bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical fixation creates nanoscale clusters on the cell surface by aggregating membrane proteins
Authors: Ichikawa Takehiko , Wang Dong , Miyazawa Keisuke , Miyata Kazuki , Oshima Masanobu , Fukuma Takeshi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractChemical fixations have been thought to preserve the structures of the cells or tissues. However, given that the fixatives create crosslinks or aggregate proteins, there is a possibility that these fixatives create nanoscale artefacts by aggregation of membrane proteins which move around freely to some extent on the cell surface. Despite this, little research has been conducted about this problem, probably because there has been no method for observing cell surface structures at the nanoscale. In this study, we have developed a method to observe cell surfaces stably and with high resolution using atomic force microscopy and a microporous silicon nitride membrane. We demonstrate that the size of the protrusions on the cell surface is increased after treatment with three commonly used fixatives and show that these protrusions were created by the aggregation of membrane proteins by fixatives. These results call attention when observing fixed cell surfaces at the nanoscale.
A Deep Learning Approach for Quantifying Vocal Fold Dynamics During Connected Speech Using Laryngeal High-Speed Videoendoscopy
Authors: Yousef Ahmed M. , Deliyski Dimitar D. , Zacharias Stephanie R. C. , de Alarcon Alessandro , Orlikoff Robert F. , Naghibolhosseini Maryam 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:Voice disorders are best assessed by examining vocal fold dynamics in connected speech. This can be achieved using flexible laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy (HSV), which enables us to study vocal fold mechanics with high temporal details. Analysis of vocal fold vibration using HSV requires accurate segmentation of the vocal fold edges. This article presents an automated deep-learning scheme to segment the glottal area in HSV from which the glottal edges are derived during connected speech.Method:Using a custom-built HSV system, data were obtained from a vocally healthy participant reciting the “Rainbow Passage.” A deep neural network was designed for glottal area segmentation in the HSV data. A recently introduced hybrid approach by the authors was utilized as an automated labeling tool to train the network on a set of HSV frames, where the glottis region was automatically annotated during vocal fold vibrations. The network was then tested against manually segmented frames using different metrics, intersection over union (IoU), and Boundary F1 (BF) score, and its performance was assessed on various phonatory events on the HSV sequence.Results:The designed network was successfully trained using the hybrid approach, without the need for manual labeling, and tested on the manually labeled data. The performance metrics showed a mean IoU of 0.82 and a mean BF score of 0.96. In addition, the evaluation assessment of the network's performance demonstrated an accurate segmentation of the glottal edges/area even during complex nonstationary phonatory events and when vocal folds were not vibrating, thus overcoming the limitations of the previous hybrid approach that could only be applied to the vibrating vocal folds.Conclusions:The introduced automated scheme guarantees accurate glottis representation in challenging color HSV data with lower image quality and excessive laryngeal maneuvers during all instances of connected speech. This facilitates the future development of HSV-based measures to assess the running vibratory characteristics of the vocal folds in speakers with and without voice disorder.Supplemental Material:https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.19798864
Heterogeneous RAN slicing resource allocation using mathematical program with equilibrium constraints
Authors: Ma Tengteng , Zhang Yong , Han Zhu , Li Chen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractNetwork slicing is considered to be a key feature of the 5th generation mobile networks. It permits multiple tenants, i.e. mobile virtual network operators, to share virtual resources. However, each tenant only considers the individual slice utility, which leads to unfair resource allocation among tenants. To achieve the aim that the infrastructure provider can fairly allocate virtual resources to tenants, a two‐layer resource allocation architecture in a heterogeneous radio access network (RAN) is proposed and it is formulated as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC). The existence of the solution in the lower layer is proved via the properties of the quasi‐variational problem, indicating that the MPEC is solvable. Combining the two‐layer architecture and successive convex approximation method, a fair algorithm is proposed, which provides fair resource allocation strategies for the infrastructure provider. Compared with the existing static slicing and social optimal methods, the analysis and simulation results confirm that the proposed algorithm weighs the utilities of the total network system and each tenant. In addition, regarding their utilities, the gap between the proposed method and the social optimal is within 5%, which outperforms static slicing.
