bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii using loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay in camels and small ruminants
Authors: Zeedan Gamil S. G. , Abdalhamed Abeer M. , Shaapan Raafat M. , El-Namaky Amira H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
This study was conducted to detect the presence of T. gondii in milk and blood samples using three different assays: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (LAMP). Whole blood, serum, and milk samples were collected from goats (n = 156), sheep (n = 261), and camels (n = 108) in different governorates in Egypt from December 2019 to February 2021 and screened by ELISA for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies before DNA extraction. The target T. gondii DNA gene was detected and evaluated using the LAMP assay compared to PCR.

Results
T. gondii antibodies were found in milk and serum samples at the rates of (29.26%) and (36.58%) in camels, (34.18%) and (35.89%) in sheep, and (33.7%) and (36.36%) in goats, respectively. Similar to PCR, the percentages of LAMP tests for the detection of the T. gondii DNA gene in milk and blood samples of camels, sheep, and goats were (4.8, 14.63), (6.83, 7.69), and (7.79, 9.09), respectively. LAMP's sensitivity for detecting T. gondii in milk and blood samples, which was identical to that of PCR, was 100%.

Conclusions
The findings clearly demonstrated that there were no variations in T. gondii detection capabilities in milk and blood samples from various animals using both PCR and LAMP tests. It provides a quick, precise, and sensitive method of detecting T. gondii in a variety of samples that may be used both in the field and in laboratory diagnosis.
A novel simultaneous high performance liquid chromatography-PDA method for the determination of Tenofovir AF, Darunavir, Emtricitabine and Cobicistat in bulk and its application to marketed formulation
Authors: Pavani Challamalla , Susithra E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
The present research article involves the simultaneous determination of Tenofovir alafenamide, Darunavir, Emtricitabine and Cobicistat in bulk as well as in tablet dosage form using high performance liquid chromatography.

Result
The separation was performed using DIKMA Spursil, C18, ODS, (4.6 × 150 mm × 5 µm) analytical column using the mobile phase acetonitrile and 0.1% Orthophosphoric acid in the volume ratio of 70:30 at pH 3. The eluents were detected using PDA detector at 254.0 nm. After optimization subsequent validation study of different parameters was performed by utilizing the optimised condition as per the ICH guidelines. Under this optimised conditions Tenofovir alafenamide, Darunavir, Emtricitabine and Cobicistat were eluted at 2.287 min, 2.507 min, 4.062 min, 6.011 min respectively. Percentage assay was found 99.21% for Tenofovir alafenamide, 99.80% for Darunavir, 99.80% for Emtricitabine and 99.84% for Cobicistat. Tenofovir alafenamide was found linear in the range of 2.0–10.0 µg/mL, Darunavir (160.0–800.0 µg/mL), Emtricitabine (40.0–200.0 µg/mL) and for cobicistat (30.0–150.0 µg/mL). The corelation coefficient was found 0.999 for all the APIs. The detection limit was found 0.14 µg/mL for Tenofovir alafenamide, 2.14 µg/mL for Darunavir, 0.6 µg/mL for Emtricitabine and 7.32 µg/mL for cobicistat. In the LOQ study the quantitation limit was found 0.47 µg/mL for Tenofovir alafenamide, 7.12 µg/mL for Darunavir, 2.10 µg/mL, for Emtricitabine and 24.42 µg/mL for cobicistat.

Conclusion
All the studied API’s has been highly resolute utilizing the optimised condition and found extremely suitable for the determination of all of them simultaneously in marketed dosage form as well as in the bulk form.
Stratigraphic characterization of the Eagle Ford shale to identify the best landing zone: A semianalytical workflow
Authors: Sahoo Ajit K. , Vishal Vikram , Srivastava Mukul 
Published: January 2022

