bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Juvenility and Flowering in Woody Plants: A Review1
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of most woody plants pass through a juvenile stage during which the seedling cannot be induced to flower (147). The delay in flowering caused by a long juvenile phase may last for years and it is a major problem in breeding most tree crops. Although the juvenile phase cannot be eliminated, it can be shortened considerably by breeding, by controlling the environment in which the seedlings are grown, and by various cultural practices. This review considers the various factors which have been reported to affect the length of the juvenile phase.
Influence of Wax-coated and Polyethylene-coated Paper Mulch on Growth and Flowering of Tomato1
Authors: Vandenberg J. , Tiessen H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Growth of direct seeded ‘Fireball’ tomato plants was accelerated by both wax and polyethylene coating on paper mulches. Mulching increased no. of clusters, flowers, fruit per plant, and earliness. Polyethylene coating hastened growth and development more than wax coating.
Control of Chlorophyll and Solanine Formation in Potato Tubers by Oil and Diluted Oil Treatments1
Authors: Wu M. T. , Salunkhe D. K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A treatment of potato tubers (Solarium tuberosum L.) at 22°C with corn oil, peanut oil, olive oil, vegetable oil, or mineral oil significantly and effectively inhibited chlorophyll and solanine formation. A concn of 1/8 corn oil and 7/8 acetone was the minimum effective diluted oil treatment.
Effect of Ethephon on Seedstalk Growth and Seed Yield of Onion1
Authors: Levy D. , Ventura J. , Kedar N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Foliar sprays of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) retarded the height of onion (Allium cepa L.) and when applied to nonbolting plants partially prevented seedstalk emergence and reduced seed yield of early developing inflorescences. Two field applications of 480 ppm ethephon, starting when 75% of the plants had visible seedstalks, reduced seedstalk height. This treatment had no adverse effect on seed yield or germination and may have promise as a means of preventing lodging of seedstalks and of increasing the efficiency of mechanical seed harvest.
Chemically Induced Parthenocarpy in Cucumber by a New Inhibitor of Auxin Transport1
Authors: Quebedeaux Bruno , Beyer E. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Parthenocarpy was induced in unfertilized pistillate flowers of cucumber, Cucumis sativus L., by the foliar application at early flowering of 10 to 1000 ppm of 3,3a-dihydro-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-8H-pyrazolo[5,1-a]isoindol-8-one (DPX 1840) a new inhibitor of auxin transport. Treatment of a monoecious cultivar with ethylene or (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) increased the pistillate to staminate flower ratio and subsequent application of DPX 1840 increased the no. of fruit which developed parthenocarpically. Ethylene gas was just as effective as ethephon in altering sex expression. The threshold level of ethylene for this response was between 0.06 and 0.16 μl of ethylene per liter of air.
Effects of Presoaking Seed of Pisum sativum L. in GA3, IAA, and Kinetin Solutions on Seedling Growth1
Authors: Choe Hyung T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Early Alaska‘ pea seeds were soaked for 48 hr at 24 ± 1°C in solutions of gibberellic acid (GA3), indoleacetic acid (LAA), or kinetin at concn ranging from 0.01 to 100 mg/liter. The rate of imbibition under aeration and growth characteristics varied with hormones and concn. Increases in seed germination rate and growth, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis of seedlings were observed with GA3 (at 0.1 mg/liter), IAA (at 0.1 mg/liter), and with kinetin (at 0.01 and 0.1 mg/liter) over controls.
Influence of Brassins on the Growth of Woody Plants1
Authors: Worley J. F. , Krizek D. T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A single application of brassins isolated from rape (Brassica napus L.) pollen and placed on a 1 – 3.5 mm internode of young paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.), and tea crabapple (Malm hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd.) seedlings greatly accelerated elongation of the treated internodes.
Calcium Crystals in Apple Stem, Petiole and Fruit Tissue1
Authors: Stebbins R. L. , Dewey D. H. , Shull V. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Single crystals and clusters of crystals or druses found by polarized light microscopy in tissues of Pyrus malus L. cv. Jonathan were found to contain Ca using the electron microprobe. Crystals insoluble in 20% acetic acid occurred in cells adjacent to the vascular tissues near the pedicel in mature fruit and in dormant flower buds, stems, petioles, shoot apex, roots and callus tissue. Because of deposition of calcium as crystals, calcium supplies to cortical cells of apple fruit may be limited and may result in an increased incidence of internal breakdown due to low Ca levels in those cells.
