bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Appetite for risk in the C‐19 policy environment
Authors: McDonald Tracey T. A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimLeadership deficits and poor communication about COVID‐19 (C‐19) science connect risk‐shifting and vaccination hesitancy to safety issues for nurses and the general public.BackgroundNurses can be trusted, especially in these chaotic times, to provide trustworthy information on C‐19. Publicly expressed gratitude to nurses does little to improve work environments made more precarious by C‐19. Practical support may help retain nurses in the health system.DiscussionPublic trust in governments has dissipated during the pandemic. People are confused by inconsistent and contentious information and services. Publishing practices that produce low‐quality publications undermine scientific information and impede the flow of high‐quality research information.ConclusionScience can advise on a pathway through the risks of C‐19 but it is politicians and government officials who decide policy on whether to accept the science and set the level of acceptable risk to the general public. Problematic publishing and communication pathways for essential information contribute to public uncertainty and undermine trust in vaccines, public health strategies, and immigration and quarantine policies.ImplicationsNurse safety needs to be central to policy deliberations that affect transmission or spending on infection risk reduction. Policies that put nurses at increased risk encourage those with a choice, to abandon unsafe health system employment.Research quality systems that improve research communication pathways to support practice are urgently needed. Nurses rely on research information sources for credible evidence to support their clinical practice.Risk‐shifting is the unintended consequence of government policy on vaccination, immigration, international travel, quarantine and screening for C‐19. Governments must accept their role in generating public mistrust of vaccines and not judge people's decisions made on the basis of information available. Political manipulation of C‐19 data needs to be exposed to enable recovery planning.
Homologous PB1 gene promotes the replication efficiency of avian influenza H7N4 candidate vaccine virus
Authors: Liu Liqi , Li Zi , Zhou Jianfang , Liu Jia , Li Xiyan , Huang Weijuan , Xiao Ning , Wang Dayan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe first and only case of human infection with the avian influenza A (H7N4) virus in China emerged in 2018. The H7N4 virus was distinct from previous H7N9 viruses and raised public concerns. Therefore, developing a suitable H7N4 candidate vaccine virus (CVV) remains crucial for potential pandemic preparedness.MethodsWe constructed a reassortant virus with a (6 + 2) genome composition, then introduced the polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1) from a wild‐type virus to develop a (5 + 3) reassortant virus through reverse genetics. We performed whole‐genome sequencing to confirm the genome stability, assessed the growth ability in MDCK cells, and analyzed virus antigenicity using hemagglutination inhibition assays. Subsequently, the effect of homologous PB1 on polymerase activity, viral protein yield, and pathogenicity was assessed.ResultsThe (5 + 3) virus harbouring the homologous PB1 gene exhibited significantly improved growth characteristics, higher viral protein yield, and polymerase activity than the (6 + 2) virus. After successive passage in embryonated eggs, glutamic acid (E) substituted glycine(G) at position 218 (H3 numbering) in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of both (5 + 3) and (6 + 2) viruses. The substitution improved the growth of the (6 + 2) virus but exhibited no significant effect or alteration on the antigenicity of the (5 + 3) virus. Moreover, the (5 + 3) virus exhibited low pathogenicity in chickens and ferrets.ConclusionHomologous PB1 of the H7N4 virus improves the growth ability while sustaining low pathogenicity. Collectively, the gene composition of the (5 + 3) reassortant virus is a suitable H7N4 CVV for potential pandemic preparedness.
Impact of microcredit on income and employment of self‐help group members in Punjab: Does credit size matter?
Authors: Kapila Munish , Kalia Prateek 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study evaluates the impact of microcredit on the income and employment level of participants before and after joining self‐help groups (SHGs) and variations based on the size of microcredit. Data was solicited from 318 SHG members using multistage random sampling. The mean value of income and employment of SHG members before and after joining SHGs were compared by using t‐statistics. The logistic regression technique was used to ascertain whether the income and employment level of SHG members varies significantly with the size of microcredit. We found significant improvement in the income and employment levels of participants after joining SHGs. The results of the logistic regression model revealed that the probabilities of members earning an income of more than 3,000 Indian Rupees (INR) per month and having employment of more than 180 days were very high among large borrowers as compared to small borrowers.
