bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History and computing
Authors: Swade Doron 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter has a historiographical focus. It examines history of computing as a field of study from its emergence as a distinct subject in the 1970s: who writes histories, national and regional differences in focus and scope, professional and amateur authorship, the ‘two culture’ split between technical accounts and the difficulty of integrating these into broader accounts of the kind migrated from the humanities. It identifies three master narratives: a timeline of innovatory highlights, computer as scientific tool, and computer as information machine. It explores the linear innovation-driven model of change and how this encourages ideas about the predestiny of progress. It uses historical examples to illustrate the limitations of technocentric accounts, and how ‘need’ features in accounts of historical cause. It offers a user-based model that separates four distinct developmental threads: calculation, automatic computing, information management, and communications, and how these converge to create the ‘information age’. The four-thread model, shown in a diagram, is used to deconstruct the linear timeline account and show how it has been assembled into a serial narrative. The four threads provide interpretative tools for the rest of the book.
Electronic computing
Authors: Swade Doron 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of the first generation of electronic computers defined as those that used thermionic valves (vacuum tubes in the US) as logic elements. It describes the development of experimental one-of-a-kind machines at universities and by governments that led to computers as commercial products in the early 1950s. It describes seminal machines including the ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer), Colossus, ENIAC, EDSAC, the ‘Baby’, EDVAC, UNIVAC, and LEO. It traces the emergence of commercial computers for both business and scientific and engineering calculation. It discusses vacuum-tube reliability, computer architecture, memory technologies, and how these were variously realized. It identifies the internal stored program as the defining feature of the new paradigm of computer design, why historicizing this feature was delayed, and describes the contested contributions of Atanasoff, von Neumann, Eckert, and Mauchly. It traces the spread of the new paradigm from the US. It briefly relates the systematization of programming practices and principles by the EDSAC team led by Wilkes, and the beginnings of programming as a profession. It re-evaluates, in the light of recent studies, the claims that ENIAC and Colossus were programmable general-purpose computers.
Revolution
Authors: Swade Doron 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the microelectronics revolution. It examines whether ‘revolution’ when applied to electronics is historically responsible. It describes the principles of semiconductors, the invention of the transistor, integrated circuits (ICs) and the microprocessor, and how history acknowledges its inventors. Moore’s Law is defined and discussed. Minicomputers, DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation), and the dominance of the PDP series of minicomputers from the mid-1960s are described, up to the death of minicomputers as a class in the mid-1990s. The history of the microprocessor, its role in the personal computer movement, the Altair kit computer, the Californian Homebrew Computer Club, and the birth of Apple are described. It concludes with the entrance of the IBM PC into the business and home computer markets, and the founding of Microsoft.
Dissent
Authors: Belsey Catherine 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The ethical and political implications of poststructuralism are the theme of this final chapter. A common misreading of poststructuralist theory—that it deprives us of the power to choose—is another instance of binary thinking. If the subject is an effect of meaning, if we are not the free, unconstrained origin of our own beliefs and values, if knowledge can’t be relied on, if mastery is an illusion, so the story goes, we cannot regard ourselves as agents in our own lives. This is not how most poststructuralist thinkers have argued, however. As this chapter explains by engaging with the work of Foucault, Deleuze, Badiou, Lyotard, and Lacan, poststructuralism offers an opportunity and a cause for reflection. It proposes a lexicon and a syntax, which is to say a vocabulary and an indication of the ways words legitimately relate to each other. But the language poststructuralism puts forward is more useful in promoting the uncertainty of questions than in delivering the finality of answers. The project is that the questions might replace the bewildering alternatives of the intellectual market-place with a more sharply focused undecidability that specifies the options, while leaving them open to debate. In that respect, in its emphasis on the degree to which we make our own story, subject to certain specifiable constraints, poststructuralism is at once sceptical towards inherited authority and affirmative about future possibilities. The chapter includes discussions of postmodernity, realism, the art of M. C. Escher, language games, fables, and Antigone.
Racial/Ethnic and Sex/Gender Differences in Sleep Duration Trajectories From Adolescence to Adulthood in a US National Sample
Authors: Saelee Ryan , Haardörfer Regine , Johnson Dayna A , Gazmararian Julie A , Suglia Shakira F 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Racial/ethnic and sex/gender disparities in sleep duration have been documented in adolescence and adulthood. Identifying racial/ethnic and sex/gender differences in sleep duration trajectories from adolescence to adulthood can inform interventions on the developmental periods individuals are most at risk for short sleep duration. We examined racial/ethnic and sex/gender differences in self-reported sleep duration trajectories from adolescence to adulthood using data from waves I, III, IV, and V of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (1994–2018; n = 12,593). Multigroup growth mixture modeling was used to enumerate sleep duration trajectories from adolescence to adulthood. There were 3 common trajectory types across race/ethnicity and sex/gender groups: 1) consistent increasing short sleepers (i.e., increasing probability of short sleep into adulthood) (67.3%); 2) late-onset short sleepers (i.e., no probability of short sleep duration in adolescence until adulthood) (20.2%); and 3) early-onset short sleepers (i.e., declining probability of short sleep duration from adolescence into adulthood) (12.5%). The prevalence of the consistent-increasing trajectory was highest among Black male respondents, while late onset was highest among White female respondents and early onset greatest among Latinx male respondents. Findings underscore the need to intervene in early adolescence to prevent short sleep duration in adulthood.
Proteomic Analysis Identifies Three Reliable Biomarkers of Intestinal Inflammation in the Stools of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Vitali Roberta , Palone Francesca , Armuzzi Alessandro , Fulci Valerio , Negroni Anna , Carissimi Claudia , Cucchiara Salvatore , Stronati Laura 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Faecal biomarkers have emerged as important tools in managing of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], which includes Crohn’s disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC].

