bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isomerization – Industrial
Authors: Huebner Aronson , Buchan Martha , Martin William 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

The industrial practice of isomerization of hydrocarbons is discussed, with focus on economic motivation, selection of catalysts, processing conditions, and industrial process configurations. The three examples covered are light paraffin isomerization for motor fuel production, isomerization of aromatics for petrochemical production, and olefin isomerization for ether production. Light paraffin isomerization converts less‐branched species of pentanes and hexanes to more‐branched species, which improves the octane number of this material. This high octane product is blended into gasoline. Xylene isomerization allows a petrochemical producer to optimize the production of basic petrochemical intermediates. Often the focus is on
para
‐xylene production. Olefin isomerization produces the building blocks of ethers, added to clean‐burning motor fuels. Conversion to desired isomers is often equilibrium‐limited. The coupling of separation technology with isomerization reaction technology can overcome equilibrium limitations, allowing high conversion to desired isomers.
Kinases
Authors: Hengge Alvan C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a group from ATP to a phosphoryl acceptor, converting it into a phosphate ester. For protein kinases the phosphoryl acceptor is a amino acid side chain of a protein substrate. Along with phosphatases, kinases control the phosphorylation of key regulatory residues, which comprises an essential signal transduction and regulatory mechanism for a host of metabolic processes. Despite the large number of kinases identified many similarities exist among them, including the use of a magnesium‐nucleotide complex as a substrate and the frequent occurrence of significant conformational changes that accompany catalysis. The magnesium–nucleotide complex substrate is chiral, and those kinases that have been examined display stereochemical preferences. The uncatalyzed transfer of the gamma‐phosphoryl group from ATP proceeds by a loose transition state characterized by extensive bond fission between the beta and gamma phosphoryl groups, and a small degree of nucleophilic participation. The question of whether kinases utilize a similar chemical mechanism is not fully settled, although the majority of the experimental evidence supports a similar transition state.
Ribozymes and RNA Catalysis
Authors: Feig Andrew L. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe discovery that RNA could catalyze chemical reactions revolutionized the field of biochemistry and changed the way people view biological catalysis. Proteins were no longer the sole facilitators of chemical reactivity. RNA catalysis laid the groundwork for a theory that RNAs were biology's original catalysts. They were in fact well suited for this role since they both carried the information necessary for their self‐replication as well as the means to promote the duplication event. Thus, the so‐called RNA World Theory provides a plausible route through this evolutionary quandary. This article reviews the scope and basic tenets of ribozyme biochemistry. Seven families of natural ribozymes are introduced together with a sampling of the novel catalysts that have been generated in the laboratory byin vitroselection. Finally, the discussion provides an overview of how the structural and chemical properties of RNAs relate to their catalytic behavior and compares this chemistry to examples of protein enzymes that catalyze equivalent reactions. Catalytic machines like the ribosome, composed of both RNA and protein, thus may reflect the evolutionary transition away from an all‐RNA protoribosome.
Selective Oxidation – Heterogeneous
