bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMPACT OF ILLNESS PERCEPTION AND COPING STRATEGIES ON QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG MIGRAINEURS
Authors: Bibi Humaira , Naz Summaira , Khan Mussarat Jabeen 
Published: January 2022

Objectives: To find out the impact of illness perception and coping strategies on quality of life among migraineurs.
Study Design: Correlational study.
Place and Duration of Study: The sample was selected from different hospitals of Hazara Division, from Mar to Jul 2018.
Methodology: The sample of 300 migraineurs with age range 18-55 years was selected from hospitals of Hazara Division through purposive sampling technique. Brief illness perception questionnaire, The World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF) and brief cope scale were used for data collection.
Results: Illness perception significantly predicted (p=0.002) quality of life in positive direction. The results also explored that positive coping (p≤0.001) and problem focused coping strategies (p=0.002) predict quality of life significantly positively; whereas active avoidance coping strategies (p≤0.001) significantly negative predict quality of life; while religious denial coping was non-significant predictor of quality of life.
Conclusion: Illness perception has significant negative relationship with quality of life, problem-focus coping (PFC), and positive coping (PC). Illness perception has significant positive relationship with religious denial coping (RDC) and active avoidance coping (AAC).
The THE FREQUENCY OF MISMATCH REPAIR DEFICIENCY IN COLORECTAL CARCINOMA DETERMINED BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
Authors: Naseem Maria , Asif Muhammad , Din Hafeez Ud , Khadim Muhammad Tahir , Khan Ahmed Ahson , Jamal Shahid , Shoaib Iman 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To determine the frequency of mismatch repair deficiency in colorectal carcinoma determined by immunohistochemistry.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Histopathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, from Aug 2018 to Jan 2019.
Methodology: A total of 101 patients of adenocarcinoma of colorectum who underwent surgical resections and their characteristic and clinical data were recorded. Immunohistochemical stains were performed using antibodies MLH1, MSH2, PMS2 and MSH6. Results were interpreted and mismatch repair deficiency status of all patients was determined. Patients with loss of expression for MLH1, MSH2, PMS2 and MSH6 antibodies were observed and noted.
Results: In this study, out of 101 patients with CRC, 71 (70.3%) were male and 30 (29.7%) female. The mean age was (54 years ± 15.9). Amongst the 101 cases loss of immunohistochemical staining for MMR proteins was noted in 19 patients (18.8%). The combined loss of all four antibodies was seen in one case, loss of MLH1 and PMS2 in 7, MSH2 and MSH6 in 5 and MLH1 only in 6 patients. However, no mismatch repair deficiency was detected in remaining 82 cases. According to statistical analysis no significant association between mismatch repair deficiency and variables was found.
Conclusion: The frequency of mismatch repair deficiency in colorectal carcinoma patients was found to be 18.8% in our population.
COMPARISON OF MIRROR THERAPY AND MOTOR RELEARNING PROGRAM IN IMPROVING THE UPPER LIMB MOTOR FUNCTION OF PATIENTS WITH STROKE
Authors: Rauf Rabia , Rashad Abdul , Noreen Alisha , Intikhab Rabia , Suleman Tehreem Anis , Mughal Seemab 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of mirror therapy and motor relearning program for improving the upper limb motor function in stroke patients.
Study Design: A randomized control trial with registration number IRCT20200316046791N1 (IRCT).
Place and Duration of Study: Al-Noor Hospital and Al Jannat Medicare, Rahim Yar Khan Pakistan, from Jan to Jul 2020.
Methodology: Sample size consisted of 30 patients recruited by convenient sampling. Patients were randomized into two groups. Both groups received 5 sessions a week for 6 weeks. Group A received Motor Relearning Program while the treatment of group B was Mirror Therapy. Motor part of Fugl Meyer Assessment was used as an outcome measure. Non parametric Friedman test was used for within group analysis, while for between group analyses Karuskal-Wallis test was used.
