bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speciesism, Science, and Society
Authors: Swartz Brian , Mishler Brent D. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSpeciesism is to species as racism is to race. The tenets of both are baseless on all grounds. Although our consciousness is currently raised toward the latter, the former remains persistent and infectious. Speciesism begins with how we view ourselves in relation to the natural world, and leads to behavior that challenges our future on this planet. Our naïve exceptionalism has repercussions for ecology, ethics, conservation, law, culture, and the energy and resource base that powers human society. We are merely a part of the natural world, though we have behaved for centuries through a myopia of perceived dominion. By our actions, we are now pushing against a significant number of planetary boundaries, such as threats to natural resources, climate, biodiversity, and the ecological networks that keep humanity afloat. With each passing day, the distinction blurs between the anthroposphere and the ecosphere, between humanity and the earth-system. As transformers of this planet’s environment, we are one of the greatest ecosystem engineers the earth has ever seen. Yet we remain dependent upon nature, and how we behave over the next few decades will determine our prosperity on this planet and beyond.
Race and Human Genomic Variation
Authors: Winther Rasmus Grønfeldt 
Published: December 2022

AbstractHow much do different groups of humans differ genetically? Starting from a thought experiment, this chapter shows that we differ less than we might think—and that, in a sense,we are all Africans. I draw on several key findings: that compared to many other species,Homo sapienshas relatively little genomic variation; that of all continental regions, African genomic variation is the richest and most encompassing; that population-level genetic variation decreases with distance from Africa; and that most genomic variation is found within local human populations (with only about 7% or so found across continental groups). This is not to deny that there are—small but somewhat systematic—group-level differences, but it is also important to recognize that these should not matter ethically or politically.
Science Without Species: Doing Science with Tree-Thinking
Authors: Matzke Nicholas J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe focus of this volume is speciesism. While the concepts of species and speciation remain the focus of a great deal of research, it is worth exploring how in recent decades evolutionary biology has, in several ways, moved away from species as the key unit of analysis of biological questions. I begin by outlining how phylogenetic comparative methods have become essential methodological tools in statistical analyses of relationships between traits. Species are not statistically independent observations, because the reality is that they are related, genetically and statistically, on a phylogenetic tree. Phylogeny also plays a key role in modern analyses of spatial patterns in biodiversity, and in fact relying on phylogenetic biodiversity measures can avoid a number of problems created by attempting to impose a uniform species rank across different continents and clades. Similarly, a major challenge in modern studies of diversification and extinction concerns the units of analysis and how they are defined and recognized. Both “genus” and “species” are human-defined ranks imposed on the phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic tree is the more fundamental reality that is produced by the macroevolutionary process, and it could include every level of gradation of genetic and morphological divergence. Once ranks are imposed upon it, a variety of methodological problems are created as scientists attempt to make these ranks standardized and comparable across different datasets and timescales. I outline how phylogenetic thinking might help provide a solution. I conclude with other examples where cutting-edge science is done with phylogenies without much need of the “species” rank—for example, in the battle against Covid-19.
‘Detritus of a Coming World’: The Colonization of Islands as Microcosms for Human Impacts on an Interplanetary Scale
Authors: Fitzpatrick Scott M. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe ability of humans to colonize islands in the ancient past required centuries of innovation in boat construction and the development of increasingly sophisticated seafaring technologies and wayfinding strategies. Nowhere is this more evident than in the vast expanse of the Pacific, where around 3000 years ago, Micronesian and Polynesian voyagers colonized what were arguably the most remote and difficult places to reach on Earth. Because the biota on these islands evolved for thousands, or even millions of years, high rates of endemism in these environments also made them ecologically fragile. The first arrival of Homo sapiens—the ultimate adaptive omnivore—caused a wide variety of impacts that were amplified by an order of magnitude with Euro-American incursion. In this sense, as aquatically bounded places, islands serve as model systems and microcosms for how humans have affected the earth’s biosphere in the modern age. In this chapter, I document how the first island colonizers caused certain levels of