bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Foundations as Ethical Codes in a Brazilian Context
Authors: Wachelke Joao 
Published: March 2022

We present a survey of Brazilians on their adoption of a set of ethical rules, the moral foundations. The aim of the study is to characterize the profiles of a sample of adults in terms of their reliance on moral foundations, under the assumption that each moral foundation represents an ethical code, considering social variables such as gender, schooling level, and religion. Ethical rules consist in associations of evaluative assessments with systems of practices concerning social relationships, while ethical codes are those rules legitimated by communities’ conventions. We administered an adapted version ofthe Moral Foundations Questionnaire to 936 adults inpublic places. Results from cluster analysis revealedthe existence of two broad response patterns that weinterpreted as ethical codes, a liberal ethic that prioritizes the individual, associated with higher educational levels, and a pluralistic code that values both individual and group relations, linked to lower schooling. Brazil’s history of inequity and authoritarian relationships explains apparent contradictions in the individualizing pattern, the modernization of the pluralistic code, and their ideological conflict. The discussion focuses onpossible interpretations of the identified codes, commenting on the specificity of the study and limitations of usual survey strategies.
A Cost-Efficient Method to Remotely Monitor Streamflow in Small-Scale Watersheds
Authors: Lasater Abbie LaNell , O’Hare Meagan , Austin Brad J. , Scott Erin , Haggard Brian E. 
Published: March 2022

HighlightsA HOBO water level logger was deployed to obtain a continuous stage record across sites.SonTek-IQ acoustic Doppler instruments were deployed to measure discharge during high-flow events.Rating curves were developed using linear regression, LOESS regression, and Manning’s equation.The proposed method provides an opportunity to collect continuous flow records across multiple, small-scale watersheds.Abstract. Discharge monitoring stations are often costly and difficult to install, operate, and maintain, especially in small streams. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a low-cost method for remotely monitoring streamflow in small-scale watersheds to provide continuous discharge measurements across multiple sites and flow conditions. Within the Upper Poteau River Watershed (UPRW) in Arkansas, 12 sites were selected at bridge crossings near the outflow of HUC-12 or HUC-14 subwatersheds. A HOBO water level logger was deployed at each site to obtain continuous stage records, and HOBO barometric pressure transducers were installed within 16 km of each sample site to account for fluctuations in atmospheric pressure. SonTek-IQ acoustic Doppler instruments were deployed to measure discharge during high-flow events, and roving discharge monitoring stations were installed at each site to allow easy rotation of the SonTek-IQ instruments among sites between flood events. Once the roving discharge monitoring stations were installed at each site, one or more SonTek-IQ instruments could be rotated among sites to capture high-flow discharge measurements; therefore, a SonTek-IQ instrument was not required for every site of interest. The high-flow data captured during SonTek-IQ deployment, and baseflow discharge measurements collected on a monthly basis, were used to develop rating curves with a combination of simple linear regression, LOESS regression, and Manning’s equation. The rating curves well represented the measured flows, with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies ranging between 0.87 and 0.98. This method provides an opportunity to collect continuous records of flow across multiple, remote, small-scale watersheds, and in conjunction with constituent concentrations and load estimations, can be used to calibrate and validate watershed models. Keywords: Rating curves, Small-scale watersheds, Streamflow monitoring.
Mediation of Peanut Moisture Content and System Optimization for Improved Shelling Performance of Small Peanut Sheller
Authors: Wang Jiannan , Ding Qishuo , Hu Zhichao , Xie Huanxiong , Liu Minji , Peng Baoliang , Chi Xiaoyuan 
Published: March 2022

