bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insecticide Evaluation, 1991
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Ti. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a 5.4 acre block of 37-yr-old trees, which measured 16.5 ft in height and 23 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 × 40 ft. The experimental design consisted of 6 single-tree plots (3 'Rome Beauty,' 3 'Golden Delicious') in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gal/acre. Dates of application were 2 Apr (delayed dormant [DD]), 9 Apr (prepink [PP]), 8 May (petal fall [PF]), 21 May (first cover [1C]), 31 May (second cover [2C]), 13 Jun (third cover [3C]), 27 Jun (fourth cover [4C]), 16 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 30 Jul (sixth cover [6C]), 12 Aug (seventh cover [7C]), and 29 Aug (eighth cover [8C]). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agristrep, Bordeaux mixture, Captan, Dodine, NAA, Nova, Rubigan, Solubor, and Topsin-M. Control of RAA was evaluated by counting colonies/tree. Effect of treatments against SA was determined by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of five terminals/tree around the periphery of'Rome Beauty.' Control of WALH and RLH was evaluated by counting nymphs on 25 leaves selected from the periphery of trees. Treatment effect against STLM was determined by counting mines observed in 5 minutes around the periphery of trees. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 600 picked apples/treatment (100/replication) plus up to 600 drop apples/ treatment (up to 100/replication) sampled on 17 Sep. Fruit picked from 'Golden Delicious' trees were rated for finish as 0 (no russet), 1 (enlarged and raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (&gt;50% russeted surface).
Blueberry Thrips Control, 1991
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On a newly pruned blueberry field at Lubec, Maine, materials were applied to 6- by 10-ft plots on 20 May (newly emerging stems averaged 0.25- to 0.50-inches tall) and 28 May (plants 1.0- to 1.5-inches tall). There were 3 replications of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a C02-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat-spray, 800067 Teejet nozzles operating at 35 psi. On 19 Jun, 2, sq ft wooden frames, divided by twine into quarters, were placed within each plot equidistant from each other and the ends of the plot. All the stems within one quarter of each frame were cut at ground level and brought into the laboratory. Stems were recorded as being curled (thrips’ injury) or noncurled. The number of stems per 1.50-sq ft ranged from 239 to 294 per treatment. There were no unusual weather conditions during the test.
Grape, Season-Long Control of Grape Berry Moth, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were made to 9 year old grape vines near Fennville, MI at a rate of 50 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single 50 foot-long rows of vines replicated 4 times. Applications of materials were made as indicated in the table on 3 May (BS), 25 Jun (Bloom), 9 Jul (PB), 23 Jul (4C), 4 Aug (5C), 15 Aug (6C), 26 Aug (7C), 9 Sep (8C), and 20 Sep (9C). Dikar was applied separately to all treatments. Fruit evaluation was made on 3 Sep, by picking 25 grape clusters per replicate (100 clusters per treatment) and rating them for the presence or absence of grape berry moth damage.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1991
Authors: French J. Victo. , Hernandez Elia. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental acaricides, AC-801757 and AC-303630, each alone and tank mixed with NR 440 oil, were compared to the standard Vendex for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomly assigned to single tree plots and replicated 3 times in a 5-yr-old block of grapefruit on 12 × 24 ft spacing. Each treated tree was bounded on all sides by an unsprayed tree to minimize cross-contamination. Treatments were applied on 13 May using a Hypro 5200 portable high pressure handgun sprayer operating at 200 psi. At each count date 16 fruit per replicate were randomly selected and examined in situ with a 10 X handlens. All live CRM were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation.
Speed-Sprayer Trials for Citrus Thrips Control, 1991
Authors: Morse J. G. , Brawner O. L. , Urena A. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated spring, 1991 in 2 fields at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif, for control of citrus thrips. Pesticides were applied with an FMC CP-267 speed-sprayer pulled behind a tractor. In Field 23, 4 methods of application were compared with Baythroid: the same amount of active ingredient on a per acre basis was applied in 50, 100, or 200 gal of water per acre (gpa) using outside coverage (achieved by reducing fan speed from a full throttle wind velocity of 130 mph to 80 mph) and a driving speed of 2 miles per hour (mph); in the fourth treatment, the same machine settings were used as with the 200 gpa application but driving speed was increased to 4 mph resulting in an application of 100 gpa. In Field 41-42, 5 treatments were compared, all with outside coverage applied at 2 mph: split applications of 10 fl oz of Agri-Mek per acre in 50, 100, or 200 gpa or 20 fl oz in 100 gpa were compared against a single post petal-fall application of Carzol. Each field was divided into 2 blocks and one replicate of each treatment was assigned to each block randomly; each replicate plot was 6 rows wide and 5-8 trees long. In each plot, 6 data trees were chosen from the center 2 rows of each plot, excluding the trees at the end of a row. Ten outside fruit per data tree from the inside of the 2 data rows from knee to eye level were sampled for citrus thrips infestation at 4 times during the critical period (the first 6 wks after petal-fall) during which citrus thrips fruit scarring occurs. Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in Aug 1991 on all fruit on the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars (approximately 10% severe scarring of outside fruit as sampled in this study). In 1991, late Apr and May were relatively warm—daily maximums were between 64 and 95°F (mean 79.0°) in the 4 wks after petal-fall. A little precipitation occurred (0.04 inch, 8 May; 0.08, 17 May; 0.04, 24 May; none in Jun) but probably had little effect on the treatments. These groves had low levels of predaceous mites.
