bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing among HCO3 −, CO3 =, and H+ as Substrates of Proteins That Appear To Be “Bicarbonate” Transporters
Authors: Lee Seong-Ki , Occhipinti Rossana , Moss Fraser J. , Parker Mark D. , Grichtchenko Irina I. , Boron Walter F. 
Published: October 2022

Significance Statement
SLC4 proteins play numerous important roles in the kidneys and elsewhere because they translocate what appears to be bicarbonate through cell membranes. Although previous studies supported three mechanisms with particular hypothesized substrate(s), HCO3
−
per se, CO3
=, or H+, none could definitively discriminate among them. Now, novel three-dimensional mathematical simulations show that these mechanisms would cause markedly different cell-surface pH changes, normalized to translocated charge. Using electrophysiology to test these predictions for the electrogenic Na/HCO3 cotransporter NBCe1, the authors unambiguously rule out two mechanisms—those involving HCO3
− and H+—and conclude that inward flux of CO3
= is the only straightforward mechanism tenable. Thus, surface chemistry can differentiate three modes of acid-base transport previously thought to be indistinguishable. This mechanistic insight might have value for applications such as drug design.

Background
Differentiating among HCO3
−, CO3
=, and H+ movements across membranes has long seemed impossible. We now seek to discriminate unambiguously among three alternate mechanisms: the inward flux of 2 HCO3
− (mechanism 1), the inward flux of 1 CO3
= (mechanism 2), and the CO2/HCO3
−-stimulated outward flux of 2 H+ (mechanism 3).

Methods
As a test case, we use electrophysiology and heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes to examine SLC4 family members that appear to transport “bicarbonate” (“HCO3
−”).

Results
First, we note that cell-surface carbonic anhydrase should catalyze the forward reaction CO2+OH–→HCO3
− if HCO3
− is the substrate; if it is not, the reverse reaction should occur. Monitoring changes in cell-surface pH (ΔpHS) with or without cell-surface carbonic anhydrase, we find that the presumed Cl-“HCO3” exchanger AE1 (SLC4A1) does indeed transport HCO3
− (mechanism 1) as long supposed, whereas the electrogenic Na/“HCO3” cotransporter NBCe1 (SLC4A4) and the electroneutral Na+-driven Cl-“HCO3” exchanger NDCBE (SLC4A8) do not. Second, we use mathematical simulations to show that each of the three mechanisms generates unique quantities of H+ at the cell surface (measured as ΔpHS) per charge transported (measured as change in membrane current, ΔI
m). Calibrating ΔpHS/ΔI
m in oocytes expressing the H+ channel HV1, we find that our NBCe1 data align closely with predictions of CO3
= transport (mechanism 2), while ruling out HCO3
− (mechanism 1) and CO2/HCO3
−-stimulated H+ transport (mechanism 3).

Conclusions
Our surface chemistry approach makes it possible for the first time to distinguish among HCO3
−, CO3
=, and H+ fluxes, thereby providing insight into molecular actions of clinically relevant acid-base transporters and carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors.
Causes, clinical assessment and management of paediatric bloody diarrhoea
Authors: Alshaikh Attia Abdrabalnabi , Alshehri Saeed Mohammad , Alsubaihi Ibrahim Abdu , Boeisa Mohammad Ahmed , Kiki Bassam Khalid , Asiri Ahmed Ali , Asiri Ahmed Maddi , Aloufi Shahad Ali , Azhari Ayat Mohammad , Saklou Afraa Faisal , Mansoor Batool Abed 
Published: October 2022

