bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A constellation of eye-tracking measures reveals social attention differences in ASD and the broad autism phenotype
Authors: Nayar Kritika , Shic Frederick , Winston Molly , Losh Molly 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundSocial attention differences, expressed through gaze patterns, have been documented in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with subtle differences also reported among first-degree relatives, suggesting a shared genetic link. Findings have mostly been derived from standard eye-tracking methods (total fixation count or total fixation duration). Given the dynamics of visual attention, these standard methods may obscure subtle, yet core, differences in visual attention mechanisms, particularly those presenting sub-clinically. This study applied a constellation of eye-tracking analyses to gaze data from individuals with ASD and their parents.MethodsThis study includedn = 156 participants across groups, including ASD (n = 24) and control (n = 32) groups, and parents of individuals with ASD (n = 61) and control parents (n = 39). A complex scene with social/non-social elements was displayed and gaze tracked via an eye tracker. Eleven analytic methods from the following categories were analyzed: (1) standard variables, (2) temporal dynamics (e.g., gaze over time), (3) fixation patterns (e.g., perseverative or regressive fixations), (4) first fixations, and (5) distribution patterns. MANOVAs, growth curve analyses, and Chi-squared tests were applied to examine group differences. Finally, group differences were examined on component scores derived from a principal component analysis (PCA) that reduced variables to distinct dimensions.ResultsNo group differences emerged among standard, first fixation, and distribution pattern variables. Both the ASD and ASD parent groups demonstrated on average reduced social attention over time and atypical perseverative fixations. Lower social attention factor scores derived from PCA strongly differentiated the ASD and ASD parent groups from controls, with parent findings driven by the subset of parents demonstrating the broad autism phenotype.LimitationsTo generalize these findings, larger sample sizes, extended viewing contexts (e.g., dynamic stimuli), and even more eye-tracking analytical methods are needed.ConclusionsFixations over time and perseverative fixations differentiated ASD and the ASD parent groups from controls, with the PCA most robustly capturing social attention differences. Findings highlight their methodological utility in studies of the (broad) autism spectrum to capture nuanced visual attention differences that may relate to clinical symptoms in ASD, and reflect genetic liability in clinically unaffected relatives. This proof-of-concept study may inform future studies using eye tracking across populations where social attention is impacted.
Attracting the next generation of radiologists: a statement by the European Society of Radiology (ESR)
Authors:   European Society of Radiology (ESR), Zhong Jim , Ho Rosemary , Gourtsoyianni Sofia , Oleaga Laura , Catalano Carlo , Becker Minerva , Goh Vicky 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWith demand increasing each year for diagnostic imaging and imaging guided interventions, it is important for the radiology workforce to expand in line with need. National and international societies such as the European Society of Radiology have an important role to play in showcasing the diversity of radiology, and highlighting the key role radiologists have in patient care and clinical decision-making to attract the next generation of radiologists. Medical students are an important group to engage with early. Meaningful exposure of undergraduates to radiology with an integrated programme and clinical placements in radiology is essential. Elective courses and dedicated 1-year Bachelor or Masters imaging programmes provide medical students with an opportunity for more in-depth study of radiology practice. Undergraduate radiology societies improve opportunities for engagement and mentorship. Innovations in imaging such as augmented-reality simulation and artificial intelligence and image-guided intervention also offer exciting training opportunities. Through these opportunities, students can gain insight into the wide variety of career opportunities in radiology.
Myocardial extracellular volume derived from contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography for longitudinal evaluation of cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer treated with anthracyclines
Authors: Tu Chunrong , Shen Hesong , Liu Renwei , Wang Xing , Li Xiaoqin , Yuan Xiaoqian , Chen Qiuzhi , Wang Yu , Ran Zijuan , Lan Xiaosong , Zhang Xiaoyue , Lin Meng , Zhang Jiuquan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Objectives
To assess the value of myocardial extracellular volume (ECV) derived from contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography (CT) for longitudinal evaluation of cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer (BC) treated with anthracycline (AC).

Materials and methods
A total of 1151 patients with BC treated with anthracyclines, who underwent at least baseline, and first follow-up contrast-enhanced chest CT were evaluated. ECV and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured before (ECV0, LVEF0), during ((ECV1, LVEF1) and (ECV2, LVEF2)), and after (ECV3, LVEF3) AC treatment. ECV values were evaluated at the middle of left ventricular septum on venous phase images. Cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) was recorded.

