bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motion and equilibrium of a spheromak in a toroidal flux conserver
Authors: Brown M. R. , Cutrer D. M. , Bellan P. M. 
Published: July 2002

A number of experiments have been performed on spheromaks injected into the empty vacuum vessel of the Caltech ENCORE tokamak (i.e., without tokamak plasma) [Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2144 (1990); Phys. Fluids B 2, 1306 (1990)]. Magnetic probe arrays (in a number of configurations) have been used to make single shot, unaveraged, in situ measurements of the spheromak equilibrium. These measurements are important because (i) they reveal for the first time the equilibrium structure of spheromaks in a toroidal geometry, (ii) they provide a reliable estimate of magnetic helicity and energy of spheromak plasmas used in injection experiments [Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2144 (1990)], and (iii) they constitute the first measurements of spheromak motion across and interaction with static magnetic fields (which are useful in corroborating recent theories). Probe measurements in the tokamak dc toroidal field show for the first time that the spheromak exhibits a ‘‘double tilt.’’
The spheromak first tilts while in the cylindrical entrance region, emerging into the tokamak vessel antialigned to the dc toroidal field, then expands into the tokamak vacuum vessel, and finally tilts again to form an oblate (nonaxisymmetric, m=1) configuration. In addition, the spheromak drifts vertically in the direction given by Jcenter×Btok, where Jcenter is the unbalanced poloidal current that threads the center of the spheromak torus. Probe arrays at different toroidal locations show that the spheromak shifts toroidally (horizontally left or right) in the direction opposite that of the static toroidal field. In the absence of toroidal flux, the m=1 object develops a helical pitch, the sense of the pitch depending on the sign of the spheromak helicity. The spheromak equilibrium in the toroidal vessel is well fit by a pressureless infinite cylindrical model; however, there is evidence of deviation from m=1 symmetry because of toroidal effects, nonuniform J/B profile, and finite β. Experiments performed in a test facility consisting of the spheromak gun and a replica of the entrance region (with a closed end) show that the spheromak is generated with its axis coaxial with that of the gun. Coherent, m=2 magnetic modes are observed during the formation stage rotating in the E×B direction at about 125 kHz (rotation velocity corresponding to 40% of the Alfvén speed).
Online peer review: perceptions in the biological sciences
Authors: Wood Dee , Hurst Phil 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTAn experiment in online peer review was carried out by the Royal Society, on the journal Proceedings: Biological Sciences. Authors were asked to provide Acrobat PDF files and uploaded them using a web interface. Referees were provided with a URL that gave access to the paper and entered their report into an online form. Almost 50% of the authors contacted used the online method and referees greeted the method with enthusiasm. Editorial staff found the online system easier than expected and were keen to continue its use.
ATHENS, gateways, and portals: components of the Distributed National Electronic Resource
Authors: Wise Alicia , Rusbridge Chris , Wiseman Norman 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe Distributed National Electronic Resource is a central plank of the UK's Joint Information Systems Committee's strategy. We outline the background and definitions of the DNER and discuss some of the issues to be investigated and the collaboration required between stakeholders and their partners.
Instant linking — delayed use: setting provider expectations
Authors: Pullinger David 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe web with its hyperlinking is a great environment in which to put electronic journals and to encourage linking of texts. But reference links will only be used substantially if readers incorporate them into new patterns of habitual use. In doing so, many users will be in search mode and only some types of user will habitually use reference linking. There needs to be a sufficient number of references that are linked, the right processes to achieve that efficiently, and something that is worthwhile at the end of the link. Ideally users would get full text and some new business models are suggested that match what users do and the new technical possibilities. All these factors point to the need for patience among providers, rather than expecting to see instant substantial use by e‐journal users.
A major component approach to presenting consensus sequences.
Authors: Smith D K , Xue H 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: Summarizing and displaying the information contained in a set of aligned sequences is an important aid to identifying patterns within the sequences. A variety of forms of consensus sequences have been used previously to provide this information. However, these methods can cause a loss of information or introduce ambiguities into the consensus sequence, and some graphical approaches may become difficult to interpret due to visual distortion. RESULTS: We have developed a method to present a more precise and graphically clear view of a consensus sequence by using an approach based on defining the major components at each position in a sequence set. The major components are given in an ordered list and their frequencies are shown as histograms which can be colour coded to reflect conservative groupings. Minor components, a one-line character-based consensus sequence and information statistics can also be presented. As well as identifying the dominant sources of variation and conservation in the sequence set, the method also enables similarities and differences between subgroups of a sequence set to be readily assessed. AVAILIABILITY: On request from the authors. CONTACT: bcsmith@usthk.ust.hk, hxue@usthk. ust.hk
MEICPS: substitution mutations to engineer intracellular protein stability.