The origin of close massive binaries in the M17 star-forming region
Authors: Bordier E. , Frost A. J. , Sana H. , Reggiani M. , Mérand A. , Rainot A. , Ramírez-Tannus M. C. , de Wit W. J. 
Published: May 2022

Context.Spectroscopic multiplicity surveys of O stars in young clusters and OB associations have revealed that a large portion (∼70%) of these massive stars (Mi > 15M⊙) belong to close and short-period binaries (with a physical separation of less than a few astronomical units). Follow-up VLT(I) high-angular-resolution observations led to the detection of wider companions (up tod ∼ 500 au), increasing the average companion fraction to > 2. Despite the recent and significant progress, the formation mechanisms leading to such close massive multiple systems remain to be elucidated. As a result, young massive close binaries (or higher-order multiple systems) are unique laboratories for determining the pairing mechanism of high-mass stars.Aims.We present the first VLTI/GRAVITY observations of six young O stars in the M17 star-forming region (≲1 Myr) and two additional foreground stars. VLTI/GRAVITY provides theK-band high-angular-resolution observations needed to explore the close environment of young O-type stars, and, as such, offers an excellent opportunity to characterise the multiplicity properties of the immediate outcome of the massive star formation process.Methods.From the interferometric model fitting of visibility amplitudes and closure phases, we search for companions and measure their positions and flux ratios. Combining the resulting magnitude difference with atmosphere models and evolutionary tracks, we further constrain the masses of the individual components.Results.All six high-mass stars are in multiple systems, leading to a multiplicity fraction of 100% and yielding a 68% confidence interval of 94–100%. We detect a total of nine companions with separations of up to 120 au. Including previously identified spectroscopic companions, the companion fraction of the young O stars in our sample reaches 2.3 ± 0.6. The derived masses span a wide range, from 2.5 to 50M⊙, with a great tendency towards high-mass companions. However, we do not find a significant correlation between the mass of the companions and their separation.Conclusions.While based on a modest sample, our results clearly indicate that the origin of the high degree of multiplicity is rooted in the star formation mechanism of the sample stars. No clear evidence for one of the competing concepts of massive star formation (core accretion or competitive accretion) could be found. However, given that we find all of the companions within ∼120 au, our results are compatible with migration as a scenario for the formation of close massive binaries.
Type IIP supernova SN2016X in radio frequencies
Authors: Ruiz-Carmona R. , Sfaradi I. , Horesh A. 
Published: May 2022

Context. The study of radio emission from core-collapse supernovae (SNe) probes the interaction of the ejecta with the circumstellar medium (CSM) and reveals details of the mass-loss history of the progenitor.
Aims. We report observations of the type IIP supernova SN 2016X during the plateau phase, at ages between 21 and 75 days, obtained with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) radio observatory.
Methods. We modelled the radio spectra as self-absorbed synchrotron emission, and we characterised the shockwave and the mass-loss rate of the progenitor. We also combined our results with previously reported X-ray observations to verify the energy equipartition assumption.
Results. The properties of the shockwave are comparable to other type IIP supernovae. The shockwave expands according to a self-similar law R ∝ tm with m = 0.76 ± 0.08, which is notably different from a constant expansion. The corresponding shock velocities are approximately 10700–8000 km s−1 during the time of our observations. The constant mass-loss rate of the progenitor is Ṁ = (7.8 ± 0.9) × 10−7 α−8/19 (ϵB/0.1)−1 M⊙ yr−1, for an assumed wind velocity of 10 km s−1. We observe spectral steepening in the optically thin regime at the earlier epochs, and we demonstrate that it is caused by electron cooling via the inverse Compton effect. We show that the shockwave is characterised by a moderate deviation from energy equipartition by a factor of ϵe/ϵB ≈ 28, being the second type IIP supernova to show such a feature.