Despite being easily preventable and treatable, diarrhoea continues to be a serious public health problem in impoverished and emerging countries. It is a typical sign of gastrointestinal issues brought on by numerous pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Particularly in developing nations it is of great concern as it is associated with considerable mortality and morbidity in children. Despite the decline in mortality rate, it is still the second leading cause of mortality among children under five years of age. Bloody diarrhoea is characterized by intestinal inflammation, particularly of the colon, stomach pain, and severe diarrhoea with blood or mucus in the faeces. It is also referred as dysentery. Among the bacteria and parasites that cause dysentery include Entamoeba histolytica, Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Schistosoma mansoni, and Campylobacter. The most common cause of this disease is Shigella. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about causes, clinical assessment and management of paediatric bloody diarrhoea. Stool culture is a standard diagnostic measure. Digestive issues and nutritional inadequacies are more frequent in children with bloody diarrhoea. Bloody diarrhoea often lasts longer and is more problematic than watery diarrhoea. It has a high percentage of case fatalities and adversely impacts a child's growth. Rehydration therapy shall be started immediately to prevent dehydration associated complications and fatalities. Treatment with fluoroquinolones as first-line medications, beta-lactams and cephalosporins as second-line medications is recommended. Further clinical research is however needed to define the clinical efficacy of available treatment and management strategies.
A Risk‐Informed Community Framework for the Assessment of Chemical Hazards
Authors: Smith Curtis , Vedros Kurt , Martinez Kenneth , Kuipers David 
Published: October 2022

We present the Data and Risk‐Informed Chemical Assessment Technique (DRICAT), a quantitative/qualitative risk analysis technique for assessing the risk of a potential chemical release incident that may lead to a mass casualty event in United States communities. Risk assessment is a comprehensive, structured, and logical analysis approach aimed at identifying and assessing risks in “systems” for the purpose of improving management of these systems. DRICAT leads to better understanding and effective management of risks from chemical incidents through risk and scenario identification and ranking by severity by helping community planning to minimize morbidity and mortality during and after potential events. As such, DRICAT is designed to be reproducible, evidence‐based, practical, and scalable for different types of communities and the possible chemical hazards present in that community. Recognizing that many communities have assessment protocols and response mechanisms already in place, we believe these DRICAT characteristics will enhance both existing chemical incident awareness and readiness activities while providing a baseline approach for communities lacking chemical release risk analysis techniques.To understand where potential hazards might exist within a community, it is useful to consider drivers for hazards (i.e., those factors that influence the presence of the hazards and the uncertainty). DRICAT uses essential elements of information (EEI) to identify chemical initiating events (IE) which are a part of potential hazardous scenarios. Both formal and informal approaches can be used to identify initiators arising from chemical hazards. DRICAT focuses on precursor events and a deductive approach using a hazard identification diagram. EEI data sources for community chemical hazards range from informal (e.g., social media, and local news outlets) to formal vetted databases. EEIs include systematic identification of hazards, community factors that affect hazards (e.g., population density, weather, and commodity flows), associated IEs, and grouping of individual causes into like categories. IE characteristics may vary among communities and include IEs that may lead directly to a chemical release or may require additional mitigative failures. DRICAT leverages EEIs to identify IEs to build and rank chemical accident scenarios from IE to the potential outcome. The likelihood of this release and the consequence of the release determine the overall risk.
INFORMATIONAL DIVERSIONS IN THE CONFLICT IN UKRAINE
Authors: Manoilo Andrei V. 
Published: October 2022

Aim. To identify and classify the forms and methods of information war in the modern conflict in Ukraine (during the Special Military Operation).Methodology. The study was carried out using the methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, and interpretation of the results.Results. The forms and methods of conducting information war in Ukraine during the Special Military Operation (strategic information operations, special propaganda, fake news, and operational games with the elites) are identified and classified. It has been revealed that the most prominent means of the information warfare is the special propaganda, the goals and methods of which have not changed since the Cold War; strategic information operations, which are operational combinations of foreign intelligence, in this conflict at the present stage are present only in the form of the so-called "Incident in Bucha". It has been established that fake news massively produced by the Ukrainian side and its Western "sponsors" is aimed at diverting the attention of the Russian side (forces and means of information warfare) from the real operational combinations conducted by the CIA and MI-6 ("diversion to an unusable object").Research implications. Information about the latest forms and methods of organizing and conducting information operations in the conditions of the Special Military Operation in Ukraine can be used in the work of state bodies responsible for organizing a systemic counteraction to information aggression by foreign states, and will also be useful to political scientists, political technologists, and specialists in countering destructive political technologies.
Evidence for Parainflammation According To Differential Leukocyte Ratios in a Cohort of Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Patients
Authors: Ogbonna Ogbuabor Alphonsus , Ogbuabor Mabel Chika , Chinwe Onyeka Ibe 
Published: October 2022

