bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Análisis e interpretación de un conflicto social de mediados del siglo XIII: el enfrentamiento Concejo de Ponferrada-Monasterio de Carracedo
Authors: Durany Castrillo Mercedes 
Published: March 2022

About the middle of the l3th century, El Bierzo was the scenary of a serious social conflict, led by the town hall of Ponferrada, that rose up «in arms» against the king's «merino» and the monks of Carracedo, when the latter wanted to have under their authority the men from the enclosure of S. Andrés de Montejos who had become «inhabitants» of Ponferrada. This conflict, that comes to an end with the triumph of the monastery, does not have to be considered as a fight town hall aristocracy, but rather, as a confrontation within the upper classes monastery urban oligarchy that show some similar interests in the appropriation of the income from the other social classes.
Newer orthodontic archwires: A review
Authors: Pathak Prajwal , Banerjee Rini , Duseja Saksham , Sharma Tarun 
Published: March 2022

Orthodontics is a constantly evolving science, with new biomaterials being invented regularly. Orthodontic archwires are an integral part of orthodontic fixed appliances and are necessary for the delivery of forces that brings about biologic tooth movement. As an orthodontist, one needs to have a thorough understanding of the various biomaterials available to make maximum use of these archwires and achieve clinical success. This article discusses the newest orthodontic archwires and evaluates the literature that pertains to these newer archwires.
Driftodontics – A case series
Authors: Peddu Revathi , Dokku Aruna , Mallavarapu Kalyani , Lanka Devikanth 
Published: March 2022

In spite of the tremendous improvements in technology that allow for fewer patients to require extractions, there are always patients who have significant enough crowding that ultimately necessitate the removal of premolars. Alleviating the lower anterior crowding prior to placement of the fixed appliances shortens the time in braces, and allows self correction by natural drift. One such treatment strategy which allows all this is Driftodontics.This paper is intended to bring forth the clinical advantages of driftodontics by showing some of our cases which achieved efficient results.
Antitussive effect of granule formulation on SO gas-induced cough in experimental animals
Authors: Tamboli Firoj A. , Jadhav Asha , Chavan Rohankumar , Thorat Vishal H. , Patil Ajit , Jadhav Shital 
Published: March 2022

All over world cough is a common symptom in respiratory disease. When cough becomes severe, opioids act as a potent drug, but they have various side effects like sedation, constipation, etc. Therefore, there is a need to have an effective antitussive formulation, which doesn’t have respiratory depressant activity. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antitussive activity of granules containing extract using a cough model induced by Sulphur dioxide gas in experimental mice. The antitussive effect of granule formulation on SO gas induced cough in experimental animals, which compared to standard codeine sulphate and the result was determined by statistical analysis. The antitussive activity of the granules tested in control, standard and test animal group respectively, it was compared to standard codeine sulphate (10, 15, 20 mg/kg body weight). Codeine sulphate as a standard drug for suppression of cough, act as potent antitussive agent, which produced 25.29%, 33.33%, 47.13% inhibition in cough at a dose of 10mg/kg, 15mg/kg and 20mg/kg respectively, whereas, codeine sulphate (20mg/kg) showed a maximum inhibition of 47.13% (p&#60;0.01) after 60 min. of experiment. The test group of mice was showed 41.17%, inhibition, in cough on treatment with granules after 60 min. of an experiment. This is very significant or nearly equal to a maximum dose of codeine sulphate (20mg/kg). Statistical analysis shows very significant antitussive effects of granules at the level of p&#60;0.01 in inhibiting the cough reflex at 200 mg/kg body wt. in comparison to the control group.
Severe Injuries in 9 Children: Is it due to child neglect?
Authors: Al Balushi Shamsa S 
Published: March 2022

