bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mucosal‐associated invariant T cells: A cryptic coordinator in HIV‐infected immune reconstitution
Authors: Su Bin , Kong Deshenyue , Yang Xiaodong , Zhang Tong , Kuang Yi‐Qun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) infection causes considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has largely transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease to a chronic condition, approximately 10%–40% of HIV‐infected individuals who receive effective ART and sustain long‐term viral suppression still cannot achieve optimal immune reconstitution. These patients are called immunological nonresponders, a state associated with poor clinical prognosis. Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an evolutionarily conserved unconventional T‐cell subset defined by expression of semi‐invariant αβ T‐cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes metabolites derived from the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway presented on major histocompatibility complex‐related protein‐1. MAIT cells, which are considered to act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, produce a wide range of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules upon activation through TCR‐dependent and TCR‐independent mechanisms, which is of major importance in defense against a variety of pathogens. In addition, MAIT cells are involved in autoimmune and immune‐mediated diseases. The number of MAIT cells is dramatically and irreversibly decreased in the early stage of HIV infection and is not fully restored even after long‐term suppressive ART. In light of the important role of MAIT cells in mucosal immunity and because microbial translocation is inversely associated with CD4+ T‐cell counts, we propose that MAIT cells participate in the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity and microbial homeostasis, thus further affecting immune reconstitution in HIV‐infected individuals.
Perceptions of Otolaryngology Residency Among Students Underrepresented in Medicine
Authors: Thompson‐Harvey Adam , Drake Marc , Flanary Valerie A. 
Published: March 2022

ObjectiveOtolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) has historically been one of the least diverse surgical subspecialties. The objective of this study was to better understand perceptions of OHNS from underrepresented students in medicine (URiM) and identify factors affecting URiM application to the specialty.Study DesignSurvey via electronic questionnaire.MethodsAn anonymous, 22‐question electronic survey was administered nationally to URiM medical students (N = 388) regarding factors that play a role in developing an interest in applying to OHNS. Responses to questions were compared between URiMs applying to OHNS and those applying to other fields.ResultsThirty‐six percent of respondents identified as African American and 26% as Latino. Students completed the survey in all years of medical school. Research opportunities (H(2) = 18.58, P < .001) and having a race‐concordant role model were the most important factors for those pursing OHNS residency. Personality fit and interactions with OHNS faculty had the greatest influence on their decision to pursue OHNS residency. Board scores (e.g., USMLE Step 1/2CK Scores), competitiveness, lifestyle during residency, the influence of application costs, and racial/ethnic and gender distributions did not reach statistical significance or were noninfluential.ConclusionURiMs applying to OHNS value race‐concordant mentorship, are involved in research, and have meaningful relationships with their respective OHNS department. We found that establishing meaningful connections with URiM mentors significantly impacts URiM students considering OHNS. While this cohort was not influenced by overemphasis of board scores within the OHNS match process, the COVID‐19 pandemic negatively impacted this aspect of their application, along with away rotations.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 132:2335–2343, 2022
Economic Values of Potential Regulation Changes for the Southern Flounder Fishery in Louisiana
Authors: Smith David R. , Midway Stephen R. , Caffey Rex H. , Penn Jerrod M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Population declines of Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma have reached levels that present management concerns in Louisiana waters. As the need for regulatory change in this fishery approaches, we conducted a survey to better characterize the Southern Flounder fishery in Louisiana, with two primary goals: (1) determining a value for the economic welfare provided by the fishery and (2) evaluating how this value might change in response to hypothetical regulation scenarios. Based on total travel cost estimates, the aggregate economic value of the Southern Flounder fishery among coastal Louisiana anglers reached an estimated US$119.7 million; however, this value primarily stems from anglers targeting multiple species during their coastal angling trips, as the value of the Southern Flounder fishery while only accounting for anglers that solely targeted this species amounted to an estimated $8.4 million. Respondents revealed strong levels of supportiveness for all regulation scenarios that increased limitations on allowable harvest for Southern Flounder. None of the hypothetical regulation scenarios led to significant behavioral responses in the expected number of coastal angling trips taken, leaving the economic value of coastal Louisiana fisheries unchanged. The results of our study illustrate the relatively inconsequential nature of Southern Flounder regulations upon the behavior of coastal Louisiana anglers. The information gathered by this survey can be used to guide the decision-making process in developing a sustainable management strategy that is supported by stakeholders and that keeps the strong economic values of coastal Louisiana fisheries intact.
