bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical Velocity Window for the Deposition of Iron-Based Metallic Glass Particles Using Cold Spray
Authors: Cipoletti D.E. , Ziemian C.W. , Wright W.J. , Haile K.V. , Okwara M.N. , Hetherington K.A. , Helfritch D.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This study investigates the feasibility of forming amorphous iron-based coatings using the cold spray deposition process. Splat tests of cold-sprayed SAM1651 (Fe48Mo14Cr15Y2C15B6 at.%) particles impacting a mild steel substrate were performed using varying gas temperatures and particle diameters. Specimen inspection by scanning electron microscopy revealed splat morphologies that varied from well-adhered particles to substrate craters formed by rebounded particles. Particle flow was analyzed using a finite element model, and impact conditions were predicted using an experimentally validated analytical model, in empirically generating a temperature/velocity window of successful particle deposition as a framework for ongoing work on the formation of cold-sprayed SAM1651 coatings. The results indicate that the unique characteristics of the cold spray process offer a promising means for the formation of metallic glass coatings that successfully retain the amorphous structure, as well as the superior corrosion and wear resistant properties of the feedstock powder.
Deformation Behavior of Alumina Particles in Compression for Room Temperature Solid-State Deposition
Authors: Sarobol Pylin , Chandross Michael , Carroll Jay D. , Mook William M. , Bufford Daniel C. , Kotula Paul G. , McKenzie Bonnie B. , Boyce Brad L. , Hattar Khalid , Hall Aaron C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this work, the fundamental mechanisms for ceramic particle deformation in aerosol deposition were investigated. We hypothesized that pre-existing defects affect ceramic particle deformation under compression. Preliminary results showed that near defect-free, sub-micron, single crystal alumina (Al2O3) particles exhibited dislocation nucleation and motion along with significant plastic deformation, shape change, and cracking in compression at room temperature. In contrast, highly defected, micron-sized alumina particles exhibit no observable change in shape before fracture and fragmentation. Particle deformation mechanisms, identified through this work, provide insight into feedstock design for solid state alumina deposition using the aerosol deposition process.
Effect of Spraying Parameters on the Strain of Plasma Sprayed YSZ Coatings Measured by the Digital Image Correlation Method during the Tensile Test
Authors: Ruan Lele , Yu Zexin , Wang Weize , Chen Yufan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effect of plasma spraying parameter on the strain of plasma sprayed YSZ coatings is investigated by changing the spraying power and spraying distance. The porosity is measured through using image processing method. The strain of coatings is calculated and characterized through using the digital image correlation (DIC) software system. It can be found that the porosity of YSZ coatings increases with the increment of spraying distance and the decrement of spraying power. The strain on the far field of the cracking tip shows a fluctuation tendency when the tensile forces increase. The slope of strain-force is related with the coating porosity. DIC method can be used to characterize the coating deformation in 2-dimension.
Effect of Substrate Roughness on the Cratering Phenomenon on the Surface of Cold Sprayed Coating
Authors: Gojon S. , Kromer R. , Costil S. , Douchy G. , Verdy C. , Liao H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cold Spray is a material deposition process where the effects of substrate roughness on cratering phenomenon are often observed. In order to understand and explain crater formation on cold sprayed coatings, the laser surface texturing technique is used. This innovative process allows to control the substrate surface roughness and to create a controlled topography. In this study, five hole sizes from 20 to 100 μm diameters with an angle of 45° were drilled to obtain different working craters. Subsequent, build up of the coating was investigated. Aluminum powder and nitrogen were used for this study. The main gas temperature and pressure were respectively 500°C and 3MPa. The morphology and the microstructure of aluminum coatings were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Surface improperly filled crater affects bond strength. The objective is to determine the effect of surface morphology on craterisation weakening the bond strength. The erosion velocity creates locally a hydrodynamic penetration leading to strong erosion.
