bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convenient Auditory-Based Language and Executive Function Test for Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ohdake Reiko , Watanabe Hirohisa , Kawabata Kazuya , Ogura Aya , Sato Maki , Tanaka Yasuhiro , Imai Kazunori , Masuda Michihito , Kato Toshiyasu , Yokoi Takamasa , Hara Kazuhiro , Nakamura Ryoichi , Atsuta Naoki , Nakagawa Masafumi , Katsuno Masahisa , Sobue Gen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objective
About 30%–50% of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) show cognitive impairment ranging from mild dysexecutive syndrome to frontotemporal dementia. We aimed to develop a brief cognitive test, convenient auditory-based language and executive function test (CABLET), for rapid detection of cognitive impairment in ALS, with reduced load on motor function.

Method
The CABLET comprises two tests using auditory verbal stimuli: Test 1, assessing word repetition and lexical judgment, and Test 2, evaluating verbal short-term memory and semantics knowledge. The administration time of Test 1 and Test 2 was 1 and 3–5 min, respectively. Overall, 61 patients with ALS and 46 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls participated in this study. All participants underwent existing neuropsychological tests and the CABLET. We investigated the applicability of the CABLET to detect ALS with cognitive impairment (ALSci) from normal cognition.

Results
Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that both the CABLET total and Test 2 had good diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve [AUC]: total = 0.894, Test 2 = 0.893). Test 2 had the highest sensitivity (100% sensitivity and 71.4% specificity). No significant difference existed in the AUC between the analyses with and without age, education, and disease severity as covariates. Correlations were observed between the CABLET and established neuropsychological tests, supporting its good convergent validity.

Conclusions
Our findings indicated that the CABLET could be useful in identifying ALSci quickly without adjusting for confounding factors. Further validation is required to evaluate it in larger groups and compare with ALS-specific cognitive screen.
XII—Deferring to Doubt
Authors: Schoenfield Miriam 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this paper I’ll suggest that a certain challenge facing defeatist views about higher-order evidence cannot be met, namely, motivating principles that recommend abandoning belief in cases of higher order defeat, but do not recommend global scepticism. I’ll propose that, ultimately, the question of whether to abandon belief in response to the realization that our belief can’t be recovered from what I’ll call ‘a perspective of doubt’ can’t be answered through rational deliberation aimed at truth or accuracy.
XIII—Moral Criticism and the Metaphysics of Bluff
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
By invoking surprising rationalist considerations that Bernard Williams does not anticipate, this paper defends Williams’s claim that that moral criticism on the basis of purported external reasons amounts to ‘bluff’. After strengthening this rejection of external reasons by drawing parallels to compelling rationalist arguments in other domains, the paper mounts a similarly rationalist critique of internal reasons invoked by Kantian moral philosophers. The paper closes with an apocalyptic line of thought that develops the preceding rationalist arguments into a challenge to the notion of acting for reasons in general.
Functional eye rudiments in the anchialine crab Munidopsis polymorpha (Crustacea: Galatheidae)
Authors: Wilkens Horst 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The white crab Munidopsis polymorpha (Crustacea: Galatheidae) is the only one of a species-rich genus not occurring in the deep sea. It is endemic to marine caves, anchialine pools and groundwaters of the volcanic island of Lanzarote (Canary Islands). The eye derives from the superposition type possessing a clear zone formed by the proximal extensions of the rudimentary crystalline cones. The number of ommatidia ranges among the lowest found in decapods and the optic ganglia are strongly diminished in size. The crystalline cones are rudimentary or lost and facets with individual corneas are not discernible. The rhabdoms are tiny and irregularly arranged in the rhabdom layer. Some rhabdoms display an open arrangement of rhabdomers with microvilli that are not aligned to form orthogonal layers. The eye is one of the rare exceptions of traits that despite being rudimentary is still partially functional. The absence of stabilizing selection is probably the reason for variability or reduction of the traits necessary for image formation. In contrast, negative phototactic behaviour is present, because light is still perceived by the eyes of M. polymorpha.
Fine-scale geographical sampling and molecular characterization of the giant African land snail in its invasive range in Asia shows low genetic diversity, new haplotypes and the emergence of another haplotype from the Indian Ocean Islands
Authors: Vijayan Keerthy , Suganthasakthivel R , Naggs Fred , Fontanilla Ian Kendrich , Soorae Pritpal Singh , Sajeev T V , Wade Christopher M 
Published: August 2022

