bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of weak clonal interference on average fitness trajectories in the presence of macroscopic epistasis
Authors: Guo Yipei , Amir Ariel 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAdaptation dynamics on fitness landscapes is often studied theoretically in the strong-selection, weak-mutation regime. However, in a large population, multiple beneficial mutants can emerge before any of them fixes in the population. Competition between mutants is known as clonal interference, and while it is known to slow down the rate of adaptation (when compared to the strong-selection, weak-mutation model with the same parameters), how it affects the shape of long-term fitness trajectories in the presence of epistasis is an open question. Here, by considering how changes in fixation probabilities arising from weak clonal interference affect the dynamics of adaptation on fitness-parameterized landscapes, we find that the change in the shape of fitness trajectory arises only through changes in the supply of beneficial mutations (or equivalently, the beneficial mutation rate). Furthermore, a depletion of beneficial mutations as a population climbs up the fitness landscape can speed up the rescaled fitness trajectory (where adaptation speed is measured relative to its value at the start of the experiment), while an enhancement of the beneficial mutation rate does the opposite of slowing it down. Our findings suggest that by carrying out evolution experiments in both regimes (with and without clonal interference), one could potentially distinguish the different sources of macroscopic epistasis (fitness effect of mutations vs change in fraction of beneficial mutations).
Added Value of an Anti-Ebola Serology for the Management of Clinically Suspected Ebola Virus Disease Patients Discharged as Negative in an Epidemic Context
Authors: Nkuba-Ndaye Antoine , Mukadi-Bamuleka Daniel , Bulabula-Penge Junior , Thaurignac Guillaume , Edidi-Atani François , Mambu-Mbika Fabrice , Danga-Yema Bernice , Matondo-Kuamfumu Meris , Kinganda-Lusamaki Eddy , Bisento Nella , Lumembe-Numbi Raphaël , Kabamba-Lungenyi Gabriel , Kitsa-Mutsumbirwa Divine , Kambale-Sivihwa Nelson , Boillot François , Delaporte Eric , Mbala-Kingebeni Placide , Ayouba Ahidjo , Peeters Martine , Ahuka-Mundeke Steve 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Survivors from Ebola virus disease (EVD) may be at the origin of EVD resurgence.

Methods
Simultaneous reactivity to at least 2 Ebola virus or Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) antigens was detected in 11 of 488 (2.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–4.0) suspected EVD patients who were discharged as negative after 2 consecutive negative tests during the 10th Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Results
After extrapolating the total number of individuals discharged as negative during the entire outbreak, we estimated a total of 1314 additional missed Ebola cases.

Conclusions
These findings emphasize the usefulness of an EBOV serology analysis and the importance of extending epidemic surveillance to clinically suspected cases who were discharged as negative.
P02 To dip or not to dip? Improving the management of lower urinary tract infections in older patients
Authors: Muir G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Introduction
PHE guidelines were revised in 2018 to state that urine dipsticks tests (UDTs) should not be used as a diagnostic aid in any patient over the age of 65 years.
The high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly population is widely acknowledged however the adherence to the above guidelines is unclear.
My aim was to investigate whether geriatric patients are being misdiagnosed with urinary tract infections (UTIs) and mistreated with unnecessary antibiotics, given the high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in this population.

Methods
I sampled patients diagnosed with a UTI in the Emergency Department of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead over a 7 day period. I extracted medical notes of patients prescribed one of 7 antibiotics, then excluded patients under 65 years old and those treated for an infection outside the lower urinary tract. Next, I established whether a UDT was used as a diagnostic aid using the medical notes. Using this methodology, I repeated my data collection and completed two PDSA cycles of this Quality Improvement project, from 2019 to 2021.

Results
My initial findings revealed that a UDT was performed in 100% patients diagnosed with a UTI (i.e. no cases were in line with best practice). My first educational intervention involved sharing the revised PHE guidelines with staff via an interactive teaching-session. Following this step, I found that a UDT was performed in 62% patients. My next intervention was a flow chart entitled ‘to dip or not to dip’ pasted in the ED. After this second intervention, I found that 27% cases were in line with best practice (a UDT was used in 73% cases).

Conclusions
With this modest improvement, I concluded that my recommendations reduced the number of over 65-year-old patients undergoing unnecessary UDTs as part of their diagnostic work-up.
