bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
27 Evaluating the Functional Differences at Genome, Transcriptome and Methylome Level between ARS-UCD1.2 and UMD 3.1 Bovine Reference Genomes
Authors: Cánovas Angela , Fonseca Pablo A S , McKay Stephanie D , Medrano Juan F F 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Crossbred beef steers, n = 5,140; 352 ± 5.45 kg initial body weight (BW) were used to evaluate chromium propionate supplementation to yearling steers in a commercial feedyard. Cattle were blocked by arrival date and initial BW and assigned randomly to pen within block; pens were randomly assigned to treatment within block. Treatments, replicated in 15 pens per treatment with 130 to 250 steers per pen, included: 1) control (CTL), 0 mg supplemental Cr/kg dietary dry matter (DM); 2) chromium (CR) 0.50 mg supplemental Cr/kg dietary DM (4.9 mg/d; chromium propionate; KemTRACE Chromium 0.4%, Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA). Final BW, average daily gain (ADG) and gain efficiency (G:F) did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.26). Dry matter intake was greater for CR than CTL, 8.61 kg. vs. 8.49 kg, respectively (P = 0.03). Hot carcass weight (HCW), dressing percentage, ribeye area, and 12th-rib-fat were not different for CTL or CR (P ≥ 0.12). The percentage of carcasses camera grading choice or better was greater (P = 0.04) for CR (51.2%) than CTL (48%), and the percentage of select carcasses was less (P = 0.01) for CR (41.5%) than CTL (45.5%). Yield grade distribution did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.26). There was no difference (P ≥ 0.36) in overall morbidity (7.75%), or total mortality (1.43%) between treatments. Steers fed CR had higher quality carcasses, and similar G:F and HCW to CTL.
56 Diet Supplementation with Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Boulardii Improves Growth, Health, and Fecal Microbiota of Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves
Authors: Villot Clothilde , Dunière Lysiane , Gauthier Marine , Chevaux Eric , Kowalczuck Edyta 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
High morbidity and mortality rates of calves dramatically impact the sustainability of the dairy industry. Probiotics are investigated for their potential to alleviate health challenges. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-1079 (SB) supplementation in pre-weaning calves. Thirty Holstein calves were enrolled at d6 of age and were offered daily 8 L of milk replacer with ad-libitum access to water and pelleted starter. Calves were balanced in term of parity of the dam and birth weight and randomly assigned to two experimental groups, designated as supplemented and Control. Supplemented calves received 2x109 cfu/d of SB added in the milk replacer. Every abnormal health condition, such as gut and respiratory disorders, as well as therapeutic treatments were recorded daily for each animal. A linear mixed model was performed to assess the impact of the supplementation on the different variables measured. Two fecal samples were collected at d10 and d60 of the trial to analyze bacteria diversity and taxonomic composition by amplicon sequencing. The overall health was improved in SB calves with fewer diarrhea cases detected compared with Controls (0.7 vs 2.2/calf, respectively, P = 0.001) and fewer SB calves experiencing respiratory disease (6.3 vs 50% respectively, P = 0.090). Along with those observations, a lower number of SB calves received a therapeutic treatment (18.8 vs 62.5% respectively, P = 0.029). Consequently, SB calves weighed 3 kg more compared with the Controls at the end of the experiment (P = 0.087). SB calves significantly presented a greater relative abundance of Akkermansia, a genus involved in immune system maturation, and a greater proportion of Lactobacillales and Negativicutes (lactate users) indicating likely better adaptation of their fecal microbiota to the milk diet than in Controls.
