bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
War Crimes, Atrocities, and Resistance in Colombia
Authors: Kaplan Oliver 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Colombia has historically ranked as one of the most violent countries in the world. Yet it has not experienced genocide and is therefore not usually considered in texts on mass atrocities. This chapter reviews the diverse forms of atrocities in Colombia that a variety of armed actors have committed in recent history. It identifies several extermination campaigns that some have referred to as genocides as well as other patterns of massacres, forced displacements, and targeted political killings. Beyond these grave harms, the chapter also documents the widespread responses by the government and civil society to these atrocities. It concludes with a characterization of the continuing threats of violence in Colombia as well as a research agenda that offers hope for making the phrase nunca más (“never again”) a reality.
Surgical Research
Authors: Wall Anji , Testa Giuliano 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Surgical research is a wide-ranging field that includes innovative procedures, novel devices, novel procedures, questioning established operative procedures, sham surgical placebo-controlled trials, perioperative care pathways, national registry studies, risk assessment modeling, and qualitative research. This chapter discusses these various types of surgical research, provides examples of surgical research trials that fit into these categories, and highlights the central ethical considerations in assessing each type of surgical research trial. Ultimately, the chapter shows that research ethics guidelines and benchmarks can be broadly applied to ethical questions regarding surgical research but must be tailored to the context of the surgical research study.
The Highs and Lows of Research
Authors: Schupmann Will , Grady Christine 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One way of conceptualizing the principal achievements and failures of human research is to consider to what extent research has contributed value to society. Research is generally considered to have value if it has the prospect of producing knowledge that can be used toward improvements in health or well-being. The authors selected nine case studies of research during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries that illustrate multiple ways research has achieved or failed to achieve value. Included in the “highs” of research are the development of antiretroviral therapy for HIV, Michael Marmot’s Whitehall studies, and the evaluation of hormone replacement therapy, among others. The authors’ cases of “lows” include genetic research on the etiology of homosexuality, the US Public Health Service’s Guatemala sexually transmitted disease experiments, and the gene transfer experiment that Jesse Gelsinger participated in, among others. A retrospective analysis of how research has and hasn’t contributed value may inform more thoughtful assessments of value in future research.
Pregnancy and Work
Authors: Widiss Deborah A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Feminist theorists have long debated what “equal” treatment means in the context of workplace responses to pregnancy and infant care, as well as the appropriate scope of public support for new parents. This chapter explores the historical development and current state of American policy and contrasts it with international norms. Applying an intersectional lens, it also shows how race, class, sexual orientation, gender identity, family structure, and other factors may interact with pregnancy and parenthood to compound disadvantage.In the United States, pregnancy is generally treated like other health conditions, and parental leave is provided on a sex-neutral basis. This same-treatment approach responds to concerns voiced by some feminist theorists that mandating maternity leave would spur discrimination against women and reify traditional gender roles. Policymakers also largely endorsed neoliberal arguments that framed medical and family needs as private responsibilities. The result (until recently) was grossly inadequate support for new parents, disproportionately harming poor and working-class women of color. By contrast, virtually every other country guarantees new mothers a relatively ample period of paid maternity leave; fathers typically receive less time off, although some countries have taken steps to encourage a more equal split. However, there are new federal laws in the United States that provide support within universal structures addressing health needs generally and new state laws specifically addressing pregnancy and paid leave. These are important steps forward, but additional federal legislation is necessary to ensure workers can start a family without jeopardizing their economic security.
Economic and Social Rights in Latin America
Authors: Gargarella Roberto 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter critically studies the emergence and historical development of social rights in Latin America. Its primary argument is that the role of constitutional organization of power in forming social rights has been obscured by the focus on legal instruments and institutions. The chapter develops the argument across six historical periods: (1) the “creation” of economic and social rights in Mexico (1917); (2) their gradual incorporation in most Latin American constitutions (1917–1950); (3) the characterization of economic and social rights as nonenforceable rights (1950–1980); (4) the emergence of a new discussion and practice during and after the 1980s (particularly thanks to the consolidation of international human rights law); (5) the so-called New Latin American constitutionalism with new constitutions, rights, and remedies (1990–2010); and (6) the modification of debates with the “deliberative turn” that appeared at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Authors: Aggarwal Nakul , Matheny Michael E. , Shachar Carmel , Wang Samantha , Thadaney-Israni Sonoo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to significantly impact healthcare systems, including clinical diagnosis, healthcare administration and delivery, and public health infrastructures. In the context of the Quintuple Aim of healthcare (patient outcomes, cost reduction, population impact, provider wellness, and equity/inclusion), this chapter discusses the current state of AI in healthcare, focusing on issues that may inform the development of adaptive, efficient, and equitable governance frameworks for AI in healthcare. The chapter introduces prominent examples of clinical AI applications in recent years, highlighting their successes and extant limitations. It emphasizes the processes of clinical AI algorithm development, implementation, and provider adoption, noting important policy considerations for active maintenance and updating of such algorithms. It also focuses on the issue of bias in AI algorithms for healthcare by (1) illustrating how unrepresentative and/or inappropriate datasets can exacerbate health disparities and inequities, and (2) emphasizing the need for diversity, transparency, and accountability in algorithm development. It provides an overview of current national and international regulatory approaches for AI-driven medical devices. It concludes with recommendations of strategic goals for developers, healthcare providers, and governmental agencies to work towards cooperatively in building a productive and equitable future for AI in healthcare.