Authors: Reddy B V , Ramesh P , Tiwari S 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
SUMMARY: In MEICPS, results from earlier analyses are utilized to suggest possible substitution point mutations to engineer intracellular stability using a given sequence or structure of the protein. AVAILABILITY: From bvbreddy@ccmb.ap.nic.in. This program needs data from other software, PSA and SSTRUC, available from sali@tamika.rockefeller.edu and tom@cryst.bioc.cam.ac.uk, respectively. CONTACT: bvbreddy@ccmb.ap.nic.in
MIAH: automatic alignment of eukaryotic SSU rRNAs.
Authors: Th√©bault P , Monesti√© P , McGrath A , Higgins D G 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
SUMMARY: MIAH is a WWW server for the automatic alignment of new eukaryotic SSU rRNA sequences to an existing alignment of 1500 sequences. AVAILABILITY: http://chah.ucc.ie/MIAH Contact :
Matching amino acid and nucleotide sequences of mouse
rheumatoid factor CDRH3-FRH4 segments to other mouse antibodies with
known specificities
Authors: Johnson George , Wu Tai T. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Contact: t-wu@nwu.edu
** To whom correspondence should be addressed. E267, Technological Institute, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
Mathematica packages for simulation of experimental genetics
Authors: Manly Kenneth F. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: This note describes add-on packages for the Mathematica software system (Wolfram 1996) which allow simulation and analysis of both Mendelian and complex genetic traits in experimental crosses of plants or animals.
Availability: The add-on packages are freely available at http://www.mathsource.com/cgi-bin/msitem?0209-304.
Contact: kmanly@mcbio.med.buffalo.edu
Supplementary Information: A tutorial notebook file is included with the packages at the mathsource site.
SIR: a simple indexing and retrieval system for biological flat
file databases
Authors: Ramu Chenna 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: SIR is a Simple Indexing and Retrieval tool for indexing and searching biological flat file databases. SIR is a cross-platform solution entirely written in Python. Since the package is very small and installation is trivial, this would be an ideal solution for database providers to provide a custom retrieval tool to access them.
Availability: The modules will be made available at http://www.EMBLHeidelberg.de/~chenna/PySAT/sir.html
Contact: chenna@EMBL-Heidelberg.de
Children's memory and suggestibility years later: Age, distress, and attachment
Authors: Gonzalves Lauren , Chae Yoojin , Wang Yan , Widaman Keith F. , Bederian‐Gardner Daniel , Goodman‐Wilson Miranda , Thompson Ross A. , Shaver Phillip R. , Goodman Gail S. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe accuracy of children's long‐term memory for distressing events is of theoretical and legal interest. In this longitudinal study, 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds and their main parental caretakers individually participated in a mildly distressing event, and 1 h later the children's memory/suggestibility was assessed (Time 1). Six to seven years later (Time 2), the children (9‐ to 12‐year‐olds, N = 54) were again interviewed about the Time 1 experience. Their memory was more accurate at Time 1 than Time 2. Children who were rated as more distressed at Time 1 recalled more units of correct information at Time 2 if the children were older or lower in self‐reported attachment anxiety. Children who were older at Time 2 were less suggestible. Time 1 misinformation did not contaminate Time 2 free recall. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
Engineering H2O2 and O2 Self‐Supplying Nanoreactor to Conduct Synergistic Chemiexcited Photodynamic and Calcium‐Overloaded Therapy in Orthotopic Hepatic Tumors
Authors: Chen Ying‐Chi , Liu Yu‐Ju , Lee Chin‐Lai , Pham Khang‐Yen , Manoharan Divinah , Thangudu Suresh , Su Chia‐Hao , Yeh Chen‐Sheng 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is traditionally ineffective for deeply embedded tumors due to the poor penetration depth of the excitation light. Chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) has emerged as a promising mode of PDT without external light. To date, related research has frequently used endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen (O2) inside the solid tumor microenvironment to trigger CRET‐mediated PDT. Unfortunately, this significantly restricts treatment efficacy and the development of further biomedical applications because of the limited amounts of endogenous H2O2 and O2. Herein, a nanohybrid (mSiO2/CaO2/CPPO/Ce6: mSCCC) nanoparticle (NP) is designed to achieve synergistic CRET‐mediated PDT and calcium (Ca2+)‐overload‐mediated therapy. The calcium peroxide (CaO2) formed inside mesoporous SiO2 (mSC) with the inclusion of the chemiluminescent agent (CPPO) and photosensitizer (Ce6) self‐supplies H2O2, O2, and Ca2+ allowing for the subsequent treatments. The Ce6 in mSCCC NPs is excited by chemical energy in situ following the supply of H2O2 and O2 to produce singlet oxygen (1O2). The nanohybrid NPs are coated with stearic acid to avoid decomposition during blood circulation through contact with aqueous environment. This nanohybrid shows promising performance in the generation of 1O2 for external light‐free PDT and the release of Ca2+ ions for Ca2+‐overloaded therapy against orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma.
