bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and evaluation of a reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer with flexible wave-band routing in SDM networks
Authors: Kuno Takuma , Mori Yojiro , Subramaniam Suresh , Jinno Masahiko , Hasegawa Hiroshi 
Published: January 2022

Space-division multiplexing (SDM) is expected to increase the capacity of photonic networks. Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs) for SDM-based networks must have high scalability in terms of port count. However, the ROADM architecture adopted in present networks cannot support large numbers of ports due to the limited port count of wavelength-selective switches. In this paper, we propose a ROADM architecture composed of space switches and wavelength-routing switches. Space switches have lower per-port cost than wavelength-routing switches. However, space switches cannot route optical paths on a wavelength basis, unlike wavelength-routing switches. By combining these two types of switches, the ROADM port count can be cost-effectively expanded virtually unlimitedly. Numerical simulations show the routing performance of our ROADM; they elucidate that the maximum fiber increment penalty is about 5% compared to the reference scheme. Experiments detail the transmission performance of the ROADM, where 32 Gbaud DP-4QAM/8QAM/16QAM signals are aligned on a 50 GHz grid, are examined.
High relative-intensity blue light of supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers
Authors: Xia Qian , Bi Wanjun , Liao Meisong , Chen Liang , Wang Tianxing , Hu Lili , Gao Weiqing 
Published: January 2022

A distinct blue peak at 430 nm of the supercontinuum spectrum is generated in 4.6 m photonic crystal fiber with a high air-filling ratio, which is pumped by a 200 ps pulse laser at 1 µm. The amplitude of the blue peak is higher than that of the remaining pump pulse, and the relative intensity blue light of supercontinuum generation is 114%. We have systematically analyzed the formation mechanism and influence factors of the distinct blue peak with different fiber lengths and input pulses. The experimental results show that the wavelength position of the blue peak in the supercontinuum spectrum is almost unchanged, and both the fiber length and pulse width have a great influence on the intensity of the blue peak. In addition, we have discussed the fact that the dynamic changes of the blue peak may be affected by the

∼

2200

n
m

peak through cross-phase modulation (XPM). It is possible that the high relative intensity of the blue peak in high-order modes may be originated from the XPM effect and the third-harmonic wave of the fundamental mode.
Polish medical students facing the pandemic—Assessment of resilience, well-being and burnout in the COVID-19 era
Authors: Forycka Joanna , Pawłowicz-Szlarska Ewa , Burczyńska Anna , Cegielska Natalia , Harendarz Karolina , Nowicki Michał 
Published: January 2022

Introduction
Recent reports indicate that COVID-19 pandemic has significant influence on medical professionals’ mental health. Strict limitations in clinical practice and social interactions within academic community, which had to be introduced, could lead to significant psychological distress in medical students. The aim of the study was to assess resilience, well-being and burnout among Polish medical students in the COVID-19 era.

Methods
The online survey consisting of validated questionnaires assessing resilience (Resilience Scale 14; RS-14), well-being (Medical Student Well-Being Index) and burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory) as well as self-created survey concerning mental health problems, use of stimulants, SARS-CoV-2 infection, work in COVID-19 units, medical education and social attitude towards health care professionals in the pandemic era was distributed via Facebook and other online students’ platforms. 1858 MSs from all polish medical schools agreed to fill in the survey.

Results
‘Very low’, ‘low’ and ‘on the low end’ levels of resilience were found in 26%, 19.1% and 26.9% of the study group, respectively. Students with higher resilience level presented better attitude towards online and hybrid classes. 16.8% of respondents stated that they worked, currently work or plan to work voluntarily at the pandemic frontline. In terms of burnout, these respondents presented lower exhaustion (p = 0.003) and cynicism (p = 0.02), and higher academic efficacy (p = 0.002). That group also showed greater resilience (p = 0.046). The SARS-CoV-2 infection among respondents, their relatives and friends did not influence the results. 39.1% of respondents declared the need of the psychological or psychiatric consultation in relation to pandemic challenges. 231 (26.4%) participants previously diagnosed with mental health disorders noticed worsening of their symptoms. Increased intake of alcohol, cigarettes or other stimulants was noticed by 340 (28.6%) respondents. 80.2% of respondents thought that social aversion and mistrust towards doctors increased during the pandemic and part of them claimed it affected their enthusiasm toward medical career.

