bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controversial Analyzing of a Vapor-Compression Cycle in Various Climatic Conditions Using Various Refrigerants
Authors: Zand Mazyar , Sadr Vaghefi Seyed Ali , Mousavi Seyed Zaeim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This research is about “controversial analysis of a refrigeration vapor-compression cycle,” using R22, and environmentally friendly hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants such as R134a, R407c, and R410a in various climatic conditions. For initiation, a complete database was provided for thermophysical properties of the refrigerants’ performances. Then, P–h, s–T, s–h equations are derived in matlab and Excel with the maximum R2. Meanwhile, five climatic conditions (from hot to cold state) are assumed. Consequently, temperature, pressure, enthalpy, and entropy of the cycle states are illustrated for aforesaid conditions as per working fluids properties in the form of quadripartite diagrams. Subsequently, the cycle was analyzed thermodynamically. The coeffcient of performance (COP) was performed for refrigeration (cooling procedure), heat pump (heating procedure), and both heating and cooling for both standard and actual conditions. Afterward, the calculation was performed for parameters like energy efficiency ratio (EER), heat rejected ratio (HRR), capacity, energy, exergy, irreversibility, and exergy destruction ratio (EDR) of each system component according to the first and second laws of thermodynamics, individually. Derived and calculated values in each session illustrated in 3D diagrams on which TEvap s, TCond s and working fluids for each assumed climatic condition can be distinguished easily. A concise analytic study was performed for the increasing and decreasing in values. Forecast for two steps upper and lower than all values derived for trending. Making a trend for indicating either positive or negative inclines of the values and proposing a development for all similar cycles can be considered as the novelty of this research.
Mutual Interaction of Guided Waves Having Mixed Polarity for Early Detection of Material Degradation
Authors: Lissenden Cliff J. , Guha Anurup , Hasanian Mostafa 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Guided wave mixing leverages mutual wave interactions to provide sensitive diagnostics of material degradation in plates and pipes and an early warning upon which maintenance decisions can be based. In some cases, the material to be interrogated may be otherwise inaccessible for nondestructive evaluation. The distortion of the waveform in nonlinear ultrasonics is typically quite small, often making it difficult to distinguish from nonlinearities in the sensing system. Mutual wave interactions are preferred to wave self-interactions in this respect because they can be designed to occur away from frequencies corrupted by sensing system nonlinearity. Furthermore, primary waves that generate secondary waves having a different polarity also provide a means to separate the material nonlinearity from the sensing system nonlinearity. Finite element simulations of wave mixing using a hyperelastic material model are conducted as a precursor to laboratory experiments to establish realistic expectations. In one case, shear-horizontal waves are mixed with co-directional symmetric Lamb waves to generate backpropagating shear-horizontal waves at the difference frequency. In the second case, counterpropagating shear-horizontal waves mix to generate secondary standing waves at the cutoff frequency of the S1 Lamb wave mode. In both cases, the results indicate that the larger the wave mixing zone, the more measurable is the amplitude of the secondary waves. These results will be used to design experiments that demonstrate the utility of these novel wave interactions.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Related Self-Reported Symptoms Are Associated With Elevated Concussion Symptomatology
Authors: Bullard Lauren E. , Coffman Colt A. , Kay Jacob J.M. , Holloway Jeffrey P. , Moore Robert D. , Pontifex Matthew B. 
Published: February 2022

The aim of the present investigation was to provide insight into how postconcussion symptomatology may be altered in individuals exhibiting attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)–related behaviors and examine factors that may be responsible for driving such relationships. A total of 99 individuals were assessed during the subacute phase of concussion recovery. Inattentive symptomatology, but not diagnosis of ADHD, was related to greater concussion-symptom severity and overall symptoms endorsed. Cluster and factor analyses highlighted that the relationship between ADHD symptomatology and concussion symptomatology was not a function of overlapping constructs being assessed (i.e., concussion-related symptomatology was not a proxy of ADHD-related symptomatology). These relationships were not mediated by parental observations of impairments in behaviors associated with executive functioning (i.e., executive dysfunction was not driving the greater concussion-related symptomatology associated with ADHD-related symptomatology). These findings highlight the importance of moving beyond categorical frameworks of ADHD to, instead, consider the continuum of underlying behaviors.