Aim
To identify new biomarkers of gut inflammation in the stools of IBD patients using a proteomic approach.

Methods
Proteomic analysis of stools was performed in patients with both active CD and CD in remission and in controls by 2-DIGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. An ELISA was used to confirm results in a second cohort of IBD patients and controls.

Results
2-DIGE analysis detected 70 spots in the stools of patients with active CD or patients in remission CD and in controls. MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis identified 21 proteins with Chymotrypsin C, Gelsolin and Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 2 [RhoGDI2] best correlating with the levels of intestinal inflammation. Results were confirmed in a second cohort of IBD patients and controls [57 CD, 60 UC, 31 controls]. The identified faecal markers significantly correlated with the severity of intestinal inflammation in IBD patients [SES-CD in CD, Mayo endoscopic subscore in UC] [CD; Chymotrypsin-C: r = 0.64, p &lt; 0.001; Gelsolin: r = 0.82, p &lt; 0.001; RhoGDI2: r = 0.64, p &lt; 0.001; UC; Chymotrypsin-C: r = 0.76, p &lt; 0.001; Gelsolin: r = 0.75, p &lt; 0.001; RhoGDI2: r = 0.63, p &lt; 0.001]. Moreover, ROC analysis showed that Gelsolin [p &lt; 0.0002] and RhoGDI2 [p &lt; 0.0001] in CD, and RhoGDI2 [p = 0.0004] in UC, have higher sensitivity and specificity than faecal calprotectin in discriminating between patients and controls.

Conclusions
We show for the first time that 2-DIGE is a reliable method to detect proteins in human stools. Three novel faecal biomarkers of gut inflammation have been identified that display good specificity and sensitivity for identifying IBD and significantly correlate with IBD severity.
Case report of elevation of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in the absence of cardiac involvement in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myositis
Authors: Ruperti-Repilado Francisco Javier , van der Stouwe Jan Gerrit , Haaf Philip , Mueller Christian , Läubli Heinz , Pfister Otmar , Rothschild Sacha I , Kuster Gabriela M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have markedly improved outcome in various types of cancer. ICI-associated myocarditis is one of the most severe immune-related adverse events. In particular, high concentrations of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) are associated with a high risk of death and early detection and vigorous therapy with high-dose steroids may improve survival. However, chronic skeletal muscle disorders have been suggested as a non-cardiac source of elevated high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) concentrations.

