bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knittable Composite Fiber Allows Constant and Tremendous Self‐Powering Based on the Transpiration‐Driven Electrokinetic Effect
Authors: Chen Jingyu , Li Yonghui , Zhang Yongzheng , Ye Dongdong , Lei Chuxin , Wu Kai , Fu Qiang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe electrokinetic effect allows harvesting renewable energy directly from moisture, sweat, and rainwater, which is one of the promising techniques for self‐powered electronics. However, current fibrous hygroelectric nanogenerators still suffer from either an intermittent energy harvesting mode or a limited electricity supply. Herein, learning from the transpiration process in plants, a conductive and hydrophilic cellulose/carbon nanotubes fiber is reported, in which continuous and efficient water flow can be driven by the macromolecular chain channel and spontaneous evaporation. In combination with the electrokinetic mechanism, just a single self‐powered fiber is found to produce a constant and tremendous open‐circuit voltage of 160.4 mV and a considerable power density up to 0.4 mW cm−3. This record‐high output performance with the feature of continuity and durability is about one order of magnitude higher than that of most conventional fibrous hygroelectric nanogenerators. Eventually, 108 fibers in series or parallel are woven into flexible fabrics, yielding the maximum power supply of 1.2 V with only 10 min charging time, capable of powering an electronic calculator. This work fabricates a knittable and designable self‐powering fiber with excellent aesthetics and comfort for practical application, offering a novel concept and an effective approach toward clean energy usage.
Enabling 100C Fast‐Charging Bulk Bi Anodes for Na‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Young‐Hoon , An Jae‐Hyun , Kim Sung‐Yeob , Li Xiangmei , Song Eun‐Ji , Park Jae‐Ho , Chung Kyung Yoon , Choi Yong‐Seok , Scanlon David O. , Ahn Hyo‐Jun , Lee Jae‐Chul 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIt is challenging to develop alloying anodes with ultrafast charging and large energy storage using bulk anode materials because of the difficulty of carrier‐ion diffusion and fragmentation of the active electrode material. Herein, a rational strategy is reported to design bulk Bi anodes for Na‐ion batteries that feature ultrafast charging, long cyclability, and large energy storage without using expensive nanomaterials and surface modifications. It is found that bulk Bi particles gradually transform into a porous nanostructure during cycling in a glyme‐based electrolyte, whereas the resultant structure stores Na ions by forming phases with high Na diffusivity. These features allow the anodes to exhibit unprecedented electrochemical properties; the developed Na–Bi half‐cell delivers 379 mA h g−1 (97% of that measured at 1C) at 7.7 A g−1 (20C) during 3500 cycles. It also retained 94% and 93% of the capacity measured at 1C even at extremely fast‐charging rates of 80C and 100C, respectively. The structural origins of the measured properties are verified by experiments and first‐principles calculations. The findings of this study not only broaden understanding of the underlying mechanisms of fast‐charging anodes, but also provide basic guidelines for searching battery anodes that simultaneously exhibit high capacities, fast kinetics, and long cycling stabilities.
A High‐Energy and Safe Lithium Battery Enabled by Solid‐State Redox Chemistry in a Fireproof Gel Electrolyte
Authors: Meng Xiangyu , Liu Yuzhao , Guan Mengtian , Qiu Jieshan , Wang Zhiyu 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRecent years have witnessed thriving efforts in pursuing high‐energy batteries at an unaffordable cost of safety. Herein, a high‐energy and safe quasi‐solid‐state lithium battery is proposed by solid‐state redox chemistry of polymer‐based molecular Li2S cathode in a fireproof gel electrolyte. This chemistry fully eliminates not only the negative effect of extremely reactive Li metal and oxygen species on cell safety but also the damage of electrode reversibility by soluble redox intermediates. The molecular Li2S cathode exhibits an exceptional lifetime of 2000 cycles, 100% Coulombic efficiency, high capacity of 830 mA h g−1 with ultralow capacity loss of 0.005–0.01% per cycle and superior rate capability up to 10 C. Meanwhile, it shows high stability in the carbonate‐involving electrolyte for maximizing the compatibility with carbonate‐efficient Si anode. The optimized cell chemistry exerts high energy over 750 W h kg−1 for 500 cycles with fast rate response, high‐temperature adaptability, and no self‐discharge. A fire‐retardant composite gel electrolyte is developed to further strengthen the intrinsic safe redox between the Li2S cathode and the Si anode, which secures remarkable safety against extreme abuse of overheating, short circuits, and mechanical damage in air/water or even when on fire.
