bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
narrative review of nutritional status among iraqi adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Mahmood Sumayah Rafid , Yusof Barakatun-Nisak Mohd , Sallehuddin Hakimah , Albayaty Mohammed Asaad , Omar Noraida 
Published: April 2022

Type 2 diabetes is a global public health problem especially in middle east countries and Iraq has not spared from this pandemic. The prevalence in Iraq. and rank in Middle East. Beside increasing in prevalence- also poor glucose control. Nutrition plays a critical role. This paper narratively review variables that affect reduce the incidence of T2DM in Iraq and affect nutritional status among Iraqi withT2DM. The factors contribute to T2DM were high rates of obesity and overweight, as well as levels of body fat indicate a high prevalence of poor glycemic control. Likewise, levels of physical activity are low among older Iraqis.
A study of the influence of selected weather parameters on biomass production in ragi
Authors: GANESAN GS , AHOBALA HR , RAO RAO , MATHURBUTHESWARAN G 
Published: April 2022

An attempt has been made for obtaining a relationship be:tween biomass production in ragi (Eleusme coracana Gaertn)-Indaf 5, grown over Bangalore GKVK farm during the period 1932 to 1985 and a few selected weather parameters, namely growing degree days, open pan evaporation and evapotranspiration. The equation or the form Y = ea+b log x, where Y is the biomass production in quintals/hectare and x is the growing degree days or open pan evaporation or evapotranspiration, Is most satisfactory. The other forms of equation considered for suitability are :
Y=a+bx, Y=a+b log x and Y=ea+bx
Oscillation of the eastern end of the monsoon trough
Authors: BISWAS B 
Published: April 2022

In this study the north-south oscillatory motions of the monsoon trough lying east of Long. 83° E have been examined by plotting its day-to-day position along Long. 88°E for the months of July, August and September for a period of twelve years (1972-1983), The actual nature and the extent of fluctuations of the axis of the trough and its most favoured positions and mean position have been found out. The movements of the trough along three different longitudes of 84°E, 88°E and 92°E for one month have also been discussed for having an idea regarding the real and relative north-south movements of the trough along those meridians.
The distribution of rainfall over northeast India related to the various positions of the trough together with the associated synoptic situations have also been discussed in brief.
Crustal velocity models for Koyna earthquakes based On DSS explosions (NGRI vs IMD)
Authors: SRIVASTAVA HN 
Published: April 2022

Crustal velocity models have been evaluated for the Koyna region based on DSS explosion, by IMD (Srivastava et al. 1984) and NGRI (Kaila et al. 1981) by comparing the epicentral parameters of well recorded earthquakes of magnitude>.4 through HYPO.71 computer programme. The location of 4 large explosions has also been computed by these two models. The hypocentral parameters of the main Koyna earthquake of December 1967 have also been discussed whose focal depth was reported about 2 km (Srivastava 2nd Dube 1982) based on P-wave arrival time only. It is inferred that IMD's model with P and S wave velocities/structures provide better results in the monitoring of micro-earthquake activity and their source mechanism in the vicinity of Koyna reservoir.
On some aspects of marginal cyclones
Authors: KALSI SR 
Published: April 2022

Very few of the tropical vortices attain the intensity of hurricanes whereas quite a few of them reach up to the stage of marginal cyclones. One of the very important factors quoted often for blocking the intensification of a tropical cyclone is the wind shear of the ambient environment", Only when the tropical vortex comes under the influence of more powerful but favourable factors, does the further intensification take place. Amongst the numerous factors which may lead to intensification of an incipient tropical vortex are the influence of interaction with westerly troughs and increased boundary layer convergence as a result of landfall. This paper describes satellite observed aspects of evolution in strongly sheared environment, role of westerly troughs and temporary intensification of tropical cyclones on approaching a coast. Finally difficulties encountered in the tropical cyclone intensity analysis using INSAT-1B data are highlighted to apprise the readers of limitations of satellite analysis currently being pursued.
Temperature anomaly over Antarctica and monsoon activity
Authors: DATTA RK 
Published: April 2022

Antarctica covers a significant portion of the southern hemisphere where surface temperature can be as low as -70°C compared to the surface temperature of 28°C over equatorial region. In this study a possible linkage between anomalies of surface temperature over Antarctica and the performance of monsoon has been examined.

