bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Government Policy, Strategic Consumer Behavior, and Spillovers to Retailers: The Case of Demonetization in India
Authors: Kim Yewon , Chintagunta Pradeep K. , Pareek Bhuvanesh 
Published: March 2022

This paper studies strategic consumer shopping behavior in response to a macroeconomic policy and quantifies its unintended consequences for retailers vis-à-vis the policy goal. Using transaction-level data from a large retail chain in India, we document consumer strategies that leverage retailers to avoid costs associated with the country’s currency reform policy. We observe both an increase in returns of cash-purchased items that were bought before demonetization (strategic returns) and a spike in final (unreturned) cash purchases with soon-to-be-illegal notes (strategic purchases). Both practices serve consumer incentives either to receive legal notes from the retailer or to avoid depositing cash in formal bank accounts. Our analysis suggests that strategic consumers hindered the intended policy effect while partly benefiting the retail chain, leaving 20 million Indian rupees (INR) ($0.3 million) of demonetized notes outside the formal tax network through this retail chain only; when we scale up the estimates to the country’s market size, the estimated total impact reaches 100 billion INR ($1.5 billion). Our findings offer implications for policy makers by quantifying a wide spillover effect of government interventions that goes beyond the target group and document a new role of the retail industry: of absorbing and facilitating a response to macroshocks. History: Avi Goldfarb served as the senior editor for this article and Nitin Mehta served as the associate editor for this article. Funding: Chintagunta thanks the Kilts Center of Marketing at the University of Chicago for financial support. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2022.1358 .
How Do MNEs and Domestic Firms Respond Locally to a Global Demand Shock? Evidence from a Pandemic
Authors: Adbi Arzi , Chatterjee Chirantan , Mishra Anant 
Published: March 2022

Global shocks bring unanticipated changes in the business environment of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) and rival domestic firms. We examine whether there is a difference between how MNEs and domestic firms react in heterogeneous local or subnational markets to a global demand shock. Leveraging the 2009–2010 H1N1 influenza pandemic as a source of exogenous variation in global demand for influenza vaccines, we investigate the role of subnational heterogeneity in economic resources, industry infrastructure, and political alignment within an emerging economy on the behavior of incumbent MNEs and rival domestic firms. We find that following the pandemic, MNE market share in the influenza vaccine market relative to the noninfluenza vaccine markets declines more in regions with lower government health spending per capita and also, in regions unaligned with the federal government. Additional analyses suggest that these changes in market share are not caused by a reduction in MNE revenues. Rather, they are caused by domestic firms that were already present in noninfluenza vaccine markets diversifying by entering the highly related influenza vaccine market. Finally, a granular examination of the differential responses reveals that such responses are not related to preshock differences in regional coverage of MNEs and domestic firms. This study contributes to the extant literature by suggesting that the direct costs or opportunity costs of new market and region entry are relatively greater for MNEs than for domestic firms, particularly in regions that have inadequate health infrastructure and are politically not aligned. This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy. Funding: The authors acknowledge funding support from the National University of Singapore [Start-up Research Grant R-313-000-143-133]; the University of Minnesota [Summer Research Grant]; the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Bank Chair at Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad; and the Campbell and Teller National Fellow Program at Hoover Institution, Stanford University. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4313 .
A Data-Driven Approach to Multistage Stochastic Linear Optimization
Authors: Bertsimas Dimitris , Shtern Shimrit , Sturt Bradley 
Published: March 2022

We propose a new data-driven approach for addressing multistage stochastic linear optimization problems with unknown distributions. The approach consists of solving a robust optimization problem that is constructed from sample paths of the underlying stochastic process. We provide asymptotic bounds on the gap between the optimal costs of the robust optimization problem and the underlying stochastic problem as more sample paths are obtained, and we characterize cases in which this gap is equal to zero. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first sample path approach for multistage stochastic linear optimization that offers asymptotic optimality guarantees when uncertainty is arbitrarily correlated across time. Finally, we develop approximation algorithms for the proposed approach by extending techniques from the robust optimization literature and demonstrate their practical value through numerical experiments on stylized data-driven inventory management problems. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, optimization. Funding: S. Shtern was supported by the Israel Science Foundation [Grant 1460/19]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4352 .
A local stakeholder perspective on nursing associate training
Authors: Robertson Steve , King Rachel , Taylor Beth , Laker Sara , Wood Emily , Senek Michaela , Tod Angela , Ryan Tony 
Published: March 2022

Nursing associates have now been part of the health and social care system workforce in England for three years and research has begun to highlight the benefits and challenges as the role becomes embedded. However, there has been less of a research focus on how various stakeholders have experienced the training aspects of this new role. This paper reports findings from interviews with stakeholders from an integrated care system in the North of England conducted at two time points, one year apart. Findings focus on three themes: workforce and education planning; role ambiguity; and support. The article highlights how clarity of role, understanding of support needs and discussions around career aspirations are essential for all organisations involved in trainee nursing associate programme development and delivery. It also shows the need for good partnership working across health and education sectors to adequately support both the TNAs and those working with them.
What makes for a good nursing handover?
Authors: Stonehouse David 
Published: March 2022

