bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-axisymmetric dynamical instability of differentially rotating, self-gravitating masses
Authors: Luyten P J 
Published: February 2022

Summary
We investigate the dynamical stability of differentially rotating, self-gravitating, homogeneous masses. Besides the classical bar-like instability we obtain a new non-axisymmetric Kelvin-Helmholtz-like instability which resembles the Papaloi-zou-Pringle instability in shearing accretion tori. We define the flattening parameter, f, as the ratio of the polar to the equatorial radius. The growth-rate curve can be divided into two components. For low angular velocities (f ≤ 1), the instability grows on a linear time-scale. The growth rate then rises towards a peak value. This occurs near the point where the uniformly rotating Maclaurin sequence exhibits a non-axisymmetric bifurcation point. For m = 2 this is the Jacobi bifurcation point. The instability is reduced for small values of f due to the stabilizing effect of the gravitational force. The results are almost independent of the form of the rotation law. Maximum instability occurs for intermediate values of m. A comparison is made with results obtained in the absence of self-gravitation. We discuss possible implications on stellar evolution
Limitations of Phylogenomic Data Can Drive Inferred Speciation Rate Shifts
Authors: Craig Jack M , Kumar Sudhir , Hedges S Blair 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Biodiversity analyses of phylogenomic timetrees have produced many high-profile examples of shifts in the rate of speciation across the tree of life. Temporally correlated events in ecology, climate, and biogeography are frequently invoked to explain these rate shifts. In a re-examination of 15 genomic timetrees and 25 major published studies of the pattern of speciation through time, we observed an unexpected correlation between the timing of reported rate shifts and the information content of sequence alignments. Here, we show that the paucity of sequence variation and insufficient species sampling in phylogenomic data sets are the likely drivers of many inferred speciation rate shifts, rather than the proposed biological explanations. Therefore, data limitations can produce predictable but spurious signals of rate shifts even when speciation rates may be similar across taxa and time. Our results suggest that the reliable detection of speciation rate shifts requires the acquisition and assembly of long phylogenomic alignments with near-complete species sampling and accurate estimates of species richness for the clades of study.
Fine-Scale Genetic Structure in the United Arab Emirates Reflects Endogamous and Consanguineous Culture, Population History, and Geography
Authors: Elliott Katherine S , Haber Marc , Daggag Hinda , Busby George B , Sarwar Rizwan , Kennet Derek , Petraglia Michael , Petherbridge Lawrence J , Yavari Parisa , Heard-Bey Frauke U , Shobi Bindu , Ghulam Tariq , Haj Dalia , Al Tikriti Alia , Mohammad Alshafi , Antony Suma , Alyileili Maitha , Alaydaroos Shatha , Lau Evelyn , Butler Mark , Yavari Arash , Knight Julian C , Ashrafian Houman , Barakat Maha T 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The indigenous population of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has a unique demographic and cultural history. Its tradition of endogamy and consanguinity is expected to produce genetic homogeneity and partitioning of gene pools while population movements and intercontinental trade are likely to have contributed to genetic diversity. Emiratis and neighboring populations of the Middle East have been underrepresented in the population genetics literature with few studies covering the broader genetic history of the Arabian Peninsula. Here, we genotyped 1,198 individuals from the seven Emirates using 1.7 million markers and by employing haplotype-based algorithms and admixture analyses, we reveal the fine-scale genetic structure of the Emirati population. Shared ancestry and gene flow with neighboring populations display their unique geographic position while increased intra- versus inter-Emirati kinship and sharing of uniparental haplogroups, reflect the endogamous and consanguineous cultural traditions of the Emirates and their tribes.
Malignant glioma subset from actuate 1801: Phase I/II study of 9-ING-41, GSK-3β inhibitor, monotherapy or combined with chemotherapy for refractory malignancies
Authors: Odia Yazmin , Cavalcante Ludimila , Safran Howard , Powell Steven Francis , Munster Pamela N , Ma Wen Wee , Carneiro Benedito A , Bastos Bruno R , Mikrut Stacy , Mikrut William , Giles Francis J , Sahebjam Solmaz 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
GSK3β serine/threonine kinase regulates metabolism and glycogen biosynthesis. GSK3β overexpression promotes progression and resistance through NF-κB and p53 apoptotic pathways. GSK3β inhibits immunomodulation by downregulating PD-L1 and LAG-3 checkpoints and increasing NK and T-cell tumor killing. 9-ING-41, a small-molecule, selective GSK3β inhibitor, showed preclinical activity in chemo-resistant PDX glioblastoma models, including enhanced lomustine antitumor effect.

