bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypoglycemia induces vascular endothelial dysfunction in subjects with normal glucose tolerance
Authors: Tanaka Kenichi , Okada Yosuke , Torimoto Keiichi , Nishio Kosuke , Narisawa Manabu , Tanaka Yoshiya 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis prospective study determined the effects of hypoglycemic stimulation on vascular endothelial function in non-diabetic patients using reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT). The study included non-diabetic patients who were hospitalized for an insulin tolerance test (ITT) for the diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism or hypopituitarism. Vascular endothelial function was assessed using the reactive hyperemia index (RHI) measured by the RH-PAT. We also measured the levels of anterior pituitary hormone, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine at the time of hypoglycemia. The primary endpoint was a change in the RHI at 120 min after insulin administration. The study included 27 patients. ITT was associated with significant increases in systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, and the blood levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, growth hormone, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. RHI significantly decreased after ITT from 2.24 ± 0.51 to 1.71 ± 0.42. A significant inverse correlation was observed between the change in RHI and change in adrenaline (r = − 0.670, p = 0.012). We concluded that hypoglycemic stimulation altered vascular endothelial function, as measured by RH-PAT, even in patients free of glucose intolerance. The observed deterioration in vascular endothelial function correlated with increases in catecholamine levels during hypoglycemia.Trial registration: UMIN000033244.
Significant modulations of linc001128 and linc0938 with miR-24-3p and miR-30c-5p in Parkinson disease
Authors: Yousefi Maryam , Peymani Maryam , Ghaedi Kamran , Irani Shiva , Etemadifar Masoud 
Published: February 2022

AbstractParkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease; the evidence suggests that lncRNAs and miRNAs play an important role in regulating the PD-related genes. The purpose of this research was to introduce two novel lncRNAs as the biomarker of PD diagnosis and treatment. We evaluated the expression profiles of six nodes of two regulatory networks in the PBMCs which had been got from 38 PD patients and 20 healthy individuals by qRT-PCR. Then, we compared the expression of these RNAs in both early and late stages of PD with the controls to determine if their expression could be related to the severity of disease. Further, this study investigated the direct interaction between one of the lncRNAs and target miRNA by using the dual luciferase assay. The results of the expression profiles of six nodes of the two ceRNA networks shown that linc01128, hsa-miR-24-3p and hsa-miR-30c-5p expression were significantly downregulated. While, the Linc00938, LRRK2 and ATP13A2 expression were up-regulated in the PBMC of the PD patients, in comparison to the controls. In addition, this study demonstrated that linc00938 directly sponged hsa-miR-30c-5p. The present study, therefore, for the first time, revealed two candidate lncRNAs as the biomarkers in the PD patients.
Preventive effect of rebamipide on NSAID-induced lower gastrointestinal tract injury using FAERS and JADER
Authors: Imai Toru , Hazama Katsuyuki , Kosuge Yasuhiro , Suzuki Shinichiro , Ootsuka Susumu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for their antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, various aspects of NSAID-induced lower gastrointestinal tract injury remain unclear, and effective prophylaxis has not been established. Based on its pharmacological effect and clinical trials, rebamipide may prevent lower gastrointestinal tract injury, although this evidence is limited by the small scale of trials. The present study used the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and the Japanese Adverse Event Reporting Database (JADER) to assess the efficacy of rebamipide in combination with loxoprofen and diclofenac in preventing NSAID-induced lower gastrointestinal tract injury. The calculated reporting odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) for rebamipide in combination with loxoprofen and diclofenac were 1.15 (95% CI 0.88–1.51) and 1.28 (95% CI 0.82–2.01) for FAERS, and 0.50 (95% CI 0.35–0.71) and 0.43 (95% CI 0.27–0.67) for JADER, respectively. No signal was detected when combining drugs. These results suggest a prophylactic effect of rebamipide on NSAID-induced lower gastrointestinal tract injury.
