bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on Dynamic Movement of Temperature and Pressure During Hydrate Depressurization Mining
Authors: Deng Song , Wang Hao , Wang Caibao , Ma Mingyu , Wei Yaohui , Liu Yuan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
It is of great significance to study the dynamic movement of temperature and pressure during depressurization mining process of hydrate reservoir. This paper first obtains the formula for calculating the temperature and pressure of hydrate decomposition based on the law of conservation of mass, conservation of energy, and phase equilibrium, Hydrateressim (HRS) is used to carry out the numerical simulation of the front edge of the one-dimensional model. The results show the pressure and the hydrate saturation front are correlated with the temperature front edge and compared with the Computer Modelling Group Ltd. (CMG) simulation results. It is found that the pressure front edge is an area in the balance model and an interface in the dynamic model. Then the movement of the front edge of the three-dimensional model was simulated. By simulating the movement regulation of pressure, temperature, and hydrate saturation front of each layer at different times, the longitudinal decrease of each layer is compared and analyzed. The conclusion drawn is that the bottom-hole pressure of the production well is an important factor for production, and the endothermic reaction of hydrate will cause the dynamic movement of temperature to lag slightly behind the pressure and hydrate saturation. By determining the relationship between the pressure and the temperature front, the position of the front edge of the hydrate saturation can be inferred that it is the position of the decomposition front and it overcomes the limitation of the experimental method that the hydrate saturation cannot be measured.
Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Modeling for Electric Powertrains: Inertia Effect of Engine Mounting System
Authors: Kaul Sudhir 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
It has been widely acknowledged over the last couple of decades that the vibroacoustic characteristics of electric powertrains assembled to engine mounting systems are significantly different from internal combustion engines. These distinctions necessitate the modeling of inertial properties of the mounting system in order to account for internal resonances and wave effects. This paper presents a spatial model with three degrees-of-freedom that can be used to capture internal resonances of the engine mount system at frequencies well above 1 kHz. Such a model could significantly enhance the understanding of the vibroacoustic performance of the system while being specifically beneficial for electric powertrains. Results indicate that the model is successful in capturing internal resonances up to 10 kHz while also representing the lower order eigenmodes of the powertrain. The iterative capability of the model renders it specifically beneficial for experimental characterization and model correlation. It is observed that force transmissibility is highly sensitive to the design parameters that govern the effective stiffness of the engine mounts. The model presented in this paper can be used for the optimization of engine mount systems for electric powertrains.
Improvement of Tolerance Simulation Model in Body in White Product Realization Loop by Integrating Manufacturing Joining Simulation
Authors: Zheng Hanchen , Litwa Frank , Paetzold Kristin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Tolerance simulation has already been applied throughout the product realization loop in automotive industry to improve the product quality while reducing the product cost. However, the capability of tolerance simulation is limited by the prediction accuracy. Although tolerance simulation methods for non-rigid part are available which involve the elastic deformation during the manufacturing process, there are still difficulties while addressing large deformations and the Body In White (BIW) joining processes, which have non-linear effects. Thus, the Finite Element Method (FEM) based joining simulation raises its importance as it simulates the physical properties of parts in system and helps to digitize the manufacturing process. A proper combination of the manufacturing process simulation with the tolerance analysis contributes to the product and process optimization.
In this paper, the current statistical tolerance simulation method is improved by integrating manufacturing joining simulations. The application of the joining-simulation based tolerance analysis is illustrated with an example of a sheet metal assembly in different product development phases. As a result, The critical tolerances are identified in the digital concept phase. The initial specified part tolerances are optimized regarding the assembly deviation requirements on the product characteristics and a given scrap rate. It contributes to reduce the production cost in the prototype phase, where the stamping machines are designed. Besides, the influence of tolerance change on the assembly dimensional quality in the late production phase is evaluated.
New Analytical Solutions for Orthotropic Rectangular Clamped Plates Under Pressure Loading
Authors: Rossi John , Weckner Olaf 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The exact solution of a clamped rectangular orthotropic plate with pressure loading is presented. Unlike isotropic materials which behave equally in all directions, composites are strongly orthotropic due to the presence of stiff fibers in a relatively soft matrix. Similarly, metals with a definitive grain direction also exhibit a pronounced orthotropic behavior. The presence of aircraft cabin pressure induces bending of orthotropic panels used for example on doors and pressure bulkheads. Therefor the analysis of orthotropic rectangular clamped plates under pressure loading is needed in the sizing of modern aircraft structures.
