bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Echoing off the Heart of the Heartland: The Mid-States Companies, Echocardiography, and Rural Medicine
Authors: Price Jay M. , Mershon James , Barlow Teddie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In many cases, residents in rural communities requiring specialized medical diagnostics and care have had to either endure long journeys to larger cities or do without. In response, a number of programs and services have emerged to bring the latest medical advances to rural populations. For example, in the 1970s a team of cardiologists in Wichita established a system of mobile echocardiography units that went to hospitals in Kansas and in neighboring states. In addition, the physicians themselves conducted regular clinics at these facilities. Sometimes the physicians drove, but in many cases, they flew to the location. In the 1980s these individuals formed a series of companies under the name of "Mid-States whose employees performed diagnostic work ranging from echocardiography to pregnancy sonograms. One company even provided fitness equipment. Lasting into the 1990s Mid-States’s legacy lives on in the personnel who have gone on to from new businesses and practices, as well as in the many patients who recived treatment over the years.
From Crop Lien to Contract Farming: The Roots of Agribusiness in the American South, 1929–1939
Authors: Gisolfi Monica Richmond 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 1929 rural sociologist Rupert Vance surveyed the southern landscape, seeing no end in sight to the cotton production that impoverished the South. In search of ways for cotton farmers to diversify, Vance noted that "whether equitable or not, a system of division of the product by shares between landlord and tenant has been worked out by custom and law for cotton." Indeed, there was a credit system in place that facilitated cotton production, a system that dated back to Reconstruction. Lamenting that "no generally accepted system of share cropping has been worked out for more complex forms of farming," Vance could not foresee that soon furnishing merchants would refashion the crop lien to facilitate poultry production. For some time, politicians, Vance, and a host of rural reformers waged an unsuccessful war against the crop lien, and its close relatives sharecropping and tenancy, which they considered to be the basis of southern problems. The poultry industry--today the model for contract farming and a multi-million-dollar business--grew out of the crop lien system, an institution thought to be the root of southern poverty.
The Squatter and Natural Law in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Pisani Donald J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the decade before the California Gold Rush, the popular idea that Americans held a natural right to land as a legacy of the American Revolution was enriched and expanded by such events as the Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island, the Anti-Rent War in New York, the flood of Irish refugees into New York City, growing opposition to the expansion of slavery into new territories acquired during the war with Mexico, and the Revolution of 1848 in Europe. These events strengthened popular sovereignty and the notion that human beings had rights that transcended those defined by legislatures, courts, or even constitutions. They also promoted a new discussion of how values within the United States differed from those in Europe--where land was scarce and served as the foundation for aristocratic regimes and sharp class differences. The squatter was a ubiquitous figure on every frontier of the United States, but none more than California, where both town sites and agricultural land were covered by Mexican land grants that took decades to define and confirm. This article tells the story of how powerful forces in California undermined squatter rights--and the heritage of the American Revolution as well.
The Visible Hand and the New American Biology: Toward an Integrated Historiography of Railroad–Supported Agricultural Research
Authors: Amidon Kevin S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the early twentieth century, American railroad companies faced new challenges. The railroad network had developed fully, broad political opposition was gaining teeth in new, enforceable federal legislation, and financial markets--first established to support railroad expansion--had begun to move beyond railroads. Railroad companies answered with a wide range of new managerial and scientific practices. Recent scholarship that goes beyond the traditional disciplinary separation of technological, political, managerial, economic, and scientific concerns has enabled historians to recognize that agricultural research pursued in concert with other institutions empowered railroads to address all of these challenges in the period between 1900 and 1930.
Rural Sociology and Democratic Planning in the Third New Deal
