bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interspecific and Intergeneric Hybridization of Pyrus
Authors: Bell Richard L. , Hough L. Fredric 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The genus Pyrus has been classified into at least 22 primary species. These can be grouped by geographical distribution and/or taxonomic relationships. The European group includes P. communis L., P. nivalis Jacq., and P. cordata, (Desv.) Schneid. The North African group contains P. longipes Coss. and Dur., P. gharbiana Trab., and P. mamorensis Trab. The west Asian group consists of P. syriaca Boiss., P. elaeagrifolia Pall., and P. amygdaliformis Vill., P. salicifolia Pall., P. glabra Boiss., P. regellii Rehd., (syn. P. bucharica and P. heterophylla Reg. & Schmalh). The medium to large fruited east Asian species are P. pyrifolia (Burm.) Nak., P. kansuensis, P. ussuriensis Max., P. hondoensis Kik. and Nak., while the Asian “pea” pear species are P. calleryana Dcne., P. betulaefolia Bung., P.fauriei Schneid., P. dimorphophylla Makino, and P. koehnei Schneid. (3, 27). A number of nonprimary species also appear in the literature, which may be either botanical varieties, subspecies, or interspecific hybrids. Among the east Asian group, P. bretschneideri Rehd. is a probable hybrid of P. betulaefolia and the cultivated forms of P. pyrifolia; P. phaeocarpa Rehd. may be a P. betulaefolia × P. ussurensis hybrid, whereas P. serrulata Rehd. is a probable interspecific hybrid involving P. pyrifolia and P. calleryana.
Effect of Ethephon and GA3 on Time of Flowering in Peach
Authors: Gianfagna T. J. , Marini R. , Rachmiel S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethephon at 200 ppm applied to ‘Cresthaven’ peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] in October delayed flowering by 7 days in the first year of this study, but only by 3 days in the 2nd year. Flower bud survival was reduced in both years by this treatment, although the percentage of fruit set increased. The differences observed in the effectiveness of ethephon in delaying bloom may be due to differences in spring temperatures during bud expansion. High temperatures during the period of bud expansion tended to accelerate bud development, minimizing the effect of treatment, whereas low temperatures during this period tended to accentuate treatment effects. GA3 applied in October delayed leaf senescence and abscission, but did not delay flowering.
Trunk Injected Ethephon as a Potential Harvest Aid Mechanism for Pecans
Authors: Stein Larry A. , McEachern George Ray , Storey J. Benton 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethephon was trunk injected into the transpiration stream of pecan trees 10 to 21 days before shuck split in an attempt to expedite shuck opening in 1983. Ethephon concentrations were based on the estimated amount of water flowing through the tree per day. At College Station and Hondo, Texas, a 10 ppm injection significantly increased shuck opening. Leaf drop was only 35% at 10 ppm compared to much higher leaf drop in previous research. There was no difference in number of nuts set and the extent of limb dieback between the control trees and those trunk injected with 10 ppm ethephon. At Ft. Stockton and Midkiff, Texas, injections of 10, 20, and 40 ppm increased nut opening and early leaf drop, but reduced fruit set in the following year (1984). There was no limb dieback at these locations. Injections of trees in El Paso failed to cause shuck opening.
Is There a Crisis Developing in Horticulture?
Authors: Childers Norman F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Horticultural departments at land-grant universities are graduating fewer and fewer students with the technical and practical knowledge needed to serve and lead the horticultural industry. Professionally trained horticulturists are becoming difficult to find. Too many MS and PhD “horticulturists” today know little horticulture. Retiring horticulturists or those leaving for other reasons are being replaced by pure scientists from fields other than horticulture. Grower-oriented research and student teaching are losing priority to “high-tech” research funded and guided by federal and outside grants. Horticultural courses are being dropped or not taught due to lack of teachers and/or students. Professionally written horticultural texts are becoming scarce or outdated. Extension personnel are being brought on campus to teach production courses or the basic scientists may be asked to teach these courses for which they have had little or no training or experience. Many experienced extension personnel are retiring early or leaving their jobs for private consulting.
