bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for community-acquired respiratory infections in a non-pandemic context: Secondary analysis of the PRIMIT study
Authors: Hammond Ashley , Stuart Beth , Little Paul , Hay Alastair D. 
Published: November 2022

Objectives
Respiratory tract infection (RTI) incidence varies between people, but little is known about why. The aim of this study is therefore to identify risk factors for acquiring RTIs.

Methods
We conducted a secondary analysis of 16,908 participants in the PRIMIT study, a pre-pandemic randomised trial showing handwashing reduced incidence of RTIs in the community. Data was analysed using multivariable logistic regression analyses of self-reported RTI acquisition.

Results
After controlling for handwashing, RTI in the previous year (1 to 2 RTIs: adjusted OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.79 to 2.13, p<0.001; 3 to 5 RTIs: aOR 3.89, 95% CI 3.49 to 4.33, p<0.001; ≥6 RTIs: OR 5.52, 95% CI 4.37 to 6.97, p<0.001); skin conditions that prevent handwashing (aOR 1.39, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.55, p<0.001); children under 16 years in the household (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.12, 1.43, p<0.001); chronic lung condition (aOR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.32, p = 0.026); female sex (aOR 1.10, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.18, p = 0.005), and post-secondary education (aOR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.17, p = 0.01) increased the likelihood of RTI. Those over the age of 65 years were less likely to develop an infection (aOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.97, p = 0.009). Household crowding and influenza vaccination do not influence RTI acquisition. A post-hoc exploratory analysis found no evidence these subgroups differentially benefited from handwashing.

Conclusions
Previous RTIs, chronic lung conditions, skin conditions that prevent handwashing, and the presence of household children predispose to RTI acquisition. Further research is needed to understand how host and microbial factors explain the relationship between previous and future RTIs.
Reduced midbrain raphe echogenicity in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome
Authors: Üçeyler Nurcan , Schließer Mira , Evdokimov Dimitar , Radziwon Jakub , Feulner Betty , Unterecker Stefan , Rimmele Florian , Walter Uwe 
Published: November 2022

Objectives
The pathogenesis of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is unclear. Transcranial ultrasonography revealed anechoic alteration of midbrain raphe in depression and anxiety disorders, suggesting affection of the central serotonergic system. Here, we assessed midbrain raphe echogenicity in FMS.

Methods
Sixty-six patients underwent transcranial sonography, of whom 53 were patients with FMS (27 women, 26 men), 13 patients with major depression and physical pain (all women), and 14 healthy controls (11 women, 3 men). Raphe echogenicity was graded visually as normal or hypoechogenic, and quantified by digitized image analysis, each by investigators blinded to the clinical diagnosis.

Results
Quantitative midbrain raphe echogenicity was lower in patients with FMS compared to healthy controls (p<0.05), but not different from that of patients with depression and accompanying physical pain. Pain and FMS symptom burden did not correlate with midbrain raphe echogenicity as well as the presence and severity of depressive symptoms.

Conclusion
We found reduced echogenicity of the midbrain raphe area in patients with FMS and in patients with depression and physical pain, independent of the presence or severity of pain, FMS, and depressive symptoms. Further exploration of this sonographic finding is necessary before this objective technique may enter diagnostic algorithms in FMS and depression.
An exploration of the professional identity of clinical academics using repertory grid technique
Authors: Burke Elaine , Misstear Karen , Hennessy Martina 
Published: November 2022

Background
Clinicians who divide their time between clinical work and research have contributed to some of the most fundamental breakthroughs in medicine in recent history, yet their role is not always well-understood or valued. Understanding the factors which contribute to career success for clinical academics is critical for supporting this workforce. Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) provides a conceptual framework for career success, incorporating personal and environmental factors.

Purpose
The aim of this study is to explore clinical academics’ construal of successful clinical academic practice and to contribute to a holistic view of the professional identity of the clinical academic.

Methodology
Using a constructivist technique, repertory grid, the authors interviewed ten clinical academics at different career stages in one-to-one structured interviews conducted virtually between November 2020 and April 2021. Data from the interviews were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. Common themes were identified, analysed, and ranked according to importance with respect to successful clinical academic practice. Using SCCT as a framework, constructs were categorised as personal factors, organisational factors, competencies and person-environment fit. A differential analysis between established/trainee and female/male participants was carried out.

Summary of results
One hundred and thirty-three constructs were elicited and categorised into 20 themes (constructs). There was consensus among participants that 6 were of high importance with respect to successful clinical academic practice, 8 of intermediate and 4 of low importance, with no consensus on 2 constructs. Personal factors of high importance include innovation and integrity. Competencies including research and teaching skills are highly important, and ability to collaborate is also considered central to successful clinical academic practice. Female participants expressed greater concerns about the impact of familial responsibilities on career progression.

