bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetoresistance of Ni/WSe2/Ni junctions: robustness against the thickness of WSe2
Authors: Yan Kun , Hu Yizhi , Suo Yan , Qin Yuxia , Chen Xiaobin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Magnetoresistive materials are vital for the development of storage devices. Using the first-principles transport simulations with nonequilibrium Green’s function calculation, we investigate the magnetoresistive properties of Ni/WSe2/Ni junctions with m-layers of WSe2 (m = 1, 2, ⋯ ,6). For m ≤ 2, the junctions are metallic inspite of the semiconducting nature of few-layer WSe2. However, the junctions exhibit transport gaps for m > 2. Interestingly, magnetoresistance of the junctions stays around 6% when there are more than one layer of WSe2 in the center, which is closely related to the robust spacial variation of interfacial properties and can be attributed to no spin flipping in tunneling regions. Our results suggest that Ni/WSe2/Ni junctions have a robust magnetoresistance which is insensitive to the thickness of WSe2.
On the effect of dose delivery temporal domain on the biological effectiveness of central nervous system CyberKnife radiosurgery applications: theoretical assessment using the concept of biologically effective dose
Authors: Moutsatsos A , Kouris P , Zoros M , Athanasiou O , Koutsarnakis C , Pantelakos P , Pantelis E 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objective: The diversity in technical configuration between clinically available radiosurgery systems, results in accordingly diverse treatment times for the same physical dose prescription, spanning from several min to more than 1 h. This, combined with evidence supporting the impact of dose delivery temporal pattern on the bio-effectiveness of low-LET radiation treatments, challenges the ‘acute exposure’ assumption adopted clinically to estimate the biological outcome of a given treatment scheme under the concept of biologically effective dose (BED). Approach: In this work, the treatment plans of 30 patients underwent CyberKnife radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma (VS), prescribing a marginal dose of 13 Gy to the tumor, were retrospectively reviewed and the corresponding dose distributions were resolved in the temporal domain. For this purpose, the dose delivery timeline for each treatment was calculated based on relevant treatment plan data and technical specifications of the CyberKnife system, while dosimetry data were independently acquired on a CT-based digital model of each patient using an in-house developed dose calculation algorithm. Main results: Results showed that CyberKnife delivers highly inhomogeneous dose rate distributions in the temporo-spatial domain. This influences the delivered BED levels due to alterations in the sublethal damage repair (SLR) occurring within the treatment session. Using a BED framework involving SLR effects, it was shown that each physical dose iso-surface is associated with a BEDslr range. For the patient cohort studied, a typical range of 2%, with respect to the mean BEDslr value was found at 1σ. Significance: The marginal BEDslr delivered to the tumor by the prescription dose iso-surface deteriorates with treatment time, involving both beam-on time and beam-off gaps. For treatment time, T, between 21 and 50 min, this can be expressed by

BED
slr

(

Gy
2.47

)
=

−
0.35
±
2.8
%

∙
T

min

+
(
76.74
±
0.4
%
)
.

