bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Implementation of Approximate Randomization Tests in Linear Models with a Small Number of Clusters
Authors: Cai Yong , Canay Ivan A. , Kim Deborah , Shaikh Azeem M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper provides a user’s guide to the general theory of approximate randomization tests developed in Canay, Romano, and Shaikh (2017a. “Randomization Tests under an Approximate Symmetry Assumption.” Econometrica 85 (3): 1013–30) when specialized to linear regressions with clustered data. An important feature of the methodology is that it applies to settings in which the number of clusters is small – even as small as five. We provide a step-by-step algorithmic description of how to implement the test and construct confidence intervals for the parameter of interest. In doing so, we additionally present three novel results concerning the methodology: we show that the method admits an equivalent implementation based on weighted scores; we show the test and confidence intervals are invariant to whether the test statistic is studentized or not; and we prove convexity of the confidence intervals for scalar parameters. We also articulate the main requirements underlying the test, emphasizing in particular common pitfalls that researchers may encounter. Finally, we illustrate the use of the methodology with two applications that further illuminate these points: one to a linear regression with clustered data based on Meng, Qian, and Yared (2015. “The Institutional Causes of china’s Great Famine, 1959–1961.” The Review of Economic Studies 82 (4): 1568–611) and a second to a linear regression with temporally dependent data based on Munyo and Rossi (2015. “First-day Criminal Recidivism.” Journal of Public Economics 124: 81–90). The companion R and Stata packages facilitate the implementation of the methodology and the replication of the empirical exercises.
An assessment of solvers for algebraically stabilized discretizations of convection–diffusion–reaction equations
Authors: Jha Abhinav , Pártl Ondřej , Ahmed Naveed , Kuzmin Dmitri 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We consider flux-corrected finite element discretizations of 3D convection-dominated transport problems and assess the computational efficiency of algorithms based on such approximations. The methods under investigation include flux-corrected transport schemes and monolithic limiters. We discretize in space using a continuous Galerkin method and ℙ1 or ℚ1 finite elements. Time integration is performed using the Crank–Nicolson method or an explicit strong stability preserving Runge–Kutta method. Nonlinear systems are solved using a fixed-point iteration method, which requires solution of large linear systems at each iteration or time step. The great variety of options in the choice of discretization methods and solver components calls for a dedicated comparative study of existing approaches. To perform such a study, we define new 3D test problems for time dependent and stationary convection–diffusion–reaction equations. The results of our numerical experiments illustrate how the limiting technique, time discretization and solver impact on the overall performance.
A divergence-free finite element method for the Stokes problem with boundary correction
Authors: Liu Haoran , Neilan Michael , Baris Otus M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper constructs and analyzes a boundary correction finite element method for the Stokes problem based on the Scott–Vogelius pair on Clough–Tocher splits. The velocity space consists of continuous piecewise polynomials of degree k, and the pressure space consists of piecewise polynomials of degree (k – 1) without continuity constraints. A Lagrange multiplier space that consists of continuous piecewise polynomials with respect to the boundary partition is introduced to enforce boundary conditions and to mitigate the lack of pressure-robustness. We prove several inf-sup conditions, leading to the well-posedness of the method. In addition, we show that the method converges with optimal order and the velocity approximation is divergence-free.
Investigating the safety and feasibility of osteopathic medicine in the pediatric oncology outpatient setting
Authors: Belsky Jennifer A. , Stanek Joseph R. , Rose Melissa J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Context
Pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy experience unwanted therapy-induced side effects, commonly constipation and pain that diminish quality of life. To date, few studies have investigated the safety and feasibility of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) in pediatric oncology.

Objectives
The primary objective of this study is to investigate the safety and feasibility of OMT in pediatric oncology outpatient clinics.

