bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Miticide Evaluation Experiment, 1978
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Parrella M. P. , McCaffrey J. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
All acaricide treatments and the water control were applied in a manner to duplicate the alternate-row application technique employed by many commercial growers. A Swanson airblast sprayer, calibrated to deliver 25 gal/acre (94.64 liter/ha) at 100 psi (7.03 kg/cm2) at a ground speed of 2 mph (3.22 km/hr) when spraying one side of the row, was used to apply all materials on each spray date. Each plot consisted of a single row of 35 trees of 8-yr-old Red Del icious. Samples for the Plictran standard included in the tables were taken from similar adjacent trees in the remainder of the 4-acre block. Four subsamples of 25 leaves collected from each of 4 trees, spaced evenly along the treatment row were collected in plastic bags, placed in an ice chest, and taken to the laboratory where they were brushed following the Henderson-McBurnie method. Counts of European red mites, European red mite eggs, and Apple rust mites were recorded. Two applicationsweremade, the first on Jul 16 to the south side ofthe row and the second on Jul 28 to the north side. Countswere madeon Jul 15, 18, 25, 28, and 29. Data are presented as percent change between the two counting dates indicated in each table. The average number of mites or mite eggs is also included to give relevance to the percentages. No phytotoxic effects were noted.
Sugarcane Borer (SCB) Control, 1978
Authors: Reagan T. E. , Flynn J. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide sprays were applied 3-weeks apart in a block of first stubble sugarcane (variety CP 61-37) located at Savoie Sugars near Belle Rose, Louisiana for midseason control of SCB infestations. A randomized complete block experimental design was employed with treatments replicated 5 times. Individual plots were 3 rows spaced 6 ft apart x 24.2 ft (0.1 acre). Each spray concentrate was applied to the sugarcane plant canopy in water at 30 psi with a compressed air knapsack sprayer that delivered 25 gallons of finished formulation per acre, per application. Insecticide applications were begun after an average of 4 inter-nodes were visible above ground and when 5% of the stalks contained small SCB larvae in leaf sheaths. Application dates were August 19 and September 9. The efficacy of individual insecticide treatments was determined with 72 h live-dead counts (September 12) and residual control comparisons with % internodes bored in treated plots versus untreated plots at harvest time. Twenty stalks were selected at random from the center row of each plot October 9 and examined for external signs of SCB entrance and exit holes.
Aphid Control on Shade Tobacco, 1977
Authors: Moore Robert E. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Temik was compared with Standak as a means for controlling green peach aphids on shade grown tobacco, ‘Windsor Shade 117’ strain. Seedlings were hand transplanted on Jun 21’77 in a Merrimac sandy loam at a spacing of 14 inch. Individual plots were one row wide and 25 ft long. Row spacing was 39 inch and plots were separated by a common buffer row. Treatments were replicated 4 times. To encourage aphid numbers the test was not conducted under the customary tobacco shade tent. Preplant incorporated applications (PPI) were applied with a watering can; a 12 inch wide band over the center of the row was rorotilled to a depth of 2-3 inch. Setter water (SW) plots were also rototilled before planting and 0.5 pint of finished solution was placed in each treatment hole along with each plant. The plots were not irrigated; rainfall during the test was: Jun (21-30) 0.96 inch, Jul 3.24 inch, and Aug 2.24 inch. The sampling procedure was to count all aphids on the underside of 0.5 leaf at the mid-section of each of the five plants located at the center of each plot.
Western Spruce Budworm Control with Orthene Implants,1978
Authors: Markin George P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Orthene medicaps were field tested near Cascade, Idaho, using a randomized block experiment. Each of the eight blocks contained four equal-sized Douglas-fir trees, 6 to 14 inches d.b.h., 25 feet tall. In each block treatment, medicaps (0.8 g ai) were implanted at the rate of I per 4,6, and 8 inches tree circumference. An untreated tree served as control. Implants were driven into a 1/2 inch hole, 2 inches deep, until the outer end was level with the cambium layer, then the hole in the bark was sealed. Implants were done on June 12, while buds were swelling, about I week before bud burst. Tallies of insect populations were based on counts from four midcrown branches at pretreatment and 3 posttreatment sampling intervals. Prespray populations were number of attack holes per 100 new buds; postspray populations were number of larvae per 100 new shoots. Defoliation was estimated as % of new needles eaten or destroyed at last sampling interval.
