bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of Pecan Insecticides: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Payne J. A. , Dutcher J. D. , Ellis H. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
During the last 10 years many insecticides have been evaluated in field and laboratory trials by one or more of the various entomologists employed at the state and federal laboratories across the pecan belt. Many of these pesticide trials were not published, communicated, or made readily available to other interested individuals. In this report we have reviewed the literature and research files of pecan entomologists so a concise updated consensus would be available to serve as a guideline for comparison in future pecan pesticide trials.
Evaluation of Acaricides for Control of Citrus Red Mite on Lemons, 1981
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Mullis C. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment involved efficacy of the citrus red mite on lemons at Yuman, AZ. Experimental compounds were compared to Kelthane, a current standard acaricide for control of citrus mites in AZ. A randomized block design was utilized with 1-tree plots and 4 replicates. Test materials were applied with a hand-gun from a John Bean Sprayer operating at 300 psi and a rate of 150 gpa (2.5 gal/tree) on Mar 30. Mite counts were made from 25 leaves/plot, selected at random. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and processed through a mite washer and separator appratus adapted from a Schriven and McMurty design.
Orange, Citrus Rust Mite Control (Crm), 1981
Authors: Childers C. C. , Knapp J. L. , Fasulo T. R. , Sorrell R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental miticides were evaluated for efficacy against citrus rust mite (CRM) in randomized complete block designs. Treatments were applied to single-tree plots replicated 5 times in 5 tests. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treated trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a hand-gun using a truck-mounted sprayer as follows: Test 1-435 psi, ca 9 gal/tree; Test 2--450 psi, ca 12 gal/tree; Test 3--500 psi, ca 3 gal/tree; Test 4--500 psi, ca 9 gal/tree; and Test 5--500 psi, ca 8 gal/tree. Water pH was 7.9 (Tests 1, 2, 4), 8.1 (Test 3), and 7.7 (Test 5). Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm count per fruit of motile CRM was recorded as 1 observation.
Orange, Texas Citrus Mite Control (Tcm), 1981
Authors: Childers C. C. , Sorreli R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to single-tree plots replicated 5 times. An unsprayed buffer tree separated trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a handgun at 200 psi, ca 2 gal/tree, using a John Bean sprayer on Jun 26-27. Water pH was 7.0. Twenty-five leaves from the spring flush were examined at random around the outer canopy of each sample tree. Each leaf was examined for motile spider mites and the count was recorded as one observation.
Pecan Stem Phylloxera Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1981
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on mature Schley trees at Shreveport, LA. A randomized block design was used with 3 blocks and 1 tree per treatment per block. Insecticide applications were made on Mar 27 using an FMC Model 957 speed sprayer delivering ca 35 gal of spray per tree. Evaluation occurred on Jun 4 by examining 100 random terminals per tree and recording the number of phylloxera galls per terminal. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Fall Cutworm Control in Asparagus, 1980
Authors: Grafius E. , Morrow E. , Love A.P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 3 replications. Each plot was 6 rows wide (24 ft) by 25 ft long. Treatments were applied manually to the soil surface, Oct 15. Day 1 post-treatment, 3 randomly selected crowns were sampled for numbers of live and dead larvae. Dead cutworms were observed on the soil surface and soil was excavated to a depth of 1-2 inches around the plants to count live larvae and any remaining dead larvae. Three additional crowns were visually sampled for dead larvae. On Oct 23, 8 days post-treatment, 4 additional crowns per plot were sampled for numbers of live cutworms.
Apple, Tufted Apple Budmoth Control, 1981
Authors: Bode W. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Dilute sprays were applied to mature 18-20 ft high apple trees with a handgun operated at ca 400 psi pressure at the pump. Single-tree plots were arranged in a complete randomized block design with 5 replications. Three sprays were applied when 1st generation larvae were present (Jun 12, 23 and Jul 2) and 5 sprays were applied when 2nd generation larvae were present (Aug 17, 24, 31, Sep 8 and 18). Cover sprays of fungicides (Cyprex during the 1st half of the season and Captan plus Zineb during the 2nd half) were applied with an airblast sprayer. Treatments were evaluated by examining 100 apples/tree on Aug 9-11 and Sep 29-0ct 1 (harvest time). The sampled fruit were evenly divided between the top and bottom halves of the tree canopies. The numbers of fruit exhibiting larval feeding damage were recorded. The tufted apple budmoth population was moderately high in the test orchard.
