bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Your reserves may be best estimate, but are they valid?
Authors: Diffey William , Hobern Laura , Lauder Al , Cleugh Malcolm , Wu Mark , Mukherjee Satraajeet , Dan Apollos , Dharamshi Param , Atwal Rav , Vijay Arun , Dolan Fergal , Grewal Amo , Harrison Ed 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper outlines frameworks to use for reserving validation and gives the reader an overview of current techniques being employed. In the experience of the authors, many companies lack an embedded reserve validation framework and reserve validation can appear piecemeal and unstructured. The paper outlines a case study demonstrating how successful machine learning techniques will become and then goes on to discuss the implications of machine learning to the future of reserving departments, processes, data and validation techniques. Reserving validation can take many forms, from simple checks to full independent reviews to add value to the reserving process, enhance governance and increase confidence in and reliability in results. This paper discusses covers common weaknesses and their solutions and suggestions of a framework in which to apply validation tools. The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on reserving validation is also covered as are early warning indicators and the topic of IFRS 17 from the standpoint of reserving validation. The paper looks at the future for reserving validation and discusses the data challenges that need overcoming on the path to embedded reserving process validation.
Cross-language interactions during novel word learning: The contribution of form similarity and participant characteristics
Authors: Elias Mariana , Degani Tamar 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe study examined whether false-cognates, overlapping in form but not meaning across languages, are easier to learn due to form overlap, or more difficult to learn due to meaning competition, compared to unambiguous control and cognate words. Fifty-four native Hebrew speakers learned 14 cognates, 14 false-cognates, and 28 control Arabic words in one session. Cognates were learned better than control items. There was no overall difference in learning false-cognates relative to controls, but individuals with higher phonological short-term memory, or with lower L1 verbal fluency, did exhibit a false-cognate learning-advantage. For these individuals, form overlap was more influential than meaning competition. Lexical decisions to Hebrew words following Arabic learning were slower for false-cognates than controls, indicative of backward influences. The findings reveal the influence of prior knowledge on learning and processing, and highlight the importance of jointly considering item-based and learner-based characteristics during the initial stages of vocabulary learning.
Mechanisms of glyphosate resistance in common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia): patterns of absorption, translocation, and metabolism
Authors: Byker Holly P. , Soltani Nadar , Nissen Scott J. , Gaines Todd A. , Westra Philip E. , Martin Sara L. , Tardif François J. , Robinson Darren E. , Lawton Mark B. , Sikkema Peter H. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGlyphosate’s efficacy is influenced by the amount absorbed and translocated throughout the plant to inhibit 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). Glyphosate resistance can be due to target-site (TS) or non–target site (NTS) resistance mechanisms. TS resistance includes an altered target site and gene overexpression, while NTS resistance includes reduced absorption, reduced translocation, enhanced metabolism, and exclusion/sequestration. The goal of this research was to elucidate the mechanism(s) of glyphosate resistance in common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) from Ontario, Canada. The resistance factor for this glyphosate-resistant (GR) A. artemisiifolia biotype is 5.1. No amino acid substitutions were found at positions 102 or 106 of the EPSPS enzyme in this A. artemisiifolia biotype. Based on [14C]glyphosate studies, there was no difference in glyphosate absorption or translocation between glyphosate-susceptible (GS) and GR A. artemisiifolia biotypes. Radio-labeled glyphosate metabolites were similar for GS and GR A. artemisiifolia 96 h after application. Glyphosate resistance in this A. artemisiifolia biotype is not due to an altered target site due to amino acid substitutions at positions 102 and 106 in the EPSPS and is not due to the NTS mechanisms of reduced absorption, reduced translocation, or enhanced metabolism.
