bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulating and predicting soil water dynamics using three models for the Taihu Lake region of China
Authors: Chen Can , Lv Qing , Tang Qian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Drought stress under a changing climate can significantly affect agricultural production. Simulation of soil water dynamics in field conditions becomes necessary to understand changes of soil water conditions to develop irrigation guidelines. In this study, three models including Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Back-Propagation Artificial Neural Network (BP-ANN), and Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) were used to simulate the soil water content in the 0–14 cm and 14–33 cm soil layers across the Taihu Lake region of China. Rainfall, evaporation, temperature, humidity and wind speed that affect soil water content changes were considered in the BP-ANN and LS-SVM, but not in ARIMA. The results showed that the variability of soil water content in the 0–14 cm soil layer was greater than that in 14–33 cm. Correlation coefficients (r) of soil water content between simulations and observations were highest (0.9827) using LS-SVM in the 14–33 cm soil layer, while they were the lowest (0.7019) using ARIMA in the 0–14 cm soil layer; but no significant difference in r values was observed between the two soil layers with the BP-ANN model. Compared with the other two models, the LS-SVM model seems to be more accurate for forecasting the dynamics of soil moisture. The results suggested that agro-climatic data can be used to predict the severity of soil drought stress and provide guidance for irrigation to increase crop production in the Taihu Lake region of China.
Novel scheme for synergistic purification of copper mine tailings and orthophosphate
Authors: Zhou Runjuan , Zhang Ming 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Copper tailings (CTs) and orthophosphate are major environmental pollutants. CTs cause severe heavy metal pollution, and orthophosphate is one of the primary causes of water body eutrophication. This study aimed to alleviate heavy metal pollution by CTs and the eutrophication of water caused by orthophosphate. To this end, a 50 mg/L orthophosphate was used as a chemically active leaching solution and passed through a CT soil column. The tail water was then collected. Laboratory leaching tests showed that the thermally modified CTs effectively trapped orthophosphate, and the orthophosphate content in the leachate was 0.15 mg/L. After chemical washing, Cu2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ were tested in the tail water, and the heavy metal ions in the tail water were removed using an advanced treatment technology. After treatment with 20.0 g/L water hyacinth biochar (WHBC), the removal rates (R%) of Cu2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ were 99.48, 94.94, and 94.84%, respectively. These results demonstrated that this novel scheme for the synergistic purification of CTs and orthophosphate was feasible in the laboratory. This study provides new theoretical guidance and technical support for CT soil heavy metal remediation and water eutrophication treatment.
Triage Accuracy of Symptom Checker Apps: 5-Year Follow-up Evaluation
Authors: Schmieding Malte L , Kopka Marvin , Schmidt Konrad , Schulz-Niethammer Sven , Balzer Felix , Feufel Markus A 
Published: January 2022

Background
Symptom checkers are digital tools assisting laypersons in self-assessing the urgency and potential causes of their medical complaints. They are widely used but face concerns from both patients and health care professionals, especially regarding their accuracy. A 2015 landmark study substantiated these concerns using case vignettes to demonstrate that symptom checkers commonly err in their triage assessment.

Objective
This study aims to revisit the landmark index study to investigate whether and how symptom checkers’ capabilities have evolved since 2015 and how they currently compare with laypersons’ stand-alone triage appraisal.

Methods
In early 2020, we searched for smartphone and web-based applications providing triage advice. We evaluated these apps on the same 45 case vignettes as the index study. Using descriptive statistics, we compared our findings with those of the index study and with publicly available data on laypersons’ triage capability.

Results
We retrieved 22 symptom checkers providing triage advice. The median triage accuracy in 2020 (55.8%, IQR 15.1%) was close to that in 2015 (59.1%, IQR 15.5%). The apps in 2020 were less risk averse (odds 1.11:1, the ratio of overtriage errors to undertriage errors) than those in 2015 (odds 2.82:1), missing >40% of emergencies. Few apps outperformed laypersons in either deciding whether emergency care was required or whether self-care was sufficient. No apps outperformed the laypersons on both decisions.

