bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urbanization and plant pathogen infection interact to affect the outcome of ecological interactions in an experimental multitrophic system
Authors: Srisakrapikoop Ussawit , Pirie Tara J , Fellowes Mark D E 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Urbanization can change interactions in insect communities, and the few studies of tritrophic interactions in urban settings focus on interactions between plants, herbivorous insects and their mutualists and natural enemies. Plant pathogen infection is also widespread and common, and infection may also alter such interactions, but we have no understanding of whether the ecological consequences of pathogen infection vary with urbanization. Using replicated aphid colonies on experimental plants, we investigated how infection by the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea influences interactions between plants, aphids and the aphid natural enemies and ant mutualists in highly urbanized, suburban and rural study sites. Aphid and natural enemy abundance were highest in the suburban site, while mutualist ants were most abundant in the urban site, reversing the usual positive density-dependent relationship between natural enemies and aphids. The effect of pathogen infection varied with trait and site, mediated by natural enemy preference for hosts or prey on uninfected plants. The effect of infection on aphid abundance was only seen in the suburban site, where natural enemies were most abundant on uninfected plants and aphid numbers were greatest on infected plants. In the urban site, there was no effect of infection, while in the rural site, aphid numbers were lower on infected plants. Uninfected plants were smaller than infected plants and differed between locations. This study suggests that the effects of urbanization on ecological interactions may become more complex and difficult to predict as we study ecological assemblages and communities at greater levels of structural complexity.
Readability Analysis of Otolaryngology Consent Documents on the iMed Consent Platform
Authors: Hannabass Kyle , Lee Jivianne 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe American Medical Association (AMA) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommend all patient information and consent materials be provided at the fourth- to sixth-grade level. The iMed Consent platform is used nationally by the Veterans Health Administration and private hospitals. We aimed to assess the readability of otolaryngology consents at the West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs (WLA-VA) hospital to determine whether they conform with AMA/NIH guidelines.Materials and MethodsA readability analysis of 27 otolaryngology iMed consent documents was performed. The main outcome measure was the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL). The setting of the study was an otolaryngology clinic at a major VA hospital. All consents used in the WLA-VA otolaryngology clinic for the month of October 2018 were analyzed using readability metrics. These included the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) score, the FKGL, the Gunning Fog Index (GFI), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), and Coleman–Liau Index (CLI).ResultsThe following means of all consents were calculated for each of the readability metrics: FRE 56.3, FKGL 8.3, GFI 14.5, SMOG 11.3, and CLI 11.2. The standardized anesthesia and blood consent were analyzed separately with the following scores: FRE 45.1, FKGL 11.7, GFI 15.5, SMOG 14.6, and CLI 12.6. The average FKGL of the consents was found to be significantly above the sixth-grade level (P: .0013).ConclusionThe average grade level of the otolaryngology iMed consents reviewed was at a reading level above the AMA/NIH recommendations. This objective measure should be taken into consideration when revising the iMed system and in the creation of future standardized consents. Readability analysis does not take into consideration the significant variance that exists as part of the verbal consent process that takes place between patient and provider.
The Primary Care Management of Headache: Synopsis of the 2020 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Sico Jason J , Macedo Franz , Lewis Jeffrey , Spevak Christopher , Vogsland Rebecca , Ford Aven , Skop Karen , Sall James 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
In June of 2020, the U.S. DVA and DoD approved a new joint clinical practice guideline for assessing and managing patients with headache. This guideline provides a framework to evaluate, treat, and longitudinally manage the individual needs and preferences of patients with headache.

Methods
In October of 2018, the DVA/DoD Evidence-Based Practice Work Group convened a guideline development panel that included clinical stakeholders and conformed to the National Academy of Medicine’s tenets for trustworthy clinical practice guidelines.

Results
The guideline panel developed key questions, systematically searched and evaluated the literature, created a 1-page algorithm, and advanced 42 recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system.