Eastern Red Cedar, Bagworm Control, 1978
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Ree Bill , Hart Dottie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A hedge of red cedar 467 feet long and approximately 8 to 12’ high was divided into 8 treatments. Each treatment was 10 feet long replicated five times in a randomized block design. Plants were treated on June 28 using a John Bean 55 sprayer, series L-1565-2 and a 785 John Bean Spraymaster deluxe which delivered 1.76 gal/min of finish spray at 300 psi. Plants were treated until runoff. Temperature at time of treatment was 95° and the wind was 0-5 mph. Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each treatment at 1,3 and 7 days after application. A pretreatment count from 10 locations showed an average of 3.7 larvae 1/4 to 3/8 inch in size per 18 inches of terminal branch.
Choke Cherry, Chemical Control of Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Carrolton, Ohio, 1978
Authors: Dunlap M. J. , Nielsen D. G. , Boggs J. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Choke cherry 10-12 ft (3-4m) growing in a 1.25 acre (.5 hectare) area on a ridge top were used for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 psi with a Tee Jet SS8004 flat fan nozzle was used to apply ca 1 qt (11) of finished spray per tree. Three randomly chosen, single-tree replicates (each with at least 1 tent with 20-300 living larvae) were treated May 26 between 8:30 and 10:00 A.M. (EDT). At time of spraying larvae were 1-1.5 inch (2.5-3.75 cm) long. Abient temperature was 71-75°F (22-24°C) with the sky clear and no wind. Spray was first directed to the tent(s) and then to surrounding branches and foliage. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 5 days post-treatment and required 3 man-hours. A Bailey beating tray was positioned beneath one tent in each test tree. The larvae were extracted from the tent and mortality accessed (see table).
Control of Adult Black Vine Weevil on Nursery Grown Taxus in Connecticut, 1978
Authors: Moore Robert E. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A foliar spray program was initiated in June, two weeks after the first adult weevils were found around taxus plants in a commercial nursery in Waterford. The weevil population had been abundant enough in the test area to kill 2-3% of the plants in 1977. Insecticide treatments were timed to prevent weevils from reaching maturation. The time between treatments depended on established residual activity of each chemical on taxus foliage. The test was run on 3-year old plants and the plots were 3 rows (6 ft) wide and 16 plants (32 ft) long. Plots were laid out in a complete block design and randomized four times. Pydrin was applied only once on June 22, Guthion was applied two times, June 22 and Aug 4. Orthene and Ficam were applied four times, June 22, Jul 14, Aug 4 and 25. Insecticides were applied with a hydraulic sprayer developing 50 psi. Foliage was sprayed to runoff and the soil under each plant was moistened with the spray. Weevils were fairly uniformly distributed throughout the test area with a pretreatment count on June 20 showing 18 weevils per plot. Counts were made by counting all weevils under 3 plants in the center of each plot and allowing 3 minutes counting time per plant. Beetles were not removed after counting. A heavy rainfall of 2.45 inches occurred July 3-4, but precipitation for the whole test period was below normal.
Insecticides for Cat Flea Control, 1978
Authors: Silverman Jules , Reierson Donald A. , Rust Michael K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Adult fleas were maintained on laboratory cats (4) housed in individual metal cages with metal mesh floors. The cages were tapered below the mesh and were fitted with a 1 -gal glass Jar into which flea eggs dropped from each cat and were collected. Larvae were reared in 1-qt jars on a pulverized mixture of dry dog chow, dried beef blood, and brewers yeast (10:1.5:1) mixed with equal parts of fine grain sand and sawdust. After 7 days, pupae were separated daily from the larval medium with a No. 16 screen. A glass funnel fitted with 16 mesh screen fastened to a Jar lid was used to separate adults and pupae. Adult fleas 2-5 days old were exposed to treated 78 cm2 plush nylon carpet discs. Liquid insecticides were applied with a B&G compression sprayer equipped with a Sprayer Systems multijet nozzle set to deliver a fine mist from 1-2 ft. Aerosol was sprayed to visible dampness. The Al applied was determined by immediately weighing filter paper sprayed simultaneously with the carpet (ca 0.10 mg/cm2 per 1% spray). Each treated disc was allowed to dry for ca 24 hr. Discs were placed, treated surface up, at the bottom of leucite cylinders (10.0 cm i.d. x 38.1 cm). Replicates (n = 3) of 30-120 fleas were placed onto the treated carpet discs and allowed to remain on the discs 4 hours. The discs were subsequently removed from the cylinder with long forceps and placed on a pedestal in a covered enamel pan containing ca 2 cm of water. Live fleas jumped off the carpet into the water and were counted. Dead fleas on the carpet were counted. Control mortality was corrected by Abbott’s Formula.
