bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increases in subsistence farming due to land reform have negligible impact on bird communities in Zimbabwe
Authors: Pringle Stephen , Chiweshe Ngoni , Dallimer Martin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHabitat alterations resulting from land‐use change are major drivers of global biodiversity losses. In Africa, these threats are especially severe. For instance, demand to convert land into agricultural uses is leading to increasing areas of drylands in southern and central Africa being transformed for agriculture. In Zimbabwe, a land reform programme provided an opportunity to study the biodiversity response to abrupt habitat modification in part of a 91,000 ha dryland area of semi‐natural savannah used since 1930 for low‐level cattle ranching. Small‐scale subsistence farms were created during 2001–2002 in 65,000 ha of this area, with ranching continuing in the remaining unchanged area. We measured the compositions of bird communities in farmed and ranched land over 8 years, commencing one decade after subsistence farms were established. Over the study period, repeated counts were made along the same 45 transects to assess species' population changes that may have resulted from trait‐filtering responses to habitat disturbance. In 2012, avian species' richness was substantially higher (+8.8%) in the farmland bird community than in the unmodified ranched area. Temporal trends over the study period showed increased species' richness in the ranched area (+12.3%) and farmland (+6.8%). There were increased abundances in birds of most sizes, and in all feeding guilds. New species did not add new functional traits, and no species with distinctive traits were lost in either area. As a result, species' diversity reduced, and functional redundancy increased by 6.8% in ranched land. By 2020, two decades after part of the ranched savannah was converted into farmland, the compositions of the two bird communities had both changed and became more similar. The broadly benign impact on birds of land conversion into subsistence farms is attributed to the relatively low level of agricultural activity in the farmland and the large regional pool of nonspecialist bird species.
Conductive‐noise suppression control improved by synchronous compensation for switching
Authors: Hanioka Shota , Iezawa Masahiro , Ogasawara Satoshi , Takemoto Masatsugu , Orikawa Koji , Ohara Shunsuke 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn noise suppression control that switches between two inverters with opposite phases, the synchronization accuracy of switching limits the noise reduction and bandwidth. To improve the noise suppression control, this paper proposes a control method that detects the rise and fall of the inverter output voltage and compensates for the synchronization error between two inverters. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by applying it to the double‐three‐phase motor drive system; the synchronization error was reduced to 10 ns.
Efficient and simple simulation method for matching stress‐permeability test results
Authors: Zhang Tong , Zhang Cun , Song Ziyu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn the process of pressure‐relief mining in high gas coal seams and hydraulic fracturing of deep coalbed methane, a large number of irregular fractures are generated inside the coal, which becomes the main path for gas migration. The stress sensitivity of fractures directly affects the gas migration characteristics in the coal. For better matching stress‐permeability test results, a fluid–solid coupling simulation method with the joint stiffness changing method (JSCM), which accommodates fracture (or joint) stiffness through the stress acting on the fracture, is proposed. The stress sensitivity of permeability under different stress states was matched in a simulation and compared with a laboratory experiment. This method has the following advantages compared with the traditional joint stiffness fixing method (JSFM). (1) The JSCM does not need to set the residual joint aperture, which can match a wider range of stresses, so there is no upper limit in principle. (2) The JSCM can match the laboratory test results better than the JSFM. A parameter‐determining method for the JSCM is given for the flow test results. Based on the JSCM, the flow in an irregular fracture under different confining and axial stresses was determined. The results show that the occurrence of segmental fractures with different dip angles in persistent fractures determines the stress sensitivity of the fracture flow. With the increase in axial stress, the fracture aperture of the horizontal section is reduced, causing the decrease in horizontal section seepage capacity. It determines the whole flow of the persistent fracture. While with the increase in confining stress, the fracture aperture of vertical section is greatly reduced and causing flow rate of the whole fracture reducing greatly.
