bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mean height increase in saplings of a keystone woody savanna species over 15 years similar to that over a single season
Authors: Seymour Colleen L. , Joseph Grant S. , Calitz Wynand , Henschel Joh R. , Ramaswiela Tshililo , van der Merwe Helga 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWoody structure, particularly that created by large trees, is crucial to savanna biodiversity pattern and process. We assessed changes in vertical and horizontal canopy over 15 years of saplings of Vachellia (Acacia) erioloba (camelthorn), a keystone species and one of the only trees to grow large in arid savanna on low rainfall areas of Kalahari sands, southern Africa. We also assessed whether the fastest growing saplings over the 2003–2004 growing season were also the fastest growing over the following 15 years. We measured height, canopy extent, and diameter of largest stem at ground level of 120 saplings of V. erioloba in November 2003, remeasuring these in March 2004. In November 2019, we were able to find 67 of these saplings, and we measured them again to assess growth between 2004 and 2019. We modeled interindividual explanatory variables for growth (i.e., measures taken in 2004 of height, diameter, number of stems, evidence of fire, and largest stem diameter). We also compared residuals of growth between 2003 and 2004 with those between 2004 and 2019, to assess whether individuals showed similar progress relative to their peers over the two periods considered. Height increase was extremely variable, but mean increase over 15 years was only 45.4 mm, similar to that measured for the 2003–2004 growing season (43.1 mm). Mean horizontal canopy showed far greater growth (mean 120.2 mm over 15 years, compared with 7.12 mm over 2003–2004) than vertical growth. Individuals that had shown the fastest increase in horizontal canopy in 2003–2004 tended to be the same individuals that grew fastest over the following 15 years, but even the highest “achievers” showed increases of only 47.2 mm and 37.5 mm year−1 in average horizontal canopy extent and height, respectively. This study demonstrates how crucial long‐term studies are, particularly in arid systems. Many individuals may be trapped in the “sapling” class and could take decades to become large trees. Woody sapling growth was not cumulative, and modeling studies in savannas should be cautious in extrapolating growth from one season to several years.
Method development for the investigation of Mn2+/3+, Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ with capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry
Authors: Hanf Lenard , Brüning Kai , Winter Martin , Nowak Sascha 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe lifetime of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) decreases under continuous cycling due to various degradation processes, such as dissolution of transition metals (TMs) from the electrodes. Therefore, suitable methods to analyze the oxidation states of TMs are mandatory to better understand the dissolution mechanisms of TMs from positive and negative electrodes (LIBs). To investigate the dissolution of Mn2+ and Mn3+ in electrolytes of LIBs, a previously implemented capillary electrophoresis (CE) method with UV/Vis spectroscopy detection was further developed with the aim of higher sensitivities and additional detection of other dissolved divalent TMs such as Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+. Therefore, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry was applied instead of UV/Vis for detection. This also allows the use of Ga3+ instead of the previously used Cu2+ as an internal standard, which solves the limitation of this method for cycled LIBs due to copper dissolution from the copper‐based current collector. The CE buffer based on sodium diphosphate as complexing agent for the stabilization of Mn3+ and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as dynamic capillary wall modifier was optimized in terms of concentrations and pH. Finally, both manganese species and Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ could be analyzed within 15 min. With this improved method, the dissolution of TMs in LIBs for positive electrode materials such as LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) or LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM, x + y + z = 1) can be studied in future in more detail.
On the selection of an interpolation method with an application to the Fire Weather Index in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Granville Kevin , Woolford Douglas G. , Dean C. B. , Boychuk Dennis , McFayden Colin B. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractEvidence‐based studies in the environmental sciences frequently rely on the presence of spatially dense climatological data. However, such data are often available only at a fixed set of locations that may be regularly or irregularly arranged across a region. Spatial interpolation enables the approximation of variables of interest at locations between those sites. When conducting interpolation in collaboration with an end user or in interdisciplinary research, mutual knowledge exchange allows for greater insight on what is required of an interpolation method since each may have different pros and cons. We outline and discuss several key considerations one should make in an interpolation study, such as the purpose of the variable and the goals of the end user, including how the variable is used to inform decisions. This process is then illustrated via case study within a wildland fire weather context. For the province of Ontario, Canada, we contrast several methods for interpolating the Fire Weather Index (FWI), comparing them quantitatively via metrics and qualitatively using a proposed categorical gradients visualization scheme. Conditional simulations and a spatial ensemble are also investigated. This work is in collaboration with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry.
