bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le régime alimentaire de Macaca sylvanus dans différents habitats d’Algérie : I. Régime en chênaie décidue
Authors: Ménard Nelly 
Published: November 2022

The composition of the diet of a troop of Barbary macaques Macaca sylvanus was studied in Algeria, from February 1983 to October 1984, in a deciduous oak forest (Quercus faginea and Q. afares).
Eighty nine percent of the feeding time was devoted annually to feeding on plant material. The troop observed had a basically granivorous and folivorous diet (60 %), lichens and animal prey contributing to 14 and 10.5 percent of the diet respectively.
Great seasonal variations were observed : Barbary macaques were mainly carnivorous in spring, feeding on Geometrid moth caterpillars teeming on oak trees leaves ; in summer and autumn they essentially ate acorns, before turning to leaves of Dactylis glomerata and lichens in winter time.
Differences in the diet of the three age classes were apparent throughout the year. Young monkeys (0.5 to 3 year old) ate three times as many lichens and twice as many animal prey than adults. Adults (> 4 year old) were more folivorous, while the diet of sub-adults stood in-between.
Seventy three plant species, three kinds of lichens, some mushrooms and six kinds of prey were identified in the macaques’diet. However, 74 % of the food items were contributed by four plant species only (Dactylis glomerata, Quercus faginea, Q. afares and Cytisus triflorus), three lichens and the caterpillars. Furthermore, 2 species out of the 8 to 27 consumed each month contributed to more than half of the monthly diet. A little more than fifty per cent of the major food items (acorns, lichens and caterpillars) came from the arboreal layer of the oak forest, 12,4 % from the shrub layer, and 37.1 % from the grass layer. Therefore, half of the food items of this «terrestrial» monkey were dependent upon the presence of tress. Similarly, 44 % of the time spent feeding took place in trees. The variations of the relative levels of arboreality and terrestriality were well adjusted to the relative rates of consumption of different food types. However, significant differences did exist between age classes, since young monkeys spent twice as much time feeding in trees than adults. The adult macaques fed preferably on fallen acorns and on caterpillars moving down to the forest floor to pupate, whereas the young macaques gathered both acorns and caterpillars higher up in trees.
Vaccination du Renard roux (Vulpes vulpes L.) contre la rage par voie orale. Bilan d’essais en station expérimentale
Authors: Blancou Jean , Schneider Lothar G. , Wandeler A.I. , Pastoret Paul-Pierre 
Published: November 2022

Des essais de vaccination par voie orale contre la rage ont été réalisés, utilisant 304 renards roux, quatre virus-vaccins modifiés «vivants» (S A D, Flury, GS/C et AVO1), et deux vaccins à virus inactivé.
Seuls les vaccins à virus vivant se sont révélés efficaces et en particulier la souche S AD (variant B 19) qui a protégé 15 renards sur 15 à partir d’un titre de 106,7 Unités Formant Plages.
Preliminary results of a field trial in Hesse (FRG) to control Fox rabies by oral immunization
Authors: Wachendörfer Günter , Frost Jens W. , Gutmann Brygida , Eskens Ulrich , Schneider Lothar G. , Dingeldein Wolfgang , Hofmann Johannes 
Published: November 2022

Une recherche appliquée de vaccination orale des renards a commencé dans le Land de Hesse. Elle a pour but d’évaluer la faisabilité et la sécurité de cette méthode de lutte contre la rage. Celle-ci sévit dans ce secteur depuis 1953. Les statistiques de destruction des renards montrent que le seuil critique permettant d’éviter l’entretien de la maladie n’a jamais été atteint.
Le vaccin employé sur le terrain est la souche SAD B19 placée dans des appâts (têtes de poules) distribués manuellement. A la suite de la seconde campagne, une diminution d’incidence rabique a été notée. Le virus rabique isolé dans la zone expérimentale n’appartient pas à la souche vaccinale. Soixante-deux à 82 % des renards ont consommé les appâts. Le pourcentage de renards présentant des anticorps neutralisants est passé de 43 à 68 % à la suite des deux campagnes de vaccination. Ces résultats sont encourageants et l’avenir dira si la protection immunitaire de la population permet l’extinction de la rage dans ce secteur.
La Loutre sur la Drôme : analyse des facteurs limitants
Authors: Erome Georges , Broyer Joël 
Published: November 2022

