bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ballad’s Years of Travel
Authors: Daub Adrian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The art ballad entered German literature in the mid-eighteenth century, but it truly began its dominance with the so-called ballad year 1797, when Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller volleyed back and forth an evolving set of formally ambitious variations on popular themes. This entrance into the German literary canon decisively inflected the cultural presuppositions and political anxieties that attached to the new form of the art ballad. In the British Isles, the ballad had become an object of interest after the Act of Union (1707): it told national histories belonging to nations understood to belong to the past. In Germany, the national community to which these poems addressed themselves was located in the future. In the British Isles, the ballad had begun reaching a broader literary public under empiricist premises, and the questions around balladry were about provenance, authenticity, and evidence. The initial German discourse around balladry drew heavily on the British conversation but did so with a temporal lag and under radically different premises. When Goethe and Schiller undertook their ballad research, they constituted a new and explicitly invented canon of poems in a network with other writers, but also with composers, visual artists, and others. Authenticity alternated with irony throughout their efforts, and their ballads manage to tell stories of both ancient memories and decidedly contemporary media. This was to shape the German ballad going forward: while it could often seem nostalgic, the form was ideally positioned to register historic change and modernization as it occurred.
The Ballad, the Voice, and the Echoes of War
Authors: Daub Adrian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the course of the nineteenth century, the ballad increasingly became a literature associated with objects: endlessly anthologized, reproduced in schoolbooks, periodicals, and musical scores. From the beginning, however, the form was also thought uniquely suited to public declamation. This association had its origins in the first decade of the nineteenth century. The Napoleonic invasion and nationalist resistance to it politicized the German language, and in particular its public enunciation. This political impetus coincided with a broadening audience for such performances—several generations of authors and actors had labored to establish the legitimacy of evenings of poetry recitation, a press had grown up around the events to critique them, and the performers themselves had begun offering guides to proper declamation for laypeople. In the course of the nineteenth century the public Declamatorium ceded much of its popularity to other forms of public performance, but the guides for laypeople endured. And while ballads had constituted one important part of the canon for the professional declamators of the early century, the declamation guides published at mid-century accorded the ballad absolute centrality. This chapter investigates the thinking about the canon, about education, and about affect control that seem to have guided the path the Declamatorium took from the stage into the bourgeois living room.
The Ballad and Its Narratives
Authors: Daub Adrian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The New German School of the mid-nineteenth century drew on the compositional innovations of Robert Schumann, Richard Wagner, and Franz Liszt. Its protagonists, by contrast, are mostly forgotten today. Together with their far more famous teachers, this generation of composers vastly expanded the range of musical pieces that could be thought of as ballads: they popularized instrumental ballads in the mode of Chopin, they wrote choral ballads and symphonic ballads, and they based operas and concert pieces on the emerging ballad canon. What seemed to unite this motley assortment of musical objects claiming to be ballads seemed to have little to do with formal features or subject matter. It had above all to do with the fact that these works were offered to an audience, and accepted by that audience, as somehow “balladic.” This chapter asks how the composers of the New German School, both as musicians and as critics, thought about music and its appeal to a broadening and democratizing public—and highlights the central role of balladry, this literature of the commons, in their attempts. The chapter focuses on the work of Robert and Clara Schumann, Liszt, and Liszt’s student Joachim Raff.
The Ballad, the Public, and Gendered Community
Authors: Daub Adrian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
By the mid-nineteenth century, the ballad was an emphatically bookish form—frequently anthologized, featured in periodicals, used in schoolbooks. But the ballad also still retained the power to create small communities—not quite a reading public, not just a family or classroom. And in particular it was used in, and used to create, gendered communities. In Berlin, a group of (male) artists, public servants, and academics met in a literary society called the “Tunnel over the Spree” (Berlin’s main river). They spent their meetings drinking and socializing, but their main focus was on literary competition—above all, their ballad contest ended up having an outsized influence on the direction the ballad would take in incipient German literary realism. This chapter contrasts the gender politics of balladry among the members of the “Tunnel” with those of women composers composing ballad settings—many of them had founded, or become associated with the choral societies that had sprung up across the German-speaking world in the first few decades of the century. Their efforts as composers reflected, but also sought critical distance from, the gender politics implied by the single-gender space of a choral academy or choral society.
