bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intelligence involves intensionality: An explanatory issue for radical enactivism (again)
Authors: Zipoli Caiani Silvano 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHow can we explain the intelligence of behaviors? Radical enactivists maintain that intelligent behaviors can be explained without involving the attribution of representational contents. In this paper, I challenge this view by providing arguments showing that the intelligence of a behavior is reliant on ways of presenting the relative purpose and the environment in which that behavior is performed. This involves that a behavior is intelligent only if intesional contents are ascribed to the related agent. Importantly, this conclusion also concerns basic behaviors such as those related to the perception of affordances in the environment. Accordingly, either affordance-related behaviors are not instances of intelligent behaviors and can be accounted in a contentless way or affordance-related behaviors are intelligent, but cannot be accounted without involving contents and modes of presentation.
The a-theory of time, temporal passage, and comprehensiveness
Authors: Eker Bahadir 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIt has been argued recently that one major difficulty facing the A-theory of time consists in the view’s failure to provide a satisfactory account of the passage of time. Critics have objected that this particular charge is premised on an unduly strong conception of temporal passage, and that the argument does not go through on alternative, less demanding conceptions of passage. The resulting dialectical stalemate threatens to prove intractable, given the notorious elusiveness of the notion of temporal passage. Here I argue that there is progress to be made in this regard. The argument from passage takes issue with a certain feature of the standard versions of the A-theory that is in fact problematic independently of worries about temporal passage. To illustrate this, I present a new argument, the argument from comprehensiveness, which demonstrates that the standard A-theoretic account of temporal reality is inadequate, even if it is granted that it can accommodate passage.
Sympathy, Interpersonal Awareness and Acknowledgment
Authors: Müller Jean Moritz 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAccording to a popular thought, sympathy is an epistemic phenomenon: in sympathizing with others we come to be aware of them as fellow sentient beings. This view–which I call the Epistemic View–effectively characterizes sympathy as a form of social cognition. In this paper, I will argue against the Epistemic View. As far as I can see, this view radically misconstrues the way sympathy is directed at others. I will at the same time provide some material for, and motivate, an alternative proposal according to which the primary significance of sympathy is practical rather than epistemic. On this account, sympathy is a form of interpersonal acknowledgment rather than interpersonal awareness.
Negative air ion exposure ameliorates depression-like behaviors induced by chronic mild stress in mice
Authors: Hu Yun-Qing , Niu Ting-Ting , Xu Jian-ming , Peng Li , Sun Qing-Hua , Huang Ying , Zhou Ji , Ding Yu-Qiang 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe presence of negative air ions (NAI) is suggested to be a beneficial factor in improving psychological status and used in treating depression as an alternative approach. However, more biological evidence from animal models is needed to ensure the effects of NAI on the mood regulation, through which can facilitate identification of possible underlying mechanisms. In this study, the chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol was used to induce depressive-like behaviors in mice, and the effects of NAI exposure on CMS-induced depression-like behaviors were examined. Thirty-day NAI exposure prevented the CMS-induced depression-like behaviors as shown by the restoration of sucrose preference and reduced immobility time in the tail suspension test. In addition, the elevation of serous corticosterone was present in CMS-treated mice but not existed in those with the NAI exposure. Furthermore, we observed altered ratios of some cytokines secreted by type 1 T helper (Th1) cells and Th2 cells in CMS-treated mice, but it could be restored after NAI exposure. In conclusion, NAI intervention is able to ameliorate CMS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice, and this effect is associated with the alteration of corticosterone and functional rebalance between Th1 and Th2 cells.
Aus Corona für die Zukunft familienfördernder Angebote lernen
Authors: Bröning Sonja , Clüver Annette 
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Das Auftreten der Coronapandemie brachte für Familien mit kleinen Kindern vielfältige Belastungen wie Isolation, den Verlust öffentlicher und privater Betreuungsoptionen, sowie die Balance von Kinderbetreuung und Beruf. Zukunftssorgen, Verunsicherung und Gefühle der Einsamkeit trugen zum vermehrten Auftreten psychischer Probleme bei. Auch familienfördernde Einrichtungen standen vor neuen Herausforderungen: der Unterstützungsbedarf der Familien stieg, gleichzeitig waren bisherige Angebotsformate und Kontaktmöglichkeiten unter den Einschränkungsmaßnahmen schwer realisierbar.

