bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Low Should We Alert? Quantifying Intensity Threshold Alerting Strategies for Earthquake Early Warning in the United States
Authors: Saunders Jessie K. , Minson Sarah E. , Baltay Annemarie S. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe use a suite of historical earthquakes to quantitatively determine earthquake early warning (EEW) alert threshold strategies for a range of shaking intensity targets for EEW along the United States West Coast. The current method for calculating alert regions for the ShakeAlert EEW System does not take into account variabilities and uncertainties in shaking distribution. As a result, if the modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) level used to determine the extent of the alert region (the alert threshold) is the same as the target intensity threshold, the alert region will be too small to include all locations that require alerts even if earthquake source parameters are estimated accurately. Missed alerts can be reduced by using a lower alert threshold than the target threshold. This expands the alert region, increasing the number of precautionary alerts issued to people who experience shaking below the target level. We determine alert thresholds that optimize this tradeoff between missed and precautionary alerts for target thresholds of MMI 4.0–6.0 using 143 M5.0–7.3 earthquake ShakeMaps as ground truth. We examine the quality of each alerting strategy relative to the target MMI, where we define alert quality metrics in terms of both the area and population alerted. Optimal alert thresholds maximize correct alerts while limiting most precautionary alerts to regions that are likely to still feel some shaking. We find these optimal alert thresholds also maximize warning times. This analysis presents a quantitative framework ShakeAlert can use to communicate alerting strategies and performance expectations to ShakeAlert users.
Characteristics of ULF Magnetic Fields in the 3D Inhomogeneous Earth‐Ionosphere Waveguide
Authors: Ermakova E. N. , Kotik D. S. , Ryabov A. V. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe develop an algorithm for calculating the characteristics of the magnetic field of signals in the frequency range of (0.1–20) Hz in the horizontally and vertically inhomogeneous spherical Earth‐ionosphere waveguide. This algorithm involves calculations of the surface impedance of an inhomogeneous ionosphere. The frequency dependences of the amplitude, phase and polarization of the magnetic field generated by a horizontal magnetic dipole were analyzed. It is shown that the horizontal inhomogeneity of the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide can significantly affect the frequency dependence of the amplitude and polarization of the magnetic field, increasing the degree of circular polarization. The horizontal inhomogeneity only slightly influences the results in daytime conditions. The most noticeable difference in the amplitude dependences of the magnetic components and large phase shifts (up to 40°) are observed when the terminator passes through the geodetic line connecting the source and receiver, and in the presence of sporadic layers with a horizontally inhomogeneous structure along the low‐frequency wave propagation path. We compare the calculation results with the magnetic pulsations recorded at Nurmijarvi station during the 2001 campaigns of Kola Peninsula ultra low frequency emitter operation. The obtained results make it possible to qualitatively explain peculiarities of the amplitude and polarization spectra of the artificial magnetic signals recorded in this campaigns that are not explained within the framework of the flat homogeneous waveguide model.
Prospects and Challenges for the Spatial Quantification of the Diffusion of Fluids Containing 1H in the Pore System of Rock Cores
Authors: Krzyżak A. T. , Mazur W. , Fheed A. , Węglarz W. P. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (MR) (NMR) is commonly used for the determination of rock porosity, as well as pore size distribution (PSD) and tortuosity, required to handle hydrocarbon exploitation. Emerging technologies for NMR equipment now enable the visualization of porosity using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Currently, single‐point imaging is the most common MRI technique employed, but diffusion‐weighted imaging has been attracting the attention of geologists and geophysicists. In this study, a more advanced technique, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), is proposed for the characterization of rock core samples. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of DTI in the petrophysical characterization of rocks and discuss its strengths. As an example, a carbonate core sample was examined using DTI. The diffusion tensor (DT) was obtained and DT parameters (mean diffusivity, MD; fractional anisotropy, FA; three eigenvalues; DT components; and proton density, PD) were visualized in 2D and 3D. Each parameter was described and its utility in terms of pore space characterization was analyzed. In addition, a new parameter, principal diffusion tracts, was introduced based on the DT tractography performed in the study. The analysis is summarized in a set of DT parameters and a resultant ellipsoid that delivers complementary information about the sample's pore network microgeometry, including referential measurements of anisotropic phantoms. The applications of DTI for the determination of pore size distribution, tortuosity and conductivity are also shown. The study ends with a consideration of the potential prospects and challenges for DTI‐based examination of rock core samples.
