bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Insecticides Applied in the Transplant Water, 1981
Authors: Semtner Paul J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘NC 82’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted in 4 ft rows with 20 inch row spacing on May 21. Treatment plots 20 ft (12 plants) x 4 ft (1 row), were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Hand-operated transplanters, delivering 200 gal water/acre (4 fl oz/plant), were used to apply the insecticides during transplanting. Flea beetle feeding holes were counted on the most damaged leaf on each of 5 plants/plot. Green peach aphid counts were made for 2 leaves on each of 5 plants/plot. Cured leaf yields were also determined.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Evaluations, 1981
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to mature semi-dwarf Golden Delicious trees on May 13, May 27, Jun 11, Jun 25, Jul 9, Jul 23, Aug 11 and Sep 2-3. Treatments were applied with a Bean 35 gal/mln (132.49 litres/min) hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi (21.09 Kg/cm ). Single tree treatments were replicated four times in a randomized block design. Trees were sprayed to run-off. Mites were counted on 25 leaves from each tree using a modified Henderson-McBurnie leaf brushing technique. In the Aug 5 evaluation, twospotted spider mites were recorded separately. Counts of S. punctum adults and larva, Chrysopa spp. larva, O. insidiosus, L. mali and spiders were made on Aug 7 and Aug 14. Five limbs on each tree were tapped over a one square meter sheet of white cloth by striking each limb 5 times with a rod. Predators dislodged onto the sheet were recorded. Significant differences (P = .01) were observed between treatment means for all predators except L. mali and spiders. The Aug 7 count indicates the seasonal buildup of these predators after 6 pesticide applications. The Aug 14 evaluation more accurately represents the immediate effects of the Aug 11 application of the test materials. These data must be considered in conjunction with the mite data since in some cases (particularly the DPX-3792 treatment) mite populations were controlled and therefore predator populations never materialized. Rosey apple aphid damage was evaluated on Aug 13 by counting all damaged fruit clusters that could be found in a two minute search on the tree from the trunk to the outer perimeter of the canopy and to a height of 10 feet above the ground. A damaged fruit cluster consisted of 1 or more apples on a fruiting spur which had been damaged by rosy apple aphid feeding. Fruit was harvested (100 apples/rep; 400/treatment) and evaluated in mid-Oct for the leafroller complex (VL, TABM, RBLR), codling moth, curculion, scale and tarnished plant bug. Of these pests, only the leafroller complex was present in sufficient numbers to show significant differences (P = .01) between treatment means. Samples were evaluated for finish differences on a scale of 0 to 6 (0 = no russet, 6 = severe russet). Fruit size and weight measurements were recorded but no significant differences were found (P = .01) between treatment means or treatments and check.
Azalea Caterpillar Control on Azalea, 1981
Authors: Scnultz P. B. , Parnell L. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On Aug 12 established nursery-grown azaleas were used to test 6 insecticides for control of azalea caterpillars. Larval counts of the replicated treatments were made prior to treatment and 24 hr after treatment. Insecticides were applied using a 1-gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi. Plants were treated to run-off.
Bronze Birch Borer Control on European Whtie Birch Under Laboratory Conditions, Shreve, Ohio, 1980
Authors: Akers R. C. , Nielsen D. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Infested European white birches were selected for insecticide evaluation. Two B. pendula were felled Apr 18, and incubated for 8 days at ca 23°C. They were then cut into 30-40 cm bolts, dipped into water or selected insecticides at 1 lb ai/100 gal water, and placed in screen cages In a laboratory. Othene x-77 Spreader Sticker was added to all treatments at the rate of 7.6 ml/gal water. Ten bolt replicates were used for each treatment. Treatment effectiveness was measured by counting the number of emerged adults living at least 24 hr divided by total number of emerged adults times 100.
Japanese Beetle Grub Control on a Golf Course Fairway in Yardley, Pa, 1981
Authors: Heller P. R. , Guiser S. , Shetlar D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eleven insecticides were applied Sep 14 to a Japanese beetle infested golf course fairway, consisting of Kentucky bluegrass (80%) and annual bluegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 10 x 10 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied in 1.5 gal of water with a hand held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker, followed by watering in with 1.5 gal of water. Environmental conditions were as follows: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature, 78°F; soil type, silt-clay; soil pH, 7.0; percent organic matter, 3.2; soil condition occurred immediately after application of treatments. moist; and amount of thatch, 0.5 inch. Three ft sod Post treatment counts were made 28 days later (Oct 12). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of living Japanese beetle grubs was recorded for each ft sample.