Ziel der Arbeit
Ziel der aktuellen Studie war die Erfassung der veränderten Bedarfslage von Familien im Verlauf der Pandemie und der Erfahrungswerte mit neu entstandenen analogen und digitalen Hilfsangeboten am Beispiel der familienfördernden Angebote der Stadt Hamburg.

Material und Methoden
Fachkräfte unterschiedlicher familienfördernder Einrichtungen sowie deren Angebote nutzende Eltern wurden im Rahmen von Fokusgruppendiskussionen zu ihren Erfahrungen in der Pandemie und ihren zukunftsgerichteten Ideen für die Familienförderung befragt.

Ergebnisse
Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die erhöhte Bedarfslage der Familien. Die Niedrigschwelligkeit der Angebote und der persönliche Austausch wurden von Familien und Fachkräften vermisst. Kreative Ansätze, Angebote digital zu ergänzen, wurden erprobt und z. T. als bereichernd wahrgenommen, besonders um neue Zielgruppen zu erreichen und interprofessionelle Kooperation unter Fachkräften zu stärken.

Schlussfolgerung
Unterstützungsangebote in Präsenz müssen beibehalten werden, digitale Angebote bieten aber eine sinnvolle Ergänzung. Eine gelungene Kombination analoger und digitaler Angebote braucht effektive Ressourcenverteilung und Qualifizierung der Fachkräfte.
Weak solutions for nonlinear waves in adhesive phenomena
Authors: Bonafini Mauro , Le Van Phu Cuong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe discuss a notion of weak solution for a semilinear wave equation that models the interaction of an elastic body with a rigid substrate through an adhesive layer, relying on results in [2]. Our analysis embraces the vector-valued case in arbitrary dimension as well as the case of non-local operators (e.g. fractional Laplacian).
Abseits der Norm? Egalitäre Teilzeitarrangements während des Elterngeldbezuges. Ausgestaltung und Motivlagen
Authors: Reich Ricarda 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungMit der Einführung von Elterngeld Plus und Partnerschaftsbonus 2015 wird die Umsetzung egalitärer Teilzeitarrangements erstmals institutionell gestützt. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, inwieweit sich Eltern in Deutschland für ein solches Erwerbsarrangement im Rahmen der Elterngeldnutzung entscheiden, auf welche Weise die neuen Elterngeldkomponenten genutzt werden und wie die Erwerbs- und Elterngeldentscheidungen auf der Individual- und Paarebene begründet werden. Empirische Grundlage sind semi-strukturierte Interviews mit 18 Personen aus zehn gemischtgeschlechtlichen Paaren, die sich für eine parallele Teilzeitphase während des Elterngeldbezuges entschieden haben. Es zeigt sich, dass die paarinterne Aufteilung des Elterngeldanspruchs überwiegend geschlechts(stereo)typisch erfolgt und parallele Teilzeitphasen zumeist von kurzer Dauer sind. Die Begründungen für eine egalitäre Teilzeitphase sind vielfältig und variieren mit deren Dauer: Kurze egalitäre Teilzeitepisoden dienen primär der Bewältigung verschiedener Übergangsphasen. Die Entscheidung für ein egalitäres Teilzeitarrangement von langer Dauer beruht hingegen auf egalitären Werthaltungen oder beruflichen Zwängen.
Combining Liquisolid and Co-grinding Techniques to Enhance the Dissolution Rate of Celecoxib
Authors: Nazem Nafiseh Mollazadeh , Shokri Javad , Nourani Nasim , Zangi Ali Rajabi , Lam Matthew , Nokhodchi Ali , Javadzadeh Yousef 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The classic liquisolid technique is used to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs, but in some cases, it is impossible to reach the desired dissolution rate using this technique alone. Therefore, a novel approach using a combination of ball milling and liquisolid technology was investigated to improve the dissolution rate for celecoxib.

