bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of cellular models and individual factor in the biological response to head CT scan exams
Authors: Devic Clément , Bodgi Larry , Sonzogni Laurène , Pilleul Frank , Ribot Hervé , De Charry Charlotte , Le Moigne François , Paul Didier , Carbillet Fanny , Munier Mélodie , Foray Nicolas 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
While computed tomography (CT) exams are the major cause of medical exposure to ionising radiation, the radiation-induced risks must be documented. We investigated the impact of the cellular models and individual factor on the deoxyribonucleic acid double-strand breaks (DSB) recognition and repair in human skin fibroblasts and brain astrocytes exposed to current head CT scan conditions.

Method
Nine human primary fibroblasts and four human astrocyte cell lines with different levels of radiosensitivity/susceptibility were exposed to a standard head CT scan exam using adapted phantoms. Cells were exposed to a single-helical (37.4 mGy) and double-helical (37.4 mGy + 5 min + 37.4 mGy) examination. DSB signalling and repair was assessed through anti-γH2AX and anti-pATM immunofluorescence.

Results
Head CT scan induced a significant number of γH2AX and pATM foci. The kinetics of both biomarkers were found strongly dependent on the individual factor. Particularly, in cells from radiosensitive/susceptible patients, DSB may be significantly less recognised and/or repaired, whatever the CT scan exposure conditions. Similar conclusions were reached with astrocytes.

Conclusions
Our results highlight the importance of both individual and tissue factors in the recognition and repair of DSB after current head CT scan exams. Further investigations are needed to better define the radiosensitivity/susceptibility of individual humans.
THC labeling on cannabis products: an experimental study of approaches for labeling THC servings on cannabis edibles
Authors: Goodman Samantha , Hammond David 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Over-consumption is a common adverse outcome from cannabis edibles. States such as Colorado require each serving of cannabis edible to carry a THC symbol. This study aimed to test whether packaging edibles in separate servings and/or indicating the THC level per serving improves consumer understanding of serving size.

Methods
An 3 × 2 experimental task was conducted as part of the 2019 International Cannabis Policy Study online survey. Respondents from Canada and the US (n = 45,504) were randomly assigned to view an image of a chocolate cannabis edible. Packages displayed THC labels according to 1 of 6 experimental conditions: packaging (3 levels: whole multi-serving bar; individual chocolate squares; separately packaged squares) and THC stamp (2 levels: stamp on each square vs. no stamp). Logistic regression tested the effect of packaging and THC stamp on odds of correctly identifying a standard serving, among edible consumers and non-consumers separately. Edible consumers were also asked about their awareness of a standard THC serving.

Results
Only 14.6% of edible consumers reported knowing the standard serving of THC for cannabis edibles. In the experimental task, among non-consumers who saw stamped bars, the multi-serving bar (AOR = 1.16 (1.08, 1.24) p < 0.001) and individually packaged squares (AOR = 1.08 (1.01, 1.16), p = 0.031) elicited more correct responses than individual squares. There was no difference in packaging formats when stamps were absent (p > 0.05 for all). Among edible consumers, there was no effect of the packaging (p = 0.992) or stamp manipulation (p = 0.988). Among both edible consumers and non-consumers, respondents in US states with legal recreational cannabis performed better than Canadians (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
Regulations that require THC information to be stamped or indicated on each serving of cannabis edible may facilitate understanding of how much to consume, especially among novice consumers.
Fibroblast growth factor-23 rs7955866 polymorphism and risk of chronic kidney disease
Authors: Ammar Yaser Aly , Maharem Dalia Aly , Mohamed Amira Hussein , Khalil Gihane Ibrahim , Shams-Eldin Riham Said , Dwedar Fatma Ibrahim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
A missense gain-of-function fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs7955866) has been associated with FGF23 hypersecretion, phosphaturia, and bone disease. Excess circulating FGF23 was linked with atherosclerosis, hypertension, initiation, and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods
The study included 72 CKD stage 2/3 Egyptian patients (27–71 years old, 37 females) and 26 healthy controls matching in age and sex. Repeated measures of blood pressure were used to quantify hypertension on a semiquantitative scale (grades 0 to 5). Fasting serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, total proteins, albumin, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D3, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and intact FGF23 (iFGF23) were measured. DNA extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes was used for genotyping of FGF23 rs7955866 SNP using the TaqMan SNP genotyping allelic discrimination method.

