bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualizing dynamic (after)taste effects by means of time‐discrete TCATA data analysis
Authors: Derks Eduard , Ramnarain Shalla , Zhang Tristan , van Doorn Rudi , Nijmeijer Marieke , van den Berg Marco 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA time‐discrete temporal check‐all‐that‐apply (TCATA) data analysis method was implemented and applied to two different commercial use cases: (I) exploration of the dynamic sensory effects evoked by sweetened yogurt, and (II) a dynamic flavor profile comparison of nutritionally fortified gummy bears. The purpose of the first study was to explore opportunities for calorie reduction while maintaining the original dynamic sensory profile. The purpose of the second study was to benchmark commercially available fortified candy for (after)taste. The resulting time‐discrete data were fitted with Poisson regression allowing means for computing confidence intervals for each discrete time bucket. A roughness penalty was added to impose smoothness to the fitted TCATA profiles. Both studies demonstrated improved visualization and revealed underlying dynamic sensory insights which were hidden in conventional TCATA profiles based on the primary data.Practical ApplicationsTemporal sensory effects—determining onset, intensity, and duration (aka lingering) of various attributes—are key for consumer acceptance of new food products. However, cross‐modal interactions and the complexity of sensory attributes can limit the discrimination between different products. This study established a generic toolbox to process raw temporal (i.e., TCATA) data and improve visualization and discrimination. These results help to quantify and identify possible methodologies to improve ingredient applications for healthy foods (e.g., sugar reduction, nutrient fortification). The tool is available for analyzing TCATA data acquired with commercially available sensory data acquisition software products like EyeQuestion, FIZZ, and Compusense.
Disparities in Prenatal Immunization Rates in Rural and Urban US Areas by Indicators of Access to Care
Authors: Kaur Ravneet , Callaghan Timothy , Regan Annette K. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate disparities in urban‐rural immunization rates among pregnant women by indicators of access to health care.MethodsWe analyzed Phase 8 (2016‐2018) Pregnant Risk Assessment Monitoring System data for 82,603 respondents who recently gave birth to a live infant. Uptake of influenza (33 states) or Tdap (19 states) vaccines was compared for rural versus urban areas of participating states. We compared the prevalence of immunization for rural versus urban areas by indicators of health care access using average marginal predictive values from multivariable regression models.FindingsAlthough nearly half (48.2%) of pregnant women in rural areas relied on Medicaid to fund prenatal care, rural‐residing women were less likely to live in a state offering full coverage under Medicaid to pregnant women than urban‐residing women (93.9% vs 98.0%, respectively). Among states with Medicaid programs not offering full access for pregnant women, influenza immunization coverage was 12% lower (aPR 0.88; 95% CI 0.82, 0.94) and Tdap immunization coverage was 20% lower (aPR 0.80; 95% CI 0.68, 0.95) for rural versus urban areas. Uninsured women in rural areas were less likely to receive influenza or Tdap vaccine compared to uninsured women in urban areas (aPR 0.65; 95% CI 0.50, 0.85 and aPR 0.73; 95% CI 0.57, 0.95, respectively).ConclusionsPregnant women residing in rural areas more commonly rely on Medicaid to financially support prenatal care but are less likely to have expanded or full access to Medicaid coverage, potentially contributing to disparities vaccine uptake during pregnancy and increased rates of vaccine‐preventable disease.
