bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy Brief 9: Informal networks and what they mean for anti-corruption practice
Authors: Baez Camargo Claudia , Costa Jacopo , Kassa Saba 
Published: February 2022

Corruption is frequently associated with money alone and the behaviours of a few individual “bad apples” operating in otherwise healthy governance systems. This is too simplistic. As the latest research shows, including research in Tanzania and Uganda on which this Policy Brief is based, corruption is a networked phenomenon. This Policy Brief explains what this means and its implications for anti-corruption practice.
When ordinary citizens and business people face problems, like constrained access to public services or an uneven playing field, they invest time, effort and resources in building informal networks.
Held together by personal connections and corrupt payments, these informal networks are a problem-solving mechanism. They allow members – such as business people, other citizens and public officials – to pursue a variety of goals. The networks aid in easing access to public services, for example, or helping a business to run smoothly, or securing business opportunities with the government. Informal networks can be leveraged to speed up long and complicated permit processes or exploit weaknesses in formal tender processes to obtain undue access to contracts. When red tape is used by public officials to extort bribes from service users, informal networks can help manage and overcome these demands.
In contexts in which these informal networks are widespread, the research shows that conventional anti-corruption measures, such as introducing more regulations, policies and controls, can actually backfire and increase corruption.
Breaking this self-reinforcing cycle of networked corruption requires a shift in thinking and approaches:

Focusing on networked corruption as opposed to individual corrupt behaviours.
Tackling corruption both from the demand and the supply side by addressing inefficiencies and weaknesses in public systems that cause problems for ordinary citizens and business people. This may make it less likely that they will resort to corruption through informal networks to overcome the public service weaknesses.
Harnessing informal networks for anti-corruption objectives. This includes leveraging new insights into social norms and networks and establishing Collective Action initiatives to better target the underlying drivers of corruption.

This Policy Brief presents findings from a research project entitled “Harnessing informality: Designing anti-corruption network interventions and strategic use of legal instruments”, funded by UK Aid as part of the Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Programme (GI-ACE).
Inhibition of vacuum sublimation artefacts for (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy ((S)TEM) of sulphur samples via encapsulation
Authors: Ronan Oskar , Downing Clive , Nicolosi Valeria 
Published: February 2022

Lithium-sulfur battery is one of promising candidates for next-generation energy storage device due to the sulfur cathode material with low cost and nontoxicity, and super high theoretical energy density (nearly 2600Wh kg−1) and specific energy (2567Wh kg−1). Sulphur, however, poses a few interesting challenges before it can gain widespread utilisation. The biggest issue is known as the polysulphide shuttling effect which contributes to rapid capacity loss after cycling. Accurate characterisation of sulphur cathodic materials becomes critical to our understanding polysulphide shuttling effect in the quest of finding mitigating solutions. Electron microscopy is playing a crucial role in battery research in determining structure–property–function relations. However, sulphur undergoes sublimation at a point above the typical pressures found in the column of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) at room temperature. This makes the imaging and characterisation of any sort of nanostructured sulphur samples challenging, as the material will be modified or even disappear rapidly as soon as it is inserted into the TEM vacuum. As a result, materials characterised by such methods are prone to deviation from normal conditions to a great extent. To prevent this, a novel method of encapsulating sulphur particles between silicon nitride (SiNx) membranes is demonstrated in this work.
THE ECONOMIC CONSCIOUSNESS OF MODERN BUSINESSMANS
Authors: Pomazkova Elena V. 
Published: February 2022

