bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Landslide detection in the Himalayas using machine learning algorithms and U-Net
Authors: Meena Sansar Raj , Soares Lucas Pedrosa , Grohmann Carlos H. , van Westen Cees , Bhuyan Kushanav , Singh Ramesh P. , Floris Mario , Catani Filippo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEvent-based landslide inventories are essential sources to broaden our understanding of the causal relationship between triggering events and the occurring landslides. Moreover, detailed inventories are crucial for the succeeding phases of landslide risk studies like susceptibility and hazard assessment. The openly available inventories differ in the quality and completeness levels. Event-based landslide inventories are created based on manual interpretation, and there can be significant differences in the mapping preferences among interpreters. To address this issue, we used two different datasets to analyze the potential of U-Net and machine learning approaches for automated landslide detection in the Himalayas. Dataset-1 is composed of five optical bands from the RapidEye satellite imagery. Dataset-2 is composed of the RapidEye optical data, and ALOS-PALSAR derived topographical data. We used a small dataset consisting of 239 samples acquired from several training zones and one testing zone to evaluate our models’ performance using the fully convolutional U-Net model, Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor, and the Random Forest (RF). We created thirty-two different maps to evaluate and understand the implications of different sample patch sizes and their effect on the accuracy of landslide detection in the study area. The results were then compared against the manually interpreted inventory compiled using fieldwork and visual interpretation of the RapidEye satellite image. We used accuracy assessment metrics such as F1-score, Precision, Recall, and Mathews Correlation Coefficient (MCC). In the context of the Nepali Himalayas, employing RapidEye images and machine learning models, a viable patch size was investigated. The U-Net model trained with 128 × 128 pixel patch size yields the best MCC results (76.59%) with the dataset-1. The added information from the digital elevation model benefited the overall detection of landslides. However, it does not improve the model’s overall accuracy but helps differentiate human settlement areas and river sand bars. In this study, the U-Net achieved slightly better results than other machine learning approaches. Although it can depend on architecture of the U-Net model and the complexity of the geographical features in the imagery, the U-Net model is still preliminary in the domain of landslide detection. There is very little literature available related to the use of U-Net for landslide detection. This study is one of the first efforts of using U-Net for landslide detection in the Himalayas. Nevertheless, U-Net has the potential to improve further automated landslide detection in the future for varied topographical and geomorphological scenes.
Fifty years of Shannon information theory in assessing the accuracy and agreement of diagnostic tests
Authors: Casagrande Alberto , Fabris Francesco , Girometti Rossano 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSince 1948, Shannon theoretic methods for modeling information have found a wide range of applications in several areas where information plays a key role, which goes well beyond the original scopes for which they have been conceived, namely data compression and error correction over a noisy channel. Among other uses, these methods have been applied in the broad field of medical diagnostics since the 1970s, to quantify diagnostic information, to evaluate diagnostic test performance, but also to be used as technical tools in image processing and registration. This review illustrates the main contributions in assessing the accuracy of diagnostic tests and the agreement between raters, focusing on diagnostic test performance measurements and paired agreement evaluation. This work also presents a recent unified, coherent, and hopefully, final information-theoretical approach to deal with the flows of information involved among the patient, the diagnostic test performed to appraise the state of disease, and the raters who are checking the test results. The approach is assessed by considering two case studies: the first one is related to evaluating extra-prostatic cancers; the second concerns the quality of rapid tests for COVID-19 detection.
Blockchain in radiology research and clinical practice: current trends and future directions
Authors: Tagliafico Alberto Stefano , Campi Cristina , Bianca Bignotti , Bortolotto Chandra , Buccicardi Duccio , Francesca Coppola , Prost Roberto , Rengo Marco , Faggioni Lorenzo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBlockchain usage in healthcare, in radiology, in particular, is at its very early infancy. Only a few research applications have been tested, however, blockchain technology is widely known outside healthcare and widely adopted, especially in Finance, since 2009 at least. Learning by history, radiology is a potential ideal scenario to apply this technology. Blockchain could have the potential to increase radiological data value in both clinical and research settings for the patient digital record, radiological reports, privacy control, quantitative image analysis, cybersecurity, radiomics and artificial intelligence.Up-to-date experiences using blockchain in radiology are still limited, but radiologists should be aware of the emergence of this technology and follow its next developments. We present here the potentials of some applications of blockchain in radiology.
