bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silver‐Free C−H Activation: Strategic Approaches towards Realizing the Full Potential of C−H Activation in Sustainable Organic Synthesis
Authors: Mondal Arup , van Gemmeren Manuel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe activation of carbon−hydrogen bonds is considered as one of the most attractive techniques in synthetic organic chemistry because it bears the potential to shorten synthetic routes as well as to produce complementary product scopes compared to traditional synthetic strategies. However, many current methods employ silver salts as additives, leading to stoichiometric metal waste and thereby preventing the full potential of C−H activation to be exploited. Therefore, the development of silver‐free protocols has recently received increasing attention. Mechanistically, silver can serve various roles in C−H activation and thus, avoiding the use of silver requires different approaches based on the role it serves in a given process. In this Review, we present the comparison of silver‐based and silver‐free methods. Focusing on the strategic approaches to develop silver‐free C−H activation, we provide the reader with the means to develop sustainable methods for C−H activation.
In Vivo Olefin Metathesis in Microalgae Upgrades Lipids to Building Blocks for Polymers and Chemicals
Authors: Schunck Natalie S. , Mecking Stefan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSustainable sources are key to future chemicals production. Microalgae are promising resources as they fixate carbon dioxide to organic molecules by photosynthesis. Thereby they produce unsaturated fatty acids as established raw materials for the industrial production of chemical building blocks. Although these renewable feedstocks are generated inside cells, their catalytic upgrading to useful products requires in vitro transformations. A synthetic catalysis inside photoautotrophic cells has remained elusive. Here we show that a catalytic conversion of renewable substrates can be realized directly inside living microalgae. Organometallic catalysts remain active inside the cells, enabling in vivo catalytic olefin metathesis as new‐to‐nature transformation. Stored lipids are converted to long‐chain dicarboxylates as valuable building blocks for polymers. This is a key step towards the long‐term goal of producing desired renewable chemicals in microalgae as living “cellular factories”.
Isoxazole Nucleosides as Building Blocks for a Plausible Proto‐RNA
Authors: Xu Felix , Crisp Antony , Schinkel Thea , Dubini Romeo C. A. , Hübner Sarah , Becker Sidney , Schelter Florian , Rovó Petra , Carell Thomas 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe question of how RNA, as the principal carrier of genetic information evolved is fundamentally important for our understanding of the origin of life. The RNA molecule is far too complex to have formed in one evolutionary step, suggesting that ancestral proto‐RNAs (first ancestor of RNA) may have existed, which evolved over time into the RNA of today. Here we show that isoxazole nucleosides, which are quickly formed from hydroxylamine, cyanoacetylene, urea and ribose, are plausible precursors for RNA. The isoxazole nucleoside can rearrange within an RNA‐strand to give cytidine, which leads to an increase of pairing stability. If the proto‐RNA contains a canonical seed‐nucleoside with defined stereochemistry, the seed‐nucleoside can control the configuration of the anomeric center that forms during the in‐RNA transformation. The results demonstrate that RNA could have emerged from evolutionarily primitive precursor isoxazole ribosides after strand formation.
Development and performance evaluation of cool black surface on thermoplastic polyolefins via incorporation of non‐near infrared absorptive pigments
Authors: Girişken Çağla , Seven Senem Avaz , Ersoy Osman Gökhan , Menceloğlu Yusuf Ziya 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAbsorption of the near‐infrared (NIR) region of solar irradiance spectrum of the sunlight causes increase of the temperature of black inner parts of vehicles. The surface temperature of these parts can be decreased by reflecting or transmitting the NIR region of sunlight. This study intends to decrease the temperature of black surfaces that are exposed to sunlight and create cool black surfaces by preventing the absorption of the NIR region of the solar irradiance spectrum. Incorporation of cool black pigments having NIR reflective or NIR transparent properties into thermoplastic olefins (TPOs) was studied. A series of compounds were generated containing only NIR reflective pigment (REF), only NIR transparent pigment (TRANS) and the mixture of these two pigments in specific loading levels. The surface temperature of black TPO compounds were compared to the TPO compounds containing conventional pigments. Results showed that an optimum TPO compound having cool black surface was obtained with the sample MIX‐5 (2% REF + 0.4% TRANS) which demonstrated 28.2% cooling compared to samples with carbon black, 9.04 MPa tensile strength, 1200% elongation at break and mold shrinkage values of 0.61% and 0.11% at directions parallel and perpendicular to flow respectively.
