bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Receptor-Mediated Targeting in Breast Cancer through Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
and Its Mechanism
Authors: Malik Zoya , Parveen Rabea , Abass Sageer , Irfan Dar Mohammad , Husain Syed Akhtar , Ahmad Sayeed 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
Nanoparticles have gained prominence in many areas and domains worldwide, such as metallic NP, carbon
dots, quantum dots, polymeric NP, nano-suspension, nanocrystals, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), etc. and have
been applied in the field of medicine as nanomedicine with promising results. Rise in cancer mortality rate has been
an issue for a long time with female breast cancer as one of the most detected cancers. No permanent treatment has
been developed till date could combat breast cancer with minimum side effects that are not long-lasting as there is no
proper technique through which the anticancer drugs can recognize benign or malignant or normal cells that causes
systematic toxicity. Advancement in technology has led to the discovery of many biological pathways and mechanisms.
Tumor cells or cancer cells overexpress some high-affinity receptors that can be targeted to deliver the anticancer
drugs at specific site using these pathways and mechanisms. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are among some
of the excellent drug delivery systems, especially stealth SLN (sSLN). SLN, when conjugated with a ligand (called as
sSLN), has affinity and specificity towards a specific receptor, and can deliver the drug in breast cancer cells overexpressing
the receptors. Using this technique, various investigations have reported better anti-breast cancer activity
than simple SLN (non-conjugated to ligand or no receptor targeting). This review includes the investigations and data
on receptor-mediated targeting in breast cancer from 2010 to 2021 by searching different databases. Overall, information
on SLN in different cancers is reviewed. In vivo investigations, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and stability
are discussed to describe the efficacy of sSLN. Investigations included in this review demonstrate that sSLN
delivers the drug by overcoming the biological barriers and shows enhanced and better activity than non-conjugated
SLN which also verifies that a lesser concentration of drug can show anti-breast cancer activity. The efficacy of
medicines could be increased with lower cancer deaths through stealth-SLN. Due to the low cost of synthesis, biocompatibility
and easy to formulate, more study is needed in vitro and in vivo so that this novel technique could be
utilized in the treatment of human breast cancer.
An Overview of Treatment Guidelines and Methods of Synthesis of Drugs
Used in Leprosy Chemotherapy
Authors: Pinheiro Luiz C.S. , Borges Julio C. , Campos Vinicius R. , Dantas Leonardo C. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
Leprosy is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTDs) caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M.
leprae). The treatment is considered effective, however, the high dose Multidrug Therapy (MDT)
for a long period and its adverse effects result in the abandonment of the treatment by patients.
Indeed, antimicrobial resistance is still an obstacle that must be overcome in the treatment of leprosy.
In the present article, we reviewed the WHO guidelines for the chemotherapy of leprosy and
the methods of synthesis of these drugs.
Regulating the Size of Simvastatin-loaded Discoidal Reconstituted Highdensity
Lipoprotein: Preparation, Characterization, and Investigation of
Cellular Cholesterol Efflux
Authors: Zhang Wenli , Liu Jianping , Huang Xinya , Gao Hai , Zhang Qiqi 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Reverse cholesterol transportation is essential for high-density lipoprotein
(HDL) particles to reduce the cholesterol burden of peripheral cells. Studies have shown that particle
size plays a crucial role in the cholesterol efflux capacity of HDLs, and the reconstituted HDLs
(rHDLs) possess a similar function to natural ones.

Ojective:
The study aimed to investigate the effect of particle size on the cholesterol efflux capacity of
discoidal rHDLs and whether drug loadings may have an influence on this effect.

Methods:
Different-sized simvastatin-loaded discoidal rHDLs (ST-d-rHDLs) resembling nascent HDL
were prepared by optimizing key factors related to the sodium cholate of film dispersion-sodium cholate
dialysis method with a single controlling factor. Their physicochemical properties, such as particle
size, zeta potential, and morphology in vitro, were characterized, and their capacity of cellular cholesterol
efflux in foam cells was evaluated.

