bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-State Actors and Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Ümit Üngör Uğur 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the involvement of non-state actors (NSAs) in atrocity crimes, focusing on four exemplary cases from four different continental and national contexts, which demonstrate a broad range of atrocity crimes: the Irish Republican Army, the Islamic State, the Lord’s Resistance Army, and the Mexican drug cartel the Zetas. It argues that NSAs in various conflicts can be roughly divided into rebel groups and terrorist groups, and that virtually all have been involved in atrocity crimes, but in different forms, purposes, and contexts. The chapter conceptualizes NSAs and violence, examines the four cases, synthesizes their similarities and differences, and finally concludes, setting an agenda for future research.
The Dionysian Corpus
Authors: Regina Suchla Beate 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe so-called Corpus Dionysiacum Areopagiticum is a collection of four philosophical-theological treatises and ten Epistulae. These texts were originally written in Greek and come from an author whom the manuscripts of the corpus call Dionysius Areopagita, bishop of Athens. Yet, this apostolic Dionysius is not the true author of these texts; the true author is unknown and must have written these texts between ad 482/485 and 518/528 in or nearby Caesarea. The Corpus stems back to an early critical edition. The editor included variant readings, and added the prologue and the scholia of John of Scythopolis and three smaller texts of John Philoponus to his edition, which strengthened the assumption of Dionysiusʼ authenticity, and which supported the reception, tradition, and transmission of the Dionysian works.
Dionysius in Albertus Magnus and his Student Thomas Aquinas
Authors: Hankey Wayne J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe first part of this essay considers how and why Albert constructed, and Aquinas acquired, Dionysian Peripateticism. The second part examines how Aquinas, for whom the Areopagite remained a quasi-biblical authority, later came to identify him as a Platonist. Aquinas had been initiated by Albert into the congruence of Dionysius and Aristotle when he was his student. Aquinas was his scribe when Albert exposited the Dionysian corpus and began to comment on Aristotle. Albert’s philosophical theology continued to shift so that a Greek apophatic Dionysius, matched with Aristotelian philosophy in the Arabic Neoplatonic–Peripatetic medium in which it was received, provided the system within which his Latin Augustinianism is situated. Aquinas labelled Augustine as a Platonist. Without knowing what he was doing, Albert separated Dionysius from Proclus. In virtue of Moerbeke’s translations of the Greek commentators and the Elements of Theology, when Aquinas compared Proclus with the Liber de causis and the Dionysian corpus, he was able to construct a more complete and accurate history of Platonism. He continued his teacher’s endeavour to save Greek Christian apophatism within the limits set by the condemnation of 1241. Aquinas’ characteristic doctrines used the logical means Albert invented, but his more strongly kataphatic results still preserved the apophaticism, which, for Albert and Aquinas, Dionysius and Aristotle shared.
Dionysius the Areopagite and Nicholas of Cusa
Authors: Kobusch Theo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNicholas of Cusa (Cusanus) attributes three of his most important principles to Dionysius the Areopagite: Complicatio-explicatio, Docta ignorantia, and Non-aliud. According to Nicholas, God is the Complicatio, the unfolding of all being, he is, in an intellectual way, complicating everything and, at the same time, the ‘cancelled’.Perhaps the most important thing about docta ignorantia is that it is a reflexive knowledge in the Socratic sense. He makes it clear that the scholastic thesis of transcendentalities as the first principles of reality and as the first known reveals a one-sided view of things. For the One, both the transcendental One of the scholastic and the One of the Neoplatonic tradition, appears to be different from the non-one. As it cannot lead to the first origin of everything, because that is not opposed to anything, this is why he calls it the non-other. The non-other is thus that which precedes everything that establishes it, but in such a way that it is at the same time present in it, even if it is contradictorily opposed to it.
Dionysius the Areopagite and the New Testament
Authors: Constas Maximos 
Published: March 2022

