bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tachibana-type theorems and special Holonomy
Authors: Petersen Peter , Wink Matthias 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe prove rigidity results for compact Riemannian manifolds in the spirit of Tachibana. For example, we observe that manifolds with divergence-free Weyl tensors and "Equation missing"-nonnegative curvature operators are locally symmetric or conformally equivalent to a quotient of the sphere. The main focus of the paper is to prove similar results for manifolds with special holonomy. In particular, we consider Kähler manifolds with divergence-free Bochner tensors. For quaternion Kähler manifolds, we obtain a partial result towards the LeBrun–Salamon conjecture.
Challenges in eDNA detection of the invasive European green crab, Carcinus maenas
Authors: Danziger Ariella M. , Frederich Markus 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe early detection of invasive species is essential to cease the spread of the species before it can cause irreversible damage to the environment. The analysis of environmental DNA (eDNA) has emerged as a non-harmful method to detect the presence of a species before visual detection and is a promising approach to monitor invasive species. Few studies have investigated the use of eDNA for arthropods, as their exoskeleton is expected to limit the release of eDNA into the environment. We tested published primers for the invasive European green crab, Carcinus maenas, in the Gulf of Maine and found them not species-specific enough for reliable use outside of the area for which they were designed for. We then designed new primers, tested them against a broad range of local faunal species, and validated these primers in a field study. We demonstrate that eDNA analyses can be used for crustaceans with an exoskeleton and suggest that primers and probe sequences must be tested on local fauna at each location of use to ensure no positive amplification of these other species.
On the generalization of the construction of quantum codes from Hermitian self-orthogonal codes
Authors: Galindo Carlos , Hernando Fernando 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMany q-ary stabilizer quantum codes can be constructed from Hermitian self-orthogonal $$q^2$$

q
2

-ary linear codes. This result can be generalized to $$q^{2 m}$$

q

2
m

-ary linear codes, $$m > 1$$

m
>
1

. We give a result for easily obtaining quantum codes from that generalization. As a consequence we provide several new binary stabilizer quantum codes which are records according to Grassl (Bounds on the minimum distance of linear codes, http://www.codetables.de, 2020) and new q-ary ones, with $$q \ne 2$$

