bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Catalysis for Oxidation of Alcohol via 1‐Methyl‐2‐azaadamanane N‐oxyl Immobilized on Magnetic Polystyrene Nanosphere
Authors: Guo Xiaqun , Li Meichao , Wang Jianli , Li Chunmei , Hu Xinquan , Jin Liqun , Sun Nan , Hu Baoxiang , Shen Zhenlu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHeterogeneous selective oxidation of alcohol to carbonyl compounds with stable organic nitroxyl radicals is highly attractive yet grand challenging. Described herein is a highly promising heterogeneous strategy for this reaction in which a catalytic amount of 1‐methyl‐2‐azaadamanane N‐oxyl immobilized on magnetic polystyrene nanosphere (1‐Me‐AZADO/MPNs) was used and a series of carbonyl compounds were obtained from various alcohols in 73–99 % isolated yields and high selectivity (>99 %) under Anelli conditions, thus offering a greener and more convenient methods in the synthesis of carbonyl compounds. The attractive features of convenient magnetic separation (within seconds), good recyclability (up to 20 runs) and fast reaction rates (5–20 min) were very efficient to improve the utility of azaadamantane‐type‐nitroxyl radicals in the oxygenation.
Engineering Periodic Dinuclear Lanthanide‐Directed Networks Featuring Tunable Energy Level Alignment and Magnetic Anisotropy by Metal Exchange
Authors: Moreno Daniel , Parreiras Sofia O. , Urgel José I. , Muñiz‐Cano Beatriz , Martín‐Fuentes Cristina , Lauwaet Koen , Valvidares Manuel , Valbuena Miguel A. , Gallego José M. , Martínez José I. , Gargiani Pierluigi , Camarero Julio , Miranda Rodolfo , Écija David 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe design of lanthanide multinuclear networks is an emerging field of research due to the potential of such materials for nanomagnetism, spintronics, and quantum information. Therefore, controlling their electronic and magnetic properties is of paramount importance to tailor the envisioned functionalities. In this work, a multidisciplinary study is presented combining scanning tunneling microscopy, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray linear dichroism, X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism, density functional theory, and multiplet calculations, about the supramolecular assembly, electronic and magnetic properties of periodic dinuclear 2D networks based on lanthanide‐pyridyl interactions on Au(111). Er‐ and Dy‐directed assemblies feature identical structural architectures stabilized by metal–organic coordination. Notably, despite exhibiting the same +3 oxidation state, there is a shift of the energy level alignment of the unoccupied molecular orbitals between Er‐ and Dy‐directed networks. In addition, there is a reorientation of the easy axis of magnetization and an increment of the magnetic anisotropy when the metallic center is changed from Er to Dy. Thus, the results show that it is feasible to tune the energy level alignment and magnetic anisotropy of a lanthanide‐based metal‐organic architecture by metal exchange, while preserving the network design.
Characterizing Nuclear Fusion
Authors: Walker Dane 
Published: April 2022