It is observed that the preceding January surface temperature anomaly pattern over Antarctica has an association with the performance of the following monsoon. Drought years are preceded by predominantly warm anomalies over Antarctica and good monsoon years are preceded by equally marked cold anomalies.
Parametric and power regression models: New approach to long range forecasting of monsoon rainfall in India
Authors: GOWARIKER VASANT , THAPLIYAL V , SARKER RP , MANDAL GS , SIKKA DR 
Published: April 2022

Monsoon is a complex system. As such it is not yet possible to develop a deterministic model for long range forecasting of monsoon rainfall. An attempt h!1.s been made here to develop a parametric and a power regression model to predict monsoon rainfall by utilising signals from 15 parameters known to be related with the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Some of the parameters are global and others are regional in nature. These parameters also have physical links with the Indian summer monsoon. Some of these parameters are inter-related. The parametric model, which analyses the monsoon rainfall vis-à-vis the 15 parameters for the last 37 years (1951.-1987), shows encouraging results. It is observed that whenever more than 70% parameters showed favourable signals, the monsoon rainfall in India was not only normal (percentage departure of rainfall -+10% of normal), but it was towards the positive side of the normal. In .1988, a large number (87%) of parameters were favourable. Based on this analysis the long range forecast for monsoon 1988 was estimated towards the positive side of the normal and actually the monsoon rainfall in 1988 was above normal (+19% of the normal) .

This parametric model is purely a qualitative decision making tool where equal weightage has been given to all the 15 parameters. However, the relationship of monsoon rainfall with individual predictors exhibits a nonlinear relationship. To take care of this non-linearity, a curvilinear relationship has been determined by fitting the equation of different degrees. The best fit degree of relationship with all the 15 parameters has been combined and a power regression model has been developed. The forecasts from this power regression model have been found encouraging both during the sample period (1958-1980) on which the model is developed, as well as during the independent test period (1981-1988). The power regression model has correctly predicted the drought and large excess rainfall during the sample and independent test periods.

The performance of the power regression model has been compared with that of the multiple linear regression model, formed by utilising exactly the same set of data which was used for formulating the power model. Comparison of two models shows that the performance of power regression model is better than that of the multiple regression model
Forecasting thunderstorms around Delhi and Jodhpur during March and June
Authors: LAL ASOI 
Published: April 2022

Total-Totals Index (TTI) has been used to explore the possibility of forecasting thunder storm activity around Delhi and Jodhpur during March and June. Higher values of TTI are associated with more favorable conditions of thunderstorm activity. Prediction of thunderstorm within a limited range of TTI IS uncertain when the chances of occurrence and non-occurrence of thunderstorm are equal.
La parole aux lecteurs
Authors: Lambelet Amelia 
Published: April 2022