Scientific mobilization of keystone actors for biosphere stewardship
Authors: Österblom Henrik , Folke Carl , Rocha Juan , Bebbington Jan , Blasiak Robert , Jouffray Jean-Baptiste , Selig Elizabeth R. , Wabnitz Colette C. C. , Bengtsson Frida , Crona Beatrice , Gupta Radhika , Henriksson Patrik J. G. , Johansson Karolin A. , Merrie Andrew , Nakayama Shinnosuke , Crespo Guillermo Ortuño , Rockström Johan , Schultz Lisen , Sobkowiak Madlen , Jørgensen Peter Søgaard , Spijkers Jessica , Troell Max , Villarrubia-Gómez Patricia , Lubchenco Jane 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe biosphere crisis requires changes to existing business practices. We ask how corporations can become sustainability leaders, when constrained by multiple barriers to collaboration for biosphere stewardship. We describe how scientists motivated, inspired and engaged with ten of the world’s largest seafood companies, in a collaborative process aimed to enable science-based and systemic transformations (2015–2021). CEOs faced multiple industry crises in 2015 that incentivized novel approaches. New scientific insights, an invitation to collaborate, and a bold vision of transformative change towards ocean stewardship, created new opportunities and direction. Co-creation of solutions resulted in new knowledge and trust, a joint agenda for action, new capacities, international recognition, formalization of an organization, increased policy influence, time-bound goals, and convergence of corporate change. Independently funded scientists helped remove barriers to cooperation, provided means for reflection, and guided corporate strategies and actions toward ocean stewardship. By 2021, multiple individuals exercised leadership and the initiative had transitioned from preliminary and uncomfortable conversations, to a dynamic, operational organization, with capacity to perform global leadership in the seafood industry. Mobilizing transformational agency through learning, collaboration, and innovation represents a cultural evolution with potential to redirect and accelerate corporate action, to the benefit of business, people and the planet.
Experimental immune challenges reduce the quality of male antennae and female pheromone output
Authors: Pham Hieu T. , Elgar Mark A. , van Lieshout Emile , McNamara Kathryn B. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSexual signalling is a key feature of reproductive investment, yet the effects of immune system activation on investment into chemical signalling, and especially signal receiver traits such as antennae, are poorly understood. We explore how upregulation of juvenile immunity affects male antennal functional morphology and female pheromone attractiveness in the gumleaf skeletonizer moth, Uraba lugens. We injected final-instar larvae with a high or low dose of an immune elicitor or a control solution and measured male antennal morphological traits, gonad investment and female pheromone attractiveness. Immune activation affected male and female signalling investment: immune challenged males had a lower density of antennal sensilla, and the pheromone of immune-challenged females was less attractive to males than their unchallenged counterparts. Immune challenge affected female investment into ovary development but not in a linear, dose-dependent manner. While there was no effect of immune challenge on testes size, there was a trade-off between male pre- and post-copulatory investment: male antennal length was negatively correlated with testes size. Our study highlights the costs of elaborate antennae and pheromone production and demonstrates the capacity for honest signalling in species where the costs of pheromone production were presumed to be trivial.
