bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Germination and Priming of Tomato, Carrot, Onion, and Sorghum Seeds in a Range of Osmotica
Authors: Haigh Anthony M. , Barlow E.W.R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Germination responses of tomato, carrot, onion, and sorghum seeds to solutions of K2HPO4, K2HPO4 + KNO3, KNO3, K3PO4, K3PO4 + KNO3, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 at osmotic potentials between −0.25 and −1.75 MPa at 15°C were studied. Seeds that did not germinate in solutions subsequently were germinated in H2O to evaluate the efficacy of priming. Germination was more closely related to ionic strength than to osmotic potential of the imbibitional solution. Carrot seeds germinated in all salt solutions up to an ionic strength of 0.8 mol ions/liter, while onion and sorghum seeds had a threshold of about 1.0 mol ions/liter in salt solutions, except in K3PO4, which had a reduced threshold for both species. Tomato seeds, however, showed a wide range of thresholds between osmotica. The species also differed in their responses to individual osmotica. Differences in effect of osmotica for one germination parameter were not consistent for all germination parameters. Salt solution priming of tomato and carrot seeds was more beneficial to subsequent germination than PEG priming. Salt solution priming of onion seeds was less beneficial than PEG priming, while salt solutions were toxic to sorghum seeds. Tomato and carrot seeds primed in solutions that contained KNO3 had much shorter time spreads of germination than those primed in solutions without KNO3. The use of priming solutions of osmotic potential lower than that needed to inhibit germination resulted in underpriming of the seeds, which could cause a time spread of germination longer than that of untreated seeds. The presence of KNO3 in the priming solution was shown to alleviate some of the disadvantages of underpriming.
Greenhouse CO2 Enrichment Alternatives: Effects of Increasing Concentration or Duration of Enrichment on Cucumber Yields
Authors: Peet M.M. , Willits D.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Extended duration (delayed venting) and greater intensity were investigated as alternatives for CO2 enrichment of fall and spring greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) crops in North Carolina. The use of rockstorages allowed greenhouses to be enriched an average of 83% longer than was possible in conventionally ventilated greenhouses. Differences in daily enrichment times between rockstorage and conventionally ventilated houses were greatest during periods of high temperatures and high solar radiation levels in the early fall and late spring. In the rockstorage houses, enrichment increased fruit weights from 31–57%. Plants enriched to 600 μl·liter−1 yield as well or better than those enriched to 1000 or 1200 μ·liter−1 CO2. In the conventional houses, enrichment to 1000, 3000, and 5000 μl·liter−1 raised yields 18.5–34.5% in Fall 1983, Spring 1984, and Fall 1984. Cucumbers enriched to 1000 μl·liter−1 produced slightly less than the control plants in Spring 1983, however. In the conventionally vented houses, spring crops yielded best at the highest CO2 enrichment level, whereas for the fall crops the reverse was true.
Physiological Response of Rhododendron Cuttings to Different Light Levels During Rooting
Authors: Davis Tim D. , Potter John R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leafy cuttings of Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. ‘Roseum Elegans’ were rooted under 0%, 55%, or 95% shade in a greenhouse. Compared to the low-light treatment, higher light induced high photosynthetic rates, high sucrose and starch levels, and low leaf water potential, but these differences only persisted for the initial part of the 23-week rooting period and did not influence subsequent rooting percentage. However, in cuttings receiving 95% shade, dry weights of leaves and stems and rootball size were relatively small after 23 weeks, suggesting that growth was reduced by lack of photosynthate. The reduced size of cuttings rooted under 95% shade apparently did not affect vigor because the size of the above-ground portion of all plants was equal after 2 months of growth in a greenhouse.
