bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inheritance of PGI and LAP Isozymes in Octoploid Cultivated Strawberries1
Authors: Arulsekar S. , Bringhurst R. S. , Voth Victor 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genetic analysis of phosphoglucoisomerase and leucine amino peptidase allozymes clearly indicated that the octoploid cultivated strawberries Fragaria × ananassa Duch. are highly diploidized. A 4-locus genetic model is proposed for the PGI allozymes in the octoploid strawberries commensurate with the genomic structure. The LAP system needs further investigation in order to establish the number of loci and alleles present. The possible adaptive value of the biochemical diversity found in the Fragaria species is discussed.
Stem-end Decay and Quality of Low Oxygen Stored ‘d’Anjou’ Pears1
Authors: Chen P. M. , Spotts R. A. , Mellenthin W. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Stem-end decay caused by several several fungi was less in ‘d’Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) stored in a low O2 (1% O2 + 0.05% CO2, −1.1°C) room than in ones stored in −1.1° air. Ethylene concentration in the low O2 room was about 120 times higher than in the air room hut did not cause fruit softening or peel degreening after 8 months storage at −1. 1°. The 1% O2-stored fruit softened faster than the air-stored fruit during ripening and also ripened with better dessert quality. Juice binding capacity of ripened fruit pulp from 1 % O2-stored pears was greater than that of air-stored fruit; the texture of ripe fruit from the 1% O2 storage was buttery and juicy while that of air-stored fruit was coarse and dry. The high performance liquid chromatographic analysis revealed that organic acids in 1% O2-stored and air-stored fruits were qualitatively identical.
Effects of Between-row Spacing, Cultivation, and Genotype on Growth and Yield of Black Beans1
Authors: Kahn Brian A. , Stoffella Peter J. , Sandsted Roger F. , Hymes W. Larry 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two lines of black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), ‘70001’ and ‘Strain 39’, were grown at between-row spacings of 76, 61, and 46 cm. Cultivation treatments included an uncultivated check and a single cultivation at 1 of 3 plant growth stages: first trifoliolate leaf fully expanded; anthesis; or pod elongation. Root weight, shoot weight, and shoot:root ratio of individual plants decreased linearly as between-row spacing decreased. Biological yield increased linearly as between-row spacing decreased, but seed yield and harvest index did not show significant responses to spacing. None of the measured parameters gave a significant response when the uncultivated control was compared with the average of the 3 time-of-cultivation treatments. Root weight of individual plants and biological yield gave quadratic responses within the 3 time-of-cultivation treatments, both decreasing most markedly with cultivation at the pod elongation stage. Plants of ‘70001’ were larger and lodged less compared to those of ‘Strain 39’. Seed yields of both lines were similar. Results suggest that a single shallow cultivation may be used for black beans grown in narrow rows through anthesis. Although cultivation at the pod elongation stage was generally not detrimental to seed yield, it is not recommended.
Isolation and Characterization of Glutamate Synthase in the Apple1
Authors: Kang Seong-Mo , Titus John S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Glutamate synthase (L-glutamine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, NADPH-oxidizing, E.C. 2.6.1.53) was isolated from bark tissue of the apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Golden Delicious). The enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography. The enzyme was specific for L-glutamine and α-ketoglutarate as a nitrogen donor and acceptor, respectively. Both NADH and NADPH were found to be equally effective as reductants, although NADH appeared to be a physiological electron donor. The enzyme exhibited maximal activity at pH 8.0. Michaelis-Menten constants of the enzyme were 440, 50, 2.6, and 2.4 μΜ for L-glutamine, α-ketoglutarate, NADH and NADPH, respectively. L-Glutamate inhibited the enzyme activity competitively with respect to α-ketoglutarate, the estimated inhibition constant being 0.48 mm. The significance of this enzyme in the annual nitrogen recycling process in the apple is discussed.
