bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pear, Agri-Mek Timing Evaluation, 1991
Authors: Hilton Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted in a 0.5 hectare block of alternating 4 row sets of‘Bartlett’ and ‘Anjou’ pear trees. The block was divided into 3 treatments, replicated twice in a randomized block design. The three treatments were different timings of Agri-Med and oil applications: petal fall (PF) on 2 May, 1st cover (FC) on 24 May, and 2nd cover (SC) on 22 Jun. Applications were made using a commercial air-carrier sprayer set to deliver 1870.6 liters/ha. Agri-Med was applied at each timing at the rate of 1462 ml/ha plus 0.25% (4.7 liters/ha) Orchex 796 horticultural spray oil. Additional insecticide sprays applied to the entire orchard during the trial were Guthion 35 WP 3.9 kg/ha applied 28 May, 3 Jul, and 31 Jul. Densities of the TSSM and PP were estimated by randomly selecting 20 mature and 20 younger leaves from each variety biweekly, brushing the samples and recording the stages and numbers of each species with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Apple, Codling Moth Control with Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Several insecticides were evaluated for control of CM when used in a seasonal spray program. The test orchard was located at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Test trees were 17-year-old non-spur ‘Red Delicious’. The orchard was irrigated by under-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. The test design consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. In all cases the first treatment was applied at the beginning of the egg hatch, 28 May, 250 degree days following first capture of moths in a pheromone trap. The number of sprays applied for each CM generation depended on the chemical and rates used and are shown in the table. After the first CM generation (16 Jul), 100 fruit from each replicate were examined and the number damaged by CM recorded. At harvest (29 Aug), 200 fruit were picked from each replicate and examined for damage by CM and PLR. CM damage was rated as a “sting” (an unsuccessful entry in the fruit denoted by a scar but no penetration) or a deep entry. Mites were sampled in Jul, Aug and Sep. Twenty-five leaves were collected from each tree. In the laboratory leaves were processed through a mite brushing machine and each mite species was counted with aid of a dissecting microscope.
Pear, Lime-Sulfur Timing Study, 1992
Authors: VanBuskirk Philip , Hilton Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The purpose of the trial was to compare effectiveness of lime-sulfur plus oil treatments when applied post-harvest (PH), post-harvest plus delayed dormant (PH + DD), or delayed dormant (DD). Plots of mature Bartlett trees, 0.5 ha in size were replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Lime-sulfur was applied at the rate of 112.2 liter/ha and combined with oil at 37.4 liter/ha. PH applications were made on 16 Oct at 1870.5 liter/ha and the DD application were made 24 & 25 Feb at 1143.5 liter/ha. All treatments were made using conventional air-carrier equipment. An additional spray applied to the entire orchard was 56.1 liters/ha Orchex 796 spray oil applied on 5 Feb. Samples were made biweekly by randomly selecting 10 fruit buds or clusters per replicate and counting PP (eggs and nymphs) and TSSM (eggs and immatures) with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Adult PP were counted from 5-beating-tray samples per replicate.
Evaluation of an Insecticidal Soap for Control of Eastern Grape Leafhopper (Eglh), 1992
Authors: Muza Andrew J. , Saunders Michael C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in a mature vineyard at the Erie County Field Research Laboratory in North East, PA. Treatments were applied to Concord grapes trained to the single curtain (no tie) system. Treatments consisted of 6-vine plots arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Each treatment row was separated by two untreated buffer rows. Applications were made using a Friend, small plot sprayer equipped with an FMC, vineyard boom. Treatments were applied at 100 gal/acre with pressure adjusted to 100 psi. The treatments were applied on 20 Aug. Spray-aide was included with each treatment at a rate of 8 oz/100 gal to reduce the pH of the water from 7.8 to 5.6. Nova 40 W was applied to the treatment areas on 10 Jun at 3 oz/acre and 28 Jul and 18 Aug at 4 oz/acre to control black rot and powdery mildew. Precipitation for May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep and Oct was 1.63, 2.10, 3.09, 4.62, 6.62 and 3.22 inches, respectively. A pretreatment count of leafhopper nymphs was taken on 17 Aug. Posttreatment evaluations were conducted 7, 15, and 21 days after application. Evaluations consisted of randomly selecting 20 injured leaves per plot (pretreatment) and 10 injured leaves per plot (posttreatment) and recording the number of leafhopper nymphs. Berry samples for determining degrees Brix were collected on 30 Oct. The apical portion from each often basal clusters were collected from the center of each plot.