Existing methods for calculating the bending deformation of a clamped rectangular plate are commonly based on the Rayleigh-Ritz method, or Finite Element Analysis, which are approximate methods. In contrast the solutions presented in this paper exactly satisfy the resulting governing differential equation. The solution procedure presented in this paper is an expansion of Timoshenko’s[1][2] superposition method to orthotropic materials. This solutions method leads to more accurate results particularly for the stresses and strains. The solution procedure is presented in this paper, along with the resulting final equations. Additionally we present comparisons of a convergence study comparing to other commonly used approximate analysis methods.
Entropy Generation Minimization to Optimize Heat Transfer in CSP Technologies Using Molten Salt System NaCl/KCl/MgCl2 as Heat Transfer Fluids
Authors: Haddad Fouad , Li Peiwen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In order to optimize the flow and heat transfer of solar collectors and heat exchangers that use molten salts NaCl-KCl-MgCl2 or KCl-MgCl2, entropy generation minimization principle is used as the criterion. Gnielinski correlation and Dittus-Bölter correlation for Nusselt number versus Reynolds number as well as Moody friction factor given by Petukhov were used for the calculation of heat transfer coefficient and pressure loss due to friction. The objective function, the entropy production of the heat transfer system, was expressed as the function of Reynolds number, Prandtl number, heating flux, pipe diameter, etc. The minimum entropy production could be found from the first order deviation of the entropy production versus Reynolds number. As a result of the analysis, the optimum Reynolds number was determined and thereby determined the optimum Nusselt number, convective heat transfer coefficient, friction factor, and tube diameter, which helps the selection of optimum flow velocities and diameter of fluid pipes. The analysis was conducted in the fluid temperature range of 550 °C to 700 °C which covers the operation temperature for supercritical CO2 cycles. Results from using different heat transfer correlations (Gnielinski correlation and Dittus-Bölter correlation) have been compared and some obvious deviations were identified. It indicates that the selection of heat transfer correlations can cause some deviation of the optimal parameters of Reynolds number and pipe diameter. From the researcher’s experience and experimental studies to molten chloride salts heat transfer, Gnielinski correlation for heat transfer is favorably recommended.
X-Ray Computed Tomography (XCT) Scanning Parameters Effects on the Hounsfield Unit (HU) Measurements for AA2011
Authors: Baydoun Ahmad M. R. , Hamade Ramsey F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is a powerful technique that can detect internal defects and differentiate between different materials making XCT a valuable non-destructive evaluation (NDE). However, when X-ray CT is employed as an NDE method, the scanning parameters and methodology are often underreported leading to a lack of consensus on the optimal scanning parameters to use when analyzing a particular metal or alloy.
In this study, 16-bit X-ray CT scans are employed to characterize AA2011. Four parameters are investigated: scan (voxel) resolution, tube voltage, tube current, and sample size (thickness). Two sample disks are scanned simultaneously at an image bit depth of 16-bit. Mean and standard deviation Hounsfield Unit (HU) values are calculated which are then used to develop a predictive model for these two values. The model equation is used to produce surface plots to determine desired scanning parameters combination for characterizing AA2011 HU mean and standard deviation values. It is concluded that higher scanning resolution (smaller voxel), larger tube voltage and tube current settings, and thicker samples result in smaller of standard deviation HU values and converged mean HU values when scanning AA2011.
Nonlinear Dynamics Investigation of Bending Deflection Of Stiffened Composite Laminated Plate Using Lyapunov Exponent Conception
Authors: Yousuf Louay S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the nonlinear dynamics behavior of the bending deflection of stiffened composite laminated plate is investigated using largest Lyapunov exponent parameter. Wolf algorithm is used to quantify largest Lyapunov exponent in the presence of aspect ratios and fiber volume fractions. A power spectrum analysis has been added using the amplitude of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to detect the non-periodic motion of the stiffened plate. Numerical simulation is carried out using ANSYS software. The combined loading are the in-plane compression (uniaxial) mechanical load and shear force. The experiment setup has been done using buckling test machine whereas the upper head is moved downwards by servo hydraulic cylinder. The nonlinear dynamics behavior is increased with the increasing of aspect ratios and fiber volume fractions. The nonlinear dynamics behavior of stiffened composite laminated plate is decreased with the increasing of number of stiffeners.
Driving System Design and Control of Tick Collection Robot
Authors: Qiu Yesiliang , Dong Janet , Harrison Moretto Caroline “Niki” 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses the design and control of the driving system of a modern mobile robot which is used for a variety of rough terrains in remote areas to catch ticks. The autonomous robot offers a new solution to the collection of insects employing a mobile robot equipped with a vision system, GPS, and tick collection attachment. The new collection method is designed for US Army medical researchers and other biologists. The method would alter the way the technology gathers insects instead of human manual labor. The robot is designed to work on diverse terrains, such as soft turf, gravel, wet soil, and rocky soil.