Resources for renewable natural gas: A Hawaii case study
Authors: Turn Scott , Williams Robert , Chan Wai Ying 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFeedstock resources for renewable natural gas (RNG) production by biological (e.g., anaerobic digestion) and thermochemical (e.g., gasification) conversion methods in Hawaii have been reviewed. Statewide estimates of RNG production potential from urban resources (wastewater, existing landfills, foodwaste, construction and demolition waste (CDW), and municipal solid waste) total 8860 TJ year−1. Honolulu has the largest resource base for these urban waste streams. Underutilized agricultural land resources in the state could support substantial RNG production from dedicated energy crops (260–520 GJ ha−1 year−1), although agronomic suitability of specific candidate energy crops would need to be evaluated and confirmed.
Interstory drift based scaling of bi‐directional ground motions
Authors: Sucuoğlu Halûk , Eren Numan , Pinho Rui 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe interstory drift‐based scaling procedure (IDS) developed recently by the authors for plane frames under single component horizontal ground motions, has been extended to three‐dimensional structures possessing torsional coupling under bi‐axial ground motions which are represented by their geometric mean spectrum. The ground motion‐scaling factor is defined as the ratio of average interstory drift along building height under target spectrum versus that under the associated ground motion spectrum. Hence, scaling is conditioned on structural response, which is in turn a function of seismic intensity. IDS for 3D systems is applied to 20‐story and 3‐story concrete space frames with mass and stiffness eccentricity, respectively. Accuracy and efficiency of the IDS procedure is assessed under a set of near‐fault strong motion pairs from large magnitude events. The results revealed that the proposed procedure is accurate and noticeably more efficient as compared to conventional procedures suggested in seismic codes and in literature. Further, the intensity measure employed in the IDS procedure is proved as a good predictor of fundamental demand measures (maximum interstory drift ratio and maximum plastic rotations) obtained from nonlinear dynamic analyses under individual ground motion pairs. Hence, employing the intensity measure of IDS for ground motion scaling in intensity‐based evaluation of structures is proposed for reliable estimation of structural performance under code‐prescribed seismic hazard.
An empirical study of environmental regulation on carbon emission efficiency in China
Authors: Zhang Chengyuan , Lin Ji 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBased on the full‐sample panel data from 23 provinces and cities in China from 2013 to 2020, this paper studies the influences of environmental regulations on regional carbon emission efficiency in China under the background of opening carbon emission trading after dividing the country into high, medium, and low emission areas with emission quantity as the classification standard and constructing a regression model. The experiment reveals that the environmental regulation strength and carbon dioxide emission efficiency are positively correlated with each other in the first place. Second, there exists a positive correlation between environmental regulation strength and carbon dioxide emission efficiency in different emission regions, while in terms of the impact of environmental regulation on carbon emission efficiency, it influences the medium emission areas most, followed by low emission areas, and the high emission areas to the least. Then, current domestic environmental regulation is effective and plays a positive role in improving carbon emission efficiency and promoting the development of a low‐carbon economy in China.
Social Identities, Intersectionality, and the Experiences of Women and Women of Color in Marine, Aquatic, and Fisheries Science Professions
Authors: King Brittany D 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In many STEM fields, women are considered an underrepresented social group and have been the subject of research and initiatives focused on increasing their representation. However, research suggests that focusing solely on numerical representations of a single measure of diversity often ignores how the combination of identities influence experiences. This study investigates how women and women of color perceive that their social identities (gender, race, and/or ethnicity) influence their experiences in marine, aquatic, and fisheries science-related careers. Findings revealed positive experiences connected to social identities, including examples of feelings of belonging and positive evaluations of members of their in-groups. However, findings also highlighted negative experiences resulting from social identities and instances of out-group discrimination and bias. While all participants in this study identified as women, findings revealed differences in experiences across racial and ethnic groups, highlighting the importance of exploring diversity and experiences through an intersectionality framework.
