bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Astonishing Contrasts in J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur’s Caribbean Sketches
Authors: Boyden Michael 
Published: December 2022

AbstractUnder the influence of emergent scientific insights in atmospheric chemistry and plant physiology, a growing concern for climatic variation is evident in travel narratives about the American tropics, where the consequences of intense monoculture and extractivism were more visible than elsewhere. This chapter explores the implications of this developing climate awareness in J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur’s Journey into Northern Pennsylvania and the State of New York (1801). While largely neglected by critics, this work points to a broader shift in climatic epistemologies toward the end of the eighteenth century. Mobilizing a picturesque register of contrasting effects to dramatize and interrogate the climatic differences between the Caribbean and the American mainland colonies, the Journey reveals deep-seated anxieties regarding humans’ impact on the climate that call into question received interpretations of Crèvecœur’s work as an expression of agrarian individualism.
Avenging Climes in Fictions of the Haitian Revolution
Authors: Boyden Michael 
Published: December 2022

AbstractChapter 3 focuses on climatic discourse in sentimental race fictions of the Haitian Revolution, specifically Leonora Sansay’s Secret History (1808) and Zelica, the Creole (1820), a novel sometimes attributed to Sansay that rewrites the plot of the precursor text in interesting ways. The most striking difference between the two narratives is the foregrounding of a mixed-raced protagonist in Zelica, which thus anticipates the vogue of interracial literature in later decades. The chapter argues that the rewriting of Secret History can best be understood in relation to the despatialization and dematerialization of climate discourses in the nineteenth century. While both texts employ climatic registers in complex ways, we can observe a shift away from fluid ascriptions linked to the tropical locales and climates to more dualistic conceptions of identity grounded in inherited features.
Introduction
Authors: Stewart Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book and what it intends to cover—research and research careers in a broad sense, as relevant as possible to all its diverse disciplines. Research can be too easily portrayed as pure and clear-sighted when it is actually a lot messier and dependent on eccentric personalities and old viewpoints that are hard to shift. On the face of it, John Snow and the 1854 cholera outbreak in London is an illustration of two theories (air-borne or water-borne transmission) being elegantly put to the test. However, life is not so simple, and it took ‘bad air’ (from an unpleasant hot summer four years after the outbreak) to generate the momentum for cleaning up water supplies—the right action for the wrong reasons.
Designing Research
Authors: Stewart Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments are the best way to establish cause and effect, but they also depend on being able to introduce an intervention in a controlled environment, so that you know that there are no other influences on the outcome observed. This depends, in turn, on having the right apparatus built and made available—discussed in relation to early developments in chemistry investigating air pressure and isolating newly discovered gases. In the natural world, the randomized controlled trial (RCT) has been developed to simulate, as closely as possible, the laboratory environment. Again, the importance here is being able to deliver an intervention and take observations, knowing that your observations can only be a consequence of the intervention and not a result of anything else—a certainty of cause and effect required for any newly developed medication before it can be used in healthcare.
Money
Authors: Stewart Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Research requires dedicated time and somewhere to work, as well as the facilities and materials required for individual projects. For these reasons (and more), seeking funding is (and always has been) an integral part of a research career. Sources of funding are many and varied between research fields and national environments, but there are certain commonalities. Applying for funding centres around the idea and case for support, as well as involving proficiency in the process of planning and negotiating an application, seeking cost estimates, and other practicalities. This chapter also covers more specific funding resources such as personal fellowships, as well as the wider politics and strategic thinking around resource allocation.
Passenger Data in Air Travel
Authors: Obendiek Anke Sophia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter investigates a jurisdictional conflict in counterterrorism. Conflicting claims about passenger data in air travel have contributed to transatlantic disputes but ultimately fostered the emergence of a global regime of Passenger Name Records (PNRs) sharing. The chapter tracks how the space of possible jurisdictional claims shifted increasingly away from the order of fairness towards the order of security. By establishing data as a neutral but crucial ‘tool’ in the fight against terrorism, concerns based on privacy and data protection became side-lined. It explores the evolution of the EU as an international counterterrorism actor in the field and illustrates a convergence of public and private interests that entrenched a vision of data governance as a security partnership.