In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of Lentinus squarrosulus powder and impact on human fecal microbiota
Authors: Ayimbila Francis , Siriwong Supatcharee , Nakphaichit Massalin , Keawsompong Suttipun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHumans have long-used mushrooms as food and medicine, but digestion and colonic fermentation of most mushrooms, including Lentinus squarrosulus is markedly unknown. Here, nutritional profile, digestion and colonic fermentation of L. squarrosulus powder (LP) were determined. The powder contained mainly carbohydrate and protein. SEM and F-TIR analysis of the resistant hydrolysate (RH) revealed that the structure and ratio of carbohydrate and protein components were altered, and released known immunomodulation agents; beta-glucans and mannose. Both LP and RH promoted selected probiotic bacteria, especially Bifidobacterium strains. Using fecal microbiota of five volunteers (V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5), RH stimulated the microbiota of all used volunteers, via decreasing the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ranging from 1.3 to 8.2 times. Also, RH increased the relative abundance of vital immunomodulators; Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium cluster XIVa and IV, and Sutterella. Additionally, RH fermentation enriched the content of branch-chain fatty acids (BCFA) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), indicating protein and carbohydrate usage. Notably, propionic and butyric acids were abundant in V1, V2 and V3, while in V4 and V5, acetic and butyric acids were most enriched. Suggesting L. squarrosulus as functional mushroom to improve health and prevent diseases by enhancing gut health.
Effect of contrasting phosphorus levels on nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from temperate grassland soils
Authors: Gebremichael Amanuel W. , Wall David P. , O’Neill Rosie M. , Krol Dominika J. , Brennan Fiona , Lanigan Gary , Richards Karl G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAgricultural practices such as repeated fertilization impact carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling and their relationships in the plant–soil continuum, which could have important implications for the magnitude of greenhouse gas emissions. However, little is known about the effect of C and N additions under contrasting soil P availability status on nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In this study, we conducted a field-based experiment that investigated the impact of long-term (23 years) P management (no (P0, 0 kg P ha−1), low (P15, 15 kg P ha−1) and high (P45, 45 kg P ha−1) P inputs) on N2O and CO2 emissions following two C + N application events in two managed grassland ecosystems with loam and sandy loam soils. The magnitude of fluxes varied between the soil P availability levels. Cumulative N2O emission was significantly higher in P0 soils (1.08 ± 0.09 g N2O-N m−2) than P45 soils (0.63 ± 0.03 g N2O-N m−2), with the loam soil (1.04 ± 0.04 g N2O-N m−2) producing significantly higher emissions than the sandy loam soil (0.88 ± 0.05 g N2O-N m−2). We conclude that P-limitation stimulates N2O emissions, whereas P-enrichment promotes soil respiration in these temperate grassland sites. Our findings inform effective nutrient management strategies underpinning optimized use of N and P inputs to agricultural soils as mitigation measures for both food security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Triazine-based porous organic polymers for reversible capture of iodine and utilization in antibacterial application
Authors: Mohan Anandhu , Al-Sayah Mohammad H. , Ahmed Abdelrahman , El-Kadri Oussama M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe capture and safe storage of radioactive iodine (129I or 131I) are of a compelling significance in the generation of nuclear energy and waste storage. Because of their physiochemical properties, Porous Organic Polymers (POPs) are considered to be one of the most sought classes of materials for iodine capture and storage. Herein, we report on the preparation and characterization of two triazine-based, nitrogen-rich, porous organic polymers, NRPOP-1 (SABET = 519 m2 g−1) and NRPOP-2 (SABET = 456 m2 g−1), by reacting 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine or 1,4-bis-(2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazine)-benzene with thieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarboxaldehyde, respectively, and their use in the capture of volatile iodine. NRPOP-1 and NRPOP-2 showed a high adsorption capacity of iodine vapor with an uptake of up to 317 wt % at 80 °C and 1 bar and adequate recyclability. The NRPOPs were also capable of removing up to 87% of iodine from 300 mg L−1 iodine-cyclohexane solution. Furthermore, the iodine-loaded polymers, I2@NRPOP-1 and I2@NRPOP-2, displayed good antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus (ML), Escherichia coli (EC), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSA). The synergic functionality of these novel polymers makes them promising materials to the environment and public health.
