bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel zero voltage transition boost converter and artificial neural network‐based estimation of converter efficiency
Authors: Ting Naim Suleyman , Aslay Fulya , Sahin Yakup 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this paper, a novel zero voltage transition (ZVT) boost converter is proposed, and the overall efficiency of the converter is predicted with an artificial neural network (ANN) model. In the proposed converter, the main switch is turned on by ZVT and turned off by zero voltage switching (ZVS). Also, the other semiconductor elements operate by soft switching (SS). Besides, the proposed snubber cell has the bidirectional direct power transfer feature. The theoretical analyzes of the converter are verified by an prototype having 50 VDC input voltage, 100 VDC output voltage, 250 W output power, and 100 kHz switching frequency. The overall efficiency of the converter in hard switching (HS) condition is increased from 87.2% to 95.4% thanks to proposed snubber cell. Moreover, the efficiency of converter at HS operation is estimated with ANN. For this estimation, 110 efficiency values are obtained based on the different switching frequency and the output power values. When the actual efficiency measurements and the estimation results obtained with the ANN model are compared, it is seen that the results overlap and is obtained very close result to the truth by ANN. Thus, owing to the ANN model, the semiconductor power elements will not need to be operated at high frequencies and overheating, and the damaging to the elements will be prevented. Finally, the efficiency curve measurement of the converter takes long time in the experimental study when it takes highly short time as a few minutes in the estimation with ANN.
Native mycorrhizal fungi improve milkweed growth, latex, and establishment while some commercial fungi may inhibit them
Authors: Koziol Liz , Schultz Peggy A. , Parsons Sheena , Bever James D. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbionts that can facilitate plant growth and influence plant communities by altering plant interactions with herbivores. Therefore, AM fungi could be critical for the conservation of certain rare plants and herbivores. For example, North American milkweed species are crucial hosts for monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus). Understanding how mycorrhizal composition affects milkweeds will have direct impacts on the conservation and restoration of both increasingly threatened guilds. We present data from three studies on the effect of AM fungal composition on milkweed growth, latex production, and establishment. First, we grew seven milkweed species with and without a mixture of native mycorrhizal fungi. We assessed how important fungal composition is to milkweed growth and latex production by growing four milkweed species with seven fungal compositions, as single‐species inoculations with four native fungi, a mixture of native fungi, a single commercial fungus of presumably non‐native origin, and noninoculated controls. Finally, we assessed the field establishment of two milkweed species with and without native mycorrhizal inoculation. Milkweed species grew 98% larger and produced 82% more latex after inoculation with native mycorrhizae. Milkweeds were strongly affected by fungal composition; milkweeds were inhibited by commercial fungi (average of −14% growth) and showed variable but positive responses to native fungal species (average of +3% to +38% biomass). Finally, we found that restoration establishment was dependent on inoculation with native fungi and milkweed species. Overall, our findings indicate that some milkweed species (i.e., Asclepias syriaca and A. incarnata) are not responsive to mycorrhizal fungal presence or sensitive to mycorrhizal composition while others are, including endangered species (A. meadii) and species of high conservation value (A. tuberosa). We conclude that the reintroduction of native AM fungi could improve the establishment of desirable milkweed species and should be considered within strategies for plantings for monarch conservation.
