bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous seismic anisotropy beneath Madeira and Canary archipelagos revealed by local and teleseismic shear wave splitting
Authors: Schlaphorst David , Silveira Graça , Mata João , Krüger Frank , Dahm Torsten , Ferreira Ana M G 
Published: November 2022

SUMMARYMid-plate upward mantle flow is a key component of global mantle convection, but its patterns are poorly constrained. Seismic anisotropy is the most direct way to infer mantle flow as well as melt distribution, yet the convection patterns associated with plume-like mantle upwelling are understudied due to limited seismic data coverage. Here, we investigate seismic anisotropy beneath the Madeira and Canary hotspots using a dense set of shear wave splitting observations and combining teleseismic and local events recorded by three-component broad-band and short-period seismic stations. Using a total of 26 stations in the Madeira archipelago and 43 stations around the Canary Islands, we obtain 655 high-quality measurements that reveal heterogeneous flow patterns. Although local event results are sparse around most islands, we can observe a small average of S-wave splitting times of 0.16 ± 0.01 s, which significantly increase with source depth beneath El Hierro (&gt;20 km) and Tenerife (&gt;38 km) up to 0.58 ± 0.01 and 0.47 ± 0.05 s. This suggests an influence of melt pocket orientation in magma reservoirs developed at uppermost-mantle depths. Likewise, anisotropy increases significantly beneath the islands with shield stage volcanism (up to 9.81 ± 1.78 per cent at El Hierro, western Canaries, against values up to 1.76 ± 0.73 per cent at Lanzarote, eastern Canaries). On average, teleseismic SKS-wave splitting delay times are large (2.19 ± 0.05 s), indicating sublithospheric mantle flow as the primary source for anisotropy in the region. In the Canaries, the western islands show significantly smaller average SKS delay times (1.93 ± 0.07 s) than the eastern ones (2.25 ± 0.11 s), which could be explained by destructive interference above the mantle upwelling. Despite complex patterns of fast polarization directions throughout both regions, some azimuthal pattern across close stations can be observed and related to present-day mantle flow and anisotropy frozen in the lithosphere since before 60 Ma. Additionally, we infer that the current presence of a mantle plume beneath the archipelagos leads to the associated complex, small-scale heterogeneous anisotropy observations.
Normal mode observability of radial anisotropy in the Earth’s mantle
Authors: Restelli F , Koelemeijer P , Ferreira A M G 
Published: November 2022

SUMMARYObservations of seismic anisotropy provide useful information to infer directions of mantle flow. However, existing global anisotropic tomography models are not consistent, particularly in the lower mantle. Therefore, the interpretation of seismic anisotropy in terms of mantle dynamics and evolution remains difficult. While surface and body waves are commonly used to build radially anisotropic tomography models, they provide heterogeneous data coverage and the radial anisotropy structure retrieved using these data may be biased by the use of imperfect crustal corrections. Normal modes, the free oscillations of the Earth, automatically provide global data coverage and their sensitivity to shear wave (vs) and compressional wave (vp) velocity makes them suitable to study both vs and vp anisotropy in the mantle. In this study, we assess whether current normal mode splitting data have sufficient sensitivity to lower mantle anisotropy to potentially constrain it. We consider the uncertainties in the data and the effect of inaccuracies in crustal thickness corrections and the assumed scaling between vp and vs. We perform forward modelling of normal mode data using six different 3-D global radially anisotropic tomography models to document how strong and widespread anisotropy has to be to be observable in current normal mode data. We find that, on average 50% of the spheroidal and 55% of the toroidal modes investigated show significant sensitivity to vs anisotropy, while roughly 57% of the spheroidal modes also have strong sensitivity to vp anisotropy. Moreover, we find that the normal mode data fit varies substantially for the various anisotropic tomography models considered, with the addition of anisotropy not always improving the data fit. While we find that crustal thickness corrections do not strongly impact modes that are sensitive to the lower mantle, we observe a trade-off between radial anisotropy and vp scaling for these modes. As long as this is taken into consideration, our findings suggest that existing normal mode data sets can provide valuable information on both vs and vp anisotropy in the mantle.