This article discusses the important part that the nursing handover plays in providing quality care to patients and the smooth running of the shift and clinical area. Following an introduction stating exactly what is meant by a handover, the relevant and pertinent parts of the Nursing and Midwifery Council code will then be identified and discussed.The importance of good communication as well as delegation will be discussed, before moving on to identify potential issues to achieving a quality nursing handover and ways to overcome these.Finally, the role of the support worker and nursing associate will be made clear.
Adverse childhood experiences, safeguarding and the role of the school nurse in promoting resilience and wellbeing
Authors: Waterhouse Judith Anna 
Published: March 2022

Background: School nurses are key professionals in helping to safeguard, support and improve outcomes for children and young people. Aim: The aim of this article is to explore the subject of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in relation to safeguarding and the vital role the school nurse can play in supporting the building of resilience in children and young people (CYP) and their families. Methods: A critical review of the literature was undertaken, considering the role of the school nurse within the safeguarding arena, adverse childhood experiences, collaborative and multi-agency work. The legal, policy and professional frameworks underpinning safeguarding and public health practice are also critically examined. Findings: There is ample evidence demonstrating the potential effects of ACEs on the health and wellbeing of children and young people. There is also research proposing that ACEs should not be viewed in isolation and are not necessarily in themselves deterministic of negative outcomes. School nurses have an important role in early interventions with families to promote resilience and help keep children safe. Conclusion: The implication of this article is that with sound knowledge and understanding regarding ACEs, the school nurse can play a vital role as part of the wider team in building the resilience of the community, provide therapeutic interventions and early intervention, and thereby help to safeguard, support, and improve outcomes for CYP and their families.
The Threat of Covert Channels in Network Time Synchronisation Protocols
Authors: Lamshöft Kevin , Hielscher Jonas , Krätzer Christian , Dittmann Jana 
Published: March 2022

Synchronized clocks are vital for most communication scenarios in networks of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT). The process of time synchronisation requires transmission of high-precision timestamps often originating from external sources. In this paper, we analyze how time synchronization protocols impose a threat by being leveraged as carrier for network covert channels.
This paper is an extended version version of our open-access paper [15] in which we performed an in-depth analysis of the Network Time Protocol (NTP) in regards to covert channels. In this extended version, we broaden the view and take a look and time synchronisation in a more general way as we provide two comprehensive threat scenarios regarding covert channels and discuss the applicability of such covert channels to another time synchronisation protocol, namely the Precision Time Protocol, PTP. While the Network Time Protocol (NTP) is the most prevalent protocol for synchronizing clocks in IT networks, the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is mostly found in networks of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) due to higher demands regarding accuracy and resolution. To illustrate the threat of covert channels in such protocols we describe two threat scenarios, one for the Network Time Protocol and one for the Precision Time Protocol. For NTP we perform a systematic in-depth analysis of covert channels. Our analysis results in the identification of 49 covert channels, by applying a covert channel pattern-based taxonomy. The summary and comparison based on nine selected key attributes show that NTP proofs itself as a plausible carrier for covert channels. The analysis results are evaluated in regards to common behavior of NTP implementations in six major operating systems. Two channels are selected and implemented to be evaluated in network test-beds. By hiding encrypted high entropy data in a high entropy field of NTP we show in our first assessment that practically undetectable channels can be implemented in NTP, motivating the required further research. In our evaluation, we analyze 40,000 NTP server responses from public NTP server providers and discuss potential countermeasures. Finally, we discuss the relevance, applicability and resulting threat of these findings for the Precision Time Protocol.
Demonstration of aerosol profile measurement with a dual-wavelength high-spectral-resolution lidar using a scanning interferometer
Authors: Jin Yoshitaka , Nishizawa Tomoaki , Sugimoto Nobuo , Takakura Satoru , Aoki Makoto , Ishii Shoken , Yamazaki Akihiro , Kudo Rei , Yumimoto Keiya , Sato Kaori , Okamoto Hajime 
Published: March 2022

Simple dual-wavelength high-spectral-resolution lidar at 355 and 532 nm
with a scanning interferometer was developed for continuous
observations of aerosol profiles. Scanning the interferometer
periodically over a range of one fringe at 532 nm (1.5 fringes at
355 nm) enabled recording of range-resolved interference signals at
these two wavelengths. Reference signals taken from the transmitted
laser were used to correct the interference phase shift due to laser
frequency variation for every scan. Profiles of aerosol backscatter
and extinction coefficients were retrieved from range-resolved
interference data. One month of continuous measurements demonstrated
the robustness of the system.
Wideband, high spectral resolution UV convex grating imaging spectrometer based on an Offner structure
Authors: Xue Qingsheng , Yang Jingyao , Huang Liyu , Bai Haoxuan , Lu Jitao 
Published: March 2022

