bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional and Seasonal Variability of the Oceanic Thermal Skin Effect
Authors: Luo Bingkun , Minnett Peter J. , Szczodrak Malgorzata , Akella Santha 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe heat exchange between the ocean and atmosphere through turbulent and radiative processes is a fundamental component of the climate system. An accurate representation of the physical processes at the ocean thermal skin layer in numerical weather prediction and climate models is critical to the skill of the model forecasts and the fidelity of derived fields. Over many years we have deployed instruments on many ships to measure the sea‐surface skin temperature and variables that control surface exchanges. Here, the nighttime cool skin and daytime diurnal warming characteristics are investigated using our ship data in the Caribbean region. Overall comparisons with existing parameterizations and models show encouraging results: the biases of various cool skin schemes vary between −0.128 and 0.028 K; a new cool skin equation was derived. Several diurnal warming models are evaluated, with their accuracies being related to the wind speed, time, shortwave‐radiation, and air‐sea temperature difference.
Thank You to Our 2021 Reviewers
Authors: Beal Lisa M. , Chambers Don , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. , Gnanaseelan Chellappan , Goodkin Nathalie F. , Hetland Robert D. , Mulligan Ryan P. , Nagai Takeyoshi , O’Callaghan Joanne (Joe) , Padman Laurence (Laurie) , Pinardi Nadia , Power Hannah E. , Singh Arvind , Umlauf Lars , Wåhlin Anna , Xu Fanghua , Zhou Lei 
Published: April 2022

Plain Language SummaryThank you to the 1,371 reviewers who provided 2,661 reviews during 2021 to ensure the same quality and integrity of JGR‐O manuscripts.
Mitochondrial calcium uptake regulates tumour progression in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Chiu Hsin Yao , Loh Amos Hong Pheng , Taneja Reshma 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEmbryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is characterised by a failure of cells to complete skeletal muscle differentiation. Although ERMS cells are vulnerable to oxidative stress, the relevance of mitochondrial calcium homoeostasis in oncogenesis is unclear. Here, we show that ERMS cell lines as well as primary tumours exhibit elevated expression of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU). MCU knockdown resulted in impaired mitochondrial calcium uptake and a reduction in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) levels. Phenotypically, MCU knockdown cells exhibited reduced cellular proliferation and motility, with an increased propensity to differentiate in vitro and in vivo. RNA-sequencing of MCU knockdown cells revealed a significant reduction in genes involved in TGFβ signalling that play prominent roles in oncogenesis and inhibition of myogenic differentiation. Interestingly, modulation of mROS production impacted TGFβ signalling. Our study elucidates mechanisms by which mitochondrial calcium dysregulation promotes tumour progression and suggests that targeting the MCU complex to restore mitochondrial calcium homoeostasis could be a therapeutic avenue in ERMS.
Revisiting the standard for modeling the spread of infectious diseases
Authors: Nikolaou Michael 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe COVID-19 epidemic brought to the forefront the value of mathematical modelling for infectious diseases as a guide to help manage a formidable challenge for human health. A standard dynamic model widely used for a spreading epidemic separates a population into compartments—each comprising individuals at a similar stage before, during, or after infection—and keeps track of the population fraction in each compartment over time, by balancing compartment loading, discharge, and accumulation rates. The standard model provides valuable insight into when an epidemic spreads or what fraction of a population will have been infected by the epidemic’s end. A subtle issue, however, with that model, is that it may misrepresent the peak of the infectious fraction of a population, the time to reach that peak, or the rate at which an epidemic spreads. This may compromise the model’s usability for tasks such as “Flattening the Curve” or other interventions for epidemic management. Here we develop an extension of the standard model’s structure, which retains the simplicity and insights of the standard model while avoiding the misrepresentation issues mentioned above. The proposed model relies on replacing a module of the standard model by a module resulting from Padé approximation in the Laplace domain. The Padé-approximation module would also be suitable for incorporation in the wide array of standard model variants used in epidemiology. This warrants a re-examination of the subject and could potentially impact model-based management of epidemics, development of software tools for practicing epidemiologists, and related educational resources.