Financial Data Sharing
Authors: Obendiek Anke Sophia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter traces a jurisdictional conflict between the EU, the US, and the Belgian cooperative SWIFT in the context of counterterrorist financing. It outlines how the vision of data governance as a security partnership became entrenched over time, increasingly prioritizing transnational security cooperation rather than individual rights. Despite significant disruptions by the European Parliament, the conflict demonstrates how composite objects such as transparency and review mechanisms contributed to the stabilization of compromise between security goals and human rights requirements. It also demonstrates how interlinkages with the broader field of financial data sharing, including anti-money laundering, have stabilized hierarchization processes in the field.
Sentencing and Human Rights
Authors: Summers Sarah J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sentencing law and theory is closely bound up with the justification of punishment. Despite the depth and importance of the discussion of the aims of punishment, none of the theories has been able to assert itself in practice as the principal sentencing aim. This gives rise in turn to important questions about the possibility of establishing appropriate limits on the sentence. This chapter sets out to examine why human rights principles have not had much purchase in the sentencing context, to make the case for the importance of clearly expressing the values underpinning sentencing law in human rights terms, and to set the scene for an examination of the importance of these human rights limits for an understanding of justified punishment in the rule of law.
The Justification of Punishment and Human Rights
Authors: Summers Sarah J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human rights play an important role in the regulation of punishment. The lack of sustained consideration of their relevance is therefore surprising. Although human rights principles provide state authorities with little guidance in determining the ‘appropriate sentence’, they set important limits on the choice and imposition of punishment. These restrictions differ in scope and importance from the type of limits most frequently discussed in sentencing theory. Human rights principles nevertheless exert clear restrictions on the state’s power to punish. Punishment will only be compatible with human rights if imposed on a culpable individual for the commission of an act or omission, which is clearly and prospectively defined as criminal. In addition, it must be free from arbitrariness, must not constitute a disproportionate interference with—or fundamentally violate—certain human rights, and be imposed by a judge in the context of criminal proceedings. Consideration of the nature and importance of human rights principles at sentencing draws attention to the role of rights as limitations on punishment. If these principles simply constrain punishment, however, to what extent might they be said to be of broader relevance to the debate on the justification of punishment? In other words, what can human rights principles contribute to an understanding of punishment and its justification? This chapter engages first with the discussion of the aim(s) of punishment in sentencing theory, before going on to consider the importance of how state punishment is conceptualized and to examine the relationship between human rights and the justification of punishment.
“Lewd, Feeble, and Frail”
Authors: Van Dyke Christina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper argues that medieval European Christian women often used humility topoi not to express genuine lack of knowledge or education, but in order to establish themselves as authorities within contemplative philosophical discussions. Humility formulae were ubiquitous in such discussions and typically used by both men and women to provide an explanation of the text’s larger purpose and a defense of the author’s claim to write it, in addition to situating themselves respectfully with respect to their presumed audience. Women writers in this period frequently also employed humility formulae to foreground objections to their right to write on these subjects qua women, and then to explicitly address those objections in the voice of the only universally recognized medieval authority: God.
Al-Fārābī’s Commentary on the Eighth Book of Aristotle’sTopicsin Ṭodros Ṭodrosi’sPhilosophical Anthology(Introduction, Edition of the Text, and Annotated Translation)
Authors: Davies Daniel , Lamprakis Alexander 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis article presents the editio princeps and first annotated English translation of the extant fragments of Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī’s (d. 950–51) Commentary on the Eighth Book of Aristotle’s Topics. The fragments add an important new source of al-Fārābī’s thought and include discussions of themes such as the nature and purpose of dialectic, the methods it uses, and its relation to the remaining syllogistic arts. They are preserved in a Hebrew anthology of philosophical texts composed by the translator and commentator Ṭodros ben Meshullam ben David Ṭodrosi (born 1313) around the year 1333 in Trinquetaille, Arles. Aside from presenting these fragments and reconstructing their original context, the article also aims at contributing to a better understanding of the fourteenth-century Arabic-into-Hebrew translation movement. The edition and translation is accompanied by an introduction and a glossary of technical terms.
Three Medieval Aristotelians on Numerical Identity and Time
Authors: Morrison John 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAquinas, Ockham, and Buridan all claim that a person can be numerically identical over time, despite changes in size, shape, and color. How can we reconcile this with the Indiscernibility of Identicals, the principle that numerical identity implies indiscernibility across time? Almost all contemporary metaphysicians regard the Indiscernibility of Identicals as axiomatic. But I will argue that Aquinas, Ockham, and Buridan would reject it, perhaps in favor of a principle restricted to indiscernibility at a time.
