bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health economics explained through six questions and answers
Authors: Zweifel Peter 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHealth economics as a discipline is described using six questions to be answered: Is health different from all other goods? Is the ‘cost explosion’ the core issue? What is the relative importance of moral hazard and adverse selection in competitive health insurance? What is the relevance of supplier‐induced demand? For evaluation, is cost effectiveness the appropriate standard? And finally, can the the very high degree of regulation in health care be justified on economic grounds? While the answers are soundly grounded in microeconomic theory, they show that economists interested in health and health care are far from the caricature of penny‐pinching ‘Elephants in a porcelain shop’ (Gbadebo & Reinhardt, 2001).
Gratefulness, resentfulness, and some modern slogans
Authors: Klein Daniel B 
Published: February 2022

AbstractScholars distinguish between gratitude and gratefulness. Both sentiments involve an appreciation of the benefits that one enjoys. Gratitude, however, also involves a positive feeling directed to the benefactor. Gratefulness does not necessarily involve any benefactor, much less a feeling towards one (‘I am grateful for the warm sunshine’). I suggest a parallel distinction between resentment and resentfulness. I suggest that in the primeval band resentfulness would be provoked by inequality and by non‐inclusiveness, and give rise to proper resentment. But we are not in the band any more. Now, resentfulness is bad, only it should be deemed an atavism. Gratefulness is, rather, a virtue, and should be encouraged. This article suggests that the propagandistic power of the modern slogans of ‘inclusiveness’ and ‘equity’ is atavistic.
Private regulation versus government regulation: The example of financial markets
Authors: Booth Philip 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEconomists generally study financial regulation in a ‘market failure’ context. Market failures, as defined in undergraduate textbooks, are identified and government action is proposed to remedy those failures. Quite apart from objections to the market‐failure model that can come from many perspectives, this approach ignores the ways in which regulatory institutions can develop within financial markets. Indeed, such institutions were the norm in the UK until the mid‐1980s, and they still exist today. This article proposes that economists should take this observed reality into account. When considering the appropriateness of government intervention, they should first study the relative advantages and disadvantages of private and government regulation.
Influence of placebo effect in mental disorders research: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Fernández‐López Rodrigo , Riquelme‐Gallego Blanca , Bueno‐Cavanillas Aurora , Khan Khalid S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundRandomized controlled trials (RCT) in mental disorders research commonly use active control groups including psychotherapeutic shams or inactive medication. This meta‐analysis assessed whether placebo conditions (active controls) had an effect compared to no treatment or usual care (passive controls).MethodsPubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Ovid, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Web of Science were searched from inception to April 2021 and reference lists of relevant articles. Three‐arm RCTs, including active and passive control groups, were selected. Where individual standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculable, random effects meta‐analyses were performed to estimate an overall effect size with 95% confidence intervals (CI) comparing active vs passive controls. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistic and meta‐regression. Funnel asymmetry was evaluated using Egger's test (Prospero registration: CRD42021242940).Results24 articles with 25 relevant RCTs were included in the review, of which 11 studies were of high risk of bias. There was an improvement in outcomes favouring the placebo conditions, compared to passive controls, overall (25 studies, SMD 0.24, 95% CI 0.06–0.42, I² = 43%) and in subgroups with anxiety (SMD 0.45, 95% CI 0.07–0.84, I² = 59%) or depression (SMD 0.22, 95% CI 0.04–0.39, I² = 0%). Meta‐regression did not show a significant explanation for heterogeneity. Egger's test showed no asymmetry (p = .200).ConclusionsA small placebo effect was observed in mental disorders research overall, and in patients with anxiety or depression. These findings should be interpreted with caution in the light of heterogeneity and risk of bias.