AbstractNative to East Africa, the giant African snail Lissachatina [=Achatina] fulica (Bowdich, 1822) is a tropical crop pest and one of the world’s top 100 invasive species. It is now present in at least 52 countries worldwide, with an actively expanding range. Lissachatina fulica was first introduced to India in 1847, but subsequent arrivals in India and local patterns of spread remain unclear. This study uses the 16S rRNA gene to identify the extent of genetic variation in India by sampling Indian populations and comparing them with published sequence data. A total of 307 snails were collected from 178 localities in India and from a single locality in the UAE, and the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. Eight haplotypes were identified from India of which four are newly recognized. The new haplotypes identified in this study have increased the number of L. fulica 16S rRNA haplotypes from 19 to 23. Examination of haplotype and nucleotide diversities revealed that genetic variation is low in India, the UAE and across Asia as a whole. The number of haplotypes was higher in India when compared to other invasive regions but all of the Asian haplotypes appear to be closely related to the most common haplotypes in the Indian Ocean Islands. Heavy trade between the snail-infested and native-range countries suggests that the variation observed in India might be traced back to its native range, but the lack of sampling and paucity of sequences from East Africa currently prevents a comparison. Tracing back the emergent haplotypes by additional sampling could throw more light on the spread of L. fulica.
ARHGEF15 in Sertoli cells contributes to germ cell development and testicular immune privilege
Authors: Chen Feng , Wu Yingjie , Ke Lu , Lin Xinyi , Wang Fengchao , Qin Yinghe 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSertoli cells (SCs), the only somatic cells in the seminiferous tubules, facilitate the maintenance of testicular immune privilege through the formation of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and the expression of immunoregulatory factors. Rho guanosine exchange factor 15 (ARHGEF15) is a member of the guanosine exchange factors, which are involved in cell migration, cell polarity, and cell cycle progression via activation of Rho GTPases. This study investigated the functional role of ARHGEF15 in SCs during spermatogenesis using SC–specific Arhgef15 knockout mice. The results revealed that Arhgef15 deficiency in SCs affected the localization of SC nuclei, disrupted BTB integrity, and led to premature shedding of germ cells. In Arhgef15flox/flox/Amh-Cre+ mice, the ultrastructure of the round spermatids was impaired, accompanied by acrosome degeneration, acrosomal vesicle shedding, and atrophic nuclei. Consequently, the percentage of abnormal sperm in the Arhgef15flox/flox/Amh-Cre+ epididymis was markedly elevated. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that most of the differentially expressed genes in SCs of Arhgef15flox/flox/Amh-Cre+ mice were associated with immunity. Further study revealed that the sera of Arhgef15flox/flox/Amh-Cre+ mice showed immunoreactivity against testicular lysate of wild-type mice, indicating the production of antibodies against testicular autoantigens in Arhgef15flox/flox/Amh-Cre+ mice. In conclusion, the specific deletion of Arhgef15 in SCs of mice leads to sperm abnormality, probably by disrupting the testicular immune homeostasis.
The Impact of Field Courses on Undergraduate Knowledge, Affect, Behavior, and Skills: A Scoping Review
Authors: Shinbrot Xoco A , Treibergs Kira , Hernández Lina M Arcila , Esparza David , Ghezzi-Kopel Kate , Goebel Marc , Graham Olivia J , Heim Ashley B , Smith Jansen A , Smith Michelle K 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field courses provide transformative learning experiences that support success and improve persistence for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics majors. But field courses have not increased proportionally with the number of students in the natural sciences. We conducted a scoping review to investigate the factors influencing undergraduate participation in and the outcomes from field courses in the United States. Our search yielded 61 articles, from which we classified the knowledge, affect, behavior, and skill-based outcomes resulting from field course participation. We found consistent reporting on course design but little reporting on demographics, which limits our understanding of who takes field courses. Cost was the most commonly reported barrier to student participation, and knowledge gains were the most commonly reported outcome. This scoping review underscores the need for more rigorous and evidence-based investigations of student outcomes in field courses. Understanding how field courses support or hinder student engagement is necessary to make them more accessible to all students.
Differences in set-based tests for sparse alternatives when testing sets of outcomes compared to sets of explanatory factors in genetic association studies
Authors: Sun Ryan , Shi Andy , Lin Xihong 
Published: August 2022

