bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Flag and the Cross
Authors: Gorski Philip S. , Perry Samuel L. , Tisby Jemar 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Most Americans were shocked by the violence they witnessed at the nation’s capital on January 6, 2021. And bewildered by the images displayed by the insurrectionists: a wooden cross and wooden gallows; “Jesus Saves” and “Don’t Tread on Me”; Christian flags and Confederate Flags; even a prayer in Jesus’s name after storming the Senate chamber. Where some saw a confusing jumble, Gorski and Perry saw a familiar ideology: white Christian nationalism. In this short primer, Gorski and Perry explain what white Christian nationalism is and is not; when it first emerged and how it has changed; and where it’s headed and why it threatens democracy. They explain what makes white Christian nationalism “white.” They show how it took shape over three centuries ago. And how it has influenced American politics over the last three decades. Throughout American history, white Christian nationalism has animated the oppression, exclusion, and even extermination of minority groups while securing privilege for white Protestants. It enables white Christian Americans to demand “sacrifice” from others in the name of religion and nation, while defending their “rights” in the names of “liberty” and “property.” The future of American democracy, they argue, will depend on whether a broad spectrum of Americans—stretching from democratic socialists to classical liberals—can unite in a popular front to combat the threat to liberal democracy posed by white Christian nationalism.
Freedom, Violence, Order
Authors: Gorski Philip S. , Perry Samuel L. , Tisby Jemar 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how white Christian nationalism has influenced American politics over the last two decades: the Tea Party movement, the MAGA phenomenon, and the Capitol insurrection. It argues that WCN is the hidden through line that connects all three moments. It then explores the “holy trinity” of WCN: freedom, order, and violence. White freedom is premised on a racial order that must often be enforced with violence. This was the underlying logic of the Capitol insurrection on January 6, 2021. The chapter documents how the logic of white Christian nationalism helps us understand why white Americans support authoritarian means of social control, favor strategies that limit access to democratic participation, and largely defend Donald Trump for his role in provoking the January 6 riots: they feel white Christian freedom and social order are under attack by evil outsiders, who don’t deserve freedom, democratic participation, or political power. Rather, they must be controlled by any means necessary.
Theories of Strategic Outcomes
Authors: Jasper James M. , Elliott-Negri Luke , Jabola-Carolus Isaac , Kagan Marc , Mahlbacher Jessica , Weisskircher Manès , Zhelnina Anna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Protest efforts occasionally succeed but more often fail; either way, they leave behind a number of impacts on both the players and the arenas involved. In looking for patterns in both unanticipated and anticipated gains and losses, and by concentrating on multiple microlevel interactions among players, we incorporate a range of strategic players (including subplayers within social movements but also their targets, authorities, and others), and we follow them across a series of strategic arenas. This chapter finds that their many gains and losses often appear in familiar packages that are linked to the strategic choices they make in response to other players. The chapter identifies six frequent packages: arena ownership, institutionalization, an electoral package, leverage across arenas, a radicalism package, and a personality package.
Institutionalizing Participatory Budgeting in New York City
Authors: Jasper James M. , Elliott-Negri Luke , Jabola-Carolus Isaac , Kagan Marc , Mahlbacher Jessica , Weisskircher Manès , Zhelnina Anna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines a package of gains and losses linked to the institutionalization of movement-backed public policies. Activists often mobilize to advance policy goals or to democratize policymaking itself. But even when they achieve such goals, their task remains unfinished. They face further challenges in implementation and institutionalization, as they seek stability for newly won policies, programs, or reforms. When successful, they may gain valuable resources and security for their program. But they typically cede control to allies who may not fully share their goals, and decision-making moves into arenas that tend to contain unreceptive players. As a result, the integrity and impacts of their program may suffer. New York City’s participatory budgeting initiative illustrates these dynamics. The case reveals how strategic players experienced such tradeoffs as they pursued a major experiment in local democratic governance.
