bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of raw sewage sludge and sewage sludge biochar on soil physicochemical properties and seed germination of Solanum lycopersicum
Authors: Dani Pooja , Naudiyal Kaushal , Shah Vijendra , Daverey Achlesh 
Published: September 2022

AbstractVarious experts have been concerned about the safety usage of sludge generated during wastewater treatment and its disposal in the environment. Biochar made from sewage sludge was studied for its efficiency in enhancing soil quality, reducing heavy metal uptake, and potential benefits in agriculture areas to enrich the soil. The objectives of the present study were to examine the feasibility of raw sewage sludge (RSS) and sewage sludge biochar (SSB), which were produced at 400 and 500°C, as a soil amendment, and the effect of sewage sludge biochar on seed germination of Solanum lycopersicum. Present study included seven treatments: (i) T0 (Control); (ii) T1 (RSS, 1%); (iii) T2 (RSS, 2.5%); (iv) T3 (SSB400°C, 1%); (v) T4 (SSB400°C, 2.5%); (vi) T5 (SSB500°C, 1%); and (vii) T6 (SSB500°C, 2.5%). The addition of sewage sludge and its biochar enhanced electrical conductivity (EC), total organic carbon (TOC), sodium (Na) and potassium (K), and soil enzymatic activity when compared to control. The pH value of the soil amended with RSS increased by 0.04–0.1 units as compared to control. The treatments with the higher concentration (2.5%) of RSS and SSB significantly increased the concentration of Na whereas, SSB400°C, 2.5% significantly increased the K concentration in soil in comparison to control. The TOC in soil increased in all the RSS and SSB amended treatments and ranged between 1.16 and 1.83 %. Seeds of Solanum lycopersicum treated with SSB at 500°C had shown maximum germination (90%) and germination index (103.01 ± 1.41). The increase in the alkaline phosphatase activity was significant and was maximum 25.2 μg 4‐nitrophenol g−1 soil h−1 for T2 followed by T4 which was 24.9 μg 4‐nitrophenol g−1 soil h−1. The results demonstrate that the RSS and SSB at 2.5% concentration are potential organic amendments to promote the soil nutrients.
Synthesis and characterisation of divalent di(1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphano)cyclopentadienyl)lanthanoid and alkaline earth complexes as potential platforms for heterometallic complexes
Authors: Daniels Daisy P. , Guo Zhifang , Shephard Angus C. G. , Deacon Glen B. , Jaroschik Florian , Junk Peter C. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractNew divalent lanthanoid and alkaline earth metal complexes bearing the 1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphano)cyclopentadienyl ligand have been synthesised using the redox‐transmetallation protolysis (RTP) approach. From the reaction of the corresponding metal, diphenylmercury and the proligand C5H4(PPh2)2, the compounds [M(η5‐C5H3(PPh2)2‐1,3)2(S)] (with M=Yb, S=(thf)2 or M=Yb, Eu, Ca, Sr, Ba, S=dme) were isolated and characterised by X‐ray diffraction and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. These compounds may provide a platform for early‐late heterobimetallic complexes.
Inelastic dark matter from dark Higgs boson decays at FASER
Authors: Li Jinmian , Nomura Takaaki , Shimomura Takashi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We consider inelastic dark matter scenarios with dark photon mediator and a dark Higgs boson. The dark Higgs boson spontaneously breaks the gauge symmetry associated with the dark photon, and gives the mass to the dark photon and the mass difference to dark particles. Such a dark Higgs boson can decay into the dark particles and hence can be another source of the dark particles at collider experiments. We analyze the sensitivity to decays of the excited state into the dark matter and charged particles at the FASER 2 experiment in fermion and scalar inelastic dark matter scenarios. We consider two mass spectra as illustrating examples in which the excited state can be produced only through the decay of dark Higgs boson. We show that unprobed parameter region can be explored in fermion dark matter scenario for the illustrating mass spectra.
