bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of amorphous ternary AlBN passivations on the performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
Authors: Cheng Jiantao , Liu Fengfeng , Jiang Chunping , Zhu Wenqing 
Published: July 2022

In this article, an amorphous ternary AlBN dielectric passivation layer is proposed for GaN/AlGaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). The source–gate–drain access regions with both AlBN and AlN amorphous dielectric films deposited by pulsed laser deposition are investigated to understand their effects on the device performance. Compared with the AlN-passivated HEMTs, the electrical characteristics of AlBN-passivated HEMTs are significantly improved with the same passivation layer thickness. An increase in maximum drain saturation current of AlBN-passivated HEMTs is ∼19.74% at Vgs = 2 V, and the corresponding peak extrinsic transconductance is improved by 38.08% at Vgs = −2 V and Vds = 2 V. Such excellent properties are ascribed to large surface potential change, due to the effect of boron dopants on AlBN films.
Experimental investigation of total electron emission yield of polyimide film under various temperatures
Authors: Wu Jiang , Li Shuaiqiang , Zhang Bo , Cao Wen , Li Yunhong , Toyoda Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2022

As the thermal variation may change the total electron emission yield (TEEY) of materials and may ultimately result in unexpected surface charging, it is necessary to study the TEEY at various temperatures. In this research, we first updated the TEEY measurement system with a newly designed sample stage for different temperatures (−50, 25, and 100 °C) and the primary electron from 25 eV to 10 keV. By using the 30 μs/20 nA primary electron beam and sample scanning method to mitigate surface charging, the TEEY could be accurately obtained for dielectrics. Then, we chose a kind of polyimide film (Kapton 100H) used on spacecraft and a gold film sample to compare the TEEY at various temperatures. The results show that high temperature leads to higher TEEY of Kapton films, whereas 25 and −50 °C also leads to the same. On the other hand, the TEEY of gold remains the same at different temperatures. In the view of surface hole density and charge transportation, the TEEY variation of Kapton films was analyzed by bulk conduction, charge mobility, and the electron–hole recombination property. It is considered that the dissipation rate of holes is sensitive to temperature, and furthermore, the TEEY of Kapton films is dependent on temperature.
Attitudes and motivation towards learning French in primary school
Authors: Myles Florence 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Young children have often been shown to be highly motivated towards learning foreign languages in primary school, but for their enthusiasm to decrease during secondary schooling. Many reasons have been put forward, such as novelty wearing off, teaching styles, or societal and peer pressure. Little is known about changes in attitudes and motivation in primary school aged children when these factors are kept constant, the only variable being the age of the children. The present study investigated differences in attitudes and motivation at two different ages (5 and 7) in such a setting. Two intact classes in the same school (53 children with no prior knowledge of French), taught the same material by the same teacher, took part in focus groups and one-to-one interviews during the course of a larger longitudinal project investigating the role of age in early classroom learning. Results show that changes in motivation might occur earlier than previously thought, and be shaped by developmental changes in children’s cognitive, social and emotional growth. Children as young as 5 and 7 were shown to exhibit differences in levels of self-regulation, self-efficacy, and thought and beliefs frames which had a direct impact on their attitudinal and motivational profiles.
Demonstrating free-fall weightlessness with a charged needle electroscope
Authors: Slisko Josip , Corona Adrian 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Astronauts Yuri Gagarin, Gherman Titov and John Glenn, in their satellite flights around the Earth, were first humans who experienced extended period of weightlessness, although with different feelings. Soon after these history-making events, various articles appeared in pedagogical journals, proposing classroom demonstrations by which teachers could show to their students weightlessness-related physical phenomena in freely-falling systems. In this article, a new demonstration of free-fall weightlessness is described and illustrated by photos taken from its recorded video. When a charged needle electroscope is at rest, the inclined position of the needle is determined by the equilibrium of moments of repulsive electrostatic force and gravitational force. In free fall, only repulsive electrostatic force acts in electroscope-bounded reference frame, causing visible rotational motion of the needle.
Ritus functions for graphene-like systems with magnetic fields generated by first-order intertwining operators
Authors: Concha-Sánchez Y , Díaz-Bautista E , Raya A 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this work, we construct the exact propagator for Dirac fermions in graphene-like systems immersed in external static magnetic fields with non-trivial spatial dependence. Such field profiles are generated within a first-order supersymmetric framework departing from much simpler (seed) magnetic field examples. The propagator is spanned on the basis of the Ritus eigenfunctions, corresponding to the Dirac fermion asymptotic states in the non-trivial magnetic field background which nevertheless admits a simple diagonal form in momentum space. This strategy enlarges the number of magnetic field profiles in which the fermion propagator can be expressed in a closed-form. Electric charge and current densities are found directly from the corresponding propagator and compared against similar findings derived from other methods.
Mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser based on ZrSe2 saturable absorber
Authors: Zhao Lin , Xu Nannan , Shang Xinxin , Liu Xueyao , Huang Pu , Lu Hua , Zhang Huanian , Li Dengwang 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this study, zirconium selenide (ZrSe2) was successfully prepared as the saturable absorber in an erbium-doped fiber laser for demonstrating mode-locked operation, for which the saturation intensity and modulation depth were 10.12 MW cm−2 and 23.10%, respectively. The narrower pulse width of mode-locked operation was 1.27 ps. The maximum average output power and pulse energy were 16.75 mW and 3.75 nJ, which were significant improvements for a ZrSe2-based fiber laser. Our study results further proved that ZrSe2, as an ultra-fast optical device, has excellent performance in ultra-short pulse fiber lasers.
Methane remote sensing and emission quantification of offshore shallow water oil and gas platforms in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Ayasse Alana K , Thorpe Andrew K , Cusworth Daniel H , Kort Eric A , Negron Alan Gorchov , Heckler Joseph , Asner Gregory , Duren Riley M 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Offshore oil and natural gas platforms are responsible for about 30% of global oil and natural gas production. Despite the large share of global production there are few studies that have directly measured atmospheric methane emanating from these platforms. This study maps CH4 emissions from shallow water offshore oil and gas platforms with an imaging spectrometer by employing a method to capture the sun glint reflection from the water directly surrounding the target areas. We show how remote sensing with imaging spectrometers and glint targeting can be used to efficiently observe offshore infrastructure, quantify methane emissions, and attribute those emissions to specific infrastructure types. In 2021, the Global Airborne Observatory platform, which is an aircraft equipped with a visible shortwave infrared imaging spectrometer, surveyed over 150 offshore platforms and surrounding infrastructure in US federal and state waters in the Gulf of Mexico representing ∼8% of active shallow water infrastructure there. We find that CH4 emissions from the measured platforms exhibit highly skewed super emitter behavior. We find that these emissions mostly come from tanks and vent booms or stacks. We also find that the persistence and the loss rate from shallow water offshore infrastructure tends to be much higher than for typical onshore production.
Solitons in media with mixed, high-order dispersion and cubic nonlinearity
Authors: Qiang Y Long , Alexander Tristram J , Martijn de Sterke C 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Although most soliton research has traditionally considered dominant quadratic dispersion, the recent discovery of pure-quartic solitons has inspired analysis of soliton solutions with large higher orders of dispersion. Here we present analytic expressions for families of bright soliton solutions at arbitrary dispersion orders and practical methods to obtain the associated dispersion relations. These results provide a framework for considering higher order dispersion solitons and show the potential for further investigation of solitons in higher order dispersion systems.
Spatio-temporal dynamics of random transmission events: from information sharing to epidemic spread
Authors: Giuggioli Luca , Sarvaharman Seeralan 
Published: July 2022

AbstractRandom transmission events between individuals occurring at short scales control patterns emerging at much larger scales in natural and artificial systems. Examples range from the spatial propagation of an infectious pathogen in an animal population to the spread of misinformation in online social networks or the sharing of target locations between robot units in a swarm. Despite the ubiquity of information transfer events, a general methodology to quantify spatio-temporal transmission processes has remained elusive. The challenge in predicting when and where information is passed from one individual to another stems from the limited number of analytic approaches and from the large fluctuations and inherent computational cost of stochastic simulation outputs, the main theoretical tool available to study such processes so far. Here we overcome these limitations by developing an analytic theory of transmission dynamics between randomly moving agents in arbitrary spatial domains and with arbitrary information transfer efficiency. We move beyond well-known approximations employed to study reaction diffusion phenomena, such as the motion and reaction limited regimes, by quantifying exactly the mean reaction time in presence of multiple heterogeneous reactive locations. To demonstrate the wide applicability of our theory we employ it in different scenarios. We show how the type of spatial confinement may change by many orders of magnitude the time scale at which transmission occurs. When acquiring information represents the ability to capture, we use our formalism to uncover counterintuitive evasive strategies in a predator–prey contest between territorial animals. When information transmission represents the transfer of an infectious pathogen, we consider a population with susceptible, infected and recovered individuals that move and pass infection upon meeting and predict analytically the basic reproduction number. Finally we show how to apply the transmission theory semi-analytically when the topology of where individuals move is that of a network.