AbstractModern scholarship has shown only minimal interest in the use of the New Testament in the corpus of writings attributed to Dionysius the Areopagite. The reason for this neglect is the long-standing focus on the relationship of these writings to later Neoplatonism, and in particular to the writings of the Athenian philosopher Proclus. Dionysius was indebted to Neoplatonic philosophy, but he was equally indebted to the sacred Scriptures of Christianity, which he cites more than 1500 times, and which informs his theology much more deeply than has been previously recognized. This chapter argues that two of the major treatises in the corpus, On the Divine Names and On the Celestial Hierarchy, are hermeneutical guides to the biblical language for God and the angels, respectively. Moreover, the rites described in On the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy are based directly on Scripture, while two of the author’s seven reputedly lost works, Theological Outlines and Symbolic Theology, were likewise concerned with questions of biblical revelation and the anthropomorphic forms attributed to God in Scripture. The chapter begins with a general survey of Christian Scripture in the Dionysian corpus, after which it focuses on the New Testament, including the place of the New Testament in Dionysios’ understanding of the Eucharistic synaxis, and the relationship of Dionysian theology to the theology of Paul.
Robert Grosseteste, Translator of Dionysius
Authors: Lawell Declan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis survey of the work of Robert Grosseteste as translator of Dionysius demonstrates that he was capable of improving on both the readings and the renderings of his predecessors in Latin. At the same time, this thirteenth-century philosopher, scholar, and Bishop of Lincoln shares with Sarracenus and Aquinas a belief that the summit of perfection for souls is the intellectual or speculative contemplation of God, and therefore adapts his renderings to this theory, in contrast to Thomas Gallus, for whom love supersedes reason in the last stages of the ascent to the ineffable. Grosseteste is notable also for the fact that, after learning Greek in his later years, he produced his own translations into Latin of the works of Dionysius.
Transcriptomic Dissection of Allotetraploid Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in Responses to Nitrate and Ammonium Regimes and Functional Analysis of BnaA2.Gln1;4 in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhou Ting , Wu Pengjia , Yue Caipeng , Huang Jinyong , Zhang Zhenhua , Hua Yingpeng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plant roots acquire nitrogen predominantly as two inorganic forms, nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+), to which plants respond differentially. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil-crop species with very low nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), the regulatory mechanism of which was elusive due to the vastness and complexity of the rapeseed genome. In this study, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed to investigate the differential signatures of nitrogen-starved rapeseed in responses to NO3− and NH4+ treatments and to identify the key genes regulating rapeseed NUE. The two nitrogen sources differentially affected the shoot and root transcriptome profiles, including those of genome-wide nitrogen transporter and transcription factor (TF)-related genes. Differential expression profiling showed that BnaA6.NRT2;1 and BnaA7.AMT1;3 might be the core transporters responsible for efficient NO3− and NH4+ uptake, respectively; the TF genes responsive to inorganic nitrogen, specifically responding to NO3−, and specifically responsive to NH4+ were also identified. The genes which were commonly and most significantly affected by both NO3− and NH4+ treatments were related to glutamine metabolism. Among the glutamine synthetase (GS) family genes, we found BnaA2.Gln1;4, significantly responsive to low-nitrogen conditions and showed higher transcription abundance and GS activity in the leaf veins, flower sepals, root cortex and stele, silique petiole and stem tissues. These characters were significantly different from those of AtGln1;4. The heterologous overexpression of BnaA2.Gln1;4 in Arabidopsis increased plant biomass, NUE, GS activity and total amino acid concentrations under both sufficient- and low-nitrogen conditions. Overall, this study provided novel information about the genes involved in the adaptation to different nitrogen regimes and identified some promising candidate genes for enhancing NUE in rapeseed.
Elevations in adipocytokines and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Baker Joshua F , England Bryant R , George Michael D , Wysham Katherine , Johnson Tate , Kunkel Gary , Sauer Brian , Hamilton Bartlett C , Hunter Carlos D , Duryee Michael J , Monach Paul , Kerr Gail , Reimold Andreas , Xiao Rui , Thiele Geoff M , Mikuls Ted R 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objectives
This study assessed whether circulating levels of adiponectin and leptin are associated with higher mortality in patients with RA.

