bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vapor Phase Hydrogen Peroxide for Control of Indianmeal Moth in Packaged Almonds, 1991
Authors: Soderstrom E. L. , Smilanick J. , Denis-Arrue R. , Henson D. J. , Brandl D. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eggs (0-3 d old) placed in open petri dishes or peroxide penetrable bags and last instar larvae placed in plastic bags were fumigated with vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide. Half of the bags contained 5 ‘Carmel’ almond nutmeats. The bags used for fumigation were constructed of Poly/Tyvek (American Sterilizer Co.) and were 8 cm wide by 13 cm long. Fumigations were conducted in a VHP Dental Sterilizer (fumitorium) manufactured by American Sterilizer Co., Apex, NC. One hundred eggs or ten larvae were placed per container and treated with a dose of 8.9 °9.0 g of 35% liquid H2O2 injected on either cycle I (deep vacuum 32mm Hg) or cycle II (shallow vacuum ca. 400mm Hg), both cycles employed repeated injections of 40 micro s duration over the treatment period. Preliminary testing indicated that cycle I produced greater mortalities than did treatment under cycle II, therefore, cycle I was employed for the reported tests. Each treatment required 30 minutes and chamber temperature rose to 43-47°C. Controls were treated as described except water was substituted for hydrogen peroxide. Each test was replicated three times.
Field Trials of Aerosol Formulations of Avermectin Bl, 1991
Authors: Bohnert T. J. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests were conducted on the relative efficacy and residual life of two aerosol formulations of avermectin Bl. The Dorie Miller Homes, Duneland Terrace, and Broadway Village, multi-family public housing complexes located in Gary, Indiana, served as the test sites; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. All applications were made with readyto- use aerosol cans containing formulated active ingredients. Bait was applied generously throughout the apartment, focusing attention on the cracks and crevices harboring infestations of cockroaches. Some general surface treatments were made at the intersections of shelves and cabinetry, or floors and walls (particularly around the stove and refrigerator). All obvious harborages (i.e., cracks in walls, along and behind baseboards, beneath and behind sinks, stoves, refrigerators and cabinets, around plumbing and other utility installations) were treated, as well as infested furniture and the inside of cabinets and closets. The amount of bait applied in each apartment was recorded for analysis. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum pretreatment count of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Each treatment was replicated in 11-14 apartments, but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percentage of reductions of the pretreatment counts. Prior to statistical analysis, percentage of reduction data were transformed to ranks. All data were analyzed with ANOVA models; followed by the F-statistic (P = 0.05) to determine significance between the treatments at each posttreatment census.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Controlling German Cockroaches, 1990
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pin-stream sprays from self-pressurized, aerosoltype containers, were directed into cracks and crevices of dwellings. Single-family dwellings, located in Sampson or Duplin counties, NC, served as test sites. Kitchens with a minimum of 100 living German cockroaches sighted in a preliminary survey were used, with 5 replications. Preapplication visual tallies of living cockroaches in the kitchens compared to tallies at specified intervals after treatment indicated efficacy. The chlorpyrifos formulations were continued through 24 wk in order to compare the efficiencies of chlorpyrifos with and without fenoxycarb. The amount of insecticide applied and the size, temperature and relative humidity of the kitchens, were recorded. Insecticide reapplications were made in kitchens where living cockroaches were observed during post application tallies. Non-test rooms in the dwellings were treated as needed at each visit to minimize migration of German cockroaches. Analysis were calculated on percent reduction of cockroaches (pre- versus post-tallies for a kitchen). The active ingredient applied in the initial applications for all formulations ranged from 0.12 to 5.3 g and 0.0 to 1.6 g during reapplications, respectively, for 50 m2 of kitchen floor and wall surfaces.