Thiobencarb resistance mechanism is distinct from CYP81A-based cross-resistance in late watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon)
Authors: Dimaano Niña Gracel , Tominaga Tohru , Iwakami Satoshi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe genetic and molecular basis of resistance evolution in weeds to multiple herbicides remains unclear despite being a great threat to agriculture. A population of late watergrass [Echinochloa phyllopogon(Stapf.) Koso-Pol.] was reported to exhibit resistance to ≥15 herbicides from six sites of action, including thiobencarb (TB). While previous studies disclosed that the resistance to a majority of herbicides such as acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors is caused by the overexpression of herbicide-metabolizing cytochrome P450s (CYP81A12andCYP81A21), the resistance mechanisms to some herbicides remain unknown. Here, we analyzed the resistance segregation in the progenies between resistant and sensitive populations and performed a transgenic plant sensitivity assay to resolve whether TB resistance is endowed by the sameCYP81A12/21-based cross-resistance mechanism or other unknown multiple-resistance mechanisms. In the F6progenies, resistance to the ALS inhibitor bensulfuron-methyl cosegregated with the resistances to many other herbicides under theCYP81A12/21-based cross-resistance mechanism; however, TB resistance segregated independently. Furthermore,CYP81A12/21failed to confer TB resistance in transgenicArabidopsis thalianaL. Heynh, thus confirming that TB resistance in resistantE. phyllopogonis not endowed by the two P450s that are responsible for the metabolism-based cross-resistance. This study provides evidence that resistance inE. phyllopogonto herbicides with multiple sites of action is endowed by both P450-based and other uncharacterized non–target site based mechanisms. Our findings add another layer in the understanding of resistance evolution to multiple herbicides inE. phyllopogon. Identification of the key genes endowing TB resistance will be the future direction of this research.
Bulk Aerosol Trace Element Concentrations and Deposition Fluxes During the U.S. GEOTRACES GP15 Pacific Meridional Transect
Authors: Marsay Chris M. , Kadko David , Landing William M. , Buck Clifton S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAtmospheric deposition of aerosols transported from the continents is an important source of nutrient and pollutant trace elements (TEs) to the surface ocean. During the U.S. GEOTRACES GP15 Pacific Meridional Transect between Alaska and Tahiti (September–November 2018), aerosol samples were collected over the North Pacific and equatorial Pacific and analyzed for a suite of TEs, including Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Sampling coincided with the annual minimum in dust transport from Asia, providing an opportunity to quantify aerosol TE concentrations and deposition during the low dust season. Nevertheless, peak concentrations of “crustal” TEs measured at ∼40–50°N (∼145 pmol/m3 Fe) were associated with transport from northern Asia, with lower concentrations (36 ± 14 pmol/m3 Fe) over the equatorial Pacific. Relative to crustal abundances, equatorial Pacific aerosols typically had higher TE enrichment factors than North Pacific aerosols. In contrast, aerosol V was more enriched over the North Pacific, presumably due to greater supply to this region from oil combustion products. Bulk deposition velocity (Vbulk) was calculated along the transect using the surface ocean decay inventory of the naturally occurring radionuclide, 7Be, and aerosol 7Be activity. Deposition velocities were significantly higher (4,570 ± 1,146 m/d) within the Intertropical Convergence Zone than elsewhere (1,764 ± 261 m/d) due to aerosol scavenging by intense rainfall. Daily deposition fluxes to the central Pacific during the low dust season were calculated using Vbulk and aerosol TE concentration data, with Fe fluxes ranging from 19 to 258 nmol/m2/d.
