bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multispecies facial detection for individual identification of wildlife: a case study across ursids
Authors: Clapham Melanie , Miller Ed , Nguyen Mary , Van Horn Russell C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTo address biodiversity decline in the era of big data, replicable methods of data processing are needed. Automated methods of individual identification (ID) via computer vision are valuable in conservation research and wildlife management. Rapid and systematic methods of image processing and analysis are fundamental to an ever-growing need for effective conservation research and practice. Bears (ursids) are an interesting test system for examining computer vision techniques for wildlife, as they have variable facial morphology, variable presence of individual markings, and are challenging to research and monitor. We leveraged existing imagery of bears living under human care to develop a multispecies bear face detector, a critical part of individual ID pipelines. We compared its performance across species and on a pre-existing wild brown bear Ursus arctos dataset (BearID), to examine the robustness of convolutional neural networks trained on animals under human care. Using the multispecies bear face detector and retrained sub-applications of BearID, we prototyped an end-to-end individual ID pipeline for the declining Andean bear Tremarctos ornatus. Our multispecies face detector had an average precision of 0.91–1.00 across all eight bear species, was transferable to images of wild brown bears (AP = 0.93), and correctly identified individual Andean bears in 86% of test images. These preliminary results indicate that a multispecies-trained network can detect faces of a single species sufficiently to achieve high-performance individual classification, which could speed-up the transferability and application of automated individual ID to a wider range of taxa.
Bat selfies: photographic surveys of flying bats
Authors: Rydell Jens , Russo Danilo , Sewell Price , Seamark Ernest C. J. , Francis Charles M. , Fenton Sherri L. , Fenton M. Brock 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe recent pandemic and other environmental concerns have resulted in restrictions on research and surveys involving capture and handling bats. While acoustic surveys have been widely used as an alternative survey method, in this study, we show how photographic surveys can offer an important contribution to study and survey bats. We outline approaches, using high speed flash and automated trip beams to obtain photos of flying bats of sufficient quality for reliable identification of species. We show, through a series of examples of setups and photographs, that photography is effective for surveying bats at a variety of sites, where bats roost, drink, and forage. We note, however, that photographic surveys cannot replace capture in all situations. In addition, although photographing bats is less invasive than capturing them, it can involve disturbance, so we stress the importance of minimizing the impact of such operations on bats.
Missionary Froebelians’ Pedagogy and Practice: Annie L. Howe and Her Glory Kindergarten Teacher Training School
Authors: Nishida Yukiyo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn the mid to late nineteenth century, many missionary women from Western countries arrived in Japan to engage in educational work. They made a significant impact not only on the establishment of Christian kindergartens and kindergarten teacher training schools but also on the dissemination of Friedrich Froebel's theory of kindergarten education across Japan. This paper considers the role of religion in the missionary women's implementation of Froebel's theory to understand how Christian faith and values have influenced pedagogy and practice at their training schools, with a particular focus on the case of prominent American missionary and Froebelian Annie L. Howe (1852-1943) and her Glory Kindergarten teacher training school in Japan. By highlighting the curriculum and day-to-day training experiences at Howe's Froebelian kindergarten teacher training school, this study contributes to the body of knowledge about how teaching, learning, curriculum, and pedagogic discourse were transformed not just by the decisions of the Froebelians but also by Howe's Christian faith and values.
A mixed-methods evaluation on the efficacy and perceptions of needleless connector disinfectants
Authors: Roberts Scott C. , Hendrix Curtis A. , Edwards Lauren M. , Feinn Richard S. , Martinello Richard A. , Murray Thomas S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjective:Optimizing needleless connector hub disinfection practice is a key strategy in central-line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) prevention. In this mixed-methods evaluation, 3 products with varying scrub times were tested for experimental disinfection followed by a qualitative nursing assessment of each.Methods:Needleless connectors were inoculated with varying concentrations of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus followed by disinfection with a 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) wipe (a 15-second scrub time and a 15-second dry time), a 70% IPA cap (a 10-second scrub time and a 5-second dry time), or a 3.15% chlorhexidine gluconate with 70% IPA (CHG/IPA) wipe (a 5-second scrub time and a 5-second dry time). Cultures of needleless connectors were obtained after disinfection to quantify bacterial reduction. This was followed by surveying a convenience sample of nursing staff with intensive care unit assignments at an academic tertiary hospital on use of each product.Results:All products reduced overall bacterial burden when compared to sterile water controls, however the IPA and CHG/IPA wipes were superior to the IPA caps when product efficacy was compared. Nursing staff noted improved compliance with CHG/IPA wipes compared with the IPA wipes and the IPA caps, with many preferring the lesser scrub and dry times required for disinfection.Conclusion:Achieving adequate bacterial disinfection of needleless connectors while maximizing healthcare staff compliance with scrub and dry times may be best achieved with a combination CHG/IPA wipe.
