bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of the Lunar Primary Crust From a Long‐Lived Slushy Magma Ocean
Authors: Michaut Chloé , Neufeld Jerome A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractClassical fractional crystallization scenarios of early lunar evolution suggest crustal formation by the flotation of light anorthite minerals from a liquid magma ocean. However, this model is challenged by the Myr age range of primitive ferroan anorthosites, their concordance with Mg‐suite magmatism and by the compositional diversity observed in lunar anorthosites. Here, we propose a new model of slushy magma ocean crystallization in which crystals remain suspended in the lunar interior and crust formation only begins once a critical crystal content is reached. Thereafter crustal formation occurs by buoyant melt extraction and magmatism. The mixture viscosity strongly depends on temperature and solid fraction driving the development of a surface stagnant lid where enhanced solidification and buoyant ascent of melt lead to an anorthite‐enriched crust. This model explains lunar anorthosites heterogeneity and suggests a crustal formation timescale of 100s Ma, reconciling anorthosite ages with an early age of the Moon.
Land Surface Effects on Shear Balance of Squall Lines
Authors: Dai Yi , Williams Ian N. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe explore whether and how the land characteristics, especially surface drag, affect the squall line, in an idealized modeling framework. We find that the balance between the ambient low‐level shear and cold‐pool‐induced shear in the squall line can be modified by surface drag: it not only changes the ambient shear if near‐surface environmental wind is nonzero, but also reduces the cold‐pool‐induced shear by both weakening the low‐level wind and deepening the cold pool. The land surface impact on squall lines is larger with lower convective available potential energy (CAPE), partly because of stronger convection with higher CAPE. The cold pool intensity (vertically integrated negative buoyancy) could not explain the reduced cold pool shear induced by the land. Furthermore, land characteristics—such as roughness lengths—help maintain the shear balance and potentially make the squall line long‐lived, suggesting that they be included in convective (or cold pool) parameterizations to improve climate and Earth system models.
Isotopic Signatures of Methane Emissions From Dairy Farms in California’s San Joaquin Valley
Authors: Carranza Valerie , Biggs Brenna , Meyer Deanne , Townsend‐Small Amy , Thiruvenkatachari Ranga Rajan , Venkatram Akula , Fischer Marc L. , Hopkins Francesca M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this study, we present seasonal atmospheric measurements of δ13CCH4 from dairy farms in the San Joaquin Valley of California. We used δ13CCH4 to characterize emissions from enteric fermentation by measuring downwind of cattle housing (e.g., freestall barns, corrals) and from manure management areas (e.g., anaerobic manure lagoons) with a mobile platform equipped with cavity ring‐down spectrometers. Across seasons, the δ13CCH4 from enteric fermentation source areas ranged from −69.7 ± 0.6 per mil (‰) to −51.6 ± 0.1‰ while the δ13CCH4 from manure lagoons ranged from −49.5 ± 0.1‰ to −40.5 ± 0.2‰. Measurements of δ13CCH4 of enteric CH4 suggest a greater than 10‰ difference between cattle production groups in accordance with diet. Isotopic signatures of CH4 were used to characterize enteric and manure CH4 from downwind plume sampling of dairies. Our findings show that δ13CCH4 measurements could improve the attribution of CH4 emissions from dairy sources at scales ranging from individual facilities to regions and help constrain the relative contributions from these different sources of emissions to the CH4 budget.