Conclusions
The majority of medical students presented low levels of resilience and high burnout at the time of pandemic. Providing necessary support especially in terms of mental health and building up the resilience of this vulnerable group seems crucial to minimize harm of current pandemic and similar future challenges.
General practitioners and sales representatives: Why are we so ambivalent?
Authors: Barbaroux Adriaan , Pourrat Isabelle , Bouchez Tiphanie 
Published: January 2022

Introduction
Accepting gifts from pharmaceutical sales representatives (sales reps) or meeting them is correlated with excessive, more expensive and sometimes less rational prescribing. French general practitioners (GPs) tend to hold an unfavorable opinion of the pharmaceutical industry, yet the behavior they adopt with sales reps is generally favorable. Until now, no study has sought to explain the reasons for this discrepancy. This study explores GP experiences to better understand their ambivalent behavior.

Method
This qualitative descriptive study was based on semi-structured face-to-face interviews with French GPs in the south-east of France. An interpretative phenomenological approach was chosen to explore individual professional practices and to model the phenomenon through in-depth analysis of semi-structured interviews. A general inductive analysis was carried out. Data were analyzed by researchers from different disciplines (psychology, sociology and general practice).

Results
Ten GPs were interviewed for an average of 50 minutes. The analysis revealed three forces that combine to motivate GPs to keep meeting sales reps despite their unfavorable opinion of these visits: practical reasons such as the need for a substitute for continuing education; social and cultural reasons such as courtesy towards representatives; and psychological mechanisms such as cognitive dissonance and a hidden curriculum.

Discussion
The GP-representative relationship is complex and involves psychological mechanisms that the medical profession often fails to recognize. GPs use reps as a convenient tool for continuing education, particularly in the setting of a private practice where GPs feel pressed for time. Cognitive dissonance is a well-supported theory in social psychology that explains how a person maintains a behavior while having an unfavorable opinion of it. Since GP meetings with sales reps start during their internship, they could also be considered as part of a hidden curriculum. The strength of this work is to combine medical, social psychological and sociological perspectives with the original interpretative phenomenological approach. When the veil is lifted on individual ambivalence, the questions raised are more social and political than individual.
Health human resources challenges during COVID-19 pandemic; evidence of a qualitative study in a developing country
Authors: Yusefi Ali Reza , Sharifi Mehrdad , Nasabi Narjes sadat , Rezabeigi Davarani Esmat , Bastani Peivand 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundOne of the main forthcoming challenges of healthcare systems against preparedness and management of the pandemic is the challenge of procurement and recruitment of the human resources. This study is aimed to explore the health human resources challenges during COVID-19 pandemic in Iran.MethodsThis qualitative content analysis study was conducted in 2020. The study population includes all the Iranian human resources managers affiliated in Universities of Medical Sciences, hospitals and health centers managers and the health networks managers all over the country. 23 participants were included via purposeful sampling considering the inclusion criteria and were interviewed individually. After 23 semi-structured interviews, data were saturated. Then the data were analyzed through content analysis approach applying MAXQDA10.ResultsThree main themes of “organizational challenges”, “legal challenges”, and “personal challenges” were explored as the main challenges of health human resources management during COVID-19. On the one hand, organizational challenges include restricted financial resources, compensation discrimination, staffing distinction points, imbalance in the workload, weak organizational coordination, inefficient inter-sectoral relationships, parallel decisions, inefficient distribution of the human resources, lack of applied education, lack of integrated health protocols, lack of appropriate evaluation of performance, employee turnover, lack of clear approaches for staffing, and shortage of specialized manpower, and on the other hand, the personal challenges include insufficient knowledge of the employees, psychological disorders, reduction of self-confidence, burnout, workload increase, reduced level of job satisfaction, effects of colleague and patients bereavement and unsafety sense against the work place. Finally, the legal challenges that mostly related to the governments laws and regulations include lack of protocols for continuous supportive services, inappropriate approaches and instructions for teleworking, and lack of alternative plans and regulations for the human resources.ConclusionOrganizational, legal and personal challenges are among three main challenges of health human resources management during COVID-19 pandemic. Serious attention to these challenges should be considered by health policymakers in order to be prepared for facing new probable outbreaks and managing the present condition. The integrated comprehensive planning of human resources management for COVID-19 along with supportive packages for the personnel can be helpful.
Langerhans cells and cDC1s play redundant roles in mRNA-LNP induced protective anti-influenza and anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses
Authors: Ndeupen Sonia , Bouteau Aurélie , Herbst Christopher , Qin Zhen , Jacobsen Sonya , Powers Nicholas E. , Hutchins Zachary , Kurup Drishya , Diba Leila Zabihi , Watson Megan , Ramage Holly , Igyártó Botond Z. 
Published: January 2022

