bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Control ofCameraria ohridellaOn Horsechestnut in Urban Areas by Removing Fallen Leaves in Autumn
Authors: Pavan Francesco , Barro Paola , Bernardinelli Iris , Gambon Nadia , Zandigiacomo Pietro 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSince the 1990s, the leafminerCameraria ohridellahas spread in central and southern Europe causing heavy damage on horsechestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). Because biological control of the pest is not yet a reality, other measures must be adopted. Cultural control by removing fallen leaves of horsechestnut in autumn has often been proposed, and with this 3-year study the effectiveness of this practice under urban conditions has been shown and measured. The almost complete removal of leaves caused a significant reduction in infestation. The area of leaf surface injured decreased on average by more than 90% in early June, three quarters in late July, and a third in late August, and early leaf fall was always avoided. The proximity to sites with no leaf removal reduced the benefits of leaf removal as the season advanced. In the context of Integrated Pest Management, this cultural method contributes significantly to reduceC. ohridelladamage.
The Influence of Trees and Landscaping On Rental Rates at Office Buildings
Authors: Laverne Robert J. , Winson-Geideman Kimberly 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe environmental and economic benefits of trees have been studied relative to a variety of interests including their influence on real estate value. This study investigates the effect of trees and landscaping on office rental rates, based on a comparison of 85 office buildings that comprise 270 individual and unique leases in the Cleveland, Ohio, U.S., metropolitan area. Data that describe the quantity, functionality, and quality of landscaping were gathered from each of the buildings including landscape maturity, the percentage of ground cover (trees, turf, pavement, etc.), and functional attributes (building shade, noise buffer, space definition, recreation, visual screen, and aesthetics). Multiple regression analysis in the form of a hedonic equation was conducted to isolate the economic effects of landscaping. Office attribute data including lease information, physical attributes, and distance variables were used to calibrate the basic model, and landscaping data were added to the hedonic equation to determine if individual and/or interactive variables had any effect on contracted rental rates. The individual analysis of the variables showed a strong positive effect for those buildings with good landscaping aesthetics and building shade provided by trees. Conversely, landscaping that provides a good visual screen produced significant negative impacts on rental rates.
Efficacy of A Systemic Insecticide in Reducing Populations of Black Pineleaf Scale (Nuculaspis californica)
Authors: Flanagan Paul T. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn 2001, 66 ponderosa pines(Pinus ponderosa)infested with black pineleaf scale(Nuculaspis californica)near Leavenworth, Washington, U.S., were selected for an insecticide trial. Twenty-two pines were injected with a systemic insecticide in October 2001; in March 2002, an additional 22 pines were similarly injected. The remaining 22 pines served as a control. Branches were collected in October 2002, and scale density per meter of foliage was compared among the fall treatment, spring treatment, and control trees. Both spring and fall treatments significantly reduced scale densities on 2002 and 2001 foliage. The spring treatment was more effective than the fall treatment.
Multiple Disease Resistance in Dogwoods (Cornusspp.) to Foliar Pathogens
Authors: Mmbaga M.T. , Sauvé R.J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDisease resistance in severalCornusspecies and cultivars to three foliar pathogens was evaluated in a 5-year study. Of the 51 accessions evaluated, 20 were ofC. kousa, 21 ofC. florida, two ofC. sericea, two ofC. mas, one ofC. alternifolia, and five were interspecific hybrids ofC. kousa × C. florida.Powdery mildew and spot anthracnose caused byErysiphe(sect.Microsphaera)pulchra, andElsinoe corni, respectively, were the most prevalent and severe diseases. Eighteen cultivars ofC. kousa, one ofC. mas, two ofC. sericea, one ofC. alternifolia, and four interspecific hybrids were highly resistant to powdery mildew, while 19C. floridacultivars were susceptible, of which two were moderately resistant. Spot anthracnose was the second most prevalent disease, but its severity was generally low. ThreeC. kousacultivars, ten ofC. florida, and one ofC. maswere mildly susceptible to spot anthracnose. Both cultivars ofC. sericeawere highly susceptible to Septoria leaf spot(Septoria cornicola), and heavy infections were observed throughout the study. MostC. floridacultivars were highly susceptible to powdery mildew, while mostC. kousacultivars were highly resistant. Results of this study suggest that multiple disease resistance in dogwoods may be achieved through crosses betweenC. kousaandC. florida.
