bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impacts of Car-Free Days and Events on the Environment and Human Health
Authors: Glazener Andrew , Wylie James , van Waas Willem , Khreis Haneen 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose of review
In this paper, we seek to elucidate the impact of car-free days and events on human health. Car-free days and events are often designed to alleviate the impact of transportation-related air pollution, noise, physical inactivity, traffic congestion, or other detrimental externalities of private motor vehicle travel. We reviewed existing peer-reviewed and gray literature to understand the variety of potential public health impacts that have been measured as a result of car-free days or events and associated changes in environmental exposures and lifestyles.

Recent findings
The impacts of car-free days and events are highly variable and seem to depend on the scope (frequency, duration, and geographic size) and goals of each car-free day and event. Most of the existing literature measures impacts in terms of air and noise pollution and some studies focus on physical activity metrics. In some cases, car-free days and events were successful in reducing the concentration of certain air pollutants but had little or adverse impacts on the concentration of others. Often, traffic is diverted from cordoned areas to surrounding streets, displacing traffic congestion and adverse environmental exposures to other areas of a city, with potential understudied implications to environmental justice.

Summary
Car-free days and events are often an attractive policy option; however, they require intensive planning to be successful. The organization and execution of car-free days and events, as well as public support and stakeholder engagement, greatly influence the level of success and the sustainability of such initiatives. Health benefits may be a palatable and convincing argument to the general public. However, very few studies focus on actual health impacts associated with car-free days and events. Future research could be most useful if it focused on measuring health outcomes associated with car-free days and events through longitudinal studies.
Putting the BRI in Perspective: History, Hegemony and Geoeconomics
Authors: Beeson Mark , Crawford Corey 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIf successfully realised, the Belt and Road Initiative will be the most ambitious and expansive developmental project the world has ever seen. It is not, however, unprecedented. In the aftermath of the Second World War the United States developed what was then an equally unprecedented and ambitious initiative designed to simultaneously facilitate the (re)development of some of the world’s key economies and reinforce its own position as the leader of the western world. Both the American Marshall Plan and China’s BRI are important expressions of geoeconomic influence and power. This paper compares the two projects from the perspectives of ‘hegemonic transitions’ and ‘comparative hegemony’ in order to highlight some striking similarities and noteworthy differences, and gauge the prospects for the BRI and its possible scenarios. Comparatively speaking, the BRI does not have the same sort of compelling geopolitical imperatives and narrative that the emerging Cold War provided for American hegemonic leadership. The Chinese project also lacks the comprehensive global institutional architecture developed in the aftermath of the Second World War that facilitated American influence. Consequently, it may prove more difficult for China to utilise the BRI to translate potential geoeconomic leverage into the sort of hegemonic influence that the US enjoyed during the Cold War, despite its unparalleled ambitions.
Measurement Comparability of Electronic and Paper Administration of Visual Analogue Scales: A Review of Published Studies
Authors: Byrom Bill , Elash Celeste A. , Eremenco Sonya , Bodart Serge , Muehlhausen Willie , Platko Jill V. , Watson Chris , Howry Cindy 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Visual analogue scales (VASs) are used in a variety of patient-, observer- and clinician-reported outcome measures. While typically included in measures originally developed for pen-and-paper completion, a greater number of clinical trials currently use electronic approaches to their collection. This leads researchers to question whether the measurement properties of the scale have been conserved during the migration to an electronic format, particularly because electronic formats often use a different scale length than the 100 mm paper standard.

Methods
We performed a review of published studies investigating the measurement comparability of paper and electronic formats of the VAS.

Results
Our literature search yielded 26 studies published between 1997 and 2018 that reported comparison of paper and electronic formats using the VAS. After excluding 2 publications, 23 of the remaining 24 studies included in this review reported electronic formats of the VAS (eVAS) and paper formats (pVAS) to be equivalent. A further study concluded that eVAS and pVAS were both acceptable but should not be interchanged. eVAS length varied from 21 to 200 mm, indicating that 100 mm length is not a requirement.

