bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sleep quality among medical and general science students: King Saud University Experience
Authors: Meo Sultan Ayoub , Alkhalifah Joud Mohammed , Alshammari Nouf Faisal , Alnufaie Wejdan Saud , Algoblan Ahad Fahad 
Published: January 2022

Objectives: Sleep is a vital component for overall health and well-being, and it plays an essential role in social, physical, psychological, and cognitive health. This study aimed to appraise the sleep quality in medical and science students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: This questionnaire-based cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, during September-December 2020. In this study, a validated self-administered electronic questionnaire was distributed to 1000 students, 782 (78.2%) of whom completed the study. The selection of students was based on using the stratified random sampling. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) instrument scale was used to assess the sleep quality among medical and general sciences students.
Results: Out of 782 respondents, 410 (52.4%) were medical students, and 372 (47.6%) were science students, including Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Botany, and Zoology. Among the medical students, 143 (34.9%) were in pre-clinical years (1st and 2nd), while 266 (64.9%) of them were in clinical years (3rd, 4th, and 5th). Among all medical and general sciences students, it was found that 669 (85.5%) had poor sleep quality with a mean PSQI global score (mean 8.356) among them 336 (50.2%) were medical, and 333 (49.8%) were science students. Science students’ sleep quality was poorer (mean 8.78) than their medical counterparts (mean= 7.93).
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has a significant negative impact on students’ mental health and sleep quality. Both medical and general science students showed alarming levels of sleep deprivation and concerning low sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sleep deprivation among students may be due to the sudden change of pedagogy in education driven by the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep quality is quite a critical issue to be evaluated and addressed nationally and globally.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.3.5171
How to cite this:Meo SA, Alkhalifah JM, Alshammari NF, Alnufaie WS, Algoblan AF. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sleep quality among medical and general science students: King Saud University Experience. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(3):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.3.5171
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Case Report: Sustained mitochondrial damage in cardiomyocytes in patients with severe propofol infusion syndrome
Authors: Karasawa Satoshi , Nakada Taka-aki , Mori Naoto , Daimon Michiko , Miyauchi Hideyuki , Kanai Tetsuya , Takano Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Yoshio , Oda Shigeto 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is rare but a potentially lethal adverse event. The pathophysiologic mechanism is still unknown. Patient concerns: A 22-year-old man was admitted for the treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome. On day six, he required mechanical ventilation due to progressive muscle weakness; propofol (3.5 mg/kg/hour) was administered for five days for sedation. On day 13, he had hypotension with abnormal electrocardiogram findings, acute kidney injury, hyperkalemia and severe rhabdomyolysis. Diagnosis and interventions: The patient was transferred to our intensive care unit (ICU) on suspicion of PRIS. Administration of noradrenaline and renal replacement therapy and fasciotomy for compartment syndrome of lower legs due to PRIS-rhabdomyolysis were performed. Outcomes: The patient gradually recovered and was discharged from the ICU on day 30. On day 37, he had repeated sinus bradycardia with pericardial effusion in echocardiography. Cardiac 18F-FDG PET on day 67 demonstrated heterogeneous 18F-FDG uptake in the left ventricle. Electron microscopic investigation of endomyocardial biopsy on day 75 revealed mitochondrial myelinization of the cristae, which indicated mitochondrial damage of cardiomyocytes. He was discharged without cardiac abnormality on day 192. Conclusions: Mitochondrial damage in both morphological and functional aspects was observed in the present case. Sustained mitochondrial damage may be a therapeutic target beyond the initial therapy of discontinuing propofol administration.
Prevalence of substance abuse and its associated factors among medical students: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Karn Mitesh , Kandel Dipendra , Subedi Nuwadatta 
Published: January 2022

Background: Substance abuse by medical students poses a significant risk not only on their personal life but also on their professional life by putting their patients at risk. Our study aims to find out the prevalence of substance abuse and factors associated with it among medical students. Methods: An online-questionnaire based, cross-sectional, analytical study was carried out at Gandaki Medical College, a medical school in Gandaki Province of Nepal. Whole sampling technique was used. SPSS-25.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were used for analyzing demographic and substance abuse related variables. Chi square and Fishers exact test was used to find out if any differences existed in substance abuse by demographic characteristics. Results: Among 420 eligible participants, 219 participated in the survey (response rate: 52.2%). Alcohol was the most commonly used substance with overall lifetime prevalence of 58% followed by cigarette smoking and illegal drug abuse at 21.9% and 13.7%, respectively. The abuse of substances was significantly higher (p<0.05) in males, who were offered substances by friends, and amongst study participants who worked with an intoxicated colleague. The most common reason for substance abuse was “For pleasure, curiosity or to go along with friends” (23%, n=18). Major and minor dysfunction due to alcohol abuse was reported by 8(3.7%) and 33(15.1%) participants, while the same dysfunctions due to drug abuse were reported by 1(0.5%) and 14(6.4%) participants, respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of substance abuse was high among medical students and was found to be associated with male gender, if offer of substances were made by friends, and amongst those who worked with an intoxicated colleague. This problem of substance abuse among medical students should be addressed timely as failing to do so might have serious consequences on the healthcare system of the country.
A Representative Consumer Model in Data-Driven Multiproduct Pricing Optimization
Authors: Yan Zhenzhen , Natarajan Karthik , Teo Chung Piaw , Cheng Cong 
Published: January 2022

