bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common envelopes in massive stars II: The distinct roles of hydrogen and helium recombination
Authors: Lau Mike Y M , Hirai Ryosuke , Price Daniel J , Mandel Ilya 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The role of recombination during a common-envelope event has been long debated. Many studies have argued that much of hydrogen recombination energy, which is radiated in relatively cool and optically thin layers, might not thermalize in the envelope. On the other hand, helium recombination contains ≈30 per cent of the total recombination energy, and occurs much deeper in the stellar envelope. We investigate the distinct roles played by hydrogen and helium recombination in a common-envelope interaction experienced by a 12 $\, \rm {M}_{\odot }$ red supergiant donor. We perform adiabatic, 3D hydrodynamical simulations that (i) include hydrogen, helium, and H2 recombination, (ii) include hydrogen and helium recombination, (iii) include only helium recombination, and (iv) do not include recombination energy. By comparing these simulations, we find that the addition of helium recombination energy alone ejects 30 per cent more envelope mass, and leads to a 16 per cent larger post-plunge-in separation. Under the adiabatic assumption, adding hydrogen recombination energy increases the amount of ejected mass by a further 40 per cent, possibly unbinding the entire envelope, but does not affect the post-plunge separation. Most of the ejecta becomes unbound at relatively high (&gt;70 per cent) degrees of hydrogen ionisation, where the hydrogen recombination energy is likely to expand the envelope instead of being radiated away.
Near-infrared spectroscopy of embedded protostars in the massive metal-poor star-forming region NGC 346
Authors: Jones O C , Reiter M , Sanchez-Janssen R , Evans C J , Robertson C S , Meixner M , Ochsendorf B 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
We present medium-resolution (R ∼ 4000) YJ-, H-, and K-band spectroscopy of candidate young stellar objects (YSOs) in NGC 346, the most active star-formation region in the metal-poor (Z = 1/5 Z⊙) Small Magellanic Cloud. The spectra were obtained with the KMOS (K-Band Multi-Object Spectrograph) integral field instrument on the Very Large Telescope. From our initial sample of 18 candidate high-mass YSOs previously identified from mid-IR photometry and radiative transfer model fits to their spectral energy distributions, approximately half were resolved into multiple components by our integral-field data. In total, we detect 30 continuum sources and extract reliable spectra for 12 of these objects. The spectra show various features including hydrogen recombination lines, and lines from H2, He i, and [Fe ii], which are indicative of accretion, discs, and outflowing material in massive YSOs. We spectroscopically confirm the youthful nature of nine YSO candidates, and identify two others as OB stars. All of the confirmed YSOs have Br γ in emission, but no emission is seen from the CO bandhead, despite other disc tracers present in the spectra. He i 1.083 $\mu$m emission is also detected at appreciably higher rates than for the Galaxy.
WISDOM Project – XIII. Feeding molecular gas to the supermassive black hole in the starburst AGN-host galaxy Fairall 49
Authors: Lelli Federico , Davis Timothy A , Bureau Martin , Cappellari Michele , Liu Lijie , Ruffa Ilaria , Smith Mark D , Williams Thomas G 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
The mm-Wave Interferometric Survey of Dark Object Masses (WISDOM) is probing supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in galaxies across the Hubble sequence via molecular gas dynamics. We present the first WISDOM study of a luminous infrared galaxy with an active galactic nuclei (AGNs): Fairall 49. We use new ALMA observations of the CO(2 − 1) line with a spatial resolution of ∼80 pc together with ancillary HST imaging. We reach the following results: (1) The CO kinematics are well described by a regularly rotating gas disc with a radial inflow motion, suggesting weak feedback on the cold gas from both AGN and starburst activity; (2) The dynamically inferred SMBH mass is 1.6 ± 0.4(rnd) ± 0.8(sys) × 108 M⊙ assuming that we have accurately subtracted the AGN and starburst light contributions, which have a luminosity of ∼109 L⊙; (3) The SMBH mass agrees with the SMBH−stellar mass relation but is ∼50 times higher than previous estimates from X-ray variability; (4) The dynamically inferred molecular gas mass is 30 times smaller than that inferred from adopting the Galactic CO-to-H2 conversion factor (XCO) for thermalized gas, suggesting low values of XCO; (5) the molecular gas inflow rate increases steadily with radius and may be as high as ∼5 M⊙ yr−1. This work highlights the potential of using high-resolution CO data to estimate, in addition to SMBH masses, the XCO factor, and gas inflow rates in nearby galaxies.
