bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ending Mass Incarceration
Authors: Beckett Katherine 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Critics on both the left and the right increasingly use the term “mass incarceration” to call attention to the unprecedented scale of, and racial inequities in, the U.S. criminal legal system—and the havoc they wreak. This book shows that the criminal legal response to lawbreaking has continued to intensify even as lawmakers increasingly embrace criminal justice reform. It also identifies three dynamics that help explain why mass incarceration persists despite plummeting crime rates and widespread efforts to reduce prison populations. These incarcerative forces include the political and cultural dynamics surrounding the issue of violence, resistance to criminal legal system reform in suburban and especially rural counties, and the failure of the most popular drug policy reforms (including drug courts) to meaningfully reduce the reach of the criminal legal system or racial inequities in it. The second part of the book identifies three broad political and policy shifts that would significantly reduce the scale of punishment while also addressing the social problems to which it is a (misguided) response. These include the enactment of a twenty-year maximum sentence and the expansion of restorative justice principles and practices that offer alternative ways of promoting accountability and healing. Meaningful harm-reduction-based drug policy reforms, including the expansion of alternative responses to low-level crime and disorder that operate outside the criminal legal system, enhanced access to medication-assisted treatment, and investment in low-income housing, including Housing First initiatives, are also needed.
End Excessive Sentencing
Authors: Beckett Katherine 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores why comprehensive sentencing reform and a twenty-year maximum sentence are essential to efforts to reverse mass incarceration. The widespread imposition of long and life sentences has contributed significantly to mass incarceration and is an ineffective and inefficient means of protecting public safety. Moreover, the proliferation of harsh sentencing laws has led to a dramatic decline in the share of cases that are adjudicated at trial and a notable increase in the penalty defendants pay for exercising their right to trial. Reliance on excessive sentences is also a costly approach to the problem of violence, one that consumes significant tax dollars that might otherwise be spent on evidence-based crime prevention programs, victim services, and restorative justice alternatives. While a twenty-year maximum sentence would mean a significant change in the United States, such a policy would bring the country into line with human rights norms and the practices of other democratic countries.
Reimagining Public Safety
Authors: Beckett Katherine 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The ascendance of a narrow definition of public safety that recognizes just one threat to public safety, the risk of interpersonal violence, was the result of an eminently useful political strategy employed by conservative (and, increasingly, liberal) political actors in recent decades. Yet the institutional expression of this political strategy—mass incarceration—has been a colossal policy failure. Mass incarceration does not make us safer. In fact, by consuming scarce public resources, substituting for meaningful assistance for people who have experienced crime and violence, and reinforcing poverty and racial inequality, mass incarceration has failed us all. It has particularly failed communities of color and low-income families by ensnaring, traumatizing, and stigmatizing millions. In seeking to end mass incarceration, our efforts to reduce the state’s power to punish must be tethered to policies and practices that reduce and ameliorate all forms of harm and suffering. True public safety requires no less.
Steering the Ship
Authors: Newton Travis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the governance of the orchestra, beginning with a broad discussion of the roles and responsibilities of the board of any not-for-profit organization. This discussion then narrows a bit to specifically discuss orchestra governance, and the particular challenges thereof. One such challenge highlighted is that of building a board of directors that is both highly effective and representative of the community. The chapter then shifts to the board’s place within the organization, and the particular challenges in fostering good communication between the board, staff, and musicians. It then dives a bit deeper into the board’s role in contract negotiations, as well as their relationship with the chief executive and staff members. Finally, this chapter offers valuable resources related to strategic planning.
Artistic Planning
Authors: Newton Travis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The artistic planning process, and the various players therein, is analyzed in this chapter. The role of the music director as the lead artistic voice will be explored, as will the involvement of staff members in the process (as both leaders and supporters of artistic planning). Non-traditional artistic planning processes are also explored, including the role of musicians as programming partners. Partnering with and responding to the needs and interests of the community are central to the chapter, as well as a discussion about the role of the board of directors in artistic planning. The chapter concludes by exploring the “what,” “who,” “how,” and “where” of artistic planning, alongside advice for orchestras about how to get to the “why.”