Fatigue Crack Growth in Thermal Spray Coated Parts
Authors: Kovářík O. , Haušild P. , Medřický J. , Tomek L. , Siegl J. , Mušálek R. , Curry N. , Bjorklund S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Many applications of thermally sprayed coatings call for increased fatigue resistance of coated parts. Despite the intensive research in this area, the influence of coating on fatigue is still not completely understood. In this paper, the spatiotemporal localization of crack initiation and the dynamics of crack propagation are studied. The resonance bending fatigue test is employed to test flat specimens with both sides coated. Hastelloy-X substrates coated with classical TBC YSZ/NiCoCrAlY composites were tested. The strain distribution on the coating surface is evaluated by the digital image correlation method (DIC) through the whole duration of the fatigue test. Localization of crack initiation sites and the mode of crack propagation in the coated specimen are related to the observed resonance frequency. The individual phases of specimen degradation, i.e. the changes of material properties, crack initiation, and crack propagation are identified. The tested coatings strongly influenced the first two phases, the influence on the crack propagation was less significant.
High Dense Fe-Al Composites Made by Annealing of Cold-Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Leshchinsky Evgeny , Maeva Elena , Bielousova Oleksandra 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The main goal of the combined Cold Spray – Sintering technology development is to obtain high density ductile Fe- Al intermetallics based thermal barrier coatings as an alternative to conventional ZrO2 coatings widely applied in industry. The task of this paper is to examine the structural changes of cold sprayed Al-AISI 316L composite coatings due to synthesis of Fe-Al intermetallics during annealing and find the conditions of high density composite formation. A dense Fe/Al intermetallic-Al composite coating is obtained. Three factors are found to play the main role in the structure formation of dense Fe-Al intermetallic composite coating: i) layered structure, ii) particle size and thickness of Fe and Al layers, iii) annealing temperature.
Influence of Process Parameter on Grit Blasting as a Pretreatment Process for Thermal Spraying
Authors: Bobzin K. , Öte M. , Linke T. F. , Liao X. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In thermal spraying uncoated substrates usually require roughening. As the most common roughening method, grit blasting increases the surface area and produces undercuts, which facilitate mechanical interlocking and thus promote the bonding between the substrate and coating. The effects of grit blasting parameters, i.e. the particle size, the blasting angle, the stand-off distance and the pressure, on the resulting surface topography are investigated. Furthermore the efficiency and wear behavior of the blasting media are analyzed. Influences of three different blasting media, corundum, alumina zirconia and steel shot, on the surface roughening are compared.
Residual Stresses in WC-Co Coatings in As-Sprayed and Surface-Ground Conditions
Authors: Luzin Vladimir , Valarezo Alfredo , Vackel Andrew , Sampath Sanjay 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The mechanical integrity of WC-Co coatings is critical for their performance in wear, corrosion, and impact resistance applications. Residual stress, with its role in development of cracking, micro-cracking, and delamination, is another integral part of the mechanical characterization of the coated systems. In the given study, the residual stress of the WC-Co coatings on steel and stainless steel substrates was examined in two conditions, after deposition and after subsequent surface grinding. Several experimental techniques, including bi-layer curvature, X-ray diffraction, and neutron diffraction, were used to assess residual stress in the coatings and to enable comparison between the methods. Residual stresses induced by deposition are mostly due to rapid particle quenching and solidification upon impact, as well as any cold working induced by high velocity particle impact, but for the WC ceramic particles both effects are insignificant and result in small deposition stress. Thermal mismatch between materials of coating and substrate is the major source of stress and scale accordingly to the CTE of the substrate and coating materials and deposition temperature. It was demonstrated that the grinding applied to surface does not modify the as-sprayed residual stresses in the coatings significantly therefore assuming absence of microcracking that could have potentially affect the residual stresses.
Spatial Mapping of Plasma Sprayed Coating Thickness Using X-Ray Fluorescence
Authors: Hollis Kendall J. , Summa Deborah A. , Lopez Velma M. , Havrilla George J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The measurement of the spatial distribution of coating thickness of thin coatings applied by thermal spraying can be challenging. For non-magnetic metallic substrates and coatings, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) was employed for measuring coating thicknesses in the range of 15 to 60 μm. XRF is used to measure the ratio of atomic fluorescence peaks for an element in the substrate to an element in the coating. With appropriate calibration, the ratio of peak intensities gives the coating thickness for the spot sampled. Mass gain and cross sectional metallography are compared to XRF to determine accuracies and sensitivities of the techniques for plasma sprayed coatings.