Placement of the horizontal well within the best landing zone is critical to maximize well productivity; thus, identification of the best landing zone is important. This paper illustrated an integrated semianalytical workflow to carry out the stratigraphic characterization of the Eagle Ford shale to identify the best landing zone. The objective of this work is twofold: (1) to establish a workflow for stratigraphic characterization and (2) to understand the local level variability in the well performance. To establish the workflow, we have used the production data, petrophysical information, and regional reservoir property maps. As a first step of the workflow, we subdivided the Eagle Ford shale into nine smaller stratigraphic units using the wireline signatures and outcrop study. In the second step, we have used statistical methods such as linear regression, fuzzy groups, and theory of granularity to capture the relationship between the geologic parameters and the well performances. In this step, we identified volume of clay (Vclay), hydrocarbon filled porosity (HCFP), and total organic carbon (TOC) as key drivers of the well performance. In the third step, we characterized the nine smaller units and identified four stratigraphic units as good reservoirs with two being the best due to their low Vclay: high HCFP and high TOC content. Finally, we reviewed the well paths of four horizontal wells with respect to the best stratigraphic units. We observed that the production behavior of these wells was possibly driven by their lateral placement. The better producing wells were placed within the middle of the best stratigraphic units, whereas the poor wells were going out the best stratigraphic units. This investigation provided a case study that demonstrated the importance of integrating data sets to identify best landing zones, and the suggested workflow could be applied to other areas and reservoirs to better identify targetable zones.
Solid Dispersions of Gefitinib Prepared by Spray Drying with Improved Mucoadhesive and Drug Dissolution Properties
Authors: Mustafa Wesam W. , Fletcher John , Khoder Mouhamad , Alany Raid G. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGefitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is intended for oral administration yet suffers poor bioavailability along with undesirable side effects. To enhance its solubility and allow colon targeting, gefitinib (ZD) and blends of different ratios of polymers (ternary dispersion) were prepared in organic solution, and solid dispersions were generated employing the spray drying (SD) technique. The methylmethacrylate polymer Eudragit S 100 was incorporated for colon targeting; polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) were utilised to improve the solubility of ZD. SEM, DSC, XRPD, FT-IR, dissolution and cytotoxicity studies were undertaken to characterise and evaluate the developed formulations. SEM images revealed that the rod-shaped crystals of ZD were transformed into collapsed spheres with smaller particle size in the spray-dried particles. DSC, FTIR and XRPD studies showed that ZD loaded in the spray-dried dispersions was amorphous. ZD dissolution and release studies revealed that while a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the ZD dissolution and release was observed from HPMC-based solid dispersion at pH 7.2 (up to 95% in 15 h), practically no drug was released at pH 1.2 and pH 6.5. Furthermore, the HPMC-based solid dispersions displayed enhanced mucoadhesive properties compared with PVP-based ones. Interestingly, cell viability studies using the neutral red assay showed that PVP and HPMC-based solid dispersions had no additional inhibitory effect on Caco-2 cell line compared to the pure drug.
Imagining the Future(s) of Writing Studies through the Prism of Undergraduate Research
Authors: DelliCarpini Dominic 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article explores the future(s) of undergraduate research in writing studies through representative words of the undergraduates themselves. It reveals their social justice motives, as well as their desire to undertake research that can have real impact. It also questions whether inclusion in our disciplinary community supports—or blunts—those motives, highlighting the need to treat their work as an embodied act that may not be fully activated within traditional definitions of “contributions to knowledge.”
The effect of introduction of routine immunization for rotavirus vaccine on paediatric admissions with diarrhoea and dehydration to Kenyan Hospitals: an interrupted time series study
Authors: Chelangat Daisy , Malla Lucas , Langat Reuben C. , Akech Samuel ,   Clinical Information Network Author Group
Published: January 2022

Background: Dehydration secondary to diarrhoea is a major cause of hospitalization and mortality in children aged less than five years. Most diarrhoea cases in childhood are caused by rotavirus, and routine introduction of rotavirus vaccine is expected to reduce the incidence and severity of dehydration secondary to diarrhoea in vaccinated infants. Previously, studies have examined changes in admissions with stools positive for rotavirus but this study reports on all admissions with dehydration secondary to diarrhoea regardless of stool rotavirus results. We aimed to assess the changes in all-cause severe diarrhoea and dehydration (DAD) admissions following the vaccine’s introduction. Methods: We examined changes in admissions of all clinical cases of DAD before and after introduction of routine vaccination with rotavirus vaccine in July 2014 in Kenya. We use data from 13 public hospitals currently involved in a clinical network, the Clinical Information Network (CIN). Routinely collected data for children aged 2-36 months were examined. We used a segmented mixed effects model to assess changes in the burden of diarrhoea and dehydration after introduction of rotavirus vaccine. For sensitivity analysis, we examined trends for non-febrile admissions (surgical or burns). Results: There were 17,708 patients classified as having both diarrhoea and dehydration. Average monthly admissions due to DAD for each hospital before vaccine introduction (July 2014) was 35 (standard deviation: ±22) and 17 (standard deviation: ±12) after vaccine introduction. Segmented mixed effects regression model showed there was a 33% (95% CI, 30% to 38%) decrease in DAD admissions immediately after the vaccine was introduced to the Kenya immunization program in July 2014. There was no change in admissions due to non-febrile admissions pre-and post-vaccine introduction. Conclusion: The rotavirus vaccine, after introduction into the Kenya routine immunization program resulted in reduction of all-cause admissions of diarrhoea and dehydration in children to public hospitals.
A COISA JULGADA DE QUESTÃO PREJUDICIAL NO CPC15 E O PRINCÍPIO DISPOSITIVO
Authors: Steffler Luan Eduardo , Oliveira Rafael Niebuhr Maia de 
Published: January 2022

Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa exploratória, de procedimento monográfico, de abordagem dedutiva, objetivando analisar as modificações implementadas pelo CPC/15 nos limites objetivos da coisa julgada material, mais especificamente quanto a possibilidade de sua extensão as questões prejudiciais, independentemente de ação declaratória incidental, com o escopo de perquirir se esta mudança representaria ofensa ao princípio dispositivo. Com base nas fontes adotadas e a partir de uma análise história do instituto e com espeque em semelhante instrumento processual estrangeiro do colateral estoppel, pode-se afirmar que a legislação atual tomou as precauções necessárias para evitar que as notadas vantagens advindas da maior celeridade, eficiência e redução na possibilidade de decisões logicamente contraditórias não fossem conquistadas as custas dos princípios democráticos do processo, especialmente no que tange a necessidade de contraditório prévio e efetivo como condicionante desta possibilidade, pelo que não se verifica ofensa ao princípio dispositivo.
PROCESSOS ESTRUTURAIS E DIÁLOGOS INSTITUCIONAIS NO SUPREMO TRIBUNAL FEDERAL: UMA ANÁLISE DOS ARGUMENTOS JUDICIAIS NA ADPF 347
Authors: França Eduarda Peixoto da Cunha 
Published: January 2022

A declaração do Estado de Coisas Inconstitucional no sistema carcerário brasileiro pelo Supremo tribunal Federal, foi amplamente celebrada entre os acadêmicos do Direito Constitucional e do Direito Processual Civil, tendo em vista abertura do Tribunal à apreciação dos chamados “litígios estruturais” e aos diálogos institucionais. Apesar disso, anos após a sua declaração, pouco ou nada mudou nas condições degradantes do sistema carcerário do país. O presente artigo busca investigar as possíveis razões que contribuiram para a manutenção do status quo violador de direitos, dando enfoque no estudo da (in)disponibilidade de cooperação interinstitucional após a concessão parcial da liminar. Para tanto, o trabalho será dividido em três partes, nas quais serão estudadas, respectivamente: a ideia de ativismo dialógico enquanto alternativa ao ativismo solipsista e à autocontenção judicial; duas teorias normativas que direcionam a postura jurisdicional frente à judicialização de questões estruturais; e, por fim, a ADPF 347. A pesquisa é de cunho bibliográfico-documental com análise qualitativa de caso.
Standards probatórios no mandado de segurança – critérios para apreciação da verdade
Authors: Lemos Rafael Diogo , Augusto de Oliveira Júnior Vicente De Paulo 
Published: January 2022

Neste trabalho, será analisada a importância dos standards probatórios e sua contribuição com a racionalidade e objetividade das decisões judiciais. Serão verificados critérios para formação de um standard de prova e a necessária contextualização deste critério com aspectos metodológicos, epistemológicos, jurídicos e políticos. Buscar-se-á, de modo mais objetivo, analisar os standards exigidos no mandado de segurança, dada sua peculiaridade procedimental e probatória. Debate-se, também, os critérios e padrões na busca pela verdade no processo e em que ponto fatores não-epistemológicos” influenciam na busca pela verdade no processo.
ASPECTOS RELEVANTES DAS TUTELAS PROVISÓRIAS DE URGÊNCIA NOS SISTEMAS PROCESSUAIS BRASILEIRO E PORTUGUÊS
Authors: Mazini Paulo Guilherme 
Published: January 2022

