bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internal Oxidation of a Fe–Cr Binary Alloy at 700–900 °C: The Role of Hydrogen and Water Vapor
Authors: Chyrkin Anton , Cossu Camilla , Svensson Jan-Erik , Froitzheim Jan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractInternal oxidation of Fe–2.25Cr has been studied in Fe/FeO Rhines pack (RP) and H2/H2O gas mixtures at 700–900 °C. A novel exposure technique allowing RP experiments in dual atmosphere conditions was developed. No measurable effect of hydrogen on lattice oxygen permeability in ferrite could be detected: neither in single nor in dual atmosphere conditions. The H2/H2O atmosphere was found to induce stronger oxidation attack at alloy grain boundaries resulting in a morphology similar to intergranular stress corrosion cracking often reported in nuclear technology. The intergranular oxidation attack was demonstrated to be independent of the dual atmosphere effect, i.e., hydrogen dissolved in the alloy.
Information, Uncertainty & Espionage
Authors: Phillips Peter J , Pohl Gabriela 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIntelligence scholars are drawing on behavioural decision theory to improve decision-making under risk and uncertainty in intelligence and counterintelligence. Such an undertaking is essentially lacking without the Austrian school’s concepts of knowledge, discovery, (entrepreneurial) judgement, ignorance, rational calculation and, more generally, its analysis of human action in the face of true uncertainty. Decision theory, both orthodox and behavioural, depicts decision rather narrowly as a prioritisation task undertaken within a delineated problem space where the probabilities “sum to one”. From such a perspective, certain perennial challenges in intelligence and counterintelligence appear resolvable when in fact they are not, at least not when approached from the usual direction. We explain how Austrian concepts can complement efforts to improve intelligence decision-making. We conclude that the future strategic value of intelligence analysis is located beyond information acquisition, however fast and however vast. Intelligence agencies have no price signals to help them determine how much intelligence to produce. And governments have no price signals to moderate their appetites for the intelligence product. Ultimately, those agencies that recognise the implications of intelligence agencies as non-price institutions and adapt their decision-making processes may find that they have the upper hand over their rivals.
Dayside Transient Phenomena and Their Impact on the Magnetosphere and Ionosphere
Authors: Zhang Hui , Zong Qiugang , Connor Hyunju , Delamere Peter , Facskó Gábor , Han Desheng , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Kallio Esa , Kis Árpád , Le Guan , Lembège Bertrand , Lin Yu , Liu Terry , Oksavik Kjellmar , Omidi Nojan , Otto Antonius , Ren Jie , Shi Quanqi , Sibeck David , Yao Shutao 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDayside transients, such as hot flow anomalies, foreshock bubbles, magnetosheath jets, flux transfer events, and surface waves, are frequently observed upstream from the bow shock, in the magnetosheath, and at the magnetopause. They play a significant role in the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. Foreshock transient phenomena, associated with variations in the solar wind dynamic pressure, deform the magnetopause, and in turn generates field-aligned currents (FACs) connected to the auroral ionosphere. Solar wind dynamic pressure variations and transient phenomena at the dayside magnetopause drive magnetospheric ultra low frequency (ULF) waves, which can play an important role in the dynamics of Earth’s radiation belts. These transient phenomena and their geoeffects have been investigated using coordinated in-situ spacecraft observations, spacecraft-borne imagers, ground-based observations, and numerical simulations. Cluster, THEMIS, Geotail, and MMS multi-mission observations allow us to track the motion and time evolution of transient phenomena at different spatial and temporal scales in detail, whereas ground-based experiments can observe the ionospheric projections of transient magnetopause phenomena such as waves on the magnetopause driven by hot flow anomalies or flux transfer events produced by bursty reconnection across their full longitudinal and latitudinal extent. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), hybrid, and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are powerful tools to simulate the dayside transient phenomena. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the present understanding of dayside transient phenomena at Earth and other planets, their geoeffects, and outstanding questions.
Simultaneous fatal poisoning of two victims with 4F-MDMB-BINACA and ethanol
Authors: Simon Gábor , Tóth Dénes , Heckmann Veronika , Mayer Mátyás , Kuzma Mónika 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Methyl-2-(1-(4-fluorobutyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (4F-MDMB-BINACA) is a newly emerging synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRA) first described in 2018 in both Europe and the United States. Two fatal cases are reported caused by simultaneous consumption of 4F-MDMB-BINACA and ethanol.

