bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the origin of magnetic fields in stars – II. The effect of numerical resolution
Authors: Wurster James , Bate Matthew R , Price Daniel J , Bonnell Ian A 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Are the kG-strength magnetic fields observed in young stars a fossil field left over from their formation or are they generated by a dynamo? Our previous numerical study concluded that magnetic fields must originate by a dynamo process. Here, we continue that investigation by performing even higher numerical resolution calculations of the gravitational collapse of a 1 M⊙ rotating, magnetized molecular cloud core through the first and second collapse phases until stellar densities are reached. Each model includes Ohmic resistivity, ambipolar diffusion, and the Hall effect. We test six numerical resolutions, using between 105 and 3 × 107 particles to model the cloud. At all but the lowest resolutions, magnetic walls form in the outer parts of the first hydrostatic core, with the maximum magnetic field strength located within the wall rather than at the centre of the core. At high resolution, this magnetic wall is disrupted by the Hall effect, producing a magnetic field with a spiral-shaped distribution of intensity. As the second collapse occurs, this field is dragged inward and grows in strength, with the maximum field strength increasing with resolution. As the second core forms, the maximum field strength exceeds 1 kG in our highest resolution simulations, and the stellar core field strength exceeds this threshold at the highest resolution. Our resolution study suggests that kG-strength magnetic fields may be implanted in low-mass stars during their formation, and may persist over long time-scales given that the diffusion time-scale for the magnetic field exceeds the age of the Universe.
Cosmological forecasts on thermal axions, relic neutrinos and light elements
Authors: Giaré William , Renzi Fabrizio , Melchiorri Alessandro , Mena Olga , Valentino Eleonora Di 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
One of the targets of future Cosmic Microwave Background and Baryon Acoustic Oscillation measurements is to improve the current accuracy in the neutrino sector and reach a much better sensitivity on extra dark radiation in the Early Universe. In this paper we study how these improvements can be translated into constraining power for well motivated extensions of the Standard Model of elementary particles that involve axions thermalized before the QCD phase transition by scatterings with gluons. Assuming a fiducial ΛCDM cosmological model, we simulate future data for CMB-S4-like and DESI-like surveys and analyze a mixed scenario of axion and neutrino hot dark matter. We further account also for the effects of these QCD axions on the light element abundances predicted by Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. The most constraining forecasted limits on the hot relic masses are ma ≲ 0.92 eV and ∑mν ≲ 0.12 eV at 95%CL, showing that future cosmic observations can substantially improve the current bounds, supporting multi-messenger analyses of axion, neutrino and primordial light element properties.
Nuclear export restricts Gdown1 to a mitotic function
Authors: Ball Christopher B , Parida Mrutyunjaya , Santana Juan F , Spector Benjamin M , Suarez Gustavo A , Price David H 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Approximately half of purified mammalian RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is associated with a tightly interacting sub-stoichiometric subunit, Gdown1. Previous studies have established that Gdown1 inhibits transcription initiation through competitive interactions with general transcription factors and blocks the Pol II termination activity of transcription termination factor 2 (TTF2). However, the biological functions of Gdown1 remain poorly understood. Here, we utilized genetic, microscopic, and multi-omics approaches to functionally characterize Gdown1 in three human cell lines. Acute depletion of Gdown1 caused minimal direct effects on transcription. We show that Gdown1 resides predominantly in the cytoplasm of interphase