bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVIII-B-7 Effects of Chitosan Supplementation on Growth Performance and Blood Metabolites in Broiler Chicks
Authors: Peña Edgar , Benítez-Hernández Asahel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chitosan is a natural polymer with different bioactive properties that can be used in non-ruminant species as chicks. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the dietary inclusion of 0.55% of chitosan on growth performance and blood metabolites in Rhode Island Red chicks under confinement conditions. A total of 30 chicks with an average weight of 36 g were assigned to randomized design and housed in cages of 5 animals and assigned to one of the following treatments for 21 days: 1) control diet, 2) control diet + chitosan 0.55% (CH55). Initial and final weight, feed intake and feed conversion were analyzed; additionally blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment to analyze glucose, cholesterol, high density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins, triglycerides and total protein. The results indicate that supplementation of chitosan improves the final weight in chickens and daily weight gain up to 17% (P&lt; 0.05). On the other hand, in blood metabolites, an increase in glucose concentration was found due to the addition of chitosan in the diet (P&lt; 0.05). The remaining variables did not show significant changes by chitosan supplementation and were within the reference range, which suggests that the addition of chitosan improved growth parameters but did not alter the health status of chicks.
Psychosocial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Racially/Ethnically Diverse Youth With Diabetes
Authors: Valenzuela Jessica M , Dimentstein Karen , Yee Shanique , Pan Bernard , Snyder Meg C , Wolf Risa M 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined caregiver perceived impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on a diverse sample of U.S. youth with diabetes and their families.MethodsCaregivers of youth with diabetes completed an electronic survey in English or Spanish at two sites. Participants provided demographic and disease characteristics and completed the COVID-19 Exposure and Family Impact Scales (CEFIS). Glycemic health was assessed via Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) from medical chart review. Analysis of variance and analyses of covariance were utilized to examine racial/ethnic differences in glycemic health and in COVID-19 Exposure, Impact, and Distress scales. Hierarchical linear regression was conducted to predict HbA1c. Thematic analysis was conducted on open-ended responses regarding the effects of COVID-19 on youth and families’ overall and diabetes-related well-being.ResultsCaregivers (n = 114) of youth with diabetes (M = 12.6 ± 3.5 years) completed study measures. Mean HbA1c for Non-Hispanic White youth was lowest and significantly different from Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Black youth. Exposure to COVID-19 stressors differed by race/ethnicity (p &lt; .05) with Hispanic caregivers reporting greatest exposure. CEFIS scales did not predict HbA1c after controlling for demographic/disease variables. Caregivers described child/family changes during COVID (e.g., more time together, health-related hypervigilance), as well as differences in diabetes management during COVID-19.ConclusionsFindings indicate differences in COVID-19 exposure but did not demonstrate other racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 impact or distress. Household income was the most important predictor of glycemic health. Addressing structural inequalities experienced by youth with diabetes and their families is critical. Recommendations to support families with diabetes are made.
Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Authors: Garg Sushil Kumar , Chari Suresh T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a type of chronic pancreatitis which is likely caused by immune dysregulation. There are two types of AIP. Type 1 AIP is a pancreatic manifestation of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease. It presents with painless obstructive jaundice and diffuse swelling of the pancreas on imaging. It is seen more commonly in elderly males. Approximately two-thirds of patients with type 1 AIP have elevated serum IgG4 levels. It is characterized histologically by dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, storiform fibrosis, and obliterated phlebitis. Type 1 AIP responds very well to steroids but has a high risk of relapse and patients frequently need steroids, immunomodulators, or rituximab to maintain remission. Type 2 AIP primarily affects the pancreas. It affects male and female patients equally in the third to fourth decade of life. These patients do not typically have elevated serum IgG4 levels or any other biomarkers, and tend to have more focal or segmental involvement than diffuse involvement of the pancreas. It is characterized histologically by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and intraluminal and intraepithelial neutrophils in the small and medium ducts. These patients respond to steroids and the likelihood of relapse is low.
Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Pancreas
Authors: Bhandare Manish S. , Gupta Vikas , Chaudhari Vikram A. , Shrikhande Shailesh V. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Most pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (p-NETs) have a sporadic occurrence and less than 10% form a part of various familial syndromes. Broadly, they can be classified as functional and non-functional tumours, based on the presence or absence of hormone secretion. Biological aggressiveness of p-NETs is determined by their degree of differentiation and rate of proliferation, and they are graded as per the World Health Organization’s classification into three grades (G1, G2, and G3). For evaluation and accurate staging of p-NETs, functional imaging has become an integral part of work-up and also guides treatment planning. Treatment decisions largely depend on the patient’s functional status and symptoms, the histological grade and size of the lesions, and the presence or absence of metastatic disease. Treatment options for p-NETs range from curative surgery to observation with close follow-up to palliation and medical therapies, including somatostatin analogues, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), chemotherapy, and targeted treatments.
