bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isomorphism Invariance
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter turns to the top-down argument for the L∞G∞S Hypothesis, an argument that involves close consideration of the nature of the logical constants. It is argued that the logical expressions are distinguished by their topic neutrality and that this is well-captured by the semantic test of isomorphism invariance. The chapter next offers a generalization of the Tarski–Sher criterion which is used to argue for a necessary condition on the one true logic: roughly, it must contain logical constants for all isomorphism-invariant operations. A crucial result in the literature is McGee’s theorem, which links isomorphism invariance to infinitary logic. This result isn’t as well known as it should be and it is presented here in the most accessible form to be found in the literature.
The Intensional Objection
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAnother objection to isomorphism invariance found in the literature is that it is a purely extensional account that ignores the meanings of expressions. While this doesn’t threaten the L∞G∞S Hypothesis, The One True Logic closes by considering the correct response. Focusing on McGee’s example of unicorn negation, which is logical because coextensive with negation, even though it is in some sense ‘about’ unicorns, the chapter first considers modal responses, which are found to be unsuccessful. The chapter then considers and develops a stronger response from Gil Sagi. The authors argue that this response succeeds, although they note that other problems remain, such as the predicate ‘is a unicorn’. The chapter closes with some thoughts on how a response should be developed.
Digital Economic Policy
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe emergence of new technologies and business models such as data analytics, online platforms, and artificial intelligence has shaken the economy and society at their foundations. Recently, it has become apparent that public authorities must take a pro-active role to define the rules of the newly emerged markets before potential issues and concerns cement. How rules are currently written determines who will exert a stronger influence on the economy and society in the coming years. This is a key reason why digital policymakers are currently exposed to tremendous pressure by stakeholders. This book takes a journey through all the main areas in the digital economy that beg for policy action. Readers may learn about the general features of a digital economy and the EU long-term strategic plans to govern it. They may learn about telecom markets, the data economy, the digitization of the public sector, cybersecurity, the platform economy, liability for online content, e-commerce, the sharing economy, the impact of technology on labour markets, digital inequality, disinformation, and artificial intelligence. This book primarily aims to provide students with the background knowledge and analytical tools necessary to understand, analyse, and assess the impact of EU digital policies on the European economy and society. The approach is both theoretical and applied. The main goal is to prepare students to give informed and economically sound advice to an EU policymaker for digital affairs.
Digital Government
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDigitizing the public sector has become imperative for every country in the world. A digitized public administration is leaner, faster, and more efficient. It can better identify and anticipate its constituency’s issues; it is transparent and accountable. That is all the more necessary to enable governments to perform increasingly challenging tasks, such as dealing with shrinking public budgets, meeting citizens’ raising expectations, and relating with a highly dynamic surrounding economic environment. Transformation is, however, far from easy. Technological adoption, the modernization of infrastructure, and the upskilling of the public workforce are just the first steps. A digital public sector requires a radical cultural change for public employees and citizens alike. It begs for significant investment and efforts to establish a mutually beneficial communication flow between public administrations and citizens, business, and society at large. Of particular relevance is the use of data in the public sector. Data is a powerful enabler of innovation. But to unleash its full potential, it needs the proper governance framework.
Online Content and Platform Liability
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn their early days, online platforms were considered neutral intermediaries with no direct editorial responsibility. That is the approach enshrined in the 2000 e-Commerce EU Directive, whereby information society services are not considered liable for the illegal content they unknowingly host. That principle may be not entirely suitable to address today’s challenges. In particular, platforms have been subject to increasing public pressure to take on a proactive role to limit the ever-growing spread of harmful content online: from incitement to hatred, from violence to child pornography. A change in platforms’ liability approach seems all the more sensible since platforms have, over time, outgrown their mere intermediary role and acquired the sophisticated technological means necessary to monitor their users’ behaviour. Yet entrusting platforms with a proactive screening role for the content they host entails a significant risk: hampering users’ freedom of expression. Ultimately, it has the potential to undermine the functioning of the Internet as we know it today. Reconciling the two sides of the dilemma is the fundamental goal of policy action.
