bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Horizontal Mergers in Homogeneous Goods Industries: When Is Spare Capacity Sufficient to Offset Unilateral Effects?
Authors: Kadar Massimiliano , Buettner Thomas , Cilea Andrea 
Published: April 2022

The existence of spare capacity is traditionally an important element in the assessment of horizontal mergers in homogeneous goods industries. In principle, non-merging firms with spare capacity can react to a price increase by the merged entity and expand output. This output expansion could make such price increase unprofitable for the merged entity and ultimately offset it. But when do competitors have an incentive to expand output to such an extent as to avert anticompetitive effects? Conversely, when do they have an incentive to follow a price increase by the merged entity? In previous case practice, the European Commission (Commission) often focussed its assessment on the degree of spare capacity available to competitors, i.e., on competitors’ ability, rather than incentive, to expand output. In some of these cases, the mere existence of a large amount of spare capacity at industry level was considered as sufficient to eliminate the risk of unilateral price effects. In two recent important merger cases, the Commission carried out an in-depth analysis of spare capacity that was not only focussed on competitors’ ability to react, but also on their incentive to do so: Outokumpu/Inoxum and INEOS/Solvay/JV. As we explain in more detail in this article, these two cases show that normally competitors of a merged entity do not have an incentive to react to a post-merger price increase sufficiently to alleviate competition concerns. This approach is consistent with the Commission’s Horizontal Merger Guidelines, and supported by sound economic analysis and empirical insights.
Patent Trolls: In Search of Efficient Regulatory Standards
Authors: Boscheck Ralf 
Published: April 2022

Current concerns about the growth of patent assertion entities (PAEs) are typically related to their presumed anti-competitive behaviour and negative impact on innovation in product and technology markets. Regulators, required to balance the legitimate interests of patent holders and licensees, call for evidentiary standards to efficiently appraise, and for the purpose of policy formulation, prejudge the reasonableness and welfare consequences of these undertakings. And yet, recent economic analyses still seem far from offering operational criteria that could translate into enforceable, let alone efficient, regulatory norms. And so, case analysis, particularly in the US context, turns into an ordeal trying to tweak the facts of these fairly new business models to suit time-honoured legal principles. Plainly, PAE efforts in general do not seem to be easily caught by US competition rules that assign antitrust liability based on harm to competition and the competitive process. This is not to suggest that they are pro-competitive per se but, rather, that any attack on them may give rise to ‘administratively hopeless, but generally exculpating, rule of reason defence’. It may be for that reason that US judicial, federal and state reforms – for better or for worse – have begun to target some of the leverage points and key drivers of the PAE business model.The welfare consequences of reduced IP enforcement will still need to be established. The EU Commission expects PAEs to be less active in Europe because of the loser pays principle in European courts, the smaller damage awards offered in successful cases, and because of the higher degree of predictability of outcomes in European specialist patent courts. Yet, similar to the US context, EU regulators are faced with the dilemma of devising standards that fit a variety of circumstances and yet can be easily applied. In both cases, regulatory delegation avoids the pitfalls of ordering complexities centrally. But it requires a set of simple meta-rules to guide lower-level decisions, adjust principles to circumstance and keep matters predictable. Delegation in the area of competition policy is limited by the adequacy of the economic reference that it employs. At this stage, in dealing with outsourced patent assertion and related licensing conditions, economic theory offers a wide yet insufficient menu of advice. The article has four parts: Section 1 discusses patent trends, actors, rights and obligations, and the nature of current regulatory concerns. Section 2 reviews the scant empirical analyses and model work on patent trolls. Section 3 examines regulatory concerns in view of US antitrust standards and lists alternative remedies. Section 4 concludes and offers some considerations related to the European context.
Horizontal Restraints on Platforms: How Digital Ecosystems Nudge into Rethinking the Construal of the Cartel Prohibition
Authors: Thomas Stefan 
Published: April 2022

