bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insecticidal Corn Rootworm Control Using Various Application Rates and Techniques, 1991
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Chambers W. W. , Jenson J. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three studies were conducted at sites in Brookings, Garretson, and Nunda, SD. Treatments consisted of varied rates and application techniques (band and in-furrow) of registered and experimental insecticides for control of corn rootworm larvae. Design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single 15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Insecticide granules were applied with modified, ground-driven Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Banded treatments were applied in an 18 cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. In-furrow applications consisted of insecticide granules directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. Corn was seeded at 23,000 kernels per acre at all sites. Five roots per replicate were dug for each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Corn rootworm infestations were low to moderate, which was consistent with very few grower reports of significant rootworm damage. Above normal spring rainfalls were experienced, although no plots were lost due to flooding. However, the abundance of postapplication precipitation may have affected efficacy associated with application technique.
Control of First Generation European Corn Borer, 1992
Authors: Luedeman J. , Ostlie K. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Performance of aerially applied permethrin against ECB was evaluated using 2 different volumes of water carrier. The site was a 135.9 ha commercial corn field located north of Sauk Centre, Stearns county, MN, planted on 5 May, at a population of 71,662 plants/ha. The plots, which measured 15.2 m by 304.8 m (0.91 m row spacing), were established on 12 Jul. Treatments included permethrin @ 0.17 kg(AI)/ha aerially applied with 18.7 liter/ha water and 28.01 liter/ha water and an untreated check. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied in a 15 m swath by a Piper Brave equipped with MultiTeeJet (46 core with no. 7 spinner) nozzles on 13 Jul from 6-9 pm under light winds (4.8-14.5 km/h) and moderate temperatures (17.8-21.1 C). Performance was evaluated on 22 Sep by dissecting 10 plants at 5 locations per plot and recording the number of tunnels per plant, and on 8 Nov by harvesting the plots. Statistical procedures used to analyze the data include ANOVA and LSD.
Control of Second Generation European Corn Borer in Corn 1992
Authors: Witkowski John F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for 2nd generation European corn borer were applied to irrigated corn plots in Dixon County, NE on 19 Aug. Liquid formulated insecticides were applied with a Hahn hi-boy calibrated to deliver 19 gal/acre at 30 psi. Granular formulated insecticides were applied with Noble granulator units mounted on the same Hahn hi-boy with 10 inch row banders. Forty-eight h prior to application, 6 black headed egg masses on paper disc were pinned to the middle portion of 10 marked corn plants in each replicate. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. On 21 Sep, 10 marked plants per replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer larvae recorded.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control on Field Corn, 1992
Authors: Youngman R. R. , Laub C. A. , Kuhar T. P. , Nixon K. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted in Rockridge Co. Virginia to determine the effectiveness of several experimental and commercial granular insecticides against corn rootworm larvae. The 1st experiment evaluated the effectiveness of Lorsban 15 G with 3 experimental formulations of Lorsban 15 G (i.e., XRM 4372, XRM 5362, and NAF), whereas the 2nd experiment evaluated the effectiveness of 1 experimental and 3 commercial granular insecticides. Both experiments were conducted near the center of a no-till corn field which had been in continuous corn production since 1988. The field had not been treated with granular insecticides at planting since 1988, and the predominant soil type of the field is an Alonzville fine sandy loam. Both experiments consisted of a randomized complete block design, with all treatments replicated 3 times in the first experiment and 4 times in the second experiment. All plots were 30-ft long and consisted of 2 rows spaced 30 inches apart. A John Deere, 2-row Max-Emerge planter was used to plant all plots on 22 May at a population density