bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profile of insulin resistance in adipose tissue of diet induced obese mice in response to anti‐obesity treatment
Authors: Rizk Nasser M. , Babiker Abeer , ElSaddig Ahmed Ali Maram , MOhamed Omnia , Elsayegh Dina , El‐Gamal Abdulrahman 
Published: May 2022

BackgroundAdipose tissue is an insulin‐responsive organ that contributes to both glucose and lipid metabolism. Insulin resistance (IR) is when insulin‐dependent tissues lose their sensitivity to insulin, resulting in high blood glucose and insulin due to impairment of the negative feedback mechanism. Insulin resistance progress to metabolic disorders like obesity and type 2 diabetes. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a potential anti‐obesity drug under investigation.AimThis study aims to understand the effect of SFN on insulin resistance pathways in adipose tissues of diet induced obese (DIO) mice.MethodsWild‐type CD1 male mice were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks to induce obesity. Mice were divided into two groups DIO‐SFN and DIO‐V. DIO mice have been injected via IP route by SFN (5 mg/kg BW) or Vehicle (25μl) for 4 weeks. Daily body weight measurements have been recorded, and glucose tolerance test (GTT) at day 21 after injection and insulin tolerance test (ITT) at day 25 after injection. Subsequently, mice were sacrificed, blood and tissue samples were collected and snap‐frozen instantly. Total RNA was extracted from epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Plasma leptin, insulin, and glucose level were measured, and 84 IR genes in adipose tissues were examined using RT‐PCR array technology.ResultsSFN treatment to DIO mice causes a significant reduction in body weight by 18.4%. Furthermore, SFN causes a significant reduction in circulating leptin concentrations in DIO‐SFN compared to the vehicle‐treated group. SFN is associated with the improvement of GTT and ITT. SFN causes dysregulation of eight genes related to inflammation, adipocytokine signaling, Il‐6, and HMGB1 pathways. SFN treatment causes significant changes in functions related to adipose tissue insulin resistance such as inhibition of chemotaxsis, inflammatory response and lipid accumulation.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that SFN treatment effectively reduces body weight and can ameliorate IR in eWAT via inhibition of pathways mainly related to inflammation, such as adipocytokine signaling, Il‐6, and HMGB1. SFN can be considered a future anti‐obesity drug.
Study on exosome proteomics related to Parkinson's disease
Authors: Duan Hubin , Hao Chunyan , Li Mingli , Xue wen , Zhu Xiaolin , Qiao Binjun , Zhang Jinbao , Qiao Xiaohong 
Published: May 2022

BackgroundParkinson disease (PD) is a serious neurodegenerative disease with high increasing rate. Exosomes, carrying numerous biological materials including proteins and lipids, function as crucial players in multiple diseases including PD.MethodsExosomes were isolated from serum samples of PD patients and healthy people, which was validated through transmission electron microscope (TEM) image and protein expression detection of cluster of differentiation protein 9 (CD9) and tumor susceptibility gene 101 protein (TSG101) (exosome markers) via western blot assay. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in serum exosomes were identified through iTRAQ‐LC‐MS/MS. DEPs were annotated and analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG Pathway databases. Protein‐protein interaction networks of these DEPs were established through STRING database.ResultsA total of 42 DEPs (24 up‐regulated, 18 down‐regulated) were identified in serum exosomes of PD patients versus healthy control group. GO‐biological_process analysis showed that most of DEPs were involved in the regulation of immune system process, vesicle‐mediated transport, response to stress and signal transduction. Moreover, some crucial proteins (e.g. antichymotrypsin (SERPINA3) and hemopexin (HPX)) associated with the pathology of PD were identified through interaction analysis. Western blot and ELISA assays further validated that SERPINA3 and HPX were highly expressed and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) was low expressed in serum exosomes of PD patients versus control group.ConclusionProteomics analysis for serum exosomes of PD patients and healthy people could provide some potential biomarkers and vital information of intercellular communication and pathogenic mechanisms in PD.
The Analysis of Phagocytic Myeloid Cells in Low and High Fiber Fed Mice after Three Weeks of Hypoxia
Authors: Pakhomov Nikolai , Kostyunina Daria , McLoughlin Paul , Baugh John 
Published: May 2022