Methods
Refractory malignancies (n = 162) were treated with 9-ING-41 monotherapy (n = 65) or combined with 8 cytotoxic regimens after prior exposure (NCT03678883). Recurrent gliomas (n = 18) were treated with 9-ING-41 IV TIW q21day cycles at 3.3, 5, 9.3, 15 mg/kg, as monotherapy or combined with lomustine 30 mg/m² PO weekly q84day cycles. Primary objective was safety.

Results
RP2D of 15 mg/kg IV TIW was confirmed across all 9 regimens, no accentuated chemotherapy toxicity noted. Glioma subtypes included: 13 glioblastoma, 2 anaplastic astrocytomas, 1 anaplastic oligodendroglioma, 1 astrocytoma. Median age 52 (30–69) years; 6 female, 12 male; median ECOG 1 (0–2); median recurrences 3 (1–6). All received upfront radiation/temozolomide (18/18), plus salvage nitrosoureas (15/18), bevacizumab (8/18), TTFields (6/18), or immunotherapy (4/18). IDH/mutation(3/18); 1p19q/codeletion(1/18); MGMT/methylated(1/18). Four received 9-ING-41 monotherapy, 14 concurrent with lomustine. No severe toxicities were attributed to 9-ING-41, only mild vision changes (9/18, 50%), or infusion reactions (4/18, 22%). Lomustine-related toxicities: G3/4 thrombocytopenia (3/14, 21%), G1/2 fatigue (4/14, 28%). Median days on therapy was 55 (4–305); 1 partial response (&gt;50%) was noted. Median OS was 5.5 (95% CI: 2.8–11.4) months and PFS-6 was 16.7%.

Conclusion
9-ING-41 plus/minus lomustine is safe and warrants further study in glioma patients.
The First Reported Case of Bordetella pertussis Bacteremia in a Patient With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Wakimoto Yuji , Otsuka Nao , Yanagawa Yasuaki , Koide Kentaro , Kamachi Kazunari , Shibayama Keigo , Teruya Katsuji , Kikuchi Yoshimi , Oka Shinichi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We describe a case of bacteremia in a human immunodeficiency virus–infected patient caused by a Bordetella pertussis strain lacking 2 major virulence factors, filamentous hemagglutinin and fimbriae. Although B pertussis bacteremia is uncommon, physicians should be aware that even attenuated B pertussis strains can cause invasive infection in immunocompromised patients.
Bordetella pertussis is a gram-negative coccobacillus that causes a severe paroxysmal coughing disease known as whooping cough or pertussis. Bordetella pertussis colonizes the epithelial cells of the human respiratory tract, and the organisms are typically isolated from nasopharynx. We describe a case of B pertussis bacteremia in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Interestingly, the isolate recovered from blood culture did not produce the major virulence factors, filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and fimbriae (FIM). Previously, 3 cases of B pertussis bacteremia were reported in the literature. We discuss the features of B pertussis bacteremia.
Association of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease With COVID-19 Severity and Pulmonary Thrombosis: CovidFAT, a Prospective, Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Vrsaljko Nina , Samadan Lara , Viskovic Klaudija , Mehmedović Armin , Budimir Jelena , Vince Adriana , Papic Neven 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease associated with systemic changes in immune response, which might be associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of NAFLD on COVID-19 severity and outcomes.

Methods
A prospective observational study included consecutively hospitalized adult patients, hospitalized between March and June 2021, with severe COVID-19. Patients were screened for fatty liver by ultrasound and subsequently diagnosed with NAFLD. Patients were daily followed until discharge, and demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected and correlated to clinical outcomes.

