bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making Ourselves Useful
Authors: Lau Hakwan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The theory of perceptual reality monitoring connects two important notions of consciousness: subjective experience, and our rational grasp of reality. Studies in the social sciences, psychiatry, and clinical psychology have focused on this latter notion of consciousness for over a century. To many, that’s where the concept of consciousness really comes from, or at least that’s what makes the topic so interesting. How is this related to the kind of consciousness we have discussed so far? Here we will sketch out a framework of how the theory of perceptual reality monitoring can be extended to help us understand our rational grasp of reality (and its breakdown under conditions such as psychosis), our sense of self, free will, emotions, and social contagion.
What of the Hard Problem?
Authors: Lau Hakwan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that the subjective quality of a conscious experience can be understood in terms of how similar it is to all other possible experiences. We discuss how these similarity relationships can be implicitly and conveniently assessed, given the structure of the mammalian sensory cortices. These mechanisms allow the subject to “know”, without effort, what an experience is like. I will flesh out how this mental quality space view fits well with the theory of perceptual reality monitoring introduced in Chapter 7: subjective experience happens when qualitative sensory information acquires an assertoric force. We end by discussing why metaphysical theories generally don’t fare better in accounting for these qualitative aspects of consciousness, and may just hinder scientific progress.
The Language of Corruption
Authors: Agbiboa Daniel E. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDrawing upon critical discourse analysis, this chapter analyses the popular semiology of corruption in Africa. It looks closely at the ways in which corruption is commonly scripted in corporeal metaphors of eating (literally and figuratively), confirming the banality and commensality of corruption in Africa. By paying particular attention to the language and idioms of bribery and corruption, we gain a deeper understanding of the corruption complex and popular reactions to it. Foregrounding corruption as a “food for thought,” this chapter reclaims the ambiguous and multivocal power of language in how we think and talk about corruption. In so doing, it sheds new light onto what counts as corruption in the value acceptances of local populations.
Treatments and illness management and recovery
Authors: Silverman Michael J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A singular or uniform approach to providing effective and efficient treatment for people with mental health conditions does not exist. Even with advances in genetics, neurology, etiology, and psychopharmacology, scientists have yet to identify or develop a “one-size-fits-all” intervention or treatment milieu for persons with mental health conditions. Uncertainty still remains related to the exact causes of mental health conditions, and, as such, relying solely upon a biological explanation may be futile without accounting for sociocultural, environmental, and psychological factors. This chapter provides readers with an orientation to pharmacological and psychosocial treatments for adults with mental health conditions. Topics covered include treatment compliance, side-effects, the antipsychiatry movement, the Dodo Bird Verdict, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Separating illness management from recovery, this chapter provides readers with introductions to these concepts. The chapter highlights the recovery concept by describing how it has gained considerable momentum and has allowed many people with mental health conditions to live and work in communities of their choice.
Transdiagnostic theory for group music therapy in mental health settings
Authors: Silverman Michael J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter applies transdiagnostic theory to group-based music therapy in adult mental health settings. While the concept of transdiagnostic theory may be relatively simple to conceptualize, the reasons supporting implementation of this theory into contemporary clinical practice are just as important—if not more important—than the theory itself. Transdiagnostic theory is a humanistic treatment approach wherein clinicians do not focus on the specific diagnosis. Rather, clinicians are more concerned with cognitive, behavioral, and affective features and patterns that maintain the mental health conditions, as well as shared pathologies and psychosocial stressors between group members. This allows clinicians to focus on shared motivators, strengths, and resources rather than an overly specific pathology. To provide a rationale for transdiagnostic theory, the chapter highlights the many problems associated with mental health disease classifications including subjectivity, relying upon service users’ reported symptom profiles, the perseveration of stigma, increased symptomology, and postponing help-seeking behaviors. Application of transdiagnostic theory may facilitate vicarious learning, on-task behavior, universalization and normalization, and greater engagement during group-based music therapy treatment. Limitations of transdiagnostic theory are also provided.
