bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerosol generation during paediatric procedural sedation with continuous‐flow nitrous oxide suggests a low risk of airborne viral transmission to health‐care workers
Authors: Millar Robert , Moorhouse Andrew 
Published: October 2022

AimInhaled nitrous oxide is a common form of procedural sedation in paediatric care. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, concerns about potential aerosol generation and associated viral transmission to health‐care workers have led to controversy regarding its use. We aimed to measure the degree of aerosol generation during continuous flow nitrous oxide sedation to inform future guidelines.MethodsAerosol numbers in the respirable range were measured using a particle counter during 30 procedures undertaken in children under nitrous oxide sedation in the Emergency Department.ResultsChanges from baseline measurements were greatest in particles in the 0.3 μm range. The mean increase from baseline in 0.3 μm particles per cubic metre was 18 022 (95% confidence interval (CI) 5949–30 096) after the child entered the room, and 2931 (95% CI −4407 to 10 269) during nitrous oxide administration.ConclusionVariation of respirable particle numbers from baseline levels was no greater during nitrous oxide administration than for breathing and talking asymptomatic children. These results suggest the additional risk of airborne viral transmission to staff during inhaled nitrous oxide sedation is low.
Selective effects of a short transient environmental fluctuation on a natural population
Authors: Pfenninger Markus , Foucault Quentin , Waldvogel Ann‐Marie , Feldmeyer Barbara 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNatural populations experience continuous and often transient changes of environmental conditions. These in turn may result in fluctuating selection pressures leading to variable demographic and evolutionary population responses. Rapid adaptation as short‐term response to a sudden environmental change has in several cases been attributed to polygenic traits, but the underlying genomic dynamics and architecture are poorly understood. In this study, we took advantage of a natural experiment in an insect population of the non‐biting midge Chironomus riparius by monitoring genome‐wide allele frequencies before and after a cold snap event. Whole genome pooled sequencing of time series samples revealed 10 selected haplotypes carrying ancient polymorphisms, partially with signatures of balancing selection. By constantly cold exposing genetically variable individuals in the laboratory, we could demonstrate with whole genome resequencing (i) that among the survivors, the same alleles rose in frequency as in the wild, and (ii) that the identified variants additively predicted fitness (survival time) of its bearers. Finally, by simultaneously sequencing the genome and the transcriptome of cold exposed individuals we could tentatively link some of the selected SNPs to the cis‐ and trans‐regulation of genes and pathways known to be involved in cold response of insects, such as cytochrome P450 and fatty acid metabolism. Altogether, our results shed light on the strength and speed of selection in natural populations and the genomic architecture of its underlying polygenic trait. Population genomic time series data thus appear as promising tool for measuring the selective tracking of fluctuating selection in natural populations.
Intermunicipal cooperation, integration forms, and vertical and horizontal effects in Japan
Authors: Noda Yu 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis article identifies the effects of intergovernmental relations, particularly vertical relations between municipalities and higher levels of government where Institutional Collective Action has traditionally been under‐discussed, on types of collaborative benefits and different integration forms. The analysis was conducted using data from municipalities on the capital‐intensive service of waste management. The findings reveal that favorable horizontal relationships between municipalities enhance their capacity to solve both municipal and regional issues. The study also found that a high level of benefits emerged in contracted services when the horizontal relationship was highly favorable. In addition, vertical relationships with higher‐level governments contributed to improving fiscal efficiency, with greater perceived benefits of collaboration in the case of special district governments. The results suggest that while autonomous horizontal collaboration increases municipal capacity to solve issues, establishing collaborative relations with organizations from outside the municipality has the potential to generate an efficient integration system.
Teaching religion online to nontraditional adult learners
Authors: Smith Brian H. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractToday three‐fourths of those enrolled in undergraduate programs are nontraditional students, defined by the National Center for Education Statistics as adults with one or more of these characteristics:delayed enrollment into postsecondary education, attended part time, financially independent, worked full time while enrolled, had dependents other than a spouse, was a single parent, or did not obtain a standard high school diploma. I have been teaching online world religion courses for nontraditional learners since 2004 (64 courses, totaling over 1000 students) at the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh (UWO) while also teaching full‐time in the classroom at Ripon College in Ripon, WI. This paper describes the pedagogical methods I have employed to maximize student learning in online courses. It summarizes my own learning experiences from teaching online at UWO and describes how online teaching has impacted my face‐to‐face classroom instruction at Ripon College.
Blood donation motivators and barriers reported by young, first‐time whole blood donors: Examining the association of reported motivators and barriers with subsequent donation behavior and potential sex, race, and ethnic group differences
Authors: France Christopher R. , France Janis L. , Ysidron Dominic W. , Martin Caroline D. , Duffy Louisa , Kessler Debra A. , Rebosa Mark , Rehmani Shiraz , Frye Victoria , Shaz Beth H. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundA greater understanding of young, first‐time donor motivators and barriers is needed to address the ongoing challenge of retaining these essential donors.Study Design and MethodsStructured interviews conducted with 508 young, first‐time whole blood donors [66.1% female; Mean Age = 19.4 (SD = 2.5) years] were coded to identify reported motivators and barriers. Reported motivators and barriers were then examined for their association with attempted donation behavior over a 14‐month follow‐up, and for potential sex, race, and ethnic group differences in the frequency of endorsement.ResultsProsocial motivation (e.g., altruism) was the most commonly reported motivator and fear (e.g., fainting, needles) was the most commonly reported barrier. Donation behavior was unrelated to reported motivators, but was significantly related to four reported barriers including fear of fainting/dizziness, fear of needles/pain, having personal commitments that conflict with donating, and perceiving oneself as unsuited to donate for health reasons. Sex, racial, and ethnic differences were noted with respect to the percentages of donors reporting several donation‐related motivators and barriers.ConclusionThe present findings identify donation‐related barriers that could be important targets to address in the effort to encourage new young donors and to retain these new donors for the long term. Importantly, these data also highlight the importance of considering individual differences in donor motivation as a function of sex, race, and ethnicity.
FMI-Based Co-Simulation of Low-Height Lifting System for Offshore Wind Turbine Installation
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Ataei Behfar , Halse Karl Henning , Zhang Houxiang , Hildre Hans Petter 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The rapid development of offshore floating wind farms poses ever strong demands for technical innovation within wind turbine installation operation. A low-height lifting system was, correspondingly, conceptualized to improve the installation efficiency for a pre-assembled offshore wind turbine onto a SPAR buoy. However, before putting into practice, the performance of such complex system on the operation should be further verified and optimized by the integration of sub-systems, such as mechanical, hydraulic, and control sub-systems, in a simulation workbench. Benefited from the development of coupled simulation, the technical difficulties in the monolithic simulation for such a multi-domain system can be alleviated by a co-simulation approach based on functional mock-up interfaces (FMI) standard which allows modularized subsystems to be modeled independently in a high-fidelity level but simulated together. Therefore, here we develop a preliminary modularization solution based on FMI-based co-simulation for the simulation workbench of offshore floating wind turbine installation operation by low-height lifting system. The commercial simulation tool specialized for marine operation is adopted as subsystem simulator. Each simulator is packaged as a functional mock-up unit (FMU), and then parameterized and connected with each other based on system structure and parameterization (SSP) standard. Finally, the co-simulation performance is tested in Vico platform. The modularization solution is discussed for the basis of future investigations.
The Hydrodynamics of Hard-Chine Sections Entering Water
Authors: Tavakoli Sasan , Babanin Alexander V. , Hirdaris Spyros 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
While landing Wing-in Ground Effect (WIG) craft are exposed to large hydrodynamic forces which can lead to structural damages. Sea loads can be predicted by solving the free surface problem, known as water entry. The problem has been studied for rigid bodies until most recently, when researchers hypothesized that the structural response of the body can also influence the hydrodynamic pressures. This paper aims to provide deeper understanding of the impact loads during the water entry process of a hard chine section for the case of a common WIG Craft section. A Finite Volume Method (FVM) based computational fluid-structure interaction model is used to solve multi-physics and quantitative comparisons are made between experimental and computational data. Simulations demonstrate that structural dynamics can attenuate the pressure acting on body walls. The deadrise angle, speed in way of water entry and rigidity of the solid body are shown to affect the dynamic response with equivalent stresses maximized and then decaying over time near the chine.
A Systematic Review of the Associations of Adiposity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Arterial Structure and Function in Nonclinical Children and Adolescents
Authors: McAlister Kelsey L. , Zhang Diana , Moore Kristen N. , Chapman Tiffany M. , Zink Jennifer , Belcher Britni R. 
Published: October 2022