California Red Scale Pesticide Efficacy Trial, 1992
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides for the control of CRS were evaluated spring, 1991 in Field 63 (18-yr-old Fisher and Washington navel oranges) located at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. Insecticides were applied with a Bean handsprayer at 400 psi, complete coverage, approximately 1500 gpa. The field was divided into 10 blocks with one replicate of each treatment applied to a single tree within each block. Treatment trees were separated on all sides by single untreated trees. Five twig samples (gray wood indicating 2nd year growth, 23 cm in length) and 5 fruit were collected randomly from each of the sample trees and examined for 1st stage, 2nd stage, virgin and mature female stages of scale. Scale on the fruit were also examined for live larvae and pupae of C. bifasciata and eggs, larvae and pupae of A. melinus. Twig samples were collected pretreatment and both twig and fruit samples were collected 30 and 60 DAT. Leaf drop was measured weekly by counting the leaves that collected on a 60 X 90 cm paper tray placed under the canopy in the north side of treatment trees in five of the blocks. The population of the predatory mite, E. tularensis, was determined by collecting 20 leaves per tree (5 per quadrant) each week in 5 of the blocks until 60 DAT. Foliar treatments were applied on 14-15 May during the first generation of CRS crawler activity while the fruit was less than 20 mm in size.
Speed-Sprayer Trials for Citrus Thrips Control, 1992
Authors: Morse J. G. , Urena A. A. , Reagan C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated spring, 1992 in two fields at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif, for control of citrus thrips. Pesticides were applied with an FMC CP-267 speed-sprayer pulled behind a tractor. In Field 23, the efficacy of a stomach poison/bait (Veratran-D/Sugar) was evaluated with and without various foliar nutritional tank mixes when applied shortly after petal fall (29, 30 Apr) and 2 weeks later (11, 12 May) using 100 gal of water per acre and outside coverage (achieved by reducing fan speed from a full throttle wind velocity of 130 mph to 80 mph). In Field 41-42, 5 treatments were applied (29, 30 Apr) all with outside coverage: 0.1 lbs AI of Baythroid in 50, 100, or 200 gal/acre were compared with 200 gal/acre Baythroid tank mixed with Unocal Plus (a liquid nitrogen supplement containing 1.87 lbs of N per gal) or Unocal Plus + Zinc Sulfate + Manganese Sulfate. Driving speed was 2 miles per hour in all tests. Each field was divided into 2 blocks and one replicate of each treatment was assigned to each block randomly; each replicate plot was six rows wide and 5-8 trees long. In each plot, 6 data trees were chosen from the center two rows of each plot, excluding the trees at the end of a row.
Control of Broccoli Pests in Southeastern Oklahoma, 1992
Authors: McKenzie C.L. , Cartwright B. , Rowland S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Southern Comet’ broccoli plants were transplanted on 25 Aug into a Bernow series fine, sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC in Lane, OK. Single-row plots measuring 15 ft on 365 inch centers were separated by an untreated bed and 15 ft buffers within rows. Transplants were spaced 9 inches between plants within each row, fertilized at recommended levels and irrigated as needed through a trickle system. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 2 hollow cone TX-18 nozzles/row. Two treatments of Bay NTN 33893 240F5 were applied, one as a foliar spray and one as a furrow treatment. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 46.6 gal/acre at 2 mph using 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 18, 26 Sep, 3, 10, 20 Oct and 3 Nov. Insecticide efficacy for lepidopterous pests was assessed by counting cabbage looper (CL) larvae and eggs, diamondback moth (DBM) larvae, yellowstriped armyworm (YSA) larvae, and beet armyworm (BAW) larvae on 8 randomly chosen plants per plot on 10 dates. Other broccoli pests counted Were thrips, harlequin bug, cabbage aphid and green peach aphid.