Methods
Participants were adults from the Veterans Affairs RA Registry. Adipokines and inflammatory cytokines were measured as part of a multi-analyte panel on banked serum at enrolment. Dates and causes of death were derived from the Corporate Data Warehouse and the National Death Index. Covariates were derived from medical record, biorepository and registry databases. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models evaluated associations between biomarkers and all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

Results
A total of 2583 participants were included. Higher adiponectin levels were associated with older age, male sex, white race, lower BMI, autoantibody seropositivity, radiographic damage, longer disease duration, prednisone use and osteoporosis. Higher adiponectin concentrations were also associated with higher levels of inflammatory cytokines but not higher disease activity at enrolment. Leptin was primarily associated with greater BMI and comorbidity. The highest quartile of adiponectin (vs lowest quartile) was associated with higher all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR): 1.46 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.93), P = 0.009] and higher cardiovascular mortality [HR: 1.85 (95% CI: 1.24, 2.75), P = 0.003], after accounting for covariates. Higher leptin levels were also associated with greater all-cause and cancer mortality.

Conclusions
Elevations in adipokines are associated with age, BMI, comorbidity and severe disease features in RA and independently predict early death. Associations between adiponectin and inflammatory cytokines support the hypothesis that chronic subclinical inflammation promotes metabolic changes that drive elevations in adipokines and yield adverse health outcomes.
Measurement of stigma and associated characteristics in people with tuberculosis in Medellín, Colombia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Rodríguez-Márquez Iader , Montes Fernando , Upegui-Arango Luz D , Montoya Nilton , Vargas Nelly E , Rojas Abelardo , Valencia Gloria C , Álvarez Claudia M , Marceló-Díaz Catalina , Ochoa Jesus 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Stigma towards tuberculosis (TB) delays diagnosis and compromises adherence to treatment. We measured the degree of stigma and identified the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics that were associated with a higher degree of stigma in patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB in Colombia.

Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study with 232 participants included in the TB control program in 2017. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were measured. The stigma component was measured through a validated scale and a multiple linear regression was used.

Results
The study analysed 232 patients, of which 52.2% were men, 53.5% were between 27 and 59 y of age and 66.8% had a basic–medium education level. Two characteristics were significantly related to a higher stigma score: the basic–medium education level and homeless status. Homeless status increased the stigma score by 0.27. In contrast, the adjusted stigma score decreased by 0.07 if the patient's health status was perceived as ‘healthy’.

Conclusion
Stigma is maximized in homeless patients and patients with a low education level. It is minimized in patients who perceive their state of health as ‘healthy’.
Time-Specific Differences in Stated Preferences for Health in the United States
Authors: Law Ernest H. , Pickard Alan Simon , Walton Surrey M. , Xie Feng , Lee Todd A. , Schwartz Alan 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Changes over time in health state values from a societal perspective may be an important reason to consider updating societal value sets for preference-based measures of health.

Objective:
The aim was to examine whether stated health preferences are different between 2002 and 2017, controlling for demographic changes in the United States.

Methods:
Data from 2002 and 2017 US EQ-5D-3L valuation studies were combined. The primary analysis compared valuations of better-than-dead (BTD) states only, as both studies used the same time trade-off (TTO) method for these states. For worse-than-dead (WTD) states, the 2017 study used the lead-time TTO and the 2002 study used the conventional TTO, which necessitated transformation. Regression models were fitted to BTD values to estimate time-specific differences, adjusting for respondent characteristics. Secondary analyses examined models that fitted WTD values (using linear and nonlinear transformations of the 2002 data) and all values.