p‐TSA‐Mediated Four‐Component Reaction: One‐Step Access to Mesoionic 1H‐Imidazol‐3‐ium‐4‐olates, Direct NHC Precursors
Authors: Cankařová Naděžda , Nemec Ivan , Krchňák Viktor 
Published: July 2022

Abstractp‐TSA‐mediated four‐component condensation is described. The reaction of an isocyanide, amine, aldehyde, and amide catalyzed by p‐TSA afforded diversely substituted mesoionic 1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium‐4‐olates in one step. These products were obtained in good to excellent HPLC purity under mild reaction conditions. This formation of mesoionic compounds, structurally related to sydnones and münchnones, represent attractive intermediates and direct precursors for anionic N‐heterocyclic carbenes. Atom economy, time efficiency, and commercially available starting materials make this one‐pot synthesis user‐friendly.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective C4 Functionalization of Indoles with Quinones
Authors: Aslam Mohammad , Devkota Shreedhar , Jamshaid Sana , Rok Lee Yong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA synthetic strategy for the installation of diversely functionalized quinones at the C4 position of indoles is developed via palladium‐catalyzed C−H and double C−H functionalization. This synthetic protocol provides a rapid route to a variety of 4‐quinonylindoles via the direct coupling of 3‐formylindoles with quinones. Furthermore, this synthetic methodology also efficiently affords biologically interesting bis(indol‐4‐yl)quinones in good yields by direct one‐pot double C−H activation of 3‐formylindoles with the corresponding quinones.magnified image
Survival outcomes of laparoscopic versus open total gastrectomy with nodal dissection for gastric cancer in a high‐volume Japanese center: A propensity score‐matched analysis
Authors: Kinoshita Takahiro , Akimoto Eigo , Yura Masahiro , Yoshida Mitsumasa 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAimTo compare the survival outcomes of laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG) with those of open total gastrectomy (OTG) in gastric cancer.MethodsUsing an in‐house database, this single‐center study reviewed clinical data for patients who underwent surgery for gastric adenocarcinoma in 2008–2018. The patients were divided into an LTG group and an OTG group.ResultsData for 638 patients were screened. After exclusions, 580 patients (LTG, n = 212; OTG, n = 368) were enrolled. Noting that the OTG group included more advanced tumors, 1:1 propensity score matching was implemented to reduce any selection bias, leaving 326 patients (LTG, n = 163; OTG, n = 163; pStage I/II/III = 147/87/92) for further analysis. The operation time was longer and blood loss was less in the LTG group. The postoperative hospital stay was shorter in the LTG group than in the OTG group (9 d vs 10 d；P = .040). There was no significant difference in the incidence of grade III or worse postoperative complications (8.9% vs 11.0%). Five‐year overall survival was better in the LTG group (84.9% vs 73.5%; P = .0010, log‐rank test), but there was no significant difference in overall survival according to pStage (I, 93.0% vs 89.0%; II, 85.8% vs 77.5%; III, 64.1% vs 52.5%). There was a similar trend in relapse‐free survival. Distribution of recurrence sites was comparable.ConclusionLTG may provide survival outcomes similar to those of OTG when performed by an experienced surgical team. Further evidence is required for final conclusions, especially regarding its efficacy for stage II/III.
