bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PH WINS 2021 Methodology Report
Authors: Robins Moriah , Leider Jonathon P. , Schaffer Kay , Gambatese Melissa , Allen Elizabeth , Hare Bork Rachel 
Published: October 2022

Context:
The Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS) was fielded in 2014 and 2017 and is the largest survey of the governmental public health workforce. It captures individual employees' perspectives on key issues such as workplace engagement and satisfaction, intention to leave, training needs, ability to address public health issues, as well as collects demographic information. This article describes the methods used for the 2021 PH WINS fielding.

PH WINS 2021:
PH WINS 2021 was fielded to a nationally representative sample of staff in State Health Agency-Central Offices (SHA-COs) and local health departments (LHDs) from September 13, 2021, to January 14, 2022. The instrument was revised to assess the pandemic's potential toll on the workforce, including deployment to COVID-19 response roles and well-being, and the country's renewed focus on health equity and “Racism as a Public Health Crisis.” PH WINS 2021 had 3 sampling frames: SHAs, Big Cities Health Coalition (BCHC) members, and LHDs. All participating agencies were surveyed using a census approach.

Participation:
Overall, staff lists for 47 SHAs, 29 BCHC members, and 259 LHDs were collected, and the survey was sent to 137 446 individuals. PH WINS received a total of 44 732 responses, 35% of eligible respondents. The nationally representative SHA-CO frame includes a total of 14 957 individuals, and the nationally representative LHD frame includes 26 933 individuals from 439 LHDs (decentralized and nondecentralized).

Considerations for Analysis:
PH WINS now offers a multiyear, nationally representative sample of both SHA-CO and LHD staff. Both practice and academia can use PH WINS to better understand the strengths, needs, and opportunities of the workforce. When using PH WINS for additional data analysis, there are a number of considerations both within the 2021 data set and when conducting multiyear and multiple cross-sectional analyses.
Turnover, COVID-19, and Reasons for Leaving and Staying Within Governmental Public Health
Authors: Leider Jonathon P. , Shah Gulzar H. , Yeager Valerie A. , Yin Jingjing , Madamala Kusuma 
Published: October 2022

Background and Objectives:
Public health workforce recruitment and retention continue to challenge public health agencies. This study aims to describe the trends in intention to leave and retire and analyze factors associated with intentions to leave and intentions to stay.

Design:
Using national-level data from the 2017 and 2021 Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Surveys, bivariate analyses of intent to leave were conducted using a Rao-Scott adjusted chi-square and multivariate analysis using logistic regression models.

Results:
In 2021, 20% of employees planned to retire and 30% were considering leaving. In contrast, 23% of employees planned to retire and 28% considered leaving in 2017. The factors associated with intentions to leave included job dissatisfaction, with adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 3.8 (95% CI, 3.52-4.22) for individuals who were very dissatisfied or dissatisfied. Odds of intending to leave were significantly high for employees with pay dissatisfaction (AOR = 1.83; 95% CI, 1.59-2.11), those younger than 36 years (AOR = 1.58; 95% CI, 1.44-1.73) or 65+ years of age (AOR = 2.80; 95% CI, 2.36-3.33), those with a graduate degree (AOR = 1.14; 95% CI, 1.03-1.26), those hired for COVID-19 response (AOR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.49-2.03), and for the BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and people of color) (vs White) staff (AOR = 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01-1.15). The leading reasons for employees' intention to stay included benefits such as retirement, job stability, flexibility (eg, flex hours/telework), and satisfaction with one's supervisor.

Conclusions:
Given the cost of employee recruitment, training, and retention of competent employees, government public health agencies need to address factors such as job satisfaction, job skill development, and other predictors of employee retention and turnover.