RAY-POS: a LIDAR-based assistance system for intraoperative repositioning of mobile C-arms without external aids
Authors: Bernhard Lukas , Völk Christopher , Völk Dominik , Rothmeyer Florian , Xu Zhencan , Ostler Daniel , Biberthaler Peter , Wilhelm Dirk 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose
In current clinical practice, intraoperative repositioning of mobile C-arms is challenging due to a lack of visual cues and efficient guiding tools. This can be detrimental to the surgical workflow and lead to additional radiation burdens for both patient and personnel. To overcome this problem, we present our novel approach Lidar-based X-ray Positioning for Mobile C-arms (RAY-POS) for assisting circulating nurses during intraoperative C-arm repositioning without requiring external aids.

Methods
RAY-POS consists of a localization module and a graphical user interface for guiding the user back to a previously recorded C-Arm position. We conducted a systematic comparison of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms using different attachment positions of light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensors to benchmark localization performance within the operating room (OR). For two promising combinations, we conducted further end-to-end repositioning tests within a realistic OR setup.

Results
SLAM algorithm gmapping with a LIDAR sensor mounted 40 cm above the C-arm’s horizontal unit performed best regarding localization accuracy and long-term stability. The distribution of the repositioning error yielded an effective standard deviation of 7.61 mm.

Conclusion
We conclude that a proof-of-concept for LIDAR-based C-arm repositioning without external aids has been achieved. In future work, we mainly aim at extending the capabilities of our system and evaluating the usability together with clinicians.
Hilfestellung in der Hausaufgabenbetreuung und den Lernzeiten aus der Perspektive von Schüler*innen
Authors: Sauerwein Markus , Rother Pia 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungIm Beitrag wird anhand von Daten der Studien StEG‑S und StEG-Tandem mit einem Mixed Method-Ansatz untersucht, wie Schüler*innen Hilfestellung in der Hausaufgabenbetreuung und Lernzeiten wahrnehmen. Die Forschung zu Hausaufgaben und individuellem Unterricht zeigt, dass Lehrkräfte vor der Herausforderung stehen, Schüler*innen zeitgleich Hilfe zukommen zu lassen, was potenziell eher für leistungsschwächere Schüler*innen ohne familiale Unterstützung relevant wäre. Empirisch zeigen sich jedoch keine Teilnahmeunterschiede an der Hausaufgabenbetreuung nach Leistungen und sozialer Herkunft, wie mithilfe von Daten der beiden Studien analysiert wird. Mittels Latenter Profilanalysen werden drei Profile der wahrgenommenen Hilfe der Schüler*innen auf Basis StEG-Tandem Daten dargestellt – wenig, mittlere und viel Hilfe. Diese Profile unterscheiden sich nicht in ihrer Zusammensetzung hinsichtlich Leistung und sozialer Differenzkategorien. Ferner zeigt die Auswertung der neun Gruppendiskussionen der StEG-Tandem Daten mit je drei bis acht Schüler*innen, dass das Warten auf Hilfe eher kein Problem darstellt und sie bei der Aufgabenbearbeitung nicht zwingend Hilfe benötigen bzw. nicht von allen ‚echte‘ Hilfe erhalten.
