bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXIII-B-13 Investigation of Genetic Markers That may be Associated with Responses of Dairy Cows to Ketosis Treatment
Authors: Muniz M Malane M , Serrenho Rita Couto , Oliveira Gerson A , McArt Jessica A A , Duffield Todd , Schenkel Flavio S , Squires E James 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate genetic markers associated with different responses to ketosis treatment when compared to ketosis-free Holstein cows. Holstein cows (N=964) from four commercial farms, located in New York State/USA, were included in a randomized controlled trial for ketosis treatment for a period of 2 months (5/19/2019 to 7/20/2019). The cows were screened for BHB (β-hydroxybutyrate ≥1.2 mmol/L) in the first two weeks postpartum (0-14 DIM). Cows with negative results (BHB &lt; 1.2 mmol/L) in the first week (0-7 DIM) were retested in the second week of lactation (8-14 DIM), if negative at both screening tests, cows were categorized as ketosis-free (control group). The cows with positive results in the screening period (0-14 DIM) were treated as detailed in Capel et al. (2020) and reassessed in the following two weeks. According to the cow`s response to the treatment, they were classified as CURED, RECURRENT, SEVERE, and CHRONIC. Out of the 964 cows, 489 were genotyped using the 50k Illumina Bead Chip array. A mixed linear model-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out in GCTA software. The GWAS was performed for each ketosis outcome compared to the control group. Several potential genomic regions were identified on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 14, and 17. Overall, the highlighted genes included COL1A1, NEDD4l, DIP2A, CARD6, ITGA7, and MMP19, which have shared functions with genes previously associated with ketosis (e.g., CASP9, ACACA, and Interleukins) in pathways such as the transport of glucose and other sugars, bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds, Cell adhesion_ECM remodeling Pathway, TGF-beta signaling, Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain (NOD), and Mesodermal commitment. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms that trigger response to ketosis treatment and warrant further investigation.
PSXIII-B-5 Early Gestation Heat Stress Improved Measures of sow Growth Performance but did not Impact Fetal Growth
Authors: Byrd MaryKate , Stewart Kara R , Pasternak Alex , Johnson Jay S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In utero heat stress negatively impacts fetal development and alters postnatal phenotypes in swine. However, the effects of heat stress (HS) on fetal growth during early gestation is relatively unknown. The study objective was to evaluate the effects of gestational HS on measures of fetal growth in early gestation. Twenty-three gestating gilts were exposed to HS (n = 12; cyclic 26-38°C) or thermoneutral (TN; n = 11; 18.5 ± 1.2°C) conditions from gestation d 6 ± 0.9 to 33 ± 1.7. Vaginal temperature was recorded in 15 min intervals using data loggers. Respiration rates (RR) were recorded daily at 0800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 h. All gilts were individually-housed, and limit-fed 1.82 kg/d. Gilt body weights (BW) were measured weekly and average daily gain and gain:feed were calculated. At gestation d 33 ± 1.7, gilts were harvested and fetal weights and counts were recorded. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX. Vaginal temperatures and RR were greater (P &lt; 0.01) in HS (38.5 ± 0.1°C and 59 ± 2 bpm, respectively) versus TN gilts (38.0 ± 0.1°C and 29 ± 2 bpm, respectively). Although no initial BW differences were observed (P = 0.39; 148.8 ± 4.1 kg), final BW tended to be greater (P &lt; 0.07) for HS (166.5 ± 3.8 kg) versus TN (156.8 ± 4.0 kg) gilts. Average daily gain was increased (P &lt; 0.01) for HS (0.5 ± 0.1 kg/d) versus TN (0.3 ± 0.1 kg/d) gilts. Gain:feed was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for HS (0.27 ± 0.03) versus TN (0.16 ± 0.03) gilts. No fetal weight (P = 0.23; 4.3 ± 0.2 g/fetus) or count (P = 0.15; 15.2 ± 0.9 fetuses/gilt) differences were detected. In conclusion, HS-exposure during early gestation improved measures of growth performance in gestating gilts but did not impact fetal growth or count.