Optimization of Mechanical Extraction by Response Surface Methodology and Oil Yield Characterization from Single‐Grain Castor Seed
Authors: Yang Liu , Chen Huan , Hu Miao , Song Shaoyun , Zhang Yonglin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe application of castor oil in various fields and the development potential in renewable energy have attracted large attention, and castor oil extraction has become a research focus. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between important parameters during single grain extrusion and to obtain the maximum oil yield. Mechanical compression tests are conducted by a texture analyzer. Response surface methodology is used to optimize the process variables. A four‐factor three‐level Box–Behnken design is used to generate factor combinations. A quadratic mathematical model between each variable and oil yield is developed. The significance of each interaction term is assessed by analysis of variance. The model's oil yield prediction accuracy is verified by tests. The highest oil yield of 30.18% is obtained under strain 94.97%, speed 0.1 mm s−1, dwell time 480 s, and drying at 20 °C. The determination coefficients (R2 = 0.9885; R2Adj = 0.8979; R2Pre = 0.8782) indicate the fitted quadratic mathematical model has a good correlation between experimental and predicted values. Lack of fit (0.9998) term is not significant and indicates the model reliability. Predicted oil yield value (30.18%) is close to experimental testing value (31.47%), which further demonstrates the mathematical model reliability.Practical applications: The extracted castor oil can be used for industrial research such as biodiesel. Castor seed is rich in oil content. Optimization of process parameters can improve oil recovery rate of castor seed. The developed model in this study provides a basic reference for improvement equipment related to the oil extraction.
Ni/g‐C3N4 Photocatalysis: Aerobic Oxidative Coupling Reaction Leading to Amidation of Aldehydes with Amines and C−N, C−O, and C−C Cross‐Coupling Reaction
Authors: Akrami Zahra , Hosseini‐Sarvari Mona 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDual nickel/carbon nitride (Ni/g‐C3N4) photocatalyst was employed for the synthesis a wide range of amide derivatives by cross‐coupling reaction of benzamides with aryl halides. Also, oxidative amidation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with primary and secondary amines has been investigated. The synthesis of various derivatives of esters was performed based on the cross‐coupling reaction between carboxylic acids with aryl halides. Surprisingly, decarboxylation of carboxylic acid derivatives occurred under ambient conditions for the synthesis of biaryl derivatives. The reactions were run solvent‐free or in environmental benignant solvents, with recyclable photocatalysts under irradiation.
Inhomogeneous packed bed burner for improving the utilization of low‐concentration methane
Authors: Zhang Bingqian , Dai Huaming , Dai Hongchao , Wang Zhiqiang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHomogeneous packed bed was usually assumed in the study of porous media combustion. However, the absolute homogeneous structure was impossible in the actual application. In this article, an experimental system was established to study the inhomogeneity of porous media with different diameters and materials of pellets. The effects on the burner temperature, pollutant emissions and start‐up characteristics were investigated. Results indicate that the mixed pellets of the three‐diameter and four‐diameter combinations improved the flame temperature and moved the flame location to the downstream. The CO emission decreased with the increasing of inlet velocity significantly, but the NOx emission increased. For the mixing of zirconia and alumina pellets, the flame temperature was increased and the flame location was close to the outlet with more zirconia pellets. In addition, an orange submerged flame appeared finally compared with the blue flame during the initial ignition of the gas at the surface.
Seizure‐related injuries in people with epilepsy: A cohort study from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Asiri Safiyyah , Al‐Otaibi Ali , Al Hameed Majed , Hamhom Abdulrahim , Alenizi Asmaa , Eskandrani Alaa , AlKhrisi Munirah , Aldosari Mubarak M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectivesPatients with epilepsy have a high risk of accidents and injuries, resulting in minimized physical activity and social withdrawal. Therefore, we surveyed the prevalence and the types of injuries that patients with epilepsy may endure, and the factors that may increase the risk of injuries.MethodsIn this cohort study, adult and pediatric patients diagnosed with epilepsy (age ≥ 7 years) and a close family member (parents/guardian) attending the outpatient epilepsy clinics at King Fahd Medical City (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) were interviewed by neurologists. They reviewed the patients' medical records and administered a structured questionnaire to identify and compare several variables, including injury frequency versus seizure type and seizure frequency, number of antiseizure medications used, medication compliance, and work and social limitations.ResultsOut of 200 patients, 86 (43%) sustained injuries during an attack of their habitual seizures. Almost half of this group showed a tendency for recurrent injuries. The most common traumas were soft tissue injury (36.5%), head injury (32%), dental injury (8.5%), burns (7%), dislocation (7%), fractures (6.5%), and submersion (2%). Two‐thirds of the patients had their injury at home. 64% of patients who had seizures for more than 10 years sustained multiple injuries (P = .003). Injury frequency was higher among patients with daily or monthly seizures (P = .03). 76% of patients who suffered injuries more than twice had generalised tonic‐clonic seizures, and genetic generalised epilepsy was encountered more in injured patients (P = .02). Also, patients on polytherapy were more likely than those on monotherapy to have an injury (P = .003).SignificanceTwo‐fifths of the patients reported seizure‐related injuries. The most common were soft‐tissue injuries and head traumas, while homes were the most frequent site. In addition, longer epilepsy duration, generalized tonic‐clonic seizures, and polytherapy were associated with a higher prevalence of injuries. Therefore, injury prevention strategies should be developed for PWE, especially for those at higher risk.
