bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of harmful and potentially harmful constituents in the implementation of the 2009 US Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act
Authors: Solyst James 
Published: September 2022

AbstractImplementing the 2009 US Tobacco Control Act established a new infrastructure for tobacco and nicotine science. At its heart is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Tobacco Products (CTP). A key challenge facing FDA CTP is determining whether nicotine products are “appropriate to the protection of the public health,” and this is the central component of the Premarket Tobacco Application (PMTA) and Modified Risk Tobacco Application (MRTP) processes. CTP has granted such marketing orders for only a few products but has been consistent in its reasoning: the applicant demonstrated that the product(s) has low levels of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHCs). By doing so, FDA has equated low levels of HPHCs with public health benefit. Other factors will be increasingly important, but the regulatory history indicates that no product will be granted a marketing order unless it has low levels of HPHCs. This science‐driven regulatory approach has been possible due to the rapid evolution of the knowledge base and expansion of scientific human resources, including establishment of a robust CTP Office of Science to evaluate the extensive dossiers that manufacturers must submit. Companies therefore established internal regulatory science programs, and contract research organizations developed capabilities needed to support regulatory dossiers. This article focuses on the chemistry and toxicology part of the regulatory science process and also presents the industry side of the regulatory process by examining the experience of one company—Swedish Match—that was granted the first PMTA and MRTP marketing authorizations.
Seascapes and foraging success: Movement and resource discovery by a benthic marine herbivore
Authors: MacGregor Kathleen A. , Johnson Ladd E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSpatially concentrated resources result in patch‐based foraging, wherein the detection and choice of patches as well as the process of locating and exploiting resource patches involve moving through an explicit landscape composed of both resources and barriers to movement. An understanding of behavioral responses to resources and barriers is key to interpreting observed ecological patterns. We examined the process of resource discovery in the context of a heterogeneous seascape using sea urchins and drift kelp in urchin barrens as a model system. Under field conditions, we manipulated both the presence of a highly valuable resource (drift kelp) and a barrier to movement (sandy substratum) to test the interacting influence of these two factors on the process of resource discovery in barren grounds by urchins. We removed all foraging urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) from replicate areas and monitored urchin recolonization and kelp consumption. We tested two hypotheses: (1) unstable substratum is a barrier to urchin movement and (2) the movement behavior of sea urchins is modified by the presence of drift kelp. Very few urchins were found on sand, sand was a permeable barrier to urchin movement, and the permeability of this barrier varied between sites. In general, partial recolonization occurred strikingly rapidly, but sand slowed the consumption of drift kelp by limiting the number of urchins. Differences in the permeability of sand barriers between sites could be driven by differences in the size structure of urchin populations, indicating size‐specific environmental effects on foraging behavior. We demonstrate the influence of patchy seascapes in modulating grazing intensity in barren grounds through modifications of foraging behavior. Behavioral processes modified by environmental barriers play an important role in determining grazing pressure, the existence of refuges for new algal recruits, and ultimately the dynamics of urchin‐algal interactions in barren grounds.
Feeding behavior innovation increases foraging efficiency in the Amur falcon but may be a threat to Asian particolored bats
Authors: Feng Lei , Li Jingjing , Qin Hexuan , Liu Yingying , Wu Hui , Feng Jiang , Jiang Tinglei 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBehavioral innovations are rare and infrequent in the natural world, but they are pivotal for animals to respond to environmental changes. The ecological benefits of these innovations remain unknown, especially in wild populations. Here, two foraging strategies and three eating behaviors of the Amur falcon (Falco amurensis) were observed during predation on Asian particolored bats (Vespertilio sinensis) across 3 years. We demonstrated that an eating behavioral innovation in F. amurensis increased the foraging efficiency of V. sinensis more than twofold during 3 consecutive years. This showed that changes in feeding behavior by a bird strongly influenced the rate of energy intake. Since predation on bats by falcons mainly occurred during the lactation and post‐lactation of bats, this may have a certain level of negative effect on the bat population.
