bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les interactions informelles au siège de la Société Générale
Authors: Minchella Delphine , Culié Jean-Denis 
Published: April 2022

L’influence positive des interactions informelles au travail sur la coopération et l’innovation a largement été démontrée, et de nombreuses recherches ont été menées pour comprendre comment celles-ci émergeaient. Cette question parait encore plus importante à l’issue de la pandémie de COVID-19, alors que les GAFA ont déjà annoncé opter pour du télétravail accru sur le long terme : de fait, les interactions informelles paraissent essentielles pour maintenir un esprit de corps. Ce cas expose la façon dont la Société Générale a tenté de les encourager lors de la construction de son Siège de La Défense bâti dans les années 1990. Nous verrons que celles-ci se sont en effet bien développées, mais pas tel que prévu.
Pourquoi certains patients n’arrivent-ils à faire leur analyse qu’en face à face ?
Authors: Diatkine Gilbert 
Published: April 2022

Une psychanalyse se déroule dans les meilleures conditions lorsque le patient est allongé sur un divan et parle à l’analyste sans le voir. Cependant, ni les enfants ni certains adultes borderline ne peuvent associer librement dans cette position. Les uns et les autres ont en commun de ne pas être sortis de l’adolescence. La fin de l’adolescence se définirait alors par l’intériorisation du regard protecteur porté par les adultes sur les enfants, quelle que soit la violence des désirs inconscients de ces derniers. En l’absence de cette intériorisation du regard des adultes, le surmoi protecteur se transforme en une imago terrifiante qui paralyse le processus associatif. Avec certains patients borderline, un travail préalable en face à face est nécessaire pour décomposer cette imago et mettre les éléments dont elle est faite en réseau. Quand ces représentations ne sont pas condensées, mais agglomérées, la décomposition de l’imago met en présence des éléments clivés, séparés les uns des autres par une « position phobique centrale ». L’analyse doit alors se poursuivre en face à face. La technique de la « ponctuation », inventée par Lacan, pourrait être liée à une imago qui lui était propre, la « figure obscène et féroce du Surmoi ».
Identification of unique immune response expression profiles to SARS-CoV-2 in non-small cell lung cancer using systems immunology approach
Authors: Al Heialy Saba , Hachim Mahmood Yaseen , Hachim Ibrahim Yaseen , Hamoudi Rifat , Hamid Qutayba 
Published: April 2022

Background:
COVID-19 severity and mortality are higher in patients with lung cancer due to pulmonary complications. Understanding the mechanisms of SARS-COV-2 effect on lung cancer cells in comparison to healthy lung cells can improve our knowledge of the disease biology to discover new therapeutic targets with the aim of improving the management protocols.

Methods:
We aimed to investigate the immune response signature generated from COVID-19-infected NSCLC patients and compare with noninfected patients. To achieve this, publicly available transcriptomic data of lung adenocarcinoma cancer cells A549 versus healthy lung epithelium which were SARS-COV-2-infected and mock-infected were retrieved and reanalyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that are dysregulated in SARS-COV-2-infected A549. Identified genes were explored for enriched pathways and further validated in silico for their expression in larger NSCLC lung samples. C57BL/6J mice infected with MA15 (mouse-adapted SARS-CoV) were used to confirm the findings.

Results:
A total of 7852 DEGs were identified between A549 (mock and SARS-COV-2 infected) compared to healthy epithelial cells (mock and SARS-COV-2 infected). On the contrary, 142 genes were DEGs between all mocked-infected cells (healthy and cancer) versus SARS-COV-2 infected (healthy and cancer). Those 142 genes were intersected with DEGs from the first step and were shown to be involved in cytokine-mediated signaling pathway and lymphocyte activation. A549-infected cells upregulated (IL11, RBCK1, CEBPD, EBI3, and ISG15) to a higher proportion but downregulated RELB compared to the healthy epithelium. Most of the genes (Nr1h4, Ebi3, Snai2, IL2rb, IL11, Clec4e, Cebpd, and Relb) were differentially expressed in the lung of infected mice. In silico validation confirm that IL11 expression is higher in lung adenocarcinoma compared to healthy controls. COVID-19 infection in NSCLC patients lead to the activation of specific cytokines.

