bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Application of an Associative Polymer Reveals Excellent Polymer Injectivity
Authors: Herbert Hommer , Roland Reichenbach-Klinke , Russell Giesbrecht , Prapas Lohateeraparp , George Herman , Kahnery Mai 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chemical EOR flooding using hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) is considered nowadays a state-of-the-art tertiary recovery process and has been conventionally applied on a full-field scale worldwide. The addition of these standard polymers improves the mobility of the injected fluid and thus maximize sweep; however, application is only limited to mild reservoir temperatures and low brine salinity ranges. Therefore, a more thermally stable and more resistant "associative polymers" were derived, by incorporating specific hydrophobic groups into the HPAM polymer backbone, to offer performance advantages with regards to viscosifying efficiency and salt tolerance when compared to the standard HPAM. However, only a handful of field cases were reported in the literature. Thus, this paper will present the unique application of this associative polymer technology in a field pilot for one of the major E&P companies and discusses the corresponding lab evaluations leading up to the field trial.
To confirm the advantages of using associative polymer over of standard HPAM, rheology and filterability measurements were conducted. Moreover, linear coreflood experiments in presence of oil have been performed at target field conditions (low temperature and higher salinity) with various polymer concentrations. The resistance factors measured in the coreflood experiments indicated that 750 and 1,250 ppm of associative polymer and HPAM, respectively, are adequate to deliver the required mobility ratio of 1 and accordingly the oil recovery can be similar for the two different polymers at these concentrations. Moreover, dynamic adsorption measurements conducted at the same polymer concentration reveal a smooth propagation of the associative polymer through the porous medium. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the associative polymer offers a significant performance advantage over the HPAM due to the lower polymer dose required to achieve the target performance.
After successful lab evaluations and in preparation for a multi-well pilot, a field injectivity trial was planned accordingly to test the propagation of the synthesized polymer in the reservoir. Subsequently, the selected associative polymer was successfully injected into the reservoir over a period of two months in two injectors at a steady injection rate of 50 and 300 m3/d. The measured well head pressures of the two injection wells was stable for the entire test duration, indicating a good polymer injectivity with no observed formation plugging.
This newly developed associative polymer was proposed to the field's operator as a promising alternative solution to unlock additional reserves increase oil recovery and a full-field polymer flood expansion is planned next. To our knowledge, this is one of the few reported field trials with associative polymers and should facilitate field implementation of this technology.
Cost Efficient Polymer Full Field Development by Fast Tracking Nap Concept in Horizontal Polymer Injectors
Authors: Saadi Faisal , Al Jumah Ali , Harthy Khalfan , Khaburi Saja , Battashi Fathiya 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper will discuss a polymerflood field application, the data has been gathered, and the new project designed specifically to test the concept of Nothing-Alternating-Polymer (NAP) mechanism, in a current Polymer flood pattern, in a horizontal wells environment. This specific project will be utilized to fast track the implementation of the NAP concept, and accelerating Fullfield development, and highlight the associated benefits from a project's perspective, leading towards attractive, competitive development cost, and flexible operating conditions.
Using Autonomous Inflow Control Device Completion to Manage Gas Breakthrough Challenges
Authors: Nugraha Ikhsan , Widjaja Danang , Raffn Anne Gerd , Mathiesen Vidar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
During the production of horizontal oil wells, it is crucial to normalize the drawdown once gas breakthrough has occurred. This challenge must be addressed either mechanically or chemically to reduce the gas-oil ratio. Unfortunately, without the use of inflow control devices (ICDs) this can result in loss of oil production. This challenge can potentially be addressed by implementing an advanced inflow control valve completion to suppress the gas-oil ratio (GOR) and maintain oil production.
