bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensorimotor effects of plasticity‐inducing percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation protocols: a blinded, randomized clinical trial
Authors: Beltrá P. , Ruiz‐del‐Portal I. , Ortega F. J. , Valdesuso R. , Delicado‐Miralles M. , Velasco E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundElectrical stimulation of skin afferents can induce somatosensory plasticity in humans. Nevertheless, it is unknown if this is possible to do through percutaneous stimulation of a peripheral nerve, which will allow for regional anaesthesia interventions. Furthermore, potentiation protocols applied over mainly non‐nociceptive fibres inhibit nociception in rodents, but this has not been tested in humans.ObjectiveTo determine whether a protocol aiming to depress the nociceptive circuit and another aiming to potentiate non‐nociceptive circuits produce regional hypoalgesia and changes in motor function, applied through percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (pPNS), and to assess which of them is more promising for pain relief, immediately and 24 h after the intervention.MethodsPT‐cLF protocol aims to depress the nociceptive pathway through Pain Threshold, continuous Low Frequency stimulation and ST‐bHF aims to produce potentiation of the non‐nociceptive pathway, through Sensory Threshold burst stimulation at High Frequency. All subjects (n = 29) went through both protocols and a control condition in a randomized and blinded crossover design.ResultsCompared to control, ST‐bHF induced distal hypoalgesia, towards electrical (p = 0.04) and mechanical stimuli (p = 0.02) and produced mechanical hypoesthesia (p = 0.02). Contrarily, hypoalgesia was not observed after PT‐cLF (p > 0.05) but increased electrical motor threshold (p = 0.04), reduced motor recruitment (p = 0.03), and the subjects reported feeling reduced strength (p < 0.01).ConclusionThis works provides evidence that is possible to induce antinociceptive plasticity in a wide territory using pPNS. Moreover, it demonstrates for the first time in humans that a protocol aiming to produce long‐term potentiation applied predominantly over non‐nociceptive afferents induces hypoesthesia and hypoalgesia.
National policymaking between influences of the European Union and the economy
Authors: Bandelow Nils C. , Hornung Johanna , Sager Fritz , Schröder Ilana , Schubert Klaus 
Published: February 2022

摘要2022年开启了许多希望。其中包括找到应对2019冠状病毒病（COVID‐19）大流行的有效方法、缓解气候变化以及人类平等。面对这些目标，国家决策过程经常受两大重要关系的影响，即欧盟超国家层面的关系以及强大经济行动者的关系。本期《欧洲政策分析》收录6篇原创文章，聚焦于欧盟和经济对国内决策的影响，并提供见解分析这些相互依赖性所带来的挑战和机遇。继2008年金融危机后，欧盟成员国将金融监管和金融市场管制领域的重要能力转移到了超国家层面。这导致2014年银行业联盟的建立（Guidi, 2019）。Swinkels和van Esch（2022）使用由Rinscheid、Eberlein、Emmenegger和Schneider（2019）提出的框架表明，关键政策行动者的信念转变如何能解释银行业联盟呈现的制度变革。Fischer、Refle和Maggetti（2022）同样对拥有许多相互依赖性的强大经济（即瑞士能源部门）（Dermont & Kammermann, 2020）表示关切，他们分析了非正式网络在国内层面上的欧洲化。作者解析了多层治理中国内行动者和欧洲行动者之间的复杂关系网，并论证认为，非正式和自下而上的过程在公共决策中发挥关键作用，即使在非欧盟成员国中也是如此。Liefferink 和Leppänen（2022）的文章更多地聚焦于气候变化的挑战，而不是政治经济学，他们将多源流框架（MSF）（Herweg, Zahariadis, & Zohlnhöfer, 2017）应用于公正转型基金（JTF）的议程设置阶段和政策制定阶段。作者提出主张，认为制度情境显著影响了政策企业家的影响力，并概述了超国家机构对欧盟气候政策的相关性。这与本刊及相关杂志（Arenal, Feijoo, Moreno, Ramos, & Armuña, 2021）收录的“强调超国家层面政策企业家性质（policy entrepreneurship）的其他研究”的结果相一致。Meister Broekema、Horlings和Bulder（2021）进一步研究了欧盟在应对社会挑战一事中的相关性。通过审视和调查地平线2020计划（Horizon 2020）关于“共同创造增长和包容”的号召中内在的共同创造（co‐creation）战略，文章批判评估了该号召在激励创新方面的能力，并作结论认为，该计划的政策设计因过于严苛而无法刺激创新。聚焦于政府和社会资本合作（PPP）的参与动机，Ilgenstein（2021）同样基于MSF的视角，揭示了行动者在PPPs中的介入是由政策所驱动，而不是依赖财政刺激。因此，文章有助于解释在瑞士这一拥有少数PPPs的国家中PPPs取得的成功，并有助于提升MSF在公共行政中的解释力。最后，Benczes（2021）调查了当前同等迫切的挑战，即民粹主义，以研究在位民粹主义者对经济产生了何种影响。尽管文章（由地平线2020研究和创新计划资助）有关于拉美国家的实证案例，但为具有民粹主义倾向的欧洲国家提供了重要经验。作者强调，民粹主义政府支持稳定的宏观经济并尊重其限制，但却主要通过让人民与精英相对抗的再分配措施影响国内经济。
Transcervical styloidectomy for Eagle syndrome
