bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HALO CleanSpace PAPR evaluation: Communication, respiratory protection, and usability
Authors: Ng Irene , Lee Keat , Kave Benjamin , Kluger Michael , Paynter Camille , Segal Reny , Krieser Roni Benjamin , Mezzavia Paul Mario , Hung Shan , Chen Yinwei , Sindoni Teresa , Williams Daryl Lindsay 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjective:To evaluate a relatively new half–face-piece powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) device called the HALO (CleanSpace). We assessed its communication performance, its degree of respiratory protection, and its usability and comfort level.Design and setting:This simulation study was conducted at the simulation center of the Royal Melbourne Hospital.Participants:In total, 8 voluntary healthcare workers participated in the study: 4 women and 4 men comprising 3 nursing staff and 5 medical staff.Methods:We performed the modified rhyme test, outlined by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), for the communication assessment. We conducted quantitative fit test and simulated workplace protection factor studies to assess the degree of respiratory protection for participants at rest, during, and immediately after performing chest compression. We also invited the participants to complete a usability and comfort survey.Results:The HALO PAPR met the NIOSH minimum standard for speech intelligibility, which was significantly improved with the addition of wireless communication headsets. The HALO provided consistent and adequate level of respiratory protection at rest, during and after chest compression regardless of the device power mode. It was rated favorably for its usability and comfort. However, participants criticized doffing difficulty and perceived communication interference.Conclusions:The HALO device can be considered as an alternative to a filtering face-piece respirator. Thorough doffing training and mitigation planning to improve the device communication performance are recommended. Further research is required to examine its clinical outcomes and barriers that may potentially affect patient or healthcare worker safety.
Buying Sovereignty: German “Weltpolitik” and Private Enterprise, 1884–1914
Authors: Press Steven 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWilhelmine Germany's Weltpolitik is widely regarded as a precursor to World War I, as a reckless break from the Bismarckian past, and as a counterproductive form of German deviation from European norms. Yet, when one reexamines certain German overseas expansion schemes between 1897 and the early 1900s, a strong intellectual continuity emerges between the methods of Weltpolitik and wider views about colonial sovereignty. Like Bismarck and other European imperial powers in the late nineteenth century, the actors producing Weltpolitik sought to enlist private businessmen in colonial governance, as well as to parcel and transfer sovereignty as a commodity in places like the Caribbean island of St. John. Counterintuitively, this way of treating sovereignty was highly imitative and compliant with norms, both at home and abroad. It also represented an alternative, at least at times, to a more aggressive course in foreign policy.
Scientific Ghostwriting in the Amazon? The Role of Experts in the Lawsuit against Chevron in Ecuador
Authors: Kirsch Stuart 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn 2011, lawyers for the Chevron Corporation filed a civil suit against an aqueous geochemist under federal racketeering and corruption laws. They claimed that the geochemist and her colleagues had ghostwritten significant portions of a report attributed to a court-appointed expert in Ecuador, although the accusation was subsequently withdrawn. The original case addressed the environmental impact of Chevron’s operations in lowland Ecuador, the subject of a $9 billion judgment against the oil company. This article treats legal transcripts and depositions as examples of life writing to examine the contribution of experts to environmental litigation. It adds to recent scholarship on the instability of scientific authorship by comparing different forms of ghostwriting. Whereas the pharmaceutical industry employs ghostwriters to conceal the potentially harmful consequences of its products, the scientists contributing to the case against Chevron sought to make the company’s environmental impacts visible. The company undermined confidence in the legal proceedings in Ecuador by criticizing the experts for the plaintiffs rather than their data, preventing people whose lives and livelihoods have been affected by oil contamination from collecting the judgment against Chevron. This corporate strategy may have a chilling effect on the willingness of environmental scientists and other expert witnesses to provide evidence against powerful corporations. There is a need for better accounting of scientific research undertaken in support of environmental litigation, especially given the high stakes of legal contests like this one, in which corporate fortunes, human lives, and the fate of the environment are contingent on their technical expertise.