Eastern Tent Caterpillar Control with Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses in Maryland, 1981
Authors: Tompkins George J. , Neal John W. , Young Janet , Adams Jean R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eastern tent caterpillar control was evaluated on wild cherry and on flowering crab apple trees along access roads on the Beltsville Research Center. Trees varied in size and age. Viruses tested were nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of Autographacalifornica that had previously been passaged twice in M. americanum and M. americanum nuclear polyhedrosis virus. DIpel was included as a biological control standard. Egg development was closely monitored, and hatch was first observed on Apr 2. Test 1 was Initiated on Apr 8 and consisted of 10 randomly chosen tents on black cherry. Treatments applied were the higher concentration of each virus. Tents were monitored daily. Test 2 was conducted on Apr 17 to 10 individual randomized replicates per treatment. In both tests, 1 liter volumes were applied on tents and adjacent foliage on flowering crab apple trees with trombone sprayer; 0.1 ml of Triton X-100 was added to each liter of formulation. Tents were monitored daily. Fourteen days after treatment tents were removed and live larvae counted. Daily high temperatures ranged from 14°C to 30°C with nightly low temperatures ranging from -2°C to 6°C during the test period. Measurable rain was recorded on Apr 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19, 22, 23, and 26.
Control of Chrysanthemum Aphid on Chrysanthemum, 1981
Authors: Bodri Michael , Oetting Ronald D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eleven insecticides were tested for their effectiveness in control of aphids on chrysanthemums in 155 mm standard pots, 4 plants per pot, on raised benches in a greenhouse. Insecticides were applied as foliar sprays to the point of run-off utilizing a hand sprayer at 80 psi with a 8003 nozzle, temperature 26°C and 66% RH. Treatments consisted of 1 pot and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block. Efficacy was evaluated by marking a single terminal on each plant and recording the number of live aphids. A pre-treatment count on Jul 9 was followed by post-treatment counts on Jul 10, 13, 16 and then weekly until Aug 6. After the count on day 7, all treatments were reinfested with 10 aphids per marked terminal to test residual action of the insecticides. Similar reinfestation was repeated on days 14 and 21 with selected treatments.
Elm Bark Beetle Mortality on Lab-Sprayed Bark Chips, 1981
Authors: Brown Leland R. , Eads Clark O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Suspended from the edge of a horizontally rotating 27 inch bicycle wheel, four 35 mm x 35 mm elm bark chips were sprayed with an insecticide during 1 pass before a compressed air paint spray gun beneath the wheel axle. The gun delivered 2.2 ml/sec and the wheel turned 4 rpm. This apparatus was in the opening of a laboratory evacuation hood. Bark chips, including some sapwood, had been cut with a band saw from 100 mm dia log disks from a recently felled tree. When each sprayed chip was nearly dry it was dropped into a 0.5 pt tapered Mason glass jar having a 100-mesh screen lid and the botton covered with a disk of paper towel. Beetles react abnormally on glass as compared with paper. The jar was placed in a randomized position on the first of 4 parallel lines on a laboratory table; the next jar was placed on the next line; etc. A draft of air from a household fan covered the table. The foregoing procedure was repeated for each insecticide. Sprays of all insecticides were agitated and buffered to pH 6. On each of the following 4 days a separate line of jars was infested with 25 beetles per jar from a laboratory culture of infested elm logs in 5 gal lard cans; each day represented 1 of 4 replicates. Moribund and dead beetles were counted after 24 hr. With poorer treatments this usually involved dissecting the chip to find the boring beetles. Results were subjected to a 2-way analysis of variance.
