bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First‐Principles Study of the Properties of Pmn21‐B1−xAlxAs
Authors: Yang Ruike , Yue Xilin , Wu Fuping , Wei Qun , Zhou Ye , Xue Minhua 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA class of structures, Pmn21‐B1−xAlxAs (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) is predicted and its mechanical, electronic and optical properties are calculated by first‐principles calculations. The ground‐state structural stability of Pmn21‐B1−xAlxAs at 0 and 100 GPa pressure is confirmed by analyzing the obtained binding energies, enthalpy of formation, and phonon spectra. The calculated elastic constants, Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, and bulk modulus indicate that B0.75Al0.25As and BAs exhibit brittleness, and B0.25Al0.75As and B0.5Al0.5As exhibit ductility. The energy band structures of Pmn21‐B1−xAlxAs (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) calculated by the HSE06 mixing function are direct band gaps, and the band gaps are 1.833, 0.868, 1.498, 1.630 and 2.372 eV. The optical properties of Pmn21‐B1−xAlxAs (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) are analyzed. For these four Pmn21‐B1−xxAlxAs (x = 0, 0.25,0.5, 0.75), the static refractive indices n(0) are 2.53, 2.52, 2.52 and 3.11, and the peak reflection coefficients are 13.1, 12.5, 11.8 and 11.5 eV, respectively. The absorption spectrum is mainly in the range of 0 eV–18 eV, and the absorption spectrum maxima of Pmn21‐B1−xAlxAs are located at 7.15, 6.7, 6.2 and 5.2 eV. The maximum real parts of conductivity of Pmn21‐B1−xAlxAs (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) are located at 6.38, 6.1, 5.48 and 4.7 eV, respectively.
Deterministic Preparation of a Hyper‐Entangled Three‐Photon Asymmetric W State Assisted by the Single‐Sided QD‐Cavity System
Authors: Dong Li , Lv Liu , Yang Zi‐Long , Liu Si‐Tong , Wang Xin‐Ying , Geng Xue , Ren Yuan‐Peng , Ji Yan‐Qiang , Xiu Xiao‐Ming 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHyper‐entangled states that encode qubits in multiple degrees of freedom of a quantum system can provide a decisive advantage in quantum information processing, such as improving the capacity of communication and speeding up the computation. Assisted by quantum dots in single‐sided optical microcavities, nonlinear interaction of optical circular polarizations is induced and a deterministic scheme for preparing a three‐photon hyper‐entangled asymmetric W state with polarization degree of freedom and spatial degree of freedom is proposed. The preparing process is composed of three steps: the preparation of a three‐photon polarization entangled asymmetric W state; the preparation of a three‐photon spatial entangled asymmetric W state; the preparation of a three‐photon hyper‐entangled asymmetric W state. It can be generalized to generate a three‐photon general W state according to practical requirement.
Matching Students to Text: The Targeted Reader
Authors: Stenner A. Jackson 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTeachers make use of these two premises to match readers to text. Knowing a lot about text is helpful because “text matters” (Hiebert, 1998). But ordering or leveling text is only half the equation. We must also assess the level of the readers. These two activities are necessary so that the right books can be matched to the right reader at the right time. When teachers achieve this match intuitively, they are rewarded with students choosing to read more.
From Model to Measurement with Dichotomous Items
Authors: Burdick Don , Stenner A. Jackson , Kyngdon Andrew 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPsychometric models typically represent encounters between persons and dichotomous items as a random variable with two possible outcomes, one of which can be labeled success. For a given item, the stipulation that each person has a probability of success defines a construct on persons. This model specification defines the construct, but measurement is not yet achieved. The path to measurement must involve replication; unlike coin-tossing, this cannot be attained by repeating the encounter between the same person and the same item. Such replication can only be achieved with more items whose features are included in the model specifications. That is, the model must incorporate multiple items. This chapter examines multi-item model specifications that support the goal of measurement. The objective is to select the model that best facilitates the development of reliable measuring instruments. From this perspective, the Rasch model has important features compared to other models.
How to Model and Test for the Mechanisms That Make Measurement Systems Tick
Authors: Stenner A. Jackson , Stone Mark , Burdick Donald 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOne must provide information about the conditions under which [the measurement outcome] would change or be different. It follows that the generalizations that figure in explanations [of measurement outcomes] must be change-relating… Both explainers [e.g., person parameters and item parameters] and what is explained [measurement outcomes] must be capable of change, and such changes must be connected in the right way (Woodward, 2003). Rasch’s unidimensional models for measurement tell us how to connect object measures, instrument calibrations, and measurement outcomes. Substantive theory tells us what interventions or changes to the instrument must offset a change to the measure for an object of measurement to hold the measurement outcome constant. Integrating a Rasch model with a substantive theory dictates the form and substance of permissible conjoint interventions. Rasch analysis absent construct theory and an associated specification equation is a black box in which understanding may be more illusory than not. The mere availability of numbers to analyze and statistics to report is often accepted as methodologically satisfactory in the social sciences, but falls far short of what is needed for a science.
