bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Bisphenol A migration from microwaveable polycarbonate cups into coffee during microwave heating
Authors: Agarwal Aparna , Gandhi Shivika , Tripathi Abhishek Dutt , Iammarino Marco , Homroy Snigdha 
Published: September 2022

SummaryPolycarbonate (PC) is a polymer containing Bisphenol A (BPA) monomers in its structure. It is frequently used in manufacturing consumer goods such as food storage containers, reusable water bottles, infant feeding bottles, microwave containers and microwaveable cups. Under varying pH and temperature conditions, additives used in the plastic manufacture can leach in trace levels into the food in contact and negatively affect human health over time. Therefore, quantitative determination of BPA in food can be of great significance. The present study analysed the migration of BPA in coffee from different qualities of polycarbonate microwaveable cups under the influence of microwave heating by reversed‐phase ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The amount of BPA detected in samples ranged from undetected to 391.105 ± 0.05 μg kg−1. Results obtained indicate that BPA migration is minimal in good‐quality polycarbonate cups. Poor‐quality cups are accelerated time‐dependent; increased contact duration between polycarbonate and hot contact medium leads to more significant BPA migration. Furthermore, the BPA leaching process is enhanced during microwave heating due to high temperatures reached in a short time.
Development, characterisation and biodegradability of rice straw lignin based sustainable biopolymeric films
Authors: Dudeja Isha , Mankoo Ramandeep Kaur , Singh Arashdeep , Kaur Jupinder 
Published: September 2022

SummaryThe present study involved valorization of rice straw via production of biopolymeric films loaded with lignin and evaluation of their physical, mechanical, structural, antioxidant, antibacterial and biodegradable properties. Lignin (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%) loaded films were prepared by solvent casting method involving successful crosslinking between PVA, citric acid and lignin which was confirmed by ester bond formation at 1710 cm−1 in Fourier transform infrared spectrum. Scanning electron micrographs showed smooth surface in control and wavy surface in lignin film with no cracks. Lignin films possessed thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break in the range 0.127–0.142 mm, 22–31.38 MPa and 11.83–17.63%, respectively. Lightness value of films decreased while yellowness index increased as the level of lignin increased in films. Lignin loaded films showed potential antioxidant activity (51.4–74.6%) and antibacterial efficacy against Pseudomonas (diameter of inhibition zone 4.1 cm), thus suggesting their role in prevention of bacterial food contamination and organoleptic changes in food. The biodegradability tests showed that weight loss experienced by films after burial in soil was above 78.7% which offers a great advantage of these biopolymeric films over non‐biodegradable synthetic plastics, hence, these may be explored further as bioplastics to replace plastic wraps in food packaging.
Black rice flour‐induced changes in gluten conformation in fresh, pre‐fermented and frozen dough
Authors: Feng Wenjuan , Ma Sen , Sun Binghua , Wang Xiaoxi , Wang Fengcheng 
Published: September 2022

SummaryBlack rice flour greatly enriches the nutrition of flour products, and also alleviates the quality deterioration of frozen dough to a certain extent, but the gluten‐influenced mechanism remains unclear. The effects of black rice flour with different particle sizes on protein molecular weight distribution, secondary structure, fluorescence characteristics, thermogravimetric properties, and chemical interaction of the fresh dough (FD), pre‐fermented dough (PD), and thawed dough (TD) were investigated. The addition of black rice flour resulted in the breaking of disulfide bonds in the FD and an increase in the content of total SDS‐extractable protein. However, the depolymerization of large glutenin polymers in the PD and TD of the composite flour system was lower than wheat flour system, especially in the dough with small particle size black rice flour. As the particle size of black rice flour decreased, the intermolecular force of the composite flour dough system is more prominent, of which the hydrophobic interaction force contributes the most considerable value. In addition, TD in the composite flour system has less weight loss than that of wheat flour system. Therefore, adding black rice flour reduced the deterioration of gluten protein, and the small particle size of black rice flour showed advantages.
Digital skills critical for education: Video analysis of students' technology use in Norwegian secondary English classrooms
Authors: Kure Astrid Elisabeth , Brevik Lisbeth M. , Blikstad‐Balas Marte 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundGlobally, digital skills are a crucial aspect of education that schools should develop systematically. Research on digital skills tends to be measured using self‐reports, performance tests or interventions. There is less knowledge about student and teacher uptake of technology in school, making it important to investigate the actual use of technology and digital skills in authentic classroom settings.ObjectivesThis study contributes unique baseline data concerning students' use of technology and digital skills across mandatory English courses in real classroom settings in secondary schools in Norway over time.MethodsThe study adapted a national framework for digital skills into an observation protocol. With it, this study analysed videos from 60 naturally occurring English lessons in 13 English classes at seven lower secondary schools over two school years (grades 9 and 10), following 186 students (aged 13–15) and 10 teachers.Results and ConclusionsStudents used digital skills critical for education in half of the video‐recorded English lessons, with more digital skill use at some schools over time. The main finding across classrooms and school years regards students' use of basic, not advanced, digital skills.TakeawaysAlthough teachers provide opportunities for students to use digital skills in school, more advanced skills are needed. This work calls for continued use of video recordings to provide systematic comparisons of potential shifts in students' digital skills in real English secondary classroom settings over time.
