bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐week clarithromycin triple therapy regimens for eradication of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Pipkin G. A. , Williamson R. , Wood J. R. 
Published: July 2002

Background:One‐week triple therapies have been endorsed as the treatment regimens of choice for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Those that include clarithromycin appear to be the most effective.Aim:To review reports of triple therapies that include clarithromycin.Methods:Reports were identified from the literature to May 1998. The variation between study designs prevents a formal meta‐analysis. A measure of the relative efficacies of regimens has, however, been gained by comparison and by pooling of intention‐to‐treat eradication rates.Results:One hundred and ninety‐two studies were identified which included 264 treatment arms of a 1‐week triple therapy composed of clarithromycin with amoxycillin or a nitroimidazole (metronidazole or tinidazole), and either ranitidine bismuth citrate or a proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole, lansoprazole or pantoprazole). From reports of these studies, an intention‐to‐treat H. pylori eradication rate could be determined from 210 treatment arms of 151 studies.Conclusions:There is little to choose between the efficacies of 1‐week clarithromycin‐based triple therapy eradication regimens. However, those comprising clarithromycin, a nitroimidazole and either ranitidine bismuth citrate or a high dose of omeprazole are, in general, the most effective. Against antibiotic‐resistant strains of H. pylori, regimens including ranitidine bismuth citrate may be more effective than those including a proton pump inhibitor.
Diabetes training needs of staff in residential and nursing homes for the elderly
Authors: Green J. 
Published: July 2002

Summary Background: Diabetes is a common disorder among elderly people. Previous studies suggest that diabetic care in institutions may be inadequate and fragmented and that staff in residential and nursing homes may require further training. Aims: To investigate the training needs of staff in residential/nursing homes, using a knowledge‐based questionnaire. To investigate how staff wish training to be structured to meet their needs. To plan a training strategy for diabetic education to meet staff needs. Method: Questionnaires were completed by 13 trained staff and 24 untrained staff from three nursing homes. Results: Although trained staff generally had better knowledge than untrained staff, there were still many areas where both groups required further training, particularly in relation to diet. Misunderstandings about the use of ‘diabetic’ products and the need to restrict sugar were widespread. Subjects varied in their preferred approach to training, but the suggestion of a permanent display to remain after a teaching session was favoured by 85% of trained and 71% of untrained staff. Conclusions: The study identified a need for the development of education about diabetes for trained and untrained staff in residential homes for the elderly. Particular emphasis is required concerning dietary recommendations and their practical application.
Humoral immune response to autologous blood transfusion in hip surgery: whole blood versus packed red cells and plasma
Authors: Tolksdorf B. , Frietsch T. , Quintel M. , Kirschfink M. , Becker P. , Lorentz A. 
Published: July 2002

