bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A phase I randomized, double‐blind, single subcutaneous dose escalation study to determine the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of rezafungin in healthy adult subjects
Authors: Gu Kenan , Ruff Dennis , Key Cassandra , Thompson Marissa , Jiang Shoshanna , Sandison Taylor , Flanagan Shawn 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRezafungin is a novel echinocandin being developed for the treatment and prevention of invasive fungal infections. The objectives of this randomized, double‐blind study in healthy adults were to determine the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of rezafungin after subcutaneous (s.c.) administration. The study design consisted of six sequential cohorts of eight subjects, except for the first cohort with four subjects. The subjects were randomized in a 3:1 ratio of rezafungin to placebo and were to receive a single dose of 1, 10, 30, 60, 100, or 200 mg. The most common adverse events (AEs) were increased alanine aminotransferase and sinus bradycardia (unsolicited) and erythema at the injection site (solicited). Unsolicited AEs were generally mild to moderate and not rezafungin‐related. Although the study was terminated after the 10 mg dose cohort due to concerns of potential increased severity of injection site reactions, no predetermined dose escalation halting criteria were met. Following the 10 mg single s.c. dose of rezafungin (n = 6), the geometric mean (GM) maximum concentration (Cmax) was 105.0 ng/ml and the median time to Cmax was 144 h. The GM area under the concentration‐time curve was 32,770 ng*h/ml. The median estimated terminal half‐life was 193 h. The GM apparent oral clearance was 0.255 L/h and the GM apparent volume of distribution was 68.5 L. This study demonstrates that a single s.c. dose of rezafungin in healthy adult subjects: (1) did not result in serious AEs, death, or withdrawal from the study due to an AE; and (2) produced a pharmacokinetic profile with long exposure period postadministration. In an effort to reduce the occurrence of injection site reactions, a re‐evaluation of the rezafungin s.c. formulation could be considered in the future.
Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension
Authors: Wilding John P. H. , Batterham Rachel L. , Davies Melanie , Van Gaal Luc F. , Kandler Kristian , Konakli Katerina , Lingvay Ildiko , McGowan Barbara M. , Oral Tugce Kalayci , Rosenstock Julio , Wadden Thomas A. , Wharton Sean , Yokote Koutaro , Kushner Robert F. ,   STEP 1 Study Group
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimTo explore changes in body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors after treatment withdrawal in the STEP 1 trial extension.Materials and MethodsSTEP 1 (NCT03548935) randomized 1961 adults with a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 (or ≥ 27 kg/m2 with ≥ 1 weight‐related co‐morbidity) without diabetes to 68 weeks of once‐weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg (including 16 weeks of dose escalation) or placebo, as an adjunct to lifestyle intervention. At week 68, treatments (including lifestyle intervention) were discontinued. An off‐treatment extension assessed for a further year a representative subset of participants who had completed 68 weeks of treatment. This subset comprised all eligible participants from any site in Canada, Germany and the UK, and sites in the United States and Japan with the highest main phase recruitment. All analyses in the extension were exploratory.ResultsExtension analyses included 327 participants. From week 0 to week 68, mean weight loss was 17.3% (SD: 9.3%) with semaglutide and 2.0% (SD: 6.1%) with placebo. Following treatment withdrawal, semaglutide and placebo participants regained 11.6 (SD: 7.7) and 1.9 (SD: 4.8) percentage points of lost weight, respectively, by week 120, resulting in net losses of 5.6% (SD: 8.9%) and 0.1% (SD: 5.8%), respectively, from week 0 to week 120. Cardiometabolic improvements seen from week 0 to week 68 with semaglutide reverted towards baseline at week 120 for most variables.ConclusionsOne year after withdrawal of once‐weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg and lifestyle intervention, participants regained two‐thirds of their prior weight loss, with similar changes in cardiometabolic variables. Findings confirm the chronicity of obesity and suggest ongoing treatment is required to maintain improvements in weight and health.