Discussion and conclusions
This study highlights the importance of interactions between the person and environment, and characterises the important attributes of successful clinical academics including personal factors such as integrity and innovation.
Low transmission of SARS-CoV-2 derived from children in family clusters: An observational study of family households in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area, Spain
Authors: Mele-Casas Maria , Launes Cristian , de Sevilla Mariona F. , Hernandez-Garcia Maria , Pons-Tomas Gemma , Bassat Quique , Fumado Victoria , Fortuny Claudia , Garcia-Miquel Aleix , Bonet-Carne Elisenda , Prats Clara , Ajanovic Sara , Cubells Marta , Claverol Joana , Penela-Sanchez Daniel , Jou Cristina , Arias Sara , Balanza Nuria , Baro Barbara , Millat-Martinez Pere , Alonso Sergio , Alvarez-Lacalle Enric , Catala Marti , Cuadras Daniel , Muñoz-Almagro Carmen , Gratacos Eduard , Jordan Iolanda , Garcia-Garcia Juan Jose 
Published: November 2022

Background
Family clusters offer a good opportunity to study viral transmission in a stable setting. We aimed to analyze the specific role of children in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within households.

Methods
A prospective, longitudinal, observational study, including children with documented acute SARS-CoV-2 infection attending 22 summer-schools in Barcelona, Spain, was performed. Moreover, other patients and families coming from other school-like environments that voluntarily accessed the study were also studied. A longitudinal follow-up (5 weeks) of the family clusters was conducted to determine whether the children considered to be primary cases were able to transmit the virus to other family members. The household reproduction number (Re*) and the secondary attack rate (SAR) were calculated.

Results
1905 children from the summer schools were screened for SARS-CoV-2 infection and 22 (1.15%) tested positive. Moreover, 32 additional children accessed the study voluntarily. Of these, 37 children and their 26 households were studied completely. In half of the cases (13/26), the primary case was considered to be a child and secondary transmission to other members of the household was observed in 3/13, with a SAR of 14.2% and a Re* of 0.46. Conversely, the SAR of adult primary cases was 72.2% including the kids that gave rise to the contact tracing study, and 61.5% without them, and the estimated Re* was 2.6. In 4/13 of the paediatric primary cases (30.0%), nasopharyngeal PCR was persistently positive > 1 week after diagnosis, and 3/4 of these children infected another family member (p<0.01).

Conclusions
Children may not be the main drivers of the infection in household transmission clusters in the study population. A prolonged positive PCR could be associated with higher transmissibility.
Numéro 174 - novembre 2022
Authors: Gautier Axel 
Published: November 2022

Les ménages et les entreprises sont confrontés à des hausses importantes de leurs factures d’énergie, conséquence de la guerre en Ukraine et de la volonté européenne de se passer du pétrole et du gaz russe. Entre janvier et août 2022, le prix du gaz est passé de 72€/MWh à 311€/MWh, soit une hausse de 331%. Le prix de l’électricité a suivi une évolution similaire, pourtant, le gaz n’est utilisé que pour produire 25% de l’électricité en Belgique. Comment dès lors expliquer un tel impact du prix du gaz sur celui de l’électricité ?
Dans ce numéro de Regards économiques, nous expliquons le mécanisme de fixation du prix de l’électricité. Nous montrons notamment que l’organisation du marché de l’électricité crée une dépendance entre le prix de l’électricité et celui du gaz. Dans les circonstances actuelles, cette dépendance conduit à des hausses de prix bien supérieures aux hausses de coûts, avec comme conséquences des factures très élevées pour les consommateurs et les entreprises et des profits importants pour les producteurs. En effet, si le prix de l’électricité sur le marché a fortement augmenté, le coût de production du MWh électrique n’a pas progressé dans les mêmes proportions. En particulier, le coût de l’électricité produite à partir d’une centrale nucléaire, hydraulique, d’une éolienne ou de l’énergie solaire n’a pas fondamentalement changé depuis l’invasion de l’Ukraine. De ce fait, la marge des producteurs s’est considérablement accrue.
Que peut-on faire pour, d’une part, limiter la hausse des factures d’électricité et, d’autre part, limiter les surprofits des producteurs ? Deux mesures sont déjà acquises : le plafonnement des prix du gaz au niveau européen et la taxation des surprofits, avec un seuil fixé à 130€/MWh par la ministre de l’énergie. Nous discutons brièvement ces deux mesures acquises avant de discuter d’autres solutions possibles pour contenir les prix sur le marché, comme une modification des paramètres d’indexation des contrats d’électricité, la suspension temporaire des subsides aux énergies renouvelables ou encore un changement du mécanisme de rémunération des énergies renouvelables et du nucléaire sur le marché.
Perbandingan Efektivitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) dan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kemangi (Ocimum x africanum Lour.) dalam Menurunkan Kadar Glukosa Darah Mencit (Mus musculus L.) Hiperglikemia
Authors: Utami Antika Febiola , Sutyarso Sutyarso , Wahyuningsih Sri , Nurcahyani Nuning 
Published: November 2022

