bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Multilateral Treaty Reforms
Authors: Atagher Luter 
Published: October 2022

International trade law is primarily concerned with facilitating the flow of goods and services across national borders by minimizing tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade. However, there is a nexus between international trade and the environment. First, international trade is reckoned to have destructive environmental effects. The liberalization of global trade results in increased economic activity, including industrial processes, manufacturing, innovation of new technology, and extraction of natural resources from the earth and the sea, which inevitably results in environmental externalities such as biodiversity loss, pollution, and climate change. Second, international trade law intersects environmental law whenever trade restrictive measures such as import bans, export control and border taxes are adopted by states as a means of achieving environmental goals.[1] Such measures condition market access on the fulfilment of environmental norms related to the characteristic of the product or the process of its production. The World Trade Organization (WTO) currently oversees the largest multilateral regime for international trade. WTO covered agreements expressly recognises some exceptions to trade liberalization commitments for environmental objectives, this policy space is subjected to a system of strict limitations and review procedures designed to protect the global trading system from arbitrariness and disguised restrictions on trade. This scrutinized policy space accounts for the contention that the multilateral trading system constrains environmental regulation and requires treaty reforms for the purpose of adapting to contemporary environmental concerns. Others have focused on a change of approach in the reasoning of WTO adjudicators in their review of trade-restrictive environmental measures. However, the process of multilateral negotiations for new agreements needed to effect rule change is notably complex and has been fraught with deadlocks in the last couple of decades. The stalemate over appointment of members of the Appellate Body has hampered the effective functioning of third-party adjudication in the WTO and the prospect of ‘pro-environmental’ approaches in the interpretation of WTO law on environmental measures. Meanwhile, numerous environment-related measures continue to be notified within the WTO. I argue that notwithstanding the absence of treaty reforms, international trade law continuously evolves through various formal and informal norm-generating practices by member states and trade stakeholders. Viewed through the lens of legal pluralism, these practices contest, modify and transform normative meaning in the multilateral trading system thereby creating a permissive setting for trade-restrictive environmental measures within the framework of extant international trade law.
Legal Pluralism, Transitional Justice, and Ethnic Justice Systems
Authors: Romana-Rivas Yuri Alexander 
Published: October 2022

Colombian law recognizes that traditional Indigenous and Black authorities can exercise legal jurisdiction and apply their laws and traditions in their ancestral territories. Despite this legal recognition, the legal system does not operate in a way that genuinely guarantees legal pluralism. In practice, higher courts repeatedly overturn or dismiss decisions by indigenous legal authorities.
As a result of the 2016 Peace Agreement between the Colombian Government and the former guerilla of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – The People’s Army (“FARC-EP” in Spanish), a transitional justice tribunal was established: the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (“SJP” or “the Special Jurisdiction”). The Special Jurisdiction’s main task is to investigate and try the most serious crimes committed during the armed conflict, a conflict that has disproportionately impacted racialized communities. The SJP, unlike other tribunals in Colombia, has sought to adapt its work to meet the reality of legal pluralism by: 1) negotiating protocols for inter-jurisdictional interaction between the SJP and ethnic authorities, 2) consulting with Indigenous and Black communities on the adoption of some legal instruments, and 3) having a dialogue between equals with ethnic authorities when potential jurisdictional conflicts arise. This paper seeks to analyze this interaction and how it has allowed the Special Jurisdiction, as transitional justice mechanism, to work in close cooperation with Indigenous and Black communities in Colombia. As will be discussed throughout this paper, through the lens of the legal pluralism framework, such interaction has strengthened the legitimacy and recognition of Indigenous and Black communities’ legal authorities as parallel legal orders that can operate side-by-side with the State judicial system. This, in turn, has created an important precedent that can be emulated by other court jurisdictions in Colombia and elsewhere.
Why State-Owned Enterprises Often Do Earnings Management?
Authors: Pramusti Wuri Cahyaning , Nuraina Elva , Yusdita Elana Era 
Published: October 2022

