bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy with the occurrence of an unfavorable TB treatment outcome in a rural district hospital in Eastern Cape, South Africa: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: van de Water Brittney J. , Fulcher Isabel , Cilliers Suretha , Meyer Nadishani , Wilson Michael , Young Catherine , Gaunt Ben , le Roux Karl 
Published: April 2022

Background
Our objective was to assess differences in TB treatment outcomes between individuals who were HIV negative, HIV positive on anti-retroviral treatment (ART) and HIV positive not on ART, at TB treatment initiation at a rural district hospital in Eastern Cape, South Africa.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study of individuals diagnosed with TB between January 2017 and April 2020 at a district hospital. Adults 15 years and over with reported HIV status and treatment outcome were included (N = 711). A categorical outcome with three levels was considered: unfavorable, down referral, and success. We report descriptive statistics for the association between HIV and ART status and treatment outcome using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. A multinomial baseline logit model was used to estimate odds ratios for treatment outcomes.

Results
Overall, 59% of included patients were HIV positive with 75% on ART. Eighty-eight patients 12% had an unfavorable outcome. Half of all patients were down referred with an additional 37% having a successful outcome. Individuals without HIV were more likely to be down referred (versus unfavorable) compared to individuals with untreated HIV (2.90 OR, 1.36, 6.17 95% CI). There was a greater likelihood for individuals without HIV having a successful TB treatment outcome compared to individuals with untreated HIV (4.98 OR, 2.07, 11.25 95% CI).

Conclusion
The majority of individuals had positive TB treatment outcomes (down referred or success). However, people without HIV had nearly five times greater odds of having successful outcomes than those with untreated HIV.
A proposed cigarette emissions topography protocol reflecting smokers’ natural environment use behavior
Authors: Hensel Edward C. , Robinson Risa J. 
Published: April 2022

Background
The FTC, in 2008, rescinded its 1966 guidance regarding use of the Cambridge Filter Method, noting the yields from the method are relatively poor indicators of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide exposure. This article proposes a set of puffing conditions for cigarette emissions testing, with the goal of developing product-specific emissions characterizations which can subsequently be used to realistically model the yield of particulate matter and constituents to the mouth of a smoker, while accounting for the actual puffing behavior of the smoker.

Methods
Synthesis of data was conducted on data collected from a prior one-week observation of 26 adult cigarette smokers, using their usual brand cigarette in each smokers’ natural environment including the puff flow rate, duration, volume and time of day of each puff taken were recorded with a cigarette topography monitor. Data was analyzed to determine the empirical joint probability function and cumulative distribution function of mean puff flow rate and puff duration. The joint CDF was used to define an emissions topography protocol using concepts common to computational grid generation.

Results
Analysis of 8,250 cigarette puffs indicated the middle 95% of mean puff flow rates varied between 15 and 121 [mL/s] while the middle 95% of puff duration varied from 0.55 to 3.42 [s].

Conclusions
Thirteen conditions of varying mean puff flow rate and puff duration are proposed for a comprehensive cigarette emissions topography protocol. The proposed protocol addresses inadequacies associated with common machine-puffing profiles used for generating cigarette emissions.
Early strong predictors of decline in instrumental activities of daily living in community-dwelling older Japanese people
Authors: Masugi Yohei , Kawai Hisashi , Ejiri Manami , Hirano Hirohiko , Fujiwara Yoshinori , Tanaka Tomoki , Iijima Katsuya , Inomata Takashi , Obuchi Shuichi P. 
Published: April 2022

Objective
Our aim is to determine the strong predictors of the onset of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) decline in community-dwelling older people.

Design
A prospective cohort study with a two-year follow-up.

Setting
Kashiwa City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan and Toshima Ward, Tokyo Metropolitan, Japan.

Participants
The data were acquired from two cohorts. The final sample comprised 1,523 community-dwelling older people aged 65–94 years (681 men, 842 women). They were individuals who were independent in IADL at baseline and participated in follow-up IADL assessments two years later.

