bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patienten relevanter Nutzen und Therapieeffekte in der Stimulationstherapie bei schlafbezogenen Atmungsstörungen
Authors: Steffen Armin 
Published: May 2022

ZusammenfassungFür die Therapie verschiedener schlafbezogene Erkrankungen und das Schnarchen stehen mittlerweile mehrere Neurostimulationsverfahren zur Verfügung. Zur Behandlung der obstruktiven Schlafapnoe (OSA) existieren überwiegend Daten für die atmungsgesteuerte Hypoglossusnervstimulation (HNS), welche die Senkung der Tagesschläfrigkeit in der Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) in zahlreichen Publikationen übereinstimmend und für mehrere Jahre stabil um gut 5 Punkte zeigen konnte. Die schlafbezogene Lebensqualität im Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire erbringt in mehreren Kohorten eine Besserung um gut 2 Punkte. Zahlreiche Arbeiten zeigen eine durchschnittliche Nutzung von 5 bis 6 Stunden. Unter Berücksichtigung kürzerer Nachsorgeintervalle und kleinerer Kohorten sinkt der ESS bei der unilateralen kontinuierlichen HNS um 4 und bei der bilateralen um 3 Punkte. Zur Behandlung der zentralen Schlafapnoe ist die transvenöse Stimulation der Nervus phrenicus zugelassen, bei welcher sich in einer Schlüsselstudie mit fünfjähriger Nachbeobachtung der ESS um 3 Punkte gesenkt werden konnte. Die Therapiezeit beträgt in einer Arbeit gut 5 Stunden. Mit der enoralen Stimulationstherapie gegen das Schnarchen konnte der ESS um gut 2 Punkte gesenkt und die schlafbezogene Lebensqualität sowohl des Schnarchenden als auch des Bettpartners gesteigert werden. Die Adhärenz zum täglichen Training für die nächtlichen Effekte wird mit 83% angegeben. Sowohl für die HNS, Phrenicusstimulation als auch die enorale Stimulationstherapie laufen weitere (Register-)Studien bzw. sind angekündigt, welche Patienten relevante Endpunkte berücksichtigen.
Patienten-Benefit und Lebensqualität nach Roboter-assistierten Operationen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich
Authors: Hussain Timon 
Published: May 2022

ZusammenfassungRobotische Systeme für den Einsatz bei Operationen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich befinden sich in unterschiedlichen Stadien der technischen Entwicklung und der klinischen Anwendung. Vorrangig kommen robotische Systeme bei transoralen Operationen im Bereich des Pharynx und Larynx zum Einsatz, erste Erkenntnisse liegen jedoch auch zu onkologischen und funktionellen Ergebnissen nach Roboter-assistierten Operationen an den Halsweichteilen, der Schilddrüse und im Bereich des Mittel- und Innenohrs vor. Das folgende Referat bietet einen Überblick über die Anwendungsbereiche der Roboter-assistierten Chirurgie im Kopf-Hals-Bereich im Hinblick auf den potenziellen Patienten-Benefit und die post-operative Lebensqualität. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Rolle der transoralen robotischen Chirurgie (TORS) bei der Resektion von Oropharynxkarzinomen. Für diesen Anwendungsbereich liegen umfangreiche und langfristige Erkenntnisse vor, welche funktionelle Vorteile für ausgewählte Oropharynxkarzinom-Patienten nach TORS im Vergleich zu Therapiealternativen wie der offenen Chirurgie und der primären Strahlentherapie zeigen. Da der TORS auch eine wichtige Rolle im Hinblick auf eine mögliche Therapiedeeskalation für HPV-positive Oropharynxkarzinom-Patienten zukommt, werden entsprechende laufende Studien vorgestellt. Bei der Beurteilung des Therapie-Benefits und der Lebensqualität ist insbesondere bei Tumorpatienten zu beachten, dass individuelle Patienten-Präferenzen deutlich variieren können. Beeinflussende Faktoren und Tools zur detaillierten Erfassung von Lebensqualitätsparametern werden daher zu Beginn des Referats erläutert.Während einige robotische Systeme für den Einsatz in der Ohrchirurgie und Schädelbasischirurgie in Europa entwickelt und angewandt werden, kommen TORS-Systeme derzeit vor allem in Nordamerika und Asien zum Einsatz. Dies liegt darin begründet, dass in Europa und vor allem Deutschland mit der transoralen Laser-Mikrochirurgie (TLM) seit Jahrzenten eine bewährte Technologie für die transorale Tumorresektion zur Verfügung steht. Zukünftige Studien zum Vergleich von TORS und TLM mit einer detaillierten Erfassung von Lebensqualitätsparametern könnten dazu beitragen, geeignete Anwendungsbereiche für die jeweilige Technologie zu identifizieren.
