bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Konyak Cosmopolitics
Authors: Heneise Michael T. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the processes by which the upland Konyak Nagas in the Indo-Myanmar borderlands divine, construct, and legitimize political authority. Drawing on a series of recent events, including a controversial coronation ceremony attended by the state governor organized by a millenarian religious leader named N. Yahoi, considered a prophetess by her many thousands of devotees, the chapter argues that a form of cosmopolitics is at play, namely a politics involving the regeneration of sacred kingship. This, the emergence of a ‘Naga script’, and the extreme asceticism of the Yahoi movement, evoke memories of a historically significant Naga religious movement that openly resisted the British Raj, namely the Heraka led by Rani Gaidinliu. Here, remote, economically depressed Indo-Myanmar borderland communities regenerate older forms of governmentality to confront ineffectual state development and religious institutions seen largely to capitulate to corrupt political elites. This chapter shows how strict ascetic regimes such as extreme fasting, on the one hand, and great coronation feasts, on the other, as well as forms of deliberate self-alienation, are techniques used in the shaping of a new society, with new symbolic registers and new political vision.
Designing Indigeneity
Authors: Gergan Mabel 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFor the last decade, Dzongu, a reserve of the Indigenous Lepchas in Sikkim, has been the site of a youth-led anti-dam movement that pushed the state to cancel four of seven proposed projects within the reserve. Even as Dzongu youth were celebrated by activists and scholars, the cancellation of these projects divided opinions and loyalties within the reserve. This chapter attends to the sharpest of fault lines—the divide between the older generation of panchayat and state officials, and the younger generation of activists, through a focus on two specific instances of this generational divide. The first focuses on the use of concrete in eco-tourism infrastructure, and the second on how state discourse framed anti-dam activists as ‘entitled’ youth. Building on theories of the everyday state, infrastructure, and youth geographies, I argue that the discursive and material practices of Indigenous youth provide important insights into the shifting terrain of Indigenous articulation and democratic politics in Northeast India.
Transforming universities
Authors: Kumar Satendra 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In the last few years, Indian universities have witnessed a wave of student protests. By focusing on Allahabad University, one of India’s oldest universities, this chapter examines the nature of student mobilizations in the city of Allahabad (recently renamed Prayagraj), India. Drawing on ten months of ethnographic field research, this chapter shows how students respond to recent political and economic changes that include the implementation of the Mandal Commission Report and the new economic reforms. While the implementation of the Mandal Report has transformed the social composition of students, the new economic reforms have stagnated public expenditure on higher education. These contradictory phenomena have larger implications on the lives and politics of ‘new students’, the majority of which come from the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) and Dalits. The case of Allahabad University highlights the critical importance of considering the wider environment within which student social interactions can create new political mobilizations.
‘Another kind of beating’
Authors: Kuttig Julian 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Violence in Bangladesh’s student politics is complex and closely connected to political party contestations and shifting power relations. When Tarikul Islam Tarek, a non-partisan student from Rajshahi University and joint convener of the quota reform movement, was severely beaten by the ruling party’s student wing, in what is known as the ‘hammer incident’, the equilibrium that spared non-partisan students from becoming victims of political violence was broken. This ‘another kind of beating’ led to a shift in the ‘geographies of violence’, producing an autocratic social order marred by an atmosphere of fear. In the past, student politics in Bangladesh were mostly deployed in the struggle for self-determination (i.e. the partition from India in 1947 and independence in 1971) and to open democratic spaces in 1991. Since then, student politics have increasingly shifted to protect political party stakes. The violence between political party student wings has emerged as part of a new social order—a trend also observed in other parts of South Asia (e.g. Pakistan, India, and Nepal). The ‘hammer incident’ serves as a marker of how violence in student politics transforms and integrates into a well-performing, autocratic party machine to enforce societal control within and beyond university campus confines.
Anti-democracy in England 1570-1642
Authors: Cuttica Cesare 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This book is a detailed study of anti-democratic ideas in early modern England. By examining the rich variety of debates that took place between 1570 and 1642 about democracy, it shows the key importance anti-democratic language held in the late Tudor and early Stuart periods. In particular, it argues that anti-democratic critiques were addressed at ‘popular government’ as a regime that empowered directly and fully the irrational, uneducated, dangerous commonalty; it explains why and how criticism of democracy was articulated in the contexts here under scrutiny; and it demonstrates that the early modern era is far more relevant to the development of democratic concepts and practices than has hitherto been acknowledged. The study of anti-democracy is carried out through a close textual analysis of sources often neglected in the history of political thought and by way of a contextual approach to Elizabethan, Jacobean, and Caroline history. Most importantly, the book re-evaluates the role of religion and cultural factors in the history of democracy and of political ideas more generally. The point of departure is at a time when the establishment and Presbyterians were at loggerheads on pivotal politico-ecclesiastical and theoretical matters; the end coincides with the eruption of the Civil Wars. The book not only places the unexplored issue of anti-democracy at the centre of historiographical work on early modern England but also offers a novel analysis of a precious portion of Western political reflection and an ideal platform to discuss the legacy of principles that are still fundamental today.
