bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is it Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Stimulant use disorder ? How is ADHD diagnosed?
Authors: Sud N. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionFrom clinical experience, majority of patients in adult forensic services who have childhood diagnosis of ADHD self-report onset of substance misuse around the age of 12.Objectives
Aim of the study was to explore if routine screening of childhood substance use is considered by ADHD diagnostic services.MethodsPsycINFO and Embase databases were searched with the keywords: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD, primary care/general practice, family physicians ,paediatrics, and children/adolescents, child and adolescent psychiatry, diagnostic assessments, substance / drug use, prescription drugs and drug screening.Results24 articles were retrieved for age groups 12 to 17 years. Studies identified substance misuse as highly comorbid with ADHD but more so in conduct disorder. Studies identified diversion risk in adolescents.ConclusionsBoth ADHD and amphetamine misuse disorders are Axis 1 disorders (Baldwin 2009). Literature links substance misuse in ADHD to conduct disorder. There needs to be research into the diagnostic overlap between conduct disorder and ADHD and how this fits into the trauma model of adult offender treatment pathways. Treatment pathways for ADHD or conduct disorder and childhood onset substance misuse disorder are not clear both in primary or secondary care. Literature appears to put emphasis on early diagnosis and prescription stimulant treatment outside the social and psychological context and cites outcomes of the short term studies as reason for continued prescriptions in adolescence and beyond. There is need for studies exploring perspectives and trajectories of amphetamine use in adults who were diagnosed with ADHD in childhood, adolescence and as adults.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
The Transdiagnostic Self-Injury Interview: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Kjaer J.N. , Holm T. , Bliksted V. , Ellegaard T. , Dolmer S. , Mors O. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is associated with emotional distress and mental disorders. In clinical samples NSSI is reported by 21% to 60% of all psychiatric patients. Developed NSSI instruments are not suitable for clinical settings because they are too time-consuming or lack validation across psychiatric diagnoses.The Transdiagnostic Self-Injury Interview (TSI) is semi-structured interview that accesses onset, frequency, methods, and severity of NSSI. It is transdiagnostic and developed for clinical settings.ObjectivesThe purpose of the study is to evaluate the feasibility of a TSI validation study. The study will also provide preliminary validation of the instrument.MethodsThe feasibility study will recruit participants at in- and outpatient units from a university hospital. Participants can be included in the study if they are 18 years old and admitted to a psychiatric in- or outpatient unit.Instruments:
The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory will be used to test concurrent validity. Convergent validity will be tested with the Columbia Suicidality Severity Rating Scale, the Personal and Social Performance scale, the Affective Lability Scale-short, and the Brief Trauma Questionnaire. Interrater reliability will be evaluated in groups of medical doctors, psychologist, and other clinical professionals.Feasibility are measured by inclusion of participants per week, the time each participant takes to complete the study instruments, and number of dropouts.ResultsRecruitment of participants will start in the fall of 2021. We aim to recruit 50 participants.ConclusionsWhen TSI has been validated, it can be used to assess prevalence and severity of NSSI and clarify the need for treatment and supervision.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Psychological benefits of pre-conceptional and pre-marital genetic diagnosis in conservative societies
Authors: Bouayed Abdelmoula N. , Abdelmoula B. , Kammoun S. , Abid F. , Aloulou S. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionPreconceptional genetic diagnosis help couples of genetic disorders carrier risk making an informed reproductive decision. The risk is considerably higher for consanguineous couples. Premarital screening can also offers a crucial health assessment of soon-to-be married couples with genetic risk factors based on specific family history. However, such approach is not usually easy to manage in conservative societies, particularly when the affected family refuse to deliver the necessary information about the genetic condition considered as a taboo.ObjectivesHere, we addressed the psychological benefits of preconceptional and premarital genetic diagnosis through a retrospective study about the preconceptional diagnosis inquiries in our genetic counselling.MethodsIn order to assess requests for autosomal recessive disorders during ten years of our genetic counselling activity at the medical university of Sfax, we reviewed 2500 medical files.Results

Three couples were recorded for genetic preconceptional diagnosis. Another couple was documented for seeking a premarital screening for an unknown neuropathy before wedding engagement decision. This single case was referred to us because of a familial history of a severe neuropathy that was noted in the offspring of a shared cousin. The couple was unable to bring us more information about the genetic condition because of the familial repugnance.Conclusions
Although our study is limited at the genetic level, it could be socially interesting because it showed the negative attitudes of the general population towards the genetic conditions and the familial responsiveness, as well as the reticence of physicians towards genetic preconceptional and premarital carrier diagnosis.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Should “medical students` disease” be regarded as a true disease entity? Cross-sectional study among Polish students
