bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSX-B-16 Effects of Bacillus Subtilis Subsp. Subtilis Strain Atcc PTA-125135 Supplementation on Performance and Digestibility in Weaned Pigs
Authors: Krueger Lucas A , Spangler David , Hall Rod , Weaver Eric 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis strain ATCC PTA-125135 on growth performance, feed efficiency, and feed digestibility in weaned pigs. Newly weaned pigs (n = 96) were randomly assigned to stacked-deck pens (n = 48) in two assemblies in adjacent rooms. Pens were randomly assigned within assembly to one of three treatments comprising control, S-0.25, or S-0.50. A common starter diet was fed for 10 days and then pigs were fed the assigned treatment for 17 days. The diets consisted of: 1) Control, a corn-soybean meal diet (1.30% total lysine, chromium dioxide as marker); 2) S-0.25 (control diet with addition of 0.25 g per kg supplement in feed; 3) S-0.50 (control diet with addition of 0.50 g per kg supplement in feed), where supplement comprised 8.1 × 108 CFU g-1 of Bacillus subtilis PTA-125135. Body weights and feed disappearance were collected on d 0, d 7 and 14 of supplementation. Feed digestibility was measured by total collection of feces from d 14-17. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with main effects of treatment and room. Contrasts were used to compare means of microbial supplementation with control. Pig performance did not differ from d 0-7. During d 8-14, body-weight gain was not affected, but feed intake was decreased by approximately 6.0 percent (P = 0.147), and G:F was improved by approximately 10.6 percent (P = 0.106). Apparent feed digestibility did not differ among groups (P = 0.507), but total digested dry matter was less for treated groups (P = 0.163), which reflects reduced recorded dry matter intake. The changes observed from week 1 to week 2 indicate a transition was occurring with microbial supplementation resulting in improved utilization. These results indicate that supplementation of B. subtilis PTA-125135 improved feed efficiency. Supplementation duration should be considered for future evaluations.
PSXI-18 Evaluation of Plasma Oxidation Products in Beef Calves Challenged with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Following Methionine Supplementation
Authors: Barker Sam N , Jackson Treylr , Richeson John T , Carroll Jeff A , Burdick-Sanchez Nicole C , Broadway Paul Rand R , Legako Jerrad F 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated the plasma oxidative products of beef calves challenged with LPS following methionine supplementation (L0 = Control; L1 = 10 g/hd · d; L2 = 20 g/hd · d). Following an initial 40-d feeding period, steers (n = 32; 379kg±30.7) were challenged i.v. with LPS (0.25 µg/kg body weight) on d 41. Blood was collected at -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 h relative to the LPS challenge at 0 h. Samples were processed to isolate plasma for indicators of oxidative stress with colorimetric assays determining malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Concentrations of MDA varied by time (P &lt; 0.001), showing a large increase (P &lt; 0.05) 2 h post-LPS, then decreasing again at 4 h. MDA values decreased (P &lt; 0.05) from h 6 to 18 where values returned to initial concentrations (P &lt; 0.05). A treatment × time interaction (P &lt; 0.001) occurred for ROS concentrations. Concentrations for all treatments were less than the detectable limit at -2, 0, 10, 12, 24, 36, and 48h (P &gt; 0.05). At 2 h post-LPS, ROS was greatest in L0 cattle, least in L2, and intermediate in L1 (P &lt; 0.05), but declined at 4 h in all treatments. Values peaked at 6 h for L1 and L2 cattle, followed by a decline at 8 h (P &lt; 0.05). Control cattle were similar from 4 to 6 h (P &gt; 0.05) but increased again at 8 h (P &lt; 0.05). These data show that oxidative stress from an LPS challenge contributes to increased plasma ROS and secondary lipid oxidation products but may be mitigated by the inclusion of methionine supplements.