Results:
We successfully constructed discoidal ST-d-rHDLs with different sizes (13.4 ± 1.4 nm, 36.6 ±
2.6 nm, and 68.6 ± 3.8 nm) with over 80% of encapsulation efficiency and sustained drug release.
Among them, the small-sized ST-d-rHDL showed the strongest cholesterol efflux capacity and inhibitory
effect on intracellular lipid deposition in foam cells. In addition, the results showed that the loaded
drug did not compromise the cellular cholesterol efflux capacity of different-sized ST-d-rHDL.

Conclusion:
Compared to the larger-sized ST-d-rHDLs, the small-sized ST-d-rHDL possessed enhanced
cellular cholesterol efflux capacity similar to drug-free one, and the effect of particle size on
cholesterol efflux was not influenced by the drug loading.
Clinical and Molecular Findings in a Turkish Family Who Had a (c.869-
1G>A) Splicing Variant in PSEN1 Gene with A Rare Condition: The Variant
Alzheimer's Disease with Spastic Paraparesis
Authors: Doğan Mustafa , Eröz Recep , Tecellioğlu Mehmet , Gezdirici Alper , Çevik Betül , Barış İbrahim 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) is commonly diagnosed with an onset
age of earlier than 65 years and accounts for 5–10% of all Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases. To date,
although only 10-15% of familial EOAD cases have been explained, the genetic cause of the vast proportion
of cases has not been explained. The variant Alzheimer's disease with spastic paraparesis (var-
AD) is defined as a rare clinical entity characterized by early-onset dementia, spasticity of the lower extremities,
and gait disturbance. Although the disease was first associated with variants in exon 9 of the
PSEN1 gene, it was later shown that variations in other exons were also responsible for the disease.

Objective:
The current study aims to raise awareness of varAD, which occurs as a rare phenotype due to
pathogenic variants in PSEN1. In addition, we aimed to evaluate the spectrum of mutations in varAD
patients identified to date.

Methods:
Detailed family histories and clinical data were recorded. Whole exome sequencing was performed
and co-segregation analysis of the family was done by Sanger sequencing. Also, a review of the
molecularly confirmed patients with (varAD) from the literature was evaluated.

Results:
We identified a heterozygous splicing variant (c.869-1G>A) in the PSEN1 gene, in a family
with two affected individuals who present with varAD. We reported the clinical and genetic findings
from the affected individuals.

Conclusion:
We present the detailed clinical and genetic profiles of a Turkish patient with the diagnosis
of varAD together with subjects from the literature. Together, we think that the clinical characteristics
and the effect of the (c.869-1G>A) variant will facilitate our understanding of the PSEN1 gene in AD
pathogenesis.
Usefulness of Lipidic Nanoparticles of Curcumin and Tetrahydrocurcumin
for Skin Inflammation: A Comparative Study
Authors: Saini Komal , Verma Manoj Kumar , Kaur Indu Pal , Kakkar Vandita 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Yellow curcumin, the “Indian Gold” is known since ancient times to modulate the activities of a wide variety of targets. The voluminous literature and several patents are a proof of the therapeutic value of curcumin. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), however, has remained as an unexplored molecule although its cosmeceutical properties have been documented. Their compromised bioavailability, poor aqueous solubility (curcumin 11 ng/mL, THC 56ng/mL), high log P (Cur: 3.28; THC: 2.98) are hurdles for developing as potential drugs.

Objective:
This article discusses the usefulness of lipidic nanoparticles of curcumin and THC for skin inflammation.

Method:
Nanocouturing to produce lipidic nanoparticles (LNs) of curcumin and THC was done via an optimized microemulsification technique. LNs were characterized by FTIR, TEM, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic study.

Results:
FTIR reflected the suitable incorporation of drugs into LNs. TEM examination revealed a spherical to ellipsoidal shape with a particle size of <200 nm. In vitro release study indicates the release of both drugs is between 70-80% within 24 h. Ex-vivo permeation studies confirmed the ability of LNs to cross the stratum corneum. Stability studies (Q1AR2) indicated that both were stable, safe, and nonirritating (OECD 404). Xylene induced ear edema model of inflammation showed both molecules to possess equivalent abilities to treat inflammation.

