bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Third Employment Category for Platform Workers in China: A Tough Start
Authors: Ke Zhenxing 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In China, labour providers can be classified as employees or as independent contractors. Although platform workers have a certain freedom to decide when and where to work, they are nonetheless subordinate to their employers to a greater degree than independent contractors. However, because they are generally classified as independent contractors rather than employees, they cannot obtain any of the rights accorded to employees. Since platform workers are also unlike employees and have their own distinct characteristics, the mere extension of the labour rights an employee owes to the platform worker cannot solve this problem. A third employment category—an intermediate one between the employee and the independent contractor—may be a viable option that provides platform workers with partial labour rights. The Chinese government has been reluctant to create such a category but changed its stance on 16 July 2021, when it issued the Guiding Opinions on Protecting Workers in the New Form of Employment. This regulation creates a third employment category for workers ‘who do not meet the employee status standard but are subject to some degree of control from the company’. This regulation also grants the group many, but not all, employee rights, such as minimum wage. Given the particular needs of third category workers, occupational injury insurance and other issues should be redesigned to meet these needs.
Sex-specific added value of cardiac biomarkers for 10-year cardiovascular risk prediction
Authors: Zhu Fang , Arshi Banafsheh , Leening Maarten J G , Aribas Elif , Ikram M Arfan , Boersma Eric , Ikram M Kamran , Kavousi Maryam 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Aims
To evaluate the sex-specific predictive value of N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) for 10-year risk prediction of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, heart failure (HF) and composite outcomes.

Methods
Five-thousand four-hundred thirty individuals (mean age 68.6 years, 59.9% women) from the Rotterdam Study, with biomarker measurements between 1997 and 2001, were included. Participants were followed until 2015. We fitted ‘basic’ models using traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Improvements in c-statistics and net reclassification improvement (NRI) for events and non-events were calculated.

Results
During a median follow-up of 14 years, 747 (13.8%), 563 (10.4%), and 664 (12.2%) participants were diagnosed with CHD, stroke, and HF, respectively. NT-proBNP improved the discriminative performance of the ‘basic’ model for all endpoints (c-statistic improvements ranging from 0.007 to 0.050) and provided significant event-NRI for HF (14.3% in women; 10.7% in men) and for stroke in men (9.3%). The addition of hs-cTnT increased c-statistic for CHD in women by 0.029 (95% CI, 0.011–0.047) and for HF in men by 0.034 (95% CI, 0.014–0.053), and provided significant event-NRI for CHD (10.3%) and HF (7.8%) in women, and for stroke (8.4%) in men. The added predictive value of CK-MB was limited.

Conclusion
NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT provided added predictive value for various cardiovascular outcomes above traditional risk factors. Sex differences were observed in the predictive performance of these biomarkers.
Supershear shock front contribution to the tsunami from the 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu, Indonesia earthquake
Authors: Amlani Faisal , Bhat Harsha S , Simons Wim J F , Schubnel Alexandre , Vigny Christophe , Rosakis Ares J , Efendi Joni , Elbanna Ahmed E , Dubernet Pierpaolo , Abidin Hasanuddin Z 
Published: May 2022

SUMMARY
Hazardous tsunamis are known to be generated predominantly at subduction zones. However, the 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu (Indonesia) earthquake on a strike-slip fault generated a tsunami that devastated the city of Palu. The mechanism by which this tsunami originated from such an earthquake is being debated. Here we present near-field ground motion (GPS) data confirming that the earthquake attained supershear speed, i.e. a rupture speed greater than the shear wave speed of the host medium. We subsequently study the effect of this supershear rupture on tsunami generation by coupling the ground motion to a 1-D non-linear shallow-water wave model accounting for both time-dependent bathymetric displacement and velocity. With the local bathymetric profile of Palu bay around a tidal station, our simulations reproduce the tsunami arrival and motions observed by CCTV cameras. We conclude that Mach (shock) fronts, generated by the supershear speed, interacted with the bathymetry and contributed to the tsunami.
Changes in aortic growth rate and factors influencing aneurysmal dilatation after uncomplicated acute type B aortic dissection
Authors: Lee Jae Hang , Jung Joon Chul , Sohn Bongyeon , Chang Hyoung Woo , Kim Dong Jung , Kim Jun Sung , Lim Cheong , Park Kay-Hyun 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in aortic growth rate and factors influencing aneurysmal dilatation after uncomplicated acute type B aortic dissection (ABAD).