A binocular reconstruction based on perspective projection constraints and its application on robot eye‐hand coordination
Authors: Wei Hui , Meng Lingjiang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractStereo matching algorithms have been developed for many years but basically focus only on the implementation of existing datasets and are rarely applied to real scenarios, such as industrial robot scenarios. Traditional stereo matching algorithms have a high error rate, and deep learning algorithms are difficult to obtain good results in real scenarios because of their weak generalisation ability and difficult access to training data. In order to use stereo matching algorithms for industrial robot guidance, it is better to design a new traditional algorithm with low time complexity for the characteristics of industrial robot scenarios dominated by planar facets. This paper proposes a new matching method based on subrows of pixels, instead of individual pixels, in order to improve robustness of matching and reduce running time. First, the pixel strings from the same row of the left and right images are divided into several colour‐identical or colour‐gradient segments. Then, the colour and length of the two left and right pixel segment are used as clues to determine a matching relation and obtain the matching type. Then, all match types can be determined according to non‐crossing mapping. Each match type can reason backward to the corresponding spatial state of the stimulus source so that the disparity of pixels in pixel segments representing the spatial state can be calculated. This new matching method makes full use of the stimulus homology constraints and projective geometric constraints of row‐aligned images. The method can obtain good results in industrial robot scenarios and be applied for industrial robot guidance.
Metal‐only ultra‐wideband reflectarray
Authors: Ren Jia‐Wei , Wang Hong‐Jian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA metal‐only ultra‐wideband polarisation‐selective reflectarray element using the true time delay is proposed herein. The element affords a large bandwidth with a tuneable reflection phase. An offset‐fed reflectarray prototype using the proposed element was designed, and it exhibited stable radiation patterns from 4 to 35 GHz (over 8:1 bandwidth), a low loss, and a measured maximum efficiency of 54.6%. The special metal‐only feature circumvents the need for dielectric substrates and ground planes; such features result in a simple structure that allows it to be used in harsh environments such as space.
A deep‐learning based solar irradiance forecast using missing data
Authors: Shan Shuo , Xie Xiangying , Fan Tao , Xiao Yushun , Ding Zhetong , Zhang Kanjian , Wei Haikun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIrradiance prediction is a vital task in the renewable energy field. Its aim is to forecast the irradiance or power of a photovoltaic plant and thus provide a reference for stabilizing the power grid. In the real scenarios, missing data can significantly reduce the accuracy of the prediction. Meanwhile, due to the unawareness of the distribution of datasets, it is difficult to choose a suitable imputation method before modeling. Also, different imputation methods do not have the same good effects on different datasets. In this article, a recurrent neural network with an adaptive neural imputation module is proposed for forecasting direct solar irradiance using missing data. The model predicts future 4‐h irradiance based on the missing historical climate and irradiance data without imputing the data in pre‐processing stage. The proposed model is tested on the open access datasets, with missing values generated randomly in all input series. The model performance is compared under various missing rates and different input factors with other imputation methods. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods outperform other methods under different evaluation metrics. Furthermore, the authors integrate the model with the attention mechanism and find it has better performance at high irradiance.
Percy Lane Oliver (1878 – 1944) und die Gründung des ersten freiwilligen Blutspenderdienstes in England im Jahr 1921
Authors: Bauer Axel W. 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungDer aus St. Ives in Cornwall stammende Bibliothekar Percy Lane Oliver (1878 – 1944) begründete im Oktober 1921 in London den ersten freiwilligen Blutspenderdienst, der 1926 vom britischen
Roten Kreuz übernommen und 1946 als Blood Transfusion Service (BTS) verstaatlicht wurde. Die Spender erhielten keine Bezahlung, ihre Blutspende sollte als Geschenk an die Allgemeinheit
verstanden werden. Der vom methodistischen Gedankengut geprägte Oliver war 1893 nicht zum Medizinstudium zugelassen worden, jedoch wurde er durch seine philanthropische Gesinnung und sein
Organisationstalent zu einem Pionier der Transfusionsmedizin. Nach seinem Tod im Jahr 1944 wurde er zunächst von der Medizingeschichte weitgehend vergessen, doch erinnern der Oliver Memorial
Fund und der Percy Lane Oliver Memorial Award auch heute noch an sein Wirken.
