bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dataset Characteristics (Metafeatures)
Authors: Brazdil Pavel , van Rijn Jan N. , Soares Carlos , Vanschoren Joaquin 
Published: February 2022

SummaryThis chapter discusses dataset characteristics that play a crucial role in many metalearning systems. Typically, they help to restrict the search in a given configuration space. The basic characteristic of the target variable, for instance, determines the choice of the right approach. If it is numeric, it suggests that a suitable regression algorithm should be used, while if it is categorical, a classification algorithm should be used instead. This chapter provides an overview of different types of dataset characteristics, which are sometimes also referred to as metafeatures. These are of different types, and include so-called simple, statistical, information-theoretic, model-based, complexitybased, and performance-based metafeatures. The last group of characteristics has the advantage that it can be easily defined in any domain. These characteristics include, for instance,sampling landmarkersrepresenting the performance of particular algorithms on samples of data,relative landmarkerscapturing differences or ratios of performance values and providingestimates of performance gains. The final part of this chapter discusses the specific dataset characteristics used in different machine learning tasks, including classification, regression, time series, and clustering.
Metalearning for Hyperparameter Optimization
Authors: Brazdil Pavel , van Rijn Jan N. , Soares Carlos , Vanschoren Joaquin 
Published: February 2022

SummaryThis chapter describes various approaches for the hyperparameter optimization (HPO) and combined algorithm selection and hyperparameter optimization problems (CASH). It starts by presenting some basic hyperparameter optimization methods, including grid search, random search, racing strategies, successive halving and hyperband. Next, it discusses Bayesian optimization, a technique that learns from the observed performance of previously tried hyperparameter settings on the current task. This knowledge is used to build a meta-model (surrogate model) that can be used to predict which unseen configurations may work better on that task. This part includes the descriptionsequential model-based optimization(SMBO). This chapter also covers metalearning techniques that extend the previously discussed optimization techniques with the ability to transfer knowledge across tasks. This includes techniques such aswarm-startingthe search, ortransferring previously learned meta-modelsthat were trained on prior (similar) tasks. A key question here is how to establish how similar prior tasks are to the new task. This can be done on the basis of past experiments, but can also exploit the information gained from recent experiments on the target task. This chapter presents an overview of some recent methods proposed in this area.
A Perfect Storm
Authors: Henrekson Magnus , Wennström Johan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe chapter summarizes our main findings and examines the effects of “post-truth” schooling in combination with marketized education on students and teachers in Sweden. It does this in three parts. First, it discusses the deteriorating academic performance, including the gender difference in knowledge attainment and the rise of grade inflation. Then, it looks at the health and attitudes of students. Finally, the chapter discusses the unattractiveness of the teaching profession.
Interplay between reflection positivity and crossing symmetry in the bootstrap approach to CFT
Authors: Lanosa Leandro , Leston Mauricio , Passaglia Mario 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Crossing symmetry (CS) is the main tool in the bootstrap program applied to CFT. This consists in an equality which imposes restrictions on the CFT data of a model, i.e., the OPE coefficients and the conformal dimensions. Reflection positivity (RP) has also played a role in this program, since this condition is what leads to the unitary bound and reality of the OPE coefficients. In this paper, we show that RP can still reveal more information, explaining how RP itself can capture an important part of the restrictions imposed by the full CS equality. In order to do that, we use a connection used by us in a previous work between RP and positive definiteness of a function of a single variable. This allows us to write constraints on the OPE coefficients in a concise way. These constraints are encoded in the conditions that certain functions of the cross-ratio will be positive defined and in particular completely monotonic. We will consider how the bounding of scalar conformal dimensions and OPE coefficients arise in this RP based approach. We will illustrate the conceptual and practical value of this view trough examples of general CFT models in d-dimensions.
Deep Learning Gauss–Manin Connections
Authors: Heal Kathryn , Kulkarni Avinash , Sertöz Emre Can 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Gauss–Manin connection of a family of hypersurfaces governs the change of the period matrix along the family. This connection can be complicated even when the equations defining the family look simple. When this is the case, it is expensive to compute the period matrices of varieties in the family via homotopy continuation. We train neural networks that can quickly and reliably guess the complexity of the Gauss–Manin connection of pencils of hypersurfaces. As an application, we compute the periods of $$96\%$$

