bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural, dynamic, and hydration properties of quercetin and its aggregates in solution
Authors: Campo M G , Corral G M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonoid present in the human diet with multiple health benefits. Quercetin solutions are inhomogeneous even at very low concentrations due to quercetin’s tendency to aggregate. We simulate, using molecular dynamics, three systems of quercetin solutions: infinite dilution, 0.22 M, and 0.46 M. The systems at the two highest concentrations represent regions of the quercetin aggregates, in which the concentration of this molecule is unusually high. We study the behavior of this molecule, its aggregates, and the modifications in the surrounding water. In the first three successive layers of quercetin hydration, the density of water and the hydrogen bonds formations between water molecules are smaller than that of bulk. Quercetin has a hydrophilic surface region that preferentially establishes donor hydrogen bonds with water molecules with relative frequencies from 0.12 to 0.46 at infinite dilution. Also, it has two hydrophobic regions above and below the planes of its rings, whose first hydration layers are further out from quercetin (≈0.3 Å) and their water molecules do not establish hydrogen bonds with it. Water density around the hydrophobic regions is smaller than that of the hydrophilic. Quercetin molecules aggregate in π-stacking configurations, with a distance of ≈0.37 nm between the planes of their rings, and form bonds between their hydroxyl groups. The formation of quercetin aggregates decreases the hydrogen bonds between quercetin and the surrounding water and produces a subdiffusive behavior in water molecules. Quercetin has a subdiffusive behavior even at infinite dilution, which increases with the number of molecules within the aggregates and the time they remain within them.
Perspectives on tolerability and reasonableness
Authors: Ban N , Boyd M , Coates R , Cool D A , Lecomte J-F , Schneider T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Judgements on tolerability and reasonableness are central to the optimisation of protection. There are currently several international developments regarding these key considerations which will contribute to the review and evolution of the system of radiological protection. The IRPA15 International Congress brought together the principal issues currently under discussion, and the outcome of these discussions is presented.
Factors affecting dose-length product of computed tomography component in whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography
Authors: Inoue Yusuke , Takahashi Keita , Miyatake Hiroki , Nagahara Kazunori , Iwasaki Rie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In whole-body positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT), it is important to optimise the CT radiation dose. We have investigated factors affecting the dose-length product (DLP) of the CT component of whole-body PET/CT and derived equations to predict the DLP. In this retrospective study, 1596 whole-body oncology PET/CT examinations with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose were analysed. Automatic exposure control was used to modulate radiation dose in CT. Considering age, weight, sex, arm position (up, down, one arm up), scan range (up to the mid-thigh or feet), scan mode (spiral or respiratory-triggered nonspiral) and the presence of a metal prosthesis as potential factors, multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of DLP and to determine equations to predict DLP. DLP values were predicted using the obtained equations, and compared with actual values. Among body size indices, weight best correlated with DLP in examinations performed under the standard imaging conditions (arms: up; scan range: up to the mid-thigh; scan mode: spiral; and no metal prosthesis). Multivariate analysis indicated that weight, arm position, scan range and scan mode were substantial independent predictors; lowering the arms, extending the scan range and using respiratory-triggered imaging, as well as increasing weight, increased DLP. The degree of the DLP increase tended to increase with increasing weight. The DLP values were predicted using equations that considered these parameters were in excellent agreement with the actual values. The DLP for the CT component of whole-body PET/CT is affected by weight, arm position, scan range and scan mode, and can be predicted with excellent accuracy using these factors.