Effect of bending stiffness on the polymer adsorption onto a heterogeneous stripe-patterned surface
Authors: Polotsky Alexey A , Ivanova Anna S 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Adsorption of a single homopolymer chain with bending stiffness onto a heterogeneous regular stripe-patterned surface consisting of adsorbing and non-adsorbing stripes is studied theoretically in the framework of the lattice model and the generating functions approach. The stiffness is introduced by assigning a statistical weight to a trans-isomer (a straight segment) with respect to a gauche-isomer (a kink). The temperature is taken as the main control parameter since it affects both the strength of the monomer units’ attraction to the adsorbing stripes and the chain stiffness. It is shown that the adsorption transition temperature is a non-monotonic function on the bending energy having a minimum. The position of this minimum depends on the stripes’ width and only slightly deviates from zero bending energy. Temperature dependences of the main conformational and thermodynamic characteristics of the adsorbed chain are obtained. It is demonstrated that in most of the studied cases the adsorption is accompanied by the chain localization on a single adsorbing unit stripe and the chain stiffness enhances this effect.
Experimental investigation on three-body abrasive wear behaviour of novel natural cellulosic pigeon pea stalk fibre reinforced epoxy biocomposites
Authors: Pujar Nagaraj Malleshappa , Mani Yuvaraja , Mouleeswaran Senthilkumar 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The current research explores the possibility of reinforcing massively available, less utilised, low-cost agro-residue fibres in an epoxy matrix to create a new tribo-material. This study focuses on determining the three-body abrasive wear behaviour (volume loss and specific wear rate (SWR)) of natural cellulosic pigeon pea (PP) stalk fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Further, abrasive wear characteristics of untreated and treated E/PP20 (20 wt.% PP stalk fibre-reinforced epoxy) composites were analysed using Taguchi and ANOVA techniques. Untreated and treated biocomposite specimens were developed using the hand lay-up (open mould) technique. At 11.77 N, 23.54 N, and 47 N loads, the SWR of untreated E/PP20 composite was reduced by almost 5.03%, 3.68%, and 22.30% compared to epoxy specimens. Results of the untreated E/PP20 composite showed that the applied load was the main contributing parameter (54.72%), followed by sliding distance (21.82%) and sliding speed (15.31%). Results of the treated E/PP20 composite showed that the applied load was the main contributing parameter (48.96%), followed by sliding speed (26.24%) and sliding distance (20.78%). The regression model predicted the SWR with a pooled error ranging from 2.37% to −17.77% for untreated composite and 9.87% to −11.49% for treated composite, respectively. The alkali-treated E/PP20 composite exhibited better abrasive resistance than the untreated E/PP20 composite. Scanning electron microscopy images of the treated composites showed good fibre adhesion with the matrix. In addition, the surface of the treated composite showed no fibre pullout or ploughing compared to that of the untreated composite. Surface topography revealed the formation of more craters on the surfaces of the untreated composites and small-sized dispersed craters on the treated composites.
Acute climate risks in the financial system: examining the utility of climate model projections
Authors: Pitman A J , Fiedler T , Ranger N , Jakob C , Ridder N , Perkins-Kirkpatrick S , Wood N , Abramowitz G 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Efforts to assess risks to the financial system associated with climate change are growing. These commonly combine the use of integrated assessment models to obtain possible changes in global mean temperature (GMT) and then use coupled climate models to map those changes onto finer spatial scales to estimate changes in other variables. Other methods use data mined from ‘ensembles of opportunity’ such as the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Several challenges with current approaches have been identified. Here, we focus on demonstrating the issues inherent in applying global ‘top-down’ climate scenarios to explore financial risks at geographical scales of relevance to financial institutions (e.g. city-scale). We use data mined from the CMIP to determine the degree to which estimates of GMT can be used to estimate changes in the annual extremes of temperature and rainfall, two compound events (heatwaves and drought, and extreme rain and strong winds), and whether the emission scenario provides insights into the change in the 20, 50 and 100 year return values for temperature and rainfall. We show that GMT provides little insight on how acute risks likely material to the financial sector (‘material extremes’) will change at a city-scale. We conclude that ‘top-down’ approaches are likely to be flawed when applied at a granular scale, and that there are risks in employing the approaches used by, for example, the Network of Central Banks and Supervisors for Greening the Financial System. Most fundamental, uncertainty associated with projections of future climate extremes must be propagated through to estimating risk. We strongly encourage a review of existing top-down approaches before they develop into de facto standards and note that existing approaches that use a ‘bottom-up’ strategy (e.g. catastrophe modelling and storylines) are more likely to enable a robust assessment of material risk.
Fasting triglycerides are positively associated with cardiovascular mortality risk in people with diabetes
Authors: Wang Yutang , Fang Yan , Magliano Dianna J , Charchar Fadi J , Sobey Christopher G , Drummond Grant R , Golledge Jonathan 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Aims
We investigated the association of fasting triglycerides with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.