Speed of Action in Cockroach Baits, 1989
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Continuous feeding assays evaluated the speed of action of consumer and commercial cockroach baits. The toxicants (products) evaluated were: abamectin (Black Flag, 0.05%; Avert PT-300, 0.01%; and Avert PT-310, 0.05%); chlordecone (Kepone, 0.125%); chlorpyrifos (Raid Controller, 0.5%); hydramethylnon (Combat, 1.65%); propoxur (Baygon, 2.0%); and sulfluramid (Raid Max, 1.0%; PCO paste, 1.37%). Groups of 10 unsexed, 2-d old, 5th instars were housed in 100 × 25 mm vented plastic petri dishes supplied with water vial and cardboard harborage. A 1- g portion of each bait was added and moribundity was recorded periodically for 48 h, or until all insects had died. Each bait was replicated six times; no mortality occurred in control groups fed 1-g portions of lab chow. Regression of the cumulative probit moribundity vs. log10 of time (h) estimated lethal times.
Evaluation of Dimilin® 1 and 2% Pour-On for Control of Cattle Lice in Wyoming, 1991
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Waggoner J. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental cattle originated in southeast Wyoming. They were less than 1 yr old and were of mixed breeds. Cattle were housed at the University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, in separate pens in groups of 4 animals each. Cattle were naturally infested with Bovicola bovis, Linognathus vituli, and Solenopotes capillatus. Hair was parted and lice density was estimated by observing and recording the no. of lice of each species at sample sites on selected body regions of the host. Eight body regions were examined as follows: 1, 5 × 15 cm area on the topline; 1, 5 × 15 cm area on the withers; 2, 10 × 15 cm areas surrounding the right and left eyes; 2, 5 × 10 cm areas on the right and left cheeks; 1, 5 × 25 cm area on the muzzle; and 1, 5 × 15 cm area on the dewlap. Following pretreatment lice counts, infested cattle were ranked according to lice density. Groups of 3 similarly infested cattle were then randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups. Each concentration of Dimilin® pour-on was applied to 1 pen of 4 animals on 8 Feb. The pour-on was poured evenly, using a plastic syringe, along the back and down the face at the rate of 100 ml per animal. An additional pen of 4 animals, which received no insecticide treatment, served as the control.
Responses of Susceptible and Resistant Eusieus Tularensis Congdon to Ac 801,757 and Ac 303630, 1991
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Ouyang Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An organophosphate and carbamate resistant strain (R) and a susceptible strain (S) of the predatory mite E. tularensis were collected from citrus and reared for 6 months without pesticide selection. Both strains of the predatory mite were maintained in mass culture on citrus leaves with iceplant pollen (Malephora crocea (Jacq.)), under conditions of semi-darkness and 25 ° 3°C. Neither strain had been previously exposed to AC 801,757 or AC 303630. Initial laboratory screening categorized strain R with a 9.2 fold resistance to dimethoate (Cygon 4 E), a 6.8 fold resistance to chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4 E), a 287.1 fold resistance to carbaryl (Sevin 50 W), and a 3.7 fold resistance to formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol 92 SP) compared with strain S. Predatory mites were tested using a leaf dip bioassay procedure. Lima bean leaf discs (3.5 cm in diam) were dipped into insecticide concentrations for 5 s, placed lower side up on water-soaked cellucotton, and dried under a fume hood. Ten adult female mites were added to each leaf disc. Six to seven concentrations of AC 801,757 (20 EC) and AC 303630 (24 SC) and a water control were tested with each mite strain. Each leaf disc concentration was replicated 10 times. A 5 mm circle of paper was placed on each disc for oviposition and iceplant pollen was added for food. Exposed mites were kept in a growth chamber in complete darkness at 27 ° 1°C for 48 h after which mortality was recorded. Females that drowned in the water-leaf edge interface were scored as dead. Data were analyzed with the probit option of the POLO-PC program (LeOra Software, Berkeley, Calif.).
