bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance Analysis of OLSR Protocol in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Authors: Wheeb Ali H. , Al-jamali Nadia Adnan 
Published: January 2022

Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) is an efficient routing protocol used for various Ad hoc networks. OLSR employs the Multipoint Relay (MPR) technique to reduce network overhead traffic. A mobility model's main goal is to realistically simulate the movement behaviors of actual users. However, the high mobility and mobility model is the major design issues for an efﬁcient and effective routing protocol for real Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the performance of the OLSR protocol concerning various random and group mobility models. Two simulation scenarios were conducted over four mobility models, specifically the Random Waypoint model (RWP), Random Direction model (RD), Nomadic Community model (NC), and the Reference Point Group Model (RPGM) with a low as well as high random range mobility of the nodes. Moreover, BonnMotion Software and Network simulator NS-3 used to implement the simulation scenarios. Further, the performance of the OLSR protocol analyzed and evaluated based on latency, routing overhead, and packet loss ratio metrics. According to the results, the OLSR protocol provides the best performance over the RWP model in a low mobility environment, whereas the Nomadic mobility model is suitable for OLSR protocol in a high mobility environment.
Peut-on encore écrire, si l’on ne peut plus se relire ?
Authors: Contat Michel , Philippe Gilles 
Published: January 2022

Pour Sartre, il n’y a littérature que s’il y a style, et le style ne peut être atteint que par des réécritures successives. Ce qui distinguerait le texte littéraire, ce serait donc d’abord la spécificité de sa genèse : on écrit, on relit, on biffe, on récrit. La première partie de cette étude décrit les modalités prises par ce travail d’ajustement stylistique dans les brouillons de Jean-Paul Sartre et oppose le protocole rédactionnel de l’écrivain au protocole rédactionnel du philosophe. La seconde prend appui sur le tout dernier manuscrit connu de Jean-Paul Sartre : celui-ci est devenu aveugle et déclare alors volontiers que la cécité lui interdit tout travail d’ordre stylistique. En y regardant de près, on peut cependant observer que cela n’est pas tout à fait vrai.
Population dynamics and breeding preference of <em>Aedes aegypti</em> and <em>Ae. albopictus</em> attributing to dengue threat in Kelaniya medical officer of health area in Sri Lanka
Authors: Amarasinghe L.D. , Nadeeka P.V.J. 
Published: January 2022

Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the two species of dengue vector mosquitoes in Sri Lanka. Indoor and outdoor distribution of these species, their population dynamics and breeding preference are important factors determining the dengue transmission. Gampaha district in Sri Lanka reported to have frequent dengue epidemics from recent past, hence this study was conducted. Ovitrap surveillance was conducted to determine the vector species distribution in indoor and outdoor in Kelaniya Medical Officer of Health (MOH) area of the Gampaha district. Larvae were reared until emergence of adults in the laboratory to identify species morphologically. Breeding preference of vector mosquitoes were carried out by physically observing the presence of mosquito larvae in water accumulated receptacles in the area. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus were reported to distribute throughout Kelaniya MOH area as a mixed population. Ae. albopictus is the most abundant species both indoor and outdoor in Kelaniya MOH area compared to Ae. aegypti. Weather factors, rain days and wind positively correlated with Aedes population. High risk areas were identified as Kiribathgoda and Hunupitiya in this study.
An Unexpected Role for Cell Density Rather than IgM in Cell-Surface Display of the Fc Receptor for IgM on Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Woolley Cassandra R , Brinkman Nicholas C , Cash Elizabeth D , Chandran Swapna K , Mitchell Thomas C 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Fc receptor for IgM, FcMR, is unusual in that it is preferentially expressed by cells of the adaptive immune system. It is, moreover, the only constitutively expressed Fc receptor on human T cells. Efforts to decipher the normal functions of FcMR have been complicated by species-specific expression patterns in lymphocytes from mice (B cells) versus humans (B, NK, and T cells). In human cells, FcMR cell-surface expression has been reported to be low at baseline ex vivo, with one suggested contribution being ligand-induced internalization by serum IgM. Indeed, preincubation overnight in IgM-free culture medium is recommended for studies of FcMR because surface display is increased under these conditions. We investigated FcMR display on human lymphocytes in PBMCs and found that, surprisingly, cell-surface FcMR was unaffected by IgM abundance and was instead downregulated in high–cell density cultures by a yet undefined mechanism. We further found that ex vivo processing of whole blood decreased surface FcMR, supporting the idea that FcMR expression is likely to be greater on circulating lymphocytes than previously appreciated. Collectively, these findings prompt new predictions of where and when FcMR might be available for functional interactions in vivo.
Platelet Function in Overt Hypothyroidism
Authors: Al-Ghumlas Abeer Khalid , Ekhzaimy Aishah Ali , Mohammad Abdel Gader Abdel Galil 
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND:
Hypothyroidism is associated with a shift of the hemostatic system to a hypocoagulable state and inhibited platelet function. However, previous studies did not consider the different degrees of response to thyroxine treatment and its effect on platelet function. This raises the need for further studies to clarify the effect of different degrees of responses to treatment on platelet function in hypothyroid disease.