Between a rock and a hard place: The consequences of complex headquarters configurations for subsidiary R&D activities
Authors: Gillmore Edward , Andersson Ulf , Dellestrand Henrik 
Published: February 2022

AbstractResearch summaryChallenges related to the complexity of overlapping multiple partner headquarters configurations, the resulting power and political tensions between headquarters, and the consequent effects of multiple interventions in subsidiary value‐creating activities remain an understudied phenomenon. We present a rich case study of how complex overlapping headquarters configurations develop. Then, we present the processes underlying power and political tensions that lead to parenting disadvantages between partner headquarters. We find that multiple and simultaneous headquarters interventions place the subsidiary between a rock and a hard place, as it becomes subject to conflicting headquarters voices. We contribute to the literature on parenting in multinational enterprises through an increased understanding of overlapping headquarters configurations and the power and political tensions between headquarters configurations that stimulate interventions in subsidiary R&D mandates.Managerial summaryMultinational enterprises are exposed to a plethora of complex challenges. To meet these challenges, the organizational structure often becomes complex. We focus on the causes and consequences of complex headquarters structures, that is, operating with multiple partner headquarters, within multinational enterprises in relation to the allocation and reallocation of subsidiary R&D mandates. We observe that headquarters interventions are driven by expectations and assigned roles to manage the multinational enterprise. Being aware of what partner headquarters are doing, that is, possessing system knowledge, can prevent redundant involvement by and competition between headquarters. Our findings indicate that if headquarters' knowledge of the system is low, this may cause the emergence of conflicting headquarters voices and considerable frustration among subsidiary managers.
FGF4 protects the liver from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by activating the AMP‐activated protein kinase–Caspase 6 signal axis
Authors: Song Lintao , Wang Luyao , Hou Yushu , Zhou Jie , Chen Chuchu , Ye Xianxi , Dong Wenliya , Gao Huan , Liu Yi , Qiao Guanting , Pan Tongtong , Chen Qiong , Cao Yu , Hu Fengjiao , Rao Zhiheng , Chen Yajing , Han Yu , Zheng Minghua , Luo Yongde , Li Xiaokun , Chen Yongping , Huang Zhifeng 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background and Aims
NAFLD represents an increasing health problem in association with obesity and diabetes with no effective pharmacotherapies. Growing evidence suggests that several FGFs play important roles in diverse aspects of liver pathophysiology. Here, we report a previously unappreciated role of FGF4 in the liver.

Approach and Results
Expression of hepatic FGF4 is inversely associated with NAFLD pathological grades in both human patients and mouse models. Loss of hepatic Fgf4 aggravates hepatic steatosis and liver damage resulted from an obesogenic high‐fat diet. By contrast, pharmacological administration of recombinant FGF4 mitigates hepatic steatosis, inflammation, liver damage, and fibrogenic markers in mouse livers induced to develop NAFLD and NASH under dietary challenges. Such beneficial effects of FGF4 are mediated predominantly by activating hepatic FGF receptor (FGFR) 4, which activates a downstream Ca2+–Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase kinase beta–dependent AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)‐Caspase 6 signal axis, leading to enhanced fatty acid oxidation, reduced hepatocellular apoptosis, and mitigation of liver damage.

Conclusions
Our study identifies FGF4 as a stress‐responsive regulator of liver pathophysiology that acts through an FGFR4‐AMPK‐Caspase 6 signal pathway, shedding light on strategies for treating NAFLD and associated liver pathologies.
Mechanisms and molecules: What are the treatment targets for primary biliary cholangitis?