Measurements
At baseline, comprehensive assessments were performed including: health interview, gait function, hand-grip strength, skeletal muscle mass, balance function, oral function, dietary lifestyle, cognitive function, quality of life, mental status, and social network. When the two-year follow-up was performed, IADL declines were observed in 53 out of 1,523 people. The association of each Z-transformed parameter with the occurrence of IADL decline was examined by employing a binominal logistic regression model adjusting for age, gender, body weight, body height, and medical history. An odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval were calculated and compared between different parameters.

Results
A decrease in walking speed and one-legged stance time, whereas an increased timed up & go test time was associated with significant ORs for the occurrence of IADL decline.

Conclusion
Gait-related parameters appear to be the strong predictors of the onset of IADL decline in community-dwelling older people.
Research advances in climate and environmental change impacts on inland fisheries of India: status, vulnerability and mitigation strategies
Authors: Sarkar U.K. , Das B. K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Climatic variability threatens inland ecosystems, fisheries, societies and economies globally. The impacts are evident in India as manifested by altered geographic distribution, loss of species, change in breeding period, life cycle and physiological behaviour of inland fishes. In India, several inland fisheries research advancements have been made including development of innovative environmental, climatological and biological thresholds associated with successful spawning of fish species in the Ganges River basin, which is a landmark in predicting reproductive adaptation and minimum fitness required for natural breeding. The innovative concept of determining a threshold condition factor of the female fish population to indicate readiness for spawning, expressed as pre-spawning fitness (Kspawn50), has been used to map and benchmark several freshwater fish species and thereby identify potential climate resilient species. A flow chart showing the impact of climatic variability in inland fisheries and climate resilient fisheries have been conceptualized. Moreover, research pertaining to climate change and its impact on aquatic ecology and fisheries, heat wave studies, climate resilient adaptation techniques, carbon sequestration potential of wetlands, and vulnerability assessment framework at various levels has also been reported. In the present compilation we synthesize, report, and discuss the status of scientific advancements on the impact of the climate change, and associated impacts on inland ecosystems and fisheries at various levels, which would help in developing mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Loss of cardiac myosin light chain kinase contributes to contractile dysfunction in right ventricular pressure overload
Authors: Prasad Vidhya , Makkaoui Nour , Rajan Rohan , Patel Alisha , Mainali Bipul , Bagchi Pritha , Kumar Rhea , Rogers Julia , Diamond Jake , Maxwell Joshua T. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNearly 1 in every 100 children born have a congenital heart defect. Many of these defects primarily affect the right heart causing pressure overload of the right ventricle (RV). The RV maintains function by adapting to the increased pressure; however, many of these adaptations eventually lead to RV hypertrophy and failure. In this study, we aim to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these adaptions. We utilized a surgical animal model of pulmonary artery banding (PAB) in juvenile rats that has been shown to accurately recapitulate the physiology of right ventricular pressure overload in young hearts. Using this model, we examined changes in cardiac myocyte protein expression as a result of pressure overload with mass spectrometry 4 weeks post‐banding. We found pressure overload of the RV induced significant downregulation of cardiac myosin light chain kinase (cMLCK). Single myocyte calcium and contractility recordings showed impaired contraction and relaxation in PAB RV myocytes, consistent with the loss of cMLCK. In the PAB myocytes, calcium transients were of smaller amplitude and decayed at a slower rate compared to controls. We also identified miR‐200c, which has been shown to regulate cMLCK expression, as upregulated in the RV in response to pressure overload. These results indicate the loss of cMLCK is a critical maladaptation of the RV to pressure overload and represents a novel target for therapeutic approaches to treat RV hypertrophy and failure associated with congenital heart defects.
Novel application of a force sensor during sit‐to‐stands to measure dynamic cerebral autoregulation onset