Conclusion
This synopsis summarizes the key features of the guideline in three areas: prevention, assessing and treating medication overuse headache, and nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic management of headache.
What Did We Miss? Analysis of Military Personnel Responses to an Open-Ended Question in a Post-Deployment Health Survey
Authors: Runge Catherine E , Moss Katrina M , Dean Judith A , Waller Michael 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Post-deployment health surveys completed by military personnel ask about a range of deployment experiences. These surveys are conducted to determine if there are links between experiences and poor health. Responses to open-ended questions in these surveys can identify experiences that might otherwise go unreported. These responses may increase knowledge about a particular deployment and inform future surveys. This study documented deployment experiences described by Australian Defence Force personnel who were deployed to the Middle East.

Materials and Methods
A survey completed by 14,032 personnel examined health outcomes and over 100 experiences relating to their Middle East deployment. Responses to two open-ended questions captured additional experiences. Descriptive statistics reveal the characteristics of those who did and did not describe additional experiences, and a content analysis details the nature and frequency of the experiences reported. The study was approved by an Institutional Review Board.

Results
Five percentage (n = 692) of personnel who completed the survey described additional deployment experiences. The most frequently reported experiences were specific Navy experiences; experiences of poor leadership; administrative or organizational issues; the anthrax vaccine; and traumatic events/potentially morally injurious experiences.

