bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cosegregation of obesity with familial aggregation of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ramachandran A. , Snehalatha C. , Satyavani K. , Sivasankari S. , Vijay V. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryObjective: We have shown that a positive family history of diabetes, and the variables of general and central obesity are independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes in our population. This study was done to evaluate whether a familial predisposition to diabetes resulted in a tendency for adverse anthropometric and haemodynamic profiles in south Indian non‐diabetic subjects. Methods: The analysis was carried out on 2463 subjects (M: F, 1196 : 1267) with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). The study subjects were selected from population surveys for diabetes. Details of age, sex, family history of diabetes, body mass index (b.m.i.), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) and blood pressure were recorded. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides were estimated. Results: A positive family history of diabetes was present in 24.7% of our subjects. Mean b.m.i. and percentage of obesity were significantly higher in families with a positive family history (group 2) vs. families with no family history (group 1). Subjects in group 2 had a higher 2‐h plasma glucose (p < 0.001) and higher prevalence of hypertension (χ2 = 6.91, p = 0.0086). Factor analysis with principle components analysis (PCA) showed that a family history of diabetes clustered with WHR in men, and with b.m.i. and WHR in women. The b.m.i. formed a different domain with blood pressure in both sexes. WHR and b.m.i. clustered with cholesterol and triglycerides in another domain. Conclusions: In this population, general and central obesity are associated with a family history of diabetes. A family history of diabetes may increase the risk of hypertension and hyperlipidaemia indirectly through its connection with b.m.i.
Microfocal prostate cancer: biopsy cancer volume does not predict actual tumour volume
Authors: Gardner  , Lemer  , Schlegel  , Waldbaum  , Darracott Vaughan Jr  , Steckel  
Published: July 2002

Objective To determine whether microfocal prostate cancer on needle biopsy predicts clinically insignificant disease in men undergoing radical prostatectomy.Patients and methods The records of 726 men who underwent radical prostatectomy between January 1990 and September 1995 were reviewed; 83 men had pre‐operative prostatic needle biopsies which revealed microfocal prostate cancer. In these men, tumour volume (length) in the biopsy was compared to the percentage of tumour in the total prostatectomy specimen, and the pathological stage and clinical outcome reviewed.Results Of the 83 men with microfocal prostate cancer on biopsy 75 (90%) had clinically significant disease. Pre‐operative variables were of no use in identifying patients with clinically insignificant tumour volumes. When comparing those with microfocal tumour and those without at one institution, 69% had organ‐confined (pT2) disease and 31% had capsular penetration (pT3), compared with 61% and 39%, respectively (P<0.05). Additionally, the positive surgical margin rate for those with microfocal tumour was only 6%, compared with 26% for those without microfocal disease (P<0.05). Biochemical failures during the median follow‐up period of 24 months occurred in 6% of the men with microfocal cancer and in 15% of those undergoing total prostatectomy (P<0.05).Conclusions Microfocal prostate cancer determined from the needle biopsy does not predict clinically insignificant disease.
Erythropoietin depletion and anaemia in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Winkler A. S. , Marsden J. , Chaudhuri K. R. , Hambley H. , Watkins P. J. 
Published: July 2002

Summary Aims To discover whether Type 1 diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy might be anaemic and erythropoietin (EPO)‐depleted. Methods Fifteen Type 1 diabetic patients with serious complications (DM‐COMP) were selected because of severe symptomatic autonomic neuropathy, including significant postural hypotension. All had proteinuria from nephropathy (three microalbuminuria and 12 macroalbuminuria), but a normal serum creatinine (< 122 μmol/l). They were compared to age and duration matched Type 1 diabetic controls without autonomic neuropathy (DM‐controls) and non‐diabetic patients with and without hypochromic, microcytic anaemia. Results The DM‐COMP patients were anaemic (mean haemoglobin (Hb) 11.1 ± 1.2 g/dl), sometimes severely (minimum Hb 9.2 g/dl), compared to non‐neuropathic DM‐controls (Hb 13.7 ± 0.7 g/dl; P < 0.001). Furthermore, EPO failed to increase in association with anaemia in the DM‐COMP group compared to the progressive increase in the non‐diabetic, anaemic patients (difference of regression lines P < 0.001), indicating EPO depletion in the anaemic, diabetic patients. There was no other demonstrable cause for the anaemia. Treatment with EPO in 5 DM‐COMP patients led to a rapid increase in haemoglobin (range 1.7–5.0 g/dl) with improvement in wellbeing. Conclusion Some Type 1 diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy present with an EPO‐depleted anaemia, which responds to treatment with EPO. This observation supports the concept of autonomic neuropathy as a cause of anaemia with EPO depletion, although the role of established renal damage cannot be excluded.