53 The Role of Veterinary Services on Nutrition Schemes, Management, and Health Practices for Sheep and Goats in Rural Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, Northwest Province of South Africa
Authors: Mokolopi Baitsholetsi G , Oguttu James W 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Poverty is a feature of rural households, and as a result, rural folks usually adopt low-input agriculture to alleviate poverty. Many households in Ngaka Modiri Molema District keep animals, particularly sheep and goats, for a variety of reasons, including as source of income, milk, and meat. However, they lack the management skills that are necessary for their livestock to increase their productivity. Inadequate animal management, including poor feeding and housing standards and poor application of proper animal health procedures are compounded by a lack of agricultural experience and low-input farming methods. In addition, poor animal nutrition, sickness and a high prevalence of parasites, and low animal production output further contribute to low overall productivity. Therefore, support offered by the veterinary services, and the impact these interventions have on sheep and goat farming among rural farmers need to be investigated. The present study will seek to describe the feeding schemes and management practices adopted by sheep and goat owners, as well as the role played by veterinary and extension services in the development of such practices. Health care provided to sheep goat farmers by the veterinary services will also be determined. A survey will be conducted in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, a rural area in North West Province of South Africa. The study population will consist of all farmers rearing sheep and goats, both female and male. Animal and farm information level data and general farm management practices will be collected via a questionnaire survey. Using the Statistical Kit for STATA (version 16), data will be examined by computing frequency, percentages, and proportions based on the characteristics of the sample population. This survey will help to provide opportunities for resource-poor farmers in rural areas to develop their flocks.
45 Vaccine Protocol Influences Immune Phenotype of Weaned Beef Calves
Authors: Reddout Cassidy C , Salak-Johnson Janeen L , Beck Paul A , White Frank 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Vaccination is one mechanism used as a preventative measure to decrease morbidity and mortality due to bovine respiratory disease (BRD), but vaccination efficacy is inconsistent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effect of inactivated (INA) vs. modified live (MLV) viral vaccines on the immune phenotype of weaned beef calves. Mixed-sexed pens with equal numbers of heifers and steers were randomly assigned to receive either INA (Vira Shield 6) or MLV (Titanium 5) treatments at d 0 (initial) and a booster (28 d). A subpopulation of heifers (n = 28) and steers (n = 18) were identified from these treatment pens and balanced for treatment. Samples were obtained prior to vaccination and 14 and 28 d post-initial vaccination and again at 14 and 28 d post-booster. All animals were weighed on collection days. Data were analyzed using either GLM or MIXED procedures of SAS with repeated measures. A treatment × day interaction occurred on cortisol at 14 d post-initial vaccination; the MLV calves had greater (P = 0.05) cortisol than INA calves. At 28 d post-initial and 14 d post-booster, MLV calves had greater (P &lt; 0.05) total IgG and isotypes IgG1 and IgG2. MLV had greater (P &lt; 0.05) cytokine concentrations associated with either humoral or cell-mediated immune responses. Conversely, serum neutralizing antibodies for antigens associated with the vaccine were significantly greater in INA calves than in MLV (P &lt; 0.05). Calves receiving MLV were heavier (P &lt; 0.05) at the end of the study. These data imply that vaccination protocol resulted in differential immune phenotypes. More specifically, calves receiving the MLV vaccine phenotype indicated stimulation of both the humoral and cell-mediated response. In contrast, the INA phenotype was indicative of a bias towards a humoral response. Further research should be done to determine the protective value of these phenotypes.
