bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
precision of ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration cytology in the evaluation of thyroid nodules in correlation with histopathology
Authors: Shah Mohd Yunus , Obalappa Prakash , Sugali Jhansi Bai , Alrabadi Ola Akram Farid 
Published: April 2022

Background and Objectives: The incidence of palpable thyroid nodules is approximately 4%–7% in the population. Most thyroid nodules are benign in nature but malignancy should be ruled out, which is quite less frequent. In such cases, a reliable diagnostic modality to evaluate and differentiate the malignant thyroid nodules is required. This retrospective study was conducted with the objective to evaluate the accuracy of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and Ultrasonography (USG) for diagnosis of euthyroid nodules & to differentiate malignant thyroid nodules from the benign nodules in comparison to histopathological diagnosis. Materials and Methodology: It’s a retrospective study that included 132 patients who underwent USG and FNAC of thyroid nodules. Only patients with available histopathology were included in the study. The results of USG, FNAC were evaluated and correlated with histopathology report considered as the final diagnosis. Results: Out of 132 patients, USG showed benign lesions in 107(81.06%) patients, out of which histopathology showed benign lesions in 103 (96.26%) patients and malignant lesions in 4 (3.74%) patients. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), false-positive rate, false-negative rate and accuracy of USG of thyroid lesions were 78.95%, 91.15%, 60%, 96.26%, 8.85%, 21.05%, 89.39% respectively.
دارسة أثرية لحصون جنوب الجبل الأخضر
Authors: الصادق زهاء سعد , المشري فيصل 
Published: April 2022

هدف البحث إلى إلقاء الضوء على نماذج من العمائر الحربية في شرق ليبيا، تقع جنوب الجبل الأخضر على الطريق شبه الصحراوي المميز بوجود عدد من الحصون لتأمين حركة القوافل والحجاج الوافدين من المغرب إلى المشرق الإسلامي، واختص البحث بدراسة وصفية تحليلية مقارنة لنموذجين هما: حصن بوكسالة فى تاكنس وحصن الرويبط في الخروبة، حيث تناولت الدراسة مواطن الشبه والاختلاف بينهما من الجانب المعماري، من حيث الموقع والتخطيط ومواد البناء، مع مقارنتهما بحصون في شرق ليبيا ترجع- تقريبًا- إلى الفترة التاريخية نفسها. وعلى الرغم من الإهمال الذي طال تلك الحصون فأدى إلى هدم جدرانها الداخلية فإنها ما تزال تحتفظ ببعض معالمها الحربية، وقد كان من أهم نتائج الدراسة توضيح تلك المعالم كالأسوار والأبراج والخنادق والسراديب، فضلا عن أن الحصون موضوع الدراسة اختلفت إلى حد ما عن باقي حصون الجبل الأخضر، كما وضحت الدراسة أهمية الحصون من الناحية التاريخية والمعمارية؛ كونها موروثًا حضاريًّا من الواجب الاهتمام بها والحفاظ عليها؛ نظرا لقلة العمائر الحربية في ليبيا التي يرجع تاريخها إلى العصور الإسلامية الأولى.
مستوى التنمية المهنية لدى أعضاء هيئة التدريس بجامعة السيد محمد بن علي السنوسي الإسلامية بمدينة البيضاء
Authors: المبروك فاطمة حسين عبدالخالق , الظافري هنية بالقاسم عيسى 
Published: April 2022

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على مستوى التنمية المهنية لدى أعضاء هيئة التدريس بجامعة السيد محمد بن علي السنوسي الإسلامية، ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة تم تطبيق مقياس(الشخشير2010)، وقد تم التحقق من الخصائص السيكو مترية للمقياس، وطبق علي عينه قوامها(112) عضو هيئة تدريس، وتم التوصل إلى النتائج الآتية:

توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية وفقا لمتغير الكلية، لصالح كلية أصول الدين والاقتصاد الإسلامي.
هناك فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية وفقا لمتغير النوع الإناث، والفروق في المؤهل العلمي لصالح حملة الماجستير وذوي الخبرة، الفروق دالة إحصائيا وفقا للعمر، وكانت الفروق لصالح فئة عمر من 30 إلى أقل من 40.
FEATURES OF PROFESSIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION OF FUTURE TEACHERS BY THE CREATIVE MEDIA USED
Authors: Koshanova Zh. T. , Koshanova M. T. 
Published: April 2022