Authors: Mayo Marlyn J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is not always sufficient to prevent progression to hepatic decompensation and/or need for liver transplant. Adjuvant therapy with obeticholic acid may provide additional biochemical improvements in some patients, but it is not well‐tolerated by patients with significant itch or advanced cirrhosis. Thus, new and creative approaches to treating patients with PBC are important to identify. This review discusses major potential therapeutic targets in PBC and provides examples of some specific agents currently in development for the treatment of PBC. Targets are broadly classified into those which strive to modify bile, inflammation, cell survival, or fibrosis. In bile, shrinking the size of the bile acid pool or modifying the quality of the bile by making it more hydrophilic or enriched in phosphatidylcholine may ameliorate cholestatic injury. Biliary epithelial cell survival may be extended by fortifying the bicarbonate umbrella or improving cell membrane integrity. Autoimmunity and cholangitis have the potential to be improved via regulation of the immune system. Targeting cytokines, immune checkpoints, and anti‐mitochondrial antibodies are examples of a more focused immunosuppression approach. Stem cell therapy and lymphocyte trafficking inhibition are more novel methods of broad immune regulation. Anti‐fibrotic therapies are also potentially useful for preventing progression of PBC. The nuclear hormone receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR) regulate many of these pathways: cholestasis, inflammation, and fibrosis, which is why they are being enthusiastically pursued as potential therapeutic targets in PBC.
Revealing subsurface processes in the Uhlířská catchment through combined modelling of unsaturated and saturated flow
Authors: Vitvar Tomáš , Jankovec Jakub , Šanda Martin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA novel transferable modelling approach was applied to reveal subsurface flow processes and thus complement, verify, and enhance the conceptual knowledge of the small (1.78 km2) mountainous experimental catchment Uhlířská in the northern part of the Czech Republic. We used the S1D model to simulate flow and tracer movement in the vadose zone. MODFLOW‐2000, MODPATH and MT3DS models were used to determine residence time and flow trajectories in the saturated zone. The isotopic tracers 3H and 3H/3He were used to calibrate the groundwater model in the deeper aquifer layers. The modelling approach was established to enhance our understanding and quantification of interactions between the hillslope (82% of the area) and wetland (18% of the area), as well as the aquifer beneath the catchment. Numerical methods corroborated the estimated groundwater residence times and provided a catchment water balance in support of process knowledge. The combined modelling yielded the following water balance for the period 1961–2014: 1220 mm annual precipitation amount, 456 mm of percolation through the soil matrix domain on hillslopes, 534 mm of water through the hillslope preferential domain, and 22 mm of water through the matrix of the riparian wetland. This partitioning resulted in an area‐weighted average annual groundwater recharge of 430 mm. The water residence time on the hillslopes did not exceed 1 year, and was about 10 years for the saturated zone, with 20% of water older than 100 years in the deepest part of the aquifer. The conceptual knowledge of subsurface hydrological processes combined with numerical modelling, computation of water balance and isotope‐supported calibration is considered innovative, particularly the 3H/3He method to determine water residence times of young groundwater in the saturated zone. Lessons learned and recommendations are presented to apply the knowledge from the Uhlířská in the broad context of small research catchments.
Carbon concentrations in natural and restoration pools in blanket peatlands
Authors: Chapman Pippa J. , Moody Catherine S. , Turner T. Edward , McKenzie Rebecca , Dinsmore Kerry J. , Baird Andy J. , Billett Mike F. , Andersen Roxane , Leith Fraser , Holden Joseph 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOpen‐water perennial pools are common natural features of peatlands globally, and peatland restoration often results in new pool creation, yet the concentrations of different forms of aquatic carbon (C) in natural and artificial restoration pools are not well studied. We compared carbon concentrations in both natural pools and restoration pools (4–15 years old) on three blanket peatlands in northern Scotland. At all sites, restoration pools were more acidic and had mean dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in restoration pools of 23, 22, and 31 mg L−1 compared with natural pool means of 11, 11 and 15 mg L−1 respectively across the three sites. Restoration pools had a greater fulvic acid prevalence than the natural pools and their DOC was more aromatic. Restoration pools were supersaturated with dissolved CO2 at around 10 times atmospheric levels, whereas for natural pools, CO2 concentrations were just above atmospheric levels. Dissolved CH4 concentrations were not different between pool types, but were ~200 times higher than atmospheric levels. Regular sampling at one of the peatland sites over 2.5 years showed that particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations were generally below 7 mg L−1 except during the warm, dry summer of 2013. At this regularly‐sampled site, natural pools were found to process DOC so that mean pool outflow concentrations in overland flow were significantly lower than mean inflow DOC concentrations. Such an effect was not found for the restoration pools. Soil solution and pool water chemistry, and relationships between DOC and CO2 concentrations suggest that different processes are controlling the transformation of C, and therefore the form and amount of C, in natural pools compared to restoration pools.
