bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body Condition Score and Its Association with Productive and Reproductive Performance and Health Status in Dairy Cattle: Review Article
Authors: Abdel-Lattif Fallah Hassan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBody condition score is a well pointer of cows energy reserves during the lactation season and can be a good measure of cows that are capable of balance well between milk production and feed intake. From a review of researches, it was found the importance of determining the body condition score in the management of dairy cows, as it is related to milk production, reproductive performance and health status, as the over or excessive and low body condition score has a negative impact on the general performance of dairy cows. Thus, measuring the body condition may be an essential instrument in the management of cows to increase milk production, improve reproductive performance and reduce the incidence of health problems.
Effect of Different Water Quality with and Without Vitamin C on Some Physiological Parameters of Broiler Chickens
Authors: Hussain Safeaa J. , Al-Salhie Khalid C. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate the effect of different water quality with and without vitamin C on some blood parameters and the relative weight of the heart, liver, gizzard, spleen and bursa gland of broiler chickens. A total of 252 one day old, unsexed chicks of broiler chicken (ROSS 308), average body weight 42 g were used in this study. The birds were randomly distributed into seven treatment groups (each group 36 birds), with three replicates per each (12 birds per replicate) based on completely randomized design for 35 days. The first group drank reverse osmosis (R.O) without any addition containing 28.16 total dissolved solids mg.l-1 (TDS), whereas the second, third and fourth groups drank water containing 1849.6, 1452.8 and 1356.8 TDS mg.l-l respectively. The fifth, sixth and seventh group drank water containing 1849.6, 1452.8 and 1356.8 TDS mg.l-1 with 100 mg.l-1 vitamin C respectively. The birds fed ad libitum a starter diet for 21 days and thereafter, on a grower diet. Increasing water TDS resulted in a significant increase in AST and ALT enzymes. On the other hand, increasing water TDS causing a decrease in the total protein and globulin. Addition vitamin C to different water quality causing a significant decrease in AST and ALT enzymes and increase in the total protein and globulin. Different water quality with or without vitamin C had no effect on albumin in serum and relative weight of heart, liver, gizzard and spleen. Increasing water TDS resulted in a significant increase in the relative weight of bursa gland. On the other hand, addition vitamin C to different water quality causing a significant decrease in the relative weight of bursa gland. It can be concluded that an increasing the level total dissolved solids (TDS) in broiler chickens drinking water caused stress for birds. The addition of vitamin C by 100 mg per liter led to a reduction in the stress of birds.
The Correlation Between Plasma Membrane Integrity and Sperm Parameters for the Arrabi Rams Semen
Authors: Neamah Hasanain Jihad 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The study was executed to investigate the different cooling periods (0, 24, and 48 hours) effects on plasma membrane integrity depending on the hypo osmotic swelling test (HOST), spermatozoa motility, acrosome integrity, live sperm, and spermatozoa abnormalities, and correlation among the Host and other rams sperm parameters This study was done at an animal farm in Al-Kut city (southern Baghdad city\ Iraq), from 5th January to 5th February 2021 The semen was collected from four mature Arrabi rams (2-4 years old) by using an artificial vagina to the evaluation of semen characteristics The results exhibited a significant (p≤005) effect of the cooling times of the rams semen parameters, on the other hand, there is a highly significant (P≤001) correlation (positive) among host, acrosome integrity, live sperm, and spermatozoa motility (r = 100, 099, 095) respectively However, the results explained the significant (P≤005) correlation (negative) between host and spermatozoa abnormalities (r = -100) In conclusion, there are a relatively significant effect of the cooling periods and Arrabi ram semen parameters and there is a significant correlation between host and other sperm characteristics during different times of cooling
