bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gait characteristics in community-dwelling older persons with low skeletal muscle mass and low physical performance
Authors: Longobucco Yari , Krumpoch Sebastian , Lauretani Fulvio , Angileri Valentina , Sieber Cornel , Marzetti Emanuele , Calvani Riccardo , Cherubini Antonio , Landi Francesco , Bernabei Roberto , Freiberger Ellen , Maggio Marcello 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Demographic changes in the western world entail new clinical approaches and challenges in older persons. Low skeletal muscle mass and low physical performance in older persons are both predisposing conditions for disability and obtaining knowledge in this cohort is essential.

Aim
The primary aim of the study was to analyze a broader spectrum of gait characteristics within this specific population and differentiate them across different test conditions.

Methods
Two centers participating at the SPRINTT project with hi-tech gait analysis available conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study on N = 115 community-dwelling older persons with low muscle mass and physical performance.
Reference values of 13 gait parameters were collected across different conditions: usual gait speed, fast gait speed, and usual gait speed while simultaneously naming animals.

Results and discussion
This study shows the first spatio-temporal reference values in a community-dwelling older population composed of individuals with low skeletal muscle mass and low physical performance. In comparison to the normative spatio-temporal gait parameters in older persons reported in the literature, this population showed some differences. The mean gait speed was lower than 1 m/s, considered as a cutoff for vulnerable community-dwelling individuals, which corresponds to a greater risk of falls, hospitalization, and mortality. The stride length variability was higher, exposing to a greater risk of falling, and was also associated with a higher risk of developing cognitive decline.

Conclusion
This study represents the first step in the development of quantitative reference values in community-dwelling older persons with low physical performance and low skeletal muscle mass.
Stability Improvement of Model-Free Control Based on a Virtual Structure Against the Resonance of a Proof-Mass Actuator
Authors: Sato Yuto , Yonezawa Heisei , Yonezawa Ansei , Kajiwara Itsuro 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose
This study improves the robustness of the model-free controller based on a virtual structure. Additionally, the adverse interference between the proof-mass actuator resonance and a controlled object is investigated as it is not clarified in the previous studies.

Methods and Results
A virtual structure modeled as a SDOF system was inserted between the actuator and the actual controlled object. This achieved the indirect damping of the actual controlled object and model-free control. Vibration control simulations were conducted for various finite element models with a model-free $${H}_{\infty }$$

H
∞

controller based on a virtual structure. The results demonstrate that the actuator resonance adversely affects the stability of the control system when the controlled object has a mode whose natural frequency is too close to that of the actuator. Therefore, a notch filter was applied to the model-free $${H}_{\infty }$$

H
∞

controller design approach to suppress the resonance without affecting the damping performance. The improved controller with notch filter is more robust to the resonance of the actuator than the previous one.

Conclusions
The resonance of the proof-mass actuator adversely affects the stability of the control system composed of the previous model-free $${H}_{\infty }$$

H
∞

controller when the low-order vibration mode of the actual controlled object is too close to the natural frequency of the actuator. Introducing a notch filter into the model-free approach based on a virtual structure effectively reduces the negative impact due to the resonance of the actuator and improves the robustness of the control system.
Sex Workers’ Work-Related Victimisation and Drug Use During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Switzerland
Authors: Molnar Lorena , Ros Jenny 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCriminologists have monitored the coronavirus pandemic’s effects on crime and criminal justice since the pandemic’s outbreak. Nonetheless, vulnerable and difficult-to-reach populations have been understudied thus far. This study sheds light on the experiences of sex workers (SW) during the first year of the coronavirus in Switzerland, a country where prostitution is legal. Based upon 40 questionnaires with SW outdoors and indoors and 50 h of field observation, SW reported that the pandemic has had adverse financial and psychosocial effects on them. During the first year of COVID-19, seventeen SW were victims of at least one work-related offence, the most prevalent of which were theft and fraud. Nevertheless, most SW did not report the incidents to the police. Comparing the non-victims with victims, we found that victims, particularly those of multiple crimes, are younger, more often foreigners from extra-EU countries, in an illegal situation and needed to work face to face during the prostitution ban during the lockdown in Switzerland. However, despite these circumstances, most SW do not use illegal drugs, and only a few of them used more during the pandemic. Our research findings were similar to those reported in former studies, although we could infer that the violent victimisation of our sample is less and none of the SW indicated violence on the part of the police. Nevertheless, we have no point of comparison with former years and thus propose a periodic crime victim survey of SW, as well as further prevention measures in the prostitution area.
Rétrospective 20/20 : Regarder en arrière pour une vision d’avenir en gérontologie
Authors: Meisner Brad A. 
Published: February 2022

