bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Price discrimination through cause‐related marketing
Authors: Shankar Kameshwari , Ghosh Suman 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA common form of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by firms is to agree to donate a fixed portion of private good revenues to a charitable cause. In this paper, we explore a new rationale for such CSR known commonly as Cause‐Related Marketing (CRM). We argue that linking private good purchase with charitable donations to a partnering nongovernmental organization (NGO) allows the firm to price discriminate between altruistic consumers who wish to make charitable donations out of their income and nonaltruistic consumers who do not place any value on such donations. The disparity in altruistic propensities translates into a difference in private good value which limits the firm's ability to extract consumer surplus in the private good market. Linking private good sales to charity brings down the variation in private good value and enables the firm to appropriate greater surplus. At the same time, by inducing nonaltruistic consumers to donate through their purchase of the charity‐linked good, CRM may also increase charitable donations to the NGO beyond the level that would be achieved under the standard voluntary contributions equilibrium. We extend our model to consider the effects of CRM on profits and donations when altruistic consumers can choose between donating directly to the NGO out of their income and donating through their purchase of the charity‐linked good. We consider this choice in the context of CRM advertising where firms make the altruism of their consumers public and thus provide exhibition value to donations made through the charity‐linked good. We find that the case for CRM strengthens when we allow the firm to appropriate exhibition utility through advertising while enabling greater donations for the NGO through direct donations as well as CRM.
Challenges and advances in optical 3D mesoscale imaging
Authors: Munck Sebastian , Cawthorne Christopher , Escamilla‐Ayala Abril , Kerstens Axelle , Gabarre Sergio , Wesencraft Katrina , Battistella Eliana , Craig Rebecca , Reynaud Emmanuel G. , Swoger Jim , McConnell Gail 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOptical mesoscale imaging is a rapidly developing field that allows the visualisation of larger samples than is possible with standard light microscopy, and fills a gap between cell and organism resolution. It spans from advanced fluorescence imaging of micrometric cell clusters to centimetre‐size complete organisms. However, with larger volume specimens, new problems arise. Imaging deeper into tissues at high resolution poses challenges ranging from optical distortions to shadowing from opaque structures. This manuscript discusses the latest developments in mesoscale imaging and highlights limitations, namely labelling, clearing, absorption, scattering, and also sample handling. We then focus on approaches that seek to turn mesoscale imaging into a more quantitative technique, analogous to quantitative tomography in medical imaging, highlighting a future role for digital and physical phantoms as well as artificial intelligence.
Nonsurgical lower eyelid rejuvenation using injectable poly‐d,l‐lactic acid in Asian patients
Authors: Lin Jui‐Yu , Lin Chuan‐Yuan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundFiller injection for lower eyelid rejuvenation remains a difficult subject due to many complicated anatomic changes as the face ages.ObjectivesTo propose an alternative, simple, and effective filler injection method in lower eyelids for Asian patients.MethodsAny patient who has tear trough deformities, infra‐orbital hollows, nasojugal grooves, dark eye circles, as well as mild eyebags is a potential candidate for this method. Our filler choice is injectable poly‐d,l‐lactic acid (PDLLA; AestheFill; REGEN). PDLLA must be reconstituted with sterile water for injection (SWFI) before administration. When the patient's troughs, grooves, or volume deficit are classes II and III, 3–4 ml of SWFI and 1 ml of lidocaine are used. When the deficits are class I, 5–7 ml of SWFI and 1 ml of lidocaine are used. With the fanning injection technique, a wide region that covers all the deficits is evenly injected. The depth is under the dermis layer. The total amount of filler injection is not more than 2 ml on each side.ResultsSince 2019, we have injected more than 100 patients by following these steps in Taiwan. The level of patient satisfaction is high. Only some mild and transient post‐injection complications such as edema, erythema, and ecchymosis were found.ConclusionsWe propose an alternative, simple and effective method for non‐surgical lower eyelid rejuvenation for Asian patients. However, anyone who wants to perform this procedure should be well‐trained and knowledgeable about the anatomy, product, and procedure to prevent adverse events.
