bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological inhibition of STriatal‐Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase by TC‐2153 reduces hippocampal excitability and seizure propensity
Authors: Walters Jennifer M. , Kim Eung Chang , Zhang Jiaren , Jeong Han Gil , Bajaj Archit , Baculis Brian C. , Tracy Gregory C. , Ibrahim Baher , Christian‐Hinman Catherine A. , Llano Daniel A. , Huesmann Graham R. , Chung Hee Jung 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveSTriatal‐Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) is a brain‐specific tyrosine phosphatase. Membrane‐bound STEP61 is the only isoform expressed in hippocampus and cortex. Genetic deletion of STEP enhances excitatory synaptic currents and long‐term potentiation in the hippocampus. However, whether STEP61 affects seizure susceptibility is unclear. Here we investigated the effects of STEP inhibitor TC‐2153 on seizure propensity in a murine model displaying kainic acid (KA)–induced status epilepticus and its effect on hippocampal excitability.MethodsAdult male and female C57BL/6J mice received intraperitoneal injection of either vehicle (2.8% dimethylsulfoxide [DMSO] in saline) or TC‐2153 (10 mg/kg) and then either saline or KA (30 mg/kg) 3 h later before being monitored for behavioral seizures. A subset of female mice was ovariectomized (OVX). Acute hippocampal slices from Thy1‐GCaMP6s mice were treated with either DMSO or TC‐2153 (10 μM) for 1 h, and then incubated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) and potassium chloride (15 mM) for 2 min prior to live calcium imaging. Pyramidal neurons in dissociated rat hippocampal culture (DIV 8–10) were pre‐treated with DMSO or TC‐2153 (10 µM) for 1 h before whole‐cell patch‐clamp recording.ResultsTC‐2153 treatment significantly reduced KA‐induced seizure severity, with greater trend seen in female mice. OVX abolished this TC‐2153‐induced decrease in seizure severity in female mice. TC‐2153 application significantly decreased overall excitability of acute hippocampal slices from both sexes. Surprisingly, TC‐2153 treatment hyperpolarized resting membrane potential and decreased firing rate, sag voltage, and hyperpolarization‐induced current (Ih) of cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurons.SignificanceThis study is the first to demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of STEP with TC‐2153 decreases seizure severity and hippocampal activity in both sexes, and dampens hippocampal neuronal excitability and Ih. We propose that the antiseizure effects of TC‐2153 are mediated by its unexpected action on suppressing neuronal intrinsic excitability.
Hospital costs associated with vagus nerve stimulation and medical treatment in pediatric patients with refractory epilepsy
Authors: Zhang Lu , Hall Matt , Lam Sandi K. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectivesRefractory epilepsy is a diagnosis of recurrent seizures that requires multiple resources for optimal chronic management. The disease negatively impacts the lives of affected patients and families and poses an economic burden to the health care system. This study compares hospital costs between pediatric patients treated with antiseizure medications (ASMs) only and ASMs plus vagus nerve stimulation (VNS).MethodsPatients 0–17 years of age who were diagnosed with refractory epilepsy between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2016, were identified from the Children's Hospital Association's Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database. Patients treated with ASMs only or ASMs plus VNS were included in the study and were followed 1 year prior and 2 years after meeting pre‐determined criteria for refractory epilepsy. The difference‐in‐difference (DID) approach along with the two‐part model was used to compare the changes in mean hospital costs captured in the PHIS database over time between the two cohorts.ResultsOne thousand one hundred thirteen patients treated with ASMs plus VNS and 3471 patients treated with ASMs only were included. At a follow‐up time of 2 years, for the ASMs‐only cohort, the adjusted all‐cause and epilepsy‐related mean annual total costs increased by $14 715 (95% confidence interval [CI]: $12 375–$17 055) and $18 437 (95% CI: $15 978–$20 896), respectively. By comparison, the adjusted all‐cause and epilepsy‐related mean annual total costs of the ASMs plus VNS cohort increased by $12 838 (95% CI: $8171–$17 505) and $15 183 (95% CI: $10 253–$20 113), respectively. Compared to ASMs only, ASMs plus VNS generated a cost savings of $3254 for epilepsy‐related annual costs per year after the index date.SignificanceCompared to ASMs alone, ASMs plus VNS is a treatment modality associated with lower annual hospital costs over time. Our study shows that VNS is a cost‐beneficial treatment for a national cohort of pediatric patients with refractory epilepsy.