METHODS
Medically treated patients with uncomplicated ABAD between September 2004 and January 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Diameters of 6 different sites in the descending aorta were measured and aortic growth rate was calculated according to the time interval. Factors associated with aneurysmal changes were also investigated.

RESULTS
This study enrolled a total of 105 patients who underwent &gt;2 serial computed tomography with a mean follow-up duration of 35.4 (12.1–77.4) months. The mean overall growth rates of the proximal descending thoracic aorta (DTA), mid-DTA, distal DTA, proximal abdominal aorta, maximal DTA and maximal abdominal aorta were 0.6 (1.9), 2.9 (5.2), 2.1 (4.0), 1.2 (2.2), 3.3 (5.6) and 1.4 (2.5) mm/year, respectively. The growth rate was higher at the early stage. It decreased over time. Growth rates of proximal DTA, mid-DTA, distal DTA, proximal abdominal aorta, maximal DTA, and maximal abdominal aorta within 3 months after dissection were 1.3 (9.6), 12.6 (18.2), 7.6 (11.7), 5.9 (7.5), 16.7 (19.8) and 6.8 (8.9) mm/year, respectively. More than 2 years later, they were 0.2 (0.6), 1.6 (1.6), 1.2 (1.3), 0.9 (1.4), 1.7 (1.9) and 1.2 (1.7) mm/year, respectively. Factors associated with aneurysmal changes after uncomplicated ABAD included an elliptical true lumen (odds ratio = 3.16; 95% confidence interval: 1.19–8.41; P = 0.021) and a proximal entry &gt;10 mm (odds ratio = 3.08; 95% confidence interval: 1.09–8.69; P = 0.034) on initial computed tomography imaging.

CONCLUSIONS
The aortic growth rate was higher immediately after uncomplicated ABAD but declined eventually. Patients with an elliptical true lumen and a large proximal entry might be good candidates for early endovascular intervention after uncomplicated ABAD.
Maternal and prenatal factors and age at thelarche in the LEGACY Girls Study cohort: implications for breast cancer risk
Authors: Goldberg Mandy , McDonald Jasmine A , Houghton Lauren C , Andrulis Irene L , Knight Julia A , Bradbury Angela R , Schwartz Lisa A , Buys Saundra S , Frost Caren J , Daly Mary B , John Esther M , Keegan Theresa H M , Chung Wendy K , Wei Ying , Terry Mary Beth 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Earlier onset of breast development (thelarche) is associated with increased breast cancer risk. Identifying modifiable factors associated with earlier thelarche may provide an opportunity for breast cancer risk reduction starting early in life, which could especially benefit girls with a greater absolute risk of breast cancer due to family history.

Methods
We assessed associations of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), physical activity during pregnancy, gestational weight gain and daughters’ weight and length at birth with age at thelarche using longitudinal Weibull models in 1031 girls in the Lessons in Epidemiology and Genetics of Adult Cancer from Youth (LEGACY) Girls Study—a prospective cohort of girls, half of whom have a breast cancer family history (BCFH).

Results
Girls whose mothers had a pre-pregnancy BMI of ≥25 and gained ≥30 lbs were 57% more likely to experience earlier thelarche than girls whose mothers had a pre-pregnancy BMI of &lt;25 and gained &lt;30 lbs [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.12]. This association was not mediated by childhood BMI and was similar in girls with and without a BCFH (BCFH: HR = 1.41, 95% CI: 0.87, 2.27; No BCFH: HR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.10, 2.40). Daughters of women who reported no recreational physical activity during pregnancy were more likely to experience earlier thelarche compared with daughters of physically active women. Birthweight and birth length were not associated with thelarche.