Codling Moth Control with Insect Growth Regulators, 1991
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was conducted on 20-yr-old Ashley’ walnuts in a commercial orchard near Woodland, Calif. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Treatments were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 300 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre of finished spray (5.7 gal/tree). All rates of RH-5992 and Lorsban were applied on 2 May (Vi-inch nut size for the overwintering CM generation). In addition, RH-5992 was applied on 21 Jun (start of oviposition for the first CM generation) and again on 19 Jul, while Guthion was applied on 7 Jul (5 to 10% egg hatch of first generation) and again on 2 Aug to the trees which were treated with Lorsban on 2 May. Control of the overwintering generation (first application) was evaluated by counting all CM-infested dropped nuts weekly from 28 May through 1 Jul. Control of the first generation (second and third applications) was evaluated by inspecting 100 nuts/tree at commecial harvest on 20 Sep for CM and NOW infestation. The trial was conducted in an orchard which had experienced more than 20% CM damage the previous year. Thus, this trial should be considered a very rigorous test of the experimental materials.
Seedcorn Maggot Control in Navy Bean, 1990
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Ricard Michel. , Sheets Beck. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This trial was located at the Staples Irrigation Station, Staples, MN. Soils were irrigated sandy loams. Plots were 2 rows X 9.15 meters in length. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications. The seed was treated with a sticker, coated with the appropriate seed treatment, allowed to dry, and planted 30 May using an Almaco planter. Granular insecticides were applied by hand in a 15.24 cm band following planting and lightly covered. The field was irrigated to ensure uniform emergence. Stand counts and yield were taken on 6.10 meters of row. The threshed seed was cleaned, dried, and moisture taken. Final yields reported were adjusted to a standard moisture.
Comparing New Bioinsecticide Products for Control of Natural Populations of Leidoptera in A Full Season Program on Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 7 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10- ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-ineh plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips, and delivering 38 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply weekly applications of each treatment. Treatments were applied on 17, 24, 31 Jul, 7, 14, 21, 28 Aug, 5, and 12 Sep and evaluated on 17 Sep. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting five plants per plot for marketability, of which three plants were evaluated for insect populations by removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. Marketability was judged using a rating scale of 1-6, with 1 being clean, rating less than 4 having no injury to the head, and 6 having severe damage to the head and frame leaves.
Apple, Laboratory Evaluation of Penncap M for Control of Larvae of Rblr, 1991
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. W. , Cook K. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Redbanded leafroller (RBLR) larvae caused serious damage to fruit in Frederick County, Virginia, in 1990. In one orchard where Penncap M had been used for several years (including 1990) the problem was particularly severe and larvae from eggs laid by the overwintering generation were very abundant in the spring of 1991. Efficacy of insecticide against RBLR larvae in this orchard was questioned. Consequently, two laboratory toxicity studies were conducted. Exp. 1 was designed to evaluate relative toxicities of several pesticides currently recommended for control of RBLR. Exp. 2 was performed to determine an effective dosage of pesticides for grower use. Terminal apple shoots bearing 5 live RBLR larvae were dipped in the appropriate toxicant dilutions which had been mixed in 1 gal battery jars. There were 4 replicates of each treatment and a control. After dipping, the basal portion of the shoot was passed through a fine meshed nylon screen into water in the bottom of a styrofoam cup. The screen was taped so as to seal it to the top of the cup and served to prevent larvae from entering the water. Each of these units was then placed in a clean glass battery jar. Tops of jars were covered with fine nylon netting, held in place with a rubber band, and held at 80°F in a lighted room. Larvae were examined after 24 and 48 h and categorized as live or dead. Death was determined by the lack of any movement when the larva was probed gently with a blunt steel probe.