Comparison of the efficacy of cysteamine 5% cream and hydroquinone 4%/ascorbic acid 3% combination cream in the treatment of epidermal melasma
Authors: Sepaskhah Mozhdeh , Karimi Fatemeh , Bagheri Zahra , Kasraee Behrooz 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundFew safe and effective treatments are available for melasma. Cysteamine, a non‐melanocytotoxic molecule is a safer alternative to hydroquinone and usable for long‐term use.AimTo evaluate the effect of cysteamine 5% cream in the treatment of melasma.MethodsSixty‐five of 80 patients completed this single‐blind, randomized, controlled trial. The patients received cysteamine 5% or hydroquinone 4%/ascorbic acid 3% (HC) cream. The therapeutic response was evaluated by modified MASI (mMASI) and melanin index (SkinColorCatch) after 2 and 4 months of treatment. The effect of treatment on the quality of life was also assessed.ResultsThe decrease in mMASI score was from 6.69 ± 2.96 to 4.47 ± 2.16 in the cysteamine group and from 6.26 ± 3.25 to 3.87 ± 2.00 in the HC group after 4 months (p values < 0.001). The melanin index decreased from 37.72 ± 10.17 to 31.47 ± 11.90 in the cysteamine group and from 36.37 ± 10.80 to 23.16 ± 8.83 in the HC group after 4 months (p‐value = 0.003 and <0.001, respectively). The difference between mMASI score at baseline and month 4 was not significant between both groups (p‐value > 0.05). The difference between the melanin index at baseline and month 4 was significantly more pronounced in the HC group (p‐value = 0.002). Quality of life improved in both groups (p‐value < 0.05), but was not significantly different between groups (p‐value > 0.05).ConclusionCysteamine was confirmed to be an effective treatment for melasma, with equivalent results to HC in reducing mMASI score and improving quality of life, despite lesser melanin index reduction observed. Cysteamine and HC efficacy was confirmed in patients recalcitrant to previous treatments, by a significant reduction of mMASI and melanin index.
Histological severity of maternal and fetal inflammation is correlated with the prevalence of maternal clinical signs
Authors: Maki Yohei , Sato Yuichiro , Furukawa Seishi , Sameshima Hiroshi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimTo evaluate whether there is a stepwise increase in the prevalence of maternal clinical signs according to the severity of histological inflammation in the chorioamniotic membranes, placenta, and umbilical cord in preterm deliveries.MethodsThis retrospective study, conducted between January 2007 and May 2017, included patients with preterm delivery between 22 and 33 weeks. The histological findings of maternal/fetal inflammatory responses were staged and graded according to the Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group consensus statement. Correlations between the histological severity of maternal/fetal inflammatory responses and the prevalence of clinical chorioamnionitis and clinical signs were evaluated using the Cochran–Armitage trend test.ResultsA total of 138 patients were included. The stage and grade of the maternal inflammatory response were correlated with earlier gestational weeks at delivery and lighter birth weight. The prevalence of clinical chorioamnionitis was significantly correlated with a higher stage and grade of the maternal inflammatory response (Gibbs/Lencki criteria: 15.8%/15.8% in Stage 3, 16.3%/14% in Grade 2). No significant correlations were observed between gestational weeks at delivery and birth weight and stage/grade of fetal inflammatory response. The prevalence of clinical chorioamnionitis was significantly correlated with higher stage and grade of fetal inflammatory response (Gibbs/Lencki criteria: 25%/25% in Stage 3 and 29.4%/29.4% in Grade 2).ConclusionCorrelations exist between the severity of histological maternal/fetal inflammatory responses and the prevalence of clinical chorioamnionitis and positive maternal clinical signs in preterm deliveries. However, the prevalence of clinical chorioamnionitis was 20%–30% even in the most severe fetal inflammatory responses.
Ambiguity in a pandemic recession, asset prices, and lockdown policy
Authors: Morimoto Keiichi , Suzuki Shiba 
Published: May 2022

AbstractUsing an asset pricing model of a multisector production economy including pandemic disaster, we explain the average stock price boom and significant cross‐sectional variation of stock returns in the United States and Japan during the COVID‐19 pandemic recession. We find that two features of the pandemic, namely ambiguity and sector‐specific shocks, are critical determinants of the unusual asset price dynamics observed. Extending the model, we analyze the welfare effects of lockdown policy during pandemics for heterogeneous households. We theoretically show that enforcing a lockdown improves the welfare of asset holders and households working in sectors with positive sector‐specific shocks. Consequently, a Pareto‐optimal lockdown policy controls for the tightness of lockdown to maximize the welfare of households working in sectors with negative sector‐specific shocks.
