bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are children natural psychologists?
Authors: Harris Paul L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Young children come to realize that what they know may not be known to someone else, especially someone with a false belief. This insight into the workings of the mind—or theory of mind, as it has been called—appears to be universal among typically developing children—although there is controversy about when exactly children acquire it. Some psychologists argue that even infants have some insight into other minds, but others argue for its emergence in the preschool years. Less controversial is the key role of language: deaf children who are born into hearing and non-signing families (and therefore have little access to everyday conversation) show a marked delay in their theory of mind. Children with autism display a similar delay, but in their case such difficulties appear to be linked to challenges in interpersonal communication from infancy onward.
Can we trust children’s memory?
Authors: Harris Paul L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although babies can remember what they saw an adult do and copy it the next day, they—and we—generally suffer from amnesia about what happened throughout the first 2–3 years of life. This infantile amnesia gradually recedes, arguably because other people help children to recover biographical memories by asking questions and offering reminders. Indeed, parents who offer such elaborations—rather than simply quizzing their child about what happened—tend to have children with richer recall of the past. Yet questions and reminders can also be unhelpful. Children can even be led to think about something that never happened and come to think that it actually did. Such false memories underline the ease with which children integrate what they are told with what they observed.
Do children understand emotion?
Authors: Harris Paul L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Darwin argued that human beings—like other species—express their emotions facially, and indeed there is some evidence that human beings everywhere do express the same emotions via the same facial expressions. However, young children soon begin to use words to express their emotions. They begin to realize that the emotion that a person feels will depend less on the situation that he or she is actually in than on the thoughts and preferences that the person brings to that situation. They also come to realize that more complicated social emotions such as guilt depend on how individuals judge what they have done in relation to what they should have done. Children come to these insights into emotion at different ages, with family conversation about emotion playing an important tutorial role in children’s understanding
Do children believe in magic?
Authors: Harris Paul L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Children are skeptical about magic and magical explanations. For example, in explaining puzzling or unexpected outcomes, they typically invoke naturalistic rather than supernatural explanations. Despite this endorsement of natural, causal regularities and constraints, many children accept that miracles are possible and that God has miraculous powers. This combination of naturalistic and supernatural thinking is well exemplified by children’s conceptualization of death. Although they increasingly see it as a natural event that terminates all mental and biological processes, they are also likely to affirm the possibility of an afterlife. Moreover, there is little indication that children see any conflict between their biological beliefs and their afterlife beliefs. Similarly, adults can be dubious about the supernatural beliefs of other groups while failing to question their own.
Is developmental psychology ethnocentric?
Authors: Harris Paul L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Findings in developmental psychology have typically been gathered in Europe, Russia, and the USA. Nevertheless, there are increasing efforts to sample from a broader range of cultures. Such cross-cultural comparisons have often highlighted differences between the analytic thinking style that predominates in many Western cultures and the more holistic thinking style that predominates in many Asian cultures—as exemplified by cross-cultural differences in the tendency to invoke personality factors rather than more holistic situational factors (the so-called fundamental attribution error). Developmental research indicates that these differences in cognitive style emerge early in development, even before children start formal schooling—as exemplified by cross-cultural differences in performance in the Asch paradigm and on tests of focused versus distributed attention.
What have we learned?
Authors: Harris Paul L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Across successive chapters, three recurrent themes have emerged. First, it is part of a child’s biological endowment to be attuned to the beliefs and practices of the surrounding culture. This implies, contrary to the standard portrait of the child as steadily moving toward rationality and enlightenment, that children may end up with various assumptions and beliefs that have little connection with objective reality or secular reward. Second, children display a disconcerting mix of autonomy (in both the cognitive and the moral domains) whilst often deferring to the views of those around them. This disconcerting mix is illustrated by children’s attitudes toward gender. Many children go along with the expectations that come with the gender they are assigned at birth, but some transgender children do not. Third, children like adults often display inconsistency in their responses; for example, they may not overtly express prejudice toward outgroups, but, when appropriately tested, they reveal implicit biases against such groups. Finally, children display a mix of naturalistic and supernatural thinking.
Introduction
Authors: Quaglia Lucia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter outlines the research question that informs the book, its overall argument, and its structure. It is puzzling that despite the vast size of the shadow banking system, its cross-border nature, the danger of regulatory arbitrage, the risks it poses for financial stability, and its role in the 2008 international financial crisis, the post-crisis regulation of shadow banking remained feeble. Why? This book identifies a ‘game of shadows’, which unfolded in consecutive and recursive steps concerning the definition, monitoring, and regulation of shadow banking internationally. The playing out of such a game was facilitated by the international architecture for shadow banking governance, which is a ‘regime complex’. Indeed, shadow banking is a quintessential case for demonstrating the perils of international regime complexity, which magnifies problems that are endemic in governing global finance, while splintering solutions, due to the fragmentation of regulatory authority.