Examination of the Thermal Stability of Plasma-Sprayed La2Ce2O7/YSZ Composite Coating
Authors: Xu Ya-Xin , Liu Tao , Li Chang-Jiu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
LCO (La2Ce2O7), a solid solution of La2O3 in CeO2, is a promising top coating in TBCs. However, it is generally necessary to use LCO as a top coat on YSZ coating to construct a multilayer TBC due to poor mechanical properties of LCO. Therefore, the thermal and chemical stability of LCO/YSZ at high temperature environment become important issue. In this paper, the 50LCO-50YSZ composite coating was deposited using blend powders of YSZ and LCO. The LCO powders used have a nominal particle size range from 10 to 44μm. The LCO/YSZ deposits were exposed at 1300 ¢XC for different durations. The microstructure evolution at the LCO/YSZ interface was investigated by quasi-in-situ SEM and EDS examination. At an exposure temperature of 1300°C, it was observed that some LCO splats in contact with YSZ splats experienced the grain morphology change from columnar one to quasi-axial grains with interface healing and however some grains tended to disappear with thermal exposure. Results indicated that LCO-YSZ composite coating is not phase stable at 1300 °C. Diffusion of La element from LCO splat towards the adjacent YSZ splat occurred during sintering, leading to the formation of La2Zr2O7 within YSZ splat.
Influence of Substrate Temperature on Adhesive Strength of SS 316L Cold Spray Coatings
Authors: Xie Yingchun , Planche Marie-Pierre , Raoelison Rija , Liao Hanlin , Hervé Philippe , Suo Xinkun 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper aims at improving the adhesive strength of SS 316L coating by substrate preheating (400, 600 and 700°C). The relationships between the adhesive strength of coating/substrate interface and the substrate preheating temperature are discussed. It was found that stronger adhesion is able to occur despite the presence of a thick oxide film on the substrate surface. The preheated substrate surface undergoes a stronger plastic deformation that disrupts the oxide films for obtaining an intimate contact between particle and substrate material. In addition, the oxide films on the substrate surface can prevent the generation of material jet of the substrate. The effects of substrate preheating on the microstructure and hardness were also investigated.
Preparation and Characterization of Super-Hydrophobic Silica Coating by HVOF
Authors: Li J. , Zhang Y. , Li C.-X. , Pan X.-D. , Yang G.-J. , Li C.-J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A new method to fabricate micro-nano scaled surface with super-hydrophobicity is introduced in the present paper. Micro-nano hierarchical structure coatings based on silica (SiO2) micron particles were successfully deposited on the stainless steel substrates by high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying which were modified by 1,1,2,2- Tetrahydroperfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane (FAS) to reduce surface energy. The influences of the HVOF process parameters on the wettability of the coatings were investigated. The coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 3D laser microscopy (LSM), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The results show that the as-sprayed surfaces exhibit micro-nano hierarchical structure. The water droplets are strongly adhesive to the as-sprayed surface, while by FAS absorbing treatment, the surfaces exhibit super-hydrophobicity, whose contact angle with water droplets are as high as 150°, and the water droplets tend to roll on the surface with extremely low adhesion with a sliding angle of 3°
A Double Layer Thermal Barrier Concept Made of Gadolinium Zirconate and YSZ
Authors: Bakan Emine , Mack Daniel E. , Mauer Georg , Vaßen Robert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Partially yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ) approaches limits of performance in long-term operation at 1200°C as a thermal barrier coating (TBC). For the next generation of TBCs, higher temperature capability and longer lifetime of the coatings are essential to boost efficiency of gas turbine engines. In this work, gadolinium zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) (GZO)/YSZ double ceramic layer TBCs are presented enabling to withstand higher temperatures. Processing of the GZO layers by atmospheric plasma spraying with TriplexProTM spray torch, which is complicated due to the different vapour pressures of the feedstock constituents, is described. Furthermore, the influence of varied GZO microstructures in terms of porosity on lifetime and failure modes of the double layers tested at surface temperature of 1400°C is reported.
