bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrocution Due to Fractal Wood Burning
Authors: Herb Thomas , Snyder Alexis , Wilson Allecia , Caplan Michael 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Fractal wood burning is a new technique of pyrography that passes an electrical current through a piece of wood resulting in decorative electrical burns. This practice has become increasingly popular with many walk-through tutorials of the process found online. This includes videos of how to build homemade devices fashioned from disassembled microwave oven transformers. There have been 31 reported deaths and many serious injuries due to fractal wood burning resulting in news headlines, warning statements, and an outright ban of the practice at certain woodworking events. The medical community has begun to recognize the danger of fractal wood burning with a few cases of severe burn injuries reported. We report 2 cases of electrocution from fractal wood burning accidents. The scene investigations were examined, including the similarities in the homemade microwave oven transformers that were used, as well as the autopsy findings. The pathophysiology of fractal wood burning and the creation of Lichtenberg figures is discussed as well as the high-voltage injury patterns seen in cases of fractal wood burning accidents. Other cases of electrical injury from fractal wood burning accidents reported in the news and medical literature were then examined in terms of demographics, burn pattern, cardiac findings, and whether a homemade wood burning device was involved.
How does Injury Severity Score derived from International Classification of Diseases Programs for Injury Categorization using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes perform compared with Injury Severity Score derived from Trauma Quality Improvement Program?
Authors: Wan Vivian , Reddy Susheel , Thomas Arielle , Issa Nabil , Posluszny Joseph , Schwulst Steven , Shapiro Michael , Alam Hasan , Bilimoria Karl Y. , Stey Anne M. 
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND
Injury Severity Score (ISS) is a measurement of injury severity based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale. Because of the difficulty and expense of Abbreviated Injury Scale coding, there have been recent efforts in mapping ISS from administrative International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes instead. Specifically, the open source and freely available International Classification of Diseases Programs for Injury Categorization (ICDPIC) in R (Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) converts International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes to ISS. This study aims to compare ICDPIC calculations versus manually derived Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) calculations for International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10), codes. Moderate concordance was chosen as the hypothetical relationship because of previous work by both Fleischman et al. (J Trauma Nurs. 2017;24(1):4–14) who found moderate to substantial concordance between ICDPIC and ISS and Di Bartolomeo et al. (Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2010;18(1):17) who found none to slight concordance. Given these very different findings, we thought it reasonable to predict moderate concordance with the use of more detailed ICD-10 codes.

METHODS
This was an observational cohort study of 1,040,728 encounters in the TQIP registry for the year 2018. International Classification of Diseases Programs for Injury Categorization in R was used to derive ISS from the ICD-10 codes in the registry. The resulting scores were compared with the manually derived ISS in TQIP.

RESULTS
The median difference between ISS calculated by ICDPIC-2021 using ICD-10, Clinical Modification (ISS-ICDPIC), and manually derived ISS was −3 (95% confidence interval, −5 to 0), while the mean difference was −2.09 (95% confidence interval, −2.10 to −2.07). There was substantial concordance between ISS-ICDPIC and manually derived ISS (κ = 0.66). The ISS-ICDPIC was a better predictor of mortality (area under the curve, 0.853 vs. 0.836) but a worse predictor of intensive care unit admission (area under the curve, 0.741 vs. 0.757) and hospital stay ≥10 days (AUC, 0.701 vs. 0.743). The ICDPIC has substantial concordance with TQIP for the firearm (κ = 0.69), motor vehicle trauma (κ = 0.71), and pedestrian (κ = 0.73) injury mechanisms.

CONCLUSION
When TQIP data are unavailable, ICDPIC remains a valid way to calculate ISS after transition to ICD-10 codes. The ISS-ICDPIC performs well in predicting a number of outcomes of interest but is best served as a predictor of mortality.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level III.
Disparities in the Use of Older Donation After Circulatory Death Liver Allografts in the United States Versus the United Kingdom
Authors: Giorgakis Emmanouil , Ivanics Tommy , Khorsandi Shirin E. , Wallace David , Burdine Lyle , Jassem Wayel , Mathur Amit K. , Heaton Nigel 
Published: June 2022

Background.
This study aimed to assess the differences between the United States and the United Kingdom in the characteristics and posttransplant survival of patients who received donation after circulatory death (DCD) liver allografts from donors aged >60 y.