Authors: Haber Jerzy 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCatalytic selective oxidation of hydrocarbons may start by activation of oxygen to its electrophilic forms and their attack on the hydrocarbon molecule, or by activation of the latter followed by the addition of a nucleophilic oxygen (oxide ion). Many opposing factors influencing the selectivity of these reactions are then described. Mechanisms of elementary steps involved in electrophilic and nucleophilic oxidation of hydrocarbons are presented and such phenomena as structure sensitivity are described. Kinetics of the selective and total oxidation of hydrocarbons on transition‐metal oxide surfaces is discussed and attention is drawn to the importance of their nonstoichiometry, and the relation of the nucleophilic oxygen addition to the crystallographic shear is shown. Correlation of the rate of oxidation with oxygen bond strength in the oxide is illustrated. Activation of the hydrocarbon molecule by abstraction of hydrogen is then described as revealed by quantum‐chemical calculations. Properties of oxide monolayer catalysts are characterized. The general conclusion emphasized is that oxidation is a concerted reaction, in which the oxide catalyst is in dynamic interaction with the reactants of the catalytic reaction, that cause the reconstruction of the surface to adapt it to the requirements of the reaction. Functions of the selective catalyst are finally summarized and more important industrial catalytic oxidation processes are reviewed.
Synthesis Gas Generation by Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Kondratenko E. V. , Baerns M. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis review refers to the current status and future trends in the production of synthesis gas, i.e. CO and H2, via both partial oxidation and CO2reforming of methane. Particular attention is given to mechanistic aspects of syngas production. CO2, CH4and oxygen activation, carbon deposition as well as catalyst deactivation are dealt with. Also, the catalytic performance of different types of reactors such as fixed bed, fluidized bed, membrane type, solid fuel cells, and monolith type as well as new concepts in the reactor design are a part of this review, which ends with the kinetics of the partial oxidation of methane and its reforming by CO2and H2O.
Metathesis – Homogeneous
Authors: Csihony Szilárd 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDuring the last decade olefin metathesis has become a progressive area of chemistry. Recently this type of CC bond‐forming method has been one of the most popular areas in organic, organometallic, and polymer chemistry, both in academic and in industrial research. This article tries to provide an insight into the structure, mode of action, and synthesis of the most effective catalysts including tungsten, molybdenum, and ruthenium. The discussion focused on the application of alkene and alkyne metathesis for synthesizing polymers, medium or large sized rings, and for reducing the reaction steps in complicated organic synthesis. On the other hand alkene metathesis can be used for cross‐metathesis, ring‐closing metathesis, ring‐opening metathesis, ring‐opening metathesis polymerization, and acyclic diene metathesis polymerization. Alkynes can also undergo metathesis reactions with alkenes or alkynes.
Aziridination
Authors: Chanda Bhanu Manish , Vyas Renu 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAziridines, smallest three‐membered nitrogen‐containing heterocycles, are important subunits of several natural products. They also function efficiently as removable chiral auxiliaries for asymmetric alkylation and aldol transformations. The ring strain in aziridines renders them susceptible to ring‐opening reactions that dominate their chemistry.Catalytic aziridination, of late, has assumed a prominent role. Several comprehensive reviews have been written. The present article, in addition to giving an insight into aziridine chemistry, mechanism, etc., delves more deeply into various catalytic aziridination protocol, both for racemic as well as for chiral aziridines. Several selected approaches to catalytic aziridination transformations and their advantages have been described, bringing out distinctly the importance of aziridination strategy in synthetic organic chemistry. The authors' own latest contributions via the introduction of a new and superior reagent for aziridination, bromamine‐T, is also described. Future strategies in aziridination chemistry is expected to emphasize on catalytic asymmetric aziridination and development of efficient ligands.
Workplace wellness programs for working mothers: A systematic review
Authors: Ernawati Ernawati , Mawardi Fitriana , Roswiyani Roswiyani , Melissa Melissa , Wiwaha Guswan , Tiatri Sri , Hilmanto Dany 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
This systematic review aimed to uncover the evidence and benefits of employers' commitment to delivering workplace wellness programs for working mothers.