The scientific problems of self-determination as well as the practical content of the implementation of the professional development of the future specialist through the creatively used media are considered and studied. In addition, it is written about the importance of various directions and ways of implementing the professional selfdetermination of a future specialist and ways of forming factors of professional self-determination.The need for value self-determination, formed in the student, and the role of pedagogical, psychological literacy in the orientation towards professionalism are investigated. Thus, the question of the formation of the perception and implementation of an arbitrary personality structure in solving theoretical and practical problems is considered.The versatility and versatility of the content and ways of realizing the professional self-determination of future specialists through the media are described.
FOREIGN POLICY IN HYBRID WARFARE ENVIRONMENT – WAY FORWARD FOR PAKISTAN
Authors: Naz Imtiaz Hussain 
Published: April 2022

Hybrid warfare is neither a novel idea nor a new phenomenon. It has been evolving for ages, yet its manifestation in the contemporary era has intensified. Taking advantage of politico-ethnic fault lines, socio-religious vulnerabilities, and identity conflicts, hybrid warfare advocates using all means available including regular or irregular and conventional or unconventional ways of warfare to subdue the will of an adversary. An externally motivated and supported threat requires essential measures in the foreign policy domain to thwart and foil it outside the borders. Therefore, this paper deals with the conceptual aspects of hybrid warfare and highlights the contours of the hybrid threat currently confronting Pakistan. It navigates through the challenges for foreign policy formulation and implementation in a hybrid warfare environment and identifies loopholes and grey areas while recommending tangible measures.

Bibliography Entry
Naz, Imtiaz Hussain. 2021. "Foreign Policy in Hybrid Warfare Environment – Way Forward for Pakistan." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 1-11.
TRANSFORMATION OF INDIAN NATIONALISM AND ‘OTHERIZATION’ OF MUSLIMS IN INDIA
Authors: Shahzad Aisha , Falki Sadia Mahmood , Bilal Asma Sana 
Published: April 2022

India has altered its military stratagem under the Modi government from nuclear deterrence to offensive defence. The constant use of offensive defence in the milieu of deliberate political aggression against Pakistan and victimization of the Muslim community in India is making Indian military doctrine a hostage of hyper-nationalistic politics of Hindutva. Since its rise to power, the BJP government has conflated anti-Muslim and anti-Pakistan approaches. Pakistan remains a crucial factor in its domestic, diplomatic, and foreign policy rhetoric. The internal discord and surge of violence against the Muslim population, as evident by 2020-riots in north-eastern New Delhi, are indicative of vigorous reforming of the national identity of India dominated by Hindutva ideology. Therefore, this paper addresses Hindu nationalism, which arose as a political ideology and caused an insecure environment for Indian Muslims while becoming precarious for Pakistan. It infers that Hindu nationalism, along with its assimilation approach towards minorities, is gradually asserting exclusionary conception of a state where cultural and political centrality of Hindutva has become a core theme.

Bibliography Entry
Shahzad, Aisha, Sadia Mahmood Falki, and Asma Sana Bilal. 2021. "Transformation of Indian Nationalism and ‘Otherization’ of Muslims in India." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 48-58.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ISLAMIC LAWS OF WAR AND IHL – POINTS OF CONVERGENCE FOR UNIVERSAL CONSENSUS ON LAWS OF WAR
Authors: Gardezi Syed Mahmood Akhter Hussain 
Published: April 2022

In contemporary times, wars are not taking place in a legal vacuum. There are laws available on resorting to force and conduct of hostilities, including Islamic Laws of war and International Humanitarian Law (IHL). These legal regimes trace their origins in the teaching of elders that have further translated into rules and principles to limit the destructive nature of an armed conflict. Both systems are primarily concerned about regulating the behaviour of belligerents to avoid and at least minimize the sufferings of combatants and non-combatants in the theatre of war. This paper explores Islamic values and rules on the conduct of hostilities and compares them with similar provisions of IHL by using a comparative analysis approach. The objective of this study is not to judge Islamic Laws of war in contrast to IHL or vice versa but addresses the points of convergence. It analyses whether there is any significant difference between these two legal systems in observing principles and ethics of warfare, and provides a way out for humanization.

