bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human assembloids
Authors: Kanton Sabina , Paşca Sergiu P. 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
Deconstructing and then reconstructing developmental processes ex vivo is crucial to understanding how organs assemble and how physiology can be disrupted in disease. Human 3D stem cell-derived systems, such as organoids, have facilitated this pursuit; however, they often do not capture inter-tissue or inter-lineage cellular interactions that give rise to emergent tissue properties during development. Assembloids are self-organizing 3D cellular systems that result from the integration of multiple organoids or the combination of organoids with missing cell types or primary tissue explants. Here, we outline the concept and types of assembloids and present their applications for studying the nervous system and other tissues. We describe tools that are used to probe and manipulate assembloids and delineate current challenges and the potential for this new approach to interrogate development and disease.
Η επαγγελματική ανάπτυξη των εκπαιδευτικών μέσω της ενδοσχολικής επιμόρφωσης. Οι αντιλήψεις των εκπαιδευτικών πρωτοβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης
Authors: Στυλιανού Πασχαλίνα 
Published: November 2022

Η ενδοσχολική επιμόρφωση είναι μια οριζόντια μορφή επιμόρφωσης μέσω της οποίας οι εκπαιδευτικοί μπορούν να καταρτιστούν και να ενδυναμωθούν, προκειμένου να ανταποκριθούν αποτελεσματικά στο έργο τους. Σε μια εποχή που η ενδοσχολική επιμόρφωση καταγράφεται ως οργανωτική υποχρέωση του διευθυντή του σχολείου, η διερεύνηση των αντιλήψεων των εκπαιδευτικών είναι αναγκαία για την κατανόηση των πρακτικών και των αποφάσεών τους. Οι αντιλήψεις των εκπαιδευτικών διαδραματίζουν βασικό ρόλο στον τρόπο με τον οποίο φιλτράρουν τις πληροφορίες και καθορίζουν τι θεωρείται σημαντικό και έχει αξία για τα παιδιά. Η περιγραφή της διδακτικής πρακτικής τους αντανακλά το σχολικό κλίμα καθώς και την κοινωνικά δομημένη κουλτούρα τους, η οποία διαμορφώνεται από τα πολλά πλαίσια στα οποία είναι ενταγμένοι (σχολείο, κοινότητα, εκπαιδευτικό σύστημα, αναλυτικό πρόγραμμα). Η παρούσα ποιοτική έρευνα διερευνά τις αντιλήψεις των εκπαιδευτικών πρωτοβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης για την ενδοσχολική επιμόρφωση και την αξία της για την επαγγελματική τους ανάπτυξη. Η έρευνα αξιοποιεί τη θεωρία της δραστηριότητας ως εργαλείο ανάλυσης για να φωτίσει το πλαίσιο δράσης των εκπαιδευτικών και να ερμηνεύσει τα ερευνητικά δεδομένα, καθώς είναι μια θεωρία μάθησης και ένα εργαλείο ανάλυσης που δίνει ιδιαίτερη σημασία στο πλαίσιο εντός του οποίου αναπτύσσουν τη δράση τους οι εκπαιδευτικοί.
The effects of mouth rinsing and gargling with mouthwash containing povidone-iodine and hydrogen peroxide on the cycle threshold value of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A randomized controlled trial of asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients
Authors: Sulistyani Lilies Dwi , Julia Vera , Soeprapto Andrianto , Swari Rumartha Putri , Rosmanato Febriadi , Haryanto Budi , Cahyarini Cahyarini , Panjaitan Rinaldi , Maharani Diah Ayu 
Published: November 2022

