bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Lactoferrin Inflammatory Role in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Neutrophil Dysfunction
Authors: Alhalwani Amani Y. 
Published: January 2022

Lactoferrin (LF) is a protein that plays important roles in many diseases including diabetes mellitus (DM). DM is one of the most challenging health concerns of the 21st century. At least 30% of the diabetic population is undiagnosed at any one time, so effective and early diagnosis is of critical concern. Several of the body’s chemicals, such as enzymes, electrolytes, and proteins, have been used as biomarkers in the diagnosis of diabetic diseases. Detection of LF is considered an important sign of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), due to its activity as an anti-inflammatory agent and in the down-regulation of pro-inflammation. LF is produced by glandular epithelial cells and neutrophils, and a decrease in its concentration is linked with the dysfunction of neutrophils in many diseases. Neutrophils are the first line of defence against pathogens that invade the human body during inflammation. Therefore, the health of neutrophils can be employed as a biomarker in the diagnosis of diseases such as diabetes. A decrease in LF concentrations in T2DM could result in increased levels of inflammatory markers that are associated with the inflammation activity. Increased understanding of the link between LF concentration and development of T2DM should improve early diagnosis and treatment outcomes.
LF is identified through use of various techniques such as immunoassay, proteomics, and spectrometry. The aim of this review is to summarise each pathway and some of the most relevant LF biomarkers that may be used to monitor the development or progression of diabetes and its complications, and the link between levels of LF and neutrophil dysfunction in T2DM. Moreover, the objective of this review is to show the most common LF analysis that may be useful in the clinical diagnosis of T2DM and discuss to what extent this analysis method can be a tool for prognostic and diagnostic work.
Violence exposure across multiple contexts as predictors of reactive and proactive aggression in Chinese preadolescents
Authors: Li Xiaoqing , Wang Yue , Li Jiamei , Tang Jiayu , Zhang Jiaying , Wang Mingzhu , Jiang Suo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBased on different functions of aggression, the conceptual distinction of reactive and proactive aggression has been proposed. It is widely acknowledged that adolescents' violence exposure contributes to later perpetration of aggressive behaviors. However, few studies have compared the effects of violence exposure on reactive/proactive aggression based on the forms (i.e., witnessing and being victimized) and the contexts (i.e., family, community, and school), especially in preadolescents. Thus, the relationship between two forms of violence exposure (witnessing and victimization) and later perpetrating reactive and proactive aggression were compared within and across three social contexts in a sample of Chinese preadolescents. Participants were 609 preadolescents 51.9% boys) recruited from five primary schools in China. Information on two forms of violence exposure across multiple contexts and demography were collected at Time 1 (Mage = 10.65), and aggression data (i.e., reactive and proactive aggression) were collected a year later at Time 2. Results evidenced witnessing and being victimized by violence in the home were more consistently related to later perpetration of reactive and proactive aggression. Witnessing family violence was significantly associated with later perpetration of reactive aggression than witnessing violence in the community. Being victimized by violence in the community and the home were significantly associated with later perpetration of proactive aggression than school victimization. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the roles of both types of violence exposure across contexts in later perpetration of aggression during early adolescence.
An adaptive refined grid search strategy for assessing operational flexibility and application on refrigerant selection
Authors: Wang Jiayuan , Smith Robin , Zhu Lingyu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA novel adaptive refined grid search strategy is developed for representative characterization of process feasible region boundaries and accurate estimation of its hypervolume. In particular, a linked list data structure adopted from the field of computer science is used to maintain the grid connectivity information. A uniform perturbation scheme is used to refine the search only near the boundaries. The volumetric flexibility index (FIV) is calculated directly from a summation of feasible hypercubes in the grid, without the need to apply shape reconstruction techniques. The proposed adaptive grid search strategy can capture complex region shapes with reduced sampling costs and without randomness, increasing reproducibility. Operational flexibility is optimized traditionally at a process scale. A case study on refrigerant selection is presented to demonstrate that the developed strategy can be combined within a computer‐aided molecular design framework for operational flexibility optimization at the molecular scale.