A tutela provisória ainda se apresenta como um dos temas mais discutidos no processo civil, especialmente após a vigência do novo Código de Processo Civil brasileiro, que passou a ser aplicado no ano de 2016. Algumas mudanças relevantes foram propostas com o novo diploma legal, as quais tiveram por objetivo, sobretudo, a unificação do regime das tutelas de urgência e a inclusão de uma nova modalidade de estabilização das decisões a ser observada nas tutelas satisfativas ajuizadas em caráter antecedente. Em Portugal, o Código de Processo Civil em vigor desde o ano de 2013, apesar de suas distinções e da convivência do regime de cautelares típicas e atípicas, previu um modelo interessante de resolução sumária de conflitos denominado inversão do contencioso, além de apresentar uma modalidade de tutela autoexauriente com nítida aproximação das tutelas inibitórias do direito brasileiro. Pretende-se assim, com o presente artigo, desenvolver, sob a perspectiva do direito comparado, um estudo com a finalidade de analisar os principais pontos de vista a respeito das tutelas sumárias nos sistemas brasileiro e português.
Polarization response of planarized optical waveguides to determine the anisotropic complex refractive index of graphene oxide thin films
Authors: Gan SoonXin , Chong WenSin , Lai ChoonKong , Chong WuYi , Madden Stephen J. , Choi Duk-Yong , De La Rue Richard M. , Ahmad Harith 
Published: January 2022

The polarization response of graphene oxide (GO)-coated planarized optical waveguides is used to determine the complex refractive index of GO film. GO films with thicknesses between 0.10 and 0.71 µm were coated on planarized optical waveguides. GO-coated waveguides exhibit large polarization dependent losses—and the polarization response depends strongly on the GO coating thickness. The response was used, together with finite element analysis, to determine the complex refractive index of the GO film. The complex refractive indices of GO films for both TE- and TM-polarized light at a wavelength of 1550 nm were found to be

1.71

+

0

.

09
i

and

1.58

+

0

.

05
i

, respectively. The uncertainties of

n

G
O

and

k

G
O

for TE-polarized light are

±
0

.

02

and

±
0

.

03

, respectively, whereas the uncertainties of

n

G
O

and

k

G
O

for TM-polarized light are

±
0

.

05

and

±
0

.

02

, respectively.
Möbius shifts associated with the third-order and the fourth-order rainbows of a spheroidal droplet computation
Authors: Wang Zhiying , Yu Haitao , Yang Jie , Shen Jianqi 
Published: January 2022

Vector-ray tracing (VRT) is employed to calculate Möbius shifts of the third-order and the fourth-order rainbows for a spheroidal droplet. When the aspect ratio of a spheroidal droplet is small, approximation expressions for calculating the Möbius shift (i.e., deviation of the geometrical rainbow angle for a spheroidal droplet and that for a spherical droplet) were given by Lock and Können [Appl. Opt. 56, G88 (2017)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.56.000G88]. The assessment of applicability ranges of the Lock approximation is obtained by comparing with a VRT simulation for a water droplet with the refractive index

m
=

1.333

. For this, a parameter

Δ
D

is defined that measures the disagreement between the two methods. A threshold value of 5% for

Δ
D

is chosen below which the agreement is considered to be good. For the third-order rainbow, it is shown that this is the case for the Lock approximation for water droplets (

m
=

1.333

)

with aspect ratios in the range of

0.97

≤
a

/

c
≤

1.03

. For the fourth-order rainbow, the application range of the Lock approximation is

0.99

≤
a

/

c
≤

1.01

for water droplets. For the first-order and second-order rainbows, the application ranges are briefly revisited with the current method. The influence of the droplet refractive index on the Möbius shift is also investigated.
Genetic diversity in enhancer II region of HBV genotype D and its association with advanced liver diseases
Authors: Khan Majid , Khan Sanaullah , Gondal Mehrunnisa Fatima , Bibi Safia , Khan Bakht Tarin , Majid Abdul , Khattak Ayesha , Khabir Muhammad Nasir , Anwar Muhammad , Gul Aisha , Naseem Maryam , Attaullah Sobia 
Published: January 2022

Background
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is one of the most common human infectious agents, and the mutations in its genome may cause chronic hepatitis (CH), liver cirrhosis (LC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study was designed to characterize the enhancer-II (Enh-II) region of X gene in HBV positive patients to assess the association of such mutations with CH, LC, and HCC.

Methods
HBV positive samples (N = 200) with patients’ demographic and clinical data were collected from different regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The Enh-II region of the HBx gene was sequenced and zanalyzed for polymorphism associated with advanced liver disease. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate potent mutations associated with a risk for LC and HCC.

