bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract IA02: New concepts in precision prevention
Authors: Rebbeck Timothy R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Traditional approaches to cancer prevention and early detection include population approaches that involve legislation, policy, and social change. These approaches have been extremely effective in many areas including limiting tobacco use, implementing cancer preventive vaccination, and population cancer-screening strategies. Despite their success, some cancers are not readily prevented or detected early by these strategies, and alternative approaches that complement population interventions should be considered. Like the advent of precision medicine, precision prevention and early detection can be developed that build on our substantial knowledge of carcinogenic mechanisms, genetic susceptibility, the effects of extreme environmental exposures, and the natural history of cancers from preneoplasia to invasive cancer. These precision strategies aim to identify groups that may experience optimal benefit from interventions with minimal toxicities. Numerous examples of precision prevention currently exist, including the use of preventive surgery in individuals who have inherited a high-penetrance mutation (e.g., BRCA1, BRCA2, APC) or individuals who have been diagnosed with a preneoplastic lesion that may have a molecular profile that can be monitored over time to identify hallmarks of disease progression and provide opportunities for timely intervention. This presentation will provide an overview of precision prevention and early-detection principles as well as examples of targeted interventions that may minimize the cancer burden in defined high-risk groups.
Citation Format: Timothy R. Rebbeck. New concepts in precision prevention [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Environmental Carcinogenesis: Potential Pathway to Cancer Prevention; 2019 Jun 22-24; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2020;13(7 Suppl): Abstract nr IA02.
Abstract IA22: Impact of workplace exposures on cancer disparities
Authors: Demers Paul A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Workplace exposures can have a big impact on cancer disparities. Perhaps the earliest lens through which disparities were examined was through the UK “Registrar-General’s Social Classes,” which were introduced in 1913. These six classes were based on occupation ranging from “professional occupations” to “unskilled occupations” and were predictive of mortality. One can think of these occupational groups representing both education and income, but they also represent power, control, social prestige/status, and mobility, as well as differential exposure to a wide range of workplace carcinogens. While nonoccupational behavioral risk factors could potentially confound the relationship between social class based on occupation and cancer, adjustment for these factors often does not remove associations. For example, in IARC’s Synergy project, a pooled analysis of lung cancer case-control studies, strong associations between Treiman’s Standard International Occupational Prestige Scale and International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status remained after adjustment for smoking. In studies of occupational cancer, our focus has most often been on “skilled manual” and “semi-skilled” occupations, because it has been easier to document exposure and their employment by either large companies or unionization facilitates recruitment. Although potentially carcinogenic exposures can occur among a wide range of occupations, the risk is not spread evenly. For example, exposure to common workplace lung carcinogens such as asbestos, diesel exhaust, crystalline silica, nickel, and chromium remains prevalent among workers in construction, transportation, mining, and certain manufacturing and service industries, and very rare among managerial, professional, and sales workers. Although the first occupational chemical carcinogen identified was soot, to which chimney sweeps were exposed as child workers, few studies have focused on the lowest, most vulnerable social class because of difficulties recruiting and other practical challenges. For example, studies of pesticides and cancer have most often recruited farmers and pesticide applicators, and not the more vulnerable farm workers, particularly migrant workers. Other examples of vulnerable groups with potentially carcinogenic exposures are electronic waste, nail salon, and cleaning workers. Further studies of cancer among these vulnerable groups are needed.
Citation Format: Paul A. Demers. Impact of workplace exposures on cancer disparities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Environmental Carcinogenesis: Potential Pathway to Cancer Prevention; 2019 Jun 22-24; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2020;13(7 Suppl): Abstract nr IA22.
Abstract IA26: Carcinogens in consumer products: How science can inform policy to benefit public health
Authors: Singla Veena , Woodruff Tracey 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Flame-retardant chemicals have been added to furniture, baby products, electronics, and building materials since the 1970s to meet flammability standards, but their effectiveness is questionable and many are associated with serious health and environmental concerns. Flame-retardant chemicals are associated with health concerns including loss of IQ in children, ADHD, fertility problems, and cancer. Flame retardants do not stay inside products; they migrate out into indoor air and dust and result in human exposure through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. Significant exposure disparities are seen by age, race, and socioeconomic status (SES), with higher flame-retardant levels documented in infants/ toddlers, nonwhite children, and children of lower SES. Exposures to the flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are associated with increased risks for testicular cancer, estimated to result in thousands of excess cancer cases in the U.S. population at a cost of over $80 million annually. The phaseout of PBDEs resulted in a large number of halogenated and nonhalogenated chemicals being used as replacement flame retardants, with studies finding almost 50 unique replacement flame retardants in U.S. indoor dust samples alone. A number of these replacement flame retardants, especially chlorinated chemicals, have identified cancer hazards. A recent assessment from the European Chemicals Agency found increased risks of cancer from infants’ exposures to “chlorinated Tris” flame retardants in children’s products and furniture. Chemical policies have generally managed flame retardants through a paradigm of allowing use while conducting an in-depth, quantitative risk assessment of specific chemicals to inform risk management. Risk assessments include studies of human exposures and effects, and if the chemical is found to be harmful, health damages may already have occurred prior to regulatory decisions. However, there is increasing recognition that this paradigm is insufficient to address current chemicals and their exposures before harm or keep pace with the proliferation of new chemicals. This presentation will review policy approaches attempting to address existing and emerging flame retardants and where possible, present data on their effectiveness in reducing chemical risks.
Citation Format: Veena Singla, Tracey Woodruff. Carcinogens in consumer products: How science can inform policy to benefit public health [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Environmental Carcinogenesis: Potential Pathway to Cancer Prevention; 2019 Jun 22-24; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2020;13(7 Suppl): Abstract nr IA26.
Epithelial Sodium Channel δ Subunit Is Expressed in Human Arteries and Has Potential Association With Hypertension
Authors: Paudel Puja , van Hout Isabelle , Bunton Richard W. , Parry Dominic J. , Coffey Sean , McDonald Fiona J. , Fronius Martin 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Elevated expression and increased activity of vascular epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) can result in vascular dysfunction in small animal models. However, there is limited or no knowledge on expression and function of ENaC channels in human vasculature. Hence, this study explored the expression and function of ENaC in human arteries and their association with hypertension.