46 Sulfonation-Based Decontamination Alters Biotransformation and Excretion of Deoxynivalenol in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Chen Chi , Yao Dan , McGhee Molly L , Faris Richard , Giesting Don W 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a primary mycotoxin in cereal feed ingredients that negatively affects feed intake and immune function of pigs. Formation of DON sulfonate (DONS) with sulfites in feed has become an effective approach to mitigate the DON toxicities in practice, but the metabolic fate of DON under sulfonation-based decontamination was not well defined. In this study, 48 nursery pigs (35 d of age, 10.8 ± 1.3 kg) were stratified by weight and sex and grouped following a 2 x2 factorial design on the DON content in corn-soybean meal diets (1.2 vs. 4.1 ppm) and the inclusion of NoTox Ultimate D, a sulfite-based mitigant (0 vs. 0.25%). Four experimental diets, including low-DON feed with no mitigant treatment (LD-NT); low-DON feed with sulfonation treatment (LD-ST): high-DON feed with no mitigant treatment (HD-NT); high-DON feed with sulfonation treatment (HD-ST), were fed for 21 d for urine collection on day 0, 10, and 21 and fecal collection on day 21. Urine and fecal samples were analyzed by both targeted metabolite analysis and untargeted metabolomic modeling. DON itself was absent in all fecal and urine samples, indicating a complete biotransformation. As expected, sulfonation led to the formation of DONS in feces in correlation with the DON content in feed and the decrease of two DON glucuronides in urine (HD-ST &lt; HD-NT). Interestingly, sulfonation did not decrease the concentrations of two deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM) glucuronides in urine. Instead, it significantly increased DOM in feces (HD-ST &gt; HD-NT). The results indicate that the formation of DONS by sulfite treatment alters the biotransformation and excretion of DON by decreasing the availability of free DON for absorption and simultaneously increasing its availability for microbial metabolism to form DOM, an inactivated metabolite, for fecal and urine excretion.
63 Impact of Supplementing Rumen-Protected Methionine During the Periconceptional Period in Fetal and Postnatal Growth in Beef Cattle
Authors: Heredia Daniella C , Tarnonsky Federico , Ojeda Oscar A A , Rojas Camila Santos , Fernandez-Marenchino Ignacio , Luchini Daniel D , Hansen Peter J , DiLorenzo Nicolas , Gonella Angela M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Previous evidence has suggested that fertilization and preimplantation embryonic development are sensitive periods that can be influenced by changes in maternal nutrition. We hypothesized that feeding rumen-protected methionine (RP-Met) during the periconceptional period will program bovine gestation in a manner that enhances fetal and postnatal growth. A total of 114 cows were fed a roughage-based diet and randomized to receive corn gluten supplemented with 15 g of RP-Met (RP-Met; Smartamine, Adisseo) or not (Con) from d -7 to +7 relative to artificial insemination (AI) with sex-sorted semen. Estrus synchronization was conducted using the 7-day CoSynch + CIDR protocol. Pregnancy diagnosis, embryo, and fetal morphology were conducted using transrectal ultrasonography 30, and 60 days after AI. After calving, 40 calves (Cont = 19; RP-Met = 21) were considered for birth weight (BW) analysis. Female calves (n=34) were weighed at 2 months of age. Pregnancy per AI at day 30 (Con = 50%, RP-Met = 55%) and day 60 (Con = 50%; RP-Met = 53.4%) were not different between groups (P ≥ 0.05). At 30 days of pregnancy, embryonic vesicle diameter (Con=11.0 ± 0.7 mm; RP-Met =11.6 ± 0.7 mm; P &lt; 0.05) and circumference (Con=0.88 ± 0.09 cm2; RP-Met =0.99 ± 0.09 cm2 P &lt; 0.05) were larger in the RP-Met group but embryo length and abdominal cavity were not different between groups. No difference was observed in fetal morphology at d 60. A treatment by sex interaction was observed (P =0.04). Male calves (n=6) from cows fed RP-Met showed greater BW than those from Con group (Con=31.9 ± 2.3 kg; RP-Met =41.4 ± 2.3 kg) but no difference was observed in females (n=34). There was no difference in BW at 2 months of age between groups. In conclusion, using RP-Met increased embryonic vesicle diameter and circumference, and BW in males.