The Effects of Postharvest Infiltration of Calcium, Magnesium, or Strontium on Decay, Firmness, Respiration, and Ethylene Production in Apples
Authors: Conway William S. , Sams C.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were pressure-infiltrated (68.95 kPa) above atmospheric at harvest with CaCl2, MgCl2, or SrCl2. After 5 months in storage at 0°C, the fruit were removed, wound-inoculated with a conidial suspension of Penicillium expansum, and kept for 7 days at 20°. Fruit then were rated for decay severity, ethylene production, respiration, firmness, and injury, and analyzed for the concentration of the appropriate cation. Calcium was the optimum cation for reducing decay, maintaining fruit firmness, and suppressing ethylene production. Cation treatments had little effect on respiration, and Mg was the only cation that caused distinctive injury to the fruit surface.
Freezing Tolerance and Rapid Cold Acclimation of Spinach
Authors: Fennell Anne , Li Paul H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Freezing tolerance and rates of acclimation and deacclimation were determined for three Chinese spinach (Spinacia oleracea) cultivars (‘Harbin’, ‘Beijing’, and ‘Shantung’) and one American spinach cultivar (‘Bloomsdale’). Detached leaf and whole plant freezing tolerances were compared during cold acclimation. Freezing tolerance of detached leaves was equivalent to the freezing tolerance of whole plants. Using detached leaves, freezing tolerance of the cultivars was determined after 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days of cold acclimation at 5°/2°C (day/night temperature) and then after 1, 3, and 7 days of deacclimation at 20°/17°. All four cultivars acclimated and deacclimated very rapidly. Depending on the cultivar, a 2° to 4° increase in freezing tolerance was observed after 1 day of acclimation. The greatest change in freezing tolerance occurred in the first 3 days of acclimation. The rate of acclimation diminished dramatically after 3 days, and there was little change in freezing tolerance after 14 days of acclimation. Upon exposure to deacclimating temperatures, fully acclimated plants lost 3° to 5° freezing tolerance within 1 day. There was no further decline in freezing tolerance after the 3rd day of deacclimation.
Endogenous Growth Substances in Relation to Shoot Growth and Flower Bud Development of Mango
Authors: Chen Wen-Shaw 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in gibberellin and cytokinin activities were investigated at the stages of leaf differentiation, mature green leaves, early flower bud formation (7 days after formation), and full bloom of 3-year-old mangos (Mangifera indica L.) in pot culture. Also, diffusible IAA and ABA in the diffusate of shoot tips were examined at the different developing stages. High gibberellin and diffusable IAA activity was found in the xylem sap at leaf differentiation. Diffusible IAA decreased to a low level in shoot tip diffusates, and ABA increased dramatically during early flower bud formation. At the same time, total cytokinin-like activity increased in the xylem sap, reaching a maximum level at full bloom. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); [S-(Z,E)]-5-(l-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid [abscisic acid (ABA)].
Fusarium solani Root Rot Resistance in Sweet Potatoes
Authors: Campbell T. M. , Collins W. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Storage roots of 10 sweet potato clones [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] were screened for resistance to Fusarium solani (Sacc.) Mart, emend. Snyd. and Hans. Clones were inoculated after 0, 6, and 36 days of postharvest storage and incubated in sterile moist chambers for 23 days. Resistance was evaluated by measuring volume of rotted tissue in each clone at the end of the incubation period. Clones tested (in increasing order of average rot volume over three screenings) were: NC 910, NC 925, NC 928, ‘NC Porto Rico 198’, ‘Centennial’, NC 825, NC 835, NC 818, W 125, and ‘Jewel’. Differences among clones for mean rot volume were highly significant within each storage period, and mean rot volumes generally increased in all clones as the length of the preinoculation storage period increased. The average rot volume of roots of resistant clones NC Porto Rico 198, NC 928, NC 910 and NC 925 was 19% that of ‘Jewel’ roots. Correlations between rot volume and postharvest quality factors in comparably stored healthy roots of the same genotypes were too low to be useful selection indices for F. solani resistance.
