bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review the status of Korean geoid model development since 2000s and future improvement plan
Authors: Lee Jisun , Kwon Jay Hyoun 
Published: April 2022

AbstractKorean geoid models have been continuously developed for more than 20 years. However, the precision of previous models was approximately 8–15 cm according to evaluations based on newly obtained Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)/Leveling data because of irregular distribution and low precision of the gravity and GNSS/Leveling data. Therefore, in 2008, NGII began to obtain new terrestrial gravity and GNSS/Leveling data and collected more than 12,000 points of gravity data and 4492 points of GNSS/Leveling data by the end of 2017. As a result, the newest model, Korean National Geoid 2018 (KNGeoid18), achieved a degree of fit (DOF) of 2.3 cm. The precision was significantly improved compared to previous models including KNGeoid14, but precision in the mountainous areas remained still lower than that of the plain areas. Also, inconsistent differences between the GNSS/Leveling data and KNGeoid18 remained as a problem that should be solved. Through KNGeoid project, the NGII observed a positive effect of supplementing fundamental data, so NGII is obtaining new terrestrial gravity data. Regarding GNSS/Leveling data, the installation of 3D control points was completed in 2019 and the adjustment of GNSS and leveling data is ongoing to allow for the application of verified and adjusted GNSS/Leveling data in the future. Therefore, a new geoid model will be developed until the end of 2023 by applying new terrestrial gravity and GNSS/Leveling data. Overall, it is expected that the precision will be improved to approximately 1–1.5 cm, except in the mountainous areas, owing to new data gathering efforts and the maintenance of the fundamental data.
Pneumoperitoneum in perforated appendicitis in the COVID Pandemic: A case report
Authors: AlKhayat Ali , Qadhi Iman 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction and importance:
Pneumoperitoneum, presenting as air under the diaphragm on a plain erect chest X-ray, is most often an indication of perforation of a hollow viscus, however it is a rare consequence of acute appendicitis.

Case presentation:
We report a case of a 54-year-old man who presented with severe epigastric pain and an acute abdomen. The presumptive diagnosis of perforated viscus could not be confirmed with computed tomography, which led to a misdiagnosis. Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed perforated gangrenous appendicitis.

Clinical discussion:
The current COVID pandemic has resulted in delayed and severe presentations of acute pathologies, in terms of appendicitis, with perforation. The appendix, albeit being a hollow viscus, rarely presents with pneumoperitoneum when perforated, this can be explained by the pathogenesis of appendicitis. However, two mechanisms have been propounded to explain the relationship between pneumoperitoneum and perforated appendicitis; the absence of a fecalith or lymphoid hyperplasia or the presence of gas forming bacteria. In attempts to comply with COVID recommendations in the operation theatre, diagnostic laparoscopy was carried out, however the patient was already prepped, positioned and ports were in place for omental patch repair and abdominal lavage. This proved to be futile and additional measures were taken lengthening operation time, such as additional port introduction and repositioning to facilitate the appendectomy.

Conclusion:
The purpose of reporting this case is to highlight that pneumoperitoneum can be rarely associated with gangrenous appendicitis and timely diagnosis is important for the emergency management of this condition during the COVID pandemic.

Highlights
Glacial equilibrium line–based relationship for paleoclimate reconstructions (Sierra Nevada, USA)
Authors: Legrain Etienne , Blard Pierre-Henri , Charreau Julien 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe use PRISM climatic data (1981–2010) and Landsat images (2012–2013) to establish an empirical relationship linking annual temperature and precipitation to the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of glaciers in the Sierra Nevada (36–41°N, California, USA). For this, we determined the present-day ELAs of 57 glaciers and the local 0°C isotherms elevation Iso0, averaged over the 1981–2010 period. The difference, for each glacier, is Y, the normalized snowline altitude (Y = ELA – Iso0). We then empirically calibrated a logarithmic relationship between this normalized snowline altitude and mean annual precipitation using data from partially covered glaciers. Our calibration is statistically distinct from that previously established for the tropical and midlatitude Andes (Fox and Bloom [1994], Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi), 103, 867–885; Condom et al. [2007], Global and Planetary Change, 59, 189–202). This new relationship for North America is an easy-to-use tool to permit paleoclimatic reconstructions from paleo-ELAs. For a specific paleoglacial site, paleotemperature can be computed knowing the paleoprecipitation range, and vice versa. We also performed a test showing that, if precipitation is well known, the uncertainty associated with paleotemperature is about 1°C (1σ).
