bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Navigating law’s complexities: Concepts for postnational law—A reply to Nico Krisch
Authors: Taekema Sanne 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this Reply to the article by Nico Krisch, the idea of entangled legalities is questioned from a theoretical point of view. Pointing out entanglement empirically is not enough to give the concept body; it needs to be embedded in a theory of law. Elaborating Krisch’s critique on seeing law as a system, I argue that entanglement implies a concept of law that is practice-based: a shift from norms to what actors do with law. A practice-based view of law focuses on interactions between actors, highlighting the social and value-laden character of law. This reconceptualizes systemic thinking as a tradition that has developed in legal practices and broadens the concept of law to include postnational phenomena as an integral part of what law is. Using an example from climate change litigation, I argue that this conceptualization tracks normative claims by legal actors that no longer make a sharp distinction between formal legal norms and other normative standards. Combining entanglement and law as practice thus helps to make sense of postnational legal practices.
Third-Party Funding in Investment Arbitration: How to Define and Disclose It
Authors: Kayalı Didem 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The provision of funds by non-parties to pursue or defend a dispute, namely third-party funding, has become a focal point in investment arbitration because of participation of States, and the high value of disputes and thus expenses. However, since there are different kinds of external financing such as insurance contracts, contingency and conditional fee arrangements and loans by financial institutions, there is no consensus with regard to the definition of the concept either in literature or in practice. Besides, due to the possibility of connection between the funders and the arbitrators, disclosure of any funding arrangement is considered necessary to refrain from potential conflicts of interest that may harm the integrity of the arbitration process. Yet again, there are different approaches to the issue. After examining various definitions used in national and international regulations, investment treaties, related reports, rules of arbitration institutions and academic literature, this article seeks to offer an operational definition of the concept. While doing that, it suggests a perspective of differentiating agreements with professionals whose motivation is to make an investment from other means of external financing. Considering the importance of independence and impartiality of arbitrators and the need for statistical data to evaluate the link between third-party funding and the number of cases in investment arbitration, the article acknowledges the necessity for disclosure of third-party funding. Going one step further, it modestly proposes a model provision regarding definition and disclosure of third-party funding to clarify the requirement of disclosure.
Surgical and interventional rescue strategies for Fontan failure
Authors: Gierlinger Gregor , Sames-Dolzer Eva , Kreuzer Michaela , Mair Roland , Nawrozi Mohammad-Paimann , Tulzer Andreas , Bauer Christoph , Tulzer Gerald , Mair Rudolf 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Fontan patients are at lifelong risk for developing complications, which may result in Fontan failure. Survival rates after heart transplantation (HTX) are still unsatisfying in these patients. Long-term survival of extracardiac Fontan patients in the modern era was investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate if surgical and interventional procedures in patients with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) and/or plastic bronchitis (PB) and a failing Fontan circulation can postpone or avoid HTX.

METHODS
Retrospective data collection of all children who underwent a Fontan procedure between January 1999 and July 2021 at our centre was performed. Patients were surveyed regarding the occurrence of PLE or PB and their outcome was reported descriptively. HTX-free survival of patients who underwent a rescue procedure due to PLE/PB was evaluated.

RESULTS
Three hundred and seventy [94.1% (95% confidence interval, 91.4–96.3)] Fontan patients were free of HTX or death at last follow-up after a median follow-up time of 6.7 years. PB/PLE was diagnosed in 34 patients during the observation period. A rescue procedure was undertaken in 16 pts. at a median time of 6.5 months (range: 1 day to 9.4 years) since the initial diagnosis of PLE/PB. In these patients, HTX-free survival was 75% (95% confidence interval, 47.6–92.7) at a median follow-up time of 4.0 years after the procedure. Range: 3.5 months to 13.9 years.