Iterative Synthesis of Stereo‐ and Sequence‐Defined Polymers via Acid‐Orthogonal Deprotection Chemistry
Authors: He Wenjing , Wang Shixue , Li Maosheng , Wang Xianhong , Tao Youhua 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAbsolute control over polymer stereo‐ and sequence structure is highly challenging in polymer chemistry. Here, an acid‐orthogonal deprotection strategy is proposed for the iterative synthesis of a family of unimolecular polymers starting with enantiopure serines, featuring precise sequence, stereoconfiguration and side‐chain functionalities that cannot be achieved using traditional polymerization techniques. Acid‐orthogonal deprotections proceed independently of one another by the selection of protecting groups that feature the respective acid‐lability. Under p‐toluenesulfonic acid, acidolysis of tert‐butyloxycarbonyl can proceed exclusively, while low‐dosage trifluoroacetic acid and low temperature only trigger the selective and quantitative cleavage of trityl. The pioneering use of this acid‐orthogonal deprotection chemistry increases the compatibility with otherwise sensitive groups and opens up pathways to facilely introduce structural and functional diversity into stereo‐ and sequence‐defined polymers, thus imparting their unique properties beyond natural biopolymers.
Ultrasensitive Detection of Aqueous Uranyl Based on Uranyl‐Triggered Protein Photocleavage
Authors: Feng Tiantian , Yuan Yihui , Zhao Shilei , Feng Lijuan , Yan Bingjie , Cao Meng , Zhang Jiacheng , Sun Wenyan , Lin Ke , Wang Ning 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe detection of environmental uranyl is attracting increasing attention. However, the available detection strategies mainly depend on the selective recognition of uranyl, which is subject to severe interference by coexisting metal ions. Herein, based on the unique uranyl‐triggered photocleavage property, the protein BSA is labelled with fluorescent molecules that exhibit an aggregation‐induced emission effect for uranyl detection. Uranyl‐triggered photocleavage causes the separation of the fluorescent‐molecule‐labelled protein fragments, leading to attenuation of the emission fluorescence, which is used as a signal for uranyl detection. This detection strategy shows high selectivity for uranyl and an ultralow detection limit of 24 pM with a broad detection range covering five orders of magnitude. The detection method also shows high reliability and stability, making it a promising technique for practical applications in diverse environments.
Lessons from an Array: Using an Electrode Surface to Control the Selectivity of a Solution‐Phase Chemical Reaction
Authors: Feng Enqi , Jing Qiwei , Moeller Kevin D. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractElectrochemistry offers a variety of novel means by which selectivity can be introduced into synthetic organic transformations. In the work reported, it is shown how methods used to confine chemical reactions to specific sites on a microelectrode array can also be used to confine a preparative reaction to the surface of an electrode inserted into a bulk reaction solution. In so doing, the surface of a modified electrode can be used to introduce new selectivity into a preparative reaction that is not observed in the absence of either the modified electrode surface or the effort to confine the reaction to that surface. The observed selectivity can be optimized in the same way that confinement is optimized on an array and is dependent on the nature of the functionalized surface.
New nickel (II), cobalt (III), and iron (III) complexes with N′‐[(2‐aminochromon‐3‐yl)methylidene]benzohydrazide: Synthesis, characterization, solvatochromic shift, dipole moment, and DFT calculations
Authors: Adly Omima M. I. , Taha Ali , Ibrahim Magdy A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNew Ni (II), Co (III), and Fe (III) complexes of hydrazone (HL) derived from 2‐aminochromone‐3‐carboxaldehyde with benzoyl hydrazine were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, spectral (UV–Vis, IR, Mass, 1H, and 13C‐NMR) data, as well as magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity measurements, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The ligand behaves as monobasic with ONO donor sites, forming square planar geometry with Ni (II) and octahedral geometries with both Co (III) and Fe (III) complexes. Solvent effects on the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the prepared complexes were investigated in 11 different solvents with diverse polarities. Lippert–Mataga, Bakhshiev, Kawski–Chamma–Viallet, and Reichardt‐solvatochromic methods were applied to estimate the dipole moments of the ground and excited state (μg and μe). Multiple linear regression analysis was useful to specify the extent of specific and nonspecific solute–solvent interactions using Kamlet–Taft and Catalan solvatochromic models. The Stoke's shifts of complexes were mainly controlled by the polarity/polarizability parameter of the solvent. Density function theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) level engaged in the Gaussian 09 program was carried out to optimize the structures of the ligand and its complexes. Structural parameters data are correlated with the experimental data. Also, using Coats–Redfern techniques, the kinetic parameters were calculated for each thermal degradation stage of metal complexes. Finally, in vitro bioassays of the ligand and its complexes against Gram‐negative, Gram‐positive bacteria and the fungus strain were tested for these compounds with good results.