Authors: Whitaker Alicen A. , Vidoni Eric D. , Aaron Stacey E. , Rouse Adam G. , Billinger Sandra A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCurrent sit‐to‐stand methods measuring dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) do not capture the precise onset of the time delay (TD) response. Reduced sit‐to‐stand reactions in older adults and individuals post‐stroke could inadvertently introduce variability, error, and imprecise timing. We applied a force sensor during a sit‐to‐stand task to more accurately determine how TD before the onset of dCA may be altered. Middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured during two sit‐to‐stands separated by 15 min. Recordings started with participants sitting on a force‐sensitive resistor for 60 s, then asked to stand for 2 min. Upon standing, the force sensor voltage immediately dropped and marked the exact moment of arise‐and‐off (AO). Time from AO until an increase in cerebrovascular conductance (CVC = MCAv/MAP) was calculated as TD. We tested the sensor in four healthy young adults, two older adults, and two individuals post‐stroke. Healthy young adults stood quickly and the force sensor detected a small change in TD compared to classically estimated AO, from verbal command to stand. When compared to the estimated AO, older adults had a delayed measured AO and TD decreased up to ~53% while individuals post‐stroke had an early AO and TD increased up to ~14%. The stance time during the sit‐to‐stand has the potential to influence the TD before the onset of dCA metric. As observed in the older adults and participants with stroke, this response may drastically vary and influence TD.
Genetic diversity and population structure of Cinnamomum balansae Lecomte inferred by microsatellites
Authors: Cui Bei , Vu Dinh Duy , Vu Dinh Giap , Bui Thi Tuyet Xuan , Rahman Siddiq Ur , Pham Mai Phuong , Nguyen Minh Tam , Nguyen Van Sinh , Shah Syed Noor Muhammad , Tran Viet Ha 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Cinnamomum balansae Lecomte (Lauraceae), an economically important forest tree, is distributed in the tropical forests of central and northern Vietnam, which has been threatened in recent decades due to the destruction of its habitat and over-exploitation. The genetic diversity and population structure of the species have not been fully evaluated. We used a set of 15 microsatellites to analyze 161 adult trees from 9 different populations, representing the geographical distribution of C. balansae. Ninety-two different alleles were identified. Here our results showed a low genetic diversity level with an average H
o = 0.246 and H
e = 0.262, and a high level of genetic differentiation (F
ST = 0.601). The bottleneck tests indicated evidence of a reduction in the population size of the two populations (TC and CP). Additionally, all three clustering methods (Bayesian analysis, principal coordinate analysis, and Neighbor-joining tree) were identified in the two genetic groups. The Mantel test showed a significant positive correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance (R
2 = 0.7331). This study will provide a platform for the conservation of C. balansae both in ex-situ and in-situ plans.
Generate high data rate of optical carries by using nanomaterial graphene in slab waveguide
Authors: Alwan Saib Thiab , Mahmood Omar Abdulkareem , Mahmood Tahreer 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Single mode is one of the most practical applications in microwave propagations because of its high mode resolution and low transmission loss. In this paper, the single mode graphene material was implemented in slab waveguide to study the performance and optical properties of graphene material; the parameters that affect these models were found to be the cut-off frequency, attenuation wavenumbers, modes numbers, skin depth, angles incident, and propagation wave numbers. The effectiveness of these factors was simulated and analyzed using MATLAB software program. In this paper, the carriers were generated using nano-graphene; the optical carrier source provided seven carriers with the frequency spacing of 4.9682 GHz. After splitting the carriers using optical demultiplexer, these carriers were modulated independently using optical Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulators at symbol rate equal to 4.9682 Gsymbol/s; this matches the frequency spacing of the carriers. Under this argument, the total data rate was equal to 2*7*4.9682 Gsymbol/s = 69.5548 Gbit/s, and the total bandwidth was 34.774 GHz. These carriers were found to work in optical communication with high data rate.
Mapping the mindfulness: An literature Review of mindfulness in educational field