Results
Of the 216 patients included, 120 (55.5%) had NAFLD. The NAFLD group had higher C-reactive protein (interquartile range [IQR]) (84.7 [38.6–129.8] mg/L vs 66.9 [32.2–97.3] mg/L; P = .0340), interleukin-6 (49.19 [22.66–92.04] ng/L vs 13.22 [5.29–39.75] ng/L; P &lt; .0001), aspartate aminotransferase (58 [40–81] IU/L vs 46 [29–82] IU/L; P = .0123), alanine aminotransferase (51 [32–73] IU/L vs 40 [23–69] IU/L; P = .0345), and lactate dehydrogenase (391 [285–483] IU/L vs 324 [247–411] IU/L; P = .0027). The patients with NAFLD had higher disease severity assessed by 7-category ordinal scale, more frequently required high-flow nasal cannula or noninvasive ventilation (26, 21.66%, vs 10, 10.42%; P = .0289), had longer duration of hospitalization (IQR) (10 [8–15] days vs 9 [6–12] days; P = .0018), and more frequently had pulmonary thromboembolism (26.66% vs 13.54%; P = .0191). On multivariable analyses, NAFLD was negatively associated with time to recovery (hazard ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.86) and was identified as a risk factor for pulmonary thrombosis (odds ratio, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.04 to 4.46).

Conclusions
NAFLD is associated with higher COVID-19 severity, more adverse outcomes, and more frequent pulmonary thrombosis.
The classification of surface states of topological insulators and superconductors with magnetic point group symmetry
Authors: Shiozaki Ken 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We present the exhaustive classification of surface states of topological insulators and superconductors protected by crystallographic magnetic point group symmetry in three spatial dimensions. Recently, Cornfeld and Chapman [Phys. Rev. B 99, 075105 (2019)] pointed out that the topological classification of mass terms of the Dirac Hamiltonian with point group symmetry is recast as an extension problem of the Clifford algebra, and we use their results extensively. Comparing two types of Dirac Hamiltonians with and without the mass-hedgehog potential, we establish an irreducible character formula to read off which Hamiltonian in the whole K-group belongs to 4th-order topological phases in three spatial dimensions, which are equivalent to atomic insulators consisting of atoms localized at the point group center.
Does vitamin D supplementation reduce COVID-19 severity?: a systematic review
Authors: Shah K , Varna V P , Sharma U , Mavalankar D 
Published: February 2022

Summary

Background
The evidence regarding the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in reducing severity of COVID-19 is still insufficient. This is partially due to the lack of primary robust trial-based data and heterogeneous study designs.

Aim
This evidence summary, aims to study the effect of vitamin D supplementation on morbidity and mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
Design: Evidence summary of systematic reviews

Methods
For this study, systematic reviews and meta-analysis published from December 2019 to January 2022 presenting the impact of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19 severity were screened and selected from PubMed and Google scholar. After initial screening, 10 eligible reviews were identified and quality of included reviews were assessed using AMSTAR and GRADE tools and overlapping among the primary studies used were also assessed.

Results
The number of primary studies included in the systematic reviews ranged from 3 to 13. Meta-analysis of seven systematic reviews showed strong evidence that vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of mortality (Odds ratio: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.346–0.664; P &lt; 0.001) in COVID patients. It was also observed that supplementation reduces the need for intensive care (Odds ratio: 0.35; 95%CI: 0.28–0.44; P &lt; 0.001) and mechanical ventilation (Odds ratio: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.411–0.708; P &lt; 0.001) requirement. The findings were robust and reliable as level of heterogeneity was considerably low. However the included studies were of varied quality. Qualitative analysis showed that supplements (oral and IV) are well tolerated, safe and effective in COVID patients.