Coagulation Alterations in Major Burn Patients: A Narrative Review
Authors: Guilabert Patricia , Martin Nuria , Usúa Gemma , Vendrell Marina , Colomina Maria J , Barret Juan P 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMajor burn patients (MBP) can present multifactorial coagulation alterations induced by trauma and endothelial damage, fluid replacement therapy, hypothermia, hypoperfusion, acidosis, and activation of the inflammatory cascade. However, the multiple coagulation alterations that occur are still poorly defined. The aim of this review is to combine the results of the different coagulation tests currently used to study coagulation changes in these patients. The PubMed database was searched for articles reporting factor levels or coagulation tests using the keywords “Burns” and “Blood Coagulation”. Of the 720 articles retrieved from the search, 20 were finally included in the review. Coagulopathy in the MBP differs from that of the trauma patient, insofar as the former present with an increase in factors VIII, IX, and vW on admission accompanied by an increase in fibrin and thrombin production. This is followed by activation of fibrinolysis and prolonged prothrombin (PT) and thromboplastin (aPTT) times in the first 24 hours, increased fibrinogen after 48 hours, and thrombocytosis between the second and third week. Viscoelastic testing shows a pattern that shifts from normal coagulation to a hypercoagulable state with no evidence of hyperfibrinolysis. Alterations in PT and aPTT together with elevated Factor VIII have been associated with mortality, while normalization of antithrombin, and protein C and S levels are associated with a good prognosis. Although standard coagulation tests initially show alterations, the MBP does not appear to be hypocoagulable, and viscoelastic testing shows a trend toward hypercoagulability over time. Coagulation disorders affect prognosis in the MBP.
Frictional contact analysis in a spherical roller bearing
Authors: Blanco-Lorenzo Julio , Liu Sheng , Santamaria Javier , Meehan Paul A , Vadillo Ernesto G 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Numerical analyses of the roller–raceway contact have been carried out in a spherical roller bearing using frictional contact models of different complexity. The models used in the study include an implementation of Kalker’s exact contact theory named CECT (Conformal Exact Contact Theory) and detailed Finite Element models. The adequacy of the more simplified contact solutions is assessed by contrasting them with the solutions obtained with the more comprehensive models. Additionally, the use of the exact contact theory, well known in the wheel–rail application, is demonstrated in contact mechanics analyses in rolling bearings, describing relevant details of its implementation for this application. Situations with different normal loads and friction levels have been analysed, and two distinct steady equilibrium configurations of the roller have been identified.
Jasmonate-regulated seed germination and crosstalk with other phytohormones
Authors: Pan Jinjing , Wang Houping , You Qiugui , Cao Rui , Sun Guiling , Yu Diqiu 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSeed plants have evolved mechanisms that maintain the dormancy of mature seeds until the time is appropriate for germination. Seed germination is a critical step in the plant life cycle, and it is an important trait in relation to agricultural production. The process is precisely regulated by various internal and external factors, and in particular by diverse endogenous hormones. Jasmonates (JAs) are one of the main plant hormones that mediate stress responses, and recent studies have provided evidence of their inhibitory effects on seed germination. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory roles of JAs during the seed germination stage. We describe the crosstalk between JA and other phytohormones that influence seed germination, such as abscisic acid and gibberellic acid.