Une prospection attentive des berges de la Drôme et du Rhône à proximité du confluent (260 km inventoriés) conduite parallèlement à une enquête active (interview direct des usagers riverains : gardes-pêche, gardes-chasses, naturalistes, pêcheurs, etc.) ont permis de circonscrire deux noyaux de population de loutres. Une première réflexion, d’ordre méthodologique, se dégage de ce travail : la corrélation entre les informations obtenues par enquête et celles résultant de la prospection des berges semble manifeste. Elle conduit les auteurs à recommander, dans le cas où les densités sont faibles, l’utilisation d’une enquête en préalable à tout effort de prospection.
Parallèlement à cet inventaire, différents paramètres écologiques ont été relevés à intervalles réguliers pour tenter de révéler les facteurs limitants expliquant la distribution actuelle de la Loutre dans ce secteur. Ni la nature du couvert ligneux, ni l’aspect qualitatif du peuplement piscicole ne semblent avoir une incidence appréciable. Par contre, la pression humaine, sous ses formes multiples, conditionne manifestement la présence du mustélidé. Dans la zone étudiée, c’est la «pénétrabilité» ou l’ouverture de l’arrière-pays qui paraît être le facteur déterminant. Il est intéressant à cet égard de souligner la relation entre la répartition de l’implantation humaine dans ce secteur, et la distribution de la Loutre.
Les auteurs concluent par une réflexion sur les mesures à envisager pour tenter d’enrayer le processus de disparition de cette espèce.
Croissance des plantes en sous-bois de forêt dense humide (Makokou, Gabon)
Authors: Hladik Annette , Blanc Patrick 
Published: November 2022

The growth of tree saplings, juvenile lianas, and understorey shrubs was studied in a rain forest of north-east Gabon from 1980 to 1985. Five hundred individual plants belonging to more than one hundred species were marked along two transects, one located inside the undisturbed forest, and the other in a recent tree gap. The mortality of these plants during the 64 months’ time interval, the growth in height, the percentage occurence of traumas, and the average leaf lifespan, were measured.
The mortality of shrubs was lower (25 % in the understorey, and 51 % in the tree gap), than that of tree saplings (38 % and 50 % respectively), and of juvenile lianas (57 % and 72 % respectively). The overall mortality was higher in the tree gap (66 %) than in the undisturbed forest (49 %). The tallest individuals suffered a lower mortality than the smallest ones.
The overall growth increment of young plants in the tree gap was twice that of the plants in the undisturbed forest. The lianas displayed the best growth increment, followed by tree saplings. At the community level, however, the handicap of a slower growth rate for the trees is offset by the higher mortality rate of lianas.
The traumas observed in surviving individuals were, in 1985, slightly more frequent on the tree saplings than on shrubs, one replacement shoot was formed on the injured plants of the understorey, while extra new shoots were more frequent on plants of the tree gap. The average lifespan of leaves was 4.4 years in undisturbed forest, and 3.7 years in the tree gap ; it is slightly longer in shrubs than in trees. The maximum leaf lifespan estimated was 10 years.
It can therefore be concluded that growth rates vary a great deal from species to species in the rain forest studied. These variations are, however, limited in the understorey, owing to the long «resting periods» of many species. In a tree gap, many shrub species can die out, but the trees benefit from better growth conditions.
Essai de typologie de paramètres démographiques et morphologiques de la fraction colonisatrice d’une population de campagnols terrestres (Arvicola terrestris scherman) (Shaw.))
Authors: Pascal Michel , Boujard Thierry 
Published: November 2022