Metabolomics and biochemical alterations caused by pleiotrophin in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Gramage Esther , Sáiz Jorge , Fernández-Calle Rosalía , Martín Yasmina B. , Uribarri María , Ferrer-Alcón Marcel , Barbas Coral , Herradón Gonzalo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPleiotrophin (PTN) is a cytokine involved in nerve tissue repair processes, neuroinflammation and neuronal survival. PTN expression levels are upregulated in the nigrostriatal pathway of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patients. We aimed to characterize the dopaminergic injury and glial responses in the nigrostriatal pathway of mice with transgenicPtnoverexpression in the brain (Ptn-Tg) after intrastriatal injection of the catecholaminergic toxic 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at a low dose (5 µg). Ten days after surgery, the injection of 6-OHDA induced a significant decrease of the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra and of the striatal TH contents in Wild type (Wt) mice. In contrast, these effects of 6-OHDA were absent inPtn-Tg mice. When the striatal Iba1 and GFAP immunoreactivity was studied, no statistical differences were found between vehicle-injected Wt andPtn-Tg mice. Furthermore, 6-OHDA did not cause robust glial responses neither on Wt orPtn-Tg mice 10 days after injections. In metabolomics studies, we detected interesting metabolites that significantly discriminate the more injured 6-OHDA-injected Wt striatum and the more protected 6-OHDA-injectedPtn-Tg striatum. Particularly, we detected groups of metabolites, mostly corresponding to phospholipids, whose trends were opposite in both groups. In summary, the data confirm lower 6-OHDA-induced decreases of TH contents in the nigrostriatal pathway ofPtn-Tg mice, suggesting a neuroprotective effect of brain PTN overexpression in this mouse model of PD. New lipid-related PD drug candidates emerge from this study and the data presented here support the increasingly recognized “lipid cascade” in PD.
Effect of uncultured adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction on preventing urethral stricture formation in rats
Authors: Zhou Liuhua , Yang Tianli , Zhao Feng , Song Kaiwei , Xu Luwei , Xu Zhongle , Zhou Changcheng , Qin Zhiqiang , Xu Zheng , Wu Ran , Xu Hua , Jia Ruipeng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUrethral stricture (US) remains a challenging disease without effective treatment options due to the high recurrence rate. This study aims to evaluate the preventive effect of uncultured adipose derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) on urethral fibrosis in a rat model of US. Results demonstrated that US rats displayed hyperechogenic urethral wall with a narrowed lumen compared with sham rats, while SVF rats exhibited less extensive urethral changes. By histology, US rats showed obvious submucosal fibrosis in the urethral specimens, while SVF rats exhibited mild submucosal fibrosis with less extensive tissue changes. Furthermore, US rats showed increased gene and protein expression of collagen I (2.0 ± 0.2, 2.2 ± 0.2, all were normalized against GAPDH, including the following), collagen III (2.5 ± 0.3, 1.2 ± 0.1), and TGFβ1R (2.8 ± 0.3, 1.9 ± 0.2), while SVF cells administration contributed to decreased gene and protein expression of collagen I (1.6 ± 0.2, 1.6 ± 0.2), collagen III (1.8 ± 0.4, 0.9 ± 0.1), and TGFβ1R (1.8 ± 0.3, 1.3 ± 0.2), in parallel with the improvement of vascularization and increased expression of VEGF (1.7 ± 0.1) and bFGF (3.1 ± 0.3). Additionally, SVF served anti-inflammatory effect through regulation of inflammatory cytokines and cells, accompanied with conversion of the macrophage phenotype. Our findings suggested that uncultured SVF presented an inhibitory effect on stricture formation at an early stage of urethral fibrosis.
Public health emergency decision-making and management system sound research using rough set attribute reduction and blockchain
Authors: Wang Hanyi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPublic health emergency decisions are explored to ensure the emergency response measures in an environment where various emergencies occur frequently. An emergency decision is essentially a multi-criteria risk decision-making problem. The feasibility of applying prospect theory to emergency decisions is analyzed, and how psychological behaviors of decision-makers impact decision-making results are quantified. On this basis, the cognitive process of public health emergencies is investigated based on the rough set theory. A Decision Rule Extraction Algorithm (denoted as A-DRE) that considers attribute costs is proposed, which is then applied for attribute reduction and rule extraction on emergency datasets. In this way, decision-makers can obtain reduced decision table attributes quickly. Considering that emergency decisions require the participation of multiple departments, a framework is constructed to solve multi-department emergency decisions. The technical characteristics of the blockchain are in line with the requirements of decentralization and multi-party participation in emergency management. The core framework of the public health emergency management system-plan, legal system, mechanism, and system can play an important role. When $$\delta { = }0.10$$

δ
=
0.10

, the classification accuracy under the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifier reaches 73.5%. When $$\delta { = }0.15$$

δ
=
0.15

, the classification accuracy under the Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifier reaches 86.4%. It can effectively improve China’s public health emergency management system and improve the efficiency of emergency management. By taking Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as an example, the weight and prospect value functions of different decision-maker attributes are constructed based on prospect theory. The optimal rescue plan is finally determined. A-DRE can consider the cost of each attribute in the decision table and the ability to classify it correctly; moreover, it can reduce the attributes and extract the rules on the COVID-19 dataset, suitable for decision-makers' situation face once an emergency occurs. The emergency decision approach based on rough set attribute reduction and prospect theory can acquire practical decision-making rules while considering the different risk preferences of decision-makers facing different decision-making results, which is significant for the rapid development of public health emergency assistance and disaster relief.
