bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taxus, Control of Black Vine Weevil (BVW) Larvae, Wooster, Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Taxus plants, growing in 1 pint (0.47 liter) containers obtained from a nursery in NE Ohio, were used to evaluate conventional insecticides and entomogenous nematodes against BVW larvae. Plants were repotted 27 Jun in 1 gal (3.9 liter) containers with a 3:1 (pine barkipeat) medium mix. Dolomitic lime was added to the mix at 6 lb/cuyd. Plants were fertigated with 200 ppm N, P, K (Peter’s 20-20-20) every Mon, Wed, and Fri. Beginning 7 Aug, water alone was applied via over-head irrigation. BVW eggs were collected from adults held at 22°C and 80%+ RH and a 16 h photoperiod. On 7 Aug, all containers received 75 brown eggs, placed 2.54 cm beneath the surface of the potting medium. An additional 58 brown eggs were placed 16 Aug, as before. Hatchability was 89 and 77 percent, respectively. Treatments were applied 8 Nov when larval head-capsule width averaged 1.63 mm. A nematode stock suspension was made by placing 1 unit of Otinem (50,000,000 nemas) in 10 gallons of water. Nemas were applied volumetrically in 473 ml of water to deliver predetermined numbers of nemas per pot. AgSorb flake (2.4 grams) was added to the finished suspension for each pot of selected treatments. All finished suspensions were mixed thoroughly in a pint jar and poured over the potting medium to achieve even distribution. Other insecticide treatments were applied by mixing the predetermined pot rate in 473 ml of water which was poured over the pot medium, as before. All plants were watered prior to and after application. Plants were then hand watered every Mon, Wed, and Fri. Treatment effects were evaluated 28-29 Nov, when larvae were nearing maturity, by removing the plant and medium from each container and counting the number of larvae and recording their condition. Some pupation was occurring when evaluations were made.
Chinch Bug Control, Ingham Country, Mich., 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Stevens C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A grid of 4 × 4 ft plots separated by 1 ft wide buffer strips was set-up in a home lawn with a heavy infestation of chinch bugs in Okemos, Mich. After precounts, 5 replications of each treatment were applied on Jul 24, between 11:00 am and 4:00 pm. Temperature at application was 75°F and conditions were still. All products wree applied with a single nozzle, hand held C02 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. The application was made at 50 psi through an 8003 nozzle. Insecticides were mixed with water and applied at a rate of 242.2 ml/16 ft2 (4 gal/1000 ft2). Postcounts were made 8 d later on 1 Aug. For the precounts and postcounts, each plot was divided in two and each 2 × 4 ft half was counted for 2 minutes. The 2 counts from each replication were then totaled. The test was conducted at a home lawn with a mixture of Kentucky bluegrass and fine fescue, a 0-Ys inch thatch layer, and sandy soil. The area was damp from rain at the time of application; it had rained several times the previous wk. Many chinch bugs infected with Beauvaria hassiana were sporulating during the postcounts.
Fletcher Scale Control on Taxus, Michigan, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Stevens C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test site was an 80 acre Taxus planting owned by Zelenka’s Nursery near Allendale. The Taxus in the field were 4- to 5-yr-old. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Each replication consisted of 6 individual taxus plants. Fletcher scale populations were sampled by counting the number of adult scales in 45 s of searching per plant. On 26 Jun, insecticides were applied with an R&D C02 sprayer with a 8003 nozzle at 50 psi. The weather during the spray applications was 70°F but overcast with occasional wind gusts. Adult scale populations were sampled at peak crawler emergence just prior to treatment on 26 Jun, and again 7 wk later on 17 Aug when the scales were mature.
Choke Cherry, Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Wayne Co., Oh, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Choke cherry, 2-5 m tall, growing along a roadside were used to evaluate insecticides against eastern tent caterpillar. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at half-throttle on aperature setting # 3 for 30 s was used to deliver 600 ml of finished spray to each replicate. Sprays were directed to the dominant tent and surrounding foliage on each of 3, single-tree replicates/treatment. Two separate dates and locations were used to apply treatments. Test 1 sprays were applied 22 May when conditions were sunny, 24°C, with winds 16-24 km/h. Test 2 sprays were applied 24 May when conditions were sunny, 27°C, with 16-32 km/ h winds. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 30 May and 6 Jun for both tests by assessing the condition of larvae on each replicate tree.
