bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
537 Laser-Assisted Drug Delivery in the Treatment of Hypertrophic and Keloid Scars: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bernabe Rendell , Calero Tiffany , Lin Joshua , Dang Justin , Madigral Paloma , Yenikomshian Haig A , Gillenwater Justin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Hypertrophic scars (HTS) and keloids (K) cause significant morbidity and disfigurement. Care of HTS and keloids range from less invasive treatments, such as pressure garments and silicone products, to more invasive treatments, such as intralesional injections (ISI) of medication, and surgical excision. Laser-Assisted Drug Delivery (LADD) is becoming a more popular treatment for HTS and K. The ablative fractional laser creates microchannels in the skins which allows the delivery of drugs into deeper skin layers. We have conducted a systematic review of the literature to assess the effectiveness of LADD in the treatment of HTS and K.

Methods
A search was performed on PubMed between January 1998-August 2021 using the following keywords: Laser Assisted Drug Delivery, Laser Combined Drug Delivery, Laser Drug Delivery, Laser Drug, Hypertrophic, Burn, Keloid, Scar. Inclusion criteria was the use of LADD in HTS or K. Exclusion criteria were studies in animal models, case reports, reviews, and non-english articles. One article was excluded due to concerns of plagiarism.

Results
A total of 11 articles were included in the final review. One study found no difference in HTS outcomes between LADD of corticosteroids (CTS) and laser with topical petrolatum used as a control. Two prospective studies found that LADD of CTS led to improved HTS outcomes. Two split-scar studies found no difference in K outcomes between LADD of CTS and ISI of CTS. One prospective study assessed LADD of CTS in K and found statistically significant improvements in scar outcomes. A retrospective study looking at K outcomes found a 50% mean improvement when treated with LADD of CTS. A split-scar study found statistically significant better HTS outcomes with LADD of 5-FU compared to topical 5-FU alone. One study found no difference in HTS outcomes between LADD of CTS and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). Two studies assessed both HTS and K. The first study found that both LADD of 5-FU and LADD of CTS led to significantly better scar outcomes when compared to laser monotherapy. The other reported that HTS outcomes were significantly better with LADD of Botulinum toxin A and K outcomes were better with ISI of Botulinum Toxin A.

Conclusions
The use of LADD is effective in the setting of HTS. There is evidence that LADD of scar modulating agents to HTS lesions is more effective than topical delivery or ISI of the same agent. LADD shows promise as an alternative treatment for K as it displays similar efficacy as ISI.
700 Use of Antibiograms and Changes in Bacterial Resistance Patterns
Authors: D'Abbondanza Josephine , Ziolkowski Natalia , Rehou Sarah , Shahrokhi Shahriar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Infection is a leading cause of death in burn patients. With an increase in resistance patterns, management of these infections has become progressively difficult. Antibiograms, a summary of susceptibilities to bacteria in a given institution or area, are often used to guide empiric treatment of infections. However, inappropriate prescribing and use of empiric antimicrobials may greatly impact the incidence of resistance. Currently, we do not know the patterns of antibiotic use since the introduction of institutional antibiograms or associated changes in antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study is to describe trends in antibiotic susceptibilities in burn patients in Canada pre- (PrA) and post-introduction (PoA) of antibiograms.

Methods
We performed a retrospective review of patients admitted to an ABA-verified Burn Centre 2 years pre- (2013-2014) and post-introduction (2016-2017) of institutional antibiograms and started on broad-spectrum antibiotics (meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, and/or vancomycin).

Results
A total of 864 patients were admitted during the study period (n=420 PrA and n=444 PoA). Average age, % total body surface area (%TBSA), and length of stay were similar between cohorts. Administration of empiric meropenem increased (43.2% vs. 56.8%) and piperacillin-tazobactam decreased (60.6% vs. 39.4%), which was significant (p=0.002). The use of vancomycin was unchanged. There was a significant decrease in the overall use of empiric antibiotics (p=0.002) since the inception of antibiograms, with a significant improvement in culture and sensitivity (C&S) testing within 5 days of starting empiric antibiotics (p=0.002). There was no significant difference in use of targeted antibiotics pre- or post-antibiogram introduction.

Conclusions
Our study demonstrates that since the inception of antibiograms, there has been a significant decrease in overall use of empiric antibiotics and improvement in acquiring C&S within 5 days. However, these antibiotics were not always targeted to the appropriate organism and therefore may contribute to multi-drug resistant organisms in a burn population.
745 Evaluating Nurses' Perceptions of Code Cart Competency
Authors: Folliard Sarah A , Grubbs Alicia K , Beyene Robel , Doyle Kelly , Gondek Stephen , Young Miranda 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction
This study was conducted to evaluate critical care nurses' perceptions of competency when using the code cart during Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) resuscitation. During post-resuscitation debrief, it was noted that nurses reported lack of familiarity with using the code cart and could not quickly locate items when needed.

