bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of non‐pharmacologic prevention on delirium in critically ill patients: A network meta‐analysis
Authors: Matsuura Yutaka , Ohno Yuko , Toyoshima Miki , Ueno Takayoshi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundDelirium is a common complication among patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). It is important to prevent the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients.AimThis review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of non‐pharmacological interventions and determine what combination of these is effective in preventing delirium among Intensive Care Unit patients.Study DesignA systematic review and meta‐analysis. This review follows the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta Analysis statements for Network Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA‐NMA). Data sources included the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature., MEDLINE, and Cochrane library databases. The integrated data were investigated with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI), using the random‐effects Mantel–Haenszel model. Data were considered significant when p < 0.05. Furthermore, to reveal what combination of care is effective, we performed a network meta‐analysis estimated OR, 95% CI.ResultsWe identified three randomized controlled trials and eight controlled before‐after trials (11 in total, with 2549 participants). The pooled data from 11 trials of multicomponent intervention had a significant effect on delirium prevention (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.44–0.76, p < 0.001). As a result of network meta‐analysis, two bundles were effective compared to the control group in reducing the incidence of delirium: a) the combination of sleep promotion (SP), cognitive stimulation (CS), early mobilization (EM), pain control (PC), and assessment (AS) (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.35–0.64, p < 0.002), and b) the combination of SP and CS (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.28–0.75, p < 0.001).ConclusionThis study revealed that non‐pharmacological interventions, particularly multicomponent interventions, helped to prevent delirium in critically ill patients. In the network meta‐analysis, the most effective care combination for reducing incidence of delirium was found to be multicomponent intervention, which comprises SP‐CS‐EM‐PC‐AS, and SP‐CS.Relevance to Clinical PracticeThese findings reveal an efficient combination of multicomponent interventions for preventing delirium, which may be a very important prerequisite in planning care programs in the future.
Improved pathogen and stress tolerance in tomato mutants of SET domain histone 3 lysine methyltransferases
Authors: Bvindi Carol , Lee Sanghun , Tang Liang , Mickelbart Michael V. , Li Ying , Mengiste Tesfaye 
Published: May 2022

Summary

Histone lysine methylations (HLMs) are implicated in control of gene expression in different eukaryotes. However, the role of HLMs in regulating desirable crop traits and the enzymes involved in these modifications are poorly understood.

We studied the functions of tomato histone H3 lysine methyltransferases SET Domain Group 33 (SDG33) and SDG34 in biotic and abiotic stress responses. SDG33 and SDG34 gene edited mutants were altered in H3K36 and H3K4 methylations, and expression of genes involved in diverse processes and responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli.

The double but not the single mutants show resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Interestingly, single mutants were tolerant to drought and the double mutant showed superior tolerance and plant growth consistent with independent and additive functions. Mutants maintained higher water status during drought and improved recovery and survival after lapse of drought.

Notably, diminution of H3K4 and H3K36 trimethylation and expression of negative regulators in challenged plants contributes to stress tolerance of the mutants. Mutations in SDG33 and SDG34 are likely to remove predisposition to biotic and abiotic stress by disrupting permissive transcriptional context promoting expression of negative regulatory factors. These allows improvement of stress and pathogen tolerance, without growth trade‐offs, through modification of histone epigenetic marks.
Divergence of hydraulic traits among tropical forest trees across topographic and vertical environment gradients in Borneo
Authors: Bittencourt Paulo Roberto de Lima , Bartholomew David C. , Banin Lindsay F. , Bin Suis Mohamed Aminur Faiz , Nilus Reuben , Burslem David F. R. P. , Rowland Lucy 
Published: May 2022

Summary

Fine‐scale topographic–edaphic gradients are common in tropical forests and drive species spatial turnover and marked changes in forest structure and function. We evaluate how hydraulic traits of tropical tree species relate to vertical and horizontal spatial niche specialization along such a gradient.