Spring Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid with Insecticidal Soaps, Horticultural Spray Oils, and Conventional Insecticides on Douglas-Fir in Carbon Co., Pa, 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ten treatments were applied to evaluate Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 6-8 ft Douglas-fir Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 2 May to 4 trees/replicate. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete design. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 mistblower. Treatments were applied at the rate of 100 gal/acre (302 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 74-76°F; water pH, 6.0; skies were partly cloudy. One hundred and five DAT (15 Aug) counts were completed on each tree. Each replicate was evaluated by selecting 4 cardinal directions on the tree and counting 25 needles at each location and recording the number of Cooley spruce gall damaged needles.
Elm, Control of Elm Leaf Beetle Larvae, Delaware, Oh, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Elm, 2-2.5 m tall, growing in 3-gal containers were used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against elm leaf beetle. A KWH backpack misfblower operating at low-throttle on aperature setting #2 for 15 s was used to apply 100 ml of finished spray to each plant. Sprays were applied 30 Jun under sunny skies, 24°C, and 8-16 km/h winds. Four naturally-infested, containerized plants were randomly selected for each treatment. The 4 plants for each treatment were placed on 91 cm × 91 cm paper squares prior to spraying. During application, larvae began dropping from all plants, except those sprayed with water or soap, which began dropping 1 h later. As soon as larvae began to drop, 10 from each square of paper (replicate plant) were placed in each of 4 petri dishes, along with 1 unsprayed leaf. Petri dishes were immediately placed in an ice chest and transported to the laboratory. Treatment effects were assessed 72 h later. Residual efficacy was evaluated 3 and 6 DAT by counting the number of live larvae on the top 35 leaves of each replicate tree.
Willow Leaf Beetle Control on Sandbar Willow, 1989
Authors: Nixon Philip L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sandbar willow trunks planted into the bank of a stream approximately 5 miles northwest of Chillicothe, 111. were sprayed with M-One insecticide on 17 May. The trunks had been planted in the bank during the previous winter to provide erosion control and had tufts of expanding leaves sprouting along the trunks. Tufts of leaves were sprayed with M-One and water or just water (control), 12 tufts each, with a 3-gal hand-pressurized portable sprayer to the point of runoff. The number of leaves/tuft ranged from 8-22. Unhatched eggs were removed on 17 May to preclude additional larval hatch during the test period. Larval length ranged from 1-2 mm on 17 May and 4-7 mm on 23 May. A leaf was considered damaged if at least 50% of the leaf suffered larval feeding damage. The number of damaged and undamaged leaves/shoot was recorded on both 17 May and 23 May. This was converted to % increase of damaged leaves/shoot during the test period.
Efficacy of Permethrin and Diazinon Against Horn Flies on Beef Cattle When Delivered by Morgan Recharger Ear Tags, 1989
Authors: Barton W. E. , Gray E. W. , Noblet R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Morgan Recharger ear tags incorporated a patented wicking system to administer insecticides to livestock for nuisance fly control. 1989 tags, containing 10 ml of either an 8% permethrin (40% piperonyl butoxide, 52% petroleum distillates) or a 20% diazinon (80% petroleum distillates) formulation, were applied 2/head to crossbred cattle at the Simpson Agricultural Experiment Station near the Clemson University campus on 19 Jul. Both tagged herds and an untreated control herd consisted of at least 20 adult cows/herd. Adult horn files on one side of 10 randomly selected cows per herd were counted weekly with the aid of binoculars between 0800 and 1100 EST for 12 wk after attachment.
