bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV Testing Patterns Among Recently Self-Tested Russian Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Meylakhs Peter , Davitadze Arsen , Meylakhs Anastasia , Rodionova Tatiana , Alieva Alisa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Most qualitative research to date on HIV self-testing (HIVST) has been devoted to questions related to perceptions of HIVST among various groups of men who have sex with men (MSM) in different countries. However, little is known about HIV testing patterns of HIVST testers. Thrity-two Russian MSM, 10 with HIV and 22 without, from five cities were interviewed about their HIV testing and risk behaviors. Five types of testers “maintenance testers,” “risk-based testers,” “convenience testers,” “test avoiders,” and “HIVST-only testers” were identified in the study. Three dimensions of HIV testing patterns—testing motive, frequency, and mode—were proposed to improve existing typifications. Almost all informants practiced condomless sex with their primary partners; HIV testing or condom negotiation in primary partnerships before proceeding to condomless sex was rare. Increase in HIVST availability at no cost for MSM and targeted prevention efforts for MSM on both individual and dyadic level are urgently needed.
Stuck Inside
Authors: Minor Kyle S. , Myers Evan J. , Abel Danielle B. , Mickens Jessica L. , Ayala Alexandra , Warren Kiara K. , Vohs Jenifer L. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Social distancing policies enacted during the COVID-19 pandemic altered our social interactions. People with schizophrenia, who already exhibit social deficits, may have been disproportionally impacted. In this pilot study, we a) compared prepandemic social functioning to functioning during the pandemic in people with schizophrenia (n = 21) who had data at both time points; and b) examined if patterns of decline in schizophrenia differed from healthy controls (n = 21) across a series of repeated-measures analyses of variance. We observed larger declines in social functioning in schizophrenia (η2 = 0.07, medium effect size) during the pandemic compared with the control group. Between-group declines did not extend to other domains, suggesting that declines are specific to social functioning. Our findings signal that treatments focusing on reconnecting people with schizophrenia to their social networks should be prioritized. Future studies should continue tracking social functioning after the pandemic to illustrate patterns of recovery.
Virtual Trainings Effectively Prepared the Public Health Workforce to Support Schools During the COVID-19 Pandemic in California in 2021
Authors: Kiernan Brianán , Alonis Amelia , Diala Jody A. , Willard-Grace Rachel , Welty Susie , White Karen , Dorian Alina , Dunn Caitlin , Peare Anna , Westfall Miranda , Shodahl Skye , Brickley Debbie Bain 
Published: June 2022

Context:
School closures in California due to COVID-19 have had a negative impact on the learning advancement and social development of K-12 students. Since March 2020, the achievement gap has grown between high-income and low-income students and between White students and students of color.

Program:
In November 2020, a team from the California Department of Public Health, University of California, San Francisco, and University of California, Los Angeles, developed the School Specialist training for local health department and state employee redirected staff to the COVID-19 response to equip them to support schools as they reopen.

Implementation:
A pilot of the virtual School Specialist training was carried out in December 2020, which informed subsequent biweekly half-day virtual trainings. The training consisted of lectures from experts and skill development activities led by trained facilitators.

Evaluation:
The objectives of the evaluation of the training were to understand whether (1) knowledge of key concepts improved from pre- to posttraining; (2) confidence in skills central to the role of a School Specialist improved from pre- to posttraining; and (3) course learners who were activated to work as School Specialists felt the training adequately prepared them for the role. The School Specialist training team sent pre- and posttraining surveys to learners between February 8 and May 18, 2021. Of the 262 learners who responded, a significant improvement was seen in knowledge, with a mean score increase of 15.6%. Significant improvement was also observed for confidence, with a 20.1% score improvement seen posttraining.