Correlation lengths in nanoconfined water and transport properties
Authors: Kumar Shubham , Bagchi Biman 
Published: May 2022

We report the existence of disparate static and dynamic correlation lengths that could describe the influence of confinement on nanoconfined water (NCW). Various aspects of viscous properties, such as anisotropy and viscoelasticity, of NCW are studied by varying the separation distance “d” between two confining hydrophobic plates. The transverse component of the mean square stress exhibits slow spatial decay (measured from the surface) beyond ∼1.8 nm, which was not reported before. The static correlation length obtained from fitting the exponential decay of the transverse mean-square stress with d is 0.75 nm, while the decay time of the stress–stress time correlation function gives a dynamic correlation length of only 0.35 nm. The shortness of the dynamic correlation length seems to arise from the low sensitivity of orientational relaxation to confinement. In the frequency-dependent viscosity, we observe a new peak at about 50 cm−1 that is not present in the bulk. This new peak is prominent even at 3 nm separations. The peak is absent in the bulk, although it is close to the intermolecular –O–O–O– bending mode well known in liquid water. We further explore the relationship between diffusion and viscosity in NCW by varying d.
Short daily ultraviolet exposure enhances intrinsic water-use efficiency and delays senescence in Micro-Tom tomato plants
Authors: Mannucci Alessia , Scartazza Andrea , Santaniello Antonietta , Castagna Antonella , Santin Marco , Quartacci Mike Frank , Ranieri Annamaria 
Published: May 2022

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, unless present at high doses, is recognised as a regulator of plant growth and some specific processes. The present study investigated the influence of short daily UV irradiation (15 min/day, 11 days) on leaf gas exchange and some biochemical and molecular markers of leaf senescence (such as stomata movements, chlorophyll breakdown, anthocyanin production, senescence-associated genes) in Micro-Tom tomato plants. The UV-induced reduction of gs (stomatal conductance) during the treatment was associated with the modified expression of some genes involved in the control of stomatal movements. We hypothesise a two-step regulation of stomatal closure involving salicylic and abscisic acid hormones. The temporal changes of gs and Anet (net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate) along with the pigment behaviour, suggest a possible delay of leaf senescence in treated plants, confirmed by the expression levels of genes related to senescence such as SAG113 and DFR. The UV potential to induce a persistent partial inhibition of gs without severely affecting Anet led to an increased iWUE (intrinsic water-use efficiency) during the 11-day treatment, suggesting a priming effect of short daily UV radiation towards drought conditions potentially useful in reducing the excess water use in agriculture.
Diffusion MRI–guided theta burst stimulation enhances memory and functional connectivity along the inferior longitudinal fasciculus in mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Chen Yu-Chin , Ton That Viet , Ugonna Chidi , Liu Yilin , Nadel Lynn , Chou Ying-hui 
Published: May 2022

SignificanceNoninvasive theta burst stimulation (TBS) guided by brain white matter tractography is a promising approach to strengthen resting-state functional connectivity of the hippocampus and increase associative memory performance in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. With this approach, our findings add insight into how TBS propagates from the superficial stimulation site to the hippocampus along the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Results of this study provide an innovative platform for developing a noninvasive hippocampal stimulation protocol that has great potential in enhancing memory function in mild cognitive impairment.
A quantitative synthesis of soil microbial effects on plant species coexistence
Authors: Yan Xinyi , Levine Jonathan M. , Kandlikar Gaurav S. 