Methods
First, celecoxib was dispersed in a liquid vehicle (PEG 200), then ground in a ball mill for 3 h. Other excipients, including PVP, microcrystalline cellulose as the carrier powder, and silica as the coating material, were added to the mortar. Dissolution testing was carried out in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and simulated gastric fluid (SGF) media. The effects of aging on the hardness and dissolution profile were also studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to identify changes in the crystallinity or complex formation.

Results
The novel formulations showed a higher dissolution rate than the conventional tablet or classic liquisolid formulations. Aging did not affect the hardness and dissolution profiles of the liquisolid compacts. The DSC and XRD results suggested that the enhanced dissolution rate is not caused by the formation of any complexes and reduction in crystallinity degree may contribute to the dissolution enhancement. The enhanced dissolution rate is attributed to the elevated specific surface area of the drug in the liquisolid state.

Conclusion
The results showed that liquisolid technology combined with ball milling is an efficient tool for enhancing the dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Simple Utterances but Complex Understanding? Meta-studying the Fuzzy Mismatch between Animal Semantic Capacities in Varied Contexts
Authors: Ongstad Sigmund 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis meta-study of animal semantics is anchored in two claims, seemingly creating a fuzzy mismatch, that animal utterances generally appear to be simple in structure and content variation and that animals’ communicative understanding seems disproportionally more advanced. A set of excerpted, new studies is chosen as basis to discuss whether the semantics of animal uttering and understanding can be fused into one. Studies are prioritised due to their relatively complex designs, giving priority to dynamics between syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and between utterers and receivers in context. A communicational framework based on utterance theory is applied as a lens for inspection of how these aspects relate to the assumed mismatch. Inspection and discussions of the studies bring several features to surface of which five are stressed in the following. Firstly, both syntactic structures and possible semantic content are seen as lean, although richer than earlier believed, and research continues to reveal new complexities in utterances. Secondly, there is a clear willingness to broaden the perception of animals’ semantic capacity to comprehend communication both by arguing theoretically and by generating empirical research in new contexts. Thirdly, the ambition to make sense of these tendencies is still often motivated by an evolutionary search for early building blocks for verbal language, with the pro et cons that such a position can have. Fourthly, the ‘allowed’ scientific frame for studying semantic capacity among animals is extended to new fields and contexts challenging the only-in-the-wild norm. Fifthly, the dilemma of integrating uttering and understanding as aspects of an after all functional communicational system, calls for new epistemological concepts to make sense of the claimed mismatch.Affordances,abduction,life-genre, andlifeworldare suggested.
The Effects of a Few Formation Parameters on Porous Silicon Production in HF/HNO3 Using Ag-Assisted Etching and a Comparison with a Stain Etching Method
Authors: Mogoda A. S. , Farag A. R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn a solution of HF with HNO3 as an oxidizing agent, silver-catalyzed etching of p-type silicon is made easier. Before immersing in the etchant solution, silver (Ag) was electroless deposited on the p-Si (100) surface. By stain etching in HF/HNO3, a porous silicon layer (PSL) was also produced on p-Si. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to evaluate the properties of the produced PSL. According to the SEM, Ag+ ion at a concentration of 1 × 10−3 M is the optimal concentration for depositing on Si before chemical etching in HF/HNO3, resulting in PSL with uniformly distributed pores. The EIS data showed that coated Si dissolves faster in 22 M HF/0.5 M HNO3 than untreated Si, resulting in the formation of a homogenous PSL of regular round pores, as proven by SEM micrographs. An acceptable electrical circuit model with two-time constants was used to fit the experimental impedance values. Increased concentrations of the etchant HF or the oxidizer HNO3 aid in the dissolution of Si and the rapid development of PS. The AFM analysis revealed that when the etching time increases, the pore width and roughness of the Si surface increase. X-ray spectra diffraction was used to determine the crystallinity of the PSL after various etching times.
Humoral immunity in dually vaccinated SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals and in booster-vaccinated COVID-19-convalescent subjects
Authors: Glück Vivian , Tydykov Leonid , Mader Anna-Lena , Warda Anne-Sophie , Bertok Manuela , Weidlich Tanja , Gottwald Christine , Köstler Josef , Salzberger Bernd , Wagner Ralf , Koller Michael , Gessner André , Schmidt Barbara , Glück Thomas , Peterhoff David 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
The immune response to COVID-19-vaccination differs between naïve vaccinees and those who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Longitudinal quantitative and qualitative serological differences in these two distinct immunological subgroups in response to vaccination are currently not well studied.

