bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Motivational Theory of Roles, Rewards, and Institutions
Authors: Abrutyn Seth , Lizardo Omar 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we attempt to rehabilitate the notion of role by linking sociological role theory to recent work on motivational, affective, and cognitive neuroscience specifying the internal mechanisms behind motivated action. We argue that there is nothing inherently problematic or retrogressive in the idea of “role,” once its link to a purely normative account of motivated action is severed. Instead, by conceptualizing roles as emerging and persisting around structured reward systems, we are able to incorporate contemporary motivational science such that rewards become the proximate causal mechanisms currently missing in role theory. Consequently, a key implication of our argument is that the best way to link role, action, and structures is by reviving the idea of institutions as literal reward systems, which allows us to envision roles as the mechanisms via which the pursuit and delivery of rewards and goal‐objects are routinized. Implications for a motivational theory of roles, rewards, and institutions is discussed.
Bulevirtide for patients with compensated chronic hepatitis delta: A review
Authors: Degasperi Elisabetta , Anolli Maria P. , Lampertico Pietro 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChronic hepatitis delta (CHD) affects approximately 10–20 million people worldwide and represents the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis, as it is characterized by high rates of progression to cirrhosis and its complications (end‐stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma). In the last 30 years, the only treatment option for CHD has been represented by the off‐label administration of Interferon (or Pegylated Interferon)‐alpha: antiviral treatment, however, resulted in suboptimal (20–30%) virological response and was burdened by several side effects, de facto contraindicating Interferon (IFN) administration in patients with more advanced liver disease. Recently, Bulevirtide (BLV), a first‐in‐class HBV‐HDV entry inhibitor blocking Na+‐taurocholate co‐transporting polypeptide (NTCP), has provided very promising efficacy data in Phase II and Phase III (interim analysis) trials as well as in preliminary real‐life reports. In July 2020, BLV has granted conditional approval by EMA for treatment of compensated CHD, at the dose of 2 mg/day by self‐administered subcutaneous injections. In Phase II and Phase III trials, BLV was evaluated at different doses (2 vs. 10 mg/day) for 24 or 48 weeks, either in monotherapy or in combination with PegIFN. Administration of BLV monotherapy for 24 or 48 weeks resulted in 50%–83% virological response (HDV RNA ≥ 2 Log decline) rates and 45%–78% ALT normalization. Combination therapy with PegIFN provided synergistic effects. These results were replicated in real‐life studies and confirmed also in patients with advanced cirrhosis and clinically significant portal hypertension. BLV treatment was optimally tolerated, resulting only in an asymptomatic increase of bile acids.
Identifying the core components of a nursing home hospital avoidance programme
Authors: O'Neill Barbara J. , Dwyer Trudy , Parkinson Lynne , Reid‐Searl Kerry , Jeffrey Dee 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundNursing home hospital avoidance programmes have contributed to a reduction in unnecessary emergency transfers but a description of the core components of the programmes has not been forthcoming. A well‐operationalised health‐care programme requires clarity around core components to evaluate and replicate the programme. Core components are the essential functions and principles that must be implemented to produce expected outcomes.ObjectivesTo identify the core components of a nursing home hospital avoidance programme by assessing how the core components identified at one nursing home (Site One) translated to a second nursing home (Site Two).MethodsData collected during the programme's implementation at Site Two were reviewed for evidence of how the core components named at Site One were implemented at Site Two and to determine if any additional core components were evident. The preliminary updated core components were then shared with seven evaluators familiar with the hospital avoidance programme for consensus.ResultsThe updated core components were agreed to include the following: Decision Support Tools, Advanced Clinical Skills Training, Specialist Clinical Support and Collaboration, Facility Policy and Procedures, Family and Care Recipient Education and Engagement, Culture of Staff Readiness, Supportive Executive and Facility Management.ConclusionThis study launches a discussion on the need to identify hospital avoidance programme core components, while providing valuable insight into how Site One core programme components, such as resources, education and training, clinical and facility support, translated to Site Two, and why modifications and additions, such as incorporating the programme into facility policy, family education and executive support were necessary, and the ramifications of those changes. The next step is to take the eight core component categories and undertake a rigorous fidelity assessment as part of formal process evaluation where the components can be critiqued and measured across multiple nursing home sites. The core components can then be used as evidence‐based building blocks for developing, implementing and evaluating nursing home hospital avoidance programmes.
FAR knockout significantly inhibits Chilo suppressalis survival and transgene expression of double‐stranded FAR in rice exhibits strong pest resistance
Authors: Sun Yingjuan , Gong Youwei , He Qingzhen , Kuang Suijie , Gao Qiao , Ding Wenbing , He Hualiang , Xue Jin , Li Youzhi , Qiu Lin 
Published: August 2022