Detecting Stress in Southern Live Oak (Quercus virginiana) and Sand Live Oak (Q. virginianaVar.geminata)
Authors: Kent Donald , Halcrow Deborah , Wyatt Tom , Shultz Scott 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWalt Disney World (Florida, U.S.) arborists evaluated three affordable and easy-to-use measures of tree stress—leaf chlorophyll concentration, leaf temperature, and water potential— for use in detecting water and physical injury stress in live oak. The evaluation included observations of trees being relocated, and experiments of girdled trees and trees subjected to various watering regimes. Leaf chlorophyll concentration was largely unresponsive to stress and unlikely to be useful as a stress indicator in sand live oak and southern live oak. Both water potential and leaf temperature were responsive to imparted stressors and have potential as indicators of stress in sand live oak and southern live oak. Water potential exhibited a predictable and consistent response to both water stress and physical injury. Inadequately watered live oaks, and oaks subject to relocation, had lower water potentials than oaks with an adequate water regime orin situ. By contrast, live oaks injured by girdling had higher water potential than nongirdled trees. Leaf temperature was less sensitive and less robust at detecting stress than water potential, but still potentially useful. Leaf temperature was greater for a nonirrigated relocated tree than an irrigated relocated tree, and for relocated trees when rootballed and immediately after relocation. Leaf temperature was largely unresponsive to girdling or mild water stress.
Picus Sonic Tomography for the Quantification of Decay in White Oak(Quercus alba)and Hickory (Caryaspp.)
Authors: Gilbert Elizabeth A. , Smiley E. Thomas 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Picus Sonic Tomograph is a noninvasive tool for assessing decay in trees. It works on the principle that sound waves passing through decay move more slowly than sound waves transversing solid wood. By sending sound waves from a number of points around a tree trunk to the same number of receiving points, the relative speed of the sound can be calculated, and a two-dimensional image of the cross-section of the tree, a tomogram, can be generated. Picus tomography and visual inspection were used to evaluate 27 cross-sections from 13 trees. The tomograms correlated closely with the visual assessment of decay. In 10 samples where no decay was present, Picus found no decay. In the remaining 17 samples, Picus detected less decay than was observed visually. Differences in most cases were small (average of 5% of total area). In terms of predicting the location of decay, on average 3% of the total area was a false positive (where the tomogram showed that decay was present but the cross-section did not), and an average of 8% of the area was false negative (the cross-section showed decay that was not seen on the tomogram).
Relative Susceptibility of Woody Landscape Plants to Japanese Beetle(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Held David W. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Japanese beetle (Popillia japonicaNewman) was introduced to a New Jersey nursery in 1916 and continues to spread across the United States and Canada. Adults attack foliage, flowers, and fruit of more than 300 species of plants; however, some plants are notably resistant. This paper summarizes data on plant susceptibility of woody plants to Japanese beetles collected from observations and controlled experiments. Resistance to Japanese beetle has been documented among species of maples (Acer) and birch (Betula) and among cultivars of crabapple (Malus), crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia), and linden (Tilia). Production of certain plant odors, presence of secondary compounds in leaves, and leaf pubescence are factors affecting resistance to this insect. Host plant resistance is the most sustainable means of managing feeding damage or plant losses resulting from Japanese beetle adults. When suitable, incorporating Japanese beetle–resistant plants into new landscapes can reduce or eliminate the expense of replacing damaged plants or frequent insecticide applications.
