bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Myzus Nicotianae, 1988
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed T. David , Barnes Martha L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va. Treatment plots were single 40-ft rows of ‘Coker 319’ tobacco planted on 4-ft centers. Eight treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows, and blocks were separated by 5-ft vacant alleys. On 9 Aug, treatments were applied as foliar sprays with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 24 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-10 spray nozzles/row. X-77 spreader (8 fl oz/100 gal) was added to one Orthene treatment and to the RH-7988 treatments. Ten infested plants in each plot were marked with red spray paint. M. nicotianae counts were made between the fourth and sixth lateral veins on the abaxial right side of 4 upper leaves on the marked plants on 9 Aug and 12 Aug. On 12 Aug M. nicotianae injury and the presence of sooty mold were rated on a scale of 0 to 7 (0, no signs of aphid or aphid damage; 7, severe damage). Count data were transformed to log10(x + 1) for ANOVA.
Grasshopper Control, 1987
Authors: Johnson Gregory D. , Lester Donald G. , Jackson Grant D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of a liquid systemic insecticide to protect winter wheat from grasshoppers was evaluated at the Central Montana Agricultural Research Center, Moccasin, Mont. A 300-ft by 300-ft field was planted 2 Sep in ‘Neeley,’ at 16-18 seeds/ft of row using a 6-shank (7-ft wide) Noble drill. Liquid Furadan was applied in the seed furrow through a microtube injection system mounted directly on the seed drill. Each nozzle on the injection system delivered 1 ml/30 s at 20 psi. The outside 6 rows of the field were divided into plots measuring 7 (6 rows) by 100 ft. Three treatments, Furadan 4 F at 0.375 and 0.5 lb (AI)/acre and an untreated control, were assigned in a completely randomized design to these border plots. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Furadan was applied to the next 6 rows at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre. The remainder of the field was untreated. Treatment evaluations were based on the number of damaged plants/ft of row at 10 locations randomly chosen within each treated and untreated plot and untreated interior. Counts were transformed by log(x + 1). Numbers shown in the table are actual means.
Spray Volume Trial, 1986
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. F. , Varn M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Savey 50 W (hexythiazox) was applied in 3 different volumes of water: 189.2, 473.1, and 946.2 liters/ha. Each plot consisted of 0.1 ha. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted Swanson airblast sprayer at pink stage of bud development (9 Apr). An additional plot consisted of an untreated control. Mites were sampled from 4 trees/treatment. One 20-leaf replicate was collected from each tree on each sampling date. Mites were removed from leaves with a leaf-brushing machine and counted under a binocular microscope.
Summer Control of Japanese Beetle, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted on a golf course fairway in Lewistown, Pa. The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 by 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and powder formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi at delivering spray at 5 gal/1,000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade of sand top dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (30 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.25-1.25 inches; soil type, sandy clay loam; soil particle size analysis: 55% sand, 24% silt, 21% sand; soil moisture, 16.8%; organic matter, 2.7%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 5.1; 6.5 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 27 DAT (26 Sep). Three sod samples of 1 ft2 each were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Control of Bluegrass Billbug, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted on plots at University Park, Pa. The field plots consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass. Treatment plots were 9 x 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and powder formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi and delivering spray at 5 gal/1,000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker, and mixed with a fine grade of sand top dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (15 May) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 75°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 66°F; RH, 60%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 35% sand, 41% silt, 24% sand; soil moisture condition, moist; organic matter, 2.0%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.7; 5.4 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made at 62 DAT (18 July). Bluegrass billbug control was evaluated by removing 4 0,087-ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and total bluegrass billbug life stages (larvae, pupae, adults) were recorded from each sample and converted to a square-foot count. Sod samples were removed with a 4-inch cup cutter.
Control of Green Peach Aphids, 1988
Authors: Warkentin Dennis 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plants were grown vegetatively in an 85°F greenhouse. Each 6-inch pot contained 3 plants growing in Metro Mix 500 media. All pots were placed in an insectary colony of green peach aphids until well infested. Spray applications were made to point of leaf wetness with hand-held mist bottles. Efficacy evaluations were made before treatment and 2-3 d after each of 2 applications by counting all aphids on each replicate pot. There were 4 replicates/treatment. Phytotoxicity observations were made throughout the trial.
Control of Black Vine Weevil, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A large taxus (20 m circumference) growing at the Secrest Arboretum in Ohio was used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against black vine weevil adults. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 psi with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to run-off to 91-cm-wide sections of the plant. Treatments were separated by an equally wide buffer area. Sprays were applied 24 Jul under sunny skies, 33°C, and 0-8 km/h breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 49 DAT by randomly clipping 6 8-12-cm sprigs from each treatment area. Two sprigs were placed in each of 3 9- by 16-cm cylindrical paper cartons fitted with nylon organdy cloth lids, along with 5 ovipositing weevils. Mortality was assessed 72 h after placing weevils with foliage. Moribund weevils were fed unsprayed foliage for an additional 96 h before final mortality counts were made.
