bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metaphors and Pragmatics: An Introduction to the Hermeneutics of Metaphors in the Epistle to the Ephesians
Authors: KLINGBEIL GERALD A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article seeks first to understand recent methodological discussions in metaphor research in the context of biblical and theological studies. Metaphors are complex literary devices that require familiarity with the world view and historical context of the respective author of a particular ancient text and also communicate on an experiential level. The multiplicity and polyvalence of metaphors together with their ability to create tension requiring reorientation make them ideal rhetorical tools. In this sense metaphors connect perfectly with pragmatics, which does not focus upon form, significance, sounds, or structure but, rather, upon the strategies that authors employ to communicate effectively. Based upon these considerations, a metaphor map of the Epistle to the Ephesians is drawn, recognizing ten main metaphors with many more connected submetaphors. Finally, the study presents a concise evaluation of the metaphor map, focusing upon authorial strategies and the main metaphorical components such as "family," "body," and "position."
The Role of the "Birkath Haminim" in Early Jewish-Christian Relations: A Reexamination of the Evidence
Authors: MAYO PHILIP L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The publication of the Genizah version of the Birkath Haminim a century ago ignited renewed interest in the impact of this Jewish "blessing" on early Jewish-Christian relations. relations. Several scholars have seen in this text evidence for an early and decisive event in the separation of Jews and Christians. Recent scholarship, however, has retreated from this conclusion, questioning the impact of the benediction. A reexamination of the evidence will help shed some light on this debate.
"How Can I Understand, Unless Someone Explains It to Me?" (Acts 8:30–31): Evangelicals and Biblical Hermeneutics
Authors: PROVAN IAIN 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article explores the question: What kind of biblical hermeneutics ought evangelical Christians to embrace for themselves and to advocate to others? It takes as its starting point the Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics (1982) and subjects this document to an extended critical reflection. The Statement, it is concluded, is in various ways an unsatisfactory articulation of evangelical hermeneutics, if hermeneutics is about helping people to perceive "what the biblical revelation means and how it bears on our lives" (Chicago Statement, Article IX). In the second part of the article, an alternative articulation is then attempted.
"Children of Promise": Spiritual Paternity and Patriarch Typology in Galatians and Romans
Authors: JUNCKER GÜNTHER H. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article begins by asking whether Paul's second reference to "Israel" in Rom 9:6b refers to the faithful Jewish remnant alone or to the eschatological people of God comprising believing Jews and Gentiles together and suggests that a satisfactory answer can be obtained if this verse is viewed in the larger context of Paul's discourse in which the patriarchs repeatedly play a determinative and predominantly typological role in marking out the boundaries of God's eschatological people. The remainder of the article closely examines Gal 3 and 4:21–31 as well as Rom 4 and 9:7–13 in order to demonstrate that there is an underlying hermeneutical consistency to Paul's typological use of the patriarchs and that this consistency is supportive of the view that "Israel" in Rom 9:6b refers to spiritual Israel—that is, the church.
The Catholic Epistles as a Canonical Janus: A New Testament Glimpse into Old and New Testament Canon Formation
Authors: DAVIDS PETER H. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Catholic Epistles look back at the forming "Old Testament" canon, showing not only the use of all segments of the Tanakh but also a preference for the Septuagint, the reading of all Tanakh passages through Second Temple literature, and a wider body of authoritative literature than the Tanakh. They look forward as part of the process of New Testament canon formation in their own use of the Jesus tradition and references to Paul (although references to Pauline literature outside 2 Peter are disputed) and in their own history of canonization in that only one had a smooth acceptance while the others were all ignored or disputed. They were finally accepted as part of a group of seven books, which is the basis of David Nienhuis's novel theory about the creation of James, which may have been viewed as a collection of the three "pillars."
