bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The choice of the entrance pupil location in optical measurement of eyewear displays: Theoretical and experimental analyses
Authors: Wang Jianping , Mou Xi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe location of the entrance pupil, field of view, and motion of the viewer's eye is frequently discussed for virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR) displays. In order to properly measure optical performance of these displays, the light measuring device (LMD) must simulate the characteristics of the human eye. An important factor to consider is the location of the entrance pupil (aperture stop setting) of the LMD. We compared field of view (FOV) and luminance deviations with various pupil entrance locations at the LMD in this paper. As a result of the experiment, the entrance pupil at the front focal point of the LMD was the best choice.
Thermal decomposition of methyltrichlorosilane/ hydrogen/ inert mixtures at conditions relevant for chemical vapor infiltration of SiC ceramics
Authors: Dang Khanh , Chelliah Harsha K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMethyltrichlorosilane (MTS) decomposition in a high‐temperature flow reactor was investigated at conditions favorable for silicon carbide (SiC) deposition in chemical vapor infiltration systems. Gas chromatography was used to determine the effects of temperature, residence time, and initial MTS‐H2‐N2 mixture composition on the gas‐phase chemistry. Four stable species were detected, including the evolution of MTS and three decomposition products: methane (CH4), trichlorosilane (SiHCl3), and silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4). The experimental data were used to assess the applicability of a recent detailed kinetic model proposed by Ge et al. for MTS decomposition. The model showed a much slower decomposition rate of MTS than that observed in experiments, requiring optimization of selected set of rate parameters. The optimized model was able to reasonably predict the experimental data for a range of parametric conditions explored. In addition, a principal component analysis–based model reduction approach was used to extract a skeletal reaction model with nearly half the number of species in the original model and with similar performance.
From expansion to shrinkage: Exploring the evolution and transition of karst rocky desertification in karst mountainous areas of Southwest China
Authors: Li Yangbing , Yu Meng , Zhang Han , Xie Yuxuan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSystematic elucidation of the evolution trend of karst rocky desertification (KRD) is of great significance for correctly understanding its occurrence and development process, and implementing effective comprehensive control measures. Based on the existing studies, the authors explore the formation and evolutionary mechanisms and trends of KRD in the karst mountains of Southwest China based on the literature and field investigations. The factors driving the occurrence and formation of KRD are: the single livelihood of farmers in karst mountain areas (KMA); the great land pressure, the low land carrying capacity; and the fragile ecology. With a background of low land carrying capacity, land‐use practices such as over‐cutting, over‐cultivation, and over‐grazing have triggered land degradation in the KMA, including the KRD. With the evolution of social and economic background and the disappearance of its driving factors, the trend of KRD expansion will undergo fundamental change, essentially a KRD transition. KRD transition is the response of the land‐use system to the comprehensive action of economic and social development and ecosystem, which accords with the general trend of economic and social development and ecosystem evolution. The transition of KRD areas outlined in this paper reveals the change of human–land relationship in a KMA in Southwest China and provides a valuable reference for rural revitalization and ecological construction.
Bisphosphonate therapy in otosclerosis: A scoping review
Authors: Zimmerer René E. , Africa Robert E. , Westenhaver Zack K. , McKinnon Brian J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveOtosclerosis, a leading cause of deafness in adults, results from defective bone remodeling of the otic capsule. Bisphosphonates have been used to decrease bone remolding in many diseases, including otosclerosis. This study analyzes whether current literature supports bisphosphonate therapy as an effective treatment for otosclerosis.DesignScoping review.MethodsA search was performed in three electronic databases; PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Control Trials. Articles were screened independently by two masked reviewers based on prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria. After unmasking, the two reviewers resolved discrepancies through discussion.ResultsFrom the search, 35 unique articles were identified for analysis. The dates of these publications range from 1982 to 2018. Further title and full‐text review identified six articles for inclusion in this review. Three of the studies included are randomized controlled trials (RCT)s, and three are retrospective case reviews. These studies analyzed bisphosphonate therapy regimens, but dose and study length varied, making direct comparisons difficult. Only one RCT study was able to show a statistically significant change between patients treated with bisphosphonates compared to a control group.ConclusionsThe efficacy of bisphosphonates for halting bone remodeling in otosclerosis remains unclear. Reviewing the literature, we found significant variations in experimental design and few studies of high‐level evidence. Future RCTs investigating therapies for otosclerosis are needed before a firm conclusion about bisphosphonates efficacy as a pharmacological treatment of otosclerosis.Level of Evidence: 3a.