Uneven inflow in a horizontal oil well will usually occur due to a pressure drop in the liner, reservoir fractures and heterogeneities. In fields with free gas, this will cause gas coning and breakthrough leading to a high GOR. As the breakthrough expands, the oil production is reduced due to excessive gas production. Passive ICDs have shown that oil production can be increased. Conventional ICDs are not able to shut off the unwanted gas and water production completely. The newest generation of self-regulated ICDs (SRICDs), utilizes valves where their movement is governed by fluid properties being produced, which autonomously shut off the gas and maximize oil recovery.
This paper presents the SRICD technology design evolution to match the reservoir challenges, installation processes and well performance comparison before and after completion deployment. A near wellbore inflow simulator was also used to support and model the completion placement, productivity and evaluate the completion performance together with the well production data. The well completion installation and production optimization was successful, and a significant reduction of the GOR was achieved.
Offshore Oil & Gas Upstream Production Hubs, a Way to Success in Fields Development
Authors: Gassert Michael , Castellitto Tommaso , Inzerillo Gianvito , Citi Gianfederico , Dell'Orto Lorenzo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
The paper intends to review the most recent offshore oil & gas field developments where production hubs have been introduced and technical solutions are being developed in order to produce all reservoirs of a same block or area towards a central hub facility.

Methods, Procedures, Process
Different success stories among the most recent developments will be analyzed in the paper both for oil developments and gas developments: particular attention to the design basis, design envelopes and expected flexibilities will be highlighted, planning for future tiebacks will be discussed and their design and features will be addressed. The paper will touch process, safety and plant design aspects for a central processing floater or plant as well as subsea and wellhead platform tiebacks to the Hub.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
At the present time and with the today qualified technologies, as far as oil developments are concerned, it is deemed possible to develop from a central hub an area exceeding 100 km of radius even in deepwater and probably more in conventional waters.
As far as gas developments are concerned and with the adequate design provisions and technics it is probably possible to develop from a central hub a complete basin covering distances above 250-300 km and boosting production up to distant midstream facilities.
Combined oil and gas offshore hubs in areas where both oil and gas assets are to be developed demonstrate to be very interesting and efficient ways of developing an extended area through efficient synergies in tie backs and processing facilities.
Please explain how this paper will present novel (new) or additive information to the existing body of literature:
The paper is based on real case studies and both: extensive work ongoing intended to further utilize the recently developed hubs as well as extensive design activities for the upcoming greenfield developments.
Parametric Investigation of the Gas-Assisted Gravity Drainage Technique
Authors: Mishra Shubham , Sridhar Garud , Ibrahim Muhammad , Aggarwal Akshay , Reddy Vinil , Saikia Bikash , Rao Dandina 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Whereas the application of EOR methods is estimated to recover nearly 6 out of the 9 trillion barrels initially in-place globally, there is a high chance of failure of an EOR project due to lack of characterization, operational challenges, misplaced concept, etc. It is extremely challenging to reduce these uncertainties and hence the success of an EOR project is a big question, except for the case in which the method is relatively immune to such uncertainties. The gas-assisted gravity drainage (GAGD) technique is an excellent example of such a method where the recovery is enhanced by concepts of gravity and fluids' density differences and thus relatively safer from execution failures. It has been proposed as a viable alternative to, and improvement over, conventional gas injection techniques such as water-alternating-gas (WAG) and continuous gas injection (CGI), because of its higher chance of success.
The success of GAGD hinges very strongly on the interplay between in-situ reservoir properties (rock and fluid parameters) and the range of operating parameters imposed. In the primary GAGD configuration, gas is injected in the crest, and oil is withdrawn (produced) via a horizontal well at the bottom of the structure. In this study, a simplified black-oil numerical simulation framework has been developed to assess the viability of the GAGD process in candidate reservoirs with focus around lower permeability reservoirs coupled with hydraulically fractured rocks. Incremental production over natural depletion and hydraulic fractured cases have been used as the assessment criterion.
What is the Optimum Wettability for Oil Recovery Through Waterflooding?