Rheology of Metasedimentary Rocks at the Base of the Subduction Seismogenic Zone
Authors: Condit Cailey B. , French Melodie E. , Hayles Justin A. , Yeung Laurence Y. , Chin Emily J. , Lee Cin‐Ty A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Arosa Zone, Central Alps, represents a Cretaceous to Paleogene fossil subduction interface from paleodepths of 10 to >35 km. Metasedimentary schists directly below a preserved seismogenic zone exhibit viscous (foliations, folds, and lineations) and brittle (crack‐seal quartz ± calcite veins) deformation features. Si‐in‐phengite barometry and published temperature estimates yield deformation and metamorphism conditions of 0.8–0.9 GPa and 300–350°C for an albite‐rich pelitic schist and 0.9 GPa and 420°C for a quartz and calcite‐rich calcareous schist. Petrography, microprobe element maps, and electron backscattered diffraction data constrain the modal mineralogies, microtextures, and active deformation mechanisms of these schists. There is evidence of minor crystal plasticity of quartz in both rocks and calcite in the calcareous schist. However, the most prominent deformation microstructures formed during pressure solution creep of quartz and albite. Pressure solution creep was activated due to pinning by ubiquitous fine grained phengite. Rheologic modeling indicates that pressure solution of quartz and albite can accommodate tectonic strain rates at stresses of <30 of MPa and is weaker than dislocation creep at these same conditions; results that are consistent with our microstructural observations. However, to accommodate slow slip strain rates by either pressure solution or dislocation creep, stresses would need to be >>100 MPa. Triple oxygen isotope data from veins in these rocks combined with published data suggest a metamorphic mafic source for these vein filling and pressure solution accommodating fluids, indicating that dehydration from subducting oceanic lithosphere likely provided the fluids that facilitated viscous deformation in these rocks.
Stratosphere‐Troposphere Coupling Leading to Extended Seasonal Predictability of Summer North Atlantic Oscillation and Boreal Climate
Authors: Wang Lei , Ting Mingfang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe boreal summer climate is of significant societal importance and is trending toward increased risks of extreme climate events such as heatwaves. The summer North Atlantic Oscillation, as the primary mode of atmospheric variability in the northern hemisphere, has been long considered lacking predictability on seasonal time scales. Here we show that the summer North Atlantic Oscillation is predictable with a 2‐month lead for the recent decades. The primary predictor is the March North Atlantic jet strength, which is correlated with the summer North Atlantic Oscillation index at a correlation coefficient of 0.66 over 1979–2018. Spring stratosphere‐troposphere coupling plays a critical role in this extended predictability from spring to summer, in contrast to the common knowledge that this dynamical coupling is relatively inactive outside the winter season. These results may bring sound prospects for summer seasonal prediction of boreal climate that benefits the energy and public health sectors.
PGK1 represses autophagy-mediated cell death to promote the proliferation of liver cancer cells by phosphorylating PRAS40
Authors: Zhang Tianhua , Wang Yuzhen , Yu Hongjiu , Zhang Ting , Guo Lianying , Xu Jie , Wei Xiaoqing , Wang Ning , Wu Yingjie , Wang Xiuli , Huang Lin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAutophagy predominantly promotes cell survival by recycling cell components, while it kills cells in specific contexts. Cell death related to autophagy plays important roles in multiple physiological and pathological situations including tumorigenesis, and the mechanism needs to be defined further. PRAS40 was found to be crucial in various cancers, and phosphorylation was reported to be involved in autophagy inhibition in monocytes. However, the detailed role of PRAS40 in autophagy and the relationship to tumorigenesis remain largely unknown. Herein we screened the binding partners of PRAS40, and found that PRAS40 interacted with Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1). PGK1 phosphorylated PRAS40 at Threonine 246, which could be inhibited by blocking the interaction. Both in vitro and in vivo results revealed that PRAS40 mediated PGK1-induced cell growth. By tracing the mechanism, we found that PGK1 suppressed autophagy-mediated cell death, in which PRAS40 was crucial. Thus PGK1 phosphorylates PRAS40 to repress autophagy-mediated cell death under normoxia, promoting cellular proliferation. The binding of PGK1 to PRAS40 was transferred to Beclin1 under hypoxia, resulting in the increase of Beclin1 phosphorylation. These results suggest a novel model of tumorigenesis, in which PGK1 switches between repressing autophagy-mediated cell death via PRAS40 and inducing autophagy through Beclin1 according to the environmental oxygen level. Our study is anticipated to be able to offer novel insights in understanding PGK1/PRAS40 signaling hyperactivated cancers.