Compared to the acute exposure approach, a BED ‘loss’ of 21% is associated with the delivery of 13 Gy to the VS-tumor in 35 min.
Investigating the lateral dose response functions of point detectors in proton beams
Authors: Kretschmer Jana , Brodbek Leonie , Looe Hui Khee , van der Graaf Emiel , Jan van Goethem Marc , Kiewiet Harry , Olivari Francesco , Meyer Christoph , Poppe Björn , Brandenburg Sytze 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Objective. Point detector measurements in proton fields are perturbed by the volume effect originating from geometrical volume-averaging within the extended detector’s sensitive volume and density perturbations by non-water equivalent detector components. Detector specific lateral dose response functions K(x) can be used to characterize the volume effect within the framework of a mathematical convolution model, where K(x) is the convolution kernel transforming the true dose profile D(x) into the measured signal profile of a detector M(x). The aim of this work is to investigate K(x) for detectors in proton beams. Approach. The K(x) for five detectors were determined by iterative deconvolution of measurements of D(x) and M(x) profiles at 2 cm water equivalent depth of a narrow 150 MeV proton beam. Monte Carlo simulations were carried out for two selected detectors to investigate a potential energy dependence, and to study the contribution of volume-averaging and density perturbation to the volume effect. Main results. The Monte Carlo simulated and experimentally determined K(x) agree within 2.1% of the maximum value. Further simulations demonstrate that the main contribution to the volume effect is volume-averaging. The results indicate that an energy or depth dependence of K(x) is almost negligible in proton beams. While the signal reduction from a Semiflex 3D ionization chamber in the center of a gaussian shaped field with 2 mm sigma is 32% for photons, it is 15% for protons. When measuring the field with a microDiamond the trend is less pronounced and reversed with a signal reduction for protons of 3.9% and photons of 1.9%. Significance. The determined K(x) can be applied to characterize the influence of the volume effect on detectors measured signal profiles at all clinical proton energies and measurement depths. The functions can be used to derive the actual dose distribution from point detector measurements.
Monitoring of two-dimensional tungsten concentration profiles on the HL-2A tokamak
Authors: Wang Tianbo , Li Bingli , Gao Jinming , Zhong Wulyu , Li Hui , Yang Zengchen , Min Jiang , Fang Kairui , Xiao Guoliang , Zhu Yiren , Han Mingkun , Xu Jianqiang , Mazon Didier , Verdoolaege Geert , Zhang Kai , Dong Chunfeng , Zhang Yipo , Zou Xiao-Lan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this article, we demonstrate the inference of two-dimensional tungsten concentration profiles in tokamak plasmas, using Gaussian process tomography applied to bolometry and assuming a specific model for the tungsten cooling factor. In ITER, tungsten has been selected for divertor material due to its low tritium retention and ability to handle large heat and particle flux loads. On the other hand, this will cause tungsten impurities to enter the bulk plasma through various plasma-wall interaction processes. Therefore, a detailed understanding of tungsten impurity transport and active control of the impurity transport in tokamaks is crucial. The computational complexity of the method described in their article