Daphnia magna's Favorite Snack: Biofouled Plastics
Authors: Polhill Lucy , de Bruijn Robyn , Amaral-Zettler Linda , Praetorius Antonia , van Wezel Annemarie 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The influence of biofouling on zooplankton ingestion rates of plastics in freshwater environments has received limited attention. We investigated how biofouling of microplastics in wastewater effluent and in fresh surface water influences Daphnia magna's microplastic consumption. The differences in ingestion of the biofouled as compared with the virgin microplastics were higher for the surface water by a factor of seven compared with a factor of two for the effluent. The intake of biofouled microplastics by D. magna was higher compared with virgin plastics, but the reason for this preference should be further investigated. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1977–1981. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Intraspecific Variation in the Sublethal Effects of Physically and Chemically Dispersed Crude Oil on Early Life Stages of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Scovil Allie M. , de Jourdan Benjamin P. , Speers-Roesch Ben 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The offshore oil industry in Atlantic Canada necessitates a greater understanding of the potential impacts of oil exposure and spill response measures on cold-water marine species. We used a standardized scoring index to characterize sublethal developmental impacts of physically and chemically dispersed crude oil in early life stages of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and assessed intraspecific variation in the response among cod families. Cod (origin: Scotian Shelf, Canada) were laboratory-crossed to produce embryos from five specific families, which were subsequently exposed prehatch to gradient dilutions of a water-accommodated fraction (WAF) and a chemically enhanced WAF (CEWAF; prepared with Corexit 9500A) for 24 h. Postexposure, live embryos were transferred into filtered seawater and monitored to hatch; then, all live fish had sublethal endpoints assessed using the blue-sac disease (BSD) severity index. In both WAF and CEWAF groups, increasing exposure concentrations (measured as total petroleum hydrocarbons) resulted in an increased incidence of BSD symptoms (impaired swimming ability, increased degree of spinal curvature, yolk-sac edemas) in cod across all families. This positive concentration-dependent increase in BSD was similar between physically (WAF) versus chemically (CEWAF) dispersed oil exposures, indicating that dispersant addition does not exacerbate the effect of crude oil on BSD incidence in cod. Sensitivity varied between families, with some families having less BSD than others with increasing exposure concentrations. To our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate the occurrence in fishes of intraspecific variation among families in sublethal responses to oil and dispersant exposure. Our results suggest that sublethal effects of crude oil exposure will not be uniformly observed across cod populations and that sensitivity depends on genetic background. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1967–1976. © 2022 SETAC
Transcriptomic Points of Departure Calculated from Rainbow Trout Gill, Liver, and Gut Cell Lines Exposed to Methylmercury and Fluoxetine
Authors: Mittal Krittika , Ewald Jessica , Basu Niladri 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Ethical and resource limitation concerns are pushing chemicals management to develop alternatives to animal testing strategies. The objective of our study was to determine whether transcriptomic point of departure (tPOD) values could be derived from studies that followed Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Test No. 249 (rainbow trout gill cell line), as well as from studies on trout liver and gut cells. Gill, liver, and gut cell lines were exposed to methylmercury and fluoxetine. Concentrations causing 50% cytotoxicity (LC50) were derived, the whole transcriptome was sequenced, and gene tPOD and pathway benchmark dose (BMD) values were derived from transcriptomic dose–response analysis. Differences in LC50 and transcriptomic responses across the cell lines were noted. For methylmercury, the tPODmode values were 14.5, 20.5, and 17.8 ppb for the gill, liver, and gut cells, respectively. The most sensitive pathway (pathway BMDs in parentheses) was ferroptosis in the gill (3.1 ppb) and liver (3.5 ppb), and glutathione metabolism in the gut (6.6 ppb). For fluoxetine, the tPODmode values were 109.4, 108.4, and 97.4 ppb for the gill, liver, and gut cells, respectively. The most sensitive pathway was neurotrophin signaling in the gill (147 ppb) and dopaminergic signaling in the gut (86.3 ppb). For both chemicals, the gene tPOD and pathway BMD values were lower than cytotoxic concentrations in vitro, and within 10-fold below the in vivo LC50s. By bringing together transcriptomics and dose–response analysis with an OECD test method in three cell lines, the results help to establish an in vitro method yielding tPOD values that are hypothesized to be protective of in vivo concentrations associated with adverse outcomes, and also give insights into mechanisms of action. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1982–1992. © 2022 SETAC