Effect of In-Furrow Systemic Insecticide and Fungicide Interaction on Thrips Control of Thrips in Cotton, 1991
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn , Kimbrough James 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots of ‘DPL 50’ were planted on 30 May at the University of Arkansas Northeast Research and Extension Center in Keiser, AR. Granular compounds were applied by Gandy box on the planter. In-furrow liquids were applied with a CO2 powered system mounted on the planter directing sprays into the furrow. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 15 psi through 8002 flat fan nozzles. All treatments were applied at planting. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Damage ratings were made based on scale of 1-10 with 10 = severe damage. Thrip counts were made by collecting 5 plants from each plot and washing the plants through a series of sieves, counting the thrips collected in the final sieve. Plant height measurements were made on 11 Jul. Yields were taken by harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Control of Bollworm on Cotton Using BT Combinations, 1991
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide treatments were applied on 9 and 31 Jul and 8 Aug on ‘DPL 50’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR. Treatments were applied with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 60 psi through TX-6 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 10 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and a 20-ft alley between reps. Insect counts were made 4-5 DAT by making whole plant searches on 14 row ft/plot. Plots were harvested on 6 Nov using a John Deere 2-row picker, harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Cotton Aphid Control in the Macon Ridge Region of Louisiana, 1991
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Long D. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against cotton aphids in non-irrigated cotton planted 17 Apr. For both tests, plots consisted of 4 rows (102 cm centers) x 15 m. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The test field had been treated previously with Ammo 2.5 EC (0.033 kg [AI]/ha) to stimulate cotton aphid infestations. Insecticides were applied to Test 1 and Test 2 and 18 Jul with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air system calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 3.02 kg/cm2. Plots were sampled on 22 (4 DAT) and 25 Jul (7 DAT). Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling the plant terminal (all apical shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf). Fifteen and 10 samples on 4 DAT and 7 DAT, respectively, were collected from each plot and held in glass jars. Aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300 mesh wire sieves, backwashed onto ruled filter paper (7 cm) and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. These tests received 0.9 cm rainfall on 18 Jul and 1.8 cm rainfall on 19 Jul.
Management of Cutworms with In-Furrow Insecticide Treatments at Planting, 1991
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Hutchinson R. L. , Graves J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted no-till on 13 May into a residue of hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth, on preformed beds. Plots consisted of 4 rows (102 cm centers) x 9.0 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. All plots received Ridomil PC 11 G (11.2 kg form./ha) at planting as a standard fungicide treatment. In-furrow granular treatments (IFGAP) were applied at planting with a John Deere 7100 planter modified to apply pesticides through split hopper boxes. In-furrow sprays (IFSAP) were applied as a directed spray into the seed furrow with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 46.8 liters total spray/ha through Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 2.81 kg/cm2. Post-plant broadcast treatments (PRE) were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air system and calibrated to deliver a volume of 93.6 liters total spray/ha through 2 TX-12 nozzles per row (50.8 cm spacing) at 3.02 kg/cm2. The PRE treatments were applied immediately after planting. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by measuring stand density, damaged plants, numbers of larvae, and estimating skip distances between plants on the 2 inside rows of each plot. From planting (13 May) to 30 May, 6.17 cm of rainfall were recorded.
Evaluation of Insecticides and Oils for Spider Mite Control on Jojoba, 1991:
Authors: Refhwisch Michael D. , Purcell Hal , Purcell Chip 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ten oil and insecticide treatments were applied to 4 varieties of 4 ft jojoba shrubs located near Bouse, AZ on 16 Apr. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with each jojoba variety serving as a block. One plant/block received a respective treatment. Treatments were made with a handsprayer, misting and walking around each treated plant for 10 sec, calibrated to 4.8 gal/acre. Plots were sampled on 17 Apr. Samples consisted of 25 terminals/plant 9 from lower ⅓ of the plant and 8 for each of the other ⅔ of the plant. Live spider mites were counted and recorded.
Soybean Looper Control with Reduced Rates of Selected Biological Insecticides, 1991:
Authors: Burris E. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected microbial insecticides (Biobit, Condor, Dipel ES, Agree, Javelin, EXP 60516A and Delta Bt) were evaluated for efficacy against the soybean looper. Soybeans were planted 3 Jun on a Sharkey clay soil at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, LA. Plots were 19.82 m X 4 rows (1.02 m row spacing), replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Test treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air system for spraying small plots. Spray volume was calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha with two 80015 fiat fan nozzles/row. Application was to all 4 rows of the plots on 23 Aug. The soybeans were in the R5 growth stage at the time of application. Fifty sweep samples per plot were taken at 3 and 6 DAT using a 38.2 cm diam sweep net. Rainfall amounts were 0.31 inch on 22 Aug, 0.28 inch on 26 Aug and 0.31 inch on 28 Aug.