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a devastating disease that is characterized by increased blood pressure (BP) in the pulmonary vasculature. Immune cells participate in adverse cardiovascular remodelling of pulmonary vessels and could represent targets for PH treatment. It has been shown that patients with PH have increased numbers of interstitial macrophages and dendritic cells in the lungs that originate from circulating immune cells. These myeloid immune cells migrate to the vessel wall and promote vascular hypertrophy. Attenuation of immune cell invasion into the vessel wall could potentially slow the progression of PH. One of the possible ways to reduce inflammation in the cardiovascular system is dietary modification with increased content of soluble fiber. Soluble fiber increases the level of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the plasma which demonstrate anti‐inflammatory properties in systemic hypertension and cardiac overload. In different models of cardiovascular diseases high fiber (HFi) diet and SCFAs improve cardiovascular functions reducing the level of immune cells at the site of injury. The effects of HFi diet on the pulmonary circulation are unknown. This study establishes the effects of low (LFi) and HFi diet on macrophage and dendritic cell composition in the lungs in the model of hypoxia‐induced PH.C57bl/6j mice were fed with LFi and HFi diet five weeks before and three weeks during hypoxic exposure (10% O2). After that hematocrit, cecum, spleen and body weight were measured. Flow cytometry was used to identify the proportion of alveolar and interstitial macrophages and dendritic cells in the lungs.Hypoxic animals had increased hematocrit level compared to normoxic controls. Hematocrit did not differ between LFi fed animals and HFi fed animals in hypoxic conditions but in normoxia hematocrit was higher in LFi diet group. Cecum weight was significantly higher in HFi fed mice than in LFi fed mice whereas total body weight and spleen weight was not affected by diet composition. The percentage of alveolar macrophages (CD11b+CD11c+CD64+) did not differ between groups. Hypoxia increased the proportion of dendritic cells (CD11b+MHCll+CD24+) and reduced the proportion of interstitial macrophages (CD11b+MHCll+CD64+) among CD11b+MHC ll+ cells. Dietary fiber did not affect the proportion of dendritic cells and interstitial macrophages in normoxic and hypoxic animals.This data demonstrates that three weeks of hypoxia changes the proportion of CD11b+ dendritic cells and interstitial macrophages in the mouse lungs however soluble dietary fiber did not affect it.
Incidence and Prevalence of Alprazolam and Clonazepam Consumption at the Hospital Level in Ecuador
Authors: Muñoz Daniel , Zambrano Gema , Orellana‐Manzano* Andrea 
Published: May 2022

BackgroundThe consumption of benzodiazepines has increased worldwide due to their therapeutic properties such as anticonvulsants, sedatives, and muscle relaxants. Both men and women were consuming them at different ages. This study aims to analyze the incidence and prevalence of Alprazolam and clonazepam consumption at the IESS La Libertad Hospital to identify which patients treated in La Libertad are more likely to consume BZDMethodThe sample size was determined by patients who consumed Alprazolam or clonazepam from 2016 to 2020. A total of 1204 patients was selected who had a prescription from the psychiatrist. It was an exploratory‐descriptive methodology with an AS400 computer system, which is the official cybernetic system of the primary care Hospital at the national levelResultsClonazepam Lq. Oral 2.5 mg/ml presents a greater incidence with 28.6%, followed by Alprazolam sd. Oral 0.5 mg with 10.65% and finally with Clonazepam tablets with 8.68%. The prevalence of consumption was Clonazepam LQ. Oral 2.5ml / mg 2.34%; Clonazepam sd, oral 0.67% and Alprazolam sd. Oral 0.99% had a higher prevalence of the consumption of Clonazepam vs. Alprazolam. Additionally, the increase in medical prescription was evaluated in the five years of study. The study was shown that in 2020, there was an increase of consumption with 21%, in 2019 with 16%, 2018 with 16%.Conclusion, it was determined that of the 1204 people who had prescriptions for psychotropic drugs, 58% are women, with a lower rate than men with 42% of prescriptions—validated by the VigiAccess portal. These results indicate the increase in the consumption of psychotropic drugs at the national level that will help carry out a better study for the annual reprogramming of drugs related to the acquisition of psychotropic drugs—achieving an optimal supply, delivering the complete treatment on time.
Binge drinking‐like behavior in juvenile rats causes long‐lasting cardiorespiratory dysfunction that persists until adulthood
Authors: Díaz Hugo S. , Andrade David C. , Toledo Camilo , Pereyra Katherine V. , Schwarz Karla G. , Del Rio Rodrigo 
Published: May 2022