PSXIV-16 The Influence of Lead Concentration in Blood Serum on the Antioxidant Status and the Intensity of Lipid Peroxidation in the Holstein Cows
Authors: Zubac Isidora , Sycheva Irina , Bystrenina Irina , Komarchev Alexey , Kurmakaeva Tamara , Karnaushkina Maria , Kazakova Ekaterina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate different concentrations of Pb in blood serum on antioxidant status and intensity of lipid peroxidation in lactating cows. The object of the study is the Holstein cows (n=45; age-3-4 years). The period of blood serum sampling is 20-40 days after calving. The concentration of Pb in blood serum was determined by atomic emission and mass spectrometry (AES-ICP and MS-ICP). The activity of superoxide dismutase and the concentration of malondialdehyde were studied by spectrophotometric method on Stat fax 1904 Plus. Based on the data on the concentration of Pb in the blood serum, in accordance with the recommendations of Skalnaya (2003), cows were divided into three groups: I-Pb concentration up to the 25th percentile, II-within the 25th-75th percentile, III-above the 75th percentile. At the same time, the actual range of Pb concentrations in blood serum of cows of group I ranged from 0.00028-0.00049 µg/mL, II from 0.00053 to 0.00089 µg/mL, group III from 0.00094 to 0.0018 µg/mL. It was found that as the concentration of Pb in blood serum increased from the lowest (I group) to medium (II group) and high (III group), there was an increase in the concentration of malondialdehyde in blood serum from 42.5±12.9μM/L to 47.8±15.22µM/L and 57.9±11.2% (P£0.05) µM/L, respectively, the level of activity of the antioxidant defense enzyme, superoxide dismutase, decreased from 1,971±203.8% to 1,890±290.3% and 1,829±283.8 (P£0.05)%. The calculation of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients confirmed the statistically significant (P£0.05) degree of influence of Pb on the malondialdehyde (r=0.63) and superoxide dismutase activity (r=-0.57) in blood serum of cows. Thus, it can be stated that an increase in the concentration of Pb in the blood serum reduces the level of antioxidant protection and contributes to the development of oxidative stress in lactating cows.
PSXIV-11 Microbial Characterization of Digital Dermatitis and Foot rot in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Wong Nicholas S , Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen S , Jelinski Murray D , Alexander Trevor , Janzen Eugene , Erickson Sarah E , Polo Rodrigo Ortega 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Lameness is a significant health issue in feedlot cattle, having major economic, labor, and welfare implications. Digital dermatitis (DD), a lesion of the plantar surface of the foot, and foot rot (FR), which affects the interdigital cleft, are common infectious causes of feedlot lameness with bacterial origins. These hoof lesions can occur alone or in combination in the same hoof (DD+FR). Over a one-year period (2019-2020), 208 hoof swabs were obtained from cattle with FR (n = 55), DD (n = 18), and DD+FR (n = 29), and 5 completely healthy cattle (controls) from three southern Alberta commercial feedlots. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to characterize the bacterial microbiota of DD, FR, and DD+FR lesions relative to corresponding healthy skin controls found within the same affected animals. DD and FR lesion microbiotas showed reduced diversity compared with corresponding control skin. Multiple Treponema (members of Spirochaetaceae Family) species were differentially abundant in DD lesions compared with contralateral control skin. FR lesions are characterized by an abundance of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii, compared with contralateral control skin. The microbiome of DD+FR lesions was similar to FR lesions, where F. necrophorum and P. levii were increased compared with contralateral control skin. Other differentially abundant taxa (Helcococcus, Succiniclasticum spp.) found in FR and DD+FR lesions had been previously associated with DD, suggesting there may be an overlap of bacteria that have a role in both types of hoof lesions. The findings support previous literature showing that FR and DD are polybacterial in nature. The identification of novel bacterial species of DD and FR lesions could contribute information for the development of more targeted and effective prevention and treatment strategies. A novel finding of the sequencing analysis for hooves with concurrent DD and FR infection was characterized.