Antiseizure Medications
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The prevalence of epilepsy ranges between 0.6% and 1%, and perhaps 70 million worldwide suffer from this condition. The mainstay of treatment is drug therapy. In the past decade, many new antiseizure medications (ASMs) have been introduced, so that there are now approximately 30 medications available to treat epilepsy. The healthcare provider therefore has many choices. However, having many alternatives also allows for the possibility of choosing an inappropriate or a suboptimal agent. For most seizures, there is little difference in efficacy between the different agents, and other factors chiefly influence drug selection. These include the potential adverse effects, comorbid conditions, concomitant medications, age, and gender, among others. The choice of medication should be guided by knowledge and familiarity with the ASMs. This book is designed as a practical tool for physicians and other healthcare providers. While the authors include a brief formal discussion of the basic pharmacology of each ASM, this text emphasizes how to select and use ASMs in a variety of clinical contexts. The authors discuss choosing drugs when faced with various medical comorbidities; how to correctly prescribe, titrate, and taper drugs; how to monitor drug efficacy and side effects; how to diagnose and manage toxicity; interactions with other drugs; and other relevant issues. The text is designed to fill an unmet need and should lead to improved patient care.
Monitoring Antiseizure Medications and Their Toxicity
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There is a correlation between the serum concentration of any antiseizure medication (ASM) and its therapeutic and toxic effects. Therapeutic drug monitoring seeks to optimize the desirable effects of ASMs while minimizing their undesirable properties. Because the therapeutic level varies between patients, the role of drug monitoring is somewhat controversial, with some clinicians holding the view that levels are irrelevant as long as seizures are controlled. However this requires hoping that a seizure does not occur while time passes, a situation that may be unacceptable to many patients. Therefore, it may be advantageous to obtain baseline serum levels to ensure that drug concentrations are within the range generally found in patients who either respond to medication or who take a dose known to be therapeutic.
Antiseizure Medications in the Elderly
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological problem in the elderly. Seizures in the elderly can be caused by strokes, brain tumors, trauma, infectious causes, toxic and metabolic causes, and degenerative diseases. While similar principles of drug selection apply to elderly individuals and to younger patients, certain factors carry greater weight in the elderly. Selection of the appropriate therapy should be guided by the recognition that older patients often have comorbidity and receive multiple medications. Decreased efficiency of renal and hepatic clearance and altered metabolism must all be considered when choosing a safe and effective antiseizure medication for an elderly patient.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Hematological Disorders
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many antiseizure medications (ASMs) are associated with hematological toxicity. A wide spectrum of hematological abnormalities can be seen after prescribing an ASM, ranging from mild thrombocytopenia or neutropenia to anemia, red cell aplasia, or even bone marrow failure. The magnitude of the problem is illustrated by the fact that at least one hematological abnormality was noted in 33% of patients taking valproate in one study. Fortunately, potentially fatal hematological disorders are rare; for example, aplastic anemia has an incidence of only a few cases per million per year. Nonetheless, knowledge of the hematological adverse effects of these drugs is crucial when selecting ASMs in patients with epilepsy.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Stroke
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Stroke and cerebrovascular lesions are the main cause of epilepsy in the elderly. Many similarities exist between cerebral ischemia and epilepsy regarding brain damage and autoprotective mechanisms that are activated following the injurious insult. Therefore, drugs that are effective in minimizing seizure-induced brain damage may also be useful in minimizing ischemic injury. On the other hand, some antiseizure medications (ASMs) may have detrimental effects in stroke patients, and there is evidence that recovery is worse in patients treated with particular ASMs after stroke. Thus, when selecting an ASM for a patient with stroke, one must consider its impact on comorbidity and comedications, its adverse effects, and its cost, among other factors.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Migraine Headaches
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two disorders are comorbid if they occur in the same person more frequently than by chance alone. Migraine and epilepsy appear to be comorbid. Migraine and epilepsy share several clinical features and may share some common pathophysiological mechanisms. Both are considered disorders of neuronal hyperexcitability, in that initial excessive neuronal activity in migraine leads to cortical spreading depression and aura, with the subsequent recruitment of the trigeminal nucleus leading to central sensitization and pain. In epilepsy, neuronal overactivity leads to the recruitment of larger populations of neurons firing in a rhythmic manner that constitutes an epileptic seizure. In addition, similar triggering factors have been identified for both migraine and epilepsy. Some antiseizure medications (ASMs) are effective in reducing migraine frequency.