Authors: Kim Dong Jin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study presents an overview of the literature of mindfulness in education, which is based on the definition of mindfulness, and accompanying key terms, and the philosophy and practices it involves. The review includes a survey of Buddhism, Eastern and Western mindfulness traditions. This literature review gathers the thinking of scholars on the importance of mindfulness and its beneficial practices—particularly in Western contexts—including mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and related therapies. The literature review is also a motivator in the use of mindfulness because it reveals its proven role in both helping career professionals and reducing stress for students by reducing the psychological and physical distress inherent in work and personal lives or students’ academic lives.
The linear sampling method for penetrable cylinder with inclusions for obliquely incident polarized electromagnetic waves
Authors: Deng Xia , Guo Jun , Li Jin , Yan Guozheng 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Consider the scattering of electromagnetic waves by a penetrable homogeneous cylinder at oblique incident.
The Maxwell equations are then reduced to a system of a pair of the two-dimensional Helmholtz equations for 𝑧-components of the electric and magnetic field through coupled oblique boundary conditions.
This paper studies an inverse problem of recovering the penetrable obstacle from the far-field pattern of the electric field.
The well-known linear sampling method is used to solve this problem.
Compared with the usual inverse scattering problem, the coupled system and the oblique derivative boundary condition bring difficulties in theoretical analysis.
Some numerical examples are presented to illustrate the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.
Scandium–copper–indides deriving from the ZrNiAl and MnCu2Al type structures
Authors: Gulay Nataliya L. , Kösters Jutta , Kalychak Yaroslav M. , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPhase analytical studies in the Sc–Cu–In system led to samples of the solid solutions ScCu1–x–yIn1+xand ScCu2–xIn which were studied by X-ray powder diffraction. At room temperature the compounds ScCu1–x–yIn1+xcrystallize with the ZrNiAl type, space groupP6‾$\overline{6}$2m. Exemplarily, the structure of ScCu0.76In1.17was refined from single crystal X-ray diffractometer data, revealing strong anisotropic displacements for the scandium atoms and a mixed occupied Cu/In site. Superstructure formation is observed at low temperatures. The ScCu0.78In1.14and ScCu0.76In1.16structures were refined from diffraction data recorded at 90 K. Both compounds adopt the HfRhSn type, space groupP6‾$\overline{6}$2c, aklassengleichesubgroup of index 2; doubling of the subcellcaxis. The Cu/In filled trigonal Sc6prisms are strongly distorted in the superstructure, resulting from pairwise dislocation of the Cu/In atoms from ideal positions within an equidistant chain to shorter (311.0 pm) and longer (392.8 pm) Cu/In–Cu/In distances. Single crystal data of the Heusler phases ScCu1.95In and ScCu1.94In show small degrees of copper vacancies.
Safety Squat Bar Squat Technique and Biomechanics-Driven Programming
Authors: Lincoln Merrick A. , Wheeler Sheldon G. , Knous Jeremy L. 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The safety squat bar squat (SSBS) is a unique squat variation performed with its namesake barbell. In addition to describing proper SSBS technique, this column reviews SSBS biomechanics, criteria for exercise performance, programming opportunities for special populations, and descriptions of 3 additional exercise variations with suggestions for use.
Research on Fatigue Lifetime Prediction of Stator Rubber Bushing Based on Rubber Aged Experiment
Authors: Shi Changshuai , Wan Xiaofeng , Deng Juan , Zhu Xiaohua 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
With the development of oil and gas exploration and development toward deep wells and ultra-deep wells, higher requirements are put forward for the working performance and service life of screw-drilling tools under the high-temperature environment. The failure of stator rubber bushing causes more than 30 % of screw-drilling tool failures. In this study, we mainly research the fatigue life prediction of rubber bushing under high temperature and high pressure and the influence of eccentricity and interference on fatigue life. Therefore, the uniaxial tensile test and fatigue test of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber after 150°C /24 h ageing are carried out to obtain its mechanical properties and fatigue properties, and the fatigue life of rubber bushing is predicted by establishing the finite element mechanical model and combining it with the fatigue analysis software. The results show that the fatigue failure position of stator bushing is consistent with the theoretical and practical failure position and the error between the predicted fatigue life and the actual fatigue life is about 18.25 %. On this basis, the influence of eccentricity and interference on stator bushing fatigue life is analyzed. Fatigue life of stator bushing decreases with the increase of eccentricity or interference, which is consistent with the fatigue life curve of rubber material. The research results can provide reference for stator engineering application and bushing structure optimization of screw-drilling tools.
