bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recordings of Cavitation Bubble Oscillation and Acoustic Shock Emission in Intracorporeal Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy
Authors: Lu Quang , Chuong C. J. Charles 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Intracorporeal electrohydraulic lithotripsy (IEHL) has been used in the treatment of urinary tract stone diseases. To better understand the interaction of the energy delivered and its resulting stone fragmentation, we recorded the cavitation bubble oscillation and the corresponding acoustic shock emission.
Effect of the Age-Dependent Properties of the Braincase on the Response of the Infant Brain to Impact
Authors: Thibault Kirk L. , Kurtz Steven M. , Margulies Susan S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Finite element models of the adult human head have been used to determine intracranial deformation of the brain under traumatic loading conditions [1]. Development of similar models for the infant head has been hindered by the lack of material property data for the pediatric brain and skull. Recent determination of these properties [6] has facilitated the construction of an idealized infant head model which can be used to demonstrate the effect of age-dependent properties of the braincase on the response of the infant brain to impact. The long-term goal of this research is to quantify the intracranial deformation of the neural and vascular tissue within the brain during traumatic loading and to apply these findings to the development of specialized head injury tolerances for the pediatric population.
Muscle Balance at the Knee During Internal and External Knee Rotation
Authors: Stewart A. A. , Buford W. L. , Ivey F. M. , Malone D. J. , Patterson R. M. , Nguyen D. , Nelson C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The human leg functions as it does partially because of an inherent muscle balance at the knee that provides adequate range of motion and strength. Disturbing this muscle balance can alter the functionality of the leg. Mechanical systems, such as the human knee, cannot be completely described without knowledge of the forces and moments associated with them.
Measurements for the In Vitro Failure of Multi-Level Instrumented Cervical Spine
Authors: DiAngelo Denis J. , Jansen Thomas H. , Eckstein Eugene C. , Foley Kevin T. , Dull Scott T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy, a commonly seen entity among the elderly, is often treated surgically to prevent progressive neurologic deterioration. There is a trend toward multi-segmental anterior surgical decompression and fusion in these cases [2]. Multi-level anterior cervical plates are frequently used to supplement these fusions. Previous in vitro experimental studies of anterior plating systems have been limited to one or two motion segment spine models [3,4].
Effect of Cervical Spine Position on Moment-Generating Potentials of Neck Muscles
Authors: Li Siping , Vasavada Anita N. , Delp Scott L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The stability of the head/neck system is achieved through the interplay of the passive ligamentous cervical spine and active neck musculature under neural control (Panjabi, 1992). Neck muscles provide forces and moments to generate movements of head/neck and maintain their stability. Many previous analyses have used muscle geometry at the neutral head position to calculate the forces and moments produced by the muscles. These studies, in general, have not examined how changes of muscle moment arms and muscle lengths affect their force and moment-generating capacities. It is yet not clear how the moment-generating capacities of individual neck muscles vary and how their relative contributions to total strength change with head/neck posture. Quantification of the moment-generating potentials of individual neck muscles at different positions of the cervical spine will provide insight into the contributions of the neck muscles to head movement and spine stabilization. The objective of this study was to quantify the variation of maximal isometric moment-generating potentials of neck muscles with flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation.
The Present and Future of Micromachining in Industrial Production of Surgical Tools
Authors: Tolkoff M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Surgery is the removal of obstructions and replacement or realignment of structures allowing the body to heal itself. What can micromachining add to this practice? Devices smaller than achieved before which are good for detecting problems, removing obstructions so biological repair can commence, and creating structures (scaffolds) for speeding repair. With the advent of micromachining industry can begin to create devices which are similar in size to the cells themselves. This will allow the creation of devices which mimic biology, for example needles as small as a mosquito’s, valves the size of tiny blood vessels, or structures which allow cells to grow creating new functioning tissue.
Micromachining’s promise allows the engineer to take into account the cells’ “view” of devices. Devices can now be made as small as a red blood cells (8μ) and with passages of 50μ, critical for healthy cell growth. In pores larger than this cells can’t bridge the space for transport of nutrition, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. In smaller pores cells clog the passageways and get quickly trapped.
The mechanical design engineer can use micromachining to:
• See things: diffraction gratings, lenses, optical elements
• Filter things: segregate cells, move drugs and nutrients without moving the cells
• Do work: move/remove tissue, make tiny surgical tools, make tiny nozzles for water jet cutting
• Support things: make scaffolds for cells, stent open body passages
• Make surfaces biologically friendly: textured surfaces, surfaces filled with materials friendly to the cells
• Make better tools: sharper cutting edges, tiny mechanisms, valves, controls
These and other possible micromachined devices will be discussed.
