bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infrared spectroscopy of model electrochemical interfaces in ultrahigh vacuum: Surface–cation solvation in the Pt(111)/K+–methanol system
Authors: Villegas Ignacio , Weaver Michael J. 
Published: July 2002

Infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopic (IRAS) measurements are reported for methanol dosed onto Pt(111) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) in both the presence and absence of adsorbed potassium atoms at 90 K with the objective of elucidating the nature of sequential cation solvation at this model electrochemical interface. Corresponding variations in the metal-UHV work-function (Φ), evaluated with a Kelvin probe, yield additional insight into the interfacial electrostatic environment as a function of the alkali and methanol dosages. Methanol forms a particularly suitable solvent for such a ‘‘double-layer modeling’’ study since both the O–H stretching (νOH) and C–OH stretching (νC–OH) vibrations are sensitive to the local coordination environment. In addition, comparisons are made with the detailed infrared spectral data available for progressive methanol solvation of gas-phase alkali cations [(a) A. J. Draves, Z. Luthey-Schulten, W.-L. Liu, and J. M. Lisy, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 4589 (1990); (b) T. J. Selegue, N. Moe, J. A. Draves, and J. M. Lisy, ibid. 96, 7268 (1992)], allowing unprecedented insight into the manner and extent to which cation solvation is affected by the metal surface.
The initial stage of methanol solvation of interfacial K+ is signaled by substantially downshifted and relatively sharp νOH and νC–OH bands at ∼3100 and 1010 cm−1, respectively, which are not observed in the absence of K+. This spectral behavior is consistent with the formation of a primary solvation shell featuring methanol–cation coordination via the oxygen along with –OH hydrogen bonding to the metal surface. The significant (∼0.5–1 eV) Φ increases observed under these conditions support the presence of primary solvation methanol with a negative-outward δ−O–Hδ+ dipole orientation. The second solvation stage, referring to K+–methanol stoichiometries above ∼3, is accompanied by the appearance of markedly upshifted νOH and νC–OH bands, at ∼3300 and 1050 cm−1, respectively, suggesting the occurrence of extensive first–second shell H-bonding.
Marked Φ decreases are observed in this dosage regime, more closely akin to the behavior observed in the absence of adsorbed alkali. The methanol dosage-dependent interfacial νC–OH behavior is markedly different to that observed in the gas phase, highlighting the role of the metal in modifying the nature of both the primary and second-shell solvation structure. The structure of methanol on uncharged (i.e., K+-free) Pt(111) is also addressed by combined IRAS and work-function measurements. The H-bonded structures even within multilayer methanol films differ significantly from the analogous bulk phases. The effects of competitive CO chemisorption on K+ solvation are also considered.
Toward a new Reynolds stress model for rotating turbulent flows
Authors: Cambon C. , Jacquin L. , Lubrano J. L. 
Published: July 2002

A new approach for modeling turbulent rotating flows is presented. The main objective of this model is to take into account the complex effects of background rotation, which have been elucidated by homogeneous spectral analysis. The model is based on the following elements. First, it is shown, or recalled, that the use of the deviatoric part aij=Rij/Rll−δij/3 of the Reynolds stress tensor Rij as the unique tensorial argument for closing unknown terms (a basic principle in actual models) is no longer valid in the presence of solid body rotation. A decomposition of this tensor into two parts (aij=aeij+aZij), namely aeij (directional dependence) and aZij (polarization), is suggested from pure inviscid and homogeneous rapid distortion theory.
