bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application Methods and Rates of Ancymidol on Plant Height and Seed Germination of Bedding Plants
Authors: Murray Gary E. , Sanderson Kenneth C. , Williams J. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Various rates of ancymidol granular incorporated, granular broadcast, soil drench, and foliar spray treatments were tested on 7 breeding plant species. Generally, treatment of media affected plant height more than foliar sprays. Media treatments reduced height linearly, with increasing rates reducing plant height. Effects were similar for Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem. & Schultz and Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey plants. Height of Targetes erecta L. plants was controlled most effectively by 311 to 622 mg a.i. m−3 drenches or granular incorporated. Begonia semperflorens - cultorum Hort., and Antirrhinum majus L. plant height was best controlled with granular incorporated ancymidol at rates of 155 to 622 mg a.i. and 311 to 1243 mg a.i. m−3, respectively. Germination of Tagetes and Pelargonium seed was unaffected by granular incorporated ancymidol at 78 to 311 mg a.i. m−3. Chemical names used: a-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol).
Effect of 16 and 24 Hours Daily Radiation (Light) on Lettuce Growth
Authors: Koontz H. V. , Prince R. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A 50% increase in total radiation by extending the photoperiod from 16 to 24 hr doubled the weight of all cultivars of loose-leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) ‘Grand Rapids Forcing’, ‘Waldmanns Green’, ‘Salad Bowl’, and ‘RubyConn’, but not a Butterhead cultivar, ‘Salina’. When total daily radiation (moles of photons) was the same, plants under continuous radiation weighed 30% to 50% more than plants under a 16 hr photoperiod. By using continuous radiation on loose-leaf lettuce, fewer lamp fixtures were required and yield was increased.
Susceptibility of Peaches and Nectarines, Plant Introductions, and Other Prunus Species to Bacterial Spot
Authors: Werner Dennis J. , Ritchie David F. , Cain David W. , Zehr Eldon I. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
During the 1984 growing season, 156 peach and 40 nectarine cultivars, 49 plant introductions, and 33 Prunus species or species hybrids were evaluated for susceptibility to bacterial spot [Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni (Smith 1903) Dye 1978] in North Carolina and South Carolina. Fruit and leaf infection and percentage of defoliation were evaluated in North Carolina, while only leaf infection data were evaluated in South Carolina. No cultivar was immune, but susceptibility varied greatly. Based on leaf infection in the 2 locations, it was concluded that disease pressure was greater in North Carolina. Correlation of fruit infection severity with leaf infection severity and percentage of defoliation in North Carolina was r = 0.30 (P = 0.01) and r = 0.54 (P < 0.01), respectively. Correlation between leaf infection severity and percent defoliation was r = 0.51 (P < 0.01) and r = 0.00 (NS) in North and South Carolina, respectively.
In Vitro Propagation of Cuphea wrightii
Authors: Janick Jules , Whipkey Anna 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In vitro propagation of Cuphea wrightii Gray was achieved by culturing leaves or shoots in a basal medium based on Murashige and Skoog salts. The cytokinin BA induced callus from leaves, shoots, hypocotyls, and epicotyls that was capable of initiating shoots as well as axillary branching, but callus induced from seedling roots did not differentiate shoots. Proliferated shoots transferred to a basal medium without BA produced roots and were successfully transferred to soil. Freshly harvested seed failed to germinate, but 31% of excised embryos developed when cultured on basal medium, and 63% developed in response to basal medium supplemented with 4.4 μM (lmg/liter) BA. Chemical names used: N-(phenlmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D); and 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
CO2 Exchange Rate, Stomatal Conductance, and Transpiration in Attached Leaves of ‘Valencia’ Orange
Authors: Vu J. C. V. , Yelenosky G. , Bausher M. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
CO2 exchange rate (CER), stomatal conductance (Cs), and transpiration in mature attached leaves of ‘Valencia’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were determined outdoors from predawn to 1100 EDT. The maximum values of CER and Cs, which were about 7 μmol CO2·s−1m−2 and 0.27 cm·s−1, respectively, at solar photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 500-700 μmol·s−1m−2, remained at these levels as PPFD, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) between leaf and air continued to increase. Transpiration rates, with maximum values ranging from 1 to 4 mmol H2O·s−1m−2, increased throughout the measurement periods of the morning as leaf-air VPD increased. Thus, photosynthetic water use efficiency decreased with increasing VPD.