Conclusion:
Curcumin being yellow in color is unstable at physiological pH and plasma and possesses poor bioavailability, while THC is a colorless stable molecule, making it a molecule of choice to be developed as an effective topical product.
Biodegradable Nanogels for Dermal Applications: An Insight
Authors: Kesharwani Payal , Prajapati Shiv Kumar , Jain Anushka , Sharma Swapnil , Mody Nishi , Jain Ankit 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
Biodegradable nanogels in the biomedical field are emerging vehicles comprising
dispersions of hydrogel nanoparticles having 3D crosslinked polymeric networks. Nanogels show
distinguished characteristics including their homogeneity, adjustable size, low toxicity, stability
in serum, stimuli-responsiveness (pH, temperature, enzymes, light, etc.), and relatively good
drug encapsulation capability. Due to these characteristics, nanogels are referred to as nextgeneration
drug delivery systems and are suggested as promising carriers for dermal applications.
The site-specific delivery of drugs with effective therapeutic effects is crucial in transdermal drug
delivery. The nanogels made from biodegradable polymers can show external stimuliresponsiveness
which results in a change in gel volume, water content, colloidal stability, mechanical
strength, and other physical and chemical properties, thus improving the site-specific
topical drug delivery. This review provides insight into the advances in development, limitations,
and therapeutic significance of nanogels formulations. It also highlights the process of release of
drugs in response to external stimuli, various biodegradable polymers in the formulation of the
nanogels, and dermal applications of nanogels and their role in imaging, anti‐inflammatory therapy,
antifungal and antimicrobial therapy, anti‐psoriatic therapy, and ocular and protein/peptide
drug delivery.
L-Ala-L-Gln Suppresses Hypoxic Phenotype and Fibrogenic Activity of
Rat Perineurial Fibroblasts
Authors: Ghosh Nilabh , Bregere Catherine , Bustos Pia , Guzman Raphael 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Twenty million Americans suffer from peripheral nerve injury (PNI) and
approximately $150 billion is spent annually in the United States for the treatment of nerve injuries.
Moreover, 50,000 cases of PNI repairs are performed annually in the United States, with even less
than 42% experiencing satisfactory sensory recovery. Available therapies control painful symptoms
but do not treat axonal degeneration or neuronal cell death. Peripheral nerve fibrosis (PNF) associated
with chronic inflammation, perineural adhesions, and scarring is often reported in patients with
nerve injury. Unfortunately, post-surgical adhesions and fibrosis often lead to aberrated wound healing
and impairment of nerve functions. Various treatment strategies have been attempted, including
the use of grafts and biomaterials; however, few appear promising.

Objective:
L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine (L-Ala-L-Gln) was reported to protect the lung from sepsisinduced
injury and play an immunomodulatory role in stress and fibrosis. This study aimed to examine
the potential anti-fibrotic effects of L-Ala-L-Gln in an in vitro model of neural fibrosis.

Methods:
Primary fibroblasts isolated from rat sciatic nerve were exposed to chronic (48 h) and episodic
(2 h) hypoxic conditions. Cultures were then treated for 48 h with various concentrations of
L-Ala-L-Gln (0, 1, 10, and 100 mM). The expression of hypoxic and pro-fibrotic markers in the different
culture conditions was assessed by immunocytochemistry and western blot analyses. Quantitative
phosphor-proteomic profiling was performed to investigate mechanistically the impact of L-Ala-
L-Gln on collagen biosynthesis and hypoxia-driven tissue fibrosis in vitro.

Results:
In protein expression assays, L-Ala-L-Gln significantly reduced markers related to the cellular
response to hypoxia, in particular HIF-1 signaling. L-Ala-L-Gln also significantly reduced the
expression of pro-fibrotic and cell-adhesion-inducing factors. Phospho-proteomic data indicated that
L-Ala-L-Gln modulates several pro-fibrotic factors and associated pathways.

