bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feeding at 6–12 months in infants with CHD
Authors: Pados Britt F. , Harrison Tondi M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackground:Feeding difficulty is common in infants with CHD.Objective:The purpose of this study was to describe the feeding skills and behaviours of infants with CHD at 6–12 months of age and explore relationships between feeding, gastrointestinal distress, and gastroesophageal reflux.Methods:Parents of 30 infants with CHD completed online surveys when their infant was 6, 8, 10, and 12 months old. Surveys included parent-report measures of feeding skills (Child Oral and Motor Proficiency Scale), feeding behaviours (Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool), symptoms of gastrointestinal distress (Infant Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire), and gastroesophageal reflux (Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire-Revised).Results:We found that 95, 32, 67, and 30% of infants were delayed in their feeding skill development at 6, 8, 10, and 12 months, respectively. Symptoms of problematic feeding behaviours were similarly high, with 90, 62, 29, and 38% of infants meeting criteria for problematic feeding at 6, 8, 10, and 12 months, respectively. Feeding skills and behaviours were related but unique contributors. Feeding behaviours were related to both gastrointestinal distress and gastroesophageal reflux, but feeding skills were rarely related to either.Conclusions:Delayed acquisition of feeding skills and problematic feeding were common in infants with CHD. Infants with more gastrointestinal and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms had more symptoms of problematic feeding behaviours.Clinical Implications:Comprehensive assessment, targeted interventions, and early involvement of feeding specialists are important to support feeding in infants with CHD through at least the first year of life.
Prediction in bilingual sentence processing: How prediction differs in a later learned language from a first language
Authors: Schlenter Judith 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis review provides an update on what we know about differences in prediction in a first and second language after several years of extensive research. It shows when L1/L2 differences are most likely to occur and provides an explanation as to why they occur. For example, L2 speakers may capitalize more on semantic information for prediction than L1 speakers, or possibly they do not make predictions due to differences in the weighting of cues. A different weighting of cues can be the result of prior experience from the L1 and/or the prior experience in an experiment which affects L1 and L2 processing to a different extent. Overall, prediction in L2 processing often emerges later and/or is weaker than in L1 processing. Because L2 processing is generally slower, L1/L2 differences are likely to occur at certain levels of prediction, most notably at the form level, in line with a prediction-by-production mechanism.
Marked Impacts of Pollution Mitigation on Crop Yields in China
Authors: He Liyin , Wei Jing , Wang Yuan , Shang Quanbiao , Liu Junjie , Yin Yi , Frankenberg Christian , Jiang Jonathan H. , Li Zhanqing , Yung Yuk L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPlant growth and crop harvest are impacted by both climate change and air pollution. However, their relative importance in crop yields remains elusive, especially in heavily polluted regions. Here we develop crop yield prediction models, based on a large volume of historical crop data, as well as climate and pollution records in China since 1980. A long‐term surface ozone concentration data set is developed from a machine‐learning model and various observations. An assessment of four climate and pollution factors reveals the critical role of particulate and ozone pollution in regulating interannual variations of crop yields in China. During 2010–2018, we find that the particulate pollution mitigation outweighs the negative impacts of concurrent climate change, resulting in 0.5%–1.9% net yield increases nationwide, despite of the ozone increases in the North China Plain. Looking to the future, the impacts of climate change, particularly from surface temperature increase, will dominate over pollution factors and profoundly reduce future maize and rice yields by 0.6 to 2.8% 10 yr−1 by 2050. Our findings call for attention on the threat to future global food security from the absence of pollution mitigation and the persistence of global warming.
