bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Eugenic Movement and the Social Work Profession
Authors: O’Brien Gerald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the relationship between the early social work profession and the eugenic alarm period. While the general belief in the profession is that there likely was little connection between the two, the relationship was actually quite close, and during its formative years many in the profession considered eugenic policies to be a potentially important means of supporting its overall goal of improving society. The chapter considers how those in the emerging profession attempted to gain public support for its work, and the role of eugenics within the early identity of the profession. The chapter concludes with a more in-depth exploration of the use of eugenic practices, especially sterilization, to control public welfare expenditures.
The Role of the Social Model of Disability in the Bioethics Debate
Authors: O’Brien Gerald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the issues that have been discussed thus far from the perspective of the minority group model of disability. Many in the disability rights movement have questioned the desire to use prenatal or genetic testing to diminish the extent of disability within society. They note that this desire runs counter to our society’s stated intention to treat persons with disabilities without discrimination, and that it is driven by an overly pessimistic view of disability and its potential adverse impact on families. These issues are particularly difficult, or course, since there indeed are certain disability conditions (e.g., Tay–Sachs syndrome) that have an extraordinarily negative impact on individuals and families. The minority group model of disability will be considered in contrast to the medical model, from which the social work profession has traditionally operated.
The Arts of Institutional Life
Authors: Pilzer Joshua D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a portrait of the everyday arts of living for several residents of the welfare center, setting aside the atomic legacy as most residents do in the everyday. It focuses on the struggle for autonomy of self and social life in the face of the institution, and the struggle for control of time in the face of aging and institutional time. The struggle against the sense of an eternal, unchanging present at the center is a struggle to maintain pasts and their memories and sociabilities; it is also an effort to remain in control of one’s own life, and to keep alive possibilities for the future. Exercise, walking, calligraphy, singing, internet browsing, games, hosting, and other activities are among the arts of daily life that contribute to these efforts.
Choral Repertoire
Authors: Shrock Dennis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Choral Repertoire is the definitive and comprehensive one-volume presentation of the most significant composers and compositions of choral music from the Western Hemisphere throughout recorded history. The book is designed for multiple uses—as a programming guide for practicing conductors, instructional resource for students and teachers of choral music, historic and stylistic reference for choral singers, and source of information about composers and compositions for choral enthusiasts—and as such, the book intends to further and make accessible important information relevant to the vast scope of choral music. Organized by era (Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, and Modern), Choral Repertoire covers general characteristics of each historical era, trends and styles unique to various countries, biographical sketches of more than six hundred composers, and performance annotations of more than five thousand individual works. Of the composers, there is substantive coverage of women and composers of color, and of the repertoire, there is inclusion of lesser-known works as well as those works that are considered standard.
The Classical Era
Authors: Shrock Dennis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Classical era began in the second half of the eighteenth century as a reaction against the thick contrapuntal and ornamental textures of the Baroque, and it ended by the second decade of the nineteenth century when formal structures were replaced by freer forms. Traditionally, the dates used to mark the beginning and ending of the era are 1750 (the death of J. S. Bach) and 1820 (the relative emergence of new directions in the music of Berlioz and Beethoven). As with all eras, however, the dates are only convenient markers; styles began and ended over a period of time, and some genres adopted newer traits quickly while others held to older traditions. In general, the choral genres were conservative and slow to adopt new stylistic trends. Thus, while opera, ballet, and instrumental forms began to change styles in the 1730s and 1740s, masses, motets, and oratorios did not evolve into genres with new characteristics until the 1770s and even later.
Introduction
Authors: McMahon Darrin M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This opening chapter reconsiders Friedrich Nietzsche’s celebrated essay, “The Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life,” in order to consider history’s value for those living today. What is the value of history for life and the living? And how might history, historical scholarship, and historical reflection contribute to human flourishing? The introduction approaches those questions from a contemporary standpoint with the aim of introducing the essays of the volume, all of which take up these questions from different perspectives. The introduction concludes by providing capsule summaries of the main contents of each chapter.
