bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal design of the Barker proposal and other locally balanced Metropolis–Hastings algorithms
Authors: Vogrinc Jure , Livingstone Samuel , Zanella Giacomo 
Published: October 2022

Summary
We study the class of first-order locally balanced Metropolis–Hastings algorithms introduced in Livingstone & Zanella (2022). To choose a specific algorithm within the class, the user must select a balancing function $g:{\mathbb{R}}_+ \to {\mathbb{R}}_+$ satisfying $g(t) = tg(1/t)$ and a noise distribution for the proposal increment. Popular choices within the class are the Metropolis-adjusted Langevin algorithm and the recently introduced Barker proposal. We first establish a general limiting optimal acceptance rate of 57$\%$ and scaling of $n^{-1/3}$, as the dimension $n$ tends to infinity among all members of the class under mild smoothness assumptions on $g$ and when the target distribution for the algorithm is of product form. In particular, we obtain an explicit expression for the asymptotic efficiency of an arbitrary algorithm in the class, as measured by expected squared jumping distance. We then consider how to optimize this expression under various constraints. We derive an optimal choice of noise distribution for the Barker proposal, an optimal choice of balancing function under a Gaussian noise distribution, and an optimal choice of first-order locally balanced algorithm among the entire class, which turns out to depend on the specific target distribution. Numerical simulations confirm our theoretical findings, and in particular, show that a bimodal choice of noise distribution in the Barker proposal gives rise to a practical algorithm that is consistently more efficient than the original Gaussian version.
Mapping faults in the laboratory with seismic scattering 1: the laboratory perspective
Authors: King Thomas , De Siena Luca , Benson Philip , Vinciguerra Sergio 
Published: October 2022

SUMMARY
Seismic waves produced by stressed and deforming rocks lose coherence when they cross regions of high heterogeneity. The delay in the arrival of maximum seismic energy amplitude (peak delay), an essential attribute to model earthquake source characteristics, is increasingly used to map complex crustal geology, heterogeneous reservoirs and fault networks. However, no laboratory calibration for the sensitivity of this parameter to fractures is currently available due to both experimental challenges and the difficulty in modelling wavefields in the near field. In this study, peak delays have been measured and mapped in space in the frequency range 50 kHz to 1 MHz using acoustic emission data recorded during a triaxial deformation experiment of Darley Dale Sandstone. Peak delays can increase dramatically throughout the experiment, but their behaviour depends on frequency and, especially, anomalous azimuth-dependent scattering. The changes in frequency depend on strain. At low frequencies, peak delays are sensitive to surface waves generated at the sample boundaries, but they also mark the zones of shadow and intense/intermediate strains expected for an heterogeneous sample. At high frequencies, peak delays detect the zone of intense strain corresponding to the post-deformation shear zone. Temporal variations of peak delays show a frequency-dependent sensitivity to fracture nucleation, fault coalescence and sample failure. Scattering from these heterogeneities produces waves reverberating through seismic coda if the source–station path is close to an acoustic boundary, such as the fault zone or the sample boundaries. Our results confirm that peak delay has notable sensitivity to heterogeneity and can map and monitor structural- and deformation-induced changes in the near-field. The companion modelling paper tests this sensitivity and the corresponding imaging potential.
Factors associated with COVID-19 masking behavior: an application of the Health Belief Model
Authors: White Allie , Maloney Erin , Boehm Michele , Bleakley Amy , Langbaum Jessica 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Wearing a face mask is effective in minimizing the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among unvaccinated individuals and preventing severe illness among the vaccinated. Country, state and local guidelines promote, and at times mandate, mask-wearing despite it being publicly perceived as an individual’s choice. Guided by the Health Belief Model (HBM), structural equation modeling was used to analyze longitudinal data in a sample of US adults aged 18–49 years to identify constructs that contribute to face mask-wearing. Results indicated that perceived COVID-19 severity, perceived masking benefits and self-efficacy were positively associated with masking behavior, and masking barriers were negatively associated with masking behavior. Perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 and cues to action were nonsignificant correlates of masking behavior. These results’ theoretical and practical implications contribute to the literature on the HBM and the COVID-19 pandemic. Future directions and limitations are discussed.
Full-length whole-genome sequencing analysis of emerged meropenem-resistant mutants during long-term in vitro exposure to meropenem for borderline meropenem-susceptible carbapenemase-producing and non-carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales
Authors: Endo Yuko Tsutsumi , Aoki Kotaro , Hamada Masakaze , Kamura Haruka Nakagawa , Ishii Yoshikazu , Tateda Kazuhiro 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Molecular analysis of meropenem-resistant mechanisms in mutants emerging from long-term in vitro meropenem exposure to borderline meropenem-susceptible carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) and non-CPE.