It is shown that the first part aeij is preserved while the second aZij is damped by the pressure-velocity correlations through the action of the Coriolis force. This decomposition appears to provide the minimum amount of information in physical space needed to deal with the complexity of the problem. A system of equations for aeij and aZij is then given for predicting in an ‘‘ad hoc’’ way some phenomena consistent with those identified by spectral models, recent direct numerical simulations (DNS), and experimental results. These phenomena are: (1) damping of any term attached to nonlinear interactions at very low Rossby numbers, in accordance with a convenient modification (for rotation) in the ε (dissipation rate) equation, (2) linear ‘‘rapid’’ reorganization of an initial anisotropy, as shown by pure inviscid rapid distortion theory, and (3) nonlinear ‘‘Taylor–Proudman structuring’’ at intermediate Rossby numbers. Although the present model is restricted to the case of pure solid body rotation, developments that could lead to a more general version that takes into account any kind of mean velocity gradient are discussed at the end of the paper. For this purpose, a consistent closure is provided for the ‘‘rapid’’ pressure rate of the strain correlation tensor Φ2ij=eΦ2ij+ZΦ2ij (involved in the Rij equation), and for the related contribution involved in the equation for Reij=Rllaeij, without introducing any adjustable constant. Finally, we present a general two-tensor model (Rij,Reij;ε) of which we hope will encourage new efforts in second-order modeling.
New Zealand's national drug policy
Authors: WEBB M. B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe paper describes the origins, development and key features of New Zealand's national drug policy (NDP). This 5‐year policy, launched in July 1998, aims of minimize the harm caused by drug use to both individuals and the community. Major achievements since the release of the NDP are reviewed, focusing on the establishment of a two‐tier monitoring and implementation structure and release of the policy's first intersectoral work programme. [Webb H. B. New Zealand's national drug policy. Drug Alcohol Rev 1999; 18:435–440]
Encouraging general practitioners to take up screening and early intervention for problem use of alcohol: a marketing trial
Authors: McCORMICK ROSS , ADAMS PETER , POWELL ANNE , BUNBURY DEAN , PATON‐SIMPSON GRANT , McAVOY BRIAN 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the result and cost of marketing techniques designed to encourage general practitioners to receive an early intervention and screening package for problem use of alcohol. A randomized controlled trial of marketing to 369 New Zealand general practitioners is described. The marketing techniques compared were direct mail, telemarketing and personal marketing. Each marketing strategy had a common promotional content. The screening and early intervention procedure marketed in each strategy was the ‘Drinkless’ package developed with the World Health Organization collaborative study for early intervention for at risk alcohol consumption. The package uses the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). The major outcome was Drinkless package uptake defined as agreement to receive the package. The cost of each marketing technique was estimated. General practitioners approached using telemarketing or personal marketing are over 23% more likely to take up the package than those approached by mail. There was no significant difference between the uptake rates for telemarketing (74%) and personal marketing (81%). Estimating the marginal cost per doctor agreeing to receive the Drinkless package showed telemarketing to cost approximately $3.97 per doctor compared to $10.00 for direct mail and $20.36 for personal marketing. Telemarketing is the most cost‐effective marketing strategy to encourage general practitioners to receive a screening and early intervention package for problem use of alcohol.
Ethanol alters the inhibitory effect of calcium ions on [3H]‐inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate binding
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ F. DAVID 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this study we have analysed the effects of ethanol and divalent cations on the binding of [3H]‐inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate to rat cerebellar membranes. Rats were injected intraperitoneally, daily, with 3g of ethanol/kg of body weight for different periods of time. Repeated in vivo administration of ethanol caused a reduction of about 30% of binding in an in vitro assay carried out in the presence of 1 mM EDTA. With an IC approximately 250 nM calcium ions produced a reduction in binding to cerebellar membranes isolated from control rats. The inhibitory effect was not observed in membranes taken from animals injected with alcohol for 21 days. Magnesium and manganese ions also lowered IP binding. The metabolic degradation of IP to IP was increased by magnesium and manganese but not by calcium and was similar in control and ethanol 2 treated rats. The results indicate that ethanol repeatedly administered to rats modifies the sensitivity of the IP receptor to calcium ion, but that it does not alter the metabolic fate of IP to IP. This supports the idea that ethanol may have preferable targets within the cell.
