bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of B-Exotoxin of Bacillus Thumngiensis for the Control of Northern Fowl Mites, 1986
Authors: Burg J. G. , Stafford K. C. , Collison C. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Forty White Leghorn hens were caged individually in a 7.3 × 7.3 m shelter at the Pennsylvania State University Poultry Research Farm. The shelter contained 2 banks of single deck, double row cages (46 × 46 × 30 cm) divided by a 2.3 m aisle, 20 cages/bank. On 22 Jul '85, all 22-week-old hens were infested with northern fowl mites by placing mite-infested feathers into vent feathers of the uninfested hens. Hens were reinfested 3-4 times prior to treatment. Twelve hens with the highest mite population densities were selected and randomly placed into individual cages in one bank of the shelter. All other cages in that bank were emptied. On 22 Jan '86, 6 hens were randomly selected and sprayed with 40 ml of B-Exotoxin (1,000 ppm) with a 250 ml chromotography sprayer into the vent and tail area. The remaining 6 hens were sprayed with 40 ml of distilled water to serve as controls. Mite population density estimates were made weekly for 10 weeks post-treatment with the following visual rating scale: 0 = 0 mites/bird; 1 = 1-2 mites; 2 = 3-9 mites; 3 = 10-31 mites; 4 = 32-99 mites; 5 = 100-315 mites; 6 = 316-999 mites; 7 = 1,000-3,159 mites; 8 = 3,160-9,999 mites; 9 = 10,000-31,586 mites; and 10 = greater than 31,586 mites/bird
Leafminer Control on Cranberry, 1986
Authors: Maier Chris T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two insecticides applied at 2 rates were evaluated for efficacy in controlling a cranberry leafminer at East Haddam, CT. Plots of 1 X 1-yd size were arranged in a randomized block design, with 4 replicates per treatment on 24 Apr, and 4 on 30 Apr. Insecticides were applied to runoff with a 1-qt Farnam All-Purpose Pressure Sprayer. Air temp during application was 50°F on 24 Apr and 65°F on 30 Apr. A 0.1-inch rain fell in the 6-h period after treatment on 24 Apr. Larvae were 1st and 2nd instars at application time, with 96% in the 1st instar on 24 Apr and 66% in this instar on 30 Apr. One hundred mines per plot (10 from 10 different upright stems) were microscopically examined 2 wk after treatment to determine % mortality.
Spidermite and Aphid Control in Chemical Trials on Strawberries, 1986
Authors: Carson W. G. , Nakakihara H. , Trumble J. T. , Voth V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Parker’ strawberries were transplanted early Nov ‘85 into drip-irrigated, double-row raised beds. Beds were mulched with clear plastic approximately 1 wk following transplanting. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates of each treatment. Each replicate consisted of 2 sub-beds (2 rows by 30 ft). Insecticides were applied on 5 and 19 Mar, 2, 16, and 30 Apr, 14 and 28 May. As foliage height and density increased, nozzles varied from 2-4/row and carrier was 100 gal/acre. Disc-type nozzles incorporated D-2 or D-3 orifice discs, #23 cores, and 50 mesh screens. All treatments except avermectin Bi included 0.04% spreader-sticker (Leaf Act 80A). Spidermite population evaluation was based on percentage of plants infested on the highest trifoliate on each plant for 5 plants/replicate every week (20/treatments/wk). Data were collected weekly from 11 Mar through 2 Jun. Aphid counts were collected at the same time as the spidermite data, but percentage of plants infested was based on the presence or absence of aphids on the oldest trifoliate. Again, 5 randomly selected plants were sampled/replicate every week, yield data were collected by weighing (in grams) and counting all berries from each replicate every week from 11 Mar through 2 Jun.
Snapbeans, European Corn Borer Control, 1986
Authors: Linduska James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Horizon snap beans were planted in 4-row plots 35 ft in length on 21 May. The center 2 rows of each plot were the treatment rows. Each plot was buffered on each side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 3 ft. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied at a rate of 50 gal/acre at 90 psi on 11 Jul and 15 Jul. Treatments were applied with a custom built row crop sprayer equipped with 3 drop nozzles per row. All plots were infested with approx. 1,666 one-day old European corn borer larvae/10 ft of row on 10 Jul. A 10 ft section from each plot was harvested on 18 Jul and yield was recorded. On the same date 150 bean pods from each plot were examined for European corn borer injury.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil in Maryland, 1987
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was established on a 6-yr-old stand of alfalfa located near Sharpsburg in Washington County. Precount weevil populations were moderate and averaged 40-50 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae/sweep. Treatments were applied on 7 May. Treatment plots were 10 × 20 ft replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a hand-held C02 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Posttreatment counts were made with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net. Four 180-degree sweeps/plot were made on 11, 14, and 19 May.
