bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insecticide Evaluation for Corn Earworm Control on Sweet Corn, 1992
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Classic Touch’ sweet corn was seeded on 31 Mar at the Wes Watkins A.R.E.C, Lane, OK. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plots were four rows wide, on 91 cm centers, by 6.7 m long with plants spaced 10-15 cm apart within rows. Two unplanted rows between plots served as spray buffers. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Thirty primary ears from the inner 4.9 m of each plot were selected for insect damage evaluation. Treatments were applied on 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17 and 19 Jun with a tractor-mounted PTO-driven air pressure sprayer calibrated at 95.8 liters per acre, three TX-10 nozzles per row were configured with one nozzle on each side of the row directed inward at the level of the silks and one nozzle above the tassels. Ears were harvested on 22 Jun and evaluated for CEW damage by measuring the depth of penetration from the tip of the ear. Ears were categorized according to USDA standards as undamaged, marketable (no damage beyond 38 mm from tip or 12.7 cm of ear undamaged after trimming) or unmarketable (damage beyond 38 mm from tip or ears less than 12.7 cm after trimming). An average penetration depth from the tip was also calculated.
Control of Fall Armyworm in Sweet Corn with Bacillus Thumngiensis, 1991
Authors: Teague T. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field trials were conducted in fall 1991 in Jonesboro, AR, in sweet corn planted 19 Jul on Calloway silt loam soil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were 2 rows wide (1 m row spacing) and 10 m long with 1 row separating adjacent plots. Applications were made on 1, 5 and 8 Aug using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with one hollow cone nozzle situated ca 15 cm directly over the whorl and calibrated to deliver 93 ha-1 at 0.27 MPa. FAW population density and plant damage was determined by dissecting 10 randomly selected plants/plot prior to applications and 4 days following the last application. Larvae were categorized as small (&lt;0.5 cm), medium (&gt;0.5&lt;1 cm), and large (&gt;1 cm). Damage was rated for each plant as: (1) very little to no damage, (2) slight damage to outside leaves and whorl, (3) moderate damage to outside leaves with whorl damage fresh and very apparent, (4) heavy damage throughout plant, and (5) complete decimation. All data were subjected to ANOVA, and means were separated using LSD.
Foliar Sprays on Late Planted Sweet Corn, 1992
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 6 Jul near Georgetown, DE. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using two nozzles/row delivering 50 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 25, 28, and 31 Aug; 3, 8, and 11 Sep. At harvest maturity (14 Sep), all ears from each plot were husked and evaluated for damage as clean ears (no damage) and tip damaged ears (less than 3.6 cm tip damage). All worms were identified, counted, and recorded.
Evaluation of Jojoba Oil Formulations for Spwf Control on Cucumbers, 1992
Authors: Sparks Alton N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small plot study was conducted in Weslaco, Texas to evaluate two formulations of jojoba oil for control efficacy against the SPWF on cucumbers. Experimental plots measured one row (40 in.) by 25 feet. Plots were separated by single row wind breaks of sudan grass. Treatments were initiated when plants were in approximately the 3 true leaf stage. Treatments consisted of jojoba oil mixed with lauryl sulfate and a premix jojoba oil. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer at 40 PSI, with 3 lOx hollow cone nozzles per row (1 overtop, 2 on drops) in a total volume of 50 GPA. Applications were made on 1, 7 and 12 Oct 1992. Adult SPWF were monitored 24 hours after each application by counting the number of adults on the first fully expanded leaf from the terminal on three plants in each plot. Immature stages were monitored on 9 and 14 Oct on two randomly selected plants per plot. Two leaves were removed from each plant (4th and 6th leaf from the terminal on 9 Oct; 5th and 7th leaf from the terminal on 14 Oct) and brought into the laboratory for counting. Two 2.2 cm diameter disks were cut from each leaf using a cork borer and the total number of immatures were counted on these disks (8 disks per plot).
Eggplant, Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1992
Authors: Hamilton George C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Harris Special’ eggplant transplants were planted in 90 ft rows on 15 May. Each treatment consisted of 10 rows of 10 plants, separated by 5 ft buffers, replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was sprayed with a low-pressure boom sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 36 psi. Treatments were applied 22 and 31 Jul; 7 and 15 Aug. Weekly counts were made from all plants for the total number of eggmass, small and large larvae, adults, and number of flowers and fruit.