Use of Ultrasound Treatment to Improve Oil Extraction From Sunflower
Authors: Jamal Alaa Rafea , Kareem AbdulKareem Abdulrazzaq 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The current study aimed to improve the extraction of sunflower oil by exposing the oil to an ultrasonic treatment at a frequency of 20 Hz for different (0,5,10,15)minute, then extracting the oil using hexane. It was noted through the results obtained in the study that there is a significant increase in the extraction rate, it was found that the highest extraction rate was (68.96%) at time (10min) and the lowest was (22.50%) at time (0). The physicochemical properties of sunflower oil were studied, the results showed there was a noticeable improvement in those physicochemical properties of sunflower oil, the density was also studied, the highest percentage was (0.926kg/cm3) at time (15), and the lowest percentage (0.918kg/cm3) at time (0). The highest percentage of viscosity was (65c.p) at time (15) while the lowest viscosity (57.5c.p) recorded at time (0). In the study of refractive index, the results showed the highest refractive index was 1.480 at time (15) and the lowest index was (1.476) at time (0), the results also showed the highest percentage of the acidity was (0.85 mg/koh/g) at time (0) while the lowest acidity reached to (0.635mg/koh/g) at (15). The highest percentage of iodine number was (122.4) at time (0) and the lowest percentage 101.8 at time (15). Similarly, the results showed the highest percentage of peroxide number was (3.53mg/koh/g) at time (0) and the lowest percentage (2.58mg/koh/g) at time (15). The highest percentage of saponification number was (199mg/koh/g) at the time (15) and the lowest percentage (188.5mg/koh/g) at the time (0). The fatty acids of the oil exposed to ultrasound and extracted with the hexane were also studied, and the results showed an improvement in some fatty acids, the highest percentage of palmitic acid reached (5.93%) at time (15) and the lowest (4.90%) at time (0). Similarly, the highest percentage of oleic acid reached (19.07%) at time (15) and the lowest percentage was (18.26%) at time (0), while linoleic acid reached the highest percentage (46.91%) at time (15) and the lowest percentage (45.52%) at time (0), and similarly the highest percentage of stearic acid reached (4.59%) at time (15) and the lowest percentage (3.44%) at time (0), the highest percentage of linolenic acid was (0.58%) at time (15) and the lowest percentage (0.39%) at time (0).
Screening of Oil Sunflower Cultivars Grown in the Iraq Conditions Under Different Levels of Water Stress
Authors: Hatem Sajideen H. , Jabbar Mundher Kh. , Al-Salami Intissar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in the experimental field of the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, during the spring season of 2021, to study the effect of water stress in some traits of growth and yield and yield component in three sunflower cultivars. A factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications was used, first factor was included cultivars of sunflower (C1 : ESHAKI, C2 : AQMAR and C3 : SAKHA), the Second factor was included water stress levels : (I1 : 100%, I2 : 75% and I3 : 50%) from field capacity. The C2 cultivar was excelled in all characteristics at 100, 75 and 50% irrigation level on the other cultivars. The results of C2 cultivar in 50% irrigation did not significantly differ on 75 and 100% irrigation level in all study traits except leaf area.
Investigation the Correlation Between the Pathogenicity and Toxins Produced by Fusarium solani
Authors: Almasoodi Itlal Hakim , Naser Noor Kadum 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this study, 17 isolates of Fusarium solani has been isolated from the different geographic areas in Iraq, all isolates were identical to the species F. solani The results show a strong correlation between pathogenicity and toxins produced by F. solani. The results also showed that there were significant differences between these isolates. Isolate (S2Fs5) was superior in disease severity (98.50,96.10%) while isolate (K6Fs17.) were lower 90.20,88.10 as compared to control treatment 0%. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique for F. solani culture filtrate showed that isolate (S2Fs5) higher production of toxin (2991.7, 3497.9) while isolate (K6FS17.) was lower production of toxin (317.5,211.3). All of the isolates produced different amount of T2 toxin and Deoxynivalenol, the content of the two toxins has been correlated with pathogenicity.