Methods
Using an email distribution list sent to nurses employed in the Burn Center, a pre-survey was conducted to evaluate baseline competency levels and provide the opportunity to self report level of familiarity with the code cart and the roles needed to conduct effective ACLS resuscitation. Following the pre-survey, various educational opportunities were offered to the nursing staff including written and hands-on activities in a low-stress setting. These activities were offered to day and night shift nurses on several occasions, and there was no limit to how many times a nurse could participate. Following 3 months of targeted educational intervention, a post-survey was conducted to re-evaluate the nurses' perceived comfort level with using the code cart during ACLS resuscitation.

Results
The average years of nursing experience among participants was 3-4, with only two participants reporting 5 or more years of critical care experience. The nurses reported an increase in self-reported confidence level with using the code cart. The most common educational intervention that nurses felt would increase their comfort levels with using the crash cart were more frequent simulation scenarios (ie: mock codes), and hands-on training with open crash carts during in a low stress setting.

Conclusions
Because ACLS resuscitation is a stressful, chaotic event, it is not feasible for nurses to learn "in the moment." Critical care nurses in the Burn Center are trained on resuscitation and are required to maintain ACLS certification, but this is not enough training for them to feel comfortable with their responsibilities during a code. After identifying that nurses were not confident in being able to work the crash cart and could not find necessary items when asked to do so during an emergency, a plan for additional hands-on education in a low-stress setting was developed. Using a pre/post survey, the multi-faceted educational opportunities were evaluated to see if they would impact the nurses' self-reported perceptions of code cart competency. Results indicated that not only were the educational interventions successful, but the nurses would like further opportunities for ongoing participation to maintain their level of comfort with the crash cart.
Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae): Fauna and Ecology in the Northeast of Algeria
Authors: Amira Aicha , Bounamous Azzedine , Kouba Yacine , Kadjoudj Nadia , Zeroual Samir , Boubendir Abdelhafid , Boularouk Yakoub 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) transmit several Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) species, which cause leishmaniasis, a significant public health concern in Algeria. We compared sand fly species abundance and composition among different biotopes (urban, peri-urban, rural areas), bioclimatic zones (humid, sub-humid, semi-arid), and elevation ranges. We also used the additive partitioning of beta diversity to test whether the variation in sand fly composition among biotopes, bioclimatic zones, and elevation ranges is due to species turnover or community subsetting. In total, 7,478 specimens were captured; of which, 7,162 (51.5% males vs. 48.5% females) belong to eight species: Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead, 1911 (77.4% of the total captured specimens), Phlebotomus perfiliewi Parrot, 1930 (14.6%), Phlebotomus longicuspis Nitzulescu, 1911 (5.9%), Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli, 1786 (&lt;1%), Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot, 1917 (&lt;1%) and Phlebotomus chadlii Rioux, Juminer et Gibily 1966 (&lt;1%), Sergentomyia minuta Adler et Theodor, 1927 (1%), and Sergentomyia fallax Parrot, 1921 (&lt;1%). Sand fly total abundance showed negative correlations with altitude and was significantly higher in rural areas. Sandfly community composition was significantly different between rural and urban/peri-urban areas. The additive partitioning of beta diversity showed that 71.4% of the compositional dissimilarity among elevation ranges and bioclimates was due to sand fly species turnover, and 28.6% resulted from nestedness. However, the variation in sand fly composition among different biotopes was mainly due to community nestedness. Findings from this study help define the risk of Leishmania transmission and develop methods for vector control in Mila province and Algeria as a whole.
Students’ Perception of Online Learning During COVID-19: A U.S.-Based Music Therapy Survey
Authors: Kern Petra , Tague Daniel B 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic affected music therapy education, with many university programs instantly shifting from in-person to remote online teaching. As literature related to various aspects of COVID-19 is emerging, none has yet examined music therapy students’ responses to the sudden modification of teaching modalities. The aim of this study was to understand how the music therapy learning environment changed during the COVID-19 pandemic; students’ experiences with unexpected remote learning, clinical training, and examination; and their perception of barriers and benefits of online learning. American Music Therapy Association students attending courses from Spring 2020 through Spring 2021 were invited to participate in this national survey. In total, 230 music therapy students across seven regions responded to the 26-item questionnaire through Qualtrics®. Seven questions were further explored with a student focus group. Results indicated that courses were mainly altered to synchronous lectures, clinical training changed to varied telepractice experiences, and examination was modified across universities. Students spent about the same time in remote learning and found synchronous lectures mostly engaging. Commonly perceived barriers included screen fatigue, physical isolation from peers, and poor internet connection. Safety during COVID-19, no traveling time, and being more comfortable at home were noted as key benefits. In conclusion, online learning allowed the continuation of music therapy education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moving forward, the development of effective online courses and research-based guidelines for tele-interventions is desirable to improve the music therapy educational landscape during future crises and to prepare students for competent services in a digital world.
Research on performance optimization of gas–liquid ejector in multiphase mixed transportation device
Authors: Zhao Junyou , Wei Xin , Zou Junyan , Zhang Yaning , Sun Jiafeng , Liu Zhongping 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
In the process of oil and gas extraction, a system that uses a pump and reversing mechanism to achieve high-efficiency export of gas–liquid mixture is devised. A gas–liquid ejector is fitted in the front of the device to boost pressure inside the tank in order to store more gas in the tank under a given volume. To meet the working conditions of gas–liquid high-efficiency transport device and obtain a larger outlet pressure and better ejection performance, this paper investigates the effect of outlet pressure, ratio of throat inlet area to nozzle outlet area and nozzle contraction angle on the ejection performance of gas–liquid ejector, and simulations using the computational fluid dynamics approach. At the same time, an experiment platform is built for testing. The research findings show that the ejection gas flow rate and ejection ratio of gas–liquid ejector decrease with the increase of the outlet pressure; as the ratio of throat inlet area to nozzle outlet area increases, the ejection gas flow rate and the ejection ratio of gas–liquid ejector increase first and then decrease. Different nozzle diameters correspond to different optimal area ratios; under the specified working parameters, with the increase of the nozzle contraction angle, the ejection gas flow rate and injection ratio of the gas–liquid ejector increase first and then decrease, and there is an optimal nozzle contraction angle.
Poor Uptake of MMR Vaccine 1-year Post-Measles Outbreak: New York City and Israel
Authors: Paret Michal , Trillo Rebecca , Lighter Jennifer , Youngster Ilan , Ratner Adam J , Pellett Madan Rebecca 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
In 2018-2019, large outbreaks of measles occurred in Israel and in New York City, driven in part by travel of unimmunized children between the 2 communities.