Hiperglikemia terjadi ketika keadaan kadar glukosa darah melebihi batas normal. Daun pepaya (Carica papaya L.) dan daun kemangi (Ocimum x africanum Lour.) dilaporkan mengandung senyawa yang berperan sebagai antihiperglikemia. Penelitian ini dilakukan karena dari beberapa khasus di Indonesia, penderita hiperglikemia cukup tinggi maka penelitian ini perlu dilakukan untuk memberikan informasi mengenai efektivias dari suatu tanaman herbal dalam menangai hiperglikemia.Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui perbandingan efektivitas pemberian ekstrak etanol daun pepaya dan daun kemangi dalam menurunkan kadar glukosa darah mencit hiperglikemia. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 25 ekor mencit dibagi dalam 5 kelompok perlakuan dan 5 kali ulangan. Kelompok perlakuan diantaranya, K(N) (tanpa perlakuan), K(-) (diinduksi aloksan ), K(+) (diinduksi aloksan dan diberi perlakuan dengan glibenklamid), P1 perlakuan 1 (diinduksi aloksan dan diberi perlakuan dengan ekstrak etanol daun pepaya), P2 perlakuan 2 (diinduksi aloksan dan diberi perlakuan dengan ekstrak etanol daun kemangi). Parameter yang diukur dalam penelitian ini yaitu berat badan dan kadar glukosa darah mencit. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan one way ANOVA dan uji lanjut LSD pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian bahan uji mampu menurunkan kadar glukosa darah mencit dengan persentase penurunan lebih efektif pada P2 sebesar 60,15% sedangkan P1 sebesar 53,32% . Hyperglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels exceed normal limits. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) and basil (Ocimum x africanum Lour.) leaves are reported to contain compounds that act as antihyperglycemic agents. This study was conducted because in some cases in Indonesia, people with hyperglycemia are quite high, so this study needs to be carried out to provide information about the effectiveness of an herbal plant in dealing with hyperglycemia. hyperglycemic mice blood. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 25 mice divided into 5 treatment groups and 5 replications. The treatment groups included, K(N) (without treatment), K(-) (alloxan induced), K(+) (alloxan induced and treated with glibenclamide), P1 treatment 1 (alloxan induced and treated with ethanol extract of papaya leaves ), P2 treatment 2 (alloxan induced and treated with ethanol extract of basil leaves). The parameters measured in this study were body weight and blood glucose levels of mice. The data obtained were analyzed by one way ANOVA and LSD further test at the 5% level. The results showed that the administration of the test material was able to reduce blood glucose levels in mice with a more effective percentage reduction in P2 of 60.15% while P1 of 53.32%.
Managerial Delegation, Product R&D and Subsidies on R&D Investment Costs
Authors: Chou Chung-Hui 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This paper studies owners’ optimal designs of incentive schemes in a market with managerial firms competing in prices as well as in product research and development (R&D) investment in which owners use a linear combination of gross profits which are defined to be sales revenue minus production costs, sales revenue and R&D costs to evaluate managers’ performances. The main contribution of our research is showing that owners not only deflate R&D costs to induce managers to invest more in product R&D but also place different weights on production costs and R&D costs optimally. If product R&D is highly efficient, managerial delegation improves consumers’ surplus at cost of firms’ profits which is sharply contrasting to the standard conclusion of sales delegation under price competition. Moreover, managerial delegation may achieve Pareto efficiency if product R&D is mildly inefficient. Finally, we find that copyright protection benefits consumers’ surplus but could reduce social welfare.
Intergenerational Linkages, Uncertain Lifetime and Educational and Health Expenditures
Authors: Gamlath Sharmila , Lahiri Radhika 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Empirical evidence suggests a positive correlation between health and educational outcomes at the aggregate level. However, both inter and intra-country data suggest that these variables may not always be monotonically increasing in income, pointing towards household income as a possible mitigating factor in the relationship between health and education expenditures and outcomes. We develop an overlapping generations model where agents spend their childhood studying, undertake expenditures to educate their offspring and health expenditures to improve their own longevity in adult age, and spend old age in retirement. Our model is characterised by two equilibria. In one equilibrium, longevity enhancing health expenditure is an inferior good, resulting in agents substituting health expenditures in favour of education expenditures on offspring as their income increases. In the other equilibrium, health expenditure is a normal good, but for incomes below a certain level, an increase in income causes agents to raise health expenditures whilst lowering education expenditures on offspring, while for incomes above this level all expenditures are increasing in income. These results suggest that the relationship between parental longevity and offspring’s human capital depends on income and whether agents consider longevity enhancing health expenditure to be an inferior or normal good. Dynamics of the model show that the economy could either achieve unbounded growth or converge towards a lower bound of income in the long run.
The Welfare Effects of Social Insurance Reform in the Presence of Intergenerational Transfers
Authors: Xu Jingjing 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Family support in the form of intergenerational transfers could serve as a substitute for the public transfer system, especially when the public safety net is weak. These intergenerational transfers could be impacted by changes in public insurance. Conversely, induced changes in family transfers could also impact the effectiveness of a public insurance program. What is the impact of social insurance reform on household welfare in the context of intergenerational transfers? This paper investigates this question by using an overlapping generations general equilibrium model where parents and their children are linked by intergenerational transfers. In the model, individuals differ in earnings ability and face idiosyncratic uninsurable income risk, health risk, and mortality risk. This paper calibrates the model to key features in the urban Chinese economy. Using this calibrated model, this paper finds that households on average experience a welfare gain from an increase in the social insurance benefits but that this effect differs across households conditional on their economic status. This paper then provides a decomposition of these welfare changes into three channels: a direct policy channel, an intergenerational-transfers channel, and a general equilibrium channel.
Harmonization of indirect reference intervals calculation by the Bhattacharya method
Authors: Martinez-Sanchez Luisa , Gabriel-Medina Pablo , Villena-Ortiz Yolanda , García-Fernández Alba E. , Blanco-Grau Albert , Cobbaert Christa M. , Bravo-Nieto Daniel , Garriga-Edo Sarai , Sanz-Gea Clara , Gonzalez-Silva Gonzalo , López-Hellín Joan , Ferrer-Costa Roser , Casis Ernesto , Rodríguez-Frías Francisco , den Elzen Wendy P.J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to harmonize the criteria for the Bhattacharya indirect method Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet for reference intervals calculation to reduce between-user variability and use these criteria to calculate and evaluate reference intervals for eight analytes in two different years.

