bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
76-LB: Performance of FreeStyle Libre 3 System
Authors: KARINKA SHRIDHARA A. , BRAZG RONALD L. , CASTORINO KRISTIN N. , LILJENQUIST DAVID R. , KIPNES MARK , LIU HANQING 
Published: May 2022

FreeStyle Libre 3 is the next generation FreeStyle Libre system with the same sensor tail but an on-body component that is about 70% smaller than Libre 2. We evaluated the accuracy of the FreeStyle Libre 3 system in people with diabetes ages 4 years or older at 4 U.S sites. This was a non-randomized, multi-center, single-arm study with 100 evaluable subjects (95 subjects aged 6 years or older) on intensive insulin therapy. Subjects 6 years or older participated in up to 3 in-clinic sessions of up to 8 hours each over the 14- day wear period to obtain YSI comparator data. No glycemic challenges were performed during these sessions. For 5 subjects in the 4-5 years age group, capillary fingerstick measurements were performed during one in-clinic session to obtain SMBG comparator data. System performance was evaluated in terms of percent accuracy with respect to venous plasma reference using the YSI2300 Stat glucose analyzer. Accuracy was characterized as the proportion of sensor results that were within ±15%, ± 20%, and ± 40% of their paired YSI values for glucose levels ≥ 70 mg/dL or within ± 15 mg/dL, ± 20 mg/dL, and ± 40 mg/dL of YSI for glucose levels &lt; 70 mg/dL. Other accuracy metrics such as mean bias and mean absolute relative difference (MARD) of the FreeStyle Libre 3 System with respect to YSI were also evaluated and are presented in Table 1. The FreeStyle Libre 3 System showed 93.2 % of values within ±20mg/dL/±20% of the YSI reference with an overall MARD of 7.9% based on the data from the 95 subjects with YSI reference.

Disclosure
S. A. Karinka: Employee; Abbott Diabetes. R. L. Brazg: Research Support; Abbott Diabetes, Lilly Diabetes, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diagnostics, Senseonics. K. N. Castorino: Consultant; Lilly Diabetes, Research Support; Abbott Diabetes, Dexcom, Inc., Drawbridge Health, Inc., Eyenuk, Inc., Laxmi Therapeutic Devices, Medtronic, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Novo Nordisk, Speaker’s Bureau; Dexcom, Inc. D. R. Liljenquist: None. M. Kipnes: None. H. Liu: Employee; Abbott Diabetes.

Funding
Abbott Diabetes Care
770-P: Treatment Satisfaction and Fear of Hypoglycemia in the ADAPT Study: A Six-Month, Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing an Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System to Multiple Daily Injections (MDI) with Intermittently Scanned CGM (isCGM)
Authors: DE PORTU SIMONA , CHOUDHARY PRATIK , KROEGER JENS , THIVOLET CHARLES , EVANS MARK , RÉ ROSELINE , DE GROOT LINDA VORRINK , SHIN JOHN , GHEBRETINSAE AKLILU HABTEAB , CASTAÑEDA JAVIER , COHEN OHAD ,   ADAPT STUDY GROUP
Published: May 2022

Objective: To assess the effect of the MiniMed™ 780G Advanced Hybrid Closed Loop (AHCL) system compared to MDI with isCGM (MDI+isCGM) therapy on treatment satisfaction (TS) and fear of hypoglycemia (FoH) , in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with above-target baseline glycemic control participating in the ADAPT study.
Methods: Participants with T1D who were on MDI+isCGM and who had suboptimal glycemic control (HbA1c≥8%) were randomly assigned to AHCL or to continue MDI+isCGM. Treatment satisfaction was measured with the Diabetes-Treatment-Satisfaction-Questionnaire, status (DTSQs) and change (DTSQc) and FoH with the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (HFS) .
Results: Overall, the decrease in HbA1c was 1.4% greater in the AHCL group vs. MDI+isCGM group (P&lt;0.001) with no difference in hypoglycemia. Mean DTSQs score increased significantly in the AHCL arm after 6 months compared to the MDI+isCGM arm (29.7 vs. 21.9, P=0.0003) , with significant improvement in perceived frequency of hyperglycemia (P&lt;0.001) . There was no difference in the perceived frequency of hypoglycemia. Results were consistent in both DTSQs and DTSQc. Fear of hypoglycemia decreased in both groups, but the decrease was significantly greater in the AHCL group. At 6 months, HFS scores decreased by 10.2 points and 2.7 points from baseline in the AHCL and MDI+isCGM groups, respectively (P=0.04) .
Conclusion: AHCL therapy improves patient-reported outcomes with greater treatment satisfaction and reduced FoH compared to MDI+isCGM in sub-optimally controlled participants with T1D.