ecological destruction, using Hawaiian and New Zealand birds as primary case studies. However, I take this concept further, suggesting that the processes involved in the prehistoric colonization and settlement of islands is also a corollary for how we can view the earth and future efforts to colonize other planets. Humanity is at a global tipping point, with unsustainably high human population impacts, habitat destruction, climate change, and recent pandemics. As the possibility of extraplanetary migration becomes an increasing reality—perhaps a necessity to ensure our survival—what lessons can be learned from the anthropological and archaeological study of islands as we seek new lives beyond terra firma? What are the possible consequences for our lineage and extraterrestrial life on this planet and beyond?
Symbols and How We Came to Be Human
Authors: Moffett Mark W. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractA longstanding belief commonly mentioned in support of human exceptionalism is that our species is distinct from others in using symbols (a word I use here, as it is in the social sciences, to describe anything with a socially shared meaning that isn’t obvious). Countering the assumption that symbols are a distinct category that's unique to humans, I propose that they be properly recognized as operating in concert with an impressive number and diversity of less widely meaningful, or outright meaningless, social markers. This chapter critiques the views on symbolism in our species often expressed by sociologists, psychologists, anthropologists, archaeologists, and biologists. I consider how symbolism could have evolved from behaviors of non-human animals, some of which live in societies bound together by more superficial “markers” of identity that do not convey any more profound significance. Such markers, considered broadly, can be essential in holding societies together.
Law and Nature: Human, Non-human, and Ecosystem Rights
Authors: Steiner Gary , Lucht Marc 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe major exponents of the Western philosophical tradition have long maintained a conception of rights according to which only human beings can be possessors of rights. On this view, it makes little or no sense to attribute rights to sentient non-human beings, and it makes no sense whatsoever to attribute rights to non-sentient nature. A reflection on the basic commitments motivating this conception of rights reveals that it is based not on robust rational considerations but rather on the unargued anthropocentric prejudice that specifically human forms of rationality are required for full moral status. The tradition's focus on logos leads many exponents of the tradition to exclude non-human animals from the sphere of justice altogether. Recent work in philosophy and ethology, however, has shed light on the intelligence and emotional lives of many non-human animals, and has made it necessary to rethink the moral status of non-human animals. Even more radically, environmental philosophers argue that rejecting anthropocentrism opens the door to the recognition that some even non-sentient and non-living natural phenomena deserve moral consideration and bear rights that ought to be respected. The substantial conceptual differences between ecocentrism and the animal rights approach focus attention on fundamental questions about the very conditions for moral worth and highlight our need for a more satisfactory theory of the world and the proper place of humanity within it.
A Phylogenetic Approach to Conservation: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning for a Changing Globe
Authors: Allen Michael F. , Mishler Brent D. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAs late as the sixteenth century, the world was a matrix of primarily wildlands. But due to technology development and population growth, humans increasingly altered natural habitats and modified other organisms to suit our needs. The world became “all about people”—the rest of the natural world became enslaved to us. By the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, calls emerged for conservation and the new field of ecology developed, resulting in legislation to form national parks and save endangered species (e.g., the Endangered Species Act in the US). This “one species at a time” approach can be credited with saving a number of individual taxa, but is insufficient to deal with the modern global biodiversity crisis given the urgent pressures on remaining natural lands. We argue that considerable expansion is needed in conservation biology, moving from the single species approach to an area based approach incorporating all species and a broad phylogenetic definition of biodiversity. Biodiversity should not be considered as just the arbitrary level at which species are named—instead it is the whole tree of life. We discuss newly developed approaches to multiple species habitat conservation plans and new spatial phylogenetic methods that take into account all levels in the tree of life when making conservation decisions. To protect biodiversity, we must use all the tools we have to identify and protect landscapes that allow for future dynamics, while considering the conditions of the past and present.
Introduction to Marine Litter in Africa
Authors: Preston-Whyte Fiona , Maes Thomas 
Published: December 2022