Metrology for the Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences
Authors: Fisher William P. , Stenner A. Jackson 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA metrological infrastructure for the social, behavioral, and economic sciences has foundational and transformative potentials relating to education, health care, human and natural resource management, organizational performance assessment, and the economy at large. The traceability of universally uniform metrics to reference standard metrics is a taken-for-granted essential component of the infrastructure of the natural sciences and engineering. Advanced measurement methods and models capable of supporting similar metrics, standards, and traceability for intangible forms of capital have been available for decades but have yet to be implemented in ways that take full advantage of their capacities. The economy, education, health care reform, and the environment are all now top national priorities. There is nothing more essential to succeeding in these efforts than the quality of the measures we develop and deploy. Even so, few, if any, of these efforts are taking systematic advantage of longstanding, proven measurement technologies that may be crucial to the scientific and economic successes we seek. Bringing these technologies to the attention of the academic and business communities for use, further testing, and development in new directions is an area of critical national need.
Causal Rasch Models
Authors: Stenner A. Jackson , Fisher William P. , Stone Mark H. , Burdick Donald 
Published: October 2022

AbstractRasch’s unidimensional models for measurement show how to connect object measures (e.g., reader abilities), measurement mechanisms (e.g., machine-generated cloze reading items), and observational outcomes (e.g., counts correct on reading instruments). Substantive theory shows what interventions or manipulations to the measurement mechanism can be traded off against a change to the object measure to hold the observed outcome constant. A Rasch model integrated with a substantive theory dictates the form and substance of permissible interventions. Rasch analysis, absent construct theory and an associated specification equation, is a black box in which understanding may be more illusory than not. Finally, the quantitative hypothesis can be tested by comparing theory-based trade-off relations with observed trade-off relations. Only quantitative variables (as measured) support such trade-offs. Note that to test the quantitative hypothesis requires more than manipulation of the algebraic equivalencies in the Rasch model or descriptively fitting data to the model. A causal Rasch model involves experimental intervention/manipulation on either reader ability or text complexity or a conjoint intervention on both simultaneously to yield a successful prediction of the resultant observed outcome (count correct). We conjecture that when this type of manipulation is introduced for individual reader text encounters and model predictions are consistent with observations, the quantitative hypothesis is sustained.
Comparison Is Key
Authors: Stone Mark H. , Stenner A. Jackson 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSeveral concepts from Georg Rasch's last papers are discussed. The key one is comparison because Rasch considered the method of comparison fundamental to science. From the role of comparison stems scientific inference made operational by a properly developed frame of reference producing specific objectivity. The exact specifications Rasch outlined for making comparisons are explicated from quotes, and the role of causality derived from making comparisons is also examined. Understanding causality has implications for what can and cannot be produced via Rasch measurement. His simple examples were instructive, but the implications are far reaching upon first establishing the key role of comparison.
Construct Definition Methodology and Generalizability Theory Applied to Career Education Measurement
Authors: Stenner A. Jackson , Rohlf Richard J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe field of career education measurement is in disarray. Evidence mounts that today’s career education instruments are verbal ability measures in disguise. A plethora of trait names such as career maturity, career development, career planning, career awareness, and career decision making have, in the last decade, appeared as labels to scales comprised of multiple choice items. Many of these scales appear to be measuring similar underlying traits and certainly the labels have a similar sound or “jingle” to them. Other scale names are attached to clusters of items that appear to measure different traits and at first glance appear deserving of their unique trait names, e.g., occupational information, resources for exploration, work conditions, personal economics. The items of these scales look different and the labels correspondingly are dissimilar or have a different “jangle” to them.
Theory-Based Metrological Traceability in Education: A Reading Measurement Network
Authors: Fisher William P. , Stenner A. Jackson 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHuge resources are invested in metrology and standards in the natural sciences, engineering, and across a wide range of commercial technologies. Significant positive returns of human, social, environmental, and economic value on these investments have been sustained for decades. Proven methods for calibrating test and survey instruments in linear units are readily available, as are data- and theory-based methods for equating those instruments to a shared unit. Using these methods, metrological traceability is obtained in a variety of commercially available elementary and secondary English and Spanish language reading education programs in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, and Australia. Given established historical patterns, widespread routine reproduction of predicted text-based and instructional effects expressed in a common language and shared frame of reference may lead to significant developments in theory and practice. Opportunities for systematic implementations of teacher-driven lean thinking and continuous quality improvement methods may be of particular interest and value.