Characteristics and Prediction of Fatigue Resistance between Asphalt Pavement Layers Based on Shear Stiffness Decay Rate
Authors: Huang Yangquan , Luo Ting , Shang Jing , Rahman Ali , Ai Changfa 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The evaluation of fatigue performance between asphalt pavement layers highly depends on fatigue life and shear stiffness. However, fatigue life and shear stiffness are comprehensive evaluation indexes. In the study of the formation mechanism and decay process of fatigue resistance, both of them cannot provide effective theoretical support. In this study, the shear stiffness decay curve was obtained through a four-point shear fatigue test under different loading conditions. The initial shear stiffness and the shear stiffness decay rate of interlayers were chosen to evaluate the initial resistance and process resistance. The effects of temperature, loading frequency, compressive stress, and shear stress on the evolution of interlayer fatigue performance were investigated. The findings of this study revealed that first, with the increase of the compressive stress perpendicular to the interlayer interface, the interlayer shear stiffness decay curve transitions from a cubic curve type to a quadratic curve type and gradually changes to a linear equation. Second, the ranking of influence degree of four factors on initial resistance and process resistance was obtained, and the influence mechanism analysis was carried out based on the variance analysis result. Finally, a multiple nonlinear regression model was established successfully to predict the fatigue life and to explain the internal connection between the initial shear stiffness, shear stiffness decay rate, and fatigue life.
The Concept of Intellectual Property Cases. Selected Issues
Authors: Niewęgłowski Adrian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article relates to the concept of intellectual property cases, which has recently been added to the Polish Code of Civil Procedure (CCP). The introduction of this concept has to do with changes in the CCP, which have been in force in Poland since 1 July 2020. From that date, intellectual property cases are dealt with by the courts under a new special procedure. Classification of a particular case as an intellectual property case has important practical consequences: an intellectual property case is heard in distinct proceedings; otherwise, general regulations will apply. The definition of intellectual property cases which is in the CCP is not obvious and raises doubts. The aim of the article is to analyse this definition and to propose certain directions of interpretation.
Loot box purchasing is linked to problem gambling in adolescents when controlling for monetary gambling participation
Authors: Hing Nerilee , Rockloff Matthew , Russell Alex M. T. , Browne Matthew , Newall Philip , Greer Nancy , King Daniel L. , Thorne Hannah 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background and aims
Purchasing loot boxes in digital games is akin to gambling as it involves risking money for a chance-based reward of uncertain value. Research has linked buying loot boxes to problem gambling amongst adolescents, but has not examined co-occurring gambling participation. This study examined links between loot box purchasing and problem gambling amongst adolescents while controlling for monetary gambling participation.

Methods
Two survey samples of Australians aged 12–17 years were recruited through advertisements (n = 843) and online panels (n = 826). They included n = 421 and n = 128 adolescents, respectively, who met criteria for problem gambling.

Results
Past-month loot box purchasing was significantly related to gambling problems in bivariate analyses. When including age, gender and past-month monetary gambling, loot box purchases were still associated with at-risk and problem gambling in both samples. As expected, these other predictors attenuated the predictive value of recent loot box purchases in relation to gambling problems. The odds-ratios, nevertheless, were still in the predicted direction and remained significant. When controlling for monetary gambling, age and gender, recent loot box purchasing increased the odds of problem gambling 3.7 to 6.0 times, and at-risk gambling 2.8 to 4.3 times.

Discussion and conclusions
While causal relationships between loot box purchasing and problem gambling remain unclear, the results indicate that loot boxes disproportionately attract adolescents experiencing gambling problems, adding to the financial stress already caused by gambling. Consumer protection measures, youth and parental education, and age restrictions on loot box games are needed to protect young people.