bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress amongst dental students in the transition from preclinical training to clinical training: A qualitative study
Authors: de Souza Ferreira Franciele , Barros Isabela , da Costa Neves Tamíris , Pazos Júlia Margato , Garcia Patrícia Petromilli Nordi Sasso 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe present study sought to qualitatively evaluate third‐year undergraduate dental students' perceptions of sources of stress during the transition from preclinical to clinical training.MethodsThis was an observational, cross‐sectional, and qualitative study with a nonprobabilistic sampling design. The sample consisted of students in the third year of the five‐year undergraduate degree program in dentistry offered by the São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil (n = 37). Data were collected using open‐ended, semistructured, and individual interviews that were recorded on a digital voice recorder. The students were interviewed on campus at a previously scheduled time. Efforts were made to provide a secure and welcoming environment for the interview. The interview questions addressed students' adaptation to clinical training and their perceptions of stress resulting from this transition. Data analysis was based on the qualitative and quantitative Discourse of the Collective Subject (DCS) technique performed with the aid of Qualiquantisoft®.ResultsMost of the students evaluated (75.7%) reported difficulty in the transition from the preclinical to the clinical phase of their program and that this difficulty increased their stress levels during this transition (81.1%). The most frequently cited reason for the increase in stress was the responsibility and demands associated with caring for real patients (54.1%). Almost half of the students (48.6%) reported feeling physical symptoms of stress such as tachycardia, dizziness, headache, and muscle tension during this period. Most of the students (81.1%) required up to one semester to feel that they had adapted to the clinic. Many students used stress reduction strategies such as simply trying to calm down, studying before their clinical work, improving organisation, and asking professors for help. Adaptation to ergonomics and biosafety in the clinic was the most frequently cited impediment (45.9%) to the adaptation process. The students' main suggestions for reducing stress in this transition phase were additional preclinical training in a clinical setting, a more gradual transition, and greater professor receptiveness.ConclusionThe dental students interviewed herein perceived high levels of stress during the transition from preclinical to clinical training.
Back pain prevention program: An evaluation after a 10‐year implementation amongst dental students
Authors: Viratelle Henry , Schossig Bénédicte , Van Bellinghen Xavier , Fernandez de Grado Gabriel , Musset Anne‐Marie , Offner Damien 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundMany studies show a higher prevalence of back pain for dentists and dental students than in the general population. This leads to a need to integrate an effective back pain prevention program (BPPP) into the student's curriculum. We have implemented such a program for 10 years, and the objective was to evaluate its effectiveness.Material and MethodsData from 102 dentists and students who benefited from the BPPP were collected. Back pain prevalence and its intensity (0–10 scale) regarding neck, upper back and lower back location were studied, as well as sex, age, implementation or not of elements of the BPPP into daily practice, and if so at what moment of the professional life. For identical items, answers were compared with those from a national survey conducted amongst French students and practitioners in 2018.ResultsAmongst the BPPP beneficiaries, 60% were suffering from chronic back pain versus 77% in the previous national survey (p < .001). Mean pain intensity was lower in each location for the BPPP beneficiaries on the 0–10 scale: neck 1.91 vs. 2.40 (p = .05); upper back 1.94 vs. 2.72 (p < .001); lower back 2.26 vs. 2.67 (p = .15). Respondents who implemented elements of the BPPP from the start of their clinical practice showed a prevalence of chronic back pain of 48.4%, against 77% for respondents who did so only from the first year or after (p < .05).ConclusionOur BPPP seems to show a positive preventive effect on dentists and students after a 10‐year implementation. It is a solid basis that can however be further improved.
Rock glacier Oasis: An alternative for agro‐pastoralism in a changing environment in the Himalayan cold desert
Authors: Pandey Pratima , Ali Sheikh Nawaz , Simon Allen 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe unprecedented climate change has catastrophic repercussions for high mountain communities and these issues need a multi‐disciplinary understanding for adaptation and mitigation strategies. The limited cultivable agricultural land and pastures along with an abridged cultivation season and water scarcity, all have severely impacted local communities in the cold desert of Ladakh. The indigenous people relying on glacier and snow‐melt have developed unique water management and agro‐pastoralism practices and are searching for additional alternatives owing to continuous climate and lifestyle changes. People are increasingly relocating to higher valleys in search of adequate cultivable land. In this endeavour, people are found to be practicing agro‐pastoral activities adjacent to the thermokarst lakes (Oasis) present on the rock glaciers. The present study is a one‐of‐a‐kind overview of such innovative and adaptive farming strategies to encourage research towards the water storage in such features, and how long it will remain sustainable.
