bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maritime midge radiations in the Pacific Ocean (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: Tang Hongqu , Cheng Qingqing , Krosch Matt N. , Cranston Peter S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMaritime chironomid midges (Diptera) are diverse, yet these ‘pearls of the ocean’ are little known. Emphasizing Pacific Ocean taxa, we used six genetic markers (18S, 28S, CAD1, CAD4, FolCOI and COI) and fossil calibrations to produce Bayesian time‐calibrated phylogenies to date eight independent marine transitions in three subfamilies. Deep nodes involve subfamily Telmatogetoninae (originating mid‐Cretaceous, 101–128, 114 Ma), with sister genera Telmatogeton Schiner and Thalassomya Schiner splitting later in the Cretaceous (56–82, 69 Ma). Two transitions in Orthocladiinae involve Clunio Haliday and Pseudosmittia Edwards, dating from the upper Cretaceous, both with Eocene crown groups. In subfamily Chironominae, transitions to marine occur in two tribes. Four transitions occur within the otherwise nonmarine crown groups Kiefferulus Goetghebuer, Dicrotendipes Kieffer, Polypedilum Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa & Shirasaka. Two separate robust clades in tribe Tanytarsini involve: (1) a minor radiation within Paratanytarsus dated to the mid‐Eocene around 43 Ma; and (2) an unexpected but fully supported diversification in Pontomyia Edwards plus Yaetanytarsus Sasa dated to around 47 Ma, with separation of Pontomyia from Yaetanytarsus around 40 Ma. Crown Pontomyia, represented by three species, was estimated to have diverged around 19 Ma, whereas the crown radiation of Yaetanytarsus, with 12 sampled species, dates to the mid‐Eocene. In a comprehensive global review we concisely document new synonymies and new combinations revealed by the study. The evolutionary timing estimate provides insights into the frequency of marine transitions and diversifications in the Chironomidae in association with dynamic oceanic changes during the Oligocene and Miocene.
CSFfrom a puppy with a cerebral vascular hamartoma
Authors: Williams Marjorie J. , Baughman Brittany S. , Shores Andy , Gibson Ryan M. B. , Beasley Michaela J. , Morgan Timothy W. , Williams Matthew L. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA 9‐week‐old puppy with refractory seizures and a dome‐shaped head presented to the Mississippi State College of Veterinary Medicine Specialty Center for suspected hydrocephalus. Computerized tomography (CT) findings included transtentorial herniation and an intra‐axial mass with dystrophic mineralization. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed an increased nucleated cell count of 1100/μl (RI < 5/μl), erythrocyte count of 2.2 × 106/μl, and markedly increased microprotein of 1939 mg/dl (RI < 30 mg/dl). On cytologic examination of the CSF, numerous erythrophagocytic, and hemosiderin‐laden macrophages were observed, which indicated chronic active hemorrhage. Many neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes that contained numerous intracytoplasmic, pleomorphic, bright yellow crystals were observed. Considering the ongoing hemorrhage, the crystals were presumed to be hematoidin. A biopsy with histopathology was performed on the intra‐axial mass, and the results were consistent with a vascular hamartoma. We speculate that the formation of these crystals was related to the ongoing hemorrhage associated with the vascular hamartoma. Identification of these crystals may be useful to aid in the identification of chronic hemorrhage associated with vascular malformations or lesions within the central nervous system.
Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Integration of Clinical Pathology Data With Anatomic Pathology Data in Nonclinical Toxicology Studies
Authors: Siska William , Schultze Albert Eric , Ennulat Daniela , Biddle Kathleen , Logan Michael , Adedeji Adeyemi O. , Arndt Tara , Aulbach Adam 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIntegrating clinical pathology data with anatomic pathology data is a common practice when reporting findings in the context of nonclinical toxicity studies and aids in understanding and communicating the nonclinical safety profile of test articles in development. Appropriate pathology data integration requires knowledge of analyte and tissue biology, species differences, methods of specimen acquisition and analysis, study procedures, and an understanding of the potential causes and effects of a variety of pathophysiologic processes. Neglecting these factors can lead to inappropriate data integration or a missed opportunity to enhance understanding and communication of observed changes. In such cases, nonclinical safety information relevant to human safety risk assessment may be misrepresented or misunderstood. This “Points to Consider” manuscript presents general concepts regarding pathology data integration in nonclinical studies, considerations for avoiding potential oversights and errors in data integration, and focused discussion on topics relevant to data integration for several key organ systems, including liver, kidney, and cardiovascular systems.
A Variational Principle Based Approach for General Solution to Transverse Isotropic Axisymmetric Cylinder Problem
Authors: Sirsat Ajinkya Vishnu , Padhee Srikant Sekhar 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDeformation of solid or hollow cylinders with transverse isotropic material under axisymmetric loading is one of the oldest problems. A general field solution is highly sought after, as this problem finds application in various fields. In the present work, this problem has been formulated starting with basic curvilinear kinematics and governing equations are derived using Reissner’s variational principle. Non-singular solutions have been derived and have been validated with literature for specific cases.
