bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PREPARATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM TIRE DERIVED PYROLYTIC CHAR FOR ADSORPTION OF TETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Authors: Chana Khulanuttha , Soisuwan Sasit , Sinpichai Sarawut , Chen Bing-Hung , Na-Ranong Duangkamol 
Published: December 2022

Effects of activation variables on performance of the obtained activated carbon (AC) were investigated for removal of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). Pyrolytic char derived from waste tire was chemically activated via two-step of KOH impregnation following by thermal treatment. According to regression analysis and fitting with second-degree polynomial equation, empirical models were developed to correlate performance of AC in TCH adsorption (percentage removal and adsorption capacity at equilibrium) with three activation variables: impregnation ratio (IR), activation temperature (T) and holding time of thermal treatment (t). The analysis of variance indicated that only T, T2 and IR2 were significant to the prediction of both percentage removal and adsorption capacity. According to the developed models, it is suggested that the pyrolytic char should be activated at IR = 6, T = 750 °C and t = 2 h to obtain the highest efficiency of TCH removal in the tested range of activation condition.
THE IMPACT OF UNEVEN JOINT OF BRIDGE APPROACH SLAB AND DECK TO ROAD USERS PERCEPTION AND SPEED: A CASE STUDY IN JAMBATAN PARIT JAMIL AND JAMBATAN PARIT HAJI IBRAHIM, JOHOR
Authors: A. Khalifa Nasradeen , Othman Mohd Hanifi , Kamarudin Muhammad Irfan , Omar Noorliyana 
Published: December 2022

Bridge approaches offered a smooth and safe transition for any vehicle from the road pavement to the bridge structure and vice versa. Settlement of the soil that of Jambatan Parit Jamil results in a slight change of their level which can create a ‘bump’ on the roadway. This uneven joint occurs due to soil settlement under the bridge approach due to the increasing number of rough rides by the driver that cause cracking at the approach slab. Thus, the ‘bump’ or uneven joint between the bridge deck and road pavement will cause driver discomfort, impair driver safety, reduce steering response, and. The purpose of this study is to investigate the perception of the respondents about the shock impact and to evaluate their speed reduction during maneuvering the uneven joint of the approach slab and the bridge deck. Thus, a social survey has been conducted in Kampung Parit Jamil and Kampung Parit Penyengat to investigate the perception of frequent road users about uneven joints. The spot speed study method has been used to evaluate vehicle speed reduction in maneuvering the uneven joint. The speed reduction results were then compared with the speed of vehicles on a good condition bridge as a control sample. The results show that most of the respondents suggest that they are ‘very disturbed’ (70%) with uneven joint. The speed reduction on the uneven joint bridge recorded 13km/h mean speed readings of 13 km / h and possess 5km/h differences with a good condition bridge. The results are expected to highlight the impact of uneven joint issue on road users’ comfort and traffic speed.
PERFORMANCE OF JUTE FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE CONTEXT OF BANGLADESH
Authors: AL Mansur A.Z.M. Abdullah , Hossain Arif , Anisha Atia , Tahmid Ahanaf , Chowdhury Sharmin Reza 
Published: December 2022

Concrete is a mixture made up of a proportional mixture of water, aggregate (sand or gravel), cement, and admixtures to impart advantageous properties. Despite its high compressive strength, concrete is fragile; compared to its compressive strength, its tensile strength is only about 10%, and it also has a low resistance to cracking, which restricts its application. Fiber-reinforced concrete, which combines concrete with fibrous material to solve these limitations, is a solution. Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) has emerged as a new sustainable material for a varied range of applications, including building pavements, huge industrial building floors, and runways. Natural fibers are used in contemporary technologies (jute fiber) and this study explores the use of non-metallic fibers (jute fiber) in concrete. The purpose of this article is to analyze the strength properties of non-metallic fibers in concrete and compare them to standard plain concrete specimens. When Jutes fiber is added to concrete, the compressive strength increases to a certain limit, increasing fiber content. In this study, chopped jute fibers were utilized to create an FRC material to see whether the 28-day strength could be improved. Mixing and casting issues were created by fiber clumping at high fiber concentrations. In this experiment, 10 mm and 15 mm long jute samples (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) of volumetric weight are mixed with concrete. The mix design followed the American Concrete Institute's recommendations (ACI, 211.1-91). The ratio of water to cement was 0.4. Compressive strength of the concrete decreases, also resulting in poor workability. When compared to ordinary concrete, the compressive strength of 28 days was improved by 64.34%, and the optimal content of jute was determined to be 0.1%. The compressive and tensile strength of the fiber was also affected by its length. The ductile behavior of the FRC improves as the fiber content increases. In this investigation, it was also discovered that the modulus of elasticity of FRC was increased when compared to ordinary concrete
EFFECTS OF EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE BEADS ON THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF BRICK AGGREGATE CONCRETE
Authors: Alam Md. Ashraful , Tahmid Ahanaf , Nayeem Abu 
Published: December 2022