PSXIII-B-20 Variants within Genes Tspan18 and NRG3 Associated with Angular Limb Deformity in Rambouillet Rams
Authors: Becker Gabrielle M , Woods Julia , Schauer Christopher S , Webb Brett T , Stewart Whit C , Murdoch Brenda M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Incidence of angular limb deformities (ALD) have been described in many species of livestock and companion animals. Young, rapidly growing animals are at an increased risk for developing ALD. Although work has been done to identify the casual genetic basis of ALD, bone deformities are likely influenced by the environment, making clear genetic answers challenging to discover. Rambouillet rams from Wyoming, North Dakota and South Dakota annual ram performance tests have been observed to develop limb abnormalities consistent with ALD. Historical incidence of ALD in test rams has ranged from 3 to 18%. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted with 342 ram-test animals, including 40 ALD-affected rams and 302 unaffected rams collected over three consecutive years. Significant markers were identified within the genes tetraspanin 18 (TSPAN18; p-value = 4.87e-07) and neuregulin 3 (NRG3; p-value = 8.06e-07). In mice, Tspan18 has been proposed as a regulator of endothelial cell Orai1/Ca2+ signaling. Orai1 has also been shown to mediate osteogenic differentiation via the bone morphogenic protein signaling pathway, which suggests the possibility for TSPAN18 involvement in differentiation of chondrocytes and osteocytes. The gene NRG3 is a member of the neuregulin family, which encodes ligands for epidermal growth factor receptors ERBB3 and ERBB4. The epidermal growth factor receptor system has described roles in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast, chondrocyte and osteoclast cells. Identifying genetic risk factors for ALD has the potential to improve animal welfare and animal production in at-risk breeds. This study proposes TSPAN18 and NRG3 as targets for further research towards identifying genetic risk factors for ALD in Rambouillet sheep of the NW United States.
PSXIV-20 Potassium Carbonate Rescues Growth and Bone Attenuation Responses to Ammonium Chloride in Feed for Growing Pigs, Supporting the Importance of the K:Cl Ratio in Diet Formulations
Authors: Hutchinson Johanna , Kokinos Brittney P , Capdeville Mariola Grez , Amundson Laura A , Crenshaw Thomas D 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Addition of 2% NH4Cl to feed effectively attenuated growth of pigs fed a diet specifically formulated with reduced lysine, phosphorus, and potassium (HG). The reduction in K was intended to minimize the amount of NH4Cl required to attenuate growth, as the K:Cl ratio affects growth. The objective was to validate the importance of the K:Cl ratio in HG diets supplemented with 2.0% NH4Cl. The K:Cl ratio hypothesis assumes that excess Cl from NH4Cl supplements interacts with K to create an apparent K deficiency, as renal K excretion must increase to counterbalance excess Cl under restraints imposed by HG diets. Additions of K should rescue growth of pigs fed diets with 2% NH4Cl. After adjustment to individual pens, 18 F2 barrows (12-15 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets: Control standard diet (Ctl, n=4); basal HG, low K diet, no added NH4Cl (HG, n=4); HG+2% NH4Cl for growth-attenuation (2%NH4Cl, n=5); and HG+2%NH4Cl+K2CO3 to counter-balance excess Cl from NH4Cl (2%NH4Cl+K, n=5). Pigs were allowed free access to fresh water and assigned diets for 14 days. Daily pig weights and feed consumption, end of treatment urine electrolytes, and whole-body DXA scans were used to calculate gain, intake, body composition, and efficiency of Ca and P retention. Gain (74%); lean (72%); bone ash (58%); Ca (27%); and P (32%) efficiency traits were reduced (P&lt; 0.05) in pigs fed 2%NH4Cl vs. Ctl. Addition of K to NH4Cl diets partly rescued responses of these traits, restoring responses to that of pigs fed the HG diet. Inferences from urine electrolyte concentrations were consistent with K allowing an increase clearance of excess Cl. In conclusion, NH4Cl attenuation of growth and bone ash responses were mediated by K X Cl interactions. Future experiments will focus on diet modifications to enhance body composition during recovery.
