bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grenzen und Fortschritte indikatorengestützter Politik am Beispiel der Corona-Pandemie
Authors: Wagner Gert G. 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungIndikatoren sollen der Steuerung von (sozialen) Prozessen dienen. Sie beschreiben jedoch die Realität in der Regel nur deskriptiv und unvermeidlich mit mehr oder weniger großen und systematischen Messfehlern behaftet. Insofern ist es im Allgemeinen alles andere als einfach mit Hilfe von Indikatoren zu steuern; insbesondere dann, wenn für Problembereiche (fehlerbehaftete) Zielwerte vorgegeben werden, für deren Erreichung die Indikatoren keine kausalen Pfade aufzeigen. Am Beispiel der Corona-Pandemie werden statistisch-methodische Probleme von (sozialen) Indikatoren aufgezeigt und auf ein zentrales Defizit der vorhandenen bzw. rasch entwickelten Pandemie-Indikatoren hingewiesen: fehlende Indikatoren für Instrumente der Risikokommunikation. Als eine positive Nebenwirkung der Pandemie wird die verbesserte „statistical literacy“ hervorgehoben und diskutiert.
Risk Analysis for Train Collisions Using Fault Tree Analysis: Case Study of the Hanoi Urban Mass Rapid Transit
Authors: Nguyen Thi Hoai An , Trinckauf Jochen , Luong Tuan Anh , Truong Thanh Tung 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe urban mass rapid transit (UMRT) Line HN2A is the first light rail transit line in Vietnam. It is also the first time the operational safety assessment for the whole life cycle of a railway project is applied and assessed by an applicable scientific tool. While various industry standard methods have been deployed in many countries, their application is not appropriate for assessing the outdated railway infrastructure in Vietnam. This article proposes a method for generating safety risk models for train collisions using the fault tree analysis (FTA) technique. The FTA method comprehensively evaluates the fundamental error and failure probability that could potentially lead to accidents in general and train collisions in particular on Line HN2A. The study describes the procedure for establishing FTA and determining assumptions based on technical specifications and similar railway systems. Compared with the statistical failure results using data from operational tests and commissioning (2018–2021) of the metro line, the results here indicate that this is a reasonable theoretical model applicable to UMRT in Vietnam. The theoretical model will be processed to generate the first-ever scientific risk assessment system based on empirical evidence. In addition, real-time accident and operation data will continue to be collected and compared to the theoretical model to improve its accuracy. The findings of this study could serve as a starting point for risk management on current and future freight, passenger, and metro lines in Vietnam.
L’émergence d’une histoire environnementale interdisciplinaire
Authors: Izdebski Adam , Bloomfield Kevin , Eastwood Warren J. , Fernandes Ricardo , Fleitmann Dominik , Guzowski Piotr , Haldon John , Ludlow Francis , Luterbacher Jürg , Manning Joseph G. , Masi Alessia , Mordechai Lee , Newfield Timothy P. , Stine Alexander R. , Şenkul Çetin , Xoplaki Elena 
Published: November 2022

RésuméAvec l’efflorescence des approches paléoscientifiques du passé, les historiens ont été confrontés à une multitude de nouveaux indices sur des phénomènes tant humains que naturels, des maladies aux migrations en passant par les transformations du paysage et le climat. Ces données inédites exigent une réécriture des récits portant sur les périodes lointaines, remettant en cause à la fois les fondements de l’autorité des sources historiques traditionnelles et la légitimité des personnes habilitées à narrer le passé aux sociétés contemporaines. Les travaux d’histoire appuyés sur les sciences humaines doivent embrasser ces nouveaux types d’indices ; cependant, pour y parvenir, il est nécessaire pour les chercheurs de s’engager dans cette voie de manière critique, comme ils le font pour les sources textuelles et matérielles. Cet article souhaite mettre en lumière les questions méthodologiques les plus essentielles, qui vont des échelles spatio-temporelles et de l’hétérogénéité des nouvelles preuves au rôle à attribuer aux méthodes quantitatives et à la place des données scientifiques dans la construction narrative. Il examine les domaines d’étude où les paléosciences se sont « immiscées » dans des champs et des sujets auparavant réservés aux historiens, notamment l’histoire socio-économique, climatique et environnementale. Les auteurs soutiennent qu’il est urgent pour ces spécialistes d’explorer activement ces pistes novatrices, s’ils entendent contribuer à l’évolution de notre compréhension des défis de l’Anthropocène.