Multi-layer adaptive convolutional neural network unsupervised domain adaptive bearing fault diagnosis method
Authors: Cui Jie , Li Yanfeng , Zhang Qianqian , Wang Zhijian , Du Wenhua , Wang Junyuan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDeep learning provides a feasible fault diagnosis method for intelligent mechanical systems. However, this method requires a large amount of marking data, which greatly limits its application in the actual industry. Therefore, this paper proposes a multi-layer adaptive convolutional neural network unsupervised domain adaptive bearing fault diagnosis method (MACNN), which is especially suitable for bearing fault classification under variable working conditions. First, a new method to improve domain alignment is proposed (LD-CORAL). This method uses Log-Euclidean distance to measure deep coral loss, which solves the problem that the covariance matrix cannot be aligned correctly in the manifold structure. Then, it proposes multi-layer adaptation of LD-CORAL loss in the fully connected layer, and combines center-based discriminative loss to improve the feature learning ability of the model, which can improve the classification accuracy and domain adaptation performance of the model. Finally, in order to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method, the method is applied to the multi-fault diagnosis of gearbox bearings under variable working conditions. Comparing the classification results of different methods, the conclusion shows that this method is more effective for bearing fault classification under variable working conditions.
Optimization and application of the concentric conductance probes in liquid film thickness measurement in a helically coiled tube
Authors: Liu Shuai , Liu Li , Gu Hanyang , Wang Ke 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The liquid film distribution in the helically coiled tube (HCT) is affected by curvature-induced centrifugal force and gravity force, showing more complex characteristics than straight tubes. However, due to the limitation of the measurement technology, the relevant data on liquid film in HCT are still rare. In this paper, based on the time-multiplexed excitation-probing scheme, a type of non-intrusive concentric conductance probes (CCPs) is developed at first. After reporting the operation principle of CCPs, the numerical simulation of potential field distribution in CCPs is conducted, and the effects of electrode structure parameters and liquid film thickness on the performance of CCPs are then analyzed in detail. It is found that in a certain range, the larger the inner electrode and outer electrode diameter, the greater the signal penetration depth (i.e. the larger the measurement range of liquid film thickness). Finally, the spatio-temporal distribution of liquid film on the wall of the HCT is experimentally studied using the optimized CCPs. The results indicate that this probe can realize the high-frequency accurate capture of liquid film flow details such as the occurrence and evolution process of liquid film inversion and the fluctuation characteristics of liquid film in HCT. The wave frequency of the liquid film is demonstrated to be not consistent along the circumferential direction. Using Strouhal number and Lockhart–Martinelli parameter, the wave frequency correlation at the maximum film thickness in the state of film inversion in HCT is obtained.
Microplasma emission spectroscopy of stable isotope ratios in carbon dioxide
Authors: Persson Anders 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study investigates the prospects of using emissions from the discharge of a stripline split-ring resonator microplasma source to measure the 13C/12C isotope ratio in CO2. The plasma source was used in a measurement scheme called microplasma emission spectroscopy, in which the visible emission spectrum of the CO2 discharge was investigated using a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) spectrometer. The study revealed that the major isotope dependencies of the spectrum originated from the Ångström system (B
1Σ+ → A
1Π) of CO molecules that had been converted from CO2 in the discharge. Although at least four of the bands of the Ångström system showed clear isotopic dependences, the (0–3) band at 561 nm was concluded to show the most prospects for spectrometric applications because of a combination of wide isotopic shift and low background. A theoretical model of this band was constructed and used in a partial least squares fitting algorithm, to quantify the abundance of 12C and 13C in the sample. This signal processing method was shown to be robust and linear over the whole dynamic range of 13C/12C ratios (1%–100%) but required a ten-fold improvement in precision and accuracy at naturally occurring 13C levels (1.07%–1.12%) to be useful in most scientific applications. However, several promising ways of achieving such an improvement have been presented, and the results demonstrate the potential of creating a simple, cost-effective, and highly miniaturized system for isotope ratio measurements, which could offer great advantages to scientists in many different fields, from environmental science to planetary exploration.