Efficacy of Saber Ear Tags on Horn Flies and on Calf Weaning Weights, Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, Nebraska, 1990
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Crossbred cow/calf pairs, maintained on University of Nebraska-Lincoln Sandhills native range pastures were selected for use in this study. Saber (10% Lambdacyhalothrin) ear tags were applied to 30 cow/calf pairs (2 tags/cow). A second group of 30 cow/calf pairs were left untreated and served as a control. All calves were weighed 4 Jun, the same day the cows were tagged, and the cow/calf pairs were placed in appropriate pastures. The pastures were of equal size (623 acres) and had a good stand of native grass. Horn fly poulations were recorded weekly by counting the total number of flies on both sides of a cow. A minimum of 15 cows was included during each fly counting session.
Evaluation of Dimilin 25% Wettable Powder as a Whole-Body Spray for Control of Cattle Lice in Wyoming, 1989
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Waggoner J. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental steer and heifer calves were of mixed breeds and originated in eastern Wyoming. They were housed in separate pens in group of 4 animals each at Laramie, Wy. The cattle were naturally infested with the cattle biting louse, the longnosed cattle louse, and the little blue louse. Hair was parted and lice density was estimated by observing and recording the number of adults and nymphal lice of each species at sample sites on various body regions the host. Body regions examined were: 1, 5 × 15 cm area on the topline; 1, 5 × 15 cm area on the withers; 2, 10 × 15 cm areas surrounding the right and left eyes; 2, 5 × 10 areas on the right and left cheeks; 1, 5 × 25 cm area on the muzzle; and 1, 5 × 15 cm area on the dewlap. Following pretreatment lice counts, 12 animals were ranked according to lice density. Groups of similarly infested cattle were then randomly assigned to one of 3 treatment groups. Dimilin 25 WP was diluted at the rate of 30.14, and 15.17 grams/4 gal of water to give concentrations of 0.05% and 0.025% Dimilin, respectively. Each concentration was applied to one pen of 4 animals on Mar 10. One additional pen of 4 animals received no insecticide treatment and served as the untreated control. The insecticide suspension was applied at 100 psi by means of a CO2-powered sprayer with a no. 8003 flat-fan nozzle. Four animals were sprayed in a 25 × 25 ft pen for 8 min and 56 s, and each animal received 1 gal of spray material. All animals were thoughly covered. At time of treatment, air temperature was 55°F and weather conditions were ideal.
Evaluation of Beauvema Bassiana for Control of Cotton Fleahopper, 1989
Authors: Chandler Laurence D. , Wright James E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
ABG-6178 WP (B. bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin) was evaluated for toxicity to cotton fleahopper adults collected from cotton plants at Weslaco, Tex. Five 100 ml solutions, ranging from 1 × 100 spores/ml distilled water to 1 × 10-4 spores/ml, were formulated in the laboratory. Fleahopper adults (10/treatment) were dipped in each solution and a distilled water control for 3 s and then individually placed into 30 ml plastic cups. A 1 cm cube of potato was provided as a food source, and each cup was covered. Cups were placed in environmental chambers and held at 25°C and 50% relative humidity with a 12:12 day-night photoperiod. Mortality and presence of fungus was determined 96 h after treatment. This procedure was repeated 3 times. Mortality data were analyzed by probit analysis expressed in spores/ml needed to cause mortality.
Onion Thrips Insecticide Dose Response, 1987
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Magaro J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Onion thrips were collected from onion plants in south Texas during Mar 1987 and used to establish a laboratory culture. Thrips were reared on green onions in plastic containers at 25°C and a 12 h photoperiod. Response to insecticide dose concentration was evaluated by treating 60 × 15 mm glass petri dishes with 1 ml of differing concentration solutions of Ammo 2.5 EC, Nudrin 1.8 EC and Penncap-M 21% in acetone. The solution was swirled in the bottom of the glass dish for 1 min and then the remaining liquid was poured out. Dishes were air dried for 2 h. Larval thrips were transferred to dishes and exposed for 2 h at 25°C. Thrips were considered dead if no response was detected after gentle probing.