Historical loss: Implications for physical activity levels in American Indian adults
Authors: John‐Henderson Neha A. , Grant Vernon M. , Johnson Lester R. , Lafromboise Mary Ellen , Malatare Melveena , Salois Emily M. , Oosterhoff Benjamin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the relationship between daily thoughts about historical loss and daily levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in American Indian (AI) adults residing on the Blackfeet reservation in Browning, Montana.MethodsThe study was designed and conducted using a community‐based participatory research framework and ecological momentary assessment. Over a period of 1 week, 100 AI adults (mean age = 42.18, SD = 14.92) reported how often they thought about historical loss at the end of each day. During this week‐long period, all participants wore a wrist‐accelerometer to passively and objectively measure levels of physical activity.FindingsWe found that Blackfeet AI adults who reported thinking about historical loss more frequently over the course of the week had lower average levels of MVPA over the course of the week compared to Blackfeet AI adults who reported thinking about historical loss less frequently (B = –10.22, 95% CI = –13.83, –6.60). We also found that on days when Blackfeet AI adults thought more about historical loss compared to their weekly average, they had fewer minutes of MVPA compared to their weekly average of minutes of MVPA (B = –0.87, 95% CI = –1.48, –0.27).ConclusionsOur data indicate that thoughts about historical loss are linked to lower levels of MVPA. Given high incidence of chronic health conditions linked to physical inactivity in AIs, more work is needed to identify the mechanisms through which thoughts about historical loss may inhibit physical activity in this population.
Systematic review of the associations between prenatal sleep behaviours and components of energy balance for regulating weight gain
Authors: Pauley Abigail M. , Moore Ginger A. , Mama Scherezade K. , Molenaar Peter , Downs Danielle Symons 
Published: May 2022

SummaryThis systematic review aimed to examine the magnitude and direction of the associations between prenatal sleep behaviours (i.e. nighttime sleep duration, sleep quality, night awakenings and daytime nap duration) and eating behaviours, physical activity and gestational weight gain. A systematic search was conducted using Medline/PubMed, PsychINFO, CINAHL Complete, ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis A&I, and Web of Science to identify studies with at least one sleep measure, and either eating behaviours, physical activity and/or gestational weight gain. In summary, 11 studies met the review criteria and generated 11 total effect size across 10,900 participants. The majority of the studies were conducted after 2010, which highlights the infancy of this research. Overall, the strengths of the effect size were small: sleep‐gestational weight gain (effect size = 0.29), sleep‐eating behaviours (effect size = 0.13) and sleep‐physical activity (effect size = 0.13). The only effect size that emerged as significant was for the pooled sleep behaviours‐physical activity association; good sleep behaviours were positively associated with higher levels of physical activity. These findings summarize and provide insight on how sleep behaviours are related to prenatal gestational weight gain, eating behaviours and physical activity by identifying the strength and direction of the associations that have been previously unknown. Results support the rationale for future longitudinal and randomized control trials to examine the effects of sleep behaviours on gestational weight gain, eating behaviours and physical activity over the course of pregnancy.
Crowdsourced Adaptive Comparative Judgment: A Community‐Based Solution for Proficiency Rating
Authors: Paquot Magali , Rubin Rachel , Vandeweerd Nathan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe main objective of this Methods Showcase Article is to show how the technique of adaptive comparative judgment, coupled with a crowdsourcing approach, can offer practical solutions to reliability issues as well as to address the time and cost difficulties associated with a text‐based approach to proficiency assessment in L2 research. We showcased this method by reporting on the methodological framework implemented in the Crowdsourcing Language Assessment Project and by presenting the results of a first study that demonstrated that a crowd is able to assess learner texts with high reliability. We found no effect of language skills or language assessment experience on the assessment task, but judges who had received formal language assessment training seemed to differ in their decisions from judges who had not received such training. However, the scores generated by the crowdsourced task exhibited a strong positive correlation with the rubric‐based scores provided with the learner corpus used.