Low-Cost Light-Weight Composite Metal Foams for Transportation Applications
Authors: Orbulov Imre Norbert , Szlancsik Attila , Kemény Alexandra , Kincses Domonkos 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper is dealing with the production and investigation (structural and mechanical) of composite metal foams (CMFs) with AlSi9MgMn matrix and ~60 vol% of different nominal diameter light expanded clay particles (LECPs) filler. The main aim was to produce a cheap CMF grade for automotive industry. The samples were produced by liquid state low pressure infiltration. Cubic samples were manufactured from the produced CMF blocks for structural (optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS)) and for mechanical (compression) investigations and tests. The CMFs were investigated in as-cast and in T6 heat-treated conditions. The macrostructural investigations showed homogenous structure and sufficient quality infiltration. On the microscopic scale, the EDS investigations revealed a complex interface layer affected by chemical reactions between the matrix material and the filler particles. The compressive test proved the classic foam-like mechanical behavior of the CMFs (with long plateau region). A relationship (valid for both the as-cast and T6 heat-treated conditions) was found between the characteristic properties and the nominal diameter of the filler. Based on these results, the LECPs filled CMFs are ideal candidates for automotive applications with tailorable properties.
Easy-Made Setup for High-Temperature (Up to 1100 °C) Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Radtke Mariusz , Hess Christian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn the following communication, we report an easy-to-assemble Swagelok-like setup for high-temperature electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with good reproducibility based on robust 1.4114 steel 10M screws joined by non-conductive ceramics-Al2O3. We analyze the sample materials for electrochemical merits (activation energy, charge-carrier density and flatband potential) of well-known standards such as yttria-stabilized zirconia with 8 mol.% Y2O3(8YSZ), CeO2and In2O3. The material‘s data are compared with literature data performed on a standard impedance analyzer within a casual high-temperature commercial cells. The symmetrical cell consists of insulating material (Al2O3screw) and two steel contacts, connected by PtRh wires of thermal resistance tolerating temperatures of 2300 °C. Our high-temperature electrochemical setup is able to withstand temperatures up to 1100 °C and can be easily and mildly cleaned for repetitive usage. In addition, we present a methodology for generation of a high-temperature sintered 8YSZ ceramics and evaluate them with our setup. We analyze the internal resistances within the setup and propose a simplified option for introduction of various gas atmospheres into the sample‘s interior, as well as evaluate the utilization of tube furnace for simplicity. We perform equivalent circuit fitting and present an easy to implement approach for reliable high-temperature electrochemistry.Graphical abstract
Bridging the gap between coastal engineering and nature conservation?
Authors: Jordan Philipp , Fröhle Peter 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUnder the umbrella term of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) fall measures from a wide range of disciplines. With regard to coastal protection, coastal ecosystems represent possible and promising NbS to coastal threats such as storm surges or erosion. Around the globe, the looming climate change and related developments in the coastal landscapes as well as a paradigm shift in societal views shifted the focus of decision-makers and researchers onto NbS for coastal protection, driving the need for a comprehensive up-to-date review of coastal ecosystems like salt marshes, mangroves, seagrass meadows, beaches, dunes, coral, and shellfish/oyster reefs and their benefits for Water, Nature and People alike. While existing reviews of NbS have mainly focused on the idea of softer coastal protection in general and constraints regarding management and regulations, this study reviews not only the characteristics, features and needs of the coastal ecosystems under consideration but also examines the ecosystems’ potential and related processes for coastal protection, their ecological as well as their societal benefits. This review paper is based on an extensive literature review and analysis of scientific publications, books and book sections, guidelines, reports, policy recommendations and strategies. In order to create a basis for the selection of site-suitable adaptation measures for local coastal challenges and questions, this study compiles the coastal ecosystems’ key features and elaborates the provided ecosystem services for protective, ecological and societal needs. The highlighted diversity of processes within ecosystems that directly cause or support coastal protection, in combination with the multiple ecological services and societal benefits, underlines the great potential of coastal ecosystems to bridge the gap between coastal engineering and nature conservation. In combination with existing coastal protection, coastal ecosystems as NbS can serve both disciplines equally and provide an integral, sustainable element in the adaptation of coastal protection to climate change.