Methods
A retrospective chart review was conducted for children tested for measles (March 2018-September 2019) at NYU Langone Health in New York, NY, and in Ramla subdistrict, Israel. Vaccination records were reviewed to determine vaccination status for measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) at the time of measles testing and 1-year post-testing.

Results
A total of 264 children were tested for measles, and 102 (38.6%) had confirmed measles. Only 20 (19.6%) of measles-positive cases received a full 2-dose course of vitamin A. 82.4% of children with measles were ≥1 year at the time of diagnosis and fully eligible for MMR vaccine. Of the 100 measles-positive cases with available vaccine records, 63 were unvaccinated at testing, and 27 remained unimmunized against MMR 1 year later. At testing, measles-negative children were significantly more likely to have received MMR than measles-positive children (65.4% vs 37%, P &lt; .01). One year later, 70.4% of measles-negative cases and only 57.1% of measles-positive cases had received MMR vaccine (P = .18).

Conclusions
The majority of measles cases occurred in unimmunized children eligible for vaccination, and &gt;25% of children in both measles-positive and -negative groups remained unimmunized for MMR 1-year post-outbreak. Our results suggest the need for novel, longitudinal vaccination strategies and increased awareness of the role of vitamin A.
Picturing Music: Doubling Ekphrasis in Six Rossetti Sonnets
Authors: Helsinger Elizabeth 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
What happens when the visual subject of ekphrastic writing is itself a representation of music – music as it is made and heard by the figures in a picture? In the six sonnets considered in this essay, Dante Gabriel Rossetti – himself an artist as well as a poet – doubles the ekphrastic action to summon an elusive music from what is offered to the eye alone. The poems on the page, in these examples, explore both the promise and the limits of poetry’s long association with song. They participate in shared Pre-Raphaelite and Aesthetic efforts to conjure an experience of music from the resistant genres of painting and poetry, desiring (and regretting) a lost time when poetry and music were regarded as one. But Rossetti’s sonnets are less interested in evoking the sounds of music than in exploring in poetic form what music means – how it affects the mind through multiple senses and the emotions, how its harmonic and rhythmic structures shape those responses in time, and what a modern poetry might learn from a kinship with music. Music in these poems appears as a special kind of embodied knowing, one whose meanings can – perhaps – be conveyed by the different representational means and formal structures of a picture or a poem. What Rossetti’s ekphrastic sonnets on music offer, I suggest, is less a music that can be heard than a form of melopoetics: a literary-musical criticism.
Does SCO need its own energy charter treaty? From the perspective of Chinese BITs
Authors: Li Kuangran , Shen Wei 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Since the reform and opening up, China has developed into a major energy importer and become increasingly dependent on the international energy market. Owing to the impact of shale oil exploration and gas extraction in the USA, the influence of Russia and Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) on international oil prices, and the increasing development of clean energy technologies, China’s energy supply and security are facing serious challenges. This international energy landscape highlights the need to strengthen energy investment and cooperation among Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Member States. However, energy resources are distributed unevenly among the SCO Member States. Specifically, some Member States are rich in energy resources and highly dependent on energy exports for national economic development, which can form a satisfactory supply and demand relationship with China. Therefore, strengthening energy cooperation in SCO is conducive to not only maintaining energy security in the SCO region but also promoting overall regional development and further deepening the economic interconnectivity. An important prerequisite for strengthening energy cooperation between countries is the legal mechanisms for energy investment protection. However, current legal foundations for energy investment among SCO Member States rely mainly on bilateral investment treaties between Member States, which are largely outdated and inconsistent. Likely, this status quo is not conducive to the stable regional energy cooperation for sustainable operation. The purpose of this article is to examine the need to build a unified legal mechanism for energy investment protection under the SCO framework. Accordingly, China should emphasize this legal mechanism to protect the country’s foreign energy investment in the SCO.
