bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
God’s Perfect Will
Authors: Pearce Kenneth L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Why would God create a world at all? Further, why would God create a world like this one? The Neoplatonic framework of classical philosophical theology answers that God’s willing is an affirmation of God’s own goodness, and God creates to show forth God’s glory. Mark Johnston has recently argued that, in addition to explaining why God would create at all, this framework gives extremely wide scope to divine freedom. Timothy O’Connor objects that divine freedom, on this view, cannot be so wide as Johnston supposes: the creation of a fundamentally unjust world, for instance, could not be a way of affirming the divine goodness. I argue that O’Connor does not go far enough. While the Neoplatonic framework helps to explain why God would create at all, it does nothing to secure God’s freedom to create less than the best.
God Does the Best
Authors: Rogers Katherin A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Suppose God is perfectly good, perfectly rational, and perfectly free. Must He be able to do other than He does? Mark Johnston and Timothy O’Connor hold that God must have libertarian freedom. The challenge, then, is to defend divine goodness and rationality. But on the Neoplatonic view of divine freedom—God, existing independently, wills with aseity—divine goodness and rationality are not threatened. God knows and does the best. It begs the question to hold that God, being infinitely good, cannot add goodness to the world. The Neoplatonic claim is that a god who failed to create would not be infinitely good. The Neoplatonic view also supports the doctrine of divine simplicity. True, one must allow that ours is the best world. And one must address the “modal collapse.” But these projects are doable and worth the effort to preserve divine goodness, rationality, and simplicity.
The Contingency of Creation and Divine Choice
Authors: Amijee Fatema 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
According to the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR), every fact has an explanation for why it obtains. If the PSR is true, there must be a sufficient reason why God chose to create our world. But a sufficient reason for God’s choice plausibly necessitates that choice. It thus seems that God could not have done otherwise, and that our world exists necessarily. One therefore appears forced to pick between the PSR, and the contingency of creation and divine choice. This chapter argues that a third option remains open, and thus that it is possible to preserve the contingency of creation and divine choice even while endorsing the PSR. The solution depends on the coherence of a restricted modal realism. On this modal realism, there is more than one possible morally optimal created world, and for each such world there is an existing possibility in which God creates that world.
Managing the New World Order, 1926–30
Authors: French David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The benign international order that the British had helped to create by 1926 required careful management in the second half of the 1920s. Contrary to popular misconceptions Britain did not disarm after 1918. It did demobilize its wartime armed forces, but throughout the 1920s it maintained sufficient air, sea, and land power to give its diplomacy the credibility it needed. Consequently, policy-makers were confident that they could negotiate from strength and achieved most of what they wanted in those regions of the world, Western Europe, the Mediterranean and Middle East, the Indian sub-continent and its environs, and the western Pacific, which most mattered to them. They did this with Mussolini over the Red Sea littoral, and with the French over the future of Germany. They could wage a cold war against the Soviet Union, they could begin building a formidable fortress at Singapore to deter the Japanese, and they could project sufficient power along the coast of China to protect what they regarded as their vital interests. At the Coolidge Naval Conference they were strong enough to resist American pressure to hamstring their naval power, and at the London Naval Conference in 1930 they were clever enough to repeat what they had done at Washington in 1921–2, and make an international naval arms limitation agreement work for, rather than against, their security. By the end of the 1920s Britain was the most powerful of the great powers.
The World Crisis and the National Government, 1931–3
Authors: French David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The inability of British policy-makers in the 1930s to sustain the benign international system which contributed so much to the security of the British Empire in the 1920s was only partly because the powers challenging that system in the 1930s, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and imperial Japan, were much more powerful than those which challenged it in the 1920s, Weimar Germany, Soviet Russia, and Kemalist Turkey. But it is not the complete explanation. In the 1920s British policy-makers believed that they could construct a peaceful and stable world resting on two pillars: a carefully managed process of multilateral disarmament would leave Britain with sufficient hard power to maintain the security of their empire, while British, and international, prosperity would be built on the restoration of peace and stable international exchange rates. But between 1930 and 1933, at the very moment when policy-makers most needed to feel confident of their power, that confidence evaporated. The Great Depression threatened to undermine the economic basis of the post-war world order, and the failure of the World Disarmament Conference destroyed the belief that future peace could be ensured if sensible men of goodwill could be brought together to settle their differences by discussion and compromise. The emergence of Japan as a threat to stability in the Far East and the advent to power of Adolf Hitler in Germany compelled British policy-makers, for the first time since 1918, to contemplate the possibility that they might soon be involved in a great power war.
