bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informal Caregiving Time and Costs for Urinary Incontinence in Older Individuals in the United States
Authors: Langa Kenneth M. , Fultz Nancy H. , Saint Sanjay , Kabeto Mohammed U. , Herzog A. Regula 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES:To obtain nationally representative estimates of the additional time, and related cost, of informal caregiving associated with urinary incontinence in older individuals.DESIGN:Multivariate regression models using data from the 1993 Asset and Health Dynamics Study, a nationally representative survey of people aged 70 and older (N = 7,443).SETTING:Community‐dwelling older people.PARTICIPANTS:National population‐based sample of community‐dwelling older people.MEASUREMENTS:Weekly hours of informal caregiving, and imputed cost of caregiver time, for community‐dwelling older people who reported (1) no unintended urine loss, (2) incontinence that did not require the use of absorbent pads, and (3) incontinence that required the use of absorbent pads.RESULTS:Thirteen percent of men and 24% of women reported incontinence. After adjusting for sociodemographics, living situation, and comorbidities, continent men received 7.4 hours per week of care, incontinent men who did not use pads received 11.3 hours, and incontinent men who used pads received 16.6 hours (P< .001). Women in these groups received 5.9, 7.6, and 10.7 hours (P< .001), respectively. Theadditionalyearly cost of informal care associated with incontinence was $1,700 and $4,000 for incontinent men who did not and did use pads, respectively, whereas, for women in these groups, theadditionalyearly cost was $700 and $2,000. Overall, this represents a national annual cost of more than $6 billion for incontinence‐related informal care.CONCLUSIONS:The quantity of informal caregiving for older people with incontinence and its associated economic cost are substantial. Future analyses of the costs of incontinence, and the cost‐effectiveness of interventions to prevent or treat incontinence, should consider the significant informal caregiving costs associated with this condition.
Neurological aspects of opium addiction in imprisoned women
Authors: TAITSLIN V. I. , MATUZOK E. G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe study covered 52 women, aged 19–30 years, who had previously taken home‐made poppy preparations. In seven of them we diagnosed opium use (F 11.11 according to ICD‐10) and 45 had opium abuse (F 11.21). All were detained in penitentiaries for 2–23 months. The control group consisted of 20 healthy females. A significant frequency of brain stem and extrapyramidal disturbances was found in the opium abuse group. Brain stem signs included tendon anisoreflexia (100–2%), nystagmus (87 5%), ataxia (87 5%) and corneal hyporeflexia (48 7%). Among the most frequent extrapyramidal disturbances were a positive pushing test (90 4%); test with pendular swinging of the legs (85 5%) and hand tremor (82 7%). Statistical analysis revealed a relationship between the degree of extrapyramidal system damage and duration of opiate dependence.
Quality of life measures in alcohol dependent subjects and changes with abstinence and continued heavy drinking
Authors: FOSTER J. H. , MARSHALL E. J. , HOOPER R. , PETERS T. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study evaluates the quality of life status of 39 male and 21 female Caucasian subjects admitted to a voluntary sector community alcohol detoxification unit. Baseline data including socio‐demographics, severity of alcohol dependence and alcohol problems were collected 4–5 days following admission. In addition, the following measures were obtained: Rotterdam Symptoms Checklist, the Beck Depression Inventory, the General Health Questionnaire 12, Chubon's Life Situation Survey and the Nottingham Health Profile. Subjects were followed up at 12 weeks, and subdivided into two groups: relapsers and non‐relapsers. A relapse was defined as drinking 21 or more units per week for men and 14 units or more per week for women over 7 consecutive days (1 unit is the equivalent of 8–10 g of absolute ethanol). Fifty‐eight (97%) subjects were successfully followed‐up, with 36 (62%) of the group relapsing to heavy drinking within 12 weeks. The results show that alcohol dependence is associated with a poor quality of life. Subjects rated poorly on the standardized questionnaires compared with the normative values for their reference populations. Relapsers and non‐relapsers differed significantly in their life situation, depression, physical and psychological symptom total scores and the Nottingham Health Profile sub‐score energy at 12 weeks compared with baseline, and these changes were investigated for each group. Within the relapse group a linear regression showed no association between any of the quality of life measures and time to relapse. Individual sub‐score analysis of the Nottingham Health Profile results point to the importance of sleep, social isolation, pain, physical mobility and anergia in alcohol dependency. There was little change as a result of either not remitting or returning to heavy drinking and overall these findings confirm that alcohol dependent subjects have a poor quality of life.