Assessment of Ni-20 Cr and WC-Co Coatings Applied by Detonation-Gun Process at 900°C
Authors: Kaushal G. , Singh H. , Prakash S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Detonation-gun thermal spray technique was used to deposit commercial available Ni-20Cr and WC-Co coatings on ASTM A213 TP347H boiler steel. The coated specimens were subjected to air environment at 900°C in laboratory furnace to determine high temperature oxidation resistance. Mass change data was recorded to formulate oxidation kinetics of both the coated specimens. The exposed specimens were assessed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (FE-SEM/EDS) and XRD analysis. The primary focus of the study is attractive oxidation resistance of Detonation gun sprayed Ni-20 Cr coating over the WC-Co coating on the said steel in the air environment.
Assessment of the Spray Coated Properties for the Thermal Barrier Applied to the Piston Head of an Internal-Combustion Engine
Authors: Keiji Sonoya , Masanobu Nakamura , Masashi Sekine 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper presents an assessment of the properties of three thermal sprayed coatings for a thermal barrier applied to the piston head of an internal combustion engine. Coating (1) has a topcoat of Al2O3 and a bond coat of Ni-Cr. Coating (2) has a topcoat of YSZ and a bond coat of CoNiCrAlY. Coating (3) is 316 stainless steel. The investigators conducted thermal cycle tests and tensile pin tests, and evaluated the thermal barrier effect of the coatings. The results showed that coating (3) had no cracks or delamination after the thermal cycle test, while coatings (1) and (2) had partial cracks and delamination. Coating (2) had the highest adhesion strength, and its thermal barrier property was better than that of coatings (1) and (3). In terms of cost and overall evaluation, coating (3) was considered the most reasonable and appropriate thermal sprayed coating for the piston head application.
Chemical Composition Influence on the FeMnCrSi Alloy Microstructure Deposited by HVOF
Authors: Pukasiewicz Anderson Geraldo Marenda , Vaz Rodolpho Fernando , Sucharski Gustavo Bavaresco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cavitation erosion is a mass loss process that occurs in a component subject to a liquid pressure variation. The mass loss phenomena occurred by extensive microstructure deformation with combination of shock loading and fatigue caused by the impact and collapse of the bubbles at surface. Many studies have been done to evaluate the cavitation resistance of the thermally sprayed coatings. Oxide formation, microstructure and tensile adhesion are important characteristics for coatings against cavitation. In this work some Fe-Mn-Cr-Si alloys, that is a class of steel with strain induced phase transformation, were used to evaluate the chemical composition influence on the microstructure, oxide formation, chemical composition and tensile adhesion of HVOF coatings. It was observed a significant reduction on the porosity, from 3% to 0,1%, and area fraction oxide from 15% to 7%, with Boron and Nickel addition. A combination of Nickel and Boron addition improve the wettability of the splats with increase on the tensile adhesion of the coatings, up to 60MPa, otherwise, higher levels of Boron content reduce the adhesion of the coatings.
Design of Experiment for Advanced Nanostructured WC-12Co Coating HVOF—Dry Solid Particle Erosion Tests
Authors: Al-Hamed A.A. , Hashmi M.S.J. , Stokes J. , Benyounis K.Y. , Al-Fadhli H.Y. , Yilbas B.S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
One of the economical and fast solutions for failure against erosive wear in oil and gas industries is the deposition of cermets using HVOF thermal spray. Recently, especially with the new development of bimodal feedstock powders, the composition percentages of the mixed powders have played a key factor in the final coating performance. In the present study, a design of experiment (DOE) software was implemented to study the influence of different powder percentages on the coating performance. The coating mechanical properties and its performance were investigated via dry solid particle erosion tests, hardness measurement and SEM respectively. The results showed that both the hardness and erosion resistance of the coating increases as the composition percentage of the nanostructured WC-12Co increased due to the strong adhesion of WC nano size grains at the substrate/coating interface as a result of improved mechanical interlocking.
