bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
China catches up in commercial space: an interview with Ji Wu
Authors: Xin Ling 
Published: April 2022

abstract
China continued to gather momentum in space in 2021. With a record-breaking 55 orbital launches, the country made it again to the top of the list, ahead of the USA’s 51 and Russia's 25 launches. However, nearly 90% of the Chinese launches were carried out by the state-owned Long March rocket family. In contrast, only about one-third of the US launches were made by government-funded rockets. National Science Review invited Ji Wu (吴季), an expert in space science, former director of the National Space Science Center (NSSC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and author of The Moon Summit, Lunar Hotel and Space Tourism, to talk about the internal and external driving forces behind the emerging private space sector in China, and government policies supporting its development since 2014. Wu also shared his insights into space tourism as a gateway to space for all, as well as his concerns for the orderly competition in the global market.
Incidence of Monomicrobial Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Population-Based Study in Olmsted County, Minnesota—2006 to 2020
Authors: Hindy Joya Rita , Quintero-Martinez Juan A , Lahr Brian D , Palraj Raj , Go John R , Fida Madiha , Abu Saleh Omar M , Arshad Verda , Talha Khawaja M , DeSimone Daniel C , Sohail M Rizwan , Baddour Larry M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Population-based studies of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) in the United States are limited. We provide a contemporary evaluation of SAB incidence in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 2006 to 2020.

Methods
This was a retrospective population-based study of all adult patients with SAB residing in Olmsted County from 1 January 2006 through 31 December 2020. Initial episodes of SAB were identified using the microbiology laboratory databases at both Olmsted Medical Center and Mayo Clinic Rochester.

Results
Overall, 541 incident SAB cases were identified with a median age of 66.8 (interquartile range, 54.4–78.5) years, and 60.4% were male. Among these cases, 298 (56.2%) were due to methicillin-susceptible S aureus (MSSA) and 232 (43.8%) cases of methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA). The overall age- and sex-adjusted SAB incidence rate (IR) was 33.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 31.0–36.8) cases/100 000 person-years (PY). Males had a higher age-adjusted IR of 46.0 (95% CI, 41.0–51.0) cases/100 000 PY compared to females (IR, 24.4 [95% CI, 21.1–27.7] cases/100 000 PY). Age- and sex-adjusted SAB IRs due to MSSA and MRSA were 18.7 and 14.6 cases/100 000 PY, respectively, and the percentage of incident SAB cases due to MRSA fluctuated across the study period. There was no apparent temporal trend in SAB incidence over the study period (P = .093).

Conclusions
Our investigation represents the only contemporary population-based study in the United States. Despite the impression that SAB incidence may have increased based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveillance data, our finding of no change in SAB incidence was somewhat unanticipated.
Women and Gender Relations in Twenty-First Century Nigeria
Authors: Ogbonna-Oluikpe Adanna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In exploring gender relations in modern Nigeria, this article historicizes women’s activism and feminism within the Nigerian sociopolitical space. By focusing on the #EndSARS protests, the modern character of women’s activism and social media’s role will be examined. Additionally, Twitter’s role in proffering organizing mechanisms that match the evolving nature of an increasingly digitally networked society will also be discussed. Complemented by a critical exploration of gender relations on Twitter, this approach provides insight on the position of Nigerian Twitter users on issues pertaining to gender while also allowing for a critical reflection on the continued role of women in sociopolitical activism. Moreover, this study theorizes women’s activities/impact during/on the protest as reflexive of dominant African feminist ideologies. In its attempt to recognize Nigerian women protest activists’ voices, this study will identify key women actors and the implication of their activism during the #EndSARS protest.
The Colonial Administration of Nigeria
Authors: Vaughan Olufemi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The chapter examines the implementation of colonial policies in the Nigerian region from the turn of the twentieth century to the middle of the century when Nigeria gained independence from Britain in 1960. It underscores three major transformations in the history of Nigerian colonial administration: first, the early period of colonial rule when British authorities imposed the indirect rule system on Nigerian communities from the early twentieth century to the 1920s; second, the period of colonial administrative reform when the indirect rule system was transformed from the late 1920s to the early 1940s; and finally, the period immediately after the Second World War from the mid-1940s to the late 1950s—when constitutional and local government reforms were undertaken as colonial Nigeria embarked on decolonization.
