bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
201 Forage Biodegradation: Advances in Ruminal Microbial Ecology
Authors: Callaway Todd R , Lourenco Jeferson M , Stewart R Lawton , Smith W Brandon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The rumen microbial ecosystem provides ruminant animals a selective advantage, the ability to utilize forages, which allows ruminant animals to flourish around the world in a wide variety of environments. The ability of the microbial population to convert sunlight captured in forages to high quality meat, milk, and fiber has been recognized for many years. However, the rumen microbial population composition and degradative activity has remained a “black box” with only the most active (and most amenable to laboratory growth) cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic organisms being recognized and understood. The limitation of reliance upon growth of forage degrading organisms in a test tube in order to measure the catabolic activity, severely limited the development of knowledge of the microbial ecology of ruminal forage degradation. The past 15 years has seen the development and implementation of numerous Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) approaches, which have greatly contributed to a better understanding of the microbial ecology of ruminants fed a variety of forages. NGS has provided new insights into changes in the microbial population of ruminants fed different diets, or undergoing dietary changes. The ability to take a “snapshot” of the composition of the ruminal microbial population has furthered our understanding of the impacts of forage maturity, forage type, and phytochemicals on the degradation and fermentation of forages. We now better understand the microbial pathways that are enriched by feeding of forages and are impacted by forage quality or composition, which can further our understanding of metabolomics of the rumen. As NGS data continues to accumulate on ruminants fed forage, our understanding of the ruminal microbial ecosystem will grow both deeper and broader, allowing us to build predictive models of rumen function during forage degradation and fermentation.
204 Awardee Talk: Poor Maternal Nutrition Impacts Metabolic Factors and Glucose Tolerance in Sheep Offspring
Authors: Tillquist Nicole M , Reiter Amanda S , Kawaida Mia Y , Smith Brandon I , Reed Sarah A , Zinn Steven A , Govoni Kristen E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To evaluate the hypothesis that offspring born to restricted- and over-fed ewes would exhibit decreased glucose tolerance, total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG), and increased leptin, multiparous Dorset ewes (n = 46) pregnant with twins were fed 100%, 60% or 140% of National Research Council (NRC) requirements from d30±0.02 of gestation until parturition. Offspring are referred to as CON (n=10 ewes; 12 rams), RES (n=13 ewes; 21 rams), and OVER (n =16 ewes; 15 rams), respectively. Blood samples were collected from offspring at d0, 7, 14, 58, 210, and 252 of age and plasma TC, plasma TG, and serum leptin were analyzed with commercial kits. Concentrations of TG were greater in rams than ewes (P=0.029). Leptin was greater (P&lt; 0.0001) in ewes than rams at d30 and 36, and greater in CON than RES and OVER at d252 (P=0.058). At d133±0.25 an intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed, and blood samples collected at -30, -15, 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min relative to glucose infusion (0.25 g/kg body weight of a 50% dextrose solution). Glucose and insulin concentrations were determined using commercial kits. Glucose concentrations were greater at 5 and 15 min in ewes than rams (P≤0.04) and at 2 min, OVER were greater than CON and RES (P=0.03). Insulin concentrations were greater in rams than ewes between 5 and 15 min (P=0.0251). Insulin in RES rams tended to be greater than OVER and RES ewes between 5 and 10 min (P=0.06) and continued to be greater than RES ewes at 15 min (P=0.05). First-phase response of insulin tended to be greater in RES compared with CON and OVER (P=0.092). There were no differences detected in insulin:glucose (P=0.312). In conclusion, poor maternal nutrition negatively impacts key metabolic hormones in offspring thereby contributing to altered growth and metabolism.