Euonymus Scale Control on Euonymus, Wooster, Ohio, 1980
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Euonymus growing in greenhouse containers in the field were used for evaluating Supracide against scale crawlers. All plants were obtained from a nursery in Lake Co., OH and were heavily infested with scale. Plants were sprayed Jun 6, and again Jun 27, after samples were taken for evaluating effectiveness of the first application. A KWH mistblower was used to apply finished spray to run-off on 4 single-plant replicates. Containerized plants were isolated by separating pots during treatment. An untreated buffer row was established in the field planting. On Jun 6, ambient temperature was 16-18°C with clear skies and a 16-24 kph breeze. On Jun 27, temperature was 18-20°C with clear skies and breeze of 10-16 kph. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated by collecting 2 or 3 small, infested branches from each plant and counting the number of dead first stage nymphs of the first 100 encountered, using a dissecting microscope. Samples were first collected 3 weeks after treatment. Plants were sampled again 1 week after the second application.
Control of Citrus Whitefly on Gardenia, Alabama, 1981
Authors: Williams Michael L. , Ray Charles H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Whitefly infested gardenias, 18-20 inches tall, growing in 1 gal plastic pots at the Auburn University Ornamental Horticultural Field Station, Mobile, AL were selected for treatment. Foliar applications of 5 candidate insecticides were applied to run-off Jul 14 and 21 using a hand-pumped, compressed air sprayer. The adjuvant Nu-Film 17 was added to each spray mixture at the rate of 0.5 pt/100 gal. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Plants were sprayed and then arranged in a randomized complete block design. Efficacy was determined Jul 27 by examining 100 citrus whitefly pupae per plant and scoring them as living if normally-colored and full-bodied or dead if discolored and shriveled or dried.
Control of Hawthorn Lace Bugs on Pyracantha, 1981
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , King Ed 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Hawthorn lace bug control was evaluated on a pyracantha hedge in 2 separate tests between Jul 2 and Jul 16. In Test 1, 400 ft of hedge was utilized and treatments were randomized and replicated 4 times. Each treatment consisted of a 20 ft section, 4 to 5 ft high. In Test 2, a total of 75 ft of hedge was utilized. Each treatment consisted of a 5 ft section. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Treatments in Test 1 were made with a John Bean If 55 sprayer and a Spraying Systems Gun, Jet No. 43, which delivered 2.6 gal/min at 200 psi. Sprays were applied until run-off. In II Test 2, spray equipment was compared by using a John Bean 55 Sprayer at 200 psi and 2 gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 20 psi. Treatments with each sprayer were separately randomized and replicated 3 times. Temperature and wind velocity at the time of treatment were 86°F, 0-5 mph and 95°F, 5-10 mph respectively for Test 1 and 2. Infestations were determined by counting adults and nymphs on 6 inches of terminal branch at 20 locations in each treatment in Test 1 and at 5 locations in each treatment in Test 2.
Woody Plants, Phytotoxicity Test, Wayne Co., Ohio, 1980
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three treatments were evaluated for phytotoxicity on 6 species of plants that are hosts for larvae of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.). All plants were growing in 1 gal containers a greenhouse at the OARDC. Potting media included pine bark, peat, sand, soil, or a combination of 2 or more ingredients. Treatments were applied to 3 single plant replicates Sep 4 by sprinkling granular products on the media surface or irrigating or by drenching media with 1 pt (473 ml) of solution per container. All containers were watered every other day and inspected for phytotoxicity 6, 14, and 21 days post-treatment.
Bedding Plant Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, 1981
Authors: Parrella M. P. , Morishita F. S. , Tachibana S. , Robb K. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were applied to selected bedding plants and phytotoxic effects were determined. The insecticides Monitor 4E, SD-52618 85W, Ammo 2.5E, Knox-Out 2FM were selected based on their potential ability to control the serpentine leafminer, Liriomyzatrifolii (Burgess) and due to a lack of information necessary for their labeling for the bedding plant nursery. Three weekly applications of these materials were made per species of bedding plant beginning on Jul 1 and another Aug 1. One flat of each bedding plant with 9 trays/flat and 6 plants/tray were sprayed until run-off with an Arimitsu sprayer delivering 2.25 gpm at 150 psi. All flats were located on the ground. The soil was a modified University of CA mix with a pH of 7.4. Data on phytotoxicity were recorded on a weekly basis for 4 weeks.
