bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Pressure Drag on Rising Buoyant Thermals in a Neutrally Stable Environment
Authors: Morrison Hugh , Jeevanjee Nadir , Yano Jun-Ichi 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This study examines dynamic pressure drag on rising dry buoyant thermals. A theoretical expression for drag coefficient Cd as a function of several other nondimensional parameters governing thermal dynamics is derived based on combining the thermal momentum budget with the similarity theory of Scorer. Using values for these nondimensional parameters from previous studies, the theory suggests drag on thermals is small relative to that on solid spheres in laminar or turbulent flow. Two sets of numerical simulations of thermals in an unstratified, neutrally stable environment using an LES configuration of the Cloud Model 1 (CM1) are analyzed. One set has a relatively low effective Reynolds number Re and the other has an order-of-magnitude-higher Re; these produce laminar and turbulent resolved-scale flows, respectively. Consistent with the theoretical Cd, the magnitude of drag is small in all simulations. However, whereas the laminar thermals have Cd ≈ 0.01, the turbulent thermals have weakly negative drag (Cd ≈ −0.1). This difference is explained by the laminar thermals having near vertical symmetry but the turbulent thermals exhibiting considerable vertical asymmetry of their azimuthally averaged flows. In the laminar thermals, buoyancy rapidly becomes concentrated around the main centers of rotation located along the horizontal central axis, leading to expansion of thermals via baroclinic vorticity generation but doing little to break vertical symmetry of the flow. Vertical asymmetry of the azimuthally averaged flow of turbulent thermals is attributed mainly to small-scale resolved eddies that are concentrated in the upper part of the thermals.
Fire Aerosols Slow Down the Global Water Cycle
Authors: Li Fang , Lawrence David M. , Jiang Yiquan , Liu Xiaohong , Lin Zhongda 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Fire is an important Earth system process and the largest source of global primary carbonaceous aerosols. Earlier studies have focused on the influence of fire aerosols on radiation, surface climate, air quality, and biogeochemical cycle. The impact of fire aerosols on the global water cycle has not been quantified and related mechanisms remain largely unclear. This study provides the first quantitative assessment and understanding of the influence of fire aerosols on the global water cycle. This is done by quantifying the difference between simulations with and without fire aerosols using the coupled Community Earth System Model (CESM). Results show that present-day fire aerosols weaken the global water cycle significantly. They decrease the continental precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff by 4.1 ± 1.8, 2.5 ± 0.5, and 1.5 ± 1.4 ×103 km3 yr−1 as well as ocean evaporation, precipitation, and water vapor transport from ocean to land by 8.1 ± 1.9, 6.6 ± 2.3, and 1.5 ± 1.4 ×103 km3 yr−1. The impacts of fire aerosols are most clearly seen in the tropics and the Arctic-boreal zone. Fire aerosols affect the global water cycle mainly by cooling the surface, which reduces ocean evaporation, land soil evaporation, and plant transpiration. The decreased water vapor load in the atmosphere leads to a decrease in precipitation, which contributes to reduced surface runoff and subsurface drainage.
Causality-Structured Deep Learning for Soil Moisture Predictions
Authors: Li Lu , Dai Yongjiu , Shangguan Wei , Wei Zhongwang , Wei Nan , Li Qingliang 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The accurate prediction of surface soil moisture (SM) is crucial for understanding hydrological processes. Deep learning (DL) models such as the long short-term memory model (LSTM) provide a powerful method and have been widely used in SM prediction. However, few studies have notably high success rates due to lacking prior knowledge in forms such as causality. Here we present a new causality-structure-based LSTM model (CLSTM), which could learn time interdependency and causality information for hydrometeorological applications. We applied and compared LSTM and CLSTM methods for forecasting SM across 64 FLUXNET sites globally. The results showed that CLSTM dramatically increased the predictive performance compared with LSTM. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) suggested that more than 67% of sites witnessed an improvement of SM simulation larger than 10%. It is highlighted that CLSTM had a much better generalization ability that can adapt to extreme soil conditions, such as SM response to drought and precipitation events. By incorporating causal relations, CLSTM increased predictive ability across different lead times compared to LSTM. We also highlighted the critical role of physical information in the form of causality structure to improve drought prediction. At the same time, CLSTM has the potential to improve predictions of other hydrometeorological variables.
Instability of a Surface Jet over Rough Topography
Authors: Palóczy André , LaCasce J. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The instability of a surface-trapped jet over rough bottom topography is examined using a linearized quasigeostrophic model. The jet is laterally sheared and thus susceptible to both barotropic and baroclinic instability. The relative magnitude of the two depends on the jet width and on the spectral characteristics and amplitude of the bathymetry. The most unstable eddies in the upper layer are typically smaller over bathymetry than with a flat bottom. Topography also alters momentum flux convergence in the upper layer and causes the perturbations to resemble eddies in a 1.5-layer flow. But as long as the jet is wider than the deformation radius, baroclinic instability is present, yielding deep eddies that are phase-locked to those at the surface. In addition, topography facilitates scattering of energy at depth to other scales. So, instability over rough topography could be an efficient, and largely overlooked, means of transferring mesoscale energy to the dissipative scales.