Environmental Factors and Stock Abundance Influence Year-Class Strength of Spotted Seatrout at Cedar Key, Florida
Authors: Nehemiah Samara , Chagaris David , Lowerre-Barbieri Susan , Allen Micheal 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Environmental pressures can influence recruitment of estuarine fishes by impacting growth and survival of juveniles as well as adult habitat use and behavior. Identifying potential drivers of year-class strength is an important tool for assessing stock health and implementing management decisions. The goal of this study was to determine how environmental factors and adult stock influence trends in recruitment of Spotted Seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus in Cedar Key, Florida. Juvenile indices of abundance were generated using sampling data from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission’s Fisheries-Independent Monitoring program. Young-of-the-year indices of abundance suggested that annual recruitment was variable in this system and declined throughout the majority of the 1996–2018 time series. Adult abundance and water temperature in the spawning season were the most significant variables in predicting Spotted Seatrout recruitment, and both had positive relationships with recruitment. Salinity and river discharge were not significant environmental variables in predicting year-class strength of Spotted Seatrout in this study. Our results indicated that recruitment was associated with interannual changes in water temperature and adult abundance, which could be used to explore how Spotted Seatrout recruitment dynamics could vary for stock assessments, for management decisions, and as a result of warming waters due to climate change.
Comparison of irradiance forecasts from operational NWP model and satellite‐based estimates over Fennoscandia
Authors: Kallio‐Myers Viivi , Riihelä Aku , Schoenach David , Gregow Erik , Carlund Thomas , Lindfors Anders V. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAccurate irradiance forecasts are needed for the growing solar energy industry also in Northern Europe. We have compared irradiance forecasts from an operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) model, a satellite‐based model, and persistence models. We aim to determine whether operational NWP models are suitable for forecasting irradiance at the high latitudes, and how their accuracy compares to the satellite‐based model. We have included all members and the ensemble average of the MetCoOp ensemble prediction system (MEPS), the MetCoOp‐Nowcasting (MNWC) system, the satellite‐based Solis‐Heliosat model, and two persistence models. The comparison is made as a point comparison against in situ irradiance observations in Finland and Sweden, for intra‐day forecasts with hourly and 15‐min output and the full forecast of MEPS with hourly output. In addition, we show two energy market case studies. We find the operational NWP models to be very suitable for irradiance forecasting in the area, up to the full horizon of the forecasts. Solis‐Heliosat errors grow with lead time, while the NWP model errors are largest in the beginning, settling to smaller values after the first hours. Solis‐Heliosat has more accuracy for the first 2–3 h of the forecast, after which NWP models produce better forecasts. However, during morning periods Solis‐Heliosat is found to have limited accuracy, while conversely, MNWC performs better in the morning than in the afternoon. The energy market case study highlights the same results: NWP models do well with forecasting irradiance in Fennoscandia, but the optimal selection of forecast model depends on the required forecast horizon and time.
