bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpolation of short duration rainfall from 24-hou r rainfall in lower Godavari basin
Authors: RAO D. V. L. N. , GOYAL S. C. , KATHURIA S. N. 
Published: February 2022

Short duration rainfall estimates for different return periods ore required in many problems concerning flood estimation for design purposes. A general paucity of data in the form of inadequate network of self recording raingauges (SRRG) and also the inadequacy of available period of records often necessitated the water resource planners to develop alternate techniques to overcome this deficiency. An attempt has been made in this paper to estimate short duration extreme rainfall for a given return periods from a knowledge of 24-hour data of ordinary non-recording raingauges. The procedure adopted in the study is as follows :

Using data of randomly selected 14 SRRGs out of already existing network of 17 S.R. raingauges in lower Godavari basin regression equation was fitted between a short duration rainfall estimate and 24-hr rainfall estimate for a given return period. The coefficients of regression curve were worked out by the least squares method with basin as a unit.

Using these constants and coefficients, estimates of short duration in a problem area were made. The short duration rainfall estimates for 2 and 50-year return periods were computed for three existing SRRG stations which were not used in the computation of regression coefficients and four ordinary raingauge stations in and around the sub-zone. The errors, on comparison are found to be within reasonable limits. The technique presented in the paper can be employed to estimate short duration rainfall, from daily rainfall records for any area.
Semi-quantitative precipitation forecasts for Gomti catchment by synoptic analogue method
Authors: LAL J. , DAY J. S. , KAPOOR K. K. 
Published: February 2022

An attempt has been made to evolve a simple method for advance assessment of areal rainfall semiquantitatively for Gomti river catchment in Uttar Pradesh. Different types of synoptic situations are correlated with their resulting rainstorms over the catchment to prepare synoptic analogues for forecast range of areal rainfall. The method can be used in day to day forecasting with reasonable accuracy.
On the mass, heat and moisture balance in the field of monsoon depressions
Authors: CHOWDHURY A. 
Published: February 2022

Based on data of 27 monsoon depressions which formed in the Bay of Bengal during the two typical monsoon months, i.e., July and August and moved in the customary westerly to westnorthwesterly direction, mean lateral transports of mass, sensible heat and latent heat and moisture have been calculated. Distribution of depths of inflow and outflow layers with distance from the depression centre has been obtained. Vertical fluxes of the total effective energy including the transfers from the underlying surface are estimated. Magnitude of energy loss from the top of the depression field have been obtained and compared with what may be expected from the black body radiation at the cirrus level. Theoretically possible extent of rise of the convective elements from the surface heat supply, rising exclusively out of buoyancy forces has been determined. Heat sources and sinks, their areal extent, the rate of descent and the amount of evaporation the subsiding airmass would evaporate from the surface have been obtained and discussed.

Maximum amounts of rainfall that could occur on the assumption that all converging moisture precipitates out, has been obtained for different distances from the depression centre. Frictional loss horizontal due to skin friction at the boundary layer has been computed and expressed in terms of the net sea level effective heat as well as the latent heat gained within the depression.
Recurvature of tropical cyclones in the Indian seas
Authors: SINGH M. S. , AGNIHOTRI C. L. 
Published: February 2022

After study of recurvature of tropical cyclones in the western north Atlantic from 1961 to 1977; Gray (1981) devised criteria for prediction of turning motion of tropical cyclones using 200 and 900 mb composited winds in a radius of 7 deg.-11 deg. Lat./Long, from the centre of the storm, He showed that the components of vertical wind shear between 200 and 900 mb parallel to the direction of motion of the cyclone, are different for cyclones moving straight, turning left and turning right, 24 to 36 hours in advance of the turning motion, These differences he used as a means of prediction of recurvature of a cyclone 24 to 36 hours in advance. We tested this method for the cycloncs of the Bay of Bengal and found that they are applicable in cases of severe cyclones which were so 24 to 36 hours in advance of the recurvature and were on the high seas, The results
were less definite in cases of cyclones or weaker systems or systems close to the coast.
Ultraviolet radiation measurements at Pune
Authors: CHACKO O. , RAHALKAR C. G. , DESIKAN V. 
Published: February 2022

Results of measurements of global solar ultraviolet radiation in the -wave length range 290-390 nm received from the sun and sky on a horizontal surface (OUVR) using an Eppley ultraviolet radiometer at Pune (18 N, 73 E) during 1972-73 are presented.