Using scenario‐based assessments to examine the feasibility of integrating preventive nutrition services through the primary health care system in Bangladesh
Authors: Nguyen Phuong H. , Pramanik Priyanjana , Billah Sk. Masum , Avula Rasmi , Ferdous Tarana , Sarker Bidhan K. , Rahman Musfikur , Ireen Santhia , Mahmud Zeba , Menon Purnima , Ash Deborah 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe National Nutrition Services of Bangladesh aims to deliver nutrition services through the primary health care system. Little is known about the feasibility of reshaping service delivery to close gaps in nutrition intervention coverage and utilization. We used a scenario‐based feasibility testing approach to assess potential implementation improvements to strengthen service delivery. We conducted in‐depth interviews with 31 service providers and 12 policymakers, and 5 focus group discussions with potential beneficiaries. We asked about the feasibility of four hypothetical scenarios for preventive and promotive nutrition service delivery: community‐based events (CBE) for pregnant women, well‐child services integrated into immunization contacts; CBE for well‐children, and well‐child visits at facilities. Opinions on service delivery platforms were mixed; some recommended new platforms, but others suggested strengthening existing delivery points. CBE for pregnant women was perceived as feasible, but workforce shortages emerged as a key barrier. Challenges such as equipment portability, upset children and a fast‐moving service environment suggested low feasibility of integrating nutrition into outreach immunization contacts. In contrast, CBE and facility‐based well‐child visits emerged as feasible options, conditional on having the necessary workforce, structural readiness and budget support. On the demand side, enabling factors include using interpersonal communication and involving community leaders to increase awareness, organizing events at a convenient time and place for both providers and beneficiaries, and incentives for beneficiaries to encourage participation. In conclusion, integrating preventive and promotive nutrition services require addressing current challenges in the health system, including human resource and logistic gaps, and investing in creating demand for preventive services.
Further evidence from common garden rearing experiments of heritable traits separating lean and siscowet lake charr (Salvelinus namaycush) ecotypes
Authors: Euclide Peter T. , Jasonowicz Andrew , Sitar Shawn P. , Fischer G. J. , Goetz Frederick W. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractGenetic evidence of selection for complex and polygenically regulated phenotypes can easily become masked by neutral population genetic structure and phenotypic plasticity. Without direct evidence of genotype‐phenotype associations it can be difficult to conclude to what degree a phenotype is heritable or a product of environment. Common garden laboratory studies control for environmental stochasticity and help to determine the mechanism that regulate traits. Here we assess lipid content, growth, weight, and length variation in full and hybrid F1 crosses of deep and shallow water sympatric lake charr ecotypes reared for nine years in a common garden experiment. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and quantitative‐trait‐loci (QTL) genomic scans are used to identify associations between genotypes at 19,714 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) aligned to the lake charr genome and individual phenotypes to determine the role that genetic inheritance plays in ecotype phenotypic diversity. Lipid content, growth, length, and weight differed significantly among lake charr crosses throughout the experiment suggesting that pedigree plays a large roll in lake charr development. Polygenic scores of 15 SNPs putatively associated with lipid content and/or condition factor indicated that ecotype distinguishing traits are polygenically regulated and additive. A QTL identified on chromosome 38 contained >200 genes, some of which were associated with lipid metabolism and growth, demonstrating the complex nature of ecotype diversity. The results of our common garden study further indicate that lake charr ecotypes observed in nature are predetermined at birth and that ecotypes differ fundamentally in lipid metabolism and growth.
Phenazines and toxoflavin act as interspecies modulators of resilience to diverse antibiotics
Authors: Meirelles Lucas A. , Newman Dianne K. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBacterial opportunistic pathogens make diverse secondary metabolites both in the natural environment and when causing infections, yet how these molecules mediate microbial interactions and their consequences for antibiotic treatment are still poorly understood. Here, we explore the role of three redox‐active secondary metabolites, pyocyanin, phenazine‐1‐carboxylic acid, and toxoflavin, as interspecies modulators of antibiotic resilience. We find that these molecules dramatically change susceptibility levels of diverse bacteria to clinical antibiotics. Pyocyanin and phenazine‐1‐carboxylic acid are made by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while toxoflavin is made by Burkholderia gladioli, organisms that infect cystic fibrosis and other immunocompromised patients. All molecules alter the susceptibility profile of pathogenic species within the “Burkholderia cepacia complex” to different antibiotics, either antagonizing or potentiating their effects, depending on the drug’s class. Defense responses regulated by the redox‐sensitive transcription factor SoxR potentiate the antagonistic effects these metabolites have against fluoroquinolones, and the presence of genes encoding SoxR and the efflux systems it regulates can be used to predict how these metabolites will affect antibiotic susceptibility of different bacteria. Finally, we demonstrate that inclusion of secondary metabolites in standard protocols used to assess antibiotic resistance can dramatically alter the results, motivating the development of new tests for more accurate clinical assessment.
