bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review on Parameters Affecting the Choice of Alternative (Non-Chemical) Weed Control Methods
Authors: Sahin Hasan 
Published: February 2022

Chemical using as a weed control method is the most preferred method in weed control because they are easily accessible, easily applicable and inexpensive. But, with the new environment-friendly regulations, the importance of non-chemical methods has increased all over the world. In addition, organic farm and non-chemical agricultural methods are gaining importance with increasing social environment and health awareness. Non-chemical methods, called, "alternative methods” have been one of the most popular research subjects in recent years. The physical removal or killing of weeds is usually done by hand or by means designed tools for this task, which varies from country to country. The most known modern non-chemical weed control methods are; electric current, microwave heating, superheated steam, infrared using, pneumatic system, freeze-drying, laser cutting, and fresnel lens systems. The most popular of these methods are; electric current method and microwave heating. In electric current and microwave heating methods, there are no chemical residues in soil and plants after application. It has been shown in the studies that, the microwave weed control method can destroy weeds and seeds when appropriate frequency, sufficient time and required power level are selected. Therefore, in the selection of non-chemical weed control methods, some important parameters of plant and soil should be known. The electrical and dielectric properties of plants and soil such as, electrical resistance (R), impedance (Z), dielectric constant (?’), loss factor (?’’), the permittivity (permeability ( and conductivity (?) should be known especially in microwave and electric current methods. The other parameters like the age, height and density of the plant is an issue to be considered in all control methods. But, the moisture content of soil and plant may not be taken into consideration in hot water and steam applications. For the freeze-drying method, the moisture and water content of the plant and soil must also be taken into account.
Enhancement of Some Mechanical Properties of White Cement Mortar by Adding Nanoparticles of Zirconium Oxide
Authors: Al-kamal Ahmed K. , Marhoon Ismail Ibrahim , Salman Ali A. , Muhammad Ahmed K. 
Published: February 2022

This paper will study mortar compressive strength (fc) and flexural strength (fr) by cement replacement which is partial with the particles of Nano-Zr2O3. Zr2O3nanoparticles are used as well as using average diameter of 35 nm with four various contents by weight of cement (0.25%, 0.75%, 1.25% and 1.75%). The (fc) and (fr) tests were performed after the process of curing at the 28-days which is the standard age. The preparation of mortar of Nano-cement was done by using the ratio of cement-sand by weight which is 1:3 with the ratio of water-binder materials (w/b ratio) as 0.5. The results demonstrated that the (fc) and (fr) of the mortars of cement with Zr2O3were registered higher than cement mortar that is pure. The ultimate Nano-cement mortar strength was obtained at 1.25% of the replacement of cement. The improvement in (fc) and (fr) were 15.6 % and 18.4% in a respective way at 28 days.
Profile of Physico-Chemical Properties of Spilled Crude Oil in Marine Sediments in Niger Delta
Authors: Wordu Animia Ajor , Mmecha C. A. , Puyate Y. T. , Akpa J. G. 
Published: February 2022

This paper presents profile of the physico-chemical properties of study areas of the research. Most frequently, in the Niger Delta zone spilled oil in the marine sediments is prevalent. The research paper therefore focused at first instance to evolve the parametric control properties which have direct interactions with the spilled oil. Samples sediments A, B, C, and D were collected from the designated study areas of Southern Ijaw, Ekeremor, Ogbia, Brass and Nembe local government areas hosting the major oil producing companies along the coastal regions of Niger Delta-Nigeria. The samples were subjected to instrumental analysis for determination of pH 5.2 (acidic); electrical conductivity 169 µS/cm; redox potential -134 mv; temperature 25.7 centigrade; bulk density 3.3; particle density 2.75; porosity 41.6; organic matter 8.60; clay 28.70; silt 56.80; sand 14.5; total hydrocarbon content 83.33; and the metallic components of the samples (mg/kg) stood as follows- Zinc (Zn) 1.47; Lead (Pb) 0.070; copper (Cu) 2.06; cadmium (0.51); Nickel (Ni) 0.82; manganese (Mn) 4.75; iron (Fe) 7.60; and chromium (Cr) 0.98. Table II showed sample Sediment A gave appreciable values on all the parameters for good judgment on the rest samples Sediment B, Sediment C and Sediment D results. The possible reasons being there are much physico-chemical interactions down the samples which bring concomitant effects on animals, fishes, humans’ health and regions degradation tendencies and perennial consequences of social agitations for remediation and compensations.
Design of an Automatic Irrigation System
Authors: Nwazor Nkolika O. , Odiushovwi Peter E. , Onalaja Lukman 
Published: February 2022