Book and Media Reviews
Authors: COOK CHRIS 
Published: July 2002

Books reviewed in this article:Book reviews in this column will primarily be of titles focusing completely, or in part, on biological aspects of addiction. However, significant titles of general relevance to the addictions field will also be included, even if they are not “biological”, as will titles of general methodological and clinical relevance, even if they are not on “addictions”. Similar considerations will apply to other media (software, audio tapes and CDs, videos, etc). However, specific “addictions” software applications seem to be relatively uncommon and, as these items are rarely reviewed elsewhere, we will endeavour to include reviews of some of the older programmes that are still useful, as well as new titles that appear. I would appreciate suggestions of any items suitable for reviews, but especially software and other media of specific relevance to the addictions. Please contact: Professor Chris Cook, Kent Institute of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK. Email: c.c.h.cook@ukc.ac.uk Alcohol Misuse: A European Perspective TIMOTHY J. PETERS (Ed.) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine A. S. FAUCI, E. BRAUNWALD, K. J. ISSEL‐BACHER et al. Understanding Accreditation in Laboratory Medicine (Management and Technology in Laboratory Medicine) DAVID BURNETT A Sceptic's Medical Dictionary MICHAEL O'DONNELL Aliens and Alienists: Ethnic Minorities and Psychiatry, 3rd edition R. LITTLEWOOD & M. LIPSEDGE Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine ANDREW BAUM, STANTON NEWMAN, JOHN WEINMAN, CHRIS MCMANUS & ROBERT WEST (Eds) Software

‘Electronic dtb/eBNF’ UK, CD‐ROM Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin January 1993–September 1997/British National Formulary No. 34 September 1997
Effect of diazepam on growth hormone secretion in abstinent alcoholic men
Authors: VESCOVI P. P. , COIRO V. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe present study was performed in order to establish, with a simple and safe neuroendocrinological test, whether alcoholism is associated with alterations in sensitivity to benzodiazepines. For this purpose, we tested the stimulatory effects of diazepam on GH secretion. An intravenous bolus of 10 mg diazepam was injected in 51 (33–51‐year‐old) alcoholic men after at least 5 weeks of abstinence and in 20 age‐ and weight‐matched normal controls. On a different occasion, a control test with placebo (physiological saline) was performed in the same subjects. Diazepam but not placebo administration induced a striking increase of GH secretion in the normal controls. In contrast, neither diazepam nor placebo treatment significantly changed the basal serum GH levels in alcoholic men. These data show that alcoholism is associated with disrupted benzodiazepine activity on the hypothalamic‐pituitary control of GH secretion. The simplicity of the diazepam GH‐releasing test makes the drug suitable for clinical research in alcoholism.
Apg9p/Cvt7p Is an Integral Membrane Protein Required for Transport Vesicle Formation in the Cvt and Autophagy Pathways
Authors: Noda Takeshi , Kim John , Huang Wei-Pang , Baba Misuzu , Tokunaga Chikara , Ohsumi Yoshinori , Klionsky Daniel J. 
Published: July 2002

In nutrient-rich, vegetative conditions, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae transports a resident protease, aminopeptidase I (API), to the vacuole by the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway, thus contributing to the degradative capacity of this organelle. When cells subsequently encounter starvation conditions, the machinery that recruited precursor API (prAPI) also sequesters bulk cytosol for delivery, breakdown, and recycling in the vacuole by the autophagy pathway. Each of these overlapping alternative transport pathways is specifically mobilized depending on environmental cues. The basic mechanism of cargo packaging and delivery involves the formation of a double-membrane transport vesicle around prAPI and/or bulk cytosol. Upon completion, these Cvt and autophagic vesicles are targeted to the vacuole to allow delivery of their lumenal contents.