Reduced fetal urine production rate—An early marker of fetal inflammatory response syndrome in preterm premature rupture of membranes: Prospective cohort study
Authors: Jain Ankita , Aggarwal Richa , Gupta Natasha , Mehndiratta Mohit , Gogoi Priyanka , Batra Prerna , Agarwal Rachna 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo find association between fetal urine production rate (FUPR) and fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) in preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).MethodsA prospective cohort study of 70 pregnant women with PPROM at 28–34 weeks of pregnancy was conducted. FUPR was calculated by performing serial fetal bladder volume measurements ultrasonographically and was repeated weekly until delivery. After delivery, cord blood interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) levels were measured. Placental tissue histopathology was performed and neonatal outcomes were noted.ResultsOut of 70 recruited patients with PPROM, 44 had evidence of FIRS (62.86%). Mean FUPR at the time of delivery was significantly reduced in neonates with evidence of FIRS compared with the Non‐FIRS group (13.89 ± 8.06 ml/h vs. 25.89 ± 4.94 ml/h). Out of 41 patients with reduced FUPR, 39 neonates had FIRS whereas only five out of 29 neonates with normal FUPR had FIRS (P < 0.001). Severe neonatal morbidity was found in 24 out of 41 (58.54%) neonates with reduced FUPR prenatally. The occurrence of respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis was significantly high in neonates with reduced FUPR.ConclusionReduced FUPR is strongly associated with FIRS in cases of PPROM and hence can be used as an early predictor of adverse neonatal outcomes.
Preoperative detection of occult endometrial malignancies in endometrial hyperplasia to improve primary surgical therapy: A scoping review of the literature
Authors: Laban Mohamed , El‐Swaify Seif Tarek , Ali Sara H. , Refaat Mazen A. , Sabbour Mohamed , Farrag Nourhan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe risk of undertreating occult endometrial cancer is a problem faced by gynecologists when treating endometrial hyperplasia. The objective of this study is to highlight diagnostic adjuncts to endometrial sampling techniques to improve preoperative detection of co‐existing cancer. A systematic search of databases till July 2021: PubMed, ISI‐Clarivate Web of Science, Scopus, and CENTRAL. A search of the related literature was also carried out. Two authors screened potential studies. Studies were included if they examined the diagnostic performance of any predictors of concurrent cancer in patients diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia. Authors charted variables related to literature characteristics (e.g., authors, year of publication), population characteristics (e.g., preoperative diagnoses), and variables related to our research questions (e.g., postoperative diagnoses, risk predictors). After screening 591 potential studies, 28 studies were included. Studies included the data of 7409 endometrial hyperplasia patients with 2377 concurrent endometrial cancer cases (32.1%). Forty potential predictors of concurrent cancer were investigated. We examined three categories of potential predictors: clinical (22 studies), histopathologic/imaging (16 studies), and molecular (six studies) predictors. The proposed predictors, age, menopausal status, diabetes, WHO and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia histopathologic criteria, pelvic magnetic resonance imaging, and molecular profiling are promising diagnostic adjuncts.
Effectiveness of ultrasound algorithm in prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobin Bart’s disease among pregnancies at risk
Authors: Harn‐a‐morn Panwad , Wanapirak Chanane , Sirichotiyakul Supatra , Srisupundit Kasemsri , Tongprasert Fuanglada , Luewan Suchaya , Tongsong Theera 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound algorithm in diagnosis of fetal Hb Bart’s disease among pregnancies at risk.MethodsPregnancies at risk underwent ultrasound for the first time at 12–14 weeks of gestation and serial ultrasound every 2–4 weeks until 24 weeks to identify pre‐hydropic signs. The invasive procedure was omitted in case of no pre‐hydropic signs.ResultsA total of 237 fetuses were recruited, including 53 affected and 184 unaffected fetuses. The algorithm has a sensitivity of 100% in the detection of fetal Hb Bart’s disease with a false positive rate of 10.9%. Of the affected group, the mean gestational age at the time of diagnosis was 15.5 ± 2.6 week. 30.8% of all pregnancies at risk underwent invasive procedures. The algorithm had a 70% reduction in the rate of invasive procedures among pregnancies at risk without missing the affected cases.ConclusionsThe algorithm is highly effective in the early detection of fetal Hb Bart’s disease with a detection rate of 100%, and invasive diagnosis can be avoided in about 70% of cases. Thus, this algorithm should be used as a guideline for prenatal diagnosis of fetal Hb Bart’s disease, especially in geographical areas of high prevalence.