q
≠
2

, improving others in the literature.
Noticing student thinking under pressure in primary mathematics and science lessons
Authors: Jazby Dan , Widjaja Wanty , Xu Lihua , van Driel Jan H. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTeacher noticing of student thinking represents a key aspect of teacher expertise as it informs teachers’ actions ‘on the fly’ during a lesson. In science and mathematics education, teacher noticing has been conceptualised as being driven by attending to and making sense of student thinking. A range of models of noticing developed in professional fields such as aviation posit that perceptual interaction is also a key driver of noticing. This paper presents an alternate, ecological model of teacher noticing that begins with the premise that teachers have limited capacity to make sense of noteworthy events mid-lesson. Multimodal data collected from a primary science and mathematics lesson, taught by the same teacher, is analysed using the ecological lens. The analysis draws research attention to aspects of teacher/classroom interaction such as attention deployment and the role that classroom environments play in facilitating mid-lesson noticing of student thinking. Differences in teacher noticing between the science and mathematics lesson can be accounted for in terms of variance in environmental structure rather than solely in terms of teacher cognition.
Noble metals Pt, Au, and Ag as nucleating agents in BaO/SrO/ZnO/SiO2 glasses: formation of alloys and core–shell structures
Authors: Thieme Christian , Vladislavova Liliya , Thieme Katrin , Patzig Christian , Höche Thomas , Rüssel Christian 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNoble metals such as Ag can be used as nucleation agents in glass ceramics. In glasses, it is incorporated predominantly as AgI. At temperatures slightly above the glass transition temperature, Tg, AgI reacts with SbIII to SbV and metallic Ag. Usually, face-centered cubic Ag particles are nearly spherical and get facetted during crystal growth. By contrast, in the case of BaO/SrO/ZnO/SiO2 glasses, silver has, in comparison to other noble metals, another significant, yet different effect. It forms metallic particles (hexagonal phase) with plate-like morphology during thermal treatment at 675 °C. In the second step of thermal treatment at 760 °C, this phase most probably expels some metallic Sb, which is oxidized by SbV (present in the surrounding glass phase) to SbIII. As a result, the plate-like morphology is maintained and a crystalline shell around the metallic core is formed, mainly consisting of ZnO with some SiO2 and antimony oxide, as proved by scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. This shell triggers the volume crystallization of Ba0.5Sr0.5Zn2Si2O7, a phase with low thermal expansion. By comparison, alloying of Au with Sb does not occur according to the phase diagram. Instead, a thermal treatment at temperatures slightly above Tg leads to nanocrystalline, spherical Au particles. Hence, alloying and subsequent decomposition of the alloy is a prerequisite for the formation of plate-like noble metal particles.
The universal algebra of the electromagnetic field III. Static charges and emergence of gauge fields
Authors: Buchholz Detlev , Ciolli Fabio , Ruzzi Giuseppe , Vasselli Ezio 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA universal C*-algebra of gauge invariant operators is presented, describing the electromagnetic field as well as operations creating pairs of static electric charges having opposite signs. Making use of Gauss’ law, it is shown that the string-localized operators, which necessarily connect the charges, induce outer automorphisms of the algebra of the electromagnetic field. Thus they carry additional degrees of freedom which cannot be created by the field. It reveals the fact that gauge invariant operators encode information about the presence of non-observable gauge fields underlying the theory. Using the Gupta-Bleuler formalism, concrete implementations of the outer automorphisms by exponential functions of the gauge fields are presented. These fields also appear in unitary operators inducing the time translations in the resulting representations of the universal algebra.
Effect of Particle Size and Surface Charge on Nanoparticles Diffusion in the Brain White Matter
Authors: Yuan Tian , Gao Ling , Zhan Wenbo , Dini Daniele 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Brain disorders have become a serious problem for healthcare worldwide. Nanoparticle-based drugs are one of the emerging therapies and have shown great promise to treat brain diseases. Modifications on particle size and surface charge are two efficient ways to increase the transport efficiency of nanoparticles through brain-blood barrier; however, partly due to the high complexity of brain microstructure and limited visibility of Nanoparticles (NPs), our understanding of how these two modifications can affect the transport of NPs in the brain is insufficient.

Methods
In this study, a framework, which contains a stochastic geometric model of brain white matter (WM) and a mathematical particle tracing model, was developed to investigate the relationship between particle size/surface charge of the NPs and their effective diffusion coefficients (D) in WM.

Results
The predictive capabilities of this method have been validated using published experimental tests. For negatively charged NPs, both particle size and surface charge are positively correlated with D before reaching a size threshold. When Zeta potential (Zp) is less negative than -10 mV, the difference between NPs’ D in WM and pure interstitial fluid (IF) is limited.

