bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Norms, rules and policy tools: understanding Article 5.3 as an instrument of tobacco control governance
Authors: Ralston Rob , Hirpa Selamawit , Bassi Shalini , Male Denis , Kumar Praveen , Barry Rachel Ann , Collin Jeff 
Published: April 2022

IntroductionArticle 5.3 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, elaborated via its implementation guidelines, can be understood as a policy instrument comprising norms, rules and policy tools designed to shape practices of policy making and minimise tobacco industry interference.MethodsThis qualitative research is based on in-depth interviews with officials from diverse government sectors and non-governmental organisations across countries (Ethiopia, India, Uganda) that have adopted measures to implement Article 5.3.ResultsThe data highlight varied perceptions and knowledge of Article 5.3 norms between health and non-health sectors. Health officials typically link itscorenorm of a fundamental conflict between public health and industry interests to thegovernancenorm of protecting public health policies from industry interference. While officials in sectors beyond health broadly endorsed this core norm, they exhibited more limited awareness of Article 5.3 and its model of governance. The results examine how rules to implement Article 5.3 have been codified, but identify the absence of policy tools necessary to operationalise rules and norms. This limitation, alongside restricted awareness beyond health departments, suggests that political commitments to implement Article 5.3 will have limited impact on practices of stakeholder consultation and policy engagement with the tobacco industry.ConclusionConceptualising Article 5.3 as a policy instrument helps to explain how its rules and policy tools interact with each other and with broader governance processes. This framework has the potential to enhance understanding of Article 5.3 and help identify opportunities and constraints in its implementation.
Holographic drag force in non-conformal plasma
Authors: Domurcukgul Tolga , Morad Razieh 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this study, the gauge/string duality is used to investigate the dynamics of a moving heavy quark in a strongly coupled, non-conformal plasma. The drag force in this non-conformal model is smaller than that of $$\mathcal {N} = 4$$

N
=
4

supersymmetric Yang–Mills (SYM) plasma and decreases as the level of non-conformality is increased. At intermediate temperatures, the world-sheet temperature, which is derived numerically by calculating the world-sheet horizon, deviates from its conformal value, but at high temperatures, it tends to its conformal value.
Thermal neutron conversion by high purity 10B-enriched layers: PLD-growth, thickness-dependence and neutron-detection performances
Authors: Caricato Anna Paola , Cesaria Maura , Finocchiaro Paolo , Amaducci Simone , Longhitano Fabio , Provenzano Chiara , Marra Marcella , Martino Maurizio , Aziz Muhammad Rizwan , Serra Antonio , Manno Daniela , Calcagnile Lucio , Quarta Gianluca 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNeutron applications and detection are of paramount importance in industry, medicine, scientific research, homeland security, production of extreme UV optics and so on. Neutron detection requires a converter element that, as a result of its interaction with neutrons, produces reaction products (mainly charged particles) whose detection can be correlated with the neutron flux. Reduced availability and increased cost of the most used converter element,3He, have triggered research efforts for alternative materials, proper deposition methods and new detector architectures.10B converter is a valid alternative to3He thanks to its high thermal neutron cross section and relatively high Q value. In this paper we report on the room temperature Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) of high quality and uniform10B films with the expected density, different thickness values (0.5, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5 and 2.0 μm) and uniform thickness over a circular area of about 30 mm in diameter. Additionally, they are adherent to the substrate with a negligible presence of contaminants. The conversion properties of such10B coatings coupled to a Si solid state detector are studied upon exposure to a neutron flux from an Am-Be neutron source (2.2·106 n/s). The experimental results, compared with spectra simulated by using a GEANT4 code, present a good agreement and efficiencies of the order of a few percent.
Multiscale roughness analysis by microprofilometry based on conoscopic holography: a new tool for treatment monitoring in highly reflective metal artworks
Authors: Daffara Claudia , Mazzocato Sara , Marchioro Giacomo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe analysis of surface roughness in highly reflective metal artworks is challenging and requires contactless devices capable to measure regions with high micrometer accuracy in both depth and lateral directions. We demonstrate optical profilometry based on scanning conoscopic holography for micrometer measurement of silver samples treated with different hand-made cleaning processes. The technique is shown effective in acquiring shiny and smooth metal samples providing high-resolution and high-accurate dataset ($$0.1\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$