OBJECTIVES:
To characterize the abnormalities in the primary hemostasis (platelet adhesion and aggregation) in patients with overt hypothyroidism on L-thyroxine therapy and to study the effect of variation of the responses to treatment on platelet function.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
This cross-sectional study includes 64 patients with overt hypothyroidism on L-Thyroxine treatment. The patients were divided into three groups according to their response to treatment. Group-I: euthyroid patients (ET) (n = 25): (normal thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] and free T4), Group II: subclinical hypothyroid (SH) (n = 22): (high TSH and normal free T4), and Group III: inadequately treated hypothyroid (IH) (n = 17) (high TSH and low T4). Platelet function was assessed by light transmissiom aggregation response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (AA), epinephrine (EPN), collagen, and ristocetin and by the platelet function analyzer (PFA-100) closure times (CTs).

RESULTS:
Platelet aggregation responses showed a significant reduction to ADP in ET patients (42.9 ± 20.7), SH patients (41.8 ± 24.2), and IH patients (46.9 ± 20.1) and to risocetin in ET patients (62.9 ± 22.8), SH patients (62.6 ± 21.2), and IH patients (61.3 ± 14.6) as compared to the controls (59.1 ± 9.5) and (75.3 ± 6.9), respectively. There is a significant prolongation of C/EPN: (175.6 ± 82.5) in the IH patients as compared to the controls (141.6 ± 26.8). Significant prolongation of C/ADP CT (132.2 ± 72.5) in IH patients as compared to the controls (100.7 ± 24.1) was found with normalization of both CT in ET patients.

CONCLUSIONS:
In overt hypothyroidism using two different tests of platelet function, we confirmed that the existence of a hypocoagulable state is due in part to a defect in primary hemostasis. Moreover, the defect varies according to the degree of response to L-Thyroxine treatment; it is more pronounced in inadequately treated hypothyroid patients and less in the subclinical hypothyroid.
Predictors of Clinical Outcome of Ulcerative Keratitis in a Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Arinze O. C. , Ezisi C. N. , Ogbonnaya C. E. , Okoloagu N. M. 
Published: January 2022

Aims and objectives:
To determine the predictors of clinical outcome of ulcerative keratitis at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.

Methods:
This was a hospital-based study of 61 patients with ulcerative keratitis. Participants’ sociodemographics and clinical information were obtained. Outcome measures included treatment outcome (categorized into good treatment outcome and poor treatment outcome) and posttreatment visual outcome (categorized into visual acuity 6/60 or better and visual acuity worse than 6/60).

Results:
A total of 61 patients were recruited for the study. Of these, 44 (72.1%) were males and 17 (27.9%) were females. Although majority 55 (90.1%) of the ulcers healed, many developed complications such as perforation with evisceration − 3 (11.5%), panopthalmitis with evisceration − 3 (11.5%), healed perforated ulcers with visually significant adherent leukoma − 5 (19.2%), visually significant corneal opacities from ulcers that healed without perforation − 6 (23.1%), corneal vascularizattion − 7 (26.9%), and anterior staphloma − 2 (7.7%). Predictors of poor treatment outcome included duration of symptoms of more than 1 week, use of harmful traditional eye medictions (TEMs), size of ulcer ≥4mm, and presence of hypopyon. Significant predictors of poor posttreatment visual outcome included age 40 years and above, size of ulcer ≥4 mm, and duration of symptoms ≥1 week.