Authors: Szczurek K. , Furgał N. , Szczepanek D. , Krysta K. , Krzystanek M. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionThere is a widely known stereotype about medical majors repeated by generations of medical practitioners called ,,medical student disease”. It’s based on a belief that unexperienced students are prone to develop pathological fear of medical conditions they are studying about.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to examine two populations of students - medical and non-medical ones in order to compare their level of hypochondriacal behavior and health-related anxiety. Moreover we looked for other factors which might have had an influence on hypochondria and nosophobia among them.Methods

The proprietary questionnaire was completed by 606 students (303 medical students of the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice and 293 students of the 3 largest non-medical universities in Katowice).ResultsThe results show that medical students receive same scores on a nosophobia scale as students of non-medical universities (p=0,5). The analysis of hypochondriacal behavior showed significantly higher results in non-medical students group (p=0,02) .The higher medical students were at the stages of academic education, the higher the results of nosophobia they obtained. In the entire study group female received higher score in relation to the fear of illness (p = 0.001). People with mental disorders achieve significantly higher results of nosophobia (p <0.001 in the entire group) and of hypochondria (p <0.001 for the entire cohort).ConclusionsOur study challenges the widespread belief that medical students, compared to their peers, are overly anxious about their own health. Gender and having a mental illness are predictors of hypochondria and nosophobia.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Primum non nocere: psychosurgery in a case of severe anorexia nervosa. A case report
Authors: Cerame A. , Del Valle M. , Coucheiro Limeres P. , Franco Soler A. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionBilateral cingulotomy and anterior capsulotomy are two neurosurgical procedures which are reserved as a last resort for cases of severe OCD in Spain; these procedures are not approved in cases of AN.ObjectivesWe present the case of a 29-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (AN) when she was 15 (2006). Due to the severity of the case the patient needed to be hospitalized for many months due to excessive weight loss. She was also treated in an out-patient department and started several intensive psychotherapeutic procedures. In 2015 the patient’s family took her to a private clinic where she was diagnosed with Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and had a bilateral cingulotomy and anterior capsulotomy.MethodsA case report where the ethical implications of the case are weighed alongside a review of the relevant literature regarding neurosurgical treatments of AN.ResultsThere were no significant short or long term improvements in terms of Body Mass Index or reduction of symptoms, the patient’s cognitive functions showed a decline in neuropsychological tests. Contrary to that the patient has needed hospitalizations for at least 9 months per year since the surgery and has needed admission in the Intensive Care Unit at least 3 times because of extreme malnutrition. Due to her need for chronic hospitalization was institutionalized in a long-stay psychiatric hospital.ConclusionsPsychosurgery is a controversial therapy which has limited evidence in cases of AN. Our case shows the way in which neurosurgical procedures can do more harm than good and worsen the prognosis of patients.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Bulletin of the Regional Medical Chamber as a forum for ethical discourse in psychiatry and sexology
Authors: Kosmowski W. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionSince last year there has been a lively ethical discussion in Poland about the influence of religion and new cultural currents on medical ethics. There are many ways to work towards increasing ethical sensitivity in education of mental health care professionals.ObjectivesThis paper presents the ethical discourse in the bulletin “Primum” of Bydgoszcz Medical Chamber (24 chambers in Poland associate doctors and dentists): www.bil.org.pl/primum - English translations: www.dropbox.com/s/xthu7wyt56ecjwp/Primum_translations.docx?dl=0.MethodsAll texts dealing with issues described were collected and divided into three groups: promoting new currents of thought, faithful to tradition, others. Presented views were analyzed basing on Polish Code of Medical Ethics (nil.org.pl/uploaded_images/1574857770_kodeks-etyki-lekarskiej.pdf) and compared with dominating philosophical schools.ResultsA total of 33 articles were published: 20 presenting new approach to medical ethics, supported by the Editorial Board (72% of the total), 7 embedded in traditional values (22%), 6 without a clear stand or denying the discourse on ethical issues (6%). Articles presented philosophical views (personalism, virtue ethics, utilitarianism, constructionism), discussed ethical standards, actions contrary to the dignity of medical profession, value of human life, compliance of arguments with medical knowledge, principles of dealing with patients in terminal states, the duty of care for the pregnant woman and her child.ConclusionsAll texts show dilemmas in our environment, reflect views in Polish society and in ethical discourse around the world. Thanks to them, readers familiarize themselves with the contemporary ethical debate and form their own opinions; also they are encouraged to reach for the indicated sources and their own research.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Hospitalization in Psychiatry: Patients’ experiences at Arrazi Psychiatric Hospital in Morocco