Differential regulation of Hippo signaling pathway components between 8‐cell and blastocyst stages of bovine preimplantation embryogenesis
Authors: Sharma Jyoti , Madan Pavneesh 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Hippo signaling pathway is an important regulator of lineage segregation (trophectoderm and inner cell mass) during blastocyst formation in the mouse embryos. However, the role and regulation of Hippo signaling pathway components during bovine embryonic development is not completely understood. This study was thus designed to interpret the roles of Hippo cell signaling pathway components using two different yet specific chemical inhibitors (Cerivastatin and XMU‐MP‐1). A significant decrease in the blastocyst rates were observed on treatment with Cerivastatin and XMU‐MP‐1 inhibitors for the treatment groups, in comparison to the control groups. At the 8‐cell stage, a significant decrease was observed in the gene expression and nuclear protein localization of YAP1 (Yes Associated Protein 1) and pYAP1 components of Hippo signaling pathway. However, no such effect of Cerivastatin treatment was observed on the localization of TAZ at this cell stage. On the contrary, during bovine blastocyst formation a significant decrease in the gene expression and nuclear localization of both YAP1 and TAZ suggest differences in the regulation of these components at 8‐cell and blastocyst stages of embryonic development. Furthermore, XMU‐MP‐1 mediated chemical inhibition of Mst1 at the blastocyst stage also suggests differences in the regulation of Yap1 and Taz components of Hippo signaling pathway. Overall, this study indicates novel differences in the regulation of Hippo signaling transcript levels and protein localization between the 8‐cell and blastocyst stages of bovine preimplantation embryonic development.
Adaptive Spatial Management to Deal with Postflood Inshore Bycatch in a Penaeid Trawl Fishery
Authors: Taylor Matthew D. , Johnson Daniel D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Adaptive spatial management provides a way to balance the conservation of bycatch species and the potential economic effects of bycatch-induced closures on a fishery, but implementation can be both data and resource intensive. We present a survey exploring a novel approach to adaptively manage an intermittent bycatch issue in an inshore trawl fishery where Sciaenidae bycatch species (including juvenile Mulloway Argyrosomus japonicus, a species of conservation concern) co-occur with large aggregations of a valuable target species (eastern school prawn Metapenaeus macleayi), following flood-induced egression from estuarine habitats. Diurnal sampling surveys followed three flood events and targeted permanent inshore closure zones (designed to protect the normally nocturnally harvested eastern king prawn Melicertus plebejus) and adjacent inshore nonclosure areas. Sciaenidae abundance was mostly &lt;10 fish/ha trawled, but larger catches generally corresponded with larger catches of eastern school prawn, and these relationships appeared to be steeper within nonclosure zones. There were only minor differences in the size structure of eastern school prawn between zones, and patterns were event and location specific. Negligible eastern king prawn were encountered. The results show that temporarily allowing fishers access to permanent trawl closures following floods may support the exploitation of aggregated target species with reduced interaction with bycatch species of concern. The approach presented here is relevant to the consideration of adaptive spatial management in other trawl fisheries.
Evaluation of impact, thermo‐physical properties, and morphology of cornhusk fiber‐reinforced polyester composites
Authors: Sari Nasmi Herlina , Suteja Suteja , Fudholi Ahmad , Sutaryono Yusuf Akhyar , Maskur Maskur , Srisuk Rapeeporn , Rangappa Sanjay Mavinkere , Siengchin Suchart 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the thermo‐physical and morphological morphology of cornhusk fiber‐reinforced polyester composites. The content of corn husk fiber (CHFs) has been varied, namely 20, 30, 40, and 50 (% vol.) in the polyester composite, respectively. The hot press technique has been used in the manufacture of these composites, then properties were investigated through thermo‐physical tests including differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, Fourier transforms infrared, impact strength properties, and morphology using SEM. The results showed that the composite containing 30% CHF (KJP2) was found to have the most optimal impact strength (4.25 KJ/m2), and the best thermal resistance properties were found in the KJP3 composite, compared with other composites; due to CHF dispersion and good interfacial adhesion between CHF and polyester. SEM images of the fracture of the impact test specimens of the composites show better interfacial bonding between CHFs and polyester.