Purpose: To summarize the evidence on associations of adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with arterial structure and function in nonclinical children and adolescents. Methods: Two researchers conducted a search in 5 electronic databases in April 2022 to find studies in nonclinical youth (age 5–17.9 y) reporting multivariable associations. Studies were eligible if adiposity and/or CRF were used as the predictor and arterial structure and/or function was the outcome. The Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies was used to assess methodological quality for experimental studies, and a modified version was used for observational studies. Results: Ninety-nine studies (72.7% cross-sectional) were included. Ninety-four assessed associations between adiposity and arterial outcomes, most using overall body proportion (n = 71), abdominal (n = 52), or whole-body adiposity (n = 40). Most evidence was inconsistent or nonsignificant, but 59 studies suggested higher abdominal adiposity and worse body proportion were associated with adverse arterial outcomes. Twenty-one assessed associations between CRF and arterial outcomes, with findings inconsistent. Most evidence was rated weak in quality. Conclusion: While high adiposity may contribute to poor arterial outcomes, evidence is limited regarding CRF. Future studies should disentangle these associations by studying youth with healthy adiposity but poor CRF, or vice versa, using longitudinal or experimental study designs.
COVID-19 surveillance data quality issues: a national consecutive case series
Authors: Costa-Santos Cristina , Neves Ana Luisa , Correia Ricardo , Santos Paulo , Monteiro-Soares Matilde , Freitas Alberto , Ribeiro-Vaz Ines , Henriques Teresa S , Pereira Rodrigues Pedro , Costa-Pereira Altamiro , Pereira Ana Margarida , Fonseca Joao A 
Published: October 2022