58 Effect of Autolyzed Yeast Feed Additives on the Function of Dairy Leukocytes and on the Milk Constituents of Holstein Cows
Authors: Deliberalli Andressa , Abreu Ana C , Milla Bianca , Naiverth Sarah , Bertagnon Heloisa , Bonato Melina A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mastitis is one of the leading causes of losses in dairy farming due to the cost of treatment and disposal rates. Yeast-based products can improve milk production and quality by stimulating immunity and ruminal efficiency. The different yeast derivative products and components can result in different effects. However, there are doubts about their real impact on the mammary gland. The yeast cell wall rich in β-glucans, considered an immunomodulator, acts mainly on phagocytes cells. The yeast cytoplasm is composed of metabolites, mainly amino acids, nucleotides, and vitamins, which impact in increasing the number of ruminal microorganisms and improve the feed conversion, resulting in an increase in milk production. The objective of this study was to evaluate two different autolyzed Saccharomyces cerevisiae feed additives supplemented in dairy cows and their effects on mammary gland phagocyte function, milk somatic cells count (SCC), and production. For this, 25 multiparous Holstein cows, in the middle third of lactation (average production of 25 L/day, and SCC below 200,000 cells/mL) were distributed into 3 treatments: Control group [CG] (n=8); Autolyzed Yeast [AY] (15 g/animal/day, RumenYeast, ICC Brazil Company, n=10); Yeast Metabolites [YM] (5 g/animal/day, MaxiDigest, ICC Brazil Company, n=7). Milk production, CSS, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytology of milk leukocytes were measured weakly for 56 days. AY increased phagocytes ROS from d40 and 42 compared to CG (P&lt; 0.05); increased macrophages and decreased neutrophils percentage in milk, and decreased SCC at d48 and d56, compared to CG and YM (P&lt; 0.05). YM increased ROS from d40 until D48 compared with CG (P&lt; 0.05), with no change in the cellular profile of milk. There was an increase in milk production from d32 only in the YM versus CG and AY. In conclusion, AY demonstrated greater activation of the mammary gland cellular immune system, while YM promoted increased milk production and intermediate immune system stimulation.
75 The Power of Theoretical and Practical Identifiability Analysis for Modeling (Micro-) Biological Processes
Authors: Muñoz-Tamayo Rafael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
When modeling biological systems, one major step of the modeling exercise is the confrontation between the theory (the model) and the reality (the data). Such a confrontation passes through the resolution of the parameter identification (model calibration) problem, which aims at finding a set of parameters that best fits the variables predicted by the model to the data. The parameter identification step is often addressed like a downstream process. Using this approach, once the data are collected, the modeler has a minimal degree of freedom to improve the accuracy of her model. Instead, the modeler can identify opportunities for improving model accuracy if the parameter identification problem is addressed like an upstream process. For instance, one of these opportunities is to determine for a given experimental setup (before the actual data collection), whether the optimization problem is well-posed (that it is, if the problem has unique solution). Knowing this information beforehand is useful to set up an experimental protocol that guarantees the uniqueness of the parameter estimates. This question of uniqueness is related to the notion of structural (theoretical) identifiability. The modeler might also be interested in knowing whether the available data that will result from the experimental protocol will be informative enough to identify the model parameters accurately. The question of parameter accuracy based on the quality of available data is related to the notion of practical identifiability. This work aims to present the theoretical basis of structural and practical identifiability analysis. By capitalizing on the use of dedicated software tools, we will illustrate further the power of structural and practical identifiability analysis in the modeling exercise using relevant examples for the modeling of microbiological processes such as the rumen microbial fermentation.
73 Building Models for Animal Production and Management with System Dynamics
Authors: Turner Benjamin L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The learning objectives of this workshop session are to be able to define system dynamics (SD), the core variables used in SD simulation (stocks, flows, and auxiliaries), and mental models. In order to achieve this, participants will build a small, simple SD model and run several preliminary tests to explore changes in dynamic behavior patterns. Several other case studies will be presented and discussed. By completing the exercises and interacting with the case study material, participants will gain a greater appreciation for the ways in which systems analysis using models can help address complex animal science or general agricultural resource problems as well as engage students in active and problem-based learning.