A population of the fossorial form of Water Vole (Arvicola terrestris sherman (Shaw)) from a meadow in Haut-Doubs, Eastern France, was monitored for over 7 years. Twice during that time period (August 1980, and August 1981) the population was exhaustively trapped in two sample areas (285 and 230 animals being respectively caught), to establish age structure and reproductive condition of the individuals. In August 1980 the population was reaching a «pre-saturation condition», and in August 1981 it was «saturated», to use Lidicker’s (1975, 1985) terminology. During each of the two trapping sessions, voles caught during the first three days were considered as «residents», and those trapped later as «dispersers», again to follow Lidicker’s terminology. Age structure was established on the basis of eye-lens weights, and five age classes were recognized.
Males prevailed slightly among «dispersers», which were generally young non reproductive animals, with a lighter body weight than «residents» of the same age-groups. Both pregnant and suckling females (in late lactating stage) were found in the «disperser» group. The number of embryos in female «dispersers» exceeded that of the «resident» females. These results are in agreement with Lidicker’s predictions.
The ratio of number of «dispersers» to number of «residents» was higher during the «pre-saturation» (1980) period than at «saturation» (1981), again according to Lidicker’s prediction. On the other hand, his view according to which «dispersers» should be in a better condition at «pre-saturation » than at «saturation» is not supported by our results — if we take body weight as an indicator of «condition».
Year to year comparisons show that sexual activity globally declined in our population just before a population crash, though the young to adult ratio was paradoxically high during the high density stage.
Analyse d’une zone de contact entre deux formes parapatriques : le cas des pouillots véloces Phylloscopus c. collybita et P. c. Brehmii
Authors: Salomon Marc 
Published: November 2022

The populations of Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita brehmii (Homeyer, 1871) which breed in a large part of the Iberian Peninsula, are a parapatric form of Ph. c. collybita. These birds are known to have songs and calls that are very different from the vocalizations of the nominal race living in central and western Europe. The objective of the present study is to find out whether or not reproductive isolating mechanisms exist between the two forms.
To better tackle this problem of parapatric speciation, we had first to devise a method to define as acurately and objectively as possible the areas of allopatry and sympatry, and we were led to propose a new mathematical model to interpret our field data. Although this model needs to be further refined, it already provides us with basic equations that allow us to accept or reject intergradation. It also leads us to consider a number of other traits of the biology of the species which might be influential in parapatric speciation.
One can already assert that, under our model’s hypothesis, there is no intergradation between brehmii and collybita. The so called «hybrids» (i.e. birds which have songs and calls intermediate between the two forms) are actually scarcer, and the «pure» forms more numerous, than expected by the model. Under the same hypothesis, one can assert than panmictic mating does not take place, either in the sympatrie zone or in the «fifty-fifty percent» zone. A tendency to assortative mating was found in the contact zone. Most pairs were homogamic. Among heterogamic pairs, those made up of an Iberian male and an European female were more often observed than those made up of an European male and an Iberian female. In the «fifty-fifty percent» zone, most of the pairs are homogamic, or made up of an Iberian male and a European female, most of the breeding birds being brehmii. These observations support the view that some isolating mechanisms are already in operation before mating ; they may differ according to sex and form.
No postmating isolating mechanisms apparently exist ; most of the heterogamic pairs observed raised their chicks normally.
The climatic environment of brehmii is milder in winter, and moister all the year round (higher rainfall, larger number of rainy days, less frosts). P. collybita apparently replaces brehmii when one of these conditions is not fulfilled.
Although more observations are obviously needed, we can nevertheless conclude that the differences between collybita and brehmii are larger than those existing between most subspecies.
Régulation par le recrutement chez la mouette rieuse Larus ridibundus
Authors: Lebreton Jean-dominique 
Published: November 2022

The Black-headed Gull population of the Forez (central France), under study since 1976, is remarkably stable. This stability, or slow growth at the very most, implies a change in some demographic parameters of the population. Indeed, large differences in breeding success were found between colonies established on traditional sites, successfully occupied year after year (where breeding success is high), and those established on sites that are occupied discontinuously (where breeding success is low). Such differences suggest that the gull population has reached saturation at the best sites.
Most of our work was carried out in one of the traditional colonies (with more than 2 000 breeding pairs). Here, the saturation hypothesis is supported by the strong competition taking place for nest sites, which leads the younger breeders to make use of nest sites low over water, therefore highly vulnerable to wave action, and to variations of water level. A study of mortality and recruitment, using a capture-resighting technique, provided a more direct evidence of population saturation on this colony : full breeding was only reached at five years of age. But the strongest evidence of density-dependence in recruitment is brought forward by the estimation of the proportion of birds locally recruited is each cohort : this proportion varies inversely with the initial fecundity of the cohort. Only a limited number of breeders can therefore be recruited each year in this colony. A density-dependent population model confirms that density-dependence is strong enough to induce a stabilization in numbers of the colony members. Theoretical and practical consequences of this mode of population regulation are discussed.
Conséquences de la protection du héron cendré sur sa dynamique de population et sur ses stratégies d’occupation de l’espace en France
Authors: Marion Loïc , Marion Pierrick 
Published: November 2022