The Power of a Well-Told History
Authors: Jasanoff Maya 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
“Story” is a constitutive part of the word “history,” but many academic historians writing in English over the last century have shied away from “storytelling” in their work. The result is a bifurcation between “popular” history, which tends to skew toward conventional interpretations and traditionally privileged actors, and “scholarly” history, which breaks new intellectual ground and recovers historically marginalized voices. This chapter explores the epistemological, theoretical, and ethical grounds for academic resistance to storytelling, but it demonstrates how narrative methods can advance contemporary intellectual objectives. It argues that academic historians should embrace the potential of narrative to stimulate emotional and imaginative responses in the reader, and that doing so is a matter of profound present-day and public significance.
The Historical Sublime
Authors: Edelstein Dan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Where Kant famously described how certain events, spectacles, or monuments could produce the aesthetic sense of the sublime, this chapter explores how historical inquiries and observation can create similar effects. Drawing on Goethe and Stendhal’s travel writing, as well as on comments by Machiavelli and Montaigne, the chapter shows how these authors described encounters with the distant past as both a vertiginous and soothing experience. Staring down the rabbit hole of history can make the observer feel insignificant; but at the same time, it puts the present into perspective and provides a counterweight to apocalyptic or nihilistic thinking.
Flourishing with Herodotus
Authors: Marchand Suzanne 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
At a time in which university officials, blog posters, and even most of those writing about “the crisis of the humanities” underline the “relevance” of what we teach and research, one wonders: what ever happened to curiosity for curiosity’s sake, to knowledge that actually isn’t useful to us, at least right now? Often the study of things distant from ourselves and not immediately applicable—What did the Romans eat for breakfast? Why were the boyars unable to resist Ivan IV? What inspired Balzac to write Lost Illusions?—are questions that engage us not because we can see their “relevance” to us, but because we are curious about how other people have lived and thought (or in the case of the boyars, died, having been sautéed in giant frying pans). We may try to make them so, and may succeed in making a better or worse case, but doesn’t that somehow diminish the beauty of just knowing something fascinating about another place, time, or culture?
On the Consolations of History
Authors: McMahon Darrin M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
People often grow more interested in history as they age, and engagement with history, this chapter suggests, provides some of the solace of religion. It helps to order time, identify meaning, cultivate belonging, inspire wonder, and perpetuate a kind of afterlife, or at least a sense that life endures beyond the grave. Moreover, it forces us to confront the dead (and so death), a practice, strangely, that can encourage human flourishing in its own right. This essay explores such connections, analyzing how contemplation of the past serves to promote human flourishing via a number of the same pathways as religion.
Outside In
Authors: Silber Norman I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the first volume of Outside In, Guido Calabresi describes his family’s dramatic departure from Italy in the shadow of World War II, his upbringing in New Haven, his growth as a student, and then his life as a scholar and teacher at Yale. Part One talks about arriving in America, penniless but with a great cultural inheritance—a deep awareness that there had been, spread throughout the family’s past and on both sides, for many generations—not just wealth, but social standing, a proud Italian-Jewish heritage, creativity, and intellectual accomplishment. His father, furthermore, had been an active antifascist, and both parents held liberal political and social views. This inheritance created a reservoir of confidence; an impetus for achievement; and, as a scholar, a source of insights and creative ideas about motivations, incentives, and the ways events and conditions influence choices. In Part Two, he reflects on his schooling, on the building of his career, and on the writing of pathbreaking articles and books that opened new fields—in law and economics, in Legal Theory, in Behavioral Economics—and which shattered previous assumptions about the place of statutes in the law. In the process, Guido reflects on his search to understand and make connections between law and fundamental human values.
Grasping an Education
Authors: Silber Norman I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Identified as children with potential, Guido and his older brother Paolo were able to attend two of New Haven’s best private schools. Excelling at these schools led to Yale, where Paolo matriculated in 1947, and Guido two years later. Guido decided to focus his studies on economics, in a department which had been inaccurately accused of leaning to the Left but recently recruited new faculty who took essentially conservative, market-oriented approaches to economic policy. The faculty paid close attention to Guido, introducing him to neoclassical and emerging ways to think about such matters as the efficiency of markets, the role of government in the economy, and the importance of incentives in market and command economies. He graduated at the top of his college class and won a Rhodes scholarship, which he used to pursue a degree in Economics, Philosophy, and Politics at Magdalen College, Oxford.
