bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Considerations in the Collection and Maintenance of Germplasm
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plant germplasm has become a topic of interest and concern at the highest levels of our government and in many other parts of our society. Part of this concern no doubt relates to the increased awareness by leaders in the government and in the public at large that U.S. agricultural productivity and stability is dependent on plant resources that are not native to the United States. The United States, as compared to many agricultural producers in the world, has no centers of origin for important food and fiber crops. In fact, the United States has no major crop native to its geographical area. Of all the crops important to U.S. agriculture, only sunflower (Helianthus spp.), Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), grape (Vitis spp.), pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] and other hickories (Carya spp.), blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton), and a few other miscellaneous species of minor importance are native to the United States.
Improving the Effectiveness of Graduate Seminars
Authors: Singha Suman , Gartin Stacy A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Effective verbal communication is essential not only in teaching and extension, but also in research. Research results presented at meetings are often rendered ineffective due to a poor presentation or indecipherable slides (1). Recent reports in HortScience have addressed the preparation of posters, a popular means of communication at meetings (12, 13). However, although a person can “escape” a poor poster, this option is generally not available to the audience in a presented paper. Poor presentations accompanied by inadequate visuals create an even greater problem for students during lectures in the classroom. Graduate seminars, mandatory in virtually all institutions, can provide the training ground for developing effective communication skills, preparing audio-visuals, and understanding that to be meaningful a presentation must be tailored to the audience.
Efficacy of Ancymidol, Daminozide, Flurprimidol, Paclobutrazol, and XE-1019 when Followed by Irrigation
Authors: Barrett James E. , Bartuska Carolyn A. , Nell Terril A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
• In the article “Efficacy of Ancymidol, Daminozide, Flurprimidol, Paclobutrazol, and XE-1019 when Followed by Irrigation”, by James E. Barrett, Carolyn A. Bartuska, and Terril A. Nell (HortScience 22(6): 1287–1289, December 1987), Table 1 was printed incorrectly. The corrected table appears below.
International Approach to Teaching Floriculture
Authors: Rogers Marlin N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One of the prerequisites for a thriving profession of floriculture and ornamental horticulture is a continuing supply of enthusiastic and well-trained young people, who will eventually move into leadership and management positions. We need young people who have comprehensive bases in the fundamental sciences that underlie our profession, but who also have hands-on and practical backgrounds in the applications of this science to the art and sciences of horticulture. We need people who will eventually staff and manage our greenhouses and nurseries in production- and marketing-oriented positions. We also need scientists holding advanced degrees who will fill the teaching, research, and extension positions in our colleges, universities, and research institutes in the years to come.
Calcium and the Regulation of Plant Growth and Senescence
Authors: Ferguson IB. , Drøbak B. K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Much of the attention currently given to the function of Ca2+ in plant growth and development is centered on the role of Ca2+ as a secondary messenger. This role constitutes the link between external signals and intracellular reaction. Recent results from studies with animal cells show that a vital part of the mechanism by which Ca2+ is involved in this process is the release of Ca2+ from internal pools by D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate, a product of membrane phosphoinositide hydrolysis. The involvement of Ca2+ in growth responses and senescence in plants is reviewed in light of the probability of a similar system operating in plants. This probability leads to a reconsideration of the various pools of Ca2+ in plant cells, of what Ca2+ deficiency may mean, and of how Ca2+ may be involved in responses to growth regulators in senescence.
Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Calcium Action in Plants
Authors: Poovaiah B. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Calcium is known to be a second messenger in many developmental processes in animal systems, but it has only recently become evident that Ca is an important intracellular messenger in plants as well (9, 15, 22, 32-35, 41). The level of free Ca concentration in the cytoplasm is extremely low, and it is influenced by extracellular signals such as light, gravity, and hormones. Investigations from our laboratory indicated that Ca and its binding protein, calmodulin, play an important role in stimulus-response coupling by regulating enzyme activities, especially through protein phosphorylation (33, 34, 48). In vivo and in vitro protein phosphorylation studies have revealed Ca-dependent changes in various plant tissues (18, 37–39, 49, 50). We have also been able to influence various physiological processes such as cell elongation, abscission, senescence, and tuberization by altering extracellular and intracellular Ca levels (33). Other examples of Ca-mediated processes in plants are as follows: a) cell division, b) geotropism, c) protoplasmic streaming, d) stomatal control, e) chloroplast movement, f) secretion, g) hormone-dependent changes, h) enzyme activation, and i) protein phosphorylation (9, 33).