Relay charge transport in thunderclouds and its role in lightning initiation
Authors: Syssoev A. A. , Iudin D. I. , Iudin F. D. , Klimashov V. Yu. , Emelyanov A. A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA new mechanism of charge transport inside a thundercloud is suggested and numerically investigated. The considered mechanism can be called “relay” because it is provided by a dynamical network of a relatively small amount of continuously decaying and arising conducting plasma formations. It manifests itself in two consecutive modes corresponding to pre-streamer and streamer/leader stages of thundercloud development. The first one is provided by dynamics of conducting ionic spots recently described by Iudin et al.1 that prepare conditions for initiation of positive streamers. The second mode relies on dynamical network of streamer/leader discharges and finally results in the formation of a compact well-conducting structure that bridges an area of strong electric field inside a thundercloud and can be associated with a lightning “seed”. The effectiveness of relay charge transport strongly depends on the relative proportion of conductive elements (plasma formations) and drastically increases in the field-dependent case.
Molecular dynamics simulations of the secondary-binding site in disaccharide-modified glycopeptide antibiotics
Authors: Olademehin Olatunde P. , Shuford Kevin L. , Kim Sung J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOritavancin is a semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat severe infections by multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Oritavancin is known to be a thousand times more potent than vancomycin against Gram-positive bacteria due to the additional interactions with bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) facilitated by a secondary-binding site. The presence of this secondary-binding site is evident in desleucyl-oritavancin, an Edman degradation product of oritavancin, still retaining its potency against Gram-positive bacteria, whereas desleucyl-vancomycin is devoid of any antimicrobial activities. Herein, using explicit solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, steered MD simulations, and umbrella sampling, we show evidence of a secondary-binding site mediated by the disaccharide-modified hydrophobic sidechain of oritavancin interactions with the pentaglycyl-bridge segment of the PG. The interactions were characterized through comparison to the interaction of PG with chloroeremomycin, vancomycin, and the desleucyl analogs of the glycopeptides. Our results show that the enhanced binding of oritavancin to PG over the binding of the other complexes studied is due to an increase in the hydrophobic effect, electrostatic and van der Waals interactions, and not the average number of hydrogen bonds. Our ranking of the binding interactions of the biomolecular complexes directly correlates with the order based on their experimental minimum inhibitory concentrations. The results of our simulations provide insight into the modification of glycopeptides to increase their antimicrobial activities or the design of novel antibiotics against pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria.
Prevalence of anemia and association with mortality in community-dwelling elderly in Thailand
Authors: Karoopongse E. , Srinonprasert V. , Chalermsri C. , Aekplakorn W. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAnemia is one of the most common health problems in the elderly in low and middle income countries. Evidence from studies in high income countries suggests that the presence of anemia may predict mortality. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of anemia and the determine the relationship of hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mortality in community dwelling Thai elderly. Data from subjects aged ≥ 60 years from the Fourth Thai National Health Examination Survey were analyzed. Comorbidity and hematologic indexes including MCV were obtained. The Cox proportional hazard model was applied to explore associations with mortality. Data from 8,935 subjects were obtained. The mean age of participants was 69.2 years (SD 6.8). 3446 (38.2%) of subjects had anemia; 1931(56%) of these were classified as mild and normocytic. With a total 51,268 person-year of follow up, 753 participants with anemia died, and the cumulative all-cause mortality was 38.5 per 1,000 person-years. The presence of anemia was associated with an increased risk of mortality with HR of 1.66 (95% CI = 1.50–1.84 , p < 0.001). Among subjects with low MCV, hemoglobin level < 10 g/dl in men and < 9 g/dl in women significantly increased the risk of mortality (HR of 2.71, 95% CI = 1.88–3.91 and HR of 3.14, 95%CI = 2.11–4.67, respectively) Persons with anemia and normal MCV, the association with mortality was evident at hemoglobin levels below 11 g/dl for both males and females. (HR of 1.98, 95% CI = 1.67–2.35). Anemia is a moderate to severe public health significant in the population for community dwelling elderly in Thailand. At the same level of Hemoglobin, low MCV population seem to have lower mortality rate than normal MCV. Systematic screening for anemia should be implemented to identify patients at increased risk of mortality. The future research should be focus on causes of anemia and factors contributing to increased mortality in normal to high MCV would be of interest. If this could lead to identifying modifiable causes, it would be beneficial for improving mortality risk among older people.