Disclosure
S.De portu: Employee; Medtronic. J.Castañeda: Employee; Medtronic. O.Cohen: Employee; Medtronic. Adapt study group: n/a. P.Choudhary: Advisory Panel; Abbott Diabetes, Lilly Diabetes, Medtronic, Research Support; Novo Nordisk, Speaker's Bureau; Dexcom, Inc., Glooko, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Sanofi. J.Kroeger: Advisory Panel; Abbott Diabetes, Dexcom, Inc., Other Relationship; AstraZeneca, Berlin-Chemie AG, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Lilly Diabetes, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., Research Support; Medtronic. C.Thivolet: Board Member; Insulet Corporation, Medtronic, Research Support; Abbott Diabetes, Lilly Diabetes, Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi. M.Evans: Advisory Panel; Pila Pharma, Zucara Therapeutics, Other Relationship; Abbott Diabetes, Dexcom, Inc., Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Research Support; AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Speaker's Bureau; Lilly Diabetes. R.Ré: Employee; Medtronic. L.Vorrink de groot: Employee; Medtronic. J.Shin: Employee; Medtronic. A.Habteab ghebretinsae: None.

Funding
Medtronic
774-P: Impact of Transition to Tandem Control-IQ on Sleep Awakenings in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and Their Parents
Authors: KARAMI ANGELA J. , PYLE LAURA , VIGERS TIMOTHY B. , JOST EMILY , WADWA R. PAUL , COBRY ERIN C. 
Published: May 2022

Youth with T1D and their parents are susceptible to diabetes-related nocturnal awakenings, which have been associated with reduced sleep duration and quality. We conducted an observational study of youth with T1D starting on the Tandem Control-IQ (CIQ) hybrid closed-loop (HCL) system to evaluate the impact of system use on sleep.
Thirty-nine youth (age 11.1±3.6 yrs, T1D duration 2.5±3.0 yrs, 54% male) and a parent (age 42.5±6.7 yrs, 18% male) completed sleep diaries capturing the number of and reasons for nocturnal awakenings over a 7-day period. Analyses compared diaries from before starting CIQ (baseline) to 3- and 6-months after starting CIQ using a zero-inflated Poisson mixed model with random intercept for participants.
Youth and parents reported significantly fewer total awakenings per night at 3- and 6-months compared to baseline (Table) . A significant decrease in diabetes-related awakenings was observed after 6 months in youth but not in parents.
Following CIQ initiation, fewer nocturnal awakenings were reported by parents and youth, with youth additionally reporting significantly fewer diabetes-related awakenings at 6 months. Due to the subjective nature of diaries, the number of true awakenings may be different. The results suggest that HCL technology may be beneficial in reducing sleep disruptions in youth and parents.

Disclosure
A.J.Karami: None. L.Pyle: None. T.B.Vigers: None. E.Jost: Other Relationship; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. R.Wadwa: Advisory Panel; Dompé, Consultant; Beta Bionics, Inc., Other Relationship; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., Research Support; Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. E.C.Cobry: None.
79-OR: Conventionalization from Cecal Transplant Recipients Protects Against Type 1 Diabetes Development in Germ-Free NOD Mice
Authors: PAN SAMUEL , ZHANG XUE-SONG , BLASER MARTIN J. 
Published: May 2022