Authors: Gilbert Jess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the early 1940s, the agricultural New Deal was broader and more democratic than those aspects of it that survived World War II. Carl C. Taylor, who led the sociological research unit in the USDA’s Bureau of Agricultural Economics, and other rural sociologists shared a two-handed commitment to democracy. They merged social science with local knowledge and integrated federal action with citizen participation. These activist principles were best exemplified in a Third New Deal program called county land-use planning, within which sociologists played two roles. First, they "delineated" the boundaries of rural neighborhoods and communities so that the best representation of citizens on the local planning committees was obtained. With local citizen-researchers, Taylor’s sociologists delineated eleven thousand rural neighborhoods and nearly two thousand communities in thirty-two states. Second, they evaluated the planning program in a few select counties. The richest assessment was Arthur F. Raper’s study of Greene County, Georgia, "Tenants of the Almighty." He found that, despite racism, the program made tremendous physical, economic, and psychological gains among the county’s poor blacks and whites. However, a conservative Congress aborted the federal democratic-planning program in 1942; soon thereafter these anti-New Dealers banished critical social science from the USDA. The likes of which have not been seen since, at least not in the United States.
The Limits of Alliance: Cold War Solidarity and Canadian Wheat Exports to China, 1950–1963
Authors: Donaghy Greg , Stevenson Michael D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Although Canada was a committed member of the western alliance and publically supported Washington, DC’s efforts to isolate communist China, Ottawa embarked on large-scale wheat sales to Beijing in the late 1950s in the face of sustained US opposition. Drawing on a broad range of archival records, this paper explores the three main factors that encouraged the Canadian government in this course: growing doubts about the wisdom of isolating communist China; mounting anger at Washington, DC’s use of subsidized wheat sales to capture traditional Canadian markets; and a surging sense of Canadian nationalism that sought a distinct role for Canada on the world stage. Clearly, as was so often the case in postwar Canadian foreign economic policy, a narrowly defined national interest easily trumped the ideological pressures of western solidarity.
Cold War Competition and Food Production in China, 1957–1962
Authors: Chen Yixin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article examines how Mao’s grand strategy for Cold War competition inflicted a catastrophic agricultural failure in China and victimized tens of millions of Chinese peasants. It argues that Khrushchev’s 1957 boast about the Soviet Union surpassing the United States in key economic areas inspired Mao to launch an industrialization program that would push the People’s Republic past Great Britain in some production categories within fifteen years. Beginning in 1958 Mao imposed unrealistic targets on Chinese grain production to extract funds from agriculture for rapid industrial growth. Maoists placed relentless pressure on communist cadres for ruthless implementation of the Great Leap Forward. Contrary to Maoist plans, China’s grain output in 1959-1960 declined sharply from 1957 levels and rural per capita grain retention decreased dramatically. Throughout China, party cadres’ mismanagement of agricultural production was responsible for the decline in grain output, and the communist state’s excessive requisition of grain caused food shortages for the peasants. But the key factor determining the famine’s uneven impact on the peasantry in the provinces was the degree to which provincial leaders genuinely and energetically embraced Maoist programs. This is illustrated by a close examination of the Great Leap famine in Anhui Province.
The Intellectual Legacy of Mary Neth’s Work on Farm Women and Rural Communities
Authors: OSTERUD GREY 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mary Neth’s 1995 book, Preserving the Family Farm: Women, Community, and the Foundations of Agribusiness in the Midwest, 1900-1940, made a major contribution to the analysis of the connections between gender and the political economy that shaped farm women’s lives and fueled farmers’ resistance to the transformation of rural life wrought by agribusiness. Focusing on the processes of negotiation between women and men in farming families and rural communities, Íeth illuminated the relationship between women’s work and their power. Tracing the dense networks that connected farm families, she also showed how cooperation in work generated and sustained radical farm movements.
100 Somatic Mosaicism of a PDGFRB Activating Variants in Intracranial, Coronary, Aortic and Radial Vascular Beds
Authors: McAvoy Malia , Parada Carolina , El-Ghazali Fatima , Toglia Daphne , Ruzevick Jacob , Emerson Samuel , Karasozen Yigit , Busald Tina , Nazem Ahmad , Suranowitz Shaun , Shalhub Sherene , Marshall Desiree , Tyrtova Evgeniya , Eaton Jessica C. , Nistal Dominic A. , Swaminathan Shreya , Gonzalez-Cuyar Luis , Dorschner Michael , Ferreira Manuel 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Activating variants in platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB) are associated with aneurysms. Our group previously described a patient with multiple fusiform intracranial aneurysms who was found to have a somatic mosaic variant in PDGFRB. The relationship between the mosaic effects of PDGFRB variants and the vascular phenotypes is not well understood.