A Review of David Piché,Épistémologie et psychologie de la foi dans la pensée scolastique (1250–1350)
Authors: Faucher Nicolas 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis paper is a critical examination of David Piché’s book Épistémologie et psychologie de la foi dans la pensée scolastique (1250–1350). This book deals with medieval doctrines of religious faith, examined from an epistemological and psychological point of view, a topic on which several studies have been published recently. Piché endeavors to focus on an in-depth philosophical examination of faith, taken as a “disposition to firmly believe a number of statements pertaining to divine realities.” He focuses his attention on the epistemology of faith. The book partly covers texts that have been examined in detail in recent studies, partly also neglected texts, mainly Richard of Middleton’s and Durandus of St. Pourçain’s.
Being and Existence
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: December 2022

AbstractA presentation and defense of a “neo-Quinean” meta-ontology in the form of five theses: (i) Being is not an activity. (ii) Being is the same thing as existence. (iii) Being is (and hence existence is), in Frege’s words, denial of the number 0—or, what is really the same thing, ‘There are Xs’ means that not everything is not an X. (iv) The single sense of ‘there is’ and ‘exists’ is adequately captured by the existential quantifier of formal logic. The variables bound by the existential quantifier are essentially third-person-singular pronouns. (v) The “ontological commitments” of a person or theory are best revealed when the sentences of the person or theory are translated into the quantifier-variable idiom.
Competition in seasonal environments
Authors: Abrams Peter A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter analyses a version of simple models of competition for a single resource between two species with different seasonal variation in their resource capture rates. This scenario had been shown to promote coexistence in earlier studies. The chapter shows that, for different parameters, the ability of species to coexist often decreases with greater differences in their season resource uptake patterns. In addition, a given pair species often has alternative outcomes, which may be two different coexistence outcomes, two exclusion outcomes, or coexistence and exclusion. This is related to the fact that a single consumer may also have several alternative attractors, due to interaction of the inherent consumer–resource cycle and the seasonality in capture rate. Most of the models assume a single resource type with logistic growth, but the qualitative results can also be found in systems with abiotic resource growth and systems with multiple resources. Longer period lengths for the cycle in capture rates favours coexistence over exclusion outcomes, and coexistence of multiple species at long period lengths is possible. Coexistence of seasonal and aseasonal species on a single resource can occur, and the same mechanism operates in systems with type II functional responses. The results have several general messages about seasonal systems: (1) increasing similarity can make coexistence more or less likely; (2) invasion ability often does not imply persistence in cases with multiple attractors, which includes many seasonal systems; (3) differences in seasonal responses often produce qualitatively different outcomes than do other types of resource segregation.
Practical Wisdom
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
What special knowledge does the practically wise agent have? How does the practically wise agent differ both from the person who merely has good natural dispositions of character and from the practically clever but unvirtuous agent? This article argues that the Aristotelian phronimos’s knowledge is partly characterized by good deliberation (knowing what are effective means to one’s ends), good comprehension (an accurate understanding of one’s situation and circumstances, especially in assessing the testimony of others), and correct discernment (correct understanding of how virtue and vice terms apply in particular circumstances). This explains why virtuous agents are not merely well motivated, but are effective and savvy agents in the real world, equipped with valuable life experience.
What Does the Aristotelian Phronimos Know?
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although most of us have a rough-and-ready grasp of virtue and vice concepts, this article argues that the fully virtuous and practical wise agent also has a perfected and fine-grained grasp of these concepts, and other ethically relevant thick concepts like ‘the important’, ‘the fine’, and ‘the necessary’. This makes an important contribution to the debate between generalists and particularists about ethics, insofar as virtue terms often have general content but the ability to apply that general content requires the agent to have a refined ethical understanding which comes from experience and the individual’s own development of virtue.
After Hume’s Justice
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Contrary to mainstream liberal understandings of rights as abstractly specified and necessary conditions of justice, we should start by specifying what it would mean for human beings to flourish together and achieve eudaimonia. The rights of such a society could in turn be derived from what is required for that society to live well together and the rules that are conducive to a good society. This would avoid the possibility that a society could be just but bad or wicked, and shows how rights could differ between societies without sliding into relativism about rights. Such an account of rights would develop important insights from Hume and Anscombe, while being remaining Aristotelian in spirit.