Elliptic K3 surfaces at infinite complex structure and their refined Kulikov models
Authors: Lee Seung-Joo , Weigand Timo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Motivated by the Swampland Distance and the Emergent String Conjecture of Quantum Gravity, we analyse the infinite distance degenerations in the complex structure moduli space of elliptic K3 surfaces. All complex degenerations of K3 surfaces are known to be classified according to their associated Kulikov models of Type I (finite distance), Type II or Type III (infinite distance). For elliptic K3 surfaces, we characterise the underlying Weierstrass models in detail. Similarly to the known two classes of Type II Kulikov models for elliptic K3 surfaces we find that the Weierstrass models of the more elusive Type III Kulikov models can be brought into two canonical forms. We furthermore show that all infinite distance limits are related to degenerations of Weierstrass models with non-minimal singularities in codimension one or to models with degenerating generic fibers as in the Sen limit. We explicitly work out the general structure of blowups and base changes required to remove the non-minimal singularities. These results form the basis for a classification of the infinite distance limits of elliptic K3 surfaces as probed by F-theory in the companion paper [1]. The Type III limits, in particular, are (partial) decompactification limits as signalled by an emergent affine enhancement of the symmetry algebra.
Tameness, Strings, and the Distance Conjecture
Authors: Grimm Thomas W. , Lanza Stefano , Li Chongchuo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Distance Conjecture states that an infinite tower of modes becomes exponentially light when approaching an infinite distance point in field space. We argue that the inherent path-dependence of this statement can be addressed when combining the Distance Conjecture with the recent Tameness Conjecture. The latter asserts that effective theories are described by tame geometry and implements strong finiteness constraints on coupling functions and field spaces. By exploiting these tameness constraints we argue that the region near the infinite distance point admits a decomposition into finitely many sectors in which path-independent statements for the associated towers of states can be established. We then introduce a more constrained class of tame functions with at most polynomial asymptotic growth and argue that they suffice to describe the known string theory effective actions. Remarkably, the multi-field dependence of such functions can be reconstructed by one-dimensional linear test paths in each sector near the boundary. In four-dimensional effective theories, these test paths are traced out as a discrete set of cosmic string solutions. This indicates that such cosmic string solutions can serve as powerful tool to study the near-boundary field space region of any four-dimensional effective field theory. To illustrate these general observations we discuss the central role of tameness and cosmic string solutions in Calabi-Yau compactifications of Type IIB string theory.
Multi-channel Luttinger Liquids at the Edge of Quantum Hall Systems
Authors: Mastropietro Vieri , Porta Marcello 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe consider the edge transport properties of a generic class of interacting quantum Hall systems on a cylinder, in the infinite volume and zero temperature limit. We prove that the large-scale behavior of the edge correlation functions is effectively described by the multi-channel Luttinger model. In particular, we prove that the edge conductance is universal, and equal to the sum of the chiralities of the non-interacting edge modes. The proof is based on rigorous renormalization group methods, that allow to fully take into account the effect of backscattering at the edge. Universality arises as a consequence of the integrability of the emergent multi-channel Luttinger liquid combined with lattice Ward identities for the microscopic 2d theory.