The Anti-democratic Paradigm (1570s–1590s)
Authors: Cuttica Cesare 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 analyses the first important moment at which the issue of anti-democracy rose to prominence: the 1570s–1590s. It all blew up around the contentious question of the organization of the Church, and the role of ministers and their election in it. Holders of the status quo—including intellectual bigwigs such as John Whitgift and Richard Bancroft—strenuously opposed Presbyterianism. They denounced Presbyterian exponents like Thomas Cartwright for promoting ‘popularity’, which here meant the search for direct democracy and its practices (‘popular government’). The kernel of this diatribe, and of subsequent ones, mirrored the Admonition Controversy’s debates on Church government in post-Reformation England. More specifically, Church establishment representatives such as Richard Cosin, Thomas Cooper, and Matthew Sutcliffe identified Presbyterian principles and practices with those set up in democratic Athens, Anabaptist Germany, and Calvinist Geneva. Besides singling out the Presbyterians as subversive fanatics who made cunning use of religion to rally the most ignorant portions of the population behind their democratic agenda, the fierce ecclesiastical disputes between people like Whitgift and Cartwright and their followers not only revealed the pivotal place of questions concerning democratic government, popular power, and people’s obedience at this time. They also set the tone for a great of deal of subsequent anti-democratic polemics that were to shape the history of the Jacobean and Caroline reigns. Finally, Chapter 1 argues that anti-Presbyterianism did not run counter to what Patrick Collinson has called ‘republicanism applied to the Church’. Instead, it pointed to something much more sinister and treacherous than republicanism: this was the menace of plebeian democracy.
Democracy’s External Allies
Authors: Cuttica Cesare 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 looks at foreign doctrines, practices, and people that were held to be sources of democratic dynamics. Amongst them were the much-despised Jesuits, who became stigmatized as fomenters of democracy. In particular, Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, Robert Parsons, and Juan de Mariana were identified as ambitious democratic leaders who instilled in the populace the fanciful and obnoxious idea that power resided in popular hands and that monarchs could be disposed of in order to promote popular government. In line with events concerning the Society of Jesus and ideological attitudes towards it, developed in France, amongst English thinkers—the most prominent being King James VI and I (reigned 1603–25)—the Jesuits were branded corruptors of ordinary people’s minds and, therefore, were seen as popular demagogues. In turn, Jesuit authors accused their Protestant counterparts (notably, Genevan Calvinists and those influenced by them) of being radical democrats intent on turning political and ecclesiastical life wholly upside down. Particular targets were theorists such as John Knox and George Buchanan. Whether directed at Jesuit opinions or at Puritan principles, anti-democratic criticism expressed a deep fear of the power of rhetoric, which was associated with democratic politics and democratic life. Democracy as a regime was, therefore, coupled with cacophonous speech and with the degeneration of civilization. Lastly, this chapter shows how anti-democracy was an encompassing ideological critique in that it tackled political, theological, and social issues. By attacking all sorts of novelties, anti-democracy also connected a multiplicity of political and religious scenarios nationally and internationally.
Democracy’s Internal Allies
Authors: Cuttica Cesare 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 elucidates in detail how a large number of attacks on democracy were propelled by fear of the changes it would bring about in society. This does not mean that democracy would have altered things quite so irrevocably; what matters, though, is that in the eye of the authorities, and of many intellectuals, a democratic society was perceived to do just that. For them, democracy constituted the opening of the floodgates for the worst types of disruptions: the abolition of traditional societal practices inculcating deference and all sense of hierarchy; the instauration of conventicles-based free preaching; and the entitlement of base mechanics to express their unpredictable judgement on things they knew nothing of. This chapter stresses how criticism of Brownists, MPs, and libellers as democratic agents was coupled with scorn for the multitude. The latter formed the underlying thread weaving together a socially and ideologically variegated pattern of positions on the anti-democratic canvas. Moreover, this chapter examines those who were denigrated—from many professional standpoints, social angles, and ideological positions—as English propagators of democracy: amongst them were various Protestant groups belonging to the more radical factions of the Reformation, who were accused of operating from within plotting conventicles. There were also MPs who vented their popular opposition to the monarchy in tribunitial style, as well as rebellious plebeians who were blamed for inflaming an already tense socio-economic atmosphere in the country. Ignorant mechanics appropriating words and spaces in order to voice their political discontent appeared on the anti-democratic radar too.
