bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teasing apart the unique contributions of cognitive and affective predictors of math performance
Authors: Silver Alex M. , Elliott Leanne , Reynvoet Bert , Sasanguie Delphine , Libertus Melissa E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMath permeates everyday life, and math skills are linked to general educational attainment, income, career choice, likelihood of full‐time employment, and health and financial decision making. Thus, researchers have attempted to understand factors predicting math performance in order to identify ways of supporting math development. Work examining individual differences in math performance typically focuses on either cognitive predictors, including inhibitory control and the approximate number system (ANS; a nonsymbolic numerical comparison system), or affective predictors, like math anxiety. Studies with children suggest that these factors are interrelated, warranting examination of whether and how each uniquely and independently contributes to math performance in adulthood. Here, we examined how inhibitory control, the ANS, and math anxiety predicted college students’ math performance (n = 122, mean age = 19.70 years). Using structural equation modeling, we find that although inhibitory control and the ANS were closely related to each other, they did not predict math performance above and beyond the effects of the other while also controlling for math anxiety. Instead, math anxiety was the only unique predictor of math performance. These findings contradict previous results in children and reinforce the need to consider affective factors in our discussions and interventions for supporting math performance in college students.
Sivelestat's effect on Candida albicans water‐soluble fraction‐induced vasculitis
Authors: Yoshida Yuya , Banno‐Terada Rie , Takada Masashi , Fujii Toui , Takagaki Naofumi , Maekawa Aoi , Tanaka Arisa , Endo Miki , Yamada Ayaka , Mamiya Ryota , Nagi‐Miura Noriko , Ohno Naohito , Tsuji Takumi , Kohno Takeyuki 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundWe investigated the efficacy of sivelestat sodium hydrate (SSH) as a treatment for Kawasaki disease, and its pharmacological action sites, in mice with Candida albicans water‐soluble fraction‐induced vasculitis.MethodsSivelestat sodium hydrate was administered intraperitoneally to Candida albicans water‐soluble fraction‐induced vasculitis model mice to assess its efficacy in preventing the development of coronary artery lesions based on the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration in the aortic root and coronary arteries (vasculitis score). The pharmacological sites of action were investigated based on changes in neutrophil elastase (NE) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1) positive areas, ICAM‐1 and tumor necrosis factor‐α mRNA expression levels in the upper heart, and the proportion of monocytes in the peripheral blood.ResultsThe vasculitis score decreased below the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval of untreated mice in 69% of the SSH‐treated mice. The NE‐ and ICAM‐1‐positive regions, and the mRNA expression of ICAM‐1 and tumor necrosis factor‐α were lower in the SSH‐treated mice than in the untreated mice. The proportion of monocytes in the peripheral blood was higher in the SSH‐treated mice than in the untreated mice, whereas monocyte migration to inflammation areas was suppressed in the SSH‐treated mice.ConclusionsOur results showed that SSH might prevent the development of coronary artery lesions and ameliorate disease activity. In addition to its NE‐inhibitory effect, SSH sites of action may also include monocytes.
Health visiting in England: The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Morton Alison , Adams Cheryll 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis focused review of evidence considers the impact of the pandemic in 2020 on families with children under 5 years in England, and the health visiting (HV) service that supports them. . Data were drawn from national surveys of health visitors (HVs) and parents, a freedom of information request of employers, published research, and national data. Framework analysis and triangulation, using the Key Elements of an effective HV service, were used to categorize the key findings. The findings from the review indicate that the impacts of the pandemic were wide‐ranging and disproportionately affected the most disadvantaged families, increasing demand for HV support. HVs’ ability to respond was compromised due to national policy decisions to partially stop the service and variations in local implementation including the redeployment of HVs, pre‐existing workforce capacity issues, and the effectiveness of innovations to identify and support vulnerable families. The pandemic exacerbated factors that can lead to poorer outcomes for families. Key learning from the pandemic response, including the need to prioritize the HV service, must be acted upon to reduce ongoing impacts now and ensure that the service is equipped for future emergencies.