Financial Management
Authors: Newton Travis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
With the goal of helping orchestra managers become conversant in financial management concepts, this chapter begins by outlining basic financial terminology, a discussion of capital structure, and various types of statements and reports that are useful in managing an orchestra’s finances. The orchestra budgeting process is also highlighted, as is the typical orchestra cash flow cycle. Typically the major expense item for any orchestra, the various methods of paying the musicians will be a focus, including fixed versus variable costs, service utilization, and the impact of finances on artistic planning.
Building Sustaining Relationships
Authors: Newton Travis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Built around the concept that relationship building is at the core of good fundraising, this chapter begins by delving into the various ways that orchestras connect people and organizations to each other. Central to the chapter is an exploration of the roles of staff, musicians, volunteers, and the board of directors in fundraising, including donations from individuals, foundation and government support, investment income, and corporate giving. Multiple models of patron engagement (and their limitations) are discussed, as is the more recent alignment of orchestra development and marketing departments. Practical tools for successful solications are shared, and numerous ways to connect with individual donors are suggested.
The Nature of Physical Computation
Authors: Shagrir Oron 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Computing systems are everywhere today. Even the brain is thought to be a sort of computing system. But what does it mean to say that a given organ or system computes? What is it about laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems that they are deemed to compute, and why does it seldom occur to us to describe stomachs, hurricanes, rocks, or chairs that way? The book provides an extended argument for the semantic view of computation, which states that semantic properties are involved in the nature of computing systems. Laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems compute because they are accompanied by representations. Stomachs, hurricanes, and rocks, for instance, which do not have semantic properties, do not compute. The first part of the book argues that the linkage between the mathematical theory of computability and the notion of physical computation is weak. Theoretical notions such as algorithms, effective procedure, program, and automaton play only a minor role in identifying physical computation. The second part of the book reviews three influential accounts of physical computation and argues that while none of these accounts is satisfactory, each of them highlights certain key features of physical computation. The final part of the book develops and argues for a semantic account of physical computation and offers a characterization of computational explanations.
The Semantic View of Computation
Authors: Shagrir Oron 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe semantic view of computation asserts that semantic properties are an essential aspect of the nature of physical computing systems. This chapter starts with an explication of the semantic view of computation: its claims, its variants, how it differs from its non-semantic counterparts, what semantics means in computational contexts, and the major arguments in its favor. Next, the chapter addresses some of the main objections to the semantic view, advanced by Frances Egan, Gualtiero Piccinini, Michael Rescorla, and others. It argues that when more refined distinctions are made, the semantic view can overcome these objections.
Computing as Modeling
Authors: Shagrir Oron 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter argues that input-output modeling is an essential element of computing, at least in current computational approaches in cognitive neuroscience. A model, in the context of this work, is a representational system that preserves patterns of relations of the target domain. A process input-output models a given target when its input-output function and some relation in the target have a shared formal structure. Finally, the chapter shows that modeling is often associated with computing, that it plays a major methodological role in discovering what function is being computed, and that it enhances a distinctive account of computational explanation.
Gendering the GOP
Authors: Wineinger Catherine N. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This book, one of the first to focus exclusively on the experiences of Republican congresswomen, uncovers some of the gendered implications of congressional polarization. Looking beyond legislative behavior, Gendering the GOP: Intraparty Politics and Republican Women’s Representation in Congress reveals changes over time in the way Republican congresswomen (1) claim to represent women and (2) work together to advance their own interests within the party. Through extensive interviews with women members of Congress and in-depth analyses of House floor speeches, the book details how women have both navigated and shaped existing gender dynamics within the House GOP conference. It demonstrates that Republican women in Congress are not merely gender-blind partisans. Rather, it complicates traditional understandings of the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation, showing how polarization and party competition have incentivized Republican women to organize around their partisan-gender identity—distinguishing themselves from both Democratic women and Republican men. Doing so has increased their visibility as party messengers, while simultaneously limiting their legislative power in the institution. This book shines light on the ongoing challenges Republican women face, the intricate gender dynamics they must learn to navigate in their party, and potential opportunities for change.