Diabetes mellitus has over the years become a public health and a complex disease. It is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. The present study was designed to determine the differential leukocyte ratios in type 2 diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic controls. A total of 240 subjects comprising 120 type 2 diabetic patients (60 males and 60 females) aged 20-25 years and 120 apparently healthy age and gender-matched controls were recruited for the study. Blood samples (5.0ml) was collected from each subject for the analysis of the parameters using the Mindray 530 BC automated analyzer, Mindray, Japan. The data was analyzed using T-test with level of significance set at p < 0.05. The result revealed significant increase in the differential leukocyte ratios involving the Monocyte Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR) (0.38 + vs 0.15 +0.017) and the Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) (3.15 + 3.57 vs 1.65 + 0.65) in the type 2 diabetic patients and the non-diabetic controls. This finding demonstrates alterations in differential leukocyte ratios which supports occurrence of parainflammation in type 2 diabetic patients.
PENGUATAN KEBERLANJUTAN UMKM INDONESIA MELALUI SUSTAINABLE FINANCE LAB
Authors: Iman Harymawan  , Andini Tri Indahsari  , Fajar Kristanto Gautama Putra  
Published: October 2022

Dampak perubahan iklim, seperti pandemi, gelombang panas, kenaikan permukaan air laut, banjir, kekeringan, dan kebakaran hutan, memicu munculnya fenomena yang merugikan pelaku sektor usaha. Kerugian tersebut berupa supply shock, kesulitan keuangan, penurunan upah rill, penurunan daya beli konsumen, dan kerugian-kerugian lainnya. Selain menghadapi ancaman, UMKM harus beradaptasi dengan perubahan arah kebijakan yang disebabkan perubahan iklim. Penguatan kompetensi dan keahlian UMKM di bidang keberlanjutan menjadi sangat penting, mengingat kontribusi UMKM yang sangat signifikan terhadap Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) Indonesia dan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Pengabdian ini dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan UMKM beradaptasi dengan perubahan iklim dan memberikan kesempatan kepada mereka untuk mendapatkan investasi dari investor. Terdapat tiga metode yang digunakan untuk memastikan tujuan pengabdian ini tercapai. Metode tersebut adalah mempersiapkan dan menyeleksi mahasiswa melalui Sustainable Finance Course, pendampingan UMKM, dan business matching. Aktivitas Sustainable Finance Course hingga business matching dilakukan secara daring (online). Pada kegiatan pertama, mahasiswa dari seluruh Indonesia berpartisipasi mengikuti pelatihan keberlanjutan yang telah dipersiapkan tim peneliti. Selain mendapatkan materi, terdapat uji kompetensi untuk mahasiswa yang dilakukan untuk menjaring mahasiswa yang memenuhi kualifikasi sebagai mentor. Mahasiswa yang terpilih akan menjadi mentor UMKM selama 2 bulan. Materi pendampingan yang diberikan mentor kepada UMKM terdiri dari, materi pengantar keberlanjutan, strategy map berbasis keberlanjutan, keuangan dan pajak, pembuatan video, Social Return On Investment (S-ROI), dan pitch deck. Di akhir pendampingan, UMKM akan melakukan business matching di hadapan investor. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesempatan UMKM mendapatkan pendanaan. Kegiatan ini dapat meningkatkan kompetensi keberlanjutan UMKM sebesar 90%. Selain peningkatan kompetensi, UMKM juga berhasil menyusun strategy map berbasis keberlanjutan, laporan keuangan, video keberlanjutan, dan analisis S-ROI.
MENINGKATKAN KESADARAN WANITA USIA SUBUR DALAM PENCEGAHAN STUNTING PADA SERIBU HARI PERTAMA KEHIDUPAN
Authors: Ni Ketut Alit Armini  , Aqil Akmaludin Makarim  , Nurvania Aurellia Budirahmadina  , Nabila Azzahra Alifia  , Oktavira Prastika  , Dina Akmarina Setianto  
Published: October 2022