Data‐driven storage operations: Cross‐commodity backtest and structured policies
Authors: Mandl Christian , Nadarajah Selvaprabu , Minner Stefan , Gavirneni Srinagesh 
Published: January 2022

Storage assets are critical for physical trading of commodities under volatile prices. State‐of‐the‐art methods for managing storage facilities such as the reoptimization heuristic (RH), which are part of commercial software, approximate a Markov Decision Process (MDP) assuming full information regarding the state and the stochastic commodity price process and hence suffer from informational inconsistencies with observed price data and structural inconsistencies with the true optimal policy, which are both components of generalization error. Focusing on spot trades, we find via an extensive backtest that this error can lead to significantly suboptimal RH policies. We develop a forward‐looking data‐driven approach (DDA) to learn policies and reduce generalization error. This approach extends standard (backward‐looking) DDA in two ways: (i) It represents historical and estimated future profits as functions of features in the training objective, which typically includes only past profits; and (ii) it enforces structural properties of the optimal policy. To elaborate, DDA trains parameters of bang‐bang and base‐stock policies, respectively, using linear‐ and mixed‐integer programs, thereby extending known DDAs that parameterize decisions as functions of features without policy structure. We backtest the performance of RH and DDA on six major commodities, employing feature selection across data from Reuters, Bloomberg, and other public data sets. DDA can improve RH on real data, with policy structure needed to realize this improvement. Our research advances the state‐of‐the‐art for storage operations and can be extended beyond spot trading to handle generalization error when also including forward trades.
The contemporary guru field
Authors: Lucia Amanda 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe guru field—to implement sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s understanding of the concept of “field”—is a term signifying the symbolic sphere of influence, power, and sociality populated by “specialized agents”, that is, in this case: charismatic Hindu religious leaders and their movements. Compounded with the term “contemporary,” the title of this article suggests a distinctive religious field located in the near present, at once characterized by modernity, globalization, and technological developments, and also by the postcolonial and post‐Independence context of modern India. This article aims to assess the contours of that historical trajectory, beginning with Swami Vivekananda’s speeches at the World’s Parliament of Religions and continuing through the present day. The author also proposes possible futures for emerging scholarly directions in assessing this influential and expanding scholarly field.
Development of a 3D Computational Human Knee Joint Model
Authors: Gil Jorge , Li Guoan , Kanamori Akihiro , Woo Savio L.-Y. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Numerical modeling of the human knee joint has been pursued by various researchers [1,2]. Several knee joint models have been reported to simulate the kinematic and dynamic response of the knee joint to external loads, which to various degrees are representative of those found in the knee’s daily function. However, experimental validation of these models has been scarcely documented. Typical validation procedures should include a comparison of computational results from numerical simulations, to those from experimental tests performed on actual human joint specimens. The loading conditions must be carefully controlled and reproduced from one testing approach to another for acceptable comparison of the knee joint responses.
Mathematical Modeling of Bus Rollover Crashes
Authors: Sharma Vivek , Mohan Dinesh , Chawla Anoop 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Buses are widely used for public transport in all countries. There are no crash worthiness standards for buses in India. The body makers fabricate the bus body on the truck chassis according to the specifications of the user with little consideration for safety of passengers. This work is an attempt to study the effect of roll-overs on the structure of a typical Indian bus using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Multibody-FEM systems software MADYMO was used with the objective of evaluating the current structure and exploring alternatives. The existing and the modified bus structures were analyzed for vertical falling velocities of 4 m/s, 6 m/s, 8 m/s and 10 m/s and load of 500 kg, 1000 kg, 1500 kg and 2000 kg per “ring” of the bus. The preliminary results show that there is scope for improvement in the existing bus structure. The stiffness of the bus structure can be increased by supporting the ceiling of the bus on pillars. This modification reduces intrusion into the bus but the force on the bus structure increases. To increase the crash worthiness of the bus structure substantially an internal double roof needs to be incorporated. This modification reduces intrusion as well as the force. This project indicates the possibility to improve crash characteristics of vehicles used in India and other Asian countries without expensive rollover tests. The computer simulation techniques used in this project can be integrated with the design process of the vehicles from very beginning.