Evaluation of Spray Additives and Application Methodology Effects on Thrips Control on Onions, 1990
Authors: Sparks Alton N. , Chambers Cliff 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots (2-40 inch beds by 20 ft) were established in commercial onion fields near Mission (spray additive test) and Donna (spray methodology test) Texas. Spray additives were evaluated in combination with Lannate at 0.9 lb Al/acre and were applied on 23 Jan with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer (50 gal/acre, 50 psi, 2-10x hollow cone nozzles per bed). Spray methodology was evaluated by applying Lannate (0.9 lb Al/acre, 2 Mar) and Ammo (0.1 lb Al/acre, 12 Mar) to test plots using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with various combinations of nozzles, spray pressures and spray volumes. Efficacy was evaluated in both tests by counting the number of thrips on 5 randomly selected plants per plot.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) Products in Spring, 1992
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bt products were evaluated for control of PLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in a commercial apple orchard near Wenatchee. Trees were 4-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The test design consisted of five-tree plots replicated five times in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were applied as handgun sprays at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Application dates and plant development periods are shown in the table. Two post-treatment evaluations were made, the first on 6 Apr, between the tight cluster (TC) and pink (P) applications and the second on 24 Apr, following the last application at petal fall (PF, 24 Apr). Each tree was examined and the number of active feeding sites (live leafroller larvae) was recorded.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes with in-Furrow Treatments, 1992
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Rouse Robert 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Red Norland" potatoes were planted in 25 foot rows on 18 May 92. Plots consisted of a single row treatment. The distance between rows was 72 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 9 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Granular treatments were applied with a small shaker can over top the seed pieces in the furrow. In furrow H20 treatments were applied to the seed at the rate of 20 gal/acre with a 2 gal sprinkle can. Initial treatments were applied at planting with foliar spray treatments of Furadan when necessary. Sprays were applied 18 Jun; 3 and 4 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of adults, larvae and egg masses/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 3 Aug from 25-ft row.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) Products in Summer, 1992
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three Bt products were evaluated for control PLR larvae of the summer generation. The test orchard was located at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Test Trees were 15-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The orchard was irrigated by over-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. The test design consisted of seven-tree plots replicated five times in randomized complete block. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Dates of different treatments are shown in the table. The 9 Jun application was timed to coincide with predicted beginning of egg hatch. The 15 Jun application was timed to coincide with predicted peak of egg hatch, and the 22 Jun application was timed to coincide with the completion of egg hatch. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 20 Jul when surviving larvae could be easily found at the tips of growing shoots. Each tree was examined for 2 min and the number of active feeding sites (live leafroller larvae) was recorded.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Insecticides, Pasquotank Co., NC, 1992
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Holloway C. Wade 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Atlantic’ potatoes were planted 25 Mar, near Elizabeth City, NC, on 42 inch centers. Thimet 15 G (3.0 lb (Al/acre) was applied in furrow at planting. Plots consisted of single rows, 10 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates within rows. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18X). Application rate was 80 gal/acre delivered at 50 psi. Applications were made 12 May (all materials) and 21 May (all treatments with the exception of Trigard 75 WP at hatch only). Counts of insects on 3 hills/plot were made 12 and 21 May. Small larvae were assumed to be first and second instars, and large larvae, third and fourth instars. Visual damage ratings were made 21 May and 10 Jun. Potatoes were harvested and yielded recorded 10 Jun.
Pumpkin Insect Pest Control, 1992
Authors: Teague T. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pumpkins were direct seeded on 20 Jul near Bay, AR in Dubbs sandy loam soil on raised beds spaced 2 m apart. Plots were 12 m long, 3 beds wide with 3 m alleys separating plots. Treatments included applications at planting (AP) or 3 wks later; these were either a soil applied sidedress (SD) or a foliar application (F). AP applications were made in the seed furrow using a CO2 charged backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 3.6 liters/100 m of row through a single hollow cone nozzle attached to the planter’s double disk opener. For the sidedress application, the spray nozzle was attached to a small knife which cut a 2 to 4 cm deep furrow ca 15 cm from the base of the plants. The broadcast foliar application was made with a tractor mounted sprayer equipped with flat fan nozzles calibrated to deliver 327 liters/ha at 0.55 MPa. Plants were inspected for pest presence and damage on 10 and 22 Aug. MA (winged and wingless) densities were determined by examining 1 leaf, 18 to 25 cm in diameter, on 5 randomly selected plants/plot. The entire plant was then inspected and the total no. of live adult SCB, SCB damage, dead SCB within a 30 cm radius of the base of the plant, and number of SB egg masses were recorded. SCB damage was rated on a 1 to 5 scale ranging from 1 = 0 or very little damage to 5 = complete decimation.