Evapotranspiration of Tall Fescue Turf
Authors: Kopec D. M. , Shearman R. C. , Riordan T. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mini-lysimetry was used for evapotranspiration (ET) assessment of six tall fescue cultivars (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) grown under field conditions. Crop coefficients (Kc) and fraction of available soil water were calculated. Cultivars differed in ET by as much as 18%. Turf-types had lower ET than forage-types, with ET rates of 6.6 and 7.2 mm·day–1, respectively. ‘Kenhy’ and ‘Kentucky 31’ had the highest and ‘Rebel’ and ‘Mustang’ had the lowest total ET for 16 days measured during Summer 1984. Cultivars differed in extraction of available soil water and capacity to meet ET demand. Cultivars differed in wilting tendency. ‘Mustang’ and ‘Rebel’ had low ET, but wilted early. ‘Adventure’ had a relatively high ET, but did not show signs of wilt.
Effects of Rootstocks on Wine Grape Scion Vigor, Yield, and Juice Quality
Authors: Lipe William N. , Perry Ron L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Forty cultivars of wine grapes (Vitis spp.) grafted on ‘Dogridge’ and ‘Couderc 1613’ rootstock and self-rooted vines were planted in 1974 at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station near Lubbock. From fourth to 13th leaf vines were evaluated for vigor, winter hardiness, yield, and juice quality (ºBrix, pH, and acids). Although each cultivar responded differently to rootstock, some general observations are made regarding acceptance or rejection of stocks. Compared to self-rooted cultivars, ‘Dogridge’ significantly increased vigor on 37% of cultivars while reducing vigor on 7%, reduced winter hardiness on 22% while increasing hardiness of 7%, and reduced yields on 32% while increasing yields on 17%. The most detrimental effect of the ‘Dogridge’ rootstock was on pH, which was increased on 50% of cultivars while reduced on none. In comparison, ‘Couderc 1613’ expressed more moderate effects on most scion cultivar parameters tested.
Fiber, Nitrate, and Protein Content of Amaranthus Accessions as Affected by Soil Nitrogen Application and Harvest Date
Authors: Walters Robert D. , Coffey David L. , Sams Carl E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Six accessions of edible amaranths (Amaranthus spp. L.) of varied geographic and genotypic origin were grown in a soil enriched with 0, 50, or 100 kg·ha–1N. Leaves were harvested at 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 days after germination (DAG) and analyzed for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and NO3– N. In grain-bearing accessions, leaf CP content increased with N application but declined linearly over harvest dates. In vegetable types, leaf CP levels tended to fluctuate over time. In both types, NDF content declined with N application, whereas response to harvest date varied. Leaf NO3– increased two-fold in plants from fertilized plots compared to plants from unfertilized plots, but declined rapidly with time. Leaf content of NO3– did not exceed 239 mmol·kg–1 dry weight with any N fertilization treatment. Edible amaranth appeared to be adapted to soils and climate of the southeastern United States. A. tricolor was most susceptible to disease among the accessions evaluated.
Effect of Nodal Position, Cutting Length, and Root Retention on the Propagation of Golden Pothos
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung , Boogher Carol A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Growth was reduced from leaf-bud golden pothos [Epipremnum aureum (Linden & Audre) Bunt.] cuttings taken from an apical node with the most recent, fully expanded leaf. Days to first leaf unfolding increased as cuttings were taken more basipetally from the second apical node to node 14. Accelerated growth of the axillary shoot and increases in leaf number, stems length, leaf area, and shoot fresh weight were associated with cuttings from the apical nodes. Shoot growth was accelerated when cuttings had a 3-cm or longer internode below the nodes. Retaining a 6 to 8-mm section of the old aerial root on cuttings promoted axillary shoot growth.