The Biosocial Body: HIV Visibility in an Age of Pharmaceutical Treatment in Indonesia
Authors: Hegarty Benjamin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPeer outreach workers play a pivotal role in assisting HIV‐positive people to access pharmaceutical treatment. In their role mediating between everyday sexual cultures and biomedical knowledge, outreach workers for men who have sex with men in Indonesia's capital city Jakarta emphasize the need to manage the visibility of the HIV‐positive body as it appears to others. In order to enter clinical spaces, clients must adopt neat attire, strive to embody a physique that is robust, and maintain a clear skin tone. Clients must also learn to gain mastery over their gender performance as a revelation of their sexuality. Outreach workers interpret the individual sexual and HIV‐positive status of their clients as either “open” or “closed” in relation to their audience, an understanding that generates a demand for self‐discipline directed at outer appearances. Attending to paradigms of visibility that discipline the biosocial body reveals the social relations necessary for accessing treatment.
Dynamic response of cracked non‐homogeneous magneto‐electro‐elastic layer sandwiched by two dissimilar orthotropic layers
Authors: Arhani Afzal Akbari , Ayatollahi Mojtaba 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the transient response of cracked functionally graded magneto‐electro‐elastic layer (FGMEE) bonded between dissimilar orthotropic layers under impacts. Fourier and Laplace transforms are employed to obtain the analytical solution of a dynamic magneto‐electro‐elastic dislocation with time‐dependent Burgers' vector at the FGMEE layer. Expressions for stress, electric displacement, and magnetic inductions in the vicinity of the magneto‐electro‐elastic dislocation are derived. The solutions are used to derive singular integral equations for the FGMEE layer containing multiple cracks. Then, the integral equations are solved numerically for the density of dislocations on a crack surface by converting them to a system of linear algebraic equations. Finally, a numerical Laplace inversion algorithm is employed to determine the dynamic stress intensity factor. Numerical examples demonstrate the effects of the non‐homogeneity parameter of the FGMEE layer, applied electric and magnetic loads, and the crack geometry on the dynamic stress intensity. This solution can be used as a Green's function to solve transient problems involving multiple cracks in a functionally graded magneto‐electro‐elastic layer.
Nutrient loading effects on fish habitat quality: Trade‐offs between enhanced production and hypoxia in Lake Erie, North America
Authors: Almeida L. Zoe , Sesterhenn Timothy M. , Rucinski Daniel K. , Höök Tomas O. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Across diverse systems, nutrient loading from anthropogenic sources into aquatic systems has increased over the past century. Such nutrient inputs may enhance system productivity and thereby increase resource availability but may also lead to undesirable conditions such as hypoxic zones.

We examined the habitat quality trade‐offs associated with increases in phosphorus in a model system (Lake Erie, North America) with a history of anthropogenic nutrient loading. Using a water quality model and a bioenergetics growth rate potential model with fine vertical and temporal resolution, we assessed how the quality of habitat for multiple species of adult and juvenile fish changed across a range of phosphorus loading scenarios and across 19 different meteorological years.

Increases in phosphorus loading increased invertebrate prey biomass, but also increased the duration and extent of the mid‐summer hypoxic zone. In general, phosphorus loading caused overall habitat quality to decline and only increased peak habitat quality (i.e., spatio‐temporal locations where temperature and prey abundance were already above average), but responses were species‐ and life‐stage specific.

One challenge in ascertaining the effects of nutrient loading on fish habitat quality is separating the negative effects of hypoxia from the potential positive effects of increased prey densities. Through various model scenarios, we evaluated the individual effects of hypoxia and increased prey availability on fish habitat quality, demonstrating their potentially counter‐balancing effects. That is, the negative effects of low oxygen on fish habitat quality appear more severe if the prospect that increased hypoxia is accompanied by altered prey densities is not accounted for.

