bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Merton Miller's Contribution to Modern Finance
Authors: Stulz René M. 
Published: March 2022

This article sums up the research and writings of the University of Chicago's Merton Miller, winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize in Economics, and widely regarded as the “father of modern finance,” in terms of a single governing principle: the role of arbitrage in ensuring the “efficiency” of financial markets and, more generally, the effectiveness of such markets in promoting economic growth and creating social wealth.Starting with the formulation of Proposition I (also known as the capital structure “irrelevance” proposition) with Franco Modigliani in 1958, Miller's research over the next 40 years is seen as applying—with remarkable clarity and consistency—the principle of arbitrage to the study of many aspects of financial markets. Miller's main accomplishment is seen as making arbitrage arguments the cornerstone of modern finance. The arbitrage proof of Proposition I introduced a new standard in finance—namely, that any finding in financial research deserving serious consideration must have the critical property that it cannot represent opportunities for riskless profit by investors. And arbitrage proves to be a constant theme in Miller's writings, from his work in corporate finance to his later studies of financial innovation, derivatives markets, and financial crashes and crises.Having launched and then presided over the transformation of financial studies from a “glorified apprenticeship system” into a scientific discipline, Miller devoted much of the last 15 years of his life to a different, though clearly related undertaking: the defense of financial markets against the attacks of politicians and regulators, as well as businessmen intent on stifling competition—including hostile takeovers. Whether it was the alleged role of the stock index futures markets in the 1987 market crash, the claims of “overleveraging” in the LBOs of the ‘80s, or the derivatives fiascos in the mid‐'90s, Miller was there to provide careful economic analysis of the problems. In the early ‘90s, he explained why the “myopia” of the U.S. stock market was likely to cause far fewer problems than the “hyperopia” induced by regulatory distortions of the Japanese market. And in one of his last speeches, Miller showed that the primary cause of the recent Asian crisis was not “too much reliance on financial markets,” as claimed by politicians and the popular press, but “too little”—in particular, the heavy dependence on bank financing (particularly state‐owned banks) and the failure to develop alternative sources of capital that continues to depress the Japanese economy.
Beige mucosa observable under narrow‐band imaging indicates the active sites of eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: Ayaki Maki , Manabe Noriaki , Tomida Akemi , Tada Naoya , Matsunaga Tae , Murota Masayuki , Fujita Minoru , Katsumata Ryo , Kobara Hideki , Masaki Tsutomu , Haruma Ken 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackground and AimThe majority of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) are likely to have observable features under narrow‐band imaging, namely beige mucosa. However, the histological features and clinical implications of beige mucosa have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine whether beige mucosa could serve as an endoscopic marker for predicting active inflammatory sites of EoE.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed both the narrow‐band images and biopsied specimens of 77 esophageal lesions from 35 consecutive patients with EoE. We divided these specimens into two groups: target biopsied specimens from beige mucosa (beige group) and specimens biopsied from non‐beige mucosa (non‐beige group). The number of eosinophils per high‐powered field, thickness of the superficial differentiated cell layer, and depth of the hemoglobin component from the surface layer were compared between the two groups.ResultsForty‐four out of the 45 specimens were diagnosed as histological active lesions in the beige group. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of beige mucosa in predicting EoE activity were 97.8%, 96.9%, and 97.8%, respectively. Compared with the non‐beige group, specimens in the beige group had a significantly thinner superficial differentiated cell layer.ConclusionsBeige mucosa is associated with thinning of the normal superficial differentiated cell layer, and these histological changes in the active inflammatory sites of EoE could be recognized endoscopically as color differences. Beige mucosa may serve as an endoscopic indicator for predicting the histological activity of EoE.
