bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spring Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1991
Authors: Harris Joseph P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted on Fairways 11 and 18 at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Soil type was sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Each replication was 1,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 28 May. Granular formulations were applied with a ferti-lome, hand-pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal per 1,000 ft2. Rainfall from 26 May to 20 Jun was a total 13.25 inches. Irrigation was not necessary. Rainfall of 0.25 inch occurred immediately after application. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using aim 2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 10 locations/ rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 28 May and posttreatment counts were made 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAT.
Control of Southern Masked Chafer and Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1990
Authors: Potter D. A. , Patterson C. G. , Spicer P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted in a Kentucky bluegass plot at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Research Farm, Fayette Co., KY. The established turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf), with pH = 6.2. Thatch accumulation was &lt;0.25 inch. There was an endemic grub population of about 8 JB and &lt;1 SMC grubs per ft2. On 21 Aug we sunk 60, 8 inch diam cylinders made from PVC sewer pipe into the turf to a depth of about 3 inches. Implantation of cylinders was facilitated by cutting circular slits (8 inch diam) in the turf with a serrated-edge, cylindrical steel bit attached to a gasoline-powered soil auger. Cylinders were about 18 inches apart, arranged in a randomized complete block with 5 replications and 12 treatments. Third instar SMC grubs were dug from an untreated rough on a local golf course on 30 Aug. Grubs were immediately taken to the experimental site and 10 active grubs were placed into each cylinder. Any grub that had not burrowed into the soil within 10 min was replaced. Cylinders were treated on 31 Aug, 24 h after grubs were introduced. Air temperature at the time of treatment was 79°F, with 72% relative humidity, clear skies, and 3 MPH wind. Liquid formulations were diluted with water and applied as a coarse spray to the turf using a hand-held, trigger-type sprayer. A total of 10 ml of diluted formulation was applied per cylinder (329 gal/acre). Granular formulations were weighed on a microbalance and sprinkled evenly into individual cylinders. The whole site was irrigated with about 1 inch of water immediately after treatments were applied. Plots treated with entomogenous nematodes (BioVector [= Steinernema carpocapsae], Biosys Corp., Palo Alto, CA) received 10 ml of dilute formulation at a rate equivalent to 2 billion nematodes/acre. The nematode treatment was applied midway through the irrigation period, so that those plots received both pre- and posttreatment watering. Following irrigation, the cylinders that received nematodes were shaded by covering them with window screen until the following morning, when the screens were removed. Shading and pretreatment irrigation were intended to create conditions favorable for high nematode survival. The plots were evaluated 19 DAT by removing each cylinder with a spade and examining the enclosed soil and turf for surviving grubs. Data were subjected to ANOVA, and treatment means were separated by LSD test.
Efficacy of Several Formulations of Carbaryl Against Japanese Beetle Grubs, Golf Course Fairway, 1991
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five formulations of carbaryl were tested at two rates on overwintered Japanese beetle grubs on a golf course fairway in Longmeadow, MA. The fairway consisted of creeping bentgrass (60%), Kentucky bluegrass (25%), and annual bluegrass (15%), mowed at 2.0-2.5 cm. Materials were applied to 2.6 × 2.6 m plots, replicated 5 times, and arranged in a complete randomized block design. Applications were made on 29 Apr. At the time of application, air temperature was 12°C. Soil was a silty loam, soil pH was 6.5, water pH was 7.1, turf was maintained at 2.8 cm, thatch was 2.0 cm thick and moderately dense. The area received 1.0 cm irrigation 30 min after the last application was completed, and 1.5 cm rain fell 18 h after application. Granular materials were applied using hand shakers, while liquid materials were applied using watering cans and 3 liters/plot. In all cases, half the material was applied in one direction and the remaining material was applied at 90° angles. Product efficacy was evaluated 10 Jun (42 DAT) by cutting two 0.1 m2 samples out of each plot (at least 0.6 ni from any edge), dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 10 cm.
Effect of Timing of Application on Efficacy of Two Insecticides Against Japanese Beetle Grubs, Home Lawn, 1991
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied on one of five dates (12 Jun, 8, 24 Jul, 7 Aug, or 9 Sep) to 2.6 × 2.6 m plots, which were replicated 5 times and arranged in a complete randomized block design. The lawn, in South Deerfield, MA, consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (80%), creeping bentgrass (10%), and annual bluegrass (10%) and was maintained at 5.0 cm. Treatments were applied with watering cans, using 3 liters water per plot. The entire test area received 1.2 cm irrigation 0.5 to 2.0 h after each application. Soil pH was 6.5, water pH varied from 6.4 to 6.8. Product efficacy was evaluated on 8 Oct by cutting two 0.1 m2 samples out of each plot (at least 1 m from any edge), dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 10 cm.