Net Inflow: An Important Target on the Path to Aquifer Sustainability
Authors: Butler J.J. , Bohling G.C. , Perkins S.P. , Whittemore D.O. , Liu G. , Wilson B.B. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAquifers supporting irrigated agriculture are a resource of global importance. Many of these systems, however, are experiencing significant pumping‐induced stress that threatens their continued viability as a water source for irrigation. Reductions in pumping are often the only option to extend the lifespans of these aquifers and the agricultural production they support. The impact of reductions depends on a quantity known as “net inflow” or “capture.” We use data from a network of wells in the western Kansas portions of the High Plains aquifer in the central United States to demonstrate the importance of net inflow, how it can be estimated in the field, how it might vary in response to pumping reductions, and why use of “net inflow” may be preferred over “capture” in certain contexts. Net inflow has remained approximately constant over much of western Kansas for at least the last 15 to 25 years, thereby allowing it to serve as a target for sustainability efforts. The percent pumping reduction required to reach net inflow (i.e., stabilize water levels for the near term [years to a few decades]) can vary greatly over this region, which has important implications for groundwater management. However, the reduction does appear practically achievable (less than 30%) in many areas. The field‐determined net inflow can play an important role in calibration of regional groundwater models; failure to reproduce its magnitude and temporal variations should prompt further calibration. Although net inflow is a universally applicable concept, the reliability of field estimates is greatest in seasonally pumped aquifers.
Sulfate Land Application Enhances Biodegradation in a Petroleum Hydrocarbon Smear Zone
Authors: Sra Kanwartej S. , Ponsin Violaine , Kolhatkar Ravi , Hunkeler Daniel , Thomson Neil R. , Madsen Eugene L. , Buscheck Timothy 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDelivery of sulfate to petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) source zones and groundwater plumes is desirable to enhance biodegradation rates when treatment has become limited due to depletion of sulfate. Sulfate land application involves spreading sulfate salts on ground surface and allowing their dissolution and infiltration of sulfate into subsurface. The objectives of this pilot‐scale investigation were to capture the vertical transport of sulfate beneath an application area, confirm that sulfate reduction was occurring, and explore how the added sulfate affected biodegradation of benzene and toluene. Approximately 4000 kg of gypsum was spread over a 30 m × 30 m study area above a smear zone located approximately 2 m below‐ground surface. Precipitation was augmented by two irrigation events. Groundwater samples, collected over 1058 days from multilevel wells and a conventional long‐screened monitoring well, were analyzed for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), sulfate, bromide, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and methane. Compound‐specific isotope analyses (CSIA) for benzene and toluene, and isotope analyses of13C‐DIC and34S‐SO42−were performed. Following application, an increase in sulfate concentration was noted in the smear zone.34S‐SO42−enrichment and13C‐DIC depletion indicated that sulfate reduction and mineralization of PHCs were enhanced. CSIA results provided unequivocal evidence of anaerobic biodegradation of benzene and toluene. After 1058 days when sulfate was depleted, methane concentrations were about three times greater than baseline conditions suggesting syntrophic benefit of the delivered sulfate. Observations from this investigation support the viability of sulfate land application to enhance biodegradation rates in shallow PHC smear zones.
