bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slight increase in fomite route transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant compared with the ancestral strain in households
Authors: Ji Shuyi , Xiao Shenglan , Wang Huaibin , Lei Hao 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant has become the dominant lineage worldwide, and experimental study had shown that SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was more stable on various environmental surfaces than ancestral strain. However, how the changes of stability on surfaces would influence the role of fomite route in SARS-CoV-2 transmission is still unknown. In this study, we modeled the Omicron and ancestral strain SARS-CoV-2 transmission within a household over 1-day period from multiple pathways, i.e., airborne, droplet and contact route. We assumed there were 2 adults and 1 child in the household, and one of the adults was infected with SARS-CoV-2. We assume a scenario of pre-/asymptomatic infection, i.e., SARS-CoV-2 was emitted by breathing and talking, and symptomatic infection, i.e., SARS-CoV-2 was emitted by breathing, talking, and coughing. In pre-/asymptomatic infection, all three routes contributed a role, contact route contribute most (37%-45%), followed by airborne route (34%-38%) and droplet route (21%-28%). In symptomatic infection, droplet route was the dominant pathway (48%-71%), followed by contact route (25%-42%), airborne route played a negligible role (<10%). In the contact route, indirect contact (fomite) route dominated (contributed more than 97%). Compared with ancestral strain, though the contribution of contact route increased in Omicron variant transmission, the increase was slight, from 25%-41% to 30%-45%.
Enhanced expression of 4-Cl-IAA and 6-Cl-IAA by touch stimulus for rapid and differential growths of the Madeira vine
Authors: Ma Ma-Hsuan , Batsaikhan Erdembayalag , Wu Chun-Ming , Lee Hao-Hsun , Luo Chih-I , Chen Ni-Jhen , Chung Jeng-Der , Chien Ching-Te , Tsai Yu-Han , Li Wen-Hsien 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMadeira vine (MV) grows 30 times faster after encountering a support. In vivo x-ray diffraction made on live MV stems revel the appearance of crystallized IAA (C10H9NO2), 4-Cl-IAA (C10H8ClNO2) and 6-Cl-IAA (C10H8ClNO2) in the stems. Small angle neutron scattering spectra of the IAA extracted from MVs stem reveal a progressive increase in the size of crystallized IAA transported downward from the apex of the shoots. High resolution X-ray diffractions made on the extracted IAA reveal significantly larger amounts of 4-Cl-IAA and 6-Cl-IAA in the climbing MVs than in the swaying around MVs. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry spectra reveal the production of 9% more IAA and 90% more 4-Cl-IAA+6-Cl-IAA at the apexes of climbing MVs than swaying MVs. More 4-Cl-IAA+6-Cl-IAA were transported to the contact-free side than to the contact side of the vine. In vivo neutron tomography of naturally climbing MVs reveals a substantially higher H+ concentration in the contact-free parts than in the contact parts. The absorption spectra also reveal more expansin in the contact-free parts than in the contact parts. These results provide a view, at the molecular level, of what triggers the faster and differential growths in MVs in response to touching a support.
Guidelines for standardising the application of discriminant analysis of principal components to genotype data
Authors: Thia Joshua A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDiscriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) has become a popular method for visualising population structure due to its simplicity, computational speed, and freedom from demographic assumptions. Despite the popularity of DAPC, there has been little discussion on best practise. In this work, I provide guidelines for standardising the use of DAPC in studies of population genetic structure. An often-overlooked fact is that DAPC generates a model describing the genetic differences among a set of populations defined by a researcher. I demonstrate that appropriate parameterisation of this model is critical for obtaining biologically meaningful results. I show that the number of leading PC axes used as predictors of among population differences,paxes, should not exceed thek– 1 biologically informative PC axes that are expected forkeffective populations in a genotype dataset. Thisk– 1 criterion forpaxesselection is more appropriate compared to the widely usedproportional variance criterion,which often results in a choice ofpaxes≫k– 1. DAPC parameterised with no more than the leadingk– 1 PC axes is: (1) more parsimonious; (2) captures maximal among-population variation on biologically relevant predictors; (3) less sensitive to unintended interpretations of population structure; and (4) more generally applicable to independent sample sets. Assessing model fit should be routine practise and can aid interpretation of population structure when implementing DAPC. Additionally, it is imperative that researchers clearly articulate their study goals, that is, testinga prioriexpectations versus studyingde novoinferred populations. Distinguishing between these goals is important because it dictates whether a researcher’s results can be treated as a test of the hypothesis that significant genetic differences exist among populations. Defining populationsa priori(before observing the genotype data) constitutes a true hypothesis test, but populations definedde novo(after observing the genotype data) cannot be used to test this hypothesis due to issues with circularity. The discussion and practical recommendations provided in this work provide the molecular ecology community a roadmap for applying DAPC to their genotype datasets.
Nanobodies combined with DNA-PAINT super-resolution reveal a staggered titin nano-architecture in flight muscles
Authors: Schueder Florian , Mangeol Pierre , Chan Eunice HoYee , Rees Renate , Schünemann Jürgen , Jungmann Ralf , Görlich Dirk , Schnorrer Frank 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSarcomeres are the force producing units of all striated muscles. Their nanoarchitecture critically depends on the large titin protein, which in vertebrates spans from the sarcomeric Z-disc to the M-band and hence links actin and myosin filaments stably together. This ensures sarcomeric integrity and determines the length of vertebrate sarcomeres. However, the instructive role of titins for sarcomeric architecture outside of vertebrates is not as well understood. Here, we used a series of nanobodies, the Drosophila titin nanobody toolbox, recognising specific domains of the two Drosophila titin homologs Sallimus and Projectin to determine their precise location in intact flight muscles. By combining nanobodies with DNA-PAINT super- resolution microscopy, we found that, similar to vertebrate titin, Sallimus bridges across the flight muscle I-band, whereas Projectin is located at the beginning of the A- band. Interestingly, the ends of both proteins overlap at the I-band/A-band border, revealing a staggered organisation of the two Drosophila titin homologs. This architecture may help to stably anchor Sallimus at the myosin filament and hence ensure efficient force transduction during flight.
Charting functional E3 ligase hotspots and resistance mechanisms to small-molecule degraders
Authors: Hanzl Alexander , Casement Ryan , Imrichova Hana , Hughes Scott J. , Barone Eleonora , Testa Andrea , Bauer Sophie , Wright Jane , Brand Matthias , Ciulli Alessio , Winter Georg E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTargeted protein degradation is a new pharmacologic paradigm established by drugs that recruit target proteins to E3 ubiquitin ligases via a ternary ligase-degrader-target complex. Based on the structure of the degrader and the neosubstrate, different E3 ligase interfaces are critically involved in this process, thus forming defined “functional hotspots”. Understanding disruptive mutations in functional hotspots informs on the architecture of the underlying assembly, and highlights residues prone to cause drug resistance. Until now, their identification was driven by structural methods with limited scalability. Here, we employ haploid genetics to show that hotspot mutations cluster in the substrate receptors of the hijacked ligases and find that type and frequency of mutations are shaped by the essentiality of the harnessed ligase. Intersection with deep mutational scanning data revealed hotspots that are either conserved, or specific for chemically distinct degraders or recruited neosubstrates. Biophysical and structural validation suggest that hotspot mutations frequently converge on altered ternary complex assembly. Moreover, we identified and validated hotspots mutated in patients that relapse from degrader treatment. In sum, we present a fast and experimentally widely accessible methodology that empowers the characterization of small-molecule degraders and informs on associated resistance mechanisms.
Fast vibro-acoustic simulation methods of satellite components
Authors: Zhang Jie , Xie Weihua , Wang Yakun , Zhou Jiang , Yin Jiacong 
Published: April 2022