of 24,200 seeds per acre. Insecticide granules were applied in front of the press wheels either directly in the seed furrow or in a 5-inch wide T-band over the furrow, depending on the treatment. Each of the regular granular insecticide applicators was removed from the planter and replaced with a wooden device designed to hold inverted pint canning (Mason) jars used in dispensing the insecticide granules. Attached to the underside of the wooden holders was a plastic funnel and tube through which the insecticide granules flowed. A single opening, drilled into the lid of each jar, was laboratory-calibrated to deliver insecticides accurately at a speed of 3 mph. The possibility of mixing 1 or more insecticides was avoided by using a separate jar and lid for each treatment. At the start of application, 2 jars containing the appropriate insecticide granules were inverted and placed in the wooden holders. This method helped minimize soil compaction because the tractor made only 1 pass per plot. The roots of 5 consecutive corn plants were dug from the check plots of each experiment on 14 Jul and washed of excess soil. Likewise, the roots of 5 consecutive corn plants were dug from each of the remaining treatment plots on 17 Jul and washed of excess soil. Corn rootworm damage ratings were made the same day that the corn roots were dug and were based on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1–no feeding; 6–3 or more root nodes completely destroyed). Stand counts were not made because of irregular seed spacing that occurred in 1 of the rows during planting. The statistical analysis for both experiments involved ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD to test for differences among treatment means.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticide Mixtures Against Late Season Populations of Bollworm, Tobacco Bud-Worm and Beet Armyworm, 1992
Authors: Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 6 Jul with plots consisting of 4 rows (102 cm centers) x 15 m. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row).at 2.1 kg/cm2. Insecticide treatments were applied on 8, 11, 18, and 28 Sep against an established population of bollworms and tobacco budworms (primarily tobacco budworms). Efficacy against bollworms and tobacco budworms was determined by examining 25 squares/plot for evidence of feeding damage and the presence of larvae on each of 3 observation dates. Efficacy against beet armyworms was determined by taking 10 sweeps/plot with a standard (38 cm diameter) sweep net.
Apple, Seasonal Insecticide Evaluations, 1991
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. W. , Cook K. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental insecticides were applied to 8-year-old ‘Ida Red’ apple trees. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 single-tree replicates. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Mite populations were evaluated on each sample date by randomly selecting 25 leaves per replicate, brushing them onto a sticky glass plate and counting all motile mites and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. Densities of specific predators of mites were determined by counts of three minutes per replicate. RAA and the AA-SA complex populations were sampled using four different methods: 1) each replicate tree was ranked from 0-5 (5 = heavily infested); 2) 25 terminal shoots per replicate were examined and the number of active colonies recorded; 3) the number of active colonies observed during a 3 minute examination of each replicate tree was recorded; and 4) average ranks (0 = none, 5 = heavily infested) of aphid populations on 5 succulent terminal shoots were calculated for each replicate. WALH populations were sampled using method 1 above and also by counting leafhoppers per 20 leaves per replicate (80 per treatment). The latter count was made 48 hr after treatments were applied. Populations of STL, ALM, and WAA, were evaluated on 28 Aug by counting all vacated (old) and occupied (new) STL mines, WAA colonies, and ALM infested leaves observed per replicate during a 3 minute count. One hundred apples per replicate were picked at harvest. Fifty apples were graded for stem end and side russet on a scale from 0-5 for each category where 0 = no russeting and 5 = completely russeted. These data were used to assign each fruit to the appropriate USDA grade (extra fancy, fancy, No. 1, or utility). All injuries caused by RBLR, TABM, CM, and other Lepidoptera were recorded. The orchard was inoculated with CM infested fruit in the fall of 1990 and twice during the 1991 season.