Millenarianism in Puritan New England, 1630–1730: The Exceptional Case of Samuel Sewall and the Mexican Millennium
Authors: Cogley Richard W. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe American Puritan layman Samuel Sewall (d. 1730) is perhaps best known as a diarist and as a repentant judge in the Salem witchcraft trials. But he was also the author of Phaenomena quaedam apocalyptica (first edition 1697), a work which argued that the New Jerusalem would arise in Mexico City. Sewall’s unusual millennial doctrine may seem undeserving of study, for no other American Puritan thought that the New Jerusalem would first appear in Mexico City or anywhere else in New Spain. Yet when properly contextualized, the Mexican millennium is worth investigating for two reasons. First, it accentuates what the American Puritan millenarian mainstream, best exemplified by John Cotton, Increase Mather, and Cotton Mather, believed about the coming kingdom. Second, the Mexican millennium, like the mainstream position, challenges the academic claim that American Puritan millenarians characteristically believed that they were destined to inaugurate the millennial kingdom in New England.
The role of education in child and adolescent marriage in rural lowland Nepal
Authors: Marphatia Akanksha A. , Saville Naomi M. , Manandhar Dharma S. , Cortina-Borja Mario , Wells Jonathan C. K. , Reid Alice M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMarriage during childhood and adolescence adversely affects maternal and child health and well-being, making it a critical global health issue. Analysis of factors associated with women marrying ≥18 years has limited utility in societies where the norm is to marry substantially earlier. This paper investigated how much education Nepali women needed to delay marriage across the range of ages from 15 to ≥18 years. Data on 6,406 women aged 23-30 years were analysed from the Low Birth Weight South Asia Trial on the early-marrying and low-educated Maithili-speaking Madhesi population in Terai, Nepal. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed the associations of women’s education with marrying aged ≥15, ≥16, ≥17 and ≥18 years. Cox proportional hazards regression models quantified the hazard of marrying. Models adjusted for caste affiliation. Women married at median age of 15 years and three-quarters were uneducated. Women’s primary and lower-secondary education were weakly associated with delaying marriage, whether the cut-off to define early marriage was 15, 16, 17 or 18 years, with stronger associations for secondary education. Caste associations were weak. Overall, models explained relatively little of the variance in the likelihood of marriage at different ages. The joint effects of lower-secondary and higher caste affiliation and of secondary/higher education and mid and higher caste affiliation reduced the hazard of marrying. In early-marrying and low-educated societies, changing caste-based norms are unlikely to delay women’s marriage. Research on broader risk factors and norms that are more relevant for delaying marriage in these contexts is needed. Gradual increases in women’s median marriage age and increased secondary education may, over time, reduce child and adolescent marriage.
Objects in embodied sociolinguistics: Mind the door in research group meetings
Authors: Canagarajah Suresh , Minakova Valeriya 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis article addresses recent calls in sociolinguistics to accommodate the agentive role of material objects in communicative interactions. The study explores how agency is shared between humans and objects, and how the latter may influence and shape the semiotic repertoires in a professional interaction. We adopt interactional sociolinguistics to analyze video recordings from the research group meetings (RGM) of a team of multinational microbiologists in a midwestern American university to demonstrate how the door plays an important role in the RGM genre of discourse. The door serves as a contextualization cue for the opening and composition of the interaction, indexes the participant identities, constructs the interactional space into an ‘ecological huddle’, and frames the ‘professional vision’ by bringing into salience the relevant semiotic resources, footing, participation frameworks, and ethos. (Objects, embodied sociolinguistics, interactional sociolinguistics, ecological huddle, research group meetings)*
Effect of two ‘progressively motile sperm–oocyte’ ratios on porcinein vitrofertilization and embryo development
Authors: Jochems Reina , Gaustad Ann Helen , Zak Louisa J. , Grindflek Eli , Zeremichael Teklu Tewoldebrhan , Oskam Irma C. , Myromslien Frøydis D. , Kommisrud Elisabeth , Krogenæs Anette K. 
