bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water Relations of Grapefruit Trees in Response to Drip, Microsprinkler, and Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation
Authors: Zekri Mongi , Parsons Lawrence R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Water relations responses of 21-year-old grapefruit trees (Citrus paradisi Macf.) irrigated by three types of irrigation systems were compared. Drip, undertree microsprinkler, and overhead sprinkler with application levels of 150 and 450 mm of water per year were compared. Leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and soil water status were measured under field conditions on a deep, well-drained sandy soil in central Florida. In the early part of a dry spring period, there were no differences in midday or early morning leaf water potential, but, by the end of this period, significant differences in leaf water potential were found among all three irrigation treatments. Highest leaf water potential and stomatal conductance values were maintained in the overhead sprinkler blocks. No midday stomatal closure was observed under the conditions of this study. Relationships among diurnal leaf water potentials, vapor pressure deficits, and stomatal conductance showed hysteresis; this affected the correlations among these factors. Greater water stress occurred in trees irrigated with drip than in trees irrigated with overhead sprinkler systems, but responses to microsprinklers were generally intermediate between the overhead sprinkler and the drip treatments. In an area with high rainfall and sandy soils, increased irrigation coverage can reduce leaf water stress.
Growth and Nutritional Status of Pecan in Response to Phosphorus
Authors: Sparks Darrell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of applied P on pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] were studied in the greenhouse and field. Objectives were to study P effects on vegetative and nut growth, leaf scorch and/or premature defoliation, and nutrition. Elements were analyzed for both total and extractable (2% acetic acid) fractions. In the greenhouse, deficiency symptoms occurred when leaf P (dry-weight basis) was 0.08%; vegetative growth was maximum when P was 0.19% to 0.22%. In the field, applied P increased nut growth and decreased leaf scorch and premature defoliation. Leaf P values for maximum nut growth and minimum leaf scorch and/or defoliation are greater than 0.14% and 0.16%, respectively. Except when P was within the visible deficiency range, applied P had little direct influence on the concentration of other essential elements under either greenhouse or field conditions. Generally, extractable P was a slightly better indicator of the P status of the tree than total P, but the differences are of doubtful physiological significance.
Anatomical Characterization and Possible Role of Calcium in “Pillowy”, a Fruit Disorder in Processing Cucumber
Authors: Staub Jack E. , Rousos Penny , Struckmeyer Burdean E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The anatomical and nutritional aspects of a fruit disorder in processing cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) termed pillowy were investigated in the field and greenhouse. Pillowy symptoms are areas of “styrofoam-like”, opaque- white, porous-textured tissue in the mesocarp of freshly harvested fruit. Parenchyma cells of pillowed fruit were hypertrophied and hyperplastic, with either numerous small or no intercellular spaces. While nonpillowy parenchyma cells plasmolyzed when placed in hypertonic solution, lack of plasmolysis in pillowy tissue indicated that cell membranes were not functioning normally. Some vascular tissue was collapsed and necrotic. Plants supplied 200 mg Ca/liter and grown at a relative humidity of 89% ± 8% created by clear plastic canopies had a significantly higher incidence (62% vs. 42%) of pillowed fruit than fruit matured in a greenhouse with 74% ± 7% RH. The Ca concentrations of exocarp or peel and mesocarp in nonpillowed fruit were significantly higher than that of pillowed fruit (0.59% vs. 0.49% and 0.37% vs. 0.24%, respectively). In pillowed fruit, the nonpillowed areas contained 0.25% Ca. Pillowing, measured as the percentage of pillowed tissue, increased linearly with decreasing Ca levels in the peel, pillowed, and nonpillowed tissue. Anatomical anomalies may be explained as Ca-related cell wall abnormalities associated with localized Ca deficiencies that are intensified by reduced transpiration at high relative humidity.
Ripening of Mature-green Tomato Fruit Slices
Authors: Mencarelli Fabio , Saltveit Mikal E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Ripening of Mature-green Tomato Fruit Slices”, by Fabio Mencarelli and Mikal E. Saltveit, Jr. [J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 113(5):742−745, September 1988], Table 4 is called out in the next-to-last paragraph. There is no Table 4 in this article.
