bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The progress in the application of rubric materials in chemistry teaching and students’ learning enhancement during 21st century: a systematic review
Authors: Nsabayezu Ezechiel , Iyamuremye Aloys , Nahimana Jean Pierre , Mukiza Janvier , Kampire Edwige , Nsengimana Theophile 
Published: June 2022

Abstract21st century teaching and learning emphasize the full engagement of students for improving their critical thinking and cooperation and the construction of the knowledge that demonstrates deep understanding. However, significant studies reported chemistry as a challenging subject caused of abstract concepts, phenomena and ways used in teaching and assessment. In this regard, rubrics were developed as guidelines to judge and score students’ activities and see their achievements. As an assessment tool, a rubric is crucial in the twenty-first century for self-directed learning and individual students’ assessment of the intended learning outcomes. Some teachers and researchers acknowledge the role of rubrics in teaching and learning chemistry. However, the application of rubrics is quite unconsidered. Thus, the present systematic review stresses the 21st-century overview of rubric materials and their progress in application in chemistry teaching and students’ learning enhancement. In cooperation, chemistry teachers and students are encouraged to successfully use rubrics for teaching, learning and as well as in the assessment process as a supporting learning tool. Rubrics have great importance in helping assessors be consistent in scoring students’ activities and availing assessment anticipations to students. Thus, integrating rubrics in teaching and learning chemistry improves students understanding of this subject.
The Paris Biota decapod (Arthropoda) fauna and the diversity of Triassic decapods
Authors: Smith Christopher P. A. , Charbonnier Sylvain , Jenks James F. , Bylund Kevin G. , Escarguel Gilles , Olivier Nicolas , Fara Emmanuel , Brayard Arnaud 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe describe here the early Spathian (Early Triassic) Paris Biota decapod fauna from the western USA basin. This fauna contains two taxa of Aegeridae (Dendobranchiata), namely Anisaeger longirostrus n. sp. and Aeger sp. that are the oldest known representatives of their family, thus extending its temporal range by 5 Myr back into the Early Triassic. This fauna also includes two representatives of Glypheida (Pleocyemata) with Litogaster turnbullensis and Pemphix krumenackeri n. sp., confirming for the former and extending for the latter the temporal ranges of their respective superfamilies back to the Early Triassic. Overall, the Paris Biota decapods are some of the oldest known representatives of Decapoda, filling in an important gap in the evolutionary history of this group, especially during the Triassic that marks the early diversification of this clade. Additionally, we compile and provide overviews for all known Triassic decapods, which leads to the revision of four species of Middle and Late Triassic Aegeridae, and to a revised family assignment of a Middle Triassic Glypheida. Based on this refined dataset, we also investigate decapod diversity throughout the Triassic. We show that the apparent increase in decapod taxonomic richness is probably driven by the heterogeneity of the fossil record and/or sampling effort, and that the decapod alpha diversity is actually relatively high as soon as the Early Triassic and remains rather stable throughout the Triassic.UUID: http://zoobank.org/0f435f27-1767-473d-955c-57fe869faa0f
Pan-African Networks, Cold War Politics, and Postcolonial Opportunities: The African Scholarship Program of American Universities, 1961–75
Authors: Tarradellas Anton 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn the early 1960s, when a majority of African countries were gaining independence, the training of personnel capable of implementing nation-building projects became imperative for new African governments, even though higher education opportunities on the continent remained scarce. In a context of competition with the former colonial powers and the USSR, the United States decided to set up scholarship programs for the training of postcolonial African elites. Through the analysis of one of these programs, the African Scholarship Program of American Universities (ASPAU), this article will show that in addition to the Cold War motivations of the US government, pan-African connections and university initiatives were essential in laying the groundwork for the project of educating Africans in the United States. It also highlights the too often overlooked role played by African leaders and academics in the concrete realization, reappropriation, and questioning of overseas training projects.