NMDA‐receptor antagonists block the development of rapid tolerance to ethanol in mice
Authors: BARRETO PATRÍCIA SOBIERAJSKI , LEMOS TADEU , MORATO GINA STRUFFALDI 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSeveral studies have emphasized the role of learning in the development of rapid and chronic tolerances. Recently, it was shown that the NMDA antagonists MK‐801(dizocilpine) and ketamine block the development of tolerance to ethanol in rats submitted to tilt‐plane apparatus. The present study examines the generality of this inhibition using mice submitted to the rota‐rod test. Mice were tested in the rota‐rod apparatus at 5, 10 and 15 minutes after intraperitoneal ethanol injections. The first experiment evaluated the time course of acute effects of different doses of ethanol (1.0‐2.25 g/kg) in the rota‐rod test. In the second experiment, the most effective dose of ethanol to produce rapid tolerance (RT) was determined. Mice were injected on day 1 with ethanol or saline and tested on the rota‐rod. After 24 hours, all groups were injected with the same doses of ethanol and tested. The third experiment investigated whether ketamine (1.0‐5.0 mg/kg) injected before ethanol on day 1 influenced the development of RT to ethanol. The last experiment compared the actions of the (+) and (‐)MK‐801 isomers (0.015‐0.060 mg/kg) on RT to ethanol. Maximum motor impairment was obtained 5 minutes after ethanol injections. Pretreatment of animals with ketamine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) or with (+)MK‐801 (0.030 and 0.060 mg/kg) significantly blocked the development of RT. The (‐)MK‐801 isomer did not affect RT, suggesting that the blockade by MK‐801 is stereospecific. These results confirm and extend previous studies showing that NMDA receptor antagonists block RT to the motor impairment produced by ethanol in other animals tested in different models.
Alcohol‐thiamine interactions: an update on the pathogenesis of Wernicke encephalopathy
Authors: TODD KATHRYN G. , HAZELL ALAN S. , BUTTERWORTH ROGER F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWernicke encephalopathy is a neurological disorder commonly observed in chronic alcohol abuse, in patients with AIDS, and in other conditions of compromised nutritional status. The underlying cause of the disorder is thiamine deficiency. The present review highlights data focusing on alcohol‐thiamine interactions and their relationship to the pathogenesis of Wernicke encephalopathy. Recent findings on the effects of alcohol on thiamine absorption and storage and on thiamine phosphorylation to the enzyme co‐factor form (thiamine diphosphate) are discussed with regard to the postulated “biochemical lesion” of Wernicke encephalopathy. Also discussed are new findings on the molecular genetics of the thiamine‐dependent enzyme transketolase in patients with Wernicke encephalopathy. A discussion of the hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of selective neuronal cell death observed in this disorder including cerebral energy deficit, focal lactic acidosis, glutamate excitotoxicity, increased expression of immediate‐early genes, free radicals and perturbations of the blood‐brain barrier are presented. Finally, the possible role of thiamine deficiency in alcoholic peripheral neuropathy is reviewed.
The FAS Screen: a rapid screening tool for fetal alcohol syndrome
Authors: BURD LARRY , COX CHAUN , POITRA BETTY , WENTZ TOM , EBERTOWSKI MARY , MARTSOLF JOHN T. , KERBESHIAN JACOB , KLUG MARILYN G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is an important cause of mental retardation and developmental disabilities. A population based screening tool would allow for early diagnosis and entry into intervention programs. The aim of the study was to develop a brief screening tool for use in population‐based settings to improve the identification of children with FAS. The FAS Screen was developed and tested in six sites. These were sites that served children and all were located in North Dakota. Screening was completed on 1013 children, 65 were found to have a positive screening score and were referred for further investigation. Forty were seen for evaluation by a medical geneticist and six were diagnosed with FAS. The estimated values for the screening tool were: specificity 94.1%, sensitivity 100%, positive predictive value 9.1% and negative predictive value 100%. The cost of screening was $13.00 per child and the cost per case identified was $4,100. The FAS Screen is a brief screening test with acceptable performance characteristics and is cost effective.
