bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Inequality and Poverty
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOver the past 50 years, economic inequality and poverty have become central to public debates. The literature on economic inequality and poverty has been vastly expanded to develop new methods and generate new applications. This book provides a rigorous analysis of inequality and poverty, focusing on how income inequality and poverty measurements have evolved in the past 50 years. It has also attempted to resolve some of the controversies. The book’s primary focus is on analyzing the relationships among individuals’ or households’ distributions of economic variables. These relationships are crucial in understanding various economic phenomena. The book has developed many new techniques and provided policy applications using those techniques. It has utilized household surveys to illustrate the applications of methods, showing how they can help draw evidence-based policy conclusions.
Welfare Ranking of Income Distributions
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to social welfare rankings of income distributions. There are two distinct issues in measuring social welfare. First is determining individuals’ economic welfare, informing which individual in society is better off or worse off than the other. The second issue is aggregating individuals’ welfare for the whole society. Both issues are essential to analyzing policies to reduce inequality and poverty. The chapter identifies four kinds of dominance that help to rank income distributions generated by alternative policies. It also links welfare ranking and stochastic dominance, commonly used in decision-making problems under uncertainty.
Measurement of Income Inequality
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWhile the Lorenz preference provided only a partial ordering of distributions, inequality literature has offered numerous inequality measures to obtain the complete income distribution ranking. A critical review of these measures is provided in this chapter, assessing them according to their social welfare implications. The chapter also offers many lemmas, providing practical methods of evaluating inequality measures. In the 1970s and 1980s, academic researchers focused on inequality and poverty measures. In 1990, the focus shifted to measuring polarization. The research on this issue began because of concerns among some economists about the shrinking of the middle class. This chapter develops new measures of polarization. It illustrates the application of these measures to Brazilian data. The chapter also demonstrates that the shrinking of the middle class has accompanied the rising inequality in China.
Poverty Measures
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSen’s seminal paper, published in 1976, opened the door for developing many aggregate poverty measures. This chapter provides an extensive development of the aggregate poverty measures. It also has derived poverty social welfare functions that give positive weights to the poor (who have income less than or equal to the poverty line) and zero weights to the non-poor (who have income above the poverty line). The chapter shows that all poverty measures proposed in the literature have an implicit poverty social welfare function based on this weighting method. The chapter makes the vital contribution that Sen’s poverty measure and its variants are also decomposable and subgroup consistent. Using a Chinese empirical illustration, it has illustrated Sen’s poverty measure’s decomposability and subgroup consistency. Thus, this chapter has put to rest the controversies generated by the literature about the sub-consistency of Sen’s poverty index.
Negative Income Tax Plans
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe idea of negative income tax plans and guaranteed income schemes evolved in the 1960s. The objective of negative income tax proposals was to extend the income tax rates beyond zero to negative levels. Cash transfers to families were viewed as a negative income tax. Several negative income plans have been proposed. These plans have attractive features that consider the incomes of households and their needs based on their household composition. This chapter provides a rigorous evaluation of alternative negative income tax plans. The chapter develops a general framework incorporating all the well-known negative income tax plans proposed in the literature. Based on this framework, the chapter has developed methods of comparing the progressivity and redistribution effects of alternative negative income plans. The chapter also explores how different negative income tax plans redistribute income. In other words, it looks at how such tax plans impact post-tax income inequality. If they increase inequality, such plans should be deemed anti-poor. The chapter showed analytically that negative tax plans might increase income inequality under certain conditions. A striking result emerging from this analysis is that absolute and relative inequality concepts can give conflicting conclusions about their impact on post-tax income inequality
Economic Growth and Poverty
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter attempts to answer the core question in development economics: whether economic growth can alone eliminate or reduce poverty or whether governments should also focus on poverty alleviation through policies that directly help the poor. The literature has attempted to answer this using cross-country regression models. This chapter has critically reviewed these models. The objective of this review has been to understand whether the literature provides the answer to the core question. Unfortunately, the literature on this issue has generated more heat than light. It has offered conflicting answers, making an informed policy difficult. This chapter attempts to resolve these contradictory issues, using household surveys, following the non-parametric approach to estimating poverty elasticity for individual countries. The chapter has derived the growth and inequality elasticity for several poverty measures calculated from the individual country’s household surveys. This chapter develops a discrete-time decomposition that quantifies the contributions of economic growth and change in inequality on growth in poverty. Thus, this decomposition helps the governments understand whether they pursue economic growth first and foremost or focus on poverty alleviation policies that directly benefit the poor. The chapter presents a case study for China to understand how much economic growth and inequality have played a role in the country’s unprecedented poverty reduction.