Significance Statement
This study investigates the effects of bottom roughness on large-scale ocean currents and their associated eddies. Roughness affects the eddy size and speed and how they exchange energy with the mean flow. Roughness also facilitates energy transfer to smaller scales where it can be dissipated. Thus, instability over rough topography could be an important part of the oceanic energy balance.
Individual SNOT-22 Items Aid in Differentiating Between Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea and Chronic Rhinosinusitis Without Nasal Polyps
Authors: Liu Matthew Y. , Gardner James Reed , Woodworth Bradford A. , Jang David W. , Kanaan Alissa , Radabaugh Jeffrey Paul , Yao William C. , Goros Martin , Challa Megana , Grayson Jessica W. , Wang Zhu , Chen Philip G. 
Published: July 2022

Objectives: Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is a diagnostic challenge due to its overlapping symptomatology with other sinonasal diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate whether items on the sinonasal outcome test (SNOT)−22 could suggest a diagnosis of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea versus chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). Methods: A multi-institutional retrospective chart review of patients with spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea and a control group of CRSsNP patients was performed. Individual SNOT-22 scores and domain scores were compared. Results: One hundred fifteen patients were included in both cohorts. Of the patients in the CSF rhinorrhea group, 48% were misdiagnosed as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) prior to the correct identification of a CSF leak. On bivariate analysis, the CSF rhinorrhea group scored significantly higher on the SNOT-22 for runny nose ( P < .001) and was more likely to designate this symptom as most important ( P < .001). The CRSsNP group scored significantly higher in nasal blockage ( P < .001), thick nasal discharge ( P < .001), facial pain/pressure ( P < .001), and in the ear/facial ( P < .001) and rhinologic ( P = .003) domains. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that runny nose ( P < .001) was most predictive of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea while nasal blockage ( P < .001), thick nasal discharge ( P < .001), and facial pain/pressure ( P = .001) were predictive of CRSsNP after adjusting for relevant confounders. No significant difference was observed in total SNOT-22 scores between groups ( P = .676). Conclusions: Spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea is commonly misdiagnosed as other sinonasal pathologies. However, individual SNOT-22 items can help aid in suggesting a CSF leak. Spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea should be suspected in patients who have high SNOT-22 scores for runny nose and report this symptom as most important, but have lower scores related to the other cardinal symptoms of CRS.
Normative Values for the Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Reynolds Jane E. , Jetté Marie E. , Wright Miranda L. , Sundar Krishna M. , Gillespie Amanda I. , Slovarp Laurie J. 
Published: July 2022