Rebuilding social science research systems in Myanmar: The past informs the future
Authors: Glutting Jana Rué , Lee Zu Xian (Anders) , Galloway Charlotte 
Published: January 2022

AbstractInternational interest in Myanmar increased exponentially from 2010 when the first quasi‐democratic election was held, signalling the beginning of transition from military to democratic rule. Major reforms were needed to facilitate Myanmar's economic and social development. However, decades of social isolation, distrust in government, and stagnation of the education system degraded Myanmar's research capabilities to a point whereby no meaningful data was available to determine areas of critical need or baseline positions to support donor‐assisted development. A decade later, research data on Myanmar has developed greatly but remains largely controlled by foreign entities. An assessment of Myanmar's research environment undertaken in 2019 utilising the Global Development Network's research assessment framework identified key actors in social science research and significant barriers to local research capacity development in the higher education sector. A critical factor to address in order to achieve meaningful change in Myanmar's higher education research systems is the relationship between central government and higher education institutions. This step is essential in progressing Myanmar's higher education autonomy and academic freedoms.
American Enterprise Institute Roundtable: Government Policies Reshape the Banking System
Authors: Kupiec Paul H. , Sylla Richard , Pollock Alex J. , Calomiris Charles W. , Ely Bert 
Published: January 2022

The U.S. federal government response to the 2008 financial crisis, including new laws, prudential regulations, and Federal Reserve monetary policies, has left a lasting impact on the U.S. banking industry. Along with a nearly 50% drop in the number of independent depository institutions since 2000, the industry has become much more concentrated in a few large “systemically important” institutions. At the same time, the largest banks have responded to incentives provided by increased regulatory requirements and the Fed's zero interest rate policy by reducing their lending to the private sector and increasing both their real estate holdings and their reliance on deposits to fund them.For the five well‐known banking scholars who take part in this AEI‐organized discussion, such recent changes have troubling consequences for both the industry and the broader economy. After economic historian Richard Sylla describes a 100‐year movement of U.S. banking toward a system characterized by a few large banks with extensive branch systems, bank authority Alex Pollock points to the growing role and influence of the Federal Reserve and government‐sponsored enterprises in the “banking credit system.” And bank consultant Bert Ely points to a number of large and growing industry risks. Along with their unprecedented real estate holdings, Ely notes the massive holdings of U.S. government debt by both the Fed—which is identified as having an enormous interest rate mismatch and exposure—and the banks it supervises. At the same time, low interest rates have been squeezing banks’ margins and reducing their capital cushions to absorb losses that may arise from the pandemic.Charles Calomiris, who recently stepped down as Chief Economist of the OCC, views such extreme consolidation as an unhealthy trend—one that, along with banks’ growing dependency on deposits (and hence government guarantees and support) and reliance on real estate lending have become the main components of a “three‐legged stool” that are making large banks and banking systems throughout the world ever more subject to government influence. As a result of such dependence, the U.S. banking system is becoming more vulnerable to economy‐wide “shocks” such as the expected effects of a sharp increase in interest rates or a sudden plummeting of real estate prices. As Calomiris argued in his famous book (with Stephen Haber), U.S. banks—and indeed banks in most nations, thanks to “political bargains” with their governments that seem inevitable—appear to be becoming ever more “fragile by design.”
