bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of the Black Turfgrass Ataenius on a Golf Course Fairway in Ashland County, Oh, 1992
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was located on a golf course fairway at Jeromesville. Insecticides and entomopathogenic nematodes were applied 29 Jun to plots 2.4 X 3.1 m arranged in RCB replicated 4 times. Granular insecticides were applied using a drop spreader and liquids using a CO2 sprayer with Teejet XR8006VS nozzles at 2.46 kg/cm2 pressure that delivered a volume of 407 liter/ha. Nematodes were applied with a CO2 sprayer using Teejet 8015 noziles at 3.87 kg/cm2 pressure that delivered a spray volume of 990 liter/ha. The experimental area was irrigated approximately 6.4 mm after all treatments were applied but before sprays had dried on the grass blades. BTA populations was ca. 40/0.1 m2, 60% 1st, 20% 2nd, 20% 3rd instars. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were: turf: level, dry, 1.6 cm height, 50% annual bluegrass, 30% perennial ryegrass, 20% annual bluegrass; thatch: dense, moist, 1.3 cm; soil: moist, 65°F at 2.54 cm and 67°F at 7.62 cm; weather: sunny, 64°F, wind 0-8 km/h; water: pH 6.65. Efficacy data were taken on 7 and 9 Jul (8 & 10 DAT) based on the number of live BTA larvae and pupae in 6, 10.8 cm diam samples from each plot. No phytotoxicity was observed.
Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of White Grubs on Golf Course Fairways in Wv, 1992
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , Redmond Carl T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were conducted. Test 1 (Clarksburg C.C.) was installed 3 Aug. Environmental conditions were; air temperature, 31°C; RH, 72%; partly sunny (calm); soil temperature (2 inches), 25°C; pH, 4.77; organic matter, 8.13%; soil moist; soil type, loam (sand 42.6%, silt 43.4%, clay 14.0%); thatch layer 1/4 inch (compressed). Total precipitation during the trial period was 1.35 inches. Treatments were applied in mid-morning from 1000 to 1045h. Nematodes were applied in with a sprinkler can in 2.5 liters of water then irrigated with 2.0 liters about three min after application (water pH, 6.80; temperature, 22°C). Pretreatment population counts averaged 21.6 larvae/ft2 and were mainly 1st instars (100% Japanese beetle). Test 2 (Deerfield C.C.) was installed 26 Aug. Environmental conditions were: air temperature, 24°C; RH, 81%; overcast (fog); soil temperature (2 inches), 28°C; pH, 4.55; organic matter, 10.10%; soil moist; soil type, silt loam (sand 22.2%, silt 64.1%, clay 13.7%); thatch layer 1/8 to 3/8 inches (compressed). Total precipitation during trial period was 3.90 inches. Treatments were applied in the morning from 0830 to 0920 h. Plots were irrigated with about two liters of water, nematodes then applied with a sprinkler can in 2.5 liters, then irrigated with about 3 liters of water about three min after application (water pH, 6.90; temperature, 23°C). Pretreatment population counts averaged 37.7 larvae/ft2 and were 1st and 2nd instars (73% Japanese beetle, 27% northern masked chafer). Both tests; experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications; plots were 8 x 8 ft with a 2 ft buffer zone between; plots were sampled with a cup changer (4.25 inches diam) to a depth of 2-3 inches (4 samples per plot).