Conclusions
The literature supports the hypothesis that eVAS and pVAS provide comparable results regardless of the VAS length. When implementing a VAS on a screen-based electronic mode, we recommend following industry best practices for faithful migration to minimise the likelihood of non-comparability with pVAS.
Purely Probabilistic Measures of Explanatory Power: A Critique
Authors: Roche William , Sober Elliott 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAll extant purely probabilistic measures of explanatory power satisfy the following technical condition: if Pr(E | H1) > Pr(E | H2) and Pr(E | ∼H1) < Pr(E | ∼H2), then H1’s explanatory power with respect to E is greater than H2’s explanatory power with respect to E. We argue that any measure satisfying this condition faces three serious problems—the Problem of Temporal Shallowness, the Problem of Negative Causal Interactions, and the Problem of Nonexplanations. We further argue that many such measures face a fourth problem—the Problem of Explanatory Irrelevance.
Limpet larvae (Patella aspera Röding, 1798), obtained by gonad dissection and fecundation in vitro, settled and metamorphosed on crustose coralline algae
Authors: Castejón Diego , Nogueira Natacha , Andrade Carlos A.P. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe limpet Patella aspera Röding, 1798, is a native species from the Macaronesian region whose fishing is regulated. The early life of limpets, including the settlement process, is poorly known thus far. The current study evaluated different substrates to induce settlement in P. aspera, including microalgae strains (Halamphora coffeaeformis, Navicula incerta and Pavlova sp.) and crustose coralline algae (CCA) obtained from limpet shells. The results showed that gametes obtained by dissection and matured artificially using alkalinized seawater baths can produce viable larvae able to metamorphose to juveniles. Feeding was not required during larval development, suggesting lecithotrophy. Early postlarvae were identified by the shedding of the velum, and juveniles were identified by teleoconch and active grazing behaviour. The presence of CCA shortened the timing for settlement and increased the ratio of juveniles. The type and abundance of CCA can influence settlement success. Moreover, the results suggested that settlement and metamorphosis in true limpets (Patellogastropoda) might be triggered by a two-step mechanism, i.e. a first cue influencing the shift between swimming and crawling activity and a second cue determining settlement and metamorphosis to early postlarvae and juveniles.
Psychologists should learn structural specification and experimental econometrics
Authors: Ross Don 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe most plausible of Yarkoni's paths to recovery for psychology is the least radical one: psychologists need truly quantitative methods that exploit the informational power of variance and heterogeneity in multiple variables. If they drop ambitions to explain entire behaviors, they could find a box full of design and econometric tools in the parts of experimental economics that don't ape psychology.
The four different modes of psychological explanation, and their proper evaluative schemas
Authors: Gilead Michael 
Published: February 2022

AbstractI apply Benjamin's (1941) taxonomy of common scientific “modes of explanation” to the psychological context. I argue that: (i) in a “naming” mode, generalizability is not necessary; (ii) in an “analysis,” generalizability is desired; (iii) in a “causal ontology,” generalizability is merely one of the means to an end (theory-challenge); (iv) in a “synthesis,” generalizability is (eventually) critical. A better appreciation of the diversity in psychologists' modes of explanation is crucial for cogent meta-psychological discussions.
The stimulus-response crisis
Authors: Wilford Robyn , Ardila-Cifuentes Juan , Baggs Edward , Anderson Michael L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractYarkoni correctly recognizes that one reason for psychology's generalizability crisis is the failure to account for variance within experiments. We argue that this problem, and the generalizability crisis broadly, is a necessary consequence of the stimulus-response paradigm widely used in psychology research. We point to another methodology, perturbation experiments, as a remedy that is not vulnerable to the same problems.
Increasing generalizability via the principle of minimum description length
Authors: Bonifay Wes 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTraditional statistical model evaluation typically relies on goodness-of-fit testing and quantifying model complexity by counting parameters. Both of these practices may result in overfitting and have thereby contributed to the generalizability crisis. The information-theoretic principle of minimum description length addresses both of these concerns by filtering noise from the observed data and consequently increasing generalizability to unseen data.
We need to be braver about the generalizability crisis
Authors: Braver Todd S. , Braver Sanford L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe applaud the effort to draw attention to generalizability concerns in twenty-first-century psychological research. Yet we do not feel that a pessimistic perspective is warranted. We outline a continuum of available methodological tools and perspectives, including incremental steps and meta-analytic approaches that can be readily and easily deployed by researchers to advance generalizability claims in a forward-looking manner.
Measurement practices exacerbate the generalizability crisis: Novel digital measures can help
Authors: Davidson Brittany I. , Ellis David A. , Stachl Clemens , Taylor Paul J. , Joinson Adam N. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPsychology's tendency to focus on confirmatory analyses before ensuring constructs are clearly defined and accurately measured is exacerbating the generalizability crisis. Our growing use of digital behaviors as predictors has revealed the fragility of subjective measures and the latent constructs they scaffold. However, new technologies can provide opportunities to improve conceptualizations, theories, and measurement practices.
The influence of organisational safety resource-related activities and other exploratory variables on seafarers’ safety behaviours
Authors: Mišković Darijo , Ivče Renato , Hess Mirano , Đurđević-Tomaš Ivica 
Published: February 2022