A new specific method for isolation of tomentosin with a high yield from Inula viscosa (L.) and determination of its bioactivities
Authors: Aydin Tuba , Saglamtas Ruya , Dogan Busra , Kostekci Evin , Durmus Rukiye , Cakir Ahmet 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntroductionTomentosin, the characteristic component of Inula viscosa (L.) is an important sesquiterpene lactone with anticarcinogenic effects. Methods of obtaining pure tomentosin are not sufficient for anticancer drug research.ObjectivesThis study aims to develop a specific method to isolate tomentosin from I. viscosa with high yield. It also aims to investigate the inhibitory effects of tomentosin on human carbonic anhydrase I (hCAI), human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α‐glucosidase, and α‐amylase enzymes.Material and methodsTomentosin was purified by a specific column chromatography method. The content of tomentosin in dichloromethane, dichloromethane by Soxhlet method, ethanol and ethanol by Soxhlet method extracts of I. viscosa was determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and inhibition constant (Ki) values were calculated to determine in vitro enzyme inhibition effects.ResultsTomentosin was isolated in high yield (0.64%). The IC50 and Ki values for tomentosin were calculated as 5.00 ± 0.19 (r = 0.9688) and 4.62 ± 0.10 μM for hCAI, 5.40 ± 0.26 (r = 0.9677) and 5.22 ± 0.31 μM for hCAII, 6.75 ± 0.208 (r = 0.9891) and 3.75 ± 0.27 μM for AChE, 6.67 ± 0.307 (r = 0.9820) and 0.51 ± 0.11 μM for BChE, 26.61 ± 0.236 (r = 0.9815) and 2.61 ± 0.71 μM for α‐glucosidase and 26.89 ± 1.54 μM (r = 0.9670) for α‐amylase, respectively.ConclusionTomentosin was isolated in high yield from the paste‐like extract of I. viscosa compared to the positive controls, it was determined that tomentosin was weakly effective against hCAI, hCAII, AChE and BChE, but thoroughly effective against α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase. These results suggested that tomentosin has α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase inhibitor potential.
Structural and electrical response of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) copolymer free‐ standing films
Authors: Jaffari Ghulam Hassnain , Arooj Hurriyat , Can Musa Mutlu , Khan Nawazish Ali 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPoly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) based polymers were studied as potential dielectric candidates for polymer film capacitors. The present work focused on the structural and electrical responses of PVDF homopolymer and P(VDF‐CTFE) copolymers (CTFE, chlorotrifluoroethylene). The solvent casting technique was used for the fabrication of free‐standing polymer films. PVDF and P(VDF‐CTFE) copolymer films with different CTFE content were cast under different processing conditions. The structural response of these semicrystalline polymer films showed the existence of crystalline phases and changes in crystallinity depending upon the preparation conditions and CTFE content. The electrical responses of PVDF and P(VDF‐CTFE) copolymers were investigated under the application of low and high electric fields. For the dielectric study, temperature‐dependent dielectric measurements at different frequencies were assessed. Dielectric relaxation in the vicinity of the glass transition temperature was observed along with quantification of activation energies. The effect of CTFE content is also presented. Features such as interface polarization was observed in the high temperature regime. Furthermore, room temperature polarization versus electric field loops of PVDF and P(VDF‐CTFE) copolymers were measured at frequency values of 400 and 10 Hz. All PVDF and P(VDF‐CTFE) copolymers at low frequency showed lossy capacitor behavior which was further investigated by measuring polarization versus electric field loop over a wide range of frequencies, i.e. 0.1–400 Hz. Polarization values of PVDF and P(VDF‐CTFE) copolymer films with different CTFE content were compared on the bases of local dipole moments. © 2022 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Nigerian economic policy response to COVID‐19: An evaluation of policy actors' views
Authors: Ojide Makuachukwu G. , Agu Chigozie O. , Ohalete Precious , Chinanuife Emmanuel 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCOVID‐19 has caused economic hardship globally. Several economies are making efforts to cushion these negative effects. Following the lockdown and downward trend of global oil prices, the Nigerian economy has been hard hit. This paper sheds light on policy actors' views vis‐à‐vis what should be the economic policy response of the Nigerian government to cushion the effects of COVID‐19 and ensure quick economic recovery. A multistage random sampling method was used to select and interview 635 policy actors drawn from academia/research institutes, civil society organizations, development partners, international NGOs, national NGOs, the private sector, and the public sector. The study adopted a participatory development approach. Descriptive and deductive analysis methods were used. The results support direct cash transfers to households, and small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) as the policy option that would have huge impact in mitigating the economic effects of COVID‐19 in Nigeria. The second most recommended policy option is the eradication of corruption among government officials. The paper recommends that pragmatic actions towards eradicating corrupt practices among government officials should be an integral part of any economic recovery policy in Nigeria and other emerging economies.