Conclusions:
Our analysis showed IL11 to be the most differentially expressed between cancer and non-cancer patients and was associated with poor prognosis suggesting that COVID-19 infection in cancer patients leads to the synergistic increase in expression of CD4+ T cells, M1 macrophages, and follicular helper T cells.
Comparing the pre–post knowledge score of health-care professionals on a simulation course for COVID-19 PCR sampling
Authors: Al Ojaimi Mode , Khairallah Megan , Al Najjar Rania 
Published: April 2022

Background:
This study describes the effectiveness of a simulation course for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sampling for coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) on a heterogeneous cohort of 37 health-care professionals (HCPs) in North Lebanon.

Materials and Methods:
A pre–post repeated measure on a simulation course PCR sampling for COVID-19 was designed and conducted on a sample of 37 HCPs involved in COVID-19 PCR sampling in Lebanon. Attendees anonymously completed pre–post course questionnaires following the simulation training session. Data collected were analyzed on SPSS using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and McNemar’s test to compare the knowledge score (Kscore) of participants and their perceptions measures related to the training.

Results:
Kscore increased and was significantly different pre (µ = 2.22,) and post-session (µ = 5.54). A Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that post-session, only two remained the same, whereas all the rest (35) had higher post score. The proportion of correctly answered questions varied significantly pre–post session for all six questions. Years of experience and gender did not have an effect on Kscore pre–post session. The Kscore also varied for participants with previous COVID-19 PCR swab training or with current role related to COVID-19 with higher pre-Kscore and surprisingly lower post-Kscore.

Conclusion:
Our study shows that a simulation course regarding COVID-19 testing should be a requirement, regardless of years of experience or previous training, before allowing HCPs to perform sampling techniques on a patient having or suspected to have COVID-19 in order to ensure international standards.
Comparative Observational Analysis of Clinical Outcomes in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis Treated with Eye Drops Olopatadine or Bepotastine Besilate
Authors: Yadav Preeti , Agrawal Ajai , Dhamija Puneet , Singh Anupam , Mittal Sanjeev Kumar , Samanta Ramanuj 
Published: April 2022

Objective:
Observation and comparison of resolution of signs and relief of symptoms in patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) treated with 0.1% olopatadine eye drops or 1.5% bepotastine besilate eye drops.

Materials and Methods:
It was a prospective observational study of 60 patients of VKC from January 2018 to July 2019. Thirty confirmed cases of VKC were included in the study in each group. One group received 0.1% olopatadine eye drops and second group received 1.5% bepotastine besilate eye drops and were followed up for a period of 4 weeks. The main outcome measures were scoring and comparison of Total subjective symptom scores (TSSS) and Total objective sign scores (TOSS) within and between the groups at each follow up. Wilcoxon rank-sum test (Mann Whitney U test) was used to compare the two groups in terms of symptom and sign score at each of the time points. Friedman test was used to explore the change in score over time within each group. Generalized Estimating Equations method was used to explore the difference in change in score between the two groups over time. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
With treatment both TSSS and TOSS decreased consistently in both groups at the end of the two week and four week follow up time points. P Value of Comparison of the Two Groups in Terms of Difference of Subjective Score Total from Baseline to Follow-up Time points was statistically significant (P<0.001).

Conclusion:
At the end of the study, olopatadine 0.1 % eye drops was found to be more efficacious than 1.5% bepotastine besilate eye drops both for relief of symptoms and resolution of signs.
Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy
Authors: Wahabi Hayfaa A. , Esmaeil Samia , Elmorshedy Hala , Bakhsh Hanadi , Abdelrahman Aalaa , Fayed Amel 
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES:
The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of anemia among pregnant women in Riyadh and to examine its association with adverse pregnancy outcomes.

METHODS:
This study is a subgroup analysis from Riyadh mother and baby multicenter cohort study. Participants were grouped into four groups according to hemoglobin level: nonanemic (≥11.0 g/100 ml), mild (10–10.9 g/100 ml), moderate (7.0–9.9 g/100 ml), and severe anemia (<7.0 g/100 ml). Regression analyses were conducted to extrapolate the predicted probability (PP) for pregnancy outcomes.