Mesozoic intracontinental ductile shearing along the Paleozoic Shangdan suture in the Qinling Orogen: Constraints from deformation fabrics and geochronology
Authors: Sun Shengsi , Dong Yunpeng , Cheng Chao , He Dengfeng , Zhou Bo , Liu Xiaoming 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Qinling Orogen, located between the North and South China Blocks, records subduction-collisional orogeny along the Paleozoic Shangdan and Triassic Mianlue sutures, and Mesozoic intracontinental orogenesis, which all played an important role in building the present tectonic framework and topography. The strike-slip Shagou ductile shear zone that overprints the Paleozoic Shangdan suture between the North and South Qinling Belts is crucial for understanding the Mesozoic intracontinental deformation in the Qinling Orogen. The microstructures, asymmetrical fabrics, and kinematic vorticities (0.81–0.95) suggest sinistral simple shear. The quartz c-axis patterns from felsic mylonites exhibit Y-maximum fabrics, indicating the activity of prism &lt;a&gt; slip, while those from amphibole-rich mylonites display both Y-maximum and Z-maximum fabrics showing the combined activity of prism &lt;a&gt; and basal &lt;a&gt; slip systems. In the mafic mylonites, the plagioclase fabrics were induced by combined (010)[100] and (001)[100] slip systems, while the amphibole fabrics were probably related to anisotropic growth or passive rotation of rigid clasts. Equilibrium P–T conditions of 4.28–6.12 kbar and 646–727 °C estimated from geothermobarometry suggest that the main deformation occurred under amphibolite facies conditions at middle–lower crustal depths. Zircon U-Pb ages constrain their protolith rocks to have crystallized at 816 ± 25 Ma and 726–718 Ma, while the intense mylonitization and sinistral shearing occurred at ca. 200–187 Ma. A U–Pb zircon age of 132 ± 3 Ma from a granitic dike cutting the foliation and an amphibole 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 119.0 ± 0.9 Ma from mylonites together suggest that the Shagou shear zone evolved through decompression and exhumation stages in the time period of 132–119 Ma.
History of earthquakes along the creeping section of the San Andreas fault, California, USA
Authors: Coffey Genevieve L. , Savage Heather M. , Polissar Pratigya J. , Cox Stephen E. , Hemming Sidney R. , Winckler Gisela , Bradbury Kelly K. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Creeping faults are difficult to assess for seismic hazard because they may participate in rupture even though they likely cannot nucleate large earthquakes. The creeping central section of the San Andreas fault in California (USA) has not participated in a historical large earthquake; however, earthquake ruptures nucleating in the locked northern and southern sections may propagate through the creeping section. We used biomarker thermal maturity and K/Ar dating on samples from the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth to look for evidence of earthquakes. Biomarkers show evidence of many earthquakes with displacements &gt;1.5 m in and near a 3.5-m-wide patch of the fault. We show that K/Ar ages decrease with thermal maturity, and partial resetting occurs during coseismic heating. Therefore, measured ages provide a maximum constraint on earthquake age, and the youngest earthquakes here are younger than 3 Ma. Our results demonstrate that creeping faults may host large earthquakes over longer time scales.
Tibetan Plateau growth linked to crustal thermal transitions since the Miocene
Authors: Zhang Xiu-Zheng , Wang Qiang , Wyman Derek , Ou Quan , Qi Yue , Gou Guo-Ning , Dan Wei , Yang Ya-Nan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The topographic transition of central–northern Tibet since the early Miocene has created a consistently high and flat plateau similar to that of today. However, to date, the associated deep crust and/or /mantle events are poorly understood, mainly due to an early Miocene metamorphic–magmatic lull within the Qiangtang Block. To address this issue, we undertook a study of crustal xenoliths and zircon xenocrysts in 6.0–2.3 Ma lavas in the Qiangtang Block. The occurrence of 22.6–12.9 Ma high-temperature–low-pressure granulite xenoliths implies that the middle crust of the block has been very hot since that time. Zircon xenocrysts and granitic xenoliths from 6.0–2.3 Ma lavas were studied and shown to have high δ18O values, which supports Miocene crustal melting and the formation of unexposed, coeval felsic plutons. Combined with paleoelevation data from the Tibetan Plateau, our results suggest that the early Miocene cold–hot thermal transition of the middle–lower crust was near-synchronous with topographic evolution from high-relief mountains to a flat plateau, which supports crustal flow as the main topographic smoothing mechanism for central–northern Tibet.