Preparation and Characterization of Protoplasts from Citris Juice Vesicles
Authors: Echeverria Ed 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A method for the preparation of protoplasts from juice vesicles of citrus fruits is described. Protoplasts were obtained after incubating juice vesicles for 16 hr at room temperature in a medium containing cellulase and pectinase. The solution containing the protoplast was filtered through a 200-μm nylon mesh and the filtrate layered on a Percoll density gradient of 4%, 3.5%, and 3%. After 1 to 2 hr at 4°C, protoplasts were collected from the 4% Percoll layer. Protoplast viability was assessed by different methods and estimated to be ≈ 85%. The use of several stains and observations with light and electron microscopy provided information on some anatomical and physiological characteristics.
Effects of Salinity on Growth and Accumulation of Organic and Inorganic Ions in Cultivated and Wild Tomato Species
Authors: Shannon M.C. , Gronwald J.W. , Tal M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The salt tolerances of a cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Heinz 1350) and three wild species [L. cheesmanii (Hook) C.H. Mull, L. peruvianum (L.), and L. pennellii (Cornell) D’Arcy] were determined in both sand and solution cultures. Curvilinear and two-piece linear methods were used to obtain response curves for fresh and dry weights of shoots. In solution cultures containing 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM added salt composed of 1:1 molar ratio of NaCl and CaCl2, ‘Heinz 1350’ was as salt-tolerant as any of the wild species. On the basis of relative decreases in vegetative dry weight, ecotype 1400 of L. cheesmanii was more sensitive to salt than ecotype 1401. After 4 weeks growth in sand cultures irrigated with nutrient solutions containing 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM added salts (5:1 molar ratios of NaCl and CaCl2), L. pennellii had higher relative salt tolerance than the other species. After 14 weeks, the cultivated species and L. pennellii were more sensitive at low salinity than the other two species. However, relative yield decreases with increasing salinity were not significantly different between the cultivated tomato and the 1401 ecotype of L. cheesmanii at higher salt concentrations. L. peruvianum and L. pennellii accumulated less leaf Cl- and more leaf Na+ than the other species. Significant differences in the partitioning of ions between mature and developing leaves were found for all species. The physiological mechanisms involved in tolerance at moderate salinities may differ from those required for survival at high salinity.
Effect of Soil Management and Calcium Nitrate Fertilization on the Availability of Soil Nitrate and Cations in an Eastern Apple Orchard
Authors: Glenn D.M. , Miller S.S. , Habecker M.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four annual applications of Ca(NO3)2 were made to ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Delicious’ apple trees beginning in the second leaf at rates of 0.5 to 8 times the recommended rate (45 g/tree per year of age) in each of three soil management systems: cultivated, herbicide, and mowed sod. Soil samples were collected in Mar. and July 1983 (fifth leaf) to a 120-cm depth at the tree drip line. July samples were analyzed for available Ca, Mg, K, Mn, percentage of base saturation, NO3-N, and soil pH (0.01 m CaCl2); March samples only for NO3-N. The sod system had the highest soil pH, Ca level, and percentage of base saturation; the herbicide had the lowest, and the cultivated treatment was intermediate. The rate of Ca(NO3)2 had no measurable effect on these values except in the surface pH levels (030 cm), where sod was unaffected but the cultivated and herbicide systems had a significant reduction in pH with increasing levels of Ca(NO3)2. Soil Mn availability and leaf Mn increased with increasing Ca(NO3)2 levels in association with the decreasing pH levels. Available soil Mg and leaf Mg decreased with increasing Ca(NO3)2 due to Ca displacement of soil Mg on the cation exchange complex. Leaf Ca was unaffected by Ca(NO3)2 rate or the soil management system. During the growing season (Mar.-July 1983), the herbicide system accumulated significantly more of the applied Ca(NO3)2 than the cultivated or sod systems. No yield response and minimal leaf NO3 response suggested differences in NO3 accumulation were due to variation in leaching due to the soil management systems.