RésuméCet article est constitué d’extraits des messages d’ouverture et de clôture livrés lors de l’ACG2021 – la réunion scientifique et éducative annuelle de l’Association canadienne de gérontologie (ACG) – qui s’est déroulée en mode virtuel du 21 au 23 octobre 2021. Cet événement célébrait le 50e anniversaire de l’ACG et a accueilli 645 délégués de partout au Canada et dans le monde. Placée sous le thème « Rétrospective 20/20 : Regarder en arrière pour une vision d’avenir en gérontologie », le congrès a présenté des travaux émergents examinant les répercussions diverses et complexes de la COVID-19 sur les personnes âgées et sur le vieillissement, et a mis en lumière la nécessité de renforcer la justice, l’équité, la diversité, et l’inclusion dans le domaine de la gérontologie.
Characterizing trajectories of anxiety, depression, and criminal offending in male adolescents over the 5 years following their first arrest
Authors: Baker Amanda E. , Padgaonkar Namita Tanya , Galván Adriana , Frick Paul J. , Steinberg Laurence , Cauffman Elizabeth 
Published: February 2022

AbstractYouth in the juvenile justice system evince high rates of mental health symptoms, including anxiety and depression. How these symptom profiles change after first contact with the justice system and – importantly – how they are related to re-offending remains unclear. Here, we use latent growth curve modeling to characterize univariate and multivariate growth of anxiety, depression, and re-offending in 1216 male adolescents over 5 years following their first arrest. Overall, the group showed significant linear and quadratic growth in internalizing symptoms and offending behaviors over time such that levels decreased initially after first arrest followed by a small but significant upturn occurring a few years later. Crucially, multivariate growth models revealed strong positive relationships between the rates of growth in internalizing symptoms and offending behaviors such that improvements in mental health related to greater decreases in offending, and vice versa. These results highlight the reciprocal nature of internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence, underscoring the importance of considering mental health alongside offending in the juvenile justice system.
Processional melodies in the Old Hispanic rite
Authors: HORNBY EMMA , ANDRÉS FERNÁNDEZ DAVID , GUTIÉRREZ CARMEN JULIA , SCULLIN DIANNE 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTOld Hispanic liturgy was practised across much of medieval Iberia untilc.1080. In this article we analyse the extant Old Hispanic processional antiphons, focusing on: the presence or absence of verses; amount of text and relationship with the Bible; cadence placement; number of notes per chant (melodic density) and per syllable; and melodic repetition within and between chants. We demonstrate that the processional antiphons are neither a homogenous corpus nor clearly differentiated stylistically from other Old Hispanic antiphons. In a short case study of the Good Friday Veneration of the Cross, we situate the processional antiphons within their wider ritual context, including their likely staging in the ecclesiastical architecture. As we show, the interaction between melody and ritual directed the antiphon texts towards a particular devotional end.
Sustained improvement in fellows’ echocardiographic completeness through the coronavirus pandemic with a standardised imaging protocol
Authors: White Brian R. , Chaszczewski Kasey J. , Lemley Bethan , Natarajan Shobha S. , Rogers Lindsay S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFirst-year cardiology fellows must quickly learn basic competency in echocardiography during fellowship orientation. This educational process was disrupted in 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic, as our hands-on echocardiography teaching transitioned from practice on paediatric volunteers to simulation-based training. We previously described an improvement in echocardiographic completeness after implementation of a standardised imaging protocol for the performance of acute assessments of ventricular function. Herein, we assessed whether this improvement could be sustained over the two subsequent years, including the fellowship year affected by the pandemic. Echocardiograms performed by first-year paediatric cardiology fellows to assess ventricular function were reviewed for completeness. The frequency with which each requested component was included was measured. A total demographic score (out of 7) and total imaging score (out of 23) were calculated. The pre-protocol years (2015–2017) were compared to the post-protocol years (2018–2020), and the pre-COVID years (2018–2019) were compared to the year affected by COVID (2020). There was a sustained improvement in completeness after protocol implementation with improvement in the demographic score (median increasing from 6 to 7, p < 0.001) and imaging score (median increasing from 13 to 16, p < 0.001). More individual components showed a statistically significant increase in frequency compared to our prior publication. The COVID pandemic resulted in very few differences in completeness. Demographic reporting improved modestly (p = 0.04); the imaging score was unchanged (p = 0.59). The only view obtained less frequently was the apical two-chamber view. A standardised imaging protocol allowed sustained improvements in echocardiographic completeness despite the disruption of fellowship orientation by COVID-19.
Choosing Reviewers: Predictors of Undergraduate Manuscript Evaluations