Summer Pruning of Greenhouse-grown Roses under Subtropical Conditions
Authors: Raviv M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Height and time of summer pruning of greenhouse-grown ‘Mercedes’ roses were examined for effect on flower production in the subsequent season. The interaction of pruning severity and the flower cutting procedure also was tested. It was found that pruning in mid-July is preferable to mid-May and that severe (50 cm) pruning combined with “underhook cut” during the winter has an adverse effect on plant productivity. Summer picking of flowers followed by high (120 cm) pruning in mid-July represents an attractive alternative if a commercial outlet can be found for the flowers, since the subsequent winter harvest is better than that resulting from present practice and comparable to that resulting from gradual pruning in mid-July.
Interactive Effects of Trickle Irrigation Rates, Cultivars, and Culture on Cut Chrysanthemum
Authors: Harbaugh B. K. , Stanley C. D. , Price J. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Interactive effects of trickle irrigation rates, cultivars and culture (single or pinched stem), on Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. cut flower yield and quality were evaluated. The minimum amount of water required to produce the greatest number of marketable stems of high quality was estimated to be from 0.96 to 1.07 cm/day. Responses to irrigation rate were similar regardless of culture or cultivar variables. Seasonal water use, however, would vary due to differences in cropping time influenced by the production method and choice of cultivars.
Development of Deep Supercooling in Acclimating Sweet Cherry and Peach Flower Buds
Authors: Andrews Preston K. , Proebsting Edward L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The development of deep supercooling in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. ‘Bing’) and peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch ‘Redhaven’] flower buds during late summer and early autumn was measured by differential thermal analysis. The capacity to deep supercool developed under ambient conditions during September in both 1982 and 1983. It developed 1-2 weeks earlier in sweet cherry than in peach flower buds. Exposing a sweet cherry limb in situ to daily 15° day/5°C night temperatures beginning in early Aug. 1983 advanced the development of the flower buds’ capacity to deep supercool by 4 weeks. Sweet cherry flower buds whose capacity to deep supercool was advanced by exposure to these cool temperatures displayed a median low-temperature exotherm (LTE50) near - 20°. This demonstrated the potential capacity of sweet cherry flower buds to avoid injury during moderate freezes as early as mid-August.
Cut Foliage Production in Florida
Authors: Stamps Robert H. , Conover Charles A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cut foliage (florists' greens) production in Florida has been increasing rapidly in recent years and has more than doubled in the last 6 years. Estimates place the wholesale crop value at $86 million for the 1984-1985 season. Domestic North American shipments, which accounted for about 84% of all shipments during the 1984—1985 season, have increased an average of about 17% per year for the last 7 years. Shipments to Europe account for the remaining 16% and increased at a rate of about 10% per year over that same period, but have actually declined slightly in recent years due in part to the strength of the U.S. dollar and to increasing competition from other countries.
Dormancy Terminology
Authors: Ketchie Delmer O. , Howell G. S. , Salisbury Frank B. , Lang Greg , Darnell Rebecca , Early Jack , Martin George 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
At last year's W-130 Regional Project meeting in Penticton, B.C., Edward L. Proebsting, Jr., chairman of the meeting, requested that we communicate our interest and discussion in the Oct. 1985 Viewpoint article by Lang, Early, Arroyave, Darnell, Martin, and Stutte concerning dormancy terminology (HortScience 20:809–812).
Rate, Timing, and Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizers on Cabbage and Onions
Authors: Wiedenfeld R. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Group capitata) and onions (Allium cepa L.) were grown using methylene urea, sulfur-coated urea, and soluble N fertilizers applied at different rates and timings. Yield of cabbage increased with increasing N application up to 252 kg N·ha−1, and onion yields increased with N applied up to 134 kg N·ha−1. Nitrogen application also increased fruit weight and leaf N content in some instances. Slow-release fertilizers increased yield, fruit weight, and leaf N of both crops in some instances over soluble N materials. Preplant fertilizer application seemed advantageous on cabbage, whereas split fertilizer application was better with onions. Bended application increased onion yield compared to yields obtained with broadcast application in one experiment. Weather conditions seemed to influence responses to fertilizer type and timing of application, since preplant applications were superior in cool, dry years while the advantages of slow-release materials were evident in wet years. Chemical names used: S-(O-O-diisopropyl phosphorodithionate ester of N-(a-mereaptoethyl) benzene-sulfonamide (bensulide).
