bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Istirātījiyyah Mahārah al-Istimāʿ fī Taʿlīm al-Lughah al-ʿArabiyyah li al-Nāṭiqīn bi Ghairihā, al-Kitāb al-Asāsiy bi Maʿhad al-Khurṭūm al-Dauliy Namūżajan
Authors: Hasan Nahla 
Published: August 2022

<p><em><em>The article dealt with the strategies of listening skills and their acquisition for non-native Arabic language learners through the introductory book at the Khartoum International Institute for the Arabic language at the intermediate level. The study intends to know the strategies used in implementing the listening skill as one of the primary and practical skills in teaching language and communication with others, and the listening skill has elements that are not based only on receiving audible sounds and understanding the meanings of words and sentences. Instead, it requires using the senses of sight and hearing together besides the mind. To achieve this, the researcher followed the following methodological and procedural steps: The study tool is: the interview and attendance of three lectures for listening lessons at the Khartoum International Institute, and directing interview questions to the two teachers in the second semester of the year 20/2021 AD. The number of learners was between twenty-five to thirty learners from countries: Indonesia, Nigeria, China, Comoros, and others. The study relied on the descriptive approach based on observation, induction, and analysis. It is carried out according to several strategies, including direct and indirect</em>.</em></p><p dir="RTL">تناولت المقالة إستراتيجية مهارة الاستماع وإكسابها لمتعلمي اللُّغة العربية الناطقين بغيرها من خلال الكتاب الأساسي، بمعهد الخرطوم الدولي للغة العربية المستوى المتوسط، بهدف معرفة الإستراتيجية المستخدمة في تنفيذ مهارة الاستماع بكونها من المهارات الأساسية والفاعلة في تعليم اللُّغة والاتصال مع الاَخرين، ولمهارة الاستماع عناصر لا تستند فقط إلى استقبال الصوت المسموع وإدراك معاني الكلمات والجمل؛ بل تتطلب استخدام حاستي البصر والسمع معًا بجانب العقل، من أجل تحقيق ذلك اتبعت الباحثة الخطوات المنهجية والإجرائية الآتية: أداة الدِّراسة هي: المقابلة وحضور ثلاث محاضرات للدروس الاستماع بمعهد الخرطوم الدولي، وتوجيه أسئلة المقابلة للمعلمتين في الفصل الدراسي الثاني للعام 20/2021م، أمّا بالنّسبة للمتعلمين، فقد انحصر عددهم ما بين خمس وعشرين إلى ثلاثين متعلما، من دول: إندونيسيا، ونيجيريا، والصين وجزر القمر، وغيرها، اعتمدت الدِّراسة على المنهج الوصفي القائم على الملاحظة والاستقراء والتحليل، وتوصلت الدِّراسة إلى نتائج من أهمها: أنّ تدرس "مهارة الاستماع" يتم وفق عدّة إستراتيجية منها المباشرة، وغير المباشرة<strong>.</strong><strong></strong></p><p dir="RTL"><strong></strong><em><br /></em></p><p dir="RTL"><strong><br /></strong><strong></strong></p>
K-Means Clustering Algorithm to See the Correlation of Tahfidz Activities with Student’s Learning Outcomes
Authors: Khomarudin Agus Nur , Hidayat Asri 
Published: August 2022

<p>Computer technology is currently used as a tool to support educational activities and assist teachers in quickly, precisely, and accurately processing student data. The Qur'an has been memorized by many students at MAN 1 Bukittinggi as a result of long-running Tahfidz activities, which have also helped them stand out in teaching and learning evaluation meetings held at the end of each semester. In conveying the activities which take place in the field, the Tahfidz teacher has not used real data and certainly will not describe the real state of Tahfidz activity and student memorization. The solution to this problem is applying the Data Mining technique for grouping data of Tahfidz activity and student learning outcomes, in order to discover the correlation between the two and whether there is any effect or not. The data processed in this research is Tahfidz activity data and student learning outcomes data for class XI (eleven) sourced from piles of data, the data used are Tahfidz memorization data, Tahfidz scores, and student grades at MAN 1 Bukittinggi. The data mining development methodology used in this research is Cross-Industry Standart Process for Data Mining<em> </em>(CRIPS-DM)<em>. </em>The results of the research by applying the K-Means Clustering algorithm has produced two clusters. The first cluster shows the characteristic that Tahfidz activity doesn’t have significant effect on student learning outcomes. The second cluster shows the characteristics that Tahfidz activity has a significant effect on student learning outcomes.<em> </em> The data from the clustering of each cluster is then analyzed and the results of the cluster analysis are used by the school as a consideration in evaluating Tahfidz activity and learning outcomes whether it has been effective or not at MAN 1 Bukittinggi.</p>
Politeness Strategies Found in Classroom Interaction Post-Graduate Student
Authors: Helmi Silfia 
Published: August 2022

