bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surveillance of RNase P, PMMoV, and CrAssphage in wastewater as indicators of human fecal concentration across urban sewer neighborhoods, Kentucky
Authors: Holm R H , Nagarkar M , Yeager R A , Talley D , Chaney A C , Rai J P , Mukherjee A , Rai S N , Bhatnagar A , Smith T 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWastewater surveillance has been widely used as a supplemental method to track the community infection levels of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. A gap exists in standardized reporting for fecal indicator concentrations, which can be used to calibrate the primary outcome concentrations from wastewater monitoring for use in epidemiological models. To address this, measurements of fecal indicator concentration among wastewater samples collected from sewers and treatment centers in four counties of Kentucky (N = 650) were examined. Results from the untransformed wastewater data over 4 months of sampling indicated that the fecal indicator concentration of human ribonuclease P (RNase P) ranged from 5.1 × 101 to 1.15 × 106 copies/ml, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) ranged from 7.23 × 103 to 3.53 × 107 copies/ml, and cross-assembly phage (CrAssphage) ranged from 9.69 × 103 to 1.85 × 108 copies/ml. The results showed both regional and temporal variability. If fecal indicators are used as normalization factors, knowing the daily sewer system flow of the sample location may matter more than rainfall. RNase P, while it may be suitable as an internal amplification and sample adequacy control, has less utility than PMMoV and CrAssphage as a fecal indicator in wastewater samples when working at different sizes of catchment area. The choice of fecal indicator will impact the results of surveillance studies using this indicator to represent fecal load. Our results contribute broadly to an applicable standard normalization factor and assist in interpreting wastewater data in epidemiological modeling and monitoring.
How automation and skill gaps fail to explain wage suppression or wage inequality
Authors: Mishel Lawrence 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Wage gaps between “skilled” and “unskilled” earners in the United States are conventionally attributed to U.S. workers’ “skill deficits,” or lack of skills necessary to deal with technological change, particularly automation. This paper argues instead that skills deficit/automation claims have always been a weak explanation for post-1979 trends. Since the mid-1990s all indications are that there is no basis for considering automation to be a significant factor in wage suppression or the growth of wage inequality. Rather, inequality growth has been an outgrowth of developments in the labor market rather than product markets. The key dynamic undercutting the typical worker’s wage growth has been the strengthening of employers’ power relative to their white-collar and blue-collar workers. The cause has not been monopoly firms exercising their power in product markets by charging higher prices to consumers. Monopolization has indeed contributed to wage suppression, but even this factor has largely run through the labor market, as monopoly firms squeezed supplier chain firms which in turn undercut their own workers’ wages while seeing a profit squeeze as well. The paper concludes that what is needed is a better balancing of power in the labor market rather than a perfecting of competition.
Macrophytes as habitat for fish
Authors: Christie Hartvig , Andersen Guri Sogn , Tveiten Lise Ann , Moy Frithjof Emil 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
As different macrophyte habitats house different distributions of invertebrates, we questioned if differences in the composition of fish in these habitats also could be identified. Additionally, we addressed the question if the fish communities could be affected a few years after sugar kelp beds had shifted to degraded turf habitats. Gill-nets of different mesh sizes were used to catch fish in the then four dominating subtidal macrophyte habitats; the kelp species Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharina latissima, the turf algae, and the seagrass Zostera marina. Each habitat was sampled in South Norway, day and night, and at two following months. Altogether, 31 species of fish and five species of larger crustaceans were caught. Both individuals and species numbers were dominated by wrasses and codfish. The wrasses were most active at daytime, while most codfish entered the habitats at night. Wrasses were mainly occurring in the seaweed habitats, while codfish dominated the seagrass samples. The kelps had highest numbers of individuals, while seagrasses showed highest species diversity. The turf habitats did not result in dramatic negative effects on the fish fauna. Fish can take advantage of other adjacent habitats, a benefit that could be reduced by expanding shifts from kelps to turfs.
Embodying Military Muscles and a Remasculinized West: Influencer Marketing, Fantasy, and “the Face of NATO”
