bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adverse childhood experiences, sleep problems, low self-control, and adolescent delinquency: A longitudinal serial mediation analysis
Authors: Fava Nicole M. , Meldrum Ryan C. , Villar Michelle G. , Zucker Robert A. , Trucco Elisa M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSeveral studies link adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to delinquency. Yet, developmental sequalae accounting for this association remain unclear, with previous research limited by cross-sectional research designs and investigations of singular mediating processes. To redress these shortcomings, this study examines the longitudinal association between ACEs and delinquency as mediated by both sleep problems and low self-control, two factors which past research implicates as potentially important for understanding how ACEs contribute to antisocial behavior. Data collected from 480 adolescents (71.3% boys; 86.3% White) and their parents participating in the Michigan Longitudinal Study was used to conduct a serial mediation analysis. The association between ACEs (prior to age 11) and delinquency in late adolescence was found to operate indirectly via sleep problems in early adolescence and low self-control in middle adolescence. Nonetheless, a direct association between ACEs and later delinquency remained. Pathways through which ACEs contribute to later delinquency are complex and multiply determined. Findings indicate that early behavioral interventions, including improving sleep and self-control, could reduce later delinquency. Still, more research is needed to identify additional avenues through which the ACEs–delinquency association unfolds across development.
On the peel number and the leaf-height of Galton–Watson trees
Authors: Devroye Luc , Goh Marcel K. , Zhao Rosie Y. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe study several parameters of a random Bienaymé–Galton–Watson tree
$T_n$
of size
$n$
defined in terms of an offspring distribution
$\xi$
with mean
$1$
and nonzero finite variance
$\sigma ^2$
. Let
$f(s)=\mathbb{E}\{s^\xi \}$
be the generating function of the random variable
$\xi$
. We show that the independence number is in probability asymptotic to
$qn$
, where
$q$
is the unique solution to
$q = f(1-q)$
. One of the many algorithms for finding the largest independent set of nodes uses a notion of repeated peeling away of all leaves and their parents. The number of rounds of peeling is shown to be in probability asymptotic to
$\log n/\log (1/f'(1-q))$
. Finally, we study a related parameter which we call the leaf-height. Also sometimes called the protection number, this is the maximal shortest path length between any node and a leaf in its subtree. If
$p_1 = \mathbb{P}\{\xi =1\}\gt 0$
, then we show that the maximum leaf-height over all nodes in
$T_n$
is in probability asymptotic to
$\log n/\log (1/p_1)$
. If
$p_1 = 0$
and
$\kappa$
is the first integer
$i\gt 1$
with
$\mathbb{P}\{\xi =i\}\gt 0$
, then the leaf-height is in probability asymptotic to
$\log _\kappa \log n$
.
Epidemiologic study of patients after Fontan operation based on Medical Aid Program for Chronic Pediatric Diseases of Specified Categories cohort
Authors: Fujii Takanari , Moriichi Akinori , Kakee Naoko , Kato Hitoshi , Tomita Hideshi 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNationwide registry data of patients with single-ventricle physiology have been rarely reported. The Medical Aid Program for Chronic Pediatric Diseases of Specified Categories (Japan) has contributed to the financial support of medical expense for patients younger than 20 years with chronic paediatric disease, and almost all children in Japan who require disease-specific treatment voluntarily apply to this programme. The epidemiology and medium- to long-term outcome of patients following a Fontan procedure were investigated using the database. The usefulness of this epidemiologic investigation in identifying real-world objectives and clinical applications was also examined. A total of 2862 patients who underwent a Fontan operation were identified from 18,589 patients with chronic heart disease registered to the medical aid programme. The details of symptoms, treatment, and somatic growth were evaluated, from which we were able to clarify the nationwide data regarding the current status of post-Fontan patients younger than 20 years. This study elucidated the current status of post-Fontan patients under 20 years of age in Japan. Data analysis of the Medical Aid Program for Chronic Pediatric Diseases of Specified Categories cohort provided useful information towards understanding the comprehensive status of patients with chronic heart disease and contributed to improved disease management.
