bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1: Mathematical Preliminaries
Authors: Mathai Arak , Provost Serge , Haubold Hans 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIt is assumed that the reader has had adequate exposure to basic concepts in Probability, Statistics, Calculus and Linear Algebra. This chapter provides a brief review of the results that will be needed in the remainder of this book. No detailed discussion of these topics will be attempted. Some properties of vectors, matrices, determinants, Jacobians and wedge product of differentials to be utilized later on, are included in the present chapter. For the sake of completeness, we initially provide some elementary definitions.
Chapter 6: Hypothesis Testing and Null Distributions
Authors: Mathai Arak , Provost Serge , Haubold Hans 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIt is assumed that the readers are familiar with the concept of testing statistical hypotheses on the parameters of a real scalar normal distribution or independent real scalar normal distributions. The likelihood ratio criterion is employed for testing various hypotheses on the parameters of one or more real multivariate Gaussian (or normal) distributions. The tests are based on a simple random samples from a multivariate nonsingular Gaussian distribution. The corresponding test criteria for the complex Gaussian case are also provided for given hypotheses.
Chapter 8: The Distributions of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Authors: Mathai Arak , Provost Serge , Haubold Hans 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOur objective in this chapter is to examine the distributions of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors associated with a matrix-variate random variable. For instance, the distributions of the determinant and the trace of such a matrix are available from the distributions of simple functions of its eigenvalues. Actually, several statistical quantities are associated with eigenvalues or eigenvectors. In order to delve into such problems, we present additional properties of the matrix-variate gamma and beta distributions previously introduced in Chap. 5. The nonsingular and singular cases are considered, both in the real and complex domains. Particular attention is paid to the distribution of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a Wishart or gamma matrix.
Pushforwards via scattering equations with applications to positive geometries
Authors: Łukowski Tomasz , Moerman Robert , Stalknecht Jonah 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this paper we explore and expand the connection between two modern descriptions of scattering amplitudes, the CHY formalism and the framework of positive geometries, facilitated by the scattering equations. For theories in the CHY family whose S-matrix is captured by some positive geometry in the kinematic space, the corresponding canonical form can be obtained as the pushforward via the scattering equations of the canonical form of a positive geometry defined in the CHY moduli space. In order to compute these canonical forms in kinematic spaces, we study the general problem of pushing forward arbitrary rational differential forms via the scattering equations. We develop three methods which achieve this without ever needing to explicitly solve any scattering equations. Our results use techniques from computational algebraic geometry, including companion matrices and the global duality of residues, and they extend the application of similar results for rational functions to rational differential forms.
A tale of two butterflies: an exact equivalence in higher-derivative gravity
Authors: Dong Xi , Wang Diandian , Weng Wayne W. , Wu Chih-Hung 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We prove the equivalence of two holographic computations of the butterfly velocity in higher-derivative theories with Lagrangian built from arbitrary contractions of curvature tensors. The butterfly velocity characterizes the speed at which local perturbations grow in chaotic many-body systems and can be extracted from the out-of-time-order correlator. This leads to a holographic computation in which the butterfly velocity is determined from a localized shockwave on the horizon of a dual black hole. A second holographic computation uses entanglement wedge reconstruction to define a notion of operator size and determines the butterfly velocity from certain extremal surfaces. By direct computation, we show that these two butterfly velocities match precisely in the aforementioned class of gravitational theories. We also present evidence showing that this equivalence holds in all gravitational theories. Along the way, we prove a number of general results on shockwave spacetimes.
Metabolic traits affecting the relationship between liver fat and intrapancreatic fat: a mediation analysis
Authors: Ko Juyeon , Sequeira Ivana R. , Skudder-Hill Loren , Cho Jaelim , Poppitt Sally D. , Petrov Maxim S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
The clinical importance of fat deposition in the liver and pancreas is increasingly recognised. However, to what extent deposition of fat in these two depots is affected by intermediate variables is unknown. The aim of this work was to conduct a mediation analysis with a view to uncovering the metabolic traits that underlie the relationship between liver fat and intrapancreatic fat deposition (IPFD) and quantifying their effect.