The "At-Sinai Narrative": Exodus 18–Numbers 10
Authors: LAWLOR JOHN I. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The content and placement of "in-law pericopes" at each end of the Sinai narrative together with the "chronological disjunction" of each in its respective textual setting calls attention to their combined function to serve as an ironic frame for the Sinai narrative. The centrality of the golden calf narrative in the larger Sinai narrative draws the reader's attention to the role of Moses as intercessor on behalf of Israel, but the "in-law pericopes" seem to image Moses as motivated by self-interest. The paired function of the "in-law scenes" sets the stage for recognition of the paired function of the other movements that comprise this large narrative complex.
Philo on Phinehas and the Levites: Observing an Exegetical Connection
Authors: LINCICUM DAVID 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Philo of Alexandria draws an exegetical connection between the episode of the golden calf (Exod 32) and Phinehas's response to the apostasy in Moab (Num 25). This note sets out four strategic links Philo has forged between the two episodes. While this is ultimately equivocal evidence in assessing Philo's stance toward sacred violence in his own day, a similar connection between the two episodes may also underlie Paul's exegesis in 1 Cor 10:8.
The Genre of 2 Peter: A Comparison with Jewish and Early Christian Testaments
Authors: MATHEWS MARK D. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Commentators frequently default to the thesis that 2 Peter belongs to the testament genre and would have been readily received as a pseudepigraphical writing by the early church. It is also argued that later framers of the NT canon would not have recognized the Jewish nature of the convention and thus, after much debate, received it as genuine. This essay compares the so-called testamentary features of 2 Peter with Jewish and early Christian testaments and demonstrates that it is unlikely that either of these positions is sustainable.
Bringing Method to the Madness: Examining the Style of the Longer Ending of Mark
Authors: WILLIAMS TRAVIS B. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
For decades biblical scholars have been convinced of the inauthenticity of the longer ending of Mark's Gospel. Given the overwhelming consensus on the matter, it might seem like folly even to raise the issue afresh. Yet it is my contention that the foundation on which this position has been built is somewhat faulty. One of the major reasons that interpreters have rejected the longer ending is stylistic variance. But in many cases, stylistic assessments have been based on surface-level examinations of the text without any methodological constraint. The purpose of this essay is to propose a basic methodological procedure by which to evaluate the syntactical style of Mark 16:9–20 in relation to the rest of Mark's Gospel, and then to test the longer ending on this basis.
Let the Reader Understand: Mark's Use of Jeremiah 7 in Mark 13:14
Authors: SNOW ROBERT S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Scholars have offered a variety of interpretations of "the abomination that causes desolation" in Mark 13:14. However, none of the proposals, which usually focus on an instance of the profaning activity of the Romans at some point before the temple's destruction, seem to cohere with Mark's emphasis on the corruption of the temple leaders and the consequent demise of their institution. This study argues that Jer 7 plays a crucial role in not only introducing this theme in Mark 11:17 but also developing it in several texts following this one: the parable of the wicked tenants in 12:1–12, the exchange between Jesus and the scribe in 12:28–34, and Jesus' prediction of the temple's destruction in 13:1–2. On the basis of these intratextual and inter-textual uses of Jer 7, Mark continues his evocation of Jer 7 in 13:14 so that "the abomination that causes desolation" is none other than the corrupt and fraudulent activity of the temple leaders.
A Communion of Subjects: Zoological Classification and Human/Animal Relations in Psalm 104
Authors: WHITEKETTLE RICHARD 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Through the use of a zoological classification system and descriptive images, Psalm 104 portrays animals as independent subjects, ordinary living beings, and humble creatures. Animals were, therefore, shown to be just like human beings in many ways. Thus, while the text subtly maintains a paramount position for human beings within the world, the author of Psalm 104 wanted the reader to look at animals from that paramount position, not hierarchically, but laterally. That is, the author wanted the reader to think of animals not as objects, outsiders, or inferiors but rather as fellow citizens of God's commonwealth.