Iron deficiency, but not anemia, is identified in naturally occurring obesity and insulin resistance in male nonhuman primates
Authors: Chaudhari Uddhav K. , Newcomb Jennifer D. , Jen K‐L Catherine , Hansen Barbara C. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo understand the development of iron deficiency in obesity and its long‐term impact on the profile of anemia in spontaneously obese nonhuman primates.MethodsThe study included 69 adult male nonhuman primates, (NHPs, Macaca mulatta, rhesus monkeys), ranging from normal to obese, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) as defined for humans.ResultsIron deficiency was present in 31.9% and mild anemia in 13% of the rhesus monkey in the colony. Serum iron levels were significantly lower in obese (p < .01) and T2D (p < .01)) compared with normal NHP. Obese NHPs also had significantly higher hemoglobin (p < .05), and red blood cell count (p < .05) than normal weight NHPs, thus not related to anemia.ConclusionsIron deficiency with increased hemoglobin and red blood cells was significantly associated with increased adiposity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. Iron deficiency does not cause and is not related to anemia in obese and T2D NHPs.
Confirmation bias in simulated CSA interviews: How abuse assumption influences interviewing and decision‐making processes?
Authors: Zhang Yikang , Segal Aleksandr , Pompedda Francesco , Haginoya Shumpei , Santtila Pekka 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPurposeResearch has shown that confirmation bias plays a role in legal and forensic decision‐making processes and, more specifically, child interviews. However, previous studies often examine confirmation bias in child interviews using non‐abuse‐related events. We enrich the literature by examining interviewers’ behaviours in simulated child sexual abuse (CSA) cases.MethodIn the present study, we used data from a series of experiments in which participants interviewed child avatars to examine how an assumption of abuse based on preliminary information influenced decision‐making and interviewing style. Interview training data (N interview = 2084) from eight studies with students, psychologists and police officers (N = 377) were included in the analyses.ResultsWe found that interviewers’ preliminary assumption of sexual abuse having taken place predicted 1) a conclusion of abuse by the interviewers after the interview; 2) higher confidence in their judgement; 3) more frequent use of not recommended question types and 4) a decreased likelihood of reaching a correct conclusion given the same number of available relevant details.ConclusionThe importance of considering how preliminary assumptions of abuse affect interview behaviour and outcomes and the implications for the training of investigative interviewers were discussed.
Reducing anxiety and preventing trauma in pediatric epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Haller Courtney N. , Jaquez Sasha D. , Henkel Emily D. , Levy Moise L. , Diaz Lucia Z. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAlthough dermatologists are well‐trained in the medical management of complex skin disease, psychosocial care often exceeds a dermatologist's skillset. We aim to elucidate major factors to consider in the comprehensive management of pediatric epidermolysis bullosa (EB) and provide care recommendations. There are many types of trauma a child with EB may experience, from social to psychological to medical. We include information on trauma‐informed care and advice for the dermatologist and multidisciplinary team regarding patient‐centered and family‐centered approaches to recognizing and reducing anxiety and trauma in EB patients.
Design Strategies of Flame-Retardant Additives for Lithium Ion Electrolyte
Authors: Gao Zhenhai , Rao Shun , Zhang Tianyao , Li Weifeng , Yang Xiao , Chen Yupeng , Zheng Yadan , Ding Yuhang , Dong Tingyue , Li Songyu 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
As the energy density of lithium-ion batteries continues to increase, battery safety issues characterized by thermal runaway have become increasingly severe. Battery safety issues have severely restricted the large-scale application of power batteries. Among them, the flammable liquid organic electrolyte is one of the main reasons for the safety hazards of battery thermal runaway. This article reviews the flame-retardant mechanism and research progress of phosphorus-based flame-retardant additives, nitrogen-based flame-retardant additives, and halogen-based flame-retardant additives. The design strategies of conventional flame-retardant additives and intelligent flame-retardant additives in lithium-ion batteries are summarized. Finally, a development direction and research prospects of flame-retardant additives in lithium-ion battery electrolytes are prospected.