Quality and accuracy of patient‐oriented Web‐based information regarding tooth avulsion
Authors: Nangia Divya , Saini Aakriti , Krishnan Arunakshi , Sharma Sidhartha , Kumar Vijay , Chawla Amrita , Logani Ajay 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackground/AimTooth avulsion (TA) is a severe form of traumatic dental injury. The tooth's prognosis depends on the immediate measures taken. First responders are often laypeople, and the Internet is a favored platform to access health‐related information. The aim of this descriptive study was to evaluate the accuracy, quality, readability, and popularity of patient‐oriented web information regarding the emergency management of TA.MethodsThree search engines (Google, Bing, and Yahoo.com) were browsed with six VPNs using “knocked out tooth,” “fallen out tooth,” and “tooth avulsion” as keywords. The top 20 results for each were evaluated. Webpages were included if they had information oriented to caregivers. They were analyzed for accuracy (cutoff ≥95%). Quality of web pages was assessed using DISCERN and the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark. Readability was evaluated using Flesch‐Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Gunning Fog (FOG), Coleman–Liau Index (CLI), and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG). Popularity was assessed by Alexa Popularity Rank (APR). Accurate and inaccurate webpages were compared using chi‐square analysis and the Mann–Whitney U test. Spearman's correlation between the studied metrics was established. A p < .05 was considered significant.ResultsSeventy‐two webpages were included, of which 23 (32%) were accurate. The median DISCERN ratings for accurate and inaccurate webpages were 3.0 [2.5–3.0] and 3.0 [2.0–3.0], respectively (p = .331). Ten (44%) accurate and 12 (24.5%) inaccurate webpages had high‐quality JAMA (p = .089). The median readability scores for accurate webpages were FKGL (8 [6.75–9.2]), FOG (10.6 [9.55–12.3]), CLI (7 [6–7]), SMOG (6.7 [6.15–7.5]), while scores for the inaccurate webpages were FKGL (7.85 [6.275–8.525]), FOG (10.55 [8.875–11.425]), CLI (7 [7–8.25]), and SMOG (7 [6.2–7.925]), with a higher CLI score for inaccurate webpages (p = .0035). The median APRs for accurate and inaccurate webpages were 1,02,538 [26,852–14,43,755] and 7,63,190 [2,19,799–29,92,067], respectively (p = .163). Accuracy had a positive correlation with quality (DISCERN: rho = .293, p = .013; JAMA: rho = .249, p = .036), while popularity (APR) was negatively correlated with quality (DISCERN: rho = −.330, p = .013; JAMA: rho = −.287, p = .032).ConclusionRelevant webpages were limited and had low accuracy. This can impact the emergency management by laypeople and adversely affect the prognosis following avulsion.
Validity and reliability of global ratings of satisfaction with epilepsy surgery
Authors: Wahby Sandra , Lawal Oluwaseyi A. , Sajobi Tolulope T. , Keezer Mark R. , Nguyen Dang K. , Malmgren Kristina , Atkinson Mark J. , Hader Walter J. , Josephson Colin B. , Macrodimitris Sophia , Patten Scott B. , Pillay Neelan , Sharma Ruby , Singh Shaily , Starreveld Yves , Wiebe Samuel 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to assess the reliability and validity of single‐item global ratings (GR) of satisfaction with epilepsy surgery.MethodsWe recruited 240 patients from four centers in Canada and Sweden who underwent epilepsy surgery ≥1 year earlier. Participants completed a validated questionnaire on satisfaction with epilepsy surgery (the ESSQ‐19), plus a single‐item GR of satisfaction with epilepsy surgery twice, 4–6 weeks apart. They also completed validated questionnaires on quality of life, depression, health state utilities, epilepsy severity and disability, medical treatment satisfaction and social desirability. Test‐retest reliability of the GR was assessed with the intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC). Construct and criterion validity were examined with polyserial correlations between the GR measure of satisfaction and validated questionnaires and with the ESSQ‐19 summary score. Non‐parametric rank tests evaluated levels of satisfaction, and ROC analysis assessed the ability of GRs to distinguish among clinically different patient groups.ResultsMedian age and time since surgery were 42 years (IQR 32–54) and 5 years (IQR 2–8), respectively. The GR demonstrated good to excellent test‐retest reliability (ICC = 0.76; 95% CI 0.67–0.84) and criterion validity (0.85; 95% CI 0.81–0.89), and moderate correlations in the expected direction with instruments assessing quality of life (0.59; 95% CI 0.51–0.63), health utilities (0.55; 95% CI 0.45–0.65), disability (−0.51; 95% CI −0.41, −0.61), depression (−0.48; 95% CI −0.38, −0.58), and epilepsy severity (−0.48; 95% CI −0.38, −0.58). As expected, correlations were lower for social desirability (0.40; 95% CI 0.28–0.52) and medical treatment satisfaction (0.33; 95% CI 0.21–0.45). The GR distinguished participants who were seizure‐free (AUC 0.75; 95% CI 0.67–0.82), depressed (AUC 0.75; 95% CI 0.67–0.83), and self‐rated as having more severe epilepsy (AUC 0.78; 95% CI 0.71–0.85) and being more disabled (AUC 0.82; 95% CI 0.74–0.90).SignificanceThe GR of epilepsy surgery satisfaction showed good measurement properties, distinguished among clinically different patient groups, and appears well‐suited for use in clinical practice and research.