Equilibrium Configurations of Super‐Thin Current Sheets in Space Plasma: Characteristic Scaling of Multilayer Structures
Authors: Zelenyi L. M. , Malova H. V. , Leonenko M. V. , Grigorenko E. E. , Popov V. Yu. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThin current sheets (TCSs) are the key structures in space and laboratory plasmas responsible for the accumulation and subsequent release of the stored magnetic energy. Spacecraft measurements in the near Earth's space revealed the complicated multilayer TCSs structure consisting from extremely thin and strong electron current embedded inside the thicker ion current layer. In this paper we present for the first time the analytical self‐consistent model of 1D super thin electron current sheet (STCS) supported by magnetized electrons within a much wider (but still very thin) proton structure carried by nonmagnetized (quasi‐adiabatic) particles. We take into account the dependence of electron STCS on anisotropy of electron distribution and magnetic field shear often existing in realistic TCS configurations. It is shown that the structure of the embedded STCS can be described by the simple nonlinear equation, which allows to estimate the scaling of STCS thickness due to coupling of electron and ion domains, although electron dynamics described by guiding center drift approximation is scale free. The theoretical results are in a good agreement with MMS spacecraft observations in the Earth's magnetotail.
Modulation of North American Heat Waves by the Tropical Atlantic Warm Pool
Authors: Lopez Hosmay , Kim Dongmin , West Robert , Kirtman Ben 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHeat waves are among the deadliest natural hazards affecting the United States (US). Therefore, understanding the physical mechanisms modulating their occurrence is essential for improving their predictions and future projections. Using observational data and model simulations, this study finds that the interannual variability of the tropical Atlantic warm pool (AWP, measured as the area enclosed by the 28.5°C sea surface temperature isotherm) modulates heat wave occurrence over the US Great Plains during boreal summer. For example, a larger than normal AWP enhances atmospheric convection over the Caribbean Sea, driving an upper tropospheric anticyclonic anomaly over the Gulf of Mexico and Great Plains, which strengthens subsidence, reduces cloud cover, and increases surface warming. This circulation anomaly thus weakens the Great Plains low‐level jet and associated moisture transport into the Great Plains, leading to drought conditions and increased heat wave occurrence for most of the US east of the Rockies.
Compound Events in South America Using the CORDEX‐CORE Ensemble: Current Climate Conditions and Future Projections in a Global Warming Scenario
Authors: Olmo M. E. , Weber T. , Teichmann C. , Bettolli M. L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractClimate hazards associated with compound events (CEs) have lately received increasing attention over South America (SA) due to their potential risks and amplification of impacts. This work addressed the evaluation of different temperature‐ and precipitation‐based CE in SA considering the CORDEX‐CORE ensemble of regional climate models (RCMs) and their driving earth system models (ESMs) in the reference period 1981–2010 and the late 21st century (2070–2099), for the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios. The assessment focused on model performance for the individual events—heatwaves (HWs), Extreme rainfall (ER) days, and dry‐spells (DSs)—and their compound occurrence in terms of climatological frequency and duration. The spatial patterns of individual events were adequately reproduced by the RCMs, evidencing general overestimations in extreme precipitation intensities. In terms of CE, the frequencies of coincident HWs and DSs (sequential DSs and ER) were remarkable over central‐eastern Brazil and southern SA (southeastern SA). The main features of CE were generally well‐simulated by the RCMs, although they presented regional differences such as an underestimation of the maximum frequencies of these two CE in northeastern Brazil and southeastern SA, respectively. The high‐resolution information was generally in line with the larger‐scale driving ESMs. The climate change signal analysis generally showed robust future increases in CE frequency and duration in different areas of SA, as for coincident HWs and DSs (sequential DSs and ER) over northern SA and southern Brazil (southeastern SA). This was mostly consistent among the RCMs ensemble and notably strengthened in the worst‐case scenario (RCP 8.5).