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 can spread rapidly. Surgery in the oral cavity poses a high risk of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The American Dental Association and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend the use of mouthwash containing 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or 0.2% povidone iodine (PI) to reduce the viral load in the upper respiratory tract and decrease the risk of transmission. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of mouth rinsing and gargling with mouthwash containing 1% PI, 0.5% PI, 3% H2O2, or 1.5% H2O2 and water on the cycle threshold (CT) value obtained by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Methods: This study is a randomized single blind controlled clinical trial which has been registered in the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) registry on the 3rd February 2022 (Registration number: ISRCTN18356379). In total, 69 subjects recruited from Persahabatan General Hospital who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups or the control group. The subjects were instructed to gargle with 15 mL of mouthwash for 30 s in the oral cavity followed by 30 s in the back of the throat, three times per day for 5 days. CT values were collected on postprocedural days 1, 3, and 5. Results: The results of the Friedman test significantly differed among the groups (n=15). The CT values increased from baseline (day 0) to postprocedural days 1, 3, and 5. Conclusions: Mouth rinsing and gargling with mouthwash containing 1% PI, 0.5% PI, 3% H2O2, or 1.5% H2O2 and water increased the CT value.
Effect of problem-based learning on students’ attitude towards learning physics: a cohort study
Authors: Kanyesigye Stella T. , Uwamahoro Jean , Kemeza Imelda 
Published: November 2022

Background: Attitude is a learning scale that informs which approach should be used to call students to school. It can be seen a supporting tool that informs teachers, policymakers, and researchers of the needs for raising interest in learning a certain subject, such as physics. This study aimed at determining the effect of problem-based learning on students’ attitude towards learning physics. Methods: The study followed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design employing cross-sectional survey techniques. The participants of the study were 419 13th-grade physics students of the 2020/2021 school year in both Ugandan government and private secondary schools. Among these students, one group was taught using problem-based learning instruction while another group was taught using traditional instruction for 12 weeks. Data were collected using a standardized tool called Views About Science Survey. Using Microsoft Excel 2016 and Statistical Package for Social Scientist version 23.0, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to determine a significant difference between experiment and control groups. Results: It was found that both problem-based learning and traditional instructions caused a statistically significant positive effect on students’ attitudes towards physics. However, the experimental group gained more positive attitude than the control group as they were more inclined towards the expert-like attitude (thinking like a scientist in a domain) than their counterparts due to the problem-based learning approach they learned in. Conclusions: Therefore, it was concluded that problem-based learning is a more effective method of teaching physics than traditional methods. Hence, we suggest that secondary school teachers need to adopt the use of problem-based learning in the teaching of science concepts, especially physics.
Community Empowerment With the Utilization of Yards For Grape Cultivation Using Biochar Mixed Media In Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Herlambang Susila , Yudhiantoro Danang , Adventri Wibowo Astrid Wahyu 
Published: November 2022

Background: The social economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic was felt by all levels of Indonesian society, especially the people in Mayungan, Potorono Village, Bantul Regency. Currently, compost houses and waste banks have been formed from the collection of household waste in RT 04 and RT 05 with a capacity of 1.5 tons per week. Community service activities were carried out in the form of using the yard for grape cultivation with mixed media of biochar. Mixed media technology is expected to increase the efficiency of agricultural costs and productivity of grape cultivation.
Contribution: Seeing the great potential of Mayungan and as an effort to improve the psychological aspects of the community due to the Covid-19 pandemic, community service activities were carried out using the yard for grape cultivation with biochar mixed media.
Method: The approach method used is the method of active community participation.
Results: The implementation of the Internal Community Service program uses the lecture, discussion, practice, mentoring and technical guidance methods. Community service activities can be carried out properly and have the expected impact.

Conclusion: Community service activities can be carried out properly. The empowerment program in the midst of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic can relieve the mental burden of the community psychologically to strengthen the body's resistance to virus attacks through plant care every time
Registered nurses' competence for subarachnoid haemorrhage patients in intensive care units
Authors: Hutri Inkeri , Kotila Jaana , Turunen Hannele 
Published: November 2022