Variation in Sensitivity to Chilling Injury within the Genus Aglaonema
Authors: Hummel R. L. , Henny R. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Detached leaves from 11 Aglaonema species or cultivars were subjected to 4.4°C for 36 and 72 hr during the summer and winter. Five genotypes showed no visible damage, 2 showed slight damage in one of 4 tests, 4 were injured in all 4 tests. The 4 genotypes expressing most sensitivity to chilling were genetically related. Data indicate there is a possibility of developing chilling resistant Aglaonema hybrids by selecting resistant plants as parents.
Micropropagation of Mugo Pine from Embryonic and Seedling Explants
Authors: Mudge Kenneth W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Excised embryos and explants from 2-week-old and 4-month-old seedlings of Mugo pine (Pinus mugo Turra var. mugo) were cultured in vitro on nutrient media containing BA and NAA. Shoot development on intact embryos occurred primarily via adventitious bud formation that was greatest On a medium containing 44.4 μM BA and 0.05 μM NAA. Subsequent shoot elongation was improved by transferring buds to a growth regulator-free medium containing 1 g/liter activated charcoal (AC). After removal from culture, shoots rooted in response to treatment with 0.8% IBA. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); and 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
Effects of Chlorogenic Acid and Arbutin on Growth and Spore Germination of Decay Fungi
Authors: Boonyakiat D. , Spotts R. A. , Richardson D. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chlorogenic acid and arbutin reduced spore germination of Penicillium expansum Lk. ex Thom, and mycelial growth of Mucor piriformis Fischer. Arbutin decreased growth of Botrytis cinerea Per ex Fr. However, chlorogenic acid increased both germination and growth of B. cinerea.
Project Costing with Microcomputers
Authors: Smith Ronald C. , Arminio Louis A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Landscape design, landscape construction, landscape maintenance, and landscape irrigation projects require an accurate bidding/estimating procedure for effective cost controls and profit generation. Everything entering into the bid price must end up on a spreadsheet to determine the final figures, including an estimate of profit. As one of the last phases of the bidding process, the spreadsheet calculations are a constant source of potential error in figure transposition, miscalculation, or omission, which could lead to profit loss or to the nonawarding of a project in a competitive bidding situation. Powerful electronic spreadsheets are available for use on microcomputers, but few are used in the industry due to their high cost, the generic nature of the spreadsheet programs, and the unavailability of spreadsheets specifically constructed for bidding. Additionally, electronic spreadsheets generally require formatting with appropriate equations before they can be used (1).
PVC Roller Conveyor Benches for Seedling Greenhouses
Authors: Sletteland Norman T. , Kratky B. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There is much current interest in improving materials handling in commercial green-houses. Two areas of concern are reducing labor costs and maximizing bench growing areas. Transport of materials is labor intensive in the conventional bench-and-aisle greenhouse, and the loss of bench growing area to walkways is costly and inefficient.
‘Tambel-2’ Bell Pepper
Authors: Villalon Benigno 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The major disease responsible for the decline of profitable pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production in Texas have been the potato-Y-type viruses. ‘Tambel-2’ is a sweet bell pepper with multiple virus resistances (MVR) to tobacco mosaic (TMV), tobacco etch (TEV), potato Y (PVY), and pepper mottle (PeMV).
Allelopathy: Can It Be Managed to Benefit Horticulture?
Authors: Putnam A. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The term allelopathy was introduced by Molisch (22) in 1937, and refers to all biochemical interactions (stimulatory and inhibitory) among plants, including microorganisms. The fact that the term is literally translated as “mutual harm or suffering” has probably led to other interpretations and confusion. Several scientists have suggested narrowing the definition to include only higher plants and harmful interactions. Rice (38) defined allelopathy in his first edition to include only harmful effects, but he recently opted to restate Molisch's premise in his 2nd edition (39). Molisch's broad definition of allelopathy is probably appropriate because considerable research has indicated that involvement of microorganisms and lower plants in phytotoxin production. Also, natural compounds that inhibit growth at certain concentrations often enhance growth at lower concentrations.