SummaryConventional mass spectrometry techniques can be used to monitor vacuum quality and contaminant species ahead of the fusion process. However, their use in characterizing species used in fusion reactions is limited by the mass interferences that occur with the isotopes of light gases, deuterium and helium for example appear at mass 4. This article describes the use of Threshold Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) and Ultra‐high resolution Mass Spectrometry, both are effective in the characterization of typical species found in nuclear fusion. The TIMS technique uses the control of ionization potential to selectively ionize species at the same nominal mass, deuterium, D2 a typical fuel used in nuclear fusion and the fusion by‐product 4He, both appear at m/z 4 for example. The development of ultra‐high resolution mass spectrometry, using the second stability zone, “Zone H”, further improves these capabilities, with the detection of interference species by mass. Ultrahigh resolution allows improvements in sensitivity of a factor of 100 over the TIMS method.
The 1915 Reichenbach–Wyneken Correspondence: Between the Ethical Ideal and the Reality of War
Authors: Padovani Flavia 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe correspondence presented in this Appedix, which comprises four letters that Hans Reichenbach and Gustav Wyneken exchanged in the spring of 1915, originated following Wyneken’s controversial public lecture Der Krieg und die Jugend, which he delivered to the Munich Free Students (Freie Studentenschaft) on 25 November 1914. In the lecture, Wyneken defended a contentious position in support of war that many interpreted as contradicting views expressed in previous writings. Wyneken’s position was based on the idea that a war, however cruel, still represented an opportunity for a positive societal transformation through the “emancipation” of youth that would necessarily result from it; this was an idea that several Freistudenten, who admired his earlier notion that the essence of youth was meaningful in and of itself, would never subscribe to. The extensive debate that arose from his provocative stance involved several Free Students. How meaningful it must have been for so many of them is clearly exemplified by the Reichenbach-Wyneken exchange, which captures the contrast between the reality of war as embraced by Wyneken and Reichenbach’s own “ethical ideal”.
The Winding Road to Logical Empiricism: Philosophers of Science and the Youth Movement
Authors: Sandner Günther 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMany representatives of Logical Empiricism were active in the youth movement before their scientific career. Rudolf Carnap, Hans Reichenbach, Kurt Grelling, Kurt Lewin, and Karl Korsch are the most prominent examples. The article compares the situation in Germany with that in Austria, where the relationship of Logical Empiricism to the Youth Movement is discussed using the example of Otto Neurath. But was there also programmatic coherence and ideological continuity between the two movements? Certain programmatic elements of the youth movement, such as the insistence on intellectual independence, criticism of authority or the central importance of education, played a central role in later careers of Logical Empiricists. It is made clear that the continuities between the two movements, understood as an important cultural and intellectual movement in interwar Europe, deserve a closer look.
Youth and Politics at the End of the Great War: Rudolf Carnap’s Politische Rundbriefe of 1918
Authors: Werner Meike G. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis essay traces Rudolf Carnap’s intellectual development from a political participant in various groups of the German Youth Movement to a political activist on the left in 1918, and places this development in the context of his experiences as volunteer in World War One on both the eastern and western front as well as his time working for a military institute in Berlin. Carnap’s political turn towards socialism is discussed by presenting, for the first time, the Politische Rundbriefe (Political Circulars) he sent to a group of friends for discussion in 1918. The first four of the nine Rundbriefe consisted of excerpts from Entente newspapers that were critical of the war as well as Carnap’s comments on these clippings. The subsequent circulars dealt with general political topics, such as preserving peace, arbitration, or international law, usually with reference to a specific publication on the subject. As a result of his wartime experiences, Carnap joined the USPD in August 1918 and in December 1918 signed an appeal to the Freideutsche Jugend (Free German Youth) urging the young students to vote for the Social Democrats in the first Reichstag elections.
Philosophenkrieger? – Wie Carnap & Co. den Ersten Weltkrieg sahen
Authors: Wolters Gereon 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungSoweit deutsche Gelehrte nicht selbst im Felde standen, nahmen sie zumeist am Schreibtisch oder in öffentlichen Vorträgen aktiv am Ersten Weltkrieg teil. Das gilt auch für die Philosophen. Unter ihnen finden wir nicht wenige ausgesprochene Kriegshetzer. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht (unter Rückgriff auf Korrespondenzen und Tagebucheinträge) die im Entstehen begriffene Disziplin der Wissenschaftsphilosophie anhand einiger zentraler Vertreter. Die wichtigsten Wissenschaftsphilosophen – die ältesten unter ihnen waren bei Kriegsbeginn zweiunddreißig Jahre alt – waren entweder naiv kriegsbegeistert (so zunächst der jugendbewegte Rudolf Carnap), oder überzeugte Kriegsgegner (Moritz Schlick, Otto Neurath und Hans Reichenbach, letzterer schon vor dem Krieg ein scharfer Kritiker des preußischen Militarismus). Nicht sprechen werde ich über die beiden Wissenschaftsphilosophen Heinrich Scholz, damals noch evangelischer Theologe und einer der übelsten Kriegspropagandisten, sowie über Hugo Dingler, der ganz mit sich selbst und seiner Karriere beschäftigt war. Beide gehören nicht zum Logischen Empirismus. – Eine bedrückender Bezug der Weltkrieg I-Situation zur Gegenwart kommt in den Blick: Das unter deutschen Gelehrten verbreitete und aggressionslegitimierende Gefühl der kollektiven Demütigung durch den Rest der Welt weist beängstigende Parallelen zu Positionen von Gelehrten im heutigen Russland und in weiten Teilen der islamischen Welt auf.
Two-loop infrared singularities in the production of a Higgs boson associated with a top-quark pair
Authors: Chen Jiaqi , Ma Chichuan , Wang Guoxing , Yang Li Lin , Ye Xiaoping 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The associated production of a Higgs boson and a top-quark pair is important for probing the Yukawa coupling of the top quark, and calls for better theoretical modeling. In this paper, we calculate the two-loop infrared divergences in $$ t\overline{t}H $$
t

