bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Covishield Vaccine Coverage and its adverse effects among the Staffs of Nepalgunj Medical College Banke
Authors: Yadav Binod Kumar , Choudhary Ram Chandra , Shah Gaurav Jung , Siddiqui Saharoj 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: The corona virus disease-19 pandemic is an ongoing global health crisis and the greatest challenge we have been facing right now in the most peculiar ways. It has caused huge loss of lives and has severely affected the global economy and financial markets. Vaccines are a new critical tool to fight this voracious battle. They have been released in several parts of the world. Although the safety and efficacy of these vaccines have been discussed, we know very little about the post-vaccination experience outside clinical trial situations. Adequate information about the effects of the vaccine can aware the public remove misconceptions and increase vaccine acceptability.
Aims: To know the percentage of Covishield vaccine coverage and its adverse effects among the staffs of Nepalgunj Medical College.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the vaccinated 91 out of 116 staff members of Nepalgunj Medical College (NGMC), Baijanath Rural Municipality-1, Banke.
Results: Out of 91 persons, 15.4%(14) developed headache, 20%(18) developed fever, and 8.7%(17) developed body aches. Of those who developed post-vaccination side effects 47%(16) of the persons were from age group 36-55years,17%(1) of them between age group 55-65 years, and none above 65 years developed fever. 20%(13) of total male and 35%(5) of total female developed fever within 96 hours after receiving first dose of Covishield AstraZeneca vaccine.
Conclusion: Most of the study subjects reported milder side effects which lasted for less than 5 days. No casualties were reported. Local pain and swelling at the injection site, headache and fever were the most common side effects. The side effects were more common in younger individuals and women.
Efficacy of Azoles Antifungals in Treatment of Pityriasis Versicolor
Authors: Jha Smita 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Pityriasis versicolor is superficial fungal infection. Topical drugs are often effective in treatment of limited disease while systemic drugs are more suitable in extensive cases. The systemic triazole drugs, itraconazole and fluconazole have shown promising results at different doses.
Aims: To assess the efficacy and safety of oral fluconazole combined with ketoconazole shampoo and oral itraconazole in the treatment of Pityriasis versicolor.
Methods: The study was conducted at department of Dermatology at Nepalgunj Medical College from March 2019 to February 2020. Total 100 patients of both genders with Pityriasis versicolor were randomly allocated into two groups with 50 patients in each group. Patients in Group I received oral fluconazole 300mg a week for two consecutive weeks along with ketoconazole 2% shampoo twice weekly for two weeks while those in Group II received itraconazole 200mg daily for one week. Efficacy was assessed in terms of negative fungal hyphae. The drug is considered safe if no patients were withdrawn for clinical adverse effects or laboratory abnormalities.
Results: In this study age ranged from 18 to 50 years with mean age of 31.1 years in Group I and 31.92 years in Group II. Efficacy was seen in 78% of Group I patients as compared to 54% in Group II patients at two weeks and 94% in Group I and 90% in Group II at four weeks. No significant adverse effects were reported in any of the group.
Conclusion: Fluconazole along with ketoconazole shampoo is more effective than itraconazole in treatment of pityriasis versicolor with minimal side effects, at lesser cost.
Harmless Acute Pancreatitis Score
Authors: Bharti Shiv Vansh , Sharma Anup 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Acute Pancreatitis is a common disease in our region. It can range from mild to severe disease with high mortality rate. It is critical to identify patients who are at high risk for a severe disease course, since they require close monitoring and immediate aggressive treatment.
Aims: To compare the effectiveness of Harmless Acute Pancreatitis Score with Ranson’s scoring system in predicting the severity of Acute Pancreatitis.
Methods: A prospective cross sectional study was done among 45 patients who were admitted in surgery department over a period of one year with diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. If haematocrit was less than39% in female and less than43% in male, serum creatinine less than two miligram /deciliter and no sign of peritonitis, it was assigned as Harmless Acute Pancreatitis Score Zero. If at least one parameter was abnormal it was assigned as Harmless Acute Pancreatitis Score +. Severe pancreatitis (poor prognosis) was considered in those who required Intensive Care Unit care, who had in hospital mortality and who had hospitalization of more than five days. Patients with on admission Ranson’s score of more than three were suspected to have severe Pancreatitis.
Results: There were total 45 patients, 18 females and 27 males. Twenty four patients were assigned as Harmless Acute Pancreatitis Score zero and 21 patients were assigned as Harmless Acute Pancreatitis Score +. Harmless Acute Pancreatitis Score was able to predict correctly in 18 out of 26 patients who fulfilled the criteria of poor prognosis (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Harmless Acute Pancreatitis Score proved to be a better screening tool compared to on admission Ranson’s scoring system to predict the severity of Acute Pancreatitis, which may help predict the prognosis of the patient.