O

n
2

m

compares favorably to a simple least-squares approach

O

n
3

, n represents the number of pixels and m the number of measurement channels, hence bringing real-time tungsten profile monitoring within reach (<10 ms repetition time). The feasibility study of this method has been demonstrated here to a discharge in HL-2A for observing the entire process of tungsten impurities entering the bulk plasma from the scrape-off layer area, tungsten pump-out by edge-localized modes, as well as the formation of a poloidally asymmetric tungsten distribution.
Analysis of the buffer trap-induced kink effect in AlGaN/GaN HEMT on SiC substrate
Authors: Ciou Fong-Min , Chen Po-Hsun , Chang Ting-Chang , Lin Yu-Shan , Jin Fu-Yuan , Hsu Jui-Tse , Lin Jia-Hong , Chang Kai-Chun , Kuo Ting-Tzu , Chen Kuan-Hsu 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this study, the mechanism of the kink effect observed during the switching operation in AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors is thoroughly analyzed. The I
D–V
G characteristics show a drop in I
D and a positive shift in threshold voltage (V
T) when the kink effect occurs. Then, using Silvaco software to simulate the trap position, the negative buffer trap induces the V
T to shift positively, dominating the decrease in the I
D. By using a long-term DC stress test under bias conditions, where the kink phenomenon occurred, the V
T will shift in the negative direction, which shows that the hole generated by impact ionization (II) plays a key role in the kink effect. Furthermore, the I
D–V
G after kink-effect stress does not respond to red, green or blue light illumination but does to UV light, which means that electron de-trapping cannot restore the V
T shift caused by the kink effect. Finally, the complete mechanism of the kink effect is provided. The recombination of hot holes generated by II with the electron trapped in buffer defects is the main mechanism for the kink phenomenon.
Static and dynamic transport properties of multi-terminal, multi-junction microSQUIDs realized with Nb/HfTi/Nb Josephson junctions
Authors: Wolter S , Linek J , Weimann T , Koelle D , Kleiner R , Kieler O 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The progressive miniaturization of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) used, e.g. for magnetic imaging on the nanoscale or for the detection of the magnetic states of individual magnetic nanoparticles causes increasing problems in realizing a proper flux-bias scheme for reading out the device. To overcome the problem, a multi-terminal, multi-junction layout has been proposed and realized recently for the SQUID-on-tip configuration, which uses constriction-type Josephson junctions (JJ). This geometry is also interesting for SQUIDs based on overdamped superconductor—normal metal—superconductor (SNS) JJ. We fabricated four-terminal, four-junction SQUIDs based on a trilayer Nb/HfTi/Nb process and study their static and dynamic transport properties in close comparison with numerical simulations based on the resistively and capacitively shunted junction model. Simulations and measurements are in very good agreement. However, there are large differences to the transport properties of conventional two-junction SQUIDs, including unusual phase-locked and chaotic dynamic states which we describe in detail. We further extract the current-phase relation of our SNS junctions, which turns out to be purely sinusoidal within the experimental error bars.
Searching for dark-matter waves with PPTA and QUIJOTE pulsar polarimetry
Authors: Castillo Andrés , Martin-Camalich Jorge , Terol-Calvo Jorge , Blas Diego , Caputo Andrea , Génova Santos Ricardo Tanausú , Sberna Laura , Peel Michael , Rubiño-Martín Jose Alberto 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The polarization of photons emitted by astrophysical sources might be altered as they travel through a
dark matter medium composed of ultra light axion-like particles (ALPs). In particular, the coherent oscillations of the ALP background in the galactic halo induce a periodic change on the
polarization of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by local sources such as pulsars. Building up on previous works, we develop a new, more robust, analysis based on the generalised Lomb-Scargle periodogram to search for this periodic signal in the emission of the Crab supernova remnant observed by the QUIJOTE MFI instrument and 20 Galactic pulsars from the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA) project. We also carefully take into account the stochastic nature of the axion field, an effect often overlooked in previous works.
This refined analysis leads to the strongest limits on the axion-photon coupling
for a wide range of dark matter masses spanning 10-23 eV ≲ ma
≲ 10-19 eV. Finally, we survey possible optimal targets and the potential sensitivity to axionic dark-matter in this mass range that could be achieved using pulsar polarimetry in the future.
Double inflation via non-minimally coupled spectator
Authors: Kubota Mio , Oda Kin-ya , Rusak Stanislav , Takahashi Tomo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe argue that double inflation may occur when a spectator field is non-minimally coupled to gravity. As a concrete example, we study a two-field inflationary model where the initial spectator field is non-minimally coupled to gravity while the initial inflaton field is minimally coupled. The non-minimal coupling results in the growth of the spectator field which, in turn, drives the second stage of inflation in a significant region of parameter space. The isocurvature fluctuations originating from the spectator field source adiabatic ones, and hence the spectator non-minimal coupling can modify the inflationary predictions for the spectral index and the tensor-to-scalar ratio even though the initial inflaton field is minimally coupled to gravity. We explicitly show that quadratic chaotic inflation can become viable by the introduction of the spectator non-minimal coupling.
