bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A fuzzy-hybrid analysis of citizens’ perception toward immigrants in Europe
Authors: Martín Juan Carlos , Indelicato Alessandro 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe public and political debate about immigration now play a big role in all European elections, and there is a trend increasing an anti-immigrant sentiment that receives important media attention. This work, based on the European Social Survey (ESS) round 9 data for 27 European countries, contributes to such debate by introducing a new method in the field, a Fuzzy-Hybrid Approach (FHA), that complements other methodological methods that have been used to measure citizens’ attitudes towards immigrants. The novel approach in the field provides a synthetic indicator that measures openness towards immigrants (OTISI). Then, we analyse the relationship that exists between some specific sociodemographic variables and the new index. Results show that country, political orientation, age, religion, economic situation, gender, birthplace, employment, education, universalism, and conformity are key drivers that explain different attitudes towards immigrants. Our findings concur with other previous studies showing that the results are robust and that the method can be applied in future social science studies.
Diffusion-weighted image analysis along the perivascular space (DWI–ALPS) for evaluating interstitial fluid status: age dependence in normal subjects
Authors: Taoka Toshiaki , Ito Rintaro , Nakamichi Rei , Nakane Toshiki , Sakai Mayuko , Ichikawa Kazushige , Kawai Hisashi , Naganawa Shinji 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the interstitial fluid status in a wide range of age groups using diffusion-weighted image analysis along the perivascular space (DWI–ALPS) method, which is a simplified variation of diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI–ALPS).Materials and methodsThis retrospective study included data from 128 patients who underwent clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, including DWI, and were found to have no abnormal findings in the brain on MRI. Three motion-probing gradients of the DWI were applied in an orthogonal direction to the imaging plane. Apparent diffusion coefficient images in thex-,y-, andz-axes were retrospectively generated, and composite color images were created to locate the projection and association fiber area on the slice including the body of the lateral ventricle. ALPS indices were calculated, and correlations with age were evaluated using linear and second-degree regression analysis. Linear regression analysis was also performed for a subgroup of patients older than 40 years. In addition, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test among the generations was performed.ResultsThe linear regression analysis between age and the ALPS index showed a correlation coefficient of −0.20 for all age group and −0.51 for the subgroup older than 40 years. The second-degree regression analysis showed a correlation coefficient of 0.39. ANOVA showed that the 40’s generation showed a statistically significant higher value of ALPS index compared to all other generations except for the 30’s generation. While, the 70’s generation showed a statistically significant lower value of the ALPS index compared to all other generations.ConclusionsThe analysis of the DWI–APLS method showed a correlation between age and the ALPS index in second-degree distribution which peaked in the 40’s generation. This finding in normal subjects may be fundamental in the analysis of disease cases.Secondary abstractWe tried to evaluate the glymphatic system status in a wide range of age groups using diffusion-weighted image analysis along the perivascular space (DWI–ALPS) method, and the results showed a correlation between age and the ALPS index in second-degree distribution which peaked in the 40’s generation.
West African medicinal plants and their constituent compounds as treatments for viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19
Authors: Popoola Temidayo D. , Segun Peter A. , Ekuadzi Edmund , Dickson Rita A. , Awotona Olanrewaju R. , Nahar Lutfun , Sarker Satyajit D. , Fatokun Amos A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Objectives
The recent emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic (caused by SARS-CoV-2) and the experience of its unprecedented alarming toll on humanity have shone a fresh spotlight on the weakness of global preparedness for pandemics, significant health inequalities, and the fragility of healthcare systems in certain regions of the world. It is imperative to identify effective drug treatments for COVID-19. Therefore, the objective of this review is to present a unique and contextualised collection of antiviral natural plants or remedies from the West African sub-region as existing or potential treatments for viral infections, including COVID-19, with emphasis on their mechanisms of action.

Evidence acquisition
Evidence was synthesised from the literature using appropriate keywords as search terms within scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar.

Results
While some vaccines and small-molecule drugs are now available to combat COVID-19, access to these therapeutic entities in many countries is still quite limited. In addition, significant aspects of the symptomatology, pathophysiology and long-term prognosis of the infection yet remain unknown. The existing therapeutic armamentarium, therefore, requires significant expansion. There is evidence that natural products with antiviral effects have been used in successfully managing COVID-19 symptoms and could be developed as anti-COVID-19 agents which act through host- and virus-based molecular targets.