PSXIII-13 Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Crushed Sasa Quelpaertensis Nakai on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality in Landrace Pigs
Authors: Shin Moon-Cheol , Lee Jong-An , Choi Jea-Young , Cho In-Cheol , Kim Hyeon-Ah , Yang Byoung-Chul 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics and physiological changes of growth performance by adding crushed Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai(SQN) to pig feed. The reason for using SQN is that SQN grows naturally under trees or at the foot of mountains and inhibits the growth of other plants, thereby preventing biodiversity maintenance. A total of 48 Landrace pigs with an average body weight of 45.11±6.16kg were assigned to four treatments with different levels of crushed SQN addition. The treatments were basal diet (control), basal diet supplemented with 2% SQN(T1), 4% SQN(T2) and 4% SQN(T2). The compound feeds were given ad libitum for 100 days. During the finishing period, the weight gain values in the four treatment groups were 111.37±3.66 kg, 109.40±3.27 kg, 106.10±3.28 kg and 103.50±3.27 kg, respectively. There was no significant difference in end-stage body weight, but the daily weight gain was 0.66±0.02kg, 0.64±0.02kg, 0.61±0.02kg, and 0.58±0.02kg, indicating that T1 was significantly (p&lt; 0.05) greater than that of other treatment groups. Carcass characteristics were tested at 180 days of age, and the thickness of back fat in each treatment group was 21.75±1.48mm, 20.40±1.32mm, 18.60±1.32mm, and 19.20±1.32mm. The SQN-added group showed a tendency to thin back fat. In the physicochemical analysis of pig sirloin, the fat content was also significantly decreased in the SQN-added group to 3.76±0.38%, 3.52±0.39%, 2.44±0.39% and 2.79±0.39% by treatment group. In the fatty acid composition, there was a difference in linolenic acid (C18:3n3), but there was no significant difference overall. According to the results of this study, it was difficult to observe anti-obesity effect of crushd SQN because it was not digested in pigs, a unit animal. However, if the SQN extract is used, the possibility of using it as a pig feed has been confirmed, and it is judged that it can be used as a reference for the development of feed additives.
PSXVI-15 Energy Concentration Prediction Models for Black Solider fly Larvae Using Chemical Composition
Authors: Ha Dong Uk , Park Kwanho , Kim Beob Gyun G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objectives were to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations in black solider fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larvae fed to pigs and to develop prediction equations for energy in BSF larvae. On a dry matter (DM) basis, 4 sources of defatted BSF larva meal contained 4,402 to 5,173 kcal/kg gross energy (GE), 46.5 to 62.0% crude protein (CP), 9.0 to 14.3% ether extract (EE), and 13.7 to 25.3% ash and a source of full-fat BSF larva contained 5,875 kcal/kg GE, 36.5% CP, 38.5% EE, and 16.3% ash. Six barrows with an initial body weight of 73.1 kg (SD = 2.3) were individually housed in metabolism crates. Six diets were assigned to the 6 pigs in a 6 × 7 Latin square design with 7 periods. A basal diet was composed of 97.6% corn as the sole energy source. Five experimental diets were prepared by replacing 25% of corn with BSF larva. Each period consisted of a 4-day adaptation period and a 4-day collection period for feces and urine collection. The DE and ME values in full-fat BSF larva (4,908 and 4,761 kcal/kg DM) were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than those in defatted BSF larva meal (3,791 to 4,269 kcal/kg DM and 3,577 to 3,878 kcal/kg DM). Energy prediction models developed for BSF larva were: GE (kcal/kg DM) = 5,707 + 36.2 × EE – 74.2 × ash (R2 = 0.98); DE (kcal/kg DM) = 4,575 + 29.1 × EE – 47.9 × ash (R2 = 0.99); and ME (kcal/kg DM) = 3,852 + 36.5 × EE – 30.0 × ash (R2 = 0.99) where chemical components are expressed as % DM. Overall, full-fat BSF larva contained greater energy concentrations compared with defatted larva meal and energy concentrations in BSF larva ingredients can be estimated using EE and ash concentrations.
PSXVI-10 Influence of Carbohydrate Rich co-Products and Fiber on Growth Performance and fat Quality in Finishing Pigs
Authors: Slim Ferial A , Verso Luca Lo , Guay Frederic 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In recent years, different strategies have been undertaken to reduce feed cost including incorporation of co-product. However, addition of large quantity of co-product can influence meat quality, especially fat quality. The main objective of the present study was to assess the effect of feeding high dairy/carbohydrate diets on growth performance and fat quality in finishing pigs.A total of 36 pigs [Yorkshire x Landrace(xDuroc)] were raised in commercial diets up to 75kg. At this time, pigs were distributed in six dietary treatments applied for 4 weeks. First three treatments were: a control diet (C) consisting of a corn-soybean meal diet, 25CoP containing 25% co-products (sucrose, whey and bakery meal) and 50CoP containing 50% co-products. Three other diets were formulated from 50CoP and supplemented with three sources of fiber: oat hull (50Oat),soy hull (50Soy) and wheat middling (50 Midd). Feed intake and average daily gain were recorded. After 4 weeks, pigs were slaughtered and a 5-cm strip of backfat was taken from each animal. A measurement of thermodynamic characteristics (melting behavior and solid fat content) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. ADG and ADFI were reduced in 25CoP compared with 50CoP with intermediary value for C (P&lt; 0.05). 50Soy had decreased ADFI while 50Oat had greater feed conversion than 50CoP (P&lt; 0.05). Only meat lean yield tended to be increased in 25CoP and 50Soy compared with 50CoP (P&lt; 0.09). Melting point onset and maximum were higher in 50CoP compared with C and 25CoP (P&lt; 0.05). Fiber supplementation reduced these melting points compared with 50CoP (P&lt; 0.01). Proportion of fat melted at -5°C and 5°C was decreased in 50CoP compared with C and 25CoP. Fiber increased these proportions of melted fat (P&lt; 0.01). This project shows that diet containing around 50% of rich carbohydrate co-product can negatively affect fat quality and fiber supplementation to reach 12% NDF restore the fat quality.