HighlightsA whole-process experiment was done to incorporate both machine and peanut properties.Wetting and drying control for unbalanced moisture contents improved shelling performance.A Box-Behnken design and response surface method were used for system optimization on the small sheller.Unbalanced moisture contents resolved the controversial response between MDR and SE.System optimization quantified the optimum combination of moisture, drying time, and speed.Abstract. Improvement of peanut shelling performance for smallholders is challenging due to the numerous influential factors involved with both machinery and peanut properties. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface method (RSM) were used to simplify the experimental investigations. Sequential laboratory observations were made on wetting-and-drying pretreatments, single-factor tests, multiple-factor couplings, modeling and significance analysis, response surface analysis, and system optimization. Results showed that wetting-and-drying pretreatment can effectively mediate the physical properties of peanut pods for unbalanced moisture contents between the peanut shell and kernel, contributing to improved mechanical damage rate (MDR) and shelling efficiency (SE). Statistical analysis of MDR and SE models identified the rated effects as: moisture content (MC) &gt; cylinder speed (CS) &gt; drying time (DT) for MDR, and DT &gt; CS &gt; MC for SE. The coupling effects among the variables were: MC × CS &gt; MC × DT &gt; DT × CS for MDR, and DT × CS &gt; MC × DT &gt; MC × CS for SE. System optimization with RSM provided the optimal combination as MC = 11.63%, DT = 26.87 min, and CS = 234.78 rpm. This combination resulted in a minimum MDR of 3.94% and a maximum SE of 97.17%. The optimized results were evaluated in production trials, revealing the mean values of MDR and SE as 4.18% and 93.87%, respectively. It is suggested that a suitable wetting-and-drying pretreatment can be a powerful means to enhance the shelling performance of small shellers. Keywords: Mechanical damage rate, Optimization, Peanut, Response surface method, Shelling efficiency.
Zur Sprachdynamik des Konjunktivs im Bairischen in Österreich
Authors: Stöckle Philipp , Wittibschlager Anja 
Published: March 2022

The paper deals with the morpho-syntactic variation of subjunctive II in Bavarian dialect regions of (former) Austria and focuses on language dynamics.
The broad empirical basis comes from two different corpora: The first corpus consists of data from the “Dictionary of Bavarian dialects in Austria” (WBÖ), reflecting the base dialects of the first half of the 20th century. These data are supplemented by recent oral data that were elicited in project part 03 “Speech repertoires and varietal spectra” of the Special Research Programme “German in Austria. Variation – Contact – Perception” (DiÖ).
Combining WBÖ and DiÖ, PP03 data, a real time comparison is carried out. For additional apparent time evidence, the internal variation within the two datasets is taken into account: While in the WBÖ data different registers are compared, variation in the DiÖ, PP03 data is analyzed with respect to different registers and different speaker groups (old vs. young).
The WBÖ and the DiÖ, PP03 data provide empirical evidence that the -ad-marker that was initially restricted to weak verbs has exceeded its domain and is universally compatible with all verb classes. In connection with this, there is a decrease of strong synthetic subjunctive II forms.
The real time as well as the apparent time findings indicate an increase of analytic subjunctive II constructions at the cost of synthetic forms. Furthermore, we find an expansion of the werden-periphrasis, while the number of tun-subjunctives declines.
Influence of ion-beam etching by Ar ions with an energy of 200–1000  eV on the roughness and sputtering yield of a single-crystal silicon surface
Authors: Mikhailenko M. S. , Pestov A. E. , Chkhalo N. I. , Zorina M. V. , Chernyshev A. K. , Salashchenko N. N. , Kuznetsov I. I. 
Published: March 2022

The behavior of sputtering yield and the surface roughness of monocrystalline silicon of orientations

⟨

100

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,

⟨

110

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, and

⟨

111

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under the ion-beam bombardment by neutralized Ar ions with energies of 200–1000 eV is studied. The significant dependence (modulation) of sputtering yield on incidence angle due to crystalline structure is observed. It is shown that a sharp increase in the sputtering yield and a decrease in the effective surface roughness at energies above 400 eV occurs. At energies of more than 400 eV for orientations

⟨

100

⟩

,

⟨

110

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, and

⟨

111

⟩

at normal ion incidence, smoothing of the effective roughness in the range of spatial frequencies

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4

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9
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1

0

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2

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6

.

