bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimum sowing dates for soybean in central India using CROPGRO and ClimProb symbiosis
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Singh K K , Gupta B R D , Baxla A K , Rathore L S , Attri S D 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe optimum sowing dates for soybean cv. Gaurav were derived for Jabalpur, Raipur and Gwalior in the state of Madhya Pradesh in central India. Dates were derived based on two strategies: (a) probabilities of rainfall and temperature events using ClimProb, a PC based software package, and (b) the CROPGRO Soybean v3.0 crop growth simulation model. In Madhya Pradesh, the optimum sowing dates for multiple cropping, with the first crop as soybean under rainfed conditions, are between weeks 25 and 27, while the optimum sowing dates for rainfed mono‐cropping are between weeks 28 and 29. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Olfactory predator recognition: wallabies may have to learn to be wary
Authors: Blumstein Daniel T. , Mari Melissa , Daniel Janice C. , Ardron Jodie G. , Griffin Andrea S. , Evans Christopher S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMany species modify their behaviour in response to the scents of their predators, but species or populations living without predators may lose such abilities. This loss has been suggested to be irreversible, and to constitute a significant hurdle in restoring historical ecosystems. Olfactory predator recognition was studied in two macropodid marsupials ‐ the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and the red‐necked pademelon (Thylogale thetis). Both species are in the ‘critical weight range’ of Australian native mammals that have been negatively affected by the introduction of novel predators since European settlement. Predator‐naïve animals were tested by exposing subjects simultaneously to two feeders with either a predator or a herbivore faecal or urine sample beneath the food tray. The presence of predator olfactory cues beneath the feeder did not affect foraging behaviour or feeder use when compared to control stimuli (herbivore faeces or urine). Previous studies have found that predator‐experienced herbivorous marsupials modify their behaviour in the presence of predator scents. In contrast, our studies of predator‐naïve individuals found no evidence of such selectivity, suggesting that marsupial herbivores may have to learn to modify their behaviour in response to olfactory cues from predators. This implies that the loss of olfactory predator recognition may not be irreversible. Animals translocated from predator‐free areas could potentially be trained to recognise the smells of their predators.
Origin of juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in a tropical developmental habitat in Caribbean Panamá
Authors: Engstrom Tag N. , Meylan Peter A. , Meylan Anne B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMaximum likelihood mixed stock analysis was used to identify the natal origin of immature loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in a tropical developmental habitat in Caribbean Panamá. Approximately 65–70% of the loggerhead turtles in Chiriquí Lagoon originate from South Florida nesting beaches, and the other 30–35% originate from Mexico. Haplotype frequencies of the Chiriquí Lagoon loggerhead population are significantly different from those observed in the pelagic environment in the eastern Atlantic, and estimated nesting beach contributions to Chiriquí Lagoon are significantly different from values expected if recruitment were based solely on the size of nesting populations. These observations suggest that dispersal of loggerheads into benthic developmental habitats from the pelagic environment is not random. The occurrence of US and Mexican loggerheads in tropical developmental habitats has not been previously recognized. Exploitation and other mortality factors operating in the Caribbean area must be taken into account in demographic models and management plans for these two populations. This exploitation could be particularly important for the small, demographically vulnerable Mexican population and for other small populations for which no genetic data are currently available.
The long and short of sperm polymorphisms in insects
Authors: SWALLOW JOHN G. , WILKINSON GERALD S. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTProduction of more than one morphological type of sperm in a common testis has been documented for a variety of invertebrates, including gastropods, spiders, centipedes, and insects. This unusual phenomenon is diffcult to explain by current theory, particularly since available evidence indicates that one sperm type is often incapable of effecting fertilization. In this review we critically examine evidence on the distribution and development of sperm heteromorphisms among insects in light of competing hypotheses for the evolutionary origin, maintenance, and function of a non‐fertilizing class of sperm. To date, no single hypothesis, including alternatives which assume non‐fertilizing sperm are non‐adaptive, or that they provision, facilitate, or compete with fertilizing sperm, has received strong empirical support by any group of insects. The diversity of sperm heteromorphisms suggests that non‐fertilizing sperm may have different functions in different clades or even serve multiple functions within a clade. We suggest that insight could be gained from (1) new models for the evolution of sperm polymorphism, (2) comparative studies that focus on multiple traits simultaneously (e.g. sperm number, proportion, length, and remating rate) and utilize clades in which more than one gain or loss of sperm heteromorphism has been documented (e.g. Pentatomidae, Carabidae, or Diopsidae), and (3) experimental studies that exploit individual variation or directly manipulate the composition of the male ejaculate.
Social Democracy Then and Now
Authors: Page Robert 
Published: July 2002