Background. This article deals with the topical issue of the formation of the type of thinking of a modern entrepreneur under the influence of political and socio-economic changes in the country.
The purpose of the article. To reveal the features of the economic thinking of Russian entrepreneurs.
Materials and methods. During the analysis of the influence of the modern market system on the formation of types of economic thinking of entrepreneurs, the features of economic perception that are inherent in Russian businessmen and socio-cultural signs that characterize the modern business environment are revealed. The article uses qualitative and quantitative approaches, the main of which is the method of thematic analysis.
The results of the study. The author proves that the effectiveness of the development of the Russian economic, social and political system largely depends on the quality of entrepreneurial activity. And this quality is primarily influenced by the level of economic thinking of an entrepreneur, which develops and transforms under the influence of historical and social phenomena in society.
Conclusions. Each society forms its own type of economic consciousness. It is greatly influenced by the prevailing form of ownership in the entrepreneurial environment and the level of development of the entrepreneur’s consciousness, its structure and dynamics within the constantly changing economic and social conditions of Russian society.
Nowoczesność, multimedialność, interaktywność jako istotne elementy współczesnego muzealnictwa.
Authors: Szarejko Sylwia 
Published: February 2022

Artykuł przedstawia kolejne etapy powstawania największego i najbardziej nowoczesnego muzeum narracyjnego na Podlasiu, opisując proces w odniesieniu do współczesnej polskiej wiedzy muzeologicznej. W dobie intensywnego rozwoju instytucji muzealnych opisano także wybrane projekty, realizowane przez nowo powstałe Muzeum Pamięci Sybiru, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem projektów wykorzystujących potencjał nowych technologii.
Relapse of Hepatitis C Virus Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis After Sustained Viral Response After Interferon-Free Direct-Acting Antivirals
Authors: Fayed Ahmed , Hegazy Mohamed Tharwat , Biard Lucie , Vieira Matheus , El Shabony Tarek , Saadoun David , Casato Milvia , Visentini Marcella , Ragab Gaafar , Cacoub Patrice 
Published: February 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) have modified the management of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, including HCV-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CryoVas). However, patients might experience vasculitis relapse, and no reliable predictors of CryoVas relapse after sustained virologic response (SVR) have been established. We aimed to describe HCV-CryoVas relapse rates and factors associated with it.

METHODS:
An international multicenter cohort where patients with HCV-CryoVas from Egypt, France, and Italy treated with DAA were analyzed retrospectively. Factors associated with relapse-free survival were evaluated in a multivariate-adjusted model.

RESULTS:
Of 913 patients, 911 (99.8%) obtained SVR. After 35 months of the median follow-up, 798 patients (87.4%) had sustained remission of vasculitis, while 115 (12.6%) experienced CryoVas relapse. By the time of relapse, skin involvement was present in 100%, renal involvement in 85.2%, and peripheral neuropathy in 81.7%. Relapses were treated with glucocorticoids in 90.9%, associated with plasma exchange, cyclophosphamide, or rituximab in 50%, 37.3%, and 6.4%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of CryoVas relapse was 0.7% (95% CI 0.3–1.4), 12.3% (95% CI 10.2–14.6), and 13.1% (95% CI 11.0–15.5) at 12, 24, and 36 months after DAA treatment, respectively. Independent baseline risk factors associated with CryoVas relapse were male sex, skin ulcers, kidney involvement at baseline, and peripheral neuropathy at the end of DAA treatment. Death occurred in 11 relapsers, mainly due to infections.