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1

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up to a value of 0.17 nm is observed. This makes it possible to use the ion-beam etching technique for finishing polishing, aspherization, and correction of local shape errors of single-crystal silicon substrates, which are of the greatest interest for synchrotrons of the 3rd+ and 4th generation and x-ray free electron lasers.
Multidimensional trapping by dual-focusing cylindrical vector beams with all-silicon metalens
Authors: Zhu Jia-Lu , Jin Ren-Chao , Tang Li-Li , Dong Zheng-Gao , Li Jia-Qi , Wang Jin 
Published: March 2022

Dual-focusing effect with a cylindrical vector-light characteristic (i.e., radial and azimuthal polarizations) is theoretically proposed and numerically demonstrated by spin-decoupled phase control with all-silicon metalens. Attributed to the polarization dependence, the pair of focusing cylindrical vector beams can be interchanged by orthogonally switching the polarization of incident light. We demonstrate the unique contributions of focused radial and azimuthal vector beams to longitudinal and transverse optical forces on glass spheres, respectively, by calculations based on the Maxwell stress tensor. This paper presents the use of all-silicon metalens with highly-compact vector beams, promising for applications such as multidimensional optical trapping.
Detection of Chikungunya virus in bodily fluids: The INOVACHIK cohort study
Authors: Martins Ezequias B. , Silva Michele F. B. , Tassinari Wagner S. , de Bruycker-Nogueira Fernanda , Moraes Isabella C. V. , Rodrigues Cintia D. S. , Santos Carolina C. , Sampaio Simone A. , Pina-Costa Anielle , Fabri Allison A. , Guerra-Campos Vinícius , Santos Nayara A. , Faria Nieli R. C. , Filippis Ana Maria B. , Brasil Patrícia , Calvet Guilherme A. 
Published: March 2022

Background
Chikungunya is a widely distributed, re-emerging tropical disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Little is known about the duration for which CHIK RNA are detectable in bodily fluids, especially genital secretions, and current evidence is based on small series or case reports. An understanding of viral dynamics across different body compartments can inform diagnostic testing algorithms and public health prevention interventions.

Methodology
A prospective cohort study was conducted to assess the presence and duration of detectable levels of CHIKV RNA in blood, urine, saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions. Men and women (≥ 18 years) with a positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for CHIKV in the acute phase (1–14 days) of the disease were included. After enrollment, clinical data and samples were collected every 15 days over the first 2 months, and a final collection was performed 3 months after recruitment. The Kaplan–Meier interval-censoring method and the parametric Weibull model were fitted to estimate the median time of viral persistence until the lack of CHIKV RNA detection among all body fluids. Punctual estimates of the median time of CHIKV RNA persistence for each fluid were estimated using a 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results
From April to December 2019, 170 participants were screened. Of these, 152 (100 women) were enrolled in the study. The median and interquartile range (IQR) ages for men and women were 39.3 (IQR: 26.9, 50.7) and 43.5 (IQR: 33.8, 53.6) years, respectively. CHIKV RNA was detected in 80.3% (122/152) of serum samples, 23.0% (35/152) of urine samples, 30.3% (46/152) of saliva samples, 14.3% (6/42) of semen samples, and 20.2% (20/99) of vaginal secretion samples. The median time until the loss of CHIKV RNA detection was 19.6 days (95% CI, 17.5–21.7) in serum, 25.3 days (95% CI, 17.8–32.8) in urine, 23.1 days (95% CI, 17.9–28.4) in saliva, and 25.8 days (95% CI, 20.6–31.1) in vaginal secretion. The number of semen samples available was too small to make statistical estimates, but a last positive sample was obtained from a participant 56 days after the onset of symptoms.