A Method for Determining the Anterior-Posterior Motion of Tibiofemoral Contact During Simulated Gait in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Sheshadri V. B. , Rullkoetter P. J. , Hillberry B. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A description of the motion of the centers of tibiofemoral contact, during gait, can provide insight into the constraint of a given prosthetic design. It has been shown that increased joint constraint can have a negative effect on the performance of a prosthetic, such as increasing the risk of tibial loosening[1,2]. This paper will describe a method to evaluate the anterior-posterior motion of the tibial centers of contact.
Finite Element and Experimental Test Results for Peek Composite Intramedullary Implants
Authors: Corvelli Amy A. , Biermann Paul J. , Roberts Jack C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Stress-shielding between the implant material and the bone is closely linked to the loosening of current metallic (titanium) orthopedic implants. A material having properties that closely match those of bone will decrease this shielding problem and improve implant fixation (1). This study uses a composite of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) to produce an isoelastic intramedullary implant (i.e., an implant with a stiffness equivalent to that of bone). A finite element model (FEM) was developed and numerical results were confirmed by experimental bending tests.
The Effect of Auditory Cues on the Haptic Perception of Stiffness in Virtual Environments
Authors: DiFranco David E. , Beauregard G. Lee , Srinivasan Mandayam A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
To explore the possibility that multisensory information may be useful in expanding the range of haptic experiences in virtual environments, psychophysical experiments examining the influence of sound on the haptic perception of stiffness were carried out. In these experiments, subjects utilized the PHANToM, a six-degree-of-freedom haptic interface device with force-reflection along three axes, to feel the stiffness of various virtual surfaces. As subjects tapped on the different virtual surfaces, they were simultaneously presented with various impact sounds. The subjects were asked to rank the surfaces based on their perceived stiffness. The results indicate that when the physical stiffnesses of the surfaces were the same, subjects consistently ranked the surfaces according to sound, i.e., surfaces paired with sound cues that are typically associated with tapping harder surfaces were generally perceived as stiffer. However, when sound cues were randomly paired with surfaces of different mechanical stiffnesses, the results were more equivocal: naïve subjects who had not used the PHANToM previously tended to be more affected by sound cues than another group of subjects who had previously completed a set of stiffness discrimination experiments without sound cues. The possible implications of this result for the design of multimodal virtual environments and its comparison to prior work by some of the authors on the effects of vision on haptic perception are discussed.
Experimental Investigation of Planar Two-Arm Friction Assisted Grasping Tasks
Authors: Desai Jaydev P. , Kumar Vijay 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We study human manipulation tasks requiring the coordination of two arms with grasps that rely on frictional forces for stable prehension. Specifically, we investigate tasks in which an object is grasped with open palms and moved from one position and orientation to another in a horizontal plane. We are particularly interested in the force distribution and object trajectory in voluntary, relaxed movements. The first important observation is that there is a significant degree of repeatability in the kinematic data across trials and across subjects. Secondly, we show that all trajectories are characterized by asymmetries that cannot simply be explained by the dominance of one arm over the other. Finally, we show that the internal forces can play an important role in trajectory generation. While these are repeatable across trials, they vary significantly from subject to subject. The results of this paper are potentially important for the design of bimanual machine interfaces and for robot control and coordination.
Noncollocated Adaptive-Passive Vibration Control
Authors: Buhr Craig A. , Franchek Matthew A. , Bernhard Robert J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Presented in this paper is the development of a control law for tuning a variable stiffness vibration absorber to attenuate single frequency excitation in a noncollocated situation. The control law is comprised of two distinct parts. First, a ±90° phase condition between the motion of the vibration absorber and the location of interest is used to determine tuning direction. Next, a feedback based tuning strategy is used to precisely tune the vibration absorber for performance maximization. The feedback tuning strategy is based on the classical feedback structure of a regulating system. The absorber is tuned such that the accelerometer voltage resulting from the measurement of vibration of the point of interest is minimized. An experimental verification of this control law is shown.
Monitoring of Loading Status Inside Rolling Element Bearings Through Electromechanical Sensor Integration
Authors: Holm-Hansen Brian T. , Gao Robert X. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a systematic design approach for a sensor-embedded “smart” ball bearing. An embedded acoustic emission sensor is used as part of a condition monitoring system to provide self-diagnostic capabilities to the bearing. Integration of the sensor involved a structural modification to the bearing raceway and the configuration of a miniaturized acoustic emission sensing element. The design parameters were the size, geometry, location and material properties of the sensing element as well as the dimensions of the bearing raceway modification in which the sensor is embedded. A combination of analytical and coupled-field finite element models were used in the design process. The raceway was analyzed by evaluating the stress and deflection of the bearing, and the embedded sensor was analyzed in terms of its frequency response. This work shows how both analytical and finite element modeling methodologies can be combined effectively in the development of a smart mechanical component with improved fault detection capabilities.