An Industry Worth Protecting? The Manufacturers Aircraft Association’s Struggle against the British Surplus, 1919–1922
Authors: SEYER SEAN 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe American aircraft industry’s important role in the economic, military, and cultural expansion of the United States over the past one hundred years has been well documented by historians. But America’s twentieth century aerial dominance was not preordained. After World War I, the nascent American aircraft industry faced a concerted British effort to dump thousands of war surplus machines on the U.S. market. With aircraft outside of the nation’s tariff regime, members of the Manufacturers Aircraft Association turned to Congress for emergency protections in the face of what they considered an existential threat. Despite efforts to equate a strong industrial base for aviation with the national defense, aircraft antidumping legislation became mired in partisan debates over tariff policy and accusations of wartime corruption. In the absence of relief from Congress, the Wright patent served as a barrier against the importation of foreign surplus machines.
On the effects of taxation on growth: an empirical assessment
Authors: Alfò Marco , Carbonari Lorenzo , Trovato Giovanni 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe study the effects of taxation on the growth rate of the realper capitaGDP in a sample of 21 OECD countries, over the period 1965–2010. To do this, we estimate a version of the model proposed by Mankiw, Romer and Weil [(1992)Quarterly Journal of Economics107, 407–437.] augmented to consider bothdirectandindirecteffects of taxation on investment share parameters. We employ a semi-parametric technique—namely, a Finite Mixture Model—which combines features from mixed effect models for panel data and cluster analysis methods to account for country-specific unobserved heterogeneity. Our results suggest that taxes have a negative impact on growth: in the baseline model, the coefficient estimates indicate that a 10% cut in personal income tax rate (respectively corporate income tax rate) may raise the GDP growth rate by 0.6% (respectively 0.3%).
LINEAR SERIES ON GENERAL CURVES WITH PRESCRIBED INCIDENCE CONDITIONS
Authors: Farkas Gavril , Lian Carl 
Published: June 2022

AbstractUsing degeneration and Schubert calculus, we consider the problem of computing the number of linear series of given degree d and dimension r on a general curve of genus g satisfying prescribed incidence conditions at n points. We determine these numbers completely for linear series of arbitrary dimension when d is sufficiently large, and for all d when either
$r=1$
or
$n=r+2$
. Our formulas generalise and give new proofs of recent results of Tevelev and of Cela, Pandharipande and Schmitt.
Sounding Rocket Observation of Nitric Oxide in the Polar Night
Authors: Bailey Scott M. , McClintock William E. , Carstens Justin N. , Thurairajah Brentha , Das Saswati , Randall Cora E. , Harvey V. Lynn , Siskind David E. , Stevens Michael H. , Venkataramani Karthik 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAn altitude profile of Nitric Oxide (NO) in the 80–110 km altitude range was measured in the polar night from a sounding rocket on 27 January 2020. The observations were made using the technique of stellar occultation with a UV spectrograph observing the γ (1,0) band of NO near 215 nm. The tangent point for the altitude profile was at 74° latitude, a location that had been in darkness for 80 days. The retrieved slant column density profile is interpreted using an assumed four‐parameter analytic profile shape. Retrievals of the fitting parameters yield a profile with a peak NO concentration of 2.2 ± 0.7 × 108 cm−3 at 93.5 ± 4.1 km. The observations were made during a time of minimum solar and geomagnetic activity. The NO maximum retrieved from the rocket profile is significantly larger in abundance and lower in altitude than other observations on the same day at nearby latitudes just outside the polar night. These rocket‐borne results are consistent with NO that is created over the course over the polar winter and is confined to high latitudes in the polar night by the mesospheric polar vortex. During the course of that confinement the abundance increases due to the lack of photodissociation, allowing the NO to descend. We show that the observed descent can be explained by eddy diffusion‐driven transport, though vertical advection cannot be ruled out.