Microwave Energy in Controlling Warehouse Insects (Sitophilus oryzae L) and Determining the Percentage of Killing on the Unit Weight of Wheat Seeds
Authors: Abed Mohammed Saheb , Mihilescu Dan Florin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Sitophilus oryzae L (Coleoptera) is a primary pest of stored grains in many regions of the world. This research paper aims to use non-traditional methods to control some insects on stored grain. The use of insecticides and their side effects on health and the environment, in general, are proven Pest control should take another direction. Wheat samples were taken with different weights of 10,20,40,60,80,100,200 g for three separate packages, and (30) insects of Sitophilus oryzae L were added to each sample and were mixed randomly., 5, 10,15,20,25 ‘30’ seconds to calculate the time on the amount of weight of treated seeds to give the best results weight 10 g, microwave treatment, time of 20 seconds, the killing rate was 100%, and 15 seconds was 90%. Weight 20g Microwave treatment for 25 seconds (100 percent kill rate) and 20 seconds (92.30 percent kill rate) for optimal results. Weight 40g Microwave treatment for 20 seconds (100 percent kill rate) and 15 seconds (76.10 percent kill rate) for optimal results. Microwave 60g for 25 seconds for a 100% kill rate and 20 seconds for an 88 percent kill rate for optimal outcomes. Microwave 80g for 25 seconds for a 100% kill rate and 20 seconds for an 86.60 percent kill rate for optimal outcomes. For optimal results, microwave 100g for 30 seconds for a 100% kill rate and 25 seconds for a 99.80% kill rate. Microwave 200g for 35 seconds for a 100% kill rate and 30 seconds for a 99.60% kill rate for optimal outcomes. From this, we can deduce that the time needed to kill all insects in the sample preparation for testing must be doubled for every 20 g of wheat seeds added.
Evaluation of the in Vitro Efficacy of Capparis spinosa L. Alcoholic Extract in Controlling the Hairy Grain Beetle (khabra) Tragoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera; Dermestidae)
Authors: Abdul Hussain Farah Hadi , Rashid Yousef Dakhil 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis research was carried out to investigate the effects of the alcoholic extract of the leaves and roots ofC. spinosa, at concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 mg/ml on the larvae of the second and fourth instars of the hairy grain beetle (Khabra)T. granarium. The results showed the superiority of the alcoholic extract of the leaves at the concentration of 30 mg/ml in killing the second and fourth larval instars, with mortality rates of 48.3 and 60.0%, respectively. As for the alcoholic extract of the roots, the concentration of 30 mg/ml caused the highest mortality rate in the second and fourth larval instars, with mortality rates of 23.3 and 28.3 %, respectively.
Physiological Response of Genotypes and Sowing Dates in the Growth and Yield of Chenopodium Quinoa Willd
Authors: Mahmood Raam Shaker , AL-Taweel Sudad K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad- Iraq, where the research station is located at latitude 33.2°N and longitude 44.38°E at the agricultural season 2019-2020. The study aimed to investigate the physiological behavior of genotypes and sowing dates in the growth and yield of quinoa in a factorial experiment using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The first factor included two quinoa genotypes; the first one is QW as white seed’s and QR the red seed. On the other hand, the second factor included four sowing dates, which are 1/10, 15/10, 1/11, and 15/11, symbolized by T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The results showed the superiority of the white seeds genotype by giving the highest average leaves number, leaf area, and heads weight was 131.70 leaves. plant-1, 31.90 cm2. plant-1, and 21.68 gm/ head respectively. However, the second sowing date, 15/10, was exceeded by giving the highest plant height, number of branches per plant, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and heads weight, which reached 95.50 cm and 17.79 branches. plant-1 and 28.90 cm2.plant-1, 98.40 SPAD, and 26.26 gm. head-1 respectively. As for the interaction between varieties and sowing dates, the white variety exceeded in the second date by giving the highest dry weight per plant, which amounted to 30.00 gm. plant-1. The study results showed that it is preferred to plant the white variety early in the quinoa plant in Iraq to increase production.