Methods
This is a single institutional pilot study evaluating children aged ≥2–21 years receiving chemotherapy for an oncological diagnosis at Nationwide Children’s Hospital (NCH). Permission was obtained from the NCH Institutional Review Board. Participants were enrolled for 8 weeks and received weekly OMT. OMT was deemed feasible by participating in six out of eight weekly treatments, and safety was assessed through adverse event grading per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). During the clinic visit, patients answered validated surveys on constipation (Bristol Stool Scale) and pain (FACES Scale) pre/post-OMT. Feasibility was analyzed utilizing a one-sided exact binomial test while validated tools and adverse events were summarized descriptively.

Results
A total of 23 patients were enrolled, with 21 included in feasibility analyses. The majority of the patients were female (n=13, 61.9%), with a median age of 12 years at enrollment (range, 2.7–20.8 years). There were no serious adverse events attributed to OMT intervention, and among the patients assessed for feasibility, 100% of them participated in at least two-thirds of their weekly OMT treatments, meeting our defined feasibility criteria. The intervention lasted an average of 14.2 min (range, 7.2–19.2 min). There were no FACES or Bristol Stool Scale scores that correlated with worsening pain on constipation post-OMT intervention.

Conclusions
Pediatric oncology patients were feasibly and safely able to receive OMT during a regularly scheduled chemotherapy visit. The limitations include the small sample size. These findings support the need to further investigate the safety and feasibility, as well as efficacy, of OMT in the pediatric oncology clinical setting.
Symptoms of maternal psychological distress during pregnancy: sex-specific effects for neonatal morbidity
Authors: Weiss Sandra J. , Musana Joseph W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy has been associated with preterm birth. However, little is known about the relationship of a woman’s psychological symptoms during pregnancy to the infant’s morbidity at birth or any differential effects of these symptoms on female vs. male fetuses. Our research aims addressed these gaps.

Methods
A total of 186 women were enrolled between 24 and 34 weeks gestation when demographic information was acquired and they completed the Brief Symptom Inventory to measure psychological distress. Data on gestational age at birth, fetal sex, and neonatal morbidity was extracted from the medical record. To control for their effects, obstetric complications were also identified. Multiple linear regressions were computed to examine the aims, including interaction terms to measure moderating effects of fetal sex.

Results
Symptoms of maternal psychological distress were a significant predictor of neonatal morbidity but were not associated with gestational age. The interaction between symptom distress and fetal/infant sex was also significant for neonatal morbidity but not for gestational age. For boys, high levels of maternal symptom distress during pregnancy were associated with neonatal resuscitation, ventilatory assistance, and infection. Maternal distress was not associated with neonatal morbidity for girls.

Conclusions
The male fetus may be more sensitive to effects of mothers’ psychological symptoms than the female fetus. Further research is needed to confirm our findings and identify potential biological mechanisms that may be responsible for these sex differences. Findings suggest the importance of symptom screening and early intervention to reduce maternal distress and risk of neonatal morbidity.
Common Microscale and Macroscale Principles of Connectivity in the Human Brain
Authors: Scholtens Lianne H. , Pijnenburg Rory , de Lange Siemon C. , Huitinga Inge , van den Heuvel Martijn P. ,   Netherlands Brain Bank
Published: April 2022