Introduction
Authors: Wineinger Catherine N. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 makes the case for studying the evolution of Republican women’s congressional representation. While much of the previous literature on women in Congress has focused on their legislative impact, it is becoming necessary to more thoroughly understand how changes in the institutional environment affect the experiences and strategies of congresswomen more broadly. For example, while Republican women are no longer more ideologically moderate than men in their party, they may be invoking their gender and working together as women in new ways. The chapter synthesizes main concepts in the fields of gender and American politics and introduces readers to the concept of a partisan-gender identity.
Culturally Speaking
Authors: Wineinger Catherine N. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 continues the analysis of partisan woman-invoked rhetoric, showing how Republican congresswomen’s rhetoric has evolved to conform to their party culture. It explores the types of claims made in woman-invoked speeches—that is, how women are invoked—and shows that Republican women are more likely than in the 1990s to speak about themselves as women and mothers. Given the GOP’s emphasis on traditional gender roles, family values, and individualism, this shift in rhetoric places Republican women in line with the cultural values of their party. Taken together, Chapters 2 and 3 highlight a shift toward the use of partisan woman-invoked rhetoric—rhetoric that aligns with the policies, messaging tactics, and culture of the party.
Conclusion
Authors: Wineinger Catherine N. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 concludes the book with an overview of the way Republican women’s congressional representation has evolved over time. The chapter ends with several potential implications and provides a theoretical foundation for future studies of women’s representation in the modern GOP. In particular, it highlights a multidimensional paradox for Republican women’s representation in Congress as well as the potentially transformative power of a partisan-gender identity. The book makes the case throughout that gendering scholarly analyses of intraparty politics and focusing on Republican women’s representational behavior are important endeavors in order to fully understand the evolving dynamics of women’s congressional representation.
Materials for Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that, similar to other types of music teaching, technology-based music teaching requires the use of materials. It looks at examples of established criteria for selecting musical materials for various types of teaching scenarios and then suggests how those criteria might be applied to TBMI. It addresses the crossover between the music used in traditional music teaching and the music that might be used in technology-based music instruction, providing guidance for selecting and using varying types of materials for technology-based music classes. The chapter describes principles of music selection for listening and performing, and for selecting software and hardware. Suggestions are made for finding and using materials in ways that benefit both teachers and students.
Assessment and Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses ways that teachers might assess students’ work in technology-based music. Assessment of creative work can be difficult for teachers because of the open-ended nature of most assignments. Rather than thinking about assessment as the culmination of an educational cycle, teachers should embed assessment into every lesson, every activity, and their plans for everything that comes next. The chapter includes guidelines for constructing tests and quizzes, using programmed instruction, and assessing creative work with checklists, rubrics, and portfolios. Also addressed are ideas such as project sharing among peers, and ideas related to professional assessment of teachers’ work in the TBMI classroom.
Governing Security After War
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This book explores the political dilemmas around security governance in war-torn countries. Security assistance has become the largest component of international peacebuilding and stabilization efforts, and a primary tool for responding to civil war and insurgency. Donors and peacekeepers not only train and equip military and police forces, they also seek to overhaul their structure, management, and oversight. As international actors have attempted to strengthen oversight and curb abuse, however, they have run into thorny political obstacles. Varied outcomes have raised questions about the value of international assistance for strengthening state institutions. This book confronts these questions by delving into the political dimensions of security governance. Shifting from the perspective of outside actors to those of leaders and officials in war-torn countries, it highlights the political challenges that arise as they seek to consolidate authority. The book shows that the extent to which state policymakers adopt changes to the management and oversight of security forces depends on internal political dynamics, specifically the degree to which leaders need to consolidate power. The political strategies leaders pursue, in turn, affect opportunities for external actors to influence institutional changes through means such as conditions on aid, norm diffusion, or day-to-day participation in decision-making. Drawing on an original dataset of security governance and field research in Liberia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Timor-Leste, as well as mini-case studies of Iraq, Afghanistan, South Sudan, and Somalia, this book explains the success and failure of international security assistance and sheds light on the politics of peacebuilding. It explains why more aid does not always improve outcomes, and when political interests enable institutional change—sometimes in unintended ways. Going beyond “context matters,” it provides practical recommendations for navigating the political challenges of institutional change in conflict-affected countries.