Nonchemical Methods for Postharvest Control of Botrytis cinerea on Cut Roses
Authors: Hammer Philip E. , Marois James J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cold storage of cut ‘Sonia’, ‘Royalty’, and ‘Gold Rush’ roses (Rosa hybrida L.) at reduced humidities (50% to 80% RH) significantly decreased the severity of Botrytis cinerea Pers. infections that developed from naturally occurring or experimentally applied inocula, compared to storage at saturated humidity. The disease reduction was attributed to the absence of free water on the petals. Wrapping the flowers in cellophane sleeves before reduced-humidity storage decreased water loss but also impaired disease control. No deleterious effects of reduced-humidity storage on poststorage fresh weight gain or visual quality were observed, whether the wrapped flowers are stored with or without vase solutions. Two biological control agents, the yeast Exophiala jeanselmei and a Coryneform-type bacterium, controlled B. cinerea infections during storage at 2.5°C when applied 0 to 48 hr after inoculation with the pathogen. The level of disease control achieved with the biological antagonists during storage was comparable to that achieved with the fungicide vinclozolin, but the biological antagonists did not control poststorage disease development as well.
Embryo Development and Germination of Cycas Seeds
Authors: Dehgan Bijan , Schutzman Bart 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Germination of Cycas revoluta seed is slow and erratic when planted immediately after collection, and most lose viability in a few months. In a 2 × 4 × 4 factorial experiment, seeds were stored at 5° and 22°C for 24 weeks and subsequently treated with H2SO4 (18 M) for 0, 1, 2, or 3 hr followed by GA3 (1000 ppm) for 0, 24, 48, or 72 hr. Morphophysiological complex dormancy contributes to the lengthy germination process. Removal of the fleshy, water-repellant sarcotesta (containing inhibitors), scarification of the thick water-impermeable sclerotesta, and maturation of the embryo, which is in very early stages of development at the time of seed abscission, all enhance germination. At 5°, 92% of the seeds survived, but only 42% of the seeds stored at 22° were viable after 24 weeks, the result of desiccation. Under all but 72 hr of GA3 exposure time, response surface shapes lead to the expectation that germination will be better without H2SO4 or with higher levels of H2SO4 than with intermediate levels. The response to GA3 at any given exposure to H2SO4 is similar in both cold- and warm-stored seeds: for a given GA, level, one optimum H2SO4 exposure gives the best germination percentage, peak value (PV), or germination value (GV). Optimal GV results when seeds are stored at 5° for 24 weeks to allow embryo maturation followed by removal of the sarcotesta, 1 hr of H2SO4 exposure, and 36 hr of GA3 exposure.
Allelopathic Substances in Asparagus Roots: Extraction, Characterization, and Biological Activity
Authors: Hazebroek Jan P. , Garrison Stephen A. , Gianfagna Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Aqueous extracts of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) roots inhibited seed germination in tomato and lettuce, but not in cucumber. The extracts reduced hypocotyl growth in lettuce, shoot growth in asparagus, and inhibited radicle elongation in barley, lettuce, and asparagus. Seedling growth in tomato and two cultivars of wheat were not affected. Inhibition was concentration-dependent. Radicle growth in ‘Grand Rapids’ lettuce was sensitive to an extract concentration as low as 0.05 g dry root tissue/100 ml H2O. Asparagus radicles were more sensitive than asparagus shoots. In one experiment, phytotoxicity of crude extract was not altered by autoclaving. Aqueous root extracts of A. racemosis Willd. also inhibited germination and radicle growth in ‘Grand Rapids’ lettuce. A crude extract was purified by solvent partitioning, and charcoal adsorption, cation exchange, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). A band from the TLC was found to fluoresce under ultraviolet light, react with phenolic-sensitive localization reagents, and inhibit the growth of lettuce and asparagus radicles.
