bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-consistent Monte Carlo model for ECRIS plasma simulation
Authors: Méndez-Giono J A , Minea T , Thuillier T , Revel A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A self-consistent iterative Monte Carlo model to simulate electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) plasma is presented. It computes the species’ spatial and energy distribution in the whole plasma chamber in a three-dimensional mesh. A number of electrons and ions are propagated independently considering the static magnetic field, injected microwave field and local electrical potential field. The species trajectories populate the mesh allowing to compute their local density and velocity. Each species is pushed until it undergoes a destructive collision or after a fixed time limit. After each propagation phase, the local plasma potential and the heating electromagnetic microwave field are updated. This process is then iterated until convergence of species distributions and fields is reached. This method is intended to be a faster alternative to other methods to characterise the species distributions in the plasma for a specified ECRIS design and aid with their conception. The model and software development status are presented, along with prospects.
Soundness evaluation of J-PARC RF ion source after 5-month continuous operation
Authors: Shibata T , Ohkoshi K , Shinto K , Nanmo K , Ikegami K , Oguri H 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the J-PARC user operation from Nov. 2020 – Apr. 2021, continuous operation of J-PARC Radio Frequency (RF) negative hydrogen ion (H-) source up to 3,651 hours (5 months) has been achieved. The ion source was operated with the output H- current of 60 mA, the duty factor (for plasma generation) 2% and the input RF power up to 30 kW. After the operation, phase space diagrams at the Radio Frequency Quadrupole linac (RFQ) entrance were measured by the emittance monitor at the ion source test stand (IS-TS) under the same operation condition as in the J-PARC Linac. Comparison of the phase spaces and the beam emittances between the ion sources in the present and the previous operations shows slight difference. From the direct observation of the antenna coil, no exhaustion or the decrease in the thickness of the enamel coating of the coil have been confirmed. The results indicate the possibility of the next goal of the long-run up to 7 months, which is the same as the full duration of the J-PARC user operation in 1 year.
Negative hydrogen ion sources for particle accelerators: Sustainability issues and recent improvements in long-term operations
Authors: Welton Robert , Bollinger Dan , Dehnel Morgan , Draganic Ilija , Faircloth Dan , Han Baoxi , Lettry Jacques , Stockli Martin , Tarvainen Olli , Ueno Akira 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHigh brightness, negative hydrogen ion sources are used extensively in scientific facilities operating worldwide. Negative hydrogen beams have become the preferred means of filling circular accelerators and storage rings as well as enabling efficient extraction from cyclotrons. Several well-known facilities now have considerable experience with operating a variety of sources such as RF-, filament-, magnetron- and Penning-type H-ion sources. These facilities include the US Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL-ISIS), Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), numerous installations of D-Pace (licenced by TRIUMF) ion sources used mainly on cyclotrons and, most recently, the CERN-LINAC-1 injector. This report first summarizes the current performance of these ion sources in routine, daily operations with attention toward source service-periods and availability metrics. Sustainability issues encountered at each facility are also reported and categorized to identify areas of common concern and key issues. Recent ion source improvements to address these issues are also discussed as well as plans for meeting future facility upgrade requirements.
Probe measurement of an ECR hydrogen plasma facing the C12A7 electride surface
Authors: Bito K. , Sasao M. , Wada M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Plasma parameters of an ECR discharge excited in a compact ion source with a replaceable plasma electrode (PE) were measured with a Langmuir probe. The PE was installed to investigate how an electride PE changes the plasma parameters from those with a Mo PE. The effect upon the plasma parameters in front of the PE due to the material will be elucidated by changing the probe position axially along the beam extraction direction. Analyses of the measured probe characteristics revealed that electride PE has a higher electron density (ne) and lower electron temperature (Te) than the Mo PE. When the PE was biased negatively, the ratio of the positive saturation current (Ii
) to the negative saturation current (Ie
+Ih-
) for the electride PE was about 1.6 times of the ratio for the Mo PE.