Purpose
This paper aims to fast predict vibration responses of specific locations in the satellite subject to acoustic environment. It proposes a set of vibro-acoustic simulation methods of satellite components to represent their conditions in the whole satellite during the ground tests or launching. This study aims to use vibro-acoustic models of satellite components to replace that of hard modeling and time-consuming whole satellite when only local responses are concerned.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper adopted experimental and numerical studies, with the latter based on the finite element (FE), statistical energy analysis (SEA) and FE-SEA hybrid theories. The vibro-acoustic model of the whole satellite was built and verified by experimental data. Based on the whole satellite model and experimental results, the fast vibro-acoustic simulation methods of all kinds of typical satellite components were discussed.

Findings
This paper shows that the models about satellite components not only show high consistency but also reduce 61.6% to 99.8% times compared with the whole satellite model. The recommended fast simulation methods for all kinds of typical satellite components were given in comprehensive consideration of the model accuracy, time required and response accessibility.

Originality/value
This paper fulfils an identified need to perform fast vibro-acoustic prediction of the local positions in satellites.
CFD-based time-domain aeroelastic simulations of a twin-fudelage aircraft
Authors: Wang Xinjiang , Liu Ziqiang , Guo Li , Lv Jinan , Ji Chen 
Published: April 2022

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel method to study the flutter coupling mechanism of the twin-fuselage aircraft, which is becoming a popular transportation vehicle recently.

Design/methodology/approach
A new method of flutter mode indicator is proposed based on the principle of work and power, which is realized through energy accumulation of generalized force work on generalized coordinates, based on which flutter coupling mechanism of the twin-fuselage aircraft is studied using ground vibration test and computational fluid dynamics/computational solid dynamics method.