Collagenase-Induced Degradation of Rat Tail Tendon
Authors: Hunter Shawn A. , Grood Edward S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Tissue grafts are widely used in the repair of damaged tendons and ligaments. However, studies have shown that these grafts rapidly lose their strength shortly after implantation [1]. One possible mechanism for such behavior is the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) due to the action of collagenase, a matrix metalloprotenase. Studies investigating the effects of water content and uniaxial tension on collagen degradation by bacterial collagenase have been performed in the rabbit model [2]. However, results obtained using bacterial collagenase cannot be extrapolated to mammalian collagenase due to their differences in activity. In addition, the limited availability of mammalian collagenase makes it difficult to use in the relatively large rabbit model. The purpose of this study was to replicate bacterial collagenase experiments [2] using rat tail tendons in order to determine the feasibility of using the smaller rat model to study the effects of mammalian collagenase on tendon degradation.
Polymethylmethacrylate as a Thermal Barrier for Protecting the Spinal Cord
Authors: Mocarski R. B. , Park C. K. , Allen M. J. , Yuan H. A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is used to reconstruct the spine after total corpectomy. Pre-polymerized PMMA was evaluated as a potential thermal barrier to protect the spinal cord from the high temperatures reached during the exothermic reaction of the curing PMMA. An experimental fixture was developed to conservatively model the in-vivo case. A single factor experiment with three levels of barrier thickness and three replicates of each level was completed. The three levels of barrier thickness were 0mm (no barrier), 5mm and 8mm. In the experiment 60 ml of PMMA were poured on top of the barrier. Temperatures were measured in two locations; at the center of the mass of the curing PMMA, and on the “spinal cord” side of the barrier. The temperatures measured for the “spinal cord” side were 60°C, 47°C, and 43°C, for the 0mm, 5mm and 8mm barriers respectively. A single factor ANOVA shows these results to be significant. (ANOVA test 99%, P = 0.000024). Temperatures at the center of the curing PMMA mass were consistent at 106.75°C (σ = 3.88), and show the experiment to be well controlled. From the temperature measurements, heat flow from the curing PMMA into the barrier material was calculated. Values for the thermal conductivity of the PMMA barrier were in agreement with those reported previously by Huiskes (1980). In the clinical setting, it should be possible to use a thin layer of pre-polymerized PMMA as a barrier to protect the spinal cord from thermal damage.
Effects of Rapid Curvature Changes on Flow Through Coronary Artery Models
Authors: Weydahl Erlend , Santamarina Aland , Moore James E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The localized nature of atherosclerosis has led to extensive study of blood flow patterns and their possible involvement in atherogenesis. Vessel geometry has always been considered a primary factor in determining blood flow patterns. In the coronary arteries, the geometry varies dynamically due to myocardial contraction. The effects of physiologic axial (Moore et al., 1994) and lateral (Delfino et al., 1994) vessel movement on coronary blood flow patterns have been shown to be important in producing oscillations in wall shear stress. Those studies were limited to straight vessels that translated in one direction only. Previous studies of flow in curved tubes with time-varying curvature showed that large quasi-static wall shear rate amplitudes relative to the static case when the curvature change was 50% of the mean curvature (Santamarina et al., 1997). The largest variation in wall shear rate from the minimum curvature to the maximum curvature was 52%, and was found at the mid-wall location (halfway between the inner and outer wall of curvature along the circumference) for the highest mean curvature ratio studied (δ = 0.12). A comparison of the shear rate amplitudes found in a tube whose radius of curvature varies dynamically at 1 Hz to the variations noted in the quasi-static analysis revealed differences of less than 1%. Changes in the mean wall shear rate predicted with the dynamic analysis were less than 7%, relative to the wall shear rate at the static mean radius of curvature. It was concluded that, although the change in curvature creates a relatively large shear rate amplitude, the fact that the curvature varies dynamically at 1 Hz is not important in predicting wall shear rates.