CONCLUSIONS
Extracardiac Fontan patients in the modern era expect reasonable HTX-free survival rates. Surgical and/or interventional rescue strategies for Fontan failure can postpone HTX for a sustained period of time.
Pathway-specific population attributable fractions
Authors: O’Connell Maurice M , Ferguson John P 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Introduction
A population attributable fraction represents the relative change in disease prevalence that one might expect if a particular exposure was absent from the population. Often, one might be interested in what percentage of this effect acts through particular pathways. For instance, the effect of a sedentary lifestyle on stroke risk may be mediated by blood pressure, body mass index and several other intermediate risk factors.

Methods
We define a new metric, the pathway-specific population attributable fraction (PS-PAF), for mediating pathways of interest. PS-PAFs can be informally defined as the relative change in disease prevalence from an intervention that shifts the distribution of the mediator to its expected distribution if the risk factor were eliminated, and sometimes more simply as the relative change in disease prevalence if the mediating pathway were disabled. A potential outcomes framework is used for formal definitions and associated estimands are derived via relevant identifiability conditions. Computationally efficient estimators for PS-PAFs are derived based on these identifiability conditions.

Results
Calculations are demonstrated using INTERSTROKE—an international case–control study designed to quantify disease burden attributable to a number of known causal risk factors. The applied results suggest that mediating pathways from physical activity through blood pressure, blood lipids and body size explain comparable proportions of stroke disease burden, but a large proportion of the disease burden due to physical inactivity may be explained by alternative pathways.

Conclusion
PS-PAFs measure disease burden attributable to differing mediating pathways and can generate insights into the dominant mechanisms by which a risk factor affects disease at a population level.
Blood D-Amino Acid Oxidase Levels Increased With Cognitive Decline Among People With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Two-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Lin Chieh-Hsin , Lane Hsien-Yuan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundDysregulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) neurotransmission has been reported to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), responsible for degradation of NMDAR-related D-amino acids such as D-serine, regulates NMDAR function. A cross-section study found that serum DAO levels were positively related with the severity of cognitive aging among elderly individuals. This 2-year prospective study aimed to explore the role of DAO levels in predicting the outcome of patients with very early-phase AD, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI).MethodsFifty-one patients with MCI and 21 healthy individuals were recruited. Serum DAO levels and cognitive function, measured by the AD assessment scale-cognitive subscale and the Mini-Mental Status Examination, were monitored every 6 months. We employed multiple regressions to examine the role of DAO concentration in cognitive decline in the 2-year period.ResultsFrom baseline to endpoint (24 months), serum DAO levels increased significantly, and cognitive ability declined according to both cognitive tests in the MCI patients. Among the healthy individuals, DAO concentrations also increased and Mini-Mental Status Examination scores declined; however, AD assessment scale-cognitive subscale scores did not significantly change. Further, DAO levels at both months 12 and 18 were predictive of cognitive impairment at month 24 among the MCI patients.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that blood DAO levels increased with cognitive deterioration among the MCI patients in a prospective manner. If replicated by future studies, blood DAO concentration may be regarded as a biomarker for monitoring cognitive change in the patients with MCI.
Interventions to improve medicines optimisation in older people with frailty in primary care: a systematic review
Authors: Faulkner Lucy , Hughes Carmel M , Barry Heather E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To identify studies that delivered an intervention to frail older people to improve medicines optimisation; identify the outcomes reported in these studies; and assess the effectiveness of these interventions on chosen study outcomes.

Method
Eight electronic databases and four trial registries were systematically searched from the date of inception to April 2020. Inclusion criteria were randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies of interventions to improve medicines optimisation (including administration, adherence, deprescribing, prescribing and/or medication review) in community-dwelling older people (aged ≥65 years) with a frailty diagnosis. Only studies published in English were included. A narrative synthesis was conducted, and quality was assessed using an appropriate risk of bias tool.

Key findings
Searches identified 601 articles; one study met the criteria for inclusion. The single eligible study used a quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test study design to evaluate the impact of a pharmacist-led, team-based medication review for 54 frail older patients living in primary care. Improvements in the total number of medications and prescribing appropriateness were observed. The study was judged to be at an overall serious risk of bias.