cells, shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus, and is regulated by nuclear export. Gdown1 enters the nucleus at the onset of mitosis. Consistently, genetic ablation of Gdown1 is associated with partial de-repression of mitotic transcription, and Gdown1 KO cells present with evidence of aberrant mitoses coupled to p53 pathway activation. Evidence is presented demonstrating that Gdown1 modulates the combined functions of purified productive elongation factors PAF1C, RTF1, SPT6, DSIF and P-TEFb in vitro. Collectively, our findings support a model wherein the Pol II-regulatory function of Gdown1 occurs during mitosis and is required for genome integrity.
Transcription factor Zfp276 drives oligodendroglial differentiation and myelination by switching off the progenitor cell program
Authors: Aberle Tim , Piefke Sandra , Hillgärtner Simone , Tamm Ernst R , Wegner Michael , Küspert Melanie 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In oligodendrocytes of the vertebrate central nervous system a complex network of transcriptional regulators is required to ensure correct and timely myelination of neuronal axons. Here we identify Zfp276, the only mammalian ZAD-domain containing zinc finger protein, as a transcriptional regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and central myelination downstream of Sox10. In the central nervous system, Zfp276 is exclusively expressed in mature oligodendrocytes. Oligodendroglial deletion of Zfp276 led to strongly reduced expression of myelin genes in the early postnatal mouse spinal cord. Retroviral overexpression of Zfp276 in cultured oligodendrocyte precursor cells induced precocious expression of maturation markers and myelin genes, further supporting its role in oligodendroglial differentiation. On the molecular level, Zfp276 directly binds to and represses Sox10-dependent gene regulatory regions of immaturity factors and functionally interacts with the transcriptional repressor Zeb2 to enable fast transition of oligodendrocytes to the myelinating stage.
Low guanine content and biased nucleotide distribution in vertebrate mtDNA can cause overestimation of non-CpG methylation
Authors: Okada Takashi , Sun Xin , McIlfatrick Stephen , St. John Justin C 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) methylation in vertebrates has been hotly debated for over 40 years. Most contrasting results have been reported following bisulfite sequencing (BS-seq) analyses. We addressed whether BS-seq experimental and analysis conditions influenced the estimation of the levels of methylation in specific mtDNA sequences. We found false positive non-CpG methylation in the CHH context (fpCHH) using unmethylated Sus scrofa mtDNA BS-seq data. fpCHH methylation was detected on the top/plus strand of mtDNA within low guanine content regions. These top/plus strand sequences of fpCHH regions would become extremely AT-rich sequences after BS-conversion, whilst bottom/minus strand sequences remained almost unchanged. These unique sequences caused BS-seq aligners to falsely assign the origin of each strand in fpCHH regions, resulting in false methylation calls. fpCHH methylation detection was enhanced by short sequence reads, short library inserts, skewed top/bottom read ratios and non-directional read mapping modes. We confirmed no detectable CHH methylation in fpCHH regions by BS-amplicon sequencing. The fpCHH peaks were located in the D-loop, ATP6, ND2, ND4L, ND5 and ND6 regions and identified in our S. scrofa ovary and oocyte data and human BS-seq data sets. We conclude that non-CpG methylation could potentially be overestimated in specific sequence regions by BS-seq analysis.
Short-term outcomes associated with temozolomide or PCV chemotherapy for 1p/19q-codeleted WHO grade 3 oligodendrogliomas: A national evaluation
Authors: Lamba Nayan , McAvoy Malia , Kavouridis Vasileios K , Smith Timothy R , Touat Mehdi , Reardon David A , Iorgulescu J Bryan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
The optimal chemotherapy regimen between temozolomide and procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine (PCV) remains uncertain for WHO grade 3 oligodendroglioma (Olig3) patients. We therefore investigated this question using national data.