The Effect of Interstock on the Mineral Nutrition of Young Trees of Four Apple Cultivars1,2
Authors: Eaton G. W. , Meehan C. N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One-year whips of 4 apple cultivars of known virus status on ‘M 9’ rootstock were grafted, rearranging the tops to give 16 combinations of scion and interstock, from which growth, leaf mineral status, and an uptake index were determined. Numerous components of scion and interstock effects and interactions were identified; there were no general effects of self-grafting or cross-grafting. Mineral uptake, mineral concn, and growth were influenced by specific combinations of scion and interstock.
Winter Hardiness of Several Blueberry Species and Cultivars in Minnesota1
Authors: Quamme H. A. , Stushnoff C. , Weiser C. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The highbush blueberry cultivars, ߢRancocasߣ and ߢEarliblueߣ, failed to acclimate in time to avoid low temp injury to stems exposed above the snow level during the 1st year seasonal change in hardiness was studied. In the 2nd year, however, they hardened to temp as low as -40°C and survived the winter. Acclimation occurred earlier in a native selection of Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton and in ߢRancocasߣ. Selections of V. angustifolium and natural hybrids of V. angustifolium and V. cormybosum L. were found to be hardier than any of the highbush cultivars. A selection of V. constablaei Gray and V. membranaceum Douglas, respectively, were also hardier than the highbush types. A low temp exotherm was found to be present in blueberry stems, but it was associated only with xylem injury which was not as critical for survival as the bark tissues. The bark was injured at temp higher than the xylem and was not associated with any exotherm.
The Effects of Aqueous Sprays of NH4F on ‘Early Improved Elberta‘ Peaches1,2
Authors: Facteau T. J. , Wang S. Y. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Aqueous sprays of NH4F applied to ‘Early Improved Elberta’ peach trees significantly increased the % of abnormal fruits. Tissue firmness was increased on the dorsal side but decreased on the suture side. Suture tissues contained more F than dorsal tissues and both had higher F levels as the F spray concn increased. The climacteric of treated fruits was initiated before the untreated fruits at every sampling date where a climacteric occurred. Both malic and citric acids were decreased in the suture tissues of F treated fruits.
Amounts of Nutrients Removed by ‘Valencia’ Orange Fruit in a California Grove1
Authors: Labanauskas C. K. , Handy M. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Major nutrients removed by ‘Valencia’ orange fruit were N, K, Ca, P, and Mg. Amounts of N, Ca, and B were higher; Zn and Mn were lower than those reported for Florida oranges. Relatively small amounts of applied nutrients were found to be removed by the fruit. P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe tended to be immobilized in the soil (either by direct application or decay of leaves and other plant parts), availability depending on soil pH. Leaching of N, largely as NO3, should always be minimized.
Influence of Temperature on Pollen Tube Growth and Initial Fruit Development in ‘d’Anjou’ Pear1
Authors: Mellenthin W. M. , Wang C. Y. , Wang S. Y. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pollen tube growth in styles of ‘d’Anjou’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) is largely dependent on prevailing temp. At 21°C the process was completed within 24 hr, while at 15.5° and 10° growth was completed by 72 and 120 hr respectively. The initial fruit development 14 days following pollination was greatly influenced by day temp (ranging from 13° to 23.4°) during an thesis.
