bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eucalyptus Tree Growth Control by Inhibitors Applied as Sprays, Injection, Cut Painting or Trunk Banding1
Authors: Hield H. , Boswell S. B. , Hemstreet Stuart 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Painting of inhibitors on pruning cuts reduced growth only in the area proximal to treatment in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Sprays of 0.2 to 0.3% 1-propylphosphonic acid (NIA 10656) or injection of 8 ml of 10% tech grade NIA 10656 gave shoot growth reduction for 1 year. Ethyl hydrogen 1-propylphosphonic acid (EHPP, NIA 10637) showed responses similar to NIA 10656. Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), EHPP, NIA 10656 and amonium ethyl carbamoylphosphonate (Krenite) all showed certain growth regulator responses when painted on pruning cuts. Inhibitors applied in an asphalt carrier to cuts were more effective than similar applications in a water carrier. Application of 6, hydroxy-3-(2H) pyridacinone (MH), trifluromethyl sulfonamido-p-acetotoluidide (Sustar), NAA and EHPP combination, or methyl 2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (chlorfluernol methyl ester, principal active ingredient in Maintain CF 125) were tested as trunk bark bands for reduction in terminal shoot growth. The Maintain CF 125 product diluted with an equal amount of diesel oil and applied in a band equal to the trunk diameter of E. camaldulensis Denhardt effected a reduction in terminal growth 11 months after banding. Maintain CF 125 applied at full product strength (12.5%) or diluted equally with water and the other inhibitors tested did not cause growth reduction.
Pistillate Flower Development and Fruit Growth in Some English Walnut Cultivars1
Authors: Lin Joseph , Shabany Bijan , Ramos David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The time of initiation of pistillate flowers was determined for each of 7 cultivars of walnut (Juglans regia L.). Flower formation (flattened apex) was evident during the first 2 weeks of June for ‘Chico’, ‘Vina’, ‘Serr’, ‘Tehama’, and ‘Pedro’ and mid-July for ‘Hartley’ and ‘Franquette’. Initiation of floral parts also occurred at different times depending on the cultivar. Pistil development began in February for ‘Chico’ and in April for ‘Franquette’. Fertilization occurred throughout April for most of the cultivars, but in the middle of May for ‘Franquette’.
Response of Vegetable Crops to Phosphorus Concentrations in Soil Solution1
Authors: Nishimoto Roy K. , Fox Robert L. , Parvin Philip E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response of 9 vegetable crops to P concn in the soil solution was determined in field studies on soils with a relatively high capacity for immobilizing P. Adjusted P concentration in the soil solution ranged from 0.003 ppm, doubling at each level, to 1.6 ppm. Most crops produced maximum yields at 0.2 to 0.3 ppm P in soil solution, although transplanted head cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata Group) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) produced maximum yields at 0.04 and 0.1 ppm, respectively. At suboptimal P concentration in soil solution, crop response varied greatly. Sweet potato produced about 70% of maximum yield, while lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) produced about 1% of maximum yield. P levels in plant tissue at 95% of maximum yields ranged from 0.3% in lettuce to 0.7% in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. Pekinensis Group).
Seasonal Changes in Rootability and Rooting Substances of Picea glauca Cuttings1
Authors: Tognoni F. , Kawase M. , Alpi A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cuttings of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss rooted poorly from October to January and improved thereafter with the best rooting in April. The acidic fraction of methanol extract from P. glauca showed root-promoting activity by the mung bean cuttings bioassay and growth inhibiting activity by the wheat coleoptiles bioassay. Both activities were strongest in November. There was no apparent causal relationship between the acidic fraction and the rooting of P. glauca cuttings. The activity of water soluble rooting substance(s) was high in October, dropped suddenly in November, and rose slowly after November and rapidly after March. There was an apparent parallel correlation between the rooting of P. glauca cuttings and the activity of water soluble rooting substance(s). The acidic root-promoting growth inhibitor was purified with paper chromatography, column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography, and its major component was tentatively identified as abscisic acid.