Background and ObjectivesThe immune response to the transfused autologous buffy coat content in whole blood has, to date, not been studied in detail.Subjects and MethodsPatients undergoing hip arthroplasty were studied according to whether they received autologous whole blood (WB) (n = 30), autologous fresh‐frozen plasma and buffy coat‐poor red cells (RC) (n = 40), or no transfusion (NT) (n = 27). Plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and complement SC5b‐9 were analysed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 7 days after surgery.ResultsThere were no significant between‐group differences regarding the time course of TNF‐α, IL‐6 and complement SC5b‐9 plasma level changes, the infection rate, or the length of hospital stay.ConclusionIn comparison to the impact of surgery on cytokine and complement levels, the transfusion of autologous buffy coat is not relevant.
Fetal parvovirus B19 infection
Authors: Von Kaisenberg C. S. , Jonat W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractParvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy causes up to 27% cases of non‐immune hydrops in anatomically normal fetuses. The virus is believed to cause arrest of maturation of red blood cell precursors at the late normoblast stage and also causes a decrease in the number of platelets. Fetal anemia is presently thought to be responsible for the development of skin edema and effusions. Myocarditis leading to heart failure may contribute to the development of fetal hydrops. We reviewed the literature regarding prevalence, transmission rates, clinical presentation, diagnostic techniques, current invasive vs. conservative management options, outcome and postmortem findings in a total of 82 studies involving 230 invasively and 435 conservatively managed pregnancies. In this non‐selected population, the proportion of seronegative susceptible mothers ranged from 19 to 65%, seroconversion with an incubation time of up to 20 days occurred in 5.7–12.1%, and 188/230 (82%) who were transfused infected fetuses had a normal outcome as opposed to only 239/435 (55%) in the conservatively managed group. The average time from diagnosis to resolution in both groups was 6 weeks (range, 3–12 and 2–12 weeks, respectively). The most promising diagnostic techniques were PCR of amniotic fluid or fetal blood and electron microscopy. There are some reports of fetal abnormalities occurring (probably coincidentally) in cases of parvovirus, but the majority of postmortem findings were infection‐related, in particular myocarditis and hepatic abnormalities. Although management guidelines cannot be derived from this study due to the variable degree of hydrops in the analyzed studies, the present data suggest a benefit of transfusion therapy over conservative management in infected fetuses. The only study which was corrected for severity of hydrops using ultrasound criteria showed a clear benefit of intrauterine transfusion. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Non‐stereoscopic cues in the Random‐Dot E stereotest: results for adult observers*
Authors: Fricke Tim , Siderov John 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate performance on the Random‐Dot E (ROE) stereotest under binocular and monocular non‐stereoscopic viewing conditions. Sixteen adult observers with normal vision were tested with the RDE stereotest. Four new RDE tests were shown to each observer in varying combinations of monocular viewing, binocular but non‐stereoscopic viewing, and normal binocular viewing conditions. The test conditions were masked (where possible) and were presented in pseudo‐random order. Control experiments were also conducted using the Frisbv stereotest. Fifteen of the sixteen observers could discern some differences between the plates monocularly and therefore satisfied the passing criterion of the RDE test. Under these conditions, no observers could discern the stereoscopic E figure nor did any observer report a sensation of depth. No observer satisfied the passing criterion of the Frisby test monocularly. We conclude that caution should be used when interpreting results from the RDE stereotest, since adult observers could discern some differences between the test plates monocularly.
Paediatric community vision screening—a new model
Authors: Karas Marek P. , Donaldson Lisa , Charles Angela , Silver Janet , Hodes Deborah , Adams G.G.W. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to establish if a community based model using a Hospital Optometrist and Community Orthoptist can provide a practical secondary vision screening service for children. These professionals working in an Inner London Health Centre, assessed children who had failed primary vision screening. In total 483 new patients were seen between April 1994 and March 1996 with the largest referral source being the school nurse screening programme. The majority were managed by the team with a total onward referral rate to the Hospital Eye Service of 14%. In 78% of these cases the consultant’s diagnosis agreed with the reason for referral. Where the consultant’s diagnosis differed the children were identified as normal or a variant of normal. This model of care provides a ‘one stop service’ where a child identified as having a potential visual problem at primary screening can be assessed, refracted and provided with spectacles in a local setting without hospital referral. Referrals to the Hospital Eye Service are considerably reduced and a convenient service is provided for parents and children.
The rheological behavior of concentrated colloidal dispersions
Authors: Brady John F. 
Published: July 2002