Conclusions
Triage performance of symptom checkers has, on average, not improved over the course of 5 years. It decreased in 2 use cases (advice on when emergency care is required and when no health care is needed for the moment). However, triage capability varies widely within the sample of symptom checkers. Whether it is beneficial to seek advice from symptom checkers depends on the app chosen and on the specific question to be answered. Future research should develop resources (eg, case vignette repositories) to audit the capabilities of symptom checkers continuously and independently and provide guidance on when and to whom they should be recommended.
Treatments for Primary Delusional Infestation: Systematic Review
Authors: Lu Justin Di , Gotesman Ryan D , Varghese Shawn , Fleming Patrick , Lynde Charles W 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundDelusional infestation, also known as Ekbom syndrome, is a rare delusional disorder characterized by the fixed belief that one is infested with parasites, worms, insects, or other organisms. Although delusional infestation is a psychiatric condition, patients often consult dermatologists with skin findings, and it is currently unclear what treatments are recommended for this disorder.ObjectiveWe aimed to systematically review and describe the treatment and management of patients presenting with primary delusional infestation.MethodsA systematic search was conducted using Ovid on MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Register of Clinical Trials. Relevant data, including treatment, dosage, response, adherence, and side effects, were extracted and analyzed.ResultsA total of 15 case series were included, comprising 280 patients (mean age 53.3 years, 65.4% female) with delusional infestation. Overall, aripiprazole had the highest complete remission rate at 79% (11/14), although this was limited to 14 patients. Among drug classes, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were the most effective with a 79% (11/14) complete remission rate and 43% (9/21) partial remission rate in patients with comorbid depression, anxiety, or trichotillomania. First-generation antipsychotics and second-generation antipsychotics had similar complete remission rates (56/103, 54.4% vs 56/117, 47.9%, respectively) and partial remission rates (36/103, 35% vs 41/117, 35%, respectively).ConclusionsDue to the rarity of delusional infestation, we only found 15 case series. However, we found that first-generation antipsychotics appear to be similar in effectiveness to second-generation antipsychotics for the treatment of primary delusional infestation. Larger studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological therapy for delusional infestation.Trial RegistrationPROSPERO CRD42020198161; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=198161
GARCİSTÂN BEYLERİ: ŞÂR AİLESİ
Authors: ZEKİ İzzetullah 
Published: February 2022

Şâr ailesi, XI. yüzyılda günümüzde Afgan Türkistan’ında bulunan Murgab Nehri kıyılarında yaşamıştır. Hanedan ilk başta Sâmânîlere bağlı yarı bağımsız bir Türk Beyliği olarak varlığını korumuştur. Ailenin kurucusu Şâr Reşid’dir. Kurucusunun künyesine nispetle hanedanın başına geçen tüm hükümdarlar Şâr olarak anılmıştır. Başta Şâr Reşid olmak üzere altı kişi hanedanın başına gelmiştir. Bunlar Şâr Ebu Nasr Muhammed b. Esed, Şâr Şah Ebu Muhammed b. Muhammed, Şâr Urdeşir, Şâr İbrahim b. Urdeşir ve Şâr Şah b. İbrahim’dir. Hanedan bir müddet Sâmânîlere bağlı isyancı Ebu Ali Simcûrî’nin saldırılarına maruz kalmıştır. Sebük Tegin’in devreye girmesiyle tekrar eski statüsünü kazanan Şâr ailesi, 389/999 yılında Şâr Ebu Nasr döneminde Gaznelilere bağlanmış, Garcistân sikkeleri Sultan Mahmud adına basılıp camilerinde adına hutbe okutulmuştur.
Bir müddet sonra Gazneli Mahmud, Hindistan’a gazaya gitmeye niyetlenmiştir. Şâr ailesinin de yanında yer almasını istemiştir. Ancak hanedanın başında bulunan Şâr Şah, türlü bahaneler ileri sürerek Gazneli Mahmud’un fetih hareketlerine katılmaktan imtina etmiştir. Hindistan gazasını daha ehemmiyetli gören Gazneli Mahmud, haritasını çizdiği fetih hareketine devam etmiştir. Fakat Şâr ailesiyle hesaplaşmayı daha sonraya bırakmıştır. Kısa bir süre sonra gazadan dönen Gazneli Mahmud, güçlü bir ordu ile emirlerinden Emir Hâcib Altıntaş ve Arslan Câzib’i Garcistân üzerine göndermiştir. Gazneli ordusuna karşı savaşamayacağını anlayan Şâr Ebu Nasr, oğlu Şâr Şah’ı isyanından vaz geçirmeye çalıştıysa da başarılı olamamıştır. Savaştan sonra Gazne’ye getirilen Şâr ailesi Gazneli Mahmud’un ihsan ve ikramına mazhar olmuş, ihtiyaçları görülmüştür. Herat’ta Gaznelilerin gözetiminde tutulan Şâr Ebu Nasr, 407/1016 yılında vefat etmiştir. Bundan böyle Gaznelilerin topraklarına katılan Garcistân, ilerleyen tarihlerde Selçuklular ve Hârizmşahların egemenliğine girmiştir.
Epilepsy and Child History in Dr. Jamal Ahmad Rashid Pediatric Teaching Hospital Sulaymaniyah /Iraq
Authors: Abdulkareem Awayi Ghazy 
Published: January 2022

