bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bishop and Wölfflin: The Painterly Geometry
Authors: Cheema Amna Umer 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article establishes Elizabeth Bishop’s relationship with art historian Heinrich Wölfflin through an in-depth analysis of the former’s landscape poems, “Questions of Travel,” “Cape Breton” and “The End of March.” Bishop’s poetry is shown to exercise Wölfflin’s “painterly” geometry to soften stationary shapes and enhance her language’s ability to paint her poetic environment. This study focuses on Bishop’s geometry of indeterminate lines as incomplete and unclear dimensions of vision, where their preference for diagonal motion references Wölfflin’s description of the “painterly […] depreciation of line” in baroque art. Bishop’s painterly lines of perception help to differentiate her spatial poetics from plastic tendencies. Her poems are not tangible facts, but spaces of dialogue. This article thus proposes that Bishop’s landscape poems show strategies of painterly paintings read as verse.
Palliative Care and the Dance of Death in Harold Pinter's Moonlight
Authors: Jeffery Lucy 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
As we live through a global pandemic, how do our experiences of healthcare and lockdown influence our engagement with theatre? In what ways is COVID-19 raising concerns about the availability of palliative care? More specifically, how does the work of Harold Pinter help us to understand our relationship toward caretaking and caregiving? This article explores these questions through its engagement with Pinter's 1993 play Moonlight.
Openness, Growth, and Convergence in Africa: Evidence from 1980-1999 Data
Authors: Baliamoune Mina 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We explore the effects of openness to trade on growth and the implications for income convergence in Africa. Fixed-effect estimation results indicate that the evidence on the direct impact of openness to trade on growth is mixed and there is no support for conditional convergence. On the other hand, we find that the joint effect of openness and initial income has a U shape, suggesting that greater openness to trade may enhance growth in countries with relatively high income but tends to depress it in lower-income countries. Furthermore, we show that the growth effects of openness to trade also depend on export diversification. Our results suggest that openness to trade has a negative effect on growth in countries with high export concentration. An important policy implication of our findings is that liberalization and reform programs aimed at boosting openness to trade should take into account these interactions, otherwise low-income economies which also tend to have low export diversification could be harmed by trade liberalization.
For Prayer and Profit: West Africa's Religious and Economic Ties to the Gulf 1960s to the Present
Authors: Akyeampong Emmanuel 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWest Africa's historic ties of trade and Islam with the Arabian Peninsula date back to the 7th and 8th Centuries CE. On independence from colonial rule several African countries turned to the Arab world for official development assistance (ODA). The period from the 1990s has seen Gulf businesses making important financial investments in West African real estate and telecommunications. The Gulf has become an important source of consumer and capital goods for West Africa, as well as a buyer of African exports like coffee, cocoa, and timber. African professionals work in the Gulf, though Asians remain dominant in the Gulf labor force.
Globalization and the Economics of African Slavery in Arabia in the Age of Empire
Authors: Hopper Matthew S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper examines the economic conditions that generated demand for slave labor in Arabia in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. The existing historiography has tended to emphasize a cultural or religious basis for slavery in the region, ignoring the expanding global markets for Arabian commodities that fueled demand for slave labor. This paper argues that growing markets for Arabian pearls and dates in Europe and North America helped drive the slave trade from east Africa to eastern Arabia and the Gulf. Globalization helped spread Arabian commodities to markets around the world but ultimately helped destroy the Gulf's most important export markets when industrialized states replaced Gulf pearls and dates with products of their own.
Harnessing the Power of Globalization for African Development
Authors: Gyimah-Brempong Kwabena 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This address highlights how Africa can take advantage of the current wave of globalization to accelerate its development efforts. The central theme is that African countries should not be afraid to open up their economies to globalization because openness confers several benefits, including technology transfers, expanding markets for African exports, and employment creation. However, to be able to take advantage of the benefits of globalization, African countries need to improve their domestic environments, especially in the areas of governance, institutions for policy formulation and implementation, resource allocation, and the training and use of human capital.
World Bank Participatory Development Approach in Country Assistance Strategy: The Cases of Mozambique and of the Republic of Senegal
Authors: El-Hodiri Mohamed , Ndiaye Rokhaya 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper uses Mozambique and Senegal as case studies to assess the World Bank's claim to be following a process of participatory development process in providing assistance to countries. The participatory process has been popular with academics and practitioners in the field of Economic Development, as well as institutions looking for ways of addressing concerns over lack of stakeholder inputs in the development process. We compare what the Bank claims to be doing on this front with what the stakeholders in Mozambique and Senegal claim to have actually experienced. The evidence suggests the Bank tend to follow a process that gives the appearance of participation; but in actuality the process excluded the people of Senegal and Mozambique from the decision process. Our results question whether the World Bank process represents a façade that legitimates policies decided without consultations with the presumed beneficiaries of the development process.