Extrachromosomal DNA formation enables tumor immune escape potentially through regulating antigen presentation gene expression
Authors: Wu Tao , Wu Chenxu , Zhao Xiangyu , Wang Guangshuai , Ning Wei , Tao Ziyu , Chen Fuxiang , Liu Xue-Song 
Published: March 2022

AbstractExtrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a type of circular and tumor specific genetic element. EcDNA has been reported to display open chromatin structure, facilitate oncogene amplification and genetic material unequal segregation, and is associated with poor cancer patients’ prognosis. The ability of immune evasion is a typical feature for cancer progression, however the tumor intrinsic factors that determine immune evasion remain poorly understood. Here we show that the presence of ecDNA is associated with markers of tumor immune evasion, and obtaining ecDNA could be one of the mechanisms employed by tumor cells to escape immune surveillance. Tumors with ecDNA usually have comparable TMB and neoantigen load, however they have lower immune cell infiltration and lower cytotoxic T cell activity. The microenvironment of tumors with ecDNA shows increased immune-depleted, decreased immune-enriched fibrotic types. Both MHC class I and class II antigen presentation genes’ expression are decreased in tumors with ecDNA, and this could be the underlying mechanism for ecDNA associated immune evasion. This study provides evidence that ecDNA formation is an immune escape mechanism for cancer cells.
A muscle synergy-based method to estimate muscle activation patterns of children with cerebral palsy using data collected from typically developing children
Authors: Rabbi Mohammad Fazle , Diamond Laura E. , Carty Chris P. , Lloyd David G. , Davico Giorgio , Pizzolato Claudio 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPreparing children with cerebral palsy prior to gait analysis may be a challenging and time-intensive task, especially when large number of sensors are involved. Collecting minimum number of electromyograms (EMG) and yet providing adequate information for clinical assessment might improve clinical workflow. The main goal of this study was to develop a method to estimate activation patterns of lower limb muscles from EMG measured from a small set of muscles in children with cerebral palsy. We developed and implemented a muscle synergy extrapolation method able to estimate the full set of lower limbs muscle activation patterns from only three experimentally measured EMG. Specifically, we extracted a set of hybrid muscle synergies from muscle activation patterns of children with cerebral palsy and their healthy counterparts. Next, those muscle synergies were used to estimate activation patterns of muscles, which were not initially measured in children with cerebral palsy. Two best combinations with three (medial gastrocnemius, semi membranous, and vastus lateralis) and four (lateral gastrocnemius, semi membranous, sartorius, and vastus medialis) experimental EMG were able to estimate the full set of 10 muscle activation patterns with mean (± standard deviation) variance accounted for of 79.93 (± 9.64)% and 79.15 (± 6.40)%, respectively, using only three muscle synergies. In conclusion, muscle activation patterns of unmeasured muscles in children with cerebral palsy can be estimated from EMG measured from three to four muscles using our muscle synergy extrapolation method. In the future, the proposed muscle synergy-based method could be employed in gait clinics to minimise the required preparation time.