Wine Review Descriptors as Quality Predictors: Evidence from Language Processing Techniques
Authors: Yang Chenyu , Barth Jackson , Katumullage Duwani , Cao Jing 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThere is an ongoing debate on whether wine reviews provide meaningful information on wine properties and quality. However, few studies have been conducted aiming directly at comparing the utility of wine reviews and numeric measurements in wine data analysis. Based on data from close to 300,000 wines reviewed by Wine Spectator, we use logistic regression models to investigate whether wine reviews are useful in predicting a wine's quality classification. We group our sample into one of two binary quality brackets, wines with a critical rating of 90 or above and the other group with ratings of 89 or below. This binary outcome constitutes our dependent variable. The explanatory variables include different combinations of numerical covariates such as the price and age of wines and numerical representations of text reviews. By comparing the explanatory accuracy of the models, our results suggest that wine review descriptors are more accurate in predicting binary wine quality classifications than are various numerical covariates—including the wine's price. In the study, we include three different feature extraction methods in text analysis: latent Dirichlet allocation, term frequency-inverse document frequency, and Doc2Vec text embedding. We find that Doc2Vec is the best performing feature extraction method that produces the highest classification accuracy due to its capability of using contextual information from text documents. (JEL Classifications: C45, C88, D83)
The potential contribution of house crickets to the dietary zinc content and nutrient adequacy in young Kenyan children: a linear programming analysis using Optifood
Authors: Coppoolse Hester , Borgonjen-van den Berg Karin J. , Chopera Prosper , Hummel Marijke , Grimble George , Brouwer Inge D. , Melse-Boonstra Alida 
Published: April 2022

AbstractZn deficiency arising from inadequate dietary intake of bioavailable Zn is common in children in developing countries. Because house crickets are a rich source of Zn, their consumption could be an effective public health measure to combat Zn deficiency. This study used Optifood, a tool based on linear programming analysis, to develop food-based dietary recommendations (FBR) and predict whether dietary house crickets can improve both Zn and overall nutrient adequacy of children’s diets. Two quantitative, multi-pass 24-h recalls from forty-seven children aged 2 and 3 years residing in rural Kenya were collected and used to derive model parameters, including a list of commonly consumed foods, median serving sizes and frequency of consumption. Two scenarios were modelled: (i) FBR based on local available foods and (ii) FBR based on local available foods with house crickets. Results revealed that Zn would cease to be a problem nutrient when including house crickets to children’s diets (population reference intake coverage for Zn increased from 89 % to 121 % in the best-case scenario). FBR based on both scenarios could ensure nutrient adequacy for all nutrients except for fat, but energy percentage (E%) for fat was higher when house crickets were included in the diet (23 E%v. 19 E%). This manoeuvre, combined with realistic changes in dietary practices, could therefore improve dietary Zn content and ensure adequacy for twelve nutrients for Kenyan children. Further research is needed to render these theoretical recommendations, practical.
ARBITRATION, CORRUPTION AND POST-AWARD CONTROL IN FRENCH AND ENGLISH COURTS
Authors: Grant Thomas D 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn September 2021, the French Cour de Cassation reversed the annulment that the Paris Cour d'appel earlier had granted in regard to an arbitral award in Alexander Brothers v Alstom on grounds of corruption. This brought French courts in line with their English counterparts, at least in that one case, the latter having accepted the Alexander Brothers award as enforceable. Noteworthy beyond the welcome consistency that the recent French judgment imparts in one case, that and other recent judgments cast light on several issues in international arbitration, including the arbitrability of allegations of fraud or corruption, the relevance of evidence of corruption ‘downstream’ from a contract, and the legal effects (if any) on third parties of internal compliance regimes that enterprises adopt in response to national regulatory and enforcement actions in respect of corruption.
Exiles, Expatriates, and Malcolm X: Debating the Racial Politics of Liberation in the Black Star of Africa
Authors: Allman Jean 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOn 10 May 1964, on his return trip to the United States from Mecca, Malcolm X landed in Accra for a weeklong visit to the capital of the ‘Black Star of Africa’. This high-profile visit, which took place only nine months before Malcolm X's assassination, has assumed an important place in biographical accounts of his life, as key to understanding his religious and political transformation or ‘conversion’. Yet we know surprisingly little about how Malcolm X's visit resonated locally, what kinds of meanings it generated, especially in the new nation's capital. Based on newspaper accounts, private paper collections, and written and oral reminiscences, this article explores Malcolm X's visit as a significant moment for accessing the conflicting interpretations of race and liberation politics that converged, cohered, and collided in Ghana during the first decade of independence.