From Free to Fair Markets
Authors: Holden Richard , Dixon Rosalind 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Liberalism—and its promise of market-led prosperity—was in crisis well before Covid-19. Recent decades have seen a rise in concentrated unemployment, and a long-term stagnation in real wages, in many of the world’s leading economies. At the same time, the world has witnessed a dramatic rise of corporate power, and the wealth of the top 1%. Alongside this has been the failure of liberal societies to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time, including climate change. Covid-19 has only exacerbated the fragility of work, and the effects of corporate power and inequality. When Covid-19 is over, liberalism will therefore be badly in need of renovation. Indeed, to survive, liberalism will need a radical reboot—to find new ways of tackling the current challenges posed by corporate power, inequality, and climate change. This also means moving beyond recent “neoliberal” versions of liberalism toward a more truly democratic form of liberalism, or from the idea of free markets to a vision of fair markets. Fair market policies are not democratic socialist: they hold on to the idea of markets as promoting growth and freedom. But they insist that markets must be subject to wide-ranging democratic regulation. This book offers a new vision of a “fair markets” approach–and the concrete policies that could make this ideal a reality. It proposes: (1) a universal “green” jobs guarantee; (2) a significant increase in the minimum wage and government support for wages; (3) universal healthcare based on a two-track model of public and private provision, and (4) a similar public baseline for childcare and basic leave benefits for all workers; (5) a new critical infrastructure policy for nation states to sit alongside a commitment to global free trade; and (6) universal pollution taxes, with all proceeds returned directly to citizens by way of a green dividend. The common theme of all the policies is that they combine a commitment to markets with democratic commitments to equal dignity for all citizens, and the regulation of markets in line with majority interests and understandings—or the idea that markets should be both free and fair, and well-functioning, as opposed to simply “free.” Because of this, they are also policies that are “blue,” “pink,” and “green.” The book also explains how to pay for these ideas, and the kind of democratic politics needed to make them a reality.
The Crisis in (Neo)Liberalism
Authors: Holden Richard , Dixon Rosalind 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the current loss of faith in many countries in liberal, market-based economic models, and ties that crisis in confidence to three broad economic trends: the decline in work, wages, and entitlements experienced by ordinary workers; the rise of mega-corporate power, globalization, and economic inequality; and the proliferation of environmental challenges, some of which are existential in nature. It also notes how the effects of these trends, and especially the first two relating to work, wages, corporate power, and inequality, have been amplified by disruptions stemming from the Covid-19 pandemic and its aftermath.
Baseline Benefits: Universal Healthcare (Australian Style) and Beyond
Authors: Holden Richard , Dixon Rosalind 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the challenge of providing universal access to a dignified social minimum for all, and the choice between a universal public baseline and public option as preferred democratic liberal approaches to this challenge. It illustrates how this would work in the context of healthcare as well as other benefits such as childcare and basic leave, and how it draws on the logic of the Australian healthcare system. In addition, it considers the difference between various benefits and systems in terms of the optimal design of benefits, and the challenge of ensuring actual equality not just sufficiency in some contexts, including healthcare and especially access to educational opportunity.
Internalizing Externalities: Toward a Carbon Dividend
Authors: Holden Richard , Dixon Rosalind 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the degree to which a fair markets approach supports democratic regulations and responses to negative “externalities” (or the social costs of market transactions not borne by parties to the transaction). It explores how classical liberal market-based ideas point to so-called Pigouvian taxes as a leading response to externalities, and therefore to a price on carbon in response to the existential challenge posed by climate change. But it also highlights the need to pay attention to the distributive consequences of these kinds of taxes, or their impact on economic inequality and access to a dignified social minimum—in ways that point to the value of redistributing these taxes back to citizens in the form of a citizen “dividend.” Finally, it notes the degree to which other regulatory responses, including robust financial regulation, are additional important democratic liberal responses to the challenge of externalities.
Fintech and Capital Intermediation
Authors: Allen Hilary J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the capital intermediation function performed by the financial system, and uses the case studies of marketplace lending, high frequency trading, and cryptoasset markets to explore how technology is changing the ways in which our financial system intermediates capital. In particular, this chapter emphasizes the increased speed and complexity that come from these new fintech business models, and notes that these may exacerbate run and fire sale dynamics while at the same time limiting the efficacy of government intervention designed to support financial stability. The automatic execution of smart contracts is of particular concern in this respect. This chapter finishes with some observations about how cryptoassets like Diem and JPMCoin might also hamper the ability of central banks to carry out monetary policy.
