bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiation in Some of Cytokines Levels of Holstein Cows Exposure to Heat Stress
Authors: Judi Rasha Ali , Abed Shubar Safa Nihad , Hadi Alsherify Bahaa AbdulAmeer , AL- Taiy Mohammed Kreem 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The current study was conducted in the private station for Holstein cows farming that located in the middle of Iraq through the years 2020 – 2021 by select 125 cows with 3rd parity and divide the selected groups (pregnant and calved). Results that the IL-4 concentration differed significantly (P ≤ 0.01) at 40 days before calving, the concentration (400 pg/ml0 in heat stressed cows and at 20 days before calving, the concentration was 433 pg/ml in cows under heat stress. Results indicated that the concentrations of IL-6 differed significantly (P ≤ 0.01) because of heat stress during the period before calving, the concentrations of IL-6 were increased significantly in the cow’s blood that suffer from heat stress namely, 7.22 ng/ml and 8.39 ng/ml at 40 and 20 days respectively before calving compared with 5.11 ng/ml and 4.97 ng/ml respectively in cows that reared under comfort zone of ambient temperature. The results indicated that a significant difference in IFN-ϒ concentrations in cow blood suffer from heat stress compared with cows reared under normal ambient temperature. IFN-ϒ levels before 40 days of calving were 68.39 ng/ml and 47.66 ng/ml in cows stressed and unstressed respectively while were71.18 ng/ml and 49.5 ng/ml before 20 days of calving respectively.
Chemical Analysis of Phytochemical for the Anethum Graveolens L. Fresh and Commercial Dry by Gas Chromatography Mass- Spectrometer
Authors: Al-Ibrahemi Nibras , Al-Laith Zainab Naser , Al-Yasssiry Ayat Shanshol , Al-Masaoodi Nadia N.H 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Anethum graveolens L. is a plant belong to umbelliferae family. The aim of this study compare the phytochemical of different volatile oil extract from fresh air plant and commercial dry A. graveolens from market in Karbala Iraq, by soxhlet apparatus for a bout 24 hours, The results indicated the percentage of volatile oils differed significantly as a result of being affected by the type of plant, The fresh A.graveolens gave the height percentage of the volatile oils extract (4. 17%, while the dry A. graveolens gave the lower percentage of the volatile oils extract (2. 5%), Then phytochemical screen wer performed for fresh A. graveolens extract and revealed positive results for Saponin, Phenol and Tanin, Glycoside, Alkaloid and Flavonoid while the dry showed positive results for Saponin, Phenol and Tanin while Glycoside, Alkaloid and Flavonoid negative results. The Gas chromatography mass-spectrometer analysis were done for the fresh results showed that essential oil of fresh A.graveolens 30 compounds and had the highest compound concentration Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester reaching it is percentage (28.93%) followed 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (27.60%), Then 9.12-Octadecadienoic acid compound concentration (10.52%). concentration the dry A.graveolens, the study showed that it contain 30 compound and that the compound Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, pentad has the highest compound concentration of (21.41%) followed by the Thymol 12.41%, then 2-Dodecylcycobutanone with concentration of (8.81%).
Efficiency of Extracted Propolis with Four Solvents Against Third Instar Larvae of Culex Pipiens Molestus Forskal (Diptera:Culcidae)
Authors: Yaseen Aulfat Tahseen , Mohamed Ali Younis Ibrahim 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe effect of ethanolic, acetonic, methanolic, and aqueous extracts of propolis against 3rd instar larvae of Culex pipiens molestus Forskal (Diptera:Culicidae) in various concentrations was investigated in this work. A con. of (300 ppm) of ethanolic extract of propolis on a 3rd day of treatment, had a lethal effect on mosquito 3rd instar larvae, resulting in a mortality rate of 100%, followed by a con. of (250 ppm), which caused in a morality rate of 91.52 percent of larva during the seventh day of experiment. The acetone extract con. of (1000 ppm), on the other hand, killed almost all of the larvae during the 3rd day of experiment, while the (750 ppm) con., killed 89.65 percent of the larva on the seventh day of experiment. On a fourth day of experiment, a con. of (1000 ppm) of methanol extract of propolis caused 100 percent mortality of larvae, followed by a con. of (750 ppm) that caused 90 percent fatality of larvae during the seventh day of experiment. In the status of the aqueous extract, the mortality percentage reached 100% on the 6th day of experiment at a con. of (5000 ppm), followed by 66.66 percent mortality of larvae during the 7th day of experiment at a con. of (4000 ppm), compared to the control group, where the highest percentage was 3.33 percent in the acetonic extract of propolis.