Conclusion
The findings of this study show that vitamin D supplementation is effective in reducing the COVID-19 severity. Hence, vitamin D should be recommended as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19.However, more robust and larger trials are required to substantiate it further.
State Capacity and Opportunistic Governance: The Causes and Consequences of Regulatory Brokerage in Thailand’s Guestwork Formalization Process
Authors: Palmgren Pei 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
How and why does brokerage become pivotal to guest work governance? While research on intermediaries in temporary migrant labor programs has proliferated in the last decade, there is limited analysis of the conditions that create regulatory roles for brokers and shape their policy and social impacts in host states. By analyzing the causes and consequences of documentation brokerage in Thailand’s guest work formalization process, I link sociological work on brokerage with relational conceptions of state power. Drawing from 17 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Thailand, I argue that gaps in the state’s regulatory infrastructure amid heightened coercive policy enforcement create profitable opportunities for brokers to act as intermediaries between migrants, employers, and state offices to facilitate policy implementation. The informality and opportunism of such brokerage, however, can also generate activities that undermine official policy, with varying consequences for state control. Comparing brokerage between two sites, I show that brokers in each location improve the state’s capacity to formalize migrant labor, but the added social/regulatory dimension of the border in the second site creates brokerage opportunities that push the boundaries of official policy. In both sites, documentation brokerage imposes adverse economic effects on migrants.
Is it time to rethink our one-size-fits-all approach to nitrate toxicity thresholds in forages?
Authors: Reynolds Mary Beth , Drewnoski Mary E 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Annual forages provide a valuable grazing resource for cattle producers; however, annuals are prone to accumulating nitrate and have the potential to cause nitrate toxicity. Although these forages pose a risk of containing high nitrate concentrations, they can be a high-quality feed source. Understanding the factors that affect the potential for toxicity when using these forages is important to help nutritionists and producers make management decisions. This review describes the previous research, current guidelines for nitrate toxicity, and the potential for improvement in our current recommendations. Current extension toxicity guidelines appear to be founded primarily on drenching based studies and overestimate the nitrate toxicity potential of forages. Recommendations need to account for multiple factors that affect the threshold for toxicity. There is evidence that fresh forages have a lower risk of toxicity because of slower release of nitrate into the rumen and a slower rate of dry matter intake. Increased dietary energy and sulfur content reduce the potential for toxicity. Microbial adaptation can reduce the risk and allow use of potentially toxic forages. These factors should influence feeding recommendations. However, there is currently not enough data available to establish new guidelines that account for these main factors. Thus, there is a need for renewed research in this area. The limited number of studies grazing elevated nitrate forages seems to suggest that there is less risk in grazing situations, especially if animals graze selectively. There is a need to develop guidelines for nitrate toxicity and management recommendations when grazing. To accomplish this, there is a need for more studies to evaluate risk of toxicity in grazing situations. These grazing studies need to evaluate the effects of nitrate concentration, forage quality, and grazing management on the potential for nitrate toxicity. While the conservative guidelines that are currently in use reduce risk of nitrate toxicity, they may also cause a significant increase in feed costs for producers.
Trade-offs between xylem hydraulic efficiency and mechanical strength in Chinese evergreen and deciduous savanna species
Authors: Zhang Shu-Bin , Wen Guo-Jing , Qu Ya-Ya , Yang Lin-Yi , Song Yu 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Evergreen and deciduous species coexist in tropical dry forests and savannas, but differ in physiological mechanisms and life-history strategies. Hydraulic conductivity and mechanical support are two major functions of the xylems of woody plant species related to plant growth and survival. In this study, we measured sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks), leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity (KL), modulus of rupture (MOR) and elasticity (MOE), xylem anatomical traits and fiber contents in the xylems of 20 woody species with contrasting leaf phenology (evergreen vs deciduous) in a Chinese savanna. Our results showed that deciduous species had significantly higher Ks and KL but lower MOR and MOE than evergreen species. Evergreen species experienced more negative seasonal minimum water potential (Pmin) than deciduous species during the dry season. Furthermore, we found trade-offs between xylem hydraulic efficiency and mechanical strength across species and within the evergreen and deciduous groups, and these trade-offs were modulated by structural and chemical traits. Both Ks and KL were significantly related to hydraulic weighted vessel diameter (Dh) across all species and within the deciduous group. Both MOR and MOE were significantly related to wood density, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber across species and within evergreen and deciduous groups. Our findings demonstrated that Chinese evergreen and deciduous savanna species diverged in xylem hydraulic and mechanical functions, reflecting conservative and acquisitive life-history strategies for evergreen and deciduous species, respectively. This study provides new information with which to understand the hydraulic and biomechanical properties and ecological strategies of savanna species in long-term dry-hot environments.
Transmission dynamics of low pathogenicity avian influenza (H2N2) viruses in live bird markets of the Northeast United States of America, 2013–2019
Authors: Chung David H , Torchetti Mia. K , Killian Mary L , Swayne David E , Lee Dong-Hun 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Live bird market (LBM) surveillance was conducted in the Northeast United States (US) to monitor for the presence of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in domestic poultry and market environments. A total of 384 H2N2 low pathogenicity AIV (LPAIV) isolated from active surveillance efforts in the LBM system of New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland during 2013–2019 were included in this analysis. Comparative phylogenetic analysis showed that a wild-bird-origin H2N2 virus may have been introduced into the LBMs in Pennsylvania and independently evolved since March 2012 followed by spread to LBMs in New York City during late 2012–early 2013. LBMs in New York state played a key role in the maintenance and dissemination of the virus to LBMs in the Northeast US including reverse spread to Pennsylvania LBMs. The frequent detections in the domestic ducks and market environment with viral transmissions between birds and environment possibly led to viral adaptation and circulation in domestic gallinaceous poultry in LBMs, suggesting significant roles of domestic ducks and contaminated LBM environment as reservoirs in maintenance and dissemination of H2N2 LPAIV.
The #PedsMatch21 Webinar Series: Coordinated Specialty-Level Communication During the Virtual Residency Application Cycle
Authors: Neelakantan Mekala , Heitkamp Nicholas M. , Blankenburg Rebecca , Frohna John G. 
Published: February 2022

