bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerobic exercise enhances cognitive training effects in first-episode schizophrenia: randomized clinical trial demonstrates cognitive and functional gains
Authors: Nuechterlein Keith H. , McEwen Sarah C. , Ventura Joseph , Subotnik Kenneth L. , Turner Luana R. , Boucher Michael , Casaus Laurie R. , Distler Margaret G. , Hayata Jacqueline N. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundCognitive training (CT) and aerobic exercise both show promising moderate impact on cognition and everyday functioning in schizophrenia. Aerobic exercise is hypothesized to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and thereby synaptic plasticity, leading to increased learning capacity. Systematic CT should take advantage of increased learning capacity and be more effective when combined with aerobic exercise.MethodsWe examined the impact of a 6-month program of cognitive training & exercise (CT&E) compared to cognitive training alone (CT) in 47 first-episode schizophrenia outpatients. All participants were provided the same Posit Science computerized CT, 4 h/week, using BrainHQ and SocialVille programs. The CT&E group also participated in total body circuit training exercises to enhance aerobic conditioning. Clinic and home-based exercise were combined for a target of 150 min per week.ResultsThe MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery Overall Composite improved significantly more with CT&E than with CT alone (p = 0.04), particularly in the first 3 months (6.5 v. 2.2 T-score points, p < 0.02). Work/school functioning improved substantially more with CT&E than with CT alone by 6 months (p < 0.001). BDNF gain tended to predict the amount of cognitive gain but did not reach significance. The cognitive gain by 3 months predicted the amount of work/school functioning improvement at 6 months. The amount of exercise completed was strongly associated with the degree of cognitive and work/school functioning improvement.ConclusionsAerobic exercise significantly enhances the impact of CT on cognition and functional outcome in first-episode schizophrenia, apparently driven by the amount of exercise completed.
Birds and Natura 2000: a review of the scientific literature
Authors: Portaccio Alessia , Campagnaro Thomas , Sitzia Tommaso 
Published: August 2022

Summary
The Natura 2000 network, the pillar of biodiversity conservation in Europe, still shows some knowledge gaps after almost 30 years since its implementation. As birds are a taxonomic group that is underrepresented in the literature related to Natura 2000 compared to their importance in the EU Directives, this review investigated the characteristics of the scientific research dedicated to birds in relation to Natura 2000. This review focused on 169 peer-reviewed articles covering a period of 25 years (1995–2019). Most studies were set within single Natura 2000 site or regions within countries, and concerned terrestrial habitats, particularly wetlands. The terrestrial Mediterranean biogeographical region and marine Atlantic region had the greatest number of publications, while Spain, Italy, and France were the countries with the highest number of reviewed articles. The number of publications was correlated to Natura 2000 coverage at both country and biogeographical region level. Bird species were studied mainly at a community or single-species level and most publications studied distribution and occurrence of the bird species of interest, while very few assessed the conservation status of the species. Only a few articles set within Natura 2000 sites addressed the issues of habitat suitability for birds or the effectiveness of conservation efforts. Both Annex I and non-Annex I bird species were examined in the literature, with most species having decreasing population trends at the European scale. Future research on bird conservation and Natura 2000 should focus on marine ecosystems as well as habitats that have received less attention despite their important role in a changing future (alpine and urban types). Moreover, future studies should encompass larger spatial scales and those species for which status and trends are still not thoroughly investigated. Finally, it would be important to enhance research efforts on the conservation status and effectiveness in relation to the network.