Isolation and Identification of Entomopathogenic Fungi from of Green Peach Aphid Myzus Persicae and Evaluation of Their Activity for Insect Control
Authors: Al-Shindah Raghad S. D. , Hassan Abdullah A. , Mansour Muhammad S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTwenty-one different fungal isolates were isolated from samples of infected insects from different areas in Salah El-Din Governorate. A preliminary screening of the isolated fungi was carried out using different stages of green peach insect for the purpose of estimating its pathogenicity. The results showed that the fungal spores suspension and fungal filtrates of isolates (RA-4, RA-5, RA-9, RA-10, RA-12, RA-13, RA-14, RA-16, RA-23, RA-24) significantly superior on other isolates in killing green peach insects, the isolate (RA-5) achieved the highest mortality rate of 95.3% during the 72 hours period. All the selected (highest pathogenic) isolates showed their production of chitinase, the fungal isolates (RA-24, RA-4, RA-12, RA-14) superior on other isolates in the activity of chitinase, reaching 6.62, 3.31, 2.53, and 2.15 units/ml, respectively compared to 1.76 units/ml in the commercial fungicide strain B.bassiana. The isolates (RA-5, RA-24, RA-4, RA-9) were significantly superior to the protease activity, which reached 2.42, 1.88, 1.86, and 1.83 units/ml, respectively, compared to 1.64 units/ml in the commercial fungicide strain B. bassiana. These isolates were phenotypically and molecularly identified to the species level based on the nucleotide sequences of the ITS1 and ITS4 region within the 5.8 S rRNA gene. To study the compatibility of the highest pathogenic fungal isolates with different concentrations of the chemical pesticide Dominant, the results showed that all fungal isolates were able to grow in the presence of this pesticide, the highest compatibility was in present of Dominant at 1%, with P. oxalicum (RA-13), M. anisopliae(RA-24) and T. longibrachiatum (RA-5) in which the fungal growth rate reached 89, 88.57 and 83.44%, respectively. The results also showed that there was a significant superiority of all treatments that included M. anisopliae (RA-24) and T. longibrachiatum (RA-5) with the pesticide Dominant (0.5%) in the mortality rate of green peach insect stages compared with the other treatments, the highest mortality rate reached 100% after 3 days of treatment (M. anisopliae + Dominant 0.5) and (T. longibrachiatum + Dominant 0.5) while the lowest mortality rate was 66.66% in the treatment of M.anisopliae.
Production of Synthetic Seeds in Vegetable Crops: A Review
Authors: Abbas Majeed Kadhim , Mahood Huda E. , Alhasan Ali Sabah 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOver the last few decades, biotechnology research has advanced to the point where it is now possible to improve essential agricultural crops. Synthetic seed manufacturing has opened up new possibilities of in vitro plant propagation technique since it has various practical benefits on a commercial scale for the cultivation of a wide range of agricultural crops. It is one of the most important tools for plant tissue culture breeders and scientists, since it provides significant benefits for massive production of distinct (elite) plant species. Synthetic seeds offer a promising strategy for mass plant production in a way of encapsulation of non-embryonic or embryonic (somatic embryos) tissues in a gel-like matrix, such as shoot buds, shoot tips, microshoots, protocoms and nodal segments. When the strategies minimize the cost of the production of elite plant genotypes, this strategy can be adapted for commercial production. The technology of the synthetic seed necessitates the use of in vitro growth systems in order to produce viable materials that can be converted into plants on a wide scale. The discovery of an artificial seed technology opens up new possibilities of a promising strategy for improving a wide range of commercially significant plant species, including cereals, fruit crops, medicinal plants, and vegetable crops, which we focus on in this review article.