Bangladesh's construction industry has grown significantly over the past two decades. The construction industry is progressing at a faster speed, which has raised the raw demand for building materials. Finding an alternative to natural aggregate in concrete casting as a partial replacement is a smart concept to protect natural resources. Our environment is severely harmed by the production of bricks. On the other hand, polystyrene, a common plastic packaging material, degrades to harm the environment and produces useless plastic waste. To conserve natural resources, it can be a good idea to use plastic trash as a partial replacement for natural aggregate in concrete casting. The addition of EPS to concrete offers a variety of benefits. These include reduced self-weight in structures, lighter weights during construction, and higher thermal resistance. In this experiment on the characteristics of concrete structure, expanded polystyrene beads have been used in place of coarse aggregate in this experiment. In various combinations (1:1:2), (1:1.5:3), and (1:2:4), EPS beads replace 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of the volume of the course aggregate portion. The compressive strength, unit weight and splitting tensile strength of these mixes are all measured for the complete testing procedure. The optimal levels of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and unit weight of 12.65 MPa, 1.89 MPa, and 46.28 kg/m3 respectively, and the normal concrete's compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and unit weight of about 19.16 MPa, 2.05 MPa, and 12.24 kg/m3 are successfully developed in Grade M25 EPS-based concrete with a replacement percentage of 10%. The results indicate that EPS beads have the potential to produce lightweight concrete with a moderate strength grade that might be used in a wide range of applications.
Test and Predicted Oil-Cooler Performance
Authors: London A. L. , Brewster J. I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Air-side heat-transfer and pressure-drop laboratory test data are presented for a shell-and-tube-type oil cooler, employing steam as the shell-heating medium (1). These data are compared with the information existing in the literature. The chief discrepancy observed is the surprisingly high Reynolds number obtained for transition between laminar and turbulent flow; the dip region being in the Reynolds number range 10,000 to 4000 instead of the usually expected range of 4000 to 2000. The test results, together with available oil-side conductance data, are employed to predict oil-cooling performance of the exchanger as a function of air-flow pressure drop.
Pressure Loss in Elbows and Duct Branches
Authors: Vazsonyi Andrew 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The pressure loss in a duct branch is a function of at least six independent variables, and there is no complete set of data available for correlation. Equations [II] and [III] of this paper are derived on a theoretical and experimental basis. These equations correlate all available data with fair accuracy with the aid of four experimental curves (Figs. 2, 3, and 5). Furthermore, they permit prediction of probable pressure losses for ducts heretofore untested. Similar formulas can be derived for elbows, diffusers, contracting passages, and other configurations, e.g., Equation (1) presents losses for elbows.
Porous Chromium in Engine Cylinders
Authors: Pyles Russell 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In recent years it has been possible to deposit thick coatings of chromium electrolytically on machined parts, where lubrication is a vital factor. Diesel-engine cylinders and piston rings may be included among the most critical engine parts from a wear standpoint, and in this application, porous chromium has demonstrated its ability to increase the life span of an engine. The author outlines the properties inherent in porous chromium which contribute to its low wear rate in engine cylinders, i.e., hardness, exceeding that of any other cylinder-lining material; high thermal conductivity; low friction coefficient, and low affinity for other metals; corrosion resistance, preventing surface deterioration.
Application and Design of Package Conveyers
Authors: Keller H. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Conveyers used for material handling are divided into two groups, namely, for bulk materials like ore, gravel, coal, ash, sand, and so on, and for unit loads such as cartons, boxes, barrels, sacked goods, tote boxes, etc. This paper will discuss the latter group, dealing with application and design. In giving the various formulas on design, certain liberties with theory are taken and short cuts are used, but all formulas have been checked and proved by actual performance.
Design Features of Conveying Equipment for the Foundry Industry
Authors: Henry F. B. , Wileman G. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The design of conveying equipment used in the foundry industry is covered in its general applications, with consideration given to the design of some of the more important details. Emphasis has been placed on equipment used in the handling of sand, molds, and castings, since they offer the major opportunities for economies and savings in manufacturing costs.
Application of Electronic Control
Authors: Vedder E. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes typical applications of electronic control. Motor control including an adjustable-speed drive for direct-current motors and a speed-regulator system are shown. The importance of resistance welding in production of sheet-metal assemblies and the use of ignitron equipment for control of time and current are discussed. Many uses for control using light, including loop, tin-flow, and paper-cutting regulation are described, as well as pinhole detection in steel strip, and general-purpose photoelectric relays. The importance of close co-ordination of design of the electrical and mechanical elements of a complete system is emphasized.