Magnetite layer formation in the Bushveld Complex of South Africa
Authors: Yao Zhuosen , Mungall James E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe great economic significance of layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like the Bushveld Complex of South Africa results from the existence within them of some layers highly concentrated in valuable elements. Here we address the origins of the Main Magnetite Layer, a globally important resource of Fe-Ti-V-rich magnetite. Previous models of in situ fractional magnetite crystallization require frequent ad hoc adjustments to the boundary conditions. An alternative model incorporating compositional convection near the top of the pile and infiltration of the pile from beneath by migrating intercumulus melt fits observations without any adjustments. Lateral variations in Cr concentration formerly held as indisputable evidence for in situ crystallization can be accommodated better by models of reactive melt infiltration from below. The choice of models has pivotal ramifications for understanding of the fundamental processes by which crystals accumulate and layers form in layered intrusions.
Phonons as a platform for non-Abelian braiding and its manifestation in layered silicates
Authors: Peng Bo , Bouhon Adrien , Monserrat Bartomeu , Slager Robert-Jan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTopological phases of matter have revolutionised the fundamental understanding of band theory and hold great promise for next-generation technologies such as low-power electronics or quantum computers. Single-gap topologies have been extensively explored, and a large number of materials have been theoretically proposed and experimentally observed. These ideas have recently been extended to multi-gap topologies with band nodes that carry non-Abelian charges, characterised by invariants that arise by the momentum space braiding of such nodes. However, the constraints placed by the Fermi-Dirac distribution to electronic systems have so far prevented the experimental observation of multi-gap topologies in real materials. Here, we show that multi-gap topologies and the accompanying phase transitions driven by braiding processes can be readily observed in the bosonic phonon spectra of known monolayer silicates. The associated braiding process can be controlled by means of an electric field and epitaxial strain, and involves, for the first time, more than three bands. Finally, we propose that the band inversion processes at the Γ point can be tracked by following the evolution of the Raman spectrum, providing a clear signature for the experimental verification of the band inversion accompanied by the braiding process.
A structural basis for the diverse linkage specificities within the ZUFSP deubiquitinase family
Authors: Hermanns Thomas , Pichlo Christian , Baumann Ulrich , Hofmann Kay 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEukaryotic deubiquitinases are important regulators of ubiquitin signaling and can be subdivided into several structurally distinct classes. The ZUFSP family, with ZUP1 as its sole human member, has a modular architecture with a core catalytic domain highly active against the ubiquitin-derived peptide RLRGG, but not against ubiquitin itself. Ubiquitin recognition is conferred by additional non-catalytic domains, making full-length ZUP1 active against long K63-linked chains. However, non-mammalian ZUFSP family members contain different ubiquitin-binding domains in their N-terminal regions, despite their high conservation within the catalytic domain. Here, by working with representative ZUFSP family members from insects, fungi and plants, we show that different N-terminal domains are associated with different linkage preferences. Biochemical and structural studies suggest that the acquisition of two family-specific proximal domains have changed the default K48 preference of the ZUFSP family to the K63 preference observed in ZUP1 and its insect homolog. Additional N-terminal zinc finger domains promote chain cleavage without changing linkage-specificity.
Correction of a Factor VIII genomic inversion with designer-recombinases
Authors: Lansing Felix , Mukhametzyanova Liliya , Rojo-Romanos Teresa , Iwasawa Kentaro , Kimura Masaki , Paszkowski-Rogacz Maciej , Karpinski Janet , Grass Tobias , Sonntag Jan , Schneider Paul Martin , Günes Ceren , Hoersten Jenna , Schmitt Lukas Theo , Rodriguez-Muela Natalia , Knöfler Ralf , Takebe Takanori , Buchholz Frank 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDespite advances in nuclease-based genome editing technologies, correcting human disease-causing genomic inversions remains a challenge. Here, we describe the potential use of a recombinase-based system to correct the 140 kb inversion of the F8 gene frequently found in patients diagnosed with severe Hemophilia A. Employing substrate-linked directed molecular evolution, we develop a coupled heterodimeric recombinase system (RecF8) achieving 30% inversion of the target sequence in human tissue culture cells. Transient RecF8 treatment of endothelial cells, differentiated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of a hemophilic donor, results in 12% correction of the inversion and restores Factor VIII mRNA expression. In this work, we present designer-recombinases as an efficient and specific means towards treatment of monogenic diseases caused by large gene inversions.