Hyperreals, Limits, and Continuity
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
“Hyperreals, Limits, and Continuity” tackles the usual limit and continuity questions, but from the vantage point of the hyperreal numbers instead of the classic epsilon–delta definitions. The chapter begins with arithmetic on infinitesimals, infinite numbers, and hyperreals in general, including a discussion of different “levels” of numbers. Next comes approximation in the hyperreals, upon which the unique procedures of this text are based. Evaluating functions at hyperreal numbers allows readers to practice the calculations involved in finding limits before encountering limits per se. The concept of limit, and calculations of limits, are then very straightforward and are based directly on the (infinitesimal) definition of limit. Exercises on verifying continuity of a function make intuitive sense in this formulation of calculus, and evaluating limits using continuity is delayed until after continuity has been explored. The chapter ends with a very natural discussion of slope, velocity, and rate of change.
Alternate Representations: Parametric and Polar Curves
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
“Alternate Representations: Parametric and Polar Curves” is an introduction to the algebra and differential calculus of these topics. Methods presented vary from the traditional, such as polar graph paper, to the use of technology, such as determining an interval for which a curve is traversed exactly once. Infinitesimals make only a brief appearance in the development of a formula for tangent lines. A review of conic sections precedes the presentation of conic sections in polar coordinates. Note that integration is not required for this chapter and, as a result, it can be covered earlier if desired.
Stimulated Raman Scattering
Authors: He Guang S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The gain of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is based on the fact that the photon degeneracy of the pump beam (n¯p) and that of the scattering beam (n¯s) can be both &gt;&gt; 1, and therefore the latter can be increased exponentially. The SRS can be generated in both forward and backward directions. Owing to Raman resonance-enhanced refractive-index change, the self-focusing effect, the four-wave frequency mixing (FWFM) effect, the spectral broadening effect, and the opto-thermal influence-induced self-defocusing effect may take place during the SRS processes. These additional effects can be distinguished from each other using appropriate experimental design. Most SRS studies are related to the molecular vibrational transitions, although some SRS studies are also related to the spin-flip transition in a low-temperature semiconductor crystal, to the electronic transition in a metal vapor, and to the rotational transition in a molecular gas medium.
Stimulated Mie Scattering
Authors: He Guang S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In a fluid medium containing multiphoton active nanoparticles, the pump laser beam may interfere with the initial backward Mie scattering from the nanoparticles to form a standing-wave field with a spatially periodic intensity modulation. This leads to the formation of the induced Bragg grating through the intensity-dependent refractive-index change of the scattering medium. The nonlinear reflection from the induced stationary Bragg grating provides the necessary gain to the backward Mie scattering beam and may lead to the generation of stimulated Mie scattering (SMS) without any frequency shift. It has been shown that the primary contribution to the induced refractive-index change is from the spatial redistribution of the nanoparticles driven by the multiphoton resonance enhanced gradient force imposed by the standing-wave field.
Multiphoton Photoelectric Effects
Authors: He Guang S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Multi-photon excitation may produce the photoelectron emission from the surface of a metal sample or induce the conductivity change in a semiconductor sample. In both cases and under appropriate experimental conditions, the photoelectric yield resulting from the m-photon excitation is proportional to the mth power of the incident laser intensity. When one of the intermediate-state energy levels related to the multi-photon transitions is close to or overlapped with one of the material’s eigenenergy levels, the photoelectric yield is significantly enhanced. Based on this kind of resonance enhancement, the image-potential states (IPSs) of a metal surface and the exciton transition behavior of a semiconductor sample can be well studied via the multi-photon excitation technique. In addition, the time-resolved IPS study can be implemented using a pump-probe approach.
