bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training and development in sport officials: A systematic review
Authors: Cunningham Ian , Mergler Jason , Wattie Nick 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSport officials make significant contributions to organized sport, yet scientific evidence to inform their specialized training and education at various levels has lagged. While psychological and performance demands of expert sport officials have been well documented, the extent of research about talent and expertise development, training efficacy, and broader developmental trajectories is unclear. This systematic review summarizes 30 years of published findings on the study of training and development of sport officials, including areas of research interest, study designs, and sport official characteristics. A PRISMA systematic review was conducted, utilizing three scientific databases (Web of Science, SportsDiscus, PsycInfo) to identify relevant studies (N = 27). Female participants were generally underrepresented in studies (17%), while football officials were most often represented (79%). Training intervention (59%), retrospective (37%), and cross‐sectional comparison (22%) were the main study designs. Expert and near‐expert sport officials' training histories and responses to empirically driven isolated‐skills training represented the predominant areas of study. Sport‐specific, video‐based infraction detection tasks were the most frequently used training methods to improve perceptual‐cognitive skills for on‐field decision‐making, however, studies lacked retention measures to on‐field performance. Psychological skills training programs were found to have mixed effects and used varied criteria for measuring training efficacy. Physical training showed mainly significant effects on physiological measures and aging influences for on‐field performance. More rigorous sport‐specific evidence, assessments of training transfer, program efficacy, and macro‐developmental trajectory and milestone data are needed to inform training programs and developmental plans.
Longitudinal Associations Between Device-Measured Physical Activity and Early Childhood Neurodevelopment
Authors: Leão Otávio Amaral de Andrade , Mielke Gregore Iven , Hallal Pedro Curi , Cairney John , Mota Jorge , Domingues Marlos Rodrigues , Murray Joseph , Bertoldi Andréa Dâmaso 
Published: January 2022

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal associations between physical activity and early childhood neurodevelopment. Methods: Data from 1673 children from the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study were analyzed. Physical activity was measured using accelerometers on the wrist at ages 1, 2, and 4 years. Neurodevelopment was measured using the Battelle Development Inventory at age 4 years. Linear regression models were used to test trajectories and cumulative associations of physical activity with child neurodevelopment. Results: Of the 3 physical activity trajectories observed, children in the medium (β = 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.25 to 2.10) and high (β = 2.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.61 to 3.82) trajectories showed higher neurodevelopment scores than children in the lower activity trajectory. Cumulative analyses showed that children in the highest tertile of physical activity in all follow-ups presented a mean neurodevelopment score 4.57 (95% confidence interval, 2.63 to 6.51) higher than children in the lowest tertile in all follow-ups. All analyses showed a dose–response characteristic of association, with higher physical activity indicating higher neurodevelopment scores. Conclusions: Physical activity may be an important predictor of neurodevelopment through early childhood.
Incidence, progression and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration in 35–95-year-old individuals from three jointly designed German cohort studies
Authors: Brandl Caroline , Günther Felix , Zimmermann Martina E , Hartmann Kathrin I , Eberlein Gregor , Barth Teresa , Winkler Thomas W , Linkohr Birgit , Heier Margit , Peters Annette , Li Jeany Q , Finger Robert P , Helbig Horst , Weber Bernhard H F , Küchenhoff Helmut , Mueller Arthur , Stark Klaus J , Heid Iris M 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveTo estimate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) incidence/progression across a wide age range.Methods and analysisAMD at baseline and follow-up (colour fundus imaging, Three Continent AMD Consortium Severity Scale, 3CACSS, clinical classification, CC) was assessed for 1513 individuals aged 35–95 years at baseline from three jointly designed population-based cohorts in Germany:Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in derRegionAugsburg (KORA-Fit, KORA-FF4) andAltersbezogeneUntersuchungen zurGesundheit derUniversitätRegensburg (AugUR) with 18-year, 14-year or 3-year follow-up, respectively. Baseline assessment included lifestyle, metabolic and genetic markers. We derived cumulative estimates, rates and risk factor association for: (1) incident early AMD, (2) incident late AMD among no AMD at baseline (definition 1), (3) incident late AMD among no/early AMD at baseline (definition 2), (4) progression from early to late AMD.ResultsIncidence/progression increased by age, except progression in 70+-year old. We observed 35–55-year-old with 3CACSS-based early AMD who progressed to late AMD. Predominant risk factor for incident late AMD definition 2 was early AMD followed by genetics and smoking. When separating incident late AMD definition 1 from progression (instead of combined as incident late AMD definition 2), estimates help judge an individual’s risk based on age and (3CACSS) early AMD status: for example, for a 65-year old, 3-year late AMD risk with no or early AMD is 0.5% or 7%, 3-year early AMD risk is 3%; for an 85-year old, these numbers are 0.5%, 21%, 12%, respectively. For CC-based ‘early/intermediate’ AMD, incidence was higher, but progression was lower.ConclusionWe provide a practical guide for AMD risk for ophthalmology practice and healthcare management and document a late AMD risk for individuals aged <55 years.
How To Hospital: barriers to developing a patient ‘Hospital Survival Guide’ to support information transfer during ward-rounds on the patient journey from admission to hospital to discharge
Authors: Lewis Swyn , Jones Gwenlli Mai , Barach Paul , Tomos Hawys , Davies Mari , Eckley Buddug , Dowell Hannah Rebecca , Subbe Christian Peter 
Published: January 2022