Control Of Green Peach Aphid On Spinach, 1992
Authors: Edelson Jonathan V. , Crouse Larry , Stacey Bill 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three insecticides were evaluated for control of green peach aphid on spinach in Oklahoma. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 blocks and 5 treatments. Insecticides were applied using a hand held CO2 propelled spray boom at 2 rates (40 and 5 gal/acre) at 40 psi with 4 Teejet T12 hollow cone nozzles. Plots were 5 ft wide (6 rows spinach) by 15 ft long. Aphid counts were made across all plots 5 days prior to application and 3 days after application.
Thrips Control in Tomatoes in North Florida, 1992
Authors: Funderburk J. , Olson S. , Brown A. , Snell J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was located in Gadsden Co., Florida. Plot size was 1 row x 27 ft. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Spray insecticide treatments were applied on 1, 8, and 15 May with a 1-row, CO2 powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with 5 D7-45 nozzles/row. The chemicals were applied at about 60 psi, with the amount of spray about 63 gal/acre. The density of thrips in tomato flowers was estimated in each plot 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment. Each sample was placed in a prelabeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents of each vial under a 7 to 15 x dissecting microscope.
Control of Leafminers, Armyworms and Tomato Pinworms on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1991
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set 5 Sep, 15 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 10, 17, 24, 31 Oct, 8, 14, 22 Nov and 11 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre using a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. On 8 Nov, the number of southern armyworm larvae per plot was determined by a whole plant search. On 25 Nov, the numbers of small (&lt;0.5 inch long) and large (≥0.5 inch long Liriomyza spp. leafmines were counted in a 1 minute search of selected treatments. On the same date, the number of leafrolls produced by larvae of the tomato pinworm was counted in a 2 minute search of each plot. Fruit was harvested on 11, 15 Nov, 4 and 13 Dec and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number and weight of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (primarily the southern armyworm) were determined.
Evaluation of Preventive and Rescue Sprays for Spwf on Potted Tomatoes, 1990
Authors: Sparks Alton N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potted tomato plants were used in a greenhouse study to evaluate specific insecticides as preventive and rescue sprays for SPWF. Each treatment and check was replicated four times as a preventive and rescue spray. Preventive applications were initiated prior to SPW infestation establishment. Four applications were made on a weekly basis starting 10 Sep. Plants receiving rescue sprays were treated four times on a weekly basis starting 12 Oct (SPWF was well established at this time). Treatments were evaluated three days after the final application for each group. Treatments were diluted at indicated rates for application in 100 gal/acre. The dilute sprays were applied with a hand held atomizer. Plants were placed on a turntable and turned as they were being sprayed to insure thorough coverage. SPWF populations were monitored by sampling three leaves from each plant (2nd, 4th and 6th leaf from the cotyledons). Each leaflet of the trifoliate was placed under an index card containing two 1/4 inch hole punches, examined under magnification, and all eggs, immatures and pupal cases seen within the hole punches were recorded as number per leaf (six hole punches). Because of extreme unequal variation associated with SPWF distribution, data were transformed using Log X + 1 for analyses. Data presented are means for all three locations on the plant and analyzed with location as an independent variable.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly, Tomato Pinworm, and American Serpentine Leafminer on Staked Tomato, Fall 1991
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Cawley B. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twelve, 3 ft by 240 ft beds on 6 ft centers were planted with ‘Sunny’ tomatoes spaced 20 inches apart on 22 Oct. Standard cultural practices were followed for staked, seep-irrigated tomatoes in southwest Florida. Dipel 2 X was applied as needed for control of armyworms. Experimental design was randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each block consisted of 3 rows with each replicate plot comprised of 3 rows 23 ft in length. There were 10 treatments plus an unsprayed control. Five weekly applications were made, beginning on 5 Dec. A single boom plot sprayer equipped with drops fitted with Albuz ATR lilac ceramic tips was operated at 400 psi. Each drop had 3 nozzles, for a total of 6 per row. Average delivery per nozzle was 0.194 gal/min; total delivery rate was 54 gal/acre. SPWF and LM immatures, LM stings, and completed mines were monitored weekly with a random sampling of 3 terminal leaflets from three 6th Leaves (from the top) per plot, 1 per row. Leaf area was determined with a leaf area meter to obtain values for SPWF per cm2. Adult SPWF were counted from one, 3-inch sq yellow card trap exposed for 24 hr (one card per row). Fruit was harvested twice, weighted and counted by USDA size categories, culled and checked for TPW damage.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1992
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The plots, 34 ft × 34 ft, were in a 3-yr-old stand of ‘Cimarron’ variety alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied on 23 Apr with a low pressure, low volume, Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying Systems 8003 stainless steel Tee Jet nozzles and operated at a pressure of 35 psi. Valent W-77 non-ionic spreader activator (0.25 % volume/volume) was added to an Ambush 2 EC treatment at 0.2 lb (AI)/acre. A standard treatment of Furadan 4 F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre for comparison. Population densities of AW larvae were determined 5, 8, 11, 18 and 21 DAT by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net. A phytotoxicity rating was made 5 and 8 DAT in the Lorsban plots where 1 = no damage and 9 = complete kill with 2 through 8 being intermediate.