During the year on an average about 16 cal/cm2 are received daily as GUVR, the daily values ranging from 12-20 cal/cm2/day with lower values in winter, due to the lower solar- elevation angles at this time. The proportion of GUVR to global solar radiation (OR) is about 4 per cent with lower values, again in winter. This ratio also varies during the day, being a maximum at noon.

The mean hourly values of GUVR is about 3.9 cal/cm2/hour at noon in summer and about 2.0 cal/cm2/hour in winter. In general more GUVR is received in the forenoon than in the afternoon.

No marked influence of turbidity on the OUVR has been observed. However, the hourly values around noon show a decreasing trend with increasing turbidity.
Learning by Doing: Action Research to Evaluate Provisions for Gifted and Talented Students.
Authors: Riley Tracy , Moltzen Roger 
Published: February 2022

Between 2006 and 2008 the Ministry of Education funded the evaluation of three Talent Development Initiatives for gifted and talented students. The methodology employed was one of participatory action research, a process of evaluation that enables learning by doing, as researchers and practitioners work alongside one another. Through the process of evaluating the three programmes, the researchers were also able to reflect on how and what formative feedback effects the development, implementation, maintenance, and evaluation of provisions for gifted and talented students. Based upon notes from team meetings, ongoing communications, and focus group discussions, the researchers concluded that an action research approach, despite some tensions, is useful and instrumental in the ongoing development of provisions for gifted and talented students.
An Examination of New Zealand Teachers’ Attributions and Perceptions of Behaviour, Classroom Management, and the Level of Formal Teacher Training Received in Behaviour Management.
Authors: Johansen Anita , Little Steven , Akin-Little Angeleque 
Published: February 2022

The way in which behaviour is perceived and managed by teachers can influence the classroom environment. The current study examined teachers’ perceptions of the cause of school behavioural problems and the effectiveness of positive behavioural interventions. It also examined the level of formal training participants have received in behaviour management. Results indicated that a number of participants perceived school behavioural problems to be caused by external factors such as parenting and that these behaviours are controllable by the students. Results also indicated that a number of teachers believe positive behavioural interventions do not work despite the research that indicates that they do. Teachers also report receiving minimal formal training in behaviour management or ongoing professional development in the area which is likely to influence their perceptions and classroom management practice. Results are discussed in terms of teacher training and professional development and the current work of the Ministry of Education’s Positive Behaviour 4 Learning (PB4L) initiative.
I thought this was Social Studies, not English, Miss! Improving students’ attitudes to reading and writing in Year 9 and 10 Social Studies.
Authors: Parker-Corney Kate , Kilpin Ken , Taylor Rowena 
Published: February 2022

Low levels of literacy engagement by Years 9 and 10 students impact on their achievementin curriculum subjects such as Social Studies in New Zealand secondary schools. The majorityof students entering secondary school possess sufficient foundation skills for further scaffolded subject literacy instruction, but some consistently resist or refuse to engage with text. Faced with this, the teacher works increasingly harder to compensate for reluctant readers and writers. This is the story of one teacher’s changing practice as the result of professional learning in The Secondary Literacy Project (Ministry of Education, 2009-11) which has resulted in a substantive change in her Social Studies classrooms, with “resistive” (Tovani, 2000, p. 14) readers now significantly more motivated and engaged in negotiating and responding to challenging texts.
A Brief Analogy Strategy-Based Intervention supports the Development of Invented Spelling and Decoding.
Authors: Evans Angela , Arrow Alison , Greaney Keith 
Published: February 2022