Cabbage Looper Control, 1981
Authors: Sherrod D. W. , Francis J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Round Dutch’ cabbage was transplanted Aug 3 in 3 ft rows (20 inch spacing between plants) at our research station near Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft long row with an untreated adjacent row. Treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Foliar applications were made with a propane compressed air backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/row. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 50 gal water/acre (40 psi). Applications were made on Sep 6, 14, 21, 28, and Oct 7. Two Lannate treatments were applied on a weekly schedule and received sprays on Sep 6, 14, 21, 28, and Oct 5. A destructive sample was made on Oct 19; the number of loopers was recorded for 5 plants chosen from the center of each plot. Foliar injury ratings were made using a 0-5 scale as follows: 0) no damage; 1) slight feeding, less than 5% defoliation; 2) visible feeding with 5-10% defoliation; 3) moderate damage, 10-25% defoliation; 4) heavy damage, 25-50% defoliation; 5) severe damage, greater than 50% defoliation.
Cabbage Looper Control on Collards, 1981
Authors: Harper James D. , Hoiiingsworth M. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman, AL. Col lard transplants were planted on Jul 27, in plots consisting of 6 rows (44 inch centers and 18 inch spacing in the rows) x 25 ft separated by 5 ft alleys. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was utilized. Treatments were applied on Aug 13, 20, 27, Sep 2, 9, and 16, with the exception of the 4 treatments containing viruses (SAN-404 and SAN-405 contain nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of Autographacalifornica [Speyer] and Trichoplusiani [HubnerU respectively), which were omitted on Sep 9 because of unavailability. Applications were made with a Super Blue Boy 600 high clearance sprayer operating at 250 psi and delivering 90 gal/acre through 3 TX26 nozzles/row. Larval counts were made on Sep 2 and 23. On Sep 2, counts were made of small, medium, and large T. ni larvae on 3 plants from the center 2 rows of each plot; on Sep 23, similar counts were made on 3 leaves from each of 10 plants/plot using leaves from the 2nd whorl from the top of the plant. On Sep 2, 16, and 23, plant damage ratings were taken for 20 plants randomly selected from the center 4 rows of each plot. Plants were rated on a 1-6 leaf loss scale, where 1 = 0-1%, 2 = 2-5%, 3 = 6-10%, 4 = 11-20%, 5 = 21-50%, and 6 = t50% loss. For analysis, damage ratings were converted to mean % damage for each rating class. Insect counts and damage ratings were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test.
Control of Harlequin Bugs on Collards Interplanted with Other Vegetables, 1981
Authors: Latheef M. A. , Ortiz John H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Morris Heading’ col lard was transplanted on May 4 at Virginia State University Randolph Farm, Chesterfield Co., VA. Soil type was a Goldsboro fine sandy loam. The field plots were assembled as a randomized complete block design with 4 rows, each 10 ft long. Col lards were planted in one of these rows while squash, pepper and eggplant were planted in the rmaining 3 rows, these plots were replicated 4 times with 5 ft alleys between plots. Col lards were treated 2 weeks after planting with a piston pump sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle. Spray solutions were prepared at the rate of 100 gallons/acre. Spraying was initiated on May 20 and was continued at biweekly intervals thereafter. Spraying was concluded on Sep 8 with a total of 9 sprayings. Adults were counted on 2 occasions in Jul and once in Sep. Three plants were sampled from each treatment during each sampling which preceded 1 or 2 days before spraying. The plants were stripped of older leaves in early Aug and a final count was taken on Sep 22.