0.1

μ
m

depth and $$5\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$

5

μ
m

lateral resolution) that is a reliable representation of the microsurface structure. From a statistical point of view, the cleaning treatments have the same nature of the low-abrasion, but the underlying mechanical processes are different. This fact suggested a more in-depth study of both the amplitude and the hybrid areal roughness parameters. It is proposed a workflow for a dual integrated multiscale roughness analysis for surface characterization: a scale inspection to detect possible texture non-homogeneity, and a signals separation to outline the most significant texture components. The scale-limited components allowed to discriminate the different surface processes. The results on silver samples demonstrate the potential of multiscale roughness analysis by conoscopic holography as a new tool for treatment monitoring in metal artworks.
SUSTAINABILITY PERFORMANCE OF INFORMAL MICRO-ENTERPRISES: THE CASE OF SENEGAL
Authors: AIDARA SAMSIDINE , AL MAMUN ABDULLAH , MD NASIR NOORUL AZWIN , MOHIUDDIN MUHAMMAD 
Published: April 2022

This study empirically investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial competencies and sustainability performance. It also explores the direct effects of financial capital, human capital, social capital, government support and business environment on sustainability performance of micro-enterprises operating in the informal sector. The study is conducted within the context of Senegal and through the lens of resource-based view theory. Employing a cross-sectional design, data is collected from randomly selected micro and small entrepreneurs operating in the informal sector. The outcomes include a positive effect of opportunity recognition competency, commitment competency and government support on the sustainability performance of micro-enterprises. An Importance Performance Matrix analysis indicates that these factors are the most important factors determining sustainability performance of micro-enterprises within the context of the informal sector. The findings extend the scope of RBV while simultaneously enhancing the knowledge and understanding pertaining to the interplay of entrepreneurial competencies and sustainability performance, particularly for small business operators in the informal sector. Implications are drawn to theory development, practice and public policy.
Palaeostrait tectonosedimentary facies during late Cenozoic microplate rifting and dispersal in the western Mediterranean
Authors: Cavazza William , Longhitano Sergio G. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Palaeostraits are common features formed during the extension and fragmentation of active continental margins, when back-arc basins are formed and microplates develop through upper-plate extension. In this contribution, we focus on narrow seaways and straits associated with successive pulses of late Cenozoic rifting along the southwestern Eurasian continental margin, and the ensuing formation and dispersal of microplates. The incomplete and largely non-cylindrical Africa–Eurasia continental collision in the Mediterranean region provides snapshots of the various phases of microplate fragmentation and dispersal, punctuated by the presence of narrow seaways/straits. These peculiar physiographical conditions induced current amplification, and led to the accumulation of characteristic large-scale, cross-stratified deposits and tidal facies in an otherwise generally microtidal setting. Although not univocally related to rifting, the identification of such distinctive sedimentary facies within deformed orogenic belts may ultimately help in terrane analysis and in the discrimination of individual microplates, which were then amalgamated. Recognition and dating of palaeostrait tectonosedimentary facies can thus constrain the presence and the onset of extension in the geological record.
Analyzing the Impact and Accuracy of Facebook Activity on Facebook's Ad-Interest Inference Process
Authors: Sabir Aafaq , Lafontaine Evan , Das Anupam 
Published: April 2022

