bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inferring the rheology of the crust from the uplift observed above the Altiplano-Puna Magma Body
Authors: Sgreva Nicolò R , Massmeyer Anna , Davaille Anne 
Published: July 2022

SUMMARYGeophysical imaging techniques together with numerical models have shown that the surface uplift measured above the Altiplano-Puna Magma Body (APMB) can be explained by the presence and propagation of a diapir from the top of the APMB itself. In this work, we model deformation that characterizes the crustal region above and around APMB through the use of a viscoplastic rheology. That is, we assume that at large scale the crust that surround the magmatic mushy diapir behaves as a yield-stress fluid described by the Herschel–Bulkley (HB) model, whereby motion develops only when the local deviatoric stress is greater than a critical value, the yield stress. In this scenario, laboratory and numerical results show that there are two main critical conditions needed for the growth and subsequent rise of a diapir: (1) the ratio between the yield stress and viscous stresses, namely the Bingham number Bi, has to be less than 1, that is Bi ≤ 1 and (2) the ratio between buoyancy stresses and the yield stress, namely the inverse Yield number Yinv, has to be larger than a critical value $Y_{{\rm inv}_C}$. Using these two conditions allows us to estimate the bulk rheological properties of the heterogeneous crust above APMB as a function of the diapir’s size and density contrast with the crust. For the development of a 10–100 km wide diapir, 100–400 kg m–3 lighter than the surrounding crust, the crust yield stress should range between 0.5 and 15 MPa. Then, the regional uplift velocity measured at the surface implies a strain rate greater than ∼10−15–10−16 s−1 and a crust maximum bulk effective viscosity of ηc=1021 Pa.s.
Clostridium difficile Infection in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis Treated with Tofacitinib in the Ulcerative Colitis Program
Authors: Loftus Edward V , Baumgart Daniel C , Gecse Krisztina , Kinnucan Jami A , Connelly Susan B , Salese Leonardo , Su Chinyu , Kwok Kenneth K , Woolcott John C , Armuzzi Alessandro 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
Tofacitinib is an oral, small molecule Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are susceptible to Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Here, we evaluate CDI in the tofacitinib UC clinical program.

Methods
Events from 4 randomized, placebo-controlled studies (phase [P] 2 or P3 induction [NCT00787202; NCT01465763; NCT01458951], P3 maintenance [NCT01458574]) and an open-label, long-term extension (OLE) study (NCT01470612), were analyzed as 3 cohorts: Induction (P2/P3 induction), Maintenance (P3 maintenance), and Overall (patients receiving tofacitinib 5 or 10 mg twice daily [BID] in P2, P3, and OLE studies; including final data from the OLE study, as of August 24, 2020). Proportions and incidence rates (unique patients with events per 100 patient-years of exposure) of CDI were evaluated.

Results
The overall cohort comprised 1157 patients who received ≥1 dose of tofacitinib 5 or 10 mg BID, with a total of 2814.4 patient-years of tofacitinib exposure and up to 7.8 years of treatment. A total of 82.6% of patients received predominantly tofacitinib 10 mg BID. In the induction, maintenance, and overall cohorts, 3 (2 tofacitinib treated, 1 placebo treated), 3 (all placebo treated), and 9 patients had CDI, respectively; the overall cohort incidence rate was 0.31 (95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.59). CDI were all mild–moderate in severity and resolved with treatment in 8 patients. Six of 9 patients continued tofacitinib treatment without interruption. Two patients had events reported as serious due to hospitalization. Two patients were receiving corticosteroids when the CDI occurred.

Conclusion
CDIs among patients with UC receiving tofacitinib were infrequent, cases were mild–moderate in severity, and most resolved with treatment.
Indirect Costs of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Comparison of Patient-Reported Outcomes Across 12 European Countries
Authors: Holko Przemysław , Kawalec Paweł , Sajak-Szczerba Magdalena , Avedano Luisa , Mossakowska Małgorzata 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
National studies report a high variability of indirect costs of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, selected aspects of the societal burden of IBDs were compared between 12 European countries.