Methods
Escherichia coli TUM13867 harbouring both blaIMP-6- and blaCTX-M-2-carrying IncN plasmid and Citrobacter koseri TUM13189 with blaCTX-M-2-carrying chromosome were used. Meropenem MIC was 1 mg/L against both strains. Each strain was cultured in the hollow-fibre infection model (HFIM) to approximately 1 × 106 colony formation unit (cfu)/mL, and meropenem 1 g q8h treatment was initiated. Then, changes in total and meropenem-resistant populations were observed for 124 h. Meropenem resistance mechanisms were analysed using full-length whole-genome sequencing (WGS), reverse-transcription quantitative PCR and digital PCR.

Results
Meropenem reduced TUM13867 and TUM13189 to approximately 5 and 2 log10 cfu/mL, respectively, at 2 h after initiation, but regrowth was observed at 24 h. The meropenem-resistant mutant emergence frequency at 120 and 124 h was 4.4 × 10−4 for TUM13867 and 7.6 × 10−1 for TUM13189. Meropenem MIC of the mutants derived from TUM13867 (TUM20902) and TUM13189 (TUM20903) increased 4- and 16-fold, respectively. TUM20902, which harboured pMTY20902_IncN plasmid with a 27 505-bp deletion that included blaCTX-M-2, and blaIMP-6 showed 4.21-fold higher levels of transcription than the parental strain. TUM20903 had a 49 316-bp deletion that included ompC and a replicative increase of blaCTX-M-2 to three copies.

Conclusions
Molecular analysis including full-length WGS revealed that the resistance mechanisms of meropenem-resistant mutants that emerged during long-term in vitro meropenem exposure were increased blaIMP-6 transcripts in CPE and increased blaCTX-M-2 transcripts due to gene triplication and OmpC loss resulting from ompC deletion in non-CPE.
Effects of microbial phytase on standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in feed phosphates fed to growing pigs
Authors: Lopez Diego A , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in feed phosphates are increased by microbial phytase when fed to growing pigs. Monocalcium phosphate (MCP), monosodium phosphate (MSP), and magnesium phosphate (MgP) from volcanic deposits were used in the experiment. Three corn-soybean meal based diets that contained 0, 500, or 4,000 units of microbial phytase (FTU), but no feed phosphates, were formulated. Nine additional diets were formulated by adding each of the three feed phosphates to the three basal diets. A P-free diet was also formulated to estimate the basal endogenous loss of P, and therefore, 13 diets were used in the experiment. A total of 117 growing barrows (initial body weight: 15.56 ± 1.68 kg) were allotted to the 13 diets with 9 pigs per diet. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. Installation of a screen floor under the slatted floor allowed for collection of feces. Diets were fed for 10 d, with the initial 5 d being a period of adaptation to the diet followed by a collection period of 4 d. During the experiment, pigs were fed equal amounts of feed twice daily at 0800 and 1600 h. Results indicated that the ATTD and STTD of P in all diets increased with the inclusion of 500 or 4,000 FTU, but the ATTD and STTD of P in the feed phosphates were not affected by the inclusion of phytase. This indicates that the increases in ATTD and STTD of P that were observed in the mixed diets when phytase was used were due to the release of P from phytate in corn and soybean meal and not from an increase in digestibility of P in feed phosphates. However, MgP had a lower (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD and STTD of P than MCP and MSP. In conclusion, microbial phytase does not increase the digestibility of P in MCP, MSP, or MGP, but the digestibility of P in MgP is less than in MCP and MSP.
From ‘L’Orlando Furioso’ to ‘Roland’: Lully and Quinault Reading Ariosto
Authors: Cabrini Michele 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
Much like its source, Ludovico Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso, the opera Roland by Philippe Quinault and Jean-Baptiste Lully has been met with scepticism regarding its structure. In particular, recent criticism has focused on its bifurcated plot as a monstrous feature. This article reframes this issue by proposing that Roland’s bifurcated structure reflects Ariosto’s synchronic narrative. It shows how current misconceptions of Roland are indebted to the Furioso’s literary reception. Roland’s distinctive structure is a reflection of the changing French aesthetics concerning verisimilitude and the unity of time. The article demonstrates the influence of Ariosto’s narrative practices on the opera’s dramaturgy and structure, showing that fidelity to Ariosto’s narrative implied making unorthodox choices when crafting theatrical adaptations of his poem. It is suggested that Quinault and Lully manipulated the idiosyncrasy of the source to suit their dramatic end—to illustrate the irreconcilable gulf between love and duty.