This paper deals with collusive risks that can result from the ecosystems created by digital platforms. Recent case reports reflect that the potential for harm and benefit can be tightly interwoven here. It is not entirely clear, however, in what way the creation of a platform can, in itself, amount to a breach of the cartel prohibition, and how the potential for harm can be balanced against efficiencies in those cases. I argue in favour of an integrated construal of conduct and effect in order to close regulatory gaps whilst preventing false positives.
algorithm, ancillary restraints, cartel, collusion, consumer welfare, digital economy, game theory, machine learning, oligopoly, platform
The Role of (In)formal Governance and Culture in a National Competition System: A Case of a Post- Socialist Economy
Authors: Pecotic Kaufman Jasminka , Šimic Banovic Ružica 
Published: April 2022

Research increasingly suggests that the effectiveness of competition laws and policies could be enhanced if their implementation is linked with a better understanding of the cultural influences on competitionrelated decisions.Moreover, the lack of competition culture has been considered one of the main barriers to the enforcement of competition rules. But the studies examining this interplay of competition policy and national culture appear to be rather limited. Based on interviews with key actors of the Croatian competition system, this study examines the interaction of the competition system and the national culture through the governance perspective of a European (post)transitional society. Our findings indicate three key features that are unlikely to support the competition system development: first, collectivism and high power distance in the society; second, a strong influence of planned economy legacy; and third, a clash between the process of Europeanization and inherited collusion-friendly (in)formal governance mechanisms. Based on a unique set of empirical evidence, the contribution of this article lies in the analysis of the relations between modes of governance, national culture, and competition system development in a postsocialist society. This study is expected to have broader resonance for other post-transitional countries and for other developing countries with similar cultural features.
competition law, competition culture, informal governance, trade associations, postsocialist countries, national culture, Central and Eastern Europe, South-East Europe, planned economy legacy, Europeanization
PHYTOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF MURRAYA KOENIGII IN DMBA/TPA INDUCED ANGIOGENESIS, HEPATOTOXICITY AND RENAL TOXICITY DURING SKIN CARCINOGENESIS IN MICE
Authors: Aniqa Aniqa , Kaur Sarvnarinder , Negi Anushtha , Sadwal Shilpa , Bharati Sanjay 
Published: April 2022

The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Hydroethanolic Murraya koenigii leaves extract (HEMKLE) against DMBA/TPA-induced angiogenesis, hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity during skin carcinogenesis in mice. For the study, male LACA mice were divided into four groups: Group I (C), Group II (DMBA/TPA), Group III (HEMKLE), and Group IV (HEMKLE+DMBA/TPA). 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA), and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) were applied on the depilated skin of the mice to raise skin tumors in Group II and Group IV. The chemopreventive response of HEMKLE was evident by histoarchitectural and morphometric analysis of skin/tumors in Group IV (HEMKLE+DMBA/TPA). In addition, HEMKLE administration also decreased the mRNA and protein expression of HIF-1α, HMOX-1, VEGF, bFGF, and ANGPT-2 in Group IV (HEMKLE+DMBA/TPA) when compared to Group II (DMBA/TPA) that suggest its anti-angiogenic effect. Moreover, HEMKLE administration protected the liver and kidney tissues from damages incurred during skin carcinogenesis as evident through histological analysis, assessment of ROS and LPO levels, assessment of liver and kidney function markers (viz., SGOT, SGPT, D-bilirubin, T-bilirubin, ALP, urea, creatinine and BUN) and activities of the antioxidant enzymes in Group IV (HEMKLE +DMBA/TPA) when compared to Group II (DMBA/TPA). The outcome of the present study showed that HEMKLE administration markedly alleviated the angiogenesis and also showed the protective effects against damages incurred in liver and kidney tissues during skin carcinogenesis. However, further extensive studies are needed to explore the efficacy of HEMKLE on metastasis before going to human trials.
Parameter al-Dhariʿah Menurut Perspektif Syariʿah
Authors: Mohd Aswadi Mohamad Shafiq , Md Sawari Mohd Fuad , Sitiris Miszairi , Baharuddin Ahmad Syukran 
Published: April 2022