Long term outcomes of gastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma treated with radiotherapy: A multi‐center retrospective cohort study
Authors: Smith Clinton D. , Gupta Sanjiv , Sinn Chin Yaw , Thompson Stephen R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractGastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a rare disease. Radiotherapy remains an important definitive modality. We assessed the long term outcomes of patients with early stage gastric MALT marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) treated with definitive radiotherapy at three institutions in New South Wales, Australia. A retrospective, multi‐center study of patients with gastric MALT MZ lymphoma treated with radiotherapy between 1st of March 1999 and 31st of May 2020 was conducted. Eligible patients were: age ≥18 years, treated with curative‐intent radiotherapy, pathological diagnosis of MALT MZ lymphoma. There were 33 eligible patients. Complete response (CR) was reported in 30/31 (96.7%) of endoscopically assessed cases. During median follow up of 66.2 months (IQR 22–119 months), estimated 5 and 10 years local relapse free survival were 92.6% (95% CI: 83–100) and 92.6% (95% CI: 83–100); distant relapse free survival 95.8% (95% CI 88.2–100) and 64.7% (95% CI 43.4–96.4); freedom from treatment failure 92.6% (95% CI; 83.1–100) and 62.5% (95% CI; 41.7–93.7), respectively. There were six documented recurrences; one local, four distant, and both in one patient; two cases were high grade recurrences. 5 and 10 years OS were 92.4% and 73.5% respectively. There were no grade 3–5 late toxicities or treatment related deaths. Patients with gastric MALT MZL treated with definitive radiotherapy have excellent outcomes. In long term follow up a significant proportion developed distant low grade disease. Extended follow up should be considered in these patients. Treatment is well tolerated with minimal toxicity. Radiotherapy remains an important modality in the treatment of gastric MALT MZ lymphoma.
Irreversibility scrutinization on EMHD Darcy–Forchheimer slip flow of Carreau hybrid nanofluid through a stretchable surface in porous medium with temperature‐variant properties
Authors: Mkhatshwa M. P. , Khumalo M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe significance of hybrid nanofluids in controlling heat transmission cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, this article scrutinizes the electromagnetized flow of Carreau hybrid nanofluid towards a stretching surface in a Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium with the occurrence of slip conditions. To form the hybrid nanofluid, the amalgamation of silver and alumina nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in water as conventional fluid is assumed. For accurate interception of the rate of heat and mass transport, thermal conductivity and mass diffusion conductance are presumed to be temperature variants. The modeling system of partial differential equations has been translated into a nondimensional form by means of suitable similarity conversions. Then, the subsequent system of ordinary differential equations is handled using overlapping domain decomposition spectral local linearization method to acquire numerical solutions. The choice of the method has been justified through the provision of errors, condition numbers, and computation time. The behavior of distinct fluid parameters on the flow features, quantities of engineering curiosity, and entropy is analyzed. Findings of paramount importance constitute that the superior thermal conductivity, heat transfer efficiency, and low production cost can be achieved through the hybridization of silver and alumina NPs. The role of thermal radiation and temperature‐variant thermal conductivity is to enhance the thermal transport performance of Carreau hybrid nanofluids. The velocity, energy, and mass profiles grow with the utilization of injection effects. The principal aspiration of the second law of thermodynamics (minimizing the rate of entropy generation) can be achieved by considering shear‐thinning Carreau fluid while reducing the porosity parameter and Brinkman number in the existence of velocity slip conditions in the flow system. Outcomes of the current flow model can play a significant role in biomedical, technological, and various manufacturing processes. The approximation of entropy contributes towards power engineering and aeronautical propulsion to anticipate the smartness of the overall system.
The frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ circulating T stem cell memory in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Fazeli Pooriya , Talepoor Atefe Ghamar , Faghih Zahra , Gholijani Nasser , Ataollahi Mohammad Reza , Ali‐Hassanzadeh Mohammad , Moravej Hossein , Kalantar Kurosh 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe frequencies and functions of T stem cell memory (TSCM) subsets vary in autoimmune diseases. We evaluated the frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ TSCM subsets as well as their PD‐1 expression levels in patients with T1D.MethodsBlood samples were collected from new case (NC) (n = 15), and long‐term (LT) (n = 15) groups and healthy controls (n = 15). Five subsets of T cells including TCM(CD4+/CD8+ CCR7+ CD45RO+ CD95+), TCMhi (CD4+/CD8+ CCR7+ CD45ROhi CD95+), TEM(CD4+/CD8+ CCR7− CD45RO+ CD95+), TSCM(CD4+/CD8+ CCR7+ CD45RO− CD95+), and T naive (CD4+/CD8+ CCR7+ CD45RO− CD95−) were detected by flow‐cytometry.ResultsThe frequency of CD4+ TSCM was higher in NC patients than LT patients and controls (p < .0001 and p = .0086, respectively). A higher percentage of the CD8+ T naive cells was shown in NC patients as compared with LT and healthy individuals (p = .0003 and p = .0002, respectively). An increased level of PD‐1 expression was observed on the CD4+TCM and TCMhi cells in LT patients as compared with healthy controls (p = .0037 and p = .0145, respectively). Also, the higher PD‐1 expression was observed on the CD8+ TCM and TCMhi in NC and LT patients as compared with controls (p = .0068 and p < .0001; p = .0012 and p = .0012, respectively).ConclusionConsidering TSCMs' capacities to generate all memory and effector T cells, our results may suggest a potential association between the increased frequencies of TSCMs and T1D progression.
Pediatric Efficacy Extrapolation in Drug Development Submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration 2015–2020
Authors: Samuels Sherbet , Park Kyunghun , Bhatt‐Mehta Varsha , Sun Haihao , Mulugeta Yeruk , Yao Lynne , Green Dionna J. , Burckart Gilbert J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPediatric extrapolation plays a key role in the availability of reliable pediatric use information in approved drug labeling. This review examined the use of pediatric extrapolation in studies submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration and assessed changes in extrapolation approaches over time. Pediatric studies of 125 drugs submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration that led to subsequent pediatric information in drug labeling between 2015 and 2020 were reviewed. The use of pediatric extrapolation for each drug was identified and categorized as “complete,” “partial,” or “no” extrapolation. Approaches to pediatric extrapolation of efficacy changed over time. Complete extrapolation of efficacy was the predominantly used approach. “Complete,” “partial,” or “no” extrapolation was used for 51%, 23%, and 26% of the drugs, respectively. This represents a shift in extrapolation approaches when compared to a previous study that evaluated pediatrics drug applications between 2009 and 2014, which found complete, partial, or no extrapolation was used for 34%, 29%, and 37% of the drugs, respectively. Pediatric extrapolation approaches may continue to shift as emerging science fills gap in knowledge of the fundamental assumptions underlying this scientific tool. The international community continues to collaborate on discussions of pediatric extrapolation of efficacy from adults and other pediatric subpopulations to optimize its use for pediatric drug development.
Hemodynamic Evaluation of Type B Aortic Dissection Using Compressed Sensing Accelerated 4D Flow MRI
Authors: Kilinc Ozden , Chu Stanley , Baraboo Justin , Weiss Elizabeth K. , Engel Joshua , Maroun Anthony , Giese Daniel , Jin Ning , Chow Kelvin , Bi Xiaoming , Davids Rachel , Mehta Christopher , Malaisrie S. Chris , Hoel Andrew , Carr James , Markl Michael , Allen Bradley D. 