Spherically symmetric accretion on to a compact object through a standing shock: the effects of general relativity in the Schwarzschild geometry
Authors: Kundu Suman Kumar , Coughlin Eric R 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
A core-collapse supernova is generated by the passage of a shock wave through the envelope of a massive star, where the shock wave is initially launched from the ‘bounce’ of the neutron star formed during the collapse of the stellar core. Instead of successfully exploding the star, however, numerical investigations of core-collapse supernovae find that this shock tends to ‘stall’ at small radii (≲10 neutron star radii), with stellar material accreting on to the central object through the standing shock. Here, we present time-steady, adiabatic solutions for the density, pressure, and velocity of the shocked fluid that accretes on to the compact object through the stalled shock, and we include the effects of general relativity in the Schwarzschild metric. Similar to previous works that were carried out in the Newtonian limit, we find that the gas ‘settles’ interior to the stalled shock; in the relativistic regime analysed here, the velocity asymptotically approaches zero near the Schwarzschild radius. These solutions can represent accretion on to a material surface if the radius of the compact object is outside of its event horizon, such as a neutron star; we also discuss the possibility that these solutions can approximately represent the accretion of gas on to a newly formed black hole following a core-collapse event. Our findings and solutions are particularly relevant in weak and failed supernovae, where the shock is pushed to small radii and relativistic effects are large.
Gravitational-wave bursts from spin-precessing black holes in binary systems
Authors: Zhang Chen , Han Wen-Biao , Yang Shu-Cheng 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Gravitational waves from precessing binary black holes exhibit new features that are absent in non-precessionary systems. All current waveform models take into account only the modulation of the signal due to precession. In this letter, we find that this effect has its own signature, by gravitational emission of a short and transient signal, or burst. The frequency of the burst is comparable to that of the late stage of the inspiral. We show that under certain conditions, this signal is strong enough to be detected by Advanced LIGO. For third-generation detectors like the Einstein telescope, the calculated signal-to-noise ratio can reach higher values. Measurements of precession would provide valuable insights into the intrinsic structure of black holes, and therefore into astrophysical binary formation mechanisms.
Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on body composition and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Liang Chun-Wei , Cheng Hsiao-Yi , Lee Yu-Hao , Liou Tsan-Hon , Liao Chun-De , Huang Shih-Wei 
Published: September 2022

AbstractContextConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to have anti-obesity and antidiabetic effects. However, the benefits of CLA combined with exercise remain unclear, and studies report conflicting results.ObjectiveA systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to investigate the synergistic effect of CLA and exercise on body composition, exercise-related indices, insulin resistance, and lipid profiles; and of the safety of CLA supplements.Data sourcesIn October 2021, the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for reports on clinical trials of the combined intervention of CLA and exercise.Data extractionA total of 18 randomized controlled trials and 2 crossover trials were included. The methodological quality assessment was performed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Pooled effect sizes were reported as standardized mean difference (SMD) for continuous data and risk ratio for dichotomous data with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was tested using the I2 statistic.Data analysisThe combination of CLA and exercise resulted in significantly decreased body fat (SMD, –0.42 [95%CI, –0.70, –0.14]; P = 0.003; I2 = 65) and insulin resistance (SMD, –0.25 [95%CI, –0.44, –0.06]; P = 0.01; I2 = 0) than did exercise alone. In subgroup analysis, the following factors were associated with significant outcomes: (1) body mass index ≥25 kg/m2; (2) female sex; (3) follow-up time &gt;4 weeks; and (4) intervention duration &gt;4 weeks. Nevertheless, supplementation with CLA during exercise programs was not effective for body-weight control, exercise performance enhancement, or lipid-profile improvement. CLA in combination with exercise did not result in a higher risk of adverse events (risk ratio, 1.32 [95%CI, 0.94–1.84]; P &gt; 0.05; I2 = 0).ConclusionCLA combined with exercise is generally safe and can lower body fat and insulin resistance but does not reduce body weight, enhance exercise performance, or improve lipid profiles.