Unlocking the Non-invasive Assessment of Conduit and Reservoir Function in the Aorta
Authors: de Vecchi Adelaide , Faraci Alessandro , Fernandes Joao Filipe , Marlevi David , Bellsham-Revell Hannah , Hussain Tarique , Laji Nidhin , Ruijsink Bram , Wong James , Razavi Reza , Anderson David , Salih Caner , Pushparajah Kuberan , Nordsletten David , Lamata Pablo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAortic surgeries in congenital conditions, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), aim to restore and maintain the conduit and reservoir functions of the aorta. We proposed a method to assess these two functions based on 4D flow MRI, and we applied it to study the aorta in pre-Fontan HLHS. Ten pre-Fontan HLHS patients and six age-matched controls were studied to derive the advective pressure difference and viscous dissipation for conduit function, and pulse wave velocity and elastic modulus for reservoir function. The reconstructed neo-aorta in HLHS subjects achieved a good conduit function at a cost of an impaired reservoir function (69.7% increase of elastic modulus). The native descending HLHS aorta displayed enhanced reservoir (elastic modulus being 18.4% smaller) but impaired conduit function (three-fold increase in peak advection). A non-invasive and comprehensive assessment of aortic conduit and reservoir functions is feasible and has potentially clinical relevance in congenital vascular conditions.
Graphical abstract
Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration Treatment on Microstructure, Tensile Properties, Hardness and Wear Behaviour of Brass Alloy
Authors: Moussa M. E. , Amin M. , Ibrahim Khaled M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEffect of ultrasonic vibration (USV) treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of brass alloy has been investigated. Microstructure of the investigated brass alloy without USV treatment exhibited stretched and dendritic α-phase within an average length of 165 µm and also interdendritic coarse β-phase. By applying USV treatment, the α-phase is significantly refined that obtained an average length of 21 µm. In addition, USV treatment achieved more homogenized structure of α and β-phases. The refinement of microstructure enhanced of course the mechanical properties of the brass alloy including yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, hardness and wear resistance. Furthermore, fracture surfaces and worn surfaces mechanisms were also discussed.
Worlding Eco-psychology: a Collective Bio-ethnography
Authors: Tironi Elisa , Barrett Dylan , Rayner Damian , Dillane Sarah , Trapolini Tania , Hewitt Ramona , Henry Evelyn , Rhodes Paul 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this paper, eight practicing psychologists, a dog (Oscar), white cockatoos, crimson rosellas, blue gums, plum blossoms, the words of theorists of eco-psychology and post-humanism joined together for two days with the mountains of the Darug and Gundungurra peoples, to explore questions about psychology and its capacity to respond to the climate crisis. We designed a series of psychoterratic exercises for this purpose: (1) a bio-graphical definitional ceremony, (2) a series of short lectures and readings set to the poetics of open dialogue, (3) a sympoietic vegetal-thinking exercise, (4) a bush-psychogeography and (5) a final reflection on praxis. We present our findings, written in bricolage, a compost of experiences and ideas both horizontal and vertical, written, drawn and photographic.
Two Sisters with Kallmann Syndrome, Gonadal Dysgenesis, and Multiple Neuromuscular and Endocrine Disorders: Report of Two Cases with Description of an Unusual Association
Authors: Camacho Marta , Castelo-Branco Camil 
Published: February 2022

AbstractKallmann syndrome (KS) is an uncommon genetic disorder characterized by isolated congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) and anosmia/hyposmia. KS originates from abnormal embryonic migration of olfactory axons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-synthesizing neurons. It can be challenging to diagnose due to its heterogeneous clinical presentation and genes implied. Herein, we report a rare phenotype of KS in two sisters accompanied by a variety of nonreproductive disorders such as hypoparathyroidism, hypercortisolism, atrophy of the cerebellum, intellectual disability, and remarkably, ovarian dysgenesis. Additionally, both subjects present muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, marked hypotonia and seizures, being suspected, although not fully confirmed, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. These cases illustrate the heterogeneous clinical presentation and the diagnostic difficulties often found in patients suffering from this condition. These clinical features have never been described before as associated with KS; therefore, we decided to report this novel KS phenotype.