Seed dormancy and germination behaviour of tropical rainforest tree species from Sri Lanka
Authors: Samarasinghe B.R. Chandima P. , Jayasuriya K.M.G. Gehan , Gunaratne A.M. Thilanka A. , Senanayaka Mahesh C. , Dixon Kingsley W. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPlant community-level studies on seed dormancy traits are important to understand and determine the significance of seed dormancy in different ecosystems. Hence, we studied seed dormancy and other related seed biological traits of 42 selected tropical lowland rainforest tree species from Sri Lanka, aiming to address seed dormancy class(es) for a biodiverse tropical lowland wet zone forest community and the relationship between dormancy classes, forest strata and seed dispersal mechanisms. Seed germination, imbibition, embryo length:seed length ratio, embryo morphology and the effect of gibberrelic acid on seed germination were determined. Sixty-two percent of the species with T50 < 30 days were identified as having fast-germinating seeds and the remaining 38% with T50 > 30 possessed slow-germinating seeds. Seeds of 33 species had fully developed embryos, while nine species had underdeveloped embryos; three had morphological dormancy (MD) and six morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). Treatment with gibberellic acid revealed physiological dormancy (PD) in seeds of six species, and the response to manual scarification confirmed physical dormancy (PY) in seeds of Pericopsis moonina. The majority of tropical lowland rainforests had non-dormant (ND) species (62%), and 14.3, 14.3, 7 and 2.3% of the species had MPD, PD, MD, and PY, respectively. Non-dormancy decreased for taxa from the upper strata to the lower strata of the forest. ND seeds were dispersed during the rainy season. Thus, non-dormancy seems to be the most dominant germination behaviour among the tree species in the lowland rainforest of Sri Lanka with the class of dormancy related to forest strata and dispersal time.
Projected Changes and Time of Emergence of Temperature Extremes Over Australia in CMIP5 and CMIP6
Authors: Deng Xu , Perkins‐Kirkpatrick Sarah E. , Alexander Lisa V. , Stark Clair 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis study focuses on the projections and time of emergence (TOE) for temperature extremes over Australian regions in the phase 6 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) models. The model outputs are based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) from the Tier 1 experiments (i.e., SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0, and SSP5‐8.5) in the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP), which is compared with the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) in CMIP5 (i.e., RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5). Furthermore, two large ensembles (LEs) in CMIP6 are used to investigate the effects of internal variability on the projected changes and TOE. As shown in the temporal evolution and spatial distribution, the strongest warming levels are projected under the highest future scenario and the changes for some extremes follow a “warm‐get‐warmer” pattern over Australia. Over subregions, tropical Australia usually shows the highest warming. Compared to the RCPs in CMIP5, the multi‐model medians in SSPs are higher for some indices and commonly exhibit wider spreads, likely related to the different forcings and higher climate sensitivity in a subset of the CMIP6 models. Based on a signal‐to‐noise framework, we confirm that the emergence patterns differ greatly for different extreme indices and the large uncertainty in TOE can result from the inter‐model ranges of both signal and noise, for which internal variability contributes to the determination of the signal. We further demonstrate that the internally generated variations influence the noise. Our findings can provide useful information for mitigation strategies and adaptation planning over Australia.
Investigating Influences on the Pb Pseudo‐Isochron Using Three‐Dimensional Mantle Convection Models With a Continental Reservoir
Authors: Panton James , Davies J. Huw , Elliott Tim , Andersen Morten , Porcelli Don , Price Matthew G. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFor mid‐ocean ridge basalts and ocean island basalts, measurements of Pb isotope ratios show broad linear correlations with a certain degree of scatter. In 207Pb/204Pb—206Pb/204Pb space, the best fit line defines a pseudo‐isochron age (τPb) of ∼1.9 Gyr. Previous modeling suggests a relative change in the behaviors of U and Pb between 2.25 and 2.5 Ga, resulting in net recycling of HIMU (high U/Pb) material in the latter part of Earth's history, to explain the observed τPb. However, simulations in which fractionation is controlled by a single set of partition coefficients throughout the model runs fail to reproduce τPb and the observed scatter in Pb isotope ratios. We build on these models with 3D mantle convection simulations including parameterizations for melting, U recycling from the continents and preferential removal of Pb from subducted oceanic crust. We find that both U recycling after the great oxygenation event and Pb extraction after the onset of plate tectonics, are required in order to fit the observed gradient and scatter of both the 207Pb/204Pb—206Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb—206Pb/204Pb arrays. Unlike much previous work, our model does not require accumulations of subducted oceanic crust to persist at the core‐mantle boundary for long periods of time in order to match geochemical observations.