Published: April 2022

SummarySperm motility and viability of cryopreserved semen vary between boars and straws, which influences the outcomes ofin vitroembryo production (IVEP). However, progressive motility is usually not considered during IVEP. The aim of this study was to assess fertilization with a 500:1 and 250:1 ‘progressively motile sperm to oocyte’ ratio on IVEP outcomes using semen from three Duroc and three Landrace boars. Frozen–thawed sperm was centrifuged through a 45/90% Percoll® density gradient and sperm quality parameters were assessed.In vitromatured oocytes were fertilized at the two ratios, a portion was stained 10–12 h after start of fertilization to analyze fertilization and polyspermy, while the remaining zygotes were cultured up to day 7. The 500:1 ratio resulted in a higher fertilization and blastocyst yield on day 6 compared with the 250:1 ratio, but no effect of ratio was observed for polyspermy, cleavage rate or blastocyst cell number. Individual differences between boars were observed for fertilization, cleavage and blastocyst rates, but not for the other IVEP outcomes. In conclusion, a higher fertilization and blastocyst yield was obtained with the 500:1 ratio compared with the 250:1 ratio, while polyspermy level was consistent across ratios. Differences in IVEP outcomes were still observed between the individual boars although adjusted for progressive motility. Promising blastocyst yields and high total blastocyst cell counts were obtained with sperm from both breeds.
Thermal Regime of Slow and Ultraslow Spreading Ridges Controlled by Melt Supply and Modes of Emplacement
Authors: Chen Jie , Olive Jean‐Arthur , Cannat Mathilde 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMelt supply at slow‐ultraslow spreading ridges is overall reduced and highly variable. Magma cooling and crystallization substantially shape the axial thermal regime by providing heat that is lost to the ocean through conduction and hydrothermal convection. Geological data suggest that melt is emplaced over a wide depth range, variably accessible to hydrothermal cooling, and that periods of higher and lower melt supply may alternate at a given location. Until now, numerical models focused on steady‐state thermal regimes controlled by either spreading rate or melt supply, falling short at slow‐ultraslow ridges. Here we present results from a 2‐D numerical thermal model that couples repeated melt injections and hydrothermal convection. We first constrain thermal regimes inferred from two ultraslow‐spreading endmembers in melt supply at the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR): a magmatically robust endmember at 50°28'E and a nearly amagmatic endmember at 64°30'E. We adjust parameters associated with melt supply (the melt injection frequency and the temperature of the host rocks upon melt emplacement) and hydrothermal circulation (the extent and permeability of the hydrothermal system). Our simulations predict that greater melt injection frequencies unsurprisingly produce hotter thermal regimes. However, at a given frequency, melt emplacement in cooler host rocks (e.g., <800°C) causes cooler thermal regimes with transient black smoker‐type hydrothermal circulation that extracts heat efficiently. Periodic waxing and waning magma supply, as proposed from geological data at the SWIR 50°28'E, induces an oscillatory thermal regime. Transience in the axial thermo‐mechanical state may be an integral part of lower‐crustal construction at magmatically robust sections of slow‐ultraslow ridges.
Impact of Soil Freezing‐Thawing Processes on August Rainfall Over Southern China
Authors: Xia Kun , Li Lijuan , Tang Yanli , Wang Bin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe impact of soil freezing‐thawing processes on August rainfall in Southern China (SC) during 1979–2008 and related physical mechanisms are investigated using the coupled land‐atmosphere model Grid‐Point Atmospheric Model version 2.0—Community Land Model version 2.0 (GAMIL2.0‐CLM2.0). The moisture‐budget analysis is employed to quantify the contributions of different factors to the change of precipitation in SC. The results indicate that the vertical moisture advection and its dynamic component play an essential role in the long‐term trends of August rainfall. The possible physical mechanism is that the model which includes the supercooled water simulates much higher soil/air temperature in August, especially in the north of 40°N, which is not only weakened the meridional thermal contrast but also induced an anomaly “north high–south low” circulation pattern in the middle and high latitude of Eurasia. Both resulted in the 200 hPa zonal winds weakening, and 850 hpa northerly wind southward moved. Meanwhile, a convergence anomaly cyclone is initiated in the lower troposphere over SC regions, accompanied by enhanced ascending and strong moisture flux convergence, which is beneficial to the increased precipitation. This study provides a new interpretation of the “southern flooding” during 1979–2008 from the point of frozen soil changing.