The Nature of Testimony
Authors: Gerken Mikkel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 begins with a discussion of the nature of testimony as a speech act and an epistemic source. This discussion draws on foundational epistemological research such as the internalist/externalist debate and the reductionist/anti-reductionist debate. Here Gerken provides an epistemically externalist emphasis of the epistemic significance of the social environment. Chapter 2 also considers the senses in which testimony may and may not be said to transfer epistemic warrant from testifier to recipient. Specifically, Gerken criticizes various transmission principles and argues for a negative principle, Non-Inheritance of Scientific Justification, according to which the kind or degree of scientific justification that the testifier possesses is typically not transmitted to the recipient—even when the testimonial exchange is epistemically successful. Finally, Chapter 2 also includes a discussion of norms (objective benchmarks of assessment) and guidelines (concrete directives that scientific testifiers may follow).
The Significance of Scentific Testimony
Authors: Gerken Mikkel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 begins with arguments for two theses concerning intra-scientific testimony. The first thesis, Methodology, is the claim that the distinctive norms governing intra-scientific testimony are vital to the scientific methods of collaborative science. The second thesis, Parthood, is the claim that intra-scientific testimony is a vital part of collaborative science. Gerken then turns to arguments for two theses about public scientific testimony. The first thesis of this duo, Enterprise, has it that public scientific testimony is critical for the scientific enterprise in societies pursuing ideals of deliberative democracy. The second thesis, Democracy, is the claim that public scientific testimony is critical for societies pursuing ideals of deliberative democracy. In light of these two theses, the role of public scientific testimony in the societal division of cognitive labor is discussed. One result of this discussion is a novel norm for laypersons’ uptake of public scientific testimony.
Areal and diachronic trends in argument flagging across Slavic
Authors: Seržant Ilja A. , Wiemer Björn , Bužarovska Eleni , Ivanová Martina , Makartsev Maxim , Savić Stefan , Sitchinava Dmitri , Skwarska Karolína , Uhlik Mladen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis pilot study examines the variation in the flagging patterns across 10 modern Slavic languages—covering all three major Slavic branches: South, West, and East Slavic—and Old Church Slavic. Despite high homogeneity in this domain across Slavic, there are clear genealogical and areal trends that explain the distribution of different flagging patterns across Slavic. Thus, regarding transitivity prominence, an areal trend splitting Slavic languages into Northeast Slavic (Belarusian, Polish, Russian, Ukrainian) and Southwest Slavic (all other languages) was detected, the former group showing relatively low and the latter high transitivity prominence. The same split is also seen in the ratio of nominative marking of the subject(-like) arguments, albeit to a minor degree. Here too, Northeast Slavic languages have a lower ratio than the Southwest ones. Although the genealogical relations still largely determine similarities in argument flagging, language contact must have played an important role here as well.
Embracing the Unknown
Authors: Degenhardt Jane Hwang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 concludes the book’s trajectory—from the stage’s representation of fortune as a force that creates opportunity in the world to the theater’s own identifications with commercial fortune. It does so by focusing on the theater’s thematic and representational embrace of seafaring as a metaphor for theatrical risk and reward as well as a model for the cognitive and phenomenological experience of playgoing. Specifically, it considers the ways that Hamlet (1600) and Pericles (1608) employ dramaturgical strategies for representing long-distance sea travel. By locating Hamlet’s sea voyage off stage, Hamlet allows for a break from the patterns of possibility established through past actions of the play and enacts a shift from the realm of possibility to one of untold potentiality. Picking up on the sea’s unpredictability as a metaphor for commercial audiences, Pericles attempts to foster patient viewing practices by means of its dramaturgical strategies for representing the sea.
Tracking the Resilience of Hybridity
Authors: McBride Mark 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Matthew Kramer is the preeminent contemporary proponent of the interest theory of rights—according to which rights function to protect the right-holder’s interests. Kramer’s meticulous articulation and refinement of that theory has involved countering alternative theories—in particular, most recently, third-way alternatives to both interest and will theories. Kramer has accepted certain of these alternatives are genuinely novel theories, and then sought to demonstrate their shortcomings. Gopal Sreenivasan’s hybrid theory of (claim-)rights is one such theory, and Kramer has delineated a putative counterexample against it, and indeed against hybrid theories in general. My aim in this chapter is to counter the counterexample on behalf of hybridity in general—I am a hybrid theorist, but of a different stripe from Sreenivasan. And it’s my contention that grappling with the counterexample serves as a useful expository aid to deeper articulation of hybridity. Hybridity’s resilience emerges therefrom.
