bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of a Spider Mite on Grapes, 1983
Authors: McNally P. S. , Flynn J. , Horenstein J. , Chavarria R. , Clayton F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
All materials were applied on 4 Aug. in Plymouth, Calif. Each treatement was replicated five times in a randomized block design. Each replication consisted of one head-pruned vine. Between two and four leaves were sampled from each vine. One gal of spray was applied to each vine by a handgun and Bean sprayer at 200 lb/in2.
Control of Leafhopper on Grapes, 1983
Authors: McNally P. S. , Clayton F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
All materials were applied on Jun. 23 in Linden, Calif. The leafhopper population was composed of ca. 20% adults and 80% mature nymphs. There were very few young hymphs on the leaves at the time of treatment. Each treatment was replicated six times in a randomized block design. Each replication consisted of four trellis-trained vines. Five leaves were sampled from each replication. Leaves sampled were between the base of a shoot and 1/3 the way up and showed obvious signs of leafhopper feeding. Vines were sprayed until runoff (ca. 0.5 gal per vine) using a handgun and a Bean sprayer at 200 lb/in2.
Presence of and Damage Caused By Japanese Beetle Adults on Treated Grape Foliage, 1983
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ten treatments were evaluated for repelling and preventing damage by Japanese beetle adults at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of three grape vines, having four replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 2.7m (9 ft) between rows and 2.4 m (8 ft) within the row. Treatments were applied 7 and 20 July and 4 Aug. as foliar sprays at the rate of 935 liters/ha (100 gal/acre, using a hand-operated CO2, sprayer operated at 3.2 kg/cm2 (45 lb/in2) and equipped with a Tee Jet D3 disc and No. 13 core. There were two exceptions: Sevin XLR was applied at 2.4 kg/cm2 (20 lb/in2) with a D2, 13 core at a rate of 54 1/ha (5.8 gal/acre); FCR 1272 was applied at 3.2 kg/cm2 (45 lb/in2) with a D3 disc, 13 core at 1870 1/ha (200 gal/acre). The ratio of water to Sevin XLR as 11:1. Visual observations were made on the 2.4 m (8 ft) of canopy between the trunks of the two vines from the east side of the row. Ratings were as follows: no live beetles = 0; 1-5 live beetles = 1; 6-10 beetles = 2; 11-15 beetles = 3; 16 or more live beetles = 4. In addition to repellency (presence) observations, treatments were also rated for feeding damage to foliage. This was accomplished by examining 10 shoots per treatment for beetle feeding. Each shoot was rated 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 depending on how many of the last five terminal leaves were damaged. Readings of 0 stood for no damage, 5 indicated feeding on all leaves. Ratings were totaled and compared by treatment.
Grape Phylloxera (Aerial Form) Insecticide Evaluation, 1983
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven treatments were evaluated for control of the grape phylloxera at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of three adjacent grape vines, having four replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 2.7m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Temik granules were distributed by hand uniformly in the bottom of 5 cm deep furrows 0.45 m away from each side of the row and immediately covered with soil on 1 Jun. Soil moisture was good at time of application; granules were not watered-in. Other treatments were applied 14 July and 5 Aug. as foliar sprays using a hand-operated CO2, sprayer operated at 50 lb/in2 (3.52 kg/cm2) and equipped with a TeeJet D3 disc and No. 13 core. Sprays were applied at the rate of 701 liter/ha. In sampling , 10 shoots were chosen at random from each plot, half from each side of the row. The number of galls was recorded from the 10 apical leaves on each of these shoots.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control in Almonds, 1983
Authors: McNally P. S. , Rough D. , Flynn J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
All materials were applied on 29 Aug. in Vernalis, Calif. Each treatment was replicated five times within a randomized block design. Each replication consisted of one 5-year-old tree. Five leaves sampled per replication. Two gal of spray were applied to each tree using a handgun and a Bean sprayer using 200 lb/in2.
Citrus,

D.

