bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross-Coupling Reactions of Polyhalogenated Heterocycles
Authors: Langer Peter 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPalladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of polyhalogenated heterocycles provide a convenient access to multifold arylated and alkynylated ring systems with a broad spectrum of physical and medicinal properties. Products include thiophenes, selenophenes, pyrroles, indoles, furans, benzofurans, pyrazoles, pyridines, quinolines, pyrimidines, pyrazines, naphthyridines, quinoxalines, and others. The regioselectivity of the coupling reactions is controlled by a combination of electronic and steric parameters. While a number of couplings can be carried out essentially under standard conditions, others require the use of more sophisticated ligands and a thorough optimization of the conditions, such as solvent, temperature, or reaction time. The present Account provides a personalized overview of coupling reactions of polyhalogenated heterocycles.1	Introduction2	Thiophenes3	Selenophenes4	Pyrroles and Indoles5	Furans and Benzofurans6	Pyrazoles7	Pyridines8	Quinolines9	Pyrimidines and Pyrazines10	Naphthyridines and Quinoxalines11	Miscellaneous12	Conclusions
Type III and IV deformation twins in minerals and metals
Authors: Hirth John P. , Hirth Greg , Wang Jian 
Published: March 2022

SignificanceHistorically, two types of twins (I and II) have been categorized for twinning in minerals and metals. When analyzed by the topological model, a crystallographic construction used to define the defect structure of interfaces, triclinic and some other low-symmetry crystals do not fall into either category and instead form two new twinning types, namely, III and IV. Aside from accurately describing twin structures, these concepts are important for understanding the deformation of minerals such as plagioclase and for deriving constitutive models for the deformation.
Elastic mucus strands impair mucociliary clearance in cystic fibrosis pigs
Authors: Pino-Argumedo Maria I. , Fischer Anthony J. , Hilkin Brieanna M. , Gansemer Nicholas D. , Allen Patrick D. , Hoffman Eric A. , Stoltz David A. , Welsh Michael J. , Abou Alaiwa Mahmoud H. 
Published: March 2022

SignificanceIn many lung diseases, increased amounts of and/or abnormal mucus impair mucociliary clearance, a key defense against inhaled and aspirated material. Submucosal glands lining cartilaginous airways secrete mucus strands that are pulled by cilia until they break free from the duct and sweep upward toward the larynx, carrying particulates. In cystic fibrosis (CF) pigs, progressive clearance of insufflated microdisks was repeatedly interrupted as microdisks abruptly recoiled. Aerosolizing a reducing agent to break disulfide bonds linking mucins ruptured mucus strands, freeing them from submucosal gland ducts and allowing cilia to propel them up the airways. These findings highlight the abnormally increased elasticity of CF mucus and suggest that agents that break disulfide bonds might have value in lung diseases with increased mucus.
Cycads defy expectations for the coordination between drought and mechanical resistance. A commentary on: ‘Correlations between leaf economics, mechanical resistance and drought tolerance across 41 cycad species’
Authors: Bartlett Megan K 
Published: March 2022