Clinicopathological and genetic study of a rare occurrence: Malignant transformation of fibrous dysplasia of the jaws
Authors: Shi Ruirui , Li Xuefen , Zhang Jianyun , Chen Feng , Ma Ming , Feng Yanrui , Li Tiejun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundMalignant transformation of fibrous dysplasia (FD) is very rare and little is known about this occurrence.MethodsWe present the detailed clinical course of three cases of osteosarcoma arising from FD of the jaws and explore the genetic aberrations by Sanger sequencing, whole‐exome sequencing (WES) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). A literature review of important topics related to this occurrence was also performed.ResultsIt was observed that patients with secondary sarcoma from FD showed a wide range of ages, with most during the third decade. Female and males were equally affected. Craniofacial bones and femurs were the most affected sites. High‐risk factors for this occurrence included polyostotic FD, McCune‐Albright syndrome and excess growth hormone. Notably, a potential relationship between thyroid hormones and sarcoma development was suggested in one patient, who began to show malignant features after hypothyroidism correction. Sanger sequencing revealed GNAS mutations of FD retained in all malignant tissues. Additionally, abnormal TP53 was demonstrated in all three cases by WES and IHC. WES also revealed two other driver mutations, ROS1 and CHD8, and large amounts of somatic copy number alterations (CNAs) where various oncogenes and tumour suppressors are located.ConclusionThis study demonstrated and reviewed the clinical features and risk factors for a rare occurrence, secondary sarcoma from FD, and provided important new knowledge about its genetics.
Carbon‐based light‐induced thermoelastic spectroscopy for ammonia gas sensing
Authors: Wang Yu , Cheng Tong , Lou Cunguang , Liu Xin , Li Xitong , Huang Lei , Yao Jianquan , Liu Xiuling 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA light‐induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) based on carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coated quartz tuning fork (QTF) was proposed. In order to improve the conversion efficiency of laser energy radiation into the vibration of tuning fork, thin CNT, GO, and rGO layers were coated on the surface of commercial QTF, respectively. Ammonia (NH3) gas was selected as the target analyte for the experimental validation. The experimental results show that the system's maximum gain factor in signal amplitude and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) are 1.52, 1.53, 2.43, and 1.54, 1.33, 2.24 times, respectively, as compared with the traditional LITES with bare QTF.
A mediational analysis of adverse experiences in childhood and quality of life in adulthood
Authors: Vederhus John‐Kåre , Haugland Siri Håvås , Timko Christine 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectivesThis study examined associations of three prevalent adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) – parents' problematic alcohol use (PPAU), parental separation/divorce, and lack of support from a trusted adult–with adult quality of life (QoL), and potential mediators of associations.MethodsData were from a representative survey (N = 28,047) in Norway that assessed ACEs, QoL, and potential mediators: enduring perceptions of childhood hardships (Difficult Childhood Questionnaire; DCQ), current mental distress, and current social isolation. Latent regression analyses examined potential mediators.ResultsEach ACE was positively associated with perceptions of childhood as difficult (higher DCQ scores). In turn, ACEs were negatively associated with adult QoL through indirect effects. Lack of support from a trusted adult had the strongest negative association with adult QoL, compared to PPAU and parental separation/divorce. The association between the ACEs and QoL was explained through the mediators of mental distress and social isolation.ConclusionsOf the examined ACEs, lack of support from a trusted adult had the strongest negative impact on adult QoL. Adult support to vulnerable children could potentially ameliorate adult consequences of ACEs. In addition, adults reporting difficulties due to childhood adversities may benefit from therapeutic interventions that address both psychological distress and isolation.
Three‐dimensional thermal modeling and dimensioning design in the nuclear waste repository
Authors: Zhou Xiangyun , He Luqiang , Sun De'an 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA mathematical model is established by using the cylindrical heat source to simulate the temperature field in the nuclear waste repository. By means of the integral transformation method, the partial differential equations of heat conduction were transformed into ordinary differential equations to obtain the semi‐analytical solutions to temperature change. The radial temperature distribution around the nuclear waste canister was analyzed and compared with other analytical models. The built model was applied to determine the canister spacing with variable tunnel spacing for different type canister panel. Then, the quantitative effects of decay heat power at initial installation and of other parameters on the canister spacing were specified. The results show that the built model can predict the near‐field and far‐field temperature around the waste canister at the same time. The decay heat power at the initial installation and thermal properties of buffer layer and surrounding rock have strong effects on the canister spacing.
