesting a shared ancestry and a shared solution to a common ecological problem of finding clustered resources. Area‐restricted search is also apparent in other domains, such as memory and visual search in humans, which may indicate an exaptation from spatial search to other forms of search. Here, we review these various aspects of area‐restricted search, as well as how to identify it, and point to open questions.