Authors: Hedling Elsa , Edenborg Emil , Strand Sanna 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In 2018, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) carried out Trident Juncture, its largest military exercise since the Cold War. The event was promoted on social media featuring Lasse Matberg as “the face of NATO.” Matberg is an Instagram influencer, model, and lieutenant in the Royal Norwegian Navy, with an impressive physique and Viking looks. He frequently appears on NATO’s social media accounts and lends his own platform to share activities such as working out with the Secretary-General. Drawing on the notion of “fantasmatic logics”, we study how visual narratives of influencer marketing can contribute to making war preparations appear normal, void of political significance and even desirable. The figure of Lasse Matberg is read in conjunction with international rearmament and increasing geopolitical antagonism bound up with ideas of “traditional masculinity” and “feminization.” We argue that the muscular yet ambiguously “soft” figure of Lasse Matberg projects a symbolic remasculinization of the West, operating through a fantasmatic logic that seemingly reconciles the contradiction between a West, which is imperial and militarily muscular on the one hand and caring, democratic, and progressive on the other. By shedding light on NATO's use of influencer marketing to promote a military exercise, this article contributes novel insights into the ways in which the figure of the NATO soldier and NATO military buildup are produced as appealing, allowing an ambivalent gendered geopolitical imaginary to emerge.
Depression and Physician-Aid-in-Dying
Authors: Tully Ian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this paper, I address the question of whether it is ever permissible to grant a request for physician-aid-in-dying (PAD) from an individual suffering from treatment-resistant depression. I assume for the sake of argument that PAD is sometimes permissible. There are three requirements for PAD: suffering, prognosis, and competence. First, an individual must be suffering from an illness or injury which is sufficient to cause serious, ongoing hardship. Second, one must have exhausted effective treatment options, and one’s prospects for recovery must be poor. Third, the individual must be judged competent to request PAD. I argue that many cases of treatment-resistant depression meet the first two requirements. Thus, the key question concerns the third. I consider four features of depression that might compromise a person’s decision-making capacity. Ultimately, I conclude that PAD requests from depressed patients can be permissibly granted in some circumstances.
EU Consumer Law and the Boundaries of the Crowdfunding Regulation
Authors: Ebers Martin , Quarch Benedikt M 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the interactions and the ‘boundaries’ between the Crowdfunding Regulation and European Consumer Law. These questions are particularly relevant, not only because some forms of crowdfunding fall outside of the scope of the Regulation, but also because EU Consumer Law may meaningfully complement the provisions of the Crowdfunding Regulation, protecting the ‘crowd’, in cases where the Regulation is applicable. The analysis shows that the Crowdfunding Regulation has not led to the harmonization of consumer crowdlending. Rather, there are still considerable gaps in the protection of consumers. Whereas the Crowdfunding Regulation protects consumers to a large extent when they act as investors in crowdfunding, it provides insufficient protection for consumers as project owners who conclude contracts with private investors.
The Regulatory Position and Obligations of Project Owners
Authors: van Poelgeest Jonneke , Louisse Marije 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the position of project owners under the Crowdfunding Regulation. The Regulation requires Member States to ensure that project owners can pursue investment-based crowdfunding without any specific authorisation. This, however, does not mean that project owners have no regulatory obligations at all. The chapter starts with an introduction to the position of project owners, and the crowdfunding service providers’ obligations towards project owners, including the obligations to perform due diligence and credit risk assessment. It then assesses the obligations of project owners, including the (lack of an) authorisation requirement, the provision of information, and the cooperation with CSPs. Finally, the chapter discusses whether project owners require some form of protection, and whether that is a missing piece of the Crowdfunding Regulation.
Crowdfunding and Intellectual Property Protection
Authors: Cotropia Christopher A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses some intellectual property (IP) issues that are not directly covered by the Crowdfunding Regulation, but are of great practical relevance for project owners pursuing a crowdfunding campaign. When attempting to raise funds through crowdfunding, project owners provide information as to their plans, strategies, and business model. This often happens at a time when project owners are still in the start-up phase. In this delicate moment, IP rights can play a twofold rule. On the one hand, the crowd may be more inclined to invest in a project that is patented or patent-pending. From this point of view, IP rights can act as a sort of quality trustmark for crowdfunded projects. On the other hand, however, the disclosure of information at such an early stage entails the risk that the innovative aspects of the proposed business venture will be emulated by ‘copycats’, piggybacking on the project owner’s efforts. Far from being merely theoretical, this risk has already been reported in practice; therefore, it is useful to investigate the phenomenon in its complexity.
