bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the global health impact of gender-based violence and violence against children: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Spencer Cory N , Baeza María Jose , Chandan Jaidev Kaur , Debure Alexandra , Herbert Molly , Jewell Teresa , Khalil Mariam , Lim Rachel Qian Hui , Minhas Sonica , Chandan Joht Singh , Gakidou Emmanuela , Metheny Nicholas 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionExposure to gender-based violence (GBV) and violence against children (VAC) can result in substantial morbidity and mortality. Previous reviews of health outcomes associated with GBV and VAC have focused on limited definitions of exposure to violence (ie, intimate partner violence) and often investigate associations only with predefined health outcomes. In this protocol, we describe a systematic review and meta-analysis for a comprehensive assessment of the impact of violence exposure on health outcomes and health-related risk factors across the life-course.Methods and analysisElectronic databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Global Index Medicus, Cochrane and Web of Science Core Collection) will be searched from 1 January 1970 to 30 September 2021 and searches updated to the current date prior to final preparation of results. Reviewers will first screen titles and abstracts, and eligible articles will then be full-text screened and accepted should they meet all inclusion criteria. Data will be extracted using a standardised form with fields to capture study characteristics and estimates of association between violence exposure and health outcomes. Individual study quality will be assessed via six risk of bias criteria. For exposure–outcome pairs with sufficient data, evidence will be synthesised via a meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed model and confidence in the cumulative evidence assessed via the burden of proof risk function. Where possible, variations in associations by subgroup, that is, age, sex or gender, will be explored.Ethics and disseminationFormal ethical approval is not required. Findings from this review will be used to inform improved estimation of GBV and VAC within the Global Burden of Disease Study. The review has been undertaken in conjunction with the Lancet Commission on GBV and the Maltreatment of Young People with the aim of providing new data insights for a report on the global response to violence.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022299831.
Social Factors, Epigenomics and Lupus in African American Women (SELA) Study: protocol for an observational mechanistic study examining the interplay of multiple individual and social factors on lupus outcomes in a health disparity population
Authors: Vara Emily L , Langefeld Carl D , Wolf Bethany J , Howard Timothy D , Hawkins Gregory A , Quet Queen , Moultrie Lee H , Quinnette King L , Molano Ivan D , Bray Stephanie L , Ueberroth Lori Ann , Lim S Sam , Williams Edith M , Kamen Diane L , Ramos Paula S 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionDespite the disproportional impact of SLE on historically marginalised communities, the individual and sociocultural factors underlying these health disparities remain elusive. We report the design and methods for a study aimed at identifying epigenetic biomarkers associated with racism and resiliency that affect gene function and thereby influence SLE in a health disparity population.Methods and analysisThe Social Factors, Epigenomics and Lupus in African American Women (SELA) Study is a cross-sectional, case–control study. A total of 600 self-reported African American women will be invited to participate. All participants will respond to questionnaires that capture detailed sociodemographic and medical history, validated measures of racial discrimination, social support, as well as disease activity and damage for cases. Participants who wish will receive their genetic ancestry estimates and be involved in research. Blood samples are required to provide peripheral blood mononuclear cell counts, DNA and RNA. The primary goals of SELA are to identify variation in DNA methylation (DNAm) associated with self-reported exposure to racial discrimination and social support, to evaluate whether social DNAm sites affect gene expression, to identify the synergistic effects of social factors on DNAm changes on SLE and to develop a social factors-DNAm predictive model for disease outcomes. This study is conducted in cooperation with the Sea Island Families Project Citizen Advisory Committee.Discussion and disseminationSELA will respond to the pressing need to clarify the interplay and regulatory mechanism by which various positive and negative social exposures influence SLE. Results will be published and shared with patients and the community. Knowledge of the biological impact of social exposures on SLE, as informed by the results of this study, can be leveraged by advocacy efforts to develop psychosocial interventions that prevent or mitigate risk exposures, and services or interventions that promote positive exposures. Implementation of such interventions is paramount to the closure of the health disparities gap.
Cancer services patient experience in England: quantitative and qualitative analyses of the National Cancer Patient Experience Survey
Authors: Brookes Gavin , Baker Paul 
Published: June 2022