Bibliography Entry
Gardezi, Syed Mahmood Akhter Hussain. 2021. "Comparative Study of Islamic Laws of War and IHL – Points of Convergence for Universal Consensus on Laws of War." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 115-130.
FROM INTERVENTION TO EXIT: AN ANALYSIS OF POST-9/11 US STRATEGIES IN AFGHANISTAN
Authors: Shad Muhammad Riaz , Iqbal Sajid 
Published: April 2022

Following the US exit from Afghanistan, the debate revolves around why US intervention in Afghanistan, the longest and one of the most expensive in its history, has failed in defeating the Taliban and realising a durable state-building. The debate considers endogenous factors that explore US and Taliban strategies and exogenous factors that underline the role of regional and extra-regional actors in determining the outcome of the Afghan conflict. This paper, therefore, focuses on faults and inconsistencies within and across US strategies in Afghanistan, i.e., the use of military force, political settlement, and state-building. It also examines US strategies vis-à-vis conflict in Afghanistan under four US administrations – from Bush to Biden – to ascertain why these strategies proved ineffective. These strategies have been analysed by following the conceptual framework of Game Theory. The paper argues that US strategies for entering Afghanistan were detached from the ground realities, which was the critical factor for its failure to achieve the desired outcome of the conflict.

Bibliography Entry
Shad, Muhammad Riaz, Sajid Iqbal. 2021. "From Intervention to Exit: An Analysis of Post-9/11 US Strategies in Afghanistan." Margalla Papers 25 (2): 23-34.
NAGORNO-KARABAGH CONFLICT AND ROLE OF MAJOR POWERS: AN INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Rashid Asma 
Published: April 2022

Nagorno-Karabagh is a long-drawn-out conflict crafted around two competing positions identified as self-determination and state sovereignty. The political tactics of Stalin based on divide and rule and pan-Turkism in 1870 coupled with the Armenian genocide in 1914 fuelled the deep hatred and antagonism crammed between Azerbaijan and Armenia over the mountainous terrain of Nagorno-Karabagh. This paper attempts to comprehend the dynamic nature of this protracted conflict (in 2020) with the perspective of newly emerging regional alliances in the south Caucuses. It recognizes the convoluted regional interests that shaped a recipe of convergence between Azerbaijan, Russia, and Turkey that led to controlled chaos and one-sided settlement in Nagorno-Karabagh at the dispense of Karabagh Armenians. It addresses how this decisive war between Azerbaijan and Armenia transformed the landscape of future warfare.

Bibliography Entry
Rashid, Asma. 2021. "Nagorno-Karabagh Conflict and Role of Major Powers: An International Law Perspective." Margalla Papers 25 (2): 61-70.
CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY
Authors: Shafi Khalid Mahmood , Khan Arif Ullah , Islam Rafaqat 
Published: April 2022

Climate change is a reality recognized globally. Although global efforts are accelerating, there are fears in the underdeveloped world regarding the erosion of their sovereignty through climate change action and response mechanisms. Remedial actions taken at various levels are not a compensating reflection of this reality. There is a need to establish a well-thought-out mechanism and support fast-track climate change action and responses. This study, therefore, highlights the impact of climate change action on state sovereignty through in-depth analysis by interviewing climate experts and officials. It reckons that the issue revolves around interference in internal policies through the prism of climate change action incorporating world organisations. It concludes that developing states may have fears regarding the overreach of developed states in their remedial actions, as seen in the Global South and Global North divide.

Bibliography Entry
Shafi, Khalid Mahmood, Arif Ullah Khan and Rafaqat Islam. 2021. "Climate Change Action and State Sovereignty." Margalla Papers 25 (2): 98-108.
Richness of Wild Flowering Plants and Ferns in Northern Cyprus
Authors: ÖZHATAY F. Neriman , ÖZBİL Ertuğrul , ÖĞMEN SEVEN Sultan 
Published: April 2022