Child Abuse and Neglect (CAN) is a global phenomenon and has many forms. Child neglect is the most common form observed. CAN are serious incidents with medicolegal implications for the caregivers. The recognition of CAN is still in its early stages in the Middle Eastern cultures such as in Oman where parental authority over children is traditionally sacrosanct. This case series presents nine serious incidents from a regional hospital in Oman that appears to fulfil the definition of child neglect. All cases presented were diagnosed by Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect (SCAN) team. This paper provides evidence that child neglect exists in Oman and had resulted in death of some children and led to significant physical, psychological and social sequelae in others. It also addresses risk factors and management recommendations. The article also highlights SCAN team experience along with the limitations of the current Child Protection Services (CPS) in Oman.
Keywords: Child Abuse; Child Neglect; Child Protection Services; Case Series; Oman
FLEXIBILITY RESTORATION OF ARTICULATIO METACARPOPHALANGEAL 1 IN CADAVER PRESERVED BY FORMALIN WITH ACETIC ACID EXPOSURE
Authors: Fitri Fitri , Riliani Marisa , Syam Edward 
Published: March 2022

Abstract: Cadaver rigidity due to formalin preservation often intricates students' understanding in anatomical learning. Various solutions have been trial, but there were no satisfactory results. In this study, acetic acid solution was used to restore the motion flexibility motion of small joint in the hand. Investigated the difference in motion angle of articulatio metacarpophalangeal 1 after being given acetic acid in cadaver post formalin preservation. A pair of cadaver hands conserved by formalin from the same body, were exposed to 5% acetic acid for 4 months. Angular measurements performed on flexion and extension before and after exposure. The flexibility of metacarpophalangeal joints 1 increased in the form of angular reduction in flexion movement (22.8° reduced, p<0.05) and the addition of angle to the extension movement (9.85° increased, p<0.05). Administration of acetic acid for 4 months may increase the motion flexibility of small joint like articulatio metacarpophalangeal 1 in cadaver post-formalin preservation. This result may help students to have better anatomical understanding in cadaver at anatomy laboratory. Keywords: Acetic acid; Articulatio metacarpophalangeal 1; Cadaver; Flexibility; Restoration
Prevalence of E-Cigarette Use and Its Associated Factors Among Youths Aged 12 to 16 Years in 68 Countries and Territories: Global Youth Tobacco Survey, 2012‒2019
Authors: Sun Jiahong , Xi Bo , Ma Chuanwei , Zhao Min , Bovet Pascal 
Published: March 2022

Objectives. To describe the recent global prevalence of e-cigarette use and to investigate its associated factors among youths aged 12 to 16 years in 68 countries and territories (hereafter “countries”). Methods. We analyzed 485 746 youths aged 12 to 16 years from the population-based cross-sectional Global Youth Tobacco Survey conducted in 67 countries between 2012 and 2019 and the 2019 National Youth Tobacco Survey in the United States. We defined past-30-day e-cigarette use as using e-cigarettes on 1 or more days during the past 30 days. Results. The global prevalence of past-30-day e-cigarette use among youths was 9.2%, ranging from 1.9% in Kazakhstan to 33.2% in Guam. Maternal smoking (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.29, 1.52), paternal smoking (AOR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.19), secondhand smoke exposure (AOR = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.64, 1.84), youth cigarette smoking (AOR = 7.18; 95% CI = 6.84, 7.54), and youth other tobacco use (AOR = 3.88; 95% CI = 3.62, 4.15) were positively associated with e-cigarette use. Conclusions. E-cigarette use was moderately frequent among youths aged 12 to 16 years globally. Several important factors were associated with youth e-cigarette use. Public Health Implications. Our findings highlight the need for countries worldwide to develop policies to address e-cigarette use among youths. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(4):650–661. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306686 )
Double Level Osteotomy in an Overcorrected Distal Femoral Varisation Osteotomy
Authors: N Nizaj , N Sukesh A. , Jacob Bobby , George Bibu , Kandathil Julio C. , Theruvil Bipin 
Published: March 2022

Case:
We report a patient who was diagnosed with idiopathic genu valgum at the age of 11 years and underwent bilateral distal femur osteotomies. At age 30 years, she presented with pain around her right knee with a varus deformity. Although the corrective osteotomy was at the distal femur, she was noticed to have a bifocal deformity in both femur and tibia. She was managed with single-stage osteotomies at the distal femur and proximal tibia.