Discussion:
Overall, the School Specialist training was shown to be effective in increasing knowledge and confidence in preparation for School Specialist deployment. Adequate training and partnerships for local health department and school staff are critical to keep K-12 students safe and to reduce the learning achievement gap during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Data Velocity in HIV-Related Implementation Research: Estimating Time From Funding to Publication
Authors: Schwartz Sheree R. , Chavez Ortiz Joel , Smith Justin D. , Beres Laura K. , Mody Aaloke , Eshun-Wilson Ingrid , Benbow Nanette , Mallela Deepthi P. , Tan Stephen , Baral Stefan , Geng Elvin 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Given available effective biomedical and behavioral prevention and treatment interventions, HIV-related implementation research (IR) is expanding. The rapid generation and dissemination of IR to inform guidelines and practice has the potential to optimize the impact of the Ending the Epidemic Initiative and the HIV pandemic response more broadly.

Methods:
We leveraged a prior mapping review of NIH-funded awards in HIV and IR from January 2013 to March 2018 and identified all publications linked to those grants in NIH RePORTER through January 1, 2021 (n = 1509). Deduplication and screening of nonoriginal research reduced the count to 1032 articles, of which 952 were eligible and included in this review. Publication volume and timing were summarized; Kaplan–Meier plots estimated time to publication.

Results:
Among the 215 NIH-funded IR-related awards, 127 of 215 (59%) published original research directly related to the grant, averaging 2.0 articles (SD: 3.3) per award, largely in the early IR phases. Many articles (521 of 952, 55%) attributed to grants did not report grant-related data. Time from article submission to publication averaged 205 days (SD: 107). The median time-to-first publication from funding start was 4 years. Data dissemination velocity varied by award type, trending toward faster publication in recent years. Delays in data velocity included (1) time from funding to enrollment, (2) enrollment length, and (3) time from data collection completion to publication.

Conclusion:
Research publication was high overall, and time-to-publication is accelerating; however, over 40% of grants have yet to publish findings from grant-related data. Addressing bottlenecks in the production and dissemination of HIV-related IR would reinforce its programmatic and policy relevance in the HIV response.
Implementing PrEP Services in Diverse Health Care Settings
Authors: Faro Elissa Z. , Mantell Joanne E. , Gonzalez-Argoti Tatiana , Hoffman Susie , Edelstein Zoe , Tsoi Benjamin , Bauman Laurie J. 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the US has been limited. Evidence for why and how PrEP has been successfully integrated into some clinical settings, but not in others is minimal. To address this gap, we conducted a qualitative study to identify contextual factors that facilitated and challenged the implementation of PrEP services.

Setting:
In partnership with the NYC Department of Health, we convened a planning committee with expertise with groups highly affected by the HIV epidemic employed in diverse health care settings, to guide the project. Representatives from programs within New York were targeted for participation initially and subsequently expanded nationally to enhance diversity in program type.

Methods:
Using an interview guide informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, we conducted 20 interviews with participants who successfully implemented PrEP programs in different settings (eg, primary care, emergency department, sexual health clinics), using different delivery models. We used template and matrix analysis to identify and characterize contextual determinants and implementation strategies.

Results:
Participants frequently described determinants and strategies fluidly and conceptualized them in context-specific terms. Commonly discussed Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research constructs included implementation climate (tension for change, compatibility, relatively priority), stakeholders' knowledge (or lack thereof) and beliefs about PrEP, and costs associated with PrEP implementation.

Conclusion:
Our work identifies patterns in PrEP program implementation, describing how organizations dealt with determinants in their own context. Our research points to the need to connect rigorous implementation research with how frontline implementers conceptualize their work to inform and improve PrEP implementation.
Using Microsimulation Modeling to Inform EHE Implementation Strategies in Los Angeles County
Authors: Drabo Emmanuel F. , Moucheraud Corrina , Nguyen Anthony , Garland Wendy H. , Holloway Ian W. , Leibowitz Arleen , Suen Sze-chuan 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is essential to ending HIV. Yet, uptake remains uneven across racial and ethnic groups. We aimed to estimate the impacts of alternative PrEP implementation strategies in Los Angeles County.

Setting:
Men who have sex with men, residing in Los Angeles County.