ObjectivesTo examine patients’ responses to the English National Cancer Patient Experience Survey to understand what proportions of patients give positive and negative feedback, and to identify themes in responses which drive evaluations.MethodsData comprise 214 340 survey responses (quantitative ratings and free-text comments) dated 2015–2018. The proportions of patients giving each quantitative rating (0–10) are compared and free-text comments are analysed using computer-assisted linguistic methods in order to ascertain frequent thematic drivers of positive and negative feedback.ResultsPatients were most likely to give a most positive score of 10 (38.25%), while the overwhelming majority (87.12%) gave a score between 8 and 10. Analysis of 1000 positive comments found that most respondents (54%) praised staff’s interpersonal skills. Other frequent themes of positive feedback included treatment standards, staff’s communication skills, speed of diagnosis and treatment, and staff members’ technical competence. The most prominent themes in the negative comments were communication skills, treatment standards and waiting times for appointments and test/scan results, and delays and cancellations to appointments and operations.ConclusionStandards of treatment and staff’s communication skills are prominent themes of positive and negative feedback. Staff’s interpersonal skills are more likely to be praised than criticised, while negative feedback is more likely to focus on issues around time (ie, delays and long waits). Clarity and honesty in communication about the lengths and causes of waits and delays are likely to increase patient satisfaction.
Acute hospital specialist palliative care: multidisciplinary team models and workforce in South West England
Authors: Smith Roger William , Tween Suzanne , Chamberlain Charlotte , Gibbins Jane 
Published: June 2022

ObjectivesAcute hospital specialist palliative care teams (SPCTs) improve patient care and reduce length of stay. UK guidance recommends SPCTs provide face-to-face assessments 7 days a week and offer 24-hour telephone advice. Little published data exist on SPCT staffing models.This paper aims to explore team structure, funding and impact of COVID-19 on SPCTs across the South West (SW) of England (population of nearly six million).MethodsElectronic survey to SPCT clinical leads in 15 SW acute hospitals.ResultsAll 15 acute hospitals have an SPCT. There was variability in SPC clinical nurse specialist and consultant availability, 0.27–2.7 whole-time equivalent (WTE) and 0.1–1.5 WTE, respectively, per 250 beds. 13/15 (87%) provide out-of-hours (OOH) palliative care advice with 60% reliant on charity services. Few SW teams meet national guidance for SPC staffing to bed ratios. 8/15 teams reported greater integration with other services during the COVID-19 pandemic.ConclusionThere is significant variability in SPCT structure and staffing. The charity sector (independent hospices) often provides OOH acute hospital SPC advice. Further research is needed to consider the impact of different SPCT models on patient and family outcomes, and the sustainability and opportunities offered by integration of services and collaboration across care settings during COVID-19.
A global-scale analysis of the sharing economy model – an AirBnB case study
Authors: Quattrone Giovanni , Kusek Natalia , Capra Licia 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe sharing economy model has changed the way in which people engage in a variety of activities, including travelling, trading, working, and lending/borrowing money. Several studies exist that aim to understand, quantify and model such phenomenon, but most such studies are geographically focused on countries in the Western World. Knowledge about the penetration and adoption of this novel market model in non-Western countries is much more limited, and almost completely lacking when it comes to emerging markets, where it was touted to bring the biggest benefits and be a game changer to uplift people economically. To close the gap, we chose Airbnb as an example of sharing economy model with worldwide market penetration, and performed a large-scale quantitative study of its penetration and adoption in seven cities in Asia, five cities in Latin America. We compared findings against seven cities in the Western World, and observed patterns to be similar across all locales, with two notable exceptions: the geographic penetration of such services, and the experience that guests travelling to such destinations shared in their reviews.
Status of Cardiovascular Health in US Adults and Children Using the American Heart Association’s New “Life’s Essential 8” Metrics: Prevalence Estimates From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2013 Through 2018
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Donald M. , Ning Hongyan , Labarthe Darwin , Brewer LaPrincess , Sharma Garima , Rosamond Wayne , Foraker Randi E. , Black Terrie , Grandner Michael A. , Allen Norrina B. , Anderson Cheryl , Lavretsky Helen , Perak Amanda M. 
Published: June 2022

Background:
The American Heart Association recently published an updated algorithm for quantifying cardiovascular health (CVH)—the Life’s Essential 8 score. We quantified US levels of CVH using the new score.

Methods:
We included individuals ages 2 through 79 years (not pregnant or institutionalized) who were free of cardiovascular disease from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys in 2013 through 2018. For all participants, we calculated the overall CVH score (range, 0 [lowest] to 100 [highest]), as well as the score for each component of diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep duration, body mass index, blood lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure, using published American Heart Association definitions. Sample weights and design were incorporated in calculating prevalence estimates and standard errors using standard survey procedures. CVH scores were assessed across strata of age, sex, race and ethnicity, family income, and depression.