The brain requires efficient information transfer between neurons and large-scale brain regions. Brain connectivity follows predictable organizational principles. At the cellular level, larger supragranular pyramidal neurons have larger, more branched dendritic trees, more synapses, and perform more complex computations; at the macroscale, region-to-region connections display a diverse architecture with highly connected hub areas facilitating complex information integration and computation. Here, we explore the hypothesis that the branching structure of large-scale region-to-region connectivity follows similar organizational principles as the neuronal scale. We examine microscale connectivity of basal dendritic trees of supragranular pyramidal neurons (300+) across 10 cortical areas in five human donor brains (1 male, 4 female). Dendritic complexity was quantified as the number of branch points, tree length, spine count, spine density, and overall branching complexity. High-resolution diffusion-weighted MRI was used to construct white matter trees of corticocortical wiring. Examining complexity of the resulting white matter trees using the same measures as for dendritic trees shows heteromodal association areas to have larger, more complex white matter trees than primary areas (p< 0.0001) and macroscale complexity to run in parallel with microscale measures, in terms of number of inputs (r= 0.677,p= 0.032), branch points (r= 0.797,p= 0.006), tree length (r= 0.664,p= 0.036), and branching complexity (r= 0.724,p= 0.018). Our findings support the integrative theory that brain connectivity follows similar principles of connectivity at neuronal and macroscale levels and provide a framework to study connectivity changes in brain conditions at multiple levels of organization.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWithin the human brain, cortical areas are involved in a wide range of processes, requiring different levels of information integration and local computation. At the cellular level, these regional differences reflect a predictable organizational principle with larger, more complexly branched supragranular pyramidal neurons in higher order regions. We hypothesized that the 3D branching structure of macroscale corticocortical connections follows the same organizational principles as the cellular scale. Comparing branching complexity of dendritic trees of supragranular pyramidal neurons and of MRI-based regional white matter trees of macroscale connectivity, we show that macroscale branching complexity is larger in higher order areas and that microscale and macroscale complexity go hand in hand. Our findings contribute to a multiscale integrative theory of brain connectivity.
Die elektronische Schuldverschreibung – eine Sache?
Authors: Casper Matthias , Richter Ludwig 
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung
Der Gesetzgeber verfolgt mit dem eWpG eine vorsichtige Evolution des Wertpapierrechts. Eine zentrale Rolle spielt dabei § 2 Abs. 2 eWpG. Demnach sind elektronische Schuldverschreibungen im Sinne des Gesetzes rechtlich ebenso zu behandeln wie physische Wertpapiere. Mit § 2 Abs. 3 eWpG streicht das Gesetz zusätzlich heraus, dass elektronischen Wertpapieren Sacheigenschaft zukommt. Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie sich die beiden Fiktionen zueinander verhalten und welche Rechtsfolgen sich aus ihnen ergeben. Auch wenn die pfadabhängige Herangehensweise des Gesetzgebers kaum zu großen Problemen im praktischen Umgang mit dem Gesetz führen dürfte, zeigt der Beitrag doch auf, dass ein mutigerer Schritt nach vorne Praxis und Rechtsdogmatik wieder näher zusammengebracht hätte.
Peculiarities of iron metabolism in patients with breast cancer before adjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Blindar V. N. , Zubrikhina G. N. , Davydova T. V. , Dobrovolskaya M. M. , Khagazheeva M. N. , Snegovoy A. V. , Ryabchikov D. A. , Lyubimova N. V. , Kushlinsky N. E. , Kononenko I. B. 
Published: April 2022

Introduction. Numerous studies using multivariate analysis have confirmed the relationship between low hemoglobin and / or hypoxia of tumor tissue with a worsening prognosis.The study objective was to assess the state of iron metabolism in breast cancer patients in the perioperative period, before conducting adjuvant chemotherapy for adequate administration of iron and recombinant erythropoietins preparations.Materials and methods. The object of the study included 17 breast cancer patients with a relatively favorable prognosis, with luminal types A and B (Her 2 / neu positive or negative), three times negative type. The examination was carried out in the postoperative period, before the first course of adjuvant chemotherapy. The main metabolites of ferrokinetics were studied: hepcidin 25 (GP25), ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors, transferin, iron, erythropoietin, C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 indicators.Results. In patients with breast cancer, even before adjuvant chemotherapy, a violation of iron metabolism was revealed. Anemic syndrome (AS) with iron deficiency erythroproiesis was diagnosed in 29.4 % of them. In most of them, AS was accompanied by a deficiency of endogenous erythropoietin. Iron deficiency anemia was more common; functional iron deficiency (FID) was found in some patients. In contrast to patients with iron deficiency anemia, patients with FID had a significant concentrations of GP25, C-reactive protein, and interleukin 6 and ferritin were within the upper limit of normal. It should be noted that GP25 hyperexression was observed not only in breast cancer patients with FID, but also in patients without laboratory signs of anemia, which did not exclude the latent stage of AS.Conclusion. To achieve the effectiveness of the treatment of AS, a comprehensive and personalized approach is required. Iron preparations are prescribed to restore iron metabolism; recombinant erythropoietins preparations are used to increase the rate of erythrocyte formation during chemotherapy. The same treatment regimen is justified for the correction of AS with FID. However, the strategy for future treatment of FID is associated with the use of GP25 antagonists (in order to overcome the retention of iron in the reticuloendothelial system), hormones or cytokines that can effectively stimulate erythropoiesis in AS with impaired iron metabolism.
Bone marrow B-lymphocyte subpopulations of breast cancer patients in the prognosis of the disease
Authors: Berdova F. K. , Vorotnikov I. K. , Tupitsyn N. N. 
Published: April 2022