Methods:
We developed a microsimulation model of HIV transmission, with inputs from key local stakeholders. With this model, we estimated the 15-year (2021–2035) health and racial and ethnic equity impacts of 3 PrEP implementation strategies involving coverage with 9000 additional PrEP units annually, above the Status-quo coverage level. Strategies included PrEP allocation equally (strategy 1), proportionally to HIV prevalence (strategy 2), and proportionally to HIV diagnosis rates (strategy 3), across racial and ethnic groups. We measured the degree of relative equalities in the distribution of the health impacts using the Gini index (G) which ranges from 0 (perfect equality, with all individuals across all groups receiving equal health benefits) to 1 (total inequality).

Results:
HIV prevalence was 21.3% in 2021 [Black (BMSM), 31.1%; Latino (LMSM), 18.3%, and White (WMSM), 20.7%] with relatively equal to reasonable distribution across groups (G, 0.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26 to 0.34). During 2021–2035, cumulative incident infections were highest under Status-quo (n = 24,584) and lowest under strategy 3 (n = 22,080). Status-quo infection risk declined over time among all groups but remained higher in 2035 for BMSM (incidence rate ratio, 4.76; 95% CI: 4.58 to 4.95), and LMSM (incidence rate ratio, 1.74; 95% CI: 1.69 to 1.80), with the health benefits equally to reasonably distributed across groups (G, 0.32; 95% CI: 0.28 to 0.35). Relative to Status-quo, all other strategies reduced BMSM-WMSM and BMSM-LMSM disparities, but none reduced LMSM-WMSM disparities by 2035. Compared to Status-quo, strategy 3 reduced the most both incident infections (% infections averted: overall, 10.2%; BMSM, 32.4%; LMSM, 3.8%; WMSM, 3.5%) and HIV racial inequalities (G reduction, 0.08; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.14).

Conclusions:
Microsimulation models developed with early, continuous stakeholder engagement and inputs yield powerful tools to guide policy implementation.
Preprocedure and Immediate Postoperative Changes to Genital Hiatus Following Minimally Invasive Sacrocolpopexy
Authors: Glass Clark Stephanie , Sassani Jessica C. , Zyczynski Halina M. , Bradley Megan S. 
Published: June 2022

Importance
This study assesses resting genital hiatus (GH) measurements under anesthesia as compared with in-office measurements for intraoperative planning purposes.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of general anesthesia and apical suspension on GH measurements compared with office measurements.

Study Design
This was a retrospective cohort of women who underwent minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy within an academic urogynecology practice. Genital hiatus for each patient was measured at 4 time points: (1) preoperative office examination (baseline) at rest (GHrest) and with strain (GHstrain); (2) following anesthesia induction, at rest (GHinduction); (3) immediately after sacrocolpopexy, at rest (GHcolpopexy); and (4) 4- to 6-week postoperative visit, strain (GHpostop). Enlarged baseline GHstrain was defined as ≥4 cm. Paired statistics and analysis of variance were used for comparisons.

Results
Fifty-one women were included, whose mean age was 61.3 ± 8.2 years; the majority had stage ≥3 prolapse (n = 39 [76.4%]). Concomitant procedures included hysterectomy (n = 33 [64.7%]) and posterior colporrhaphy or perineorrhaphy (n = 8 [15.7%]). The majority had an enlarged baseline GHstrain (n = 39 [76.4%]), and overall cohort mean was 4.7 ± 1.3 cm. Compared with baseline GHrest, mean GHinduction was larger (GHinduction: 4.6 ± 1.4 cm vs GHrest: 3.8 ± 1.2 cm, P < 0.01) but not different from baseline GHstrain (GHinduction: 4.6 ± 1.4 cm vs GHstrain: 4.7 ± 1.3 cm, P = 0.81). GHcolpopexy was decreased from baseline GHstrain with a mean difference of 1.1 ± 1.3 cm (P < 0.01). This difference was driven by women with enlarged baseline GHstrain who experienced a mean decrease of 1.5 ± 1.1 cm (P < 0.01).