Results
Mean baseline LVEF values were 65.85% ± 2.72% and 102 patients developed CTRCD. The mean ECV0 was 26.76% ± 3.03% (N0 = 1151). ECV1, ECV2, and ECV3 (median interval: 61 (IQR, 46–75), 180 (IQR, 170–190), 350 (IQR, 341–360) days from baseline) were 31.32% ± 3.10%, 29.60% ± 3.24%, and 32.05% ± 3.58% (N1 = 1151, N2 = 841, N3 = 511). ECV1, ECV2, and ECV3 were significantly higher than ECV0 (p < 0.001). ECV0 and ECV1 showed no difference between CTRCD (+) and CTRCD (−) group (p1 = 0.150; p2 = 0.216). However, ECV2 and ECV3 showed significant differences between the two groups (p3 < 0.001; p4 < 0.001).

Conclusion
CT-derived ECV is a potential biomarker for dynamic monitoring AC cardiotoxicity in patients with BC.
Increased basal insulin sensitivity in late pregnancy in women carrying a male fetus: a cohort study
Authors: Petry Clive J. , Hughes Ieuan A. , Ong Ken K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
It has been suggested that fetal sex may be able to modify maternal metabolism and physiology during pregnancy. Recently pregnant women carrying a male fetus were reported to be more insulin sensitive than those carrying females, although related evidence is inconsistent.

Methods
In this study we administered a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test at around week 28 of pregnancy in 813 pregnant women from a contemporary birth cohort (the Cambridge Baby Growth Study), derived surrogate indices of insulin secretion and sensitivity, and related them to the fetal sex.

Results
Carrying a male fetus was associated with lower fasting glucose (difference in mean concentrations ≈ 0.1 mmol/L; β′ = 0.063; p = 0.02) and insulin (≈ 1.1 pmol/L; β′ = 0.075; p = 0.01) concentrations but not with post-load glucose or insulin concentrations. Male fetal sex was also associated with lower HOMA IR (≈ 1.08 units; β′ = 0.071; p = 0.02) and higher QUICKI (≈ 1.06 units; β′ = 0.080; p = 0.007) values suggesting increased basal insulin sensitivity. There were no differences in indices of insulin secretion, except for the insulin disposition index which was higher in women carrying a male fetus (≈ 1.15 units; β′ = 0.090; p = 0.007). Birth weights were higher in male offspring.

Conclusions
Women carrying a male fetus were relatively more insulin sensitive in the fasting state and secreted more insulin relative to this degree of insulin sensitivity. These results are consistent with the idea that the fetal sex may be able to modify the maternal glucose-insulin axis.
Pastoralist herd size maintenance during drought with the use of reseeded fields near Lake Baringo, Kenya
Authors: Githu Diana W. , Fehmi Jeffrey S. , Josephson Anna 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLand degradation, loss of access to land resources, climate variability, socio-economic changes, and population increase are among the factors that contribute to forage shortage among the pastoral communities. The loss of forage is critical, especially when droughts are frequent and prolonged. Interventions to improve pastoralists’ resilience include policies that encourage livelihood diversification, that is, promoting enterprises that are less impacted by climate variability. This paper evaluates a reseeding project among pastoralists from Lake Baringo, Kenya, with the goal of rehabilitating degraded lands. Field owners participated in a survey and answered both quantitative and qualitative questions relating to their field and household characteristics. We use livestock herd size to assess households’ conditions. We hypothesize that field characteristics including total land size reseeded, the total number of fields and the number of field locations, years of experience of working in reseeded fields, type of management, fencing, and the number of income-generating activities have an effect on herd size maintenance during drought. We find that the total number of fields and the number of income-generating activities have significant explanatory power in predicting a household’s ability to maintain its herd size during drought. These factors are related to fine-scale control over land use which contributes to maintaining herd size. These findings suggest that reseeding by local pastoralists could be replicated and up-scaled into other dryland counties of Kenya and sub-Saharan Africa as a promising intervention to improve resilience to climate variability, alleviate poverty, and improve environmental conditions.
The impact of dromedary camel milk on mice gut microbiota
Authors: Sheikh Abdullah , Almathen Faisal , Alfattah Mohammed 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe gut microbiota plays an important role in the health and disease resistance of the host. Host health depends on the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, and imbalance in its composition may leads to certain diseases. This study analyzed the influence that dromedary camel milk has on the gut microbiota of mice. This study characterized the bacterial populations of untreated [Control (C) and camel milk-treated Raw (R), Pasteurized (P), and Fermented (F)] C57BL/6 J mice feces using high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. In total, 286,606 tags were generated, with an average of 71,651 tags being generated per group, and these tags were clustered to the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 97% sequence similarity, resulting 1090 OTUs. Significant weight gain was observed among all of the groups, and the total cholesterol level declined in F group followed by in group P compared to group C. The F and P groups demonstrated a correlation between the beneficial microbiota structures that corresponded with lower cholesterol levels than those observed in the other groups. The major dominant bacteria correspond to the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The dromedary camel milk propagated the beneficial bacteria (Allobaculum and Akkermansia) and reduced harmful bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Desulfovibrionaceae. This study provides a comparative analysis of the gut microbiota of mice based on camel milk, which may be helpful in understanding host health and diverse gut microbial conditions.
Using amino acid features to identify the pathogenicity of influenza B virus
Authors: Kou Zheng , Fan Xinyue , Li Junjie , Shao Zehui , Qiang Xiaoli 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Influenza B virus can cause epidemics with high pathogenicity, so it poses a serious threat to public health. A feature representation algorithm is proposed in this paper to identify the pathogenicity phenotype of influenza B virus.