‘Floriana Mist’ and ‘Floriana Cascade’ Gypsophila
Authors: Wilfret G. J. , Weiler T. C. , Harbaugh B. K. , Hammer P. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Floriana Mist’ and ‘Floriana Cascade’ gypsophila (Gypsophila paniculata L.) are selections of Gypsophila ‘Bristol Fairy’ (Caryophyllaceae), the double-flowered Baby's Breath used in floral arrangements. These clones were selected because of consistent flowering when rooted cuttings were planted from September through February in central Florida. Inconsistent flowering of commercial cuttings of ‘Bristol Fairy’ when planted during short days (<12 hr light) and cool nights (10° to 15°C) led to the selection of clones which would flower consistently, independent of planting date. ‘Floriana Mist’ and ‘Floriana Cascade’ have performed well in commercial field trials in Florida and California from 1977 to 1981. They were released cooperatively by the Univ. of Florida and Purdue Univ. in 1983.
The Tomato Processing Industry in Portugal
Authors: Portas C. A. M. , Oliveira W. , Stilwell M. R. , Calado A. M. , Dias V. M. B. , Ruiz-Altisent M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Portugal is a major producer of tomatoes for processing. Its export industry now ranks 4th worldwide; before the strongly protectionist European Common Market policy initiated in the early 1970s it ranked 3rd (Table 1). The culture of tomatoes for processing in irrigated areas of Portugal is favored by the dry, warm summer that characterizes Mediterranean climates. In addition the summer in Portugal is not too hot for a good tomato set (Table 2).
Influence of Disk Cultivation and Subsoiling on Productivity of a Mature Pecan Orchard
Authors: Wood Bruce W. , White A. Wilson 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One-time tillage treatments in a 70-year-old ‘Moneymaker’ pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] orchard with traffic-induced soil compaction, showed nut yields to be increased by disk harrowing in comparison to the untilled check or subsoiling treatments. All tillage treatments increased soil pH in the surface soil, with leaflet Zn and Al levels declining and B levels increasing in tilled vs. nontilled treatments. Tillage had no influence on leaflet N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, or Cu levels. Periodic disk harrowing appears to be a beneficial cultural practice for increasing nut yield in orchards with certain soil compaction problems. Harrowing also improves soil pH by incorporating surface applied lime into the plow layer.
Effect of Shading on Growth of Fraser Fir in Irrigated Transplant Beds
Authors: Hinesley L. Eric 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two-year-old (2-0) Fraser Fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] seedlings were planted in a transplant bed and grown for 2 years under shade intensities of 0%, 30%, 51%, and 76%. Shade intensity of 30% had little effect on growth, but growth decreased significantly when shade intensity was increased from 51% to 76%. Plants grown in full sunlight or 30% shade were 2- to 2-times heavier and 75% larger in diameter than those grown under 76% shade. The effect of shade was similar for roots and shoots.
Development of a Foam Microenvironment for Enhanced Seedling Establishment
Authors: Taylor A. G. , Kenny T. J. , Carney E. P. , Gibbs G. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There are 2 corrections in the article “Development of a Foam Microenvironment for Enhanced Seedling Establishment“ by A.G. Taylor, T.J. Kenny, E.P. Carney, and G.H. Gibbs (HortScience 18:696–697, Oct. 1983)
An Industry Viewpoint: Horticultural Testing—Is Our Language Confusing?
Authors: Kirven Dennis M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Horticultural analytical services are coming out of the shadow of agronomic soil testing, but the multiplicity of test procedures and the numbers they generate appear to be confusing. Progressive horticulturists are not content with using knowledge and services within the confines of their immediate geographical area. Various horticultural publications provide a wealth of practical experience and research results from national and international sources. Growers commonly use a combination of university and private or commercial laboratory services. As valuable as this knowledge base may be, the results, recommendations, and information provided can lead to confusion rather than enlightenment. Scientific journal articles, university reports, horticultural trade articles, or troubleshooting using more than one analytical service often present conflicting information. One should not construe that we have not made progress in the area of analysis of organic media. We have made great progress. Horticulture is no longer the stepchild to agronomic analytical services. Specifically, nutrient extraction concentrations are now expressed as parts per million, rather than pounds per acre. Also, many private labs and some university labs now offer specific horticultural analyses in addition to the usual agronomic analysis. Furthermore, guidelines for interpreting results have in some instances been characterized for various commodity crops.