C.A.R. Crosland (1956) The Future of Socialism, Jonathan Cape, London.Donald Sassoon (1997), One Hundred Years of Socialism, HarperCollins London. (First published by I.B.Tauris in 1996).John Callaghan (2000), The Retreat of Social Democracy, Manchester University Press, Manchester.Between them these three books provide an excellent overview of the theory and practice of social democracy as it has twisted and turned over the past century. As Sassoon reminds us in his magisterial review of the West European left, revisionism of one kind or another has been a constant feature of socialist discourse. The key question has always been whether such revisions have helped to bring about the transformation of capitalism (or, perhaps more realistically, its humanisation) or, in contrast, helped to secure its long-term survival. The first, and arguably the most controversial, revisionism of social democratic thought occurred in Germany at the end of the nineteenth century.
Familial lethal skeletal dysplasia with cloverleaf skull and multiple anomalies of brain, eye, face and heart: a new autosomal recessive multiple congenital anomalies syndrome
Authors: Sharony R , Kidron D , Amiel A , Fejgin M , Borochowitz ZU 
Published: July 2002

We report on a ‘new’ lethal familial short‐limb bone dysplasia associated with multiple anomalies in three sibs born to Arabic‐Muslim consanguineous healthy parents. Clinical abnormalities included short limbs and short hands, cloverleaf skull, frontal bossing, wide anterior fontanel, hypertelorism, bilateral microphthalmia, cataract, low‐set ears, narrow chest, ambiguous genitalia, cardiac ventricular septal defect (VSD) and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Radiological abnormalities included cloverleaf skull, hypoplastic clavicles and scapulae, thin, wavy cupped ribs, flat vertebral bodies with coronal clefting and several unossified vertebral pedicles and hypo‐ossification of the pubic bone. The main changes noted in the long bones consisted of short‐bowed long bones with abnormal metaphyses and unossified epiphyses. Chondro‐osseous morphology documented degenerating chondrocytes with disorganization of the hypertrophied cartilage and short disorganized columns of hypertrophied areas.An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance seems most likely.
Genetic changes in hypervariable region 1 as a possible mechanism for biochemical responders with interferon therapy
Authors: Shindo M , Hamada K , Oda Y , Okuno T. , Shindo Michiko , Hamada Kazushige , Oda Yoko , Okuno Tadao 
Published: July 2002

Abstract:Aim:Approximately 10% of chronic hepatitis C patients who were treated with interferon have a sustained normalization of aminotransferase levels after interferon therapy without HCV RNA clearance. We investigated genetic change in hypervariable region 1 (HVR 1) to see if the mutation in this region is responsible for their sustained biochemical response and relapse thereafter. A total of 250 patients with chronic hepatitis C who were treated with interferon were studied for 8 to 11 years post therapy. Of these, 26 were biochemical responders (BR) whose ALT remained normal without viral clearance for more than 6 months after IFN therapy. HVR 1 was examined by direct sequencing of the PCR products, and found that no significant HVR 1 differences were observed in samples obtained pretreatment, posttreatment or during flares from these patients, suggesting that mutations in this region were not responsible for either the persistence of the HCV RNA or for the ALT relapses thereafter.
Effects of oestrogen replacement on steady and pulsatile haemodynamics in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Lam Kwok‐Keung , Hu Cheng‐Tao , Ou Tein‐Yuan , Yen Mao‐Hsiung , Chen Hsing‐I 
Published: July 2002