Methods
A questionnaire-based study among adult patients with IBD was performed. Data on patient characteristics, productivity loss, and informal care were collected. The costs of productivity loss were assessed from the social perspective. The cost of absenteeism and presenteeism was valuated using the gross domestic product per worker. Informal care was measured by time inputs of relatives and friends to assist patients. Productivity loss among informal caregivers outside their paid work was valuated with the average wage. The results were adjusted for confounders and multiplicity.

Results
Responses from 3687 patients (67% employed) were analyzed. Regular activity (outside paid work) impairment did not differ between countries, but a significant difference in informal care and productivity loss was observed. There were no differences in indirect costs between the types of IBD across the countries. The mean annual cost of absenteeism, presenteeism, and informal care varied from €1253 (Bulgaria) to €7915 (Spain), from €2149 (Bulgaria) to €14 524 (Belgium), and from €1729 (Poland) to €12 063 (Italy), respectively. Compared with patients with active disease, those with IBD in remission showed a lower indirect cost by 54% (presenteeism, P &lt; .001) or 75% (absenteeism, informal care, P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
The study showed a high relevance of the indirect cost of IBD in the context of economic evaluation, as well as a between-country variability of work-related impairment or informal care.
Tofacitinib for the Treatment of Pouch-Related Disorders: A Case Series
Authors: Dalal Rahul S , Bains Kanwal , Marcus Jenna , McClure Emma L , Allegretti Jessica R 
Published: July 2022

Lay Summary
In this case series, 6 patients with chronic pouchitis (n = 3), cuffitis (n = 2), or Crohn’s-like disease of the pouch (n = 1) were treated with tofacitinib. One patient achieved clinical response; however, all patients ultimately discontinued therapy due to nonresponse or adverse events.
Autologous free tissue transfer in paediatric patient with a univentricular heart
Authors: Jacobi Felix J , Jacobi Simon F , Kari Fabian A , Eisenhardt Steffen U 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
We report on the case of a 30-month-old boy who developed severe deep cervical necrosis after bypass surgery for total cavopulmonary connection, followed by low-cardiac output and extracorporeal life support. As several bedside debridements failed to result in sufficient wound healing, a 2-stage necrectomy followed by autologous reconstruction with a free anterolateral thigh-flap was required. Due to impaired circulation, postoperative flap monitoring was extremely difficult. To ensure flap perfusion, mean arterial pressure had to be raised by catecholamines over 7 days.
The Influence of the EU on UK Labour Law—Before and After Brexit
Authors: Syrpis Phil 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article examines the influence of the EU over UK labour law, before and after Brexit. It compares the influence of the EU within the internal market with that under the UK–EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) agreed in December 2020. It focuses both on the different mechanisms through which labour law standards may be enforced before and after Brexit, and, in particular, on the extent to which the internal market case law of the Court of Justice (CJEU) may be utilised by labour lawyers seeking to apply the ‘level playing field’ provisions of the TCA. Given the structure of the EU Treaties and the TCA, arguments for high labour standards within the EU and in trade agreements signed by the EU, are more likely to be successful not where they are based on autonomous social arguments, but instead where labour and trade law arguments are combined.
Fifteen-Month Follow-Up of Anti-Spike Receptor-Binding Domain SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies among Healthcare Workers in Boston, MA
Authors: Dodge Maura C , Cole Manisha , Duffy Elizabeth R , Werler Martha M , Kataria Yachana 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
Boston Medical Center (BMC) is a safety net hospital in Boston, and from the initial wave of COVID-19 there has been an overwhelming concern about the exposure of healthcare workers (HCWs) to SARS-CoV-2.

Methods
We conceived a study to follow a cohort of BMC HCWs, beginning in July 2020 and continuing for 15 months, collecting survey data and serum samples at approximately 3-month intervals. Serum samples were analyzed using the Abbott Architect i2000 for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (anti-spike1-Receptor Binding Domain IgG and anti-nucleoprotein IgG). Positive anti-n IgG results were used, in addition to reverse transcription-PCR results, for identifying cases of infection. History of COVID-19 and vaccination status were confirmed, where possible, using electronic medical records. Participants were grouped according to vaccination and infection status in September 2021 for analysis of anti-s IgG trends.