Ground truth constraints and remote sensing of lunar highland crust composition
Authors: Warren Paul H. , Korotev Randy L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe review constraints on the magnitude and possible causes of discrepancies, or at least major disparities, among global and near‐global data sets for lunar highland surface composition. When compared with data from other sources, reported mafic mineral abundance results from the Kaguya Spectral Profiler (Kaguya SP) spectral reflectance method for four Apollo 16 soils appear systematically low by a factor of 0.6, or an even more extreme factor (~1/3) if viewed in relation to the soils’ nonglass or CIPW mineralogy. Also, whether evaluated on a global median basis or on the basis of site‐by‐site comparison (for Apollo 16, Luna 20, and Apollo 17), the compositions found by the Kaguya SP technique show discrepancy, or at least disparity, versus other mafic abundance observations by that same factor of ~1/3. Spectral reflectance does not supply a simple bulk analysis of the target soil. The reflectance mineralogical signal is preponderantly determined by the nonglass fraction, and especially the masswise subordinate 10–20 µm grain size fraction. Literature data show that in anorthositic lunar soil, chemical composition is fractionated, more extremely anorthositic, for the nonglass component compared to the glass component. Also, the grain size fraction (10–20 μm) that most closely matches bulk reflectance has a significantly higher abundance of impact/agglutinitic glass than does the coarser material that dominates the soil mass. The Kaguya SP mafic abundance calibration needs adjustment by a factor of nearly 3 if results are to be interpreted as indicative of the mineralogy of the underlying crust. A claimed detection of several hundred lunar 500 m scale purest anorthosite (PAN; ≥98 vol% plagioclase) locales among millions of spectral reflectance observations is dubious, in part because with large data sets, compositional extremes are inevitably exaggerated as a byproduct of analytical uncertainty. Preponderance of PAN composition is rare among terrestrial layered intrusive anorthosites and is neither required nor expected for the flotation crust of a global magma ocean. Buoyant flotation and compaction would not suffice to yield pure plagioclase unless adcumulus growth was negligible, and trace element contents of ferroan anorthosites show that their mafic silicate components are for the most part of adcumulus, not “trapped melt,” derivation. A PAN‐dominated crust would imply a curiously fractionated (low) thorium/aluminum ratio for the crust, an implausibly high mantle/crust Th concentration ratio, and an oddly low Th/Al for the bulk Moon. Remote sensing techniques for planetary regolith composition are not easy to calibrate, particularly near the extremes of composition‐space and sensitivity.
Foraging segregation between spotted (Stenella attenuata) and spinner (Stenella longirostris) dolphins in the Mexican South Pacific
Authors: Enríquez‐García Arturo Bell , Villegas‐Zurita Francisco , Tripp‐Valdez Arturo , Moreno‐Sánchez Xchel G. , Galván‐Magaña Felipe , Elorriaga‐Verplancken Fernando R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCoexistence among sympatric species requires a certain degree of resource partitioning. In the Mexican South Pacific, information regarding the coexistence of Stenella attenuata (SA) and Stenella longirostris (SL) is lacking. Stable isotope analyses (δ15N and δ13C) were conducted to assess the differences in feeding habits to infer trophic position and amplitude as well as habitat use, based on Bayesian inference and a random forest (RF) classifier. Potential trophic relationships with other species were assessed by Bayesian mixing models. Feeding segregation between species was mainly based on carbon sources (δ13C: p(SA > SL) = 100%, RF Gini Impurity = 80%). Moreover, SA (n = 22) presented a broader isotopic niche than that of SL (n = 25; SIBER Bayesian Standard Ellipse areas = 0.91‰2 vs. 0.77‰2) with a 33% overlap, suggesting that SA uses more coastal habitats than SL. The most relevant prey species were the mesopelagic fish Benthosema panamense and the epipelagic fish Hyporhamphus naos (~50%), although B. panamense was more related to SL than SA: p(%SL > %SA) = 76.6%. The trophic positions were 4.0 (SA) and 3.8 (SL). Our results provide evidence of resource partitioning within a potential foraging ground for both dolphin species.