Conclusion:
Altogether, our data demonstrate that L-Ala-L-Gln efficiently suppresses hypoxiamediated
fibrotic processes at different concentrations in rat primary fibroblasts. Thus, L-Ala-L-Gln
presents a high potential therapeutic value as an antifibrotic pharmaceutical agent for the treatment
of neural fibrosis.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Properties of ZnO
Nanostructures Functionalized Flexible Carbon Fibers
Authors: Aykaç Ahmet , Akkaş Emine Özge 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Studies on the surface functionalization of flexible carbon fibers without any
substrate by using cost-effective, fast, and practical processes that may provide antibacterial properties
to carbon fiber have received great importance recently.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to obtain zinc oxide nanostructures functionalized carbon fibers
by a facile, cheap, fast, and repeatable method, and to show their effective antibacterial activity.

Methods:
Electroplating and electrochemical anodization were used to synthesize zinc oxide
nanostructures on carbon fiber surfaces, respectively, and their antibacterial properties were studied by
zone inhibition test against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Results:
The zinc oxide nanostructures on carbon fiber surfaces were successfully synthesized in
minutes, and they exhibited effective antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. The morphological properties of the nanocomposite were studied using scanning
electron microscopy, which showed that ZnO on the CF surface exhibits a flake-like nanostructure.
Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, x-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and
x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to analyze the composite's compositional, structural, crystallographic,
and spectral characteristics. The results from all analyses were in a good agreement, indicating
that the wurtzite crystalline ZnO nanostructure was successfully produced on the CF surface.

Conclusions:
As a consequence, a method for the surface functionalization of carbon fiber using zinc
oxide nanostructures has been developed that is feasible, low-cost, rapid, and repeatable. The flexible
nanocomposite structure has a significant potential to be employed as a scaffold in sensor technology,
wearable devices, and particularly in medical textiles due to its antibacterial and woven-able properties.
Growth Hormone Stimulates Murine Macrophage Migration during Aging
Authors: Cruz Borbely Karen Steponavicius , Marques Aldilane Lays Xavier , Porto Felipe Lima , Mendonça Beatriz Santana , Smaniotto Salete , dos Santos Reis Maria Danielma 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Age-related impairments in macrophage functions have important consequences
for the health of the elderly population. The aging process is also accompanied by a reduction
in several hormones, including growth hormone (GH). Previous studies have shown that this
hormone can affect macrophage activity in young individuals; however, the biological effects of
GH stimulation on macrophages during aging have not yet been elucidated.

Objective:
The aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro effects of GH on peritoneal macrophages
from aged mice.

Methods:
Peritoneal macrophages isolated from young (4 months-old) and old (12-15 months-old)
mice were treated in vitro with 100 ng/mL of GH for 24 hours. After treatment, cells were analysed
for cell morphology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, expression of integrins, cell adhesion
to extracellular matrix molecules, and migration in transwell chambers.

Results:
Although GH-treated cells from old mice exhibited decreased ROS production, we did not
observe the effects of GH on macrophage morphology or macrophage phagocytic activity in young
and old mice-derived cell cultures. Macrophages from old mice had increased adhesion to laminin
and fibronectin substrates, as did cells obtained from young mice treated with GH, but no change
was observed in the expression of integrin receptors. Furthermore, cells from old mice exhibited
increased migration compared to young mice and a significant increase in macrophage migration
was observed under GH stimulation.

Conclusion:
Our results showed that GH can interfere with the motility of macrophages from old
mice, advancing our understanding of the interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine
systems during aging.
The Effects of Theory-Based Educational Intervention and WhatsApp Follow-up on Papanicolaou Smear Uptake Among Postnatal Women in Malaysia: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mohammad Zaahirah , Ahmad Norliza , Baharom Anisah 
Published: April 2022

Background
Despite the availability and accessibility of free Papanicolaou (Pap) smear as a screening tool for cervical cancer, the uptake of Pap smear in Malaysia has not changed in the last 15 years. Previous studies have shown that the high uptake of Pap smear reduces the mortality rate of patients with cervical cancer. The low uptake of Pap smear is multifactorial, and the problem could be minimized through the use of mobile technologies. Nevertheless, most intervention studies focused on individual factors, while other important aspects such as mobile technologies, especially WhatsApp, have not been investigated yet.

