bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity Sustenance in Carbonate Formations Through Rock Strengthening by DAP Solution
Authors: Samarkin Yevgeniy , Aljawad Murtada , Amao Abduljamiu , Sølling Theis , Al-Ramadan Khalid , Abu-Khamsin Sidqi , Patil Shirish , AlTammar Murtadha , Alruwaili Khalid 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing operations involve generating conductive pathways in low permeability formations to maximize hydrocarbons production. One of the main challenges is maintaining fracture conductivity under high closure stresses, especially in soft formations. However, long–term fracture conductivity can be sustained through fracture surface hardness improvement. This research targets the strengthening of carbonate rocks via the transformation of calcite into the harder hydroxyapatite mineral.
In this study, limestone, chalk, and dolomite rock specimens were treated with 1M solution of diammonium phosphate (DAP) for 3 days at room temperature conditions. Rock samples’ hardness was measured by indentation (Brinell hardness) technique before/after the treatment to assess the strengthening effect of DAP. The changes in the mineralogy in treated samples were studied by SEM-EDS technique.
The formation of phosphate minerals was achieved in treated samples, and they were clearly seen in the SEM images. The results have shown that both limestone and chalk samples reacted strongly with DAP solution, which was expressed in terms of rich abundance in newly formed minerals inside rock specimens. The reaction between dolomite and DAP solution was observed to be weak which resulted in generation of isolated phosphate minerals. The formed minerals were identified as hydroxyapatite (5 hardness in the Mohs scale) after comparing their morphology with other phosphate minerals reported in the literature. Treatment of the rocks by DAP solution resulted in improvement of their strength. The Brinell hardness of the chalk specimen was increased by 30% after the treatment, whereas in the case of the limestone sample, a 13% increment in hardness was achieved.
The proposed carbonate rock strengthening technique can be applied in hydraulic fracturing It is intended to solve common soft formations problems (e.g., asperities failure, proppant embedment) causing acid/propped fractures’ conductivity reduction.
Unlock the Residual Shale Gas In Fuling Block, China by Infill Wells’ Drilling and Completion: A Study on the Design, Execution, and Results on the Infill Well
Authors: Chen Yalin , Zou Xianjun , Wang Lipeng , Zhu Zhiyong , Huang Yongjie , Wang Zhulin , Liu Tiecheng 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Fuling shale gas is the first commercialized shale gas block in China, and more than 30 billion m3 of gas has been produced. To achieve the yearly production target 7 billion m3, more and more infill wells have been drilled and completed. This raised a big concern on the balance of hydraulic fracturing job size of infill well and negative fracture interference on the parent wells, especially for the complex and very heterogenous Fuling reservoir due to multiple tectonic evolutions.
A multidisciplinary team across five more domains was formed to turn the infill well completion design based on experience and field observation only to the focus on controlling factors of negative fracture interference, stress field evolution and then hydraulic fracturing design optimization leveraging a high-resolution 3D geological and geomechanical model. The successful unlocking of residual shale gas was realized by infill well drilling and completion relies on the following key work: Build the high-definition 3D model for reservoir properties and geomechanical properties, as well as natural fracture.Calibrate the 3D model by field observation data and production history of parent wells.Predict the pore pressure change and induced stress field change across the PAD.Optimize the infill well completion design with the updated pore pressure and geomechanical properties to release the residual gas without negative fracture interference.Verify the effectiveness of the optimization workflow by field data including microsiemic data, parent wellhead pressure and flow back data
With the new workflow established in this multi-displinary study, the infill well completion design was optimized by a quantitative way. More importantly, there is good consistency between the model prediction and the field observation. Based on the workflow and key lessons from this study, the optimization on the future infill wells’ drilling and completion design could be done without compromising parent wells’ performance.