Results
Major causes of CKD were hypertension, diabetic kidney disease, and CKD of unknown etiology. There was no significant difference in minor allele (A) frequency between the studied groups (0.333 in GI and 0.308 in GII). Median (IQR) serum iFGF23 was significantly higher in GI [729.2 (531.9–972.3)] than in GII [126.1 (88.5–152.4)] pg/mL, P < 0.001. Within GI, the minor allele (A) frequency load, coded for codominant inheritance, had a significant positive correlation with both hypertension grade (r = 0.385, P = 0.001) and serum iFGF23 (r = 0.259, P = 0.028). Hypertension grade had a significant positive correlation with serum phosphorus and iFGF23.

Conclusions
For the first time in an Egyptian cohort, we report a relatively high frequency of the rs7955866 SNP. It may remain dormant or become upregulated in response to some environmental triggers, notably dietary phosphorus excess, leading to increased circulating iFGF23 with ensuing hypertension and/or renal impairment. Subjects with this SNP, particularly in the homozygous form, are at increased risk for CKD of presumably “unknown” etiology, with a tendency for early onset hypertension and increased circulating iFGF23 out of proportion with the degree of renal impairment. Large-scale population studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore the role of blockers of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and sodium chloride cotransporters in mitigating hypertension associated with FGF23 excess.
Interrupting Prolonged Sitting with Intermittent Walking Increases Postprandial Gut Hormone Responses
Authors: CHEN YUNG-CHIH , WALHIN JEAN-PHILIPPE , HENGIST AARON , GONZALEZ JAVIER T. , BETTS JAMES A. , THOMPSON DYLAN 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Continuous exercise can increase postprandial gut hormone such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) responses, but it is unknown whether interrupting prolonged sitting with intermittent walking elicits this effect.

Method
Ten participants with central overweight/obesity (7 men and 3 postmenopausal women, 51 ± 5 yr; mean ± SD) completed a randomized crossover study in which they consumed breakfast and lunch in the laboratory while either sitting continuously for the entire 5.5-h period (SIT) or the prolonged sitting interrupted every 20 min by walking briskly (6.4 km·h−1) for 2 min (BREAKS). Blood samples were collected at regular intervals to examine postprandial plasma GLP-1, PYY, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide concentrations. Adipose tissue samples were collected at baseline and at the end of the trials to examine changes in net dipeptidyl peptidase 4 secretion from primary explants.

Results
Mean (95% confidence interval) postprandial GLP-1 and PYY incremental area under curve values were elevated by 26% and 31% in the BREAKS trial versus SIT (8.4 [0.7, 16.1] vs 6.7 [−0.8, 14.2], P = 0.001, and 26.9 [8.1, 45.6] vs 20.4 [5.1, 35.8] nmol·330 min·L−1, P = 0.024, respectively) but without any such effect on glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (P = 0.076) or net adipose tissue dipeptidyl peptidase 4 secretion (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
Interrupting prolonged sitting with regular short bouts of brisk walking increases postprandial GLP-1 and PYY concentrations in healthy middle-age men and women with central adiposity.
New Predictive Resting Metabolic Rate Equations for High-Level Athletes: A Cross-Validation Study
Authors: FREIRE RAUL , PEREIRA GLAUBER R. , ALCANTARA JUAN M. A. , SANTOS RUAN , HAUSEN MATHEUS , ITABORAHY ALEX 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The present study aims a) to assess the agreement between the measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) using indirect calorimetry and different predictive equations (predicted RMR), and b) to propose and cross-validate two new predictive equations for estimating the RMR in high-level athletes.

