bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allopodocotyle palmi sp. nov. and Prosorhynchus maternus Bray & Justine, 2006 (Digenea: Opecoelidae & Bucephalidae) from the Orange-Spotted Grouper Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) off Bali, Indonesia, Described Using Modern Techniques
Authors: Theisen Stefan , Neitemeier-Duventester Xaver , Kleinertz Sonja , Suthar Jaydipbhai , Bray Rodney A. , Unger Patrick 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe most convincing species ofAllopodocotylePritchard, 1966 (Digenea: Opecoelidae) are known overwhelmingly from groupers (Serranidae: Epinephelinae). Six species ofAllopodocotylehave been reported, collectively, from species ofCromileptesSwainson, 1839,EpinephelusBloch, 1793 andPlectropomusOken, 1817. These areA. epinepheli(Yamaguti, 1942),A.heronensisDownie & Cribb, 2011,A.manteri(Saoud & Ramadan, 1984),A.mecopera(Manter, 1940),A.plectropomi(Manter, 1963) andA.serrani(Yamaguti, 1952). In addition, a not yet fully described and unnamed seventh species, morphologically and phylogenetically close toA.epinepheli, was isolated from the orange-spotted grouperEpinephelus coioides(Hamilton, 1822) off Bali, Indonesia in 2016. An eighth species, again fromE.coioidesoff Bali is described herein.MethodsMorphological and phylogenetic analyses justify the recognition ofA.palmisp. nov., which is also genetically different from the as yet unnamed congener from the same host and locality. For the first time, 3D confocal laser scanning microscopy was applied to study and distinguish Digenea taxonomically. We introduce the ‘Palm pattern’, a new simplified way to visualise morphometric differences of related digenean taxa.ResultsAllopodocotyle palmisp. nov. is distinguished from its congeners that infect groupers by its elongate body with a size > 2.7 mm and diagonal testes. The ovary is located mainly, and the anterior testis completely, in the posterior half of the body; the uterine coils are in the fourth eighth of the body. The cirrus-sac is 0.75–1.4 (1.1) mm long, its posterior extremity is well separated from the anterior extent of the vitelline fields, just reaching the anterior border of uterine coils. In addition,Prosorhynchus maternusBray & Justine, 2006 (Bucephalidae) was isolated fromE. coioides, representing the first record in Indonesia and the third record for this fish species.ConclusionThe biodiversity research in Indonesia is enhanced with a new species description based on modern and newly applied techniques.
Evolvability and Macroevolution: Overview and Synthesis
Authors: Jablonski David 
Published: July 2022