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological illness that is the most prevalent severe brain problem worldwide .The purpose of this research is to determine the importance of certain risk variables for epilepsy in children in Sulaimani City, such as age, gender, head trauma, nervous system infectious diseases including meningitis and unusual perinatal history, low birth weight, neonate respiratory failure, neonatal seizure, socioeconomic status, as well as parent consanguinity. This research was created based on 104 cases (where 51 of the patients were male, while 53 of the patients were female) among the inpatient and outpatient neurology unit of Dr. Jamal Ahmad Rashid Pediatric teaching Hospital from 20/12/2020 to 29/4/2021 . In this research, all the children were evaluated, as well as their medical & personal information were collected .A relation between the phenomenon of epilepsy with numerous risk factors were made; the ratio was calculated to determine the essential variables linked with epilepsy. Data was collected through interviewing of the patients then analyzed through the application statistical analysis descriptive. Results: age, head trauma, gender, febrile, positive family history for epilepsy, unusual perinatal history, and neonatal infection has been shown to have a statistically significant link to epilepsy. Conclusion: The majority of the samples was aged between six to ten while most of them were the middle child of their families. The results of survey also showed that most of the children were diagnosed between ages one to five while most of the samples have a generalized seizure. On the other hand, there was a statistical significant association between febrile convulsion and family history of epilepsy depending.
Recommendation: Health staff (maternity staff) should not be excessively forced to pull the child's delivery. Informing the child's parents about the disease so that they do not become worried about any neurological disorders, our recommendation for staff working neurology field neurologist when such child enter the hospital immediately and quickly and get the necessary treatment.
Hepatoprotective Effects of Nasturtium Officinale and Allium Polyanthum Extracts on CCL4- Induced Hepatic Damage In Albino Rats
Authors: K.Rostam Shkar Rzgar , Ibrahim Zana Hassan , Mala Rebaz Rebwar , Abdul Soran Qadir 
Published: January 2022

The aim: This study was designed to explore the potential hepatoprotective effects of Nasturtium officinale and Allium polyanthum plant extracts against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rat model.
Methods: Thirty healthy male albino rats were equally divided into 5 groups: Normal control (NC), Positive control (Pos-C), Nasturtium officinale extract (NOE), Allium polyanthum extract (APE), and NOE + APE. The animals were fed with a standard diet and distilled water ad libitum. Except for NC, all other groups were exposed to CCl4 at every 72 hours for 3 weeks to induce hepatic damage. Corresponding treatments were established to the respective groups during study period. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Total serum bilirubin (TSB), Total protein (TP), Albumin (ALB) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in serum at the end of the study. Histopathological analysis of the liver sections was also determined.
Results: CCl4-treated rats were showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in the levels of serum enzyme activities (AST, ALT, & ALP), TSB and MDA; reflecting the hepatocellular damage caused by CCl4 compared with NC rats, whereas the levels of TP and ALB were decreased. Furthermore, the histological examination of liver tissues showed that CCl4 triggered several histological variations in the liver tissues. Treatments of NOE and APE along with CCl4 for 3 weeks significantly (P<0.05) improved the CCl4-induced changes in serum biochemical parameters and liver histology as compared to Pos-C rats indicating the protection of hepatic cells.
Conclusion: Treatments of NOE and APE either in separate or in combination have shown significant improvement in CCl4-induced hepatopathy in experimental rats as evidenced by observed results in serum and hepatic histopathological examinations
Common Risk Factors of Myocardial Infarction and Some Socio Demographic Characteristics in Sulaimani City
Authors: Sharif Bayan Omar , Lafi Samir Y. 
Published: January 2022