Control of Lesser Cornstalk Borer in Corn, 1987
Authors: All J. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot field experiment was conducted to screen insecticides for control of lorn seedling damage by the lesser cornstalk borer. Corn was planted 10 Jul in an Appling coarse loamy sand (75% sand, 15% silt, 10% clay). The soil was pH 7.7, with 1.07% organic-matter content. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 2-row plots, 20 ft long and 30 inches wide, with 3-ft alleys, replicated 5 times. Granular formulations were applied in a 7-inch band over the row at planting time. The granules were lightly raked into the soil. On 20 and 30 Jul all plants in each plot were examined for damage, and selected plants were examined for the presence of lesser cornstalk borer larvae. On 5 Nov all plants in each plot were harvested for grain.
Control of European Corn Borer in Field Corn, 1985
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. , Salvaggio R. S. , Vinis L. , Grove J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test was conducted on a commercial field planted in 30 inch rows near Dawsonville in Montgomery County, Md. Corn was planted on 13 May. Second- and third-instar larvae infested 80% of the corn, which was in the midwhorl stage. Plots were 4 rows × 20 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were broadcast on 27 Jun with a hand-held COa backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20.4 gal/acre at 40 psi. Granules were applied by shaker can on the same day. On 17 and 18 Jul, 20 corn stalks were selected at random from the center 2 rows of each plot, cut open, and the number of borers or borer tunnels was recorded.
Citrus Red Mite Control on ‘Owari’ Satsuma in Louisiana, 1986
Authors: Story R. N. , Bourgeois W. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on a plot of ‘Owari’ Satsuma citrus trees located at the LSU Citrus Research Station, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Port Sulpher, La. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replications per treatment (individual trees served as plots). Pesticides were applied on 30 Sep, with a hand-held C02 pressurized sprayer delivering 0.51 per tree at 40 psi through a single spray nozzel containing a D-3 disc, No. 25 core, and 16 mesh strainer. Trees were sprayed until completely covered. Evaluations were made on 8 Oct and 9 Nov by randomly selecting leaves per tree as follows: 2 leaves from each of the 4 compass directions and 2 from the center of the tree. Leaves were taken to the lab, examined under a stereomicroscope, and the number of mites recorded.
Oil Sprays for California Red Scale Control, 1986
Authors: Walker G. P. , Aitken D. C. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A randomized complete block experiment with 11 single-tree replicates and 3 treatments was conducted in a field of mature lemon trees (ca. 40 yr old) at the University of California, Riverside. Pretreatment densities of California red scale (CRS) were evaluated in mid May by examining in each plot, 75 9-inch twigs (ca. 1 yr old). Each twig was scored in situ as being infested or not infested with live CRS. Plots were assigned to the 11 blocks on the basis of pretreatment CRS density so that within each block initial CRS density was similar among plots. Treatments then were assigned randomly within each block. The 3 treatments were applications of a new formulation and the old formulation of Chevron’s Volck Supreme oil at a concentration of 1.25%, as well as an untreated control. The major differences between the old and new formulations, respectively, are unsulfonated residue (UR rating): 94.3% vs. ≥ 99%; aromatic carbon: 3.9% vs. 0%; naphthenic carbon: 72.5% vs. 31.36%; paraffinic carbon: 23.5% vs. 68.64%; difference between 10% and 90% boiling points at 10 mm Hg: 122° vs 85°F. Applications were made with hand guns from ground level and from a tower at ca. 505 psi at ca. 18 gal/tree, which soaked the trees to the point of runoff. Measurements of the amount of spray in the tank after application of the two oils indicated that either the gallonage per tree or the initial concentration of the oil in the finished spray was 5% greater for the new formulation than for the old formulation. Posttreatment samples were taken in Nov 1986 and again in Jan 1987 by in situ examination of 75 9-inch twigs and 100 fruit in each plot. Twigs were scored as infested or not infested with live CRS. Fruit were scored as having 0, 1-10, or &gt;10 live and/or dead CRS since fruit are downgraded in the packing house when infested with approximately 10 or more live or dead scale.
Laboratory Screening of Bacillus Thvb1Ngiensis Tenebmo Against Adult Pecan Weevils, 1985
Authors: Ring Dennis R. , Snow J. Wendell 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis tenehrio (B.t.t.) was screened in the laboratory against the pecan weevil. Pecans and adult pecan weevils were collected from an insecticide free orchard at Byron, Georgia in late Aug. Pecans were dipped in a solution gpl062g8 of B.t.t. and allowed to air dry. Two pecans free of punctures and five adult pecan weevils (3 males and 2 females) were placed in each of 6, 1 pt paper cans. Paper cans were inspected periodically until all adult weevils had died. Then pecans were examined for puncture scars and immature pecan weevils. Survivorship data were analyzed using binomial tests for equal probabilities.