Conclusion
Authors: French David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The ways in which elements of British grand strategy interacted were complex but they were not unfathomable. The aim of every government was to ensure the security of Britain and its empire. The empire was a delicate construction and if it was to survive they had to do whatever they could to keep it at peace. Their preference, therefore, was always to settle international differences with potential challengers by negotiations. They might embark on a process of horse-trading to assuage the appetites of their rivals. They might attempt to coerce them into going down another path that was less menacing, or they might try to deter them from threatening what the British intended to preserve. In the 1920s they did all three with a remarkable degree of success. But they could not replicate that success in the 1930s, partly because the problems confronting them were more intractable, and partly because they deliberately chose not to repeat the tried, tested, and successful formulae of working with allies and negotiating from a position of strength that had served them well in the past. Britain stumbled unprepared into war in September 1939 and paid the price of that unpreparedness at Dunkirk in the summer of 1940.
The Forms of Romantic Progressivism
Authors: Canuel Mark 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
“Progress” structures an impressive range of eighteenth-century writing that influenced Romantic writers from Anna Letitia Barbauld and Mary Wollstonecraft to William Wordsworth and Percy Bysshe Shelley. This chapter shows how a logic of progress shaped the history and philosophy of the eighteenth century, and influenced the way that writers imaged political institutions. Writers such as Voltaire and William Robertson likened politics to the progress of sciences or refinement of manners; Romantic writers examined this legacy with considerable skepticism. Using examples from the work of Joseph Priestley and Mary Wollstonecraft, this chapter shows how writers eagerly embraced an enlightened vocabulary of progress, and even “perfection.” But while they insisted that political progress depended on augmenting a “common good,” any notion of the common good simultaneously required vigorous internal contention and dissent.
Lyric Progressivism
Authors: Canuel Mark 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
With frequent longings for “immortality” in souls or aesthetic images, Romantic odes, sonnets, and nature lyrics often strike critics as resistant to the progressive logics of modernity. But I summon the examples of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and John Keats to show how lyric poetry promoted an ethos of progressivism in unexpected forms. In many of his poems from the 1790s, Coleridge deploys a resonant allegorical language that associates nature with advancing “truth” and “knowledge.” “Frost at Midnight,” however, declines to specify the end point of knowledge as anything more than the ability to “ask” about nature and its creator. Keats—while associating his work with the enlightened philosophes from Voltaire to Robertson—goes a step further than Coleridge in his response to this tradition, defining the politically charged telos of lyric enlightenment as an undirected and conspicuously unrefined reading practice. “The Ode on Melancholy” calls that practice “melancholy”: melancholy is nothing other than our collective ability to linger over evanescent objects, from the “morning rose” to an angry lover’s “peerless eyes.” Melancholy thus recommends lyric progress as an ecumenical form of literacy.
Skin conditions in young people
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Skin Conditions in Young People’ provides information and evidence-based advice for teenagers and young adults, addressing the ways in which we can manage and live comfortably in our skin in the modern world. This book discusses the idea of ‘normal skin’, before then focusing on many of the common skin conditions that affect adolescents, such as acne, eczema, psoriasis, sweating, urticaria, and vitiligo. Given that having a skin problem like this can affect the way you feel and act, particularly when you are young, there are therefore sections that also discuss living with the uncertainty of a visible and symptomatic skin condition, providing practical advice as to how to manage. This advice—and the book overall—is written primarily for young people, but the information will be useful for anyone with a skin problem, as well as anyone—parents, teachers, and health-workers included—involved with teenagers or young adults.
Introduction
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This section provides an introduction to the role of skin, in both our physical health and our emotional well-being. Developing a skin problem doesn’t really have much to do with doing things wrong or not doing things right. We all inherit different skin, and so we each have a different chance of developing alopecia, psoriasis, or any other skin condition. This book will teach responsibility and acceptance of one’s skin and its treatment. The aims of this book are outlined; to discourage anyone from blaming themselves for their skin condition, and instead teach them how to cope with the stresses and problems that a skin condition can bring.