Temperature and Photosynthetic Photon Flux Influence Chrysanthemum Shoot Development and Flower Initiation under Short-day Conditions
Authors: Karlsson Meriam G. , Heins Royal D. , Erwin John E. , Berghage Robert D. , Carlson William H. , Biernbaum John A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), day temperature (DT) and night temperature (NT) on leaf number, leaf unfolding rate and shoot length were determined for chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev. ‘Bright Golden Anne’) grown under short day (SD) conditions. A functional relationship was first developed to predict if flower bud appearance would occur within 100 SD under a given set of environmental conditions. All combinations of DT and NT in the range from 10° to 30°C were predicted to result in flower bud appearance at higher PPF than 10.8 mol·day−1·m−2. The number of leaves formed below the flower increased quadratically as DT and/or NT increased from 10° to 30°. As PPF increased from 1.8 to 21.6 mol·day−1·m−2, one to two fewer leaves were formed per shoot. Rate of leaf unfolding increased linearly with increasing average daily temperature from 0.2 leaves/day at 10° to 0.5 leaves/day at 30°. Internode length was highly correlated with the difference between DT and NT (DIF = DT – NT) such that increasing DIF from –12° to 12° resulted in progressively longer internodes.
Improved Stand Establishment of Direct-seeded Cabbage with Seed Covers
Authors: Perkins-Veazie Penelope M. , Cantliffe Daniel J. , White James M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seed treatments and soil covers were used to assess stand establishment and uniformity of direct-seeded cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var capitata) under high and low soil temperatures. Generally, primed seeds did not result in increased or more uniform seedling emergence compared to untreated seeds. Germinated seeds sown with a magnesium silicate gel (Laponite) or a starch-acrylamide-acrylate polymer gel (Liquagel) resulted in incomplete stands under heat stress, and stands for all plantings were generally lower when cabbage seeds were sown in a gel than when sown without a gel. Peat-vermiculite (Plug-mix) and calcined clay (GrowSorb) seed covers improved stands regardless of seed treatment when average soil temperatures were ≥30°C. Under normal (25°) to cooler soil conditions stands were not improved by seed treatment or seed cover.
Primocane Removal Enhances Yield Components of Raspberries
Authors: Freeman Jack A. , Eaton George W. , Baumann Thomas E. , Daubeny Hugh A. , Dale Adam 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A trial of six raspberry (Rubus ideaus L.) cultivars was established to study the effects of primocane removal, using dinoseb, on yield and its components. In 1982 through 1984, sprays were applied using both single and multiple follow-up treatments with and without shielding the primocanes in the immediate stool area. The effects of cultivars and treatments on yield components were studied by two-dimensional partitioning of the variation in marketable yield. When primocanes were removed, the cultivars had fewer canes, larger fruit, and increased marketable yield. Cultivars differed in their requirements for treatment because some cultivars produced canes more readily than others. Higher-yielding cultivars generally had fewer canes and greater length of laterals. Chemical name used: 2-(1-methylpropyl)-4,6-dinitrophenoI (dinoseb).
Comparison of Fluid Drilling with Conventional Planting Methods for Stand Establishment and Yield of Spring and Fall Cauliflower Crops
Authors: Kahn Brian A. , Motes Janies E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fluid drilling was compared with dry seeding and transplanting for effects on stand establishment and crop yields in spring and fall crops of cauliflower [Brassica oleracea L. (Botrytis Group)]. Two cultivars, at least two seeding dates, and one transplanting date were used in each experiment. Fluid drilling and dry seeding produced the desired post-thinning stand with March seeding dates. Fluid drilling usually failed to produce the desired post-thinning stand when planting occurred during the hot, dry weather of August. Fluid drilling was not superior to dry seeding or transplanting for earliness, uniformity of harvest, or total marketable yields in spring and fall cauliflower crops, with the exception of one spring planting date. Therefore, fluid drilling did not show benefits sufficient to justify the specialized techniques and equipment required. Cuitivar and planting date effects often were more important than effects of stand establishment methods in these studies.
Crop-Water Production Functions for Sweet Corn
Authors: Braunworth William S. , Mack Harry J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn (Zea mays L.) was irrigated using randomized complete block and line source experimental designs in 1984 and 1985 on a mixed, mesic Cumulic Ultic Haploxeroll soil. Irrigations were scheduled when ≈50% of the available water was depleted in the root zone of the 100% treatment to refill the root zone to 0% to 100% of field capacity (five irrigation levels). Four yield parameters were measured for all plots: yield of all ears before husking, yield of good husked ears, kernel yield (fresh), and total dry matter production of plants and ears. Maximum relative total unhusked ear yield and near-maximum evapotranspiration (ET) were obtained at 85% of maximum water applied, indicating that high yields can be maintained with deficit irrigation. Without irrigation, only 44% of maximum yield was obtained. Maximum water use efficiency (WUE), defined as the total unhusked ear yield in kg·ha−1·mm−1ET, occurred between 407 and 418 mm of ET. The maximum WUE corresponded to ≈313 mm water applied (WA); maximum yield, however, occurred within the range of 449 to 518 mm WA. Irrigation treatments to achieve maximum WUE were predicted to result in a 10% yield reduction.