En 1991 était publié le tout premier numéro de Babylonia, il numero-prova 0_1991. Il était accompagné d’un questionnaire aux lecteurs visant à évaluer le besoin d’une revue plurilingue s’adressant aux praticiens de langues en Suisse, et décider ainsi du futur de l’initiative, «il "se" e il "come" della sua futura esistenza » (p.2)
Après presque trente ans d’existence, la revue compte en effet plus de 500 abonnements (en comptant particuliers et institutions) et peut se targuer d’attirer des contributeurs tant en Suisse qu’à l’étranger. Nous avons pourtant décidé pour ce numéro-jubilé de redonner la parole à nos lecteurs sur des questions similaires à celles de 1991, pour nous assurer que la revue corresponde toujours aux attentes de ses lecteurs. Nous avons donc créé un court questionnaire en ligne reprenant trois questions de l’enquête initiale de 1991, et la complétant par des questions plus spécifiques aux défis actuels et changements à venir.
Characterization of Elemental Composition and Valence State of Cyclone-collected Aerosol Particles Using EDXRF and XAFS at Three Sites in Japan
Authors: Jing Weidong , Saito Katsutomo , Okamoto Takuma , Saito Hibiki , Sugimoto Kazuki , Nishita-Hara Chiharu , Hara Keiichiro , Hayashi Masahiko , Hasegawa Shuichi , Okuda Tomoaki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The valence state and concentration of metallic pollutants are important factors contributing to the health effects of respirable particulate matter (PM); however, they have not been well studied. In this study, coarse and fine powder samples of atmospheric PM were collected using a cyclone system at Kanagawa (KO), Saitama (SA), and Fukuoka (FU) in Japan in 2017. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF) was used to measure the concentrations of nine metallic elements (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb), and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy was used to analyze the valence states of target elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn). The EDXRF results indicated that the average contents of Fe, Ti, and Zn were much higher than those of the other six elements in all samples. The XAFS results showed that the major valence states of the elements were Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Cu(II), and Zn(II). The percentages of Mn(IV), Fe(II), and Cu(0) were higher in KO and SA samples than in FU samples. Mn(0) and Zn(0) were detected in some samples only, and Cu(I) was not detected in any samples. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were performed on the EDXRF and XAFS data of the target elements. The source identification results showed that the sources of metal contaminants in the samples varied considerably between sampling sites and depended on the industrial structure and geographical location of the sampling area. Our findings on the different valence states of the elements may be important for determining the toxicity of PM at different locations.
Fish slaughter practices in Brazilian aquaculture and their consequences for animal welfare
Authors: Coelho MEG , Pedrazzani AS , Quintiliano MH , Bolfe F , Molento CFM 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSlaughter is considered an important fish welfare issue. For a slaughter method to be considered humane, effective stunning that lasts until death as well as the reduction of pain and fear throughout all procedures are essential. Our objective was to investigate current techniques for slaughtering fish in Brazil. A digital questionnaire with six multiple-choice and three open questions was distributed to companies registered as fish slaughterhouses and to fish farms in 2019, addressing fish species, quantities processed and slaughter procedures adopted. From 62 facilities in 15 Brazilian states that answered the survey, nine slaughterhouses and 30 fish farms slaughtered fish, totalling 452 tonnes per day. All reported pre-slaughter stunning, and live chilling to be the most commonly cited method (82.0%), followed by electronarcosis (18.0%). Slaughtering techniques included exsanguination (38.5%) and decapitation (2.5%). For the remaining