Long-lasting viscous drainage of eclogites from the cratonic lithospheric mantle after Archean subduction stacking
Authors: Wang Zhensheng , Kusky Timothy M. , Wang Lu 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The origin of early continental lithosphere is enigmatic. Characteristics of eclogitic components in the cratonic lithospheric mantle (CLM) indicate that some CLM was likely constructed by stacking of subducted oceanic lithosphere in the Archean. However, the dynamic process of converting high-density, eclogite-bearing subducted oceanic lithosphere to buoyant CLM remains unclear. We investigate this process through numerical modeling and show that some subducted and stacked eclogites can be segregated into the asthenosphere through an episodic viscous drainage process lasting billions of years. This process increases the chemical buoyancy of the CLM, stabilizes the CLM, and promotes the preservation and redistribution of the eclogites in the CLM, explaining the current status of early subduction relicts in the CLM revealed by geophysical and petrological studies. Our results also demonstrate that the subduction stacking hypothesis does not conflict with the longevity of CLM.
Predictors of anastomotic strictures following œsophageal atresia repair
Authors: Aumar Madeleine , Sfeir Rony , Pierache Adeline , Turck Dominique , Gottrand Frederic 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesTo identify the risk factors for anastomotic, refractory and recurrent strictures and to establish whether anastomotic stricture is associated with antireflux surgery.DesignThis prospective national multicentre study included all infants born with oesophageal atresia (OA) over an 8-year period. Data on OA and complications were collected at birth and at 1 year old. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted.Results1082 patients from 37 centres were included in the study. The prevalence of anastomotic stricture at 1 year old was 23.2%. Anastomosis under tension (defined by the surgeon at the time of repair) and delayed anastomosis (defined as anastomosis performed more than 15 days after birth, excluding delays due to prematurity or severe cardiac diseases) were found to be independent risk factors for anastomotic stricture (2.3 (1.42–3.74) and 4.02 (2.12–7.63), respectively). Patients with anastomotic stricture had a 2.3-fold higher rate of fundoplication compared with others (p=0.001). Anastomosis under tension and delayed anastomosis were found to be independent risk factors for recurrent stricture (1.92 (1.10–3.34) and 5.73 (2.71–12.14), respectively), while delayed anastomosis was the only risk factor for refractory stricture (8.30 (3.34–20.64)). There was a 2.39-fold (1.42–4.04) higher rate of fundoplication in the anastomotic stricture group than in the group without anastomotic stricture (p=0.001).ConclusionsPatient-related anatomical factors leading to anastomosis under tension and delayed anastomosis increase the risk of anastomotic stricture.