Ad astra or astray: Exploring linguistic knowledge of multilingual BERT through NLI task
Authors: Tikhonova Maria , Mikhailov Vladislav , Pisarevskaya Dina , Malykh Valentin , Shavrina Tatiana 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRecent research has reported that standard fine-tuning approaches can be unstable due to being prone to various sources of randomness, including but not limited to weight initialization, training data order, and hardware. Such brittleness can lead to different evaluation results, prediction confidences, and generalization inconsistency of the same models independently fine-tuned under the same experimental setup. Our paper explores this problem in natural language inference, a common task in benchmarking practices, and extends the ongoing research to the multilingual setting. We propose six novel textual entailment and broad-coverage diagnostic datasets for French, German, and Swedish. Our key findings are that the mBERT model demonstrates fine-tuning instability for categories that involve lexical semantics, logic, and predicate-argument structure and struggles to learn monotonicity, negation, numeracy, and symmetry. We also observe that using extra training data only in English can enhance the generalization performance and fine-tuning stability, which we attribute to the cross-lingual transfer capabilities. However, the ratio of particular features in the additional training data might rather hurt the performance for model instances. We are publicly releasing the datasets, hoping to foster the diagnostic investigation of language models (LMs) in a cross-lingual scenario, particularly in terms of benchmarking, which might promote a more holistic understanding of multilingualism in LMs and cross-lingual knowledge transfer.
Advanced Hybrid Positioning System of SEM and AFM for 2D Material Surface Metrology
Authors: Kim Taeryong , Kim Donghwan , Kim TaeWan , Kim Hyunwoo , Shin ChaeHo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
As the measurement scale shrinks, the reliability of nanoscale measurement is even more crucial for a variety of applications, including semiconductor electronics, optical metamaterials, and sensors. Specifically, it is difficult to measure the nanoscale morphology at the exact location though it is required for novel applications based on hybrid nanostructures combined with 2D materials. Here, we introduce an advanced hybrid positioning system to measure the region of interest with enhanced speed and high precision. A 5-axis positioning stage (XYZ, R, gripper) makes it possible to align the sample within a 10-μm field of view (FOV) in both the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the atomic force microscope (AFM). The reproducibility of the sample position was investigated by comparing marker patterns and denting points between the SEM and AFM, revealing an accuracy of 6.5 ± 2.1 μm for the x-axis and 4.5 ± 1.7 μm for the y-axis after 12 repetitions. By applying a different measurement process according to the characteristics of 2D materials, various information such as height, length, or roughness about MoTe2 rods and MoS2 film was obtained in the same measurement area. As a consequence, overlaid two images can be obtained for detailed information about 2D materials.
High gain wideband and multi-band on-demand reconfigurable antenna for modern wireless application
Authors: Pandhare Rashmi A. , Abegaonkar Mahesh P. , Dhote Chandresh 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper proposes a wide band and multiband frequency reconfigurable antenna that can operate in the UWB, GSM, GPS, 4G LTE, WLAN, and WiMAX bands. The antenna is made up of a trapezoidal-shaped monopole radiator, which was inspired by a rectangular monopole antenna. The ground plane is modified by embedding T and L-shaped slots to notch the desired operating frequency. The proposed antenna can switch to six different frequencies using RF PIN diodes, making it suitable for modern wireless applications. A multilayer frequency selective surface (FSS) reflector is presented to improve the gain of the proposed reconfigurable antenna. The low-profile design achieved a significant increase in gain while retaining the UWB antenna's excellent impedance bandwidth. Because of the use of the FSS reflector, the antenna's average peak gain has increased from 6 to 10.4 dBi. The proposed antenna has a wide switching capability, which validates its unique feasibility for high-speed multiple Internet of Things applications via a common embedded platform under various applications.