Jaw mechanics in macrophagous lamniform sharks and their evolutionary and functional implications
Authors: Tanoue Kyo , Shimada Kenshu 
Published: September 2022

AbstractJaw mechanics of lamniform sharks were examined three‐dimensionally to analyze the variability in jaw shape and the evolution of the jaw system based on the extant macrophagous species. Three‐dimensional lever analysis was applied to lamniform jaws to calculate bite force at each tooth relative to maximum input force from jaw adductor muscles for interspecific comparison of efficiency in lamniform jaws. When total input force from the jaw adductor muscles on both working and balancing sides of the skull is considered, input force varies along the jaw because the contribution by balancing side muscles is not constant. The phylogenetically basal‐most species,Mitsukurina owstoni, has the least efficient jaws due to posteriorly positioned jaw adductor muscles. Our study shows that the higher efficiency of jaws is regarded as apomorphic in lamniform phylogeny owing to the anterior extension of jaw adductor muscles relative toM. owstoniand a relative decrease in jaw length in relation to width seen in some species, both of which increase leverage. Differences in the efficiency of jaws among derived genera or species are due to the morphology of their jaws. The relationship between calculated bite force relative to maximum input force and tooth morphology indicates low relative bite forces being exerted at anteriorly located, narrow, piercing teeth, whereas high relative bite forces at posteriorly located, broad, cutting, or crushing‐type teeth. As a result, the biting pressure during feeding is maintained throughout the tooth series.
Consequences of information exchanges of vulnerable women on Facebook: An “information grounds” study informing value co‐creation and ICT4D research
Authors: Potnis Devendra , Halladay Macy , Jones Sara‐Elizabeth 
Published: September 2022

AbstractInformation and communication technology for development (ICT4D) research sporadically leverages information science scholarship. Our qualitative study employs the “information grounds” (IG) lens to investigate the consequences of information exchanges by pregnant women on Facebook, who are vulnerable in the doctor‐centric birth culture in rural America. The thematic analysis of in‐depth interviews with members and administrators of the Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC) group shows that positive consequences outweigh negative consequences of information exchanges and lead to the following progression of outcomes: (a) VBAC group as an information ground, (b) social capital (e.g., cognitive, structural, and relational capital) built on the information ground, (c) seven emergent properties of the information ground, and (d) value co‐created (e.g., local, affordable, timely, enduring, and reliable support) by VBAC group members. The IG lens reveals the following roles of Facebook, an ICT, in development: (a) a linker that lets people with similar needs and interests convene and shapes their interactions, (b) a prerequisite to building an online, “third place” for social interactions, and (c) an apparatus for ubiquitously seeking, searching, sharing, and storing information in multiple formats and controlling its flow on the VBAC group. This paper fills in six gaps in the ICT4D research.
Stability analysis for fractional‐order neural networks with time‐varying delay
Authors: Wang Feng‐Xian , Zhang Jie , Shu Yan‐Jun , Liu Xin‐Ge 
Published: September 2022

SummaryThis paper focuses on the stability analysis for fractional‐order neural networks with time‐varying delay. A novel Lyapunov's asymptotic stability determination theorem is proved, which can be used for fractional‐order systems directly. Different from the classical Lyapunov stability theorem, constraint condition on the derivative of Lyapunov function is revised as an uniformly continuous class‐K function in the fractional‐order case. Based on this novel Lyapunov stability theorem and free weight matrix method, a new sufficient condition on Lyapunov asymptotic stability of fractional‐order Hopfield neural networks is derived by constructing a suitable Lyapunov function. Moreover, two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of these criteria.
Biocatalytic production of 7‐methylxanthine by a caffeine‐degrading Escherichia coli strain
Authors: Mock Meredith B. , Cyrus Ashley , Summers Ryan M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract7‐Methylxanthine, a derivative of caffeine (1,3,7‐trimethylxanthine), is a high‐value compound that has multiple medical applications, particularly with respect to eye health. Here, we demonstrate the biocatalytic production of 7‐methylxanthine from caffeine using Escherichia coli strain MBM019, which was constructed for production of paraxanthine (1,7‐dimethylxanthine). The mutant N‐demethylase NdmA4, which was previously shown to catalyze N3‐demethylation of caffeine to produce paraxanthine, also retains N1‐demethylation activity toward paraxanthine. This study demonstrates that whole cell biocatalysts containing NdmA4 are more active toward paraxanthine than caffeine. We used four serial resting cell assays, with spent cells exchanged for fresh cells between each round, to produce 2,120 μM 7‐methylxanthine and 552 μM paraxanthine from 4,331 μM caffeine. The purified 7‐methylxanthine and paraxanthine were then isolated via preparatory‐scale HPLC, resulting in 177.3 mg 7‐methylxanthine and 48.1 mg paraxanthine at high purity. This is the first reported strain genetically optimized for the biosynthetic production of 7‐methylxanthine from caffeine.
Physiological metabolic topology analysis of Halomonas elongata DSM 2581T in response to sodium chloride stress
Authors: Yu Junxiong , Wang Zejian , Wang Jing , Mohisn Ali , Liu Hao , Zhang Yue , Zhuang Yingping , Guo Meijin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata DSM 2581T generally adapts well to high level of salinity by biosynthesizing ectoine, which functions as an important compatible solute protecting the cell against external salinity environment. Halophilic bacteria have specific metabolic activities under high‐salt conditions and are gradually applied in various industries. The present study focuses on investigating the physiological and metabolic mechanism of H. elongata DSM 2581T driven by the external salinity environment. The physiological metabolic dynamics under salt stress were investigated to evaluate the effect of NaCl stress on the metabolism of H. elongata. The obtained results demonstrated that ectoine biosynthesis transited from a nongrowth‐related process to a growth‐related process when the NaCl concentration varied from 1% to 13% (w/v). The maximum biomass (Xm = 41.37 g/L), and highest ectoine production (Pm = 12.91 g/L) were achieved under 8% NaCl. Moreover, the maximum biomass (Xm) and the maximum specific growth rates (μm) showed a first rising and then declining trend with the increased NaCl stress. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis of H. elongata under different NaCl concentrations demonstrated that both 8% and 13% NaCl conditions resulted in increased expressions of genes involved in the pentose phosphate pathway, Entner–Doudoroff pathway, flagellar assembly pathway, and ectoine metabolism, but negatively affected the tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism. At last, the proposed possible adaptation mechanism under the optimum NaCl concentration in H. elongata was described.
3D terrain estimation from a single landscape image
Authors: Takahashi Haruka , Kanamori Yoshihiro , Endo Yuki 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article presents the first technique to estimate a 3D terrain model from a single landscape image. Although monocular depth estimation also offers single‐image 3D reconstruction, it assigns depth only to pixels visible in the input image, resulting in an incomplete 3D terrain output. Our method generates a complete 3D terrain model as a textured height map via a three‐stage framework using deep neural networks. First, to exploit the performance of pixel‐aligned estimation, we estimate terrain's per‐pixel depth and color free from shadows or lights in the perspective view. Second, we triangulate the RGB‐D data generated in the first stage and rasterize the triangular mesh from the top view to obtain an incomplete textured height map. Finally, we inpaint the depth and color in the missing regions. Because there are many possible ways to complete the missing regions, we synthesize diverse shapes and textures during inpainting using a variational autoencoder. Qualitative and quantitative experiments reveal that our method outperforms existing methods applying a direct perspective‐to‐top view transform as image‐to‐image translation.
ATG5: A central autophagy regulator implicated in various human diseases
Authors: Changotra Harish , Kaur Sargeet , Yadav Suresh Singh , Gupta Girdhari Lal , Parkash Jyoti , Duseja Ajay 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAutophagy, an intracellular conserved degradative process, plays a central role in the renewal/recycling of a cell to maintain the homeostasis of nutrients and energy within the cell. ATG5, a key component of autophagy, regulates the formation of the autophagosome, a hallmark of autophagy. ATG5 binds with ATG12 and ATG16L1 resulting in E3 like ligase complex, which is necessary for autophagosome expansion. Available data suggest that ATG5 is indispensable for autophagy and has an imperative role in several essential biological processes. Moreover, ATG5 has also been demonstrated to possess autophagy‐independent functions that magnify its significance and therapeutic potential. ATG5 interacts with various molecules for the execution of different processes implicated during physiological and pathological conditions. Furthermore, ATG5 genetic variants are associated with various ailments. This review discusses various autophagy‐dependent and autophagy‐independent roles of ATG5, highlights its various deleterious genetic variants reported until now, and various studies supporting it as a potential drug target.
Pi‐Class Glutathione S‐transferase (GSTP1)‐Selective Fluorescent Probes for Multicolour Imaging with Various Cancer‐Associated Enzymes
Authors: Fujikawa Yuuta , Mori Masaya , Tsukada Minami , Miyahara Seiya , Sato‐Fukushima Honoka , Watanabe Eita , Murakami‐Tonami Yuko , Inoue Hideshi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPi‐class glutathione S‐transferase (GSTP1) is highly expressed in a wide variety of human cancer tissues compared to the corresponding normal counterpart. Therefore, GSTP1 is a potential target enzyme for overcoming resistance to chemotherapeutic agents or visualizing specific lesions such as cancer. Here, we present orange and red fluorescence‐emitting probes selective for GSTP1. Carbofluorescein and TokyoMagenta fluorophores were modified with a previously described GSTP1‐selective chromogenic compound to generate orange and red fluorescence probes, respectively. Of these probes, Ps‐CF, the orange fluorescence‐emitting probe, was confirmed to be highly specific for detecting GSTP1 exogenously or endogenously expressed in various cancer cells. Additionally, it was demonstrated that Ps‐CF is applicable for the simultaneous detection of GSTP1 and another cancer‐associated enzyme by using a green fluorescence emitting γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) probe. In conclusion, the fluorescent probes developed in this study enable the simultaneous detection of multiple tumour markers such as GSTP1 with other cancer‐associated enzymes by concurrently using spectrally distinguished fluorescent probes, potentially broadening the scope of cancer detection.
Anorexia nervosa and COVID‐19 infection: Clinical case report
Authors: Simeunovic‐Ostojic Mladena , Herremans Evy E. , Thai Khoa , Maas Joyce 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe true risk of COVID‐19 infection in anorexia nervosa (AN) including the duration of viral RNA shedding and infectivity is still unclear. We report on a case of a patient with severe AN with a mild course of COVID‐19 and prolonged viral RNA shedding for at least 39 days after symptom onset. A careful evaluation of long‐term infectivity must include viral load, live virus isolation, and viral genome sequencing.
Phosphoric‐Acid Retention in High‐Temperature Proton‐Exchange Membranes
Authors: Tang Hongying , Gao Jian , Wang Yidong , Li Nanwen , Geng Kang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractGreat efforts have been conducted to develop high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT‐PEMFC) due to its features of enhanced electrocatalyst reactivity, simplified hydrothermal management system and high CO tolerance of catalysts, and remarkable progress has been achieved. However, the easy leaching of phosphoric acid (PA) from the membranes during operation limits its commercial scale‐up in complicated environments. This concept here mainly focuses on the recent developments for mitigation of PA loss in PEMs. The probable mechanisms of PA loss are proposed. The approaches to improve PA retention for example via introduction of phosphonic acid by covalent bond, using ion‐pairs interaction and siphoning effect, and blending with inorganic nanoparticles are described in detail. Among these strategies, the siphoning effect from the intrinsic microporous PEMs is the most efficient and enables the cell to operate flexibly within a broad temperature range. Therefore, this concept may provide new ideas for the scientists to retain PA, to improve the cell performance and expand the potential applications of PA doped PEMs at elevated humidity and wide temperature range.
Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Achiral Carbon Dots in Bi‐Solvent Systems Triggered by Supramolecular Self‐Assembly
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Yang Chujing , Dai Yankai , Zhang Xinying , Chen Jingqi , Feng Lingyan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAn innovative strategy for circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) of carbon dots (CDs) has been developed: The achiral CDs displayed contrary supramolecular chirality and opposite CPL in two different bi‐solvent systems, which are due to the formation of self‐assembled helical nanostructures with two diverse assembly modes (P and M) in aggregate state via intermolecular π‐π interactions and differential hydrogen bonding (H‐bonding) without the need of any additional element of chirality.
Investigation of the effect of presulphidation on coke deposition on 25Cr‐35Ni alloy during ethane steam cracking
Authors: Mohebi Somayeh , Darvishi Ali , Hosseini Shahin , Bolhasani Akbar , Karamian Soroush , Dehghani Ourmazd , Khanbolouk Faraz 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe process of hydrocarbons cracking is carried out in the presence of heat‐resistant alloys Fe‐Ni‐Cr, which HP40 alloy (25Cr‐35Ni) has the most applications among olefin plants. Since these alloys naturally tend to form coke, the industry has always tried to reduce the coke formation by reducing the catalytic properties of the coils. In this research, the effect of dimethyl disulphide (DMDS) concentration (200–900 ppm) on the HP40 alloy of industrial coils at the presulphidation stage is evaluated. In the presulphidation stage, the alloy surface is in contact with sulphur in the absence of hydrocarbons, and this affects the amount of coke formation in the cracking process. Also, the surface composition and morphology of coke are identified using EDX and SEM analysis. These results showed that at the 500 ppm concentration of DMDS, coke deposition is minimized. Additionally, our findings indicated that coke morphology has not changed under different presulphidation conditions, and coke is still a filament type, but the size of the filaments has changed. Moreover, the study of HP40 composition in both preoxidized and presulphide stages shows that presulphidation reduces the amount of Fe and Ni in the coke layer significantly.
The mortality for the implantable cardiac defibrillator in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: He Wenfeng , Xue Cheng , Zheng Jiankang , Shuai Zhuang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) is common for the management of nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). Mortality is a crucial issue for patients with NICM. We can understand the mortality events of ICD versus medicine treatment via a systemic review and meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials. The comparison between ICD treatment and medicine treatment was performed to find if the ICD treatment can be associated with lower relative risk and hazard ratio of mortality than the medicine treatment. In addition, the different kinds of mortality events were analyzed for the ICD treatment. After a restricted selection, 9 studies with a total of 4001 NICM patients were enrolled. The focused outcome was the events of all‐cause mortality, sudden cardiac death, and cardiovascular death. The results showed that ICD treatment might be associated with lower relative risk and hazard ratio of all‐cause mortality and sudden cardiac death. However, the relative risk and hazard ratio of cardiovascular mortality was not significantly different between ICD treatment and medicine treatment. In the current meta‐analysis, the ICD treatment might show a lower relative risk and hazard ratio of all‐cause mortality and sudden cardiac death when compared with medicine treatment. However, no significant differences were observed in cardiovascular mortality between ICD and medicine treatment.