Frovatriptan for the Acute Treatment of Migraine: A Dose‐Finding Study
Authors: Goldstein Jerome , Keywood C. , On Behalf Of The 251/96/14 Study Group  
Published: July 2002

Objective.—To determine the optimal dose and tolerability of frovatriptan in the acute treatment of migraine.Background.—Frovatriptan has a distinctive pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile compared with sumatriptan. A previous study has shown that frovatriptan doses of 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg are equally effective in relieving headache with no evidence of a dose‐response relationship. The incidence of adverse events tended to increase with doses of 10 mg and above.Methods.—This study was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group multicenter trial. Patients (n=635) took a single oral dose of placebo or frovatriptan, 0.5, 1, 2.5, or 5 mg, at the onset of a moderate or severe migraine headache and recorded headache intensity, functional impairment, and migraine‐associated symptoms over 24 hours.Results.—Frovatriptan 2.5 mg produced clinically and statistically significant headache relief 2 hours postdose, whereas the effect of lower doses was not significantly different from that of placebo at that time point. The 2.5‐mg dose also produced significant symptom relief and improvement in functional impairment. All doses of frovatriptan were well tolerated, and the majority of adverse events were of mild or moderate severity.Conclusion.—It is concluded that the 2.5‐mg dose of frovatriptan offers optimal efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of acute migraine. Higher doses do not appear to confer greater efficacy and are associated with an increased incidence of adverse effects.
Visual Symptoms in Epilepsy and Migraine: Localization and Patterns
Authors: Muranaka Hideki , Fujita Hiroshi , Goto Akira , Osari Shin‐ichi , Kimura Yoshiharu 
Published: July 2002

Summary:  Purpose: To clarify differences in the localization of visual symptom patterns in epilepsy and migraine, we analyzed patient‐generated illustrations of visual symptoms.Methods: Patients were asked to draw their visual symptoms from memory using marker pens of 12 colors. All patients illustrated their symptoms on a template sheet representing the binocular visual field. We analyzed a total of 67 illustrations from 54 patients aged 6–40 years: 28 with epilepsy, 23 with migraine, and 3 with migraine‐epilepsy syndrome.Results: With respect to positive visual manifestations, those of epileptic patients were predominantly centrally localized (20 of 24, 83%), whereas those of migraine patients were predominantly peripherally localized (10 of 13, 77%) (p < 0.0001). With respect to negative visual symptoms, those in epilepsy were commonly diffuse (10 of 14, 71%) compared with those in migraine, which were peripheral (9 of 12, 75%) (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that the localization of visual symptoms differs between epilepsy and migraine.
Short‐Term Outcomes of Children with Febrile Status Epilepticus
Authors: Shinnar Shlomo , Pellock John M. , Berg Anne T. , O'Dell Christine , Driscoll Susan M. , Maytal Joseph , Moshe Solomon L. , DeLorenzo Robert J. 
Published: July 2002

Summary: Febrile status epilepticus (SE) represents the extreme end of the complex febrile seizure spectrum. If there are significant sequelae to febrile seizures, they should be more common in this group. We have prospectively identified 180 children aged 1 month to 10 years who presented with febrile SE over a 10‐year period in Bronx, New York, and Richmond, Virginia. They were compared with 244 children who presented with their first febrile seizure (not SE) in a prospective study done in the Bronx.The mean age of the children with febrile SE was 1.92 years, and of the comparison group, 1.85 years. Duration of SE was 30–59 min in 103 (58%), 60–119 min in 43 (24%), and ≥120 min in 34 (18%). Focal features were present in 64 (35%) of cases. There were no deaths and no cases of new cognitive or motor handicap. Children with febrile SE were more likely to be neurologically abnormal (20% vs. 5%; p < 0.001), to have a history of neonatal seizures (3% vs. 0; p = 0.006) and a family history of epilepsy (11% vs. 5%; p = 0.05) and less likely to have a family history of febrile seizures (15% vs. 27%; p = 0.01) than were children in the comparison group. The short‐term morbidity and mortality of febrile SE are low. There are differences in the types of children who have febrile SE compared with those who experience briefer febrile seizures. Long‐term follow‐up of this cohort may provide insight into the relationship of prolonged febrile seizures and subsequent mesial temporal sclerosis.
