bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Running late: testing delayed supermassive black hole growth models against the quasar luminosity function
Authors: Tillman Megan Taylor , Wellons Sarah , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Kelley Luke Zoltan , Anglés-Alcázar Daniel 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Observations of massive galaxies at low redshift have revealed approximately linear scaling relations between the mass of a supermassive black hole (SMBH) and properties of its host galaxy. How these scaling relations evolve with redshift and whether they extend to lower-mass galaxies, however, remain open questions. Recent galaxy formation simulations predict a delayed, or ‘two-phase,’ growth of SMBHs: slow, highly intermittent BH growth due to repeated gas ejection by stellar feedback in low-mass galaxies, followed by more sustained gas accretion that eventually brings BHs on to the local scaling relations. The predicted two-phase growth implies a steep increase, or ‘kink,’ in BH-galaxy scaling relations at a stellar mass $\rm {M}_{*}\sim 5\times 10^{10}$ M⊙. We develop a parametric, semi-analytic model to compare different SMBH growth models against observations of the quasar luminosity function (QLF) at z ∼ 0.5−4. We compare models in which the relation between SMBH mass and galaxy mass is purely linear versus two-phase models. The models are anchored to the observed galaxy stellar mass function, and the BH mass functions at different redshifts are consistently connected by the accretion rates contributing to the QLF. The best fits suggest that two-phase evolution is significantly preferred by the QLF data over a purely linear scaling relation. Moreover, when the model parameters are left free, the two-phase model fits imply a transition mass consistent with that predicted by simulations. Our analysis motivates further observational tests, including measurements of BH masses and active galactic nuclei activity at the low-mass end, which could more directly test two-phase SMBH growth.
HnRNP D activates production of HPV16 E1 and E6 mRNAs by promoting intron retention
Authors: Cui Xiaoxu , Hao Chengyu , Gong Lijing , Kajitani Naoko , Schwartz Stefan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E1 and E6 proteins are produced from mRNAs with retained introns, but it has been unclear how these mRNAs are generated. Here, we report that hnRNP D act as a splicing inhibitor of HPV16 E1/E2- and E6/E7-mRNAs thereby generating intron-containing E1- and E6-mRNAs, respectively. N- and C-termini of hnRNP D contributed to HPV16 mRNA splicing control differently. HnRNP D interacted with the components of splicing machinery and with HPV16 RNA to exert its inhibitory function. As a result, the cytoplasmic levels of intron-retained HPV16 mRNAs were increased in the presence of hnRNP D. Association of hnRNP D with HPV16 mRNAs in the cytoplasm was observed, and this may correlate with unexpected inhibition of HPV16 E1- and E6-mRNA translation. Notably, hnRNP D40 interacted with HPV16 mRNAs in an HPV16-driven tonsillar cancer cell line and in HPV16-immortalized human keratinocytes. Furthermore, knockdown of hnRNP D in HPV16-driven cervical cancer cells enhanced production of the HPV16 E7 oncoprotein. Our results suggest that hnRNP D plays significant roles in the regulation of HPV gene expression and HPV-associated cancer development.
Enablers and barriers of harnessing food waste to address food insecurity: a scoping review
Authors: Lai Matthew , Rangan Anna , Grech Amanda 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Despite producing sufficient food for the global population, the growing prevalence of food insecurity in developed countries is cause for concern. The millions of metric tons of food wasted each year could be used instead to drastically lower rates of food insecurity and address food sustainability. In this scoping review, we aimed to identify barriers to and enablers of harnessing food waste across food sectors, including food retail, households, and food rescue organizations, to address food insecurity in a developed country, Australia. The findings demonstrate that research on and responsibility for harnessing food waste for food insecurity has predominantly fallen on ill-equipped food rescue organizations. Three primary policy advancements paramount to harnessing food waste to address food insecurity include (1) improving partnerships and subsidies to minimize transportation costs for redistributing imperfect or surplus food from farmers and retailers to those who with food insecurity; (2) enhancing existing partnerships and subsidies to stably involve more nutrition experts in food rescue organizations to improve the quality of foods being redistributed to those facing food insecurity; and (3) initiating interventions and campaigns that combine the following 5 characteristics: free to the participants; address food literacy; use multiple mass-media tools; are age tailored; and frame messages within personal values.
Genome-wide data reveal paraphyly in the sand plover complex (Charadrius mongolus/leschenaultii)
