bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple Roles of Multimodality Among Interacting Agents
Authors: Lagerstedt Erik , Thill Serge 
Published: July 2022

The termmultimodalityhas come to take on several somewhat different meanings depending on the underlying theoretical paradigms and traditions along with the purpose and context of use. The term is closely related toembodiment, which, in turn, is also used in several different ways. In this article, we elaborate on this connection and propose that a pragmatic and pluralistic stance is appropriate for multimodality. We further propose a distinction between first- and second-order effects of multimodality—what is achieved by multiple modalities in isolation and the opportunities that emerge when several modalities are entangled. This highlights questions regarding ways to cluster or interchange different modalities, for example, through redundancy or degeneracy. Apart from discussing multimodality with respect to an individual agent, we further look to more distributed agents and situations in which social aspects become relevant.In robotics, understanding the various uses and interpretations of these terms can prevent miscommunication when designing robots as well as increase awareness of the underlying theoretical concepts. Given the complexity of the different ways in which multimodality is relevant in social robotics, this can provide the basis for negotiating appropriate meanings of the term on a case-by-case basis.
Incidence of Preclinical Heart Failure in a Community Population
Authors: Young Kathleen A. , Scott Christopher G. , Rodeheffer Richard J. , Chen Horng H. 
Published: July 2022

Background
A high prevalence of preclinical heart failure (HF) (Stages A and B) has previously been shown. The aim of this study was to explore factors associated with the incidence of preclinical HF in a community population.

Methods and Results

Retrospective review of 393 healthy community individuals aged ≥45 years from the Olmsted County Heart Function Study that returned for 2 visits, 4 years apart. At visit 2, individuals that remained normal were compared with those that developed preclinical HF. By the second visit, 191 (49%) developed preclinical HF (12.1 cases per 100 person‐years of follow‐up); 65 (34%) Stage A and 126 (66%) Stage B. Those that developed preclinical HF (n=191) were older (
P
=0.004), had a higher body mass index (
P
<0.001), and increased left ventricular mass index (
P
=0.006). When evaluated separately, increased body mass index was seen with development of Stage A (
P
<0.001) or Stage B (
P
=0.009). Echocardiographic markers of diastolic function were statistically different in those that developed Stage A [higher E/e’ (
P
<0.001), lower e’ (
P
<0.001)] and Stage B [higher left atrial volume index (
P
<0.001), higher E/e’ (
P
<0.001), lower e’ (
P
<0.001)]. NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide) was higher at visit 2 in those that developed Stage A or B (
P
<0.001 for both). Hypertension (57%), obesity (34%), and hyperlipidemia (25%) were common in the development of Stage A. Of patients who developed Stage B, 71% (n=84) had moderate or severe diastolic dysfunction.

Conclusions
There is a high incidence of preclinical HF in a community population. Development of Stage A was driven by hypertension and obesity, while preclinical diastolic dysfunction was seen commonly in those that developed Stage B.
Stagnation Detection with Randomized Local Search*
Authors: Rajabi Amirhossein , Witt Carsten 
Published: July 2022