Leaf Disk Bioassay for Cabbage Looper Susceptibility, 1990
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fresh cabbage purchased from a local grocery store was cut into disks measuring 90 mm in diam. Disks were dipped in chemical mixtures (see tables) and allowed to air dry on a sheet of organdy cloth to allow drainage. The disks were then placed in 90 mm Pyrex petri dishes; two disks per plate in Test I and one disk per plate in Test II. Five healthy, newly-molted secondinstar CL larvae were tested in each plate. Each plate was checked for larval mortality at approximately six h, 18 h and at 24 h intervals thereafter for seven d. Mortality was determined by prodding the larvae with a blunt probe and dead larvae were removed.
Sawfly Control, 1990
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. , Collins J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied on 15 Jun to 20 × 20 ft plots in a crop-year blueberry field at Township 19, Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a randomized complete block design with 5-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using CO2-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat-spray 800067 Teejet nozzles operating at 35 psi. Plants showed 10% bloom and 90% fruit set at treatment. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the test. Temperatures were generally warm; 1.4 inches of rain fell on 24 Jun.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Foliar form of Grape Phylloxera, 1990
Authors: McLeod M. J. , Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test consisted of 7 treatments applied on 11 Jun and 18 Jun, corresponding to recommended control at bloom and 10-14 d post bloom. Plots at Wooster, OH consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications/treatment in a randomized complete block design. Vine spacing was 2.7 m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a hand held CO2 sprayer operated at 3.2 kg/cm2 equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. Sprays were applied at the rate of 1870 liter/ha. The spreader sticker Triton-B was added to each treatment at the rate of 30 ml/95 liters of water. The total number of galls on 10 apical leaves from 10 randomly selected shoots/plot were recorded on 13 Jul. Data were normalized using the complementary log log transformation of the mean values.
Pesticides Applied for Grape Bud Beetle (GBB) Control in Coachella Valley, Calif., 1988
Authors: Stern Vernon M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pesticides were applied for Grape Bud Beetle (GBB) on 1 Mar (Test 1) and 22 Mar (Test 2). Vine spacing in both trials was 12 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. Both treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and there were 5 replicates for each treatment and the check. Each replicate was a single row and extended into the vineyard to include the 15th vine from the field edge. Spray application was made with a hand gun at 135 gal/acre 200 psi in Test 1 and 150 gal/ acre 200 psi in Test 2. Both sides of the vine rows were sprayed to runoff. The 'Perlette,' a seedless grape, is the earliest maturing variety grown in California. At the time of Test 1 some of the new shoots were 1.5 ft long. In both tests materials were applied between 1:00 and 5:00 p.m., and counts made 24 h and 48 h after treatment. The dead beetles on the ground were punched into the sandy soil with a y.i-in. diam wood dowel on each count. During the spring months strong wind and dust storms occur in the Coachella Valley. One such storm occurred the night after the 24 h dead beetle count was taken in Test 1. Blowing dust and sand covered an unknown number of dead GBB on the ground. Further counts of dead beetles were abandoned.
Control of Grape Bud Beetle (GBB) and Variegated Grape Leafhopper (VGL) 1987
Authors: Stern Vernon M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pesticides were applied on the Cardinal' table grape in Coachella Valley, Calif, on 12 Mar. Vine spacing was 12 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 5 replicates for each treatment and the check. Each replicate was a single row and extended into the vineyard to include the 10th vine from the field edge. Spray application was made with a hand gun at 180 gal/acre 200 psi. Sprays were applied to runoff on both sides of the vine rows. The dead GBB were counted under the vine rows at 1 and 2 DAT. The dead GBB were punched into the sandy soil with a %-inch diam wood dowel on each count.
Control of Boxelder Bug on Kiwi Fruit, 1990
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was conducted on 15-yr-old 'Hayward' kiwifruit in a commercial vineyard near Santa Cruz, Calif. Four treatments were replicated 4 times using a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of an individual vine with a minimum of 1 buffer vine between experimental units. Treatments were applied with a CO2-charged backpack sprayer operating at 30 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on 13 Jun. Control was evaluated by caging 20 field-collected adult boxelder bugs on the foliage for 1 d and 7 d beginning on the day of application and at 1-wk intervals for 4 wk.