PSVI-4 Serum Metabolomic Characterization of Birth Weight and Neonatal Nutrient Restriction on Piglet Growth and Development
Authors: Wellington Michael O , Rodrigues Lucas Alves , Quinn Melissa A , Panisson Josiane C , Ferguson David P , Columbus Daniel A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective was to characterize developmental differences in low birth weight (LBW) and normal birth weight (NBW) piglets with or without nutrient restriction using serum metabolomic profile analysis. After farrowing, 112 piglets were selected as LBW (1.22 ± 0.28 kg) or NBW (1.70 ± 0.27 kg) and were categorized to receive normal nutrition (NN) or restricted nutrition (RN - 6 h/day no suckling) until d 28 when the pigs were weaned onto a common diet until d 56. Blood samples were taken on d 28 and d 56 (n=8 pigs/treatment) and were analyzed using quantitative metabolomics via a combination of direct injection mass spectrometry with a reverse-phase LC-MS/MS custom assay (TMIC prime). Data were normalized using logarithmic transformation and auto-scaling. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was carried out to further explore the differential metabolites among the treatments (metaboanalyst.ca) with an integrated enrichment and pathway topography analysis. The results suggest that at d 28, LBW piglets had decreased metabolites associated with fatty acid oxidation, glycolysis and TCA cycle metabolites, and essential amino acids such as valine, leucine, arginine. These indicate a decrease utilization of gluconeogenic, and TCA cycle pathways compared with the NBW group. On d 56, LBW piglets had increased utilization of fatty acids, exhibited by increased production of serum acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, compared with NBW. Additionally, the LBW piglets had decreased glucose utilization, pyruvate, succinate, citrate, a-ketoglutaric acid, and lactate compared with the NBW piglets. Due to low utilization of glycolysis and the TCA cycle, associated amino acids were less in LBW piglets, except for a increased glycerol which may indicate impairments in glucose tolerance. In summary, LBW piglets appear to have more metabolic deficiencies in early life, which is not resolved with nutrition in early life, but may be responsive to a tailored nutritional intervention post-weaning.
PSXIV-3 Effect of pen mud Accumulation on the Growth Performance Growing-Finishing Calf-fed Holstein Steers in the Feedlot During Summer in Southern California
Authors: Carvalho Pedro V , Latack Brooke C , Zinn Richard A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate the relationship between pen mud accumulation and growth performance of calf-fed Holstein steers during the extreme heat characteristic of the months of August and September in the Southern California desert region. Holstein steers (n = 105; initial BW = 443 ±17 kg) were utilized in 28-d experiment (August 17 – September 14, 2021). Steers were blocked by initial shrunk weight (220 d before the initiation of the experiment) and randomly assigned to 21 pens (5 steers per pen). Pens were 62 m2 with 25 m2 overhead shade, automatic waterers and 2.4 m fence-line feed bunks. All steers were fed a steam-flaked corn-based growing-finishing diet. A bolus measuring temperature activity (smaXtec Basic, Smaxtec Animal Care GmbH, Austria) was placed in the rumen of each steer 55 d before the initiation of the experiment (June 22, 2021). Mud scores were recorded weekly by visual inspection. Mud score was determined as the percentage of pens surface area covered with mud. Scores were determined as follows: 1 – 0 to 20% of pen covered by mud; 2 – 21 to 40% of pen covered by mud; 3 – 41 to 60% of pen covered by mud; 4 – 61 to 80% of pen covered by mud; 5 – 81 to 100% of pen covered by mud. Ambient temperature averaged 33.2 ±2.3° C for the experimental period. Temperature of dry pen surfaces was greater than that of muddy surfaces (50.3 vs 20.4° C, respectively, P &lt; 0.01). The relationship between ruminal temperature and pen mud score was not appreciable (P = 0.56). However, ADG was greater with a pen mud score of 2. Average daily gain decreased as pen mud score increased (r2 = 0.55). Similarly, feed efficiency was greatest in pens with a pen mud score of 2. Greater pen mud scores resulted in decreased feed efficiency (r2 = 0.56).