Methods
The dataset included all 11 influenza virus proteins encoded in eight genome segments of 1724 strains. Two types of features were hierarchically used to build the prediction model. Amino acid features were directly delivered from 67 feature descriptors and input into the random forest classifier to output informative features about the class label and probabilistic prediction. The sequential forward search strategy was used to optimize the informative features. The final features for each strain had low dimensions and included knowledge from different perspectives, which were used to build the machine learning model for pathogenicity identification.

Results
The 40 signature positions were achieved by entropy screening. Mutations at position 135 of the hemagglutinin protein had the highest entropy value (1.06). After the informative features were directly generated from the 67 random forest models, the dimensions for class and probabilistic features were optimized as 4 and 3, respectively. The optimal class features had a maximum accuracy of 94.2% and a maximum Matthews correlation coefficient of 88.4%, while the optimal probabilistic features had a maximum accuracy of 94.1% and a maximum Matthews correlation coefficient of 88.2%. The optimized features outperformed the original informative features and amino acid features from individual descriptors. The sequential forward search strategy had better performance than the classical ensemble method.

Conclusions
The optimized informative features had the best performance and were used to build a predictive model so as to identify the phenotype of influenza B virus with high pathogenicity and provide early risk warning for disease control.

Graphical Abstract
The effect of adding real-world evidence to regulatory submissions on the breadth of population indicated for rare disease medicine treatment by the European Medicines Agency
Authors: Jandhyala Ravi 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Despite calls for the use of additional real-world evidence (RWE) during drug development, rates of inclusion at the regulatory stage remain low. The medicine adoption model suggests that providing additional RWE to regulators would result in a wider indicated population than providing randomised-controlled trial evidence (RCTE) alone. Here, we tested this hypothesis.

Methods
All engagements concerning the 88 orphan drugs approved between 2009 and 2019 on the European Medicines Agency Orphan Register were reviewed between September and December 2019. Engagements were grouped as containing either randomised-controlled trial evidence (RCTE) or RCTE with real-world evidence (RWE). The data on indicatable population (the therapeutic indication requested by an engagement) and indicated population (the therapeutic indication ultimately granted) as well as the median number of criteria limiting the indicated population in each study type (RCTE/RWE) was extracted. A chi-square test assessed the association between the indicated population (as a proportion of the indicatable population) and type of evidence (RCTE with or without RWE) and a Wilcoxon rank sum test assessed the difference between the median number of limiting criteria between RCTE and RWE studies. Prediction modelling extrapolated the results of a power analysis to a level expected to deliver significance and the time this would take.

Results
The review identified 103 engagements, of which three were excluded (one contained only RWE; two contained only systematic literature reviews), leaving 100 engagements for 87 orphan medicines in the final analysis. Only 13% of engagements contained RWE. Although the difference was statistically insignificant, 76.92% of engagements containing RCTE and RWE resulted in a broader indicated population as compared to only 56.32% of those that contained RCTE alone. The median number of limiting criteria from RCTE (37 (28, 43)) and RWE (5 (2, 9)) studies varied significantly (p = 0.005). Modelling suggested that the analysis would achieve sufficient power by 2033–37 at the current RWE adoption rate.