The Accuracy Of Formulas Used To Assess Strength Loss Due To Decay In Trees
Authors: Kane Brian C.P. , Ryan H. Dennis P. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThere are four formulas that arborists in the United States often use to assess the probability of tree failure. Although they are commonly referred to as “strength loss formulas,” three of the formulas (Wagener 1963; Coder 1989; Smiley and Fraedrich 1992) actually estimate the loss instem moment of inertia(ISTEM) to evaluate the probability of failure. The formulas estimate the loss inISTEMby modeling the stem and decay cross-sectional areas as concentric circles. For many trees with decay, however, neither the stem nor the decay cross-sectional areas resemble concentric circles, which may limit the formulas’ accuracy. The fourth formula (Mattheck and Breloer 1998) is based on the buckling strength of a cylinder; it also offers a measure of the probability of stem failure. To test how well the formulas estimate the loss inISTEM, we compared each formula’s estimates for loss inISTEMto the actual loss inISTEMthat we calculated using theparallel axis theorem, an engineering technique. Although the parallel axis theorem provides the actual loss inISTEM, it cannot be used in practice because an image of the tree’s cross-section is needed to apply it. Significant differences existed between two formulas’ (Wagener 1963; Coder 1989) estimates of loss inISTEMand the actual value. Each of the formulas misclassified some trees as to whether they exceeded the formula’s action threshold. When we calculated the actual loss inISTEMfor those trees, however, it was less than 33%. We present representative stem cross-sections for which the formulas did not accurately represent loss inISTEM.
A Computer Simulation of An Alternative Design to Tree Crown Support Systems
Authors: Greco Craig M. , Lee Andy , Ham Donald , Smiley E. Thomas , Law E. Harry 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTrees with multiple leaders that are susceptible to breaking pose a serious threat to nearby people and structures, and compromise overall tree health and aesthetics. The traditional remedy has been to install flexible steel cables in the crown of the tree in an attempt to limit the displacement of the leaders. This project was conducted to evaluate an alternative three-leader support cable system using computer simulation. The system is centered on a pulley that redirects loads along convergent cables, allowing for more displacement of the cabled leaders while minimizing the amount of materials and time required for installation. Comparisons between the traditional system and the alternative design were simulated using two-dimensional computer modeling to quantify the forces on the cables. The test winds were standardized at 43.45 km (27 mi) per hour for duration of 2 seconds. An interval of 18 seconds was allowed for the system to return to equilibrium for a total trial time of 20 seconds. Each system was standardized for cable diameter, damped springs, and distance between leaders with only the total length of cable varying according to the requirements of each system. Results demonstrated a significant decrease in both overall and shock forces to support cables when utilizing the alternative design. The decrease in force (based on cable configuration and wind direction) ranged from a 3.4:1 to 22.4:1 for the alternative and traditions systems, respectively.
QUEIJO COLONIAL DO SUDOESTE PARANAENSE: CAMINHOS PARA A VALORIZAÇÃO E REGULAMENTAÇÃO / Colonial cheese of Southwest of Paraná State: pathways for valorization and regulation
Authors: Gheller Diego Ghedini , Corona Hieda Maria Pagliosa 
Published: February 2022

Mesmo com as mudanças trazidas pelo sistema agroalimentar dominante, os produtos alimentares tradicionais, como os queijos artesanais, seguem contribuindo significativamente na agricultura familiar. Neste contexto, objetivou-se analisar aspectos culturais e sociais ligados à fabricação do queijo colonial no Sudoeste Paranaense, seguindo três etapas de pesquisa: busca de dados e informações sobre a agricultura familiar e a produção de queijos artesanais no território, análise de recentes legislações sobre as agroindústrias de pequeno porte e acompanhamento do Concurso de Queijos Artesanais do Paraná, com registro de depoimentos dos participantes. Segundo as informações levantadas, há uma importante concentração de produtores de queijo na região, que seguem mantendo a produção nos moldes do saber-fazer tradicional, onde a informalidade perante a legislação sanitária ainda prevalece, mesmo com recentes avanços. Contudo, a recente valorização dos alimentos tradicionais pelos consumidores se constitui em oportunidade para a valorização territorial dos produtos, especialmente os queijos artesanais.Abstract: Even with the changes brought about by the dominant agrifood system, traditional food products, such as artisanal cheeses, continued to contribute to family farming. In this context, the objective was to analyze cultural and social aspects related to the manufacture of colonial cheese in the Southwest of Paraná, following three stages of research: search for data and information on family farming and the production of artisanal cheeses in the territory, analysis of recent legislation on small agro-industries and monitoring of the Paraná Craft Cheese Contest, with participants' testimonies recorded. According to the information gathered, there is an important concentration of cheese producers in the region, who maintain production in the mold of traditional know-how, where informality in relation to sanitary legislation still prevails, despite recent advances. However, a recent appreciation of traditional foods by consumers is an opportunity for the territorial appreciation of products, especially artisanal cheeses.