Methods
All participants underwent MRI/magnetic resonance spectroscopy on the same 3.0 T scanner to determine liver fat and IPFD. IPFD of all participants was quantified manually by two independent raters in duplicate. A total of 16 metabolic traits (representing markers of glucose metabolism, incretins, lipid panel, liver enzymes, pancreatic hormones and their derivatives) were measured in blood. Mediation analysis was conducted, taking into account age, sex, ethnicity and BMI. Significance of mediation was tested by computing bias-corrected bootstrap CIs with 5000 repetitions.

Results
A total of 353 individuals were studied. Plasma glucose, HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol mediated 6.8%, 17.9% and 24.3%, respectively, of the association between liver fat and IPFD. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, insulin, glucagon, amylin, C-peptide, HbA1c, glucagon-like peptide-1 and gastric inhibitory peptide did not mediate the association between liver fat and IPFD.

Conclusions/interpretation
At least one-quarter of the association between liver fat and IPFD is mediated by specific blood biomarkers (triacylglycerol, HDL-cholesterol and glucose), after accounting for potential confounding by age, sex, ethnicity and BMI. This unveils the complexity of the association between the two fat depots and presents specific targets for intervention.

Graphical abstract
Progress in bioleaching: fundamentals and mechanisms of microbial metal sulfide oxidation – part A
Authors: Vera Mario , Schippers Axel , Hedrich Sabrina , Sand Wolfgang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBioleaching of metal sulfides is performed by diverse microorganisms. The dissolution of metal sulfides occurs via two chemical pathways, either the thiosulfate or the polysulfide pathway. These are determined by the metal sulfides’ mineralogy and their acid solubility. The microbial cell enables metal sulfide dissolution via oxidation of iron(II) ions and inorganic sulfur compounds. Thereby, the metal sulfide attacking agents iron(III) ions and protons are generated. Cells are active either in a planktonic state or attached to the mineral surface, forming biofilms. This review, as an update of the previous one (Vera et al., 2013a), summarizes some recent discoveries relevant to bioleaching microorganisms, contributing to a better understanding of their lifestyle. These comprise phylogeny, chemical pathways, surface science, biochemistry of iron and sulfur metabolism, anaerobic metabolism, cell–cell communication, molecular biology, and biofilm lifestyle. Recent advances from genetic engineering applied to bioleaching microorganisms will allow in the future to better understand important aspects of their physiology, as well as to open new possibilities for synthetic biology applications of leaching microbial consortia.Key points•Leaching of metal sulfides is strongly enhanced by microorganisms•Biofilm formation and extracellular polymer production influences bioleaching•Cell interactions in mixed bioleaching cultures are key for process optimization
Sleep quality in Behçet’s disease: a systematic literature review
Authors: Italiano N. , Di Cianni F. , Marinello D. , Elefante E. , Mosca M. , Talarico R. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBehçet’s Disease (BD) can be correlated with sleep impairment and fatigue, resulting in low quality of life (QoL); however, a comprehensive evaluation of this issue is still missing. We performed a systematic literature review (SLR) of existing evidence in literature regarding sleep quality in BD. Fifteen papers were included in the SLR. Two domains were mainly considered: global sleep characteristics (i) and the identification of specific sleep disorders (ii) in BD patients. From our analysis, it was found that patients affected by BD scored significantly higher Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) compared to controls. Four papers out of 15 (27%) studied the relationship between sleep disturbance in BD and disease activity and with regards to disease activity measures, BD-Current Activity Form was adopted in all papers, followed by Behçet’s Disease Severity (BDS) score, genital ulcer severity score and oral ulcer severity score. Poor sleep quality showed a positive correlation with active disease in 3 out of 4 studies. Six papers reported significant differences between BD patients with and without sleep disturbances regarding specific disease manifestations. Notably, arthritis and genital ulcers were found to be more severe when the PSQI score increased. Our work demonstrated lower quality of sleep in BD patients when compared to the general population, both as altered sleep parameters and higher incidence of specific sleep disorders. A global clinical patient evaluation should thereby include sleep assessment through the creation and adoption of disease-specific and accessible tests.
State-of-the-art CT and MR imaging and assessment of atherosclerotic carotid artery disease: standardization of scanning protocols and measurements—a consensus document by the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR)
Authors: Saba Luca , Loewe Christian , Weikert Thomas , Williams Michelle C. , Galea Nicola , Budde Ricardo P. J. , Vliegenthart Rozemarijn , Velthuis Birgitta K. , Francone Marco , Bremerich Jens , Natale Luigi , Nikolaou Konstantin , Dacher Jean-Nicolas , Peebles Charles , Caobelli Federico , Redheuil Alban , Dewey Marc , Kreitner Karl-Friedrich , Salgado Rodrigo 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR) is the European specialist society of cardiac and vascular imaging. This society’s highest priority is the continuous improvement, development, and standardization of education, training, and best medical practice, based on experience and evidence. The present intra-society consensus is based on the existing scientific evidence and on the individual experience of the members of the ESCR writing group on carotid diseases, the members of the ESCR guidelines committee, and the members of the executive committee of the ESCR. The recommendations published herein reflect the evidence-based society opinion of ESCR. We have produced a twin-papers consensus, indicated through the documents as respectively “Part I” and “Part II.” The first document (Part I) begins with a discussion of features, role, indications, and evidence for CT and MR imaging-based diagnosis of carotid artery disease for risk stratification and prediction of stroke (Section I). It then provides an extensive overview and insight into imaging-derived biomarkers and their potential use in risk stratification (Section II). Finally, detailed recommendations about optimized imaging technique and imaging strategies are summarized (Section III). The second part of this consensus paper (Part II) is focused on structured reporting of carotid imaging studies with CT/MR.