Aktive und passive Bioimplantate bei Stimmlippenlähmung
Authors: Müller Andreas 
Published: May 2022

ZusammenfassungStimmlippenlähmungen gehören zu den die Lebensqualität in besonderem Maße beeinträchtigenden Erkrankungen. Während einseitige Paresen zu Glottisschlussinsuffizienz und Heiserkeit führen, gefährden beidseitige Paresen die Atmung und schränken die körperliche Belastungsfähigkeit ein. Zur Therapie persistierender Paresen werden seit über 100 Jahren Bioimplantate eingesetzt. Das Spektrum reicht vom autologen Gewebetransfer über resorbierbare bzw. permanente Injektionsmaterialen bis hin zu Komposit-Thyreoplastikimplantaten und aktiven elektrischen Implantaten für die Neurostimulation des Larynx. Bei indikationsgerechtem Einsatz der Bioimplantate kann die Lebensqualität der betroffenen Patienten heute erheblich verbessert werden.
Risperidone Toxicity on Human Blood Lymphocytes in Nano molar
Concentrations
Authors: Yousefsani Bahareh Sadat , Salimi Ahmad , Imani Farnaz , Ramezani Maral , Shirani Kobra , Seydi Enayatollah , Pourahmad Jalal 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRisperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug used for the pharmacotherapy of
psychiatric disorders. Some reports indicate that risperidone is toxic to
various systems of the body, including the immune system. This study evaluated
the toxicity effect of risperidone on human blood lymphocytes. To achieve this
aim, lymphocytes were isolated using Ficoll paque plus. The results showed that
risperidone (12, 24 and 48 nM) causes toxicity in human blood
lymphocytes by increasing the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species
(ROS), damage to lysosomal membrane, the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane
potential (MMP), and increased extracellular oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Also,
exposure of human blood lymphocytes to risperidone is associated with a decrease
in intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels. Finally, it could be concluded that
oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms of risperidone-induced toxicity in
human blood lymphocytes.
Retrospective Study of B Lymphoblastic Leukemia to Assess the Prevalence of TEL/AML1 in South India: A Study of 214 Cases and Review of Literature
Authors: G. Sandhya Devi , Ahmed Faiq , Mundada Manasi C. , Khera Rachna , Nambaru Lavanya , Mallavarapu Krishnamohan , Boyella Pavan Kumar , Patil Veerandra , Laddha Pallavi Suresh , Rajappa Senthil J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Introduction Translocation t(12;21)(p13;q22), a recurrent and an invisible chromosomal abnormality, resulting in TEL/AML1 gene fusion, associated with good prognosis, has been described to be a common abnormality, in children with B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL).
Objectives The initial observation of very few TEL/AML1 positive patients at this center on testing by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) led to study the prevalence of the abnormality, compare with the global distribution, and evaluate clinical, pathological, molecular, and cytogenetic features in TEL/AML1 positive patients.
Materials and Methods A retrospective study of all B-ALL patients tested for TEL/AML1 gene fusion during the period January 2009 to November 2020 was undertaken. Clinicopathological, molecular, cytogenetic, treatment, and follow-up details were collected. All publications dealing with TEL/AML1 gene rearrangement were reviewed post Google and PubMed search.