207 Awardee Talk: The Impact of Disease on Nutrient and Energy Intake and Utilization to Support Lean Tissue Accretion in Growing Pigs
Authors: Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Optimal lean tissue production can be severely compromised by health challenges in nursery-finisher pig production systems. Common pig immune challenges in the U.S. can come from pathogens such as Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus, Lawsonia intracellularis, Mycoplasma spp, Coccidia, pathogenic E. coli and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus. The subsequent disease that can manifests in response to these pathogens can lead to mitochondrial damage, impaired capacity to generate sufficient ATP for homeostasis, limited energy availability (exacerbated by disease hypophagia) and compromised cell survival and organ function. Collectively, skeletal muscle hypertrophy is reduced in a trade off to support the energetic and protein synthesis needs of immune system response. In growing pigs, we have reported that sub-clinical and clinical enteric and respiratory disease can significantly impact intestinal function, feed intake, lean tissue accretion and feed efficiency. This has a major economic impact for pork producers, pig welfare and wellbeing. While significant advances in molecular and quantitative genetics, clinical diagnostics and virology have been made to enhance poor performance and heath, we are still unsure on how to best feed and manage poor-health pigs. By understanding the longitudinal impact pathogens on digestibility, metabolism, protein accretion and feed efficiency, insights into nutritional requirements and management strategies can be developed to improve poor-health pig production. This paper will discuss the molecular and physiological impact of sub-clinical and clinical disease on nutrient and energy intake and utilization to support lean tissue accretion in growing pigs.
214 Awardee Talk: Using Nutrition to Improve Immune Competence in Horses
Authors: Warren Lori K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Horse owners are increasingly interested in optimizing the health of their animals. In addition to targeted vaccination programs, they desire feeds and supplements that reduce inflammation or strengthen immune competence. Many nutrients and feed additives have widely recognized roles in host defense. Several of these have been evaluated in horses, including select trace minerals (Zn, Se), vitamins (E, C), amino acids (arginine, glutamine), fatty acids (omega-3, omega-6, conjugated linoleic acid), prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and various non-nutritives (resveratrol, butyric acid). Collectively, the impact of these nutrients and feed additives on the status and functional capacity of the immune system have been variable. In most cases, the benefits are not realized in an already healthy horse but are demonstrable in animals under high stress (e.g., intense exercise, transport) or states of immunocompromise (e.g., inflammatory diseases, senior horses, foals). Immunonutrition research in horses is in its infancy compared to work in other livestock and humans. Yet demand from clientele managing and training horses for nutrition that addresses inflammation and gut health in horses is at an all-time high. Continued research in this area is needed but is challenged by reliance on industry funding and support, the need for non-terminal immunological variables that meaningfully reflect the impact of dietary intervention, and development of appropriate models that mimic real-world stressors yet permit greater control of external factors that contribute to variation. Nonetheless, exploration of how diet can modulate immune function remains an important area of research for maintaining the health and performance of horses under a variety of uses. Further, this area of investigation can also facilitate our understanding of nutrient requirements for horses under high levels of stress or those who are immunocompromised so that more targeted nutrition programs can be prescribed for these populations.
220 Effects of Total Equine Grain with Ascophyllum Nodosum Seaweed Extract and Chelated Minerals on Forage Intake, DM, NDF, and ADF Digestibility, in Quarter Horse Mares Under Performance Conditions
Authors: Boyd Jamie A , Lai Kai Yun 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A study was conducted in fall 2019 at Sul Ross State University to evaluate the effects of Total Equine containing Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed and chelated minerals on intake and cecal digestibility in comparison with a product without Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed or chelated minerals. Six Quarter horse mares (avg 9yrs) were used in a complete randomized block study. Horses were offered an ad libitum Bermuda hay for a 2wk standardization period and then blocked into pairs based on weight, age, and fitness level. Horses were assigned randomly within block to the Ctrl or Trt diets for an 8wk study with ad libitum access to water. Hay was offered 2xd in port-a-grazer tubs to control for waste. Grain was offered at a rate of 0.005% BW (manufacturer suggestions) and divided into 2 equal feedings. Horses were weighed weekly and grain amounts were adjusted weekly. Hay orts were collected 2x daily and hay offered was adjusted daily for a 3% refusal rate. Horses were exercised 6d/wk on a hot-walker for 2hrs. Horses were conditioned prior to the study and speed and duration were increased throughout the study. Horses worked 30min at a walk and 1.5hrs at a trot broken into periods. Feed samples were collected 2xwk and dried for DM and ground for analysis for NDF, ADF, CP, EE, and Ash. A significant difference in total DMI was observed at 13.1 ± 0.14kg Ctrl versus 12.02 ± 0.11kg Trt (P=0.0001). When evaluating forage intake only 10.07 ± 0.13 kg Ctrl versus 9.04 ± 0.11 kg Trt (P=0.0001). DMd and NDFd were not significantly affected by trt (P=0.38). However, tendency horse*diet (P=0.07) was observed. Overall, it appears that the inclusion of the grain product with Ascophyllum nodosum and chelated minerals reduced forage intake and overall DMI without effecting fiber digestibility or animal performance.