Clinicians can enable patients to actively participate in their care but communication with patients is often poor and highly variable. The aim of this study was to explore patients’ understanding of their current illness while in hospital and using a codesign process to create prototype tools to facilitate better communication during ward rounds.A mixed-methods, multistep design with step 1: Application of a questionnaire addressing domains of care in the acute medical unit; step 2: Development of communication aids that were codesigned with active help of patients, students and a specialist in user centric design to address patient needs and step 3: Evaluation of tools with patients in four Plan–Do–Study–Act cycles.In the initial survey of 30 patients 12 (40%) patients did not know what their diagnosis was and 5 (17%) did not know the results of recent key tests. 20 (67%) patients felt that staff communication and coordination could be improved.An intervention was prototyped with four variations: (1) An A6 ward-round summary sheet completed by doctors during ward rounds. The system worked well but was highly person dependent. (2) An A4 patient-owned diary (‘How to Hospital’) that contained information about key processes in hospital and space to document conversations from rounds and prompts for questions. 10 patients read the diary and commented favourably but did not complete any pages. (3) ‘Diary-cards’: a basic set of information cards was given to patients on admission to hospital. (4) Patient specific ‘diary-cards’ were completed by clinicians—10 forms were piloted during rounds and improved subsequent day information retention of diagnosis to 80%.Our study identified interventions that were feasible but remained person-dependent. The patients’ ownership of information in relation to their care might facilitate retention and satisfaction but the optimal format for these interventions for enhancing communication remains unclear.
Who should get the scarce ICU bed? The US public’s view on triage in the time of COVID-19
Authors: Cardenas Helena C , Carson Richard T , Hanemann Michael , Louviere Jordan J , Whittington Dale 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveTo determine the relative importance members of the US public place on different patient attributes in triage decisions about who should receive the last available intensive care unit (ICU) bed.MethodsA discrete choice experiment was conducted with a nationally representative sample of 2000 respondents from the YouGov internet panel of US households. Respondents chose which of three hypothetical patients with COVID-19 should receive an ICU bed if only one were available. The three patients differed in age, gender, Alzheimer’s-like disability and probability of survival if the patient received the ICU bed. An experimental design varied the values of the four attributes of the three hypothetical patients with COVID-19 that a respondent saw in four choice tasks.ResultsThe most important patient attribute to respondents was the probability the patient survives COVID-19 if they get the ICU bed (OR CI: 4.41 to 6.91). There was heterogeneity among different age groups of respondents about how much age of the patient mattered. Respondents under 30 years of age were more likely to choose young patients and old patients, and less likely to select patients aged 40–60 years old. For respondents in the age group 30–49 years old, as the age of the patient declined, their preference for saving the patient declined modestly in a linear fashion.ConclusionsRespondents favoured giving the last ICU bed available to the patient with the highest probability of surviving COVID-19. Public opinion suggests a simple guideline for physician choices based on likelihood of survival as opposed to the number of life-years saved. There was heterogeneity among respondents of different age groups for allocating the last ICU bed, as well as to the importance of the patient having an Alzheimer’s-like disability (where religion of the respondent is important) and the gender of the patient (where the gender and racial identity are important).
A core outcome set for damage control laparotomy via modified Delphi method
Authors: Byerly Saskya , Nahmias Jeffry , Stein Deborah M , Haut Elliott R , Smith Jason W , Gelbard Rondi , Ziesmann Markus , Boltz Melissa , Zarzaur Ben L , Bala Miklosh , Bernard Andrew , Brakenridge Scott , Brohi Karim , Collier Bryan , Burlew Clay Cothren , Cripps Michael , Crookes Bruce , Diaz Jose J , Duchesne Juan , Harvin John A , Inaba Kenji , Ivatury Rao , Kasten Kevin , Kerby Jeffrey D. , Lauerman Margaret , Loftus Tyler , Miller Preston R. , Scalea Thomas , Yeh D Dante 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesDamage control laparotomy (DCL) remains an important tool in the trauma surgeon’s armamentarium. Inconsistency in reporting standards have hindered careful scrutiny of DCL outcomes. We sought to develop a core outcome set (COS) for DCL clinical studies to facilitate future pooling of data via meta-analysis and Bayesian statistics while minimizing reporting bias.MethodsA modified Delphi study was performed using DCL content experts identified through Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) ‘landmark’ DCL papers and EAST ad hoc COS task force consensus.ResultsOf 28 content experts identified, 20 (71%) participated in round 1, 20/20 (100%) in round 2, and 19/20 (95%) in round 3. Round 1 identified 36 potential COS. Round 2 achieved consensus on 10 core outcomes: mortality, 30-day mortality, fascial closure, days to fascial closure, abdominal complications, major complications requiring reoperation or unplanned re-exploration following closure, gastrointestinal anastomotic leak, secondary intra-abdominal sepsis (including anastomotic leak), enterocutaneous fistula, and 12-month functional outcome. Despite feedback provided between rounds, round 3 achieved no further consensus.ConclusionsThrough an electronic survey-based consensus method, content experts agreed on a core outcome set for damage control laparotomy, which is recommended for future trials in DCL clinical research. Further work is necessary to delineate specific tools and methods for measuring specific outcomes.Level of evidenceV, criteria
High-speed 3D imaging using a chaos lidar system
Authors: Ho Hsin-Lin , Chen Jun-Da , Yang Ching-An , Liu Chia-Chi , Lee Cheng-Ting , Lai Yu-Hsiang , Lin Fan-Yi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe characterize a new chaos lidar system configuration and demonstrate its capability for high-speed 3D imaging. Compared with a homodyned scheme employing single-element avalanche photodetectors (APDs), the proposed scheme utilizes a fiber Bragg grating and quadrant APDs to substantially increase the system throughput, frame rate, and field-of-view. By quantitatively analyzing the signal-to-noise ratio, peak-to-standard deviation of the sidelobe level, precision, and detection probability, we show that the proposed scheme has better detection performance suitable for practical applications. To show the feasibility of the chaos lidar system, while under the constrain of eye-safe regulation, we demonstrate high-speed 3D imaging with indoor and outdoor scenes at a throughput of 100 kHz, a frame rate of 10 Hz, and a FOV of 24.5$$^\circ $$∘$$\times $$×11.5$$^\circ $$∘for the first time.
Three-Dimensional Physical Simulation of Heavy Oil Exploitation by Hot Solvent Injection
Authors: Liu Yang , Han Rui , Li Songyan , Ahmad Ishaq 
Published: January 2022