The effects of ovariectomy (Ovx), menopause and oestrogen replacement on the haemodynamics remain controversial. The present study employed the technique of arterial impedance analysis to measure and calculate the steady and pulsatile haemodynamics. The purpose was to determine the haemodynamic consequence of ovariectomy and oestrogen replacement.
Ovariectomy was carried out under anaesthesia on female Sprague Dawley rats aged 9 weeks. Oestrogen (17 β‐estradiol or E2) replacement started 1 week after ovariectomy for 4 weeks. Ovx increased the body weight (BW), while it greatly reduced the uterus weight. Left ventricular weight (LVW) was slightly increased, but LVW/BW ratio was slightly reduced. These changes were reversed after E2 replacement.
Compared to sham group, Ovx with or without E2 replacement did not significantly affect the systolic, mean and diastolic pressure. In Ovx, pulse pressure (PP) and heart rate were significantly increased, while stroke volume and cardiac output were slightly decreased. Total peripheral resistance (TPR) was largely elevated, indicating Ovx induced systemic vasoconstriction. These changes all returned to close normal values (sham group) after E2 replacement, except PP.
Ovx increased the characteristic input impedance (Zc) and pulse wave reflection, while it decreased arterial compliance. E2 treatment reversed these changes, except Zc.
These results demonstrate that Ovx influences both the resistance and Windkessel functions of the artery. E2 treatment effectively reverses most the effects of Ovx both on the steady and pulsatile haemodynamics.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 136, 811–818. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704762
Molecular modelling of the interactions of carbamazepine and a nicotinic receptor involved in the autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Ortells M O , Barrantes G E 
Published: July 2002

The normal and a mutant (S248F) human neuronal α4β2 nicotinic receptors, and their interaction with the channel blocker carbamazepine (CBZ) have been modelled. The mutant, responsible for the autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE), has an enhanced sensitivity to and a slower recovery from desensitization, a lower conductance, short open times, reduced calcium permeability, and is 3 fold more sensitive to CBZ, a drug used in the treatment of partial epilepsies.
Mutant channel properties are explained by the physicochemical properties of the two Phe248 side chains, including size and cation‐π interaction, and their dynamic behaviour. A defective mechanism of dehydration might be responsible for the reduced calcium influx.
Phe248 residues are the main component of CBZ binding sites in the mutant, while this is not true for Ser248 in the normal receptor.
A higher number of blocking binding sites and a predicted higher affinity found for CBZ in the mutant account for its differential sensitivity to CBZ.
Aromatic–aromatic interactions between CBZ and the two Phe248 account for the difference in affinity, which is at least 12 times higher for the mutant, depending on the method used for calculating Ki.
Normal vs mutant differences in Ki, enhanced by the higher number of blocking binding sites in the mutant, seem excessive compared to the differential sensitivities to CBZ experimentally found. The negative cooperativity suggested by a predicted overlapping of blocking and non‐blocking binding sites gives an explanation, as overlapping is higher in the mutant.
For both types of receptors we found that the carbamyl group of the best blocking conformers of CBZ forms hydrogen bonds with serine residues, which may explain the fundamental role of that moiety for this molecule to act as antiepileptic drug.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 136, 883–895. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704786
Different actions of protein kinase C isoforms α and ε on gastric acid secretion
Authors: Fährmann Michael , Kaufhold Marc , Rieg Timo , Seidler Ursula 
Published: July 2002