Authors: Chaara A. , Laboudi F. , Ouanass A. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionHospitalization in psychiatry is marked by the use of care without consent.We therefore proposed to study from this perspective the feelings and opinions of patients on such an experience.ObjectivesThe objective of this work is to explore the experiences of patients and their perception of the effects of this hospitalization, through 3 fundamental ethical principles: Autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence.MethodsThis study will be conducted at Arrazi Psychitaric Hospital, in patients at the end of their stay, via a questionnaire.ResultsA total of 122 patients attended the study. A very large proportion of patients were satisfied with the premises, space planning, and had knowledge of a structured planning of the organization of care. A senior doctor was identified by 95% of them. Eighty five per cent were free to move around in the hospital.The information on the care offered was perceived by 83.7%. The rates are lower with respect to clear explanations received on the disease, the effects of drugs and the type of hospitalization.Regarding the feelings experienced during the stay, 83% of people who spoke mentioned a painful experience. The feelings that prevailed were a feeling of helplessness, fear, worthlessness. On the other hand, a majority of patients expressed that the hospitalization had protective effects towards themselves and towards others, but that it wasn’t justified.ConclusionsThese results suggest that autonomy and beneficence are respected. Therefore, an attention should be paid to various information given during the stay.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Association of early maladaptive schemas and psychiatric disorders between sex offenders
Authors: Stepanova N. , Korzun D. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionSchema-therapy (ST) - one of the promising integrative models of psychotherapy, which shows its efficacy in many mental disorders. ST has main theoretical concepts: early maladaptive schemas (EMS), coping styles, modes and basic needs. EMS are self-defeating emotional and cognitive patterns established from childhood and repeated throughout life. Existing literature shows the connection between EMS and behavioral problems, which could be more significant for patients with personality disorders. The prevalence of personality disorders is relatively low in the general population, but it’s highly overrepresented in the forensic population, especially in groups of sex offenders.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to examine if there is a prevalence of some EMS between sex offenders and their association with a diagnosed psychiatric disorder.MethodsMedical records and criminal case materials of 27 patients were reviewed, all of them were blamed for committing sex crimes and had to stay at the department for one month for forensic psychiatry examination. During their stay patients were examined several times and questioned with YSQ S3R.ResultsMost of the patients had psychiatric disorder: specific personality disorders (14), pedophilia (3), dependence syndrome (4), organic personality disorder (3). Some of them had several psychiatric diagnoses. The most prevalent EMS were abandonment, emotional deprivation, insufficient self-control and defectiveness.ConclusionsThese findings show the prevalence of personality disorder and several EMS in sex offenders, which could be useful for the full understanding of the concept of PD and improve the organization of medical care for these individuals.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
The Importance of Secondary Gain - a Missing Story
Authors: Wise J. 
Published: September 2022

There is a wealth of data to tell us that, when it comes to illness, not all is as it seems. Research into hidden agendas of patients [1]drives home the point that a substantial portion of patients (up to 42%) have covert motives for obtaining secondary gains associated with their patient status (e.g., financial support, help or attention from others, stimulant medication, work or study related privileges, or evasion of responsibilities. Less than 10% shared their expectations with the psychiatrist. The Accident Compensation Scheme in New Zealand, , reported a prevalence of symptom exaggeration of 20-50%. In 2017 a disorder struck in Sweden. It struck whose families had failed their last appeal for asylum. The previously unknown ’catatonia’ has many of the characteristics of a culture bound syndrome – giving voice to the voiceless/powerless. Researchers from Ireland studied the motivations of people with factitious disorder. A desire for affection was the most commonly mentioned reason for fabricating illness and as a coping mechanism for threatening life events. The analysis showed that motivation was conscious. Bianchini et al have reported on the Financial Incentive Effect. Perhaps counterintuitively one of the most important points they make is that the presence of a financial incentive is associated with worse outcomes. They found that factors othere than the injury itself control for the probabilities of return to work. How can we determine what is real? [1] Van Egmond, J., Kummeling, I., & Balkom, T. A. (2005). Secondary gain as hidden motive for getting psychiatric treatment. European Psychiatry, 20(5-6), 416-421.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Maladjustment of pressure settings of a programmable shunt valve by electromagnetic door locks in Forensic Psychiatry – a case report
