bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Summer Control of CRM, 1988
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. A. , Appelboom T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to completely randomized 1-acre plots. Two half-acre plots were left untreated. Treatments were applied with an FMC airblast sprayer on 1 Aug at a rate of 333 gal/acre. Twenty-five fruit were examined from the canopy of 2 randomly selected trees in each of 4 subplots for a total of 8 trees/treatment. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 counts were combined and recorded as one observation. The spray water pH was 7.7. All treatments included 2 pt Triton 44 M, resulting in pH 6.0 prior to adding any pesticides. All treatments included 4 lb Champion cupric hydroxide/acre.
Effects of Insecticide Sidedress Placement, 1988:
Authors: Teague T. G. , Scott A. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests were conducted to determine whether placement of fertilizer shanks for delivery of fertilizer, insecticide, or both affected broccoli yields or efficacy of control of PPGA. Broccoli was direct seeded into double rows spaced 10 inches apart on 40-inch beds on 24 Sep 1987 in a Hidalgo fine sandy loam in Monte Alto, Tex. Plants were thinned to a 4-inch spacing on 12 Oct, and the crop was irrigated (furrow flood) as needed to avoid water stress. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot consisted of 4 beds, 70 ft long; 10-ft alleys separated replications. Treatments consisted of applications of a liquid fertilizer solution (32-0-0) delivered with varying number of fertilizer shanks (knives) per bed. For each bed, there was 1 shank (between rows only), 2 shanks (on 2 outside margins of rows), or 3 shanks (between and on the outside of each row). The outside fertilizer shanks were positioned 3-6 inches from the plants. Fertilizer was applied as a sidedress either alone or in combination with an insecticide. There were 2 control plots; one received no insecticide or fertilizer, the other received only a foliar application of a systemic aphicide. A commercial liquid fertilizer applicator calibrated to discharge 25 gal/acre delivered the sidedress treatments 1-3 inches below the soil surface. The foliar spray was applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a CO2-powered system fitted with a single-cone nozzle/bed and calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre on a 20-inch band. Applications were made when plants were at the 6-8-leaf stage on 29 Oct. Soil temperature at application was 27°C. PPGA density was estimated using a simple flotation technique; roots from 5 randomly selected plants were immersed in a calcium chloride solution (1 tablespoon CaCl in 1 gal water), and insects floating to the surface were counted. A pretreatment sample was made on the day of application, and subsequent samples were made at 2-wk intervals until harvest. Yields were determined by hand-harvesting a 20-ft subsample in two beds near the center of each plot. Only broccoli heads of commercially acceptable maturity were harvested during each of 3 harvests. Yield data were combined for each successive harvest to provide cumulative totals. All data were analyzed using ANOVA, and means were separated using LSD.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae, 1987:
Authors: East D. A. , Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Early Round Dutch’ variety cabbage was direct seeded in single-row beds with 40-inch centers in a Willacy fine sandy loam soil at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. Plots measured 55 ft by 2 rows and were bordered by 1 row of grain sorghum. Treatments were replicated 5 times in randomized complete block design. Spray applications were applied by tractor-mounted CO2-powered boom calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 60 psi operated at 3 mph. Following the initial spray treatments on 17 Nov, all treatments had 5 plants/plot sampled weekly for larvae. Treatments that had populations exceeding a mean of 0.3 larvae/plant were sprayed the following day. On 12 Jan 1988 10 cabbage heads were randomly selected from each plot and rated for marketability. A head was considered marketable if no visible evidence of larval feeding damage was observed on the head or wrapper leaves.
Imported Cabbage Webworm Control, 1988:
Authors: Marutani M. , Muniappan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘C-0 Cross’ seeds were planted on 13 May in potting media in a 162-cell styroform tray. Each cell contained 2-4 seeds, and plants were thinned to leave 1 seedling/cell. Five treatments were replicated 3 times in a complete randomized block design. Insecticides were applied by hand sprayers on 26 and 28 May. The percentage of plants infected by webworms was determined on 26 (prespray), 27, and 30 May.