Whistler Waves Above the Lower Hybrid Frequency in the Ionosphere and Their Counterparts in the Magnetosphere
Authors: Xia Zhiyang , Chen Lunjin , Horne Richard B. , Bortnik Jacob 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this study, we report the statistical properties of whistler mode lower hybrid (LH) emissions in the ionosphere, which have structureless spectra with a lower frequency boundary that matches the variation of the local lower hybrid resonance frequency fLHR. A potential source for the LH emissions is identified as the high‐frequency plasmaspheric hiss (HFPH) in the magnetosphere. We use Detection of Electromagnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions and Van Allen Probes data to perform a statistical study of the wave power distribution of the LH emissions and HFPH. Both LH and HFPH emissions show a similar frequency range, a similar invariant magnetic latitude range, and have similar trends in magnetic local time (stronger wave intensity on the dayside) and in the auroral electrojet (AE) index (stronger wave intensity for higher AE condition). A ray tracing simulation is also performed to demonstrate the propagation of HFPH waves from the magnetosphere into the ionosphere as LH waves.
Using VLF Transmitter Signals at LEO for Plasmasphere Model Validation
Authors: Usanova M. E. , Reid R. A. , Xu W. , Marshall R. A. , Starks M. J. , Wilson G. R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study presents analysis of very low frequency (VLF) transmitter signal measurements on the Very‐Low‐Frequency Propagation Mapper (VPM) CubeSat in low‐Earth orbit. Six months of satellite operation provided good data coverage, used to build global statistical maps of VLF power distribution. The power distribution above four powerful transmitters is used as input for ray tracing to study signal propagation to the conjugate hemisphere in two plasmaspheric density models. The ray tracing results are further compared with VPM measurements to determine which model provides better agreement with observations. As ray propagation largely depends on the background plasma density distribution, this indirect method can be used for plasmaspheric density model validation as an alternative to multipoint in situ plasma measurements that may not be readily obtainable. In addition, it can be used to investigate Landau damping and ducted versus non‐ducted propagation of VLF signals.
Astrocytes derived from ASD individuals alter behavior and destabilize neuronal activity through aberrant Ca2+ signaling
Authors: Allen Megan , Huang Ben S. , Notaras Michael J. , Lodhi Aiman , Barrio-Alonso Estibaliz , Lituma Pablo J. , Wolujewicz Paul , Witztum Jonathan , Longo Francesco , Chen Maoshan , Greening David W. , Klann Eric , Ross M. Elizabeth , Liston Conor , Colak Dilek 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe cellular mechanisms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are poorly understood. Cumulative evidence suggests that abnormal synapse function underlies many features of this disease. Astrocytes regulate several key neuronal processes, including the formation of synapses and the modulation of synaptic plasticity. Astrocyte abnormalities have also been identified in the postmortem brain tissue of ASD individuals. However, it remains unclear whether astrocyte pathology plays a mechanistic role in ASD, as opposed to a compensatory response. To address this, we combined stem cell culturing with transplantation techniques to determine disease-specific properties inherent to ASD astrocytes. We demonstrate that ASD astrocytes induce repetitive behavior as well as impair memory and long-term potentiation when transplanted into the healthy mouse brain. These in vivo phenotypes were accompanied by reduced neuronal network activity and spine density caused by ASD astrocytes in hippocampal neurons in vitro. Transplanted ASD astrocytes also exhibit exaggerated Ca2+ fluctuations in chimeric brains. Genetic modulation of evoked Ca2+ responses in ASD astrocytes modulates behavior and neuronal activity deficits. Thus, this study determines that astrocytes derived from ASD iPSCs are sufficient to induce repetitive behavior as well as cognitive deficit, suggesting a previously unrecognized primary role for astrocytes in ASD.