Spatiotemporal patterns of male and female white‐tailed deer on a hunted landscape
Authors: Stewart Dylan G. , Gulsby William D. , Ditchkoff Stephen S. , Collier Bret A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractResource selection in sexually dimorphic ungulates is at least partially explained by sex‐specific resource requirements and risk aversion strategies. Females generally spend more time in areas with less risk and abundant, high‐quality forage due to their smaller body size. However, demographically variable responses to risk are context dependent, and few have concurrently quantified male and female behavior within areas with the same resource base. We captured 111 (54 males, 57 females) adult white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from 2009 to 2018 on a site in South Carolina, USA, where hunters were the primary source of adult mortality. We fit each deer with a GPS collar programmed to collect locations at 30‐min intervals. Upon collar recovery, we analyzed the data to estimate sex‐ and time‐specific selection for, and distance to, various cover types. While both sexes generally avoided risky areas (i.e., sites hunted more frequently) during the day, females (p = .41) were more likely than males (p = .16) to use risky areas containing abundant food resources during the day, wherep = probability of selection. Our findings indicate that female white‐tailed deer may be forced to utilize high risk areas during high risk periods due to their smaller body size and increased nutritional demands, whereas larger males are better able to forgo foraging opportunities during risky periods to mitigate risk; however, our study design left room for the possibility that our observations were driven by innate sex‐specific patterns in white‐tailed deer. Nonetheless, our study contributes information to the literature by describing sex‐specific resource selection by diel period on a site where sexes shared the same resources and were presented with the same landscape of risk.
Drastic decline of extensive grassland species in Central Europe since 1950: Forester moths of the genusJordanita(Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae) as a type example
Authors: Markl Gregor , Hinneberg Heiko , Tarmann Gerhard 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe decline of biodiversity in general and of insect diversity in particular has been recognized as a major environmental problem in recent years. In this study, we analyze the distribution and the decline of populations of forester moths of the genusJordanitain Central Europe since 1950 as a type example of the loss of grassland biodiversity, and discuss potential drivers causing this decline. Based on the extensive work in museums and private collections, a literature review and own observations, and including data as far back as 1834, this genus helps to understand the deeper reasons of insect population and biodiversity decline, as the well investigated six Central European species cover a broad range of extensive grassland habitats (fens to low‐production grassland and xerothermic steppes) from low altitudes to high alpine meadows. Therefore, they monitor processes relevant also to other, less investigated grassland species. Although there are differences in research intensity over time and in different natural areas, we show that in the whole of Central Europe, the populations of all six investigatedJordanitaspecies broke down massively in the past decades, both in terms of number of populated habitats (about 400 recorded localities after the year 2000 compared with a total number of about 1600 at all times, cumulated for all six species) and in terms of number of individuals. On the other hand, some natural areas on a regional scale have more or less maintained theirJordanitapopulations, due to conservative land use and due to the early implementation of conservation and protection management plans. The reasons of decline are manifold and monitored in detail by the different species with their different habitat requirements. They comprise (1) loss of habitats due to land use changes (both intensification and abandonment), (2) loss of habitats due to urbanization and construction work, (3) loss of habitat networks to cope with small‐scale extinction events, (4) more intensive growth of grass at the expense of other plants in otherwise undisturbed habitats due to fertilization through the air (increased nitrogen levels due to human activities) and (5) use of pesticides.