Second-Generation Walh Insecticide Experiment, 1987
Authors: Eisner E. A. , Beers E. H. , Browne R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 7-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomzied complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Materials were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Treatments designated as early timing (E) were applied on 28 Jul; those marked standard (S) were applied on 12 Aug. Early sprays were timed shortly after the second-generation nymphs hatched. The standard timing coincided with the first appearance of fourth-instar WALH. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 leaves/tree showing visible injury on the upper surface. Counts were made at weekly intervals. Cumulative leafhopper-days were calculated by averaging 2 successive nymph counts, multiplying by the number of intervening days, and adding these over the 8 count dates.
Control of Chinch Bugs in Buffalograss, 1989
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Paustian J. W. , Kalisch J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on a buffalograss lawn in Lincoln, NE. Insecticides were applied on 6 Sep to 5 × 5 ft plots arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. The predominant grass species was buffalograss (98%) which was maintained at a mowing height of 5.0 inches. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 72°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil moisture was well below field capacity. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 4 or 10 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. A total of 4.79 inches of rainfall occurred during the post-treatment period. No irrigated water was applied. Product efficacy was evaluated 5 DAT (11 Sep) by cutting from each plot 4 randomly selected sections of turf to a depth of 2 inches with a 4- inch diameter cup cutter (0.35 ft2 total area per plot). Turf sections were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 hr.
Control of Black Slug and Veronicellid Slug, Hawaii, 1989
Authors: Arita L. H. , Fukada M. T. , Furutani S. C. , Hara Arnold H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy tests were conducted from Mar to Jun at the University of Hawaii at Hilo, College of Agriculture, Hilo, Hawaii. Chrysanthemum seedlings were planted in nursery flats (17 × 19 inches) containing a cinder and peat (1:1) media and grown under greenhouse conditions for two months. Wooden arenas (12 × 12 × 12 inches) were placed approximately 1 inch deep into the media. A 1-inch-wide band of rock salt was glued onto the top inner surface of the wooden arena to prevent slug escape. The following molluscicides were applied onto the plant material or media within the wooden arena (one molluscicide/arena): Slug-Geta (2% 3,5-Dimethyl-4-(methythio) phenyl methylcarbamate), Deadline-40 (4% metaldehyde), Deadline Bullets (4% metaldehyde), Durham Metaldehyde Granules 3.5 (3.5% metaldehyde), Corry's Slug and Snail Death (2% metaldehyde), and Corry's Liquid (4% metaldehyde). After treatment, 10 field collected black slugs were placed into each arena. Mortality counts were taken 1, 3, 5, and 7 DAT. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Identical protocol was used for the veronicellid slug.
Control of the Melon Aphid on Chrysanthemum Under Glasshouse Conditions, Spring 1988
Authors: Vehrs Stacy , Garcia Jacinto , Bethke James A. , Parrella Michael P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rooted chrysanthemum cuttings were potted (1/pot, 6 inch dia) 3 wk prior to use. Plants were exposed to an infestation of aphids (Aphis gossypii) in the greenhouse. Four weeks post-exposure, pre-treatment counts of aphids were made. Plants were separated into 6 treatments and a control and isolated on a separate raised bench within the greenhouse. Treatments were applied to 4 plants/treatment by a hand sprayer at approximately 45-60 psi. Counts of live aphids were made 5, 10, and 15 DAT on both leaves and terminal (undifferentiated leaves) portions of the mums.