Problem
The landscape of pediatric medical education changed significantly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Fourth-year medical students applying to pediatric residency programs were particularly affected by alterations to traditional away rotations, the inability to conduct in-person visits, and resulting changes in ways of communicating with residency programs. Applicants were concerned about the virtual component of the application cycle and worried as to how to manage the COVID-19-related changes. Program leaders also faced apprehension at how to close communication gaps and effectively use virtual tools to reach applicants.

Approach
Founders of the Twitter-based @FuturePedsRes (FPR) organization recognized these concerns and developed a webinar series during the 2020–2021 academic year to create opportunities for programs and applicants to communicate. Leaders of the Association of Pediatric Program Directors and the Council on Medical Student Education in Pediatrics joined as sponsors and co-hosts. The #PedsMatch21 webinar series consisted of 9 total webinars: 2 overviews, 5 regional, 1 for osteopathic students, and 1 for international medical graduates.

Outcomes
A total of 138 pediatric residency programs across the country participated in the #PedsMatch21 webinar series. Each webinar brought in a mean of 431 attendees, from the United States and several other countries. Follow-up surveys immediately after each webinar and again at the end of the interview season demonstrated that the webinars decreased applicants’ anxiety, provided helpful information on the virtual season, and increased their awareness of programs.

Next Steps
The #PedsMatch21 webinar series demonstrated utility in addressing applicants’ concerns and allowing applicants access to a greater number of programs. Webinar-based strategies should be considered across all medical specialties as a useful method of providing accessible forums for programs and applicants.
Chlamydia trachomatis Infection and Seropositivity in Women Reporting Sexual Contact to a Chlamydia-Infected Partner
Authors: Gupta Kanupriya , Van Der Pol Barbara , Press Christen G. , Geisler William M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Among 73 women presenting to a sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic in Birmingham, Alabama for reported sexual contact to a chlamydia-infected partner, Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in genital specimens in 24 (32.8%), less often in women reporting prior chlamydial infection (P = 0.001). Most women (93.2%) were C. trachomatis seropositive.