The H multiaperture source NIO1: gas conditioning and first cesiations
Authors: Barbisan M. , Cavenago M. , Delogu R. S. , Pimazzoni A. , Poggi C. , Ugoletti M. , Variale V. , Antoni V. , Ravarotto D. , Serianni G. , Baltador C. , Franchin L. , Minarello A. , Martini D. , Maniero M. , Rizzieri R. , Romanato L. , Rossetto F. , Taccogna F. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In NIO1, a compact H- ion source installed at RFX operated in continuous mode, gas conditioning was needed to improve results in Cs-free regimes (up to a current density about 25 or 30 A/m2). Installation of a cesium oven gave an additional increase of current, progressively limited also by a rapid overcesiation: we observed an average density about 50 A/m2 (with a peak of 67 A/m2). Obtained beam optics is briefly compared with simulations and previous results in the Cs-free regime in similar conditions (as source voltage, often set below or equal 11 kV). In both regimes, central beamlet apparent density is larger, possibly because of a narrow bias plate mask, now enlarged. Further improvements for Cs-based regime include a moderate oven reservoir temperature, careful tuning and a substantial increase of beam voltage, and power handling capability.
Characterization of Hydrogen Plasma in an ECR based Large Volume Plasma Chamber
Authors: Sharma Shweta , Sahu D , Narayanan R , Kar S , Bandyopadhyay M , Chakraborty A , Singh M J , Tarey R D , Ganguli A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Hydrogen plasma characterization was carried out in a large volume (dia∼ 1.0 m, h∼ 1.0 m) plasma chamber to evaluate the efficacy of production of uniform, large-area H- beam for fusion applications. Up to seven Compact ECR Plasma Sources (CEPS; Indian Patent #301583, Patentee: IIT Delhi) can be mounted on the top dome of the chamber (one in centre and six on a ∼60 cm dia circle). Axially poled permanent ring magnets provide the magnetic field for each CEPS and the total field in the chamber is the combined field of all CEPS. Separate experiments were conducted with: (i) six CEPS with opposite polarity on adjacent magnets, (ii) seven CEPS with identical polarity on all the magnets, and (iii) a single CEPS at the center. In case (ii) the field lines repel while for (i) a cusp field is formed between adjacent sources. For case (iii), one obtains a uniform plasma density over 35 cm radius (n ∼ 4 ϗ 1010 cm-3, Te
∼1-2 eV), ∼ 60 cm downstream (from central source mouth) with 400W power at ∼ 1-3 mTorr pressure, yielding ideal conditions for volume mode H- production over a large area. For case (ii), however, plasma from each source flows along its individual field lines, without forming uniform plasma down-tream. Whereas for case (i), because of cross-talk between adjacent sources, the system became unstable, giving oscillations in plasma formation and microwave reflected power. Hence, it appears that the single CEPS configuration is the most efficacious for large area H- generation.
Space charged based Residual Ion beam recovery for the Neutral beam injection
Authors: Variale V. , Cavenago M. , Valentino V. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Energy recovery of residual ions may be needed to increase the energy efficiency of Neutral Beam (NB) injectors for fusion plants as DEMO while a deflection-based system has been proposed until now to dump residual ions. As an alternative, a compact beam energy recovery system, based on space charge effects due to the residual ion deceleration into 2 Farady Cups (FC) with holes for D0 passage, can replace the Electrostatic Residual Ion Dump (ERID) designed for ITER to stop the residual D- and D+ before the NB injection in the tokamak plasma. All parameter tunings and preliminary simulations are here described, also providing the suppression of back streaming to the ion source. Ion energy spread and rectangular geometry are considered. Collection of ions at low energy (a few percent of the full neutral beam energy Eki) instead of Eki as in ERID gives advantages that will be mentioned.