Conclusions:
Majority of the corneal ulcers healed. However, many also had complications that led to significant visual impairment and ocular morbidity. These are largely due to late presentation and indiscriminate use of TEMs. Effective eye health education and promotion are recommended to encourage early presentation, prevention, and reduction of visual and ocular morbidity from ulcerative keratitis.
Barriers to Uptake of Cataract Surgical Services in a Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Obasuyi Osamudiamen C. , Ukponmwan Catherine U. , Uhumwangho Odarosa M. 
Published: January 2022

Objective:
To identify the barriers to the uptake of cataract surgical services among patients with cataract attending the eye clinic in Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH), Edo State, Nigeria.

Materials and methods:
The study was a descriptive hospital-based study of patients with cataract attending the eye clinic of the ISTH, Irrua, Edo State. An interviewer-administered questionnaire designed to identify the barriers to the uptake of cataract surgical services was used for this study. Responses to questions on willingness to have cataract surgery, reasons for unwillingness, and the factors which made willing participants end up not having surgery or delaying their surgery were obtained, collated and analyzed. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Software, version 21.

Results:
Four hundred patients made of 217 (54.3%) males and 183 (45.8%) females in a ratio of 1.2:1 were participated in this study. One hundred and eighty-eight (47%) of respondents did not know that cataract surgical services were available at ISTH, 34 (15%) had surgery within a week, whereas 189 (80.4%) respondents had surgery more than a week after being told they were eligible for surgery. Fear of poor outcome and lack of finance ranked high in the list of reasons for the delay in surgery. Women were 1.5 times more likely to have surgery than men. Education and distance from health facility had no role to play in the uptake of cataract surgery.

Conclusion:
Fear of poor surgical outcome, lack of finances, and lack of knowledge of the availability of surgical services are impediments to access cataract surgery at ISTH and improving surgical outcome and education about available surgical services may improve the uptake of cataract surgery.
Prevalence of Refractive Errors and the Impact of Its Correction on Academic Performance of Primary School Children in Nigeria
Authors: Akinremi S. O. , Ademola-Popoola D. S , Olatunji F. O , Ogunmuyiwa S. O 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Vision is critical to optimal educational development. About 12 million children are affected with undetected visual impairment from refractive error and are mostly in Asia and Africa, hence the need to determine the prevalence of refractive error and the impact of its correction on academic performance (AP) in a representative cohort of African children in Ilorin, Kwara State, and Nigeria. Few published studies have looked at the impact of refractive error on AP in Nigeria. This study will afford the children to have vision screening and correction of their refractive errors. It will also reinforce the importance and need for vision screening among primary school pupils and increasing teachers and parents awareness.

Methodology:
This was a quasi-experimental study carried out among 2124 primary school pupils aged 5–15 years. Eye examination and refraction were carried out during the first term of the school academic calendar. Children with visual acuity worse than logMar 0.2 (6/9.5), which improves with pinhole, had refraction and were dispensed free eyeglasses. The AP of pupils with refractive error was assessed at the end of the first term before the use of eyeglasses and at third term after wearing eyeglasses for 6 months using the mean academic score for all subjects.

Result:
The prevalence of refractive errors among primary school pupils aged 5–15 years was 2.8%. Myopia was the most common refractive error with a prevalence of 1.2%. The change in mean academic score of pupils with refractive errors was statistically significant as it improved to 61.1 ± 13.4 from 56.5 ± 13.9 following the use of eyeglasses. The improvement in AP was more significant in pupils with hypermetropia and astigmatism following the use of eyeglasses.

Conclusion:
The average AP of pupils with refractive errors was good, but nevertheless correcting for refractive errors had a positive impact, especially in pupils with hypermetropia and astigmatism.
Hospital-Based Assessment of the New Visual Acuity Level in Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness
Authors: Alfin Ruth J , Ramyil Alice V , Mpyet Caleb D 
Published: January 2022

Background:
There are currently two versions of rapid assessment of avoidable blindness (RAAB) method in use: RAAB5 and RAAB6. While RAAB5 uses visual acuity (VA) of 6/18 as cutoff for visual impairment (VI), RAAB6 uses VA of 6/12.