Reward-based Crowdfunding, the Digital Single Market, and EU Consumer Law
Authors: Amaxopoulou Margarita , Durovic Mateja 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights the EU legal framework applicable to reward-based crowdfunding, and the consumer protection mechanisms enshrined therein. Reward-based crowdfunding campaigns help small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or even solo start-ups not only with financial support from the ‘crowd’ but also with marketing tools, as well as useful insights and information to realise their dreams and sell their innovative products. While being excluded from the scope of the Crowdfunding Regulation, reward-based crowdfunding falls within the scope of application of EU Consumer Law. The EU consumer acquis is currently being reviewed and modernized, with a view to the creation of a Digital Single Market. The chapter assesses to what extent the current instruments of EU Consumer Law are adequate to deal with the rising phenomenon of reward-based crowdfunding, and how they could be modernised.
Victims of War
Authors: Clapham Andrew 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the international humanitarian law dealing with the protection of victims of war (sometimes known as Geneva law). It explains who is protected under this regime and distinguishes international from non-international armed conflicts.. The regimes that cover prisoners of war and civilians are explained along with the problems associated with the law on occupation. The role of the International Committee of the Red Cross and its protective emblems is explained together with the scope of the crime of misuse of the emblem.
Railways as patient capital
Authors: Lewis Oliver , Offer Avner 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Why are railways mostly in the public sector? Interest rates define a time limit for markets. Projects with longer break-evens cannot be funded by business alone. Corporate ‘franchise’ arrangements overcome the limit by means of revenue guarantees which transfer risks to government. Innovations originate bottom-up in private enterprise. Positive externalities create demand for universal provision but scaling up cannot be financed commercially. In the British railway manias of the 1830s, 1840s, and 1860s speculative fever overwhelmed prudence. Overinvestment left an excessive infrastructure legacy and wiped out windfall profits. In other countries railways required external support. Expanding access gave rise to stand-offs with investors which ended up in government regulation or takeover. The tramway boom of 1870–1914 followed this pattern, initially with horse power and then electricity. In the UK railway privatization of the 1990s, the free market delusion was confounded by the infrastructure requirement for long-term commitment.
Writing the Paris Commune in the Warsaw Ghetto
Authors: Sloin Andrew 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article examines the emergence and abrupt disappearance of discourses about the Paris Commune in the global Yiddish public sphere during the first half of the twentieth century. Drawing upon publications produced in transnational centres of Yiddish culture, it traces the rise of the Paris Commune as a historical trope through which Jewish authors sought to make sense of the class and anti-Jewish racial violence that erupted throughout the era of social revolution. As a narrative of class violence that exploded within the national body, the Commune also provided a political framework to critique dominant structures of power and privilege within Jewish society. Writing and re-writing the history of the Commune thus became a central mechanism to inculcate the politics of socialist internationalism among Yiddish readers. With the onset of the inter-war crisis and the rise of fascism, the Commune returned as a key trope through which to comprehend the existential threats to Jewish life and the politics of internationalism, globally, culminating in a remarkable retelling by Abraham Blum, written in the heart of the Warsaw Ghetto in 1941, which laid bare the political and class dynamics at the core of Nazi eliminationist violence.
Essential roles of SERKs in the ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR-mediated signaling pathway