High expression of miR-17-5p and miR-20a-5p predicts favorable disease-specific survival in stage I-III colon cancer
Authors: Selven Hallgeir , Andersen Sigve , Pedersen Mona I. , Lombardi Ana Paola Giometti , Busund Lill-Tove Rasmussen , Kilvær Thomas Karsten 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn many types of cancer, microRNAs (miRs) are aberrantly expressed. The aim of this study was to explore the prognostic impact of miR-17-5p and miR-20a-5p in colon cancer. Tumor tissue from 452 stage I-III colon cancer patients was retrospectively collected and tissue microarrays constructed. miR-17-5p and miR-20a-5p expression was evaluated by in situ hybridization and analyzed using digital pathology. Cell line experiments, using HT-29 and CACO-2, were performed to assess the effect of miR-17-5p and miR-20a-5p over expression on viability, invasion and migration. In multivariate analyses, high miR-17-5p expression in tumor (HR = 0.43, CI 0.26–0.71, p < 0.001) and high expression of miR-20a-5p in tumor (HR = 0.60, CI 0.37–0.97, p = 0.037) and stroma (HR = 0.63, CI 0.42–0.95, p = 0.027) remained independent predictors of improved disease-specific survival. In cell lines, over expression of both miRs resulted in mitigated migration without any significant effect on viability or invasion. In conclusion, in stage I-III colon cancer, high expression of both miR-17-5p and miR-20a-5p are independent predictors of favorable prognosis.
Analytical modelling of soil porosity and bulk density across the soil organic matter and land-use continuum
Authors: Robinson D. A. , Thomas A. , Reinsch S. , Lebron I. , Feeney C. J. , Maskell L. C. , Wood C. M. , Seaton F. M. , Emmett B. A. , Cosby B. J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe thin layer of soil at the earth’s surface supports life, storing water and nutrients for plant uptake. These processes occur in the soil pore space, often half the soil volume, but our understanding of how this volume responds to environmental change is poor. Convention, has been to predict soil porosity, or its reciprocal bulk density (BD), from soil texture using pedotransfer functions (PTFs). A texture based approach, invariant to environmental change, prevents feedback from land use or climate change to soil porosity. Moreover, PTFs are often limited to mineral soils with < 20% soil organic matter (SOM) content. Here, we develop an analytical model to predict soil porosity, or BD, as a function of SOM. We test it on two comprehensive, methodologically consistent, temperate national-scale topsoil data sets (0–15 cm) (Wales, n = 1385; Great Britain, n = 2570). The purpose of the approach is to generate an analytical function suitable for predicting soil porosity change with SOM content, while providing insight into the main grain-scale factors determining the porosity emergence. The newly developed function covering the entire SOM gradient allows for impacts of land use, management or climate change to feedback on soil porosity or bulk density through decadal dynamic changes in SOM.
Cosmic time synchronizer (CTS) for wireless and precise time synchronization using extended air showers
Authors: Tanaka Hiroyuki K. M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPrecise time synchronization is an essential technique required for financial transaction systems, industrial automation and control systems, as well as land and ocean observation networks. However, the time synchronization signals based on the global-positioning-system (GPS), or global-navigation-satellite-system, are sometimes unavailable or only partially available in indoor, underground and underwater environments. In this work, the simultaneous and penetrative natures of the muon component of the extended air shower (EAS) were used as signals for time synchronization in environments with little or no GPS coverage. CTS was modeled by combining the results of previous EAS experiments with OCXO holdover precision measurements. The results have shown the capability of CTS to reach perpetual local time synchronization levels of less than 100 ns with a hypothetical detector areal coverage of larger than 2 × 10−4. We anticipate this level of areal coverage is attainable and cost-effective for use in consumer smartphone networks and dense underwater sensor networks.