96
%

of smooth quartic surfaces in projective 3-space whose defining equation is a sum of five monomials; from the periods of these quartic surfaces, we extract their Picard lattices and the endomorphism fields of their transcendental lattices.
Melatonin: highlighting its use as a potential treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Reiter Russel J. , Sharma Ramaswamy , Simko Fedor , Dominguez-Rodriguez Alberto , Tesarik Jan , Neel Richard L. , Slominski Andrzej T. , Kleszczynski Konrad , Martin-Gimenez Verna M. , Manucha Walter , Cardinali Daniel P. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNumerous pharmaceutical drugs have been repurposed for use as treatments for COVID-19 disease. These drugs have not consistently demonstrated high efficacy in preventing or treating this serious condition and all have side effects to differing degrees. We encourage the continued consideration of the use of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, melatonin, as a countermeasure to a SARS-CoV-2 infection. More than 140 scientific publications have identified melatonin as a likely useful agent to treat this disease. Moreover, the publications cited provide the rationale for the use of melatonin as a prophylactic agent against this condition. Melatonin has pan-antiviral effects and it diminishes the severity of viral infections and reduces the death of animals infected with numerous different viruses, including three different coronaviruses. Network analyses, which compared drugs used to treat SARS-CoV-2 in humans, also predicted that melatonin would be the most effective agent for preventing/treating COVID-19. Finally, when seriously infected COVID-19 patients were treated with melatonin, either alone or in combination with other medications, these treatments reduced the severity of infection, lowered the death rate, and shortened the duration of hospitalization. Melatonin’s ability to arrest SARS-CoV-2 infections may reduce health care exhaustion by limiting the need for hospitalization. Importantly, melatonin has a high safety profile over a wide range of doses and lacks significant toxicity. Some molecular processes by which melatonin resists a SARS-CoV-2 infection are summarized. The authors believe that all available, potentially beneficial drugs, including melatonin, that lack toxicity should be used in pandemics such as that caused by SARS-CoV-2.
Regulatory mechanisms of the early phase of white adipocyte differentiation: an overview
Authors: Audano M. , Pedretti S. , Caruso D. , Crestani M. , De Fabiani E. , Mitro N. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe adipose
organ comprises two main fat depots termed white and brown adipose tissues. Adipogenesis is a process leading to newly differentiated adipocytes starting from precursor cells, which requires the contribution of many cellular activities at the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome levels. The adipogenic program is accomplished through two sequential phases; the first includes events favoring the commitment of adipose tissue stem cells/precursors to preadipocytes, while the second involves mechanisms that allow the achievement of full adipocyte differentiation. While there is a very large literature about the mechanisms involved in terminal adipogenesis, little is known about the first stage of this process. Growing interest in this field is due to the recent identification of adipose tissue precursors, which include a heterogenous cell population within different types of adipose tissue as well as within the same fat depot. In addition, the alteration of the heterogeneity of adipose tissue stem cells and of the mechanisms involved in their commitment have been linked to adipose tissue development defects and hence to the onset/progression of metabolic diseases, such as obesity. For this reason, the characterization of early adipogenic events is crucial to understand the etiology and the evolution of adipogenesis-related pathologies, and to explore the adipose tissue precursors’ potential as future tools for precision medicine.
Grain dispersal mechanism in cereals arose from a genome duplication followed by changes in spatial expression of genes involved in pollen development
Authors: Cross Arthur , Li John B. , Waugh Robbie , Golicz Agnieszka A. , Pourkheirandish Mohammad 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Key message
Grain disarticulation in wild progenitor of wheat and barley evolved through a local duplication event followed by neo-functionalization resulting from changes in location of gene expression.

Abstract
One of the most critical events in the process of cereal domestication was the loss of the natural mode of grain dispersal. Grain dispersal in barley is controlled by two major genes, Btr1 and Btr2, which affect the thickness of cell walls around the disarticulation zone. The barley genome also encodes Btr1-like and Btr2-like genes, which have been shown to be the ancestral copies. While Btr and Btr-like genes are non-redundant, the biological function of Btr-like genes is unknown. We explored the potential biological role of the Btr-like genes by surveying their expression profile across 212 publicly available transcriptome datasets representing diverse organs, developmental stages and stress conditions. We found that Btr1-like and Btr2-like are expressed exclusively in immature anther samples throughout Prophase I of meiosis within the meiocyte. The similar and restricted expression profile of these two genes suggests they are involved in a common biological function. Further analysis revealed 141 genes co-expressed with Btr1-like and 122 genes co-expressed with Btr2-like, with 105 genes in common, supporting Btr-like genes involvement in a shared molecular pathway. We hypothesize that the Btr-like genes play a crucial role in pollen development by facilitating the formation of the callose wall around the meiocyte or in the secretion of callase by the tapetum. Our data suggest that Btr genes retained an ancestral function in cell wall modification and gained a new role in grain dispersal due to changes in their spatial expression becoming spike specific after gene duplication.
Operative Therapie eines symptomatischen intraartikulären Osteoidosteoms (IAOO) in der Trochlea femoris
Authors: Schüll Daniel , Schmehl Jörg , Dalheimer Philipp 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungIntraartikuläre Osteoidosteome (IAOO) sind mit 10 % aller Osteoidosteome selten. Die atypischen klinischen und radiologischen Befunde führen meist zu einem langen Intervall zwischen Beschwerdebeginn und Diagnosestellung sowie Einleitung einer adäquaten Therapie. Dieser Fallbericht handelt von einer 32-jährigen Patientin, die seit Jahren intermittierende Kniegelenksschmerzen bei tiefer Beugung und selten nachts angibt. Bei IAOO in der Trochlea femoris war eine Radiofrequenzablation (RFA) aufgrund der direkt subchondralen Lage kontraindiziert. Daher erfolgte eine operative Sanierung mittels Knorpel-Knochen-Transplantation.
Diagnostic accuracy of coronary computed tomography angiography for the evaluation of obstructive coronary artery disease in patients referred for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gatti Marco , Gallone Guglielmo , Poggi Vittoria , Bruno Francesco , Serafini Alessandro , Depaoli Alessandro , De Filippo Ovidio , Conrotto Federico , Darvizeh Fatemeh , Faletti Riccardo , De Ferrari Gaetano Maria , Fonio Paolo , D’Ascenzo Fabrizio 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) for the evaluation of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients referred for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).