Fintech and Financial Stability Regulation Status Quo
Authors: Allen Hilary J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the inadequacies of our current financial regulatory system when it comes to fintech. It starts by describing the challenges that technological innovation poses for regulation generally, then looks more specifically at the difficulties inherent in regulating fintech. Some financial regulators have been experimenting with new regulatory approaches (like innovation hubs and regulatory sandboxes) in light of fintech’s ascendance, but most of the experimentation so far has focused on supporting private sector innovation, rather than mitigating the negative consequences of that innovation for financial stability. Because the industry’s adoption of fintech innovations (and regtech innovations) poses some challenges for financial stability regulation, Chapter 5 also considers the role that technological innovations by the regulatory agencies themselves (known as “suptech”) can play in addressing those challenges.
A Miracle Creed
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This book introduces Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s Principle of Optimality and argues that it plays a central role in his physics and philosophy, with profound implications for both. Each chapter begins with an introduction to one of Leibniz’s ground-breaking studies in natural philosophy, paying special attention to the role of optimal form in those investigations. Each chapter then goes on to explore the philosophical implications of optimal form for Leibniz’s broader philosophical system. Individual chapters include discussions of Leibniz’s understanding of teleology, the nature of bodies, laws of nature, and free will. The final chapter explores the legacy of Leibniz’s physics in light of his work on optimal form.
Introduction
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces Leibniz’s Principle of Optimality and the book as a whole. It begins with a discussion of Albert Einstein’s notion of a “miracle creed,” that is, a scientific belief that goes beyond available evidence but that nonetheless proves to be remarkably productive. It suggests that Leibniz’s Principle of Optimality is just such a principle and outlines the discussion to follow in subsequent chapters. Themes touched on include Leibniz’s work in optics, mechanics and statics and the relationship of that work to his thinking about teleology, the nature of material bodies, contingency, providence, monads, agency, and Leibniz’s legacy with respect to modern physics.
Rigid Beams and the Foundations of Physics
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Leibniz’s ingenious treatment of the breaking strength of rigid bodies. In 1684, in a seminal paper published in the Acta Eruditorum, Leibniz offered a model of the behavior of rigid bodies that crucially takes it for granted that rigid beams must satisfy his Principle of Optimality. In doing so, he successfully arrived at an improved formula for calculating the strength of a cubic beam. Beyond its scientific results, however, Leibniz’s approach to the problem of determining the breaking strength of rigid beams had profound implications for the structure and nature of matter itself. This chapter draws out the implications of Leibniz’s account for his views on the nature of forces and material bodies. It concludes by considering the implications of Leibniz’s thinking about forces and bodies for his understanding of the relationship between monads and space.
Vis viva and the Origins of Leibniz’s Natural Philosophy
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes up Leibniz’s famous defense of the conservation of vis viva as announced in his A Brief Demonstration of a Notable Error of Descartes and Others Concerning a Natural Law, published in the Acta Eruditorum in 1686. It argues that Leibniz’s mature understanding of the laws of nature is best understood—both historically and conceptually—as arising not out of his work in dynamics, but rather out of his optimality approach to the laws of optics. The upshot of the chapter is that Leibniz’s mature natural philosophy should be understood as being initially driven not by his discoveries in dynamics, but rather by his studies in optics and his embrace of the Principle of Optimality.
Why We Are Not Selfish by Nature
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the assertion that all evolved traits must be selfish and immoral. It explains that genetic selfishness does not correspond to the kind of selfishness that we consider immoral. It argues that to explain how moral traits evolved, we must figure out how they helped our early human ancestors foster their biological and genetic interests. The central function of moral traits is to help members of groups reap the benefitsn of cooperation, which necessitates resolving their conflicts of interest in mutually beneficial ways. Evolutionary theorists have found that several conditionally cooperative strategies can defeat selfish strategies in evolutionary contests and evolve. The meaning of morality stems from its biological function: to uphold systems of cooperation.
A Sense of Justice
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews evidence that we possess a sense of fairness that is similar to that of other primates in some respects, but different in others. It argues that, like other animals, the primitive forms of fairness we display are mediated by emotions such as guilt, shame, righteous indignation, vindictiveness, gratitude, indebtedness, and forgiveness, but that our cognitive abilities endow us with a significantly more complex sense of justice than that displayed by any other animal. Some aspects of our sense of injustice are activated when we behave in unfair ways, and others are activated when others behave in unfair ways. Our sense of justice normally becomes increasingly sophisticated as we develop.