Results: The total participants who suffer from left hemiplegia were 22 whereas the patients having right hemiplegia were 8. The mean age of participants in both groups was 53.80 ± 7.6 group A median (interquartile range) at pre-assessment was 5.00 (3) at mid-assessment median=15.00 (4) while at post assessment median was 25.00 (6). Group B median at baseline was 6.00 (4), at mid-assessment median=14.00 (9), post assessment median was 17.00 (13). Mid and post assessment comparison showed both treatments improved the motor function. Statistically the results were non-significant (p>0.005). Both treatments improved the motor function in stroke patients.
Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the effectiveness of Mirror Therapy and Motor relearning program in improving the upper limb motor function of stroke patients.
SARS COV-2 PANDEMIC: EXPERIENCE AT REFERENCE VIROLOGY LABORATORY SHORT RUNNING TITLE: SARS COV-2 PANDEMIC EXPERIENCE
Authors: Noor Misbah , Ghani Eijaz , Niazi Saifullah Khan , Rathore Muhammad Ali , Siddiqi Faud Ahmad , Shakoor Noman 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To share our large scale SARS CoV-2 PCR test experience in Northern Pakistan.
Study Design: Prospective observational study.
Place and Duration of Study: Virology Department, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, from Feb to Dec 2020.
Methodology: All the patients reporting to COVID-19 desk both indoor and outdoor were included in study. Nasopharyngeal swab specimen was taken from the patients arriving at reception. For hospitalized patient’s samples were received at reception placed in viral transport medium maintaining cold chain.
Results: Among 193656 samples tested for SARS CoV-2 RNA by RT-PCR, 24338 (12.6%) were found positive and 169318 (87.4%) were negative. Mean age of patients was 38.25 ± 16.73 (1-110 years). 138781 (71.7%) were males and 54875 (28.3%) were females. 109765 (56.7%) samples were received from in patient department and 83891 (43.3%) samples were received from outpatient department. Highest number of cases (n=6224) seen during month of June followed by 5813 cases during May and 4786 cases during November (p-value <0.001). Most of the positive cases were in age group 21-40 years; 11122 (6%), followed by age group 41-60 years; 8133 (4.2%). More positive samples 14890 (7.7%) were received from in patient department and males 17928 (9.3%) were affected more than females.
Conclusion: The two peaks of COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan were observed during the months of May to July and again during October to December. Most positive patients in our setup were males in age group 21-40 years as this age group is more exposed to external environment.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INSULIN RESISTANCE IN PATIENTS OF POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME
Authors: Arif Amena , Waheed Palvasha , Anees Robina , Rashid Amir , Khan Saleem Ahmed 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To assess the relationship between obesity and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome affected women.
Study Design: Cross sectional comparative study.
Place and Duration of Study: Multidisciplinary Lab-I of Department of Biochemistry, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, in collaboration with Pakistan Naval Ship Hafeez Hospital, Islamabad from Feb 2018 to Jan 2019.
Methodology: One hundred and five selected females (puberty till 25 years of age) were divided into three groups of 35 each. Blood samples were collected an overnight fast (from 8-11 AM). Serum level of insulin was measured and insulin resistance was calculated based on HOMA-IR.
Results: HOMA-IR concentrations correlated directly with Basal Metabolic Index, fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin levels. Mean serum insulin level was also elevated in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (normal weight & overweight) as compared to control subjects (7.4 ± 1.2 mIU/L & 9.1 ± 0.8 mIU/L vs 6.3 ± 1.1 mIU/L; p as 0.003). The insulin resistance was slightly higher in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome as compared to the control subjects (1.4 ± 0.3 & 1.7 ± 0.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3; p<0.001).
Conclusion: HOMA-IR levels are positively associated with BMI, the intensity of peripheral insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome-affected females, indicating that normal weight, and overweight patients with polycystic ovary syndrome have tendency towards insulin resistance.
DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS OF RELATIONAL AGGRESSION AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS
Authors: Riaz Saima , Bano Zaqia , Anjum Razia , Ansari Sami Ul Haque 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To determine the predictive relation of demographic variables with relational aggression.
Study Design: Cross sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat Pakistan, from Aug 2017 to Jan 2018.
Methodology: A total of 612 adolescent students were selected with age 12-19 years from diverse academic institutes of Gujrat city. Urdu version of diverse adolescent relational aggression scale was used to measure relational aggression. Neural network analysis was carried out by using SPSS-21.
