bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment With Reduced-Dose Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Is Effective in Mild to Moderate Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies
Authors: Hammarström Helena , Krifors Anders , Athlin Simon , Friman Vanda , Golestani Karan , Hällgren Anita , Otto Gisela , Oweling Sara , Pauksens Karlis , Kinch Amelie , Blennow Ola 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Recent studies have reported that reduced-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) may be effective in the treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), but data are lacking for patients with hematologic malignancies.

Methods
This retrospective study included all adult hematologic patients with PJP between 2013 and 2017 at 6 Swedish university hospitals. Treatment with 7.5–15 mg TMP/kg/day (reduced dose) was compared with &gt;15–20 mg TMP/kg/day (standard dose), after correction for renal function. The primary outcome was the change in respiratory function (Δpartial pressure of oxygen [PaO2]/fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2]) between baseline and day 8. Secondary outcomes were clinical failure and/or death at day 8 and death at day 30.

Results
Of a total of 113 included patients, 80 patients received reduced dose and 33 patients received standard dose. The overall 30-day mortality in the whole cohort was 14%. There were no clinically relevant differences in ΔPaO2/FiO2 at day 8 between the treatment groups, either before or after controlling for potential confounders in an adjusted regression model (−13.6 mm Hg [95% confidence interval {CI}, −56.7 to 29.5 mm Hg] and −9.4 mm Hg [95% CI, −50.5 to 31.7 mm Hg], respectively). Clinical failure and/or death at day 8 and 30-day mortality did not differ significantly between the groups (18% vs 21% and 14% vs 15%, respectively). Among patients with mild to moderate pneumonia, defined as PaO2/FiO2 &gt;200 mm Hg, all 44 patients receiving the reduced dose were alive at day 30.

Conclusions
In this cohort of 113 patients with hematologic malignancies, reduced-dose TMP-SMX was effective and safe for treating mild to moderate PJP.
Patients selected for dual pathway inhibition in clinical practice have similar characteristics and outcomes to those included in the COMPASS randomized trial: The XATOA Registry
Authors: Fox Keith A A , Aboyans Victor , Debus E Sebastian , Zeymer Uwe , Cowie Martin R , Patel Manesh , Welsh Robert C , Bosch Jackie , Gay Alain , Vogtländer Kai , Anand Sonia S 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Aims
To determine the characteristics of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), or both, initiating dual pathway inhibition (DPI) using rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily plus aspirin, and to report their clinical outcomes and bleeding rates in clinical practice compared to the COMPASS randomized trial, which provided the basis for using DPI in this patient population.

Methods and results
XATOA is a prospective registry of 5532 patients: of which, 72.7% had CAD, 58.9% had PAD, and 31.6% had both. The mean age of patients was 68 years and 25.5% were women. The mean follow-up period was 15 months. The most frequently reported reason for initiating DPI was the presence of existing, worsening or newly diagnosed risk characteristics (n = 4753, 85.9%). Before initiating DPI, 75.3% received a single antiplatelet and 18.3% received various antiplatelet combinations. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), major adverse limb events (MALE) and acute or severe limb ischaemia was 2.26, 3.57, and 1.54 per 100 patient-years, respectively, among the 5532 patients in XATOA. Corresponding rates in COMPASS were 2.18, 0.19, and 0.12 per 100 patient-years, respectively. Major bleeding rates were 0.95 and 1.67 per 100 patient-years in XATOA and COMPASS, respectively.

Conclusion
High-risk vascular patients are prioritized for DPI in clinical practice, and rates of MACE are similar to COMPASS, but MALE rates are higher in XATOA, consistent with the greater proportion of PAD patients. Major bleeding rates were lower in XATOA. The findings provide support for favourable net clinical benefit of DPI in high-risk vascular patients.