High-Speed Multiple-Point Potentiometer Recorder for Measuring Thermocouple Temperatures During Test-Plane Flights
Authors: Stein I. M. , Williams A. J. , Clark W. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Measuring exhaust-gas temperatures in flight-testing large planes requires the use of thermocouples of special design and requires also an instrument capable of recording rapidly, accurately, and directly a large number of temperatures. This paper describes a multiple-point, null potentiometer for this purpose. It accommodates 140 thermocouples and records each temperature in 1.63 sec. Flexible arrangements are provided for switching the numerous thermocouples, and this switching may be operated manually by push-button control and also automatically by the recorder. Operating characteristics and performance in flight tests are discussed.
The Corrosion of Alloy Steels by High-Temperature Steam
Authors: Hawkins G. A. , Agnew J. T. , Solberg H. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper presents additional test results obtained at the Engineering Experiment Station of Purdue University dealing with the relative resistance to corrosion by steam of unstressed specimens of various alloy steels at temperatures between 1000 F to 1800 F. All of the steels tested, except for the very high chromium-nickel alloys, show rapid corrosion beyond a limiting temperature which increases with chromium content. Data are presented relative to the chemical composition of the scale layers formed during tests at 1500 F and 1800 F.
Development of the Lysholm-Smith Torque Converter
Authors: Lysholm A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author’s experience in the design and construction of hydraulic transmissions for automotive drives goes back over a 15-year period when the outstanding development was the Föttinger transformer, incorporating a coaxial pump impeller and turbine which was used as a speed reducer for ship propellers. Present-day designs of the Lysholm-Smith torque converter employ the Föttinger coaxial arrangement, but with improved multiple-stage turbine blading which enables the torque-speed range to become automatically variable within a wide range of high efficiency. The paper is concerned principally with the theory of the torque converter, details of early experiments in Sweden, and design features of hydraulic drives of various types as now widely applied in the automotive and railroad fields.
The Combustion of Barley Anthracite
Authors: Johnson Allen J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Because of its availability, excellent combustion qualities, and low cost, “barley” or No. 3 buckwheat anthracite is one of the most economical of all industrial fuels. After giving the analyses and physical properties of this fuel, the author discusses the effect of utilizing barley upon boiler performance. Details of the equipment available for burning this fuel, either by hand or stoker firing, are outlined, as well as practical suggestions for actual operation of the various types.
New Combustion-Control Methods for All Standard Fuels
Authors: Reed Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As a result of extensive study and field experience with combustion problems, the author offers suggestions for increasing the accuracy of combustion control in all types of furnaces and with all types of standard fuels. This is accomplished by overcoming the existing limitations of flue-gas-analyzing methods either by recorded CO2 concentrations, or by Orsat analysis. Curves are given which provide a simple means for determining “excess air by CO2” and “excess air by O2,” by the use of which excess-air control can be quickly adjusted for any change in fuel to obtain unimpaired combustion. The importance of determining the presence of aldehydes in flue gases is recognized and a positive method for their indication has been developed in the form of a simple apparatus which is described. This check on combustion may save considerable fuel, and a great deal of mechanical difficulty with furnaces.
Firing High-Pressure Furnaces
Authors: Peterson E. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Developments in the oil-refining industry, particularly in the catalytic-cracking process, have created a need for furnaces capable of carrying high pressures and sustaining high loadings. Direct-fired air heaters are in service which operate at pressures of 45 to 55 psi or higher, with furnace loadings of 500,000 to 2,500,000 Btu per hr per cu ft of volume. The design requirements of such heaters, their details of construction, and operating characteristics are discussed in this paper. The subject is of great importance since the possibility of wide application for this combustion system already exists. One of the most important fields under consideration is that of ship propulsion with power generated by gas turbines and direct-fired air heaters. “Package power” units made up of similar equipment may be used for power generation in small plants.
Heat and Vapor Transfer in the Dehydration of Prunes
Authors: Perry R. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Quality of prunes is known to be influenced by the temperature and relative humidity of the dehydrator air, and by the time required for drying, long exposures to high temperatures at high humidities resulting in excessive caramelization and cooked taste. To determine the actual temperatures of prunes during dehydration, readings were made by thermocouples inserted at different points in prunes for three test runs at about 166 F, and relative humidities of 15, 27, and 43 per cent. To permit adapting the data obtained to commercial dehydrators, surface thermal conductances were computed. The vapor conductance at the surface was estimated from the thermal conductance, by employing the heat-mass transfer analogy. From the vapor conductance and the evaporation rate, the difference in vapor concentration required to move vapor from the prune surface to the air stream was calculated. Moisture movement within the prune was investigated by cutting the flesh of samples, removed after 3, 6, 10, and 16 hr drying, into two parts, that near the surface, and that near the pit.