Effects of Powder Characteristics and High Velocity Flame Spray Processes on Cr3C2-NiCr-Coatings
Authors: Trache R. , Toma F.-L. , Leyens C. , Berger L.-M. , Thiele S. , Michaelis A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Wear protection is one of the major applications of thermally sprayed hardmetal coatings. This paper presents the latest results of a systematic study on the influence of Cr3C2-NiCr feedstock powder characteristics on coating microstructures and economic parameters like deposition rate and deposition efficiency. Four commercial Cr3C2-NiCr powders with spherically shaped particles but different structural features were characterized and deposited by a liquid-fueled and a gas-fueled HVOF and a HVAF process. Deposition rates and efficiencies were determined; all coatings were analyzed in as-sprayed condition and selected samples were heat-treated at 800 °C in argon atmosphere. The effects of the feedstock powders and spray processes on the coating characteristics (microstructure, hardness, Young’s modulus and diffusion processes during heat treatment) were studied.
Optimizing Cavitation Resistance—An Approach by Cold Spraying of Several Bronze Materials
Authors: Krebs Sebastian , Gärtner Frank , Klassen Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fast streaming fluid media causes cavitation-erosion in pumps, ship-propellers and rudders. To avoid severe damage, materials with high resistance against plastic deformation and a high fatigue strength should be used. Bronzes fulfill these criteria, but as-cast bulk parts are rather costly. A promising alternative is cold-spray deposition of dense and oxide-free coatings onto exposed surfaces. To achieve high quality bronze coatings by cold-spraying, parameter optimization has to tackle the high hardness of the feedstock powder materials. Additionally, practical limits due to nozzle clogging have to be considered, which may occur at gas temperatures above 700 °C. The present study investigates possible solutions by systematic process parameter and feedstock material optimization, including variation of bronze compositions. Thus, dense coating microstructures and - in consequence - high hardness and good cavitation resistance were obtained. Cold-spray coatings reach up to 8 times better cavitation resistance as compared to conventional ship-building steel (GL-A).
Performance of Pyramidal Fin Arrays Using Streamwise Anisotropy Material Manufactured by Cold Gas Dynamic Spray
Authors: Cormier Y. , Dupuis P. , Jodoin B. , Corbeil A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This work studies the thermal and hydrodynamic performances of pyramidal fin arrays produced using the cold spray process as an additive manufacturing process. Near-net shaped pyramidal fin arrays of various materials were manufactured (pure aluminum, pure nickel and stainless steel 304). Fin array characterization such as fin porosity level and surface roughness evaluation was performed. The nickel pyramidal fin array is shown to be rougher compared to the two other materials used in this study. The results obtained show a lower thermal efficiency for stainless steel 304 whereas the performances of the aluminum and nickel fin arrays are similar. The multi-material sample has a better thermal efficiency than stainless steel 304, which constitutes the proof of concept of using a streamwise anisotropic fin array.
Application of 3-D Transmission Electron Microscopy in Semiconductor Device Analysis
Authors: Wang Nathan , Li Susan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A new and improved sample preparation technique was developed by Wang. This technique uses an FIB instrument for the 90° rotation of a small portion of the specimen on the original grid by taking advantage of static force. All sample preparation steps, including thin-section creation and sample tilting, can be accomplished in a single process. The procedure is monitored in a high-resolution FIB instrument to assure a 100% success rate. Figure 1 shows a scanning electron microscope image of a 3D TEM sample with two rotated sections. The original TEM sample is a lift-out sample laid on carbon film.
Automated Backside Silicon Polishing for Die Encapsulated in a Package
Authors: Gannon Bonnie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An optically polished silicon surface with controlled sample thickness is the key to successful backside imaging. Achieving that manually can be very difficult in cases where ICs are encapsulated in packaging materials. This article describes the challenges involved with traditional (manual) backside silicon sample preparation techniques and the improvements obtainable with automation.
Can FIB Circuit Edit Successfully Address Interconnect Trends?
Authors: Lundquist Ted , Thompson Mark , Makarov Vladimir 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
FIB circuit edit tools and techniques have thus far kept pace with the evolution of interconnect materials in ICs and downward scaling of device dimensions. This article assesses the coming challenges for FIB circuit edit technology and the changes that will be necessary to keep FIB-based etching, milling, and deposition viable in the future.