Annual Strawberry Hill Cultural System in Southeastern North Carolina
Authors: Poling Barclay , Durner Edward F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The potential for annual cropping of strawberries in hill culture on black plastic mulch was investigated using 2 experimental plantings in southeastern North Carolina from 1982-1984. In 1982-1983, a plant density trial was conducted with freshly dug plants set in mid-October at a plant spacing of 33 cm between the double rows and spacings of 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm between plants in the row. Except with ‘Titan’, the highest strawberry yields in the spring of 1983 were obtained at the 15 cm in-row spacing. Fruit size of all cultivars was somewhat reduced at closer spacings. In a 1983-1984 trial, summer planting of dormant plants was compared to that of freshly dug plants set in mid-October. In December of 1983, record cold temperatures (− 14°C) severely damaged leaves, crown tissues, and blossom primordia of dormant plants, whereas freshly dug plants had less freeze injury and higher fruit yields the following spring.
Use of Herbicides as Harvesting Aids for Field-grown Caladiums
Authors: Gilreath J. P. , Harbaugh B. K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One pot study and 2 field experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of ethephon, acifluorfen, endothall, dinoseb, glyphosate, oxyfluorfen, and paraquat as harvesting aids (removal of root and shoot tissue) in caladium (Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey) tuber production. Of these 7 compounds, paraquat and oxyfluorfen showed the most potential with 2 applications at 15-day intervals reducing ‘Canadium’ and ‘Freida Hemple’ caladium root weight as much as 51% and shoot weight up to 90%. No residual effects were observed for these herbicide treatments when tubers were subsequently forced in a greenhouse. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); [2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phonoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate (acifluorfen) (7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (endothall); 2-(l-methylpropyl)-4,6-cinitrophenol (dinoseb); N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate); 2-chloro-l-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluormethyl)benzene (oxyfluorfen); (1,1-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion (paraquat).
Effect of Criconemella xenoplax and Clitocybe tabescens on Cold Hardiness of Greenhouse-grown Peach Trees
Authors: Okie W. R. , Reilly C. C. , Nyczepir A. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rooted cuttings of ‘Nemaguard’ peach were grown for 10 months in soil infested with or without Criconemella xenoplax (Raski) Luc and Clitocybe tabescens (Fr.) Bres. Trees were pruned in early December and placed in an unheated greenhouse subject to large temperature fluctuations during the winter. In March, 8 of 9 trees infested with C. xenoplax and all infested with C. xenoplax + C. tabescens showed severe stem cambial browning typical of cold injury and did not leaf out, although the root systems were still viable. All check trees and 7 of 9 trees infested with C. tabescens grew normally, although budbreak in the check trees occurred 2 weeks earlier than those infested. Symptoms were similar to symptoms of cold injury associated with peach trees short life in orchards.
Effect of Girdling Sour Orange Seedlings on Mycorrhizal Development
Authors: Davis R. M. , Fucik J. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Six-month-old nonmycorrhizal or mycorrhizal [Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerd. and Trappe] sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seedlings grown in a sandy soil amended with 0, 50, or 100 μg P/g soil were completely girdled 5 mm below the basal leaves. Eight weeks later, root exudates and extracts were analyzed and one-half of the nonmycorrhizal plants were inoculated with G. fasciculatum. Amounts of soluble sugars were greater in exudates from girdled nonmycorrhizal plants than in exudates from nongirdled or mycorrhizal plants. Girdling consistently reduced the amount of sugars in root extracts in all plants. Amounts of amino acids in exudates or extracts were not consistently affected by any treatment. Intensity of mycorrhizal infection was similar in girdled and nongirdled plants grown in sand without supplemental phosphorus, but mycorrhizal development was insignificant in plants inoculated after girdling and grown in sand amended with 50 or 100 μg P/g soil. Root infection was apparently dependent both on levels of photosynthates supplied to the roots and on the amount of nutrients in root exudates.