Epimacular brachytherapy for previously treated neovascular age-related macular degeneration: month 36 results of the MERLOT randomised controlled trial
Authors: Jackson Timothy L , Soare Cristina , Petrarca Caroline , Simpson Andrew , Neffendorf James E , Petrarca Robert , Muldrew Katherine Alyson , Peto Tunde , Chakravarthy Usha , Membrey Luke , Haynes Richard , Costen Mark , Steel David H W , Desai Riti 
Published: February 2022

Background/aimTo assess the long-term safety and efficacy of epimacular brachytherapy (EMB) for chronic, active, neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).MethodsThis pivotal, randomised, controlled surgical device trial recruited patients with chronic nAMD receiving intravitreal ranibizumab from 24 UK hospitals. Participants were randomised to either pars plana vitrectomy with 24 Gray EMB andpro re nata(PRN) ranibizumab (n=224) or PRN ranibizumab monotherapy (n=119). Although masking was not possible, masked clinicians assessed best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and imaging. After month 24, participants reverted to standard care, with either ranibizumab or aflibercept, returning for a month 36 study visit.ResultsOf 363 participants, 309 (85.1%) completed month 36. The number of injections was 12.1±8.1 in the EMB group versus 11.4±6.1 in the ranibizumab group (difference 0.7, 95% CI of difference −0.9 to 2.3, p=0.41) between months 1 and 36, and 3.6±3.3 (n=200) versus 3.9±2.7 (n=102) (difference −0.3, 95% CI of difference −1.0 to 0.4, p=0.43) between months 25 and 36 (standard care). Over 36 months, BCVA change was −19.7±18.5 letters in the EMB group and −4.8±12.5 in the ranibizumab group (difference −14.9, 95% CI of difference −18.5 to −11.2, p<0.0001). The month 36 BCVA of 20 EMB-treated participants with microvascular abnormalities (MVAs) at month 24 was similar to EMB-treated participants without MVAs (−21.8 vs −19.4 letters, p=0.65).ConclusionEMB does not reduce the number of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections, either within or outside of a trial setting, and is associated with worse BCVA than anti-VEGF monotherapy.Trial registration numberNCT01006538.
Contribution of the elevated thrombosis risk of males to the excess male mortality observed in COVID-19: an observational study
Authors: Cohen Kenneth Roy , Anderson David , Ren Sheng , Cook David J 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundThe mortality rate of COVID-19 is elevated in males compared with females.ObjectiveDetermine the extent that the elevated thrombotic risk in males relative to females contributes to excess COVID-19 mortality in males.DesignObservational study.SettingData sourced from electronic medical records from over 200 US hospital systems.Participants60 877 patients aged 18 years and older hospitalised with COVID-19.ExposureExposure variable: biological sex; key variable of interest: thrombosis.Primary outcome measuresPrimary outcome was COVID-19 mortality. We measured: (1) mortality rate of males relative to females, (2) rate of thrombotic diagnoses occurring during hospitalisation for COVID-19 in both sexes and (3) mortality rate when evidence of thrombosis was present.ResultsThe COVID-19 mortality rate of males was 29.9% higher than that of females. Males had a 35.8% higher rate of receiving a thrombotic diagnosis compared with females. The mortality rate of all patients with a thrombotic diagnosis was 40.0%—over twice that of patients with COVID-19 without a thrombotic diagnosis (adjusted OR 2.50 (2.37 to 2.64), p<0.001). When defining thrombosis as either a documented thrombotic diagnosis or a D-dimer level ≥3.0 µg/mL, 16.4% of the excess mortality in male patients could be explained by increased thrombotic risk.ConclusionsOur findings suggest the higher COVID-19 mortality rate in males may be significantly accounted for by the elevated risk of thrombosis among males. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie increased male thrombotic risk may allow for the advancement of effective anticoagulation strategies that reduce COVID-19 mortality in males.
Qualitative interview study exploring the patient experience of living with axial spondyloarthritis and fatigue: difficult, demanding and draining
Authors: Pearson Nathan Ashley , Tutton Elizabeth , Martindale J , Strickland George , Thompson Jean , Packham Jonathan C , Creamer Paul , Haywood Kirstie 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveTo explore patients’ lived experiences of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and fatigue.DesignInterpretative phenomenological analysis (lived experience) was used as the study design. Analysis drew together codes with similar meaning to create superordinate and subordinate themes.SettingRheumatology departments in three National Health Service Foundation Trusts in the north, midlands and south of England.ParticipantsA purposive sample of seventeen axSpA patients were recruited. The age range was 22–72 years (median age 46), nine were male and eight, female.ResultsA central concept of achieving balance was identified as the active process of integrating axSpA symptoms and fatigue into daily life, working with and not against their condition to lead a fulfilled life. This was conveyed through three superordinate themes: struggling to find energy, engaging in everyday life and persevering through difficulties. Struggling to find energy was the challenge of retaining enough stamina to do things in daily life. Engaging in everyday life highlighted dedication to being active and organised, learning through experience and acceptance of a changed way of being. Persevering through difficulties identified the physical and emotional effort required to keep moving forward and the importance of feeling supported.ConclusionAchieving balance through finding energy, engaging and persevering everyday was fundamental to having the best possible life. The experience of energy emerged as a distinct but related component of fatigue. However, while energy could be maintained or replenished, fatigue was more difficult to overcome and required greater effort. Energy may be a useful indicator of an individual’s current state and ability to sustain activities that supports their well-being, such as exercise. Awareness of the elements of achieving balance in axSpA may enable patients and clinicians to work together to tailor treatments to individual patient need.
Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination uptake among community members in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional online survey
Authors: Wong Cho Lee , Leung Alice W Y , Chung Oscar Man Hon , Chien Wai Tong 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveVaccination is recognised as the most effective approach to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the long run. However, the global vaccination uptake is still suboptimal. Although a considerable number of studies have focused on factors influencing intention or acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination, few explore the factors that affect actual vaccination uptake. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination uptake among the general public in a developed country.DesignA cross-sectional online survey was conducted between June and August 2021.Setting and participantsCommunity members in Hong Kong were recruited through convenient and snowball sampling to complete an anonymous online survey.Outcome measuresThe outcomes of this study included participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, vaccination status and perceived impact of COVID-19, and their attitudes towards COVID-19.ResultsA total of 358 valid questionnaires were received. The results showed that 50.8% of the participants received two doses of the vaccine. Multivariable logistic regression analysis suggested that the participants’ vaccination uptake was associated with their jobs affected by COVID-19, had an income source, perceived good/excellent physical health status, perceived COVID-19 exposure, perceived good/excellent knowledge of COVID-19, learnt about the vaccine from printed materials and perceived that their family members were at risk of contracting COVID-19.ConclusionsThis is one of the first few cross-sectional studies that explored factors associated with the actual vaccination uptake of the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results can provide insights for formulating strategies to increase COVID-19 vaccination rates in developed countries.
Influence of tumor mutational burden, inflammatory gene expression profile, and PD-L1 expression on response to pembrolizumab in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Haddad Robert I , Seiwert Tanguy Y , Chow Laura Q M , Gupta Shilpa , Weiss Jared , Gluck Iris , Eder Joseph P , Burtness Barbara , Tahara Makoto , Keam Bhumsuk , Kang Hyunseok , Muro Kei , Albright Andrew , Mogg Robin , Ayers Mark , Huang Lingkang , Lunceford Jared , Cristescu Razvan , Cheng Jonathan , Mehra Ranee 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundTo characterize genomic determinants of response to pembrolizumab in recurrent/metastatic (R/M) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in the KEYNOTE-012 study.MethodsAssociations between biomarkers (tumor mutational burden (TMB), neoantigen load (NL), 18-gene T-cell-inflamed gene expression profile (TcellinfGEP), and PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS)) and clinical outcomes with pembrolizumab were assessed in patients with R/M HNSCC (n=192). Tumor human papillomavirus (HPV) status was also evaluated with the use of p16 immunohistochemistry and whole exome sequencing (WES; HPV+, mapping >20 HPV reads) in pretreatment tumor samples (n=106).ResultsTMB, clonality-weighted TMB, and TcellinfGEP were significantly associated with objective response (p=0.0276, p=0.0201, and p=0.006, respectively), and a positive trend was observed between NL and PD-L1 CPS and clinical response (p=0.0550 and p=0.0682, respectively). No correlation was observed between TMB and TcellinfGEP (Spearman ρ=–0.026) or TMB and PD-L1 (Spearman ρ=0.009); a correlation was observed between TcellinfGEP and PD-L1 (Spearman ρ=0.511). HPV status by WES and p16 immunohistochemistry showed concordance (84% ҡ=0.573) among patients whose HPV results were available using both methods.ConclusionsTMB and inflammatory biomarkers (TcellinfGEP and PD-L1) may represent distinct and complementary biomarkers predicting response to anti-programmed death 1 therapies in HNSCC; further study of these relationships in randomized clinical trials is needed.Trial registration numberNCT01848834.