The requirement that the income statement provided be in the profit position all of the time encourages the use of earnings management. Managers manipulate data using accounting practices to fool stakeholders. The goal of this research is to see how the effect of government ownership on earnings management affects audit quality. For 2015-2020, the population is State-Owned Enterprises listed on the IDX. A sample of 24 State-Owned Enterprises is obtained using the purposive sampling method. Using EViews version 10, simple regression and moderated regression analysis (MRA) were used to analyze the data. The findings reveal that government ownership has no effect on earnings management and that audit quality has no effect on earnings management when it comes to government ownership. Big Four public accounting firms have been unable to curb earnings management practices due to government expectations and protection. The bank's earnings management profit maximization occurred as a result of the bank's desire to attract and increase the confidence of third-party funds, which are the bank's greatest source of funds. Income minimization, on the other hand, occurred because the corporation intended to lower the amount of tax it had to pay to the government.
Factors Analysis Structure with Profitability as Intervening Variables
Authors: Umdiana Nana , Mahardini Nikke Yusnita , Manurung Irma Dewi 
Published: October 2022

This study aims to identify and analyzes the factors that influence capital structure with profitability as an intervening variable in mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The quantitative research method was used in this study. The study used 228 data for path analysis. Classical assumption test analysis, path analysis, Sobel test, and hypothesis testing using SPSS 25 statistical tools as analytical methods. The steps for testing path analysis are as follows: First, formulate a structural equation. Second Calculate the path coefficient based on the regression coefficient. Third Calculate the path coefficient simultaneously. Finally, Calculate the path coefficient simultaneously. The results of this study indicate that sales growth does not directly affect the capital structure, while firm size directly affects capital structure. At the same time, profitability cannot mediate from sales growth or company size on capital structure
Increasing learning interest through android-based word square learning media
Authors: Devi Eka Sari , Damayanti Eka , Hamansah Hamansah , Salahuddin Salahuddin , Jamilah Jamilah 
Published: October 2022

The use of media through the Android application is still limited, even though it is needed to foster interest in learning after the COVID-19 pandemic. The research focused on increasing learning interest through the application of the Android-based Word Square learning media. This experimental research used a pretest-posttest control group design. The population in this study were all students of class IX MTs Guppi Samata, which consisted of 2 classes. The saturated sampling method was used in the sampling procedure with six samples taken from the experimental class IX-A and six samples taken from the control class IX-B. The research instrument was a questionnaire consisting of 30 items. The data analysis technique used the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Students' learning interests differed depending on whether or not they used the Android-based Word Square learning media (p = 0.046, p 0.05). The results showed the differences in students' interest in learning with and without using the media of Word Square learning media based on android human reproductive system material for class IX MTs Guppi Samata (p = 0.046, p < 0.05). The average interest in learning among students through the media was 114.83. The value was higher than those without using the media (106.50). This proves that Word Square learning resources based on Android can increase students' learning interests. The findings of this study can be used to inform teachers' decisions about how to use engaging learning technologies and a variety of media to enhance the quality of their instruction.
HAKEKAT HUKUM DESA ADAT BALI SEBAGAI SUBJEK HUKUM DALAM PENGELOLAAN PARIWISATA BUDAYA
Authors: Agung Gede Agung Indra Prathama Anak 
Published: October 2022

Desa Adat menurut Pasal 1 Angka 8 Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 4 Tahun 2019 tentang Desa Adat di Bali (selanjutnya disebut dengan Perda Bali 4 Tahun 2019) adalah kesatuan masyarakat hukum adat di Bali. Pengembangan Pariwisata Budaya di Bali tidak dapat dipisahkan dari Kebudayaan masyarakat adat di Bali. Pemerintah Provinsi Bali sudah memproteksi akibat hukum ini sehingga dibuatkanlah payung hukum untuk melindungi desa adat dari gempuran bisnis pariwisata dan jeratan hukumnya dengan memberlakukan peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 4 Tahun 2019 tentang Desa Adat di Bali (selanjutnya disebut dengan Perda Bali 4 Tahun 2019).Adanya pergeseran perilaku dalam mengelola peradaban dan budaya lokal. perkembangan bisnis pariwisata di Indonesia dan Bali Khususnya. Bahwa fungsi hukum hanyalah sebagai perekayasa social oleh karena itu cara kerja fungsi hukum melindungi kearifan lokal dari gempuran bisnis pariwisata, Dari Uraian diatas maka dapat disampaikan permasalahan yaitu: Bagaimanakah hakekat dari pengaturan desa adat Bali sebagai subjek hukum, Manfaat apakah yang diperoleh oleh masyarakat dalam pengelolaan pariwisata. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan Konsep Desa adat sebagai subyek hukum dan Konsep Pengelolaan usaha pariwisata serta menggunakan Teori Keadilan Hukum dan Teori Utilitarisme (Kemanfaatan Hukum). Desa adat memiliki hak menjaga dan mengatur kekayaan desa adat yang dimiliki termasuk hak ulayat.
The electroplastic effect in titanium alloys under tension
Authors: Korolkov O. E. , Pakhomov M. A. , Stolyarov V. V. 
Published: October 2022