Conclusion
Natural products could be successfully exploited for treating viral infections/diseases, including COVID-19. Strengthening natural products research capacity in developing countries is, therefore, a key strategy for reducing health inequalities, improving global health, and enhancing preparedness for future pandemics.

Graphical abstract
Can Science-Based Targets Make the Private Sector Paris-Aligned? A Review of the Emerging Evidence
Authors: Bjørn Anders , Tilsted Joachim Peter , Addas Amr , Lloyd Shannon M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Purpose of Review
Companies increasingly set science-based targets (SBTs) for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. We review literature on SBTs to understand their potential for aligning corporate emissions with the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement.

Recent Findings
SBT adoption by larger, more visible companies in high-income countries has accelerated. These companies tend to have a good prior reputation for managing climate impacts and most appear on track for meeting their scope 1 and 2 SBTs. More research is needed to distinguish between substantive and symbolic target-setting and understand how companies plan to achieve established SBTs. There is no consensus on whether current target-setting methods appropriately allocate emissions to individual companies or how much freedom companies should have in setting SBTs. Current emission accounting practices, target-setting methods, SBT governance, and insufficient transparency may allow companies to report some emission reductions that are not real and may result in insufficient collective emission reductions. Lower rates of SBT diffusion in low- and middle-income countries, in certain emission-intensive sectors, and by small- and medium-sized enterprises pose potential barriers for mainstreaming SBTs. While voluntary SBTs cannot substitute for more ambitious climate policy, it is unclear whether they delay or encourage policy needed for Paris alignment.

Summary
We find evidence that SBT adoption corresponds to increased climate action. However, there is a need for further research from a diversity of approaches to better understand how SBTs may facilitate or hinder a just transition to low-carbon societies.
Not Non-Lethal Weapons: the Counter-Personnel Behavioral Effects Weapons Framework for Armament Engineers
Authors: Mezzacappa E. , Cooke G. , Short K. R. , Jovanovic N. , Cheng D. T. , Rodriguez J. J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBehavioral effects weapons (BEW) are devices that are intended to change the behavior of their human target. The article describes the critical considerations and a framework to guide the development of BEW. Human physiology is the fundamental basis for the theoretical framework of BEW engineering. Effectiveness of BEW starts with the physiological effects induced by stimuli or energy generated by a weapon. These physiological effects, in turn, affect target behavior. Behaviors are altered by (1) changing the motivation of the targeted individual(s) to perform the behavior and (2) changing the ability of the targeted individual(s) to perform the behavior. In addition to the thresholds for effectiveness of BEW, the limitations due to risk of signification injury (RSI) define the solution space for armament engineers. Finally, ethical considerations for the armaments developer are presented. It is hoped that the information in this article will serve as a guide for the armaments engineering community in order to fill a critical weapon capability gap.
Rational functions as new variables
Authors: Andrei Diana , Nevanlinna Olavi , Vesanen Tiina 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn multicentric calculus, one takes a polynomial p with distinct roots as a new variable and represents complex valued functions by $${\mathbb {C}}^d$$

C

d

-valued functions, where d is the degree of p. An application is e.g. the possibility to represent a piecewise constant holomorphic function as a convergent power series, simultaneously in all components of $$|p(z)| \le \rho$$

|
p
(
z
)
|
≤
ρ

. In this paper, we study the necessary modifications needed, if we take a rational function $$r=p/q$$

r
=
p
/
q

as the new variable instead. This allows to consider functions defined in neighborhoods of any compact set as opposed to the polynomial case where the domains $$|p(z)| \le \rho$$

|
p
(
z
)
|
≤
ρ

are always polynomially convex. Two applications are formulated. One giving a convergent power series expression for Sylvester equations $$AX-XB =C$$