Improved Viscosity Model for Bitumen-Solvent Binary Mixtures
Authors: Malki Faisal Al , Alade Olalekan , Hamad Jafar Al , Shehri Dahfer Al , Mahmoud Mohamed 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
New viscosity model named "Faisal-Viscosity model" was developed to address the large gap in the current rules and models in giving accurate predictions on the behaviour of bitumen-solvent mixtures. The Faisal's developed viscosity model is successfully able to give a more accurate prediction for bitumen solvent mixtures compared to the Ried model with a maximum relative error of 57% while Ried's equation has a maximum error of 1931%.
Revamping the Water Handling Capacity in a Brown Field through a Surface and Subsurface Integrated Workflow
Authors: Maldonado Veronica , Serrano Dayana , Giol Cristian , Sepulveda Willem , Pineda Alexander , Estevez Diego , Cattani Marcelo , Freire Carola 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In a 50-year-old brown field, Shushufindi-Aguarico Field water handling capacity is reaching its limits. Shutting off high water cut wells was imminent due to the water handling constrains. The novel approach to a comprehensive workflow from cleaning disposal wells to screen, rank and execute opportunities was the main differentiation to execute the optimization of fluid production in the field.
To optimize the water handling in the Field Development Plan (FDP), the following integrated workflow was developed:
Reservoir injectivity and Surface plugging modelling: Surveillance for 27 disposal wells using Hall Plots, Hearn Plots and network modelling. Candidates Selection: Ranking and selection for cleaning/stimulation jobs was performed according to the incremental water disposal rates. Field Inspection: Prevent surface constraints prior execution and define the equipment layout and resources to the job. Execution: Equipment rig ups, rigless & WO execution without HSE events. Post job monitoring and surveillance: Post-execution monitoring water disposal capacity.
The innovative technology of Coiled Tubing in horizontal surface flow lines and wellbore cleaning increased the capacity for water handling, delivering significant value to the FDP.
This paper presents a workflow to identify, execute and prevent future plugging in the flow lines as well as at the near wellbore. This workflow is currently combined with digital implementation of real- time data for an optimum decision-making process of produced water handling in a brown field.
Development and Field Testing of New High-Performance Downhole Gas Separator for Electric Submersible Pumping Systems
Authors: Brown Donn J. , Sheth Ketan K. , Davis Shannon B. , Williams Dean , Scott John , Barber Troy , Everett Ernest , Gerstemeier Bruce 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper presents new research methods, designs, and field testing of a new type of mechanical gas separator for electric submersible pumping (ESP) systems that increases the operating flow range and separation efficiency performance, while decreasing erosion problems and improving reliability.
A state-of-the-art test system for measuring and understanding the internal workings of two-phase flow conditions and throughput of mechanical separation devices was used. This testing enabled visual understanding of internal fluid flow, recirculation, separation efficiency, and collective and individual performance of various components of the gas separator.
The result is an innovative hydro-helical separator system with optimized components. The intake is designed with smooth intake flow paths to maximize flow capability and minimize erosion. Also in the design is a new fluid-mover stage with significantly higher capabilities of handling two-phase flow and gas lock protection. A stationary helical component replaces the dynamic vortex inducer, allowing for more efficient gas separation and increased throughput of the fluids within the separation chamber. The helical component precisely directs the separated fluids with its increased velocity into the crossover pathways. The crossover is designed for maximum throughput, low resistance flow passages, and erosion protection.
Field testing results show a significant improvement in production and drawdown of the well. The Hydro-Helical™ gas separator is the industry's new generation of downhole gas separators with the highest flow range, higher efficiency, and reduced erosion.
Applying Machine Learning to Optimize Electrical Submersible Pumps Design for Handling Viscous Oil
Authors: Elshaarawey Ahmed , Abdel Hafiz Aida , Abdou Hesham , Khorais Osama 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Most of the electrical submersible pumps available at the market currently are designed using water as a fluid base during the design phase, however, while they are used to handle viscous fluids they are suffered from significant reduction at the head per stage and overall pump efficiency. Using viscous fluid as base fluid during the design phase will lead to adapting the geometrical parameters to get the best efficiency while handling viscous fluid like heavy oil. This well resulted in a significant reduction in the production cost of heavy oil and will open new potentials and bring more reserves to the economic limit and add more oil production.