Conclusions
The findings suggest that post-deployment health surveys should have questions about certain deployment experiences tailored by military service (i.e., Air Force, Army, and Navy). Researchers could consider including questions about personnel experiences of leadership for its impact on health and about potentially morally injurious experiences that may help explain adverse mental health. Clear wording of open-ended questions and participant instructions may improve response rates and reduce response biases.
The Battle of Two Oaths: Finding Peace Between Two Conflicting Careers
Authors: Hallstead Serica J 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
On the surface, the Commissioning Oath and modernized Hippocratic Oath can contradict one another. This piece aims to provide a foundation upon which trainees and providers can grapple with dueling obligations as they stand in the crosshairs of the intersection between medicine and the military.
Numerical simulations of bar formation in the Local Group
Authors: Marioni Ornela F , Abadi Mario G , Gottlöber Stefan , Yepes Gustavo 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
More than 50 per cent of present-day massive disc galaxies show a rotating stellar bar. Their formation and dynamics have been widely studied both numerically and observationally. Although numerical simulations in the Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmological framework predict the formation of such stellar components, there seems to be a tension between theoretical and observational results. Simulated bars are typically larger in size and have slower pattern speed than observed ones. We study the formation and evolution of barred galaxies, using two ΛCDM zoom-in hydrodynamical simulations of the CLUES project that follow the evolution of a cosmological Local Group-like volume. We found that our simulated bars, at z = 0, are both shorter and faster rotators than previous ones found in other studies on cosmological simulations alleviating the tension mentioned above. These bars match the short tail-end of the observed bar-length distribution. In agreement with previous numerical works, we find that bars form in those systems where the disc self-gravity is dominant over the dark matter halo, making them unstable against bar formation. Our bars developed in the last 3–4 Gyr until they achieve their current length and strength; as bars grow, their lengths increase while their rotation speeds decrease. Despite this slowdown, at redshift z = 0 their rotation speeds and size match well the observational data.
The vertical shear instability in poorly ionized, magnetized protoplanetary discs
Authors: Latter Henrik N , Kunz Matthew W 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Protoplanetary discs should exhibit a weak vertical variation in their rotation profiles. Typically, this ‘vertical shear’ issues from a baroclinic effect driven by the central star’s radiation field, but it might also arise during the launching of a magnetocentrifugal wind. As a consequence, protoplanetary discs are subject to a hydrodynamical instability, the ‘vertical shear instability’ (VSI), whose breakdown into turbulence could transport a moderate amount of angular momentum and facilitate, or interfere with, the process of planet formation. Magnetic fields may suppress the VSI, however, either directly via magnetic tension or indirectly through magnetorotational turbulence. On the other hand, protoplanetary discs exhibit notoriously low ionization fractions, and non-ideal effects, if sufficiently dominant, may come to the VSI’s rescue. In this paper, we develop a local linear theory that explores how non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics influences the VSI, while exciting additional diffusive shear instabilities. We derive a set of analytical criteria that establish when the VSI prevails, and then show how it can be applied to a representative global model of a protoplanetary disc. Our calculations suggest that within ∼10 au the VSI should have little trouble emerging in the main body of the disc, but beyond that, and in the upper regions of the disc, its onset depends sensitively on the size of the preponderant dust grains.
The Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Is Driven by Acceleration of the Substitution Rate
Authors: Tay John H , Porter Ashleigh F , Wirth Wytamma , Duchene Sebastian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has seen an unprecedented amount of rapidly generated genome data. These data have revealed the emergence of lineages with mutations associated to transmissibility and antigenicity, known as variants of concern (VOCs). A striking aspect of VOCs is that many of them involve an unusually large number of defining mutations. Current phylogenetic estimates of the substitution rate of SARS-CoV-2 suggest that its genome accrues around two mutations per month. However, VOCs can have 15 or more defining mutations and it is hypothesized that they emerged over the course of a few months, implying that they must have evolved faster for a period of time. We analyzed genome sequence data from the GISAID database to assess whether the emergence of VOCs can be attributed to changes in the substitution rate of the virus and whether this pattern can be detected at a phylogenetic level using genome data. We fit a range of molecular clock models and assessed their statistical performance. Our analyses indicate that the emergence of VOCs is driven by an episodic increase in the substitution rate of around 4-fold the background phylogenetic rate estimate that may have lasted several weeks or months. These results underscore the importance of monitoring the molecular evolution of the virus as a means of understanding the circumstances under which VOCs may emerge.
TOPORS-mediated RAD51 SUMOylation facilitates homologous recombination repair
Authors: Hariharasudhan Gurusamy , Jeong Seo-Yeon , Kim Min-Ji , Jung Sung Mi , Seo Gwanwoo , Moon Ju-Ran , Lee Sumi , Chang In-Youb , Kee Younghoon , You Ho Jin , Lee Jung-Hee 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is critical for error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Chromatin loading of RAD51, a key protein that mediates the recombination, is a crucial step in the execution of the HR repair. Here, we present evidence that SUMOylation of RAD51 is crucial for the RAD51 recruitment to chromatin and HR repair. We found that topoisomerase 1-binding arginine/serine-rich protein (TOPORS) induces the SUMOylation of RAD51 at lysine residues 57 and 70 in response to DNA damaging agents. The SUMOylation was facilitated by an ATM-induced phosphorylation of TOPORS at threonine 515 upon DNA damage. Knockdown of TOPORS or expression of SUMOylation-deficient RAD51 mutants caused reduction in supporting normal RAD51 functions during the HR repair, suggesting the physiological importance of the modification. We found that the SUMOylation-deficient RAD51 reduces the association with its crucial binding partner BRCA2, explaining its deficiency in supporting the HR repair. These findings altogether demonstrate a crucial role for TOPORS-mediated RAD51 SUMOylation in promoting HR repair and genomic maintenance.
Long-term effectiveness of Gliadel implant for malignant glioma and prognostic factors for survival: 3-year results of a postmarketing surveillance in Japan
Authors: Iuchi Toshihiko , Inoue Akihiro , Hirose Yuichi , Morioka Motohiro , Horiguchi Keishi , Natsume Atsushi , Arakawa Yoshiki , Iwasaki Koichi , Fujiki Minoru , Kumabe Toshihiro , Sakata Yukinori 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Adjuvant treatment with Gliadel wafers may prolong overall survival (OS) for malignant glioma patients without increasing toxicity. In Japan, the long-term OS of these patients treated with Gliadel 7.7 mg implants has not been studied. We evaluated OS and prognostic factors that might affect OS in Japanese patients with malignant glioma who received the Gliadel 7.7 mg implant.