Conclusion
A deeper understanding on the relationships between particle size/surface charge of NPs and their D in WM has been obtained. The results from this study and the developed modelling framework provide important tools for the development of nano-drugs and nano-carriers to cure brain diseases.
Current and future strategies against cutaneous parasites
Authors: Man Ernest , Price Helen P. , Hoskins Clare 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cutaneous parasites are identified by their specific cutaneous symptoms which are elicited based on the parasite’s interactions with the host. Standard anti-parasitic treatments primarily focus on the use of specific drugs to disrupt the regular function of the target parasite. In cases where secondary infections are induced by the parasite itself, antibiotics may also be used in tandem with the primary treatment to deal with the infection. Whilst drug-based treatments are highly effective, the development of resistance by bacteria and parasites, is increasingly prevalent in the modern day, thus requiring the development of non-drug based anti-parasitic strategies. Cutaneous parasites vary significantly in terms of the non-systemic methods that are required to deal with them. The main factors that need to be considered are the specifically elicited cutaneous symptoms and the relative cutaneous depth in which the parasites typically reside in. Due to the various differences in their migratory nature, certain cutaneous strategies are only viable for specific parasites, which then leads to the idea of developing an all-encompassing anti-parasitic strategy that works specifically against cutaneous parasites. The main benefit of this would be the overall time saved in regards to the period that is needed for accurate diagnosis of parasite, coupled with the prescription and application of the appropriate treatment based on the diagnosis. This review will assess the currently identified cutaneous parasites, detailing their life cycles which will allow for the identification of certain areas that could be exploited for the facilitation of cutaneous anti-parasitic treatment.
Composition rules in original and cumulative prospect theory
Authors: Gonzalez Richard , Wu George 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOriginal and cumulative prospect theory differ in the composition rule used to combine the probability weighting function and the value function. We test the predictive power of these composition rules by performing a novel out-of-sample prediction test. We apply estimates of prospect theory’s weighting and value function obtained from two-outcome cash equivalents, a domain where original and cumulative prospect theory coincide, to three-outcome cash equivalents, a domain where the composition rules of the two theories differ. Although both forms of prospect theory predict three-outcome cash equivalents very well, at the aggregate level, we find small but systematic under-prediction of cash equivalents for cumulative prospect theory and small but systematic over-prediction of cash equivalents for original prospect theory. We also observe substantial heterogeneity across subjects and types of gambles, some of which is accounted for by differences in the curvature and elevation of the weighting function across individuals. We also find differences in prediction related to whether the worst outcome is zero or non-zero.
Pan-cancer analysis of necroptosis-related gene signature for the identification of prognosis and immune significance
Authors: Ma Jincheng , Jin Yan , Gong Baocheng , Li Long , Zhao Qiang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Necroptosis is a novel programmed cell death mode independent on caspase. A number of studies have revealed that the induction of necroptosis could act as an alternative therapeutic strategy for drug-resistant tumors as well as affect tumor immune microenvironment.

Methods
Gene expression profiles and clinical data were downloaded from XENA-UCSC (including The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression), Gene Expression Omnibus, International Cancer Genome Consortium and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas. We used non-negative matrix factorization method to conduct tumor classification. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression was applied to establish risk models, whose prognostic effectiveness was examined in both training and testing sets with Kaplan–Meier analysis, time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves as well as uni- and multi-variate survival analysis. Principal Component Analysis, t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection were conducted to check the risk group distribution. Gene Set Enrichment Analyses, immune infiltration analysis based on CIBERSORT, EPIC, MCPcounter, ssGSEA and ESTIMATE, gene mutation and drug sensitivity between the risk groups were also taken into consideration.

Results
There were eight types of cancer with at least ten differentially expressed necroptosis-related genes which could influence patients’ prognosis, namely, adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), acute myeloid leukemia (LAML), brain lower grade glioma (LGG), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) and thymoma (THYM). Patients could be divided into different clusters with distinct overall survival in all cancers above except for LIHC. The risk models could efficiently predict prognosis of ACC, LAML, LGG, LIHC, SKCM and THYM patients. LGG patients from high-risk group had a higher infiltration level of M2 macrophages and cancer-associated fibroblasts. There were more CD8+ T cells, Th1 cells and M1 macrophages in low-risk SKCM patients’ tumor microenvironment. Gene mutation status and drug sensitivity are also different between low- and high-risk groups in the six cancers.

Conclusions
Necroptosis-related genes can predict clinical outcomes of ACC, LAML, LGG, LIHC, SKCM and THYM patients and help to distinguish immune infiltration status for LGG and SKCM.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Academic Performance and Personal Experience Among First-Year Medical Students
Authors: Andersen Shaun , Leon Genesis , Patel Deepal , Lee Cynthia , Simanton Edward 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic forced medical education to rapidly transition from in-person learning to online learning. This change came with learning difficulties, social isolation, limited student/faculty relationships, and decreased academic performance.

Objective
The purpose of this study is to determine if academic performance, study habits, student/faculty relationships, and mental health were different in first-year medical students (class of 2024) during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to pre-COVID cohorts.