Testing Association of Previously Implicated Gene Sets and Gene-Networks in Nicotine Exposed Mouse Models with Human Smoking Phenotypes
Authors: Mize Travis J , Funkhouser Scott A , Buck Jordan M , Stitzel Jerry A , Ehringer Marissa A , Evans Luke M 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroductionSmoking behaviors are partly heritable, yet the genetic and environmental mechanisms underlying smoking phenotypes are not fully understood. Developmental nicotine exposure (DNE) is a significant risk factor for smoking and leads to gene expression changes in mouse models; however, it is unknown whether the same genes whose expression is impacted by DNE are also those underlying smoking genetic liability. We examined whether genes whose expression in D1-type striatal medium spiny neurons due to DNE in the mouse are also associated with human smoking behaviors.MethodsSpecifically, we assessed whether human orthologs of mouse-identified genes, either individually or as a set, were genetically associated with five human smoking traits using MAGMA and S-LDSC while implementing a novel expression-based gene-SNP annotation methodology.ResultsWe found no strong evidence that these genes sets were more strongly associated with smoking behaviors than the rest of the genome, but ten of these individual genes were significantly associated with three of the five human smoking traits examined (p &lt; 2.5e-6). Three of these genes have not been reported previously and were discovered only when implementing the expression-based annotation.ConclusionsThese results suggest the genes whose expression is impacted by DNE in mice are largely distinct from those contributing to smoking genetic liability in humans. However, examining a single mouse neuronal cell type may be too fine a resolution for comparison, suggesting that experimental manipulation of nicotine consumption, reward, or withdrawal in mice may better capture genes related to the complex genetics of human tobacco use.ImplicationsGenes whose expression is impacted by DNE in mouse D1-type striatal medium spiny neurons were not found to be, as a whole, more strongly associated with human smoking behaviors than the rest of the genome, though ten individual mouse-identified genes were associated with human smoking traits. This suggests little overlap between the genetic mechanisms impacted by DNE and those influencing heritable liability to smoking phenotypes in humans. Further research is warranted to characterize how developmental nicotine exposure paradigms in mice can be translated to understand nicotine use in humans and their heritable effects on smoking.
Engineering the enzyme toolbox to tailor glycosylation in small molecule natural products and protein biologics
Authors: Ouadhi Sara , López Dulce María Valdez , Mohideen F Ifthiha , Kwan David H 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Many glycosylated small molecule natural products and glycoprotein biologics are important in a broad range of therapeutic and industrial applications. The sugar moieties that decorate these compounds often show a profound impact on their biological functions, thus biocatalytic methods for controlling their glycosylation are valuable. Enzymes from nature are useful tools to tailor bioproduct glycosylation but these sometimes have limitations in their catalytic efficiency, substrate specificity, regiospecificity, stereospecificity, or stability. Enzyme engineering strategies such as directed evolution or semi-rational and rational design have addressed some of the challenges presented by these limitations. In this review, we highlight some of the recent research on engineering enzymes to tailor the glycosylation of small molecule natural products (including alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, and peptides), as well as the glycosylation of protein biologics (including hormones, enzyme-replacement therapies, enzyme inhibitors, vaccines, and antibodies).
The use of integrative taxonomy in Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa): a literature survey
Authors: Kessel Gustav M , Alderslade Philip , Bilewitch Jaret P , Schnabel Kareen E , Gardner Jonathan P A 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Octocorals are problematic in their systematics, and the extent of their biodiversity is poorly understood. Integrative taxonomy (the use of two or more lines of evidence for the delimitation and description of taxa) is seen as a promising way to produce more robust species hypotheses and achieve taxonomic progress in this group. However, many octocoral descriptions continue to rely on morphological evidence alone, and the prevalence of integrative methods is unclear. Here, a literature survey was conducted to gain an overview of historical description rates and to examine trends in the publication of integrative descriptions between the years 2000 and 2020. We find that recent description rates are among the highest in the history of octocoral taxonomy, and although increasing, integrative taxon descriptions remain in the minority overall. We also find that integrative taxonomy has been applied unevenly across octocoral groups and geographical regions. Description rates show no signs of slowing, and no ceiling of total species richness has yet come into view. Coupled with a continued overreliance on morphological variation, particularly at the species level, this suggests that we might be adding to the workload of taxa requiring future revision faster than such instances can be resolved.