Summary
Set-based association tests are widely popular in genetic association settings for their ability to aggregate weak signals and reduce multiple testing burdens. In particular, a class of set-based tests including the Higher Criticism, Berk–Jones, and other statistics have recently been popularized for reaching a so-called detection boundary when signals are rare and weak. Such tests have been applied in two subtly different settings: (a) associating a genetic variant set with a single phenotype and (b) associating a single genetic variant with a phenotype set. A significant issue in practice is the choice of test, especially when deciding between innovated and generalized type methods for detection boundary tests. Conflicting guidance is present in the literature. This work describes how correlation structures generate marked differences in relative operating characteristics for settings (a) and (b). The implications for study design are significant. We also develop novel power bounds that facilitate the aforementioned calculations and allow for analysis of individual testing settings. In more concrete terms, our investigation is motivated by translational expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies in lung cancer. These studies involve both testing for groups of variants associated with a single gene expression (multiple explanatory factors) and testing whether a single variant is associated with a group of gene expressions (multiple outcomes). Results are supported by a collection of simulation studies and illustrated through lung cancer eQTL examples.
Economic Inequality and the Spatial Distribution of Stop and Search: Evidence from London
Authors: Suss Joel H , Oliveira Thiago R 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We analyse the spatial concentration of stop and search (S&S) practices. Previous work argues that the persistent reliance on S&S, despite weak to null deterrent effects on crime, results from a social order maintenance motivation on the part of the police. Expanding previous studies that focused on who tends to be stopped and searched by police officers, we focus on where S&S concentrates and investigate the role of economic inequality. We use data from London in 2019 and demonstrate that a novel measure of salient, spatially granular economic inequality is positively associated with S&S incidence at a small spatial scale, even when controlling for crime rates and other important variables. Police officers more frequently stop and search members of the public in places where the well-off and the economically precarious co-exist. Implications for understanding S&S as a tool that distinguishes between citizens, between those to protect and potential criminals, are discussed.
Stable isotope approaches and opportunities for improving plant conservation
Authors: Snyder Keirith A , Robinson Sharon A , Schmidt Susanne , Hultine Kevin R 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Successful conservation of threatened species and ecosystems in a rapidly changing world requires scientifically sound decision-making tools that are readily accessible to conservation practitioners. Physiological applications that examine how plants and animals interact with their environment are now widely used when planning, implementing and monitoring conservation. Among these tools, stable-isotope physiology is a potentially powerful, yet under-utilized cornerstone of current and future conservation efforts of threatened and endangered plants. We review the underlying concepts and theory of stable-isotope physiology and describe how stable-isotope applications can support plant conservation. We focus on stable isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen to address plant ecophysiological responses to changing environmental conditions across temporal scales from hours to centuries. We review examples from a broad range of plant taxa, life forms and habitats and provide specific examples where stable-isotope analysis can directly improve conservation, in part by helping identify resilient, locally adapted genotypes or populations. Our review aims to provide a guide for practitioners to easily access and evaluate the information that can be derived from stable-isotope signatures, their limitations and how stable isotopes can improve conservation efforts.
School Social Worker Performance Evaluation: Illustrations of Domains and Components from the National Evaluation Framework for School Social Work Practice
Authors: Horton Karla B , Prudencio Amy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The role and duties of a school social worker can differ greatly by state. The National School Social Work Practice Model and the National Association of Social Workers’ school social work standards describe practice approaches and behaviors endorsed by the School Social Work Association of America (SSWAA). The National Evaluation Framework for School Social Work Practice is intertwined with the practice model and standards. The purpose of this article is to provide an explanation of the school social workers’ practice behaviors as described in the performance evaluation framework. This article takes a comprehensive look at what school social workers do and offers suggestions on role clarity and its relation to performance evaluation for school social workers. The performance evaluation tool endorsed by SSWAA will be described for use by school social workers and school administrators. This article also provides an explanation of how to apply the National Evaluation Framework for School Social Work Practice using a synthesis of recommendations on performance evaluation documentation.
Ambrosia Beetle Occurrence and Phenology of Xylosandrus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Ornamental Nurseries, Tree Fruit, and Pecan Orchards in Georgia
Authors: Monterrosa Alejandra , Joseph Shimat V , Blaauw Brett , Hudson Will , Acebes-Doria Angelita L 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae, Platypodinae) in the genus Xylosandrus are problematic in ornamental nurseries and are emerging as serious pests in orchard crops. An updated survey of ambrosia beetles focusing on these damaging species, and their corresponding phenology was conducted in Georgia to aid in refining management practices for these beetles. Ambrosia beetles were monitored across nine sites in 2019 and seven sites 2020 at ornamental nurseries, tree fruit, and pecan orchards in Georgia. At each site, six ethanol-baited bottle traps were deployed; with three traps along the edge of a wood-line and three traps placed 30 m from the edge of the nurseries and orchards. Traps were deployed from mid-January through July or August depending on site and year. All captured ambrosia beetles were counted and identified. Captures of X. crassiusculus, X. germanus, and X. compactus, were analyzed further to investigate spatial distribution and seasonal flight activity. At high population sites, more beetles were captured along adjacent wood lines than in the orchard or nursery interior. At most sites, flight activity began in February and March continued until the termination of the study in July or August. At most sites, sustained flight activities with multiple peaks were observed in March, April, and May, corresponding to average weekly temperatures reaching ≥15.5°C. These results have important implications on temporally and spatially precise management for these beetles across three important agricultural production systems in the southeastern US.
Electoral Success at the ICC: A State-Level Analysis
Authors: Nimigan Sarah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article seeks to understand why some candidates are elected to the International Criminal Court (ICC) bench, while others are not, using a state-level analysis between the years 2003 to 2020. Two interrelated analyses are used. The first measures the levels of judicial representativeness based on geography, gender, and expertise. This provides a conceptualization of ‘electoral success’ that is then situated within state-level judicial nomination processes to better understand the level of judicial representation on the ICC bench by state. The overall argument is that three types of states have had the most judicial electoral success at the ICC: (i) states that have contributed the most financially to the Court; (ii) states that have allocated the necessary amount of human resources to ensure that their candidates were successfully elected, especially in the form of vote trading and diplomatic lobbying; and (iii) states where the ICC is, or has been, involved in an investigation. The problem of politicization at both the domestic and international level(s) permeates the analysis herein.
Effects of chlorhexidine use on periodontal health during fixed appliance orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Hussain Umar , Alam Shamsul , Rehman Khalid , Antonoglou Georgios N , Papageorgiou Spyridon N 
Published: August 2022