Sequential Herbicide Applications for Weed Control in Azaleas
Authors: Beste C. Edward , Frank J. Ray 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sequential applications of granular oxyfluorfen (2 G) at 3.3 kg a.i.·ha−1, oxadiazon (2 G) at 3.3 kg a.i.·ha−1, napropamide (10 G) at 4.5 kg a.i.·ha−1, and chlorpropham (20 G) at 1.1 kg a.i.·ha−1 were evaluated for weed control in newly planted Rhododendron obtusum (Lindl.) Planch cv. Hinocrimson azaleas in the field. Granular oxyfluorfen, oxadiazon, or napropamide applied twice per season controlled 99%, 77%, or 73% of the weeds, respectively, for 2 years. A combination of napropamide, oxyfluorfen, and oxadiazon applied twice per season controlled >99% of the weeds at the season's end. Single seasonal applications of oxyfluorfen or oxadiazon controlled 63% and 77% of the weeds, respectively. Phytotoxicity to azaleas was not observed with any treatment. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-l-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyel)benzene (oxyfluorfen); 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(l-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3 H)-one (oxadiazon); 2-(α-napththoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide (napropamide); and 1-methylethyl 3-chlorophenyl carbamate (chlorpropham).
Fenoxaprop-ethyl for Postemergence Crabgrass Control in Kentucky Bluegrass Turf
Authors: Bhowmik Prasanta C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fenoxaprop-ethyl at rates of 0.09 to 0.28 kg·ha−1 provided effective smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.] control with minor injury to ‘Baron’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Optimum timing for application was the 4-leaf to 5-tiller stage of crabgrass growth. At this stage of growth, fenoxaprop-ethyl applied at 0.20, 0.28, or 0.38 kg·ha−1 provided excellent (90% or better) season-long crabgrass control. Fenoxaprop-ethyl at 0.09 kg·ha−1 was an effective crabgrass control treatment at 2 to 4 leaf stage when combined with DCPA at 11.76 kg·ha−1. Split applications of fenoxaprop-ethyl in June and July at both 0.14 + 0.14 and 0.28 + 0.28 kg·ha−1 also provided season-long crabgrass control. Chemical names used: (±)-ethyl 2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoate (fenoxaprop-ethyl); and dimethyl tetrachlo-roterephthalate (DCPA).
Extraction and Assay of Tomato Polygalacturonases
Authors: Pressey Russell 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The conditions for extracting and assaying tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) polygalacturonases (PG I and PG II) have been re-examined. The enzymes were not extracted by water at pH 3, which allowed washing of the cell wall fraction to remove the soluble components that interfere in the PG assay. The extractability of PG in water increased as the pH was lowered or raised from 3, with optima near pH 1.8 and 6.5. Only PG II was extracted by water at pH 1.8, whereas both isoenzymes were extracted at pH 6.5. The extractabilities of the PGs were increased by NaCl, but the amount of total activity extracted by 1.2 m NaCl was independent of pH between 2 and 9. Extracts in 1.2 m NaCl of pH 3 washed cell walls from ripe tomatoes could be assayed without concentration or dialysis. Higher PG activity was recovered when extracts were concentrated by ultrafiltration than by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. The results indicate that the isoenzyme composition and recovery of PG from tomatoes were dependent on extraction and concentration procedures.
A Method for Determining Starch Concentration Using a Portable Blood Glucose Monitor
Authors: Stutte G. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The carbohydrate reserves in plant tissue have been correlated with all phases of plant growth and development. Consequently, several methods have been developed to quantify those reserves. The methods for starch determination are either direct (iodine staining) or indirect (the conversion of starch to sugars by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis). Chemical methods involve hydrolysis of subunit bonds with either a strong acid or base, and enzymatic methods use catalytic proteins specifically to cleave the subunit bonds.