Methods
Anonymized laboratory test results from outpatients were extracted from January 1st 2018 to December 31st 2019. To assure data quality, we examined the monthly results from an external quality control program. Reference intervals were determined by the Bhattacharya method with the St Vincent’s hospital Spreadsheet firstly using original criteria and then using additional harmonized criteria defined in this study. Consensus reference intervals using the additional harmonized criteria were calculated as the mean of four users’ lower and upper reference interval results. To further test the operation criteria and robustness of the obtained reference intervals, an external user validated the Spreadsheet procedure.

Results
The extracted test results for all selected laboratory tests fulfilled the quality criteria and were included in the present study. Differences between users in calculated reference intervals were frequent when using the Spreadsheet. Therefore, additional criteria for the Spreadsheet were proposed and applied by independent users, such as: to set central bin as the mean of all the data, bin size as small as possible, at least three consecutive bins and a high proportion of bins within the curve.

Conclusions
The proposed criteria contributed to the harmonization of reference interval calculation between users of the Bhattacharya indirect method Spreadsheet.
Clinical usefulness of circulating tumor markers
Authors: Filella Xavier , Rodríguez-Garcia María , Fernández-Galán Esther 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Tumor markers are a heterogeneous group of substances released by cancer cells into bloodstream, but also expressed by healthy tissues. Thus, very small concentrations can be present in plasma and serum from healthy subjects. Cancer patients tend to show increased levels correlating with tumor bulk, but false positive results could be present in patients with benign conditions. The correct interpretation of TM results could be challenging and many factors should be considered, from pre-analytical conditions to patient concomitant diseases. In this line, the Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine journal has made important contributions though several publications promoting the adequate use of TM and therefore improving patient safety. TM measurement offers valuable information for cancer patient management in different clinical contexts, such as helping diagnosis, estimating prognosis, facilitating early detection of relapse and monitoring therapy response. Our review analyzes the clinical usefulness of tumor markers applied in most frequent epithelial tumors, based on recent evidence and guidelines.
Incorporating multilingualism in German as a Second Language classes for adult Students with Limited or Interrupted Formal Education
Authors: Maahs Ina-Maria , DeCapua Andrea , Triulzi Marco 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Instructional strategies for promoting the potential of learners are critical for effective language education. Especially in the case of migrant students with limited or interrupted formal education (SLIFE), teachers need to leverage existing assets to build learners’ literacy skills and to foster successful second language learning. In this paper, we argue that pedagogical translanguaging can be beneficial for reaching this goal. We present the results of a qualitative study of teachers of German as a Second Language courses for adult migrants in Germany (n=11). We examine how while some spontaneous translanguaging takes place, pedagogical translanguaging is not embedded in the classroom, thereby leaving the multilingual assets of SLIFE mostly overlooked and underutilized.