Early-life antibiotic exposure perturbs the microbiome, dysregulates intestinal immune gene expression, and accelerates and amplifies type 1 diabetes (T1D) development in NOD mice. We have previously shown that cecal microbiota transfer (CMT) from healthy donors rescues antibiotic-induced T1D development via restoration of intestinal microbiota and baseline immune parameters. To better understand the role of specific members of the gut microbiome in T1D development, we conventionalized germ-free (GF) recipients with cecal microbiota from three donor mouse groups that had been treated as follows: 1) [Control] received PBS only; 2) [Antibiotic] (tylosin) -disrupted microbiome; and 3) given tylosin as in 2) , followed by cecal microbiota gavage [CMT-restored microbiome]. In the now-conventionalized mice, those that received the CMT-restored microbiome had a lower rate of T1D development than those that received the antibiotic-perturbed microbiota. This showed that the disease phenotypes in one generation can be transferred into the next. Conventionalization with the CMT-restored microbiota led to the most diverse microbiomes and lowest expression of antimicrobial, immune and mucin genes. Surprisingly, gavage with the Control inoculum failed to protect the conventionalized recipients against T1D development compared with the antibiotic group, led to low diversity microbiomes, low abundance of taxa S24-7 and Oscillospira, and increased expression of antimicrobial, immune, and mucin synthesis genes. We conclude that: 1) The CMT protective effect is transferrable to the next generation, and 2) the very low density of S24-7 and Oscillospira in the GF recipients conventionalized with the Control inoculum led to decreased microbiome richness and evenness, increased gene expression, and loss of T1D protection. The effects of these two taxa on T1D development in NOD mice should be further studied.

Disclosure
S.Pan: None. X.Zhang: None. M.J.Blaser: None.

Funding
National Institutes of Health (UAI22285) ; Fondation LeDucq (TransAtlantic Program 17CVD01)
791-P: Clinical Data of a New Insulin Micropump System in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)
Authors: RISTA LUCAS , FLORES ADRIANA , RIVERS MEREDITH , VULCANO CRISTINA , REPETTO ENRICO 
Published: May 2022

Background: To maintain glucose control in T1DM is especially difficult in children that have unpredictable amounts of physical activity and broad eating patterns. Advances in diabetes technology include Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) and patch/tubeless micropumps are newer options available. Patch pumps are free of tubing, small and lightweight. We aimed to report the initial clinical effect of an insulin micropump therapy in a cohort of children with T1DM.
Method: We studied pediatric patients (5-years old) , converting from multiple daily injections of insulin (MDI) to Roche Accu-chek Solo tubeless micropump system. Nine children (5 female/4 male) were followed during 1 and 3 months. All patients used Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) and data was collected to learn time spent in hypoglycemia, normoglycemia and hyperglycemia, as well the glucose variability.
Results: Data from this small cohort showed that basal insulin infusion rates at baseline and 3 months were similar (7.7U to 7.6U) and insulin bolus requirements reduced from 14.3U to 12.7U, respectively. Based on CGM analysis the table below shows the % of time spent at different glycemia values (mean/SD) , as well its variability. HbA1c was 7.3% at baseline and 7.4% after 3 months, and there were no emergency room admissions due to severe hypoglycemia.
Conclusion: The initial results of this new insulin micropump therapy in children showed an improvement on glucose control and variability, without increasing hypoglycemia. Additional studies are necessary to demonstrate the medium and long-term effect of this new device in this population.

Disclosure
L. Rista: Advisory Panel; Roche Diabetes Care. Speaker's Bureau; AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk. A. Flores: Speaker's Bureau; Novo Nordisk, Roche Diabetes Care, Sanofi. M. Rivers: Employee; Roche Diabetes Care. C. Vulcano: Employee; Roche Diabetes Care. E. Repetto: Employee; Roche Diabetes Care.
799-P: Cognitive Assessment in Elderly with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus on Insulin Pump: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
Authors: RIZZI ALESSANDRO , QUARANTA DAVIDE , L’ABBATE FEDERICA , MASONEIACOBUCCI GIOVANNA , TARTAGLIONE LINDA , LEO LAURA , RIZZO GAETANO EMANUELE , MARRA CAMILLO , DESIDERI GIOVAMBATTISTA , PITOCCO DARIO 
Published: May 2022

