bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women empowerment and sexually transmitted infections: Evidence from Bangladesh demographic and health survey 2014
Authors: Jubayer Biswas Md Abdullah Al , Kafi Mohammad Abdullah , Hemel Muhammad Manwar Morshed , Ahmed Mondar Maruf Moin , Khan Sharful Islam 
Published: February 2022

Background
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among women have led to substantial public health and economic burdens in several low-middle-income countries. However, there is a paucity of scientific knowledge about the relationship between empowerment and symptoms of STIs among married Bangladeshi women. This article aimed to examine the association between women empowerment and symptoms of STIs among currently married Bangladeshi women of reproductive age.

Materials and methods
We extracted data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), conducted from June 28, 2014, to November 9, 2014. We utilised cross-tabulation, the conceptual framework and multivariable multilevel mixed-effect logistics regression to explore the association between women’s empowerment indicators and women’s self-reported symptoms of genital sore and abnormal genital discharge. All of the analysis was adjusted using cluster weight.

Results
We found that among 16,858 currently married women, 5.59% and 10.84% experienced genital sores and abnormal genital discharge during the past 12 months, respectively. Women who depended on husbands to make decisions regarding their health care (AOR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.67–0.84), significant household purchases (AOR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.71–0.88), and visiting family or relatives (AOR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.64–0.80) were less likely to report signs of abnormal genital discharge. Women who could make joint healthcare decisions with their husbands were also less likely to report genital sores (AOR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.67–0.90).

Conclusion
Genital sores and abnormal genital discharge were prevalent across all parameters of women empowerment among currently married women in Bangladesh. Our estimates show that the husband plays a significant role in decision-making about sexual and reproductive health. Efforts need to be invested in establishing culturally relevant gender policies which facilitate the involvement of women in joint decision-making.
Characterising COVID-19 empirical research production in Latin America and the Caribbean: A scoping review
Authors: Mansilla Cristián , Herrera Cristian A. , Boeira Laura , Yearwood Andrea , Lopez Analia S. , Colunga-Lozano Luis E. , Brocard Eva , Villacres Tatiana , Vélez Marcela , Di Paolantonio Gabriel , Reveiz Ludovic 
Published: February 2022

Introduction
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic has struck Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) particularly hard. One of the crucial areas in the international community’s response relates to accelerating research and knowledge sharing. The aim of this article is to map and characterise the existing empirical research related to COVID-19 in LAC countries and contribute to identify opportunities for strengthening future research.

Methods
In this scoping review, articles published between December 2019 and 11 November 2020 were selected if they included an empirical component (explicit scientific methods to collect and analyse primary data), LAC population was researched, and the research was about the COVID-19 pandemic, regardless of publication status or language. MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Scielo, CENTRAL and Epistemonikos were searched. All titles and abstracts, and full texts were screened by two independent reviewers. Data from included studies was extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second independent reviewer.

Results
14,406 records were found. After removing duplicates, 5,458 titles and abstracts were screened, of which 2,323 full texts were revised to finally include 1,626 empirical studies. The largest portion of research came from people/population of Brazil (54.6%), Mexico (19.1%), Colombia (11.2%), Argentina (10.4%), Peru (10.3%) and Chile (10%), while Caribbean countries concentrated 15.3%. The methodologies most used were cross-sectional studies (34.7%), simulation models (17.5%) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (13.6%). Using a modified version of WHO’s COVID-19 Coordinated Global Research Roadmap classification, 54.2% were epidemiological studies, followed by clinical management (22.3%) and candidate therapeutics (12.2%). Government and public funds support were reported in 19.2% of studies, followed by universities or research centres (9%), but 47.5% did not include any funding statement.