Metafilm Music in Jean-Luc Godard's Cinema
Authors: Baumgartner Michael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This monograph explores the underresearched use of music in Jean-Luc Godard’s films and video essays from the early 1960s to the late 1990s. While Godard is largely hailed as a leading innovator of visual montage, unique storytelling style, and groundbreaking cinematography, his achievements as a leading pioneer in sculpting complex soundtracks altering the familiar relationship between sound and image have been mainly overlooked. On these soundtracks, music assumes the unique role of metafilm music. Metafilm music self-consciously refers to its own role as film music and disrupts the primary function of film music as an essential filmic device creating cinematic illusion. The concept of metafilm music describes how Godard thinks with film music about film music. Metafilm music manifests itself in Godard’s work in four distinct manners: as fragmentized musical cues; as the same fragment verbatim repeated several times; as extrapolated, short excerpts from classical or popular music; and as music making as a model for filmmaking. With a detailed analysis of these parameters, the book explores fragmented and repeated music as Godard’s critique of the leitmotif technique. Godard further self-reflexively investigates genre-specific music in musical comedies, films noir, and melodramas, as well as prototypical film music as arguably its own musical genre. His last foray into metafilm music entails music making as a metaphor for filmmaking. By thinking with music about the function of film music, Godard has created throughout his career multilayered soundtracks that challenge the conventional norms of film music and sound.
Subtyping of major SARS-CoV-2 variants reveals different transmission dynamics based on 10 million genomes
Authors: Yang Hsin-Chou , Wang Jen-Hung , Yang Chih-Ting , Lin Yin-Chun , Hsieh Han-Ni , Chen Po-Wen , Liao Hsiao-Chi , Chen Chun-houh , Liao James C 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, causing waves of the pandemic. Up to May 2022, 10 million genome sequences have accumulated, which are classified into five major variants of concern. With the growing number of sequenced genomes, analysis of the big dataset has become increasingly challenging. Here we developed systematic approaches based on sets of correlated single nucleotide variations (SNVs) for comprehensive subtyping and pattern recognition of transmission dynamics. The approach outperformed single-SNV and spike-centric scans. Moreover, the derived subtypes elucidate the relationship of signature SNVs and transmission dynamics. We found that different subtypes of the same variant, including Delta and Omicron exhibited distinct temporal trajectories. For example, some Delta and Omicron subtypes did not spread rapidly, while others did. We identified sets of characteristic SNVs that appeared to enhance transmission or decrease efficacy of antibodies for some subtypes. We also identified a set of SNVs that appeared to suppress transmission or increase viral sensitivity to antibodies. For the Omicron variant, the dominant type in the world, we identified the subtypes with enhanced and suppressed transmission in an analysis of eight million genomes as of March 2022 and further confirmed the findings in a later analysis of ten million genomes as of May 2022. While the “enhancer” SNVs exhibited an enriched presence on the spike protein, the “suppressor” SNVs are mainly elsewhere. Disruption of the SNV correlation largely destroyed the enhancer-suppressor phenomena. These results suggest the importance of fine subtyping of variants, and point to potential complex interactions among SNVs.