Implications:
Public health agencies may consider activities for improving retention by prioritizing improvements in the work environment, job and pay satisfaction, and understanding the needs of subgroups of employees such as those in younger and older age groups, those with cultural differences, and those with skills that are highly sought-after by other industries.
Qualitative Insights From Governmental Public Health Employees About Experiences Serving During the COVID-19 Pandemic, PH WINS 2021
Authors: Yeager Valerie A. , Madsen Emilie R. , Schaffer Kay 
Published: October 2022

Objective:
The purpose of the current study was to examine governmental public health employee experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design and Setting:
A total of 5169 responses to a PH WINS 2021 open-ended question were qualitatively coded. The question asked employees to share their experiences during the COVID-19 response. The 15 most common themes are discussed.

Participants:
Responses from governmental public health employees in state health agencies (SHAs), big cities (Big City Health Coalition or BCHC agencies), and local health departments (LHDs) across all 50 states were included.

Results:
The most frequently identified theme was pride in public health work and/or the mission of public health (20.8%), followed by leadership (17.2%), burnout or feeling overwhelmed (14%), communication (11.7%), and overtime/extra work (9.7%). Among the top 15 themes identified, comments about pride in public health work and/or the mission of public health (95.9%), teamwork (81.5%), and telework (61%) were predominantly positive. Co-occurring themes for responses that expressed pride in public health work and/or the mission of public health were often countered with explanations of why respondents remain frustrated, including feeling burned out or overwhelmed, disappointment with the community's sense of responsibility or trust in science, and feeling unappreciated either by the community or their agency. All of these co-occurring themes were predominantly negative.

Conclusions:
Employees are proud to work in public health and value teamwork but often felt overworked and unappreciated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Reviewing existing emergency preparedness protocols in the context of lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic and listening to employees' experiences with teleworking and task sharing may better prepare agencies for future challenges. Creating channels for clear communication during a period of changing information and guidelines may help employees feel more prepared and valued during an emergency response.
Impact of the Timing of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography for the Treatment of Acute Cholangitis: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review
Authors: Lyu Yunxiao , Wang Bin , Ye Shenjian , Cheng Yunxiao 
Published: October 2022

Background:
The optimal timing for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for acute cholangitis (AC) has not been unequivocally established.

Aims:
To perform a meta-analysis of the outcomes associated with particular timings of ERCP for AC.

Methods:
A systematic literature search was conducted for studies of ERCP for AC, and then a meta-analysis of the in-hospital mortality (IHM), 30-day mortality, and length of hospital stay (LHS) was performed.

Results:
Seven non-randomized studies of 88,562 patients were considered appropriate for inclusion. Compared with performing ERCP more than 24 hours after admission, ERCP within 24 hours was associated with lower IHM (P<0.0004), but no difference in 30-day mortality (P=0.38) was found between the 2 groups. ERCP performed <48 hours after admission was associated with a lower IHM and 30-day mortality (P<0.00001 and P=0.03) than ERCP performed >48 hours after admission. In addition, ERCP performed within 24 or 48 hours was associated with a shorter LHS (P<0.00001 and P<0.00001, respectively).

Conclusion:
ERCP within 48 hours of admission is superior to subsequent ERCP with respect to IHM, 30-day mortality, and LHS, and ERCP performed within 24 hours is associated with lower IHM and LHS.
A mixed-methods evaluation of the ¡Vamos por Más! parenting program implementation in Chile
Authors: Meyer Jessica K.V. , Diaspro Gabriela , Muñoz Iván , Burmeister Catalina , García-Huidobro Diego 
Published: October 2022

Introduction and aims:
Substance use is a significant global concern. Strengthening parenting in families with adolescents has been shown to reduce substance use initiation. The ¡Vamos por Más! (¡VxM!) program is a positive-parenting program developed in Chile to improve family relations and reduce adolescent substance use that combines in-person school workshops, multimedia messaging and personalized support. This manuscript reports a mixed-methods evaluation of the pilot implementation of the ¡VxM! program utilizing the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and Proctor's taxonomy for process outcomes.

Methods:
An explanatory sequential design was used. Quantitative methods evaluated program use, acceptability, appropriateness, and fidelity, and were followed by qualitative focus groups (FGs) to assess the implementation process and understand these outcomes. Thirteen FGs stratified by school and role, including school leaders, program facilitators, participants, and researchers, were conducted.