Comparison of Aerially Applied Insecticide Treatments for Aphid Control on Seed Broccoli, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch M.D. , McDaniel C.W. , Major G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three insec-ticide treatments were aerially applied with 10 gal/acre H20 to a 10 acre seed broccoli field moderately to heavily infested with both CA and GPA located north of Somerton, AZ, the evening of 2 Apr, 1991. Treatments were replicated 2 times in a randomized complete block design. Plot size ranged from 1.25-2.5 acres. Plots were sampled 9 hours, 3 and 10 DAT. Samples consisted of shaking two plants over a 8.5 x 17 inch styrofoam food container and collecting the aphids which were then frozen, identified and counted.
Green Peach Aphid Control on Seed Broccoli, 1992
Authors: Rethwisch M.D. , Peralta M. , Shaw M. , Martinez M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticide treatments were applied to broccoli seed on 13 Mar with a backpack CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 15.8 gal/acre at 28 psi with two T-Jet 23 disc cones and D2 orifice discs. One qt/acre of Vegetable Oil Concentrate was added to all numbered compounds. Treatments were made to both male and female plants at different stages of development interplanted by row. Female rows were just beginning to flower while male rows were several weeks advanced. Plots were 55 ft long by two 3.5 ft rows wide. Experimental design was randomized complete block, and treatments for male plants were replicated 4 times and those for females were replicated thrice. Plots were sampled 5, 11, 17 and 26 DAT. Samples consisted of hitting the upper parts of three plants/plot and collecting the aphids that landed in a 6 inch wide x 7 inch deep metal can that was placed under-beside the plant. Aphids were transferred to styrofoam containers, frozen and counted. Heavy rains on 26 Mar reduced aphid populations in plots. Sampling was discontinued after 8 Apr due to high temperatures which eliminated aphid populations. Plants were cut when seed was mature and allowed to air dry. Plants from individual plots were collected by hand, placed in large plastic sacks, and seed was obtained, cleaned, weighed and sorted by size.
Seasonal Control of Cabbage Lepidopterous Pests, 1992
Authors: Idris A. B. , Grafius E. , Pyle A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Greenhouse seedlings were transplanted at the Entomology Research Farm, Michigan State University on 7 and 8 Jul. Spacing was 2 ft between plants and 5 ft between rows. Plots were 25 ft long and one row wide. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design where two replicates had a single buffer row between adjacent plots (alternate row spray) and four replicates had no buffer rows (blanket spray) which created an unbalanced factorial design. Application were made on 4, 10, 17 and 24 Aug using a hand-held CO2 sprayer (30 GPA and 50 psi), with a single flat-fan nozzle directed downward 2 ft over the top of the plant. Insects on two plants were counted on 3, 4, 14, 20 and 27 Aug. On 6 Sep, up to five heads per plot were harvested and inspected for larvae.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Castillo J. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 7 Feb 1990. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 246 kg/ha) and covered with white on black plastic mulch on 31 Jan. Plants were spaced 0.3 m apart within rows and 0.76 m apart between rows on 1.8 m-center beds. Fertilizer (1680 kg/ha of granular 6:12:12) was applied and incorporated into the soil on 26 Jan. Goal 2 EC was applied (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) between the beds on 3 Feb for weed control. Plants were irrigated 4 h/day using a turbo T-tape drip irrigation system (model 40) which delivered 5.0 liters of water/m of dripline/h. All treatments, with the exception of the chemical insecticide standard, Phosdrin (0.56 kg (AI)/ha), in combination with Dipel 2X (0.56 kg/ha), were biological insecticides consisting of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 12.2 m long. A 3.0-m long section of nontreated plants separated replicates.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Lance R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 19 Dec 1990. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 246 kg/ha) and covered with white on black plastic mulch on 12 Dec. Plants were spaced 0.3 m apart within rows and 0.76 m apart between rows on 1.8 m-center beds. Fertilizer (1680 kg/ha of granular 6:12:12) was applied and incorporated into the soil on 11 Dec. Goal 2 EC was applied (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) between the beds on 17 Dec for weed control. Plants were irrigated 4 h/day using a turbo T-tape drip irrigation system (model 40) which delivered 5.0 liters of water/m of dripline/h. Twelve insecticide treatments and a control were compared. Treatments were: RH-5922 2F (0.14 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Triton B-1956 (568 ml/ha); the above in combination with Cutlass WP (1.1 kg/ha) or Phosdrin 4 EC (0.56 kg (AI)/h); RH-5992 OS (0.14 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Triton B-1956; RH-2485 2F (0.14 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Triton B-1956; CME 13406 15 SC (0.03 6 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Bond (2.3 liter/ha); MYX 1111 L (4.7 liter/ha) and MYX 1112 L (7.0 liter/ha) in combination with Bond; CGA 106630 (0.74 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Bond; Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha) in combination with Bond; Javelin WG (1.1 kg ha) in combination with Bond; Phosdrin 4 EC (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha) and Bond; and a nontreated check.