We develop a data-driven approach for the multiproduct pricing problem, using the theory of a representative consumer in discrete choice. We establish a set of mathematical relationships between product prices and demand for each product in the system, including that of the outside option. We provide identification conditions to recover the underlying representative consumer model and show that, with sufficient pricing experiments, the approach can identify the underlying demand model (more precisely, the associated perturbation function in the representative consumer model) accurately up to a constant shift and a given tolerance level. This holds even when the demand data obtained are a noisy realization of the theoretical demand. We use this approach to solve the multiproduct pricing problem using a (mixed integer) linear optimization method. Extensive tests using both synthetic and industry data clearly demonstrate the benefits of this approach, which addresses the issue of model misspecification in traditional pricing methods using discrete choice models and circumvents the computational issues associated with pricing methods that assume a known consumer valuation of each product. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, big data analytics.
Final reflections: themes on sex and intimacy in later life
Authors: Simpson Paul , Reynolds Paul , Hafford-Letchfield Trish 
Published: January 2022

Reading across the ten substantive chapters of the volume on diversity in later life sexuality/intimacy, this concluding chapter avoids a simple recap of discussion and identifies instead several overarching themes arising from them. The themes concern:
1) how sex and intimacy in later life are constituted, referring to the influences of complex webs of relations, of differentiation and socio-cultural positioning that in turn affect constraints on sexual and intimate self-expression. 2) How differences and constraints are understood by differently located social actors. Indeed, this is important when we consider how actors attach meaning to phenomena, (consciously or pre-consciously), ageist discourses that contribute to desexualisation and the countervailing forms of resistance to constraint on older people's sexual and intimate lives. 3) The theoretically-informed policy and practice issues that undergird support for an ever-increasing social group. Ironically, older people living in more affluent ‘Western’ regions, which are considered ‘ageing societies’, often find their sexual needs, wishes and desires marginalized if not mocked, derided or denied. Yet, such forms of support are necessary if older people are to reclaim a more legitimate sexual citizenship on terms more convivial to their diverse ways of being.
The Negation of Innocence: Terrorism and the State of Exception
Authors: Polizzi David 
Published: January 2022

The state of exception has been traditionally evoked to describe the suspension of existing law by a given state; however, in the age of the terrorism machine, this distinction is no longer the exclusive domain of state actors. Though configured slightly differently, these “exceptions” have also been employed by non-state actors and the zones of indifference which these strategies construct have been equally detrimental to those targeted. The resulting consequence of this process of exception, regardless its specific manifestation is the negation of innocence.
The Bad Guys Are Everywhere; the Good Guys Are Somewhere
Authors: Deukmedjian John E. 
Published: January 2022

Since modern-day English public policing in the nineteenth century, crime prevention and deterrence were seen as compatible to the liberal and democratic values of society: pre-emption through surreptitious surveillance was derided by those wistful of potential tyrannical rule. Following World War II, English-speaking intelligence agencies had a simple mandate: to pre-empt another Pearl Harbor. Nevertheless, the growth and integration of national security with public police intelligence followed, in an ever increasingly securitized society, particularly following 9/11. The totality of intervention capabilities from an integrated international intelligence community fused with intelligence-led policing and big-data technology companies has created total information awareness, whereby everyone is assumed to pose risks. This chapter will glimpse into the endarkened world of national security and pre-crime. From what is currently apparent, it is concluded that security assemblages, rather than fending-off potential attacks (or even major crimes), fundamentally aim for greater global population control.
Supermax Prison Isolation in Pre-Crime Society
Authors: Kupers Terry A. 
Published: January 2022