Snowmobile Traffic Relationships on Turfgrasses
Authors: Eaton W. J. , Beard J. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Snowmobiles used as recreational vehicles on winter dormant turfgrass areas have become an increasingly widespread activity in recent years. Because of this recreational demand, certain portions of or routes within parks, golf courses, and other large turfgrass areas are being set aside for winter snowmobile use. Serious damage to turfgrasses occurs in some situations, whereas in others, there has been no significant damage. To the best of our knowledge, there are no published reports of studies regarding snowmobile traffic effects on turfgrasses (3). Thus, the objective of this investigation was to assess the effects of 6 intensities of snowmobile traffic on 2 winter dormant turfgrasses covered with 5 depths of snow.
Irrigation Effects on Vegetative Growth of Coffee
Authors: Kobayashi Kent D. , Nagao Mike A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In Kona, Hawaii, coffee is dormant from December to February. Water is critical for spring vegetative growth (1), on which next year's flowers are produced. Water stress has reduced extension growth, node number, and leaf area of coffee (5), and irrigation has increased internode extension and node production (3). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of amount and frequency of irrigation on vegetative growth of coffee.
Influence of Air-filled Porosity of Container Media on Phytophthora Root Rot of Toyon
Authors: Filmer C. L. R. , MacDonald J. D. , Paul J. L. , Leiser A. T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Toyon [Heteromeles arbutifolia (Ait.) M.J. Roemer] cuttings were grown in container media having air-filled porosity (Ea) values ranging from 1% to 20%. Plants were inoculated with Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands zoospores, and all media were maintained at or near container capacity for 3 weeks, after which plants were evaluated for root rot symptoms. Inoculated plants grown in media with <10% Ea developed severe root rot, while those grown in media having Ea values of 10-20% appeared relatively healthy. Roots of noninoculated plants growing in low-Ea media were not adversely affected during the experimental period.
Differential Sensitivity of Turfgrass Organs to Water Stress
Authors: Nus Jeff L. , Hodges Clinton F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The relative sensitivity of various organs of Poa pratensis L. ‘Merion’ (Kentucky bluegrass) to osmotically induced water stress was evaluated. Lateral bud meristems (axillary buds) were most sensitive to increases in osmotic pressure. The decrease in lateral bud development subsequently resulted in a decrease in tiller and rhizome numbers. Relative growth rates of various organs of Kentucky bluegrass further established that shoot dry-matter loss in response to water stress was due primarily to decreased tiller and rhizome growth. The effect of increasing osmotic pressure had relatively similar and less severe effects on leaf and root growth. The potential use of relative growth for characterizing growth responses to water stress is discussed.
The Effect of Storage and Wounding on Ethylene Production by Sweet Potato
Authors: Randle W. M. , Woodson W. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethylene production by wounded sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) roots varied with storage time and method of wounding. Preliminary experiments showed that wounded cured roots produced more ethylene than freshly harvested roots and roots held in 15°C storage for up to 22 weeks. The longer the sweet potato roots were in storage, the greater the ethylene production from wounded roots. On average, broken roots produced 30% more ethylene than cut roots. Maximum ethylene production occurred 2 to 4 days after wounding. Since ethylene was not detectable 6 hr after injury, it should be referred to as stress-induced rather than wound ethylene.
Net Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll, and Foliar Iron in Apple Trees After Injection with Ferrous Sulfate
Authors: Hurley Anne K. , Walser Ronald H. , Davis Tim D. , Barney Danny L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Severely chlorotic ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees growing in a calcareous soil were pressure-injected with a 1.0% (w/w) ferrous sulfate solution. Net photosynthesis (Pn) of iron-treated trees was at least 50% greater than controls within 10 days after injection and reached as high as 115% above controls during the first growing season. Chlorophyll (Chl) concentration closely paralleled Pn during the first growing season, but the correlation was not as strong thereafter. During the 3rd growing season after injection, Pn of injected trees declined, yet still remained greater than controls until September (last sampling date). Visual chlorosis reappeared in the young terminal leaves near the end of the 3rd growing season. Stomatal diffusive resistance was unaffected by the treatments. Foliar iron concentrations in treated trees increased above the controls for about 2 months after injection. Thereafter, foliar iron content gradually decreased until the end of the first growing season, after which concentrations were similar to controls. Results indicate that injection of iron into chlorotic apple trees can enhance Pn and Chl for at least 3 growing seasons.