Conclusion
During the first part of the COVID-19 pandemic, LAC countries have contributed to the global research effort primarily with epidemiological studies, with little participation on vaccines research, meaning that this type of knowledge would be imported from elsewhere. Research agendas could be further coordinated aiming to enhance shared self-sufficiency regarding knowledge needs in the region.
Improved corrosion inhibition by heterocyclic compounds on mild steel in acid medium
Authors: Govindasamy Rathika , Thirumalaisamy Sathiyapriya , chandran Kohila , Dhayalan Manikandan , Sillanpaa Mika 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A detailed comparative study on inhibitive behaviour against corrosion of mild steel in 1N H2SO4 IN HCl for the Schiff bases 2,6-diphenyl-3-methyl azinan-4-one (D3MA) (S1), 2,6-diphenyl-3-methyl azinan-4-one semicarbazone (D3MAS) (S2), 2,6-diphenyl azinan-4-one (DA) (S3) and 2,6-diphenylazinan-4-one semicarbazone (DAS) (S4) was investigated using gravimetric and potentiodynamic polarisation methods. The thermodynamic parameters for the mild steel corrosion and the synergistic behaviour of the inhibitors in the presence of anions and cations were determined and discussed. It was found that the adsorption of the inhibitors on the mild steel surface obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Electro chemical studies revealed that all the four inhibitors are of mixed type. We proved that the semicarbazones (Schiff bases S2b and S4) with additional O and N are more effective corrosion inhibitors than their parent keto-amines. As a whole from all the proposed studies it is proved that the explored Schiff’s bases work as a very efficient corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in both the acidic medium.
Perverse 𝔽
p
-sheaves on the affine Grassmannian
Authors: Cass Robert 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
For a reductive group over an algebraically closed field of characteristic

p
>
0

{p>0}

we construct the abelian category of perverse

𝔽
p

{\mathbb{F}_{p}}

-sheaves on the affine Grassmannian that are equivariant with respect to the action of the positive loop group. We show this is a symmetric monoidal category, and then we apply a Tannakian formalism to show this category is equivalent to the category of representations of a certain affine monoid scheme. We also show that our work provides a geometrization of the inverse of the mod p Satake isomorphism. Along the way we prove that affine Schubert varieties are globally F-regular and we apply Frobenius splitting techniques to the theory of perverse