Eleven‐month longitudinal study of antibodies in SARS‐CoV‐2 exposed and naïve primary health care workers upon COVID‐19 vaccination
Authors: Dobaño Carlota , Ramírez‐Morros Anna , Alonso Selena , Ruiz‐Olalla Gemma , Rubio Rocío , Vidal Marta , Prados de la Torre Esther , Jairoce Chenjerai , Mitchell Robert A. , Barrios Diana , Jiménez Alfons , Rodrigo Melero Natalia , Carolis Carlo , Izquierdo Luis , Zanoncello Jasmina , Aguilar Ruth , Vidal‐Alaball Josep , Moncunill Gemma , Ruiz‐Comellas Anna 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe evaluated the kinetics of antibody responses to Two years into the COVID‐19 pandemic and 1 year after the start of vaccination rollout, the world faced a peak of cases associated with the highly contagious Omicron variant of concern (VoC) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) antigens over five cross‐sectional visits (January–November 2021), and the determinants of pre‐booster immunoglobulin levels, in a prospective cohort of vaccinated primary health care workers in Catalonia, Spain. Antibodies against S antigens after a full primary vaccination course, mostly with BNT162b2, decreased steadily over time and were higher in pre‐exposed (n = 247) than naïve (n = 200) individuals, but seropositivity was maintained at 100% (100% IgG, 95.5% IgA, 30.6% IgM) up to 319 days after the first dose. Antibody binding to variants of concern was highly maintained for IgG compared to wild type but significantly reduced for IgA and IgM, particularly for Beta and Gamma. Factors significantly associated with longer‐term antibodies included age, sex, occupation, smoking, adverse reaction to vaccination, levels of pre‐vaccination SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies, interval between disease onset and vaccination, hospitalization, oxygen supply, post COVID and symptomatology. Earlier morning vaccination hours were associated with higher IgG responses in pre‐exposed participants. Symptomatic breakthroughs occurred in 9/447 (2.01%) individuals, all among naïve (9/200, 4.5%) and generally boosted antibody responses. Additionally, an increase in IgA and/or IgM seropositivity to variants, and N seroconversion at later time points (6.54%), indicated asymptomatic breakthrough infections, even among pre‐exposed. Seropositivity remained highly stable over almost a year after vaccination. However, gradually waning of anti‐S IgGs that correlate with neutralizing activity, coupled to evidence of an increase in breakthrough infections during the Delta and Omicron predominance, provides a rationale for booster immunization.
T‐cell immunoglobulin‐ and mucin‐domain‐containing molecule‐4 maintains adipose tissue homeostasis by orchestrating M2 macrophage polarization via nuclear factor kappa B pathway
Authors: Ding Lu , Liang Yan , Wang Yuzhen , Tong Zheng , Liu Wen , Tan Siyu , Zhang Jie , Wang Yingchun , Wu Zhuanchang , Liang Xiaohong , Ma Chunhong , Gao Lifen 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObesity is generally associated with low‐grade inflammation. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) orchestrate metabolic inflammation. The classical (M1‐like) or alternative (M2‐like) activation of ATMs is functionally coupled with the metabolic status of fat tissues. It has been found that T‐cell immunoglobulin‐ and mucin‐domain‐containing molecule‐4 (Tim‐4) inhibits inflammation by regulating macrophages. However, the exact role of Tim‐4 in macrophage polarization and obesity remains unknown. Here, we identified Tim‐4 as a critical switch governing macrophage M1/M2 polarization and energy homeostasis. Tim‐4 deletion led to spontaneous obesity in elder mice and promoted obesity severity of db/db mice. Obesity microenvironment enhanced the expression of Tim‐4 in white adipose tissue and ATMs. In vitro, we detected an increase in M1‐like cells and decrease in M2‐like cells in both peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow‐derived macrophages from Tim‐4 knockout mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Tim‐4 promoted M2‐like macrophages polarization via suppressing nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling pathway. In addition, we found that Tim‐4 promoted TLR4 internalization, which might contribute to regulation of NF‐κB signaling. Collectively, these results indicated that Tim‐4 maintained adipose tissue homeostasis by regulating macrophage polarization via NF‐κB pathway, which would provide a new target for obesity intervention.
