bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of SMEs liquidation: board heterogeneity and applicability of survival models
Authors: Nguyen Ba Hung , Pham Nhat Bao Quyen , Do Thi Hong Ha 
Published: March 2022

PurposeAs small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) rely on board heterogeneity to raise capital and establish credit relationships with suppliers, it is crucial to investigate the board heterogeneity effect on their survival. In this study, the first research objective is to provide further insights on the discriminatory power of survival approaches, specifically on semiparametric approaches in survival analysis that take into consideration both fixed and time-varying covariates. The second objective is to examine the relationship between board size and SME liquidation by using resource-based theories that focus on measuring board heterogeneity through board size.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses survival approaches for modelling SMEs survival by examining the survival of more than 68,000 SMEs in the UK covering the before, onset and post 2008 crisis periods and with firms’ demographic characteristics and financial indicators. Survival analysis is effective to examine multiple causes of default/failure and how do particular circumstances or characteristics increase or decrease the probability of survival. Survival analysis brings more advantages than linear-based regression approaches by effectively handling the censoring of observations.FindingsMotivated by resource-based theories, the authors find that the likelihood of a firm being liquidated robustly increases with a reduction in its board heterogeneity measured through board size. This finding is held under non-parametric, parametric, and semiparametric approaches using survival analysis. The research shows better causal explanation and discriminatory power on using the semiparametric-based survival analysis approach considering both fixed and time-varying covariates.Practical implicationsThis study demonstrates the better performance and causal explanation of the survival model using time-varying covariates compared with those using fixed covariates. In addition, the authors delve into board heterogeneity, measuring through the board size to investigate how the number of board directors affects the firm liquidation, it is also a factor worth considering when a small and medium firm is forming its board.Originality/valueThis research investigates the board heterogeneity effect on firm survival using survival analysis approaches. The authors contribute to the knowledge on board heterogeneity of SMEs. Specifically, the size of more than three directors could help reduce SMEs liquidation risk. This result gives a recommendation to firms or start-ups when forming their director board. This research also provides further insights on the applicability of survival models with unique UK SMEs data covering the before, onset and post 2008 crisis periods.
Advancing the mechanistic understanding of the priming effect on soil organic matter mineralisation
Authors: Bernard Laetitia , Basile‐Doelsch Isabelle , Derrien Delphine , Fanin Nicolas , Fontaine Sébastien , Guenet Bertrand , Karimi Battle , Marsden Claire , Maron Pierre‐Alain 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

The priming effect (PE) is a key mechanism contributing to the carbon balance of the soil ecosystem. Almost 100 years of research since its discovery in 1926 have led to a rich body of scientific publications to identify the drivers and mechanisms involved. A few review articles have summarised the acquired knowledge; the last major one was published in 2010. Since then, knowledge on the soil microbial communities involved in PE and in PE + C sequestration mechanisms has been considerably renewed.

This article reviews current knowledge on soil PE to state to what extent new insights may improve our ability to understand and predict the evolution of soil C stocks. We propose a framework to unify the different concepts and terms that have emerged from the international scientific community on this topic, report recent discoveries and identify key research needs.

Seventy per cent of the studies on the soil PE were published in the last 10 years, illustrating a renewed interest for PE, probably linked to the increased concern about the importance of soil carbon for climate change and food security issues. Among all the drivers and mechanisms proposed along with the different studies to explain PE, some are named differently but actually refer to the same object. This overall introduces ‘artificial’ complexity for the mechanistic understanding of PE, and we propose a common, shared terminology. Despite the remaining knowledge gaps, consistent progress has been achieved to decipher the abiotic mechanisms underlying PE, together with the role of enzymes and the identity of the microbial actors involved. However, including PE into mechanistic models of SOM dynamics remains challenging as long as the mechanisms are not fully understood. In the meantime, empirical alternatives are available that reproduce observations accurately when calibration is robust.