Sod translocation to restore habitats of the myrmecophilous butterfly Phengaris (Maculinea) teleius on former agricultural fields
Authors: Sevilleja Cristina G. , Van Langevelde Frank , Gallego‐Zamorano Juan , Bassignana Chiara F. , Wynhoff Irma 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn Europe, 50%–70% of former natural grassland area has been destroyed during the past 30 years due to land use changes, losses are expected to increase in the future. Restoration is thought to reverse this situation by creating suitable abiotic conditions. In this paper, we investigate the effects of sod translocation with specific vegetation to facilitate the restoration of a former intensive agricultural field into a wet meadow. First, starting conditions were optimized including modification of the local hydrology, removal of the fertilized topsoil, application of liming, and translocation of fresh clippings as a seed source. The second part aimed at restoring the habitat for the butterfly species Phengaris (Maculinea) teleius, one of the species that was especially affected by the loss of wet meadows. This species engages in a complex myrmecophilous relationship with one host plant, Sanguisorba officinalis, and one obligate host ant, Myrmica scabrinodis. We used sod translocation to create islands of habitat to promote host plant and host ant colonization. After 4 years following the restoration, we observed that plants spread from the transplanted sods to the surroundings. The vegetation composition and structure of the transplanted sods attracted colonization of Myrmica ants into the restored areas. Following the increase in vegetation cover and height, Myrmica ant colonies further spread into the restored areas. Therefore, sod translocations can be considered an effective restoration method following topsoil removal in the process of restoring wet meadows to provide a starting point for ant colonization and plant dispersion. With these findings, this paper contributes to the evidence‐based restoration of wet meadows on former agricultural fields, including complex interactions between invertebrates and their required ecological relationships.
Stilbene‐based derivatives as potential inhibitors of trimethylamine (TMA)‐lyase affect gut microbiota in coronary heart disease
Authors: Li Jincai , Huang Peng , Cheng Wangxing , Niu Qian 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCoronary heart disease (CHD) is defined by atherosclerosis, which may result in stenosis or blockage of the arterial cavity, leading to ischemic cardiac diseases such as angina and myocardial infarction (MI). Accumulating evidence indicates that the gut microbiota play a critical role in the initiation and progression of CHD. The gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO) is intimately linked to the pathophysiology of CHD. The hepatic flavin‐containing monooxygenases (FMOs) convert trimethylamine (TMA) to TMAO. As a result, it is critical to prevent TMA generation. Stilbenes could reduce cardiovascular disease mortality. Twelve stilbenes with inhibitory activity against TMA‐lyase were compiled and evaluated in this study. Docking results showed Resveratroloside had the highest Vina score, indicating that it was the most active and might be employed as a lead molecule for further structural modification.
Neuroprotective effects of a novel peptide from Lignosus rhinocerotis against 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by inhibiting NF‐κB activation
Authors: Xiong Chuan , Zhu Yu , Luo Qiang , Phan Chia Wei , Huo Yujie , Li Ping , Li Qiang , Jin Xin , Huang Wenli 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAccording to previous studies, oxidative stress is a leading cause of dopaminergic neuron death and may contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In the current study, we used chromatography of gel filtration to identify a novel peptide (Lignosus rhinocerotis peptide [LRP]) from the sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden. Its neuroprotective effect was evaluated using an in vitro PD model constructed by 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐stimulated to apoptosis in PC12 cells. The molecular weight of LRP is determined as 1532 Da and the secondary structure is irregular. The simple amino acid sequence of LRP is Thr‐Leu‐Ala‐Pro‐Thr‐Phe‐Leu‐Ser‐Ser‐Leu‐Gly‐Pro‐Cys‐Leu‐Leu. Notably, LRP has the ability to significantly boost the viability of PC12 cells after exposure to 6‐OHDA, as well as enhance the cellular activity of antioxidative enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px). LRP also lowers the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), decreases the activation performance of Caspase‐3, and reduces 6‐OHDA‐induced apoptosis via inhibition of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) activation. These data indicate that LRP may have the potential to act as a neuroprotective agent.