Authors: Wei Chentao , Schweizer Manuel , Tomkovich Pavel S , Arkhipov Vladimir Yu , Romanov Michael , Martinez Jonathan , Lin Xin , Halimubieke Naerhulan , Que Pinjia , Mu Tong , Huang Qin , Zhang Zhengwang , Székely Tamás , Liu Yang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Correct assessment of species limits and phylogenetic relationships is a prerequisite for studies in ecology and evolution. Even in well-studied groups such as birds, species delimitation often remains controversial. Traditional avian taxonomy is usually based on morphology, which might be misleading because of the contingent nature of evolutionary diversification. The sand plover complex (genus Charadrius) may be such an example wherein 2 Lesser Sand Plover C. mongolus subspecies groups have been proposed to comprise 2 species. We use genome-wide data of 765K SNPs to show that the widely accepted taxonomic treatment of this sand plover complex appears to be a paraphyletic grouping, with two Lesser Sand Plover subspecies groups found not to be each other’s closest relatives, and with the mongolus subspecies group being the sister taxon of Greater Sand Plover C. leschenaultii. Based on genomic and acoustic analyses, we propose a three-way split of the Sand Plover complex into the Siberian Sand Plover C. mongolus, Tibetan Sand Plover C. atrifrons, and Greater Sand Plover C. leschenaultii. The similar sizes of the Siberian and Tibetan Sand plovers may be the result of niche conservatism coupled with rapid morphological and ecological differentiation in the Greater Sand Plover. Gene flow between the non-sister Tibetan and Greater Sand plovers might have happened in phases of secondary contact as a consequence of climate-driven range expansions. We call for further studies of the Sand Plover complex, and suggest that speciation with intermittent gene flow is more common in birds than currently acknowledged.
Activity of the post-nova V1363 Cygni on long timescales
Authors: Šimon Vojtěch 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
V1363 Cyg is a cataclysmic variable (CV) and a post-nova. Our analysis of its long-term optical activity used the archival data from the AAVSO database and literature. We showed that the accretion disk of V1363 Cyg is exposed to the thermal-viscous instability (TVI) for at least part of the time. The time fraction spent in the high state or the outbursts dramatically changed on the timescale of decades. The highly variable brightness of V1363 Cyg displayed several episodes of a strong brightening (bumps in the light curve) from a cool disk in the TVI zone. This can be interpreted to mean their vastly discrepant decay rates show that only some of these bumps can be attributed to the dwarf nova outbursts without strong irradiation of the disk by the hot white dwarf. The Bailey relation of the decay rate, if ascribed to a DN outburst of V1363 Cyg, speaks in favor of its orbital period Porb being very long for a CV, about 20–40 h. A dominant cycle length of about 435 d was present in the brightness changes all the time, even when the disk was well inside the TVI zone. We interpret it as modulation of the companion’s mass outflow by differential rotation of the active region(s).
The Impact of Car Pollution on Infant and Child Health: Evidence from Emissions Cheating
Authors: Alexander Diane , Schwandt Hannes 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In 2008, Volkswagen introduced a new generation of “Clean Diesel” cars and heavily marketed them to environmentally conscious US consumers. Unknown to the public, these cars were anything but clean, emitting pollutants up to 150 times the level of comparable gas-fuelled cars. We study the rollout of these emissions-cheating diesel cars across the United States from 2008 to 2015 as a natural experiment to examine the impact of moderate levels of car pollution on infant and child health in the general population. Using the universe of vehicle registrations, we find that an additional cheating diesel car per 1,000 cars increases $\mathrm{PM_{2.5}}$, $\mathrm{PM_{10}}$, and ozone by 2, 2.2, and 1.3$\%$, respectively, while the low birth weight rate and infant mortality rate increase by 1.9 and 1.7$\%$, respectively. Similar impacts are found for acute asthma attacks in children. These health impacts occur at all pollution levels and across the socioeconomic spectrum.
Facial Emotion Recognition in Psychosis and Associations With Polygenic Risk for Schizophrenia: Findings From the Multi-Center EU-GEI Case–Control Study
Authors: Tripoli Giada , Quattrone Diego , Ferraro Laura , Gayer-Anderson Charlotte , La Cascia Caterina , La Barbera Daniele , Sartorio Crocettarachele , Seminerio Fabio , Rodriguez Victoria , Tarricone Ilaria , Berardi Domenico , Jamain Stéphane , Arango Celso , Tortelli Andrea , Llorca Pierre-Michel , de Haan Lieuwe , Velthorst Eva , Bobes Julio , Bernardo Miquel , Sanjuán Julio , Luis Santos Jose , Arrojo Manuel , Marta Del-Ben Cristina , Rossi Menezes Paulo , van der Ven Els , Jones Peter B , Jongsma Hannah E , Kirkbride James B , Tosato Sarah , Lasalvia Antonio , Richards Alex , O’Donovan Michael , Rutten Bart P F , van Os Jim , Morgan Craig , Sham Pak C , Di Forti Marta , Murray Robin M , Murray Graham K 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Facial Emotion Recognition is a key domain of social cognition associated with psychotic disorders as a candidate intermediate phenotype. In this study, we set out to investigate global and specific facial emotion recognition deficits in first-episode psychosis, and whether polygenic liability to psychotic disorders is associated with facial emotion recognition.