One-sentence summary
The characteristics of patients initiated on dual pathway inhibition (DPI: rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily plus aspirin) have not previously been defined in clinical practice and the XATOA registry findings demonstrate patient outcomes are consistent with those of the COMPASS trial, despite geographic differences in recruitment and the higher proportion of PAD patients.
Theorizing Populist Radical-Right Foreign Policy: Ideology and Party Positioning in France and Germany
Authors: Ostermann Falk , Stahl Bernhard 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe success of anti-establishment parties across Europe has fueled debate on the role of populism for foreign policy and its contemporary contestation. The almost-election of Marine Le Pen to the French presidency in 2017, the successes of the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) in Germany's 2017 and 2021 federal elections, and the central role these populist radical-right (PRR) parties henceforth play in structuring political debate make their wider foreign policy positions an issue of central concern. Yet, we still lack a thorough understanding how populism and radical-right ideology jointly produce a distinct foreign policy positioning beyond European integration. This article tries to narrow this gap by conceptualizing PRR positioning on trade, climate change, development policies, hegemony, and security and defense issues. The comparative analysis of official documents and voting behavior reveals only subtle differences between the Rassemblement national and the AfD, while demonstrating broad commonalities that have the potential to inform research across other cases and world regions on PRR parties’ foreign policy positioning.
Trauma-Informed Care in Long-Term Care Settings: From Policy to Practice
Authors: O’Malley Kelly A , Sullivan Jennifer L , Mills Whitney , Driver Jane , Moye Jennifer 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
By older adulthood, nearly all older adults will have been exposed to at least one potentially traumatic event, and the majority (93%) of older veterans report exposure to at least one event. Some may have developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during their lifetimes; however, most do not, as the prevalence of PTSD in later adulthood is low. Nevertheless, the long-lasting psychological effects of trauma may manifest in later life, exacerbated by the normative experiences of aging (e.g., medical illness, loss of loved ones, and retirement) and encounters with medical settings. Receiving care in skilled nursing settings may trigger traumatic memories or may aggravate PTSD of symptoms. As the population ages, more individuals will receive care in long-term care environments, leading to increased risk of worsening PTSD. Staff and facilities may not have skills or knowledge needed to address symptoms or reduce retraumatization. Implementing trauma-informed care practices can mitigate these effects and is mandated in skilled nursing facilities; however, no models of trauma-informed care practice in long-term care exist. This article reviews the effects of trauma and PTSD in later life, the effects of medical settings on PTSD, and provides a framework for implementing trauma-informed care in long-term care settings.
Lipid Changes After Induction Therapy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Effect of Different Drug Classes and Inflammation
Authors: Sleutjes Jasmijn A M , Roeters van Lennep Jeanine E , van der Woude C Janneke , de Vries Annemarie C 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundDyslipidemia may be an important modifiable risk factor contributing to the increased cardiovascular risk in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The lipid metabolism is subject to both systemic inflammation and drug therapy; however, it is unclear if this effect is drug-class dependent. Our aim was to assess lipid changes after IBD induction therapy and evaluate associated factors with a particular focus on drug class and disease activity.MethodsIn this prospective study, consecutive IBD patients starting systemic therapy (eg, corticosteroids, thiopurines, methotrexate, anti-TNF-α agents, vedolizumab, ustekinumab, and tofacitinib) were included. Primary outcomes were changes in total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and triglycerides at week 10.ResultsOne hundred ninety-eight IBD patients (107 women [54%], median age 36 years; interquartile range [IQR], 27-47) were included: 137 Crohn’s disease (67%), 61 ulcerative colitis (29%), and 8 IBD-unclassified (4%). Median C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin at baseline were 5.1 mg/L (IQR, 1.6-12.0) and 1040 ug/g (IQR, 383-1800), respectively. Relative increases in total cholesterol, HDL-c, and LDL-c were significant after prednisone (+26%, +31%, +12%) and tofacitinib therapy (+20%, +25%, +26%), respectively. Results remained after adjusting for concomitant corticosteroids, cholestyramine, and PSC diagnosis. Changes in clinical scores were inversely correlated with total cholesterol changes (R −186, P = .014), as was CRP with total cholesterol and LDL-c (R −0.292 and R −0.259, P &lt; .001). No correlation was found with FCP. Lipid changes remained after adjusting for age and CRP.ConclusionsPrednisone and tofacitinib induction therapy significantly increase serum lipid levels, whereas no changes were observed in other drug classes. The observations seem drug-specific inasmuch as adjustment for systemic inflammation did not alter the results.
Development of a Blocking ELISA Kit for Detection of ASFV Antibody Based on a Monoclonal Antibody Against Full-Length p72
Authors: Caixia Wang , Songyin Qiu , Ying Xiao , Haoyang Yu , Haoxuan Li , Shaoqiang Wu , Chunyan Feng , Xiangmei Lin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiologic agent of African swine fever (ASF), a disease of highly contagious and significant threat to pork production. At present, the sensitive detection methods are the keys to the disease control.

