bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mariners in Distress
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter follows the fate of ‘ship-broken men’ as they engaged with the people of the shoreline. It draws on evidence they presented to examiners and commissioners, after hundreds of fellow-mariners drowned. Survivors were fortunate to take to their boats, or cling to floating wreckage, hoping not to fall on ‘unneighbourly shores’. Their experience on the coast of England bore little relation to the shipwreck stories of literary romance. Though some complained of lawless looting, and grieved at their loss of goods, most acknowledged the assistance of local inhabitants. Survivors secured shelter, clothing, and medical attention, and some owed their lives to the ministrations of wreckers. Many, like the officers of the Golden Grape, engaged with salvagers to preserve parts of their lading, or sold material from the ship to meet their immediate needs. A few reported being cheated by agents of the Admiralty and stewards of lords of manors who took advantage of their plight. Justices of the Peace issued passes for shipwrecked mariners, asking local officials ‘not to molest or trouble’ them as they travelled to convenient ports. Foreign sailors needed repatriation, and even enemies in times of war had ways to go home.
Material Bounty Brought Ashore
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The wreckage that came ashore from stricken vessels, and passed into the hands of villagers, gentlemen, and officials, varied enormously in content, condition, and worth. Everything consigned for passage at sea, including the ships and possessions of seamen, was at risk of loss. The transfer to shore could be chaotic, informal, and sometimes illicit, but reports, accounts, and inventories indicate the diversity of items recovered and the values sometimes attached to them. This chapter takes stock of the godsends and gatherings that constituted the goods and gains from wrecks. Building on recent work on material culture, it reveals interactions between maritime and terrestrial cultures, between coastal residents and officials, and between objects and their possessors. Rich records register the commodities retrieved from wrecks, and the gains they represented. Ordinary villagers did well to come clear with a few jars of oil, a few bushels of fruit, and small loads of salvaged timber, while their gentle landlords and masters enriched themselves with prime pickings. The Bacons of Norfolk and the Arundells of Cornwall, for example, stocked their stores with wrecked cargoes and took possession of salvageable ships. The Wardens of the Cinque Ports and agents of the Admiralty accumulated moieties and droits as fruits of office. The crown, as always, registered the most gains, especially when bullion was in view. While commoners performed the labour, and carried the opprobrium, the elite gained honour and status, as well as profit, from the material bounty of the sea.
Deep Recovery
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shoreline recovery extended as far into the sea as horsemen could reach with long poles. Salvagers worked with hooks and grapples in the waves. Anything deeper was lost, unless engines could be devised or divers could be found to descend. This chapter examines the organizational and technical challenges involved in the recovery of shipwrecked material from seas deeper than shoremen could reach. It tells the story of underwater recovery, from the daring free divers of the sixteenth century employed to locate anchors and cannons, to the enterprising syndicates of the late Stuart period using breathing apparatus to retrieve silver bullion. Most of this book treats shipwrecks as social dramas at the juncture of land and sea; here they are also considered as sites, in the archaeological sense, from which maritime bounty could be recovered by inventors and investors.
A Basic Characterization Inspired by the Past
Authors: Roy Louis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The approach of this chapter starts with the past, both biblical and Thomist, and continues with an exposition of the revelational language—symbolic and propositional—that we find in the Bible, in the thought of Thomas Aquinas, and in contemporary philosophy of religion. Hence the six divisions of this chapter: general considerations on the Bible; revelation as anthropological; revelation as evolutionary; revelation as christological; and revelation and inspiration according to Thomas Aquinas. Lastly, the chapter engages in a reflection on religious language that human intermediaries employ to express revelation; religious language includes symbolic and literal statements, which branch out into several literary genres. The chapter finally clarifies where most Christians think they can locate revelation.
Modernity’s Representations of Belief
Authors: Roy Louis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter charts the course over time of modernity’s sometimes overlapping and sometimes counterposed interpretations of belief. The first section retraces how the medieval distinction between the natural and the supernatural came to be seen as a diremption pitting the naturalists against the supernaturalists in the course of modernity, and ended in a repudiation of the supernatural by the naturalists. The second section characterizes conceptualism as an epistemological error that brought about its own rejection by people whom we may call the anticonceptualists. The third section portrays several thinkers who have granted primacy either to reason or to the heart in their reception of revelation. The fourth section introduces the philosopher Schelling’s construal of revelation as divine self-expression. The fifth section briefly depicts the contributions of Schleiermacher and Hegel, and mentions Kierkegaard’s vehement protest against Hegelian rationalism. The sixth section lays out and assesses the liberal Protestantism of Ritschl, Herrmann, and Harnack.