5-Aminolevulinic acid overcomes hypoxia-induced radiation resistance by enhancing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Owari Takuya , Tanaka Nobumichi , Nakai Yasushi , Miyake Makito , Anai Satoshi , Kishi Shingo , Mori Shiori , Fujiwara-Tani Rina , Hojo Yudai , Mori Takuya , Kuwada Masaomi , Fujii Tomomi , Hasegawa Masatoshi , Fujimoto Kiyohide , Kuniyasu Hiroki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
The naturally occurring amino acid 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a precursor of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) biosynthesised in the mitochondria. When accumulated PpIX is excited by light (wavelength of 625–635 nm), reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated. Here, we investigated whether 5-ALA may increase the sensitisation of prostate cancer (PCA) cells to radiotherapy through the generation of ROS via its metabolite, PpIX.

Methods
Effect of 5-ALA on PC-3 and DU-145 PCA cell lines treated with ionising radiation (IR) was examined in vitro and in vivo with assessment by clonogenic assay, mitochondrial function and ROS production under normoxia or hypoxia condition.

Results
5-ALA enhanced intra-mitochondrial ROS production immediately after exposure to IR and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential via increase of intra-cellular PpIX. IR with 5-ALA induced mitochondrial dysfunction and increased ATP production, switching energy metabolism to the quiescence. Under hypoxic condition, ROS burst and mitochondrial dysfunction were induced by IR with 5-ALA resulting reducing cancer stemness and radiation resistance.

Conclusion
These results suggest that combined therapy with 5-ALA and radiation therapy is a novel strategy to improve the anti-cancer effects of radiation therapy for PCA.
Precise orientation control of a liquid crystal organic semiconductor via anisotropic surface treatment
Authors: Han Moon Jong , Wei Dayan , Yun Hee Seong , Lee Seong-hun , Ahn Hyungju , Walba David M. , Shin Tae Joo , Yoon Dong Ki 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe report a three-dimensional (3D) molecular orientation control of a liquid crystal organic semiconductor (LC-OSC) based on the long-range ordering characteristic of an LC material. To this end, a synthetic LC-OSC molecule, MeOPh-BTBT-C8, with a fluidic nematic (N) phase that is essential for alignment control over a large area and a smectic E (SmE) phase showing high ordering, was prepared. A simple flipping of a sandwich cell made of the LC-OSC material between the top and bottom substrates that have uniaxial–planar degenerated alignment as well as crossed rubbing directions responds to the given surface anchoring condition and temperature gradient. Optical observation of the alignment-controlled LC-OSC was carried out by polarized optical microscopy (POM), and the corresponding charge carrier mobility was also measured by fabricating organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Our platform offers a facile approach for multidirectional and multifunctional organic electronic devices using the stimulus–response characteristics of LC materials.
Hydrogen isotope effect on self-organized electron internal transport barrier criticality and role of radial electric field in toroidal plasmas
Authors: Kobayashi T. , Shimizu A. , Nishiura M. , Ido T. , Satake S. , Tokuzawa T. , Ii Tsujimura T. , Nagaoka K. , Ida K. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSelf-organized structure formation in magnetically confined plasmas is one of the most attractive subjects in modern experimental physics. Nonequilibrium media are known to often exhibit phenomena that cannot be predicted by superposition of linear theories. One representative example of such phenomena is the hydrogen isotope effect in fusion plasmas, where the larger the mass of the hydrogen isotope fuel is the better the plasma confinement becomes, contrary to what simple scaling models anticipate. In this article, threshold condition of a plasma structure formation is shown to have a strong hydrogen isotope effect. To investigate the underlying mechanism of this isotope effect, the electrostatic potential is directly measured by a heavy ion beam probe. It is elucidated that the core electrostatic potential transition occurs with less input power normalized by plasma density in plasmas with larger isotope mass across the structure formation. This observation is suggestive of the isotope effect in the radial electric field structure formation.