The astroglial and stem cell functions of adult rat folliculostellate cells
Authors: Fletcher Patrick A. , Smiljanic Kosara , Prévide Rafael M. , Constantin Stephanie , Sherman Arthur S. , Coon Steven L. , Stojilkovic Stanko S. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe mammalian pituitary gland is a complex organ consisting of hormone‐producing cells, anterior lobe folliculostellate cells (FSCs), posterior lobe pituicytes, vascular pericytes and endothelial cells, and Sox2‐expressing stem cells. We present single‐cell RNA sequencing and immunohistofluorescence analyses of pituitary cells of adult female rats with a focus on the transcriptomic profiles of nonhormonal cell types. Samples obtained from whole pituitaries and separated anterior and posterior lobe cells contained all expected pituitary resident cell types and lobe‐specific vascular cell subpopulations. FSCs and pituicytes expressed S100B, ALDOC, EAAT1, ALDH1A1, and VIM genes and proteins, as well as other astroglial marker genes, some common and some cell type‐specific. We also found that the SOX2 gene and protein were expressed in ~15% of pituitary cells, including FSCs, pituicytes, and a fraction of hormone‐producing cells, arguing against its stem cell specificity. FSCs comprised two Sox2‐expressing subclusters; FS1 contained more cells but lower genetic diversity, while FS2 contained proliferative cells, shared genes with hormone‐producing cells, and expressed genes consistent with stem cell niche formation, regulation of cell proliferation and stem cell pluripotency, including the Hippo and Wnt pathways. FS1 cells were randomly distributed in the anterior and intermediate lobes, while FS2 cells were localized exclusively in the marginal zone between the anterior and intermediate lobes. These data indicate the identity of the FSCs as anterior pituitary‐specific astroglia, with FS1 cells representing differentiated cells equipped for classical FSC roles and FS2 cells exhibiting additional stem cell‐like features.
Racial/ethnic differences in fibrosis prevalence and progression in biopsy‐proven steatosis: A focus on the Asian American population
Authors: Kim Rebecca G. , Chu Janet N. , Vittinghoff Eric , Deng Jasmine , Reaso Jewel N. , Grenert James P. , Khalili Mandana 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fatty liver disease (FLD) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease (CLD) globally, and vulnerable populations are disproportionately affected. Prior studies have suggested racial/ethnic differences in FLD prevalence and severity; however, these studies often excluded Asian Americans. This study aims to evaluate racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of, and predictors associated with steatohepatitis, advanced fibrosis, and fibrosis progression over time within a diverse population. Using descriptive analyses and multivariable modeling, we performed a longitudinal evaluation of 648 patients with histologic evidence of FLD (steatosis or steatohepatitis) from August 2009 to February 2020 within San Francisco's safety‐net health care system. Overall demographics were median age of 53 years, 54% male, and 38% Asian (40% Hispanic, 14% White). On histology, 61% had steatohepatitis and 30% had advanced fibrosis (≥F3). The comparison between steatosis and steatohepatitis groups showed differences in sex, race/ethnicity, metabolic risk factors, and co‐existing CLD (predominantly viral hepatitis); patients with steatosis were more likely to be Asian (50%), and those with steatohepatitis were more likely to be Hispanic (51%). On multivariable modeling, while Asian race (vs. non‐Asian) was not associated with steatohepatitis or advanced fibrosis when models included all relevant clinical predictors, Asian race was associated with higher relative risk of fibrosis progression as defined by change in Fibrosis‐4 category over time (relative risk ratio = 1.9; p = 0.047). Conclusion: In this vulnerable population with a large proportion of Asian Americans, Asian race was associated with progression of fibrosis. Given the relative paucity of data in this high‐risk group, future studies should confirm these findings.
Hall effects on magnetohydrodynamic rotating flow through porous medium in a parallel plate channel with various oscillations of pressure gradient
Authors: Krishna M. Veera 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe explored the unsteady flow of an incompressible electrically conducting viscous fluid in a gyratory porous medium with a changeable pressure gradient by taking Hall currents into account. The governing equations are then solved analytically with the help of the Laplace transforms methodology. It is regarded as three dissimilar cases, namely, an impulsive change, cosine as well as sine oscillations of the pressure gradient. The physical significances of different dimensionless parameters on velocity distributions are explored analytically and computationally. It is observed that a thin boundary layer is formed near the plate of the channel and the thicknesses of the layer increase with the increase in either the Hall parameter or Reynolds number while it decreases with an increase in Hartmann number. It is interesting to note that the rotation and Lorentz forces are having noteworthy effects on velocity profiles with pressure gradient and Hall currents.