Private evidence for atheism
Authors: Bartolome Aaron 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis article presents an argument for atheism that contains a premise stated from the first-person perspective and that is intended to rationally persuade people who satisfy certain conditions. The argument also contains a premise about what God would do, if God existed, that is acceptable to theists and is affirmed in some major monotheistic religious traditions. This article explains how the argument differs from some other familiar arguments for atheism and then discusses some critical responses to it.
The psychosocial responses of patients in cancer clinical trials: are they a barrier to participation?
Authors: Davies Lucy Siew Chen , Drury-Smith Heather 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Introduction:
This paper aims to discuss the psychosocial concomitants with involvement in oncology clinical trials, focusing on barriers that can impact upon participation. It will conclude with some recommendations for strategies to address potential psychosocial barriers with the aim of increasing trial participation rates.

Materials and methods:
A literature search was carried out using CINAHL, PubMed and EMCare databases with the following keywords for filtering: psychological distress, clinical trials, participation and oncology. The final selection of papers that met the inclusion criteria for this review was manually subjected to Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool for relevance.

Results:
Thirteen papers were included in the review. The dominant theme within the literature is psychosocial obstacles to oncology clinical trial participation. Five key barriers were identified: anxiety and fear; ethnicity and social background; tensions between scientific objectives and personal motivations to participation; tensions between personal benefits versus altruism; carer perspectives.

Conclusions:
The key barriers discussed led to the identification of a set of strategies to help mediate conflicting tensions and motivations of trial enrolment with a view to increasing participation rates. Further prospective research garnering primary data investigating both the psychological and psychosocial factors influencing cancer clinical trial participation for patients needs to be undertaken.
BIALL Covid-19 ‘State of the Nation’ Survey 2021: an Introduction
Authors: Bowl Catherine 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn Autumn 2021 the British and Irish Association of Law Librarians (BIALL) carried out a follow-up survey to the May 2020 ‘Covid-19 Industry Survey'. BIALL President, Catherine Bowl, gives an overview of the findings of ‘State of the Nation' survey which was published in December 2021. The results of the survey are to be found on the pages that follow this introduction.
Recruiting for Success: Best Practices for Job Interviews
Authors: North Victoria 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis article is aimed at anyone who is responsible for recruiting staff and discusses how to prepare for a successful job interview. It is written in the context of a competitive recruitment market caused by the increased workload in law firms since the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. The author, Victoria North, is a senior information professional with many years of experience of building successful teams. She shares some of the best practices she has learnt during her career.
Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) status and major depressive disorder (MDD): Clinical association and hospitalization outcomes
Authors: Oh David Hyung Won , Salzler Matthew J. , Bernstein Rachel L. , Racine Christopher W. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo understand (1) the association of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and do-not-resuscitate (DNR) status among hospitalized patients and (2) the association of MDD and hospitalization outcomes among DNR patients.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional analysis of United States Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample data from 2009 to 2013 for patients >18 years. To address the first objective, we used multivariable logistic regression among all hospitalized patients to compute the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of having DNR status if patients have active MDD of varying severities after controlling for age, sex, race, suicidal ideation, and Elixhauser Comorbidity Index. To address the second objective, we used multivariable regression among patients with DNR status to compute aOR of having hospitalization outcomes such as increased length of stay, higher total charges, leaving against medical advice, and mortality if patients have MDD.ResultsAmong all hospitalizations, 2.3% had DNR status. There was an inverse association between severity of MDD and having DNR status. Relative to those without MDD, patients with moderate recurrent MDD episode (aOR 0.74 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.65–0.85) and severe recurrent MDD episode (aOR of 0.42 (95% CI: 0.37–0.48)) were significantly less likely to have DNR status. Among DNR patients, those with all severities of MDD except mild single episode MDD were >40% less likely to die during hospitalization. Among DNR patients, patients with MDD had 0.7 day longer length of stay, and >$4,500 higher total charges.Significance of resultsPatients are less likely to have DNR status if they have active MDD. Among patients with DNR status, those with MDD are less likely to die during hospitalization than those without MDD. With current practice, depression is not associated with increased likelihood of death due to foregoing resuscitation prematurely, though the exact mechanisms of these findings need further investigation.