Imported Cabbageworm Control, 1986
Authors: Derouin K. , Grafius E. , Connington L. , Herrington D. , Hayden J. , Habbel P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted at the MSU entomology research farm on 18 Jun. Plots were 3 rows wide (30-inch spacing) and 20 ft long (18 inches between plants in row). Plots were separated by 10 ft at row ends; 8 ft between rows. Starter fertilizer was added at transplant; a Lorsban drench (3.3 oz/1000-ft row) was applied 20 Jun to control cabbage maggot. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications per treatment. Weekly treatments were applied from 14 Jul to 20 Aug. Treatments were applied with a tractor boom sprayer at 30 gpa, 40 psi, with 3 nozzles (1 directed at top of plant, 2 at sides) over each row. Insect counts were done weekly from 18 Jul to 28 Aug approximately 4 days after spraying. A prespray count was done 3 Jul. Four randomly chosen plants were sampled from the center row of each plot. Four cabbages per ploi were harvested on 30 Aug; each was weighed and rated for wrapper leaf and head damage. Analyses of variance were performed on weekly egg counts and larval counts, as well as seasonal totals of eggs and larvae. Harvest head weight and damage rating data were also analyzed. Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison analysis was performed on significantly different means.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Eggplant, 1989
Authors: Linduska James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Classic’ eggplant transplants were planted in 15 ft rows on 22 May with a 2-row Holland transplanter. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 24 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All spray treatments were mixed in one gal of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 36 psi. Treatments were applied 22 and 27 Jun; 3, 11, 19 and 25 Jul; 2 and 9 Aug. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae/5 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 14, 20 and 24 Jul, 1 and 11 Aug from 5 plants.
Control of the Pepper Weevil on Pepper, Fall 1987
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set 3 Sep on 2.5 ft wide by 8 inches high beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 12 plants spaced 12 inches apart in a single row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 21, 28 Oct, 6, 13 and 25 Nov with a 2.5 gal hand-held CO2 pressured sprayer which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 90-110 gal/acre (gallonage increased as the plants grew). Dipel 2 X was applied to all plots at 0.75 lb product/acre on 25 Sep, 2, 6, 9, 20, 23, 27 Oct, 5 and 10 Nov for control of armyworm larvae. Marketable fruit were harvested and abscised fruit were collected on 13 Nov and 2 Dec and were examined for internal pepper weevil feeding damage. All abscised fruit were damaged internally by the pepper weevil; thus, counts of abscised fruit were combined with counts of harvested, internally damaged fruit. The proportion of damaged fruit was calculated for each treatment and transformed arcsine of the square root prior to analysis; however, data are presented in the original scale.
Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1989
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch R. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The foliar and systemic experiments were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates each and were conducted at Presque Isle, ME. The planting dates were 23 May for the foliar application experiment and 24 May for the systemic application experiment. The 3 m space between blocks and the 1.4 m space between columns and at the sides and ends of the experiments were sown to oats on 27 Jun. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of potatoes, each row 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long. The healthy Katahdin seed pieces ca. 75 g each were planted with a tractor-pulled, assisted-feed planter. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Sidedress applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles/row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on top, middle, and bottom leaves of 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using log10 (x + 1). Means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using DMRT and then reconverted, Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul and Aug was respectively 6.0, 7.7 and 11.5 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 16.5, 18.6 and 18.2°C.
Evaluation of Planting and Rescue Treatments for Bcw Control, 1988
Authors: McCartney D. A. , Stinner B. R. , Reed J. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A plot was established in 1988 to evaluate the efficacy of labeled and experimental insecticides for control of BCW by planting and rescue treatments. The plot was established at OARDC, Wooster, OH, on a Wooster silt loam soil. All plots were conventionally tilled. Pioneer 3780 was planted 18 May in 30 inch row spacing in plots measuring 10 ft long by 2 rows wide. A randomized complete block design with 6 replications was used, barriered treatment areas measured 5 × 5 ft and infested with 10, 3rd instar BCW larvae after insecticide application on 18 May. Rescue treatments were infested 2 h prior to application with 10, 4th instar BCW larvae on 1 Jun. Planting time treatments were applied with Gandy metering units driven by 12 V electric motors mounted on an Allis Chalmers no-till planter banding granules ahead of the press wheel in a 7 inch band or in furrow. Spray treatments were applied at a delivery rate of 20 gal/acre using 8003E nozzles at 1.5 mph. Plots were evaluated 3, 5, and 8 Jun for damaged plants per barrier. Results are presented as total BCW damaged plants/barrier and data were subjected to analysis of variance with Least Significant Difference used to rank means.