Abbreviatus

Control Plymouth, FL 1982
Authors: Schroeder W. J. , Jones I. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Each insecticide treatment was applied to a 42-ft2 soil plot in five randomized complete blocks in a citrus grove. The soil type was Lakeland (thermic coated typic quartzipsamments). The EP and WP formulations were applied in 1 gal of water per plot with a sprinkling water can. The granular formulation was applied evenly, from a perforated handshaker, over the soil surface. Circular soil sample plugs 3 in. deep and 3 in. in diameter were removed from each plot 1 week pretreatment, 1 and 4 weeks posttreatment, and every 2 weeks thereafter for 12 weeks. The soil moisture for each sample was adjusted to 10% by weight. The samples were placed in bioassay chambers (a tube 4 in high by 2 in in diam.), which had screen bottoms. The soil was tested by placing 100 1st instars per bioassay chamber on the soil surface and allowing larvae to migrate through the soil. Larvae penetrating the soil were counted and percentage mortality determined. Aldrin was used as a standard and percentage mortality was corrected for natural mortality in the check by Abbott’s formula.
Filbertworm Control on Filberts, Washington Co., Oreg., 1983
Authors: Calkin Jim , Fisher Glenn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design was a randomized complete block design consisting of four single-tree replications. Tree spacing was 20 by 20 ft with tree age being 40 years. The main variety was Barcelona with Daviana pollinizers. All insecticides were applied to Barcelona trees. Adjuvants were not included. Treatments were applied with an Amerind McKissick sprayer by handgun, using 2 gal of water per tree (ca. 218 gal/acre). Pretreatment monitoring of filbert nut development, weather, and adult flight activity of filbertworm were used to time insecticide applications. Pheromone traps were monitored twice a week until the third week of Sept. Large moth catches were recorded in all traps. Pheromone caps were changed twice during the monitoring period.
Apple, Mite Control, 1983
Authors: Hall F.R. , Aim S.R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test pesticides were applied to 19-year-old ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees planted 35 ft by 35 ft, as dilute sprays (390-400 gal/acre). A randomized design was used, with three replications. Applications were made with a handgun at 450 lbs/in2 to Test 1 plots on 14 July and to Test 2 plots on 12 Aug. Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of the tree and brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Tween 20 in the laboratory.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Control 1983
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Sorrell Robert W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated five times on single tree plots in three tests. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a hand-gun at 400 lb/in2 (ca. 10 gal per tree) for tests 1 and 2 on 27 May and 1 June and 425 lb/in2 (ca. 12 gal per tree) for test 3 on 19 July using a truck-mounted sprayer. Water pH was 6.9 in tests 1 and 2 and 6.5 in test 3. Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of two shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2-cm2 count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as one observation.
Citrus Red Mite Pesticide Efficacy Tests in the San Joaquin Valley, 1983
Authors: Elmer H. S. , Morse J. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Acaracids were tested for control of citrus red mite populations in two tests in the San Juaquin valley, near Ivanhoe, Calif, and at the Lindcove Field Station, near Exeter, Calif, respectively. In Test 1, materials were applied at 100 gal-acre using an FMC 267 speed sprayer driven at 2 mph. Each material was applied to a 2-acre plot with 10 trees chosen initially at random from the plot and monitored on each sample date. In Test 2, materials were applied using a Hardie hand gun and John Bean sprayer at 500 lb/in2 thorough distribution coverage at approximately 15 gal per tree with six single-tree replicates per material. For both tests, naked-eye counts of adult female mites on 32 leaves per tree (two, four-leaf terminals per quadrant) were made.
Effect of Materials Applied for Control of Citrus Thrips on Citrus Red Mite Populations, 1983
Authors: Morse J. G. , Elmer H. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied in Field 12 of the Lindcove Field Station (Exeter, Calif.) at petal fall (18-19 May) for control of citrus thrips, using a Hardie hand-gun and John Bean sprayer at 500 lb/in2, outside coverage and approximately 200 gal/acre. Four tree plots were used with three replicates per material. Naked-eye counts of adult female mites on 32 leaves per tree (two, four-leaf terminals per quadrant) were made. Counts were discontinued at mite levels in excess of 6.25 per leaf.