Incontinence and sleep disturbances in young children: A population‐based study
Authors: von Gontard Alexander , Mattheus Hannah , Friese‐Jaworsky Jana , Moritz Anna‐Michaela , Thome‐Granz Sigrid , Roozen Sylvia , Curfs Leopold , van Koeveringe Gommert , Hussong Justine 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimsNocturnal enuresis (NE), daytime urinary incontinence (DUI), fecal incontinence (FI), as well as sleep and behavioral problems are common in young children. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of sleep and psychological parameters for all types of incontinence in a representative sample of young children.MethodsSix hundred thirty eight (of 1161) children with a mean age of 5.9 years (50.9% boys) were assessed during their mandatory school entry examination. The participation rate was 55%. Instruments included the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire and other clinical questions. Incontinence was diagnosed according to ICCS standards. Constipation was assessed by two questions.Results17.1% of children had at least one type of incontinence, 14.8% had NE, 5.0% DUI, 2.1% FI, and 4.8% were constipated. 6.7% of children had clinically relevant psychological problems. 22.7% of children had sleep problems regularly (5−7 times/week). A wide variety of sleep problems were reported. Children with incontinence were not affected by a higher rate of sleep problems. Children with NE had fewer night wakings and those with constipation fewer parasomnias. Sleep and psychological problems were significantly associated, especially in children with DUI and FI.ConclusionsSleep and behavioral problems are common in young children. Psychological problems have a clear impact on sleep. Young children with incontinence do not have more sleep problems than continent children. Therefore, both sleep and psychological problems should be addressed in young children with incontinence.
Return to work after cancer: Improved mental health in working cancer survivors
Authors: Lieb Marietta , Wünsch Alexander , Schieber Katharina , Bergelt Corinna , Faller Hermann , Geiser Franziska , Goerling Ute , Hönig Klaus , Hornemann Beate , Maatouk Imad , Niecke Alexander , Stein Barbara , Teufel Martin , Wickert Martin , Büttner‐Teleagă Antje , Erim Yesim , Weis Joachim 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveAim of the study was to compare working and non‐working patients over a period of 12 months regarding socio‐demographic, cancer‐specific and mental health parameters.MethodsThis study was conducted as part of a Germany‐wide longitudinal survey among 1398 patients in 13 national Comprehensive Cancer Centers. The sample used for analysis consisted of n = 430 cancer patients younger than 65 years (age M = 52.4 years, SD = 8.1; 67.0% females). Socio‐demographic, cancer‐specific and mental health parameters (Depression: Patient Health Questionnaire, Anxiety: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, Distress: Distress Thermometer) were assessed at baseline during hospitalization and at 12 months follow‐up.Results73.7% of all patients (n = 317) have returned to work after one year. While working and non‐working patients did not differ in socio‐demographic parameters, there were significant differences in the presence of metastases, tumor and treatment status. Mixed analysis of variances revealed significant interactions between working status and time for depression (p = 0.009), anxiety (p = 0.003) and distress (p = 0.007). Non‐working patients reported higher levels of depression, anxiety and distress than working patients over time. A logistic regression showed significant associations between lower depression (p = 0.019), lower distress (p = 0.033) and the absence of a tumor (p = 0.015) with working status.ConclusionsThe majority of cancer survivors returned to work. Non‐working patients had higher levels of depression, anxiety and distress than working patients. After controlling for cancer‐specific factors, mental health parameters were still independently associated with working status. Return to work can thus be associated with an improved mental health in cancer survivors. In order to establish causality, further research is necessary.
Enteral antipseudomonal fluoroquinolones for ventilator‐associated tracheobronchitis in children with pre‐existing tracheostomy
Authors: Smith Christina J. , Sierra Caroline M. , Robbins Joanna , Cobbina Ekua 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroductionPseudomonas aeruginosa is the most commonly isolated organism in tracheostomy‐dependent children with ventilator‐associated tracheobronchitis (VAT). Enteral treatment with an antipseudomonal fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin is sometimes employed, but supportive data are limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of enteral antipseudomonal fluoroquinolones for VAT in children with pre‐existing tracheostomy.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of electronic medical records for tracheostomy‐dependent children <18 years of age who received an enteral antipseduomonal fluoroquinolone for the treatment of presumed VAT from January 2013 through January 2020 at an academic children's hospital.ResultsSeventy‐six treatment courses representing 60 children (median age: 9.5, interquartile range [IQR]: 3.6–13.1 years) received an antipseudomonal fluoroquinolone for VAT treatment during the study period. Median treatment duration was 8 (range: 7–10) days. Most tracheostomy cultures (n = 70/82, 85%) were polymicrobial, with P. aeruginosa most commonly isolated (n = 67/224 organisms, 30%). Sixty‐five courses (86%) were successfully treated with an enteral fluoroquinolone. Antibiotics were changed or extended for two (3%) children. Antibiotics were prescribed for 10 (13%) courses and eight (11%) required hospitalization for a respiratory infection within 30 days of fluoroquinolone completion. Six (8%) courses received a seizure rescue medication, seven (9%) experienced emesis, and one (1%) had elevated transaminases. Tendonitis and tendon rupture were not observed.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest enteral antipseudomonal fluoroquinolones may be effective for the treatment of VAT in children with tracheostomy. Further study is warranted to clarify the role of these agents in pediatric VAT.