Control of Lepidoptera Larvae on Collards with Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses and

Bacillus

thuringiensis

, 1981
Authors: Tompkins George J. , Linduska James J. , Dougherty Edward M. , Young Janet 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Vates’ col lards were seeded in 4 row plots 20 ft long on Jul 2. Plants were spaced 6-8 inches apart in the row and 36 inches between rows. Each row was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications, the soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1/2 liter of water and applied with a trombone type garden sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gal/A. Treatments wee applied on Jul 28; Aug 4, 11, and 18; and Sep 2 and 9. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3% damage = odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage = few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage = moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage = most leaves with holes; and 5) 51-100% damage = crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.
Apple, Effectiveness of Methomyl (Lannate 1.8 L) at 6X Concentration, Used as an Ovicide, in Controlling Aphids, 1981
Authors: David P. J. , Horsburgh R. L. , Ponton L. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On Apr 24, four rates of methornyl plus a water control were applied to seven year old apple trees bearing eggs of A. pomi and D. plantaginea. Application was with_a Swanson airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 233.55 litres/ha (25 pga) from each side, at 3.22 Km/hr (2 mph) and 7.02 Kg/cm2 (100 psi) pump pressure. Both sides of the trees were sprayed. Single tree treatments were used and replicated four times. Data were recorded on May 4 as the number of aphid infested terminals observed in two minutes per tree. A terminal was considered infested if it contained one or more apterous aphids.
Field Test of Piperonyl Butoxide and Synthetic Pyrethr0Ids for Colorado Potato Beetle Contro, 1981
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. , Silcox Charles A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Florida #10’ eggplant were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field Jun 3. Single row plots were 15 ft long and 5 ft wide. A guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a split-plot experimental design. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted . boom sprayer, with a drop nozzle on each side of the row and one centered over the row, calibrated to deliver 85 gal/A at 250 psi. Plots were treated Jun 17, 24; Jul 3, 8, 15, 22, 24, 27; Aug 7, 14, 18, 25 and Sep 4. Sprays prior to Jul 24 were conducted using’ a preformuIated mixture of insecticide and piperonyl butoxide. due to the ineffectiveness of the preformulated sprays, tank mixtures of insecticide and piperonyl butoxide 90% EC were initiated Jul 24. Parameters examined included percent defoliation, Colorado potato beetle larval counts, and total yield.
Insect Control in Early Snap Beans, 1983
Authors: Klostermeyer L. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental and registered insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against snap bean insects at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville, Tenn. Snap beans were planted in 38-in rows on 26 May. Plots were four rows by 20 ft with one untreated row between plots. Treatments were replicated five times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied 8 July using a 2-gal compressed-air handsprayer at 50-gal/acre spray. One treated row per plot was sampled by taking five sweeps along the row with a 15-in. diameter insect net. Pretreatment means were: leafhoppers (LH) 14.75, Mexican bean beetle larvae (MBBL) 2.5, and adults (MBB) 0.17. A different row was sampled on each date to reduce plant damage. Three row feet were hand harvested from the second treated row on 2 2 July.
European Corn Borer Control, 1983
Authors: Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Each treatment consisted of five bean plants per plot, replicated four times. Plants were sprayed 21 days after planting at recommended rates using 60 gal water/acre. Twenty-five 1st stage larvae were placed on each group of five plants at various intervals after spraying. Mortality was recorded 24 h after placing the larvae on the plants. X1 and X2 are confidential materials.