Objectivity, Conventions, and the Possibility of Universal Error
Authors: Bix Brian H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The essay explores whether it makes sense to say that every person or every legal official was wrong about some legal issue. It reviews discussions of the subject by Matthew Kramer, Connie Rosati, and Andrei Marmor, as well as an earlier article by the current author. The ultimate conclusion is that universal error probably is possible. As Kramer pointed out, officials can agree about the foundational rules or basic observations, but (all) get the applications or implications wrong. Also, everyone might previously have misunderstood the original intentions of the constitutional or legislative drafters, or the real meaning of equality or due process. However, the topic of universal error remains complex, because truth in law is complicated: because of the problem of legal authority and legal mistake, there are places where law appears not to be bivalent; also, legal truth is made problematic by law’s defeasibility.
Kramer and Inclusive Legal Positivism
Authors: Waluchow Wilfrid J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Gerald Postema once claimed that, in responding to Dworkin’s critique of Hart’s theory of law, defenders of Inclusive Legal Positivism (ILP) “seemed to have lost contact with the original phenomena, problems, and the theoretical and practical motivations that gave them life.” As one of ILP’s most powerful champions, this indictment extends to Matthew Kramer, whose work includes one of the most robust, insightful defenses of ILP on offer, and whose monumental contributions to legal, political, and moral philosophy are the focus of this volume. The objective of this chapter is to blunt the force of Postema’s indictment of Kramer and his ILP allies, particularly in relation to their long-standing dispute with their Exclusive Legal Positivist (ELP) cousins. It does so by arguing that ILP provides a better, more enlightening account of the nature of law than ELP does. More specifically, it argues that (1) ILP better accounts for the conventional nature of law than ELP does; (2) ILP offers a conceptual map of legal practice that is more consonant than ELP with the self-understanding expressed in the norms and practices of many legal systems; and (3) ILP better accounts for the variety of ways in which law is capable of structuring our practical reasoning and, as a result, serving our moral interests. If the arguments of this chapter are right, then they will have provided what Postema finds missing—good reasons for thinking that Kramer’s subtle and insightful jurisprudential theory was not, in the end, pretty much a waste of time.
From Law’s Existence to Law’s Rule
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Kramer accepts Lon Fuller’s eight standards articulate the core of the rule of law. These standards, he agrees, are internal to law and, taken together, they constitute a “morally cherishable” ideal. But, against Fuller, he insists that the respect in which they are internal to law is not the respect in which they speak the language of moral ideals. The two conceptions offer separable ways of articulating the significance of Fuller’s eight standards. These distinct accounts, Kramer argues, pivot on the shared assumption that individual legal subjects are rational, self-directing agents. Lawgivers acknowledge and assume for their purposes, that legal subjects are rational, self-directing agents, because law’s fundamental function is to guide behavior through addressing rules to them. And, from the liberal-democratic moral point of view, this feature of legal subjects is a fact of fundamental moral importance, demanding our respect. Building on Kramer’s analysis, this essay argues that, understood in a particular way, the pivotal assumption provides a reasonably solid bridge between these two conceptions. It argues, further, that (1) the Fuller-Kramer account of legality needs the notion of fidelity, which plays a crucial role in the realization of the rule of law, and (2) that Kramer’s plausible individualist account of the rule of law’s grounding value must be embedded in a broader notion of membership that makes room for dignity and equality understood as relational values.
Distinguishing Value-Neutrality from Value-Independence
Authors: Radoilska Lubomira 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines a new disentangling strategy for moral epistemology. It builds on the fundamental distinction between value-neutrality and value-independence as two separate aspects of methodological austerity introduced by Matthew Kramer. This type of conceptual analysis is then applied to two major challenges in moral epistemology: globalized skepticism and debate fragmentation. Both challenges arise from collapsing the fact/value dichotomy. They can be addressed by comprehensive disentangling that runs along both dimensions—value-neutrality vs. value non-neutrality and value independence vs. value-dependence. The success of this strategy rests on two factors. The first is broadening the scope of disentangling to include theoretical-explanatory values on a par with distinctly ethical values. The second is differentiating between wider and narrower conceptualizations of what value-neutrality requires with respect to contested matters. The objective is to pre-empt unjust theorizing, a distinctive form of epistemic injustice that derives from the exclusive methodological focus on ethical evaluations at the expense of epistemic ones. When these methodological conditions are fulfilled, opponents should gain the confidence to treat each other as fellow inquirers engaged in the same project, that of reducing the scope of unhelpful disagreements.
