bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in egg size and offspring phenotype among and within seven Arctic charr morphs
Authors: Beck Samantha V. , Räsänen Katja , Kristjánsson Bjarni K. , Skúlason Skúli , Jónsson Zophonías O. , Tsinganis Markos , Leblanc Camille A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMaternal effects have the potential to alter early developmental processes of offspring and contribute to adaptive diversification. Egg size is a major contributor to offspring phenotype, which can influence developmental trajectories and potential resource use. However, to what extent intraspecific variation in egg size facilitates evolution of resource polymorphism is poorly understood. We studied multiple resource morphs of Icelandic Arctic charr, ranging from an anadromous morph—with a phenotype similar to the proposed ancestral phenotype—to sympatric morphs that vary in their degree of phenotypic divergence from the ancestral anadromous morph. We characterized variation in egg size and tested whether egg size influenced offspring phenotype at early life stages (i.e., timing of‐ and size at‐ hatching and first feeding [FF]). We predicted that egg size would differ among morphs and be less variable as morphs diverge away from the ancestral anadromous phenotype. We also predicted that egg size would correlate with offspring size and developmental timing. We found morphs had different egg size, developmental timing, and size at hatching and FF. Egg size increased as phenotypic proximity to the ancestral anadromous phenotype decreased, with larger eggs generally giving rise to larger offspring, especially at FF, but egg size had no effect on developmental rate. The interaction between egg size and the environment may have a profound impact on offspring fitness, where the resulting differences in early life‐history traits may act to initiate and/or maintain resource morphs diversification.
Ground stability of gob‐side entry by roof cutting in relation to mining stages: A case study
Authors: Zhu Hengzhong , Song Jinwang , Meng Youhui , Zang Chuanwei 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this study, we present a comprehensive investigation of the ground stability of a gob‐side entry by roof cutting in relation to the mining stage, based on field measurements, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and in situ practice. Differing from the normal mode of gob‐side entry, the mining‐induced stress and strain evolution under gob‐side entry by roof cutting (GSERC) is extremely complex, and unreasonable support can cause serious deformation and roof collapse of the GSERC. Taking Dadougou coal mine as the engineering background, a field investigation of the ground response, a rock mechanics experiment, and field measurement of the surrounding rock mass were first conducted. The roof‐to‐floor convergence presented an asymmetric deformation feature, based on the central axis. Numerical simulation is used to obtain results regarding the evolution of the second invariant of deviator stress and the third invariant of deviator stress (DSTI) in the primary use stage and the secondary reuse stage. It was found that the roof cutting action caused the peak value of the DSTI to transfer to the deep part of the roof. The DSTI value is greater than 0, indicating that tensile failure is dominant at 6–8 m of the roof above tailgate 5202, the upper part of the virgin coal rib, and 1.4 m away from the gangue rib. Finally, a support strategy for the following mining stages, including a support scheme for the primary use stage and the secondary reuse stage, is proposed based on the evolution law of the GSERC. The field‐measured results demonstrate that this support strategy can effectively control the convergence of tailgate 5203, thus leading to a better environment for coal mining. Additionally, the proposed mining stage support strategy can provide a reference for other similar projects.
Cell population dynamics in the course of adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Remaining unknowns
Authors: Olpe Cora , Jessberger Sebastian 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNeural stem cells (NSCs) generate new neurons throughout life in the mammalian hippocampus. The distinct developmental steps in the course of adult neurogenesis, including NSC activation, expansion, and neuronal integration, are increasingly well characterized down to the molecular level. However, substantial gaps remain in our knowledge about regulators and mechanisms involved in this biological process. This review highlights three long‐standing unknowns. First, we discuss potency and identity of NSCs and the quest for a unifying model of short‐ and long‐term self‐renewal dynamics. Next, we examine cell death, specifically focusing on the early demise of newborn cells. Then, we outline the current knowledge on cell integration dynamics, discussing which (if any) neurons are replaced by newly added neurons in the hippocampal circuits. For each of these unknowns, we summarize the trajectory of studies leading to the current state of knowledge. Finally, we offer suggestions on how to fill the remaining gaps by taking advantage of novel technology to reveal currently hidden secrets in the course of adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
Predictors of hazardous drinking and internet gaming severity among a military sample
Authors: Prosek Elizabeth A. , Giordano Amanda L. , Burgin Elizabeth E. , Valverde Nancy , Hagedorn W. Bryce 
Published: October 2022

AbstractResearchers have placed a necessary focus on the mental health and substance use needs of U.S. military populations. In the present study, we examined a sequential regression model in which psychological, emotional, and spiritual factors predicted hazardous drinking and internet gaming severity in a national sample of 207 with military identities. Results indicated that posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, shame, and negative religious coping predicted hazardous alcohol use. Additionally, religious and spiritual struggles predicted higher internet gaming severity. Future research is needed to better contextualize combat era demographics and mental health risk and protective factors associated with alcohol use and internet gaming among military populations.