226 Proteomic and Metabolomic Profiles are Associated with Fresh Pork Loin Quality Phenotypes
Authors: Johnson Logan , Zhai Chaoyu , Lonergan Elisabeth Huff , Prusa Ken , Prenni Jessica , Chaparro Jacqueline , Edward Steadham , Nair Mahesh , Lonergan Steven M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective was to define proteomic and metabolomic profiles associated with premium and poor-quality pork. Fresh pork loins (n=100) were aged 12 to 14 d postmortem before quality evaluation. Chops with a star probe values less than 4.5 kg, and a Hunter L score less than 47 were categorized as Premium (n=10). Chops with star probe values greater than 5.7 kg and Hunter L greater than 49.7 were categorized as Poor (n=10). Proteins soluble in low ionic strength buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5 and 1 mM EDTA) were extracted, digested with trypsin, and labeled with 11-plex isobaric TMT labels. Peptides were introduced to the Q-Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer and identified and quantified with Proteome Discoverer. Data were normalized to the total ion count from each run, Log2 transformed, and median normalization was performed. Only proteins identified in at least one-half of the samples containing at least two unique peptides were included in the analysis. Non-targeted metabolomic analyses were conducted on extracts (80% methanol) of each sample. Separation was conducted with a TG-5MS column (Thermo Scientific, 30m x 0.25mm x 0.25mm). Masses between 50-620 m/z were scanned at four scans/sec after electron impact ionization operating at 70eV. All data were analyzed in R 4.1.1 using the limma package with a false discovery rate of 0.05. Poor chops contained more sugars, including glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose, and galactose. Premium chops had more amino acids, including leucine, isoleucine, serine, and methionine. Proteins/peptides in greater abundance in the soluble fraction in the Premium chops (n=24 proteins) included titin, filamin, phosphoglycerate mutase, AMP deaminase, heat shock protein 27, and calcium transporting ATPase. Proteins/peptides in greater proportion in the Poor chops (n=12 proteins) included annexin, adenylate kinase, and Maillard deglycase. The results demonstrate that distinct molecular phenotypes are associated with variation in fresh pork quality.