Towards Full Flow‐Dependence: New Temporally Varying EDA Quotient Functionality to Estimate Background Errors in CERRA
Authors: El‐Said A. , Brousseau P. , Ridal M. , Randriamampianina R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA new temporally evolving quotient on the Ensemble of Data Assimilations (EDA) technique for estimating background error covariances has been developed for the Copernicus European Regional Re‐Analysis (CERRA). The B‐matrix is modeled on a bi‐Fourier limited area model. Background errors are assumed isotropic, homogeneous and non‐separable. Linearized geostrophic and hydrostatic balances are incorporated as multivariate relationships, coupling vorticity, and geopotential extended to mass‐wind and specific humidity fields via the f‐plane approximation. The EDA comprises two main pools: seasonal and daily. The seasonal component comprises winter and summer EDA forecast differences at reanalysis resolution (5.5 km). The new time quotient function temporally changes the mixture of differences from each season, to make up the seasonal component. The daily component is an 11 km moving 2.5 days average changing in real‐time. Subsequent B‐matrix computation sees the ingestion of forecast differences from both components, with a fixed split of 80%–20% seasonal‐daily, every 2 days. The sourcing of these forecast differences from both seasonal and daily sources is in continuous temporal flux therefore. We consider a case study to illustrate the potential of estimating weather regime change using CERRA‐EDA with varying proportions of seasonal‐daily mixing, while including settings used for CERRA production. Our case study shows that the most influential factors are differences in observation networks between the given years, their spatial distribution across the CERRA domain, and the proportion of seasonal‐daily split. It is shown that our method provides improvement over a static B‐matrix.
A Deep‐Time Dating Tool for Paleo‐Applications Utilizing Obliquity and Precession Cycles: The Role of Dynamical Ellipticity and Tidal Dissipation
Authors: Zeebe Richard E. , Lourens Lucas J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPre‐Pleistocene age models used in paleoceanography and paleoclimatology often rely on the imprint of astronomically calculated cycles of eccentricity and other solar system frequencies in sedimentary records (e.g., 405, 173, and ∼100 kyr). However, use of obliquity and precession cycles (at present ∼41 and ∼20 kyr) remains challenging for these periods, mostly due to past changes in Earth's dynamical ellipticity (Ed, gravitational shape) and tidal dissipation (Td, slowdown of Earth's rotation), which affect the astronomical calculations. Here, we present a dating method for deep‐time records by integrating Ed and Td into astrochronology. The key to our approach is the combination of constraints on Td (and thus indirectly on Ed) with age model optimization based on solar system frequencies, plus tuning to obliquity/precession frequencies, while varying Td and Ed. Importantly, we target deep‐time intervals where Td shows significant effects but high‐quality sedimentary records are available (early Cenozoic). We include a quickstart guide to our approach and make our code and pre‐computed solutions freely available to users. To demonstrate the practical utility of our approach, we apply our tool to two case studies using deep‐sea records from the early and middle Eocene. Our results confirm very accurate chronologies of sedimentary records from the early Eocene (∼56–54 Ma) but suggest significant improvement for the middle Eocene (∼40–39 Ma). For the early Eocene, our method provides absolute geologic ages with an estimated uncertainty of ±20–40 kyr, which is smaller than or equal to typical uncertainties from recent radiometric 40Ar/39Ar dating.
Sensitivity‐Based Soil Moisture Assimilation for Improved Streamflow Forecast Using a Novel Forward Sensitivity Method (FSM) Approach
Authors: Visweshwaran R. , Ramsankaran RAAJ. , Eldho T. I. , Lakshmivarahan S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe need for and the use of different data assimilation techniques to improve the quality of streamflow forecast is now well established. In this paper, the goal is to demonstrate the power of a new class of methods known as the forward sensitivity method (FSM) which is based on the temporal evolution of model sensitivities with respect to the control variables consisting of initial conditions and parameters. FSM operates in two phases: the first phase provides a simple algorithm for placing observations at or near where the square of forward sensitivities attains their maximum values. Using only this selected subset of observations in a weighted least squares method, the second phase then provides an estimate of the unknown elements of the control variables. In this paper, FSM based assimilation is applied to a simple class of two parameter model in a medium‐sized agriculture dominant watershed lying in the Krishna River Basin, India. Four assimilation scenarios were tested to determine the effect of assimilating only sensitive observations as well as the impact of temporally evolving initial condition sensitivity. Sensitivity results showed that observations during the monsoon time alone are enough for assimilation purposes, which has helped in reducing the computational time greatly. Assimilation and forecast results also indicated that the scenarios which assimilated only sensitive observations are better in estimating daily streamflow. From the obtained results, it is concluded that FSM based assimilation has significant potential to improve the streamflow simulations, especially in places where data availability remains a major challenge.