Results
A majority of HCWs remain well above the positivity threshold for anti-spike IgG antibodies for up to 11 months post-vaccination and 15 months post-infection, regardless of combinations and permutations of vaccination and infection. Those with COVID-19 infection before vaccination had significantly higher median serum antibody concentrations in comparison to HCWs with no prior infection at each follow-up time point.

Conclusions
These findings further support what is known regarding the decline in serum antibody concentrations following natural infection and vaccination, adding knowledge of serum antibody levels for up to 15 months post- infection and 11 months post-vaccination.
Adipose tissue thermogenesis by calcium futile cycling
Authors: Ikeda Kenji , Yamada Tetsuya 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes produce heat and control systemic energy via non-shivering thermogenesis. Historically, thermogenesis in brown and beige adipocytes was thought to be exclusively through a mitochondria-localized protein, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). However, recent studies identified UCP1-independent thermogenic mechanisms in adipocytes. Importantly, UCP1-independent pathways significantly contribute to systemic energy and glucose homeostasis. The finding of UCP1-independent mechanisms provided new opportunities to target the pathways in vivo. In this review, we discuss the current understandings of thermogenic mechanisms in adipocytes with a focus on Ca2+ futile cycling.
Teaching, sharing experience, and innovation in cultural transmission
Authors: Tilston Ottilie , Bangerter Adrian , Tylén Kristian 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTeaching is widely understood to have an important role in cultural transmission. But cultural transmission experiments typically do not document or analyse what happens during teaching. Here, we examine the content of teaching during skill transmission under two conditions: in the presence of the artefact (no-displacement condition) and in the absence of the artefact (displacement condition). Participants built baskets from various materials to carry as much rice as possible before teaching the next participant in line. The efficacy of baskets increased over generations in both conditions, and higher performing baskets were more frequently copied; however, the weight of rice transported did not differ between conditions. Displacement affected the choice of strategy by increasing innovation. Teachers shared personal experience more to discuss non-routine events (those departing from expectations) than they did other types of teaching, especially in the presence of the artefact. Exposure to non-routine experience sharing during teaching increased subsequent innovation, supporting the idea that sharing experience through activities such as storytelling serves a sensemaking function in teaching. This study thus provides experimental evidence that sharing experience is a useful teaching method in the context of manual skill transmission.
Analysis of boron neutron capture reaction sensitivity using Monte Carlo simulation and proposal of a new dosimetry index in boron neutron capture therapy
Authors: Takeno Satoshi , Tanaka Hiroki , Ono Koji , Mizowaki Takashi , Suzuki Minoru 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy is a cellular-scale heavy-particle therapy. The factor determining the biological effects in the boron neutron capture reaction (BNCR) is the value of ${\alpha}_{boron}$, which is the alpha component in the Linear Quadratic (LQ) model. Recently, the factor determining the value of ${\alpha}_{boron}$ has been revealed to correspond to the structural features of the tumor tissue. However, the relationship and mechanism have yet to be thoroughly studied. In this study, we simulated BNCR in tissues using the Monte Carlo simulation technique and examined the factors that determine the value of ${\alpha}_{boron}$. According to this simulation, the nuclear-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio, nuclear diameter and heterogeneity of the distribution of boron in the tissue have been suggested to determine the value of ${\alpha}_{boron}$. Moreover, we proposed Biological Effectivity (BE) as a new dosimetry index based on the surviving fraction (SF), extending the concept of absolute biological effectiveness (ABE) in a previous report.
The Constructive Influence of the Homeland in Refugee Organizing: Darfurian Asylum Seekers in Israel