Cattle-

Hypoderma

Lineatum

Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1978
Authors: Drummond R. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Government-owned Hereford and Angus yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp Bullis, Bexar County, Texas, that are naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypodermalineatum (de Villers), are treated with new animal systemic insecticides detected by using the mouse-Cuterebra animal systemic insecticide test (Drummond, R.O., 1978, Insect. Acaric. Tests 3:188-9). Animals are weighed and given insecticides in initial tests either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or dermally by whole-body spray of 4 litres/animal at &gt; 150 psi (usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and Al (25 parrs). In succeeding tests, insecticides may be administered dermally by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC as above or solution in oil) per body weight or intramuscularly by injection (usually technical grade insecticide in diethyl succinate). Normally cattle are treated initially at the highest nonlethal dosages as determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists; maximum dosages of initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. After the treat-ment in May or June, the backs of treated cattle (usually 3 animals/treatment) and untreated cattle of the same age and breed from the same herd are examined monthly from August to February of the next year for encapsulated cattle grubs. As cattle grubs appear, they are located on an outline map of the back of each animal; the cumulative number of grubs in each animal is obtained. Effectiveness of a treatment is determined by comparing the average number of grubs in treated cattle with the average number of untreated cattle. The most recent report of tests with new systemics in cattle was presented by Drummond, R.O., 1978, Insect. Acaric. Tests 3:180.
Horn and Face Fly Control with Fenvalerate and RabonR Ear Tags, 1978
Authors: Gerhardt R. R. , Mullens B. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fenvalerate ear tags (SD 43775, 8% ai) were attached to 22 adult cows in two herds on May 1’78. RabonR ear tags (SD 8447, 13.7% ai) were attached to 15 adult cows in one herd on May 17’78. All animals were tagged in both ears. None of the 23 calves in the three treatment herds was treated. Six herds of similar size with no fly treatment constituted the control. Horn and face flies were counted on the face and one side of the animals with the aid of binoculars. Half of the calves in all herds were treated for cattle grubs on Sept 12’78 with famphur pour-on. This apparently caused the sharp reduction in horn fly numbers in the untreated herds on Sept 19’78.
Mouse-Cuterebra Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1978
Authors: Drummond R. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
White mice are infested ocularly with 5 newly hatched larvae of Cuterebrafontinella Clark. Two days later, female mice are weighed and treated orally (mgAg basis) with candidate insecticides formulated in Tween 20; male mice have a plastic collar placed around their necks (to prevent grooming) and are dipped (body only) into 100-200 ml of an emulsion of the candidate insecticide usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and Al (25 parts). Highest dosages are 100 mg/kg and 1%. Four days later, mice are killed and bodies examined carefully for encapsulated larvae (usually in inguinal region). Effectiveness is determined by comparing numbers of larvae in treated mice with numbers in untreated mice. Probit analysis is conducted with corrected percent kill data. Details of the test have been presented by Gingrich, R.E., et al., 1972, J. Econ. Enlomol. 65(3):742-5, and Drummond, R.O., and R. E. Gingrich, 1972, J. Econ. Entomol. 65(4): 1211-2. Recent results were presented by Drummond, R. O., 1977, Insect. Acaric. Tests 3:188-9.
Blueberry, Thrips Control, 1978
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On a new burn field at Sedgwick, Maine, test materials were applied to 2 x 3-ft plots on May 25 (newly emerging stems averaged .25 inch in height) and again on May 27 (new growth averaged .5 inch). Dusts were placed into test tubes and applied onto the plots with a bicycle hand pump; a cage covered with clear plastic and located over the plot during the dusting was used to confine the dust to the plot. Malathion EC and Pounce were each mixed with water added at a rate of 50 gal/acre and sprayed onto the plots with a hand sprayer. No other pesticides were applied to the plots. There were 5 replications/treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with some blocks located in high thrips’ pressure areas and some in low. On Jul 14 all stems in each plot were counted, and stems were recorded as being curled (thrips’ injury) or noncurled. Percent effectiveness is based on Abbott’s formula. The number of stems ranged from 2030 to 2160/treatment.