Management and outcome of pancreatic trauma: a 6-year experience at a level I trauma center
Authors: Anand Abhinav , Dar Parvez Mohi Ud Din , Rani Preksha , Kaur Supreet , James Joses Dany , Alam Junaid , Priyadarshini Pratyusha , Kumar Abhinav , Bagaria Dinesh , Choudhary Narendra , Kumar Subodh , Gupta Amit , Sagar Sushma , Mishra Biplab 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundPancreatic trauma (PT) accounts for less than 1% of all trauma admissions. Occasionally, PT is undetected during the primary survey and becomes apparent only when complications arise. It occurs in up to 5% of blunt abdominal trauma cases and 12% of individuals with penetrating abdominal injuries. Management is determined by the status of the main pancreatic duct and associated injuries.MethodsThis was an ambispective study conducted at the Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, from January 2015 to December 2017 (retrospective), and January 2019 to December 2020 (prospective). In total, 113 patients with PT were included in this study.ResultsWe analyzed the data of 113 patients with PT included in this study, of which males predominated (93.7%). Blunt PT was present in 101 patients (89.4%) and penetrating PT in 12 patients (10.6%). Half of the patients (51.3%) had the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grade III PT, followed by grade II (18.6%), and grade I (15%). Of the total 113 patients, 68 (60.2%) were treated with operative management, and 45 (39.8%) with nonoperative management. Distal pancreatectomy, with or without splenectomy, was the most common procedure performed in our study, followed by drainage. There were 27 mortalities (23.8%) during the study period, of which 7 were directly related to PT and 20 were due to other organ-related sepsis and hemorrhagic shock.ConclusionPancreatic trauma is rare but challenging for trauma surgeons, with persistent management controversies. Early diagnosis is important for favorable results; however, a delay in diagnosis has been associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Low-grade pancreatic injuries can be successfully managed nonoperatively, whereas high-grade pancreatic injuries require surgical intervention.
Recent developments in the diagnosis and management of N1 penile cancer
Authors: O’Brien Jonathan S. , McVey Aoife , Kelly Brian D. , Chee Justin , Lawrentschuk Nathan 
Published: November 2022

Purpose of reviewThis article presents a critical review of the current literature to provide a brief update on the contemporary advances in diagnosing and managing N1 penile cancer.Recent findingsPenile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC) has evolved from being an orphan field for cancer innovation. Advances in the understanding tumour biology have enabled sophisticated diagnostics and predictive modelling to better characterize inguinal disease. Minimally invasive inguinal lymph node dissection is emerging as a technique that reduces morbidity while maintaining oncological safety. Furthermore, robust clinical trials are underway ,which will provide level one evidence to guide treatment decisions. Exciting advances in the field of immune-oncology offer promise as adjuvant therapies. International collaboration and centralisation of care will be essential to driving translational research and equitable evidence-based care.SummaryImproving outcomes for men with pSCC remains a global challenge. Radical inguinal lymph node dissection remains the gold standard for diagnosing and curing N1 disease. Although many promising developments are on the horizon, high-level evidence is required to guide therapy.
HYDROCORTISONE, ASCORBIC ACID, AND THIAMINE THERAPY DECREASE RENAL OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN MURINE SEPSIS
Authors: Kim John , Stolarski Allan , Zhang Qiuyang , Wee Katherine , Remick Daniel 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs frequently in septic patients and correlates with increased mortality. Because clinical studies investigating hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid, and thiamine (HAT) have demonstrated discordant results, studies were performed using mortality stratification for therapy to identify candidates for therapy and determine mechanisms of organ injury. Methods: Sepsis was induced using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis with fluid and antibiotic support. Heart rate (HR) measurements obtained 6 hours after CLP stratified mice into live predicted (P-Live) or die predicted (P-Die). Stratified mice were then randomized for treatment with HAT or vehicle given 7 hours after CLP. Physiologic measurements were taken again at 24 hours, and mice were killed to collect blood and organs. Results: The following five groups were created: (1) P-Live vehicle, (2) P-Live HAT, (3) P-Die vehicle, (4) P-Die HAT, and (5) naive mice. Comparisons were made to test the hypotheses that (1) P-Die vehicle mice will have significant deterioration compared with P-Live mice targeting the kidney and (2) HAT will correct these deleterious changes in P-Die mice. Compared with P-Live, P-Die mice had a significant decline in all measured physiologic parameters (HR, cardiac output, breath rate, and temperature), which were corrected with HAT therapy (P < 0.05 for all parameters). The P-Die mice had declines in the ascorbic acid within the blood, peritoneal lavage, and kidney homogenate compared with P-Live mice indicating consumption, and the decline was corrected with HAT. Elevated IL-6, KC, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-2, and IL-1RA were found in P-Die mice and decreased with HAT. Markers of endothelial cell injury (glypican 1 and glypican 4) were elevated in the P-Die mice, and these values were decreased with HAT therapy. Low oxygen levels with subsequent oxidative stress (OS) in the kidney were visualized in histologic sections using hypoxyprobe and also with carbonyl proteins and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α in kidney homogenates. The P-Die mice had significant elevations of renal OSs, which was ameliorated with HAT. Kidney injury was evident in the P-Die mice compared with P-Live mice with elevations in blood urea nitrogen and cystatin C, which were significantly reduced with HAT. There was no evidence of global hypoxia or organ injury because hepatic parameters remained normal. Conclusions: Our data show that in CLP-induced sepsis, P-Die mice have increased inflammation, OS, and kidney injury. Hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid, and thiamine therapy decreased renal OS and injury in the P-Die group when given after the onset of sepsis-induced physiologic changes.