GII.17[P17] and GII.8[P8] noroviruses showed different RdRp activities associated with their epidemic characteristics
Authors: Gao Junshan , Zhang Zilei , Xue Liang , Li Ying , Cheng Tong , Meng Luobing , Li Yijing , Cai Weicheng , Hong Xiaojing , Zhang Jumei , Wang Juan , Chen Moutong , Ye Qinghua , Ding Yu , Wu Qingping 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNorovirus is the primary foodborne pathogenic agent causing viral acute gastroenteritis. It possesses broad genetic diversity and the prevalence of different genotypes varies substantially. However, the differences in RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity among different genotypes of noroviruses remain unclear. In this study, the molecular mechanism of RdRp activity difference between the epidemic strain GII.17[P17] and the non‐epidemic strain GII.8[P8] was characterized. By evaluating the evolutionary history of RdRp sequences with Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, the evolution rate of GII.17[P17] variants was higher than that of GII.8[P8] variants (1.22 × 10−3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year to 9.31 × 10−4 nucleotide substitutions/site/year, respectively). The enzyme catalytic reaction demonstrated that the Vmax value of GII.17[P17] RdRp was 2.5 times than that of GII.8[P8] RdRp. And the Km of GII.17[P17] and GII.8[P8] RdRp were 0.01 and 0.15 mmol/L, respectively. Then, GII.8[P8] RdRp fragment mutants (A−F) were designed, among which GII.8[P8]‐A/B containing the conserved motif G/F were found to have significant effects on improving RdRp activity. The Km values of GII.8[P8]‐A/B reached 0.07 and 0.06 mmol/L, respectively. And their Vmax values were 1.34 times than that of GII.8[P8] RdRp. In summary, our results suggested that RdRp activities were correlated with their epidemic characteristics. These findings will ultimately provide a better understanding in replication mechanism of noroviruses and development of antiviral drugs.
Effects of different storage temperatures and time on frozen storage stability of steamed bread
Authors: Gao Haiyan , Zeng Jingjing , Qin Yueqi , Zeng Jie , Wang Zhaojun 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundsThis research intended to explore the effects of different frozen storage temperatures and time on the stability of steamed bread. The quality characteristics, moisture content and microstructure of steamed bread were determined after quick‐frozen for 30 min at −32 °C and frozen storage at −6, −12, −18, −24 and −30 °C for 1–4 weeks.ResultsWhen the frozen storage temperature is lower, the moisture content, specific volume, pH and the strong bound water in the steamed bread increase, the water loss rate and the contents of freezable water, the weak bound water and free water decreased. With the extension of frozen storage time, the pH value and water loss of steamed bread first increased and then decreased, while the trend of water content was opposite. The specific volume, cohesion and elasticity of steamed bread decreased, while the freezable water content, hardness and chewiness increased. The bound water of steamed bread gradually migrated to free water. In addition, the longer the frozen storage time and the higher the temperature, and the more serious the damage to the microstructure was.ConclusionThe shelf life of steamed bread frozen storage at −12 °C could be up to 3 weeks, and the quality of steamed bread stored at −30 °C for more than 3 weeks was the best. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topologically Enhanced Cation–π Interactions for Developing High‐Performance Underwater Adhesive
Authors: Pang Huiwen , Yu Rong , Huang Anmin , Li Xiang , Xu Zenghui , Yin Shulin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCation–π interactions provide an excellent way to develop high‐performance underwater adhesives. Although numerous underwater adhesive systems are designed based on cation–π interactions, they still lack precise design of the adhesive polymer backbone and topological control of the adhesive polymer. In this study, a novel short‐chain adhesive polymer with excellent underwater adhesion is developed based on the topologically enhanced cation–π interactions. Dihydrocaffeic acid containing catechol is incorporated into a short‐chain cationic polymer of polycarbodiimides through the nucleophilic reactions between carboxyl and carbodiimide groups to produce a catechol‐decorated cationic adhesive polymer (CCAP). The unique molecular structure of the CCAP confers the adhesive system strong cohesion