NT Scholars' Use of OT Lament Terminology and Its Theological and Interdisciplinary Implications
Authors: CAMPBELL D. KEITH 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The term lament has become a household label in OT studies since Hermann Gunkel's 1933 groundbreaking work, Einleitung in die Psalmen. After seven decades of research into OT lament, the term now identifies, in contrast to classical English usage, an established genre that connotes significant theological implications. This article explores how English and German NT commentators pre- and post-Gunkel have appropriated this term in relation to a sampling of NT passages. In essence, it argues that NT commentators consistently label Matt 2:18, 23:37–39, Luke 13:34–35, 19:41–44, and 23:27–31 as laments while inadvertently overlooking Gunkel's form-critical contribution to biblical studies. This oversight has theological implications on these passages and results in an inconsistent interdisciplinary use of lament terminology between OT and NT scholars.
Peter and the Prophetic Word: The Theology of Prophecy Traced through Peter's Sermons and Epistles
Authors: HIMES PAUL A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
While much work has been done on the theology of individual books in the Bible, very few have attempted to develop a Petrine theology that utilizes both 1 and 2 Peter as well as Peter's speeches in Acts. If, however, both the epistles and the discourse material in Acts stem from a common source, it stands to reason that one should be able to trace certain theological themes throughout and that these themes, when viewed in light of the Petrine material as a whole, would form a coherent theology. This essay examines the theme of prophecy in the two public sermons of Peter in Acts 2 and 3 and the two Petrine epistles. After examining the four units individually, this essay attempts to mold them into a "Petrine theology of prophecy" while also noting how this could potentially affect other areas of theology.
The "Better Righteousness": Matthew 5:20
Authors: GARLINGTON DON 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This essay is presented as a "prequel" to my study of Matt 5:22 in BBR 20 (2010): 61–84. Its purpose to enlarge on a point made in the former article, namely, the righteousness "better" than that of the scribes and Pharisees (Matt 5:20) is pointedly Christological. That is to say, the disciples of Jesus are no longer to be guided, commanded, or constrained by the Mosaic Torah or by subsequent tradition. Rather, they are to do his words, because he is the eschatological king of Israel: his teaching trumps all previous forms of instruction. Therefore, the "better righteousness" of the kingdom of heaven resides in the eschatological will of God for a new covenant community, as embodied in and proclaimed by Jesus the Messiah.
The Order and Essence of Canon in Brevard Childs's Book on Paul
Authors: POIRIER JOHN C. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Brevard Childs's final book attempts to apply the canonical approach to the Pauline canon. In so doing, it exposes two problematic assumptions lying behind Childs's approach: (1) it assumes that the phenomenal is always intentional, and (2) it treats the intentional as always hermeneutically significant, regardless of whether the intention is that of the author or that of a compiler of the canon. The former of these assumptions manifests in a spectacular way in Childs's attempt to derive hermeneutical significance from the placement of Romans at the head of the Pauline canon.
Pengembangan Silabus Fisika Melalui Pola Grass Roots Pada Mata Pelajaran Produktif Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa SMK
Authors: Suseno Jarot 
Published: April 2022

Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk ; 1). Memperoleh silabus fisika dengan penugasan terstruktur melalui pola grass roots yang memenuhi kriteria layak, 2). Menggunakan silabus fisika pola grass roots yang dimplementasikan dalam Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran dengan model penugasan terstruktur untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian pengembangan “Research and Development” (R&D), data dalam penelitian berupa; 1) lembar validasi pengembangan silabus dan RPP, 2) lembar pengamatan proses pembelajaran, 3) lembar observasi ketrampilan proses unjuk kerja dan penilaian proses diskusi siswa, 4) angket tanggapan siswa, 5) kuesioner tenaga pendidik dan kependidikan dan 6) tes hasil belajar fisika (post-tes). Data analisis menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif dan analisis manova. Setelah dilakukan penelitian di tiga SMK terbesar di kabupaten Trenggalek terkait peran pelajaran fisika terhadap pelajaran produktif hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : 1) Berdasarkan validasi pengembangan silabus fisika pola grass roots yang dimplementasikan dalam RPP dengan model penugasan terstruktur dan diuji cobakan secara luas diperoleh silabus yang baik, 2) Mampu mengefektifkan pelajaran fisika dengan model penugasan terstruktur, dibandingkan dengan RPP yang selama ini digunakan di sekolah, dengan signifikansi (sig) < 0,05. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan pengembangan silabus fisika pola grass roots dengan penugasan terstruktur, hasil belajar fisika di SMK C memberikan sumbangan terhadap pelajaran produktif, sehingga siswa lebih kompeten.