Methods.
Data were collected from the UK Transplant Registry and the United Network for Organ Sharing databases. Cohorts were dichotomized into donor age subgroups (donor >60 y [D >60]; donor ≤60 y [D ≤60]). Study period: January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2015.

Results.
1157 DCD LTs were performed in the United Kingdom versus 3394 in the United States. Only 13.8% of US DCD donors were aged >50 y, contrary to 44.3% in the United Kingdom. D >60 were 22.6% in the United Kingdom versus 2.4% in the United States. In the United Kingdom, 64.2% of D >60 clustered in 2 metropolitan centers. In the United States, there was marked inter-regional variation. A total of 78.3% of the US DCD allografts were used locally. One- and 5-y unadjusted DCD graft survival was higher in the United Kingdom versus the United States (87.3% versus 81.4%, and 78.0% versus 71.3%, respectively; P < 0.001). One- and 5-y D >60 graft survival was higher in the United Kingdom (87.3% versus 68.1%, and 77.9% versus 51.4%, United Kingdom versus United States, respectively; P < 0.001). In both groups, grafts from donors ≤30 y had the best survival. Survival was similar for donors aged 41 to 50 versus 51 to 60 in both cohorts.

Conclusions.
Compared with the United Kingdom, older DCD LT utilization remained low in the United States, with worse D >60 survival. Nonetheless, present data indicate similar survivals for older donors aged ≤60, supporting an extension to the current US DCD age cutoff.
Alcohol-associated Liver Disease Is Now the Most Common Indication for Liver Transplant Waitlisting Among Young American Adults
Authors: Philip George , Hookey Lawrence , Richardson Harriet , Flemming Jennifer A. 
Published: June 2022

Background.
Mortality from cirrhosis is increasing and is the highest among young adults with alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). The aim of this study was to describe rates of liver transplant (LT) waitlisting stratified by age, sex, and cirrhosis etiology.

Methods.
Retrospective population-based study from 2003 to 2018 using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients database. Adults newly registered on the LT waitlist were included, and age at listing was dichotomized to ±40 y. Annual standardized incidence proportions of LT waitlisting by age group, sex, and etiology were calculated using census data. Changes in annual rates were described with Poisson regression.

Results.
A total of 209 399 unique individuals were included, 10 326 (5%) <40 y at listing. In those <40 y of age, listing increased most for ALD (4-fold increase) followed by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD; 2-fold increase). Compared to young adult males, young females were more likely to be listed for ALD and less likely to be listed for NAFLD. In those ≥40 y of age, listings increased most for ALD (2-fold increase) and NAFLD (2-fold increase). Hepatitis C virus increased from 2003 to 2013 and declined post-2014 in the ≥40-y age group.

Conclusions.
LT waitlisting is increasing substantially in young Americans, driven primarily by ALD. These data support ongoing efforts to identify adolescents and young adults with early stages of ALD where interventions can be implemented to prevent the development of cirrhosis and liver-related complications.
Interpreting how nonlinear diffusion affects the fate of bistable populations using a discrete modelling framework
Authors: Li Yifei , Buenzli Pascal R. , Simpson Matthew J. 
Published: June 2022