Avid Trunk Injection as a Control for Elm Leaf Beetle, 1988
Authors: Harrell Mark O. , Pierce Philip A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ten Siberian elms along a street in Omaha, Nebr., were used in this test. The trees ranged (at 4.5 ft) from 6.5 to 18.5 inches diam and were approximately 25 ft tall. Trees were paired along the row into 5 replicates. An Avid treatment and an untreated control were assigned randomly within each replicate. The Avid treatment was applied by injecting 0.8 ml of Avid 0.15 EC (2.0% AI) into holes drilled into the trunk near the ground. The number of holes was determined by dividing the circumference of the trunk at 4.5 ft by 4. Each hole was one-quarter inch diam and approximately 1 inch deep. The holes were spaced evenly around the trunk. Treatments were applied and initial tree crown foliage ratings were made on 5 Jul, when considerable defoliation by the first generation of the elm leaf beetles had already occurred. Crown foliage ratings were made on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 indicating no defoliation and 1 indicating very heavy defoliation. Posttreatment crown ratings were made on 24 Aug using the same 1-10 scale. Second- and third-instar larvae were collected on 15 Jul from neighboring untreated trees and placed in cages (10/cage) in the laboratory on foliage from the 10 test trees. Survival of the larvae in each cage was recorded on 18 Jul. For the previous 6 months, rainfall had been 26% below normal. From 1 Jul through 31 Aug, rainfall was 4.0 inches, 48% below normal.
Spruce Spider Mite Control on Fraser Fir, State College, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fraser fir (1-2 m high) growing at a Christmas tree plantation in State College, Pa., were used to evaluate acaricides against spruce spider mites. Treatments were assigned to heavily infested trees at random and consisted of 4 single-tree replicates. Pretreatment counts indicated 182 mites/single-tree sample. Treatments were applied with a KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on setting 3 for 40 s, delivering 910 ml of finished spray/tree. The first application was made to all trees 21 May under cloudy skies, 18°C, and 8-16 km/h breeze. A second spray was applied to some of the trees 2 Jun under partly sunny skies, 27°C, and 0-16 km/h breeze. Treatments were evaluated 1, 2, 4, and 8 wk after the second application by removing four 10-15-cm-long lateral branch tips from each of the 4 replicates/treatment. Samples were transported in coolers or insulated boxes and shipped by overnite carrier. All samples were immediately processed by passing them through a mite brush 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween 20. The number of live mites was counted with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Bagworm Control on Juniper, 1987
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Coffelt M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bagworm control measures were evaluated on container-grown junipers. Treatments were applied to run-off on 7 Jul, using a 1-gal B & G compressed-air sprayer operating at 30 psi. One h after application, 15 bagworm larvae collected from a bagworm-infested white pine were placed on each of 3 replicates/treatment. Bagworms were collected 7 DAT and subjected to high temperature (&gt;100°F) in the laboratory. Mortality was determined by counting the number of larvae that failed to become active 30 min after initiation of temperature stress. Temperature at application was 89°F, and plants were watered daily for 20 min using an overhead sprinkler system.
Spring Control of Pine Needle Scale on Scotch Pine in Centre County, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-four treatments were evaluated to control the spring generation crawlers of pine needle scale on heavily infested 5-6-ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied to 4-tree replicates. Foliar sprays were applied by using a 412 Solo Master mistblower. 303 ml of each treatment was applied to each replicate (100 gal/acre). Treatments were applied 22 May. At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 72°F; 60% RH; water pH 7.0; skies were clear and sunny. At 10 DAT (1 Jun), at least 5 infested needle fascicles were removed randomly from each tree. Fascicles were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler to the laboratory, where the viability of the first 100 nymphs observed under a stereo dissecting microscope was determined. Counts were always made from a minimum of 5 fascicles.
Control of Bagworm on Eastern White Pine, 1987
Authors: Miller Fredric D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bagworm control was evaluated by selecting 8-ft-wide sections of a 100-ft row of similar 20-ft-tall eastern white pine trees of size and similar infestation level. Insecticides were applied to run-off at labeled rates on 16 Jun using a Lockwood-Meyers Hardy Sprayer at 400 psi. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Temperature at the time of treatment was 75°F and wind velocity was 0-5 mph. Mortality was determined by randomly selecting 20 bagworms from each replication at 2, 7, 14, and 19 DAT. Visual examination for larval movement and dissection of the bag were used to determine mortality.