Social media platforms like Facebook have become increasingly popular for serving targeted ads to their users. This has led to increased privacy concerns due to the lack of transparency regarding how ads are matched against each user profile. Facebook infers user interests through their activities and targets ads based on those interests. Although Facebook provides explanations for why a particular interest is inferred about a user, there is still a gap in understanding what activities lead to interest inferences and the extent to which the sentiment or context of activities is considered in inferring interests.
To obtain insights into how Facebook generates interests from a user's Facebook activities, we performed controlled experiments by creating new accounts and systematically executing numerous planned activities. This enabled us to make causal inferences about activities that lead to generating specific interests, many of which were not representative of actual user preferences. We also evaluated which activities resulted in interests and found that very naive activities, such as only viewing/scrolling through a page, lead to an interest inference. We found 33.22% of the inferred interests were inaccurate or irrelevant. We further evaluated the interest inference explanations provided by Facebook and found that these explanations were too generalized and, at times, misleading. To understand if our findings hold for a large and diverse sample, we conducted a user study where we recruited 146 participants (through Amazon Mechanical Turk) from different regions of the world to evaluate the accuracy of interests inferred by Facebook. We developed a browser extension to extract data from their own Facebook accounts and ask questions based on such data. Our participants reported a similar range (29%) of inaccuracy as observed in our controlled experiments. We also found that most of our participants were unaware of the availability of Facebook's ad preference manager, interest inference process, and even interest explanations.
Abstract P157: Racial Differences In Atrial Natriuretic Peptide And Insulin
Authors: Couch Catharine , Parcha Vibhu , Arora Pankaj , Gower Barbara 
Published: April 2022

Low circulating concentrations of the natriuretic peptides (NPs) have been associated with greater risk for Type 2 diabetes (T2D). As a group, African Americans (AA) have lower NP levels and are disproportionately burdened by T2D. Insulin, which is higher in AA, has been shown to regulate NP concentration by increasing the NP clearance receptor. This secondary analysis tests the hypothesis that higher insulin in AA will be associated with lower levels of plasma N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (NT-proANP).

Participants were 120 AA and European American (EA) men and women ages 19-45 years. Measures of insulin, including fasting insulin and insulin total and incremental area under the curve (AUC and iAUC, respectively, at 30 and 120 m), were derived from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Insulin sensitivity (SI
Clamp
) was assessed using the euglycemic glucose clamp. NT-proANP was measured from fasting samples obtained during the OGTT. Differences in NT-proANP by race was evaluated with analysis of covariance while adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. Linear regression models were used to examine associations between NT-proANP and insulin measures while adjusting for age, sex, race, and BMI.

Relative to EA, AA had higher insulin concentrations, lower insulin sensitivity, and lower NT-proANP levels (p<0.05). Fasting insulin and 30 m insulin AUC were inversely associated with NT-proANP (p=0.02, p=0.02, and p=0.04, respectively).
These results suggest that the lower NT-proANP observed in AA is related to higher insulin. Future research is needed to investigate the relationship between insulin, ANP, and the NP clearance receptor, particularly in populations at risk for chronic disease.
Small Extracellular Vesicles From Brown Adipose Tissue Mediate Exercise Cardioprotection
Authors: Zhao Hang , Chen Xiyao , Hu Guangyu , Li Congye , Guo Lanyan , Zhang Ling , Sun Fangfang , Xia Yunlong , Yan Wenjun , Cui Ze , Guo Yongzhen , Guo Xiong , Huang Chong , Fan Miaomiao , Wang Shan , Zhang Fuyang , Tao Ling 
Published: April 2022

Rationale:
Long-term exercise provides reliable cardioprotection via mechanisms still incompletely understood. Although traditionally considered a thermogenic tissue, brown adipose tissue (BAT) communicates with remote organs (eg, the heart) through its endocrine function. BAT expands in response to exercise, but its involvement in exercise cardioprotection remains undefined.

Objective:
This study investigated whether small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) secreted by BAT and their contained microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate cardiomyocyte survival and participate in exercise cardioprotection in the context of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury.