Authors: Richlen Lisa 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Refugee community organizations (RCOs) typically engage with hostland governments, non-profit organizations, and international agencies. To do this, RCOs adopt norms and standards valued by hostland actors. Research assumes that this engagement should be one of the central functions of RCOs; it focuses on the ways in which these agencies influence RCOs including how to make this relationship more productive. Yet, these agencies do not have a meaningful influence in the case study examined here—Sudanese Darfurian RCOs in Israel. Tracing community organizing for over a decade, this article demonstrates that norms from the homeland have become increasingly influential. Simultaneously, there has been a tremendous amount of organizational stability. This article argues that adoption of management structures which are familiar and trusted from the homeland can enhance organizational credibility. This, in turn, facilitates relatively high levels of organizational longevity and satisfaction amongst constituents.
A Bayesian approach to high fidelity interferometric calibration − II: demonstration with simulated data
Authors: Sims Peter H , Pober Jonathan C , Sievers Jonathan L 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
In a companion paper, we presented bayescal, a mathematical formalism for mitigating sky-model incompleteness in interferometric calibration. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of bayescal to calibrate the degenerate gain parameters of full-Stokes simulated observations with a HERA-like hexagonal close-packed redundant array, for three assumed levels of completeness of the a priori known component of the calibration sky model. We compare the bayescal calibration solutions to those recovered by calibrating the degenerate gain parameters with only the a priori known component of the calibration sky model both with and without imposing physically motivated priors on the gain amplitude solutions and for two choices of baseline length range over which to calibrate. We find that bayescal provides calibration solutions with up to 4 orders of magnitude lower power in spurious gain amplitude fluctuations than the calibration solutions derived for the same data set with the alternate approaches, and between ∼107 and ∼1010 times smaller than in the mean degenerate gain amplitude, on the full range of spectral scales accessible in the data. Additionally, we find that in the scenarios modelled only bayescal has sufficiently high fidelity calibration solutions for unbiased recovery of the 21-cm power spectrum on large spectral scales (k∥ ≲ 0.15 hMpc−1). In all other cases, in the completeness regimes studied, those scales are contaminated.
A Roche lobe-filling hot subdwarf and white dwarf binary: possible detection of an ejected common envelope
Authors: Li Jiangdan , Onken Christopher A , Wolf Christian , Németh Péter , Bessell Mike , Li Zhenwei , Zhang Xiaobin , Li Jiao , Wang Luqian , Li Lifang , Luo Yangping , Chen Hailiang , Ji Kaifan , Chen Xuefei , Han Zhanwen 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACTBinaries consisting of a hot subdwarf star and an accreting white dwarf (WD) are sources of gravitational wave radiation at low frequencies and possible progenitors of Type Ia supernovae if the WD mass is large enough. Here, we report the discovery of the third binary known of this kind: It consists of a hot subdwarf O (sdO) star and a WD with an orbital period of 3.495 h and an orbital shrinkage of 0.1 s in 6 yr. The sdO star overfills its Roche lobe and likely transfers mass to the WD via an accretion disc. From spectroscopy, we obtain an effective temperature of $T_{\mathrm{eff}}=54\, 240\pm 1840$ K and a surface gravity of log g = 4.841 ± 0.108 for the sdO star. From the light curve analysis, we obtain an sdO mass of MsdO = 0.55 M⊙ and a mass ratio of q = MWD/MsdO = 0.738 ± 0.001. Also, we estimate that the disc has a radius of $\sim\!0.41\ \mathrm{R}_\odot$ and a thickness of $\sim\!0.18\ \mathrm{R}_\odot$. The origin of this binary is probably a common envelope ejection channel, where the progenitor of the sdO star is either a red giant branch star or, more likely, an early asymptotic giant branch star; the sdO star will subsequently evolve into a WD and merge with its WD companion, likely resulting in an R Coronae Borealis (R CrB) star. The outstanding feature in the spectrum of this object is strong Ca H&K lines, which are blueshifted by ∼200 km s−1 and likely originate from the recently ejected common envelope, and we estimated that the remnant common envelope (CE) material in the binary system has a density $\sim\!6\times 10^{-10}\ {\rm g\, cm}^{-3}$.
Understanding the ‘feeble giant’ Crater II with tidally stretched wave dark matter
Authors: Pozo Alvaro , Broadhurst Tom , Emami Razieh , Smoot George 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