Along a topographic–edaphic gradient with uniform climate in Borneo, we measured six key hydraulic traits in 156 individuals of differing heights in 13 species of Dipterocarpaceae. We investigated how hydraulic traits relate to habitat, tree height and their interaction on this gradient.

Embolism resistance increased in trees on sandy soils but did not vary with tree height. By contrast, water transport capacity increased on sandier soils and with increasing tree height. Habitat and height only interact for hydraulic efficiency, with slope for height changing from positive to negative from the clay‐rich to the sandier soil. Habitat type influenced trait–trait relationships for all traits except wood density.

Our data reveal that variation in the hydraulic traits of dipterocarps is driven by a combination of topographic–edaphic conditions, tree height and taxonomic identity. Our work indicates that hydraulic traits play a significant role in shaping forest structure across topographic–edaphic and vertical gradients and may contribute to niche specialization among dipterocarp species.
Routes to roots: direct evidence of water transport by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to host plants
Authors: Kakouridis Anne , Hagen John A. , Kan Megan P. , Mambelli Stefania , Feldman Lewis J. , Herman Donald J. , Weber Peter K. , Pett‐Ridge Jennifer , Firestone Mary K. 
Published: May 2022

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can help mitigate plant responses to water stress, but it is unclear whether AMF do so by indirect mechanisms, direct water transport to roots, or a combination of the two. Here, we investigated if and how the AMF Rhizophagus intraradices transported water to the host plant Avena barbata, wild oat.

We used two‐compartment microcosms, isotopically labeled water, and a fluorescent dye to directly track and quantify water transport by AMF across an air gap to host plants.

Plants grown with AMF that had access to a physically separated compartment containing 18O‐labeled water transpired almost twice as much as plants with AMF excluded from that compartment. Using an isotopic mixing model, we estimated that water transported by AMF across the air gap accounted for 34.6% of the water transpired by host plants. In addition, a fluorescent dye indicated that hyphae were able to transport some water via an extracytoplasmic pathway.

Our study provides direct evidence that AMF can act as extensions of the root system along the soil–plant–air continuum of water movement, with plant transpiration driving water flow along hyphae outside of the hyphal cell membrane.
Untying Gordian knots: unraveling reticulate polyploid plant evolution by genomic data using the large Ranunculus auricomus species complex
Authors: Karbstein Kevin , Tomasello Salvatore , Hodač Ladislav , Wagner Natascha , Marinček Pia , Barke Birthe Hilkka , Paetzold Claudia , Hörandl Elvira 
Published: May 2022

Summary

Speciation via hybridization and polyploidization is a major evolutionary force in plant evolution but is still poorly understood for neopolyploid groups. Challenges are attributed to high heterozygosity, low genetic divergence, and missing information on progenitors, ploidy, and reproduction. We study the large Eurasian Ranunculus auricomus species complex and use a comprehensive workflow integrating reduced‐representation sequencing (RRS) genomic data to unravel reticulate evolution, genome diversity and composition of polyploids.

We rely on 97 312 restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RAD‐Seq) loci, 576 targeted nuclear genes (48 phased), and 71 plastid regions derived from 78 polyploid apomictic taxa and four diploid and one tetraploid putative sexual progenitor species. We applied (phylo)genomic structure, network, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐origin analyses.

Results consistently showed only 3–5 supported and geographically structured polyploid genetic groups, each containing extant sexual and one unknown progenitor species. Combined analyses demonstrated predominantly allopolyploid origins, each involving 2–3 different diploid sexual progenitor species. Young allotetraploids were characterized by subgenome dominance and nonhybrid SNPs, suggesting substantial post‐origin but little lineage‐specific evolution.