The Relation of Apple Scion and Rootstock to Longitudinal Trunk Bark Cracking1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A high incidence of longitudinal trunk bark cracking was observed in an apple planting with 4 scion cultivars and 9 rootstocks between Nov., 1969 and Feb., 1972. The injury, occurring mostly in late Nov., was related to scion and rootstock. Almost no cracking occurred on ‘Wellspur’ and ‘Red King’ trunks. More cracking occurred on ‘Golden Delicious’ than ‘Goldspur’ on 3 rootstocks. With these 3 rootstocks, 96% cracking occurred with ‘Golden Delicious’/‘M 7’ and ‘MM 106’ and 52% with trees on ‘M 26’. With ‘Goldspur’ on 9 different rootstocks, the highest incidence of cracking was with trees on ‘M 7’ (85%) and ‘MM 106’ (82%) while 30% cracking occurred with trees on domestic seedling, and 4% with trees on ‘M 25’ No cracking was observed with ‘Goldspur’/‘M 26’. The greatest no. of cracks occurred on the S sector of the trunks with moderate amounts on the SE and E sectors with fewer cracks on all other sectors. The cracking appears to be low temp induced and the effect of rootstocks appears to be an effect on fall maturity of the scion.
Chemical Control of Growth and Flowering in Hibiscus1
Authors: Shanks James B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) was ineffective but (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat) and α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol) retarded growth of several cultivars of the Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.) inducing shorter internodes and more and earlier flowering during summer months. (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) also reduced the length of terminal snoots, but reduced flowering and stimulated the growth of lower axillary shoots of unpruned plants.
Artificial Oases
Authors: Hodge Carle O. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The novelty of greenhouses in the desert was certain to kindle popular imagination. Predictably, then, the news media have focused considerable attention on those built in Tucson and Mexico by the University of Arizona. Time magazine, among others, reported in 1967 on the experiments there in the integrated production of electricity, desalted water and vegetables. Someone in the prosperous but soil-poor Arabian principality of Abu Dhabi brought that article to the notice of his ruler, Shaikh Zayed. This chain of events resulted in the completion in Abu Dhabi in 1972 of the first large-scale power-water-food facility (see page 13).
Root Temperature and Nutrient Levels of Chrysanthemum Shoots1
Authors: Rosenthal R. N. , Woodbridge C. G. , Pfeiffer C. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shoots of 2-week old rooted cuttings of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram cv. Bright Golden Anne were kept at 18-23°C while roots were maintained at 18-23°, 16°, 10°, and 4° for 2 weeks. Roots at 16° or lower reduced N while 10° or lower reduced P. K, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu decreased with decreasing root temperature while Ca increased and Mg levels varied.
A New Anthocyanin from Cornus mas L.1
Authors: Du C. T. , Francis F. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Five anthocyanin 3-biosides are commonly known (4). Recently, a new one, cyanidin-3-arabinoglucoside, was added to the list (7). This short communication reports the isolation and identification of a 7th 3-bioside, pelargonidin-3-rhamnogalactoside, from the fruits of dogwood, also known as cornelian cherries (6).
Aerial Crowns in Asparagus officinalis L.1
Authors: Yang Hsu-Jen , Clore W. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Asparagus is generally propagated by seed and occasionally by crown division. Crowns are usually formed underground at the base of stem (1, 2, 3, 4). To our knowledge, the formation of crowns at above-ground nodes and plant development therefrom has never been reported. Occurrence of such crowns opens the way to a rapid means of vegetative propagation. Here we describe the morphology of aerial crown formation and subsequent development of these crowns into apparently normal plants.
A Haploid of an Octoploid Strawberry Cultivar1
Authors: Barrientos Facundo , Bringhurst R. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A haploid (2n = 28) derived from Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Tioga (2n = 56) was obtained after pollination with Potentilla anserina L. The sublethality of the true hybrids is an excellent screen for exposing the polyhaploids that might be difficult to detect in normal octoploid populations.
Growth of Apricot Shoot, Fruit, and Trunk as Affected by Maleic Hydrazide1
Authors: Uriu K. , Crane Julian C , Henderso D. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Maleic hydrazide (MH) was readily translocated in the apricot tree, as indicated by inhibition of shoot growth and seed abortion in the fruits. However, cambial activity was undisturbed, and trunk growth proceeded normally.
Temperature and Moisture Effects on Hardening of Apple Roots1
Authors: Wildung D. K. , Weiser C. J. , Pellett H. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Roots of ‘Mailing (M) 26’ and ‘Malus robusta (MR) 5’ were less hardy than stems in winter; hardened more slowly in fall; and dehardened later in spring. In 1967 roots were hardier than in 1968, despite slightly higher soil temperatures. This difference in hardiness was associated with much less rainfall in 1967 leading to a lower level of root hydration. While overall soil temperature-hardiness relationships were unclear, short-term changes in root hardiness were correlated with soil temperature during the preceding week. Hardening in apple roots appeared to be influenced by soil temperature and level of root hydration.