Defining, Measuring and Monitoring Global Shadow Banking
Authors: Quaglia Lucia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the definition, measurement, and monitoring of global shadow banking, which were contested. Initially, the US and the EU sought to define shadow banking in a way that was most suitable for them, triggering the opposition of emerging economies that had a burgeoning shadow banking system, notably, China. Then, it was the turn of the US and the EU to backtrack on the very use of the term ‘shadow banking’, which was renamed as ‘market-based finance’. Moreover, regulators gathered in the Financial Stability Board (FSB) had to start from scratch by defining what shadow banking was because this was a new area of regulation and suitable data on various aspects of shadow banking were missing. At the same time, there was limited mobilization by the financial industry on this aspect, as private financial actors preferred to lobby on specific pieces of regulation that directly affected them.
Securities Financing
Authors: Quaglia Lucia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the international governance of shadow banking activities, specifically, securities financing transactions, which include securities lending and repos. The international governance of securities financing was weakened by disjointed and half-hearted pace-setting by the main jurisdictions. Moreover, the regulation of the repo market intersected with monetary policy, which was a major concern for central banks, and with fiscal policy, which was of primary interest to finance ministries. In turn, this elicited puzzling and turf fighting among regulators. Finally, there was the infrastructural power of the financial industry because the functioning of the repo market affected the conduct of monetary policies and the refinancing of public debts on the market. Thus, private financial actors engaged in lobbying cum venue shopping at the international and domestic levels.
Securitization
Authors: Quaglia Lucia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines another type of shadow banking activity: securitization. In the wake of the 2008 crisis, new international standards on securitization were issued. From 2015 onwards, these standards were traded down to re-launch ‘simple, transparent and standardized securitization’. The first factor that affected the international governance of securitization was pace-setting by the main jurisdictions, the US and the EU, which, however, inverted roles over time. Puzzling among financial regulators contributed to the swings of the regulatory pendulum because, initially, regulatory agencies considered securitization as a problem to be addressed. Later on, it became a solution in order to provide additional credit to the real economy. The third factor that affected the international governance of securitization was lobbying by the financial industry, which sought to forge an alliance with private actors in the real economy and regulators in Europe.
Overall Comparative Assessment
Authors: Quaglia Lucia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter compares the elemental regimes of the international shadow banking complex. It then discusses the preferences of the main actors that engage in the game of shadows concerning the definition, measurement, and regulation of shadow banking, explaining how their pathways of influence are affected by regime complexity. Finally, this chapter spells out the perils of regime complexity and puts forward policy recommendations. It is argued that regime complexity generates a multi-dimensional chessboard in which various actors play, compounding problems, while splintering solutions. Jurisdictions pursue different preferences and compete with each other; sectoral regulators disagree on consequential matters involving bureaucratic competences and epistemic outlooks; and the financial industry engages in venue-shopping and coalition-building. The resolution of these conflicts is made more difficult by the fragmentation of regulatory authority: no actor is in the driving seat, several of them work at cross purposes, whereas a focal coordinating institution is missing.
Conclusions
Authors: Quaglia Lucia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter first summarizes the main theoretical and empirical findings of the research and then details the book’s broader contributions to the field. It also engages with some alternative explanations. Finally, it carries out a policy-relevant assessment of the post-crisis international reforms of shadow banking, discussing some open issues concerning the governance of shadow banking, also in light of the economic crisis that ensued from the Covid-19 pandemic. It is argued that the international governance of shadow banking after the 2008 crisis was a game of shadows concerning the definition, monitoring, and regulation of shadow banking. Such a game, which unfolded recursively over time, was facilitated by international regime complexity, which generated a multi-dimensional chessboard in which there was no steering authority, several players worked at cross purposes and there was no focal institution to coordinate the reform efforts.