Stunting merupakan salah satu permasalahan kesehatan masyarakat yang masih menjadi prioritas di Indonesia termasuk Jawa Timur. Stunting adalah gangguan pertumbuhan linier yang ditandai dengan kualitas gizi yang kurang selama 1000 hari pertama kehidupan. Stunting tidak hanya mencerminkan masalah perawakan pendek, tetapi juga mencerminkan gizi buruk antar generasi. Tujuan pengabdian masyarakat meningkatkan kesadaran wanita usia subur dalam pencegahan stunting pada seribu hari pertama kehidupan. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat dilaksanakan di Desa Dooro dan Desa Lengkong Kecamatan Cerme Kapupaten Gresik. Terlibat dalam kegiatan perwakilan petugas kesehatan Puskesmas Dadap Kuning Kabupaten Gresik, Bidan koordinator desa, dan Kader posyandu. Sasaran kegiatan sekitar 45 orang wanita subur dari dua Desa, yang dilaksanakan dengan curah pendapat, ceramah dan diskusi interaktif. Media yang untuk mempermudah penerimaan informasi berupa XBanner, Poster dan leaflet. Peserta terlihat antusias mengikuti kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat. Tanggapan dan pertanyaan disampaikan peserta, kepada pemateri dan tim puskesmas. Wanita usia subur menyatakan memahami dan sadar bahwa penanggulangan stunting pada seribu hari pertama kehidupan sangat penting.
Iron Deficiency in the United States: Limitations in Guidelines, Data, and Monitoring of Disparities
Authors: Jefferds Maria Elena D. , Mei Zuguo , Addo Yaw , Hamner Heather C. , Perrine Cria G. , Flores-Ayala Rafael , Pfeiffer Christine M. , Sharma Andrea J. 
Published: October 2022

Iron deficiency and the more severe sequela, iron deficiency anemia, are public health problems associated with morbidity and mortality, particularly among pregnant women and younger children. The 1998 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations for prevention and control of iron deficiency in the United States is old and does not reflect recent evidence but is a foundational reference for many federal, clinical, and program guidelines.Surveillance data for iron deficiency are sparse at all levels, with critical gaps for pregnant women and younger children. Anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia are often conflated but should not be. Clinical guidelines for anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia give inconsistent recommendations, causing nonsystematic assessment of iron deficiency. Screening for iron deficiency typically relies on identifying anemia, despite anemia’s low sensitivity for iron deficiency. In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, more than 70% of iron deficiency is missed among pregnant women and children by relying on hemoglobin for iron deficiency screening.To improve assessment and diagnosis and strengthen surveillance, better and more complete data and updated foundational guidance on iron deficiency and anemia are needed that consider new evidence for measuring and interpreting laboratory results. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S8):S826–S835. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306998 )
Effects of Sugary Drink Countermarketing Videos on Caregivers’ Attitudes and Intentions to Serve Fruit Drinks and Toddler Milks to Young Children
Authors: Harris Jennifer L. , Phaneuf Lindsay , Fleming-Milici Frances 
Published: October 2022

Objectives. To test the effects of countermarketing videos addressing common misperceptions about ingredients and claims on children’s sugary drinks. Methods. We conducted an online randomized controlled experiment in January 2021 with US caregivers (n = 600) of young children (aged 8‒37 months) to assess the effects of watching countermarketing versus control videos on intentions to serve sugary and healthy drinks (6-point scales) and attitudes (10-point scales) about fruit drinks and toddler milks. Results. The countermarketing videos significantly reduced positive attitudes about fruit drinks (mean difference = 0.92) and toddler milks (mean difference = 2.10), reduced intentions to serve both (mean difference = 0.50 and 0.92, respectively), and increased intentions to serve plain milk (mean difference = 0.52) versus control videos (all Ps < .001). Intentions differed by individual characteristics, but the videos remained effective after we controlled for these characteristics. Moreover, the videos were more effective for toddler milks versus fruit drinks, and effects on fruit drink intentions were greater for Black versus White caregivers and caregivers of children aged 24 months or younger. Conclusions. A countermarketing campaign aimed at diverse caregivers of young children designed to correct misleading children’s drink marketing presents a promising public health approach for reducing sugary drink consumption in the first 1000 days. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S8):S807–S816. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307024 )
Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Acetabular Fractures Treated Operatively without a C-Arm in Ethiopia
Authors: Hailu Samuel , Leulseged Amanuel , Lemma Shikuria 
Published: October 2022

Background:
There is little evidence describing the open treatment of displaced acetabular fractures in low-resource environments. We endeavored to determine the results of the operative management of acetabular fractures without intraoperative C-arm use in a developing nation, through the assessment of patient-reported outcome measures.