POTENTIAL CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF GENIPIN VIA CYCLOOXIDASE 2 SUPPRESSION AND P53 SIGNAL PATHWAY ATTENUATION IN INDUCED MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN RATS
Authors: Zhao Liang , Sun Lulu , Li Xiafei , Lu Tian , Pan Yuxue , Du Pengchong 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT

Background and aims: Genipin, an iridoid derived from geniposide by β-glucosidase hydrolysis, has shown potential benefit in the treatment of heart function insufficiency despite its unclear therapeutic mechanism. This study aimed to investigate the primary cardioprotective mechanism of genipin. We hypothesized that genipin demonstrated the antiapoptosis and anti-inflammation for cardiac protection by inhibiting the cyclooxidase 2 (COX2)–prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and murine double minute 2 (MDM2)–p53 pathways. Methods: The normal Sprague-Dawley rats were made into myocardial infarction models by conventional methods. Animals were treated with genipin for 5 weeks after myocardial infarction (MI). Morphometric and hemodynamic measurements were performed 5 weeks post-MI. Biological and molecular experiments were performed after the termination. Results: Both morphometry and hemodynamics in systole and diastole were significantly impaired in the model group but restored close to basal level after treatment with genipin. Genipin also restored the post-MI upregulated expressions of cytochrome c, p53, COX2, and PGD2 and downregulated expression of MDM2 to the approximate baseline. Genipin inhibited apoptotic and inflammatory pathways to prevent post-MI structure-function remodeling. Conclusions: This study showed the cardioprotective mechanism of genipin and implied its potential clinical application for the treatment of ischemic heart failure.
Immunosuppression in Uterus Transplantation: Experience From the Dallas Uterus Transplant Study
Authors: Wilson Nicole K. , Schulz Philipp , Wall Anji , Parrott Megan , Testa Giuliano , Johannesson Liza , Sam Teena 
Published: November 2022

Background.
Uterus transplantation is a temporary transplant allowing women with absolute uterine factor infertility to experience pregnancy and childbirth. The degree of immunosuppression (IS) required to prevent rejection while minimizing toxicity to the recipient and fetus remains an area of investigation.

Methods.
In this article, we describe immunosuppressive therapy, rejection episodes, infections, and adverse events in 14 uterus transplant recipients. Induction consisted of antithymocyte globulin and methylprednisolone. Ten recipients (71%) received no steroids postoperatively, and 4 (29%) had steroids tapered off at 42 d. All received oral tacrolimus, either immediate release (n = 2, 14%) or extended release (n = 12, 86%). Mycophenolate was used in 4 cases (29%), de novo azathioprine in 9 (64%), and de novo everolimus in 1 (7%).

Results.
Sixteen clinically silent, treatment-responsive rejection episodes occurred in 10 recipients. Five recipients (36%) experienced acute kidney injury. In 3 recipients, IS was discontinued due to renal dysfunction. Eleven infection episodes were noted in 7 recipients. No babies had congenital abnormalities.

Conclusions.
Our experience demonstrates that safe IS regimens can be used for uterus transplant recipients before and during pregnancy.