Background:Patients with a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) are critically ill. In Finland, most SAH patients are treated in critical care units. It is important to identify the competence of nurses working within these critical care units to ensure the care that is delivered is of high-quality.Aims:This study examined registered nurses' perceptions of their competence in providing nursing interventions to patients with a SAH in intensive care units (ICUs) in Finland.Methods:A total of 127 registered nurses who cared for SAH patients on ICUs at five university hospitals in Finland participated in this study. Quantitative, descriptive data were collected via a structured questionnaire that was developed for the study.Findings:Nurses evaluated their competence in all nursing interventions and in their ability to evaluate a patient's level of consciousness as good and very good, respectively. Nurses with a longer experience in treating SAH patients or nursing in general, evaluated themselves as more competent than nurses with less experience. Nurses had received some degree of education within their units surrounding the care of SAH patients. However, most nurses reported that they wanted to increase their level of competence.Conclusions:The reported experiences of nurses regarding caring for SAH patients or nursing in general is related to their perception of their level of competence at nursing interventions. It is highly recommended that the development and improvement of the competence of nurses is supported.
Arthroscopic biceps augmentation does not improve clinical outcomes during incomplete repair of large to massive rotator cuff tears
Authors: Park Jong H. , Park Kun T. , Kim Su C. , Bukhary Hashem A. , Lee Sang M. , Yoo Jae C. 
Published: November 2022

Aims This study compared patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of large to massive rotator cuff tears (LMRCTs) with isolated incomplete repair of the tear and patients with incomplete repair with biceps tendon augmentation. We aimed to evaluate the additional benefit on clinical outcomes and the capacity to lower the re-tear rate. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 1,115 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for full-thickness tears between October 2011 and May 2019. From this series, we identified 77 patients (28 male, 49 female) with a mean age of 64.1 years (50 to 80). Patients were classified into groups A (n = 47 incomplete) and B (n = 30 with biceps augmentation) according to the nature of their reconstruction. Clinical scores were checked preoperatively and at six months, one year, and two years postoperatively. In preoperative MRI, we measured the tear size, the degree of fatty infiltration, and muscle volume ratio of the supraspinatus. In postoperative MRI, the integrity of the repaired rotator cuff tendon was assessed using the Sugaya classification. Tendon thickness at the footprint was evaluated on T2-weighted oblique coronal view. Results There were no significant differences in the initial preoperative demographic characteristics. In both groups, there were significant improvements in postoperative clinical scores (p < 0.001). However, most clinical outcomes, including range of motion measurements (forward elevation, external rotation, internal rotation, and abduction), showed no differences between the pre- and postoperative values. Comparing the postoperative outcomes of both groups, no further improvement from biceps augmentation was found. Group B, although not reaching statistical significance, had more re-tears than group A (30% vs 15%; p = 0.117). Conclusion In LMRCTs, biceps augmentation provided no significant improvement of an incomplete repair. Therefore, biceps augmentation is not recommended in the treatment of LMRCTs. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(11):1234–1241.
Knowledge, attitudes, and positions of religious leaders towards female genital cutting: A cross-sectional study from the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Authors: Mahmood Kazhan I. , Shabu Sherzad A. , M-Amen Karwan , Saleh Abubakir M. , Ahmed Hamdia , Mzori Barzhang Q. , Shabila Nazar P. 
Published: November 2022

Background
Understanding the perspectives of the key players in the community regarding female genital cutting (FGC) is very important for directing preventive programs. Religious leaders help shape community behaviors, which is highly pertinent in the case of FGC as it is frequently perceived to be a religious requirement. This study assesses religious leaders’ knowledge, attitudes, and positions towards FGC in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It included a purposive sample of 147 local religious leaders (khateebs) representing the three governorates of Erbil, Sulaimaniyah, and Duhok. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data about the religious leaders’ knowledge, attitude, and position towards FGC.

Results
The participants identified reduction of the sexual desire of women as the main benefit (37%) and risk (24%) of FGC. Cultural tradition and religious requirements were the main reported reasons for practicing FGC. About 59% of the religious leaders stated that people ask for their advice on FGC. Around 14% of the participants supported performing FGC, compared to 39.1% who opposed it. Religious (73.9%) and cultural (26.1%) rationales were the main reasons given for supporting FGC. Being a cultural practice with harmful effects (53.5%) and lack of clear religious evidence (46.6%) were the main reasons for being against FGC. Around 52% of the participants recommended banning FGC by law, while 43.5% did not support banning it. A statistically significant association (P = 0.015) was found between religious leaders’ residence and their position on performing FGC. More than 46% of those residing in Duhok were against performing FGC, compared to lower proportions in Erbil (38.8%) and Sulaimaniyah (30%).