Cyprus, the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, is situated just outside of the Gulf of
Iskenderun, south of Turkey. Its topography can be summarized as ‘The Coastal Belt, Northern Range,
Southern Range and Central plain’. The island has been divided into 8 phytogeographical divisions by
Meikle in 1977. The whole checklist of the vascular plants taxa, occurring in Northern Cyprus, has been
prepared. The checklist comprises of 1564 wild taxa (species and subspecies) belonging to various
families. Taxonomic status of the taxa has been updated according to two databases as follows ‘The
Plants Names’ and ‘International Plant Name Index (IPNI)’. Cyprus is a hotspot in Mediterranean basin
and its number of the endemic taxa are 143; 73 of them occurring as endemic in Northern Cyprus and
15 of them are distributed only in the area of Northern Cyprus. The list of the vascular plants is given
as tables and the endemic taxa is listed as a separate table in the article.
Peran Gereja terhadap Pendidikan Seksualitas pada Remaja Kristen
Authors: Pitay Okris , Arifianto Yonatan Alex 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: The case of unfavorable life for teenagers in premarital sex is very worrying at this time. This is due to many factors which in this article are examined that adolescents are vulnerable to misinformation about sex. Because a lot of free sex nowadays is done by teenagers who don't understand about sex education. The purpose of this research is that through sex education the church's youth can provide understandable information according to the needs of the youth, through sex education it can also provide broad insights for youth about sexual behavior and its consequences. The author uses a literature review with a descriptive method where the author explores information about sex education for Christian youth which can be concluded that the church needs to hold certain activities that build youth spirituality in addition to youth and youth worship or certain seminars that can build youth growth according to with the Bible and the teachings of Jesus.Abstrak: Kasus hidup tidak berkenan anak remaja dalam sex pranikah sangatlah mengkuatirkan saat ini. Hal itu disebabkan banyak faktor yang dalam artikel ini dikaji bahwa remaja rentan terhadap informasi yang salah mengenai seks. Karena banyak di masa remajaelakukan seks bebas di lakukan oleh kalangan remaja yang tidak mengerti tentang pendidikan seks tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melalui pendidikan seks remaja gereja dapat memberikan informasi yang dapat dimengerti sesuai dengan kebutuhan para remaja, melalui pendidikan seks juga bisa memberikan wawasan yang luas untuk para remaja tentang perilaku seksual dan akibatnya. Penulis menggunakan kajian pustaka dengan metode deskriptif di mana penulis menggali informasi tentang pendidikan seks pada remaja Kristen yang mana dapat disimpulkan bahwa gereja perlu mengadakan kegiatan-kegaiatan yang membangun kerohanian remaja misalnya mengadakan konseling anatara pemuda atau ibadah pemuda dan remaja atau seminar-seminar tertentu yang bisa membangun pertumbuhan remaja sesuai dengan Alkitab dan ajaran Yesus.
Acting as a Change Agent
Authors: Savaria Virginie , Jasmin Emmanuelle , Hudon Anne , Bédard Denis , Drolet Marie-Josée , Beaudoin Michaël , Jasmin Emmanuelle , Lavoie-Trudeau Étienne , Carrier Annie 
Published: April 2022

Background: Acting as a change agent (CA) is a key role for Health and Social Services (HSS) professionals. It involves working collaboratively with actors across and outside the HSS system and influencing decision-makers. However, this role requires specific skills that HSS professionals generally feel that they have not mastered. The overarching goal of this research partnership is to explore the development of CA skills by HSS professionals using a customized training program.
Methods/Design: Through a research partnership, 128 HSS professionals will receive 7 hours of training using a professional co-development approach and a checklist. The immediate and medium-term effects of the training on their skills development will be evaluated with a self-administered questionnaire before and immediately following the training and again nine months later. The data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Discussion: This study will shed light on the effects of a customized training program on CA skills development. It will also have three main benefits: (1) development of an easy-to-reuse CA training program and checklist; (2) partner’s ownership of these products through close involvement; and (3) development of a sustainable partnership between a team of researchers and a recognized organization with an extensive HSS network.
Extension Methods Used in the Implementation of the Swine Production and Dispersal Program in Calintaan, Occidental Mindoro Philippines
Authors: Declaro-Ruedas Mary Yole Apple , Francis A. Sy Dianne , Caballes Jr Joselito O. , Pradel Kent Abraham A. 
Published: April 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the extension modalities employed in the Swine Production and Dispersal Program (SPDP) implemented in Calintaan, Occidental Mindoro. It employed the survey research method. It was conducted at Barangay Malpalon and Poypoy, Calintaan, Occidental Mindoro. The respondents were the 30 randomly-selected Swine Production and Dispersal Program (SPDP) beneficiaries for at least one year and had received at least one piglet from the program. A survey and interview were conducted to determine whether the extension program has helped the beneficiaries. Mean, frequency distribution, percentage, and Kendal-Tau b were used in this study. The results shows that the SPDP beneficiaries were middle-aged, high school graduate, female, and member of the SPDP. The seminar is the “most employed” communication method used by the Tamaraw Conservation Program in disseminating information regarding swine production. The said program had contributed to the increase of the SPDP beneficiaries’ monthly income at the time of the implementation of the program. The “most frequent” problem encountered in the implementation of the SPDP is the additional expenses incurred by the household with regard to its operation. Expenses had a significant relationship with the benefits and the problems encountered in SPDP. Further, expenses had a significant relationship with the benefits and the problems encountered in SPDP.
Influence of Biopolymer Synthesized from Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide (TSP) on Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Maize Hybrid COH(M) 8 Seeds
Authors: Sivasakthi S. , Renganayaki P. R. , Sundareswaran S. 
Published: April 2022