Published: May 2022

SignificanceUnderstanding the processes that maintain plant diversity is a key goal in ecology. Many previous studies have shown that soil microbes can generate stabilizing or destabilizing feedback loops that drive either plant species coexistence or monodominance. However, theory shows that microbial controls over plant coexistence also arise through microbially mediated competitive imbalances, which have been largely neglected. Using data from 50 studies, we found that soil microbes affect plant dynamics primarily by generating competitive fitness differences rather than stabilizing or destabilizing feedbacks. Consequently, in the absence of other competitive asymmetries among plants, soil microbes are predicted to drive species exclusion more than coexistence. These results underscore the need for measuring competitive fitness differences when evaluating microbial controls over plant coexistence.
Interfacial engineering of plasmonic nanoparticle metasurfaces
Authors: Deng Shikai , Park Jeong-Eun , Kang Gyeongwon , Guan Jun , Li Ran , Schatz George C. , Odom Teri W. 
Published: May 2022

SignificanceMolecules interacting with metallic nanostructures can show tunable exciton-plasmon coupling, ranging from weak to strong. One factor that influences the interactions is the spatial organization of the molecules relative to the localized plasmon-enhanced electromagnetic fields. In this work, we show that the arrangement of aromatic dye molecules can be tuned within plasmonic hotspots by interfacial engineering of nanoparticle surfaces. By controlling the local chemical and physical interactions, we could modulate lasing thresholds. Surface-functionalized plasmonic metasurfaces open prospects for programmable light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.
Gravitational wave memory and the wave equation
Authors: Garfinkle David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Gravitational wave memory and its electromagnetic analog are shown to be straightforward consequences of the wave equation. From Maxwell’s equations one can derive a wave equation for the electric field, while from the Bianchi identity one can derive a wave equation for the Riemann tensor in linearized gravity. Memory in both cases is derived from the structure of the source of those wave equations.
UniMAP: model-free detection of unclassified noise transients in LIGO-Virgo data using the temporal outlier factor
Authors: Ding J , Ng R T , McIver J 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Data from current gravitational wave detectors contains a high rate of transient noise (glitches) that can trigger false detections and obscure true astrophysical events. Existing noise-detection algorithms largely rely on model-based methods that may miss noise transients unwitnessed by auxiliary sensors or with exotic morphologies. We propose the unicorn multi-window anomaly-detection pipeline: a model-free algorithm to identify and characterize transient noise leveraging the temporal outlier factor (TOF) via a multi-window data-resampling scheme. We show this windowing scheme extends the anomaly detection capabilities of the TOF algorithm to resolve noise transients of arbitrary morphology and duration. We demonstrate the efficacy of this pipeline in detecting glitches during LIGO and Virgo’s third observing run, and discuss potential applications.
Simplified Peltier heat pump
Authors: Ficker T 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A simplified version of the Peltier heat pump has been described and its prototype subjected to experimental testing. The core of the prototype consists of the thermoelectric module TEC1-12714S which is commonly available on the electro market. The simplified Peltier heat pump has shown effective functioning within the temperature difference of ΔT = 20  °C between the cold and hot sides of the used module. Although the presented prototype of the Peltier heat pump does not seem to be practical in thermal building technology, its utilization for illustrating the principle of thermoelectric effect within physical lectures or as an experimental device for measuring its coefficient of performance in student laboratories may be useful.
On-line mechanical life prediction method for a conventional circuit breaker based on multi-parameter particle swarm optimization-support vector regression using vibration detection
Authors: Sun Shuguang , Wen Zhitao , Zhang Wei , Wang Jingqin , Gao Hui 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
For on-line mechanical condition monitoring of conventional circuit breakers, based on the analysis of vibration signal measurements and the generation principle in the circuit breaker breaking motion process, the time parameters for mechanism action with clear physical meaning are correlated with vibration events. Thus, an on-line mechanical life prediction method based on vibration detection and multi-parameter support vector regression (MP-SVR) optimized by particle swarm optimization is proposed. This method aims to use the action time parameter as the main monitoring parameter to reflect the degradation of mechanical conditions and the life failure criterion. First, the complete MPs of life degradation are obtained through the designed on-line measurement algorithm for the action time parameter and the assisted time-domain features of vibration signals in the corresponding time. Then, a quantitative life prediction model is constructed based on MP-SVR. Finally, the degraded MPs are used as input to the prediction model to predict the remaining mechanical life. Our experiment shows that this on-line model for life evaluation is definitely effective and practical in engineering applications.