The Effect of Spinosade on Three Species of Stored Product Insects
Authors: Qader F.A. , Ameen H.N.H. , Mohammed B.M.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relative efficacy of the biological compound Spinosad was tested in five concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) mg / kg of covered food mixed with the food of the southern cowpea weevil and the grain beetle of vermicelli and the rusty flour beetle. The results of the study showed The highest killing rates are 100%, 89.7% and 59.7% for each of the siren beetles, the southern cowpea weevil and the rusty flour beetle, respectively, after the exposure period of 196 hours. The results of the study also showed that there was no development in the life of the three species of insects. The stores and for all the concentrations of spinosad used, with a high significant difference with the comparison factor. Also, the compound spinosad gave good protection for cowpea seeds, wheat and pulp. The rate of food loss was reduced compared with the comparison treatment in which the loss rate increased very clearly as a result of the activity of the population of the insect species of the three studied beetles.
Effects of Crude Terpene Extarcts from Ammi majus L. Leaves and Flowers on some Aspects of Life Performance of Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Coleoptera; Silvanidae)
Authors: Barhi Zaman Razak , Rashid Youssef Dakhil 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe current study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effects of crude terpene extracts of leaves and flowers collected from of Ammi majus on some aspects of the biological performance of Oryzaephilus surinamensis grain beetle. The results revealed that the crude terpene extract of flowers at concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 mg / ml had a significant effects on the cumulative mortality rate of the beetle’s different life stages. The highest mortality rate values reached (73.3, 46.7)% at the concentration 30 mg / ml after 72 hours treatment for the second larval instars and adults, respectively. While the mortality rates achieved from treatment with the same concentrations of the crude terpene leaf extract reached (53.3, 33.3)% after 72 hours for the second larval instars and adults.
Effect of Some Biological Control Fungi on Life Stages of the Two-Spot Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranchidaea) on Eggplant
Authors: Meteab Husham R. , Kadhim Jamaal H. , AL-Abedy Aqeel N. , AL-Musawi Balqees H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of some filtrate of bio-fungi (Trichoderma harzianum, T. asperelloides, Beauveria bassiana and Penicillium sp.) in controlling the two-spot spider mite that infects eggplant. Fungi filtrates have been tested against all roles of the red mite (eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults). The results showed that T. harzianum was the most effective among other fungi in controlling T. urticae, recording the lowest egg hatching of 55.42% and the highest mortality rate for motile instars, which reached 69.37 60.04 and 62.33 for larvae, nymphs and adults, respectively, with a significant difference from the fungi. T. asperelloides, B. bassiana, and Penicillium sp. respectively. As for the concentration of the filtrate, in general, the efficiency of the filtrate increased with increasing concentration. The concentration of 100% recorded the highest reduction in the number of hatched eggs with a hatching rate of 59.33% and an increase of the dead individuals with mortality rates of 60.00, 55.37 and 51.58% for larvae, nymphs and adults, respectively, compared to concentration 25%, which led to a hatching rate of 79.67% and significantly less mortality for all stages.
Effect of Three Growth Stages of Sorghum Residues on Lolium temulentum Weeds Associated with the Barley Crop
Authors: Jassim Anwar Akram , Abbas Al-Khaldy Rafid Ahmed , Mohmed Ahmed Saeed 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate phytochemical compounds of aqueous extracts leaves of three growth stages of Sorghum., and the study the effect of those three aqueous extracts on the darnel weed associated with the barley. The GC-MS method was used to screen the phytochemical compounds of three-stage of growth Sorghum which showed diagnosis a number of compounds depending on the retention time such as Daucol, 13-Octadecenal, and Oleic Acid for growth stage 4-6 leaves, and 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid, 1-Eicosanol, and Batilol for growth stage 8-10 leaves, and Hexadecanoic acid, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and 1-Docosene for growth stage 12-14 leaves. The results showed significant effects of aqueous extracts leaves of Sorghum in the percentage of control dernal weed where recorded 64.133, 85.360, and 86.427% after 30, 60, and 90 days of treatment at growth stage 12-14 leaves of Sorghum compared with 0.00,0.00 and 0.00 in the control treatment.
