bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breeding Realistic D‐Brane Models
Authors: Loges Gregory J. , Shiu Gary 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntersecting branes provide a useful mechanism to construct particle physics models from string theory with a wide variety of desirable characteristics. The landscape of such models can be enormous, and navigating towards regions which are most phenomenologically interesting is potentially challenging. Machine learning techniques can be used to efficiently construct large numbers of consistent and phenomenologically desirable models. In this work we phrase the problem of finding consistent intersecting D‐brane models in terms of genetic algorithms, which mimic natural selection to evolve a population collectively towards optimal solutions. For a four‐dimensional supersymmetric type IIA orientifold with intersecting D6‐branes, we demonstrate that unique, fully consistent models can be easily constructed, and, by a judicious choice of search environment and hyper‐parameters, of the found models contain the desired Standard Model gauge group factor. Having a sizable sample allows us to draw some preliminary landscape statistics of intersecting brane models both with and without the restriction of having the Standard Model gauge factor.
Statistical Methods for Quantum State Verification and Fidelity Estimation
Authors: Yu Xiao‐Dong , Shang Jiangwei , Gühne Otfried 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe efficient and reliable certification of quantum states is essential for various quantum information processing tasks as well as for the general progress on the implementation of quantum technologies. In the last few years several methods have been introduced which use advanced statistical methods to certify quantum states in a resource‐efficient manner. In this article, a review of the recent progress in this field is presented. How the verification and fidelity estimation of a quantum state can be discussed in the language of hypothesis testing is explained first. Then, various strategies for the verification of entangled states with local measurements or measurements assisted by local operations and classical communication are explained in detail. Finally, several extensions of the problem, such as the certification of quantum channels and the verification of entanglement are discussed.
Effects of Glyceryl Monostearate on the Retrogradation of Pea Starch
Authors: Wang Ling , Lan Xuyue , Xu Wen , Du Qinling , Deng Sha , Jia Dongying 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPea starch (PS) jelly is prone to retrograde, resulting in increased hardness and decreased taste. Based on this, the effects of glyceryl monostearate (GMS) on the retrogradation properties of pea starch are investigated. The rheological, texture, thermal, molecular, and crystal properties of PS‐GMS blends are studied, and the possible interaction between PS and GMS is also analyzed. The addition of GMS reduces the hardness of pea starch gel, increases its springiness, and improves its quality. As the concentration of GMS increases, the onset temperature, conclusion temperature, and gelatinization enthalpy of the blend gels decrease. Moreover, GMS also reduces their ordered structure and crystallinity. The changes in the storage modulus after the addition of NaCl and urea indicate that GMS interactes with amylose mainly through hydrogen bonding. It can be concluded that GMS inhibits the retrogradation of PS gel by interacting with amylose through hydrogen bonds.
Slender precast voided slabs underwalking‐inducedvibration
Authors: Dal Lago Bruno , Martinelli Luca , Foti Francesco 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDisturbance/discomfort caused by vibrations, induced by pedestrian walking on slabs in residential/office buildings, is a typical design issue for lightweight slender slabs, including prestressed concrete ones. Precast slabs are typically made with pretensioned members which allow for only partial collaboration in the transverse slab direction, which becomes even less effective when they are dry‐assembled without cast‐in‐situ topping since it relies on the arrangement of mutual mechanical connections only. This study investigates through tests and numerical analyses the response of slender precast long‐span slabs made with voided members, dry‐assembled with mechanical connections, when subjected to vibrations generated by human activities. A parametric set of dynamic modal and time‐history analyses encompassing floor member geometry, connection arrangement, mass, and damping, is carried out. The numerical models are validated against results from an experimental test program carried out on two decks of a prototype precast building. The tests and the numerical models allowed to characterize the fundamental dynamic properties of the slab and its vibrational performance, identifying the most efficient technological solutions among those investigated to mitigate human‐induced vibrations
Grey-body factors, irreversibility and multiple island saddles
Authors: Hollowood Timothy J. , Kumar S. Prem , Legramandi Andrea , Talwar Neil 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We consider the effect of grey-body factors on the entanglement island prescription for computing the entropy of an arbitrary subset of the Hawking radiation of an evaporating black hole. When there is a non-trivial grey-body factor, the modes reflected back into the black hole affect the position of the quantum extremal surfaces at a subleading level with respect to the scrambling time. The grey-body factor allows us to analyse the role of irreversibility in the evaporation. In particular, we show that irreversibility allows multiple saddles to dominate the entropy, rather than just two as expected on the basis of Page’s theorem. We show that these multiple saddles can be derived from a generalization of Page’s theorem that involves a nested temporal sequence of unitary averages. We then consider how irreversibility affects the monogamy entanglement problem.
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells are associated with insulin resistance in childhood obesity, and disrupt insulin signalling via IL-17
Authors: Bergin Ronan , Kinlen David , Kedia-Mehta Nidhi , Hayes Eadaoin , Cassidy Féaron C. , Cody Declan , O’Shea Donal , Hogan Andrew E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) are an abundant population of innate T cells. When activated, MAIT cells rapidly produce a range of cytokines, including IFNγ, TNF-α and IL-17. Several studies have implicated MAIT cells in the development of metabolic dysfunction, but the mechanisms through which this occurs are not fully understood. We hypothesised that MAIT cells are associated with insulin resistance in children with obesity, and affect insulin signalling through their production of IL-17.