Understanding whether a population will survive or become extinct is a central question in population biology. One way of exploring this question is to study population dynamics using reaction–diffusion equations, where migration is usually represented as a linear diffusion term, and birth–death is represented with a nonlinear source term. While linear diffusion is most commonly employed to study migration, there are several limitations of this approach, such as the inability of linear diffusion-based models to predict a well-defined population front. One way to overcome this is to generalize the constant diffusivity,D, to a nonlinear diffusivity functionD(C), whereC>0is the population density. While the choice ofD(C)affects long-term survival or extinction of a bistable population, working solely in a continuum framework makes it difficult to understand how the choice ofD(C)affects survival or extinction. We address this question by working with a discrete simulation model that is easy to interpret. This approach provides clear insight into how the choice ofD(C)either encourages or suppresses population extinction relative to the classical linear diffusion model.
Fifty-one novel and replicated GWAS loci for polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in 124,024 Europeans
Authors: Francis Michael , Sun Yitang , Xu Huifang , Brenna J. Thomas , Ye Kaixiong 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCirculating polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acid (PUFA and MUFA) levels, whose imbalances co-occur with human metabolic diseases, have strong heritable components. We performed the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) to-date on fourteen PUFA and MUFA phenotypes, measured by nuclear magnetic resonance in plasma. We identified 612 significant locus-phenotype associations (115 unique loci; P < 1.678×10-8) in a European cohort from UK Biobank (UKB-EUR; n=101,729). Replication of five phenotypes (omega-3, omega-6, DHA, LA, MUFAs) was conducted in two external European studies: FinMetSeq (n=8,751) and a meta-analysis by Kettunnen et al. (n=3,644-13,544). Meta-analysis of these three studies yielded 254 significant locus-phenotype associations (109 unique loci; P < 2.439×10-8); we identified 87 novel loci, 51 of which were replicated. A transcriptome-wide association study of the UKB-EUR cohort revealed an additional twelve novel loci. This study improves our understanding of the genetic architecture of unsaturated fatty acids and can inform future genotype-based dietary interventions.
Impact of a blood-stage vaccine on Plasmodium vivax malaria
Authors: Hou Mimi M. , Barrett Jordan R. , Themistocleous Yrene , Rawlinson Thomas A. , Diouf Ababacar , Martinez Francisco J. , Nielsen Carolyn M. , Lias Amelia M. , King Lloyd D. W. , Edwards Nick J. , Greenwood Nicola M. , Kingham Lucy , Poulton Ian D. , Khozoee Baktash , Goh Cyndi , Mac Lochlainn Dylan J. , Salkeld Jo , Guilotte-Blisnick Micheline , Huon Christèle , Mohring Franziska , Reimer Jenny M. , Chauhan Virander S. , Mukherjee Paushali , Biswas Sumi , Taylor Iona J. , Lawrie Alison M. , Cho Jee-Sun , Nugent Fay L. , Long Carole A. , Moon Robert W. , Miura Kazutoyo , Silk Sarah E. , Chitnis Chetan E. , Minassian Angela M. , Draper Simon J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundThere are no licensed vaccines against Plasmodium vivax, the most common cause of malaria outside of Africa.MethodsWe conducted two Phase I/IIa clinical trials to assess the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of two vaccines targeting region II of P. vivax Duffy-binding protein (PvDBPII). Recombinant viral vaccines (using ChAd63 and MVA vectors) were administered at 0, 2 months or in a delayed dosing regimen (0, 17, 19 months), whilst a protein/adjuvant formulation (PvDBPII/Matrix-M™) was administered monthly (0, 1, 2 months) or in a delayed dosing regimen (0, 1, 14 months). Delayed regimens were due to trial halts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Volunteers underwent heterologous controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) with blood-stage P. vivax parasites at 2-4 weeks following their last vaccination, alongside unvaccinated controls. Efficacy was assessed by comparison of parasite multiplication rate (PMR) in blood post-CHMI, modelled from parasitemia measured by quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qPCR).ResultsThirty-two volunteers were enrolled and vaccinated (n=16 for each vaccine). No safety concerns were identified. PvDBPII/Matrix-M™, given in the delayed dosing regimen, elicited the highest antibody responses and reduced the mean PMR following CHMI by 51% (range 36-66%; n=6) compared to unvaccinated controls (n=13). No other vaccine or regimen impacted parasite growth. In vivo growth inhibition of blood-stage P. vivax correlated with functional antibody readouts of vaccine immunogenicity.ConclusionsVaccination of malaria-naïve adults with a delayed booster regimen of PvDBPII/ Matrix-M™ significantly reduces the growth of blood-stage P. vivax.Funded by the European Commission and Wellcome Trust; VAC069, VAC071 and VAC079 ClinicalTrials.gov numbers NCT03797989, NCT04009096 and NCT04201431.