Methods
The articles published in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and AgeLine-Medline databases between 2012 and 2021 were searched to evaluate the workplace wellness programs for working mothers with at least one resultant wellness or wellbeing (e.g., physical health, less stress, mental health, burnout, depression, smoking, bullying, alcohol consumption, overweight), work-life balance outcome, or job satisfaction.

Results
Eight studies that met the criteria were retrieved from databases. They showed some effective workplace wellness programs that can reduce depression, stress, and burnout, improve mental health, healthy behaviors, work-family balance and work-life balance. Working mothers participating in a workplace wellness program generally gain some benefits; one of which is reduced stress typically related to childcare, economic, and personal health issues.

Conclusions
The implementation of workplace wellness programs for working mothers showed positive effects on their health problems and health costs. These eight studies revealed that workplace wellness programs specifically designed for working mothers can lead to time efficiency by holding the programs in or near the workplace and implementing them during the workdays. This greatly suits the conditions of many working mothers whose limited time and energy to balance the household, family and work tasks.
Collenchyma
Authors: Jarvis Michael C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Collenchyma is a plant tissue particularly adapted to withstand tensile stress. It has thickened, nonlignified cell walls that resemble the primary walls of growing plant cells in pectin and hemicellulose composition but have more axially oriented cellulose microfibrils. The strong orientation makes collenchyma a useful model system for structural characterisation by FTIR and scattering methods. Collenchyma strands in plant stems normally underlie the epidermis where, stretched by turgor in the parenchyma, they contribute maximally to the bending stiffness of the stem. In leaves, collenchyma strands are located along veins and around the edges where they resist tearing when the leaf flutters in the wind. Unlike wood, collenchyma is capable of elongation growth. How growth is reconciled with axially oriented cellulose and high tensile stiffness is a puzzle that has implications for plant growth in general.

Key Concepts

Collenchyma is adapted to withstand tensile stresses.

Compressive stresses are carried by turgor pressure in cells adjacent to collenchyma.

Collenchyma cell walls resemble typical primary cell walls in composition but have axially oriented cellulose microfibrils.

Collenchyma is a useful model system for studying primary cell walls.

How collenchyma accommodates growth has implication for the mechanism of plant growth in general.
Diagramma
Authors: Poddighe Elisabetta , Esu Alberto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

The term
diagramma
can refer to a decree of a
polis
and of a federal state or most commonly to an ordinance or law in the form of a letter issued “in the name of the kings” by the royal chancery of the Macedonian and Hellenistic kingdoms. The latter dealt with several subjects such as establishing a new constitution, the recall of exiles, the creation of a new law code, court procedures, solving border disputes, and prescribing a tax law.
Structural brain changes in post‐acute COVID‐19 patients with persistent olfactory dysfunction
Authors: Campabadal Anna , Oltra Javier , Junqué Carme , Guillen Núria , Botí María Ángeles , Sala‐Llonch Roser , Monté‐Rubio Gemma C. , Lledó Gema , Bargalló Nuria , Rami Lorena , Sánchez‐Valle Raquel , Segura Bàrbara 
Published: December 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis research aims to study structural brain changes in patients with persistent olfactory dysfunctions after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19).MethodsCOVID‐19 patients were evaluated using T1‐weighted and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) on a 3T MRI scanner, 9.94 ± 3.83 months after COVID‐19 diagnosis. Gray matter (GM) voxel‐based morphometry was performed using FSL‐VBM. Voxelwise statistical analysis of the fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity was carried out with the tract‐based spatial statistics in the olfactory system. The smell identification test (UPSIT) was used to classify patients as normal olfaction or olfactory dysfunction groups. Intergroup comparisons between GM and DTI measures were computed, as well as correlations with the UPSIT scores.ResultsForty‐eight COVID‐19 patients were included in the study. Twenty‐three were classified as olfactory dysfunction, and 25 as normal olfaction. The olfactory dysfunction group had lower GM volume in a cluster involving the left amygdala, insular cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, frontal superior and inferior orbital gyri, gyrus rectus, olfactory cortex, caudate, and putamen. This group also showed higher MD values in the genu of the corpus callosum, the orbitofrontal area, the anterior thalamic radiation, and the forceps minor; and higher RD values in the anterior corona radiata, the genu of the corpus callosum, and uncinate fasciculus compared with the normal olfaction group. The UPSIT scores for the whole sample were negatively associated with both MD and RD values (p‐value ≤0.05 FWE‐corrected).InterpretationThere is decreased GM volume and increased MD in olfactory‐related regions explaining prolonged olfactory deficits in post‐acute COVID‐19 patients.
Temporal distance and veracity effects on the level of detail in statements about intentions
Authors: Warmelink Lara , O'Connell Felicity 
Published: December 2022