Al-Dharīʿah is an important concept in the issuance / establishment of Islamic law. In general, it covers two main parts, namely sadd al-dharīʿah and fath al-dharīʿah. However, this second part (fath al-dharīʿah) is less discussed in depth and extensively by previous scholars. Thus, this study is to produce pragmatic and practical parameters of al- dharīʿah according to the perspective of Sharīʿah. This study uses a library research methodology. The results of this study show that the parameters of al- dharīʿah produced must be holistic and comprehensive to cover the scope of sadd and fath al- dharīʿah so that the law issued/inferred can lead to permissible laws (such as obligatory, preferable and allowable) or vice versa. The researcher suggested a solution so that the parameters of al-dharīʿah that have been produced can be applied in contemporary matters such as Islamic finance, halal industry, education, medicine and so on to ensure that Sharīʿah law is maintained and ensure that the Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah is achieved perfectly.

Abstrak
Al-Dharīʿah adalah suatu konsep yang penting dalam pengistibatan hukum. Secara umumnya, ianya meliputi dua bahagian utama iaitu sadd al-dharīʿah dan fath al-dharīʿah. Walaubagaimanapun, bahagian kedua ini (fath al-dharīʿah) kurang diperbincangkan secara mendalam dan meluas oleh para ulama’ terdahulu. Justeru, kajian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan parameter al-dhariah yang pragmatik dan praktikal menurut perspektif Syarak. Kajian ini menggunakan metodologi kajian perpustakaan. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawasanya parameter al-dhariah yang dihasilkan perlulah holistik dan syumul merangkumi skop sadd dan fath al- dharīʿah supaya hukum yang dikeluarkan/diistinbatkan boleh membawa kepada hukum yang diperbolehkan (seperti wajib, sunat dan harus) ataupun sebaliknya. Pengkaji mencadangkan solusi agar parameter al-dharīʿah yang telah dihasilkan ini dapat diaplikasikan dalam perkara-perkara yang kontemporari seperti kewangan Islam, industri halal, pendidikan, perubatan dan sebagainya untuk memastikan hukum Syarak terjaga sekaligus memastikan Maqāṣid al- Syarīʿah tercapai dengan sempurna.
DOMESTICIDAD, RESPONSABILIZACIÓN Y FORMAS DE AGENCIAMIENTO. SENTIDOS Y USOS DEL TRABAJO CARCELARIO EN LA PRISIÓN DE MUJERES DE LA CIUDAD DE SANTA FE, ARGENTINA
Authors: Claus Waldemar , Taboga Julieta , Navarro Lorena , Zuzulich Florencia 
Published: April 2022

El presente trabajo describe y analiza, desde una perspectiva de género, el escenario laboral de una cárcel de mujeres en Argentina: la Unidad Penitenciaria N° 4 de la ciudad de Santa Fe. Partimos de considerar la articulación entre trabajo y género en la prisión como un dispositivo de gobierno —que funciona de modos tanto represivos como orientados a la producción de determinadas formas de subjetividad— que se constituye, al mismo tiempo, como un sitio potencial para el desarrollo de formas diversas de agenciamiento de las mujeres detenidas. En esta dirección, nos enfocamos, primero, en el modo en que el trabajo vehiculiza imágenes sobre las mujeres detenidas y su “corrección”. En segundo lugar, analizamos los diversos usos y sentidos que las mujeres detenidas hacen del trabajo y de los ingresos allí obtenidos. A partir de ello, mostramos en primer lugar de qué manera el trabajo hace visible el tipo de subjetividad que la institución penitenciaria intenta construir, caracterizada no sólo por exigencias de conformidad a modelos tradicionales de feminidad sino también por el intento de construir subjetividades (micro) emprendedoras y proactivas. Al mismo tiempo, mostramos cómo las mujeres detenidas se valen tanto de la oferta institucional como de una serie de nichos que crean por fuera de esta para construir espacios de agenciamiento que, con ciertos límites, les permiten hacer frente a algunas de las privaciones operadas por la pena privativa de la libertad y por la subordinación de género más en general.
Siembra directa de semillas de Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) aplicando dos densidades para la recuperación de suelos degradados por la actividad minera en la Amazonía peruana
Authors: Rosales-Solórzano Emer , Huayllani Huamani Pablo , Huanaco-Huanca Raul 
Published: April 2022