Methods
EMBASE, PubMed/MEDLINE, and CENTRAL were searched for studies reporting accuracy of CCTA for the evaluation of obstructive CAD compared with invasive coronary angiography (ICA) as the reference standard. QUADAS-2 tool was used to assess the risk of bias. A bivariate random effects model was used to analyze, pool, and plot the diagnostic performance measurements across studies. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive ( + LR) and negative (−LR) likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and hierarchical summary ROC curve (HSROC) were evaluated. Prospero registration number: CRD42021252527.

Results
Fourteen studies (2533 patients) were included. In the intention-to-diagnose patient-level analysis, sensitivity and specificity for CCTA were 97% (95% CI: 94–98%) and 68% (95% CI: 56–68%), respectively, and + LR and −LR were 3.0 (95% CI: 2.1–4.3) and 0.05 (95% CI: 0.03 – 0.09), with DOR equal to 60 (95% CI: 30–121). The area under the HSROC curve was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94–0.98). No significant difference in sensitivity was found between single-heartbeat and other CT scanners (96% (95% CI: 90 – 99%) vs. 97% (95% CI: 94–98%) respectively; p = 0.37), whereas the specificity of single-heartbeat scanners was higher (82% (95% CI: 66–92%) vs. 60% (95% CI: 46 – 72%) respectively; p < 0.0001). Routine CCTA in the pre-TAVI workup could save 41% (95% CI: 34 – 47%) of ICAs if a disease prevalence of 40% is assumed.

Conclusions
CCTA proved an excellent diagnostic accuracy for assessing obstructive CAD in patients referred for TAVI; the use of single-heartbeat CT scanners can further improve these findings.

Key Points
• CCTA proved to have an excellent diagnostic accuracy for assessing obstructive CAD in patients referred for TAVI.
• Routine CCTA in the pre-TAVI workup could save more than 40% of ICAs.
• Single-heartbeat CT scanners had higher specificity than others in the assessment of obstructive CAD in patients referred for TAVI.
Modeling the shear-dependent viscosity of nonionically stabilized waterborne dispersions
Authors: Bohórquez Silfredo J. , Asua José M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe performance of a rheological model that accounts for the effect of the volume fraction, the particle size distribution, and shear rate on the viscosity of water-borne dispersions stabilized with conventional nonionic surfactants and polymeric stabilizers is assessed. The model that contains three parameters fitted well the experimental data. The parameters were independent of the volume fraction, the particle size distribution, and the shear rate. Furthermore, two of them were not affected by the surfactant type and concentration, and temperature. The other parameter increased with the surfactant molecular weight and surface covering, but decreased with increasing temperature.
Graphical Abstract
GITAD 2020: quality assurance test through 20 years of experience
Authors: Álvarez Juan Carlos , Haarkötter Christian , Saiz María , Gálvez Xiomara , Medina-Lozano María Isabel , Lorente José Antonio 
Published: February 2022