Efficacy of Neem Extract and Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1991
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Roy S. J. , Tirrell M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Small plot trials were conducted at two sites to investigate the efficacy of neem extract and three species of entomopathogenic nematodes against Japanese beetle grubs. Both trials consisted of 2.6 × 2.6 m plots, replicated 4 times, in a complete randomized block design. Both sites (a home lawn in Deerfield, MA, and a golf course fairway in Amherst, MA) consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass. The Deerfield site had a considerable population of broad-leafed weeds. Applications at Deerfield were made on 7 Aug (4 cm rain 48 h pretreatment, irrigated with 1.2 cm water, pH 5.5, immediately after application). Applications at Amherst were made on 19 Aug (2.5 cm rain immediately before and during application, an additional 12 cm rain within 36 h after application). All applications were made with watering cans, using 3 liters water per plot.
Cotoneaster, Efficacy of Selected Pesticides Against an Aphid, Lake CO., OHIO, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotoneaster growing in 3-gal (11.7 liter) containers at a nursery in Lake Co., OH, was used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against aphids. A COa compression sprayer at 30 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to run-off. Two tests were conducted at separate nurseries in Lake Co. In the first test infested plants were selected at random and placed in groups of 4, single-plant replicates per treatment. Only one application was applied 3 Jul under sunny skies, 27°C, and 16-24 km/h winds. In the second test infested plants were selected at random and placed in groups of 5, single-plant replicates per treatment. Two applications were made. The first application was 18 Jul under sunny skies, 29°C, and 10-15 km/h winds and the second application was to selected plants 30 Jul under sunny skies, 25°C, and 10-15 km/h winds. Plants received over-head irrigation every other day or as needed. Treatments in tests 1 and 2 were evaluated 7 and 10 DAT, respectively, by removing four, 10-13 cm long branch tips from each of the 4 or 5 replicates. Samples were placed in plastic bags and transported, in coolers, to the laboratory. All samples were processed by passing them through an aphid brusher 6 times to dislodge aphids to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged aphids were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Cotoneaster, Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Lake CO., Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotoneaster growing in 3 gal (11.7 liter) containers at a nursery in Lake Co., OH, were used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against two-spotted spider mites. A CO2 compression sprayer at 30 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to run-off Infested plants were selected at random and placed in groups of 4 replicates per treatment. The first application was applied to all plants 3 Jul under sunny skies, 27°C, and 16-24 km/h winds; the second application to selected plants was on 13 Jul under cloudy skies, 19°C, and 16-24 km/h winds. Plants received over-head irrigation every other day or as needed. Treatments were evaluated 6 and 24 days after the second application by removing four, 10-13 cm long branch tips from each of the 4 replicates per treatment. Samples were placed in plastic bags and transported, in coolers, to the laboratory. All samples were processed by passing them through a mite brusher 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged mites were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Subsurface and Conventionally Placed Granular and Liquid Insecticides for Control of Annual White Grubs, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Von Bargen K. , Grisso R. D. , Vittum P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted on a golf course fairway in Lincoln, NE. The predominant grass species was perennial ryegrass maintained at a mowing height of ys inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.25 to 0.5 inches. Field conditions at the study site were; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Soil moisture was maintained near field capacity throughout the study. Insecticides were applied on 6-7 Aug to 5 x 5ft plots. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Subsurface treatments were applied using either a Cushman prototype Subsurface Applicator or a modified Ryan Mataway Overseeder. Both liquid and granular subsurface insecticide applications were placed at the soil-thatch interface (average depth of 0.24 inch). Conventional granular and liquid insecticide applications were applied with a Grandy 30H12 drop spreader or a C02 sprayer using an LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal spray/1000 ft2, respectively. Immediately following applications plots were irrigated with approximately 0.5 inch of water. An additional 1.0 inch of rain fell and the test area was periodically syringed during the post-treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 20 DAT on 26 Aug by removing from each plot six, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (2.1 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the no. of surviving grubs.
Bagworm Control of Eastern Red Cedar, 1991
Authors: Doss M. , Pinkston K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide treatments were evaluated for bagworm control on eastern red cedar. Trees were 6 to 8 ft tall and 3 to 4 ft wide and were part of an ornamental planting located at the entrance of a local housing addition. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and were applied on 8 Jul using a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/min of spray at 150 psi. Temperature and wind velocity at the time of treatment were 70°F and 0-5 mph respectively. No measurable precipitation occurred during the test. Mortality was determined by opening bags and examining 10 larvae from each treatment in all replicates 3 and 7 DAT.