Conclusion
Religious leaders believed that cultural tradition was the main reason behind practicing FGC and they believed that FGC is not common in KRI, and even that it is decreasing. The religious leaders in our study reported that they could have an influential role in the FGC issue due to their position in the community. There was no statistically significant association between religious leaders’ age, education level, or work experience and their position on performing FGC. However, a statistically significant association was found between religious leaders’ residence and their position on performing FGC. A conclusive decision concerning the prohibition of FGC needs to be made by religious authorities. Health awareness activities incorporating FGC risks should be carried out to inform religious leaders at different levels of religious positions. Further research exploring perspectives of religious authorities concerning religious leaders’ inconclusive judgment about FGC is deemed necessary.
A novel application of neural networks to identify potentially effective combinations of biologic factors for enhancement of bone fusion/repair
Authors: Anastasio Albert T. , Zinger Bailey S. , Anastasio Thomas J. 
Published: November 2022

Introduction
The use of biologic adjuvants (orthobiologics) is becoming commonplace in orthopaedic surgery. Among other applications, biologics are often added to enhance fusion rates in spinal surgery and to promote bone healing in complex fracture patterns. Generally, orthopaedic surgeons use only one biomolecular agent (ie allograft with embedded bone morphogenic protein-2) rather than several agents acting in concert. Bone fusion, however, is a highly multifactorial process and it likely could be more effectively enhanced using biologic factors in combination, acting synergistically. We used artificial neural networks, trained via machine learning on experimental data on orthobiologic interventions and their outcomes, to identify combinations of orthobiologic factors that potentially would be more effective than single agents. This use of machine learning applied to orthobiologic interventions is unprecedented.

Methods
Available data on the outcomes associated with various orthopaedic biologic agents, electrical stimulation, and pulsed ultrasound were curated from the literature and assembled into a form suitable for machine learning. The best among many different types of neural networks was chosen for its ability to generalize over this dataset, and that network was used to make predictions concerning the expected efficacy of 2400 medically feasible combinations of 9 different agents and treatments.

Results
The most effective combinations were high in the bone-morphogenic proteins (BMP) 2 and 7 (BMP2, 15mg; BMP7, 5mg), and in osteogenin (150ug). In some of the most effective combinations, electrical stimulation could substitute for osteogenin. Some other effective combinations also included bone marrow aspirate concentrate. BMP2 and BMP7 appear to have the strongest pairwise linkage of the factors analyzed in this study.

Conclusions
Artificial neural networks are powerful forms of artificial intelligence that can be applied readily in the orthopaedic domain, but neural network predictions improve along with the amount of data available to train them. This study provides a starting point from which networks trained on future, expanded datasets can be developed. Yet even this initial model makes specific predictions concerning potentially effective combinatorial therapeutics that should be verified experimentally. Furthermore, our analysis provides an avenue for further research into the basic science of bone healing by demonstrating agents that appear to be linked in function.
Integrating STEM with Music: Units, Lessons, and Adaptations for K–12, Shawna Longo and Zachary Gates (2021)
Authors: Johnson Graham , Moldavan Alesia Mickle 
Published: November 2022