Social Rights Constitutionalism
Authors: Brinks Daniel M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Latin America is at the forefront of global developments in the constitutionalization and judicial enforcement of social and economic rights (SER). Latin American countries have long included a robust set of SER in their constitutions, and in recent decades have only added more rights and stronger judicial enforcement mechanisms to their foundational texts. As a result, although many courts around the world have taken up the banner of SER, Latin American courts are contributing doctrinal innovation and concrete examples of SER enforcement at a rate and in a manner that eclipses other regions. This chapter first shows the trend toward social rights constitutionalism in the region as found in the foundational texts. It argues that Latin American constitutionalism today marks quite significant transformation of the relationship between ordinary politics and constitutional justice, as a direct result of the constitutionalization of SER and the judicialization of their enforcement. It concludes by exploring the way in which Latin American courts have attempted to overcome some of the challenges of SER enforcement.
Environment
Authors: Mendes Conrado Hübner , Rached Danielle Hanna 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the constitutionalization of environmental protection in Latin America. The protection of the environment is one of the most flagged features of contemporary Latin American constitutionalism. However, this is not a unique Latin American phenomenon. Environmental rights have increasingly been enshrined in domestic constitutions around the world. States decided to address the protection of the environment as a first-order legal and political ideal, and the constitutional text was the natural vessel for conveying such commitment. The chapter raises the following questions: How does Latin American environmental constitutionalism fit into the global narrative? Is there something to be fairly called ‘Latin American environmental constitutionalism’? Why have nations entrenched environmental rights within their constitutions? What are the consequences of such entrenchment for the environment? How do Latin American countries partake in such constitutionalist project?
A Self-Determination Theory Perspective on How to Choose, Use, and Lose Personal Goals
Authors: Holding Anne C. , Koestner Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Personal goals are ubiquitous—our lives are filled with goals that we have recently set, goals we are steadily progressing toward, or goals that we are in the painful process of relinquishing. This article provides a Self-Determination Theory perspective on personal goals from goal setting, to goal pursuit, to goal disengagement. The authors review and synthesize the personal goal literature, discussing how the content and regulation of personal goals relates to goal attainment and well-being outcomes. The authors also examine the role of close others in goal pursuit, highlighting how personal goals are often interpersonal too. Finally, the authors examine what happens with goals when the going gets tough and discuss how motivation relates to later phases of the goal’s lifecycle such as goal disengagement. The central argument of this article is that issues of autonomy versus control are important at all points in the lifecycle of a goal.
The IUGS Nomenclature on Kalsilite-Bearing Volcanic Rocks: A Critical Appraisal and Recommendations
Authors: Oliveira Ítalo L , Brod José A , Junqueira-Brod Tereza C , Reimold Wolf U , Fuck Reinhardt A 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
The current International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) recommendations for nomenclature of kalsilite-bearing volcanic rocks do not consider the possible coexistence of kalsilite (KAlSiO4) and nepheline (KNa3Al4Si4O16), nor do they address volcanic rocks containing kalsilite, other than the archetypal kamafugites. This review highlights the most important shortcomings in the existing IUGS nomenclature against the classical literature and the most recent reports on kalsilite-bearing volcanic rocks. In addition, a new modal classification system, more logical and complete, is proposed. This scheme follows the IUGS principles as far as possible and denotes an updated version of the most applied historical terminology. Based on the presence of the main light-coloured constituents of kalsilite-bearing volcanic rocks, only four rock names are required for petrographic classification: katungite (melilite dominant), ugandite (leucite dominant), mafurite (kalsilite dominant), and kalsilite nephelinite (nepheline dominant). Such terminology should only be applied for volcanic rocks that definitely contain kalsilite. This requires the use of advanced analytical methods (e.g. electron microprobe analysis coupled with back-scattered electron imaging), besides conventional transmitted-light microscopy, as kalsilite and nepheline are optically indistinguishable. The coexistence of these two minerals in K-rich volcanic rocks is much more common than previously recognised. Volcanic rocks with kalsilite can be separated into potassic and ultrapotassic groups. This highlights a major problem concerning the indiscriminate use of the term kamafugite and the existing confusion between the modal and chemical classifications of kalsilite-bearing volcanic rocks. Our recommendations are purely based on descriptive attributes.
Soluble interleukin-2 receptor serum levels facilitate prediction of relapses in subgroups of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Ziegler Linda , Fuehner Sabrina , Kessel Christoph , Hinze Claas , Klotsche Jens , Niewerth Martina , Minden Kirsten , Foell Dirk 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objectives
JIA is characterised by a chronic disease course. Once patients achieve a state of inactive disease, there are no established biomarkers to predict the further course of inflammation for these patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify serum biomarkers during quiescent disease to evaluate their use in identifying JIA patients at risk for future disease flare.