Authors: Walker Christina P. , Towner Terri L. , Hilliker Lea 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTThere is a substantial amount of research examining bias in the peer-review process and its influence on the quality and content of political science journal articles. However, there is limited research examining how students peer review other undergraduate research for publication. To better understand the predictors of manuscript evaluations and build on prior literature, this study examines seven years of undergraduate peer evaluations submitted to the Pi Sigma Alpha Undergraduate Journal of Politics from 2013 to 2020. Empirical analyses reveal that a peer reviewer’s prior service on the editorial board (i.e., experience) and race are consistently and significantly associated with manuscript evaluations. By examining how undergraduate peer reviewers assess anonymized manuscripts, this research reveals potential biases in the political science peer-review process. Additionally, the benefits of undergraduate students participating in the peer-review process are explored and discussed.
Deconstructing the ‘Yoshida Doctrine’
Authors: Hoshiro Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThere is a consensus that the post-war Japanese foreign policy is based on theYoshida DoctrineorYoshida Line, which refers to the strategies of former Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida, who relied upon US military security, and maintained limited defense forces while focusing on economic recovery and growth. This paper reconsidered the Yoshida Doctrine, referencing multiple related arguments and evidence, reaching a conclusion that post-war Japanese foreign policy should not be called the Yoshida Doctrine or Yoshida Line. The Yoshida Doctrine is an analytical concept created by researchers in the 1980s to justify Japanese foreign policy. This was done in response to the domestic and foreign criticism of low-level military spending, despite the flourishing economy. The Yoshida Doctrine differs from other foreign policy doctrines and has no merit for being called a doctrine. Furthermore, the ideas supporting this doctrine are not based on definitive proof; rather, they merely represent Yoshida's image, and a spurious correlation, drawn between limited defense spending and high-economic growth. The analysis carried out in this study reveals that the Yoshida Doctrine is fundamentally flawed. As a result, this study insists that it is necessary to abandon the Yoshida Doctrine as a base for future research on Japanese diplomacy.
Variability and Changes of Unfrozen Soils Below Snowpack
Authors: Gao Lun , Ebtehaj Ardeshir , Cohen Judah , Wigneron Jean‐Pierre 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUsing four reanalysis data sets and ground‐based observations, this paper uncovers that on average, 30% of the time, Northern Hemisphere snow cover experiences unfrozen bottom soil. It is demonstrated that the probability of occurrence of unfrozen soils is correlated with the snow types and is maximum over the ephemeral followed by the maritime and prairie snow. The results based on reanalysis data unveil that the seasonal evolution of the unfrozen soil areas is not synchronous with the snow cover extent and exhibits sub‐annual bi‐modality with two annual maxima in April and October. Interannual trend analyses indicate that shrinkage of spring snow in the past few decades has been accompanied by an increase in the proportion of unfrozen bottom soils, more significantly over polar climate regimes dominated by the tundra and taiga snow. The findings imply that the snowpack basal melting could have increased due to global warming.
Long‐Distance Lateral Magma Propagation and Pamir Plateau Uplift
Authors: Tang Gong‐Jian , Wyman Derek A. , Wang Qiang , Yin Ji‐Yuan , Dan Wei 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLong‐distance lateral magma propagation may reflect the complex interaction between regional tectonics and crustal uplift. Here, we report observations on the Taxkorgan intrusive complex (TIC) of the Central Pamir. TIC is a 70 km long, 10–18 km wide, north‐northwest–elongated body intruded into mid‐upper crust in parallel with, and close to, the Kongur Shan Extensional System. New zircon U‐Pb dating shows that syenite samples exhibit a clear younging pattern from south to north along the pluton axis within an interval between 11.5 and 10.3 Ma, which is interpreted as lateral magma propagation from a single feeder zone at its northwestern margin. The lateral magma propagation was caused by a combination of crustal rigidity differences, and a topography‐induced pressure gradient that is nearly orthogonal to the least compressive stress. We propose that long‐distance lateral magma propagation plays an important role in plateau expansion, restraining the thickness and elevation of the Pamir Plateau.
MMSTN: A Multi‐Modal Spatial‐Temporal Network for Tropical Cyclone Short‐Term Prediction
Authors: Huang Cheng , Bai Cong , Chan Sixian , Zhang Jinglin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractForecasting the trajectory and intensity of tropical cyclones (TCs) is important in disaster mitigation as TC usually causes huge damages. However, it remains a substantial challenge due to the limited understanding of TC complexity. Still, TCs have been observed and recorded for several decades, and so can be predicted if viewed as a spatial‐temporal prediction problem with a huge amount of existing data. We propose a novel TC trajectory and intensity short‐term prediction method: Multi‐Modal Spatial‐temporal Networks (MMSTN). It not only predicts the TC's central pressure, winds, and the location of its center, but also forecasts the TC's varied possible tendencies. Experiments were conducted on the China Meteorological Administration Tropical Cyclone Best Track Dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed MMSTN outperformed state‐of‐the‐art methods as well as the official prediction method of the China Central Meteorological Observatory, in intensity prediction and 6 hr trajectory prediction.