Methods and Results:

Four weeks of exercise resulted in a significant BAT expansion in mice. Surgical BAT ablation before MI/R weakened the salutary effects of exercise. Adeno-associated virus 9 vectors carrying short hairpin RNA targeting
Rab27a
(a GTPase required for sEV secretion) or control viruses were injected in situ into the interscapular BAT. Exercise-mediated protection against MI/R injury was greatly attenuated in mice whose BAT sEV secretion was suppressed by
Rab27a
silencing. Intramyocardial injection of the BAT sEVs ameliorated MI/R injury, revealing the cardioprotective potential of BAT sEVs. Discovery-driven experiments identified miR-125b-5p, miR-128-3p, and miR-30d-5p (referred to as the BAT miRNAs) as essential BAT sEV components for mediating cardioprotection. BAT-specific inhibition of the BAT miRNAs prevented their upregulation in plasma sEVs and hearts of exercised mice and attenuated exercise cardioprotection. Mechanistically, the BAT miRNAs cooperatively suppressed the proapoptotic MAPK (mitogen-associated protein kinase) pathway by targeting a series of molecules (eg,
Map3k5
,
Map2k7
, and
Map2k4
) in the signaling cascade. Delivery of BAT sEVs into hearts or cardiomyocytes suppressed MI/R-related MAPK pathway activation, an effect that disappeared with the combined use of the BAT miRNA inhibitors.

Conclusions:
The sEVs secreted by BAT participate in exercise cardioprotection via delivering the cardioprotective miRNAs into the heart. These results provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the BAT-cardiomyocyte interaction and highlight BAT sEVs and their contained miRNAs as alternative candidates for exercise cardioprotection.
Evolution of Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery Disease in Children With Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Verlhac Suzanne , Ithier Ghislaine , Bernaudin Françoise , Oloukoi Carmelia , Cussenot Isabelle , Balandra Stephane , Kheniche Ahmed , Ntorkou Alexandra , Ouaziz Hayat , Tanase Anka , Sekkal Amina , Belarbi Nadia , Elmaleh Monique , Alison Marianne 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Cerebral arteriopathy in patients with sickle cell anemia mainly affects the intracranial anterior circulation. However, the extracranial internal carotid artery (eICA) can also be stenosed and responsible for ischemic lesions. In children with sickle cell anemia, we perform routine annual Doppler ultrasound assessment of the eICA and magnetic resonance imaging with 3-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography of the Willis circle and neck arteries in those with abnormal velocity. Our aim was to report the evolution of eICA stenoses from 2011 to the present as a function of therapy in a retrospective case-series study. We hypothesized that chronic transfusion (CTT) would be more effective than hydroxyurea and simple observation on the evolution of eICA stenosis.

Methods:
Eligibility criteria were a history of eICA velocity ≥160 cm/s with a minimum Doppler and magnetic resonance imaging follow-up of 1 year. eICAs were graded for stenosis according to NASCET (The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial). Magnetic resonance imaging was investigated for ischemic lesions. Treatment with hydroxyurea and CTT were obtained from the chart review.

Results:

Fifty-four patients were included. Eight patients had a stroke history. The median (range) follow-up was 4.7 years (1.1–9.2 years). On the first neck magnetic resonance angiography, stenosis was present in 48/54 (89%) patients. Kinking was found in 39/54 (72%) patients. On the last neck magnetic resonance angiography, the proportion of patients with eICA stenosis decreased to 39/54 (72%). ICA occlusion occurred in 5 patients despite CTT. Three patients had carotid webs without intracranial stenosis. The proportion of patients with improvement in stenosis score was 8% with no treatment intensification, 20% with hydroxyurea, and 48% with CTT (
P
=0.016). The mean (SD) change per year in stenosis score was 0.40 (0.60) without intensification, 0.20 (0.53) with hydroxyurea, and −0.18 (0.55) with CTT (
P
=0.006). Ischemic lesions were present initially in 46% of patients, and the incidence of progressive ischemic lesions was 2.5 events/100 patient-years. Cox regression analysis showed that the initial score for eICA stenosis was a significant predictive factor for the risk of new silent cerebral infarct events.