Novel CTNNB1 variant leading to neurodevelopmental disorder with spastic diplegia and visual defects plus peripheral neuropathy: A case report
Authors: Spagnoli Carlotta , Salerno Grazia G. , Rizzi Susanna , Frattini Daniele , Koskenvuo Juha , Fusco Carlo 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPathogenic variants in the β1‐catenin (CTNNB1) gene have been identified in patients with various diseases, including syndromic intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, and neurodevelopmental disorder with spastic diplegia and visual defects (NEDSDV). We report on the clinical, genetic, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological data of a 15‐year‐old patient with complex hereditary spastic paraplegias with exotropia, dyskinesia, and cerebellar signs and a so‐far unreported demyelinating (mainly sensory) polyneuropathy in her lower limbs. She carries the novel, de novo, likely pathogenic heterozygous c.603_605delinsAATA, p.(Met202Ilefs*6) frameshift variant in the CTNNB1 gene. Although peripheral neuropathy was not previously associated with NEDSDV, in light of the role of β1‐catenin as a junction protein in the peripheral as well as in the central nervous system documented in experimental studies, it might represent a causally linked and under‐reported finding to be further explored.
Repetitive Thiazolidine Deprotection Using a Thioester‐Compatible Aldehyde Scavenger for One‐Pot Multiple Peptide Ligation**
Authors: Nakatsu Koki , Okamoto Akimitsu , Hayashi Gosuke , Murakami Hiroshi 
Published: July 2022

AbstractStrategies for one‐pot peptide ligation enable chemists to access synthetic proteins at a high yield in a short time. Herein, we report a novel one‐pot multi‐segments ligation strategy using N‐terminal thiazolidine (Thz) peptide and a newly designed formaldehyde scavenger. Among the designed 2‐aminobenzamide‐based aldehyde scavengers, 2‐amino‐5‐methoxy‐N′,N′‐dimethylbenzohydrazide (AMDBH) can remarkably convert Thz into unprotected cysteine at pH 4.0. Furthermore, AMDBH degrades Thz at a considerably low rate at pH 7.5, and thioester degradation caused by this scavenger is negligible. As a result, we have developed an efficient one‐pot peptide ligation strategy by simply repetitively changing the pH with AMDBH. Finally, we synthesize mono‐ubiquitinated histone H2A.Z (209 amino acids) via AMDBH‐mediated one‐pot four‐segment peptide ligation in good yield.
3D Printed CO2‐Based Triblock Copolymers and Post‐Printing Modification
Authors: Wei Peiran , Bhat Gulzar A. , Cipriani Ciera E. , Mohammad Hamza , Schoonover Krista , Pentzer Emily B. , Darensbourg Donald J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe report the facile synthesis and 3D printing of a series of triblock copolymers consisting of soft and hard blocks and demonstrate that alkene pendant groups of the hard block can be covalently modified. The polymers are prepared using a salenCo(III)TFA/PPNTFA binary catalyst system and 1,2‐propanediol as a chain transfer agent, providing an efficient one‐pot, two‐step strategy to tailor polymer thermal and mechanical properties. Thixotropic inks suitable for direct ink write printing were formulated by dissolving the block copolymers in organic solvent and dispersing NaCl particles. After printing, porous structures were produced by removing solvent and NaCl with water to give printed structures with surfaces that could be modified via UV‐initiated thiol‐ene click reactions. Alternatively, a tetra‐thiol could be incorporated into the ink and used for cross‐linking to give objects with high solvent resistance and selective degradability.