Conclusion:
This case report highlights the importance of preoperative analysis to identify the site of deformity. In bifocal pathology, a 2-level osteotomy is required to prevent an oblique joint line.
Assessment of Geohazards along Highways Based on the Weights of Evidence and GIS: A Case Study in Guangxi Province, China
Authors: Zhao Yue , Yang Hongzhi , Yin Lixiang , Li Junnan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Geological disasters damage highways and disrupt traffic, which reduces the service level of roads. We collected 15,435 geohazards in Guangxi Province. The geohazards within 1km of the highway buffer were selected to study its spatial distribution characteristics and risk assessment methods. Geohazard intensity index and sensitivity index are proposed to establish the highway geohazards assessment model. Based on the weights of evidence (WOE) method, the influencing factors of the sensitivity index and the weight of each factor are obtained. By analyzing the spatial distribution characteristics of geohazards, collapses, landslides, ground collapse and unstable slopes are identified as major geohazards along the highway. Based on the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic methods, the hotspot map of four disasters was drawn, and the intensity index along the highway was calculated. The relationship between slope, aspect, topographic relief, annual average rainfall, land use, lithology type and geohazards was analyzed. The sensitivity index was calculated using the WOE method. The intensity index and the sensitivity index were superimposed to obtain the geohazard index, and the geohazard risk of the highway is divided into five levels. The model accuracy-test based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve shows that Area Under Curve (AUC) equals 0.71, indicating high reliability for the risk assessment.
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 ameliorates lupus nephritis through inhibiting NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways in MRL/lpr mice
Authors: Li Xuewei , liu jie , Zhao Yingzhe , Xu Ning , Lv E , ci chunzeng , Li Xiangling 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common and serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE).However,the etiology and pathogenesis of LN remain unknown. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1,25-(OH)2-VitD3)is the active form of vitamin D, which has been known to have important functions in inflammation and immune diseases. In this study, its protective effects and underlying mechanism with time were investigated in MRL/lpr mice, a well-studied animal model for lupus. Briefly, MRL/lpr mice were randomly divided into VitD3-treated group and control group. Both groups were treated for 3 weeks. Then at four time points after treatment, the skin lesions, histological changes, inflammatory factors and immunological examinations with time were analyzed between the groups. Furthermore, the NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways with time were also detected to explicate the underlying mechanism. Compared to the control group, mice in the VitD3-treated group showed less skin lesions, less kidney injury, lower serum anti-ds DNA antibody, lower inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-17 and higher serum complement C3; they also had less deposition of IgG, IgM and C3 within glomeruli. Moreover, the expressions of NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways were decreased, while those levels were increased with time. This study shows that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exerts a protective effect against lupus nephritis via inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and regulating the NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways, which will be developed as a potential agent for the treatment of lupus nephritis. And the relationship between lupus activity and NF-kB and MAPKs signaling pathways over time was revealed.
Investigation on strong vertical permeability and micro-pore characteristics of Jinan red clay using X-ray micro-tomography