Recent research in literacy acquisition has led to an elaboration of instructional programmes that focus on supporting children’s progress through successive developmental levels. An example of such an approach is analogy instruction, the basis of which is that children develop a system of recognition of shared patterns within words and strategies for applying them to reading and spelling in context. This study evaluated the implementation of a modified analogy strategy-based programme. A group of Y3 and 4 children with reading and spelling difficulties were taught, for eight weeks, specific phonological skills and analogy strategies for reading and spelling. The key finding was that the intervention significantly improved children’s letter-sound knowledge, phonemic awareness decoding (non-word reading), and invented spelling skills compared with that of a control group. This finding suggests that an analogy strategy-based programme may be effective in improving children’s decoding and encoding skills.
Poverty in New Zealand: Who is Most Affected, What are the Effects on Students, and How can the Issues be Overcome?
Authors: Burkett Lesley 
Published: February 2022

Students from low socio-economic backgrounds in New Zealand face many disadvantages when it comes to education, and, despite government initiatives, the disparity between the poor and the well-off continues to grow in this country. New Zealand is among several countries where income inequalities are large and the impact of socio-economic background on learning outcomes is also large (OECD, 2010).
The literature in New Zealand, and overseas, regarding the effects of poverty on education is varied and extensive. This position paper discusses these effects on the learning and behaviour of students and considers what ethnicities are most at-risk as a result. Enablers and barriers to overcoming disadvantages associated with low socio-economic status (SES) background are then reviewed.
Whole Language and Phonics: Which Instructional Practices are Most Effective in Teaching At-Risk Students to Read?
Authors: Senior Tamara , Arrow Alison , Greaney Keith 
Published: February 2022

A disproportionate number of New Zealand students fail to learn to read. Children from low socio-economic backgrounds are over-represented among New Zealand’s under-achieving readers. This study investigated the extent to which teachers of beginning readers in low-decile schools emphasised explicit phonological-based instruction, as well as the relationship between teacher emphasis on phonological instruction and student progress in reading-related skills. Results demonstrated that children from different literacy instruction programmes progressed similarly in all reading-related skills except word reading. Students receiving explicit phonological- based literacy instruction made superior progress in word reading skills over children receiving implicit phonological-based instruction. A strong emphasis on explicit phonological instruction was also associated with a reduction in variation of class word reading scores over time. The study findings support previous research demonstrating that phonological awareness and decoding skills play a crucial role in the development of word reading ability and that explicit phonological-based instruction can attenuate differences in word reading development. Implications for teachers and policy makers are described.
Childhood Friendship: Its importance and the Educator’s Role.
Authors: Taylor Jane , Townsend Michael 
Published: February 2022

Most of us intrinsically understand the importance of friendship in our lives, and although we may not spend time considering it, we are aware it is beneficial to our happiness and well-being. As educators, we are often conscious of the friendships that exist in our classrooms, and are particularly mindful of those students who have difficulties making friends. This literature review examines the reasons why friendship is so important to us, and in particular, to the well-being of our children. Furthermore, it highlights ways that we can meet our responsibilities as educators to support New Zealand students in developing and maintaining friendships.
Cemented Versus Noncemented Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes
Authors: Stavrakis Alexandra , Arshi Armin , Chiou Daniel , Hsiue Peter , Horneff John Gabriel , Photopoulos Christos 
Published: February 2022

Introduction:
Aseptic loosening remains one of the most common indications for revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Given the demographic shift to a younger and more active TKA patient population, some surgeons have revisited noncemented fixation given its potential for lower rates of long-term aseptic loosening. The purpose of this study was to compare the demographics and complications between patients undergoing noncemented and cemented TKA.

Methods:
Using the MKnee subset of the PearlDiver database, diagnosis and procedure codes were used to identify patients who had undergone cemented or noncemented TKA for osteoarthritis with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Propensity score matching was done to compare risk-adjusted medical and surgical complication profiles at 90 days, 1 year, and 2 years.

Results:
Of 203,574 patients identified, 3.2% underwent noncemented TKA and 96.8% underwent cemented TKA. Using propensity-matched analysis, there was no difference in 90-day medical complications. Noncemented TKA was associated with a greater risk of periprosthetic joint infection throughout the study (90-day odds ratio [OR] 1.34, 1-year OR 1.27, 2-year OR 1.27, P < 0.05). Noncemented TKA was associated with a greater risk of periprosthetic fracture at 1 year and 2 years (1 year OR 2.19, 2 years OR 1.89, P < 0.05). No notable difference was observed in risk of aseptic loosening between the two groups.