Precursor Engineering to Reduce Processing Temperature of ZnO Films for Flexible Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Jiang Pei , Chen Jianping , Qin Fei , Liu Tiefeng , Xiong Sixing , Wang Wen , Xie Cong , Lu Xin , Jiang Youyu , Han Hongwei , Zhou Yinhua 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSol‐gel‐derived ZnO is one of the most widely used electron‐transport layers in inverted organic solar cells. The sol‐gel ZnO precursor consists of zinc acetate dehydrate (ZAH) and ethanolamine dissolved in 2‐methoxyethanol, where ethanolamine chelates with ZAH, which helps ZAH dissolve in the 2‐methoxyethanol. However, an annealing temperature above 120 °C is required to convert the complexes into ZnO. High temperatures are incompatible with flexible plastic substrates such as polyethylene terephthalate. In this work, we report an amine‐free recipe consisting of ZAH in methanol to prepare ZnO films. The complex formed in the amine‐free precursor solution is methanol‐solvated ZAH, which is simpler than that of the amine‐containing precursor solution. The temperature required for converting the precursor complex into ZnO was reduced to 90 °C for the amine‐free recipe. Low‐temperature‐processed ZnO can function efficiently as an electron‐transport layer in both rigid and flexible inverted nonfullerene solar cells.
Design of Specific Nucleic Acid‐Based Biosensors for Protein Binding Activity
Authors: Fortunati Simone , Pedrini Federica , Del Grosso Erica , Baranda Pellejero Lorena , Bertucci Alessandro 
Published: July 2022

AbstractNucleic acid‐based biosensors for the detection of specific proteins combine the typical programmability of synthetic DNA systems with artificially controlled DNA‐protein communication. The high‐affinity interaction between a target protein and a specific ligand, such as an aptamer sequence, or a double stranded DNA domain, or a small peptide, is paired with a nature‐mimicking molecular mechanism allowing for probing, processing, and translating protein binding activity into a measurable signal. In this Review, two main strategies developed in the context of protein‐responsive nucleic acid‐based biosensors are discussed. One is the design of proximity‐based assays harnessing the spatial colocalization of functional probes within the volume of a multivalent protein. The other is the engineering of dynamic DNA structures that undergo a controlled conformational or structural change upon protein binding. Examples of applications from optical and electrochemical detection of antibodies in biofluids to fluorescence imaging of transcription factors in living cells are reported, and suggestions along with possible future directions in the field are discussed.
Clinical Issues—August 2022
Authors: Wright Renae 
Published: July 2022

THIS MONTH
Use of sterile vests
Key words: sterile technique, surgical attire, gown, contaminated, back.
Bare arms for unscrubbed personnel
Key words: long sleeves, cover jacket, disposable jacket, patient skin antisepsis, surgical site infection (SSI).
Preventing thermal injury from electrosurgical devices
Key words: electrosurgical unit (ESU), monopolar electrosurgical device, electrode, alternate site thermal injury, burn.
Preoperative site marking for minimally invasive procedures
Key words: surgical site, wrong‐site surgery, alternative site marking, point of access, preprocedure verification.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of caffeine and its primary metabolites in plasma using LC–ESI–MS/MS for apnea of prematurity treatment: Evaluation of ultrapure water as a surrogate matrix
Authors: Long Jia‐Yi , Hu Ya‐Hui , Xia Ying , Du Fei‐Fei , Dai Hao‐Ran , Tian Man , Xu Jing , Cheng Rui , Ding Xuan‐Sheng , Guo Hong‐Li , Chen Feng 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe growing evidence has endorsed the view that therapeutic drug monitoring of caffeine for apnea of prematurity is helpful for dose tailoring when the therapeutic response is lacking or toxicity is suspected. However, plasma without caffeine is difficult to obtain. Therefore, a method was developed and validated to measure caffeine and its three primary metabolites (paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline) using LC–ESI–MS/MS in human plasma and several surrogate matrices. The chromatographic separation of analytes was finally achieved on a Waters Symmetry C18 (4.6 × 75 mm, 3.5 μm) column. Several strategies were successfully applied to overcome the matrix effects: (a) appropriate dilution for sample cleanup; (b) a starting lower proportion of organic phase; and (c) multiple individual stable‐labeled isotopic internal standards. The parallelism between the authentic matrix and surrogate matrices was convincing. The recovery of the analytes in both human plasma and rat plasma was acceptable over the linear range (0.500–50.0 μg/ml for caffeine and 0.0100–1.00 μg/ml for three metabolites). The method was successfully applied in 118 samples from 74 preterm infants with apnea of prematurity. The rat plasma or ultrapure water as a surrogate matrix is worthy of recommendation for routine therapeutic drug monitoring of caffeine.