Findings
Verification of the proposed flutter mode indicator is provided, by which the flutter mechanism of the twin fuselage is found as the horizontal tail’s torsion coupled with its bending effect and the “frequency drifting” phenomenon of twin-fuselage aircraft is explained logically, highlighting the proposed method in this paper.

Originality/value
This paper proposed a new method of flutter mode indicator, which has advantages in flutter modes indexes reliability, clear physical meaning and results normalization. This study found the flutter coupling mechanism of twin-fuselage aircraft, which has important guiding significance to the development of twin-fuselage aircraft.
High-performance work systems in an Arab Middle Eastern context: analysis from multisource data
Authors: Aboramadan Mohammed 
Published: April 2022

PurposeThe absence of robust information on the application of Human resources managemnet (HRM) practices in the Arab Middle Eastern region has generated an urgent need to understand what and how HRM practices can be used to manage employees in the region. Therefore, building on the social exchange theory and job demands-resources (JD-R) model, this paper proposes a model to examine the effects of high-performance work systems (HPWS) on employees' work-related outcomes, namely, job performance, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and innovative work behavior (IWB) in a non-industry setting in an Arab Middle Eastern context. In this model, work engagement was theorized to serve as an intervening mechanism among the aforementioned relationships.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 210 academic staff working in the Palestinian higher education sector, together with evaluations from 30 supervisors. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the data.FindingsThe results indicate that HPWS positively affect employees' job performance, OCB and IWB. Moreover, work engagement partially mediates these relationships.Practical implicationsThe results can be useful for managers in the Middle East pertaining to the role HPWS can play in boosting employees' job performance, OCB and IWB.Originality/valueHRM research in Middle East, although limited, is mainly focused on examining the impact of HPWS on organizational rather than individual outcomes. In response to the scholarly call made on the strong need to conduct more HRM research in the Middle East (Budhwaret al., 2019), this research represents the first study that examines the impact of HPWS on in-role and extra-role performance in an Arab Middle Eastern context. Furthermore, the study contributes to the HRM research by relying on a sample from a non-industry sector rather than a sample from a manufacturing setting. Finally, this research is one of the few studies that explore the outcomes of HPWS in an academic setting through the intervening mechanism of work engagement.
Examining employee retention and motivation: the moderating effect of employee generation
Authors: Lee C. Christopher , Lim Hyoun Sook , Seo Donghwi (Josh) , Kwak Dong-Heon Austin 
Published: April 2022

PurposeThis study explored moderating effects of employee generations on factors related to employee retention and motivation in the workplace.Design/methodology/approachThe authors developed a survey instrument and collected the survey data via Amazon Mechanical Turk. After filtering out bad responses, the authors ended up with 489 sample cases for this study. The authors used structural equation modeling for data analysis.FindingsEvidence showed that only transformational leadership was significantly related to retention of Generation X employees and only work–life balance had a significant relationship with intrinsic motivation. For Generation Y employees, transformational leadership was the only factor affecting their retention while both transformational leadership and autonomy showed significant impacts on their intrinsic motivation. Generation Z employees reported that only transformation leadership affected their retention while transformational leadership, corporate social responsibility and autonomy were significantly related to their intrinsic motivation in the workplace. All three generations showed statistical significance between intrinsic motivation and employee retention.Practical implicationsThis study could help business practitioners increase employees' work motivation and retention.Originality/valueFirst, our results revealed interesting similarities and differences between generations in terms of the factors that affected employees' retention and motivation. Second, this study proved that employees' generation affects the impacts of transformational leadership, CSR, autonomy, WLB and technology on their motivation and retention in the workplace. Third, the results of our study also showed that employees of different generations are intrinsically motivated by different factors, proving the importance of considering generational differences in motivation literature.
GoUNESCO: achieving strategic growth
Authors: Chejarla Kalyana C , Chatterjee Sandeep 
Published: April 2022

Learning Outcomes
The case provides learning opportunities in strategy, planning and control in a social entrepreneurial setting. Following are the learning objectives of this case discussion: learn to develop a Strategic Service Vision (SSV) framework ; appreciate scalability challenges specific to service organizations; evaluate franchising model as a growth enabler; and understand the approach to internationalization as a growth strategy.

Case Overview/Synopsis
GoUNESCO is a not-for-profit startup formed in January 2012, with an objective of providing platform for laypersons to engage with places of heritage value. Eight years into existence, in February 2019 GoUNESCO was experiencing substantial growth and faced need for pursuing alternate growth models that do not demand a lot of organizational bandwidth. Ajay Reddy, the founder of GoUNESCO was piloting “franchising” as a domestic growth strategy. He was keen on evaluating fitment of “franchising” (both for domestic and international expansion) in his strategic service vision. He wanted to understand what would be changes required in the strategic service vision on account of ‘franchising’, and decide whether those changes were acceptable or not.