Results:
There were 23 409 participants, representing 201 728 000 adults and 74 435 000 children. The overall mean CVH score was 64.7 (95% CI, 63.9–65.6) among adults using all 8 metrics and 65.5 (95% CI, 64.4–66.6) for the 3 metrics available (diet, physical activity, and body mass index) among children and adolescents ages 2 through 19 years. For adults, there were significant differences in mean overall CVH scores by sex (women, 67.0; men, 62.5), age (range of mean values, 62.2–68.7), and racial and ethnic group (range, 59.7–68.5). Mean scores were lowest for diet, physical activity, and body mass index metrics. There were large differences in mean scores across demographic groups for diet (range, 23.8–47.7), nicotine exposure (range, 63.1–85.0), blood glucose (range, 65.7–88.1), and blood pressure (range, 49.5–84.0). In children, diet scores were low (mean 40.6) and were progressively lower in higher age groups (from 61.1 at ages 2 through 5 to 28.5 at ages 12 through 19); large differences were also noted in mean physical activity (range, 63.1–88.3) and body mass index (range, 74.4–89.4) scores by sociodemographic group.

Conclusions:
The new Life’s Essential 8 score helps identify large group and individual differences in CVH. Overall CVH in the US population remains well below optimal levels and there are both broad and targeted opportunities to monitor, preserve, and improve CVH across the life course in individuals and the population.
Enhancing Lifelong Language Learning by Improving Pseudo-Sample
Generation
Authors: Kanwatchara Kasidis , Horsuwan Thanapapas , Lertvittayakumjorn Piyawat , Kijsirikul Boonserm , Vateekul Peerapon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
To achieve lifelong language learning, pseudo-rehearsal methods leverage samples generated from a language model to refresh the knowledge of previously learned tasks. Without proper controls, however, these methods could fail to retain the knowledge of complex tasks with longer texts since most of the generated samples are low in quality. To overcome the problem, we propose three specific contributions. First, we utilize double language models, each of which specializes in a specific part of the input, to produce high-quality pseudo samples. Second, we reduce the number of parameters used by applying adapter modules to enhance training efficiency. Third, we further improve the overall quality of pseudo samples using temporal ensembling and sample regeneration. The results show that our framework achieves significant improvement over baselines on multiple task sequences. Also, our pseudo sample analysis reveals helpful insights for designing even better pseudo-rehearsal methods in the future.
Supramodal Sentence Processing in the Human Brain: fMRI Evidence for the Influence of Syntactic Complexity in More Than 200 Participants
Authors: Uddén Julia , Hultén Annika , Schoffelen Jan-Mathijs , Lam Nietzsche , Harbusch Karin , van den Bosch Antal , Kempen Gerard , Petersson Karl Magnus , Hagoort Peter 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This study investigated two questions. One is: To what degree is sentence processing beyond single words independent of the input modality (speech vs. reading)? The second question is: Which parts of the network recruited by both modalities is sensitive to syntactic complexity? These questions were investigated by having more than 200 participants read or listen to well-formed sentences or series of unconnected words. A largely left-hemisphere frontotemporoparietal network was found to be supramodal in nature, i.e., independent of input modality. In addition, the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) and the left posterior middle temporal gyrus (LpMTG) were most clearly associated with left-branching complexity. The left anterior temporal lobe showed the greatest sensitivity to sentences that differed in right-branching complexity. Moreover, activity in LIFG and LpMTG increased from sentence onset to end, in parallel with an increase of the left-branching complexity. While LIFG, bilateral anterior temporal lobe, posterior MTG, and left inferior parietal lobe all contribute to the supramodal unification processes, the results suggest that these regions differ in their respective contributions to syntactic complexity related processing. The consequences of these findings for neurobiological models of language processing are discussed.
Hierarchy, Not Lexical Regularity, Modulates Low-Frequency Neural Synchrony During Language Comprehension
Authors: Lo Chia-Wen , Tung Tzu-Yun , Ke Alan Hezao , Brennan Jonathan R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Neural responses appear to synchronize with sentence structure. However, researchers have debated whether this response in the delta band (0.5–3 Hz) really reflects hierarchical information or simply lexical regularities. Computational simulations in which sentences are represented simply as sequences of high-dimensional numeric vectors that encode lexical information seem to give rise to power spectra similar to those observed for sentence synchronization, suggesting that sentence-level cortical tracking findings may reflect sequential lexical or part-of-speech information, and not necessarily hierarchical syntactic information. Using electroencephalography (EEG) data and the frequency-tagging paradigm, we develop a novel experimental condition to tease apart the predictions of the lexical and the hierarchical accounts of the attested low-frequency synchronization. Under a lexical model, synchronization should be observed even when words are reversed within their phrases (e.g., “sheep white grass eat” instead of “white sheep eat grass”), because the same lexical items are preserved at the same regular intervals. Critically, such stimuli are not syntactically well-formed; thus a hierarchical model does not predict synchronization of phrase- and sentence-level structure in the reversed phrase condition. Computational simulations confirm these diverging predictions. EEG data from N = 31 native speakers of Mandarin show robust delta synchronization to syntactically well-formed isochronous speech. Importantly, no such pattern is observed for reversed phrases, consistent with the hierarchical, but not the lexical, accounts.
Experimental study on the properties of Alfa/wool woven fabrics reinforced epoxy composite as an application in wind turbine blades
Authors: Lamhour Kawtar , Rouway Marwane , Tizliouine Abdeslam , El Hachemi Omari Lhaj , Salhi Hayat , Cherkaoui Omar 
Published: June 2022

