bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous adverse events following 771 doses of the inactivated and mRNA COVID‐19 vaccines: A survey study among health care providers
Authors: Bostan Ecem , Yel Beril , Karaduman Aysen 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIntroductionAs Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) still continues to affect humanity worldwide, different types of COVID‐19 vaccines are being administered to maintain immunization against COVID‐19. As both the inactivated and mRNA vaccines are now being applied prevalently, systemic adverse events along with cutaneous side effects are frequently being reported in the literature.AimIn our study, we aimed to determine the cutaneous adverse effects of the inactivated (Sinovac‐CoronaVac) and mRNA (Pfizer‐BioNTech) vaccines in healthcare providers in a tertiary referral hospital.MethodsA web‐based survey consisting of 26 questions related to the systemic and cutaneous side effects of the inactivated and mRNA COVID‐19 vaccines, was formed. The online questionnaire was spread among the healthcare professionals working in a tertiary referral hospital via common instant messaging groups and e‐mail.FindingsA total number of 234 participants were included in the study. One hundred fifty‐seven were female whereas 77 were male. The mean age was 31.51 years. Eighty‐nine respondents reported to have at least one cutaneous side effect after COVID‐19 vaccination. Most commonly observed cutaneous side effects were local injection site reactions. Pfizer‐BioNTech vaccine at the first and second doses, was shown to have statistically significantly higher rates of systemic and cutaneous adverse events compared to the Sinovac‐CoronaVac vaccine.ResultsOur study shows that both inactivated and mRNA COVID‐19 vaccines are associated with transient local injection site reactions, no severe systemic or cutaneous adverse events were observed in our study population.
Transcriptional and functional characterizations of multiple flagellin genes in spirochetes
Authors: Kurniyati Kurni , Chang Yunjie , Liu Jun , Li Chunhao 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe flagellar filament is a helical propeller for bacterial locomotion. In external flagellates, the filaments are mostly homopolymers of a single flagellin protein. By contrast, the flagellar filaments of spirochetes are mostly heteropolymers of multiple flagellin proteins. This report seeks to investigate the role of multiple flagellin proteins using the oral spirochete Treponema denticola as a model. First, biochemical and genetic studies uncover that the flagellar filaments of T. denticola mainly comprise four proteins, FlaA, FlaB1, FlaB2, and FlaB3, in a defined stoichiometry. Second, transcriptional analyses reveal that the genes encoding these four proteins are regulated by two different transcriptional factors, sigma28 and sigma70. Third, loss‐of‐function studies demonstrate that each individual flagellin protein contributes to spirochete motility, but none of them is absolutely required. Last, we provide genetic and structural evidence that FlaA forms a “seam”‐like structure around the core and that deletion of individual flagellin protein alters the flagellar homeostasis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that T. denticola has evolved a unique mechanism to finely regulate its flagellar filament gene expression and assembly which renders the organelle with the right number, shape, strength, and structure for its distinct motility.
Two magnesium transporters in the chloroplast inner envelope essential for thylakoid biogenesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Bin , Zhang Chi , Tang Renjie , Zheng Xiaojiang , Zhao Fugeng , Fu Aigen , Lan Wenzhi , Luan Sheng 
Published: July 2022

Summary
Magnesium (Mg2+) serves as a cofactor for a number of photosynthetic enzymes in the chloroplast, and is the central atom of the Chl molecule. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of Mg2+ transport across the chloroplast envelope.
Here, we report the functional characterization of two transport proteins in Arabidopsis: Magnesium Release 8 (MGR8) and MGR9, of the ACDP/CNNM family, which is evolutionarily conserved across all lineages of living organisms.
Both MGR8 and MGR9 genes were expressed ubiquitously, and their encoded proteins were localized in the inner envelope of chloroplasts. Mutations of MGR8 and MGR9 together, but neither of them alone, resulted in albino ovules and chlorotic seedlings. Further analysis revealed severe defects in thylakoid biogenesis and assembly of photosynthetic complexes in the double mutant. Both MGR8 and MGR9 functionally complemented the growth of the Salmonella typhimurium mutant strain MM281, which lacks Mg2+ uptake capacity. The embryonic and early seedling defects of the mgr8/mgr9 double mutant were rescued by the expression of MGR9 under the embryo‐specific ABI3 promoter. The partially rescued mutant plants were hypersensitive to Mg2+ deficient conditions and contained less Mg2+ in their chloroplasts than wild‐type plants.
Taken together, we conclude that MGR8 and MGR9 serve as Mg2+ transporters and are responsible for chloroplast Mg2+ uptake.