SummaryWhat to expect from the African Marine Litter Outlook? The African Marine Litter Outlook provides an overview of marine litter from the African perspective. The Outlook covers: Marine Litter Sources and Distribution Pathways (Chap.2), Impacts and Threats of Marine Litter in African Seas (Chap. 3), Legal and Policy Frameworks to address Marine Litter through Improved Livelihoods (Chap. 4), and The Way Forward, Building up from on-the-Ground Innovation (Chap. 5). This chapter provides the context for marine litter in Africa from a global and regional standpoint. This chapter introduces the concept of marine litter, the importance of the ocean, and the value of the Blue Economy in Africa. The uncertainties created by COVID-19 and its effects on future projections of marine litter are also summarised in this chapter.
The Way Forward, Building Up from On-The-Ground Innovation
Authors: Maes Thomas , Preston-Whyte Fiona 
Published: December 2022

SummaryThis chapter of the African Marine Litter Outlook summarises the previous chapters, their findings, suggestions, and identified barriers to tackling marine litter in Africa. The importance of innovative ground-up solutions tackling waste management across Africa are highlighted in this chapter. The forward approach is then outlined through recommendations. The recommendations are covered in 10 points: 9 of which focus on local sources, with a 10th outlining the global need to tackle transboundary marine plastic litter, originating from sources outside of Africa’s control.
Meaning and Interpretation of the Frame-Independent Polarization
Authors: Faccioli Pietro , Lourenço Carlos 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses the importance of the invariant polarization observable $$\mathcal{F}$$ (or $$\tilde{\lambda}$$) in certain physics scenarios, where none of the adoptable polarization frames would provide a particularly simple picture in terms of $$\lambda_\vartheta$$, $$\lambda_\varphi$$ and $$\lambda_{\vartheta\varphi}$$. One such case is the production of Drell--Yan dileptons, where the polarization parameters, calculated including perturbative QCD corrections, satisfy the Lam--Tung identity, a frame-independent relation maintaining its seemingly surprising simplicity even when the polar and azimuthal anisotropies have strong dependences on the particle momentum. The notion of invariant polarization allows us to reinterpret this relation in a geometrical way, explaining it as a mere consequence of helicity conservation and rotational invariance.
Two-Body Decay Distributions Beyond the Dilepton Case
Authors: Faccioli Pietro , Lourenço Carlos 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter illustrates the general method to calculate the shape of the angular distribution for any considered two-body decay, and surveys examples for different kinds of initial particles, with integer or halfintegerJ. We describe the dependences of the angular distribution shapes onJ,Jzand the identity of the decay products, as well as the physical domains of the observable parameters. We also discuss how the measurement of the decay angular distribution can lead to the determination ofJfor an unidentified decaying particle.
Noncommutativity and nonassociativity of type II superstring with coordinate dependent RR field — the general case
Authors: Obrić D. , Nikolić B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper we consider non-commutativity that arises from T-duality of bosonic coordinates of type II superstring in presence of coordinate dependent Ramond-Ramond field. Action with such choice of the background fields is not translational invariant. Consequently, we will employ generalization of Buscher procedure that can be applied to cases that have coordinate dependent fields and that do not possess translational isometry. Bosonic part of newly obtained T-dual theory is non-local and defined in non-geometric double space spanned by Lagrange multipliers yμ and double coordinate ∆Vμ. We will apply Buscher procedure once more on T-dual theory to check if original theory can be salvaged. Finally, we will use T-dual transformation laws along with Poisson brackets of original theory to derive Poisson bracket structure of T-dual theory.
An Effective Field Theory for large oscillons
Authors: Levkov D. G. , Maslov V. E. , Nugaev E. Ya , Panin A. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We consider oscillons — localized, quasiperiodic, and extremely long-living classical solutions in models with real scalar fields. We develop their effective description in the limit of large size at finite field strength. Namely, we note that nonlinear long-range field configurations can be described by an effective complex field ψ(t,x) which is related to the original fields by a canonical transformation. The action for ψ has the form of a systematic gradient expansion. At every order of the expansion, such an effective theory has a global U(1) symmetry and hence a family of stationary nontopological solitons — oscillons. The decay of the latter objects is a nonperturbative process from the viewpoint of the effective theory. Our approach gives an intuitive understanding of oscillons in full nonlinearity and explains their longevity. Importantly, it also provides reliable selection criteria for models with long-lived oscillons. This technique is more precise in the nonrelativistic limit, in the notable cases of nonlinear, extremely long-lived, and large objects, and also in lower spatial dimensions. We test the effective theory by performing explicit numerical simulations of a (d + 1)-dimensional scalar field with a plateau potential.
Traumatologie – eine interdisziplinäre Aufgabe: nur in der Lehre?
Authors: Offergeld C. , Hofauer B. , Poxleitner P. , Lagrèze W. , Schnell O. , Petersen N. , Lang F. , Burkhardt V. , Pfeiffer J. , Albrecht T. 
Published: December 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Traumatologie des Kopf-Hals-Bereichs stellt nicht nur einen Teilbereich des HNO-Fachgebiets dar, sondern bildet mit ihren Krankheitsbildern zudem eine große Schnittmenge mit Nachbardisziplinen der Kopf-Hals-Region. In Freiburg wurde im Wintersemester 2021/2022 eine interdisziplinäre Vorlesung zu „HNO-Notfällen“ implementiert. Ziel war ein realistischerer Bezug zur interdisziplinären Patientenversorgung und die Kenntlichmachung von Schnittmengenbereichen von 4 der wesentlichen Kopfdisziplinen (HNO-Heilkunde, Neurochirurgie, Augenheilkunde, Mund-Kiefer-Gesichts[MKG]-Chirurgie).