To improve the thermal effects of solvents on heavy oil reservoirs and realize the combined action of multiple flooding mechanisms, such as solvent heating and extraction, without steam mixing, based on the M Block heavy oil reservoir in Canada, three sets of comparative hot solvent-assisted gravity drainage experiments under different temperatures and pressures were carried out through an indoor three-dimensional (3D) physical simulation device. The development characteristics of the solvent chamber in the hot solvent-assisted gravity drainage technology were studied under different pressures and temperatures, and the recovery factor, cumulative oil exchange rate, and solvent retention rate were analyzed. The results showed that due to the effect of gravity differentiation, the development morphology of the solvent chamber could be divided into three stages: rapid ascent, lateral expansion, and slow descent. When the temperature was constant, the reservoir pressure decreased, the recovery rate increased, the cumulative oil exchange rate increased, and the solvent retention rate decreased; when the pressure was constant, the temperature increased, the viscosity of heavy oil decreased, the recovery rate increased, the cumulative oil exchange rate increased, and the solvent retention rate was low. Additionally, the study also showed that for hot solvents in different phases, the use of hot solvent vapor not only required less injected solvent but also exhibited a high oil production rate, which shortened production time and reduced energy consumption. Moreover, the oil recovery rate was higher than 60%, the solvent retention rate was lower than 10%, and the cumulative oil exchange rate was higher than 3