Effective dose of atrazine required to complement tolpyralate for annual weed control in corn
Authors: Fluttert John C. , Soltani Nader , Galla Mariano , Hooker David C. , Robinson Darren E. , Sikkema Peter H. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTolpyralate is an herbicide that is usually mixed with atrazine for broad-spectrum weed control in corn. Previous research has provided information on the effective dose (ED) of tolpyralate applied alone and in a 1:33.3 mixture with atrazine; however, tolpyralate is commercially applied at a dose of 30 to 40 g ai ha−1 with a minimum of 560 g ai ha−1 of atrazine. Therefore, five field trials were conducted over 3 yr (2019 to 2021) to determine the ED of atrazine to complement 30 g ai ha−1 of tolpyralate to achieve 80%, 90%, and 95% control of seven weed species 2, 4, and 8 wk after application (WAA). Tolpyralate was applied alone and in a mixture with atrazine doses ranging from 50 to 2,000 g ai ha−1. At 8 WAA, the ED of atrazine for 95% control of velvetleaf, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, and wild mustard was below the minimum label dose of atrazine on the commercial tolpyralate label, ranging from 430 to 520 g ai ha−1, which supports the use of the minimum label dose of atrazine. In contrast, redroot pigweed required 1,231 g ai ha−1 of atrazine to complement tolpyralate for 95% control 8 WAA. At 8 WAA, barnyardgrass and a mixture of green foxtail and giant foxtail (Setaria spp.) were not controlled by 80%, 90%, or 95% with tolpyralate applied alone or co-applied with any dose of atrazine evaluated in this study. The results of this study conclude that tolpyralate + atrazine is highly efficacious on several weed species at atrazine doses of 40 to 130 g ai ha−1 below the label dose of 560 g ai ha−1, but the use of the higher dose of tolpyralate or another herbicide may be required to improve control of redroot pigweed and grass weed species.
Delimiting China's Urban Growth Boundaries Under Localized Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and Various Urban Expansion Modes
Authors: Huang Miao , Wang Zichen , Pan Xinhao , Gong Binghua , Tu Mengzhao , Liu Zhifeng 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDelimiting the urban growth boundary (UGB) is important for limiting urban sprawl and improving urban sustainability. However, the future UGB delimitation for the entire China is still lacking. Here, we delimited China's UGBs before 2100 under localized shared socioeconomic pathways and 11 urban expansion modes (i.e., spontaneous growth, organic growth, and nine modes integrating both) and evaluated the urban shrinkage pressure and the effects on other land use/cover types and ecosystem services. The results revealed that China's urban land demand was projected to increase first and then decrease under five scenarios before 2100. The extent of UGBs was projected to be 121,199–142,982 km2, 34.14–58.25% higher than the urban area in 2020. As a result of urban population decline, China's urban land demand in 2100 was projected to be 20.83–53.41% lower than the extent of UGBs, implying that China, especially the three provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning, will face remarkable urban shrinkage pressure. Future urban expansion in China will mainly occupy cropland, and lead to a simultaneous decline in habitat quality, food production and carbon sequestration. Spontaneous growth will cause greater losses of ecosystem services than organic growth at the national scale, while in some provinces, such a difference will be reversed. To address the urban shrinkage pressure, China needs to control urban area and optimize urban spatial patterns based on UGBs. In addition, the place‐based optimal urban expansion mode is also required to reduce the negative impacts of future urban expansion on ecosystem services and promote sustainable development.