<p class="abstrak">The science of speech and context is known as pragmatics. Politeness strategy is one of many linguistic concerns covered in this study. There are four categories of politeness in the research on polite discourse that Brown and Levinson pioneered. Being polite seeks to lessen uncomfortable or unwelcome reactions. Culture and politeness can be related through research. The Minangkabau people believe that the use of the "Kato nan ampek” style, which makes one's politeness in speech apparent, can reveal one's politeness. The purpose of this study is to discuss the many types of politeness used in the Postgraduate UNP class. The politeness strategy of Brown and Levinson is the underlying hypothesis. By using data from video zoom meetings for English learning related to teacher and student interactions in the classroom, this research is qualitative and descriptive. Based on the discussion, it is found that they practice all kinds of politeness strategies in leading class for post-graduate students</p><p><em>Pragmatic adalah ilmu tentang ujaran dan konteks. Dalam ilmu ini dibahas beberapa isu dalam berbahasa, salah satunya kesantunan tutur. Didalam kajian tutur kesopanan yang diinisiasi oleh Brwon dan Levinson, memberi empat kategori kesantutan tutur. Kesantunan pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk mengurangi respon yang tidak diinginkan atau ketidaknyamanan. Kajian kesopanan dapat berkorelasi dengan budaya. Kesopanan menurut orang Minangkabau dapat dilihat dari aplikasi “kato nan ampek” dari langgam ini, nampak bahwa kesopanan seseorang dalam berujar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendiskusikan bentuk tutur kesopanan yang ada pada interaksi kelas pada kelas Pasca Sarjana UNP. Teori yang digunakan adalah strategi kesantunan oleh Brown dan Levinson.. Penilitian ini adalah qualitativ descriptif dengan mengambil data dari video zoom meeting pembelajran bahasa Inggris terkait interaksi guru dan murid didalam kelas. Hasil dari penelititan ini menunjukkan empat kategori kesantunan tutur dilakukan oleh dosen kepada mahasiswa pasca sarjana pada interaksi dalam kelas.</em></p>
Electron Tomography and Three-Dimensional Aspects of Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: John Mardinly A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) plays an important role semiconductor process development, defect identification, yield improvement, and root-cause failure analysis. At the same time, however, certain artifacts of specimen preparation and imaging present barriers for linear scaling of TEM techniques. This article assesses these challenges and explains how electron tomography is being used to overcome them.
Advances in Magnetic Current Imaging for Die-Level Fault Isolation
Authors: Woods S.I. , Orozco A. , Knauss L.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Recent improvements in giant magnetoresistance sensors have increased the achievable spatial resolution of magnetic current imaging on packaged devices without a significant compromise in magnetic field sensitivity. Front and backside current imaging examples show the utility of these new sensors for die-level failure analysis.
Impact of radiotherapy delay following biopsy for patients with unresected glioblastoma
Authors: Gao Sarah , Jin Lan , Moliterno Jennifer , Corbin Zachary A. , Bindra Ranjit S. , Contessa Joseph N. , Yu James B. , Park Henry S. 
Published: August 2022

OBJECTIVE
Because of the aggressive nature of glioblastoma, patients with unresected disease are encouraged to begin radiotherapy within approximately 1 month after craniotomy. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between time interval from biopsy to radiotherapy with overall survival in patients with unresected glioblastoma.

METHODS
Patients with unresected glioblastoma diagnosed between 2010 and 2014 who received adjuvant radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy were identified in the National Cancer Database. Demographic and clinical data were compared using chi-square and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling.