Popular Culture, Literature, and the Arts in Nigeria
Authors: Falola Toyin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Culture, either as a living experience or a signifier, is an essential tool for understanding human society through linguistic communication and mythical representations and performances. Leaning on the theory of archetypes and the notion of codes, among other semiotic concepts, this chapter sets out to interrogate the dynamics of pop culture in Nigeria from a historical perspective. It defines how this culture shapes the form and aesthetics of the country’s ever-evolving modern space through its TV shows, Nollywood movies, music, and literature. Building its analysis on well-founded concepts, ideas, and historical facts, the chapter concludes that while the Nigerian culture industry will continue the growth we have seen in the last decades in the face of digital innovations, the sociopolitical and economic implications that result might prove complicated and messy.
Colonial and Postcolonial Historiography of Nigeria
Authors: Fwatshak Sati U. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses colonial and postcolonial Nigerian historiography based on sampling the country’s extensive historical literature. It highlights the Eurocentric orientation, diversity of authors, and themes of colonial historiography. It also highlights the Africanist/nationalist posture, intellectual strands, topicality, decline, and contestations in postcolonial Nigerian historiography. It shows that although colonial and postcolonial historiography shares thematic diversity in common, they differ in several areas, including that while colonial historiography is offensive, postcolonial historiography is reactive; while colonial historiography is partly assumptive and partly empirical, postcolonial historiography is largely evidence-based; and while colonial historiography has largely waned; postcolonial historiography is blossoming.
Cultural Changes in Neural Structure and Function
Authors: Varnum Michael E. W. , Hampton Ryan S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Human cultures are not static. An emerging body of research has documented cultural changes in a wide variety of behaviors, psychological tendencies, and cultural products. Increasingly, this field has also begun to test hypotheses regarding the causes of these changes and to create forecasts for future patterns of change. Yet to date, the question of how our brains may change as a function of systematic changes in our environments has received relatively little attention and scant empirical testing. This chapter begins by reviewing the literature on cultural change, including Varnum and Grossmann’s program of research using a behavioral ecology framework to understand patterns of cultural change. Next the chapter offers some initial predictions for changes in neural structure and function that may occur in the coming decades and discusses implications for global mental health. Finally, the chapter offers some ideas about how empirical tests of these predictions might be conducted and discusses challenges and opportunities for extending the study of cultural change to neuroscience.
Culture and Technology
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Mano Yoko , Sadato Norihiro 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the role of culture in technological innovation for global mental health. Culture influences basic mechanisms of psychological processes and neurobiological mechanisms of behavior. Technological innovation plays an important role in the discovery and delivery science of global mental health. Technological innovation that demonstrates cultural competence can strengthen the discovery of cures, preventions, and interventions of mental health disorders as well as the delivery of preventions and interventions for mental health promotion. Effective use of culture in technological innovation is a strategic development of mental health promotion for the achievement of health equity and health diplomacy. Implications for the role of culture in technology for closing the gap in population health disparities and addressing grand challenges in global mental health are discussed.
Music Performance Anxiety
Authors: Osborne Margaret S. , Kirsner Jennifer 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Music performance anxiety (MPA) is a pervasive and frequently debilitating difficulty faced by many performers associated with negative impacts on performance quality, psychological distress, deteriorations in confidence, and, at its extreme, disengagement from performing. MPA typically begins early in a musical career and negatively affects performance achievement and career sustainability. Much of the research investigating the vulnerabilities and mechanisms associated with MPA has focused on biological characteristics such as age and gender; psychological characteristics such as trait anxiety, social phobia, and perfectionism; and associated factors such as gender, age, musical genre, and performance context. These factors have been identified as pertinent in predicting and coping with performance anxiety in musicians. This chapter reviews the characteristics and incidence of MPA, and provides a developmental model and treatment modalities, before ending with a summary of practical coping strategies to be used as starting points for musicians at any age or stage.
Hearing and Voice
Authors: Richter Bernhard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The sense of hearing is essential for human beings and their communication. One of the primary sources of human communication is the human voice. The ear conveys not only the content—what is said—but also the emotional content of what is spoken—how it is said. The communication of emotions through the human voice is based on musical parameters, the so-called prosodic elements. In order to acoustically express and perceive emotions and music correctly, everybody needs both the ear and the voice. Music-related physiological knowledge has increasingly found its way into instrumental and vocal pedagogy. Nowadays, with the help of dynamic MRI, stroboscopy, and high-speed glottography, it is possible to observe “at work” most of the organic systems inside the body that are involved in sound production. By means of modern audiometric measures, our current understanding of the hearing process is highly developed as well. Exposure to extreme sound pressure levels can lead to noise-induced hearing loss. Chronic noise trauma is defined as long-term exposure to ≥85 dB(A). Sound pressure levels in professional classical symphony orchestras are higher than this limit. The same is true for musicians who work in the rock/pop or light music sector. Preventive measures must be taken to obviate possible damage to hearing. Technical changes and organizational measures are mandatory; if this does not lead to a reduction of the weekly exposure levels to the range below 85 dB, the individual must wear hearing protection.