This article comments on:Yi-Yi Meng, Wei Xiang, Yin Wen, Dong-Liu Huang, Kun-Fang Cao, and Shi-Dan Zhu, Correlations between leaf economics, mechanical resistance and drought tolerance across 41 cycad species, Annals of Botany, Volume 130, Issue 3, 1 September 2022, Pages 345–354 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab146
Scaling the leaf length-times-width equation to predict total leaf area of shoots
Authors: Koyama Kohei , Smith Duncan D 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackground and AimsAn individual plant consists of different-sized shoots, each of which consists of different-sized leaves. To predict plant-level physiological responses from the responses of individual leaves, modelling this within-shoot leaf size variation is necessary. Within-plant leaf trait variation has been well investigated in canopy photosynthesis models but less so in plant allometry. Therefore, integration of these two different approaches is needed.MethodsWe focused on an established leaf-level relationship that the area of an individual leaf lamina is proportional to the product of its length and width. The geometric interpretation of this equation is that different-sized leaf laminas from a single species share the same basic form. Based on this shared basic form, we synthesized a new length-times-width equation predicting total shoot leaf area from the collective dimensions of leaves that comprise a shoot. Furthermore, we showed that several previously established empirical relationships, including the allometric relationships between total shoot leaf area, maximum individual leaf length within the shoot and total leaf number of the shoot, can be unified under the same geometric argument. We tested the model predictions using five species, all of which have simple leaves, selected from diverse taxa (Magnoliids, monocots and eudicots) and from different growth forms (trees, erect herbs and rosette herbs).Key ResultsFor all five species, the length-times-width equation explained within-species variation of total leaf area of a shoot with high accuracy (R2 &gt; 0.994). These strong relationships existed despite leaf dimensions scaling very differently between species. We also found good support for all derived predictions from the model (R2 &gt; 0.85).ConclusionsOur model can be incorporated to improve previous models of allometry that do not consider within-shoot size variation of individual leaves, providing a cross-scale linkage between individual leaf-size variation and shoot-size variation.
Anchorage by seed mucilage prevents seed dislodgement in high surface flow: a mechanistic investigation
Authors: Pan Vincent S , Girvin Cecilia , LoPresti Eric F 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background and Aims
Seed mucilage is a common and highly diverse trait shared among thousands of angiosperm species. While it has long been recognized that mucilage allows seeds to anchor to substrates (antitelechory), resisting abiotic and biotic dislodgement, we still lack a mechanistic understanding of this process.

Methods
We propose a mechanistic model of how mucilage affects substrate anchorage and fluid resistance, ultimately contributing to dislodgement resistance. To test this model, we subjected mucilaginous seeds of 52 species, varying in eight measured seed traits, to 7 d of continuous water flow at a range of dislodgement potentials.

Key Results
Supporting our model, mucilage mass increased the force necessary to dislodge both dry and wet seeds; our measurement of the dislodgement force of dry mucilage explained time to dislodgement well. The effect size was remarkably large; increasing the standardized mucilage mass by 1 s.d. resulted in a 280-fold increase in the time to dislodgement. Fluid resistance was largely dependent on the speed of water flow and the seed’s modified drag coefficient, but not seed traits. Neither mucilage expansion speed nor mucilage decay rate explained dislodgement potential well.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that the degree of anchorage to a substrate, measured with a simple dislodgement force assay, is highly predictive of mucilaginous seed retention in highly erosive environments. In contrast, we found that other seed and mucilage traits are of lesser importance to anchorage.
CBNplot: Bayesian network plots for enrichment analysis
Authors: Sato Noriaki , Tamada Yoshinori , Yu Guangchuang , Okuno Yasushi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSummaryWhen investigating gene expression profiles, determining important directed edges between genes can provide valuable insights in addition to identifying differentially expressed genes. In the subsequent functional enrichment analysis (EA), understanding how enriched pathways or genes in the pathway interact with one another can help infer the gene regulatory network (GRN), important for studying the underlying molecular mechanisms. However, packages for easy inference of the GRN based on EA are scarce. Here, we developed an R package, CBNplot, which infers the Bayesian network (BN) from gene expression data, explicitly utilizing EA results obtained from curated biological pathway databases. The core features include convenient wrapping for structure learning, visualization of the BN from EA results, comparison with reference networks, and reflection of gene-related information on the plot. As an example, we demonstrate the analysis of bladder cancer-related datasets using CBNplot, including probabilistic reasoning, which is a unique aspect of BN analysis. We display the transformability of results obtained from one dataset to another, the validity of the analysis as assessed using established knowledge and literature, and the possibility of facilitating knowledge discovery from gene expression datasets.Availability and implementationThe library, documentation and web server are available at https://github.com/noriakis/CBNplot.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Reconstructing Hominin Diets with Stable Isotope Analysis of Amino Acids: New Perspectives and Future Directions
Authors: Larsen Thomas , Fernandes Ricardo , Wang Yiming V , Roberts Patrick 
Published: March 2022