Methods:
Human internal mammary artery (IMA) and aorta were obtained from cardiovascular patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Expression of the ENaC subunit was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. ENaC function was observed by patch-clamp electrophysiology in endothelial cells isolated from IMA. Levels of ENaC subunit expression levels were compared between arteries from normotensive, uncontrolled hypertensive, and controlled hypertensive patients.

Results:
For the first time, expression of α, β, γ, and δ was detected at mRNA and protein levels in human IMA and aorta. Single-channel patch-clamp recordings identified both αβγ- and δβγ-like channel conductance in primary endothelial cells isolated and cultured from IMA. Reduced expression of the δ subunit was observed in controlled hypertensive IMA, whereas reduced expression of γ-ENaC was observed in controlled hypertensive aorta.

Conclusions:
These data suggest that functional ENaC channels are expressed in human arteries and their expression levels are associated with hypertension.
Introduction to Nicos Poulantzas, ‘Theory and History: Brief Remarks on the Object of Capital’
Authors: Baasch Kyle 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this Introduction I illuminate the importance of Nicos Poulantzas’s participation at a 1967 colloquium in Frankfurt commemorating the 100th anniversary of the publication of Capital. This colloquium is the only published record of a dialogue between a representative of Louis Althusser’s interpretation of Marx and a member of the first generation of the Frankfurt School and thus casts light on the relationship between these two traditions of critical social theory. After contextualising the colloquium and summarising Poulantzas’s paper, I outline some of the elements of the Frankfurt response to the Althusserian interpretation of Marx by referring to Alfred Schmidt’s contribution to the colloquium, including his reaction to Poulantzas’s paper.
Torenia hookeri, a new combination in Asian Linderniaceae and first record of T. godefroyi in the Himalayan hotspot
Authors: PAL AARATRIK , CHOWDHURY MONORANJAN 
Published: June 2022

Recent phylogenetic revision distinguishes Torenia from Vandellia by hairy or glabrous ovary and poricidal or septicidal capsule not extending the length of calyx (vs glabrous ovary and septicidal capsule clearly exceeding the calyx). Our current study showed that Vandellia hookeri exhibits all the characteristics of Torenia, therefore we change the generic treatment of V. hookeri to Torenia. Torenia godefroyi is also recorded from Himalayan Hotspot for the first time.
Committor Functions for Climate Phenomena at the Predictability Margin: The Example of El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the Jin and Timmermann Model
Authors: Lucente Dario , Herbert Corentin , Bouchet Freddy 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Many atmosphere and climate phenomena lie in the gray zone between weather and climate: they are not amenable to deterministic forecast, but they still depend on the initial condition. A natural example is medium-range forecasting, which is inherently probabilistic because it lies beyond the deterministic predictability time of the atmosphere, but for which statistically significant prediction can be made, which depends on the current state of the system. Similarly, one may ask the probability of occurrence of an El Niño event several months ahead of time. We introduce a quantity that corresponds precisely to this type of prediction problem: the committor function is the probability that an event takes place within a given time window, as a function of the initial condition. We compute it in the case of a low-dimensional stochastic model for El Niño, the Jin and Timmermann model. In this context, we show that the ability to predict the probability of occurrence of the event of interest may differ strongly depending on the initial state. The main result is the new distinction between probabilistic predictability (when the committor function is smooth and probability can be computed, which does not depend sensitively on the initial condition) and probabilistic unpredictability (when the committor function depends sensitively on the initial condition). We also demonstrate that the Jin and Timmermann model might be the first example of a stochastic differential equation with weak noise for which transition between attractors does not follow the Arrhenius law, which is expected based on large deviation theory and generic hypothesis.