Comparison of human papillomavirus‐based cervical cancer screening strategies in Tanzania among women with and without HIV
Authors: Kahesa Crispin , Thomsen Louise T. , Linde Ditte S. , Mchome Bariki , Katanga Johnson , Swai Patricia , Manongi Rachel , Kjaerem Myassa , Iftner Thomas , Waldstrøm Marianne , Mwaiselage Julius , Rasch Vibeke , Kjær Susanne K. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCervical cancer is the most common female cancer in Eastern Africa, and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends human papillomavirus (HPV)‐based screening as a key element to eliminate the disease. In this cross‐sectional study from Tanzania, we compared nine HPV‐based cervical cancer screening strategies, including HPV testing at standard cut‐off; HPV testing at increased viral load cut‐offs; HPV testing with partial/extended genotyping, and HPV testing with visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). We pooled data collected during 2008 to 2009 and 2015 to 2017 from 6851 women aged 25 to 65. Cervical cytology samples were HPV tested with Hybrid Capture 2, and HPV positive samples were genotyped with INNO‐LiPA Extra II. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and VIA were done according to local standards. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of screening strategies, with high‐grade cytological lesions as reference, separately for women with and without HIV. HPV testing at standard cut‐off (1.0 relative light units [RLU]) had highest sensitivity (HIV+: 97.8%; HIV−: 91.5%), but moderate specificity (HIV+: 68.1%; HIV−: 85.7%). Increasing the cut‐off for HPV positivity to higher viral loads (5.0/10.0 RLU) increased specificity (HIV+: 74.2%‐76.5%; HIV−: 89.5%‐91.2%), with modest sensitivity reductions (HIV+: 91.3%‐95.7%; HIV−: 83.5%‐87.8%). Limiting test positivity to HPV types 16/18/31/33/35/45/52/58 improved specificity while maintaining high sensitivity (HIV+: 90.2%; HIV−: 81.1%). Triage with VIA and/or partial genotyping for HPV16/18 or HPV16/18/45 had low sensitivities (≤65%). In conclusion, HPV testing alone, or HPV testing with extended genotyping or increased viral load cut‐offs, may improve cervical cancer screening in Sub‐Saharan Africa.
Out of the cycle: Impact of cell cycle aberrations on cancer metabolism and metastasis
Authors: Cheung Alvin Ho‐Kwan , Hui Chris Ho‐Lam , Wong Kit Yee , Liu Xiaoli , Chen Bonan , Kang Wei , To Ka Fai 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe use of cell cycle inhibitors has necessitated a better understanding of the cell cycle in tumor biology to optimize the therapeutic approach. Cell cycle aberrations are common in cancers, and it is increasingly acknowledged that these aberrations exert oncogenic effects beyond the cell cycle. Multiple facets such as cancer metabolism, immunity and metastasis are also affected, all of which are beyond the effect of cell proliferation alone. This review comprehensively summarized the important recent findings and advances in these interrelated processes. In cancer metabolism, cell cycle regulators can modulate various pathways in aerobic glycolysis, glucose uptake and gluconeogenesis, mainly through transcriptional regulation and kinase activities. Amino acid metabolism is also regulated through cell cycle progression. On cancer metastasis, metabolic plasticity, immune evasion, tumor microenvironment adaptation and metastatic site colonization are intricately related to the cell cycle, with distinct regulatory mechanisms at each step of invasion and dissemination. Throughout the synthesis of current understanding, knowledge gaps and limitations in the literature are also highlighted, as are new therapeutic approaches such as combinational therapy and challenges in tackling emerging targeted therapy resistance. A greater understanding of how the cell cycle modulates diverse aspects of cancer biology can hopefully shed light on identifying new molecular targets by harnessing the vast potential of the cell cycle.