Woodwind and Brass Instruments
Authors: Wolfe Joe 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter briefly reviews the basic science of wind and brass instrument operation and the player-instrument interaction. It begins with how controlled, elevated pressure in the lungs produces air flow is modulated at the instrument input by a vibrating element—an air jet (flutes), a reed (other woodwinds), or the player’s lips (brass). This modulation inputs sound waves to the bore (and also back into the vocal tract), where resonances produce standing waves that interact with the vibrating element. Under suitable conditions of embouchure and bore configuration, the standing waves and vibrating element interact to produce sustained oscillations, some energy of which is radiated as output sound. The chapter next explains how the resonances are related to the shapes and configurations of the bore, why some of the resonances are harmonically related, and how these are controlled by the player. In all cases, note production, spectrum, and timbre are related to the musician’s control parameters: breath pressure, embouchure forces, tongue, vocal tract and finger gestures. The difficult issue of air speed is discussed, as are the effects of CO2 humidity, and temperature on playing pitch and techniques including vibrato, altissimo playing, and multiphonics.
Brain Mechanisms of Musical Learning and Performing
Authors: Altenmüller Eckart 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Perceiving and producing music is one of the most complex human accomplishments, involving almost all brain regions. The first part of this chapter covers the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological foundations of music perception, performance, and learning. These three functions rely on individually variable, widely distributed neuronal networks in cortical and subcortical structures of the brain. Subsequently, the functional and structural adaptations of brain networks—brain plasticity—will be explained, with particular attention to their role in music skill acquisition. For example, learning to play an instrument initially results in temporary expansion of sensory-motor and auditory neuronal networks, which then shrink with increasing automation and lead to stable, highly functionally optimized neuronal cell assemblies and connections. Structural brain adaptations are observed following long-term practice in professional musicians, in particular enlargements of brain regions involved in auditory and sensory-motor skills. Maladaptive brain plasticity can be caused by overuse, trauma, and other triggering factors and lead to degradation of sensory-motor skills including specific conditions such as musician’s dystonia, a loss of motor control of long-term practiced movement patterns. Finally, practice strategies based on neuroscientific findings are briefly summarized.
Psychology of Rivalry: A Social-Cognitive Approach to Competitive Relationships
Authors: Converse Benjamin A. , Reinhard David A. , Austin Maura M. K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Many of the most important competitions in business, politics, sports, and day-to-day social life occur not between strangers who happen to have negatively linked goals, but between parties who have a shared history of notable competitions—that is, between rivals. Despite psychology’s long and rich history of studying competition, the concerted study of rivalry has only been underway for about a decade. This chapter seeks to organize existing rivalry research and guide future investigations by proposing a causal theory that positions shared competitive history as the origin of rivalry; cognitive elaboration as the driving process in the formation of rivalry; a competitive relational schema as the social-cognitive construct that defines rivalry; an expansive view of competition as the proximal consequence of activating rivalry; and behavioral effects with respect to goal pursuit, identity maintenance, and moral decision-making as distal consequences. The first two sections review the seminal development of a relational approach to rivalry and acknowledge empirical challenges in drawing causal conclusions about rivalry. The next three sections describe the proposed causal model, linking a shared competitive history to behavioral consequences as a result of the competitive relational schema. The final sections discuss open questions and opportunities for the future of rivalry research.
‘The Thick Darkness of Pre-Historic Times’
Authors: McNiven Ian J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
During the second half of the nineteenth century, a vibrant antiquarian culture developed in colonial Victoria in southeast Australia to understand the antiquity of Aboriginal occupation. This culture centred on Melbourne, which became a major metropolitan centre of intellectualism in the wake of the 1850s gold rush. Set within the context of colonial invasion of Indigenous lands and peoples, Victoria’s antiquarians developed a form of archaeological inquiry heavily influenced by ethnography and the pernicious British anthropological paradigm of social evolutionism. The outcome was interest in a broad range of site types and stone artefacts with results that sometimes contradicted primitivist expectations of anthropological theory. An ethnographically informed archaeology provided scope to reveal artefacts (e.g., stone axes) that differed to the present, and certain site types (e.g., ‘oven mounds’) that excavation revealed to have formed recently through cultural ‘innovation’. In some cases, acceptance or rejection of the link between subsurface artefacts and deep antiquity was ideologically based. Victorian antiquarians developed a diversity of approaches to Aboriginal antiquity with variable legacies in shaping Australian archaeology in the twentieth century.