This study aims to select the optimum pump geometrical parameters: Impeller ratio r1/ r2, horizontal blade Impeller angles β1 and β2, horizontal blade Diffuser angles β1‘ and β2‘ and vertical blade Diffuser ɣ1‘ and ɣ2‘ to enhance ESP performance while pumping viscous fluid especially like heavy crude oil. Increasing ESP efficiency will reduce operating cost.
Optimization and Thermal Performance Assessment of Elliptical Pin-Fin Heat Sinks
Authors: Rajab Dr Husam , Pesyridis Professor Apostolos , Kourmpetis Dr Miltiadis , Al-Noman Dr Saeed 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Heat transfer and fluid flow analyses are employed in this study to optimize the geometry of elliptical pin-fin heat sinks. An entropy minimization technique is employed to optimize the the overall thermal performance of elliptical pin-fin heat sinks (EPFHS). The performance of EPFHS is identified by its thermal resistance and pressure drop. because they substantially affect the the thermal resistance during forced convection cooling of electronics. The design of EPFHS of different configurations are studied and the thermal and hydraulic behaviors are compared. Entropy generation rate is obtained using mass, energy and entropy balance over a control volume. The average heat transfer coefficient of EPFHS is developed using an energy balance equation over the control volume. This heat transfer coefficient is a function of the heat sink material, fluid properties, fin geometry, pin-fin configuration. The selected materials are alumium, and copper.
Vernacular Silences: Testimony and the right to the truth in reparation of conflict-related sexual and reproductive violence
Authors:   , Bassel Hala 
Published: February 2022

<p><b>Conflict-related sexual and reproductive violence (CRSRV) against women and girls is a persistent and pervasive form of warfare. It is applied in diverse forms in different contexts. But its perpetration depends, invariably, on similar practices of silencing – by force, threat, coercion, or any other means – prior to, at the time of, or consequential to the violation itself, in order to prevent the victim or witness from speaking out, seeking, and obtaining justice. This thesis examines the recording of, and responses to, CRSRV in the literature and in law to make the case for application of the right to the truth therein, as both a reparative and preventative measure. The right to the truth, and in particular acts of testimony, hold profound potential to inform and sustain processes of redress, and to displace the silences involved.</b></p>
<p>	To this effect, the truth represents a number of interrelated objectives, including but not limited to setting down a historical record of past violence, disruption of cultures of impunity through prosecution of perpetrators, and redress for victims. This research locates the subject of CRSRV within a rights-based approach to development, but views the discourses of WID and WAD as insufficient in light of CRSRV, and calls for inclusion of the right to the truth within this framework in order to uphold a victim-centred perspective. The methodology is oriented in a narrative view of history, in protection of a victim-centred perspective, and relies on testimonies of victims, as well as witness accounts, within Truth and Reconciliation Commissions, or other forms of documentation. Practices of CRSRV are contextualised within three case studies, regarding Peru, El Salvador, and Iraq. Reference to different conflict settings furthermore demonstrates with absolute clarity a common practice of silencing underlying all forms of CRSRV. But regardless of the common application of this method of silencing, the silences of victims are not identical. Testimonies of victims reveal their experiences in the vernacular. This thesis, in response, sets out two complementary proposals. First, a reconsideration of the term “conflict-related sexual violence,” proposing its extension to “conflict-related sexual and reproductive violence”. This extension would, first, better reflect the extent of harm experienced by victims as evidenced in their testimonies and, second, encourage more appropriate forms of reparation in light of their right to the truth. But protection of the right to the truth of victims is, in turn, dependent on a second extension, which proposes that the truth, in this vein, should be extended from its original conception of the right to know, to the right to testify, to actively contribute to the construction of the truth surrounding rights violations.</p>
Criteria for the Selection of Suppliers: A Case of Motorcycle Industry of Pakistan
Authors: Hayat Zara , Hayat Sahar , Aslam Sohail , Awan Hayat Muhammad 
Published: February 2022

Purpose: Supplier selection is receiving considerable attention these days; firms are investing heavily in finding those suppliers who can give them better quality products in lowest possible cost. This paper reveals the appropriate supplier selection criteria in motorcycle industry of Pakistan and this paper also reveals whether this selection differ in different regions or it is uniform in its nature.