Piracy and Indian Ocean Africa
Authors: Alpers Edward A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe current maritime crisis being caused by Somali piracy may be of recent origin, but the phenomenon of piracy in the Indian Ocean has ancient roots. In this paper I seek to place the recent Somali experience in this wider and deeper context, arguing that what is piracy to some, may be legitimate maritime action to others. I suggest that if piracy is often in the eyes of the beholder, for others it is a response to political and economic marginalization. At the same time, in some cases piracy becomes divorced from such sources of legitimization and those who practice maritime violence become simple outlaws.
New York City, Muslims, and the Indian Ocean: Preliminary Findings on the Connection via the Slave Trade
Authors: Gomez Michael A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article examines the enslaved African population in early New York City, with a particular focus on those who may have been Muslims. Beyond exceptional individuals, the information on African Muslims is scarce and speculative, but it would appear that there were such individuals, mostly from Madagascar, who were occupants of the city. Much more research remains to be done.
Africa, the Arabian Gulf and Asia: Changing Dynamics in Contemporary West Africa's Political Economy
Authors: Akyeampong Emmanuel 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe last two to three decades have witnessed significant transformation in West Africa's relations to the Arabian Gulf and Asia. While ties to countries such as Saudi Arabia are historic, economic liberalization since the 1980s has introduced new trading partners and some unexpected developments. The outcome of these recent developments can be startling: so in Ghana, for example, India and China have overtaken the United Kingdom, the former colonial power, in investments and the number of operating companies. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) ranks third in the cumulative value of foreign direct investments in Ghana since 1994. This paper is an historian's attempt to provide context, some perspective and to probe the implications of these emerging patterns for the political economy of West Africa. It uses Ghana under the Kufuor regime (2000-2008) as a case study of how one West African government engaged the new economic opportunities and the growing importance of Arab and Asian trading partners and investors in the climate of South-South cooperation.
Recent International Trade Patterns in Mauritius and Madagascar and Implications for Trade with GCC
Authors: Baliamoune-Lutz Mina 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper has two main objectives. First, we examine whether trade can fully explain the differences between Mauritius and Madagascar in development patterns. Second, based on the analysis of trade patterns in the two countries, we outline the main implications for trade between the two African countries and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC). Whereas previous studies have focused on the development success of Mauritius, the present paper tries to assess the factors that could explain why Madagascar continued to significantly lag behind Mauritius in economic outcomes and development. We argue that both formal and informal institutions may have played a major role in making Mauritius more successful in its export-led growth relative to Madagascar.
The Changing Dynamics of China's Engagement in Africa
Authors: Alden Chris 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article examines the emerging relationship between China and Africa focusing in particular on the drivers for contemporary engagement, the plethora of actors involved and the challenges facing the long term sustainability of close economic and political ties. It asks if the methodologies of engagement, elite led ties coupled to a combination of bilateral relations and multilateral forums are sufficient to build the equitable development partnership which Africans and Chinese speak of.
The Perceived Success Factors and Problems of Small Business Owners in Africa
Authors: Benzing Cynthia , Chu Hung M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Approximately 600 micro and small business owners in Kenya, Ghana and Nigeria were surveyed to better understand their perceived success factors and ongoing problems. According to the entrepreneurs, hard work, good management skills and good customer service are the most important ingredients for success. Fifteen of the 17 success items could be broken into four factors. The factor for controllable non-managerial items was seen as the most important factor governing success for entrepreneurs from all three countries. The most significant problems as reported by entrepreneurs were a weak economy and unreliable employees. A factor analysis of the problems revealed significant differences among the three countries. Ghanaian entrepreneurs were less concerned about their lack of training and locational issues and more concerned about their lack of capital. Compared to Ghanaian and Kenyan entrepreneurs, Nigerians had greater concern with the factor related to safety, location and employees.