Evaluation OP Commercial Materials Applied for Citrus Thrips Control in California, 1983
Authors: Morse J. G. , Elmer H. S. , Brawner O. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were evaluated using alternative application techniques in three experimental plots in the San Joaquin Valley and in one plot in Riverside. All plots contained sufficient border rows to protect data trees from drift; the number of single tree replicates per treatment are noted in the tables. Treatments were applied approximately at petal fall at the following sites and on the following dates: Test 1, Borchard grove, Terra Bella, 17 May; Test 2, Runciman grove, Wooklake, 19 May; Test 3, Muller grove, Ivanhoe, 24 May; Test 4, Citrus Research Center, Riverside, 19 May. Application methods included: hand sprayer (outside coverage using a Hardie hand-gun at 500 lb/in2 and 200 gal/acre); CP267 full RPM (application with an FMC CP267 speed sprayer, air velocity 130 mph and 200 gal/acre unless otherwise noted); CP267 half RPM (air velocity 130 mph and 200 gal/acre unless otherwise noted); CP267 half RPM (air velocity reduced to 80 mph by reducing fan speed with increase in pump pressure to maintain 200 gal/acre unless noted); Helicopter -- Test 1 (Bell 3B2 helicopter application at indicated speed and gallonage (courtesy of Gilbert Aviation Indutries, Inc.); Kinkilder (Kinkilder low-volume mist sprayer with attached 10-ft citrus tower at ca. 100 gal/acre). Fruit scarring counts, for scars caused by citrus thrips, were taken approximately 1 month before harvest on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level (scarring is more severe on outside fruit). Scars were rated as slight (incomplete ring scar) or severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring; severe scarring equivalent to level causing fruit downgrading in a normal year). Economic scarring levels are approximately 5% severe scars.
Pecan Phylloxera Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1983
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted at the L.S.U. Pecan Research-Extension Station, Shreveport, Caddo Parish, La. Trees used in the study were mature Schley trees, ca. 40 ft. tall. A randomized block design, consisting of three blocks, with one tree per treatment, per block was used. There were a total of three treatments per block. Insecticide applications were made on 30 Mar. using an FMC 957 speed sprayer, calibrated to deliver approximately 30 gal of material per tree. Sampling was conducted on 18 May, following gall formation. A total of 4.3 in. of rain fell between the time when treatments were made and when sampling occurred, with 0.08 in. occuring 24 h after treatments. Sampling consisted of counting the number of phylloxera galls on each of 100 terminals per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Control of Codling Moth and Navel Orangeworm on Walnuts, 1982
Authors: McNally P.S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Zolone (A) was applied on 22 June. Zolone (B) and Pydrin were applied on 30 June. Zolone (C) was applied on 13 July, peak codling moth flight occurred on 30 June. All materials were applied by a hand-gun from a Bean orchard sprayer at 200 lb/in2 at Tracy, Calif. Trees were sprayed until run off, which resulted in approximately 8 gal of spray per tree or approximately 320 gal/acre. Approximately 200 nuts were sampled per replication at harvest on 4 Oct. The design was a randomized block with five replications per treatment.
Navel Orangeworm Control on Walnuts, 1983
Authors: Steenwyk R.A. Van , Barclay L.W. , Barnett W.W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted at the Westside Field Station at Five Points, Calif. Five treatments were replicated eight times using a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Materials were applied to run off (540 gal spray mixture per acre) with a handheld orchard sprayer operating at 200 lb/in2. Applications were made on 31 Aug. when the walnut husks had just begun to split. Control was evaluated by inspecting 100 nuts per tree for navel orangeworm and codling moth damage or larvae on 5 Oct. Spider mite control was evaluated on 7, 14, and 23, Sept. and 5 Oct by counting the number of mites on 10 terminal leaflets per tree.
Apple, Insect Control, 1983
Authors: Hall F. R. , Alm S. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to mature ‘Cortland’ apple trees (planted 40 ft by 40 ft apart) as dilute sprays (ca. 8 g per tree). We used a randomized complete block design, with four single-tree replications per treatment. Applications were made with a handgun at 450 lb/in2 to all plots on 17 and 26 May, 9 and 24 June, 8 and 21 July, and 6 Aug. All treatments included Captan 50 WP (2 lb/100 gal) in the first three sprays and Cyprex 65 WP (0.5 lb/100 gal) in the remaining sprays. European red mite (ERM) populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves per tree, collected at chest height around the periphery of the tree, and brushing mites onto glass plates treated with Tween 20 in the laboratory. Rosy apple aphid (RAA) infestations were evaluated by counting the number of curled clusters per tree. Potato leafhopper (PLH) and green apple aphid evaluations were made by counting the number of infested terminals per tree. Woolly apple aphid (WAA) infestations were evaluated by counting the number of colony-infested terminals per tree. Major direct-fruit insect damage was evaluated by randomly picking a minimum of two bushels of fruit per tree on 13 Sept. and evaluating damage by specific insects.