Response of Some Growth Traits of Safflower(Carthamus tinctorius L.) to Spray with Humic Acid Under Levels of Phosphorus Fertilizer
Authors: Laftah Sahar Kalaf , Alabdulla Sundus A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The research was carried out in Agriculture College farm / Basra University – Karmat Ali location, the winter season 2020- 2021, to study the response of Safflower variety Gilla to spray with four concentrations of humic acid (0,6,12,18g L-1) under four levels of Phosphorus fertilizer(0,60,120 kg P h-1). The experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement with three replications using a randomized complete block design. The results showed that 120 kg P h-1 gave of the highest days until 50% flowering, plant height, the total number of main branches and leaves and a diameter of the stem (106.75 days ago, 183.01cm,12.44 branches plant-1, 588.71 leaves plant-1,1.466cm respectively). The maximum number of days to 50% flowering plant height, the number of main branches were superior with a humic acid concentration of 12 g L-1., (109.56 day,180.34cm and 12.70 branches plant-1respectively), while concentration 18 g L-1 gave the highest number of leaves. The interaction of 120 kg P h-1 with 12 g L 1- of humic acid gave the highest number of days from planting to 50% flowering, plant height, the number of main branches.
Effect of Mineral Fertilization and Plant Extracts on Growth of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Mohammed Sundus Jaber , Alabdulla Sundus A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out at Al-Hartiha Research Station of the college of agriculture, university of Basrah, during the winter season 2021-2022 to studying the effect of three levels of mineral fertilization NPK(0, Mineral fertilizer as recommended, 50% of recommended mineral fertilizer), and concentration extracts of licorice and m oringa leaf (0, spraying 50% of licorice extract, spraying 100% of licorice extract, spraying 50% of moringa leaves extract, spraying 100% of moringa leaves extract), on some growth characteristics of wheat. The experiment was applied according to the factorial method, using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications. The results showed that the fertilizer recommendation 100% achieved the highest values of chlorophyll content of the flag leaf, the number of days to 50% flowering, plant height, flag leaf area, and the number of days to maturity (172.70 mg m-2, 102.33 day, 91.87cm, 26.67cm2 and 42.45 day), spraying with100% Licorice extract gave the highest content of chlorophyll, plant height, flag leaf area, and the number of days to 50% flowering and maturity (178.57 mg m-2, 90.22 cm, 26.33 cm and 42.78 day respectively). The interaction was significant in all characteristics, as the fertilizer recommendation spraying with 100% licorice extract achieved the highest chlorophyll content and flag leaf area, and it did not differ from the combination of 50% of the fertilizer recommendation and the concentration of 100% licorice extract in the chlorophyll content the area of the flag leaf and the number of days of to maturity.
Evaluation of Spray Droplets Characteristics Depending on the Configuration of Boomless Nozzle
Authors: Abraheem Sajjad N. , Alheidary Majid H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Using hollow cone nozzles is a common in different spraying processes for controlling the pests. The aim of the study was to evaluate the spray droplet characteristics deposited on the eggplant plants at flowering vegetative growth stage. The study was performed in a Complete Block Random Design (CBRD) with a 3x4 factorial scheme, consisting of three working pressures 2, 3, and 5 bar, and four spray patterns of nozzles with three blocks. For obtaining micro details about spray droplets characteristics, white paper cards were used, which later had their images digitized and analyzed by the ImageJ software. The following values were measured in this study: volume median droplet diameter, spray coverage percentage, and droplet density per centimeter square. Then, the values found were subjected to analysis to show the significance between them. These values were compared by t test at 5% probability level. For each factor, separately, the coefficients of variation were analyzed and then the correlation between these factors was performed. The main results showed that the spray droplet characteristics were affected by both of operating pressure and spray pattern configuration. Higher operating pressure of 5bar produced the smallest median diameter and greatest number of droplets, and spray coverage percentage. Results also showed that the using of a combination spray pattern led to an increase in droplet density thereby coverage percentage into plant canopy in comparison to other pattern configurations.