227 Frizzled7 Mediates Lysine-Activated β-Catenin to Promote Satellite Cells in Manipulating Skeletal Muscle Growth
Authors: Jin Cheng-long , Ye Mao , Song Zhi-wen , Gao Chun-qi , Yan Hui-chao , Wang Xiu-qi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin pathways have an important role in porcine skeletal muscle growth. Nevertheless, the mechanism for how it respond to environmental stimulations, especially nutrients, has not been well-investigated. In this study, piglets and skeletal muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) were used to investigate the work process of the lysine (Lys) signal transmitted to β-catenin in governing skeletal muscle growth. Briefly, the piglets and MuSCs were divided into the control group, the Lys deficiency group, and the Lys rescue group, taken together with the specific inhibitor and target gene knockdown for further study. We found that the transmembrane frizzled7 (FZD7) receptor displayed the same changes with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and positively correlated with Lys levels in skeletal muscle and MuSCs. Meanwhile, the molecular docking analyses showed that FZD7 and Lys form connections at Gly17, Phe18, Cys19, and Asp84. In contrast, FZD7 specific inhibitor Fz7-21-TFA suppressed Lys rescued MuSC viability (P&lt; 0.05). The distribution of Ki67 and active β-catenin in the Lys rescue group were also decreased by FZD7 inhibitor (P&lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the decreased FZD7 level caused Lys re-activated TCF4/LEF activity and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway suppression (P&lt; 0.05). Additionally, FZD7 knockdown restricted C2C12 viability and proliferation ability (P&lt; 0.05). Besides, FZD7 knockdown inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and Lys deficiency caused much more serious inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway (P&lt; 0.05), and these restrictions fail to be rescued by re-supplemented Lys or Wnt3a (P&lt; 0.05). Moreover, we titrated Lys solution into recombinant pig FZD7 (rpFZD7) protein solution by using isothermal titration calorimetry, and the heat release during titration demonstrated there was an interaction between Lys and rpFZD7. Collectively, these results indicated that Lys is not only a molecular block for protein synthesis, but is also a ligand that binds to FZD7, directly activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to stimulate MuSCs to promote skeletal muscle growth.
228 Metabolite Differences between the Oxygen-Exposed and non-Oxygen Exposed Surfaces of the Longissimus Lumborum Muscle
Authors: Denzer Morgan , Pfeiffer Morgan , Mafi Gretchen G , Ramanathan Ranjith 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of oxygen exposure on the metabolites present in beef longissimus lumborum have not been evaluated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of oxygen exposure on the color attributes and metabolites present in longissimus lumborum muscle. USDA Low Choice beef strip loins were sliced into steaks (1.91 cm) and packaged in polyvinyl chloride overwrap trays for 3 or 6 days of retail display. The oxygen exposed (OE) surface was considered the display surface during retail, and the non-oxygen exposed (NOE) surface was the intact interior muscle. Instrumental color was evaluated using a HunterLab Miniscan EZ spectrophotometer. To analyze the NOE surface on day 3 and 6, steaks were sliced parallel to the OE surface to expose the NOE surface. Metmyoglobin reducing ability (MRA) was determined by submerging samples in nitrite to induce metmyoglobin reduction. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify metabolites. The least square means were determined using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with significance at a P &lt; 0.05. Metabolites were analyzed using the MetaboAnalyst 5.0. Redness (a* values) of steaks decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with greater display time. MRA was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in the NOE surface compared with the OE surface on days 3 and 6. Upregulation of glucose-1-phosphate and down regulation of gluconic acid, ribose, sedoheptulose-7-phosphate in the NOE surface on day 0 compared with NOE on day 6 indicates a shift from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway. On day 6 of display, the OE surface was upregulated in xanthine and gluconic acid, indicating an increase in purine and pentose phosphate metabolisms, while there was a down regulation of mannitol and malic acid compared with the NOE surface. These results indicate the presence of oxygen can influence metabolite profile and negatively influence MRA and color.