Apple, Kelthane 50W Vs European Red Mite at Ph 6.5, 1992
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. J. , Warren J. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A randomized block design was used in this for treatment, four replicate experiment conducted in a 9-year-old block of‘Lawspur Rome’ at the Research Farm Orchard. Treatments were Kelthane 50W .64 kg/ha + Latron AG 44; Kelthane 50W .64 kg/ha; Latron AG 44 + water (50 gal/acre = 189.27 liters/ha) and a water control 50 gal/acre (189.27 liters/ha). In all treatments the amount of Latron AG 44 used was that sufficient to lower the spray mixture to a pH of 6.5. Sprays were applied on 15 Jul with a power-take-off driven FMC (model 252S) sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre (6 x concentration). Replicates of each treatment consisted of three trees in a row (data collected from the center trees only). Buffer rows of untreated trees separated rows of treatment trees. Insect predators were counted during a three minute visual observation of the center tree in each replicate on 17 Jul (2 days after treatment). Mite data were generated using the Henderson-McBurnie method of brushing 20-leaf samples from each replicate on each sample date.
Apple, Tufted Apple Bud Moth Control Tactics, 1992
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Biddinger David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We sprayed 12-15 tree plots in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of alternating trees of‘Yorking,’ and ‘Golden Delicious.’ These trees were planted 18 x 25 ft apart and were 13 years old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ calibrated to deliver 100 gal/acre at 2.4 mph, except for the last Lorsban/Lannate treatment which received 50 gal/acre at 2.8 mph. Application timings were based on accumulated degree days following various biofix points (i.e., 1st egg hatch). Degree day calculations were based on minimum and maximum developmental thresholds of 45°F and 91°F, respectively. All applications were complete sprays, except for the second RH-5992 treatment, which was applied using the alternate row middle (ARM) method. A routine schedule of fungicides (Penncozeb, Rubigan, captan 50 WP and Topsin M 85 DF) was maintained throughout the experiment. ARM applications of Carzol 92 SP at 0.55 lb Al/acre 1.1 lb Al/acre (expressed as amount/acre for a complete spray) for white apple leaihopper control were made on 22 May and 1 Jun, respectively. Four ARM applications of Swat 8 E at 0.075 lb AI/acre (expressed as amount/acre for a complete spray) for control of apple aphid were made on 8, 19 and 29 Jun and 24 Jul. A complete application of Omite 6 E at 1.8 lb Al/acre was made on 8 Jul for mite control. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM and ZM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree (100 leaves/treatment). Effect of sprays on SP was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury to drop apples on 13 Aug, 2 and 14 Sep from the center two ‘Yorking’ trees. For ‘Golden Delicious,’ 120 apples were picked per replicate (40 apples on each of 6 trees). For ‘Yorking,’ 360 picked apples and 150 dropped apples per replicate were evaluated for injury. Pest pressure was high throughout the season.
Apple, Codling Moth Control with AC 303630, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental insecticide AC 303630 was evaluated for its ability to control CM when used in a seasonal spray program. The test orchard was located at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Trees were 12-year-old non-spur ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious.’ The orchard was irrigated by over-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. The test design consisted of five single-tree replicates per treatment arranged in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. The first application, 29 May, coincided with beginning of CM egg hatch as predicted by the CM degree day (°D) model (250 °D after BIOFIX = first capture of CM in pheromone traps).
Apple, Comparison of Neem Seed Extract and Conventional Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Straub R. W. , Jentsch P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to eight-tree plots replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot contained one tree each of the following varieties: ‘McIntosh,’ ‘Cortland,’ ‘Delicious,’ ‘Rhode Island Greening,’ ‘Empire,’ ‘Early McIntosh,’ ‘Rome Beauty,’ and ‘Golden Delicious.’ All treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 21 kg/cm2 delivering from 10.2 to 15.9 liters spray/tree or 2450 to 3805 liters/ha depending upon foliage and weather conditions. Trees on the EMU rootstock were 28 yr-old, 3 m high, and 3.7 m wide. Treatments were applied at pink (1 May), petal fall (19 May), and as cover sprays on 3 and 17 Jun, 1, 15 and 28 Jul and 12 Aug. Only Guthion 35 W was applied at pink. The petal fall application of TD-2321-1 was delayed 7 d because the material arrived late. By design, the second cover spray of Imidan was omitted. Insect damage to mature fruit was assessed at harvest (11 Sep) by examining 100 ‘McIntosh’ apples from each replicate. Combined first and second brood STLM was evaluated on 7 and 21 Jul by counting for three min mines on randomly selected ‘Golden Delicious’ leaves. RLH nymphs were counted on 25 randomly selected ‘Golden Delicious’ leaves on 14 and 20 Jul. The aphid complex was evaluated on 12 and 22 Jun by walking the tree line and counting infested terminals per ‘Golden Delicious’ tree.