Effect of GA3 and BA on Lateral Shoot Production on Anthurium
Authors: Imamura Joanne S. , Higaki Tadashi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Juvenile anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Andre) plants were treated by topping and/or with foliar sprays of GA3 and BA. With increasing concentration (0 to 500 ppm) of GA3, topped plants showed an increase in lateral shoots. With increasing concentration (0 to 1000 ppm) of BA, the number of lateral shoots increased on both topped and intact plants. Topping alone increased lateral shoots. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), gibberellic acid (GA3).
Malate Dehydrogenase Isozyme Patterns in Seven Prunus Species
Authors: Hancock A. M. , lezzoni A. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cultivars from three cherry species, sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), sweet cherry (P. avium L.), and ground cherry (P. fruticosa Pall.), and open-pollinated progenies of P. mahaleb L., P. incisa Thunb., P. canescens Bois., and P. subhirtella Miq., and the sour cherry cultivars Cigany Meggy and Pitic de Iasi were characterized electrophoretically for malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in leaf tissue. No intraspecific variability for MDH isozymes was detected within the sour cherry, sweet cherry, or P. fruticosa cultivars evaluated. The codominant expression of both the sweet cherry and P. fruticosa bands in sour cherry supports the hypothesis that sour cherry arose by interspecific hybridization. A single isozyme band was associated with the mitochondrial subcellular leaf extract from sour cherry. Sweet and sour cherry pollen had activity for a cathodal MDH locus that was not detected in the leaf tissue. Open-pollinated populations of P. mahaleb and P. canescens each exhibited one banding pattern; however, similar progeny from P. subhirtella, P. incisa, and the sour cherry cultivars Pitic de Iasi and Cigany Meggy each segregated for two zymogram patterns. Sufficient polymorphism at the MDH locus has been identified to permit its use as a biochemical genetic marker in interspecific hybridizations.
Single-kernel Analysis for the Presence of the sugary enhancer (se) Gene in Sweet Corn
Authors: Juvik John A. , LaBonte D. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the methodology for the extraction and quantitative analysis of the sugars from single kernels of maize (Zea mays L. var. saccharata Bailey). Concentrations of sorbitol, fructose, glucose, sucrose, and maltose were determined for individual kernels of sweet corn inbreds homozygous for the endosperm carbohydrate mutants sugary (su) and sugary enhancer (se) by gas chromatographic analysis. The extraction procedure was efficient and precise. Single-seed sugar analysis of kernels from the inbreds IL451b (su) and IL677a (su se) revealed that genetic differences between the inbreds was the primary source of phenotypic variation in kernel sugar content. Differences between ears of the same inbred was also a significant source of variation, whereas, in most instances, kernel-to-kernel variation on ears was not. Fifty-eight percent of the variation in the predominant corn sugar, sucrose, was attributed to genetic differences between the two inbreds. Analysis of the observed and predicted distribution in a mature-dry F2 kernel population for sucrose content indicated that single-kernel analysis can isolate the action of the se gene in segregating populations. This procedure can be used to simplify the incorporation of se into elite inbreds, map its chromosomal location, and uncover other potentially useful alleles that modify corn endosperm carbohydrate metabolism.
Double Tagging of a Male-sterile Gene in Tomato using a Morphological and Enzymatic Marker Gene
Authors: Tanksley S. D. , Zamir D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The male-sterile gene ms-10 has been placed in cis with two flanking, selectable markers, Prx-2 (Peroxidase-2) and aa (anthocyanin absent). The gene order is: Prx-2 … (0.5 cM) … ms-10 … (5.0 cM) … aa. This construction allows the male-sterile gene to be transferred into breeding lines by selection of the codominant peroxidase marker. Once transferred, male-sterile genotypes can be selected at the seedling stage by the recessive aa marker, reducing the need to rogue fertile plants in the field. The transfer and propagation procedures made possible by these linkages should facilitate the use of genic male-sterility in the production of hybrid tomato seed.