Methods
We investigate a cohort of SARS-CoV-2-naïve and COVID-19-convalescent individuals immediately after vaccination and 6 months later. We use different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) variants and a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) to measure IgG serum titers, IgA serum reactivity, IgG serum avidity and neutralization capacity by ACE2 receptor competition.

Results
Anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibody titers decline over time in dually vaccinated COVID-19 naïves whereas titers in single dose vaccinated COVID-19 convalescents are higher and more durable. Similarly, antibody avidity is considerably higher among boosted COVID-19 convalescent subjects as compared to dually vaccinated COVID-19-naïve subjects. Furthermore, sera from boosted convalescents inhibited the binding of spike-protein to ACE2 more efficiently than sera from dually vaccinated COVID-19-naïve subjects.

Conclusions
Long-term humoral immunity differs substantially between dually vaccinated SARS-CoV-2-naïve and COVID-19-convalescent individuals. Booster vaccination after COVID-19 induces a more durable humoral immune response in terms of magnitude and quality as compared to two-dose vaccination in a SARS-CoV-2-naïve background.
Der hepatogene Diabetes – aktueller Stand der Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Gundling Felix 
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Patienten mit Leberzirrhose entwickeln häufig Störungen des Glukosemetabolismus wie Glukoseintoleranz oder einen hepatogenen Diabetes, welche neben der hepatozellulären Funktionseinschränkung durch die ausgeprägte Insulinresistenz als Folge der chronischen Lebererkrankung verursacht sind.

Diskussion
Empfehlungen mit Leitliniencharakter zur Diagnostik und Therapie des hepatogenen Diabetes fehlen bislang. Im Hinblick auf basistherapeutische Maßnahmen sollte eine ausreichende Deckung des Energie- und Proteinstoffwechsels gewährleistet sein, da ein Großteil der Zirrhosepatienten mangelernährt ist. Bei der medikamentösen Behandlung des hepatogenen Diabetes muss auf die erhöhte Hypoglykämiegefährdung geachtet werden. Aufgrund der Nebenwirkungen sind Biguanide sowie PPAR-gamma-Liganden bei Leberzirrhose kontraindiziert. Geeignete orale Antidiabetika sind insbesondere Sulfonylharnstoffanaloga und kurz wirksame Sulfonylharnstoffe. Wenn eine suffiziente Diabeteseinstellung mit oralen Antidiabetika nicht gelingt, sollte eine prandiale Insulintherapie mit Insulinen von kurzer Wirkdauer oder kurz wirksamen Insulinanaloga eingesetzt werden.