Climate Change‐Legacy Phosphorus Synergy Hinders Lake Response to Aggressive Water Policy Targets
Authors: Zia Asim , Schroth Andrew W. , Hecht Jory S. , Isles Peter , Clemins Patrick J. , Turnbull Scott , Bitterman Patrick , Tsai Yushio , Mohammed Ibrahim N. , Bucini Gabriela , Doran Elizbeth M. B. , Koliba Christopher , Bomblies Arne , Beckage Brian , Winter Jonathan , Adair Elizabeth C. , Rizzo Donna M. , Gibson William , Pinder George 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWith mounting scientific evidence demonstrating adverse global climate change (GCC) impacts to water quality, water quality policies, such as the Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) under the U.S. Clean Water Act, have begun accounting for GCC effects in setting nutrient load‐reduction policy targets. These targets generally require nutrient reductions for attaining prescribed water quality standards (WQS) by setting safe levels of nutrient concentrations that curtail potentially harmful cyanobacteria blooms (CyanoHABs). While some governments require WQS to consider climate change, few tools are available to model the complex interactions between climate change and benthic legacy nutrients. We present a novel process‐based integrated assessment model (IAM) that examines the extent to which synergistic relationships between GCC and legacy Phosphorus release could compromise the ability of water quality policies to attain established WQS. The IAM is calibrated for simulating the eutrophic Missisquoi Bay and watershed in Lake Champlain (2001–2050). Water quality impacts of seven P‐reduction scenarios, including the 64.3% reduction specified under the current TMDL, were examined under 17 GCC scenarios. The TMDL WQS of 0.025 mg/L total phosphorus is unlikely to be met by 2035 under the mandated 64.3% reduction for all GCC scenarios. IAM simulations show that the frequency and severity of summer CyanoHABs increased or minimally decreased under most climate and nutrient reduction scenarios. By harnessing IAMs that couple complex process‐based simulation models, the management of water quality in freshwater lakes can become more adaptive through explicit accounting of GCC effects on both the external and internal sources of nutrients.
Aerosol‐Radiation Interactions in China in Winter: Competing Effects of Reduced Shortwave Radiation and Cloud‐Snowfall‐Albedo Feedbacks Under Rapidly Changing Emissions
Authors: Moch Jonathan M. , Mickley Loretta J. , Keller Christoph A. , Bian Huisheng , Lundgren Elizabeth W. , Zhai Shixian , Jacob Daniel J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSince 2013, Chinese policies have dramatically reduced emissions of particulates and their gas‐phase precursors, but the implications of these reductions for aerosol‐radiation interactions are unknown. Using a global, coupled chemistry‐climate model, we examine how the radiative impacts of Chinese air pollution in the winter months of 2012 and 2013 affect local meteorology and how these changes may, in turn, influence surface concentrations of PM2.5, particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm. We then investigate how decreasing emissions through 2016 and 2017 alter this impact. We find that absorbing aerosols aloft in winter 2012 and 2013 heat the middle‐ and lower troposphere by ∼0.5–1 K, reducing cloud liquid water, snowfall, and snow cover. The subsequent decline in surface albedo appears to counteract the ∼15–20 W m−2 decrease in shortwave radiation reaching the surface due to attenuation by aerosols overhead. The net result of this novel cloud‐snowfall‐albedo feedback in winters 2012–2013 is a slight increase in surface temperature of ∼0.5–1 K in some regions and little change elsewhere. The aerosol heating aloft, however, stabilizes the atmosphere and decreases the seasonal mean planetary boundary layer (PBL) height by ∼50 m. In winter 2016 and 2017, the ∼20% decrease in mean PM2.5 weakens the cloud‐snowfall‐albedo feedback, though it is still evident in western China, where the feedback again warms the surface by ∼0.5–1 K. Regardless of emissions, we find that aerosol‐radiation interactions enhance mean surface PM2.5 pollution by 10%–20% across much of China during all four winters examined, mainly though suppression of PBL heights.