Effectiveness of Pentoxifylline Therapy for Management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Authors: Bajgai Dwarika Prasad , Agrawal Bela , Yadav Abadhesh 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Oral submucous fibrosis is a chronic oral disease characterized by progressive buildup of constricting collagen bands in the cheeks and adjacent structures of the mouth due to chewing of areca nut. This can severely restrict mouth opening and tongue movement causing pain and burning sensation in the mouth.
Aims: This study evaluates the efficacy of pentoxifylline in the management of oral submucous fibrosis.
Methods: A hospital-based study, conducted in the dental outpatient department of Nepalgunj Medical College from October 2019 to September 2020. Forty-nine patients who were diagnosed histopathologically with oral submucous fibrosis were included. The patients were divided into two groups. In group A, patients were given, 200 mg thrice daily for first 30 days, then dose hiked to 400 mg thrice daily for two more months. Group B patients received treatment with multi-vitamin capsules (B-complex one capsule before sleep daily) for three months. All patients were followed up for six months and were assessed for maximum inter-incisor opening, pain on opening of mouth and burning sensation.
Results: There was no statistical difference in mouth opening at baseline and first follow up. The mouth opening was significantly more in group A compared to group B from second follow up which persisted till third follow up (p <0.05). Pain and burning sensation significantly reduced in group A compared to group B from 2nd follow up which persisted till 3rd follow up (p <0.05). Few patients had nausea, dyspepsia and vomiting during treatment in group A which resolved within a few days without the need for cessation of the drug.
Conclusion: Pentoxifylline can bring about significant clinical improvements in the symptoms of oral submucous fibrosis like mouth opening, pain and burning sensation, thereby improving the quality of life of the affected individuals.
Outcome of Monteggia Fracture Dislocation in Children Treated With K Wires in Nepalgunj Medical College
Authors: Shrestha Sabin , Shrestha Dinesh Kumar 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Monteggia fracture dislocations are rare injuries (<5%) where missed treatment results into deformity and dysfunction of forearm and hand. For the better functional result early diagnosis, accurate reduction of radial head and rigid fixation of ulna and immobilization during post-operative period for ligamentous healing around radius is vital. So operative treatment has been the primary method of treatment to prevent deformity and disability in monteggia fracture dislocation.
Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the time taken to unite fractures, complications encountered and assess the functional outcome on the basis of K-wire fixation in monteggia fracture dislocation in children.
Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Nepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur, Banke with monteggia fracture dislocation in children.
Results: Thirty-two monteggia fracture dislocation in children between six to 14 years of age were treated with intramedullary K-wires after reduction of radial head. Seven cases had open reduction, and five needed trans-capitellar K-wire supplementation. Mean union time was 8.44±1.94 weeks ranging from seven to 12 weeks. The functional outcome on the basis of Anderson’s scoring system was excellent in 25(78.1%), good in three and optimal in four cases.
Conclusion: Monteggia fracture dislocation is better treated early and early mobilization of elbow joint is needed for better functional results.
Conventional Dissection and Bipolar Electrocauterization Methods of Tonsillectomy: A Comparative Study
Authors: Sharma Anshu , Bhandari Shama , Paudel Dhundi Raj 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Tonsillectomy is frequently performed surgical procedure. There are several different methods with varied advantages and disadvantages. In spite of the different techniques available there is no consensus and definite evidence for best method. The most commonly performed are conventional dissection and bipolar electrocauterization methods.
Aims: The aim of the study was to compare time required for the completion of surgery, intraoperative and postoperative blood loss along with post operative pain between conventional dissection and bipolar electrocauterization methods.
Methods: This comparative study was conducted from August 2019 to March 2021 in total of 30 patients planned for tonsillectomy in department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nepalgunj Medical College Teaching Hospital.In every patient right side tonsillectomy was done with conventional dissection method and left side tonsillectomy was done with bipolar electrocauterization method.
Results: The mean age was 27.2±13.08 years. The mean duration of surgery was 16.53 ± 2.43 min and 11.10 ± 1.93 min in conventional dissection method and bipolar electrocauterization method respectively. The difference was statistically significant. Intraoperative blood loss was significantly lower in bipolar electrocauterization method with mean intraoperative blood loss of 19 ±4.62 ml in bipolar electrocauterization group and 81.83 ±36.54 ml in conventional dissection method. The pain intensity was statistically similar in both methods at all-time intervals post operatively.
Conclusion: In tonsillectomy, bipolar electrocauterization method has advantage over conventional dissection method in regards to reduced surgical time and intra operative blood loss, without any significant difference in post-operative pain intensity and post-operative hemorrhage.