and topologically enhanced cation–π interactions, leading to excellent underwater adhesion. Fe3+ is introduced into the adhesive system to promote the coordination of catechol and the oxidative crosslinking of catechol to further improve the cohesion of the CCAP. In addition, based on the synergy between reversible noncovalent bonds and the irreversible oxidative crosslinking system, the prepared adhesive can also act as a high‐strength hot‐melt adhesive, which maintains nearly 90% of its adhesion strength after 10 attachment–detachment cycles, showing its great potential for use as a sustainable reusable dismountable adhesive. This study provides a novel strategy to develop high‐performance underwater adhesive with temperature sensitivity.
Polymersomes with Red/Near‐Infrared Emission and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation
Authors: Zhang Zhihua , Chen Hui , Wang Youchao , Zhang Nian , Trépout Sylvain , Tang Ben Zhong , Gasser Gilles , Li Min‐Hui 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn photodynamic therapy (PDT), the uses of nanoparticles bearing photosensitizers (PSs) can overcome some of the drawbacks of using a PS alone (e.g., poor water solubility and low tumor selectivity). However, numerous nano‐formulations are developed by physical encapsulation of PSs through Van der Waals interactions, which have not only a limited load efficiency but also some in vivo biodistribution problems caused by leakage or burst release. Herein, polymersomes made from an amphiphilic block copolymer, in which a PS with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE‐PS) is covalently attached to its hydrophobic poly(amino acid) block, are reported. These AIE‐PS polymersomes dispersed in aqueous solution have a high AIE‐PS load efficiency (up to 46% as a mass fraction), a hydrodynamic diameter of 86 nm that is suitable for in vivo applications, and an excellent colloidal stability for at least 1 month. They exhibit a red/near‐infrared photoluminescence and ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under visible light. They are non‐cytotoxic in the dark as tested on Hela cells up to concentration of 100 µm. Benefiting from colloidal stability, AIE property and ROS generation capability, such a family of polymersomes can be great candidates for image‐guided PDT.
Reassembled saturation transfer (REST) MR images at 2 B1 values for in vivo exchange‐dependent imaging of amide and nuclear Overhauser enhancement
Authors: Chen Yanrong , Dang Xujian , Hu Wanting , Sun Yaozong , Bai Yan , Wang Xiaoli , He Xiaowei , Wang Meiyun , Song Xiaolei 
Published: October 2022

PurposeDesign an efficient CEST scheme for exchange‐dependent images with high contrast‐to‐noise ratio.TheoryReassembled saturation transfer (REST) signals were defined as r.Z = r.Zref ‐ r.ZCEST and the reassembled exchange‐dependen magnetization transfer ratio r.MTRRex = r.1/Zref ‐ r.1/ZCEST, utilizing the averages over loosely sampled reference frequency offsets as Zref and over densely sampled target offsets as ZCEST. Using r.MTRRex measured under 2 B1,sat values, exchange rate could be estimated.MethodsThe REST approach was optimized and assessed quantitatively by simulations for various exchange rates, pool concentration, and water T1. In vivo evaluation was performed on ischemic rat brains at 7 Tesla and human brains at 3 Tesla, in comparison with conventional asymmetrical analysis, Lorentzian difference (LD), an MTRRex_LD.ResultsFor a broad choice of ranges and numbers, Δr.Z and r.MTRRex exhibited comparable quantification features with conventional LD and MTRRex_LD, respectively, when B1,sat ≤ 1 μT. The subtraction of 2 REST values under distinct B1,sat values showed linear relationships with exchange rate and obtained immunity to field inhomogeneity and variation in MT and water T1. For both rat and human studies, REST images exhibited similar contrast distribution to MTRRex_LD, with superiority in contrast‐to‐noise ratio and acquisition efficiency. Compared with MTRRex_LD, 2‐B1,sat subtraction REST images displayed better resistance to B1 inhomogeneity, with more specific enhanced regions. They also showed higher signals for amide than for nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in human brain, presumably reflecting the higher increment from faster‐exchanging species as B1,sat increased.ConclusionFeaturing high contrast‐to‐noise ratio efficiency, REST could be a practical exchange‐dependent approach readily applicable to either retrospective Z‐spectra analysis or perspective 6‐offset acquisition.