Insertion of ammonia into alkenes to build aromatic N-heterocycles
Authors: Liu Shuai , Cheng Xu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAmmonia is one of the most abundant and simple nitrogen sources with decent stability and reactivity. Direct insertion of ammonia into a carbon skeleton is an ideal approach to building valuable N-heterocycles for extensive applications with unprecedented atom and step economy. Here, we show an electrochemical dehydrogenative method in which ammonia is inserted directly into alkenes to build aromatic N-heterocycles in a single step without the use of any external oxidant. This new approach achieves 98–99.2% atom economy with hydrogen as the only byproduct. Quinoline and pyridine with diverse substitutions are readily available. In this work, electrochemistry was used to drive a 4-electron oxidation reaction that is hard to access by other protocols, providing a parallel pathway to nitrene chemistry. In a tandem transformation that included three distinct electrochemical processes, the insertion of ammonia further showcased the tremendous potential to manipulate heterocycles derived from Hantzsch ester to diazine via pyridine and pyrrole.
High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts short survival in multiple system atrophy
Authors: Zhang LingYu , Cao Bei , Hou Yanbing , Wei Qianqian , Ou RuWei , Zhao Bi , Shang Huifang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), an inflammatory marker, can predict the prognosis of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the significance of NLR for the prognosis of multiple system atrophy (MSA) has not been reported. We aimed to examine the prognostic significance of NLR in MSA. A total of 169 MSA patients and 163 matched healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. MSA patients were divided into three groups according to the tertiles of their NLR. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox regression model were used to assessing the effect of NLR on survival. An independent validation cohort of 56 consecutive patients with probable MSA who met the inclusion criteria was included. The NLR was significantly higher in patients with MSA than that in HCs. The survival duration in patients with MSA in group 3 was shorter than that in patients in the other two groups (P = 0.013). In the multivariable Cox regression model, a higher NLR increased the risk of mortality in patients with MSA after adjusting for confounding factors (HR = 1.922, P = 0.035). Additionally, a higher NLR increased the risk of mortality in MSA with predominant cerebellar ataxia (MSA-C) (HR = 2.398, P = 0.033) and in men (HR = 3.483, P = 0.027). The concordance index for the multivariate Cox regression model was more than 0.7 both in the primary cohort and external validation cohort. Patients with MSA had a higher NLR than did HCs. A high NLR increased the risk of mortality with MSA, especially in MSA-C and in men.
Fourteen years of continuous soil moisture records from plant and biocrust-dominated microsites
Authors: Moreno Joaquín , Asensio Sergio , Berdugo Miguel , Gozalo Beatriz , Ochoa Victoria , Pescador David S. , Benito Blas M. , Maestre Fernando T. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDrylands cover ~41% of the terrestrial surface. In these water-limited ecosystems, soil moisture contributes to multiple hydrological processes and is a crucial determinant of the activity and performance of above- and belowground organisms and of the ecosystem processes that rely on them. Thus, an accurate characterisation of the temporal dynamics of soil moisture is critical to improve our understanding of how dryland ecosystems function and are responding to ongoing climate change. Furthermore, it may help improve climatic forecasts and drought monitoring. Here we present the MOISCRUST dataset, a long-term (2006–2020) soil moisture dataset at a sub-daily resolution from five different microsites (vascular plants and biocrusts) in a Mediterranean semiarid dryland located in Central Spain. MOISCRUST is a unique dataset for improving our understanding on how both vascular plants and biocrusts determine soil water dynamics in drylands, and thus to better assess their hydrological impacts and responses to ongoing climate change.