Wind energy is the kinetic energy of wind transformed into electrical energy by a system known as a wind turbine. All of the different parts of a wind turbine, like blades, hub, gearbox, nacelle, and tower, blades are usually made of glass and carbon fibers for better strength, lower weight, and better resistance to corrosion. The main limitations of these materials are the availability, non-biodegradable, health hazards, and fabrication cost. The development of interwoven fabric based on natural fiber for composite production is a novel approach that can be adopted to address the challenges of the balanced mechanical properties of composites. In this paper, alfa and wool fibers were selected as reinforcing materials to develop four woven fabrics, and unsaturated low viscosity epoxy resin was chosen as the matrix, the wovens were produced using the weaving of taffetas technique. The vacuum molding process was adopted to produce the hybrid composite due to its superior advantages over the hand lay-up technique. Alfa fibers have been previously treated with various concentrations of NaOH (1, 2, 3 mol) for 2 h. The effect of the alkaline treatment on the interface fiber matrix is analyzed. The results of static tests on composites showed an improvement in the tensile and flexural strengths of composites reinforced with woven fabrics. The mechanical performances of Alfa/wool yarns and fabrics obtained allow us to predict the actual perspectives of substitution of glass fibers by natural fibers for the application in wind blades.
The effect of self-management programs on post-stroke social participation: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhou Xuan , Du Minxia , Hu Yan 
Published: June 2022

Objective The aim of this study was to identify the effectiveness of self-management programs on the improvement of social participation among stroke survivors. Data Sources: Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science database, EMBASE, Medline, CINAHL plus, and APA PsycArticles were searched from their inception to December 20, 2021. Methods We considered randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials without language limits. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, evaluated risk of bias using the Cochrane’s risk of bias tool, scored the methodological quality using criteria of the Australian Evidence-based Health Care Center, and extracted the data. The outcome was social participation. RevMan 5.3 was used, and intergroup differences were determined by calculating standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Of 1894 initial studies, totally 15 studies met the eligible criteria, consisting of six randomized controlled trials and nine non-randomized controlled trials. Four randomized controlled trials showed high methodological quality and two demonstrated medium quality. The randomized controlled trials involved a total of 430 stroke survivors and were published between 2007 and 2020. The meta-analysis from five randomized controlled trials demonstrates that the overall effect of self-management programs on social participation was not statistically significant (95% CI, -0.23 to 0.40; p = 0.61). Most of the non-randomized controlled trials were pre-/post-test design with an average sample size of 15.4. The effect of self-management program on social participation in most non-randomized controlled trials was insignificant as well. Conclusion The self-management programs seem not to be superior to usual care for the improvement on social participation in stroke survivors based on current evidence. Further well-designed investigation considering social participation as the primary outcome is still warranted.
Tissue perfusion of the kurtosis/diffusion mismatch differs from the central core and peripheral regions in acute cerebral infarction patients
Authors: Sun Haizhen , Wu Yalin , Liu Na , Long Miaomiao , Liu Guoping , Sun Phillip Zhe , Yin Jianzhong 
Published: June 2022

Background Despite its wide adoption in stroke imaging, the diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesion is heterogeneous. The emerging diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) has been postulated to resolve the graded DWI lesion. Purpose To determine the perfusion characteristics of the central infarction core, kurtosis/diffusion mismatch, and peripheral regions. Material and Methods Patients with acute ischemic stroke underwent DWI, DKI, and perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) scans. The patients were divided into mean kurtosis (MK)/mean diffusivity (MD) match and mismatch groups. Perfusion parameters were measured in the MK/MD lesion and peripheral areas in the MK/MD match group. We also analyzed perfusion status in the MK/MD lesion mismatch area for the mismatch group. Results A total of 40 eligible patients (24 MK/MD match and 16 MK/MD mismatch) were enrolled in the final data analysis. The MTT and TTP progressively decreased, while the cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) increased from the central to peripheral areas. In addition, CBF in the MK/MD mismatch region was significantly higher than that in the central region ( P < 0.05), but similar to the peripheral region. Furthermore, CBV in the MK/MD mismatch region did not differ significantly from that of the central region, but both were significantly lower than that of the peripheral area ( P < 0.05). Conclusion The MK/MD mismatch region had blood flow similar to the peripheral region but with a reduced blood volume, indicating that it was less ischemic from the infarction core, albeit insufficient collateral circulation.