Results:
The adjusted BTD-only model showed mean values were higher for 2017 compared with 2002 (βY2017=0.05, P<0.001). WTD-only models showed negative changes over time but that were dependent on the transformation method (linear βY2017=−0.72; nonlinear βY2017=−0.35; both P<0.001). Using all values, 2017 mean valuations were lower using a linear transformation (βY2017=−0.11; P<0.001) but did not differ with the nonlinear transformation.

Conclusions:
Individuals in 2017 are generally less willing to trade quantity for quality of life compared with 2002. This study provides evidence of time-specific differences in a society’s preferences, suggesting that the era in which values were elicited may be an important reason to consider updating societal value sets.
Quality of life in lower limb amputees: a cross-sectional study from a tertiary care center of South India
Authors: Priyadharshan K. P. , Kumar Navin , Shanmugam D. , Kadambari D. , Kar Sitanshu Sekhar 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Various literature have dealt with the physical aspect of amputation and the functional outcome after amputation. There are a few studies that give focused attention to the quality of life (QOL) of amputees. These studies are mostly from the developed countries. This study analyzed amputation as a whole and how it affects an individual physically, psychologically, emotionally, and socially, which would enable the health care providers to help the amputees to attain a better QOL.

Study Design:
Cross-sectional study

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted on lower limb amputees. Data were collected using a proforma for demographic details and two pretested questionnaires—the World Health Organization QOL-Bref and prostheses-specific Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scales-Revised questionnaires. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 20.

Results:
Amputation significantly affects all domains of the QOL. Age was a significant determinant of QOL of amputees, and it was found that the QOL decreased with an increase in age. 48.1% of the amputees were using a prosthetic device, and they were found to have a significantly better QOL. The prevalence of residual limb pain and phantom limb pain was 52.9% and 37%, respectively.