Ru(II)–NNO pincer‐type complexes catalysed E‐olefination of alkyl‐substituted quinolines/pyrazines utilizing primary alcohols
Authors: Tamilthendral Veerappan , Balamurugan Gunasekaran , Ramesh Rengan , Malecki Jan Grzegorz 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAn efficient and selective E‐olefination of alkyl‐substituted quinolines and pyrazines through acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols catalysed by Ru(II)–N^N^O pincer‐type complexes encompassing carbonyl and triphenylarsines as co‐ligands is demonstrated. An array of Ru(II) catalysts has been synthesized and evaluated by analytical and spectral methodologies. The solid‐state molecular structure of the synthesized complex (2) has been substantiated by x‐ray crystallography. The catalytic protocol produces a diverse range of olefinated products up to 90% by employing readily available primary alcohols. The present synthetic strategy is operationally simple and scalable and tolerates various functional groups under mild reaction conditions. Notably, an aldehyde and aryl‐2‐quinoline‐2‐yl‐ethanol intermediate are involved in the catalytic reaction mechanism. The utility of the present procedure is demonstrated through a facile synthesis of the antifungal drug (E)‐2‐(2‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)vinyl)quinoline.
Nano‐LC: An updated review
Authors: Shan Lian , Jones Barry R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLow‐flow chromatography has a rich history of innovation but has yet to reach widespread implementation in bioanalytical applications. Improvements in pump technology, microfluidic connections, and nano‐electrospray sources for MS have laid the groundwork for broader application, and innovation in this space has accelerated in recent years. This article reviews the instrumentation used for nano‐flow LC, the types of columns employed, and strategies for multidimensionality of separations, which are key to the future state of the technique to the high‐throughput needs of modern bioanalysis. An update of the current applications where nano‐LC is widely used, such as proteomics and metabolomics, is discussed. But the trend toward biopharmaceutical development of increasingly complex, targeted, and potent therapeutics for the safe treatment of disease drives the need for ultimate selectivity and sensitivity of our analytical platforms for targeted quantitation in a regulated space. The selectivity needs are best addressed by mass spectrometric detection, especially at high resolutions, and exquisite sensitivity is provided by nano‐electrospray ionization as the technology continues to evolve into an accessible, robust, and easy‐to‐use platform.
The In‐situ Growth of Ru Modified CoP Nanoflakes on Carbon Clothes as Efficient Electrocatalysts for HER**
Authors: Cui Hao , Jiang Min , Tan Gang , Xie Jianping , Tan Pengfei , Pan Jun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractExploring highly efficient, durable and low‐cost catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial to promoting the development of electrochemical water splitting systems but remains challenging. In this work, the Ru‐modified CoP nanoflakes on carbon clothes (Ru‐CoP/CC) are fabricated via an in‐situ hydrothermal method, followed by low‐temperature phosphatized treatments. According to X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements, the Ru doping induces the electron deviation from Ru to Co−P, and makes Co ions be an electron‐rich state. It is revealed that the introduction of Ru can effectually reconstruct the electron coordination environment of Co−P. The resultant Ru‐CoP/CC catalyst shows outstanding HER performance with an ultralow overpotential of 45 mV at 10 mA cm−2. Moreover, the obtained catalyst exhibits long‐term durability at 20 mA cm−2 for 20 h in the alkaline solution. This work opens a new avenue to lower the usage of noble metal in electrocatalyst and helps to developing a high‐performance electrocatalyst for HER.