Pedigree analysis and estimates of effective breeding size characterize sea lamprey reproductive biology
Authors: Weise Ellen M. , Scribner Kim T. , Adams Jean V. , Boeberitz Olivia , Jubar Aaron K. , Bravener Gale , Johnson Nicholas S. , Robinson John D. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is an invasive species in the Great Lakes and the focus of a large control and assessment program. Current assessment methods provide information on the census size of spawning adult sea lamprey in a small number of streams, but information characterizing reproductive success of spawning adults is rarely available. We used RAD‐capture sequencing to genotype single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci for ~1600 sea lamprey larvae collected from three streams in northern Michigan (Black Mallard, Pigeon, and Ocqueoc Rivers). Larval genotypes were used to reconstruct family pedigrees, which were combined with Gaussian mixture analyses to identify larval age classes for estimation of spawning population size. Two complementary estimates of effective breeding size (Nb), as well as the extrapolated minimum number of spawners (Ns), were also generated for each cohort. Reconstructed pedigrees highlighted inaccuracies of cohort assignments from traditionally used mixture analyses. However, combining genotype‐based pedigree information with length‐at‐age assignment of cohort membership greatly improved cohort identification accuracy. Population estimates across all three streams sampled in this study indicate a small number of successfully spawning adults when barriers were in operation, implying that barriers limited adult spawning numbers but were not completely effective at blocking access to spawning habitats. Thus, the large numbers of larvae present in sampled systems were a poor indicator of spawning adult abundance. Overall, pedigree‐based Nb and Ns estimates provide a promising and rapid assessment tool for sea lamprey and other species.
Cool microrefugia accumulate and conserve biodiversity under climate change
Authors: Nadeau Christopher P. , Giacomazzo Anjelica , Urban Mark C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA major challenge in climate change biology is to explain why the impacts of climate change vary around the globe. Microclimates could explain some of this variation, but climate change biologists often overlook microclimates because they are difficult to map. Here, we map microclimates in a freshwater rock pool ecosystem and evaluate how accounting for microclimates alters predictions of climate change impacts on aquatic invertebrates. We demonstrate that average maximum temperature during the growing season can differ by 9.9–11.6°C among microclimates less than a meter apart and this microclimate variation might increase by 21% in the future if deeper pools warm less than shallower pools. Accounting for this microclimate variation significantly alters predictions of climate change impacts on aquatic invertebrates. Predictions that exclude microclimates predict low future occupancy (0.08–0.32) and persistence probabilities (2%–73%) for cold‐adapted taxa, and therefore predict decreases in gamma richness and a substantial shift toward warm‐adapted taxa in local communities (i.e., thermophilization). However, predictions incorporating microclimates suggest cool locations will remain suitable for cold‐adapted taxa in the future, no change in gamma richness, and 825% less thermophilization. Our models also suggest that cool locations will become suitable for warm‐adapted taxa and will therefore accumulate biodiversity in the future, which makes cool locations essential for biodiversity conservation. Simulated protection of the 10 coolest microclimates (9% of locations on the landscape) results in a 100% chance of conserving all focal taxa in the future. In contrast, protecting the 10 currently most biodiverse locations, a commonly employed conservation strategy, results in a 3% chance of conserving all focal taxa in the future. Our study suggests that we must account for microclimates if we hope to understand the future impacts of climate change and design effective conservation strategies to limit biodiversity loss.