Changes in the Cell Wall Components of Kiwifruit During Storage in Air or Controlled Atmosphere
Authors: Arpaia M.L. , Labavitch J.M. , Greve C. , Kader A.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eight-one percent of the harvest firmness in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) was lost during the first 8 weeks of storage in air at 0°C. As softening proceeded, a solubilization of uronic acids and the neutral sugar residues usually associated with pectic polymers (galactose, arabinose, and rhamnose) was detected. No consistent changes were noted in cellulose or the neutral sugars usually associated with hemicelluloses. Starch degradation also occurred coincident with softening. The amount of cell wall components soluble in water following fruit homogenization and the proportion of ethanol-precipitable pectic neutral sugars in this fraction increased during the first 8 weeks of storage. Once the rate of softening slowed (8 to 20 weeks), an equilibrium situation apparently was established between the amounts of the sugars formed in the ethanol-precipitable (i.e., polymeric) and ethanol-soluble fractions, suggesting that digestion of wall components continues after their excision from the insoluble wall matrix. Controlled atmosphere (2% O2+ 5% CO2; CA) storage retarded flesh softening relative to that measured in fruit held at 0° in air. A comparison of the changes in the cell wall components of air-stored and CA-stored kiwifruit suggests that, in addition to cell wall degrading processes contributing to fruit softening, starch degradation (possibly causing cell turgor changes) also may be involved in low-temperature softening of kiwifruit. The losses in water-insoluble cell wall pectic neutral sugars and uronic acids in air and CA storage were similar during the first 8 weeks of storage. Once softening slowed in CA, small but consistent reductions in the amount of cell wall turnover were observed as compared to air storage.
Storage Quality of Hand- and Machine-harvested Rabbiteye Blueberries
Authors: Miller W.R. , Smittle D.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rabbiteye blueberry [Vaccinium ashei (Reade)] production is increasing rapidly and growers of large plantings are converting rapidly from hand harvesting to machine harvesting. In three tests conducted during 1985, machine-harvested ‘Climax’ and ‘Woodard’ blueberries were softer and had higher moisture loss and decay than handpicked fruit after 1, 2, or 3 weeks of storage at 3°C. For both cultivars, berry firmness remained relatively constant during storage, whereas decay and weight loss increased. Berries of ‘Climax’ were firmer, less acidic, and developed less decay than ‘Woodard’. These results will assist in identifying the best fresh-market berries for export from the United States to Western Europe.
Chilling Injury, Respiration, and Sugar Changes in Sweet Potatoes Stored at Low Temperature
Authors: Picha David H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
External chilling injury symptoms, primarily surface pitting followed by secondary fungal decay, developed in six sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] cultivars after an exposure to 7°C for 2 weeks or more followed by storage at 15.6°. Internal chilling injury symptoms, primarily darkening of the cambium and vascular bundles, were observed in noncured ‘Whitestar’ and ‘Rojo Blanco’ roots after exposure to 7° for 3 weeks and in ‘Centennial’ after exposure to 7° for 4 weeks followed by storage at 15.6°. ‘Jewel’ was the cultivar most tolerant to low temperature. Chilling injury and respiration rate were greater with increasing lengths of exposure to 7° and were greater in noncured than cured roots. Enhanced sucrose and total soluble sugar content occurred at 7° compared to 15.6°. The primary sugar responsible for low-temperature sweetening was sucrose, but there was considerable variation among cultivars in the extent of low-temperature sweetening and specific sugar changes.
Solar Radiation Influences Solar Yellowing, Chilling Injury, and ACC Accumulation in ‘Honey Dew’ Melons
Authors: Lipton Werner J. , Peterson Sharon J. , Wang Chien Yi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Honey Dew’ melon fruits (Cucumis melo L.) matured under filters that transmitted between 1% and 100% of total solar and between 2% and 100% of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Solar yellowing (SY) developed predominantly on top of the melons and increased as their exposure to direct solar radiation increased. Degree of exposure to solar radiation during maturation and susceptibility to postharvest development of chilling injury (Cl) during 17 days at 2.5°C were inversely related. SY and Cl also were inversely related. Levels of ACC in the skin were low at harvest and unaffected by degree of exposure to solar radiation. Reducing the exposure to the sun by half nearly doubled the concentration of ACC during chilling; complete shading resulted in little additional increase in ACC. After chilling, the skin from the bottom of the melons consistently contained slightly more ACC than that from the top. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).