Trajectory of rich club properties in structural brain networks
Authors: Riedel Levin , van den Heuvel Martijn P. , Markett Sebastian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMany organizational principles of structural brain networks are established before birth and undergo considerable developmental changes afterwards. These include the topologically central hub regions and a densely connected rich club. While several studies have mapped developmental trajectories of brain connectivity and brain network organization across childhood and adolescence, comparatively little is known about subsequent development over the course of the lifespan. Here, we present a cross‐sectional analysis of structural brain network development in N = 8066 participants aged 5–80 years. Across all brain regions, structural connectivity strength followed an “inverted‐U”‐shaped trajectory with vertex in the early 30s. Connectivity strength of hub regions showed a similar trajectory and the identity of hub regions remained stable across all age groups. While connectivity strength declined with advancing age, the organization of hub regions into a rich club did not only remain intact but became more pronounced, presumingly through a selected sparing of relevant connections from age‐related connectivity loss. The stability of rich club organization in the face of overall age‐related decline is consistent with a “first come, last served” model of neurodevelopment, where the first principles to develop are the last to decline with age. Rich club organization has been shown to be highly beneficial for communicability and higher cognition. A resilient rich club might thus be protective of a functional loss in late adulthood and represent a neural reserve to sustain cognitive functioning in the aging brain.
Granule cell dispersion in two mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy and reeler mice is associated with changes in dendritic orientation and spine distribution
Authors: Puhahn‐Schmeiser Barbara , Kleemann Tobias , Jabbarli Ramazan , Bock Hans H. , Beck Jürgen , Freiman Thomas M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTemporal lobe epilepsy is characterized by hippocampal neuronal death in CA1 and hilus. Dentate gyrus granule cells survive but show dispersion of the compact granule cell layer. This is associated with decrease of the glycoprotein Reelin, which regulates neuron migration and dendrite outgrow. Reelin‐deficient (reeler) mice show no layering, their granule cells are dispersed throughout the dentate gyrus. We studied granule cell dendritic orientation and distribution of postsynaptic spines in reeler mice and two mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy, namely the p35 knockout mice, which show Reelin‐independent neuronal migration defects, and mice with unilateral intrahippocampal kainate injection. Granule cells were Golgi‐stained and analyzed, using a computerized camera lucida system. Granule cells in naive controls exhibited a vertically oriented dendritic arbor with a small bifurcation angle if positioned proximal to the hilus and a wider dendritic bifurcation angle, if positioned distally. P35 knockout‐ and kainate‐injected mice showed a dispersed granule cell layer, granule cells showed basal dendrites with wider bifurcation angles, which lost position‐specific differences. Reeler mice lacked dendritic orientation. P35 knockout‐ and kainate‐injected mice showed increased dendritic spine density in the granule cell layer. Molecular layer dendrites showed a reduced spine density in kainate‐injected mice only, whereas in p35 knockouts no reduced spine density was seen. Reeler mice showed a homogenous high spine density. We hypothesize that granule cells migrate in temporal lobe epilepsy, develop new dendrites which show a spread of the dendritic tree, create new spines in areas proximal to mossy fiber sprouting, which is present in p35 knockout‐ and kainate‐injected mice and loose spines on distal dendrites if mossy cell death is present, as it was in kainate‐injected mice only. These results are in accordance with findings in epilepsy patients.