The electroplastic effect (EPE) is a phenomenon which consists in a decrease in the strain resistance and enhancing of the plasticity of metals under the effect of the electric current of a sufficiently high density [1]. The goal of the study is to compare the deformation behavior of single-phase commercially pure tita­nium Grade 4 and two-phase VT6 alloy under tension and external heating with introduction of a pulsed current. Current of various pulse ratio and density was supplied to the grips of the tensile testing machine from a pulse generator. To estimate the relative contribution of the electroplastic effect during passage of current to the reduction of flow stresses, the materials were also exposed to external heating. The microstructure of the samples in the sample head and in the vicinity of the fracture region in the longitu­dinal section was studied using optical microscopy. The electroplastic effect in the studied materials is manifested on the tensile curve through individual jumps in the downward flow stress at a high pulse ra­tio, whereas at a low current pulse ratio a decrease in the flow stress and strain hardening and increase in the plasticity are observed. It is shown that tension of the sample under the effect of current results in a greater decrease in the flow stresses than that observed under external heating at the same temperature for both materials. This confirms the athermal nature of the pulsed current effect. The critical density of the high pulse ratio current (q - 5000) capable of providing manifestation of the electroplastic effect is two times lower for a VT6 alloy than for pure titanium Grade 4. Under the same pulsed current modes, the flow stresses for VT6 decrease more than for Grade 4. Pulsed current of high pulse ratio caused an anomalous hardening effect in a VT6 alloy, but the physical nature of this effect requires an additional study. The pulsed current modes used in the study did not lead to any structural changes noticeable under optical magnification in the samples under tension, except for the disappearance of twins and separation of the impurity particles in Grade 4 and spheroidization of grains in VT6.
Tingkat Ketepatan Pengenalan Pola Data Algoritma Pelatihan pada Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Menggunakan Model Neuron 10-16-1 dan 15-29-1
Authors: Mustafidah Hindayati , Sholihah Mu’ammirotus 
Published: October 2022

Algoritma pelatihan merupakan bagian terpenting dalam Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan (JST). Kinerja algoritma ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa parameter jaringan diantaranya banyaknya neuron dalam lapisan input, banyaknya neuron dalam lapisan tersembunyi, maksimum epoh, learning rate (lr). Pada penelitian terdahulu dilakukan pengujian menggunakan model neuron 6-10-1 diperoleh hasil bahwa algoritma pelatihan Levenberg-Marquardt (trainlm) adalah algoritma yang paling tepat dalam mengenali pola data dengan tingkat rata-rata kesesuaian 87.5%. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengujian tingkat ketepatan pengenalan pola data algoritma pelatihan pada jaringan syaraf tiruan menggunakan model neuron 10-16-1 dan 15-29-1, parameter jaringan yang digunakan diantaraya target eror = 0.001 (10-3), maksimum epoh = 10000 (104), nilai learning rate (lr) = 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0. Hasil dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan adalah pada model 10-16-1 algoritma pelatihan JST yang paling optimal tingkat ketepatan pengenalan pola data ditinjau dari rata-rata delta terkecil dan besarnya persentase ketepatan pengenalan pola data yaitu algoritma pelatihan Levenberg-Marquardt (trainlm) dengan nilai rata-rata delta = 0.00632000000 pada learning rate (lr) = 0.9 dengan persentase kecocokan mengenali pola data sebesar 100%. Pada model 15-29-1 algoritma pelatihan JST yang paling optimal tingkat ketepatan pengenalan pola data ditinjau dari rata-rata delta terkecil dan besarnya persentase kecocokan rata-rata delta algoritma pelatihan pada setiap learning rate (lr) adalah Levenberg-Marquardt (trainlm) dengan nilai rata-rata delta = 0.00530500000 pada learning rate (lr) = 0.7 dengan persentase ketepatan mengenali pola data sebesar 100%.
Comparability assessment of the results of thiomersal quantification in adsorbed immunobiological medicinal products by colourimetry and by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: Kolesnikova O. N. , Tregubova V. E. , Ustinnikova O. B. , Movsesyants A. A. 
Published: October 2022