Crustal and Uppermost Mantle Heterogeneities Across the Ailaoshan Red River Shear Zone, SE Tibet: Implications for Cenozoic Magmatic Activity
Authors: Xu Mijian , Yu Dayong , Huang Zhouchuan , Tong Ping , Hao Shijie , Ruan Youyi , Han Cunrui 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe Ailaoshan Red River shear zone (ARSZ) was formed in the Mesozoic as a suture zone between the Indochina block and the Yangtze craton. Since the Cenozoic, block extrusion due to the Indo‐Asian collision has reactivated the fault zone and caused large‐scale shearing. Affected by the Cenozoic orogeny, a large volume of magmatic and metamorphic rocks developed in the ARSZ, forming many orogenic gold deposits. However, the source and the geodynamic process of these magmatic activities are still unclear. To gain a basic understanding of the subsurface magmatic activity, we deployed a dense array of 24 broadband seismic stations across the Daping and Chang'an gold deposits at the southern end of the ARSZ. Receiver function analysis, common conversion point stacking, and a joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersions are performed to image the detailed structure of the crust and uppermost mantle. Low‐velocity zones in the mid‐lower crust and thinned lithosphere (∼70 km) are imaged under the ARSZ. The observed subsurface structures are verified by 3D numerical modeling with the SEM‐FK method. We speculate that the mantle upwelling caused by lithospheric delamination has provided the main source of the mantle component in the magmatic rocks since ∼35 Ma; afterward, high temperatures produced partial melting in the lower crust, which was emplaced along active shear zones.
NOx and O3 Trends at U.S. Non‐Attainment Areas for 1995–2020: Influence of COVID‐19 Reductions and Wildland Fires on Policy‐Relevant Concentrations
Authors: Jaffe Daniel A. , Ninneman Matthew , Chan Hei Chun 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe analyzed NO2 and O3 data from 32 U.S. non‐attainment areas (NAAs) for 1995–2020. Since 1995, all regions have shown steady reductions in NO2 and the weekend‐weekday pattern indicates that the O3 production regime in most NAAs has transitioned to a NOx‐limited regime, while a few NAAs remain NOx‐saturated. In the eastern U.S., all NAAs have made steady progress toward meeting the current (70 ppb) O3 standard, but this is less true in midwestern and western NAAs, with most showing little improvement in peak O3 concentrations since about 2010. Due to COVID‐19 restrictions, NO2 concentrations were substantially reduced in 2020. In the eastern NAAs, we see significant reductions in both NO2 and peak O3 concentrations. In the midwestern U.S., results were more variable, with both higher and lower O3 values in 2020. In the western U.S. (WUS), we see variable reductions in NO2 but substantial increases in O3 at most sites, due to the influence from huge wildland fires. The recent pattern over the past decade shows that the large amount of wildland fires has a strong influence on the policy‐relevant O3 metric in the WUS, and this is making it more difficult for these regions to meet the O3 standard.
Event and Catchment Controls of Heavy Tail Behavior of Floods
Authors: Macdonald Elena , Merz Bruno , Guse Björn , Wietzke Luzie , Ullrich Sophie , Kemter Matthias , Ahrens Bodo , Vorogushyn Sergiy 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn some catchments, the distribution of annual maximum streamflow shows heavy tail behavior, meaning the occurrence probability of extreme events is higher than if the upper tail decayed exponentially. Neglecting heavy tail behavior can lead to an underestimation of the likelihood of extreme floods and the associated risk. Partly contradictory results regarding the controls of heavy tail behavior exist in the literature and the knowledge is still very dispersed and limited. To better understand the drivers, we analyze the upper tail behavior and its controls for 480 catchments in Germany and Austria over a period of more than 50 years. The catchments span from quickly reacting mountain catchments to large lowland catchments, allowing for general conclusions. We compile a wide range of event and catchment characteristics and investigate their association with an indicator of the tail heaviness of flood distributions, namely the shape parameter of the GEV distribution. Following univariate analyses of these characteristics, along with an evaluation of different aggregations of event characteristics, multiple linear regression models, as well as random forests, are constructed. A novel slope indicator, which represents the relation between the return period of flood peaks and event characteristics, captures the controls of heavy tails best. Variables describing the catchment response are found to dominate the heavy tail behavior, followed by event precipitation, flood seasonality, and catchment size. The pre‐event moisture state in a catchment has no relevant impact on the tail heaviness even though it does influence flood magnitudes.