Mental construction of object symbols from meaningless elements by Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Liu Nanxi , Iijima Atsuhiko , Iwata Yutaka , Ohashi Kento , Fujisawa Nobuyoshi , Sasaoka Toshikuni , Hasegawa Isao 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWhen writing an object’s name, humans mentally construct its spelling. This capacity critically depends on use of the dual-structured linguistic system, in which meaningful words are represented by combinations of meaningless letters. Here we search for the evolutionary origin of this capacity in primates by designing dual-structured bigram symbol systems where different combinations of meaningless elements represent different objects. Initially, we trained Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in an object-bigram symbolization task and in a visually-guided bigram construction task. Subsequently, we conducted a probe test using a symbolic bigram construction task. From the initial trial of the probe test, the Japanese macaques could sequentially choose the two elements of a bigram that was not actually seen but signified by a visually presented object. Moreover, the animals’ spontaneous choice order bias, developed through the visually-guided bigram construction learning, was immediately generalized to the symbolic bigram construction test. Learning of dual-structured symbols by the macaques possibly indicates pre-linguistic adaptations for the ability of mentally constructing symbols in the common ancestors of humans and Old World monkeys.
Clinical outcomes and a nomogram for de novo metastatic breast cancer with lung metastasis: a population-based study
Authors: Liu Weiming , Han Yiqun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTo better understand the clinical characteristics of newly diagnosed lung metastatic breast cancer (LMBC) and quantify its prognosis, we retrieved data on patients with LMBC from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to training and validation cohorts (ratio 7:3) to establish a nomogram using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. In total, 4310 patients with LMBC were enrolled, including 52.4% (2259/4310) HR+/HER2−, 17.6% (757/4310) HR+/HER2+, 10.8% (467/4310) HR−/HER2+, and 19.2% (827/4310) HR−/HER2− subtype patients. Inclinations of lung and brain involvement in HR−/HER2+ and HR−/HER2− subgroups, liver involvement in the HER2 overexpressing subgroup, and bone involvement in the HR-positive subgroup were detected in the LMBC population. Regarding prognosis, HR+/HER2+ subtype patients presented the most favorable profile (mOS 35.0 months, 95% CI 30.1–39.9), while HR−/HER2− patients exhibited the worst (mOS 11.0 months, 95% CI, 10.0–11.9). A nomogram was developed in the training cohort and validated internally (C-index 0.70) and externally (C-index 0.71), suggestive of decent performance. This study assessed the clinical outcomes associated with molecular subtypes, metastatic patterns, and surgical intervention and provided a robust nomogram for the estimation of survival probabilities, which are promising for the management of LMBC in clinical practice.
Immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine after a two-dose inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Bruminhent Jackrapong , Setthaudom Chavachol , Kitpermkiat Rungthiwa , Kiertiburanakul Sasisopin , Malathum Kumthorn , Assanatham Montira , Nongnuch Arkom , Phuphuakrat Angsana , Chaumdee Pongsathon , Janphram Chitimaporn , Thotsiri Sansanee , Chuengsaman Piyatida , Boongird Sarinya 
Published: March 2022

AbstractVaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus produces suboptimal immune responses among kidney transplant (KT), peritoneal dialyzed (PD), and hemodialyzed (HD) patients. Participants were vaccinated with two-dose inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (V2) and a third dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (V3) at 1–2 months after V2. We enrolled 106 participants: 31 KT, 28 PD, and 31 HD patients and 16 controls. Among KT, PD, and HD groups, median (IQR) of anti-receptor binding domain antibody levels were 1.0 (0.4–26.8), 1092.5 (606.9–1927.2), and 1740.9 (1106–3762.3) BAU/mL, and percent neutralization was 0.9 (0–9.9), 98.8 (95.9–99.5), and 99.4 (98.8–99.7), respectively, at two weeks after V3. Both parameters were significantly increased from V2 across all groups (p < 0.05). Seroconversion and neutralization positivity rates in PD, HD, and control groups were 100% but were impaired in KT patients (39% and 16%, respectively). S1-specific T-cell counts were increased in PD and HD groups (p < 0.05) but not in KT patients. The positive S1-specific T-cell responder rate was > 90% in PD, HD, and control groups, which was higher than that in KT recipients (74%, p < 0.05). The heterologous inactivated virus/ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination strategy elicited greater immunogenicity among dialysis patients; however, inadequate responses remained among KT recipients (TCTR20210226002).