Residual Grasshopper Control in Conservation Reserve Program Acres, 1992
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Chambers W. W. , Jenson J. , Walz A. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 60-acre CRP field, predominated by smooth brome grass and located near Menno, SD was selected for the study. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate residual grasshopper control for a four week period. Pretreatment sampling indicated that uniformly high grasshopper populations (74.1/m2) existed within plots immediately prior to insecticide applications. A RCB design replicated 4 times was used with infestation level as a blocking criterion. Plots (220 ft by 220 ft) were arranged in checkerboard fashion with each treatment plot being surrounded by four untreated plots, which were designed to serve as reservoirs for reinfestation of treatment plots throughout the evaluation period. Insecticides were applied using a 40 ft spray boom equipped with Teejet nozzles calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre at 3 mph. Grasshopper counts were conducted at 0, 7, 14, and 21 DAT. Four sets of 0.1 m2 area circular aluminum rings were placed in the central region of each treatment plot. Each set was arranged in a straight line, with rings spaced ca. 3 m apart. Grasshoppers within, and emerging from, each ring were counted. Four 1-m2 samples, each consisting of the total number of grasshoppers from ten rings, were collected from all plots. A modified Abbott's formula (100 * (preapplication – postapplication)/preapplication)) was used to calculate percent reduction from count data. Grasshopper count and percent reduction data were analyzed using SAS's General Linear Models (GLM) procedure with means being compared by DMRT.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Poinsettia, 1992
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Poinsettias obtained as rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm pots. Plants were allowed 4 wk growth (25-30 cm tall) before use in trials. Six plants/treatment were arranged in a RCB design on a raised greenhouse bench. Poinsettia leaves were numbered from the top (first leaf of 1 cm2) down. Twenty adult SWF were clip-caged (2.5 cm diam.) on leaf no. 5 for 48 h to obtain a moderate no. of eggs/leaf. After egg eclosion (10 d) the no. of nymphs were counted as a pre-treatment count on day 0. Treatments began on the same day and continued weekly for 3 wk with a hand sprayer at 40 psi to runoff. Three post-treatment counts of all immature stages and emerged whiteflies were made 16, 20, and 28 DAT.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Poinsettia Using Soil Treatments, Summer 1992
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Poinsettias obtained as rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm pots. Plants were allowed 4 wk growth (25-30 cm tall) before use in trials. Six plants/treatment were arranged in a RCB design on a greenhouse bench. Poinsettia leaves were numbered from top (first leaf of 1 cm2) down. On day 0, four rates of two form, of Merit (2.5G and 240F) were applied by hand to each pot. On day 4, 20 SWF adults were clip-caged (2.5 cm diam) on leaf no. 5 to obtain a moderate no. of eggs/leaf. Whiteflies were removed 48 h after caging and adult mortality was recorded. After egg eclosion (10 d), the no. of nymphs was counted. Post-treatment counts of all immature stages and emerged whiteflies were made 19 and 39 DAT. In addition, whiteflies were caged as described above, 148 DAT, and adult mortality recorded again. After egg eclosion (11 d), the no. of live nymphs was recorded 161 DAT.
Assessment of Dimilin Fob Rangeland Grasshopper Control, 1992
Authors: Catangui M. A. , Brinkman M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Boeteln M. A. , Walz A. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Grasshopper control was investigated in Amidon County, ND. Insecticides were aerially applied over 40-acre plots from 22-24 Jun. CRD with each treatment replicated 3-4 times was utilized. Untreated plots were considered as controls. Grasshopper densities were estimated through ring counts (forty 0.1 m2 aluminum rings, 8 ft apart were placed at the center of each 40-acre plots). Assessment of grasshopper counts per ring were made at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 DAT. Grasshopper species and age composition were determined by taking 80 sweeps/plot with a 12 inch diam sweep net. At 0 DAT, majority of the grasshoppers were 3rd and 4th instars at 39.1% and 26.4%, respectively.
Ant Control in Turfgrass, Michigan, 1992
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
12 ft by 12 ft plots (144 ft2) separated by 3 ft buffer strips in a fairway infested with ants at the Ionia Golf Club, Ionia, MI were used for this test. Precounts were made on 27 Jul after which the treatments were applied. Each treatment was replicated six times. Plots were sprayed with a R&D hand-held boom sprayer with four 8008 nozzles at 50 psi. Granular products, which had been pre-weighed, were applied evenly throughout the plots with custom-made hand shakers. The fairway was irrigated depending on rainfall. Active ant mounds were counted just prior to insecticide treatment and at 3 and 5 weeks after treatment. Ant mounds were counted from a standing position. The first postcount was made on 17 Aug and the second postcount was on 31 Aug. Data were collected for two sets of untreated plots because one product did not arrive in time for the test.
Control of Harvester Ants in Low Water-Use Urban Parks, Nm, 1992
Authors: Ward Charles R. , Blanco-Montero Carlos A. , Walters Suzanne 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rough harvester ant control was evaluated in an urban forest park in the city of Albuquerque. Treatments were randomized within blocks and replicated 6 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity, selected and marked, and counts made on active ants on and in the clear area of each mound prior to treatment. Applications were made on 17 Sep under calm, sunny weather conditions while ants were active (4:00-5:30 pm). All dry treatments were made by sprinkling measured amounts of each formulation on the mound areas around the entrance hole only. The Orthene drench was applied in 3.78 liters of water sprinkled over a 0.37 m2 area around the center of each mound.