In Vitro Shoot Proliferation of Camellia ‘Purple Dawn’
Authors: Carlisi Jacqueline A. , Torres Kenneth C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Success with in vitro propagation of camellias has been limited to juvenile material of Camellia japonica L. (1, 2, 6). Beauchesne (1) obtained callus from meristems cultured on either Knops or Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (2) amended with 1H- indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA), N-(phenyl-methyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D). Callus proliferated rapidly when cotyledons of camellias were cultured on a diluted (MS) medium (2). Subculturing the callus onto fresh media resulted in plantlet formation; however, no data were reported on multiplication rates to support these findings. More recently, Samartin et al. (6) reported callus formation from juvenile nodal explants of Camellia cultured on a modified MS medium supplemented with N-(2-fur-anylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin) (4.6 μM) and BA (4.4 μM). The objectives of this research were to define some of the requirements for shoot proliferation of mature Camellia ‘Purple Dawn’ in vitro.
A Gynoecious Line of B+B+ Genotype in Cucurbita pepo
Authors: Shifriss Oved 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A phenotypically sensitive gynoecious line of Cucurbita pepo L., NJ34, has been synthesized recently through crosses of monoecious inbreds and selection (3). NJ34 is 100% pistillate in some environments, but it differentiates a few staminate flowers in other environments. This line is BB, in which gene B conditions precocious yellow pigmentation of fruit. Since previous observations suggested that B can also increase female expression (1), a question arose: Is B essential for the synthesis of gynoecism in this species?
‘Hansen 2168’ and ‘Hansen 536’: Two New Prunus Rootstock Clones
Authors: Kester Dale E. , Asay R. N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two new, patented, vegetatively propagated Prunus rootstocks are being released for commercial use. These rootstocks are hybrids of an almond selection, Almond B, crossed with Peach Selection 1-8-2 by the late Carl J. Hansen. These rootstocks are being released primarily for use with almond but also can be used as rootstocks for peach, plum, and prune.
The University Arboretum, Univ. of California, Davis
Authors: Roberts Warren G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The University Arboretum is located on the Davis campus of the Univ. of California. It occupies about 100 acres along the banks of ancient Putah Creek and is close to the middle of the Great Central Valley of California. The prevailing climate closely resembles that of the Mediterranean region, with cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers in which a range of adapted plants will flourish. The extensive collections well illustrate the variety and brilliance of trees, shrubs, and perennials adapted to grow in such conditions.
Orchard Floor Management: An Overview
Authors: Skroch Walter A. , Shribbs J. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One of the authors (Skroch) has been asking himself since the early years of a long-term study initiated in 1966 (77) “What is a weed to a tree?” Apple trees in the mowed grass check plots grew less than in plots with woody vines. In another test comparing mowed sod, contact herbicide, and residual plus contact herbicide, trees having an herbicide program yielded 400 bushels/acre more fruit in the 5th year than those without. Apples in another orchard were of higher grade in plots with over 50% trailing blackberry (Rubus sp.) and poison ivy (Rhus radicans L.) ground covers than those from an area with a mowed-lawn appearance. The practice of frequent mowing, which increased grass covers in the 1960s, may have been a factor in the small fruit problem of the 1970s.
Comparison of 14 Methods to Determine Heat Unit Requirements for Cucumber Harvest
Authors: Perry Katharine B. , Wehner Todd C. , Johnson Gregory L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fourteen methods of calculating heat units from planting to harvest were applied to daily maximum and minimum air temperatures taken in a standard weather shelter for 2 growing seasons (spring and summer) over 5 years of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plantings in North Carolina. The coefficient of variation (cv) was used to determine which of the methods was most reliable in predicting day of first harvest. The best method was to sum over days from planting to harvest the difference between the daily maximum and a base temperature of 15.5°C; but if the maximum exceeded 32°, it was replaced by 32° minus the difference between the maximum and 32°, before subtracting the base. This method had a cv of 3%, compared with 10% for the standard method—numbers of days from planting to harvest.