ObjectivesHigh-quality data are crucial for guiding decision-making and practising evidence-based healthcare, especially if previous knowledge is lacking. Nevertheless, data quality frailties have been exposed worldwide during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on a major Portuguese epidemiological surveillance dataset, our study aims to assess COVID-19 data quality issues and suggest possible solutions.SettingsOn 27 April 2020, the Portuguese Directorate-General of Health (DGS) made available a dataset (DGSApril) for researchers, upon request. On 4 August, an updated dataset (DGSAugust) was also obtained.ParticipantsAll COVID-19-confirmed cases notified through the medical component of National System for Epidemiological Surveillance until end of June.Primary and secondary outcome measuresData completeness and consistency.ResultsDGSAugust has not followed the data format and variables as DGSApril and a significant number of missing data and inconsistencies were found (eg, 4075 cases from the DGSApril were apparently not included in DGSAugust). Several variables also showed a low degree of completeness and/or changed their values from one dataset to another (eg, the variable ‘underlying conditions’ had more than half of cases showing different information between datasets). There were also significant inconsistencies between the number of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 shown in DGSAugust and by the DGS reports publicly provided daily.ConclusionsImportant quality issues of the Portuguese COVID-19 surveillance datasets were described. These issues can limit surveillance data usability to inform good decisions and perform useful research. Major improvements in surveillance datasets are therefore urgently needed—for example, simplification of data entry processes, constant monitoring of data, and increased training and awareness of healthcare providers—as low data quality may lead to a deficient pandemic control.
Professional roles and relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study among US clinicians
Authors: Butler Catherine R , Wong Susan P Y , Vig Elizabeth K , Neely Claire S , O'Hare Ann M 
Published: October 2022

ObjectiveThe COVID-19 pandemic has transformed healthcare delivery in the USA, but there has been little empirical work describing the impact of these changes on clinicians. We conducted a study to address the following question: how has the pandemic impacted US clinicians’ professional roles and relationships?DesignInductive thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews.SettingClinical settings across the USA in April and May of 2020.ParticipantsClinicians with leadership and/or clinical roles during the COVID-19 pandemic.MeasuresEmergent themes related to professional roles and relationships.ResultsSixty-one clinicians participated in semi-structured interviews. Study participants were practising in 15 states across the USA, and the majority were White physicians from large academic centres. Three overlapping and inter-related themes emerged from qualitative analysis of interview transcripts: (1) disruption: boundaries between work and home life became blurred and professional identity and usual clinical roles were upended; (2) constructive adaptation: some clinicians were able to find new meaning in their work and described a spirit of collaboration, shared goals, open communication and mutual respect among colleagues; and (3) discord and estrangement: other clinicians felt alienated from their clinical roles and experienced demoralising work environments marked by division, value conflicts and mistrust.ConclusionsClinicians encountered marked disruption of their professional roles, identities and relationships during the pandemic to which they and their colleagues responded in a range of different ways. Some described a spirit of collaboration and camaraderie, while others felt alienated by their new roles and experienced work environments marked by division, value conflicts and mistrust. Our findings highlight the importance of effective teamwork and efforts to support clinician well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Multimorbidity in South Africa: a systematic review of prevalence studies
Authors: Roomaney Rifqah Abeeda , van Wyk Brian , Turawa Eunice Bolanle , Pillay-van Wyk Victoria 
Published: October 2022