Review of: Integrating STEM with Music: Units, Lessons, and Adaptations for K–12, Shawna Longo and Zachary Gates (2021)
New York: Oxford University Press, 224 pp.,
ISBN 978-0-19754-677-2, p/bk, $29.95
The effects of type and token frequency on word length: a cross-linguistic study
Authors: Berg Thomas , Zörnig Peter , Lehr Charlotte 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Inspired by Zipf’s Law of Abbreviation, previous research was mostly directed at the interaction of word length and token frequency. Much less is known about the relationship of word length and type frequency, let alone about the differential impact of type and token frequency on word length. These issues are examined on the basis of a non-representative sample of 10 languages. The token frequency analysis reveals that 8 of the 10 languages show a monotonic decrease in frequency with increasing length while 2 languages reveal a unimodal distribution. By contrast, all 10 languages exhibit a rise followed by a monotonic drop of the frequency curve in the type frequency analysis. There appears to be a notable effect of type frequency on the nature of the token frequency distribution: the greater the average length of the words in the lexicon, the higher the probability of a unimodal distribution. Two principles are required to account for these results—a general dispreference for using long words and a language-particular dispreference for short words in the lexicon.
Evaluation of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) polymer reinforced with Bi and TiO2 nanopowders for gamma and neutron shielding
Authors: Gultekin Batuhan , Ogul Hasan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
3D printer technology has recently become easily reachable technology and are used to create simple or complex structures with high-quality. Its superior advantages could also be useful on the production of effective radiation shielding materials. On this purpose, the presented work studies the gamma and neutron shielding effectiveness of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) sample, a 3D printing material, reinforced with Bi and TiO2 nanopowders at various gamma and neutron energies. The gamma shielding properties were evaluated using experimental (High Purity Germanium detector system), theoretical (WinXCOM computer program) and simulation techniques (GEANT4 and FLUKA) in a wide gamma energy region ranging from 59.5 to 1332.5 keV. The investigation on neutron attenuation capabilities of the printed composites were performed with help of simulation and theoretical approaches for various sample thickness and neutron energies. The half value layer of ABS-Bi10 sample is found to be as 4.9565 cm, which is much smaller than some commercial polymers: polyvinylidenechloride, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polyphenylenesulfide, and unsaturated polyester. With the usage of 3D printing technology, significant enhancements in neutron and gamma shielding were reported.
Faster Detection of “Darks” than “Brights” by Monkey Superior Colliculus Neurons
Authors: Malevich Tatiana , Zhang Tong , Baumann Matthias P. , Bogadhi Amarender R. , Hafed Ziad M. 
Published: November 2022

Visual processing is segregated into ON and OFF channels as early as in the retina, and the superficial (output) layers of the primary visual cortex (V1) are dominated by neurons preferring dark stimuli. However, it is not clear how the timing of neural processing differs between “darks” and “brights” in general, especially in light of psychophysical evidence; it is also equally not clear how subcortical visual pathways that are critical for active orienting represent stimuli of positive (luminance increments) and negative (luminance decrements) contrast polarity. Here, we recorded from all visually-responsive neuron types in the superior colliculus (SC) of two male rhesus macaque monkeys. We presented a disk (0.51° radius) within the response fields (RFs) of neurons, and we varied, across trials, stimulus Weber contrast relative to a gray background. We also varied contrast polarity. There was a large diversity of preferences for darks and brights across the population. However, regardless of individual neural sensitivity, most neurons responded significantly earlier to dark than bright stimuli. This resulted in a dissociation between neural preference and visual response onset latency: a neuron could exhibit a weaker response to a dark stimulus than to a bright stimulus of the same contrast, but it would still have an earlier response to the dark stimulus. Our results highlight an additional candidate visual neural pathway for explaining behavioral differences between the processing of darks and brights, and they demonstrate the importance of temporal aspects in the visual neural code for orienting eye movements.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTObjects in our environment, such as birds flying across a bright sky, often project shadows (or images darker than the surround) on our retina. We studied how primate superior colliculus (SC) neurons visually process such dark stimuli. We found that the overall population of SC neurons represented both dark and bright stimuli equally well, as evidenced by a relatively equal distribution of neurons that were either more or less sensitive to darks. However, independent of sensitivity, the great majority of neurons detected dark stimuli earlier than bright stimuli, evidenced by a smaller response latency for the dark stimuli. Thus, SC neural response latency can be dissociated from response sensitivity, and it favors the faster detection of dark image contrasts.