Synergistic Use of Far‐ and Mid‐Infrared Spectral Radiances for Satellite‐Based Detection of Polar Ice Clouds Over Ocean
Authors: Peterson Colten A. , Huang Xianglei , Chen Xiuhong , Yang Ping 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCloud phase is an important factor affecting cloud contributions to the polar energy budget. Brightness temperature differences (BTDs) between two mid‐infrared (mid‐IR) spectral channels are commonly used in satellite remote sensing to determine the cloud phase, but the mid‐IR has limitations for cloud phase determination in polar regions. This study explores the synergy between the far‐ and mid‐IR for ice cloud phase determinations over polar oceans. A far‐IR BTD test (BTD449‐521) is developed based on the spectral variations of both ice cloud scattering and absorption properties in the far‐IR “dirty window” region (400–600 cm−1 or 16.7–25 μm). Synthetic IR radiances at 1 cm−1 spectral resolution are generated using ERA5 reanalysis data for both polar regions. A subset of these spectra is used to compare the ice phase determination skill of the far‐IR test with an “AIRS‐Like” mid‐IR BTD test (BTD1231‐960) for combinations of effective ice particle diameter (Deff_ice), cloud optical depth (COD), and cloud top pressure (CTP). The far‐IR test is performing better for ice clouds with the smallest Deff_ice that we have studied (20 μm) due to the sensitivity of far‐IR scattering to ice particle size. The mid‐IR test was either comparable to or more successful than the far‐IR test for ice clouds with large particle sizes. For all Deff_ice, increasing COD leads to enhanced far‐IR BTD signals due to stronger multiple scattering in the far‐IR than in the mid‐IR. Overall, the variations in far‐IR and mid‐IR BTD test performance are strongly sensitive to Deff_ice, followed by COD and CTP.
An intersegmental single-cell profile reveals aortic heterogeneity and identifies a novel Malat1+ vascular smooth muscle subtype involved in abdominal aortic aneurysm formation
Authors: Yu Liwen , Zhang Jie , Gao Amy , Zhang Meng , Wang Zunzhe , Yu Fangpu , Guo Xiaobin , Su Guohai , Zhang Yun , Zhang Meng , Zhang Cheng 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe developmental origin, anatomical location, and other factors contribute to aortic heterogeneity in a physiological state. On this basis, vascular diseases occur at different ratios based on position specificity, even with the same risk factor. However, the continuous intersegmental aortic profile has been rarely reported at the single-cell level. To reveal aortic heterogeneity, we identified 15 cell subtypes from five continuous aortic segments by marker genes and functional definitions. The EC1 subtype highly expressed Vcam1 and Scarb2 genes in the aortic arch, which were reported to be associated with atherosclerosis. The newly identified Fbn1+ fibroblasts were found highly expressed in thoracic segments. More importantly, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) demonstrated a novel composition in which VSMC 4 marked with the gene Malat1 were mainly distributed in the abdominal segment. Malat1 knockout reduced MMPs and inflammatory factor production induced by Ang II in smooth muscle cells, and the Malat1 inhibitor exerted preventive, inhibitory, and reversing effects on AngII-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in vivo revealed by a series of animal experiments. Single-cell analysis of AngII-induced AAA tissues treated with or without the inhibitor further clarified the key role of Malat1+VSMC in the occurrence and progression of AAA. In summary, segmental gene expression and cell subtype features in normal aorta associated with different vascular diseases might provide potential therapeutic targets.