Relationship of Harvest Date, Storage Conditions, and Fruit Characteristics to Bruise Susceptibility of Apple
Authors: Klein Joshua D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Relationship of Harvest Date, Storage Conditions, and Fruit Characteristics to Bruise Susceptibility of Apple”, by Joshua D. Klein (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 112:113–118, January 1987), the last paragraph of Materials and Methods, sixth line, should read “…of filtered extract rapidly with 1 ml of 0.1 m catechol…”, not 0.1 ml.
Shoot and Root Temperature Effects on Carbohydrate Levels During Budbreak in Young Apple Trees
Authors: Belding Robert D. , Young Eric 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
One-year-old apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh., MM. 106) were subjected to all combinations of 10° and 20°C root and shoot temperatures after their chilling requirement had been satisfied at 4°. Tree root temperature of 20° significantly increased percent budbreak over trees with roots at 10°. Trees with a shoot temperature of 20° caused accelerated budbreak over trees with 10° shoots, but the final (day 18) total budbreak was not different due to shoot temperatures. Shoot temperatures strongly influenced extension of new shoots, starch breakdown in fibrous roots, and soluble sugar increase in fibrous roots and root shank. Shoot temperature of 20° increased all these parameters over the 10° shoot temperature.
Relationships Between Leaf : Fruit Ratio and Varying Levels of European Red Mite Stress on Fruit Size and Return Bloom of Apple
Authors: Beers E.H. , Hull Larry A. , Grimm Jeffery W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit size and return bloom of apple (Malus domestica Brokh.) were examined in 1982-84 under varying levels of crop load and stress caused by the European red mite [Panonychus ulmi (Koch)]. Trees of ‘Rome Beauty’/MM.111 and ‘Yorking’ M.26 were subjected to two and three levels of mite stress, respectively, over a range of leaf : fruit ratios (LFRs). Regression models were used to explore the effect of LFR on fruit size and return bloom at the various mite injury levels. There was a curvilinear relationship between mean fruit weight and LFR for most of the check and mite-injured groups. The relationship between bloom density and LFR was linear over the range studied. Both experiments indicated reduced fruit size and return bloom with moderate to high mite damage, regardless of LFR.
Effects of Soil Moisture and Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne hapla (Chitwood), on Water Relations, Growth, and Yield in Snap Bean
Authors: Wilcox-Lee D.A. , Loria R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of the snap bean (Phaselous vulgaris L.), cv. Kentucky Wonder, were inoculated with ≈0, 240, 2400, or 24,000 root knot [Meloidogyne hapla (Chitwood)] nematodes per plant and grown in a sandy soil in the greenhouse at a soil water potential of either −0.025 (high soil moisture) or −0.075 (low soil moisture) MPa. Leaf xylem potential, transpiration, root hydraulic conductivity, and nematode populations in roots, as well as growth and yield data, were collected about 8 weeks after inoculation. Transpiration was reduced by decreasing soil moisture—maximum transpiration occurred about midday at high soil moisture and in the early morning at low soil moisture. Transpiration decreased late in the day with increasing nematode populations at high, but not low, soil moisture. Leaf xylem potential was reduced by low soil moisture and nematodes but interactive effects were not significant. Root conductivity was lower in plants exposed to low soil moisture than in plants maintained at high soil moisture. However, nematodes reduced conductivity in only one of two experiments, and interactive effects were not significant in either experiment. Root and shoot dry weight and leaf area were decreased in response to low soil moisture. Nematodes reduced shoot dry weight and leaf area, but not root dry weight, in one of two experiments and there were no significant interactive effects in either experiment. Total yields of beans were reduced at low soil moisture and in response to nematode inoculum. A significant interactive effect on early bean yield was also evident; nematodes lowered early yields more at high soil moisture than at low soil moisture. These data indicate that although soil moisture and M. hapla populations individually influenced water relations, growth, and yield of bean, the interactive effects were generally not significant. When an interaction could be demonstrated, it was due to a decreased effect of nematodes at low soil moisture.