Historical and Future Vegetation Changes in the Degraded Frozen Soil and the Entire Tibetan Plateau and Climate Drivers
Authors: Cuo Lan , Zhang Yongxin , Li Ning 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAbout 99% of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is covered by frozen soils and degradation of frozen soils will certainly impact TP's ecosystems. Here, we investigate decadal changes of frozen soils and net primary productivity (NPP, representing vegetation) in the degraded frozen soil zones and the TP during 1982–2014 and 2015–2100 using a dynamic vegetation model, historical records and the latest CMIP6 projections, as well as observation‐based soil temperature thresholds. In 1982–2014, degraded permafrost soil zones were in the range of 316,975–455,402 km2, with mean annual NPP staying around 84.9 gCm−2and annual NPP showing a significant reduction at −1.71 gCm−2/year due primarily to warming air. Seasonally frozen soil also degraded by 15,636 km2in the southeast TP, with mean annual NPP staying around 620.0 gCm−2and annual NPP showing a significant increase at 11.00 gCm−2/year. In the future, frozen soil continues to degrade and the degradation accelerates toward the end of the century such that only 2.7% of permafrost soil in 2014 is left by 2080–2100 under the shared socioeconomic pathway SSP5‐8.5. Mean annual NPP in the permafrost soil degraded zones in 2015–2100 is about half of that for 1982–2014, with spatially mixed decrease and increase trends in the near‐, mid‐, and long‐term periods. Over the seasonally frozen soil degraded zones and the entire TP, more positive than negative annual NPP changes are seen in 2015–2100, especially in the southeast of the TP, due to improved growing conditions and the expansion of primarily subtropical and temperate scrubland.
Calibration and Uncertainty Quantification of a Gravity Wave Parameterization: A Case Study of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in an Intermediate Complexity Climate Model
Authors: Mansfield L. A. , Sheshadri A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe drag due to breaking atmospheric gravity waves plays a leading order role in driving the middle atmosphere circulation, but as their horizontal wavelength range from tens to thousands of kilometers, part of their spectrum must be parameterized in climate models. Gravity wave parameterizations prescribe a source spectrum of waves in the lower atmosphere and allow these to propagate upwards until they either dissipate or break, where they deposit drag on the large‐scale flow. These parameterizations are a source of uncertainty in climate modeling which is generally not quantified. Here, we explore the uncertainty associated with a non‐orographic gravity wave parameterization given an assumed parameterization structure within a global climate model of intermediate complexity, using the Calibrate, Emulate and Sample (CES) method. We first calibrate the uncertain parameters that define the gravity wave source spectrum in the tropics, to obtain climate model settings that are consistent with properties of the primary mode of tropical stratospheric variability, the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO). Then we use a Gaussian process emulator to sample the calibrated distribution of parameters and quantify the uncertainty of these parameter choices. We find that the resulting parametric uncertainties on the QBO period and amplitude are of a similar magnitude to the internal variability under a 2xCO2 forcing.
Altitude Extension of the NCAR‐TIEGCM (TIEGCM‐X) and Evaluation
Authors: Cai Yihui , Yue Xinan , Wang Wenbin , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Liu Huixin , Lin Dong , Wu Haonan , Yue Jia , Bruinsma Sean L. , Ding Feng , Ren Zhipeng , Liu Libo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe upper boundary height of the traditional community general circulation model of the ionosphere‐thermosphere system is too low to be applied to the topside ionosphere/thermosphere study. In this study, the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (NCAR‐TIEGCM) was successfully extended upward by four scale heights from 400–600 km to 700–1,200 km depending on solar activity, named TIEGCM‐X. The topside ionosphere and thermosphere simulated by TIEGCM‐X agree well with the observations derived from a topside sounder and satellite drag data. In addition, the neutral density, temperature, and electron density simulated by TIEGCM‐X are morphologically consistent with the NCAR‐TIEGCM simulations before extension. The latitude‐altitude distribution of the equatorial ionization anomaly derived from TIEGCM‐X is more reasonable. During geomagnetic storm events, the thermospheric responses of TIEGCM‐X are similar to NCAR‐TIEGCM. However, the ionospheric storm effects in TIEGCM‐X are stronger than those in NCAR‐TIEGCM and are even opposites at some middle and low latitudes due to the presence of more closed magnetic field lines. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program observations prove that the ionospheric storm effect of TIEGCM‐X is more reasonable. The well‐validated TIEGCM‐X has significant potential applications in ionospheric/thermospheric studies, such as the responses to storms, low‐latitude dynamics, and data assimilation.