Methods:
This was a prospective, single-surgeon, consecutive case series conducted in a tertiary referral hospital in Ethiopia, a high-population, low-income country. The primary author performed fixation without the use of a C-arm in 108 patients from among a total of 202 patients presenting with acetabular fracture. The modified Harris hip score (mHHS) and Short-Form Health Survey (SF)-36 at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively were used to assess the outcome.

Results:
Of the 108 patients potentially available for analysis, 92 (85%) were available for 2-year follow-up (mean age of 35 years; range, 15 to 70 years). The mean duration from injury to surgery was 16 days (range, 1 to 204 days). Seventy-three (78.5%; n = 93) of the patients had associated fracture patterns. The most common fractures were associated both-column type (22%) and transverse-plus-posterior-wall type (22%). The mean mHHS was 91; 88% of the patients had a score of ≥80, and 12% had a score of ≤79. SF-36 scores were in alignment with the mHHS. The majority (approximately 90%) of our cohort returned to work. We did not find a significant difference in the mean mHHS between patients with or without anatomic reduction (p = 0.31). However, 2-year radiographic outcomes were strongly associated with the mean mHHS (p < 0.001). Predictors of a lower mHHS included older age, cartilage damage, and lack of secondary congruence.

Conclusions:
Good functional outcomes were achieved at 2 years among patients with acetabular fractures surgically treated without the use of a C-arm in a limited-resource setting. Surgical congruence of the femoral head under the acetabular roof, rather than the absolute residual gap, seems essential in determining clinical outcomes. This information can help in planning increased access to care for individuals who experience traumatic injuries in low- and middle-income countries.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Clomiphene citrate plus letrozole versus clomiphene citrate alone for ovulation induction in infertile women with chronic anovulation: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Chera-aree Pattraporn , Tanpong Sirikul , Thanaboonyawat Isarin , Laokirkkiat Pitak 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Objective

To compare the efficacy of combination clomiphene citrate (CC) plus letrozole with that of CC alone for ovulation induction in infertile women with chronic anovulation.

Material and methods

This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Infertility and Reproductive Biology Unit of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand during the November 2020-December 2021 study period. Anovulatory women aged 18–40 years were equally allocated into either the CC 50 mg plus letrozole 2.5 mg once daily group or the CC 50 mg once daily group. The study drugs were administered on days 3–7 of each study patient’s menstrual cycle. The primary outcome was the ovulation rate defined by serum progesterone > 3 ng/mL at mid-luteal phase. The secondary outcomes were menstrual cycle characteristics, endometrial thickness, conception rate, and adverse events.

Results

One hundred women (50 per group) were enrolled. The mean age and prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome were non-significantly different between groups. The ovulation rate according to intention-to-treat analysis was 78% and 70% in the combination and CC alone groups, respectively (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference between groups for either mean endometrial thickness or number of dominant follicles. No serious adverse events were observed in either group.

Conclusion

There was no significant difference between combination CC plus letrozole and CC alone relative to their ability to induce ovulation in infertile women with chronic anovulation. The small number of live births (1 per group) was too low to be statistically analyzed.
A new algorithmic approach for maximum likelihood estimation of the pseudo-copula regression: P-MBP
Authors: Erdemir Övgücan Karadağ 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this study, a pseudo-maximization by parts method is introduced by developing the maximization by parts algorithm for the parameter estimation of pseudo-copula regression models. Sub and main score equations are obtained from the pairwise log-likelihood function and solved by the proposed iterative algorithm. The pseudo-maximization by parts algorithm is an iterative algorithm to avoid having to calculate the second-order derivative of the full log-likelihood function as maximization by parts algorithm. Instead of the Gaussian copula function in maximization by parts algorithm, the pseudo-Gaussian copula function is included in the new algorithm. The mean square errors of the estimators found by the maximization by parts algorithm and the pseudo-maximization by parts algorithm were compared using real Turkish comprehensive insurance data taken from the Turkish Insurance Information and Monitoring Center for the year 2017 and it is notable that the proposed algorithm provided better results in terms of having lower errors.
Mathematics Subject Classification (2010). 62F99, 62J12, 62P05