AbstractStable isotope analysis of teeth and bones is regularly applied by archeologists and paleoanthropologists seeking to reconstruct diets, ecologies, and environments of past hominin populations. Moving beyond the now prevalent study of stable isotope ratios from bulk materials, researchers are increasingly turning to stable isotope ratios of individual amino acids to obtain more detailed and robust insights into trophic level and resource use. In the present article, we provide a guide on how to best use amino acid stable isotope ratios to determine hominin dietary behaviors and ecologies, past and present. We highlight existing uncertainties of interpretation and the methodological developments required to ensure good practice. In doing so, we hope to make this promising approach more broadly accessible to researchers at a variety of career stages and from a variety of methodological and academic backgrounds who seek to delve into new depths in the study of dietary composition.
The bidirectional lung brain-axis of amyloid-β pathology: ozone dysregulates the peri-plaque microenvironment
Authors: Greve Hendrik J , Dunbar August L , Lombo Carla Garza , Ahmed Chandrama , Thang Morrent , Messenger Evan J , Mumaw Christen L , Johnson James A , Kodavanti Urmila P , Oblak Adrian L , Block Michelle L 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe mechanisms underlying how urban air pollution affects Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are largely unknown. Ozone (O3) is a reactive gas component of air pollution linked to increased AD risk, but is confined to the respiratory tract after inhalation, implicating the peripheral immune response to air pollution in AD neuropathology. Here, we demonstrate that O3 exposure impaired the ability of microglia, the brain’s parenchymal immune cells, to associate with and form a protective barrier around Aβ plaques, leading to augmented dystrophic neurites and increased Aβ plaque load. Spatial proteomic profiling analysis of peri-plaque proteins revealed a microenvironment-specific signature of dysregulated disease-associated microglia protein expression and increased pathogenic molecule levels with O3 exposure. Unexpectedly, 5xFAD mice exhibited an augmented pulmonary cell and humoral immune response to O3, supporting that ongoing neuropathology may regulate the peripheral O3 response. Circulating HMGB1 was one factor upregulated in only 5xFAD mice, and peripheral HMGB1 was separately shown to regulate brain Trem2 mRNA expression. These findings demonstrate a bidirectional lung-brain axis regulating the central and peripheral AD immune response and highlight this interaction as a potential novel therapeutic target in AD.
Evaluation of the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on language impairments in the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Sanches Clara , Amzallag Fanny , Dubois Bruno , Lévy Richard , Truong Dennis Q. , Bikson Marom , Teichmann Marc , Valero-Cabré Antoni 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by bilateral atrophy of the prefrontal cortex, gradual deterioration of behavioural and executive capacities, a breakdown of language initiation and impaired search mechanisms in the lexicon. To date, only a few studies have analysed the modulation of language deficits in the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia patients with transcranial direct current stimulation, yet with inconsistent results. Our goal was to assess the impact on language performance of a single session of transcranial direct current stimulation on patients with the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Using a sham-controlled double-blind crossover design in a cohort of behavioural frontotemporal dementia patients (n = 12), we explored the impact on language performance of a single transcranial direct current stimulation session delivering anodal or cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation, over the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, compared with sham stimulation. A Letter fluency and a Picture naming task were performed prior and following transcranial direct current stimulation, to assess modulatory effects on language. Behavioural frontotemporal dementia patients were impaired in all evaluation tasks at baseline compared with healthy controls. Computational finite element method (FEM) models of cortical field distribution corroborated expected impacts of left-anodal and right-cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and showed lower radial field strength in case of atrophy. However, none of the two tasks showed statistically significant evidence of language improvement caused by active transcranial direct current stimulation compared with sham. Our findings do not argue in favour of pre-therapeutic effects and suggest that stimulation strategies evaluating the modulatory role of transcranial direct current stimulation in the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia must carefully weigh the influence of symptom severity and cortical atrophy affecting prefrontal regions to ensure clinical success.
Gendering National Sacrifices: The Making of New Heroines in China’s Counter-COVID-19 TV Series
Authors: Zhou Yunyun , Xie Kailing 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
From February 2020 to the end of 2021, China’s state-controlled media focused on creating its “victorious” narrative of combating the COVID-19 pandemic. This article focuses on two high-profile and COVID-19-themed TV series that aim to rewrite the collective memories of the Wuhan lockdown as part of state’s affective governance strategies. Using a feminist textual analysis, the article examines the gendered nature of state narratives by dissecting the representation of national heroines of the pandemic. It demonstrates the centrality of heterosexual families and gender performances in romanticizing individual sacrifices and mass suffering. Unlike the socialist-era role models, the personal weakness and emotional flaws of China’s new heroines are tactically displayed to enhance emotional authenticity and resonate with contemporary audiences. Yet these state narratives reflect only stereotypical depictions of femininity within a hierarchical gender order in post-reform China, where moralized womanhood is imbued with a sacrificial attitude that serves to discipline China’s female citizens.
Low Prior Exposure and Incidence of Hepatitis C in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Negative Gay and Bisexual Men Taking Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): Findings From the Expanded PrEP Implementation in Communities–New South Wales Prospective Implementation Study
Authors: Amin Janaki , Vaccher Stefanie , Templeton David J , Bavinton Benjamin , Jin Fengyi , Zablotska Iryna , Matthews Gail , Ogilvie Erin , Yeung Barbara , Ooi Catriona , Dharan Nila , Baker David A , Read Phillip , Guy Rebecca , Grulich Andrew E 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
The use of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has raised concerns of increased sexual risk behaviors. These behaviors may be associated with increased incidence of sexually acquired hepatitis C virus (HCV) among gay and bisexual men.