Calculations of the AC losses in superconducting cables and coils: Neumann boundary conditions of the T–A formulation
Authors: Wang Sijian , Yong Huadong , Zhou Youhe 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Numerical techniques play an important role in the design of high-temperature superconductor (HTS) systems. In the superconductivity community, the T–A formulation of Maxwell’s equations and its homogeneous technique have become popular in recent years. The T–A formulation has the capability of simulating HTS systems and high computational efficiency. However, it is still difficult for the T–A formulation to solve some special problems. For instance, the net current is not explicitly known in each HTS tape. In the present work, the contributions of the Neumann boundary condition are studied, which represent a coupling effect between the T and the A formulations. This paper firstly describes the Neumann boundary condition in detail. Then, based on the T–A formulation and its Neumann boundary condition, the non-uniform current distribution in the cables and the current decay in the closed-loop coils are respectively analyzed. This method can solve the difficulties of the T–A formulation in calculating some specific problems, and extend the application range of the T–A formulation. Furthermore, the above supplement is also applicable to the homogeneous and the three-dimensional (3D) models.
Effects of tidal charge on magnetic reconnection and energy extraction from spinning braneworld black hole
Authors: Wei Shao-Wen , Wang Hui-Min , Zhang Yu-Peng , Liu Yu-Xiao 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Recent study shows that the magnetic reconnection can serve as an efficient mechanism to extract energy from rapidly spinning black holes. In this paper, we consider the effects of the tidal charge on the energy extraction via the magnetic reconnection in the backgrounds of a spinning braneworld black hole. With the increase of the tidal charge, we find that both the energies of the accelerated plasma and decelerated plasma decrease for the observer located at infinity. To achieve the purpose extracting the net energy from the black hole, the decelerated plasma should take negative energy. Then we observe that the power of the energy extraction via the magnetic reconnection grows with the tidal charge. Meanwhile, the efficiency also increases with the tidal charge indicating that the spinning braneworld black hole with positive tidal charge is more efficient than the Kerr black hole. Compared with the Blandford-Znajek mechanism, the magnetic reconnection process shall have a higher power for positive tidal charge. These results indicate that the tidal charge has a significant effect on the energy extraction via the magnetic reconnection process.
Confronting quantum-corrected teleparallel cosmology
with observations
Authors: Bernardo Reginald Christian , Chen Che-Yu , Levi Said Jackson , Kung Yu-Hsien 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
It has been shown that at the semi-classical order, gravitational theories with quantum fluctuations can be effectively recast as modified theories of gravity with non-minimal gravity-matter couplings. We proceed from an observational perspective and see whether such quantum fluctuations can leave imprints on the late Universe. Within the teleparallel formulation, we investigate a representative model in this general class of modified gravitational theories inlaid with quantum fluctuations, and determine the cosmological parameters by using compiled late-time data sets. Furthermore, we assess the statistical significance of such quantum corrections compared to the standard cosmological model. The results mildly favor the inclusion of quantum corrections with a negative density parameter supporting a phantom-like dark energy. This edge is not sufficient to rule out either models but it supports the consideration of quantum corrections in a cosmological setting.
The Sensitivity of GPz Estimates of Photo-z Posterior PDFs to Realistically Complex Training Set Imperfections
Authors: Stylianou Natalia , Malz Alex I. , Hatfield Peter , Crenshaw John Franklin , Gschwend Julia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The accurate estimation of photometric redshifts is crucial to many upcoming galaxy surveys, for example, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). Almost all Rubin extragalactic and cosmological science requires accurate and precise calculation of photometric redshifts; many diverse approaches to this problem are currently in the process of being developed, validated, and tested. In this work, we use the photometric redshift code GPz to examine two realistically complex training set imperfections scenarios for machine learning based photometric redshift calculation: (i) where the spectroscopic training set has a very different distribution in color–magnitude space to the test set, and (ii) where the effect of emission line confusion causes a fraction of the training spectroscopic sample to not have the true redshift. By evaluating the sensitivity of GPz to a range of increasingly severe imperfections, with a range of metrics (both of photo-z point estimates as well as posterior probability distribution functions, PDFs), we quantify the degree to which predictions get worse with higher degrees of degradation. In particular, we find that there is a substantial drop-off in photo-z quality when line-confusion goes above ∼1%, and sample incompleteness below a redshift of 1.5, for an experimental setup using data from the Buzzard Flock synthetic sky catalogs.