A Robust Pseudo-Three-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamic Approach for Industrial Applications
Authors: Xu Sichang , Ryzer Eugene , Rankin Gary W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two-dimensional instead of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic solutions of flow problems are quite often used in industry to facilitate short design turn-around times with varying degrees of success. A simple and robust approach for improving the accuracy of two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics solutions for problems involving internal flow passages in industrial applications is presented. The technique utilizes an approximation to the shearing stresses that act in the fully three-dimensional case but are ignored in the traditional two-dimensional approximation. Although the technique does not fully account for all the three-dimensional effects in such flows, it gives a reasonable estimate of the operation of devices with internal flows, even those involving transients. The usefulness and accuracy of the method are demonstrated through the application of the method to predict the performance of a supersonic fluidic oscillator for industrial design purposes. This brief provides industrial designers with a simple and robust tool for improving the accuracy of their computational fluid dynamic simulations.
Three-Dimensional Effects on Slamming Loads on a Free-Falling Bow-Flare Cylinder Into Calm Water
Authors: Wang Shan , Soares C. Guedes 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three-dimensional effects on slamming load predictions of a ship section are investigated numerically using the unsteady incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and volume of fluid (VOF) method, which are implemented in interDyMFoam solver in open-source library OpenFOAM. A convergence and uncertainty study is performed considering different resolutions and constant Courant (CFL) number following updated ITTC guidelines. The numerical solutions are validated through comparisons of slamming loads and motions between the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and the available experimental values. The slamming force and slamming pressures on a 2D ship section and the 3D model are compared and discussed. Three-dimensional effects on the sectional force and the pressures are quantified both in transverse and longitudinal directions of the body considering various entry velocities. Comparing with 2D simulations, the 3D models provide lower predictions on slamming loads. The results show that the three-dimensional effects on the maximum slamming force coefficient are about 25%, while the effects on pressures differ from locations and entry velocities, ranging from 11% to 29%.
Timing of mass redeposition of sponge spicules from the peri-Tethyan shelf into the deep Carpathian Basin and their relation to mid-Cretaceous global sea level changes
Authors: Bąk Marta , Bąk Krzysztof , Górny Zbigniew 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Extensive Albian–Cenomanian sponge growth on the European peri-Tethyan shelves depended on sea level fluctuations that caused significant shoreline shifts and forced facies migration across shelves and partial redeposition of sponge spicules by gravitational currents into deep basins. Such phenomena played important roles in accumulation in the Carpathian Basins, a part of the western Tethys Ocean along the southern slopes of the European platform. Spiculitic deposits formed thick bodies in the mid-Cretaceous flysch of the Silesian nappe. This study reports new, detailed biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic (δ13Corg) data from a reference section in the Outer Carpathians that were used to date this paleoceanographic phenomenon. A high-resolution analysis of a continuous, 46.5-m-long sedimentary deep-water succession exposed in the Silesian nappe reveals that biogenic input of numerous sponge spicules occurred from latest Albian through middle Cenomanian time, controlled by third-order sea level oscillations. Chemostratigraphic data with biostratigraphic control mark carbon isotope excursions that are characteristic of the mid-Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian boundary interval containing oceanic anoxic event (OAE)1d, mid-Cenomanian event (MCE) Ia, MCE Ib, and MCE II) and allow precise determination of the beginning and termination of mass sponge spicule redeposition. The onset of redeposition corresponds to the top of OAE1d, which records a global regressive event (KAl8). The mass redeposition of biogenic material ended between MCE Ib and MCE II during the KCe3 eustatic event. The stratigraphic data indicate that mass redeposition of spiculitic deposits lasted ca. 4.5 Ma, with an average sedimentation rate of ~5 mm kyr–1. Precisely determining the duration of mass redeposition of spicule-bearing material into the Silesian Basin enables their correlation with deposits in epicontinental basins.