Evaluation of in vitro activity of ceftolozane/tazobactam and comparators against recent clinical bacterial isolates, and genomics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates that demonstrated resistance to ceftolozane/tazobactam: data from Kuwait and Oman
Authors: Alfouzan Wadha , Dhar Rita , Mohsin Jalila , Khamis Feryal , Mokaddas Eiman , Abdullah Abrar , Mustafa Abu Salim , Otero Aurelio , Wanis Paulette , Matar Samar Hussien , Khalil Sherif , Alekseeva Irina , Young Katherine 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
The treatment options for infections caused by MDR Gram-negative bacteria have been limited, especially for infections caused by bacteria that produce carbapenemases and/or ESBLs. Ceftolozane/tazobactam is a cephalosporin/β-lactamase inhibitor developed to treat Gram-negative bacteria.

Methods
Ceftolozane/tazobactam and 14 comparators (amikacin, aztreonam, cefepime, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, colistin, ertapenem, imipenem, levofloxacin, meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam) were evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacterales isolates collected from Kuwait and Oman (n = 606) during 2016–17. In addition, further analysis of resistance mechanisms to ceftolozane/tazobactam was done utilizing WGS. Non-susceptible isolates from ceftolozane/tazobactam surveillance were selected for analysis. Overall, 35 strains underwent WGS.

Results
Among isolates from Kuwait, susceptibility of P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to ceftolozane/tazobactam was 79.8%, 95.7% and 87.5%, respectively, and from Oman was 92.3%, 93.1% and 88.5%, respectively. No P. aeruginosa with a ceftolozane/tazobactam MIC &lt;32 mg/L encoded β-lactamases besides normal chromosomal enzymes (PDC variants or OXA-50-like) whereas all but one P. aeruginosa isolate with MIC &gt;32 mg/L encoded either MBLs (60%), VEB-1 (19%) or additional OXAs (3.7%).

Conclusions
Colistin followed by ceftolozane/tazobactam showed the greatest activity against P. aeruginosa. Enterobacterales showed more susceptibility to ceftolozane/tazobactam than to piperacillin/tazobactam, but meropenem and colistin showed better activity.
The Imperium of the Colonial Tongue? Evidence on Language Policy Preferences in Zambia
Authors: Ramachandran Rajesh , Rauh Christopher 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSub-Saharan Africa stands out as a part of the world that primarily uses, as its official languages, former colonial languages that are neither spoken at home nor in the community. In this paper, we elicit preferences for colonial versus local languages and analyse the role of perceived costs and returns to different languages. In order to do so, we elicit beliefs about the effects of hypothetical changes to Zambia’s language policy on schooling outcomes, income and social cohesion. Our results show overwhelming support for the use of the colonial language to act as official. Looking at the determinants, we find that fears of being disadvantaged by the installation of another group’s language, high perceived costs of learning in another group’s language and lack of association between retaining the elite language and socioeconomic inequality as crucial factors in affecting preferences over language policies.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi protect a subtropical tree species exposed to simulated acid rain by accelerating photosynthetic ability, antioxidant enzymes and osmolyte accumulation
Authors: Wang Yanhong , Shao Changliang , Qiu Yajing , Yu Shuquan , Xia Lina , He Xiaobin , Wu Aiping , Zhang Naili 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAcid rain (AR), which occurs frequently in southern China, negatively affects the growth of subtropical tree species. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mitigate the detrimental effects induced by AR. However, the mechanisms by which AMF protect Zelkova serrata, an economically important tree species in southern China, from AR stress remain unclear. We conducted a greenhouse experiment in which Z. serrata plants were inoculated with AMF species Rhizophagus intraradices and Diversispora versiformis, either alone or as a mixed culture, or with a sterilized inoculum (negative control). The plants were subjected to three levels of simulated sulfuric AR and nitric AR (pH 2.5, 4.0 and 5.6) to examine any interactive effects on growth, photosynthetic capabilities, antioxidant enzymes, osmotic adjustment and soil enzymes. AR significantly decreased dry weight, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and soluble protein (SP) of non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal inoculation, especially a combination of R. intraradices and D. versiformis, notably improved dry weight, photosynthetic capabilities, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, SP and root acid phosphatase activity of Z. serrata under harsh AR stress. Moreover, the benefits from AMF symbionts depended on the identity of AM fungal species and the gradient of AR stress. Our results indicate that AM fungi protect Z. serrata against AR stress by synchronously activating photosynthetic ability, antioxidant enzymes and osmolyte accumulation. These findings suggest that a combination of R. intraradices and D. versiformis may be a preferable choice for culturing Z. serrata in southern China.