Use of the Richards Function to Interpret Single Seed Conductivity Data
Authors: Moore Frank D. , Jolliffe Peter A. , Stanwood Phillip C. , Roos Eric E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Previous research showed a relationship between viability and electrolyte leakage; here, we develop an index of viability based on electrolyte leakage from sample populations of seeds soaked in deionized distilled water. Conductivity of leachates from individual seeds was determined for 10 lots of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), each germinating at 99%. Conductivity data for two lots of soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds germinating at 100% and 74%, respectively, were obtained from literature. Cumulative frequency distributions (CFD) with a class interval of one µA, were fitted with a natural logarithmic form of the Richards function, which requires no arbitrary starting values. The procedure provided an effective estimation of slopes [(dCF/dµA)MAX] of hypothetical lines tangent to inflection points of the respective sigmoidal CFD curves. We suggest that this maximum slope, or internal slope can be used as a seed viability index. The index is unaffected by outlier µA readings and reflects the shape of the CFD. It is also a measure of seed-to-seed variability in leachate conductivity. The se of the 10 internal slopes derived from the 10 lettuce seed lots was 3.8. The viability index is sensitive, since nearly a four-fold difference in internal slope was found for the two soybean seed lots. The greater the internal slope, the less the variation among individual seed conductivities and the higher the seed quality.
Hunter b Color Measurements of Papaya Using a Two-filter System
Authors: Hayes C. F. , Chingon Harry T. G. , Young Howard G. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) grown in Hawaii cannot be shipped to the mainland United States or to the markets in Japan without first being treated for possible fruit fly infestation. Currently, the so-called “double-dip” treatment (2) is being used for this purpose. This treatment consists of immersion of the fruit in 42°C water for 30 min, followed by a second immersion in 49° water for 20 min. Since this treatment is only effective in killing organisms near the surface of the fruit, it cannot be used on a fruit that has ripened to the point where insects may have penetrated deeply.
A Videotape to Demonstrate Pruning Techniques
Authors: Tripepi Robert R. , Tong Dave 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Interest in pruning landscape plants is increasing as people realize that attractive trees and shrubs increase aesthetic and property values of homes. In order to illustrate how to prune plants to enhance their appearance and health, a videotape was developed that demonstrates pruning techniques for various woody landscape plants. The tape, “Pruning Your Own Shrubs and Small Trees”, is intended to be used as a learning tool by homeowners, horticulture students, cooperative extension agents, and landscape maintenance personnel.
‘Valiant’ Grape
Authors: Peterson R. M. , Waples J. R. , Evers N. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Grape breeding was initiated in 1953 by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station to develop table or juice grapes adapted to the relatively short growing seasons and cold winters of the northern Great Plains. The basic source of winter hardiness and early maturity has been Vitis riparia Michx. from or near the northwestern limits of the range of the species on the Great Plains. Grapes from northeastern Montana and northwestern North Dakota were sought out in 1960 and seed was collected from vines identified as outstanding because of very early fruit maturity, uniform berry ripening within clusters, well-filled clusters, relative freedom from astringency, high productivity, mildew resistance, and other desirable traits (1). Superior progenies and individuals grown from these seeds were identified and have been used extensively in hybridizing with cultivars of Vitis vinifera L, Vitis Labruscana Bailey, and various species hybrids. ‘Valiant’ (Fig. 1) is the first cultivar introduced from this program.
Cultivar Registration of Unassigned Woody Ornamentals
Authors: Huttleston Donald G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
During 1986, 15 cultivar names in unassigned woody genera were registered. Ten of these were dwarf spiraeas. During 1987, eight cultivar names in unassigned woody genera were registered. Herbarium specimens and photographs of the plants will be deposited in the U.S. National Arboretum Herbarium. Anyone who is involved in the origination or introduction of new cultivars of ornamental plants is urged to see that they are registered with a view toward nomenclatural stabilization. A list of International Registration Authorities is avalable from the American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta (AABGA), P.O. Box 206, Swarthmore, PA 19801.