RESULTS:
Out of 10,600 participants, 3261 (30.76%) were anemic; 1729 (16.3%), 1520 (14.3%), and 12 (0.1%) had mild, moderate, and severe anemia, respectively. The odds of anemia was higher in younger mothers (odds ratio [OR] = 0.94, confidence interval [CI]: 0.91–0.94) and in primiparous (OR = 1.01, CI: 0.90–1.14), while attendants of antenatal care and those who received iron supplements were less likely to be anemic (OR = 0.93, CI: 0.82–1.06) and (OR = 0.92, CI: 0.77–1.09), respectively. There was a significant increase in the odds of lower APGAR with the decreased hemoglobin; an increment of maternal hemoglobin by 1 g/100 ml decreased the likelihood of APGAR scores <7 by 9% (OR = 0.91, CI: 0.83–0.99). The PP showed a decrease in preterm birth (PTB) rate from 8% (CI: 6%–9%) to 6.5% (CI: 5%–8%), low birth weight (LBW) rate from 12% (CI 10%–13%) to 11% (CI: 9%–12%), stillbirth rate from 1.3% (CI: 0.7%–2.1%) to 1.1% (CI: 0.7%–1.6%), and maternal admission to intensive care unit (ICU) from 0.8% (CI: 0.2%–1.5%) to 0.2% (CI: 0.06%–0.4%), with increase of maternal hemoglobin from 7 g/100 ml to 15 g/100 ml.

CONCLUSION:
More than a third of the pregnant women in Riyadh had mild-to-moderate anemia. The odds of anemia increased in primipara, younger mothers, and those without antenatal care or iron supplementation. PP showed that anemia is associated with low APGAR scores, LBW, PTB stillbirth, and maternal admission to ICU.
Lower prevalence of hepatic fibrosis in low viremic hepatitis B patients with fluctuating HBV DNA levels
Authors: Sanai Faisal M. , Alhouthali Ahmad H. , Alghamdi Hamdan S. , Badriq Feras , Sanai Eisa A. , Mujalled Mohammed K. , Khayyat Waleed , Attar Motaz S. , Bagadeem Basil S. , Meer Alaa M. , Alshumrani Waleed , Albeladi Khalid , AlTraif Ibrahim , Alqahtani Saleh 
Published: April 2022

Background:
In chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients, fluctuations in HBV DNA serve as a “gray area” and impede the accurate identification of inactive carriers. We aimed to assess if such fluctuations impact the presence of significant hepatic fibrosis (Metavir F2-4) in chronic HBV patients.

Methods:
Consecutive, untreated HBeAg-negative carriers (n= 234) with fluctuating HBV DNA (n= 73) above or below a level of 2000 IU/mL were included and compared to those without fluctuations (n= 161). Patients without fluctuating HBV DNA were further analyzed based on those with persistently low (<2,000 IU/mL, n= 137) and higher HBV DNA (2,000–20,000 IU/mL, n= 24). Hepatic fibrosis (assessed by transient elastography) was correlated with virologic and biochemical profiles.

Results:
The mean age of the overall cohort was 47.8 ± 11.1 years, of whom 107 (45.7%) were male. During a median of 60 months (interquartile range [IQR] 34–82) of follow-up, 73 (31.2%) patients had a mean of 1.6 ± 0.9 fluctuations in HBV DNA. The median time to the first fluctuation was at 14.5 (IQR 5.0–33.7) months. Patients with fluctuating viremia had higher log10qHBsAg (3.1 ± 0.8 vs. 2.7 ± 1.0,P= 0.022) and HBV DNA (3.4 ± 0.5 vs. 2.7 ± 0.8,P< 0.001) compared to those without fluctuations. Patients with fluctuant viremia were less likely to have F2-4 fibrosis (8.2%) compared to those without fluctuant viremia (18.2%, odds ratio [OR]: 0.407, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.161–1.030;P= 0.052). Males tended to have less fluctuation constituting 37.0% of patients with fluctuating HBV DNA (P = 0.071). Fluctuations occurred more frequently in those with predominantly higher HBV DNA levels (26.0%) compared to those without fluctuations (14.9%;P= 0.030).

