bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sugarbeet Root Aphid Control in Southern Minnesota, 1991
Authors: Cambell Christopher D. , Hutchison William D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Performance of granular insecticides and granular plus liquid insecticide combinations applied before and after artificial infestation of SRA were evaluated in small plot trials at Rosemount, MN. 'Betaseed 2249' sugarbeets were planted on 21 May. Each treatment consisted of 4 50-ft rows on 22-inch centers; plants were not thinned. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications; 1 untreated row bordered treatments on either side. Pre-infestation treatments were applied on 17 Jul. Granular insecticides were applied using a Noble applicator in a 7-inch band at the base of both sides of the plants. Liquid insecticides were applied in a directed spray at the base of plants using a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 27 gal/acre. Plots were infested on 18 Jul by randomly planting 3, 4-wk-old SRA infested sugarbeet seedlings (x = 127.2 aphids/plant) in the center 2 rows of each treatment, as well as distributing about 200 nymphal and adult SRA by hand at the bases of plants in the same rows. Post-infestation insecticides were applied on 24 Jul with follow-up liquid insecticide applications on 14 Aug and 10 Sep. Both granular and liquid insecticides were applied in the same manner as pre-infestation treatments. All rows were cultivated about 4 d following the first post-infestation treatments. Four, 5-row-ft samples were taken from each replication (16/treatment) on 15 Oct. Percentage of beets infested was recorded and each beet was rated for level of infestation on a scale from 0 to 5: 0°uninfested beet; 1°colony diam &lt;1 inch; 2°1 or more colonies diam &lt; 1 inch; 3°colonies diam &gt;1 inch covering &lt;50% of the root surface; 4°colonies covering 50-90% of the root surface; 5°colonies covering 90-100% of the root surface. For any 5-row-ft sample with infested beets, 29 fl oz soil samples were also taken at random within the sample area to compare aphid densities.
Sugarbeet Root Maggot Control, 1991
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sugarbeets were planted by the grower on 24 Apr near Rupert, ID. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Twelve treatments and an untreated check were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 6 rows (22 inch row spacing) by 30 ft. Alleys were cut between plots to give 25 ft of row/plot. Tenax, Lorsban, Counter, and Temik were applied in a 4-5 inch band (BAP) behind the press wheel and chain incorporated at planting. Lorsban and Furadan were applied as a post-emergence spray (PES) on 22 May at early fly emergence in a 3-4 inch band sprayed over the top of the beet row using 50 gal water/acre (30 psi, hollow cone single nozzle). Temik, Lorsban, and Counter were applied post emergence (PE) in a 4 -5 inch band over the row and chain incorporated at peak fly on 3 Jun. On 24 Jul, 5 adjacent beets were dug from the middle of rows 2 and 5 of the 6 row plots to give 10 beets/plot for rating for root maggot damage. The beets were washed and rated using the following rating schemes: 5 Point: 0 = no scars; 1 = 1-4 small scars of pinhead size; 2 = 5-10 small scars to 3 large scars; 3 = more than 3 large scars; 4 = 50 to 75% root area blackened by scars; 5 = more than 75% of root area damaged; and 7 Point: 0 = no damage; 1 = 1 to 4 small scars of pinhead size; 2 = 5 to 10 small scars; 3 = more than 3 large scars; 4 = 4 large scars to 25% root surface covered with scars; 5 = 25 to 50% root surface covered with scars; 6 = 50 to 75% root area blackened by scars; 7 = more than 75% root surface blackened, dying beet. Root maggot damage is reported for both the 5 point and 7 point rating systems in the table as the sum for 10 beets/plot. Yield data were taken by digging and weighing the untared beets from the middle 2 rows of each plot and is reported in the table as the yield/50 row ft. Beets were harvested for yield on 2 Oct. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman- Keuls.
Control of Tobacco Aphids with Foliar Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 29 Apr, flue-cured tobacco was planted at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, in a field with a mix of Fuquay loamy sand and Norfolk loamy sand. Plots were 1 row (45 inches apart) wide by 25 plants (ca. 55 ft) long and were arranged in a randomized-complete block design with 6 treatments and 4 blocks, separated by an untreated buffer row. Within each plot, 1 leaf in the upper 1/3 of the plant with from 50-100 tobacco aphids was selected from 10 plants and tagged with fluorescent surveying tape. All aphids on these leaves were counted and recorded on 25 Jun to obtain a pretreatment count. Treatments were applied on 27 Jun with a CO2-pressurized spraying system mounted on a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 sprayer. Sprays were applied through a single Spraying Systems D2-33 full-cone nozzle per row at 60 lb psi and 25 gals/acre. Four, 11, and 18 DAT, the number of surviving tobacco aphids on the tagged leaves was counted and all plants in the plot were rated for aphid abundance (0-7). Using this count data, the percent control was calculated using Abbott's formula. Before ANOVA, percent control was transformed to arcsine percent/100. Waller-Duncan K-ratio t tests (K = 100) were used to separate treatment means. Means of untransformed data are reported.