RESULTS
Among 3456 patients with unresected glioblastoma, initiation of radiotherapy within 3 weeks of biopsy was associated with a higher hazard of death compared with later initiation of radiotherapy. After excluding patients who received radiotherapy within 3 weeks of biopsy to minimize the effects of confounders associated with short time intervals from biopsy to radiotherapy, the median interval from biopsy to radiotherapy was 32 days (IQR 27–39 days). Overall, 1782 (66.82%) patients started radiotherapy within 5 weeks of biopsy, and 885 (33.18%) patients started radiotherapy beyond 5 weeks of biopsy. On multivariable analysis, there was no significant difference in overall survival between these two groups (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.88–1.50; p = 0.374).

CONCLUSIONS
In patients with unresected glioblastoma, a longer time interval from biopsy to radiotherapy does not appear to be associated with worse overall survival. However, external validation of these findings is necessary given that selection bias is a significant limitation of this study.
Salvage radiosurgery following subtotal resection of vestibular schwannomas: does timing influence tumor control?
Authors: Dhayalan Dhanushan , Perry Avital , Graffeo Christopher S. , Tveiten Øystein Vesterli , Muñoz Casabella Amanda , Pollock Bruce E. , Driscoll Colin L. W. , Carlson Matthew L. , Link Michael J. , Lund-Johansen Morten 
Published: August 2022

OBJECTIVE
The goal of microsurgical resection of vestibular schwannoma (VS) is gross-total resection (GTR) to provide oncological cure. However, a popular strategy is to halt the resection if the surgical team feels the risk of cranial nerve injury is imminent, achieving a maximally safe subtotal resection (STR) instead. The tumor remnant can then be treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) once the patient has recovered from the immediate postoperative period, or it can be followed with serial imaging and treated with SRS in a delayed fashion if residual tumor growth is seen. In this study, the authors evaluated the efficacy of this multimodality approach, particularly the influence of timing and dose of SRS on radiological tumor control, need for salvage treatment, and cranial nerve function.

METHODS
VS patients treated with initial microsurgery and subsequent radiosurgery were retrospectively included from two tertiary treatment centers and dichotomized depending on whether SRS was given upfront (defined as before 12 months) or later. Radiological tumor control was defined as less than 20% tumor volume expansion and oncological tumor control as an absence of salvage treatment. Facial and cochlear nerve functions were assessed after surgery, at the time of SRS, and at last follow-up. Finally, a systematic literature review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines.

RESULTS
A total of 110 VS patients underwent SRS following microsurgical resection, with a mean preradiosurgical tumor volume of 2.2 cm3 (SD 2.5 cm3) and mean post-SRS follow-up time of 5.8 years (SD 4.1 years). The overall radiological tumor control and oncological tumor control were 77.3% and 90.9%, respectively. Thirty-five patients (31.8%) received upfront SRS, while 75 patients (68.2%) were observed for a minimum of 12 months prior to SRS. The timing of SRS did not influence the radiological tumor control (p = 0.869), the oncological tumor control (p = 0.560), or facial nerve (p = 0.413) or cochlear nerve (p = 0.954) function. An escalated marginal dose (> 12 Gy) was associated with greater tumor shrinkage (p = 0.020) and superior radiological tumor control (p = 0.020), but it did not influence the risk of salvage treatment (p = 0.904) or facial (p = 0.351) or cochlear (p = 0.601) nerve deterioration.

CONCLUSIONS
Delayed SRS after close observation of residuals following STR is a safe alternative to upfront SRS regarding tumor control and cranial nerve preservation in selected patients.
Magnetic resonance–guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy restored distinctive resting-state networks in patients with essential tremor
Authors: Kato Sachiko , Maesawa Satoshi , Bagarinao Epifanio , Nakatsubo Daisuke , Tsugawa Takahiko , Mizuno Satomi , Kawabata Kazuya , Tsuboi Takashi , Suzuki Masashi , Shibata Masashi , Takai Sou , Ishizaki Tomotaka , Torii Jun , Mutoh Manabu , Saito Ryuta , Wakabayashi Toshihiko , Katsuno Masahisa , Ozaki Norio , Watanabe Hirohisa , Sobue Gen 
Published: August 2022

OBJECTIVE
Magnetic resonance–guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy ameliorates symptoms in patients with essential tremor (ET). How this treatment affects canonical brain networks has not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to clarify changes of brain networks after MRgFUS thalamotomy in ET patients by analyzing resting-state networks (RSNs).