Harmful alcohol abuse is associated with serious psychosocial and health damage, including cardiac and neurological morbidities. Americans drink 40% more than the global average and adolescents are the heaviest drinkers, displaying a pathological consumption pattern termed “binge drinking”, consisting in short episodes of heavy alcohol intake followed by long withdrawal periods. Despite adolescent binge drinking (ABD) drives severe impairments in neurological and cardiorespiratory function, there are no current health policies to prevent ABD or its physiological consequences. Indeed, little is known about the long‐term consequences of ABD in adulthood physiology. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential harmful effects of ABD on cardiac and respiratory (patho)physiology in the adult life. Sixteen male juvenile Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent ABD‐like alcohol administration protocol or control treatment, consisting of 2‐days “ON” and 2‐days “OFF” doses of ethanol (3.0 g/kg, 25% w/v in saline administered i. p.) beginning on post‐natal day (PND) 25 until PND 38. Once rats reached adulthood (PND80), respiratory and cardiac function were respectively assessed by whole‐body plethysmography and intraventricular pressure‐volume loops. Compared to controls, adult rats exposed to ABD displayed no differences in resting blood pressure, heart rate and pulmonary ventilation, but they showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the breath‐to‐breath interval variability (40.8 ± 2.8 vs. 25.6 ± 2.3 ms; ABD vs. Control, respectively) and in the incidence of apneas/hypoapneas (AHI: 5.83 ± 0.40 vs. 2.50 ± 0.37 events/h; ABD vs. Control, respectively). Intraventricular cardiac function analysis using PV‐loops revealed a reduction in left ventricular compliance in ABD animals, evidenced by the augmented slope of the end diastolic pressure‐volume relationship (EDPVR: 0.0303 ± 0.006 vs. 0.009 ± 0.001 mmHg/µL; ABD vs. Control). Also, we found that ABD induced cardiac autonomic imbalance estimated by low/high frequency ratio of heart rate variability (LFHRV/HFHRV: 1.59 ± 0.23 vs. 1.01 ± 0.08) and increased arrhythmia incidence (53.6 ± 12.7 vs. 21.7 ± 5.7 events/h; ABD vs. Control). Our results shows that binge drinking in adolescence causes long‐lasting cardiorespiratory dysfunction that includes at least cardiac diastolic dysfunction, autonomic imbalance, and generation of irregular breathing all of them persisting until the adulthood.1Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 2Biomedical Department, Facultad of Health Science, Universidad de Antofagasta. 3Centro de Excelencia de Biomedicina en Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. 4Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración CARE‐UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Lowering of Sympathetic Burst Frequency in Post‐Pubertal Female but not Male Rats
Authors: Mirza Umme Aiman , Desai Shivansh A. , Mueller Patrick J. 
Published: May 2022

INTROCardiovascular disease (CVD) leads to an overall reduction in the quality of life and is the leading cause of mortality in the United States. The risk of CVD increases with age; however, women of reproductive age have a lower CVD prevalence. CVD is associated with elevations in sympathetic nerve activity, which has been analyzed in humans by quantifying sympathetic burst frequency. Whether sympathetic burst frequencies are different between pre‐ and post‐pubertal males and females is unknown.PURPOSEThe purpose of this study was to analyze sympathetic burst frequencies for potential differences between male and female rats.HYPOTHESISWe hypothesized that resting sympathetic burst frequency would be lower in post‐pubertal females compared to age‐matched males. We also predicted lower burst frequency in post‐ versus pre‐pubescent females.METHODSWe analyzed splanchnic nerve (SSNA) recordings from Inactin‐anesthetized male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats at 4‐weeks (pre‐pubertal) and 8‐ and 16‐weeks (post‐pubertal) of age. Sympathetic bursts were obtained by rectifying and integrating raw SSNA. Burst frequency was calculated using the Peak Parameters extension in LabChart software.RESULTSBurst frequency was higher in 4‐week (n=8) and 8‐week (n=9) old female rats compared to 16‐week old (n=6) female rats (5.6+1.2; 4.8+0.4 and 2.4+0.3 Hz, p<.001 and p=0.02, respectively). At 16 weeks of age, female rats also had a significantly lower burst frequency when compared to male rats (n=4) (2.4+0.3 vs, 4.8+0.4 Hz, respectively, p=0.01). Finally, there was no significant difference found in burst frequencies between male rats at any age (p>0.05 for all), suggesting sex‐dependent differences in the development of sympathoexcitation.CONCLUSIONPreliminary results suggest that following the onset of puberty in female rats, sympathetic burst frequency decreases over time, changes not seen in age‐matched male rats. Given CVD is significantly lower in premenopausal women, lower sympathetic nerve activity as a result of puberty may provide a mechanistic basis by which decreased sympathetic burst frequency protects against CVD. Future experiments may be conducted to explore other burst characteristics (e.g. burst amplitude and width), and the role of specific female sex hormones, to further understand sex‐dependent development of CVD.
Vascular anatomical variants found in the VH Dissector Pro software. Descriptive anatomical study
Authors: Bruna Alejandro , Orellana Mathias , Santana Andres , Valenzuela Juan Jose , Nova Pablo 
Published: May 2022