Schlussfolgerung
Die Optimierung einer diabetischen Stoffwechsellage hat neben der Vermeidung typischer diabetischer Spätkomplikationen eine wichtige Bedeutung für die Vermeidung und Reduzierung von Zirrhose-assoziierten Komplikationen wie z. B. gastrointestinalen Blutungsereignissen, hepatischer Enzephalopathie oder dem Auftreten eines hepatozellulären Karzinoms.
Measuring the effect of fireworks on air quality in Minneapolis, Minnesota
Authors: Gonzalez Andres , Boies Adam , Swanson Jacob , Kittelson David 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Air quality was measured before, during, and after a 4th of July fireworks display in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota using a mix of low-cost sensors (CO, CO2, and NO) for gases and portable moderate cost instruments for particle measurements (PM2.5, lung deposited surface area, and number weighted particle size distributions). Meteorological conditions—temperature, humidity, and vertical temperature profile were also monitored. Concentrations of particles and most gaseous species peak between 10 pm and midnight on July 4th, decrease in the middle of the night but increase again and by between 6 and 7 am reach concentrations as high or higher than during fireworks. This overnight increase is likely due to a temperature inversion trapping emissions. Between 10 pm and midnight on July 4th the measures of particle concentration increase by 180–600% compared to the same period on July 3rd. Particle size distributions are strongly influenced by fireworks, shifting from traffic-like bimodal distributions before to a nearly unimodal distribution dominated by a large accumulation mode during and after. The shape of the size distribution measured during the early morning peak is nearly identical to that observed during fireworks, suggesting that the early morning peak is mainly due to trapped fireworks emissions not early morning traffic. Gaseous species are less strongly influenced by fireworks than particles. Comparing measurements made between 10 pm and midnight on July 4th and the same period on July 3rd, the concentration of CO increases 32% while the CO2 increases only 2% but increases by another 15% overnight. The NO concentration behaves oddly, decreasing during fireworks, but then recovering the next morning, more than doubling overnight. Our measurements of CO, NO, and PM2.5 are compared with those made at the nearest (~ 2 km away) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Air Monitoring Station. Their NO results are quite different from ours with much lower concentrations before fireworks, a distinct peak during, followed by a strong overnight increase and an early morning peak somewhat similar in shape and concentration to ours. These differences are likely due mainly to malfunction of our low-cost NO sensor. Concentrations of CO and PM2.5 track ours within 25% but peak shapes are somewhat different, which is not unexpected given the spatial separation of the measurements.

Article highlights

Low-cost and moderate-cost sensors are used to monitor the impact of a 4th of July fireworks display on local air quality.

Particle concentrations and size are more strongly influenced by fireworks than are concentrations gaseous pollutants.

Particle size distributions produced by fireworks are distinctly different from those associated with urban traffic sources.
Biogenic preparation of biphasic calcium phosphate powder from natural source of snail shells: bioactivity study
Authors: Ofudje Edwin A. , Akinwunmi Fatai , Sodiya Ezekiel F. , Alayande Samson O. , Ogundiran Abimbola A. , Ajayi Gabriel O. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this present work, carbonated apatite powder (CAP) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) were prepared from waste snail shells via thermal decomposition followed by chemical precipitation method with phosphoric acid in a one step process. The CAP produced was thereafter reacted with a pore forming agent solution of ammonium bicarbonate to formed carbonated apatite powder- ammonium bicarbonate scaffold composites (CAP-AMB) and was deployed in a bioactivity experiment with simulated body fluid (SBF) media. The phase purity, crystallinity, particle size, thermal behaviour, elemental composition, morphology as well as the functional groups of snail shells, synthesized CAP and CAP-AMB scaffold were assessed by XRD, FE-SEM, TGA, EDX, TEM and FT-IR. XRD and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) results confirmed the synthesized apatite as pure amorphous powder which upon heat treatment, transformed to polycrystalline powder. Analysis of FT-IR results revealed that the apatite produced from snail shells (SS) contains phosphates and hydroxyl functional groups. Furthermore, the formation of carbonated apatite was also confirmed from the FT-IR result with peaks which appeared at 882 and 1484 cm−1 respectively, thus depicting a B-type apatite. Microscopy analyses by FE-SEM and TEM indicated that the prepared apatite is composed of different morphologies in the range of 5 to 200 nm long. The presence of trace elements such as K, C, Na, Mg and Mg which could play crucial functions in biological applications were detected by EDX measurement alongside Ca and P. The mixture of CAP with AMB produced interconnected pores structure with porosity in the range of 35–67%. The bioactivity study of the SBF treated CAP-AMB composite confirmed apatite formation on the scaffold surface which totally covered the pores after seven days of incubation. Thus, waste biomaterial of snail shells origin can be use for the production of pure apatite that could be useful in medical application.
Graphical abstract