Methods
In a cross-sectional observational study, we investigated MAIT cell cytokine profiles in a cohort of 30 children with obesity and 30 healthy control participants, of similar age, using flow cytometry. We then used a cell-based model to determine the direct effect of MAIT cells and IL-17 on insulin signalling and glucose uptake.

Results
Children with obesity display increased MAIT cell frequencies (2.2% vs 2.8%, p=0.047), and, once activated, these produced elevated levels of both TNF-α (39% vs 28%, p=0.03) and IL-17 (1.25% vs 0.5%, p=0.008). The IL-17-producing MAIT cells were associated with an elevated HOMA-IR (r=0.65, p=0.001). The MAIT cell secretome from adults with obesity resulted in reduced glucose uptake when compared with the secretome from healthy adult control (1.31 vs 0.96, p=0.0002), a defect that could be blocked by neutralising IL-17. Finally, we demonstrated that recombinant IL-17 blocked insulin-mediated glucose uptake via inhibition of phosphorylated Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase.

Conclusions/interpretations
Collectively, these studies provide further support for the role of MAIT cells in the development of metabolic dysfunction, and suggest that an IL-17-mediated effect on intracellular insulin signalling is responsible.

Graphical abstract
Changes in continuum beliefs for depression and schizophrenia in the general population 2011–2020: a widening gap
Authors: Schomerus Georg , Schindler Stephanie , Baumann Eva , Angermeyer Matthias C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The public discourse about mental health and mental illness seems to have become more open over the last decade, giving rise to the hope that symptoms of mental illness have become more relatable. We examine whether continuum beliefs regarding schizophrenia and depression have increased on a population level over a period of 9 years, and whether notions of unfamiliarity and incomprehensibility have decreased.

Methods
In 2011 (n = 2455) and 2020 (n = 3042), two methodologically identical cross-sectional population surveys were conducted in Germany. After the presentation of an unlabeled case vignette depicting someone with schizophrenia or depression, we asked about continuum beliefs, perceived unfamiliarity and perceived incomprehensibility of the person described.

Results
Multinomial logit models holding sociodemographic variables fixed at their means for both surveys showed that agreement with continuum beliefs increased in depression from 43 to 46% [change 4%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0; 8], but decreased in schizophrenia from 26 to 20% (change − 6%, 95% CI − 9; − 3). Unfamiliarity (change − 4%; 95% CI − 7; 0) and incomprehensibility (change − 7%, 95% CI − 10; − 4) decreased for depression, while remaining largely unchanged for schizophrenia.