companies, no slaughter method was declared, suggesting death by asphyxiation or by further processing (59.0%). Twenty-nine companies adopted pre-slaughter fasting, lasting from 10 to 48 h. All sites worked with tilapia (100%) and 24 (82.7%) reported that they worked exclusively with this species. Other species reported were: pacu (25.6%), tambacu (17.9%), tambaqui and carp (15.3%), jundiá (12.8%), pintado and pirarucu (7.7%), matrinxã and pangassius (5.1%). Asphyxia and live chilling are not considered humane, as animals remain conscious and, thus, suffer. Results show that most establishments do not perform humane slaughter. This scenario highlights the urgent need for development and enforcement of humane fish slaughter techniques, with routine supervision and normative requirements.
Avian cognition and the implications for captive parrot welfare
Authors: Baukhagen HS Starenchak , Engell MD 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPreviously assumed to be unintelligent animals, many species of birds display high levels of cognition and may even possess conscious awareness. In particular, both corvids and parrots have been the focus of cognitive research including studies on problem-solving, social intelligence, and sentience. Despite their similar neural architecture and cognitive abilities, the laws regarding these two families of birds differ greatly. In the United States, it is illegal to keep corvids as pets. Parrots, however, are one of the most commonly kept pets in America, although their care in captivity remains largely unregulated. Captive parrots suffer from a number of medical and psychological issues and experience high rates of neglect and abandonment. At the same time, wild parrot populations are dwindling due both to habitat loss and capture for the pet trade. This review examines the novel findings on avian cognition and applies them to the potential ethical implications of keeping parrots in captivity. In addition, suggestions for future directions are presented, including the development of legislation to protect captive and wild parrots.
Fungal Nails? DNA Facts Challenge Dystrophic Etiology
Authors: Pearce Beth , Bishop Stephanie C , Jones Curtis E , Kennedy John P 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Historically recalcitrant to treatment, infection of the nail unit is a pervasive clinical condition affecting about 10%-20% of the U.S. population; patients present with both cosmetic symptomatology and pain, with subsequent dystrophic morphology. To date, the presumptive infectious etiologies include classically-reported fungal dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte molds, and yeasts. Until now, the prevalence and potential contribution of bacteria to the clinical course of dystrophic nails had been relatively overlooked, if not dismissed. Previously, diagnosis had been largely made via clinical presentation, although microscopic examinations (KOH) of nail scrapings to identify fungal agents, and more recently, panel-specific PCR assays have been employed to elucidate causative infectious agents. Each of these tools suffers from test-specific limitations. However, molecular-age medicine now includes DNA-based tools to universally assess any microbe or pathogen with a known DNA sequence. This affords clinicians with rapid DNA sequencing technologies at their disposal. These sequencing-based diagnostic tools confer the accuracy of DNA level certainty, while concurrently obviating cultivation or microbial phenotypical biases. Using DNA sequencing-based diagnostics, the results herein document the first identification and quantification of significant bacterial, rather than mycotic, pathogens to the clinical manifestation of dystrophic nails. In direct opposition to the prevailing and presumptive mycotic-based etiologies, the results herein invoke questions about the very basis for our current standards of care, including effective treatment regimens.
Medullary Screw Fixation and the Pilot Hole Technique for the Correction of Hammertoe Deformity
Authors: Logan Daniel B. , Wilson Matthew D. , So Eric , Tawancy Cherreen H. 
Published: April 2022