A method to measure data complexity of a complicated medical data set
Authors: Juhola Martti , Joutsijoki Henry , Penttinen Kirsi , Shah Disheet , Aalto‐Setälä Katriina 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this article, we consider data complexity in the context of calcium transient signal data collected from induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes. We present a novel way to measure data complexity based on the nearest neighbour searching method. Data complexity here is seen as overlapping and mixed data classes in addition to a relatively great number of data cases. Complexity affects classification results, which were run with nearest neighbour searching, feedforward artificial neural networks and random forests for seven genetic cardiological disease classes and healthy controls. The data are obtained from individuals carrying mutations for genetic cardiac diseases with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and the diseases include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with two different founder gene mutations, dilated cardiomyopathy, long QT syndrome type 1 and 2, Brugada syndrome, a severe genetic ventricular arrhythmia (CPVT) and healthy controls. The data are from calcium transients from spontaneously beating iPSC‐derived cardiomyocytes cultured in a biotechnology laboratory. When the genotype of the iPSC‐derived cardiomyocytes is the same as the donor of the tissue sample and based on the characteristics of the calcium transients, it was possible to classify the seven diseases and healthy controls with machine learning. Peak data first detected before actual pre‐processing from calcium transient signals corresponded to beats (repeating excitation–contraction coupling) of induced stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes and formed the basis of classification. During pre‐processing of the calcium transient signals, we found that such techniques among others as even strong outlier cleaning or class size balancing by generating artificial cases improved only slightly or not at all classification accuracies. Therefore, the current data set was sufficiently complicated for our data complexity study. Random forests produced the best classification accuracies, 68% for all eight classes.
Effects of magnetic field treatment of broad bean seeds and irrigation water on the growth and yield of plants
Authors: Altalib Anmar Abdulaziz , Ali Wisam Mahmood , Al‐Ogaidi Ahmed A. M. , Al‐Zubaidy Shaiyma Arif Sarhan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTechniques for the magnetic treatment of water have become one of the most common practices for improving the agricultural sector. The effects of alternating magnetic field treatment of broad bean (Luz de Otoño) seeds and irrigation water on plant growth and yield were investigated under pot conditions. The magnetic treatments included (i) magnetically treated seeds (MTS), (ii) magnetically treated irrigation water (MTIW), and (iii) no magnetic treatment of both seeds and irrigation water, which were considered controls. Dry broad bean seeds were exposed to a magnetic field induced by an electromagnet at 165 mT for 2 and 4 min. Water for irrigation was exposed to a 165 mT magnetic field. The results showed that MTS for 2 min and MTIW led to significant increases in plant growth and yield of broad bean plants in comparison with the control plants, while MTS for 4 min and MTIW affected the most seedling attributes of the plants. It was found that the pods of MTS for 2 min and MTIW emerged 6 days earlier than those of the control plants, while the pods of MTS for 4 min and MTIW emerged 5 days after those of the control plants. The most affected parameter was the number of seeds, which increased by 21% for MTS for 2 min and MTIW compared with the control. These results suggest that MTS enhance the growth and yield of broad bean plants under pot conditions.