The Sharing Economy
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractNothing better represents the meaning of digital disruption than the “sharing economy”. Online sharing platforms allow owners of under-used assets (for example, a car, a house, or even a specific knowledge or expertise) to compete with established businesses, offering services of comparable, if not enhanced, quality and exploit their assets in a profitable way. Users can access services often supplied by non-professional “peers” at advantageous conditions compared to those offered by professionals. The resulting impact on markets and legacy businesses can be wide and significant, though not always positive: it may concern the environment, labour markets, and society at large, with important implications for policy-making. This chapter provides an overview of the sharing economy and analyses its main features.
Digital Inequality
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTechnological development is often presented as a powerful way to enhance the human condition, particularly for the most vulnerable segments of the population. Digital technologies can improve the efficiency of general interest services, most notably in the health care and educational sectors. They generate opportunities and reduce costs for consumers, workers, and small entrepreneurs. New technologies provide for incredibly effective communication channels, enhancing political participation and amplifying the voice of those who are the margin of society. On the contrary, history shows that the most recent technological development cemented and even exacerbated off-line inequalities, contributing to polarizing societies and widening the gap between the haves and the have-nots. A key driver of this extremely worrying phenomenon is the digital divide, defined as individuals’ different exposure to the opportunities offered by technology, both in terms of access and ability to use it and profit from it. Policymakers must deploy policy solutions that would promote wider access to technology within the population and a more symmetric distribution of the benefits that stem from it. Policy should drive technological development to correct off-line inequality rather than exacerbate it.
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) holds the keys to unlocking a future of unconceivable prosperity for humankind: it may dramatically boost the performance of economies and provide unprecedented opportunities for citizens, companies, and the public sector. It may also advance our ability to address humanity’s challenges, such as providing effective tools for disaster control, a weapon against climate change, or a cure for diseases like cancer. But AI also conceals the potential for a future at the other end of the spectrum. A future where citizens of dystopian societies undergo permanent monitoring for the way they behave or could behave. Where discriminatory treatment is a norm and fundamental rights are systematically ignored. A society where the gap between the haves and have-nots becomes unbridgeable. The role of public policy in the AI space is thus extremely important. Public policy can create the conditions for humanity to get the most out of AI while steering it away from the dystopian future, popularly depicted in science fiction books or films, by designing appropriate ethical and legal frameworks to protect society’s core values.
A SPADEFUL OF EARTH
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the diversity of life, introducing this through the teeming life found in soil. It traces the history of life, from the origin of all species as the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA), some three to four billion years ago. This was a springboard to an astonishing diversity of microbes, revealed by Carl Woese who uncovered their genetic signatures. The much later diversification of multicellular organisms in the sea, and its yet later expansion on to land, have been revealed by palaeontologists, and interpreted through the revolutionary studies of Jack Sepkoski, Stephen Jay Gould, and Mike Benton; possible reasons for their very different patterns of diversification are outlined.
A BONFIRE LIKE NO OTHER
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focusses on how energy intersects with life. The energy of sunlight has sustained life on Earth for billions of years, converted by plants into chemical energy, which in turn, is distributed through Earth’s myriad organisms. Now, humans have become adept at controlling energy sources for their own benefit, both by directing biological production towards themselves through crops and domesticated animals, and by opening up new sources of energy, including the fossilized sunlight of hydrocarbon fuels. One major development was the Haber-Bosch process, to fix (at great energetic cost) nitrogen from the air for the increased biological production that now keeps something like half the world’s population alive, via programmes like the Green Revolution. The Earth’s rapidly growing cities are now enormous energy sinks quite out of balance with natural systems, and the chapter concludes by discussing how they may be brought more into balance with nature.
MIRROR TO THE WORLD
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of technology and how it intersects with the biosphere. Technology was originally ingenious and artisanal, but limited for want of energy and resources. Then, coal, oil, and gas became energy sources. Technology mushroomed into a planet-spanning technosphere, currently parasitizing and diminishing the biosphere, with ballpoint pens and Swan lightbulbs among a myriad of rapidly evolving technospecies. While, as the technosphere develops and proliferates, it now begins to include living machines such as xenobots. The technosphere, while now similarly sized to the biosphere, is far more wasteful of resources. If its evolution is not to cause the Earth to become one giant landfill site, it must quickly become much better at recycling.
