bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of biodegradable nanofibers via melt extrusion of immiscible blends
Authors: Guo Zheng , Wang Zebo , Qin Yajie , Zhang Jintao , Qi Yu , Liu Binguo , Pan Wei 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB-co-4HB)) nanofibers were prepared by melt extrusion of immiscible blends of PLA/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and P(3HB-co-4HB)/PVA via in situ formation of microfibrils during the melt extrusion process. The morphology of the blends and nanofibers after removal of PVA with water was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The intermolecular interactions in the blends were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The compatibility of the components of the PVA/PLA blends was better than that of the PVA/P(3HB-co-4HB) blends. By varying the process conditions, the average diameter of the PLA nanofibers could be controlled in the range of 78–150 nm and that of the P(3HB-co-4HB) nanofibers could be controlled in the range of 274–424 nm.
“Self-Cultivation as the Root of All”—The Individual in the Recursive Process of “Ensuring Peace for All Under Heaven, Good State Governance and Regulation of Family Affairs, and Self-Cultivation”
Authors: Ren Jiantao 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Today, “regulation of family affairs, good state governance and ensuring peace to all under heaven” has become a fixed-format narrative through which China remains attached to its traditions. However, most such expressions digress from the original context of The Great Learning and so have become a way of conveying modern and international ideas instead. “Regulation of family affairs, good state governance and ensuring peace to all under heaven” in the context of The Great Learning are the last three of the “eight essential principles (studying things, acquiring knowledge, being sincere in thought, rectifying one’s heart/mind, cultivating oneself, regulating one’s family affairs, governing the state well, and ensuring peace to all under heaven),” and seemingly separate from the other five. However, only by connecting the eight principles together, both progressively and recursively, can one accurately and fully understand the meaning of the last three (“regulation of family affairs, good state governance and ensuring peace to all under heaven”). They are listed in a progressive order but only by going backward to “studying things” can we truly understand the profound meaning of the “complete eight.” In these two-way orders, “self-cultivation” by the individual is the key link. Such an understanding helps to focus on the basic collectivist ideas of Confucian thought, and to highlight its modern significance.
Causal inference for oncology: past developments and current challenges
Authors: Moodie Erica E. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we review some important early developments on causal inference in medical statistics and epidemiology that were inspired by questions in oncology. We examine two classical examples from the literature and point to a current area of ongoing methodological development, namely the estimation of optimal adaptive treatment strategies. While causal approaches to analysis have become more routine in oncology research, many exciting challenges and open problems remain, particularly in the context of censored outcomes.
The extrusion of EPDM using an external gear pump: experiments and simulations
Authors: de Bie Vincent G. , Spanjaards Michelle M.A. , Hulsen Martien A. , Anderson Patrick D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
External gear pumps are used in fluid transport systems because of their tight clearances and accurate flow control. These tight clearances are a challenge for numerical studies in terms of spatial discretization. In earlier work, the flow of a viscous fluid in an external gear pump is computed using the finite element method (FEM). An element size based on the respective distance between boundaries is proposed. In this study, results based on the earlier work are compared to extrusion experiments of EPDM. The aim of this study is not only to validate the numerical simulations, but also to determine what material characteristics need to be taken into account for an accurate output prediction of the external gear pump. Especially the introduction of shear-thinning behavior results in an improvement of the amplitude of the pressure difference fluctuation. Taking into account compressibility, alters the torque fluctuation in such a way that it mimics the experiments. Unfortunately, the fluctuation in torque still has a too high amplitude. Eventually, simulations are performed including shear-thinning behavior, a temperature- and pressure-dependent viscosity, and compressibility. The effect of measuring the material behavior using oscillatory or shear experiments is shown. Furthermore, the simulations are applied to a second EPDM. Finally, different processing conditions are tested. For the simulations, only qualitative agreement is found, possibly as a result of the no slip boundary condition.
Federated machine learning for a facilitated implementation of Artificial Intelligence in healthcare – a proof of concept study for the prediction of coronary artery calcification scores
Authors: Wolff Justus , Matschinske Julian , Baumgart Dietrich , Pytlik Anne , Keck Andreas , Natarajan Arunakiry , von Schacky Claudio E. , Pauling Josch K. , Baumbach Jan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) still faces significant hurdles and one key factor is the access to data. One approach that could support that is federated machine learning (FL) since it allows for privacy preserving data access. For this proof of concept, a prediction model for coronary artery calcification scores (CACS) has been applied. The FL was trained based on the data in the different institutions, while the centralized machine learning model was trained on one allocation of data. Both algorithms predict patients with risk scores ≥5 based on age, biological sex, waist circumference, dyslipidemia and HbA1c. The centralized model yields a sensitivity of c. 66% and a specificity of c. 70%. The FL slightly outperforms that with a sensitivity of 67% while slightly underperforming it with a specificity of 69%. It could be demonstrated that CACS prediction is feasible via both, a centralized and an FL approach, and that both show very comparable accuracy. In order to increase accuracy, additional and a higher volume of patient data is required and for that FL is utterly necessary. The developed “CACulator” serves as proof of concept, is available as research tool and shall support future research to facilitate AI implementation.