A simple model for the rheological behavior of concentrated colloidal dispersions is developed. For a suspension of Brownian hard spheres there are two contributions to the macroscopic stress: a hydrodynamic and a Brownian stress. For small departures from equilibrium, the hydrodynamic contribution is purely dissipative and gives the high-frequency dynamic viscosity. The Brownian contribution has both dissipative and elastic parts and is responsible for the viscoelastic behavior of colloidal dispersions. An evolution equation for the pair-distribution function is developed and from it a simple scaling relation is derived for the viscoelastic response. The Brownian stress is shown to be proportional to the equilibrium radial-distribution function at contact, g(2;φ), divided by the short-time self-diffusivity, D0s(φ), both evaluated at the volume fraction φ of interest. This scaling predicts that the Brownian stress diverges at random close packing, φm, with an exponent of −2, that is, η′0 ∼ η(1 − φ/φm)−2, where η′0 is the steady shear viscosity of the dispersion and η is the viscosity of the suspending fluid.
Both the scaling law and the predicted magnitude are in excellent accord with experiment. For viscoelastic response, the theory predicts that the proper time scale is a2/D0s, where a is the particle radius, and, when appropriately scaled, the form of the viscoelastic response is a universal function for all volume fractions, again in agreement with experiment. In the presence of interparticle forces there is an additional contribution to the stress analogous to the Brownian stress. When the length scale characterizing the interparticle forces is comparable to the particle size, the theory predicts that there is only a quantitative contribution from the interparticle forces to the stress; the qualitative behavior, particularly the singular scaling of the viscosity and the form of the viscoelastic response, remains unchanged from the Brownian case. For strongly repulsive interparticle forces characterized by a length scale b (≫a), however, the theory predicts that the viscosity diverges at the random close packing volume fraction, φbm, based on the length scale b, with a weaker exponent of −1. The viscoelastic response now occurs on the time scale b2/D0s(φ), but is of the same form as for Brownian dispersions.
Social literacy and citizenship education in the school curriculum
Authors: Arthur James , Davison Jon 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis article explores citizenship education's need to focus on both ‘political’ and ‘social’ literacy within a communitarian framework. The Crick Report (1998; see also Lahey, Crick and Porter, 1974), while recognizing that the social dimension of citizenship education was a precondition for both the civic and political dimensions, concentrated largely on ‘political’ literacy. This article examines the social dimension of citizenship education. Concern with the social dimension of the curriculum in schools is not a recent interest, but changes within society have accelerated the social demands made upon schools. At the very least, society expects schools to correct the behaviour of children and to teach them values which usually means insisting on ‘good’ behaviour. The social development of pupils has thus assumed a much greater place in the aspirations of schools. Programmes of personal and social education, together with citizenship education, invariably emphasize a range of social skills and these skills are introduced early and built upon throughout the years of schooling. An individual's sense and ability to make socially productive decisions do not develop by themselves; rather, they require knowledge, values and skills. Above all opportunities are required for children to experience social relations in such a way that they are able to operate critically within value‐laden discourses and thereby to become informed and ethically empowered, active citizens.
How would a well‐educated young citizen react to the Stephen Lawrence inquiry? An examination of the parameters of current models of citizenship education
Authors: Menter Ian , Walker Maggie 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTTaking as its starting point the murder of Stephen Lawrence and the failings which that case has demonstrated in justice and the judicial system in England, this article questions the extent to which current models of citizenship education address the reality of young people's lives. The critique focuses particularly on the proposed revisions to the English National Curriculum to be implemented in 2001. It is argued that unless citizenship education provides an opportunity to study the reality of contemporary experience, including the injustices and inequalities which continue to be features of that experience, it will be an ineffectual exercise. There are also severe dangers of the citizenship curriculum being overcrowded with factual knowledge at the expense of opportunities for experiencing democratic processes and playing a part in the formation of learners' identities. Some examples are given of effective work based on the principles outlined in the article. In conclusion, an agenda for research and curriculum development is described.
Antisocial tendencies in alcohol‐dependent men and their relation to harman, salsolinol and dopamine
Authors: PODSCHUS JAN , DUFEU PETER , SCHMIDT LUTZ G. , SALLSTROM‐BAUM SIEDY , ROMMELSPACHER HANS 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAbstract Plasma dopamine, β‐carbolines (norharman, harman) and isoquinolines ((R)‐ and (S)‐salsolinol) were examined for their relationship to antisocial tendencies in 138 drinking men with an alcohol dependence syndrome according to ICD‐10 criteria. Antisociality was assessed according to the following criteria: delinquency, involvement in fist‐fights and homelessness. The personality structure was documented by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire of Cloninger. An early age of onset of alcohol dependence and a high degree of ‘novelty seeking’ were associated with antisocial tendencies. Of the β‐carbolines and isoquinolines, harman and (S)‐salsolinol were significantly decreased among antisocial alcoholics. Norharman, (R)‐salsolinol and dopamine were not associated with antisocial personality. The contribution of endogenous alkaloids to the biological characterization of antisocial tendencies in alcoholics is described.
Predicting communicative competence at 2 and 3 years from pragmatic skills at 10 months
Authors: Smith Liane 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIt is proposed that children play an important part in determining the kinds of linguistic experience they receive, influencing their language environment by means of early pragmatic communication. These early behaviours may also be predictive of later communicative competence. As a preliminary investigation into the wider implications of children's potential influence over their linguistic environment, a study was undertaken which looked at infant pragmatic signalling systems and joint engagement skills, to establish whether these early interactive behaviours might be related to children's subsequent communicative development. During the course of the study, the frequency and distribution of early pragmatic behaviours in a random sample of 145 10‐month‐old infants were investigated, and their subsequent language development followed up at ages 24 and 36 months. The study examined (a) the predictive validity of specific pragmatic behaviours at age 10 months for language development at age 24 months and (b) the specificity and stability of profiles of communicative disability at 2 and 3 years. A subset of behaviours was identified which would have correctly predicted 82 4% of children found to have communicative difficulties at 24 months and 85 4% of those who did not. Predictive language profiles drawn up at age 24 months were substantially confirmed when the children were reassessed at age 36 months. It is proposed that specific early communicative behaviours may be predictive of a child's subsequent linguistic development. Additionally, 2‐year‐old children will be exhibiting certain patterns of language acquisition which may be significant for subsequent linguistic development. Implications for intervention are discussed.
Shortcomings of peer review in biomedical journals
Authors: Wager Elizabeth , Jefferson Tom 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTPeer review is well established across most academic disciplines, and publishers, editors, and researchers devote considerable resources to it. This paper uses examples from biomedical journals to examine its shortcomings. Although mainly anecdotal, the evidence suggests that peer review is sometimes ineffective at identifying important research and even less effective at detecting fraud. Most reviewers identify only the minority of a paper's defects and they may be biased. Peer review plus other editorial processes are associated with improvements in papers between submission and publication, but published papers remain hard to read and a significant proportion contain errors or omissions. While it is hard to quantify the costs, peer review does not seem an efficient use of resources. Research into the outcomes of peer review, the establishment of sound methods for measuring the quality of the process and its outcomes, and comparisons with alternative methods are needed.
Hindman spaces
Authors: Kojman Menachem 
Published: July 2002