Conclusions
CHIKV RNA could be detected in all bodily fluids studied, including genital secretions during the acute and convalescent phases and additional studies on viral infectivity in semen and vaginal secretions are warranted.
Informal care provision among male and female working carers: Findings from a Swedish national survey
Authors: Vicente Joana , McKee Kevin J. , Magnusson Lennart , Johansson Pauline , Ekman Björn , Hanson Elizabeth 
Published: March 2022

Introduction
Informal carers in paid employment–working carers (WKCs)—have complex support needs. However, little is known about WKCs’ pattern of informal care provision, the support they receive, the impact providing care has on their employment, and how these vary between male and female WKCs. This study describes the pattern of informal care provision and received support among Swedish WKCs.

Research method/Design
The study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of a stratified random sample of the Swedish population aged 18 or over. The questionnaire addressed the type and extent of informal care provided, support received and the impact of care provision on employment. Of the 30,009 people who received the questionnaire, 11,168 (37.3%) responded, providing an analytic sample of 818 (7.32% of respondents) employed or self-employed informal carers.

Findings
A typical Swedish WKC was a middle-aged female, providing weekly or daily care to a non-cohabitant parent, who experiences care as sometimes demanding and receives no formal support as a carer. Female WKCs were more likely than males to care alone and with higher intensity, to report a need for help in meeting their care-recipient’s needs, and to experience care as demanding. Approximately 17% of WKCs reported their employment had been affected due to caring, 40% their ability to work, and 31% their career development opportunities. Female WKCs’ ability to work was affected more than males’, and they were more commonly prevented from applying for work.

Conclusion
Swedish female WKCs compared to males provide more hours of informal care, across more care domains, more often alone. This places them in a challenging situation when combining paid work and care. Greater recognition of the challenges faced by WKCs is required in Sweden and other countries, as are policies to reduce gender inequalities in informal care provision in this group.
Effects of undernutrition on opportunistic infections among adults living with HIV on ART in Northwest Ethiopia: Using inverse-probability weighting
Authors: Alebel Animut , Demant Daniel , Petrucka Pammla , Sibbritt David 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundOpportunistic infections (OIs) are the leading causes of hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality (accounting for 94.1% of all deaths) in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). Despite evidence suggested that undernutrition significantly increases the risk of OIs in PLHIV, to our knowledge, no study has examined the actual effects of undernutrition on OIs in this population, particularly in low-income countries. Thus, this study examined the effects of undernutrition on OIs in adults living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study among 841adults living with HIV receiving ART between June 2014 and June 2020 at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Study participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data from participants’ medical records were extracted using a project-specific data extraction checklist. The Kaplan Meier survival curve estimated the OIs free survival time. The effects of undernutrition on time to develop OIs was estimated using inverse-probability weighting. Finally, regression coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were reported, with a statistical significance of p < 0.05.ResultsOf 841 study participants, 262 (31.2%) developed OIs, and the overall incidence rate was 16.7 (95% CI: 14.8, 18.8) per 100 person-years. The incWidence of OIs in undernourished participants (21/100 person-years, 95% CI: 17.8, 27.4) was higher than well-nourished participants (15.0/100 person-years, 95% CI: 12.9, 17.4). When everyone in the population of interest is well-nourished, average time to develop OIs is estimated as 26.5 (coefficient: 26.5, 95% CI: 20.6, 32.4, p < 0.001) months. When everyone in the population of interest is undernourished, average time to develop OIs is estimated as 17.7 (95% CI: 12.8, 22.6) months. However, when everyone is undernourished, average time to develop OIs decreases by 8.8 (coefficient: -8.8, 95% CI: -16.6, -1.0, p = 0.026) months. Lastly, exposure to undernourishment (intervention) (ratio of average treatment effects to well-nourished potential outcome means in this study was a 32.5% reduction in OIs among adults living with HIV on ART.ConclusionWe found that undernutrition significantly shortened time to develop OIs in adults living with HIV. This implies that the occurrence of OIs in this vulnerable population can be improved through different cost-effective nutritional interventions, such as routine nutritional assessments and education.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT FOR SPIRITUAL CHARACTER IN KINDERGARTEN
Authors: Faizah Umi , Purwanto Setyoadi 
Published: March 2022