AFM microfluidic cantilevers as weight sensors for live single cell mass measurements
Authors: Chien Chen-Chi , Jiang Jiaxin , Gong Bin , Li Tao , Gaitas Angelo 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Reliably measuring small mass changes at the single-cell level is challenging. In this manuscript, we report the use of microfluidic cantilevers in liquid with sub-nanogram scale weight sensing capability for the measurement of cellular mass changes of living single cells. With this instrumentation, we were able to perform fast mass measurements within 3 min. We show results of mass measurements of polystyrene and metal beads of various sizes (smallest weight measured at 280 ± 95 pg) and live single-cell mass measurements in a physiologically relevant environment. We also performed finite element analysis to simulate and optimize the structural design and materials of cantilevers. Our simulation results indicate that using polymer materials, such as SU8 and polyimide, could improve the minimal detectable mass by three-fold compared to conventional silicon cantilevers. The simulations also suggest that smaller dimensions of length, width, and thickness would improve the mass detection capability of microfluidic cantilevers.
Optimized and standardized circular-coil systems for homogeneous magnetic field generation
Authors: Lu Yiwei , Yang Yong , Wang Rumeng , Zhang Ming 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
There is an increasting demand for homogeneous magnetic fields (HMFs) as an exposure resource for electrical immunity tests, biomedical experiments, etc. The design of conventional HMF generators, such as Helmholtz and Barker coils, only focuses on the field homogeneity at the coil center, which leads to limitations in the available HMFworkspace. In this paper, based on a comprehensive definition of the HMF, optimized circular three-coil and four-coil systems are analysed through an optimization method. By standardizing the coil parameters to the HMF parameters, it is easy to scale the coil systems to the desired HMF. In addition, two sets of concise formulae are presented as practical design tools. Compared to Barker coils, the proposed optimized coil systems enable a reduction in both total electrical power and conductor mass by 14.9%–33.6%. Numerical simulations and experimental tests are implemented to show the effectiveness of the theoretical results and the improvement in coil performance.
Reduction of the lasing threshold in optically pumped AlGaN/GaN lasers with two-step etched facets
Authors: Cuesta Sergi , Denaix Lou , Castioni Florian , Dang Le Si , Monroy Eva 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We report a two-step process to obtain smooth and vertical {10−10} m-plane facets in AlGaN/GaN separate confinement heterostructures designed to fabricate ultraviolet lasers emitting at 355 nm. The process combines inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching with crystallographic-selective wet etching using a KOH-based solution. The anisotropy in the wet etching allows the fabrication of flat, parallel facets without degradation of the multilayer ensemble. The optical performance of the lasers is strongly improved (reduction of the lasing threshold by a factor of two) when using the two-step process for the definition of the cavity, in comparison to cavities fabricated by mechanical cleaving.
Three studies in high-Tc cuprates
Authors: Marino E C 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We investigate three fundamental issues in the physics of high-Tc cuprates, from the perspective of a recently proposed comprehensive theory for these materials. (a) Orbital ordering × superconductivity. The first issue is the detailed microscopic mechanism that produces an attractive interaction between holes in high-Tc cuprates. (b) Dispersion relation × pseudogap order parameter. The second issue refers to the existence of a pseudogap order parameter, which would be different from zero all over the pseudogap phase and would vanish elsewhere. (c) Chemical potential × quantum critical point location. The third issue concerns the debate as to whether the quantum critical point, located where the pseudogap transition line T*(x) meets the T = 0 axis is inside the superconducting dome or at its boundary. We obtain clearcut solutions for the three issues.