Alfalfa Weevil Control in Alfalfa, 1992
Authors: Shields E. J. , Taylor P. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 7.6 m2 (25 ft2) were established in a 6-yr-old field of ‘Oneida VR’ alfalfa in the vegetative state located in Ithaca, NY. Soils were silt loam. Nine treatments and 1 untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 27 May with a CO2 pressurized, 4-nozzle, hand-held spray boom which spanned 1.44 m (56 inches). The sprayer delivered 215.7 liters/ha (22.8 gal/acre) at 40 psi and a walking speed of 4.4 km/hr (2.7 mi/hr). AW density was evaluated 1 day pre-treatment and 4, 7, and 14 DAT by collecting 10 stems per plot and counting total number of larvae collected per plot. Data for all plot samplings were expressed as mean AW/stem.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1992
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Cheves Robert , Day Merry Lou , Grove Chris 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We conducted this experiment in a 5.4 acre block of 38-yr-old trees, which measured 16.5 ft in height and 23 ft in width and were planted 20 X 40 ft apart. Experimental design consisted of 6 single-tree plots (3 ‘Rome Beauty,’ 3 ‘Golden Delicious’) in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a volume of 100 gal/acre. Applications were made on 9 Apr (delayed dormant [DD]), 22 Apr (prepink [PP]), 14 May (petal fall [PF]), 28 May (first cover [1C]), 11 Jun (second cover [2C]), 25 Jun (third cover [3C]), 9 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 22 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 7 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 20 Aug (seventh cover [7C]), and 2 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). An application error was made at DD resulting in a 1.3 to 8 fold overdose. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Bayleton, Captan, Dodine, Kocide, NAA, Nova, Solubor, Streptomycin, and Topsin-M. Control of RAA was evaluated by counting colonies/tree.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite on Azuki Bean, 1992
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Aguilar Hugo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven chemicals and 1 combination were evaluated for control of TSSM at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Prosser, Benton County, WA. Spray treatments were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to delivery 25 gal/acre at 60 psi from a 7.5 ft boom with 8 TXVS-8 conejet nozzles. A completely randomized design was used with 0.01 acre plots replicated 5 times. Treatments were applied on 19 Aug. TSSM females were sampled by randomly selecting 20 leaflets/plot. Leaflets were placed in paper bags and kept in a cold box until processed with a mite brushing machine. Plots were visually examined for evidence of phytotoxicity.
Control of Insect Pests on Spring Canola, 1992
Authors: Bragg David E. , Tanigoshi Lynell K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were planted 14 Mar with a Val-Mar applicator (seeding rate; 6 lb/acre) on the Dye Ranch, Pomeroy, WA. Ten insecticides were applied 23 Jun near the end of full bloom. Spray treatments were applied using a Rears low pressure, tractor boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 21 gal/acre at 50 psi and 5 mph. Fifteen 8002 flat fan nozzles with 100 mesh screen were arranged at 22 inch spacings on a 20 ft boom. Plots were 20 x 30 ft, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were evaluated at 2, 9, 15, and 21 DAT with 2 (180°) sweeps with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net. Temperatures and wind speed during treatment were 78-80°F and 3 mph, respectively. Total precipitation during the chemical evaluation period was 1.68 inches.
Suppression of Flea Beetles in Canola, 1992
Authors: Johnson G. D. , McLendon M. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Canola plots were established at the MSU Hort Farm in Bozeman, MT. Two tests measuring 10 x 30 ft, were planted on 3 Jun. Insecticides were applied on 18 Jun with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 20 psi. The hand held spray boom had Teejet 8001 flat fan nozzles and a 10 ft spray swath. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replicates per treatment. Treatments were evaluated by assessing FB plant damage using a numerical rating of 0 to 6, where 0 = no damage, 1 = minor leaf abrasion, 2 = 1-3 shot holes with some pitting, 3 = 3-5 shot holes with 25% of cotyledon destroyed, 4 = 5-10 shot holes with 25-50% of the cotyledon destroyed, 5 = &gt; 50% of cotyledon destroyed, and 6 = no cotyledons. In test 1, pre- and posttreatment ratings were made by randomly selecting 10 plants in each replicate. In test 2, 10 plants in each replicate showing minimal FB damage were flagged shortly after emergence and rated prior to treatment and each selected DAT. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and means separated by LSD test.