Before being afforded legal protection (1975), the French Grey Heron population (ca = 3 400 pairs) was limited by hunting, and the nesting colonies (N = 110) were located on the safest available sites ; the «floating population» of the species was also apparently small.
Protection led to an increase in the number of breeding pairs (from 9 500 in 1981 to about 13 000 in 1985). This population increase can only in part be ascribed to better survival rates (which increased from 0.55 to 0.63 for adults, and from 0.35 to 0.49 for immatures, between 1971-75 and 1977-82). Newly recruited breeders first settled on old breeding sites, which quickly became «saturated», and then started establishing new colonies. The settlers of the new sites were provided both by birds from the largest «old» colonies (presently declining in size), and by the «floating population».
The present Grey Heron population (240 colonies in 1985) is now more or less food regulated, and each colony seems strongly limited by the number of individual feeding territories available in the foraging area of the colony. Radiotracking shows that most breeding Grey Herons have only one individual feeding territory, located at 2 to 38 km from the colony ; the birds which have feeding territories closer to the colony breed earlier than those which have to travel farther to feed.
Fruit choice and seed dissemination by birds and mammals in the evergreen forests of upland Malawi
Authors: Dowsett-Lemaire Françoise 
Published: November 2022

Cette étude analyse le régime frugivore des oiseaux et de quelques mammifères (surtout le singe Cercopithecus albogularis) dans les forêts d’altitude du Malawi, Afrique tropicale-australe. Parmi les oiseaux, seuls certains non-passereaux sont frugivores à part entière. Les régimes frugivores de la plupart des oiseaux se chevauchent largement, même entre espèces peu apparentées. Entre l’ensemble des oiseaux et le singe Cercopithecus albogularis, ce chevauchement alimentaire dépasse 90 %. Toutefois, le pigeon Columba arquatrix est assez sélectif et montre une préférence pour les capsules dures et fibreuses et les drupes grasses. Il y a un exemple très marqué de mutualisme plante-disperseur entre le petit barbu Pogoniulus leucomystax et les baies de Loranthaceae/Viscaceae.
La plupart des fruits consommés (n = 134 espèces) sont des baies (56) et des drupes (58). Les couleurs les plus fréquentes des fruits mangés par les oiseaux et les singes sont pourpre/noir et rouge, cependant les fruits de couleur verte ne sont pas ignorés. Chez les oiseaux, le diamètre maximum des fruits avalés entiers correspond (avec quelques exceptions) à la largeur de la base du bec : ainsi les plantes à petits fruits attirent davantage d’espèces de consommateurs que celles à grands fruits, les oiseaux à bec large se nourrissant communément de petits fruits.
Les observations sur la phénologie de la fructification par rapport aux consommateurs ne permettent pas de mettre en évidence une influence évolutive de ceux-ci sur la périodicité de la fructification.
Les pigeons Columba arquatrix et Treron australis ont été considérés à tort comme des prédateurs de graines. Ils sont potentiellement importants dans la dispersion des graines à courte et longue distance. L’essentiel de la dissémination des graines de plantes afromontagnardes (i.e. dont la distribution se restreint à une mosaïque de forêts de montagne) doit être imputé aux oiseaux frugivores. Cependant, pour certains types de gros fruits non consommés par les oiseaux, le rôle des chauves-souris devrait être étudié ; les diaspores sèches de certains arbustes du sous-bois sont probablement dispersés (accidentellement) par des oiseaux granivores.
Un cas d’association à bénéfice mutuel, celui de la Pie Grièche Lanius cabanisi avec les bubalornis Bubalornis niger
Authors: Brosset André 
Published: November 2022

A mutualistic relationship between a flock of red-billed buffalo weavers Bubalornis niger and one individual of Long-tailed Fiscal Shrike Lanius cabanisi is described. The shrike benefited from the grasshoppers and other insects flushed at ground level by the foraging buffalo weavers, and followed them. The latter, in turn, took advantage of the antipredator behaviour and alarm calls of the shrike.
In two cases when a predator approached, once the buffalo weavers flew away for a time before re-associating again with the shrike, and the second time they simply « froze » temporarily when an hawk flew over them. Both species followed each other for one and a half hours, but there was no « leader » or «follower » in this polyspecific association, the two species playing both roles in turn.
Partage de l'espace entre le Lagopède. Lagopus mutus pyrenaicus et la Perdrix grise Perdrix perdrix hispaniensis dans le Massif du Carlit (Pyrénées Orientales) en fonction de l'altitude et de l'exposition
Authors: Gonzalez Georges , Novoa Claude 
Published: November 2022