Conclusion
Earlier thelarche, a breast cancer risk factor, was associated with three potentially modifiable maternal risk factors—pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and physical inactivity—in a cohort of girls enriched for BCFH.
Social determinants of tuberculosis: a nationwide case–control study, Denmark, 1990–2018
Authors: Nordholm Anne Christine , Andersen Aase Bengaard , Wejse Christian , Norman Anders , Ekstrøm Claus Thorn , Andersen Peter Henrik , Koch Anders , Lillebaek Troels 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
The global vision is a world free of tuberculosis (TB). Even in resource-rich TB low-incidence settings, we need more focus on the role of social risk factors to end the TB epidemic.

Methods
Nationwide, retrospective register-based, case–control study from 1990 to 2018, including all TB patients in Denmark ≥18 years old (n = 9581) matched 1:3 on sex and age with population controls. TB risk factors were assessed in logistic regression models and estimated by odds ratio (OR).

Results
All TB patients had considerably lower socio-economic status compared with controls (P &lt; 0.0001). Among ethnic Danes, TB was mostly found among males, persons between 35 and 65 years, those living alone, those with low educational level, persons on social welfare benefits and those with low income. Conversely, for migrants, being younger, sex and living alone were less important, whereas having children was protective. In an adjusted multivariable regression model among Danes, key risk factors for TB were being on disability pension (OR = 2.7) and cash benefits (OR = 4.7). For migrants, fewer social risk factors increased TB risk, although low income and cash benefits did (OR = 3.1).

Conclusion
Even today in a resourceful setting, socio-economic status drives disparities in health. In our study, multifactorial social deprivation was highly associated with TB. Especially household structure, education, employment and income were important risk factors that should be addressed in the future to accelerate TB control and end the TB epidemic.
Individual, Household, and Community Drivers of Dengue Virus Infection Risk in Kamphaeng Phet Province, Thailand
Authors: Ribeiro dos Santos Gabriel , Buddhari Darunee , Iamsirithaworn Sopon , Khampaen Direk , Ponlawat Alongkot , Fansiri Thanyalak , Farmer Aaron , Fernandez Stefan , Thomas Stephen , Rodriguez Barraquer Isabel , Srikiatkhachorn Anon , Huang Angkana T , Cummings Derek A T , Endy Timothy , Rothman Alan L , Salje Henrik , Anderson Kathryn B 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Dengue virus (DENV) often circulates endemically. In such settings with high levels of transmission, it remains unclear whether there are risk factors that alter individual infection risk.

Methods
We tested blood taken from individuals living in multigenerational households in Kamphaeng Phet province, Thailand for DENV antibodies (N = 2364, mean age 31 years). Seropositivity ranged from 45.4% among those 1–5 years old to 99.5% for those &gt;30 years. Using spatially explicit catalytic models, we estimated that 11.8% of the susceptible population gets infected annually.

Results
We found that 37.5% of the variance in seropositivity was explained by unmeasured household-level effects with only 4.2% explained by spatial differences between households. The serostatus of individuals from the same household remained significantly correlated even when separated by up to 15 years in age.