Methods
The Expanded PrEP Implementation in Communities–New South Wales (EPIC-NSW) study was a cohort study of daily coformulated tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine for HIV prevention. We recruited 9596 people at high risk of HIV acquisition from 31 clinics across New South Wales and the Australia Capital Territory in Australia. We report prior exposure to HCV and incidence in this cohort between 2016 and 2019.

Results
At least 1 HCV test result was available for 8658 (90.2%) participants. These individuals had a median age of 34 years (interquartile range, 28–43), most of whom were male (8530, 98.5%), identified as gay (7944, 91.8%), and were born in Australia (51.8%). Prior exposure to HCV was detected among 81 participants at baseline (0.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: .71.2). Twenty of 8577 participants were diagnosed with incident infection (rate 0.2/100 person-years [95% CI: .1–.3/100 person-years]). They were significantly older (median age 41 years vs 34 years, P = .044), and more likely to report methamphetamine use at baseline (incidence rate ratio, 2.7 [95% CI: 1.00–7.2]) than those without incident infection.

Conclusions
In this population of PrEP users, HCV prior exposure and incidence were low. With high levels of HCV and HIV testing and treatment, the dual goals of HIV and HCV elimination could be achieved in this population. Clinical Trials Registration: number NCT02870790.
High Asymptomatic Carriage With the Omicron Variant in South Africa
Authors: Garrett Nigel , Tapley Asa , Andriesen Jessica , Seocharan Ishen , Fisher Leigh H , Bunts Lisa , Espy Nicole , Wallis Carole L , Randhawa April Kaur , Miner Maurine D , Ketter Nzeera , Yacovone Margaret , Goga Ameena , Huang Yunda , Hural John , Kotze Philip , Bekker Linda Gail , Gray Glenda E , Corey Lawrence ,   Ubuntu Study Team, Ahmed Khatija , Badal-Faesen Sharlaa , Barnabas Shaun , Brumskine William , Comline Kim , Diacon Andreas , Dubula Thozama , Gill Katherine , Grobbelaar Coert , Innes Craig , Kassim Sheetal , Kotze Sheena , Lazarus Erica , Lombaard Johannes , Luabeya Angelique , Maboa Rebone Molobane , Mahoney Scott , Mahkaza Disebo , Malahleha Moelo , Malan Daniel , Mngadi Kathryn , Naicker Nivashnee , Naicker Vimla , Naidoo Logashvari , Nchabeleng Maphoshane , Rassool Mohammed , Spooner Elizabeth , Tempelman Hugo , Mgodi Nyaradzo , Dadabhai Sufia , Makhema Joe , Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha Harriet , Samandari Taraz , Elyanu Peter James , Chilengi Roma , Chirenje Zvavahera , McElrath Julie , Cohen Myron , Kublin James , Gilbert Peter , Peda Melissa , Andersen-Nissen Erica , Ferrari Guido , Villaran Manuel , Takalani Azwidhwi , Gildea Marianne , Nebergall Michelle , Sopher Carrie , Proulx-Burns Lori , Govender Dhevium , Sanders Lisa , Hanke Jen , Baepanye Kagisho , Roux Bert Le , Wilvich Haven , Sripathy Smitha , Margineantu Daciana , Brown Valerie , Linton Kim , Howell Haley , Noronha Bianca , Nikles Sarah , Toledano Alicia , May Jeanine , El-Khorazaty Jill , Naidoo Keshani , Takalani Azwidhwi , Khuto Kentse , Mayat Fatima , Fairall Lara , Sanne Ian 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We report a 23% asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) Omicron carriage rate in participants being enrolled into a clinical trial in South Africa, 15-fold higher than in trials before Omicron. We also found lower CD4 + T-cell counts in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strongly correlated with increased odds of being SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive.