“Hume’s Lengthy Digression”
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Hume is widely recognized as having presented the classic defense of the compatibilist position, the view that freedom and responsibility are consistent with determinism. Most of Hume’s core arguments on this issue are found in the relevant sections of his Treatise of Human Nature and his Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. Although there are some significant points of difference in his arguments and presentation positions in these two works, the general position is much the same. My discussion in this essay does not concern the relationship between these two accounts but rather centers on the contrast between two alternative interpretations of Hume’s views on this subject, with particular reference to the version presented in the Treatise. It is my particular concern to explain and defend the naturalistic as against the classical incompatibilist account and to explain the general significance of the naturalistic account for the contemporary debate.
Hume on Responsibility and Punishment
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this essay I pursue two closely related objectives. First, I articulate and describe the nature and character of Hume’s theory of punishment. Second, in light of this account, I offer an assessment of the contemporary interest and value of Hume’s theory. Throughout my discussion I emphasize the relevance and importance of Hume’s views on moral responsibility to his account of punishment. More specifically, I argue that Hume seeks to develop an account of punishment on the foundation of a naturalistic theory of responsibility—that is, a theory which draws our attention to the role of moral sentiment in this sphere. Although this naturalistic aspect of Hume’s theory of punishment has been largely overlooked by commentators, I maintain that it is, nevertheless, precisely this aspect of Hume’s theory that is especially interesting from a contemporary perspective.
Hume’s Philosophy of Irreligion and the Myth of British Empiricism
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines an alternative interpretation of Hume’s philosophy, one that aims, among other things, to explain some of the most perplexing puzzles concerning the relationship between Hume’s skepticism and his naturalism. The key to solving these puzzles, it is argued, rests with recognizing Hume’s fundamental irreligious aims and objectives, beginning with his first and greatest work, A Treatise of Human Nature. The irreligious interpretation not only reconfigures our understanding of the unity and structure of Hume’s thought, it also provides a radically different picture of the way in which Hume’s philosophy is rooted in its historical context. By altering our understanding of the fundamentals of Hume’s philosophy in this way, the irreligious interpretation also challenges the adequacy of the familiar and entrenched framework of “British Empiricism.”
Understanding New Global Realities
Authors: Johansen Robert C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
To build successful national security policy, US policymakers need to take new security realities more fully into account. Four of these—declining utility of military power, rising threats from non-state actors, increasing non-military threats to security, and growing dangers from virulent militarized nationalisms—worsen all of the United States’ traditional security problems and increase the dysfunctionality of the existing international system. Three more promising changes—expanding applications of the rule of law internationally, rising potential in nonviolent direct action for advancing social justice and human rights, and increasing promise in global governance—provide new possibilities for increasing US security. These changing realities call for significant revisions in security theory, policy, and international institutions to address the most dangerous trends and take advantage of the most promising governance opportunities in order to make national government, once again, and global governance, for the first time, truly effective in serving the common good.
Conceiving a Security-Enhancing Theory
Authors: Johansen Robert C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This book develops a theory of “empirical realism” to address unprecedented challenges to US security and utilize new opportunities for global governance. Empirical realism differs from political realism in emphasizing that anarchy in the international system can be reduced to increase US security. A synthesis of peace research and security studies identifies the primary correlates of peace and develops a strategy to implement these. The goal is to maximize the likelihood of peace rather than primarily to maximize US military power. By addressing all nations’ security fears, increasing equity, respecting reciprocity, expanding the role of international law, and growing democratic global governance, the governability of the international system can be increased enough to manage dangers from non-state actors, non-military security threats, hyper-independent states, populists, and the violently permissive balance-of-power system. A global grand strategy for human security can succeed where a national grand strategy for US security is likely to fail.