Robust supermassive black hole spin mass-energy characteristics: a new method and results
Authors: Daly Ruth A 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
The rotational properties of astrophysical black holes are fundamental quantities that characterize the black holes. A new method to empirically determine the spin mass-energy characteristics of astrophysical black holes is presented and applied here. Results are obtained for a sample of 100 supermassive black holes with collimated dual outflows and redshifts between about 0 and 2. An analysis indicates that about two-thirds of the black holes are maximally spinning, while one-third have a broad distribution of spin values; it is shown that the same distributions describe the quantity ${(M_{\rm rot}/M_{\rm irr})}$. The new method is applied to obtain the black hole spin mass-energy, ${M_{\rm {spin}}}$, available for extraction relative to: the maximum possible value, the irreducible black hole mass, and the total black hole mass, ${M_{\rm {dyn}}}$. The total energy removed from the black hole system and deposited into the circumgalactic medium via dual outflows over the entire outflow lifetime of the source, ${E_{\rm {T}}}$, is studied relative to ${M_{\rm {dyn}}}$ and relative to the spin energy available per black hole, ${E_{\rm spin}/(M_{\odot }c^2)}$. The mean value of ${{\rm Log}(E_{\rm T}/M_{\rm dyn})}$ is about (−2.47 ± 0.27). Several explanations of this and related results are discussed. For example, the energy input to the ambient gas from the outflow could turn-off the accretion, or the impact of the black hole mass-loss on the system could destabilize and terminate the outflow. The small values and restricted range of values of ${{\rm Log}(E_{\rm T}/M_{\rm dyn})}$ and ${{{{\rm Log}}}(E_{\rm T}/E_{\rm spin})}$ could suggest that these are fundamental properties of the primary process responsible for producing the dual collimated outflows.
The regulatory landscape of multiple brain regions in outbred heterogeneous stock rats
Authors: Munro Daniel , Wang Tengfei , Chitre Apurva S , Polesskaya Oksana , Ehsan Nava , Gao Jianjun , Gusev Alexander , Woods Leah C Solberg , Saba Laura M , Chen Hao , Palmer Abraham A , Mohammadi Pejman 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Heterogeneous Stock (HS) rats are a genetically diverse outbred rat population that is widely used for studying genetics of behavioral and physiological traits. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) associated with transcriptional changes would help to identify mechanisms underlying these traits. We generated genotype and transcriptome data for five brain regions from 88 HS rats. We identified 21 392 cis-QTLs associated with expression and splicing changes across all five brain regions and validated their effects using allele specific expression data. We identified 80 cases where eQTLs were colocalized with genome-wide association study (GWAS) results from nine physiological traits. Comparing our dataset to human data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, we found that the HS rat data yields twice as many significant eQTLs as a similarly sized human dataset. We also identified a modest but highly significant correlation between genetic regulatory variation among orthologous genes. Surprisingly, we found less genetic variation in gene regulation in HS rats relative to humans, though we still found eQTLs for the orthologs of many human genes for which eQTLs had not been found. These data are available from the RatGTEx data portal (RatGTEx.org) and will enable new discoveries of the genetic influences of complex traits.
Income
Authors: Howard Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Millions of Americans live in or near poverty. Many try to take care of themselves by working part-time or full time at low-wage jobs. Many are unable to work (e.g., children, adults with severe disabilities). Organized charities seldom provide income support, which means that government’s role is essential. Social insurance programs, especially Social Security, lift millions of Americans out of poverty. Those programs are funded by payroll taxes; workers and employers help take care of those in need. The government spends less on means-tested public assistance (e.g., SSI, TANF). The Earned Income Tax Credit is the largest income support program aimed at low-income individuals. Means-tested programs are financed mostly by income taxes; thus, the rich help take care of the poor. The care received is inadequate: poverty rates are significantly higher for Blacks, Hispanics, and those who do not work full time.
Food
Authors: Howard Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
When Americans cannot get enough to eat, they turn to family members, charities, and governments. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the single most important source of help. The two leading food charities are Feeding America and Meals on Wheels. Many churches operate food pantries and soup kitchens as well. While food charities operate across the country, their resources are limited. Although most types of income assistance are tied to employment, food assistance usually is not. Need is what matters most. Meeting that need requires contributions from government employees, taxpayers, grocery stores, corporate and individual donors, and local volunteers. Despite the efforts of many organizations, public and private, food insecurity affects millions of Americans. Many of them are not officially poor. Blacks and Hispanics are more likely than Whites to be food insecure.
Civil Law II Torts
Authors: Mallat Chibli 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Following the review of modern theories of tort among the better contemporary Arab jurists, and their inability to root tortious liability in the framework of fiqh, the chapter notes the projection of the aporia in the floating language adopted by Saudi courts. The deadlock results in Arabic terms used in the floating language in tort cases: ta‘wid, arsh, daman, mas’uliyya taqsiriyya, tafrit, khata’, direct and indirect causality. The chapter then examines special categories: traffic accidents, battered wives, and mental impairment. A further section dwells on expertise and attorney’s costs. The conclusion addresses the difficulty of bringing the Saudi law of contracts and torts under a general remedial theory.