AbstractEvolvability is best addressed from a multi-level, macroevolutionary perspective through a comparative approach that tests for among-clade differences in phenotypic diversification in response to an opportunity, such as encountered after a mass extinction, entering a new adaptive zone, or entering a new geographic area. Analyzing the dynamics of clades under similar environmental conditions can (partially) factor out shared external drivers to recognize intrinsic differences in evolvability, aiming for a macroevolutionary analog of a common-garden experiment. Analyses will be most powerful when integrating neontological and paleontological data: determining differences among extant populations that can be hypothesized to generate large-scale, long-term contrasts in evolvability among clades; or observing large-scale differences among clade histories that can by hypothesized to reflect contrasts in genetics and development observed directly in extant populations. However, many comparative analyses can be informative on their own, as explored in this overview. Differences in clade-level evolvability can be visualized in diversity-disparity plots, which can quantify positive and negative departures of phenotypic productivity from stochastic expectations scaled to taxonomic diversification. Factors that evidently can promote evolvability include modularity—when selection aligns with modular structure or with morphological integration patterns; pronounced ontogenetic changes in morphology, as in allometry or multiphase life cycles; genome size; and a variety of evolutionary novelties, which can also be evaluated using macroevolutionary lags between the acquisition of a trait and phenotypic diversification, and dead-clade-walking patterns that may signal a loss of evolvability when extrinsic factors can be excluded. High speciation rates may indirectly foster phenotypic evolvability, and vice versa. Mechanisms are controversial, but clade evolvability may be higher in the Cambrian, and possibly early in the history of clades at other times; in the tropics; and, for marine organisms, in shallow-water disturbed habitats.
The benefits of guide training for sustainable cetacean-based tourism in developing countries, case study – Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve, Mozambique
Authors: Rocha Diana , Marley Sarah A. , Drakeford Benjamin , Potts Jonathan , Gullan Angie 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTour guides represent the forefront of responsible Cetacean-Based Tourism (CBT), client satisfaction and product development. How an operation and specifically the guide facilitates the activity can shape tourists’ attitudes and change their behaviour towards the environment, turning consumers into stewards of the environment. This study examined the validity and success of a guide training workshop for CBT operators in the Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve (PPMR), Mozambique. A questionnaire survey was implemented pre- and post-training to measure the operators’ knowledge of aspects related to CBT and attitudes towards sustainable tourism and local regulations. Results suggest that the training workshop improved guide knowledge, which in some cases showed significant variations according to demographic variables namely, gender, education, and years of experience in the current job position. Mandatory guide training is recommended and should include not only product knowledge but also content on visitors’ expectations, interpretive guiding, and experience brokering. Presential training, refresher sessions, and English lessons are also advised. If these recommendations are put in place, then there is the potential for sustainable CBT to flourish in Mozambique, bringing much needed environmental and economic sustainability to this developing country.
Diagnosis of Parkinson syndrome and Lewy-body disease using 123I-ioflupane images and a model with image features based on machine learning
Authors: Nakajima Kenichi , Saito Shintaro , Chen Zhuoqing , Komatsu Junji , Maruyama Koji , Shirasaki Naoki , Watanabe Satoru , Inaki Anri , Ono Kenjiro , Kinuya Seigo 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Objectives
123I-ioflupane has been clinically applied to dopamine transporter imaging and visual interpretation assisted by region-of-interest (ROI)-based parameters. We aimed to build a multivariable model incorporating machine learning (ML) that could accurately differentiate abnormal profiles on 123I-ioflupane images and diagnose Parkinson syndrome or disease and dementia with Lewy bodies (PS/PD/DLB).

Methods
We assessed 123I-ioflupane images from 239 patients with suspected neurodegenerative diseases or dementia and classified them as having PS/PD/DLB or non-PS/PD/DLB. The image features of high or low uptake (F1), symmetry or asymmetry (F2), and comma- or dot-like patterns of caudate and putamen uptake (F3) were analyzed on 137 images from one hospital for training. Direct judgement of normal or abnormal profiles (F4) was also examined. Machine learning methods included logistic regression (LR), k-nearest neighbors (kNNs), and gradient boosted trees (GBTs) that were assessed using fourfold cross-validation. We generated the following multivariable models for the test database (n = 102 from another hospital): Model 1, ROI-based measurements of specific binding ratios and asymmetry indices; Model 2, ML-based judgement of abnormalities (F4); and Model 3, features F1, F2 and F3, plus patient age. Diagnostic accuracy was compared using areas under receiver-operating characteristics curves (AUC).

Results
The AUC was high with all ML methods (0.92–0.96) for high or low uptake. The AUC was the highest for symmetry or asymmetry with the kNN method (AUC 0.75) and the comma-dot feature with the GBT method (AUC 0.94). Based on the test data set, the diagnostic accuracy for a diagnosis of PS/PD/DLB was 0.86 ± 0.04 (SE), 0.87 ± 0.04, and 0.93 ± 0.02 for Models 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The AUC was optimal for Model 3, and significantly differed between Models 3 and 1 (p = 0.027), and 3 and 2 (p = 0.029).