A Simplified Three-Way Catalyst Model for Use in On-Board SI Engine Control and Diagnostics
Authors: Brandt Erich P. , Wang Yanying , Grizzle Jessy W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Automotive emissions are severely regulated. Since 1980, a three-way catalyst (TWC) has been used to convert harmful emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen into less harmful gases in order to meet these regulations. The efficiency of conversion of these gases is dependent on the mass ratio of air to fuel (A/F) in the mixture leaving the exhaust manifold and entering the catalyst, the velocity of the exhaust mass, and the temperature of the catalyst. The goal of this paper is to develop a dynamic, control-oriented model of a TWC. First, the importance of developing such a model will be explained. Then, a simplified dynamic catalyst model that can be determined on the basis of medium bandwidth A/F measurements and low bandwidth temperature and emission measurements will be introduced and validated.
Non-Newtonian Lubrication With the Second Order Fluid
Authors: Sawyer W. Gregory , Tichy John A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In certain applications where the lubricant is subjected to rapidly changing conditions along its flowing path (such as an elastohydrodynamic contact), the inherently time dependent nature of the lubricant may be significant. The simplest type of model to correctly account for such time dependence is the second order fluid, which is a systematic small departure from Newtonian behavior, involving higher order rate-of-rate-of strain tensors. Using a regular perturbation in the Deborah number, with the conventional lubrication case as the leading term, a solution can be obtained. Viscoelasticity may raise or lower pressure depending on the nature of edge boundary conditions.
Settling and Interactions of Spheres in Non-Newtonian Fluids
Authors: Zhu Qinsheng , Clark Peter E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Settling of particles in both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids has been the subject of a number of studies. In Newtonian fluids, the settling process is well understood. The process is less well understood in non-Newtonian fluids. Multiple particle settling in non-Newtonian fluids has not received a great deal of attention, but it is important in a number of industrial processes.
In this study, we have examined the behavior of multiple spheres falling in non-Newtonian fluids. For two spheres of different diameters dropped sequentially, we find that the spheres will aggregate and fall together under certain well defined conditions. Both the diameter of the spheres and the rheological properties of the fluid determine settling behavior. Data will be presented for settling of multiple particles (up to five). Interactions between more than two particles settling together are complex. Our experiments indicate that the relationship between settling velocity and the number of the spheres follows some regular pattern. Theoretical work describing the mechanism and conditions under which the two particles with different sizes will settle together in non-Newtonian fluids is also discussed in this paper.
Flow Characteristics of Electrorheological Fluids
Authors: Tsukiji Tetsuhiro , Hori Ken-ichi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Microscopic behavior of ER suspension structure between two fixed electrodes is visualized for the stationary and flowing ER fluids with high speed video camera fitted with a microscope under application of electric fields. The ER fluids used in the present study consist of cellulose suspended in silicone oil. Unipolar and bipolar sine-waves electric fields, and constant ones are used. The frequencies of the electric fields are from 0.1 to 1000 Hz. The pressure drop of ER fluids between two parallel-plate electrodes is also investigated under application of the electric fields for constant flow rates. Dependence of the pressure drop on electrical excitation frequency is investigated. Furthermore the flow characteristics of ER fluids which flow in an axial direction without the radial velocity component between two closely fitting concentric cylinders are examined. The pressure drop/flow rate performance of the ER fluids between concentric cylinders is measured under constant electric fields. The relationship between the pressure drop and the flow rate are calculated using the commonly quoted Bingham model.
Efficient Algorithms for Non-Smooth Dynamics
Authors: Roßmann Thomas , Pfeiffer Friedrich , Glocker Christoph 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this paper the dynamics of rigid body systems with stick-slip transitions are examined. Thereby unilateral contacts and bilateral guiding devices are considered and the validity of the Coulomb friction law is assumed. The equations of motion together with the constraint equations and the contact laws are transformed into a linear complementary problem. For three dimensional problems this is done by using a linearized friction cone. All the described methods can be used for systems with dependent constraints. Finally, some practical examples are given in which the described methods are applied.
Nonlinear Phenomena in a Stochastically Excited Dynamic System
Authors: van de Wouw N. , de Kraker A. , van Campen D. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The response of strongly nonlinear dynamic systems to stochastic excitation exhibits many interesting characteristics. In this paper, excitation forms like white noise and Gaussian band limited noise are applied to a bilinear system. The nonlinear characteristics cannot be represented sufficiently accurate using statistical linearization techniques. Integration techniques have to be used. The emphasis lies on frequency domain phenomena. Phenomena like multiple resonance frequencies and multiple solutions are investigated along with their origin. The stochastic response characteristics are clarified by comparing them to periodic response features of the system. Furthermore, stochastic response phenomena can provide information on the periodic response characteristics of the system.