Control of Whiteflies on Poinsettia Under Glasshouse Conditions, Summer 1988
Authors: Bethke James A. , Parrella Michael P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Poinsettias (Annette Hegg cv. Brilliant Diamond') were obtained as rooted cuttings and potted in 6 inch pots in a greenhouse and allowed to grow for 4 wk before use. Twenty sweet potato whiteflies or greenhouse whiteflies were confined to 4 expanded leaves/plant for a 24 h period by clip cages, 2 separate times, a wk apart. Each plant contained one whitefly species and one treatment and there were 4 plants/treatment. Half of the plants were exposed at each time period. One day after the second exposure the number of immatures were counted on the oldest exposure and the number of eggs on the more recent exposure. Plants were separated into treatment groups followed by treatment using a 2 gal hand sprayer at 45 psi. Treated and water treated (control) plants were kept in the greenhouse at 80°F and ambient relative humidity for 4-5 d. Post-treatment counts were taken 4 d later on treated immatures and 10 d later on eggs.
Pyracantha, Evaluating Foliar and Topical Sprays for Control of Japanese Beetle, Wooster, Ohio, 1988
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pyracantha (0.2 m tall) growing in containers were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against Japanese beetle adults. A CO2 compression sprayer with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply foliar and topical sprays to run-off. Foliar applications were made at 40 psi on 25 Jul under sunny skies, 29°C, and a 16-24 kph breeze. Treatments received ca. 0.8 cm rainfall 4 h after sprays were applied and 2.0 cm additional rainfall throughout the test period, along with 3.8 cm of weekly overhead irrigation after first samples were removed. Sprayed foliage was fed to field-collected adults at specified intervals after application. Foliar sprays were evaluated by removing two 10-15 cm twigs from each plant at specified intervals and, along with 5 field-collected adults, were placed in a 1-liter Fonda cup with a mesh top. Residual efficacy of insecticides was evaluated 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 d after foliar sprays were applied by allowing adults to feed on sprayed foliage for 48 h. After 48 h, moribund adults were placed on unsprayed foliage, and final percent mortality was assessed 48 h later. Topical applications were made at 15 psi on 27 Jul under sunny skies, 27°C, and a 8-16 kph breeze. Three 10-15 cm twigs were placed upright in culture tubes with the cut end in water to keep sprigs fresh. Five field-collected adults were placed on each twig, and sprays were applied. Adults and twigs were immediately transferred to 1-liter Fonda cups fitted with a mesh top. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 48 h later by assessing percent mortality. All treatments were replicated 3 times.
Control of Hawthorn Lace Hugs on Pyracantha, 1989
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Hawthorn lace bug control was evaluated on 360 ft of hedge on the OSU campus. Treatments were applied on 15 Aug consisting of 20 ft sections of 4 ft high hedge. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray applications were made with a Hardi RY 15 back pack sprayer at 30 psi. Spray was applied to the point of runoff. Temperature and wind velocity was 69°F and 0-4 mph, respectively. Infestations were determined by counting adults and nymphs on 8 inches of terminal branch at 10 locations in each replication at 3, 7 and 14 DAT.
Spruce Spider Mite Control with Safer’S Soap, Conventional Pesticides, and Combination Soap and Insecti-Cide Sprays on Fraser Fir in Centre Co., Pa, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nineteen treatments were evaluated to control spruce spider mite on heavily infested 5-6 ft Fraser fir Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied to 4 tree replicates. Foliar sprays were applied by using a 412 Solo Master mistblower. 303 ml of each treatment was applied to each replicate (100 gal/acre). Treatments were applied 2 Jun under cloudy skies. The air temperature was 82-88°F, 70% RH, and water pH was 5.0. Samples consisted of randomly removing 4 4-inch twigs from each replicate. Then they were placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler back to the laboratory. Samples from each replicate were then passed through a mite brush, and the total number of viable spruce spider mite life stages (eggs, larvae, nymphs, adults) collected on a 5 inch circular sampling disc positioned directly beneath the brushes were counted with a stereo dissecting microscope. Posttreatment samples were collected 10 d (12 Jun) later.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control in North Carolina, 1988
Authors: Hobbs W. R. , Hain F. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two Christmas tree plantations of Virginia pines in Lenoir County, NC were selected to test 3 experimental insect growth regulators for efficacy. Three application rates each of RH-5849 and RH-5992, developed by Rohm and Haas Company, and 2 application rates of LAB 166 801 I, developed by BASF Corporation, were tested. RH-5849 and RH-5992 were applied with spreader-sticker triton B-1956 (4 oz/100 gal). Guthion and Dimilin were used as standards. Using a randomized block design, 3 blocks of 35 trees each in plantation I and 3 blocks of 25 trees each in plantation II were selected for treatments and controls. The trees were sprayed on 23 Jun in plantation I and 18 Aug in plantation II, 10 d after peak pheromone trap catch of adults, with a hand pump sprayer to the point of run-off. Each site was evaluated 5 wk after treatment. The dead terminals were examined for tip moth and counted on treated and untreated trees, using 3 center trees of each block in the evaluation.