Study Design
828 First Episode Psychosis (FEP) patients and 1308 population-based controls completed assessments of the Degraded Facial Affect Recognition Task (DFAR) and a subsample of 524 FEP and 899 controls provided blood or saliva samples from which we extracted DNA, performed genotyping and computed polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MD).

Study Results
A worse ability to globally recognize facial emotion expressions was found in patients compared with controls [B= −1.5 (0.6), 95% CI −2.7 to −0.3], with evidence for stronger effects on negative emotions (fear [B = −3.3 (1.1), 95% CI −5.3 to −1.2] and anger [B = −2.3 (1.1), 95% CI −4.6 to −0.1]) than on happiness [B = 0.3 (0.7), 95% CI −1 to 1.7]. Pooling all participants, and controlling for confounds including case/control status, facial anger recognition was associated significantly with Schizophrenia Polygenic Risk Score (SZ PRS) [B = −3.5 (1.7), 95% CI −6.9 to −0.2].

Conclusions
Psychosis is associated with impaired recognition of fear and anger, and higher SZ PRS is associated with worse facial anger recognition. Our findings provide evidence that facial emotion recognition of anger might play a role as an intermediate phenotype for psychosis.
Polysomnographic analysis of maternal sleep position and its relationship to pregnancy complications and sleep-disordered breathing
Authors: Wilson Danielle L , Fung Alison M , Pell Gabrielle , Skrzypek Hannah , Barnes Maree , Bourjeily Ghada , Walker Susan P , Howard Mark E 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Links between supine “going to sleep” position and stillbirth risk have led to campaigns regarding safe maternal sleep position. This study profiles the distribution of sleep positions overnight and relationships to sleep onset position during pregnancy, and the relationships between supine sleep, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and pregnancy outcomes. Data from three prospective cohort studies evaluating SDB in healthy and complicated pregnancies were pooled. All participants underwent one night of polysomnography in late pregnancy and birth outcome data were collected. 187 women underwent polysomnography at a median gestation of 34 weeks'. The left lateral position was preferred for falling asleep (52%) compared to supine (14%), but sleep onset position was the dominant sleep position overnight in only half (54%) of women. The median percentage of sleep time in the supine position was 24.2%; women who fell asleep supine spent more time supine overnight compared to those who began non-supine (48.0% (30.0,65.9) vs. 22.6% (5.7,32.2), p &lt; .001). Women with growth-restricted fetuses were more likely to fall asleep supine than those with well-grown fetuses (36.6% vs. 7.5%, p &lt; .001). Positional SDB was observed in 46% of those with an RDI ≥ 5. Sleep onset position was the dominant position overnight for half of the sample, suggesting that sleep onset position is not always a reliable indicator of body position overnight. Supine sleep was related to fetal growth restriction and birthweight at delivery, though causality cannot be inferred. It is critical that we pursue research into verifying the important relationship between supine sleep and increased stillbirth risk, and the mechanisms behind it.
Premedication with Fentanyl for Less Invasive Surfactant Application (LISA): A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Sk Habibullah , Saha Bijan , Mukherjee Suchandra , Hazra Avijit 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Currently, there is no consensus regarding analgesic premedication before the surfactant administration by less invasive surfactant application (LISA) procedure. In this randomized controlled trial, we compared the level of comfort of preterm infants receiving fentanyl as analgesic and sedative versus no fentanyl during LISA procedure.