Results TEL/AML1gene rearrangement was assessed by FISH in 178 patients and by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 36 patients and detected as the sole abnormality in 8.4% patients with additional genetic abnormalities noted on FISH evaluation. Normal karyotype was noted in 14/18 (77.7%) of these patients and 2 had complex karyotype. Complete blood count revealed hemoglobin to range from 35 to 116 g/L (median: 74 g/L), white blood count: 1.01–110×109/L (median: 7.8×109/L), platelet counts: 10–115×109/L (median: 42×109/L), blast count in peripheral smear: 0–98% (median: 41%). Immunophenotyping demonstrated 94.4% were CD34 positive, common acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated antigen (CALLA) positive with aberrant expression of CD13, CD33, CD56, singly or in combination in 58.8%.
Conclusion TEL/AML1 fusion is rare in Indian patients with B-ALL and appears to be much rarer in our region. The detection of relevant specific abnormalities is of fundamental importance in B-ALL patients and these geographic variations can be used in defining management policies.
La fijación con tornillo de interferencia tibial cuadrante específico permite un constante desplazamiento de los injertos de tejido dentro de tuneles tibiales mal poscionados: Análisis cuantitativo de ligamento cruzado anterior en porcinos
Authors: Vaisman Alex , Cañas Martin , Ruiz Asunción , Edwards Diego , Arellano Sergio , Schmidt-Hebbel Andrés 
Published: May 2022

Resumen
Introducción El error técnico más común durante la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) es la ubicación incorrecta del túnel. Es incierto si un túnel tibial mal ubicado puede corregirse en el intraoperatorio.
Objetivo Medir el desplazamiento del injerto de tejido blando con tornillos de interferencia tibial.
Materiales y métodos Estudio experimental ex vivo en 28 rodillas porcinas. Se cosechó el tendón flexor de la extremidad posterior, que fue duplicado y dimensionado para que pasara a través de un túnel tibial mal posicionado. Las muestras se dividieron en 4 grupos según el cuadrante de entrada (anterior [A], posterior [P], medial [M], o lateral [L]) de un tornillo de interferencia tibial de 9 mm con relación al injerto. Se ubicó una regla milimétrica en la meseta tibial, la cual fue fotografiada con una cámara EOS T6 (Canon Inc., Ōta, Tokio, Japón), y la imagen fue digitalizada, y puesta en escala a tamaño. La distancia y dirección de los desplazamientos del injerto se midieron con Adobe Photoshop CC 2019 (San José, CA, EEUU). Se analizaron las diferencias medias entre los grupos por análisis de la varianza (analysis of variance, ANOVA, en inglés) unidireccional. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EEUU), versión 25.0 (p ≤ 0,05)).
Resultados La distancias medias de los desplazamientos del injerto fueron similares en todos los grupos: A – 4,4 mm; P – 4,6 mm; M – 4,5 mm; y L – 4,3 mm, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,894). Las direcciones medias de los desplazamientos del injerto también fueron similares entre los 4 grupos: A – 176° (desviación estándar [DE]: ± 15,4°); P – 165° (DE: ± 16,6°); M – 166° (DE: ± 12,1°); y L – 169° (DE: ± 10,6°). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p = 0.42).
Conclusiones Independientemente del cuadrante de entrada, se observó un desplazamiento constante del injerto hacia el lado opuesto cuando el tornillo tibial alcanzaba la superficie articular. Relevancia clínica: el tornillo tibial mal posicionado puede corregirse en el intraoperatorio con fijación proximal en cuadrante específico, y debe alcanzar la superficie articular para generar un desplazamiento efectivo del injerto. Sin embargo, no podemos predecir la magnitud de error en todos los túneles mal brocados, que debe ser evaluada caso a caso.
Pembrolizumab Weight-Based Dosing: Conviction and Lacunae in Adopting a Cost-Saving Approach—A Survey Report
Authors: Patel Amol , Akhade Amol 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Introduction Use of immunotherapy drugs has increased leaps and bounds in the last decade with promising results in some of the cancers. The use is limited in low- and middle-income countries due to cost constraints. Weight-based dosing is one measure adopted by Canada and Israel to reduce cost burden and improve access to immunotherapeutic drugs.
Objective We conducted a survey among medical oncologists from India to understand challenges faced in accepting the weight-based dosing of pembrolizumab.