An explanatory spatio‐temporal pattern analysis of the fruit industry in Xinjiang, China, between 1988 and 2017
Authors: Ilniyaz Osman , Du Qingyun , Kurban Alishir , Kasimu Alimujiang , Azadi Hossein 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAwareness of spatio‐temporal patterns in the fruit industry is important for planning planting structures and improving yield. Xinjiang is famous for its fruit because of their unique natural features. However, overall quality and yields lag behind international and national levels owing to technological and economic limitations. Using seven perennial fruits, this study investigated the spatio‐temporal features and trends in the Xinjiang fruit industry during the period 1988–2017. The best‐fitting regression models of fruit production, determined by Akaike's information criterion, revealed improvements over these years. Spatial autocorrelation and comparative advantage analyses revealed an expanding fruit industry in the south and east of Xinjiang and the fruit concentration in some areas revealed higher suitability than that in others. Natural conditions were the dominant factors affecting the suitability for fruit planting, whereas anthropological activities were the driving factors. Economic growth can promote yield efficiency when combined with better management, product composition, sort selection, and planting technologies.
Performance of the Periphery Pump
Authors: Iversen H. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The periphery-pump performance is analyzed in terms of shear stresses imparted to the fluid by the impeller. The resulting expressions include two shear coefficients and an average impeller velocity, which are determined experimentally. The analysis predicts the shapes of the performance curves of head, power, and efficiency as functions of the flow rate. The shear coefficients, and hence the pump performance, are shown to be functions of the impeller roughness, and of the flow channel area.
The Free-Piston-and-Turbine Compound Engine—A Cycle Analysis
Authors: London A. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A simplified cycle analysis is presented for a compound engine of the free-piston type. To allow ready algebraic formulation, the assumption of perfect-gas behavior with suitably averaged specific-heat magnitudes is employed. The influence of compressor, turbine, and mechanical “inefficiencies” as well as the effects of valve-pressure drops and coolant-jacket heat transfer are included. The calculated parameters of specific flow rate, specific fuel consumption, and turbine-inlet temperature are consequently realistic performance estimates, as shown by comparison with available test information. Results of the analysis clearly indicate the importance of component losses on turbine-inlet temperature and plant specific-fuel consumption and point out the unique characteristics of the cycle. Consideration also is given to the “supercharged-intercooled” and the “reheat” variants of the simple free-piston compound engine. A study of methods of load governing leads to the important conclusion that in order to realize a flat part-load economy characteristic, comparable to that of a diesel, it will be necessary to obtain a turbine design which achieves high part-load fuel efficiency. The reheat cycle has an excellent part-load fuel economy, but probably will require the use of a variable-area nozzle turbine.
Kinetic Theory of Evaporation Rates of Liquids
Authors: Lype Eric F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The rate of evaporation of a liquid is calculated from the Polanyi-Wigner theory of the escape of molecules from the surface of a solid body. In particular, the rate of evaporation of a “pseudocrystalline” fluid, such as water, is obtained from Volmer’s extension of this theory to the case where the molecules escape only from isolated locations, creating holes in the surface. The rate of condensation on the surface of a pseudocrystalline fluid is obtained by applying the kinetic theory of gases to the case where condensation occurs only in the holes created by this process of evaporation. The energy of escape is in conformity with the virial theorem as applied to the Lennard-Jones-Devonshire equation of state. Mass and heat transfer calculated from these laws for phases of unequal temperatures, when applied to the pseudocrystalline substance water, agree closely with Jakob’s and Dergarabedian’s experiments on boiling water.
The Use of Additives for the Prevention of Low-Temperature Corrosion in Oil-Fired Steam-Generating Units
Authors: Huge E. C. , Piotter E. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Low-temperature corrosion has become an important consideration and presents a real problem in the design and operation of oil-fired steam-generating units. It is caused by the presence of sulphur trioxide in the combustion gases which unites with water vapor and forms sulphuric acid on the cooler surfaces of the unit. Various ways of combating this condition are discussed, with particular emphasis on the use of dolomite as an additive. Test data and the results of actual operating experience are presented which show that additives are effective in reducing the amount of acid formed and, in some cases, practically eliminating cold-end pluggage and corrosion. The economics of their use and the design of units for higher efficiency when using additives also are discussed.
Influence of Fine Particles on Corrosion of Economizer and Air-Preheater Surfaces by Flue Gases
Authors: Hodson Peter 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Fine particles are those less than 10 microns in diameter and are often not detected as single particles by a light microscope. They have a very large relative surface area which tends to accelerate any reaction as well as increasing their ability to adsorb another substance. Flue-gas corrosion is caused by sulphur compounds and water vapor forming sulphuric acid which attacks iron to form ferric and ferrous sulphate. The former is a catalyst in the formation of sulphur trioxide from sulphur dioxide. Sulphur trioxide and ferric sulphate also raise the dew point. Fine particles consist of unburned fuel and ash spheres known as cenospheres or fragments of the latter. They increase the reaction rate as well as the condensation temperature and rate. They can attain a temperature lower than that of the gas stream by radiation and are good condensation nuclei. A qualitative test of the formation temperature, extent, and nature of deposits from cleaned and dirty gas showed that deposits tend to build up in a narrow range and that cleaning the gas greatly decreases the rate of deposit build-up.