80 Effects of Prenatal Stress on Beef Steer Development
Authors: Elder Kasey A , Fernandez Rachel , Dunn Rachel , Green Kiana , Odhiambo John F , Coble Derrick 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cost-effective growth in beef steers is necessary for limited-resource grass-fed cow-calf operations. Therefore, production goals should emphasize using inexpensive feed sources to maximize growth post-weaning. Maternal stress during gestation can negatively affect this progression. Effects of prenatal stressors such as hurricanes have been overlooked. In this project two groups of steers born from the same lineage in different years were compared: Group 1, dams experienced effects of a category 5 hurricane in their late gestation. Group 2, dams experienced no adverse environmental effects. Body weights were collected at 13 (Period 1), 14 (Period 2), and 20 months of age (Period 3). Blood cortisol concentrations were evaluated in Summer (when Group 1 average age was 31 months, while Group 2 averaged 18 months of age) and Fall (when Group 1 average age was 34 months, while Group 2 average age was 21 months) periods. Data were evaluated by mixed procedures of SAS, and significance was declared at P&lt; 0.05. The results showed a significant group effect on the age-matched body weights (572.96±22.04 vs 735.12±22.04, lbs. for groups 1 and 2 respectively). Period effect was also significant (P&lt; 0.001). However, there was no group by period effect. Group 1 steers were lighter in body weight than Group 2 in periods one and two but were not different thereafter. There was a significant group effect on cortisol concentrations (965.24±38.21 vs 1,282.2±40.53, pg/mL for groups 1 and 2 respectively). Our results showed that the hurricane had detrimental effects on steers, which may impede the growth progression of animals as seen in this study. The observations made in this study indicate the need to investigate further the effects of prenatal stress by natural disasters on beef steer development.
91 Key Economic and Marketing Trends in fed Cattle and High-Quality Beef
Authors: McCullock Katelyn , Robb James 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This presentation provides a descriptive overview of economic and marketing trends and key changes in cattle feeding over the last two decades. The focus will highlight four major areas: aspects of beef demand (domestic and foreign), market-driven carcass characteristics, economically driven producer production trends, and marketing arrangements. The last two decades have brought unique challenges and opportunities to the beef industry through demand changes and production technologies. Consumer diet trends, the rise and fall of saturated fat, and the expansion into the global marketplace have all shaped the beef demand profile. New technologies also have shaped feedlot management and marketing. Over the last two decades, changes have revolutionized fed cattle marketing, rewarding quality through alternative marketing arrangements, especially formula pricing, including grid pricing. Evolutionary changes have been seen in carcass grading characteristics (e.g., Choice/Select price spread) and helped focus production practices to zero in on producing higher-quality beef. Trends at the feedlot such as carcass weights, days on feed, and other productivity measures have also been shaped by in-part by economics. Last, we will offer a few comments on emerging issues and trends.
95 Micronutrient Research Needs for the Next Beef Nasem
Authors: Hansen Stephanie L , Drewnoski Mary E , Smerchek Dathan T 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
NASEM committee members must work with freely available data to adjust current nutrient recommendations. This presentation will highlight fundamental questions with which the next committee will need to wrestle. How relevant are the foundational studies upon which current recommendations were built, given the genetic, technological, and husbandry advances of the beef industry over the past several decades? Should the next beef NASEM adopt the policy of the latest dairy NASEM and use a factorial approach to mineral recommendations? What studies are necessary to even make this a possibility? Discussion of the pros and cons to such an approach will occur, as will discussion of other critical research needs regarding micronutrients. For example, dose titration studies with both minerals and vitamins are needed for all stages of beef cattle, more pressing for some nutrients than others. These studies need to include negative controls, and to assess performance and biological measures (e.g. enzymatic activity) and can be quite expensive. Beef cattle feedstuffs are regionally dependent and largely cost-based. The effect of diet type on mineral and vitamin bioavailability would be useful. Additional discussion of the major needs for cows and calves (e.g. vitamin A, vitamin E) and weaned to finish (e.g. P, Co, Zn) will be covered.