Rural-Urban Transformation in Nigeria
Authors: Sackey James , Liverpool-Tasie Saweda , Salau Sheu , Awoyemi Taiwo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Since the late 1960s, Nigeria's structural and rural-urban transformations have been driven largely by developments in its oil sector. Due to increased oil revenues, incentives for the production of internationally tradable agricultural commodities declined and the agricultural sector stagnated. Incentives to produce domestically consumed agricultural products also declined as oil exports financed increasing food imports. The decline of the agricultural sector fueled rural-urban migration. Migration continued into the 1980s and 1990s, even when large parts of the economy - including manufacturing - collapsed due to lower oil prices, unsustainable policies, and foreign debt. Growth in the urban informal sector, fueled by migrants has posed challenges in terms of urban poverty and the growth of urban and peri-urban slums. The government of Nigeria has attempted to stem the tide of rural-urban migration through rural development programs. However these programs have had limited impact and were unable to stem the flow of migrants into urban areas. Key remaining questions center on how to increase productivity in the agricultural sector and at the same time provide more lucrative opportunities in urban areas.
Institutional Arrangements and Education Service Delivery in Primary Schools in Mali
Authors: Dedehouanou Sènakpon F. A. , Berthe Abdrahmane 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Over the past decade, Mali has been engaged in a process of improving access and quality of education within the framework of the education for all of the Millennium Development Goals. An important aspect of that process is the participative schools' management of local authorities through teachers-parents-students associations. This paper analyzes the role and effectiveness of such institutional arrangement that involve the local community in the governance of primary schools in Mali, using the accountability framework and data from the quantitative service delivery survey implemented in 2005. We find that although information is likely to be available across the entire chain of education service delivery, the capability to sanction or to reward the public primary schools teachers is at the central level. The capability of the local government in terms of enforceability is weakened in private and Médersa schools while it is somewhat strengthened in community schools. A simple OLS regression shows no strong relation between school-based management - through the local community - and primary schools’ performance. The results also suggest that class size, teaching staff and teachers incentives are important to schools' performance.
Effective Service Delivery of Nigeria's Public Primary Education: The Role of Non-State Actors
Authors: George Tayo O. , Olayiwola W. K. , Adewole M. A. , Osabuohien Evans S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The study examines and analyses the role of Non-State Actors (NSAs) in public provision of primary education in Nigeria using descriptive and econometric techniques. The analysis demonstrates that the major source of funding of public primary education in Nigeria flows from the Federal Government to the State government and finally to the Local Government Education Authority (LGEA). The study shows that NSAs' activities are mainly the provision of school inputs with little or no role monitoring and management of public primary schools. It was found that the presence of private school inspectors has significant positive effect on pupils’ performance. Parents occupation and household qualities especially type of building were found to have positive impact on the pupils ‘performance. Based on these findings, the study recommends the need for adequate involvement of NSAs in the management of public primary schools and improved inspection of schools as ways of improving the quality of primary education in Nigeria.
Dysfunctional Institutions in the Delivery of Primary Education in Ethiopia
Authors: Abay Tsegabirhan Weldegiorgis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The objective of the paper is to analyze the effectiveness of the existing institutional arrangements for providing primary education in Ethiopia. Using largely secondary data and a complementary survey of 100 schools and institutional assessment, the study clearly establishes the fact that as real school resources have been increasing over time while quality and efficiency of primary education has been deteriorating. Thus, resources-based arguments cannot explain the grave quality crisis and inefficiency. Rather the existing institutional setup has been dysfunctional to ensure effectiveness and efficiency of the Ethiopian primary education system. The primary conclusion from this study is that the existing Ethiopian institutional arrangements have been effective in creating access to primary education but ineffective and hence dysfunctional in delivering quality of education.
On Austrian Refugee Children: Agency, Experience, and Knowledge in Ernst Papanek's “Preliminary Study” from 1943
Authors: Steinberg Swen 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In 1943 Viennese refugee pedagogue Ernst Papanek turned in his master's thesis, “On Refugee Children: A Preliminary Study,” for the New York School of Social Work at Columbia University. Particularly interested in their role in processes of knowledge translation and transfers, he circulated questionnaires among refugee children he had rescued from France to the United States. Through his thesis he gave the children a voice and depicted their agency. This article contextualizes Papanek's approach to the relief efforts in the United States in the early 1940s. Focusing especially on the responses of Austrian refugee children in the questionnaires, it uncovers aspects of the young people's experiential knowledge and how they were further explored in a follow-up study on Papanek's research from 1947. The article draws on recent approaches in migration studies that look at the intersection of knowledge and the experiences of young migrants, underlining its potential in research for unaccompanied minors and young refugees from Nazi persecution.