METHODS:
Following death due to subarachnoid hemorrhage, samples from the index patient’s intracranial, coronary, aortic, and radial arteries were biopsied and preserved. DNA was extracted and alternate allele fractions (AAF) of PDGFRB variants were determined using digital droplet PCR. Histopathological analysis was performed by a board-certified neuropathologist.

RESULTS:
A total of 80 biopsies were obtained. The AAFs of variant PDGFRB in the vertebral artery, basilar artery, and P1 segment aneurysms were 28.7%, 16.4%, and 17.8%, respectively. The AAF of the coronary and radial artery aneurysms were 22.3% and 20.6%, respectively. AAFs of normal vascular biopsies of the intracranial circulation, coronary arteries, and aorta ranged from 0 to 4.3%, 0 to 0.3%, and 0 to 35%, respectively. The PDGFRB variant was absent from lymphocyte DNA and normal tissue, confirming it to be a non-germline somatic variant. Expression of PDGFRB within the radial artery aneurysmal tissue was localized to CD31 negative, non-endothelial cell origin.

CONCLUSION:
Somatic mosaic expression of PDGFRB within CD31 negative cells is associated with development of fusiform aneurysms. The role of targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors to locally alter the biology of aneurysm development in fusiform aneurysms with PDGFRB mutations should be further studied.
126 Regulator of G Protein Signaling 4 (RGS4) Gene Expression is Upregulated in the Superficial Spinal Dorsal Horn and in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons in a Murine Model of Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Zimering Jeffrey H. , Pryce Kerri , Margetis Konstantinos , Zachariou Venetia 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Regulator of G protein signaling 4 (RGS4), a potent negative regulator of G-protein coupled receptor signaling, is a key gene in the maintenance of mechanical and cold allodynia associated with chronic pain states in mice. RGS4 is abundantly expressed across the pain matrix, and is upregulated in response to peripheral inflammation and nerve injury.

METHODS:
To understand the dynamics of RGS4 gene expression after nerve injury, we perform the spared-nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain in C57BL/6. At 21 days (DRG) or 2.5 months (spinal cord) post-surgery (SNI vs sham), animals were sacrificed and specimens were harvested for tissue processing. RNAScope, an ultrasensitive RNA ISH method, was used to visualize and quantify single-molecule expression of RGS4, prodynorphin/PDYN (exclusively expressed by inhibitory dorsal horn interneurons), and somatostatin/SST (expressed by excitatory interneurons) within the cellular topography of the lumbar superficial dorsal horn.

RESULTS:
RGS4 expression increased significantly in the dorsal horn following spared-nerve injury (p = 0.0384). In sham-treated mice, there were no differences in cell-type-specific (PDYN vs. SST) RGS4 expression patterns in the dorsal horn (p = 0.4170). Cell-type-specific RGS4 expression in the dorsal horn was significantly different (F (2,27) = 8.353; p = 0.0015; one-way ANOVA) following SNI. SNI-induced RGS4 expression was significantly enriched in PDYN vs SST-expressing interneurons (p = 0.0300), and overall RGS4 expression was significantly downregulated in SST-expressing cells compared to all cells (p = 0.0012). In addition, neuronal-specific RGS4 expression was significantly increased in the DRG in SNI vs Sham-injured mice (p = 0.0050).