SummaryChilo suppressalis is one of the most prevalent and damaging rice pests, causing significant economic losses each year. Chemical control is currently the primary method of controlling C. suppressalis. However, the indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides increases pest resistance, pollutes the environment and poses a significant health threat to humans and livestock, highlighting the need to find safer, more pest‐specific and more effective alternatives to pest control. Plant‐mediated RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising agricultural pest control method that is highly pest‐specific and has less of an impact on the environment. Using multi‐sgRNAs/Cas9 technology to delete Fatty acyl‐CoA reductase (FAR) of C. suppressalis in the G0 generation, we show that downregulating FAR transcription may significantly increase the mortality rate and darken the epidermis of C. suppressalis compared with the control. Subsequently, we developed dsFAR transgenic rice lines using Agrobacterium‐mediated genetic transformation and then screened three strains expressing dsFAR at high levels using transcriptional level analysis. Using transgenic rice stems, a laboratory feeding bioassay indicated that at least one line (L#10) displayed a particularly high level of insect resistance, with an insect mortality rate of more than 80%. In the field trials, dsFAR transgenic rice displayed high levels of resistance to C. suppressalis damage. Collectively, these results suggest the potential of a new environment‐friendly, species‐specific strategy for rice pest management.
Elevated [CO2] raises the temperature optimum of photosynthesis and thus promotes net photosynthesis of winter wheat and rice
Authors: Lv Chunhua , Huang Yao , Sun Wenjuan , Yu Lingfei , Hu Zhenghua 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAtmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) has increased by 49% since the pre‐industrial era, and this increase will continue. Photosynthesis has long been recognized as one of the most temperature‐sensitive processes, while far less is known about how elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]) affect crop photosynthesis response to short‐term temperature increase. To reveal the effect, we measured gas exchange of winter wheat and rice with various leaf temperatures (TL) under different [CO2] conditions (ambient, +120 μmol mol−1 in wheat, +160 μmol mol−1 in rice, and +200 μmol mol−1 in both) using open‐top chamber facility. Analysis of the measurements showed that e[CO2] generally increased net photosynthesis (Pn) by 10–40% across various TL at different developmental stages. The temperature sensitivity of Pn was negatively correlated with TL. Elevated [CO2] raised the temperature optimum (Topt) of Pn by 1.8–5.6°C for wheat and 2.2–4.8°C for rice, resulting in a wider range of TL that can promote Pn. The responses of stomatal conductance, the maximum rate of carboxylation and the ratio of intercellular to growth environment [CO2] to Topt are not only crop‐specific but also stage‐dependent. Furthermore, there is a divergence in the relationships between photosynthetic parameters for wheat and rice at Topt. We conclude that e[CO2] raises Topt of leaf photosynthesis and thus promotes Pn of winter wheat and rice in a humid subtropical climate. Further research on the coordination of leaf hydraulic and photosynthetic parameters in upland wheat and irrigated rice, as well as their response to e[CO2] should be made in the context of climate change.
Hooker's rule‐consequentialism, disasters, demandingness, and arbitrary distinctions