Epilogue
Authors: Daub Adrian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The link between the ballad and nationalism was largely derived from the idea that the ballad preserved something: an oral culture about to vanish in an age of print, a popular trove of legends and tales that was on the verge of being erased by “high” national cultures, an authentic life of an organic community. To repeat a ballad, in however modernized and adapted a form, was to some extent to hearken back to the ballad as record. By the turn of the twentieth century, however, balladic records in this sense collided with a simple technological innovation: ballads—long preserved through recitation—became physical records. Whether the song settings of Carl Loewe and Franz Schubert, or the canonic ballad texts as spoken word, German ballads became easy and natural candidates for audio recording technologies as soon as it emerged. This chapter traces out the tensions in between these two kinds of balladic record: the living, breathing, organic memory created by recitation and repetition on the one hand, and the mechanical churn of the cylinder or record on the other.
Mismatch
Authors: Illingworth Patricia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of giving, need, and inequality with a focus on the United States. It looks at who is giving, how much they are giving, and to what sectors. The chapter also describes some of the main giving vehicles, such as foundations and donor-advised funds. In the United States, donors give primarily to religion and education. Following this, the chapter discusses global and domestic poverty, highlighting the vast inequality among people. It shows that there is a mismatch between need and giving practice, one that exacerbates social injustice and has an adverse impact on human rights. Given the vast amount of wealth in the world, there is more than enough money to protect all basic human rights.
Corporations Doing Good
Authors: Illingworth Patricia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Corporations give differently than individuals. In this chapter, the author describes corporate philanthropy and corporate social responsibility. Given their wealth, corporations give far less than one would expect. Many corporations may be motivated by the principle: doing well by doing good. With a close look at Milton Friedman’s famous essay, “The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits,” the author evaluates the rationale that corporations are parsimonious because they have a conflicting duty to maximize shareholder value. The author argues that it is difficult to defend this view, that it is dated, and that today’s shareholders have an interest in ethical companies. Compassionate capitalism may become the new norm.
Doing Good to Do Bad
Authors: Illingworth Patricia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Some donations are troubling not because the money is tainted but because the donor is tainted. Using a case study of pedophile Jeffrey Epstein’s donation to MIT Media Lab, the author argues that MIT has a human rights responsibility to refuse Epstein’s money. In this instance, there is a risk that MIT will be complicit in future harms and wrongs. To make this case, the author considers moral self-licensing, an unconscious mental glitch in which people do good to do bad. When moral licensing is in play, people build moral credits with their good acts and use them to justify a bad act. Because nonprofits have human rights responsibilities, they need to ensure that they are not complicit in the violation of human rights; therefore, they should refuse the donations of those who are at high risk for moral self-licensing.
Fundraising with Dignity for All
Authors: Illingworth Patricia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nonprofits depend on donors to conduct their work. To that end, they engage in fundraising aimed at stimulating donations. Some of the strategies fundraisers use to raise money for the public good compromise human rights. Poverty porn is one example. In this chapter, the author argues that manipulative advertising raises moral problems and violates human rights, such as the right to dignity. It also diverts much needed money from human rights sectors to frivolous nonprofits that may violate human rights. Metacharities such as Give Well can play an important role in counteracting manipulative fundraising and in protecting human rights. The author’s analysis includes a case study of a video starring Ed Sheeran for Comic Relief, an organization that raises money for aid groups.
The Fierce Urgency of Now
Authors: Illingworth Patricia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Philanthropy changed during COVID-19 and our reawakening to systemic racism following the brutal murder of George Floyd by a police officer. Many donors increased their giving during the pandemic, and they pivoted to sectors like food relief and away from religion. Many also gave locally and others gave to those who could not care for themselves, such as undocumented newcomers. Giving reflected a concern with basic human rights, such as the rights to food, shelter, and equality. Donors also changed how they gave. MacKenzie Scott donated over $8 billion; she gave directly, with no strings attached, and ensured that the receiving charities had strong minority representation. Yet donors did not do enough. Using the example of donor-advised funds, the author argues that donors had a moral and human rights responsibility to give more to meet the fierce urgency of now.
Accelerating Human Rights
Authors: Illingworth Patricia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Recognizing that philanthropists, nonprofits, and their stakeholders have human rights responsibilities is an important step toward ensuring that philanthropy meets its human rights responsibilities. In order to accelerate human rights, additional strategies are needed. In this chapter, mindful of the impact of the Guiding Principles, the author sketches a due diligence framework that can be used to help donors, nonprofits, and fundraisers identify their human rights responsibilities before they act. In this way, not only can they prevent human rights violations, but they can maximize their positive impact on human rights and human flourishing. In the event that they are complicit in the violation of human rights, steps can then be taken to remedy their violations.