Two new species of the butterflyfish genus Roa (Perciformes: Chaetodontidae)
Authors: Matsunuma Mizuki , Motomura Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTwo new species of Roa (Chaetodontidae) are described. Roa semilunaris sp. nov., based on six specimens from the Mascarene Ridge (south‐western Indian Ocean), is most similar to Roa jayakari (Norman, 1939), distributed in the Red Sea and the northern Indian Ocean, in having scales on the upper jaw, interrupted pale lines within the second dark body band, and similar coloration and shape of the pelvic fin. However, the former is readily distinguished from R. jayakari by a wider whitish interspace between the second and third black bands [width of interspace at lateral line level 15.9%–18.5% of standard length (SL) in R. semilunaris sp. nov. (vs. 5.1%–8.5% of SL in R. jayakari)], with 9 or 10 pored lateral‐line scales in the interspace (vs. 3–5); an oval or semicircular ocellated blotch on the soft‐rayed portion of the dorsal fin (vs. a circular blotch); the head higher and longer [head length 35.0%–36.7% of SL (vs. 40.8%–44.1% of SL), head height 48.1%–50.5% of SL (vs. 52.0%–56.9% of SL)], and postorbital length 14.0%–15.1% of SL (vs. 17.0%–20.5% of SL). Roa uejoi sp. nov., based on three specimens from Guam (Mariana Islands), is most similar to Roa excelsa (Jordan, 1921) (now restricted to the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Island), but is distinguished from the latter by having a circular dorsal‐fin ocellated spot (vs. spot distinctly oval in the latter) and a much more elongate, filamentous first pelvic‐fin soft ray, of length 119.0%–123.4% of 2nd ray (vs. not obviously filamentous, 104.9%–105.8%). A key to the eight valid species of Roa is provided.
Postpartum Health Experiences of Women with Newborns in Intensive Care: The Desire to Be by the Infant Bedside as a Driver of Postpartum Health
Authors: Ferrari Renée M. , McClain Erin K. , Tucker Christine , Charles Nkechi , Verbiest Sarah , Lewis Virginia , Bryant Katherine , Stuebe Alison M. 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionWomen with infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) encounter multiple challenges following childbirth, including greater burden of chronic disease and increased risk for depression, compared with women with well infants. At the same time, they are confronted with the trauma of a hospitalized infant while also managing their postpartum recovery. Limited research exists describing the health needs of these women, despite the many numbers living this experience daily. This study aimed to better understand postpartum health needs of women with infants in the NICU in the 90 days following birth and to propose actionable system improvements to address identified needs.MethodsThe authors conducted in‐depth individual interviews with 50 postpartum women of infants admitted to the NICU at a quaternary care hospital. Eligible women were aged at least 18 years, spoke English or Spanish, and had infants in the NICU longer than 3 days. Interview topics included NICU experience, recommended and desired health care, and suggestions for improvement. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. The authors used qualitative description techniques including memo‐writing, coding, matrices, diagramming, and team discussion to analyze the data.ResultsWomen reported significant intrapartum health conditions and concerns (eg, preeclampsia, emergency cesarean birth, anxiety) and described unmet social, emotional, mental, and physical health needs. Unmet practical needs while in the NICU (eg, a place to rest, affordable parking, access to food, childcare) caused considerable burden. Despite disease burden and emergent health needs, few women reported regular monitoring of their postpartum health by maternal health care providers. Women frequently minimized and delayed care for their health needs so as to remain by the infant bedside.DiscussionWomen with infants in the NICU would benefit from patient‐centered care that provides greater attention to their postpartum health and recovery while also supporting their drive to remain close to their hospitalized infant.
Neurofibromatosis type 2 versus sporadic vestibular schwannoma: The utility of MR diffusion and dynamic contrast‐enhanced imaging
Authors: Ota Yoshiaki , Liao Eric , Capizzano Aristides A. , Baba Akira , Kurokawa Ryo , Kurokawa Mariko , Srinivasan Ashok 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackground and PurposeThe goal of this study was to assess the utility of diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) to distinguish sporadic vestibular schwannomas (VSs) from those related to neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 265 patients pathologically diagnosed with VSs between January 2015 and October 2020 in a single institution. There were 28 patients (male: 19, female: 9; age 11‐67 years) including 23 sporadic and five NF2‐related VSs, who had pretreatment DWI and DCE‐MRI. Normalized mean apparent diffusion coefficient (nADCmean) and DCE‐MRI parameters along with tumor characteristics were compared between sporadic and NF2‐related VSs as appropriate. The diagnostic performances were calculated based on the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for the values that showed significant differences. To identify significant modalities, multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using nADCmean and the combination of statistically significant DCE‐MRI parameters.ResultsNADCmean, fractional volume of extracellular space (Ve), and forward volume transfer constant (Ktrans) were significantly different between sporadic and NF2‐related VSs (nADCmean: median 1.62 vs. 1.16, P = .002; Ve: median 0.40 vs. 0.66, P = .007; Ktrans: median 0.17 vs. 0.33, P = .007), whereas fractional plasma volume (Vp), reverse reflux rate constant (Kep), and tumor characteristics were not. The diagnostic performances of nADCmean, Ve, and Ktrans were 0.93, 0.90, and 0.90 area under the curves with cutoffs of 1.46, 0.51, and 0.29, respectively. nADCmean and the combination of Ve and Ktrans were both chosen as significant differentiators by multivariate logistic regression analysis (P = .027).ConclusionsDWI and DCE‐MRI are both promising modalities to distinguish sporadic and NF2‐related VSs.