Materials and Methods Questionnaire covering various aspects related to use of immunotherapy drugs was made and it was circulated across various social media platforms. Medical oncologists practicing across India were invited to participate in this survey. The issues like access to drugs and awareness about weight-based dosing of pembrolizumab were covered in the survey. Also, the impact of international guidelines on accepting the weigh-based dosing was studied.
Results Ninety-nine medical oncologists across India participated in the survey. Only 60% medical oncologists are aware about weight-based dosing of pembrolizumab practiced in other countries. Further, 70% of medical oncologists could not prescribe immunotherapy due to cost factor in majority (90%) of their patients. More than 90% agreed that they will use weight-based dosing of pembrolizumab if the Drug Controller General of India, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, or European Society of Medical Oncologists guidelines endorses weight-based dosing.
Conclusion Weight-based dosing of pembrolizumab would be accepted if policy makers and Indian medical oncology societies come together and formulate guidelines. Such guidelines will improve accessibility to immunotherapy drugs and lead to huge cost savings.
Portal Hypertension and Current Endoscopic Management
Authors: Robbins Justin , Mujumdar Sahaj , Tholey Danielle M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPortal hypertension is a difficult to treat sequelae of end stage of liver disease, and is associated with a variety of complications. Notably, it can lead to significant gastrointestinal bleeding, which carries a high risk of mortality. Sources of portal hypertensive bleeding include esophageal and gastric varices, portal hypertensive gastropathy and ectopic varices. Fortunately, endoscopic techniques are effective in both prevention and management of acute bleeding, and their application and expansion has led to improved outcomes. Endoscopy plays a pivotal role as it allows for direct visualization and diagnosis as well as immediate intervention. There are several endoscopic techniques available for the treatment of esophageal varices including band ligation, glue therapy and sclerotherapy. There are, however, gray areas within the management of portal hypertensive bleeding such as the management of portal hypertensive gastropathy and gastric variceal bleeding, both of which can be more challenging to treat endoscopically. Thus, there is growing interest regarding how novel advanced therapeutic techniques can address these areas with a focus on endoscopic ultrasound guided therapies. This article will review both traditional and novel endoscopic techniques used in the management and prevention of portal hypertensive associated bleeding.
Neural representations of others’ traits predict social decisions
Authors: Kobayashi Kenji , Kable Joseph W. , Hsu Ming , Jenkins Adrianna C. 
Published: May 2022

Significance
People’s decisions about how to treat others are known to be influenced by societally shared expectations about the typical traits of people from particular social groups (stereotypes). We combined a social psychological framework, an economic game, and multivariate functional MRI analysis to investigate whether and how trait inferences are instantiated neurally in the service of behavior toward members of different social groups. Multidimensional representations of trait content were found in brain regions associated with social cognition and in a region associated with inference-based decision-making: the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Only OFC representations predicted individual participants’ behavior, suggesting that although stereotypes are also represented in social cognition regions, they exert influence on behavior via decision-making mechanisms centered in the OFC.
Peaks and primordial black holes: the effect of non-Gaussianity
Authors: Young Sam 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In light of recent developments in the field, we re-evaluate the effect of local-type non-Gaussianity on the primordial black hole (PBH) abundance (and consequently, upon constraints on the primordial power spectrum arising from PBHs). We apply peaks theory to the full, non-linear compaction, finding that, whilst the effect of non-Gaussianity is qualitatively similar to previous findings, the effect is much less significant. It is found the non-Gaussianity parameters f
NL
local and g
NL
local typically need to be approximately 1 or 2 orders of magntiude larger respectively to have a similar to that previously found. The effect will be to weaken the dependance of PBH constraints on the primordial power spectrum on the non-Gaussianity parameters, as well as to dramatically weaken constraints on the non-Gaussianity parameters (and/or PBH abundance) arising from the non-observation of dark matter isocurvature modes. We also consider the correlation between the curvature perturbation ζ and the compaction C, finding that, whilst PBHs may form at rare peaks in C these do not necessarily correspond to rare peaks in ζ — casting some doubt on many of the existing calculations of the PBH abundance.