A topological space

X
X

is Hindman if for every sequence

(

x
n

)
n

(x_n)_n

in

X
X

there exists an infinite

D
⊆

N

D\subseteq \mathbb {N}

so that the sequence

(

x
n

)

n
∈
F
S
(
D
)

(x_n)_{n\in FS(D)}

, indexed by all finite sums over

D
D

, is IP-converging in

X
X

. Not all sequentially compact spaces are Hindman. The product of two Hindman spaces is Hindman.

Furstenberg and Weiss proved that all compact metric spaces are Hindman. We show that every Hausdorff space

X
X

that satisfies the following condition is Hindman:
\[

(

∗

)\quad The closure of every countable set in

X

is compact and first-countable.\quad

\text {($*$)\quad The closure of every countable set in $X$ is compact and first-countable.\quad }

\]

Consequently, there exist nonmetrizable and noncompact Hindman spaces. The following is a particular consequence of the main result: every bounded sequence of monotone (not necessarily continuous) real functions on

[
0
,
1
]

[0,1]

has an IP-converging subsequences.
Optimal information for approximating periodic analytic functions
Authors: Osipenko K. , Wilderotter K. 
Published: July 2002

Let

S

β

:=
{
z
∈

C

:

|

Im
⁡
z

|

>
β
}

S_{\beta }:=\{z\in \mathbb {C}:| \operatorname {Im}z|>\beta \}

be a strip in the complex plane. For fixed integer

r
≥
0

r\ge 0

let

H

∞
,
β

r

H^r_{\infty ,\beta }

denote the class of

2
π

2\pi

-periodic functions

f
f

, which are analytic in

S

β

S_{\beta }

and satisfy

|

f

(
r
)