Conclusions:
Fluctuating HBV DNA levels occur frequently but are not associated with significant fibrosis. Minor fluctuations in HBV DNA levels are unlikely to be of clinical relevance.
Multiple Scale of Complexity for Anorectal Fistulas
Authors: Melo Ingrid M. , Vargas Elvis D. , Briceño Julimar del C. , Chiantera Daniel , Pérez Mariangela C. , Bonilla Eliana C. , Coacuto Jenils D. , Zarza Patricia 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Anorectal fistulas are common and difficult to manage.

Objective:
To create a scale of complexity through the identification, description of medical history, clinical and ultrasonographic findings. To reduce the rate of recurrence and complications in fistulas is the treatment goal. Patient's inherent traits increase the complexity of anorectal fistulas with the risks of incontinence, delayed healing, infections, and requiring difficult surgeries. The aim of this study was to create a scale of complexity through identification, description of medical history, and clinical and ultrasonography (USG) findings.

Patients and Methods:
Retrospective study of a prospectively maintained database conducted at two Venezuelan hospitals. All patients who underwent anorectal USG examination at our institutions between 2010 and 2017 were investigated and included in the numerical scoring system, which categorizes the risk of fistula into simple, intermediate, and complex. The Chi-square test of the Statistical Program of Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to establish the significance level, P < 0.005. One thousand one hundred and seventy-three patients were evaluated, and perianal fistula was identified in 989 patients.

Results:
Of the 232 intersphincteric fistulas, 75.86% were simple, 22.41% were intermediate, and 1.72% were complex. Of the 295 lower transsphincteric fistulas, 51.19% were simple, 42.71% intermediate, and 6.10% were complex. Of the 327 high transsphincteric fistulas, 17.74% were simple, 59.94% were intermediate, and 22.32% were complex. Of the 48 extrasphincteric fistulas, 66.67% were intermediate, and 33.33% were complex. Finally, of the 18 suprasphincteric fistulas, 50% were intermediate and 50% were complex.

Conclusions:
The complexity of the fistula may not be obvious in routine thorough clinical evaluation, requiring complementary studies. Using the scale avoids excluding factors that indicate complexity, with a statistically significant difference with the classification based exclusively on tracts.

Limitation:
The limitation of this study is that it is a retrospective single medical group study.
Sistema de abastecimiento estratégico “On Demand” enfocado en estrategias de costo, aplicado a la Industria Minera (SAD). un caso Mexicano
Authors: Cadena-Badilla Jesús Martín , Robles Ramón Arturo Vega , Bustamante Alfredo Heredia , Quiroga Joaquín Vásquez 
Published: April 2022

Existe un verdadero potencial en las estrategias de la administración de inventarios para hacer llegar los insumos a las Unidades mineras, conjugando el talento humano, la tecnología y las tácticas de logística de que se dispone hoy en día. Los diferentes procesos operativos y administrativos de una mina exigen un fuerte soporte de las áreas de Almacén y de Compras para suministrar insumos a un costo y una oportunidad óptimos. La gestión del abastecimiento en base a la demanda (SAD) pretende resolver el cómo enfrentar el reto de la cadena de suministro, que está fuertemente involucrada con el proceso productivo minero. El objetivo de este trabajo es representar la implantación de un Sistema de Abastecimientos con el concepto “On Demand” o en base a la demanda, para la industria minera, para evaluar su conveniencia técnica, operativa, financiera y de talento humano que ello implica. La aplicación fue en dos Unidades Mineras de Un Grupo Minero utilizado herramientas como la logística y la cadena de suministro, el pronóstico de la demanda y la administración de los inventarios, las tecnologías de información, la subcontratación (outsourcing), el abastecimiento estratégico, el comercio electrónico y la competitividad. El Sistema de Abastecimiento “On Demand” aplicado a la industria minera (SAD), cumple con los objetivos del suministro para las operaciones mineras. Los resultados aquí mostrados, con las implicaciones en la reducción de costos y la condicionante de competitividad que se manifiesta en la modificación de la cultura de servicio, a la que están obligados a ofrecer ahora los proveedores o contratistas, coadyuva de gran manera a la misión y visión de las áreas de abastecimiento de esta industria. Esta importante investigación ratifica que, si es factible su utilización por los beneficios tangibles que ofrece, mismos que tienen escalabilidad con las nuevas tendencias del comercio mundial, así como la utilización de las innovaciones tecnológicas que se están desarrollando para la cadena de suministro.
“ЛОЙИҲА ИШИ”НИНГ ЎҚУВ ЖАРАЁНИДА ҚЎЛЛАНИЛИШИ
Authors: Бўрибаева Шарофат Абдурахмановна  
Published: April 2022