Authors: Cai Hao , Zhang Qi , Ye Guanlin , Lu Linhai , Wu Chaojun , Ji Fang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Due to the peculiarity of the spring domain strata in Jinan, the phenomenon of serious water seepage appears in the process of excavation. The macro permeability of soil is closely correlated with its microstructure. In this study, by using the X-ray micro-tomography (micro-CT) system and a self-designed soil seepage device, the internal pore structure of Jinan red clay and the water flow inside the sample under different seepage stages were observed. The microstructure of water phase and air phase in the sample was segmented by the watershed algorithm. Calculation and comparison of pore and throat size distributions at different seepage stages were conducted by establishing Pore Network Model (PNM). Meanwhile, the seepage experiment simulations were conducted based on the 3D pore structure of red clay. The results show that the preferentially flow of Jinan red clay is obvious due to the existence of the vertically developed macropore channel. The fine particles (mainly silt particles) are washed away during seepage, thereby expanding the pore channels. The maximum pore radius and pore connectivity have important influence on seepage characteristics of Jinan red clay, but the correlation between porosity is small.
The autophagy inducer SMER28 attenuates microtubule dynamics mediating neuroprotection
Authors: Kirchenwitz Marco , Stahnke Stephanie , Melcher Lars , Ham Marco van , Rottner Klemens , Steffen Anika , Stradal Theresia E.B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
SMER28 was originally identified in a screen for small-molecules that act as modulators of autophagy. SMER28 enhanced the clearance of autophagic substrates such as mutant huntingtin, an effect that was independent of rapamycin-induced autophagy. Thus, SMER 28 was established as a positive regulator of autophagy acting independently of the mTOR pathway, increasing autophagosome biosynthesis and attenuating mutant huntingtin-fragment toxicity in cellular- and fruit fly Huntington’s disease models, suggesting therapeutic potential. Despite a wealth of previous studies, molecular mechanisms mediating SMER28 activities and its direct targets have remained elusive. Here we analyzed the effects of SMER28 on cells and found that it not only induces autophagy, but also significantly stabilizes microtubules and decelerates microtubule dynamics. Moreover, we report that SMER28 displays neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects at the cellular level by inducing neurite outgrowth and by protecting from excitotoxin-induced axon degeneration. Finally, we compare the effects of SMER28 with other autophagy-inducing or microtubule-stabilizing drugs: Whereas SMER28 and rapamycin both induce autophagy, the latter does not stabilize microtubules, and whereas both SMER28 and epothilone B stabilize microtubules, epothilone does not provoke increased autophagy. Thus, the effect of SMER28 on cells in general and neurons in particular is based on its unique spectrum of bioactivities distinct from other known microtubule-stabilizing or autophagy-inducing drugs.
TSH and Serotonin Sensitivity Is Important in the Development of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Parlak Omer , Erdogan Fazli , Donmez Mustafa , Yalcin Abdussamed 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
PURPOSE: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and deadly disease. The thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR) is expressed at high levels in thyroid follicular cells. Serotonin is the key neurotransmitter in the brain-gut axis. It contributes to the development of various cancers, including breast, liver, pancreatic, and colon cancers.The aim of this study was to investigate TSH and serotonin sensitivity in colorectal cancer development.PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, we used tumor biopsy tissues of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer in terms of immunohistochemistry. The preparations were applied with AntiTSH and AntiSerotonin (5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptamine) antibody and examined microscopically. RESULTS: Dense stromal accumulation was detected in 80 serotonin negative preparations. Serotonin receptor was negative in 100 preparations in normal tissue. Serotonin receptor was found positive in 14 preparations in the tumor part (P value = 0.000). When these preparations are examined in terms of TSH receptor; It was positive in 12 preparations in normal tissue and negative in 88 preparations. In tumor tissue, TSH was positive in 26 preparations and negative in 74 preparations CONCLUSIONS: In our study, we found that the serotonin receptor in the colon and rectum tissue was significantly decreased in patients with colorectal cancer. In our study, a high rate of TSH receptor deficiency was found in patients with colorectal cancer, and studies on this subject support our findings that the risk of colorectal cancer is increased in hypo and hyperthyroidism. Comprehensive studies are needed to support this.
Patient-caregiver dyads in pancreatic cancer: Identification of patient and caregiver factors associated with caregiver well-being