Conclusions
These findings show that despite highly endemic transmission, persistent differences in infection risk exist across households, the reasons for which remain unclear.
Stability of Lisdexamfetamine in Sampled Whole Blood—Implications of Sampling Tube Additives and Storage Temperature for Interpretation of Impairment
Authors: Sørensen Lambert K , Andreasen Mette F , Jornil Jakob R , Andersen Charlotte U , Hasselstrøm Jørgen B 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLisdexamfetamine (LDX) is a prodrug that is enzymatically converted into dextroamphetamine (d-AMP), a central nervous system stimulant. The stability of LDX in sampled whole blood is an important issue that may be crucial in the assessment of impaired driving caused by d-AMP. This study investigated the stability of LDX in whole blood collected in two different tubes containing a fluoride oxalate (FX) mixture and a fluoride citrate (FC) mixture. Without additives, LDX was unstable. LDX was also unstable in FX blood stored at ambient temperature or 4°C. After 3 days of storage at ambient temperature, an initial LDX concentration of 47 ± 1 ng/g (mean ± SD) was no longer detectable in the samples (n = 3). Instead, 19 ± 0.6 ng/g d-AMP was formed. The stability was improved at 4°C. After 7 days of storage at 4°C, 88 ± 5% of an initial LDX concentration of 50 ± 0.4 ng/g was recovered and 3.8 ± 0.3 ng/g d-AMP was formed. The stability of LDX was greater in FC blood than in FX blood; 79 ± 10% and 93 ± 4% of initial LDX concentrations of 48 ± 2 and 51 ± 0.5 ng/g were recovered from FC blood after 7 days of storage at ambient temperature and 4°C, respectively, and the corresponding formation of d-AMP was 5.8 ± 0.6 and 0.5 ± 0.3 ng/g, respectively. When FX and FC blood were stored at −20°C or −80°C, no detectable degradation of LDX or formation of d-AMP was observed after 3 weeks of storage.
Examining Historical Rates of Leafcutting Bee Brood Cell Pathogens, Parasitoids, and Predators to Establish Baseline Infectivity Rates for Alfalfa Seed Growers
Authors: Clements Justin , Barbour James , Haylett Maggie , Nelson Brenda , Bradford Benjamin , Walsh Doug 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The alfalfa leafcutting bee Megachile rotundata (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) is the primary pollinator for the alfalfa seed industry. It is a solitary cavity nesting bee that utilizes leaf lined brood cells provisioned with pollen for larval development and pupation into the adult stage. During development, multiple pathogens, parasitoids, and predators can prey upon or use the larvae as a host, resulting in the loss of the future adult bee. As such, the presence of invertebrate pests and fungal pathogens presents a major concern for commercial alfalfa seed growers. In the present study, we used historic data from the Parma Cocoon Diagnostic Laboratory to determine baseline rates of pathogens, parasitoids, and predators of Megachile rotundata brood cells and used this analysis to determine cutoffs for management practices to inform growers when the purchase of new bee stocks should be considered. Additionally, we compared the presence of chalkbrood, predators, and parasitoids in samples collected from both grower-produced stocks and newly purchased Canadian bees. The results of the investigation provide historic averages of the presence of chalkbrood, predators, and parasitoids, show a significant increase in chalkbrood and predators in 2007–2011, and find a significant difference in rates of chalkbrood and predators between samples from Canadian suppliers and grower stocks. We speculate that these differences may have resulted from economic conditions that increased the cost of Canadian Megachile rotundata cells and likely resulted in increased reliance on 2nd-year U.S. grower stocks and subsequently increased infection rates during this time period.
A logic-based tractable approximation of probability
Authors: Baldi Paolo , Hosni Hykel 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe provide a logical framework in which a resource-bounded agent can be seen to perform approximations of probabilistic reasoning. Our main results read as follows. First, we identify the conditions under which propositional probability functions can be approximated by a hierarchy of depth-bounded belief functions. Second, we show that under rather palatable restrictions, our approximations of probability lead to uncertain reasoning which, under the usual assumptions in the field, qualifies as tractable.
Decoding NGC 628 with radiative transfer methods
Authors: Rushton M T , Popescu C C , Inman C , Natale G , Pricopi D 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
We present an axi-symmetric model for the ultraviolet (UV)-to-submillimetre (submm) images of the nearly face-on spiral galaxy NGC 628. It was calculated using a radiative transfer (RT) code, accounting for the absorption and re-emission of starlight by dust in the interstellar medium of this galaxy. The code incorporates emission from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, anisotropic scattering, and stochastic heating of the grains. This is the second successful modelling of a face-on spiral galaxy with RT methods, whereby the large-scale geometry of stars and dust is self-consistently determined. The solution was obtained by fitting azimuthally averaged profiles in the UV, optical, and submm. The model predicts remarkably well all characteristics of the profiles, including the increase by a factor of 1.8 of the scale length of the infrared emissivity between 70 and 500 $\mu$m. We find that NGC 628 did not undergo an efficient inside-out disc growth, as predicted by semi-analytical hierarchical models for galaxy formation. We also find large amounts of dust grains at large radii, which could involve efficient transport mechanisms from the inner disc. Our results show that $71{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the dust emission in NGC 628 is powered by the young stellar populations, with the old stellar populations from the bulge contributing $65{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ to the heating of the dust in the central region (R &lt; 0.5 kpc). The derived star formation rate is $\rm SFR=2.00\pm 0.15\, {\rm M}_{\odot }{\rm yr}^{-1}$.