Risk assessments appear in all aspects of criminal justice proceedings. The individual at high risk is surveilled, using new technologies such as face recognition or digital scanning of mail, so that he or she can be arrested or cited with a rule violation report preemptively, or immediately upon committing an outlawed action. The high risk prisoner is sent to supermax isolation or merely denied parole for an extended time. A long stint in solitary and a longer prison tenure damage people, and then their chances of success at “going straight” in the community are reduced, as reflected in a higher recidivism rate and greater mortality. This is the self-fulfilling prophecy.
“I Voted Bolsonaro for President”: Street Vending and the Crisis of Labour Representation in Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Authors: Nogueira Mara 
Published: January 2022

Around the world, political parties founded on trade unionism are struggling to mobilise voters while far-right populism is on the rise. In Brazil, the 2018 election that brought Bolsonaro to power was a resounding defeat for Brazil’s traditional left-wing Worker’s Party (PT). This chapter interrogates the relationship between Bolsonaro’s victory and the crisis of wage labour and labour politics in Brazil. It does so by analysing political discourses of street vendors during the 2018 election in the city of Belo Horizonte. I argue that the decline of the PT must be understood in relation to the historical exclusion of non-waged workers and their interests from the trade union movement. Moreover, I show that this decline was accentuated at the local level by the connection between the PT and local revitalisation policies that constrained street vendors’ access to urban space. By doing so, the chapter reveals the multiscalar dimension of the ‘labour crisis’ which manifests itself at the intersections of local and national politics.
Secondary Cities: Introduction to a Research Agenda
Authors: Pendras Mark , Williams Charles 
Published: January 2022

This introduction outlines the secondary cities concept and research direction of the book. It situates the concept in the urban development literature and connects with emerging efforts to understand and improve conditions in ‘overlooked’ cities. In contrast to the decades of urban crisis, when most cities of the global north shared similar concerns of decline and abandonment, the current post-crisis urban experience is more variegated. This landscape of uneven development has inspired scholars to bring new attention to previously overlooked cities and urban spaces beyond the global winners. After outlining these efforts, the chapter emphasizes the importance of approaching such cities relationally and of calling into question the standard terms of success as often framed in urban development research and practice. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the organization of the book and the central themes developed through the chapters.
Natural Imposters? A Cuckoo View of Social Relations
Authors: Abbott Martin , Large Daniel 
Published: January 2022

Avian brood parasites like the cuckoo lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. This reproductive strategy has fascinated peoples around the world for millennia. Fascination with the cuckoo is animated by uncertainty about how to understand the bird’s behaviour, which offends norms of reproductive, familial, and intimate conduct. In these heartfelt matters, the cuckoo’s nesting behaviour is entangled with preoccupations of imposture. To analyse how this entanglement works, the chapter draws on select passages that reference the bird from The Midwich Cuckoos, Wuthering Heights, and Othello: The Moor of Venice. In these texts, the cuckoo’s entanglement with imposture ruptures social and moral orders and casts characters’ values and commitments in a new light, making it an evocative and enduring literary device for re-envisioning social relations from a cuckoo perspective.
Bragg fiber with a doubly defect layer-based tunable multiband optical filter
Authors: Yadav Chandan Singh , Upadhyay Abhishek , Kumar Sushil , Singh Vivek 
Published: January 2022

A Bragg fiber waveguide having double-defect layers in its periodic cladding region is investigated and optimized for inline tunable multi-bandpass filter applications. The proposed waveguide is classified in terms of a symmetric waveguide and an asymmetric waveguide depending upon the refractive index of the defect layers. The required reflectance and confinement loss equations are obtained using the boundary matching technique and the transfer matrix method. Due to the presence of the double-defect layer, two sharp passbands in the bandgap region are observed. The separation of the passbands and their intensities can be controlled by introducing the number of unit cells between the defect layers. Our analysis shows that the passband’s intensity, bandwidth, and central wavelength can also be tuned by changing the refractive index of the core material. In addition, the central wavelength for both defect modes are blue shifted with the increase of the core refractive index. In all of our considered cases, the higher tunability with a core refractive index variation in the right defect mode is 25.38 nm/RIU for the symmetric cases having defect layer refractive indices of 1.45. Similarly, the higher tunability with a core refractive index variation in the left defect mode is 16.9 nm/RIU for the asymmetric cases having a refractive index of 1.45 in the first defect layer and 3.42 in the second defect layer. Hence, our proposed waveguide can work as a tunable multi-bandpass inline filter with a narrow bandwidth.
Overexpression of PD-1 and CD39 in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes compared with peripheral blood lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Zahran Asmaa M. , Rayan Amal , Zahran Zeinab Albadry M. , Mohamed Wael M. Y. , Mohamed Dalia O. , Abdel-Rahim Mona H. , El-Badawy Omnia 
Published: January 2022