PSI-17 Effects of a Supplemental Water Source and Trace-Mineral Based Electrolyte Drinking Solution on Intake and Blood Cell Count of Newly Received Feedlot Calves
Authors: Smithyman Mackenzie M , Gouvêa Vinicius , Campbell Dayna L , Duff Glenn C , Loest Clint A , Branine Mark E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rapidly rehydrating newly received feedlot cattle may reduce disease risks caused by the marketing and transportation-related restrictions on feed and water. This study evaluated strategies to rapidly replenish water and key nutrients in newly received feedlot calves during the first three days following arrival. Crossbred heifers [n=270; initial BW = 232 ± 16 kg] were individually weighed after 16 h fasting and sorted into 18 pens (6 pens/treatment). Treatments were: 1) Control (CON): standard in-pen automatic water source (Richie CM480; one waterer/pen); 2) Supplemental water source (SWS): CON + one additional stock tank/pen; 3) Nutritional rehydration solution (NRS): trace-mineral based drinking solution provided with one stock tank/pen as the only water source. Treatments were provided from days 1 to 4, after which supplemental tanks were removed. From days 5 to 56, cattle only had access to CON (automatic waterer). Water intake (WI) was measured daily throughout the trial, BW and whole blood (5 heifers/pen) were collected on days 1, 4, 14, 28, and 56. Treatment × experimental period interactions (P≤0.03) were observed for WI and dry matter intake (DMI). The DMI was greater for both SWS and NRS than CON from days 5 to 15 (P≤0.01), and SWS had greater DMI than CON from days 16 to 29 (P=0.01). Both SWS and NRS had greater WI than CON from days 1 to 4 (P≤0.001), but not from days 5 to 56 (P≥0.36). No treatment effect or treatment × day interactions were observed for plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, total red or white blood cell counts (P≥0.23). Hematocrit and hemoglobin decreased for SWS when compared with CON (P≤0.05). The results suggest that providing SWS or NRS to newly received calves during the initial three days after arrival increases WI, DMI and hydration, but does not impact blood metabolites and immune cells.
PSI-5 Comparison of 7&7 Synch and 7-day Co-Synch + Cidr Protocols in a Fixed-Time ai System on Beef Cows Using Y-Sorted sex-Selected Semen
Authors: Aubuchon Kolton W , Odde John A , Hartman Ashley R , Semler Michael , Odde Kenneth G , Fike Karol E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The 7&7 Synch and the 7-day CO-Synch+CIDR fixed-time estrous synchronization protocols were compared among mature and two-year-old lactating postpartum Angus and SimAngus cows (n=201). Mature (n=63) and two-year-old (n=36) cows treated with the 7&7 Synch received an injection of prostaglandin F2α (PGF; 25 mg dinoprost tromethamine) at the same time as insertion of an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert (CIDR; 1.38g progesterone) on Day -17, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 100 μg gonadorelin) on Day -10, and PGF at time of CIDR removal on Day -3. Mature (n=65) and two-year-old (n=37) cows in the 7-day CO-Synch+CIDR groups received an injection of GnRH on Day -10 that coincided with CIDR insertion and received PGF at the time of CIDR removal on Day -3. Fixed-timed AI (FTAI) by a single technician using Y-chromosome-bearing sex-sorted semen (4x106 sperm/unit of SexedULTRA 4M) from one of two Charolais bulls occurred on Day 0, 70 hours after PGF injection. Seven days later bulls were pastured with cows for the remainder of the breeding season. Transrectal ultrasound was performed 77-83 days after AI and fetal size was used to differentiate AI and natural service pregnancies. Within the mature cows and two-year-old age groups, the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS was used to compare FTAI and breeding season pregnancy rates with estrous synchronization treatment and sire as main effects. No differences (P=0.41) were observed amongst mature cows in FTAI pregnancy rates between the 7&7 Synch (52.4%) and the 7-day CO-Synch+CIDR (44.9%) treatments. A greater (P=0.05) proportion of two-year-old cows were pregnant to FTAI following treatment with the 7-day CO-Synch+CIDR (56.7%) as compared to the 7&7 Synch (33.4%). A greater (P=0.02) proportion of two-year-old cows in the 7-day CO-Synch+CIDR treatment (91.9%) were pregnant at the conclusion of the breeding season as compared with the 7&7 Synch (69.7%).