Aim:
The aim of the study was to determine the average additional time it will take to test from 6/18 to 6/12 VA levels and to compare the causes of VI across these VA cutoffs.

Methods:
It was a cross-sectional study of patients aged 50 years and above attending a tertiary hospital in Jos between April and September 2016 (6 months). RAAB6 methodology was used to test presenting VA of all participants. The time taken to obtain a VA of 6/18 and to test from 6/18 to 6/12 was recorded separately for each eye. Those with VA worse than 6/12 in one or both eyes had their eyes examined to determine the cause of VI. The data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for windows software, version 20.

Results:
The average additional time taken to test VA from 6/18 to 6/12 was 42.11 seconds (95% confidence interval: 32.86–51.35). Cataract was the major cause of VI with both VA cutoffs with no significant difference in its proportion (P = 0.924). Uncorrected refractive error and glaucoma were the next important causes of VI with 6/12 (P = 0.041) and 6/18 (P = 0.041) cutoffs, respectively.

Conclusion:
The spectrum of disease causing VI may not differ significantly between the two RAAB versions, but survey duration will likely be prolonged with RAAB6.
Fluctuación poblacional de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) en el cultivo del sorgo del sur de Anzoátegui, Venezuela
Authors: Bertorelli María Virginia , Olivares Barlin Orlando 
Published: January 2022

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la fluctuación poblacional de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) en etapa larval, en las diferentes etapas fenológicas del sorgo y su relación con el tipo de labranza, las condiciones climáticas, y distintos sistemas de uso del sorgo en el Fundo Las Tunas, municipio Simón Rodríguez, estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela. Para la evaluación se utilizaron cuatro sistemas de uso: S1 (Sorgo-Stylosanthes brasilianum-Brachiaria dictyoneura); S2 (Sorgo-Centrosema brasilianum-B. dyctioneura); S3 (Sorgo-B. dyctioneura); y S4 (Sorgo monocultivo) bajo dos tipos de labranza (liviana y profunda). La determinación de la fecha de ocurrencia de las etapas fenológicas del cultivo se realizó dos veces por semana durante todo el ciclo del cultivo. Los resultados del estudio revelaron que la fluctuación poblacional de S. frugiperda no se vio influenciada por el sistema de uso, pero sí por el tipo de labranza, se presentaron mayores valores de fluctuación población del insecto (>0.80 larvas por planta) con la labranza profunda. Se evidencia una estrecha relación entre estos factores de fluctuación poblacional del insecto, condiciones climáticas y los días después de la siembra; un mayor ataque de la plaga ocurrió en el periodo vegetativo cuando se presentaron bajos montos de precipitación diaria y altas temperaturas.
Система заходів психофізіологічного супроводу професійної діяльності військових льотчиків
Authors: Kravchuk V. V. 
Published: January 2022