Wayne State University’s Dan Zowada Memorial Observatory: Characterization and Pipeline of a 0.5 m Robotic Telescope
Authors: Carr Robert , Cinabro David , Cackett Edward , Moutard David , Carroll Russell 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Wayne State University’s Dan Zowada Memorial Observatory is a fully robotic 0.5 m telescope and imaging system located under the dark skies of New Mexico. The observatory is particularly suited to time domain astronomy: the observation of variable objects, such as tidal disruption events, supernovae, and active galactic nuclei. We have developed a software suite for image reduction, alignment and stacking, and calculation of absolute photometry in the Sloan filters used at the telescope. Our pipeline also performs image subtraction to enable photometry of objects embedded in bright backgrounds such as galaxies. The 5σ detection limit of the Zowada Observatory for integration of 16 × 90 s exposures is 19.0 mag in g-band, 18.1 mag in r-band, 17.9 mag in i-band, and 16.6 mag in z-band. For a 3σ detection limit, measurements may be performed with greater uncertainties as deep as 19.9, 19.1. 18.9 and 17.5 mag in griz bands, respectively.
A three-cornered hat analysis of instabilities in two-way and GPS carrier phase time transfer systems
Authors: Parker T E , Zhang V , Petit G , Yao J , Brown R C , Hanssen J L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A three-cornered hat analysis has been performed on three independent time transfer systems between the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). These include (1) a direct Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT) link provided by the USNO, (2) an indirect TWSTFT link, and (3) GPS carrier phase (GPSCP) links. Time transfer instabilities for individual links, as quantified with the time deviation and TOTAL time deviation, have been measured for the first time for averaging periods between 2 h and 85 days. Time transfer instabilities beyond one day are roughly flicker phase in nature and generally range between 40 ps and 120 ps. Frequency transfer instabilities, as quantified by the modified Allan deviation, are observed to be as low as 1 × 10−16 for a 20 day comparison and into the mid 10−17 range at longer comparison times.
Cortical complexity and connectivity during isoflurane-induced general anesthesia: a rat study
Authors: Wang Zhijie , Zhang Fengrui , Yue Lupeng , Hu Li , Li Xiaoli , Xu Bo , Liang Zhenhu 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objective. The investigation of neurophysiologic mechanisms of anesthetic drug-induced loss of consciousness (LOC) by using the entropy, complexity, and information integration theories at the mesoscopic level has been a hot topic in recent years. However, systematic research is still lacking. Approach. We analyzed electrocorticography (ECoG) data recorded from nine rats during isoflurane-induced unconsciousness. To characterize the complexity and connectivity changes, we investigated ECoG power, symbolic dynamic-based entropy (i.e. permutation entropy (PE)), complexity (i.e. permutation Lempel-Ziv complexity (PLZC)), information integration (i.e. permutation cross mutual information (PCMI)), and PCMI-based cortical brain networks in the frontal, parietal, and occipital cortical regions. Main results. Firstly, LOC was accompanied by a raised power in the ECoG beta (12–30 Hz) but a decreased power in the high gamma (55–95 Hz) frequency band in all three brain regions. Secondly, PE and PLZC showed similar change trends in the lower frequency band (0.1–45 Hz), declining after LOC (p < 0.05) and increasing after recovery of consciousness (p < 0.001). Thirdly, intra-frontal and inter-frontal-parietal PCMI declined after LOC, in both lower (0.1–45 Hz) and higher frequency bands (55–95 Hz) (p < 0.001). Finally, the local network parameters of the nodal clustering coefficient and nodal efficiency in the frontal region decreased after LOC, in both the lower and higher frequency bands (p < 0.05). Moreover, global network parameters of the normalized average clustering coefficient and small world index increased slightly after LOC in the lower frequency band. However, this increase was not statistically significant. Significance. The PE, PLZC, PCMI and PCMI-based brain networks are effective metrics for qualifying the effects of isoflurane.