Introduction. Among the immunological prognostic factors in breast cancer, intratumoral lymphocytes play an important role. Pronounced infiltration of the tumor by CD8 lymphocytes is associated with a favorable prognosis. The expression of transferrin receptor (CD71) on tumor cells, on the contrary, is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. The bone marrow of breast cancer patients has been studied very little in terms of the prognostic role of hematopoietic cells and lymphocyte subpopulations.The study objective was to investigate the bone marrow B-lymphocyte subpopulations of breast cancer patients and evaluate their prognostic value.Materials and methods. Detailed bone marrow studies were carried out in 107 patients who were treated in the department of mammary gland tumors mainly in the period 2013–2016. Thus, the duration of the follow-up period after surgical treatment was mainly from 5 to 8 years. W hen diagnosing patients, a standard study of the receptor status, Her2 / neu, Ki-67 expression, etc. was performed. Morphological examination of the bone marrow (myelogram) was performed in all patients. Clarification of the life expectancy of patients was carried out by personal surveys or through the Registry Office. If possible, the life expectancy of patients, the duration of the period without progression etc. were clarified.Results. In cases with B-lymphocytes of more than 10 %, survival rates were more favorable (p = 0.019). Bone marrow B cells and, in particular, CD10‑positive B-linear precursors may have prognostic value in breast cancer. Thus, CD10 expression on 12 percent or more of bone marrow B cells of breast cancer patients was associated with a more favorable prognosis (p = 0.042). The prognostic role of the CD10 antigen was realized with a follow-up period of more than 5 years. The expression of CD38 on bone marrow B cells is a prognostically favorable factor (overall survival, p = 0.026), the role of which is realized within 5–10 days of follow-up after surgery. Bone marrow B1 lymphocytes had no association with breast cancer prognosis (overall survival), however, they were correlated (p = 0.07) with progression-free survival.Conclusion. Total relative number of (more than 10 %) of bone marrow B-lymphocytes (CD19+) of breast cancer patients were significantly related to the more favorable prognosis (overall survival) primarily because of B-cell precursors (CD10+) CD38+ bone marrow cells were also associated with more favorable prognosis. Levels of B1‑lymphocytes (CD5+) in bone marrow lymphocytes were not related to the prognosis of breast cancer. Prognositic role of B-lineage precursors and CD38‑positive cells was noted in the periods of 5–10 years after operation.
Outcomes and complications of organ-sparing treatment of patients with tumor and tumor-like conditions of the forearm long bones
Authors: Polаtova D. Sh. , Davlatov R. R. , Abdikarimov H. G. , Islamov U. F. , Savkin A. V. 
Published: April 2022