Methods
Patients diagnosed with radiotherapy-treated 1p/19q-codeleted Olig3 between 2010 and 2018 were identified from the National Cancer Database. The overall survival (OS) associated with first-line single-agent temozolomide vs multi-agent PCV was estimated by Kaplan-Meier techniques and evaluated by multivariable Cox regression.

Results
One thousand five hundred ninety-six radiotherapy-treated 1p/19q-codeleted Olig3 patients were identified: 88.6% (n = 1414) treated with temozolomide and 11.4% (n = 182) with PCV (from 5.4% in 2010 to 12.0% in 2018) in the first-line setting. The median follow-up was 35.5 months (interquartile range [IQR] 20.7-60.6 months) with 63.3% of patients alive at the time of analysis. There was a significant difference in unadjusted OS between temozolomide (5-year OS 58.9%, 95%CI: 55.6-62.0) and PCV (5-year OS 65.1%, 95%CI: 54.8-73.5; P = .04). However, a significant OS difference between temozolomide and PCV was not observed in the Cox regression analysis adjusted by age and extent of resection (PCV vs temozolomide HR 0.81, 95%CI: 0.59-1.11, P = .18). PCV was more frequently used for younger Olig3s but otherwise was not associated with patient’s insurance status or care setting.

Conclusions
In a national analysis of Olig3s, first-line PCV chemotherapy was associated with a slightly improved unadjusted short-term OS compared to temozolomide; but not following adjustment by patient age and extent of resection. There has been an increase in PCV utilization since 2010. These findings provide preliminary data while we await the definitive results from the CODEL trial.
Crucial control measures to contain China's first Delta variant outbreak
Authors: Luo Lei , Yang Zifeng , Liang Jingyi , Ma Yu , Wang Hui , Hon Chitin , Jiang Mei , Lin Zhengshi , Guan Wenda , Mai Zhitong , Li Yongming , Mai Kailin , Zeng Zhiqi , Tu Chuanmeizi , Song Jian , Liu Bin , Liu Yong , He Jianfeng , Li Huiyuan , Li Bosheng , Dong Hang , Miao Yutian , Fan Shujun , Fan Lirui , Liang Xingyi , Li Ke , Chen Chun , Deng Huihong , Yang Zhicong , Zhong Nanshan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant flared up in late May in Guangzhou, China. Transmission characteristics of Delta variant were analysed for 153 confirmed cases and two complete transmission chains with seven generations were fully presented. A rapid transmission occurred in five generations within 10 days. The basic reproduction number (R0) was 3.60 (95% confidence interval: 2.50–5.30). After redefining the concept of close contact, the proportion of confirmed cases discovered from close contacts increased from 43% to 100%. With the usage of a yellow health code, the potential exposed individuals were self-motivated to take a nucleic acid test and regained public access with a negative testing result. Facing the massive requirement of screening, novel facilities like makeshift inflatable laboratories were promptly set up as a vital supplement and 17 cases were found, with 1 pre-symptomatic. The dynamic adjustment of these three interventions resulted in the decline of Rt from 5.00 to 1.00 within 9 days. By breaking the transmission chain and eliminating the transmission source through extending the scope of the close-contact tracing, health-code usage and mass testing, the Guangzhou Delta epidemic was effectively contained.
Advanced HIV Infection in Treatment-Naïve Individuals: Effectiveness and Persistence of Recommended 3-Drug Regimens
Authors: Mounzer Karam , Brunet Laurence , Fusco Jennifer S , Mcnicholl Ian R , Diaz Cuervo Helena , Sension Michael , Mccurdy Lewis , Fusco Gregory P 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundApproximately 20% of newly diagnosed people with HIV (PWH) in the United States have advanced HIV infection, yet the literature on current antiretroviral therapy (ART) options is limited. The discontinuation/modification and effectiveness of common regimens were compared among ART-naïve people with advanced HIV infection (CD4 cell count &lt;200 cells/μL).MethodsART-naïve adults with advanced HIV infection initiating bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF) or a boosted darunavir (bDRV)-, dolutegravir (DTG)-, or elvitegravir/cobicistat (EVG/c)-based 3-drug regimen between January 1, 2018, and July 31, 2019, in the OPERA cohort were included. The association between regimen and discontinuation or viral suppression (&lt;50 or &lt;200 copies/mL) was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models with inverse probability of treatment weights.ResultsOverall, 961 PWH were included (416 B/F/TAF, 106 bDRV, 271 DTG, 168 EVG/c); 70% achieved a CD4 cell count ≥200 cells/μL over a 16-month median follow-up. All regimens were associated with a statistically higher likelihood of discontinuation than B/F/TAF (bDRV: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.65; 95% CI, 1.75–4.02; DTG: aHR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.75–3.35; EVG/c: aHR, 3.52; 95% CI, 2.44–5.07). Compared with B/F/TAF, bDRV initiators were statistically less likely to suppress to &lt;50 copies/mL (aHR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52–0.99) and &lt;200 copies/mL (aHR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.43–0.70); no statistically significant difference was detected with DTG or EVG/c.ConclusionsAmong people with advanced HIV infection, those initiating B/F/TAF were less likely to discontinue/modify their regimen than those on any other regimen, and more likely to achieve viral suppression compared with those on bDRV but not compared with those on other integrase inhibitors.