The irony of sectarianism: Sectarianizing by desectarianizing in Syria
Authors: Menshawy Mustafa 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe study seeks to resolve a conundrum in Syrian politics: the ruling regime has always claimed and celebrated a harmonious social fabric, national unity, and a long‐standing tradition of coexistence despite the prevalence of an opposite grim reality marked by sectarian divisions and factionalism which the regime itself mainly created or sustained. I explore the process of acting “as if not” by analyzing the speeches of Syria's President Bashar al‐Assad since the eruption of the conflict in 2011, a period when the country has been buffeted by extreme sectarian waves. The process shows how Assad has constructed a process of desectarianization based on repetition, frequency, and resonance of specific frames in his speeches, and also based on building an image of an idealized present of internal unity and integration. The process includes externalizing sectarianization as a “western” import and emphasizing the regime's ideologies of pan‐Arab nationalism and secularism as bulwarks against it. Furthermore, the Assad regime has taken credit as a “desectarianization guardian” in different ways including maintaining the status quo and consolidating the impression of his active positive leadership drawn on taking the country down the path of unity and solidarity. However, ironically, desectarianization has also entrenched the very sectarian practices which it claimed its mission to stand against. Sectarianisation and desectarianization are both sides of the same coin in Syria's politics of authoritarianism.
Solidifying identity discourse through the politicized monumentation of struggle
Authors: Panossian Vicky 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis article investigates contemporary examples of monumentation and the extent to which they solidify and reproduce a politicized discourse on identities. Focusing predominantly on the representation of refugees and migrants, the article is broken down into four sections, the first of which looks into the challenges of monumentation and the discourse it represents. The second part includes three case studies, each representing a different vestige of the struggle with the discourse propagated by certain monuments. The core of the argument concerns the parameters of social representation of the suffering subject, be it the refugee, the asylum seeker, their mother, or the colonial subject. I propose an adaptation of Fairclough's model of language and power to include monuments as replicas of texts which can be analyzed at word, discursive and social levels.
Green vehicle routing problem: Metaheuristic solution with time window
Authors: Prakash Ravi , Pushkar Shashank 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe aim of a Green Vehicle Routing Problem is to find an optimal route for alternative fuel vehicles to minimize the overall travelling distances while reducing energy consumption and CO2emissions. In this problem each vehicle handles a subset of customers/orders, leaving from and returning to the depot, with respect to maximum distance travelled, while minimizing energy consumptions. We proposed a time window‐based GVRP solution (GVRP‐TW) with exact routing approach. Wherein, each route serves a subset of customers/orders with minimum intermediate refuelling/recharges. To test our method, we conducted experiments using MATLAB software on a set of three reference problem specimens (C‐101, R‐101 and RC‐11). Our approach, evaluated on these benchmark problems, par exceeds in performance in relation to the existing VRP methods (like tabu search, variable neighbourhood search, and GRASP). Moreover, the proposed GVRP‐TW can be further optimized to solve other VRP problems with energy minimisations and less intermediate stops.
“It brought my family more together”: Mixed‐methods study of low‐income U.S. mothers during the pandemic
Authors: Haskett Mary E. , Hall Jodi K. , Finster Heather P. , Owens Caitlyn , Buccelli Alexandra R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveWe sought to understand challenges and positive experiences of low‐income families during the pandemic.BackgroundStrength‐based perspectives of economically disadvantaged mothers are missing from literature on the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Although it is imperative to recognize disparities that were highlighted by the pandemic, strengths‐based approaches and a resilience framework can help professionals build upon and learn from ways families manage during those times.MethodWe used a mixed‐method approach to gain understanding of the unique experiences of 15 low‐income mothers at the height of the pandemic. We administered a brief COVID‐19 stress screener, the Five‐Minute Speech Sample measure, and an open‐ended question about potential positive experiences during the pandemic.ResultsWe learned that strength and resilience supersede the liabilities brought on by COVID‐19 that are so often focused on. We found highly divergent experiences across mothers in terms of stress; even mothers with high levels of stress readily identified positive aspects of life during the pandemic. Mothers' responses were indicative of greater feelings of warmth and tenderness than negativity about their children.Conclusion and ImplicationsWe discuss findings in terms of strengths‐based practices and policies for mothers receiving public assistance and provide suggestions for continued research on resilience of mothers during the pandemic.