PSII-A-2 Correlations between Reactive Oxygen Species and Functional Measurements of Spermatozoa from Beef Bulls
Authors: Batey Ian E , Hartman Ashley R , Rathbun Theresa J , Zezeski Abby L , Geary Tom W , Grieger David M , Fike Karol E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have effects on characteristics of spermatozoa, including mitochondrial membrane potential, acrosomal integrity, and structural abnormalities that can influence spermatozoa function. The objective was to determine correlations between sperm response to ROS and functional sperm measurements using ejaculates collected as part of bull breeding soundness exams (BSE). Semen samples were collected from Angus and Charolais bulls (403 ± 11 d of age; n=46) over three days during yearling BSEs. A veterinarian evaluated spermatozoa for percent motility and normal morphology, and percentage progressive motility was measured using an iSperm® analyzer. If ejaculates met minimum thresholds for passing a BSE, they were diluted to 70 million cells/mL using BoviFree® and sent overnight for flow cytometry evaluation. Flow cytometry assays including acrosome and cell membrane integrity, mitochondrial energy potential, and oxidation status. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients in SAS. Percentage live spermatozoa with positive ROS status was correlated (r = 0.53; P &lt; 0.001) with percentage progressive motility. Percentage live spermatozoa with negative ROS status was moderately correlated with percentage spermatozoa exhibiting secondary abnormalities (r = 0.33; P = 0.02) and tended to be lowly correlated (r = 0.28; P = 0.06) with percentage spermatozoa exhibiting primary abnormalities. Percentage live spermatozoa that had disrupted acrosomes was strongly correlated (r = 0.66; P &lt; 0.001) with percentage live spermatozoa with negative ROS and also moderately negatively correlated (r = -0.31; P = 0.04) with percentage live spermatozoa with positive ROS. Percentage live spermatozoa with positive ROS status was correlated (r = 0.58; P &lt; 0.001) with percentage of spermatozoa with active mitochondrial membranes. Live spermatozoa with positive ROS were strongly correlated (P&lt; 0.001) with live spermatozoa (r=0.94) and live spermatozoa with intact acrosome (r=0.92). These data confirm previous research that shows the detrimental effects of ROS on spermatozoa function.
PSVIII-20 Patatin-Like Phospholipase Domain-Containing Protein 3 Abundance is Affected by Knockdown of Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 1c but not of Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein
Authors: Kendall Sophia J , White Heather M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) is a key lipase involved in fatty liver syndrome onset and recovery in humans and bovine. Regulation of PNPLA3 is mediated by carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) in rodents and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) in humans. The objectives of our study were to optimize an siRNA knockdown of ChREBP and SREBP1c and to determine if either transcription factor knockdown would affect PNPLA3 abundance in an immortalized bovine hepatocyte cell line, BFH12. Hepatocytes were cultured in monolayer and at least 80% confluent after 24h when cells were randomly assigned in triplicate to treatment with ChREBP-targeted (siC1, siC2, siC3) or SREBP1c-targeted (siS1, siS2, siS3) siRNA at either 20, 60, or 80µM, or a nonspecific-siRNA control (siNON). Media was replenished after 4h and cells incubated for 20h before harvest in TRIzol for subsequent protein isolation. Protein abundances were determined by Western blot and normalized to total lane protein. Data were analyzed (PROC MIXED, SAS 9.4) with fixed effect of siRNA and concentration. Differences were declared at P≤0.05; tendencies at 0.05
PSXI-12 Determination of Protein Requirements for Labrador Retriever Pups (&gt; 14 wk-9 Mo) Using the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation (Iaao) Technique
Authors: Weil Jordan T , Varney Jessica L , Adams Heather A , Mullanix Machelle , Bailey Rhianna , Moss John , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Providing protein to growing puppies in accurate amounts ensures that animals have enough energy and nutrients for depositing muscle, growing bones, and maintaining joint health. Inclusion amounts must be provided at correct doses, considering a diet with excess protein can lead to harmful outcomes such as hyperkalemia or acidosis. To determine the protein requirements in growing Labrador Retrievers, the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique was utilized in six puppies (&gt;14 wk-9 mo). Dogs were supplied with constant dietary Phe across diets. The control diet was fed for two days, followed by a day in which the test diet was fed, a tracer amino acid was supplied, and breath samples were collected. On test day, a priming dose of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) based on the body weight of the subject was supplied, followed by [1-13C]Phe doses every 30 minutes, spanning a four-hour period. A respiration mask was placed on each subject every 30 minutes (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments), 13CO2 was collected, and enrichment was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). IRMS results were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using a segmented model of best fit (JMP Pro 16). The outcome of this experiment determines that if essential amino acids and non-essential amino acid nitrogen requirements are met, Labrador Retriever puppies will have mean and population safe requirements (mean±2SD) of 47.5 ± 1.325 g/1,000 kcal.