Effect of Fruit Ripeness when Picked on Flavor and Composition in Fresh Market Tomatoes1
Authors: Kader Adel A. , Stevens M. Allen , Albright-Holton Marjorie , Morris Leonard L. , Algazi Margaret 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Composition and sensory characteristics were investigated to determine the effect of ripeness at picking on fresh market flavor of ‘Cal Ace’ (1974, 1975, 1976) and ‘Cherry’, ‘Calmart’, and ‘Early Pak 7’ (1976) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Tomatoes picked at earlier stages of ripeness and ripened at 20°C were evaluated by panelists as being less sweet, more sour, less “tomato-like” and having more “off-flavor” than those picked at the table-ripe stage. Objective tests showed these fruits had less sugars and reduced ascorbic acid, and varied significantly in volatile composition. The magnitude of these differences varied greatly among the cultivars. In ‘Cal Ace’ the “off-flavor” characteristic was largely correlated with a volatile compound (peak 43) but in other cultivars seven other volatile compounds also appeared to play a role.
Nitrogen and Potassium Nutrition of Giant Cavendish Banana in Hawaii1
Authors: Warner Robert M. , Fox R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Giant Cavendish’ (‘Williams Hybrid’) banana (Musa acuminata Colla) was grown at the Waimanalo Research Station on Oahu, Honolulu, in 8 blocks with 48 mats per block. Nitrogen was applied as a continuous gradient across the width (6 mats) of each block. Potassium applications varied continuously over the length (8 mats) of the block. A 10 cm wide strip of leaf lamina was secured on a monthly schedule from each side of the midrib at the widest point of the 3rd fully unfurled leaf of (nonbearing) shoots which received the 4th level of N and the 5th level of K. Mats from which these samples were taken were designated as control mats, with the amount and frequency of fertilization applied sufficient to maintain them at about 2.6% N and 3.2% K. Other mats were fertilized on the same schedule as the control mats. Amounts of fertilizer applied were always in a fixed ratio, both greater than and less than the control mats. A leaf sample was secured from each shoot of each mat soon after the flower bud had emerged. The 3rd full-sized leaf below the inflorescence was sampled. Leaf N levels were associated with banana yield. Yields approached maximum at about 2.8% N. Amounts of N fertilizer required were increased greatly by a heavy infestation of Cyperus rotundus L. This weed decreased yields independently of its competitive effects for N. There were few indications of a K deficiency under the conditions of this trial, although heavy K fertilization was required to maintain leaf K at 3.2% in the control mats. The results of K fertilization suggest that surface application is not a very effective means of supplying K to banana plants. The general pattern of K uptake indicated that banana was utilizing K from the subsoil. Suspected incipient sulfur deficiency was not confirmed.
Apple Fruit Explant Responses in vitro and Textural Characteristics of the Derived Tissue Cultures1
Authors: Wallner Stephen J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Explants of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit cortex were used to establish tissue cultures of ‘Lodi’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘York Imperial’ harvested at various stages of maturity. Cell division and initial callus formation occurred in all cases and was not affected by fruit age. However, the capacity to produce callus which survived subculture declined in later stages of development, especially for ‘Golden Delicious’. Although somewhat variable, callus of ‘Lodi’ and ‘York Imperial’ was generally soft and that derived from ‘Golden Delicious’ tended to be friable or hard. The texture of the callus was not related to the age of the fruit from which it was obtained. The degree of cell separation in suspension culture was not entirely consistent with the textural characteristics exhibited on solid medium. There was no striking change in the extent of cell separation during development in suspension culture.
Effect of Moisture Stress on Leaf Anatomy and Water-use Efficiency of Peas1
Authors: Manning C. E. , Miller D. G. , Teare I. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Soil moisture levels maintained at 100 to 80%, 80 to 60%, 60 to 40%, and 40 to 20% of field capacity were examined from the third node stage to maturity for influence upon water-use efficiency and development of water-conducting and -controlling elements of peas (Pisum sativum L.). Water-use efficiency was positively correlated with moisture regime, plant height, leaf area, and seed yield. Thickness of the leaf blade was significantly less in plants grown at 100 to 80% and 40 to 20% than in those grown at 80 to 60% and 60 to 40% of field capacity, and appeared to be regulated by the size of the palisade and spongy mesophyll cells of the peas. Intercellular air spaces and substomatal cavities of plants grown at 40 to 20% of field capacity were much reduced and had less xylem area and fewer xylem elements in the primary vascular bundle than plants in the other treatments. The cross sectional diameter of the xylem was correlated with water-use efficiency. Stomatal density increased with increasing soil moisture stress. Upper leaflets in the plant canopy had more stomata per unit area than did the lower leaves. Within a leaflet the abaxial surface had more stomata per unit area than did the adaxial surface and stomatal density did not vary between the tip, middle or base positions.