Cultural and Chemical Control of Vegetative Growth of Deciduous Fruit Trees: Introduction to Workshop
Authors: Williams Max W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Moderate to high vigor and maximum light penetration must be maintained in deciduous fruit trees to assure high yields of good quality fruit. To accomplish the balance between vigor and light penetration, control of excessive shoot growth is required. Dwarfing rootstocks and spur type scion cultivars are reasonably successful in controlling vegetative growth. However, some species have few adequate rootstocks or spur type scions to help control tree growth. Furthermore, even with the best possible combination of rootstock and scion for a particular orchard site, there are periods in the life of the orchard when additional control of vegetative growth is needed. Vigorous growth is necessary in the early years to fill the allotted space with a viable fruiting surface. Fruit set then is increased by controlling excessive vegetative growth. Periodic control of growth can be accomplished by pruning and training of shoot growth, but these methods are often inadequate for maximum fruiting efficiency, since they are labor intensive and cannot always be accomplished in a timely manner.
Extension Delivery Systems Around the World: Introduction
Authors: Ingram Dewayne L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This symposium was sponsored primarily by the Commercial Horticulture Working Group in the Extension Division of ASHS. The International Horticultural Congress provides an excellent opportunity for horticulturists, especially horticultural educators, from around the world to exchange experiences and ideas. Extension in the context of this symposium refers to the transfer of technology or the linkage from a research-based information pool to producers, processors, marketers, and consumers of horticultural commodities. Extension programs are expected to help ensure the adoption of appropriate technologies by individuals, groups, or segments of an industry. The primary goals of an extension program are to increase production, product quality, business profits, and/or the quality of life. This symposium involved uniquely qualified individuals in describing and contrasting model extension delivery systems from around the world.
Relationship Between Cowpea Root Systems and Mycorrhizal Dependency
Authors: Rajapakse Sriyani , Miller J. Creighton 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A hydroponic experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between mycorrhizal dependency (MD) of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultivars and their root morphology. Seeds of 19 cowpea cultivars with known MD levels were inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum and Bradyrhizobium in seedling trays. Twelve-day-old seedlings were transferred to a hydroponic culture system, where they were grown for 5 weeks. Leaf area, length of taproot, total root length, root weight, root abundance, average length of fine roots, number of nodules formed on lateral roots, and total nodule weight differed among cultivars. Less than 5% of the root length was colonized by mycorrhizal fungus in all cultivars. Average length of fine roots was negatively correlated with MD of cowpea cultivars; however, only 27% of the variability in MD was explained by this variable. Therefore, root morphology did not appear to determine MD in cowpea.
Reduction of Capsicum annuum L. Growth and Seed Quality by Soil Flooding
Authors: Sundstrom F. J. , Pezeshki S. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Flooding of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) for 96 hr at anthesis adversely affected plant growth. Average leaf size of the flooded plants was significantly less than that of nonflooded controls. Ratios of leaf dry weight to root dry weight indicated that flooding reduced root development more than leaf development. Mean photosynthetic rate over the 96-hr flooding period and the 72-hr post-flooding period was decreased by 62%. Viability, germination percentage, and average weight of seeds from flooded plants were significantly less than those of control plants. Pepper photosynthetic rate was correlated with seed weight, seed viability, and germination percentage. Reductions in seed viability as a result of soil flooding may, therefore, be attributable to reductions in the supply of photosynthates to the seed.
Calcium Translocation and Tomato Plant and Fruit Responses to Molybdenum and Daminozide
Authors: Kheshem Seddigh A. , Kochan Walter J. , Boe Arthur A. , Everson Dale O. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Vendor) plants were grown from seeds in perlite in the greenhouse and watered with modified Cooper's solution. Molybdenum was supplied at rates of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 ppm. Daminozide was applied as a foliar spray at rates of 0, 1500, and 6000 ppm. Increased levels of Mo in the culture solution were associated with increased concentrations of Ca in the fruit. High levels of daminozide were associated with increases in fruit weight and reductions in fruit number, plant height, and blossom-end rot incidence. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).