Control of Soybean Looper in Mississippi, 1992:
Authors: Layton Blake , Hamer Jim 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six registered soybean insecticides and various rates or combinations of these materials were evaluated for efficacy against soybean looper. Treatments were applied on 3 Sep (growth stage = R5.5) with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal of finished spray/acre through 8001 flat-fan nozzle tips at 48 psi. Row spacing was 38 inches, and plots were 8 rows wide by 50 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were sampled at 4, 8, and 15 DAT using a 15-inch-diam sweep net. Pretreatment counts taken from border rows within the plot area revealed an average soybean looper population of 16 per 25 sweeps. No rain fell on the plots prior to the 4 DAT count.
Control of Arthropod Pests on Georgia Soybean, 1992:
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Bass Max H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of selected insecticides for control of velvetbean caterpillars, southern green stink bugs, Mexican bean beetles, and threecornered alfalfa hoppers was evaluated at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. Nine insecticides were foliar-applied on 9 Sep on ‘Braxton’ soybeans which had been planted on 26 May in rows spaced 0.9 m apart. Individual plots were 4 rows wide by 15 m long with 2-m alleys on each end and 2 border rows on each side. The nine treatments plus an untreated check were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-9 nozzles on a 1-boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 167 liters per hectare. Each plot was sampled for arthropod pest species prior to treatment and on 2, 7, 14, and 21 DAT, by taking a 25 sweep sample (C.4 m diam net) from a single row. Soybeans were in the R5 growth stage at the initiation of this test and R6 growth stage on 21 DAT. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (P = 0.05) and significant means separated using DMRT.
Effects on Non-Target Arthropods from Sugarcane Borer Control Large Plot Field Trial, 1992:
Authors: Younis A. M. , Rodriguez L. M. , Skias J. M. , Reagan T. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide sprays were applied 2 times to sugarcane fields located at Palo Alto Plantation near Donaldsonville, LA, to evaluate effects of full-season control of sugarcane borer infestations on non-target arthropods. Treatments were assigned to individual plots (ca. 1.5 ha each) according to a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Spray concentrates were applied by aircraft on a 14.5 m swath in water at a rate of 18.7 liter finished formulation/ha/application (2 gal/acre). The number and size of nozzles, the density (drops/cm), and size (μ) of droplets for the water mixed sprays were 29, 8046, 23.5, and 250, respectively. Insecticide applications were initiated on 28 Jul, when sugarcane internodes were visible above ground and at least 5% of the stalks harbored 1st to 3rd stage larvae in the leafsheaths. A second application to all treatments was made on 16 Aug when that threshold level of infestation again was found in plots treated with Asana XL. Non-target arthropods were continuously monitored in all treatments throughout the study using pitfall traps (pint jars filled with 150 ml of 70% methanol and 25 ml of mineral oil) embedded on the row and covered by a 22 cm diam disc supported by a tripod 3 cm above the jar and soil surface. Two traps were situated centrally 22 m apart in each plot and changed biweekly from 30 Jul to 21 Sep.