Over the years, a lot of irrigation systems have been developed to aid crop farming but most of them are manually operated. The few automatic irrigation systems available in the country are very expensive and therefore not easily available to the peasant farmers. The need for improved non-seasonal crop farming gave rise to this research work on a low cost irrigation system made from locally sourced components. The system designed in this work makes use of a locally made soil humidity sensor to check the water level in the soil. If the water level is below the required level, the irrigation system is turned on by sending a signal to the relay connected to the pump which opens the valve to let water out. Once the required humidity is obtained, it is turned off through a similar mechanism. The control also has six buttons for time-based control of irrigation for crops that demand irrigation at specific times of the day. With a system like this, non-seasonal farming is ensured thus increasing food supply and reducing hunger.
Modelling Cow-Dung and Grass- Clippings Isothermal Continuous Stirred Co-digester for Biogas Production using Modified Gompertz Rate Equation
Authors: Abowei Millionaire Freeborn Nestor , Akinwande A. C. , Akpa J. G. 
Published: February 2022

The continuous search in renewable energy sources for industrial and domestic utilization is very imperative and motivated this study. The study of Cow- dung and grass clippings Co-digestion are important due to the fact that successful outcome of the studies will provide a basis for waste minimization and enhance renewable energy production for global consumption. This work therefore is focused by exploiting the modified Gompertz kinetic equation in developing design models for the simulation of continuous stirred co-digester(CSC) at isothermal condition. Co-digester functional dimensions such as volume, length, space time, space velocity and heat generation per unit volume were developed for Continuous Stirred Co-digester type..The developed models were simulated using Matlab codes programming technique using design basis of 50,000 metric tons of biogas per annum at 37oC isothermal condition. The developed performance models were solved numerically using MATLAB version 7.1 within the operational limit of conversion degree, XA = 0.1 to 0.9.The results obtained showed that increase in fractional dimensions of Co-digester volume VR, length LR and Space time SV­ increases with increase in fractional conversion at constant radius. Results of space velocity (SV­) and heat generation/per unit volume (q) showed inverse characteristic behavior as increase in fractional conversion decreases space velocity and heat generation per unit volumes.. Further careful examination of the results, demonstrated that at optimal yield of 0.9 degree of conversion, Co-digester volume value of 10.0m3 at constant radius was feasible. The results as obtained in this work proved dependable relationship with fractional conversion.
Application of a Fuzzy Logic Controller for Hydropower Generator Speed Regulation
Authors: Egoigwe Sochima Vincent , Chukwudozie Chukwudi , Nwobi Chukwudumebi , Araoye Timothy Oluwaseun , Arize Chukwuemeka Igwe , Anoliefo Edward C. 
Published: February 2022

The hydroelectric plants flow rate always varies with time due to the speed rotation of turbines which affect the amplitude and frequency of electrical energy generated. Hydro plants are being utilized for the purpose of peaking as well as base load, pumped storage and spinning reserve power operation etc. Especially in a system consisting of large industries, where frequency and voltage fluctuations are required to be kept minimum, their stability determines the quality of power. For efficient use of plant, complex control techniques are employed in the station automation and these involve the turbine governor in control features for which a flexible governor design is essential. MATLAB 2007 Software was used to carry out simulations analysis to develop fuzzy logic controller for hydropower Generator speed regulation with aims of stabilizing output power supply in order to increase the water flows rate through the hydropower penstock. The result of the research shows the hydropower generator speed model which can be used to stabilized power output as a result of increase in turbine speed rotation when fuzzy logic controller is applied. The result showed that hydropower Generation speed regulation with and without fuzzy logic controller were 319.8m/s and 65m/s respectively. The speed increased by 254.8m/s. the result shows that application of fuzzy logic controller gives better result and increase the rotational speed of hydropower.
Hybrid Deep Learning Based Visual System for In-Vehicle Safety
Authors: Joghee Bhojan Rajkumar , Ramyachitra D. , Ganesan Subramanian , Rajkumar Ragavi 
Published: February 2022