The DRD2 A1 allele: a behavioural genetic risk factor in hepatitis C infection of persistent drug abusers
Authors: LAWFORD BRUCE , YOUNG ROSS , NOBLE ERNEST P. , CRAWFORD DARRELL , ROWELL JOHN , SHADFORTH SUSAN , RITCHIE TERRY , ZHANG XUXIAN , COOKSLEY GRAHAM E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHepatitis C is highly prevalent among intravenous drug abusers, but to date research has not widely explicated behavioural risk factors regarding acquisition of infection. The A allele of the D dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene is a hypothesized risk factor in the development of severe drug dependence and alcoholism. The present study compares the frequency of the A1 allele of the DRD2 gene among 37 patients presenting to a hepatitis clinic for treatment of hepatitis C, 23 hepatitis C‐negative drug‐abusing patients maintained on methadone and 33 non‐drug‐abusing controls. The results indicated that hepatitis C‐positive patients were significantly more likely to display the A1 allele than hepatitis C‐negative patients, who were in turn more likely to have the A1 allele than controls. Furthermore, the hepatitis C subjects manifested more persistent drug‐seeking behaviour than the other drug‐abusing group. The implications of this finding in terms of drug‐related reward are discussed. Future research should attempt to evaluate host risk factors, in order to enable more precisely targeted attempts at harm minimization.
A comparison of five commercial immunoassays for the detection of flunitrazepam and other benzodiazepines in urine
Authors: BARRETT A. M. , WALSHE K. , KAVANAGH P. V. , McNAMARA S. M. , MORAN C. , BURDETT J. , SHATTOCK A. G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFive commercially available immunoassay test kits (SYVA EMIT® d.a.uTM, SYVA EMIT® II assay, Abbott FPIA, Cozart Auto‐Lyte® and Roche Abuscreen® OnlineTM, all used for the benzodiazepine group of drugs) were evaluated for their ability to detect flunitrazepam, its major urinary metabolite, 7‐aminoflunitrazepam, and several other benzodiazepines at serial dilutions (final concentration 25–1000 ng/ml) in drug‐free urine and in urines following oral administration of flunitrazepam (1–3 mg). For comparison, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to measure urinary levels of 7‐aminoflunitrazepam. Levels of drug detected in the study were compared with the cross‐reactivities presented by the manufacturers for each individual kit. One to three mg doses of flunitrazepam were taken by volunteers and levels excreted in urine analysed over several hours. A positive response was obtained in several samples from volunteers who had taken 2 mg or 3 mg doses, but not a 1 mg dose. Thirty‐five clinical samples from the individuals suspected of benzodiazepine abuse were also examined. The results were not consistent among the kits evaluated.We conclude that the test kits evaluated in this study do not detect flunitrazepam reliably, due primarily to their poor sensitivities.
Orientation of Membrane‐Bound Melittin Studied by a Combination of HPLC and Liquid Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (LSIMS)
Authors: Niu Wei , Wu Yi , Sui Sen‐Fang 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCombining two analytical techniques, HPLC and liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry, the orientation of liposomal membrane‐bound melittin was analyzed through its trypsindigested products. We found that trypsin can access all proteolytic sites of the membrane‐bound melittin when the liposomes have no transmembrane potential, whereas the proteolytic site near the N terminus of melittin is blocked when the liposomes have a negative transmembrane potential. The results suggest that the negative transmembrane potential may induce the melittin molecules to insert into the membrane perpendicularly, whereas melittin lies flat on the membrane surface in the absence of a negative potential.
Homonyms and synonyms in the Dictionary of Interfaces in Proteins (DIP).
Authors: Preissner R , Goede A , Fr√∂mmel C 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: Should reports on molecular mimicry in particular cases, e.g. responsible for cross-reactivity, be considered as accidental or as a general principle in protein evolution? To answer this question, two types of similarity have to be considered: those in homologues (synonyms) and resemblance between patches from unrelated proteins (homonyms). RESULTS: All interfaces from known protein structures were collected in a comprehensive data bank [Dictionary of Interfaces in Proteins (DIP)]. A fast, sequence-independent, three-dimensional superposition procedure was developed to search automatically for geometrically similar surface areas. Surprisingly, we found a large number of structurally similar interfaces on the surface of unrelated proteins. Even patches from different types of secondary structure were found resembling each other. The putative functional meaning of homonyms is demonstrated with striking examples.
Wrapping SRS with CORBA: from textual data to distributed objects.