Spring Management of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid with Soap, Oil, Experimental and Conventional Insecticides on Douglas-Fir, in Lehighton, Pa, 1992
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twelve treatments were applied to evaluate Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 6-8 ft Douglas-fir Christmas trees. Treatments were applied on 23 Apr, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. Foliar treatments were applied using a Solo Master 412 back pack mist blower operating at full throttle on setting two, at the rate of 150 gal/acre (454 ml/tree). At treatment air temperature was 78°F; 45% RH; and skies were clear. Posttreatment counts were completed on 3 Aug. Each treatment was evaluated by selecting four cardinal locations on each tree at breast height, and counting 50 needles at each location and recording the number of Cooley spruce gall damaged needles. A total of 200 needles was examined per tree and converted to % damaged needles.
Eastern Tent Caterpillar Control in Sand Plum, 1992
Authors: Doss M. , Pinkston K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sand Plum growing in thickets 2-3 ft. tall, located in Payne Co., were used to evaluate efficacy of several control agents against ETC larvae. Treatments were applied on 9 Mar when larvae were 2-5 mm in length. A Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/min of spray at 150 psi was used to apply all treatments. Efficacy was evaluated at 1, 5 and 10 DAT by counting live larvae in each nest and on surrounding foliage.
Evaluation of Max-Con® and Optimizer® Ear Tags Applied at 2 Tags Per Animal for Control of Cattle Lice in Wyoming, 1992
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Waggoner J. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was performed with 1-yr-old heifer and steer calves at Laramie, WY, and with 2-yr-old steers at Torrington, WY. Average weights of the animals were 211 and 467 kg, respectively. At Laramie, the cattle were heavily infested with Bovicola bovis. At Torrington, Linognathus vituli, Haematopinus eurysternus and Solenopotes capillatus were the dominant species. Cattle were housed in separate pens in groups of five at both locations. Cattle were ranked according to lice density, and similarly infested cattle were then randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Five animals per treatment were used in the study at Laramie and 15 per treatment at Torrington. Hair was parted and lice density was estimated by observing and recording the numbers of lice of each species at sample sites on selected body regions of the host. Body regions examined were; one 5 x 15 cm area on the topline; one 5 x 15 cm area on the withers; two 10 X 15 cm areas surrounding the right and left eyes; two 5 x 10 cm areas on the right and left cheeks; one 5 x 25 cm area on the muzzle; and one 5 x 15 cm area on the dewlap. Each animal was tagged in both ears. Cattle at Torrington were tagged on 27 Dec, and cattle at Laramie were tagged on 19 Feb.
Evaluation of Citronella for Repellency of Biting Arthropods on Horses, 1992
Authors: Webb John D. , Knapp Fred W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight thoroughbred mares (20 to 24 yrs old) were randomly assigned to one treatment group and one control (untreated) group (four mares per group). An experimental preparation of 10.6% citronella (Natrapel1) was applied to both sides (0.5 m2 area) of the horses in the treated groups with a hand pump mist sprayer. Each horse received 15 pumps per side or the equivalent of 120 ml for a whole body application. Three to five d old stable flies, horn flies, and two species of Aedes mosquitos (3-o 5-d-old) were tested by placing them in tea strainers (12.7 cm diam) and feeding them 10% sugar water for 24 h prior to exposure. Repellency was tested after a single treatment, two treatments in 1 d and 2 treatments/d for 2 d. After the treatments, the strainers containing separate species were placed on the sides of the horses and held in place by elastic straps for 15 min at 1, 4, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h posttreatment. After exposure the insects were frozen at - 10°C and squashed on paper toweling to determine if a blood meal had been acquired. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differences among means were considered significant at P &lt; 0.05.