Scotch Pine, Control of European Pine Sawfly, Wayne Co., Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Scotch pine, 1.5-2 m tall, growing in a Christmas tree plantation in Wayne Co. were used to evaluate insecticides against European pine sawfly larvae. Treatments were applied 2 May when conditions were partly cloudy, 13°C, with 8-16 km/h winds. There were 3.1 cm of rainfall in the experimental area during the test period. Larvae were 6-12 mm long when sprays were applied. An Echo backpack mistblower operating at half-throttle on aperture setting #2 for 15 s was used to deliver ca. 300 ml of finished spray to each of 3, single-tree replicates. Sprays were directed toward colonies and surrounding foliage. Treatments were evaluated 8 DAT by counting the number of live larvae per colony.
Scotch Pine, Control of Northern Pine Weevil, Wayne Co., Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A stand of Christmas trees, partially harvested in 1989, was used to evaluate efficacy of selected materials as stump treatments to prevent colonization and survival of regeneration weevil larvae. Four 5-stump replicates of each treatment were randomly selected throughout the plantation, and materials were applied 13 Apr under sunny skies, 10°C, with 0-8 km/h winds. Insecticide and granular fertilizer treatments were applied to an 800 cm2 area around each stump. A Hudson compression sprayer was used to deliver ca. 100 ml of finished spray material (kerosene carrier) per stump. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 17 Oct by removing the bark to the first lateral root and counting the number of chip cocoons.
Oral to xicity of Various Insecticides, 1990-1991
Authors: Reid B. L. , Klotz J. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticides (abamectin, chlorpyrifos, dechlorane, permethrin, and sulfluramid) were evaluated as potential bait toxicants for black carpenter ants. All testing was done after sunset, between 2100 and 0100 h, with foragers from colonies nesting in trees. Technical abamectin, dechlorane, and sulfluramid were solubilized in acetone (20 ml) to 25 mg/u,l; 50mg of Tween80 was added to enhance even mixing in the sugar-milk bait. Formulated chlorpyrifos (4 E) and permethrin (2 E) were used, since the above procedure had not been adopted when they were tested. An appropriate volume of concentrate was diluted in given weight of sugar-milk bait (10 g raw sugar in 50 ml whole milk). Fresh sugarmilk dilutions were prepared each evening and transported on ice. Ants were attracted to a feeding station at the terminus of 3-cm diam wooden poles, supported at 50 cm above the ground, originating from a tree where the colony nested. Once ants were traveling along the poles, a bait dish on the feeding station was filled with 1 ml of toxic bait. After ants fed to repletion, and were returning to the nest, they were transferred to plastic boxes (10 per box) with a ventilated lid. This was continued until approximately 30 ants (range: 28 to 31) were dosed. Returned to the laboratory (25 ° 5°C, ambient RH), the ants were provided a moistened dental wick, and observed for cumulative mortality at 6 and 12 h after treatment and then at 12 h intervals for 21 d; dental wicks were wetted daily. At varying DAT, LC^s were estimated by regression of probit mortality vs. log10 of concentration (ppm). LT30S for 500 ppm abamectin, dechlorane, and sulfluramid and 20 ppm chlorpyrifos and permethrin were estimated by regression of cumulative probit mortality vs. logio of time (d); for LTJQS, ants fed untreated bait served as controls monitoring natural mortality.
Knockdown Activity of Type II Pyrethroids, 1990
Authors: Bohnert T. J. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory tests assessed the relative knockdown activity of WP form of three pyrethroids: cypermethrin (40%), deltamethrin (5%), and tralomethrin (40%). Sprays of 0.015%, 0.03%, 0.06%, and 0.09% AI were applied to 1 ft2 (929 cm2) tempered masonite panels at the rate of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (3.78 ml/929 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Tee-Jet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. Treated panels were placed into vertical storage compartments (dark conditions) for residual aging; residual agings evaluated were 1, 30, and 60 d. At each aging period, insects were confined to the treated panel using 12.7 cm diameter plexiglas rings, lightly greased with a petrolatum/mineral oil mixture. Two exposure times were evaluated at each aging period: a continuous exposure where insects were left on the treated panel until moribund, and a 30 s exposure after which the insects were removed from the treated panel and observed. In both cases, knockdown evaluation was made by recording the time when the fifth of 10 insects in each replicate was knocked down. The functional definition of knockdown was taken to be when the test insects were incapable of any coordinated movement; insects were periodically challenged with probes to aid in determining their knockdown status. Six replicates of 10 adult male cockroaches (&lt;2 wk old) were conducted for each exposure time for each insecticide treatment at each aging period. Knockdown data (log y) were analyzed using ANOVA models, followed by the Fishers protected least significant difference (P = 0.01).