Conclusion
An already pronounced gap in the perception of both disorders with regard to continuity of symptom experiences and perceived otherness further widened over the last decade. While the public’s increasing familiarity with symptoms of depression might be further aided by using continuum beliefs as part of anti-stigma messages and awareness campaigns, promulgating continuity models for schizophrenia seems more challenging.
Autonomous weapon systems and jus ad bellum
Authors: Blanchard Alexander , Taddeo Mariarosaria 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this article, we focus on the scholarly and policy debate on autonomous weapon systems (AWS) and particularly on the objections to the use of these weapons which rest on jus ad bellum principles of proportionality and last resort. Both objections rest on the idea that AWS may increase the incidence of war by reducing the costs for going to war (proportionality) or by providing a propagandistic value (last resort). We argue that whilst these objections offer pressing concerns in their own right, they suffer from important limitations: they overlook the difficulties of calculating ad bellum proportionality; confuse the concept of proportionality of effects with the precision of weapon systems; disregard the ever-changing nature of war and of its ethical implications; mistake the moral obligation imposed by the principle of last resort with the impact that AWS may have on political decision to resort to war. Our analysis does not entail that AWS are acceptable or justifiable, but it shows that ad bellum principles are not the best set of ethical principles for tackling the ethical problems raised by AWS; and that developing adequate understanding of the transformations that the use of AWS poses to the nature of war itself is a necessary, preliminary requirement to any ethical analysis of the use of these weapons.
Modular Structure of the Weyl Algebra
Authors: Longo Roberto 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe study the modular Hamiltonian associated with a Gaussian state on the Weyl algebra. We obtain necessary/sufficient criteria for the local equivalence of Gaussian states, independently of the classical results by Araki and Yamagami, Van Daele, Holevo. We also present a criterion for a Bogoliubov automorphism to be weakly inner in the GNS representation. The main application of our analysis is the description of the vacuum modular Hamiltonian associated with a time-zero interval in the scalar, massive, free QFT in two spacetime dimensions, thus complementing the recent results in higher space dimensions (Longo and Morsella in The massive modular Hamiltonian.arXiv:2012.00565). In particular, we have the formula for the local entropy of a one-dimensional Klein–Gordon wave packet and Araki’s vacuum relative entropy of a coherent state on a double cone von Neumann algebra. Besides, we derive the type$${III}_1$$III1factor property. Incidentally, we run across certain positive selfadjoint extensions of the Laplacian, with outer boundary conditions, seemingly not considered so far.
Doxycycline sclerotherapy of cervical spine aneurysmal bone cysts: single-institution 13-year experience
Authors: Wong Megan N. , Braswell Leah E. , Murakami James W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are benign, locally aggressive neoplasms that typically affect patients during their first two decades of life. Curettage with or without bone grafting or adjuvants is the current standard treatment; however, other surgical and medical treatments, such as sclerotherapy, have been reported. Treatment options for cervical spine ABCs are more limited because the proximity of ABCs to critical structures leads to greater risk of spontaneous or treatment-related adverse events, including death.

Objective
To retrospectively review all children and young adults with cervical spine ABCs treated with doxycycline sclerotherapy at one referral center to assess its viability as a standalone treatment.

Materials and methods
We retrospectively reviewed the clinical notes and imaging of 16 patients treated with doxycycline sclerotherapy for pathologically proven cervical spine ABCs at our institution between May 2008 and March 2021. All patients underwent image-guided percutaneous doxycycline sclerotherapy to ablate the ABC and stimulate bone formation. We assessed clinical outcomes through chart review and described post-treatment imaging outcomes using modified Neer scoring.

Results
Of the 16 total children and young adults treated, 2 were lost to follow-up, leaving 14 patients with a median age of 14.5 years. Twelve of these 14 patients were successfully treated with doxycycline sclerotherapy for a success rate of 86%. One patient experienced one treatment-related complication (Society of Interventional Radiology [SIR] adverse event classification D), before ultimately being successfully treated. Doxycycline treatment failed in two patients, who then underwent surgical management. Post-treatment imaging of successfully treated cases had a mean modified Neer score of 1.3, whereas post-treatment imaging in failed cases had a mean score of 3.5.

Conclusion
Doxycycline sclerotherapy is a viable standalone treatment for cervical spine ABCs because it is safe and effective while avoiding the morbidity associated with open surgical treatments.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of brain function during the natural course in a dental pulp injury model
Authors: Yu Feiyan , Li Miao , Wang Qianqian , Wang Jing , Wu Shuang , Zhou Rui , Jiang Han , Li Xiaoyi , Zhou Yu , Yang Xi , He Xiao , Cheng Yan , Ren Xiuyun , Zhang Hong , Tian Mei 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Purpose
Toothache, a common disorder afflicting most people, shows distinct features at different clinical stages. This study aimed to depict metabolic changes in brain and investigate the potential mechanism involved in the aberrant affective behaviors during the natural process of toothache.

Methods
We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of brain function during the natural course of toothache in a rat model of dental pulp injury (DPI) by using positron emission tomography (PET).

Results
Glucose metabolism peaked on the 3rd day and gradually decreased in several brain regions after DPI, which was in line with the behavioral and histological results. PET imaging showed that visual pathway was involved in the regulation of toothache. Meanwhile, the process of emotional regulation underlying toothache was mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartic receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) in the caudal anterior cingulate cortex (cACC).