Authors: De Ravin Emma , Frost Ariel S. , Mady Leila J. , Newman Jason G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe demonstrate a safe and effective surgical technique for the operative management of Eagle syndrome, also known as stylohyoid syndrome, via transcervical styloidectomy. Fifteen patients who presented to our institution for surgical management of Eagle syndrome were included. A detailed video shows the operative techniques used to perform styloidectomy via a transcervical approach. The procedure was well tolerated without complications, and all patients were discharged on postoperative day one. Thirteen patients (87%) endorsed significant improvement or complete resolution of their presenting complaint(s), most commonly throat and neck pain/discomfort (53%), otalgia (47%), and/or tinnitus (40%). The transcervical approach for styloidectomy provides an alternative for operative access that overcomes the limitations associated with the transoral approach. It enables better exposure of the operative field, a more efficient procedure, and, in the senior author's experience, results in decreased postoperative pain, trismus, and length of hospital stay.
Characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID‐19 patients with pulmonary disorders: A single‐center, retrospective observational study
Authors: Jamal Wasim , Khatib Mohamad Y. , Al Wraidat Mohammad , Ahmed Amna , Ananthegowda Dore C. , Mohamed Ahmed S. , Aroos Asra , Chandra Prem , Hameed Mansoor , Yousaf Muhammad , Al‐Mohammed Ahmed , Nashwan Abdulqadir J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionMortality rates and clinical characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) vary significantly.ObjectivesTo describe the data of patients with pulmonary comorbidities who were admitted to the ICU with COVID‐19 in Qatar in terms of demographic characteristics, coexisting conditions, imaging findings, and outcomes.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of the outcomes with regard to mortality and requirement of invasive ventilation, demographic characteristics, coexisting conditions, secondary infections, and imaging findings for critical care patients with COVID‐19 in Qatar who had pulmonary comorbidities between March and June 2020.ResultsA total of 923 patients were included, 29 (3.14%) were found to have pulmonary disease. All these 29 patients' respiratory disease was noted to be asthma. Among these, three patients (10.3%) died in the ICU within 28 days of ICU admission. They were all above 50 years old. Nineteen (66%) patients required intubation and mechanical ventilation. Twenty‐one (72.4%) patients were males. The most common comorbidities included diabetes mellitus (55.1%) and hypertension (62%). Eighteen (62%) patients developed secondary infections in the ICU. Five (17.24%) patients developed renal impairment. Twenty (69%) patients received tocilizumab as part of their COVID‐19 management, and out of these 16 (80%) patients developed a coinfection.ConclusionPatients with pulmonary disorders had higher mortality rates than other patients admitted to ICU during the same time frame with similar comorbidities; these patients require extra consideration and care to avoid disease progression and death.
Water reuse to free up freshwater for higher‐value use and increase climate resilience and water productivity
Authors: Drechsel Pay , Qadir Manzoor , Baumann Jurgen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe impact of climate change on the availability of water affects all types of land use and sectors. This complexity calls for integrated water resources management and negotiations between sectors on the most important, cost‐effective, and productive allocation of water where it is a limited resource. This reflection paper shows examples of adaptation efforts to water scarcity at a scale where gains in water productivity can be derived from inter‐sectoral water reuse and wastewater–freshwater swaps, complementing other water scarcity coping strategies (water savings, long‐distance transfer, and desalination). Wastewater treatment for reuse offers opportunities across scales as it allows, for example, donor regions to be compensated with reclaimed water for the release of freshwater for higher‐value use, increasing overall economic water productivity in this way. In such water swaps, farmers are compensated with higher water volumes in exchange for higher quality. The reuse of water between sectors offers opportunities to (i) expand the traditional (agricultural) water productivity concept and (ii) significantly increase water productivity at the system level. While rural–urban water reallocation can help mitigate the impacts of climate change, compensating farmers with reclaimed water remains limited for the reasons discussed in the paper.