Reverse trajectory analysis of the hydrogen negative ion beam in a prototype accelerator for ITER
Authors: Kisaki M , Kojima A , Saquilayan G Q , Hiratsuka J , Ichikawa M , Shimabukuro Y , Murayama M , Watanabe K , Tobari H , Kashiwagi M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Reverse calculation of negative ion trajectory based on the measured beam emittance has been performed for the first time in multi-stage accelerator in order to reconstruct negative ion profile near meniscus, which has been a long-term issue for negative ion sources. According to reverse calculation, negative ions are mainly extracted from the periphery of extraction area, and the particles extracted from the aperture edge is lost on acceleration grids. By taking into account the lost component with reconstructed negative ion profile, the negative ion trajectory became consistent with observed beam traces on the acceleration grids. This result can be applied directly to the design of ITER accelerator as well as the other Cs-seeded negative ion sources.
A cold electron-impact ion source driven by a photo-cathode – New opportunities for the delivery of radioactive molecular beams?
Authors: Ballof Jochen , Au Mia , Barbero Ermanno , Chrysalidis Katerina , Düllmann Christoph E , Fedosseev Valentin , Granados Eduardo , Heinke Reinhard , Marsh Bruce A , Owen Michael , Rothe Sebastian , Stora Thierry , Yakushev Alexander 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The thick-target ISOL (Isotope mass Separation OnLine) method provides beams of more than 1000 radionuclides of 74 elements. The method is well established for elements with sufficiently high volatility at ca. 2000 °C. To extract non-volatile elements the formation of a volatile molecule is required. While successful in some cases (e.g. carbon or boron), most of these elements are not yet available as ISOL beam. A variety of volatile carrier molecules has been proposed for all elements produced in the target material, but their probability of survival during the extraction and ionization process is often limited by the high temperatures required for isotope diffusion in the thick targets and for ion source operation. While cold target concepts have already been proposed, the normal mode of operation of the typically used Versatile Arc Discharge Ion Source (VADIS) with a hot cathode is not well suited. Here, we report about first measurements with an electron-impact ion source operated at ambient temperature using electrons that were liberated via the photo-electric effect from a copper cathode.
Investigation of Ho ion production with a laser ablation ion source
Authors: Bhandari R. , Horana Gamage M. , Gamage N. D. , Redshaw M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
At Central Michigan University (CMU), we are developing the CMU High Precision Penning Trap (CHIP-TRAP) with the aim of performing high-precision mass measurements on stable and long-lived radioactive isotopes. A major goal of CHIP-TRAP is to measure the 163Ho EC Q value to ∼1 eV precision to aid direct neutrino mass determination experiments with 163Ho. CHIP-TRAP utilizes a laser ablation source (LAS) and a Penning ion trap source to produce ions from solid and gaseous samples, respectively. Ions from these sources are identified by measuring their times-of-flight from the source to their detection on a micro channel plate detector (MCP). With the goal of producing 163Ho+ ions from a solution of 163Ho dissolved in nitric acid and dried out on a backing target to be inserted into the LAS, we investigated the production of naturally occurring, stable 165 Ho+ following this method. We aimed to determine the minimum number of Ho atoms required on the target to produce a detectable number of Ho+ ions, and to investigate different backing materials to determine if a particular material minimized contaminant ions from the backing material and maximized the number of Ho+ ions compared to, for example, HoO+ ions.
Resolution improvement of electrostatic ion analyzer using additional slit for laser ion source
Authors: Takahashi K , Matsumoto Y , Sasaki T , Kikuchi T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A laser ion source provides an ion beam extracted from a drifting plasma produced by irradiating a high power laser on a solid target. Ion species contained in the plasma can be analyzed with an electrostatic ion analyzer (EIA). However, to distinguish ion species with close mass-to-charge ratio, high resolution is required due to the high drifting velocity. In order to improve the resolution of the EIA, we investigated the cause of spectral width broadening by simulation. The simulation result showed that the spectral broadening occurs because ions go through the paths in different angle rather than it is caused by difference of ion velocity in the conventional analyzer using two slits. To limit the angular distribution of the paths, we suggested to use an additional slit for the EIA. To demonstrate the effect of the additional slit on the spectral width broadening for the EIA, we investigated the variation in the spectral signals obtained with the suggested EIA. The experimental result indicated that the resolution of EIA can be improved by adding a slit to limit the trajectories in angular distribution of ion paths.