Nucleoside modified mRNA combined with Acuitas Therapeutics’ lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) has been shown to support robust humoral immune responses in many preclinical animal vaccine studies and later in humans with the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. We recently showed that this platform is highly inflammatory due to the LNPs’ ionizable lipid component. The inflammatory property is key to support the development of potent humoral immune responses. However, the mechanism by which this platform drives T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and humoral immune responses remains unknown. Here we show that lack of Langerhans cells or cDC1s neither significantly affected the induction of PR8 HA and SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific Tfh cells and humoral immune responses, nor susceptibility towards the lethal challenge of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. However, the combined deletion of these two DC subsets led to a significant decrease in the induction of PR8 HA and SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific Tfh cell and humoral immune responses. Despite these observed defects, these mice remained protected from lethal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 challenges. We further found that IL-6, unlike neutrophils, was required to generate normal Tfh cells and antibody responses, but not for protection from influenza challenge.
In summary, here we bring evidence that the mRNA-LNP platform can support the induction of protective immune responses in the absence of certain innate immune cells and cytokines.
Crossing Gender Boundaries: Fashion to Create, Disrupt and Transcend, Andrew Reilly and Ben Barry (eds) (2020)
Authors: Bradley Lauren 
Published: January 2022

Review of: Crossing Gender Boundaries: Fashion to Create, Disrupt and Transcend, Andrew Reilly and Ben Barry (eds) (2020)
Bristol: Intellect Ltd, 225 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-78938-153-5, h/bk, $106.50
Coronelismo na colônia: a República Velha no Noroeste do RS
Authors: Cremonese Dejalma , Pase Hemerson , Patella Ana Paula 
Published: January 2022

Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o coronelismo, no sistema político brasileiro, como mecanismo privilegiado para o acesso e permanencia no poder. O problema principal é que tipo de relação se estabeleceu entre os líderes partidários e os colonos recém-chegados ao Noroeste do RS? A hipótese afirma que a relação era coronelista, marcada pelo controle clientelista e autoritário. A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa, apoiada em referencias bibliograficas, pesquisa secundária a partir de registros históricos e de entrevistas sobre o Rio Grande do Sul e especialmente o caso do município de Ijuí no período entre 1890-1930.
Possibilities of velocity field analysis from Hinode SOT/SP data
Authors: Mozharovsky Sergei G. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe possibility of analyzing the line of sight (LOS) velocity and its gradient at each point of the Hinode SOT/SP maps using bisector analysis is revealed. A technique for obtaining such gradient is described. To estimate the velocity gradient, it is necessary to know both the velocity value and the layer height to which the bisector point is responded. We have constructed and tested a method to determine this height. We found velocities at the same heights for lines Fe Iλ6301, 6302 Å averaged over the whole map. It turned out that these velocities have some difference that changes with height and time. The error in the estimating of average velocity for the whole map is 2 m·s−1. It follows that the wavelengths of lines 6301 and 6302 given in the NIST tables may differ from the real ones at 5.5 mÅ. Or there is an inaccuracy in the spectrograph dispersion specified in the FITS files. As an example, the curves of changes with the height of the LOS velocity and its gradient were constructed both for points of the whole map and for subsets of the hottest and coldest points.
Determination of the degree of star concentration in globular clusters based on space observation data
Authors: Nuritdinov Salakhutdin , Rastorguev Alexsey , Tadjibaev Ikram 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We have proposed a generalized King’s model for the observed density of stars in globular clusters (GC). Using two methods of minimizing the functional, composed in the form of the square of the difference between the theoretical and observed density values, we obtained the behavior of the degree of concentration for 26 GC. We have taken the observational data for these clusters from the work of Miocchi et al. (2013), which is a combination of ground-based and space-based observations. The minimized functional depends on three free parameters and one of them clearly characterizes the concentration of stars towards the center of the cluster. The two research methods used here give almost the same results with reasonably good accuracy. In contrast to the work of Nuritdinov et al. (2021), the χ
2 method is used to determine the degree of concentration. In addition, we analyzed data from de Boer et al. (2019). However, these data do not contain information for the central regions of the clusters. The lack of these data does not allow finding the degree of concentration with the required accuracy.
Temperature-dependent mechanical properties of Al/Cu nanocomposites under tensile loading via molecular dynamics method
Authors: Abdulrehman Mohammed Ali , Hussein Mohammed Ali Mahmood , Marhoon Ismail Ibrahim 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Al-Cu Nanocomposites (NCs) are widely used in industrial applications for their high ductility, light weight, excellent thermal conductivity, and low-cost production. The mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of Metal Matrix NCs (MMNCs) strongly depend on the matrix microstructure and the interface between the matrix and the second phase. The present study relies on Molecular Dynamics (MD) to investigate the effects of temperature on the mechanical properties and elastic and plastic behavior of the Al-Cu NC with single-crystal and polycrystalline matrices. The effects of heating on microstructural defects in the aluminum matrix and the Al/Cu interface were also addressed in the following. It was found that the density of defects such as dislocations and stacking fault areas are much higher in samples with polycrystalline matrices than those with single-crystal ones. Further, by triggering thermally activated mechanisms, increasing the temperature reduces the density of crystal defects. Heating also facilitates atomic migration and compromises the yield strength and the elastic modulus as a result of the increased energy of atoms in the grain boundaries and in the Al-Cu interface. The results showed that the flow stress decreased in all samples by increasing the temperature, making them less resistant to the plastic deformation.
The p-norm of circulant matrices via Fourier analysis
Authors: Sahasranand K. R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A recent work derived expressions for the induced p-norm of a special class of circulant matrices A(n, a, b) ∈ ℝ
n