Material und Methoden
Im Rahmen der regulären, semesterbegleitenden Online-Vorlesungsreihe wurde eine neue, spezielle Vorlesung in der HNO-Lehre implementiert. Mit Bezug auf die klinische Versorgung von HNO-Notfällen wurden mögliche Überschneidungen mit Nachbardisziplinen ausgewiesen und von den jeweiligen Fachvertretern erläutert bzw. vor und mit dem Auditorium diskutiert. Zum Semesterende wurde diese Lehrveranstaltung mittels des Befragungstools „EvaSys“ (Fa. EvaSys GmbH, Lüneburg, Deutschland) für alle partizipierenden Studierenden (n = 173) freigegeben. Es beteiligten sich 78 Studierende an der Evaluation.

Ergebnisse
Das neue Vorlesungskonzept wurde außerordentlich gut akzeptiert und auf Anhieb auf die Top-Position der interdisziplinären Veranstaltungen aus der HNO-Vorlesungsserie gewählt. Auch die anschauliche Vermittlung des Begriffs „Interdisziplinarität“ im Sinne einer sich ergänzenden klinischen Fächerkooperation gelang sehr erfolgreich und wurde von den Studierenden entsprechend bei der Evaluation gewürdigt.

Schlussfolgerung
Die HNO-Lehre erlaubt die pragmatische Darstellung einer idealen klinischen Patientenversorgung mithilfe eines interdisziplinären Ansatzes. Diese realistische Darstellung, jenseits jeglicher fachlicher und/oder berufspolitischer Differenzen, ist für die Studierenden von großem Interesse und wird als klinisch relevant eingestuft. Damit bietet die Lehre eine wertvolle Möglichkeit, die wesentlichen Werte einer klinischen interdisziplinären Versorgung im Sinne der bestmöglichen Patientenversorgung zu vermitteln.
Extent of posterolateral tibial plateau impaction fracture correlates with anterolateral complex injury and has an impact on functional outcome after ACL reconstruction
Authors: Flury Andreas , Hodel Sandro , Andronic Octavian , Kaiser Dominik , Fritz Benjamin , Imhoff Florian B. , Fucentese Sandro F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The impact of posterolateral tibial plateau impaction fractures (TPIF) on posttraumatic knee stability in the setting of primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is unknown. The main objective was to determine whether increased bone loss of the posterolateral tibial plateau is associated with residual rotational instability and impaired functional outcome after ACL reconstruction.