Novelle QLL 2020 – welche Auswirkungen haben die neu empfohlenen Hämoglobin-Transfusionstrigger auf die klinische Versorgung?
Authors: Kotzerke David , Costa Maria Walter , Voigt Jenny , Kleinhempel Alisa , Schmidt Maria , Söhnlein Tim , Kaiser Thorsten , Henschler Reinhard 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungIn der Gesamtnovelle der Querschnittsleitlinie (QLL) Hämotherapie der Bundesärztekammer (BÄK) 2020 wurde der Hämoglobin-Transfusionstrigger (Hb-Transfusionstrigger) bei akutem Blutverlust
ohne zusätzliche Risikofaktoren aufgrund einer Neubewertung der internationalen Evidenz von 3,7 mmol/l (6 g/dl) auf 4,3 mmol/l (7 g/dl) angepasst. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die
retrospektive Analyse des Transfusionsverhaltens von EK bezüglich der Maßgaben der QLL. Zu diesem Zweck analysierten wir individuelle Prä- und Posttransfusions-Hb-Werte von
Erythrozytenkonzentraten (EK), die im 4. Quartal 2019 (4946 EKs, 129 560 Hb-Werte) und 2020 (5502 EKs, 134 404 Hb-Werte) am Universitätsklinikum Leipzig (UKL) transfundiert wurden. Der
mediane Hb-Wert vor der Transfusion betrug 4,3 mmol/l (7 g/dl) (680 medizinische Fälle, die 2724 EK in 1801 Transfusionen im Jahr 2019 erhielten). Von allen Transfusionen im Jahr 2019
zeigten 899 (49,9%) Transfusionen Hb-Werte < 4,3 mmol/l (7 g/dl) vor der Transfusion, während 152 (8,4%) Hb-Werte < 3,7 mmol/l (6 g/dl) aufwiesen. 2020 wurden jeweils vergleichbare
Ergebnisse ermittelt. Wir zeigen, dass der mediane Hb-Anstieg nach der Transfusion eines EK 0,6 mmol/l (1 g/dl) betrug. 34,7% aller Transfusionen erreichten den erwarteten Anstieg von
0,6 mmol/l (1 g/dl) pro EK. Der absolute Anstieg nahm bei Transfusionen mit mehreren EK im Vergleich zu Transfusionen mit einem EK nicht linear zu. Der Grad der Hb-Erhöhung korrelierte
invers mit dem Hb-Wert vor Transfusion. Der Hb-Wert nach der Transfusion wurde bei 96,3% der Fälle innerhalb von 24 Stunden nach Hämotherapie kontrolliert. Zusammenfassend spiegelt das
Transfusionsverhalten generell die Empfehlungen der Leitlinie. Um ein optimiertes, individualisiertes und dennoch restriktives Transfusionsverhalten bei EK zu erreichen, schlagen wir die
Implementierung eines klinischen Entscheidungsunterstützungssystems (CDSS) bei Verschreibung jeder einzelnen EK-Transfusion vor, welches Ärzte bei der Einhaltung der Transfusionsleitlinie
unterstützt und über Abweichungen informiert.
Regionale und zeitliche Trends der SARS-CoV-2 assoziierten
Sterblichkeit in Bayern: Eine altersstratifizierte Analyse über 5
Quartale für Personen ab 50 Jahren
Authors: Manz Kirsi Marjaana , Batcha Aarif M.N. , Mansmann Ulrich 
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Dieser Beitrag visualisiert regionale und zeitliche
Heterogenität der SARS-CoV-2 assoziierten Mortalität in Bayern
und untersucht den Einfluss regionaler Faktoren wie Inzidenzrate,
Hospitalisierungen, sozio-ökonomischer Status und Pflegeheime auf die
SARS-CoV-2 assoziierte Mortalität.