Methods
The victims were brothers who were both found deceased after consuming 4F-MDMB-BINACA and ethanol. Post-mortem toxicological analyses of blood and urine were carried out by supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SFC–MS/MS) and headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (HS-GC–FID).

Results
The concentration of 4F-MDMB-BINACA in the postmortem blood was 2.50 and 2.34 ng/mL, and blood alcohol concentration was 2.11 and 2.49 g/L, respectively.

Conclusion
According to the reported cases and reviews of the scientific literature, concurrent ethanol consumption should amplify the toxicity of SCRAs. The threshold SCRA concentration for fatal overdose can be estimated ng/mL level (0.37–4.1 ng/mL according to the reported cases) in cases in which 1.5–2.5 g/L of ethanol is present in the blood.
Populismus versus majoritärer Relativismus: Zu einer wichtigen Unterscheidung zwischen Demokratiekonzeptionen in der Bevölkerung
Authors: König Pascal D. 
Published: June 2022

ZusammenfassungNeben einem populistischen Demokratieverständnis bildet auch ein majoritärer Relativismus Teil der deutschen politischen Kultur. Dieser Aufsatz argumentiert und liefert Evidenz dafür, dass es sich um zwei unterschiedliche, aber zugleich teils miteinander verwandte Demokratieauffassungen handelt und dass es wichtig ist, beide auseinanderzuhalten. Wie der Populismus erwartet der majoritäre Relativismus die möglichst unmittelbare und getreue Verwirklichung der Interessen in der Bevölkerung, er hält dabei jedoch ausdrücklich nicht an der Idee eines wahren und einheitlichen Volkswillens fest. Während beide positiv mit der Unterstützung der rechtspopulistischen Partei Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) zusammenhängen, zeigt nur der Populismus einen negativen Zusammenhang mit optimierendem Problemlösen durch künstliche Intelligenz in der politischen Führung, der majoritäre Relativismus hingegen sogar einen positiven Zusammenhang. Bemerkenswert ist zudem, dass der majoritäre Relativismus Unterstützung für die AfD besser vorhersagt als ein populistisches Demokratieverständnis. Damit leistet der Aufsatz einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Debatte über Populismus als Bestandteil der politischen Kultur in Deutschland.
On mathematical optimization for clustering categories in contingency tables
Authors: Carrizosa Emilio , Guerrero Vanesa , Romero Morales Dolores 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMany applications in data analysis study whether two categorical variables are independent using a function of the entries of their contingency table. Often, the categories of the variables, associated with the rows and columns of the table, are grouped, yielding a less granular representation of the categorical variables. The purpose of this is to attain reasonable sample sizes in the cells of the table and, more importantly, to incorporate expert knowledge on the allowable groupings. However, it is known that the conclusions on independence depend, in general, on the chosen granularity, as in the Simpson paradox. In this paper we propose a methodology to, for a given contingency table and a fixed granularity, find a clustered table with the highest $$\chi ^2$$

χ
2

statistic. Repeating this procedure for different values of the granularity, we can either identify an extreme grouping, namely the largest granularity for which the statistical dependence is still detected, or conclude that it does not exist and that the two variables are dependent regardless of the size of the clustered table. For this problem, we propose an assignment mathematical formulation and a set partitioning one. Our approach is flexible enough to include constraints on the desirable structure of the clusters, such as must-link or cannot-link constraints on the categories that can, or cannot, be merged together, and ensure reasonable sample sizes in the cells of the clustered table from which trustful statistical conclusions can be derived. We illustrate the usefulness of our methodology using a dataset of a medical study.
Can flipped classroom pedagogy offer promising perspectives for mathematics education on pandemic-related issues? A systematic literature review
Authors: Cevikbas Mustafa , Kaiser Gabriele 
Published: June 2022