Ethereum-based decentralized car rental system
Authors: Caballero-Gil Cándido , Caballero-Gil Pino , Molina-Gil Jezabel , García-Moreno Néstor 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Blockchain is a pioneering technology that allows the creation of innovative information exchange ecosystems thanks to unique properties, such as immutability, distribution and transparency. By combining this technology with the emergent internet of things (IoT), many innovative business models can be created. The main objective of this work is to present the design and an initial implementation of a decentralized rental system that takes advantage of smart contracts developed on a public blockchain, combined with the potential of the IoT and its intimate relationship with cyber-physical systems. The logic to be implemented in the blockchain is applied in this paper by using the Ethereum programming language, so that the developed application covers the entire car rental process offered in traditional web applications, but adding more autonomy, functionalities and ease of use for both lessees and lessors. Following Ethereum application development guidelines, all business logic is located in the smart contracts implemented in the network, where they can be used to control the car rental system. While this is a work in progress, the results obtained in the first proof of concept have been very promising.
A modification proposal for the reconciliation mechanism of the key exchange algorithm NewHope
Authors: Martínez V Gayoso , Encinas L Hernández , Muñoz A Martín 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The latest advances in quantum computing forced the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to launch an initiative for selecting quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms. One of the best-known proposals is NewHope, an algorithm that was initially designed as a key exchange algorithm. In its original design, NewHope presented a reconciliation mechanism that is complex and represents an entry barrier for potential implementers. This contribution presents equivalent schemes in one, two and three dimensions, which allow anyone to make the transition to the 4D NewHope algorithm easier to undertake. In addition to that, the effect of modifying some of the parameters associated to NewHope’s reconciliation mechanism is studied, which has allowed us to propose different sets of parameters that could increase the security of NewHope implementations.
Ammonium transporters cooperatively regulate rice crown root formation responding to ammonium nitrogen
Authors: Luo Long , Zhu Ming , Jia Letian , Xie Yuanming , Wang Ziniu , Xuan Wei 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Crown roots (CRs) are major components of the rice root system. They form at the basal node of the shoot, and their development is greatly influenced by environmental factors. Ammonium nitrogen is known to impact plant root development through ammonium transporters (AMTs), but it remains unclear whether ammonium and AMTs play roles in rice CR formation. In this study, we revealed a significant role of ammonium, rather than nitrate, in regulating rice CR development. High ammonium supply increases CR formation but inhibits CR elongation. Genetic evidence showed that ammonium regulation of CR development relies on ammonium uptake mediated jointly by ammonium transporters OsAMT1;1, OsAMT1;2; OsAMT1;3, and OsAMT2;1, but not on root acidification which was the result of ammonium uptake. OsAMTs are also needed for glutamine-induced CR formation. Furthermore, we showed that polar auxin transport dependent on the PIN auxin efflux carriers acts downstream of ammonium uptake and assimilation to activate local auxin signaling at CR primordia, in turn promoting CR formation. Taken together, our results highlight a critical role for OsAMTs in cooperatively regulating CR formation through regulating auxin transport under nitrogen-rich conditions.
RAMSES-RTZ: non-equilibrium metal chemistry and cooling coupled to on-the-fly radiation hydrodynamics
Authors: Katz Harley 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Emission and absorption lines from elements heavier than helium (metals) represent one of our strongest probes of galaxy formation physics across nearly all redshifts accessible to observations. The vast majority of simulations that model these metal lines often assume either collisional or photoionization equilibrium, or a combination of the two. For the few simulations that have relaxed these assumptions, a redshift-dependent meta-galactic UV background or fixed spectrum is often used in the non-equilibrium photoionization calculation, which is unlikely to be accurate in the interstellar medium where the gas can self-shield, as well as in the high-redshift circumgalactic medium, where locally emitted radiation may dominate over the UV background. In this work, we relax this final assumption by coupling the ionization states of individual metals to the radiation hydrodynamics solver present in ramses-rt. Our chemical network follows radiative recombination, dielectronic recombination, collisional ionization, photoionization, and charge transfer, and we use the ionization states to compute non-equilibrium optically thin metal-line cooling. The fiducial model solves for the ionization states of C, N, O, Mg, Si, S, Fe, and Ne in addition to H, He, and H2, but can be easily extended for other ions. We provide interfaces to two different ODE solvers that are competitive in both speed and accuracy. The code has been benchmarked across a variety of gas conditions to reproduce results from cloudy when equilibrium is reached. We show an example isolated galaxy simulation with on-the-fly radiative transfer that demonstrates the utility of our code for translating between simulations and observations without the use of idealized photoionization models.