Evaluating Importance of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Fly Ash in Creating Commercial Outlets for the Material
Authors: Weinheimer C. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The paper presents the reasons for emphasizing the physical properties rather than the chemical constituents in outlining an investigational program for fly-ash disposal and outlines the procedure followed in determining the potential consumers of this material. The results of a laboratory and field investigational program are presented and various methods and equipment for modifying the ash to meet special requirements are discussed. Commercial markets and other possible uses for fly ash are discussed together with the handling equipment and the storage facilities necessary in using bulk fly ash. Finally, certain conclusions are presented regarding the general problem of fly-ash disposal.
Some Characteristics of Rotary Pumps in Aviation Service
Authors: Pigott R. J. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Only within recent years have rotary pumps been accorded a semblance of the technical consideration which has been expended upon the piston or plunger reciprocating type, and the centrifugal and turbine types, between which two groups occurs its sphere of greatest usefulness. The rotary can handle all pumpable viscosities at any pressure up to 1000 psi. It has other qualities such as the ability to handle liquids with considerable gas or vapor present. The present paper is devoted to a discussion of characteristics of gear- and vane-type rotary pumps which make them widely adaptable to lubrication-oil, fuel-oil supply, and other aircraft uses in which they predominate.
Effect of Grain Size and Subzero Treatment on Productivity of Four High-Speed Steels
Authors: Depoy S. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the investigation reported, the effect of grain size and subzero treatment on the productivity of four high-speed steels was studied by means of a series of turning tests on one alloy steel at a preselected uniform hardness. The material being cut, the shape of the tool bit, and the speed, feed, and depth of cut on the turning operation were held constant. Standard and subzero treatments were used at different hardening temperatures to develop different grain sizes and different hardening products. The results obtained show that the grain size, carbide solution, and type of martensite formed in the tool have a very marked effect on its cutting ability. It appears that subzero treatment is much more effective, when large grain sizes are developed.
Methods of Joining Aluminum-Alloy Products
Authors: Hartmann E. C. , Hoglund G. O. , Miller M. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
American industry has never fully realized the possible economies that can be achieved by using the light alloys, particularly the aluminum alloys, as structural metal. There were many reasons for this, most of which are no longer valid. The end of the war will find fabricating capacity that can deliver metal in quantity, sizes, and high-strength alloys to meet the most ambitious program to use the metal in all types of transportation, architectural, structural, or other fields that can be foreseen. It is the purpose of the authors to make clear the many procedures that have become established for making joints in these alloys. The discussion will include the common practices of riveting, welding, brazing, soldering, and a promising new possibility, resin-bonding. These methods will be considered as specifically as space permits to provide a comprehensive picture of the subject. Additional and more detailed information and training will be required to put the methods into practice, and further inquiry on any of the methods will be welcomed.
Variable Heat-Transfer Rate Correction in Multipass Exchangers, Shell-Side Film Controlling
Authors: Gardner Karl A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The change in temperature of the fluid streams within a heat exchanger, through the consequent alteration of their physical properties, may cause the over-all heat-transfer coefficient to vary between rather wide limits; this represents the chief source of error in mean temperature difference formulas, most of which are derived on the assumption of constant over-all coefficient. Colburn (3) based a simple method of correcting for this effect in counter- and parallel-flow exchangers on the assumption of a linear variation of rate with fluid temperature. On this same basis, equations are developed in the present paper for multipass exchangers in which the shell-fluid film controls. It is shown that the results are practically independent of the number of tube passes, and the numerical data given are therefore those for the limiting case of crossflow with both fluids mixed, since this proves to be more amenable to direct mathematical treatment. These data are presented graphically and in tabular form as correction factors by which the arithmetic-average over-all heat-transfer coefficient and logarithmic mean temperature difference may be multiplied to obtain the true mean heat-transfer coefficient - temperature difference product; an example of their use is given.
Experimental Confirmation of Predicted Water-Freezing Rates
Authors: Seban R. A. , London A. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A general approximate method for the solution of the freezing problem, with applications to ice formation at spherical, cylindrical, and plane boundaries, has been presented in a previous paper (1). Numerical examples therein, applying the analysis to similar systems for which test data were available, indicated good agreement between prediction and test results. Test data on an actual system closely analogous to an ideal one of the analysis are presented in the present paper, and the agreement with the predicted values validates the approximations of the analysis. Measurements of times of complete freezing in food products of high water content indicate applicability of the analysis, although with less accuracy than in the case of pure water.