Cardiotoxicity from Capecitabine Chemotherapy: Prospective Study of Incidence at Rest and During Physical Exercise
Authors: Lestuzzi Chiara , Stolfo Davide , De Paoli Antonino , Banzato Alberto , Buonadonna Angela , Bidoli Ettore , Tartuferi Lucia , Viel Elda , De Angelis Giulia , Lonardi Sara , Innocente Roberto , Berretta Massimiliano , Bergamo Francesca , Guglielmi Alessandra , Sinagra Gianfranco , Herrmann Joerg 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundPhysical activity may increase the risk of cardiotoxicity (myocardial ischemia, major arrhythmias) of 5-Fluorouracil, but this risk has never been investigated for its prodrug capecitabine.Patients and MethodsOne hundred and ninety-two consecutive patients undergoing capecitabine chemotherapy from December 1, 2010 through July 31, 2016 were prospectively evaluated. The baseline evaluation included electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography (2DE); a follow-up evaluation, including ECG and exercise stress testing (2DE in case of ECG abnormalities), was done after ≥10 days of treatment. Cardiotoxicity was suspected from ischemic ECG changes, new kinetic abnormalities at 2DE, Lown classification ≥2 ventricular arrhythmia, symptomatic arrhythmias, or positive stress test, and confirmed by a negative stress test after capecitabine washout.ResultsCardiotoxicity was diagnosed in 32 patients (16.7%): six at rest and 26 during exercise. All 32 patients had ECG abnormalities: ST-segment changes (24 patients), negative T-waves (2) and/or arrhythmias: ventricular arrhythmias (14 cases), supraventricular tachycardia (2), complete heart block (1). Eight patients had typical symptoms, 6 had atypical symptoms, 1 had syncope, 17 (53%) were asymptomatic. Cardiotoxicity was more common in patients with atypical symptoms during daily life (OR = 15.7) and in those on a therapeutic schedule of 5 days/week (OR = 9.44).ConclusionCapecitabine cardiotoxicity is frequent, and often elicited by physical effort. Oncologists, cardiologists, and general practitioners should be aware of this risk. Active cardiotoxicity surveillance with ECG (and echocardiogram and/or stress testing in suspected cases) during therapy is recommended.Clinical Trials registration numberCRO-2010-17.
The Gender Gap in Self-Promotion
Authors: Exley Christine L , Kessler Judd B 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We run a series of experiments involving over 4,000 online participants and over 10,000 school-aged youth. When individuals are asked to subjectively describe their performance on a male-typed task relating to math and science, we find a large gender gap in self-evaluations. This gap arises when self-evaluations are provided to potential employers, and thus measure self-promotion, and when self-evaluations are not driven by incentives to promote. The gender gap in self-evaluations proves to be persistent and arises as early as the sixth grade. No gender gap arises if individuals are asked about their performance on a more female-typed task.
CHARACTERISATION OF RADIOACTIVE CAESIUM IN SEDIMENTS AT THE NOGAWA RIVER, JAPAN
Authors: Inose Satoshi , Nanri Yusuke , Saito Rintaro , Matsuda Wataru , Honda Takayuki , Koike Yuya 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident that occurred in March 2011 resulted in the release of radioactive caesium into the environment. The radioactive caesium has been detected in the Tama River watershed. Previous investigations have shown that the concentration of radioactive caesium in sediment was relatively high in the Nogawa River. In this study, the relationship between the concentration of radioactive caesium in the sediment and the sediment characteristics was investigated. We found that 137Cs concentration in the tributary sediment has difficulty migrating downstream, while exhibiting a strong correlation with the amount of organic matter and a correlation with the clay, silt layer. Based on the results, we inferred that 137Cs is deposited together with the organic matter and clay, silt layer in the sediment and migrates at a slower pace than that in the mainstem.
The Use of Person-centered Language in Medical Research Articles Focusing on Hearing Loss or Deafness
Authors: Nicks Savannah , Johnson Austin L. , Traxler Brett , Bush Matthew L. , Brame Lacy , Hamilton Tom , Hartwell Micah 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Hearing loss represents one of the most common disabilities worldwide. Despite its prevalence, there is a degree of stigmatization within the public’s perception of, or attitude toward, individuals diagnosed with hearing loss or deafness. This stigmatization is propagated by the way hearing loss is referenced, especially in writing. Although the medical community is familiar with hearing loss, medical research is not consistently compliant with nonstigmatizing terminology, like person-centered language (PCL). This study aims to quantify the use of PCL in medical research related to hearing loss.