𝔽
p

{\mathbb{F}_{p}}

-sheaves.
Influence of Surface Treatment on the Pitting Corrosion Behaviour of High Alloyed Stainless Steels in a Chloride Solution
Authors: Krauß Martin , Herzog Ralf , Scholtes Berthold 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The pitting corrosion behaviour of the austenitic stainless steel alloys 31 and A 351 with different surface treatments in a technical MgCl2 solution was investigated. Potentiometric current density-potential measurements were carried out, and critical repassivation temperatures were determined, using a galvanometric method. Pickled, ground, abrasively blast cleaned and shot-peened surfaces, respectively, were analysed concerning roughness, residual stress, work hardening and near-surface structure. The effects of the surface properties on the local corrosion behaviour was investigated. Basically, with increasing roughness, amount of residual stress and work hardening, one can see a tendency to decreasing resistance against pitting corrosion. On the other hand, those effects are superimposed by special properties of the passive layer, e. g., caused by pickling, or from the processing-specific surface texture.
Ceramics in the Si3N4–ZrO2–CeO2 System: Phase Composition Changes and Properties
Authors: Boškovic Snezana , Sigulinski Fjodor , Rixecker Georg , Aldinger Fritz 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Silicon nitride-based compositions containing zirconia and ceria additives were prepared by hot pressing in argon atmosphere. The compositions studied can be divided into two groups: (a) with a constant total amount of ZrO2 + CeO2 additive (32 mol.%) within which the CeO2 content was varied from 0 to 6.2 mol.%, and (b) with various contents (10 to 42 mol.%) of ZrO2 + CeO2 additive, the ratio of ZrO2 to CeO2 staying constant at a level of 7.35:1. Phase compositions were determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), while energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) was used for compositional analysis of the ZrO2 grains. The results showed that after sintering the Ce4+ ions were reduced to Ce3+. At low initial ceria concentrations, Si2N2O was formed beside β-Si3N4 and ZrO2 (the majority of which was monoclinic). At higher ceria concentrations, however, Si2N2O disappeared by reaction with ceria and silica to form Ce – N apatite. Nitrogen-containing zirconia phases were not found in the studied compositions, up to 1750 °C.
The Al–Ca System, Part 1: Experimental Investigation of Phase Equilibria and Crystal Structures
Authors: Kevorkov D. , Schmid-Fetzer R. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The binary aluminum-calcium phase equilibria were investigated using X-ray diffraction methods, metallography, energy-dispersive X-ray and differential thermal analyses, and the diffusion couple technique. The complete phase diagram has been determined. Two new binary compounds AlCa and Al3Ca8 were found in addition to the established Al4Ca and Al2Ca phases. The crystal structure of Al3Ca8 compound was determined by X-ray powder diffraction methods.
Bildanalyse komplexer Werkstoffgefüge durch Texturanalyse und Korrelation mit den Eigenschaften durch neuronale Netze
Authors: Fuchs Alexander , Bernthaler Timo , Stahl Brigitte , Klauck Ulrich , Reinsch Bernd , Schneider Gerhard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Mit der quantitativen Gefügeanalyse lassen sich aus dem Gefüge quantitativ Rückschlüsse auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften ziehen. Bei feinen und kontrastarmen Gefügen, z.B. von gehärteten Stählen, muss für die Quantifizierung auf die Mustererkennung zurückgegriffen werden. Mit Hilfe von Texturparametern nach Haralick wird durch ein speziell trainiertes neuronales Netzwerk ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Gefüge und der Härte der Stähle C45 und 100Cr6 hergestellt.
Toughening and Strengthening Response in Ni3Al-Bonded Titanium Carbide Cermets
Authors: Becher Paul F. , Plucknett Kevin P. , Hsueh Chun-Hway 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Nickel aluminide (Ni3Al) was used as a binder phase to fabricate dense TiC cermets with Ni3Al contents of up to 60 vol. % and TiC grain sizes of ~ 5 to ~ 0.8 μm by either sintering of mixed powders or a melt-infiltration sintering process. These TiC–Ni3Al cermets exhibit high fracture toughness together with exceptional flexure strengths (> 1 GPa), which are retained at temperatures of ~ 1000 °C. While the flexure strength exhibited a modest increase as the Ni3Al content was raised, both the Weibull modulus (up to ~20) and the toughness ~ 18 MPa