The place of tax administration in the development of the world economy
Authors: Zafirova Y. E. 
Published: April 2022

At the present stage of development, the socio–economic transformation of the world society is taking place, accompanied by the modernization of state institutions. These processes are impossible without government spending and the revenues that provide them. The main revenues in many countries are tax payments, the receipt of which in the budget system is ensured through the system of tax administration.The subject of research in the article is the economic relations that arise in the process of tax administration and their impact on the development of the world economy.The research results consist in identifying the features of the influence of tax administration on the development of national economies, as well as reasonable internal and external structural shifts.
Wartość gospodarcza zbiorowisk roślinnych w dolinie Huczwy
Authors: Wyłupek Teresa 
Published: April 2022

The studied green lands are situated in south-eastern Poland (Lublin region, Tomaszów Lubelski district, Tyszowce commune). Samples of meadow sward (2x1m2 area each) were taken from plots of different plant communities to determine the hay yield, its utility value andmacroelements content. Furthermore, the content of total protein, P, K, Mg and Ca was determined applying commonly used techniques. The performed test revealed that hay of selected communities was characterized by protein level optimum or close to optimum for cattle. Most hay samples were distinguished by phosphorus deficiency and only in a few cases they were abundant in magnesium, calcium and potassium. Among Phragmitetea class communities, the highest photo-mass yields were achieved from Caricetum ripariae. Also, meadows of the community were characterized by the highest number of utility value. Glycerietum maximae phytocenoses showed the lowest yields. Among Molinio-Arrhenathereta communities, plots from Alopecuretum pratensis meadows achieved the highest yields and at the same time they were chracterized by the highest utility value.
Regeneracja roślin lucerny miesza cowej (Medicago sativa L. subsp. falcata x subsp. sativa) z wierzchołków pędów
Authors: Doliński Romuald , Hefny Manal Mohamed Mohamed 
Published: April 2022

Shoot tips (3–4 mm) were cut from young plants (7 days) and then placed on Petri dishes, on 12 inducing media. All media contained macroelements and a four times higher concentration of microelements as in MS medium, vitamins from B5 medium, 100 mg l-1 of myo-inositol, 0.5 g l-1 of proline and 3% sucrose. They differed with BAP content (2, 4, 6 mg l-1) and NAA (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg l-1). Explants were kept for 2 weeks in the dark at 23°C, then placed on MS medium complemented with 0.4 mg l-1 of BAP and 0.04 mg l-1 of NAA, and brought to cultivation room. After 4 and 8 weeks, 2–3-leaved shoots were cut and placed in half-strength MS medium without hormones in order to root them. All three alfalfa varieties showed the ability for plant regeneration from the apical buds. Single shoots developed from explants induced on control mediums without cytokinin. The highest shoot regeneration efficiency (4.24–4.45) was observed after induction on media containing 2 mg l-1 of BAP. At the highest BAP concentration (6 mg l-1), the number of regenerated shoots decreased. Great differences as regarding the shoots regenerated by particular explants were observed (from 1 up to 11). About 52% of the shoots formed visible roots within 4 weeks. Almost 100% of the rooted plants transferred from in vitro cultures to pots survived.