Burden of serious fungal infections in Honduras
Authors: Agudelo Higuita Nelson Iván , Varela Bustillo Diana , Denning David W. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe burden of serious fungal infections in Honduras is unknown. The diagnosis of fungal diseases relies on almost exclusively on microscopy and culture limiting an accurate estimate of the burden of disease.ObjectivesThe primary objective of the study was to estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Honduras using previously described methods.MethodsNational and international demographic data on population, HIV, tuberculosis, asthma, COPD and cancer were obtained. A thorough literature search was done for all epidemiological studies and case series of serious fungal diseases. Using these risk populations and whatever incidence and prevalence could be found that was most pertinent to Honduras, a burden estimate was derived.ResultsThe estimated number of serious fungal infection was estimated to be between 178,772 and 179,624 with nearly 2300 cases of these representing opportunistic infections in people living with HIV. The incidence of histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis in people living with HIV is high and estimated to be 4.3 and 4.6 cases per 100,000 population respectively. Approximately 12,247–13,099 cases of aspergillosis and 164,227 of other serious fungal infections were estimated to occur each year.ConclusionAn accurate estimate of the burden of serious fungal infections in Honduras is unknown but based on our results, likely significant. Serious fungal infections represent an important public health problem in Honduras affecting approximately 1.8% of the population. There is a clear need for better access to diagnostic tools and antifungals to conduct research to better understand the impact of fungal diseases in Honduras.
UK oral surgeons' early response to the COVID‐19 pandemic and impact on patient care
Authors: Moore Richard , Keshani Divya , Coulthard Paul 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionCoronavirus disease (COVID‐19) was declared a global pandemic on 11 March 2020, and all routine dental care in England was suspended on 25 March 2020. Oral surgeons typically continued their roles due to the requirement of surgical expertise in the management of urgent care.AimsTo survey the British Association of Oral Surgeons' membership of 654 exploring the impact and response of the speciality in the early phase of the pandemic.MethodsBritish Association of Oral Surgeons members were invited to participate in a weekly online survey commencing 30th March 2020 for 4 weeks. Themes explored included demographics, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), clinical role and care provided, and financial impact.Results400 responses were received over the 4‐week period. Telephone advice was rapidly introduced ahead of clinical examinations. Few oral surgeons were initially able to provide emergency oral surgery procedures or clinical examinations due to PPE shortage. Only a small proportion of oral surgeons were required themselves to isolate and only a small proportion were redeployed.ConclusionThe COVID‐19 pandemic severely disrupted UK oral surgery services particularly in the early stage and highlight the lack of preparedness. As availability of PPE and evidence on aerosol‐generating procedures and infection control became more readily accessible, surgeons became more confident to provide emergency surgical treatment rather than just phone consultations. The impact on patients' oral health is likely to have been profound.
Neuropathological investigation of patients with prolonged anorexia nervosa
Authors: Kawakami Ito , Iritani Shuji , Riku Yuichi , Umeda Kentaro , Takase Mina , Ikeda Kenji , Niizato Kazuhiro , Arai Tomio , Yoshida Mari , Oshima Kenichi , Hasegawa Masato 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesRecent neuroimaging studies have indicated that the mesolimbic pathway, known to work as reward neuronal circuitry, regulates cognitive–behavioral flexibility in prolonged anorexia nervosa (AN). Although AN is associated with the highest mortality rate among psychiatric disorders, there have been few neuropathological studies on this topic. This study aims to identify alterations of the reward circuitry regions, especially in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), using AN brain tissues.MethodsThe neuronal networks in AN cases and controls were examined by immunohistochemistry directed at tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; dopaminergic neuron marker) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; astrocyte marker). We also immunochemically analyzed frozen samples presenting astrogliosis, especially in the NAcc and striatum.ResultsHistologically, neuronal deformation with cytoplasmic shrinkage was seen in reward‐related brain regions, such as the orbitofrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex. The NAcc showed massive GFAP‐positive astrocytes and dot‐like protrusions of astrocytes in the shell compartment. In the shell, TH and GFAP immunoreactivities revealed prominent astrogliosis within striosomes, which receive projection from the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The numbers of GFAP‐positive astrocytes in the NAcc (P = 0.0079) and VTA (P = 0.0025) of AN cases were significantly higher than those of controls. Strongly immunoreactive 18 to 25 kDa bands, which might represent degradation products, were detected only in the NAcc of AN cases. Clinically, all cases presented cognitive rigidity, which might reflect a deficit of the reward pathway.ConclusionOur findings suggest impaired dopaminergic innervation between the NAcc and VTA in AN. Functional dysconnectivity in the reward‐related network might induce neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with AN.