Green Cloverworm Efficacy Trials, 1976
Authors: Pedigo Larry P. , Hammond Ron 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One hundred and twenty soybean plots (Peterson 2430 Blend) were located 2 miles southwest of Ames, Iowa. Each plot measured 50 ft by 4 rows (30-in centers) and was bordered by 2 buffer rows. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, 4 blocks each with 30 treatments. Because of low larval numbers and large blocks, 2 checks were included. These checks were averaged by blocks for analyses. Treatments were applied on August 19'76 with two 4-row C02_charged bicycle sprayers (liquid output was 44.8 ml/sec, at 30 and 40 psi for sprayers 1 and 2, respectively). Spray nozzles were Delavan HB6 70° Brass Tips. Weather conditions during application were: mostly clear, breeze ca 9 mph, temperature ca 90° F. Soybean plants were in maturity stage R5 (beans growing in size). Plants were sampled with a 15-in diam sweep-net (20 sweeps/plot in the pretreatment sample, 25 sweeps/ plot in later samples) on 4 dates: August 17 (pretreatment), August 20 (1-day post-treatment), August 22 (3-day post-treatment), and August 26 (7-day post-treatment). Samples were examined for green cloverworm larvae in the laboratory. Plants were in maturity group R5 on all sampling dates and were examined for visual signs of phytotoxicity, viz., leaf discoloration, on all sampling dates. Measurable rainfall during the experiment occurred on August 26 (0.06 in).
Aphid Control on Cottonwood with Carbofuran, 1975 - 1976
Authors: Solomon J. D. , Oliveria F. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Aphid populations occasionally build up in young cottonwood plantations during summer and fall . Carbofuran (FuradanR 10G), a 10% granular insecticide, was applied to two first-year commercial cottonwood plantations in June of 1975 and 1976 in Lake Providence, Louisiana, and Fitler, Mississippi. The experimental design consisted of 10 treated and 10 untreated plots at each site arranged in randomized complete blocks. Each plot was six rows wide and nine trees long for a total of 54 trees; spacing between trees and rows was 12 × 12 ft . Carbofuran was applied at the rate of 20 lb per acre (2 lb a. i./acre) with a tractor-drawn subsoil applicator.
Cankerworm Control in Shelterbelts, Walhalla, North Dakota, 1976
Authors: Frye R. D. , Carey D. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Each insecticide was applied from the air to 1 of 6 one-half mile long single row belts. There were approximately 100 yds between belts. Pre-treatment larval counts were made from two randomly selected twigs on each side of 6 trees along each belt on June 2. Twig samples were taken at eye level and approximately 20 ft above ground level. Larvae were in the 1st to the 3rd instar and averaged 48.9 larvae/2 ft twig. There were approximately 2 spring cankerworms to 1 fall cankerworm. Treatments were applied June 3. Post-treatment larval counts were similarly made one week later. The materials were applied with 44, D-7 nozzles at 40 psi and 115 mph. Three gals of water/acre were applied. Wind speed at application was 5-10 mph, and measurable and prolonged rainfall occurred during the period between application and post-treatment larval counts. Data consisted of % reduction in cankerworms between pre- and post-treatment counts. No reduction in cankerworms was assumed when post-treatment counts were equal to or greater than pre-treatment counts. The arcsin transformation was applied to the data. Treatments were compared with a series of “t” tests for paired comparisons.
Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth Ground Spray Tests, 1974
Authors: Markin George P. , Wilcox Henry 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
To find a replacement for DDT for control of the Douglas-fir tussock moth ground tests of 15 insecticides were conducted between June 21 and July 10′74 on the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest in northeastern Oregon. Each material was applied at 3 different rates, following recommendations solicited from the manufacturers. Each dosage tested was replicated on 3 randomly selected pairs of trees 15-25 ft high. Applications were made at a rate equal to 1 gal/acre using a backpack mistblower with a Beecomist Model 150 with wettable powder sleeve which gave a droplet size (VMD) of approximately 100 for oil based and 250 for water based sprays. Spraying took 5 days to complete, on each day 3 pairs of trees were randomly selected from those to be treated and set aside as checks. Population estimates were made at 1 day before spraying and 3 intervals after spraying by sampling 3, 18-inch branches from each tree. Populations were expressed as number of larvae per 1000 in of branch surface. Application was made primarily against first and second instar larvae.
Western Spruce Budworm Control with Three Dosages of Orthene, 1976
Authors: Markin George P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Orthene 75S (acephate) was applied at the rates of 1 lb a.i./gal/acre, 1/2 lb a.i./gal/acre, and 1/4 lb. a.i./gal/acre against 4th and 5th instar larvae of the western spruce budworm in the Targhee National Forest, Idaho, Jul 7 to 11′76. Orthene was mixed in water with no adjuvent except a dye for marking. Application was by a Hiller SL4 helicopter using Beecomist nozzles, flying at 45 mph, 50 ft above tree tops. Spray plots were about 100 acres in size and at 6500 to 7100 ft elevation. Three plots were treated at each dosage rate, with 3 additional plots left untreated as checks. Populations, expressed as larvae/100 buds, were determined 24 hr before spray and at 3 intervals afterward from 24 sample trees in each plot. Orthene is now being considered for operational use against the western spruce budworm at the rate of 1 lb a.i./acre. The results suggest that the population reductions achieved by the 1 lb/acre and 1/2 lb/acre rate did not differ significantly. Therefore, a dosage rate as low as 1/2 lb/acre may be almost as effective as 1 lb.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control By Soil Treatment and Trunk Implantation; 1976
Authors: Brown Leland R. , Eads Clark O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In La Mesa, California, a randomized block experiment was laid out in a city park having 21 heavily infested pines averaging 18 in trunk circumference 18 in above ground and in otherwise good cultural condition. Irrigation was by automatic sprinklers and the soil type was Redding urban land complex (1 ft layer of fines over hard pan of gravelly loam and clay). Untreated check and treatments consisted of single tree plots replicated 3 times. A sample from each tree consisted of counting — beginning at the top — 100 growing tips from each of 2 sides of the tree, as to uninjured, heavily injured (“H”), or lightly injured (“L”). A lightly injured tip had a single larva, usually dead, with 5 or 6 dead, brown needles showing, whereas a heavily injured tip usually had more larvae (to 30) and many more dead needles. The numbers of injured tips were converted to percentages and subjected to analysis of variance. Treatments were applied Mar 23'76 and counts made 7 months later on Oct 26'76. For trunk implants a 1/2 in hole 1 3/8 in deep was made with an electric drill per each 4 in of trunk circumference 18 in above ground. Each plastic capsule Medicap® was hammered into its hole until the flared, outer end was ca. 1/8 in inside the outer bark. For other trunk implants a hypodermic syringe measured 1 ml of Cygon 2.67EC or 1 ml of Orthene solution made of 114 gm Orthene 75S dissolved in 1 pt water containing 1 ml of buffer; each such hole was stoppered with a no. 2 cork. A 2 in diameter power soil auger drilled 8 equidistant holes 6 in deep ca. half way between the trunk and drip line; the Furadan 10G weighed for the tree was prorated among the 8 holes. A 16 in swath lawn spreader was so adjusted that at least 2 turns around the tree inside the drip line were necessary to deliver the Furadan 10G weighed for the tree.