Conclusions
Image features such as high or low uptake, symmetry or asymmetry, and comma- or dot-like profiles can be determined using ML. The diagnostic accuracy of differentiating PS/PD/DLB was the highest for the multivariate model with three features and age compared with the conventional ROI-based method.
Measuring pedagogical quality in children’s sports: validity and reliability of the classroom assessment scoring system K–3 in extracurricular sports training
Authors: Kohake Kathrin , Richartz Alfred , Maier Jessica 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS)—a systematic observation instrument for the assessment of generic pedagogical teaching characteristics—was transferred to the context of extracurricular sports training. The CLASS follows a hierarchical structure with three domains: Emotional Support, Classroom Organisation and Instructional Support. Each domain comprises three to four dimensions, from which eight seem applicable for the context of sports coaching. To test the suitability of CLASS for sports training, 26 coaches were video-recorded in their training session with children aged approximately 8–12 years. In all, 221 sequences were independently rated by two certified observers in 8 dimensions on a 7-point scale. Confirmatory factor analysis supports a three-factorial structure of the quality dimensions thus confirming the assumed “Teaching Through Interactions Framework”. Moreover, interrater reliability was determined using several measures including Percent Within One (PWO), Cohen’s κ, weighted κ and intraclass correlation (ICC). PWO across the eight dimensions are very good to excellent, ranging from 88–98%. Values for more stringent reliability measures are also acceptable to good, with individual exceptions. ICC consistently reach the statistical significance level (p < 0.01) and range between 0.54 and 0.87. Overall, the results support the transfer of the CLASS to sports contexts.
What Next After MBSR/MBCT? An Open Trial of an 8-Week Follow-on Program Exploring Mindfulness of Feeling Tone (vedanā)
Authors: Williams J. Mark G. , Baer Ruth , Batchelor Martine , Crane Rebecca S. , Cullen Chris , De Wilde Kath , Fennell Melanie J. V. , Kantor Linda , Kirby Janine , Ma S. Helen , Medlicott Emma , Gerber Barbara , Johnson Mandy , Ong Ee-Lin , Peacock John W. , Penman Danny , Phee Andy , Radley Lucy , Watkin Matthew , Taylor Laura 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Objectives

The effectiveness of mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) has been established in many randomized controlled trials. However, effect sizes are often modest, and there remains ample scope to improve their effectiveness. One approach to this challenge is to offer a “follow-on” course to people who have completed an MBP and are interested in further skill development. We developed and tested a new 8-week course for this purpose based on awareness of feeling tone (vedanā), an understudied aspect of mindfulness in many current MBPs, incorporating new developments in neuroscience and trauma sensitivity. We examined its effectiveness and the frequency and severity of unpleasant experience and harm.

Methods
In an open trial, 83 participants, 78 of whom had previously taken part in an MBP (majority MBSR or MBCT), completed the program in nine groups. Participants completed questionnaires before and after and gave qualitative written feedback at completion.

Results
Participants reported significantly reduced depression (d = 0.56), stress (d = 0.36), and anxiety (d = 0.53) and increased well-being (d = 0.54) and mindfulness (d = 0.65) with 38% meeting criteria for reliable change on anxiety and depression. As expected, about three-quarters of participants reported some unpleasant experiences associated with mindfulness practice during the course, but none reported harm. Five participants showed “reliable deterioration” (an increase) in either depression or anxiety, but four of these five also gave anonymous qualitative feedback describing benefits of the course.

Conclusions
Findings support the added value of a follow-on course based on the exploration of feeling tone for participants who have a range of previous mindfulness experience.
A mosaic of conserved and novel modes of gene expression and morphogenesis in mesoderm and muscle formation of a larval bivalve
Authors: Schulreich Stephan M. , Salamanca-Díaz David A. , Zieger Elisabeth , Calcino Andrew D. , Wanninger Andreas 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe mesoderm gives rise to several key morphological features of bilaterian animals including endoskeletal elements and the musculature. A number of regulatory genes involved in mesoderm and/or muscle formation (e.g., Brachyury (Bra), even-skipped (eve), Mox, myosin II heavy chain (mhc)) have been identified chiefly from chordates and the ecdysozoans Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans, but data for non-model protostomes, especially those belonging to the ecdysozoan sister clade, Lophotrochozoa (e.g., flatworms, annelids, mollusks), are only beginning to emerge. Within the lophotrochozoans, Mollusca constitutes the most speciose and diverse phylum. Interestingly, however, information on the morphological and molecular underpinnings of key ontogenetic processes such as mesoderm formation and myogenesis remains scarce even for prominent molluscan sublineages such as the bivalves. Here, we investigated myogenesis and developmental expression of Bra, eve, Mox, and mhc in the quagga mussel Dreissena rostriformis, an invasive freshwater bivalve and an emerging model in invertebrate evodevo. We found that all four genes are expressed during mesoderm formation, but some show additional, individual sites of expression during ontogeny. While Mox and mhc are involved in early myogenesis, eve is also expressed in the embryonic shell field and Bra is additionally present in the foregut. Comparative analysis suggests that Mox has an ancestral role in mesoderm and possibly muscle formation in bilaterians, while Bra and eve are conserved regulators of mesoderm development of nephrozoans (protostomes and deuterostomes). The fully developed Dreissena veliger larva shows a highly complex muscular architecture, supporting a muscular ground pattern of autobranch bivalve larvae that includes at least a velum muscle ring, three or four pairs of velum retractors, one or two pairs of larval retractors, two pairs of foot retractors, a pedal plexus, possibly two pairs of mantle retractors, and the muscles of the pallial line, as well as an anterior and a posterior adductor. As is typical for their molluscan kin, remodelling and loss of prominent larval features such as the velum musculature and various retractor systems appear to be also common in bivalves.
Hope speech detection in YouTube comments
Authors: Chakravarthi Bharathi Raja 
Published: July 2022