Authors: Coupaye T 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: Biological data come in very different shapes. Databanks are maintained and used by distinct organizations. Text is the de facto Standard exchange format. The SRS system can integrate heterogeneous textual databanks but it was lacking a way to structure the extracted data. RESULTS: This paper presents a CORBA interface to the SRS system which manages databanks in a flat file format. SRS Object Servers are CORBA wrappers for SRS. They allow client applications (visualisation tools, data mining tools, etc.) to access and query SRS servers remotely through an Object Request Broker (ORB). They provide loader objects that contain the information extracted from the databanks by SRS. Loader objects are not hard-coded but generated in a flexible way by using loader specifications which allow SRS administrators to package data coming from distinct databanks. AVAILABILITY: The prototype may be available for beta-testing. Please contact the SRS group (http://srs.ebi.ac.uk).
Interactive data input into the GeneNet database.
Authors: Kolpakov F A , Ananko E A 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
SUMMARY: The GeneNet database has been developed for a formalized hierarchical description of the gene networks. To provide rapid data accumulation in the database, the Java graphical interface for data input through the Internet by independent experts equipped with convenient visual tools is developed. AVAILABILITY: http://wwwmgs. bionet.nsc.ru/systems/MGL/GeneNet/
Ciprofloxacin concentrations in lung tissue following a single 400 mg intravenous dose
Authors: Birmingham Mary C. , Guarino Ross , Heller Allen , Wilton John H. , Shah Anita , Hejmanowski Linda , Nix David E. , Schentag Jerome J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Intravenous ciprofloxacin is frequently prescribed for the treatment of infections due to nosocomially acquired Gram-negative organisms, including those originating in the respiratory tract. In this study, the concentrations of ciprofloxacin in serum and lung tissue were determined by HPLC in patients undergoing lung surgery. A total of 22 patients scheduled for lung surgery received a single 400 mg iv dose of ciprofloxacin administered as a 1 h infusion. A specimen of healthy lung tissue was obtained from resected lung from 18 of the patients for analysis of ciprofloxacin concentration during the following time intervals after infusion (one sample/patient): 0- 2, 2- 4, 4- 8 and 8- 12 h. Corresponding mean serum and tissue concentrations were 2.37 mg/L and 3.84 mg/kg (0- 2 h), 1.18 mg/L and 1.92 mg/kg (2- 4 h), 0.69 mg/L and 1.77 mg/kg (4- 8 h), and 0.13 mg/L and 0.67 mg/kg (8- 12 h). Ciprofloxacin distributed rapidly to lung tissue, as seen by the high concentrations in the lung tissue as early as 2 h after infusion. Concentrations in lung tissue were generally higher than those in serum (tissue:serum ratios ranged from 1.7 to 7.1). The mean tissue concentrations found in this study remained above the MIC for most susceptible organisms.
Origin of fibronectin type II (FN2) modules: Structural analyses of distantly‐related members of the kringle family idey the kringle domain of neurotrypsin as a potential link between FN2 domains and kringles
Authors: Ozhogina Olga A. , Trexler Mária , Bányai László , Llinás Miguel , Patthy László 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAnalysis of complete genome sequences has made it clear that fibronectin type II (FN2) modules are present only in the vertebrate lineage, raising intriguing questions about the origin of this module type. Kringle domains display many similarities to FN2 domains; therefore it was suggested previously that they are highly divergent descendants of the same ancestral protein‐fold. Since kringles are present in arthropodes, nematodes, and invertebrate chordates as well as in vertebrates, it is suggested that the FN2 domain arose in the vertebrate lineage through major structural modification of the more ancestral kringle fold. To explore this structural transition, in the present work we compare key structural features of two highly divergent kringle domains (the kringle of Caenorhabditis elegans Ror receptor tyrosine kinase and the kringle of rat neurotrypsin) with those of plasminogen kringles and FN2 domains. Our NMR conformation fingerprinting analysis indicates that characteristic 1H‐NMR markers of kringle or FN2 native folding, such as the dispersion of Trp aromatic connectivities and shifts of the Leu46/Thr16 methyl signals, both decrease in the order kringles > neurotrypsin kringle > FN2 domains. These results suggest that the neurotrypsin kringle may represent an intermediate form between typical kringles and FN2 domains.