AbstractConstrual level theory states that future events that are nearer in the future and events that are more likely to happen have lower construal levels, and therefore have less detail, than events that are further away and/or less likely to happen. Consistent with this theory, the number of details in a statement can be a moderately good cue to deception. If veracity and temporal distance both affect detail, detail may only be a good cue to deception about events that occur at certain temporal distances. This paper describes a study on whether temporal distance and veracity affect detail levels in statements about intentions. The results suggest that temporal distance and veracity do not affect detail levels in this dataset. Intentions that were completed also did not differ from uncompleted intentions. Overall, the study found no support for the hypothesised effects of temporal distance and veracity on level of detail.
Molecular Complementarity of Proteomimetic Materials for Target‐Specific Recognition and Recognition‐Mediated Complex Functions
Authors: Kim Minsun , Jo Hyesung , Jung Gyoo Yeol , Oh Seung Soo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAs biomolecules essential for sustaining life, proteins are generated from long chains of 20 different α‐amino acids that are folded into unique 3D structures. In particular, many proteins have molecular recognition functions owing to their binding pockets, which have complementary shapes, charges, and polarities for specific targets, making these biopolymers unique and highly valuable for biomedical and biocatalytic applications. Based on the understanding of protein structures and microenvironments, molecular complementarity can be exhibited by synthesizable and modifiable materials. This has prompted researchers to explore the proteomimetic potentials of a diverse range of materials, including biologically available peptides and oligonucleotides, synthetic supramolecules, inorganic molecules, and related coordination networks. To fully resemble a protein, proteomimetic materials perform the molecular recognition to mediate complex molecular functions, such as allosteric regulation, signal transduction, enzymatic reactions, and stimuli‐responsive motions; this can also expand the landscape of their potential bio‐applications. This review focuses on the recognitive aspects of proteomimetic designs derived for individual materials and their conformations. Recent progress provides insights to help guide the development of advanced protein mimicry with material heterogeneity, design modularity, and tailored functionality. The perspectives and challenges of current proteomimetic designs and tools are also discussed in relation to future applications.
Synthesis of 4‐(Trifluoromethyl)‐2,3‐Dihydrothiazoles from α‐Enolic Dithioesters and Imidoyl Sulfoxonium Ylides
Authors: Yang Dezhi , Wang Yan , Wang Taimin , Dou Qian , Zhou Kang , Zhai Hongbin , Cheng Bin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe synthesis of 4‐(trifluoromethyl)‐2,3‐dihydrothiazoles from α‐enolic dithioesters and imidoyl sulfoxonium ylides has been achieved under thermal conditions. This transformation is catalyst‐free, additive‐free, and operationally simple, and it proceeds via a formal insertion of alkenyl S−H generated in situ from dithioesters into ylides followed by an intramolecular annulation. This approach further expands the synthetic application of two versatile sulfur‐containing building blocks of fluorinated imidoyl sulfoxonium ylides and α‐enolic dithioesters.magnified image
Nutrients digestibility and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed on oilseed meals with crude papain enzyme
Authors: Kirimi James G. , Musalia Levi M. , Magana Adiel , Munguti Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn this study, nutrients digestibility and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed on oilseed meals with crude papain enzyme were determined. A control diet (D1) of 30% crude protein (CP) was formulated using fishmeal (FM), soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM) and sunflower meal (SFM). The test diets were formulated with replacing 10% CP of FM by SBM (D2), CM (D3) and SFM (D4), respectively. Crude papain enzyme in powder form was incorporated at 0.06%. Digestibility trial was performed using chromium oxide as an inert marker. A feeding trial of 101 days was conducted using a 4 × 2 factorial design with 4 diets (D1, D2, D3 and D4) and 2 papain enzyme inclusion levels at 0.06% and 0% using 720 Nile tilapia fingerlings (7 ± 3 g). The fingerlings were randomly distributed into 8 groups of 3 replicates of 30 fingerlings per net hapa (2 × 1 × 1 m3). Fish were fed twice daily at 5% of their biomass at 10 am and 4 pm in two equal meals. Apparent digestibility coefficients increased (p < 0.05) on crude papain enzyme supplementation. There was increase in final body weight (47.32 ± 2.10 g) on 0.06% enzyme than without enzyme (0%) (46.17 ± 2.14 g) (p > 0.05). Irrespective of enzyme supplementation, fish fed FM‐based diet were larger (56.89 ± 1.37 g) (p < 0.05) than those fed on oilseed meals; SBM (45.59 ± 0.91 g), CM (43.89 ± 2.12 g) and SFM (40.59 ± 1.60 g). Based on the study, 0.06% crude papain enzyme inclusion increased nutrients digestibility and growth performance of Nile tilapia. Therefore, crude papain enzyme is recommended as a feed additive in Nile tilapia diets to promote growth. However, more research is recommended to determine optimum inclusion levels of crude papain enzyme in Nile tilapia diets.
Chirality enhanced shear‐free mixing of highly viscous fluids in an origami reactor
Authors: Guo Pengfei , Tao Shengyang 
Published: December 2022