Control of Pine Needle Scale, On Scotch Pine, Loudonville, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Scotch pines (0.5-1 m tall), growing in a Christmas tree plantation in Loudonville, Ohio, infested with first-generation pine needle scales were chosen for evaluating efficacy of selected pesticides against scale crawlers. Spray applications were made 18 May using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on aperture setting 3 for 30 s and delivering 600 ml of finished spray to each of 4 replicate trees/treatment. Conditions were sunny, 24°C, and 13-26 km/h breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated at 8 and 13 DAT by collecting 5 needle fascicles from each tree. Needles were placed in coin envelopes and transported in a cooler to the laboratory, where viability of 100 crawlers for each sample was determined with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Counts were made from all 5 needle fascicles (first 20 nymphs observed on each).
Control of Second-Generation Pine Needle Scale, Burton, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Scotch pines (1-2 m tall) growing in a Christmas tree plantation in Burton, Ohio, infested with pine needle scale were chosen for evaluating pesticides against scale crawlers. Sprays were applied 21 Jul using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on aperture setting 3 for 30 s and delivering 600 ml of finished spray to each of 4 replicate trees/treatment. Conditions were sunny, 34°C, and 6-16 km/h breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated at 13 DAT by removing 5 needle fascicles from each tree. Needles were placed in coin envelopes and transported in a cooler to the laboratory, where mortality was assessed with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Counts were made from all 5 needle fascicles (first 20 nymphs observed on each).
Laboratory Screening of Insect Growth Regulators, 1988
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted on pear seedlings (from open pollinated ‘Bartlett’ seeds) growing in 4-inch pots. Seedlings were infested with PP eggs by caging 25 adults on each for 5 d. Treatments were applied with a hand-operated atomizer sprayer to the point of heavy drip. In one test seedlings were sprayed with water dilutions of candidate pesticides 1 d before adults were caged on them. In another test infested seedlings were sprayed when about one-half of the eggs had hatched. In both tests 5 serial dilutions of each pesticide were evaluated. Five infested seedlings were sprayed with water only to provide controls for each test. Treated seedlings with PP eggs and nymphs were held in a growth room at 75°F and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) for 17 d. Then, treatments were evaluated by counting the remaining eggs and live and dead nymphs on the entire seedling with a binocular dissecting microscope. Eggs that appear normal after 17 d were considered nonviable. Percentage mortality was calculated and data were corrected for check mortality by Abbott’s formula. Two sets of tests were conducted with the most active compounds.
Control of Peachtree Rorer on Tart Cherry, 1988
Authors: Biddinger D. J. , Howitt A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied to 5-yr-old ‘Montmorency’ tart cherry trees in a commercial orchard near Sutton’s Bay, Mich. Treatments consisted of trees replicated 5 times in a completely randomized design. Materials were applied dilute to runoff to the lower trunk and to the soil in a 1-ft radius around the trunk until each area was soaked. Dates of application were 25 May (petal fall)–peak first-generation American plum borer emergence, 17 Jun–peak lesser peachtree borer emergence, and 25 Jul–peak peachtree borer emergence. Trees were evaluated by digging up the soil around the trunks with garden trowels to a depth of 10 inches and carefully examining the soil for larvae. Then the crown and upper roots were carefully examined for old and new damage and larvae. New damage was distinguished from old by the presence of fresh reddish frass and gummosis. Old damage had either no frass or dark brown frass and no gummosis. Extensive surface damage and tunneling meant that the larvae often had to be excavated with hammers and wood chisels from the roots. A damage rating of 0-3 was assigned for no, slight, moderate, and heavy damage and averaged as an index of values 1-3. This index does not distinguish between old and new damage.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Biddinger D. J. , Howitt A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A completely randomized design of 4 rows of berries for each treatment was used. Each row was about 50 ft long with 12 bushes, and each treated row had an untreated buffer row between it and other treated rows. Materials were applied dilute to runoff by handgun at 400 gal/acre starting at petal fall on 13 Jun and again on 27 Jun. Evaluation for both pests consisted of examining 100 randomly sampled berry clusters/block for a total of 400 clusters/treatment. An attempt at evaluating a high population of blueberry maggot this year indicated the need to set up large blocks to test this highly mobile pest. As it was, the adults picked up traces of all chemicals tested during their movements, one of which or in combinations killed most.