Pre-existing adaptive immunity to the RNA-editing enzyme Cas13d in humans
Authors: Tang Xin-Zi Emily , Tan Shu Xuan , Hoon Shawn , Yeo Gene W. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRNA-guided RNA-targeting nucleases, such as CRISPR–Cas13 proteins, have therapeutic potential for gene editing. Among Cas13d enzymes, Cas13d from the bacteria Ruminococcus flavefaciens (RfxCas13d) is of particular interest owing to its small size and high specificity. However, the existence of pre-existing immunity against RfxCas13d is unclear. In this study, we evaluated antibody and T cell responses to RfxCas13d in healthy donors using ELISA and T cell culture assays. We found RfxCas13d-reactive antibodies and CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in most donors, comparable to responses against Cas9 proteins from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9) and Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9). RfxCas13d-responding T cells could produce the inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17. These findings should be taken into consideration in the development of RfxCas13d for therapy.
Synergetic improvement in the mechanical properties of polyurethanes with movable crosslinking and hydrogen bonds
Authors: Jin Changming , Park Junsu , Shirakawa Hidenori , Osaki Motofumi , Ikemoto Yuka , Yamaguchi Hiroyasu , Takahashi Hiroaki , Ohashi Yasumasa , Harada Akira , Matsuba Go , Takashima Yoshinori 
Published: June 2022

The synergetic effect of the movable crosslinking and the hydrogen bonds in γCDMe(x)PU contributed to the simultaneous increase in the mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus and toughness.
Pathogenesis of pneumonia and acute lung injury
Authors: Long Matthew E. , Mallampalli Rama K. , Horowitz Jeffrey C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Pneumonia and its sequelae, acute lung injury, present unique challenges for pulmonary and critical care healthcare professionals, and these challenges have recently garnered global attention due to the ongoing Sars-CoV-2 pandemic. One limitation to translational investigation of acute lung injury, including its most severe manifestation (acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS) has been heterogeneity resulting from the clinical and physiologic diagnosis that represents a wide variety of etiologies. Recent efforts have improved our understanding and approach to heterogeneity by defining sub-phenotypes of ARDS although significant gaps in knowledge remain. Improving our mechanistic understanding of acute lung injury and its most common cause, infectious pneumonia, can advance our approach to precision targeted clinical interventions. Here, we review the pathogenesis of pneumonia and acute lung injury, including how respiratory infections and lung injury disrupt lung homoeostasis, and provide an overview of respiratory microbial pathogenesis, the lung microbiome, and interventions that have been demonstrated to improve outcomes—or not—in human clinical trials.
Properties of intra-cluster low-mass X-ray binaries in Fornax globular clusters
Authors: Riccio G. , Paolillo M. , Cantiello M. , D’Abrusco R. , Jin X. , Li Z. , Puzia T. , Mieske S. , Prole D. J. , Iodice E. , D’Ago G. , Gatto M. , Spavone M. 
Published: June 2022

Aims. We present a study of the intra-cluster population of low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXB) residing in globular clusters (GC) in the central 1 deg2 of the Fornax galaxy cluster. Differently from previous studies, which were restricted to the innermost regions of individual galaxies, this work is aimed at comparing the properties of the intra-cluster population of GC-LMXBs with those of the host galaxy.
Methods. The data used in this work are a combination of the VLT Survey Telescope (VST) and Chandra observations. We performed a cross-match between the optical and the X-ray catalogue in order to identify the LMXBs residing in GCs. We divided the GC-LMXBs into host-galaxy and intra-cluster objects based on their distance from the nearest galaxy in terms of effective radius (Reff). We found 82 intra-cluster GC-LMXBs and 86 objects that are hosted in galaxies. As the formation of LMXBs also depends on the host GC colour, we performed a Gaussian mixture model to divide the population into red and blue GCs.