METHODS
Fifteen patients with ET were included in this study. Left MRgFUS thalamotomy was performed in all cases, and MR images, including resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI), were taken before and after surgery. MR images of 15 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) were also used for analysis. Using rsfMRI data, canonical RSNs were extracted by performing dual regression analysis, and the functional connectivity (FC) within respective networks was compared among pre-MRgFUS patients, post-MRgFUS patients, and HCs. The severity of tremor was evaluated using the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (CRST) score pre- and postoperatively, and its correlation with RSNs was examined.

RESULTS
Preoperatively, ET patients showed a significant decrease in FC in the sensorimotor network (SMN), primary visual network (VN), and visuospatial network (VSN) compared with HCs. The decrease in FC in the SMN correlated with the severity of tremor. After MRgFUS thalamotomy, ET patients still exhibited a significant decrease in FC in a small area of the SMN, but they exhibited an increase in the cerebellar network (CN). In comparison between pre- and post-MRgFUS patients, the FC in the SMN and the VSN significantly increased after treatment. Quantitative evaluation of the FCs in these three groups showed that the SMN and VSN increased postoperatively and demonstrated a trend toward those of HCs.

CONCLUSIONS
The SMN and CN, which are considered to be associated with the cerebello-thalamo-cortical loop, exhibited increased connectivity after MRgFUS thalamotomy. In addition, the FC of the visual network, which declined in ET patients compared with HCs, tended to normalize postoperatively. This could be related to the hypothesis that visual feedback is involved in tremor severity in ET patients. Overall, the analysis of the RSNs by rsfMRI reflected the pathophysiology with the intervention of MRgFUS thalamotomy in ET patients and demonstrated a possibility of a biomarker for successful treatment.
Long noncoding RNA profile of the intracranial artery in patients with moyamoya disease
Authors: Mamiya Takashi , Kanamori Fumiaki , Yokoyama Kinya , Ota Akinobu , Karnan Sivasundaram , Uda Kenji , Araki Yoshio , Maesawa Satoshi , Yoshikawa Kazuhiro , Saito Ryuta 
Published: August 2022

OBJECTIVE
Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare cerebrovascular disease characterized by progressive stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and secondary formation of collateral vessels. Revascularization surgery is performed in patients with MMD to prevent stroke; however, the pathogenesis of MMD remains unknown. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to play a key role in gene regulation and are implicated in various vascular diseases. However, the lncRNA expression profile in MMD lesions has not been investigated. In this study the authors aimed to determine the characteristics of lncRNA expression in MMD lesions.

METHODS
The authors collected microsamples of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) from patients with MMD (n = 21) and patients with control conditions (n = 11) who underwent neurosurgical treatment. Using microarray experiments, the authors compared the profiles of lncRNA expression in the MCAs of the MMD and control patient groups and identified differentially expressed lncRNAs (fold change > 2, q < 0.05). In addition, the neighboring coding genes, whose transcription can be regulated in cis by the identified differentially expressed lncRNAs, were investigated and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was applied to predict associated biological functions.

RESULTS
The authors detected 308 differentially expressed lncRNAs (fold change > 2, q < 0.05), including 306 upregulated and 2 downregulated lncRNAs in the MCA from patients with MMD. Regarding the prediction of biological function, GO analyses with possible coding genes whose transcription was regulated in cis by the identified differentially expressed lncRNAs suggested involvement in the antibacterial humoral response, T-cell receptor signaling pathway, positive regulation of cytokine production, and branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis.

CONCLUSIONS
The profile of lncRNA expression in MMD lesions was different from that in the normal cerebral artery, and differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified. This study provides new insights into the pathophysiology of MMD.
Extra-axial endoscopic third ventriculostomy: preliminary experience with a technique to circumvent conventional endoscopic third ventriculostomy complications
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Sahana Debabrata , Rathore Lavlesh , Jain Amit , Tawari Manish , Singh Deepak , Sahu Rajiv , Madhariya Satya Narayan 
Published: August 2022

OBJECTIVE
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is mostly safe but may have serious complications. Most of the complications are inherent to the procedure’s intra-axial nature. This study aimed to explore an alternative route to overcome inherent issues with conventional ETV. The authors performed supraorbital, subfrontal extra-axial ETV (EAETV) via the lamina terminalis.