Significance Statement
A key problem for atmospheric and climate phenomena is to predict events beyond the time scale over which deterministic weather forecast is possible. In a simple model of El Niño, we demonstrate the existence of two regimes, depending on initial conditions. For initial conditions in the “probabilistic predictability” regime, the system is unpredictable deterministically because of chaos, but the probability of occurrence of the event can still be predicted because it depends only weakly on the initial condition. In the “probabilistic unpredictability” regime, even predicting probabilities is difficult, because the probability depends strongly on initial conditions. These new concepts of probabilistic predictability and unpredictability should be key in understanding the predictability potential for rare events in climate problems, as well as in other complex dynamics.
How Predictable is Short-Term Drought in the Northeastern United States?
Authors: Carrillo Carlos M. , Evans Colin P. , Belcher Brian N. , Ault Toby R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We investigated the predictability (forecast skill) of short-term droughts using the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI). We incorporated a sophisticated data training (of decadal range) to evaluate the improvement of forecast skill of short-term droughts (3 months). We investigated whether the data training of the synthetic North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) climate has some influence on enhancing short-term drought predictability. The central elements are the merged information among PDSI and NMME with two postprocessing techniques. 1) The bias correction–spatial disaggregation (BC-SD) method improves spatial resolution by using a refined soil information introduced in the available water capacity of the PDSI calculation to assess water deficit that better estimates drought variability. 2) The ensemble model output statistic (EMOS) approach includes systematically trained decadal information of the multimodel ensemble simulations. Skill of drought forecasting improves when using EMOS, but BC-SD does not increase the forecast skill when compared with an analysis using BC (low spatial resolution). This study suggests that predictability forecast of drought (PDSI) can be extended without any change in the core dynamics of the model but instead by using the sophisticated EMOS postprocessing technique. We pointed out that using NMME without any postprocessing is of limited use in the suite of model variations of the NMME, at least for the U.S. Northeast. From our analysis, 1 month is the most extended range we should expect, which is below the range of the seasonal scale presented with EMOS (2 months). Thus, we propose a new design of drought forecasts that explicitly includes the multimodel ensemble signal.
Racial and Ethnic Diversity Among Students, Graduates, and Faculty in Biostatistics and Epidemiology, 2010-2020
Authors: Goodman Melody S. , Bather Jemar R. , Chu Xiangying , Pagano Marcello , Plepys Christine M. , Sebro Ronnie A. 
Published: June 2022

Objective: This study is a follow-up to a study in 2020 that reviewed changes in the racial and ethnic composition of public health students, graduates, and faculty among Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health (ASPPH)–member institutions. In the current study, we evaluated how the racial and ethnic composition among biostatistics and epidemiology students, graduates, and faculty changed from 2010 to 2020. Methods: We analyzed data on race and ethnicity of enrolled graduate students, graduates (master’s and doctoral), and faculty at ASPPH-member institutions by using institutionally reported data from the ASPPH Data Center. We tabulated frequencies, percentages, and percentage-point changes by race and ethnicity. We measured differences between groups by using a test for difference in 2 proportions. Results: The number of enrolled students, graduates, and faculty in all departments increased during the study period, while the number of tenure-track faculty in biostatistics decreased. The percentage of enrolled Hispanic/Latino biostatistics graduate students increased from 5.6% in 2010 to 10.2% in 2020 ( P = .007), and the percentage of epidemiology graduates increased from 8.8% to 13.8% ( P = .008). We found no differences among other underrepresented racial and ethnic groups. Most biostatistics and epidemiology professors at all ranks were non-Hispanic White, despite substantial decreases. The percentage of underrepresented racial and ethnic minority biostatistics and epidemiology professors was constant across all ranks. Conclusion: Although more Hispanic/Latino students are enrolled in and graduating from biostatistics and epidemiology departments at ASPPH-member institutions, we found no change among faculty. More work is needed to recruit and retain other (American Indian/Alaska Native, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander) underrepresented students and faculty.
Adverse experiences resulting in emergency medical treatment seeking following the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Authors: Kopra Emma I , Ferris Jason A , Rucker James J , McClure Benjamin , Young Allan H , Copeland Caroline S , Winstock Adam R 
Published: June 2022