Sweating
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the importance of sweating as a bodily function is outlined, before an exploration of the conditions that result in too much or too little sweat being produced. It’s usually released in response to increasing temperatures, but there are also other triggers that can induce sweating. Certain nerves can cause sweat to be released when we get nervous or embarrassed, for example. Sweat, generated by eccrine glands, plays a role in both controlling our temperature and fighting off infection. Excessive sweating, however—known as hyperhidrosis—can be both unhelpful and distressing; an explanation of both the condition and its treatment, with creams and deodorants, tablets, injections, and even a technique called iontophoresis, are also provided in this chapter.
Skin and mental health
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This section provides a definition for mental health, before then exploring how your skin and your mental health can impact on each other. One aspect of mental health that isn’t often talked about is the effect that it can have on your skin. It is well recognized that skin problems can affect a person emotionally, and may make certain mental health conditions more likely develop; what is less commonly known however, is that certain skin problems can appear as a result of mental health problems. Examples of these include compulsive hair pulling, self-harm, and a condition known as dermatitis artefacta, all of which are explored over the course of the chapter.
Introduction to Environment and Environmental Law
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides introductory context on the meaning, nature, and scope of environmental law in the Arab region. It explores the often-contested meanings of key concepts such as “environment,”, “environmental law,” and the influence of Islamic law in the development of environmental law in the Arab world. Care and stewardship for the environment—for present and future generations—appeared very early in the beliefs, culture, and civilization of the Arab states. Islamic principles emphasize that humans are mere beneficiaries and trustees (khalīfah) of the earth and not proprietors; and that humans have a solemn duty to keep, maintain, and preserve the natural environment, such that it does not disrupt or upset the equilibrium and interests (mīzān) of future generations. After discussing the influence of these Islamic tenets on the conceptualization of environment and environmental law in the region, this chapter traces the history and evolution of environmental law as a discipline in the region. The chapter also includes information on the scope and structure of the book, as well as the sources and research methods involved in putting the book together.
Administration of Environmental Law in Arab States
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The institutional structures for the administration and supervision of environmental law and policy are crucial to the attainment of the statutory objectives set out in environmental legislation and industry guidelines. This chapter examines the governance frameworks in place for overseeing, implementing, and enforcing environmental law and policy in Arab states. There are three dominant models of environmental regulation and supervision in the Arab region: ministerial-based regulation (i.e., placing regulatory supervision and decision-making under the purview of a government ministry, such as the Ministry of Environment); the agencification approach (i.e., establishing one or more agencies or administrative units within the government); and the hybrid approach (under which some Arab states have both a supervising environment ministry and a number of committees, departments, and agencies established across different levels of government with environmental protection functions and mandates). This chapter examines the key strengths and challenges to these and other environmental supervision arrangements across the Arab region. It also appraises the key roles of intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, such as the United Nations Environment Program; United Nations Economic Commission for Western Asia; League of Arab States; Gulf Cooperation Council; Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment; Center for Environment and Development in the Arab Region and Europe; Arab Forum on Environment and Development; and Arab Network for Environment and Development, among others in shaping the development and application of environmental law in the Arab region.
Environmental Planning and Assessments
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the importance of environmental planning and assessment as an essential requirement for anticipating, mitigating, and addressing the adverse environmental impacts of development activities and projects. Virtually all development projects in Arab states are legally required to undergo some form of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in order to receive governmental approval or regulatory permit. While specific legal requirements, procedures, and processes for conducting EIAs vary across Arab states, a number of common and crosscutting principles and procedures for EIAs, as well as challenges to their effectiveness, are unpacked. Some of the challenges considered in Chapter Four, especially those relating to inadequate access to EIA information, inadequate stakeholder participation, and insufficient participation of women and youth in EIA processes have accentuated calls for human rights impact assessments (HRIAs) as a framework for implementing the environmental justice approach to regulation. While HRIAs are yet to find wide application in Arab states, this chapter discusses the guiding principles of HRIAs as a potential tool for addressing wider social concerns in project planning.
