bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of Depression and Anxiety in Sjögren’s
Authors: Loehr Valerie G. , Sherwood Brown E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Nearly all individuals experience depression and anxiety in their lifetime, but those who have a systemic process such as Sjögren’s are more susceptible to manifesting these symptoms. Inflammation, pain, medication side effects, increased risks for infection, and an altered immune system are exacerbating factors. This chapter discusses treatments for depression and anxiety, such as counseling, improving coping skills, group therapy, strengthening and stretching exercises, and medication. For Sjögren’s patients, sleep hygiene, strategies to minimize pelvic dryness, cognitive–behavioral therapy for brain fog, and working on lifestyle choices are important. Some psychotropic medications worsen dryness, so this should be taken into account. Depression and anxiety in Sjögren’s are very manageable with a team approach where the patient, support system, and treatment providers work together.
Management of Gastrointestinal Manifestations in Sjögren’s
Authors: Shetler Katerina 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Sjögren’s disease may involve the entire gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas. Sjögren’s patients commonly experience gastroesophageal reflux, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), issues with gastric emptying, and abdominal pain and bloating. The symptoms may vary from mild to severe. Abnormality in esophageal function and motility is detected in up to 35% of patients with Sjögren’s. Celiac disease occurs in up to 12% of Sjögren’s patients, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in 39%, and indigestion (dyspepsia in 65%). Proper evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment will prevent possible complications and will significantly improve the patient’s quality of life. With certain complications, lifestyle choices can help to manage and improve the symptoms.
Management of Gynecologic and Urologic Aspects of Sjögren’s
Authors: Melkonian Rita 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Sjögren’s patients are at increased risk for a variety of unique gynecologic and urologic complications, and this chapter will discuss a range of these complications. Vaginal dryness and dyspareunia are the most common manifestations of Sjögren’s and can often be successfully treated with topical products. Frequent urinary tract infections can occur. Pregnancy poses its own unique problems, with the potential for fetal heart block or miscarriage connected with antiphospholipid antibodies; a multidisciplinary approach with the rheumatologist, gynecologist, and pediatrician is key to the successful treatment and management of patients with Sjögren’s. The rare manifestation of lichen sclerosus needs to be addressed by the patient’s gynecologist, as this condition can cause severe vulvovaginal atrophy and regression. The pathogenesis of gynecologic manifestations such as premature ovarian failure, endometriosis, amyloidosis, and interstitial cystitis in Sjögren’s patients needs further research.
Management of Lymphoma and Other Cancers in Sjögren’s
Authors: Dunleavy Kieron , Hammitt Katherine M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Five percent to 10% of Sjögren’s patients develop a malignancy, most commonly a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. This prevalence is the highest among any autoimmune disorder. The most frequent cancer in Sjögren’s is B-cell lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), which can occur in any mucosal tissue but most often occurs in the salivary glands. About 6% of Sjogren’s-associated lymphomas involve the lung. The risk of lymphoma is associated with environmental and genetic factors as well as infections. Practitioners should evaluate patients for risk factors such as adenopathy, salivary gland swelling, vasculitis, peripheral neuropathy, and fever. Most of the hematologic malignancies are slow-growing and responsive to therapy. Development of cancer in Sjögren’s is complex and most likely involves the interplay of multiple factors. Chronic inflammation and prolonged stimulation of the immune system likely contribute to its development.
Management of Hepatic and Pancreatic Involvement in Sjögren’s
Authors: Johr Chadwick R. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Approximately 5% of Sjögren’s patients have involvement of the liver, pancreas, or biliary tree. These include autoimmune hepatitis, biliary cirrhosis, IgG4 syndrome, and scleroderma-related disorders. Diagnosed by laboratory testing (e.g., antimitochondrial or smooth muscle antibodies), imaging, or biopsy, the management includes anti-inflammatory or antifibrotic agents. Infections such as human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C are associated with dry eyes and dry mouth but are not a feature of autoimmune Sjögren’s and should be ruled out. Agents used to treat inflammation such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may elevate levels of liver enzymes. It is important to stage a patient’s hepatobiliary status in order to optimize treatment.
Sjögren’s
Authors: Rumpf Teri P. , Epstein Lynn C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Unlike an acute illness with obvious manifestations, Sjögren’s is both invisible and unpredictable, which creates physiologic, psychological, and interpersonal stress for patients. Sjögren’s may vary in its intensity and effects, but there is no cure and it never goes away. Patients with Sjögren’s often look better than they feel, so other people may not believe they are “really” sick. A chronic illness generates stress and uncertainty. Patients do not know what will happen next and can’t predict how they will feel. Anxiety, confusion, frustration, and depression are all common emotions. Challenges brought on by the disease can lead to changes in relationships with family and friends. People may cope well at times, not well at others. Physicians can help validate the changes in patients’ lives and encourage them to maximize a sense of well-being. Despite the challenges, people with Sjögren’s can still lead meaningful, productive lives.