Methods
In April 2021, a survey was sent to first-year medical students at the Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV asking them to reflect on their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic including study environment, mental health, and relationships with peers and faculty. A similar survey was sent to second- and third-year medical students (classes of 2023 and 2022) asking them to reflect on similar experiences during their first year of medical school. Exam scores for the first five exams were gathered and compared between first-, second-, and third-year medical students.

Results
One hundred twenty-five students responded to the survey (81% of first-year students, 75% of second-year students, and 55% of third-year students). During the COVID-19 pandemic, first semester students did not score above the national average as much as first semester students pre-COVID (55% vs. 77%). Students during the pandemic studied at home more than previous cohorts. Mental health and relationships were all rated significantly lower among first semester students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusions
Significant differences were found in first semester student experience and academic performance during the pandemic compared to pre-COVID cohorts.
Normalizers of maximal tori and real forms of Lie groups
Authors: Gerasimov Anton A. , Lebedev Dmitrii R. , Oblezin Sergey V. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGiven a complex connected reductive Lie group G with a maximal torus $$H\subset G$$

H
⊂
G

, Tits defined an extension $$W_G^{\mathrm{T}}$$

W
G
T

of the corresponding Weyl group $$W_G$$

W
G

. The extended group is supplied with an embedding into the normalizer $$N_G(H)$$

N
G

(
H
)

such that $$W_G^{\mathrm{T}}$$

W
G
T

together with H generate $$N_G(H)$$

N
G

(
H
)

. In this paper we propose an interpretation of the Tits classical construction in terms of the maximal split real form $$G(\mathbb {R})\subset G$$

G
(
R
)
⊂
G

, which leads to a simple topological description of $$W^{\mathrm{T}}_G$$

W
G
T

. We also consider a variation of the Tits construction associated with compact real form U of G. In this case we define an extension $$W_G^U$$

W
G
U

of the Weyl group $$W_G$$

W
G

, naturally embedded into the group extension $$\widetilde{U}:=U\,{\rtimes }\, \Gamma $$

U
~

:
=
U

⋊

Γ

of the compact real form U by the Galois group $$\Gamma ={\mathrm{Gal}}(\mathbb {C}/\mathbb {R})$$

Γ
=
Gal
(
C
/
R
)

. Generators of $$W^U_G$$

W
G
U

are squared to identity as in the Weyl group $$W_G$$

W
G

. However, the non-trivial action of $$\Gamma $$
Γ
by outer automorphisms requires $$W^U_G$$

W
G
U

to be a non-trivial extension of $$W_G$$

W
G

. This gives a specific presentation of the maximal torus normalizer of the group extension $${\widetilde{U}}$$

U
~

. Finally, we describe explicitly the adjoint action of $$W_G^{\mathrm{T}}$$

W
G
T

and $$W^U_G$$

W
G
U

on the Lie algebra of G.
Spectroscopic studies of preparation conditions role on the shielding properties of MoO3-doped Na2O–ZnO–P2O5
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed M. , Fanny Mona A. , ElBatal H. A. , Hassaan M. Y. , Abdelghany A. M 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Glassy samples from the undoped ternary system Na2O–ZnO–P2O5 in combination with other samples from the same system doped with variable amounts of MoO3 (0.25, 0.5, or 1 gm/batch) were successfully melted under ordinary, oxidizing, or reducing conditions followed by annealing. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometric measurements in combination with optical absorption spectra were recorded before and after doping with variable concentrations of MoO3 in multiple melting media both as prepared or after being subjected to (8 Mrad) gamma irradiation dose. The studied spectral properties of the glasses were correlated with variations with the existing valence state of the Mo ions and the effects of gamma irradiation on the optical spectra and IR vibrational bands together with the role of the condition of melting the batches. The optical spectra of the glasses reveal pronounced UV and visible bands due to trace iron (Fe3+) ions as impurities or the sharing of the low valence states of the added molybdenum ions. The FTIR peaks show condensed spectra of phosphate groups (Q2, Q3), and the effects of dopant are limited because of low percent. Gamma irradiation causes distinct variations in the undoped spectra, but the MoO3-doped glasses show some shielding behavior.
Evaluation of different antimicrobial stewardship models at a rehabilitation hospital: An interrupted time series (ITS) study
Authors: Curran Jennifer A. , Leis Jerome A. , Robinson Larry , Daneman Nick , Wan Michael , Mistry Asha , Zhang Sara , Massey Mridula , Lam Wendy , Jong Grace , Elligsen Marion , Lam Philip W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective:
To evaluate different prospective audit-and-feedback models on antimicrobial prescribing at a rehabilitation hospital.