Authors: Woollard Fiona 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAccording to Brad Hooker's rule‐consequentialism, as well as ordinary moral prohibitions against lying, stealing, killing, and harming others, the optimific code will include an over‐riding “prevent disaster clause”. This paper explores two issues related to the disaster clause. The first issue is whether the disaster clause is vague—and whether this is a problem for rule‐consequentialism. I argue that on Hooker's rule‐consequentialism, there will be cases where it is indeterminate whether a given outcome counts as a disaster such that it is permissible to infringe a given prohibition to avoid that outcome. I argue that it counts in favour of Hooker's rule‐consequentialism that it makes this space for vagueness. The second issue is how to understand the disaster clause so that it does not make rule‐consequentialism intolerably demanding—and more particularly whether avoiding over‐demandingness requires the rule‐consequentialist to place a counterintuitive limit on requirements to aid. I will argue that rule‐consequentialism can avoid over‐demandingness without placing a counterintuitive limit on requirements to aid.
Agricultural labor markets and the inverse plot size–productivity relationship: Evidence from China's apple growers
Authors: Li Xingguang , Huo Xuexi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe size–productivity relationship and the reasons for the relationship had puzzled researchers and policymakers for decades. As rural internal labor markets had gradually developed in China, influencing mechanisms of agricultural labor markets on land size–productivity relationship were worth being deeply analyzed. Two main contributions to the existing literature were that: (1) owing to the labor‐intensive production characteristics, better‐developed rural internal labor markets, and fewer measure errors in self‐reported plot size and production, apple growers were used to analyze the plot size–productivity relationship and the reasons for the relationship in rural China for the first time; (2) the household fixed‐effect model was used to remove the impacts of household‐level unobservable variables, and positive impact of labor input on agricultural productivity was analyzed. The empirical results from 1163 plot‐level data indicated that: (1) when labor input was not included, the inverse plot size–productivity relationship was robust for apple growers; (2) agricultural labor input was a key reason for the inverse plot size–agricultural productivity relationship; (3) transaction costs of participating in agricultural labor markets influenced the inverse plot size–productivity relationship by changing the amount of labor input. This line of study was conducive to improving the efficiency of rural internal labor markets and increasing agricultural productivity.
Panoramic radiographs and dental patients with Down syndrome: A scoping review
Authors: Scott Antonia M. , Reed Warren M. , Ajwani Shilpi , Parmenter Trevor R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIntroductionLife expectancy for people with Down syndrome (DS) has increased to 60 years, although poor oral health affects their quality of life. Panoramic radiographs (PRs) are usually well‐tolerated by people with DS and can provide valuable diagnostic data for treatment planning and research. Methods A scoping review of peer‐reviewed articles published between 1971and 2021 was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews to determine the scope of use of PRs for people with DS.Results937 papers were screened, and 52 papers were included and charted into seven categories in this review. A high prevalence of tooth agenesis (TA) and other anomalies were reported in 45% of papers. Severe periodontal disease was considered characteristic of DS in the 1970s–80s and the benefit of time‐consuming treatment was questioned. Since 2000 case reports illustrate that improved oral care, orthodontic treatment, and dental implants under local or general anaesthetic can improve the quality of life for people with DS.ConclusionPRs play an important role in the diagnosis of anomalies, periodontal disease, and implant planning for patients with DS. This review highlights the gaps in research of caries, pathology, TMJ, systemic disease indicators, and guidelines for dentists. Systematic PR viewing, with a knowledge of characteristic features of DS, will assist diagnosis of pathology and improve comprehensive dental care treatment planning for children and adults with DS.
OsSGT1 promotes melatonin‐ameliorated seed tolerance to chromium stress by affecting the OsABI5–OsAPX1 transcriptional module in rice
Authors: Li Ruiqing , Zheng Wenying , Yang Ruifang , Hu Qunwen , Ma Liangyong , Zhang Huali 
Published: August 2022