Rickettsia-like Bacteria in Peach Roots Preceded Development of Visual Symptoms of Phony Peach Disease and Changes in Leaf Elemental Concentrations1,2
Authors: Evert Dean R. , Gaines T. Powell , French William J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rickettsia-like bacteria (RLB) are the presumptive cause of phony peach disease and are most numerous in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) roots. Of apparently healthy peach trees in a heavily infected orchard, 54% had RLB in root samples evaluated by 400 × phase contrast microscopy. Removing all peach trees with visible symptoms of phony peach disease would minimize the number of trees in the orchard infected with RLB. Of trees visibly infected with phony peach disease, 8% had root samples free of RLB on both sampling dates. Leaf concentrations of Mg and B varied significantly (P < 0.7%) with RLB levels in peach roots on 3 of 4 sampling dates. No element tested (P = 5%) separated roots free of RLB on two sampling dates from roots averaging 1 to 9 RLB per microscope field on one date and free of RLB on another date. RLB in peach roots preceded development of visible symptoms of phony peach and changes in leaf elemental concentrations. Soil analysis did not identify RLB infected tree roots (P = 5%).
Influence of Soil pH, Sulfur, and Sawdust on Rabbiteye Blueberry Survival, Growth, and Yield1
Authors: Cummings G. A. , Mainland C. M. , Lilly J. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth and yield of rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade cv. Tifblue) decreased as soil pH was raised from 4.5 and 7.0. Plant survival decreased at pH 6.0 and 6.5 and all bushes died at pH 7. After 3 growing seasons, bushes were sacrified, plots split, and S added to lower pH to 5.00 or weathered sawdust was added to all plots and the experiment replanted. Replanted bushes in the sawdust plots were greener and produced greater linear growth during the first growing season. Sawdust, even the first year, overcame the harmful effects of high initial soil pH except at pH 7. Optimum growth and production resulted from incorporated sawdust at initial soil pH 5.0. Addition of S was less effective than sawdust in overcoming the harmful effects of high soil pH.
The Effect of Soil Phosphorus Levels on Mycorrhizal Infection of Field-grown Onion Plants and on Mycorrhizal Reproduction1
Authors: Nelsen C. E. , Bolgiano N. C. , Furutani S. C. , Safir G. R. , Zandstra B. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seeds of onion (Allium cepa, L.) were sown on 2 muck soils that were high and low in available phosphorus and which contained an indigenous population of mycorrhizal spores (Glomus sp.). Treatments were 4 levels of P (0, 30, 97, and 193 kg/ha) and inoculum of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatus Becker & Gerdemann. In the soil that was low in available P (3 kg/ha) bulb weight increased with added P. Root infection by the mycorrhizal fungus and mycorrhizal spore numbers in the soil were negatively correlated with added P. Bulb weight and mycorrhizal spore number at harvest increased when mycorrhizal inoculum was added to the soil. In the soil that was high in available P (97 kg/ha) bulb weight, root infection, and spore numbers were not influenced by added P or added mycorrhizal inoculum. Root infection data from both soils suggested a threshold level of soil P below which mycorrhizal infection was high and above which infection was low. The levels of P commonly added to muck soils may negate any usefulness of mycorrhizae but addition of P might be reduced if mycorrhizal spore numbers were increased through inputs of mycorrhizal inoculum or cultural practices.
Performance of Six Apple Cultivars on M9, M26, and M7 Rootstocks1
Authors: Denby L. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Harrold Red Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Spartan’, ‘McIntosh’, ‘Tydeman's Red’ and ‘Quinte’ apples were compared over a 12-year period on Mailing (M) 9, M 26 and M 7 rootstocks on variable soil at Summerland. ‘Harrold Red Delicious’ performed well on M 7, poorly on M 26 and M 9. ‘Golden Delicious’ was precocious and productive on all rootstocks, with fairly uniform performance on M 7 and M 26, but was extremely variable on M 9. ‘Spartan’ trees were precocious, productive and uniform on M 7, but variable on M 26 and of poor habit on M 9. ‘McIntosh’ performed best on M 7, being variable on M 26 and M 9. ‘Tydeman's Red’ and ‘Quinte’ lacked precocity and productivity on all 3 rootstocks.
Tree Yield and Nut Characteristics of Pecan with Drip Irrigation under Humid Conditions1
Authors: Worley Ray E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Drip irrigation on 1 and 2 sides of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) Koch.] trees was programmed to irrigate when soil water suction 61 cm from the emitter was greater than 0.1 bar at either 15, 30, or 45 cm depth. Results were compared with no irrigation. The data indicate little advantage of 2 lines of emitters over one line when the same number of emitters/tree are used. The data often favored 1 line over 2 lines. Total yield of pecans was increased substantially by drip irrigation on one side (‘Desirable’ and ‘Elliott’) or both sides of the tree (‘Elliott’), but increases from ‘Farley’ were not significant. In 1968, an extremely dry year, ⅓–½ of the shucks did not dehisce completely on nonirrigated trees while 1 to 7% of the shucks did not dehisce on irrigated trees. Irrigation increased nut size. Percentage kernel was increased by irrigation in 1968 but not in other years. In 1968, percentage fancy kernels was almost doubled by irrigation for ‘Desirable’ but was reduced for ‘Elliott’.