AbstractInadequate human actions are still the main cause of all reported accidents and incidents on board ships. The aim of this study is to explore the influence of safety resource activities and other exploratory variables on seafarers’ safety behaviour. For this study, a series of open-ended interviews were conducted to gain insight into how shipping organisations struggle with this issue. Following the interviews, a questionnaire was prepared and distributed to professional seafarers. Two exploratory factor analyses were conducted to identify the underlying factor structure and five factors emerged. Furthermore, three hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the influence of the factors obtained, namely, Company safety orientation and Additional safety incentives on seafarers’ perceived Safety awareness, Job satisfaction, Risk acceptance and other exploratory variables. The study shows that the perceived resource-related activities of the organisation and the demographic characteristics of the respondents can influence the safety behaviour of seafarers.
Race, Post-Reconstruction Politics, and the Birth of Federal Support for Black Colleges
Authors: ROSE DEONDRA 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn 1890, Congress passed the Second Morrill Land-Grant Act, which provided federal resources to support the creation of nineteen Black land-grant colleges. At a historical and political moment when Black Americans faced a violently repressive backlash against what progress they had achieved during Reconstruction, the successful passage and implementation of this legislation was unlikely. How did congressional lawmakers successfully pass the Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1890, and was the expansion of educational opportunity for African Americans a clearly expressed objective? Using historical analysis of primary sources, this analysis suggests that the 1890 legislation’s investment in Black colleges reflected a politically expedient compromise between northern Radical Republicans who supported greater educational access for Black citizens and Southern Democrats who wished to expand higher educational opportunity in their region while also maintaining the segregated racial order of southern educational institutions.
Incursion of H5N8 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) into gamebirds in England
Authors: Brookes Sharon M. , Mansfield Karen L , Reid Scott M. , Coward Vivien , Warren Caroline , Seekings James , Brough Tanis , Gray Davina , Núñez Alejandro , Brown Ian H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The 2016–17 European outbreak of H5N8 HPAIV (Clade 2.3.4.4b) affected a wider range of avian species than the previous H5N8 outbreak (2014–15), including an incursion of H5N8 HPAIV into gamebirds in England. Natural infection of captive-reared pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) led to variable disease presentation; clinical signs included ruffled feathers, reluctance to move, bright green faeces, and/or sudden mortality. Several birds exhibited neurological signs (nystagmus, torticollis, ataxia). Birds exhibiting even mild clinical signs maintained substantial levels of virus replication and shedding, with preferential shedding via the oropharyngeal route. Gross pathology was consistent with HPAIV, in gallinaceous species but diphtheroid plaques in oropharyngeal mucosa associated with necrotising stomatitis were novel but consistent findings. However, minimal or modest microscopic pathological lesions were detected despite the systemic dissemination of the virus. Serology results indicated differences in the timeframe of exposure for each case (n = 3). This supported epidemiological conclusions confirming that the movement of birds between sites and other standard husbandry practices with limited hygiene involved in pheasant rearing (including several fomite pathways) contributed to virus spread between premises.
Occurrence of Warm Freezing Rain: Observation and Modeling Study
Authors: Lu Zhengqi , Han Yongxiang , Liu Yangang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFreezing rain has been normally considered to be composed of supercooled raindrops when the 2 m air temperature (hereafter ) is below freezing. However, according to a statistical survey of freezing rain observations in China from 2000 to 2019, we find that there were 656 events that occurred at greater than 0°C (hereafter warm freezing rain and denoted by WFR), which account for 7% of the total freezing rain observations. Additionally, nearly 3% (266 observations) of freezing rain events occurred when the near‐surface wet‐bulb temperature was greater than 0°C. The modeling and sensitivity experiments on the nonequilibrium raindrop temperature (hereafter ) show that the temperature difference between raindrops and the atmosphere is the main cause of WFR. The magnitudes of the (difference between raindrop temperature and air temperature ) and (difference between and wet‐bulb temperature ) are determined by the raindrop diameter D, temperature lapse rate Г, and relative humidity RH. Increases of D and Г, and a decrease of RH enhance and and thus the occurrence of WFR. Further simulations of 4 idealized and 370 real sounding profiles reveal that either the or the cannot properly distinguish the WFR events. When considering the temperature difference between raindrops and the atmosphere, the WFR can form by the “melting of solid hydrometeors” or “supercooled warm rain process.” This study can also deepen our understanding of the conditions of WFR and freezing rain formation at different altitudes.
SU-8 cantilever with integrated pyrolyzed glass-like carbon piezoresistor