Ethephon and NAA Facilitate Early Harvesting of Pecans
Authors: Wood Bruce W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In an attempt to solve the problems of nonuniform and delayed shuck dehiscense of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch], ethephon and NAA were evaluated for their efficacy as harvest-aid treatments. A 3-year study under commercial-like orchard conditions using 75-year-old ‘Stuart’ trees resulted in a spray mixture of 9 mm ethephon and 1.5 or 3.0 mm NAA, or just 9 mm ethephon alone, accelerating shuck dehiscence by 1 to 2 weeks relative to that of the nontreated control. While all three treatments induced some degree of leaflet abscission, the two treatments employing the NAA and ethephon combination induced only about one-fourth (21% vs. 75%) as much leaflet abscission as when ethephon was used alone. However, this level of leaflet abscission (21%), plus an associated 50% drop in net photosynthesis for several days post-treatment, was sufficient to reduce in-shell nut yields in subsequent years. This appears to preclude commercial acceptability of such treatments for pecan. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Permeability of Polymer Film Wraps for Citrus Fruit Fumigated with Hydrogen Cyanide to Control California Red Scale
Authors: Houck Laurie G. , Jenner Joel F. , Moreno Daniel S. , Mackey Bruce E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Permeability to the postharvest fumigant hydrogen cyanide (HCN) varied markedly among 13 plastic film-wrapping materials. Permeability was determined by comparing California red scale [Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell)] (CRS) surviving fumigation on film-wrapped and nonwrapped, insect-infested, fruit. HCN transmission rates for several films also were determined by a permeation cell technique. Some films partially restricted passage of the fumigant to the fruit and CRS survival was high, while permeability of other films differed little from unrestricted exposure on nonwrapped fruit and CRS survival was low. For films with low permeability to HCN, increasing the HCN concentration or the length of fumigation time are possible methods of increasing the amount of HCN that penetrates to the fruit for control of quarantined insects. The permeability of film wrapping materials to fumigants should be a prime consideration when selecting films for wrapping citrus fruit in quarantine situations.
Reduced Irradiance Affects Dry Weight Partitioning in Easter Lily
Authors: Miller William B. , Langhans Robert W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of reduced irradiance on dry weight partitioning in Easter lilies was examined by forcing vernalized bulbs of Lilium longiflorum Thumb. ‘Nellie White’ during two growing seasons. Forcing commenced in a glasshouse under standard growing conditions; immediately following flower bud initiation (FBI), plants were transferred to a range of irradiance reduction treatments (0%, 20%, 50%, or 85% reduction) in the greenhouse or to complete darkness in a growth chamber. Greenhouse irradiance reduction treatments resulted in alterations in whole-plant source-sink relationships. Total plant dry weight and overall plant quality were reduced in shaded plants. The depletion rate of mother bulb dry matter was not affected by reduced irradiance, whereas daughter bulb reserve loss was increased by irradiance reduction treatments. There was no daughter bulb reserve remobilization in plants grown in complete darkness after FBI. Flower bud and open flower dry weights were progressively reduced as irradiance was reduced. With an 85% irradiance reduction, plants forced from 17.5-cm bulbs had 63% bud abortion, whereas, with 20.0-cm bulbs, only 12% of the buds aborted. Plants grown in complete darkness after FBI became etiolated, and flowers failed to open. These results demonstrate differences in the ability of various morphological regions of the bulb to respond to reductions in greenhouse irradiance. Since the daughter bulb response to reduced irradiance was relatively slow, additional remobilization of dry matter from the daughter bulb is probably of minimal benefit during short periods of reduced irradiance in commercial greenhouses.