Conclusions
Genital hiatus after induction of anesthesia does not significantly differ from preoperative straining GH. Apical suspension with sacrocolpopexy alone resulted in immediate reduction in GH measures, with greater decreases observed in women with enlarged preoperative GH.
Who’s Posting What? A Qualitative, Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Twitter and Instagram Patterns Between Health Care Professionals and Patients
Authors: Dzienny Alexa C. , Toal Coralee T. , Fitzgerald Jocelyn J. , Carter-Brooks Charelle M. 
Published: June 2022

Importance
There is a paucity of evidence-based, physician-authored content available on social media. Data are lacking on physicians use of social media, including intended audience and content.

Objective
The aim of this study was to explore the patterns of Twitter and Instagram use for popular urogynecology hashtags between physicians, patients, and allied health professionals (AHPs).

Study Design
Twelve hashtags derived from the Urogynecology Tag Ontology project were used as search terms to select Twitter and Instagram posts. Up to 5 top posts per hashtag per author type (physician, patient, or AHP) were included. Posts were analyzed using Dedoose qualitative analytic software by author, hashtag, intended audience, and themes.

Results
On Twitter, 109 posts met inclusion criteria: 41% written by physicians, 40% patients, and 18.3% AHPs. For Instagram, 72 posts were included: 50% written by patients, 39% AHPs, and 11% physicians. Twitter physician posts were mainly intended for health professionals (64%) with only 18% for patients. Patients posted to the general public (57%) and patients (36%). Instagram physician posts were intended for health professionals (49%), whereas 62% of AHPs posted to patients. Most patient posts were directed to other patients (90%). Physicians posted about academic peer discussions, medical education, and advocacy. Patients posted about personal experiences, treatments, or dissatisfaction.