Readers’ reception of translated literary work:Fortress Besiegedin the digital English world
Authors: Zheng Jianwei , Fan Wenjun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article explores English readers’ reception of Fortress Besieged as a translated literary work in the digital space, based on descriptive statistics, sentiment analysis, and content analysis of their comments at categorized dimensions. This study discovers that English readership online tends to devalue the translators’ craftsmanship, especially the interlingual transfer of cultural contents, and the sluggish pace of this novel’s storyline. However, the generally successful preservation of the humor and satire of the source text is appreciated. Through bringing cyberspace readers’ voices to the academic frontier, this study highlights the necessity of a fluent plot, cultural transfer challenges, and the adornment of figurative language when translating novels for English readers.
Time and time again: a multi-scale hierarchical framework for time-consciousness and timing of cognition
Authors: Singhal Ishan , Srinivasan Narayanan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTemporality and the feeling of ‘now’ is a fundamental property of consciousness. Different conceptualizations of time-consciousness have argued that both the content of our experiences and the representations of those experiences evolve in time, or neither have temporal extension, or only content does. Accounting for these different positions, we propose a nested hierarchical model of multiple timescales that accounts for findings on timing of cognition and phenomenology of temporal experience. This framework hierarchically combines the three major philosophical positions on time-consciousness (i.e. cinematic, extensional and retentional) and presents a common basis for temporal experience. We detail the properties of these hierarchical levels and speculate how they could coexist mechanistically. We also place several findings on timing and temporal experience at different levels in this hierarchy and show how they can be brought together. Finally, the framework is used to derive novel predictions for both timing of our experiences and time perception. The theoretical framework offers a novel dynamic space that can bring together sub-fields of cognitive science like perception, attention, action and consciousness research in understanding and describing our experiences both in and of time.
Occupational asthma in office workers
Authors: Huntley C C , Burge P S , Moore V C , Robertson A S , Walters G I 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Office work has a relative perception of safety for the worker. Data from surveillance schemes and population-based epidemiological studies suggest that office work carries a low risk of occupational asthma (OA). Office workers are frequently used as comparators in studies of occupational exposure and respiratory disease.

Aims
We aimed to describe and illustrate our tertiary clinical experience of diagnosing OA in office workers.

Methods
We searched the Birmingham NHS Occupational Lung Disease Service clinical database for cases of occupational respiratory disease diagnosed between 2002 and 2020, caused by office work or in office workers. For patients with OA, we gathered existing data on demographics, diagnostic tests including Occupational Asthma SYStem (OASYS) analysis of serial peak expiratory flow and specific inhalational challenge, and employment outcome. We summarised data and displayed them alongside illustrative cases.

Results
There were 47 cases of OA (5% of all asthma) confirmed using OASYS analysis of PEFs in the majority. Sixty percent of cases occurred in healthcare, education and government sectors. The most frequently implicated causative exposures or agents were: indoor air (9), printing, copying and laminating (7), cleaning chemicals (4), mould and damp (4), and acrylic flooring and adhesives (4). Exposures were grouped into internal office environment, office ventilation-related and adjacent environment.

Conclusions
Clinicians should be vigilant for exposures associated with OA in office workers who present with work-related symptoms, where respiratory sensitizing agents may be present. A structured approach to assessment of the workplace is recommended.