Based on the current state of knowledge, we propose different scenarios depicting to what extent PE may impact ecosystem services under climate change conditions.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Diplomatic Residents in England and Approaches to Reporting Parliament in the First Years of George I*
Authors: Littleton Charles 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article seeks to enrich understanding of the conditions for news‐gathering in the early 18th century by focusing on three of the most frequently referenced sources for reports on parliamentary proceedings: the diplomatic residents Louis‐Frédéric Bonnet and René de Saunière de l'Hermitage, who compiled their despatches of political intelligence in manuscript, and the print journalist Abel Boyer. It will show that although frequently presented together as parallel, and equally reliable, observers of parliament, each one's interpretation and presentation of what he observed could vary according to his professional position, perception of his duties and the audience for which he was writing. In examining some of the characteristics that distinguish each one's work, this essay will raise questions about what constituted parliamentary reporting in this period and what standards of accuracy can be expected from such accounts.
Wodrow's News: Correspondence and Politics in Early 18th‐Century Scotland*
Authors: Raffe Alasdair 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article examines the creation and consumption of scribal news by the early 18th‐century Scottish Presbyterian minister Robert Wodrow (1679–1734). It argues that Scottish news culture depended on the interaction of printed newspapers, professionally produced newsletters from London, personal letters and oral communication. For Wodrow, at least, personal letters were the most important source. No widely circulated commercial newsletter was produced in Scotland, and personal letters were vital for communicating information about the Scottish parliament, the church courts and the Westminster parliament after the Anglo–Scottish Union. News provided as a gift, rather than a commodity, served social functions. The article explores two moments at which Wodrow paid particular attention to parliamentary news: the ratification of the Union in 1706–7, and the passage of the Episcopalian Toleration, Patronage and Yule Vacation Acts in 1712.
Reporting Trials and Impeachments in the Reign of George I: The Evidence of the Wigtown and Wye Newsletters*
Authors: Eagles Robin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article will examine how two newsletter collections reported the impeachments of the former ministers of Queen Anne in 1715, the trial of the earl of Oxford in 1717 and that of Francis Atterbury, bishop of Rochester in 1723. It will also consider how the two collections relate to one another and touch on the way the newsletters’ reporting of proceedings across parliamentary business during the reign of George I compares with that presented in the printed press. It will thus attempt to offer insights into why people continued to subscribe to manuscript news services in a period where print had traditionally been seen to be rapidly overtaking the older, more intensive news form.
Philip Yorke and Thomas Birch: Scribal News in the Mid 18th Century*
Authors: Ellis Markman 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article examines the newsletter‐writing practices of the Hardwicke circle, the intellectual coterie centred on Philip Yorke, 2nd earl of Hardwicke (1720–90), and Thomas Birch (1705–66). It begins by examining the ‘Weekly Letter’ written between Birch and Yorke from 1741–66 (BL, Add. MS 35,396‐35,400). This comprised a letter written by Birch every Saturday when Yorke was not in London, describing the political and literary events of the week, together with Yorke's less regular replies. In form the Weekly Letter was modelled on a historical example of the scribal newsletter, itself a significant focus of the historical research of the Hardwicke circle. Yorke and Birch collected and preserved historical collections of 17th and 18th century scribal newsletters, as well as conducting research into the history of printed news. Yorke's interest in scribal news, encouraged by Birch's regular Weekly Letter, saw him subsequently establish an extensive network of newsletter correspondents on parliamentary affairs. As a case study of those interests, the article examines Yorke's ‘Paris alamain’, a commercial nouvelle à la main he secured from Paris through personal connections in France.
“Reframing” dopamine signaling at the intersection of glial networks in the aged Parkinsonian brain as innate Nrf2/Wnt driver: Therapeutical implications
Authors: Marchetti Bianca , Giachino Carmela , Tirolo Cataldo , Serapide Maria F. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDopamine (DA) signaling via G protein‐coupled receptors is a multifunctional neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine–immune modulator. The DA nigrostriatal pathway, which controls the motor coordination, progressively degenerates in Parkinson's disease (PD), a most common neurodegenerative disorder (ND) characterized by a selective, age‐dependent loss of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons, where DA itself is a primary source of oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment, intersecting astrocyte and microglial inflammatory networks. Importantly, glia acts as a preferential neuroendocrine–immune DA target, in turn, counter‐modulating inflammatory processes. With a major focus on DA intersection within the astrocyte–microglial inflammatory network in PD vulnerability, we herein first summarize the characteristics of DA signaling systems, the propensity of DA neurons to oxidative stress, and glial inflammatory triggers dictating the vulnerability to PD. Reciprocally, DA modulation of astrocytes and microglial reactivity, coupled to the synergic impact of gene–environment interactions, then constitute a further level of control regulating midbrain DA neuron (mDAn) survival/death. Not surprisingly, within this circuitry, DA converges to modulate nuclear factor erythroid 2‐like 2 (Nrf2), the master regulator of cellular defense against oxidative stress and inflammation, and Wingless (Wnt)/β‐catenin signaling, a key pathway for mDAn neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and immunomodulation, adding to the already complex “signaling puzzle,” a novel actor in mDAn–glial regulatory machinery. Here, we propose an autoregulatory feedback system allowing DA to act as an endogenous Nrf2/Wnt innate modulator and trace the importance of DA receptor agonists applied to the clinic as immune modifiers.
Effect of iron deficiency without anaemia on days alive and out of hospital in patients undergoing valvular heart surgery
Authors: Kim H. B. , Shim J. K. , Ko S. H. , Kim H. R. , Lee C. H. , Kwak Y. L. 
Published: March 2022