The Core of Roman Strategy
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rome’s grand strategy was not much different from that of any other Empire. It consisted of maintaining the integrity and stability of the Empire; protecting the Empire from external enemies; and expanding the borders of the Empire—when possible and profitable—with an eye to expanding the Empire’s influence where physical expansion was not possible. The one major addition was ensuring the survival of the emperor. To achieve these strategic goals, Rome maintained a military force of unprecedented size and capability. It also developed a systemic strategic plan that allowed Rome to conserve troops through the employment of extensive fortifications along its thousands of miles of frontiers. Finally, it placed its legions in locations where they were logistically supportable—able to support one another, to guard the frontiers, and to take advantage of rivers and seas to rapidly move huge concentrations of forces to any threatened point in the Empire.
Diocletian, Constantine, and a New Empire
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The rise of Diocletian marks a turning point for the Empire. He gave it a new administrative system, better suited to running an empire than the city-state model of Rome, and he revitalized and reorganized the army while rebuilding the frontier defenses. Diocletian also reorganized the basic governmental structure of the Empire by creating the tetrarchy, which recognized that the Empire was too unwieldy to be governed from one power center. From this time forward the Empire would be broken into two—with brief interludes of sole rule—with two co-rulers who were nearly equal in power, supported by two Caesars, who were ideally placed to success the Augusti. Diocletian bought time for the Empire to heal and regain its strength. If his plans for internal stability had worked, the Empire would have been beyond challenge. But they did not, and the decades after Diocletian’s death were marked by a long series of civil wars. Eventually Constantine the Great took sole possession of the Empire. But the Constantinian peace ended with his death, and Rome was once again plunged into a series of debilitating civil wars.
Four Battles and a Divorce
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a narrative history of the period, including the great battles that finally broke the military power of the Empire. It covers the civil wars between the sons of Constantine, as well as a series of usurpers . . . all of which sapped Roman power. The chapter also details the rise of Julian the Apostate, starting with his military victories along the Rhine (the Battle of Strasbourg) and his final disastrous defeat by the Persians. It concludes with the rise of weak emperors, totally controlled by their military commanders, and the division of the Empire as more than just an administrative circumstance.
The Experience of Art
Authors: Attridge Derek 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a view of an artwork as fundamentally an experienced event. The complexity of the experience provided by a significant artwork leads to the question of which aspects of this experience are peculiar to art, and several possible answers are examined, as is the issue of art’s contribution to social and political well-being. Also considered are the implications for criticism of this approach to art. As an example of a possible critical approach, Ben Jonson’s short poem “On My First Sonne” is discussed, with some attention given to the consequences of reading a work such as this during a pandemic.
Aesthetic Poison
Authors: Garcia Edgar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 considers how the material histories of colonialism and capitalism lurk in the materials of painting—materials which are often both literally and figuratively toxic. Focusing especially on the politics and poetics of gold paint, this chapter distills a colonial history in the practices of contemporary painting in the Americas (especially in relation to Garcia’s own painting and his collaboration with visual artist Eamon Ore-Giron). Still, not satisfied with merely letting gold connote colonial legacies, the chapter then turns to non-European, indigenous American conceptions of gold and goldwork to reframe the material histories of gold paint in the Americas in emancipatory and even therapeutic uses. This indigenous inflection helps to highlight colonial legacies in the Americas, while also looking past such legacies of toxicity, seeing how forms of gold in the Americas turn poison and pollution into painting and poetry.
Wild Aesthetics
Authors: Davis Philip 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes its origin in D.H. Lawrence’s “Study of Thomas Hardy,” and involves a comparison between Lawrence and Hardy in relation to Darwinian evolution. For Lawrence there has to be something more to an evolved human life than survival, something wilder than prudent self-preservation that is most vitally expressed through the untamed power and excess of eros. The chapter argues that (1) this wildness and not the calm purity of art for art’s sake is the Lawrentian aesthetic, expressed through untamed “feelings” rather than conventionally named “emotions”; (2) that such unpredictable vitally is what art and the aesthetic best constitute; (3) that this vitality is not to be captured and categorized by moral or political agendas, as is still too often the case in the substitutive mechanisms of modern literary criticism and theory; but (4) needs first and most of all to be pointed to by what are here called “agnostic markers,” in places nearest to that “maximum of being” which Lawrence celebrates and art releases.
Do Birds Disagree?