Kinematics and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Lincang-Inthanon tectonic belt: Implication for Cenozoic tectonic extrusion of SE Asia
Authors: Wang Yang , Wang Yuejun , Zhang Peizhen , Zhang Jinjiang , Zhang Bo , Zhang Yuzhi , Zhou Renjie , Seagren Erin G. , Qian Xin , Li Zhangjun 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Lincang-Inthanon tectonic belt is a major tectonic boundary within the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and Indo-China Peninsula, which are typical examples of tectonic extrusion in SE Asia. The Lincang strain zone, Lancang-Gengma fault, and Inthanon metamorphic complex make up this nearly N–S-striking tectonic belt, which separates the Baoshan–Shan Thai and Simao-Indochina terranes. New petrographic, structural, and mica 40Ar/39Ar geochronological studies were conducted to reveal their deformation styles and constrain the timing of their tectonic evolution. W–E-directed compression related to the subduction of the Paleotethyan Ocean with subsequent continental collision and sinistral ductile shearing in the early Oligocene are recorded along the Lincang strain zone. The Lancang-Gengma fault zone switched from sinistral shearing to dextral motion in the late Cenozoic and shows a deformation history similar to that of the parallel Red River fault. The Inthanon metamorphic complex may have experienced crustal shortening in the early Cenozoic, followed by sinistral transtension in the early Miocene. The Lincang-Inthanon tectonic belt shows many lithological, tectonic evolutionary, and metamorphic similarities with the Gaoligong, Chongshan, and Ailaoshan–Red River shear zones. Therefore, the sinistral shearing along the Lincang-Inthanon tectonic belt and the Chongshan shear zone in the north, which may have initiated since the early Oligocene, played an important role in adjusting differential extrusion and rotation of the Baoshan–Shan Thai and Simao-Indochina terranes. Our results delineate the regional tectonic framework and provide insights into the characteristics and geodynamics of intracontinental deformation in the eastern India-Eurasia oblique convergence zone.
Extensive use of on-pack promotional claims on commercial baby foods in the UK
Authors: Garcia Ada Lizbeth , Menon Rebekah , Parrett Alison 
Published: March 2022

ObjectiveTo explore and categorise the nature of promotional claims on packaging of commercial baby foods (CBFs).SettingUKMethodologyAn online survey of CBFs (for infants up to 12+ months) in 7 UK supermarkets and Amazon in 2020. On-pack promotions were classified as marketing, composition, health, and nutrient claims using the WHO Nutrient Profile Model draft for infants and young children, and European Union regulation on health and nutrition claims.Main outcome measureDistribution and proportion of claim types, and association between product characteristics and claim types.ResultsA total of 6265 promotional claims were identified on 724 products. Marketing (99%, n=720), composition (97%, n=705) and nutrient claims (85%, n=616) were found on the majority of CBFs, compared with health claims (6%, n=41). The median (Q1, Q3) number of total claims per product was 9 (7, 10), marketing 5 (3, 6), composition 2 (1, 2), nutrient 2 (1, 2), and 0 (0, 0) health. Marketing claims were mainly texture (84%, n=609, eg, super smooth) and taste related (70%, n=511, eg, first tastes). The main composition claim was organic (63%, n=457) while nutrient claims were mainly around ‘no added’ or ‘less’ sugar (58%, n=422) and salt (57%, n=417). Baby led weaning claims (BLW) (eg, encourages self-feeding) were found on 72% of snacks, with a significantly higher (p<0.01) number of BLW claims on snacks (99%, n=209) compared with other product types.ConclusionPromotional claims on CBF packaging are extensively used and, for the most part, unregulated. CBFs are promoted using ‘healthy halo’ connotations that might confuse parents. Regulations on their use should be implemented to avoid inappropriate marketing.