Results. As has been found for the innermost regions of galaxies, LMXBs tend to form in red and bright GCs in intra-cluster space as well. We find, however, that the likelihood of a red GC to host an LMXB decreases with galactocentric distance, but it remains approximately constant for the blue GC population. Investigating the X-ray properties of the LMXBs residing in GCs, we find a difference in the X-ray luminosity function between the intra-cluster and host-galaxy sample: both follow a power-law down to ∼8.5 × 1037 erg s−1, which is consistent with field LMXBs for the intra-cluster sample, while the latter agree with previous estimates for LMXBs in GCs. We observe a deficiency of bright LMXBs in blue intra-cluster GCs, however. This might indicate a lack of black hole binaries in metal-poor systems. We further investigated the spectral properties of the GC-LMXBs through their hardness-ratio. We detect a tentative difference in the hardness ratio of two populations, where the intra-cluster GC-LMXBs appear to have harder spectra than the host-galaxy objects. We find the same trend when we compare red and blue GC-LMXBs: the spectra of the blue sample are harder spectra than those of the red sample. This result could suggest a relation between the spectral properties of LMXBs and the host GC colour and therefore its metallicity. We discuss the possibilities of spatial biases due to uncertainties in the X-ray spectral response correction and due to contamination by background active galactic nuclei.
Deuteration of c-C3H2 towards the pre-stellar core L1544
Authors: Giers K. , Spezzano S. , Alves F. , Caselli P. , Redaelli E. , Sipilä O. , Ben Khalifa M. , Wiesenfeld L. , Brünken S. , Bizzocchi L. 
Published: June 2022

Context. In the centre of pre-stellar cores, the deuterium fractionation is enhanced due to the cold temperatures and high densities. Therefore, the chemistry of deuterated molecules can be used to probe the evolution and the kinematics in the earliest stages of star formation.
Aims. We analyse emission maps of cyclopropenylidene, c-C3H2, to study the distribution of the deuteration throughout the prototypical pre-stellar core L1544.
Methods. We used single-dish observations of c-C3H2, c-H13CC2H, c-C3HD, and c-C3D2 towards the pre-stellar core L1544, performed at the IRAM 30 m telescope. We derived the column density and deuterium fraction maps, and compared these observations with non-local thermodynamic equilibrium radiative transfer simulations.
Results. The highest deuterium fractions are found close to the dust peak at the centre of L1544, where the increased abundance of H2D+ ions drives the deuteration process. The peak values are N(c-C3HD)/N(c-C3H2) = 0.17 ± 0.01, N(c-C3D2)/N(c-C3H2) = 0.025 ± 0.003, and N(c-C3D2)/N(c-C3HD) = 0.16 ± 0.03, which is consistent with previous single-pointing observations. The distributions of c-C3HD and c-C3D2 indicate that the deuterated forms of c-C3H2 in fact trace the dust peak and not the c-C3H2 peak.
Conclusions. The N(c-C3D2)/N(c-C3HD) map confirms that the process of deuteration is more efficient towards the centre of the core and demonstrates that carbon-chain molecules are still present at high densities. This is likely caused by an increased abundance of He+ ions destroying CO, which increases the number of carbon atoms in the gas phase.
The Effect of ACTH(4–10) PRO8-GLY9-PRO10 Administration on the Expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in Sprague Dawley Mice with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Azzam Muhammad , Fahmi Achmad , Utomo Budi , Faris Muhammad , Parenrengi Muhammad Arifin , Sudiana I. Ketut , Bajamal Abdul Hafid , Subagio Eko Agus 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant cause of morbidity since it results in the inflammation process which leads to necrosis or apoptosis. Inflammatory response to the tissue damage increases IL-6 and IL-8 levels. ACTH4–10Pro8-Gly9-Pro10 is a peptide community that has been shown to have a beneficial effect on minimizing the morbidity and increasing the recovery time.

Methods This study is a true experimental laboratory research with a totally randomized method. The subjects were animal models with light and extreme compression of spinal cord, respectively.

Results The administration of ACTH 4–10 in mild SCI in the 3-hour observation group did not show a significant difference in IL-6 expression compared with the 6-hour observation group. The administration of ACTH 4–10 in severe SCI showed a significantly lower expression level of IL-6 in the 3-hour observation group compared with the 6-hour one. The administration of ACTH 4–10 in severe SCI led to a significantly lower IL-8 expression in the 3-hour observation group compared with the 6-hour one. However, there was no significant difference in IL-8 expression in the group receiving ACTH 4–10 in 3 hours observation compared with that in 6 hours observation.

Conclusion The administration of ACTH4–10Pro8-Gly9-Pro10 can reduce the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 at 3-hour and 6-hour observation after mild and severe SCI in animal models. Future research works are recommended.