A robotic solution to tick collection protects humans from a potential illness from bugs and insects, which may carry disease pathogens, injury from traveling across rough ground, and harm due to exposure to the elements. The robotic solution has the potential to apply to other research areas as well.
This paper will address the driving system design and control, including motor selection, determining the wheels, power requirements calculation, battery selection, discussion of control methods and diagrams, the coding logics based on ROS, and simulation of the robot in different settings and terrains. The future work is also described at the end of the paper.
Experimental and Computational Investigations of Spark Ignition Engine Performance
Authors: Venkateswaran Prabhakar 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a comprehensive experimental and numerical project implemented in a third-year applied thermodynamics course. In the project, students experimentally investigate the performance of a single-cylinder spark ignition (SI) and then develop a numerical model for the same engine which accounts for non-isentropic and finite-duration heat release effects. Using the experimental data and numerical model, students investigate the impact of compression ratio and spark timing on a variety of engine performance parameters such as peak pressure, power, and efficiency.
The project has some unique learning outcomes. First, students are able to compare the performance of a real SI engine to the Otto cycle model studied in class. Second, they gain experience applying concepts from thermodynamics, heat transfer and numerical methods to develop a realistic numerical model for the actual engine. In the development of the model, the constants needed for closure of the model and system of equations must be obtained empirically from the experimental data. This experience provides students with valuable insight into the inner workings of commercial simulation software packages where closure models are often developed from experimental data.
The paper concludes with suggestions of additional tasks and refinements that can be incorporated into this project to capture real-world effects such as heat losses during the combustion process. In addition, challenges in the implementation of this project and hurdles encountered by students are also discussed along with some suggestions to counter these issues.
Preliminary Study: Development of Sport Climbing Hold Measurement System for Performance Analysis
Authors: Pernus Nina , Munro Deborah 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Sport climbing performance analysis requires knowledge of the specific motions and the interactions of the athlete with the climbing holds. The objective of this research is to develop a low-cost measurement system for detecting performance parameters with an instrument mounting screw used with a climbing hold. In the preliminary study, strain gauges were bonded to the shank of a screw and analyzed according to bending theory. For the experimental results, a climbing hold was mounted to a provisional wall with an instrumented mounting screw. The system was able to detect loads at increments of 2 kg applied to the climbing hold with accuracy and repeatability. Testing of loading when applied laterally from the center of the climbing hold showed that the alignment of the strain gauge and location of applied loads are important. The measurement system was capable of identifying the total contact time and time for each application of loads more than 1 kg. Results showed an instrumented mounting screw can be used for monitoring the climber’s fluency during climbing and provide information about load distribution between climbing holds during their ascent.
Concurrent Passive Broadband Vibration Suppression and Energy Harvesting Using a Dual-Purpose Magnetoelastic Metamaterial Structure: Experimental Validation and Modeling
Authors: Anigbogu Winner , Bardaweel Hamzeh 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A dual-purpose metamaterial structure that can concurrently suppress vibrations and scavenge energy is presented. The metamaterial assembly presented in this work uses a permanent magnet-coil system in addition to an elastic cantilever beam to perform its dual functions. A prototype is manufactured and a COMSOL model is developed. Two bandgaps are observed at 205–257 Hz and 587–639 Hz. COMSOL simulations show excellent agreement with measured data. Within these bandgaps the structure blocks vibrations from traveling through and, simultaneously, converts vibrations into electric power. The first bandgap has a vibration attenuation level larger than the attenuation level observed in the second bandgap. Mode shapes reveal that the local resonators experience larger deformations in the first bandgap than in the second bandgap and the vibrational energy is mostly contained within the first bandgap where the resonant frequency occurs, i.e., 224 Hz. The ability of the metamaterial assembly to scavenge these vibrations while simultaneously suppressing them is demonstrated. At an optimum load resistance of 15 Ω, within the first bandgap, approximately 2.5 μW was generated, while 0.6 nW was measured within the second bandgap. At optimum load resistance, measurements show maximum electric power reaching 5.2 μW within the first bandgap.