Ultraviolet is an effective electromagnetic spectrum in material detection, which has wide application prospects in aerospace and environmental monitoring. A conventional imaging spectrometer has a narrow UV band and low spectral resolution. To solve this problem, a convex grating imaging spectrometer based on an Offner structure with F#2.5 and a 13 mm long slit was designed and developed. The working wavelength ranges from 200 to 433 nm, and the spectral resolution is greater than 0.5 nm. A hyperspectral data cube with both high spatial and spectral resolutions of external scenes can be obtained by the push-broom imaging mode. Fine Fraunhofer lines can be distinguished in the spectrum. The ultraviolet hyperspectral imager can be used for marine oil spills, trace gas monitoring, and other applications that require high signal-to-noise ratios, wide bands, and high spectral resolutions.
The association between pre-pregnancy body mass index and perinatal death and the role of gestational age at delivery
Authors: Bone Jeffrey N. , Joseph K. S. , Mayer Chantal , Platt Robert , Lisonkova Sarka 
Published: March 2022

Introduction
The pathophysiology behind the association between obesity and perinatal death is not fully understood but may be in part due to higher rates of pregnancy complications at earlier gestation amongst obese women. We aimed to quantify the proportion of perinatal deaths amongst obese and overweight women mediated by gestational age at stillbirth or live birth.

Methods
The study included all singleton births at ≥20 weeks’ gestation in British Columbia, 2004–2017, and excluded pregnancy terminations. The proportion of the association between BMI and perinatal death mediated by gestational age at delivery (in weeks) was estimated using natural effect models, with adjustment for potential confounders. Sensitivity analyses for unmeasured confounding and women missing BMI were conducted.

Results
Of 392,820 included women, 20.6% were overweight and 12.8% obese. Women with higher BMI had a lower gestational age at delivery. Perinatal mortality was 0.5% (1834 pregnancies); and was elevated in overweight (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08–1.37) and obese women (AOR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.36–1.77). Mediation analysis showed that 63.1% of the association between obesity and perinatal death was mediated by gestational age at delivery (natural indirect effect AOR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.23–1.42, natural direct effect AOR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.05–1.32). Similar, but smaller effects were seen when comparing overweight women vs. women with a normal BMI. Estimated effects were not affected by adjustment for additional risk factors for perinatal death or sensitivity analyses for missing data.

Conclusion
Obese pregnancies have a higher risk of perinatal death in part mediated by a lower gestational age at delivery.
Strengths and challenges of a school-based sexual and reproductive health program for adolescents in Chile
Authors: Obach Alexandra , Sadler Michelle , Cabieses Báltica , Bussenius Pascale , Muñoz Patricia , Pérez Claudia , Urrutia Carla 
Published: March 2022

Background
Adolescent sexual and reproductive health services in Chile have been primarily provided through health centers. Although some school-based initiatives have been implemented, to date, these have not been assessed. This study aims to identify strengths and challenges of the affectivity and sexuality component of the school-based 3A Program, a health program which seeks to prevent risk behaviors and promote healthy lifestyle habits within public schools (addressing health topics which in Spanish begin with the letter ‘A’, hence ‘3A’), implemented in the municipality of Lo Prado, city of Santiago.

Methods
We carried out a qualitative study with a descriptive-interpretative approach in three schools. We conducted in-depth interviews with students, teachers, health professionals, and school principals (N = 44); and focus groups with students (N = 3), teachers and health personnel (N = 3). The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results
Participants highlight the integrative approach to health and to sexual and reproductive health promoted in the 3A Program, which is enhanced by the collaboration of interdisciplinary health teams. Permanent and expedited student access to sexual and reproductive health care is achieved, and affectional bonds are developed between students and the Program’s health staff. The Program assists female participants to imagine and form identities that are not inherently tied to motherhood. It also assists boys and LGBTQ+ adolescents in feeling included as relevant actors in sexual and reproductive health and decision making. The delivery of contraception in schools is highly valued. The most significant challenge identified is ensuring effective and ongoing collaboration between health staff and teachers.