Control of

Erythroneura

Comes

on Concord Grapes, 1978
Authors: Jubb Gerald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were screened for efficacy against leafhoppers in North East, Pennsylvannia, in 1978. Plots consisted of 3 vines in a row replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Three J vines within rows and 1 row between treated rows isolated the plots. Sprays were applied using an Ortho Spray-ette Queen Size garden sprayer operated off a high pressure hose of a Myers 61256ET2 hydraulic sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 psi. Sprays were applied to runoff resulting in the equivalent of 100 gal of solution applied per acre. The equivalent of 4 oz DuPont spreader-sticker per 100 gal was used with each treatment. Sprays were applied on June 5, 1978, after overwintering leafhopper adults had entered the vineyard from nearby overwintering and feeding sites. Treatments were evaluated by counting the leafhoppers on each of 25 infested leaves selected randomly per plot. Only adults were counted on the 7- and 14-day posttreatment counts because egg hatch had not occurred and nymphs were not present. Nymphs only were counted on the 21- and 28-day posttreatments counts. Data were transformed to the square root of X +0.5 and treated by analysis of variance and Duncan’s modified (Bayesian) least significant difference test.
Citrus, D. Abbreviatus Control, Plymouth, Florida, 1978
Authors: Herbaugh Larry L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Each insecticide treatment was applied to 5 citrus trees (tree height ca. 8 ft) by a hydraulic sprayer as a dilute solution sprayed to drip. Two hr after treatment, field-collected adult weavils were caged on sprayed trees, 5 weevils/cage. Weevil mortality counta were made after 1- and 3-da exposure. Additional cages were added at 3, 6, and 9 da posttreatment when an insecticide demonstrated residual activity. Tests were conducted in September-October, the period of peak weevil activity.
Control of Texas Citrus Mite with Acaricides, 1978
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Arvizo G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine treatments were evaluated for control on lemon trees (20 years old) using 5 gal spray/tree on Apr 14. Sprays were applied with a spray gun (pistol-type) from a John Bean sprayer using 400 psi. Three-tree plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. The daily average maximum temperature during the test was 88°F and there was no rainfall. The mite count on Apr 11 was 16.48 mites/leaf. There was an occasional citrus red mite found during the counts. This grove had a history of the Texas citrus mite during Nov and Dec of 1970 reaching a high of 23.78 mites/leaf on Nov 25. A slight infestation was found from Oct to Dec 1972 reaching a high of 1 mite/leaf on Oct 27, but no Texas citrus mite since.
Citrus Rust Mite Control, 1978
Authors: Bullock Robert C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The absence of uniformly infested plantings during winter necessitated the dipping of infested fruit on individual trees to evaluate efficacy of several candidate miticides. Mature oranges on ten 18-yr-old trees were examined and 9 fruit/tree were selected for use that had population densities of at least 5 rust mites in each of two 1.2-cm2 lensfields searched/fruit. Fruit was assigned randomly to a treatment and tagged for identification. Foliage and twigs touching the selected fruit were pruned to prevent immediate reinfestation. Quart aliquots equivalent to the rate/100 gal for each material were made up, and fruit immersed for 10 sec in the solution on Dec 19’77. Population densities per two 1.2-cm2 lensfield/fruit were determined periodically after treatment.
Potato Leafhopper Control on Red Kidney Beans, 1978
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Each treatment consisted of two 50-ft rows bordered on each side by 2 untreated rows and planted in a randomized complete block design. Each cultivar was planted in a separate plot on May 31. The treatments of granular soil insecticides were applied 2 inches offset from the row and 2 inches deep on Jun 16 using a hand pushed cone seeder. Three different sprays of Sevin were made: a spray applied weekly for the full season, a spray applied weekly for the first half of the season only, and a spray applied weekly for the second half of the season only. Applications were made using a gasoline engine-powered, hand pulled 2-row sprayer delivering 61 gallons H2O/A with 3 flat fan nozzles (8002)/row. The bean rows were planted 32 inches apart. Adult potato leafhoppers were counted at 2 and 6 days after spraying on each treatment using a hand sweep net (50 sweeps/treatment). Nymphs were counted at 2 days after spraying by counting the total number of nymphs on 50 trifoliate leaves/treatment. Yields were determined by harvesting and thrashing a 10-ft section of each treatment and then calculating the bushel/A yield. The plots were sprayed 9 times between Jun 27 and Aug 22.