Les données présentées révèlent des différences dans l’utilisation des altitudes et des expositions par deux espèces d’oiseaux montagnards sympatriques : la Perdrix grise de montagne et le Lagopède alpin. Les répartitions saisonnières diffèrent surtout par l’altitude pour la Perdrix grise et par l’exposition pour le Lagopède. Ainsi les perdrix tendent à fréquenter des altitudes plus basses en hiver et au printemps, alors que les lagopèdes utilisent surtout des altitudes hautes tout au long de l’année. D’autre part, les expositions au sud et au sud-ouest fournissent la majorité des observations de Perdrix, quelle que soit la saison. La séparation spatiale entre les deux espèces est bien marquée en été et en automne, lorsque des expositions distinctes sont choisies, ainsi qu’au printemps quand les répartitions altitudinales sont bien différenciées.
L’analyse des données permet ainsi de définir une mobilité spatiale de type horizontal pour les lagopèdes et de type vertical pour les perdrix. Les implications sur la compétition entre ces deux espèces sont discutées.
L’évolution récente de l’avifaune du Nord-Est marocain : pertes et gains depuis 35 ans
Authors: Brosset André 
Published: November 2022

The author studied the avifauna of north-eastern Morocco from 1953 to 1959 as a resident naturalist, and visited the area occasionally afterwards. A more recent visit enables him to review the drastic changes, both negative and positive, which took place in the past 35 years, due to demographic pressure and agricultural development.
On the plateau steppe, the numerous birds of prey and corvids which used to nest on the scattered betoum trees Pistacia atlantica have now disappeared, the « dayas » being presently used for cultivation. On the other hand, the large raptors, social corvids, and bald ibises Geronticus eremita, formerly breeding on the cliffs of the Debdou-Tlemcen ridge, also disappeared due to direct human persecution. Conversely, the small species of larks, chats, finches, and warblers are now as numerous as before.
On the contrary, the damming of the River Moulouya and the irrigation of 30,000 ha of the coastal plain, have drastically altered the course of the river and the shape of the delta, creating oxbow lakes and increasing significantly the size of the original wetlands. These artificial wetlands now attract large populations of water birds, 18 species of which were found breeding versus 4 in 1959. Among them, the Marbled teal Marmaronetta angustirostris and the Purple gallinule Porphyrio porphyrio are now firmly established. Palearctic migrants were also observed in large numbers in this area.
The lower Moulouya wetlands should now be protected as soon as possible.
The food habits of three allochthonous feeding Characoids in French Guiana
Authors: Boujard Thierry , Sabatier Daniel , Rojas-Beltran Ricardo , Prévost M.F. , Renno Jean-François 
Published: November 2022

Une analyse des contenus stomacaux de Leporinus friderici, Myleus rhomboidalis et M. ternetzi a été réalisée à partir d’échantillons provenant de deux peuplements distincts de Guyane Française, prélevés aux différentes saisons caractéristiques de cette région néotropicale : la grande saison des pluies, la grande saison sèche et la petite saison des pluies, l’étude du régime alimentaire en petite saison sèche ayant été volontairement omise.
M. ternetzy est un herbivore strict, qui consomme quasi-exclusivement des feuilles prélevées sur les arbres pendant les inondations de la saison des pluies, et des feuilles flottant à la dérive en saison sèche.
M. rhomboidalis se nourrit surtout de graines Euterpe oleracea en saison sèche. Cette espèce diversifie son régime alimentaire en saison des pluies en consommant plusieurs espèces de graines et des arthropodes.
Le régime de L. friderici présente un caractère omnivore marqué. Ce poisson se nourrit essentiellement en saison des pluies et consomme alors des graines et des arthropodes tombés des feuillages.
Ces résultats sont interprétés comme exprimant les préférences alimentaires de ces espèces en saison des pluies, alors qu’en saison sèche se développent des stratégies de survie.