Cohesive analysis of a 3D benchmark for delamination growth under quasi‐static and fatigue loading conditions
Authors: Raimondo Antonio , Dávila Carlos G. , Bisagni Chiara 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper evaluates the capabilities of the recently developed CF20 cohesive fatigue model, which can predict crack initiation as well as the rates of crack propagation by relying on intrinsic relationships between a stress‐life diagram and its corresponding Paris law. The model is validated here using a partially reinforced double cantilever beam (R‐DCB) benchmark proposed in literature. The two parameters needed for the CF20 cohesive fatigue model were obtained by performing preliminary analyses of a conventional DCB. The analysis results indicate that the CF20 cohesive fatigue model can accurately reproduce the complex evolution of the delamination observed in the R‐DCB.
Hydrodynamic connectivity and dispersal patterns of a transboundary species (Pagellus bogaraveo) in the Strait of Gibraltar and adjacent basins
Authors: Nadal Irene , Sammartino Simone , García‐Lafuente Jesús , Sánchez Garrido José C. , Gil‐Herrera Juan , Hidalgo Manuel , Hernández Pilar 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) is a benthopelagic fish species highly appreciated by consumers and an important target of the Spanish and Moroccan fisheries in the transcontinental waters of the Strait of Gibraltar area. It is also one of the most exploited resources of the region, which has led to a situation of overexploitation and a notable drop of catches. To gain insight into the sustainability of this resource and certain patterns of the spatial adaptation of the species, a high‐resolution circulation model coupled to a Lagrangian tracking module has been employed to investigate the dispersal pathways of blackspot seabream, using eggs and larvae (early‐life‐stages, ELS) as purely passive particles advected by currents. Several spawning scenarios consisting of different spatial (depths and sites) and temporal (tidal phase and strength) initial conditions have been analyzed to identify the most likely pathways of ELS dispersion. Eastward transport by the Atlantic Jet exiting the Strait of Gibraltar is the most influencing process in that dispersion. Regarding temporal fluctuations, fortnightly tidal modulation is the prevailing factor to determine the horizontal paths of the ELS, spring tides being the cause of the greatest scattering of propagules. Spawning depth in the Strait of Gibraltar is a critical condition, as revealed by the model sensitivity tests. Potential implications of the results of the study to improve the assessment and management of this species are discussed.
Winter conditions structure extratropical patterns of species richness of amphibians, birds and mammals globally
Authors: Gudex‐Cross David , Zhu Likai , Keyser Spencer R. , Zuckerberg Benjamin , Pauli Jonathan N. , Radeloff Volker C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimThe aim was to derive global indices of winter conditions and examine their relationships with species richness patterns outside of the tropics.LocationAll extratropical areas (>25° N and 25° S latitudes), excluding islands.Time period2000–2018.Major taxa studiedAmphibians, birds and mammals.MethodsWe mapped three global indices of winter conditions [number of days of frozen ground (length of frozen ground winter); snow cover variability; and lack of subnivium (below‐snow refuge)] from satellite data, then used generalized additive models to examine their relationships with species richness patterns derived from range data.ResultsLength of frozen ground winter was the strongest predictor of species richness, with a consistent cross‐taxonomic decline in species richness occurring beyond 3 months of winter. It also often outperformed other environmental predictors of species richness patterns commonly used in biodiversity studies, including climate variables, primary productivity and elevation. In areas with ≥3 months of winter conditions, all three winter indices explained much of the deviance in amphibian, mammal and resident bird species richness. Mammals exhibited a stronger relationship with snow cover variability and lack of subnivium than the other taxa. Species richness of fully migratory species of birds peaked at c. 5.5 months of winter, coinciding with low species richness of residents.Main conclusionsOur study demonstrates that winter structures latitudinal and elevational gradients of extratropical terrestrial species richness. In a rapidly warming world, tracking the seasonal dynamics of frozen ground and snow cover will be essential for predicting the consequences of climate change on species, communities and ecosystems. The indices of winter conditions we developed from satellite imagery provide an effective means of monitoring these dynamics into the future.