CONCLUSION:
Our data suggest that upregulation of RGS4 expression in the superficial dorsal horn and DRG may play a crucial role in maintenance of chronic pain following nerve injury.
139 Evaluating the Evidence: A Systematic Review of Targeted Muscle Reinnervation for Post-Amputation Phantom and Residual Limb Pain
Authors: Ryan Casey A. , Bhanja Debarati , McNutt Sarah , Daggubati Lekhaj C. , Rizk Elias B. 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Over 2 million amputees in the US suffer from chronic pain related to their residual or phantom limb. Nerve ablation and neuroma excisions with transposition of remaining nerve fascicles into a more favorable microenvironment are two current pain-reducing procedures for post-amputation phantom and residual limb pain (PAP). Targeted Muscle Reinnervation (TMR) is an emerging technique that removes the terminal neuroma and attaches the nerve to a nearby motor neuron. This approach has gained wide acceptance for PAP, despite no clear consensus on the superiority of TMR over other approaches.

METHODS:
Eligible studies were attained using the PRISMA guidelines including those that evaluated TMR for treatment of PAP. The primary outcome was pain resolution. A computerized search of MEDLINE/ PubMed, Ovid and Embase from inception to March 2021 was conducted for the terms “Targeted Muscle Reinnervation” AND (“pain” OR “neuroma”). Two independent researchers evaluated each study, assigning a level of evidence according to the American Association of Neurology (AAN) algorithm; a third independent researcher resolved any discrepancies with assignments. Data extracted included the level of amputation, time from amputation to TMR, time from TMR to follow-up and reported pain scale(s).

RESULTS:
Of the 23 studies included in the analysis, only one study was a randomized controlled study (level I) with 28 patients, and three studies were level II evidence. The remaining 19 studies were found to be level IV evidence. The RCT results demonstrated that the difference in pain scale scores in the TMR versus the standard of care group was not statistically significant. The low-level studies suffered from high selection bias, lack of comparison cohorts, inconsistent outcomes, variable procedure locations, and variable time from amputation to TMR. Only 16 (69.6%) studies used validated patient-reported pain scales, including numerical rating scale and/ or PROMIS.

CONCLUSION:
There is insufficient and poor evidence to recommend TMR over standard neuroma excision for the reduction of PAP. The literature remains inconsistent due to the lack of validated pain scale data and variable results based on the amputation/ TMR site. This highlights the importance for a national registry to compare outcomes across surgical techniques.
145 A Matched Cohort Comparison of Survival After Radiosurgery for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with One Versus More than Twenty Brain Metastases
Authors: Wei Zhishuo , Niranjan Ajay , Abou-Al-Shaar Hussam , Lunsford L. Dade 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Confusion remains as to whether it is the number or the cumulative volume of brain metastases that affects survival of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We retrospectively compared outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in patients with a solitary metastasis matched by volume to patients with = 20 metastases with the same cumulative tumor volume.

METHODS:
From 2014 to 2020, 26 NSCLC patients (925 tumors) underwent Gamma knife® SRS for = 20 metastases in a single procedure (median margin dose = 16 Gy, median cumulative tumor volume = 4.52 cc). During the same interval 57 patients underwent SRS for a single metastasis (median margin dose = 18 Gy, median volume = 4.74 cc). The overall survival (OS), local tumor control (TC), adverse radiation effects (ARE), and incidence of new tumor development were compared.

RESULTS:
When controlled for the same tumor volume, we found no significant difference in median OS between patients with = 20 brain metastases (median survival = 15 months) compared to single metastasis patients (median survival = 12 months, p = 0.3). In the solitary tumor cohort, two of 57 tumors (3.5%) progressed whereas in the = 20 cohort only 3 of 925 treated tumors (0.3%) showed progression (p = 0.0013). The rate of new tumor development was significantly higher in patients with = 20 tumors (***p = 0.0001). Seventeen out of 26 (65%) patients in = 20 cohort developed new metastases that required salvage SRS compared to 8 out of 57 (14%) patients in the solitary tumor group. There was no significant difference in the rate of ARE between these groups (7.5% for = 20 tumors vs. 8.7% for single metastasis).