Key Points
• CT and MR imaging-based evaluation of carotid artery disease provides essential information for risk stratification and prediction of stroke.
• Imaging-derived biomarkers and their potential use in risk stratification are evolving; their correct interpretation and use in clinical practice must be well-understood.
• A correct imaging strategy and scan protocol will produce the best possible results for disease evaluation.
A noninvasive method to quantify the impairment of spinal motion ability in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Spindler Philipp , Alzoobi Yasmin , Truckenmüller Peter , Hahn Sabine , Manzoni Yves N. , Feldmann Lucia , Hermann Kay-Geert , Kühn Andrea A. , Faust Katharina , Schneider Gerd-Helge , Vajkoczy Peter , Schmidt Hendrik 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Purpose
There is a high demand on spinal surgery in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) but the results are sobering. Although detailed clinical and radiological diagnostics were carried out with great effort and expense, the biodynamic properties of the spine of PD patients have never been considered. We propose a noninvasive method to quantify the impairment of motion abilities in patients with PD.

Methods
We present an analytical cross-sectional study of 21 patients with severe PD. All patients underwent a biodynamic assessment during a standardized movement-choreography. Thus, individual spinal motion profiles of each patient were objectively assessed and compared with a large comparative cohort of individuals without PD. Moreover, clinical scores to quantify motor function and lumbar back pain were collected and X-ray scans of the spine in standing position were taken and analysed.

Results
Biodynamic measurement showed that 36.9% of the assessed motions of all PD patients were severely impaired. Men were generally more functionally impaired than women, in 52% of all motion parameters. The neurological and radiological diagnostics recorded pathological values, of which UPDRS-III ON correlated with findings of the biodynamics assessment (R = 0.52, p = 0.02).