t

/

t

, which constituted better economic benefits and provided a reliable theoretical basis for onsite oilfield applications.
Antiangiogenesis: Vessel Regression, Vessel Normalization, or Both?
Authors: Augustin Hellmut G. , Koh Gou Young 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The concepts of antiangiogenic tumor therapy were pioneered on the assumption that the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis should lead to the complete regression of the tumor-associated vasculature and thereby hold the tumor in an avascular dormant state. Yet, clinical trials revealed limited efficacy of angiogenesis inhibitors when used as monotherapy. Instead, antiangiogenic drugs proved effective to extend overall survival when used in combination with chemotherapy. This counterintuitive observation—inhibition of tumor vascularization should lead to less and not more delivery of chemotherapy to the tumor—led to the concepts of “vessel normalization.” This refers to the notion that antiangiogenic drugs prune the most immature tumor vessels and spare mature vessels, thereby resulting in a more normal-appearing vasculature that leads to better access of chemotherapy to the tumor. The concepts of vessel normalization were first laid out in a landmark publication in Cancer Research in 2004. More than 600 studies on different aspects of vessel normalization have been published since then. Nevertheless, it is to this day less clear than ever to what extent vessel regression (leading to tumor starvation) and vessel normalization (facilitating chemotherapy) contribute to the clinical efficacy of antiangiogenic tumor therapy. This “Landmark Commentary” puts the concepts of tumor vessel normalization in historical context and develops thereupon some of the most burning questions in the field of translational angiogenesis research that need to be answered to further advance the application of tumor vascular stroma reprogramming therapies.
See related article by Tong and colleagues, Cancer Res 2004;64:3731–6.
Performance analysis of multi-level high voltage direct current converter
Authors: Shahin Rasha Ghilman , Al-Majali Hussein Diab 
Published: January 2022

<p class="Abstract">The conventional three-phase alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) converter can be modified using two isolated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) as by-pass switches connected to tapping points on the secondary side of the transformer. This scheme yields a reduction in both harmonic contents and reactive volt-ampere absorption. This modified converter possibly eliminates the need for an on-load tap-changer on the converter transformer. The modified AC/DC converter is fully analyzed and implemented under balanced conditions using MATLAB-Simulink. The expressions of the output DC voltage are derived for different cases. The supply current harmonic contents, the reactive power absorption and the power factor have been compared for three schemes; the conventional bridge, the modified bridge using one by-pass IGBT valve and the modified bridge with two by-pass IGBT valves. </p>
Incentive mechanism design for citizen reporting application using Stackelberg game
Authors: Sanjaya I Made Ariya , Harso Supangkat Suhono , Sembiring Jaka , Liana Aji Widya 
Published: January 2022