Impact of Rocket Launch and Space Debris Air Pollutant Emissions on Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate
Authors: Ryan Robert G. , Marais Eloise A. , Balhatchet Chloe J. , Eastham Sebastian D. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDetailed examination of the impact of modern space launches on the Earth's atmosphere is crucial, given booming investment in the space industry and an anticipated space tourism era. We develop air pollutant emissions inventories for rocket launches and re‐entry of reusable components and debris in 2019 and for a speculative space tourism scenario based on the recent billionaire space race. This we include in the global GEOS‐Chem model coupled to a radiative transfer model to determine the influence on stratospheric ozone (O3) and climate. Due to recent surge in re‐entering debris and reusable components, nitrogen oxides from re‐entry heating and chlorine from solid fuels contribute equally to all stratospheric O3 depletion by contemporary rockets. Decline in global stratospheric O3 is small (0.01%), but reaches 0.15% in the upper stratosphere (∼5 hPa, 40 km) in spring at 60–90°N after a decade of sustained 5.6% a−1 growth in 2019 launches and re‐entries. This increases to 0.24% with a decade of emissions from space tourism rockets, undermining O3 recovery achieved with the Montreal Protocol. Rocket emissions of black carbon (BC) produce substantial global mean radiative forcing of 8 mW m−2 after just 3 years of routine space tourism launches. This is a much greater contribution to global radiative forcing (6%) than emissions (0.02%) of all other BC sources, as radiative forcing per unit mass emitted is ∼500 times more than surface and aviation sources. The O3 damage and climate effect we estimate should motivate regulation of an industry poised for rapid growth.
Properties, Changes, and Controls of Deep‐Convecting Clouds in Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium
Authors: Stauffer Catherine L. , Wing Allison A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractChanges in tropical high clouds associated with deep convection with warming are one of the largest sources of uncertainty in climate feedbacks. Here, we leverage an ensemble of models of many types in an idealized configuration to investigate how and why high clouds change the way they do. We find that deep‐convecting anvils, independent of how cloud fraction is defined, increase in height, increase slightly in temperature, and (generally) decrease in cloud fraction with warming sea surface temperature (SST). The controls on anvil height and temperature have well established physical reasoning, but the response of anvil cloud fraction to warming is more variable across studies and not as well understood. We test a previously published hypothesis for control of anvil coverage and find that, at least to first order, it is highly controlled by radiatively‐driven divergence, in which, with warming, anvil clouds occur in a more stable environment requiring less divergence to balance radiative cooling and, therefore, decreasing cloud coverage. We also find mid‐level clouds robustly decrease in coverage with warming SST and can be represented by a diagnostic scaling which attributes the robust decrease in mid‐level clouds to the rapid increase in the overall convective heating of the clouds compared to the much slower increase in the integrated radiative cooling rate. The robust response of deep‐convective clouds to warming and support for the underlying physical mechanisms across the spectrum of models, with both explicit and parameterized convection, increases confidence in their contribution to climate feedbacks.
An Optimal Linear Transformation for Data Assimilation
Authors: Snyder Chris , Hakim Gregory J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractLinear transformations are widely used in data assimilation for covariance modeling, for reducing dimensionality (such as averaging dense observations to form “superobs”), and for managing sampling error in ensemble data assimilation. Here we describe a linear transformation that is optimal in the sense that, in the transformed space, the state variables and observations have uncorrelated errors, and a diagonal gain matrix in the update step. We conjecture, and provide numerical evidence, that the transformation is the best possible to precede covariance localization in an ensemble Kalman filter. A central feature of this transformation in the update step are scalars, which we term canonical observation operators (COOs), that relate pairs of transformed observations and state variables and rank‐order those pairs by their influence in the update. We show for an idealized problem that sample‐based estimates of the COOs, in conjunction with covariance localization for the sample covariance, can approximate well the true values, but a practical implementation of the transformation for high‐dimensional applications remains a subject for future research. The COOs also completely describe important properties of the update step, such as observation‐state mutual information, signal‐to‐noise and degrees of freedom for signal, and so give new insights, including relations among reduced‐rank approximations to variational schemes, particle‐filter weight degeneracy, and the local ensemble transform Kalman filter.
The Signal‐to‐Noise Paradox in ENSO Prediction: Role of ENSO Growth Rate and Period
Authors: Jin Yishuai 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between heterogeneous predictability and homogeneous predictability for El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction. Previous studies showed that a larger heterogeneous predictability than homogeneous predictability, referred as the signal‐to‐noise paradox, is caused by a higher persistence in the observations than in the model. By using the recharge oscillator model, it is found analytically and numerically that both ENSO growth rate and period contribute to this paradox. A larger ENSO growth rate in the observation can lead to a higher persistence and heterogeneous predictability. However, a larger ENSO growth rate associated with a shortened ENSO period can also lead to this paradox although the persistence of the observation is lower than forecast model. Finally, we apply it to explain the paradox after 1960 is caused by a larger ENSO growth rate and a shortened ENSO period.