Results:
The program was implemented in three schools, reaching 253 families with in-person workshops (40.5% of potential participants), 257 parents who viewed on average 72.1% of sent multimedia messages, and 2 families who used the personalized support (0.3%). Overall, the program was viewed as acceptable and appropriate by participants and implementers due to the high quality of program materials, targeted content, and activities. Implementation differed by schools. Key implementation factors were the outer context, inner school setting, and implementation processes.

Conclusions:
This comprehensive evaluation, including both intervention implementers and participants, identified implementation facilitators, barriers, and outcomes. Future ¡VxM! implementations should alter program components of schools with lower engagement to improve program implementation and outcomes.
Continuum soft tissue models from upscaling of arrays of hyperelastic cells
Authors: Barry Roxanna G. , Hill Nicholas A. , Stewart Peter S. 
Published: October 2022

Constitutive models for soft tissue mechanics are typically constructed by fitting phenomenological models to experimental measurements. However, a significant challenge is to rationally construct soft tissue models that encode the properties of the constituent cells and their extracellular matrix. This work presents a framework to derive multiscale soft tissue models that incorporate properties of individual cells without assuming homogeneity or periodicity at the cell level. We consider a viscoelastic model for each cell (which can deform, grow and divide), that we couple to form a network description of a one-dimensional line of cells. We use a discrete-to-continuum approach to form (nonlinear) continuum partial differential equation models for the tissue. These models elucidate the contrasting role of the two forms of dissipation: substrate dissipation localizes the deformation to the neighbourhood of the free boundary and inhibits morphoelastic growth, whereas internal cell dissipation promotes spatial uniformity and does not influence the elongation length. Furthermore, cell division is shown to increase the rate of elongation of the array compared with growth alone, provided the substrate dissipation is proportional to the cell surface area.
Mechanism of dual pharmacological correction and potentiation of human CFTR
Authors: Wang Chi , Yang Zhengrong , Loughlin Blaine J. , Xu Haijin , Veit Guido , Vorobiev Sergey , Clarke Oliver B. , Jiang Fan , Li Yaohui , Singh Shikha , Rich Zachary , Menten Elizabeth R. , Grassucci Robert A. , Wang Wei , Mezzell Allison , Fu Ziao , Wong Kam-Ho , Wang Jing , Wetmore Diana R. , Sutton R. Bryan , Brouillette Christie G. , Urbatsch Ina L. , Kappes John C. , Lukacs Gergely L. , Frank Joachim , Hunt John F. 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTCystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in a chloride channel called the human Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (hCFTR). We used cryo-EM global conformational ensemble reconstruction to characterize the mechanism by which the breakthrough drug VX445 (Elexacaftor) simultaneously corrects both protein-folding and channel-gating defects caused by CF mutations. VX445 drives hCFTR molecules harboring the gating-defective G551D mutation towards the open-channel conformation by binding to a site in the first transmembrane domain. This binding interaction reverses the usual pathway of allosteric structural communication by which ATP binding activates channel conductance, which is blocked by the G551D mutation. Our ensemble reconstructions include a 3.4 Å non-native structure demonstrating that detachment of the first nucleotide-binding domain of hCFTR is directly coupled to local unfolding of the VX445 binding site. Reversal of this unfolding transition likely contributes to its corrector activity by cooperatively stabilizing NBD1 and the transmembrane domains of hCFTR during biogenesis.SummaryCryo-EM global conformational ensemble reconstruction has been used to characterize the mechanism-of-action of a breakthrough pharmaceutical that corrects fatal protein-folding and channel-gating defects in the human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).
Critical transitions and evolutionary hysteresis in movement: Habitat fragmentation can cause abrupt shifts in dispersal that are difficult to revert
Authors: de Jager Monique , Soons Merel 
Published: October 2022