Control of Worms and Aphids on Cabbage with Combinations of Pyrethroids and Dipel, 1983
Authors: Bowman James S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A block of cabbage transplanted on 12 July 1983 on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham, N. H., was utilized. Spray applications of various treatments were made on 21 and 28 July, 4, 11, 18, and 25 Aug. and 8 Sept. to plots consisting of 20-ft rows replicated four times and arranged in a randomized blgck design. Applications were made on both sides of the row using a B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer (40 lb/in2) at a rate of 29 gal/acre. Combination treatments applied at the same time were tank mixed. Other combination treatments were applied separately and on alternate weeks. Worm control evaluations were made on 1 Sept. by counting the number of each worm species on five plants per replicate and by foliage injury ratings. The categories used in rating the foliage injury were: 1, slight or trace holes; 2, less than 10% of leaves with feeding holes; 3, severe feeding on 25% of leaves; 4, severe feeding on 50% of leaves; and 5, severe feeding on 100% of leaves. Aphid control evaluations were also made on 1 Sept. by determining the percentage of plants per replicate with at least one established aphid colony. Percent marketability of heads was evaluated on 23 Sept. by counting the number of heads free of insect or disease injury.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1983
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Ferry’s Round Dutch’ cabbage was seeded on 29 July in Sassafras sandy loam soil in single rows, 25-ft long plots in a randomized complete block design replicated four times; a guard row buffered each treated row. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with one drop nozzle.on either side of the row and one nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 83 gal/acre at 200 lb/in2. Treatments were applied 15, 21, and 28 Sept. and 4 Oct. Evaluations for the various treatments included direct larval counts, foliage injury ratings, and percentage of marketable heads. Foliage injury ratings are expressed as percentage of defoliation. Yields (percentage of marketable heads) were taken on 11 Oct. and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and at least two undamaged wrapper leaves.
Cabbage Worm Complex Control, Spring 1982
Authors: Sorensen K.A. , Johnson E.M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Market Prize’ cabbage plants were transplanted 22 May, near Benson, N.C. Treatment plots were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Plots consisted of single rows 10 ft long on 42-in. centers. Terraclor 75W was added to the transplant water to prevent clubroot. Foliar treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle operated at 40 lb/in2 delivering 100 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on 10, 16, 23, and 30 June, and 7, and 14 July. At harvest, 26 July, plots were evaluated for worm damage.
Efficacy of Pounce on Chinese Cabbage for Control of Green Peach Aphid and Bertha Armyworm, 1981
Authors: Halfhill J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Hiratsuka’ Chinese cabbage was seeded into 20-ft, 2-row beds, having 22-in row and 12-in interplant spacing on 10 July, 1981. The Ritzville silt loam (Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) soil had 1.6% organic matter and a pH of 6.2. Pounce was applied at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 lbs (AI)/acre on 4, 12, 18, and 24 Aug., and 2, 8, 15, and 22 Sept, using a boom sprayer mounted on a tractor travelling at 2.75 mph. The treatments were applied in 40 gal/acre at 60 lb/in2 through D2-25 TEEJET nozzles spaced 11 in apart on the boom. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates. Plots were sprinkler irrigated as needed but not less than 48 h after a treatment and at a rate of ca 0.375 acre-in/h. Efficacy was determined by examining 10 heads from each plot 3 days after the final treatment for the abundance and distribution of both aphids and worms. Phytotoxicity was determined at the same time.
Control of Late Season Worms on Silking Sweet Corn, 1983
Authors: Bowman James S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The sweet corn used in this study was planted 17 June on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham, N. H. Each plot consisted of a 30-foot row and each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized block design. Spray treatments were applied to the silk area of the ears beginning at approximately 10 to 15% silk state on 17 Aug. The applications were repeated on 22 and 25 Aug. The sprays were applied using a 1-gal B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer at a rate of 29 gal of spray per acre and directing the spray to both sides of the row. Evaluations were made on 2 Sept. by examining 20 ears from each replicate for the presence of worms and feeding damage.
Control on Sweet Corn, 1983
Authors: Ferro D.N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn was planted on 16 June in Sunderland, Mass., using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Rows were 3 ft apart, 25 ft long and plants were spaced 9 in. apart in the row with four rows per plot. Fertilizer (1,000 lb. 10:10:10/acre) was incorporated before planting; no additional fertilizer was needed. Atrazine at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre and alachlor at 1.5 lb (All/acre was applied on 20 June. Insecticides were applied using a tractor-drawn sprayer with drop nozzles, at 60 lb/in2 and 180 gal water/acre. Treatments were applied on 16 and 22 Aug. and 1 and 8 Sept. On 15 Sept., 25 ears were examined from the center two rows for each plot and the number of ears infested or not infested with larvae of each pest was recorded. Only ears with damage to kernels constituted ear damage.