El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el desarrollo por siembra directa de semillas de Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) para la remediación de las áreas degradadas por la actividad minera en el sector de Virgen de la Candelaria, distrito de Inambari del departamento de Madre de Dios. El método aplicado fue un diseño experimental, del tipo aplicado cuantitativo y explicativo. El proceso de siembra constó de cuatro fases: instalación de parcelas, marcación, siembra de las semillas y fertilización. El diseño experimental instalado fue de 3 × 2. Se realizó un Análisis de Varianza (ANOVA), con una prueba de Fisher a un nivel de significancia α 0,05. El crecimiento en altura promedio fue de 18,98 mm y su germinación 43,98%, que comparado las dos densidades de siembra de 1 m × 2 m y 2 m × 4 m resultó ser diferente estadísticamente (α = 0,05). Así mismo la mortalidad promedio encontrada fue 52,05% es decir ligeramente alto, no habiendo diferencia estadística entre densidades de siembra.
Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) Games: Exploring the Applications of Games for Instruction and Assessment
Authors: R. Sanchez Diana , Rueda Amanda , Jimeno Jimènez Leila , Norouzi Nargesi Mahsa 
Published: April 2022

Despite the growing interest in utilizing commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) games for instructional and assessment purposes there is a lack of research evidence regarding COTS games for these applications. This chapter considers the application of COTS games for instruction and assessment and provides preliminary evidence comparing COTS game scores to traditional multiple-choice assessments. In a series of four studies, we collected data and compared results from the performance in a COTS game to scores on a traditional multiple-choice assessment written for the purposes of each study. Each assessment was written to evaluate the same content presented in the game for each respective study. Three of the four studies demonstrated a significant correlation between the COTS game and the traditional multiple choice assessment scores. The non-significant value in Study 4 was likely due to a small sample size (n < 100). The results of these studies support our hypothesis and demonstrate that COTS games may be a useful educational tool for training or assessment purposes. We recommend that future research focuses on specific applications of COTS games to explore further opportunities for utilizing COTS in education and assessment.
Perception of shop floor employees regarding senior management support in lean projects and its relationship with initiatives success
Authors: Torres Luis F. , Anholon Rosley , Rampasso Izabela Simon , Quelhas Osvaldo L. G. , Leal Filho Walter , Silva Dirceu 
Published: April 2022

Purpose – Over the years, the lean production philosophy has shown satisfactory results for companies from different sectors in different countries. Aiming to contribute to the knowledge base on the mentioned philosophy, this study aims to verify the perception of shop floor employees regarding senior management support in lean projects and its relationship with initiatives success.

Design/methodology/approach – Through a literature review, 18 aspects of a lean journey were identified and divided into four constructs by a panel of specialists. This information was used to compose a questionnaire, and a survey was conducted with 198 shop floor employees of two auto parts companies. Data analysis was done via Structural Equation Modeling.

Findings – As a general result, it was possible to prove that when employees perceive more significant support from senior management in lean projects, the greater is the perception of initiatives success. Therefore, it is interesting that the involvement of senior management occurs at all stages of the project.

Originality/value – The results described here have practical implications, especially for managers interested in implementing lean projects; they must be aware of the importance of senior management support for the success of previous projects.
Adoption intention of photovoltaic solar systems
Authors: Filgueira Álvaro José de Araújo , Lima Afonso Carneiro , Castelo José Sarto Freire 
Published: April 2022