AbstractRecently a mechanism called stagnation detection was proposed that automatically adjusts the mutation rate of evolutionary algorithms when they encounter local optima. The so-called SD-(1+1) EA introduced by Rajabi and Witt (2022) adds stagnation detection to the classical (1+1) EA with standard bit mutation. This algorithm flips each bit independently with some mutation rate, and stagnation detection raises the rate when the algorithm is likely to have encountered a local optimum. In this article, we investigate stagnation detection in the context of the k-bit flip operator of randomized local search that flips k bits chosen uniformly at random and let stagnation detection adjust the parameter k. We obtain improved runtime results compared with the SD-(1+1) EA amounting to a speedup of at least (1-o(1))2πm, where m is the so-called gap size, that is, the distance to the next improvement. Moreover, we propose additional schemes that prevent infinite optimization times even if the algorithm misses a working choice of k due to unlucky events. Finally, we present an example where standard bit mutation still outperforms the k-bit flip operator with stagnation detection.
Public Servants’ Perception on Discipline Management and Justice in Tanzania Public Service
Authors: Mosha Ambiliasia Peniel , Bakari Mohamed , Munisi Kelvin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper assesses public servants’ perception on how justice is dispensed by disciplinary authorities in Tanzania’s public service. The attributes assessed were; adherence to legislations and disciplinary procedures, progressive discipline, employees’ involvement in disciplinary proceedings, parity between punishments given to offenses committed and power struggle among disciplinary authorities. Bureaucratic theory informed the study by showing how management prerogative in formulating and enforcing the rules shapes public service discipline management. Attribution theory showed how employees form justice perceptions. Data was collected through survey using questionnaires administered to case study respondents and through interview conducted to the key informants using interview guides. The findings reveal that, defiance of legislations and actors’ incompetence cause irregularities such as unreasoned decision, inappropriate application of formal and informal proceedings and power abuse which hamper justice. The paper calls for competent adherence to the legislations and procedures for justice to prevail in discipline management.
Between Academia and Activism: Revisiting the History of Social Democracy at the Time of the Second International
Authors: Poy Lucas 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The last fifteen years witnessed a remarkable revitalization in the field of Second International historiography. This renewed literature put forward different approaches and perspectives, as the interest for the history of social democracy draws on academic as well as political considerations. Whereas an important trend of this revitalization came from studies that focused on social and cultural aspects, this review explores two recent volumes published by North American authors that propose a different, and explicitly political, approach towards the history of social democracy in the years of the Second International.
Correction of Overestimation in Observed Land Surface Temperatures Based on Machine Learning Models
Authors: Liu Fa , Wang Xunming , Sun Fubao , Wang Hong , Wu Lifeng , Zhang Xuanze , Liu Wenbin , Che Huizheng 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Land surface temperature (LST) is an essential variable for high-temperature prediction, drought monitoring, climate, and ecological environment research. Several recent studies reported that LST observations in China warmed much faster than surface air temperature (SAT), especially after 2002. Here we found that the abrupt change in daily LST was mainly due to the overestimation of LST values from the automatic recording thermometer under snow cover conditions. These inhomogeneity issues in LST data could result in wrong conclusions without appropriate correction. To address these issues, we proposed three machine learning models—multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS), random forest (RF), and a novel simple tree-based method named extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost)—for accurate prediction of daily LST using conventional meteorological data. Daily air temperature (maximum, minimum, mean), sunshine duration, precipitation, wind speed, relative humidity, daily solar radiation, and diurnal temperature range of 2185 stations over 1971–2002 from four regions of China were used to train and test the models. The results showed that the machine learning models, particularly XGBoost, outperformed other models in estimating daily LST. Based on LST data corrected by the XGBoost model, the dramatic increase in LST disappeared. The long-term trend for the new LST was estimated to be 0.32° ± 0.03°C decade−1 over 1971–2019, which is close to the trend in SAT (0.30° ± 0.03°C decade−1). This study corrected the inhomogeneities of daily LST in China, indicating the strong potential of machine learning models for improving estimation of LST and other surface climatic factors.
Accounting for the Effect of Noise in Satellite Soil Moisture Data on Estimates of Land–Atmosphere Coupling Using Information Theoretical Metrics
Authors: Abdolghafoorian Abedeh , Dirmeyer Paul A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Land states can affect the atmosphere through their control of surface turbulent fluxes and the subsequent impact of those fluxes on boundary layer properties. Information theoretic (IT) metrics are ideal to study the strength and type of coupling between surface soil moisture (SM) and land surface heat fluxes (HFs) because they are nonparametric and thus appropriate for the analysis of highly complex Earth systems containing nonlinear cause-and-effect interactions that may have nonnormal distributions. Specifically, a methodology for the estimation of IT metrics from noisy time series is proposed, accounting for random errors in satellite-based SM data. Performance of the proposed method is demonstrated through synthetic tests. Efficacy of the method is greatest for estimates of entropy and mutual information involving SM; improvements to estimates of transfer entropy are significant but less stark. A global depiction of the information flow between SM and HFs is then constructed from observationally based gridded data. This is used as independent verification for two configurations of the ECMWF modeling system: unconstrained open-loop (retrospective forecasts) and constrained by data assimilation (ERA5). Compared to studies that only investigate the linear SM–HF relationships, extended regions of significant terrestrial coupling are found over the globe, as IT metrics enable detection of nonlinear dependencies. The magnitude and spatial variability of coupling strength and type from models show discrepancies with those from observations, highlighting the potential to improve SM and HF covariability within models. Although ERA5 did not perform better than the unconstrained model in very dry climates, its performance is generally superior to that of the unconstrained model across metrics.
Investigating the Impact of Weather Conditions and Time of Day on Traffic Flow Characteristics
Authors: Romanowska Aleksandra , Budzyński Marcin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Adverse weather such as rain, snow, and fog may significantly reduce visibility or change adhesion properties and, as a consequence, affect drivers’ sense of safety, driving comfort, and their reaction to a changing driving environment (i.e., lower speed and increased headways). The changed behavior of individual drivers affects both traffic flow characteristics, that is, average speed and headways, and parameters related to highway performance such as free-flow speed and capacity. Thus, understanding the impact may be important in the context of predicting and assessing traffic conditions on planned or existing road facilities. The paper discusses the effects of adverse weather conditions and time of day on traffic flow characteristics and the parameters related to highway performance. Using real traffic and weather data from a Polish expressway, the paper aims to identify factors related to weather and time of day that significantly influence traffic flow parameters and traffic conditions and to analyze and quantify this impact. The results of the study may help to develop coefficients of weather-related adjustment factors that will make it possible to estimate, for example, average speed of vehicles in the nighttime or in conditions of rain or limited visibility. The results of the study may contribute to a new Polish method for capacity estimation and traffic conditions assessment for uninterrupted traffic facilities.
Symptomatic and Incidental Mammary Duct Ectasia
Authors: Browning J , Bigrigg A , Taylor I 
Published: July 2022