Hydrological Shifts Threaten Water Resources
Authors: Fowler Keirnan , Peel Murray , Saft Margarita , Nathan Rory , Horne Avril , Wilby Robert , McCutcheon Connor , Peterson Tim 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRecent shifts in the hydrological behavior of natural watersheds suggest acute challenges for water planning under climate change. Usually triggered by a multi‐year drought, these shifts involve a tendency for less annual streamflow for a given annual precipitation, and this behavior has now been reported on multiple continents. Future drying under climate change may induce similar unexpected hydrological responses, and this commentary discusses the implications for water planning and management. Commonly used hydrological models poorly represent these shifts in behavior and cannot be relied upon to anticipate future changes. Thus, their use may result in underestimation of hydroclimatic risk and exposure to “surprise” reductions in water supply, relative to projections. The onus is now on hydrologists to determine the underlying causes of shifting behavior and incorporate more dynamic realism into operational models.
Denitrification‐Driven Transcription and Enzyme Production at the River‐Groundwater Interface: Insights From Reactive‐Transport Modeling
Authors: Störiko Anna , Pagel Holger , Mellage Adrian , Van Cappellen Philippe , Cirpka Olaf A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMolecular‐biological data and omics tools have increasingly been used to characterize microorganisms responsible for the turnover of reactive compounds in the environment, such as reactive‐nitrogen species in groundwater. While transcripts of functional genes and enzymes are used as measures of microbial activity, it is not yet clear how they are quantitatively related to actual turnover rates under variable environmental conditions. As an example application, we consider the interface between rivers and groundwater which has been identified as a key driver for the turnover of reactive‐nitrogen compounds, that cause eutrophication of rivers and endanger drinking water production from groundwater. In the absence of measured data, we developed a reactive‐transport model for denitrification that simultaneously predicts the distributions of functional‐gene transcripts, enzymes, and reaction rates. Applying the model, we evaluate the response of transcripts and enzymes at the river‐groundwater interface to stable and dynamic hydrogeochemical regimes. While functional‐gene transcripts respond to short‐term (diurnal) fluctuations of substrate availability and oxygen concentrations, enzyme concentrations are stable over such time scales. The presence of functional‐gene transcripts and enzymes globally coincides with the zones of active denitrification. However, transcript and enzyme concentrations do not directly translate into denitrification rates in a quantitative way because of nonlinear effects and hysteresis caused by variable substrate availability and oxygen inhibition. Based on our simulations, we suggest that molecular‐biological data should be combined with aqueous geochemical data, which can typically be obtained at higher spatial and temporal resolution, to parameterize and calibrate reactive‐transport models.
Long‐Term Simulation of Snow Cover and Its Potential Impacts on Seasonal Frost Dynamics in Croplands Across Southern Canada
Authors: Li Ziwei , Qi Zhiming , Smith Ward , Pattey Elizabeth , Qian Budong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn northern climates, accurate simulation of thermal and hydrological budgets for farmlands overwinter is crucial for both an accurate prediction of spring flooding and the successful management of nutrient losses. As snow cover influences soil freezing dynamics, it has been hypothesized that reduced snow cover due to warmer winters might intensify soil freezing. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis. Drawing upon observed snow depth and soil temperature data collected from six research farms across Southern Canada over various time spans from 1989 to 2020, the root zone water quality model, integrated with the simultaneous heat and water model (RZ‐SHAW), was calibrated and validated. The potential influence of warmer winter on shifts in soil frost dynamics was evaluated by estimating soil freezing dynamics for each farmland site under various air temperature scenarios using the RZ‐SHAW model. Soil frozen depth in the eastern Canada sites increased with increasing air temperature in some years but decreased under the highest air temperature increases of 3.5°C. The monthly relationship between snow depth and soil frozen depth was determined through partial correlation analysis. Snow was most effective in alleviating soil freezing in the months of January and February, a period when snow cover depth was least affected by warming air temperatures. This study suggests that the hypothesis of increasing soil frozen depth under global warming‐induced snow cover reduction holds true in conditions where soil energy lost through reduced snow cover outweighed the soil energy gained through warmer air temperature.