Case summary
Here, we present the case of a 72-year-old patient with metastatic melanoma treated with nivolumab and ipilimumab, who developed symptomatic myositis [creatine kinase (CK) max. 3113 U/L]. Due to substantially elevated concentrations of hs-cTnT (max. 1128 ng/L, normal &lt;14 ng/L, Elecsys), the patient was referred to the cardio-oncology unit for evaluation of concomitant myocarditis. The patient did not report any cardiac symptoms and there were no clinical signs of congestion or rhythm abnormalities. Concentrations of NT-proBNP were within the normal range. Echocardiography showed normal cardiac dimensions and normal systolic and diastolic function. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirmed these findings and also showed no evidence of acute or post-inflammatory myocardial tissue changes. Absence of relevant cardiomyocyte injury was supported by determination of normal levels of cardiac troponin I concentrations and made endomyocardial biopsy in this severely ill patient unnecessary.

Discussion
Our observation documents ICI-induced myositis as an alternative non-cardiac cause of hs-cTnT elevation. A global cardiologic approach employing clinical and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging data as well as NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin I helps to identify false positive hs-TnT elevation under ICI therapy.
Smartphone as an electronic stethoscope: factors influencing heart sound quality
Authors: Luo Hongxing , Lamata Pablo , Bazin Salomé , Bautista Thea , Barclay Natsuki , Shahmohammadi Mehrdad , Lubrecht Jolijn M , Delhaas Tammo , Prinzen Frits W 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Aims
Smartphones are equipped with a high-quality microphone which may be used as an electronic stethoscope. We aim to investigate the factors influencing quality of heart sound recorded using a smartphone by non-medical users.

Methods and results
An app named Echoes was developed for recording heart sounds using iPhone. Information on phone version and users’ characteristics including sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) was collected. Heart sound quality was visually assessed and its relation to phone version and users’ characteristics was analysed. A total of 1148 users contributed to 7597 heart sound recordings. Over 80% of users were able to make at least one good-quality recording. Good-, unsure- and bad-quality recordings amounted to 5647 (74.6%), 466 (6.2%) and 1457 (19.2%), respectively. Most good recordings were collected in the first three attempts of the users. Phone version did not significantly change the users’ success rate of making a good recording, neither was sex in the first attempt (P = 0.41) or the first three attempts (P = 0.21). Success rate tended to decrease with age in the first attempt (P = 0.06) but not the first three attempts (P = 0.70). BMI did not significantly affect the heart sound quality in a single attempt (P = 0.73) or in three attempts (P = 0.14).

Conclusion
Smartphone can be used by non-medical users to record heart sounds in good quality. Age may affect heart sound recording, but hardware, sex, and BMI do not alter the recording.
Neointimal hyperplasia in systemic-to-pulmonary shunts of children with complex cyanotic congenital heart disease
Authors: Kottmann Philip , Cleuziou Julie , Lemmer Julia , Eildermann Katja , Vitanova Keti , von-Stumm Maria , Lehmann Luisa , Horer Jurgen , Ewert Peter , Sigler Matthias , Wolf Cordula M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Neointimal hyperplasia might affect systemic-to-pulmonary shunt failure in infants with complex cyanotic congenital heart disease. The aim of this study was to elucidate histopathologic changes in polytetrafluoroethylene shunts and to determine whether increased neointimal formation is associated with early interventions comprising balloon dilatation, stent implantation and shunt revision. Furthermore, we intended to identify clinical factors associated with increased neointimal proliferation.

METHODS
Removed shunts were processed for histopathological analysis. Slides were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and Richardson. Immunohistochemistry was performed with anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin and anti-CD68. Non-parametric analysis and univariable regressions were performed to identify clinical factors associated with neointimal hyperplasia and shunt stenosis.

RESULTS
Fifty-seven shunts (39 modified Blalock–Taussig anastomosis, 8 right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery anastomosis, 10 central shunts) were analysed. Area of neointimal proliferation within the shunt was in median 0.75 mm2 (interquartile range, 0.3–1.57 mm2) and relative shunt stenosis in median 16.7% (interquartile range, 6.7–30.8%). Neointimal hyperplasia and shunt stenosis correlated with each other and were significantly greater in the group that required early interventions and shunt revision. Univariable linear regression identified smaller shunt size and lower acetylsalicylic acid dosage as factors to be associated with greater neointimal proliferation and shunt stenosis.