Background: Historically, Kirschner wires have been used for fixation of the interphalangeal joints of the toe. They are still the most popular form of fixation, likely due to training patterns, ease of use, and decreased cost. Recently, numerous medullary fixation devices have become available, including medullary screws.
Methods: After performing various forms of fixation for the correction of toe deformities, the authors have developed a new pilot hole technique for screw fixation advancing on the previously described pilot hole technique for Kirschner wire fixation.
Results: The authors have found this method to provide intraoperative confidence that improper hardware placement has not occurred.
Conclusions: The pilot hole technique described in this paper is a safe and effective technique that may be employed by surgeons using screw fixation for the treatment of hammertoe deformities. The technique reduces the possibility of surgeon error and helps to ensure that the screw is properly placed within the phalanges when properly employed.
Metatarsal Protrusion Distance and Its Influence on Recurrent Ulceration Rates After Partial First-Ray Amputations: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Hoffler Hayden L. , Powers Nicholas S. , Evans Joni K. , Blazek Cody D. 
Published: April 2022

Background: Recurrent ulceration is a common problem after partial first-ray amputations. Loss of the first metatarsophalangeal joint contributes to altered biomechanics and increased pressure on the foot. This may increase risk of adjacent ulcerations and additional amputations. Preserving first-ray length maintains the metatarsal parabola and limits transfer lesions, but few data support this. We aimed to evaluate the incidence of ulceration after partial first-ray amputations and to assess the association between metatarsal protrusion distance and recurrent ulceration.
Methods: Thirty-two consecutive patients underwent unilateral partial first-ray amputation at various levels along the first metatarsal, and the metatarsal protrusion distance was measured after surgery. Incidence of ulceration was evaluated on the ipsilateral foot. We hypothesized that patients with a longer first metatarsal were less likely to ulcerate again on the ipsilateral foot.
Results: Fourteen patients (43.8%) ulcerated again after partial first-ray amputation. Mean time to ulceration was 104 days. Active smoking status was associated with increased risk of another ulceration (P = .02), and chronic kidney disease was associated with a decreased risk of recurrent ulceration (P = .03). The average metatarsal protrusion distance for patients who ulcerated again after surgery was 36.1 mm versus 25.9 mm for patients who did not (P = .04). Logistic regression analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated an ideal cutoff length for recurrent ulceration of 37 mm (area under the curve = 0.7381). Patients with a protrusion distance greater than 37 mm were nine times as likely to ulcerate again (95% CI, 1.7–47.0).
Conclusions: Partial first-ray amputations can be a good initial salvage procedure to clear infection and prolong bipedal ambulatory status. Unfortunately, these patients are prone to recurrent ulceration. Significant loss of first metatarsal length is a poor prognostic indicator for recurrent ulceration.
Efficacy of a Newly Developed Inward Airflow Safety Cabinet to Prevent the Spread of Infected Nail Dust Particles During Mechanical Nail Reduction in Onychomycosis
Authors: Prasong Waranyoo , Matthapan Lalita , Bunyaratavej Sumanas , Leeyaphan Charussri , Lertrujiwanit Kamonpan , Supcharoenkul Salisa 
Published: April 2022

Background: Nail thickening is a poor prognostic factor in onychomycosis. Mechanical reduction by micromotor nail grinding is an alternative treatment for onychomycosis. However, this treatment introduces a large amount of infected nail dust particles into the air and can adversely affect other patients and health-care providers. The innovative recirculating airflow safety cabinet (ASC) was developed to prevent the spread of these generated infected nail dust particles. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of the ASC in patients with onychomycosis or traumatic onychodystrophy.
Methods: The ASC was used during the nail-grinding process in 50 patients, including 36 onychomycosis patients and 14 traumatic onychodystrophy patients. For each patient, five Sabouraud dextrose agar plates with chloramphenicol were positioned within the working space of the ASC, and the other five plates were positioned near the area of air exit after the carbon filters within the cabinet. A total of 500 plates were incubated at 25°C and evaluated every 7 days. The results of fungal cultures were analyzed.
Results: In the traumatic onychodystrophy group, all fungal cultures of nail dust particles from both before and after filtration from the ASC were negative in all 14 patients. In the onychomycosis group, 52 fungal cultures (28.9%) from nail particles within the ASC working area tested positive; however, the results of fungal cultures of nail dust particles after filtration were all negative.
Conclusions: The newly developed ASC was found to be effective for preventing the spread of infected nail dust particles generated by micromotor nail grinding to mechanically reduce nail thickness in patients with onychomycosis.
An Unusual Cause of Upper Airway Obstruction: A Case Report
Authors: Alzahrani Mohammed Jamaan 
Published: April 2022

Background: Dumb cane, or Dieffenbachia, is a tropical decorative house plant belonging to the Araceae family and the Arum class, and its colored leaves are appealing to children.
Objective: The rationale of this report is to notify health workers and the community about the danger of such plant poisoning and increase awareness about its toxic effect on humans.
Case Report: A 14-month-old girl presented to the emergency department complaining of a history of cough, difficult breathing, excessive crying, lip swelling, and drooling of saliva after ingestion of Dieffenbachia. Upon arrival, she had mild respiratory distress associated with stridor. Her examination showed lip swelling, tongue sore, and redness with scattered blisters. These symptoms resolved after a few hours of receiving respiratory support with oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, intravenous Dexamethasone, racemic epinephrine, oral antihistamines, and normal saline rinses.
Conclusion: The community lacks awareness about home plant poisoning. The significance of reporting such cases highlights the need for parents and community awareness to prevent the toxicity of more people, especially youngsters.