Introduction: The primary self-assessment questionnaire used for patients with chronic cough is the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ). The LCQ is a validated questionnaire that ranges in total score from 3 to 21. While it is known that a higher score on the LCQ reflects a better quality of life, normative data have not been reported for this questionnaire. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine normative LCQ scores on a healthy population without cough. Methods: The LCQ was distributed via electronic survey to the authors’ universities, professional affiliation email lists, and personal contacts. Participants were included if they were at least 18, nonsmokers, and without abnormal cough, without pulmonary disease, and without neurological disease. Participants answered questions regarding age, gender, and race/ethnicity, and completed the 19 LCQ questions. Results: One hundred forty-three (118 women) LCQ responses were analyzed. Average participant age was 47 years (SD = 13) and 133 (93%) were Caucasian. The mean LCQ Total score was 20.23 (SD = 0.85) with scores ranging from 17.05 to 21. Conclusions: This study determined the following LCQ scores should be considered normal threshold scores: Total score – 17.68, Physical domain – 5.36, Psychological domain – 5.81, and Social domain – 6.06. The findings of this study will assist clinicians in determining severity of cough impact on quality of life using the LCQ. Further research is needed to ensure more complete participant demographic representation.
Pathways of aging in migration and their association with the quality of life
Authors: Jung Yong Moon 
Published: July 2022

This study adopted a life course approach in exploring the quality of life of old migrants based on the experiences of Korean Australians aged 60 years and over. Pathways of aging were considered as related to the aging progress in migration, and three different groups were identified: aged with a migrant background (those who migrated when they were younger and had grown old in the destination country), family migrants (those who accompanied/were invited by their children), and retirement migrants (those who chose to migrate in later life independent of their children). The study identified elements of quality of life particularly meaningful to specific groups. The findings of this study may help in broadening the knowledge base of the diverse aging experiences of migrants and to inform policy and the development of programs to support elderly migrants.
Evaluating the cascade of care for anal cancer screening within a Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program clinic
Authors: Cardenas Benjamin F , Geba Maria , Williams Brooke , Hoang Sook , Newberry Yvonne , Quass-Ferdinand Laura , Woodberry Lauren , Dillingham Rebecca , Thomas Tania A 
Published: July 2022

Background Care cascades can inform providers about differences in engagement and retention in care between patient populations thereby improving participation by targeting interventions more effectively. The objective of this study was to assess the uptake and retention of participants along the anal cancer screening algorithm within a single HIV clinic. Methods Retrospective procedural and demographic data were collected within a Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program clinic from 18 December 2017 to 29 May 2021. A care cascade was constructed among eligible participants who engaged and were retained in the anal cancer screening algorithm. Engagement was defined as having at least one anal Pap smear. Retention was defined as having a follow-up anal Pap smear, and/or high resolution anoscopy, as indicated. Risk ratios (RR) were calculated to reveal factors associated with initiation and retention in screening. Results Of 821 eligible participants, 312 (38%) engaged in screening and 205 (66%) were retained in care. Anoreceptive intercourse was positively associated with engagement (RR 2.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.05–3.90, p<0.001), whereas male gender was negatively associated (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.20–0.33, p<0.001). Abnormal cytology results on Pap smear were associated with retention (RR 1.39, 95% CI 1.03–1.86, p=0.03). Conclusions Overall engagement in anal cancer screening is low within our clinic, particularly among men, but retention in the screening program is notably better, especially among those with abnormal cytology. Target populations have been identified to increase awareness, and qualitative studies are underway to understand perceptions and barriers to engagement in anal cancer screening.
Early Versus Usual Palliative Care Consultation in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Helgeson Scott A. , Burnside Rebecca C. , Robinson Maisha T. , Mack Rachel C. , Ball Colleen T. , Guru Pramod K. , Moss John E. 
Published: July 2022