Why Benefitting a Person Cannot Constitute a Form of Discrimination
Authors: Statman Daniel 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to discuss whether a person can be discriminated against by means of an action intended to benefit him or her. The discussion is triggered by a recent court decision according to which women may be entitled to compensation for a policy that made them better off in some respect because of its assumed effect on the perpetuation of harmful stereotypes about women. I reject this view, arguing that such effects are neither necessary nor sufficient for an act to be discriminatory. If people stand to directly benefit from some act, they cannot claim discrimination on the basis of such benefit.
Examining implicit positive affect toward suicide among suicidal and nonsuicidal adults and adolescents
Authors: Jaroszewski Adam C. , Huettig James L. , Kleiman Evan M. , Franz Peter J. , Millner Alexander J. , Joyce Victoria W. , Nash Carol C. , Nock Matthew K. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine implicit affect toward suicide (i.e., how good/bad suicide is perceived). Some people might be more likely to think about/choose suicide because they perceive it as a good option (to gain relief) relative to available alternatives.MethodImplicit affect toward suicide among adults (N = 72) and adolescents (N = 174) with and without suicidal thoughts was examined using first‐person (FP) perspective suicide pictures in the affect misattribution procedure (AMP).ResultsSuicidal adults’ implicit positive affect toward suicide was associated with STB variables, such as explicit valence (r = 0.34) and arousal (r = 0.44) ratings of suicide pictures, and implicit affect differentiated groups above and beyond explicit valence ratings. Contrary to our hypothesis, suicidal participants did not display higher implicit positive affect toward suicide than nonsuicidal participants. However, suicidal participants displayed consistent implicit affect toward different suicide pictures, whereas nonsuicidal participants evaluated some pictures as more pleasant than others (ORs = 1.92–2.27).ConclusionsImplicit affect toward suicide may relate to STB, but stimuli characteristics (e.g., color) likely influence the accuracy of assessment with the AMP and should be a focus of future research involving this and other implicit measures.
Non‐tuberculous mycobacteria isolation from presumptive tuberculosis patients in Lambaréné, Gabon
Authors: Epola Dibamba Ndanga Micheska , Achimi Agbo Abdul Jabar Babatundé Pacome , Edoa Jean Ronald , Chester Mevyann Rhett , Adegbite Bayodé Romeo , Mfoumbi Arnault , Mebiame Biyogho Christopher , Beh Mba Romual , Mahoumbou Jocelyn , McCall Matthew B. B. , Grobusch Martin Peter , Adegnika Ayola Akim , Alabi Abraham Sunday 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe prevalence of clinical cases of pulmonary non‐tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is increasing worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion and the NTM species isolated from presumptive tuberculosis patients in Lambaréné, Gabon.MethodFrom January 2018 to December 2020, sputum samples from presumptive TB patients were analysed at the tuberculosis reference laboratory of the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné. Two sputum samples were collected per patient, and culture was performed using Bactec MGIT 960. The GenoType Mycobacterium CM/AS was used for NTM isolates confirmation and species differentiation.ResultsAmong 1363 sputum samples analysed, 285 (20.9%) were Auramin acid fast bacilli (AFB) smear‐positive. NTM were isolated in 137/1363 (10%) of the samples. The most prevalent NTM species was Mycobacterium intracellulare (n = 74; 54%).ConclusionThese results show the presence of NTM among presumptive TB patients in Gabon, which could potentially complicate TB diagnosis. This presents a new public health challenge, and emphasises the need to consider NTM in planning the prevention and management of tuberculosis control.