Methods
A cohort was identified in a prospective enrolled study of patients suffering acute ACL injury who underwent preoperative standard radiographic diagnostics and clinical evaluation. Patients were included when scheduled for isolated single-bundle hamstring autograft ACL reconstruction. Exclusion criteria were concurrent anterolateral complex (ALC) reconstruction (anterolateral tenodesis), previous surgery or symptoms in the affected knee, partial ACL tear, multi-ligament injury with an indication for additional surgical intervention, and extensive cartilage wear. On MRI, bony (TPIF, tibial plateau, and femoral condyle morphology) and ligament status (ALC, concomitant collateral ligament, and meniscus injuries) were assessed by a musculoskeletal radiologist. Clinical evaluation consisted of KT-1000, pivot-shift, and Lachman testing, as well as Tegner activity and IKDC scores.

Results
Fifty-eight patients were included with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. TPIF was identified in 85% of ACL injuries (n = 49). The ALC was found to be injured in 31 of 58 (53.4%) cases. Pearson analysis showed a positive correlation between TPIF and the degree of concomitant ALC injury (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed an increased association of high-grade TPIF with increased lateral tibial convexity (p = 0.010). The high-grade TPIF group showed worse postoperative Tegner scores 12 months postoperatively (p = 0.035).

Conclusion
Higher degrees of TPIFs are suggestive of a combined ACL/ALC injury. Moreover, patients with increased posterolateral tibial plateau bone loss showed lower Tegner activity scores 12 months after ACL reconstruction.

Level of evidence
III.
Thalamus sends information about arousal but not valence to the amygdala
Authors: Leppla Chris A. , Keyes Laurel R. , Glober Gordon , Matthews Gillian A. , Batra Kanha , Jay Maya , Feng Yu , Chen Hannah S. , Mills Fergil , Delahanty Jeremy , Olson Jacob M. , Nieh Edward H. , Namburi Praneeth , Wildes Craig , Wichmann Romy , Beyeler Anna , Kimchi Eyal Y. , Tye Kay M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rationale
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (MGN) have both been shown to be necessary for the formation of associative learning. While the role that the BLA plays in this process has long been emphasized, the MGN has been less well-studied and surrounded by debate regarding whether the relay of sensory information is active or passive.

Objectives
We seek to understand the role the MGN has within the thalamoamgydala circuit in the formation of associative learning.

Methods
Here, we use optogenetics and in vivo electrophysiological recordings to dissect the MGN-BLA circuit and explore the specific subpopulations for evidence of learning and synthesis of information that could impact downstream BLA encoding. We employ various machine learning techniques to investigate function within neural subpopulations. We introduce a novel method to investigate tonic changes across trial-by-trial structure, which offers an alternative approach to traditional trial-averaging techniques.

Results
We find that the MGN appears to encode arousal but not valence, unlike the BLA which encodes for both. We find that the MGN and the BLA appear to react differently to expected and unexpected outcomes; the BLA biased responses toward reward prediction error and the MGN focused on anticipated punishment. We uncover evidence of tonic changes by visualizing changes across trials during inter-trial intervals (baseline epochs) for a subset of cells.

Conclusion
We conclude that the MGN-BLA projector population acts as both filter and transferer of information by relaying information about the salience of cues to the amygdala, but these signals are not valence-specified.