Translation and validation of a French version of the Xerostomia Inventory
Authors: Pierrard Loïc , Grenier Stéphanie , Dramé Moustapha , Musset Anne‐Marie , Jolly Damien 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the transcultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the French‐language version of the Xerostomia Inventory (XI‐Fr).MethodsIn total, 65 patients aged 65 years or older were recruited from three departments of a single French hospital. Patients had to have a Mini Mental State Examination score of 10 or more and be able to read and write French. The XI‐Fr was administered to all patients after transcultural adaptation, at the start of the study, and again at 7 days after inclusion. We assessed reliability, acceptability, validity, internal consistency and reproducibility of the instrument in its French‐language version.ResultsThe XI‐Fr showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.79) and good reliability (intra‐class correlation 0.83) at 7 days. Convergent validity showed no relation between salivary flow and XI‐Fr score, as with the original instrument. Discriminant validity showed a positive correlation between the XI‐Fr and the GOHAI, but no difference for the MNA or miniGDS scores.ConclusionThe XI‐Fr is a valid and reliable measure of xerostomia in French, with psychometric properties comparable to those of the original English‐language version.
Upstream privatization and downstream licensing
Authors: Liu Yi , Wang Leonard F.S. , Zeng Chenhang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study attempts to investigate the impact of downstream foreign licensing on upstream privatization policy in a vertically related market, in which a public firm and a domestic private firm supply exclusively to downstream domestic and foreign firms, respectively. We show that downstream licensing occurs when the cost differential between downstream duopolists is small, and the optimal strategy under licensing is upstream partial privatization. In addition, downstream foreign licensing facilitates upstream privatization. We further show that downstream licensing improves (reduces) local welfare when the cost differential is large (small).
Improving Architecture Students’ Design Skills: A Studio Experience
Authors: Ceylan Salih , Soygenis Sema 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDesign is a complicated task that requires the simultaneous operation of different cognitive processes. Many researchers claim that the design process is something that can be supported with various implementations. Design education helps students improve their design skills by utilising different types of exercises. This article presents a case study wherein third‐year undergraduate students at an architecture school’s design studio were the subjects. The normal workflow of the studio was reinforced with checkpoints where the students were asked to complete exercises based on sketching, writing and visual analogy. The aim of the case study was to stimulate different cognitive processes in the students’ brains through structured exercises to support their design process. This study questions the interrelation between each cognitive process and their relationship with the overall design process, plus whether verbal and written tasks as well as sketching, as cognitive exercises, contribute to the design process. The case study’s findings indicate that students derived significant support from the exercises, and that there is correlation between the students’ participation level in the exercises and their success in the design task. The case study also shows the interrelation between the writing and sketching exercises and their effects on the students’ success in the design process. This article suggests that design educators would benefit from structuring methods efficiently in order to achieve better results when training neophyte designers.
Informed options trading prior to FDA announcements
Authors: Bohmann Marc J. M. , Patel Vinay 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe find that pre‐announcement implied volatility spreads and options trading activity are abnormally elevated and can predict Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announcement date stock returns. The effect is more pronounced in firms with higher levels of information asymmetry and lower‐quality corporate governance suggesting that some options traders are informed in advance of the details that affect the stock price impact of the FDA news. We provide the first examination of informed options trading prior to FDA announcements during a 21‐year period. Our findings have implications for regulators, investors and relevant firms.