Citrus Blackfly Control with Talstar and Danitol, 1990
Authors: Victor French J. , Meagher R. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Talstar and Danitol were compared to Orthene for efficacy against CBF in two separate trials on container-grown citrus in a nursery at Edinburg, Tex. CBF-infested trees, 2-4 ft tall, were selected and each treatment replicated 4 times on groups of 6 trees each. Trees were sprayed to foliar runoff using a TQ-40 Koke Kap backpack CO2 Sprayer at 30 psi. Control trees received a water spray. At intervals prespray and postspray, mature young leaves (24/treatment) were randomly sampled and lst-4th stage CBF (minimum of 500/ treatment) were examined under a binocular microscope. CBF were recorded as dead by the absence of body fluid when probed with a needle. Percent mortality of all immature stage CBF was determined for each treatment.
Mite Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1990
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three acaracides were evaluated for control of PLSM. Trials were conducted at the LSU Pecan Research and Extension Station, Robson, Caddo Parish, Louisiana on 55-yr-old 'Stuart' pecan trees. Plots were laid out in a randomized block design consisting of three blocks, with one tree/treatment per block. Pretreatment counts were made on 11 Sep. Applications of foliar applied materials were made on 12 Sep using an FMC 957 CPD speed sprayer calibrated to deliver 32 gal of finished spray per tree (288 gal/acre). Posttreatment counts were made 6, 19 and 33 DAT. Sampling consisted of counting the number of mites (larvae and adults) on ten pair of leaflets/tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1990
Authors: Hall M. J. , Shelton R. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two insecticides were evaluated individually, and in combination with each other for control of the yellow pecan aphid and the black-margined pecan aphid. Trials were conducted at the Dixie Pecan Company Orchard, Dixie, Caddo Parish, Louisiana on 8-yr-old 'Cherokee' pecan trees. Plots were laid out in a randomized block design consisting of five blocks, with one tree/treatment/block. Pretreatment counts were made on 10 Aug. Applications of foliar applied materials were made on 13 Aug using a Lockwood-Hardy airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 118 gal of finished spray/acre. Posttreatment counts were made 3 and 10 DAT. Sampling consisted of counting the number of nymphs and adults of both species on five compound leaves/tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Leafminer Control in Snap Beans, 1990
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. , Meadows Michael R. , Hood Larry 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Snap beans were planted 31 Aug in double rows on beds with 40 inch centers at the Bruce Church of Arizona, Inc. farm located near Poston, Ariz. Two rows of each variety were planted side by side in the 4 row block. Beans, especially the '04' variety, were heavily infested with leafminers and much defoliation and leaf drop had occurred with the lower leaves prior to the 11 Oct treatment. Plants were very heavily infested with sweetpotato whitefiles, Bemisia tabaci (Gennedius). Treatments were made on this date with a backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 31.1 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design to plots that were 25 ft long by 1 bed wide. High temperature on 11 Oct was 95°F. Plots were sampled 16 Oct. Samples consisted of 5 trifoliate leaves, each from separate plants, approximately 1/3 the distance from the plant top. A minimum of 2 such samples/plot were taken. Samples were placed in plastic bags and held for 5 d for leafminer immatures to exit, which were then counted. No attempt was made to evaluate the treatment effectiveness against whiteflies.
Mexican Bean Beetle Control in Spring-Planted Snap Beans, 1990
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Roberts C. H. , Southards C. J. , Mullins C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Eagle' snap beans were planted in 4 row plots 15 ft long on 14 April at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville. Twelve treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with 5 ft alleys between blocks. Rows were 38 inches apart. Foliar insecticides were applied on 27 June using a 2.5 gal compressed CO2 hand sprayer at 57.3 gal/acre and 50 psi. Pretreatment counts of mexican bean beetle larvae (MBBL) averaged 107/15 row ft. The middle two rows from each plot were harvested using a mechanical 2-row picker on 16 July. A subsample (ca 3 lb) of beans from each plot was rated for pod damage by the MBBL and expressed as a percent.