BB0761, a MepM homolog, contributes to Borrelia burgdorferi cell division and mammalian infectivity
Authors: Thompson Christina , George Sierra , White Maria L. , Eswara Prahathees J. , Ouyang Zhiming 
Published: May 2022

AbstractM23 family endopeptidases play important roles in cell division and separation in a wide variety of bacteria. Recent studies have suggested that these proteins also contribute to bacterial virulence. However, the biological function of M23 peptidases in pathogenic spirochetes remains unexplored. Here, we describe Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterial pathogen causing Lyme disease, requires a putative M23 family homolog, BB0761, for spirochete morphology and cell division. Indeed, the inactivation of bb0761 led to an aberrant filamentous phenotype as well as the impairment of B. burgdorferi growth in vitro. These phenotypes were complemented not only with B. burgdorferi bb0761, but also with the mepM gene from E. coli. Moreover, the bb0761 mutant showed a complete loss of infectivity in a murine model of Lyme borreliosis. Resistance of the mutant to osmotic and oxidative stresses was markedly reduced. Our combined results indicate that BB0761 contributes to B. burgdorferi cell division and virulence.
Caspase‐6‐cleaved tau is relevant in Alzheimer's disease and marginal in four‐repeat tauopathies: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications
Authors: Theofilas Panos , Piergies Antonia M. H. , Oh Ian , Lee Yoo Bin , Li Song Hua , Pereira Felipe L. , Petersen Cathrine , Ehrenberg Alexander J. , Eser Rana A. , Ambrose Andrew J. , Chin Brian , Yang Teddy , Khan Shireen , Ng Raymond , Spina Salvatore , Seeley Willian W. , Miller Bruce L. , Arkin Michelle R. , Grinberg Lea T. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimTau truncation (tr‐tau) by active caspase‐6 (aCasp‐6) generates tau fragments that may be toxic. Yet the relationship between aCasp‐6, different forms of tr‐tau and hyperphosphorylated tau (p‐tau) accumulation in human brains with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies remains unclear.MethodsWe generated two neoepitope monoclonal antibodies against tr‐tau sites (D402 and D13) targeted by aCasp‐6. Then, we used five‐plex immunofluorescence to quantify the neuronal and astroglial burden of aCasp‐6, tr‐tau, p‐tau and their co‐occurrence in healthy controls, AD and primary tauopathies.ResultsCasp‐6 activation was strongest in AD and Pick's disease (PiD) but almost absent in 4‐repeat (4R) tauopathies. In neurons, the tr‐tau burden was much more abundant in AD and PiD than in 4R tauopathies and disproportionally higher when normalising by p‐tau pathology. Tr‐tau astrogliopathy was detected in low numbers in 4R tauopathies. Unexpectedly, about half of tr‐tau positive neurons in AD and PiD lacked p‐tau aggregates, a finding we confirmed using several p‐tau antibodies.ConclusionsEarly modulation of aCasp‐6 to reduce tr‐tau pathology is a promising therapeutic strategy for AD and PiD but is unlikely to benefit 4R tauopathies. The large percentage of tr‐tau‐positive neurons lacking p‐tau suggests that many vulnerable neurons to tau pathology go undetected when using conventional p‐tau antibodies. Therapeutic strategies against tr‐tau pathology could be necessary to modulate the extent of tau abnormalities in AD. The disproportionally higher burden of tr‐tau in AD and PiD supports the development of biofluid biomarkers against tr‐tau to detect AD and PiD and differentiate them from 4R tauopathies at a patient level.