Key questions remain regarding the origin and formation of the transport vesicle. In this study, we have cloned the APG9/CVT7 gene and characterized the gene product. Apg9p/Cvt7p is the first characterized integral membrane protein required for Cvt and autophagy transport. Biochemical and morphological analyses indicate that Apg9p/Cvt7p is localized to large perivacuolar punctate structures, but does not colocalize with typical endomembrane marker proteins. Finally, we have isolated a temperature conditional allele of APG9/CVT7 and demonstrate the direct role of Apg9p/Cvt7p in the formation of the Cvt and autophagic vesicles. From these results, we propose that Apg9p/Cvt7p may serve as a marker for a specialized compartment essential for these vesicle-mediated alternative targeting pathways.
Clinical and economic evaluation of subsequent infection following intravenous ciprofloxacin or imipenem therapy in hospitalized patients with severe pneumonia
Authors: Caldwell John W. , Singh Shanny , Johnson Royce H. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A recent multicentre clinical study evaluated the safety and efficacy of iv ciprofloxacin therapy compared with imipenem- cilastatin in hospitalized patients with severe pneumonia. Monotherapy with iv ciprofloxacin was at least equivalent to imipenem in terms of bacteriological eradication and clinical response. In a single-centre, retrospective, post-therapy evaluation of persistent and subsequent infection, the incidence of Gram-negative infections and associated costs were compared. The main elements of the economic analysis included costs of additional antimicrobial therapy and hospitalization. Thirty-two patients were randomized into the study, of whom 27 were efficacy-valid. The 13 patients randomized into the ciprofloxacin group were not significantly different from the 14 patients in the imipenem group in terms of clinical parameters. Clinical cure occurred in ten of 13 patients (77%) in the ciprofloxacin group and in seven of 14 (50%) in the imipenem group. Bacteriological eradication was achieved in 11 of 13 (85%) ciprofloxacin-treated and eight of 14 (57%) imipenem-treated patients. Five of 13 (38%) patients in the ciprofloxacin group and nine of 14 (64%) in the imipenem group experienced persistent or subsequent infection requiring post-treatment antimicrobials. In these five ciprofloxacin patients, three had cultures with Gram-positive organisms only and two had cultures with both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. In the nine imipenem-treated patients requiring post-study antimicrobials, all had Gram-negative bacteria and three also had Gram-positive organisms. The incidence of subsequent Gram-negative infection in the two groups (15% vs 64%) was significantly different (P &lt; −0.05). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from seven patients in the imipenem group but only one in the ciprofloxacin group (P &lt; 0.05). Subsequent costs for post-therapy antimicrobials and hospital stay while receiving study and post-study drug therapy were evaluated; the cost per patient cure was US$29,000 for ciprofloxacin and US$76,000 for imipenem. Initial treatment of severe pneumonia with ciprofloxacin resulted in significantly less subsequent Gram-negative infection and was associated with substantially lower curative costs.
Practical Considerations for the Use of Circulating Tumor DNA in the Treatment of Patients With Cancer
Authors: Krebs Matthew G. , Malapelle Umberto , André Fabrice , Paz-Ares Luis , Schuler Martin , Thomas David M. , Vainer Gilad , Yoshino Takayuki , Rolfo Christian 
Published: October 2022

ImportancePersonalized medicine based on tumor profiling and identification of actionable genomic alterations is pivotal in cancer management. Although tissue biopsy is still preferred for diagnosis, liquid biopsy of blood-based tumor analytes, such as circulating tumor DNA, is a rapidly emerging technology for tumor profiling.ObservationsThis review presents a practical overview for clinicians and allied health care professionals for selection of the most appropriate liquid biopsy assay, specifically focusing on circulating tumor DNA and how it may affect patient treatment and case management across multiple tumor types. Multiple factors influence the analytical validity, clinical validity, and clinical utility of testing. This review provides recommendations and practical guidance for best practice. Current methodologies include polymerase chain reaction-based approaches and those that use next-generation sequencing (eg, capture-based profiling, whole exome, or genome sequencing). Factors that may influence utility include sensitivity and specificity, quantity of circulating tumor DNA, detection of a small vs a large panel of genes, and clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential. Currently, liquid biopsy appears useful in patients unable to undergo biopsy or where mutations detected may be more representative of the predominant tumor burden than for tissue-based assays. Other potential applications may include screening, primary diagnosis, residual disease, local recurrence, therapy selection, or early therapy response and resistance monitoring.Conclusions and RelevanceThis review found that liquid biopsy is increasingly being used clinically in advanced lung cancer, and ongoing research is identifying applications of circulating tumor DNA-based testing that complement tissue analysis across a broad range of clinical settings. Circulating tumor DNA technologies are advancing quickly and are demonstrating potential benefits for patients, health care practitioners, health care systems, and researchers, at many stages of the patient oncologic journey.