Towards high-power mid-IR light source tunable from 3.8 to 4.5 µm by HBr-filled hollow-core silica fibres
Authors: Zhou Zhiyue , Wang Zefeng , Huang Wei , Cui Yulong , Li Hao , Wang Meng , Xi Xiaoming , Gao Shoufei , Wang Yingying 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFibre lasers operating at the mid-IR have attracted enormous interest due to the plethora of applications in defence, security, medicine, and so on. However, no continuous-wave (CW) fibre lasers beyond 4 μm based on rare-earth-doped fibres have been demonstrated thus far. Here, we report efficient mid-IR laser emission from HBr-filled silica hollow-core fibres (HCFs) for the first time. By pumping with a self-developed thulium-doped fibre amplifier seeded by several diode lasers over the range of 1940–1983 nm, narrow linewidth mid-IR emission from 3810 to 4496 nm has been achieved with a maximum laser power of about 500 mW and a slope efficiency of approximately 18%. To the best of our knowledge, the wavelength of 4496 nm with strong absorption in silica-based fibres is the longest emission wavelength from a CW fibre laser, and the span of 686 nm is also the largest tuning range achieved to date for any CW fibre laser. By further reducing the HCF transmission loss, increasing the pump power, improving the coupling efficiency, and optimizing the fibre length together with the pressure, the laser efficiency and output power are expected to increase significantly. This work opens new opportunities for broadly tunable high-power mid-IR fibre lasers, especially beyond 4 μm.
Peripheral NF-κB dysregulation in people with schizophrenia drives inflammation: putative anti-inflammatory functions of NF-κB kinases
Authors: Murphy Caitlin E. , Walker Adam K. , O’Donnell Maryanne , Galletly Cherrie , Lloyd Andrew R. , Liu Dennis , Weickert Cynthia Shannon , Weickert Thomas W. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractElevations in plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patient blood have been associated with impairments in cognitive abilities and more severe psychiatric symptoms in people with schizophrenia. The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) regulates the gene expression of pro-inflammatory factors whose protein products trigger CRP release. NF-κB activation pathway mRNAs are increased in the brain in schizophrenia and are strongly related to neuroinflammation. Thus, it is likely that this central immune regulator is also dysregulated in the blood and associated with cytokine and CRP levels. We measured levels of six pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs and 18 mRNAs encoding NF-κB pathway members in peripheral blood leukocytes from 87 people with schizophrenia and 83 healthy control subjects. We then assessed the relationships between the alterations in NF-κB pathway genes, pro-inflammatory cytokine and CRP levels, psychiatric symptoms and cognition in people with schizophrenia. IL-1β and IFN-γ mRNAs were increased in patients compared to controls (bothp < 0.001), while IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and TNF-α mRNAs did not differ. Recursive two-step cluster analysis revealed that high levels of IL-1β mRNA and high levels of plasma CRP defined ‘high inflammation’ individuals in our cohort, and a higher proportion of people with schizophrenia were identified as displaying ‘high inflammation’ compared to controls using this method (p = 0.03). Overall, leukocyte expression of the NF-κB-activating receptors, TLR4 and TNFR2, and the NF-κB subunit, RelB, was increased in people with schizophrenia compared to healthy control subjects (allp < 0.01), while NF-κB-inducing kinase mRNAs IKKβ and NIK were downregulated in patients (allp < 0.05). We found that elevations in TLR4 and RelB appear more related to inflammatory status than to a diagnosis of schizophrenia, but changes in TNFR2 occur in both the high and low inflammation patients (but were exaggerated in high inflammation patients). Further, decreased leukocyte expression of IKKβ and NIK mRNAs was unique to high inflammation patients, which may represent schizophrenia-specific dysregulation of NF-κB that gives rise to peripheral inflammation in a subset of patients.
Haemoglobin A1c and serum glucose levels and risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zheng Jiaojiao , Gao Yunhe , Xie Shao-Hua , Santoni Giola , Lagergren Jesper 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined associations between serum levels of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and glucose and the risk of gastric cancer.