Growth and Flowering of Vigorous Apple Trees as Affected by Summer or Dormant Pruning1
Authors: Marini Richard P. , Barden John A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Summer pruning of ‘Starking Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, or ‘Stayman’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees in mid-August (about 14 weeks after full bloom) did not suppress shoot growth the following year, as compared to similar pruning prior to budbreak in early April. ‘Stayman’ trees pruned in June had more regrowth than those pruned in August. A 1% naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) solution applied to the summer pruning cut prevented regrowth. The increase in trunk and branch circumference was reduced by August pruning, as compared to dormant pruning. Summer pruning did not influence total bloom the year following treatment, but summer pruning for 2 consecutive years reduced the amount of bloom on 2-yr-wood. Cutting to the first spur on 2-year-wood in August did not suppress shoot growth the following year as compared to heading back to 4 leaves on current season's wood.
Salt Tolerance of Eight Ornamental Tree Species1
Authors: Francois L. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Salt tolerance of 8 ornamental tree species was determined in plots artificially salinized with NaCl and CaCl2. Tolerant species such as Italian stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) and evergreen pear (Pyrus kawakamii Hayata) were affected very little bv soil salinities of 9 dS/m (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract: ECe). Sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera J. F. Ehrh), Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.), orchid tree (Bauhinia purpurea L.h crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.), and tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) exhibited moderate to severe injury symptoms and a 33% or greater growth reduction. Injury symptoms became more severe with each growing season.
Screening Azalea Cultivars for Sensitivity to Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, and Ozone Alone and in Mixtures1
Authors: Sanders J. S. , Reinert R. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eight cultivars of azalea were tested for sensitivity to 0.25 ppm of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3), alone and in mixture. Sixty-eight days after pruning, the 1 yr-old liner plants were exposed to the pollutants for 6, 3-hr fumigations over a 4 week period. Cultivars demonstrated a range of sensitivity (tolerant to moderately sensitive) based on both visible injury and growth. Neither NO2 nor SO2 (alone and in combination) induced foliar injury on any of the cultivars. Ozone and mixtures of O3 with NO2 and/or SO2 induced small amounts of injury (10% or less) to foliage of ‘Pink Gumpo’, ‘Mme. Pericat’ and ‘Red Wing’. ‘Red Luann’, ‘Glacier’, and ‘Hershey Red’, sustained >10% foliar injury from mixture treatments containing O3. No significant interactions among NO2, SO2, and O3 were detected by measurements of plant weight. The pollutants did not change the weight of leaves or stems of ‘Pink Gumpo’ and ‘Mme. Pericat’. Significant weight loss occurred in leaves or stems from exposure of ‘Hershey Red’, ‘Red Luann’, and ‘Red Wing’ to treatments containing O3 and from exposure of ’Mrs. G. G. Gerbing’, ‘Glacier’, and ‘Red Luann’ to treatments containing SO2.
Origin and Distribution of Secondary Articulated Anastomosing Laticifers in Manilkara zapota van Royen (Sapotaceae)1
Authors: Mustard Margaret J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Differentiating articulated secondary vertical laticifers and secondary ray laticifers occur in the phloem in the terminal 1.3 cm of sapodilla branches. In older branches and in the bark of mature trees, the outer ends of laticifer rays become dilated and ultimately lose their identity within the secondary laticiferous mass which lies internal to the surface layers of cork. The outer laticiferous mass may be largely composed of secondary ray laticifers. Dilation of secondary laticifer rays displaces other components of the secondary phloem including some of the secondary vertical laticifers. This investigation clearly shows that anastomoses occur between the components of the secondary articulated laticifer system of the sapodilla.