Vaccinations in Sjögren’s
Authors: Brasington Richard D. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
One of the most important aspects of preventive care is receiving the appropriate vaccinations. This is particularly important for patients with autoimmune disease and compromised immune function, especially those who take immunosuppressive medications. Updating vaccinations is particularly important before receiving some immunosuppressive medications, because these can seriously blunt a person’s response to appropriate vaccination. For Sjögren’s patients, many common vaccinations, including the annual flu vaccine and pneumonia vaccine, are recommended. Other vaccinations, such as those utilizing a live virus, may be dangerous, and individual circumstances should be discussed with a patient’s physician. Sjögren’s patients are encouraged to get a COVID-19 vaccination.
Clinical Trials
Authors: Makara Matthew , Wallace Daniel J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Clinical trials are an important step in advancing medical treatment options for patients and are designed to determine if an intervention is safe and effective. A successful trial requires both the appropriate patient population and trained professionals to ensure the study is carried out and findings are interpreted correctly. Although there are many agents approved for “dry eye,” only two are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for dry mouth related to Sjögren’s. Pilocarpine (Salagen) and cevimeline (Evoxac) were approved 20 years ago. Since then no agent has been given an indication for Sjögren’s, and no agent has been approved to date to treat the systemic manifestations of the disease. This chapter will discuss some of the pros and cons of participating in a clinical trial for both patients and providers as well as the FDA approval process and where things stand regarding trials in Sjögren’s.
Populism and Civil Society
Authors: Arato Andrew , Cohen Jean L. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Populism and Civil Society: The Challenge to Constitutional Democracy is a theoretical work that draws on extensive secondary literature as well as comparative analysis of cases. The aim is to assess the significance of what is now a global phenomenon—the populist challenge to constitutional democracy. After defining populism using the methods of immanent criticism and ideal typic construction, the book proceeds to examine the challenge in terms of its four main organizational forms: movement mobilization, political party, government, and regime. It considers the important questions: “why populism?” and “why now?” Without presupposing the authoritarian logic of the phenomenon in the definition, the book seeks to demonstrate this logic through the reconstruction of the main elements used by advocates to identify populism. It shows that authoritarian logic is not fully realized in every empirical form of populism and considers why this is so for many movement and party forms, and even populists “in” government vs. populism as “the” government. We identify the historical examples of the latter as “hybrid” regimes blending authoritarian elements and residual democratic forms. The book then proceeds to consider the uneasy relationship of populism to constitutionalism and presents populism as a form of abusive or instrumental “constitutionalism” often relying on the alleged permanence of the quasi-revolutionary constituent power. It concludes by outlining a non- and anti-populist project of democratization and social justice, distinguishing between the “popular” and the “populist,” and outlining a program based on the plurality of democracies and the rescue of some of left populism’s “host ideologies.”
Anti-Catholicism
Authors: Salazar Greg A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 analyzes the publications resulting from Featley’s debates with prominent Catholic leaders. This chapter examines Featley’s use of patristic tradition in these disputes, the pastoral motivations that underpinned his polemical exchanges, and how Featley strategically issued these polemical publications to counter Catholicism and to promulgate his own alternative version of orthodoxy at several crucial political moments during the 1620s and 1630s. It looks specifically at Featley’s anti-Catholic works, the polemical debates from which these works emerge, and Featley’s strategic publishing of these works. In short, it looks at Featley’s careful, convictional, and somewhat nuanced anti-Catholicism in its historical context.
Pastoral and Practical Theology
Authors: Salazar Greg A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on how, in the 1620s and 1630s, the themes of prayer and preaching in his devotional work, Ancilla Pietatis, and collection of seventy sermons, Clavis Mystica, were complementary rather than contradictory. It also builds on several of the major themes of the work by examining how pastoral and polemical motivations were at the heart of these works, how Featley continued to be an active opponent—rather than a passive bystander and victim—of Laudianism, and how he positioned himself politically to avoid being reprimanded by an increasingly hostile Laudian regime. An examination of Featley’s political and pastoral sensibilities throughout the 1630s reveals that he endeavored to provide for the perceived pastoral needs of his readers and positioned himself to avoid being reprimanded by an increasingly hostile Laudian regime. His strategic utilization of these tactical maneuvers and survival strategies throughout the 1630s allowed him to navigate the landscape.