Methodology: For this we have adopted a questionnaire from Supplier Selection Instrument and make it filled from Purchase managers of 24 different companies from different locations. Non probability sampling technique was used. Specifically quota sampling was used to make sure sample is equally represented across region then factor analysis was run to see which items were appropriate in Pakistani settings.
Findings: Result shows that companies prefer those suppliers who are offering better service and quality features to the manufacturing companies. And supplier selection in Lahore and Karachi is similar but supplier selections in other regions of Punjab are different.
Implications: Companies should consider those suppliers, having strategic importance to their firm so they should built consensus between the company and the supplier that every decision will be made through mutual collaboration. Companies should make relationship with their suppliers and try to make transparency in business transactions.
Pengaruh Variasi Waktu Proses Manganisasi Terhadap Kekerasan dan Ketebalan Lapisan pada Baja Perkakas AISI D2
Authors: Adi Ganda Putra  , Pawawoi  , Royen B S  
Published: February 2022

Pengerasan permukaan telah digunakan secara luas pada berbagai macam baja, karena dapat memberikan kombinasi sifat keras pada bagian permukaan. Pengerasan permukaan yang dilakukan adalah dengan cara mengubah struktur mikro dan komposisi kimia secara difusi mangan pada baja perkakas AISI D2. Adanya difusi mangan ke dalam permukaan baja perkakas AISI D2 akan mempengaruhi struktur mikro dan komposisi kimia sehingga sangat berpengaruh terhadap sifat-sifat mekariiknya.

Dalam penelitian tentang proses manganisasi aktivator yang akan digunakan adalah NHICI dan filler SiC. Proses manganisasi dilakukan pada temperatur 900oC dengan variasi waktu 4, 8, 12 jam.

Adapun tujuan dari proses manganisasi ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi waktu terhadap sifat mekanik dan ketebalan lapisan terhadap baja AISI D2. Berdasarkan pengamatan terhadap pelapisan manganisasi yang terbentuk disimpulkan bahwa fasa yang terbentuk adalah FeMn. Hasil proses manganisasi pada temperatur 900"C pada variasi waktu 4, 8, 12 jam menunjukan bahwa ketebalan lapisan dan kekerasan sangat berpengaruh terhadap lama waktu penahanan saat proses manganisasi berlangsung. Ini terbukti pada hasil manganisasi pada waktu penahanan 12 jam dimana ketebalan lapisan maupun kekerasan yang didapat lebih baik dari pada waktu penahanan yang lebih kecil.
Pengaruh Proses Perlakuan Panas (Heat Treatment) terhadap Perubahan Struktur Mikro dan Sifat Mekanik pada Crank Shaft Toyota Avansa
Authors: Adi Ganda Putra  , Pawawoi  , Anugrah B S  
Published: February 2022

Perlakuan panas pada logam pada umumnya akan mempengaruhi sifat mekanik dan struktur mikronya, sehingga mempunyai kekerasan dan keuletan yang tinggi. Adapun metoda perlakuan panas yang dilakukan untuk Crank Shaf yaitu metoda normalizing.
Dari data yang didapat, harga kekerasan meningkat dari 195,18 Hv menjadi 256,2 Hv. Selain harga kekerasan, Crank Shafi yang tidak mengalami proses perlakuan panas mempunyai fasa É‘ (Ferit) yang mengelilingi grafit nodul lebih besar dibandingkan Crank Shafi yang mengalami proses perlakuan panas. Ini yang mengakibatkan Crank Shaft tersebut mempunyai sifat keras yang lebih baik.
Dari hasil pengujian, mengindikasikan bahwa akibat proses perlakuan panas yang dilakukan, terjadi perubahan pada Struktur mikro dan harga kekerasan. Oleh karena itu besi cor Nodular mempunyai kemampuan untuk diproses perlakuan panas seperti baja.