Methods:
A cross-sectional analysis of articles related to hearing loss was performed using PubMed as the primary search engine. The search encompassed articles from January 1, 2016, to November 17, 2020. Journals had to have at least 20 search returns to be included in this study. The primary search resulted in 2392 articles from 31 journals. The sample was then randomized and the first 500 articles were chosen for data extraction. Article screening was performed systematically. Each article was evaluated for predetermined non-PCL terminology to determine adherence to the American Medical Association Manual of Style (AMAMS) guidelines. Articles were included if they involved research with human participants and were available in English. Commentaries and editorials were excluded.

Results:
Four hundred eighty-two articles were included in this study. Results from this study indicate that 326 articles were not adherent to AMAMS guidelines for PCL (326/482; 68%). Emotional language (i.e., burden, suffer, afflicted) was employed to reference hearing loss in 114 articles (114/482; 24%). Non-PCL adherent labels (i.e., impaired and handicapped) were identified in 46% (221/482) of articles related to hearing loss or deafness. Sixty-seven articles (67/482; 14%) used person-first language in reference to the word “deaf” and 15 articles (15/482; 3%) used “deaf” as a label.

Conclusions:
Based on the findings from this cross-sectional analysis, the majority of medical research articles that address hearing loss contain terminology that does not conform to PCL guidelines, as established by AMAMS. Many respected organizations, like the American Medical Association, have encouraged the use of PCL in interactions between patient and medical provider. This encompasses communication in person and in writing. This recommendation stems from the understood role that language plays in how we build impressions of others, especially in a medical context. Implementing PCL to destigmatize language used in reference to deafness or hearing loss is essential to increase advocacy and protect the autonomy of these individuals.
More Than Words: the Relative Roles of Prosody and Semantics in the Perception of Emotions in Spoken Language by Postlingual Cochlear Implant Users
Authors: Taitelbaum-Swead Riki , Icht Michal , Ben-David Boaz M. 
Published: January 2022

Objectives:
The processing of emotional speech calls for the perception and integration of semantic and prosodic cues. Although cochlear implants allow for significant auditory improvements, they are limited in the transmission of spectro-temporal fine-structure information that may not support the processing of voice pitch cues. The goal of the current study is to compare the performance of postlingual cochlear implant (CI) users and a matched control group on perception, selective attention, and integration of emotional semantics and prosody.

Design:
Fifteen CI users and 15 normal hearing (NH) peers (age range, 18–65 years) 1istened to spoken sentences composed of different combinations of four discrete emotions (anger, happiness, sadness, and neutrality) presented in prosodic and semantic channels—T-RES: Test for Rating Emotions in Speech. In three separate tasks, listeners were asked to attend to the sentence as a whole, thus integrating both speech channels (integration), or to focus on one channel only (rating of target emotion) and ignore the other (selective attention). Their task was to rate how much they agreed that the sentence conveyed each of the predefined emotions. In addition, all participants performed standard tests of speech perception.

Results:
When asked to focus on one channel, semantics or prosody, both groups rated emotions similarly with comparable levels of selective attention. When the task was called for channel integration, group differences were found. CI users appeared to use semantic emotional information more than did their NH peers. CI users assigned higher ratings than did their NH peers to sentences that did not present the target emotion, indicating some degree of confusion. In addition, for CI users, individual differences in speech comprehension over the phone and identification of intonation were significantly related to emotional semantic and prosodic ratings, respectively.

Conclusions:
CI users and NH controls did not differ in perception of prosodic and semantic emotions and in auditory selective attention. However, when the task called for integration of prosody and semantics, CI users overused the semantic information (as compared with NH). We suggest that as CI users adopt diverse cue weighting strategies with device experience, their weighting of prosody and semantics differs from those used by NH. Finally, CI users may benefit from rehabilitation strategies that strengthen perception of prosodic information to better understand emotional speech.