Biomimetic hydroxyapatite paste for molar–incisor hypomineralization: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Butera Andrea , Pascadopoli Maurizio , Pellegrini Matteo , Trapani Benedetto , Gallo Simone , Radu Monica , Scribante Andrea 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the desensitizing and remineralizing effect of a new zinc‐hydroxyapatite‐based paste in sites affected by molar–incisor hypomineralization (MIH), by assessing dental sensitivity, tooth wear, and periodontal indexes.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐five patients with presence of 1 enamel demineralization of permanent molars and incisors in two different quadrants were recruited. After professional dental hygiene, a domiciliary hydroxyapatite‐based paste was assigned and recommended to be applied on 2 MIH teeth in one random quadrant (test group), while the 2 contralateral MIH teeth did not undergo paste application (control group). The following primary outcomes were assessed: Plaque Control Record (PCR), Bleeding Index (BI), MIH Treatment Need Index (MIH‐TNI), and Schiff Air Index (SAI).ResultsNo significant inter‐ and intragroup differences were found for PI and BI, except for both intragroup T0–T1. For MIH‐TNI, significant intergroup differences were detectable in the test group after 9 months of treatment. For SAI values, no significant differences were found in the control group, while in the test group, significant lower values were found after 1 and 3 months since baseline, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceBiomimetic zinc‐hydroxyapatite showed a desensitizing effect when used to treat MIH.
Hormone‐response transcriptional landscapes of wheat seedlings and the development of a JA fluorescent reporter
Authors: Li Xiao‐Ming , Wang Chu‐Yang , Guo Yue‐Ting , Guo Yu‐Xin , Du Han‐Xiao , Niu Ke‐Xin , Yan Yan , Gou (缑金营) Jin‐Ying 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWheat is an essential energy and protein source for humans. Climate change brings daunting challenges to wheat yield through environmental stresses, in which phytohormones play critical roles. Nevertheless, the comprehensive understanding of wheat phytohormone responses remains elusive. Here, we investigated the transcriptome response of wheat seedlings to five phytohormones, cytokinin (6‐BA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA), jasmonate (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). We further selected two JA marker genes and cloned their promoters to drive the expression of 3XEGFP (tandem trimeric enhanced green fluorescent protein) in transgenic lines. The JA fluorescent reporter displayed a fast and stable response to JA treatment as an ideal tool to follow JA dynamics during fungal and cold stresses at a cellular resolution. Overall, this study provided a transcriptional landscape and facilitated generating fluorescent reporters to monitor the dynamics of phytohormones in food crops.
Developmental disorders in school children are related to allergic diseases
Authors: Zaitsu Masafumi , Mizoguchi Tatsuhiro , Morita Shun , Kawasaki Shohei , Iwanaga Akira , Matsuo Muneaki 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundIn children, relationships between developmental disorders such as attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder and allergic diseases remain controversial, because these diseases show age‐ and sex‐related differences. A proper understanding of the relationships between developmental disorders and allergic diseases should improve medical care for both diseases. We confirmed the prevalence of allergic diseases in elementary school‐age children with developmental disorders by grade and sex.MethodsThe subjects were 446 lower grade and 312 upper grade elementary school‐age children who had visited our hospital. The prevalence of allergic diseases among subjects with and without developmental disorders by grade and sex was examined using the diagnostic names on medical records.ResultsThe prevalence of allergic diseases was significantly higher in lower grade boys and girls with developmental disorders than in those without developmental disorders (boys: OR 3.22, 95%; CI 1.49–6.95; girls: OR: 3.87, 95% CI: 1.27–11.82). The prevalence of allergic diseases was significantly higher in higher grade boys with developmental disorders than in those without developmental disorders (OR: 3.46, 95% CI: 1.59–7.53). Multiple logistic regression analysis in lower grades revealed that ADHD correlated with bronchial asthma (adjusted OR: 3.72, 95% CI: 1.42–9.69) and that autism spectrum disorder correlated with atopic dermatitis (adjusted OR: 4.26, 95% CI: 1.36–13.36). Analyses of children in the upper grades showed that ADHD correlated with atopic dermatitis (adjusted OR: 5.06, 95% CI: 1.28–20.05).ConclusionsElementary school‐age children with developmental disorders were more likely to have allergic diseases. The types of allergic diseases related to developmental disorders differed by grade and sex.