Law Through an Economic Lens
Authors: Silber Norman I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Guido’s initial forays into Law and Economics. Deciding to pursue an academic career, Guido joined the faculty of Yale Law School in fall 1959. He resumed his earlier investigations of the interplay between law and economics, with special attention to tort law; his first major article, “Some Thoughts about Risk Distribution and the Law of Torts” (1960) quickly became a controversial and significant contribution to the field. Along with work by Ronald Coase that pointed in a similar direction, Guido’s approach fostered greater appreciation than ever before for the interrelationship between economic theory, lawmaking, and judicial decision making. Over the following decades he explored a wide range of law and policy through his chosen lens, explaining how tort law both shaped and reflected assumptions about economic welfare and the imperatives of social justice. His first two books, The Cost of Accidents (1970) and Tragic Choices (1978); and his many articles, especially “Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral” (1972), discussed in the next chapter, established his stature and helped to define the nature of early Law and Economics.
Deep Structures in the Law
Authors: Silber Norman I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guido talks about the development of his ideas concerning property rules, liability rules, and entitlements, and their exposition in the classic article Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral. Finding logical consistencies in apparently unrelated phenomena is prized in every discipline. In law, the systematizers and model builders have been especially admired. Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld, for example, constructed models that clarified ambiguous aspects of legal rhetoric; Karl Lewellyn located common purposes in disparate parts of contract law; Herbert Wechsler identified gradients of criminal culpability; H.L.A. Hart identified elemental rules for legal systems; and Grant Gilmore created a common vocabulary to rationalize hundreds of previously discrete commercial transactions. In a comparably synthetic fashion, Guido, together with Douglas Melamed, modeled legal entitlements and investigated their correspondence with remedies and liability rules, which might be employed to protect them. The resulting schema pointed to previously underappreciated moral and logical correspondences that would be investigated by others in hundreds of journal articles that would themselves undergird decisions in tort law, property law, contract law, and other fields.
Subterfuges and Tragic Choices
Authors: Silber Norman I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In 1978, Guido and Philip Bobbitt published Tragic Choices, a book investigating why and how societies including the United States reject market pricing mechanisms to address many agonizing “life-or-death” problems, and instead use special entities and non-market legal norms to allocate extraordinary privileges or obligations. The definition of which choices are “tragic” was imprecise by design, but the authors explored several: control over access to a limited number of life-saving kidney dialysis machines; control over the obligation to enter life-threatening military service in wartime; and control over the ability of some but not others to procreate. The book shows how inadequate is even the modified market approach to such crises. As part of the analysis, Calabresi and Bobbitt explored the advantages and disadvantages to using traditional markets, nontraditional markets, political agencies, lotteries, and other methods for these and resource allocations. Tragic Choices eschewed assumptions about the superiority of pure markets in matters of life or death, and favored approaches that would try to promote efficiency, reduce tragedies, embrace egalitarian values, and handle the irreducible minimum of tragedy humanely. The book emphasized that these objectives could not be completely satisfied simultaneously—and that the correct communication of difficult decisions sometimes required the deployment of rhetoric, opaqueness, and “subterfuge.” Some readers discerned despair and dishonesty in this approach: one reviewer asserted that “much of the time, the book gives the impression that … it is about not how societies cope with tragic choices but how they attempt to deny their existence.”
Hydrocarbon Citizens
Authors: Mazaheri Nimah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hydrocarbon Citizens tells the story of how the discovery of oil has transformed politics and societies in the Middle East. It argues that the creation of oil-dependent economies gave birth to a new type of citizen in the region: the “hydrocarbon citizen.” These citizens hold attitudes, values, and beliefs about their governments and national politics that are very different from what is observed among citizens in the countries that do not produce oil. Hydrocarbon citizens are more likely to view their governments as highly effective, generous, helpful, and responsive to the needs of society. They also tend to be more skeptical about the merits of democracy and more likely to believe that democratic governments are ineffective, unstable, and full of problems. These arguments and findings are explored through rich histories of Middle Eastern countries, in-depth analysis of public opinion data, and original surveys from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Hydrocarbon Citizens challenges the understanding of the puzzling “resource curse” observation that paradoxically links oil wealth to negative outcomes for nations. It provides a new way of thinking about contemporary politics and society in the Middle East, a region currently defined by upheaval and reinvigorated authoritarianism.