The Ripening Pattern of ‘Delicious’ Apples in Relation to Position on the Tree1
Authors: Farhoomand M. B. , Patterson M. E. , Chu C. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethylene production of 470 ‘Hi-Early Red Delicious’ apples harvested from primary, secondary, tertiary, etc., branches of 4 uniform trees of Malus domestica Borkh. was measured to determine pattern of ripening in relation to fruit position on the tree. Considerable variation was noted between and within branches. Some fruits showed surprisingly high ethylene (about 200 ppm at 155 days and up to 500 ppm at 160 days after full bloom) while others measured less than 5 ppm. Regression analysis revealed a linear trend between primary branches from base to apex of the tree. Delayed ethylene production of fruits below terminal shoots suggests ripening regulators in shoot tissue are interacting to delay ethylene synthesis.
Year Around Flowering of Double Bougainvillea: Effect of Daylength and Growth Retardants1
Authors: Criley Richard A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A short daylength of 8 hours was significantly more effective than daylengths of 14 to 14.5 hours in the early and continued initiation of inflorescences of Bougainvillea glabra Choisy cv. Carmencita. There was no statistically significant effect of 3 growth retardants, (2-chloroethyl)-trimethylammonium chloride, (Chlormequat), succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide, (daminozide), or α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol, (ancymidol), upon the enhancement of flowering in this double cultivar. There was little variation in the number of nodes to the first inflorescence when the plants were grown outside under full sunlight, but some delay was encountered as the days lengthened for plants grown in a shaded greenhouse. Flowering was low during the summer months for the greenhouse-grown plants and only slightly higher for the outdoor plants. Short daylengths (9 hours) with full sun produced the most floriferous plants. It is suggested that growth retardants may not be needed, given proper culture and daylength control, in a program of year around flowering.
Effects of Potassium and Phosphorous Fertilization on Quality of Sweet Potatoes1
Authors: Constantin Roysell J. , Jones L. G. , Hernandez Travis P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Potassium applications from 0 to 140 kg/ha at 4 locations had more influence on quality of sweet potatoes than P applications of 0 to 73.9 kg/ha as an average of years and locations. As the rate of K but not P applications increased, percent dry matter decreased. K and P applications reduced protein content and firmness of canned roots. K slightly increased the crude fiber content (dry wt basis) of the roots, whereas P applications had no affect on fiber content. K and P fertilization had no influence on carotenoid content (fresh or processed), percent splitting of canned roots, or crude fiber content (fresh weight basis). Year and location effects were noted for some of the quality variables studied. Most of the differences observed were of low magnitude, thus had little effect on the overall quality of sweet potatoes. The most outstanding effect was the reduction in dry matter content due to K applications.
Effect of CO2 Treatment on Storage and Shelf Life of Sweet Peppers1
Authors: Wang C. Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Exposure of sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) to 30% CO2 for 6 days at 13°C immediately after harvest retarded wall softening and ripening in air at 13° but caused the subsequent development of severe calyx injury and decay at 20°. Slight to moderate calyx injury was induced by a 6-day exposure to 20% CO2. Severity of the injury was greater when the CO2 was used with 3% O2 as compared to 21% O2. Injury was not induced by a 6-day treatment with 10% CO2. When stored at 13°, quality of peppers with this treatment was superior after 10 days, but inferior after 20 days to that of peppers kept continuously in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 3% O2. Benefits obtained from the 3-day elevated CO2 treatment (10 to 30%) were nullified after 10 days’ storage at 13°. Ethylene production was greatly inhibited in high CO2 atmospheres but rose immediately after transfer to air. Red color development, chlorophyll degradation, and ascorbic acid accumulation were retarded only in the presence of high CO2.