Model of severe malaria in young mice suggests unique response of CD4 T cells
Authors: Smith Margaret R. , Gbedande Komi , Johnson Corey M. , Campbell Logan A. , Onjiko Robert S. , Domingo Nadia D. , Opata Michael M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSevere malaria occurs most in young children but is poorly understood due to the absence of a developmentally‐equivalent rodent model to study the pathogenesis of the disease. Though functional and quantitative deficiencies in innate response and a biased T helper 1 (Th1) response are reported in newborn pups, there is little information available about this intermediate stage of the adaptive immune system in murine neonates. To fill this gap in knowledge, we have developed a mouse model of severe malaria in young mice using 15‐day old mice (pups) infected with Plasmodium chabaudi. We observe similar parasite growth pattern in pups and adults, with a 60% mortality and a decrease in the growth rate of the surviving young mice. Using a battery of behavioral assays, we observed neurological symptoms in pups that do not occur in infected wildtype adults. CD4+ T cells were activated and differentiated to an effector T cell (Teff) phenotype in both adult and pups. However, there were relatively fewer and less terminally differentiated pup CD4+ Teff than adult Teff. Interestingly, despite less activation, the pup Teff expressed higher T‐bet than adults' cells. These data suggest that Th1 cells are functional in pups during Plasmodium infection but develop slowly.
A Mechanistic Model for the Predictive Maintenance of Heavy-Duty Centrifugal Fans Operating With Dust-Laden Flows
Authors: Vulpio Alessandro , Oliani Stefano , Suman Alessio , Zanini Nicola , Saccenti Paolo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Heavy-duty centrifugal fans are employed for the transport of dust-laden flows in industrial plants, for cement or steel production, or in energy production of plants and mine ventilation systems. These applications require the disposal of huge amounts of suspended particles, which can lead to a gradual erosion of the machine parts where impacts take place. The wear of the fan components can lead to premature failure of the machine, threatening human safety and reliability of the whole plant. The assessment of the wear severity of the machine, according to the process parameters, can aid the plant owner in scheduling overhaul operations along with the operative life of the machine. Moreover, through a reliable estimation of the wear severity, fan manufacturers can optimize the whole machine design process, from the material selection to the warranty time assessment. This work aims to develop a semi-empirical method capable of estimating the erosion severity of centrifugal fans employed for heavy-duty operations. A mechanistic model which accounts for the erosion on the blade leading edge is proposed. The model is derived by means of an analytical approach and accounts for a number of operating parameters (i.e.,, fan geometry, fan operating point, particle concentration in the flow, fluid properties, and material erosion resistance). A comparison of the theoretical model to the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation results obtained through the use of multiphase particle tracking is also provided to assess the reliability of the present method.
Influence of Elevated Fuel Temperatures on the Spray Characteristics of Gasoline—Ethanol Blends
Authors: Miganakallu Niranjan , Purushothaman Ashwin Karthik , Atkinson William R. , Peters Nathan , Amaral Tadeu Miguel Malago , Leite Antonio Galdino , Yoshino Fernando Jun , Bunce Michael , Ra Youngchul , Naber Jeffrey D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this study, the effect of elevated fuel temperatures on the spray characteristics of gasoline—ethanol blends was studied in an optically accessible constant volume spray and combustion vessel. MAHLE SmartHeat® is a fuel heater located directly upstream of the fuel injector. High speed images of the spray injected from a six-hole gasoline direct injection injector typical of a side-injection engine were captured with shadowgraph imaging technique. Two fuel blends, gasoline with 10% ethanol (E10) and 85% ethanol (E85) were investigated at ambient conditions of 1 bar, 45 °C and 4 bar, 180 °C at an injection pressure of 100 bar. Fuel temperatures were varied from 75 to 250 °C. A comparison of the near nozzle and the global spray characteristics was made for the two fuels in the range of fuel temperatures selected. Results showed that flash boiling leads to two primary effects for the two fuel blends: (i) an appreciable increase in spray angle near the exit of the nozzle followed by (ii) a decrease in spray angle downstream of the nozzle due to the interaction of the plumes and the collapsing of the spray. Furthermore, for both fuel blends, upon flash boiling, entrainment and mixing were reduced downstream of the nozzle because of the collapse of the spray. To reduce this effect, nozzle orientations and geometries should be modified.