No time for that? An investigation of mindfulness and stress in first-year engineering design
Authors: Nolte Hannah , Huff Jacquelyn , McComb Christopher 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Engineering design induces mental stress for students and the sources of stress for each stage of design are unique. Therefore, strategies are needed to manage the stress of engineering design that are applicable across the design process. This study investigated the effect of a brief mindfulness-based intervention on first-year students’ cognitive stress during concept generation, concept selection and physical modelling. It was found that the mindfulness-based intervention did increase one aspect of students’ state mindfulness (though the effect was small). While prior work indicates that increased mindfulness can lower perceived stress, the increase in students’ state mindfulness during this study was not found to have an observable impact on students’ stress experience. However, students were receptive to completing a mindfulness-based activity in-class and perceived multiple benefits. Physical modelling was the most stressful of the design tasks while concept generation and concept selection produced similar levels of stress. Students used five reoccurring mechanisms for coping with the stress of design including focusing on the task, minimising the importance of their performance, breathing, taking a break and avoidance/distraction. More research should be conducted with longer duration mindfulness-based interventions to understand their potential as a stress management strategy for engineering design.
Changes in area, flow speed and structure of southwest Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves in the 21st century
Authors: Holt Tom , Glasser Neil F 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Since the mid-20th century, ice shelves around the Antarctic Peninsula have declined in extent and thickness, and some have shown signs of structural instability. Here, using satellite imagery from 1999/2000 to 2019/20 (Landsat 7 and 8, Sentinel-2 and ASTER), we measure areal changes, calculate surface flow speeds, and quantify structural changes of Bach, Stange and George VI ice shelves, located in the southwest Antarctic Peninsula. We recorded a total area loss of 797.5 km2 from 2009/10 to 2019/20, though spatial and temporal patterns varied at individual ice fronts. Flow speeds remained largely stable over the observation periods, but notable acceleration was calculated for Bach Ice Shelf, and at the northern and southern extents of George VI Ice Shelf. Open fractures widened and lengthened between 2009/10 and 2019/20 on all three ice shelves. We conclude that Stange Ice Shelf is stable, and not under any immediate threat of enhanced recession. Continued ice-mass loss and consequential speed up of George VI South may cause further fracturing and destabilisation in the coming decades. Of more immediate concern are the glaciological changes noted for Bach Ice Shelf and George VI North; substantial areas of stabilising ice have already, or will soon be removed, that may lead to enhanced recession within the next decade.
Tracing wedge-internal deformation by means of strontium isotope systematics of vein carbonates
Authors: Dielforder Armin , Villa Igor M. , Berger Alfons , Herwegh Marco 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRadiogenic strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) of vein carbonates play a central role in the tectonometamorphic study of fold-and-thrust belts and accretionary wedges and have been used to document fluid sources and fluxes, for example, along major fault zones. In addition, the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of vein carbonates can trace the diagenetic to metamorphic evolution of pore fluids in accreted sediments. Here we present 87Sr/86Sr ratios of vein carbonates from the Infrahelvetic flysch units of the central European Alps (Glarus Alps, Switzerland), which were accreted to the North Alpine fold-and-thrust belt during the early stages of continental collision. We show that the vein carbonates trace the Sr isotopic evolution of pore fluids from an initial seawater-like signature towards the Sr isotopic composition of the host rock with increasing metamorphic grade. This relationship reflects the progressive equilibration of the pore fluid with the host rock and allows us to constrain the diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic conditions of deformation events, including bedding-parallel shearing, imbricate thrusting, folding, cleavage development, tectonic mélange formation and extension. The strontium isotope systematics of vein carbonates provides new insights into the prograde to early retrograde tectonic evolution of the Alpine fold-and-thrust belt and helps to understand the relative timing of deformation events.