METHODS
This prospective study began in October 2021 and included patients with obstructive triventricular hydrocephalus with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or more and a minimum follow-up of 3 months. Patients with multiloculated hydrocephalus and those younger than 1 year of age were excluded. The preoperative parameters etiology, symptoms, Evans’ Index, frontal occipital horn ratio (FOHR), and third ventricle index were recorded. The surgical procedure is described. Postoperative evaluation included clinical (modified Rankin Scale [mRS]) and radiological assessment with CT and cine phase-contrast MRI. Preoperative and postoperative parameters were compared statistically.

RESULTS
Ten patients were included in this study. Six patients had acute hydrocephalus, and 4 had chronic hydrocephalus. After EAETV, all patients showed clinical improvement. An mRS score of 0 or 1 was achieved in 9 patients, but the mRS score remained at 4 in a patient with tectal tuberculoma. There was a significant reduction in Evans’ Index, FOHR, and third ventricle index after EAETV (p < 0.05). The mean percent reduction in Evans’ Index was 20.80% ± 13.89%, the mean percent reduction in FOHR was 20.79% ± 12.98%, and the mean percent reduction in the third ventricle index was 37.45% ± 14.74%. CSF flow voids were seen in all cases. The results of CSF flow quantification parameters were as follows: mean peak velocity 3.82 ± 0.93 cm/sec, mean average velocity 0.10 ± 0.05 cm/sec, mean average flow rate 46.60 ± 28.58 μL/sec, mean forward volume 39.90 ± 23.29 μL, mean reverse volume 34.10 ± 15.98 μL, mean overall flow amplitude 74.00 ± 27.61 μL, and mean stroke volume 37.00 ± 13.80 μL. One patient developed a minor frontal lobe contusion. The frontal air sinus was breached in 5 patients, but none had CSF rhinorrhea. Transient supraorbital hypesthesia was seen in 3 patients. No patient had electrolyte disturbance or change in thirst or fluid intake habits.

CONCLUSIONS
EAETV is a feasible, safe, and effective surgical alternative to conventional ETV.
Asymmetry index in anatomically symmetrized FDG-PET for improved epileptogenic focus detection in pharmacoresistant epilepsy
Authors: Aslam Shameer , Damodaran Natesan , Rajeshkannan Ramiah , Sarma Manjit , Gopinath Siby , Pillai Ashok 
Published: August 2022

OBJECTIVE
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has assumed an essential role in the presurgical evaluation of epileptogenic foci in drug-resistant epilepsy by identifying the hypometabolic cerebral cortex. The authors herein designed a pilot study to test a novel technique of PET asymmetry after anatomical symmetrization coregistered to MRI (PASCOM), utilizing interhemispheric metabolic asymmetry on interictal fluorine 18–labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET to better localize the epileptogenic zone.

METHODS
The authors analyzed interictal FDG-PET scans from 23 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, mean (± SD) age 20.9 ± 13.1 years old, who had an Engel class I postsurgical outcome while followed up for > 12 months. T1-weighted and FLAIR MRI were used to create a patient-specific, structurally symmetrical template. The asymmetry index (AI) image was computed to detect the cerebral region of hypometabolism using different z-score threshold criteria to optimize sensitivity and specificity. The detected regions were compared with the resection cavity on postoperative MRI using predefined anatomical labels. PASCOM was compared with the visual analysis of FDG-PET by a nuclear medicine consultant blinded to other clinical data (VIS) and visual analysis during multidisciplinary team discussion (MDT). The efficacy of each technique was compared based on a performance score (S), sensitivity, specificity, and correct lateralization of epileptogenicity.

RESULTS
The mean S was maximum (1.30 ± 1.23) for AI images when thresholded at z > 4 and retaining the cluster of more than 100 voxels containing the peak AI value (Z4C) with 73.03% sensitivity and 96.43% specificity. The mean S was minimum for VIS (0.27 ± 0.31). The mean sensitivity was maximum for MDT (85.04%) and minimum for Z5C (AI images thresholded at z > 5 and clustered; 59.47%), whereas the mean specificity was maximum for Z5C (97.77%) and minimum for VIS (64.60%). Z3C (AI images thresholded at z > 3 and clustered) and Z4C were able to correctly identify the side of epileptogenicity in all the patients.

CONCLUSIONS
The PASCOM technique with a Z4C threshold had a maximum performance score with good sensitivity and specificity in localizing and lateralizing the epileptogenic zone. The described technique outperformed the conventional visual analysis of FDG-PET and hence warrants further prospective verification.