Back ground: Coronary heart disease is one of the vital causes of morbidity and death in Iraq. Socioeconomic status is also affected by coronary heart disease. These risk factors in Sulaimani city of Iraq is remain uncertain. This is a shortage of study of master student. The current study’s main aims were to explore the potential association between several predisposing factors and heart attack in Sulaimani, Iraq, and to some socio demographic in this participant. 165 contributors who were attending to the Cardiac Specialty Hospital, (Coronary Care Unit), and they were definitely diagnosed as having MI participated in the current study between 2015 and 2016; in Sulaimani, Iraq. The study was attentive on exploring the socioeconomic status, lifestyle, family history of heart attack and classical predisposing factors such as (Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, smoking cigarette, and dyslipidemia). For collecting the data, the questionnaire was designed according reading literature and books. The tests of Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Pearson and Spearman were used for the current data analysis. The finding: patients at the age of ?61 years was a common group age for myocardial infarction. Sedentary lifestyle (81.8%) and smoking (Ex- passive and current smoking 69.7% was predominance. The prevalence of BMI > 25 was (75.15%). Hypertension accounted (61.2%), dyslipidemia (39.4%), and diabetes (20%) of the subjects. A positive first-degree history of classical MI risk factor of the participants was (54.5%, 39.2% and 28.4%) for hypertension, heart attack and diabetes, respectively. (98.2%) of the selected patients no eating fish. (56.4%, 58.8%) of them were not eating daily fruit and vegetable respectively. Smoking was significant correlation with age, gender, level of education, and marital status (r = 0.34, 0.38, -0.23 and 0.17) respectively) (p value less than 0.05). Conclusions: In Sulaimani city of Iraq the strong predictors of heart attack were included: sedentary lifestyle, high body mass index, positive family history, unhealthy diet, smoking cigarette, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and Diabetes Mellitus.
The Antibacterial Property of Nigella sativa (Black seed) Oil Against Gram-positive and Gramnegative Bacteria
Authors: Abdullah Sakar Ahmed , M. Salih Tara Faeq , Hama Abdullah Ahmed , Ali Salar Ibrahim , Hamaamin Hassan Hussein 
Published: January 2022

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most challenges ? that face the world today, and it is heading toward the post-antibiotic era. Traditionally, herbal extracts, medicinal plant oil extracts, and probiotics have been used as an alternative to antibiotics due to bacterial resistance and drug side effects. This ?work is carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Nigella sativa oil extracts ?against common resistant bacteria, including Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The black seed was purchased from the traditional herbal medicine market, Hot extraction of the oil was performed. The bacteria were obtained from a microbiology company and from clinical samples at the Shar hospital in Sulaimani Provence. The bacteria were gram-negative (Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus). The agar ?diffusion well technique and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were used. The black seed oil components were analyzed by the Gas Chromatograph mass spectrum. The results revealed that the oil of Nigella sativa shows a ?significant effect on Gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA, which is known as a multidrug resistance bacterium. ? Bacillus subtilis was more sensitive than other strains, and the significant antibacterial effect of the extracted was observed against Escherichia coil, while it has no significant effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica.? Determination of Nigella sativa oil minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Gram-positive bacteria is 100 ml for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, and the MIC was 200 ml and 400 ml for Bacillus cereus and MRSA respectively. This study concludes that oil extract of Nigella sativa is a ?good natural antimicrobial, it can be used against ?MRSA and other Gram-positive bacteria.
The Epidemiological Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Halabja Province/Kurdistan –Iraq
Authors: Shareef Osama Hamid , Mohammed Othman Abdulrahman , Ghafor Dashty Aziz , Ali Ari Shareef , Baqi Hardi Rafat , Ali Ali Aziz , Faraj Aryan Mahmood , Qadir Syamand Ahmed , Omar Aljabary Ali Muhi Aldeen 
Published: January 2022