What is Known About Critical Congenital Heart Disease Diagnosis and Management Experiences from the Perspectives of Family and Healthcare Providers? A Systematic Integrative Literature Review
Authors: Watkins S. , Isichei O. , Gentles T. L. , Brown R. , Percival T. , Sadler L. , Gorinski R. , Crengle S. , Cloete E. , de Laat M. W. M. , Bloomfield F. H. , Ward K. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe experience of diagnosis, decision-making and management in critical congenital heart disease is layered with complexity for both families and clinicians. We synthesise the current evidence regarding the family and healthcare provider experience of critical congenital heart disease diagnosis and management. A systematic integrative literature review was conducted by keyword search of online databases, MEDLINE (Ovid), PsycINFO, Cochrane, cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature (CINAHL Plus) and two journals, the Journal of Indigenous Research and Midwifery Journal from 1990. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to search results with citation mining of final included papers to ensure completeness. Two researchers assessed study quality combining three tools. A third researcher reviewed papers where no consensus was reached. Data was coded and analysed in four phases resulting in final refined themes to summarise the findings. Of 1817 unique papers, 22 met the inclusion criteria. The overall quality of the included studies was generally good, apart from three of fair quality. There is little information on the experience of the healthcare provider. Thematic analysis identified three themes relating to the family experience: (1) The diagnosis and treatment of a critical congenital heart disease child significantly impacts parental health and wellbeing. (2) The way that healthcare and information is provided influences parental response and adaptation, and (3) parental responses and adaptation can be influenced by how and when support occurs. The experience of diagnosis and management of a critical congenital heart disease child is stressful and life-changing for families. Further research is needed into the experience of minority and socially deprived families, and of the healthcare provider, to inform potential interventions at the healthcare provider and institutional levels to improve family experience and support.
Ophidiomyces ophidiicola detection and infection: a global review on a potential threat to the world’s snake populations
Authors: Di Nicola Matteo R. , Coppari Luca , Notomista Tommaso , Marini Daniele 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOphidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo) is one of the most relevant fungal pathogens for snakes. It is the etiological agent of ophidiomycosis, an emerging disease causing dysecdysis, skin abnormalities, crusting cutaneous lesions, and ulcerations. Despite this major tegumentary “tropism”, Oo infection can be systemic and it is capable of inducing visceral lesions. Moreover, ophidiomycosis may lead to abnormalities of reproductive physiology, hunting behavior, and thermoregulation, thus increasing the risks of sublethal effects and predation on affected snakes. Oo seems horizontally transmitted and can induce postnatal mortality. This article reviews published data on Oo detection and infection in all snake species in countries around the world and categorizes these data using new classification parameters. The presence of this fungus has been recorded in 11 states (considering the USA as a whole); however, in four states, the mycosis has only been reported in snakes held in captivity. Detection and/or infection of Oo has been ascertained in 62 snake species, divided into nine families. The taxa have been categorized with diagnostic criteria in order to report, for each species, the highest rank of categorization resulting from all cases. Therefore, 20 species have been included within the class “Ophidiomycosis and Oo shedder”, 11 within “Ophidiomycosis”, 16 in “Apparent ophidiomycosis”, and 15 within “Ophidiomyces ophidiicola present”. We also discuss the significance and limits of case classifications and Oo’s impact on wild populations, and we suggest methods for preliminary surveillance. Standardized methods, interdisciplinary studies, and cooperation between various research institutions may facilitate further Oo screening studies, elucidate the unclear aspects of the disease, and protect ophidiofauna from this emerging threat at the global level.
Psychometric Properties of the Sexual Compulsivity Scale in Men Who Have Sex with Men in Spanish Population
Authors: Ibáñez-Tomás Eduardo , Ballester-Arnal Rafael , Elipe-Miravet Marcel , Gasch-Gallén Àngel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Sexual Compulsivity Scale (SCS) has been translated, adapted and validated in general Spanish population, making its application difficult in certain groups, such as men who have sex with men (MSM). This paper evaluates the psychometric properties of the SCS in a sample of MSM in Spain. The SCS was administered to 881 participants. The factorial structure of the SCS was examined with an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Both EFA and CFA confirmed a two-factor structure: (1) Interference of sexual behavior, and (2) Failure to control sexual impulses. Internal consistency was really good for the scale and also for both factors. The SCS also presented adequate psychometric properties. Thus, it is an appropriate measure for assessing sexual compulsivity in MSM, and a tool to be taken into account in future researches to reduce sexual risk behaviors in the MSM Spanish population.