Cabbage Looper and Diamondback Moth Control on Cabbage, Spring 1991
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six week old Express’ cv. cabbage plants were transplanted on 8 May into a Bernow series fine, sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins A.R.E.C. in Lane, OK. Single-row plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications and were 30 ft long. Rows were spaced 3 ft apart. One unplanted row between plots and 5 ft within rows were left as plot buffers. Thirty plants per plot were each spaced 12 inches apart. Trickle irrigation was used to apply recommended rates of fertilizer and meet irrigation needs. All treatments were applied with a C02-powered backpack sprayer and double-nozzle boom with TX-10 nozzles spaced 18 inches apart, directed toward the plants. The sprayer was calibrated on 28 May at 30.0 gallons per acre, 13 Jun at 28.2 GPA, and 17 Jun at 27.8 GPA. Insecticides were applied on 29 May, 7, 12, 17, 25, and 29 Jun. Five randomly selected plants per plot were sampled on 28 May, 5, 11, 14, 19, 24, and 28 Jun for CL, DBM, and other lepidopterous larvae. CL and DBM larvae were categorized as small (CL—instar 1 & 2, DBM—instar 1, 2 & 3) and large (CL—instar 3 & 4, DBM—instar 1, 2 & 3). All plots were harvested on 1 Jul and individual heads were rated using the following scale: 1 = no wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 2 = wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 3 = light head damage, 4 = moderate/severe head damage. Heads rated 1 or 2 were considered marketable according to U.S.D.A. standards.
Cabbage Looper Control with Esfenvalerate Tank Mixed with Urea Fertilizer, 1991
Authors: Teague T. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field trials were conducted to determine if addition of urea fertilizer to spray tank mixes of Asana XL would affect insecticide efficacy. Collards were transplanted 26 Jul in a Calloway silt loam on the ASU Research Farm in single rows on raised beds spaced 6.6 ft apart with plant spacing at 12 inches. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plot size was 1 row, 20 ft long. All plots received season long protection from pests until 10 days prior to test initiation. At that time all plants were fully shucked then sprayed 5 days later with of 0.03 lb AI Asana XL. For the experiment, prilled urea was dissolved in tap water in the spray tank, the insecticide was added, and pH of the final spray mixture determined. Treatments were applied on 26 Aug using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi and equipped with 2 hollow cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart and directed at a 45° angle toward the center of the plant. Temperature at application time was 89°F with 40% RH. Treatment evaluations were made 31 Aug by sampling 5 randomly selected plants per plot. No. of larvae, damaged leaves, and marketable leaves per plant were determined. In addition, insect damage was rated on a 1 to 5 scale with 1 = no damage, 2 = slight damage (&lt;2 leaves unmarketable), 3 = moderate damage (&lt;3 leaves unmarketable), 4 = heavy damage (&gt;3 leaves unmarketable with &lt;10% loss of leaf area), and 5 = severe damage (&gt;3 leaves unmarketable with &gt;10% loss of leaf area). Phytotoxicity was rated on a 0 to 3 scale with 0 = no damage, 1 = moderate damage (1 leaf damaged), 2 = heavy damage (&gt;1 leaf damaged with &lt;25% of damaged leaves affected), and 3 = severe damage (&gt;1 leaf damaged with &gt;25% of damaged leaves affected). Data including log transformations of insect count data were subject to ANOVA.
Effectiveness of Bacillus Thvringiensis Formulations for Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Fall Cabbage, 1992
Authors: McKenzie C. L. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Blue Vantage’ cabbage plants were transplanted on 25 Aug into a Bernow series fine, sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC in Lane, OK. Plots consisted of 2 12 ft rows on 36 inch centers with each treated plot separated by an untreated bed and 12 ft buffers within rows. Transplants were spaced 12 inches between plants within each row and fertilized at recommended levels and irrigated as needed through a trickle system. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 2 hollow cone TX-18 nozzles/row. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 46.6 gal/acre at 2 mph using 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 17, 24, 29 Sep, 5, 13, 21, 27 Oct, and 2 Nov. Insecticide efficacy was assessed by counting CL larvae and eggs, parasitized CL, DBM larvae, YSA larvae, BAW larvae, CWW larvae, and CSCW larvae on 8 randomly chosen plants/replicate on 12 dates. Counts were always made prior to spraying on those dates that are the same. Plots were harvested as ready on 5, 12 and 19 Nov and individual heads were weighed and graded using the following scale: 1 = no wrapper leaf damage, no head damage; 2 = wrapper leaf damage, no head damage; 3 = wrapper leaf damage, light head damage; 4 = wrapper leaf damage, moderate to severe head damage. Heads rated 1 or 2 were considered marketable according to USDA standards. Data were transformed [log (x + 1)] before analysis where appropriate. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA, SAS 1988) and means were separated using Ryan’s Q test.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, Fall, 1992
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Blue Vantage’ cv. cabbage was transplanted into a Bernow series sandy loam soil on 25 Aug at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, OK. Plots one row wide by 4.6 m long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. One unplanted row between rows and 4.6 m within rows served as spray buffers. Rows were spaced on 91 cm centers and plants were spaced 30 cm apart within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. All treatments were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated on 3 Sep at 176.2 liters per acre. The sprayer was equipped with two TX-18 spray nozzles spaced 46 cm apart and directed inward toward the plants. Treatments were applied on 18, 26 Sep, 1, 9, and 21 Oct. A spreader-sticker, Agri-Dex @ 2 pt/acre, was added to each of the Bacillus thuringiensis products. On each sample date, eight randomly selected plants were sampled from each plot for CL, DBM and other lepidopterous larvae. Insect feeding damage was evaluated on 2 Nov. Each plant was rated according to the following scale: 1 = no wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 2 = wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 3 = light head damage, 4 = moderate/severe head damage. Heads rated 1 or 2 were considered marketable according to USDA standards.