Objective
Full-length p72 is produced by a eukaryotic system, and its monoclonal antibody (mAb) 34C10 is subsequently recovered. A blocking ELISA kit for detection of ASFV antibody is developed based on p72 trimers and 34C10.

Methods
Full-length p72 is expressed and is used as an immunogen to prepare a panel of monoclonal antibodies. The mAb 34C10 is verified by immunofluorescence and tested by ELISAs with positive serums. The constant affinity of 34C10 is then confirmed. A blocking ELISA kit is further developed and is compared with two commercial kits.

Results
The mAb 34C10 is specifically bound to p72 protein, and it exhibits a blocking effect to positive serum. The immunofluorescence assay experiment shows that 34C10 could bind to p72 expressed by baculoviruses, and the binding affinity of 34C10 is found to be as high as 1.85 × 1011 L/mol. The blocking ELISA kit shows high coincidence with a commercial ELISA kit. The sensitivity between these two kits is 97.6% (95%, CI: 90.65–99.58), and the specificity between them is 100% (95%, CI: 98.34–100).

Conclusions
The blocking ELISA developed in this study may have great potential for diagnosis of ASF. The structure of the antigen p72 is found to be a key factor for the performance of the kit.

Highlights
For the first time, the eukaryotic expressed full-length p72 protein is used to recover the monoclonal antibody, and it is coated as antigen during the development of the blocking ELISA kit. This study sheds new light on the development of the blocking ELISA kits, especially for the development of a diagnostic kit for the contagious virus with bio-safety problems.
The Actual Authority of the Agent
Authors: Munday Roderick 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter defines actual authority, which refers to the authority the agent possesses as the principal has expressly conferred that authority upon him or because the law regards the authority as having been conferred upon the agent by necessary implication. It explains how the actual authority of an agent that is customarily contrasted with an agent’s apparent authority. It also reviews the scope of an agent’s actual authority when determining the agent’s liability to the principal and settling the bounds of the agent’s authority in cases where other varieties of authority. The chapter talks about the precise extent of an agent’s actual authority that turn on the true construction of the words of his appointment. It examines the ambit of the agent’s authority that is be ascertained by applying the normal principles of interpretation of contracts.
Legal Relations between Principal and Third Party
Authors: Munday Roderick 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes the primary purpose of agency, which is to bring principal and third party into direct contractual relations. It considers disclosed agency, citing situations in which the third party is aware of the existence of a principal, whether that principal is identified or not. It also deals with an anomalous situation, where the agent acts for a principal, whose very existence is concealed from the third party. The chapter explores two exceptions to the principle, nemo dat quod non habet: the doctrine of apparent ownership, and provisions of the Factors Act 1889 that permit mercantile agents to make unauthorized dispositions of their principal’s property to third parties. It examines the disclosed principal’s right to sue and be sued on transactions effected on his behalf that is at the very root of agency.
Lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: from mechanisms to therapies
Authors: Luo Jie , Wang Jin-Kai , Song Bao-Liang 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the main carrier of cholesterol and cholesteryl ester in circulation. High plasma levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) are a major risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). LDL-C lowering is recommended by many guidelines for the prevention and treatment of ASCVD. Statins, ezetimibe, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors are the mainstay of LDL-C-lowering therapy. Novel therapies are also emerging for patients who are intolerant to statins or respond poorly to standard treatments. Here, we review the most recent advances on LDL-C-lowering drugs, focusing on the mechanisms by which they act to reduce LDL-C levels. The article starts with the cornerstone therapies applicable to most patients at risk for ASCVD. Special treatments for those with little or no LDL receptor function then follow. The inhibitors of ATP-citrate lyase and cholesteryl ester transfer protein, which are recently approved and still under investigation for LDL-C lowering, respectively, are also included. Strategies targeting the stability of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol catabolism can be novel regimens to reduce LDL-C levels and cardiovascular risk.
COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake and Factors Associated With Being Unvaccinated Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Other Sexual Identities (LGBTQ+) New Yorkers
Authors: Low Andrea , Wright Connor , Platt Joey , Chang Christiana , Mantell Joanne E , Romero Emily , Hoos David , Mannheimer Sharon , Greenleaf Abigail , Castor Delivette , El-Sadr Wafaa M 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Routine data on vaccine uptake are not disaggregated by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual identities (LGBTQ+) populations, despite higher risk of infection and severe disease. We found comparable vaccination uptake patterns among 1032 LGBTQ+ New Yorkers and the general population. We identified critical socioeconomic factors that were associated with vaccine hesitancy in this economically vulnerable population.
Occipital Headache Evaluation and Rates of Migraine Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Patients Receiving Greater Occipital Nerve Blocks in an Academic Pain Clinic
Authors: Love Shawn M , Hopkins Benjamin D , Migdal Christopher W , Schuster Nathaniel M 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objective
Diagnosis of patients with occipital headache can be challenging, as both primary and secondary causes must be considered. Our study assessed how often migraine is screened for, diagnosed, and treated in patients receiving greater occipital nerve blocks (GONBs) in a pain clinic.