Objectives Palliative Medicine involvement in MICU patients have improved length of stay and mortality, but with varying effects on specific patient decision outcomes, such as, advance care planning. These studies have utilized Palliative Medicine later in the hospital or ICU course, with some evidence showing that earlier involvement resulted in better results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefits of early (within 24 hours) palliative care consultation in medical ICU (MICU) patients to clinical and satisfaction outcomes. Methods An unblinded randomized study performed in the MICU in one academic hospital in the USA. Ninety-one adult patients admitted to MICU received a Palliative care medicine consultation within 24 hours as the intervention. Measurements and results Ninety-one patients admitted to the MICU underwent randomization with 50 patients randomly assigned to receive Palliative Medicine consultation and 41 patients randomly assigned to receive standard-of-care based on predefined criteria. The median satisfaction score was 23 points higher for the patients in the intervention group (P < .001). The median length of MICU stay was 5 days shorter in the intervention group compared to the control group (95% CI; 1 day to 18 days, P = .018). Advance care planning was completed in the hospital for 34% of patients in the intervention arm and 12% of patients in the controls arm (absolute risk difference 22%, 95% CI 4% to 37%, P = .016). Conclusion Early Palliative Medicine consultation within 24 hours of MICU admission showed significant benefits to patients by improving satisfaction and decreasing length of stay. This study provides evidence that Palliative Medicine involvement earlier in the course of severe disease is important. Further studies in other types of intensive care units (neurological and Cardiovascular) are necessary to determine their impact.
Post Philosophies and the Doing of Inquiry Session 6: A conversation Between Erin Manning, Halbe Kuipers, Mayra Morales, and Diego Gil
Authors: Manning Erin 
Published: July 2022

This article is derived from a webinar series conversation titled “Post Philosophies and the Doing of Inquiry.” How does your philosophical approach influence your ways of doing inquiry? What does this philosophical approach make thinkable or possible for inquiry? What are your perspectives on methodology(ies) and/or methods? How do you envision that in your approaches to doing inquiry? What mechanisms could be put in place at universities to help supervisors and/or committees support students engaged in philosophical modes of inquiry.
The Cumulative Influence of Perceived Discrimination, Stress, and Coping Responses on Symptoms of Depression Among Young African American Mothers
Authors: Millender Eugenia , Harris Rachel M. , Bagneris Jessica R. , Marks Laura R. , Barcelona Veronica , Wong Frank Y. , Crusto Cindy A. , Taylor Jacquelyn Y. 
Published: July 2022

Background: African American women have an elevated risk for experiencing depressive symptoms, and discrimination, stress, and coping contribute to symptoms of depression. Aims: We aimed to examine the associations between discrimination, stress, and coping on symptoms of depression among young African American mothers. Methods: In this retrospective study, we utilized a hierarchical linear regression to explore the effects of perceived racial discrimination, stress, and general and discrimination-related coping responses on depressive symptoms in a sample of African American mothers ( N = 250). The data were drawn from the Intergenerational Impact of Genetic and Psychological Factors on Blood Pressure study (InterGEN), a study conducted between 2014 and 2019 and based in Connecticut. Results: After accounting for maternal age, level of education, and income, greater perceived racial discrimination ( p = .03), higher levels of stress ( p < .001), greater engagement in avoidance coping ( p < .001), and use of passive coping responses to discrimination ( p = .04) were uniquely associated with increased depressive symptoms. Other forms of coping, specifically, problem-solving and support seeking, did not appear to influence depressive symptoms in this sample. Conclusion: The findings highlight the negative impact of discrimination, heightened stress, and maladaptive coping on the emotional health of young African American mothers.
Relationships between alexithymia, interoception, and emotional empathy in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Butera Christiana D , Harrison Laura , Kilroy Emily , Jayashankar Aditya , Shipkova Michelle , Pruyser Ariel , Aziz-Zadeh Lisa 
Published: July 2022