Authors: Ou Yang , Tao Bingqing , Wu Yujun , Cai Zeping , Li Huiqiang , Li Meizhen , He Kai , Gou Xiaoping , Li Jia 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTORs (RGFs), a group of peptide hormones, play key roles in root apical meristem development. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), there are 11 members of RGFs, in which at least RGF1, RGF2, and RGF3 are expressed at the root tip and are involved in root stem cell niche maintenance. RGFs are perceived by five functionally redundant receptor-like protein kinases, RGF1 INSENSITIVE 1 (RGI1) to RGI5, to maintain the expression of two downstream APETALA 2 (AP2) transcription factor genes, PLETHORA 1 (PLT1) and PLT2, and to stabilize PLT2. RGI1 to RGI3 were also named RGF RECEPTOR 1 (RGFR1) to RGFR3, respectively. Although previous studies have suggested that BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (BAK1) and its paralogs, SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASEs (SERKs), may act as coreceptors of RGIs, comprehensive genetic and biochemical analyses have not been well documented. Here, we report that single, double, and triple mutants of SERKs show various degrees of short root phenotypes and insensitivity to exogenously applied RGF1. The interaction between RGIs and BAK1 and their mutual phosphorylation are RGF1 dependent. We also found that RGF1-induced MAPK activation relies on both RGIs and SERKs. We demonstrate that RGIs play redundant roles in regulating root apical meristem development. Therefore, we genetically and biochemically substantiated that SERKs, as coreceptors, play essential roles in the RGF1-mediated signaling pathway.
Assembly of D1/D2 complexes of photosystem II: Binding of pigments and a network of auxiliary proteins
Authors: Knoppová Jana , Sobotka Roman , Yu Jianfeng , Bečková Martina , Pilný Jan , Trinugroho Joko P , Csefalvay Ladislav , Bína David , Nixon Peter J , Komenda Josef 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is the multi-subunit light-driven oxidoreductase that drives photosynthetic electron transport using electrons extracted from water. To investigate the initial steps of PSII assembly, we used strains of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 arrested at early stages of PSII biogenesis and expressing affinity-tagged PSII subunits to isolate PSII reaction center assembly (RCII) complexes and their precursor D1 and D2 modules (D1mod and D2mod). RCII preparations isolated using either a His-tagged D2 or a FLAG-tagged PsbI subunit contained the previously described RCIIa and RCII* complexes that differ with respect to the presence of the Ycf39 assembly factor and high light-inducible proteins (Hlips) and a larger complex consisting of RCIIa bound to monomeric PSI. All RCII complexes contained the PSII subunits D1, D2, PsbI, PsbE, and PsbF and the assembly factors rubredoxin A and Ycf48, but we also detected PsbN, Slr1470, and the Slr0575 proteins, which all have plant homologs. The RCII preparations also contained prohibitins/stomatins (Phbs) of unknown function and FtsH protease subunits. RCII complexes were active in light-induced primary charge separation and bound chlorophylls (Chls), pheophytins, beta-carotenes, and heme. The isolated D1mod consisted of D1/PsbI/Ycf48 with some Ycf39 and Phb3, while D2mod contained D2/cytochrome b559 with co-purifying PsbY, Phb1, Phb3, FtsH2/FtsH3, CyanoP, and Slr1470. As stably bound, Chl was detected in D1mod but not D2mod, formation of RCII appears to be important for stable binding of most of the Chls and both pheophytins. We suggest that Chl can be delivered to RCII from either monomeric Photosystem I or Ycf39/Hlips complexes.
New data on the mitochondrial genome of Nematocera (lower Diptera): features, structures and phylogenetic implications
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Yang Ding , Kang Zehui 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Nematocera (lower Diptera) is a taxonomically diverse group with ~52 000 species in 40 families, including many important agricultural and sanitary pests. The number and composition of nematoceran infraorders have long been subject to debate. The use of mitochondrial genomes for resolving these questions shows considerable promise. Herein, we sequenced and annotated the complete or nearly complete mitochondrial genomes of eight nematoceran species from seven families, representing the first mitochondrial genomes of two infraorders and six families. They range in size from 14 447 to 16 255 bp and all contain 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and an AT-rich region. Like other nematocerans, the arrangement of genes of their mitochondrial genomes is identical to the presumed ancestral arrangement. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted by using mitochondrial genomes of 116 representatives from Diptera, Mecoptera and Siphonaptera. Our phylogenetic results support both new and traditional arrangements. The small, highly specialized family Deuterophlebiidae appears to be sister to all remaining Diptera, while Nymphomyiidae and Blephariceridae are nested within Culicomorpha and Psychodomorpha, respectively; hence, the recognition of ‘Blephariceromorpha’ as a valid monophyletic infraorder is discouraged. Anisopodidae is supported as the sister group of Brachycera.
Sphingobacterium faecale sp. nov., a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase producing bacterium isolated from camel faeces
Authors: Chen Min , Li Ni , Zhang Xiao-Fei , Zhou Xing-Kui , Shi Rui , Su Yuan-Xiao , Liu Jian-Jin , Cao Yi , Mo Ming He , Ma Li 
Published: January 2022