AbstractEducators sometimes effect changes in education through the implementation of new ideas, and sometimes extraordinary circumstances force them to change their educational approaches, as during the COVID-19 crisis. Although we live in a digital age, the limited use of technology in education, particularly prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and teachers’ insufficient experience with online or hybrid learning and teaching approaches resulted in several countries being unprepared for education during the pandemic. The flipped classroom (FC) is an innovative pedagogy with the potential to engage students in mathematics education using hybrid education combined with online and face-to-face learning, which is especially important during a pandemic. However, despite the high expectations surrounding this innovative approach, to date, no systematic literature review has discussed the opportunities and pitfalls of FCs in mathematics education regarding pandemic-related issues. In the present systematic review, we aim to bridge this gap and highlight the importance of flipping mathematics instruction during the pandemic and beyond. The results, which are based on textual analysis of 97 eligible articles, demonstrate that FC is a promising pedagogy that has numerous benefits for mathematics teaching and learning, although it is not a panacea for pandemic-related issues, as it also has several significant pitfalls. Overall, if the mechanism of mathematics education is to be crisis-ready, we should learn from experiences during the pandemic. In this regard, the current review contributes to research in mathematics education with the aim of gaining insight into successful implementations of FC pedagogy, not only during the pandemic but also beyond the crisis era of a pandemic.
Children’s needs during disclosures of abuse
Authors: Ettinger Tara R. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA Narrative Literature Review was conducted providing a comprehensive overview of children’s barriers to disclose during investigations of child abuse. Patterns in the literature were categorized as themes and include: rapport and relationship with the interviewer, feeling in control and prepared, communication, physical abilities, mental health, environment, family dynamics, culture and individual uniqueness. Using a combination of a critical analyses approach and drawing from personal background experiences and knowledge in working with children during disclosures, the themes are expanded upon as a discussion that explores what children may therapeutically need during their disclosures of abuse within the forensic interview. Some practice implications are incorporated with the intent to generate further thinking about addressing children’s needs during investigations of child abuse. Working with multidisciplinary teams in Child and Youth Advocacy Centres is discussed and may be a resource for understanding children’s needs during disclosures of abuse.
Ongoing Positive Selection Drives the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes
Authors: Hou Yali , Zhao Shilei , Liu Qi , Zhang Xiaolong , Sha Tong , Su Yankai , Zhao Wenming , Bao Yiming , Xue Yongbiao , Chen Hua 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a new RNA virus affecting humans and spreads extensively throughout the world since its first outbreak in December, 2019. Whether the transmissibility and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 in humans after zoonotic transfer are actively evolving, and driven by adaptation to the new host and environments is still under debate. Understanding the evolutionary mechanism underlying epidemiological and pathological characteristics of COVID-19 is essential for predicting the epidemic trend, and providing guidance for disease control and treatments. Interrogating novel strategies for identifying natural selection using within-species polymorphisms and 3,674,076 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences of 169 countries as of December 30, 2021, we demonstrate with population genetic evidence that during the course of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in humans, 1) SARS-CoV-2 genomes are overall conserved under purifying selection, especially for the 14 genes related to viral RNA replication, transcription, and assembly; 2) ongoing positive selection is actively driving the evolution of 6 genes (e.g., S, ORF3a, and N) that play critical roles in molecular processes involving pathogen–host interactions, including viral invasion into and egress from host cells, and viral inhibition and evasion of host immune response, possibly leading to high transmissibility and mild symptom in SARS-CoV-2 evolution. According to an established haplotype phylogenetic relationship of 138 viral clusters, a spatial and temporal landscape of 556 critical mutations is constructed based on their divergence among viral haplotype clusters or repeatedly increase in frequency within at least 2 clusters, of which multiple mutations potentially conferring alterations in viral transmissibility, pathogenicity, and virulence of SARS-CoV-2 are highlighted, warranting attention.
A prospective case series on rhino orbital cerebral mucormycosis in Egypt: Epidemiology, systemic implications, and treatment
Authors: Elmonofy Omar , Ghanem Mohamed , Abdelwahab Mohamed , Mubarak Fahmy A. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction and importance:
To identify and recognize systemic implications, clinical, characteristics, and management of a group of patients with rhino orbitocerbral mucormycosis infection.