Substitution or complementarity: why do rice farmers use a mix of biopesticides and chemical pesticides in China?
Authors: Huang Yanzhong , Luo Xiaofeng , Li Zhaoliang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough scholars have become increasingly concerned about finding ways to encourage more farmers to use biopesticides and fewer to use chemical pesticides, few studies have investigated the prevalence of Chinese rice farmers' mixed use of biopesticides and chemical pesticides for pest management.RESULTSBased on a household survey in Hubei Province, China, this study found that 59.18% of the sample rice farmers used a mix of biopesticides and chemical pesticides. There is mainly a complementarity relationship between rice farmers' decision to use biopesticides and chemical pesticides. The pursuit of multiple production purposes is the main reason why farmers decide on the mixed‐use of pesticides. Specifically, farmers generally tend to use biopesticides to ensure food safety for consumption, and chemical pesticides to reduce costs for profitability. The decision of farmers to mix pesticides has led to an increase of pesticide varieties and costs. However, it reduces the frequency of pesticide use, and does not result in a significant increase in rice yield and output value.CONCLUSIONWhile food safety should be emphasized in working towards greater use of biopesticides, rice farmers' mixed use of biopesticides and chemical pesticides will remain for a long time until the biotechnology is more developed. In fact, programs that investigate the effects of a combination of biopesticides and chemical pesticides should be implemented to achieve pesticide reduction, because biopesticides and chemical pesticides have specific disadvantages. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effects of periodically repeated high‐temperature exposure on the immediate and subsequent fitness of different developmental stages ofPropylaea japonica
Authors: Tian Mi , Zhang Yi , Liu Tong‐Xian , Zhang Shi‐Ze 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDRepeated extreme high temperature occurs frequently in summer.Propylaea japonicais a predominant predator in South‐East Asia and has been considered as a successful natural enemy to control aphids. However, how repeated extreme high temperature affects the fitness ofP. japonicaremains unclear. This study evaluated the immediate and subsequent fitness ofP. japonicawhen egg, larva, pupa, and adult were exposed to repeated high temperatures (39, 41, or 43 °C for 3 h exposure duration per day) during several days.RESULTSThe effect of repeated high temperatures onP. japonicafitness was stage‐specific: the egg stage was the most sensitive, the larval and pupal stages were moderately resistant and the adult stage was the most resistant to heat. Repeated high temperatures extended the immature developmental time and decreased the sex ratio of eggs treated with these temperatures, compared to control eggs. A temperature of 39 °C had no significant effect on the pre‐oviposition period, oviposition period, fecundity (except stress pupa), or longevity compared with the control, but negative carry‐over effects above 39 °C on subsequent stages were found.CONCLUSIONRepeated high temperature for consecutive days not only had a significant effect on the immediate survival and developmental time, but also had deleterious effects on the subsequent development and performance ofP. japonica. The present study provides valuable information for understanding and utilizingP. japonicato control aphids in challenging environments. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
The impact of regional and local population trends on suburban poverty and ethnoracial composition change: A shift‐share analysis of the Chicago metropolitan area in the 2000s
Authors: Terbeck Fabian J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDemographic and socioeconomic composition changes in neighbourhoods are often the result of local factors (e.g., gentrification or disinvestment) that promote population growth of certain ethnoracial and socioeconomic groups over others, and regional demographic and economic trends that affect metropolitan areas as a whole. This exploratory analysis isolates the portion of poverty and ethnoracial composition change in suburbs that is attributable to regional trends from local factors. The analysis is conducted for the Chicago–Joliet–Naperville metropolitan area during the 2000s. The results show that processes such as suburban poverty and growing minority populations are to a large extent attributable to the shrinking nonpoor White population. This change in the number of nonpoor Whites in suburbs seems to be related to regional population trends, whereas much of the population change of nonpoor and poor minorities is linked to local neighbourhood conditions.
A density functional theory study of electronic properties of transition metals doped silicon carbide monolayer
Authors: Majid Abdul , Kanwal Hajra , Khan Salahuddin , Khan Shaukat 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDensity functional theory based calculations were carried out to study electronic properties of transition metal elements doped into silicon carbide monolayers. The slab model SiC after doping with several 3d and 4d transition metals were analyzed to investigate the structural, electronic properties, and catalytic activity of the materials. The electronic properties of the materials after doping and adsorption were analyzed in detail in terms of density of states and band diagrams to get insights into the mechanism involved. The energy profiling was carried out by placing the mono‐iodide at different possible sites on the slabs to find the favorable adsorption sites. The thorough study suggested that Zr, Nb, Mo, Cr doped SiC slabs exhibited improved catalytic activity in comparison to Pt doped SiC based CE.