Ушбу мақолада “Лойиҳа иши” нинг ўқув жараёнида қўлланилиши ва бу метод орқали талабаларни мустақил ишлашга ўргатиш, уларнинг фаоллигини нафақат онлайн дарс жараёнида, балки дарсдан ташқари ҳолатларда ҳам таъминловчи метод сифатида кўриб чиқилди. Шунингдек, мақолада “Лойиҳа иши” нинг аҳамиятли жиҳатлари, уни турли социал формалардан унумли фойдаланган ҳолда талабаларни тил ўрганишга бўлган қизиқишини оширишда муҳим аҳамият касб этиши ҳақида ҳам тўхталиб ўтилди.
СТИЛИСТИК УСУЛ СИФАТИДАГИ ГИПЕРБОЛА ТУШУНЧАСИ ВА УМУМИЙ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКАСИ ҲАҚИДА
Authors: Худойберганова Гуласал 
Published: April 2022

Ушбу мақолада гиперболанинг пайдо бўлиши, гиперболанинг умумий тавсифи, гипербола тадқиқоти ва олимларнинг гипербола юзасидан олиб борган тадқиқотлари, олиб борган таҳлиллари ҳамда гапларнинг тропларини табақалаштириш, троп, метафора, метанимиялар ҳақида сўз боради.
MAZKUR MAQOLA CHETAN BHAGATNING QALAMIGA MANSUB “HAYOTIMDAGI UCH XATO” ASRIDAGI ANTROPONIMLARNI INGLIZ TILIDAN O’ZBEK TILIGA TARJIMA QILISHDAGI MUAMMOLARNI TAHLIL QILADI
Authors: Eshqulova Kibriyo 
Published: April 2022

Mazkur maqola Chetan Bhagat tomonidan yozilgan ”Hayotimdagi uch xato” turkumidagi romanlar seriyasining tarkibidagi antroponimlarning ingliz tilidan o‘zbek tiliga tarjimasi va ularning mohiyatiga lingvitik nuqtai nazardan o‘quvchi uni anglashi uchun ta‘sir qiluvchi omillarni hisobga olgan holda tahlil qilingan. Obyekt sifatida tanlangan ismlar to‘qima bo‘lgani tufayli personajlarning ismlaridan oldin ularning asardagi vazifasi hamda xarakteri o‘ylab topilgani, so‘ngra uni lingvistik qoliplarga solingan. Shu tufayli maqolada tarjimon ularni o‘zbek tiliga o‘girishdan oldin etimologik, leksikologik, semantik va fonetik tahlil qilishi uchun qoliplar taklif qilingan.
JEK LONDON QALAMIGA MANSUB “AJDODLAR CHORLOVI” ASARIDAGI ANTROPONIMLARNING INGLIZ TILIDAN O’ZBEK TILIGA TARJIMA QILISHDAGI MUAMMOLAR
Authors: Rajabova Muxlisa 
Published: April 2022

Mazkur maqola Jack London tomonidan yozilgan “Ajdodlar chorlovi”asari tarkibidagi antroponimlarning ingliz tilidan o’zbek tiliga tarjimasi va antroponimlarning til lug’ati tarkibida xususiyatlari shuningdek, antroponimlarning semantik, uslubiy va yasalish xususiyatlari, xalq hayotida katta ahamiyatga ega ekanligi hisobga olingan holda o’quvchi tiliga moslashtirilgan holda tahlil qilingan. Shu o’rinda jamiyatning madaniyati va dunyoqarashi aks etgan bazi ma’lumotlar ham o’rin olgan. Mazkur maqolada tarjimon so’zlarning etimologiyasi, morfologiyasi, leksikologiyasi hamda semantik tahlilni keltirib o’tgan.
АДАБИЁТДА МОДЕРНИСТИК ТУШУНЧАЛАРНИ ЮЗАГА КЕЛИШИ ТАҲЛИЛИ
Authors: Куванова Шаҳноза 
Published: April 2022