Design
Institutional review board–approved, retrospective observational study.

Setting
Academic multidisciplinary pain clinic.

Subjects
One hundred forty-three consecutive patients who received GONBs.

Results
About 75% of patients had been evaluated by neurologists and about 25% by non-neurologist pain specialists only, and 62.2% of patients had photophobia, phonophobia, and nausea assessed. Compared with patients who had been evaluated by non-neurologists, patients who had been evaluated by a neurologist were more likely to have photophobia, phonophobia, and nausea assessed (75.9% vs 20.0%, odds ratio [OR] 12.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.90 to 32.2); more likely to be diagnosed with migraine (48.1% vs 14.3%, OR 5.6, 95% CI 2.0 to 15); less likely to be diagnosed with occipital neuralgia (39.8% vs 65.7%, OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.8); and equally likely to be diagnosed with cervicogenic headache (21.3% vs 25.7%, OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.3 to 1.9). Among patients diagnosed with migraine, 82.5% received acute migraine treatment, 89.5% received preventive migraine treatment, and 52.6% were documented as receiving migraine lifestyle counseling.

Conclusions
Of the patients in this study who had occipital headache and received GONBs, 62.2% were assessed for migraine, and most received appropriate acute, preventive, and lifestyle treatments when diagnosed. Patients seen by neurologists were significantly more likely to be screened for and diagnosed with migraine than were those evaluated by non-neurologist pain medicine specialists only. All clinicians should remain vigilant for migraine in patients with occipital headache.
PD-1 Suppresses the Osteogenic and Odontogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from Dental Apical Papilla via Targeting SHP2/NF-κB Axis
Authors: Li Na , Li Zehan , Fu Lin , Yan Ming , Wang Yanqiu , Yu Jinhua , Wu Jintao 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) are important for tooth root development and regeneration of root dentin. Here, we examined the expression of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) in SCAPs and investigated the effects of PD-1 on odontogenic and osteogenic differentiation, as well as the relationship between PD-1 and SHP2/NF-κB signals. SCAPs were obtained and cultured in the related medium. The proliferation ability was evaluated by the cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) and the 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, ALP staining, Western blot, real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining, and immunofluorescence (IF) staining were performed to explore the osteo/odontogenic potential and the involvement of SHP2/NF-κB pathways. Besides, we transplanted SCAPs components into mouse calvaria defects to evaluate osteogenesis in vivo. We found that human SCAPs expressed PD-1 for the first time. PD-1 knockdown enhanced the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of SCAPs by suppressing the SHP2 pathway and activating the NF-κB pathway. Overexpression of PD-1 inhibited the osteogenesis and odontogenesis of SCAPs via activation of SHP2 signal and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. PD-1 activated SHP2 signal to block NF-κB signal and then played a vital role in osteo/odontogenic differentiation of SCAPs.
BASELINE SATTLER LAYER–CHORIOCAPILLARIS COMPLEX THICKNESS CUTOFFS ASSOCIATED WITH AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION PROGRESSION
Authors: Amato Alessia , Arrigo Alessandro , Borghesan Federico , Aragona Emanuela , Vigano' Chiara , Saladino Andrea , Bandello Francesco , Battaglia Parodi Maurizio 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To assess the relationship between choroidal overall and sublayer thickness and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) stage progression.