Screening for Cobalamin Deficiency in Geriatric Outpatients: Prevalence and Influence of Synthetic Cobalamin Intake
Authors: Rajan Suparna , Wallace Jeffrey I. , Beresford Shirley A. A. , Brodkin Kayla I. , Allen Robert A. , Stabler Sally P. 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES:To describe the prevalence of cobalamin (Cbl) deficiency in older adult outpatients and to determine whether regular intake of a synthetic source of cobalamin confers protection against Cbl deficiency.DESIGN:Cross‐sectional study.SETTING:Two university‐affiliated geriatric medicine outpatient clinics.PARTICIPANTS:Three hundred fifteen older adults (age range 65–100) without a history of previously diagnosed or treated Cbl deficiency, severe anemia, or a life‐threatening illness.MEASUREMENTS:Detailed information on total synthetic Cbl intake (from vitamins, fortified cereal, and supplemental nutritional formula sources) and laboratory measures of serum Cbl, metabolite panel (serum methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, cystathionine, and 2‐methylcitric acid), complete blood count, and serum creatinine levels.RESULTS:Cbl deficiency (serum Cbl ≤300 pg/mL and methylmalonic acid (MMA)>271 nmol/L) was found in 13% of screened patients. Forty‐six percent of screened patients reported regularly taking a source of synthetic Cbl. Serum Cbl correlated with synthetic Cbl intake, and patients regularly taking synthetic Cbl were significantly less likely to be Cbl deficient than persons not taking supplemental Cbl (8% vs 17%, P = .02).CONCLUSION:Regular use of a multivitamin/synthetic Cbl source confers some degree of protection against Cbl deficiency in older adults. The relatively high prevalence rates and benefit of synthetic Cbl intake in this study reinforce recommendations that older adults should be screened for Cbl deficiency and should incorporate synthetic sources of Cbl as part of a balanced diet. Appropriate screening intervals and the optimal dose of supplemental Cbl to prevent Cbl deficiency remains to be determined. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:624–630, 2002.
Vibrational studies on electronic structures in metallic and insulating phases of the Cu complexes of substituted dicyanoquinonediimines (DCNQI). A comparison with the cases of the Li and Ba complexes
Authors: Yamakita Yoshihiro , Furukawa Yukio , Kobayashi Akiko , Tasumi Mitsuo , Kato Reizo , Kobayashi Hayao 
Published: July 2002

Electronic structures in metallic and insulating phases of the Li, Cu, and Ba complexes of 2,5-R1,R2-DCNQI [R1=R2=Br (abbreviated as DBr) or R1=R2=CH3 (abbreviated as DMe); DCNQI=N,N′-dicyanoquinonediimine; 2,5- is usually omitted] have been studied by observing temperature dependencies of their infrared absorption bands between 295 and 23 K. At room temperature, the wave numbers (ν̃i) of infrared absorption bands of R1,R2-DCNQI and its Li and Ba complexes are linearly correlated with the degrees of charge transfer (ρ) (ρ=−0.5 and −1.0e for the Li and Ba complexes, respectively). The ν̃i–ρ relationships indicate that the ρ value for the Cu complexes is −0.67e. This result is consistent with the previously established view that the Cu cations in the Cu complexes at room temperature are in a mixed-valence state of Cu1.33+. In the infrared spectrum of Cu(DBr–DCNQI)2 at room temperature, no electron–molecular vibration (EMV) coupling bands are observed.