The histology obtained from 1256 female patients undergoing breast surgery was reviewed. Mammary duct ectasia was noted in 51 (4.2%) patients who had associated symptoms and in 103 (8.1%) patients where duct ectasia was recognized as an incidental finding. The syndrome is defined by primary (nipple change or sepsis) and secondary (pain and lump) symptoms. Formal duct excision gives good results for symptomatic duct ectasia. It is postulated that many women have nonsymptomatic mammary duct ectasia. Secondary infection gives rise to nipple change, lump and pain. In the severe form abscess and fistula formation occurs which necessitates repeated surgical treatment, and rarely mastectomy.
Importance of Routine Measurement of HDL with Total Cholesterol in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Feher M D , Stevens J , Lant A F , Mayne P D 
Published: July 2022

The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia and the frequency of a reduced HDL-cholesterol (at different cholesterol concentrations) were evaluated in a group of 400 diabetic patients attending a single diabetic clinic. Despite regularly supervised diabetes, including dietary advice, over one quarter of the patients had a serum total cholesterol concentration > 6.5 mmol/1, while over a quarter of the non-insulin treated and one eighth of the insulin treated diabetic subjects had an HDL-cholesterol <0.9 mmol/1, with a greater prevalence in the males compared with the females. More than 60% of all the diabetic patients who had a reduced HDL-cholesterol <0.9 mmol/1 also had a total cholesterol concentration <6.5 mmol/1. When the total/HDL-cholesterol ratio was calculated more non-insulin treated subjects had a value >4.5 as compared with insulin treated diabetic patients. When comparisons were made between an age matched group of diabetic patients ( n=185) and a group of non-diabetic subjects attending for a health screen ( n=155), the frequencies of serum cholesterol concentrations greater than 5.2, 6.5, and 7.8 mmol/1 were similar for both groups. Significantly greater numbers of diabetic patients had a reduced HDL-cholesterol <0.9 mmol/1 (at any level of serum cholesterol) and a total/HDL cholesterol ratio >4.5. This study has shown that the measurement of serum total cholesterol concentration alone will not characterize many subjects who are at risk of macrovascular complications due to a reduced HDL-cholesterol. As serum cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol can both be measured in the non-fasting state, routine measurement of HDL-cholesterol together with total cholesterol should be undertaken in all diabetic subjects and in other patient groups at high risk of cardiovascular disease.
Comparison of Controlled-Release Ketoprofen and Diclofenac in the Control of Post-Surgical Dental Pain
Authors: Tai Y M A , Baker R 
Published: July 2022

Preoperative treatment with controlled-release ketoprofen or diclofenac was compared in 56 outpatients, for control of postoperative dental pain, following unilateral or bilateral surgical removal of lower third molars. Six patients were excluded due to non-compliance, leaving 50 evaluable patients. Patients were assessed by the dental surgeon, on the day of the operation and one week later, prior to removal of sutures. Additionally, patients completed a daily diary during the postoperative week. Following surgery, scores for graded dental pain, consumption of paracetamol, incidence of dental bleeding, dysphagia, sleep disturbance and trismus were similar for the two treatment groups. However, median pain scores were consistently elevated in the diclofenac group over those seen with the ketoprofen group. The four adverse events reported were all minor and posed no problem to patient management.
Interhospital Transfers by Helicopter: The First 50 Patients of the Careflight Project
Authors: Kee S S , Ramage C M H , Mendel P , Bristow A S E 
Published: July 2022