A target list for searching for habitable exomoons
Authors: Dobos Vera , Haris András , Kamp Inga E E , van der Tak Floris F S 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
We investigate the habitability of hypothetical moons orbiting known exoplanets. This study focuses on big, rocky exomoons that are capable of maintaining a significant atmosphere. To determine their habitability, we calculate the incident stellar radiation and the tidal heating flux arising in the moons as the two main contributors to the energy budget. We use the runaway greenhouse and the maximum greenhouse flux limits as a definition of habitability. For each exoplanet, we run our calculations for plausible ranges of physical and orbital parameters for the moons and the planet using a Monte Carlo approach. We calculate the moon habitability probability for each planet, which is the fraction of the investigated cases that lead to habitable conditions. Based on our results, we provide a target list for observations of known exoplanets of which the top 10 planets have more than 50 per cent chance for hosting habitable moons on stable orbits. Two especially promising candidates are Kepler-62 f and Kepler-16 b, both of them with known masses and radii. Our target list can help to detect the first habitable exomoon.
The impact of time-dependent stellar activity on exoplanet atmospheres
Authors: Louca Amy J , Miguel Yamila , Tsai Shang-Min , Froning Cynthia S , Loyd R O Parke , France Kevin 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTM-dwarfs are thought to be hostile environments for exoplanets. Stellar events are very common on such stars. These events might cause the atmospheres of exoplanets to change significantly over time. It is not only the major stellar flare events that contribute to this disequilibrium, but the smaller flares might also affect the atmospheres in an accumulating manner. In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of time-dependent stellar activity on the atmospheres of known exoplanets. We simulate the chemistry of GJ 876c, GJ 581c, and GJ 832c that go from H2-dominated to N2-dominated atmospheres using observed stellar spectra from the MUSCLES collaboration. We make use of the chemical kinetics code vulcan and implement a flaring routine that stochastically generates synthetic flares based on observed flare statistics. Using the radiative transfer code petitradtrans, we also simulate the evolution of emission and transmission spectra. We investigate the effect of recurring flares for a total of 11 d covering 515 flares. Results show a significant change in abundance for some relevant species such as H, OH, and CH4, with factors going up to three orders of magnitude difference with respect to the pre-flare abundances. We find a maximum change of ∼12 ppm for CH4 in transmission spectra on GJ 876c. These changes in the spectra remain too small to observe. We also find that the change in abundance and spectra of the planets accumulates throughout time, causing permanent changes in the chemistry. We conclude that this small but gradual change in chemistry arises due to the recurring flares.
Genomic Impact of Whaling in North Atlantic Fin Whales
Authors: Wolf Magnus , de Jong Menno , Halldórsson Sverrir Daníel , Árnason Úlfur , Janke Axel 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIt is generally recognized that large-scale whaling in the 19th and 20th century led to a substantial reduction of the size of many cetacean populations, particularly those of the baleen whales (Mysticeti). The impact of these operations on genomic diversity of one of the most hunted whales, the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), has remained largely unaddressed because of the paucity of adequate samples and the limitation of applicable techniques. Here, we have examined the effect of whaling on the North Atlantic fin whale based on genomes of 51 individuals from Icelandic waters, representing three temporally separated intervals, 1989, 2009 and 2018 and provide a reference genome for the species. Demographic models suggest a noticeable drop of the effective population size of the North Atlantic fin whale around a century ago. The present results suggest that the genome-wide heterozygosity is not markedly reduced and has remained comparable with other baleen whale species. Similarly, there are no signs of apparent inbreeding, as measured by the proportion of long runs of homozygosity, or of a distinctively increased mutational load, as measured by the amount of putative deleterious mutations. Compared with other baleen whales, the North Atlantic fin whale appears to be less affected by anthropogenic influences than other whales such as the North Atlantic right whale, consistent with the presence of long runs of homozygosity and higher levels of mutational load in an otherwise more heterozygous genome. Thus, genome-wide assessments of other species and populations are essential for future, more specific, conservation efforts.