Differences in Mid-day Wilting and Yield among Sweet Potato Genotypes
Authors: Bouwkamp J. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Response to mid-day wilting (dehydration avoidance) among sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam)] genotypes is a consistent trait within and among years. This response is significantly related to storage root dry weight and net photosynthesis in most years. The relationship is more obvious among relatively high-yielding clones or when data are obtained over several years. Reduced mid-day wilting increases yield in high-yielding genotypes through increased net photosynthesis and increased partitioning of assimilates to storage roots. Increased storage root dry weight is also related to the percentage of water in the vines at near full-turgor through increased partitioning to roots and reduced mid-day wilting. Wilting response and vine moisture together account for nearly 25% of the variation in yield of high-yielding clones tested over 5 years with irrigation.
Whole-plant Response of Easter Lilies to Ancymidol and Uniconazole
Authors: Bailey Douglas A. , Miller William B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
All growth retardant treatments (ancymidol, 50 mg·liter−1, one or two sprays; uniconazole, 5, 10, or 15 mg·liter−1, one or two sprays; 20 mg·liter−1, one spray) reduced Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) plant heights when compared to controls. Plant heights decreased linearly with increasing concentration of uniconazole for both one- and two-spray treatments. High concentrations of uniconazole delayed anthesis; ancymidol treatments did not. Individual corolla length was not affected by treatments. Treatments did not affect daughter bulb depletion or new daughter bulb growth. Total leaf area and leaf dry weight decreased as uniconazole concentration increased; ancymidol treatments did not affect leaf area, but did reduce leaf dry weight. Leaf total soluble carbohydrate decreased with increasing concentration of uniconazole. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine-methanol (ancymidol); (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyI)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole).
Sugar/Acid Composition and Development of Sweet and Tart Carambola Fruit
Authors: Campbell Craig A. , Koch Karen E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The oxalic-acid-accumulating fruit of carambola (Averrhoa carambola L. Oxalidaceae) was examined during development to characterize changes in sugars and acids and to evaluate potential maturity indices. Commercial maturity (color break) occurred 65 and 60 days after fruit set of sweet ‘Arkin’ and tart ‘Golden Star’, respectively. Fruit size at this stage was highly variable (51 to 103 mm long) and not a reliable indicator of maturity. Total soluble sugar concentration, mainly glucose and fructose, was almost 25% greater in the sweet ‘Arkin’ fruit (≈27 mg·g−1 fresh weight) than in the tart ‘Golden Star’ carambolas (22 mg·g−1 fresh weight). At harvest, sucrose made up only 15% to 20% of the total soluble sugars. Oxalic acid was the predominant organic acid in young fruit of both cultivars, but levels differed dramatically between sweet ‘Arkin’ (≈1 mg·g−1 fresh weight) and tart ‘Golden Star’ (≈7 mg·g−1 fresh weight). Malic acid (<1.5 mg·g−1 fresh weight) was also present. Acidity in sweet ‘Arkin’ carambolas declined rapidly during early growth, but remained high during development of tart ‘Golden Star’. Sugar accumulation, acid reduction, and color development continued for at least 7 days after color break if fruit remained on trees, but such fruit were not firm enough for typical commercial handling.
Trichome Secretion Composition, Trichome Densities, and Spider Mite Resistance of Ten Accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum
Authors: Weston P. A. , Johnson Deborah A. , Burton H. T. , Snyder John C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trichome secretion composition, glandular trichome densities, and spider mite resistance were measured for 10 accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl., a wild, South American relative of tomato exhibiting high arthropod resistance. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbons zingiberene and γ-elemene were identified as major volatile components of Type VI trichome secretions from L. hirsutum f. typicum (hir) plant introduction (PI) 251303. These compounds predominated trichome secretions from five other hir accessions, whereas the methyl ketones 2-undecanone and 2-tridecanone predominated trichome secretions from five accessions of L. hirsutum f. glabratum (gla). Type IV trichome densities were greater on gla than on hir accessions, whereas Type VI trichome densities were greater on hir than on gla. Type VI trichome densities were greater on plants cultured under a 14- to 15-hr photoperiod (LD) than on plants cultured under an 8-hr photoperiod (SD) for gla, but not hir, accessions. Type IV trichome densities were greater under SD than under LD conditions for all accessions. In general, hir accessions were more resistant to mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) than gla accessions. Spider mite resistance was correlated with Type IV trichome density on hir, but not on gla, accessions. Differences in Type IV trichome densities alone between hir and gla do not explain the greater mite resistance of hir accessions.