DISCUSSION:
A substantial proportion of patients with CryoVas experience relapse after DAA-induced SVR. Relapses are moderate-to-severe and affect survival after 24 months, mainly due to infections. Independent risk factors for relapse or death were found.
Percutaneous Transhepatic Single-Operator Cholangioscopy-Guided Intraductal Stone Therapy in a Liver Transplant Patient With Ischemic Cholangiopathy
Authors: Stadmeyer Peter , Dalvie Prasad , Hubers Jeffrey , Gopal Deepak 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Ischemic cholangiopathy is a feared complication after liver transplantation. We present a 68-year-old man who is status postorthotopic liver transplant from a donation after cardiac death. His posttransplant course was complicated by the development of a biliary anastomotic stricture, ischemic cholangiopathy, biloma, recurrent cholangitis, and intrahepatic stones. Through the use of antegrade cholangioscopy with a single-operator cholangioscope (SpyGlass 2; Boston Scientific, Boston, MA) passed through a percutaneous sheath, we were able to visualize impacted stones within the left intrahepatic system and treat them using electrohydraulic lithotripsy for stone fragmentation and removal.
Edge detail enhancement algorithm for high-dynamic range images
Authors: Zhao Lanfei , Zhu Qidan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Existing image enhancement methods have problems of a slow data transmission and poor conversion effect, resulting in a low image-recognition rate and recognition efficiency. To solve these problems and improve the recognition accuracy and recognition efficiency of image features, this study proposes an edge detail enhancement algorithm for a high-dynamic range image. The original image is transformed by Fourier transform, and the low-frequency and high-frequency images are obtained by the frequency-domain Gaussian filtering and inverse Fourier transform. The low-frequency image is processed by the contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization, and the high-frequency image is obtained by the nonsharpening masking and gray transformation. The low-frequency enhanced and the high-frequency enhanced images are weighted and fused to enhance the edge details of the image. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed high-dynamic range image edge detail enhancement algorithm maintains the image recognition rate of more than 80% during the practical application, and the recognition time is within 1,200 min, which enhances the image effect, improves the recognition accuracy and recognition efficiency of image characteristics, and fully meets the research requirements.
Linguistic spatial reference systems across domains: How people talk about space in sailing, dancing, and other specialist areas
Authors: Tenbrink Thora 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Spatial reference systems have been investigated across many different languages and cultures, partly with the explicit aim of identifying preferred ways of thinking and talking about space in a particular culture. This paper addresses variability within a given language (and culture) by looking at diversity across everyday specialist domains. Wherever a domain requires people to interact with space in a specific way, conventions for thinking and talking about space arise that are far less common outside those domains. For instance, in sailing it is almost impossible to talk about ‘forward movement’, due to the various forces acting on the boat; these require the sailor to calculate a useful course relative to the goal direction. Based on a range of examples, this paper explores customary ways of talking about space across various domains, and highlights the underlying spatial-conceptual reference systems. This demonstrates how different situational domains call for different reference systems, contrary to beliefs that entire cultures can be associated with stable preferences for a specific reference system.
Geocentric directional systems in Australia: a typology
Authors: Hoffmann Dorothea , Palmer Bill , Gaby Alice 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a survey of geocentric directional systems across Australia using published and unpublished material as well as fieldwork data, providing the first systematic overview of such systems in Australia. The 116 sampled varieties, spoken across diverse landscapes, exhibit variation within and across languages. Many make use of more than one directional system. This paper sets out to create a systematic typological overview of geocentric directionals in Australia taking into account cultural and topographic salience, revisiting existing classifications of directional systems.
Adaptive Learning through Temporal Dynamics of State Representation
Authors: Razmi Niloufar , Nassar Matthew R. 
Published: February 2022

People adjust their learning rate rationally according to local environmental statistics and calibrate such adjustments based on the broader statistical context. To date, no theory has captured the observed range of adaptive learning behaviors or the complexity of its neural correlates. Here, we attempt to do so using a neural network model that learns to map an internal context representation onto a behavioral response via supervised learning. The network shifts its internal context on receiving supervised signals that are mismatched to its output, thereby changing the “state” to which feedback is associated. A key feature of the model is that such state transitions can either increase learning or decrease learning depending on the duration over which the new state is maintained. Sustained state transitions that occur after changepoints facilitate faster learning and mimic network reset phenomena observed in the brain during rapid learning. In contrast, state transitions after one-off outlier events are short lived, thereby limiting the impact of outlying observations on future behavior. State transitions in our model provide the first mechanistic interpretation for bidirectional learning signals, such as the P300, that relate to learning differentially according to the source of surprising events and may also shed light on discrepant observations regarding the relationship between transient pupil dilations and learning. Together, our results demonstrate that dynamic latent state representations can afford normative inference and provide a coherent framework for understanding neural signatures of adaptive learning across different statistical environments.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHow humans adjust their sensitivity to new information in a changing world has remained largely an open question. Bridging insights from normative accounts of adaptive learning and theories of latent state representation, here we propose a feedforward neural network model that adjusts its learning rate online by controlling the speed of transitioning its internal state representations. Our model proposes a mechanistic framework for explaining learning under different statistical contexts, explains previously observed behavior and brain signals, and makes testable predictions for future experimental studies.
Repetitive Mild Closed Head Injury in Adolescent Mice Is Associated with Impaired Proteostasis, Neuroinflammation, and Tauopathy
Authors: Wu Limin , Kalish Brian T. , Finander Benjamin , Cao Tian , Jin Gina , Yahya Taha , Levy Emily S. , Kukreja Bharti , LaRovere Eliza Sophie , Chung Joon Yong , Lo Eng H. , Brown-Whalen Alexander , El Khoury Joseph , Kaplan David L. , Whalen Michael J. 
Published: February 2022

Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in children and adolescents leads to acute and chronic neurologic sequelae and is linked to later life neurodegenerative disease. However, the biological mechanisms connecting early life mTBI to neurodegeneration remain unknown. Using an adolescent mouse repetitive closed head injury model that induces progressive cognitive impairment in males and anxiety in females in the absence of overt histopathology, we examined transcriptional and translational changes in neurons isolated from sham and injured brain in the chronic phase after injury. At 14 months, single-nuclei RNA sequencing of cortical brain tissue identified disruption of genes associated with neuronal proteostasis and evidence for disrupted ligand-receptor signaling networks in injured mice. Western blot analysis of isolated neurons showed evidence of inflammasome activation and downstream IL-1β processing, as previously demonstrated in acute CNS injury models, and accumulation of misfolded, hyperphosphorylated tau, and changes in expression of proteins suggestive of impaired translation in males but not in females. At 6 months, injured IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1) KO mice, which are protected from postinjury cognitive deficits, had decreased accumulation of pro-IL-1β and misfolded tau in cortex and cerebellum, suggesting that IL-1R1 is upstream of inflammasome priming (defined as increase in pro-IL-1β) and abnormal tau phosphorylation. Together, our findings provide evidence for neuronal inflammasome activation and impaired proteostasis as key mechanisms linking repetitive mTBI in adolescence to later life neurologic dysfunction and neurodegeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRepetitive mild closed head injury in adolescent male mice leads to impaired proteostasis, tau phosphorylation, and inflammasome activation in neurons later in adulthood through mechanisms involving IL-1 receptor 1. The data are the first to link repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in adolescence to neurodegeneration and suggest molecular targets and pathways to prevent neurologic sequelae in the chronic period after injuries.
A Distinct Metabolically Defined Central Nucleus Circuit Bidirectionally Controls Anxiety-Related Behaviors
Authors: Ren Jing , Lu Cheng-Lin , Huang Jie , Fan Jun , Guo Fang , Mo Jia-Wen , Huang Wei-Yuan , Kong Peng-Li , Li Xiao-Wen , Sun Li-Rong , Sun Xiang-Dong , Cao Xiong 
Published: February 2022

Anxiety disorders are debilitating psychiatric diseases that affect ∼16% of the world's population. Although it has been proposed that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) plays a role in anxiety, the molecular and circuit mechanisms through which CeA neurons modulate anxiety-related behaviors are largely uncharacterized. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and has been shown to play a role in psychiatric disorders. Here, we reported that sEH was enriched in neurons in the CeA and regulated anxiety-related behaviors in adult male mice. Deletion of sEH in CeA neurons but not astrocytes induced anxiety-like behaviors. Mechanistic studies indicated that sEH was required for maintaining the the excitability of sEH positive neurons (sEHCeAneurons) in the CeA. Using chemogenetic manipulations, we found that sEHCeAneurons bidirectionally regulated anxiety-related behaviors. Notably, we identified that sEHCeAneurons directly projected to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST; sEHCeA–BNST). Optogenetic activation and inhibition of the sEHCeA–BNSTpathway produced anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects, respectively. In summary, our studies reveal a set of molecular and circuit mechanisms of sEHCeAneurons underlying anxiety.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSoluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), a key enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of EETs, is shown to play a key role in mood disorders. It is well known that sEH is mostly localized in astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex and regulates depressive-like behaviors. Notably, sEH is also expressed in central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) neurons. While the CeA has been studied for its role in the regulation of anxiety, the molecular and circuit mechanism is quite complex. In the present study, we explored a previously unknown cellular and circuitry mechanism that guides sEHCeAneurons response to anxiety. Our findings reveal a critical role of sEH in the CeA, sEHCeAneurons and CeA-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) pathway in regulation of anxiety-related behaviors.
Anastasis Drives Senescence and Non-Cell Autonomous Neurodegeneration in the Astrogliopathy Alexander Disease
Authors: Wang Liqun , Bukhari Hassan , Kong Linghai , Hagemann Tracy L. , Zhang Su-Chun , Messing Albee , Feany Mel B. 
Published: February 2022