Mutational spectrum of hepatitis C virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C determined by single molecule real-time sequencing
Authors: Nakamura Fumiyasu , Takeda Haruhiko , Ueda Yoshihide , Takai Atsushi , Takahashi Ken , Eso Yuji , Arasawa Soichi , Iguchi Eriko , Shimizu Takahiro , Mishima Masako , Kumagai Ken , Yamashita Taiki , Uemoto Shinji , Kato Nobuyuki , Marusawa Hiroyuki , Sekine Akihiro , Seno Hiroshi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe emergence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) with resistance-associated substitution (RAS), produced by mutations in the HCV genome, is a major problem in direct acting antivirals (DAA) treatment. This study aimed to clarify the mutational spectrum in HCV-RNA and the substitution pattern for the emergence of RASs in patients with chronic HCV infection. HCV-RNA from two HCV replicon cell lines and the serum HCV-RNA of four non-liver transplant and four post-liver transplant patients with unsuccessful DAA treatment were analyzed using high-accuracy single-molecule real-time long-read sequencing. Transition substitutions, especially A>G and U>C, occurred prominently under DAAs in both non-transplant and post-transplant patients, with a mutational bias identical to that occurring in HCV replicon cell lines during 10-year culturing. These mutational biases were reproduced in natural courses after DAA treatment. RASs emerged via both transition and transversion substitutions. NS3-D168 and NS5A-L31 RASs resulted from transversion mutations, while NS5A-Y93 RASs was caused by transition substitutions. The fidelity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, HCV-NS5B, produces mutational bias in the HCV genome, characterized by dominant transition mutations, notably A>G and U>C substitutions. However, RASs are acquired by both transition and transversion substitutions, and the RASs-positive HCV clones are selected and proliferated under DAA treatment pressure.
Adenomyosis is an independent risk factor for complications in deep endometriosis laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Gracia Meritxell , de Guirior Cristian , Valdés-Bango Marta , Rius Mariona , Ros Cristina , Matas Isabel , Tortajada Marta , Martínez-Zamora María Ángeles , Quintas Lara , Carmona Francisco 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDeep endometriosis (DE) occurs in 15–30% of patients with endometriosis and is associated with concomitant adenomyosis in around 25–49% of cases. There are no data about the effect of the presence of adenomyosis in terms of surgical outcomes and complications. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of adenomyosis on surgical complications in women with deep endometriosis undergoing laparoscopic surgery. A retrospective cohort study including women referred to the endometriosis unit of a referral teaching hospital. Two expert sonographers preoperatively diagnosed DE and adenomyosis. DE was defined according to the criteria of the International Deep Endometriosis Analysis group. Adenomyosis was considered when 3 or more ultrasound criteria of the Morphological Uterus Sonographic Assessment group were present. Demographical variables, current medical treatment, symptoms, DE location, surgical time, hospital stay and difference in pre and post hemoglobin levels were collected. The Clavien–Dindo classification was used to assess surgical complications, and multivariate analysis was performed to compare patients with and without adenomyosis. 157 DE patients were included into the study; 77 (49.05%) had adenomyosis according to transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) and were classified in the A group, and 80 (50.95%) had no adenomyosis and were classified in the noA group. Adenomyosis was associated with a higher rate of surgical complications: 33.76% (A group) vs. 12.50% (noA group) (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed a 4.56-fold increased risk of presenting complications in women with adenomyosis (CI 1.90–11.30; p = 0.001) independently of undergoing hysterectomy. There was a statistically significant association between the number of criteria of adenomyosis present in each patient and the proportion of patients presenting surgical complications (p < 0.001). Adenomyosis is an independent preoperative risk factor for surgical complications in DE surgery after adjustment for known demographic, clinical and surgical risk factors.