Dynamic Heat Transfer Characteristic of Heat Exchanger for Sensible Heat Recovery of Raw Coke Oven Gas
Authors: Wenping Peng , Zhiping Jin , Gailin Lu , Tao Bai , Lixing Zheng , Congxiu Guo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A simplified hybrid-dimensional unsteady heat transfer model for the ascension-pipe heat exchanger with a helically coiled tube embedded in the jacket and supported by high conductivity particles is established based on the non-thermal equilibrium theory of porous medium. This idea can also be used in the design of other heat exchange devices involving the helically coiled tube. According to calculations, the wall temperature of the ascension-pipe heat exchanger periodically varies due to the periodic variations of flow rate and temperature of raw coke oven gas. A great thermal stress will be produced due to this reason. The coal tar precipitation mainly occurs in the late stage of the coking period due to the continuous cooling of molten salt. Based on the detailed analysis, thermal conductivity of packing layer, heat capacity per unit volume of packing layer, volume of packing layer, flow rate of molten salt and inlet temperature of molten salt are important factors that should be scientifically designed in the design of this type of heat exchanger to reduce thermal stress and coal tar precipitation. Cutting off molten salt in the late stage of the coking period is an effective measure to control the wall temperature of the ascension pipe above the dew point of coal tar vapor.
Nexus Between Human Thermoregulation and Cardiovascular Functions—A Preliminary Simulation for a Moderate Variation of Temperature
Authors: Laha Sumanta , Ghosh Indranil , Das Prasanta Kumar 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThough the interaction between cardiovascular functions and thermoregulation is enormously complex yet immensely important, very little effort to date has been spent to simulate it from a system point of view. The present work aims at simulating the mutual interaction of human thermoregulation and cardiovascular functions by combining simple models of these two systems. While for thermoregulation, a lumped parameter multi-node model has been developed, a SIMULINK-based approach of electrical analogy has been taken for the cardiovascular system. These two models are coupled by different physiological and control actions, represented by well-established correlations. Three case studies have been conducted. In the first case, thermoregulation of a healthy human being is considered for a prescribed temperature cycle of moderate variation. Under heat stress, cardiac output increases by a joint effect of heart rate and stroke volume while under the cold condition, the variation of the cardiac output is less and is primarily governed by the heart rate. For the case of a reduced ejection fraction of the left ventricle, though there is a notable decrease in skin blood flow, negligible variation in skin and core temperature is observed. In the case of acute aortic stenosis, it is found that the blood pressure falls severely from its normal level causing hypotension and is further aggravated even under moderate heat stress. Such a situation might have further consequences like heat stroke. Finally, the limitations of the present study have been highlighted and suggestions have been made for further improvement.
A Comparative Numerical Study of Estimation of Velocity Components in Mixed Convection Through Vertical Shrouded Plate Finned Channel
Authors: Pathak Kankan Kishore , Giri Asis , Bhuyan Dipanka , Roy Krishna 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An attempt has been made to investigate the performance of two methods of estimation of free and forced convection velocity components present in mixed convection. For this present analysis, a vertically configured shrouded plate finned channel is considered. From the literature, it is observed that in the solution of mixed convection problems related to the various engineering applications, proper estimation of induced velocity and fan/pump velocity plays a vital role. For this cause, segregation of the velocity components of free and forced convection present in the mixed convection becomes important. There exist two methods available in the literature, namely, first, the natural convection computational fluid dynamics method (NCM) used in the mixed convection computational fluid dynamics analysis under the same thermal and geometrical conditions, and second, forced convection decoupled method (FDM) applying the same pressure drop in forced and mixed convection across the channel. Results of this study reveal that if the free or induced velocity component present in the mixed convection is assessed based on the forced convection decoupled method, the pumping power results may be more precise than the natural convection computational fluid dynamic method as in the later method calculation of the forced convection velocity component is underpredicted. The natural convection velocity component evaluated through NCM varies 33% to 65.7% from the FDM based on the shroud clearance for the constant fin heights of 0.04 m. This variation is as high as 98% and 96% in the case of the larger nondimensional fin spacing of 0.3 and 0.5, respectively. A correlation of overall Nusselt number is suggested for a vertically configured shrouded dual-height plate finned channel evaluating appropriate Reynolds through the forced convection decoupled method.