Flow Patterns in an Intracranial Side Wall Aneurysm Model Using Particle Image Velocimetry
Authors: Lieber B. B. , Nikolaidis N. , Wakhloo A. K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We investigated flow patterns in an intracranial side wall aneurysm model under pulsatile flow conditions using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The hemodynamic parameters were representative for those in human vertebral arteries. Analysis of flow patterns show the formation of a vortex and shifting of its center inside the aneurysm during the pulse cycle. Higher than normal values of shear stress were recorded on the proximal and distal neck of the aneurysm during the systolic phase of the cycle. Maximum values were attained during peak systole. However, the stresses on the distal neck of the aneurysm were always higher than the those proximally.
Numerical Simulations of Endovascular Balloon Occlusion for Cerebral Aneurysms
Authors: Minoura Tetsuji , Sakai Nobuyuki , Tsutsumi Sadami 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We investigated how hardness of the material inside a balloon used for endovascular occlusion to treat cerebral aneurysm. This study was motivated by the fact that the balloon occlusion employing HEMA (2-hydroxyl ethylmethacrylate) can lead to further growth of aneurysm in many cases. We showed distribution of stresses acting on the cerebral aneurysm wall by means of a dynamic finite element method (FEM). We used a 2-dimensional finite element model assuming the conventional type of cerebral aneurysm. Our simulation results indicated that the optimal Young’s modulus of the material inside the balloon is about 100 kPa, which is much lower than that of HEMA. We believe that our simulation method can be used for a specific patient condition and provide a proper value of the Young’s modulus of the inside material.
A Study of the Influence of Womersley Number on Flow in Curved Pipes
Authors: Dwyer Harry A. , Cheer Angela Y. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A numerical study has been carried of the influence of Wormersley number on the fluid flow in curved pipes at high Dean number. The investigation has covered the important flow regimes in blood vessels, and a detailed study of the flow physics has been carried out. At high Womersley number the favorable and adverse pressure gradients domainate the flow, while the low Womersley results approach steady flow results. Detailed results are obtained for wall shear and the flow pressure field.
A Mathematical Model of the Artery Focused on the Behavior of Smooth Muscles in Active State
Authors: Yamada H. , Shinoda T. , Tanaka E. , Yamamoto S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Smooth muscles activation causes a large change of the artery in the mechanical properties and the deformation behavior. Thus, mathematical modeling of the artery both in passive and in active states is required to describe the mechanical behavior in various cases such as solid-fluid interactions under flow regulation and muscular tissues contraction.
Secondary Flow Augmentation in Intermittent Oscillatory Flow in Model Human Central Airways
Authors: Tanaka Gaku , Ogata Tomoko , Oka Kotaro , Tanishita Kazuo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Axial and secondary velocity profiles through a model human central airways were measured to clarify the intermittent oscillatory flow structure during high-frequency oscillation. Velocities in the two directions were measured by a two-color laser-doppler velocimeter. In the trachea, secondary flow is enlarged at the early stationary phase in both the inspiratory and expiratory phases. This augmentation of secondary flow promotes axial gas dispersion by enhancing cross-stream mixing.