Вступ. На сьогоднішній день у державній авіації України назріла нагальна проблема удосконалення існуючої системи медичного забезпечення польотів шляхом запровадження заходів психофізіологічного супроводу для забезпечення безпеки праці військових льотчиків, покращення їх професійного здоров’я, підвищення тривалості професійного довголіття та в цілому життя.
Мета. Розробити концептуальну модель системи заходів психофізіологічного супроводу професійної діяльності військових льотчиків.
Матеріали та методи. Для розроблення концептуальної моделі системи заходів психофізіологічного супроводу професійної діяльності військових льотчиків використано методи аналізу та синтезу, узагальнення, індукції та дедукції, комплексного та системного аналізу.
Результати. У результаті проведених досліджень розроблено концептуальну модель системи заходів психофізіологічного супроводу професійної діяльності військових льотчиків шляхом формулювання її мети, головних завдань функціонування, виділення комплексу заходів та алгоритму їх застосування, з відображенням етапів, послідовності та строків проведення. Це дозволить забезпечити більшу надійність та ефективність цієї системи на тривалу перспективу. Запропоновано структурно-функціональну схему системи заходів психофізіологічного супроводу, що передбачає узгодження її внутрішніх можливостей з умовами функціонування існуючої системи медичного забезпечення польотів державної авіації та загалом Збройних Сил України.
Висновки. Визначено мету, головні завдання функціонування та перелік заходів психофізіологічного супроводу професійної діяльності військових льотчиків. Запропоновано двоетапний алгоритм реалізації зазначених заходів, з відображенням послідовності та строків проведення. Розроблено структурно-функціональну схему системи заходів психофізіологічного супроводу професійної діяльності військових льотчиків.
Prevalence, Risk factors for Hypertension among Traders in Lagos.
Authors: Achonu Chinmeri U , Amira Christiana O , Abiola Abdulhakeem O 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Hypertension is a major public health problem with a devastating toll on the quality of life and the economic status of families. The prevalence of hypertension among traders in Enugu was 42% as of 2010. This study focused on the prevalence of hypertension among traders in Lagos because there are scarce data on hypertension and its risk factors among traders in Lagos.
Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among a total of 391 traders selected from Tejuosho market, Iponri market and Orile Iganmu market. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and blood pressure was read using a digital sphygmomanometer as well as anthropometric measurements. Data obtained was analyzed using Epi-info 7.2 software. Analysis was done at a 95% confidence interval with P value of < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Associations between categorical variables were assessed using the chi-square test.
Findings: It was found that 30.9% of the traders had high blood pressure. The leading risk factors for high blood pressure among the traders were increasing age and obesity (44.7% of those with high blood pressure were obese) and physical inactivity.
Conclusions: This study showed that more than a quarter of traders in selected Lagos markets had high blood pressure, with majority being shop owners and practising sedentary lifestyles.
Recommendations: Health promotion to be inculcated in the activities of traders such as health talk, empowering market leaders and traders with access to health information, health care advertising, bonuses and enforcement of a health insurance scheme for traders in every market.
Evaluation of Applied Stress on Atmospheric Corrosion and Pitting Characteristics in 304L Stainless Steel
Authors: Plumley John B. , Alexander Christopher L. , Wu Xin , Gordon Scott , Yu Zhenzhen , Kemp Nicholas , Garzon Fernando H. , Schindelholz Eric J. , Schaller Rebecca F. 
Published: January 2022

The effects of applied stress, ranging from tensile to compressive, on the atmospheric pitting corrosion behavior of 304L stainless steel (SS304L) were analyzed through accelerated atmospheric laboratory exposures and microelectrochemical cell analysis. After exposing the lateral surface of a SS304L four-point bend specimen to artificial seawater at 50°C and 35% relative humidity for 50 d, pitting characteristics were determined using optical profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. The SS304L microstructure was analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction. Additionally, localized electrochemical measurements were performed on a similar, unexposed, SS304L four-point bend bar to determine the effects of applied stress on corrosion susceptibility. Under the applied loads and the environment tested, the observed pitting characteristics showed no correlation with the applied stress (from 250 MPa to −250 MPa). Pitting depth, surface area, roundness, and distribution were found to be independent of location on the sample or applied stress. The lack of correlation between pitting statistics and applied stress was more likely due to the aggressive exposure environment, with a sea salt loading of 4 g/m2 chloride. The pitting characteristics observed were instead governed by the available cathode current and salt distribution, which are a function of sea salt loading, as well as pre-existing underlying microstructure. In microelectrochemical cell experiments performed in Cl− environments comparable to the atmospheric exposure and in environments containing orders of magnitude lower Cl− concentrations, effects of the applied stress on corrosion susceptibility were only apparent in open-circuit potential in low Cl− concentration solutions. Cl− concentration governed the current density and transpassive dissolution potential.
COVID-19 research: quality of biostatistics
Authors: Ordak Michal 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionIn recent years, unfortunately, low quality of statistical analyses in medicine has been observed. As it turns out, this also applies to COVID-19 subject matter.Material and methodsThe study included 2600 medical articles published between the beginning of 2020 and June 2021, in which the authors described the obtained results, i.e. related to COVID-19.ResultsOf the analysed articles, 39% were correct in terms of the statistical analysis performed.ConclusionsThere should be more emphasis on conducting statistical reviews in authors’ contributions on various aspects of COVID-19.