SUMMARYChromium (Cr) pollution threatens plant development and growth. Application of melatonin (Mel) is emerging as an effective ally to resist stress, but how Mel ameliorates seed germination upon exposure to heavy metals is poorly understood. Here, we found (i) that seed priming with Mel considerably alleviated Cr stress during rice (Oryza sativa) seed germination and (ii) that germination performance was significantly improved in suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1 (OsSGT1) overexpression lines, while mutations of OsSGT1 and/or abscisic acid‐insensitive 5 (OsABI5) noticeably abrogated such Mel‐induced tolerance to Cr. Complementation assays suggested that the restored expression of OsSGT1 could not rescue the weak germination of sgt1‐1abi5 under Cr stress, even upon Mel priming, but the expression of OsABI5 driven by the promoter of OsSGT1 significantly restored the Mel‐ameliorated germination and the expression of ascorbate peroxidase 1 (OsAPX1) in sgt1‐1abi5. Further analysis indicated that OsABI5 directly regulated the transcriptional expression of OsAPX1, whose encoding products promoted H2O2 scavenging to maintain redox homeostasis, which is essential for germination. Collectively, this work demonstrates that OsSGT1 regulates OsABI5 to target OsAPX1, mediating the stimulatory effects of Mel on germination of Cr‐stressed seeds, which provides a guide for the application of Mel in rice production.
The (non) accuracy of mitochondrial genomes for family‐level phylogenetics in Erebidae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Ghanavi Hamid Reza , Twort Victoria , Hartman Tobias Joannes , Zahiri Reza , Wahlberg Niklas 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe use of molecular data to study the evolutionary history of organisms has revolutionized the field of systematics. Now with the appearance of high throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies, more and more genetic sequence data are available. One of the important sources of genetic data for phylogenetic analyses has been mitochondrial DNA. The limitations of mitochondrial DNA for the study of phylogenetic relationships have been thoroughly explored in the age of single locus phylogenetic studies. Now with the appearance of genomic scale data, increasing number of mitochondrial genomes are available, leading to an increasing number of mitophylogenomic studies. Here, we assemble 47 mitochondrial genomes using whole genome Illumina short reads from representatives of the family Erebidae (Lepidoptera), in order to evaluate the accuracy of mitochondrial genome application in resolving deep phylogenetic relationships. We find that mitogenomes are inadequate for resolving subfamily‐level relationships in Erebidae, but given good taxon sampling, we see its potential in resolving lower level phylogenetic relationships.
Gas Turbine Compressor Washing Economics and Optimization Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Musa Gali , Igie Uyioghosa , Di Lorenzo Giuseppina , Alrashed Mosab , Navaratne Rukshan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Studies have shown that online compressor washing of gas turbine engines slows down the rate of fouling deterioration during operation. However, for most operators, there is a balancing between the performance improvements obtained and the investment (capital and recurring cost). Washing the engine more frequently to keep the capacity high is a consideration. However, this needs to be addressed with expenditure over the life of the washing equipment rather than a simple cost-benefit analysis. The work presented here is a viability study of online compressor washing for 17 gas turbine engines ranging from 5.3 to 307 MW. It considers the nonlinear cost of the washing equipment related to size categories, as well as nonlinear washing liquid consumption related to the variations in engine mass flows. Importantly, the respective electricity break-even selling price of the respective engines was considered. The results show that for the largest engine, the return of investment (RoI) is 520% and the dynamic payback time of 0.19 years when washing every 72 h. When this is less frequent at a 480-h interval, the investment return and payback are 462% and 0.22 years. The optimization study using a multi-objective genetic algorithm shows that the optimal washing is rather a 95-h interval. For the smallest engine, the investment was the least viable for this type of application.
An alternative formalism for modeling spin
Authors: Powers Sam , Stojkovic Dejan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe present an alternative formalism for modeling spin. The ontological elements of this formalism are base-2 sequences of length n. The machinery necessary to model physics is then developed by considering correlations between base-2 sequences. Upon choosing a reference base-2 sequence, a relational system of numbers can be defined, which we interpret as quantum numbers. Based on the properties of these relational quantum numbers, the selection rules governing interacting spin systems are derived from first principles. A tool for calculating the associated probabilities, which are the squared Clebsch–Gordan coefficients in quantum mechanics, is also presented. The resulting model offers a vivid information theoretic picture of spin and interacting spin systems. Importantly, this model is developed without making any assumptions about the nature of space-time, which presents an interesting opportunity to study emergent space-time models.
Correlation of the Phase Angle with Muscle Ultrasound and Quality of Life in Obese Females
Authors: Primo David , Izaola Olatz , Gómez J. J. López , de Luis Daniel 
Published: August 2022