Objective
This study aims to determine the effects of a theory-based educational intervention and WhatsApp follow-up (Pap smear uptake [PSU] intervention) in improving PSU among postnatal women in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

Methods
A 2-arm, parallel single-blind cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted among postpartum women from the Seremban district. Twelve health clinics were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. At baseline, both groups received a self-administered questionnaire. The intervention group received standard care and PSU intervention delivered by a researcher. This 2-stage intervention module was developed based on Social Cognitive Theory, where the first stage was conducted face-to-face and the second stage included a WhatsApp follow-up. The control group received standard care. Participants were observed immediately and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the intervention. The primary endpoint was PSU, whereas the secondary endpoints were knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy scores for Pap smear screening self-assessed using a Google Forms questionnaire. A generalized mixed model was used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. All data were analyzed using IBM SPSS (version 25), and P value of .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
We analyzed 401 women, of whom 76 (response rate: 325/401, 81%) had withdrawn because of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a total of 162 respondents in the intervention group and 163 respondents in the control group. The proportion of Pap smears at the 12-week follow-up was 67.9% (110/162) in the intervention group versus 39.8% (65/163) in the control group (P<.001). Significant differences between the intervention and control groups were found for Pap smear use (F4,1178; P<.001), knowledge scores (F4,1172=14.946; P<.001), attitude scores (F4,1172=24.417; P<.001), and self-efficacy scores (F1,1172=10.432; P<.001).

Conclusions
This study demonstrated that the PSU intervention is effective in increasing the uptake of Pap smear among postnatal women in Seremban district, Malaysia. This intervention module can be tested in other populations of women.

Trial Registration
Thai Clinical Trials Registry TCTR20200205001; https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20200205001
Pendampingan Potensi Wisata Kearifan Lokal Batik Motif Khas Satwa Lampung di Desa Labuhan Ratu VII Lampung Timur
Authors: Alimudin Salih , Virna Renata Elsa , L. Rustiati Elly , Sunandar Sunandar , Rahmat Basuki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Labuhan Ratu VII is one of settlements next to Way Kambas National Park, and has experienced elephants – human conflict. Batik BARATA has developed wildlife motives such as sumatran elephants, tigers and rhinos. It is potential for ecotourism packages and education as well as wildlife conservation in Lampung. Its companionship were carried out by off and online from July 2019 - October 2020 under TFCA Sumatra UNILA-ALeRT Consortium program. BARATA Batik becomes one great ecotourism attractant in Labuhan Ratu VII.

Keywords: Companionship, ecotourism, wildlife, Labuhan Ratu VII, TFCA Sumatera
PENGENALAN ALAT-ALAT OPTIK BAGI GURU-GURU IPA DI SMP NEGERI 1 MUARO JAMBI
Authors: Purwaningsih Sri , Pathoni Haerul , Aina Mia , Pertiwi Rasmi Dian , Murni Pinta 
Published: April 2022

Telah dilakukan pengabdian kepada masyarakat di SMP Negeri 1 Muaro Jambi, pengabdian ini dilakukan terhadap guru-guru IPA. Dari hasil wawancara dengan guru tersebut pembelajaran optik selama ini belum diajarkan melalui praktikum dan percobaan, karena berbagai faktor yang kurang mendukung sehingga praktikum percobaan fisika sering tidak dilakukan, kendala yang paling banyak dijumpai adanya keterbatasan alat-alat praktikum yang tersedia. Untuk memahami konsep yang baik, disamping mempelajari teori juga harus disertai dengan praktikum agar dapat memahami konsep dengan baik dan juga menambah minat belajar siswa. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut perlu dilakukan pengenalan alat-alat optik dan pada akhirnya melakukan praktikumnya agar guru-guru dapat lebih terampil dan memiliki khasanah yang luas dalam mengajarkan materi optik tersebut. Berdasarkan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat yang telah dilaksanakan dapat disimpulkan bahwa kegiatan pengabdian sangat dibutuhkan bagi pihak sekolah terutama SMP Negeri 1 Muaro Jambi, dengan adanya kegiatan pengabdian ini, guru IPA sangat terbantu dengan adanya pengenalan alat-alat optik dan mendapat menambah inspirasi bagi guru untuk melakukan praktikum alat-alat optik di sekolah.