Air Pollution and Control
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Arab region currently faces a worsening air pollution emergency. Due to the dry, arid, and desert-like conditions of the region, as well as a rise in industrialization, urbanization, construction activities, population growth, and impacts of wars and conflicts, the concentration of air pollutants is very high across the region. The detrimental effects of ground level air pollutants on public health, safety, and the environment in Arab states raises the urgent need for clear and comprehensive legal frameworks on air pollution control. This chapter examines the meaning, causes, and impacts of air pollution in the Arab region, with focus on climate change; stratospheric depletion of the ozone layer; indoor and outdoor air quality concerns; discharge of effluents from extractive industries; and transboundary air pollution. The chapter then provides an overview of key international and regional frameworks and initiatives on air pollution control, their national application across the region, as well as a discussion of practical gaps and challenges that must be addressed to enhance the effectiveness of legislation and policies on air pollution control in Arab States.
International Economic Law and the Environment
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Questions about the impact of environmental policies on trade and investment, as well as the impacts of trade liberalization on environment protection, have resulted in some of the most charged debates over the last several decades. Similarly, the increasing introduction of environmental content into bilateral and multilateral international investment treaties involving Arab states has been a frequent source of controversy. These debates have assumed greater significance and urgency as the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development underscores the need for enhanced partnership on trade, investment, and environment issues. This chapter examines progress made, and the key challenges that remain, in balancing international economic law obligations under trade and investment treaties, with environmental protection in the Arab region. It suggests a wide array of mutually supportive solutions that can help maximize coherence and partnerships between international economic law and environmental regimes at national levels to enhance sustainable development outcomes.
Human Rights and Environment
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
It has been over 25 years since the 1991 Arab Declaration on Environment and Development and Future Prospects proclaimed that all Arab countries shall respect, protect, and fulfill “the rights of peoples to sustainable development, as set out in the Rio Declaration.” Since then, varying levels of attention have been accorded to the task of recognizing the linkages between environment, sustainable development, and human rights in the region. This chapter evaluates law and governance arrangements across the Arab region that have been designed to respect, protect, and fulfill the fundamental human right to environmental protection and sustainable development. In doing so, it also examines the meaning, nature, and scope of environmental rights, and highlights international and regional instruments on environmental rights, as well as the potentials and limitations of constitutional and legislative approaches to environmental human rights enforcement across the region.
Introduction
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The introduction reframes the question of monarchy in the German Empire in global terms. It examines recent work on the history of monarchy and sovereignty in the age of empire and posits the necessity of viewing the history of royal relations as a global and not just a European development. It argues that the global relationships between rulers reflected both the structural constraints of imperial priorities and the expressions of agency and sovereignty that sought to direct and subvert metropolitan actions through the exercise of the royal prerogative. It also outlines the constitutional and quotidian limitations on Kaiser Wilhelm II’s involvement in colonial affairs and the necessity of reconceptualizing monarchical power in the German Empire as including the experiences of colonized monarchs.
In Search of a German Hong Kong
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
It is incontestable that the German navy occupied Kiautschou Bay after receiving a direct order from Kaiser Wilhelm II. What is often forgotten, however, is that this intervention was in line with long-term naval planning which had exhaustively surveyed the Chinese coastline in search of a harbour that would offer not only a naval advantage but the kind of economic benefit to Germany that Britain enjoyed in Hong Kong. The manner in which the occupation was brought about was also the result of a plan to exploit a crisis in China to gain territory that was originally hatched by the German foreign secretary, Bernhard von Bülow. While Wilhelm II had forced the pace of the occupation, he did so in a way that aggravated both Russia and the Chinese, brought into question the sovereign rights of the Chinese emperor and empress dowager, and sparked a scramble for Chinese territories.
The ‘Kaiser’s Holocaust’ in Africa?
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
While several historians have claimed that the genocidal war in German South West Africa was a direct expression of the will of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the evidence suggests that the primary responsibility for the genocide lies with the commander in the field, Lothar von Trotha, and, to a lesser extent, metropolitan military planners. It is certainly the case that the German emperor chose Trotha from a shortlist of candidates. However, the tactics and prosecution of the war were not overseen by the monarch. When confronted by the German chancellor with the war crimes occurring in German South West Africa, Wilhelm II agreed to have the commander in the field’s ‘order of annihilation’ rescinded and for him to be later recalled to Germany. That Wilhelm II did not personally direct the genocidal conduct of the war in no way alters the fact that the German state was directly responsible for the genocide, given that it was conducted by the royally appointed and legally competent German commander of military operations.