AbstractUnder habitat fragmentation, plant species’ survival hinges on the ability of individuals to disperse from one habitat patch to another. While there is evidence that severe habitat fragmentation leads to evolution of reduced dispersal ability and that such decreased mobility is generally detrimental for species’ survival, it is unknown whether species adapt via a gradual loss in dispersal ability or via a sudden shift from frequent to infrequent dispersal between patches (i.e., a critical transition). Using a spatially explicit, individual-based modelling approach, we show that a small increase in inter-patch distance can generate an abrupt shift in plant seed dispersal strategy from long to short distances. Most importantly, we found that a substantial increase in connectivity between habitat fragments is required to reverse this loss of long-distance dispersal, due to an evolutionary hysteresis effect. Our theory prompts for re-consideration of the eco-evolutionary consequences of habitat fragmentation as restoring habitat connectivity may require restoration of much higher connectivity levels than currently assumed.
Conservation vs. Wild-Animal Suffering : how can population dynamics help?
Authors: Salliou Nicolas , Mayer Paula , Baron Alexandre 
Published: October 2022

AbstractConservation and ethical consideration for animal welfare in the wild appear to be synergetic because they both care for non-human animals. However, many practices such as culling seem to achieve conservation purposes but at the cost of producing a lot of wild-animal suffering, antagonizing conservationists and animal rights advocates. To explore this tension, we model the suffering of animals in wild ecosystems by resorting to classical population dynamics equations and using death rates as a metric of suffering. Our results show that, depending on the structure and parameters of the ecosystem, animal rights advocates and conservationists can have either opposing or compatible interests, where conserving species can go hand in hand with reducing the overall suffering. These models contribute to the concrete question of how to cope with suffering in the wild and may help ecosystem managers who are regularly confronted with interventions in the wild.
Disturbed trophoblast transition links preeclampsia progression from placenta to the maternal syndrome
Authors: Nonn Olivia , Debnath Olivia , Valdes Daniela S. , Sallinger Katja , Secener Ali Kerim , Haider Sandra , Fischer Cornelius , Tiesmeyer Sebastian , Nimo Jose , Kuenzer Thomas , Maxian Theresa , Knöfler Martin , Karau Philipp , Bartolomaeus Hendrik , Kroneis Thomas , Frolova Alina , Neuper Lena , Haase Nadine , Kräker Kristin , Kedziora Sarah , Forstner Désirée , Verlohren Stefan , Stern Christina , Coscia Fabian , Sugulle Meryam , Jones Stuart , Tilaganathan Basky , Eils Roland , Huppertz Berthold , El-Heliebi Amin , Staff Anne Cathrine , Müller Dominik N. , Dechend Ralf , Gauster Martin , Ishaque Naveed , Herse Florian 
Published: October 2022