ObjectivesTo review prevalence studies of multimorbidity in South Africa to identify prevalence estimates, common disease clusters and factors associated with multimorbidity.DesignSystematic review.SettingSouth Africa (general community and healthcare facilities).Data sourcesArticles were retrieved from electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, Science Direct and JSTOR).Eligibility criteriaStudies addressing the prevalence of multimorbidity in South Africa were eligible for inclusion. A systematic search was done in various databases up to December 2020. A risk of bias assessment was conducted for each article using a modified checklist.Study selectionTwo researchers independently screened titles and abstracts; assessed the risk of bias of each study and extracted data. Included studies were described using a narrative synthesis.ResultsIn total, 1407 titles were retrieved; of which 10 articles were included in the narrative synthesis. Six studies had a low risk of bias and three had a moderate risk of bias. One study was not assessed for risk of bias, because there was no criteria that apply to routine health information systems. Three of the included studies were population-based surveys, four were community-based cohorts and three cross-sectional studies of health facility data. The prevalence of multimorbidity was low to moderate (3%–23%) in studies that included younger people or had a wide range of selected age groups; and moderate to high (30%–87%) in studies of older adults. The common disease clusters were hypertension and diabetes, hypertension and HIV, and TB and HIV.ConclusionAll studies indicated that multimorbidity is a norm in South Africa, especially among older adults. Hypertension is the main driver of multimorbidity. Research on multimorbidity in South Africa needs to be strengthened with high-quality study designs.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020196895.
Immigrant status, gender and work disability duration: findings from a linked, retrospective cohort of workers’ compensation and immigration data from British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Saffari Niloufar , Senthanar Sonja , Koehoorn Mieke , McGrail Kimberlyn , McLeod Christopher 
Published: October 2022

ObjectivesTo compare differences in work disability durations of immigrant men and women injured at work to comparable Canadian-born injured workers in British Columbia, Canada.MethodsData on accepted workers compensation claims and immigration status from 1995 and 2012 were used to compare the number of work disability days paid at the 25%, 50% and 75% for immigrant and Canadian-born injured workers stratified by gender and recency of immigration.ResultsImmigrant workers comprised 8.9% (78 609) of the cohort. In adjusted quantile regression models, recent and established immigrant women received 1.3 (0.8, 1.9) and 4.0 (3.4, 4.6) more paid disability days at the 50% of the disability distribution than Canadian-born counterparts. For recent and established immigrant men, this difference was 2.4 (2.2, 2.6) and 2.7 (2.4, 4.6). At the 75%, this difference increased for recent immigrant men and established immigrant men and women but declined for recent immigrant women.ConclusionsInjured immigrants receive more work disability days than their Canadian-born counterparts except for recent immigrant women. Both immigrant status and gender matter in understanding health disparities in work disability after work injury.Keywords work disabilityimmigrant health; linked administrative data.
Prevalence and factors associated with joint pain in Nepal: findings from a countrywide cross-sectional STEPS survey
Authors: Poudyal Anil , Bista Bihungum , Gyanwali Pradip , Karki Shristi , Bhattarai Saroj , Sharma Sweekriti , Dhimal Meghnath 
Published: October 2022

ObjectiveThis study aims to determine the prevalence of joint pain and its association with demographic, socioeconomic and behavioural factors in Nepal.DesignThe study was a national cross-sectional population-based study.SettingWe used the most recent nationally representative population-based cross-sectional health survey, The WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS) survey, 2019 from all seven provinces of Nepal including both urban and rural areas.ParticipantsThe participants were men and women aged 15–69 years, who were usual residents of the households for at least 6 months and have stayed the night before the survey.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary outcome in this study was prevalence of joint pain. The secondary outcome measure was factors associated with joint pain in Nepal. Joint pain in our study was based on any self-reported symptoms of joint pain, stiffness and swelling lasting for more than 1 month in the past 12 months. Data were weighted to generate national estimates.ResultsThe prevalence of self-reported joint pain in Nepal was 17% (95% CI 14.3% to 20.2%) with higher prevalence for older adults, females, ever married, none/less than primary education, smoker, lowest wealth quintile, homemaker, those with sufficient physical activity and those living in the Karnali province of Nepal. In multivariable analysis self-reported joint pain was found to be associated with advanced age (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.36; 95% CI 1.56 to 3.55), sex (AOR=1.47; 95% CI 1.19 to 1.82) and sufficient physical activity (AOR=0.40; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.65).ConclusionsThe results showed a high prevalence of joint pain in Nepal. Considering the process of ageing and rapid growth in non-communicable disease, this study warrants the need for health policies directed to prevention, treatment and rehabilitation for people affected by chronic musculoskeletal conditions addressing related disabilities and loss of work in Nepal.