IONIC DEPENDENCY OF SKIN POTENTIAL, TRANSPORT CURRENT, AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP IN LEOPARD FROG (RANA SPP.) VENTRAL EPITHELIA
Authors: NEALEN, PAUL M. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Amphibian ventral epithelia can perform significant Na+ transport, as characterized in the now-classic two-membrane model first demonstrated by Ussing and colleagues. This transport is normally demonstrated by using short-circuit current (Isc) to negate transport-generated potentials across epithelia suspended in Ussing chambers. While this model and method have been supported through decades of experimentation, the exact relationship between the transport current and the epithelial potential generated is often ignored, as potentials typically are treated as a factor to be systematically eliminated. Here, leopard frog (Rana spp.) ventral epithelium were utilized in Ussing chambers for tests of specifically how the relationship between epithelial potentials and transport currents depends upon external medium ionic content. Stable skin potentials were recorded using 300 mOsm NaCl; potentials were then reduced to 0 mV via Isc in order to estimate the magnitude of the ionic transport current. A subset of the epithelia prepared was then tested in one or more alternative ionic solutions (300 mOsm KCl, NaHCO3, and CaCl2). While identifiable skin potentials were detected in all solutions tested, only in NaCl were the magnitudes of the epithelial potential and short-circuit current statistically significantly related. Detectable skin potentials in non-Na+-containing solutions indicates the existence of non-Na+ electrogenic activity in this tissue, whose presence explains the relatively poor ability of transport current magnitudes to explain the magnitudes of observed skin potential. Estimates of molecular transport rates for Na+ exceed 4 x 1014 molec sec-1 cm-1, demonstrating the enormous osmoregulatory challenge faced by fresh water amphibians in maintaining ionic homeostasis.
LIGHT AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE CERCARIAE AND REDIAE OF RIBEIROIA ONDATRAE
Authors: KEELER SHAMUS P. , FRIED BERNARD , HUFFMAN JANE E. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Ribeiroia ondatrae (Price, 1931) is a digenetic trematode occurring in lentic aquatic systems throughout North and South America and has been identified as a cause of limb malformations in numerous species of amphibians. Several questions still remain related to basic morphology of the various life stages of R. ondotrae. The purpose of this study was to describe the daughter rediae and cercariae of R. ondatrae using light and scanning electron microscopy. Helisoma trivolvis snails infected with R. ondatrae were collected from Delaware Lake, NJ. Daughter rediae and cercariae were collected from the infected snails, and light and scanning electron microscopy were used to describe the life stages with particular focus on the tegumentary surface. The tegument of R. ondatrae rediae and cercariae is aspinose despite reports in the literature describing a spinose tegument in the cercariae. The rediae and cercariae were observed to be much simpler in tegumentary structure than various species of Echinostoma that have been studied recently with scanning electron microscopy.
DETECTION OF MERCURY IN NATURAL WATERS IN BERKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, USING COLD VAPOR ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: MCGETTIGAN AMANDA , KWASNIEWSKI DANIEL , CHINNI ROSEMARIE C. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (CVAAS) was used to detect potential mercury contamination in sixteen natural waterways in Berks County, Pennsylvania. Four samples were collected from each site in mercury-free Nalgene containers. After collection, the samples were brought back to the lab, acidified, and refrigerated until analysis could proceed. For analysis, each sample was prepared by adding various reagents and by digesting each in a 95°C water bath for approximately two hours. The digested samples were analyzed using tin (II) chloride and the maximum absorbance of each sample was recorded. Calibration curves were developed using serial dilutions of the mercury standard; these curves allowed for calculation of detection limits for mercury and were also used to calculate the mercury concentration in the samples if any was present. The results showed that none of the waterways tested had significant amounts of mercury present.
LIGHT AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE LARVAL STAGES AND ADULT OF SPHAERIDIOTREMA GLOBULUS (TREMATODA: PSILOSTOMIDAE)
Authors: HUFFMAN JANE E. , STEVENS PATRICIA , FRIED BERNARD 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Sphaeridiotrema globulus (Rudolphi, 1814) is a digenetic trematode occurring in river and lentic aquatic systems in North America and has been identified as the cause of ulcerative hemorrhagic enteritis in waterfowl. The purpose of this study was to describe the stages of S. globulus using light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Elimia virginica snails infected with S. globulus were collected from Lake Musconetcong, NJ. Daughter rediae and cercariae were collected from the infected snails and LM and SEM microscopy were used to describe these stages with particular emphasis on the tegumentary surface. The tegument of S. globulus daughter rediae and cercariae is aspinose. The daughter rediae and cercariae showed simpler tegumentary structures than similar stages described in several species of echinostomids.