SummaryPre-eclampsia (PE) is a syndrome that affects multiple organ systems and is the most severe hypertensive disorder in pregnancy. It frequently leads to preterm delivery, maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality and life-long complications1. We currently lack efficient screening tools2, 3and early therapies4, 5to address PE. To investigate the early stages of early onset PE, and identify candidate markers and pathways, we performed spatio-temporal multi-omics profiling of human PE placentae and healthy controls and validated targets in early gestation in a longitudinal clinical cohort. We used a single-nuclei RNA-seq approach combined with spatial proteo- and transcriptomics and mechanisticin vitrosignalling analyses to bridge the gap from late pregnancy disease to early pregnancy pathomechanisms. We discovered a key disruption in villous trophoblast differentiation, which is driven by the increase of transcriptional coactivator p300, that ultimately ends with a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) of trophoblasts. We found a significant increase in the senescence marker activin A in preeclamptic maternal serum in early gestation, before the development of clinical symptoms, indicating a translation of the placental syndrome to the maternal side. Our work describes a new disease progression, starting with a disturbed transition in villous trophoblast differentiation. Our study identifies potential pathophysiology-relevant biomarkers for the early diagnosis of the disease as well as possible targets for interventions, which would be crucial steps toward protecting the mother and child from gestational mortality and morbidity and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life.
Molecular Recognition of Itching Neuropeptides by Bombesin Receptors
Authors: Li Changyao , Xu Youwei , Liu Heng , Cai Hongmin , Jiang Yi , Xu H. Eric , Yin Wanchao 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTNeuromedin B (NMB) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), two bombesin analogs, are endogenous itch-specific neuropeptides that induce histaminergic and nonhistaminergic itch, respectively. Their functions are mediated by two G protein-coupled bombesin receptors, NMBR and GRPR. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy(cryo-EM) structures of G protein coupled NMBR and GRPR bound to NMB and GRP, respectively. The structures reveal that both bombesin receptors contain an extended and deep pocket to adopt NMB and GRP, with the conserved C-terminal motif of GH(F/L)M from both peptides to contact the toggle switch residues for the receptor activation. Together with mutational and functional data, our structures reveal the mechanism of ligand selectivity and specific activation of the bombesin receptors. These findings also pave the way to facilitate rational design of therapies targeting bombesin receptors for the treatment of pruritus.
Sex differences in social synchronization of conditioned fear
Authors: Ito Wataru , Morozov Alexei 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSocially coordinated threat responses support the survival of social groups, and the distinct social roles of males and females predict sex differences in such coordination. However, this study area remains unexplored in mice, the most commonly used laboratory species. Here, we examined two behaviors: a recently reported ‘fear synchrony,’ where paired mice synchronize auditory-conditioned freezing more strongly in males, and a newly identified ‘CS-induced affiliation,’ where mice increase proximity upon a conditioned stimulus. These behaviors necessitate the integration of social cues with emotional CS. To understand how sex influences that process, we manipulated social cues through partner familiarity and emotional states via prior stress. Unfamiliarity moderately reduced synchrony in male dyads but not in females. Whereas stress disrupted male synchrony and contrarily enhanced female synchrony. Unfamiliarity eliminated CS-induced affiliation in both sexes, while stress caused males to distance each other but had no effects in females. Interestingly, heterosexual dyads showed resilience in both coordinated behaviors unaffected by stress or unfamiliarity. These findings reveal sex-specific adaptations in socio-emotional integration when orchestrating socially coordinated behaviors and suggest that the sex-recognition circuits confer stress- and unfamiliarity-resilience, in particular, in heterosexual dyads.
The enzymatic and neurochemical outcomes of a mutation in Mexican cavefish MAO reveal teleost-specific aspects of brain monoamine homeostasis
Authors: Pierre Constance , Callebert Jacques , Launay Jean-Marie , Rétaux Sylvie 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMonoamine oxidases (MAO; MAO-A and MAO-B in mammals) are enzymes catalyzing the degradation of biogenic amines, including monoamine neurotransmitters. In humans, coding mutations in MAOs are extremely rare and deleterious. Here, we assessed the structural and biochemical consequences of a point mutation (P106L) in the singlemaogene of the blind cavefishAstyanax mexicanus. This mutation decreased mao enzymatic activity by ~3-fold, probably as a result of decreased flexibility in one of the three loops forming the entrance of the active site, thus reducing the access of substrates. HPLC measurements in brains of mutant and non-mutant larvae and adults of the cave and surface morphs of the species showed major disturbances in serotonin, dopamine and noradrenalin (and metabolites) contents in mutants, demonstrating that the P106Lmaomutation is fully responsible for monoaminergic disequilibrium in the P106Lmaomutant cavefish brain. The outcomes of the mutation were different in the posterior brain (containing the raphe nucleus) and the anterior brain (containing fish-specific hypothalamic serotonergic clusters), revealing contrasting properties in neurotransmitter homeostasis in these different neuronal groups. We also discovered that the effects of the mutation were partially compensated by a decrease in activity of the tph, the serotonin biosynthesis rate-limiting enzyme. Finally, the neurochemical outcomes of themaoP106L mutation differed in many respects from a treatment with deprenyl, an irreversible MAO inhibitor, showing that genetic and pharmacological interference with MAO function are not the same. Our results shade light on our understanding of cavefish evolution, on the specificities of fish monoaminergic systems, and on MAO-dependent homeostasis of brain neurochemistry in general.