m

$\sqrt m $

exhibited substantial increases. The increased toughness was found to result from a combination of interface debonding and grain cleavage that combined to enhance plastic deformation of the Ni3Al ligaments in the crack wake. Crack opening displacement measurements reveal a blunted crack profile and suggest a bridging zone length in excess of 100 microns.
Interfacial reaction between liquid Sn-20In-2.8Ag solder and Ag substrate
Authors: Chiang M. J. , Chuang T. H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The morphology and growth kinetics of the intermetallic compound formed during the reaction between liquid Sn-20In-2.8Ag solder and Ag substrate are studied in the temperature range 225–325 °C. The results indicate that the intermetallic compound Ag2+x
(In, Sn) of scallop shape appears at the interface. The intermetallic thickness versus reaction time shows a parabolic relation, indicating that the growth of this intermetallic is diffusion-controlled. The activation energy calculated from the Arrhenius plot of the intermetallic growth rate is 41.6 kJ/mol. By marking the original interface with a Ta thin film, the dissolution of Ag into solder and the growth mechanism of the intermetallic compound have been clarified.
Modelling the continuous cooling transformation diagram of engineering steels using neural networks
Authors: van der Wolk Pieter J. , Wang Jiajun , Sietsma Jilt , van der Zwaag Sybrand 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The neural network model of Van der Wolk et al. [1] describes the effect of composition on the phase regions of the continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram, yet does not consider the fractions of microstructural components and the hardness data that are often quoted in CCT diagrams. In the present paper, the construction of two more neural network models, one for the fractions of ferrite, pearlite, bainite and martensite in the microstructure, and one for the hardness after cooling, using the data of 338 and 412 diagrams, respectively. The accuracy of each model was found to be similar to the expected experimental error; moreover, the models were found to be mutually consistent, although they have been constructed independently. Furthermore, the trends in these properties for alloying elements can be quantified with the models, and are largely in line with metallurgical expectations.
Self-organized criticality – a model for recrystallization?
Authors: Wroblewski T. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A novel X-ray diffraction method, allowing the position-resolved imaging of a polycrystalline specimen using the diffracted radiation, was applied for in situ investigation of recrystallization of cold-rolled copper. A large area of the specimen could be observed simultaneously, yielding information about nucleation and growth of many individual crystallites. The recrystallization process showed a stochastic behavior which can be described by the model of self-organized criticality.
Microstructure and lattice defects in highly deformed metals by X-ray diffraction whole powder pattern modelling
Authors: Scardi P. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBasic principles and recent developments of the Whole Powder Pattern Modelling (WPPM) approach are briefly reviewed and illustrated by a typical case study: a highly deformed metal powder (AISI 434) produced by high energy ball milling. Microstructural parameters, like crystalline domain size distribution, dislocation density, and arrangement parameters, are directly obtained by modelling the experimental pattern, without using arbitrary analytical profile functions.
Impedance spectroscopy of thermal barrier coatings as non-destructive evaluation tool for failure detection
Authors: Schulz Uwe , Kaysser Wolfgang A. , Sips Markus , Kaul Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Since thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) for turbine blades suffer from bond coat oxidation and sintering of the ceramic top coat during service, quantification of TBC degradation by non destructive evaluation methods (NDE) is essential. IN617 substrates with standard NiCoCrAlY/PYSZ EBPVD TBCs were annealed at 1100 °C and measured by impedance spectroscopy. Parameters such as phase angle, total impedance, real and imaginary part were analyzed. To clearly separate bond coat oxidation from aging of the zirconia, freestanding ceramic top coats and ceramic free samples were analyzed as well. A straight correlation between the changes in the impedance spectra and the measured thickness of the thermally grown oxide was found.
Numeric simulation of the α/γ-phase ratio of ferritic-austenitic duplex steels
Authors: Pohl Michael , Mola Murat 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the past, the necessity to predict the α/γ-phase ratio in duplex steels gave rise to a number of empirical equations and diagrams, which, however, do not guarantee a reliable prediction. Due to the insufficient agreement between experiment and empirical calculation, the new and further development of duplex steels is still carried out by means of very time-consuming and costly experiments. The CALPHAD method (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) [1], whose calculational realization is effected by the software program Thermo-Calc [2] in connection with the optimized thermodynamic database TCFE2 (Thermo-Calc FErrum Database, Version 2), can now be used to establish a reliable (parameter optimization), thermodynamic database for duplex steels and to estimate the phase ratio.
Effect of preaging on the precipitation behaviour of AlMgSi1
Authors: Lange G. , Gärtner S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