Aims: Aim of the study was to investigate cognitive performance in elderly with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) on insulin pump (CSII) and the correlation between time in range (TIR) and cognitive scores (CS) . Differences in CS according to duration of disease were also investigated.
Methods: Subjects with T1DM older than 65 years, on CSII were included. Participants underwent following tests: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) , Rey-Osterrieth Figure Test, Verbal Fluency Test, Stroop Color and Word Test and Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B. At visit data from continuous glucose monitoring, according to 20Advanced Technology and Treatments in Diabetes Consensus, data on diabetic history and blood tests were collected.
Results: We enrolled 45 subjects, 22 women (49%) , mean age 69.5 years. Median duration of disease was 30 years; mean HbA1c was 58 mmol/mol (7.4%) . Mean TIR was 66%, mean time below range was 2.62% and time above range (TAR) 29.9%. 5 subjects (11%) presented CS compatible with mild cognitive impairment. No correlation between TIR and CS was detected. Dividing study population on median duration of disease, subjects with longer history presented lower TIR (59.7 % (20.2) vs. 71.1% (16.3) , p=0.05) and higher TAR (35.7% (17.8) vs. 25.2% (15.3) , p=0.05) . In both groups 26% were using advanced hybrid closed loop systems. Subjects with longer history presented lower scores at RAVLT-Immediate recall (30.1 (12.6) vs. 39.3 (13.4) , p&lt;0.001) and RAVLT-Accuracy (0.89 (0.09) vs. 0.93 (0.05) , p=0.08) and longer time at Stroop-Test (28.8 (8.13) vs. 20.0 (7.36) , p&lt;0.001) and TMT-B (131 (64.2) vs. 1 (32.2) , p=0.08) test. Groups were comparable for school age (&gt;30 years 12.9 vs. &lt;30 years 13.1, p=0.80) .
Conclusions: Elderly with T1DM presented good TIR and at, a deep evaluation, they presented good CS. Those with longer history presented lower CS in executive and attentive functions, expression of cerebral subcortical damage. No association between TIR and CS was detected.

Disclosure
A.Rizzi: None. D.Pitocco: None. D.Quaranta: None. F.L'abbate: None. G.Masoneiacobucci: None. L.Tartaglione: None. L.Leo: None. G.Rizzo: None. C.Marra: None. G.Desideri: None.
804-P: Barriers and Concerns Regarding Initiating Insulin Therapy among People with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: STEVENSON JULIA , XU EMILY , MONROY-SPANGENBERG ERIK , YE EMILY , WOOD RICHARD 
Published: May 2022

Background: As Type 2 diabetes (T2D) progresses, initiation of insulin therapy may become necessary to maintain glycemic management and prevent further health complications; however, therapeutic inertia in insulin initiation is common. This study aimed to understand perceptions of and barriers towards insulin therapy among people with T2D.
Methods: In December 2021, 1,939 non-insulin-using adults with T2D responded to an online questionnaire. Those whose doctor had previously discussed insulin therapy with them (n=143) completed a series of questions evaluating perceptions and barriers toward insulin on a 5-point Likert scale and indicated their preferred alternatives to starting insulin. Health and demographic information were collected.
Results: Nearly three quarters (73%) cited worries that once they start taking insulin, they would have to take it for the rest of their life. Over half (58%) felt that starting insulin would mean they were not adequately taking care of their diabetes, and 44% felt upset when their doctor first brought up insulin therapy. Concerns about weight gain (49%) , hypoglycemia (48%) , and hesitancy toward injections (43%) were also common. Only 22% felt confident that taking insulin would improve their diabetes management, and 69% believed they could improve their diabetes management without insulin. The most common preferred steps instead of starting insulin were altering diet (70%) and exercising more frequently (64%) ; 43% would rather start taking a new oral drug, while fewer would try a non-insulin injectable medication (22%) .
Conclusions: Insulin initiation may be associated with not only undesirable side effects, but also negative emotions and self-perceptions in adults with T2D. Many do not see insulin as necessary for improving their diabetes management and would prefer to make other changes. A better understanding of perceptions towards insulin therapy can help inform approaches to care.