Authors: Alnoush Wajdi , Shaat Abdullah , Alyafei Nayef 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This work provides a review of and answers the critical question about the optimum wettability for oil recovery through conventional and low salinity waterflooding (LSW) methods. As the answer is not straightforward, this work investigates conflicting views that justify conclusions and provide comparisons between different rock types and conditions. Parameters affecting oil recovery are linked to wettability to identify the optimum state for different waterflooding schemes.
Relying solely on core-based analysis or any other method is argued to be inconclusive without considering the conditions of core handling and testing, pore-network structure, contact angle tests, and field-scale considerations. Therefore, optimum wettability for oil recovery is a multivariate question; thus, comprehensive conclusions should come from cross-factor analysis rather than isolating certain factors. This work provides a reference for researchers to approach this dichotomy through an overview of previous works in this area.
MAGNet: A camouflaged object detection network simulating the observation effect of a magnifier
Authors: Jiang Xinhao , Cai Wei , Zhang Zhili , Jiang Bo , Yang Zhiyong , Wang Xin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In recent years, protecting important objects by simulating animal camouflage has been widely used in many fields. Therefore, camouflaged object detection (COD) technology has emerged. COD is more difficult than traditional object detection techniques because of the high degree of fusion of camouflaged objects with the background. In this paper, we strive to more accurately identify camouflaged objects. Inspired by the use of magnifiers to search for hidden objects in pictures, we propose a COD network that simulates the observation effect of a magnifier, called the MAGnifier Network (MAGNet). Specifically, our MAGNet contains two parallel modules, i.e., the ergodic magnification module (EMM) and the attention focus module (AFM). The EMM is designed to mimic the process of a magnifier enlarging an image, and AFM is used to simulate the observation process in which human attention is highly focused on a region. The two sets of output camouflaged object maps are merged to simulate the observation of an object by a magnifier. In addition, a weighted key point area perception loss function, which is more applicable to COD, is designed based on two modules to give higher attention to the camouflaged object. Extensive experiments demonstrate that compared with 14 cutting-edge detection models, MAGNet can achieve the best comprehensive effect on eight evaluation metrics on the public COD dataset, and the segmentation accuracy is significantly improved. We also validate the models' generalization ability on a military camouflaged object dataset constructed in-house. Finally, we experimentally explore some extended applications of COD.
Hails in Ny Alesund, Svalbard atmospheric vertical structure and dependence on circulation
Authors: Nuncio Murukesh , Nandanan Naveen , Acharya Asutosh , Chatterjee Sourav , Vidya P.J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Hail observed at Ny Alesund, Svalbard in Arctic during December - February 2018-19 is examined along with the atmospheric circulation patterns. When hail was noticed, surface warming and southwesterly – westerly winds were noticed. Atmospheric circulation pattern was characterised by high pressure anomaly over northwestern Europe or in the North Atlantic and represented the first and third EOF of SLP anomalies north of 40N. EOF-2, even though, characterised by a high pressure anomaly over northern Europe (EOF-2) did not result in intense precipitation. Cloud as well as liquid water were higher/lower during EOF-1 and 3 / EOF-2 active phases. This is because winds travel over ocean collect more moisture as well as transport nucleating particles to Svalbard when EOF-1 and EOF-3 were active. At the same time, the West Spitzbergen current (WSC) induce a strong east west sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the ocean west of Svalbard. A corresponding gradient in the atmospheric temperature is also maintained by the WSC in the west to east direction in the lower atmosphere. Moisture laden westerlies cross the SST gradient inducing strong frontal activity in the lower atmosphere resulting intense precipitation and hail. Human activities in Arctic as elsewhere is bound to increase. Hence, there is a need to study the intense precipitation in Arctic as well as its reasons as it can impact the Arctic environment and human activity. This calls for more continuous observations to clearly identify mechanisms and frequency of intense precipitation in the Arctic.