The Structural Determinants of Intra-Protein Compensatory Substitutions
Authors: Chaurasia Shilpi , Dutheil Julien Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Compensatory substitutions happen when one mutation is advantageously selected because it restores the loss of fitness induced by a previous deleterious mutation. How frequent such mutations occur in evolution and what is the structural and functional context permitting their emergence remain open questions. We built an atlas of intra-protein compensatory substitutions using a phylogenetic approach and a dataset of 1,630 bacterial protein families for which high-quality sequence alignments and experimentally derived protein structures were available. We identified more than 51,000 positions coevolving by the mean of predicted compensatory mutations. Using the evolutionary and structural properties of the analyzed positions, we demonstrate that compensatory mutations are scarce (typically only a few in the protein history) but widespread (the majority of proteins experienced at least one). Typical coevolving residues are evolving slowly, are located in the protein core outside secondary structure motifs, and are more often in contact than expected by chance, even after accounting for their evolutionary rate and solvent exposure. An exception to this general scheme is residues coevolving for charge compensation, which are evolving faster than noncoevolving sites, in contradiction with predictions from simple coevolutionary models, but similar to stem pairs in RNA. While sites with a significant pattern of coevolution by compensatory mutations are rare, the comparative analysis of hundreds of structures ultimately permits a better understanding of the link between the three-dimensional structure of a protein and its fitness landscape.
Sequence and tissue targeting specificity of ZFP36L2 reveals Elavl2 as a novel target with co-regulation potential
Authors: Redmon Ian C , Ardizzone Matthew , Hekimoğlu Hilal , Hatfield Breanne M , Waldern Justin M , Dey Abhishek , Montgomery Stephanie A , Laederach Alain , Ramos Silvia B V 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Zinc finger protein 36 like 2 (ZFP36L2) is an RNA-binding protein that destabilizes transcripts containing adenine-uridine rich elements (AREs). The overlap between ZFP36L2 targets in different tissues is minimal, suggesting that ZFP36L2-targeting is highly tissue specific. We developed a novel Zfp36l2-lacking mouse model (L2-fKO) to identify factors governing this tissue specificity. We found 549 upregulated genes in the L2-fKO spleen by RNA-seq. These upregulated genes were enriched in ARE motifs in the 3′UTRs, which suggests that they are ZFP36L2 targets, however the precise sequence requirement for targeting was not evident from motif analysis alone. We therefore used gel-shift mobility assays on 12 novel putative targets and established that ZFP36L2 requires a 7-mer (UAUUUAU) motif to bind. We observed a statistically significant enrichment of 7-mer ARE motifs in upregulated genes and determined that ZFP36L2 targets are enriched for multiple 7-mer motifs. Elavl2 mRNA, which has three 7-mer (UAUUUAU) motifs, was also upregulated in L2-fKO spleens. Overexpression of ZFP36L2, but not a ZFP36L2(C176S) mutant, reduced Elavl2 mRNA expression, suggesting a direct negative effect. Additionally, a reporter assay demonstrated that the ZFP36L2 effect on Elavl2 decay is dependent on the Elavl2-3′UTR and requires the 7-mer AREs. Our data indicate that Elavl2 mRNA is a novel target of ZFP36L2, specific to the spleen. Likely, ZFP36L2 combined with other RNA binding proteins, such as ELAVL2, governs tissue specificity.