Disclosure
J.Stevenson: Other Relationship; Abbott Diabetes, Ascensia Diabetes Care, Beta Bionics, Inc., Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Insulet Corporation, LifeScan, Medtronic, Roche Diabetes Care, Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. E.Xu: Employee; dQ&A. E.Monroy-spangenberg: Employee; dQ&A, Stock/Shareholder; Senseonics. E.Ye: Employee; dQ&A. R.Wood: Other Relationship; Multiple companies and patient organizations (&gt;10) .
816-P: Bioprinted Allogeneic Islet–Containing Implants Normalize Blood Glucose Control in Diabetic Rat Models without Immune Suppression
Authors: RUSSO VALERIO , JALILI REZA , YU YANG , AGARWAL RISHIMA , PAN SHENG , HAKIMI NAVID , JAHAN KAUSHAR , WILTS EMILY M. , IDA SHOGO , GETSIOS SPIRO , KIEFFER TIMOTHY J. , WADSWORTH SAM 
Published: May 2022

Transplantation of cadaveric islets can reverse type 1 diabetes (T1D) but requires life long immunosuppression. Cell encapsulation has potential to overcome this challenge by blocking immune cell access to islet grafts while allowing nutrient exchange, glucose sensing and insulin release. In this study, 3D tissues consisting of patterned, multi-shell fibres with an islet-containing core and immunoprotective shell were manufactured using Aspect Biosystems’ microfluidic 3D bioprinting technology for implantation in diabetic rats. Blood glucose and animal body weight were monitored for several months following surgery. Upon retrieval, bioprinted tissues were assayed for islet cell viability and function by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) , followed by histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to analyze foreign body response (FBR) and immune cell infiltration. 3D bioprinted implants containing reaggregated allogeneic rat islets re-established normoglycemia for &gt; 90 days in streptozotocin-treated diabetic immunodeficient rats, and &gt; 30 days in diabetic immunocompetent rats. Post-retrieval, tissue implants demonstrate high viability and functionality, with absence of immune cell penetration through the shell, confirming its immune protective properties. Modification of the outer shell biomaterial to reduce FBR was shown to extend islet tissue implant functionality. This is the first study describing a 3D bioprinted implant composed of a core/shell micro-fibre used to deliver therapeutic islets into diabetic animals. The promising results obtained in rodent models open the door to further testing in larger animal models and, eventually, T1D patients.

Disclosure
V.Russo: None. S.Getsios: None. T.J.Kieffer: Consultant; Fractyl Health, Inc., Sigilon Therapeutics, Inc., Employee; ViaCyte, Inc., Research Support; Aspect Biosystems. S.Wadsworth: None. R.Jalili: None. Y.Yu: None. R.Agarwal: None. S.Pan: None. N.Hakimi: None. K.Jahan: None. E.M.Wilts: None. S.Ida: None.

Funding
National Research Council Canada - Industrial Research Assistance Program (#935249) , Canadian International Innovation Program (#938664) , Genome British Columbia (#GEN009) , Stem Cell Network (#FY20/FBP-7 Kieffer) , Mitacs (#IT19764) ,
819-P: Long-Term Testosterone Treatment Improves Liver Function Parameters in Men with Hypogonadism and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Real-World Data from a Registry
Authors: SAAD FARID , HAIDER KARIM S. , HAIDER AHMAD 
Published: May 2022