Discussion:
Noncemented TKA is associated with a higher rate of periprosthetic joint infection and periprosthetic fracture. Additional studies are needed to compare long-term rates of aseptic loosening between noncemented and cemented TKA.

Level of Evidence:
Level III
Evaluación de la calidad de la reanimación cardiopulmonar en ambiente simulado con compresiones manuales, mecánicas y metodología pit crew en personal pre hospitalario en Costa Rica
Authors: Cairol Andres , Lamas Alfonso Rafael , Morún Vargas Wendy , Loaiza Sáenz Luis Felipe , Segura Pérez Edward , Berrocal Patiño Miguel , Mora Barrantes Sergio 
Published: February 2022

Introducción. La reanimación cardiopulmonar en los últimos años se ha enfocado en la calidad como aspecto fundamental para mejorar con una adecuada condición neurológica la supervivencia, por lo que la simulación clínica se ha convertido en una herramienta fundamental para trabajar esas destrezas. Materiales y métodos.Se midieron los indicadores de calidad de la RCP por medio del dispositivo de retroalimentación para someter a un equipo prehospitalario a seis escenarios con compresiones torácicas manuales, mecánicas, dispositivo básico y avanzado de la vía aérea, y la implementación de la metodología pit crew y en cada uno de ellos. Resultados. En el escenario, donde se efectuaron compresiones manuales con ventilación con dispositivo avanzado, la media de ventilaciones fue de 7.61 (DE ± 4.53) por lo que se ventiló hasta 12 veces por minuto. Existe una relación estadística en la frecuencia de compresiones torácicas al utilizar un metrónomo, así el grupo del metrónomo obtuvo una mediana de 104 (DE 13.9), que fue mayor que la del grupo sin metrónomo de 95,6 (DE 13.16), t (gl) 2, p valor 0,0025, delta cohen 0,63. El escenario donde se obtuvo mayor FCT fue el que utilizó la metodología pit crew ; por otra parte, los escenarios que usaron el dispositivo de compresiones torácicas mostraron el mayor porcentaje de compresiones adecuadas con 87 % Conclusiones Se demostró que el uso de un metrónomo mejora el cumplimiento de la frecuencia de compresión. Las metodologías enfocadas en la calidad como pit crew demostraron su potencial para obtener una FCT muy alta y los dispositivos mecánicos para las compresiones proveen mayor calidad en profundidad, re expansión y frecuencia, sin embargo, para mejorar la FCT no se necesita este tipo de dispositivos. Se plantea un reto a los equipos de reanimación y para futuras investigaciones para lograr combinar los beneficios de las compresiones mecánicas y la metodología pit crew.
The role of Sheikh Razai Talabani in construction of Sexual discourse in the poems
Authors: Ahmad Muhammad Rashid Meera  
Published: February 2022

This paper is entitled “The role of Sheikh Razai Talabani in construction of Sexual discourse in the poems”. It is obvious that dealing with these topics in Kurdish literature, with its difficulty, is new and has different dimensions. That is why the researcher tried to approach the interpretation of the poems cautiously.
In general, the interpretation of the concept of discourse and sexual discourse in literature are dealt with in the paper. Later, both concepts are described from the linguistic and lexical point of view. Moreover, the relationships between “sex and the body”, “sex and lust”, and “sex and love” are shown. Then, the reasons for the existence of these discourses in literature are clarified. In addition, the dimensions of sexual discourse in the experience of Sheikh Razai Talabani’s poetry are illustrated, especially the role of the body in building and forming this type of discourse. Furthermore, the differentiation between the two genders, male and female, is indicated within the framework of this type of discourse. Finally, the difference between satire and sexual discourse in the poetic experience of Sheikh Razai Talabani is explained and adequate poetic evidence is provided.
Rainfall Fluctuation and Its Effect on Drought phenomenon in Khanaqeen District
Authors: Jaza Tofiq Talib  , Soran Hama Amin Ahmed  , Hero Nasradin Muhammad Amin  
Published: February 2022