The Hydrodynamic Pocket Bearing
Authors: Wilcock Donald F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The low power loss of an externally pressurized pocket bearing is accompanied by dependence upon the reliability of the external pressure source. In this new hydrodynamic pocket-bearing design the required flows and pressures are generated by hydrodynamic action within the bearing. Power loss about half that for conventional thrust bearings is readily achieved. Preliminary operation on bearings of this design has been successful, indicating application in high-speed installations where low bearing loss is desirable, and in machines where a measurement of thrust may be useful. The bearing lends itself readily to a frictionless ball-seat mounting, and the principle may be applied to journal bearings.
Planning for Efficient Use of Manpower
Authors: Drake W. V. , Riley D. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
When studying the factors affecting operating costs in steam-electric generating stations, it is almost superfluous to say that each system or company is unique in that it faces problems different, to a greater or lesser degree, from those of its neighbor. For in reality, the problems differ from station to station.
In discussing manpower and operating costs, it would be foolhardy, in an attempt to reduce factors at each station to the lowest common denominator for comparative purposes, to divorce each power station from its parent company. System or company-wide policies are important, if not the most important, factors which dictate the size of station crews.
Some Statistical Methods for Evaluation of Experimental Results
Authors: Pike E. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The statistician plays an important part in this machine age in which we live. Statistical examination of mass-production methods, for example, results in improvement, better quality control, and more uniformity of billions of dollars’ worth of industrial products produced each year by repetitive processes. This paper describes the logic and methods used in evaluating and organizing equipment tests.
Compressor Surge and Stall Propagation
Authors: Emmons H. W. , Pearson C. E. , Grant H. P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Compressor surge is shown by the application of several types of instrumentation (notably a hot-wire anemometer) to consist of two distinct types of phenomena. The whole compressor flow system may be unstable in the manner of a self-excited Helmholtz resonator. The theory of this instability is presented and is shown to explain some of the observed pulsation symptoms. The stalling of the flow through the blade rows, which usually is assumed to be the origin of pulsation, is shown to occur in propagating groups of 1 to 5 regions involving from 2 to 20 blades each. The theory of this “stall propagation” shows the propagation velocity relative to the wheel to be dependent upon boundary-layer growth parameters and hence the frequency (relative to a stationary probe) to be proportional to the wheel speed. Another part of observed compressor pulsation thus is explained. These two phenomena frequently interact to produce complex performance characteristics. The theories presented are essentially correct as shown by experimental verification, but much remains to be done to make quantitative compressor-performance prediction practical.
Grinding Capacities of Cane-Sugar Mills
Authors: Cabrera Jose M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper summarizes milling equipment in actual operation as listed in the “Gilmore Manuals for 1951,” for Cuba, Florida, Louisiana, and Hawaii, and for 1950, for Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Haiti. Text with tabulations and graphs covers mill sizes, crusher types and arrangements, number of milling units in tandem, tonnage ground, sucrose in cane, fiber in cane, maceration employed; it includes various curves comparing the capacities and extraction by mill sizes, crushing arrangements, and other data pertinent to the task of grinding cane.
The San Bartolo Vertical Impulse Turbine
Authors: Fuentes Javier , Almanza Salvador , Rheingans W. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The San Bartolo Hydroelectric Station, which is part of the Miguel Aleman Hydroelectric System of the Comision Federal de Electricidad, Mexico, was designed to operate about six months a year, during the dry season. During the rainy season, water will be stored in the reservoir above this plant. Because of this intermittent operation, certain economies in the design and construction of the power plant were possible. The impulse turbine is a six-jet vertical unit which has certain advantages over a single-jet turbine, both in design and operating efficiency. Also, a vertical impulse turbine has a number of advantages over a horizontal unit, both in simplicity of design and in cost. The runner is of a unique design, in that it is integrally fabricated out of plate steel with the bucket bowls welded directly to the wheel disk, thus eliminating bucket bolts. A special needle-control mechanism permits operation of the turbine with any combination of six jets. The penstock shutoff valve consists of a rotary valve, which proved to be very satisfactory when tested in the shop.
The Dynamics of Filled Temperature-Measuring Systems
Authors: Muller-Girard Otto 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The response equations of a two-time-constant interacting network as applied to liquid-filled tube systems are developed. The solutions to a unit step, ramp, and sinusoidal temperature input are given. Some practical aspects of response work based on experiments with mercury-filled thermal systems are presented and a few recommendations concerning the specification of the speed of response are included.