Environmental variation effects fertility in tropical beef cattle
Authors: Copley James P , Engle Bailey N , Ross Elizabeth M , Speight Shannon , Fordyce Geoffry , Wood Benjamin J , Voss-Fels Kai P , Hayes Benjamin J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The northern Australia beef cattle industry operates in harsh environmental conditions which consistently suppress female fertility. To better understand the environmental effect on cattle raised extensively in northern Australia, new environmental descriptors were defined for 54 commercial herds located across the region. Three fertility traits, based on the presence of a corpus luteum at 600 d of age, indicating puberty, (CL Presence, n = 25,176), heifer pregnancy (n = 20,989) and first lactation pregnancy (n = 10,072) were recorded. Temperature, humidity, and rainfall were obtained from publicly available data based on herd location. Being pubertal at 600 d (i.e. CL Presence) increased the likelihood of success at heifer pregnancy and first lactation pregnancy (P &lt; 0.05), underscoring the importance of early puberty in reproductive success. A temperature humidity index (THI) of 65–70 had a significant (P &lt; 0.05) negative effect on first lactation pregnancy rate, heifer pregnancy and puberty at 600 d of age. Area under the curve of daily THI was significant (P &lt; 0.05) and reduced the likelihood of pregnancy at first lactation and puberty at 600 days. Deviation from long-term average rainfall was not significant (P &lt; 0.05) for any trait. Average daily weight gain had a significant and positive relationship (P &lt; 0.05) for heifer and first lactation pregnancy. The results indicate that chronic or cumulative heat load is more determinantal to reproductive performance than acute heat stress. The reason for the lack of a clear relationship between acute heat stress and reproductive performance is unclear but may be partially explained by peak THI and peak nutrition coinciding at the same time. Sufficient evidence was found to justify the use of average daily weight gain and chronic heat load as descriptors to define an environmental gradient.
Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Sun Ling , Wang Xueyi , Wang Xia , Cui Xiaowei , Li Guixia , Wang Le , Wang Lan , Song Mei , Yu Lulu 
Published: March 2022

Objectives
We aimed to identify differentially methylated genes and related signaling pathways in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Methods
First, the DNA methylation profile in the brain samples (GSE131706 and GSE80017) and peripheral blood samples (GSE109905) was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO) dataset, followed by identification of differentially methylated genes and functional analysis. Second, the GSE109905 data set was used to further validate the methylation state and test the ability to diagnose disease of identified differentially methylated genes. Third, expression measurement of selected differentially methylated genes was performed in whole blood from an independent sample. Finally, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of core differentially methylated genes was constructed.

Results
Totally, 74 differentially methylated genes were identified in ASD, including 38 hypermethylated genes and 36 hypomethylated genes. 15 differentially methylated genes were further identified after validation in the GSE109905 data set. Among these, major histocompatibility complex (HLA)-DQA1 was involved in the molecular function of myosin heavy chain class II receptor activity; HLA-DRB5 was involved in the signaling pathways of cell adhesion molecules, Epstein–Barr virus infection and antigen processing and presentation. In the PPI analysis, the interaction pairs of HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DRB5, FMN2 and ACTR3, and CALCOCO2 and BAZ2B were identified. Interestingly, FMN2, BAZ2B, HLA-DRB5, CALCOCO2 and DUSP22 had a potential diagnostic value for patients with ASD. The expression result of four differentially methylated genes (HLA-DRB5, NTM, IL16 and COL5A3) in the independent sample was consistent with the integrated analysis.

Conclusions
Identified differentially methylated genes and enriched signaling pathway could be associated with ASD.
Estimating scale-specific and localized spatial patterns in allele frequency
Authors: Lasky Jesse R. , Takou Margarita , Gamba Diana , Keitt Timothy H. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCharacterizing spatial patterns in allele frequencies is fundamental to evolutionary biology because these patterns contain evidence of underlying processes. However, the spatial scales at which gene flow, changing selection, and drift act are often unknown. Many of these processes can operate inconsistently across space, causing non-stationary patterns. We present a wavelet approach to characterize spatial pattern in allele frequency that helps solve these problems. We show how our approach can characterize spatial patterns in relatedness at multiple spatial scales, i.e. a multi-locus wavelet genetic dissimilarity. We also develop wavelet tests of spatial differentiation in allele frequency and quantitative trait loci (QTL). With simulation we illustrate these methods under different scenarios. We also apply our approach to natural populations ofArabidopsis thalianato characterize population structure and identify locally-adapted loci across scales. We find, for example, that Arabidopsis flowering time QTL show significantly elevated genetic differentiation at 300 to 1300 km scales. Wavelet transforms of allele frequencies offer a flexible way to reveal geographic patterns and underlying evolutionary processes.
The addition of antibiotics to embryo culture media caused altered expression of genes in pathways governing DNA integrity in mouse blastocysts
Authors: Han Qianqian , Li Yan , Ji Xu , Chang Lu , Li Wenjuan , Shi Jianfeng , Liu Jing , Ni Wuhua , Huang Xuefeng , O’Neill Chris , Jin Xingliang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAntibiotics are common components of embryo culture media and minimize the risk of microbial contamination and infection during assisted reproductive technology procedures (ART). The effects of two aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin, streptomycin) and penicillin on the global profiles of gene expression (DE) were assessed by RNA-seq of individual mouse blastocysts. Zygotes were cultured in an optimized defined medium formulation (KSOM) to which a dose range of each antibiotic was added. A dose-dependent retardation of the rate of zygote development to morphologically normal blastocyst was observed and this was accompanied by a reduction in the number of cells present within the resulting blastocysts. The lowest dose of each antibiotic tested (similar to the concentrations used in clinical grade media) caused significant differential expression of approximately 1800 genes. In most cases antibiotic treatment caused a reduction in gene expression and gene ontology analysis showed that down regulated genes were enriched for several biological processes related to the maintenance of genomic integrity. All three antibiotics caused the downregulation of Brca2, Blm, Rad51c and Rad54l, genes involved DNA homologous recombination pathways and also several p53-dependent genes. Immunolocalization studies showed that each antibiotic also reduced level of BRCA2 and RAD51C detected within blastocysts. The present study shows that the supplementing embryo culture media with antibiotics is associated with wide ranging alterations in gene expression in a manner that could potentially compromise the genomic integrity of the resulting embryos.