Result: The findings of this study revealed significant predictive relation of demographic variables (gender, birth order, family system, number of siblings and age) with relational aggression. The most important predictor of relational aggression in teenagers was birth order 0.249 (100%), age 0.246 (98.9%) siblings 0.242 (86.3%), family system 0.166 (66.8%) and gender 123 (49.6) respectively.
Conclusion: Demographic variables are the significant predictor of relational aggression. By managing the effects of these variables, adverse behavior of relational aggression can be controlled in adolescent students
COMPARISON OF ALVARADO SCORE AND RIPASA SCORE IN THE ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE APPENDICITIS IN COMBINED MILITARY HOSPITAL RAWALPINDI
Authors: Majid Muhammad , Maqsood Rasikh , Ali Muhammad , Malhi Muhammad Ayub Ashraf , Hussain Zaki , Abbasi Muhammad Hanif 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of Alvarado score and the RIPASA score for acute appendicitis using histopathology as a gold standard.
Study Design: Cross sectional validation study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of General Surgery, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Mar to Sep 2018.
Methodology: A total number of 270 patients were included in the study presenting with pain right iliac fossa to the Accident and Emergency department. Surgeons and Seniors Residents in Surgery on call in the Accident and Emergency Department. Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, scored the patients with suspicion of acute appendicitis with Alvarado Score and RIPASA score simultaneously. After appendectomy of these patients, the removed appendix was sent for histopathology to confirm whether it was normal or inflamed. A 2x2 table was used for calculating sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of the RIPASA score and Alvarado Score. The two scoring systems were then compared for diagnostic accuracy.
Results: In our study, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of RIPASA score and Alvarado score for diagnosing acute appendicitis were 92.1%, 62.1%, 95.2%, 48.6%, 88.9% and 72.6%, 68.9%, 95.1%, 23.2%, 72.2% respectively.
Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of RIPASA score was more than that of Alvarado score in diagnosing acute appendicitis.
SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH: VULNERABILITY OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE IN CORONARY ARTERIES
Authors: Bukhsh Sumaira , Nasreen Samia , Tariq Hassan , Ali Syed Salman , Umer Muhammad , Zafar Nadeem , Din Hafeez Ud 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To assess the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaque in coronary arteries of individuals dying of ischemic heart disease.
Study Design: Cross sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Histopathology department, Combined Military Hospital Lahore, from Nov 2016 to Nov 2017.
Methodology: A total of 43 cases were taken in the study. The Autopsy specimens from the bodies of people dying suddenly of ischemic heart disease were taken into the study. Tissues showing autolytic changes and patients dying with coronary artery disease after corrective procedure like stenting and bypass were excluded.
Results: Out of 43 cases, 35 (81.4%) cases were positive for cluster of differentiation 68 (CD 68), 34 (79%) cases were positive for cluster of differentiation 105 (CD 105) & 36 (83.6) cases were positive for nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-Kb).
Conclusion: People who had died of ischemic heart disease have more vulnerable plaque in their coronary arteries as compared to the people who had died of non-ischemic cause. Early recognition of the un-ruptured plaque is important for the treatment strategies.
EVALUATING CONCEPT OF HEALTHY EATING IN RELATION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DIETARY HABITS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Javed Ambreen , Ameer Sudaifa , Talib Hira , Bashir Irfan , Jamshaid Muhammad 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To evaluate the physical activities and dietary habits and to determine the concept of healthy eating among university students of Pakistan.
Study Design: Cross sectional survey.
Place and Duration of Study: Three well reputed educational institutes of Lahore Pakistan, from Jul 2019 to May 2020.
Methodology: A questionnaire was used for data collection and validated scientifically as well as linguistically by experts. The questionnaire consists of 4 parts demographic and basic profile of participants i.e., body mass index, age, gender. The rest of parts used to evaluate dietary patterns, physical activities and participant’s concept for healthy eating. A total of 324 participants were included in the study and sample size was calculated by using Raosoft sample size calculator by keeping the population size as 200000. The data was collected through online protocols such as by sharing in social media groups of relevant universities. All the collected data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS-21.