Towards an Alignment of Engineering and Psychometric Approaches to Uncertainty in Measurement: Consequences for the Future
Authors: Fisher William P. , Stenner A. Jackson 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe International Vocabulary of Measurement (VIM) and the Guide to Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) shift the terms and concepts of measurement information quality away from an Error Approach toward a model-based Uncertainty Approach. An analogous shift has taken place in psychometrics with the decreasing use of True Score Theory and increasing attention to probabilistic models for unidimensional measurement. These corresponding shifts emerge from shared roots in cognitive processes common across the sciences and they point toward new opportunities for an art and science of living complex adaptive systems. The psychology of model-based reasoning sets the stage for not just a new consensus on measurement and uncertainty, and not just for a new valuation of the scientific status of psychology and the social sciences, but for an appreciation of how to harness the energy of self-organizing processes in ways that harmonize human relationships.
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Theory Based Instrument Calibration in the Natural Sciences: What Can the Social Sciences Learn?
Authors: Stenner A. Jackson , Stone Mark H. , Fisher William P. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn his classic paper entitled “The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences,” Eugene Wigner addresses the question of why the language of Mathematics should prove so remarkably effective in the physical [natural] sciences. He marvels that “the enormous usefulness of mathematics in the natural sciences is something bordering on the mysterious and that there is no rational explanation for it.” We have been similarly struck by the outsized benefits that theory based instrument calibrations convey on the natural sciences, in contrast with the almost universal practice in the social sciences of using data to calibrate instrumentation.
On the Complex Geometry of Individuality and Growth: Cook’s 1914 “Curves of Life” and Reading Measurement
Authors: Fisher William P. , Stenner A. Jackson 
Published: October 2022

AbstractGrowth in reading ability varies across individuals in terms of starting points, velocities, and decelerations. Reading assessments vary in the texts they include, the questions asked about those texts, and in the way responses are scored. Complex conceptual and operational challenges must be addressed if we are to coherently assess reading ability, so that learning outcomes are comparable within students over time, across classrooms, and across formative, interim, and accountability assessments. A philosophical and historical context in which to situate the problems emerges via analogies from scientific, aesthetic, and democratic values. In a work now over 100 years old, Cook's study of the geometry of proportions in art, architecture, and nature focuses more on individual variation than on average general patterns. Cook anticipates the point made by Kuhn and Rasch that the goal of research is the discovery of anomalies—not the discovery of scientific laws. Bluecher extends Cook’s points by drawing an analogy between the beauty of individual variations in the Parthenon’s pillars and the democratic resilience of unique citizen soldiers in Pericles’ Athenian army. Lessons for how to approach reading measurement follow from the beauty and strength of stochastically integrated variations and uniformities in architectural, natural, and democratic principles.
Toward a Theory of Construct Definition
Authors: Stenner A. Jackson , Smith Malbert , Burdick Donald S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe process of ascribing meaning to scores produced by a measurement procedure is generally recognized as the most important task in developing an educational or psychological measure, be it an achievement test, interest inventory, or personality scale. This process, which is commonly referred to as construct validation (Cronbach, 1971; Cronbach & Meehl, 1955; ETS, 1979; Messick, 1975, 1980), involves a family of methods and procedures for assessing the degree to which a test measures a trait or theoretical construct.
Most Comprehension Tests Do Measure Reading Comprehension: A Response to McLean and Goldstein
Authors: Stenner A. Jackson , Horabin Ivan , Smith Dean R. , Smith Malbert 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThere is nothing wrong with the NAEP reading exercises, the sampling design, or the NAEP Reading Proficiency Scale, these authors maintain. But adding a rich criterion-based frame of reference to the scale should yield an even more useful tool for shaping U.S. educational policy.
Feedbacks between fast brittle faulting, hydrothermal fluid flow, and metal transport within carbonated ultramafics (Ligurian Western Alps, Italy)
Authors: Garofalo Paolo S. , Scarsi Marco , Gundlach-Graham Alexander , Schwarz Gunnar , Günther Detlef 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe Bisciarelle fault is a brittle thrust crosscutting lherzolite of the Voltri Massif (Italy) and is similar to the historical gold veins of the area. This is a 16-m-thick fault showing a large damage zone and a 4-m-wide hydrothermal alteration halo. Its fault rocks interacted with a hydrothermal fluid and host peculiar Au-bearing zones made of concentric and circular dolomite aggregates, which we call spherulites, and chalcedony. To constrain spherulite genesis, we quantify fluid-fault interactions at Bisciarelle combining field and microtextural data, mass transfer calculations, and a multi-technique analytical dataset including element imaging by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We show that faulting was coupled with significant transfer of H2O, CO2, Ca, Sb, and W from the fault fluid to the protolith, and variable transfers of SiO2 and some trace elements from the protolith to the fluid. This process deposited Au within the spherulites, caused serpentinization and carbonation of the protolith, and weakened the fault localizing subsequent shearing events and providing components for the growth of spherulites and the other fault rocks.We interpret Bisciarelle as a permeable epizonal orogenic vein, which formed fast as a result of dilation and top-to-NE shearing. This fault developed via cycles of fluid pressure build-up, opening, fluid effervescence, and mineral precipitation from a H2O-CO2 hydrothermal fluid. The fluid transported and deposited a suite of metals including Au and interacted with the protolith. A similar mechanism of faulting and reactive fluid flow could have generated the other Au deposits of the area.