Effect of Different Geometric Parameters on the Flow Characteristics in a Symmetric Bifurcation Model
Authors: Farag Ashraf , Ng Terry , Olson Dan , Hammersley Jeffrey 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Steady divergent flow (inspiratory directed) is measured using Laser Doppler Velocimetry in large scale models carefully mimicing the morphometry of small human airways. We Evaluated the anatomical features which induced vorticity in the flow from a vorticity free entrance, under conditions of convective similitude (simultaneous Reynolds And Dean’s Numbers). Five symmetrical bifurcation models with different bifurcation angles and curvature ratios are tested. A flow separation (carina) in each model is shaped to anatomical measures and the conformation of the transition between parent and daughter branches representing the morphmetric mean shape defined from casts of human airways. The flow pattern in the daughter tubes is typical of laminar flow within the entrance (diameter/axial length &lt; 5) to sharp bends (Dean number &gt; 500), with rapid development of strong secondary flows (maximum secondary velocity is 40% of mean axial velocity) consisting of two main vortices, with two smaller and weaker secondary vortex activities towards the inner wall of curvature. These may be time dependent interrelation with these vortices causing warbling at specific flow conditions. The calculated vorticity transport along the flow axis showed interaction between the viscous forces at the new boundary layer development along the carinal wall and centrifugal forces of curvature, with a significant influence by the upstream flow prior to the entering the actual flow division. This interplay resulted in an overshoot of the calculated vorticity transport comparable to flow entering curved bends an a suppression for the tendency to separate at the inner wall of these tight bends. The maximum primary flow velocities are skewed towards the carinal side (outer wall of curvature) and development of a second peak occurred with convection of the higher velocity elements towards the inner wall of curvature by the strong secondary flow. The appearance of the second peak depends mainly on the curvature ratio of the daughter tubes. This study is the “baseline” observation for a airway structure to function analysis. The observed flow patterns have high influence on conductive mixing, particle deposition, volume flow distribution, gaseous scrubbing (absorption at the liquid wall surfaces), and conductive-diffusive axial dispersion mechanism; all critical features for respiration.
Detailed velocity measurements are carried out in all models at different axial locations. The locations are chosen according to the expected rate of velocity alterations in the models. Figures 1 to 4 show some typical primary and secondary velocities in models 1 (1/7 curvature ration and 70° bifurcation angle) and 4 (1/14 curvature ratio and 70° bifurcation angle at Reynolds number of 1500 based on the parent tube diameter. As can be seen in Figures 1 and 2, the second peak is not observed in model 4 while it is clearly observed in model 1.
Computational Visualization of External and Internal Biological Flows With Fluid-Wall Interactions
Authors: Yamaguchi Takami , Liu Hao 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Most of biologically interesting flows consist of four dimensional (4D), i.e. of three spatial and one temporary dimensions, motion. This is always true regardless it is the internal or the external biological flow field. In the blood flow, one of representative internal flows, the blood vessel has extremely complex 3D configuration and the flow is highly unsteady due to an oscillatory driving pressure generated by the heart. Respiratory flow, which is another important internal flow in the living animals, is a purely oscillatory flow with null mean in time. The airway is also as complex as the vascular system in its configuration and constitution. External flow phenomena are not exceptions to this. Flows passing over wings of flying animals and fins of swimming animals are also strongly unsteady due to oscillatory motion of these propelling structures. The shape of wings and fins is far from simple and their motion is complex in the spatial three dimensions.
Dynamic Response of Vehicles and Occupants During Full-Scale Sideswipe Crash Tests
Authors: Khadilkar Anil V. , Laviano Claude , Ward Parris , Hoffman Michelle , Shyer Bruce N. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Many vehicle crashes involve sideswipes. In 1994, NHTSA’s data collected from FARS and GES files showed that sideswipes accounted for 4.6 percent of the total number of motor vehicle accidents. Sideswipe crashes occur at both freeway/highway speeds and at city street speeds and are characterized by one vehicle effectively running along the side of another vehicle. Typically, sideswipes result in vehicle damage with limited penetration; however, the length of damage along the side of the vehicle can be extensive and can result in high damage repair costs. Limited technical literature is available regarding sideswipe crashes, specifically that involving the use of instrumented volunteer occupants. This paper presents details and the results from a sideswipe test conducted by the authors in December, 1997. The test was conducted to recreate an actual sideswipe vehicle crash that was a part of a litigation case the authors were involved in.