The evolution of the code during review: an investigation on review changes
Authors: Fregnan Enrico , Petrulio Fernando , Bacchelli Alberto 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCode review is a software engineering practice in which reviewers manually inspect the code written by a fellow developer and propose any change that is deemed necessary or useful. The main goal of code review is to improve the quality of the code under review. Despite the widespread use of code review, only a few studies focused on the investigation of its outcomes, for example, investigating the code changes that happen to the code under review. The goal of this paper is to expand our knowledge on the outcome of code review while re-evaluating results from previous work. To this aim, we analyze changes that happened during the review process, which we define as review changes. Considering three popular open-source software projects, we investigate the types of review changes (based on existing taxonomies) and what triggers them; also, we study which code factors in a code review are most related to the number of review changes. Our results show that the majority of changes relate to evolvability concerns, with a strong prevalence of documentation and structure changes at type-level. Furthermore, differently from past work, we found that the majority of review changes are not triggered by reviewers’ comments. Finally, we find that the number of review changes in a code review is related to the size of the initial patch as well as the new lines of code that it adds. However, other factors, such as lines deleted or the author of the review patchset, do not always show an empirically supported relationship with the number of changes.
Test smells 20 years later: detectability, validity, and reliability
Authors: Panichella Annibale , Panichella Sebastiano , Fraser Gordon , Sawant Anand Ashok , Hellendoorn Vincent J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTest smells aim to capture design issues in test code that reduces its maintainability. These have been extensively studied and generally found quite prevalent in both human-written and automatically generated test-cases. However, most evidence of prevalence is based on specific static detection rules. Although those are based on the original, conceptual definitions of the various test smells, recent empirical studies indicate that developers perceive warnings raised by detection tools as overly strict and non-representative of the maintainability and quality of test suites. This leads us to re-assess test smell detection tools’ detection accuracy and investigate the prevalence and detectability of test smells more broadly. Specifically, we construct a hand-annotated dataset spanning hundreds of test suites both written by developers and generated by two test generation tools (EvoSuiteandJTExpert) and performed a multi-stage, cross-validated manual analysis to identify the presence of six types of test smells in these. We then use this manual labeling to benchmark the performance and external validity of two test smell detection tools—one widely used in prior work and one recently introduced with the express goal to match developer perceptions of test smells. Our results primarily show that the current vocabulary of test smells is highly mismatched to real concerns: multiple smells were ubiquitous on developer-written tests but virtually never correlated with semantic or maintainability flaws; machine-generated tests actually often scored better, but in reality, suffered from a host of problems not well-captured by current test smells. Current test smell detection strategies poorly characterized the issues in these automatically generated test suites; in particular, the older tool’s detection strategies misclassified over 70% of test smells, both missing real instances (false negatives) and marking many smell-free tests as smelly (false positives). We identify common patterns in these tests that can be used to improve the tools, refine and update the definition of certain test smells, and highlight as of yet uncharacterized issues. Our findings suggest the need for (i) more appropriate metrics to match development practice, (ii) more accurate detection strategies to be evaluated primarily in industrial contexts.
Sources and trends of trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a shallow lake in the Mediterranean area from sediment archives of the Anthropocene
Authors: Gravina Paola , Sebastiani Bartolomeo , Bruschi Federica , Petroselli Chiara , Moroni Beatrice , Selvaggi Roberta , Goretti Enzo , Pallottini Matteo , Ludovisi Alessandro , Cappelletti David 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this study, the anthropogenic contamination in Trasimeno lake (Central Italy) was investigated using three sediment cores spanning over the last 150 years (Anthropocene) to identify the primary sources of pollution and quantify the level of contaminant enrichment in the basin. First, based on the relative cumulative frequency and linear regression methods, we obtained a geochemical baseline for the lake using the deeper parts of the sediment cores. The geochemical baseline allowed us to determine the values of trace elements enrichment factors. On this knowledge, as a second result, we were able to reconstruct the natural sources and the anthropogenic impact on the lake with a biennial resolution. This goal has been obtained by combining different inorganic and organic chemical proxies such as trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and lead isotope ratios and exploiting both principal component and factor analysis to associate chemical proxies to human-driven contamination processes. Five different groups of elements have been identified, one of which is of natural origin and four of anthropogenic origin. In particular, it was possible to identify the times and impacts of the industrial activities during the Second World War, which dispersed heavy metals in sediments. Moreover, we found evidence of the recent human activities that have characterized the surroundings of the basin, such as Pb inputs related to the use of gasoline and the enrichment of certain elements generally used in agricultural activities (such as P, Cu, and Mn) due to the development of this sector in the last 40 years.