Evaluation of Biological Insecticides for Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1992
Authors: Elzen G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Formulated biological insecticides were evaluated for toxicity to lepidopterous pests of cotton in the laboratory. Bioassays were conducted by applying insecticides to cotton terminals (‘STV 213’) held in water pics using a laboratory spray table. The spray table was calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 2 mph with 30 psi at one TX6 nozzle. Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates of 15 terminals/replicate. Controls were treated with water only. Laboratory strains of each insect were reared on artificial diet and each species was tested separately. The average weight of insects tested in mg was: TB, 6.5 ± 1.4; BW, 9.2 ± 2.7; BA, 6.9 ± 1.6; SL, 8.3 ± 1.8. One larva was placed on each terminal 30 min after spraying and held under ventilated cups at 85°F and 55-60% RH. Mortality was determined 72 h after treatment. Mortality was corrected for control mortality by Abbott‘s formula. Data were transformed to arcsin J for analysis; actual percent mortalities are shown.
Insecticide and Acaricide Effects on Mortality of A California Red Scale Parasite, 1989
Authors: Sanchez-Salas Jose A. , Blanco-Montero Carlos A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Parasites of the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), were obtained from grapefruit orchards, with the use of an aspirator, in the vicinity of the General Terin Agriculture Research Center Nuevo Leone, Mexico from Mar to Nov, and transported to the laboratory. Petri dishes were the experimental unit and insecticide/acaricide substrate; top and bottom were sprayed with a hand sprayer and left open until the solution dried. The experimental arrangement consisted of a randomized block design with 2 replications, repeated 14 times throughout the year. Twenty parasites were assigned to each treatment/replication, then placed into treated petri dishes, covered, and held at 24°C and 60-70% RH. After 7 h mortality was evaluated. Mortality data were transformed using Abbott's formula, analyzed with ANOVA and mean separations obtained by Tukey’s test.
Insecticide and Acaricide Effects on Mortality of Two Parasites of the Citrus Blackfly, 1989
Authors: Sanchez-Salas Jose A. , Blanco-Montero Carlos A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Parasites of the citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby, were obtained from grapefruit orchards, with the use of an aspirator, in the vicinity of the General Teran Agriculture Research Center Nuevo Leone, Mexico from Mar to Nov, and transported to the laboratory. Petri dishes were the experimental unit and insecticide/acaricide substrate; top and bottom were sprayed with a hand sprayer and left open until the solution dried. The experimental arrangement consisted of a randomized block design with 2 replications and repeated 32 times throughout the year. Twenty parasites were assigned to each treatment/ replication, maintaining a ratio of 10-10 to 12-8 of each parasite species, then placed into the treated petri dishes, covered, and held at 25°C and 60-70% RH. Mortality was evaluated after 7 h. Mortality data were transformed according to Abbott's formula, analyzed with ANOVA and mean separations obtained by Tukey's test.
Pecan Nut Casebearer Response to Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Aguirre Luis A. , Villegas Jose L. , Guerrero Eugenio , Corrales Jorge 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The response of PNC from Saltillo and Zaragoza, Coahuila to technical grade Guthion and Sevin was evaluated in laboratory bioassays and compared with the recommended doses of the products. Five larvae ranging in length from 8-10 mm were selected per vial (35 ml) per treatment using 4 replicates. Vials were treated with desired amounts of insecticide dispersed in acetone and an acetone check held at 25±2°C and photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D). Mortality was recorded after 24 h and larvae were considered dead if they failed to respond when touched. Mortality was corrected by Abbott’s formula and data were analyzed using probits and the maximum likehood method.
Residual Film Bioassay, 1989
Authors: Guerrero-Rodriguez E. , Paxtian-Hernandez J. , Aguirre-Uribe L. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The responses of second instar nymphs and adults of fowl tick to chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, coumaphos, trichlorfon and lindane in commercial formulations were measured after 48 h in laboratory bioassays. Ticks were collected from La Aurora, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. Vials, measuring 5 cm high X 6 cm diameter, were treated with 1 ml of water solution and rotated until dry. Ten to 15 ticks were placed inside each vial, and plugged with cotton cloth, with a total of 40 ticks used in each trial. Five doses of each product were evaluated. Vials were held at 25°C ± 2°C and mortality was recorded after 48 h. Ticks were considered dead if they failed to respond to touch. Mortality data were subjected to probit analysis to derive LC50 and LC95 values.