Results: Out of 324 participants, there was a major cohort of female participants 202 (62.3%) as well as 209 (64.5%) participants were day scholars. The key findings of current study were observed that the students have satisfactory eating habits and 103 (31.8%) have an active lifestyle; 130 (40.1%) have a normal body mass index; only 142 (43.8%) have quite good nutritional knowledge.
Conclusion: The results specified detrimental behaviors influencing student’s dietary habits and they must be considered inevitable for interventions to be made and refining student’s responsiveness for acquiring a healthy lifestyle.
EVALUATION OF RISK FACTORS FOR INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS OF PREGNANCY IN PATIENTS PRESENTING TO A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE
Authors: Anwar Rabiah , Razzaq Kashif , Shahid Aysha , Afsheen Afeera , Tariq Amera , Saleem Irum 
Published: January 2022

Objectives: To evaluate the principal risk factors associated with development of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) in patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital.
Study Design: Case control study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Pakistan Naval Ship Shifa Hospital Karachi, from Jan to Dec 2019.
Methodology: All pregnant women with symptoms of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy confirmed on history, examination and investigations were included. A comparison cohort of pregnant women with neither hepatobiliary nor medical illness associated with pregnancy was selected. Comparison of risk factors was done between both the groups.
Results: Out of 6932 obstetric patients, 90 (1.29%) had intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Pruritis was cardinal symptoms in all (100%) the patients followed by excoriation marks (75.55%). Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy was significantly found in women with multiple pregnancy (OR=1.81; 95% CI 0.51-6.42), antecedent intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (OR=36.81; 95% CI 8.53-158.79), family history of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (OR=17.80; 95% CI 2.29-137.91) and history of pruritis with obstetric cholestasis of pregnancy use (OR=16.25; 95% CI 0.91-289.08).
Conclusion: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy was observed in less than two percent cases. Risk of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy was found to be increased with multiple pregnancies, antecedent intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, family history of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and history of pruritis with prior obstetric cholestasis of pregnancy use.
ASSOCIATION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS WITH ABO AND RH BLOOD GROUP
Authors: Tasneem Asma , Naeem Samina , Uddin Nasir , Farid Maria , Jabeen Shehneela , Hafeez Ammara 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To find out the association of type 2 diabetes mellitus with ABO and Rh blood groups.
Study Design: Cross sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Haematology, Combined Military Hospital Lahore, from Jul to Dec 2020.
Methodology: A total 179 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 50 healthy individuals were inducted into the study. Five (5ml) blood from the patients was taken via clean aseptic venipuncture in a tube containing EDTA. HbA1C was generated through automated analyzer Cobas c501 and blood grouping was carried out using tube method by an experienced technician.
Results: A total of 179 (77.8%) individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2 and 50 (21.7%) healthy cases were inducted into the study as a control group. A statistically significant difference was observed with blood group B being the most prevalent among them (p=0.001). There was a greater frequency of Rh-negative blood group in patients having diabetes mellitus type 2 as compared to the control group.
Conclusion: There is a strong association found between ABO and Rh blood group with diabetes mellitus type 2. Blood group B negative was the most common among the patients having diabetes mellitus type 2. Blood group O positive showed the least association.
THE ASSOCIATION OF BODY MASS INDEX, BLOOD PRESSURE AND FASTING BLOOD SUGAR WITH GENDER IN THE UNITED NATIONS STAFF OF LIBERIA
Authors: Ibrahim Muhammad Imran , Nasreen Khalida , Kamal Shaheen 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To determine the association of body mass index, blood pressure and fasting blood sugar with the gender in the UN staff of Liberia.
Study Design: Cross sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Level-II Hospital Monrovia, Liberia, from May to Aug 2017.
Methodology: This study was conducted in the United Nation staff of Liberia, at level-II Hospital, where, routine medical check was conducted and anthropometric measurements as well as blood pressure and fasting blood sugar values were noted. Body mass index, fasting blood sugar and blood pressure values were recorded and fasting blood sugar and blood pressure values were compared for its relationship with varying body mass index values.