Morphological spectrum and molecular features of somatic malignant transformation in germ cell tumours
Authors: Lobo João , Rodrigues Ângelo , Henrique Rui , Christiansen Ailsa , Beyer Jörg , Moch Holger , Bode Peter Karl 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimsSomatic malignant transformation (SMT) arising in germ cell tumours (GCTs) is an infrequent, but clinically relevant event. There is only limited knowledge on the morphological spectrum of SMT, and the therapeutic management of these patients is poorly defined. In this work we revisit two consecutive case series (n = 756) of GCTs. Clinicopathological data of SMTs arising in GCTs were determined, with a focus on the histopathological spectrum, and molecular aspects were obtained by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS).Methods and ResultsThirty male patients (28 primary testicular, two primary extragonadal) were included. These patients represent 4% of GCT patients diagnosed at two institutes (University Hospital Zurich and IPO Porto). The most common SMTs were adenocarcinoma (n = 8), embryonic‐type neuroectodermal tumours (ENETs, n = 8), and rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 6), but a wide range of challenging morphologies were depicted, including low‐grade neuroglial tumour, adenosquamous carcinoma, neuroblastoma, and neuroendocrine carcinoma. SMT was found in 15 primary tumour samples and in 27 metastatic samples of these 30 patients, the latter showing poorer overall survival. Adenocarcinoma occurred only in metastasis postchemotherapy and in one primary retroperitoneal GCT with SMT, but not in GCT of the testis. The 12p gains were identified by FISH in all cases. NGS results were available in six patients. Clinical trials and/or targeted treatments based on the molecular profile of SMT were recommended in four patients.ConclusionsSMT arising in GCTs represent a diagnostic challenge and should be confirmed by a specialized uropathologist. NGS‐based treatment recommendations may improve the outcome of these patients.
Exploring perceived challenges of self‐management in low‐income older people with hypertension: A qualitative study
Authors: Zhang Meng , Liu Yu , Zhang Wen‐Yan , Yang Jiang‐Guo , Yang Wei‐Mei , Zhou Jing , Mao Zhong‐Min 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundHypertension is a public health problem globally. Understanding the perceived challenges of low‐income older people populations with chronic disease is an obstacle the world is facing today.AimTo explore perceived challenges of self‐management in low‐income older people with hypertension.MethodsData were collected in three communities from September 2019 to October 2019 by semi‐structured interviews. Interviews were audio‐taped by digital voice recorder and analysed according to Colaizzi's seven steps.ResultsParticipants demonstrated perceived challenges concerning hypertension self‐management. Six themes were identified: hypertension belief bias, family dysfunction, deep‐rooted habit, elder self‐neglect, medical informatization and supportive health policy. Each theme was identified with several subthemes.ConclusionsFindings implied that most of the low‐income older people lacked self‐management behaviours. Future research is needed to address perceived challenges related to self‐management behaviour for patients with hypertension worldwide.
One ‘welfare recipient’ stereotype or many? Using the stereotype content model to examine the stereotypes of different categories of benefit recipients
Authors: Schofield Timothy , Suomi Aino , Butterworth Peter 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe stereotype content model (SCM) provides a basis to investigate stereotypes of different social groups. Previous SCM research has shown that the “welfare recipients” are stereotyped negatively, with low warmth and low competence. However, prior research has not considered different categories of income support recipients who may be stereotyped differently. Using the SCM, we investigated the stereotypes held by the Australian general population (n = 807) towards five key social groups (unemployed, people with a mental disability, people with a physical disability, single parents, elderly). People with a mental or physical disability and the elderly were similar regardless of whether they were described as receiving income support payments or not. In contrast, the unemployed and single parents were stereotyped with significantly lower levels of warmth and competence when they were receiving payments. This research shows that the needs and circumstances of different groups may be reflected in different levels of community support.