Evaluation of Reduced Rates and Reduced Rates Plus Dipel for Pinworm Control, 1977
Authors: Waddill Van 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were planted with seed-lings (1 plant/ft) June 15, 1977, in Rockdale soil. Each plot was a single, 15-ft-long row on a 6-ft center. There were 4 replications per treatment in a completely random design. Treatments were applied weekly from June 17 to July 29 with a tractor-mounted sprayer with 5 nozzles per row. They were applied at a pressure of 250 psi in 100 gal water/A. Chevron Spray Sticker was used with all treatments at the rate of 0.5 pt/100 gal. On August 3 the number of live K. lycoperscella larvae per leaf of 10 randomly selected leaves (fourth fully expanded leaf from terminal) per plot were counted. The pinworm population was smaller than normal. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was used to separate treatment means.
Red-Necked Peanutworm Control in Dryland Peanuts, 1977
Authors: Berberet Richard C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Peanuts were planted on May 25 with 36 inch row spacing in light, sandy soil. A preplant application of Balan was incorporated for weed control. Insecticides were applied on July 29 on 4 row X 50 ft plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Materials were applied through 2 nozzles over each row and total volume of 20 gal/acre at 25 psi. Bravo and Terraclor 10G were used to control foliar and soil fungi, respectively. Samples consisted of 30 terminals/plot collected randomly from the middle 2 rows. Terminals were examined in the laboratory to determine the number of live larvae present. This figure was converted to larvae/row ft based on terminal counts made over the experimental area.
Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Scale on Timothy in Washington, 1977
Authors: Pike Keith S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight insecticides were evaluated at Badger Basin in Kittitas County on timothy-alfalfa. Insecticides were applied to 8 x 25 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with untreated checks in 3 replications. Sprays were applied on June 7 with a compressed air plot sprayer mounted on a bicycle-wheeled carriage, using 40 psi pressure and applying 32.5 gal/acre. Timothy height was 2 to 3 ft. The plots were evaluated on June 29 by rating the abundance of scale/ft2 in each plot using a scale of 1 to 6 [1= no crawler or mature scale; 2=no crawlers, a few mature scale (&lt;10); 3=occasional crawler (1 to 2), 10 to 20 mature scale; 4= 2 to 10 crawlers, 10 to 20 mature scale; 5=11 to 50 crawlers, 20 to 50 mature scale; 6=&gt;50 crawlers, &gt; 50 mature scale].
Space Fumigation Tests Against Selected Greenhouse Pests, 1977
Authors: Webb Ralph E. , Cowley Bryant M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pesticidal dusts (May 3), aerosols (May 4), or ULV fogs (May 5) were tested as space fumigants against selected greenhouse pests held either on host plants or in insect rearing media in 1100-ft sealed trailers. Doors were opened 10 min after the pesticide was released, and insects were removed from the trailers after 30 min. Temperature during the test ranged from 22° to 32° C. Dusts were preweighed and introduced from outside through the rear door; aerosols and EC’s were released by an applicator from within the trailer. Dusts were formulated in HiSil 233 and propelled by CO2; aerosols were formulated with Freon or water plus propane/isobutane. EC’s were commercial formulations and were applied with a Micro-Gen sprayer.
Scots Pine,

P

.

Approximatus

Control, Illinois, 1977
Authors: Appleby J. E. , Farris M. , Randell R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An acre planting of 16-year-old Scots pine was selected in Pope County, Illinois for evaluating the efficacy of treatments applied to pine stumps to prevent weevil infestations in the stumps. A total of 45 trees were felled in December, 1976, leaving stumps of 3-5 inches in height. The felled trees were removed from the site and burned. On March 25 each treatment was applied onto 9 stumps using a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied using knapsack sprayers and each stump was covered thoroughly. On May 16 selected stumps were retreated. On June 20 the bark of each stump was removed and the number of cocoons counted from each stump. The height and diameter of each stump was taken and the number of cocoons per sq ft of stump surface was calculated.
Fall Armyworm Control in Louisiana Pastures, 1976-77
Authors: Wilson B. H. , Farlow R. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Relatively low rates of test chemicals were tested in several individual field tests. Plot size ranged from 12 x 60 ft in hand treated tests to 5 - 10 acres in airplane and tractor applications. All plots were sampled with a standard 15 inch sweep net. Test population densities ranged from 6.0/sweep to 27.0/sweep. Treatment replications varied from 2 to 4 in individual tests.