Field Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Mayse M. A. , Carr W. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticidal treatments were tested for efficacy against WGLS larvae. Plots were located in a 1-acre section of 30-yr-old ‘Thompson Seedless’ vines on the Fresno Research Farm. A randomized complete block design consisting of 5 treatments with 4 replicates was used. Each replicate included 5 treated vines along with 2 treated buffer vines. Treatments were applied to foliage on 8 Jul using a single-nozzle hand wand connected to a tractor-towed, pressurized (60 psi) 35-gal tank spray rig. Spray volume was 200 gal/acre. Direct observation counts of WGLS larvae on the middle 5 vines in each plot were made 1 day before treatment and on 4 dates after treatment.
Control Test, 1987
Authors: Reimer Neil J. , Beardsley J. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Experiment 1, treatments of Lorsban 4 EC, Lorsban 15 G, and Asana 1.9 EC were tested on plowed pineapple fields on Lanai Island, Hawaii, for efficacy against ants with pineapple foliage and mulch removed. Pretreatment ant populations were monitored by using 6 wooden tongue depressors coated with a 50:50 mixture of peanut butter and soybean oil placed near the center of each plot. Treatments were applied to 0.5-acre plots when the ant populations had stabilized after the plowing stress. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Ant counts were indexed, and 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 represented 0, 1-10, 11-25, 26-75, and &gt;75 ants, respectively. In Experiment 2, two corn cob grit baits were tested for efficacy against bigheaded ants on 4-acre plots of ratoon pineapple. Ant densities were monitored using 6 redwood stakes placed near each plot center baited with a 50:50 mixture of peanut butter and soybean oil. Ant counts were indexed, and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 represented 0, 1-25, 26-100, 101-300, 301-500, and &gt;500 ants/stake respectively.
Pesticide Efficacy Against Crm in Florida, 1988
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Smith D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots in a randomized complete block design. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied with a handgun using a truck-mounted sprayer at 350 psi on 13 Jun. About 4.0 gal (387 gal/acre) of finished spray was applied to each treatment tree. Water pH was 7.7. Twenty fruit were examined from around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit using a 10 x hand lens. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation.
Pesticide Efficacy Against CRM in the San Joaquin Valley, 1988
Authors: Hare J. D. , Clemens T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Acaricides were tested for control of CRM populations near Exeter, Calif. A completely randomized design was used with 5 single-tree replicates/treatment. Trees were assigned to treatments based on pretreatment mite counts to minimize within-treatment variation. Applications were made on 31 Mar to an established population. Materials were applied with a handgun at 450 psi (7 gal/tree; 700 gal/acre) using a John Bean sprayer. Counts of live, adult female mites from one 5-leaf terminal/tree quadrant (20 leaves/tree) were made at 5 DAT and at 7- to 14-d intervals thereafter until mite populations naturally declined due to the onset of high mid-summer temperatures.
Insect and Mite Control, 1988
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to 32-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 200-250 psi at 370 gal/acre. Trees were sprayed on 1 Jun (petal fall [PF]), 11 Jun (first cover [1C]), 27 Jun (second cover [2C]), 11 Jul (third cover [3C]), 25 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 8 Aug (fifth cover [5C]), and 22 Aug (sixth cover [6C]). The standard pesticide program consisted of Manzate 200 80 W (0.8-1.5 lb/100 gal) on 5 dates, and Rubigan 1 EC (0.2 lb), Cyprex 65 W (0.4-0.8 lb), Unfoamer (0.1 lb), and Dithane M22 80 W (0.8-1.5 lb) on 2 dates. There were no mixtures of insecticides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used with 2 ‘McIntosh’ and 2 ‘Cortland’ cultivars. Except for the test trees, the orchard was not sprayed with insecticides or acaricides. On 30 Aug, about 485 apples were picked from the 4 trees of each treatment and examined 7-10 Sep for external egg punctures (AM), egg-laying scars (PC), and typical feeding injuries (CM and LAW). ERM and TSSM were counted on 25 leaves collected at chest-height from around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. June, July, and August were generally warmer and more humid than normal; the latter 2 months were relatively wet.
Pesticide Efficacy Against CRM, 1988
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. A. , Appelhoom T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to plots of approximately 3 acres each. Two half-acre plots were left untreated. Treatments (160 gal/acre) were applied with an FMC airblast sprayer on 19 May. Twenty-five leaves or fruit were examined from the canopy of 4 randomly selected trees in each of 4 subplots, for a total of 16 sample trees/treatment. A 1-cm2 area was examined on the upper and lower leaf surfaces or on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 leaf or 2 fruit counts were combined and recorded as one observation. The spray water pH was 8.5. The Kelthane treatment had the pH lowered to 7.0 by addition of 3 pt Triton 44 M. All treatments were tank mixed, with manganese, copper, zinc, and borax applied as foliar nutritionals.