Water Stress Effects on Pickling Cucumber1
Authors: Ortega D. G. , Kretchman D. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The rate of increase in vine length and node number of fruiting plants of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was reduced after 1 week of water stress and completely inhibited after 2 weeks. Control plants also experienced a reduction in growth rate of vine length and node number but not as pronounced as in the stressed plants. Fruit growth rate was severely reduced in water stressed plants, however, the larger fruits were less affected than the smaller ones. Osmotic and water potentials were lower in the large stressed fruits than in the small stressed fruits.
Quantum Flux Density Studies of Chrysanthemum in a Controlled Environment with High-pressure Sodium Lamps. I. Rooting Studies1
Authors: Stefanis James P. , Langhans R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) was studied as a function of quantum flux density (QFD), QFD duration, and temperature. Unrooted cuttings were rooted under high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps in a controlled environment (CE) at 4 QFD, 3 QFD durations, and 3 temperatures, and plants were grown to flowering in a greenhouse to determine treatment effect on flowering time and plant size at flowering. Increasing QFD duration was more effective in increasing root and shoot dry weight than increasing QFD. Root and shoot dry weights were greatest at 21°C after 13 days rooting. Light treatment during rooting had no effect on flowering time or shoot length at flowering, but there were differences of up to 35% in fresh weight at flowering. A photochlorosis was observed on all treatments irradiated with HPS lamps; the photochlorosis was irreparable at a QFD of 420 μEm−2s−1.
Vermiculite, a Source of Metals for Arabidopsis thaliana1
Authors: Tingey David T. , Raba Susan , Rodecap Kent D. , Wagner Jerome J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. were grown in hydroponic systems using vermiculite as a growth medium at nutrition levels ranging from adequate to deficient. Plants grown on the low-total nutrient or low-iron nutrient contained more of iron, magnesium, and aluminum, frequently twice as much as plants grown at normal nutrient levels. Plants grown in iron-deficient nutrient were initially chlorotic; after about 5 weeks the chlorosis disappeared and these plants contained higher tissue iron levels than those receiving iron in the solutions. Concentrations of aluminum in the foliage ranged between 2 and 5 mg/g dry weight. Chemical analysis of the nutrient solution indicated that there was not sufficient aluminum, as a contaminant, in the nutrient solution to account for the concentrations that occurred in the plant tissue. Apparently, plants experiencing nutrient stress may modify the root environment so that vermiculite is solubilized and iron, magnesium, and aluminum are taken up by the plant. Levels of aluminum that accumulate in Arabidopsis foliage suggest that it should be classified as an aluminum-accumulating plant.
Physical Properties of Media Composed of Peanut Hulls, Pine Bark, and Peatmoss and their Effects on Azalea Growth1
Authors: Bilderback T. E. , Fonteno W. C. , Johnson D. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Equal volumes of peanut hulls, pine bark, and sphagnum peatmoss were combined into 5 media. Particle size distribution, total porosity, air space, easily available water, water buffering capacity, and bulk density were determined for each medium. Top dry weight, root dry weight, and percent growth of Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet cv. George L. Taber were measured 14 weeks after potting in 1-liter containers. Peanut hulls increased particle size, total porosity, and air space, and decreased easily available water, water buffering capacity, and bulk density of media. Peatmoss generally reduced total porosity and air space and increased easily available water, water buffering capacity, and bulk density regardless of other component combinations. Top dry weight, root dry weight, and percent growth were greater in peanut hull-containing media. Addition of peatmoss to the container media tended to produce less growth.
Effects of Different Endomycorrhizal Fungi on Five Host Plants Grown on Calcined Montmorillonite Clay1
Authors: Plenchette Christian , Furlan Valentin , Fortin J. Andre 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Series of greenhouse experiments were made to determine the effects of different endomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of oat (Avena sativa L., cv. Alma), strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa, cv. Redcoat), leek (Allium porrum L., cv. American Flag), apple (Malus domestica Borkh., cv. Beautiful Arcade), and asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L., cv. Mary Washington) plants which were grown in a calcined montomorillonite clay (Turface) medium and fertilized with a Long Ashton nutrient solution at 100 ml/week·pot (20 cm diameter). Plants were inoculated with 1 g of fresh ash (Fraxinus americana L.) roots harboring the different fungi. Out of 6 endomycorrhizal inocula used, 4 were well-identified: Gigaspora calospora (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd & Trappe, Glomus epigaeus Daniels & Trappe, Glomus macrocarpus Tul. & Tul., var. macrocarpus, and Glomus monosporus Gerd. & Trappe. The results indicate that Turface is a good growing medium for this type of study, as it permits good plant growth and abundant mycorrhiza formation with standard growing conditions. The fungi used produced different effects according to plant host. There was no correlation between the percentage of root infection and the stimulation of growth in the case of strawberry. Contrarily, there was a significant correlation (1% level) in the case of apple, asparagus, leek, and oats plants. No fungal specificity of the endophyte for the host plant was observed. The unknown endomycorrhizal species had effects on plant growth comparable to those of Glomus epigaeus with apple and strawberry plants.