Evaluation of Insecticidal Control of Hessian Fly in Wheat, 1989
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Lhaloui S. , El Houssaini K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in dryland wheat at Sidi El Aydi, Morocco, during the 1988-89 growing season. The Hessian fly susceptible variety, Nesma, was planted in a vertic calcixeroll soil (66% clay, 25% silt, 9% sand, and 1.87% organic matter). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The plots were 1.5 m wide (six rows) x 11 m long and separated by 0.5 m bare ground. Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow with the seed at planting (7 Dec 1988) to control the first generation HF. Foliar applications of insecticide sprays were made to control the second generation HF. They were applied with a hand operated backpack sprayer delivering 200 liter/ha the first week of Feb when the 2nd generation flight had just started. In Mar, 20 plants were collected from the outside rows of each plot and examined in the laboratory for 1st and 2nd generation Hessian fly and for sawfly. Minimum air temperatures for Dec through Mar averaged 4.5 to 6.0°C and maximum air temperatures averaged 18.4 to 22.8°C. A total of 132 mm of rain fell prior to planting, but after planting there were only 5 rainfall events during the period greater than 10 mm, 7 Jan, 25 Feb, and 17, 18, and 27 Mar for a total accumulation for the period of 147 mm.
Evaluation of Ac-303630 for Control of Citrus Thrips on Lemons, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch M. D. , McDaniel C. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three rates of AC-303630 and a top of label rate Carzol SP treatment for comparison to the current grower standard were applied to 5 ft tall trees at Sunset Nursery located near Yuma, AZ, on 10 Jul. Plots were 20 ft long and 5.5 ft wide and consisted of a single row of trees spaced 1.5 ft apart. Treatments were made with a C02 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 27.9 gal/acre at 40 psi with 4 boom mounted T-Jet 8001 nozzles. Ruffer PS was added at 0.25% and 2.0% Penetrator (both Helena Co.) was added to all treatments which were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were sampled 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAT. Ten terminals per plot were sampled during the morning hours. Sampling consisted of beating a tender terminal over a wire grid mesh screened, internally colored silver can approximately 8 inches deep that contained a white organdy cloth to assist in differentiating and counting nymphs and adult thrips.
Evaluation of Microbial and Insecticide Combinations for the Control of Cabbage Pests in Minnesota, 1991
Authors: Bartels D. W. , Hutchinson W. D. , Fontaine B. R. , Bolin P. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount in cabbage transplanted on 14 Jun. Plots were two rows on 36" centers, 40 ft long, and separated by 7 ft alleys on the sides and 10 ft alleys at the ends. They were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. A Spirit sprayer with 5 hollow-cone (TX-10) nozzles/2 rows, delivering 27 gal/acre at 45 psi, was used to treat each plot. Two plots (MVP & Ambush early) received 5 sprays while the remaining plots received only 4. Treatments were applied 27 Jun (MVP & Ambush early plots only), 17, 24, 31 Jul, and 14 Aug. Evaluations of larval numbers, aphids, and beneficials were made on 13 Aug by randomly selecting 5 heads/plot. Damage and marketability ratings were made on 29 Aug by randomly harvesting 5 heads/plot.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage
Authors: Palmer C. R. , Walgenbach J. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set on 28 May at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Plants were set 12 inches apart within 25 ft rows, and rows were on 3.5 ft centers. Double-row plots (50 plants) were separated by a single untreated row, and treatments were in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticide applications were begun at an infestation level of 50% plants infested with any lepidopterous larvae. Applications were made on 13, 24 Jun, 2, 9, 23 Jul, and 1 Aug. All applications were made with a C02 backpack sprayer operating at 50 psi and delivering 50 gal/acre through three hollowcone nozzles per row. The nozzles were arranged on the spray wand with one overhead and two drop nozzles. Rainfall was frequent during this trial with 4.7 inches in Jun and 8.2 inches in Jul. DBM, ICW, and CL populations were monitored by observing 10 plants per treatment, both at 3 and 7 DAT, and recording the total number of each species found. The 3 and 7 DAT counts, as well as the total season counts were analyzed. The plots were harvested on 6 Aug, and quality ratings were determined by rating 20 heads per treatment (80 total) on a scale of 0-5; 0 = no damage, 1 = minimal frame leaf damage, 2 = significant frame leaf damage + minimal wrapper leaf damage, 3 = significant wrapper leaf damage, 4 = head damage, and 5 = severe damage. Ratings of 0-2 were considered marketable and 3-5 were non-marketable.