Drought and Maize Breeding
Authors: Hassan Wajeeha Abed , Hadi Banan Hassan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tension caused by a lack of water (water stress or drought stress) represents the continuous and continuous threat to the survival of the plant, as many of the plants in which phenotypic or physiological modification takes place may not be able to continue and remain in the environment in which they live due to the water stress on it or the low soil moisture content. This of course is related to the prevailing weather conditions (lack of rain, high temperature, increased wind speed, low relative humidity in the atmosphere … etc.), so dry soil is defined as the shortage of soil water needed to the extent that its readiness for the plant decreases (that is, the threshold at which the plant cannot absorb Or drain the water at a speed that meets its requirements for vital activities, and photosynthesis that meets the requirements of evapotranspiration does not occur. Conversely, water tightening may be the result of increased water. An example of stretching as a result of increased water is flooding, which results in suffocation resulting from Reduced concentration of oxygen-prepared oxygen to the roots, which in turn will impair breathing. In general, tension due to a lack of water is the most common, which led specialists to call it “water deficit stress.” Because water tension occurs in natural environments as a result of rain entrapping, Such conditions are known as drought conditions and therefore drought stress is terme In laboratory conditions, water stress conditions can be achieved through the loss of water by transpiration from the leaves, a circumstance that is due to what is termed as a desiccation stress. That is, in the sense that water stress is one of the components of salt tension and osmotic tension, and in order to unify these differences according to the concept of water tension, it termed the concept of low water potential.
RAPD Technique to Determine the Genetic Divergence of Barley Genotypes
Authors: Fadel Aqeel A. , Abdulhamed Zeyad A. , Yousif Shatha A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in 2022 in the biotechnology laboratories of the Agricultural Research Department - Ministry of Science and Technology with the aim of studying the molecular variations between 5 barley cultivars (Samir, Aksad, Amal, Buraq and IPA 265) in order to estimate the genetic divergence and determine the degree of genetic kinship between them. In order to be used for the production of hybrids, the RAPD technology was used, based on PCR technology and 12 primers. A 20 with a molecular weight that ranged between 150 - 2000 bp The total number and %age of differentiated cuts were 92 and 80% respectively The starter H 9 gave the highest %age of differentiated cuts amounting to 90.9% while the primer A 20 showed the lowest %age of differentiated cuts amounting to 57.1% The highest primers efficiency was 11.3% in the A15 primer and the highest differentiating ability was 11.9% in the H9 and A15 primers, and based on the data of the molecular index and genetic similarity using the UPGMA method in the linkage scheme, the two were separated. Varieties in two main groups, one group containing S5 (class Aba 265), and the second group containing the rest of the varieties according to the nearest neighbor method. The lowest genetic similarity and the degree of genetic kinship (the highest genetic divergence) between the cultivars was 0.61 between the two cultivars S1 x S5 (IPA 265 x Samir) as well as 0.62 between the two cultivars S2 x S5 (Aksad x IPA 265) and the highest genetic similarity (ie, the lowest genetic dimension)) It was between the two categories S3 x S4 (Amal x Buraq) and it amounted to 0.86. The results indicated that RAPD parameters are highly efficient in diagnosing purity and genetic divergence between barley genotypes.
Nematodes That Transmit Plant Pathogenic Viruses
Authors: Abdalreda Estabraq Mohammed , Mohammed Liqaa Hussein 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nematodes (nematodes) are worms of Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Nematode, the second largest group after insects in terms of number and diversity, and does not have a respiratory and circulatory system but They contain a pseudo body cavity and are found in all humid environments in the world and their parasitic species are not visible to the naked eye. So far, more than 4100 species of plant-parasitic nematodes are known, belonging to about 200 genera to more than 30 families. However, the types that transmit viruses do not constitute more than 1% of the number of parasitic nematodes on plants. The mouth parts of nematodes that transmit viruses, represented by the Stylet, are the body structures important in transmitting viruses, and the shaft is usually elongated. Which enables it to feed deeply inside the root of the plant.