Individual differences in student consciousness during the wooden craftsmanship activity: Case study on the “Mokusho‐juku” in Miyama Ward, Kyoto prefecture
Authors: Habara Yasunari , Toda Tsukio , Awajitani Naoki , Kihara Hirotaka , Matsubara Naoki 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to clarify the individual differences in the consciousness of the students participating in a wooden craftsmanship activity (WCA) program. Based on a study conducted in Ono, a village located in the low uplands and mountainous region of Miyama Ward, Nantan City, in the Kyoto Prefecture, we determined the three principal components in the consciousness of the participants: “Awareness to contribution to the local region,” “Awareness to forest conservation,” and “Awareness to wooden craftsmanship.” We subsequently conducted a cluster analysis using the principal component scores of the university students participating in the study and categorized them into the following four groups: “Contribution to the local region group,” “Design‐oriented group,” “Moderate group,” and “Environment conservation group,” to clarify the effects of the activity and the important themes related to design education and WCA programs.
Electrodeposited PEDOT:BF4 Coatings Improve Impedance of Chronic Neural Stimulating Probes In Vivo
Authors: Hagler Jo'Elen , Yeu Jeeyeon , Zhou Xin , Ducharme Guillaume , Amilhon Bénédicte , Cicoira Fabio 
Published: October 2022

AbstractResulting from its many unique properties, such as mechanical compliancy, electrochemical stability, and high conductivity, the conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a promising material for improving the stimulation efficiency of neural microelectrodes. The long‐term electrochemical stability of penetrating PEDOT‐coated electrodes undergoing high‐frequency stimulation is not extensively studied in vivo and the inflammatory response of the brain to PEDOT‐coated stimulating neural probes is not well understood. In this work, electropolymerized PEDOT doped with tetrafluoroborate (PEDOT:BF4) is selectively deposited on the electrode sites of platinum iridium (PtIr) neural probes and implanted for 2 weeks and 2 months to evaluate the effect of implantation on the electrical performance, and the foreign body response to the probes. Histological evaluation after 8 weeks of implantation reveals no difference in the degree of inflammation around PtIr and PEDOT probes. Additionally, PEDOT and PtIr probes are implanted for 60 days, subjected to daily high frequency stimulation and are monitored for changes in electrochemical properties. Impedance measurements reveal an overall lower impedance for PEDOT probes. These results indicate that PEDOT:BF4 coatings offer a promising approach for improving the stability of neural interfaces for stimulation.
Print‐and‐Grow within a Novel Support Material for 3D Bioprinting and Post‐Printing Tissue Growth
Authors: Machour Majd , Hen Noy , Goldfracht Idit , Safina Dina , Davidovich‐Pinhas Maya , Bianco‐Peled Havazelet , Levenberg Shulamit 
Published: October 2022

Abstract3D bioprinting holds great promise for tissue engineering, with extrusion bioprinting in suspended hydrogels becoming the leading bioprinting technique in recent years. In this method, living cells are incorporated within bioinks, extruded layer by layer into a granular support material followed by gelation of the bioink through diverse cross‐linking mechanisms. This approach offers high fidelity and precise fabrication of complex structures mimicking living tissue properties. However, the transition of cell mass mixed with the bioink into functional native‐like tissue requires post‐printing cultivation in vitro. An often‐overlooked drawback of 3D bioprinting is the nonuniform shrinkage and deformation of printed constructs during the post‐printing tissue maturation period, leading to highly variable engineered constructs with unpredictable size and shape. This limitation poses a challenge for the technology to meet applicative requirements. A novel technology of “print‐and‐grow,” involving 3D bioprinting and subsequent cultivation in κ‐Carrageenan‐based microgels (CarGrow) for days is presented. CarGrow enhances the long‐term structural stability of the printed objects by providing mechanical support. Moreover, this technology provides a possibility for live imaging to monitor tissue maturation. The “print‐and‐grow” method demonstrates accurate bioprinting with high tissue viability and functionality while preserving the construct's shape and size.