Below the metal–insulator (M–I) transition temperature (TMI), EMV bands grow continuously and the ordinary infrared bands observed at room temperature gradually split into three bands with decreasing temperature. Similarly, the infrared bands of Li(DBr–DCNQI)2 split into two bands. These splittings are due to an inhomogeneous charge distribution in the DCNQI columns produced by the freezing of charge-density wave (CDW). The peak-to-peak amplitudes of CDWs in the DCNQI columns estimated by use of the ν̃i–ρ relationships are 0.08±0.04 and 0.40±0.04e, respectively, for the Li and Cu complexes of DBr–DCNQI. The state of the frozen CDW is inferred from the number of split bands. Based on the observed continuous change of the infrared spectra of Cu(DBr–DCNQI)2 and the discontinuous changes of other quantities such as x-ray satellite reflections, lattice parameters, and magnetic susceptibilities, the M–I transition in Cu(DBr–DCNQI)2 may be described as follows: (1) above TMI the charges on Cu cations (two Cu1+’s: one Cu2+) are dynamically averaged to +1.33e through the Cu...N≡C bridge. (2) At TMI the charges abruptly localize in the order of (Cu1+...Cu2+...Cu1+...)n. At the same time, the CDWs begin to be frozen in the DCNQI columns. (3) As temperature decreases below TMI, the order of the frozen CDW develops gradually. In contrast to these changes in Cu(DBr–DCNQI)2, neither EMV bands nor band splittings are observed in the infrared spectra of Cu(DMe–DCNQI)2 at low temperatures. Instead, almost all bands show negative absorption lobes on their low-wave number sides and become asymmetric. This asymmetrization is due to interactions between the vibrational levels and low-lying continuous electronic levels responsible for a broad band observed in the 1600–800 cm−1 region.
Changes in primary boys' and girls' attitudes to school and science during a two‐year science in‐service programme
Authors: Jarvis Tina , Pell Anthony 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTA pupils' attitude test was developed to monitor change over the two years of a primary science in‐service programme. It explores pupils' views about school in general so that changes in science attitudes can be contextualized within the whole school experience; feelings towards science experiments; and perceptions of real‐world science. The test was piloted with schools outside the in‐service programme. Approximately 2000 pupils were tested in January 1999, September 1999 or January 2000. A random sample of children were retested in June 1999 and compared with a ‘control’ school. All the children in the project were tested again in July 2000. The results indicate a generally positive attitude towards coming to school, with particular preferences for work with computers and working together. As the pupils get older, their enthusiasm for science falls as they find it less difficult or demanding. This relationship appears to be broken by teacher in‐service to some extent. Girls in particular also showed a greater enthusiasm for independent investigative science after the programme.
The prevalence and characteristics of injecting drug users in Australia*
Authors: MCALLISTER IAN , MAKKAI TONI 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe prevalence of injecting drug use has increased significantly in Australia in recent years. Using the nationally representative 1998 National Drug Strategy Household Survey we estimate the size of the lifetime prevalence injecting drug use population at 302 710 people, compared to 67 474 in 1988. Those who have injected drugs in the previous year are estimated at 108 750 people in 1998. Amphetamines have displaced heroin as the most popular drug to inject among the general population. Those who have ever injected are more likely to be male, young, unemployed and to possess fewer educational qualifications. A variety of factors are discussed which may account for increases in injecting drug use.
Evaluation of an allelic association of the serotonin 5‐HT1B G681C polymorphism with antisocial alcoholism in the German population
Authors: Sander Thomas , Ostapowicz Agata , Samochowiec Jerzy , Smolka Michael , Rommelspacher Hans , Winterer Georg , Schmidt Lutz G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOur study tested whether an association of the 861C allele of the serotonin 5‐HT1B gene (HTR1B) with antisocial alcoholism exists in the German population. The HTR1B G861C polymorphism was genotyped in 588 subjects of German descent, comprising 250 non‐alcoholic controls and 338 alcohol‐dependent subjects, of whom 56 exhibited a dissocial personality disorder (DSPD). The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire was assessed in 109 alcohol‐dependent males to explore an effect of the 861C allele to risk‐taking behaviour. Our results revealed no evidence for an association of the 861C allele with antisocial alcoholism (p > 0.63). There were no significant differences in the personality traits, novelty‐seeking, harm avoidance and reward dependence between 46 male alcoholics carrying the 861C allele compared to those 63 alcoholics lacking it (p > 0.52). Our results do not provide evidence that the 861C allele contributes a substantial vulnerability effect to antisocial behavior in German alcohol‐dependent subjects.