Design:
Retrospective interrupted time series (ITS) and qualitative methods.

Setting:
A 178-bed rehabilitation hospital within an academic health sciences center.

Methods:
ITS analysis was used to analyze monthly days of therapy (DOT) per 1,000 patient days (PD) and monthly urine cultures ordered per 1,000 PD. We compared 2 sequential intervention periods to the baseline: (1) a period when a dedicated antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) pharmacist performed prospective audit and feedback and provided urine culture education followed by (2) a period when ward pharmacists performing audit and feedback. We conducted an electronic survey with physicians and semistructured interviews with pharmacists, respectively.

Results:
Audit and feedback conducted by an AMS pharmacist resulted in a 24.3% relative reduction in total DOT per 1,000 PD (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58–0.99; P = .04), whereas we detected no difference between ward pharmacist audit and feedback and the baseline (IRR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.53–2.70; P = .65). We detected no statistically significant change in monthly urine-culture orders between the AMS pharmacist period and the baseline (level coefficient, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.65–1.01; P = .07). Compared to baseline, the ward pharmacist period showed a statistically significant increase in urine-culture ordering over time (slope coefficient, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01–1.08; P = .02). The barrier most identified by pharmacists was insufficient time.

Conclusions:
Audit and feedback conducted by an AMS pharmacist in a rehabilitation hospital was associated with decreased antimicrobial use.
Production of Vowel Reduction by Mexican Learners of English as L2 and Russian as L3
Authors: Barkov Maxim , Santiago Fabián , Peralta Teresa 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this study, we examined to what extent cross-linguistic influence is observed in the production of unstressed vowels in Mexican learners of L2 English and L3 Russian. Phonological spectral vowel reduction is a widespread process present in both English and Russian, but not in Spanish. In total, 18 Mexican learners, six American speakers, five Russian speakers and six Mexican speakers performed a delayed word repetition task and a sentence completion task. Euclidean distances and temporal values were measured to assess vowel reduction in 1,192 tokens. Mexican learners showed hybrid values of vowel reduction in both foreign languages: while they tended to use quality cues in the case of the L2, they relied on duration cues in the case of the L3. Our results do not show any direct evidence of cross-linguistic influence of temporal values or vowel quality from the L1 or the L2 on the L3. We examine these findings in light of similar studies and current L3 acquisition models.
Russian thistle (Salsola spp.) control in California rangelands over five years
Authors: Rao Devii R. , Hovanes Katherine , Smith Richard , Davy Josh , Gornish Elise S. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRussian thistle, also known as tumbleweed (Salsola spp.), is a problematic invasive plant found on natural and working landscapes. On a California rangeland, we tested the singular and interactive treatments of grazing, herbicide, and seeding to determine how these approaches might influence Salsola cover across a 5-yr experiment. Total Salsola cover declined by 3% annually during the study. A single spring treatment of chlorsulfuron + 2,4-D followed by glyphosate applied in the fall just before seeding, and then 2,4-D the following spring, significantly reduced Salsola cover compared with the untreated control. Seeded forage species cover increased over time and was significantly higher than seeded native species cover at 5 yr after seeding. However, the seeding treatment had no effect on Salsola cover. Although grazing did not reduce Salsola cover, due to the beneficial effects of grazing on reducing other nonnative species, this study supports the use of an integrated approach of herbicide application, grazing, and seeding to achieve management goals on an arid working landscape.