Associations among body energy status, feeding duration and activity with respect to diet energy and protein content in housed dairy cows
Authors: Banda Liveness Jessica , Chagunda Mizeck Gift Gibson , Ashworth Cheryl Joy , Roberts David John 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe study in this research paper was undertaken with a hypothesis that accelerometer data can be used to improve monitoring of energy balance in dairy cows. Animals of high (select, S) and average (control, C) genetic-merit lines were allocated to two feeding systems, by-product (BP) and homegrown (HG). This culminated in four production systems referred to as BPS, BPC, HGS and HGC. Cows between their first and fourth lactations were included and a total of 8602 records were used. The target crude protein (CP) and metabolisable energy (ME) content in the BP diet was 185 g/kg DM and 12.3 MJ/kg DM while it was 180 g/kg DM, and 11.5 MJ/kg DM for the HG diet, respectively. Milk yield, body energy content (BEC) and animal activity were monitored while the animals were all housed for winter. Results showed that cows on homegrown feeds were significantly (P < 0.05) more active than cows on by-product feeds as indicated by higher motion index and number of steps per day. Feeding duration was not significantly different (P > 0.05) between cows under by-product feeding system irrespective of the energy balance of the cows. However, there were significant differences for cows under homegrown feeding system. Cows in negative energy balance had a longer feeding duration per day than cows in positive energy balance. Milk yield was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) to motion index and number of steps per day but not to lying time and feeding duration. The results showed differences in cow activity were related to diet content and body energy status. This is useful in precision farming where feeds are provided according to specific animal behaviour and feed requirements.
Retrospective analysis of the risk of neoplasia associated with unilateral maxillary sinus opacification on computed tomography
Authors: Mughal Z , Daffu K , Adeoti R , Swaminathan R , Henney S 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundUnilateral maxillary sinus opacification on computed tomography may reflect an inflammatory or neoplastic process. The neoplasia risk is not clear in the literature.MethodsIn this retrospective study, computed tomography sinus scans performed over 12 months were screened for unilateral maxillary sinus opacification, and the rates of inflammatory and neoplastic diagnoses were calculated.ResultsOf 641 computed tomography sinus scans, the rate of unilateral maxillary sinus opacification was 9 per cent. Fifty-two cases were analysed. The risk of neoplasia was 2 per cent (inverted papilloma,n= 1). No cases of unilateral maxillary sinus opacification represented malignancy, but one case of lymphoma had an incidental finding of unilateral maxillary sinus opacification on the contralateral side. Patients with an antrochoanal polyp (n= 3), fungal disease (n= 1), inverted papilloma and lymphoma all had a unilateral nasal mass.ConclusionOur neoplasia rate of 2 per cent was lower than previously reported. A unilateral mass was predictive of pathology that required operative management. Clinical findings, rather than simple findings of opacification on computed tomography, should drive the decision to perform biopsy.
English Medium Instruction: What do we know so far and what do we still need to find out?
Authors: Macaro Ernesto 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEnglish Medium Instruction (EMI), as a phenomenon occurring in the non-Anglophone world, has been matched by a growth in research output on the topic and is now an important and established field of study. A great deal of research attention has been devoted to attitudes held by the key stakeholders in this form of education: teachers, students, and policy makers. Yet, there are many other important questions that remain unanswered, the most important of which are: What are the outcomes of this form of instruction? What is the social and economic impact of EMI? How can EMI teachers improve their teaching? And how can learners help themselves to improve their learning?
The Golden Rule: A Naturalistic Perspective
Authors: Cofnas Nathan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA number of philosophers from Hobbes to Mill to Parfit have held some combination of the following views about the Golden Rule: (a) It is the cornerstone of morality across many if not all cultures. (b) It affirms the value of moral impartiality, and potentially the core idea of utilitarianism. (c) It is immune from evolutionary debunking, that is, there is no good naturalistic explanation for widespread acceptance of the Golden Rule, ergo the best explanation for its appearance in different traditions is that people have perceived the same non-natural moral truth. De Lazari-Radek and Singer employ all three of these claims in an argument meant to vindicate Sidgwick's ‘principle of universal benevolence’. I argue that the Golden Rule is the cornerstone of morality only in Christianity, it does not advocate moral impartiality, and there is a naturalistic explanation for why versions of the Golden Rule appear in different traditions.