Chemical and Physical Basis Of Texture In Horticultural Products1
Authors: Hoff Johan E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Food quality is generally expressed through its three components: color or appearance, flavor, and texture. Each of these are elusive quantities difficult to define. Texture has often been characterized by the use of descriptive terms such as hardness, mealiness, and grittiness (Table 1), depending on the product being considered and the particular textural component being characterized. These terms have the ability of evoking relative responses in the mind, but cannot provide quantitative information in terms of measurable physical properties. The terms elasticity, plasticity, and viscosity can often provide such information, but unfortunately, do not lend themselves easily to applications in such complex, often heterogeneous, systems as foods. The various devices for measurement of textural parameters represent a compromise between the descriptive, qualitative properties and the absolute descriptions that rest on universal units of force, time, and distance. Under strictly defined conditions, these instruments are capable of providing measurements that can serve as valuable guides in evaluating effects of treatments if they are properly based statistically. On the other hand, since microscopic sample sizes are required, little information is obtained concerning the finer details of structure or the relative importance of individual chemical entities.
The Influence Of Multiple Quality Requirements On The Plant Breeder
Authors: Stevens M. Allen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Traditionally, plant breeders have been concerned with haracteristics such as yield and disease resistance which can be evaluated subjectively or by straightforward objective methods where differences are qualitative and maximum manifestation of the trait is desired. Quality has not been a principal objective in most plant breeding programs; frequently, it has been an afterthought. Once the other desired characteristics have been achieved, there is an attempt to select for adequate quality. The attention that quality characters have received varies greatly among the numerous quality traits. Color, for example, has received considerable attention because of its importance to appearance and consequently salability. In contrast, nutritional value and flavor have been mainly neglected by plant breeders.
Preharvest Benomyl Application to Increase Survival and Quality of Cold-stored Strawberry Nursery Plants1
Authors: Maas John L. , Scott D. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananarsa Duch.) plants treated with methyl 1-(butylcar bam oyl) 2-benzimidazolecarbamate (benomyl) before removal from the field were in better condition after 7 months of storage, survived better in the field after planting, and produced higher yields than those not treated with fungicide. Fungicide application dates ranged over 6 weeks in the fall. The time of application made no significant difference in the condition of the plants during storage, however, fruit yield data in some cultivars indicated that late treatment was more beneficial than early treatment for maintaining overall plant quality. Treated plants stored at 1°C for 7 months were of very good quality, while those at 3° were mediocre to poor. Poor quality and high mortality characterized all nontreated plants regardless of storage temperature.
The Fate of 1,2-14C-(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid (Ethephon) in Peach1
Authors: Abdel-Gawad Hesham A. , Martin George C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Forty days after treatment with 14 C-ethephon 23.6% of the applied radioactivity was recovered from the total fruit. The level was reduced to 19.0% after 95 days as a result of lower radioactivity in the extracted fruit; the surface level remained constant. Radioactive metabolites noted by 40 days after treatment were still prominent by 95 days.
Growth and Development of Leucothoe and Rhododendron under Different Nitrogen and pH Regimes1
Authors: Dirr Michael A. , Barker Allen V. , Maynard Donald N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The total number and length of new shoots of Leucothoe catesbaei Gray were significantly greater, and the plants were of better quality with NO3 nutrition than with NH4 or urea nutrition. Especially with the NH4-N sources, growth was as good as or significantly greater at pH 6 to 7 than at 4 to 5. The total number and length of new shoots of Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. cv. Roseum Elegans were not significantly affected by the N source or pH, although plant appearance was significantly better with NO3 nutrition than with NH4 or urea nutrition. The nitrification inhibitor, a substituted pyridine, had no significant effect on the growth and development of either leucothoe or rhododendron.