Printable and Highly Stretchable Viscoelastic Conductors with Kinematically Reconstructed Conductive Pathways
Authors: Wang Tao , Liu Qingchang , Liu Haitao , Xu Baoxing , Xu Hangxun 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPrintable and stretchable conductors based on metallic‐filler‐reinforced polymer composites that can maintain high electrical conductivity at large strains are essential for emerging applications in wearable electronics, soft robotics, and bio‐integrated devices. Regulating microstructures of conductive fillers during mechanical deformations is the key to reconstructing the conductive pathway and retaining high electrical conductivity, which has proven to be challenging. Here, it is reported that Ag flakes can spontaneously reorganize inside a viscoelastic, liquid‐like polymer matrix by cyclic mechanical stretching, resulting in reconstructed microstructures and forming highly efficient and stable conductive pathways. Consequently, the electrical conductivities of the resultant composites can be dramatically enhanced by ≈4–8 orders of magnitude and reach ≈104 S cm−1. The stretch‐induced kinematic movements of Ag flakes inside the polymer matrix, together with the reorganization and stabilization mechanisms, are unraveled and validated by the dissipative particle dynamics simulations. This unique phenomenon enables high‐performance stretchable conductors to be fabricated with significantly reduced conductive fillers. The printable and stretchable composites presented here hold great promise for use in soft and stretchable electronics, as demonstrated in stretchable light‐emitting diode arrays and wearable electronics.
Ge Bidirectional Diffusion to Simultaneously Engineer Back Interface and Bulk Defects in the Absorber for Efficient CZTSSe Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Jinlin , Zhou Jiazheng , Xu Xiao , Meng Fanqi , Xiang Chunxu , Lou Licheng , Yin Kang , Duan Biwen , Wu Huijue , Shi Jiangjian , Luo Yanhong , Li Dongmei , Xin Hao , Meng Qingbo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAiming at a large open‐circuit voltage (VOC) deficit in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells, a new and effective strategy to simultaneously regulate the back interface and restrain bulk defects of CZTSSe absorbers is developed by directly introducing a thin GeO2 layer on Mo substrates. Power conversion efficiency (power‐to‐efficiency) as high as 13.14% with a VOC of 547 mV is achieved for the champion device, which presents a certified efficiency of 12.8% (aperture area: 0.25667 cm2). Further investigation reveals that Ge bidirectional diffusion simultaneously occurs toward the CZTSSe absorber and MoSe2 layer at the back interface while being selenized. That is, some Ge element from the GeO2 diffuses into the CZTSSe absorber layer to afford Ge‐doped absorbers, which can significantly reduce the defect density and band tailing, and facilitate quasi‐Fermi level split by relatively higher hole concentration. Meanwhile, a small amount of Ge element also participates in the formation of MoSe2 at the back interface, thus enhancing the work function of MoSe2 and effectively separating photoinduced carriers. This work highlights the synergistic effect of Ge element toward the bulk absorber and the back interface and also provides an easy‐handling way to achieve high‐performance CZTSSe solar cells.
Activatable Cancer Sono‐Immunotherapy using Semiconducting Polymer Nanobodies
Authors: Zeng Ziling , Zhang Chi , He Shasha , Li Jingchao , Pu Kanyi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDespite the great promises of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) in combination cancer therapy, its clinical applications are hindered by the “always‐on” pharmacological activities of therapeutic agents and the lack of efficient sonosensitizers. Herein, the development of semiconducting polymers as efficient sonosensitizers and further development of sono‐immunotherapeutic nanobodies (SPNAb) for activatable cancer sono‐immunotherapy are reported. Conjugation of anti‐CTLA‐4 antibodies onto the polymer nanoparticles through a 1O2‐cleavable linker affords SPNAb with relatively low CTLA‐4 binding affinity. Upon sono‐irradiation, SPNAb generates 1O2 not only to elicit a sonodynamic effect to induce immunogenic cell death, but also to release anti‐CTLA‐4 antibodies and trigger in situ checkpoint blockade. Such a synergistic therapeutic action mediated by SPNAb modulates the tumoricidal function of T‐cell immunity by promoting the proliferation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and depleting immunosuppressive regulatory T cells, resulting in effective tumor regression, metastasis inhibition, durable immunological memory, and prevention of relapse. Therefore, this study represents a proof‐of‐concept sonodynamic strategy using semiconducting polymers for precise spatiotemporal control over immunotherapy.