Snap Beans, Mexican Bean Beetle Control, 1978
Authors: Linduska James J. , Hochmuth Robert C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Contender’ snap beans were planted in double row plots 20-ft in length on May 23, 1978. Each plot was buffered on either side by 2 untreated guard rows. The distance between rows was 3 ft. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Spray treatments were applied on Jun 30 with a wheel-barrow-type sprayer using CO2 for spray discharge. The spray boom was equipped with drop nozzles and each row was covered by 3 nozzles. All treatments were mixecT with 1.5 gal of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/A with 40 psi. Plots were rated on Jul 4 by counting the number of Mexican bean beetle larvae/10-ft of row. Yields were taken on Jul 12 by harvesting 2, 10-ft sections/treat/rep. At harvest time a sample of 150 beans/treat/rep were examined for European corn borer injury.
Imported Cabbage Worm and Cabbage Looper Control with 10-Day Interval Spray Program, 1978
Authors: Libby J. L. , Longridge J. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots consisted of 2 rows each 54-feet long, with 36 inches between rows, at 14-inch plant spacing. Each treatment contained 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Transplants were set on Jun 14 at the University of Wisconsin Research Farm, Arlington, Wl. Sprays were applied on Jul 9, 20, 31, Aug 10, and 20 by a tractor drawn boom sprayer delivering 60 gallons of spray per acre. Insects were counted by dissecting heads in the field on Aug 24. The crop acceptability field rating was conducted Aug 25.
Aphid Control on Cabbage Using Foliar Sprays, 1978
Authors: Wellik M. J. , Slosser J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Superette Y. R.’ variety cabbage was field-seeded on Mar 10 at the TAMU Vegetable Res. Sta., Munday, TX. Plots consisted of 6 rows, 30-ft long, on 40-in centers (3 rows on each side of a row of overwintered cabbage) and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Endosulfan 75W was sprayed on Mar 19 at 2.0 lb ai/acre, in 14.0 gal water/acre, to control a severe infestation of flea beetles, Epitrix spp. A laboratory bioassay was begun on Apr 28 due to lack of aphid infestation. Five field leaves/treatment from plots sprayed 2 hours earlier at 27.4 gal water/acre were infested with 10 green peach aphids collected from kohlrabi. Counts were made 3 and 7 days after application. Leaves were reinfested after the 3-day count. A field infestation began May 12 and aphid numbers increased rapidly thereafter. The first foliar application was made on May 18 and the second on Jun 13. All sprays were applied with a pressurized hand-drawn sprayer equipped with cone nozzles (10X) which delivered 29.0 gal water/acre. Insect counts were made on 10 plants/plot chosen at random from the center 2 rows. Yield samples (0.001 acre) were taken from each plot on Jun 28. Percent control calculations for the bioassay and field tests were made according to the method of C. F. Henderson and E. W. Tilton, 1955, J. Econ. Entomol., 48:157-61. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at the 0.05 probability level was used to determine differences between percentage control values.
Control of Alfalfa Looper and Western Yellowstriped Armyworm Larvae on Peas, 1978
Authors: Halfhill J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Darkskin Perfection peas were planted in 5 by 20-ft 8-row beds with 7-inch interrow spacing on Mar 28‘78.at Yakima, WA. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates (beds). Treatments were applied on Jun 23 using a rear-mounted boom sprayer fitted to a JD 420 tractor travelling at 2.75 mph. An air pressure of 60 psi applied 40 gpa through D2-13 “TEEJET” nozzles mounted 11 in. apart on the boom. The boom height was adjusted to provide maximum coverage of the foliage. The beds were sprayed between 0600 and 0800 in near or dead calm airflow. The efficacy of the treatments was determined by examining the foliage and the soil beneath the removed plants in a 4- by 4-ft section near the ends of each bed for insects, 72 h after treatment, that is, at 4 days before harvest.