A Model and Experimental Validation for a Piston Rings—Squeeze Film Damper: A Step Toward Quantifying Air Ingestion
Authors: Koo Bonjin , San Andrés Luis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rotor-bearing systems often rely on squeeze film dampers (SFDs) to increase the dynamic stability and reduce rotor motion amplitudes while traversing critical speeds. In aircraft engines, to increase the damping capacity within a limited physical space, piston rings (PRs) seal the axial ends of a squeeze film land. However, lubricant still leaks through the slit in the PR abutted ends, and air enters into the film to make a bubbly oil mixture with a much reduced damping capability. This paper presents a volume of fluid (VOF) model for a PR sealed ends SFD facing ambient air (not submerged in lubricant and prone to air entrainment) and delivers predictions benchmarked against experimental results obtained in a dedicated test rig. A lubricant feeds pressure and flows large enough to prevent air ingestion vary with the damper geometry, the lubricant inlet and outlet conditions, and the kinematics of the journal. A parametric study for a typical SFD shows the period-averaged gas volume fraction (GVF) increases as the journal squeeze film velocity (vs) increases and as the film clearance decreases. Most importantly, the location of the PR slit relative to the feedhole affects the amount of air drawn into the film. When the PR slit faces a feedhole, the film land is mostly filled with a pure lubricant. The GVF increases as the arc distance from the PR slit to the feedhole increases. The physical model, anchored by the test data, effectively addresses a fundamental challenge in SFD design and operation; namely, quantifying the amount of air ingested and its effect on the damper forced performance.
Influence of Geometric Parameters for a 100 kW Inward Flow Radial Supercritical CO2 Turbine
Authors: Hoque Syed J. , Kumar Pramod , Gopi Pramod Chandra 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Highly compact and efficient design makes inward flow radial (IFR) turbine a preferred choice for kilowatt scale supercritical CO2 (sCO2) power blocks. The influence of geometric design parameters on sCO2 turbine performance differs from gas turbines because of their small size, high rotational speeds, and lower viscous losses. The paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study for a 100 kW IFR turbine to arrive at optimal geometric design parameters—axial length, outlet-to-inlet radius ratio, number of rotor blades, and velocity ratio, and understand their influence on the turbine's performance. The results are compared with well-established gas turbine correlations in the specific speed range of 0.2 to 0.8 to understand the implications on sCO2 IFR turbines. The analysis shows significant variations in the optimal values of design parameters when compared with gas turbines. It is found that sCO2 turbines require fewer blades and higher velocity ratios for optimal performance. The maximum turbine efficiency (∼82%) is achieved at a lower specific speed of ∼0.4 compared to a gas turbine with specific speed varying between 0.55 and 0.65. Additionally, higher negative incidence angles in the range of −50 deg to −55 deg are required at high specific speeds to counter the Coriolis effect in the rotor passage. The paper presents the variation of stator, rotor, and exit kinetic energy losses with specific speeds. The cumulative losses are found to be minimum at the specific speed of ∼0.4.
Unit-Based Design of Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers for LPBF Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Liang Xuan , White Lisha , Cagan Jonathan , Rollett Anthony D. , Zhang Yongjie Jessica 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The structural design and additive manufacturing (AM) of cross-flow heat exchangers (HXs) are studied. A unit-based design framework is proposed to optimize the channel configuration in order to improve the heat exchange performance (HXP) and meanwhile control the pressure drop (PD) between the fluid inlet and outlet. A gradient-based optimization methodology is employed to drive the design process. Both shape and topology changes are observed during the channel configuration evolution. Moreover, AM printability evaluation is considered and some re-design work is proposed to improve the printability of the designs with respect to the metal laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. For an optimized structure from the unit-based design, corner rounding operation is adopted first, specifically to avoid sharp features. Then the building process of the entire HX containing top, bottom caps, side walls, and the optimized thin-walled channels is simulated, and residual deformation is predicted through sequential layer-by-layer analysis. Based on the residual deformation profile, geometrical compensation is implemented to reduce geometrical inaccuracy of the printed HX. In addition, build orientation selection is also studied to avoid overhang issues in some specific unit-based design results. Finally, a mature design scheme for the cross-flow HX can be achieved as the solution that leads to largely improved HXP (e.g., nearly 200% increase), well controlled PD, and enhanced printability with respect to the LPBF AM process.
Realization of a Gear-Spring Balancer With Variable Payloads and Its Application to Serial Robots
Authors: Nguyen Vu Linh 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a method for realizing a gear-spring balancer (GSB) that can cope with variable payloads and its application to serial robots. The GSB is constructed with a three-gear train articulating a nonzero-free-length spring to a rotating link with a mass to be statically balanced. In the proposed method, the parameters of the GSB are derived from solving the identity problem of perfect static balancing. The significance of this method is that it enables the GSB to handle variable payloads via energy-free adjustment and allows the selection of spring stiffness. The effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated through a numerical example and experimental tests. The analytical results showed that the GSB theoretically achieved perfect static balancing even when the payload varied. The peak actuator torque of the GSB was practically reduced by more than 90% with different payloads. In this work, the application of the GSB to serial robots is described to underline the significance of the payload variability of the GSB in pick-and-place operations. A theoretical model illustrated that the peak actuator torques of a serial robot were reduced by an average of 93.4% during operation.