Time and Reason for the Beginning of Railroad Axle Rotation
Authors: Sakamoto Haruo , Hirakawa Kenji 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Axles for aircraft, automobiles, and horse wagons do not rotate. From the chariot of around B.C. 2,000 to horse wagons of the wild west, axles for vehicles have not rotated except for the railroad. Why and when railroad axles started to rotate is the subject of this report.
Stevens’ locomotive exhibited in the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago is called the first locomotive to run on a track in America in 1825 and has stationary axles. On the other hand, Locomotion by Stephenson in England, which is the first train on a public railroad in England in 1825, has rotational axles. In the US, all axles seem to have started to rotate around 1834, when the Mississippi was inaugurated.
This report tried to investigate the time and reason for the beginning of railroad axle rotation. As a result, the axles for wheel drive locomotives are considered to be needed to rotate with wheels from the viewpoint of maximum friction power. However, the reason of axle rotation for the trailing wheel at the beginning of the railroad is not explicit. Further investigation is required.
CFD Analysis of Thermal Mixing and Stratification in AP600 Auxiliary Lines
Authors: Harkness Alexander W. , Schwirian Richard E. , Dymacek Petr 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to evaluate thermal stratification in two auxiliary piping systems of the Advanced Passive 600 mW Pressurized Water Reactor (AP600).
Real-Time Resin Temperature Measurements for Polymer Processing Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Bur Anthony J. , Migler Kalman , Vangel Mark G. , Johnsonbaugh David S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We have developed a measurement methodology for measuring resin temperature and temperature profiles during processing using fluorescence spectroscopy. The technique consists of mixing a temperature sensitive fluorescent dye with a polymer resin at very low concentration, on the order of 10−6 molar concentration, and monitoring the temperature dependence of the fluorescence spectra. Two classes of fluorescent dyes are used: (a) excimer producing dyes such as bis-(pyrene) propane, and (b) band broadening dyes such as perylene and benzoxazolyl stilbene. Because the fluorescence measurement reflects the temperature in the neighborhood of the dye molecule, true resin temperature is observed and effects due the large thermal mass of the processing machine are minimized. Real-time monitoring was achieved using optical fiber sensors which were inserted into the process line at existing instrumentation ports. We monitored both injection molding and extrusion observing effects due to shear heating, crystallization and thermal diffusion. Temperature profiles in a flowing resin were measured using a sensor with confocal focusing optics. With this sensor, excitation light is focused to a point in the resin and the temperature at that point is deduced from the resultant fluorescence. In most cases, the fluorescence data must be corrected for effects due to pressure in order to yield an accurate temperature measurement.
Creation of Conducting Networks of Particles in Polymer Melts by Chaotic Mixing
Authors: Danescu R. I. , Zumbrunnen D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chaotic mixing of a nonconducting thermoplastic melt and initially coarse clusters of conducting particles has been investigated to assess opportunities for the in-situ formation of extended particle networks. Upon capture by solidification, such extended networks may render the composite electrically conducting. Chaotic advection of small, spherical, non-interacting particles was studied computationally and experimentally ill a cavity formed between two offset cylinders. Numerical tracking of individual particles was performed under conditions where global chaotic mixing prevailed. Formation mechanisms were identified at various stages of mixing. After mixing, networks comprising interconnected particles were identified as electrical pathways. Micrographs of composites produced experimentally by two-dimensional chaotic mixing of thermoplastics with conducting carbon black showed structures resembling those predicted by the simulations and provided further insights into formation mechanisms. The electrical resistivity of the composites is also compared to composites produced by conventional means.
Damage in Composite NiMH Positive Electrodes
Authors: Sastry A. M. , Choi S. B. , Cheng X. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mechanical degradation in fibrous composite electrodes in use in NiMH (nickel metal hydride) batteries is being studied. NiMH cells exhibit failure in the positive plate due to swelling induced during the electrochemical reaction, which leads to gradual breakdown of the connectivity of the substrate microstructure. Particularly, loss of electrical conductivity as related to losses in mechanical properties upon cell cycling (constant current cycles with substantial overcharge) are being investigated experimentally. These properties are measured for the dry substrate material before and after battery cycling, and the losses observed suggest key failure mechanisms include mechanical damage. Results suggest tradeoffs between use of higher density nickel substrates and improved energy densities using mechanical and resistivity proof tests.