The new highly transmitted pathogenic viral infection started from Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. The World Health Organization publicized that it is phylogenetically belonging to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), introduced as COVID-19 pandemic disease, and spread around the world. The first confirmed case in Kurdistan region was on 1st of March, 2020. While the first COVID-19 case in Halabja province/Kurdistan region was recorded on 27th of March, 2020. This study was designed, when the Wafa Hospital constructed in Halabja/Kurdistan region for infected patients. The data were collected from 14th April to the end of December, 2020 and included name and age of the infected persons. Samples were obtained nasopharyngeal using a sterilized swab following WHO guidelines and then the real time PCR (RT-PCR) machine was used for analysis. This study was particularly representing the impact of COVID-19 on suspected person. It was focused on the susceptibility of suspected cases in Halabja province, according to ages and sexes. During the study, 5183 cases were tested, 2796 (54%) cases were confirmed as positive result and 2387 (46%) cases were negative, including all ages, males and females. Confirmed male cases among 3116 cases were 1646 (60.1%), and 1150 (39.9%) positive cases recorded among 2067 female tests. In addition, the ages of the tested cases were divided into 10 sub-groups (0-9) years old to (90-99) years old, subsequently. The result of this study for both sexes, revealed that, the most confirmed cases among (30-39) years group and (40-49) years group were (1521) and (1223) confirmed positive cases. The lowest cases were among over 80 years old and below 9 years old (10, 3) confirmed cases. Besides, the confirmed cases for other age groups for both sexes were (50-59) years old was 397, (60-69) years old was 205, (70-79) was 77. Finally, the data showed that, the common confirmed cases were among groups 20-59 years old and the rare cases were under 9 and over 80 years.
A Comparison Between the MEWMA and Mahalanobis Distance Control Chart
Authors: Rashid Kawa 
Published: January 2022

Statistical Process Control (SPC) is approaching that uses statistical techniques to monitor the process. The methods of quality control are widely used in controlling any strategy—the widely used control charts. A traditional variable control chart includes three lines: the Centre Line (CL), the Upper Control Limit (UCL), and the Lower Control Limit (LCL), all of which are represented by numeric values—represented by numeric values. A control chart illustrates the centerline of the average value of the quality feature under investigation. Depending on numeric observation values, a process is either "in control" or "out of control." Considering the current, there are no questions regarding the observations and their values during the production process. However, when these observations include human judgments, assessments, and choices, a continuous random variable (xi) of a manufacturing process should be made up of the variable. The MEWMA and Mahalanobis distance control chart techniques are used when more than one variable is involved. This paper aims to compare the MEWMA and Mahalanobis distance chart for three compounds for water drinking production in the ALA -Factory in the Sulaimani-Iraq region. So, linguistic terms can be used instead of the exact value of the continuous random variable. Today, quality control has become one of the most essential techniques for studying all variables to control production or consumption decision factors. Quality control's primary aim is to guarantee that the goods, services, or processes delivered satisfy particular standards and are reliable and satisfactory. The factor's direct approach is based on the product's quality.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOONDOO ONLINE COMIC BASED ON RME TO SUPPORT STUDENT’S MATHEMATICAL LITERACY SKILLS
Authors: Rohati Rohati , Kumalasari Ade , Marlina Marlina , Junia Naya 
Published: January 2022

This research aims at 1) Developing a valid, practical, and effective Toondoo online comic media based on realistic math education (RME) on relations and functions material in junior high school, 2) Knowing whether RME- based Toondoo online comics can improve mathematical literacy skills. The research type is research and development with the ADDIE development model but the implementation stage is not carried out. The population of this research was all eighth grade students of SMPN 7 Jambi. Grade VIII H was taken as the sample of Toondoo online comic research. Response questionnaire and test are the data instruments for a validity, practicality and effectiveness of research. Post-test after learning Toondoo online comic is used as the instrument for mathematical literacy skills. Based on data analysis, the average validation of material, media and design experts falls into the very valid category. The results of the practicality of Toondoo online comic media based on RME are practical, making it worth testing in the learning process. The results of the learning test state that students’ average value is 85.88 and mastery learning is 94.12%. The results of post-test students’ mathematical literacy skills state that the average class is at level 3 and above with a percentage of 91.17% which is very good criteria. Based on student learning outcomes and post-test, online comic media based on RME is effective to be used in learning process in order to improve students’ mathematical literacy skills.