Leishmaniosis in a cat with chronic diarrhea as the only clinical manifestation
Authors: Tabar María‐Dolores , Naranjo Carolina , Dehesa Alexandra , Rodríguez Mari‐Carmen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA 10‐year‐old male domestic shorthaired cat was presented with chronic diarrhea unresponsive to treatment. Laboratory testing identified hyperglobulinemia and mild nonregenerative anemia, and nongastrointestinal causes of diarrhea were ruled out. Gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsy were performed and disclosed diffuse generalized granulomatous and lymphoplasmocytic inflammatory reaction in all segments of gastrointestinal tract evaluated, with numerous Leishmania spp. amastigotes within the cytoplasm of macrophages. The organism also was detected in spleen and bone marrow and Leishmania spp. serology was positive (immunofluorescence assay 1 : 160). A diagnosis of granulomatous enteritis secondary to leishmaniosis was made. Gastrointestinal signs resolved after treatment with allopurinol and a dietary supplement of nucleotides and active hexose‐correlated compounds (N‐AHCC), but seropositivity and gammopathy persisted 8 months later. The cat died of unrelated causes after an additional 3 months and permission for necropsy was not granted. Leishmaniosis as a cause of chronic diarrhea has not been reported previously in cats and should be considered in endemic areas in cats with chronic gastrointestinal signs.
Dependence on clade II bHLH transcription factors for nursing of haploid products by tapetal‐like cells is conserved between moss sporangia and angiosperm anthers
Authors: Lopez‐Obando Mauricio , Landberg Katarina , Sundberg Eva , Thelander Mattias 
Published: January 2022

Summary

Clade II basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors (bHLH TFs) are essential for pollen production and tapetal nursing functions in angiosperm anthers. As pollen has been suggested to be related to bryophyte spores by descent, we characterized two Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens clade II bHLH TFs (PpbHLH092 and PpbHLH098), to test if regulation of sporogenous cells and the nursing cells surrounding them is conserved between angiosperm anthers and bryophyte sporangia.

We made CRISPR‐Cas9 reporter and loss‐of‐function lines to address the function of PpbHLH092/098. We sectioned and analyzed WT and mutant sporophytes for a comprehensive stage‐by‐stage comparison of sporangium development.

Spore precursors in the P. patens sporangium are surrounded by nursing cells showing striking similarities to tapetal cells in angiosperms. Moss clade II bHLH TFs are essential for the differentiation of these tapetal‐like cells and for the production of functional spores.

Clade II bHLH TFs provide a conserved role in controlling the sporophytic somatic cells surrounding and nursing the sporogenous cells in both moss sporangia and angiosperm anthers. This supports the hypothesis that such nursing functions in mosses and angiosperms, lineages separated by c. 450 million years, are related by descent.