Scaling of Electron Heating by Magnetization During Reconnection and Applications to Dipolarization Fronts and Super‐Hot Solar Flares
Authors: Barbhuiya M. Hasan , Cassak P. A. , Shay M. A. , Roytershteyn Vadim , Swisdak M. , Caspi Amir , Runov Andrei , Liang Haoming 
Published: August 2022

AbstractElectron ring velocity space distributions have previously been seen in numerical simulations of magnetic reconnection exhausts and have been suggested to be caused by the magnetization of the electron outflow jet by the compressed reconnected magnetic fields (Shuster et al., 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060608). We present a theory of the dependence of the major and minor radii of the ring distributions solely in terms of upstream (lobe) plasma conditions, thereby allowing a prediction of the associated temperature and temperature anisotropy of the rings in terms of upstream parameters. We test the validity of the prediction using 2.5‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations with varying upstream plasma density and temperature, finding excellent agreement between the predicted and simulated values. We confirm the Shuster et al. suggestion for the cause of the ring distributions, and also find that the ring distributions are located in a region marked by a plateau, or shoulder, in the reconnected magnetic field profile. The predictions of the temperature are consistent with observed electron temperatures in dipolarization fronts, and may provide an explanation for the generation of plasma with temperatures in the 10s of MK in super‐hot solar flares. A possible extension of the model to dayside reconnection is discussed. Since ring distributions are known to excite whistler waves, the present results should be useful for quantifying the generation of whistler waves in reconnection exhausts.
Wideband Characterization of Equatorial Ionospheric Fading Using MUOS Signals
Authors: Subash Joeal , Cannon Paul S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSix hundred hours of data from a receiver located at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory at 15°N (dip latitude), has been used to explore the fading correlation of 300–360 MHz trans‐ionospheric signals from the MUOS satellite. Using these data, we have highlighted that the inter‐frequency correlation varies with the fading frequency; components at frequencies close to the Fresnel frequency tend to be well correlated over bandwidths between 15 MHz and greater than 20 MHz, but those at higher fading frequencies are only well correlated over bandwidths between 0.1 and 5 MHz at a correlation threshold of 0.7. When considered over all fading frequencies, flat fading is far more common than frequency selective fading, such that when the frequency separation is 5 MHz and when S4 lies between 0.7 and 0.8, the ratio is ∼16:1, when the separation is 10 MHz the ratio is ∼9:1 and when the separation is 15 MHz it is ∼7:1. Together, the results in this paper suggest that flat fading is the dominant fading mechanism for satellite communication systems, with bandwidths up to 15 MHz, operating in the high VHF and low UHF bands in the equatorial region. At still higher operating bandwidths we expect frequency selective fading to become dominant as the differentially delayed multipath components, occurring via Fresnel scale irregularities, cause destructive and constructive interference.