Neural net modeling of equilibria in NSTX-U
Authors: Wai J.T. , Boyer M.D. , Kolemen E. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Neural networks (NNs) offer a path towards synthesizing and interpreting data on faster timescales than traditional physics-informed computational models. In this work we develop two NNs relevant to equilibrium and shape control modeling, which are part of a suite of tools being developed for the National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade for fast prediction, optimization, and visualization of plasma scenarios. The networks include Eqnet, a free-boundary equilibrium solver trained on the EFIT01 (Equilibrium FITtting 01) reconstruction algorithm, and Pertnet, which is trained on the Gspert code and predicts the non-rigid plasma response, a nonlinear term that arises in shape control modeling. The NNs are trained with different combinations of inputs and outputs in order to offer flexibility in use cases. In particular, Eqnet can use magnetic diagnostics as inputs and act as an EFIT-like reconstruction algorithm, or, by using pressure and current profile information the NN can act as a forward Grad–Shafranov equilibrium solver. This forward-mode version is envisioned to be implemented in the suite of tools for simulation of plasma scenarios. The reconstruction-mode version gives some performance improvements compared to the online reconstruction code real-time EFIT, especially when vessel eddy currents are significant. We report strong performance for all NNs indicating that the models could reliably be used within closed-loop simulations or other applications. Some limitations are discussed.
Aceh Local Dolomite Modified by Alkali Metals as a Low-Cost Solid Inorganic Catalyst for Biodiesel Synthesis
Authors: Ramli Muliadi , Maisarah Minnati Rana , Saidi Nurdin , Murniana  , Idris Nasrullah 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Solid inorganic-based catalyst which mainly contains calcium oxide and magnesium oxide has been successfully prepared from local Aceh dolomite minerals. The calcination process of dolomite particles (150 μm) in the air environment for 4 hours changed those calcium and magnesium carbonates compounds into their oxide form, which are subsequently referred to as inorganic oxides. Furthermore, the calcined local dolomite has been chemically modified using alkaline metal precursors (lithium, sodium and cesium precursors). Physicochemical investigation on the modified dolomite indicated that introduction of lithium metal on modified dolomite surface has a positive impact on increasing the number and strength of basic sites on the catalyst. The modified catalyst had proved its catalytic activity for biodiesel synthesis with the yield values of 82;78;51 respectively.
Downstream Process of Xylanase Production from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches: A Review
Authors: Simanjuntak Berlian , Julian Helen , Kresnowati M T A P 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
As an enzyme that can hydrolyze the glycosidic bond of hemicellulose, xylanase is widely used in pulp and paper, feed, food, and beverage industries. The vast availability of lignocellulosic biomass waste offers the potential of xylanase production by microorganisms via submerged and solid-state fermentation. However, the specific activity of the produced crude enzyme is still too low to be directly used in a commercial application. Downstream processing of the enzyme, that is purification and concentration, is necessary. Centrifugation or filtration can be used as a pre-treatment process for biomass separation before the next purification technologies. Precipitation, aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), chromatography, and membrane ultrafiltration (UF) are technologies for enzyme purification. Freeze drying can be used also as a late-stage purification procedure. ATPS and membrane UF have been emerged as a recovery method enabling the purification and concentration of the target biomolecule in a single operation. The downstream process of an enzyme usually accounts for 70-90% of the total production cost. Nonetheless set of purification methods that have high purification factors, cost-effective, high productivity, and environmentally benign strategies are needed such that the xylanase production process can be conducted economically at an industrial/commercial scale. This paper reviews processes for xylanase purification/concentration produced by using solid-state fermentation configuration. A membrane-based process for downstream processing of xylanase production is suggested.
Metal-phosphorus network on Pt(111)
Authors: Zhang Junqiu , Dong Xingxing , Xu Shaogang , Xia Yipu , Ho Wingkin , Xu Hu , Xie Maohai 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Phosphorus (P) has been predicted to possess many two-dimensional (2D) allotropes, which have attracted intensive research attention due to their excellent properties and application promises. While only 2D black P films have been successfully obtained by the exfoliation method, fabrication of other phosphorus structures by epitaxial growth remains challenging. Recently, the metal-phosphorus network (MPhoN), a superstructure consisted of P and metal atoms has been realized, which offers a wider platform to study P and related compounds. In this paper, we report the observation of platinum-phosphorus networks obtained by P adsorption on Pt(111). Our findings not only enrich the diverse structures of the MPhoN family but also provide insights into the formation mechanism of epitaxial P and its interaction with the noble metal substrate.