Central venous catheters are associated with thrombosis among adult inpatients undergoing therapeutic plasma exchange
Authors: Soares Ferreira Júnior Alexandre , Boyle Stephen H. , Kuchibhatla Maragatha , Onwuemene Oluwatoyosi A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundFor inpatients undergoing therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in the United States, the primary mode of venous access is the central venous catheter (CVC). To evaluate the impact of CVC on thrombosis outcomes of patients undergoing TPE, we analyzed the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database.Study Design and MethodsIn a cross‐sectional analysis of the NIS, we identified hospital discharges of adult patients treated with TPE. Cases were classified into two groups based on CVC status. The primary outcome was thrombosis. Secondary outcomes were major bleeding, packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion, in‐hospital mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), and charges.ResultsAmong 9863 TPE‐treated discharges, CVC was used in 5988 (60%). These numbers correspond to weighted national estimates of 49 315 and 29 940, respectively. There was a positive and significant association between CVC and thrombosis (OR = 1.23, 95% 1.04‐1.46, P = 0.0174), PRBC transfusion (OR = 1.15, 95% 1.03‐1.29, P = 0.0121), in‐hospital mortality (OR = 1.36, 95% 1.10‐1.68, P = 0.0043), hospital LOS (15.63 vs 12.45 days, P < 0.0001) and hospital charges ($166 387 vs. $132 655, P < 0.0001).ConclusionIn hospitalized patients undergoing TPE, CVC use is associated with increased rates of thrombosis. Future studies are needed to investigate strategies to decrease CVC use and/or prevent CVC‐associated complications in TPE‐treated inpatients.
How to calculate, use, and report variance explained effect size indices and not die trying
Authors: Iacobucci Dawn , Popovich Deidre L. , Moon Sangkil , Román Sergio 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMany consumer research and social science journals are increasingly urging behavioral researchers to submit effect sizes among their reported results. Yet most researchers are less familiar with effect sizes than with significance tests, even in choosing among them. This article clarifies the concepts, formulae, and appropriate usage of the “variance explained” effect size indices, eta‐squared, omega‐squared, and epsilon‐squared (), and their partial effect size variants (). Equations are presented, explained, and illustrated. Software is provided to facilitate the calculation of the indices in SAS, SPSS, and R, and suggestions and updated guidance are offered to scholars regarding reporting practices. The primary contribution of this article is to clarify the role of variance explained effect sizes in behavioral research so that scholars can be confident in precisely understanding the content of these measures in their analysis and reporting.
The multiplicative function of expectancy and value in predicting engineering students' choice, persistence, and performance
Authors: Lee You‐kyung , Freer Emily , Robinson Kristy A. , Perez Tony , Lira Amalia K. , Briedis Daina , Walton S. Patrick , Linnenbrink‐Garcia Lisa 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundStudents are more likely to persist when they both perceive themselves as capable of success (expectancy) and perceive tasks to be interesting, important, and useful (values) or less costly in terms of effort, lost opportunities, and psychological stress (perceived costs). Prior research has not examined whether these motivational beliefs synergistically predict engineering‐related outcomes; studying such synergy is critical for understanding how multiple forms of motivation combine to support engineering persistence.Purpose/HypothesisWe tested how engineering academic self‐efficacy (expectancy), values/costs, and their interaction predicted engineering‐related outcomes. We hypothesized that there would be significant interactions between self‐efficacy and values/costs in predicting engineering persistence and academic success.Design/MethodStructural equation modeling was used to investigate latent interactions between self‐efficacy and values/costs (interest, attainment, and utility values; opportunity, effort, and psychological costs) in predicting career intentions, aspirations for engineering graduate school, and engineering retention, and grades in foundational courses for engineering among first‐year engineering undergraduates (n = 2420).ResultsSignificant interactions between self‐efficacy and values (interest and utility only) were identified, but not for self‐efficacy and attainment value or costs. Feeling both competent in engineering and highly valuing engineering were simultaneously related to higher engineering persistence, as compared to either feeling competent or valuing engineering alone.ConclusionsThe findings contribute to expectancy–value theory by providing a more precise understanding of the role of each type of value and cost in predicting distal outcomes, and practicing by highlighting the importance of supporting both expectancy and values when intervening to support engineering persistence.