TLR7 gain-of-function genetic variation causes human lupus
Authors: Brown Grant J. , Cañete Pablo F. , Wang Hao , Medhavy Arti , Bones Josiah , Roco Jonathan A. , He Yuke , Qin Yuting , Cappello Jean , Ellyard Julia I. , Bassett Katharine , Shen Qian , Burgio Gaetan , Zhang Yaoyuan , Turnbull Cynthia , Meng Xiangpeng , Wu Phil , Cho Eun , Miosge Lisa A. , Andrews T. Daniel , Field Matt A. , Tvorogov Denis , Lopez Angel F. , Babon Jeffrey J. , López Cristina Aparicio , Gónzalez-Murillo África , Garulo Daniel Clemente , Pascual Virginia , Levy Tess , Mallack Eric J. , Calame Daniel G. , Lotze Timothy , Lupski James R. , Ding Huihua , Ullah Tomalika R. , Walters Giles D. , Koina Mark E. , Cook Matthew C. , Shen Nan , de Lucas Collantes Carmen , Corry Ben , Gantier Michael P. , Athanasopoulos Vicki , Vinuesa Carola G. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAlthough circumstantial evidence supports enhanced Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) signalling as a mechanism of human systemic autoimmune disease1–7, evidence of lupus-causing TLR7 gene variants is lacking. Here we describe human systemic lupus erythematosus caused by a TLR7 gain-of-function variant. TLR7 is a sensor of viral RNA8,9 and binds to guanosine10–12. We identified a de novo, previously undescribed missense TLR7Y264H variant in a child with severe lupus and additional variants in other patients with lupus. The TLR7Y264H variant selectively increased sensing of guanosine and 2',3'-cGMP10–12, and was sufficient to cause lupus when introduced into mice. We show that enhanced TLR7 signalling drives aberrant survival of B cell receptor (BCR)-activated B cells, and in a cell-intrinsic manner, accumulation of CD11c+ age-associated B cells and germinal centre B cells. Follicular and extrafollicular helper T cells were also increased but these phenotypes were cell-extrinsic. Deficiency of MyD88 (an adaptor protein downstream of TLR7) rescued autoimmunity, aberrant B cell survival, and all cellular and serological phenotypes. Despite prominent spontaneous germinal-centre formation in Tlr7Y264H mice, autoimmunity was not ameliorated by germinal-centre deficiency, suggesting an extrafollicular origin of pathogenic B cells. We establish the importance of TLR7 and guanosine-containing self-ligands for human lupus pathogenesis, which paves the way for therapeutic TLR7 or MyD88 inhibition.
Correlation between structure, chromaticity, and dielectric properties of calcium copper pyrophosphates, Ca2−xCuxP2O7
Authors: Baitahe Rattanai , Sronsri Chuchai , Thompho Somphob , Chaiseeda Kittichai , Montri Nattaya , Boonchom Banjong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe solid-state reaction was employed to synthesize Ca2−xCuxP2O7 by varying the mole ratio between Ca and Cu. The structure and crystallography of the pyrophosphate compounds were identified and confirmed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Rietveld refinement method and the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) least-squares fitting technique were also applied to refine the sample crystal structure. The single phases of the obtained Ca2P2O7, CaCuP2O7, and Cu2P2O7 samples and the mixing phases of the obtained Ca1.5Cu0.5P2O7 and Ca0.5Cu1.5P2O7 samples were identified, and then only a single phase of the samples was subjected to structural and dielectrical analyses. The structural results exhibit the tetragonal crystal system with the P41 space group for β-Ca2P2O7, the monoclinic crystal system with the P21/c space group for CaCuP2O7, and the C2/c space group for α-Cu2P2O7. The dielectric constant (εr) of the single metal pyrophosphates (Ca2P2O7 and Cu2P2O7) was higher than that of binary metal pyrophosphates (CaCuP2O7). The image sensor result of the Cu2P2O7 sample (x = 2.00) illustrated a yellowish-green color, while other compounds (x = 0.50−1.50) presented color tones that changed from blue-green to bluish-green. Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometers were employed to characterize and confirm the vibrational characteristics of the P2O74− group, which contains the O–P–O radical ([PO2]-) and the P–O–P bride ([OPO]-) and approximate M–O stretching modes. Furthermore, this work reports for the first time that the change in the crystal structure of Ca2−xCuxP2O7 (i.e., bond angle of P−O−P in P2O74− and distortion phenomena in the M−O6 octahedral site) are cause the correlation between the structure, chromaticity, and dielectric properties of calcium copper pyrophosphates, Ca2−xCuxP2O7.