(
z
)

|

≤
1

|f^{(r)}(z)|\le 1

in

S

β

S_{\beta }

. Denote by

H

∞
,
β

r
,

R

H^{r,\mathbb R}_{\infty ,\beta }

the subset of functions from

H

∞
,
β

r

H^r_{\infty ,\beta }

that are real-valued on the real axis. Given a function

f
∈

H

∞
,
β

r

f\in H^r_{\infty ,\beta }

, we try to recover

f
(
ζ
)

f(\zeta )

at a fixed point

ζ
∈

R

\zeta \in \mathbb {R}

by an algorithm

A
A

on the basis of the information

I
f
=
(

a

0

(
f
)
,

a

1

(
f
)
,
…
,

a

n
−
1

(
f
)
,

b

1

(
f
)
,
…
,

b

n
−
1

(
f
)
)
,

\begin{equation*}If=(a_{0}(f),a_{1}(f),\dots ,a_{n-1}(f),b_{1}(f),\dots ,b_{n-1}(f)), \end{equation*}

where

a

j

(
f
)

a_{j}(f)

,

b

j

(
f
)

b_{j}(f)

are the Fourier coefficients of

f
f

. We find the intrinsic error of recovery

E
(

H

∞
,
β

r

,
I
)
:=

inf

A
:

C

2
n
−
1

→

C

sup

f
∈

H

∞
,
β

r

|

f
(
ζ
)
−
A
(
I
f
)

|

.

\begin{equation*} E(H^r_{\infty ,\beta } ,I):= \operatorname * {inf}_{A\colon \mathbb {C}^{2n-1}\to \mathbb {C}}\,\sup _{f\in H^r_{\infty ,\beta } }|f(\zeta )- A(If)|. \end{equation*}

Furthermore the

(
2
n
−
1
)

(2n-1)

-dimensional optimal information error, optimal sampling error and

n
n

-widths of

H

∞
,
β

r
,

R

H^{r,\mathbb R}_{\infty ,\beta }

in

C
C

, the space of continuous functions on

[
0
,
2
π
]

[0,2\pi ]

, are determined. The optimal sampling error turns out to be strictly greater than the optimal information error. Finally the same problems are investigated for the class

H

p
,
β

H_{p,\beta }

, consisting of all

2
π

2\pi

-periodic functions, which are analytic in

S

β

S_{\beta }

with

p
p

-integrable boundary values. In the case

p
=
2

p=2

sampling fails to yield optimal information as well in odd as in even dimensions.
Fractional Power Series and Pairings on Drinfeld Modules
Authors: Poonen Bjorn 
Published: July 2002

Let

C
C

be an algebraically closed field containing

F

q

\mathbb {F}_q

which is complete with respect to an absolute value

|

|

|\;|

. We prove that under suitable constraints on the coefficients, the series

f
(
z
)
=

∑

n
∈

Z

a
n

z

q
n

f(z) = \sum _{n \in \mathbb {Z}} a_n z^{q^n}

converges to a surjective, open, continuous

F

q

\mathbb {F}_q

-linear homomorphism

C
→
C

C \rightarrow C

whose kernel is locally compact. We characterize the locally compact sub-

F

q

\mathbb {F}_q

-vector spaces

G
G

of

C
C

which occur as kernels of such series, and describe the extent to which

G
G

determines the series. We develop a theory of Newton polygons for these series which lets us compute the Haar measure of the set of zeros of

f
f

of a given valuation, given the valuations of the coefficients. The “adjoint” series

f
∗

(
z
)
=

∑

n
∈

Z

a
n

1

/

q
n

z

1

/

q
n

f^\ast (z) = \sum _{n \in \mathbb {Z}} a_n^{1/q^n} z^{1/q^n}

converges everywhere if and only if

f
f

does, and in this case there is a natural bilinear pairing
\[

ker
⁡
f
×
ker
⁡

f
∗

→

F

q

\ker f \times \ker f^\ast \rightarrow \mathbb {F}_q

\]
which exhibits

ker
⁡

f
∗

\ker f^\ast

as the Pontryagin dual of

ker
⁡
f

\ker f

. Many of these results extend to non-linear fractional power series. We apply these results to construct a Drinfeld module analogue of the Weil pairing, and to describe the topological module structure of the kernel of the adjoint exponential of a Drinfeld module.