How Indigenous Nations Have Been Transforming Public Policy through the Courts
Authors: Herb George Satsan , McNeil Kent , Abele Frances 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Through political action and litigation, Indigenous people have transformed the Canadian constitutional landscape—peacefully, and in a fashion largely unremarked by casual observers. Of the many aspects of this transformation, our focus is on legal developments regarding Aboriginal rights and title and concomitant changes to federal policy. After explaining the jurisprudential starting point in British colonial law, we explore the political context of selected Supreme Court of Canada decisions and their impact on public policy. The goal of many—though not all—Indigenous leaders is to achieve acknowledgement and implementation of the status of Indigenous nations as a third order of government alongside the federal and provincial governments, with constitutional jurisdiction as an Aboriginal and treaty right recognized and affirmed by s.35 of the Constitution Act 1982. In this chapter, we assess their progress towards this goal. This chapter demonstrates how, through a succession of court cases, Indigenous leaders have challenged established colonial policies and successfully created a new landscape for policy development and negotiations between Indigenous nations and federal, provincial, and local governments. These court challenges, reaching back to the early 1970s, along with impact of the Constitution Act 1982, have been enduring and profound, and have been affecting every policy domain relating to Indigenous peoples. Even so, much has yet to be accomplished for Indigenous nations to achieve recognition as a third order of government and for Indigenous law to be accepted alongside the common law and civil law as part of the legal landscape in Canada.
The Canadian Federal 1994–1996 Program Review
Authors: Tellier Geneviève 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Twenty-five years ago, the Canadian federal government launched an ambitious program review. Facing an unprecedented deficit and a ballooning debt, the newly elected Liberal government was committed to restoring fiscal discipline quickly and permanently. The outcome was impressive. Departmental operating budgets were cuts by 20 per cent on average and the federal budget came back to balance in just three years. This chapter tells the story behind this success. The 1994–1996 Program Review was developed around a clear proposition, strongly supported by political leaders, and implemented by a team of skilled and seasoned public servants. It was applauded by many stakeholders in Canada and received international recognition. However, the cuts made were highly uneven across departments and programs, with many citizens and nonprofit and for-profit organizations losing access to public services, and the nature of fiscal federalism evolved significantly to the dismay of many provinces and territories. This chapter shows that while the Program Review was an overall success, not all conditions for a ‘great policy success’ were met. Finally, the exceptional circumstances in which the review was conceived and carried out have not been fully appreciated, which explains why later governments have been unable to replicate its success.
Agree without agreement in object clitic doubling constructions
Authors: Baker Mark C. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter investigates the relationship between object clitic doubling and object agreement. It is shown that, in Amharic and similar languages, the clitic on the verb is a separate pronominal element, which can trigger weak crossover and binding theory violations. At the same time, it acts like it enters into an Agree relationship with the doubled object, even though it does not c-command the object. It is shown that this unusual cluster of properties can be explained by analysing object clitic doubling on the model of how switch-reference has been analysed in recent work—particularly object=subject switch-reference in Shipibo and Yawanawa. In both constructions, particular functional heads enter into Agree-Link relations with nearby nominals, and the pointers created by this are interpreted as referential dependency holding between non-c-commanding nominals at the level of LF.
Differential object marking in sign languages?
Authors: Steinbach Markus 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDifferential object marking has been described for many typologically different spoken languages and seems to be also a prevalent property of agreement marking in the visual-gestural modality. Many studies on agreement in sign languages have shown that object agreement in sign languages is subject to specific restrictions which are very similar to the restrictions described for differential object marking in spoken languages. In addition, unrelated sign languages have developed a specific marker which seems to be mainly used to mark object agreement. It is thus not a surprise that recent studies have analysed (at least certain instances of) object agreement marking as an instance of differential object marking. This chapter proceeds as follows. First, the discussion of differential object marking in sign language is embedded in a broad evaluation of recent empirical studies on agreement marking in German Sign Language. Secondly, based on the results of the empirical studies, a unified analysis of agreement marking in DGS is developed. Two main insights are presented: (a) DGS has two different kinds of agreement markers, a preverbal differential object marker and a postverbal agreement marker. (b) These two markers constitute two different stages of the same grammaticalization process.