SummaryComprehensive evidence regarding the treatment of non‐anaemic iron deficiency in patients undergoing valvular heart surgery is lacking. This study aimed to investigate the association between non‐anaemic iron deficiency and postoperative outcomes in these patients. We retrospectively analysed 321 patients of which 180 (56%) had iron deficiency (defined as serum ferritin < 100 ng.ml‐1 or < 300 ng.ml‐1 with transferrin saturation < 20%). While the iron‐deficient group had lower pre‐operative haemoglobin levels than the non‐iron deficient group (median (IQR [range]) 134 (127–141 [120–172]) g.l‐1, 143 (133–150 [120–179]) g.l‐1, p = 0.001), there was no between‐group difference in allogeneic red blood cell transfusion. Median (IQR [range]) days alive and out of hospital at postoperative day 90 was 1 day shorter in the iron‐deficient group (80 (77–82 [9–85]) days vs. 81 (79–83 [0–85]) days, p = 0.026). In multivariable analysis, only cardiopulmonary bypass duration (p = 0.032) and intra‐operative allogeneic red blood cell transfusion (p = 0.011) were significantly associated with reduced days alive and out of hospital at postoperative day 90. Iron deficiency did not exert any adverse influence on secondary outcomes except length of hospital stay. Our findings indicate that non‐anaemic iron deficiency alone is not associated with adverse effects in patients undergoing valvular heart surgery when it does not translate into an increased risk of allogeneic transfusion.
Seeing Luanda from Salvador: Lineaments of a Southern Atlantic Urbanism
Authors: Cardoso Ricardo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis paper analyses the oceanic character of Luanda’s contemporary urbanism as a way of undoing continental entrapments in the study of cities. Tracing the lineage of an urban development initiative in the Angolan capital back to Brazil’s Salvador da Bahia, the paper provides a look into how a Brazilian construction company turned to real estate to forge, export, and implement a distinctive mode of being and becoming urban across the Southern Atlantic. In doing this, the paper also makes emphatic the critical role played by oil extraction in the devising of urban development strategies on both sides of the Atlantic, which then opens up an enquiry into the direct and profound impact that sugar and slavery had in the making of Salvador. By seeing Luanda from Salvador, the aim of this paper is to flesh out enduring features of what is presented as a form of Southern Atlantic urbanism.
Substantial increase in the incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Western Norway over 20 years
Authors: Achour Hamida , Thomseth Vilde Marie , Kvaløy Jan Terje , Krohn Jørgen , Utheim Tor P. , Forsaa Vegard Asgeir 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and describe characteristics of the RRD population.MethodsRetrospective, observational case series. Data on residents of South Rogaland, Norway, diagnosed with primary RRD in the period 2000–2019 were obtained by medical chart review. Patient demographics and prior intraocular surgery were documented. Incidence rates adjusted to the Norwegian population were calculated for 5‐year periods and stratified by age, sex and lens status.ResultsThe RRD incidence increased from 12.6 per 100 000 person‐years in 2000–2004 to 20.2 in 2015–2019. The RRD incidence increased by 2.9% per year (p < 0.0001) corresponding to an accumulated increase of 77%. Demographic changes accounted for 30% of the increase. The pseudophakic RRD incidence increased yearly by 4.9% (p < 0.0001), over double the rate of the phakic RRD increase of 2.3% (p = 0.0005). In individuals ≥50 years old, the annual RRD incidence increase was 4.5% (p = 0.019) for pseudophakic females, 3.9% (p = 0.001) for pseudophakic males and 2.6% (p = 0.03) for phakic females. Males were younger compared with females when undergoing lens exchange surgery, 58.5 (SD 12.5) versus 62.4 (SD 13.2) years, (p = 0.013) and when diagnosed with pseudophakic RRD, 61.9 (SD 12.5) versus 68.2 (SD 12.9) years, (p < 0.0001). There was no significant increase in subjects under 50 years of age.ConclusionThe RRD incidence increased dramatically over 20 years, of which 30% was attributed to demographic changes. The most pronounced change occurred in pseudophakic RRD, which calls for raised awareness of the individual risk related to lens exchange surgery.
Schizophrenia and risk of new‐onset inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide longitudinal study
Authors: Sung Kuan‐Yi , Zhang Bing , Wang Hohui E. , Bai Ya‐Mei , Tsai Shih‐Jen , Su Tung‐Ping , Chen Tzeng‐Ji , Hou Ming‐Chih , Lu Ching‐Liang , Wang Yen‐Po , Chen Mu‐Hong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackground and AimsInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder with increasing global prevalence. The risk of IBD in patients with schizophrenia remains unclear. We aim to investigate the risk of new‐onset IBD in patients with schizophrenia compared with matched controls.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective, population‐based cohort study utilising patient data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database collected between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2011. Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia by board‐certified psychiatrists without prior diagnosis of IBD were enrolled and matched to controls in 1:4 fashion by age, sex, residence, income level and medical comorbidities. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for new‐onset IBD and sub‐analyses were determined using Cox regression analysis with adjustments.ResultsAmong 116 164 patients with schizophrenia and 464 656 matched controls, overall incidence of IBD among patients was significantly higher (1.14% vs. 0.25%). Average age of IBD diagnosis was 46.82 among patients with schizophrenia, versus 55.30 among controls. The HR of developing IBD among patients was 3.28, with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.49–4.33. IBD risk was higher among patients with psychiatric admissions more than once per year (HR 7.99, 95% CI 5.25–12.15) compared to those hospitalised less frequently (HR 2.72, 95% CI 2.03–3.66).ConclusionsThis population‐based cohort study demonstrates a significant association between schizophrenia and subsequent IBD development. Patients with schizophrenia develop IBD at a younger age, and the risk increases with inadequately controlled schizophrenia. Physician vigilance and awareness of this correlation will improve IBD diagnosis and management among this vulnerable patient population.
The consequences of mandatory corporate social responsibility expenditure: An empirical evidence from India
Authors: Gupta Ritika , Chakradhar Jadhav 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe transition in governmental approach towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) from voluntary to mandatory has received much attention in the recent literature, mainly because the delegation of its role in social development has rarely been provided. In this context, the questions we raise are: Does mandatory CSR leads to higher expenditure? How does it affect business leaders' intrinsic motivation to spend on CSR? The case of India's section‐135 of Companies Act, 2013 shows that mandatory CSR has made companies more responsible by raising the level of CSR expenditure and positively affecting business leaders' intrinsic motivation to incur CSR expenditure. However, this gain has come at a cost as CSR expenditure has become more sensitive to profit, which is undesirable from society's perspective. The study uses instrumental theory and motivation‐crowding theory to explain the CSR behavior of NIFTY 100 companies from financial year 2009–2010 to 2018–2019. Overall, results of the present study suggest that government should prefer the approach of mandatory CSR with some precautions to instrumentalize the rising success of corporate sector for addressing the environmental and social issues in country.
Promoting virtual, informal learning now to thrive in a post‐pandemic world
Authors: Zajac Stephanie , Randall Jason , Holladay Courtney 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA significant practical and ethical challenge that societies, governments, and organizations face in response to COVID‐19 is how to support individual learning and development during times of operational challenge. We address two key challenges the pandemic poses to learning. First, safety measures to mitigate the virus' spread closed physical spaces where most learning traditionally occurs, and significant portions of the workforce have moved to remote work. Taken together, this requires learning to be virtual. Second is how the shift to virtual or hybrid working structures impacts the inherently social nature of learning at work and particularly of informal learning. Thus, as society grapples with ways of supporting student learning, we must not neglect organizations' role in supporting virtual, informal employee learning during the COVID‐19 pandemic and beyond as remote work becomes the new normal. Toward this end, we present five tips to promote informal learning in a virtual world to preserve the socially supported, continuous learning required for an agile workforce post‐pandemic. Tips provide actionable advice on how to create spontaneous connection, support virtual mentoring, be inclusive in offering developmental activities, capture lessons learned, and create a culture of lifelong learning. Future research directions for virtual, informal learning are provided.
Mastering balance: The use of balance bicycles promotes the development of independent cycling
Authors: Blommenstein Biko , van der Kamp John 
Published: March 2022