The phorbol ester TPA, an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), inhibits cholinergic stimulation of gastric acid secretion but increases basal H+ secretion.
Since these contradictory findings suggest the action of different PKC isozymes we analysed the role of calcium‐dependent PKC‐α, and calcium‐independent PKC‐ε in gastric acid secretion.
Inhibition of PKC‐α by the indolocarbazole Gö 6976 revealed that about 28% of carbachol‐induced acid secretion was inhibited by PKC‐α. In the presence of Gö 6976 approximately 64% of the carbachol‐induced signal transduction is mediated by Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and 14% is conveyed by PKC‐ε as deduced from the inhibition with the bisindolylmaleimide Ro 31‐8220.
Inhibition of carbachol‐induced acid secretion by TPA was accompanied by a decrease in CaMKII activity.
The stimulation of basal acid secretion by TPA was biphasic with a peak at a very low concentration (10 pM), resulting in an activation of the calcium‐sensor CaMKII. The activation was determined with a phosphospecific polyclonal antibody against active CaMKII. The TPA‐induced increase of H+ secretion was sensitive to the cell‐permeable Ca2+‐chelator BAPTA/AM, Ro 31‐8220, and the CaMKII‐inhibitor KN‐62, but not to Gö 6976.
Since TPA induced the translocation of PKC‐ε but not of PKC‐α in resting parietal cells, PKC‐ε seems to be at least responsible for an initial elevation of free intracellular calcium to initiate TPA‐induced acid secretion.
Our data indicate the different roles of two PKC isoforms: PKC‐ε activation appears to facilitate cholinergic stimulation of H+‐secretion likely by increasing intracellular calcium. In contrast, PKC‐α activation attenuates acid secretion accompanied by a down‐regulation of CaMKII activity.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 136, 938–946. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704790
General Anesthesia and the Ketogenic Diet: Clinical Experience in Nine Patients
Authors: Valencia Ignacio , Pfeifer Heidi , Thiele Elizabeth A. 
Published: July 2002

Summary: Purpose:To determine if children actively on the ketogenic diet (KD) can safely undergo general anesthesia (GA) for surgical procedures.Methods:The records of children treated with the KD at Children's Hospital (Boston, Massachusetts) from 1995 to the present were reviewed. The charts of children who had received GA while on the diet were evaluated with regard to demographics, procedure information, anesthesia records, blood chemistries, and perioperative course. Of 71 children on the KD during the period of the study, nine (12.7%) had procedures requiring GA while on the diet.Results:Nine children received GA for surgical procedures ranging from central line placement to hemispherectomy while on the KD. At the time of GA, the children ranged from age 1 to 6 years, and had been on the KD for 2–60 months. The patients received carbohydrate‐free intravenous solutions perioperatively. Anesthesia duration ranged from 20 min to 11.5 h; for longer procedures, serum pH, glucose, and electrolyte levels were monitored. Serum glucose levels remained stable in all patients, but serum pH typically decreased; the largest reduction was to 7.16. In three procedures, patients received intravenous bicarbonate because of level of acidosis. There were no perioperative complications.Conclusions:Children on the KD can safely undergo GA for surgical procedures. Although serum glucose levels appear to remain stable, serum pH or bicarbonate levels should be monitored because of the risk of metabolic acidosis.
Suppressive Efficacies by Adaptive Temporal Filtering System on Photoparoxysmal Response Elicited by Flickering Pattern Stimulation
Authors: Takahashi Takeo , Kamijo Ken‐ichi , Takaki Yoko , Yamazaki Toshimasa 
Published: July 2002

Summary:  Purpose: Based on our previous study that validated efficacies of an adaptive temporal filtering system (ATFS) suppressing a photoparoxysmal response (PPR) elicited by a chromatic flicker stimulation, we further studied ATFS efficacies on PPRs elicited by pattern‐flicker stimulation in 13 photosensitive epilepsy patients.Methods: Subjects were 13 photosensitive epilepsy patients (two male and 11 female patients; mean age ± SD, 20.9 ± 8.9 years) who were all sensitive to a flickering geometric‐pattern scene. We used a scene consisting of 15‐Hz flickering 4 c/deg stripe images lasting for 4 s. With a 14‐inch television set 2 m before a subject, we displayed the following video scenes: nonfiltered and filtered flickering‐stripe scenes; for the latter, two kinds of ATFSs with mild efficacy and strong efficacy were used. Three flickering‐stripe scenes altogether, each of which lasted for 4 s, were given at random with a 10‐s interval.Results: A nonfiltered flickering‐stripe scene elicited generalized PPRs in all patients; a filtered scene by use of an ATFS with mild efficacy elicited generalized PPRs in six patients (46%), whereas that by an ATFS with strong efficacy exhibited no PPRs.Conclusions: This study, using an ATFS, again shows suppressive efficacy on PPRs elicited by flickering‐pattern stimulation. Therefore a series of our studies suggested that ATFS may be useful as a preventive measure for photosensitive seizures triggered by stimulative flickering images from televisions or other displays.
Economic Evaluation of Antiepileptic Drug Therapy: A Methodologic Review
Authors: Levy Pierre 
Published: July 2002