Introduction
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This study of violence, specifically murder and collective violence in the Habsburg Monarchy and its selected successor states, addresses how the perception of these two violent acts changed from 1914 to 1922 as a result of the First World War. The book argues that the experience of war meant that previously unacceptable forms of violence, such as murder, took on a more acceptable character, while collective violence took on a new, more violent character. Studying violence and its interpretations can help us understand the changing mental horizons of societies that were confronted with the apocalypse of the First World War and then sought a path out of it. The book zones in on certain areas of the Habsburg Monarchy, namely the industrial and densely populated Austrian and Czech lands, as well as the rural, less industrial German-speaking area of South Tyrol. Following the war and the dissolution of the Monarchy these areas transformed into the “defeated” Austrian Republic and the “victorious” Czechoslovak Republic, whilst South Tyrol was annexed by Italy, thus providing us with various versions of postwar national and state contexts in which the phenomena of violence occurred. By exploring murder and collective violence in these regions our aim is to grasp how ideas about humanity and the world in which it lived were transformed by the First World War, and how people who lived through it reacted to these changes as they reconstructed their societies following the end of the war.
Jack the Ripper and Sherlock Holmes
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Rapid urban development and industrialization resulted in a sharp increase in the population of both Vienna and Prague at the end of the nineteenth century. This dynamic population growth in turn led to the need to diversify the press, leading to cheap newspapers that were aimed at the lower classes, who had moved to the cities from the countryside. These new types of newspapers placed an emphasis on sensationalist reporting, including in the case of murder, showing the dark side of urban modernity. The modern city, in opposition to the countryside, became the symbolic center of a dark and violent form of deviance, around which a cultural narrative also formed. The most emblematic example was the case of Jack the Ripper in east London. Soon all states in Europe were in search of their own Ripper, with the tabloid press in hot pursuit to boost sales and quench the thirst of its readership for sensationalist murder cases and to strengthen the stereotype of the dark urban metropolis. The glorification of crime and its perpetrators however led to a counter-narrative that put at its center the detective fighting these crimes. Similarly to the case of Jack the Ripper, another British (in this case fictional) protagonist, Arthur Conan Doyle’s detective Sherlock Holmes, became an inspiration for writers in the Habsburg Monarchy. The sensationalist press and the heroes of dime novels transformed the perception of physical violence into one of the defining features of urban modernity.
Prostitutes and Workers
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Women, the youth, children, and workers created a new form of action in the public sphere, which traditional politics had difficulty controlling. Collective violence, this chapter shows, broke out during hunger demonstrations and rioting crowds were part of a new “politics” and a new “political culture” of spontaneous protest. Representatives of the state were unable to understand fully what was occurring in front of them and they attempted to explain it in a way that in with their worldview, which was structured around ethnicity, party affiliation, class, and gender. Thus, calling protesters “prostitutes” or “low class” helped them to make sense of the situation, even if the labels that they attached to the protesters were incorrect. The gender, age, and social diversity of the participants was a new phenomenon of these protests—women were participants and the number of children engaged in illegal activities as well as in protests steeply increased from the prewar period. Apart from the diversity of the participants another striking characteristic of these demonstrations was the speed with which the behavior of those taking part could turn violent. Authorities also suspected conspiracies and enemy spies amongst the mob, which again helped them to make sense of the spontaneity of the demonstrations. However, the protests were very much real with their own language of discontent that turned into collective violence.
Blackshirts
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In the first days of November 1918, as Austrian troops were replaced by Italian ones, swarms of soldiers were trying to make their way home through South Tyrol. Reports of units misbehaving and looting were widespread, and violence broke out as attempts were made to restore order. The moral vacuum in the region, however also helped the locals to obtain scarce goods. The Italian troops were initially welcomed, but the enthusiasm soon subsided and, with the help of the press, nationalist German politicians, as this chapter shows, framed the arrival of the Italians as a struggle between two nations. Local German nationalist politicians mobilized the population with this ethnic spin on the situation unfolding, ethnizing violence. Italian Fascists provoked open conflict with the German speakers of the region, which reached its peak during “Bloody Sunday” and the killing of the German teacher, Franz Innerhofer, whose death was incorporated into the regional culture of memory. Thus, South Tyrolean vigilance against the many intruders who threatened them during the war was transformed after 1918 into an ethnic-based resistance to the Italian presence in the region.
Beliefs Are States Not Performances
Authors: Chrisman Matthew 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Some epistemologists (especially virtue reliabilists) argue that belief is a performance, which is a claim they employ to explain the axiological and deontological dimensions of epistemic normativity. This chapter shows, with some relatively simple linguistic tests, that ordinary belief attributions should be classified aspectually as state descriptions, and not as performance descriptions. Because of this, an account of epistemic normativity that is based on the virtue reliabilist idea that beliefs are performances rather than states threatens to simply change the topic, rather than answering to difficult questions about epistemic normativity.