Grating‐like anechoic layer for broadband underwater sound absorption
Authors: Yu Chenlei , Duan Mingyu , He Wei , Chen Xin , Xin Fengxian , Lu Tian J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTo address the challenging task of effective sound absorption in the low and broad frequency band for underwater structures, we propose a novel grating‐like anechoic layer by filling rubber blocks and an air backing layer into metallic grating. The metallic gratings are incorporated into the anechoic layer as a skeleton for enhanced viscoelastic dissipation by promoting shear deformation between rubber and metal plates. The introduction of an air backing layer releases the bottom constraint of the rubber, thus intensifying its deformation under acoustic excitation. Based on the homogenization method and the transfer matrix method, a theoretical model is developed to evaluate the sound absorption performance of the proposed anechoic layer, which is validated against finite element simulation results. It is demonstrated that a sound absorption coefficient of the grating‐like anechoic layer of 0.8 can be achieved in the frequency range of 1294–10 000 Hz. Given the importance of sound absorption at varying frequencies, the weighted average method is subsequently used to comprehensively evaluate the performance of the anechoic layer. Then, with structural density taken into consideration, an integrated index is proposed to further evaluate the acoustic properties of the proposed anechoic layer. Finally, the backing conditions and the boundary conditions of finite‐size structures are discussed. The results provide helpful theoretical guidance for designing novel acoustic metamaterials with broadband low‐frequency underwater sound absorption.
Birds of prey from 4th to 18th centuries AD of the Volga River basin of Russia
Authors: Shaymuratova Dilyara , Askeyev Arthur , Askeyev Oleg , Askeyev Igor 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe article analyzes studies of bone assemblages of birds of prey from medieval and post‐medieval archaeological sites in the Volga River basin territory. We provide data on the presence of birds of prey: Accipitriformes (hawks and eagles), Falconiformes (falcons), and Strigiformes (owls) within the Volga region during the Middle Ages and post‐Middle Ages (4th–18th centuries AD) in bird communities from 15 archaeological sites. Archaeological bird of prey remains from the Volga basin could contribute to the understanding of the interaction between different ethnic groups in the region within the context of human–nature interaction. In quantitative terms, the clear predominance of the northern goshawk and white‐tailed sea‐eagle, as well as the high proportion of the Eurasian sparrowhawk and relatively high species diversity of falcons and owls observed in medieval time, indicates social or environmental context has changed in a short period of time. The use of birds of prey by the various ethnic groups in the Volga River basin was multifaceted, including for falconry/hawking practice, feathers, amulets, or ornaments and for religious/politics ceremonies.