Methods:
A prospective, observational case series was performed. Two hundred and sixty-two eyes of 262 patients with different stages of AMD were imaged by optical coherence tomography. Age-related macular degeneration stage, choroidal thickness, Sattler layer–choriocapillaris complex thickness (SLCCT), and Haller layer thickness were determined at the baseline visit, at a 1-year follow-up visit, at a 2-year follow up visit, and at a final visit (performed after a mean of 5 ± 1 year from the baseline visit).

Results:
Baseline AMD stages were distributed as follows: early AMD (30 eyes; 12%), intermediate AMD (97 eyes; 39%), and late AMD (126 eyes; 49%). At the final follow-up, AMD stages were so distributed: early AMD (14 eyes; 6%), intermediate AMD (83 eyes; 33%), and late AMD (156 eyes; 61%). Each group showed a statistically significant decrease in choroidal thickness values over the entire follow-up (P < 0.001), and SLCCT reduction was associated with AMD progression (P < 0.001). Moreover, SLCCT quantitative cutoffs of <20.50 µm and <10.5 µm were associated with a moderate and high probability of AMD progression, respectively, and SLCCT quantitative cutoffs of <18.50 µm and <8.50 µm implied a moderate and high probability of macular neovascularization onset, respectively.

Conclusion:
Progressive choroidal impairment contributes to AMD progression. Among choroidal layers, a reduced SLCCT is a promising biomarker of disease worsening, and its quantitative evaluation could help to identify patients at higher risk of stage advancement.
Long-Term Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Patients
Authors: Hermes Sam M. , Bharadwaj Madhumithaa , Miller Nick R. , Waslo Carin , Husain Farah A. , Wolfe Bruce M. , Tanne Emanuel 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), a rare neurological disorder, has limited effective long-term treatments. Bariatric surgery has shown short-term promise as a management strategy, but long-term efficacy has not been evaluated. We investigated IIH-related outcomes 4 to 16 years postsurgery.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional retrospective cohort study included Intracranial Hypertension Registry (IHR) participants with existing medical records that completed a bariatric surgery questionnaire at least 4 years postsurgery. Two physicians independently evaluated the IIH disease course at bariatric surgery and at the time of the questionnaire using detailed medical records. Determinations of improvements were based on within-participant comparisons between the 2 time points. IIH-related outcomes were then combined with bariatric surgery information and outcomes to assess the relationship between weight loss and alterations in IIH.

Results:
Among participants that underwent bariatric surgery and met study criteria (n=30) the median body mass index (BMI) at the time of surgery was 45.0 [interquartile range (IQR): 39.8-47.0], dropped to a postsurgical nadir of 27.3 (IQR: 22.8-33.1), and rose to 33.4 (IQR: 29.9-41.7) at the time of the questionnaire. Improvements in the IIH disease course at time of the questionnaire occurred in 37% of participants. However, there was a notable association between durable weight loss and IIH improvement as 90% (9 of 10) of participants that attained and maintained a BMI of 30 or below displayed improvement.

Conclusions:
Attaining and maintaining a BMI of 30 or below was associated with long-term improvement in the IIH disease course, including improved disease management and amelioration of signs and symptoms of participants of the IHR.