AlMgSi1 alloys show a deteriorated artificial aging behaviour if they are stored at room temperature between solution treatment and artificial aging (“negative room temperature storage effect”). The present work deals with a preaging step – immediately after solution treatment – which reduces this effect. Mechanical tests and electric resistivity measurements demonstrate that preaged samples are stable even for long room-temperature storages, and they have an excellent artificial-aging behaviour. Preaging may be also beneficial if artificial aging is carried out at higher temperatures to reduce aging time. Higher aging times are combined with a loss of strength and ductility, which is less pronounced for preaged samples. TEM investigations demonstrate that preaged samples show finer precipitates than conventionally-aged ones.
Application of factor analysis in electron spectrometry (AES, XPS) for materials science
Authors: Baunack Stefan , Oswald Steffen 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Electron spectroscopic methods as X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and Auger electron spectrometry (AES) are well established in the field of thin-film and surface analysis. In the measured spectral information, always also chemical information on the sample is contained. It is discussed that often chemometrical methods are the only way to extract such (hidden) information from the measured data sets. We demonstrate for AES and XPS measurements, how factor analysis (FA) can help to derive chemical information at Ti-based material developed for body implants. An introduction to the methodology is given, and challenges and restrictions are discussed.
Semi-flexible star-shaped molecules: conformational analysis of nano-segregated mesogens forming columnar liquid-crystal phases
Authors: Gemming Sibylle , Lehmann Matthias , Seifert Gotthard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The structural prerequisites are investigated, which make star-shaped molecules suitable precursors for the formation of columnar liquid-crystalline phases. Electronic structure calculations on smaller mesogens show that not all conformers exhibit the atomistic structure, the stability against distortion, and additional dipole moments, which favour columnar stacking. For the presently studied compounds with short terminating alkyl chains, the calculations indicate that the steric factor becomes dominant with increasing star size. Thus, the optimised geometric structures were employed to generate a simplified mathematical model of the structures, which accounts only for the steric interaction in the larger stars. With the help of these diagrams, the most common conformers of star-shaped molecules can be derived in a systematic fashion.
An analytic and generalized formulation of the sin2
ψ-method
Authors: Ortner Balder 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
X-ray stress measurements can be done without the accurate knowledge of the unstressed lattice parameters, if the specimen’s surface can be assumed as stress-free and provided that the measured strains depend linearly on sin2
ψ. This is usually done in the so-called sin2
ψ method. An analytical formalism is proposed with which the same task can be performed even if the linear sin2
ψ dependence is not given. Therefore, one is completely free in choosing and combining measurement parameters φ;ψ, and (hkl). It can be used for single-crystalline, textured, texture-free, isotropic or anisotropic materials. Further advantages are an easy way for correct error calculus and a means to optimize the whole procedure for minimum errors in φ.
The maintenance of Japanese as a heritage language in Mexico: evidence from Japanese pre-war migrants and newcomers
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuko , Tokumasu Naomi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article reports the first sociolinguistic investigation of heritage language maintenance in two distinct types of Japanese migrant community in Mexico City – pre-war labour migrants and recent self-movers. We investigate which social factors most strongly contribute to the preservation of Japanese oral language ability in these two communities. The results confirm the significant effects of languages used in the home and educational domains upon the maintenance of their heritage language in both old and new migrant communities, while highlighting the community-specific effects of both age and languages used in the workplace among the old community and those of contact with relatives and friends in Japan in the case of the newcomer community. We argue that these differences indicate that in the older community, where a strong solidarity network has been developed but where contact with relatives in Japan has been mostly lost, the use of Japanese in the workplace is most likely to help them maintain it, whilst in the more recent newcomer community with more loose-knit Japanese networks within Mexico, frequent interaction with their relatives and friends in Japan serves to strongly support the retention of their high language ability. This article concludes that heritage language use in both home and school is indeed the fundamental determiner of migrant heritage language survival, whereas different factors, such as the use of the heritage language in the workplace and contact with relatives and friends in the homeland, may aid in its preservation, depending upon the recency of the community’s arrival as well as the strength of community’s network.
Nachhaltigkeit im Fremdsprachenlernen: Ansätze für den universitären DaF-Unterricht unter der Zielsetzung einer Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung (BNE)
Authors: Müller Daniela 
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung
Ausgehend von dem Bildungskonzept des Globalen Lernens beschäftigt sich dieser Beitrag damit, wie Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung (BNE) im Fremdsprachenunterricht an Universitäten und im tertiären Bildungsbereich weltweit implementiert werden kann. Der Artikel stellt Aktivitäten vor, mit denen Lehrende die verschiedenen Themenbereiche der Nachhaltigkeit in ihren Unterricht integrieren können und anhand derer es erleichtert werden soll, in einen Kommunikationsaustausch mit den Studierenden zu treten, der zum Nachdenken über die Auswirkungen des eigenen Handelns anregt und zur Entwicklung von globalen Lösungsansätzen beitragen kann.