Le destin de l’Empire romain dans le temps long de l’environnement (note critique)
Authors: Leveau Philippe 
Published: November 2022

RésuméCette contribution a pour point de départ la présentation du livre de K. Harper, qui traite de la place de l’évolution du climat et des maladies dans l’histoire de l’Empire romain. Après avoir présenté les grandes thèses défendues par l’auteur, elle s’attache aux critiques qui ont pu être adressées à ces restitutions par certains historiens : sous-estimation de la complexité de l’évolution climatique, surestimation de la mortalité épidémique, utilisation abusive des apologistes chrétiens, mobilisation des concepts de consilience et de résilience. Ces choix rendent compte des accusations de déterminisme et de réductionnisme dont le livre a fait l’objet. Le récit que K. Harper fait de l’histoire de Rome doit être replacé dans le contexte d’une histoire globale et environnementale promue par des historiens américains qui y saluent une entrée magistrale de l’histoire de Rome dans les préoccupations d’un monde du xxie siècle menacé par les deux conséquences de la globalisation : le changement climatique et les pandémies. Ils s’opposent en cela aux historiens européens qui insistent sur la diversité des conditions environnementales du temps de l’Empire et sur l’héritage historique légué aux nations européennes. Si l’écart entre ces deux approches fait l’intérêt du débat, le « présentisme » dont elles témoignent l’une et l’autre les expose au risque d’interpréter la chute de Rome en fonction des inquiétudes environnementales et géopolitiques actuelles.
How is the U.S. Pricing Carbon? How Could We Price Carbon?
Authors: Aldy Joseph E. , Burtraw Dallas , Fischer Carolyn , Fowlie Meredith , Williams Roberton C. , Cropper Maureen L. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEconomists have for decades recommended that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases be taxed – or otherwise priced – to provide incentives for their reduction. The USA does not have a federal carbon tax; however, many state and federal programs to reduce carbon emissions effectively price carbon – for example, through cap-and-trade systems or regulations. There are also programs that subsidize reductions in carbon emissions. At the 2022 meetings of the American Economic Association, the Society for Benefit-Cost Analysis brought together five well-known economists – Joe Aldy, Dallas Burtraw, Carolyn Fischer, Meredith Fowlie, and Rob Williams – to discuss how the USA does, in fact, price carbon and how it could price carbon. Maureen Cropper chaired the panel. This paper summarizes their remarks.
Discounting in Natural Resource Damage Assessment
Authors: Horsch Eric , Phaneuf Daniel , Giguere Chris , Murray Jason , Duff Cameron , Kroninger Cole 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe goal of natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) is to compensate the public for losses to natural resources from past or ongoing hazardous releases, including losses that may persist into the future. Compensation is delivered in the form of restoration projects. Resolving NRDA liability requires balancing losses and restoration benefits over multiple decades and converting them into a present value for calculating appropriate damages. For the past two decades, NRDA practitioners have used a real discount rate of 3 % to convert losses and benefits to a present value equivalent. That rate was based, in part, on real historical yields on risk-free debt (e.g., the real rate of return on 3-month Treasury bills). Declining interest rates on risk-free debt in recent years has led to suggestions to reexamine the historical consensus discount rate. This paper reviews two alternative conceptual paradigms for selecting a discount rate in NRDA cases: the social rate of time preference and discount rates for tort cases. We summarize historical data for empirically implementing the two paradigms and discuss the ramifications of the different options. Based on our review, we suggest maintaining the 3 % consensus as a practical solution to a range of empirical candidates within the two conceptual paradigms.