Authors: Licht C. , Weisser R. , Schloegl C. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionMaladjustments and failures of programmable ventriculo-peritoneal shunts have been reported in patients encountering powerful electromagnetic fields, e. g. MRI.We describe the case of a 53-year old man treated for hydrocephalus with a programmable Codman-Hakim shunt valve. During his hospitalization in Forensic Psychiatry, the patient’s valve pressure setting changed randomly despite frequent reprogramming and surveillance.ObjectivesMaladjustments and failures of programmable ventriculo-peritoneal shunts have been reported in cases in which patients have encountered powerful electromagnetic fields, e.g., MRI. Through a case, this study shows easy maladjustment of a Codman-Hakim programmable valve also by small magnetic fields from everyday life.MethodsA 53-year old man presented with periventricular hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis. The patient was treated with a left ventriculo-peritoneal Codman-Hakim programmable shunt valve. During his hospitalization in Forensic Psychiatry, the patient’s valve pressure setting changed randomly, presumably by walking through electromagnetically controlled doors of a hospital ward. With a test dummy, changes in pressure settings were tracked.ResultsBoth - pressure settings of the patient’s Codman-Hakim programmable valve as well as pressure settings of a new valve - were unwantedly modified simply by walking through standard doors in a hospital ward.ConclusionsThus already weak magnetic fields (< 200 mT) might cause changes in the pressure settings of programmable shunt valves and therefore lead to maladjustment. Patients should be informed and pay attention to using everyday life’s devices, like rod magnets or mobile phones.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Psychiatric autopsy in two cases of assessment testamentary capacity
Authors: Strete G. , Turliuc D. , Hadareanu V. , Turliuc S. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionIn Romania, in accordance with current law, “the will is the unilateral, personal and revocable act by which a person named testator disposes, in one of the forms required by law, for the time when he will no longer be alive”. The increasing complexity of modern financial and family structures has led to an increase in testamentary disputes, a fact reflected by the large number of forensic examinations in civil cases.ObjectivesMental capacity are the majore concerns in the many of issues in elders but the great challenge is its retrospective evaluation, when the patient no longer exists. We focuse on the testator’s mental capacity at the time the will was written.MethodsWe present two cases of will contestation in post mortem, in which the testator’s age was 65, respectively 70 years at the time of executing the will.Results

In the first case the testator dies one month after he signed the will, the cause of death was cardiorespiratory arrest; cervical neoplasm; In the second case the testator dies two years after he signed the will. In both cases the patients did not have a history of neuropsychiatric disorders in the family doctor’s records. The circumstances of the production of a will, including the mental state of the testators and the true wishes of the testators were reconstructed using a psychiatric autopsy, based on the documents provided.ConclusionsThe complexity and subtlety of the problems reflected in these cases highlights the need to go beyond traditional criteria and assess situation-specific factors.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Challenges of ageing in prisons and forensic psychiatric settings
Authors: Peixoto C. , Rego D. , Cruz M. , Peixoto B. , Bicho M. , Coelho J. , Medeiros H. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionThere is a current trend towards an increase in the number of elderly prisoners due to the increase in life expectancy and the change in the attitude of society and the judicial system. The cut-off for “older offender” is defined from the age of 50, due to the lifestyle previous to prision and premature ageing.ObjectivesThe authors intend to understand the challenges of aging in prison and forensic services, highlighting the psychiatric comorbidities of inmates and how these services can adapt to the needs of this population.MethodsNon-systematic review of the literature.ResultsStudies of elderly in prisons and elderly forensic psychiatric patients are limited. Prisoners have increased physical and psychiatric morbidity and early mortality as they are more exposed to risk factors and more likely to have at least one health problem compared to older adults in the community. Compared to older people in the community, older prisoners are at higher risk for most psychiatric disorders including depression, psychosis, bipolar disorder, cognitive impairment, personality disorder and anxiety. Suicide rates are also higher among elderly prisoners. The inadequacy of the prison system to respond to the unique needs of elderly prisoners has a detrimental impact on their overall experience of incarceration. The development of specific services for elderly prisoners or the adaptation of mixed units for the elderly population is proposed.ConclusionsThe elderly population in prisons is growing and has higher risk of psychiatric pathology compared to community elders. Prison services with difficulties in identifying and meeting these needs.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
A Lowlands Perspective on Exaggeration and Feigned Symptoms
Authors: Dandachi-Fitzgerald B. 
Published: September 2022

Some patients present symptoms in an exaggerated manner [1,2]. This behavior can be assessed with specialized tests: Symptom validity tests (SVTs) to measure overreporting of symptoms, and performance validity tests (PVTs) to measure underperformance on cognitive tests. But what does it mean when patients fail on multiple SVTs and/or PVTs? Does it reflect malingering; i.e. grossly exaggerating or feigning symptoms to gain an external benefit? Could it be seen as a plea for help in some cases? Or could pain, fatigue or cognitive impairment be underlying reasons for the validity test failures? In this presentation some credible and non-credible explanations for failing on validity tests will be discussed. A tentative framework that might aid in conceptualizing poor symptom validity will be presented. References [1] Dandachi-FitzGerald, B., Merckelbach, H., Bošković, I., & Jelicic, M. (2020). Do you know people who feign? Proxy respondents about feigned symptoms. Psychological Injury and Law, 13, 225–234. [2] Merckelbach, H., Dandachi-FitzGerald, B., van Helvoort, D., Jelicic, M., & Otgaar, H. (2019). When patients overreport symptoms: More than just malingering. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28, 321–326.DisclosureNo significant relationships.