PSXVI-7 Sustainability Index Approach of the Brazilian Pampa Biome
Authors: Filho Luiz Queiroz , Grüeble Claus Köbrich , Barcellos Julio 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The need to increase food production resulting from agricultural activities is a major challenge for farmers. Thus, evaluating production systems from a sustainability perspective has become a priority in the Brazilian Pampa biome. in the last decade there has been an increase of croplands, soybean areas, and a decrease in rangelands from beef cattle production systems. This study connected to land use change, such as soil and water conservation; to an economic context, where the revenues and incomes are earned from different source. The aim of the study was to elaborate an index able to measure sustainability at farm-level. This index was developed to be adhered to the Brazilian Pampa biome context by the consultancy to perceptions of experts. The Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture Systems guidelines, developed by the FAO, was used as reference for the indicators that formed the sustainability index (iSus). After the selection of indicators, experts were consulted to judge their priorities according to the analytic hierarchy process methodology. An electronic form was developed through Google Forms and sent to experts from each region to judge the priorities for the dimensions, themes, and indicators. The selected dimensions did not present differences, demonstrating that in the perception of the experts, no dimension has priority. The investment (economic dimension), human health and safety (social dimension), and land and water (environmental dimension), had priority within the dimensions. In the indicator analysis, there were no differences between the perceptions of the experts. It was possible to define groups of indicators as high, medium, and low priority. Water management, safety and health, and net revenue had the highest priority in perception of the experts. The rating of priorities brought adherence from a regional context to the index. The incorporation of an iSus can contribute to broad actions to increase sustainability in beef cattle production systems. The utilization of the index will allow that basic premises of sustainability could be measured and identified.
PSII-B-18 Açai Seed as Fiber Source on Intake, Digestibility and Ruminal Parameters in Zebu Beef Cattle fed a High Concentrate Diet
Authors: Mezzomo Rafael , Lacerda Natalia G , Engle Terry E , Alves Kaliandra S , Oliveira Luis Rennan S , Vargas Julian Andrés C , Sousa Letícia S , Coelho Kalita Gabrielly S , Bisbo Shara Amélia S , Lima Silvana S , Gama Mariana Mirtes L , Gomes Daiany I 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of açaí seed (AS) as a fiber source on intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation parameters of beef cattle fed a high concentrate diet. Five rumen-fistulated Zebu bulls were used in a 5x5 Latin-square design. Treatments consisted of five diets with different inclusion rates of AS: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of the diet dry matter (DM). The total mixed ration contained 75% of concentrate and 25% of roughage. Mombasa grass silage and AS were used as the roughage sources. The concentrate portion of the diet contained cracked corn (61.8%), soybean meal (8%) and vitamin/mineral premix (5.2% of DM). Each experimental period lasted 25 d and the last 11 d were used for data collection. Total fecal collections were performed over three days. Titanium dioxide was used to estimate the omasal outflow. Statistical significance was declared at P &lt; 0.05, and tendency at 0.05 &gt; P &lt; 0.10. A linear increase was observed for DM (P= 0.07), organic matter (P &lt; 0.05), crude protein (CP, P &lt; 0.05), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake with the inclusion rate of AS. Intake was greatest in bulls receiving diets containing 20% AS. A linear decrease (P&lt; 0.05) in NDF digestibility was detected with the inclusion rate of AS. DM, CP digestibility, and metabolic energy were similar across treatments (P &gt; 0.10). Ruminal and intestinal DM and nutrient digestibility were similar between the treatments (P &gt; 0.10). Rumen concentrations of acetic acid increased (P &lt; 0.05), and total short-chain fatty acids (P = 0.07) and butyrate (P = 0.08) tended to increase linearly with the inclusion of AS. Açaí seed as a source of fiber in confined Zebu bulls diets alters DM intake and rumen fermentation but has no impact on total tract DM digestibility.