Undercutting Onions
Authors: Maw Bryan W. , Smittle Doyle A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dry onions of the Granex type were undercut during harvest operations using both oscillating and rotating bar undercutters. Analyses on cleanliness, damage, and disturbance revealed that operating the rotobar with a rotational speed of 540 rpm, a depth of 25 mm below the soil surface, and a forward speed of 6.4 km·hr−1 ensured the most favorable results of the operating speeds, depths, and forward speeds evaluated. Depth of operation was the most important single factor.
The Effect of Woven Plastic Mulch, Herbicides, Grass Sod, and Nitrogen on ‘Foch’ Grapes Under Irrigation
Authors: Stevenson D. S. , Neilsen G. H. , Cornelsen A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three soil surface treatments were compared for grape production under irrigation. Plastic mulch was superior to glyphosate and to grass sod in producing yields during the first 2 years of production. By the 3rd year, the glyphosate treatment was equal to the plastic and both were superior to grass sod. Cluster weights and pruning weights were suppressed by grass sod, compared with plastic or herbicide, but were unaffected by nitrogen. Nitrogen fertilizer treatments had no measurable effects on the grapevines and showed no interaction with the soil surface treatments. None of the treatments (soil surface or fertilizer) had any effect on berry soluble solids. The use of plastic mulch is an effective cultural technique, the usefulness of which will depend mostly on cost and environmental comparisons with herbicides.
Response of African Violets to Fertilizer Source and Rate
Authors: Poole R. T. , Conover C. A. , Ozeri Y. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Six cultivars of African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl) were grown during 2 seasons. Three fertilizer sources were used: Osmocote 1) 13N-6P-11K; 2) 14N-6P-12K; and 3) 50% each of 13N-6P-11K and 14N-6P-12K (1:1 by weight). Five fertilizer rates, 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25, and 3.0 kg·m−3 were tested in factorial combinations for a total of 15 treatments. Source of fertilizer usually had no effect on plant grade, number of flowers, number of days to first flower, number of leaves, total leaf area, and weight. When differences were significant, results were variable. Fertilizer rate affected indicators consistently, with the exception of number of days to flower, which was unaffected in 10 of the 12 experiments. Plant grade increased with an increase in fertilizer to 2.25 kg·m−3 in 11 of 12 experiments, but 3.0 kg·m−3 did not improve plant grade in 7 of 12 experiments. The remaining indicators responded similarly. More flowers were produced during the warm season than during other months.
Effect of Flowers on Stem Elongation in Easter Lily
Authors: Gianfagna T. J. , Wulster G. J. , Teiger G. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Internode elongation in lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) increased significantly in the uppermost internodes during the development of the flowers. The last 4 internodes contributed as much to plant height as the first 30 internodes. Removal of the flowers reduced internode elongation, and within the range of 1–4 flowers per plant, length of the uppermost internodes was directly related to flower number. Removal of the perianth of the flowers was almost as effective as defloration in reducing internode growth. Application of gibberellic acid to decapitated stems completely replaced the effect of the flowers, whereas indoleacetic acid was only partially effective in restoring internode growth.
Zoysiagrass Competition in Two Cool-season Turfgrasses Treated with Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Fry J. D. , Dernoeden P. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine if the rate of ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) establishment and spread could be enhanced when plugs were introduced into plant growth regulator-(PGR) treated Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) turfs. During the first growing season, PGR treatment made little difference in zoysiagrass spread. Zoysiagrass coverage in perennial ryegrass treated with mefluidide (57%) or amidochlor (63%) was significantly greater than in ryegrass treated with ethephon (47%) or the untreated control (48%) by the end of the 2nd year. Enhanced zoysiagrass spread in perennial ryegrass treated with mefluidide and amidochlor was attributed to stand thinning resulting from PGR phytotoxicity and environmental stress in the first year. Zoysiagrass coverage in Kentucky bluegrass was greatest in mefluidide-treated plots, but the increase over the control was only 6%. Flurprimidol slowed the establishment of zoysiagrass in both cool season turfs. Chemical names used: [(N-[(acetylamino)methyl]-2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethyl phenyl)acetamide (amidochlor); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); α-(l-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol); and N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide (mefluidide).