Background: The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with hypogonadism and T2DM is high. Most of these patients are obese.
Methods: Of 370 men with hypogonadism and T2DM, 190 received testosterone undecanoate 1000 mg/12 weeks (T-group) , 180 opted against treatment (CTRL) . Means and standard deviations of absolute measures over 13 years are reported. Fatty liver index (FLI) was calculated using the formula by Bedogni.
Results: Mean baseline age: 62.0±5.2, mean (median) follow-up: 9.3±3.1 (10) years. γ-GT (U/L) decreased from 43.9±22.9 to 21.9±6.8 in the T-group and increased from 35.2±11.3 to 62.3±6.7 in CTRL (p&lt;0.00for both) . Triglycerides decreased from 3.5±0.6 to 2.2±0.1 in T-group and increased from 3.1±0.6 to 3.8±0.8 in CTRL (p&lt;0.00for both) . Waist circumference (cm) decreased from 117.9±14.8 to 98.2±4.3 in the T-group (p&lt;0.0001) and increased in CTRL from 116.9±13.5 to 119.0±8.4 (p&lt;0.0001) .
BMI (kg/m2) decreased from 36.5±4.4 to 28.5±2.4 in the T-group (p&lt;0.0001) and increased in CTRL from 32.8±4.7 to 33.3±3.6 (p&lt;0.0001) . AST (U/L) decreased from 39.0±12.8 to 20.8±1.8 in the T-group and increased from 28.6±9.5 to 55.7±10.8 in CTRL (p&lt;0.00for both) . ALT (U/L) decreased from 42.4±13.0 to 24.7±2.0 in the T-group and increased from 32.8±10.0 to 62.3±13.2 in CTRL (p&lt;0.00for both) . FLI decreased from 95.1±6.0 to 63.8±11.3 in the T-group and increased from 90.2±10.8 to 96.2±4.4 in CTRL (p&lt;0.00for both) .
Conclusions: Long-term testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism and T2DM improved surrogate parameters of liver function indicating an improvement in NAFLD. All paramters deteriorated in untreated controls.

Disclosure
F.Saad: Consultant; Bayer AG, Stock/Shareholder; AbbVie Inc., Bayer AG, GlaxoSmithKline plc. K.S.Haider: Other Relationship; Bayer AG. A.Haider: Other Relationship; Bayer AG.

Funding
Bayer AG
827-P: 2022 Update on the BCG Clinical Trial Programs in Advanced Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: KUHTREIBER WILLEM , HOSTETTER EMMA , LEE AMANDA H. , NG NATHAN , WOLFE GRACE , ARISTARKHOVA ANNA , ZHENG HUI , FAUSTMAN DENISE L. 
Published: May 2022

The bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine was first introduced a century ago for tuberculosis prevention and is today being tested in double-blinded, randomized clinical trials for treatment of diverse forms of autoimmunity, including type 1 diabetes (T1D) and multiple sclerosis (MS) . At our institution, multiple clinical protocols are underway to test various aspects of BCG’s ability to lower HbA1c, reduce insulin requirements and change day-to-day fluctuations in blood sugars. Clinical trial subjects are in study groups including: 1) Long-term follow up of a Phase I study of BCG vaccination in longstanding T1D to study the durability of lowered HbA1c values after BCG treatment; 2) Randomized, double-blinded Phase II clinical trial testing the BCG vaccine in adults with longstanding T1D to demonstrate the reproducibility of BCG’s effects seen in the Phase I trial; 3) Radiologic study to quantify and identify through FDG-CAT scans the organs and organ systems that utilize more sugar after BCG treatment; 4) Study in adults with longstanding T1D to evaluate the effects of two doses of BCG compared to 6 doses of BCG over 5 years of observation; and 5) A soon-to-launch multi-center clinical trial of adolescents with &gt; 2 years since T1D diagnosis to evaluate the potential benefits of BCG vaccination in this cohort. Basic science studies at our institution continue to show that, even in subjects with no pancreas reserve, the effects of BCG on blood sugar are mediated by the restoration of regulated sugar transport in the lymphoid system to corrected aerobic glycolysis. Patients are also being monitored by RNAseq, epigenetics, Treg cell numbers and signature gene expression to better define the mechanism of BCG’s effects. Global studies on the beneficial off-target effects of BCG on the immune system show that the impact of multi-dose vaccination in MS and T1D is seen with 2 years of follow-up and that the effects appear durable without further treatment in both MS and T1D to 5+ years.

Disclosure
W.Kuhtreiber: None. E.Hostetter: None. A.H.Lee: None. N.Ng: None. G.Wolfe: None. A.Aristarkhova: None. H.Zheng: None. D.L.Faustman: None.

Funding
Iacocca Foundation