Senescent neutrophils-derived exosomal piRNA-17560 promotes chemoresistance and EMT of breast cancer via FTO-mediated m6A demethylation
Authors: Ou Baochi , Liu Yuan , Gao Zongxuan , Xu Jun , Yan Yunwen , Li Yongxiang , Zhang Jingjie 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCellular senescence is characterized by a tumor-suppressive program as well as a pro-inflammatory secretome. Neutrophils constitute significant compositions of malignancies and play key roles in tumor development. However, the role of senescent neutrophils in cancer progression is presently unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that neutrophils display enhanced senescence in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. The senescent neutrophils produce increased number of exosomes, which confer drug resistance to tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, senescent neutrophils-derived exosomal piRNA-17560 enhances the expression of fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) in breast cancer cells. The upregulation of FTO further strengthens ZEB1 transcripts stability and expression by decreasing N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation, leading to chemoresistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. Clinically, the level of exosomal piR-17560 correlates with poor chemotherapy response in patients with breast cancer. In addition, YTHDF2 is essential for the posttranscriptional regulation of ZEB1 by piRNA-17560/FTO signaling. Senescent neutrophils secret exosomal piR-17560 in a STAT3-dependent manner. Altogether, this study suggests that senescent neutrophils-derived exosomal piR-17560 confers chemoresistance to tumor cells and senescent neutrophils may serve as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer.
Disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis and immunodeficiency in patients with functional IP3 receptor subtype 3 defects
Authors: Neumann Julika , Van Nieuwenhove Erika , Terry Lara E. , Staels Frederik , Knebel Taylor R. , Welkenhuyzen Kirsten , Ahmadzadeh Kourosh , Baker Mariah R. , Gerbaux Margaux , Willemsen Mathijs , Barber John S. , Serysheva Irina I. , De Waele Liesbeth , Vermeulen François , Schlenner Susan , Meyts Isabelle , Yule David I. , Bultynck Geert , Schrijvers Rik , Humblet-Baron Stephanie , Liston Adrian 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCalcium signaling is essential for lymphocyte activation, with genetic disruptions of store-operated calcium (Ca2+) entry resulting in severe immunodeficiency. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), a homo- or heterotetramer of the IP3R1-3 isoforms, amplifies lymphocyte signaling by releasing Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum stores following antigen stimulation. Although knockout of all IP3R isoforms in mice causes immunodeficiency, the seeming redundancy of the isoforms is thought to explain the absence of variants in human immunodeficiency. In this study, we identified compound heterozygous variants of ITPR3 (a gene encoding IP3R subtype 3) in two unrelated Caucasian patients presenting with immunodeficiency. To determine whether ITPR3 variants act in a nonredundant manner and disrupt human immune responses, we characterized the Ca2+ signaling capacity, the lymphocyte response, and the clinical phenotype of these patients. We observed disrupted Ca2+ signaling in patient-derived fibroblasts and immune cells, with abnormal proliferation and activation responses following T-cell receptor stimulation. Reconstitution of IP3R3 in IP3R knockout cell lines led to the identification of variants as functional hypomorphs that showed reduced ability to discriminate between homeostatic and induced states, validating a genotype–phenotype link. These results demonstrate a functional link between defective endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ channels and immunodeficiency and identify IP3Rs as diagnostic targets for patients with specific inborn errors of immunity. These results also extend the known cause of Ca2+-associated immunodeficiency from store-operated entry to impaired Ca2+ mobilization from the endoplasmic reticulum, revealing a broad sensitivity of lymphocytes to genetic defects in Ca2+ signaling.