AbstractChildren who learn to cycle at a young age do this by using training bicycles that simplify control requirements compared with regular bicycles, such as bicycles with training wheels or balance bikes without pedals. The primary purpose of the current study was to investigate whether the two types of training bicycles result in a different age of onset of independent cycling on a regular bicycle. We asked parents of 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children (n = 173) to complete a questionnaire regarding their child's bicycling history. The results showed that children who had practised with a balance bicycle started practising at a younger age, had shorter practice duration, and were able to cycle independently at a younger age in comparison to children who had practised with a bicycle with training wheels (or with both training bicycles). We argue that the observed advantage of balance bicycle is associated with the balance bicycle actively challenging postural control. Further research is needed to uncover the impact of training bicycles on the further development of the foundational skill of cycling.
Immigration, amnesties, and the shadow economy
Authors: Bracco Emanuele , Onnis Luisanna 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of immigration and immigration amnesties on the shadow economy. We make use of an array of Italian immigration data and original shadow economy estimates for the years 1996–2006, comprising a panel of local‐level aggregate statistical information, and a microlevel survey of representative households. We find a robust and positive relationship between the presence of immigrants and the unobserved economic activity at the local level. Nevertheless, the impact of immigration on the Italian unofficial economy is relatively small in magnitude. We also exploit the discontinuity created by the implementation of the 2002 immigration amnesty, which increased the stock of documented migrants by almost 50%. According to our results, the Italian 2002 immigration policy only slightly weakens the link between immigration and the extent of the unobserved economic activity.