On defining ‘fundamentalism’
Authors: Peels Rik 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis article combines two things: it explores how one should undertake the project of defining ‘fundamentalism’ and, based on the ensuing desiderata, it actually provides such a definition. After a few preliminary comments on ‘fundamentalism’ and the value of defining it, five goals of definitions are distinguished and elucidated: accuracy, precision, fairness, clarity, and fecundity. After that, various kinds of definitions and their interrelations are spelled out. Finally, the author provides and defends a so-called explicative definition of ‘fundamentalism’ both in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions and in terms of stereotypical properties. On the basis of empirical literature and a scoping review, it is argued that a movement is fundamentalist if and only if it is (i) reactionary towards modern developments, (ii) itself modern, and (iii) based on a grand historical narrative. More specifically, a movement is fundamentalist if it exemplifies a large number of the following properties: (i) it is reactionary in its rejection of liberal ethics, science, or technological exploitation; (ii) it is modern in seeking certainty and control, embracing literalism and infallibility about particular scriptures, actively using media and technology, or making universal claims; and (iii) it presents a grand historical narrative in terms of paradise, fall, and redemption, or cosmic dualism.
A linear logic framework for multimodal logics
Authors: Xavier Bruno , Olarte Carlos , Pimentel Elaine 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOne of the most fundamental properties of a proof system is analyticity, expressing the fact that a proof of a given formula F only uses subformulas of F. In sequent calculus, this property is usually proved by showing that the
$\mathsf{cut}$
rule is admissible, i.e., the introduction of the auxiliary lemma H in the reasoning “if H follows from G and F follows from H, then F follows from G” can be eliminated. The proof of cut admissibility is usually a tedious, error-prone process through several proof transformations, thus requiring the assistance of (semi-)automatic procedures. In a previous work by Miller and Pimentel, linear logic (
$\mathsf{LL}$
) was used as a logical framework for establishing sufficient conditions for cut admissibility of object logical systems (OL). The OL’s inference rules are specified as an
$\mathsf{LL}$
theory and an easy-to-verify criterion sufficed to establish the cut-admissibility theorem for the OL at hand. However, there are many logical systems that cannot be adequately encoded in
$\mathsf{LL}$
, the most symptomatic cases being sequent systems for modal logics. In this paper, we use a linear-nested sequent (
$\mathsf{LNS}$
) presentation of
$\mathsf{MMLL}$
(a variant of LL with subexponentials), and show that it is possible to establish a cut-admissibility criterion for
$\mathsf{LNS}$
systems for (classical or substructural) multimodal logics. We show that the same approach is suitable for handling the
$\mathsf{LNS}$
system for intuitionistic logic.
Use of Mobile Health Units in Conflict Settings - A Scoping Review
Authors: Awad Sarah , Sheerazi Sarika , von Schreeb Johan 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:Over the last decade, a global increase in the number of armed conflicts has been recorded and Mobile Health Units (MHU) are deployed to provide aid to people with limited access to health care. However, the service modality has received criticism related to irregular service provision and logistical difficulties. Although MHUs may be of value in conflicts and insecure environments, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding their usefulness to address dominating health needs.Objectives:To elucidate the use of MHUs in conflict settings in adherence to WHO Classification for Emergency Medical Teams.Method/Description:A scoping review was conducted following the framework by Arksey and O’Malley. Twenty-six bibliographic databases and websites were searched for white and grey literature published between 2000-2021 reporting on the use of MHUs in conflict settings.Results/Outcomes:Fourteen publications were included in the final analysis, highlighting seven themes: site of operation and mobility, key characteristics, services, benchmark indicators, staff, community engagement, and safety and security. The mobile approach was reported to increase access to health services. Challenges described primarily concerned access and availability, limited coverage, and logistics. Several studies highlighted the need for more sustainable interventions and a more clearly defined exit strategy.Conclusion:There is a paucity of publications reporting on the use of MHUs in conflict settings and inconsistencies in the reported data. The literature adhered to previous research and WHO guidelines to some extent. Further research is needed evaluating the interventions and outcomes of MHUs in conflict settings.