Influence of powder production process and properties on material properties of Ti6Al4V manufactured by L-PBF
Authors: Meier Benjamin , Warchomicka Fernando , Petrusa Jelena , Angerer Paul , Wosik Jaroslaw , Kaindl Reinhard , Petrovic Vojislav , Waldhauser Wolfgang , Sommitsch Christof 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBesides process parameters, powder properties such as grain size, morphology, and chemical composition have the highest impact on the material properties of parts produced by powder-based additive manufacturing. These properties are strongly influenced by the production process of the powder and its feedstock. In the scope of this work, the influence of three different powder producers of Ti6Al4V, on density, chemical composition, and mechanical properties of build samples, is investigated. Furthermore, the effects of the varying atomization process on morphology, particle size distribution, chemical composition, and oxide layers are studied. Particle size distribution and flowability seem to have a minor influence on the production process while density depends highly on the surface topology, sphericity, and nature of the oxide layer, which affect energy intake. Tensile properties are highly influenced by chemical composition, mainly dissolved oxygen, and polluting satellites, while notched bar impact strength is additionally influenced by the oxide layer and suspected TiO2 precipitations caused by it.
A new constitutive model to describe evolving elastoplastic behaviours of hexagonal close-packed sheet metals
Authors: Mehrabi Hamed , Yang Chunhui 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study develops a new phenomenological constitutive model to capture the unique evolving cyclic elastoplastic behaviours of hexagonal close-packed (HCP) sheet metals. This new constitutive model is developed by adopting the concepts of multiple-yield surface approaches. Four phenomenological deformation modes, including Monotonic Compression (MC), Monotonic Tension (MT), Reverse Compression (RC), and Reverse Tension (RT), are considered to represent the hardening evolution of the materials, including the twining/untwining behaviours. Reference flow stress equations are introduced, and a Cazacu-Barlat 2004 (CB2004) type yield surface is employed to each deformation mode. In addition, the RT hardening parameters are defined as functions of plastic pre-strains to mitigate the interpolation error caused by parameter determination processes of existing models. For validation, the calculated stress–strain curves of AZ31B magnesium alloy are compared with experimental curves available from literature. Moreover, to show the accuracy of the proposed analytical model, the reproduced stress–strain curves are compared with those of an existing model—the modified homogeneous anisotropic hardening (HAH) model. The obtained results show that the new constitutive model can successfully reproduce experimental Tension–Compression-Tension (TCT) and Compression-Tension–Compression (CTC) stress–strain curves of HCP sheet metals with considerably less percentage errors.
Maternal Transfer and Long-Term Population Effects of PCBs in Baltic Grey Seals Using a New Toxicokinetic–Toxicodynamic Population Model
Authors: Mauritsson Karl , Desforges Jean-Pierre , Harding Karin C. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractEmpirical evidence has shown that historical exposure of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to Baltic grey seals not only severely affected individual fitness, but also population growth rates and most likely caused the retarded recovery rate of the depleted population for decades. We constructed a new model which we term a toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TKTD) population model to quantify these effects. The toxicokinetic sub-model describes in detail the bioaccumulation, elimination and vertical transfer from mother to offspring of PCBs and is linked to a toxicodynamic model for estimation of PCB-related damage, hazard and stress impacts on fertility and survival rates. Both sub-models were linked to a Leslie matrix population model to calculate changes in population growth rate and age structure, given different rates of PCB exposure. Toxicodynamic model parameters related to reproductive organ lesions were calibrated using published historical data on observed pregnancy rates in Baltic grey seal females. Compared to empirical data, the TKTD population model described well the age-specific bioaccumulation pattern of PCBs in Baltic grey seals, and thus, the toxicokinetic parameters, deduced from the literature, are believed to be reliable. The model also captured well the general effects of PCBs on historical population growth rates. The model showed that reduced fertility due to increased PCB exposure causes decreased vertical transfer from mother to offspring and in turn increased biomagnification in non-breeding females. The developed TKTD model can be used to perform population viability analyses of Baltic grey seals with multiple stressors, also including by-catches and different hunting regimes. The model can also be extended to other marine mammals and other contaminants by adjustments of model parameters and thus provides a test bed in silico for new substances.