Methods and results
This cohort study included US adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1988 to 2014. CVD mortality outcomes were ascertained by linkage to the National Death Index records. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of triglycerides for CVD mortality. The cohort included 26 570 adult participants, among which 3978 had diabetes. People with higher triglycerides had a higher prevalence of diabetes at baseline. The cohort was followed up for a mean of 12.0 years with 1492 CVD deaths recorded. A 1-natural-log-unit higher triglyceride was associated with a 30% higher multivariate-adjusted risk of CVD mortality in participants with diabetes (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.08–1.56) but not in those without diabetes (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.83–1.07). In participants with diabetes, people with high triglycerides (200–499 mg/dL) had a 44% (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.12–1.85) higher multivariate-adjusted risk of CVD mortality compared with those with normal triglycerides (&lt;150 mg/dL). The findings remained significant when diabetes was defined by fasting glucose levels alone, or after further adjustment for the use of lipid-lowering medications, or after the exclusion of those who took lipid-lowering medications.

Conclusion
This study demonstrates that fasting triglycerides of ≥200 mg/dL are associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality in patients with diabetes but not in those without diabetes. Future clinical trials of new treatments to lower triglycerides should focus on patients with diabetes.
A novel patch-sparing technique for reconstruction of the aortomitral curtain
Authors: Yajima Shin , Sakashita Yuji , Sekiya Naosumi , Sakaguchi Taichi 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Our goal was to describe a novel technique for reconstructing the aortomitral curtain using autologous tissue. This technique was performed on a patient who required replacement of both the aortic and mitral valves and the aortic root due to recurrent prosthetic valve infection and aortic root abscess. The aortomitral curtain was reconstructed without using any artificial patches. Instead, surrounding autologous tissues were used, including the residual healthy left atrial and aortic basal tissues. This patch-sparing technique may occasionally be feasible to perform and may serve as a secure anchor for subsequent aortic root replacement.
The Universal Right to Legal Capacity—Clearing the Haze
Authors: Opgenhaffen Tim 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The right to legal capacity (Article 12) is the most contested realization of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). If implemented, it would revolutionize the position of persons with psychosocial disabilities, intellectual disabilities and other cognitive conditions. Yet its implementation has been hindered by conceptual misunderstandings and a lack of distinction between the key questions in the debate. This contribution first demonstrates that advocates and opponents apply ‘substitute decision-making’ and ‘legal capacity’ differently, leading to different expectations. Second, it substantiates that once all the concepts are understood correctly, three distinct questions underpin the interpretation of Article 12 CRPD: (1) What makes a person’s will reliable? (2) What is good support? and (3) How can such a reliable will be diverged from, given other interests? Instead of giving the answers, this contribution brings consistency to the debate and proposes a pathways for a future approach to legal capacity.
The Pace of Life: Metabolic Energy, Biological Time, and Life History
Authors: Brown James H , Burger Joseph R , Hou Chen , Hall Charles A S 
Published: July 2022

SynopsisNew biophysical theory and electronic databases raise the prospect of deriving fundamental rules of life, a conceptual framework for how the structures and functions of molecules, cells, and individual organisms give rise to emergent patterns and processes of ecology, evolution, and biodiversity. This framework is very general, applying across taxa of animals from 10–10 g protists to 108 g whales, and across environments from deserts and abyssal depths to rain forests and coral reefs. It has several hallmarks:(1) Energy is the ultimate limiting resource for organisms and the currency of biological fitness.(2) Most organisms are nearly equally fit, because in each generation at steady state they transfer an equal quantity of energy (˜22.4 kJ/g) and biomass (˜1 g/g) to surviving offspring. This is the equal fitness paradigm (EFP).(3) The enormous diversity of life histories is due largely to variation in metabolic rates (e.g., energy uptake and expenditure via assimilation, respiration, and production) and biological times (e.g., generation time). As in standard allometric and metabolic theory, most physiological and life history traits scale approximately as quarter-power functions of body mass, m (rates as ∼m–1/4 and times as ∼m1/4), and as exponential functions of temperature.(4) Time is the fourth dimension of life. Generation time is the pace of life.(5) There is, however, considerable variation not accounted for by the above scalings and existing theories. Much of this “unexplained” variation is due to natural selection on life history traits to adapt the biological times of generations to the clock times of geochronological environmental cycles.(6) Most work on biological scaling and metabolic ecology has focused on respiration rate. The emerging synthesis applies conceptual foundations of energetics and the EFP to shift the focus to production rate and generation time.