Perioperative prevention of persistent pain after total hip and knee arthroplasty—Protocol for two systematic reviews
Authors: Laigaard Jens , Karlsen Anders , Maagaard Mathias , Rosenberg Lukas Kristian , Creutzburg Andreas , Lunn Troels Haxholdt , Mathiesen Ole , Overgaard Søren 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundBetween 9% and 20% of patients experience moderate to severe persistent postoperative pain after total hip or knee arthroplasty. Severe immediate postoperative pain limits rehabilitation and is associated with the development of persistent postoperative pain. Therefore, perioperative analgesic and physiotherapeutic interventions are of interest to reduce persistent pain. In two systematic reviews with identical methodology, we aim to investigate the effects of (a) perioperative analgesic interventions and (b) physiotherapeutic interventions in reducing persistent pain after total hip and knee arthroplasty.MethodsWe will include randomised and cluster‐randomised controlled trials on perioperative analgesic and physiotherapeutic interventions for patients undergoing elective total hip or knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis. After contact with the authors, trials without pain data 3–24 months postoperatively will be excluded. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase and reference lists will be searched for eligible trials. Two authors will independently screen, extract data and assess the risk of bias. The primary outcome is pain scores 3–24 months postoperatively. Meta‐analyses will be performed for interventions with two or more trials. We will conduct trial sequential analyses and assign Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) ratings.ConclusionNo previous review on reduction of persistent postoperative pain has included non‐pharmacological or invasive analgesic techniques. These two reviews with identical methodology will summarise the evidence of analgesic and physiotherapeutic perioperative interventions to prevent persistent pain.PROSPERO registrationCRD42021284175.
Electoral Campaigns and Biased Perceptions of Voter Interests
Authors: Horz Carlo M. , Dickson Eric S. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA standard view of elections is that parties should choose moderate platforms to maximize their probability of winning. However, some parties embrace more extreme positions. These parties often feature an energized activist group that is optimistic about the party's probability of winning – contradicting the standard view. We build and analyze a game‐theoretic model of electoral competition that simultaneously explains the prevalence of extreme platforms and activists' biased beliefs. We show that the activists' interests and role within the campaign induce them to optimally misperceive the interests of the electorate because such a bias shifts the party's equilibrium policy platform closer to the activist faction's ideal point. We also find that even though the more optimistic an activist faction, the more it learns from electoral defeat, the divergence between activist and elite beliefs may worsen after a loss.
The impact of the ileoanal pouch on female fertility in ulcerative colitis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sriranganathan Danujan , Poo Stephanie , Segal Jonathan P. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimIleal pouch–anal anastomosis is a restorative option for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) requiring surgery. The primary outcome of this study was the relative risk of infertility in women with UC undergoing restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) compared to the same patients before undergoing RPC. Infertility was defined as the inability to conceive after 1 year of regular sexual intercourse without contraception.MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis were performed to include all relevant articles from 1946 from MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Studies included reported on the fertility rate of a cohort with UC and also reported the rate after RPC in those within the cohort who underwent surgery. This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021259745).ResultsThirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and accounted for 793 patients pre‐pouch and 802 post‐pouch. The mean and median age of the patients at analysis was 36.8 and 32.7 years respectively; and the median duration of follow‐up following ileal pouch–anal anastomosis was 110.4 (68–139) months. Our results highlight that following RPC the relative risk of infertility is 4.17 (95% CI 1.99, 8.74) compared with patients before RPC who had UC.ConclusionsThe findings of this meta‐analysis provide an update on a previous meta‐analysis published over a decade ago and results remain congruent. This suggests that despite advancements in surgical techniques the risk to fertility remains similar to a decade ago. However, further high quality studies are needed to try and decipher independent risk factors associated with a decrease in infertility.