Implementation of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist and high flow nasal cannula in very preterm infants in a tertiary level NICU
Authors: Piątek Katarzyna , Lehtonen Liisa , Parikka Vilhelmiina , Setänen Sirkku , Soukka Hanna 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPreterm infants treated with invasive ventilation are often affected by bronchopulmonary dysplasia, brain structure alterations, and later neurodevelopmental impairment. We studied the implementation of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) and high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in a level III neonatal unit, and its effects on pulmonary and central nervous system outcomes. This retrospective cohort study included 193 surviving infants born below 32 weeks of gestation in preimplementation (2007–2008) and postimplementation (2016–2017) periods in a single study center in Finland. The proportion of infants requiring invasive ventilation decreased from 67% in the pre‐ to 48% in the postimplementation period (p = 0.009). Among infants treated with invasive ventilation, 68% were treated with NAVA after its implementation. At the same time, the duration of invasive ventilation of infants born at or below 28 weeks increased threefold compared with the preimplementation period (p = 0.042). The postimplementation period was characterized by a gradual replacement of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) with HFNC, earlier discontinuation of nCPAP, but a longer duration of positive pressure support. The proportion of normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings at term corrected age increased from 62% to 84% (p = 0.018). Cognitive outcome improved by one standard score between the study periods (p = 0.019). NAVA was used as the primary mode of ventilation in the postimplementation period. During this period, invasive ventilation time was significantly prolonged. HFNC led to a decrease in the use of nCPAP. The change in the respiratory support might have contributed to the improvement in brain MRI findings and cognitive outcomes.
Vip3Aa domain IV and V mutants confer higher insecticidal activity against Spodoptera frugiperda and Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Yang Xiaoxue , Wang Zeyu , Geng Lili , Chi Baoyan , Liu Rongmei , Li Haitao , Gao Jiguo , Zhang Jie 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda and cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera are major insect pests of corn and cotton worldwide. Genetically engineered crops producing Vip3Aa, a potent endotoxin, from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are effective in controlling these two harmful pests. However, Vip3Aa efficacy is relatively weak compared to that of other Bt proteins such as Cry1A and Cry1F. This study sought to modify Vip3Aa for increased insecticidal activity and determine the cause of elevated activity.RESULTSThe two triple Vip3Aa mutants in domains IV and V (Vip3Aa‐S543N/I544L/E627A and Vip3Aa‐S543N/I544L/S686R) exhibited 7.3‐fold and 2.8‐fold increased toxicity against S. frugiperda, respectively, compared with the wild type while the toxicity of Vip3Aa‐S543N/I544L/S686R was 3.2 times that of wild‐type protein in H. armigera. The mutants had enhanced stability in midgut juice and 2.6–5.1 times higher binding affinity against S. frugiperda and H. armigera compared with wild type protein.CONCLUSIONSThe enhanced toxicity of Vip3Aa mutants was due to increased stability and binding affinity during infection. The amino acids S543 and I544 combined with E627 or S686 in domains IV and V of Vip3Aa are important for maintaining structural stability and receptor binding. The results match insecticidal activity (LC50) with binding activity (Kd), which provides novel clues for the rational design of Bt insecticidal proteins. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.