Relative risk of gastric cancer between those with and without Helicobacter pylori infection history in Japan
Authors: Kikuchi Shogo , Obata Yuki , Sasakabe Tae , Kawai Sayo , Wang Chaochen , Lin Yingsong 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackground and AimThe causal relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and gastric cancer has been established. Although the magnitude of the carcinogenic effect of H. pylori is the next concern, it has not been sufficiently evaluated in Japan. Spontaneous disappearance of H. pylori infection may have provoked underestimation of the carcinogenic effect of the infection. To reduce the influence, a comparison should be carried out between subjects with and without the infection history. Cutoff values of H. pylori antibody lower than the manufacturer's recommendation are known to be more appropriate to diagnose history of H. pylori infection. The aim was to evaluate the carcinogenic effect of H. pylori.MethodsA case–control study consisting of 275 gastric cancer patients and 275 age‐ and sex‐matched controls was performed. Serum H. pylori antibody was measured using the “JHM‐Cap” kit with a domestic antigen (cut value of the manufacturer's recommendation was 2.3 EV: ELISA value). Using a conditional logistic model, the odds ratios (ORs) for five cutoff values adjusted for smoking and drinking doses were calculated.ResultsFor cutoff values of 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0, and 2.3 EV, the ORs (95% confidence intervals) were 67.7 (9.1, 502), 37.2 (8.8, 157), 21.3 (9.0, 60.2), 25.5 (9.0, 72.7), and 25.9 (9.2, 73.2), respectively.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the risk ratio of gastric cancer between subjects with and without history of H. pylori infection in Japan may exceed 20.
Stability of omeprazole in a commercial calcium carbonate based oral suspension at 2, 5 and 10 mg/mL stored under refrigeration (4°C) for 70 days
Authors: Low Mitchell , Singh Simi , Venkataya Beatrice , Pearson Jarryd , Ibrahim Martha , Jarouche Mariam , Khoo Cheang , Rowe James , Li Chun G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundOmeprazole is a commonly prescribed proton pump inhibitor that acts to reduce gastric acid secretion. Liquid suspensions are preferred for paediatrics or patients with difficulty swallowing, however, are unstable.AimThis study reports on the stability of USP‐grade omeprazole, raw powder at 2, 5 and 10 mg/mL dosages suspended in Oral Mix Dry Alka SF (OMSF) stored at 4°C for 70 days.MethodThe omeprazole concentration in the suspensions were determined at the time of preparation and at 7, 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 days by high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC‐PDA). The pH, homogeneity, colour, odour, and microbial levels were also determined.ResultsAll the preparations are stable at 4°C for 70 days, with omeprazole concentration remaining within ±10% of the initial concentration. The pH showed a gradual decline from 9.0 to 7.7 over the study which is an acceptable change. The preparations passed microbial testing up to 70 days.ConclusionThe 70 days stability achieved in OMSF far exceeds the 28 day beyond‐use‐date recommended by the Australian Pharmaceutical Formulary. The OMSF base provides compounding pharmacists with a convenient method to prepare omeprazole suspensions over a wide range of concentrations with extended dating, providing added convenience for the consumer and pharmacists.