Despite modelled responses to altered phosphorus loads, habitat quality responded more strongly to variation in annual meteorological conditions. Annual meteorological conditions such as temperature, vertical mixing, and timing of phosphorus loading had a greater effect on habitat quality for all species and life‐stages than changes in annual amount of phosphorus loading. This limited effect of changes in phosphorus loading on habitat quality probably partially reflects our focus on short‐term (1‐year) changes in loading. Thus, nutrient abatement programmes may not lead to obvious, rapid positive habitat quality responses, as short‐term meteorological effects may overwhelm effects related to nutrient reduction and changes in prey densities may partially offset the benefits of decreased hypoxic conditions.
‘TAT UND ARBEIT, STATT PUBLICITY UND TRÄUMEREI’: ERNST TOLLER AND THE AMERICAN GUILD FOR GERMAN CULTURAL FREEDOM
Authors: Zanol Irene 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTThis article deals with Ernst Toller's involvement in the American Guild for German Cultural Freedom, an organisation founded in 1935 to help artists and intellectuals who had fled the Nazi regime to the US. It thus highlights the last months of Toller's life. As a member of the board of directors of the Guild, he was involved in important initiatives such as the allocation of grants to writers in exile. The article examines individual cases, e.g. the awarding of a scholarship to Hermann Borchardt, with whom Toller was involved in a plagiarism dispute, and the debate over awarding a scholarship to Bodo Uhse, in which he opposed the Guild chairman and attempted to dispel political reservations about Uhse. These cases illustrate how solidarity‐based action was organised in exile and was both supported and undermined by aesthetic, political, economic, and personal interests. Taking Toller and other members of the Guild as examples, the paper shows how power structures inevitably formed and had an effect within the group, which aimed to organise and support the entire German‐speaking emigration; and how, therefore, the practice of solidarity between emigrants led to a ‘hopeless secondary competition amongst themselves, in the midst of the more general one’ (Adorno, Minima Moralia, 1951).
SEARCH MOVEMENTS: LITERATURE AND POLITICS BETWEEN THE WARS AND A CASE STUDY OF ERNST TOLLER'S I WAS A GERMAN (1934)
Authors: Neuhaus Stefan 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTThe Weimar Republic opened up a new chapter for society within the borders of what was then called Germany. Ongoing financial difficulties due to the Treaty of Versailles overshadowed and stalled the development of the newly formed republic. But the democracy was not doomed to fail from the beginning. The search for orientation and perspective in a radically changed political, social, economic and cultural environment is reflected, for example, in the works of Ernst Toller. A closer inspection of his autobiography Eine Jugend in Deutschland from 1933, translated into English under the title I Was a German and published simultaneously in England and the United States only one year later, offers insight into his thinking and his writing. It is well designed to fit the purpose of democratic education through literature – but without simply telling its readers how they should think – and illustrates the various searches for a new beginning characteristic of the period, i.e. the longing for a new, non‐totalitarian form of community.
“Women of ill repute”: Pariah femininities, retaliatory violence, and the negotiation of rebel identities among women bartenders
Authors: Starr Emily H. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn the United States, work is a central institution that reflects and reproduces gender hierarchies that organize social institutions, interactions, and ideologies across social life. Through an ethnographic study of New Orleans‐area bartenders, this paper analyzes the everyday/every‐night experiences of women bartenders to understand how gender relations map onto women’s identity construction projects through their occupational role. I argue that women’s identity negotiation is constructed in relationship to gender hegemonies that produce female bartenders as pariah femininities outside the protections of respectable femininity. Sexual harassment, fetishization, and double standards are systematic forms of heteronormative punishment that ensure women bartenders remain feminized workers in masculinized workplaces. While women actively refashion retaliatory punishment into an affirmative self‐identity: the rebel barmaid, this study finds that through gender essentialist and individualist frames, the rebel barmaid falls short of revolutionary potential.