Comparative results of 3 treatments for medial femoral condyle subchondral cystic lesions in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Klein Chelsea E. , Bramlage Lawrence R. , Stefanovski Darko , Ruggles Alan J. , Embertson Rolf M. , Hopper Scott A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo compare 3 different methods for treatment of medial femoral condyle (MFC) subchondral cystic lesions in Thoroughbred horses <24 months old based on the criterion of ability to race post‐treatment.Study designRetrospective cohort study.AnimalsThoroughbreds (n= 107, age < 24 months) diagnosed with MFC subchondral cystic lesions.MethodsMedical records between January 2004 and December 2017 were reviewed. Three treatment methods were used in these horses during that time frame: arthroscopic debridement, intralesional autologous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) injection, and intralesional corticosteroid injection. The outcome evaluated was the ability to compete in a pari‐mutuel race.ResultsSeventy‐eight of 107 Thoroughbreds (73%) raced post‐treatment; 41/57 (72%) of horses treated by arthroscopic debridement raced; 16/19 (84%) of horses treated with intralesional MSCs raced; 21/31 (68%) of horses treated with intralesional corticosteroids raced. There was no difference between groups in the ability to start a race. Sex, limb affected, and lesion size also had no effect on the ability to start a race. There was a trend for increasing lesion size reducing the probability of racing.ConclusionsSeventy‐three percent of the horses raced, but there was no difference in the ability of unraced Thoroughbreds to race after treatment of MFC subchondral cystic lesions with arthroscopic debridement, intralesional mesenchymal stem cells, or intralesional corticosteroids.Clinical significanceThe 3 reported treatment options may be considered for treatment of MFC subchondral cystic lesions with a good prognosis for racing post‐treatment. Owners should be advised that increasing lesion size decreases the probability of racing.
Wastewater reuse: Perception and social acceptance
Authors: Faria Daniella Costa , Naval Liliana Pena 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe planned reuse of treated wastewater is the most effective instrument for the sustainability of water resources management. Given the various possibilities and advantages of reusing treated wastewater, sociocultural acceptance can be a limiting factor for the success of this practice. This study analysed the perceptions and social acceptability regarding the reuse of treated water in individuals with a high level of education, as they have a strong influence on the transformations of society. The study was carried out in the city of Palmas (Brazil). The results indicated that the public was receptive to this practice for indirect uses, but had a strong rejection of direct reuse. Schooling was associated with knowledge about sanitation issues. This correlation with the acceptability of reusing treated wastewater for the investigated uses was not observed. Of the total respondents, 96.3% stated that cultural factors can cause people to reject the practice of reuse, resulting from the consequent culture of waste and non‐valorization of water sources.
Putative ITS2 secondary structure model and multi‐gene phylogenies of tetrahymenids (Ciliophora, Hymenostomatia) parasitizing planarians and crayfish worms
Authors: Rataj Matej , Vďačný Peter 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTetrahymena comprises over 80 free‐living as well as facultative or obligate histophagous species parasitizing especially invertebrates and fishes. Because of the comparatively high morphological conservativeness of tetrahymenids, their identification is primarily based on the gene coding for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). In addition to this mitochondrial barcoding marker, we tested here also the species discriminatory power of the highly variable nuclear ITS region, using the secondary structure of the ITS2 molecules and the compensatory base change (CBC) analysis. ITS2 secondary structures were proposed for 25 distinct ribotypes of 13 taxa, including three Tetrahymena species parasitizing planarians and crayfish worms, with the free‐energy minimization approach and the homology modelling. Although the majority of Tetrahymena species pairs can be reliably separated by one to six hemi‐CBCs localized especially in the third and fourth helix of the ITS2 molecules, some ITS region sequences might transcend species boundaries. In other words, intraspecies and interspecies p‐distances of ITS region sequences might overlap. This fact weakens the discriminatory power and the usage of the ITS region in the molecular taxonomy of Tetrahymena. On the other hand, there was always a distinct barcoding gap at about 4% sequence divergence in the case of the COI gene. Despite the slightly lower delimitation power of the ITS region, this molecular marker helped to recognize multiple previous misidentifications that were subsequently verified by comparing COI sequences.