Current Challenges in Visibility Improvement in Sichuan Basin
Authors: Zhao Gang , Hu Min , Zhang Zirui , Tang Lizi , Shang Dongjie , Ren Jie , Meng Xiangxinyue , Zhang Yuan , Feng Miao , Luo Yina , Yang Shishi , Tan Qinwen , Song Danlin , Guo Song , Wu Zhijun , Zeng Limin , Zhang Yuanhang , Xie Shaodong 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe visibility in the Sichuan Basin (SB) was worse than that in the North China Plain (NCP) for the same level of PM2.5. One well‐known reason is that the aerosol extinction enhancement due to hygroscopic growth in the SB was stronger than that in the NCP because the relative humidity (RH) in the SB was higher than that in the NCP. However, the visibility was worse in the SB under the same PM2.5 and RH levels. The volume extinction efficiency (VEE) is kept between 7 and 8 for different PM2.5 in the SB, while the VEE increased from 4.6 to 7.2 when the PM2.5 level increased from 20 to 180 μg/m3 in the NCP. The difference in VEE resulted from the different particle number size distributions. Our research demonstrates that the VEE is an important factor that influences visibility and provides new insight into visibility impairment for the SB.
Geologic Evidence of Lithostatic Pore Fluid Pressures at the Base of the Subduction Seismogenic Zone
Authors: Condit C. B. , French M. E. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractGeophysical and rheological work below the subduction seismogenic zone suggest that elevated pore fluid pressures (Pfs) may facilitate slow slip and tremor. However, quantification of Pf and its variation in this environment remain indirect and incomplete. We examine brittle‐frictional deformation within metasedimentary rocks from an exhumed subduction zone. Here, penetrative foliation formed under viscous deformation conditions by pressure‐solution creep at 0.9 GPa, 300–350°C, and differential stresses <35 MPa. Three sets of crack‐seal veins, precipitated at peak subduction temperatures, cross‐cut this foliation. Mechanical inversions of these veins indicate they formed within a single stress field orientation with foliation, but at different magnitudes of differential stress. These deformation structures reveal near‐lithostatic Pf that fluctuated in time by perhaps only ∼4 MPa, resulting in cyclic mode I and shear fracturing and viscous flow, and support slow slip and tremor mechanisms that require or are enhanced by high Pf and low differential stress.
Key Factors Modulating the Threat of the Arabian Sea's Tropical Cyclones to the Gulf Countries
Authors: Francis Diana , Fonseca Ricardo , Nelli Narendra 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTropical cyclones (TC) are one of the biggest natural hazards with significant threat to life and property due to storm surge, flooding and extreme winds. Combined, these hazards substantially increase the potential for loss of life and damage especially in populated landfall‐locations such as the countries on the Arabian Gulf and Sea of Oman. Hence, it is important to identify the factors that modulate the trajectory of TC in order to better predict their lifetime and dynamics. Since 1900, only two TCs moved into the Sea of Oman and made landfall on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula (AP): TC Shaheen in 2021 and Gonu in 2007. In this study, the mechanisms behind the exceptional trajectories of these two TCs are investigated. Both TCs developed during the active phase of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation, and benefited from above‐average sea surface temperatures (SSTs), ocean heat content and reduced vertical wind shear. Their paths over the Indian Ocean were controlled by large‐scale forcings, whereas regional‐scale processes, such as the local SST gradients and the Arabian Heat Low (AHL) defined their trajectories near landfall location over the AP. An exceptionally deep AHL was present during these events. The AHL is found to interact two‐way with TCs: its associated circulation drags the TCs inland while the TCs, through the advection of cooler marine‐air inland, cause the collapse of the AHL. It is recommended to account for the AHL as fluctuations in its position and strength can determine where future TCs make landfall.