Conclusions
The decision to operate on a PD patient’s spine is far-reaching and requires careful consideration. Neurological and radiological scores did not correlate with the biodynamics of the spine. The resulting motion profile could be used as individual predictive factor to estimate whether patients are eligible for spinal surgery or alternative therapies.
Wild boar visits to commercial pig farms in southwest England: implications for disease transmission
Authors: Bacigalupo Sonny A. , Dixon Linda K. , Gubbins Simon , Kucharski Adam J. , Drewe Julian A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractContact between wild animals and farmed livestock may result in disease transmission with huge financial, welfare and ethical consequences. Conflicts between people and wildlife can also arise when species such as wild boar (Sus scrofa) consume crops or dig up pasture. This is a relatively recent problem in England where wild boar populations have become re-established in the last 20 years following a 500-year absence. The aim of this pilot study was to determine if and how often free-living wild boar visited two commercial pig farms near the Forest of Dean in southwest England. We placed 20 motion-sensitive camera traps at potential entry points to, and trails surrounding, the perimeter of two farmyards housing domestic pigs between August 2019 and February 2021, covering a total of 6030 trap nights. Forty wild boar detections were recorded on one farm spread across 27 nights, with a median (range) of 1 (0 to 7) night of wild boar activity per calendar month. Most of these wild boar detections occurred between ten and twenty metres of housed domestic pigs. No wild boar was detected at the other farm. These results confirm wild boar do visit commercial pig farms, and therefore, there is potential for contact and pathogen exchange between wild boar and domestic pigs. The visitation rates derived from this study could be used to parameterise disease transmission models of pathogens common to domestic pigs and wild boars, such as the African swine fever virus, and subsequently to develop mitigation strategies to reduce unwanted contacts.
Numerical Investigation of Regime Transition in Canopy Flows
Authors: Nicholas Shane , Omidyeganeh Mohammad , Pinelli Alfredo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe have carried out highly resolved simulations of turbulent open channel flows. The channel wall is covered with different filamentous layers sharing the same thickness ($$h=0.1H$$

h
=
0.1
H

, where H is the open channel height) and bulk Reynolds number (i.e., $$Re_b=U_bH/\nu $$

R

e
b

=

U
b

H
/
ν

, , $$U_b$$

U
b

is the bulk velocity and $$\nu $$
ν
the kinematic fluid viscosity). The layers are composed of rigid, slender cylindrical filaments mounted perpendicular to the bottom wall. We have selected two layer configurations characterised by filament spacing ratios of $$\Delta S/H=\pi /24\simeq 0.13$$

Δ
S
/
H
=
π
/
24
≃
0.13

and $$\Delta S/H=\pi /32\simeq 0.098$$

Δ
S
/
H
=
π
/
32
≃
0.098

. The geometrical features of the two layers, allow to classify them as transitional canopies ($$\lambda =dh/\Delta S^2\simeq 0.15$$