In the automotive industry, researchers, AI experts, and developers are actively pushing deep learning based approaches for In-vehicle safety. In this research paper, we propose a hybrid deep learning based visual system for providing feedback to the driver in a non-intrusive manner. We describe a hybrid SSD-RBM (Single Shot MultiBox Detector - Restricted Boltzmann Machine) model for face feature identification. In this system, object detection, object tracking, and observations are processed through a full pipeline of image processing and detect the driver's movements and generate a safe and efficient action plan in real time. This in-vehicle interactive system assists drivers in regulating driving performance and avoiding hazards.
Sand Mould Design for Casting an Aluminium Pot-A Basic Procedure of Supplementing Artisanal Practices
Authors: Guma Thomas Ndyar , Uche Lilian Ogboi 
Published: February 2022

Artisanal green sand casting of aluminum pots is a notable flourishing business in many urban areas of west and central Africa but seen to be typified by labor-intensive and subjective control of a large number of variables to successfully cast. Correct mold designs with in-flow and cooling rates of molten aluminum are fundamental in reducing labor and defects in the castings. The paper presents sand mold design for casting 30litre-capacity cylindrical aluminum pot of internal diameter 314.7mm, depth 386mm, and wall thickness 4mm with handling lugs alongside its cover using unpressurized gating system ratio of 1:3:3. The design provides suitable specifications of the ladle position, mass and pouring time and in-flow rate of molten aluminum, layout for the mold components, means of compensating process cooling shrinkages of aluminum during solidification, patterns for the castings, and molding box. The motive behind the paper was to emphasize and exemplify the use of basic engineering design procedure for supplementing artisanal green sand molding practices for improving consistency and productivity, and minimizing laboriousness and casing defects with improved profitability in the business.
Structural Evaluation of Masonry Sewer Pipes Under Transverse Settlement Due to Tunneling
Authors: Heydarpour Parsa 
Published: February 2022

The intention of this research is to perform structural evaluation on masonry sanitary sewer pipes impacted by tunnel excavation. Until about 1900, it was common to use several layers of brick to construct municipal sanitary sewer lines, and currently thousands of miles of brick sewer lines are still in service. The construction of new underground facilities inevitably disturbs the soil above and will have an impact on the existing masonry sanitary sewer pipes within the zone of influence of the excavation. Masonry pipes are typically susceptible to the longitudinal interaction failure mechanism at the hogging zone of the settlement trough due to their low tensile capacity. In this research standard egg-shaped section for brick sewer were subjected to ground settlements obtained using Attewell method. The greenfield condition is assumed to be applicable with homogeneous ground conditions. The impact of the depth to the tunnel axis and trough width parameter on the settlement trough and associated strains developed in the pipes are subjected to investigation. Tensile strain developed due to axial strain and bending moment are calculated for five different section sizes. Mitigation measures and recommendations are provided
Mitigation of CO2 Emissions in Transportation and Industrial Processes using Renewable Energy Technologies
Authors: Akinyemi Toluwanimi Oluwadara , Ramonu Olayinka John 
Published: February 2022

This study focuses on the mitigation of CO2 emissions in transportation and industrial processes using renewable energy technologies. Carbon dioxide is a colourless, tasteless and odourless gas readily available in the earth’s atmosphere, produced naturally by all aerobic organisms. Increased human activities had created a huge gap between the volume of CO2 emitted into the environment and that absorbed by oceans and vegetations. Globally, the transportation sector has contributed more than seven billion, seven hundred and thirty-eight million metric tons of carbon dioxide from fuel combustion since 2015, while industrial processes also generate greenhouse gas emissions during chemical or physical transformation of raw materials from one state to another in their conversion into finished goods. Analysis suggested that the world can achieve 90% of the reduction in CO2 emissions needed to be within the Paris Agreement via an accelerated deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, with the remaining 10% met by other low-carbon solutions.
Conceptual Framework for Organisation of River Basin Developmentand Management in Nigeria
Authors: Gana Bukar Abba , Abdulkadir Isah Funtua , Musa Hassan , Garba Tijjani 
Published: February 2022