Methods
MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies examining associations between serum levels of HbA1c or glucose and the risk of gastric cancer. Inclusion of studies, quality assessment, and data extraction were conducted independently by two authors. Pooled hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were synthesised using random-effects models. Cochran’s Q test and I2 statistic were used to assess heterogeneity.

Results
Among 3473 identified studies, 12 were included. Of these, 5 studies examined HbA1c levels and 7 studies examined serum glucose levels. Serum HbA1c levels >6% were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.06–1.74). When compared with the lowest glucose categories, the highest glucose categories were associated with a borderline increased risk of gastric cancer (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.98–1.26). In subgroup analyses, studies that adjusted for Helicobacter pylori infection indicated stronger associations between elevated HbA1c levels and gastric cancer (HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.46–2.98) than those without such adjustment (HR 1.10, 95% CI 0.91–1.32).

Conclusions
Long-standing poor glycaemic control may increase the risk of gastric cancer.

Registration number
PROSPERO CRD42020157453.
Neuropathogenicity of non-viable Borrelia burgdorferi ex vivo
Authors: Parthasarathy Geetha , Gadila Shiva Kumar Goud 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEven after appropriate treatment, a proportion of Lyme disease patients suffer from a constellation of symptoms, collectively called Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS). Brain PET scan of patients with PTLDS have demonstrated likely glial activation indicating persistent neuroinflammatory processes. It is possible that unresolved bacterial remnants can continue to cause neuroinflammation. In previous studies, we have shown that non-viable Borrelia burgdorferi can induce neuroinflammation and apoptosis in an oligodendrocyte cell line. In this follow-up study, we analyze the effect of sonicated remnants of B. burgdorferi on primary rhesus frontal cortex (FC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants. Five FC and three DRG tissue fragments from rhesus macaques were exposed to sonicated B. burgdorferi and analyzed for 26 inflammatory mediators. Live bacteria and medium alone served as positive and negative control, respectively. Tissues were also analyzed for cell types mediating inflammation and overall apoptotic changes. Non-viable B. burgdorferi induced significant levels of several inflammatory mediators in both FC and DRG, similar to live bacteria. However, the levels induced by non-viable B. burgdorferi was often (several fold) higher than those induced by live ones, especially for IL-6, CXCL8 and CCL2. This effect was also more profound in the FC than in the DRG. Although the levels often differed, both live and dead fragments induced the same mediators, with significant overlap between FC and DRG. In the FC, immunohistochemical staining for several inflammatory mediators showed the presence of multiple mediators in astrocytes, followed by microglia and oligodendrocytes, in response to bacterial remnants. Staining was also seen in endothelial cells. In the DRG, chemokine/cytokine staining was predominantly seen in S100 positive (glial) cells. B. burgdorferi remnants also induced significant levels of apoptosis in both the FC and DRG. Apoptosis was confined to S100 + cells in the DRG while distinct neuronal apoptosis was also detected in most FC tissues in response to sonicated bacteria. Non-viable B. burgdorferi can continue to be neuropathogenic to both CNS and PNS tissues with effects likely more profound in the former. Persistence of remnant-induced neuroinflammatory processes can lead to long term health consequences.