Methods
The RMR of 102 athletes (44 women) was assessed using indirect calorimetry, whereas the body composition was assessed using skinfolds. Comparisons between measured and predicted RMR values were performed using one-way ANOVA. Mean difference, root mean square error (RMSE), simple linear regression, and Bland–Altman plots were used to evaluate the agreement between measured and predicted RMR. The accuracy of predictive equations was analyzed using narrower and wider accuracy limits (±5% and ±10%, respectively) of measured RMR. Multiple linear regression models were employed to develop the new predictive equations based on traditional predictors (equation 1) and the stepwise method (equation 2).

Results
The new equations 1 and 2 presented good agreement based on the mean difference (3 and −15 kcal·d−1), RMSE (200 and 192 kcal·d−1), and R
2 (0.71 and 0.74), respectively, and accuracy (61% of subjects between the limit of ±10% of measured RMR). Cunningham’s equation provided the best performance for males and females among the existing equations, whereas Jagim’s equation showed the worst performance for males (mean difference = −335 kcal·d−1; RMSE = 386 kcal·d−1). Compared with measured RMR, most predictive equations showed heteroscedastic distribution (linear regression’s intercept and slope significantly different from zero; P ≤ 0.05), mainly in males.

Conclusions
The new proposed equations can estimate the RMR in high-level athletes accurately. Cunningham’s equation is a good option from existing equations, and Jagim’s equation should not be used in high-level male athletes.
Interaction of surface glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern with potential drug candidates: A molecular docking study
Authors: Mavlankar Anuj , Ansari Afzal , Sharma Mukul , Dwivedi Purna , Singh Pushpendra 
Published: April 2022

Background: COVID-19 has become a global threat. Since its first outbreak from Wuhan, China in December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has gone through structural changes arising due to mutations in its surface glycoprotein. These mutations have led to the emergence of different genetic variants threatening public health due to increased transmission and virulence. As new drug development is a long process, repurposing existing antiviral drugs with potential activity against SARS-CoV-2 might be a possible solution to mitigate the current situation. Methods: This study focused on utilizing molecular docking to determine the effect of potential drugs on several variants of concern (VOCs). The effect of various drugs such as baricitinib, favipiravir, lopinavir, remdesivir and dexamethasone, which might have the potential to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections as evident from previous studies, was investigated for different VOCs. Results: Remdesivir showed promising results for B.1.351 variant (binding energy: -7.3 kcal/mol) with residues Gln319 and Val503 facilitating strong binding. Favipiravir showed favorable results against B.1.1.7 (binding energy: -5.6 kcal/mol), B.1.351 (binding energy: -5.1 kcal/mol) and B.1.617.2 (binding energy: -5 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics simulation for favipiravir/B.1.1.7 was conducted and showed significant results in agreement with our findings. Conclusions: From structural modeling and molecular docking experiments, it is evident that mutations outside the receptor binding domain of surface glycoprotein do not have a sharp impact on drug binding affinity. Thus, the potential use of these drugs should be explored further for their antiviral effect against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
Mapping the landscapes of the Stalinist mass repressions
Authors: Pallot Judith , Gavrilova Sofya 
Published: April 2022