This research deals with an important aspect of rainfall in the Khanaqeen District, which is the (Rainfall Fluctuation), It is expressed as a percentage according to (Coefficient of Variation), the researchers concluded that the rainfall fluctuation is typical merit of climate in the study area, generally, the annual fluctuation ratio of rainfall for the studied period (1969-1970) to (2012-2013) is about (32.5%), but the rates of rainfall fluctuations difference during the four climatic cycles and the seasons. In autumn the highest seasonal fluctuations were recorded, especially in September which the ratio was not less than (300%), and the lowest ratio was recorded in winter.
This fluctuation leads to the creation of many rainfall models in the area, in which (dry model) in (1999-2000) and (2007-2008), and (humid model) in (1984-1985) regarded as (extreme models), as a result, this fluctuation had obvious effects on the physical environments of the studied area especially the drought phenomenon, which the amount of water surpluses and deficit were changed with a change of the annual amount of rainfall, as well as the climate condition was between the (semi-humid) and (semi-dry) based on De Martonne's law for four climatic cycles, either hydrological drought has intensified, the amount of surface water (water imports to Sirwan river) and ground water (water leakage) was changed from a cycle to another, in the humid model (1984-1985) the amount of leaked water was (697.5 million m3), but in the dry model (2007-2008) it was (122.3 million m3), also the area of Hamrin lake was decreased of about (46%) in the fourth cycle compared with the second cycle.
Frequency of Myopia in Rural and Urban School Going Children
Authors: Muhammad Abbas Shakila Abbas , Gul Nimra , Kiran Ayesha , Shezadi Komal 
Published: February 2022

Objective: The study aimed at finding the frequency of myopia in rural and urban primary and secondary school going children from 6 to 18 years of age.
Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted from January 2018 to August 2018 in a rural area of Sahiyawala and in urban area of Chiniot. A total of 1000 subjects of both gender and ages ranging between 6 to 18 years were included through a stratified random sampling technique. The sample was considered of 500 subjects in rural and 500 subjects in urban areas. Subjects of 1st class to 10th class were selected. Data was collected using a proforma and retinoscope was done for diagnosis of, Myopia. Data was analyzed by using Chi-square test in SPSS 20 software.
Results: The frequency of myopia was higher in urban area 41.6% then rural area 28% (P 0.00). Other findings include, (42.6%) in urban and (56.6%) in rural area were emmetropic, and with other types of refractive errors were (15.8%) in urban and (15.4%) in rural. It was more among female 39.6% than male 30% (P 0.00). It was more in high level 35.5% than primary 34.8% and middle 34.0% (P 0.04).
Conclusion: The myopia frequency is higher in urban children due to environmental factors and intense near work and also myopia is higher among female because they spend more time in reading and writing and reduce outdoor activities as compared to male.
Accuracy of Ultrasonography in Predicting Factors That Make Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Difficult
Authors: Muhammad Raheem  , Sajid Ali Shah  , S H Waqar  
Published: February 2022

Objective: To determine the accuracy of ultrasound in predicting difficult laproscopic cholecystectomy,keeping preoperative findings as gold standard.
Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted from July 2018 to January 2019 at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad. Adult patients wih cholelithiasis were included in the study by consecutive sampling, who underwent laproscopic cholecystectomy. Preoperative ultrasound parameters such as gallbladder wall thickness, size and number of gall stones, contracted gall bladder and pericholecystic fluid were studied. Intraoperative difficulty of laproscopic cholecystectomy was determined by criteria as procedure time more than 60 minutes, dissection at Calot's triangle more than 30 minutes and tear of gall bladder
Results: A total of 150 patients were included with mean age of 41.4 ± 9.9 years . There were 29 (19.3%) males and 121 (80.7%) were female. Male to Female ratio was 1:4, preoperative ultrasonography findings such as gallbladder wall thickness > 4mm ,size of stone >1cm impacted gall stone , contracted gallbladder and presence of pericholicystic fluid were significantly associated with difficult laproscopic cholycytectomy (p value=0.001)
Conclusion: In majority of patients, preoperative ultrasonography is found as good predictor of difficult laproscopic cholycystectomy and should be used as a screening procedures.