Erklärungen in der Geschichtswissenschaft
Authors: Jahn Dorothea 
Published: September 2022

Zusammenfassung
Oft genügen geschichtswissenschaftliche Erklärungen nicht den strengen Maßstäben einer Kausalerklärung, wie sie etwa in der Physik vorkommen mag. Das heißt aber nicht, daß es in der Geschichtswissenschaft keine Erklärungen gibt. Wir haben an Beispielen gesehen, daß Historiker und Historikerinnen (i) sehr wohl auch 'Warum?'-Fragen zu beantworten versuchen, und daß sich (ii) diese Antworten zum Teil sogar in direkte DN-bzw. IS-Erklärungen umformen lassen. Es besteht also keine Ursache, die Geschichtswissenschaft von den sogenannten "theoretischen Wissenschaften" methodologisch scharf zu trennen. Außerdem liefern nicht wenige Erklärungen in geschichtswissenschaftlichen Kontexten Beispiele für normalerweise epistemisch befriedigende Erklärungsepisoden, die nicht in das Schema der strikten Kausalerklärung passen. Dazu zählen aufgrund der differenzierten Fragestellungen an Historiker auch bloße detaillierte Geschehensbeschreibungen oder teleologische Erklärungen von Handlungen.
Nichtverfügbare Gemeingüter
Authors: Lenk Hans , Maring Matthias 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Non-available common goods or: private non-availability of merit common goods The traditional emphasis on the individualistic concept of property stressed and analyzed by Locke and Kant led to a devaluation in philosophy and economy of traditionally usual forms of collective property, in particular of land, e. g., in form of the so-called "commons". Under the auspices of successful liberal and social market economy - though at times with the emphasis on "property obliges the owner" - private capitalism as the dominant economy and a certain kind of value-neutral conception - and thus free availability - of nature consequently implied that the merit character of collective goods pertaining to nature and natural landscapes etc. was not taken seriously anymore (including the common interest in avoiding depletion, deterioration, erosion, pollution etc.) New developments in jurisprudence and economy however show that even in principle a total private allocation of collective goods like the environment is neither possible nor meaningful, e. g. as regards the protection of the environment as an extremely important orientation at the common weal, in particular with respect to succeeding generations. In media coverage regarding environment problems, external effects and social traps should be taken into consideration regarding the aspect of a collective good including the necessary evaluation under common interests, i. e. the merit aspect should be more explicitly taken into account than hitherto. Das positive gesetzte Recht, in der Gesetzgebung festgelegt, ist weitgehend - zumindest was die Menschen- und Grundrechte angeht - von allgemeinen sittlichen Werten geprägt (Zweckmäßigkeitsüberlegungen sind eher bei der Spezialgesetzgebung einschlägig). So ist das Prinzip der Gerechtigkeit ethischer Maßstab des positiven Rechts und findet als Gebot der Gleichbehandlung Eingang in die Verfassung (z.B. Grundgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Art. 3). Ethische Normen werden soziokulturell relativ sanktioniert; es sind soziokulturell relative Aussagen, die jedoch mit dem Anspruch auf allgemeine Geltung und Verbindlichkeit formuliert werden. Auch das Recht als Teil der Kultur ist sozial konventionalisiertes Menschenprodukt, obgleich doch jeder einzelne davon (mit)geprägt ist.
Sind Sprachkonventionen Regelm¨aßigkeiten?
Authors: Pfister Jonas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Language is ruled by conventions. In order to understand how language functions we need to know what conventions are. According to David Lewis conventions are regularities in action or in action and belief, that perpetuate themselves because they serve some common interest. Ruth Millikan has criticized this analysis for being too complex. She claims to offer an analysis in simpler terms that does neither rely on regularities nor rationality. She defines what she calls “natural conventions” as patterns that are reproduced due partly to weight of precedent. After brief outlines of the two proposals it is shown in this article that Millikans argument against Lewis’ analysis is based on a misconception of regularities, that her own analysis does itself rely on regularities and that she cannot do without rationality if she wants to explain the conventionality of language.