Methods
We randomized 34 preterm infants of 28+0–33+6 weeks of gestation with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) within 6 h of birth to receive either fentanyl (1 μg/kg intravenous) or no premedication during surfactant administration by LISA procedure. Primary objective was to assess the proportion of preterm infants to be comfortable during the procedure [revised premature infant pain profile (R-PIPP) score ≤12] and secondarily complications occurring during the procedure, hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (≥ grade 3), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and composite outcome of BPD/mortality.

Results
Proportion of preterm infants with a R-PIPP score ≤12 during LISA was significantly higher in the fentanyl group [15/17 (88.23%) vs. 8/17 (47.05%); p value 0.025]. There were no differences in secondary outcome parameters.

Conclusion
Low-dose fentanyl during LISA procedure resulted in more comfort in preterm infants and without increased complication of both the LISA procedure and fentanyl administration. Further studies are needed to determine the safest and most effective pharmacologic measures to prevent pain and discomfort during LISA.
Syndesmotic Injury in Tibial Plafond Fractures Is Associated With Worse Patient Outcomes
Authors: Christensen Garrett V. , Wheelwright John C. , Rothberg David L. , Higgins Thomas F. , Marchand Lucas S. , Haller Justin M. 
Published: February 2022

Objectives:
To present long-term patient-reported outcomes of tibial plafond fractures with and without concomitant ankle syndesmotic injury.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Academic Level 1 trauma center.

Patients/Participants:
One hundred ninety-seven patients with tibial plafond fractures (OTA/AO 43-B and 43-C) treated with definitive surgical fixation were contacted by telephone or email to obtain patient-reported outcome scores at a minimum follow-up of 1 year. Of those contacted, 148 (75%) had an intact syndesmosis, whereas 49 (25%) experienced a syndesmotic injury.

Intervention:
The intervention involved open reduction internal fixation of the tibial plafond with syndesmosis repair when indicated.

Main Outcome Measurement:
The main outcome measurement included patient-reported ankle pain and function using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) pain interference and physical function (PF).

Results:
The cohort including patients with syndesmotic injury had significantly more open fractures (syndesmotic injury = 39%, no syndesmotic injury = 16%, P = 0.001), higher rates of end-stage reconstruction (syndesmotic injury = 27%, no syndesmotic injury = 10%, P = 0.004), and worse PROMIS PF (syndesmotic injury = 42.5 [SD = 8.0], no syndesmotic injury = 47.1 [SD = 9.6], P = 0.045) scores at final follow-up when compared with the cohort comprising patients with no syndesmotic injury. Patients with syndesmotic injury trended toward higher rates of postoperative infection, but this association was not statistically significant. There was no difference between the groups in nonunion or PROMIS pain interference scores.

Conclusion:
Patients with a tibial plafond fracture and concomitant syndesmotic injury had significantly worse PROMIS PF scores, more end-stage ankle reconstructions, and more open fractures. Syndesmotic injury in the setting of tibial plafond fractures portends worse patient outcomes.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Radiographic Scoring of Humeral Shaft Fractures Helps Identify Patients at Risk of Surgery for Delayed Union
Authors: Rivero Steven M. , Kurland Adam M. , Abdo Zuhdi E. , Vosbikian Michael M. , Ahmed Irfan H. 
Published: February 2022

Objectives:
Assessing external validity and clinical relevance of modified radiographic union score (mRUS) to predict delayed union in closed humeral shaft fractures initially treated with conservative management.