λ
=
d
h
/
Δ

S
2

≃
0.15

, where d is the filament diameter, i.e. dh is the filament frontal area) (Monti et al. 2020), which is defined as the separation between the sparse-dense asymptotic regimes, proposed by Nepf (2012). While the physical characterisation of the two asymptotic regimes is fairly understood, the transitional conditions remain an open question since the physical characteristics unique to the sparse and dense scenarios coexist in the transitional regime. By resolving every single filament with the aid of an immersed boundary technique in the framework of a Large Eddy formulation, we report the physical mechanisms that emerge at the onset of different regimes (chosen values of $$\lambda $$
λ
fall on the verge between a dense and a sparse condition) and verify the criterion associated with the inception of the transition regime.
Access to online learning: Machine learning analysis from a social justice perspective
Authors: McIntyre Nora A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAccess to education is the first step to benefiting from it. Although cumulative online learning experience is linked academic learning gains, between-country inequalities mean that large populations are prevented from accumulating such experience. Low-and-middle-income countries are affected by disadvantages in infrastructure such as internet access and uncontextualised learning content, and parents who are less available and less well-resourced than in high-income countries. COVID-19 has exacerbated the global inequalities, with girls affected more than boys in these regions. Therefore, the present research mined online learning data to identify features that are important for access to online learning. Data mining of 54,842,787 initial (random subsample n = 5000) data points from one online learning platform was conducted by partnering theory with data in model development. Following examination of a theory-led machine learning model, a data-led approach was taken to reach a final model. The final model was used to derive Shapley values for feature importance. As expected, country differences, gender, and COVID-19 were important features in access to online learning. The data-led model development resulted in additional insights not examined in the initial, theory-led model: namely, the importance of Math ability, year of birth, session difficulty level, month of birth, and time taken to complete a session.
Embryo classification beyond pregnancy: early prediction of first trimester miscarriage using machine learning
Authors: Amitai Tamar , Kan-Tor Yoav , Or Yuval , Shoham Zeev , Shofaro Yoel , Richter Dganit , Har-Vardi Iris , Ben-Meir Assaf , Srebnik Naama , Buxboim Amnon 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Purpose
First trimester miscarriage is a major concern in IVF-ET treatments, accounting for one out of nine clinical pregnancies and for up to one out of three recognized pregnancies. To develop a machine learning classifier for predicting the risk of cleavage-stage embryos to undergo first trimester miscarriage based on time-lapse images of preimplantation development.

Methods
Retrospective study of a 4-year multi-center cohort of 391 women undergoing intra-cytoplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI) and fresh single or double embryo transfers. The study included embryos with positive indication of clinical implantation based on gestational sac visualization either with first trimester miscarriage or live-birth outcome. Miscarriage was determined based on negative fetal heartbeat indication during the first trimester. Data were recorded and obtained in hospital setting and research was performed in university setting.

Results
A minimal subset of six non-redundant morphodynamic features were screened that maintained high prediction capacity. Features that account for the distribution of the nucleolus precursor bodies within the small pronucleus and pronuclei dynamics were highly predictive of miscarriage outcome as evaluated using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) methodology. Using this feature subset, XGBoost and random forest models were trained following a 100-fold Monte-Carlo cross validation scheme. Miscarriage was predicted with AUC 0.68 to 0.69.

Conclusion
We report the development of a decision-support tool for identifying the embryos with high risk of miscarriage. Prioritizing embryos for transfer based on their predicted risk of miscarriage in combination with their predicted implantation potential is expected to improve live-birth rates and shorten time-to-pregnancy.
A μ-mode BLAS approach for multidimensional tensor-structured problems
Authors: Caliari Marco , Cassini Fabio , Zivcovich Franco 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this manuscript, we present a common tensor framework which can be used to generalize one-dimensional numerical tasks to arbitrary dimension d by means of tensor product formulas. This is useful, for example, in the context of multivariate interpolation, multidimensional function approximation using pseudospectral expansions and solution of stiff differential equations on tensor product domains. The key point to obtain an efficient-to-implement BLAS formulation consists in the suitable usage of the μ-mode product (also known as tensor-matrix product or mode-n product) and related operations, such as the Tucker operator. Their MathWorks MATLAB®/GNU Octave implementations are discussed in the paper, and collected in the package KronPACK. We present numerical results on experiments up to dimension six from different fields of numerical analysis, which show the effectiveness of the approach.
On Gegenbauer Point Processes on the Unit Interval
Authors: Beltrán Carlos , Delgado Antonia , Fernández Lidia , Sánchez-Lara Joaquín 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this paper we compute the logarithmic energy of points in the unit interval [-1,1] chosen from different Gegenbauer Determinantal Point Processes. We check that all the different families of Gegenbauer polynomials yield the same asymptotic result to third order, we compute exactly the value for Chebyshev polynomials and we give a closed expression for the minimal possible logarithmic energy. The comparison suggests that DPPs cannot match the value of the minimum beyond the third asymptotic term.