Application of High-Speed Strain-Gage Torquemeter to Turbomachinery Research
Authors: Buckner H. A. , Rebeske J. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In turbomachinery-component research, it is frequently impractical to obtain power measurements by conventional cradled dynamometers. This paper presents a description of a high-speed strain-gage torquemeter having the high accuracy required for this research and shows the application of this torquemeter to compressor and turbine setups. The paper also discusses pertinent factors for obtaining accurate measurements with the instrument.
Safe Stress Range for Deformation Due to Fatigue
Authors: Kawamoto M. , Nishioka K. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The safe stress range of materials for fatigue is determined from both fatigue destruction and fatigue deformation. On fatigue destruction there have been many investigations, hitherto, while on fatigue deformation only a few investigations have been made. The authors believe that the safe stress range, usually considered for fatigue deformation, is incorrect for some materials and discuss this matter as it was presented in their experiments.
The Thermal Design of Nuclear Power Reactors
Authors: Palladino N. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the development of relationships between maximum fuel-element surface temperatures, coolant temperature rise, flow, pumping power, and operating steam temperatures for use in the design of a power-producing nuclear reactor. The heat output of a power-producing reactor is generally limited by the maximum metal-surface temperature which can be utilized without incurring excessive corrosion or dangerous conditions of boiling. The design of a reactor on the basis of maximum metal-surface temperature is particularly important in view of the fact that heat is not generated uniformly throughout the reactor and because of the fact that tolerances which must be established for manufacturing purposes may lead to further increases in hot-spot temperatures.
Graphical Representation of the Frictional Losses in Commercial Pipe of Air and Steam Flowing Turbulently at Low Pressure
Authors: Knapp W. C. , Metzger J. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Frequently, design investigations in the field of fluid flow require the rapid evaluation of pressure losses in pipes at various conditions of temperature and pressure. This discussion presents a graphical solution for determining frictional losses in pipes of various sizes carrying air and steam, together with the mathematical analysis from which it is evolved. Similar investigations carried out for other fluids may yield comparable graphical solutions, the utilization of which would aid materially in increasing the usefulness of fluid-flow data.
Dielectric Breakdown Properties of Thermosetting Laminates
Authors: Skow N. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Thermosetting laminated plastics are used extensively for electrical insulation because of their unusual combination of electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties. Excellent electrical insulators, these materials are also mechanically strong, light in weight, and easy to fabricate. They resist chemical corrosion, moisture, aging, heat, and temperature deterioration. To establish safe operating loads, tests for the endurance limits of dielectric strength were run on each of several grades of thermosetting plastic laminates plotting voltages against time. The data thus obtained indicate that for a given thickness and atmospheric condition, a maximum voltage exists below which failure will not occur. Tests of this type yield results which are valuable to the design engineer in determining the proper grade and thickness of material for use as insulating parts in electrical equipment.
Personnel and Equipment Cooling in Supersonic Airplanes
Authors: Makowski J. , Whitney V. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Cooling of crew compartments and electronic equipment becomes more important and, at the same time, more difficult as airplane speeds increase. A sharp increase in capacity required from the cooling system takes place when the surrounding air becomes too hot to be a convenient direct heat sink. The successful use of water vaporization permits the design of compact cooling units which satisfy the requirements of supersonic airplanes.
Some Structural Aspects of Thermal Flight
Authors: Gerard George 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The trend of substantial increases in gross weight of modern high-performance aircraft designed for normal temperature operation is discussed. This trend has continued in spite of considerable improvements in physical properties of materials, more refined stress analyses, and improved fabrication techniques. With elevated temperatures as a consideration at Mach numbers greater than 2, the decrease in physical properties of materials will result in substantial weight increases due to this source alone. The evolution of thin-wing supersonic aircraft has resulted in a variety of proposed structural arrangements for wing and tail surfaces. The structural efficiencies of several designs are reviewed to indicate probable allowable compressive-stress levels. By use of probable stress levels, the efficiencies of various materials at elevated temperatures are considered for tension, compression, and shear components of the airframe. Based on such data, relative weight trends of aircraft designed for thermal flight are indicated. Additional considerations of life expectancy due to creep at elevated temperatures are presented.
Wind-Induced Vibration of a Pipe-Line Suspension Bridge, and Its Cure
Authors: Baird R. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper concerns a solution to a critical pipe-line bridge-vibration problem. The answer to the problem resulted from the application of scientific research methods. As the first step toward a solution, careful measurements were made which laid bare the fundamental cause of the trouble. Following this, several possible solutions were conceived, and the most practical appearing one was selected for testing. Dynamic tests on models were made to verify the choice and to aid in full-scale design. Finally, a full-scale aerodynamic vibration damper was applied to the suspension bridge and the results checked by scientific measurements. The resulting solution for preventing vibration of suspension bridges is thought to be completely new, and the subject pipe-line bridge, the first of its kind to which it has been applied.