Effects of Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Ethylene Levels of Kentucky Bluegrass Sod1
Authors: King J. W. , Beard J. B. , Rieke P. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sods of ‘Merton’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) were placed in atmospheres containing 0, 9, 18, or 27% CO2; 0, 2, 4, 8, or 16% O2; and 0, 2, 4, or 8 ppm C2H4. Neither CO2 nor C2H4 toxicity nor O2 deficiency caused sod injury in commercial sod toads. Ventilation tubes inserted in commercial sod toads failed to increase gas exchange and heat dissipation beyond a 3-cm distance.
Effects of Black Polyethylene Mulch on Strawberry Leaf Elongation and Diurnal Leaf Water Potential1
Authors: Renquist A. Richard , Breen Patrick J. , Martin Lloyd W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Olympus’ strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa (Duch.) with and without black polyethylene mulch were compared in terms of leaflet elongation and diurnal water potential (ψ) of leaves at 2 levels of drip irrigation. Mulch increased leaflet elongation at both irrigation levels, but had no appreciable effect on soil water potential at 20 cm depth, nor on leaf ψ or leaf turgor. Leaflet elongation with black polyethylene may have been favored by the increased soil temperature throughout the upper 20 cm. At the 10-cm depth, mulched, high-moisture soil was an average of 3.0°C warmer during a diurnal cycle. Greatest warming was in late afternoon and late evening in low and high moisture soil, respectively.
Physiological and Compositional Changes Associated with Maturation of ‘Kerman’ Pistachio Nuts1,2
Authors: Labavitch John M. , Heintz Christi M. , Rae Henry L. , Kader Adel A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As the pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. Kerman) nut matured, kernel moisture, respiration rate, and total protein content decreased, while kernel dry weight increased. At optimum maturity, ether-extractable fat and total sugar contents reached a peak. Either or both of these constituents may be useful as a maturity index, in addition to ease of hull separation, to determine optimum harvest date for pistachio nuts. Nut quality was acceptable for harvest during a 2- to 3-week period bracketing the time when the hull separates easily from the shell. Compositional analyses of hulls indicated some limitations on their potential use as animal feed.
Phenotypic and Cytologie Analyses of Spontaneous Mutations of the ‘Montmorency’ Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)
Authors: Goldy R. G. , Andersen R. L. , Dennis F. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eleven suspected somatic mutations, consisting of 7 trees and 4 individual branches of the ‘Montmorency’ cherry, were compared with standard ‘Montmorency’ for phenotypic traits including tree height, trunk circumference, leaf area, crotch angle, resistance of flowers to frost injury, pollen germination, fruit set, individual fruit weight, fruit removal force, and yield. Differences occurred between some variants and ‘Montmorency’ controls for all characters except fruit removal force. All variants were tetraploid (2n = 32), as is standard ‘Montmorency’, with no evidence of cytochimerism.
Influence of Leaching, Fertilizer Source and Rate, and Potting Media on Foliage Plant Growth, Quality, and Water Utilization1
Authors: Poole Richard T. , Conover Charles A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Method of fertilization application and leaching had little effect on response of Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don ‘Perfection’ (dumbcane) and Brassaia actinophylla Endl. (schefflera). The recommended fertilizer rate increased top but reduced root growth. Plants utilized 5 to 10% more water when leached. In a second experiment, plant grade and vegetative growth decreased with a decrease in the fertilizer rate but root grade and growth increased. Plants growing in the peat/sand (3:1) potting medium were rated superior to plants in the peat/bark/shavings (2:1:1) medium. Leaching with 10% excess water or fertilizer solution slightly improved plant response of schefflera, but overall data indicate leaching of pots is unnecessary for short term foliage crops fertilized properly. Increased fertilizer rates increased water utilization efficiency and vegetative growth, but reduced root growth.