CONCLUSIONS
In infants with complex cyanotic congenital heart disease, neointimal hyperplasia in systemic-to-pulmonary shunts is associated with early interventions comprising balloon dilatation, stent implantation and shunt revision. Smaller shunt size and lower aspirin dosage are associated with increased neointimal proliferation.
Pre-implant predictors of inappropriate shocks with the third-generation subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator
Authors: Ben Kilani Mouna , Jacon Peggy , Badenco Nicolas , Marquie Christelle , Ollitrault Pierre , Behar Nathalie , Khattar Pierre , Carabelli Adrien , Venier Sandrine , Defaye Pascal 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Aims
Despite recent improvements, inappropriate shocks emitted by implanted subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillators (S-ICDs) remain a challenge in ‘real-life’ practice. We aimed to study the pre-implant factors associated with inappropriate shocks for the latest generation of S-ICDs.

Methods and results
Three-hundred patients implanted with the third-generation S-ICD system for primary or secondary prevention between January 2017 and March 2020 were included in this multicentre retrospective observational study. A follow-up of at least 6 months and pre-implant screening procedure data were mandatory for inclusion. During a mean follow-up of 22.8 (±11.4) months, 37 patients (12.3%) received appropriate S-ICD shock therapy, whereas 26 patients (8.7%) experienced inappropriate shocks (incidence 4.9 per 100 patient years). The total number of inappropriate shock episodes was 48, with nine patients experiencing multiple episodes. The causes of inappropriate shocks included supraventricular arrhythmias (34.6%) and cardiac (30.7%) or extra-cardiac noise (38.4%) oversensing. Using multivariate analysis, we explored the independent factors associated with inappropriate shocks. These were the availability of less than three sensing vectors during pre-implant screening [hazard ratio (HR), 0.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.11–0.93; P = 0.035], low QRS/T wave ratio in Lead I (for a threshold &lt;3; HR, 4.79; 95% CI, 2.00–11.49; P &lt; 0.001), history of supraventricular tachycardia (HR, 8.67; 95% CI, 2.80–26.7; P &lt; 0.001), and being overweight (body mass index &gt; 25; HR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.10–6.45; P = 0.03).

Conclusion
Automatic pre-implant screening data are a useful quantitative predictor of inappropriate shocks. Electrocardiogram features should be taken into consideration along with other clinical factors to identify patients at high risk of inappropriate shocks.
Leadership behaviours and health-related early exit from employment: a prospective cohort study of 55 364 employees
Authors: Sørensen Kathrine , Sørensen Jeppe Karl , Andersen Lars L , Eskildsen Bruun Julie , Conway Paul Maurice , Framke Elisabeth , Madsen Ida E H , Nielsen Helena Breth , Nordentoft Mads , Seeberg Karina G V , Rugulies Reiner 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Absence of certain leadership behaviours, such as lack of feedback, recognition and involvement in employee development, has been associated with long-term sickness absence. We tested the hypothesis that absence of eight specific behaviours predicts health-related early exit from employment, and investigated differential effects in subgroups to guide future preventive initiatives.

Methods
Using Cox-proportional hazard modelling, we examined the prospective association between absence of leadership behaviours and health-related early exit from employment in a sample of 55 364 employees during 4.3 years follow-up. Leadership behaviours were measured by employee ratings in national surveys from 2012 to 2016. Exit from employment included disability pension and related measures of health-related early exit, retrieved from a national registry.

Results
We identified 510 cases of health-related early exit from employment during follow-up. A high level of absence of leadership behaviours, was associated with an increased risk of exit from employment (hazard ratio: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.31; 1.89). Subgroup analyses showed that the association between absence of leadership behaviours and exit from employment was similar for women and men and across age groups. The association was stronger for employees with high level of education than for employees with medium/low education, and the association was not observed among employees with a prevalent depressive disorder.