Antimicrobial stewardship programme: Effects and implementation challenges
Authors: Wadhwa Pankaj , Gupta Shubham Babu 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the gaps in surgical prophylaxis practise, which maximises the use of antimicrobial medicines while staying within prescription guidelines, and to investigate the many reasons that lead to the use of various antibiotics.Methods: The research was carried out at the orthopaedic departments of Telangana's tertiary care hospitals as an observational study. This study involved 210 participants with a history of orthopaedic procedures between November 2020 and March 2021. To determine compliance with antibiotics for surgical prophylaxis. The SPSS.22 software was used to analyse the gathered data.Results: Male patients account for 120 of the enrolled patients, while female patients account for 90, making up 57.14 percent and 42.85 percent of the total patients, respectively. The pre-antibiotic regimen was followed by 67.63 percent of the prescriptions, while 32.37 percent of the prescriptions were not followed. Following surgery, an increase in the incorrect antibiotic regimen was assessed to be 77.13 percent, whereas adherence was only 22.85 percent of all patients in the research. Conclusion: To tackle the superbug menace, collaborative and multidisciplinary efforts are needed to create antimicrobial stewardship programmes in tertiary care hospitals, as the antibiotic regimen provided for prophylaxis therapy was mainly non-compliant with the stewardship programme.
Incidentally Discovered Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma in Patients Undergoing Thyroid Surgery for Benign Disease
Authors: de Carlos Joaquin , Ernaga Ander , Irigaray Ana , Pineda Jose Javier , Echegoyen Ana , Salvador Pilar , Anda Emma 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
IntroductionIncidence of thyroid carcinoma (TC) has grown significantly over the last few decades worldwide, partly due to the increase detection of small thyroid microcarcinoma (TMc). TMc are tumors with a maximal diameter ≤ 1 cm, identified during histopathology examination following a thyroidectomy performed for reasons not pertaining to malignancy. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMc) according to the nature of benign pathology that submit patients to thyroid surgery and its trend evolution.MethodsRetrospective cohort analysis of 1815 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for non-malignant disease from 2005 to 2020. ResultsThe mean age of subjects was 53.5 years, with a higher proportion of women (1481, 82.1%). A total of 167 PTMc (9.3%) were incidentally discovered. Multivariate logistic regression analysis shows no differences in prevalence according to sex or age in patients with PTMc compared to those with final benign histology. Multinodular goiter increases the risk of PTMc with an odds ratio of 2.2 (p=0.001) compared to Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves´ disease (GD). There is a statistically significant increase in the incidence of PTMc in the group operated between 2017-2020 vs. 2005-2008 (p=0.005)ConclusionOverall prevalence of PTMc in patients who underwent thyroid surgery for benign disease was 9.3%. Thyroid nodular hyperplasia was the most frequent benign pathology associated to this occult cancer as compared to Hashimoto or GD. Gender and age were not correlated with prevalence of TMc. Over the years, surgical findings of PTMc have grown, particularly in the 2017-2020 period.
Antenatal Care in Sao Tome and Principe: Beyond the Number of Visits
Authors: Vasconcelos Alexandra , Sousa Swasilanne , Bandeira Nelson , Carvalho Elizabeth , Alves Marta , Papoila Ana Luísa , Machado Maria do Céu , Pereira Filomena 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: Newborn mortality in Sao Tome and Principe (STP) is overwhelmingly high and the antenatal healthcare (ANC) is one of the strategies to achieve its reduction. This study aimed to know which antenatal screenings are done in STP and which antenatal problems are detected. Methods: A retrospective study in which 518 pregnant women antenatal cards were reviewed between July 2016 and November 2018. Information analysed included clinical factors, laboratory tests, ultrasounds, results, and treatment. Results: Mothers’ mean age was 26.6 (SD=7.1) years old. At least one ANC visit occurred in 98.6% pregnant women and 38.7% had 8 or more. Regarding laboratory screenings, blood group was done in 64.4%, haemoglobin tested in 62.5% (first trimester) and in 29.3% (second trimester) and, urine once in 57.1% and twice in 12.2%. Antenatal problems identified in the pregnant women studied were: i) a RhD-negative phenotype (5.8%); 2) anaemia 1st trimester (36.4%) and 2nd trimester (35.5%); 3) bacteriuria (43.2%); 4) intestinal parasites (55.5%); 5) sickle cell solubility test positive (13%). Overall, 161 (53.7%) out of the 300 ultrasounds were done before the 20th week. Conclusion: In Sao Tome and Principe many pregnant women do not have access to the full spectrum of ANC recommended screenings. Maternal anaemia and bacteriuria are the main health problems that should be urgently addressed to prevent newborn morbidity and mortality in the country. Other preventive interventions as anthelmintic drugs should be debated as intestinal parasites were diagnosed in more than half of the women. Alloimmunization to RhD is also a concern due to the unaffordability of anti-D immunoglobulin in the country.