Impact of the DREAMS Partnership on social support and general self-efficacy among adolescent girls and young women: causal analysis of population-based cohorts in Kenya and South Africa
Authors: Gourlay Annabelle , Floyd Sian , Magut Faith , Mulwa Sarah , Mthiyane Nondumiso , Wambiya Elvis , Otieno Moses , Kamire Vivienne , Osindo Jane , Chimbindi Natsayi , Ziraba Abdhalah , Kwaro Daniel , Shahmanesh Maryam , Birdthistle Isolde 
Published: March 2022

IntroductionThe Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-free, Mentored and Safe (DREAMS) Partnership aimed to influence psychosocial processes that promote empowerment among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW), and reduce HIV incidence. We estimated the impact of DREAMS on aspects of AGYW’s collective and individual agency (specifically, social support and self-efficacy), in three settings where DREAMS was implemented from 2016 until at least end 2018.MethodsResearch cohorts of ~1500 AGYW aged 13–22 were randomly selected from demographic platforms in Kenya (Nairobi; Gem) and South Africa (uMkhanyakude) and followed up from 2017 to 2019. Social support was based on questions about female networks and access to safe places to meet with peers; general self-efficacy was measured using a scale previously validated in other settings. We conducted multivariable logistic regression, and estimated the causal effect of invitation to DREAMS on each outcome in 2018 and 2019 by comparing counter-factual scenarios in which all, vs no, AGYW were DREAMS invitees.ResultsIn Nairobi, Gem and uMkhanyakude, respectively, 74%, 57% and 53% were invited to DREAMS by 2018. Social support was higher among DREAMS invitees versus non-invitees (eg, adjusted OR 2.0 (95% CI 1.6 to 2.6), Gem, 2018). In 2018, DREAMS increased social support in all settings and age groups, for example, from 28% if none were DREAMS invitees to 43% if all were invitees (+15% (95% CI 10% to 20%)) in Gem. Effects were strongest in Kenya, but weakened in 2019, particularly among older AGYW. In uMkhanyakude, DREAMS invitees had greater self-efficacy compared with non-invitees in 2018 (+9% (95% CI 3% to 13%), 2018) but less so in 2019. In Kenyan settings, there was weak evidence for impact on self-efficacy among younger AGYW in Gem (+6% (95% CI 0% to 13%)) and older AGYW in Nairobi (+9% (95% CI −3% to +20%)) in 2019.ConclusionsDREAMS impacted on social support and, less consistently, on self-efficacy. Weakening effects over time may reflect changes in access to safe spaces and social networks as AGYW age and change circumstances, and withdrawal of DREAMS from uMkhanyakude in 2018, highlighting the importance of programme sustainability and improving programming for older participants.
Primary care micro-teams: a protocol for an international systematic review to describe and examine the opportunities and challenges of implementation for patients and healthcare professionals
Authors: Coombs Charles Richard Harvey , Cohen Tanya , Duddy Claire , Mahtani Kamal Ram , Roberts Nia , Saini Aman , Foster Alexander Staddon , Park Sophie 
Published: March 2022

IntroductionThere has been a recent trend towards creating larger primary care practices with the assumption that interdisciplinary teams can deliver improved and more cost-effective services to patients with better accessibility. Micro-teams have been proposed to mitigate some of the potential challenges with practice expansion, including continuity of care. We aim to review the available literature to improve understanding of how micro-teams are described and the opportunities which primary care micro-teams can provide for practice staff and patients and limitations to their introduction and implementation. Our review asks: how is micro-team implementation described? What are the experiences of healthcare professionals and patients concerning micro-teams in primary care? What are the reported implications of micro-teams for patient care?Methods and analysisCINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE and Scopus will be searched for studies in English. Grey literature will be sourced from Google Scholar, government websites, CCG websites, general practice directives and strategies with advice from stakeholders. Included studies will give evidence regarding the implementation of micro-teams. Data will be synthesised using framework analysis. We will use iterative stakeholder and public and patient participation to embed the perspectives of those whom micro-teams could impact. Included studies will be quality assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. The quality assessment will not be used to exclude any evidence but rather to develop a narrative discussion evaluating included literature.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval will not be necessary for this systematic review as there will only be a secondary analysis of data already available in scientific databases and the grey literature. This protocol has been submitted for registration to be made available on a review database (PROSPERO). Findings will be disseminated widely through peer-reviewed publication and in various media, for example, conferences, congresses or symposia.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021225367.