SummaryBackgroundProper oral hygiene and absence of periodontal inflammation is pre-requisite for orthodontic treatment. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is an established oral antiseptic used in the treatment of periodontal disease, but its role in orthodontic therapy is unclear.ObjectivesTo assess the efficacy of adjunct use of CHX-containing products in maintaining gingival health among orthodontic patients with fixed appliances.Search methodsFive databases were searched without limitations up to August 2021.Selection criteriaRandomized clinical trials (RCTs) assessing Gingival Index (GI) (primary outcome), Plaque Index (PI), Bleeding Index (BI), or Pocket Probing Depth (PPD).Data collection and analysisStudy selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were done independently in duplicate. Random-effects meta-analyses of mean differences (MDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were conducted, followed by sensitivity and Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation analysis.ResultsTwenty RCTs (1001 patients) were included assessing CHX-containing mouthwashes (n = 11), toothpastes (n = 2), gels (n = 3), or varnishes (n = 4) compared to placebo/control (n = 19) or sodium fluoride-products (n = 4). In the short-term, CHX-containing mouthwash was associated with lower GI (n = 9; MD = −0.68; 95% CI = −0.97 to −0.38; P &lt; 0.001; high quality), lower PI (n = 9; MD = −0.65; 95% CI = −0.86 to −0.43; P &lt; 0.001; high quality), lower BI (n = 2; SMD = −1.61; 95% CI = −2.99 to −0.22; P = 0.02; low quality), and lower PPD (n = 2; MD = −0.60 mm; 95% CI = −1.06 to −0.14 mm; P = 0.01; low quality). No considerable benefits were found from the use of CHX-gel or CHX-varnish in terms of GI, PI, or PPD (P &gt; 0.05/low quality in all instances). Use of a CHX-containing toothpaste was more effective in lowering PI (Heintze-index) than adjunct use of fluoride-containing mouthwash (n = 2; MD = −5.24; 95% CI = −10.46 to −0.02; P = 0.04), but not GI (P = 0.68) or BI (P = 0.27), while sensitivity analyses indicated robustness.ConclusionsAdjunct use of CHX mouthwash during fixed-appliance treatment is associated with improved gingival inflammation, plaque control, and pocket depths, but caution is warranted and recommendations about CHX use during orthodontic treatment of children/adults should consider the heterogeneous patient response, cost-effectiveness, and potential adverse effects.RegistrationPROSPERO registration (CRD42021228759).
Ringing the bell for quality P.E.: What are the realities of remote physical education?
Authors: Kovacs Viktoria A , Csanyi Tamas , Blagus Rok , Brandes Mirko , Starc Gregor , Rocha Paulo , Scheuer Claude , Okely Anthony D 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
To date, few data on the quality and quantity of online physical education (P.E.) during the COVID-19 pandemic have been published. We assessed activity in online classes and reported allocated curriculum time for P.E. in a multi-national sample of European children (6–18 years).

Methods
Data from two online surveys were analysed. A total of 8395 children were included in the first round (May–June 2020) and 24 302 in the second round (January–February 2021).

Results
Activity levels during P.E. classes were low in spring 2020, particularly among the youngest children and in certain countries. 27.9% of students did not do any online P.E. and 15.7% were hardly ever very active. Only 18.4% were always very active and 14.9% reported being very active quite often. In winter 2020, we observed a large variability in the allocated curriculum time for P.E. In many countries, this was lower than the compulsory requirements. Only 65.7% of respondents had the same number of P.E. lessons than before pandemic, while 23.8% had less P.E., and 6.8% claimed to have no P.E. lessons. Rates for no P.E. were especially high among secondary school students, and in large cities and megapolises.

Conclusions
During the COVID-19 pandemic, European children were provided much less P.E. in quantity and quality than before the pandemic. Countermeasures are needed to ensure that these changes do not become permanent. Particular attention is needed in large cities and megapolises. The critical role of P.E. for students’ health and development must be strengthened in the school system.