Introduction
Authors: Gibson Kate 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The introduction argues that most work on illegitimacy in eighteenth-century England has focused on the experience of the poor, and particularly on children who were the victims of infanticide and abandonment. Historians therefore have only a partial view of the impact of illegitimacy on individual lives, with limited understanding of the effect of class on illegitimate experience, or of its effects as children grew into adulthood. Moreover, illegitimacy has been overlooked in histories of the family and class-based ideals of masculinity and femininity. Most existing work on illegitimacy is demographic, looking at the incidence of illegitimate births or extra-marital sex and courtship practices, or focuses primarily on sources produced by the poor law, courts, or institutions. This book, in contrast, primarily uses qualitative evidence of letters, diaries, accounts, wills, novels, plays, ballads, and pamphlets to uncover the lived experience of illegitimate individuals raised in families and communities. It analyses evidence from labouring or poor, middling, and elite families, including white and mixed-race children, to demonstrate the impact of class and other variables such as race or type of parental relationship on experiences of illegitimacy.
Identification, Stigma, and the Self
Authors: Gibson Kate 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the identification and stigmatization of illegitimate individuals in the wider community, and effects of stigma on individuals’ sense of self-worth and identity. The chapter draws on concepts of secrecy, stigma, shame, and tolerance developed by other historians of illegitimacy and sexuality, and historians of religious discrimination. Given sociological arguments that stigma requires identification to operate, the chapter interrogates the reliability of the identification of illegitimate individuals in various sources, including a large cohort study of illegitimacy in the parish registers and poor law documents of two London parishes. It argues that identification by the state varied considerably across the life cycle. Parents often succeeded in falsifying their child’s baptism record, and officials were flexible in their recording of illegitimate status. In records not produced by the state, such as diaries and correspondence, individuals displayed considerable knowledge about a person’s birth status, and illegitimacy was often noted as part of their social identity throughout the life cycle. However, contemporaries used specific terms (such as ‘bastard’ or ‘natural’) to signal various mitigating circumstances, including the type of parental relationship or the socio-economic status of the child. Identification and stigma operated on a spectrum, and there was not a blanket condemnation of all illegitimate individuals. Diaries and letters written by illegitimate individuals demonstrate that most experienced stigma and frustration at the disadvantage caused by their status, but this external stigma was rarely internalized as shame. This is a distinct difference to the experience of illegitimate individuals in later periods.
Conclusion
Authors: Gibson Kate 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The book concludes that illegitimacy mattered. It had a measurable negative impact on illegitimate individuals’ relationships with parents and family, and on marriage and educational opportunities. Illegitimate individuals were pragmatically incorporated into societies, families, and communities, but faced an underlying widespread conviction of their inferiority and difference. However, illegitimacy did not lead to universal and complete exclusion: its negative impacts were manifest in complex and in some cases highly variable ways. Socio-economic status, the gender and race of the child, and the circumstances of the parental relationship were all significant. Two separate models of illegitimacy emerged over the eighteenth century. The children of genteel parents could be included in a culture that increasingly valorized charitable benevolence, but illegitimate individuals from poor families, or whose mothers were considered particularly transgressive, such as women with multiple illegitimate children, were demonized as the root of society’s ills. Poverty was increasingly associated with immorality, as the state struggled with the mounting costs of poor relief. The conclusion compares eighteenth-century English experience with research on other countries and time periods, suggesting that there was a distinct hardening of attitudes after 1800 in response to growing economic pressures and new scientific theories about heredity, and that although there were commonalities in family responses across Europe, local economic and legal realities were significant.
Preface
Authors: Horden Peregrine 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This short introduction begins by offering contrasting sets of vignettes of life in the eighteenth-century University of Oxford to illustrate its studious side as well as its more familiar slack and even debauched side. Between the religious and political conflicts and upheavals of the Stuart century and the reforming zeal of the mid-Victorian age, Georgian Oxford seems not so much becalmed as stagnant, irrelevant to much of national life, at the mercy of satirists: unloved and, indeed, unlovable. Yet a more balanced appraisal is shown to be possible. Taking its cue from recent historiography, the Preface outlines the revisionist arguments that will be pursued in subsequent chapters.
George Clarke’s Oxford
Authors: Craske Matthew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This discusses George Clarke’s (1661–1736) role in the creation of a patriotic, as opposed to a nationalistic, Oxford. One need only peruse the inventories of Clarke’s grand collection of prints and architectural texts at Worcester College to see that this was a man who felt that Britons had a lot to learn from the Continent. Here was a Protestant who thought it fit, for instance, to collect series of printed portraits of the Popes and Cardinals, without a hint that his motivations were anything other than earnest curiosity. On the other hand, the Clarke who I reveal in this essay was a figure who devoted his life as a connoisseur and patron to promoting the talents of English-born artists, in direct preference for foreigners. He was not a man who retired from service in the administration of Britain’s armed forces, to the erudite delights of college politics and architecture. Clarke, I suggest, carried the values of serving crown and country into the building of educational institutions.