Predicting lymphoma in Sjögren’s syndrome and the pathogenetic role of parotid microenvironment through precise parotid swelling recording
Authors: De Vita Salvatore , Isola Miriam , Baldini Chiara , Goules Andreas V , Chatzis Loukas G , Quartuccio Luca , Zabotti Alen , Giovannini Ivan , Donati Valentina , Ferro Francesco , Rizzo Maria Teresa , Manfrè Valeria , Pegolo Enrico , Voulgarelis Michael , Zaja Francesco , Fanin Renato , Masaoutis Christos , Rontogianni Dimitra , Fotiadis Dimitrios I , Ponzoni Maurilio , Tzioufas Athanasios G 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjectiveParotid swelling (PSW) is a major predictor of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) in primary SS (pSS). However, since detailed information on the time of onset and duration of PSW is scarce, this was investigated to verify whether it may lead to further improved prediction. NHL localization was concomitantly studied to evaluate the role of the parotid gland microenvironment in pSS-related lymphomagenesis.MethodsA multicentre study was conducted among patients with pSS who developed B cell NHL during follow-up and matched controls that did not develop NHL. The study focused on the history of salivary gland and lachrymal gland swelling, evaluated in detail at different times and for different durations, and on the localization of NHL at onset.ResultsPSW was significantly more frequent among the cases: at the time of first referred pSS symptoms before diagnosis, at diagnosis and from pSS diagnosis to NHL. The duration of PSW was evaluated starting from pSS diagnosis, and the NHL risk increased from PSW of 2–12 months to &gt;12 months. NHL was prevalently localized in the parotid glands of the cases.ConclusionA more precise clinical recording of PSW can improve lymphoma prediction in pSS. PSW as a very early symptom is a predictor, and a longer duration of PSW is associated with a higher risk of NHL. Since lymphoma usually localizes in the parotid glands, and not in the other salivary or lachrymal glands, the parotid microenvironment appears to be involved in the whole history of pSS and related lymphomagenesis.
A panel of plasma microRNAs improves the assessment of surrogate markers of cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Llop Didac , Ibarretxe Daiana , Plana Núria , Rosales Roser , Taverner Delia , Masana Lluís , Vallvé Joan Carles , Paredes Silvia 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjectivePatients with RA present increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease compared with the general population. Moreover, CV risk factors that have a causal relationship with atherosclerosis do not seem to fully explain the accelerated process that they exhibit. We evaluated the association of a 10 microRNAs panel with surrogate markers of subclinical arteriosclerosis [carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), carotid plaque presence (cPP), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and distensibility] in a cohort of RA patients.Material and methodsA total of 199 patients with RA were included. Surrogate markers of arteriosclerosis were measured with My Lab 60 X-Vision sonographer. MicroRNAs were extracted from plasma and quantified with qPCR. Multivariate models and classification methods were performed.ResultsMultivariate models showed that microRNAs-24 (β = 15.48), 125a (β = 9.93), 132 (β = 11.52), 146 (β = 15.12), 191 (β = 13.25) and 223 (β = 13.30) were associated with cIMT globally. MicroRNA-24 [odds ratio (OR) = 0.41], 146 (OR = 0.36) and Let7a (OR = 0.23) were associated with cPP in men. Including the microRNAs in a partial least square discriminant analysis model properly classified men with and without cPP. MicroRNA-96 (β = –0.28) was associated with PWV in male patients. Finally, several miRNAs were also associated with cIMT, cPP and arterial stiffness in the high DAS28 group and in the earlier tertile groups of disease duration.ConclusionPlasmatic expression of microRNA-24, 96, 103, 125a, 132, 146, 191, 223 and Let7a were associated with surrogate markers of CV disease and could be predictors of CV risk in patients with RA.
A Gendered and Racialized Educational Hierarchy: Disparities in Elementary School Teachers’ Perceptions of Student Behavior
Authors: Pyne Jaymes , Musto Michela 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis paper uses an intersectional framework to account for the degree to which race, when intersecting gender, relates to teachers’ evaluations of US elementary school children over time. Drawing on longitudinal data from the 2011 Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten cohort, we employ growth curve modeling to study descriptive trends in teacher perceptions of student behavior from kindergarten through fifth grade. We find that educators’ perceptions of White, Asian American, and Latinx girls increase over time, while their perceptions of Black girls remain flat. Meanwhile, a different longitudinal trend emerges among boys. Although teachers’ views of Black boys decrease over time, their views of other boys increase to the levels of Black girls, or higher, by the end of fifth grade. This analysis reveals how teachers’ perceptions coalesce into an emerging hierarchy that—by the end of fifth grade—most sharply contrasts the behavior of Asian American girls and Black boys. Our intersectional approach and the theoretical framework informing it underscore the limits to considering how educators distinguish students by gender or race alone. Together, gender and race more fully account for differences in how educators perceive student behavior over time.