Methods
Patients with non-systemic JIA reaching inactive disease status were divided into two groups: 92 patients with future active disease after a median period of 6 months (range 3–9) and 80 patients with persistent inactive disease for the following period (median 11 months, range 7–16) according to the juvenile arthritis DAS (JADAS). Clinical parameters and serum levels of various biomarkers were measured in the state of inactive disease using immunoassays in both groups and were analysed for their potential to predict the further course of disease.

Results
Soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) serum levels were significantly higher in patients with future active disease (P = 0.021), which especially applied to patients with RF-negative polyarticular and extended oligoarticular JIA (P &lt; 0.001). Higher sIL-2R serum levels during inactive disease were associated with a greater number of active joints at future active disease.

Conclusion
Patients without clinical signs of disease activity already presented with increased sIL-2R serum levels several months before disease relapses, whereas conventional inflammation parameters were not elevated. Determination of sIL-2R serum levels during inactive disease may facilitate identifying patients with subclinical disease activity at risk for future active disease.
Measuring Gender Inequality in Great Britain: Proposal for a Subnational Gender Inequality Index
Authors: Schmid Caitlin B , Cook Rose , Jones Laura 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tackling gender inequality is a key focus for both civil society and government policy in Great Britain (GB). Yet, there is currently no consensus on how to conceptualize or operationalize gender inequalities, nor any detailed measurement of gender inequalities at the subnational level, despite high levels of regional inequality. This is a barrier to the development and evaluation of gender equality programs and policies, and to holding the government accountable. To address this gap, we propose a framework for a subnational index of gender inequalities in GB based on a review of relevant indices, theoretical models, and policy. This framework was further developed in a workshop with stakeholders. We also scope the data currently available from survey and administrative sources to capture the proposed framework, highlighting gaps in our ability to comprehensively measure gender inequalities at the subnational level in GB.
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma: A Comparative Immunohistochemical Study of Factor XIIIa, CD11c, and CD4
Authors: Salari Behzad , Dehner Louis P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a group C and L non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and its cell of origin is still debatable. The expression of CD11c, a more recently described macrophage marker, and CD4 have not been studied comprehensively. This study aimed to expand immunophenotypic profile and hence our understanding of the origin of these lesions. The surgical pathology archive was searched for the cases with the pathologic diagnosis of “xanthogranuloma” from 1995 to 2019. Immunohistochemical (IHC) stains were performed for factor XIIIa, CD11c, and CD4. Morphologically, each lesion was classified into early classic, classic, or transitional subtypes. Seventy-seven cases were included with the median age of 7.8 years (male:female 1.3:1). Uniform positivity was noticed for CD4 (n = 77), CD68 (n = 37), CD163 (n = 5), and vimentin (n = 4) stains. Other stains included CD11c 75/77 (97.4%), factor XIIIa 71/76 (93.4%), S-100 protein 4/23 (17.4%), and CD1a 0/18 (0%). Despite insignificant association between morphologic subtype and main studied IHC stains, factor XIIIa reactivity was highest in transitional lesions and CD11c showed higher reactivity in early classic lesions. CD11c and CD4 are sensitive markers and showed promising results in the diagnosis of juvenile xanthogranuloma compared with factor XIIIa. Despite different reactivity of factor XIIIa and CD11c in various morphologic subtypes, such association was statistically insignificant.
Rare Mimic of a Myxofibrosarcoma: Cutaneous Myxoid Spindle Cell Squamous Cell Carcinoma as a Complication of Chronic Osteomyelitis
Authors: Chen Michelle K. Y. , Henderson Christopher J. A. , Rutland Tristan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
Myxoid spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma that can pose diagnostic challenges because of its unusual morphology. In this article, we report the case of a 68-year-old man who presented with a slow-growing, fungating mass on the right tibia at the site of his long-standing draining sinus tract. Biopsy revealed a malignant spindle cell tumor with prominent myxoid stroma and areas containing thin-walled blood vessels with a curvilinear appearance. The immunohistochemical profile indicated that the neoplastic cells were positive for a variety of keratins (MNF116, Cam 5.2, AE1/AE3, 34βE12, and CK5/6) and transcriptional markers classically expressed in squamous cell carcinomas (p63 and p40). The tumor cells were negative for melanocytic and mesenchymal markers smooth muscle antibody, S100, caldesmon-h, desmin and CD34. Together, the clinical history, histologic appearance, and immunohistochemical panel was diagnostic of a myxoid spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma. The main differential diagnosis was myxofibrosarcoma. In addition to this clinical case, we also outline the current state of knowledge on this rare entity and discuss the importance of recognizing a Marjolin ulcer in this scenario.
Temper Tantrums in Toddlers and Preschoolers: Longitudinal Associations with Adjustment Problems
Authors: Van den akker Alithe L. , Hoffenaar Peter , Overbeek Geertjan 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
We examined parent reports of temper tantrum characteristics (e.g., frequency, duration, and behavioral profile) in toddlers and preschoolers and their longitudinal association with internalizing and externalizing adjustment problems.