Aversive memory formation in humans involves an amygdala-hippocampus phase code
Authors: Costa Manuela , Lozano-Soldevilla Diego , Gil-Nagel Antonio , Toledano Rafael , Oehrn Carina R. , Kunz Lukas , Yebra Mar , Mendez-Bertolo Costantino , Stieglitz Lennart , Sarnthein Johannes , Axmacher Nikolai , Moratti Stephan , Strange Bryan A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMemory for aversive events is central to survival but can become maladaptive in psychiatric disorders. Memory enhancement for emotional events is thought to depend on amygdala modulation of hippocampal activity. However, the neural dynamics of amygdala-hippocampal communication during emotional memory encoding remain unknown. Using simultaneous intracranial recordings from both structures in human patients, here we show that successful emotional memory encoding depends on the amygdala theta phase to which hippocampal gamma activity and neuronal firing couple. The phase difference between subsequently remembered vs. not-remembered emotional stimuli translates to a time period that enables lagged coherence between amygdala and downstream hippocampal gamma. These results reveal a mechanism whereby amygdala theta phase coordinates transient amygdala -hippocampal gamma coherence to facilitate aversive memory encoding. Pacing of lagged gamma coherence via amygdala theta phase may represent a general mechanism through which the amygdala relays emotional content to distant brain regions to modulate other aspects of cognition, such as attention and decision-making.
Divergent regulation of basement membrane trafficking by human macrophages and cancer cells
Authors: Bahr Julian C. , Li Xiao-Yan , Feinberg Tamar Y. , Jiang Long , Weiss Stephen J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMacrophages and cancer cells populations are posited to navigate basement membrane barriers by either mobilizing proteolytic enzymes or deploying mechanical forces. Nevertheless, the relative roles, or identity, of the proteinase -dependent or -independent mechanisms used by macrophages versus cancer cells to transmigrate basement membrane barriers harboring physiologically-relevant covalent crosslinks remains ill-defined. Herein, both macrophages and cancer cells are shown to mobilize membrane-anchored matrix metalloproteinases to proteolytically remodel native basement membranes isolated from murine tissues while infiltrating the underlying interstitial matrix ex vivo. In the absence of proteolytic activity, however, only macrophages deploy actomyosin-generated forces to transmigrate basement membrane pores, thereby providing the cells with proteinase-independent access to the interstitial matrix while simultaneously exerting global effects on the macrophage transcriptome. By contrast, cancer cell invasive activity is reliant on metalloproteinase activity and neither mechanical force nor changes in nuclear rigidity rescue basement membrane transmigration. These studies identify membrane-anchored matrix metalloproteinases as key proteolytic effectors of basement membrane remodeling by macrophages and cancer cells while also defining the divergent invasive strategies used by normal and neoplastic cells to traverse native tissue barriers.
Strongly enhanced THz generation enabled by a graphene hot-carrier fast lane
Authors: Zhang Dehui , Xu Zhen , Cheng Gong , Liu Zhe , Gutierrez Audrey Rose , Zang Wenzhe , Norris Theodore B. , Zhong Zhaohui 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSemiconductor photoconductive switches are useful and versatile emitters of terahertz (THz) radiation with a broad range of applications in THz imaging and time-domain spectroscopy. One fundamental challenge for achieving efficient ultrafast switching, however, is the relatively long carrier lifetime in most common semiconductors. To obtain picosecond ultrafast pulses, especially when coupled with waveguides/transmission lines, semiconductors are typically engineered with high defect density to reduce the carrier lifetimes, which in turn lowers the overall power output of the photoconductive switches. To overcome this fundamental trade-off, here we present a new hybrid photoconductive switch design by engineering a hot-carrier fast lane using graphene on silicon. While photoexcited carriers are generated in the silicon layer, similar to a conventional switch, the hot carriers are transferred to the graphene layer for efficient collection at the contacts. As a result, the graphene-silicon hybrid photoconductive switch emits THz fields with up to 80 times amplitude enhancement compared to its graphene-free counterpart. These results both further the understanding of ultrafast hot carrier transport in such hybrid systems and lay the groundwork toward intrinsically more powerful THz devices based on 2D-3D hybrid heterostructures.