Origins and Outcomes of the US Medicine-Drug Divide
Authors: Herzberg David 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores early twentieth-century origins of America’s narcotic prohibition regime and its impact on later drug markets and use. Starting in the 1920s, anti-drug crusaders fueled by anxieties about race, class, and sexuality used the 1914 Harrison Act to build unprecedented federal police powers to harass and punish poor or racialized drug users and traffickers. These efforts failed to reduce non-medical drug use and actually increased drug-related harms. But the Harrison Act also enabled unprecedented federal power to protect licit consumers, including its regulation of the pharmaceutical industry. Authorities successfully ended an epidemic of pharmaceutical narcotic addiction among the propertied classes while offering a limited version of harm reduction to at least some relatively privileged “medical addicts.” However, the narrow scope of the consumer-protection regime, and the ineffectiveness of the punitive regime, meant that new drug crises were already brewing in both licit and illicit markets by the 1950s.
Twenty-First Century Global Drug Trades and Consumption
Authors: Bradford James T. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Twenty years after the UN General Assembly Special Session called on the international community to commit to a “drug-free world,” the world is anything but drug-free. Drug use has become an even more global problem. This chapter maps trends in the global consumption and production of illicit drugs since the 1990s. First, it explores the centrality of heroin, particularly in Afghanistan, which produces 90 percent of the world’s illicit opium, and traces heroin’s evolution in the United States, as diversified by pharmaceutical opioids and fentanyl. Second, it tracks the globalization of cocaine use, its new markets in Africa and Europe and a trail of intensified drug violence in Mexico, Brazil, and Central America. Cannabis use, too, has continuously expanded into the world’s leading illicit pleasure, due to new technologies and strains, and lenient or decriminalization policies by states and nations. Lastly is the growth of methamphetamine, whose production and use exploded in the United States and then Southeast Asia. In 2016 the UNGASS admitted its failure to see the endurance of illicit drugs, although still blocking attempts at major drug policy reform.
Run of the Mill
Authors: Devine Kyle 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The A.P. Schmidt Company (ca. 1876–1958) was a successful music publisher. Rather than focusing on its composers and compositions, this chapter demonstrates the central role of paper and printing to the company—and in the businesses and cultures of sheet music more generally. In fact, the Schmidt Company gave as much attention to its media format (paper) as its media content (music). Paper and printing are understood not as incidental supports that are later attached to already established musical practices. Rather, they are music. The chapter therefore suggests that if an economically oriented ethnomusicology would beneficially ask about how shifting material conditions have aesthetic and social effects in music, it may also ask about how our aesthetic and social investments in music have their own material effects—effects that weigh most heavily on people and places that come before the production of music and after its consumption (in the ways those terms are conventionally understood). To study these seemingly far-flung but actually essential economies and supply chains is to understand something fundamental about the conditions of music. Carrying out such work is a political decision—and a promising prospect for economic ethnomusicology.
Genealogy and Etymology of Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Kuperberg Jeremy , Hagan John 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the development of the three primary categories of atrocity crimes: genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. It also includes a brief discussion of the crime of aggression. Each category is explored through the actors responsible for its production, debates over definition and criminological scope, and historical moments in which laws were ratified. We trace the shifting operational boundaries among the three categories through analysis of key court cases from recent decades, each of which addressed questions about group identity or sexual violence in atrocity crime. This article closes by examining the development of new terms for atrocity crime by new key actors. Transcending mere semantics, both past and present conceptual innovations are intended to have significant consequences in law, politics, and scholarship alike.
Detention, Torture, Disappearance
Authors: Karstedt Susanne 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This contribution focuses on the organized, corporate, and bureaucratic nature of atrocity crimes and the “atrocious organization,” where atrocities have become an established part of organizational goals, strategies, routines, and managerial performance. Typically, these crimes include mass detention, torture, disappearances, and killings. Police and security forces are main actors in a network of atrocious organizations that includes military and paramilitary units. Three processes are decisive in the transformation from ordinary to atrocious organizations: politicization, including ethno-politicization; de-professionalization; and militarization. Atrocious organizations pose extraordinary challenges for intervention, prevention, and justice. Evidence from the Holocaust to the former Yugoslavia, to countries in Latin America and Asia is used to identify common characteristics of atrocious organizations and their crimes. Lists, files, and records left by their bureaucracies and documents from judicial records allow for the reconstruction of the functioning of the organizational context and apparatus of atrocity, and the emergence of atrocious organizations in this process.