Conclusion
The proportion of the disease population studied in RWE was greater than that in RCTE. The analysis testing the relationship between additional RWE and broader indicated population would achieve adequate power between 2032 and 2037 at the current RWE adoption rate.
Development of a quantitative system for subjective evaluation of tracked vehicle crew jackets
Authors: Choi Hee Eun , Ryoo Youngshil , Choi Kuengmi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to develop a quantitative evaluation system that reflects the required performance factors that are important for a tracked vehicle crew jacket. We identified and analyzed the necessary performance factors obtained from a focus group interview and a questionnaire survey. Further, we proposed a new method of calculating weights and developed a quantitative evaluation system. This system featured an equation that calculated the evaluation score out of 100, using the factors’ percentages in the total factor as factor weights. The system’s application was verified by the assessment of subfactors by active-duty soldiers, and by confirmation that the results of the developed factor scores reflected the proposed development direction. The study is significant for its provision of a comprehensive and quantitative evaluation system which has not existed before for protective clothing design, as well as for the verification of the system’s application through the process of protective clothing development. The quantitative evaluation system and its development process described in this study may be referenced and widely deployed due to its use of a Likert scale, which is commonly used as a subjective sensory evaluation tool.
Daily versus every other day oral iron supplementation in patients with iron deficiency anemia (DEODO): study protocol for a phase 3 multicentered, pragmatic, open-label, pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kron Amie , Del Giudice M. Elisabeth , Sholzberg Michelle , Callum Jeannie , Cserti-Gazdewich Christine , Swarup Vidushi , Huang Mary , Distefano Lanis , Anani Waseem , Skeate Robert , Armali Chantal , Lin Yulia 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) accounts for the majority of anemia cases across the globe and can lead to impairments in both physical and cognitive functioning. Oral iron supplementation is the first line of treatment to improve the hemoglobin level for IDA patients. However, gaps still exist in understanding the appropriate dosing regimen of oral iron. The current trial proposes to evaluate the feasibility of performing this study to examine the effectiveness and side-effect profile of oral iron once daily versus every other day.

Methods
In this open-label, pilot, feasibility, randomized controlled trial, 52 outpatients over 16 years of age with IDA (defined as hemoglobin < 12.0 g/dL in females and < 13.0 g/dL in males and ferritin < 30 mcg/L) will be enrolled across two large academic hospitals. Participants are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive 300 mg oral ferrous sulfate (60 mg of elemental iron) either every day or every other day for 12 weeks. Participants are excluded if they are as follows: (1) pregnant and/or currently breastfeeding, (2) have a disease history that would impair response to oral iron (e.g., thalassemia, celiac disease), (3) intolerant and/or have an allergy to oral iron or vitamin C, (4) on new anticoagulants in the past 6 months, (5) received IV iron therapy in the past 12 weeks, (6) have surgery, chemotherapy, or blood donation planned in upcoming 12 weeks, (7) a creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min, or (8) hemoglobin less than 8.0 g/dL with active bleeding. The primary outcome is feasibility to enroll 52 participants in this trial over a 2-year period to determine the effectiveness of daily versus every other day oral iron supplementation on hemoglobin at 12 weeks post-initiation and side-effect profile.

Discussion
The results of this trial will provide additional evidence for an appropriate dosing schedule for treating patients with IDA with oral iron supplementation. Additional knowledge will be gained on how the dosing regimen of oral iron impacts quality of life and hemoglobin repletion in IDA patients. If this trial is deemed feasible, it will inform the development and implementation of a larger multicenter definitive trial.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03725384. Registered 31 October 2018.
Does poor methodological quality of prediction modeling studies translate to poor model performance? An illustration in traumatic brain injury
Authors: Helmrich Isabel R. A. Retel , Mikolić Ana , Kent David M. , Lingsma Hester F. , Wynants Laure , Steyerberg Ewout W. , van Klaveren David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Prediction modeling studies often have methodological limitations, which may compromise model performance in new patients and settings. We aimed to examine the relation between methodological quality of model development studies and their performance at external validation.

Methods
We systematically searched for externally validated multivariable prediction models that predict functional outcome following moderate or severe traumatic brain injury. Risk of bias and applicability of development studies was assessed with the Prediction model Risk Of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST). Each model was rated for its presentation with sufficient detail to be used in practice. Model performance was described in terms of discrimination (AUC), and calibration. Delta AUC (dAUC) was calculated to quantify the percentage change in discrimination between development and validation for all models. Generalized estimation equations (GEE) were used to examine the relation between methodological quality and dAUC while controlling for clustering.

Results
We included 54 publications, presenting ten development studies of 18 prediction models, and 52 external validation studies, including 245 unique validations. Two development studies (four models) were found to have low risk of bias (RoB). The other eight publications (14 models) showed high or unclear RoB. The median dAUC was positive in low RoB models (dAUC 8%, [IQR − 4% to 21%]) and negative in high RoB models (dAUC − 18%, [IQR − 43% to 2%]). The GEE showed a larger average negative change in discrimination for high RoB models (− 32% (95% CI: − 48 to − 15) and unclear RoB models (− 13% (95% CI: − 16 to − 10)) compared to that seen in low RoB models.

Conclusion
Lower methodological quality at model development associates with poorer model performance at external validation. Our findings emphasize the importance of adherence to methodological principles and reporting guidelines in prediction modeling studies.