Ag sputtering–assisted phase formation of Ag2S‐decorated ZnS composite sheets and their photoactive performances
Authors: Liang Yuan‐Chang , Huang Chia‐Hung 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Ag2S crystallites–decorated ZnS composite sheets were synthesized by combinational methodology. Two types of ZnS sheet templates were obtained through the vulcanization of ZnO sheets with sulfur precursors of thiourea and Na2S, and then ZnS–Ag2S heterogeneous sheets were obtained with sputtering Ag crystallites and post‐annealing procedures. The ZnS sheets have rugged and smooth surfaces formed with sulfur precursors of thiourea and Na2S, respectively. Both the initial microstructures of ZnS sheet templates and Ag2S decoration content affect the photoactivity of the ZnS–Ag2S composite sheets. Compared with the pristine ZnS, the ZnS–Ag2S composite sheets with a suitable Ag2S loading content (Ag at% = 3.6–3.8) are beneficial to improve the photoactivity, which could be explained by the combination of narrow bandgap; Ag2S crystallites would enhance photon absorption and separation efficiency of photoinduced charge carriers. The scavenger tests and photodegradation mechanism show that hydroxyl radicals and holes were the main active species for the ZnS–Ag2S composite sheets to photodegrade methyl orange solution. The experimental results herein provide a novel synthesis approach to decorate Ag2S crystallites onto ZnS with tunable contents and present important design guidelines for the resultant ZnS–Ag2S composite sheets to demonstrate marked improvement in photoactivity.
Microstructures and strengths of microporous MgO–Al2O3 ceramics from Al(OH)3 and calcined magnesite
Authors: Chen Qianlin , Yan Wen , Yan Junjie , Schafföner Stefan , Chen Zhe , Ma Sanbao , Li Guangqiang 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSeven microporous MgO–Al2O3 ceramics with an Al2O3 content of 15–90 wt% were prepared using Al(OH)3 and calcined magnesite as raw materials. A wet mixing process was employed during sample preparation to transform the calcined magnesite with a larger particle size to smaller Mg(OH)2 particles. The in situ decomposition synthesis method and the Kirkendall effect were utilized to produce and control the pore structure of the microporous MgO–Al2O3 ceramics. There were two kinds of pores in the microporous MgO–Al2O3 ceramics. The first one resulted from the in situ decomposition of Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2 particles, which were small and equally distributed. Another one originated from the position of the Mg(OH)2 particles due to the Kirkendall effect caused by MgO diffusion. They were similar in size to the Mg(OH)2 pseudomorph particles. Simultaneously, the Al2O3 content affected the packing behavior and the spinel formation, which changed the characteristics of the pores and necks among the particles. These mechanisms also affected the strengths of the microporous MgO–Al2O3 ceramics. Thus, when the Al2O3 content was 45–90 wt%, the microporous MgO–Al2O3 ceramics had a high compressive strength (10.0–18.3 MPa) and apparent porosity (52.2%–58.4%).
Molecular identification and efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi isolates against larvae of the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Wang Xiaowu , Ding Xinhua , Fu Kaiyun , Guo Wenchao , Zhan Faqiang , Yuan Zihan , Jia Zunzun , Zhou Liuyan , Jiang Xudong , Osman Ghenijan , Li Zhi , Dai Jinping , Xie Yuqing , Wang Zhifang , Yang Xinping 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Aims
This study aimed to isolate and identify entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) from fungus-infected Ostrinia furnacalis larvae, screen their bio-efficacy against O. furnacalis, and select the most suitable virulent native EPF for biocontrol agent development.

Methods and Results
The occurrence of EPF isolated from various maize production regions in Xinjiang was investigated. Of 13,864 O. furnacalis cadavers surveyed, 536 were selected, and of 136 fungal specimens collected, 14 species were identified. Four fungal isolates were highly pathogenic to O. furnacalis: Aspergillus sp., Lecanicillium attenuatum, Beauveria bassiana and Penicillium polonicum. The Aspergillus sp. was the most abundant (42.25% distribution frequency). Bioassay results revealed that it was as pathogenic as B. bassiana (positive control), with 96.58% lethality against O. furnacalis (LC50: 1.40 × 104 conidia ml−1, LT50: 3.41 days). Through morphological examination and rDNA-benA and rDNA-CaM homogeneity analyses, the isolate was identified as Aspergillus nomius.

Conclusions
Four EPF species were highly pathogenic, with A. nomius being the most prevalent in Xinjiang. A. nomius is a potential biocontrol agent.

Significance and Impact of Study
For sustainable prevention and control of O. furnacalis infestation, identifying biocontrol agents with high virulence against O. furnacalis is crucial. The findings of this study support the development of EPF-based biocontrol approaches.