Influence of porosity and blistering on the thermal fatigue behavior of tungsten
Authors: Li Y. , Vermeij T. , Hoefnagels J.P.M. , Zhu Q. , Morgan T.W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Tungsten is the leading plasma-facing material (PFM) for nuclear fusion applications. It faces severe operating conditions, including intense hydrogen plasma exposure and high-cycle transient heat loading, which create various defects in tungsten. Additionally, defects have often already been introduced during manufacturing. Little is understood regarding the synergistic effect of such defects on the lifetime of tungsten so far. Here, we investigate the influence of porosity and blistering on the thermal fatigue behavior of tungsten. The pores resulted from powder metallurgy whereas the blistering was induced by hydrogen plasma exposure. Both conditions were subjected to transient heat loading by a high-power pulsed laser. The exposure was performed in the linear plasma generator Magnum-PSI, which closely mimics the expected particle and heat flux in the world’s largest fusion experiment, ITER. Both porosity and blistering degraded the fatigue resistance of tungsten. Pores tended to aggregate at high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) and assisted crack initiation therein, as revealed by focused ion beam cross-sectioning and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The blisters were characteristic of subsurface cavities, which were located at a depth close to the surface roughness induced by transient heat loading. The stress concentration at the tip of the cavities is considered to promote crack initiation. The results highlight the necessity of a ‘life cycle assessment’ of the tungsten PFM for nuclear fusion reactors.
Manufacturing completion of the first ITER vacuum vessel sector
Authors: Kim H.S. , Moon H.K. , Park C.K. , Jung Y.J. , Ha M.S. , Park S.H. , Joo Y.M. , Joo J.K. , Kang S.G. , Seo Y.H. , Han J.Y. , Lim N.J. , Yoon B.H. , Choi S.Y. , Hwang H.S. , Hong K.H. , Ahn H.J. , Lee Y.J. , Kim B.C. , Lee H.G. , Jung K.J. , Sa J.W. , Choi C.H. , Chung W.H. , Kim H.K. , Kim Y.G. , Kim G.H. , Hong Y.S. , Martinez J.M. , Martin A. , Jing J. , Privalov M. , Xiang B. , Lobinger F. , Pedrosa N. , Rodilla E. , Utin Y. , Mestric A. , Jung Y.S. , Tok J.Y.W. , Park K.H. , Kim H.C. , Seok S.H. , Park D.B. , Moon G.H. , Lee J.H. , Lim K.S. , Kim J.B. , Yeo H.K. , Lee J.J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In April 2020, manufacturing of the ITER vacuum vessel (VV) first sector has been completed by the Korean domestic agency, manufacturing having started in February 2012. The ITER VV sector is the largest fusion VV structure in the world. Each step of the manufacturing was a challenge as a first-of-a-kind, and a French nuclear pressure vessel. The paper provides an overview of the major challenges which were overcome over the last 10 years.
A deterministic method for the fast evaluation and optimisation of the 3D neutron wall load for generic stellarator configurations
Authors: Lion Jorrit , Warmer Felix , Wang Huaijin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The neutronic assessment of a fusion power plant design is usually a challenging and time-consuming task involving experts from several disciplines in order to assemble the geometry, source, as well as carry out computationally heavy Monte Carlo transport simulations. In order to overcome this challenge, we present in this work a deterministic method, which combines all these aspects in a single framework that can directly calculate a key neutronics performance indicator, the neutron wall load (NWL), at minimal computational cost for arbitrary stellarator configurations. As our method is based on simple vector and matrix manipulations, a speed on the order of a few CPU-seconds is achieved, which makes it suitable for optimisation frameworks. We demonstrate with a simple optimisation algorithm that it is possible to use our method to generate a first wall with reduced ‘heterogeneity’ in the NWL distribution.