Apple, Aphid Control, 1992
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a four-year-old orchard near Wenatchee, Washington. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with eight treatments and four replications. Experimental units consisted of single trees and were separated by buffer trees. Blocks were based on pre-treatment counts of 17 Jun. Aphids on the most heavily infested leaf of three tagged terminals per tree were counted in situ. Treatments were applied once, on 19 Jun, with the exception of Liquifish Fertilizer, which was applied three times: 19 Jun, 3 and 17 Jul. Per acre rates were based on a 400 gal/acre dilute application. Treatments were applied with a handgun operating at 300 psi. Trees were sprayed to the point of drip. Post-treatment counts were made weekly.
Apple, Spring Control of the Oblr with Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) Products, 1992
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three different Bt products were evaluated for their ability to control overwintered OBLR larvae. The test was conducted in two commercial orchards located near Milton-Freewater, OR. Trees in the HOME orchard were 20-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. Trees in the GALA orchard were 3-year-old ‘Gala’ on dwarfing roots. In the HOME orchard the test design consisted of two-tree plots replicated five times in randomized complete blocks. In the GALA orchard the test design consisted of five-tree plots replicated five times in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. First application of all treatments was made on 18 Mar, at the half-inch green-tip (HIG) stage of fruit bud development. The second application of the Bt products only was made on 25 Mar at the pink (P) stage of fruit bud development. On 8 Apr each tree was examined and the number of active feeding sites (live leafroller larvae) recorded.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Lance R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 13 Feb 1991. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 246 kg/ha) and covered with white on black plastic mulch on 6 Feb. Plants were spaced 0.3 m apart within rows and 0.76 m apart between rows on 1.8 m-center beds. Fertilizer (1680 kg/ha of granular 6:12:12) was applied and incorporated into the soil on 5 Feb. Goal 2 EC was applied (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) between the beds on 15 Feb for weed control. Plants were irrigated 4 h/day using a turbo T-tape drip irrigation system (model 40) which delivered 5.0 liters of water/m of dripline/h. All treatments, with the exception of the chemical insecticide standard, Phosdrin (0.56 Kg (AI)/ha), in combination with Cutlass WP (1.1 kg/ha), were biological insecticides consisting of Bacillus thuringienis var. kurstaki. X-77R (0.3 ml/liter) was added to three of the treatments, Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha), Javelin WG (1.1 kg/ha) and Phosdrin EC (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Cutlass WP (1.1 kg/ha). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 12.2 m long. A 3.0-m long section of nontreated plants separated replicates.
Eggplant: Hydrated Lime as an Insect Repellent, 1991
Authors: Boucher J. , Adams R. , Johnson F. , Packauskas R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Classic’ eggplant was transplanted 31 May, in Storrs, Connecticut. Plots consisted of 30 plants, 2 ft apart in 3 rows of 10 plants each. Rows were 4 ft apart. Three treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Asana + Butacide and hydrated lime were applied on 31 May, 7, 14, 21, 28 Jun, 4, 12, and 19 Jul. Upper and lower leaf surfaces of all plants were sprayed with water immediately prior to applying treatments. Water and Asana applications were made with a 3 gal CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 25 psi and delivering 40 gal/acre. Plants were sprayed from the top and from each side, by hand with a single hollow cone nozzle. Hydrated lime was applied with a crank-style duster at 50 lb/acre. All data were collected from the 10 plants in the center row of each plot with the exception of GPA which were counted on 5 leaves on each of 4 center row plants. Plants were rated for percent defoliation at fruit set on 26 Jul. Fruit was harvested, counted and weighed on 9, 16, 23, 29 Aug, 6, 13, and 20 Sep.