t
¯

H
production at hadron colliders. To do that we compute the one-loop amplitudes to higher orders in the dimensional regulator ϵ. Numeric results for the infrared poles are given as a reference at several representative phase-space points. The result in this work serves as a part of the ongoing efforts towards the $$ t\overline{t}H $$
t

t
¯

H
cross sections at the next-to-next-to-leading order.
Religious Concerns About COVID-19 Vaccines: From Abortion to Religious Freedom
Authors: Jones D. Gareth 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn the midst of the debate about vaccines against COVID-19 and vaccine mandates, there are a surprisingly large number of concerns coming from some churches centring on the dependence of some of the vaccines on historic abortions and limitations of freedom of choice. Although the ethical significance of separation between historic abortions and the vaccines has been widely accepted by most religious authorities, the pandemic has led to renewed concern by some. The emergence of vaccine mandates, with their potential negative impact on church attendance, has led some to oppose anything that would limit freedom of choice. Within this opposition is a medley of other messages, such as lack of trust in experts and human rights violations. Some regard vaccine passports as a form of ‘medical apartheid’ or ‘therapeutic totalitarianism’, coercing people’s conscience. A countervailing perspective is provided by most church organizations that take a far more communitarian view based upon Jesus’ teachings, identification with the poor and marginalized, and public health considerations. These Christians place far greater store on science as a gift from God, medical science as a means of transforming societies for good, and the potential of vaccines to control a rampant pandemic. Flexibility in imposing vaccine mandates is essential with onus placed on protecting the vulnerable, the community, and directed by the biblical precept of love for one’s neighbour.
A Multidimensional Approach to Measuring Economic Insecurity: The Case of Chile
Authors: Prieto Joaquín 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper proposes a strategy to measure economic insecurity in countries in the Global South. It builds a 'Multidimensional Economic Insecurity Index' (MEII) that combines four indicators of economic vulnerability that cause stress and anxiety: unexpected economic shocks, unprotected employment or non-workers in the household, over-indebtedness and asset poverty. The index offers a measure that directly relates economic uncertainty to stress and anxiety due to the lack of protection and buffers to face an unexpected economic shock. The MEII is applied to Chile using Survey of Household Finances (SHF) cross-sectional data (2007, 2011, 2014 and 2017). The results show that (i) about half of the Chilean households experienced, on average, two or more economic vulnerabilities during the last decade with an intensity of 2.3 vulnerabilities, and (ii) economic insecurity affects households on the entire income distribution, even in the highest income deciles groups. By identifying the groups of households most affected by economic insecurity and its trend in recent years, applying the MEII in countries such as Chile provides relevant information to monitor, evaluate and improve social safety nets besides labour market regulations.
The Development and Production of Literature Within an Easy Language and a Universal Design Perspective
Authors: Berget Gerd , Bugge Hanna Bovim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Finding suitable books for pleasure reading is difficult for many people with reading challenges. Consequently, authors and publishing houses must consider user diversity when developing books. Easy Language comprises an important component, which is closely related to other elements which together constitute accessible books, such as layout, fonts and use of images. Moreover, extensive user testing and involvement must ensure that the books meet the requirements of the readers. This paper presents The Books for Everyone (BfE) Framework, which describes the process from initiation to publication and promotion of Easy Language books, using Norway as a case study. The BfE Framework is illustrated through examples from books and related to the reception and understanding of various user groups.
Investigation on esterified pectin as natural hydrate inhibitor on methane hydrate formation
Authors: Effendi Adam Daniel , Sia Chee Wee , Jasamai Mazuin , Hashmani Muhammad Asad 
Published: April 2022