Anastasis is a recently described process in which cells recover after late-stage apoptosis activation. The functional consequences of anastasis for cells and tissues are not clearly understood. UsingDrosophila, rat and human cells and tissues, including analyses of both males and females, we present evidence that glia undergoing anastasis in the primary astrogliopathy Alexander disease subsequently express hallmarks of senescence. These senescent glia promote non-cell autonomous death of neurons by secreting interleukin family cytokines. Our findings demonstrate that anastasis can be dysfunctional in neurologic disease by inducing a toxic senescent population of astroglia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTUnder some conditions cells otherwise destined to die can be rescued just before death in a process called anastasis, or “rising from the dead.” The fate and function of cells undergoing a near death experience is not well understood. Here, we find that in models and patient cells from Alexander disease, an important brain disorder in which glial cells promote neuronal dysfunction and death, anastasis of astrocytic glia leads to secretion of toxic signaling molecules and neurodegeneration. These studies demonstrate a previously unexpected deleterious consequence of rescuing cells on the brink of death and suggest therapeutic strategies for Alexander disease and related disorders of glia.
ENTRE LA ESPADA Y LA PARED: AGRICULTORES FAMILIARES EN LA ZONA OCCIDENTAL DEL VALLE CENTRAL DE COSTA RICA
Authors: Dreby Joanna , Rodríguez Pacas Fátima Guadalupe 
Published: February 2022

Este artículo explora las formas de adaptación al estado de la economía agrícola del siglo XXI asumidas por pequeños agricultores familiares en la región occidental del Valle Central de Costa Rica. El análisis se basa en una investigación llevada a cabo en julio-diciembre de 2017, con una metodología cualitativa a través de las técnicas de participación-observación y entrevistas a 56 miembros de familias productoras de 32 fincas. Los resultados indican que los productores convierten el proyecto de la finca en un pasatiempo o una labor a medio tiempo; o bien, intercambian de labor al insertarse en mercados de turismo, educaciónal consumidor y productos de valor agregado.
ESTADO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN: LOS TALLERES DEL MUNDO GLOBAL, LA MAQUILA TEXTIL Y LOS CALL CENTERS EN CENTROAMÉRICA
Authors: Piedra Guillén Nancy 
Published: February 2022

Este artículo presenta un balance crítico de las investigaciones que se han realizado en las últimas tres décadas sobre el tema de las transformaciones en el mundo del trabajo en el sector de la maquila textil y los “call centers” o centros de llamadas. Principalmente, temáticas sobre las condiciones laborales y de empleo de quienes trabajan en estos lugares en Costa Rica. El proyecto enfatiza en estos sectores de actividad por considerar que ambos ejemplifican claramente el proceso de globalización del cual formamos parte actualmente y se evidencian las consecuencias que se derivan de dicho modelo económico. Pues mientras la maquila textil forma parte de las nuevas formas de trabajo del final del siglo xx, ancladas en la lógica de las cadenas de producción; los “call centers” corresponden al proceso de tercerización de la producción en el siglo xxi, asentados en la promoción de servicios por contratación, contribuyen (do) al desarrollo de la terciarización de la economía del país.