Introduction
Authors: Mazaheri Nimah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Middle East is a region defined by the word “oil.” Although oil has helped to facilitate many positive outcomes, such as economic development, better infrastructure, and generous public services, it is also linked to negative outcomes like autocracy, corruption, and conflict. Scholars describe this as the “resource curse” phenomenon. While most of the research on the resource curse centers on leaders, national economies, and elites, the role played by ordinary citizens is generally ignored. This introductory chapter gives an overview of the book’s theory about how oil has transformed the attitudes, values, and beliefs of Middle Eastern citizens regarding their government and national politics. It provides a road map of the book and outlines the main findings.
A Gush of Oil and a Trickle
Authors: Mazaheri Nimah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Citizens of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) tend to hold exceptionally positive attitudes about their government’s performance across economic, social, and oil-related policy areas. These findings emerge from an original survey of 550 Emiratis in 2018. However, the influence of age and education play a different role among Emiratis than among Saudi Arabians. Emiratis’ attitudes are also influenced by their occupation: government ministry employees tend to hold more positive attitudes about government performance compared to non-ministry employees. Subnational variation in attitudes occurs, which is explained by the country’s federal political structure and regional economic disparities. Patterns in public opinion in Jordan, an oil-poor country with a large public sector, contrasts with what is found in the Middle East’s oil-rich states. Jordanian government employees hold attitudes about their government’s performance that are no different from other occupational groups or are uniformly negative.
Muddling Through
Authors: Berman Greg , Fox Aubrey 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1, “Muddling Through,” addresses the widely held perception that the political polarization has crippled American government and resulted in endless congressional gridlock in Washington. The chapter argues that Congress, while by no means perfect, continues to work more or less as it always has. This is no accident: the founders of American democracy deliberately created a system of government with multiple veto points and checks and balances. This design makes radical change difficult to achieve. Nevertheless, under the radar, Congress still routinely passes important legislation. And contrary to conventional wisdom, it often does so on a bipartisan basis, with support from both Democrats and Republicans.
The Practitioner Veto
Authors: Berman Greg , Fox Aubrey 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2, “The Practitioner Veto,” examines the belief that electoral victories can be easily translated into changes in government practice on the ground. The reality is more complicated. As President Trump discovered to his chagrin, there is an underappreciated brake on even the most powerful of elected officials: government workers are not automatons. They can and will subvert new programs and new policies that have been imposed on them without their consent. Public policy comes down to implementation. And implementation on the ground is almost always more complicated than it seems. Even the best, most well-written laws, are not foolproof. The real-world challenges of implementation will almost always end up tilting government away from radical change and toward incrementalism.
What the Public Wants
Authors: Berman Greg , Fox Aubrey 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3, “What the Public Wants,” takes on the claim, often made by advocates on both sides of the political aisle, that the American public is hungering for bold change. The chapter makes the case that social media, and Twitter in particular, sends misleading signals about public opinion, heightening the influence of “conflict entrepreneurs” on both the left and the right. There is often a significant gap between elite views, which are disproportionately represented on Twitter, and the views of the general public. Reviewing the data from dozens of public opinion polls, including one commissioned specifically for this book, the authors come to the conclusion that there is little evidence of public support for the transformation of American government or society. In general, the American public is more interested in incremental reform than in radical change. Encouragingly, while certain kinds of political polarization have increased in recent years, there is nonetheless fairly broad public support for a range of substantive reforms that have the potential, if enacted, to address important social problems.
Ratchet Down or Ramp Up?
Authors: Corn Geoffrey S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An especially perplexing issues in international legal regulation of non-international armed conflict is the relationship between international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL). While most experts and states now recognize the complementary applicability of these two branches of law, translating this complementarity to operational practice remains difficult. This is exacerbated by characterization of military operations against transnational non-state organized armed groups transnationally. The challenge is most significant regarding authority to employ force. Neither body of law provides an ideal solution to this question in operations against non-state groups. On one hand, IHL provides expansive authority under status-based targeting, but in many situations this is too permissive. On the other hand, IHRL relies on more restrictive conduct-based targeting, but this can be ineffective in some cases in meeting a threat. This chapter asks whether operational practice has provided a practical response to this challenge. It suggests that the common practice of restricting IHL with rules of engagement that reflect IHRL principles indicates that outside the context of inter-state hostilities, IHRL provides the operational default use of force setting. This “setting” is subject to mission-specific expansion pursuant to international humanitarian law principles, but should be understood as more of a legal obligation than a purely policy-based constraint on conduct of hostilities authority.