Multi‐label hybrid radar signals recognition and visualization based on interpretable convolutional classification layer and discriminative region suppression
Authors: Si Weijian , Luo Jiaji , Deng Zhian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAs the electromagnetic environment becomes increasingly complex, the radar receivers may receive multiple radar signals simultaneously. However, the current radar signal recognition algorithm based on deep learning can only predict a single class. The interpretable multi‐label hybrid radar signal recognition framework based on the interpretable convolutional classification layer and discriminative region suppression is proposed. The proposed interpretable convolutional classification layer is a weakly supervised localization method that can directly localize the discriminative regions of the corresponding class from the feature map of the model without additional computation. The proposed method can recognize, localize and separate hybrid radar signals in time‐frequency images, which improves the interpretability and transparency of the model. In addition, the feature pyramid network is adopted to improve the spatial resolution of the interpretable feature maps. Experiments with eight different modulation types of mixed radar signals show that the recognition accuracy for hybrid radar signals achieves 97.4% at 0 dB.
Geolocation a known‐altitude moving source by TDOA and FDOA measurements
Authors: Pei Yuhao , Wu Guizhou , Guo Fucheng 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSource altitude information, if known or can be measured by an altimeter, can greatly improve localisation performance. In this letter, a novel algebraic solution for known‐altitude moving source geolocation using time difference of arrival and frequency difference of arrival measurements is developed. The localisation problem is solved via the successive unconstrained minimisation method. Simulation results demonstrate that the estimation accuracy of the source position and velocity can achieve the constrained Cramér–Rao lower bound at moderate noise levels.
A two‐stage robust optimal configuration model of generation‐side cloud energy storage system based on cooperative game
Authors: Wang Chutong , Zhang Xiaoyan , Xia Yuanxing , Xiong Houbo , Guo Chuangxin , Wang Luyu , Wang Yucui 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCloud energy storage system (CESS) can effectively improve the utilization rate of the energy storage system (ESS) and reduce the cost. However, there is a lack of a model designed for large‐scale renewable energy power plants (REPPs). Due to the volatility and intermittency of renewable energy power generation, as well as the demand of following scheduling plan and market arbitrage, it is also necessary to configure ESS for REPPs. However, if the REPP builds ESS by itself, the investment is relatively high. Therefore, the application of CESS on the renewable energy generation side can reduce the investment cost and increase the revenue by utilizing the difference between actual output and demand.Considering the uncertainties of renewable energy, this paper proposes a robust optimal configuration model of CESS based on the cooperative game. Firstly, the CESS model on the generation side is developed to describe the formation mechanism of ESS supply and demand. Then, the proposed model aims at maximizing the revenue of REPPs. The participants of the coalition are each REPP. By taking the renewable power uncertainty into consideration, the novel nested column‐and‐constraint generation (nested C&CG) method is utilized to solve the proposed model based on the min–max–min form. Furthermore, the Shapley‐value method is used to distribute the benefits to each member of the grand coalition. Finally, case studies verify the rationality and validity of the proposed model.
Stability improvement of MMC‐based hybrid AC/DC grids through the application of a decentralized optimal controller
Authors: Elahidoost Atousa , Tedeschi Elisabetta 
Published: April 2022

AbstractInterconnection and expansion of AC networks through high‐voltage direct current grids based on modular multilevel converters to form a multiterminal hybrid AC/DC grid can pose stability issues. These challenges can arise from dynamic interactions between/within AC and DC subgrids due to poorly damped modes that are potential sources of persistent and disruptive oscillations. This paper aims to ensure the stability of multiterminal hybrid AC/DC grids via a decentralized optimal controller. The proposed methodology analytically and simultaneously identifies both the decentralized optimal controller and the worst‐case perturbation scenario under the grid control inputs' and state variables' constraints, without the need for detailed and time‐consuming dynamic simulations of all possible scenarios. Eigenvalue stability analysis and time‐domain simulations show that the proposed controller can efficiently enhance the test grid stability margins and reduce the oscillations, not only under the worst‐case perturbation scenario (increasing damping ratios of the two pairs of least damped modes by 2.34 and 4.05 times) but also under other critical fault conditions. Furthermore, the controller's superior performance is validated through comparison with the power system stabilizer and modular multilevel converter droop controller under small and large disturbances, and its robustness is assessed against parametric uncertainties.