AbstractGITAD (Grupo Iberoamericano de Trabajo en Análisis de DNA) was founded in 1998 as the first operational group of AICEF (Academia Iberoamericana de Criminalística y Estudios Forenses), formally created in 1999. The mission and the vision of GITAD are to promote the development of forensic genetics in Ibero-American countries and to achieve the maximum level of innovation and quality in each country, and with that aim, a proficiency test was developed. Since 1999, the member laboratories receive four reference samples with the objective of obtaining the genetic profile with their routine protocols, a theoretical exercise since 2003, and since 2007, it was incorporated a forensic sample, which changes every year. The consensus results and the different discrepancies are discussed in an annual meeting. This article illustrates the evolution of the proficiency test through 20 years from different points of view: the increase of participant laboratories, the evolution of the different DNA typing techniques reported by the Ibero-American participant laboratories, the challenges that the proficiency test have met, and future perspectives for a continuous improvement of the proficiency test, especially regarding its accreditation under ISO 17043.
Improved nutritional outcomes with neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) in premature infants: a single tertiary neonatal unit’s experience
Authors: Benn Kerri , De Rooy Laura , Cornuaud Peter , Kulkarni Anay , Shetty Sandeep 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDuring neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA)/non-invasive (NIV) NAVA, a modified nasogastric feeding tube with electrodes, monitors the electrical activity of the diaphragm (Edi). The Edi waveform determines the delivered pressure from the ventilator. Infant breathing is in synchrony with the ventilator and therefore is more comfortable with less work of breathing. Our aim was to determine if infants on NAVA had improved nutritional outcomes compared to infants managed on conventional respiratory support. A retrospective study was undertaken. Infants on NAVA were matched with two conventionally ventilated controls by gestational age, birth weight, sex, antenatal steroid exposure, and whether inborn or transferred ex utero. NAVA/NIV-NAVA was delivered by the SERVO-n® Maquet Getinge group ventilator. Conventional ventilation included pressure and volume control ventilation, and non-invasive ventilation included nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation, triggered biphasic positive airway pressure, continuous positive airway pressure and heated humidified high flow oxygen. The measured outcome was discharge weight z scores. Eighteen “NAVA” infants with median gestational age (GA) of 25.3 (23.6–27.1) weeks and birth weight (BW) of 765 (580–1060) grams were compared with 36 controls with GA 25.2 (23.4–28) weeks (p = 0.727) and BW 743 (560–1050) grams (p = 0.727). There was no significant difference in the rates of postnatal steroids (61% versus 36% p = 0.093), necrotising enterocolitis (22% versus 11% p = 0.279) in the NAVA/NIV NAVA compared to the control group. There were slightly more infants who were breastfed at discharge in the NAVA/NIV NAVA group compared to controls: breast feeds (77.8% versus 58.3%), formula feeds (11.1% versus 30.6%), and mixed feeds (11.1% versus 11.1%), but this difference was not significant (p = 0.275). There was no significant difference in the birth z scores 0.235 (−1.56 to 1.71) versus −0.05 (−1.51 to −1.02) (p = 0.248) between the groups. However, the discharge z score was significantly in favour of the NAVA/NIV-NAVA group: −1.22 (−2.66 to −0.12) versus −2.17 (−3.79 to −0.24) in the control group (p = 0.033).Conclusion: The combination of NAVA/NIV-NAVA compared to conventional invasive and non-invasive modes may contribute to improved nutritional outcomes in premature infants.

What is known about this topic:• Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) ventilation enables synchronisation of both the start and end of an inflation breath and allows the neonate to initiate their own breath and regulate.

What this study adds: • NAVA when offered to extremely premature infants may have additional benefit of improved nutritional outcomes.
A survey on Apicomplexa protozoa in sheep slaughtered for human consumption
Authors: Dessì Giorgia , Tamponi Claudia , Pasini Cinzia , Porcu Francesca , Meloni Luisa , Cavallo Lia , Sini Maria Francesca , Knoll Stephane , Scala Antonio , Varcasia Antonio 
Published: February 2022

AbstractInfections with the Apicomplexa Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Sarcocystis spp. are common causes of reproductive disorders in sheep. However, few epidemiological studies regarding co-infections with these three protozoa are reported in sheep in Italy. For this reason, this study aims to evaluate possible co-infections with T. gondii, N. caninum, and Sarcocystis spp. in sheep slaughtered for human consumption. From April to July 2019, individual blood, brain, heart, and diaphragm samples were collected from 138 sheep after slaughtering. The presence of IgG anti-Toxoplasma in serum samples was evaluated through ELISA. DNA of the three protozoa was investigated using specific PCRs. Co-infection with T. gondii, N. caninum and Sarcocystis spp. was found in 66.7% of the examined sheep. Antibodies against T. gondii were found in the 36.2% of serum samples. The presence of T. gondii DNA was detected in the 67.4%, 77.5%, and 21.7% of the brain, heart, and diaphragm samples, respectively. Neospora caninum DNA was found in 72.5% of the examined brain samples. Sarcocystis spp. DNA was detected in 92% and 52.2% of the heart and diaphragm samples, respectively. Sequence analysis of the Sarcocystis spp. revealed the sole presence of Sarcocystis tenella. The present study demonstrates that sheep have a high risk of infection with the three Apicomplexa investigated, suggesting the need to adopt adequate measures to prevent the spread of these parasitic infections considering their clinical and economic impact on ovine production. Furthermore, the possible role sheep play in the zoonotic transmission of toxoplasmosis to humans was highlighted.