Case presentation:
The study included twenty-five patients aged range (12–71 years) with rhino orbital cerebral mucormycosis infection who were admitted to the oral and maxillofacial department in Cairo, Egypt from January 2016 to January 2021. The diagnosis was based on clinical examination, radiographic evaluation, and histopathological reports. Cases were managed according to severity and extension of the infection.

Clinical discussion:
sixteen (64%) males and 9 (36%) females mean age was 44.17 years in a presented sample. 98% of orbital involvement was unilaterally always related to the Right eye (for unknown cause) mortality rate of about six patients (25%). Identified risk factors included eighteen patients (72%) who had diabetes mellitus of these patients ten were undiagnosed at the time of examination, while seven (18%) patients with the hematological disorder as Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma, aplastic anemia, and Wegener's disease. These patients were managed by aggressive surgical debridement, antifungal drugs (Amphotericin B), and adjunctive treatment with hyperbaric oxygen Hyperbaric oxygen was used in five patients post-surgically. All investigations were done with mean values of blood glucose level, hemoglobin and WBC were noticeably abnormal.

Conclusions:
Early identification and reorganization of systemic implications, early clinical diagnosis of patients with mucormycosis infection will facilitate and improve management strategies and outcome of those patients. Understanding this disease will help in rapid and proper management into place to face this lethal opportunistic infection. The most common predisposing factor was diabetes mellitus followed by patients with hematological malignancies.