Conclusion:
Nearly half of the population perceived that their QOL was neither poor nor good. The QOL of the physical domain was better than the other domains. The most important factors that were found to be associated with QOL of amputees were age, duration since amputation, and use of prosthesis.
Using Machine Learning Algorithms to predict sepsis and its stages in ICU patients
Authors: Ghias Nimrah , Haq Shan Ul , Arshad Huzifa , Sultan Haseeb , Bashir Farhan , Ghaznavi Syed Ameer , Shabbir Maria , Badshah Yasmin , Rafiq Mehak 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTSepsis is blood poisoning disease that occurs when body shows dysregulated host response to an infection and cause organ failure or tissue damage which may increase the mortality rate in ICU patients. As it becomes major health problem, the hospital cost for treatment of sepsis is increasing every year. Different methods have been developed to monitor sepsis electronically, but it is necessary to predict sepsis as soon as possible before clinical reports or traditional methods, because delayed in treatment can increase the risk of mortality with every single hour. For the early detection of sepsis, specifically in ICU patients, different machine learning models i.e Linear learner, Multilayer perceptron neural networks, Random Forest, lightgbm and Xgboost has trained on the data set proposed by Physio Net/ Computing in Cardiology Challenge in 2019. This study shows that Machine learning algorithms can accurately predict sepsis at the admission time of patient in ICU by using six vitals signs extracted from patient records over the age of 18 years. After comparative analysis of machine learning models, Xgboost model achieved a highest accuracy of 0.98, precision of 0.97, and recall 0.98 under the precision-recall curve on the publicly available data. Early prediction of sepsis can help clinicians to implement supportive treatments and reduce the mortality rate as well as healthcare expenses.
Variants in Interferon Lambda are Associated with Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Ouahed Jodie D. , Broggi Achille , Glick Abigail , Haring Robin T. , Field Michael , Chinnapen Daniel , Grey Michael J. , Lencer Wayne , Steiner Steven J. , Dennis-Heyward Evida , Shroyer Noah , Criss Zachary , Lin Shih-Ching , Zeng Xi-Lei , Crawford Sue E. , Estes Mary K. , Thiagarajah Jay R. , Capilla Amalia , Scoon Whitney , Mostoslavsky Gustavo , Spence Jason , Klein Christoph , Muise Aleixo M. , Horwitz Bruce , Zanoni Ivan , Snapper Scott B. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractInflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestine that affect children and adults. The etiology is multifactorial with the contribution of genetic, immune, microbial, and environmental risk factors with a substantial involvement of host:microbial cross-talk in the lumen. Whether and how antiviral responses contribute to IBD pathogenesis is under intense investigation. Here, we identified two unrelated patients diagnosed with very early onset IBD (VEOIBD) with rare variants in type III Interferons (IFNs), also known as interferon lambdas (IFNλs), a group of IFNs that play key roles in the protection against enteric viruses. The first patient was found to have homozygous variants in both IFNL2 and IFNL3, the genes encoding, IFN-λ2 and IFN-λ3, respectively. The second patient was found to have inherited compound heterozygous variants in IFNL3, with one of the two alleles bearing the same variant as the first patient. Functional analyses revealed that the proteins coded for by these variant IFN-λ genes exhibited defects in the induction of IFN signaling. More detailed assessment of the variants identified in Patient 1 demonstrated defects in their ability to bind to IFN-λ receptor 1 (IFNLR1), as well as their ability to induce heterodimerization of IFNLR1 and IL10RB, which together compromise the functional receptor for IFN-λ (IFNLR). These patient-encoded IFN-λ variants also exhibit defects in the ability to induce robust downstream IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in patient-derived intestinal organoids. All in all, we demonstrate that VEOIBD is associated with variants in IFN-λs and defective induction of downstream IFN signaling.
Predictors of HIV Testing among Youth 15-24 Years in urban Ethiopia, 2017-2018 Ethiopia Population-based HIV Impact Assessment
Authors: Ajiboye Aderonke S. , Eshetu Frehywot , Lulseged Sileshi , Getaneh Yimam , Tademe Nadew , Kifle Tsigereda , Bray Rachel , Eshete Hailegnaw , Demissie Yohannes , Dykewicz Clare A. , Hoos David ,   EPHIA Study Group
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTIntroductionYouth (adolescents and young adults) aged 15-24 years comprise approximately 22% of Ethiopia’s total population and make up 0.73% of HIV cases in urban Ethiopia. However, only 63% of HIV-positive youth are aware of their HIV status. We described the HIV testing behaviors of youth 15-24 years and determined the characteristics of those who were most likely to be tested for HIV within the past year.MethodsUsing data from the 2017-2018 Ethiopia Population-based HIV Impact Assessment, we provide survey-weighted estimates and prevalence risk ratios for engagement in HIV testing in the 12 months preceding the survey. We model the likelihood of HIV testing one year or more before the survey compared to never testing, using a multinomial logistic regression model.ResultsAmong HIV-negative and unaware HIV-positive youth 15-24 years old (N=7,508), 21.8% [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 20.4-23.3%] reported testing for HIV in the last 12 months. Female youth [Prevalence Ratio (PR)=1.6, 95% CI: 1.4-1.8], those aged 20-24 years (PR=2.6, 95% CI:2.3-2.9), and those ever married (PR=2.8, 95% CI: 2.5-3.1) were more likely to have tested for HIV within the last year. Adjusting for select demographic characteristics, sex with a non-spousal or non-live-in partner [Relative Risk (RR)=0.3, 95% CI:0.1-0.8] among males did not increase their likelihood to test for HIV in the prior 12 months. Female youth engaged in antenatal care (RR=3.0, 95% CI: 1.7-5.3) were more likely to test for HIV in the past year.ConclusionThe Ethiopian HIV case finding strategy may consider approaches for reaching untested youth, with a specific focus on adolescent males. This is critical towards achieving the UNAIDS HIV testing goal of 95% of all individuals living with HIV aware of their status by 2030.