Conclusion
Participants value the effectivity and sexuality component of the 3A Program as an initiative to improve adolescents’ access to sexual and reproductive health care. Our findings suggest that this Program could be replicated throughout the region and the country to improve the quality and accessibility of health services for adolescents.
Oxidative stress and proteolysis system in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Dyakov D. A. , Akbasheva O. E. 
Published: March 2022

Background: In establishing the diagnosis — type 2 diabetes, there is a trend of multiple increases every year, which is a health issue. According to the state register, the statistics of patients with diabetes in Russia is about 17% of the total population of the country. The prevalence of diabetes is steadily increasing every year. Today, diabetes mellitus is the leader among the prevalence of non-communicable diseases after cancer, cardiovascular diseases, often leading to disability and death.Aim: To study the relationship between oxidative stress and the «proteinase-inhibitor» system in diabetes mellitus 2.Materials and methods: An observational single-center single-stage sample study was conducted with the participation of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a control group (practically healthy individuals). the activity of elastase-, trypsin-like proteinases, α1-proteinase inhibitor, the content of bityrosine as an indicator of oxidative modification of proteins and the state of lipid peroxidation were determined by spectrophotometric method in all subjects in blood plasma: the concentrations of TBK-active products and antioxidants-the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase.Results: It was shown that in type 2 diabetes mellitus, the content of TBA of active products (an indicator of lipid peroxidation) increases by 2.34 times and the concentration of bityrosine — an indicator of oxidative modification of proteins, which was negatively dependent on the activity of a proteinase inhibitor (-0.79, p=0.03) increases by 7 times. A decrease in the activity of the proteinase inhibitor (by 23%) was accompanied by an increase in the activity of elastase — and trypsin-like proteinases, respectively, by 1.2 and 2.3 times, compared with practically healthy individuals. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase increased by 8.2 and 6.4 times, respectively.Conclusion: An increase in oxidative stress and oxidative modification of proteins is accompanied by a decrease in the activity of the proteinase inhibitor and an increase in the activity of elastase-, trypsin-like proteinases, as well as antioxidant enzymes.
Impact of COVID-19 infection on the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents
Authors: Khaydarova F. A. , Alimova N. U. , Alieva A. V. , Sadykova A. S. , Aripova M. D. 
Published: March 2022

Children did not escape the COVID-19 pandemic. Although, in general, the course of viral infection in children is mild, the question of the long-term effects of COVID-19 on a child and adolescent, in particular, on pancreatic beta cells, remains unclear.Аim: Тo study the characteristics of children with diabetes mellitus identified after COVID-19 infection.Materials and methods: This article presents the preliminary results obtained from children and adolescents hospitalized at the RSSPMCE clinic with the newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus after COVID infection, as well as a systematic review of 61 clinical cases (case series study).Results: Of the 120 children hospitalized at the RSSPMCE clinic with newly diagnosed diabetes, 15 were diagnosed with diabetes after COVID-19 infection, all in a state of diabetic ketoacidosis. Only 20% of children knew about the previous COVID-19 infection, the course of the disease was mild, in 80% of children the infection was asymptomatic. At the time of diabetes onset, all children had a high level of HbA1c - above 10%, a low level of vitamin D, high levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 (IgG), and the need for insulin was above the average.Conclusion: The SARS CoV-2 virus could be the direct cause of the development of diabetes mellitus in children, even with the asymptomatic course of the viral infection. However, the question remains about the exact classification of diabetes after COVID-19 in children. It is necessary to inform the population about the first signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus in order to timely consult a doctor for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
Novel GLIS3 mutation in patient with neonatal diabetes mellitus and congenital hypothyroidism (NDH-syndrome)
Authors: Tikhonovich Yu. V. , Chernich L. G. , Velikanov I. N. , Polyakova V. M. , Vasilyev E. V. , Petrov V. M. , Shreder E. V. , Glavatskich Е. V. , Tyulpakov A. N. 
Published: March 2022

Mutations in the GLIS3 gene encoding the GLIS3 transcription factor are cause of a rare syndromic form of neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) with congenital hypothyroidism. Additional features include congenital glaucoma, hepatic fibrosis, polycystic kidneys, developmental delay and other anomalies. This disease in foreign literature is called NDH-syndrome (Neonatal diabetes and Hypothyroidism syndrome).We present the description of a patient with this syndrome with novel homozygous GLIS3 mutation.Our patient is a female, who was born with a weight of 1680 gr, length of 44 cm to consanguineous parents. She developed diabetes on 2 day after birth, requiring continuous intravenous insulin. On day 5 of life hypothyroidism was identified. ­Thyroid anatomy was normal on ultrasound scan. NDH syndrome was suspected.Genetic analysis revealed a novel homozygous mutation c.1836delT, p.Ser612ArgfsTer33 in exon 5 in GLIS3 gene.To date, the patient is followed up for 4 years in total. Currently, growth retardation, psychomotor and speech development persist. Carbohydrate metabolism and thyroid profile has been subcompensated against the background of replacement therapy. No other components of the syndrome have been identified.In this report, we have demonstrated the features of the neonatal diabetes mellitus in a patient with a defect in the GLIS3 gene. Early genetic verification of the diagnosis contributes to the timely starting of personalized therapy, can improve the quality of life of such patients, and, given the nature of inheritance, is necessary for medical genetic counseling of the family.