Published: September 2022

Background4D Flow MRI is a quantitative imaging technique to evaluate blood flow patterns; however, it is unclear how compressed sensing (CS) acceleration would impact aortic hemodynamic quantification in type B aortic dissection (TBAD).PurposeTo investigate CS‐accelerated 4D Flow MRI performance compared to GRAPP‐accelerated 4D Flow MRI (GRAPPA) to evaluate aortic hemodynamics in TBAD.Study TypeProspective.PopulationTwelve TBAD patients, two volunteers.Field Strength/Sequence1.5T, 3D time‐resolved cine phase‐contrast gradient echo sequence.AssessmentGRAPPA (acceleration factor [R] = 2) and two CS‐accelerated (R = 7.7 [CS7.7] and 10.2 [CS10.2]) 4D Flow MRI scans were acquired twice for interscan reproducibility assessment. Voxelwise kinetic energy (KE), peak velocity (PV), forward flow (FF), reverse flow (RF), and stasis were calculated. Plane‐based mid‐lumen flows were quantified. Imaging times were recorded.TestsRepeated measures analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients (r), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.ResultsThe KE and FF in true lumen (TL) and PV in false lumen (FL) did not show difference among three acquisition types (P = 0.818, 0.065, 0.284 respectively). The PV and stasis in TL were higher, KE, FF, and RF in FL were lower, and stasis was higher in GRAPPA compared to CS7.7 and CS10.2. The RF was lower in GRAPPA compared to CS10.2. The correlation coefficients were strong in TL (r = [0.781–0.986]), and low to strong in FL (r = [0.347–0.948]). The ICC levels demonstrated moderate to excellent interscan reproducibility (0.732–0.989). The FF and net flow in mid‐descending aorta TL were significantly different between CS7.7 and CS10.2.ConclusionCS‐accelerated 4D Flow MRI has potential for clinical utilization with shorter scan times in TBAD. Our results suggest similar hemodynamic trends between acceleration types, but CS‐acceleration impacts KE, FF, RF, and stasis more in FL.Evidence Level: 1Technical Efficacy: Stage 2
Changes in the cortical network during sleep stage transitions
Authors: Song Yingjie , Lian Jiakai , Wang Kejie , Wen Jinfeng , Luo Yuxi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSleep state transitions are closely related to insomnia, drowsiness, and sleep maintenance. However, how the cortical network varies during such a transition process remains unclear. Changes in the cortical interaction during the short‐term process of sleep stage transitions were investigated. In all, 40 healthy young participants underwent overnight polysomnography. The phase transfer entropy of six frequency bands was obtained from 16 electroencephalography channels to assess the strength and direction of information flow between the cortical regions. Differences in the cortical network between the first and the last 10 s in a 40‐s transition period across wakefulness, N1, N2, N3, and rapid eye movement were, respectively, studied. Various frequency bands exhibited different patterns during the sleep stage transitions. It was found that the mutual transitions between the sleep stages were not necessarily the opposite. More significant changes were observed in the sleep deepening process than in the process of sleep awakening. During sleep stage transitions, changes in the inflow and outflow strength of various cortical regions led to regional differences, but for the entire sleep progress, such an imbalance did not intensify, and a dynamic balance was instead observed. The detailed findings of variations in cortical interactions during sleep stage transition promote understanding of sleep mechanism, sleep process, and sleep function. Additionally, it is expected to provide helpful clues for sleep improvement, like reducing the time required to fall asleep and maintaining sleep depth.
Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with Janus kinase 1/2 inhibition
Authors: Sitaru Sebastian , Biedermann Tilo , Lauffer Felix 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare, autoinflammatory disease leading to painful, hard‐to‐treat ulcers. Besides systemic glucocorticoids, a plethora of classic immunosuppressants, biologics and small molecules have been reported to improve PG disease course. However, often several treatment strategies fail or cannot be applied due to comorbidities or side effects. We herein report the case of an 85‐year‐old woman with rheumatoid arthritis, lymphopenia and lower leg ulceration due to PG. After multiple steroid‐sparing therapies failed, including methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, intravenous immunoglobulins and infliximab, we initiated treatment with baricitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK) 1/2 inhibitor. In combination with intravenous immunoglobulins, we achieved complete remission first of the inflamed margin and second, of the ulceration. Our report suggests that JAK 1/2 inhibition might be a promising therapy option in refractory PG even in elderly patients with comorbidities.