Methods
This observational, long-term, postmarketing surveillance was an extension of a previous surveillance. Data were collected through case report forms at 2 and 3 years after Gliadel implant. Up to 8 Gliadel wafers (61.6 mg of carmustine) were placed over the tumor resection site. Primary endpoints were OS and prognostic factors that may influence OS.

Results
Among the 506 patients analyzed, 62.6% had newly diagnosed disease, and 37.4% had recurrent disease; 79.1% had glioblastoma histological type and 79.6% had World Health Organization Grade IV disease. Patients received a median of 8 wafers. The median OS was 18.0 months; OS rates were 39.8% and 31.5% at 2 and 3 years, respectively. Age ≥65 years (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.456; P = .002), lower resection rate (HR: 1.206; P &lt; .001), recurrence (HR: 2.418; P &lt; .001), and concomitant radiotherapy (HR: 0.588; P &lt; .001) were identified as significant prognostic factors.

Conclusions
This study confirmed the 2- and 3-year OS of Japanese malignant glioma patients with varied backgrounds after Gliadel implant. With a careful interpretation of indirect comparisons with previously reported data, the results suggest that prognosis could be improved with Gliadel implants.

Clinical Trial Registration
NCT02300506
Evaluating a Tobacco Treatment Program’s Transition to Telehealth Using a Social Determinants of Health Lens
Authors: Shoenbill Kimberly A , Baca-Atlas Michael H , Smith Caleb A , Wilhoit-Reeves Stephanie B , Baca-Atlas Stefani N , Goldstein Adam O 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Introduction
While strong associations exist between social determinants of health (SDOH), socioeconomic status, and smoking, these factors are not routinely assessed in tobacco treatment programs (TTP). This study addresses this gap by evaluating a composite metric of SDOH and a measure of access to care to determine program reach before and after the implementation of telehealth tobacco treatment delivery.

Aims and Methods
We examined inpatient data from a large TTP during two comparable time periods from April 1, 2019 to September 30, 2019 (pre-telehealth) and from April 1, 2020 to September 30, 2020 (telehealth). The populations were compared using point-of-care data, including 5-digit zip codes mapped to the CDC’s Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and driving distance (in 60-min increments) to the study hospital. Chi-square tests for homogeneity were performed for SVI and driving distance comparisons.

Results
While distance distributions were significantly different between the pre-telehealth and telehealth populations (χ 2 = 13.5 (df = 3, N = 3234), p = .004, no significant differences existed in the proportion of SVI categories between the two populations (χ 2 = 5.8 (df = 3, N = 3234), p = .12). In the telehealth population, patients with the highest SVI vulnerability had the greatest proportions living &gt;1 h from the hospital.

Conclusions
This study offers a novel evaluation of tobacco treatment in relation to an SDOH metric (SVI) and care access (distance to the hospital) for inpatient populations. Patient reach, including to those with high vulnerabilities, remained consistent in a transition to telehealth. These methods can inform future reach and engagement of patients who use tobacco products, including patients with high vulnerability or who reside at greater distances from treatment programs.