River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) in Nigeria were established since 1976 and they operate mechanized and capital intensive programmes. All the 12 RBDAs operate as separate Authorities, each with separate administrative and operational autonomy, but sharing the Basin Resources of the 8 Hydrological Areas. However, their performance was generally described as disappointing. This study first reviewed the existing organization of the 12 RBDAs in Nigeria. Thereafter, one of the 8 Hydrological Areas – the Komadugu-Yobe Basin (KYB) – which is the major inland drainage system in Nigeria was purposely selected for detailed study. Information on its major streams, tributaries and the main river; the hydrological area as well as the RBDAs sharing resources of the basin area, was gathered using ArcGIS version 10.0 and Erdas Imagine 9.2 software, as well as topographical and hydrological maps. This was processed and analyzed based on the principles of Stream Ordering and Logical Framework Analysis. The findings revealed that in establishing the RBDAs, basin-wide consideration of their sphere of operation was not taken into account. Dams were constructed before establishing the RBDAs. Runoff waters and spill ways were poorly controlled leading to flooding during rainy season and reduced water supply downstream during dry season, with serious environmental and socio-economic problems in the basin area. It was concluded that the RBDAs in Nigeria were poorly organized and have consequently failed to accelerate agricultural and rural development, and have also failed to boost food and industrial crop production as expected. The need was established for effective organization of River Basin Development and Management to improve their performance. To achieve this, a Conceptual framework for Integrated River Basin Development and Management was developed for adoption by river basin managers and other relevant stakeholders in Nigeria and around the globe to improve performance.
Analysis of Forest Vegetal Characteristics of Akure Forest Reserve from Optical Imageries and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Data
Authors: Gbiri Isaac Adelakun , Idoko Isaac Arome , Okegbola Michael Oketunde , Oyelakin Latifat Olaide 
Published: February 2022

Forest vegetal characteristics monitoring has a long tradition records with a success rate ranging from low to medium or high depends on the application at the hands. Details information about the indication of association of phenomena as forest indicators, such forest gap, estate and forest status, provides high spatial resolution images. The aim of this study focuses on combining unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and satellite multispectral imaging along side by side to details forest parameter during the seasons. UAVs image at 0.15m appeared more detailed of having features such as rock, road, bare ground, riparian trees among others than that of Landsat OLI image, though the features such as rock, road, bare ground, and riparian forest were also seen on the image but it was poorly seen due to the coarse spatial resolution of 30 m. The 3-Dimensional of UAVs, relief pattern and contour from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission was also compared and this study further demonstrated on the advantages of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle data over established remotely sensed data which includes flying blow the cloud, high spatial resolution, flexibility, inexpensive of data acquisition, time effective, using video footage to detect human activities such as tree flora, burning and logging.
Stochastic Analysis of the Exchange Rate of Naira, YEN, GBP, CFA and FRANC in Relation to US Dollar and Predicting the Naira for the Year 2025
Authors: Kabari Ledisi Giok , Nwamae Believe B. 
Published: February 2022

In Nigeria today, constant fluctuations of exchange rate or volatility is of great importance in one way or the other to the general public because its fluctuation has an effect on the economy. The objectives of the paper were to investigate the recent changes in the naira currency and other world currencies if there appear to be any relationship. Data was obtained from daily exchange rate of different countries’ currencies from 12/10/2005 and 2/11/2018 with 3,190 observations obtainable from the Data and statistics publication of the Central Bank of Nigeria. The study investigates the past recent changes in the naira and four foreign currencies of the world (Pounds, Yen, Cfa and Swiss Franc) and their relationship plotted as signal using MATLAB 2016a. The four currencies were randomly selected from the list of world currencies. Multiple Linear Regression was used to perform the analysis. The analysis of 3,190 observation resulted in a prediction model that has 97% prediction accuracy, which suggests that under ideal circumstances and baring any natural disaster, total collapse of the economy or major crisis like recession. The results from the model of this study suggest that fluctuation in currency exchange rate of other currencies has significance on the Nigerian exchange rate and as such should be considered when designing exchange rate policies.
Efficacy of Sterol-Inhibiting Fungicides on the Control of Scab Disease (Venturia Inaequalis) in Apple Tree
Authors: Shahinasi Edlira , Brahushi Ferdi 
Published: February 2022