An investigation of the diversity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase producing bacteria associated with camel faeces revealed the presence of a novel bacterial strain designated C459-1T. It was Gram-stain-negative, short-rod-shaped and non-motile. Strain C459-1T was observed to grow optimally at 35 °C, at pH 7.0 and in the presence of 0 % NaCl on Luria–Bertani agar medium. The cells were found to be positive for catalase and oxidase activities. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were identified as iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω6c and/or C16 : 1
ω7c) and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, one sphingophospholipid, two unknown aminophospholipids, three unknown glycolipids and five unknown lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 40.3 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain C459-1T was affiliated with the genus

Sphingobacterium

and had the highest sequence similarity to

Sphingobacterium tabacisoli

h337T (97.0 %) and Sphingobacterium paucimobilis HER1398T (95.6 %). The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain C459-1T and

S. tabacisoli

h337T were 83.8 and 33.8 %, respectively. Phenotypic characteristics including enzyme activities and carbon source utilization differentiated strain C459-1T from other

Sphingobacterium

species. Based on its phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, strain C459-1T represents a novel species of the genus

Sphingobacterium

, for which the name Sphingobacterium faecale sp. nov. is proposed, with strain is C459-1T (CGMCC 1.18716T=KCTC 82381T) as the type strain.
Escherichia marmotae - a human pathogen easily misidentified as Escherichia coli
Authors: Sivertsen Audun , Dyrhovden Ruben , Tellevik Marit Gjerde , Bruvold Torbjørn Sæle , Nybakken Eirik , Skutlaberg Dag Harald , Skarstein Ingerid , Kommedal Øyvind 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe hereby present the first descriptions of human invasive infections caused byEscherchia marmotae, a recently described species that encompasses the former“Escherichiacryptic clade V”. We report four cases, one acute sepsis of unknown origin, one post-operative sepsis after cholecystectomy, one spondylodiscitis and one upper urinary tract infection. Cases were identified through unsystematic queries in a single clinical lab during six months. Through genome sequencing of the causative strains combined with available genomes from elsewhere we demonstrateE. marmotaeto be a likely ubiquitous species containing genotypic virulence traits associated withEscherichiapathogenicity. The invasive isolates were scattered among isolates from a range of non-human sources, thus indicating inherent virulence in multiple phylogenetic lineages. Pan genome analyses indicate thatE. marmotaehas a large accessory genome and is likely to obtain ecologically advantageous traits like genes encoding antimicrobial resistance. Reliable identification might be possible by MALDI-ToF MS, but relevant spectra are missing in commercial databases.E. marmotaecan be identified through 16S rRNA sequencing.Escherichia marmotaecould represent a relatively common human pathogen and improved diagnostics will provide a better understanding of its clinical importance.