Towards inclusiveness and sustainability of robot programming in early childhood: Child engagement, learning outcomes and teacher perception
Authors: Yang Weipeng , Luo Haoran , Su Jiahong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe proliferation of screen‐free programmable robotics allows teachers to implement age‐appropriate integrated activities that can promote child learning and development. However, very scarce is known about the challenges of using programmable robots as a tool to empower children in minority communities. This mixed‐methods case study examined a Free Quality Kindergarten situated in a low‐income public housing estate in Hong Kong to explore the affordances and challenges of robot programming (RP) in early childhood education (ECE). Both quantitative and qualitative data were generated through videotaped observations, child assessments and teacher interviews to journey with the teaching team as they managed to implement the newly introduced RP curriculum. Child assessment evidence revealed that there was a statistically significant improvement in CT scores over 6 weeks of RP activities, while the pretest–posttest change of child self‐regulation scores was nonsignificant. Video analysis results further revealed that children's interaction level with the robot kit significantly predicted the change of self‐regulation over time. Qualitative results are presented to explicate the micro, meso and macro conditions that constrain the implementation of RP curriculum, including the following: (a) teachers' limited TPACK in RP education, (b) a disconnect between the RP curriculum and the school‐based curriculum, (c) limited resources and (d) the Confucian tradition and cultural barriers. These illustrate the intricacies involved in the implementation of RP education to empower marginalized children in under‐resourced ECE settings. This study will help bring systemic change to the ECE field by uncovering ecological difficulties in integrating new technologies to promote inclusiveness and sustainability for the future.Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topicScreen‐free robot programming (RP) is beneficial for preschool children in terms of promoting their computational thinking (CT) and executive functioning.RP can be generally engaging for preschool children from a middle‐class background.What this paper addsThe study is addressing the inclusiveness and sustainability according to the learning needs of kindergarten students, especially those from less privileged backgrounds.The story‐based approach to RP can cater to the learning needs and interests of children from a lower socio‐economic background, which is likely to enhance their CT skills.Children with a higher level of interaction with the robot kit benefited more from the RP activities in terms of self‐regulation skills.This study used multiple methods (ie, video analysis, teacher interview and child assessment) to reveal the effects ofmicro,mesoandmacrocontexts on RP education in an under‐resourced Hong Kong kindergarten.Implications for practice and/or policyRP education should be cautiously prompted in diverse early childhood settings, especially the less privileged institutions, to enhance positive effects.Critical constraints on the use of programmable robots to empower marginalized children should be adequately addressed when trying to integrate RP into early childhood education.Teachers should receive training and continual support in RP‐related pedagogical strategies to facilitate and scaffold children's learning.