The Real World Regained? Searle’s External Realism Examined
Authors: McDermid Douglas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In Mind, Language, and Society: Philosophy
in the Real World, John Searle presents an uncompromising apologia for realism which is distinguished both by its lucidity and by its vigour. His basic strategy is to show that realists have at their disposal the resources needed to refute skeptics who allege that a mind-independent world is unknowable. In this paper, I reconstruct Searle´s principal pro-realist argument (Section 3), then argue that it is vitiated by its reliance on two unwarranted assumptions (Sections 4-6). First, however, I summarize the position- “external realism”-Searle defends (Section 2)
Family Resemblances A Thesis about the Change of Meaning over Time
Authors: Prien Bernd 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
I argue that close examination of Wittgenstein’s remarks on family resemblances (PI 65-67) shows that he is proposing a theory about the development of language over time. According to this theory, a concept is enlarged to a newly discovered object when it is similar to other objects falling under this concept. However, being empirical, theories of language-development cannot be regarded as philosophical positions. I therefore argue that Wittgenstein puts forward this theory only for therapeutical reasons. He thereby wants to bring the metaphysical question “Why do we call all games ‘games’?” back to its everyday use
Must Values Have Subjective Existence?
Authors: Torell Kurt 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this paper, I begin by outlining two assumptions that are routinely taken for granted in ethical discourse, one of which entails that values have subjective existence. I then consider a causal account of valuational activity offered by Bruce Morito which serves to question the truth of that assumption, and the extent to which that account falls short of overturning it. Finally, in light of that short-coming, I sketch what I characterize as a “quasi-objective theory of value” the truth of which depends upon a non-regularist and non-actualist conception of laws of nature
Eine komparative Theorie der Stärke von Argumenten
Authors: Dorn Georg J. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This article presents a comparative theory of subjective argument strength simple enough for application. Using the axioms and corollaries of the theory, anyone with an elementary knowledge of logic and probability theory can produce an - at least minimally rational - ranking of any set of arguments according to their subjective strength, provided that the arguments in question are descriptive ones in standard form. The basic idea is that the strength of argument A as seen by person x is a function of three values: x ’s degree of belief in the premisses of A; x ’s degree of belief in the conclusion of A under the assumption that all premisses of A are true; and x ’s belief in the conclusion of A under the assumption that not all premisses of A are true.
The Challenge of Observing Reality’s Inherent Joints
Authors: Page Sam 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Individuative Realism is the thesis that reality is individuated intrinsically-that is, that reality is divided up into objects that are circumscribed by boundaries that are totally independent of our gerrymandering. One strategy for substantiating the thesis would involve discovering some of reality’s inherent joints by direct observation. This paper critically considers the observational strategy by examining a number of proposals for how reality might be individuated intrinsically, and demonstrating case-by-case that the individuation in question is likely imposed by us, rather than inherent in nature. It is additionally suggested that even if objects with crisply unambiguous boundaries were discovered, it would still not be enough to vindicate Individuative Realism
On the Impossibility of Hybrid Time in a Relativistic Setting
Authors: Schmidt Martin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There are two rival theories of time: static and dynamic. The Special Theory of Relativity is one of the strongest arguments for static time. However, the defenders of dynamic time claim that their approach is also possible in a relativistic setting. This debate supported the third theory: the hybrid theory of time. The aim of this paper, however, is to argue that the hybrid theory (combining both static and dynamic elements) is against the nature of the Special Theory of Relativity. The argument is motivated by H. Stein’s attempt to separate definite past from indefinite future by timelike and lightlike relations in and on the past pointing light cone. The paper shows that this approach leads to restricted and extremely unintuitive notion of co-presence. This is considered as a serious objection against the animation of static time in a relativistic setting
Representationalism, Inversion and Color Constancy
Authors: Smith Renée 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sydney Shoemaker has gone to great lengths to defend a repre-sentationalist view of phenomenal character, and yet he describes this view as breaking with standard representationalism in two ways. First, he thinks his representationalist position is consis- tent with the possibility of spectrum inversion, and second, he thinks there are qualia. Thus, we can think of his position in the qualia debate as moderate representationalism (or, equally, moderate qualia realism) by taking up some middle ground be- tween these two major camps. This \moderate" view faces several problems. Here I will very briey explain Shoemaker's represen- tationalist account of spectrum inversion in which he appeals to the existence of a certain sort of subjective property of objects, namely, what he calls appearance properties (formerly he called these phenomenal properties). I will argue that an alternative ver- sion of representationalism provides a more plausible explanation of both inversion-type scenarios and Shoemaker's color constancy case, which he uses to motivate the existence of these subjective properties, without positing appearance properties at all.