Paul Ricœur
Authors: Roy Louis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces some aspects of the thought of Ricœur (1913–2005) who, as a Protestant, was active in his Christian community. Moreover, he was probably the most profound among the French philosophers in the twentieth century. At first, he was influenced by the reflexive philosophy of Jean Nabert, by the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl, and by the great intuitions of Karl Jaspers; later he developed a complex philosophy of language. In his writings, the issue of truth comes into view with his comments on Gottlob Frege’s distinction between sense (Sinn) and reference (Bedeutung). The chapter begins with this distinction, then proceeds to expound Ricœur’s views on the world of the text and on the work of the text. After these literary-critical and epistemological pieces are in place Ricœur’s appraisal of religious illusion, testimony, revelation, truth in faith and hope is introduced. The chapter ends with four final questions. Readers will then be able to appreciate how several aspects of Ricœur’s thinking cast light on a renewed construal of revelation.
Claims Made by Other Religions
Authors: Roy Louis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines understandings of revelation that we find in four religious traditions, two of them being pre-Christian, namely Hinduism and Buddhism, and two being post-Christian, namely Rabbinic Judaism and Islam. The chapter reviews diverse ways in which some of the principal religions of humankind have handled the issue of revealed truth. It successively dedicates a few pages to Hinduism, Buddhism, Rabbinic Judaism, and Islam, ending with concluding remarks about their claims to having access to the completeness of truth. A good number of nuances are lacking, especially among the myriad streams within those world religions. Nonetheless, considering current discussions in our pluralistic world, the interreligious comparisons will enhance the sense of the richness and complexity to be found there, and they will invite everyone to further explore the rich lore of non-Christian religions.
Proof Against Proof:
Authors: Sienkiewicz Stefan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper offers a new reading of the final chapters of Sextus Empiricus’ Against the Logicians (M 8.463–81), arguing against two orthodoxies: (i) that here we have an instance of the sceptic deploying his classic method of equipollence (opposing equally compelling arguments against one another and suspending judgement in light of them); and (ii) that the final argumentative manoeuvre of the sceptic’s is to accept that his arguments against proof eliminate themselves. The paper argues against both: the standard method of equipollence is not in play during the course of the argument and what the sceptic welcomes is not the self-elimination of his argument against proof, but the self-elimination of a higher-order argument—an argument that is about his argument against proof. It suggests that this alternative construal makes better sense of, as well as improves, the arguments of both the sceptic and his dogmatic opponent.
The Political and Ideological Context of the Epitome
Authors: Kampianaki Theofili 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the section of the Epitome dedicated to Roman and Byzantine history, which has elements of Kaiserkritik, namely the critique of an emperor. The chronicler’s severe criticism of Alexios I Komnenos constitutes very much a personal attack aimed specifically against the style of government established by the founder of the Komnenian dynasty and followed by later Komnenian emperors too. Evidently influenced by the conduct of government during his time, Zonaras vehemently reproaches various emperors who enforced similar policies in the course of Byzantine history. He conceives his Kaiserkritik as a form of rebuke to rulers, something that he believes is open to him as a private individual. Also, by amending relevant passages of his sources, Zonaras gives prominence to the qualities exhibited by aristocrats as well as men of culture, and thus argues in favour of an enhanced role for these groups at the imperial court. In Zonaras’ view, the ‘elite’ class comprises not only the nobility but also intellectuals who, like himself, were high-ranking members of the civil service.