Conclusion
There is a dearth of high-quality evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of medicines optimisation interventions for older people with frailty within primary care. Due to the strong association between patients’ level of frailty and adverse outcomes, it is important that future research focuses on proactive interventions which may be beneficial to this patient population.
Impact of pharmacist medication review for paediatric patients: an observational study
Authors: Solano Marine , Jeannin Marie , Anxionnat Raphael , Vardanega Julie , Ridley Ashley , Amsallem Daniel , Limat Samuel , Clairet Anne-Laure 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Paediatric patients are at high risk of medication errors and adverse drug events due to complex medical care.

Objective
To assess the impact of pharmacist medication review for paediatric patients.

Setting
A single-centre prospective observational study was performed over 33 months, from February 2018 to October 2020 in a French Hospital.

Method
Clinical pharmacists provided medication counselling at a hospital and conducted telephone follow-ups between 3 and 7 days after discharge of paediatric patients with chronic diseases for whom treatment was introduced or modified during hospitalisation or hospital consultations.

Main outcome measures
The incidence of drug-related problems (DRPs), the number and type of pharmacist intervention and paediatrician acceptance rates were assessed. Parents’ understanding and drug-related needs were compared before and after medication review. Time to outpatient treatment and patient satisfaction were determined. Statistical analyses were performed in Excel.

Results
In total, 195 paediatric patients were included. Pharmacists identified 65 interventions, 95% of which were accepted. The most frequent DRPs included inappropriate drug administration (32.3%), herb–drug interactions (24.6%) and dose selection (17%). Parents’ knowledge increased by 28% from baseline after pharmacist’s medication counselling. Parents’ drug-related needs concerning administration and side effects decreased by 67% and 49%, respectively, following the pharmacist’s medication counselling. Most (75%) of the patients were able to get their treatment immediately after discharge.

Conclusion
Clinical pharmacists can improve medication safety for children during the discharge process or consultations, by reducing prescription errors, optimising administration, counselling patients or parents and helping to ensure care continuity.
Moving beyond sub-Gaussianity in high-dimensional statistics: applications in covariance estimation and linear regression
Authors: Kuchibhotla Arun Kumar , Chakrabortty Abhishek 
Published: April 2022