Is there a sex difference in mortality rates in Paediatric Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review
Authors: Almossawi Ofran , Friend Amanda , Palla Luigi , Feltbower Richard G. , Sardo-Infiri Sofia , O’Brien Scott , Harron Katie , Nadel Simon , De Stavola Bianca 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIntroductionMortality rates in infancy and childhood are lower in females than males. However, for children admitted to Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU), mortality has been reported to be lower in males, although males have higher admission rates. This female mortality excess for the subgroup of children admitted in intensive care is not well understood. To address this, we carried out a systematic literature review to summarise the available evidence.Our review studies the differences in mortality between males and females aged 0 to <18 years, while in a PICU, to examine whether there was a clear difference (in either direction) in PICU mortality between the two sexes, and, if present, to describe the magnitude and direction of this difference.Methods and analysisAny studies that directly or indirectly reported the rates of mortality in children admitted to intensive care by sex were eligible for inclusion. The search strings were based on terms related to the population (those admitted into a paediatric intensive care unit), the exposure (sex), and the outcome (mortality). We used the search databases MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science as these cover relevant clinical publications. We assessed the reliability of included studies using a modified version of the risk of bias in observational studies of exposures (ROBINS-E) tool. We considered estimating a pooled effect if there were at least three studies with similar populations, periods of follow-up while in PICU, and adjustment variables.ResultsWe identified 124 studies of which 114 reported counts of deaths by males and females which gave a population of 278,274 children for analysis, involving 121,800 (44%) females and 156,474 males (56%). The number of deaths and mortality rate for females were 5,614 (4.61%), and for males 6,828 (4.36%). In the pooled analysis, the odds ratio of female to male mortality was 1.06 [1.01 to 1.11] for the fixed effect model, and 1.10 [1.00 to 1.21] for the random effects model.ConclusionOverall, males have a higher admission rate to PCU, and a lower overall mortality in PICU.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO database reference number CRD42020203009.
Models and modelling practices for assessing the impact of outbreak response interventions to human vaccine-preventable diseases (1970-2019) - A systematic review
Authors: Azam James M. , Pang Xiaoxi , Are Elisha B. , Pulliam Juliet R.C. , Ferrari Matthew J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundMathematical modelling can aid outbreak response decision-making. However, this would require collaboration among model developers, decision-makers, and local experts to incorporate appropriate realism. We conducted a systematic review of modelling studies on human vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) outbreaks to identify patterns in modelling practices among collaborations. We complemented this with a mini review of eligible studies from the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) literature.MethodsThree databases were searched for studies published during 1970-2019 that applied models to assess the impact of an outbreak response. Per included study, we extracted data on author affiliation type (academic institution, governmental, and non-governmental organizations), whether at least one author was affiliated to the country studied, interventions, and model characteristics. Furthermore, the studies were grouped into two collaboration types: purely academic (papers with only academic affiliations), and mixed (all other combinations) to help investigate differences in modelling patterns between collaboration types in the human disease literature. Additionally, we compared modelling practices between the human VPD and FMD literature.ResultsHuman VPDs formed 228 of 253 included studies. Purely academic collaborations dominated the human disease studies (56%). Notably, mixed collaborations increased in the last seven years (2013 - 2019). Most studies had an author in the country studied (75.2%) but this was more likely among the mixed collaborations. Contrasted to the human VPDs, mixed collaborations dominated the FMD literature (56%). Furthermore, FMD studies more often had an author affiliated to the country studied (92%) and used complex model design, including stochasticity, and model parametrization and validation.ConclusionThe increase in mixed collaboration studies over the past seven years could suggest an increase in the uptake of modelling for outbreak response decision-making. We encourage more mixed collaborations between academic and non-academic institutions and the involvement of locally affiliated authors to help ensure that the studies suit local contexts.