In this article, we focus on the ways in which a variety of different carceral techniques used to punish and exploit people’s labour during the Stalin period (1927—1953) in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) created a distinctive landscape of repression. Using the tools of historical geographic information science (GIS) to map the material landscape, we foreground space in the discussion of the USSR’s exceptional history of repression. The ‘carceral conditions’ frame allows us to deconstruct boundaries erected over more than half a century of writing the history of the USSR that have maintained artificial distinctions between the victims and impacts of different punishment modalities. In the article, we follow the example of the Stanford Holocaust Geographies Project in combining quantitative and textual data with the spatial analytical tools of geovisualisation to reveal the patterns of events as the Stalinist repressive apparatus extended its reach across Soviet space. In fixing the geolocation of carceral institutions and layering the resultant pattern with different types of qualitative and quantitative information in the same visual space, we hope to counter some of the myths and generalizations that exist in the literature about the geography of Soviet gulag. We use the case study of Perm’ region in the Urals to highlight the spatiality of the production of the material landscape of repression in one region. Our aim is to position the USSR in the now substantial geographical literature discussing the twentieth century history of crimes against humanity and genocide and to suggest to historians that the geovisualisation of data can add a new dimension their studies of the Stalin period.
Local brain-state dependency of effective connectivity: a pilot TMS–EEG study
Authors: Granö Ida , Mutanen Tuomas P. , Tervo Aino , Nieminen Jaakko O. , Souza Victor H. , Fecchio Matteo , Rosanova Mario , Lioumis Pantelis , Ilmoniemi Risto J. 
Published: April 2022

BackgroundSpontaneous cortical oscillations have been shown to modulate cortical responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). However, whether these oscillations influence cortical effective connectivity is largely unknown. We conducted a pilot study to set the basis for addressing how spontaneous oscillations affect cortical effective connectivity measured through TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs).MethodsWe applied TMS to the left primary motor cortex and right pre-supplementary motor area of three subjects while recording EEG. We classified trials off-line into positive- and negative-phase classes according to the mu and beta rhythms. We calculated differences in the global mean-field amplitude (GMFA) and compared the cortical spreading of the TMS-evoked activity between the two classes.ResultsPhase affected the GMFA in four out of 12 datasets (3 subjects × 2 stimulation sites × 2 frequency bands). Two of the observed significant intervals were before 50 ms, two between 50 and 100 ms, and one after 100 ms post-stimulus. Source estimates showed complex spatial differences between the classes in the cortical spreading of the TMS-evoked activity.ConclusionsTMS-evoked effective connectivity appears to depend on the phase of local cortical oscillations at the stimulated site. This work paves the way to design future closed loop stimulation paradigms.
“AMR Dialogues”: a public engagement initiative to shape policies and solutions on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Thailand
Authors: Poomchaichote Tassawan , Osterrieder Anne , Prapharsavat Ravikanya , Naemiratch Bhensri , Ruangkajorn Supanat , Thirapantu Chaiwat , Sukrung Karnjariya , Kiatying-Angsulee Niyada , Sumpradit Nithima , Punnin Sirima , Limmathurotsakul Direk , Cheah Phaik Yeong 
Published: April 2022

Background: The use of antimicrobials in Thailand has been reported as one of the highest in the world in both the human and animal sectors. The objectives of this project are: (1) to improve understanding of the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among adult Thai communities and (2) to drive change through the national AMR policy to include context-specific and locally-driven solutions. Methods: The project contains two components conducted in parallel: the “AMR Dialogues” public engagement project and the embedded evaluation of the project. We will bring together AMR stakeholders and members of the public through a series of conversation events to co-create an AMR stakeholder map, engagement strategy, and context-specific solutions to reduce the burden of AMR. There will be a combination of regional in-person events (‘regional conversations’) and national online events (‘national conversations’) with members of the public and AMR stakeholders. The conversations will follow this sequence: introduce and explore issues related to AMR, brainstorm solutions and finally propose promising/feasible solutions to take forward. Evaluation of the project will be conducted to assess if the AMR Dialogues objectives have been achieved using feedback forms and qualitative methods. Ethics: Approval of the evaluation component of the project has been obtained from the ethics committee of the Thailand Institute for the Development of Human Subject Protection (IHRP2021059) and the Oxford University Tropical Research Ethics Committee (OxTREC 529-21). Dissemination: The results of these conversation events will inform the next Thailand National Strategic Plan on AMR. The learning and outcomes will be disseminated to AMR policy makers, academic audiences, and participants of all the conversation events. Thaiclinicaltrials.org registration: TCTR20210528003 (28/05/2021)
Supporting Innovation in Early-Stage Pharmaceutical Development Decisions
Authors: Methling Florian , Borden Steffen A. , Veeraraghavan Deepak , Sommer Insa , Siebert Johannes Ulrich , von Nitzsch Rüdiger , Seidler Mark 
Published: April 2022