Purgative Punishment and the Importance of Perspective
Authors: Duff R.A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
According to Kramer’s “Purgative Rationale,” capital punishment is sometimes morally obligatory, for those who commit “extravagant evils:” their continued existence constitutes an “affront to humanity;” any state that has jurisdiction over them ought therefore to execute them (after a fair criminal process that respects their dignity). I discuss key elements of this rationale, and argue that Kramer illuminates the importance of some unduly neglected aspects of very serious crimes and of our responses to them. However, his rationale fails to establish his conclusion. We must distinguish between first-, second-, and third-person perspectives on crimes and their perpetrators: between how a perpetrator can respond to his own crimes, and how others can respond to them; between a third-person account of what others may or must do to the perpetrator, and a second-person account of how we may or must communicate with him. I then argue that even if a perpetrator’s evil deeds could be so horrendous that they put him beyond repentance, so that his continued existence would be an “affront to humanity,” others lack the authority to make, and give practical effect to, such a judgment; that punishment should constitute an attempt to engage with the perpetrator in the second person—which makes the execution of someone who is (we think) beyond repentance problematic; and that we should anyway not accept Kramer’s account of what constitutes the affront to humanity, or of how it could be removed.
Up and Down with the Welfare State
Authors: Kumlin Staffan , Goerres Achim 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOlder research on the welfare state often promoted a reductionist view of elections, seeing these as instruments for aggregation of exogenous preferences rather than for deliberation and preference change. Thus, we know more about policy ‘preferences’ than about policy ‘agendas’, i.e. how salient issues are. By contrast, this chapter analyses changes over time in the salience of welfare state issues in election campaigns. The chapter draws on recent work using a ‘systemic’ approach to agenda-setting. We examine if welfare issues become more—or perhaps less—likely to dominate entire election campaigns over time as most welfare states have fallen deeper into the era of ‘permanent austerity’. Moreover, have we witnessed a gradual increase in attention (as welfare states have experienced gradually mounting pressure)? Or have we rather seen a ‘late and brief’ attention response? This is implied by theories of ‘punctuated equilibrium’ and ‘attention cycles’. Moreover, the chapter asks if welfare state debate is a ‘fair-weather sport’ that is mainly exercised in the absence of pressures and in contexts where blame can be easily shifted (such as in a massive economic crisis)? A final set of questions concern the ‘social/investment activation’ turn. Have such issues taken over attention from less popular policy responses such as retrenchment?
Democracy and Welfare State Change Revisited
Authors: Kumlin Staffan , Goerres Achim 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe concluding chapter restates key results and analyses implications for the book’s two overarching research problems. What have we learned about the quality of representative democracy and the nature of welfare state change? The discussion is structured by the notions of democratic linkage and leadership. While the results are complex and partly positive, the chapter also highlights serious flaws in democratic linkage and leadership processes in changing mature welfare states. The book closes by discussing specific discrepancies between how leaders debate welfare state change and how citizens reason about it.
Policy Horizons
Authors: Calvert Julia 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter lays out the theoretical framework of the book. It theorizes the ways in which endogenous interests interact with exogenous pressures to shape infringement and reform preferences. It posits that programmatic beliefs—coherent sets of normative and causal frames which interlock to form a whole—impact state action under (and towards) investment treaty law. They do so in two ways: by defining the kinds of behaviour state actors view as appropriate in light of the conditions they face (the policy horizon); and by shaping the ways actors interpret their experiences under IIAs and in ISDS, which informs their understandings of the problems and solutions they face in investment treaty law. The implication is that two governments may respond differently to similar information and pressures where dominant belief systems vary. The chapter first discusses dominant theories of compliance and treaty reform as well as the various exogenous pressures governments face in maintaining and complying with their treaty commitments. The chapter then illustrates the role programmatic beliefs play in shaping whether IIAs lead to policy chill, policy alignment, or infringement. Finally, it addresses how programmatic beliefs guide political learning processes and how they ultimately shape reform preferences.