Explaining and Expanding the Scope of Strawson's Reactive Attitudes: An Examination and Application of Freedom and Resentment
Authors: Rossi-Keen Daniel E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this paper, I examine P. F. Strawson's "Freedom and Resentment" [6] in an effort to clarify the essential features of attitudes that Strawson believes may be understood as reactive. I propose a definition of the reactive attitudes that outlines the various conditions that must be met in order to give rise to a given reactive attitude. I then expand upon Strawson's work (as captured in my definition of reactive attitudes) by introducing two additional categories of reactive attitudes: self-reflexive reactive attitudes and second-personal reflexive reactive attitudes. In addition to explaining the new categories of reactive attitudes that I seek to introduce, I also set forth reasons that lead me to accept such attitudes as reactive. Finally, I outline why I believe the self-reflexive reactive attitudes provide the foundation upon which all the other reactive attitudes rest.
Kripke's modal argument is challenged by his implausible conception of introspection
Authors: Heinzel Alexander , Northoff Georg 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Kripke presented one of the most inuential modal arguments against psycho-physical identities. His argument as exemplified by the identity of pain and its respective neural correlates will be
analysed in detail. It shall be argued that his reasoning relies on an implausible conception of introspection implying an implausible conception of mental phenomena such as pain. His account does not consider
possible interaction of pain and attention as well as the interaction of pain with other psychological factors. Theoretical and empirical evidences for a diferent account of pain, which represent a challenge for Kripke's argument, will be discussed.
McTaggart, the ow of time, and the Disanalogy between Time and Space
Authors: Yehezkel Gal 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
McTaggart's negative thesis in his proof for the unreality of time, which contends that the A-series is contradictory, is still today upheld as a proof of the unreality of the properties of past, present, and future, and of the `flow of time'. In my paper, I defend the possibility of a complete and consistent description of the A-series, thus refuting McTaggart's negative thesis. I show that the failure to acknowledge the possibility of such a description is due to an ambiguity in natural language. Once this ambiguity is clarified, and in light of the disanalogy between time and space, the usual
description of the A-series, `Event e was future, is present, and will be past', is shown to be a successful description of the change in the temporal A-properties (the `flow of time')
From a Mereotopological Point of View: Putting the Scientic Magnifying Glass on Kant's First Antinomy
Authors: Gebharter Alexander , Mirnig Alexander G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In his Critique of Pure Reason Immanuel Kant presents four anti- nomies. In his attempt to solve the first of these antinomies he examines and analyzes"thesis" and "antithesis" more thoroughly and
employs the terms `part', `whole' and `boundary' in his argumentation for their validity. According to Kant, the whole problem surrounding the antinomy was caused by applying the concept of the world to nature and then using both terms interchangeably. While interesting, this solution is still not that much more
than a well thought out idea if it does not also include an adequate formal explication. Since the aforementioned terms all have counterparts in modern mereotopology, a discipline that has seen
significant progress in recent times, we will apply these concepts to Kant's analysis in an attempt to evaluate Kant's solution in light of modern analytic philosophy.
Are all Actions Movements of the Agent's Body?
Authors: Fink Julian 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Davidson famously contended that all actions are movements of the agent's body. It has been objected, however, that Davidson's view is incompatible with his own definition of primitive actions.
This paper argues that this objection is based on an incorrect reading of Davidson's argument. I will show that by reading "movements", in "all actions are bodily movements", transitively, Davidson's definition of primitive actions ceases to conflict with his thesis that all actions are bodily movements.
Elektronen, Amseln, Farben. Wovon können unsere nicht-inferentiellen Beobachtungsüberzeugungen handeln?
Authors: Eckes Magdalena 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
What concepts figure in our non-inferential beliefs: "electrons",
"cardinals" or color-concepts? Neo-Pragmatists like Sellars, Bran-dom and McDowell took different routes to answer this question. All of these routes rely heavily on the concept of inference. This paper seeks to examine the plausibility of each route while taking a close look on the way "non-inferentiality" is conceived.
On a Broader Notion of Rigidity
Authors: Zouhar Marián 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
According to S. Kripke, an expression is rigid provided it refers to the same object in all possible worlds in which the object exists. On the other hand, H. Putnam claims that an expression is rigid provided it refers to the same object in all possible worlds in which it refers to anything at all. The paper shows that the two notions of rigidity are not equivalent because (i) Putnam's rigidity is much broader than Kripke's; (ii) unlike Putnam's rigidity, Kripke's is interwoven with essentialism; and (iii) identity statements between rigid designators in Putnam's sense need not be necessarily true (if true at all).
The Twofold Indeterminacy of Intention
Authors: Botting David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this paper I hope to answer the questions "How do we make something an intentional object?" and "What kinds of things can be intentional objects?" My response will be a direct reference
theory following Chisholm. Such a theory has as a consequence, I will argue, different types of indeterminacy in our attitudes. This is due to Chisholm's concept of conceptual entailment. I hold that if the self-ascribed attribute conceptually entails another which gives a different intentional object, then the attitude is indeterminate as to which is the actual object or objects, although all such objects are 'purported' to be such.