A
X
-
X
B
=
C

in the general case of A, B being bounded operators in Banach spaces with distinct spectra. The other application formulates a K-spectral result for bounded operators in Hilbert spaces.
ORDER TYPES OF MODELS OF FRAGMENTS OF PEANO ARITHMETIC
Authors: GALEOTTI LORENZO , LÖWE BENEDIKT 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe complete characterisation of order types of non-standard models of Peano arithmetic and its extensions is a famous open problem. In this paper, we consider subtheories of Peano arithmetic (both with and without induction), in particular, theories formulated in proper fragments of the full language of arithmetic. We study the order types of their non-standard models and separate all considered theories via their possible order types. We compare the theories with and without induction and observe that the theories without induction tend to have an algebraic character that allows model constructions by closing a model under the relevant algebraic operations.
Exploring hypoxic biology to improve radiotherapy outcomes
Authors: Li Chun , Wiseman Lucy , Okoh Ene , Lind Michael , Roy Rajarshi , Beavis Andrew W. , Pires Isabel M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIonising radiotherapy is a well-established, effective cancer treatment modality, whose efficacy has improved with the application of newer technological modalities. However, patient outcomes are governed and potentially limited by aspects of tumour biology that are associated with radioresistance. Patients also still endure treatment-associated toxicities owed to the action of ionising radiation in normoxic tissue adjacent to the tumour mass. Tumour hypoxia is recognised as a key component of the tumour microenvironment and is well established as leading to therapy resistance and poor prognosis. In this review, we outline the current understanding of hypoxia-mediated radiotherapy resistance, before exploring targeting tumour hypoxia for radiotherapy sensitisation to improve treatment outcomes and increase the therapeutic window. This includes increasing oxygen availability in solid tumours, the use of hypoxia-activated prodrugs, targeting of hypoxia-regulated or associated signalling pathways, as well as the use of high-LET radiotherapy modalities. Ultimately, targeting hypoxic radiobiology combined with precise radiotherapy delivery modalities and modelling should be associated with improvement to patient outcomes.
Second-Generation Iranian Zoroastrians in a New American Homeland: A Case Study in California
Authors: Niechciał Paulina 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe article contributes to filling the research gap concerning Iranian Zoroastrians in diaspora. Using a narrative approach, it explores how second-generation Zoroastrians raised in the United States learn and practice religion while facing the challenges of a pluralistic American society. The article includes a case study of two young Zoroastrian women interviewed in 2019, members of the Californian community. The contrastive cases shed light on the internal heterogeneity of Zoroastrianism, different ways the religion is perceived and experienced, and different ideas about future preservation of the ethno-religious heritage. The study contributes to an understanding of how Zoroastrianism evolves on a new continent and how it differs from what Zoroastrian immigrants brought from Iran.
THE APPLICATION OF POLLEN RADIOCARBON DATING AND BAYESIAN AGE-DEPTH MODELING FOR DEVELOPING ROBUST GEOCHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS OF WETLAND ARCHIVES
Authors: Cadd Haidee , Sherborne-Higgins Bryce , Becerra-Valdivia Lorena , Tibby John , Barr Cameron , Forbes Matt , Cohen Tim J , Tyler Jonathan , Vandergoes Marcus , Francke Alexander , Lewis Richard , Arnold Lee J , Jacobsen Geraldine , Marjo Chris , Turney Chris 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTWetland sediments are valuable archives of environmental change but can be challenging to date. Terrestrial macrofossils are often sparse, resulting in radiocarbon (14C) dating of less desirable organic fractions. An alternative approach for capturing changes in atmospheric 14C is the use of terrestrial microfossils. We 14C date pollen microfossils from two Australian wetland sediment sequences and compare these to ages from other sediment fractions (n = 56). For the Holocene Lake Werri Berri record, pollen 14C ages are consistent with 14C ages on bulk sediment and humic acids (n = 14), whilst Stable Polycyclic Aromatic Carbon (SPAC) 14C ages (n = 4) are significantly younger. For Welsby Lagoon, pollen concentrate 14C ages (n = 21) provide a stratigraphically coherent sequence back to 50 ka BP. 14C ages from humic acid and >100 µm fractions (n = 13) are inconsistent, and often substantially younger than pollen ages. Our comparison of Bayesian age-depth models, developed in Oxcal, Bacon and Undatable, highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the different programs for straightforward and more complex chrono-stratigraphic records. All models display broad similarities but differences in modeled age-uncertainty, particularly when age constraints are sparse. Intensive dating of wetland sequences improves the identification of outliers and generation of robust age models, regardless of program used.
Dietary trajectories through the life course: opportunities and challenges
Authors: Chong Mary Foong-Fong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractStudying the dynamic patterns of dietary changes or stability (otherwise known as dietary trajectories) across the life course can provide important information about when and in whom to intervene with nutritional interventions. This article reviews evidence from longitudinal studies that describe dietary trajectories through the different life stages, covering early life, adolescence to young adulthood and from mid to late adulthood. Current findings suggest that the establishment of diet patterns likely occurs before 3 years of age and allude to other potential ‘windows of change’ in the life course such as the period of 7–9 years of age and during the period of adolescence and early adulthood. Examining diets using various diet parameters appears to be valuable in elucidating different aspects of the diet that can be changed to potentially alter trajectories. In adults, examining long-term diet trends at a population level can reveal shifts in eating patterns as countries undergo epidemiological and nutrition transitions and elucidate the longer-term impact of adherence to particular diets on the development of chronic diseases. While challenges such as the availability of adequate diet data points, consistency in the dietary assessment tools used and the limitations of statistical methods for trajectory modelling remain, integrating diet data with other lifestyle behaviours, high-dimensional biomarkers and genetics data into pattern analyses and examining them from a longitudinal approach, open up potential opportunities to gain deeper insights into diet–disease relationships and support the development of more holistic lifestyle disease prevention recommendations stratified for population groups.