Effect of Tillage Depth and Lateral Distance of Shallow Plows on the Mean Weight Diameter and the Energy of Soil Fragmentation by Using Locally Manufactured Subsoiler Plow
Authors: Alfaris Murtadha A. A. , Almaliki Salim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The field experiments were carried out in Basrah province, to study the effect of the distance between the shallow plows (0.40, 0.50, 0.60m), and adding wings on the foot of the subsoiler plow, at tillage depth (0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60m) on the Mean Weight Diameter (MWD) and equivalent energy of the soil fragmentation in clay soil. The results showed that the increase in the plowing depth to 0.60m by the subsoiler without wings on the foot and shallow plows gave largest of the MWD (102.28mm). While the increased the lateral distance of the shallow plows to 0.60 m gave MWD (67.13mm). The interaction effect of adding wings and tillage depth led to decrease MWD by 30% when adding wings compared to the no addition treatment. The MWD decreased by more than half with adding wings and shallow plows. The equivalent energy increased by 30.58% when increasing plowing depth from 0.30 to 0.60m compared to 9.09% for the no winged plow. Moreover, the equivalent energy of fragmentation decreased when increases lateral distance of the shallow plows. The equivalent energy increased by 36.29% when increasing the depth of tillage from 0.30 to 0.60m at lateral distance 0.60m compared to 9.09% for the plow without wings.
Computer Model Application for Sorting and Grading Citrus Aurantium Using Image Processing and Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Aljuboury Mina M. , Jebur Hussein A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted in College of Science \ Computer Science Department \ University of Baghdad to compare between automatic sorting and manual sorting, which is more efficient and accurate, as well as the use of artificial intelligence in automated sorting, which included artificial neural network, image processing, study of external characteristics, defects and impurities and physical characteristics; grading and sorting speed, and fruits weigh. the results shown value of impurities and defects. the highest value of the regression is 0.40 and the error-approximation algorithm has recorded the value 06-1 and weight fruits fruit recorded the highest value and was 138.20 g, Grading and sorting speed recorded the highest value and was 1.38 minutes.
Measuring Technical Efficiency and Determining the Factors Affecting the Inefficiency of Wheat Farmers in Iraq (Diyala Governorate as an Applied Model) for the Season 2021
Authors: Mahmood Z. H. , Al-Sammarraie M. H. , Hamaza M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The study aimed to estimate the technical efficiency and the factors affecting the inefficiency of wheat production farms. The Pareto curve was used to determine the importance of the problems facing farmers in the production process ‘the actual and potential production and the number of production losses in the study area were also calculated. A random sample of 100 wheat farmers was taken in Diyala Governorate including five districts The Stochastic Frontier Analysis was estimated using the Maximum Likelihood method. The results indicated that wheat production in Diyala Governorate is affected by the explanatory variables (seeds, compound fertilizers, urea fertilizers, pesticides, mechanical work, and human work). The total elasticity of the productive factors was 0.845, which implies that the farmers carry out their agricultural operations when there is a decreasing return to scale. The value of γ was 84%, which means that about 84% of the variances in inefficiency were due to factors under the control of the farmers. The technical efficiency ranged between (77.41 – 86.91%). The total actual production was 2,3049.955 tons, while the potential production was 2,754.865 tons. Thus, the production loss was 2744.865 tons. It can be concluded that farmers use resources in a different way and that they work in nonhomogeneous conditions. The study recommends following scientific methods in farm management and redistributing the economic resources to ensure the achievement of the same level of production or higher in light of reducing costs
The Economic and Environmental Effects of Recycling Plant Agricultural Wastes in Iraq (Yellow Maize Production Farms in Babil Province - A Case Study)
Authors: Kadhim Zuhal R. , Ali S. H. , Barbaz Dhurgham S. , Alnagar Amer S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Uneconomic behavior or ill-considered disposal of agricultural plant residues is one of the important issues in the environmental problem, because it constitutes a waste of economic resources, serious pollution to the natural environment and a loss of its various components. The main objective of the research is to measure the economic and environmental effects of recycling plant agricultural wastes in maize production farms in Iraq by selecting a random sample that included 150 farmers from the crop growers in Babil province. The estimated results indicated that there is an economic surplus that the farmer can obtain from recycling one ton of crop residue, estimated at about 130 thousand Iraqi dinars, which contributes to increasing the farmer’s income, improving the standard of living, and then increasing the welfare at the level of the study members. The results of the study also showed that the negative environmental return constituted the largest percentage, estimated at 31%, and that there is a shortcoming in preserving the environment of the study area from pollution resulting from the accumulation of wastes and plant residues, due to collecting and storing large quantities of crop residues in the head of the farm, in addition to throwing part of them into the sewage sewers.