AbstractRecent work on language technology has tried to recognize abusive language such as those containing hate speech and cyberbullying and enhance offensive language identification to moderate social media platforms. Most of these systems depend on machine learning models using a tagged dataset. Such models have been successful in detecting and eradicating negativity. However, an additional study has lately been conducted on the enhancement of free expression through social media. Instead of eliminating ostensibly unpleasant words, we created a multilingual dataset to recognize and encourage positivity in the comments, and we propose a novel custom deep network architecture, which uses a concatenation of embedding from T5-Sentence. We have experimented with multiple machine learning models, including SVM, logistic regression, K-nearest neighbour, decision tree, logistic neighbours, and we propose new CNN based model. Our proposed model outperformed all others with a macro F1-score of 0.75 for English, 0.62 for Tamil, and 0.67 for Malayalam.
Iron Removal from Kaolin Waste Dumps by Chemical (Oxalic and Citric Acids) and Biological (Bacillus Strain) Leaching
Authors: Sánchez-Palencia Yolanda , Bolonio David , Ortega Marcelo F. , García-Martínez María-Jesús , Ortiz José Eugenio , Rayo Fernando , Arregui Lucía , Serrano Susana , Llamas Juan F. , Canoira Laureano 
Published: July 2022

AbstractKaolin waste dumps contain a huge volume of material that cannot be commercialized due to the presence of variable amounts of iron minerals, which impart a yellowish color to the kaolin. Elimination of iron from kaolin using either a chemical or a biological method was the aim of this study. The chemical leaching of iron from kaolin was carried out using response surface methodology to optimize the reaction conditions. Time was found to be the most influential variable, although oxalic acid must be present to leach 32% of the iron. Biological leaching was also assayed for 14 days using a Bacillus strain. The results of bacterial leaching of iron from kaolin showed <1% iron elimination.
Helium ion microscopy for low-damage characterization and sub-10 nm nanofabrication
Authors: Ogawa Shinichi 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis review introduces the technique of helium ion microscopy along with some unique applications of this technology in the fields of electronics and biology, as performed at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan, over the last several years. Observations of large-scale integrated circuits, analyses of low-dielectric-constant films with minimal damage, and assessments of copper metal in insulating films are discussed. The special characteristics of this technique are explained, including low-energy input to the material and minimal secondary electron energy resulting from helium ion irradiation. Applications to electronic materials, such as tuning the electrical conductivity of graphene films by helium ion beam irradiation and the formation of nanopore arrays on graphene films with nanometer-scale control, are presented. The use of helium ion microscopy to examine cellular tissues based on the low damage imparted by the ion beam is also evaluated.
Generalized Ricci Solitons of Three-Dimensional Lorentzian Lie Groups Associated Canonical Connections and Kobayashi-Nomizu Connections
Authors: Azami Shahroud 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we study the affine generalized Ricci solitons on three-dimensional Lorentzian Lie groups associated canonical connections and Kobayashi-Nomizu connections and we classifying these left-invariant affine generalized Ricci solitons with some product structure.
The effect of experimental conditions on the formation of dixanthogen by triiodide oxidation in the determination of ethyl xanthate by HPLC–ICP-MS/MS
Authors: Suvela Ronja , Genevrais Simon , Niemelä Matti , Perämäki Paavo 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The rising concern over the environmental impact of xanthates, especially in the arctic region, has increased the need to study these traditional flotation reagents in greater detail. The environmental concern relates mostly to the formation of carbon disulfide (CS2) and the heavy metal complexes of xanthates. Due to the unstable nature and multiple reaction mechanisms of xanthates, their reliable determination at low concentration levels is difficult. In this study, a xanthate pretreatment method was optimized and applied for the determination of ethyl xanthate (EX−) by high performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ICP-MS/MS). Ethyl xanthate was oxidized to diethyl dixanthogen ((EX)2) by triiodide (I3
−) in aqueous solution and the formed (EX)2 was extracted into n-hexane. Important experimental parameters, including pH, I3
− amount, and oxidation time, were optimized and the detection limit of 0.29 mg L−1 for potassium ethyl xanthate was obtained. During the optimization experiments, it was found that the oxidation reaction resulted in multiple products, decreasing the efficiency of (EX)2 formation and, therefore, the sensitivity of the method. The proposed method was applied to wastewater samples with recoveries of 105–106%. This study provides a selective method for the determination of ethyl xanthate and introduces novel information on the parameters affecting the oxidation of xanthates.