Optimizing performance and yield of vertical GaN diodes using wafer scale optical techniques
Authors: Gallagher James C. , Ebrish Mona A. , Porter Matthew A. , Jacobs Alan G. , Gunning Brendan P. , Kaplar Robert J. , Hobart Karl D. , Anderson Travis J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTo improve the manufacturing of vertical GaN devices for power electronics applications, the effects of defects in GaN substrates need to be better understood. Many non-destructive techniques including photoluminescence, Raman spectroscopy and optical profilometry, can be used to detect defects in the substrate and epitaxial layers. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify points of high crystal stress and non-uniform conductivity in a substrate, while optical profilometry was used to identify bumps and pits in a substrate which could cause catastrophic device failures. The effect of the defects was studied using vertical P-i-N diodes with a single zone junction termination extention (JTE) edge termination and isolation, which were formed via nitrogen implantation. Diodes were fabricated on and off of sample abnormalities to study their effects. From electrical measurements, it was discovered that the devices could consistently block voltages over 1000 V (near the theoretical value of the epitaxial layer design), and the forward bias behavior could consistently produce on-resistance below 2 mΩ cm2, which is an excellent value considering DC biasing was used and no substrate thinning was performed. It was found that high crystal stress increased the probability of device failure from 6 to 20%, while an inhomogeneous carrier concentration had little effect on reverse bias behavior, and slightly (~ 3%) increased the on-resistance (Ron). Optical profilometry was able to detect regions of high surface roughness, bumps, and pits; in which, the majority of the defects detected were benign. However a large bump in the termination region of the JTE or a deep pit can induce a low voltage catastrophic failure, and increased crystal stress detected by the Raman correlated to the optical profilometry with associated surface topography.
In vitro modulation of Schwann cell behavior by VEGF and PDGF in an inflammatory environment
Authors: Basu Souptik , Choudhury Indra N. , Nazareth Lynn , Chacko Anu , Shelper Todd , Vial Marie-Laure , Ekberg Jenny A. K. , St John James A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPeripheral glial cell transplantation with Schwann cells (SCs) is a promising approach for treating spinal cord injury (SCI). However, improvements are needed and one avenue to enhance regenerative functional outcomes is to combine growth factors with cell transplantation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are neuroprotective, and a combination of these factors has improved outcomes in rat SCI models. Thus, transplantation of SCs combined with VEGF and PDGF may further improve regenerative outcomes. First, however, we must understand how the two factors modulate SCs. In this in vitro study, we show that an inflammatory environment decreased the rate of SC-mediated phagocytosis of myelin debris but the addition of VEGF and PDGF (alone and combined) improved phagocytosis. Cytokine expression by SCs in the inflammatory environment revealed that addition of PDGF led to significantly lower level of pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, but IL-6 and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β and IL-10), remained unaltered. Further, PDGF was able to decrease the expression of myelination associated gene Oct6 in the presence of inflammatory environment. Overall, these results suggest that the use of VEGF and/or PDGF combined with SC transplantation may be beneficial in SCI therapy.
Path integral Monte Carlo approach to the structural properties and collective excitations of liquid $$^3{\text {He}}$$ without fixed nodes
Authors: Dornheim Tobias , Moldabekov Zhandos A. , Vorberger Jan , Militzer Burkhard 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDue to its nature as a strongly correlated quantum liquid, ultracold helium is characterized by the nontrivial interplay of different physical effects. Bosonic$$^4{\text {He}}$$4Heexhibits superfluidity and Bose-Einstein condensation. Its physical properties have been accurately determined on the basis ofab initiopath integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) simulations. In contrast, the corresponding theoretical description of fermionic$$^3{\text {He}}$$3Heis severely hampered by the notorious fermion sign problem, and previous PIMC results have been derived by introducing the uncontrolled fixed-node approximation. In this work, we present extensive new PIMC simulations of normal liquid$$^3{\text {He}}$$3Hewithout any nodal constraints. This allows us to to unambiguously quantify the impact of Fermi statistics and to study the effects of temperature on different physical properties like the static structure factor$$S({\mathbf {q}})$$S(q), the momentum distribution$$n({\mathbf {q}})$$n(q), and the static density response function$$\chi ({\mathbf {q}})$$χ(q). In addition, the dynamic structure factor$$S({\mathbf {q}},\omega )$$S(q,ω)is rigorously reconstructed from imaginary-time PIMC data. From simulations of$$^3{\text {He}}$$3He, we derived the familiar phonon–maxon–roton dispersion function that is well-known for$$^4{\text {He}}$$4Heand has been reported previously for two-dimensional$$^3{\text {He}}$$3Hefilms (Nature 483:576–579 (2012)). The comparison of our new results for both$$S({\mathbf {q}})$$S(q)and$$S({\mathbf {q}},\omega )$$S(q,ω)with neutron scattering measurements reveals an excellent agreement between theory and experiment.