A longitudinal study on the consequences of the take-up of informal care on work hours, labour market exit and workplace absenteeism due to illness
Authors: Josten Edith J. C. , Verbakel Ellen , de Boer Alice H. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLittle is known about the effects of informal care-giving on employees' absenteeism due to illness. This paper therefore provides a longitudinal analysis of the consequences of taking on informal care-giving for men's and women's working hours and workplace absenteeism due to illness. Data were taken from the Dutch Labour Supply Panel (waves 2004–2018); 495 of the 6,452 male observations in this panel and 696 of the 5,961 female observations had taken on informal care-giving. It was tested whether respondents who became (intensive) informal carers were more likely than respondents who remained non-care-givers to reduce their work hours or stop working between waves t and t1, or to be absent from work due to illness in wave t1. (Multinomial) logistic regression analyses showed that taking on informal care reduced women's working hours when the care they provided was intensive, but not men's. The predicted probability of women reducing their work hours was 12 per cent if they had remained non-care-givers between waves t and t1, 15 per cent if they had started giving non-intensive care and 19 per cent if they had begun providing intensive help. In addition, starting to provide (non-intensive) informal care increased the risk of workplace absenteeism among both women and men. The study highlights the need for workplace policies that prevent female carers from reducing their work hours, and enable male and female carers to continue working in a healthy way.
The Evolution of Data and Freedom of Expression and Hate Speech Concerns with Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Intahchomphoo Channarong , Tschirhart Christian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis opinion article, by Channarong Intahchomphoo and Christian Tschirhart, explains the evolution of data and how it becomes useful information and then insightful knowledge. In the current era we are witnessing a high increase in the development and adaptation of artificial intelligence (AI) in society. AI technologies have the ability to process large volumes of data and information to help in finding insightful knowledge. However, AI is not perfect and there are ethical concerns, particularly when unintended negative consequences result from it; this paper also discusses ethical concerns currently confronting our society related to the freedom of expression and hate speech issues with AI. Importantly, this paper notes that governments are working to find ways to regulate social media and internet companies through legal channels as governments are no longer confident in the ability of social media and internet companies to self-regulate and thereby to guide society on what content is right or wrong. This is a critical new development in internet and AI governance that information and technology professionals and public and private organizations need to monitor closely the situation as it evolves.
Psychological impact of the quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic on the general European adult population: a systematic review of the evidence
Authors: Bonati M. , Campi R. , Segre G. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimsDue to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) different countries implemented quarantine measures to limit the spread of the virus. Many studies analysed the mental health consequences of restrictive confinement, some of which focused their attention on specific populations. The general public's mental health also requires significant attention, however. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 quarantine on the general population's mental health in different European countries. Risk and protective factors associated with the psychological symptoms were analysed.MethodsA systematic search was conducted on four electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and Google Scholar). Studies published up until 20th April 2021, and following eligibility criteria were selected for this review. One thousand three hundred thirty-five (1335) studies were screened, 105 of which were included. Via network analysis, the current study investigated the pathways that underlie possible risk factors for mental health outcomes.ResultsAnxiety, depression, distress and post-traumatic symptoms are frequently experienced during the COVID-19 quarantine and are often associated with changes in sleeping and eating habits. Some socio-demographic and COVID-19-related variables were found to be risk factors for an individual's wellbeing. In particular, being female, young, having a low income, being unemployed and having COVID-19-like symptoms or chronic disorders, were found to be the most common risk factors for mental health symptoms.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic represented an unprecedented threat to mental health globally. In order to prevent psychological morbidity and offer support tailored to short-, medium- and long-term negative outcomes, it is essential to identify the direct and indirect psychosocial effects of the lockdown and quarantine measures, especially in certain vulnerable groups. In addition to measures to reduce the curve of viral transmission, policy makers should urgently take into consideration provisions to alleviate hazards to mental health.