A systematic review of academic dishonesty in online learning environments
Authors: Chiang Feng‐Kuang , Zhu Dan , Yu Wenhao 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundDuring the COVID‐19 pandemic, online learning has played an increasingly crucial role in the educational system. Academic dishonesty (AD) in online learning is a challenging problem that represents a complex psychological and social phenomenon for learners. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic reviews of AD in online learning environments.ObjectivesThis study presents a systematic study of AD in online learning environments to delineate its trends and uncover potential areas for further research.MethodsWe conducted this review based on various sources of evidence‐based research and followed the guidelines of the PRISMA statement and procedure for selection. After the exclusion criteria were employed, 59 eligible articles were selected and then analysed in a descriptive overview. Two frameworks were identified in the structured content analysis to analyse these articles. One was the framework of Gilbert's Behaviour Engineering Model (BEM), and the other was the types of interventions for online AD, where 36 articles were analysed.Results and ConclusionsThe descriptive results showed that most studies used quantitative methods and focused on students. The analysis results of influencing factors under the BEM framework showed that the category of environment support and tools accounts for the largest proportion. And the types of interventions for online AD we classified include individual AD & high technological complexity, individual AD & low technological complexity, collective AD & high technological complexity, and collective AD & low technological complexity. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding and guidance of AD in the online environment for relevant managers, designers and developers.
Targeted cluster ablation of non‐CTI‐dependent atrial arrhythmias in congenital heart disease using ultrahigh‐definition mapping
Authors: Kefala Anna , Claridge Simon , Wijayagoonawardana Pradeep , Sadagopan Shankar , Ullah Waqas , Yue Arthur 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundAblation of atrial arrhythmias in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) has markedly improved with advanced mapping systems. However, recurrence rates remain high. The linear ablation strategy is not uncommonly practiced necessitating prolonged ablation times. We report the outcomes of adopting a strategy of minimal, cluster delivery of radiofrequency (RF) energy at critical substrates identified by ultrahigh‐definition mapping for atrial arrhythmias in patients with CHD.MethodsNon‐cavotricuspid isthmus (non‐CTI) atrial tachycardias were ablated with a targeted ablation cluster technique (TACT) using an ultrahigh‐density mapping system combined with multielectrode monitoring and endpoint determination in preference to linear ablation. The arrhythmia substrates, RF times, and acute‐ and medium‐term success rates were studied.ResultsFifty‐eight tachycardias were mapped and ablated in 42 procedures: 34 non‐CTIs and 24 CTIs. A targeted ablation cluster was performed for non‐CTI tachycardias, with a median ablation time of 3.1 min. In 53% of non‐CTI tachycardias, arrhythmia termination was achieved with ≤2 RF applications. After a mean follow‐up of 23.6 months, 27 (80%) patients were free of recurrent atrial arrhythmias. One of 34 targeted non‐CTI tachycardia recurred, with a final success rate of 91%. Linear ablation was performed for CTI flutters with a median ablation time of 6.8 min (vs. non‐CTIs, p = .006). Three of 21 tachycardias recurred due to reconnection of the ablation line but the final success rate was 100%.ConclusionsThe TACT approach for non‐CTI atrial arrhythmias in congenital patients as guided by the ultrahigh‐density mapping is an effective method with short ablation times and excellent medium‐term outcomes.
Reproductive biology of the whitespotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari (Myliobatiformes) captured in the coast of Paraíba and Pernambuco, Brazil
Authors: Araújo Priscila Rocha Vasconcelos , Oddone Maria C. , Evêncio‐Neto Joaquim , Lessa Rosangela 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe present study analysed aspects of reproductive biology based on macroscopic and microscopic structures of whitespotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari captured by artisanal fishing off the coast of Paraíba and Pernambuco (7° 30′ S, 34° 49′ W; 7° 47′ S, 34° 51′ W), northeast Brazil. Of the 71 individuals in the sample, 55% were female (disc width – WD: 532–1698 mm) and 45% were male (WD: 442–1410 mm). The body size at which 50% of the individuals are mature (WD50) for males was 1155.8 mm; the clasper length varied between 24 and 184 mm. The WD50 for females was 1293.9 mm; the diameter of the largest vitellogenic follicle varied between 11 and 31 mm; and only the left ovary and uterus were functional. The microanatomy of the reproductive tract of males and females agrees with that of other elasmobranch species. In males, the highest hepato‐somatic index (IH) average and gonado‐somatic index (IG) average occurred in the third bimester of the year, whereas in females the highest values (average IH and IG, respectively) were in the second bimester of the year. Based on the information on reproduction of A. narinari from this study, it will be possible to contribute to the correct management and protection of this species.