AbstractMixing high‐viscosity fluids is essential in chemical production, but it is challenging since the Reynolds number is small in such a system. As a result, dead zones with insufficient mixing usually exist. Introducing chaotic convection in fluids is a critical way to improve mixing efficiency. Based on the art of origami, a foldable reactor capable of generating chiral shear‐free chaotic convection is designed in this study. Finite element analysis and image analysis were used to evaluate the mixing performance of the reactor. The chiral structure increases the freedom of movement of the reactor, which drives high‐viscosity fluids inside to generate complex vortices. In addition, the vertical eddying movements significantly enhance the mixing process. Therefore, highly viscous fluids, such as glycerol and toothpaste, are well mixed in a short time without any dead zone. The chiral origami structure shows great potential for fabricating functional chemical engineering systems.
Effects of caste, birth season, and family income on digit ratios
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Voracek Martin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe contributions of latitude and ethnicity in the determination of cross‐society differences in digit ratios are unclear. In India, different castes (endogamous groups) have been living in the same areas (villages or towns) for the last 1500 years and, therefore, these groups may have different gene pools without a latitude‐related difference component. Thus, in the present study, we studied the effect of caste on digit ratios. We also studied the effects of sex, birth season, and family income on digit ratios.MethodsWe selected a sample of 301 college students (age: M = 19.9 years, SD = 2.63) in Muzaffarnagar city of western Uttar Pradesh, India, and asked participants for information regarding their birth month, religion, caste, and monthly family income. We measured participants' dorsal and palmar digit lengths (of all fingers, except the thumb, in both hands) using vernier calipers of 0.01 mm accuracy.ResultsOther backward castes (intermediate castes) had longer digit lengths than general castes (upper castes), scheduled castes (lower castes), and Muslims. However, there was no difference in digit ratios of caste groups (scheduled castes vs. other backward castes vs. general castes vs. Muslims) or specific castes (Chamar‐Jatav vs. Jat vs. Pandit‐Tyagi). Winter‐born women had lower left dorsal 2D:4D and 3D:4D ratios than summer‐born women. Family income was related to higher dorsal 2D:4D and 3D:4D ratios among women. Moreover, in dorsal digit ratios, sex difference (men < women) occurred in digit ratios constituting digit 5, whereas, in palmar digit ratios, sex difference occurred in digit ratios constituting digit 2.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that endogamy‐led genetic difference in ethnic/caste groups is not a determinant, whereas birth season (i.e., the exposure to sunlight) and family income might be determinants of digit ratios. In addition, compared to palmar digit ratios, dorsal digit ratios are better markers of sexual dimorphism.