Authors: Jang Jongmoon , Panusa Giulia , Boero Giovanni , Brugger Juergen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractGlass-like carbon (GC) is a nongraphitizing material composed entirely of carbon atoms produced from selected organic polymer resins by controlled pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere. The GC properties are a combination of the properties of glass, ceramic, and graphite, including hardness, low density, low thermal conductivity, high chemical inertness, biocompatibility, high electrical conductivity, and microfabrication process compatibility. Despite these unique properties, the application of GC in mechanical sensors has not been explored thus far. Here, we investigate the electrical, structural, and chemical properties of GC thin films derived from epoxy-based negative photoresist SU-8 pyrolyzed from 700 to 900 °C. In addition, we fabricated microGC piezoresistors pyrolyzed at 700 and 900 °C and integrated them into nonpyrolyzed SU-8 cantilevers to create microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) mechanical sensors. The sensitivities of the GC sensor to strain, force, surface stress, and acceleration are characterized to demonstrate their potential and limits for electromechanical microdevices.
Genotype-phenotype correlation of renal lesions in the tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Muto Yoshinari , Sasaki Hitomi , Sumitomo Makoto , Inagaki Hidehito , Kato Maki , Kato Takema , Miyai Shunsuke , Kurahashi Hiroki , Shiroki Ryoichi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in either of two tumor suppressor genes, TSC1 and TSC2. These mutations lead to the growth of benign tumors and hamartomas in many organs, including those of the central nervous system, the skin, and the kidneys. To investigate the genotype-phenotype correlation, we performed sequence analysis of the TSC1/2 genes using next-generation sequencing. We classified 30 patients with TSC whose pathogenic variants were identified into two groups: those with mutations producing premature termination codons (PTCs) and those with missense mutations. Then, we compared the phenotypes between the two groups. Patients with a PTC were significantly more likely to manifest the major symptoms of the diagnostic criteria than those without a PTC (P = 0.035). The frequencies of subependymal nodules (P = 0.026), cortical tubers (P = 0.026), and renal cysts (P = 0.026) were significantly higher in PTC-containing variants than in cases without a PTC. When the analyses were limited to renal angiomyolipoma (AML) cases with TSC2 mutations, there was no difference in tumor size between cases with and without a PTC. However, the cases with a PTC showed a trend toward disease onset at a younger age and multiple tumors, and bilateral disease was observed in their AML lesions. TSC patients with PTC-producing mutations might potentially manifest more severe TSC phenotypes than those with missense mutations. A larger-scale study with appropriate samples deserves further investigation.
El Niño/Southern Oscillation inhibited by submesoscale ocean eddies
Authors: Wang Shengpeng , Jing Zhao , Wu Lixin , Cai Wenju , Chang Ping , Wang Hong , Geng Tao , Danabasoglu Gohkan , Chen Zhaohui , Ma Xiaohui , Gan Bolan , Yang Haiyuan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe El Niño/Southern Oscillation is characterized by irregular warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) events in the tropical Pacific Ocean, which have substantial global environmental and socioeconomic impacts. These events are generally attributed to the instability of basin-scale air–sea interactions in the equatorial Pacific. However, the role of sub-basin-scale processes in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation life cycle remains unknown due to the scarcity of observations and coarse resolution of climate models. Here, using a long-term high-resolution global climate simulation, we find that equatorial ocean eddies with horizontal wavelengths less than several hundred kilometres substantially inhibit the growth of La Niña and El Niño events. These submesoscale eddies are regulated by the intensity of Pacific cold-tongue temperature fronts. The eddies generate an anomalous surface cooling tendency during El Niño by inducing a reduced upward heat flux from the subsurface to the surface in the central-eastern equatorial Pacific; the opposite occurs during La Niña. This dampening effect is missing in the majority of state-of-the-art climate models. Our findings identify a pathway to resolve the long-standing overestimation of El Niño and La Niña amplitudes in climate simulations.
Simultaneous visualization of DNA loci in single cells by combinatorial multi-color iFISH
Authors: Mota Ana , Schweitzer Maud , Wernersson Erik , Crosetto Nicola , Bienko Magda 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSingle-molecule DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques enable studying the three-dimensional (3D) organization of the genome at the single cell level. However, there is a major unmet need for open access, high quality, curated and reproducible DNA FISH datasets. Here, we describe a dataset obtained by applying our recently developed iFISH method to simultaneously visualize 16 small (size range: 62–73 kilobases, kb) DNA loci evenly spaced on chromosome 2 in human cells, in a single round of hybridization. We show how combinatorial color coding can be used to precisely localize multiple loci in 3D within single cells, and how inter-locus distances scale inversely with chromosome contact frequencies determined by high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C). We provide raw images and 3D coordinates for nearly 10,000 FISH dots. Our dataset provides a free resource that can facilitate studies of 3D genome organization in single cells and can be used to develop automatic FISH analysis algorithms.