General Markovian equation for scalar fields in a slowly evolving background
Authors: Buldgen Gilles , Drewes Marco , Kang Jin U , Ri Mun Ui 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We present a general and model-independent method to obtain an effective Markovian quantum kinetic equation for the expectation value of a slowly evolving scalar field in an adiabatically evolving background from first principles of nonequilibrium quantum field theory. The method requires almost no assumptions about the field's interactions and the composition of the background, except that 1) the coupling constants shall be small enough for perturbation theory to be applicable, 2) there is a clear separation between microphysical time scales and the rate at which bulk properties change, and 3) higher time derivatives of the field remain small. The resulting Markovian equation of motion is expressed in terms of an effective potential and friction coefficients. Motivated by cosmological applications we focus on spatially homogeneous and isotropic systems, but the approach could also be applied to spatial gradients.
Smart flood resilience: harnessing community-scale big data for predictive flood risk monitoring, rapid impact assessment, and situational awareness
Authors: Yuan Faxi , Fan Chao , Farahmand Hamed , Coleman Natalie , Esmalian Amir , Lee Cheng-Chun , Patrascu Flavia I , Zhang Cheng , Dong Shangjia , Mostafavi Ali 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Smart resilience is the beneficial result of the collision course of the fields of data science and urban resilience to flooding. The objective of this study is to propose and demonstrate a smart flood resilience framework that leverages heterogeneous community-scale big data and infrastructure sensor data to enhance predictive risk monitoring and situational awareness. The smart flood resilience framework focuses on four core capabilities that could be augmented by the use of heterogeneous community-scale big data and analytics techniques: (1) predictive flood risk mapping; (2) automated rapid impact assessment; (3) predictive infrastructure failure prediction and monitoring; and (4) smart situational awareness capabilities. We demonstrate the components of these core capabilities of the smart flood resilience framework in the context of the 2017 Hurricane Harvey in Harris County, Texas. First, we present the use of flood sensors for the prediction of floodwater overflow in channel networks and inundation of co-located road networks. Second, we discuss the use of social media and machine learning techniques for assessing the impacts of floods on communities and sensing emotion signals to examine societal impacts. Third, we describe the use of high-resolution traffic data in network-theoretic models for nowcasting of flood propagation on road networks and the disrupted access to critical facilities, such as hospitals. Fourth, we introduce how location-based and credit card transaction data were used in spatial analyses to proactively evaluate the recovery of communities and the impacts of floods on businesses. These analyses show that the significance of core capabilities of the smart flood resilience framework in helping emergency managers, city planners, public officials, responders, and volunteers to better cope with the impacts of catastrophic flooding events.
Courts, Constitutionalism, and State Capacity: A Preliminary Inquiry
Authors: Khosla Madhav , Tushnet Mark 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Modern constitutional theory deals almost exclusively with the mechanisms for controlling the exercise of public power. In particular, the focus of constitutional scholars lies in explaining and justifying how courts can effectively keep the exercise of public power within bounds. But there is little point in worrying about the excesses of government power when the government lacks the capacity to get things done in the first place. In this Article, we examine relations between the courts, constitutionalism, and state capacity other than through limiting state power. Through a series of case studies, we suggest how courts confront the problem of state building, and how the question of state capacity informs constitutional doctrine. Our studies consist of litigation over life-saving medication in Brazil, “engagement” remedies in South Africa, the problem of pretrial detention in India, and the validity of India’s recent biometric identification project. As we show, state capacity is a crucial variable in the development of constitutional doctrine—and while engaging with the issue of state capacity, courts often play a role in facilitating its expansion. The case studies identify a number of mechanisms that courts use to encourage capacity development: providing incentives to enhance capacity, guiding and directing the state to perform specific actions, compensating for weak capacity by absorbing the problem, and endorsing measures that purport to increase capacity. We then offer an expressly idealized model by which courts can negotiate capacity-related concerns. Courts can, in certain instances, respond to the problem of state capacity through weak-form, dialogic, experimentalist forms of review. The precise role that courts can and should play in this regard remains to be fully studied, but focusing on the question of state capacity allows us to better explain contemporary constitutional doctrine in several jurisdictions, and highlights the challenges involved in at once creating and limiting state power.