Significance of the Terrestrial Sink in the Biogeochemical Sulfur Cycle
Authors: Joo Young Ji , Sim Min Sub , Elwood Madden Megan E. , Soreghan Gerilyn S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAn imbalance in pyrite weathering and burial is a primary mechanism responsible for oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans, but key processes governing the terrestrial sulfur cycle remain nebulous. Here, we investigate components of the terrestrial sulfur cycle in a highly productive, glacier‐fed catchment, and use a global mass balance model to constrain riverine sulfur fluxes. Chemistry of stream water and plant debris in the Jostedal watershed, Norway suggests sulfur isotope discrimination is occurring in the porewater. Global models also corroborate additional, previously overlooked pyrite burial with a modest isotope fractionation (<20‰), similar to values reported from freshwater ecosystems. Collectively, our results indicate that a significant amount of sulfate produced by weathering remains trapped in terrestrial environments. This terrestrial sulfur sink might have waxed and waned over geologic time in response to major biogeochemical events such as terrestrial afforestation.
Asymmetrical Shift Toward Less Light and More Heavy Precipitation in an Urban Agglomeration of East China: Intensification by Urbanization
Authors: Yu Xiaojie , Gu Xihui , Kong Dongdong , Zhang Qiang , Cao Qian , Slater Louise J. , Ren Guoyu , Luo Ming , Li Jianfeng , Liu Jianyu , Cheng Jianmei , Li Yanan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUnder global warming, projected changes in precipitation have shown an asymmetrical shift from light to heavy precipitation over China. However, the role of urbanization in this shift remains unknown. Here, we show that increases in total rainy‐season (May‐September) precipitation over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) urban agglomeration of East China are characterized by decreasing light precipitation and increasing heavy precipitation during 1961–2019. This asymmetrical shift toward heavier precipitation is even more prominent in urban than rural areas. Areas with faster urban expansion rates exhibit stronger negative (positive) trends in light (heavy) precipitation. Urbanization contributes to 44.4% (26.4%) of the decreasing (increasing) light (heavy) precipitation in the urban areas of the YRD. We suggest that urban managers should consider potential adverse impacts of this asymmetrical shift, which may favor increases in both the frequency of heatwaves and waterlogging.
The 2021 South Sandwich Island Mw 8.2 Earthquake: A Slow Event Sandwiched Between Regular Ruptures
Authors: Jia Zhe , Zhan Zhongwen , Kanamori Hiroo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe determined the rupture sequence of the 12 August 2021 Mw 8.2 South Sandwich Island earthquake which appears to be a complex sequence in both time and space. Notable tsunamis were recorded by tide gauges at global distances. Given the complexity of this event, we conducted a multiple subevent inversion on broadband seismograms, to resolve its complex variations of fault geometry, location, depth, and temporal characteristics. We found that the rupture initiated as a regular deep thrust earthquake; it then ruptured shallower and triggered a silent and dominantly slow subevent extending ∼200 km to the south, and ended with two other regular subevents. The total duration is ∼260 s, unusually long for an Mw 8.2 event. Our result is qualitatively consistent with other moment tensor solutions and the deviant mB–Mw and MS–Mw relations, and provides a more quantitative space‐temporal pattern of this unusual sequence.
Submesoscale Ageostrophic Motions Within and Below the Mixed Layer of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Cao Haijin , Jing Zhiyou 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSubmesoscale dynamics below the mixed layer (ML) and their mechanisms are still unclear. By a series of nested simulations in the Pacific Northwest with high horizontal resolution of ∼500 m, this study reveals that there exist strong submesoscale ageostrophic motions in the upper pycnocline of the Kuroshio Extension region. These motions exhibit enhanced lateral buoyancy gradient and vigorous vertical velocity but with weak vertical vorticity distinct from the ML submesoscale activities. The vertical velocity in the high‐resolution simulation reaches tens of meters per day, consistent with recent observations (e.g., SubMESI and OSMOSIS). Our analysis shows that the enhanced vertical velocity is mostly attributed to the along‐isopycnal motions at the Kuroshio front, but in the region nearby the large vertical velocity mostly arises from the wave‐like vertical movement of isopycnals. To understand the mechanisms for the large vertical velocity, this paper further examined the instability of the flow and the frequency‐wavenumber spectra of vertical vorticity, lateral divergence, lateral buoyancy gradient, and vertical velocity. A criterion based on the ratio between divergence and vorticity variance in spectral space is used to roughly identify the upper bound of unbalanced submesoscales. The results suggest that the high‐frequency, high‐wavenumber processes dominate the vertical motions within and below the ML and significantly enhance the net vertical heat transport between the ML and the ocean interior. This study seeks to provide comprehension of the submesoscale ageostrophic motions below the ML and their impacts on the upper ocean.