XIX ва XX асрлар орасида Европа ва Америка адабиётида ўзига хос бурилиш содир бўлди, яъни ҳақиқатга нисбатан ёзувчиларнинг Дунё картинасини англашда катта эврилиш содир бўлди. Модернизм — XIX аср охири XX аср бошларида, реализм анъаналарини тамоман йўқ қилиш орқали намоён бўлди ва бошқа йўналишлар ҳам секин-секин ўзини билдира бошлади. Модернизм энг аввал шеъриятда кўриниш берди. Модернизм ғояларга йўналтирувчи улкан мактаблар пайдо бўлди, Франция эса уларнинг ватанига айланди. Символизм, импрессионизм, сюрреализм, футуризм, дадаизм, экспрессионизм каби оқимлар модернизмнинг умумий тенденцияларини ўз ичига олди. Мақолада адабиётда модернистик тушунчаларни юзага келиши тарихи ва таснифи тўлиқ таҳлил этилган.
AYOLLARNING ONALIK ROLINI IFODALAB KELUVCHI O‘ZBEK XALQ MAQOLLARINING TADQIQI
Authors: ERDEM Ahmet 
Published: April 2022

Ushbu tadqiqotda o‘zbek madaniyatida ayolning onalik o‘rni haqidagi maqollar borasida so‘z boradi. Tadqiqot doirasida ona va ayol haqidagi o‘zbek maqollarining son jihatdan juda ko‘p ekanligi aniqlandi. Ammo aniqlangan maqollarning ayrimlarigina ishimizga kiritilgan. Tadqiqotda, ayniqsa, ayollarning onalik roliga alohida e’tibor qaratildi.
Tadqiqot asosini tashkil etuvchi ayolning “onalik” roli va boshqa ijtimoiy rollarini ifodalovchi tushunchalarni o‘z ichiga olgan maqollar manbasi sifatida “O‘zbek xalq maqollari” (Turdimov va boshqalar, 2005) lug‘atidan foydalanildi.
Olingan maqollar o‘zbek jamiyati nuqtai nazaridan kelib chiqib baholangan. Xulosa o‘rnida o‘zbeklarda ona tushunchasining muqaddasligi ta’kidlandi. Onaning o‘rni va ayolning boshqa rollari haqidagi maqollarning o‘zbek tili nuqtai nazaridan ahamiyatini aniqlashga harakat qilindi.
INSON HISSIYOTLARINI IFODA ETGAN FRAZEOLOGIK BIRLIKLAR
Authors: Тахирова Наргиза 
Published: April 2022

Maqolaning asosiy maqsadi- shaxsning his-tuyg'ularini ifodalovchi frazeologik birliklarning semantikasidagi asosiy o'xshashlik va farqlarni aniqlash. Shaxsning tashvish va qo'rquv, hayrat, g'azab affekti, noqulaylik, hissiy yuksalish, umidsizlik, aqldan ozish va tushkunlik kabi ruhiy holatini ifodalovchi frazeologik birliklarning o'ziga xos va universal xususiyatlarini har tomonlama o'rganish va aniqlash.
Rock material particle size and its correlation with the point load test index
Authors: Feijoo Patricio , Peralta Adriana , Tamayo Andrea , Feijoo Bernardo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: This work proposes the methodology to obtain a correlation between the particle size of the rock material and the point load test index (Is 50), in order to characterize the materials, present in mining projects in terms of resistance. For a correct development of mining activities, both open pit (quarries) and underground (mines), it is important to determine the compressive strength of the rocks, since, through it, geomechanical classifications are obtained, and thus calculate safety factors to define stabilization and/or fortification systems for mining operations. This work was developed on the basis of samples from a geological formation and subsequent preparation of specimens, then they were subjected to physical tests, which can be carried out without problem in the field, and finally, the respective relationships were obtained. The results are encouraging and the equations are proposed to characterize the rock and achieve the proposed objective.
Keywords: Rock, Crushing, Classification, Compression.