CONCLUSION:
Compared to patients with solitary tumors, patients with = 20 tumors showed significantly better LC with similar OS. We support the revision of guidelines that select SRS eligible patients based on the cumulative volume rather than number of their brain metastatic disease.
148 Does Stereoelectroencephalograghy (SEEG) Add Value in Patients with Lesional Epilepsy?
Authors: Morsi Amr , Golubovsky Joshua , Sharma Akshay , Bulacio Juan , McGovern Robert A. , Jehi Lara , Bingaman William E. 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Stereoelectroencephalograghy (SEEG) has been gaining popularity as an effective invasive monitoring modality for epileptogenic zone (EZ) localization. The need and indications for SEEG in patients with evident brain lesions is debated.

METHODS:
Retrospective case-control cohort study of 131 patients with lesional MRFE who underwent resective surgery from 2010-2017. Seventy one patients had SEEG followed by resection, and 60 had no SEEG. 3T MRI was used for pre and post-operative evaluation. Volumetric analysis of resection cavities was conducted using T1 volumetric, T2 FLAIR sequences and BrainLAB software.

RESULTS:
Mean age at time of surgery was 30.1 years, epilepsy duration was 18.2 years, monthly seizure frequency was 31.7 and length of follow up was 3.1 years. Comparing SEEG vs non SEEG; mean seizure frequency per month was 80.3 vs 35.1 (P value 0.67) and mean number of failed anti-seizure medications was 6.8 vs 5.8. (P value 0.03). Mean lesion and resection volumes for SEEG and non-SEEG were 16.2 vs 23.7 cm3 and 28.1 vs 43.6 cm3 respectively. Comparing patients with seizure recurrence and patients who remained seizure free, mean number of failed anti-seizure medications 6.86 vs 5.75 (P value 0.01) and mean number of electrodes implanted were 8.1 vs 5.0 (P value 0.005).

CONCLUSION:
In our study, seizure outcomes did not correlate with final resection volume following SEEG evaluation. The higher number of failed anti-seizure medications was the only variable found to correlate with worse outcome.
200 Unbiased Interrogation of Whole Brain Circuits Identifies Neurons That Restore Walking After Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Cho Newton , Squair Jordan W. , James Nicholas , Baud Laetitia , Leonhartsberger Anna , Sveistyte Kristina , Galan Katia , Barraud Quentin , Goubran Maged , Batti Laura , Pagès Stéphane , Gautier Matthieu , Hutson Thomas , Kathe Claudia , Bichat Arnaud , Rizzo Olivier , Hodara Michael , Bloch Jocelyne , Courtine Grégoire 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Currently, there is no cure for locomotor deficits after spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite advances in spinal cord modulation with epidural electrical stimulation, there remains a paucity of therapies targeting the brain due to a poor understanding of the brain’s role post-SCI. Recently developed tissue clearing and light sheet imaging techniques have permitted unbiased three-dimensional interrogation of whole brain circuits, which has opened unexplored avenues for SCI-related brain interrogation.

METHODS:
We established a novel brain interrogation pipeline for SCI by optimizing mouse whole brain clearing, imaging, and atlas registration after a spontaneous recovery lateral hemisection model. We examined both whole brain cell activity and connectivity with the lumbar cord using cFos immunolabelling and virus-mediated projection tracing, respectively, to identify a functionally and anatomically dynamic region correlating with recovery. We interrogated the locomotor role of this region with optogenetics and chemogenetics. In a more clinically relevant rat contusion SCI, we assessed the translatability of deep brain electrical stimulation (DBS) of this region by leveraging an established bipedal robotic interface and rehabilitation paradigm.

RESULTS:
We unexpectedly uncovered the lateral hypothalamus (LH) to be a functionally and anatomically dynamic region post-SCI correlating with recovery. Optogenetic stimulation of mouse LHVglut2 neurons significantly augmented locomotor function, which required medullary reticular formation (MRF) Vglut2-positive neurons. In line with previously demonstrated sparing of MRF-to-spinal cord projections after contusion SCI, we found that LH DBS in rats post-contusion SCI could acutely robustly augment bipedal rat locomotor function.

CONCLUSION:
This is the first demonstration of the LH's role in locomotion post-SCI. The LH is a novel DBS target that robustly augmented locomotor function, dependent on LH and brainstem glutamatergic cells.