Conclusions
Absence of the eight leadership behaviours is a risk factor for health-related early exit from employment in the Danish workforce. More studies are needed to confirm the results.
Economic evaluation of psychological treatments for common mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Mutyambizi-Mafunda Vimbayi , Myers Bronwyn , Sorsdahl Katherine , Chanakira Esther , Lund Crick , Cleary Susan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCommon mental disorders (CMDs) constitute a major public health and economic burden on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Systematic reviews of economic evaluations of psychological treatments for CMDs are limited. This systematic review examines methods, reports findings and appraises the quality of economic evaluations of psychological treatments for CMDs in LMICs. We searched a range of bibliographic databases (including PubMed, EconLit, APA-PsycINFO and Cochrane library) and the African Journals Online (AJoL) and Google Scholar platforms. We used a pre-populated template to extract data and the Drummond & Jefferson checklist for quality appraisal. We present results as a narrative synthesis. The review included 26 studies, mostly from Asia (12) and Africa (9). The majority were cost-effectiveness analyses (12), some were cost-utility analyses (5), with one cost–benefit analysis or combinations of economic evaluations (8). Most interventions were considered either cost-effective or potentially cost-effective (22), with 3 interventions being not cost-effective. Limitations were noted regarding appropriateness of conclusions drawn on cost-effectiveness, the use of cost-effectiveness thresholds and application of ‘societal’ incremental cost-effectiveness ratios to reflect value for money (VfM) of treatments. Non-specialist health workers (NSHWs) delivered most of the treatments (16) for low-cost delivery at scale, and costs should reflect the true opportunity cost of NSHWs’ time to support the development of a sustainable cadre of health care providers. There is a 4-fold increase in economic evaluations of CMD psychological treatments in the last decade over the previous one. Yet, findings from this review highlight the need for better application of economic evaluation methodology to support resource allocation towards the World Health Organization recommended first-line treatments of CMDs. We suggest impact inventories to capture societal economic gains and propose a VfM assessment framework to guide researchers in evaluating cost-effectiveness.
StMPK7 phosphorylates and stabilizes a potato RNA-binding protein StUBA2a/b to enhance plant defence responses
Authors: Li Tingting , Zhang Haizhu , Xu Liwen , Chen Xiaokang , Feng Jiashu , Wu Weijun , Du Yu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play pivotal roles in regulating plant immunity. MAPKs usually transduce signals and regulate plant immunity by phosphorylating the downstream defence-related components. Our previous study indicates that StMPK7 positively regulates plant defence to Phytophthora pathogens via SA signalling pathway. However, the downstream component of StMPK7 remains unknown. In this study, we employed GFP-StMPK7 transgenic potato and performed immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) to identify the downstream component of StMPK7. We found that an RNA binding protein StUBA2a/b interacted with StMPK7, as revealed by luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) and coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays. Transient expression of StUBA2a/b in Nicociana benthamiana enhanced plant resistance to Phytophthora pathogens, while silencing of UBA2a/b decreased the resistance, suggesting a positive regulator role of UBA2a/b in plant immunity. Similar to StMPK7, StUBA2a/b was also involved in SA signalling pathway and induced SGT1-dependent cell death as constitutively activated (CA)-StMPK7 did. Immune blotting indicated that StMPK7 phosphorylates StUBA2a/b at thr248 and thr408 (T248/408) sites and stabilizes StUBA2a/b. Silencing of MPK7 in N. benthamiana suppressed StUBA2a/b-induced cell death, while co-expression with StMPK7 enhanced the cell death. Besides, StUBA2a/bT248/408A mutant showed decreased ability to trigger cell death and elevate the expression of PR genes, indicating the phosphorylation by StMPK7 enhances the functions of StUBA2a/b. Moreover, CA-StMPK7-induced cell death was largely suppressed by silencing of NbUBA2a/b, genetically implying UBA2a/b acts as the downstream component of StMPK7. Collectively, our results reveal that StMPK7 phosphorylates and stabilizes its downstream substrate StUBA2a/b to enhance plant immunity via the SA signalling pathway.