Some studies suggest that individuals with autism spectrum disorder have reduced emotional empathy while others do not. The presence of co-occurring alexithymia in autism spectrum disorder and differences in interoception have been associated with reductions in empathic ability. To fully explore the relationships between interoception, alexithymia, and emotional empathy, we collected self-report and interview data in 35 youth with autism spectrum disorder and 40 typically developing controls (ages 8–17 years). The autism spectrum disorder sample had increased alexithymia and physiological hyperarousal compared to typically developing controls, but there were no group differences in interoception or emotional empathy. Alexithymia severity correlated with higher personal distress in both groups and with lower empathic concern in the autism spectrum disorder group. Within the autism spectrum disorder group, higher incidence of reports of bodily sensation when describing emotional experience correlated with lower personal distress and lower alexithymia. In addition, although empathic concern was negatively correlated with alexithymia in the autism spectrum disorder group, across groups, the alexithymia hypothesis was supported in only the personal distress domain of emotional empathy. These results suggest emotional empathy; personal distress, in particular, is not intrinsically impaired in autism spectrum disorder. Lay abstract Empathy, the ability to understand and share the emotions of others, is a necessary skill for social functioning and can be categorized into cognitive and emotional empathy. There is evidence to suggest that individuals with autism spectrum disorder have difficulties with cognitive empathy, the ability to imagine how another person is thinking or feeling. However, it is unclear if individuals with autism spectrum disorder struggle with emotional empathy, the ability to share and feel emotions others are experiencing. Self-report and interview data were collected to explore the relationships between interoception (individuals’ self-reported awareness of sensation from their body such as thirst, heartbeat, etc.), alexithymia (an individual’s ability to describe and distinguish between their own emotions), and emotional empathy in 35 youth with autism spectrum disorder and 40 typically developing youth. Greater personal distress to others’ emotions and greater difficulty describing and recognizing self-emotions were associated with reporting fewer physical sensations in the body when experiencing emotion in the autism spectrum disorder group. The results of this study suggest that while autism spectrum disorder youth with concomitant alexithymia may experience emotional empathy differently, it should not be characterized as an absence of a capacity for emotional empathy.
Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training with Different Body Positions and Amplitudes on Lower Limb Muscle Activity in Middle-Aged and Older Women
Authors: Liu Yuxiu , Fan Yongzhao , Chen Xiaohong 
Published: July 2022

Purpose The present study was designed to investigate the electromyographic (EMG) response in leg muscles to whole-body vibration while using different body positions and vibration amplitudes. Methods: An experimental study with repeated measures design involved a group of community-dwelling middle-aged and older women (n = 15; mean age=60.8 ± 4.18 years). Muscle activity of the gluteus maximus (GM), rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), and gastrocnemius (GS) was measured by surface electromyography, which participants were performing three different body positions during three WBV amplitudes. The body positions included static semi-squat, static semi-squat with elastic band loading, and dynamic semi-squat. Vibration stimuli tested were 0 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm amplitude and 30 Hz frequencies. And the maximum accelerations produced by vibration stimuli with amplitudes of 2 mm and 4 mm are approximately 1.83 g and 3.17 g. Results: Significantly greater muscle activity was recorded in VL, BF, and GS. When WBV was applied to training, compared with the same training without WBV ( P < .05). There were significant main effects of body positions on EMGrms for the GM, RF, and VM ( P < .05). Compared to static semi-squat, static semi-squat with elastic band significantly increased the EMGrms of GM, and dynamic semi-squat significantly increased the EMGrms of GM, RF and VM (P < .05). And there were significant main effects of amplitudes on EMGrms for the GM, RF, and VM ( P < .05). The EMGrms of the VL, BF, and GS at 4 mm were significantly higher than 0 mm, and the EMGrms of the VL and BF at 4 mm were significantly higher than 2 mm. There was no significant body interaction between body positions and amplitudes (P > .05). Conclusions: The EMG amplitudes of most leg muscles tested were significantly greater during WBV exposure than in the no-WBV condition. The dynamic semi-squat 4 mm whole-body vibration training is recommended for middle-aged and older women to improve lower limb muscle strength and function.