Patient preference for early onset of efficacy of preventive migraine treatments
Authors: Ailani Jessica , Winner Paul , Hartry Ann , Brevig Thomas , Bøg Martin , Lassen Anders Blædel , Marsh Kevin , Cutts Katelyn , Le Lay Agathe 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to ascertain to what extent adults with migraine value an early onset of efficacy for preventive migraine treatments.BackgroundIn placebo‐controlled clinical trials, treatment with eptinezumab resulted in a lower proportion of adults with migraine on the first day following infusion (day 1; 14% point‐reduction for chronic migraine [CM] in PROMISE‐2 and 8% point‐reduction for episodic migraine [EM] in PROMISE‐1).MethodsAdults with migraine completed an online preference‐elicitation thresholding exercise to ascertain to what extent they value not having a migraine on day 1 postdosing relative to a clinically relevant reduction in number of migraine days during the first month postdosing (≥2 migraine‐free days for CM and ≥1 migraine‐free days for EM).ResultsOne hundred and one participants (mean age, 50.6 ± 12.4 years; 81 [80%] women) were included. In participants with CM, 29 of 50 (58%) considered the eptinezumab‐generated reduction in the likelihood of migraine on day 1 postdosing to be at least as important as a clinically relevant reduction in number of migraine days the first month postdosing, whereas 37 of 50 (74%) considered a clinically relevant reduction of migraine days the first month postdosing to have a value equivalent to the eptinezumab‐generated reduction in the likelihood of migraine on day 1 postdosing. In participants with EM, 18 of 35 (51%) considered the eptinezumab‐generated reduction in the likelihood of migraine on day 1 postdosing to be at least as important as a clinically relevant reduction in migraine days the first month postdosing, whereas 24 of 35 (69%) considered a clinically relevant reduction of migraine days the first month postdosing to have a value equivalent to the eptinezumab‐generated reduction in the likelihood of migraine on day 1 postdosing.ConclusionMost participants considered the reduction in the likelihood of migraine offered by eptinezumab on day 1 postdosing to be at least as important as a clinically relevant reduction in migraine days the first month postdosing.
Present status and future directions – Managing discoloured teeth
Authors: Kahler Bill 
Published: February 2022

AbstractManaging tooth discolouration involves a range of different protocols for clinicians and patients in order to achieve an aesthetic result. There is an increasing public awareness in the appearance of their teeth and management of tooth discolouration may be inter‐disciplinary and involve both vital and nonvital teeth. Vital teeth can be easily treated with low concentration hydrogen peroxide products safely and effectively using an external approach and trays. For endodontically treated teeth, the walking bleach technique with hydrogen releasing peroxide products is popular. However, there is an association with external cervical root resorption with higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide of 30%–35%. There are also regulatory considerations for the use of hydrogen peroxide in certain jurisdictions internationally. Prosthodontic treatments are more invasive and involve loss of tooth structure as well as a life cycle of further treatment in the future. This narrative review is based on searches on PubMed and the Cochrane library. Bleaching endodontically treated teeth can be considered a safe and effective protocol in the management of discoloured teeth. However, the association between bleaching and resorption remains unclear although there is likely to be a relation to prior trauma. It is prudent to avoid thermocatalytic approaches and to use a base/sealer to cover the root filling. An awareness expectations of patients and multidisciplinary treatment considerations is important in achieving the aesthetic result for the patient. It is likely that there will be an increasing demand for aesthetic whitening treatments. Bleaching of teeth has also become increasingly regulated although there are international differences in the use and concentration of bleaching agents.