Aristotle and Peripatetics
Authors: Jażdżewska Katarzyna 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter examines evidence on the use of the dialogue by Aristotle and philosophers associated with his school. It discusses testimonies on the formats of dialogues employed by Aristotle and on exoteric character of his dialogic works (they were aimed at a wider audience and composed in a literary style), and examines extant fragments, in particular of On Nobel Birth and Eudemus or On the Soul, which allow a glimpse of Aristotle as a dialogue writer. It next discusses the employment of the dialogue by Aristotle’s students (Theophrastus, Clearchus, Dicaearchus, Aristoxenus, Demetrius of Phaleron, and Chamaeleon), and by the next generations of Peripatetics (Praxiphanes, Prytanis, Hieronymus of Rhodes, Aristo of Ceos).
Introduction: the Commonplace Method
Authors: Hess Jillian M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe introduction situates How Romantics and Victorians Organized Information within previous studies of commonplace books, scrapbooks, and albums. I examine disciplinary patterns of analyzing commonplace books and focus on media archeology as a methodology inspired by the commonplace method (given its focus on topos) and a mode of analysis uniquely suited to understanding commonplace books. The dramatic shifts in commonplace-book form throughout the nineteenth century suggest that larger social forces were at play. Thus, I consider linguistic, technological, and social dynamics that have obscured commonplacing’s persistence through the Victorian period. I consider the etymology of the term “commonplace,” and conclude the chapter with an overview of the book’s remaining chapters.
Anatomy of the Commonplace
Authors: Hess Jillian M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces readers to the formal features of commonplace books in nineteenth-century Britain. John Locke’s method for keeping a commonplace book and his index dominated discussions of commonplacing through the Romantic period, even as most practitioners found the scheme too demanding to be useful. After Locke, John Todd’s Index Rerum—itself a revision of Locke’s method—governed discussions of the tradition in the Victorian period. Additionally, this chapter explores how what has come to be known as the scrapbook grew from within the commonplace tradition. I end with several case studies of celebrated writers (Robert Southey, George Augustus Sala, and Anna Jameson) who either published selections from their commonplace books or descriptions of their methods for keeping one.
Commonplace Books of the Imagination
Authors: Hess Jillian M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThroughout his life, Samuel Taylor Coleridge kept what he called “memorandum or common-place books” (along with other inventive titles such as “Volatilia” and “Fly-Catchers”). This chapter argues that Coleridge’s seventy-two surviving notebooks should be re-evaluated as part of the commonplace tradition. I explore Coleridge’s training in classical rhetoric as a student and his earliest commonplace books; then, I turn to his Lake District commonplace books with their loco-descriptive contents; third, I examine his dealings with philosophy and his struggle to find a form for his notes on transcendental idealism; and finally, I look to his religious notes in the “Fly-Catchers” and the aphoristic form, which he theorized as a way to revitalize commonplaces.
Social Commonplace Books
Authors: Hess Jillian M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter argues that commonplace books were socially resonant spaces, where friends imagined, recorded, and negotiated relationships. I focus on how socially embedded knowledge takes shape in collaboratively produced Romantic manuscripts at the intersection of album and commonplace-book cultures. For example, the coterie surrounding John Keats and Leigh Hunt cultivated an ethos of community that made their commonplace books socially resonant spaces. Keats’s family collected samples of his handwriting while Leigh Hunt arranged samples of hair (including John Milton’s). This chapter ends with a study of 18 commonplace books kept by the “Sisterhood of Slade” (and their frequent companions, John Hamilton Reynolds, Benjamin Bailey, and James Rice), analyzing them as repositories of an embodied and situational knowledge.
Commonplace Books of Mourning
Authors: Hess Jillian M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe final chapter argues that mourners turned to commonplace books to build a sense of presence by deploying tropes of representation developed at the intersection of album and commonplace-book cultures. I focus on Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Butcher’s Books—long, thin, accounting books customarily used by butchers—which, I submit are both commonplace book and literary draft because, as a poet, Tennyson chose to organize commonplaces in stanzas that ultimately became In Memoriam. Tennyson’s Butcher’s Books absorb commonplace-book culture formally and also thematically, as Tennyson circulated commonplaces in his elegy and modeled a strategy of reading extractions as metonymic representations of the dead. This chapter also investigates less well-known collections including those kept by Tennyson’s daughter-in-law, Audrey Tennyson; the Hallam family; and Queen Victoria, who recorded extracts from In Memoriam that she associated with Prince Albert.