Candidate Pesticide Formulations for Quarantine Use, 1981
Authors: Fons J. , Wood S. , Cawley B. M. , Morgan N. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two series of bioassay tests were conducted by exposing a total of 7; pest species in commercial transport trailers with volumes of 33 to 71 m . In the first series of tests, conducted in Miami, Florida, 5 species of colony-reared insects and 1 species of ticks were exposed. Approximately 100 resistant (Gainesville, multiple resistant) M. domestica, 50 resistant (Hazard) B. qermanica, 20 H. virescens, 50 A. grandis, and 50 R.sanquineus adults were, excepting A. taeniorhynchus (tested without replication), included in each of 3 test replications. In test series 2, conducted in Baltimore, Maryland, approximately 30 hazard strain B. germanica, 12 B. orientalis (males only) and 100 P. japonica were used in each test replication. Japanese beetles were field collected in methyl eugenol baited traps and caged in 83 mm diara x 60 mm deep, 3 mm mesh wire screen cages; all other species were caged in 0.24 L (1/2 pint - same dimensions as Japanese beetle cage) paper cans with tops replaced with tulle, nylon mesh screen (7 mesh/mm2). Candidate compounds were formulated as aerosols and dusts. Aerosols were formulated with technical grade material in a 1:1 mixture of Freons 11 and 12. The standard material for aerosol treatments, Sumithrin, was also formulated in an aqueous, CO^-propelled system by Enviro-Spray Systems, Inc. Dusts were formulated with HiSii 233 as the carrier. Sumithrin was also formulated with diatomaceous earth (Diabrite K-8, from international Diatoms Industries, Ltd). Cages were placed on the floor of the test trailer ca 10 cam from side walls. Dusts were applied with a “gun” employing compressed CO2 as the propellant, through the rear trailer door. Aerosols were applied from within by an operator walking the length of the trailer while releasing formulation for slightly less than the calculated time to obtain desired dosage and then weighing and adjusting with additional material. Following treatment, trailers were closed for 10 minutes. Then the right rear door was opened and test insects removed 20 min later. Japanese beetles were held for 72 hr before mortality counts were made; all others were counted at 24 hr after treatment. Average temperature during treatment and holding of the first test series was 21°C, and relative humidity was 81 ± 13%. In the second series temperatures averaged 23°C and relative humidity was 72%. Abbott’s formula was used to adjust for control mortality.
Efficacy of Insecticides for German Cockroach Control in Urban Apartments, 1981
Authors: Robinson William H. , Patricia A. Zungoli , Farmer Bob R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field trials were conducted to test the effectiveness of PP383 and Dursban for cockroach control. Testing was in low-Income apartments in Roanoke, VA. Pretreatment population levels were assessed by placing five 1-qt Mason jar traps (baited with boiled raisins) in each apartment overnight: 1 trap each under the kitchen sink, in pantry, by refrigerator, under bathroom sink, and in closet adjacent to bathrooml. Queous solutions were applied with a 1 gal B & G compressed air sprayer. Three replicates for each rate were treated and monitored from May through Jul. Evaluation of treatment was made using the pre-treatment assessment precedure on selected post-treatment dates, cockroaches captured were counted (except 1st-stage nymphs) and the number compared to the pre-treatment value to determine % reduction.
Ear Tags and High Pressure Sprays for Face Fly and Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle, 1981
Authors: Doisy K. E. , Hall R. D. , English L. M. , Fischer F. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cattle herds ranging from 6 to 195 head were treated in Boone Co., Mo., during 1981 with the following materials: Ectrin fenvalerate 8% ai plastic ear tags (1 tag/head and 1 tag/every other head), fenvalerate 5% ai ear tags (2/head), fenvalerate 6% ai ear tags (1/head), Permectrin permethrin 10% aig ear tags (2/head), Permectrin permethrin 8% plastic strips (1/head), Ectiban permethrin adhesive devices containing 0.9 g ai each (1/head on 12 of 34 animals), Deltamethrin decamethrin 5% ai ear tags (2/head animals), Ectiban permethrin 1% pour-on (14.8 ml/45.5 kg body weight) (retreated 2 months later), and Atroban permethrin 0.05% ai high pressure sprays from 10% and 42.5% EC. The latter materials were applied to run-off. A nearby, untreated herd served as control during the course of this experiment; this function was switched to a second untreated herd after Jun 1. In all cases, assessment of treatment efficacy was made on a weekly basis via inspection of 15 head selected at random from each herd. Face flies were counted on the entire face, and horn flies on a single side of each animal examined. Data thus obtained were converted to log10 (n+l) prior to analysis; however, true averages are reported.