Bioassay of Some Vegetable Oils on Saw-Toothed Grain Beetel Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Silvanidae : Coleoptera)
Authors: Mohammad Emad Q. , Hamad Hamad M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Our aim was to study the attractiveness and the replant effect ion for crucifer oil, celery oil, carnation oil, essential oil and castor oil on the saw-toothed grain beetel Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. Result showed that carnation oil gave the highest mean of attractive for the adults which were 17%. All oils had significant replant effect for the adults and the celery oil was the first in replant percentage which achieve to 73%, then the castor oil by 63%, and crucifer oil and essential oil by 50%, while the carnation oil had the latest percentage which was 47%.
Studying the Effect of Spraying Time with Different Concentrations of Atlantis Hebicide in Controlling the Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) Associated with the Wheat Crop.
Authors: Mawlood Ghadeer Mukhles , Hayawi Jassim Abdullah 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe research was carried out in the Agricultural Technical College / Mosul during the agricultural season (2021-2022) in plastic pods with a height of 30 cm and a diameter of 30 cm, and according to the system of global experiments and with a complete random design and with two factors, the first factor: the stages of spraying the herbicide and at three levels (the early growth stage, The tillers stage, the booting stage) and the second factor were concentrations of the herbicide at four levels (zero, 200, 300, 400) g. ha-1and with three replicates, The results showed: that spraying the herbicide in the early growth stage had a significant effect on all studied traits, and that the comparison treatment was significantly superior to all treatments in plant height of wheat yield, while the concentration was superior to (200) g. ha-1on the rest of the concentrations in each of the number of pods of wheat plants, the area of the flag leaf, the length of the spike and the number of grains in the spike, which were (3.94 tillers, 13.27 cm2, 7.24 cm, 34.07 grains) respectively. The interaction between spraying in the early growth stage and concentration was (200) g. ha-1was significantly superior in all studied traits, while the interaction between spraying at the end stage and concentration caused (400) g. ha-1in giving the lowest height of wheat plants, the least leaf area, the least length of the spike, and the lowest number of grains.spike-1.
Studying Some Technical Indicators of the Local Manufactured Machine and Its Effect on the Wheat Crop “Tamuz cultivar”
Authors: Jebur Hussein A. , AL-Halfi Kasem M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of compound machine on wheat "Tamuz cultivar" was studied based on some technical indicators which were tested under three practical speed (PS) of 2.015, 3.143, and 4.216 km.hr-1 and three tillage depth (TD) of 11, 13, and 15cm. The split-split plot arrangement in RCBD with three replications was used. The results showed that the PS of 2.015km.hr-1 was major best than other two speed in all studied conditions, physical properties (SBD and TSP), mechanical parameters (FD, (DP and LAS), and yield and growth parameters (PVI, BY and HI). The TD of 11cm was major effect to the other two levels TD of 13 and TD of 15cm in all studied conditions. All interactions were significant, the best interaction was between the first speed 2.015 km.hr-1 and TD of 11cm for all studied properties.
Attitude of Al-Qasimia Village Farmers in Hawija District/ Kirkuk Province Toward Cultivation and Consumption White Eggplant
Authors: Mohammed Khattab Abdullah , Mahmood Ekhlas Thaer 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The research aims to identify the attitude of Al-Qasimia village farmers in Hawija district/ Kirkuk province toward cultivation and consumption white eggplant. As the study of the relationship of the relationship between farmers’ attitudes towards the cultivation and consumption of white eggplant with the variables specific to the farmers represented by (age, educational level, agricultural experience, the size of the farm holding, the area of land planted with eggplant, the income from eggplant cultivation in year). The research included all the farmers of Al-Qasimiyah village in Hawija district / Kirkuk governorate. Their number is (40) farmers. The researchers used the descriptive method in conducting the research. A questionnaire was prepared for collecting research data, which included in the first part questions about some of the distinctive characteristics of farmers in the research area. The second part included a tripartite scale using Likert method consisting of (24) items, its apparent validity was confirmed by presenting it to the experts, its stability was confirmed by the split-half method, which means validity and readiness for measurement. Data was analyzed by using the SPSS program. The results showed that the attitudes of the majority of farmers were neutral to positive towards cultivating and consuming white eggplant. In addition, the results showed the existence of a significant correlation relationship between the attitudes of farmers of the village of Al-Qasimia in Hawija district / Kirkuk governorate and their educational level, while there was no significant correlation with the other variables that were studied.