Psychological Sources of Altruism and Loyalty
Authors: Krebs Dennis L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the question of whether we are capable of behaving in truly altruistic ways. It describes the “altruism game” in which the optimistic side argues that people can be motivated to help others out of the goodness of their hearts and the cynical side argues that if you dig down deep enough, you will find that people are out for themselves. It reviews research on four types of mental mechanisms that induce people to behave in seemingly altruistic ways—those that give rise to impulsive helping reactions; those that engender emotions such as love, gratitude, and solidarity; those that regulate social learning; and those that mediate advanced cognitive processes such as moral reasoning. It concludes that all of these evolved mechanisms are equipped to motivate people to help others as an end in itself.
The Corporation as Technology
Authors: Bruner Christopher M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes up the task of re-conceptualizing the corporation. Bruner argues that we should think about the corporate form not as a set of fixed, rigid legal characteristics, but rather as a dynamic legal technology that can be re-calibrated, in varying contexts and over time, in response to a dynamic contextual landscape. The aim is to foster capacity to think critically and creatively about the structure of the standard corporate form and the regulatory content of corporate law, which requires a clearer and fuller picture of what the corporate form can actually do. This chapter provides a general framework for thinking about the considerable flexibilities offered by the corporate technology, and the correlative range of policy options available to us.
Re-Calibrating Governance: Industry-by-Industry Approaches
Authors: Bruner Christopher M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that vexing governance-related problems will require creative governance-related solutions, and this chapter explores potential reforms in various industry contexts that could address persistent corporate pathologies and re-calibrate corporate governance toward more sustainable models. First, the chapter revisits the historical approach to constraining risk-taking in financial firms by adjusting upward the governance levers for board liability exposure and shareholder liability exposure, while adjusting downward the shareholder orientation lever—adjustments that secondarily impact other governance levers as well. The analysis then turns to forms of non-financial firms thought to raise similar systemic concerns, and other companies engaged in inherently hazardous industries where there is substantial risk of generating significant negative externalities—in each case including consideration of the degree to which regulatory rationales and design features explored in the context of financial firms might offer benefits in these additional industry settings as well.
Conclusions
Authors: Bruner Christopher M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 briefly concludes this book. The chapter emphasizes the degree to which some of the most pressing environmental, social, and economic problems that we face today are exacerbated by an unnecessarily static view of the corporate form and corporate law, and assesses impediments that stand in the way of reform. Specifically, Bruner argues that reliance on flawed metaphors in corporate analysis has short-circuited nuanced and creative thought about the corporate form, corporate law, and potential governance structures, and that achieving a fuller and more accurate understanding will require casting such metaphors aside. Grappling with the corporation’s environmental, social, and economic impacts—both positive and negative—will require a nuanced understanding of the various ways in which the levers of corporate governance can be calibrated and re-calibrated to respond to a dynamic landscape.
Inquiry in Practice
Authors: Allen Michael S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of philosophical originality, combating the widespread notion that late Vedāntic scholasticism offers nothing new or worthy of study. It begins by urging that we must be careful not to read scholastic texts through the lens of modern intellectual values. It then discusses the intellectual values implicit in Niścaldās’s text, drawing on the interpretation of inquiry developed in the previous chapter. It is argued that although The Ocean of Inquiry does not display doctrinal originality, it displays considerable stylistic, pedagogical, and “procedural” originality. This argument is supported with three “case studies” of inquiry as expressed through the teacher-student dialogues in The Ocean of Inquiry.
Writing Welsh History
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This is the first book to explore how the history of Wales and the Welsh has been written over the past fifteen hundred years. By analysing and contextualizing a wide range of historical writing, from Gildas in the sixth century to recent global approaches, it opens new perspectives both on the history of Wales and on understandings of Wales and the Welsh—and thus on the use of the past to articulate national and other identities. The book’s broad chronological scope serves to highlight important continuities in interpretations of Welsh history. One enduring preoccupation is Wales’s place in Britain. Down to the twentieth century it was widely held that the Welsh were an ancient people descended from the original inhabitants of Britain whose history in its fullest sense ended with Edward I’s conquest of Wales in 1282–4, their history thereafter being regarded as an attentuated appendix. However, the book shows that such master narratives, based on medieval sources and focused primarily on the period down to 1282, were part of a much larger and more varied historiographical landscape. Over the past century the thematic and chronological range of Welsh history writing has expanded significantly, notably in the unprecedented attention given to the modern period, reflecting broader trends in an increasingly internationalized historical profession as well as the influence of social, economic, and political developments in Wales and elsewhere.