Background and aimGrowing evidence highlighted the primary role of the immune system in the disease course of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The study aim was to investigate the expression of PD-1 and CD39 on CD4+and CD8+cells infiltrating tumor tissue compared to their counterparts in peripheral blood and explore its association with tumor characteristics, disease progression, and prognosis in females with TNBC.Patients and methodsThe study included 30 TNBC patients and 20 healthy controls. Cancer and normal breast tissue and peripheral blood samples were collected for evaluation of the expression of PD-1 and CD39 on CD4+and CD8+T cells by flow cytometry.ResultsA marked reduction in the percentage of CD8+T lymphocytes and a significant increase in the frequencies of CD4+T lymphocytes and CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes expressing PD1 and CD39 were evident in tumor tissue in comparison with the normal breast tissue. The DFS was inversely related to the cancer tissue PD1+CD8+and CD39+CD8+T lymphocytes. Almost all studied cells were significantly increased in the tumor tissue than in peripheral blood. Positive correlations were detected among peripheral PD1+CD4+T lymphocytes and each of cancer tissue PD1+CD4+, PD1+CD8+and CD39+CD8+T cells, and among peripheral and cancer tissue CD39+CD4+and CD39+CD8+T cells.ConclusionsThe CD39 and PD1 inhibitory pathways are synergistically utilized by TNBC cells to evade host immune response causing poor survival. Hence, combinational immunotherapy blocking these pathways might be a promising treatment strategy in this type of cancer.
Patterns of motivators and barriers to heart health behaviors among adults with behavior-modifiable cardiovascular risk factors: A population-based survey in Singapore
Authors: Huang Zijuan , Ho Jien Sze , Ven Yap Qai , Chan Yiong Huak , Tan Swee Yaw , Ya Natalie Koh Si , Low Lip Ping , Tan Huay Cheem , Koh Woon Puay , Chua Terrance Siang Jin , Yoon Sungwon 
Published: January 2022

Objectives
Motivators and barriers are pivotal factors in the adoption of health behaviors. This study aims to identify patterns of the motivators and barriers influencing heart health behaviors among multi-ethnic Asian adults with behavior-modifiable risk factors for heart disease, namely obesity, physical inactivity and smoking.

Methods
A population-based survey of 1,000 participants was conducted in Singapore. Participants were assessed for behavior-modifiable risk factors and asked about motivators and barriers to heart health behaviors. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to identify factors underlying motivator and barrier question items. Logistic regression was conducted to examine the associations of motivator and barrier factors with sociodemographic characteristics.

Results
The twenty-five motivator and barrier items were classified into three (outcome expectations, external cues and significant others including family and friends) and four (external circumstances, limited self-efficacy and competence, lack of perceived susceptibility, benefits and intentions and perceived lack of physical capability) factors respectively. Among participants with behavior-modifiable risk factors, those with lower education were more likely to be low in motivation factor of “outcome expectations” and “external cues”. The well-educated were more likely to be high in the barrier factor of “lack of perceived susceptibility, benefits and intention” and were less likely to have the motivation factor of “significant others (family or friends)”. Those aged 60–75 years had low motivations and high barriers compared to their younger counterparts. Older age was more likely to be low in motivation factor of “outcome expectations” and “external cues” and high in barrier factor of “limited self-efficacy and competence” and “perceived lack of physical capability”.

Conclusions
Findings underscore the importance of a targeted intervention and communication strategy addressing specific motivation and barrier factors in different population segments with modifiable risk factors.
Study protocol of associated criteria used in investigating septic transfusion reactions (STRs): A scoping review about available evidence
Authors: Acharya Dilaram , Lewin Antoine , Gaussen Amaury , Lambert Gilles , Renaud Christian , Nawej Karlitaj , Poder Thomas G. 
Published: January 2022

Background and objective
Assessment criteria for septic transfusion reactions (STRs) are variable around the world. A scoping review will be carried out to find out, explore and map existing literature on STRs associated criteria.

Methods
This scoping review will include indexed and grey literatures available in English or French language from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2021. Literature search will be conducted using four electronic databases (i.e., MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Embase via Ovid), and grey literatures accompanying the research questions and objectives. Based on the inclusion criteria, studies will be independently screened by two reviewers for title, abstract, and full text. Extracted data will be presented in tabular form followed by a narrative description of inputs corresponding to research objectives and questions.
Glamour: Famous Gowns of the Silver Screen, curated by Cornelia Bujin, Italo Nunziata and Hannu Palosuo
Authors: Ovtchinnikova Alexandra , Kalmakurki Maarit 
Published: January 2022

Glamour: Famous Gowns of the Silver Screen, curated by Cornelia Bujin, Italo Nunziata and Hannu Palosuo
Serlachius Museum Gustaf, Mänttä, 26 September 2020–10 January 2021