AbstractFlow assurance treatment with chemical have become more common as new natural polymers are being develop and are viable for inhibiting hydrate formation in production systems due to its eco-friendly and economical properties. Using high-pressure micro-differential scanning calorimetry (HP-µDSC), the influence of kinetic inhibition on methane gas hydrate formation from synthetic polymer; polycaprolactam (PVCap) and organic polymers (low- and high-methoxylated pectin) was investigated. HP-µDSC was combined with the use of open-ended capillary tubes to counter the stochasticity of hydrate formation which often results in an inconclusive data set without numerous repetitions. By adding the capillary tubes within the cell, more data points on the performance of the inhibitors. Generally, the addition of these inhibitors increased the delay in formation of hydrates compared to the control sample which contained deionized water at 25˚C subcooling and 10 MPa pressure. However, the two types of organic inhibitors, which are distinguished primarily by the functional group ratios (carboxyl and ester), performed in contrast to one another. The results suggest that the presence of higher carboxyl functional groups is affecting the overall polarity (i.e., low-methoxylated pectin) significantly improved the hydrate inhibition at optimum concentration where both high-methoxylated pectin and PVCap; a commercial inhibitor, performed relatively weaker. In comparison with PVCap, high-methoxylated pectin showed comparable trend and slightly better performances at most concentrations; however, the peak structures indicate discernible difference in the formation mechanism. The use of low-methoxylated pectin at optimum concentration may offer inhibition performance up to three times to that of PVCap at high subcooling.
Numerical solution for a class of parabolic integro-differential equations subject to integral boundary conditions
Authors: Chattouh Abdeldjalil 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMany physical phenomena can be modelled through nonlocal boundary value problems whose boundary conditions involve integral terms. In this work we propose a numerical algorithm, by combining second-order Crank–Nicolson schema for the temporal discretization and Legendre–Chebyshev pseudo-spectral method (LC–PSM) for the space discretization, to solve a class of parabolic integrodifferential equations subject to nonlocal boundary conditions. The approach proposed in this paper is based on Galerkin formulation and Legendre polynomials. Results on stability and convergence are established. Numerical tests are presented to support theoretical results and to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method
The Sexual Goals of Metoidioplasty Patients and Their Attitudes Toward Using PDE5 Inhibitors and Intracavernosal Injections as Erectile Aids
Authors: Khorrami Amir , Kumar Sahil , Bertin Elise , Wassersug Richard , O'Dwyer Cormac , Mukherjee Smita , Witherspoon Luke , Mankowski Peter , Genoway Krista , Kavanagh Alex G. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Following metoidioplasty, transmen (TM) experience sexual function challenges including erectile dysfunction, which is typically treated in cisgender men with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5i) and intracavernosal injections (ICI).

Aim
We aim to evaluate sexual function post-metoidioplasty and explore attitudes toward using PDE5i and ICI as potential erectile aids

Methods
All patients who had metoidioplasty completed at the Gender Surgery Program in Vancouver, British Columbia were contacted. Participants completed an electronically accessible self-constructed questionnaire consisting of 39 items on erectile function, orgasm, and penetrative intercourse which also captured Erection Hardness Scores (EHS). Data were analyzed via t-test and 1-way ANOVA.

Outcomes
Our outcomes were the importance of erectile function, ability to orgasm, penetrative intercourse, and attitudes towards using PDE5i and ICI post-metoidioplasty.