An interhospital helicopter transfer service was set up using a dedicated helicopter fitted with medical equipment and staffed by anaesthetists. The system proved to be safe and practical. Fifty patients were referred from 38 hospitals throughout the UK, with 84% of transfers preplanned. Patients were transferred a mean distance of 118 miles (range 35–397 miles) and there was no deterioration during transfer as measured by pre and post transfer sickness scores. Twenty-eight per cent of cases could not have been practically transferred by conventional means. The death rate of 20% was lower than that reported for specially equipped and staffed land transfer systems, which may indicate less physiological deterioration in the critically ill compared to road transfer. Dedicated helicopter transfer resulted in a 50% survival rate in patients with a sickness score over 18, a group found not to survive after land transfer. There was no correlation between distance moved and outcome. A helicopter transfer system using suitable equipment and staff is a practical and safe method of moving critically ill patients between hospitals, and may be preferable to land transfer for distances in excess of 25 miles.
The Ring Total Knee Replacement — A Comparison of Survivorship
Authors: Curtis M J , Bland J M , Ring P A 
Published: July 2022

Long term results of joint replacement are frequently expressed as survivorship; it therefore becomes increasingly important to have the ability to make valid comparisons between survivorship tables in order to determine accurately the statistical significance of published differences. We present a statistical method for direct comparison of survivorship tables. We have applied this technique to evaluate the survivorship of the unconstrained, uncemented Ring total knee replacement first implanted in 1975 and compare this to contemporaneous constrained prostheses. There is a significant improvement in survival, which suggests a beneficial long-term effect on the bone/implant interface of this changing design concept.
Problems That Patients Feel are Appropriate to Discuss with Their GPs
Authors: Spence S J A 
Published: July 2022

A descriptive study was performed to discover what problems patients felt it appropriate to discuss with their general practitioner, their use of alternative therapies, and any questions they wished their doctor had asked them in the past. Demographic data was recorded including Church attendance. Data was collected using an original questionnaire distributed to two groups of patients; 150 consecutive patients attending the surgery (surgery group) and 220 randomly selected from the adult age-sex register (home group). Chi-squared analysis was performed. A broad range of subjects appropriate to a general practice consultation was found (from influenza to spiritual problems). Prior use of homeopathy and hypnosis was widespread. Multiple attenders were more likely to be church attenders. Men in the surgery group were most likely to discuss marital, relationship and spiritual problems. Qualitative data from open questions demonstrated patients' concerns with consultation time and the exploration of feelings.
Self-expansion motivation and inclusion of others in self: An updated review
Authors: Aron Arthur , Lewandowski Gary , Branand Brittany , Mashek Debra , Aron Elaine 
Published: July 2022

In this paper we review the self-expansion model in the context of close relationships, focusing primarily on work in the last 20 years, considering throughout variation in our samples across cultures and other demographics—both in existing studies and in potential implications for future research. The self-expansion model has two key principles. The first half of the paper focuses on the motivational principle: The model theorizes that people have a fundamental desire to expand the self—that is, to increase their self-efficacy, perspectives, competence, and resources, and this often occurs through relationships in general. The second half of the paper focuses on the inclusion-of-other-in-the-self principle, in that a major means of self-expansion is through close relationships, when one’s partner’s identities, perspectives, skills, and resources become to some extent “included in the self” as also one’s own. For each principle we briefly describe its foundational research support and then explore the extensive, significant work of the last 20 years substantially expanding and deepening the implications of the model. The majority (although with some interesting exceptions) of studies have fallen short of testing the universal breadth of the model. As we review the research, we consider where the studies were conducted and with what kinds of populations. Where there are data from diverse populations, the overall pattern of results are generally similar. However, there were individual differences found within the populations studied, such as in attachment style, that affected the operation of both principles. Since there are well known differences in the distribution of such individual differences across populations of many types, it is quite likely that while the basic patterns may not differ, future research will show different degrees of operation in different populations.
Tears of stone and clay: the affect of mourning images in middle-period China
Authors: Hong Jeehee 
Published: July 2022

AbstractRepresentations of intense emotions are rare in the Chinese visual tradition in comparison with their counterpart in literary convention. While the reasons for this deserve an in-depth interdisciplinary study, such general reservation contrastingly highlights a distinct visual phenomenon that emerged and flourished during the middle period (9th-14th centuries). This time period witnessed a growing number of visual representations of grieving figures in funerary and religious (mainly Buddhist) contexts. By articulating various representational modes of mourning images, this essay discusses a significant development in the emotional lives of middle-period Chinese. Occupying seemingly disparate ritual spaces (the Buddhist pagoda crypt and the tomb) the images of sorrowful mourners conspicuously emerged as an appealing motif for adorning the burial spaces of their deceased. These two sites of intense affect reveal that era's desire for placing the virtual mourner in the space designed for the dead as a visual agency conveying the emotive surrounding the death of the beloved, be they local monks or family members, who often lacked literary means to express their feelings. Recognizing this affective mode helps us to better understand the complex interplay between the emotions, the social and cultural sanctions in expressing them, and the visual codes created thereof, in post-medieval China.