PSXI-1 Influence of Graded Levels of Microbially Enhanced Protein on Processing and Expansion of Extruded dog Foods
Authors: Chen Youhan , Aldrich Greg 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dry expanded kibbles with ingredients that bring extra nutrition and health benefits are much better received than those which are simply an economic choice by manufacturers. Microbially enhanced protein (MEP) from soybeans, a fermented ingredient, may promote utilization. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of increasing levels of MEP on extrusion processing parameters and kibble characteristics. Four dietary treatments were evaluated which differed by level of MEP in exchange for soybean meal (15%; SBM) at 5, 10 and 15% (5MEP, 10MEP and 15MEP, respectively). The four diets were produced on a single-screw extruder with processing data and samples collected every 15 minutes. Results were analyzed as a completely randomized design by one-way ANOVA and treatment means were separated by Tukey’s test using R open-source software. Feed rate and extruder waterflow rate were not different among treatments. However, motor power, shaft speed and specific mechanical energy (SME) was least for 5MEP (P&lt; 0.05, 30.1 KW, 322.5 rpm and 38.4 kW hr/ton, respectively). The SME for SBM was also less (P&lt; 0.05) than 10MEP and 15 MEP (43.72, vs 47.4 and 47.0 kW hr/ton, respectively), but shaft speed did not differ among these treatments. Both kibble diameter and sectional expansion index (SEI) of 5MEP (11.9 mm and 10.0 mm2, respectively) were greater (P&lt; 0.05) than SBM (11.0 mm and 7.6 mm2, respectively), 10 MEP (11.4 mm and 8.6 mm2, respectively) and 15MEP (11.5 mm and 8.9 mm2, respectively). While thickness of 5MEP was thinner (P&lt; 0.05) than SBM, 10MEP and 15MEP (5.73 vs average 6.20 mm, respectively). Bulk density was greater (P&lt; 0.05) for SBM than 5MEP (408.7 vs 374.0 kg/m-3, respectively), while10MEP and 15MEP (388.8 and 392.7 kg/m-3, respectively) were similar to both extremes. Addition of MEP in extruded dog diets improved expansion and reduced energy requirement, but the benefits may be less at greater inclusion levels.
PSXI-3 Decreased Circulating Concentrations of CD21 and CD19 in Canines with Heart Murmur and Associated Valvular Cardiovascular Disorder
Authors: Tavener Selena K , Badri Dayakar V , Panickar Kiran S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is a commonly diagnosed canine heart disease characterized by a thickening of the mitral valve. While it affects dogs of all genetic backgrounds, the breeds most commonly affected include small to medium dogs. The underlying causes of MMVD are not clear but pathological changes include alterations in the extracellular matrix and collagen, and activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), leading to subsequent myocardial remodeling. Inflammatory signaling pathways are hypothesized to influence the progression of the valve lesion contributing to valvular regurgitation. One of the clinical characteristics of MMVD in dogs is heart murmur. We assessed the circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers in dogs that were clinically diagnosed by a veterinarian as having MMVD with at least grade 4 heart murmur. RNA was extracted from blood samples collected in PAXgene tubes from dogs with heart murmurs (n=6; 4 dogs had grade 5/6 and 2 dogs had 4/6 heart murmur; 9.3-15.11 yr) and control dogs (n=6; 9.4-15.10 yr) with no history of cardiovascular problems. Gene expression was assessed using NanoString nCounter and analysis performed using Nanostring’s nSolver software. There was a significant decrease in the concentrations of CD21 (-1.88 fold) and CD19 (-1.84 fold) in MMVD compared with controls (both p&lt; 0.05). CD21 and CD19 are parts of CD21/CD19/CD81 complex that act as a co-receptor to the B cell receptor. A decrease in CD19 and CD21 indicates a possible disruption in the homeostasis of B-cell activation and may contribute to chronic inflammation. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and receptors that were increased in MMVD include CCL5 (1.74), Lymphotoxin β (1.49), Interferon-γ (1.35), CCL3 (1.28), CCL4 (1.28), IL-18R1 (1.27) and MMP-9 (1.27, all NS). Our results indicate the importance of targeting the B-lymphocyte-associated signaling pathway and selected cytokines for restoring immune homeostasis and reducing inflammation in MMVD.