×

n
, with the diagonal entries equal to a ∈ ℝ and the off-diagonal entries equal to b ≥ 0. We provide shorter proofs for all the results therein using Fourier analysis. The key observation is that a circulant matrix is diagonalized by a DFT matrix. The results comprise an exact expression for ǁAǁ
p
, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, where A = A(n, a, b), a ≥ 0 and for ǁAǁ2 where A = A(n, −a, b), a ≥ 0; for the other p-norms of A(n, −a, b), 2 < p < ∞, upper and lower bounds are derived.
Diagnostic delays in infectious diseases
Authors: Suneja Manish , Beekmann Susan E. , Dhaliwal Gurpreet , Miller Aaron C. , Polgreen Philip M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Diagnostic delays are a major source of morbidity and mortality. Despite the adverse outcomes associated with diagnostic delays, few studies have examined the incidence and factors that influence diagnostic delays for different infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to understand the relative frequency of diagnostic delays for six infectious diseases commonly seen by infectious diseases (ID) consultants and to examine contributing factors for these delays.

Methods
A 25-item survey to examine diagnostic delays in six infectious diseases was sent to all infectious diseases physicians in the Emerging Infections Network (EIN) who provide care to adult patients. Diseases included (1) tuberculosis, (2) non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections, (3) syphilis, (4) epidural abscess, (5) infective endocarditis, and (6) endemic fungal infections (e.g., histoplasmosis, blastomycosis).

Results
A total of 533 of 1,323 (40%) EIN members responded to the survey. Respondents perceived the diagnosis not being considered initially and the appropriate test not being ordered as the two most important contributors to diagnostic delays. Unusual clinical presentations and not consulting ID physicians early enough were also reported as a contributing factor to delays. Responses recorded in open-text fields also indicated errors related to testing as a likely cause of delays; specifically, test-related errors included ordering the wrong laboratory test, laboratory delays (specialized labs not available at the facility), and lab processing delays.

Conclusions
Diagnostic delays commonly occur for the infectious diseases we considered. The contributing factors we identified are potential targets for future interventions to decrease diagnostic delays.
Toward a functional typology of adpositions: theoretical implications
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
It is widely accepted that adpositions are used to code the relationship between noun phrases and the relationship between noun phrases and predicates. The present study demonstrates that adpositions are also a coding means for several functions unrelated to the role of noun phrases in the clause and unrelated to the relationship between noun phrases. The following distinct functions of adpositions are added to the existing typologies: 1. Coding the complement as locative (distinct from spatial relations); 2. Coding the directionality of movement (distinct from spatial relations); 3. Coding spatial relationship with respect to the point of reference (distinct from locative function or directionality); 4. Coding the change of the inherent semantic properties of nouns (distinct from spatial relations, directionality, or the locative function); 5. Coding locative predication as distinct from other predications (distinct from locative complement). The study also addresses a fundamental question, viz. why adpositions are sometimes used and sometimes not used within the same language even if the same functions are encoded in the clause. The study also addresses why adpositions are used or not used across languages when the same functions are involved. The general implication of this study is that it provides the evidence that languages encode different semantic structures in their grammatical system. Consequently, the formation of utterances is driven by the speaker’s choice from semantic functions encoded in the grammatical system of the given language and from the available formal means of coding.
A new differential current circle diagram based technique for long transmission line protection
Authors: Gangolu Suryanarayana , Sarangi Saumendra 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In view of sensitivity, selectivity, and operating speed of the relay, the current differential technique is an alternative against overcurrent and distance-based techniques for long transmission line protection. Moreover, this technique has limited performance due to Line Charging Capacitive Current (LCCC), Current Transformer (CT) saturation further, by using synchronized data, the effect of LCCC can be nullified. However, in case of synchronition is lost, the performance of the current differential is not reliable. Hence, in this paper, the Inverse of Difference of both end Current phasors (IDC) is applied to prevent maloperation due to channel delay and synchronization loss. The simulation experiments are conducted under various operating conditions on a 345 kV, 50 Hz, IEEE 39-bus network using PSCAD 4.5 and MATLAB (R2020a). Results reveal the enhanced security under CT saturation, LCCC and sensitivity under high resistance line to ground faults.