Fluorinated Rocksalt Cathode with Ultra‐high Active Li Content for Lithium‐ion Batteries
Authors: Pei Yi , Chen Qing , Ha Yang , Su Dong , Zhou Hua , Li Shuang , Yao Zhenpeng , Ma Lu , Sanders Kevin J. , Sheng Chuanchao , Goward Gillian R. , Gu Lin , Yu Aiping , Yang Wanli , Chen Zhongwei 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe key to increasing the energy density of lithium‐ion batteries is to incorporate high contents of extractable Li into the cathode. Unfortunately, this triggers formidable challenges including structural instability and irreversible chemistry under operation. Here, we report a new kind of ultra‐high Li compound: Li4+xMoO5Fx (1≤x≤3) for cathode with an unprecedented level of electrochemically active Li (>3 Li+ per formula), delivering a reversible capacity up to 438 mAh g−1. Unlike other reported Li‐rich cathodes, Li4+xMoO5Fx presents distinguished structure stability to immunize against irreversible behaviors. Through spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques, we find an anionic redox‐dominated charge compensation with negligible oxygen release and voltage decay. Our theoretical analysis reveals a “reductive effect” of high‐level fluorination stabilizes the anionic redox by reducing the oxygen ions in pure‐Li conditions, enabling a facile, reversible, and high Li‐portion cycling.
Unexpected Formation and Potent Antioxidant Activity of Macrocyclic Dimers Containing Disulfide and Selenide Groups
Authors: McMillan Jacob D. R. , Sands Kai N. , Cooney Gary S. , Gelfand Benjamin S. , Back Thomas G. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDuring attempts to prepare spirodithiaselenuranes as GPx mimetics, a series of unexpected dimeric macrocycles was obtained, each containing two selenide and two disulfide moieties in rings ranging from 18‐ to 26‐membered. The products showed potent GPx‐like activity in an NMR assay based on their ability to catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide with benzyl thiol. The high catalytic activity was attributed to transannular effects during selenide to selenoxide oxidation. This redox process was also characterized by an induction period that indicated autocatalysis in the formation of an intermediate selenoxide from the oxidation of the corresponding selenide.
Sprayed Ag oxygen reduction reaction gas‐diffusion electrodes for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO
Authors: Wilde Patrick , Özden Anil , Winter Henrik , Quast Thomas , Weidner Jonas , Dieckhöfer Stefan , Junqueira João R. C. , Metzner Matthias , Peter Willi , Leske Werner , Öhl Denis , Bobrowski Tim , Turek Thomas , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractGas‐diffusion electrodes have been successfully employed in electrochemical chlorine production, and they also hold great potential in the field of electrochemical CO2 reduction. Herein, we demonstrate how sprayed Ag‐based gas‐diffusion electrodes, which show outstanding performance for the reduction of oxygen, need to be modified to produce CO from CO2. A computer‐controlled automated airbrush‐type spraying setup is used to systematically vary the core fabrication parameters of the process and investigate their effect on the electrochemical performance. Focused ion‐beam milling combined with scanning electron microscopy provides deeper insight into the structure of the electrodes and serves in combination with electrochemical data as the measure for the optimisation. Eventually, electrodes can be produced that suppress the evolution of H2 to the extent that an average Faradaic efficiency of 79% for CO can be maintained for at least 10 h at a current density of −100 mA∙cm−2.
Biochar for Supercapacitor Application: A Comparative Study
Authors: Rawat Shivam , Boobalan Thangavel , Krishna Bhavya B. , Sathish Marappan , Hotha Srinivas , Bhaskar Thallada 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBiochar is a carbon‐rich solid that can be prepared through heat treatment of biomass under an inert atmosphere. In the present work, biochar prepared from different feedstocks, namely, Litchi chinensis (Litchi) seeds, Syzygium cumini (Jamun) seeds, and pine cone, were evaluated for charge storage in the form of supercapacitors. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the biochar were highly dependent on the preparation temperature and the choice of feedstock. Among the three feedstocks, Litchi seed‐derived biochar showed the highest specific capacitance of 190 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in a symmetric cell configuration. N and O heteroatom functionalities in the Litchi seed‐derived biochar, higher specific surface area, and pore volume for electrolyte adsorption were responsible for its superior capacitive performance as compared to Jamun seeds and pine cone biochar.