230 Association of Lung Health with Carcass Performance
Authors: Grimes Becca B , Tennant Travis C , Lawrence Ty E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The association of lung abnormalities with carcass performance was evaluated on data from 60,843 carcasses housed in the West Texas A&M University Beef Carcass Research Center database collected from 2010 to 2021 to quantify the relationship of lung health and carcass performance. Lung outcomes were scored as severity of consolidation (N = Normal and free of consolidation, 1 = 5 to 15% consolidation, 2 = 15 to 50% consolidation, 3 = &gt;50% consolidation) and presence of fibrin tags (M = Minor fibrin, E = Extensive fibrin). Lung consolidation had a strong and detrimental effect (P &lt; 0.01) on hot carcass weight, with lung scores of 1, 2, and 3 resulting in 4.2, 13.3, and 29.9 kg less carcass weight compared with carcasses with normal lungs. Minor and extensive fibrin tags (3.5 kg and 7.1 kg), independent of consolidation, resulted in lighter carcasses (P &lt; 0.01) compared with those with normal lungs. Lung score did not have an effect on marbling score. Both lung tissue consolidation and fibrin tags effected 12th rib fat thickness; lung consolidation (-0.09 to -0.21 cm) and fibrin tags (-0.14 to -0.19 cm) resulted in and less (P &lt; 0.01) 12th rib fat thickness compared with carcasses with normal lungs. Similarly, LM area was reduced (P &lt; 0.01) in carcasses with lung consolidation (-1.5 to -5.5 cm2) or presence of fibrin tags (-2.3 to -2.7 cm2) compared with carcasses with normal lungs. Additionally, severity of lung consolidation and presence of fibrin tags reduced (P &lt; 0.01) calculated yield grade; lung consolidation and fibrin tags resulted in a 0.08 to 0.20 and 0.09 to 0.13 reduction in overall yield grade. These data indicate that lung health is an important factor that impacts carcass performance, particularly carcass weight and yield grade parameters.
237 Using Metabolomic Approaches to Understand and Reduce Animal Variation in Meat Quality Traits
Authors: King Andy , Shackelford Steven , Wheeler Tommy L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Failure to meet consumer expectations for meat quality attributes such as color, tenderness, and flavor leads to loss of customer satisfaction and market share. Thus, much effort has been dedicated to understanding the biological variation in these traits. However, traditional approaches explained only a limited amount of biological variation. Investigations of the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome of meat animals has greatly increased the understanding of biochemical processes affecting meat quality attributes. Gene expression in response to environmental factors results in protein production. These proteins, which vary in functionality, are involved in cellular processes which produce metabolites. Thus, the proteome comprises the machinery of cellular functions and provides a great deal of information about genomic expression resulting in the phenotype. However, quantifying the metabolome provides additional information about the functionality of the machinery, and thus, even greater information about the phenotype. Untargeted metabolomic investigations have suggested novel mechanisms influencing meat tenderness, lean color stability, and flavor. Future work with targeted metabolomic approaches should focus on validating these mechanisms and studying these mechanisms under variable production systems. Moreover, future work should integrate metabolomic data with genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data to fully understand the biological basis of meat quality phenotypes.
258 A Survey of Added Vitamin Levels in Diets Utilized in the U.S. Swine Industry
Authors: Faccin Jamil , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
From November, 2021 to February, 2022, swine nutritionists representing 29 production systems and 8 nutrition supplier companies in the United States were surveyed about added vitamin concentration in swine diets. Respondents were asked to provide vitamin premix concentrations, inclusion rates, and weight ranges associated with feeding phases. Survey participants represented 4.38 million sows or 69% of the U.S. industry. Data were compiled into 3 nursery phases (Phase 1, weaning to 7 kg; Phase 2, 7 to 11 kg; and Phase 3, 11 to 23 kg), 3 finishing phases (23 to 55 kg; 55 to 100 kg; 100 to market), gestation, and lactation (Table 1). Vitamin concentrations were, on average, 3.9 times above NRC (2012) recommendations across all nursery diets. Vitamins D and K were the upper extremes, and choline and pyridoxine were the lower. In finishing diets, vitamin concentrations averaged 2.8 times the 2012 NRC recommendations. Vitamins D and K were the upper extremes, and niacin and riboflavin were the lower. Regarding breeding herd diets, vitamin concentrations were 2.9 times the 2012 NRC recommendations on average. In gestation diets, vitamins K and niacin were the upper extreme, and choline and biotin were the lower. Vitamins K and A were the upper extremes for lactation, and choline and biotin were the lower. The use of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 as a source of vitamin D has become more common compared with previous surveys. Its use was reported by 31% of the nutritionists in the nursery, 11% in the finishing, and 40% in gestation and lactation diets. Understanding current supplementation practices may help develop experimental designs to test different vitamin inclusions and provide an industry benchmark of vitamin usage.