Transnational Catholicism in Tudor England
Authors: Smith Frederick E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This is a book about the relationship between transnational mobility and the development of Tudor Catholicism. Almost two hundred Catholics felt compelled to exile themselves from England rather than conform with the religious reformations inaugurated by Henry VIII and Edward VI. This book explores how these émigrés’ physical mobility reconfigured their relationships with the men and women they left behind, and how it forced them to develop new relationships with individuals they encountered abroad. It analyses how the experiences of mobility and displacement catalysed a shift in their religious identities, in some ways broadening but in others narrowing their understandings of what it meant to be ‘Catholic’. And, it examines the role of these émigrés as agents of religious exchange, circulating new doctrinal and devotional ideas throughout western Europe and forging new connections between them. By focussing particularly upon those individuals who subsequently returned to their homeland during Mary I’s Catholic Counter-Reformation, this book also explores the lasting legacies of these émigrés’ displacement and mobility, both for the émigrés themselves as they grappled with the difficulties of re-integration, but also for the broader development of English Catholicism. In this way, this book deepens our understanding of the complex and sometimes contradictory ways in which exile could shape religio-political identities, but also underlines the importance of international mobility as a crucial factor in the development of English Catholicism and the wider European Catholic Church over the mid sixteenth century.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Frederick E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The introduction sets out this book’s central thesis. It suggests that, by paying more attention to a neglected group of almost two hundred Catholics who exiled themselves from England rather than conform with the religious policies of Henry VIII and Edward VI, we can challenge longstanding historiographical assumptions regarding the nature of early modern religious exile, Tudor Catholicism and the wider European Counter-Reformation. Not only were these émigrés possessed of far more agency than often assumed, but through their actions they helped connect Catholicism in England with developments in the wider European Catholic Church, and vice versa. Indeed, this book argues, it is impossible to understand one without considering its relationship to the other.
Theologies and Spiritualities in Translation
Authors: Smith Frederick E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how Henrician and Edwardian émigrés became not only linguistic translators of foreign texts, but also religio-cultural translators, incorporating the religious ideas and practices they encountered abroad into their own spiritualities and theologies. These texts and ideas ranged from works of impeccable Catholic orthodoxy to those associated with prominent heterodox and evangelical thinkers. This chapter explores why English émigrés might have been attracted to such an eclectic range of ideas, and asks how this might complicate common historiographical interpretations regarding the nature of mid sixteenth-century Catholic reform, and regarding the experience of displacement as a catalyst for ‘confessional radicalisation’.
Exile, Radicalisation and Reconciliation
Authors: Smith Frederick E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses Henrician and Edwardian émigrés’ changing relationships with their compatriots in England in order to assess the development of their religious beliefs and identities. Using a series of detailed case studies, it traces the development of a growing rift between the émigrés and religious conservatives who were conforming with the Reformation back home—a rift seemingly linked to a hardening understanding in the émigrés’ minds as to what was and was not consonant with Catholic orthodoxy, and a more uncompromising and militant desire to enforce it. Thus, somewhat paradoxically, at the same time as the experience of exile appears to have functioned as a fillip to inter-confessional dialogue and exchange (as discussed in Chapter Two), this chapter suggests that it may also have catalysed a process of intra-confessional radicalisation. After exploring why exile might have had such effects upon these émigrés’ religious identities, the conclusion attempts to explain this paradox.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Frederick E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Exile is still often seen as an experience defined by separation and isolation. However, this book suggests that exile could be just as much about connection and creativity. Henrician and Edwardian émigrés’ peripatetic movements throughout Europe facilitated the circulation of reforming religious ideas and forged connections between people, ideas and movements often seen as separate or opposed. As a result, they became powerful agents of Catholic reform: their encounters with different beliefs throughout Christendom, both of their co-religionists and of their religious adversaries, functioned as powerful stimuli for the generation of new syncretic approaches to reform. In this sense, this book reaffirms the value of the term ‘Counter-Reformation’ for describing early modern Catholicism in England and throughout Europe—a faith which was renewed and reinvigorated by transnational religious encounter, exchange and cross-fertilization.
Food Insecurity in India's Agricultural Heartland
Authors: Narang Harpreet Kaur 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Through its goal of ‘Zero Hunger’, the SDG 2 is committed to end hunger and malnutrition for all by 2030. India is a signatory to this commitment, and all the earlier international declarations on eradication of hunger and poverty. Yet, India is home to the world’s largest food insecure population and is rated as a country with ‘serious’ hunger levels Not even a single state in India is, in the ‘low hunger’ or ‘moderate hunger’ categories. The food abundant state of Punjab, which has been largely responsible for India’s self-sufficiency in food grains production also lies in the ‘serious’ category. Punjab not only makes an ideal case study for exploring the paradoxical issue of ‘Hunger amidst Plenty’, but also ideally represents the Indian economy. Being a primarily rural and agrarian economy, Punjab exhibits an exclusive and unsustainable growth process that has failed to trickle down and generate livelihood security to its masses leading to an agrarian and ecological crisis marked by soaring farmer’s indebtedness and suicides. By exploring the multidimensionality of the concept of food security, in Punjab, this book brings to fore a multiplicity of issues that affect food security, including education, health, employment, gender and caste-based discrimination, and environmental conditions such as health care, availability of safe drinking water and sanitation as well as nutrition practices and knowledge that promote absorption and improve health status.