Methodik Die offiziellen bayerischen Meldedaten zu SARS-CoV-2 wurden
für drei Altersgruppen (50–64, 65–74,>74 Jahre)
zwischen März 2020 und April 2021 betrachtet. Karten mit regionalen
standardisierten Mortalitätsraten wurden mit einem Bayesianischen
hierarchischen Modell räumlich geglättet.
Ergebnisse Das Bild der regionalen Mortalität ist heterogen mit
einem steigenden Gradienten nach Nord-Osten. Die Adjustierung nach
standardisierten Inzidenzraten, Hospitalisierungen der infizierten Personen und
Verfügbarkeit von Heimplätzen für ältere
Menschen nivelliert die Heterogenität.
Schlussfolgerung Der Nord-Ost Gradient in den bayerischen SARS-CoV-2
spezifischen Sterberaten wird deutlich durch den vergleichbaren Gradienten der
regionalen Inzidenzraten erklärt. Andere regionale Faktoren zeigen einen
weniger deutlichen Einfluss.
Erfahrungen mit Versorgungsärzt*innen in der
frühen COVID-19-Phase 2020 in Bayern – Befragung von
Versorgungs- und Hausärzt*innen
Authors: Olm Michaela , Schymura Jens Boris , Torge Marion , Riedl Bernhard , Wapler Peter , Wartner Anton , Vorderwülbecke Florian , Schneider Antonius , Linde Klaus 
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Im Rahmen des in Bayern festgestellten Katastrophenfalls
in der frühen Corona-Phase 2020 wurden sog.
Versorgungsärzt*innen (VÄ) für die ambulante
Versorgung etabliert. Ziel der vorliegenden Befragungen war eine Bewertung
dieser neu eingeführten, jedoch zeitlich begrenzten Position.
Methodik Im November 2020 wurde ein papierbasierter Fragebogen an alle 85
durch Internetrecherche identifizierbaren VÄ sowie an alle 197
hausärztlichen Lehrarztpraxen (HÄ) des Instituts für
Allgemeinmedizin und Versorgungsforschung der TU München verschickt. Die
Datenauswertung erfolgte deskriptiv und anonymisiert.
Ergebnisse Insgesamt konnten 75 (88%) VÄ und 156
(79%) HÄ eingeschlossen werden. 97% der VÄ und
67% der HÄ bewerteten die Einführung von VÄ als
sinnvoll, jedoch auch als Eingriff in die ärztliche Selbstverwaltung
(VÄ: 59% bzw. HÄ: 42%). 37% der
HÄ äußerten, VÄ sollten im weiteren Verlauf der
Pandemie möglichst vermieden werden. Bei intensiverem Kontakt zu
VÄ zeigten sich auf hausärztlicher Seite insgesamt
höhere Zustimmungswerte. Die Zusammenarbeit und Kommunikation mit
Politik, Behörden und Kassenärztlicher Vereinigung Bayerns
wurden von beiden Gruppen als schwierig und oft widersprüchlich
bewertet. Zu differenzieren ist, dass VÄ die Kooperation mit Politik und
Behörden auf lokaler Ebene, bspw. mit der Führungsgruppe
Katastrophenschutz, mehrheitlich als positiv beurteilten. Der Mangel an
Schutzausrüstung zu Pandemiebeginn wurde von beiden Befragungsgruppen
kritisch gesehen.
Schlussfolgerung Die Etablierung von VÄ in Bayern in der
frühen Corona-Phase 2020 wurde von fast allen VÄ und der
Mehrheit der befragten HÄ für sinnvoll erachtet. Für die
Zukunft scheint es notwendig, primärztliche Vertreter*innen
stärker und dauerhaft in Entscheidungsprozesse einzubeziehen und
bestehende Strukturen zu stärken.