The influence of xylanase and thermal treatment on the composition and interfacial rheology properties of whole wheat dough liquor
Authors: Yue Ying , Zhang Shuo , Fan Bei , Tong Litao , Wang Lili , Guo Yahong , Wang Fengzhong , Liu Liya 
Published: February 2022

SummaryThe dough liquor (DL) centrifuged from dough played an important role in determining the gas cell stability during dough making, and the adding of xylanase (XYL) in the dough could efficiently increase the stability of DL foam, especially at 60 °C. In this work, we prepared whole wheat dough added with different dosages of XYL and extract the DL. The components especially proteins in DL and their interaction mechanism and interfacial rheology properties at the air–water interface were studied. The proteins formed protein aggregates (>150 kDa) at 60 °C. After XYL treatment, DL solution exhibited higher protein surface hydrophobicity and surface pressure. And the equilibrium surface pressure of DL varied between 23 and 28 mN m−1. At 25 °C, the interfacial dilatational modulus increased by 26.77% and 14.22% compared with control, respectively. And the XYL can improve the interface shear strength both for the unheated and heated DL solutions. These findings showed that XYL might improve the ability of DL constituents to stabilise the air–water interface to contribute to the stability of gas cells in the dough. The obtained results have provided a theoretical basis for improving the gas cell stability by changing the properties of whole wheat DL with the addition of XYL.
Synthesis of confectionery fat from illipé butter stearin and palm mid‐fraction blend via enzymatic interesterification
Authors: Sonprasert Thunchanok , Ornla‐ied Pimwalan , Sonwai Sopark 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCocoa butter equivalent (CBE) was synthesised from blends of illipé butter stearin (IBS) and palm mid‐fraction (PMF) via enzymatic interesterification (EIE). IBS was blended with PMF in three wt ratios (70:30, 60:40 and 50:50) and the EIE reactions were performed at 50°C for 30 min using an sn‐1,3‐specific lipase from Rhizopus oryzae as a catalyst. The triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions, slip melting points (SMP), crystallisation and melting thermograms, solid fat content (SFC) curves, and crystal microstructure of the blends before and after EIE were studied and compared with cocoa butter (CB). After EIE, the contents of POP and StOSt decreased, whereas the POSt content increased in all blends. Blend EIE 60:40 exhibited the POP and StOSt contents that situated within the ranges of POP and StOSt contents of CB. It also showed SMP, melting peak and melting completion temperatures, melting enthalpy and crystal microstructure most similar to CB. Most importantly, its SFC curve completely matched that of CB. Consequently, EIE 60:40 was chosen for further investigation and it was found to be fully compatible with CB and crystallised into the same polymorphic form (β) as CB. Therefore, EIE 60:40 has a high potential for use as a commercial CBE.
Microwave‐assisted catalytic synthesis of phytosterol esters
Authors: Zhang Yaru , Zhang Tao , Zhang Yu , Wu Zhengzhang , Zhang Peng , Liu Ruijie , Chang Ming , Wang Xingguo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA low‐temperature reaction is of considerable importance in avoiding the degradation of phytosterol esters caused by high temperatures. In this study, an efficient method under mild conditions was developed to synthesise phytosterol esters by using microwave‐assisted catalyst dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid (DBSA). The phytosterol conversion reached 94.27% under the optimal conditions: oleic acid to phytosterol molar ratio of 2.5:1, catalyst dosage of 20% (mol%) and reaction temperature of 60°C for 60 min. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was applied to determine the structure of phytosterol oleates. Moreover, a second‐order kinetic model describing phytosterols esterification exhibited an adequate agreement with the experimental data. Microwave irradiation achieved the reduction of energy barrier (Ea = 29.17 kJ mol−1) in comparison with conventional heating (Ea = 49.22 kJ mol−1). This study suggests that microwave‐assisted catalyst DBSA is a reliable and efficient method for the production of high‐quality phytosterol esters.
Developing and validating a serious game‐based assessment for cyber occupations in the US Air Force
Authors: Wiernik Brenton M. , Raghavan Mukhunth , Caretta Thomas R. , Coovert Michael D. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe present initial structural validity evidence for a serious game designed for personnel selection and classification for cybersecurity roles in the US Air Force (USAF). Based on literature review and input from USAF cybersecurity subject‐matter‐experts, we targeted six constructs for assessment. We describe the development process used to build a game to assess individual differences in these constructs, while also being engaging and motivating for players. We attend to the challenge of avoiding an overall game performance factor that dominates variance of multiple constructs scored from the same gameplay episodes and report steps taken to enhance discriminant validity of the scores. We apply factor analysis and item response theory models to develop scores that are reliable, show discriminant validity, and show modest education/gender group differences.