Nitrocellulose Propellants Standard Stability Tests Enhancement Employing Semiconductor Sensors
Authors: Duro Víctor , López Raúl , del Águila Yeud A. , Pardo Rafael , Debán Luis M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNowadays, solid propulsion is the workhorse of a wide range of applications, from gun ammunition to missiles; and Nitrocellulose, NC, is still widely used in propellant compositions. However, its long‐time storage represents a serious risk due to NC natural autocatalytic degradation process, that may lead to severe accidents. Some National Surveillance Programs continue using the so‐called Stability Tests to monitor Nitrocellulose condition and storage risks; nevertheless, most users consider these tests technologically outdated and difficult to achieve a precise interpretation. This manuscript deals with this NC stability challenge, developing an innovative technology but maintaining Stability Tests phenomenological behaviour, in order to quantify naturally emitted nitrogen oxides, NOx, from Nitrocellulose vapours, as the main indicator for propellants degradation degree. However, accurate NOx quantification is usually strongly interfered by other naturally emitted vapours from gunpowder components, both in Stability Tests and in the technological proposal. Consequently, this document not only describes the technology and main development milestone, but individual components are also studied to reach a proper essay validation, employing Metal Oxide sensors, MOx. Additionally, signal deconvolution is presented to sharpen the NOx determination from interferences with two real samples (NC gunpowder), which are natural and artificially aged, determining performance of sensors and comparing conclusions with those from classical tests. Finally, presented results have shown insignificant interference of other chemicals present in the gunpowder over NOx quantification. According to these conclusions, this technology can be considered a technological improvement on NC Stability Tests.
Probing the origin of prion protein misfolding via reconstruction of ancestral proteins
Authors: Cortez Leonardo M. , Morrison Anneliese J. , Garen Craig R. , Patterson Sawyer , Uyesugi Toshi , Petrosyan Rafayel , Sekar Rohith Vedhthaanth , Harms Michael J. , Woodside Michael T. , Sim Valerie L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPrion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by pathogenic misfolding of the prion protein, PrP. They are transmissible between hosts, and sometimes between different species, as with transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to humans. Although PrP is found in a wide range of vertebrates, prion diseases are seen only in certain mammals, suggesting that infectious misfolding was a recent evolutionary development. To explore when PrP acquired the ability to misfold infectiously, we reconstructed the sequences of ancestral versions of PrP from the last common primate, primate‐rodent, artiodactyl, placental, bird, and amniote. Recombinant ancestral PrPs were then tested for their ability to form β‐sheet aggregates, either spontaneously or when seeded with infectious prion strains from human, cervid, or rodent species. The ability to aggregate developed after the oldest ancestor (last common amniote), and aggregation capabilities diverged along evolutionary pathways consistent with modern‐day susceptibilities. Ancestral bird PrP could not be seeded with modern‐day prions, just as modern‐day birds are resistant to prion disease. Computational modeling of structures suggested that differences in helix 2 could account for the resistance of ancestral bird PrP to seeding. Interestingly, ancestral primate PrP could be converted by all prion seeds, including both human and cervid prions, raising the possibility that species descended from an ancestral primate have retained the susceptibility to conversion by cervid prions. More generally, the results suggest that susceptibility to prion disease emerged prior to ~100 million years ago, with placental mammals possibly being generally susceptible to disease.
The end of urban sprawl? Internal migration across the rural‐urban continuum in Switzerland, 1966−2018
Authors: Lerch Mathias 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn high‐income countries, migration redistributed populations from congested city centres into the sparsely populated outskirts, raising challenges to environmental and population health and the conservation of biodiversity. We evaluate whether this periurbanisation process came to a halt in Switzerland by expecting a decline in internal migration and a renewed residential attractiveness of urban agglomeration centres (i.e., re‐urbanisation)—two recent trend changes observed in Europe. Relying on data from censuses, registers and surveys, we describe trends in the intensity, geography and sociodemographic differentials of migration across consistently defined urban agglomeration density zones between 1966 and 2018. Although the overall intensity of migration declined, the rate increased among the working age population in part because of the societal diffusion of tertiary education. The dominant urban‐bound migration flows are increasingly confined within agglomerations over time. After the diffusion of periurbanisation down the city hierarchy between 1966 and 1990, we observe the emergence of re‐urbanisation in some agglomerations and sociodemographic groups around 2000. However, this phenomenon has been temporarily inflated by period‐specific transformations in Swiss society. More recently, the process of periurbanisation intensified again and expanded more and more beyond official agglomeration borders.