Intuitionism and Goodness (Methods I.VIII and I.IX)
Authors: Phillips David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics, Book I, Chapters VIII and IX. Its topics are Sidgwick’s initial discussions of intuitionism and of goodness. The first section discusses the hybrid character of the concept of intuitionism, distinguishing its epistemic from its moral-theoretic component, and C. D. Broad’s coining of the term “deontology” as the name for the moral-theoretic component. The second section discusses Sidgwick’s argument for epistemic intuitionism, whose crucial premises are metaethical non-naturalism and epistemological foundationalism. The third section is a critical discussion of Sidgwick’s distinction between three “phases” of intuitionism: perceptional (sic) intuitionism, dogmatic intuitionism, and philosophical intuitionism. The fourth section discusses Sidgwick’s argument in Chapter IX that goodness is a complex non-natural property. The fifth section discusses his preliminary argument, also in Chapter IX, that nothing is good out of relation to consciousness or feeling.
Utilitarianism and Common-Sense Morality (Methods IV.III, IV.IV, and IV.V)
Authors: Phillips David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics, Book IV, Chapters III, IV, and V. Its topic is Sidgwick’s treatment of the relation between utilitarianism and common-sense morality. The first section unpacks Sidgwick’s complex, multifaceted claim that there is a “positive relation” between utilitarianism and common-sense morality, and explores his argument for the claim in the particular case of promissory obligation. The second section develops a Rossian response. The third section contrasts Sidgwick’s treatment of the relation between utilitarianism and common-sense morality with the contemporary debate between utilitarians and their critics. The fourth section discusses Sidgwick’s arguments against Herbert Spencer’s and Leslie Stephen’s proposals to replace common-sense morality. The fifth section discusses reforming common-sense morality and esoteric morality. The final section is an overview discussion of secondary literature on Sidgwick on consequentialism versus deontology.
The Protection of Human Subjects in Research
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of research with human subjects, giving special attention to trends, cases, and controversies that have helped to shape ethical guidelines and policies, such as the Nazi experiments on concentration camp prisoners, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, and the Secret Human Radiation Experiments. It discusses important ethics guidelines and codes and provides an overview of the Belmont Report, U.S. federal regulations, and the role of Institutional Review Boards in oversight of human subjects research. The chapter also addresses some key concepts and principles in human research, such as informed consent, risks vs. benefits, privacy and confidentiality, protection of vulnerable subjects, and research versus therapy.
The Misapplied Nexus of Theory and Policy
Authors: Fischerkeller Michael P. , Goldman Emily O. , Harknett Richard J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
From the outset of global networked computing, policymakers and strategic thinkers were legitimately concerned about the consequences of cyber capabilities for war and viewed cyberspace through the lens of war. The reality of State behavior and interaction in cyberspace over the past two decades has been quite different from the model of war, catastrophic attack, and coercion upon which many countries base their cyber strategies and policies. Most adversary State-sponsored cyber activity occurs outside armed conflict and has not been primarily coercive in application. Instead, we have seen the persistent use of cyber operations and continuous non-coercive cyber-based exploitation of vulnerabilities organic to and inherent in cyberspace. Cyber persistence theory assumes that exploitation will continue and that a new lexicon of concepts supporting a new theoretical logic is needed to strengthen academic research and to support more effective cyber strategy and policy.
The Workings of Soil in Early English Hagiography
Authors: Fay Jacqueline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on saintly soil: earth infused with the blood of saints that functioned as a primary relic, possessing miraculous powers to heal and avert disaster. The chapter argues that saints’ lives, particularly those of Oswald and Cuthbert, provide a model of ingestion in which the event of the saint’s martyrdom permeates the landscape in the form of blood and is then absorbed into the body of the worshipper who ingests a portion of this sacralized earth, infusing the body with geography and history. As the chapter shows in close readings of posthumous miracles mentioned by Bede and the compiler of the Old English Martyrology, the soil, which nourishes both physically and spiritually, literally composes part of an English body connected, in its fabric, to land and history.
The Iron Horsemen and the End of Times
Authors: Geraci Robert M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The simultaneous rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and transhumanism was key to the science fiction and pop science emergence of Apocalyptic AI in the U.S. and Europe. In the mid-20th century, AI emerged as a science in the U.S. and became critical to American hopes for a new world. Simultaneously, transhumanist thought took root. This chapter describes the rise of Apocalyptic AI within the U.S. and Europe, exploring this through the contributions of four key individuals who provided key scientific, technological, and pop culture interventions. In different ways, each is crucial to the popular belief that human minds might be transferred to machines and the world undergo a transformation from one dominated by biological lifeforms to one inherited by the machines.