Implications
This study provides the first analysis of inpatient tobacco use treatment (TUT) transition to telehealth delivery of care during the COVID-19 pandemic using the CDC’s SVI metric and patient distance to the hospital. The transition resulted in consistent reach to patients at the highest vulnerability. These findings can inform efforts to evaluate SDOH measures and improve reach, engagement, and research on telehealth delivery of inpatient TUT.
Humanizing Bureaucracy: Applying the Human Rights-Based Approach to Weber’s Bureaucracy
Authors: Borry Erin L , Reuter Tina Kempin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWeber’s bureaucracy has persisted in the public administration literature as a lens through which to analyze organizational structures. The “ideal type,” however, was never meant to be ideal; despite this, it has become a default framework for structuring and studying organizations, as if they should be structured as such. At the same time, research on bureaucracy often explores its negative impacts, such as the value of merit that has become so enmeshed in law and policies, it can neglect to account for performance and diverse abilities, and rules that have evolved into red tape and constrain bureaucratic behavior. These raise questions about the dehumanizing effects of bureaucracy, something Weber himself cautioned. Using a human rights-based approach, we seek to understand Weber’s bureaucracy through the lens of human rights, and offer suggestions for how to structure organizations that are fair, equitable, and oriented around the human condition. We argue that a human- and human rights-centered approach to bureaucracy requires rethinking the way in which we assess bureaucratic outcomes by prioritizing fundamental human rights values, such as nondiscrimination, participation, freedom, access, and inclusion over neoliberal preferences, which in turn impact employee and client well-being and the structure of the organization itself.
Exposure in Vivo as a Treatment Approach to Target Pain-Related Fear: Theory and New Insights From Research and Clinical Practice
Authors: den Hollander Marlies , Smeets Rob J E M , van Meulenbroek Thijs , van Laake-Geelen Charlotte C M , Baadjou Vera A , Timmers Inge 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Pain-related fear (PRF) can be a significant factor contributing to the development and maintenance of pain-related disability in individuals with persistent pain. One treatment approach to target PRF and related avoidance behavior is exposure in vivo (EXP). EXP has a long history in the field of anxiety, a field that is constantly evolving. This Perspective outlines recent theoretical advancements and how they apply to EXP for PRF, including suggestions for how to optimize inhibitory learning during EXP; reviews mechanistic work from neuroimaging supporting the targeting of PRF in people with chronic pain; and focuses on clinical applications of EXP for PRF, as EXP is moving into new directions regarding who is receiving EXP (eg, EXP in chronic secondary pain) and how treatment is provided (EXP in primary care with a crucial role for physical therapists). Considerations are provided regarding challenges, remaining questions, and promising future perspectives.

Impact
For patients with chronic pain who have elevated pain-related fear (PRF), exposure is the treatment of choice. This Perspective highlights the inhibitory learning approach, summarizes mechanistic work from experimental psychology and neuroimaging regarding PRF in chronic pain, and describes possible clinical applications of EXP in chronic secondary pain as well as in primary care.
Titanium alloy composited with dual-cytokine releasing polysaccharide hydrogel to enhance osseointegration via osteogenic and macrophage polarization signaling pathways
Authors: Wang Yaping , Feng Zujian , Liu Xiang , Yang Chunfang , Gao Rui , Liu Wenshuai , Ou-Yang Wenbin , Dong Anjie , Zhang Chuangnian , Huang Pingsheng , Wang Weiwei 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Titanium alloy has been widely used in orthopedic surgeries as bone defect filling. However, the regeneration of high-quality new bones is limited due to the pro-inflammatory microenvironment around implants, resulting in a high occurrence rate of implant loosening or failure in osteological therapy. In this study, extracellular matrix-mimetic polysaccharide hydrogel co-delivering BMP-2 and interleukin (IL)-4 was composited with 3D printed titanium alloy to promote the osseointegration and regulate macrophage response to create a pro-healing microenvironment in bone defect. Notably, it is discovered from the bioinformatics data that IL-4 and BMP-2 could affect each other through multiple signal pathways to achieve a synergistic effect toward osteogenesis. The composite scaffold significantly promoted the osteoblast differentiation and proliferation of human bone marrow mesenchyme stem cells (hBMSCs). The repair of large-scale femur defect in rat indicated that the dual-cytokine-delivered composite scaffold could manipulate a lower inflammatory level in situ by polarizing macrophages to M2 phenotype, resulting in superior efficacy of mature new bone regeneration over the treatment of native titanium alloy or that with an individual cytokine. Collectively, this work highlights the importance of M2-type macrophages-enriched immune-environment in bone healing. The biomimetic hydrogel–metal implant composite is a versatile and advanced scaffold for accelerating in vivo bone regeneration, holding great promise in treating orthopedic diseases.