Evaluation of Conventional and Electrostatic Sprayers for Control of Spring Lettuce Pests, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch M. D. , McDaniel C. W. , Coates W. , Main G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two rates of Thiodan 2 CO EC and one gal/acre vegetable oil Cote were applied by two electrostatic sprayer models and also by conventional methods. Treatments were applied on Apr on head lettuce at the 4 leaf stage. Plots were 1 bed wide (2 rows/bed) by 25 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The electrostatic sprayers differed in their method of application with one (Electrostatic Spraying Systems, Inc.-Watkinsville, GA) being an air assist model that applied treatments with water and the other (Terronics, Inc.-Elwood, IN) using no water or air assist. Conventional treatments were made with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre H20 with a single T-Jet 8003 nozzle. An additional Cote treatment was made a low H20 volume to simulate an aerial application with the CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 11.2 gal/acre. Temperatures were &gt; 90°F when treatments were applied and high temperatures were &gt; 80°F the three days following application. Plants were sampled 3 DAT. Samples consisted of 12 entire plants/plot, which were placed in plastic bags and frozen. Insects present on samples were then separated and counted.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1992
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , DiFonzo Christina D. , Longtine Craig A. , Flanders Kathy L. , Hansen Roger 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted 14 May at the Research Farm of the Red River Valley Potato Growers Association, Grand Forks, ND. Plots were 4 rows wide, 18.9 m (62 ft) long, with 96 cm (38 in) spacing between rows and 30 m (12 in) between plants. Plots were arranged in 6 tiers of 34 plots each. Plots were separated laterally by two in planted rows (1.9 m) and tiers were separated by 7.6 m. Borders of plots were maintained weed-free by cultivation. The planting was divided into three experiments each consisting of a completely randomized plot design with 4 replications. Experiment 1 was to evaluate various rates and formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t) insecticides. Experiment 2 was to evaluate several synthetic organic insecticides and Cryolite. Experiment 3 was to evaluate two neem-based insecticides (ATI-720 and Margosan-O) alone or in combination with other insecticides. Plots were scouted daily for Colorado potato beetle egg masses beginning 11 Jun. When egg masses were found these were flagged and checked daily for hatch. Hatch of flagged eggs reached 25% on 22 Jun. Sprays were applied in all three experiments on 24 Jun, 7 Jul, and 15 Jul. Insecticidal sprays were applied using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, with a single Teejet nozzle over each row. Sprays were applied in 150 liters of water/ha (40 gal/acre) at 275 kPa (40 psi).
Efficacy of Insecticide Treatments on Squash, 1992
Authors: Deng X. , Ebert T. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted at the Wes Watkins Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Lane, Oklahoma. ‘Lemon Drop’ summer squash plants were transplanted 2 Jun, into beds with black plastic mulch and irrigated with a surface trickle irrigation system. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Each replicate consisted of a single row of 6 plants (2-ft plant spacing) on 6 ft centers. Rows were separated by 10 ft buffers. Foliar sprays were applied 11 and 19 Jul with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer mounted with 2 TX-18 nozzles calibrated to deliver 21.36 gallons per acre. Efficacy was evaluated by counting squash bug nymphs on 3 randomly selected plants per plot and alate and apterous melon aphids on 12 leaves/plot from the 3 plants with 4 leaves selected randomly from the central section of each plant. Counts were made 15 Jul (4 days after first treatment), 18 Jul (7 days after first treatment), 23 Jul (4 days after second treatment), and 26 Jul (7 days after second treatment). The data were subject to ANOVA and LSD.
Insect Control, 1992
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to 7-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi and 200 gal/acre. All treatments were made on 5 Jun (petal fall), 15 Jun (first cover), 29 Jun (second cover), 13 Jul (third cover), 25 Jul (fourth cover), and 10 Aug (fifth cover). The standard pesticide program consisted of Thiram 65 W (2.0 lb/100 gal) on 7 dates, and Nova 40 W (2.5 oz) on 5 dates. There were no mixtures of insecticides with other pesticides. There was a three-tree replication on each of the cultivars, ‘McIntosh,’ ‘Cortland,’ and ‘Red Delicious’ for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used. Except for the test trees, the orchard was not sprayed with insecticides or acaricides. On 27 Aug, up to 100-130 apples were picked from each of the 9 trees per treatment and examined on 9-14 Sep for external egg punctures (AM), egg-laying scars (PC), and typical feeding injuries (CM and LAW). Generally, the entire season was unusually cool with sufficient rainfall in Jun, Jul, and Aug.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1992
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Rouse J. R. , Boeve P. J. , Warshaw A. R. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 5 IA locations in 1992. Two of these locations were also used for cultivation-time insecticide tests. The soil type at Ames and Newell was loam; Crawfordsville, Sutherland, and Mt. Union was silt loam. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications for the root-protection trials (registered and numbered products) and 8 replications for the yield trials (registered and EUP products). All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length row with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Planter-mounted drag chains were used for insecticide incorporation. Granular cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically-driven Noble units mounted on the tool barof a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes, positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps, directed the insecticide granules to both sides of the corn row for basal treatments. Liquid insecticides were applied with a small-plot bicycle sprayer. Two 8003E nozzles, 1 on each side of the corn row, created the desired band width around the base of the plants. Liquid application rate was 10 gal/acre at 10 psi. Early cultivation-time applications (7-10 d prior to cultivation) consisted of a 15-inch band with no incorporation. All other liquid applications were done just prior to cultivation with a 7-inch band. Chemical phytotoxicity was checked in early Jun by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre and measuring the height of 10 consecutive plants from each treatment. Evaluation of root damage was started in mid-Jul, but due to excessive rainfall, the root ratings were not completed until mid-Aug. Rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating them on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the base of the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Stand counts (number plants per 1/1000 acre) were taken in the yield plots at harvest time. Yields were measured by hand harvesting 1/1000 acre from each treatment. To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with REGWQ.