Etiologies and clinical characteristics of macular hole: an 8-year, single-center, retrospective study
Authors: Yue Huifang , Liu Chenyu , Zhang Yunda , Zhang Lijuan , Gao Zhao , Ma Tao , Zhang Ximei 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: To investigate the etiologies and clinical characteristics of full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) cases at Shanxi Eye Hospital in North China.Methods: Patients diagnosed with FTMH who underwent surgery from 2012 to 2020 were included, and the etiologies and clinical features of MH types were analyzed in an 8-year, cross-sectional, retrospective study.Results: A total of 752 cases (776 eyes) were analyzed. The top three causes of MH were idiopathic (IMH, 64.4%), myopic (MMH, 21.1%) and traumatic (TMH, 3.7%) MH. Among these, there were significant differences in sex, age, and baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) distributions. Females predominated in the IMH and MMH groups, while males predominated in the TMH group. The IMH onset age was older than the MMH and TMH onset ages. Baseline BCVA in the IMH (Z=8.9, p<0.001) and the other group (Z=4.0, p<0.001) was significantly better than that in the MMH group. In the IMH group, females were younger, had a shorter axial length (AL), and had a worse baseline BCVA than males, while in the MMH group, there were no significant sex differences. Multivariate correlation analysis showed that a smaller hole diameter in IMH, no retinal detachment in MMH, and a younger age in TMH may result in better baseline BCVA.Conclusions: The most common MH etiologies were IMH, MMH and TMH, which contributed to differences in clinical features. Females predominated in the IMH and MMH groups, and the onset of MMH occurred 6.5 years earlier than the onset of IMH. Therefore, early fundus monitoring in females and high myopia patients is helpful for the early detection and treatment of MH.
Impedance Iterative Learning Sliding Mode Control for Robot-Assisted Bathing with Non-repetitive Trajectory
Authors: xu yuexuan , guo xin , zhang gaowei , xuan bokai , ma tianyi , liu minghe , ding qingsong , li jian , sun hao , xing qianqian 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this paper, an impedance iterative learning sliding mode control (IILSMC) scheme for robot-assisted bathing with unknown model parameters is investigated. Firstly, impedance control is not only applied to adjust the desired trajectory, but also implemented to ensure the active compliance control of the robot-assisted bathing. Furthermore, iterative learning control is designed to dynamically estimate the unknown model parameters. To release the identical initial condition of iterative learning control (ILC), the trajectory reconstruction method is proposed, such that the convergence of tracking errors can be guaranteed with random initial status. Moreover, adaptive sliding mode control (SMC) is proposed where non-parametric, external disturbances and the human-machine interaction (HMI) torque generated during the bathing process is suppressed by adaptive method. Based on the composite energy function (CEF) method, the convergence of the double closed-loop system in the time domain and iterative domain is proved. Finally, through co-simulation of MATLAB/Simulink and ADAMS, the effectiveness and superiority of the control strategy proposed in this paper is jointly verified.