A census of X-ray millisecond pulsars in globular clusters
Authors: Zhao Jiaqi , Heinke Craig O 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We present a comprehensive census of X-ray millisecond pulsars (MSPs) in 29 Galactic globular clusters (GCs), including 68 MSPs with confirmed X-ray luminosities and 107 MSPs with X-ray upper limits. We compile previous X-ray studies of GC MSPs, and add new analyses of six MSPs (PSRs J1326–4728A, J1326–4728B, J1518+0204C, J1717+4308A, J1737–0314A, and J1807–2459A) discovered in five GCs. Their X-ray spectra are well described by a single blackbody model, a single power-law model, or a combination of them, with X-ray luminosities ranging from 1.9 × 1030to 8.3 × 1031 erg s−1. We find that most detected X-ray MSPs have luminosities between ∼1030 and 3 × 1031 erg s−1. Redback pulsars are a relatively bright MSP population with X-ray luminosities of ∼2 × 1031–3 × 1032 erg s−1. Black widows show a bimodal distribution in X-ray luminosities, with eclipsing black widows between ∼7 × 1030 and 2 × 1031 erg s−1, while the two confirmed non-eclipsing black widows are much fainter, with LX of 1.5–3 × 1030 erg s−1, suggesting an intrinsic difference in the populations. We estimate the total number of MSPs in 36 GCs by considering the correlation between the number of MSPs and stellar encounter rate in GCs, and suggest that between 600 and 1500 MSPs exist in these 36 GCs. Finally, we estimate the number of X-ray-detectable MSPs in the Galactic bulge, finding that 1–86 MSPs with LX &gt; 1033 erg s−1, and 20–900 MSPs with LX &gt; 1032 erg s−1 should be detectable there.
Wind properties of Milky Way and SMC massive stars: empirical Z dependence from cmfgen models
Authors: Marcolino W L F , Bouret J -C , Rocha-Pinto H J , Bernini-Peron M , Vink J S 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Detailed knowledge about stellar winds and evolution at different metallicities is crucial for understanding stellar populations and feedback in the Local Group of galaxies and beyond. Despite efforts in the literature, we still lack a comprehensive, empirical view of the dependence of wind properties on metallicity (Z). Here, we investigate the winds of O and B stars in the Milky Way (MW) and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). We gathered a sample of 96 stars analysed by means of the nlte code cmfgen. We explored their wind strengths and terminal velocities to address the Z dependence, over a large luminosity range. The empirical wind–luminosity relation (WLR) obtained updates and extends previous results in the literature. It reveals a luminosity and Z dependence, in agreement with the radiatively driven wind theory. For bright objects (log L/L⊙ ≳ 5.4), we infer that $\dot{M} \sim Z^{0.5-0.8}$. However, this dependence seems to get weaker or vanish at lower luminosities. The analysis of the terminal velocities suggests a shallow Zn dependence, with n ∼ 0.1−0.2, but it should be confirmed with a larger sample and more accurate V∞ determinations. Recent results on SMC stars based on the PoWR code support our inferred WLR. On the other hand, recent bow-shocks measurements stand mostly above our derived WLR. Theoretical calculations of the WLR are not precise, specially at low L, where the results scatter. Deviations between our results and recent predictions are identified to be due to the weak wind problem and the extreme terminal velocities predicted by the models. The Z dependence suggested by our analysis deserves further investigations, given its astrophysical implications.
Phases of fossil fuel decline: Diagnostic framework for policy sequencing and feasible transition pathways in resource dependent regions
Authors: Nacke Lola , Cherp Aleh , Jewell Jessica 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Phasing out fossil fuels requires destabilizing incumbent regimes while protecting vulnerable groups negatively affected by fossil fuel decline. We argue that sequencing destabilization and just transition policies addresses three policy problems: phasing out fossil fuels, transforming affected industries, and ensuring socio-economic recovery in fossil resource-dependent regions. We identify the key mechanisms shaping the evolution of the three systems associated with these policy problems: (i) transformations of technological systems addressed by the socio-technical transitions literature, (ii) responses of firms and industries addressed by the management and business literature and (iii) regional strategies for socio-economic recovery addressed by the regional geography and economics literatures. We then draw on Elinor Ostrom’s approach to synthesize these different bodies of knowledge into a diagnostic tool that enables scholars to identify the phase of decline for each system, within which the nature and importance of different risks to sustained fossil fuel decline varies. The main risk in the first phase is lock-in or persistence of status quo. In the second phase, the main risk is backlash from affected companies and workers. In the third phase, the main risk is regional despondence. We illustrate our diagnostic tool with three empirical cases of phases of coal decline: South Africa (Phase 1), the USA (Phase 2) and the Netherlands (Phase 3). Our review contributes to developing effective policy sequencing for phasing out fossil fuels.
The 1898 Anti-Jewish Violence in Habsburg Galicia
Authors: Unowsky Daniel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the spring of 1898, thousands of peasants and townspeople in western Galicia rioted against their Jewish neighbors. Attacks took place in more than 400 communities in this northeastern province of the Habsburg Monarchy, now divided between Poland and Ukraine. Jewish-owned homes and businesses were ransacked and looted, and Jews were assaulted, threatened, and humiliated, though not killed. Emperor Franz Joseph signed off on a state of emergency in thirty-three counties and declared martial law in two. Over five thousand individuals—peasants, day laborers, city council members, teachers, shopkeepers—were charged with myriad offenses. Through its analysis of the riots as a form of “exclusionary violence,” this chapter offers new insights into the upsurge of the antisemitism that accompanied the emergence of mass politics in Europe at the turn of the twentieth century.