The biodiversity of neopolyploid complexes can result from multiple hybrid origins involving different progenitors and substantial post‐origin evolution (e.g. homoeologous exchanges, hybrid segregation, gene flow). Reduced‐representation sequencing genomic data including multi‐approach information is efficient to delimit shallow reticulate relationships.
Do children get dry socket?—The incidence and pattern of presentation of alveolar osteitis in children and adolescents following dental extractions
Authors: Donnell Christopher C. , Clark Megan V. , Corbett Ian P. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundAlveolar osteitis (AO) is widely reported as the most common post‐operative complication following surgical and non‐surgical exodontia. Despite being one of the most studied complications in dentistry, there is no established consensus on its aetiology, alongside a relative paucity of studies looking exclusively into AO incidence in children and adolescents.ObjectivesTo determine the incidence, risk factors and pattern of presentation of AO in children and adolescents following exodontia, as well as identifying concepts and theories to provide a basis regarding why such a common post‐operative complication reportedly manifests so rarely in the paediatric population.MethodsThis cross‐sectional analysis forms part of a prospective service evaluation of the exodontia service provided by Newcastle Dental Hospital. All patients aged 5–16 who underwent dental extractions of deciduous and/or permanent teeth under general anaesthetic (GA) between 15 June 2020 and the 15 July 2020 were telephoned 1 week following their procedure to determine if any had developed post‐operative complications. Data were cleaned manually and analysed using descriptive statistics, exploratory analysis with chi‐squared tests and multivariable analyses. A scoping review was performed using the PubMed, OVID Medline and Scopus databases.ResultsFour of 150 patients (2.8%) developed AO and reported extreme pain which began 2–3 days after removal, lasted 2 days after onset, and were all associated with the non‐surgical removal of lower first permanent molar teeth. All patients who developed AO were female and aged between 9 and 10 years old. Mandibular sockets were significantly associated with development of AO (p = 0.026).ConclusionsDespite the belief that AO rarely manifests in children, the incidence of paediatric AO in this study is in line with that of AO found in the adult literature. The literature is inconsistent and conflicting regarding current understanding of AO. As far as possible, an atraumatic approach to exodontia should be adopted. We have proposed four underlying concepts which may benefit from future research given the paucity of research exclusively into dry socket in children and adolescents.
Retrieving a disrupted gene encoding phospholipase A for fibre enhancement in allotetraploid cultivated cotton
Authors: Fang Lei , Zhang Zhiyuan , Zhao Ting , Zhou Na , Mei Huan , Huang Xingqi , Wang Fang , Si Zhanfeng , Han Zegang , Lu Shan , Hu Yan , Guan Xueying , Zhang Tianzhen 
Published: May 2022