Apple scab, caused by Venturia Inaequalis is one of the most problematic diseases of apples in Korça region. The control of this disease requires different applications of fungicides. The aim of the study was the estimation of efficacy of sterol-inhibiting fungicides such as myclobutanil and penconazole on the control of scab disease. The effectiveness of fungicides was evaluated for two cultivars Golden Delicious and Starking and the minimum and the maximum recommended doses were applied. The obtained results showed that scab prevalence in leave ranges from 79.2% to 85.6% respectively in untreated trees of Golden Delicious and Starking cultivars. The scab prevalence of leaves in apples treated with pesticides ranges from 18.1% in Golden Delicious cultivar to 22.2% in Starking cultivar, meanwhile the scab prevalence in fruit varies from 4.2% in Starking cultivar to 6.1% in Golden Delicious cultivar. The disease index of leave in untreated control varies from 38.4% to 40.1% respectively for Golden Delicious cultivar and Starking cultivar, while the severity of fruit in untreated trees varies from 45.6% in Starking cultivar to 49.0% in Golden cultivar. Therefore, the data showed that the uses of sterol-inhibiting fungicides were effective in the control of scab disease.
Effect of Moulding Pressure on Brake Lining Produced from Industrial Waste Material: Sawdust
Authors: Oladokun Taiwo Oseni , Stephen Joseph Temitope , Adebayo Adeyinka , Adeyemi Gbenga Joshua 
Published: February 2022

In this study, asbestos-free brake lining was developed with sawdust. Sawdust was considered an alternative to asbestos, whose dust is carcinogenic. The sawdust from hard wood (mahogany and iroko trees) and other components such as abrasive, reinforcer, lubricant, were sieved into grade of 100 µm and used in production of brake linings. The percentages of sawdust for the samples are 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60. The percentages of abrasives (silicon carbides) were 27, 22, 17, 12 and 7, while binder (resins) lubricant (steel dust) and carbon black (reinforcer) were constant at 13%, 15% and 5% respectively on each sample. The molding pressure load was varied at 10 Mg, 20 Mg, 40 Mg, 60 Mg and 80 Mg during compression process. The brake lining properties examined are hardness, compressive strength and density. Also, the effects of molding pressure on these properties were evaluated. The results obtained show that the higher the molding pressure, the better the physical and mechanical properties. Furthermore, at high molding pressure, the properties reached a limiting point which they tend to be constant. The brake linings based on sawdust were then compared with commercial (asbestos-based) brake lining and the results are in close agreement. Hence, sawdust can be effectively used as filler for replacement of asbestos in brake linings.
Detection Analysis of Leaks in Gas Processing Plant
Authors: Green Ibim Abba , Uugoji Kelechi U. 
Published: February 2022

The aim of this study is to analyse the detection of fluid leaks and measures that can ensure safe operation of the gas processing facilities. This will mitigate the operational, environmental and financial risks associated with gas processing activities. The study used Hydrostatic Pressure test to analyse newly manufactured pressure systems. Existing pressure systems were also pressure tested. The analysis directly surveyed, identified and quantified the leaks. Data from previous leaks were also investigated to identify the components that are most likely to leak and profitable to repair. The experimental analysis showed that a larger percentage of gas emissions are from smaller irregular cuts in components such as Pipelines, Valves, Heat Exchangers, Connectors, Compressor seals, Open-ended lines, Flanges, Crankcase vents, Pressure relief devices, and Pump seals.

Index Terms— Leaks; Pressure test; Detection; Data; Gas Emission.