Forensic Analysis of WhatsApp SQLite Databases on the Unrooted Android Phones
Authors: Fayyad-Kazan Hasan , Kassem-Moussa Sondos , Hejase Hussin J. , Hejase Ale J. 
Published: February 2022

WhatsApp is the most popular instant messaging mobile application all over the world. Originally designed for simple and fast communication, however, its privacy features, such as end-to-end encryption, eased private and unobserved communication for criminals aiming to commit illegal acts. In this paper, a forensic analysis of the artefacts left by the encrypted WhatsApp SQLite databases on unrooted Android devices is presented. In order to provide a complete interpretation of the artefacts, a set of controlled experiments to generate these artefacts were performed. Once generated, their storage location and database structure on the device were identified. Since the data is stored in an encrypted SQLite database, its decryption is first discussed. Then, the ways of analyzing the artefacts are revealed, aiming to understand how they can be correlated to cover all the possible evidence. In the results obtained, it is shown how to reconstruct the list of contacts, the history of exchanged textual and non-textual messages, as well as the details of their contents. Furthermore, this paper shows how to determine the properties of both the broadcast and the group communications in which the user has been involved, as well as how to reconstruct the logs of the voice and video calls. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2022-03-02-06 Full Text: PDF
BIOCHEMICAL AND CLINICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS IN CENTRAL INDIA
Authors: Yembarwar Nagendra Kishanprasad , Guddetwar Sanjay G 
Published: February 2022

Background: Iodine (I) is a trace element that is required by both humans and animals. It can be found in a variety of chemical forms, including iodine, iodide (I), and iodate (IO3). It is widely distributed across the earth's ecology, with a concentration in the oceans. Iodine entered the natural cycle from the ocean, the atmosphere, and rainfall, as well as from rainfall into streams and rivers. Iodine is absorbed as iodide in human nutrition. Iodine is a necessary micronutrient and a component of thyroid hormones. Fish and seafood have a high iodine level. The amount of iodine in soil and drinking water varies depending on where it comes from. Iodine shortage produces a variety of negative health consequences, which are referred to as iodine deficiency illnesses (IDD). These conditions are caused by a lack of iodine, which causes insufficient thyroid hormone production.
Aim: The aim of this study is to characterize the iodine deficiency disorder by biochemical and clinical assessment and to correlate the iodine status with thyroid disorder(s) in adults.
Material and Method: The samples for this investigation were taken from patients at the Department of Endocrine Surgery. This study comprised a total of 100 hundred goiter patients, who had their urinary iodine excretion and thyroid hormone levels examined. For all goiter patients, the grading of goitre was established using the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD approved criteria. TSH, Free T4, Free T3 by using ELISA Method using commercial kits. Anti-microsomal antibody (AMA) or Thyroperoxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) by using ELISA Method using commercial kits. Anti-thyroglobulin antibody (ATG) estimated by using ELISA Method using commercial kits.
Results: The data for each group were presented as Median and inter quarter range (IQR) The median and IQR of Urinary iodine excretion of the hypothyroid, hyperthyroid and Euthyroid goiter subjects were respectively and there was significant difference in the median urinary iodine excretion. The median and IQR of Urinary iodine excretion of the thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, cancer of thyroid and benign goiter respectively and there was significant difference in the median urinary iodine excretion.
Conclusion: For ages, endemic goitre and cretinism have been recognised as public health issues, and iodine deficiency is thought to be the leading cause of preventable mental retardation. Most countries now include iodine deficiency control as part of their national nutrition policies. To eliminate iodine deficiency, several therapies with high efficacy have been employed, including iodized oil capsules (IOC) and universal salt iodisation (USI). Although some progress has been made, efforts to eliminate this devastating health problem must be hastened. Not only should iodine deficiency be monitored, but so should excessive iodine intake, as this is a problem in various areas, including the camps.
Keywords: IDD, Goitre, TSH, IOC, USI, ATG, AMA, T4, T3.