Optimization of Patient Flow through EMT Facilities Applying Dynamic Behavioral Simulation Models
Authors: Bartolucci Andrea , Bernardini Gabriele B. , D’Orazio Marco , Quagliarini Enrico 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:The effectiveness of care provided by EMTs is directly linked to the ability to ensure a controlled, coordinated, and safe patient flow through the post, especially in case of MCIs or disease outbreak. Currently, there are neither frameworks nor tools to analyze such flow that is often visualized on paper using arrows or simply connected to the care pathway, thus missing the impact of people’s interactions with the facility.Objectives:This study aims at exploring the use of a behavioral-design-based approach in simulating patient flow through EMTs.1Method/Description:It provides a dynamic behavioral simulation model to assess the interactions between patients, staff members, and the related dynamic movements/interactions with the health care facility, each of them having specific features also in relation to the emergency condition faced.2 Data used in this study consist of literature-based information concerning patient characteristics (eg, age), the variation of expected medical conditions and severity in relation to the time and typology of the emergency,3 layouts of existing facilities (eg, UKMed T1), and experimental activities (eg, exercise).Results/Outcomes:The analysis of the results will allow to simulate different scenarios and improve the design of health care facilities layouts in order to prevent overcrowding situation, avoid disease spreading, estimate the optimal number of staff for each task, and investigate interactions between patients and staff.Conclusion:Optimizing patient flow encompasses quickly, efficiently, and effectively movement meeting the demand for care by moving patients through care pathways while improving coordination of care, patient safety, and health outcomes.
The Role of an EMT1 in a Different Mission, the Coronavirus Pandemic
Authors: Hernández Sara I. Montero , Hernández-Tejedor Alberto , Villar David Caballos 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:During COVID-19 pandemic, the EMS of the city of Madrid decided to make available its human and material resources to the Government. Despite its vast experience in disaster care and management, this mission was challenging. EMT1 SAMUR-PC was deployed, fully trained and self-sufficient inside and outside the city.Objectives:To review EMT1 activities during coronavirus disease, checking its adaptation to unusual circumstances.Method/Description:Description of settings where our teams (physicians, nurses, emergency care assistants, and logisticians) were deployed.Results/Outcomes:As elderly people were highly affected, EMT1 offered assessment and advise at nursing homes in Madrid and other cities. Personalized visits were planned and performed addressing personnel and material needs and processed to authorities in daily meetings.Logisticians advised about how to control clean and dirty zones, isolating positive cases. Meanwhile, doctors and nurses wearing PPE provided health care and referred severe patients. Quality of care in elderly was measured, improvement areas were notified directly to heads.We were deployed to some hospitals in the country, reinforcing medical and nursing staff at wards, observation areas, and intensive care units. It was also necessary to transfer critical patients between hospitals.Decontamination lines were set up by CBN experts. Rapid response teams were ready to provide care to colleagues.Conclusion:During COVID-19 pandemic, Spanish EMT1 was able to adapt its normal way of working at different settings, supporting and re-establishing essential health services. It required flexibility, taking advantage of existing structures, and focusing on vulnerable populations. Its role was important for saving lives, preserving health, and alleviating suffering.