Anemia among Pregnant Women at Nepalgunj Medical College
Authors: BC Durga 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Anemia in pregnancy is major health issue of developing countries responsible for adverse maternal and fetal outcome. According to World health organization pregnant women with hemoglobin level less than 11 gm/dl in first trimester and less than 10.5gm/dl in second and third trimester are considered to be anemic. Iron deficiency anemia is common during pregnancy followed by megaloblastic anemia.
Aims: To find out the prevalence of anemia during pregnancy. To correlate the maternal and fetal complications associated with anemia during pregnancy.
Methods: This is a prospective hospital based study done at department of obstetrics and gynecology Nepalgunj Medical College from July 2020 to January 2021. All pregnant women with hemoglobin level <11 gm/dl were enrolled in the study. Data were collected from antenatal clinic and biochemistry laboratory.
Results: In this study maximum participants were of age group 20-25 consisting of 38.5%. Anemia was more common in multiparous i.e. 60% as compared to primipara i.e. 40%. In this study maximum participant had vaginal delivery (57%) followed by LSCS (29%) then instrumental delivery (14%). These ladies had complications like postpartum hemorrhage (27.7%), preterm labor (16.9%), pregnancy induced hypertension (9.2%). similarly 10.8% had sepsis and 20% had no complications. About 23.1% babies delivered by anemic ladies required neonatal intensive care. Intrauterine growth restriction was seen in 12.3%, preterm birth in 10.3% and 53.8% babies had no complications.
Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia during pregnancy is high leading to adverse maternal and fetal outcome.
Knowledge Regarding HIV/AIDS among Nepalese Army
Authors: Roy Roshan Kumar , Roy Deepak Kumar , Ghimire Sabal , Bist Aayush , Maharaj Anuranjan 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: A global pandemic threat HIV/AIDS is also matter of concern of developing countries like Nepal where the first case was identified in July 1988 and later became epidemic and then concentrated epidemic among risk group for HIV. Several studies reflected HIV is associated to many factors, Literacy and Socio-economic conditions being at the highest rank. Members of Nepal army are generally with less educational background and few with higher educational status are at higher post. Thus knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS among this group need to be assessed.
Aims: The overall objective of our study was to assess knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS among Nepal army in Banke district.
Methods: A Cross-sectional descriptive study with population size of 146 Army was performed which covered the entire population of Shree Shreemehar Army Camp in Banke, starting from 18th June to 27th August, 2018. A pre-tested questionnaire containing structural, semi-structural and open ended questions were made as data collection tool. All the soldiers in Army camp were interviewed after receiving consent as an ethical clearance.
Results: All 146 Army of our study were aware about HIV/AIDS mainly via mass media (83.56%). 33 respondents still didn’t know about availability of its treatment. Misconception about its complete cure and vaccination was seen in 12 and 39 respondents respectively. 58 respondents were found knowing about the free health services by government. 141 respondents knew certain things about prevention. 28 respondents admitted of having multiple sex partners and only 24 among them used preventive measure.
Conclusion: Though all the respondents of our study had known about HIV/AIDS still they had misconception regarding its treatment and prevention. Many respondents do not even know about the free health services of government. Few of them still don’t use preventive measure.
Assessment of Functional Outcome of Bicolumnar Dual Plating for Bicondylar Fractures of Tibial Plateau
Authors: Shrestha Dinesh Kumar , KC Dipendra , Karki Prateek , Shrestha Sabin , Yogi Sushil 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Operative treatment of bicondylar fractures of tibial plateau is challenging and controversial.
Aims: The aim of this study is to reveal the functional outcome of it by using bicolumnar dual plates and screws.
Methods: This is a prospective hospital based interventional study carried out in the department of Orthopaedics of Nepalgunj Medical College Teaching Hospital. Thirty two Schatzker type V or AO (Association of Osteosynthesis) type 41 C1 & C2 fractures were treated between January 2016 and December 2019 with bicolumnar dual plating. The functional clinical outcomes were analyzed and evaluated using modified Rasmussen score.
Results: Thirty two patients were included in the study. Out of which twenty four were male and eight were female. Average age was 32.21 years, eighteen were right sided and fourteen were left sided. Duration of surgery was 106 mins (range 90-120 mins) and the average duration of hospitalization was 7.81 days (range 4-14 days). Five patients of impending compartment syndrome and three patients with common peroneal nerve palsy were managed conservatively and also were included in the study. Two patients with superficial wound infection needed minimal debridement. One patient had varus angulation of 100 at third follow up after he fell from bed but surgical intervention were not needed. All fractures united. The average time for fracture healing was 21.5 weeks (range 16-32 weeks). At the Eighteen months follow up, the average knee range of motion was 1310(range 1100-1400). The functional outcome were evaluated using modified Rasmussen scoring system, which was 27.34 (range 22-30).
Conclusion: Bicolumnar dual plating for bicondylar fractures of tibial plateau can provide excellent and stable fixation allowing early range of motion and gives excellent to good functional outcome.