A Simple Surface Treatment for Mg to Gain Enhanced Resistance to Corrosion and Corrosive Wear by Hammering Al Powder‐Covered Mg Substrate
Authors: He Anqiang , Tang Yunqing , Wu Mingyu , Chen Daolun , Li Dongyang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMg is abundant in the earth crust and very attractive as a base metal of lightweight alloys for the transportation industry due to its high strength‐to‐weight ratio. However, Mg is prone to corrosion, which largely limits its widespread applications. Here, a very simple surface treatment method is demonstrated for enhanced resistance to corrosion and corrosive wear by hammering Al powder‐covered surface of Mg with subsequent recovery treatment. Such treated surface is examined with X‐ray diffraction technique for information on phases, nanocrystallization, thickness, and coverage of the Al layer. Structure of the Al layer and lattice imperfections are analyzed with transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical behavior, corrosion, and corrosive wear of the treated surface are evaluated. It is shown that the treated surface is nanocrystalline with significantly increased resistance to corrosion and corrosive wear. The effect of recovery heat treatment on microstructure of the Al layer is particularly characterized and demonstrated to be essential for achieving high degrees of nanocrystallization and structure integrity through eliminating lattice defects generated during the hammering process, leading to a desired nanocrystalline structure with high stability and superior properties. Molecular dynamics simulation is also performed to gain an insight into the underlying mechanism.
Hypertransglycosylating Variants of the GH20 β‐N‐Acetylhexosaminidase for the Synthesis of Chitooligomers
Authors: Mészáros Zuzana , Petrásková Lucie , Kulik Natalia , Pelantová Helena , Bojarová Pavla , Křen Vladimír , Slámová Kristýna 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFungal β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidases of the CAZy family 20 of glycoside hydrolases are well‐established tools for the enzymatic synthesis of a wide variety of natural and modified oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. In order to increase their synthetic efficiency, the β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidase from Aspergillus oryzae (AoHex) was employed as a model enzyme for enzyme engineering aiming at shifting the reaction course from hydrolysis toward transglycosylation. Specifically, nine mutant variants of AoHex were designed by molecular modeling based on its crystal structure and molecular dynamics simulations. The selected mutation hotspots included the tyrosine residue at the active site, which stabilizes the transition state of the reaction, and two residues at the aglycone‐binding site, which were replaced by tryptophan residues to increase the hydrophobicity of this subsite. Besides the individual mutants, combined double‐mutant variants were also prepared and characterized. As a result, eight out of the studied new AoHex variants had transglycosidase activity, with V306W/Y445N AoHex being a superior transglycosidase with a transglycosylation‐to‐hydrolysis ratio greater than 110, which is entirely unique among the hypertransglycosylating glycosidase mutants including the GH20 β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidases.magnified image
Electrophilic Selenocyanogen Cyclization of Alkynes; Synthesis of Benzofurylselenocyanates, Benzothienylselenocyanates and Indolylselenocyanates
Authors: Wang Jia , Lu Xiao‐Xiao , Tan Xin‐Qiang , Yan Yun‐Hui , Zhang Pengbo , Chao Shu‐Jun , Liu Lixia , Shang Xuefang , Chu Zhi‐Li 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA method to synthesize benzofurylselenocyanates, benzothienylselenocyanates and indolylselenocyanates via electrophilic selenocyanogen cyclization was established. This sequential process was conducted under mild conditions in a short time. This protocol was successfully applied to late‐stage functionalization of bioactive molecules. Notablely, the selenocyanate can be converted into other valuable Se‐containing compounds and showed antitumor activity to human hepatoma cells HepG2.magnified image
Hierarchical Sulfide‐Rich Modification Layer on SiO/C Anode for Low‐Temperature Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Xu , Zhang Tianyu , Shi Xixi , Ma Yue , Song Dawei , Zhang Hongzhou , Liu Xizheng , Wang Yonggang , Zhang Lianqi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe silicon oxide/graphite (SiO/C) composite anode represents one of the promising candidates for next generation Li‐ion batteries over 400 Wh kg−1. However, the rapid capacity decay and potential safety risks at low temperature restrict their widely practical applications. Herein, the fabrication of sulfide‐rich solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on surface of SiO/C anode to boost the reversible Li‐storage performance at low temperature is reported. Different from the traditional SEI layer, the present modification layer is composed of inorganic–organic hybrid components with three continuous layers as disclosed by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS). The result shows that ROSO2Li, ROCO2Li, and LiF uniformly distribute over different layers. When coupled with LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode, the capacity retention achieves 73% at −20 °C. The first principle calculations demonstrate that the gradient adsorption of sulfide‐rich surface layer and traditional intermediate layer can promote the desolvation of Li+ at low temperature. Meanwhile, the inner LiF‐rich layer with rapid ionic diffusion capability can inhibit dendrite growth. These results offer new perspective of developing advanced SiO/C anode and low‐temperature Li‐ion batteries.