Results
Fifteen out of 22 patients completed the survey (median age 32 years). Most had metoidioplasty within the past 2 years. The participants ranked the ability to orgasm and to achieve or maintain erections significantly higher than penetrative intercourse (P &lt;.001, P =.005 respectively). Most participants reported facing challenges with penetrative intercourse (87%) and erectile function (80%). In contrast, a smaller proportion reported challenges with orgasm (33%). With regards to EHS, 83% of participants described their erections as either “larger but not hard,” or “hard but not hard enough for penetration.” A total of 47% of the participants had previously tried PDE5i, but none had used ICI. Although 87% were willing to use PDE5i, only 40% were willing to try ICI to improve their erections. Patients reported lack of knowledge and understanding among primary care physicians as barriers to accessing treatment for sexual dysfunction.

Clinical Translation
The results of this study can facilitate decision making for TM undergoing genital gender-affirmation surgery and provide potential options for improving erectile function post surgery.

Strengths & Limitations
This study represents the first assessment of sexual function and use of erectile aids in post-metoidioplasty patients. The results of this study are limited by the small sample size and enrolment from a single surgical center.

Conclusion
Metoidioplasty patients surveyed fail to achieve a fully rigid erection without treatment, typically retain the ability to orgasm, and are generally willing to try PDE5i.
Performance of a turbojet engine with fluidic thrust vectoring
Authors: Chandra Sekar T. , Sundararaj R. H , Arora R. , Kushari A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe objective of the present work is to estimate the performance of a turbojet engine during Fluidic Thrust Vectoring (FTV) employed by injecting the secondary-jet at the throat of a convergent nozzle. The nozzle performance maps and effective nozzle throat area obtained from experiments are coupled with the performance of a conventional engine (without FTV) using an iterative algorithm developed as a part of this work. The performance is estimated for different flow rates of secondary-jet sourced either from a separate compressor or the engine’s compressor. During FTV, the operating point shifted towards the surge line with increased turbine entry temperature. The desired and obtained vector angles and thrust magnitudes are different. At high secondary-jet flow rates, the turbine operation moved out of its performance map. These aspects should be incorporated while integrating the FTV at the system level, thus, asserting the importance of FTV studies coupled with engine performance.
The Arndale Property Company and the Transformation of Urban Britain, 1950–2000
Authors: Kefford Alistair 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis article tracks the remarkable role played by a commercial property developer, the Arndale Property Company, in the transformation of urban Britain across the second half of the twentieth century. This was an era of great change in cities, as urban environments were remodeled and urban centers had to adapt to deindustrialization and the rise of a consumer-driven and service-dominated economy. Arndale was at the forefront of these changes, installing dozens of shopping centers in British towns and cities from the 1950s to the 1990s. The company imported American-inspired commercial architectures, furnishing cities with new landscapes of consumption and mass leisure through which the affluent society was encountered and made concrete. Arndale was also a driving force in the growing financialization of urban property development that began in Britain as early as the 1950s and gathered pace as the century wore on. The company's history thus illuminates important shifts in economic activity and cultural life that had far-reaching impacts on British cities and society. It also highlights Arndale's role at the heart of the postwar urban renewal order, showing how far the company's success depended on its status as a favored partner to public planning authorities pursuing town center redevelopment. The centrality of such public-private developmental partnerships, often overlooked, particularly within adjacent urban disciplines, reveals much about the precise contours and political economy of the British postwar settlement.
When Political Rights Do Not Translate into Economic Power: The Rise and Fall of the Slovenian Minority’s Economy in Italy (1954–2020)
Authors: Guardiancich Igor 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLack of economic data based on ethnicity makes the study of minority economies in linguistically or ethnically mixed regions problematic. Yet, there is much to learn from these hard cases of economic development in terms of the policies that guarantee ethnic or linguistic survival and reproduction. The present article investigates the long-term economic development of the Slovenian minority in Italy between 1954 and 2020. It does so by applying the theoretical framework by new institutional economists Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson (2005), which looks at the dynamic role of political and economic institutions for the generation of economic growth. The parable of this community’s economy shows that political power and economic success can be flimsy and ephemeral. Strategic, long-term economic planning and, especially, contingent planning against foreseeable risks, both of which require the systematic collection of accurate data and the coordination of representative organizations, are key to successful reproduction and sustained growth.