A QUESTÃO AGRÁRIA E O CAPITAL MONOPOLISTA / The agrarian issue and monopolistic capital
Authors: Pedrão Fernando Cardoso 
Published: February 2022

Esse ensaio discute a questão agrária com seus impactos regionais e as relações capitalistas, na fase do capital monopolista. A questão agrária é uma pista para expor as contradições do capital monopolista e dos processos de mercado. A atual expansão do capital na forma de grandes extensões de produção monocultora absenteísta implica em uma reforma agrária negativa, que expõe o confronto entre agronegócios e politicas sociais com devastação ambiental.ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the agrarian issue with its regional impacts and capitalist relations, in the monopolistic capital phase The agrarian issue is a clue to the contradictions of monopolistic capital and on -going market process. The present day expansion of capital as big expanses of digitalized and absentees production amounts to a negative agrarian reform that exposes agrobusiness as the opposite of social issue and responsible for environment plundering.
ECONOMIA ECOLÓGICA E O PLANO ESTADUAL DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS (PERS) NO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO/ The Ecological Economy and the State Solid Waste Plan (PERS) in the state of Mato Grosso, in Brazil
Authors: Lara Julio Cezar de , Arend Silvio Cezar , Oliveira Edson Aparecida de Araújo Querido 
Published: February 2022

Este artigo tem como objetivo, mediante revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa documental, descrever os conceitos fundamentais da Economia Ecológica e apresentar a discussão inicial do Plano Estadual de Resíduos Sólidos – PERS do estado de Mato Grosso. Para alcançar seu objetivo reproduz argumentos da Economia Ecológica que defende um equilíbrio entre o capital, recursos naturais e trabalho, entendendo que a alocação de recursos com base nos preços de mercado conduzirá a uma irracionalidade do ponto de vista ecológico e do aspecto da incomensurabilidade. Também demonstrará explicações sobre a existência de uma troca desigual entre a periferia (que não expressa o desgaste ambiental e social) e o centro. Destaca que há defensores dos movimentos sociais e da pressão política para realizar mudanças efetivas na postura governamental e nas políticas ambientais. Por fim apresenta o exemplo do estado de Mato Grosso na elaboração do PERS.Abstract: The objective of this paper, through bibliographical review and documentary research, is to describe the fundamental concepts of Ecological Economics and present the initial discussion of the State Solid Waste Plan – PERS in the state of Mato Grosso, in Brazil. To achieve its objective, it reproduces arguments from Ecological Economics that defend a balance between capital, natural resources and labor, understanding that the allocation of resources based on market prices will lead to irrationality from an ecological point of view and from the aspect of incommensurability. It will also demonstrate explanations about the existence of an unequal exchange between the periphery (which does not express the environmental and social wear) and the center. It highlights that there are advocates of social movements and political pressure to make effective changes in government posture and environmental policies. Finally, it presents the example of the state of Mato Grosso in the elaboration of the PERS.