IntroductionWith advances in technology over the past decades, reductions in teaching time,increasing class sizes, and increasing costs of cadaver‐based instruction, computer‐based learning resources are used every increasingly in anatomy curricula to encouragestudent learning, and its use has been found to increase anatomy teaching, enhanceindependent learning, problem solving, and provide flexibility.MethodsUsing the VH Dissector Pro software version 6.0.16, a group of researchers through dissection tools reached the vascular planes of the cadaver in all body regions, in which the presence of some type of arterial vascular variant was searched.ResultsAfter having carried out the search in the VH Dissector Pro software version 6.0.16, it was found that in the upper limbs the deep brachial artery presented its origin at the level of the third portion of the right axillary artery and the left subscapular artery. An accessory renal artery was found bilaterally in the abdominal region. In the pelvic region, an origin was found bilaterally at the level of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac of the obturator artery. All these findings were found after analyzing all the body regions of the cadaver in the arterial vascular plane.ConclusionThe knowledge of normal anatomy and anatomical variants is of great importance for anatomists who teach in different careers in the health area, as well as for clinical professionals who could find this type of variations both in diagnostic processes and surgical. By presenting this knowledge they will be able to transmit and differentiate normality versus the presence of anatomical variants that not only can be in cadavers, in imaging samples but could also be present in virtual anatomy. In addition, this study leaves the concern of analyzing other systems that could also present some other anatomical variant.
Pulmonary endothelial cells from different vascular compartments exhibit unique recovery from acidification and Na+/H+ exchanger isoform expression
Authors: Sayner Sarah L. , Choi Chug‐Sik , Adams Dylan 
Published: May 2022

Sodium‐hydrogen exchangers (NHEs) tightly regulate intracellular pH (pHi), proliferation, migration and cell volume. Heterogeneity exists between pulmonary endothelial cells derived from different vascular segments, yet the activity and isoform expression of NHEs between these vascular segments has not been fully examined.Utilizing the ammonium‐prepulse and recovery from acidification technique in a buffer lacking bicarbonate, pulmonary microvascular and pulmonary artery endothelial cells exhibited a similar rate of recovery from the acid load regardless of the concentrations of the sodium transport inhibitor, amiloride; however, pulmonary artery endothelial cells required a higher dose of amiloride to inhibit sodium‐dependent acid recovery compared to pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, suggesting a unique complement of NHEs between the different endothelial cell types. While NHE1 has been described in pulmonary endothelial cells, all NHE isoforms have not been accounted for. To address NHE expression in endothelial cells, qPCR was performed. Using a two‐gene normalization approach, Sdha and Ywhag were identified for qPCR normalization and analysis of NHE isoforms between pulmonary microvascular and pulmonary artery endothelial cells. NHE1 and NHE8 mRNA were equally expressed between the two cell types, but NHE5 expression was significantly higher in pulmonary microvascular and pulmonary artery endothelial cells.Thus, pulmonary microvascular and pulmonary artery endothelial cells exhibit unique NHE isoform expression and have a unique response to acid load revealed through recovery from cellular acidification.
Role of ACAT1 in Atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Link Tina , Reddy Megan , Agasthi Sarayu , Handa Samir , Manikkoth Shria , Ray Allison 
Published: May 2022