Uncertainty Quantification on the Cooling Performance of a Transonic Turbine Vane With Upstream Endwall Misalignment
Authors: Hao Mingyang , Bai Bo , Li Yuanyuan , Li Zhigang , Li Jun 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
With increasing aerodynamic and thermal loads, film cooling has been a popular technology integrated into the design of the modern gas turbine vane endwall, especially for the first-stage vane endwall. A staggering amount of research has been completed to quantify the effect of operating conditions and cooling hole geometrical properties. However, most of these investigations did not address the influence of the manufacturing tolerances, assembly errors, and operation degradations on the endwall misalignment. In this paper, uncertainty quantification (UQ) analysis was performed to quantify the impacts of upstream endwall misalignment uncertainties on the endwall film cooling performance and vane surface phantom cooling performance. The upstream endwall misalignment, step geometry with various step heights, commonly exists between the combustor exit and the first-stage vane endwall. Based on the non-intrusive polynomial chaos expansion (NIPC) and the uniform probability distribution assumption, the deviation (step height) uncertainties of the upstream endwall misalignment were quantified. To predict the endwall secondary flow and film cooling effectiveness in the transonic linear vane passage, the commercial computational fluid dynamic solver ANSYS FLUENT was used to numerically solve the three-dimensional steady-state Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. The robustness analysis of endwall film cooling performance and phantom cooling performance to the upstream endwall misalignment was conducted for three design upstream step heights (ΔH): a baseline configuration (ΔH = 0 mm), two misaligned configurations with forward step (ΔH = −5 mm) and backward step (ΔH = 5 mm), respectively. Results show that the actual cooling performance has a high probability of deviating from the nominal value for the baseline configuration. The critical regions that are most sensitive to the upstream step misalignment are also identified by variances. The UQ results also show that the design geometry with a forward step has a more robust film cooling performance on endwall and phantom cooling performance on the vane pressure side surface, which means a smaller variance and a better expectation than the no-step configuration. In contrast, the design geometry with a backward step induces the reductions in the expectation of the film cooling effectiveness and coolant coverage and the amplification of performance fluctuations. This work provides a certain guiding direction for the optimization design for the upstream step geometry.
Adiabatic Effectiveness Measurements for a Baseline Shaped Film Cooling Hole
Authors: Schroeder Robert P. , Thole Karen A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Film cooling on airfoils is a crucial cooling method as the gas turbine industry seeks higher turbine inlet temperatures. Shaped film cooling holes are widely used in many designs given the improved performance over that of cylindrical holes. Although there have been numerous studies of shaped holes, there is no established baseline shaped hole to which new cooling hole designs can be compared. The goal of this study is to offer the community a shaped hole design, representative of proprietary and open literature holes that serves as a baseline for comparison purposes. The baseline shaped cooling hole design includes the following features: hole inclination angle of 30 deg with a 7 deg expansion in the forward and lateral directions; hole length of 6 diameters; hole exit-to-inlet area ratio of 2.5; and lateral hole spacing of 6 diameters. Adiabatic effectiveness was measured with this newly shaped hole and found to peak near a blowing ratio of 1.5 at density ratios of 1.2 and 1.5, at both low freestream turbulence and moderate freestream turbulence of 5%. Reductions in area-averaged effectiveness due to freestream turbulence at low blowing ratios were as high as 10%.
Physical Activity Patterns Among Adolescents in Latin America and the Caribbean Region
Authors: Bernabe-Ortiz Antonio , Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M. 
Published: August 2022

Background: Physical activity implies different patterns, but many studies have focused on physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of different physical activity patterns among adolescents in Latin America and the Caribbean region. Methods: Pooled analysis of the most updated data of the Global School-based Student Health surveys. Age-standardized prevalence of 4 outcomes was estimated using information from the last 7 days: physical inactivity (0 d of at least 60 min/d), insufficient physical activity (<5 d of at least 60 min/d), commuting physical activity (≥5 d of walking or biking to school), and sedentary behavior (≥3 h/d of sitting time). Results: A total of 132,071 records (33 countries) were analyzed, mean age 14.6 years, 51.2% girls. Pooled age-standardized prevalence of physical inactivity was 22.3%, greater among girls (25.4%) than boys (19.1%); insufficient physical activity was present in 67.7%, greater in girls (73.6%) than boys (61.5%); commuting physical activity was seen in 43.7%, similar between girls (43.3%) and boys (44.1%); and sedentary behavior was present in 43.4%, greater among girls (45.4%) than boys (41.3%). Conclusions: In Latin America and the Caribbean region, almost two-thirds of adolescents are insufficiently physically active, ≥40% are sedentary, and ≥20% are physically inactive, and these behaviors are more frequent among girls than boys.