Vigilante®, Terminator®, and Warbex® for Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle, 1987
Authors: Barton W. E. , Noblet R. , Gray E. W. , Hill H. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Vigilante bolus (5% diflubenzuron), the Terminator ear tag (20% diazinon), and Warbex (pour-on, 13.2% famphur) were administered in horn fly efficacy trials at the Simpson Agricultural Experiment Station in upstate South Carolina. Vigilante boluses were administered to cattle based on the weight of the animal with a standard balling gun (136 to 250 kg received Yz bolus; otherwise Vt bolus per 102 kg body weight). No animal received more than 2 boluses. The Terminator ear tags were applied 2 per head. Mixed breed beef cows were divided randomly into five herds for application of treatments in this study. Forty-two cows with calves were orally administered Vigilante boluses on 18 Jun. All animals of this herd were also treated with Warbex at the label rate. A second herd of 30 cows with calves was treated with boluses only on 19 Jun. A third her-d of 39 cows with calves was bolused, and adult cows also were tagged with Terminator tags. A fourth herd of 58 cows with calves was left as an untreated control. On 7 Jul, 2 weeks after the boluses were administered, a fifth herd of 41 cows without calves were tagged with 2 Terminator tags/animal. The number of flies on one side of 10 randomly selected cows/herd was counted each wk for 11-wk posttreatment with the aid of binoculars between the hours of 0900 and 1200 EST.
Efficacy of Chlorpyrifos and Permethrin Formulations Against Insecticide-Resistant House Flies, 1988
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Knapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In-secticides were applied to unpainted 75.2 cm2 oak boards. Each formulation was added to water and applied at the rate of 3.8 liters/69.7 m2. A pressurized 3.8 liter stainless steel hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 7 ml/s at 20 psi with a 12 × teejet brass cone nozzle was used to apply the insecticides. Groups of 8 boards were each sprayed with one of the above insecticides. In Test I, 4 boards from each application were placed inside a building while the remaining boards were placed outside for weathering. Four unpainted, untreated oak boards were also placed in each area to serve as controls. Six wk posttreatment, the indoor boards were resprayed and were referred to as Test II. Adult house flies used for all investigations were reared from eggs deposited from wild flies at a University of Kentucky research swine barn. These flies were initially tested for susceptibility to technical permethrin (95.2% AI) and chlorpyrifos (97% AI) via topical application at the start of Test I and II and at the end of Test II. A susceptible house fly laboratory colony was used as a baseline to compare the susceptibility of the wild flies. In Test I and II, 15 3-d old wild house fly adults were confined to treated and untreated oak boards using 7.6 cm diameter mason jar lids fitted with aluminum window screening. Flies were placed on the boards on the day of treatment and biweekly thereafter for 6 wk. Knockdown and mortality were recorded 24 h postexposure. Flies that were unable to remain upright but were still able to move an appendage when probed with a teasing needle were recorded as knocked-down.