Guinea Pig-

Amblyomma

Americanum

Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1981
Authors: Hunt L. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The procedure is as follows: Hair on guinea pigs is clipped around the midsection. Then 2 capsule cages containing 12 starved nymphal lone star ticks are attached with contact cement and tape to each animal. Those guinea pigs receiving the candidate compounds are treated 24 hr later. An untreated pig serves as the control and provides data for Abbott’s formula. Doses of the active ingredient depend on guinea pig weight, compound structure, LD50, and other considerations with a maximum of 20 mg/kg. This amount is formulated in diethyl succinate and administered subcutaneous Iy on 3 alternate days in a volume of less than 500 pI/injection. About 4-6 days after the 1st treatment, dead ticks in the cages are removed and counted, and/or replete ticks are removed from the capsules and held to observe mortality and nymphal molt. Effectiveness is determined by the percentage of ticks that fail to ecdyse (including dead nymphs that detach without engorging).
Laboratory Evaluation of Igr’s and Toxicants Against the Larvae of the Oriental Rat Flea, 1977-1980
Authors: Chamberlain W. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 10-g sample of a mixture of fine sand and flea larval diet was placed in a 25-ml screwcapped vial. An appropriate concentration of technical IGR or toxicant in 500 μl of acetone was added to the mix, and after it was stirred, the acetone evaporated at room temperature. Next, 200 μl of water was added and stirred into the mix. Fifty laboratory-reared larvae of the oriental rat flea, Xenopsyllacheopis (Rothschild), in the middle of larval development (2nd instar), were added. Vials were then covered with 0.3 cm mesh marquisette cloth and held in separate chambers at the desired humidity, temperature, and light conditions. Each test was replicated 2-5 times. Control vials containing the sand-diet mix were treated with the acetone only and handled in the same manner as test vials. The vials were examined weekly for 2 or 3 weeks and any cocoons were removed and placed in 3.7 ml shell vials and covered with the marquisette cloth. Twenty-one days after removal of the cocoons, any emerged fleas were kilted with chloroform and counted. The highest concentration of IGR or toxicant tested was 500 ppm; dilutions to 0.2 ppb were tested, as needed, to obtain reduced mortality.
Imported Fire Ant Control - Individual Mound Treatment with Ambush, 1981
Authors: Bass J. A. , Scarborough T. A. , Stanley David , Hays S. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Preliminary dosage range tests were begun in Feb 1978. Subsequent replicated field tests were conducted under summer and winter conditions. During cold weather a tractor-mounted scrape blade was utilized to remove the above ground mound parts followed by an immediate application of finished spray at the rate of 1 qt/mound. The spray was directed at the mound and the immediate surrounding area. Scraping was omitted in the summer applications to avoid possible escape of the queen. Circular plots 170 ft dia were used for the replicated tests. Weekly observations were made post-treatment to evaluate the results on the inside 100 ft dia of the treated area.
Imported Fire Ant Control. - Mound Knockdown Plus Insecticide Treatment, 1981
Authors: Stanley David , Scarborough T. A. , Hays S. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Imported fire ants normally exit the mound through an underground tunnel network leaving the mound intact. The following treatments were designed to scrape away the above ground mound parts which would expose these parts plus the brood and ants to direct insecticide application. A tractor-mounted scrape blade was used to “level” the above ground mound parts. A drench treatment applied with a sprayer was immediately applied to an area of 1 m . Various rates of water and toxicant was tested on individual mounds to obtain the best combination. Subsequently, circular replicated plots 150 ft dia with the center 100 ft dia used for data collection were treated.
Control of Citrus Red Mite with Acaricides in Riverside, 1981
Authors: Brown R. D. , Jesser M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Trees were sprayed on Apr 13-14 by hand-gun (ca 1200 gal per acre). There were 4 single-tree replicates. Naked-eye counts of mites on 32 leaves per tree (two 4-leaf terminals per quadrant) were made.