MODERASI BERAGAMA DALAM BINGKAI KONSTITUSI NEGARA
Authors: Mbitu Falentin Rambu 
Published: February 2022

Conflicts between religious communities in Indonesia are not only experienced by the majority and minorities but also the majority with the majority. The purpose of the article answers the question: What is a State Constitution? How to Explore Historical, Sociological and Political Sources on the Constitution in State Life? How is religious moderation in the framework of the state constitution? The answers are: (1) The state constitution is a state government organization that has various forms and structural complexity, there is also a political or legal constitution but it also contains the meaning of an economic constitution. (2) The state constitutional institutions are: the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the People's Representative Council (DPR), the Regional Representatives Council (DPD), the President/Vice President, the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court, the Judicial Commission, and the Supreme Audit. (3) Religious moderation is the frame of item 3 of the Pancasila “Unity of Indonesia”, in which President Joko Widodo to the Minister of Religion emphasizes the importance of the state (state constitution) implementing religious moderation because it strengthens national unity. Religious moderation can improve: national character, tolerance and national harmony, quality of education, and quality of leadership.Konflik masyarakat beragama di Indonesia bukan saja dialami oleh mayoritas dan minoritas tetapi mayoritas dengan mayoritas pun berlangsung. Tujuan artikel menjawab pertanyaan: Apa yang dimaksud dengan Konstitusi Negara? Bagaimanakah Menggali Sumber Historis, Sosiologis dan Politik tentang Konstitusi dalam Kehidupan Bernegara? Bagaimanakah moderasi beragama dalam bingkai konstitusi negara? Jawab adalah: (1) Konstitusi negara adalah organisasi pemerintahan negara yang terdapat beragam bentuk dan kompleksitas strukturnya, terdapat pula konstitusi politik atau hukum akan tetapi mengandung pula arti konstitusi ekonomi. (2) Lembaga konstitusi negara adalah: Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR), Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR), Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD), Presiden/Wakil Presiden, Mahkamah Agung, Mahkamah Konstitusi, Komisi Yudisial, dan Pemeriksa Keuangan. (3) Moderasi beragama menjadi bingkai butir 3 Pancasila “Persatuan Indonesia”, di mana Presiden Joko Widodo hingga Menteria Agama, menegaskan betapa pentingnya negara (konstitusi negara) melaksanakan moderasi beragama karena hal tersebut memperkuat persatuan bangsa. Moderasi beragama dapat meningkatkan: karakter bangsa, toleransi dan kerukunan bangsa, kualitas pendidikan, dan kualitas kepemimpinan.
Simulated impacts of vertical distributions of black carbon aerosol on meteorology and PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing during severe haze events
Authors: Chen Donglin , Liao Hong , Yang Yang , Chen Lei , Zhao Delong , Ding Deping 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Vertical profiles of black carbon (BC) play a critical role in modifying the
meteorological conditions such as temperature, planetary boundary layer
height (PBLH), and regional circulation, which influence surface layer
concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter of
2.5 µm or less; the surface layer covers from 0 to 79.5 m). However, BC vertical
profiles in current models usually have large uncertainties. In this study,
by using measurements of BC vertical profiles in Beijing collected by
King Air 350 aircraft and the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry
model (WRF-Chem) coupled with an improved integrated process (IPR) analysis
scheme, we investigated the direct radiative effect (DRE) of BC with
different vertical profiles on meteorology and PM2.5 concentrations in
Beijing during two severe haze events (11–12 and 16–19 December 2016). Compared with measurements in Beijing, the model
overestimated BC concentrations by 87.4 % at the surface and
underestimated BC mass by 14.9 % at altitudes of 300–900 m as averaged over the two pollution events. The BC DRE with the default vertical profiles from the model heated the air around 300 m altitude, but the warming would be
stronger when BC vertical profiles were modified for each day using the
observed data during the two severe haze events. Accordingly, compared to
the simulation with the default vertical profiles of BC, PBLH was reduced
further by 24.7 m (6.7 %) and 6.4 m (3.8 %) in Beijing in the first and second haze events, respectively, with the modified vertical profiles, and hence the surface layer PM2.5 concentrations were higher by 9.3 µg m−3 (4.1 %) and 5.5 µg m−3 (3.0 %) over central Beijing,
owing to increased positive contributions of vertical mixing and chemical
processes. Furthermore, we quantified by sensitivity experiments the roles
of BC vertical profiles with six exponential decline functions
(C(h)=C0×e-h/hs and hs​​​​​​​ = 0.35, 0.48, 0.53,
0.79, 0.82, and 0.96) parameterized on the basis of the observations. A
larger hs means less BC at the surface and more BC in the upper atmosphere,
resulting in less solar radiation reaching the ground and consequently a
stronger cooling at the surface (+0.21 with hs of 0.35 vs. −0.13∘ with hs of 0.96). Our results indicate that it is very important to have accurate vertical profiles of BC in simulations of meteorology and PM2.5 concentrations during haze events.