Linked Rotaxane Structure Restricts Local Molecular Motions in Solution to Enhance Fluorescence Properties of Tetraphenylethylene
Authors: Miyagishi Hiromichi V. , Masai Hiroshi , Terao Jun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe restriction of local molecular motions is critical for improving the fluorescence quantum yields (FQYs) and the photostability of fluorescent dyes. Herein, we report a supramolecular approach to enhance the performance of fluorescent dyes by incorporating a linked rotaxane structure with permethylated α‐cyclodextrins. Tetraphenylethylene (TPE) derivatives generally exhibit low FQYs in solution due to the molecular motions in the excited state. We show that TPE with linked rotaxane structures on two sides displays up to 15‐fold higher FQYs. Detailed investigations with variable temperature 1H NMR, UV‐Vis, and photoluminescence spectroscopy revealed that the linked rotaxane structure rigidifies the TPE moiety and thus suppresses the local molecular motions and non‐radiative decay. Moreover, the linked rotaxane structure enhances the FQY of the dye in various solvents, including aqueous solutions, and improves the photostability through the inhibition of local molecular motions in the excited TPE.
Abnormal Association between Metal−Organic Cages and Counterions Regulated by the Hydration Shells
Authors: Yang Yuqing , Raee Ehsan , Liu Tianbo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA unique trend in the binding affinity between cationic metal−organic cages (MOCs) and external counteranions in aqueous media was observed. Similar to many macroions, two MOCs, sharing similar structures but carrying different number of charges, self‐assembled into hollow spherical single‐layered blackberry‐type structures through counterion‐mediated attraction. Dynamic and static light scattering and isothermal titration calorimetry measurements confirm the stronger interactions among less charged MOCs and counteranions than that of highly charged MOCs, leading to larger assembly sizes. DOSY NMR measurements suggest the significance of thick hydration shells of highly charged MOCs, inhibiting the MOC‐counterion binding and weakening the interaction between them. This study demonstrates that the greater role played by hydration shell on ion‐pair formation comparing with charge density of MOCs.
Stereodivergent Synthesis of Carbocyclic Quaternary α‐Amino Acid Derivatives Containing Two Contiguous Stereocenters
Authors: Fu Cong , Xiong Qi , Xiao Lu , He Ling , Bai Tian , Zhang Zongpeng , Dong Xiu‐Qin , Wang Chun‐Jiang 
Published: January 2022

Comprehensive SummaryA novel approach to stereodivergent synthesis of carbocyclic α‐quaternary amino acid derivatives, bearing two contiguous stereocenters, is proposed through sequential dual Cu/Ir‐catalyzed asymmetric allylation and ring‐closing metathesis. A variety of five and six‐membered carbocyclic α‐quaternary amino acid derivatives could be readily achieved in good to high yields with exclusive regioselectivities, excellent diastereoselectivities (13: 1‐ > 20: 1 dr) and enantioselectivities (generally >99% ee). Of particular note is that the current protocol is also a versatile synthetic tool for the stereodivergent construction of the challenging seven and eight‐membered carbocyclic α‐amino acid derivatives. All four stereoisomers of these important molecules could be precisely synthesized through the permutation of chiral Cu/Ir catalytic system. The power of this strategy has been demonstrated for the facile access to some biologically active chiral molecules, such as spiro‐hydantoins.