Watermelon Root Development Affected by Direct Seeding and Transplanting1
Authors: Elmstrom G. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A dominant tap root was apparent in nearly all direct-seeded watermelon plants, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf., but was lacking in those that had been transplanted. Transplants were characterized by a shallow, extensive root system and superior yield in contrast to direct-seeded plants.
Chilling Injury of Stored Limes and Grapefruit as Affected by Differentially Permeable Packaging Films1
Authors: Wardowski W. F. , Grierson W. , Edwards G. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chilling injury (CI) drastically limits the storage and marketing of limes and grapefruit. Previous studies showed that CI of grapefruit can be largely controlled for ca. 3 weeks by high (up to 10%) CO2 and very high (>95%) relative humidity. Atmospheres established within 7 packaging films differentially permeable to CO2 and O2 were tested for control of CI. Polyvinylchloride and cast vinyl films were tested in detail. Grapefruit CI could be prevented for 1 month at 4.5°C (40°F) by sealing within these films. Even though the films were broken upon removal of the fruit, subsequent shelf life was considerably extended. The fungicide thiabendazole (TBZ) significantly reduced the visible lesions of CI, thus confirming a recent Israeli report.
Assessing Ion Leakage from Apple Fruit Tissue1
Authors: Bir R. E. , Bramlage W. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A simple technique for determining ion leakage from hardy woody tissues was applied to apple (Malus pumila Mill.) fruit tissue. Parameters for this application are presented. Leakage was unaffected by concentrations of 0.4 to 0.7 M sucrose in the incubating medium or by incubating time of 12 to 36 hours at 23°C but varied between samples taken from different areas of the same fruit. Preparatory procedure to obtain the smallest sample without excessive injury was determined. The technique reproducibly identified increases in ion leakage of 5% or more over the controls.
Response of Mechanically-topped Apple Trees to SADH Applied to the Top1
Authors: Hatch Anthony H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) was applied to mechanically topped ‘Delicious’, ‘Rome Beauty’, and ‘Stayman Winesap’ apple trees when top shoot growth was 10-15 cm long. SADH at 2000 ppm applied to the entire tree at 3700 liters/ha or applied across the top at 900-1400 liters/ha controlled fruit drop and upper shoot growth, reduced fruit size, and increased firmness. The control in shoot growth by SADH was not sufficient to be considered commercially acceptable.
Chlorogenic Acid Levels, Ethylene Production and Respiration of ‘d’Anjou' Pears Affected with Cork Spot1
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Mellenthin W. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
High chlorogenic acid level was associated with ‘d’Anjou' pear tissues affected with cork spot; tissues adjacent to the cork spot had next highest level. In fruit without cork spot symptoms, tissues on the sunlight exposed side had more chlorogenic acid than shaded tissue. Affected fruit had higher and accelerated rates of ethylene production and respiration than normal fruit.
Critical Daylength for Inflorescence Formation of Several Cultivars of Salvia splendens Sello1
Authors: Weiler T. C. , Lai C. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In daylength-responsive salvia cultivars long photoperiods delayed flowering and increased height. The critical daylength was 15 - 16 hours, and above this, the response was proportional to daylength.
Recent Advances in Opening Bud-Cut Chrysanthemum Flowers1
Authors: Marousky Francis J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A review of our work on water relations summarized findings that showed the complexity of cut-flower deterioration (19). In tests with the preservative combination 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate plus sucrose (8 HQC + S), and its individual components some of the factors responsible for deterioration were separated and explained. Most of that review concerned bud-cut roses but, in general, was applicable to chrysanthemums and other cut flowers. Reports of our work on bud-cut chrysanthemums, started in 1967 (19), supply additional background material (13, 15, 16, 20). Information has also been contributed in other studies (4,10)2.
Seasonal Patterns of Fusarium Root Rot Development in Resistant vs. Susceptible Cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Frazier W. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
By periodic sampling, seasonal patterns of the development of Fusarium root rot were studied in resistant and susceptible bean cultivars. Infection severity increased rapidly from the first sampling date, dropped off after the second or third, and again increased until the end of the season. In most cases, cultivar differences were apparent at any time after the second sampling, but resistant and susceptible cultivars could best be differentiated during the middle of the season. Sample variation was high, showing the potential for error in making single plant selections or in using small samples to compare cultivars.