A nomogram for predicting post‐operative wound complications after open reduction and internal fixation for calcaneal fractures
Authors: Hu Wei , Huang Chengbin , Zhang Yingying , Wang Xingyu , Jiang Yanshu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe purpose of our study was to determine the risk factors for post‐operative wound complications (PWCs) after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for calcaneal fracture and establish a nomogram prediction model. We retrospectively analysed the clinical data of patients who suffered from calcaneal fractures and had been surgically treated for ORIF in our institution between January 2010 and January 2020. Perioperative information was obtained through the electronic medical record system, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the risk factors of PWCs, and a nomogram model was constructed to predict the risk of PWCs. The predictive performance and consistency of the model were evaluated by the Hosmer –Lemeshow (H‐L) test and the calibration curve. In total, 444 patients were enrolled in our study. Multivariate analysis results showed that smoking, limb swelling, angle of incision, and CRP were independent risk factors for skin necrosis. The AUC value for skin necrosis risk was 0.982 (95%CI 0.97‐0.99). The H‐L test revealed that the normogram prediction model had good calibration ability (P = .957). Finally, we found a correlation between PWCs and smoking, limb swelling, angle of incision, and CRP after ORIF for calcaneal fracture patients. Our nomogram prediction model might be helpful for clinicians to identify high‐risk patients, as interventions could be taken early to reduce the incidence of PWCs.
Dispersal and habitat dynamics shape the genetic structure of the Northern chamois in the Alps
Authors: Leugger Flurin , Broquet Thomas , Karger Dirk Nikolaus , Rioux Delphine , Buzan Elena , Corlatti Luca , Crestanello Barbara , Curt‐Grand‐Gaudin Nadine , Hauffe Heidi Christine , Rolečková Barbora , Šprem Nikica , Tissot Nathalie , Tissot Sophie , Valterová Radka , Yannic Glenn , Pellissier Loïc 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimUnderstanding the drivers of species distribution ranges and population genetic structure can help predict species' responses to global change, while mitigating threats to biodiversity through effective conservation measures. Here, we combined species habitat suitability through time with process‐based models and genomic data to investigate the role of landscape features and functional connectivity in shaping the population genetic structure of Northern chamois.LocationEuropean Alps.TaxonNorthern chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra).MethodsUsing a model that simulates dispersal and tracks the functional connectivity of populations over dynamic landscapes, we modelled the response of the chamois to climate change from the last glaciation (20,000 years ago) to the present. We reconstructed species habitat suitability and landscape connectivity over time and simulated cumulative divergence of populations as a proxy for genetic differentiation. We then compared simulated divergence with the actual population structure of 449 chamois (with >20 k SNPs) sampled across the Alps.ResultsWe found that Alpine populations of chamois are structured into two main clades, located in the south‐western and the eastern Alps. The contact zone between the two lineages is located near the Rhone valley in Switzerland. Simulations reproduced the geographic differentiation of populations observed in the genomic data, and limited dispersal ability and landscape connectivity co‐determined the fit of the simulations to data.Main conclusionsThe contemporary genetic structure of the chamois across the Alps is explained by limited functional connectivity in combination with large rivers or valleys acting as dispersal barriers. The results of our analysis combining simulations with population genomics highlight how biological characteristics, habitat preference and landscapes shape population genetic structure over time and in responses to climate change. We conclude that spatial simulations could be used to improve our understanding of how landscape dynamics, shaped by geological or climatic forces, impact intra‐ and interspecific diversity.