Diwan Al-Mazalem
Authors: Mallat Chibli 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The chapter shows the uniqueness of Diwan al-mazalem (“Board of grievances”) in the way it developed in Saudi law from the archetype found in classical law through the French Egyptian model of Conseil d’État, and from a purely administrative court to “a court for all seasons,” covering most of the commercial law disputes and even some aspects of criminal and private international law. It dwells further on the DM’s administrative law judgments, including public contracts, excès de pouvoir and expropriation, as well as criminal law and the enforcement of foreign awards and decisions.
Epilogue
Authors: Mallat Chibli 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The epilogue reviews the journey into the normalization of Saudi law, its achievements and shortcomings. It highlights roads taken and not taken, and the impact on Islamic law and its normalization. Roads taken are primarily those practised massively by courts in civil transaction, criminal and family law, and those where courts support an active codification process, especially in property, administrative and commercial law. Roads not taken are those that concern mostly constitutional law and human rights. Possible openings are also examined by way of fresh reading of classical law, including Muhammad ‘Abd al-Wahhab on basic human rights, Abu Ya‘la on voting (istihama), and the “five necessities” developed as basic rights in the Saudi-Islamic tradition.
The State (2000–2017)
Authors: Gautney Heather 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter tracks the neoliberal advance over the George W. Bush and Barack Obama administrations, considering how each of them exacerbated the social and political inequalities of our time and prefigured the Donald Trump presidency. It looks at how they and other political elites exploited various crises to serve the interests of elite powerholders and the techniques they employed in subordinating the American state, and other elements of the world order, to that end. In the case of Bush, it recalls how he used the attack on the World Trade Center to garner support for his agenda to redistribute wealth upward through tax cuts, financial deregulation, privatization schemes, and, of course, war. Regarding Obama, it analyzes how he took up Bush’s mantle of tax cuts, public-private partnerships, free trade, and balanced budgets, and importantly, provided cover for Wall Street during the 2007 global financial crisis. The chapter also assesses the ideological means through which each president reproduced neoliberalism’s class program, including Bush’s appeals to neoconservative values, and Obama’s cooptation of anti-racism to promote self-help, personal responsibility, and fiscal austerity, instead of public investment.
Musical Genre and Romantic Ideology
Authors: Gelbart Matthew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
European Romanticism gave rise to a powerful discourse equating genres to constrictive rules and forms that great art should transcend; and yet without the categories and intertextual references we hold in our minds, “music” would be meaningless noise. This book teases out that paradox, charting the workings and legacies of Romantic artistic values such as originality and anti-commercialism in relation to musical genre. Genre’s persistent power was amplified by music’s inevitably practical social, spatial, and institutional frames. Furthermore, starting in the nineteenth century, all music, even the most anti-commercial, was stamped by its relationship to the marketplace, entrenching associations between genres and target publics (whether based on ideas of nation, gender, class, or subtler aspects of identity). These newly strengthened correlations made genre, if anything, more potent rather than less, despite Romantic claims. In case studies from across nineteenth-century Europe engaging with canonical music by Bizet, Chopin, Verdi, Wagner, and Brahms, alongside representative genres such as opéra-comique and the piano ballade, Gelbart explores the processes through which composers, performers, critics, and listeners gave sounds, and themselves, a sense of belonging. He examines genre vocabulary and discourse, the force of generic titles, how avant-garde music is absorbed through and into familiar categories, and how interpretation can be bolstered or undercut by genre agreements. Even in a modern world where transcription and sound recording can take any music into an infinite array of new spatial and social situations, we are still locked in the Romantics’ ambivalent tussle with genre.
Wagner’s meistersinger von nürnberg and the Generic Dilemma of the Avant-Garde
Authors: Gelbart Matthew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores more specifically the paradox of genre in the avant-garde, juxtaposing authorial claims about escaping from genre with the reality of reception through the familiar. It zooms in on Wagner’s Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg to understand the ways in which that work could be parsed through various categories already quite recognizable to the audience. Some audiences, for example, including non-musically-trained fans of Wagner’s aesthetic claims, might first absorb the work through broad ideas of the “comic.” But for nearly all encountering the work, “opera” was the governing generic nexus through which Die Meistersinger was filtered. In keeping with operatic practicalities, Wagner himself emphasized “number”-sized chunks in previewing this and his other later works, and audiences consistency seized on such bite-sized parsing. Finally, ideas about the metageneric concept of high “art music” flow through the plot and through audience self-identities. These different levels and dimensions of genre, both ideological and practical, push against each other and ultimately lead to messy compromises that characterize avant-garde negotiations with genre. The symbolic clanging of the triangle part in Wagner’s score helps unravel these twisted connections.