Determinants of livelihood diversification in rural rain-fed region of Pakistan: evidence from fractional multinomial logit (FMLOGIT) estimation
Authors: Habib Nusrat , Rankin Peter , Alauddin Mohammad , Cramb Rob 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSustainable livelihoods in less developed countries are threatened by human, natural, physical, social and financial factors. Pakistan is also facing severe negative impacts of these factors in the form of climate shocks, market imperfections and insufficient formal credit availability on rural livelihoods. This study explores rural Pakistani’s adaptation to these threats by diversifying income sources and explores the determining factors for adopting specific livelihood diversification strategies. The study is based on a quantitative survey of 295 households in three districts of rain-fed rural regions of Pakistan’s Punjab with differing annual rainfall. Results showed that households mitigated against threats to their livelihood by having a diversity of income sources (Simpson Diversity Index = 0.61). Moreover, fractional multinomial regression modelling revealed that greater education was associated with a more diversified livelihood strategy, where income was predominantly derived from off-farm and non-farm livelihood activities. On the other hand, households with older members, more livestock and larger farm size focused their livelihoods on their own farms, or primarily diversified into an off-farm strategy by working on other farms. These findings underscore the importance of improved access to education and infrastructure for livelihood diversification. A policy that focuses on reducing low literacy rates in rural Pakistan may also provide new avenues of livelihood diversifications with enhancement of rural literacy rate to mitigate the risks associated with livelihood strategies of smallholders.
Bentonite swelling into a void under suction or water flow
Authors: Villar María Victoria , Gutiérrez-Álvarez Carlos , Campos Gemma 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the context of the deep geological disposal of nuclear waste and to improve the understanding of the homogenisation process of bentonite barriers, in particular with regard to the filling of technological voids, tests were performed with compacted FEBEX bentonite samples hydrated under limited axial swelling conditions. The samples were saturated from the top surface using the vapour transfer technique (imposing suctions of 6 and 0.5 MPa), or with deionised water injected at a low flow rate either from the bottom surface or from the gap on top. The final water content of the samples saturated via vapour transfer was related to the suction imposed during the tests according to the water retention curve. Thus, the final water content of the samples tested under suction 6 MPa was lower and not enough to allow sufficient bentonite swelling to close the gap. In contrast, the samples saturated under suction 0.5 MPa reached higher water contents and were able to fill the gap before the equilibrium water content had been reached. In the tests performed with liquid water supplied through the gap, the samples were able to swell easily into the open void and the gap closed earlier than when hydration took place from the opposite end. In all the tests, the final water content of the bentonite was higher and the dry density lower towards the hydration surface. These gradients were more remarkable and persistent as the initial strain was larger. No completely homogeneous density or water content distribution was observed in any of the tests. These changes were also reflected in the pore size distribution. The pores of size larger than the upper limit of mercury intrusion porosimetry (~ 550 µm) were also quantified, which allowed a better representation of the pore size distribution of the more swollen samples. Although the void ratio corresponding to pores smaller than 200 nm (em) was initially higher, over time the volume of macropores (eM) increased more, giving place to an overall decrease in the em/eM ratio, which tended to be constant along the samples in the longest tests. In the first stages of hydration, the macropore void ratio and size considerably increased close to the gap in the tests with saturation from it.