Interjections and particles
Authors: Corr Alice 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter surveys the categorially heterogeneous taxonomy of conversation-oriented particles and interjections, which are variously characterized as ‘non-syntactic’, ‘autonomous’, ‘deficient’, or otherwise ‘deviant’. It argues that the structural deficiency of these items is merely apparent, and that their incompatibility with a range of formal operations is, paradoxically, a reflection of the complexity of their internal syntax. On this view, utterance-oriented constituents are unified by their topological mapping at the ‘edge of the edge’ of the phasal template where the descriptive content of their interior is (increasingly) irrelevant to their interpretation. Their contribution to the universe of discourse is instead determined through ostension with the result that utterance-oriented constituents are characterized not by what they say but by what they ‘do’. Accordingly, the categorial non-uniformity of taxa such as ‘interjections’ and ‘particles’ results from classifying utterance-oriented items in terms of their interpretation rather than the syntactic category of their lexical root.
Doing things with utterance grammar
Authors: Corr Alice 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter synthesizes the key findings of Part I, and lays out the proposal for the Utterance Phrase (UP) as the utterance-oriented domain ‘beyond the clause’. U-heads are argued to assemble structure outside the phasal template, such that utterance-oriented constituents (in the specifiers of the UP) are formally connected to the ‘host’ sentence at its leftmost edge without being ‘part of’ that sentence (i.e. its phasal structure). The UP is conceptualized as the locus of utterance packaging of base-generated ‘utterance topics’ (viz. root-like, phase-external adjuncts) interpretatively modificational and hierarchically superior to the CP. Extending the sentence to include the (non-phasal) UP facilitates, in turn, the proposal that ‘dynamic’ conversational moves can be modelled under topological mapping principles within the clausal syntax. Accordingly, a maximally specified ‘rigid’ CP constitutes a simple (single) conversational update, and U-heads connect via their specifiers similarly simple conversational updates to that CP; together, these updates implement a complex conversational move.
The expression of affect
Authors: Corr Alice 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIbero-Romance affective que constructions implement a conversational move associated with the speaker’s affective perspective. The speaker simultaneously asserts the truth of their utterance—whence the requirement of the indicative in such clauses—realized through c/overt V-to-Fin movement, whilst the complementizer insertion mitigates the extent to which the utterance performs an extensional truth. The affective contribution of the construction involves a greater degree of intensity relative to complementizer-less sentence exclamations, indicating that it is the complementizer itself that acts as a syntactic conduit for the construction’s expressive (Potts 2007a) value, the interpretative result of which is the bootstrapping of the speaker’s affective stance to the complementizer’s overt realization. Affective que utterances thus perform a ‘double duty’ insofar as they are configured with the referential potential of a truth-denoting deictic act whilst additionally providing instruction on how that clause should be interpreted in the external world, viz. through an affective lens.
Quantum Mechanics in a Nutshell
Authors: Jena Debdeep 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the following questions: • What experimental facts led to the development of quantum mechanics? • What are the core ideas of quantum mechanics, and how are they different from classical mechanics? • How did quantum mechanics lead to the explanation of the existence of atoms, molecules, and the entire periodic table? • How did quantum mechanics forever change the core concepts of classical thermodynamics through the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics?
Electrons in the Quantum World
Authors: Jena Debdeep 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the following questions: • How does application of quantum mechanics and statistics to free electrons help reveal their wavefunctions 𝜓, momentum, energy, density of states, energy density, and quantum mechanical currents? • How do the above physical properties of electrons depend on the number of dimensions the electron is allowed to move in? Specifically, what are the similarities and differences of the properties for electrons moving in 1D, 2D, and 3D? • How did quantum mechanics and quantum statistics of free electrons resolve the discrepancies of the classical Drude model of the behavior of electrons in solids, and what phenomena could still not be explained? • A few exactly solved situations when electrons are not free, but form bound states, in which case there is no motion of electrons.
Bloch Theorem, Bandstructure, and Quantum Currents
Authors: Jena Debdeep 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the following questions: • The Bloch theorem, which states that the exact eigenfunctions of an electron in a periodic crystal are 𝜓k (x) = eikxuk (x) where uk (x + a) = uk (x) has the same periodicity as the crystal. • What is the crystal momentum and a Brillouin Zone? • How can Bloch theory enable the identification of energy bandstructure and DOS of electron states in crystals? • What is the velocity and current carried by Bloch states? How do these respond to external forces and scattering? • Why are metals, semiconductors and insulators different electronic phases of matter? Why do some divalent metals have lower electrical conductivities than their monovalent neighbors?