Incidental Parathyroidectomy Among Pediatric Patients Undergoing Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Ziai Hedyeh , Dixon Peter , Berman Gavriel , Campisi Paolo , Wasserman Jonathan D. 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveTo evaluate rates of incidental parathyroidectomy(IP) and to determine risk factors among children undergoing thyroid surgery.Study DesignRetrospective case‐control study.MethodsPediatric patients undergoing thyroidectomy with or without neck dissection were included in this retrospective cohort study over a 20 year period. Demographics, clinical features, and surgical outcomes were evaluated. The primary outcome was the presence of parathyroid tissue in the surgical specimen.ResultsTwo hundred and eighty‐six patients were included (100 cases with ≥1 parathyroid gland found in the pathology specimen and 186 controls). The most common surgical indication was cancer (49%), followed by benign nodule (25%). Hemithyroidectomy was performed in 119 (42%) patients, total thyroidectomy in 138 (48%), and completion in 29 (10%). Central neck dissection (CND) and lateral neck dissection were performed in 41% and 13%, respectively. 27 (9%) patients had parathyroid reimplantation. On univariable analysis, diagnosis, adenopathy on preoperative ultrasound, extent of thyroidectomy, neck dissection, and parathyroid reimplantation were significant predictors of IP. On multivariate analysis, CND > 5 nodes were the sole predictor of IP. Patients with IP were more likely to require postoperative calcium/vitamin D supplementation compared to those without (44% vs. 16%; P < .001).ConclusionsIncidental parathyroidectomy during pediatric thyroidectomy is relatively common. CND was independently predictive of IP. There were increased rates of postoperative hypocalcemia when 1 or more parathyroid gland was identified in the specimen. Reimplantation of 1 parathyroid gland was predictive of another gland in the specimen. Anticipating outcomes may help optimize patient care by allowing for early supplementation, frequent monitoring, and consideration of ancillary monitoring modalities in high‐risk procedures.Level of EvidenceLevel 4 Laryngoscope, 132:2262–2269, 2022
Effect of combined micro and nano silicon carbide particles addition on mechanical, wear and moisture absorption features of basalt bidirectional mat/vinyl ester composites
Authors: Thooyavan Yesudhasan , Kumaraswamidhas Lakshmi Annamali , Raj Robinson Dhas Edwin , Binoj Joseph Selvi , Brailson Mansingh Bright 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBasalt fiber reinforcement in polymer composites has recently become very competitive to the routinely used synthetic fiber reinforcements. In the present work, composite specimens were prepared with basalt fiber mat reinforcement in vinyl ester matrix along with varying quantity of the micro and nano silicon carbide (SiC) filler particle ranging from 1 to 5 wt% in combination. Tribological and water absorption properties of the developed hybrid composites were tested to ascertain its potential for commercial applications. The specimen made of SiC particle addictive combination of 3 wt% nano and 3 wt% micro particle exhibited better mechanical characteristics and this mechanical advantage declines beyond 3 wt% SiC filler addition due to agglomeration and poor dispersion of filler particles in the hybrid composite. The microstructural investigation done via scanning electron microscopy reveals the modes of failure, where better pull‐out resistance was displayed by the fiber bonding characteristics with the filler and vinyl ester matrix up to 3 wt% nano and 3 wt% micro SiC filler content. Similarly, the tribological characteristics of the composite specimen for the optimum filler content specimen were superior in comparison with other combinations. Moreover, the water absorption features of the developed hybrid composites were within the acceptable limits for marine and structural applications.
Disparities in concussion diagnoses compared to ankle injuries
Authors: Marmor William A. , McElheny Kathryn D. , Lingor Ryan J. , Shetty Teena , Lin Emerald , Casey Ellen , Ling Daphne I. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundHealth disparities related to concussions have been reported in the literature for certain minority populations. Given the significant impact of concussions on long‐ and short‐term function, the mitigation of barriers to accessing care is an important public health objective.ObjectiveTo determine if racial and ethnic disparities exist in patients who seek care for concussions compared to a control group with orthopedic ankle injuries (sprains and fractures) to minimize confounding factors that predispose to injury.DesignCohort study.SettingSingle institution between February 2016 and December 2020.PatientsA retrospective review of electronic medical records was completed for patients with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD‐10) diagnosis codes for concussion, ankle sprain, and ankle fracture. A total of 10,312 patients were identified: 1568 (15.2%) with concussion, 4871 (47.3%) with ankle sprain, and 3863 (37.5%) with ankle fracture.InterventionsPatients were stratified by demographic factors, including sex, ethnicity, race, and insurance type.Main Outcome MeasuresDiagnosis of concussion.ResultsThe concussion group was the youngest (28.3 years ± 18.0) and had the fewest females (53.1%) compared to the ankle sprain (35.1 years ± 19.7; 58.7%) and fracture groups (44.1 years ± 21.3; 57.3%). The concussion group had a smaller proportion of Hispanic patients than the ankle sprain group (odds ratio [OR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55–0.92, p = .010) and fracture group (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.44–0.75, p = <.001). In addition, the concussion group was less likely to be Asian (OR 0.70, CI 0.52–0.95, p = .023) than the sprain group and less likely to be Black/African American than both sprain (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.46–0.93, p = .017) and fracture groups (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.43–0.89, p = .010). There were no differences across racial groups between ankle sprains and fractures. Patients with Medicaid/Medicare and self‐pay had a higher likelihood of being in the concussion group than those with private insurance.ConclusionDifferences in concussion diagnosis may exist between certain demographic groups compared to those with ankle injuries. Efforts to mitigate disparities in concussion care are worthwhile with a focus on patient and caregiver education.