Revisiting ‘Toledo, Rome, and the Legacy of Gaul’: new evidence from the Divine Office
Authors: MALOY REBECCA , BROWN MASON , CEFKIN BENJAMIN PONGTEP , OPARA RUTH , QUILLIAM MEGAN , SHAFFER MELANIE 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTOver the past century, scholars have identified examples of liturgical chant belonging to more than one Western liturgical tradition, including Franco-Roman, Old Hispanic, Old Beneventan and Milanese. In a seminal study, Kenneth Levy identified a set of offertories that circulate in the Franco-Roman, Old Hispanic and Milanese traditions, arguing that all existing versions derive from an earlier, Gallican tradition. This article expands the evidence for connections between the Franco-Roman and Old Hispanic traditions, identifying nearly two dozen Franco-Roman responsories that are shared with the Old Hispanic rite and may be of Gallican or Iberian origin. The diversity of their liturgical assignments and circulation patterns suggests that the exchange of repertory took place at different times and through different routes. Many of these responsories are assigned to the later layers of the Roman liturgy. Others were added to the Old Hispanic liturgy between the eighth and tenth centuries.Just over half of these responsories show enough melodic connections between the Franco-Roman and Old Hispanic versions, in contour and melismatic density, to imply a shared melodic ancestor. Each version, however, uses the formulas associated with its own tradition, indicating that the melodies have been assimilated to the style and formulaic content of the receiving tradition. Despite the resulting melodic differences, we identify certain commonalities between Franco-Roman and Old Hispanic chant, such as text-setting strategies and common cadential contours, that facilitated the exchange of repertory.
Attacks on Educational Institutions
Authors: Tin Derrick , Issa Fadi , Ciottone Gregory R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackground:Educational institutions around the world have long been targets of terrorist attacks. Schools, colleges, and universities often lack security measures against intentional threats and may be viewed as relatively easy, soft targets with high potential for mass casualties. The long-term psychosocial impact on children, youth, and survivors of terrorist attacks are significant and recovery remains a challenge. Deliberate attacks on students and children, in particular, can also often gain mass-media attention, provoke significant community unrest, and place a spotlight on the local government’s inability to protect the vulnerable. This study is an epidemiological examination of all terrorism-related events targeting educational institutions from 1970-2019.Method:Data collection was performed using a retrospective search through the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). The database was searched using the internal search functions for all events that occurred from January 1, 1970 - December 31, 2019. “Educational institutions” as a primary target type was selected for the purpose of this study and events were further sub-classified by country and attack type. All classifications were pre-determined by the GTD.Results:The GTD listed 4,520 attacks against educational institutions, recording 3,732 deaths and 9,920 wounded. This accounted for 2.7% of all terrorist attacks (total 168,003 attacks against all target types). There has been a downtrend in attacks since the 2014 peak when 344 attacks were recorded that year. Pakistan recorded the most attacks with 969 events, followed by Afghanistan (369), India (311), and Iraq (279). The most common attack types included bombing/explosions (2290), facility/infrastructure attacks (636), armed assaults (628), hostage takings (kidnappings [415]), assassinations (357), unarmed assaults (72), unknown (67), hostage takings (barricade incidents [46]), and hijackings (9).Eight hundred seventy-three of the 4,520 attacks were recorded against teachers, professors, and instructors and 486 attacks were recorded against “other personnel” such as security and non-teaching staff.Conclusion:Terrorist attacks on educational institutions are rare but significant target types. In total, 41.2% of attacks on educational institutions occurred in South Asia, followed by 18.9% in the Middle East and North Africa. Western Europe and North America accounted for 3.9% and 3.6%, respectively. Educational institutions around the world should evaluate their risks and put in place appropriate hardening measures as well as preparedness and recovery plans to intentional threats.
Between Uniformity and Polarization: Women’s Empowerment in the Public Press of GCC States
Authors: Müller Henriette , Camia Christin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states have increased their promotion of women in public life. The expansion of women's rights in these states functions as a central policy tool to stimulate modernization processes. This article investigates how the Gulf governments steer women's empowerment through the press. Regulated by the state, media outlets in GCC countries primarily serve to affirm and amplify the legitimacy of the government. Focusing on 15 English-language newspapers from 2008 to 2017, this article analyzes the degree to which women's empowerment in various arenas of society was addressed and the valence with which it was reported. Moreover, it analyzes whether foreign and domestic news were addressed differently. The article finds that once nondemocracies focus on women's rights, positive media portrayals, especially of domestic news, become central for legitimizing both women's empowerment and the regime. The article contributes to the growing literature on women's rights legislation and the state-media nexus in autocracies.