Early Failure of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries at Practical Conditions: Crosstalk between Sulfur Cathode and Lithium Anode
Authors: Shi Lili , Anderson Cassidy S. , Mishra Lubhani , Qiao Hong , Canfield Nathan , Xu Yaobin , Wang Chengqi , Jang TaeJin , Yu Zhaoxin , Feng Shuo , Le Phung M , Subramanian Venkat R. , Wang Chongmin , Liu Jun , Xiao Jie , Lu Dongping 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are one of the most promising next‐generation energy storage technologies due to their high theoretical energy and low cost. However, Li–S cells with practically high energy still suffer from a very limited cycle life with reasons which remain unclear. Here, through cell study under practical conditions, it is proved that an internal short circuit (ISC) is a root cause of early cell failure and is ascribed to the crosstalk between the S cathode and Li anode. The cathode topography affects S reactions through influencing the local resistance and electrolyte distribution, particularly under lean electrolyte conditions. The inhomogeneous reactions of S cathodes are easily mirrored by the Li anodes, resulting in exaggerated localized Li plating/stripping, Li filament formation, and eventually cell ISC. Manipulating cathode topography is proven effective to extend the cell cycle life under practical conditions. The findings of this work shed new light on the electrode design for extending cycle life of high‐energy Li–S cells, which are also applicable for other rechargeable Li or metal batteries.
Charge‐Selective, Narrow‐Gap Indium Arsenide Quantum Dot Layer for Highly Stable and Efficient Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Park Youngsang , Bae Sung Yong , Kim Taewan , Park Seongmin , Oh Jae Taek , Shin Daekwon , Choi Mahnmin , Kim Hyojung , Kim Bora , Lee Doh C. , Song Jung Hoon , Choi Hyosung , Jeong Sohee , Kim Younghoon 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe past decade has seen a dramatic surge in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of next‐generation solution‐processed thin‐film solar cells rapidly closing the gap in PCE of commercially‐available photovoltaic (PV) cells. Yet the operational stability of such new PVs leaves a lot to be desired. Specifically, chemical reaction with absorbers via high‐energy photons transmitted through the typically‐adapted metal oxide electron transporting layers (ETLs), and photocatalytic degradation at interfaces are considered detrimental to the device performance. Herein, the authors introduce a device architecture using the narrow‐gap, Indium Arsenide colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) with discrete electronic states as an ETL in high‐efficiency solution‐processed PVs. High‐performing PM6:Y6 organic PVs (OPVs) achieve a PCE of 15.1%. More importantly, as the operating stability of the device is significantly improved, retaining above 80% of the original PCE over 1000 min under continuous illumination, a Newport‐certified PCE of 13.1% is reported for nonencapsulated OPVs measured under ambient air. Based on operando studies as well as optical simulations, it suggested that the InAs CQD ETLs with discrete energy states effectively cut‐off high‐energy photons while selectively collecting electrons from the absorber. The findings of this works enable high‐efficiency solution‐processed PVs with enhanced durability under operating conditions.