SummaryAfter polyploidization originated from one interspecific hybridization event in Gossypium, Gossypium barbadense evolved to produce extra‐long staple fibres than Gossypium hirsutum (Upland cotton), which produces a higher fibre yield. The genomic diversity between G. barbadense and G. hirsutum thus provides a genetic basis for fibre trait variation. Recently, rapid accumulation of gene disruption or deleterious mutation was reported in allotetraploid cotton genomes, with unknown impacts on fibre traits. Here, we identified gene disruptions in allotetraploid G. hirsutum (18.14%) and G. barbadense (17.38%) through comparison with their presumed diploid progenitors. Relative to conserved genes, these disrupted genes exhibited faster evolution rate, lower expression level and altered gene co‐expression networks. Within a module regulating fibre elongation, a hub gene experienced gene disruption in G. hirsutum after polyploidization, with a 2‐bp deletion in the coding region of GhNPLA1D introducing early termination of translation. This deletion was observed in all of the 34 G. hirsutum landraces and 36 G. hirsutum cultivars, but not in 96% of 57 G. barbadense accessions. Retrieving the disrupted gene GhNPLA1D using its homoeolog GhNPLA1A achieved longer fibre length in G. hirsutum. Further enzyme activity and lipids analysis confirmed that GhNPLA1A encodes a typical phospholipase A and promotes cotton fibre elongation via elevating intracellular levels of linolenic acid and 34:3 phosphatidylinositol. Our work opens a strategy for identifying disrupted genes and retrieving their functions in ways that can provide valuable resources for accelerating fibre trait enhancement in cotton breeding.
Actual incidence of severe neonatal hypoglycemia in non‐risk term neonates: A 10 year survey of all cases in Toyama Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Futatani Takeshi , Shimao Ayako , Ina Shihomi , Higashiyama Hiroyuki , Hatasaki Kiyoshi , Makimoto Masami , Yoshida Taketoshi , Imamura Hiroaki , Ogawa Jiro , Watanabe Kazuhiro , Konishi Michio 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundSevere neonatal hypoglycemia may cause irreversible neurological sequelae. Although blood glucose (BG) screening in term neonates without risk factors for hypoglycemia (non‐risk neonates) is not recommended in the current guidelines, severe hypoglycemia can occur in such neonates. To evaluate the necessity of BG screening in non‐risk neonates, it is important to determine the accurate incidence of severe hypoglycemia in those neonates.MethodsWe conducted a 10 year survey of all normal‐weight term neonates diagnosed with severe neonatal hypoglycemia who were treated at secondary‐ and tertiary‐level neonatal centers in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, between January 2011 and December 2020.ResultsDuring the study period, 11 cases of severe neonatal hypoglycemia (six of which occurred in non‐risk neonates) were identified. The overall incidence of severe hypoglycemia was 1 in 5,827 normal‐weight term births, and the incidence in non‐risk neonates was 1 in 10 682 normal‐weight term births. All of the cases in non‐risk neonates were diagnosed as hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.ConclusionsThis is the first population‐based study to have identified the actual incidence of severe pathological neonatal hypoglycemia in non‐risk neonates. The incidence was not low compared with those of the newborn screening disorders, justifying the necessity of BG screening even in non‐risk neonates.
Liver transplantation in an infant with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, cholestasis, and rapid evolution of liver failure
Authors: Pietrobattista Andrea , Spada Marco , Candusso Manila , Boenzi Sara , Dionisi‐Vici Carlo , Francalanci Paola , Morrone Amelia , Ferri Lorenzo , Indolfi Giuseppe , Agolini Emanuele , Giordano Giuseppe , Monti Lidia , Maggiore Giuseppe , Knisely A. S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundCerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a disorder of bile acid (BA) metabolism due to biallelic mutations in CYP27A1. The deposition of cholesterol and cholestanol in multiple tissues results, manifesting as neurologic disease in adults or older children. Neonatal cholestasis (NC) as a presentation of CTX is rare; it may self‐resolve or persist, evolving to require liver transplantation (LT).MethodsWe present in the context of similar reports an instance of CTX manifest as NC and requiring LT.ResultsA girl aged 4mo was evaluated for NC with normal serum gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase activity. An extensive diagnostic work‐up, including liver biopsy, identified no etiology. Rapid progression to end‐stage liver disease required LT aged 5mo. The explanted liver showed hepatocyte loss and micronodular cirrhosis. Bile salt export pump (BSEP), encoded by ABCB11, was not demonstrable immunohistochemically. Both severe ABCB11 disease and NR1H4 disease—NR1H4 encodes farsenoid‐X receptor, necessary for ABCB11 transcription—were considered. However, selected liver disorder panel sequencing and mass‐spectrometry urinary BA profiling identified CTX, with homozygosity for the predictedly pathogenic CYP27A1 variant c.646G > C p.(Ala216Pro). Variation in other genes associated with intrahepatic cholestasis was not detected. Immunohistochemical study of the liver‐biopsy specimen found marked deficiency of CYP27A1 expression; BSEP expression was unremarkable. Aged 2y, the girl is free from neurologic disease.ConclusionsBile acid synthesis disorders should be routinely included in the NC/“neonatal hepatitis” work‐up. The mutually supportive triple approach of BA profiling, immunohistochemical study, and genetic analysis may optimally address diagnosis in CTX, a treatable disease with widely varying presentation.
Mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae for carotenoid production
Authors: Liaqat Fakhra , Khazi Mahammed Ilyas , Bahadar Ali , He Lu , Aslam Ayesha , Liaquat Rabia , Agathos Spiros N. , Li Jian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe intrinsic ability of microalgae to accumulate high amounts of carotenoids has made them the preferred aquatic organisms of biotechnological exploration for carotenoid production. To continuously innovate and modify microalgal bioprocesses, aquaculture scientists have been working hard for the past decades in a forward‐looking way, and mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae is deemed as a promising strategy to decrease production cost. This review is intended to summarise the recent research advancement of carotenoids production from mixotrophically cultivated microalgae, starting from the structure, biosynthesis, physiological roles and applications of carotenoids and followed by the production processes both currently established and under development. Most importantly, the microalgal physiology of mixotrophic cultivation is reviewed in depth both in general and specifically for the most studied species, and the prospects of commercially viable mixotrophic microalgal processes for carotenoid production along with the insight of future research are of course discussed. Finally, we conclude that mixotrophy might be a promising strategy for large‐scale cultivation of microalgae to produce carotenoids although some technical obstacles need to be overcome.
The use of non‐vitamin K oral anticoagulants in dialysis patients—A systematic review
Authors: Chandrasegaram Agitha , Peters Christian Daugaard 
Published: May 2022