Amyloid‐β plaques affect astrocyte Kir4.1 protein expression but not function in the dentate gyrus of APP/PS1 mice
Authors: Huffels Christiaan F. M. , Osborn Lana M. , Hulshof Lianne A. , Kooijman Lieneke , Henning Lukas , Steinhäuser Christian , Hol Elly M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAlzheimer pathology is accompanied by astrogliosis. Reactive astrocytes surrounding amyloid plaques may directly affect neuronal communication, and one of the mechanisms by which astrocytes impact neuronal function is by affecting K+ homeostasis. Here we studied, using hippocampal slices from 9‐month‐old Alzheimer mice (APP/PS1) and wild‐type littermates, whether astrocyte function is changed by analyzing Kir4.1 expression and function and astrocyte coupling in astrocytes surrounding amyloid‐β plaques. Immunohistochemical analysis of Kir4.1 protein in the dentate gyrus revealed localized increases in astrocytes surrounding amyloid‐β plaque deposits. We subsequently focused on changes in astrocyte function by using patch‐clamp slice electrophysiology on both plaque‐ and non‐plaque associated astrocytes to characterize general membrane properties. We found that Ba2+‐sensitive Kir4.1 conductance in astrocytes surrounding plaques was not affected by changes in Kir4.1 protein expression. Additional analysis of astrocyte gap junction coupling efficiency in the dentate gyrus revealed no apparent changes. Quantification of basic features of glutamatergic transmission to granule cells did not indicate disturbed neuronal communication in the dentate gyrus of APP/PS1 mice. Together, these results suggest that astrocytes in the dentate gyrus of APP/PS1 mice maintain their ability to buffer extracellular K+ and attempt to rectify imbalances in K+ concentration to maintain normal neuronal and synaptic function, possibly by localized increases in Kir4.1 protein expression. Our earlier transcriptomic data indicated that chronically activated astrocytes lose their neuronal support function. Here we show that, despite localized increased Kir4.1 protein expression, astrocyte Kir4.1 channel dysfunction is likely not involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Comparison of three different nutrition screening tools for pediatric inpatients
Authors: Seremet Kurklu Nilgun , Geyin Ferda , Ceylan Latife , Korkut Genc Deniz , Kamarli Altun Hulya , Karacil Ermumcu Merve Seyda 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundEarly detection of children at risk of developing malnutrition during hospitalization prevents the development of complications. This study aims to determine the malnutrition risk of pediatric inpatients by using three different nutrition screening tools and to evaluate the reliability/sensitivity of the screening tools.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 176 children who were 1–16 years of age and were admitted to the pediatrics service of a second‐line hospital. Body weight and height were used to evaluate the nutrition status of children. Age‐ and sex‐specific z‐score values for height for age (HFA), weight for age (WFA), and body mass index for age (BFA) were indicators of malnutrition. The Screening Tool for Risk of Impaired Nutritional Status and Growth (STRONGkids), Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS), and Pediatric Nutrition Screening Tool (PNST) were used under the responsibility of pediatricians and dietitians to evaluate the risk of malnutrition in children.ResultsAt admission, according to the HFA, BFA, and WFA SD scores (SDSs), the incidence of malnutrition in children was 8.5%, 14.8%, and 6.3%, respectively. Three screening tools determined that WFA SDSs were significantly higher in children without malnutrition risk than in those at risk of malnutrition (P < 0.05). PYMS revealed a relatively higher sensitivity of 90.9% and 84.6% for WFA and BFA, respectively, and PNST revealed a relatively higher sensitivity of 88.9% for HFA.ConclusionsPYMS and PNST are suitable for use in malnutrition risk assessment in pediatric inpatients because of the screening tools’ high sensitivity.
The impaired nomad: A bioarchaeological study on an Early Iron Age case of knee ankylosis from the Jiaerkenjiaga Cemetery, Northwestern China
Authors: Zhang Wenxin , Wang Anqi , Zou Zining , Jakob Tina , Chen Peng , Alifujiang Niyazi , Zhang Quanchao , Wang Qian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAbnormality of the knee joint due to diseases or injury would disable the patient's affected leg, lead to difficulty in locomotion and daily life, and in turn makes the patient demand special care from his/her family and community. In this study, we report a case of knee fusion from Jiaerkenjiaga Cemetery, northwestern China, from a male individual who died at the age between 35 and 45 years. Carbon dating of his bone sample shows that he died during 542–391 BCE. The phenomenon was examined through macroscopic observation, digital radiography, and CT scanning. Results demonstrate that the right femur and tibia were fused at the right knee, whilst the patella was fused to the lateral condyle of the right femur. Otherwise, there were no signs of fracture, neoplasm, or other pathological conditions. It was diagnosed as knee ankylosis. It was proposed that this abnormality was likely due to the rupture of the medial patellofemoral ligament and subsequent complication of patella dislocation and septic arthritis. Given the nomadic lifestyle of the Jiaerkenjiaga people, it is speculated that the right patellofemoral ligament of this individual was torn in an accident likely related to horse riding. The well‐remodelled nature of the new bone formation indicates that the injury might have happened years before his death. The impairment would have limited his ability to walk and ride unaided, so someone in his community must have provided him with long‐term care.