The acyl‐coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) intracellular membrane protein is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and is composed of 427 amino acids. ACAT is a part of the membrane‐bound O‐acyltransferase enzyme family (MBOAT). MBOATs are recognized by their most carried residues, histamine, and arginine, and are used in lipid synthesis, phospholipid remodeling, and peptide acylation. The enzyme itself is structured as a tetramer split into two homodimers. Nine transmembrane helices or domains (TMs) are on each monomer, the most notable being a cavity formed through TMs 4‐9 harboring histidine, an amino acid tied to catalysis and enzymatic activity.The ACAT1 protein‐coupled with its ACAT2 counterpart catalyze the storage of cholesteryl esters. ACAT2 differs from ACAT1 in function and structure. ACAT2 contains 2 domains and is mainly expressed in intestinal cells and controls lipoprotein particle secretion. The enzyme transfers an acyl group to 3β‐hydroxyl of cholesterol, a cholesterol‐binding site, to form cytosolic lipid droplets that are used for reducing membrane fluidity of the cell. Lipo‐protein‐induced ACAT in microphages is key to the creation of atheroma foam cells, cells characterized by the aggregation of these fatty plaque deposits on the walls of arteries, thus appearing like foam. The aggregation of this plaque to eventually narrow and harden arteries to obstruct blood flow is atherosclerosis. ACAT1 also maintains homeostasis during periods of cholesterol overload in the ER. Other functions of the protein include aiding lipoprotein synthesis and dietary LDL absorption.Recent studies have seen a pathogenic connection between cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease or other neurodegenerative diseases. Cells contain a membrane that contains microdomains rich in cholesterol. The microdomains assist in the maintenance and growth of the cell and cell membrane; however, it is the disruption of these microdomains through individual disease‐causing toxins that cause them to inactivate ACAT1 and block cholesterol storage, disrupting brain activity.ACAT is currently being studied for its targeted drug therapy countering atherosclerosis. Current studies have proved ACAT inhibition to be ineffective, but there still remains potential immunotherapies to neurodegenerative disorders through the ACAT enzyme. Further research remains to be done to analyze the link between neurodegenerative disorders and the ACAT1 protein.
Moderate Intensity Exercise‐Induced Shear Stress Upregulates eNOS mRNA Expression
Authors: Gurovich Alvaro N. , Cabral Shelsea , Rodriguez Carmen , Conde Daniel , Garcia Mario 
Published: May 2022

BackgroundPhysical activity has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Exercise‐induced endothelial shear stress (ESS) produces a mechanical force on the surface of endothelial cells that triggers an intracellular signaling response regulating vascular function. SIRT‐1 and eNOS are mechanosensitive genes that have been shown to improve vascular function and their expression levels may be upregulated in response to higher ESS levels. Although it has been reported that higher physiological levels of ESS may improve vascular function, the role of pulsatile exercise induced ESS varying in exercise intensities has not been studied. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of varying pulsatile exercise‐induced ESS intensities on NOS3 and SIRT‐1 mRNA expression.MethodsCommercially available human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC; Sigma‐Aldrich, St Louis, MO) were cultured until 90–100% confluence. Exercise‐induced ESS in vivo was obtained from our previous reports. Cultured HUVEC cells were exposed to pulsatile resting ESS (18 dynes/cm2) for 2 hours, followed by 1 hour at low‐intensity exercise‐induced ESS (35 dynes/cm2), moderate exercise‐induced ESS, or high‐intensity exercise‐induced ESS (75 dynes/cm2) on a closed circuit pump and channeled slide (Ibidi pump system (PumpControl Software 1.5.4) and slides, Ibidi Inc., Fitchburg, WI). Total RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed followed by measurement of SIRT‐1 and eNOS mRNA expression via qRT‐PCR. qRT‐PCRs were performed in duplicates and changes in gene expression were calculated using the ΔΔ‐CT method with GAPDH used as the normalizing control gene. Statistical analysis was performed using graphpad prism 8 software (Graphpad Software.). Significance was considered at p<0.05.ResultsThere were no alterations in mRNA expression of SIRT‐1 in response to varying exercise intensities. Moderate intensity exercise‐induced ESS produced significantly higher eNOS mRNA expression compared to low and high intensity exercise‐induced ESS (p<0.05).ConclusionsOur data shows that moderate intensity of exercise‐induced ESS may promote an anti‐atherogenic phenotype due to higher expression levels of eNOS. Although SIRT‐1 mRNA levels were not altered in response to varying exercise intensities, it is possible that SIRT‐1 is chronically activated and one bout of exercise will not alter its expression. Further research needs to be performed on the role of exercise and molecular pathways for endothelial health.