Summary:  Purpose: The increasing number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) fostered the development of economic studies in epilepsy. We reviewed this literature to identify and discuss methodologic issues.Methods: We included all studies devoted to cost‐based evaluation in epilepy, published in English from 1989 to 2001, and identified via a Medline search.Results: We identified a series of methodologic problems. First, we reconsidered heterogeneity of concepts and estimating methods, often cited as the most critical problem, as they do not necessarily result from a failure to apply standard methods. One must distinguish “natural” sources of heterogeneity arising from the many unconstrained choices left open in the implementation of economic evaluation on the one hand, and imperfect information and observation‐based sources of heterogeneity leading to constrained choices on the other hand. By their very nature, cost‐of‐illness studies are subject to this variety of choices and were used to illustrate our purpose. Second, cost‐minimization studies were reviewed, as they raise additional problems related to study design and choice of an outcome measure. Finally, deficiencies were also identified in cost‐effectiveness and cost–utility studies concerning attempts to incorporate patient's point of view in outcome measurement.Conclusions: We agreed with previous reviews on the difficulty of compare results from economic studies in epilepsy due to heterogeneity in methods and concepts used. This is partly due to imperfect information and limits in observation as sources for data collection, as well as to unavailability of refined outcome measures. Therefore, improvements are possible in this field.
Accountability in action?: the case of a database purchasing decision 1
Authors: Neyland Daniel , Woolgar Steve 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe increasing prevalence of audit in university settings has raised concerns about the potentially adverse effects of invasive measures of performance upon the conduct of research and generation of knowledge. What sustains the current commitment to audit? It is argued that in order to address this question we need to understand how and to what extent notions of accountability are played out in practice. This is illustrated through the analysis of materials from an ethnographic study of ‘good management practice’ in the deployment of technologies in university settings. The paper examines the ways in which ideas of accountability — involving considerations such as ‘value for money’— inform the practical processes of deciding about the purchase of a new database technology.
Requirement for RAR-mediated gene repression in skeletal progenitor differentiation
Authors: Weston Andrea D. , Chandraratna Roshantha A.S. , Torchia Joseph , Underhill T. Michael 
Published: July 2002

Chondrogenesis is a multistep process culminating in the establishment of a precisely patterned template for bone formation. Previously, we identified a loss in retinoid receptor–mediated signaling as being necessary and sufficient for expression of the chondroblast phenotype (Weston et al., 2000. J. Cell Biol. 148:679–690). Here we demonstrate a close association between retinoic acid receptor (RAR) activity and the transcriptional activity of Sox9, a transcription factor required for cartilage formation. Specifically, inhibition of RAR-mediated signaling in primary cultures of mouse limb mesenchyme results in increased Sox9 expression and activity. This induction is attenuated by the histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, and by coexpression of a dominant negative nuclear receptor corepressor-1, indicating an unexpected requirement for RAR-mediated repression in skeletal progenitor differentiation.
Inhibition of RAR activity results in activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase A (PKA) pathways, indicating their potential role in the regulation of chondrogenesis by RAR repression. Accordingly, activation of RAR signaling, which attenuates differentiation, can be rescued by activation of p38 MAPK or PKA. In summary, these findings demonstrate a novel role for active RAR-mediated gene repression in chondrogenesis and establish a hierarchical network whereby RAR-mediated signaling functions upstream of the p38 MAPK and PKA signaling pathways to regulate emergence of the chondroblast phenotype.