Response of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology Predictor for the Second Wave of COVID-19 in Ahmedabad, India: A Long-term Data Perspective
Authors: Kumar Manish , Joshi Madhvi , Jiang Guangming , Yamada Rintaro , Honda Ryo , Srivastava Vaibhav , Mahlknecht Jürgen , Barcelo Damia , Chidambram Sabarathinam , Khursheed Anwar , Graham David , Joshi Chaitanya 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACTWastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) monitoring can play a key role in managing future pandemics because it covers both pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic cases, especially in densely populated areas with limited community health care. In the present work, wastewater monitoring was employed in Ahmedabad, India, after the successful containment of the first wave of COVID-19 to predict resurgence of the disease in the expected second wave of the pandemic. Here we show wastewater levels of COVID-19 virus particles (i.e., SARS-CoV-2) positively correlated with the number of confirmed clinical cases during the first wave, and provided early detection of COVID-19 presence before the second wave in Ahmedabad and an WBE-based city zonation plan was developed for health protection. A eight-month data of Surveillance of Wastewater for Early Epidemic Prediction (SWEEP) was gathered, including weekly SARS-CoV-2 RNA wastewater analysis (n=287) from nine locations between September 2020 and April 2021. Across this period, 258 out of 287 samples were positive for least two out of three SARS-CoV-2 genes (N, ORF 1ab, and S). Monitoring showed a substantial decline in all three gene markers between October and September 2020, followed by an abrupt increase in November 2020. Similar changes were seen in March 2021, which preceded the second COVID-19 wave. Measured wastewater ORF-1ab gene copies ranged from 6.1 × 102 (October, 2020) to 1.4 × 104 (November, 2020) copies/mL, and wastewater gene levels typically lead confirmed cases by one to two weeks. The study highlights the value of WBE as a monitoring tool to predict waves within a pandemic, identifying local disease hotspots within a city and guiding rapid management interventions.HighlightsEight-months of SARS-CoV-2 gene variations explicitly predicts 2nd COVID-19 wave.258 out of 287 wastewater samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 genes.WBE offers a lead time of 1-2 weeks relative to clinical cases.Model suggests that ORF 1ab gene is the most effective as a marker gene in WBE study.WBE RT-PCR screening for pathogens should be mandatory for global health monitoring.
Safety and superior immunogenicity of heterologous boosting with an RBD-based SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in Chinese adults
Authors: Liu Xiaoqiang , Li Yuhua , Wang Zhongfang , Cao Shouchun , Huang Weijin , Yuan Lin , Huang Yi-Jiao , Zheng Yan , Chen Jingjing , Ying Bo , Xiang Zuoyun , Shi Jin , Zhao Jincun , Huang Zhen , Qin Cheng-Feng 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHomologous and heterologous booster with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines represent the most effective strategy to prevent the ongoing Omicron pandemic. The additional protection from these prototype SARS-CoV-2 S-targeting vaccine was attributed to the increased RBD-specific memory B cells with expanded potency and breadth. Herein, we show the safety and immunogenicity of heterologous boosting with the RBD-targeting mRNA vaccine AWcorna (also term ARCoV) in Chinese adults who have received two doses inactivated vaccine. The superiority over inactivated vaccine in neutralization antibodies, as well as the safety profile, support the use of AWcorna as heterologous booster in China.
Young age, student status and reported non-binary gender associate strongly with decreased functioning during Covid-19 pandemic in a university community
Authors: Salokangas Raimo K. R. , From Tiina , Hietala Jarmo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundCovid-19 pandemic has had detrimental effects on physical and mental well-being whereas there are fewer studies on Covid-19 effects on everyday functioning.AimsWe aimed to investigate effects of Covid-19 on functioning and related factors in a university community.MethodIn all, 2004 students and university personnel responded to a Webropol survey in May 2021, when the measures for preventing Covid-19 infections had sustained about a year and a half. Functioning included Visual Analog Scale (0 to 10) assessments on ability to function and ability to work.ResultsYoung age, reported non-binary gender, being student, low resilience, loneliness, received mental care and minor physical exercise, as well as depressive symptoms associated with inferior functioning and negative effects of Covid-19 on functioning. Good school performance at adolescence associated with better, while childhood adversities associated with poorer functioning.ConclusionsIn the university community, young age and non-binary gender associated with decreased functioning during Covid-19 pandemic. Functioning of students was lower than in that of the university personnel. The need for therapeutic counselling and interventions is greatest among young students.