Dopamine Antagonist-Induced Parkinsonism
Authors: Eid Abdulmunaim M. , Ondo William G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) can be defined as parkinsonism (at least two of four cardinal features) occurring in temporal relationship to medications known to lessen dopaminergic functioning. In fact, one of the first suggestions that dopamine may be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease was based on observing the effects of reserpine, a dopamine depleter, on movements. Individual susceptibility, genetic factors, older age, female sex, and higher doses of offending drugs that have more affinity to D2/D3 receptor for longer durations are known risk factors. However, the pathophysiology is likely more complex than simply blocking dopamine receptors. It’s nearly impossible to differentiate between DIP and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease based on clinical manifestations alone. DaTscan and other dopamine imaging modalities, transcranial sonography of the midbrain, and cardiac sympathetic imaging are more reliable in differentiating the two conditions and, in some cases, can predict which patients have underlying degenerative parkinsonism. Treatments of DIP include withdrawal of the offending drug or decreasing the dose, switching to a drug with less risk, and adding pharmacological agents such as amantadine, anticholinergics, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
Akathisia
Authors: Mohite Satyajit , Osman Ossama T. , Shahani Lokesh , Teixeira Antonio L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Akathisia is a frequently overlooked syndrome characterized by the subjective complaint of restlessness often with objective increase in movements, including pacing, rocking, and inability to sit or stand still. It is usually noticed within days or weeks of either starting or stopping antipsychotic treatment or changing dosage. Its clinical presentation may resemble other conditions such as anxiety and psychomotor agitation. The management of akathisia involves three steps: prevention, antipsychotic drug adjustment, and symptomatic strategies. Risks and benefits of antipsychotics should always be weighed-in to avoid akathisia. Even though second-generation antipsychotics were considered to have reduced risk for akathisia, recent data suggest that using second generation antipsychotics with high risk of akathisia would be as harmful as using any first-generation antipsychotics. Combinations, rapid upward or downward titrations, and sudden discontinuation of antipsychotics should be avoided. Beta blockers, anticholinergics, serotonergic medications, and benzodiazepines can help control the symptoms of akathisia.
Catatonia and Hypokinetic Movement Disorders
Authors: Mian Nidaullah , Bejjani Carla , Mehanna Raja 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter will discuss non-iatrogenic hypokinetic movement disorders. It will first discuss catatonia as an individual entity, then review hypokinetic movement disorders in depression and schizophrenia. The prototype of a hypokinetic or withdrawn catatonia presentation would be a patient manifesting features such as mutism, negativism, posturing, stupor, or obsessional slowness. Benzodiazepines are considered the first-line treatment for catatonia for their rapid onset of action and improvement in symptoms. Psychomotor retardation is recognized as one of the most fundamental features of major depression, involving changes in speech, facial expressions, eye movements, self-touching, posture, and speed and degree of voluntary movements. Parkinsonism in drug naïve schizophrenic patients is most often of the akinetic-rigid type, with bradykinesia and rigidity dominating the picture.
Individual Differences in Response to Trauma
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses in more detail on factors that can account for individual differences in the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): temperamental and personality traits such as neuroticism. It argues that personality can be considered to be a psychological immune system that helps in the processing of life events. It reviews the basic concepts of behavioral genetics and shows how they apply to trauma and PTSD. It argues that many of the findings concerning the biological correlates of PTSD reflect underlying vulnerabilities. The chapter also reviews the evidence that a previous history of trauma and/or mental disorder is an additionally strong risk factor for PTSD. It introduces the roles of historical and social factors in risk. The chapter goes on to further develop a biopsychosocial model of the disorder. Finally, it offers a review of the crucial difference between correlation and causation in understanding trauma.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe final chapter briefly summarizes the conclusions of this book. It ends by recommending a biopsychosocial model of PTSD. In this view, PTSD emerges from genetic vulnerabilities associated with high levels of Neuroticism, with adverse environmental stressors that may precede exposure to trauma, and to failures in social support, and that all these factors work in interaction with each other. Failure to acknowledge these complexities has led to simplistic views of the disorder, as a result of trauma alone. Failing to acknowledge the complexities of pathways to PTSD affects the choice of psychotherapies, many of which are concerned with the processing of traumatic experiences as opposed to seeing responses to trauma in the context of personality and previous life experiences.
Gastrointestinal
Authors: Adhikari Sapana P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter includes various images that pertain to the gastrointestinal system. The first images depict the normal digestive system followed by an image depicting the normal structures that are evaluated with a complaints of abdominal pain. The next images depict gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastritis and ulcer, upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding, hernia, esophageal foreign body, bowel obstruction, gallbladder disease, pancreatitis, diverticular disease, constipation, perirectal abscess, hemorrhoids, and appendicitis.