Conclusion
Our results revealed the spatiotemporal neurofunctional patterns during toothache process and preliminarily elucidated the role of NR2B in cACC in the regulation of toothache-related affective behaviors.
Early Versus Delayed Cholecystectomy for Acute Biliary Pancreatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Prasanth Jayaraj , Prasad Manya , Mahapatra Soumya Jagannath , Krishna Asuri , Prakash Om , Garg Pramod Kumar , Bansal Virinder Kumar 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundRecommendations regarding the timing of cholecystectomy for acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP) require a systematic summary of current evidence to guide clinical practice. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing early cholecystectomy (EC) versus delayed cholecystectomy (DC) in patients with ABP.MethodsWe searched databases Medline, Embase, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Cochrane CENTRAL for randomized controlled trials addressing this question. Pairs of reviewers abstracted data and assessed the risk of bias in included studies. A random‐effects meta‐analysis was done to study the effect of the timing of cholecystectomy on outcomes of interest in patients with ABP. GRADE methodology was used to rate the quality in the body of evidence for each outcome as high, moderate, low, or very low.Results11 randomized trials (1176 participants) were included. High‐quality evidence from seven RCTs (867 participants) showed a statistically significant reduction in the risk for recurrent biliary events in favour of early cholecystectomy (RR 0.10, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.19, I2 = 0%). High‐quality evidence from five trials was in favour of early cholecystectomy with a significant reduction in the risk 7of recurrent pancreatitis (RAP) in comparison to delayed cholecystectomy (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.51, I2 = 0%).ConclusionThis review showed that EC has definite advantages over DC in terms of reducing recurrent pancreaticobiliary events and LOS following mild ABP. However, more RCTs are required to study the role of EC in patients with moderately‐severe and severe ABP.Trial Registration Protocol registered on Prospero (CRD42020192823).
Rotational atherectomy via the transradial access: success rates, procedural parameters and complications
Authors: Ferstl Paul , Drentwett Anne-Sophie , Bargon Sophie , Schacher Nora , Tröbs Monique , Marwan Mohamed , Achenbach Stephan , Gaede Luise 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRadial access is recommended for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but rotational atherectomy remains frequently performed via femoral access. Analyzing the procedural parameters, success rate and complications of rotational atherectomy, performed via radial in comparison to femoral access. We retrospectively analyzed 427 consecutive patients undergoing rotational atherectomy. Procedural parameters and outcome were determined in 171 patients, scheduled for radial and compared to 256 patients with femoral access use. In the radial access group (74 ± 9 years, 84% male), the LAD was most frequently treated (49%). Sheath size was 7F in 59% and 6F in 41%, burr size was 1.5 mm in 46% and 1.25 mm in 14% of patients. A temporary pacemaker was inserted in 14%. Procedural success rate stood at 97%. Access site complications occurred in 4% of patients, which was significantly less frequent than in in 256 patients treated via femoral access (13% p = 0.003). Compared to radial access, femoral access was associated with the use of larger sheaths (p < 0.001), more frequent treatment of non-LAD vessels (58.2% vs. 44.4%, p = 0.013) and a higher rate of temporary pacemaker use (27%; p = 0.001). No differences could be seen in procedural success (p = 0.83) and burr size (p = 0.51). Femoral access (OR 3.33; 95% CI 1.40–7.93), and female sex (OR3.40 95% CI 1.69–6.63) were independent predictors for access site complications. For coronary rotational atherectomy, radial access has a high success rate with overall use of smaller sheaths, but of equally sized burrs as well as a significant lower rate of access site-related complications than femoral access.
Iodine status in pregnant women and infants in Finland
Authors: Miles Elizabeth A. , Vahlberg Tero , Calder Philip C. , Houttu Noora , Pajunen Lotta , Koivuniemi Ella , Mokkala Kati , Laitinen Kirsi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Iodine insufficiency during pregnancy may adversely influence fetal growth and development. There is a lack of information on iodine status in pregnant women and infants in many countries including Finland. The aim of this study is to determine dietary intake of iodine and the iodine status in a population of Finnish pregnant women and their infants.

Methods
Urine samples were collected from women participating in a mother–child clinical study at early (n = 174) and late pregnancy (n = 186) and at three months of postpartum (n = 197), when infant samples were also collected (n = 123). Urine iodine concentration was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cutoffs for iodine insufficiency were < 150 µg/L during pregnancy and < 100 µg/L at postpartum and in infants. Iodine intake was assessed using 3-day food diaries.

Results
Increased risk of insufficiency, based on urinary iodine concentrations, was observed in the groups investigated in this study. Of the women studied, 66% had urinary iodine concentrations indicating insufficient intakes and iodine insufficiency at early pregnancy, 70% at late pregnancy and 59% at three months of postpartum. This was also the case in 29% of the three-month-old infants. Estimation of iodine intake revealed that iodine insufficient women had lower intakes of iodine from the diet, from food supplements and from diet plus supplements than iodine sufficient women in early pregnancy and at three months of post-partum. In late pregnancy, this difference was seen for iodine intake from supplements.

Conclusion
The majority of the women manifested with low urine iodine concentrations both during and after pregnancy. Similarly, one-third of the infants presented with iodine insufficiency. Maternal iodine intake data support these findings. These observations may have implications for optimal child cognitive development.