High‐Yield Carbon Dots Interlayer for Ultra‐Stable Zinc Batteries
Authors: Zhang Hao , Li Shuo , Xu Laiqiang , Momen Roya , Deng Wengtao , Hu Jiugang , Zou Guoqiang , Hou Hongshuai , Ji Xiaobo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe practical implementation of Zn metal anodes with high volumetric capacity is seriously plagued by the dendritic growth and accompanying interfacial parasitic reactions. Herein, high yield carbon dots (CDs) with abundant polar functional groups (CHO and CN), as a functional artificial interface layer, are rationally designed to optimize electrolyte/Zn interfaces with large‐scale viability. Of particular note, the quantum‐sized CDs with strong Zn affinity can effectively ameliorate the electric field distribution and ensure that more Zn2+ is adsorbed onto the whole electrode, which are beneficial for lowering the barrier of Zn2+ nucleation and inducing homogeneous Zn deposition, thus rendering a dendrite‐free Zn anode, as extensively confirmed by in situ optical microscope observation and finite element simulation. Meanwhile, the dense and insoluble coating layer with abundant polar functional groups is conducive to arousing the repulsion effect, which is good for shielding the active water and SO42−, thus eliminating the water‐mediated parasitic reactions and improving Zn2+ reaction kinetics. More importantly, the electrochemically stable CDs layer endows the Zn anode with a prolonged lifespan of 3000 h at 1 mA cm−2. This feasible and efficient fabrication of functional CDs layer opens a new avenue for stable dendrite‐free metal anodes.
Employment and payroll dynamics in support services for agriculture
Authors: Babkin Anton , Dunn Richard A. , Hueth Brent , Segarra Elan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAn increasing share of agricultural production activities on farms are undertaken by specialist providers. Despite its importance to the farm economy, because of gaps in the federal statistical system, relatively little is known about how this industry has evolved over the past three decades. In this article, we document establishment, employment, payroll, and wage dynamics for businesses that provide support services to crop production. Our analysis reveals that agricultural support service is a uniquely dynamic and rapidly evolving sector of the American economy. Although rates of entry have fallen substantially, large incumbent firms have tended to grow in size. Furthermore, the real annual mean wage to nonagricultural workers employed in the sector has increased by nearly $10,000 since 1992, indicating sizeable growth in labor productivity. Nonetheless, standard measures of economic dynamism, a principal source of productivity growth, have all fallen, which may have implications for innovation and the long‐term health of this industry and agricultural production more generally.
Changing patterns of SNAP take‐up and participation and the role of out‐of‐pocket medical expenses among older adults
Authors: Heflin Colleen , Li Jun , Zuo Dongmei 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe use longitudinal data from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study from 2002 to 2016 to document how Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation and estimated take‐up changed over time for older adults and the role that out‐of‐pocket medical expenses has played in these changing patterns. We rely upon the state adoption of Medicaid expansion of the Affordable Care Act as a source of identifying variation and do not find evidence that Medicaid expansion changed estimated SNAP take‐up or participation. These findings suggest that out‐of‐pocket medical expenses are unlikely to be a major driver of SNAP take‐up decisions for the nondisabled population under age 65.
Stressful work in primary health care and mental health: The role of gender inequities in Brazil
Authors: Araújo Tânia M. , de Sousa Camila C. , Siegrist Johannes 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundThis study aims to analyze the association between occupational stressors, evaluated by the Effort−Reward Imbalance Model (ERI), and the occurrence of common mental disorders (CMD) among healthcare workers (HCW), additionally considering mediation by over‐commitment from work (OW) and mediation of gender effects by work stressors.MethodsCross‐sectional study, including a random sample of 3343 HCWs, from six municipalities of Bahia, Brazil. The ERI scale measured the occupational stressors (main exposure), and the Self‐Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ‐20) was used to screen for CMD. Data analysis used Structural Equation Modeling techniques to understand the relationships between gender, occupational stressors, and the occurrence of CMD.ResultsERI and OW were associated with CMD. OW mediated the negative effect of ERI on the mental health of HCW. Female workers had higher levels of ERI, OW, and CMD prevalence; the total gender effect on CMD prevalence was mediated by ERI and OW.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the association of work psychosocial stressors and CMD among HCW, including partial mediation by OW. Gender inequalities persisted among HCW, with women most exposed to occupational stressors and CMD. ERI and OW partially mediated the effect of gender on CMD.