Characterization of an Anti-CD70 Half-Life Extended Bispecific T-Cell Engager (HLE-BiTE) and Associated On-Target Toxicity in Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Harper Tod , Sharma Amy , Kaliyaperumal Sarav , Fajardo Flordeliza , Hsu Katie , Liu Lily , Davies Rhian , Wei Yu-Ling , Zhan Jinghui , Estrada Juan , Kvesic Majk , Nahrwold Lisa , Deisting Wibke , Panzer Marc , Cooke Keegan , Lebrec Hervé , Nolan-Stevaux Olivier 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) molecules have great potential to treat cancer. Nevertheless, dependent on the targeted tumor antigen, the mechanism of action that drives efficacy may also contribute to on-target/off-tumor toxicities. In this study, we characterize an anti-CD70 half-life extended BiTE molecule (termed N6P) which targets CD70, a TNF family protein detected in several cancers. First, the therapeutic potential of N6P was demonstrated using in vitro cytotoxicity assays and an orthotopic xenograft mouse study resulting in potent killing of CD70+ cancer cells. Next, in vitro characterization demonstrated specificity for CD70 and equipotent activity against human and cynomolgus monkey CD70+ cells. To understand the potential for on-target toxicity, a tissue expression analysis was performed and indicated CD70 is primarily restricted to lymphocytes in normal healthy tissues and cells. Therefore, no on-target toxicity was expected to be associated with N6P. However, in a repeat-dose toxicology study using cynomolgus monkeys, adverse N6P-mediated inflammation was identified in multiple tissues frequently involving the mesothelium and epithelium. Follow-up immunohistochemistry analysis revealed CD70 expression in mesothelial and epithelial cells in some tissues with N6P-mediated injury, but not in control tissues or those without injury. Collectively, the data indicate that for some target antigens such as CD70, BiTE molecules may exhibit activity in tissues with very low antigen expression or the antigen may be upregulated under stress enabling molecule activity. This work illustrates how a thorough understanding of expression and upregulation is needed to fully address putative liabilities associated with on-target/off-tumor activity of CD3 bispecific molecules.
Retinal Findings of Hospitalized Neonates Recovered from COVID-19 Infection: A Prospective, Observational, Descriptive Study
Authors: Aktürk Acar Filiz , Esenülkü Mahmut Cenap , Hekimoğlu Berna 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can cause microvascular alterations that can lead to irreversible complications in multiple tissues and organs. Detrimental effects of COVID-19 on retinal structure have recently been reported in adult population. However, literature data about neonatal population is very scarce. Thus, we aimed to assess possible retinal changes of neonates recovered from COVID-19 infection in this prospective, observational, descriptive study.

Methods
The neonates recovered from COVID-19 infection were included to the study between 01 September 2020 and 30 April 2021. Their initial ophthalmological examination was made after a negative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction obtained and all patients were re-examined 1 month later. All examinations were performed by same retina specialist using a binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy.

Results
A total of 15 neonates [9 (60%) male, 6 (40%) female, mean gestational age of 38.9 ± 0.9 weeks (ranging from 37 to 40 week)] were evaluated in the study. The mean age at the time of hospitalization was 17.5 ± 8.7 days (ranging from 2 to 29 days), and the mean duration of hospitalization was 12.5 ± 6.2 days (ranging from 4 to 27 days). Except for one patient with bilateral avascular area in Zone-III, no further retinal manifestation related to COVID-19 was found in the study.

Conclusion
COVID-19 infection can cause retinal damage in neonates. Therefore, these patients should be closely monitored for signs of ocular involvement.
Disease Incidence and Severity of Cercospora Leaf Spot in Sugar Beet Assessed by Multispectral Unmanned Aerial Images and Machine Learning
Authors: Barreto Abel , Ispizua Yamati Facundo Ramón , Varrelmann Mark , Paulus Stefan , Mahlein Anne-Katrin 
Published: May 2022

Disease incidence (DI) and metrics of disease severity are relevant parameters for decision making in plant protection and plant breeding. To develop automated and sensor-based routines, a sugar beet variety trial was inoculated with Cercospora beticola and monitored with a multispectral camera system mounted to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) over the vegetation period. A pipeline based on machine learning methods was established for image data analysis and extraction of disease-relevant parameters. Features based on the digital surface model, vegetation indices, shadow condition, and image resolution improved classification performance in comparison with using single multispectral channels in 12 and 6% of diseased and soil regions, respectively. With a postprocessing step, area-related parameters were computed after classification. Results of this pipeline also included extraction of DI and disease severity (DS) from UAV data. The calculated area under disease progress curve of DS was 2,810.4 to 7,058.8%.days for human visual scoring and 1,400.5 to 4,343.2%.days for UAV-based scoring. Moreover, a sharper differentiation of varieties compared with visual scoring was observed in area-related parameters such as area of complete foliage (AF), area of healthy foliage (AH), and mean area of lesion by unit of foliage ([Formula: see text]). These advantages provide the option to replace the laborious work of visual disease assessments in the field with a more precise, nondestructive assessment via multispectral data acquired by UAV flights. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .