bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iodine fortification of plant-based dairy and fish alternatives: the effect of substitution on iodine intake based on a market survey in the UK
Authors: Nicol Katie , Thomas Eva-Leanne , Nugent Anne P. , Woodside Jayne V. , Hart Kathryn H. , Bath Sarah C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMilk, dairy products, and fish are the main sources of iodine in the UK. Plant-based products are increasingly popular, especially with young women, which may affect iodine intake as they are naturally low in iodine; this is concerning as iodine is required for fetal brain development. We, aimed to (i) assess the iodine fortification of products sold as alternatives to milk, yoghurt, cheese and fish through a cross-sectional survey of UK retail outlets in 2020, and (ii) model the impact of substitution with such products on iodine intake, using portion-based scenarios. We identified 300 products, including plant-based alternatives to: (i) milk (n 146); (ii) yoghurt (n 76); (iii) cheese (n 67) and (iv) fish (n 11). After excluding organic products (n 48), which cannot be fortified, only 28 % (n 29) of milk alternatives and 6 % (n 4) of yoghurt alternatives were fortified with iodine, compared with 88 % (n 92) and 73 % (n 51), respectively, with Ca. No cheese alternative was fortified with iodine, but 55 % were fortified with Ca. None of the fish alternatives were iodine fortified. Substitution of three portions of dairy product (milk/yoghurt/cheese) per day with unfortified alternatives would reduce the iodine provided by 97·9 % (124 v. 2·6 µg) and substantially reduce the contribution to the adult intake recommendation (150 µg/d; 83 v. 1·8 %). Our study highlights that the majority of plant-based alternatives are not iodine fortified and that the use of unfortified alternatives put consumers at risk of iodine deficiency.
Sanitation is the greatest concern in outdoor cat management but ecological message frames promote biodiversity conservation in Japan
Authors: Mameno Kota , Kubo Takahiro , Suzuki Takaaki , Tsuge Takahiro , Shoji Yasushi 
Published: April 2022

SummaryMessage framing contributes to an increase in public support for invasive species management. However, little is known about people’s preferences for the multiple objectives of management within different contexts relating to the challenges and benefits of invasive species management. We examine Japanese citizens’ preferences for the goals of free-roaming unowned cat (Felis catus) management in three contextual frames by applying experimentally controlled information and the best–worst scaling technique. Our results indicate that the ecological frame highlighting the ecological impacts of free-roaming unowned cats on native ecosystems significantly increases Japanese citizens’ concern about cat predation, although the frame did not change the preference ranking of goals. There are differences in the effects of message framing depending on cat ownership. The best–worst scaling technique shows that Japanese citizens prefer to maintain a sanitary environment, followed by the prevention of zoonotic diseases. Although the ranking of sanitary environmental management does not depend on cat ownership, the ranking of the other goals differs depending on cat ownership. The findings highlight the importance of strategic message framing and its prioritization in encouraging public support for invasive species management.
Effects of Vegetation Changes and Multiple Environmental Factors on Evapotranspiration Across China Over the Past 34 Years
Authors: Zheng Haiyan , Miao Chiyuan , Li Xiaoyan , Kong Dongxian , Gou Jiaojiao , Wu Jingwen , Zhang Shuping 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDocumenting the spatiotemporal changes in vegetation cover and hydrological cycle of the Earth system and understanding how they interact are important especially under climate warming. In this research, we quantified the changes in vegetation and evapotranspiration (E) across China during 1982–2015 and then revealed the complex relationships in climate–vegetation–evapotranspiration system. Results show that the upward trend in vegetation leaf area index (LAI) during 2000–2015 (an increase of 0.95% per year) was almost 8 times the trend during 1982–1999. The zones of the Loess Plateau and the Three‐North Shelter Forest Program are the most notable areas for LAI increases between these two periods, with increases of 11.65% and 2.87%, respectively. Increased LAI, along with the warming climate, has accelerated E across China in the past several decades, and the annual increase in the E rate was 0.34% (1.34 mm year−1) during 1982–1999 and 0.40% (1.62 mm year−1) during 2000–2015. The zones of the Loess Plateau and the karst landform are the most notable areas for transpiration increases, with individual increases of 10% and 5%, respectively. In general, the dominant causes for evaporation changes across all of China are temperature and precipitation, while the main reasons for transpiration changes include temperature, LAI, and sunshine duration. This study improves our understanding of the relationships within the climate–vegetation–evapotranspiration system and provides important support for future ecological policies across China.
Phosphorus and Life on a Water World
Authors: Filippelli Gabriel M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOn Earth, the major mechanism for providing the vital limiting nutrient phosphorus necessary to fuel biological productivity and the long arc of evolution is weathering of exposed continental rocks. It has been presumed that life may not be present on exoplanets with substantially more water than Earth. Many of these “Water Worlds” exist, but without exposed land mass for weathering, there is not a viable mechanism for nutrient delivery and climate stabilization. In novel laboratory experiments performed in chambers designed to mimic the weathering of seafloor basalts in anoxic conditions, Syverson et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094442) found that silicate weathering in these conditions release an adequate amount of phosphorus to fuel a robust biosphere, at least in an idealized system. Perhaps we shouldn't rule out “Water Worlds” as potential harbors for life after all?
Physics‐Based Model Reconciles Caldera Collapse Induced Static and Dynamic Ground Motion: Application to Kīlauea 2018
Authors: Wang Taiyi A. , Coppess Katherine R. , Segall Paul , Dunham Eric M. , Ellsworth William 
Published: April 2022

AbstractInflationary deformation and very long period (VLP) earthquakes frequently accompany basaltic caldera collapses, yet current interpretations do not reflect physically consistent mechanisms. We present a lumped parameter model accounting for caldera block/magma momentum change, magma chamber pressurization, and ring fault (assumed vertical) shear stress drop. Pressurization of the underlying magma chamber is represented by a tri‐axial expansion source, and the combined caldera block/magma momentum change by a vertical single force. The model is applied to Kīlauea 2018 caldera collapse events, accurately predicting near field static/dynamic ground motions. In addition to the tri‐axial expansion source, the single force contributes significantly to the VLP waveforms. For an average collapse event with fully developed ring fault, Bayesian inversion constrains ring fault stress drop to ∼0.4 MPa and the pressure increase to ∼1.9 MPa. That the predictions fit both geodetic and seismic observations confirms that the model captures the dominant caldera collapse mechanisms.
The Role of Seasonal Sediment Transport and Sintering in Shaping Titan's Landscapes: A Hypothesis
Authors: Lapôtre Mathieu G. A. , Malaska Michael J. , Cable Morgan L. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTitan is a sedimentary world, with lakes, rivers, canyons, fans, dissected plateaux, and sand dunes. Sediments on Saturn's moon are thought to largely consist of mechanically weak organic grains, prone to rapid abrasion into dust. Yet, Titan's equatorial dunes have likely been active for 10s–100s kyr. Sustaining Titan's dunes over geologic timescales requires a mechanism that produces sand‐sized particles at equatorial latitudes. We explore the hypothesis that a combination of abrasion, when grains are transported by winds or methane rivers, and sintering, when they are at rest, could produce sand grains that maintain an equilibrium size. Our model demonstrates that seasonal sediment transport may produce sand under Titan's surface conditions and could explain the latitudinal zonation of Titan's landscapes. Our findings support the hypothesis of global, source‐to‐sink sedimentary pathways on Titan, driven by seasons, and mediated by episodic abrasion and sintering of organic sand by rivers and winds.
Centroid Moment Tensor Catalog With 3D Lithospheric Wave Speed Model: The 2016–2017 Central Apennines Sequence
Authors: Artale Harris P. , Scognamiglio L. , Magnoni F. , Casarotti E. , Tinti E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMoment tensor inversions of broadband velocity data are usually managed by adopting Green's functions for 1D layered seismic wave speed models. This assumption can impact on source parameter estimates in regions with complex 3D heterogeneous structures and discontinuities in rock properties. In this work, we present a new centroid moment tensor (CMT) catalog for the Amatrice‐Visso‐Norcia (AVN) seismic sequence based on a recently generated 3D wave speed model for the Italian lithosphere. Forward synthetic seismograms and Fréchet derivatives for CMT‐3D inversions of 159 earthquakes with Mw ≥ 3.0 are simulated using a spectral‐element method (SEM) code. By comparing the retrieved solutions with those from time domain moment tensor (TDMT) catalog, obtained with a 1D wave speed model calibrated for Central Apennines (Italy), we observe a remarkable degree of consistency in terms of source geometry, kinematics, and magnitude. Significant differences are found in centroid depths, which are more accurately estimated using the 3D model. Finally, we present a newly designed parameter, τ, to better quantify and compare a‐posteriori the reliability of the obtained MT solutions. τ measures the goodness of fit between observed and synthetic seismograms accounting for differences in amplitude, arrival time, percentage of fitted seconds, and the usual L2‐norm estimate. The CMT‐3D solutions represent the first Italian CMT catalog based on a full‐waveform 3D wave speed model. They provide reliable source parameters with potential implications for the structures activated during the sequence. The developed approach can be readily applied to more complex Italian regions where 1D models are underperforming and not representative of the area.
Intra‐Annual Variation of High and Low‐Flow Extremes Associated With Land Use and Climate Change in the Upper Tekeze of the Nile River Basin
Authors: Reda Kidane Welde , Liu Xingcai , Tang Qiuhong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn northern Ethiopian highlands, climate variability and land use/land cover (LULC) change has been observed during the past decades. However, it remains unclear that to which extent and how these key drivers contributed to changes in hydrological extremes. As a case study, the respective impacts of LULC change and climate variability on hydrological extremes with respect to magnitude, duration, and frequency metrics were assessed in the Upper Tekeze basin, Ethiopia. A scenario‐based approach using LULC and hydro‐climatological data was developed and five simulation experiments were conducted using Soil and Water Assessment Tool model. Results showed that, during 1986–2015, low‐flow duration has decreased by 5.0 days/yr, and the magnitude and occurrence of high flow has increased by 5.23 m3/s/yr and 5.11 days/yr, respectively. Meanwhile, about 47.42% of the landscape has changed its category while no significant change was detected in annual rainfall during the past 31 yr. Particularly, rocky area increased by 82% which was mostly contributed by losses of bare, sand, and low biomass areas. Significant positive and negative contributions to the changes in high and low‐flow extremes, respectively, were detected from LULC change, while no significant contribution was detected from climate change. The increased rock area tends to be one of the major contributors to the increased high flow while climate change seemed to play a minor role. The potential mechanism is the expansion in rock area increased runoff and high flow, which may lead to significant land deterioration and loss of water storage capacity in the mountainous basin.
Probabilistic Description of Streamflow and Active Length Regimes in Rivers
Authors: Durighetto Nicola , Mariotto Veronica , Zanetti Francesca , McGuire Kevin J. , Mendicino Giuseppe , Senatore Alfonso , Botter Gianluca 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn spite of the prevalence of temporary rivers over a wide range of climatic conditions, they represent a relatively understudied fraction of the global river network. Here, we exploit a well‐established hydrological model and a derived distribution approach to develop a coupled probabilistic description for the dynamics of the catchment discharge and the corresponding active network length. Analytical expressions for the flow duration curve (FDC) and the stream length duration curve (SLDC) were derived and used to provide a consistent classification of streamflow and active length regimes in temporary rivers. Two distinct streamflow regimes (persistent and erratic) and three different types of active length regimes (ephemeral, perennial, and ephemeral de facto) were identified depending on the value of two dimensionless parameters. These key parameters, which are related to the underlying streamflow fluctuations and the sensitivity of active length to changes in the catchment discharge (here quantified by the scaling exponent b), originate seven different behavioral classes characterized by contrasting shapes of the underlying SLDCs and FDCs. The analytical model was tested using data gathered in three study catchments located in Italy and USA, with satisfactory model performances in most cases. Our analytical and empirical results show the existence of a structural relationship between streamflow and active length regimes, which is chiefly modulated by the scaling exponent b. The proposed framework represents a promising tool for the coupled analysis of discharge and river network length dynamics in temporary streams.
On the Relation Between Basal Erosion of the Lithosphere and Surface Heat Flux for Continental Plume Tracks
Authors: Heyn Björn H. , Conrad Clinton P. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWhile hotspot tracks beneath thin oceanic lithosphere are visible as volcanic island chains, the plume‐lithosphere interaction for thick continental or cratonic lithosphere often remains hidden due to the lack of volcanism. To identify plume tracks with missing volcanism, we characterize the amplitude and timing of surface heat flux anomalies following a plume‐lithosphere interaction using mantle convection models. Our numerical results confirm an analytical relationship in which surface heat flux increases with the extent of lithosphere thinning, which is primarily controlled by the viscosity structure of the lower lithosphere and the asthenosphere. We find that lithosphere thinning is greatest when the plate is above the plume conduit, while the maximum heat flux anomaly occurs about 40–140 Myr later. Therefore, younger continental and cratonic plume tracks can be identified by observed lithosphere thinning, and older tracks by an increased surface heat flux, even if they lack extrusive magmatism.
The Scaling Relationship for the Length of Tributaries to Lakes
Authors: Seekell D. , Cael B. , Byström P. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGlobally, the length of tributaries to lakes varies from 0 to more than 15,000 km, but scaling relationships describing this aspect of lake‐river connectivity are lacking. In this study, we describe a simple theoretical scaling relationship for tributary length based on the principle of line intercepts of topographic features, and test this theory using data from Scandinavia. Tributary length increases by 73% for each doubling of lake area. This pattern reflects the relationship between catchment and lake area, and is modified by inlet frequency, junction angle, and lake shape—factors related to specific geologic and hydrologic processes. The theory is precise (r2 = 0.74), with low bias (mean error is 14% of mean tributary length) when the characteristic junction angle (∼76°) is estimated statistically. Our study bridges the gap between geomorphic and large‐scale statistical relationships to provide simple rules for understanding complex patterns of lake‐river connectivity.
A genetic variant in IL-6 lowering its expression is protective for critical patients with COVID-19
Authors: Gong Bo , Huang Lulin , He Yongquan , Xie Wen , Yin Yi , Shi Yi , Xiao Jialing , Zhong Ling , Zhang Yi , Jiang Zhilin , Hao Fang , Zhou Yu , Li Huan , Jiang Li , Yang Xingxiang , Song Xiangrong , Kang Yan , Tuo Lin , Huang Yi , Shuai Ping , Liu Yuping , Zheng Fang , Yang Zhenglin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCritical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with high mortality and potential genetic factors have been reported to be involved in the development of critical COVID-19. We performed a genome-wide association study to identify the genetic factors responsible for developing critical COVID-19. 632 critical patients with COVID-19 and 3021 healthy controls from the Chinese population were recruited. First, we identified a genome-wide significant difference of IL-6 rs2069837 (p = 9.73 × 10−15, OR = 0.41) between 437 critical patients with COVID-19 and 2551 normal controls in the discovery cohort. When replicated these findings in a set of 195 patients with critical COVID-19 and 470 healthy controls, we detected significant association of rs2069837 with COVID-19 (p = 8.89 × 10−3, OR = 0.67). This variant surpassed the formal threshold for genome-wide significance (combined p = 4.64 × 10−16, OR = 0.49). Further analysis revealed that there was a significantly stronger expression of IL-6 in the serum from patients with critical COVID-19 than in that from patients with asymptomatic COVID-19. An in vitro assay showed that the A to G allele changes in rs2069837 within IL-6 obviously decreased the luciferase expression activity. When analyzing the effect of this variant on the IL-6 in the serum based on the rs2069837 genotype, we found that the A to G variation in rs2069837 decreased the expression of IL-6, especially in the male. Overall, we identified a genetic variant in IL-6 that protects against critical conditions with COVID-19 though decreasing IL-6 expression in the serum.
Endometrial epithelial cells-derived exosomes deliver microRNA-30c to block the BCL9/Wnt/CD44 signaling and inhibit cell invasion and migration in ovarian endometriosis
Authors: Zhang Mengmeng , Wang Xi , Xia Xiaomeng , Fang Xiaoling , Zhang Tingting , Huang Fengying 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEndometriosis (EMs) is a benign gynecological disorder showing some tumor-like migratory and invasive phenotypes. This study intended to investigate the role of microRNA-30c (miR-30c) in EMs, which is involved with B-cell lymphoma 9 (BCL9), an activator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. EMs specimens were clinically collected for determination of miR-30c and BCL9 expression. Exosomes were isolated from endometrial epithelial cells (EECs), and the uptake of exosomes by ectopic EECs (ecto-EECs) was characterized using fluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. The binding of miR-30c to BCL9 was validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Artificial modulation (up- and down-regulation) of the miR-30c/BCL9/Wnt/CD44 regulatory cascade was performed to evaluate its effect on ecto-EEC invasion and migration, as detected by Transwell and wound healing assays. A mouse model of EMs was further established for in vivo substantiation. Reduced miR-30c expression and elevated BCL9 expression was revealed in EMs ectopic tissues and ecto-EECs. Normal EECs-derived exosomes delivered miR-30c to ecto-EECs to suppress their invasive and migratory potentials. Then, miR-30c was observed to inhibit biological behaviors of ecto-EECs by targeting BCL9, and the miR-30c-induced inhibitory effect was reversed by BCL9 overexpression. Further, miR-30c diminished the invasion and migration of ecto-EECs by blocking the BCL9/Wnt/CD44 axis. Moreover, miR-30c-loaded exosomes attenuated the metastasis of ecto-EEC ectopic nodules. miR-30c delivered by EECs-derived exosomes repressed BCL9 expression to block the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thus attenuating the tumor-like behaviors of ecto-EECs in EMs.
Zika virus infection accelerates Alzheimer’s disease phenotypes in brain organoids
Authors: Lee Seung-Eun , Choi Hanul , Shin Nari , Kong Dasom , Kim Nam Gyo , Kim Hee-Yeong , Kim Min-Ji , Choi Soon Won , Kim Young Bong , Kang Kyung-Sun 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) production and Phosphorylated-Tau (p-Tau) protein in the cerebral cortex. The precise mechanisms of the cause, responsible for disease pathology and progression, are not well understood because there are multiple risk factors associated with the disease. Viral infection is one of the risk factors for AD, and we demonstrated that Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in brain organoids could trigger AD pathological features, including Aβ and p-Tau expression. AD-related phenotypes in brain organoids were upregulated via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) after ZIKV infection in brain organoids. Under persistent ER stress, activated-double stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase-like ER-resident (PERK) triggered the phosphorylation of Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) and then BACE, and GSK3α/β related to AD. Furthermore, we demonstrated that pharmacological inhibitors of PERK attenuated Aβ and p-Tau in brain organoids after ZIKV infection.