Foliar Sprays to Control Worms on Cabbage, 1992
Authors: Speese J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 27 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, Va. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plant spacing was 12 inches with 3 ft between rows. Sprays were applied with a propane-compressed gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles (D4-45) per row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 29 Sep; 6 and 23 Oct, and 3 Nov. The second applications for the twice weekly treatments were on 1, 7, and 26 Oct and 6 Nov. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of all species present on 5 randomly chosen plants/plot and market ratings according to Greene et al. (J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4):798-800) on 13 Nov. A rating greater than 3 is considered unmarketable.
Control of Lepidoptera on Late Season Cabbage, 1992
Authors: Vaughn Ty T. , Hoy Casey W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Bravo’ cabbage was transplanted at Fry Farm, OARDC, Wooster, OH, on 7 Jul. Plots were 2 rows wide on 36 inch centers, 40 ft long, and separated by 12 ft alleys. Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The field was sprayed with Sevin XLR (4EC) at lqt/acre on 24 Jul for flea beetles. Treatments were applied 14 and 21 Aug, and 10 Sep using a tractor mounted drop nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Five plants per plot were randomly selected and sampled for DBM, ICW, and CL small (1-2 instar) and large (3&gt; 3 instar) larvae on 13, 20, 27, Aug, 9, and 16 Sep. To rate marketability, 40 cabbage heads per plot were inspected on 28 Sep, and the number with worms, frass, or damage on the head was recorded.
Control on Late Season Sweet Corn with Foliar Sprays, 1992
Authors: Bowman James S. , Campbell Margaret D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The ‘Honeymoon’ sweet corn used in this study was hand-planted in rows on 36 inch centers at the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, NH on 23 Jun. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. On 12 Jul, when the corn plants were in the pretassel growth stage, spray applications of 10 insecticide treatments were administered using a R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 14.4 gal/acre to control second brood ECB and FAW. Silk sprays were begun on 28 Aug (when approximately 10% of the plants were in silk) and repeated on 2 Sep and 8 Sep. These sprays were directed toward the silk zone on both sides of the plant at a delivery rate of 30.3 gal/acre.
Corn Earworm Control on Sweet Corn, 1992
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Maple Sweet’ cv. sweet corn was seeded on 15 May at the Wes Watkins A.R.E.C, Lane, OK. Plots 5.8 m long by 4 rows wide were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Rows were spaced 91 cm apart and plants were spaced 10-15 cm apart within rows. Two unplanted rows between plots and 1.5 m within rows served as spray buffers. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied with a tractor mounted PTO-driven air pressure sprayer calibrated at 95.8 liters per acre. Six insecticide applications were made on a 3 x per week regime on the following dates: 9, 13, 15, 17, 20 and 22 Jul. Three TX-10 spray nozzles per row were suspended from the boom with one nozzle on each side of the row directed inward at the level of the silks and one nozzle above the row. Thirty primary ears from each plot were harvested on 24 Jul and evaluated for CEW damage. Each ear was categorized according to USDA standards as undamaged, marketable or unmarketable. Marketability was determined by measuring the depth of CEW penetration from the tip of the ear. Ears with no damage beyond 38 mm from the tip or at least 12.7 cm in length after trimming all damage from them were considered marketable. Ears were considered unmarketable if damage extended beyond 38 mm from the tip or if total undamaged length was less than 12.7 cm after trimming. Average penetration depth was also calculated.