Design of the proton injector for compact neutron source DARIA
Authors: Skalyga V.A. , Izotov I.V. , Vybin S.S. , Kulevoy T.V. , Kropachev G.N. , Sitnikov A.L. , Grigoriev S.V. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Project of the proton accelerator-driven compact neutron source DARIA (Dedicated for Academic Research and Industrial Application) is developed in order to replace small and middle flux neutron sources based on the nuclear reactors. DARIA has a uniquely high ratio of efficiency to cost due to deep optimization of each key element of the system (proton injector and accelerator, target, neutron moderator and neutron instruments. A unique ECR ion source, developed at the IAP RAS, would be used as a proton beam injector. In such device the plasma is heated by the powerful 28 GHz gyrotron radiation, providing a record level of volumetric energy input for such systems over 100 W/cm^3. The high plasma density and the optimal electron temperature provide proton beams formation with a current of up to several hundred mA and an emittance that meets the requirements of modern accelerators. The paper discusses the advantages of using such an ion source, its scheme and design performance.
Optimized deceleration characteristics of multicharged ion beams from electron cyclotron resonance ion source
Authors: Sato K , Harisaki S , Kubo W , Owada I , Tsuda K , Anan M , Maenaka T , Kato Y 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
At present it is necessary the satellite lifetime 10-15 years for operating in space. Xenon is used as fuel for ion engines of satellites. There are problems of accumulated damages at irradiation and sputtering by low energy Xe ion from the engine. It is required to construct database of sputtering yield of ion beams in the low energy region from a hundred eV to 1keV. We are trying to investigate experimentally sputtering yield on satellite component by irradiating the low energy Xe
q+
ion beams. We use the electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) in the irradiation experiments. We decelerate the beam energy to several hundred eV after extraction at high voltage 10kV. It is found we cannot neglect the contribution of the space potential of the plasma in the ECRIS of several tens eV. We measured the plasma parameters and ion beam deceleration characteristics in operating conditions on ECRIS. As the results, it was found in operating ECRIS condition of low charge state ion being dominant that the space potential of the ECRIS has an effect of 10∼20% at the beam energy at about 100eV in conducting irradiation experiments on satellite component materials.
Performance of a reactive magnetron sputtering ion source using water vapor plasma
Authors: Catapang Allen Vincent , James Edward Hernandez II , Vasquez Magdaleno R. , Wada Motoi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One of the methods used to produce ions of metals and metal oxides is through extracting them from a magnetron sputter-type ion source. Metal nanoparticles, such as zinc oxide (ZnO), can be deposited using this method. However, low-energy conditions are required to prevent damage to the substrate. The extraction of ions from a differentially pumped, reactive magnetron sputtering source with a pulsed, conduit-type extraction electrode is investigated, with Zn as the metal target and argon and water vapor as discharge support and reactive gases, respectively. The use of water vapor has been shown to improve the properties of ZnO, through hydrogen doping. Using a quadrupole mass analyzer, the species produced from the ion source were detected and identified. Ar, H2O, H3O, and Zn ions were extracted using the pulsed extraction electrode, and the intensity of the extracted ions were found to be frequency dependent. Extraction of ions were observed starting from-40 V extraction potential using a Faraday cup, and the ion beam current appeared to increase in proportion to the extraction voltage. A mechanism for realizing ion extraction using an alternating extraction potential is proposed.
Parallel Disassembly Sequence Planning of Retired Lithium-ion-battery Pack based on Heuristic Algorithm
Authors: Kong Shuai , Zhang Yuanliang , Liu Weiwei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
With the explosive growth of the electric vehicle market, the recycling work of retired lithium-ion-battery packs, modules and cells is facing great challenges. Dismantling process is the primary step of the electronic waste recycling. In order to achieve rapid, efficient and safe disassembly of battery packs, and improve resource utilization efficiency, reduce environmental pollution, it is necessary to set battery pack disassembly production line. Based on the above targets, four optimization objectives are set, which are idle time, safety factor, disassembly cost and number of workstations. The solving part applies five heuristic algorithms, which can not only expand the solution range, but also discuss the performance of these algorithms. By comparing the value of objective functions, fitness and other indicators, NSGA-II is considered to have better convergence, and the optimal disassembly scheme is given.