Perimortem Cesarean Section in a Patient with Intrapartum
Cardiorespiratory Arrest Due to a Massive Amniotic Fluid
Embolism
Authors: Habek Dubravko , Marton Ingrid , Prka Matija , Luetić AnaTikvica , Šklebar Ivan , Habek Jasna Cerkez 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe report and discuss the case of a 29-year-old tercigravida with intrapartum
cardiorespiratory arrest due to a massive amniotic fluid embolism and
disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Perimortem caesarean section with
B-Lynch compression uterine suture with simultaneous fetal and maternal
resuscitation were performed with a favorable outcome for both the mother and
the child.
„Do’s and Dont’s“ bei der radikalen Zystektomie und Harnableitung: Minimierung von postoperativen Komplikationen
Authors: Bolenz Christian , Ohlmann Carsten-Henning , Gschwend Jürgen 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungDie radikale Zystektomie (RC) mit Anlage einer Harnableitung (HA) ist ein umfangreicher und
anspruchsvoller abdomineller Eingriff. Es bestehen durch die Operation selbst sowie aufgrund
patientenindividueller Komorbiditäten erhebliche periinterventionelle Risiken. Das mögliche
Komplikationsspektrum ist groß und muss von den beteiligten Behandlern beherrscht werden. Zur
Erreichung eines optimalen onkologischen und funktionellen Ergebnisses sind multiple Faktoren
zu beachten. Diese „DOs“ reichen von der leitliniengerechten Indikationsstellung über
möglichst standardisierte perioperative Maßnahmen bis hin zur Anwendung optimaler und
etablierter chirurgischer Techniken bei der Resektion der Harnblase und der Rekonstruktion der
Harnableitung. Alle Maßnahmen haben das Ziel, die Komplikationsrate der RC zu minimieren und
die Rehabilitation zu beschleunigen. Wir fassen in diesem Artikel wichtige
Handlungsempfehlungen sowie zu vermeidende Praktiken des perioperativen Managements („Don’ts“)
bei der Zystektomie und Harnableitung zusammen.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of a 30- versus a 120-Second Delay in Cord Clamping after Term Birth
Authors: Soliman Reem M. , Elgendy Marwa M. , Said Reem N. , Shaarawy Bassant I. , Helal Omneya M. , Aly Hany 
Published: February 2022

Objective Delayed cord clamping (DCC) has been recently adopted in neonatal resuscitation. The immediate cardiac hemodynamic effects related to DCC more than 30 seconds was not studied. We aimed to study the effect of DCC at 120 seconds compared with 30 seconds on multiple hemodynamic variables in full-term infants using an electrical cardiometry (EC) device.
Study Design Present study is a randomized clinical trial. The study was conducted with full-term infants who were delivered at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department in Cairo University Hospital. Sixty-eight full term infants were successfully enrolled in this trial. Cardiac output (CO) and other hemodynamic parameters were evaluated in this study by EC device. Hemoglobin, glucose, and bilirubin concentrations were measured at 24 hours. Newborn infants were assigned randomly into group 1: DCC at 30 seconds, and group 2: DCC at 120 seconds, based on the time of cord clamping.
Results Stroke volume (SV) (mL) and CO (L/min) were significantly higher in group 2 compared with group 1 at 5 minutes (6.71 vs. 5.35 and 1.09 vs. 0.75), 10 minutes (6.43 vs. 5.59 and 0.88 vs. 0.77), 15 minutes (6.45 vs. 5.60 and 0.89 vs. 0.76), and 24 hours (6.67 vs. 5.75 and 0.91vs. 0.81), respectively. Index of contractility (ICON; units) was significantly increased in group 2 at 5 minutes compared with group1 (114.2 vs. 83.8). Hematocrit (%) and total bilirubin concentrations (mg/dL) at 24 hours were significantly increased in group 2 compared with group 1 (51.5 vs. 40.5 and 3.8 vs. 2.9, respectively).
Conclusion Stroke volume and cardiac output are significantly higher in neonates with DCC at 120 seconds compared with 30 seconds that continues for the first 24 hours.
Key Points