Methods:
Parents of 1- to 5-year-olds (N = 861, Mage = 36 months, 47% girls) reported their child's temper tantrum frequency, duration, and behaviors. A subsample also reported on their child's tantrums and adjustment problems 1 year later (n = 252). We first compared the distribution of temper tantrum frequency and duration for different ages. Next, we examined which factors underlie the tantrum behaviors and whether behavioral profiles could be distinguished based on configurations of these factors within children. Finally, we performed regression analyses predicting internalizing and externalizing adjustment problems by temper tantrum frequency, duration, and behavioral profile, controlling for child sex and age.

Results:
Chi-square tests indicated that overall, tantrum frequency declined, whereas tantrum duration increased across the 1- to 5-year age range. We found that based on 4 tantrum behavior factors (anger, distress, aggression, and self-injurious behavior), 3 profiles characterized the tantrum behavior of children in the sample: a low-intensity profile (26%), a moderate-intensity profile (32%), and a high aggressive/self-injurious profile (42%). More frequent tantrums predicted more externalizing problems, whereas longer tantrum duration predicted internalizing problems. The high aggressive/self-injurious profile predicted adjustment problems above and beyond tantrum duration and frequency.

Conclusion:
Parent reports of different tantrum characteristics are uniquely predictive of different types of problems and may each be important to include in screening efforts for adjustment problems in young children.
The Origin and Development of Interrupted Subcuticular Suture: An Important Technique for Achieving Optimum Wound Closure
Authors: Zhang WenChao , Xie Jiangmiao , Zeng Ang 
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND
Subcuticular suture is an important technique for achieving optimum wound closure, and there has been no comprehensive summary of subcuticular sutures to date.

OBJECTIVE
To summarize the origin and development of interrupted subcuticular suture to help clinicians improve their wound closure skills.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A comprehensive review of subcuticular suture techniques was conducted in PubMed to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of various methods and clinical indications.

RESULTS
Buried suture is the oldest subcuticular suture technique, followed by buried vertical mattress suture, intracutaneous butterfly suture, modified/variant buried vertical mattress suture, intradermal buried vertical mattress suture, buried horizontal mattress suture, wedge-section and modified buried vertical mattress suture, set-back suture, and modified buried horizontal mattress suture, which have gradually been applied in clinical practice. Buried vertical mattress suture is currently the most widely used subcuticular suture technique.

CONCLUSION
Patients can certainly benefit from the appropriate application of subcuticular suture. There is also no single ideal method for achieving optimal results in all cases. Fully understanding the history of subcuticular suture can help doctors improve their wound closure technique.