Authors: Xia Brent Taiting , Otto Amy K. , Allenson Kelvin , Kocab Maria , Fan Wenyi , Mo Qianxing , Denbo Jason W. , Malafa Mokenge P. , Permuth Jennifer B. , Kim Dae Won , Fleming Jason B. , Reblin Maija , Hodul Pamela J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: There is a paucity of studies that address the stressors and associated risk factors amongst pancreatic cancer patients and their caregivers. We aimed to examine the psychosocial well-being in the patient-caregiver dyad, and to determine pancreas cancer patient and caregiver characteristics that predict caregiver distress.Methods: Demographics and caregiving characteristics were gathered from patient and patient-caregiver dyads. Primary caregivers completed validated instruments investigating anxiety, depression, perceived stress and caregiver burden. Both caregivers and patients completed the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Distress Thermometer. Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare categorical variables. Continuous variables per group were reported as mean (standard deviation). Demographics, patient and caregiving characteristics were analyzed as predictors of caregiver distress using t-tests, Kruskal-Wallis, and regression analyses.Results: A total of 128 patient-caregiver dyads were enrolled over a period of eleven consecutive months. Patient and caregiver distress scores were not affected by patient clinical disease burden. Patient distress was a significant predictor of caregiver distress, anxiety, depression, and perceived caregiver burden. Younger caregiver age was also associated with higher caregiver anxiety and perceived burden. Additional predictors of caregiver depression and perceived stress included number of “other” caregiving activities (e.g., provision of emotional support, decision-making support) and overall health status.Conclusion: We identified particular patient and caregiver variables which negatively impact the well-being of pancreatic cancer caregivers. Future efforts should focus on development and implementation of more comprehensive caregiver support programs for those at highest risk for psychosocial distress.
Cardiovascular diseases risk perception and communication among urban and rural residents in Ethiopia: A qualitative study
Authors: Getachew Hailemichael , Girma Eshetu , Tamerat Woinab , Mamuye Admasu Tenna , Kedir Kiya , Zeleke Meaza , Howe Rawleigh , Delobelle Peter , Murphy Katherine , Levitt Naomi , Okop Kufre 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: The rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) burden, particularly, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Ethiopia is driven by rapid urbanization, globalization, urban poverty, a shift in diet and physical inactivity. To tackle this, adoption of appropriate lifestyle and behaviour modifications are required. Such behavioural adoption in turn demands appropriate knowledge about the risk factors, and a reasonably perception of threat of CVDs. Objective: To explore CVDs risk perception, communication, and health seeking intentions of residents of rural and urban communities in Ethiopia.Methods: We conducted four focus group discussions (FGDs) and semi-structured risk communication interviews with residents of two communities (urban and rural) in Ethiopia. Two FGDs were conducted in each of the rural and urban communities with separate groups for men and women. The FGD participants were purposively selected with the help of local health extension workers. The FGDs were facilitated by a trained public health researcher, using a FGD guide, and risk communication cue cards. The textual data was analyzed using thematic analysis approach. Results: In general, awareness of CVDs and conceptualization of disease risk in both setting were low, and risk scores concepts were based on cultural beliefs and setting-specific knowledge, especially in the rural areas. Many participants had not perceived any threat, and indicated limited susceptibility to CVDs, despite their belief that the risk factors are common. Participants that indicated having a prior CVDs diagnosis, did not readily accept their diagnosis, or disclose their status to others, or seek medical care. Some urban participants thought that CVDs are untreatable owing to inaccessibility of care and the common belief that this ‘is the will of God’. Consequently, participants had often opted for traditional or ‘miraculous’ religious healing practices, and, therefore, did not rely on chronic disease management advice.Interviews using communication cue cards revealed that how and by whom a risk message was communicated was an important consideration for a message to be accepted, and to elicit subsequent health-seeking intention, and possible action(s).Conclusion: Supporting community-level collaborative learning about CVDs, and their risk factors can support optimal evaluation of personal risk and perception of the threat of CVDs.