AbstractConcentration inequalities form an essential toolkit in the study of high-dimensional statistical methods. Most of the relevant statistics literature in this regard is, however, based on the assumptions of sub-Gaussian or sub-exponential random variables/vectors. In this paper, we first bring together, through a unified exposition, various probabilistic inequalities for sums of independent random variables under much more general exponential type (namely sub-Weibull) tail assumptions. These results extract a part sub-Gaussian tail behavior of the sum in finite samples, matching the asymptotics governed by the central limit theorem, and are compactly represented in terms of a new Orlicz quasi-norm—the Generalized Bernstein–Orlicz norm—that typifies such kind of tail behaviors.We illustrate the usefulness of these inequalities through the analysis of four fundamental problems in high-dimensional statistics. In the first two problems, we study the rate of convergence of the sample covariance matrix in terms of the maximum elementwise norm and the maximum $k$-sub-matrix operator norm that are key quantities of interest in bootstrap procedures and high-dimensional structured covariance matrix estimation, as well as in high-dimensional and post-selection inference. The third example concerns the restricted eigenvalue condition, required in high-dimensional linear regression, which we verify for all sub-Weibull random vectors through a unified analysis, and also prove a more general result related to restricted strong convexity in the process. In the final example, we consider the Lasso estimator for linear regression and establish its rate of convergence to be generally $\sqrt{k\log p/n}$, for $k$-sparse signals, under much weaker than usual tail assumptions (on the errors as well as the covariates), while also allowing for misspecified models and both fixed and random design. To our knowledge, these are the first such results for Lasso obtained in this generality. The common feature in all our results over all the examples is that the convergence rates under most exponential tails match the usual (optimal) ones obtained under sub-Gaussian assumptions. Finally, we also establish some complementary results on analogous tail bounds for the suprema of empirical processes indexed by sub-Weibull variables. All our results are finite samples.
A manifold inexact augmented Lagrangian method for nonsmooth optimization on Riemannian submanifolds in Euclidean space
Authors: Deng Kangkang , Peng Zheng 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We develop a manifold inexact augmented Lagrangian framework to solve a family of nonsmooth optimization problem on Riemannian submanifold embedding in Euclidean space, whose objective function is the sum of a smooth function (but possibly nonconvex) and a nonsmooth convex function in Euclidean space. By utilizing the Moreau envelope, we get a smoothing Riemannian minimization subproblem at each iteration of the proposed method. Consequentially, each iteration subproblem is solved by a Riemannian Barzilai–Borwein gradient method. Theoretically, the convergence to critical point of the proposed method is established under some mild assumptions. Numerical experiments on compressed modes problems in physic and sparse principal component analysis demonstrate that the proposed method is a competitive method compared with some state-of-the-art methods.
Mixed virtual element method for the Helmholtz transmission eigenvalue problem on polytopal meshes
Authors: Meng Jian , Wang Gang , Mei Liquan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this paper we propose and analyze a mixed virtual element method for the Helmholtz transmission eigenvalue problem, which is a fourth order, nonlinear and non-self-adjoint eigenvalue problem and is important in the inverse scattering theory. The conforming virtual element is used for discretization. We prove correct spectral approximation and error estimates of the discrete scheme. Finally, we show several numerical examples to verify the theoretical results and present the performance of different stabilization parameters and the comparison with the $C^{1}$ virtual element method.
Geometry of Genus One Fine Compactified Universal Jacobians
Authors: Pagani Nicola , Tommasi Orsola 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We introduce a general abstract notion of fine compactified Jacobian for nodal curves of arbitrary genus. We focus on genus $1$ and prove combinatorial classification results for fine compactified Jacobians in the case of a single nodal curve and in the case of the universal family $\overline {{\mathcal {C}}}_{1,n} / \overline {{\mathcal {M}}}_{1,n}$ over the moduli space of stable pointed curves. We show that if the fine compactified Jacobian of a nodal curve of genus $1$ can be extended to a smoothing of the curve, then it can be described as the moduli space of stable sheaves with respect to some polarisation. In the universal case we construct new examples of genus $1$ fine compactified universal Jacobians. Then we give a formula for the Hodge and Betti numbers of each genus $1$ fine compactified universal Jacobian $\overline {{\mathcal {J}}}^{d}_{1,n}$ and prove that their even cohomology is algebraic.
Extensions of C*-Algebras by a Small Ideal
Authors: Lin Huaxin , Ng Ping
Wong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We classify all essential extensions of the form $$ \begin{align*} &0 \rightarrow {\mathcal{W}} \rightarrow {D} \rightarrow A \rightarrow 0,\end{align*}$$where ${\mathcal {W}}$ is the unique separable simple C*-algebra with a unique tracial state, which is $KK$-contractible and has finite nuclear dimension, and $A$ is a separable amenable ${\mathcal {W}}$-embeddable C*-algebra, which satisfies the Universal Coefficient Theorem (UCT). We actually prove more general results. We also classify a class of amenable $C^*$-algebras, which have only one proper closed ideal ${\mathcal {W}}.$
Favipiravir Treatment of Uncomplicated Influenza in Adults: Results of Two Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials
Authors: Hayden Frederick G , Lenk Robert P , Stonis Lucille , Oldham-Creamer Catherine , Kang Lih Lisa , Epstein Carol 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
We conducted double-blind, placebo-controlled trials assessing the efficacy and tolerability of favipiravir in acute influenza.

Methods
Otherwise healthy adults with influenza-like symptoms and fever of ≤48 hours were randomized to favipiravir (1800 mg twice daily [BID] on day 1, 800 mg BID on days 2–5) or placebo tablets (1:1 in US316; 3:1 in US317). The primary efficacy endpoint was the time to illness alleviation when 6 influenza symptoms were self-rated as absent or mild and fever was absent in the intention-to-treat, influenza-infected participants.