Insights into the catalytic and regulatory mechanisms of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, a key enzyme of anthocyanin synthesis in Zanthoxylum bungeanum
Authors: Aiguo Zhao , Ruiwen Ding , Cheng Wang , Cheng Chen , Dongmei Wang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Accumulation of anthocyanins largely determines the fruit color, and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) is a key enzyme involved in the formation of anthocyanins. However, the catalytic and regulatory mechanisms of DFR are unclear. In this study, the gene encoding DFR from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. was cloned and ZbDFR was analyzed in detail. The ZbDFR accepted dihydrokaempferol, dihydroquercetin and dihydromyricetin as substrates. Flavonols such as myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol significantly inhibited the activity of ZbDFR, while quercitrin and isoquercitrin slightly increased the activity. Quercetin was a competitive inhibitor at low concentrations, and it had a combined effect of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition at high concentrations, which was consistent with ZbDFR having two inhibitor binding sites. In addition, the content of different types of flavonoids in Z. bungeanum peel at green, semi-red and red stage was analyzed, and the in vivo results could be explained by the regulation of ZbDFR activity in vitro. Site-directed mutagenesis combined with enzyme activity experiments showed that Ser128, Tyr163, Phe164 and Lys167 are the key catalytic amino acid residues. The Ser128, Tyr163 and Lys167 were crucial for the hydrogen transfer reaction, and mutation of these amino acids resulted in the loss of all or most of the activity. Phe164 was found to be important for the regulation of ZbDFR by flavonols. Accordingly, ZbDFR is a node at which flavonoids regulate the synthesis of anthocyanins and proanthocyanins.
Radiological and Long-Term Functional Outcomes of Displaced Distal Clavicle Fractures
Authors: Srinivasan Ananth , Haque Aziz , Kheiran Amin , Singh Harvinder Pal 
Published: September 2022

Objectives:
To investigate radiological and long-term functional outcomes in modified Neer 2a, 2b, and 5 distal clavicle fractures.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
A single university teaching hospital.

Patients/Participants:
One hundred fifteen patients sustaining displaced distal clavicle fractures between January 01, 2010 and December 12, 2017.

Intervention:
Operative versus nonoperative management.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Radiographs were reviewed for fracture management and union. A customised questionnaire consisting of QuickDASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand), work, sports/performing arts, global satisfaction, and complication modules was used to determine functional outcome.

Results:
One hundred fifteen patients were included [mean age of 49 (18–89) years]. Thirty-three (29%) underwent early fixation (<6 weeks from injury) and were younger (37 vs. 53 years, P < 0.0001). Radiographs were available for 96 patients. Nonunion rate was 55% (53/96), and majority had undergone initial nonoperative management (49 vs. 4, P < 0.00001). Eleven patients with symptomatic nonunion were deemed appropriate for delayed fixation with all cases uniting. Of the operatively managed patients, 27% (12/44) underwent metalwork removal. There were no differences in functional outcome between operative versus nonoperative and union versus nonunion patient groups at a mean follow-up of 79 months (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
Functional outcome and patient satisfaction at long-term follow-up were similar regardless of operative fixation or radiological union. Nonunion in displaced distal clavicle fractures seemed to cause minimal functional deficit in most elderly sedentary individuals, or the outcome measures were not sensitive enough to capture these differences. An individualized approach should be adopted, with less active, comorbid, and elderly patients counseled regarding the minimal functional improvement of surgery and risk of reoperation.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Advocating for Equitable Healthcare for the Undocumented Immigrant
Authors: Knight Natalie 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT:
Despite the healthcare community's increased efforts to reduce health disparities in the United States, undocumented immigrants (UIs) remain one of the highest at-risk populations. Health and public policies, societal and healthcare worker bias, and fear of deportation are among barriers to healthcare access, resulting in increasingly poor health and health outcomes. Christian nurses, guided by biblical principles and the American Nurses Association's Code of Ethics for Nurses, can advocate for UIs' healthcare needs by supporting and promoting more inclusive institutional and government policies.