Control of Tobacco Wireworms on Fumigated and Non-Fumigated Land with Soil Insecticides, 1992:
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S , Etheridge A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were conducted at the Upper Piedmont Research Station near Reidsville, NC, to determine the effects of various soil pesticides on tobacco wireworms. In one test site, the land was fumigated with Telone C-17 on 11 Apr at 98.2 liters/ha, while the other site was not fumigated. The predominant soil type was Cecil loamy sand (pH 6.3). On 13 May, the fumigated test site was divided into 20 plots to form a RCB design with 5 treatments and 4 blocks, while the non-fumigated test was divided into 28 plots to form a RCB with 7 treatments and 4 blocks. Individual plots were 20 plants long (ca. 12.2 m) and 4 rows wide (1.14 m between rows). Sprays were applied using a CO2-powered sprayer fitted with five 8004 Spraying Systems flat-fan nozzles 50.8 cm (20 inches) apart on a 6.7 m (80 inch) boom at 207 kpa (30 psi) and a delivery rate of 234 liters/ha (25 gal/acre). In the fumigated test, the Temik 15 G was applied through two fertilizer shanks attached to an electrically driven, granular applicator. The shanks were positioned 12.7 cm (5 inches) on each side of the row center and 12.7 cm below the final bed surface (SHANK). In the non-fumigated test, the Temik 15 G was applied with the electrically driven, granular applicator with a single 14 inch distributing fan centered on the row (BAND). All treatments were incorporated via ridging immediately after application. Flue-cured tobacco, (K-326, a root-knot nematode-resistant variety) was transplanted on 15 May with a single row transplanter. Soil moisture was very good (13.8%) at the time of transplanting. Nineteen days after transplanting, 10 consecutive plants from row 2 in each plot were gently pulled from the soil. The roots and underground portions of the stems were visually examined and rated for wireworm damage as follows: 0 = no damage; 1 = feeding scars on root surface; 2 = feeding reaching pith with tunneling &lt; 1 cm; 3 = pith tunneling from 1-5 cm; 4 = pith tunneling &gt; 5 cm; and 5 = dead plant. Using this data, the avg wireworm rating and the proportion of wireworm damaged plants was calculated. Data were subjected to ANOVA and WD, K = 100. Proportion of plants infested was transformed to arcsine V proportion before ANOVA.
Aphid and Budworm Control in Tobacco, 1992:
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Padgett Marion L. , Taylor J. Delano 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted on 31 Mar at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA. Production practices were used according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service guidelines. A pre-plant incorporated tank mix of the following was applied; Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridmil for blue mold control, Nemacur for nematoda suppression, and Lorsban for wireworm and mole cricket control. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 lb/acre. Plots 4 rows wide (44 inch row spacing) by 20 ft long were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. On 15 May, 2 insecticide treatments (Sevine and Orthene) plus an untreated control were applied to the center 2 rows of selected plots using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3 TX-9 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 13.7 gal/acre at 40 psi. On 27 May, these 2 treatments plus 6 additional treatments were applied as previously described. Each of the 8 treatments was reapplied on 3 Jun. Prior to tbe 27 May application, and 3 and 6 d after the first spray and 5 and 8 d after the 2nd spray, the number of live aphids and thrips on plants 2, 4 and 6 on row 2 was recorded. Also on these dates, the number of budworms were counted per 10 plants on row %. All data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT (P = 0.05).
Field Evaluation of Seed and Rescue Treatments for Cereal Aphid Control, 1992:
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Kieckhefer R. W. , Fuller B. W. , Beck D. , Jenson J. M. , Chambers W. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Winter wheat was planted 11 Sep at 75 lb per acre in 17.5 cm rows using a 10-row international drill near Brookings, SD. The study was arranged in a RCB design replicated 4 times by pretreatment infestation level. One M2 field plots were artificially infested 9 Oct with laboratory-reared RWA at the 2-leaf stage of physiological development. A pretreatment census indicated that 15.9 RWA/tiller were present, in addition to wild populations of 7.0 and 1.1 CLA and OBC/tiller, respectively. Seed treatments (NTN 33893) were laboratory-prepared and applied to seed prior to planting. Foliar treatments were applied 16 Oct using a hand-held spray boom with Teejet 8002 nozzles delivering 20 gal/acre at 39 psi. Postapplication aphid counts were conducted at 4 and 10 DAT (days after treatment) by randomly selecting 1 tiller from each plot quadrant, and an additional tiller from the plot center. Aphid count and % reduction (preapplication – postapplication)/ preapplication) data were subjected to SAS GLM procedure and means were compared using DMRT. Adequate populations were maintained in untreated plots throughout the last sampling date (10 DAT).