Result: Total 300 individuals were monitored, out of them 226 (75.3%) were males and 74 (24.7%) were females. Mean weight of males was found to be 81 ± 14.6 Kg and for females 72.5 ± 11.6 kg there was found statistically significant (p<0.001) in both male and female and There was no significant difference of gender with Fasting blood glucose (p=0.395), systolic blood pressure (p=0.281) and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.425).
Conclusion: Significant association was seen between body mass index and blood pressure in both males and female as well as for fasting blood sugar in males. Hence, simple measurement of body mass index can be used as important health prognostic marker and thus can be used in regular routine medical assessment for maintaining and following healthy living.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE FOR MANAGEMENT OF POST-OPERATIVE PAIN IN ACUTE APICAL PERIODONTITIS
Authors: Yousaf Ajmal , Ali Fatima , Bibi Afshan , Ahmed Ahsan Masood , Ashfaq Sana , Zahra Syeda Fatima Tu 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To find the effect of different combinations of Calcium Hydroxide for the management of post-operative pain in acute apical periodontitis.
Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Operative Dentistry Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi. from Jun to Nov 2019.
Methodology: A total of 282 patients presenting with acute apical periodontitis in their mandibular posterior teeth were selected for this study and were randomly divided into three equal groups with the help of scientific random number table. Group-A patients were given intracanal dressing of Calcium Hydroxide mixed with Chlorhexidine, group-B patients were given intracanal dressing of Calcium Hydroxide mixed with Saline and group-C patients were given intracanal dressing of Calcium Hydroxide mixed with Dexamethasone. Endodontic therapy was initiated after application of rubber dam, following pulpectomy and disinfection with frequent irrigation, canals were prepared and intra-canal dressings were placed according to the allotted group and the cavity was restored till the next appointment. Post-operative pain was recorded at 24 hours, 48 hours and one week using the visual analogue scale.
Results: The three intra-canal combinations of Calcium Hydroxide used in the study were found to be equally effective in reducing pain. Overall, the result between the three groups after 24 hours proved to be insignificant (p=0.40), after 48 hours (p=0.84) and 1 week (p=0.45) were also insignificant.
Conclusion: Calcium Hydroxide mixed with Saline, Chlorhexidine and Dexamethasone are all effective for pain reduction with dexamethasone being the most effective.
Salivary Diagnosis of COVID-19
Authors: Shafiq Seema , Riaz Asim 
Published: January 2022

Dear Editor,
It is indeed an honour for us to contribute towards the ongoing research regarding the latest contagion, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leading to global pandemic with variable clinical outcomes. COVID-19 positive individuals present with a variety of signs and symptoms as sore throat, cough, fever, dyspnoea, headache, myalgia, nausea, and vomiting whereas, some develop severe acute respiratory distress syndrome with a fatality rate of about 10%.1 Possible oral findings include xerostomia, hypogeusia, and chemosensory alterations. Common routes of transmission being person-to-person via direct sneeze, cough, and droplet inhalation or by contact through mucosa of eyes, nose and saliva.
SEMEN ANALYSIS; CORNER STONE IN EVALUATING INFERTILITY
Authors: Khan Aysha , Shahbaz Zunera , Yousaf Shagufta , Ahmed Abeera , Sana Fatima , Sana Fawad 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To study the patterns and distribution of various abnormal semen parameters in infertile males.
Study Design: Cross sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pathology, Combined Military Hospital, Karachi, from Nov 2019 to Oct 2020.
Methodology: The study included 364 patients who presented with primary and secondary infertility. Consecutive convenient sampling was done. Semen analysis was performed using World Health Organization latest guidelines. Samples were categorized as normospermia, azoospermia, oligospermia, asthenozoospermia and necrospermia.
Results: The study comprised of 364 samples of infertile males. Normal sperm count was observed in 317 (87%) males, azoospermia in 28 (7.6%) and oligospermia in 19 (5.2%) males. Low ejaculated volume and higher non-motile sperms were noted in oligospermia samples in comparison with normospermia samples. Asthenozoospermia was observed in 102 (28%) and oligoasthenospermia was noted in 15 (4.1%) samples.
Conclusion: Good quality semen analysis is a corner stone to diagnose the cause of male infertility.Sperm concentration and motility are the important markers of normal male reproductive system and are related to each other.