Corn Earworm, Fall Armyworm, and European Corn Borer Control on Sweet Corn in Alabama, 1983
Authors: Kouskolekas C.A. , Harper J.D. , Hollingsworth M.H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were conducted at the Auburn University North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman, AL. Test 1. This experiment was conducted to provide information for commercial production. Each plot was six rows (44-inch centers) by 50 ft. A randomized complete block design with four replicatigons per treatment was used. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer operating at 50 lb/in2. and delivering 82 gal/acre through 3 TX26 hollow cone nozzles per row, one over-the-top, and two on drops at the level of , and directed toward the ears. Sprays were initiated on 19 July at initial silking and were applied on alternate days through 31 July (7 sprays). On 3 Aug., 50 ears were harvested frothe middle four rows for observations. Test 2. This test was conducted to obtain information for use in home gardens. Plots consisted of three rows (44-in. centers) by 15 ft. A randomized complete block design with four replications per treatment was used. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized B & G sprayer equipped with a TX28 nozzle, operating at 40 lb/in2 and delivering 50 gal/acre2. Sprays were applied on the same days as in Test 1. On 3 Aug., 10 ears were collected from the middle row of each plot. In both tests, treatment efficacy was determined through damage ratings. Ears were shucked, examined for larval damage and rated according to the following 1 to 6 scale: 1, clean; 2, slight silk or tip damage; 3, tip damage of &lt;1.5 in.; 4, tip damage of &gt;1.5 in.; 5, side damage; 6, tip and side damage. Ears rated four or higher were considered unmarketable.
Efficacy of Temik, 1982
Authors: Dripps James E. , Smilowitz Zane , Yocum John O. , Wallace Jean 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Temik 15G applied at planting and post planting, was evaluated on a Hagerstown silt loam at the Southeastern Field Research Station at Landisville, Lancaster, Pa. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. Plots consisted of eight 20-ft rows planted 34 in apart. Certified Class B ‘Katahdin’ seed potatoes were planted 6 May, 1982, with a 9-in spacing between plants. Dithane M-45 was applied at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre on a 7-day schedule for potato late blight control. Three application techniques were evaluated: Temik applied once in-furrow at planting, as a split application in furrow followed by a side dress application on 25 Jun, and as a single layby application after plants had emerged on 16 Jun. Light cultivations preceeded and followed the layby and side dress applications. Forty stems were sampled each week for all stages of the Colorado potato beetle from 21 Jun until 19 Jul. A subjective damage estimate was also assessed. Two rows per plot were harvested 16 Sep, 1982 and graded by size. Rainfall totalled 8.36 inches in Jun, 2.74 inches in Jul, 1.10 inches in Aug and 3.17 inches in Sep. Average maximum and minimum temperatures (°F) were 78.2 and 56.7 for Jun, 86.0 and 62.3 for Jul, and 82.5 and 56.2 for Aug, and 77.1 and 51.7 for Sep.
Soil Treatments with Systemic Insecticides for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1983
Authors: Sherrod D. W. , Francis J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Norchip’ seed pieces were planted in open furrows in State sandy loam soil (Typic Hapludult) on 13 Apr. at our research station near Painter, Va. Each plot was three rows wide (36-inch rows) and 25 ft long with each treatment replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. For furrow application, the granular insecticides were spread with a handheld shaker over the seed pieces and the seed pieces covered. Band treatments were made on 12 May at plant emergence by dribbling the granular insecticide in a 7-inch band over the center of the row and lightly incorporating the granules with a garden hand rake. Evaluation criteria included counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae per 10 plants and foliage damage ratings. Foliage damage ratings were on a scale of 0 to 5 as follows: 0, no damage; 1, slight feeding, less than 5% defoliation; 2, visible feeding with 5 to 10% defoliation; 3 moderate damage, 10 to 25% defoliation; 4, heavy damage, 25 to 50% defoliation; 5, severe damage, greater than 50% defoliation.