Results
In US316 (301 favipiravir, 322 placebo), favipiravir was associated with a 14.4-hour reduction (median, 84.2 vs 98.6 hours; P = .004) in time to illness alleviation vs placebo. In US317 (526 favipiravir, 169 placebo), favipiravir did not significantly reduce time to alleviation (median, 77.8 vs 83.9 hours). In both trials favipiravir was associated with reduced viral titers, RNA load area under the curve over days 1–5, and median times to cessation of virus detection (P &lt; .001). Aside from asymptomatic hyperuricemia, no important differences in adverse events were found.

Conclusions
This favipiravir dosing regimen demonstrated significant antiviral efficacy but inconsistent illness alleviation in uncomplicated influenza. Studies of higher doses and antiviral combinations for treating serious influenza and other RNA viral infections are warranted.
Clinical Trials Registration. NCT02026349; NCT02008344.
A Retrospective Cohort Study on Infant Respiratory Tract Infection Hospitalizations and Recurrent Wheeze and Asthma Risk: Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Authors: van Wijhe Maarten , Johannesen Caroline Klint , Simonsen Lone , Jørgensen Inger Merete ,   the RESCEU Investigators, Nair Harish , Campbell Harry , Beutels Philippe , Bont Louis , Pollard Andrew , Openshaw Peter , Martinon-Torres Federico , Heikkinen Terho , Meijer Adam , Fischer Thea K , van den Berge Maarten , Giaquinto Carlo , Abram Michael , Swanson Kena , Rizkalla Bishoy , Vernhes Charlotte , Gallichan Scott , Aerssens Jeroen , Kumar Veena , Molero Eva , Fischer Thea K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Infant respiratory syncytial virus infection (RSV) has been associated with asthma later in life. We explored the risk of recurrent wheeze or asthma in children with infant RSV-associated hospitalization compared to other respiratory infections.

Methods
We performed a retrospective cohort study using Danish national hospital discharge registers. Infants younger than 6 months, born between January 1995 and October 2018, and with a RSV hospital admission were compared to infants hospitalized for injuries, non-RSV acute upper respiratory tract infection (AURTI), pneumonia and other respiratory pathogens, nonpathogen-coded lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), pertussis, or nonspecific respiratory infections. Infants were followed until recurrent wheeze or asthma diagnosis, death, migration, age 10 years, or study end. We estimated cumulative incidence rate ratios (CIRR) and hazard ratios (HR) adjusted for sex, age at inclusion, hospital length of stay (LOS), maternal smoking, 5-minute APGAR score (APGAR5), prematurity, and congenital risk factors (CRF).

Results
We included 68 130 infants, of whom 20 920 (30.7%) had RSV hospitalization. The cumulative incidence rate of recurrent wheeze or asthma was 16.6 per 1000 person-years after RSV hospitalization, higher than after injury (CIRR, 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.48–2.92), AURTI (CIRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.34–1.58), or pertussis (CIRR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.85–2.91), similar to pneumonia and other respiratory pathogens (CIRR, 1.15; 95% CI, .99–1.34) and LRTI (CIRR, 0.79; 95% CI, .60–1.04), but lower than nonspecific respiratory infections (CIRR, 0.79; 95% CI, .73–.87). Adjusted HRs for recurrent wheeze or asthma after RSV hospitalization compared to injuries decreased from 2.37 (95% CI, 2.08–2.70) for 0 to &lt;1 year to 1.23 (95% CI, .88–1.73) for 6 to &lt;10 years for term-born children, and from 1.48 (95% CI, 1.09–2.00) to 0.60 (95% CI, .25–1.43) for preterm-born children. Sex, maternal smoking, LOS, CRF, and APGAR5 were independent risk factors.

Conclusions
Infant RSV hospitalization is associated with recurrent wheeze and asthma hospitalization, predominantly at preschool age. If causal, RSV prophylaxis, including vaccines, may significantly reduce disease burden of wheeze and asthma.