Background: Recreational lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) use is growing in popularity amid increasing research interest on psychedelics and their possible therapeutic potential yet; the potent psychotropic effects of LSD may result in adverse reactions and behaviour. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the 12-month incidence and nature of LSD-related adverse experiences resulting in emergency medical treatment (EMT) seeking in an international sample of people reporting LSD use. Methods: We use data from the 2017 Global Drug Survey – a large anonymous online survey on patterns of drug use conducted between November 2016 and January 2017. Results: Out of 10,293 past-year LSD users, 102 (1.0%) reported seeking EMT, with a per-event risk estimate of 0.2%. Younger age, comorbid mental health conditions and higher frequency of use were associated with increased risk of EMT seeking. The most common symptoms were psychological, including anxiety, panic and confusion, with the most common explanatory factors cited by respondents being poor ‘setting’ and ‘mindset’. Most responders reported feeling back to normal within 24 h, but 11 participants experienced persistent issues after 4 weeks. Conclusion: The results suggest that LSD is a relatively safe drug in recreational settings. Adverse reactions are typically short-lived, self-limiting and psychological in nature. Sub-optimal set and setting were commonly reported as suspected contributory factors. Within clinical settings, patient screening, preparatory sessions and supervision should reduce these acute risks considerably.
Pulmonary toxicity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate after intratracheal instillation in sprague-dawley rats
Authors: Yoo Jean , Kim Haewon , Lim Yeon-Mi , Yoon Byung-Il , Kim Pilje , Eom Ig-Chun , Shim Ilseob 
Published: June 2022

In water, sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), a source for chlorine gas generation, releases free available chlorine in the form of hypochlorous acid, a strong oxidizing agent. NaDCC has been used as a disinfectant in humidifiers; however, its inhalation toxicity is a concern. Seven-week-old rats were exposed to NaDCC doses of 100, 500, and 2500 μg·kg−1 body weight by intratracheal instillation (ITI) to investigate pulmonary toxicity. The rats were sacrificed at 1 d (exposure group) or 14 d (recovery group) after ITI. Despite a slight decrease in body weight after exposure, there was no statistically significant difference between the control and NaDCC-treated groups. A significant increase in the total protein level of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was observed in the exposure groups. Lactate dehydrogenase leakage into the BALF increased significantly ( p < 0.01) in the exposure groups; however, recovery was observed after 14 d. The measurement of cytokines in the BALF samples indicated a significant increase in interleukin (IL)-6 in the exposure group and IL-8 in the recovery group. Histopathological examination revealed inflammatory foci and pulmonary edema around the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. This study demonstrated that ITI of NaDCC induced reversible pulmonary edema and inflammation without hepatic involvement in rats.
The Use of Standardized Patients as an Educational Strategy in Baccalaureate Psychiatric Nursing Simulation: A Mixed Method Pilot Study
Authors: Conway Kimberly A. , Scoloveno Robert L. 
Published: June 2022

Objective: Prior psychiatric simulation experiences required our nursing students to role-play in an unknown area of nursing. Students confidence, clinical satisfaction, and use of clinical skills were negatively impacted leading to unmet course objectives. The aim of this pilot study was to strengthen our baccalaureate senior nursing students’ simulation experience in their psychiatric nursing course with the use of standardized patients (SPs) instead of student role-play and measure the impact of this strategy on students’ learning, satisfaction, and confidence in an unfamiliar area of nursing. Methods: A mixed method explanatory sequential design was used. Participants consisted of a convenience sample of senior nursing students enrolled in their psychiatric nursing course. A quantitative simulation tool and a four-item questionnaire were analyzed after completion of the simulations ( n = 47). Results: Findings of this study identified greater than 80% of students had increased level of learning, confidence, and satisfaction with the SP simulation experience. Nurse faculty were able to overcome simulation barriers, that is, a patient hearing voices, non-verbal signs of depression, and evaluate students meeting course learning outcomes. Conclusions: Findings from this study highlight students’ positive simulation experiences. Using SPs as an educational strategy can be effective for students to reach competency, achieve higher knowledge, and improve confidence. It is believed the use of SPs as a simulation strategy in psychiatric nursing will assist students with clinical judgment and better prepare them to meet the needs of vulnerable persons with psychiatric conditions.