Pharmaceutical companies have frequent portfolio reviews to monitor development progress and prioritize development assets. The earliest assets are drug candidates whose efficacy is unknown and whose effects on the human body have yet to be fully investigated. These assets are characterized by a high degree of uncertainty in reaching the market and in being used in clinical practice. In addition, not all potential applications are foreseen and can often be very different. In the absence of satisfactory methods for making decisions on resource allocation among early development assets, decision makers focus almost exclusively on assessments of an asset’s probability of technical success. This study proposes a more holistic methodology to support early-stage pharmaceutical development decisions using value-focused thinking and multicriteria decision making. The methodology operates within the decision quality framework and provides a consistent evaluation of various early development assets across a diverse set of disease areas. This combination of concepts and methodologies has been implemented and proven valuable at Bayer Pharmaceuticals, which needed a new, more robust decision-making process for early development. Thus, this study discusses how to enable concrete trade-offs at the level of corporate objectives to align, communicate, and translate corporate strategy into portfolio strategy. In addition, this study presents learnings for decision analysts and decision makers in the pharmaceutical industry on how to develop a set of fundamental objectives, how to create scales to operationalize these objectives, and how to take steps to debias an organizational decision-making process. History: This paper has been accepted for the Decision Analysis Special Issue on Emerging Topics in Health Decision Analysis.
Self-Funding of Political Campaigns
Authors: Ovtchinnikov Alexei V. , Valta Philip 
Published: April 2022

Candidate self-funding, in particular self-loans, is a significant source of funding of political campaigns. Self-funding clusters among nonincumbent campaigns, republican campaigns, and more expensive campaigns. Self-funded campaigns raise less money from individuals and special interests and also spend less. Self-funders are wealthier on average and run in more competitive elections. The analysis of self-funders’ legislative decisions shows that self-funders’ votes, especially those of republicans, are significantly more sensitive to contributions from special interests that are affected by the votes. The results highlight the importance of considering politicians’ self-funding choices in analyzing voting behavior and the value of political activism. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance. Supplemental Material: Data and the online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4404 .
The Exploration-Exploitation Trade-off in the Newsvendor Problem
Authors: Besbes Omar , Chaneton Juan M. , Moallemi Ciamac C. 
Published: April 2022

When an inventory manager attempts to construct probabilistic models of demand based on past data, demand samples are almost never available: only sales data can be used. This demand censoring introduces an exploration-exploitation trade-off as the ordering decisions impact the information collected. Much of the literature has sought to understand how operational decisions should be modified to incorporate this trade-off. We ask an even more basic question: When does the exploration-exploitation trade-off matter? To what extent should one deviate from a myopic policy that takes the optimal decision for the current period without consideration for future periods? We analyze these questions in the context of a well-studied stationary multiperiod newsvendor problem in which the decision maker starts with a prior on parameters characterizing the demand distribution. We show that, under very general conditions in both perishable and nonperishable settings, the myopic policy will almost surely learn the optimal decision one would have taken with knowledge of the unknown parameters. Furthermore, in the perishable setting, we analyze finite time performance for a broad family of tractable cases. Through a combination of analytical parametric bounds and exhaustive exact analysis, we show that the myopic optimality gap is negligible for many practical instances. Funding: The third author was partially supported by the National Science Foundation [Grant CMMI-1235023]. Supplemental Material: The online supplement is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/stsy.2022.0093 .