Conclusions:
Our study reinforces the need to assess cervical arteries for better prevention of cerebral ischemia and encourage initiation of CTT in sickle cell anemia children with eICA stenosis.
Automated Detection and Location Specification of Large Vessel Occlusion on Computed Tomography Angiography in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Bruggeman Agnetha A.E. , Koopman Miou S. , Soomro Jazba , Small Juan E. , Yoo Albert J. , Marquering Henk A. , Emmer Bart J. 
Published: April 2022

Background
Fast and accurate detection of large vessel occlusions (LVOs) is crucial in selection of patients with acute ischemic stroke for endovascular treatment. We assessed accuracy of an automated LVO detection algorithm with LVO localization feature.

Methods
Consecutive patients who underwent computed tomography angiography in 2 centers between January 2018 and September 2019 and between June and November 2020 for suspected anterior circulation LVO were retrospectively included. Reference standard for presence and site of an anterior circulation LVO (intracranial internal carotid artery, M1, or M2 segments of the middle cerebral artery) was established by consensus of 2 independent neuroradiologist readings. All computed tomography angiographies were processed by StrokeViewer‐LVO, Nicolab. Accuracy of this algorithm with LVO localization feature was assessed.

Results
In total, computed tomography angiographies of 364 patients with suspected anterior circulation LVO were analyzed (mean age 67±15 years; 185 male patients). A total of 180 patients (49%) had an LVO (intracranial internal carotid artery [n=49 (27%)], M1 [n=91 (51%)], and M2 [n=40 (22%)]). Sensitivity and specificity for LVO detection were, respectively, 91% (95% CI, 86%–95%) and 87% (95% CI, 81%–91%). NPV and PPV were, respectively, 91% (95% CI, 86%–94%) and 87% (95% CI, 82%–91%). Accuracy of the LVO localization feature was 95%. Median upload‐to‐notification time was 04:31 (interquartile range, 04:21–05:50) minutes.

Conclusions
The automated LVO detection algorithm evaluated in this study, rapidly and accurately detected anterior circulation LVOs with high accuracy of the LVO localization feature. Therefore, it is a suitable screening tool to support and speed up diagnosis of stroke.
Evaluating Explanations: How Much Do Explanations from the Teacher Aid Students?
Authors: Pruthi Danish , Bansal Rachit , Dhingra Bhuwan , Soares Livio Baldini , Collins Michael , Lipton Zachary C. , Neubig Graham , Cohen William W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
While many methods purport to explain predictions by highlighting salient features, what aims these explanations serve and how they ought to be evaluated often go unstated. In this work, we introduce a framework to quantify the value of explanations via the accuracy gains that they confer on a student model trained to simulate a teacher model. Crucially, the explanations are available to the student during training, but are not available at test time. Compared with prior proposals, our approach is less easily gamed, enabling principled, automatic, model-agnostic evaluation of attributions. Using our framework, we compare numerous attribution methods for text classification and question answering, and observe quantitative differences that are consistent (to a moderate to high degree) across different student model architectures and learning strategies.1
VILA: Improving Structured Content Extraction from Scientific PDFs Using Visual Layout Groups
Authors: Shen Zejiang , Lo Kyle , Wang Lucy Lu , Kuehl Bailey , Weld Daniel S. , Downey Doug 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Accurately extracting structured content from PDFs is a critical first step for NLP over scientific papers. Recent work has improved extraction accuracy by incorporating elementary layout information, for example, each token’s 2D position on the page, into language model pretraining. We introduce new methods that explicitly model VIsual LAyout (VILA) groups, that is, text lines or text blocks, to further improve performance. In our I-VILA approach, we show that simply inserting special tokens denoting layout group boundaries into model inputs can lead to a 1.9% Macro F1 improvement in token classification. In the H-VILA approach, we show that hierarchical encoding of layout-groups can result in up to 47% inference time reduction with less than 0.8% Macro F1 loss. Unlike prior layout-aware approaches, our methods do not require expensive additional pretraining, only fine-tuning, which we show can reduce training cost by up to 95%. Experiments are conducted on a newly curated evaluation suite, S2-VLUE, that unifies existing automatically labeled datasets and includes a new dataset of manual annotations covering diverse papers from 19 scientific disciplines. Pre-trained weights, benchmark datasets, and source code are available at https://github.com/allenai/VILA.