Apple, Mite Control with Fluazinam, 1992
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Borchert D. M. , Palmer C. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Studies were conducted in a 13 year-old block of ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Five-tree plots were sprayed season-long with different fungicides to determine the acaricidal activity of fluazinam. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments were applied dilute with a Swanson airblast sprayer delivering 209 gal/acre on 7, 14, and 22 Apr, 1 and 11 May, 2, 16 and 30 Jun, 15 and 29 Jul, and 11 and 25 Aug. All treatments were sprayed with the same season-long insecticide program consisting of Lorsban, Thiodan, Guthion, Dimethoate and Imidan. In addition, Omite 30 W (4.2 lb/acre) was applied to all treatments on 2 Jun and 12 Aug. Mite populations were monitored by collecting 20 leaves from each of two trees/treatment, placing them through a mite brushing machine, and counting ERM eggs, motiles (immatures and adults), and AF adults under a stereo-microscope.
Pear, Season Pear Psylla Control Experiment, 1992
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Felland Carl M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to replicated 6-15 tree plots in a block of ‘Bartlett’ (84%), ‘Bosc’ (9%), and ‘D’Anjou’ (7%) pears. Trees were planted 24 x 24 ft apart and were 14 years old. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied dilute to run off with a handgun from a truck mounted hydraulic sprayer at 400 psi. An average of 2.3 gal were applied per tree at 190 gal/acre. Insecticide application dates varied among treatments and are listed in the table. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50 DF, Streptomycin, Ziram 76 WP, and Topsin-M 85 DF. All sampling was conducted on the middle ‘Bartlett’ tree in each replicate. All treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and/or nymphs from leaf samples at 6-17 day intervals. Counts were made on 10 spur leaf samples from 11-18 May, on 7 spur and 8 third most distal leaf samples from 26 May to 16 Jun, and on 15 third most distal leaf samples from 22 Jun to 15 Jul.
Control of Mountain Leafhopper on Cherry, 1992
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Fouche C. F. , Grant J. A. , Purcell A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on mature ‘Bing’ cherry trees in a commercial orchard near Stockton, Calif. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a single tree, and there was one buffer tree in each direction from the experimental tree. Treatments were applied on 9 Jun (test A) and 21 Jul (test B) with a hand gun sprayer operating at 300 psi (test A) and 250 psi (test B) and delivering a rate of 300 gal/acre of finished spray (full coverage). Control was evaluated by determining the mortality of 20 laboratory-cultured adult mountain leafhoppers after they had been caged on the foliage for 12 h (7:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.) at 0 through 4 weeks after treatment (test A) and at 0 through 6 weeks after treatment (test B).
Flea Beetle and Sawfly Control, 1992
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied on 27 May for early instar BFB larval control and 3 Jun for mid-instar BS larval control to 20 × 20 ft plots in crop year blueberry fields at Township 25 (BFB) and Crawford (BS), Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a completely random design with 5-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot; in the BFB test, there were only 2 replications for the ‘no insecticide’ treatment. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a CO2-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat spray, 800067 Teejet nozzles operating at 35 psi. At treatment, plants showed ca. 65% loose cluster and 35% bloom for BFB control and 5% loose cluster and 95% bloom for BS control. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the tests.