Introduction. Phase angle (PhA) has been suggested to be an indicator of body cell mass and nutritional status. Clinically, the phase angle supposedly reflects body cell mass and cell membrane function, and the higher the phase angle, the better is the cell function. Muscle ultrasound (US) is an emerging nutritional assessment technique. Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness and correlation of PhA with muscle US of quadriceps rectus femoris (QRF) in obese female subjects and the relationship with quality of life and physical performance. Material and Methods. In a total of healthy 50 obese female patients, anthropometric data by BIA, muscle mass by ultrasound at the QRF level, analytical determination, blood pressure, and quality of life were measured. Physical performance was assessed, too. Results. In total, 50 female obese patients were included with a mean age of 45.9 ± 2.4 years. The mean body mass index was 32.1 ± 1.6 kg/m2 with a mean weight of 83.5 ± 14.6 kg. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation of PhA with all US parameters corrected by squared height (anteroposterior muscle thickness, circumference, cross-sectional area, and Echo-intensity). The correlation analysis of biochemical parameters with PhA showed a positive correlation with serum albumin and total protein levels. Physical activity and vitality scores of SF36 were correlated with PhA. Finally, PhA was positive correlated with physical performance, doing push-ups in 30 seconds (

r

=0.42;

p

=0.03) and doing squats in 30 seconds (

r

=0.54;

p

=0.02), without correlation with the time of 1.5 km walk. Conclusion. PhA was correlated with muscle area, muscle circumference, muscle echo intensity, serum protein, quality of life SF-36, and strength physical performance.
Mavorixafor, an Orally Bioavailable CXCR4 Antagonist, Increases Immune Cell Infiltration and Inflammatory Status of Tumor Microenvironment in Patients with Melanoma
Authors: Andtbacka Robert H.I. , Wang Yan , Pierce Robert H. , Campbell Jean S. , Yushak Melinda , Milhem Mohammed , Ross Merrick , Niland Katie , Arbeit Robert D. , Parasuraman Sudha , Bickley Kris , Yeung Cecilia CS , Aicher Lauri D. , Smythe Kimberly S. , Gan Lu 
Published: August 2022

Purpose:Mavorixafor is an oral, selective inhibitor of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor that modulates immune cell trafficking. A biomarker-driven phase Ib study (NCT02823405) was conducted in 16 patients with melanoma to investigate the hypothesis that mavorixafor favorably modulates immune cell profiles in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and to evaluate the safety of mavorixafor alone and in combination with pembrolizumab.Experimental Design:Serial biopsies of melanoma lesions were assessed after 3 weeks of mavorixafor monotherapy and after 6 weeks of combination treatment for immune cell markers by NanoString analysis for gene expression and by multiplexed immunofluorescent staining for in situ protein expression. Serum samples taken at biopsy timepoints were evaluated for key chemokine and cytokine alterations using the Myriad Rules Based Medicine multiplex immunoassays.Results:Within the TME, mavorixafor alone increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration, granzyme B signal, antigen presentation machinery, and both tumor inflammatory signature (TIS) and IFNγ gene expression signature scores. Increases in the key serum cytokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 were further enhanced when mavorixafor was combined with pembrolizumab. Adverse events (AE), as assessed by the investigator according to NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (v4.03), related to either mavorixafor or pembrolizumab (≥15%) were diarrhea, fatigue, maculopapular rash, and dry eye. Reported AEs were all ≤ grade 3.Conclusion/Discussion:Treatment with single-agent mavorixafor resulted in enhanced immune cell infiltration and activation in the TME, leading to increases in TIS and IFNγ gene signatures. Mavorixafor as a single agent, and in combination with pembrolizumab, has an acceptable safety profile. These data support further investigation of the use of mavorixafor for patients unresponsive to checkpoint inhibitors.Significance:Despite survival improvements in patients with melanoma treated with checkpoint inhibitor therapy, a significant unmet medical need exists for therapies that enhance effectiveness. We propose that mavorixafor sensitizes the melanoma tumor microenvironment and enhances the activity of checkpoint inhibitors, and thereby may translate to a promising treatment for broader patient populations.