Purpose – The research objective is to analyze the influence of key factors contributing to consumers’ purchase intention grid-connected photovoltaic systems among residential energy consumers.
Design/methodology/approach – A survey based on Korcaj et al. (2014) was conducted in a major Brazilian city; 209 valid responses were obtained directly. Data was analyzed using structural equation modeling.
Findings – Among significant decision influences are environmental, financial, and autarchy benefits onto perceived global benefit and perceived behavioral control construct onto purchase intention; perceived social benefits, however, were not a relevant influence as opposed to previous studies.
Research limitations/implications - Weakness of the model's reliability leading to the exclusion of the perceived total cost construct, which in turn could reduce sample bias and increase the reliability of the model and regarding clarity regarding the product “solar photovoltaic energy system”, as no text was used; this could have left questions unanswered due to the lack of knowledge of respondents about solar technology.
Practical implications - The high purchasing power and high education level, along with favorable weather and geography, may contribute to promising perspectives for the product. Furthermore, to promote adhesion of the technology in the city there is a need to increase benefits, to reduce perceived technology costs, and to value the importance of solar energy generation among reference groups.
Social implications - The analysis of factors influencing the city’s residents’ intentions of to adopt photovoltaic systems favors further promotion of the technology in the city.
Originality/value - It contributes to the development of consumer behavior studies regarding the adoption intention of ecologically sustainable technologies, i.e., GCPSs, thus, filling a gap in the literature on consumer behavior for this product.
O tinkercad como ferramenta digital potencializadora para aprendizagem sobre as fases do tratamento da água
Authors: Ferreira Naama Pegado , Silva Clécio Danilo Dias da 
Published: April 2022

O estudo da água, bem como, a suas fases, ciclo e tratamento é de suma importância para a formação do estudante dentro do ensino de Ciências. Diante disto, o presente trabalho surgiu da necessidade da montagem de uma maquete, para facilitar a compreensão dos estudantes sobre o tratamento da água e suas fases em uma E.T.A (Estação de Tratamento de Água). Devido ao momento de pandemia vivido, também no Brasil, decorrente do vírus da Covid-19 o projeto foi elaborado e aplicado de forma virtual com estudantes de 03 turmas do 6º ano do ensino fundamental. Neste, a temática sobre a água foi desenvolvida em 6 aulas consecutivas, dentro do componente curricular de Ciências, seguindo as seguintes etapas: i) Discussão da escassez de água no mundo; ii) produção de desenho no formato de uma mão, sobre como economizar água; iii) vídeo para diferenciar a Estação de Tratamento e Água (ETA) e Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETE), iv) orientações para o trabalho individual e uso do Software Tinkercad, v) produção das maquetes virtuais e apresentação dos trabalhos executados. Por meio das atividades realizadas, os estudantes utilizaram pela primeira vez a ferramenta tecnológica Tinkercad, comumente usadas por designs e /ou arquitetos, para representar as fases do tratamento de uma E.T. A. (Estação de Tratamento de Água) e obtiveram resultados muito satisfatórios, facilitando a aprendizagem sobre o tema água no ensino de Ciências.
B. Tishchenko's Music for S. Shuster's Documentaries (on the issue of the radical renewal of Russian Symphonism in the 1960s)
Authors: Serov Iurii Eduardovich 
Published: April 2022

The subject of the study is the symphonic work of the outstanding Russian composer of the second half of the twentieth century Boris Ivanovich Tishchenko (1939-2010). The article discusses his music for the documentary films directed by S. Shuster "Suzdal" (1964), "Palekh" (1965) and "Northern Studies" (1968). The author of the work dwells in detail on such aspects of the topic as Tishchenko's innovative role in the renewal of Russian symphonism in the second half of the last century, reformatting the very foundations of compositional thinking, enriching the sound palette with the help of modern musical avant-garde. Special attention is paid to the issue of B. Tishchenko's inheritance of the great Russian symphonic tradition. В The main conclusion of the article is the idea that B. Tishchenko's music for documentaries of the 1960s accumulated the freshest ideas of the period of renewal in Russian art. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is a detailed study of three little-known scores of the composer in the context of an intensive search for "new music". The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the author examines the composer's compositions through the prism of stylistic and linguistic innovations of the 1960s, proves the close connection of Tishchenko's symphonism with his time, with the contradictory cultural and social processes that befell the generation of composers of the "sixties".