The English Divide
Authors: Salomone Rosemary 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter lays the foundation for discussing the rise of English as the world’s dominant lingua franca and its nuanced effects on educational quality, national identity, and democracy in diverse geopolitical settings. Raising the question of English dividing the world between those who speak it and those who do not, the chapter introduces recurring themes that tie the book together, including the use of language as a political and economic tool, the ways in which English intersects with globalization and the knowledge economy, and the driving force of neoliberal ideas as they shape government decisions on languages in schools and universities. It further poses related questions of whether a common world language is necessary, whether English can “do it all,” and whether English-speaking countries and others should promote multilingualism.
Myth or Reality?
Authors: Salomone Rosemary 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
To what extent is the European Union’s push toward multilingualism a reality? What impact has English had on the EU’s multilingual agenda? To answer these questions, this chapter explores the use of English within EU organizations along with official statements supporting multilingualism to promote integration, enhance job mobility, and counterbalance English. While focusing on the EU, it briefly looks at the Council of Europe’s work promoting individual plurilingualism. It further examines efforts by France to resist English and restore the status of French within EU institutions, especially post-Brexit. Critiquing the EU’s “mother tongue plus two” program for all Europeans, the chapter looks at language learning and proficiency across EU countries. Despite years of funding for language learning, including the Erasmus+ program promoting student mobility, evidence shows that most Europeans are not gaining high proficiency in multiple languages but rather concentrating on learning English for its economic value and social appeal.
Adieu to French
Authors: Salomone Rosemary 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the move toward English within French-speaking countries in Africa. It focuses primarily on Rwanda and Morocco, countries with distinct histories and political tensions that have shaped language policies, particularly in education. It considers Rwanda’s tense relationship with France following accusations of French responsibility in the 1994 genocide, the country’s official switch from French to English, and the negative impact on educational outcomes. It explores Morocco’s multilingual landscape shaped by Modern Standard Arabic, Tamazight, and French, the growing influence of English, the failures of Arabization as measured by low student performance, and the current debate over language in the schools where all four languages have coalesced in a dizzying combination of support from competing political factions and interests. It assesses the benefits and burdens of English and suggests key factors that may determine whether and how quickly Morocco will follow Rwanda’s lead with English dominating government and education.
Confronting the Raj
Authors: Salomone Rosemary 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at English in India throughout wavering national policies shaped by a lingering caste mindset, a growing class system tied to language, a vast multilingual landscape, and a nationalist government seeking to unite the country through Hindi. It considers the compromise in the 1949 constitution naming Hindi as the official though not the national language, while English has continued as a “subsidiary official language” under the Official Languages Act of 1963. Focusing on education, the chapter examines the preference among parents for their children to learn through English. It delves into the proliferation of private schools, including low-fee schools where the quality of English teaching is especially poor. It discusses the 2009 Right to Education Act and its failed attempt to impose standards and equalize access. It further addresses longstanding disagreements between Hindi and non-Hindi states on using Hindi or English as the country’s “link” language and recent reforms in the Three Language Formula that make only fleeting reference to English despite the vital role of English in the economy.
Reframing the Narrative
Authors: Salomone Rosemary 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the efforts of educators, government officials, and civil society to develop a workforce that meets the needs of the global economy. It begins with research findings on the cognitive advantages of bilingualism, which have resonated especially among educated parents, policymakers, and school officials. It delves further into critiques of those findings and looks at more recent fine-grained studies that yield hopeful though not definitive conclusions. It examines several federal initiatives in recent years promoting language study, including the Language Flagship Program focusing on critical languages. It discusses the 2017 report of the Commission on Language Learning, as well as several initiatives that have grown out of the report’s recommendations. The chapter sets the spotlight on the states in discussing the State Seal of Biliteracy, adopted in forty-three states plus Washington, DC, which officially recognizes multilingual proficiency in secondary school students, including heritage language speakers.
A Revolution in the Making
Authors: Salomone Rosemary 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the growing interest in dual language immersion programs that, abandoning the deficit narrative, respond to demands of globalization and migration. The chapter looks at notable examples in two states and one city and the political and demographic factors that have made each one succeed. The California discussion focuses on grassroots efforts by Californians Together in building a coalition of advocates and state legislators despite a state law limiting bilingual instruction. In Utah it examines the collaboration among business interests, language advocates, and the state, with an overlay of religious pragmatism. The discussion lastly turns to New York City and the “bilingual revolution” led by French-speaking families with the support of the French embassy. The chapter reveals the challenges facing these programs in staffing, funding, and materials and in assuring that they serve the less privileged students whose bilingual potential the approach was originally designed to realize.