Variability in Normalization Methods of Surface Electromyography Signals in Eccentric Hamstring Contraction
Authors: Guerrero-Henriquez Juan , Tapia Claudio , Vargas-Matamala Martin 
Published: August 2022

Context: In human movement analysis, normalization of a surface electromyography signal is a crucial step; therefore, parameter selection for this procedure must be adequately justified. The aim of this research was to determine the variability of electromyography signals in eccentric hamstring contraction under different normalization parameters. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Nine university rugby players (age 21.50 [3.61] y; body mass index 21.50 [4.95]) and no history of recent hamstring injury. Values from maximum voluntary isometric contraction protocol and task related (ie, Nordic hamstring exercise) were used for surface electromyography signal normalization. Intersubject and intrasubject variation coefficients were used for normalization method variability and for signal reproducibility, respectively. Results: Intrasubject variation coefficient value indicates acceptable reproducibility of surface electromyography (less than 12%) for all normalization procedures. Lower values of intersubject variation coefficient value were achieved for normalization procedures using task-related values. Conclusion: Parameters extracted from task execution provided less variability for surface electromyography amplitude normalization in eccentric hamstring muscle contractions.
Choriocapillaris and progressive ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer loss in non-glaucomatous eyes
Authors: Cheng Weijing , Wang Wei , Song Yunhe , Lin Fengbin , Duan Yongbo , Xie Liu , Jin Kai , Weinreb Robert N , Zhang Xiulan 
Published: August 2022

AimsTo explore the relationship between choriocapillaris (CC) flow deficit percentage (FD%) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness in a population-based sample of non-glaucomatous eyes.MethodsThis is a longitudinal cohort study and prospective cross-sectional study. Non-glaucoma Chinese subjects aged 18 years or older were enrolled. All participants underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination, including swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and SS-OCT angiography. Average, inner average, outer average and nine Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study sub-regions of GCIPL thickness and CC FD% were measured. The correlation between CC FD% and GCIPL was assessed using a linear regression model, and the relationship between the rate of change of GCIPL thickness and CC FD% was further validated in a 2year longitudinal study.ResultsIn the cross-sectional study including 3514 participants (3514 non-glaucoma eyes), a higher CC FD% was significantly associated with a thinner GCIPL (β=−0.32; 95% CI −0.43 to –0.21; p<0.001). Further, in a longitudinal study (453 eyes of 453 participants), a faster increase in CC FD% was found to be significantly associated with a faster decrease in GCIPL thickness (β=−0.10; 95% CI –0.17 to –0.03; p=0.004) after adjusting for age, sex, axial length and image quality score.ConclusionsThis is the first time to show that CC FD% and GCIPL thickness were correlated in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of non-glaucomatous individuals, which may potentially provide further insights on the role of CC perfusion in glaucoma development and progression.
Risk of preterm birth, small for gestational age at birth, and stillbirth after covid-19 vaccination during pregnancy: population based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Fell Deshayne B , Dimanlig-Cruz Sheryll , Regan Annette K , Håberg Siri E , Gravel Christopher A , Oakley Laura , Alton Gillian D , Török Eszter , Dhinsa Tavleen , Shah Prakesh S , Wilson Kumanan , Sprague Ann E , El-Chaâr Darine , Walker Mark C , Barrett Jon , Okun Nannette , Buchan Sarah A , Kwong Jeffrey C , Wilson Sarah E , Dunn Sandra I , MacDonald Shannon E , Dougan Shelley D 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the risk of preterm birth, small for gestational age at birth, and stillbirth after covid-19 vaccination during pregnancy.DesignPopulation based retrospective cohort study.SettingOntario, Canada, 1 May to 31 December 2021.ParticipantsAll liveborn and stillborn infants from pregnancies conceived at least 42 weeks before the end of the study period and with gestational age ≥20 weeks or birth weight ≥500 g.Main outcome measuresUsing Cox regression, hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated for preterm birth before 37 weeks (overall and spontaneous preterm birth), very preterm birth (<32 weeks), small for gestational age at birth (<10th centile), and stillbirth. Vaccination against covid-19 was treated as a time varying exposure in the outcome specific risk window, and propensity score weighting was used to adjust hazard ratios for potential confounding.ResultsAmong 85 162 births, 43 099 (50.6%) occurred in individuals who received one dose or more of a covid-19 vaccine during pregnancy—42 979 (99.7%) received an mRNA vaccine. Vaccination during pregnancy was not associated with any increased risk of overall preterm birth (6.5% among vaccinatedv6.9% among unvaccinated; adjusted hazard ratio 1.02, 95% confidence interval 0.96 to 1.08), spontaneous preterm birth (3.7%v4.4%; 0.96, 0.90 to 1.03), or very preterm birth (0.59%v0.89%; 0.80, 0.67 to 0.95). No increase was found in risk of small for gestational age at birth (9.1%v9.2%; 0.98, 0.93 to 1.03) or stillbirth (0.25%v0.44%; 0.65, 0.51 to 0.84). Findings were similar by trimester of vaccination, mRNA vaccine product, and number of doses received during pregnancy.ConclusionThe findings suggest that vaccination against covid-19 during pregnancy is not associated with a higher risk of preterm birth, small for gestational age at birth, or stillbirth.