Design:
Retrospective cohort.

Setting:
Single urban academic level 1 trauma center.

Patients:
Patients undergoing initial nonoperative treatment of a humeral shaft fracture with a minimum of 3 months follow-up and at least one set of follow-up orthogonal x-rays within 12-weeks of injury.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the (mRUS) system for humeral shaft fractures, and establishing an mRUS threshold at 6 and 12 weeks postinjury to predict surgery for delayed union.

Results:
mRUS demonstrated substantial interobserver agreement on all assessments. Intraobserver agreement was nearly perfect for all reviewers on repeat assessment. mRUS of ≤7 at 6 ± 1 weeks follow-up was associated with surgery for delayed union with an odds ratio of 4.88 (95% CI, 2.52–9.44, P < 0.01), sensitivity of 0.286, and specificity of 0.924. At 12 ± 1 weeks follow-up, the same threshold demonstrated a stronger association with an odds ratio of 14.7 (95% CI, 4.9–44.1, P < 0.01), sensitivity of 0.225, and specificity of 0.981.

Conclusions:
The mRUS for humeral shaft fractures is reliable and reproducible providing an objective way to track subtle changes in radiographs over time. An mRUS of ≤7 at 6 or 12 weeks postinjury is highly specific for delayed union. This can be helpful when counseling patients about the risk of nonunion and potential early surgical intervention.

Level of Evidence:
Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Effects of Prone Position on Lung Recruitment and Ventilation-Perfusion Matching in Patients With COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Combined CT Scan/Electrical Impedance Tomography Study*
Authors: Fossali Tommaso , Pavlovsky Bertrand , Ottolina Davide , Colombo Riccardo , Basile Maria Cristina , Castelli Antonio , Rech Roberto , Borghi Beatrice , Ianniello Andrea , Flor Nicola , Spinelli Elena , Catena Emanuele , Mauri Tommaso 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Prone positioning allows to improve oxygenation and decrease mortality rate in COVID-19–associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (C-ARDS). However, the mechanisms leading to these effects are not fully understood. The aim of this study is to assess the physiologic effects of pronation by the means of CT scan and electrical impedance tomography (EIT).

DESIGN:
Experimental, physiologic study.

SETTING:
Patients were enrolled from October 2020 to March 2021 in an Italian dedicated COVID-19 ICU.

PATIENTS:
Twenty-one intubated patients with moderate or severe C-ARDS.

INTERVENTIONS:
First, patients were transported to the CT scan facility, and image acquisition was performed in prone, then supine position. Back to the ICU, gas exchange, respiratory mechanics, and ventilation and perfusion EIT-based analysis were provided toward the end of two 30 minutes steps (e.g., in supine, then prone position).

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Prone position induced recruitment in the dorsal part of the lungs (12.5% ± 8.0%; p < 0.001 from baseline) and derecruitment in the ventral regions (–6.9% ± 5.2%; p < 0.001). These changes led to a global increase in recruitment (6.0% ± 6.7%; p < 0.001). Respiratory system compliance did not change with prone position (45 ± 15 vs 45 ± 18 mL/cm H2O in supine and prone position, respectively; p = 0.957) suggesting a decrease in atelectrauma. This hypothesis was supported by the decrease of a time-impedance curve concavity index designed as a surrogate for atelectrauma (1.41 ± 0.16 vs 1.30 ± 0.16; p = 0.001). Dead space measured by EIT was reduced in the ventral regions of the lungs, and the dead-space/shunt ratio decreased significantly (5.1 [2.3–23.4] vs 4.3 [0.7–6.8]; p = 0.035), showing an improvement in ventilation-perfusion matching.

CONCLUSIONS:
Several changes are associated with prone position in C-ARDS: increased lung recruitment, decreased atelectrauma, and improved ventilation-perfusion matching. These physiologic effects may be associated with more protective ventilation.