Nitrogen cycling and microbial cooperation in the terrestrial subsurface
Authors: Mosley Olivia E , Gios Emilie , Close Murray , Weaver Louise , Daughney Chris , Handley Kim M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The nitrogen cycle plays a major role in aquatic nitrogen transformations, including in the terrestrial subsurface. However, the variety of transformations remains understudied. To determine how nitrogen cycling microorganisms respond to different aquifer chemistries, we sampled groundwater with varying nutrient and oxygen contents. Genes and transcripts involved in major nitrogen-cycling pathways were quantified from 55 and 26 sites, respectively, and metagenomes and metatranscriptomes were analyzed from a subset of oxic and dysoxic sites (0.3-1.1 mg/L bulk dissolved oxygen). Nitrogen-cycling mechanisms (e.g. ammonia oxidation, denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium) were prevalent and highly redundant, regardless of site-specific physicochemistry or nitrate availability, and present in 40% of reconstructed genomes, suggesting that nitrogen cycling is a core function of aquifer communities. Transcriptional activity for nitrification, denitrification, nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) occurred simultaneously in oxic and dysoxic groundwater, indicating the availability of oxic-anoxic interfaces. Concurrent activity by these microorganisms indicates potential synergisms through metabolite exchange across these interfaces (e.g. nitrite and oxygen). Fragmented denitrification pathway encoding and transcription was widespread among groundwater bacteria, although a considerable proportion of associated transcriptional activity was driven by complete denitrifiers, especially under dysoxic conditions. Despite large differences in transcription, the capacity for the final steps of denitrification was largely invariant to aquifer conditions, and most genes and transcripts encoding N2O reductases were the atypical Sec-dependant type, suggesting energy-efficiency prioritization. Results provide insights into the capacity for cooperative relationships in groundwater communities, and the richness and complexity of metabolic mechanisms leading to the loss of fixed nitrogen.
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in a Japanese patient with a homozygous founder variant of DSG2 in the East Asian population
Authors: Murakami Haruka , Tanimoto Yoko , Tanimoto Kojiro , Inoue Satomi , Ishikawa Taisuke , Makita Naomasa , Yamazawa Kazuki 
Published: August 2022

AbstractArrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a hereditary cardiomyopathy that results in fatal arrhythmias and heart failure. Herein, we report a Japanese patient with ARVC whose parents were blood relatives. Genetic testing identified a homozygous rare variant, c.1592T > G (p.Phe531Cys), of DSG2 that is presumed to be a founder variant among East Asians. Genetic counseling sessions with precise risk assessment and appropriate follow-up programs were provided to the patient and family members.
Inequality of household water security follows a Development Kuznets Curve
Authors: Mao Feng , Miller Joshua D. , Young Sera L. , Krause Stefan , Hannah David M. ,   HWISE Research Coordination Network, Brewis Alexandra , Trowell Alex , Pearson Amber L. , Wutich Amber , Sullivan Andrea , Rosinger Asher Y. , Hagaman Ashley , Workman Cassandra , Staddon Chad , Tshala-Katumbay Desire , Krishnakumar Divya , Adams Ellis , Sánchez-Rodriguez Ernesto C. , Carrillo Genny , Asiki Gershim , Ghattas Hala , Eini-Zinab Hassan , Melgar-Quiñonez Hugo , Ahmed Farooq , Moran-Martinez Javier , Maupin Jonathan , Escobar-Vargas Jorge , Stoler Justin , Mathad Jyoti , Chapman Kelly , Maes Kenneth , Samayoa-Figueroa Luisa , Sheikhi Mahdieh , Alexander Mallika , Santoso Marianne V. , Freeman Matthew C. , Boivin Michael J. , Morales Milton Marin , Balogun Mobolanle , Ghorbani Monet , Omidvar Nasrin , Triviño Nathaly , Hawley Nicola , Owuor Patrick Mbullo , Tutu Raymond , Schuster Roseanne C. , Rasheed Sabrina , Collins Shalean M. , Srivastava Sonali , Cole Stroma , Jepson Wendy , Tesfaye Yihenew , Jamaluddine Zeina 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWater security requires not only sufficient availability of and access to safe and acceptable quality for domestic uses, but also fair distribution within and across populations. However, a key research gap remains in understanding water security inequality and its dynamics, which in turn creates an impediment to tracking progress towards sustainable development. Therefore, we analyse the inequality of water security using data from 7603 households across 28 sites in 22 low- and middle-income countries, measured using the Household Water Insecurity Experiences Scale. Here we show an inverted-U shaped relationship between site water security and inequality of household water security. This Kuznets-like curve suggests a process that as water security grows, the inequality of water security first increases then decreases. This research extends the Kuznets curve applications and introduces the Development Kuznets Curve concept. Its practical implications support building water security and achieving more fair, inclusive, and sustainable development.