To ensure the quality of immunobiologicals, it is required to quantify the thiomersal preservative present in a number of them. The authors have previously developed an analytical procedure for thiomersal quantification in non-adsorbed immunobiological medicinal products, which is based on cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV AAS). The aim of the study was to analyse the possibility of using the CV AAS procedure for thiomersal content determination in adsorbed immunobiologicals and evaluate the comparability of thiomersal quantification results obtained by colourimetry and CV AAS. Materials and methods: the study used the national reference standard of mercury ions content and the pharmacopoeial reference standard of thiomersal content in adsorbed medicinal products (PhRS 3.1.00427), as well as samples of immunobiologicals by different manufacturers: a DTP vaccine, anatoxins, hepatitis B and influenza vaccines, and combined vaccines. The study involved CV AAS and the colourimetric reaction between mercury and dithizone. Results: the specificity of the CV AAS procedure is demonstrated by the coefficient of variation (3.95%) and the coefficient of correlation between the test sample volume and thiomersal content (0.9956). The regression analysis and the Fisher’s test value of 0.16 indicate the absence of bias. The trueness of the method is satisfactory, as the percent recovery differs from the total spiked amount by less than 10%. For the sensitivity of the CV AAS procedure, its quantification and detection limits are 6.9×10-3 μg/ mL and 2.3×10-3 μg/ mL, respectively. The Fisher’s test value obtained in the comparability assessment of the results of thiomersal quantification by colourimetry and CV AAS (1.29) is lower than the conventional tabulated one (3.96). Conclusions: according to the study, it is possible to use the CV AAS procedure for thiomersal quantification in adsorbed immunobiologicals. The established detection limit allows evaluating residual amounts of thiomersal in in-process intermediates during the production of preservative-free immunobilogical dosage forms. The comparability assessment of the results of thiomersal quantification by colourimetry and CV AAS, carried out using oneway ANOVA and Fisher’s test, showed the possibility of using PhRS 3.1.00427 to control the consistency of operation when reproducing the CV AAS procedure.
Реэвакуация населения в Москву и жилищная проблема, 1942–1948 гг.
Authors: Tiurin Vladislav 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This article examines the housing problem of the Soviet civilians who returned from the evacuation to Moscow during the World War II and immediately after it. The reevacuation began in 1942 after the successful counteroffensive of the Red Army near Moscow. It was a priority for the Soviet government to restore the economy of the capital and return workers to the city. However, thousands of square meters of housing in Moscow rendered uninhabitable during the war for different reasons. Based mainly on the archival sources, especially on court materials, this paper examines the magnitude of the housing problem in Moscow and highlights its legal and social aspects. I argue that the authorities at first protected the apartments of evacuees, but then they began to cancel the rights of people to housing and move new residents into the empty apartments. This situation forced reevacuees to start judicial proceedings, which often ended not in their favor.
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kolaboratif Berbantuan Peta Pikiran Terhadap Hasil Belajar IPA Kelas V SD Negeri 170 Palembangu
Authors: Trigustini Maya , Hakim Lukman , Kuswidyanarko Arief 
Published: October 2022

Tujuan dalam penelitian: 1) Mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar sebelum dan sesudah diterapkan model pembelajaran kolaboratif berbantuan peta pikiran, 2) Mengetahui sikap siswa terhadap model pembelajaran kolaboratif berbantuan peta pikiran. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian eksperimen. Populasi dan sampel dalam penelitian ini seluruh siswa kelas V di SD Negeri 170 Palembang berjumlah 20 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan tes, angket, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan statistik deskriptif dan statistik inferensial dengan uji hipotesis menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney U Test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: 1) Ada perbedaan signifikan hasil belajar sebelum dan sesudah diterapkan model pembelajaran kolaboratif berbantuan peta pikiran dengan uji Mann-Whitney U Test dengan nilai Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) atau p value sebesar 0,000<0,05; maka ada perbedaan signifikan hasil belajar siswa sebelum dan sesudah diterapkan model pembelajaran kolaboratif berbantuan peta pikiran terhadap hasil belajar IPA atau yang berarti Ha diterima, dan 2) Respon siswa terhadap model pembelajaran kolaboratif berbantuan peta pikiran dari 20 orang sebanyak 15 orang (75%) yang memberi respon baik terhadap model pembelajaran kolaboratif berbantuan peta pikiran.
Penerapan Upaya Meningkatkan Kreativitas di Bidang Pemasaran atau Penjualan dalam Meningkatkan Laba Usaha pada UMKM GB Express Ulak Karang Kec. Padang Utara
Authors: Listiawan Endah , Ravi Muhammad , Candra Vindya Arista , Dewita Viora Rahma , Putra Ramdani Bayu 
Published: October 2022