The experiment was conducted in Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu during 2021. Biopolymer was synthesized from Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide (TSP) and added with different additives and coated maize seeds to know how they effect their physiological and biochemical parameters. The seeds were given with four treatments viz., T0- control (untreated seed), T1- biopolymer (B.P) - 10g kg-1, T2- B.P (10g) + Humic acid (0.3g) + Zimmu (Allium cepa × Allium sativum) leaf extract (0.5 ml) and T3- T2+ Ascorbic acid (0.2 g) and evaluated for seed quality parameters. The results of the present investigation revealed that T3 was significantly superior viz., higher percentage of germination (95%), rate of germination (31.64), seed metabolic efficiency (2.78), seedling root length (25.92 cm), seedling shoot length (15.57 cm), total biomass production (9.41 g), vigour index I (3942), vigour Index-II (94.15). This treatment also recorded highest value of biochemical parameters such as α-amylase (2.23), dehydrogenase (1.87 OD value), catalase (29.94) and peroxidase (7.00) activities. It reduced the abnormal seedlings (2%), dead seeds (3%), days to 50% germination (2.54), mean emergence time (3.02) and pathogen infection (0.25%). We concluded that maize seeds coated with T3 had better seedling establishment and may be recommended as pre sowing seed treatment under organic agriculture.
Drug Therapy Problems Associated with Antibiotics Prescriptions in University of Uyo Health Centre, Uyo, Nigeria
Authors: Ajulo Olugbenga Matthew , Olorunsola Emmanuel Oluwatoyin , Osom Unwanna Akpan 
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Antibiotic resistance has contributed as one of the greatest public health threats at present. This study aimed at identifying drug therapy problems (DTPs) associated with prescriptions of antibiotics to patients attending the University of Uyo Health Centre and presented a seminar as an intervention.
Method: A prospective observational study was carried out. One hundred (100) patient folders with 147 antibiotics prescriptions were used for the survey for the first-month collation of antibiotics prescriptions while one hundred and sixty (160) patient folders with 160 antibiotics prescriptions were used at the second -month of the survey. The seminar presentation on drug therapy problems associated with antibiotics prescriptions was held after the first -month of the survey. Data obtained were analyzed by using descriptive statistical tools such as frequency, mean, standard deviation and bar chart. The statistical analytical tool such as student T- test was used and significance was considered at p ≤ 0.05.
Result: The first survey involved 147 prescriptions of antibiotics. Prescriptions with DTPs were 77 (52.4%) while the most frequently occurring DTPs was drug interactions (37.1%), followed by inappropriate dosage frequency (23.7%) and unnecessary medication (22.7%). The follow up survey included 160 prescriptions of antibiotics, out of which 112 (70%) prescriptions of antibiotics contained 209 DTPs. The most frequent DTPs was drug interactions (49.3%), followed by inappropriate dosage duration (19.1%) and inappropriate dosage frequency (11.5%). The results also showed that antibiotics prescriptions with DTPs were significantly increased in the follow-up survey (p=0.00) of the study. Drug interaction (p=0.00), overdosing (p=0.00), underdosing (p=0.00) and Inappropriate dosage duration (p=0.00) were significantly increased in the follow-up survey.
Conclusion: This study had indicated prevalence of DTPs associated with antibiotic prescriptions. Drug interaction, inappropriate dosage frequency and unnecessary medication were very common among antibiotic prescriptions.