Research About Parents of Children with Cochlear Implants: A Scoping Review
Authors: Kecman Emily 
Published: March 2022

AbstractParents of children who are deaf or hard of hearing have long attracted interest from researchers, though, since the 1990s, published research about this population has increasingly gravitated toward issues surrounding pediatric cochlear implantation. This scoping review was undertaken to map the nature, extent, and range of three decades of research about parents of children with cochlear implants, and reports on (1) publication characteristics, (2) sampling characteristics, and (3) study design characteristics within 80 peer-reviewed articles published between 1990 and 2020. The results indicate several gaps and gluts within the field, including a lack of diversity within (and detail about) study samples, a disproportionate focus on evaluating parents’ personal characteristics and (presupposed) psycho-emotional problems, and a scarcity of participatory or co-constructed projects. The results may inform future research, ensuring a wider range of perspectives and experiences are recorded and issues of highest priority and relevance to families are investigated.
Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients
Authors: Cerna Karin , Duricova Dana , Hindos Miroslav , Hindos Hrebackova Jana , Lukas Martin , Machkova Nadezda , Hruba Veronika , Mitrova Katarina , Kubickova Kristyna , Kastylova Kristyna , Teplan Vladimir , Lukas Milan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background and Aims
Knowledge on the immunogenicity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] patients is limited. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses and antibodies were analysed in 60 IBD vaccine recipients and 30 controls.

Methods
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies against the viral spike protein were measured at baseline and at 8 and 26 weeks after the second vaccine dose. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies against the nucleocapsid antigens were measured at week 26. A SARS-CoV-2 interferon-gamma released assay [IGRA] was performed in all vaccinees at week 26.

Results
At weeks 0 and 8, no differences were found in anti-spike antibodies between cohorts. At week 26, the decrease in antibody levels was more significant in the IBD cohort compared to the healthy cohort, and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies were not detected in either group. At week 26, 16 of 90 [18%] vaccinated individuals had a negative IGRA test result, seven of 90 [8%] were borderline and 67 [74%] had a positive IGRA result; 22 of the 23 individuals with negative or borderline IGRA results belonged to the IBD cohort. However, the overall functional ability of T-lymphocytes to produce interferon-gamma after the unspecific mitogen stimulation was lower in IBD patients. In vaccinated individuals with low or borderline IGRA, treatment with tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors was the most frequent. In individuals with a significant drop in anti-spike antibody levels, plasmatic interferon-gamma concentrations after the specific SARS-CoV-2 stimulation were also insufficient.

Conclusions
Simple humoral and cellular post-vaccination monitoring is advisable in IBD patients so that repeated vaccine doses may be scheduled.