The aim of study is the development of a valid and reliable spiritual instrument to assess the achievements of early childhood spiritual characters in kindergarten/islamic kindergarten. This study using the quantitative and qualitative approaches. The determination of the construct of the spiritual aspect appraisal instrument is done through the opinion of character education experts, measurement experts, TK / RA / PAUD experts and Islamic education experts. From the assessment of 7 experts is then analyzed using Aiken's formula. Which assesses the validity of the contents of the instrument. the subjects of this study were group B in RA DPW UIN Sunan Kalijaga, RA Nurul Dzikri, TK Islam Tunas Melati, and TK Plus Salsabila Pandowo Harjo Sleman Yogyakarta. The reliability of this character assessment instrument was analyzed using cronbach’s alpha. The data collection was using a questionnaire, documentation, interview, observation, as well as Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The results of this study are as follows. (1) Based on the analysis of Formula Aiken's Vasi, the overall result of the indicator has an aiken index of 0.714 to 1,000, when taken on average by 0, 901; (2) The reliability of the developed instrument is quite good, seen from the Cronbach Alpha research is 0.914.
Uncertainties in the Measurement of the Cleanliness of Steels
Authors: Stücklin S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Accredited metallography laboratories are required to estimate the uncertainty of the result of every test carried out. This presents a particular challenge in evaluating the cleanliness of a metal as usually a particle distribution – log-normal at best and represented by a tiny sample size – is truncated and split into discrete classes. Therefore, neither indirect (top-down) nor direct (bottom-up) methods succeed in estimating the uncertainty of cleanliness evaluations. For these reasons, such evaluations should be viewed through a process surveillance lens, particularly when discussing results or setting acceptance thresholds.
Future Directions for the HRS Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol
Authors: Torres Jacqueline M. , Glymour M. Maria 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the absence of effective pharmacological treatment to halt or reverse the course of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRDs), population-level research on the modifiable determinants of dementia risk and outcomes for those living with ADRD is critical. The Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP), fielded in 2016 as part of the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and multiple international counterparts, has the potential to play an important role in such efforts. The stated goals of the HCAP are to improve our ability to understand the determinants, prevalence, costs, and consequences of cognitive impairment and dementia in the U.S. and to support cross-national comparisons. The first wave of the HCAP demonstrated the feasibility and value of the more detailed cognitive assessments in the HCAP compared to the brief cognitive assessments in the core HRS interviews. To achieve its full potential, we provide eight recommendations for improving future iterations of the HCAP. Our highest priority recommendation is to increase the representation of historically marginalized racial/ethnic groups disproportionately affected by ADRDs. Additional recommendations relate to the timing of the HCAP assessments; clinical and biomarker validation data, including to improve cross-national comparisons; dropping lower performing items; enhanced documentation; and the addition of measures related to caregiver impact. We believe that the capacity of the HCAP to achieve its stated goals will be greatly enhanced by considering these changes and additions.
On the Tits alternative for cyclically presented groups with length-four positive relators
Authors: Isherwood Shaun , Williams Gerald 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We investigate the Tits alternative for cyclically presented groups with length-four positive relators in terms of a system of congruences (A), (B), (C) in the defining parameters, introduced by Bogley and Parker.
Except for the case when (B) holds and neither (A) nor (C) hold, we show that the Tits alternative is satisfied; in the remaining case, we show that the Tits alternative is satisfied when the number of generators of the cyclic presentation is at most 20.
ExceS-A: an exon-centric split aligner
Authors: Reinhardt Franziska , Stadler Peter F. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSpliced alignments are a key step in the construction of high-quality homology-based annotations of protein sequences. The exon/intron structure, which is computed as part of spliced alignment procedures, often conveys important information for the distinguishing paralogous members of gene families. Here we present an exon-centric pipeline for spliced alignment that is intended in particular for applications that involve exon-by-exon comparisons of coding sequences. We show that the simple,blat-based approach has advantages over established tools in particular for genes with very large introns and applications to fragmented genome assemblies.