Predictors of prior unsuccessful pharmacy abortion attempts among women presenting for abortion in government certified clinics in Nepal
Authors: Ahlbach Chris , Puri Mahesh C. , Daniel Sara , Rocca Corinne H. , Karki Sunita , Foster Diana Greene 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveAlthough abortion in Nepal is broadly legal and free of charge, many women seek abortion care outside the legal system, including from pharmacies. We evaluated the prevalence of, and factors associated with, prior unsuccessful abortion attempts among women presenting to 14 randomly‐selected government approved abortion health facilities across Nepal.MethodsEligible participants were recruited in 2019 by trained research staff from certified abortion facilities. Participants (n = 1160) completed research staff‐administered baseline surveys. We used multivariable mixed‐effects logistic regression models to evaluate factors associated with having attempted pharmacy abortion prior to coming to the health facility.ResultsAlmost one in seven (14%) women had tried to end their pregnancy before presenting to a participating clinic, often (9%) using medication obtained from a pharmacy. Women who lived farther from the clinic (aOR 1.28 per log hours travel time, 95% CI 1.10–1.49) and who reported financial difficulty in accessing the clinic (19% vs. 10%, aOR 2.10, 95% CI 1.20–3.70) had increased odds of having tried to access abortion through a pharmacy.ConclusionIntegrating pharmacies into the legal network of abortion providers may improve access to safe care, particularly for rural women with financial and practical travel limitations.
The economic toll of COVID‐19: A cohort study of prevalence and economic factors associated with postpartum depression in Kenya
Authors: Sudhinaraset May , Landrian Amanda , Mboya John , Golub Ginger 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the study is to examine the risk of postpartum depression (PPD) among women who delivered during the COVID‐19 pandemic compared to women who delivered before the COVID‐19 pandemic and how economic challenges are associated with PPD.MethodsData were collected from 2332 women. This includes 1197 women from healthcare facilities in 2019 who were followed up at 2–4 and 10 weeks postpartum. Additionally, we recruited 1135 women who delivered from March 16, 2020 onward when COVID‐19 restrictions were mandated in Kenya in the same catchment areas as the original sample to compare PPD rates.ResultsAdjusting for covariates, women who delivered during COVID‐19 had 2.5 times higher odds of screening positive for PPD than women who delivered before COVID‐19 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.92–3.15). Women who reported household food insecurity, required to pay a fee to cover the cost of PPE during labor and delivery and/or postnatal visit(s), and those who reported COVID‐19 employment‐related impacts had a higher likelihood of screening for PPD compared to those who did not report these experiences.ConclusionThe COVID‐19 pandemic has greatly increased the economic vulnerability of women, resulting in increases in PPD.
Direct C‐2 arylation of quinoxaline with arylhydrazine salts as arylation reagents
Authors: Wang Xing , Wang Bing , Miao Jing , Chen Yi , Zhu Gaofeng , Zhang Jiquan , Wang Jianta , Wang Haibo , Tang Lei , Wang Cong 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA transition metal‐free synthesis of 2‐arylquinoxaline is achieved by using arylhydrazine salt as an aryl radical arylation reagent and air as an oxidant in the presence of K2CO3. This protocol features metal‐free, no additives, mild reaction conditions, environment friendly, and can be used to construct biologically active molecules containing 2‐phenylquinoxaline structure.