Selecting an Experimental Design for Pressure Testing Apples1
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Procedures are presented for incorporating the estimated variances from an experimental population into the calculation of parameters required to design experiments which will be able to detect specified mean differences among treatments within the population. Relationships between the estimated variances and the number of replicates per treatment and the number of apples per replicate were investigated using theoretical populations constructed from pressure test data from ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Jonathan’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Analysis of these populations showed that the number of apples per replicate and replicates per treatment can be more efficiently reduced by selecting uniform populations than by attempting to further reduce errors associated with the operator or equipment. Four pressure tests per apple resulted in the optimal reduction in the estimated variance of the replicate mean; a sensitive factor in determining the values of design parameters. Estimated variances decreased with storage time. Therefore, experimental designs constructed on the basis of analyzed preliminary pressure tests will be adequate for the duration of storage experiments in which the variability of the population is not increased by the treatments.
Development of Citrus Bud Explants in Culture1
Authors: Altman A. , Goren R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Morphological changes during development of cultured citrus explants (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Shamouti) were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Prophylls of resting buds, covered with epidermal hairs, were closely appressed until the growth of a new shoot; they then expanded. The addition of 10-5m 6-benzylaminopurine to the medium resulted in the formation of several adventitious buds, surrounded by multiple prophylls, in the axil of the petiole. Abscission of the petiole from the explant involved formation of a separation zone with no evidence of new dividing cells, or active cell division and formation of callus tissue in the abscission zone.
The Performance of 29 Mandarins and Mandarin Hybrids in South Texas1
Authors: Wutscher H. K. , Shull A. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Twenty-nine mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and mandarin hybrids on sour orange (C. aurantium L.) rootstock were grown for 10 years. At the first 6 harvests, ‘Orlando’ tangelo was most productive, followed by ‘Pearl’, C52-36-6, 6-5-15, and ‘Fairchild’. Hybrids 6-12-26, C52-84-35, and ‘Minneola’ produced the largest fruit. About half the selections had small fruit (fruit circumference <22 cm); 16 selections lacked attractive exterior color. ‘Minneola’, ‘Orlando’, and ‘Page’ fruit contained more than 60% juice; only 5 selections had less than 50%. Total soluble solids were never below 10% and were usually 11% or higher. Four selections had acids below 0.70% and 6 were above 1.0%, with ‘Lee’ being lowest and C52-84-35 highest. All Brix acid ratios were above 9:1. Ten selections had 30 or more seeds/fruit; only 3 had 15 or less, including satsuma with 4 seeds/fruit. Very few of the selections appear promising under the South Texas environment.
Effect of a Pinolene-base Antitranspirant on Fruit Growth, Net Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Shoot Growth of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Weller S. C. , Ferree D. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sprays of 0.5% poly-1-p-menthen-8-9-diyl (Vapor Gard), an antitranspirant, decreased fruit size but had no influence on russet or fruit quality of field-grown ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Laboratory experiments in growth chambers with potted ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees indicated that: 1) Vapor Gard at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% tended to decrease net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr) for 1 to 7 days under optimum soil moisture conditions; 2) under conditions of low soil moisture, 2.0% Vapor Gard sprays reduced Pn and Tr significantly, but did not reduce symptoms of injury from moisture stress; and 3) Vapor Gard did not affect shoot growth over a 21-day period.
The Influence of Cultivar on Drained Weight and Can Corrosion in Processed Apricots1
Authors: Drake S. R. , Nelson J. W. , Toyama T. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Unpeeled and peeled ‘Rival’ and ‘Tilton’ apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) were canned at 2 levels of vacuum and headspace. Differences in the canned product were significant between cultivar, peeling treatment and vacuum in the drained weights, dissolved Sn content of the syrup, corrosion of the cans and clearness of the syrup. ‘Rival’ apricots had less drained weight loss, reduced amounts of Sn, less visual corrosion, and a clearer syrup than ‘Tilton’ apricots. Peeling the apricots increased drained weight loss and Sn content, and reduced the clearness of the syrup. Low vacuum increased Sn content, visual corrosion and clearness of the syrup, and reduced drained weight loss.