Ascertainment of families for a linkage study of alcoholism
Authors: Cook Christopher C. H. , Hope Louise , Gurling Hugh 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTraditionally, researchers working in the field of genetics and alcoholism have used treatment centres and clinics to try and recruit suitable subjects for research purposes. The current study considered a diverse range of possible sources to recruit suitable families for a linkage study of alcoholism. These sources included the press, personal contacts and circular letters to alcohol treatment centres and members of the Substance Misuse Section of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Only 9–14% of families contacted from any source were suitable for inclusion in the study, due to the strict selection criteria. Press contacts were found to be the most productive source of suitable families willing to participate in the study, accounting for over 50% of contacts and eventual subjects recruited. There appeared to be no bias in the affection status of subjects recruited from the different sources. For future genetic studies of alcoholism it might be worthwhile to utilize this source more fully. Reasons for exclusion from the study are also considered, with the most common reasons being non‐co‐operation and no family history.
Hair testing for “ecstasy” (MDMA) in volunteer Scottish drug users
Authors: Ditton Jason , Cooper Gail A. A. , Scott Karen S. , Allen Desiree L. , Oliver John S. , Smith Iain D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe aim of the study was to compare self reported “ecstasy” use with the results of the analysis of hair harvested from the same users. Subjects were recruited by multisite chain‐referral sampling within the 1994–95 “dance scene” in Glasgow. One hundred subjects donated hair after completing a lengthy interviewer‐administered questionnaire. Overall gross concordance between self reported “ecstasy” use and discovery of MDMA (or related compounds) in analysed hair did not surpass 59%, and no relationship had a Cohen's kappa of more than 0.08. Within the positive concordant dataset (n = 52), scatter was considerable, with no correlation being significant, and none more strongly positive than −0.0518. The results presented here indicate that, as far as MDMA is concerned, if judged by self‐report, hair does not reach a level of apparent accuracy that would permit its use as a general population estimator. However, hair testing is probably more reliable than self‐report, and its accuracy could be verified independently if large‐scale inter‐ and intra‐laboratory comparative research is conducted.
Parkinson's disease and aided AAC: some evidence from practice
Authors: Armstrong Linda , Jans Deborah , MacDonald Alison 
Published: July 2002

AbstractClinical observation that people with Parkinson's disease (PD) seem to have different training needs from other adult client‐groups in developing effective use of aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) was the catalyst for this study. There is little good‐quality research evidence available on the effectiveness (or lack of effectiveness) of aided AAC use by those with PD. One of the main aims of this preliminary study, therefore, was to elicit the experiences and attitudes of speech and language therapists in this specific area of their practice as the basis for future efficacy research and clinical practice. Thirty speech and language therapists were questioned about their experience of introducing low‐ and high‐tech AAC devices to this client‐group. Of particular interest was the discovery of the factors identified by the therapists as influencing their introduction of aided AAC to someone with PD and affecting implementation and successful use. The factors reported were both disease‐specific (e.g. motor problems) and more general factors (e.g. carer support) relevant to the process of introducing aided AAC to other adult client‐groups. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. Some research questions are posed and the inclusion of people with PD and their carers in practice development is promoted.
Essential Role of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain in Peroxynitrite‐Induced Strand Scission of Genomic DNA
Authors: Guidarelli Andrea , Tommasini Ilaria , Fiorani Mara , Cantoni Orazio 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA large body of experimental evidence suggests that DNA damage and cytotoxicity mediated by peroxynitrite are linked by a causal relationship and important events in various pathological conditions. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism whereby peroxynitrite causes DNA single strand breakage in intact cells and found that the respiratory chain plays a pivotal role in this response. In particular, peroxynitrite mediates inhibition of complex III and, under these conditions, electrons are directly transferred from ubisemiquinone to molecular oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide produced by the dismutation of superoxides is the species mediating the peroxynitrite‐dependent DNA cleavage.