Evaluation of a Horticultural Spray Oil For Control of Eastern Grape Leafhopper (EGLH), 1992
Authors: Muza Andrew J. , Saunders Michael C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in a mature vineyard at the Erie County Field Research Laboratory in North East, PA. Treatments were applied to Concord grapes trained to the single curtain (no tie) system. Treatments consisted of 6-vine plots arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Each treatment row was separated by 2 untreated buffer rows. Applications were made using a Friend, small plot sprayer equipped with an FMC, vineyard boom. Treatments were applied at 100 gal/acre with pressure adjusted to 100 psi. The treatments were applied on Aug. Nova 40 W was applied to the treatment areas on 10 Jun at 3 oz/acre and 28 Jul and 18 Aug at 4 oz/acre to control black rot and powdery mildew. Precipitation for May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep and Oct was 1.63, 2.10, 3.09, 4.62, 6.62 and 3.22 inches, respectively. A pretreatment count of leafhopper nymphs was taken on 17 Aug. Posttreatment evaluations were conducted 8, 14, and 20 days after application. Evaluations consisted of randomly selecting 20 injured leaves per plot (pretreatment) and 10 injured leaves per plot (posttreatment) and recording the number of leafhopper nymphs. Berry samples for determining degrees Brix were collected on 5 Nov. The apical portion from each of 10 basal clusters were collected from the center of each plot.
Evaluation of BAS 300 001 and Bas 300 111 for Citrus Rust Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1992
Authors: French J. Victor , Hernandez Elias 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental BAS 300 001 and BAS 300 111, alone and tank mixed with ATPLUS 411 spray oil, were compared to Vendex for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomly assigned to single tree plots and replicated 4 times in a 30-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 16 x 22 ft spacing. Trees were sprayed on 4 Jun to foliar runoff (ca. 3.0 gal/tree) by handgun using a portable Hypro 5200 high pressure sprayer operating at 200 psi. Post spray counts were made at 7 days and at ca. 2-week intervals thereafter. At each count date, 13 fruit per replicate (52/treatment) were randomly selected at arms length in the tree canopy and examined for CRM in situ with a 10 X handlens. All live CRM were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields on each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation.
Citrus Red Mite Control on ‘4-40’ Satsuma Selection in Louisiana, 1991
Authors: Bourgeois W. J. , Pollet D. K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on a plot of‘4-40’ satsuma mandarin trees located at the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center’s Citrus Research Station, Port Sulphur, LA. Pretreatment mite counts were made 11 Jun, and all treatments were applied 13 Jun with the aid of a FMC model 100 CP airblast sprayer and a tractor speed of 3rd low 1200 RPM to generate an operating pressure of approximately 200 psi. The study consisted of 5 treatments with 10 single tree replications from which mite counts were determined by taking 5 leaves per tree and counting the number of live mites on the right bottom half of the leaf and then doubling the count to obtain the number of mites per leaf. After treatment application mite counts were made at 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, and 120 DAT. All miticide spray solutions were buffered to a pH of approximately 6.0 with the addition of Triton AG-44 M (Latron AG-44 M).
Pyrethroids for Hickory Shuckworm and Pecan Nut Casehearer Control, 1990
Authors: Aguirre Luis A. , Corrales Jorge , Flores Mariano 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The effect of pyrethroid insecticides over HSW and 1st and 2nd generation PNC were evaluated in Coahuila. Trials were conducted at Estancias and Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila under field conditions on 15-18 yr old Western pecan trees. A complete randomized block design was used consisting of 12 treatments: 3 doses of Ambush, Cymbush and Karate; one dose of Guthion and Zolone the most used insecticides as comparative checks and the unsprayed check, with 3 replicates and one tree/treatment/block. Foliage treatments were made on 7 May and 12 July for 1st and 2nd generation PNC and 12 Aug for HWS. Post-treatment counts were made 8 and 15 DAT. Sampling consisted on checking 25 nut clusters/tree for damaged nuts. Data were subjected to ANOVA and LSD tests.