M6AREG: m6A-centered regulation of disease development and drug response
Authors: Liu Shuiping , Chen Lu , Zhang Yintao , Zhou Ying , He Ying , Chen Zhen , Qi Shasha , Zhu Jinyu , Chen Xudong , Zhang Hao , Luo Yongchao , Qiu Yunqing , Tao Lin , Zhu Feng 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
As the most prevalent internal modification in eukaryotic RNAs, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been discovered to play an essential role in cellular proliferation, metabolic homeostasis, embryonic development, etc. With the rapid accumulation of research interest in m6A, its crucial roles in the regulations of disease development and drug response are gaining more and more attention. Thus, a database offering such valuable data on m6A-centered regulation is greatly needed; however, no such database is as yet available. Herein, a new database named ‘M6AREG’ is developed to (i) systematically cover, for the first time, data on the effects of m6A-centered regulation on both disease development and drug response, (ii) explicitly describe the molecular mechanism underlying each type of regulation and (iii) fully reference the collected data by cross-linking to existing databases. Since the accumulated data are valuable for researchers in diverse disciplines (such as pathology and pathophysiology, clinical laboratory diagnostics, medicinal biochemistry and drug design), M6AREG is expected to have many implications for the future conduct of m6A-based regulation studies. It is currently accessible by all users at: https://idrblab.org/m6areg/
Nb12+—niobespherene: a full-metal hollow-cage cluster with superatomic stability and resistance to CO attack
Authors: Huang Benben , Zhang Hanyu , Gan Wen , Yang Mengzhou , Luo Zhixun , Yao Jiannian 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACTWhy one chemical is more stable than another is not always easy to understand. A unified answer for metal clusters has led to the establishment of the superatom concept, which rationalizes the delocalization of electrons; however, cluster stability based on superatom theory has not been confirmed unambiguously for any metal other than the s- and p-blocks of the periodic table of elements. Here, we have prepared pure niobium clusters and observed their reactions with CO under sufficient gas collision conditions. We find prominent inertness of Nb12+, which survives CO attack. Comprehensive theoretical calculation results reveal that the inertness of Nb12+ is associated with its cage structure and well-organized superatomic orbitals, giving rise to energetic superiority among the studied clusters. It is revealed that not only the 5s but also the 4d electrons of Nb delocalize in the cluster and significantly contribute to the superatomic state, resulting in reasonable cage aromaticity. This hollow-cage cluster, which we have called a ‘niobespherene’, provides a clue with regard to designing new materials of all-metal aromaticity and Nb-involved catalysts free of CO poisoning.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Imani Kai 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Opening with a thick descriptive story of a live breaking event titled “Being There” and a preface that quickly situates the author’s foregrounding of Africanist aesthetics, the introduction unpacks the book’s titular keywords: the dark matter metaphor about Africanist aesthetics, breaking (versus b-boying/b-girling and breakdancing), and cyphers. The author gives readers the scope and meaning of these terms within their cultural context. The introduction also details the book’s interdisciplinary approach—referred to as a “methodological mixtape”—which draws on ethnography, archival research, movement analysis, and the central role of the storytelling practices of practitioners. It ends with a chapter summary.
Badass B-Girls Dancing the Dissonance of a Breaking Sociality
Authors: Johnson Imani Kai 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Opening with a story of a contentious cypher exchange in Germany, marked by differences in race and gender, titled “Crossing the Line,” chapter 3 pivots to the possibilities of cyphers primarily comprised of b-girls. Through a focus on two Africanist aesthetics (rituals of derision and the imperative for originality) and a reconsideration of a previously published discussion of badass femininity, it explores how b-girls embody battling imperatives through “burns” and playing in the profane, thereby contending with normative notions of femininity whether they intend to or not. At the same time, their practice cannot be reduced to an assessment of gender, and, as they bring their whole selves to identities as b-girls, they enact a mode of relationality that fosters a competing sensibility on sociality, one that makes breaking a more inclusive space for future b-girls. The chapter focuses on Emiko, Black Pearl, Rokafella, and Hanifa Queen, and puts their oral histories in conversation with recent scholarship on b-girls internationally to expand a comparative analysis.
Coda
Authors: Johnson Imani Kai 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The coda pivots to consider the capacity for Africanist aesthetics to live online in what the author calls cyber cyphers. Rather than look at literal online footage of cyphers, the conclusion explores cypher-like experiences online or activated in social media, amplifying cyphers as speculative projects. While only a preliminary exploration of ideas offered by artist and educator D. Sabela grimes and filmmaker Arthur Jafa, this work asks questions that Africanist aesthetics might open up for how we watch and engage with dance. Throughout the concluding chapter are short descriptive stories that detail some of the ways the internet intersected with the ethnography. This short closing invites others to consider ideas that extend the project’s core questions in new future directions.