<p>The growing utilization of smartphones equipped with various sensors to collect and analyze information around us highlights a paradigm called mobile crowdsensing. To motivate citizens’ participation in crowdsensing and compensate them for their resources, it is necessary to incentivize the participants for their sensing service. There are several studies that used the Stackelberg game to model the incentive mechanism, however, those studies did not include a budget constraint for limited budget case. Another challenge is to optimize crowdsourcer (government) profit in conducting crowdsensing under the limited budget then allocates the budget to several regional working units that are responsible for the specific city problems. We propose an incentive mechanism for mobile crowdsensing based on several identified incentive parameters using the Stackelberg game model and applied the MOOP (multi-objective optimization problem) to the incentive model in which the participant reputation is taken into account. The evaluation of the proposed incentive model is performed through simulations. The simulation indicated that the result appropriately corresponds to the theoretical properties of the model.</p>
Maternal Hypertension Increases Risk of Preeclampsia and Low Fetal Birthweight: Genetic Evidence From a Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Ardissino Maddalena , Slob Eric A.W. , Millar Ophelia , Reddy Rohin K. , Lazzari Laura , Patel Kiran Haresh Kumar , Ryan David , Johnson Mark R. , Gill Dipender , Ng Fu Siong 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Maternal cardiovascular risk factors have been associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Given the difficulty in establishing causal relationships using epidemiological data, we applied Mendelian randomization to explore the role of cardiovascular risk factors on risk of developing preeclampsia or eclampsia, and low fetal birthweight.

Methods:
Uncorrelated single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated systolic blood pressure (SBP), body mass index, type 2 diabetes, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) with cholesterol, smoking, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and estimated glomerular filtration rate at genome-wide significance in studies of 298 957 to 1 201 909 European ancestry participants were selected as instrumental variables. A 2-sample Mendelian randomization study was performed with primary outcome of preeclampsia or eclampsia (PET). Risk factors associated with PET were further investigated for their association with low birthweight.

Results:

Higher genetically predicted SBP was associated increased risk of PET (odds ratio [OR] per 1-SD SBP increase 1.90 [95% CI=1.45–2.49];
P
=3.23×10
−6
) and reduced birthweight (OR=0.83 [95% CI=0.79–0.86];
P
=3.96×10
−18
), and this was not mediated by PET. Body mass index and type 2 diabetes were also associated with PET (respectively, OR per 1-SD body mass index increase =1.67 [95% CI=1.44–1.94];
P
=7.45×10
−12
; and OR per logOR increase type 2 diabetes =1.11 [95% CI=1.04–1.19];
P
=1.19×10
−3
), but not with reduced birthweight.

Conclusions:
Our results provide evidence for causal effects of SBP, body mass index, and type 2 diabetes on PET and identify that SBP is associated with reduced birthweight independently of PET. The results provide insight into the pathophysiological basis of PET and identify hypertension as a potentially modifiable risk factor amenable to therapeutic intervention.
From Concealment of their Faith to Active Propagation of their Faith
Authors: Emadi Hafizullah 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Although Afghanistan is predominantly a Muslim country, the Christian faith has found adherents in the country. Prior to building a church the community gathered in a designated house to practice their faith. After a church was established members of the community, Christian expatriates and members of the diplomatic community attended religious services there. The number of Muslim converts grew over time and each had a mission to convert fellow friends to the faith. Muslim converts were careful not to disclose their faith to anyone unless they had full trust in that person knowing that he will not disclose their identity even if they did not embrace the faith. The situation of the Christian community improved somewhat during the constitutional monarchy (1963–1973) as the 1964 Constitution allowed freedom of expression and of association, etc. The community remained quiet and exercised caution in practicing their faith during the republic an regime (1973–1978). Political repression after the establishment of the pro-Soviet regime in April 1978 and subsequent Soviet invasion (December 1979-February 1989) caused a number of Christians to leave to the safety of Pakistan and India trying to seek asylum to countries in the West. In exile, Muslim converts become active in organizing themselves and propagating the faith through translation of Christian literature to the Persian language and making them available to their fellow countrymen.