Numerical Study of Different Models for Turbulent Flow in 90° Pipe Bend
Authors: APALOWO Rilwan 
Published: April 2022

The investigation of the turbulence statistics for single-phase turbulent flow around pipe bends have mainly been experimental. Considering the cost-effectiveness of the numerical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) compared to experimental measurement, this work aims to study the accuracies of different CFD models, and establish their functionality and limitations. This paper investigates the capabilities of different numerical turbulence models and spatial discretization schemes for CFD analysis of a pipe bend. The pipe has a curvature radius which is seven times the inside diameter and a Reynolds number of 34132. The numerical modelling was developed on the commercial CFD software, ANSYS Fluent, evaluating the following viscous models:,, Spalart-Allmaras and Reynolds Stress Models. The streamwise velocities of the flow at cross-stream planes along the bend at 45º and 75º were computed for each of the turbulence models under different discretization schemes. The numerical results were compared against the existing experimental data for streamwise velocity, in order to investigate the accuracies of the different models. The results showed that the realizable K-E and Spalart-Allmaras models exhibited the best agreements with the experimental measurements, with respective average errors of 3.83% and 3.27% under the first-order spatial discretization scheme. It was also observed that the velocity profiles obtained through the K-W models (Standard and BSL), Transition SST and Reynolds Stress models exhibited better correlation with the experimental velocity profiles within the velocity transition region.
An assessment of phase relationships between heat fluxes and ground surface temperatures in a diurnal cycle based on monitoring studies at the Verkhnee Dubrovo meteorological station
Authors: Demezhko D. Yu. , Gornostaeva A. A. , Antipin A. N. 
Published: April 2022

Research subject. The relationships between heat fluxes and ground surface temperatures in a diurnal cycle.Methods. Experimental studies, including actinometric observations and monitoring of surface temperatures and surface heat fluxes for a soil and an artificial layer, were performed at the Verkhnee Dubrovo meteorological station in 2020.Results. The surface heat flux varies synchronously both with the total solar radiation near the earth’s surface and insolation at the upper boundary of the atmosphere. Maximal values of these heat fluxes are observed at the solar noon. The temperature response lags behind them by the time interval determined by the soil’s thermal heterogeneity. In this study, we extend our model of the ground surface temperature response to external radiative forcing, which was developed earlier, to the case of a thermal inhomogeneous half-space. An analytical expression for the simplest case of inhomogeneity (the presence of an upper layer with thermal properties different from those of the underlying rocks) is given and investigated. If the upper layer demonstrates a reduced thermal conductivity, the phase shift between the heat flux and the temperature response decreases in comparison with the value for a homogeneous half-space (45°).Conclusion. The soil studies conducted at the “Verkhnee Dubrovo” meteorological station allowed us to construct a thermophysical section and to verify the previously developed model using experimental data. The errors of theoretical estimates, in general, do not exceed those of the phase estimate at a 10-minute sampling rate. The obtained results can be applied when conducting climatic (including palaeoclimatic) and environmental studies, as well as when investigating heat exchange processes on artificial urban surfaces and their role in the formation of urban heat islands.
La familia como escenario territorial en la transmisión cultural de la paz.
Authors: Rodríguez Cortés Astrid Bibiana , Rodríguez Villamil Hernán , Chávez Plazas Yuri Alicia 
Published: April 2022

El artículo cuestiona desde la relación madre-hijo, si en la cotidianidad vivida como un escenario territorial, las prácticas, los valores y las creencias se orientan a la paz. La investigación realizada con madres en Bogotá y desde un diseño cualitativo muestran prácticas y discursos hegemónicos de regulación, disciplina y cuidado que fortalecen actitudes y prácticas para la convivencia, el respeto y la responsabilidad con los hijos. Las participantes naturalizan su rol y lo enmarcan en la imagen de mujer y madre destinada a cuidar y educar a sus hijos. No reconocen su contribución a la paz, ni dan importancia a los Acuerdos de la Habana.