Highlights
Phonological mergers have systemic phonetic consequences:palm, trees, and the Low Back Merger Shift
Authors: Gardner Matt Hunt , Roeder Rebecca V. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper provides a unified phonologically motivated explanation for the movement oftrap,dress, andkitfollowing the low-back merger in North American English (i.e., the Canadian Shift, California Shift, Low Back Merger Shift, Third Shift, etc.). The explanation puts forth that the three-way merger oflot,palm, andthoughtresults in the loss of the [+Front] feature specification fortrap, opening the door for dispersion focalization to pulltraptoward the low central region of the vowel space. Analogy then prompts all other [−Peripheral] vowels, includingstrutandfoot, to centralize. Crucial to this explanation is that the low-back merger includespalm, not justlotandthought. Evidence for this requirement is presented in a phonetic analysis of older speakers from conservative Victoria, British Columbia. The explanation presented here reconciles an earlier proposal (Roeder & Gardner, 2013) with Fruehwald's (2017) observation that parallel movement requires a shared feature specification.
A Consistent Framework for Coupling Basal Friction With Subglacial Hydrology on Hard‐Bedded Glaciers
Authors: Gilbert Adrien , Gimbert Florent , Thøgersen Kjetil , Schuler Thomas V. , Kääb Andreas 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBelow hard‐bedded glaciers, both basal friction and distributed subglacial drainage are thought to be controlled by a network of cavities. Previous coupled hydro‐mechanical models, however, describe cavity‐driven friction and hydraulic transmissivity independently, resulting in a physically inconsistent cavity evolution between the two components of the models. Here, we overcome this issue by describing the hydro‐mechanical system using a common cavity‐evolution description, that governs both transient friction and hydraulic transmissivity. We show that our coupling approach is superior to previous formulations in explaining a unique observation record of glacier sliding speed from the French Alps. We find that, at multi‐day to multi‐decadal timescales, sliding speed can be expressed as a direct function of basal shear stress and water discharge, without accounting for water pressure, which simply adjusts to maintain the cavitation ratio needed to accommodate the water supply.
Detecting Volcano‐Related Underground Mass Changes With a Quantum Gravimeter
Authors: Antoni‐Micollier Laura , Carbone Daniele , Ménoret Vincent , Lautier‐Gaud Jean , King Thomas , Greco Filippo , Messina Alfio , Contrafatto Danilo , Desruelle Bruno 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe present the world's first time series acquired in the summit area of an active volcano with an absolute atom interferometry gravimeter. The device was installed ∼2.5 km from the active craters of Mt. Etna volcano and produced a continuous high–quality gravity time series, despite the unfavorable environmental conditions at the installation site and the occurrence of phases of high volcanic tremor during the acquisition interval. Comparison with data from superconducting gravimeters installed elsewhere on Mt. Etna highlights correlated anomalies, demonstrating that the quantum device measured gravity variations driven by bulk mass changes. The latter are reflective of volcanic processes, involving the dynamics of magma and exsolved gas in the upper part of Mt. Etna's plumbing system. Our results confirm the operational possibilities of quantum gravimetry and open new horizons for the application of the gravity method in geophysics.
Strong Ocean/Sea‐Ice Contrasts Observed in Satellite‐Derived Ice Crystal Number Concentrations in Arctic Ice Boundary‐Layer Clouds
Authors: Papakonstantinou‐Presvelou Iris , Sourdeval Odran , Quaas Johannes 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe Arctic climate changes at a faster rate than the rest of the globe. Boundary‐layer clouds may play an important role in this change. At temperatures below 0°C, mixed‐phase clouds exist and their phase and longevity is influenced by the abundance of ice crystals, which in turn is a function of aerosols serving as ice nucleating particles (INPs). Previous in situ studies suggested a local source of INPs due to biological activity over open ocean. Here we investigate ice crystal concentrations in clouds below 2 km at a large scale, by exploiting a newly developed data set—DARDAR‐Nice—retrieved from active satellite remote sensing. The data set spans from 2006 to 2016. Contrary to previous expectation, we find that at a given latitude and temperature, there are more ice crystals over sea ice than over open ocean. This enhancement is particularly found in clouds south of 70°N, and also at temperatures between 0°C and −10°C.
Observed Equatorward Propagation and Chimney Effect of Near‐Inertial Waves in the Midlatitude Ocean
Authors: Yu Xiaolong , Naveira Garabato Alberto C. , Vic Clément , Gula Jonathan , Savage Anna C. , Wang Jinbo , Waterhouse Amy F. , MacKinnon Jennifer A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe propagation characteristics of near‐inertial waves (NIWs) and how mesoscale and submesoscale processes affect the waves' vertical penetration are investigated using observations from a mooring array located in the northeast Atlantic. The year‐long observations show that near‐inertial motions are mainly generated by local wind forcing, and that they radiate equatorward and downward following several strong wind events (wind stress ≳0.5 N m−2). Observational estimates of horizontal group speed typically exceed those of vertical group speed by two orders of magnitude, consistent with predictions from the dispersion relation. Enhanced near‐inertial kinetic energy and vertical shear are found only in mesoscale anticyclones with Rossby number of O(0.1). By contrast, submesoscale motions with order one Rossby number have little effect on the trapping and vertical penetration of NIWs, due to their smaller horizontal scales, shorter time scales, and confined vertical extent compared to mesoscale eddies.
The Beaufort Gyre’s Diffusive Staircase: Finescale Signatures of Gyre‐Scale Transport
Authors: Shibley Nicole C. , Timmermans Mary‐Louise 
Published: June 2022

AbstractArctic Ocean waters sourced from the Atlantic contain a vast amount of heat. In the Arctic’s Beaufort Gyre, diffusive convection is the primary mechanism by which this heat is transported vertically. This mixing process is characterized by a “staircase” where convective layers are separated by interfaces in temperature and salinity. It is not well‐understood what governs layer thickness, which is an important parameter in heat transport. Here we relate staircase properties to the background water‐mass structure of the Beaufort Gyre via analysis of Ice‐Tethered Profiler observations. We find that staircase layer thicknesses vary with intrusive features below the staircase and the stratification overlying the staircase. We relate these features to the pathway of anomalously warm Atlantic Water in the Beaufort Gyre. Results suggest that intrusive features in context with the Gyre’s large‐scale geostrophic flow may be key to understanding layer thicknesses and the propagation of warm waters into the Gyre.