Graphical abstract
Assessment of the effectiveness of ultraviolet-C disinfection on transmission of hospital-acquired pathogens from prior room occupants
Authors: Hodges Jacob C. , Bilderback Andrew L. , Bridge Christine M. , Wagester Suzanne , Colaianne Bonnie V. , Babiker Ahmed , Minnier Tami , Zapf Rachel L. , Kip Paula L. , Snyder Graham M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Objective:
To evaluate the effectiveness of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) disinfection as an adjunct to standard chlorine-based disinfectant terminal room cleaning in reducing transmission of hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) from a prior room occupant.

Design:
A retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare rates of MDRO transmission by UV-C status from January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2018.

Setting:
Acute-care, single-patient hospital rooms at 6 hospitals within an academic healthcare system in Pennsylvania.

Methods:
Transmission of hospital-acquired MDRO infection was assessed in patients subsequently assigned to a single-patient room of a source occupant with carriage of 1 or more MDROs on or during admission. Acquisition of 5 pathogens was compared between exposed patients in rooms with standard-of-care chlorine-based disinfectant terminal cleaning with or without adjunct UV-C disinfection. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the adjusted risk of pathogen transfer with adjunctive use of UV-C disinfection.

Results:
In total, 33,771 exposed patient admissions were evaluated; the source occupants carried 46,688 unique pathogens. Prior to the 33,771 patient admissions, 5,802 rooms (17.2%) were treated with adjunct UV-C disinfection. After adjustment for covariates, exposed patients in rooms treated with adjunct UV-C were at comparable risk of transfer of any pathogen (odds ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.84–1.32; P = .64).

Conclusion:
Our analysis does not support the use of UV-C in addition to post-discharge cleaning with chlorine-based disinfectant to lower the risk of prior room occupant pathogen transfer.
Cattle Rustling and Competing Land Claims: Understanding Struggles Over Land in Bunambutye, Eastern Uganda
Authors: Khanakwa Pamela 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBulambuli district in eastern Uganda suffered chronic insecurity arising from cattle rustling since the 1960s and recently became awash with escalating land conflicts. Focusing on the disputed ownership over Plot 94 in Bunambutye, Khanakwa examines the intersection between cattle rustling, land conflicts, and peace-building. While scholarship often overlooks the relationship between livestock theft and social conflict, evidence from Bulambuli highlights the efforts of affected communities vis-à-vis the failures of local political leadership to resolve tensions. The Ugandan government’s failure to enforce recommendations in a timely manner speaks to the urgency of arbitration and cancellation of fraudulent land titles.