Evaluation of suicide probability in children and adolescents with epilepsy
Authors: Yıldız Miniksar Dilşad , Kılıç Betül , Kılıç Mahmut , Miniksar Ökkeş Hakan , Topçu Yasemin , Aydın Kürşad 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to examine suicide probability, factors affecting suicide, and personality traits of children and adolescents diagnosed with epilepsy, and to compare their results with those of children without epilepsy.MethodsFifty‐six children diagnosed with epilepsy and 56 control children, aged 11–16 years, were evaluated by using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnostic criteria, the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version, the Child Depression Inventory, the Suicide Probability Scale (SPS), and the Personality Inventory for DSM‐5 – Brief Form – Children (PID‐5‐BF) scales. Factors predicting suicide risk in children with epilepsy were analyzed.ResultsThe mean age, SPS total score, and hopelessness subscale score, PID‐5‐BF total score as well as disinhibition and psychoticism subscale scores of the epilepsy group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the Child Depression Inventory, and other subscales of the Suicide Probability Scales and PID‐5‐BF scales. The SPS total score was higher in patients with comorbid psychiatric diseases, those using psychiatric drugs, and girls (P < 0.05). An ANCOVA analysis indicated that the most important factor that predicted the probability of suicide and its subscale scores was the level of depression, and the presence of epilepsy was not predictive.ConclusionsWe found a high probability of suicide and personality pathology in children with epilepsy but the main predictor of suicide probability was the level of depression, not the presence of epilepsy.
Seropositivity for cytomegalovirus and PCR‐EBV monitoring: Protective factors for posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric liver transplant
Authors: Éboli Lígia Patrícia de Carvalho Batista , Tannuri Ana Cristina Aoun , Tannuri Uenis 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundPTLD is a clinical condition with high mortality. Monitoring EBV replication can be a useful tool to avoid the development of PTLD.Materials and MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of 428 pediatric patients who underwent liver transplantation between 1989 and 2016. The patients were divided into 2 groups (transplanted before 2006, when PCR‐EBV was not monitored, and after 2006, when PCR‐EBV monitoring was started). Patients with continuous PCR measurements for EBV were evaluated for the impact of a reduction in immunosuppression or a change in immunosuppressants on the number of viral copies. A logistic regression model was applied to evaluate factors related to PTLD.ResultsThe prevalence of PTLD was 4.2%. After monitoring patients with PCR for EBV levels, a predominance of the most severe, monomorphic form of lymphoproliferative disorder was observed (p = .009). The PTLD mortality was 5%. There was a change in the PCR level after tacrolimus reduction (p = .002) and after tacrolimus exchange for mTOR (p = .008). The number of EBV copies was significantly higher (p = .029) in patients who developed PTLD. In the multiple regression model, seropositivity for CMV was an independent protective factor for lymphoproliferative disorder (OR=0.09; 95% CI 0.02–0.42), reducing the chance of having PTLD adjusted by serology for EBV by 91%.ConclusionsMonitoring the EBV viral load by PCR seems to prevent the emergence of milder forms of lymphoproliferative disorder. Pretransplant seropositivity for CMV is a protective factor for PTLD.
A note about the invariance of the basic reproduction number for stochastically perturbed SIS models
Authors: Bernardi Enrico , Lanconelli Alberto 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn Gray et al. [A stochastic differential equation SIS epidemic model, SIAM J. Appl. Math. 71 (3) (2011) 876–902] a susceptible‐infected‐susceptible (SIS) stochastic differential equation (SDE), obtained via a suitable random perturbation of the disease transmission coefficient in the classic SIS model, has been studied. Such random perturbation enters via an informal manipulation of stochastic differentials and leads to an Itô's‐type SDE. The authors identify a stochastic reproduction number, which differs from the standard one for the presence of those additional parameters that describe the employed random perturbation, and show that, similarly to the deterministic case, the stochastic reproduction number rules the asymptotic behavior of the solution. Aiming to make that random perturbation rigorous, we suggest an alternative approach based on a Wong–Zakai approximation argument thus arriving at a different stochastic model corresponding to the Stratonovich version of the Itô equation analyzed in Gray et al. Rather surprisingly, the asymptotic behavior of this alternative model turns out to be governed by the same reproduction number as the deterministic SIS equation. In other words, the random perturbation does not modify the threshold for extinction and persistence of the disease.