Spinal Immobilization in Disasters: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Cuthbertson Joseph , Weimstein Eric 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:A roundtable was hosted by the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine (WADEM) World Congress to explore prehospital spinal immobilization (SI). The participants queried prehospital SI in resource-scarce environments (RSE), whether the disaster or humanitarian setting was applicable to the then recently released ILCOR statement, and identified challenges in maintaining appropriate application of SI in the prehospital RSE. A specific call was requested as an output of the roundtable for WADEM to provide guidance in this area of practice.Objectives:This systematic review informed a subsequent Delphi study to develop prehospital guidelines for SI in disaster and humanitarian settings.Method/Description:A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. The review included English language papers published from January 2000 through July 2019.Results/Outcomes:The search strategy yielded a total of 1,029 references. After exclusion of duplicates, 919 titles were identified for further screening. After applying exclusion criteria, a total of 14 references underwent evaluation. The reviewed articles comprised six types of studies and represented research from institutions in ten different countries.Conclusion:There is a lack of high-level evidence on the utility or effect of spinal motion restriction or immobilization on patient outcomes in disasters. There is a need for robust research to determine the clinical benefit of spinal restriction or immobilization in disasters and across disaster types. This systematic review informed a subsequent Delphi study to develop recommendations and guidance for practice related to prehospital SI in disaster and humanitarian settings.
From 2 Hours to 2 Seconds: Using the Red Cross Red Crescent Health Information System (RCHIS) to Complete the Emergency Medical Teams - Minimum Data Set Reporting
Authors: Clarke Lauren , Holl Felix , Raffort Thomas , Serres Elvire , Archer Laura , Saaristo Panu 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:Standardization of data collection and reporting within EMTs is challenging. In past deployments, the Red Cross Red Crescent Type 1 and Type 2 facilities have collected data by hand using paper-based form and Excel spreadsheets. This process can be laborious, time-consuming, and often inaccurate.Objectives:To combat this issue with reporting, RCHIS (Red Cross Red Crescent Health Information System) has been designed to ensure that reporting is accurate and also very easy to complete, increasing compliance with the EMT-MDS reporting.Method/Description:RCHIS is both an electronic medical record (EMR) and health information system (HIS). RCHIS has been designed to produce pre-made reports including the MDS in seconds, extracting data from the patient records. Through significant testing and pilot deployments in a domestic Type 1 fixed clinic, the rapid production of reports such as the MDS has increased compliance and accuracy with reporting.Results/Outcomes:Overall, the utilization of an electronic medical system for increasing compliance and accuracy with the MDS has been hugely successful. An in-depth analysis of the export data was done to confirm the 100% accuracy within the MDS report.Conclusion:The utilization of RCHIS within a domestic ERU (equivalent to an EMT Type 1 or Type 2) has been hugely successful. The next steps will involve the deployment of RCHIS within an international deployment.
Introduction of Japan Disaster Medical Assistant Team as a National Emergency Medical Team
Authors: Koido Yuichi , Kondo Hisayoshi , Wakai Akinori , Ono Tatsuo , Toyokuni Yoshiki 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:Japan is a country with many disasters. Japan’s disaster medical system has improved significantly over the past 30 years by gaining experience in various disasters. Japan is implementing one of the unique disaster medical teams raised from experience and needs.Objectives:Introducing the Japan Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) system and discussing how the domestic disaster medical team should be.Method/Description:Referring to the actual response to domestic disasters and the development of disaster medical teams in Japan.Results/Outcomes:The National Emergency Medical Teams (National-EMT), Japan DMAT, was established in 2005. Currently, DMAT is 1,754 teams and over 15,862 members were registered. The team usually consists of five to six personnel, including two doctors, two nurses, and two logisticians. Each team carries standardized equipment. Japan DMAT will not set up a field hospital in the disaster area. Japan DMAT will bring a team to the Disaster Base Hospitals (DBHs) and start supporting the affected hospital operation first. Then, if there are other affected patients within DBH’s medical jurisdiction, then the team will mobile and support each hospital and clinic for further medical assistance.Conclusion:Having National-EMT in your own country is necessary for disaster-prone countries. Still, it is also required to consider what type of EMT needs to be established, referring already existing emergency medical system of your country.