The unusually large ‘dwarf’ galaxy Crater II, with its small velocity dispersion, ≃3 km s−1, defies expectations that low-mass galaxies should be small and dense. We combine the latest stellar and velocity dispersion profiles finding Crater II has a prominent dark core of radius $\simeq 0.71^{+0.09}_{-0.08}$ kpc, surrounded by a low density halo, with a transition visible between the core and the halo. We show that this profile matches the distinctive core-halo profile predicted by ‘Wave Dark Matter’ as a Bose-Einstein condensate, ψDM, where the ground state soliton core is surrounded by a tenuous halo of interfering waves, with a marked density transition predicted between the core and halo. Similar core-halo structure is seen in most dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs), but with smaller cores, ≃0.25 kpc and higher velocity dispersions, ≃9 km s−1, and we argue here that Crater II may have been a typical dSph that has lost most of its halo mass to tidal stripping, so its velocity dispersion is lower by a factor of 3 and the soliton is wider by a factor of 3, following the inverse scaling required by the Uncertainty Principle. This tidal solution for Crater II in the context of ψDM is supported by its small pericenter of ≃20 kpc established by Gaia, implying significant tidal stripping of Crater II by the Milky Way is expected.
Forming short period sub-stellar companions in 47 Tucanae – II. Analytical expressions for the orbital evolution of planets in dense environments
Authors: Winter Andrew J , Clarke Cathie J , Rosotti Giovanni , Giersz Mirek 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
Short period, massive planets, known as hot Jupiters (HJs), have been discovered around ∼1 per cent of local field stars. The inward migration necessary to produce HJs may be ‘low eccentricity’, due to torques in the primordial disc, or ‘high eccentricity’ (HEM). The latter involves exciting high orbital eccentricity, allowing sufficiently close passages with the host star to raise circularizing tides in the planet. We present an analytical framework for quantifying the role of dynamical encounters in high density environments during HEM. We show that encounters can enhance or suppress HEM, depending on the local stellar density and the initial semimajor axis a0. For moderate densities, external perturbations can excite large eccentricities that allow a planet to circularize over the stellar lifetime. At extremely high densities, these perturbations can instead result in tidal disruption of the planet, thus yielding no HJ. This may explain the apparent excess of HJs in M67 compared with their local field star abundance versus their apparent deficit in 47 Tuc. Applying our analytical framework, we demonstrate that for an initial massive planet population similar to the field, the expected HJ occurrence rate in 47 Tuc is fHJ = 2.2 × 10−3, which remains consistent with present constraints. Future large (sample sizes ≳105) or sensitive transit surveys of stars in globular clusters are required to refute the hypothesis that the initial planet population is similar to the solar neighbourhood average. Non-detection in such surveys would have broad consequences for planet formation theory, implying planet formation rates in globular clusters must be suppressed across a wide range of a0.
Stratospheric clouds do not impede JWST transit spectroscopy for exoplanets with Earth-like atmospheres
Authors: Doshi Dhvani , Cowan Nicolas B , Huang Yi 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will provide an opportunity to investigate the atmospheres of potentially habitable planets. Aerosols significantly mute molecular features in transit spectra because they prevent light from probing the deeper layers of the atmosphere. Earth occasionally has stratospheric/high tropospheric clouds at 15–20 km that could substantially limit the observable depth of the underlying atmosphere. We use solar occultations of Earth’s atmosphere to create synthetic JWST transit spectra of Earth analogues orbiting dwarf stars. Unlike previous investigations, we consider both clear and cloudy sightlines from the SCISAT satellite. We find that the maximum difference in effective thickness of the atmosphere between a clear and globally cloudy atmosphere is 8.5 km at 2.28  $\mu$m, with a resolution of 0.02 $\mu$m. After incorporating the effects of refraction and Pandexo’s noise modelling, we find that JWST would not be able to detect Earth-like stratospheric clouds if an exo-Earth was present in the TRAPPIST-1 system, as the cloud spectrum differs from the clear spectrum by a maximum of 10 ppm. These stratospheric clouds are also not robustly detected by TauREx when performing spectral retrieval for a cloudy TRAPPIST-1 planet. However, if an Earth-sized planet were to orbit in a white dwarf’s habitable zone, then we predict that JWST’s NIRSpec would be able to detect its stratospheric clouds after only four transits. We conclude that stratospheric clouds would not impede JWST transit spectroscopy or the detection of biosignatures for Earth-like atmospheres.