AbstractNon‐vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are used for prevention of thromboembolic events, but their use in dialysis patients is debatable. This study investigated the available evidence for the use of NOACs in dialysis patients. Online databases were systematically searched for eligible studies including pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, cohort studies, and randomized control trials (RCTs) comparing NOAC with vitamin K antagonist (VKA) or no anticoagulant treatment. Newcastle Ottawa Scale and Cochrane Risk of bias tool were used for quality assessment. Twenty studies were identified (nine PK studies, two RCTs, and nine cohort studies). Most of the studies investigated apixaban or rivaroxaban. In dialysis patients, less accumulation was reported with apixaban and rivaroxaban compared to dabigatran and edoxaban. PK studies indicate that high dose apixaban or rivaroxaban should be avoided. The two RCTs (rivaroxaban/apixaban vs. VKA) were small and underpowered regarding stroke and bleeding outcomes. Most cohort studies found apixaban superior to VKA, whereas comparison of rivaroxaban with VKA yielded conflicting results. Cohort studies comparing apixaban high dose (5 mg) with low dose (2.5 mg) twice daily suggest a lower risk of stroke with high dose but also a higher risk of bleeding with high dose. Apixaban versus no anticoagulation was compared in one cohort study and did not lower the risk of stroke compared with non‐treated regardless of apixaban dosage. Widespread use of NOACs in dialysis patients is limited by adequately sized RCTs. Available evidence suggests a potential for use of apixaban and rivaroxaban in reduced dose.
Agents of sustainability: How horses and people co‐create, enact and embed the good life in rural places
Authors: Wadham Helen , Wallace Carrianne , Furtado Tamzin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractNotions of the good life are often strongly linked to rurality. Existing conceptualisations tend towards an anthropocentric and individualised approach centred on personal wealth, status and happiness. In contrast, this article reframes the good life as an interspecies endeavur, which embeds people and animals alike by recognising their interdependent relational configurations within the wider natural‐social environment. Specifically, we bring insights from the concept of buen vivir to bear on research among people who live alongside their horses in rural areas of the UK. We find that horses enhance, enable and mediate people's understanding and experience of the rural good life. In contrast to popular and scholarly conceptions that emphasise privilege and leisure, the interspecies iteration that emerges is characterised by hard work, collaboration and purposeful active learning. This has profound implications in turn for our understanding and experience of sustainability, as these interspecies relations lead participants into a more active stewardship of both the immediate and wider environment.