Cost of healthcare utilization associated with incident cardiovascular and renal disease in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A multinational, observational study across 12 countries
Authors: Norhammar Anna , Bodegard Johan , Eriksson Jan W. , Haller Hermann , Linssen Gerard C. M. , Banerjee Amitava , Karasik Avraham , Mamouris Pavlos , Tangri Navdeep , Taveira‐Gomes Tiago , Maggioni Aldo P. , Botana Manuel , Thuresson Marcus , Okami Suguru , Yajima Toshitaka , Kadowaki Takashi , Birkeland Kåre I. ,   CaReMe Cardiorenal Investigators
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimTo examine how the development of cardiovascular and renal disease (CVRD) translates to hospital healthcare costs in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) initially free from CVRD.MethodsData were obtained from the digital healthcare systems of 12 nations using a prespecified protocol. A fixed country‐specific index date of 1 January was chosen to secure sufficient cohort disease history and maximal follow‐up, varying between each nation from 2006 to 2017. At index, all individuals were free from any diagnoses of CVRD (including heart failure [HF], chronic kidney disease [CKD], coronary ischaemic disease, stroke, myocardial infarction [MI], or peripheral artery disease [PAD]). Outcomes during follow‐up were hospital visits for CKD, HF, MI, stroke, and PAD. Hospital healthcare costs obtained from six countries, representing 68% of the total study population, were cumulatively summarized for CVRD events occurring during follow‐up.ResultsIn total, 1.2 million CVRD‐free individuals with T2D were identified and followed for 4.5 years (mean), that is, 4.9 million patient‐years. The proportion of individuals indexed before 2010 was 18% (n = 207 137); 2010‐2015, 31% (361 175); and after 2015, 52% (609 095). Overall, 184 420 (15.7%) developed CVRD, of which cardiorenal disease was most frequently the first disease to develop (59.7%), consisting of 23.0% HF and 36.7% CKD, and more common than stroke (16.9%), MI (13.7%), and PAD (9.7%). The total cumulative cost for CVRD was US$1 billion, of which 59.0% was attributed to cardiorenal disease, 3‐, 5‐, and 6‐fold times greater than the costs for stroke, MI, and PAD, respectively.ConclusionAcross all nations, HF or CKD was the most frequent CVRD manifestation to develop in a low‐risk population with T2D, accounting for the highest proportion of hospital healthcare costs. These novel findings highlight the importance of cardiorenal awareness when planning healthcare.
Growth, innovation, and policy for chicken in Latin America 1961–2019
Authors: Scott Gregory J. , Vigo Enrique 
Published: March 2022

SummaryMotivationLatin America has witnessed massive increases in production and consumption of chicken meat over the last 60 years and well beyond its share of the developing world's population. Chicken is now a major source of livestock protein in regional diets; leads livestock production in 25 out of the region's 33 countries; production, slaughtering, and sales provide millions of jobs.PurposeTo analyse growth rates for chicken meat in Latin America, why they have differed, how the role of innovation and development policies contributed to bringing about this growth, in turn leading to the patterns of governance of these activities today.Methods and approachThis study used a modified value chain framework along with FAO statistics, national data, published and unpublished studies to analyse macro‐level developments and their linkages to shifts in the organization of activities in the value chain for chicken from pre‐production through to consumption and trade from past to present.FindingsDifferent natural resource endowments, demographics, and dietary preferences combined with frequent innovations and an array of policy measures led to a spectacular surge in output and productivity, lower costs, and facilitated a steady rise in consumption. As part of that growth, these activities became increasingly concentrated in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru and within those countries in a few very large firms. Their operations expanded in the value chain beyond the farm gate, across the region, and in some cases around the world.Policy implicationsThis paper has implications for greater transparency in grower contracts, better working conditions for slaughterhouse workers and bird catchers, more environmentally and bird‐friendly chicken production, accelerated adoption of practices as per Principles for Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems in the value chain for broilers in Latin America and the Caribbean, and improved enforcement of laws and regulations governing the technical and financial operations of value chains for chicken, along with renewed collaboration among government authorities to that effect.
Fatigue life prediction of natural rubber components using an artificial neural network
Authors: Liu Xiangnan , Zhao Xuezhi , Shangguan Wen‐Bin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUniaxial tension fatigue tests conducted on dumbbell‐shaped specimens made of vulcanized natural rubber are carried out. Using the fatigue test data, a back‐propagation neural network (BPNN) model for estimating the fatigue life of natural rubber specimens is established. An improved sine‐cosine algorithm (ISCA) is proposed to optimize the parameters of the BPNN model. The peak engineering strain, ambient temperature, and Shore hardness of natural rubber specimens are used as the input variables while the rubber fatigue life as the output variable of the BPNN model. The regression results and predicted life distribution of the established BPNN model are encouraging. For comparison, a genetic algorithm, a particle swarm algorithm, and a standard sine‐cosine algorithm are also used to obtain the BPNN model parameters, respectively. The results showed that the prediction accuracy and efficiency of ISCA are better than other three algorithms. In addition, the sensitivity analysis is introduced to quantify the relative influence of the model inputs on the output.