Development of nanometer-thick graphite film extreme ultraviolet pellicle with hydrogen-resistant TiN capping layer
Authors: Yeo Jin-Ho , Nam Ki-Bong , Kang Gil-Seon , Hu Qicheng , Jeong Chang-Young , Park Young-Soo , Lee Seok Jong , Jung Jaesun , Lee Seung Hyun , Cho Deok Hyun , Kim Mun-Ja , Yoo Ji-Beom 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
TiN has beneficial physicochemical properties, such as high hardness, good chemical inertness, and good corrosion resistance. TiN has been used for optical filters and protective coatings to exploit these properties. We deposited TiN using atomic layer deposition as a capping layer for a pellicle. We investigated the hydrogen plasma resistance using Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. As the hydrogen plasma exposure time increased, bonds formed between the TiN film and nitrogen compounds. With long-term exposure, the thickness of the TiN film decreased owing to etching.
2022 roadmap on low temperature electrochemical CO2 reduction
Authors: Stephens Ifan E L , Chan Karen , Bagger Alexander , Boettcher Shannon W , Bonin Julien , Boutin Etienne , Buckley Aya K , Buonsanti Raffaella , Cave Etosha R , Chang Xiaoxia , Chee See Wee , da Silva Alisson H M , de Luna Phil , Einsle Oliver , Endrődi Balázs , Escudero-Escribano Maria , Ferreira de Araujo Jorge V , Figueiredo Marta C , Hahn Christopher , Hansen Kentaro U , Haussener Sophia , Hunegnaw Sara , Huo Ziyang , Hwang Yun Jeong , Janáky Csaba , Jayathilake Buddhinie S , Jiao Feng , Jovanov Zarko P , Karimi Parisa , Koper Marc T M , Kuhl Kendra P , Lee Woong Hee , Liang Zhiqin , Liu Xuan , Ma Sichao , Ma Ming , Oh Hyung-Suk , Robert Marc , Cuenya Beatriz Roldan , Rossmeisl Jan , Roy Claudie , Ryan Mary P , Sargent Edward H , Sebastián-Pascual Paula , Seger Brian , Steier Ludmilla , Strasser Peter , Varela Ana Sofia , Vos Rafaël E , Wang Xue , Xu Bingjun , Yadegari Hossein , Zhou Yuxiang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R) is an attractive option for storing renewable electricity and for the sustainable production of valuable chemicals and fuels. In this roadmap, we review recent progress in fundamental understanding, catalyst development, and in engineering and scale-up. We discuss the outstanding challenges towards commercialization of electrochemical CO2R technology: energy efficiencies, selectivities, low current densities, and stability. We highlight the opportunities in establishing rigorous standards for benchmarking performance, advances in in operando characterization, the discovery of new materials towards high value products, the investigation of phenomena across multiple-length scales and the application of data science towards doing so. We hope that this collective perspective sparks new research activities that ultimately bring us a step closer towards establishing a low- or zero-emission carbon cycle.
fdrci: FDR confidence interval selection and adjustment for large-scale hypothesis testing
Authors: Millstein Joshua , Battaglin Francesca , Arai Hiroyuki , Zhang Wu , Jayachandran Priya , Soni Shivani , Parikh Aparna R , Mancao Christoph , Lenz Heinz-Josef 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMotivationApproaches that control error by applying a priori fixed discovery thresholds such as 0.05 limit the ability of investigators to identify and publish weak effects even when evidence suggests that such effects exist. However, current false discovery rate (FDR) estimation methods lack a principled approach for post hoc identification of discovery thresholds other than 0.05.ResultsWe describe a flexible approach that hinges on the precision of a permutation-based FDR estimator. A series of discovery thresholds are proposed, and an FDR confidence interval selection and adjustment technique is used to identify intervals that do not cover one, implying that some discoveries are expected to be true. We report an application to a transcriptome-wide association study of the MAVERICC clinical trial involving patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Several genes are identified whose predicted expression is associated with progression-free or overall survival.Availability and implementationSoftware is provided via the CRAN repository (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/fdrci/index.html).Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.
MiMIR: R-shiny application to infer risk factors and endpoints from Nightingale Health’s 1H-NMR metabolomics data
Authors: Bizzarri D , Reinders M J T , Beekman M , Slagboom P E , van den Akker E B 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMotivation1H-NMR metabolomics is rapidly becoming a standard resource in large epidemiological studies to acquire metabolic profiles in large numbers of samples in a relatively low-priced and standardized manner. Concomitantly, metabolomics-based models are increasingly developed that capture disease risk or clinical risk factors. These developments raise the need for user-friendly toolbox to inspect new 1H-NMR metabolomics data and project a wide array of previously established risk models.ResultsWe present MiMIR (Metabolomics-based Models for Imputing Risk), a graphical user interface that provides an intuitive framework for ad hoc statistical analysis of Nightingale Health’s 1H-NMR metabolomics data and allows for the projection and calibration of 24 pre-trained metabolomics-based models, without any pre-required programming knowledge.Availability and implementationThe R-shiny package is available in CRAN or downloadable at https://github.com/DanieleBizzarri/MiMIR, together with an extensive user manual (also available as Supplementary Documents to the article).Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.