Introduction.Surgical treatment of tumors of the distal part of the forearm has always been complicated. Though there are many methods of reconstruction of defects of the long bones of this area after resection, the optimal technique is still debated.The study objectiveis to analyze the results of surgical treatment of tumors and tumor-like conditions of the forearm long bones, rate of postoperative complications, and techniques of their correction.Materials and methods. The article presents data on 75 patients with tumor and tumor-like conditions of the forearm long bones. Diagnosis was histologically verified. In 58 (77.3 %) patients, benign giant cell tumor was diagnosed, in 3 (4 %) patients – malignant giant cell tumor, in 3 (4 %) patients – osteogenic sarcoma, in 3 (4 %) patients – chondrosarcoma, in 6 (8 %) patients – fibrous dysplasia. All patients underwent surgical treatment of varying volume. During the study, analysis of complications of surgical treatment was performed.Results.Postoperative complications of various nature developed in 17 (22.7 %) of 75 patients between 2 weeks and 2 years after treatment. They mostly developed after segmental resection of the forearm bones with autoplasty (38.1 %) and segmental bone resection (21.4 %), as well as after excochleation with cementoplasty (16.1 %). The most frequent complications were autotransplant lysis (in 4 (19.1 %) cases), its fracture (in 2 (9.5 %) cases), and infections and inflammatory complications (in 2 (9.5 %) cases). After segmental resection with endoprosthesis, only 1 (11.1 %) patient experienced endoprosthesis head instability in the early postoperative period which led to re-endoprosthesis. Local recurrence was observed in 6 (19.4 %) of 31 patients with gigantic-cell tumors after excochleation and in 4 (28.6 %) of 14 patients after segmental resection. In 2 (14.3 %) cases, progression of the main disease was observed in the form of pulmonary metastases.Conclusion.Excochleation with cementoplasty is the method of choice in benign tumors of the forearm bones in the absence of soft-tissue component, destruction of the cortical layer, advancement of the tumor to the joint surface. In case of benign tumors in the absence of soft-tissue component and destruction of the cortical layer, and in the presence of tumor advancement to the joint surface, the optimal technique is segmental bone resection with substitution of the defect with endoprosthesis.
Moving beyond S Minus P Earthquake Locations as “THE” Lab in Seismology Education
Authors: Hubenthal Michael , Taber John 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Locating earthquakes is an important activity that underpins both seismological research and seismology education broadly. The seismology community tends to view the earthquake location process as a fundamental element of the field, and locating earthquakes is arguably the most common seismology education activity that middle school through introductory college students encounter. As a result, nearly all students’ first, and primary, exposure to the field of seismology consists of paper seismograms, drawing compasses, and 2D maps. This occurs in an era of computers available for every student, high-speed Internet, publicly available digital waveforms, complex algorithms to solve for earthquake locations, and the Next Generation Science Standards driving public education. This article explores the origins of the S minus P location method both as a scientific solution and as an educational activity in Earth Science classrooms, and reflects on technical, pedagogical, and curricular aspects of common implementations, underpinning beliefs, and their implications. From this reflection, three opportunities are identified for the seismology community to expand the seismological horizons of Earth Science students and instructors. These include working with instructors across a range of educational levels to correct the record on how earthquakes are located, to rethink both the content and pedagogy used both to teach about the process of earthquake locations, and to define several key ways the seismology community might lead geoscience educators to move beyond earthquake locations as “THE” seismology lab used with students.
Vaginal agenesis and vaginal dilation: an individualized approach using three-dimensional (3D) printer molds.
Authors: Fernandes Marina Silva , Takano Claudia Cristina , Chrispin Thyeres Teixeira Bueno , Marquini Gisele Vissoci , Girão Manoel João Batista Castello , Sartori Marair Gracio Ferreira 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of vaginal molds, made with three-dimensional (3D) printing, for conservative treatment through vaginal dilation in patients with Vaginal Agenesis (VA). Methods: Sixteen patients with a diagnosis of VA (Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, Total Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and cervicovaginal agenesis), from Federal University of São Paulo, were selected. The production of the devices was carried out in a 3D printer and, as raw material, the polymeric filament of the lactic polyacid (PLA) was used. A personalized treatment was proposed and developed for each patient.Results: Fourteen patients reached a final vaginal length of 6 cm or more. The initial TVL Mean (SD) was 1,81(1,05) and the final TVL Mean (SD) 6,37(0,94); the Difference (IC-95%) was 4,56 (5,27 - 3,84) and the Effect size (IC-95%) was 4,58 (2,88 – 6,28). Therefore, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between the initial and final measurements. The Effect Size was 4.58, reinforcing the great magnitude of this difference. Conclusion: The present study has shown the fruitful applicability of the devices, which offers an economical, accessible, promissing and reproducible strategy for the treatment of VA.