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui upaya dan langkah-langkah yang dilakukan oleh pelaku Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM) dalam meningkatkan kreativitas pada UMKM GB Express yang berlokasi di Ulak Karang Selatan. Kec. Padang Utara, Kota Padang Sumatera Barat. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Kegiatan ini bertujuan: 1) Pelaku UMKM GB Express dapat menjalankan usahanya dengan cara meningkatkan kreativitas, 2) dapat meningkatkan laba, 3) meningkatkan nilai pendidikam karakter, kreativitas lewat ide baru untuk bisnis GB Express. Kegiatan dalam pengabdian ini meliputi Â sosialisasi dan pemaparam materi tentang manajemen pemasaran dalam meningkatkan kreativitas penjual GB Express. Berdasarkan pelaksanaan dan evaluasi hasil kegiatan dapat disimpulkanÂ pelaku UMKM GB Express dapat menjalankan usahanya secara kreatif serta terdapat peningkatan laba dan kapasitas permintaan dari pelanggan dari GB Express juga bertambah.
Banana Caramelized : Inovasi Kuliner Dengan Menerapkan Konsep Kewirausahaan
Authors: Rahmadani Anisah , Maulida Khaira , Chania Sartika , Putra Ramdani Bayu 
Published: October 2022

Pisang merupakan salah satu bahan baku yang dapat diolah untuk dijadikan kuliner. Banyaknya kuliner yang terbuat dari pisang yang laris dipasaran, salah satunya yaitu keripik pisang. Dengan melihat larisnya kuliner keripik pisang dipasaran oleh karena itu penulis bergagasan membuat suatu usaha dengan menciptakan produk keripik pisang yang diinovasikan dengan menambahkan caramel pada keripik pisang, yang penulis beri nama Banana caramelized. Tujuan usaha ini adalah menginovasi cemilan keripik pisang untuk dijadikan cemilan yang diminati oleh masyarakat khususnya milenial dengan menerapkan konsep kewiraswataan dalam menjalankan usaha. Metode yang digunakan meliputi persiapan, pelaksanaan, pemanfaatan riset pasar dan formulasi produk serta perancangan strategi pemasaran. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu dengan bermodalkan RP. 48.000 sebagai modal awal dan setelah melakukan penjualan sebanyak 7 kali, usaha ini memperoleh omset sebesar RP. 493.000 dan memperoleh laba bersih sebesar RP. 237.000
العلاقات النحوية في الجملة العربية في ضوء اللسانيات القانونية
Authors: أسعد عباس كاظم أسعد 
Published: October 2022

تشكِّل العلاقات النحوية في الجملة العربية ركيزة مهمة يستند عليها النصّ اللغويّ في تنميط الجملة المركبة، حيث تنتج عنها مجموعة أساليب لغوية عن طريق الروابط المعنوية المتحققة، فغالباً ما ترد الجملة مركبة على النمط التركيبي البسيط ، والاختصار في الجملة على أقل قدر يجعلها تحت عنوان الجملة المركبة، الذي يتم عن طريق فكرتين معبَّر عنهما بجملتين بسيطتين تربط بينهما أدوات محدّدة ربطًا معنويًا مع انقطاع الارتباط الصناعي، الذي يتطلب محلية إعرابية في حين الارتباط المعنوي لا يتوقف على محلية الإعراب .
وهذا النمط من أنماط الجملة المركبة بشكل عام يغلب في النصوص القانونية، وفي القانون المدني العراقيّ على وجه الخصوص، فالرابط اللفظي بالأدوات ظاهر في نحو الجملة ظهورًا ملحوظًا؛ لتأدية معانٍ نحوية متعدِّدة ومتغيّرة تبعاً لصياغة الجملة والسياق الذي ترد فيه ، فالنصوص القانونية حمّالة أوجه حسب الوجه القانوني، وهذه المتغيّرات اللغوية في معنى النصّ تتدخل العلاقات النحوية التي تتم عن طريق روابط لفظية تساعد على توجيه الخطاب القانوني، كمعنى الجمع والاستدراك والإضراب بين الكلمات داخل الجملة الواحدة أو الجملتين، وغير ذلك.