Laboratory Evaluation of Two Insecticides for Residual Control of Two Filth Fly Species, 1988
Authors: Meyer Jeffery A. , Cry Tracy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Unpainted plywood panels, painted plywood panels (high gloss, white acrylic paint) and styrofoam panels were sprayed with 1.25% AI Alfacron 50 WP and 1.25% AI Ectiban WP. Each insecticide treatment also included sugar in the spray mixture, at a rate equivalent to 120 g/liter finished spray. Each panel was bioassayed at 1 d, 3 and 6 mo after treatment with adults of little house fly and house fly. Twenty-five flies of one species were placed under a screened enclosure. Two enclosures with each fly species were placed on pre-designated spots on each panel during each bioassay (50 flies of each species per panel). Mortality counts were taken at 1 and 24 hr post-exposure. Panels were exposed to field conditions during the interval between bioassays.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Red Imported Ftre Ant in Walton County, Georgia, 1990
Authors: Diffie Sa. , Bass Ma. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three treatments were applied at 6:00 pm on 24 May as follows: Amdro bait broadcast over a 2.75 acre plot, Logic bait broadcast over a 2.4 acre plot, and a third plot (2.0 acres) was left untreated as a control plot. A Herd Seeder mounted on a Honda ATC was used to apply the baits. At 3:30 pm on 5 Jun Lorsban granules were broadcast over the Amdro and Logic plots. Each plot contained four 0.1 acre circular subplots. Plots were marked with orange surveyor stakes. Pretreatment counts were made on 24 May in each subplot. Posttreatment counts were made on 28 Jun, 17 Jul, 29 Aug, and 7 Feb.
Imported Fire Ant Control on Non-Cropland in South Mississippi, 1991
Authors: Harris Joseph P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in three locations in Covington, Jasper, and Newton Counties in south Mississippi. Each location consisted of three replications. Each replication was about 1000 ft1 consisting of 10 active fire ant mounds. Treatments were made on 12, 7, and 6 Jun in Covington, Jasper, and Newton Counties, respectively. A second treatment was made on 12, 8, and 8 Jul in Covington, Jasper, and Newton Counties, respectively. Granular formulations were applied as mound treatments. Imported fire ant hill density was determined by visual observation. Pretreatment counts were made the same day of treatment and four posttreatment counts were made encompassing about 7, 14, 30, and 41 DAT.
Control of Armored Scales on Bird of Paradise, Hawaii, 1990
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy trials were conducted from 18 Oct to 29 Nov in a 13 acre bird of paradise field located in Hakalau, HI. Plots measured 8 ft by 5 ft with ca 150 plants per plot arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. A 12 ft spacing was provided between plots and a 20 ft buffer zone between the plots and the grower’s planting. Insecticide sprays were applied to runoff using a compressed air sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. The spreader sticker, Triton B-1956, was added to all treatments and the control at a rate of 3.0 fl oz/100 gal. Insecticides were applied at 2 wk intervals for a total of 3 applications. Two weeks after the last treatment 10 leaves were randomly sampled from each replicate, 40 per treatment, and observed under a dissecting microscope. The number of live and dead scales was recorded.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Mifflin Co., Pennsylvania, 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a COz sprayer with four 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with blank granules to facilitate product distribution At treatment time (30 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 88°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 78°F; RH, 40%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inch; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 36.8% sand, 44.0% silt, 19.2% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 20.5%; organic matter, 5.0%; water pH, 7.0; and soil pH, 5.2. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 26 d later (25 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Curative Treatment with Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Billbug at the Valentine Research Center, University Park, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The field plot consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass. Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied in 2.0 gal water with a hand-held 2.5 gal sprinkling can. Granular formulations (G) were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (26 Jun), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 78°F; RH, 58%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.75 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 23.3% sand, 58.1% silt, 18.6% clay; organic matter, 2.9%; soil moisture (oven baked), 8.1%; water pH, 7.0; and soil pH, 6.2. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 14 d later (10 Jul). Bluegrass billbug control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate. The total number of bluegrass billbug life stages (larvae, pupae, adults) were recorded from each sample and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4-inch cup cutter.