Authors: Small Helen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Helen Small’s response essay draws together the principal argumentative strands of this volume, identifying some important differences in contributors’ understanding of aesthetic value: what it is, and how we come to agree and disagree over it. The chapter presses particularly on the strengths and limitations of efforts to defend aesthetic value by appealing to biological understanding of evolved animal behavior, drawing attention to some (culturally pervasive) disagreements about what constitutes artistic and critical “agency.” The chapter considers areas of ongoing critical endeavor to provide better accounts of how aesthetic values are mediated through language, and thereby become part of our collective thinking about politics. Finally, it details a specific claim for the public value of the Humanities based on their special concern with recognizing and debating aesthetic value—to be added to the range of claims assisting public advocacy.
The Problem of Metaphysical Omniscience
Authors: Schwarz Wolfgang 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Modal accounts of knowledge, mind, and language, as prominently defended by Lewis, leave no room for enquiry into non-contingent matters. According to Lewis, there is only one necessarily true proposition, and it is vacuously known by everyone. What, then, are we doing when we do metaphysics, which often seems to deal with non-contingent questions? Lewis never gave a satisfactory answer, or even acknowledged the problem. The chapter explores some options. Can we understand the relevant parts of metaphysics as dealing with contingent questions about our concepts? Can we understand them in terms of a hyperintensional conception of ‘explicit’ knowledge? Both options have some promise. Ultimately, however, they don’t succeed at squaring Lewis’s empiricist epistemology with his metaphysical realism.
Why Lewis Would Have Rejected Grounding
Authors: MacBride Fraser , Janssen-Lauret Frederique 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Notions of ‘grounding’, ‘metaphysical dependence’, and ‘ontological priority’ have become central to the twenty-first century revival of pre-critical metaphysics. Would David Lewis have approved of such developments? This chapter answers this question in the negative. Lewis would have rejected appeals to ‘grounding’, ‘metaphysical dependence’, and ‘ontological priority’. Rounding out and developing neglected and under-appreciated aspects of his views, we argue that Lewis would have held (1) that such notions aren’t needed and (2) that they’re not intelligible. It is frequently claimed that such notions as ‘grounding’ etc. are needed because the notion of ’supervenience’, which is central to Lewis’s philosophy, is too crude an explanatory tool to help us understand, for example, the relationship between the mental and the physical. We argue such claims are mistaken because Lewis never intended ‘supervenience’ to be employed in isolation from his other views about physicalism, folk psychology, and conceptual analysis. We also argue that Lewis was committed to denying that singletons metaphysically depend upon their members because of his structuralist approach to the philosophy of mathematics. It is a further claim often made that grounding is a relation between facts or that grounding is a relation that holds of metaphysical necessity. We argue that Lewis would have dismissed such claims as unintelligible because of his opposition to metaphysical necessity and Kripkean essentialism. We cover not only Lewis’s published writings but also his correspondence and other manuscripts which remained unpublished during his lifetime.
Introduction
Authors: Piqueux Alexa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe introduction provides an initial overview of the main issues involved in the study of the representation of the comic body in Old and Middle Comedy by means of a text–image cross analysis. It highlights what is at stake for our knowledge of both Greek comedy and the theatre-related iconography in Attica, Magna Graecia, and Sicily. To this end, it discusses the major scientific advances and works that have made this study possible and it defines the corpus of textual and material sources on which the investigation will be based. The introduction also presents the plan of the book.
The Construction of the Comic Body
Authors: Piqueux Alexa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe second chapter deals with the basic elements of the costume which constitute the generic comic body, and with the singular ugliness that they give it. It describes the evolution of the masks, padding, and phalluses from the end of the fifth century to the 330s bce in comic texts and comedy-related iconography. The reality and the nature of the so-called ‘portrait masks’, which epitomize Old Comedy according to many ancient and modern scholars, are also discussed. Furthermore, beyond the diversity of the bodies staged by the comedy, the chapter aims to define the fundamental traits of the comic ugliness which is characteristic of the genre. Its ambivalent meaning for the audience and its poetic function are analysed. In particular, the part played by the plasticity of the masks and padding is underlined.
Imperial portrait practice
Authors: Niederhuber Christian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The first part of Chapter 10 presents the main results of the study and broadly evaluates them, with a strong focus on the reasons for the creation of imperial portrait types. It also looks closely at the correspondence between coins and sculpture and the ‘updates’ of the imperial image in the mint and in the marble workshops. The second part of the chapter outlines an adjusted model of an imperial portrait ‘system’, starting with the creation of types in Rome, followed by the first steps of their dissemination, and closing with their wider deployment in the provinces.