Initial Development of Low-Cost Autonomous Rover for Pursuit of Moving Targets
Authors: James Cole , Matveev Konstantin I. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Technical progress in the development of autonomous off-road ground vehicles has recently led to the appearance of commercially available compact unmanned rovers. However, most of them remain rather costly. In the present study, an effort is made to develop a low-cost small-scale rover that can be used to pursue moving targets and perform other tasks, as well as be applicable as an educational platform for robotics courses. This paper presents the hardware/software implementation, including Arduino-compatible electronics architecture, GPS-RTK modules, enhanced compass, telemetry modules, and data logging. The vehicle control modes, communication with a moving target, adaptation of software libraries, and recommendations for sensing and steering are described. Three outdoor tests conducted with the autonomous rover are presented in the paper, including trajectory plots and time-dependent kinematic characteristics. In the first trial, the rover successfully reached a set of pre-programmed stationary waypoints. In the second test, the rover autonomously pursued a moving target that had a complicated trajectory. The rover was able to approach and follow the target, while larger deviations of relative distances between the rover and the target and bigger fluctuations of the rover speed were noticed during sudden turns and stops of the target. The last test was carried out with a sonar that can detect obstacles on the rover path, adding a capability for the rover to avoid collisions. The future development steps will include implementation computer vision modules, so more sophisticated autonomous control methods can be tested and optimized on this platform. The reported in this paper information will be useful for researchers, engineers and educators interested in constructing and using low-cost mobile platforms that can be instrumented with a number of sensors and perform a variety of tasks.
Increased Strength of 3D Printed Parts With Z-Pin Approach
Authors: Clemon Lee , Christopher Karan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Current extrusion-based 3D printing technologies adopt a layer-by-layer material deposition approach which is equivalent to stacking layers of material. This traditional 2.5D deposition plan is limited to depositing discrete, cross-sectional layers of the model. Such stacked layers are well known to induce anisotropic material behavior subject to part orientation during fabrication. Parts are loaded in their build direction (perpendicularly to layers), have up to a 50% decrease in tensile strength, and a significant 95% decrease in toughness when compared to x-y plane loading. In this work, we adopt a z-pinning approach inspired by traditional composite manufacturing methods to create cross-layer pins for part reinforcement. Our z-pins aim to reinforce the weaker interfaces between 3D printed layers, by facilitating stronger layer adhesion and by obstructing crack propagation through the planar structure of traditional 3D prints. This adaptation of the pin reinforcement concept for 3D printing is implemented on a consumer-grade Fused Filament Fabrication machine without the need for additional hardware. The fabrication machine is a standard linear 3-axis gantry design with off-the-shelf components. We create a custom workflow for editing the part mesh and toolpath plan that is inserted in the workflow between open-source slicing of the part file and part fabrication by the machine. This reads and edits the g-code instructions to insert the z-pin reinforcements into the existing deposition plan. A total of thirty-six tensile and flexural test specimens were fabricated using Polylactic Acid filament (PLA). The depth of the reinforcement pins, pin spacing, infill percentage, and the orientation of the build are perturbed to evaluate the effectiveness of the method. Tests were conducted on a calibrated Instron ElectroPuls E10000 using standard rectilinear test sample geometries. Test results show pinned tensile components exhibited up to a 25% increase in failure stress and a 300% increase in toughness when compared to the non-pinned control samples for the traditionally weak direction. Flexural strength was not significantly altered on a per-mass normalised comparison. The increase in strength is attributed to increased bonding across layers due to the added pins and abatement of delamination cracks propagating along layer boundaries. Abatement of delamination as a failure mode changes the material rupture mode to more of a desired ductile fracture of the polymer at the z-pin sites and delamination elsewhere in the plane. The results of this work provide a pathway to optimisation of material extrusion properties for anisotropic and isotropic designs by adjusting the quantity and location of z-pin reinforcements.
A Finite Element Based Method to Predict and Tailor the Energy Associated With Snap-Through Buckling of a Curved Beam
Authors: Florio Catherine S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Although structural instabilities have traditionally been avoided in design as undesirable causes of failure, the rapid and potentially significant energy changes that result from the large displacements induced by buckling have gained recent interest as a favorable design feature for systems whose intent is energy dissipation or energy storage. Computational methods to quantify the energy changes associated with buckling of a transversely loaded curved beam are developed in this work. The methods are then used to predict the occurrence of buckling based on initial geometry and input load. The influence of the parameters of the numerical approximation, such as mesh and time step, is also explored. Correlations are made between the simpler behavior of a truss structure and the more complex behavior of a curved beam so that analytical solutions may be used to guide the understanding of structures whose response can only be predicted computationally. The techniques which are presented can aid in the more efficient design of energy dissipation, transfer, and storage systems that take advantage of buckling instability phenomena.