Complexity Academic Level
The case can be positioned in strategy, service and/or operations management introduction courses for both full-time or Executive MBA students. This case is also quite relevant in Entrepreneurship (or Social Entrepreneurship in particular) courses.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code
CSS 11: Strategy
IRFC – the beginning of a green era
Authors: Dash Ashutosh 
Published: April 2022

Learning outcomes
The learning outcomes of this paper is as follows: to review the basic differences between the two evolving bonds, i.e. green vs masala bonds in the Indian capital market; to comprehend the factors that need to be considered in deciding the type of bond to be issued; to assess complexities, such as process, timing, risk and location in relation to the issue of the green bonds; and to understanding the rudiments of bond economics, such as pricing, all-in-cost and yield-to-maturity of bonds and make a comparison of all-in-cost of the Reg-S bond and green bond to Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC).

Case overview/synopsis
In September 2017, IRFC, a public sector undertaking registered as a Non-Banking Finance Company with Reserve Bank of India under the administrative control of the Ministry of Railways, was planning to raise US$500m 10-year green bonds from investors in Asia, Europe and the Middle East. The green bond proceeds were proposed to be used for low carbon transport and in this way, contribute significantly to the green initiatives of the Indian Railways. Many companies in India had issued regular bonds without labeling them as green but had used the proceeds of the bond for climate-aligned assets. Therefore, a bigger challenge before the IRFC management was the economics of green bond for getting a nod from the Board of Governors to go ahead. Some preliminary estimates on cost of green bonds were received from few bankers but to see that the terms of green bonds are met eventually, the Director (Finance) developed his own estimate of the cost of the new bonds. The Managing Director and Director (Finance) of IRFC were trying to figure out the economic advantage of green bonds besides its social benefits.

Complexity academic level
MBA Programme Executive Training.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only.

Subject code
CSS 1: Accounting and Finance.
Inequity in out-of-pocket expenditure and utilization of laboratory tests in Iran: lessons learned in human rights
Authors: Kord Rauf , Homaie Rad Enayatollah , Davoudi Kiakalayeh Ali 
Published: April 2022

Purpose
This study aims to calculate the inequity in out of pocket expenditures and utilization of laboratory tests in Iran. Equal access to health services is an important part of human rights in health care. Out-of-pocket payment is a part of financial access to health care. In this study, the authors tried to find inequity in out-of-pocket payments and utilization of medical laboratory tests (MLTs) as a part of human rights in Iran in 2016.

Design/methodology/approach
Gini and concentration indices were calculated for this purpose, and regression models were estimated to show the relationship between different factors and utilization and out-of-pocket.

Findings
The average out-of-pocket payment for all of the households was US$1.56 (urban areas: 1.97 and rural areas: 1.31). Moreover, the average utilization of MLTs was 0.079 (urban areas: 0.0908 and rural areas: 0.0753). Gini and concentration indices for out-of-pocket payments were 0.522 and 0.0701, respectively.

Originality/value
Out-of-pocket and utilization were low in lower in less developed regions of ease and southeast regions of the country and were related to access to health insurance, income and wealth deciles.
Overcoming barriers to financial inclusion: empirical evidence from India
Authors: Ambarkhane Dilip , Singh Ardhendu Shekhar , Venkataramani Bhama , Marak Zericho 
Published: April 2022

PurposeThis paper attempts to measure the state-wise impact of Prime Minister's Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) in 30 states and 6 union territories of India for the years 2016, 2017 and 2018; and tries to develop a state-wise plan for geographical expansion of outlets optimizing the overall impact of the scheme.Design/methodology/approachThe state-wise impact factor is calculated using demographic penetration of the scheme in rural areas, demographic penetration of the scheme in urban areas, percentage of accounts with Rupay cards and average balance in these accounts. The impact factor is postulated to be a linear function of literacy, per capita GDP, demographic and geographic penetration of banks and the number of poor people. The weights for the sub-parameters are derived through principal component analysis. A generalized linear model with heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation consistency method for estimation of the equation with robust standard errors is used.FindingsIt is found that the scheme has been more effective in the states with higher levels of illiteracy which is contrary to the findings of existing studies where illiteracy is identified as a barrier to financial inclusion. A state-wise plan for geographical expansion of outlets is proposed with a view to optimizing the overall impact of the scheme, along with suggestions for improvement.Research limitations/implicationsThe data for ATMs and bank mitras are available for some of the years, for some states and hence missing data were estimated using extrapolation or on an average basis. Furthermore, the panel data are available for three years making the period of panel small. These aspects might have affected the efficacy of our estimates.Originality/valueThe paper evaluates the newly launched ambitious program PMJDY by the Government of India (GoI), it will have far reaching impact on financial inclusion.