Efficacy of Insecticides Appued to Banks Grass Mite on Field Corn in West Central Nebraska, 1988
Authors: Seymour Ronald C. , Campbell John B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Comite, Capture 2 EC, and Cygon 400 were aerially applied 2 Sep to control Banks grass mite in dough-stage field corn. Treatments were applied in 2 replications to 120 by 1320 ft plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Size of naturally occurring Banks grass mite colonies were rated on the under surface of each leaf beginning with the lowest live leaf through 3 leaves above the ear. Ratings were made with a 0-6 scale where 0 equaled no mites on the leaf, 1 equaled individual mites present, 2 equaled well formed colonies ... up to 6 where mite colonies were so large that the under side of the leaf was completely covered and the leaf had died due to mite feeding. Mites were evaluated on 4 plants about 250 ft from the front edge and in the center of each plot 1 d prior to application, 5 and 14 d post-application. Seven XLR plus alone, with Zolone or with the surfactant Surfel was applied 20 Sep in a second trial with a CO2 charged back pack sprayer at 30 psi in a total volume of 42 gal/acre to dough-stage field corn. Each treatment was applied to 10 by 24 ft plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Four plants in the center of each plot were artificially infested with Banks grass mite by tying 2 infested leaves to each plant seven and 3 d prior to application. Number of mites found on the right half of the ear leaf, second and fourth leaf below the ear were recorded 1 d prior to application and 3 d post-application. Percent control was determined for both trials using Henderson’s formula which takes into account changes in the treated plots compared to changes in the check plots.
Airblast/Dilute Evaluation of Acaricides, 1989
Authors: Hull L. A. , Barrett B. A 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots consisted of single trees in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 2 replicates of 'Yorking'. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. and were 16-yr-old. Experimental sprays for the airblast treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre at 2 mph. Experimental sprays for handgun treatments were applied to run-off with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/min pump. Approximately 3.5 gallons of spray were applied/replicate tree (ca. 360 GPA). Spray dates were as follows: 15 Jul, 28 Jul, and 4 Aug. Refer to the tables for application dates of particular treatments. General sprays of fungicides (Nova, Dithane M-45), insecticides (Guthion, Sevin, Asana), and calcium chloride were made at ca. 1- to 2-week intervals throughout the experiment with a Friend Airmaster at 50 gal/acre. Effectiveness of the materials on the mites was evaluated by making several counts on random samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Mite population pressure was moderate throughout the summer. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting) 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe). Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious applies/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting) 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate) 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Evaluation of Bt-Pyrethroid Mixtures for Control Of Heliothis Spp., 1988
Authors: Merchant Michael E. , Teetes George L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacies of 4 treatment strategies involving an oil flowable formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis alone and in combination with Ammo were compared with efficacies of Karate and Ammo for control of Heliothis spp. larvae at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm at College Station. Cotton was planted 6 Apr on rows spaced 40 inches apart. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used with plots 8 rows × 75 ft long. All rows were sprayed with a self-propelled, high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal/acre through 2 TX-6 hollow cone nozzles/row at 40 psi. Enhancement adjuvant (50 ml/gal) and Bond® spreader/ sticker (5 ml/gal) were added to all spray mixes, except Karate and Karate + Ovasyn, prior to application. Treatments were applied 8 Jul, 15 Jul, 20 Jul, and 26 Jul. Plant damage, insect abundance, and lint yields were assessed from randomly selected locations from the inner 6 rows of each plot. Egg and larval densities and terminal damage were determined once within all plots prior to the first insecticide treatment. Measures of insect damage to fruit were made by examining 50 randomly selected 1/3-grown or larger squares and 50 soft bolls from each plot on the day of, or the day before, insecticide application. Bolls were counted on 2 randomly selected, 6.5 ft sections of row/plot on 8 Aug. Cotton yields were determined by hand harvesting 2 randomly selected, 13 ft sections of row/plot.
Systemic Insecticide, At-Planting Control of Aphids on Winter Wheat, 1988
Authors: Pike K. S. , Allison D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was conducted on soft white winter wheat grown on the Washington State Univ., Irr. Agric. Res. & Ext. Center, Roza Farm, Prosser, WA. The liquid systemic insecticides were applied by micro-tube injection, with the tube orifice mounted inside the drill openers of the planter. The granular Disyston was applied through the cone planter with the seed. Plots were 4 × 15 ft (4 rows on 12 inch row spacing), replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were planted 2 Sep (seeding rate: 45 lb/acre). Treatments were evaluated at 19, 28, 39 and 47 DAT, based on aphids/tillers (20 tillers/plot sampled at random, field bagged, and subsequently transferred to a Berlese funnel to extract the aphids. Plots were harvested on 10-11 Aug using a Hege combine.