Isolated perforation of fourth part of Duodenum following Blunt Abdominal Trauma
Authors: Maharjan Prabir , Bharti Shiv Vansh , Khadka Digbijay Bikram , Karki Anup , Gnyawali Arun 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Isolated duodenal injuries are rare in blunt abdominal trauma. These present a significant challenge for management because of the associated injuries and its difficult anatomical accessibility.
Case presentation: A 20years male presented to the Emergency department following a bike accident sustaining injury over face, chest and abdomen, 6hours after the incident. His vitals were unstable so he was resuscitated and admitted in Intensive Care Unit. He had generalized abdominal tenderness without rigidity. Contrast enhanced computed tomography of abdomen and pelvis was suggestive of hollow viscus perforation. He underwent exploratory laparotomy and primary repair for isolated perforation at fourth part of duodenum. He was discharged on his ninth postoperative day.
Conclusion: Rare injuries following blunt abdominal trauma should be considered and early intervention is necessary.
Simplified Technique of Conventional Cholecystectomy in a Patient with Situs Inversus Totalis: A Case Report from Nepal
Authors: Nag Suresh Kumar 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Situs inversus is a rare autosomal recessive disorder occurring in 1:5,000 to 1:20,000 indiviuals. Cholecystectomy is a standard treatment for symptomatic gallbladder stone. We report a case of cholelithiasis in patient with inversus totalis who underwent cholecystectomy.
Case presentation: A 48 years old obese female patient with dextrocardia and hypertention presented with a recurrent left upper abdominal pain for two years. Ultrasound abdomen showed gallbladder stone. Conventional cholecystectomy was done with a small left subcostal incision. The postoperative period was uneventful and the patient was discharged on 3rd post operative day.
Conclusion: Cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice in patients with a left sided gallbladder stone, like in normal gallbladder and it is safe.
Outcomes of Open Cystolithotomy and Percutaneous Cystolithotripsy in the Management of Urinary Bladder Stone
Authors: Shrestha Naresh Man 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Urinary bladder stone occupies only 5% of all urinary tract stone. Various techniques have been used for the management of bladder stone. Open Cystolithotomy is the traditional treatment but a percutaneous approach has been also in practice.
Aims: To confirm the best options between open cystolithotomy and percutaneous cystolithotripsy for the treatment of bladder stone.
Methods: It is a prospective hospital based study from May 2019 to January 2021 in Nepalgunj Medical College. Total 42 patients with inclusion criteria were divided into two groups. Group I was allocated to 21 patients who were treated with open cystolithotomy while Group II were allocated to 21 patients who were treated with percutaneous cystolithotripsy. Two groups were compared for stone free rate, mean hospital stay, mean postoperative scar, mean operation time and rate of post-operative complications.
Results: The stone free rate in Group I was 100 % and in Group II was 90.47 %. Mean Operation time was in Group I and Group II were 40.09+ 2.48 minutes and 31.38+15.65 days, respectively with p<0.05. Mean hospital stay was significantly low in Group II (3.71+1.87 days ) when compared to Group I (7.67+ 2.12 days) with p<0.001. Mean scar length of Group I (5.466+2.9 cm) with respect to Group II (1.04+0.09) was significantly long (p<0.01). Rate of complications were not significantly different between two groups (p>0.5).
Conclusion: For management of urinary bladder stones sized up to 4 cm, both open cystolithotomy and percutaneous cystolithotripsy are effective, with a low incidence of complications. However, comparing the surgery time, hospital stay, length of scar between two procedures, percutaneous cystolithotripsy procedure is more beneficial for treatment of urinary bladder stone.
Autonomous solar panel cleaning robot with rubber wheeled and air-absorbing motor
Authors: ÖLMEZ Burak Behlül , ERGEZER Özge , GÜĞÜL Gül Nihal 
Published: January 2022

De-dusting of photovoltaic panels enables the panels to produce the targeted power. In this study, an autonomous, water-free, self-energy source contained, air sucking robot which was not encountered in the literature research, was designed and developed. The developed robot can be adapted to each power plant by entering the photovoltaic panel path into the robot.
The developed robot can be controlled by a joy stick or autonomously. Robot supplies own energy demand by the flexible solar panel mounted on it. Robot does not have any cable or water pipe connection, allowing to work flexibly. Rubber wheels allow nonslip omnidirectional rotation. Main effectiveness of the robot is the air vacuum instead of an air spray. Air spray sends dust from one point to another while blowing, whereas in this study dust is sucked from the surface using an air vacuum. Vacuumed dust can be stored in the storage of robot or can be thrown away to ground by a hose. The only essential human interference of the developed robot is amending of micro fiber cloths and emptying the dust if stored. Another advantage of the developed robot is being cost effective.