Comparison of bacterial diversity, root exudates and soil enzymatic activities in the rhizosphere of AVP1-transgenic and nontransgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Arshad Muhammad , Naqqash Tahir , Tahir Muhammad , Leveau Johan H. , Zaheer Ahmad , Tahira Syeda Anjum , Saeed Nasir Ahmad , Asad Shaheen , Sajid Muhammad 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAimsSoil microbial communities are among the most diverse communities that might be affected due to transgenic crops. Therefore, risk assessment studies on transgenes are essentially required as any adverse effects may depend not only on the specific gene and crop involved but also on soil conditions.Methods and resultsThe present study deals with the comparison of bacterial populations, root exudates and activities of soil enzymes in nontransgenic and AVP1-transgenic wheat rhizosphere, overexpressing vacuolar H + pyrophosphatase for salinity and drought stress tolerance. Amounts of organic acids and sugars produced as root exudates and activities of dehydrogenase, phosphatase and protease enzymes in soil solution showed no significant differences in AVP1-transgenic and nontransgenic wheat rhizosphere, except for urease and phenol oxidase activities. The higher copy number of nifH gene showed the abundance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere of AVP1-transgenic wheat compared with nontransgenic wheat. nifH gene sequence analysis indicated the common diazotrophic genera Azospirillum, Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium and Pseudomonas in AVP1-transgenic and nontransgenic wheat except for Zoogloea detected only in nontransgenic wheat. Using 454-pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene from soil DNA, a total of 156, 282 sequences of 18 phyla were obtained, which represented bacterial (128,006), Archeal (7928) and unclassified (21,568) sequences. Proteobacteria, Crenarchaeota and Firmicutes were the most abundant phyla in the transgenic and nontransgenic wheat rhizosphere. Further comparison of different taxonomic units at the genus level showed similar distribution in transgenic and nontransgenic wheat rhizospheres.ConclusionWe conclude that the AVP1 gene in transgenic wheat has no apparent adverse effects on the soil environment and different bacterial communities. However, the bacterial community depends on several other factors, not only genetic composition of the host plants.Significance of the studyThe present research supports introduction and cultivation of transgenic plants in agricultural systems without any adverse effects on indigenous bacterial communities and soil ecosystems.
Time for speciation and niche conservatism explain the latitudinal diversity gradient in clupeiform fishes
Authors: Egan Joshua P. , Bloom Devin D. , Simons Andrew M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAimThe latitudinal diversity gradient of increasing species richness from poles to equator is one of the most striking and pervasive spatial patterns of biodiversity. Climate appears to have been key to the formation of the latitudinal diversity gradient, but the processes through which climate shaped species richness remain unclear. We tested predictions of the time for speciation, carrying capacity and diversification rate latitudinal diversity gradient hypotheses in a trans‐marine/freshwater clade of fishes.LocationGlobal in marine and freshwater environments.TaxonClupeiformes (anchovies, herrings, sardines and relatives).MethodsWe tested predictions of latitudinal diversity gradient hypotheses using a molecular phylogeny, species distribution data and phylogenetic comparative approaches. To test the time for speciation hypothesis, we conducted ancestral state reconstructions to infer the ages of temperate, subtropical and tropical lineages and frequency of evolutionary transitions between climates. We tested the carry capacity hypothesis by characterizing changes in net diversification rates through time. To test the diversification rate hypothesis, we qualitatively compared the diversification rates of temperate, subtropical and tropical lineages and conducted statistical tests for associations between latitude and diversification rates.ResultsWe identified four transitions to temperate climates and two transitions out of temperate climates. We found no differences in diversification rates among temperate and tropical clupeiforms. Net diversification rates remained positive in crown Clupeiformes since their origin ~150 Ma in both tropical and temperate lineages. Climate niche characters exhibited strong phylogenetic signal. All temperate clupeiform lineages arose <50 Ma, after the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum.Main conclusionsOur results support the time for speciation hypothesis, which proposes that climate niche conservatism and fluctuations in the extent of temperate climates limited the time for species to accumulate in temperate climates, resulting in the latitudinal diversity gradient. We found no support for the carrying capacity or diversification rate hypotheses.