Access to Safe and Nutritious Food
Authors: Narang Harpreet Kaur 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The fourth chapter addresses the issue of ‘livelihood security’ or ‘access’ as measured by indicators like depth of hunger, employment, poverty, etc. The two basic aspects of access at the household level, physical and economic, have been investigated in the first part of the chapter. The second part of the chapter is devoted to the issue of discriminatory access at the individual level. This involves issues like, caste, gender, etc. reflected in indicators like literacy differentials, wage differentials, sex ratio, land rights to women, etc.
Nutritional Security in Punjab II
Authors: Narang Harpreet Kaur 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The sixth chapter takes a look at the role of environmental factors in determining nutritional security. The aim is to bring about the impact of a lack of these basic facilities in a developing and a primarily rural economy. By providing data on the social determinants of health, an attempt has been made to investigate the extent of access of the people of the state to these environmental parameters related to education, health, drinking water supply and sanitation and hygiene practices.
The Road Ahead
Authors: Narang Harpreet Kaur 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The last chapter covers the post-2015 SDG Era. The indicators of the SDGs that reflect and impact the hunger dimensions of India/Punjab have been explored up to the year 2019. The year 2020 being a pandemic year has not been used purposely. In the end, the results have been summarized to provide a clear perspective on the current level of present and potential food security in Punjab, in terms of all its major dimensions—availability, access, absorption, and sustainability. Based on this, an attempt has been made to provide recommendations for the future development of human resources in the state of Punjab.
Parasites in a social world: Lessons from primates
Authors: Sadoughi Baptiste , Anzà Simone , Defolie Charlotte , Manin Virgile , Müller-Klein Nadine , Murillo Tatiana , Ulrich Markus , Wu Doris 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSocial behavior and parasitism interconnect at all levels of sociality, from the community to the population and from the group down to the individual. This chapter explores key findings on the parasite-related costs and benefits of sociality, focusing on primates. The research spans across social networks, dominance and affiliative relationships, and individual behavior and physiology, highlighting established links between primate sociality and parasitism and identifying important gaps for future research. Given the use of nuanced conceptual frameworks and new analytical methods, combined with experimental studies and growing empirical data from long-term field projects, primates are a particularly exciting and helpful taxon for studying sociality-parasite interactions.
Competitions
Authors: Owens David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Competitions such as games are meant to be enjoyed but we must explain why competitions are worthy objects of enjoyment. It is widely assumed that the value of competition is purely instrumental. In the case of market competition or academic competition, competitors strive to produce an outcome that is desirable independently of the contest. In the case of games, though their official objective (namely, the thing that counts as winning) is often worthless, trying to win has various beneficial side effects. None of this can be the whole story about the value of competition for such benefits cannot explain why we owe it to our opponents to obey the rules. This chapter examines and rejects various attempts to explain the authority of game rules, e.g. the idea that fairness requires us to obey them or the notion that we have promised to obey them. It instead compares conventions such as game rules to the obligations of friendship. Like friendship, rivalry is a form of human involvement good for its own sake, in part because it binds the parties to obey its rules. Rivals owe it to each other not to cheat, to try hard to win, and so forth, and that fact gives their competitive interactions a special significance. The rules of a competition bind us in part because they realize this deontic value.
The Family
Authors: Owens David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many of the rules governing family life vary from one society to another. For example, local mores require Italians to do more for both their parents and their children than is required of the British. One might try accounting for these variations by claiming that they reflect obligations laid down by pre-conventional principles, principles sensitive to the differing economic and demographic circumstances of Italy and Britain. On the other hand, one might explain these variations by maintaining that though pre-conventional morality mandates neither Italian mores in Italy nor British mores in Britain, once a given family structure has taken root the way it serves our non-normative interests means that we are all obliged to go along with it. This chapter argues that neither explanatory strategy works. We must recognize that part of the function of a family structure is simply to bind relatives to each other. Family structures are composed of hybrid conventions which reflect our deontic as well as our non-deontic interests. The chapter concludes by rebutting critiques of the institution of the family put forward by egalitarians, voluntarists, and universalists.