Diamondback Moth Mortality on Horseradish and Canola Foliage Field-Treated with Microbial Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Eastman C. E. , Oloumi-Sadeghi H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In separate laboratory bioassays, DBM mid-sized larvae from a laboratory colony (established in 1988 with insects from southwestern Illinois) were confined with horseradish or canola foliage taken from field plots treated 1 d previously with several microbial insecticides derived from Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Spray solutions were applied to horseradish plots with 3 hollow cone nozzles/row from a 4-row sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi on 23 Sep. Spray solutions were applied to canola plots with a 3-gal “backpack-type” hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 280 gal/acre on 10 Oct. Triton CS-7 adjuvant (6 oz/acre) was included in all treatments except Lannate 1.8 EC and Condor OF. Details of field application of insecticides are included in Papers 53E (horseradish) and 21F (canola). DBM larvae were confined in groups of 10 in petri dishes containing 2 leaf disks on moist filter paper. Each treatment was replicated 5 times for a total of 50 larvae per treatment. An equal number of larvae confined on foliage from untreated plots served as a control for each bioassay. Mortality of DBM larvae was determined after 3 d exposure to the leaf disks.
Control of Thrips in Cotton with In-Furrow Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 29 May at the University of Arkansas Northeast Research and Extension Center in Keiser, AR. Granular in-furrow treatments were applied with a Gandy box on the planter while in-furrow spray treatments were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer on the planter. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 11 gal/acre at 20 psi through 8203 flat fan nozzles directed into the furrow in front of the press wheel. Liquid sidedress treatments were applied using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer equipped with 1 8203 flat fan nozzle/row delivering 11 gal/acre at 20 psi. Granular sidedress treatments were applied with a coffee can with a small hole in the bottom and calibrated to deliver the desired rate. All sidedress treatments were directed to the ground next to a row and cultivated in immediately following application. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Ratings were made on 12, 20, and 27 Jun and 13 Jul. Visual damage ratings were made on a scale of 1-10 with 10 = severe damage. Thrips were counted by removing 5 plants per plot and washing the plants through a series of sieves, counting the thrips trapped by the last sieve. Plant height and node measurements were also made. Plots were harvested on 17 Oct for first pick and 27 Oct for second pick by harvesting the center 2 rows in each plot.
Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton Using Insecticide Combinations in South-Central Arkansas, 1991
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied on 2, 19, Jul and 12 Aug on ‘DPL 50’ cotton in Jefferson County, AR using a Spirit high clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 9 gal/acre at 60 psi through TX-8 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 10, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insect counts were made at 2-3 DAT. Counts were made by whole plant examinations of 14 row ft in each plot counting larvae and larval damage.
Early Season Control of Thrips in Cotton, 1992:
Authors: Speese John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 21 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each treatment consisted of 3, 25 ft rows with an untreated border row separating treatments. Row spacing was 36 inches. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Orthene 15 G and Temik 15 G were applied in the furrow before planting using a hand-held shaker. Orthene 75 S foliar sprays were applied on 8 Jun using a single nozzle hollow cone boom backpack sprayer delivering 15 gal water/acre at 40 psi. The second spray for the Orthene 75 S split application treatment was made on 22 Jun. Evaluation criteria consisted of height measurements and percent thrips injury ratings on the dates indicated in the table.
Control of Southern Green Stink Bugs and Velvetbean Caterpillars on Georgia Soybean, 1992:
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Padgett Marion L. , Purvis Chad 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of selected insecticides for control of southern green stink bugs and velvetbean caterpillars was evaluated at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. Four insecticides were foliar-applied on 1 Sep on ‘Essex’ soybeans that were planted on 26 May. Individual plots were 6 rows wide by 15 m long with 1-m alleys on each end and 4 border rows on each side. The 4 insecticides plus an untreated check were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-9 nozzles on a 2 m boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 176 liters per hectare. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on 3, 7, 14, and 21 DAT, by taking a 25 sweep sample (0.4 m diam net) from single row. Soybeans were in the R5 growth stage at the initiation of this test and R6 growth stage on 21 DAT.
Evaluation of Foliar Treatments for Russian Wheat Aphid Control, 1992:
Authors: Johnson G. D. , McLendon M. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected insecticides were evaluated with and without a surfactant for efficacy against RWA in a winter wheat field seeded 26 Aug 1991 in Judith Basin County, Montana. Insecticide treatments were applied on 26 Sep at the 4-5 leaf growth stage. Rll, a non-ionic surfactant, was added at 0.25% v/v. Treatments were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a 10 ft hand held spray boom and Teejet 8001LP flat-fan nozzles. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 20 psi. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 3 replicates, each measuring 20 x 30 ft. Insecticide efficacy was assessed by clipping 10 tillers from each treated and untreated replicate and counting the number of RWA on each tiller. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and treatment means separated using LSD.