Results
HBV Enh-II region sequences analysis revealed 25 different mutations. The highest frequency of mutations S101F (62.2%), A102V/R/G/I (56.25%), M103L/A (68.75%)were found in HCC, followed in LC and CH patients as 57.1%, 42.8%, 28.52% 16%, 15.2% and 18.4% respectively. H94 deletion in the α-box of the Enh-II region, associated with a high risk of HCC was found in half of the HCC patients. This deletion was present in 28.5% of LC and 6.5% of CH patients. Importantly, the high frequency of some notable mutations such as E109A/Y, A110S/K, Y111D/E, and F112L was first time reported in the entire study population. The frequencies of these mutations were high in HCC (43.75%, 37.5%, 50% and 43.75% respectively) as compared to LC (14.28%, 14.28%, 28.2% and 42.8%) and CH patients (12.8%, 15.2%, 16.8% and 16% respectively).

Conclusion
Mutations associated with LC and HCC are prevalent in the Enh-II region in Pakistani HBV isolates. The mutations found are alarming in CH patients as these may progress to LC and HCC in a large number of patients.
Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of 2D and 3D measurements to determine opportunistic screening of osteoporosis using the proximal femur on abdomen-pelvic CT
Authors: Park Sun-Young , Ha Hong Il , Lee Sang Min , Lee In Jae , Lim Hyun Kyung 
Published: January 2022

Objectives
To compare the osteoporosis-predicting ability of computed tomography (CT) indexes in abdomen-pelvic CT using the proximal femur and the reliability of measurements in two- and three-dimensional analyses.

Methods
Four hundred thirty female patients (age range, 50–96 years) who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal-pelvic CT within 1 month were retrospectively selected. The volumes of interest (VOIs) from the femoral head to the lesser trochanter and the femoral neck were expressed as 3DFemur. Round regions of interest (ROIs) of image plane drawn over the femoral neck touching the outer cortex were determined as 2Dcoronal. In HU histogram analysis (HUHA), the percentages of HU histogram ranges related to the ROI or VOI were classified as HUHAFat (<0 HU) and HUHABone (126 HU≤). Diagnostic performance, correlation analysis and measurement reliability were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curves, correlation coefficient and interobserver correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively.

Results
AUCs of each HUHA and mean-HU measurement on 2D-ROI and 3D-VOI were 0.94 or higher (P < 0.001). Both 3DFemur-Mean-HU and 3DFemur-HUHABone showed the highest AUC (0.96). The cut-off value of 3DFemur-Mean-HU was 231HU or less, (sensitivity: 94.8%; specificity: 85.0%; correlation coefficient: −0.65; P <0.001) for diagnosis of osteoporosis. There was no superiority between AUCs in 2D-ROI and 3D-VOI measurements (P > 0.05). Reliability of the 3D-VOI measurement showed perfect agreement (ICC ≥ 0.94), and 2D-ROI showed moderate to good agreement (ICC range: 0.63~0.84).

Conclusions
CT indexes on 3D-VOI for predicting femoral osteoporosis showed similar diagnostic accuracy with better reproducibility of measurement, compared with 2D-ROI.
APPLICATION OF DIGITAL STRUCTURE SIMULATION AS A TOOL	FOR THE EXPLORATION OF WIDE SPAN STRUCTURE IDEAS
Authors: Wahadamaputera Shirley , Subekti Bambang , Permata Dian Duhita 
Published: January 2022

Review on structure behaviour and visual appearance of a building is needed in generating creativity in the making of an architectural design. The use of any specific structure software will facilitate this in the process. This research aims to prove the effectiveness with which designers can compose alternative forms of architectural appearance through the use of the software. One of the tools in the creative process used in the exploration of 2-dimensional frame structures is DR FRAME. The observations were carried in the Structure and Construction IV Studio at Itenas Architecture Study Program Bandung through a digital simulation using DR. FRAME software demo version. Several students are invited to explore various forms of wide-span truss structures at the level of unified integration. The results through the program execution show various diagrams which can be implemented in the design of the form and the type of structural components. DR.FRAME software enriches ideas in the wide-span structure design which provides an understanding of the relationship between structural behaviour and the appearance of architectural design. The use of other supporting software is supposed to be applied as an alternative search for various structural design ideas for architecture students