Zeroes and Ones: The Ballistic Transistor
Authors: Jena Debdeep 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the following questions: • How the field-effect mechanism dynamically controls mobile electron and hole densities in semiconductors, • The quantum mechanical operation principles of FETs, • Fundamental quantum limits of operation of ballistic FETs, • Effect of scattering and drift/diffusion transport on the operation of FETs, and • How FETs in today’s CMOS and HEMT technologies are used for logic, memory, and communications, and the historical development that led to the current state of the art FET technologies.
No Turning Back: The Boltzmann Transport Equation
Authors: Jena Debdeep 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the following questions about the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE): Why do we need the BTE to understand semiconductors? • How are the concepts of entropy and equilibrium explained by the BTE? • How does the BTE help calculate transport properties of electrons and phonons? • How are the relations between electronic and thermal transport properties explained by BTE? • What are the power and limitations of the BTE?
The Pedagogy of Trash
Authors: Hoffman Danny 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
How waste is managed, where it goes, who profits from and who suffers from its presence are critical development questions. And like any development story, trash has its narrative conventions and its representational norms. In this chapter I contrast the work of two photographers who take up the subject of African trash dumps. Fabrice Monteiro and Pieter Hugo have each produced well-known and critically acclaimed bodies of work on accumulating African waste. Both employ an activist camera, seeking to catalyse action around environmental issues. But the different approaches to visualizing trash in Monteiro’s The Prophecy and Hugo’s Permanent Error reflect a broad divide over how photography communicates urgent issues in global development and what photography has to offer in the particular discourses of African environmental and economic futures.
Allah megh de
Authors: Selim Shahpar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bangladesh is one of the world’s most climate vulnerable countries, and the country’s natural ecology has long experience in dealing with environmental instability and risk that provides useful resources for the future. Climate science and policymaking asks us to imagine a life that must adapt. Climate change has impacted cultural practices in the past; it challenges our cultural imaginations in the present; and its culture can be used as an important resource to inform better climate prescriptions. This chapter makes a case for making more of the potential value of cultural resources in climate policy and development intervention, drawing on the case of Bangladesh and its pot gan tradition of community theatre. By discussing practical examples, the chapter suggests that the integration of both ‘formal scientific’ and ‘local contextual’ approaches to knowledge is both highly desirable and demonstrably possible.
The organization of the book
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 gives an overview of the book. Relativity theory captures the imagination: special relativity, black holes, the prospect of gravitational wave detection, the advent of gravitational wave astronomy, and the sheer scope and nature of cosmology and its posing of ultimate questions excite the minds of the inquisitive. Yet, in order to examine it in a meaningful way, it is really necessary to have both physical insight and a sound mathematical foundation. The aim of this book is to help provide both of these. As well as looking at the nature of scientific research in general, the chapter explains the motivation for writing the book as well as the changes made in producing a second edition. It explains something of the history of Einstein’s search for a relativistic theory of gravitation and how this has influenced the authors in their approach to the subject in this book.
Rotating black holes
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 20, the final chapter in Part D, looks at the Kerr solution, which describes a rotating black hole. It turns out to be a rather long process to solve Einstein’s vacuum equations directly for the Kerr solution, so the chapter instead describes a ‘trick’ used by Newman and Janis for obtaining the Kerr solution from the Schwarzschild solution. This same trick can then be applied to the Reissner–Nordström solution to obtain the Kerr–Newman solution, the most general solution for a charged rotating black hole. After considering the properties of the Kerr solution, the chapter goes on to consider the Penrose process to extract energy from a black hole. It then concludes by providing an outline of the singularity theorems and introducing Hawking radiation and black hole thermodynamics.
Relativistic cosmology
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 24 introduces the field of cosmology. It starts by considering Olber’s paradox and then constructs a simple Newtonian cosmology model. It then discusses the cosmological principle and Weyl’s postulate as assumptions that go into formulating relativistic cosmology. It shows how this leads to the Robertson–Walker metrics and how, when these are substituted into Einstein’s equations, one obtains the Friedmann equation, which is an evolution equation for space-time. The geometry of such Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW, for short) solutions is then studied, which leads to so-called FRW cosmologies. Finally, it is shown that these satisfy Hubble’s law, in which the velocity of recession of distant stars, as defined by their gravitational red shift, is (approximately) proportional to their distance from the observer.