Conclusions
Physicians are more likely to post on Twitter than Instagram, with content focused primarily on their peer group, and physicians/patients are unlikely to engage with each other. There is an opportunity to improve social media interactions between physicians and the public while increasing high-quality patient education.
SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in Scotland’s wastewater
Authors: Scorza Livia C. T. , Cameron Graeme J. , Murray-Williams Roisin , Findlay David , Bolland Julie , Cerghizan Brindusa , Campbell Kirsty , Thomson David , Corbishley Alexander , Gally David , Fitzgerald Stephen , Low Alison , McAteer Sean , Roberts Adrian M. I. , Fang Zhou , Mayer Claus-Dieter , Frantsuzova Anastasia , Baby Sumy V. , Zieliński Tomasz , Millar Andrew J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNationwide, wastewater-based monitoring was newly established in Scotland to track the levels of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA shed into the sewage network, during the COVID-19 pandemic. We present a curated, reference data set produced by this national programme, from May 2020 to February 2022. Viral levels were analysed by RT-qPCR assays of the N1 gene, on RNA extracted from wastewater sampled at 122 locations. Locations were sampled up to four times per week, typically once or twice per week, and in response to local needs. We report sampling site locations with geographical coordinates, the total population in the catchment for each site, and the information necessary for data normalisation, such as the incoming wastewater flow values and ammonia concentration, when these were available. The methodology for viral quantification and data analysis is briefly described, with links to detailed protocols online. These wastewater data are contributing to estimates of disease prevalence and the viral reproduction number (R) in Scotland and in the UK.
A wealth of novel cell-specific expressed SNVs from tumor and normal scRNA-seq datasets
Authors: Dillard Christian , Ulianova Evgenia , Prashant NM , Liu Hongyu , Edwards Nathan , Horvath Anelia 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe demonstrate a novel variant calling strategy using barcode-stratified alignments on 25 tumor and normal 10XGenomics scRNA-seq datasets (>200,000 cells). Our approach identified 24,528 exonic non-dbSNP single cell expressed (sce)SNVs, a third of which are shared across multiple samples. The novel sceSNVs include unreported somatic and germline variants, as well as RNA-originating variants; some are expressed in up to 17% of the cells, and many are found in known cancer genes. Our findings suggest that there is an unacknowledged repertoire of expressed genetic variants, possibly recurrent and common across samples, in the normal and cancer transcriptome.
Melanopsin activates divergent phototransduction pathways in ipRGC subtypes
Authors: Contreras Ely , Sonoda Takuma , Birnbaumer Lutz , Schmidt Tiffany M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMelanopsin signaling within ipRGC subtypes impacts a broad range of behaviors from circadian photoentrainment to conscious visual perception. Yet, how melanopsin phototransduction within M1-M6 ipRGC subtypes impacts cellular signaling to drive diverse behaviors is still largely unresolved. The identity of the phototransduction channels in each subtype is key to understanding this central question but has remained controversial. In this study, we resolve two opposing models of M4 phototransduction, demonstrating that hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are dispensable for this process and providing support for a model involving melanopsin-dependent potassium channel closure and canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channel opening. Surprisingly, we find that HCN channels are likewise dispensable for M2 phototransduction, contradicting the current model. We instead show that in M2 phototransduction, TRPC channels act in conjunction with T-type voltage-gated calcium channels, a novel melanopsin phototransduction target. Collectively, this work resolves key discrepancies in our understanding of ipRGC phototransduction pathways in multiple subtypes and adds to mounting evidence that ipRGC subtypes employ diverse phototransduction cascades to fine-tune cellular responses for downstream behaviors.
Sensitive and specific miRNA in situ hybridization using partially methylated phosphotriester antisense DNA probes
Authors: Wang Po-Hsiang , Jia Tony Z. , Chang Ching-Wen , Tan Bertrand Chin-Ming , Chi Ya-Hui , Chen Wen-Yih 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNeutralized DNA (nDNA) is an emerging class of DNA oligonucleotides chemically synthesized with site-specific internucleoside methyl phosphotriester linkages, changing the negatively charged DNA phosphodiester backbone to a neutral methyl phosphotriester backbone. The reduction of inter-strand charge repulsion of nucleotide duplexes results in stronger binding between nDNA and other nucleic acids, and as such, nDNA has been used as a sensitive antisense probe for sequencing nucleotides. From a thermodynamic perspective due to steric effects, a hybrid duplex between DNA and partially methylated nDNA should possess higher specificity than a duplex between DNA with fully methylated nDNA, while retaining binding affinity. However, the application of nDNA for ex vivo RNA hybridization at low transcript abundance remains completely unexplored. Here, we determined that partially methylated nDNA (N4 nDNA; with 4 methylated nucleotides) probes inhibited reverse transcription of oncogenic miRNA miR-21 more efficiently than canonical DNA probes or highly methylated nDNA probes (all probes share the same sequence) and with an efficiency rivaling LNA probes. Subsequently, we performed in situ hybridization analysis using a miR-21-expressing colorectal cancer cell line (HCT116). HCT116 stained with N4 nDNA probes revealed a greater detection intensity and specificity than HCT116 stained with canonical DNA probes. Consistently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays revealed that miRNA hybridization efficiency of N4 nDNA probes was greater than that of canonical DNA probes at cellular transcript levels. Given that N4 nDNA probe is immune-negative and DNase I-resistant, partially methylated nDNA could be further developed to have significant applications in biotechnology and medicine.
Structural basis for antibody recognition of vulnerable epitopes on Nipah virus F protein
Authors: Byrne Patrick O. , Fisher Brian E. , Ambrozak David R. , Blade Elizabeth G. , Tsybovsky Yaroslav , Graham Barney S. , McLellan Jason S. , Loomis Rebecca J. 
Published: June 2022

SUMMARY/ABSTRACTNipah virus (NiV) is a pathogenic paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis in humans. Two envelope glycoproteins, the attachment protein (G) and fusion protein (F), facilitate entry into host cells. Due to its vital role, NiV F presents an attractive target for developing vaccines and therapeutics. Several neutralization-sensitive epitopes on the NiV F apex have been described, however the antigenicity of most of the F protein’s surface remains uncharacterized. Here, we immunize mice with prefusion-stabilized NiV F and isolate ten monoclonal antibodies that neutralize pseudotyped virus. Cryo-electron microscopy reveals eight neutralization-sensitive epitopes on NiV F, four of which have not previously been described. Novel sites span the lateral and basal faces of NiV F, expanding the known library of vulnerable epitopes. This work identifies new epitopes as targets for therapeutics, provides a molecular basis for NiV neutralization, and lays a foundation for development of new antibodies targeting NiV F.