Rehardening of Peach Fruit in Cold Storage1
Authors: Werner Reni A. , Hough L. Fredric , Frenkel Chaim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) exhibited rehardening when returned to low-temperature storage after softening at room temperature. Rehardening was progressively more pronounced as the temperature decreased. The process occurred in either air or nitrogen atmosphere. The softening of the fruit that occurred normally at room temperature was accompanied by a decline in protopectins and a concomitant increase in water-soluble pectic fraction. By comparison, the rehardening of the fruit at low temperatures was accompanied by little or no change in pectic substances. The results suggest that rehardening is not related to the metabolic changes associated with fruit ripening.
Field Plot Techniques for Selecting Increased Once-over Harvest Yields in Pickling Cucumbers1
Authors: Smith O. S. , Lower R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three harvest methods and 3 plot sizes for estimating yields in pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) were examined. The correlation between dollar values for a simulated once-over harvest and successive harvest were low (r < .16). Correlation between once-over harvest value and fruit number was .84, while correlation between once-over harvest value and mature fruit number was only .36. The correlation of .84 was high enough to warrant use of fruit number as a primary trait in selection for increased value. Use of fruit number as an estimate of yield would eliminate the grading and weighing processes needed to compute value. An efficient plot size for estimating mean differences between lines was 3.6m2.
Evaluation of Postharvest Handling Methods for Transcontinental Truck Shipments of Cut Carnations, Chrysanthemums, and Roses1
Authors: Halevy A. H. , Byrne T. G. , Kofranek A. M. , Farnham D. S. , Thompson J. F. , Hardenburg R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The longevity and quality of flowers experimentally shipped from California to Maryland by refrigerated trucks for 4–5 days were comparable with or better than simulated air-shipped flowers when properly handled. Flowers shipped by air are usually not refrigerated in transit. Best results with ‘White Sim’ carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), ‘Albatross’ standard chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) and ‘Cara Mia’ roses (Rosa hybrida L.) were obtained when flowers were pretreated after harvest with a chemical solution for 16 hours, precooled prior to shipment and shipped in insulated boxes. Preshipment pulsing of carnations and chrysanthemums increased longevity and bloom diameter. Pulsing of ‘Cara Mia’ roses extended longevity and prevented “bent neck.” Chrysanthemums and roses benefited from ice in the box even with good refrigeration but carnations did not. Carnations and chrysanthemums cut at a tight bud stage suffered much less than open blooms from heat stress conditions during handling of flowers.
Postharvest Handling Methods for Bird-of-paradise Flowers (Strelitzia reginae Ait.)1
Authors: Halevy Abraham H. , Kofranek Anton M. , Besemer Seward T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pulsing of cut bird-of-paradise flowers greatly enhanced the longevity and floret opening of both unstored and stored flowers. Best results were obtained by pulsing tight flowers with 10% sucrose, 250 ppm 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate and 150 ppm of citric acid for 2 days at 22°C. Flowers cut at a very tight stage (4−5 days before commercial cutting stage) can be opened successfully in the same solution. Best storage temperature is 8°C. Flowers can be stored for up to 1 month without losing quality, if pulsed before storage and if the blooms are dipped in a fungicide solution (benomyl or 2-(4-thiasolyl)-benzimidazide (TBZ) at 200 ppm). Flowers can also be stored at a tight stage and then opened in the pulsing solution after storage.
Changes in Dry Matter, Protein and Non-protein Nitrogen during Storage of Sweet Potatoes1
Authors: Purcell A. E. , Walter W. M. , Giesbrecht F. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The percentages of dry matter (DM), protein (N × 6.25), and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) were determined periodically during storage for ‘Centennial’ and ‘Jewel’, and the selection NC-317 sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Percent DM decreased and % protein increased with storage time, but the changes were significant only for ‘Centennial’ and ‘Jewel’. NPN in ‘Centennial’ and ‘Jewel’ decreased during the first part of storage (14-15 weeks), then increased. NPN in NC-317 changed more slowly. In a second test with ‘Jewel’, changes were followed in the amounts of DM and protein, expressed as % of the original amounts. Both dry matter and protein were lost during storage and the rate of loss was about twice as fast for DM as for protein. The apparent increase in % protein during storage in the first test was attributed to a faster rate of loss in DM than in protein.