A Photovoltaic Charger Suitable for Brain Computer Interface Equipment
Authors: Gu Yifeng , Li Hao , Zhao Jiale , Ma Xiaolin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Nowadays, traditional energy is drying up and environmental pollution is increasing. In order to implement the development requirements of energy saving and environmental protection, an efficient and portable photovoltaic charger is designed in this paper with brain computer interface devices as the research object On the hardware side the device is designed with a Boost circuit as the main circuit and on the software side a maximum power point tracking technique with conductance increment method as the control algorithm. Based on the final physical test results, it has been shown that the charger meets the requirements.
Design and Application of Intelligent Unmanned Spot Inspection System in Thermal Power Plant
Authors: Yang Yulei , Chen Kaifeng , Wu Zhanyuan , Xu Haocheng , Liu Jinliang , Li Lun 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Thermal power plant is a typical equipment-intensive enterprise, and regular inspection and spot inspection of production equipment is the most important measure to find equipment defects in time and ensure safe production of enterprises. In many years of practical application, the traditional inspection method, which relies mainly on visual inspection by spot inspectors, has been widely used. There are many shortcomings, such as missing detection, low efficiency, insufficient depth of data mining and high security risk. Based on the equipment management mode of spot inspection and regular maintenance in power plants, this paper proposes an unmanned intelligent spot inspection system for power plants, which combines intelligent sensors with diagnostic algorithms, by sorting out the work content of traditional manual spot inspection. The intelligent and unmanned management of spot inspection and regular repair in thermal power plants is realized, which has certain reference significance for improving the operation reliability of power plants and reducing the safety risk of spot inspection personnel.
Study on adsorption of levofloxacin on Okra rod activated carbon
Authors: Jin Haitong , Wang Liye , Gang Siqi , Lv Shuang , Liang Hongyu , Lu Guang 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOkra rod activated carbon was used as an adsorbent to remove levofloxacin in water. And effect of pH, adsorption time and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption effect were studied. The results were shown that the optimal pH was 5 and 10. The adsorption desorption equilibrium over Okra rod activated carbon was reached, when the adsorption time increased to 60min and 90min as pH = 5 and pH=10, respectively. Compared with the original Okra rod, the adsorption capacity of the Okra rod activated carbon was greatly improved. And the optimal dosage of Okra rod activated carbon was 50mg. The suitability of sorption isotherm model for the sorption of levofloxacin over Okra rod activated carbon is L Freundlich with high R2.
Three-phase unbalanced voltage sag detection method based on morphological filtering
Authors: Guo Zhicheng 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), accurate and fast voltage sag detection method is the key. However, in the case of three-phase imbalance, the traditional voltage sag detection method still has shortcomings in real-time and accuracy. Therefore, a voltage sag detection method based on morphological filter is proposed. That is, based on the commonly used dq transformation method, the morphological filter is used to replace the Butterworth low-pass filter to suppress the second harmonic generated by the negative sequence component after dq transformation in the case of three-phase imbalance, reduce the system delay and improve the real-time and accuracy of the detection method. The morphological filter is designed, and the appropriate structural elements and morphological transformation algorithm are selected. The results show that the morphological filter has good filtering effect and small delay, and can better meet the detection requirements of DVR.
Design of Smart Home System Based on Nb-Iot
Authors: Han Chenye , Zhang Weiwei , Li Meng , Tian Yunxia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In order to solve the problems of high power consumption, complex access network and unstable connection in smart home, a smart home system based on narrowband Internet of things NB-IoT technology is studied. The system uses STM32L431 chip of ST company’s ultra-low power series as the microcontroller, BC95-B5 as the communication module, collects data through a variety of sensors, uploads the collected data information to the remote Huawei cloud server using COAP protocol, and the mobile app accesses the cloud platform and obtains data for display and control. Through the test, the system realizes the function of intelligent control and can greatly improve the intelligent level of home.