bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of Ocular Adverse Events With Taxane-Based Chemotherapy
Authors: Sodhi Mohit , Yeung Sonia N. , Maberley David , Mikelberg Frederick , Etminan Mahyar 
Published: August 2022

ImportanceTaxane-based chemotherapy agents, such as docetaxel and paclitaxel, are used for treating a wide range of cancers. Although much has been published on adverse events related to taxanes, data on ocular outcomes with these very important drugs are scant.ObjectiveTo quantify the risk of 3 mutually exclusive ocular adverse events of epiphora, cystoid macular edema (CME), and optic neuropathy with taxane-based chemotherapy agents by undertaking a large pharmacoepidemiologic study.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study design used a private health-claims database from the US that captures health information of more than 150 million enrollees. The study team created a cohort of new users of women with cancer who were taking taxane-based chemotherapy (docetaxel or paclitaxel) and new users of tamoxifen as controls. Study members were observed to the first incidence of each of the 3 mutually exclusive outcomes. An analysis of taxane-only users was also undertaken.ExposureTamoxifen (unexposed) and taxanes (ie, paclitaxel and docetaxel) as the exposed.Main Outcomes and MeasuresFirst diagnosis of (1) epiphora, (2) cystoid macular edema (CME), or (3) optic neuropathy ascertained using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Ninth Revision or International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision.ResultsAmong the 18 219 users in the epiphora analysis and optic neuropathy analysis, there were 1824 taxane users (paclitaxel and docetaxel) (age, mean [SD], 62.1 [12.7] years) and 16 395 tamoxifen users (age, mean [SD], 54.6 [12.8] years), respectively. The crude hazard ratio (HR) for epiphora was 5.55 (95% CI, 2.99-10.29) and adjusted HR was 5.15 (95% CI, 2.79-9.54). For optic neuropathy, the crude HR was 4.43 (95% CI, 1.10-17.82) and the adjusted HR was 4.44 (95% CI, 1.04-18.87). Among the 18 433 users in the CME analysis, there were 1909 taxane users (paclitaxel and docetaxel) (age, mean [SD], 62.5 years) and 16 524 tamoxifen users (age, mean [SD], 54.6 years). The crude HR for CME comparing taxane users with tamoxifen users was 1.37 (95% CI, 0.72-2.60) and adjusted HR was 1.33 (95% CI, 0.70-2.53). The HRs for epiphora and CME in the taxane cohort during the time of exposure compared with the period prior to use of the drugs were 2.86 (95% CI, 1.11-7.39) and 2.27 (95% CI, 0.68-7.54), respectively.Conclusions and RelevanceIn a cohort of women who were using taxane chemotherapy agents, there was an association with elevated risk for epiphora, CME, and optic neuropathy. Ophthalmologists and oncologists should be aware of these adverse events in women with breast cancer who receive these drugs.
Ultrarare Coding Variants and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia
Authors: Creeth Hugo D. J. , Rees Elliott , Legge Sophie E. , Dennison Charlotte A. , Holmans Peter , Walters James T. R. , O’Donovan Michael C. , Owen Michael J. 
Published: August 2022

ImportanceImpaired cognitive function in schizophrenia is associated with poor functional outcomes, but the role of rare coding variants is unclear.ObjectiveTo determine whether ultrarare constrained variants (URCVs) are associated with cognition in patients with schizophrenia.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsLinear regression was used to perform a within-case genetic association study of URCVs and current cognition and premorbid cognitive ability. A multivariable linear regression analysis of the outcomes associated with URCVs, schizophrenia polygenic risk score, polygenic risk score for intelligence and schizophrenia associated copy number variants on cognitive ability was performed. Exome sequencing data from 802 participants with schizophrenia were assessed for current cognition using the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery and for estimated premorbid IQ using the National Adult Reading Test. Individuals were recruited from clinical and voluntary mental health services in the UK. Those with a diagnosis of intellectual disability or a neurological disorder known to affect cognition were excluded. Data collection occurred between 2007 and 2015. Data were analyzed between April 2020 and March 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAssociation between URCVs, current cognition, and current cognition adjusted for premorbid IQ.ResultsOf the 802 participants, 499 (62%) were men and 303 (38%) were women; mean (SD) age at interview was 43.36 (11.87) years. Ultrarare constrained variants (n = 400) were associated with lower current cognition scores (β = −0.18; SE = 0.07; P = .005). In the univariable analysis, premorbid IQ was associated with URCVs (β = −0.12; SE = 0.05; P = .02) and partly attenuated the association with current cognition (β = −0.09; SE = 0.05; P = .08). Multivariable analysis showed that measured genetic factors combined accounted for 6.2% of variance in current cognition, 10.3% of variance in premorbid IQ, and supported outcomes of URCVs associated with current cognition independent of premorbid IQ (β = −0.10; SE = 0.05; P = .03).Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this study suggest that URCVs contribute to variance in cognitive function in schizophrenia, with partly independent associations before and after onset of the disorder. Although the estimated effect sizes were small, future studies may show that the effect sizes will be greater with better annotation of pathogenic variants. Genomic data may contribute to identifying those at particularly high risk of cognitive impairment in whom early remedial or preventive measures can be implemented.
Mitigating Pt Loss in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Cathode Catalysts Using Graphene Nanoplatelet Pickering Emulsion Processing
Authors: Park Kyu‐Young , Sweers Matthew E. , Berner Ulrich , Hirth Erhard , Downing Julia R. , Hui Janan , Mailoa Jonathan , Johnston Christina , Kim Soo , Seitz Linsey C. , Hersam Mark C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCarbon‐supported Pt nanoparticles are the leading catalysts for the cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. However, these ORR catalysts suffer from poor electrochemical durability, particularly the loss of electrochemical surface area (ECSA) due to Pt nanoparticle dissolution and agglomeration. Here, Pt loss is mitigated through a Pickering emulsion‐processing strategy that employs graphene nanoplatelet dispersions stabilized by the polymer ethyl cellulose. The resulting graphene‐Pt/Vulcan carbon (Pt/C) catalysts exhibit superior durability and ECSA retention throughout an accelerated stress test compared with a commercial Pt/C standard catalyst, both in a diagnostic‐rotating disc electrode setup and in a membrane electrode assembly full cell. These graphene‐Pt/C catalysts also improve durability at high‐voltage conditions, providing further evidence of their exceptional electrochemical stability. Consistent with density functional theory calculations, postelectrochemical characterization reveals that Pt nanoparticles localize at graphene defects both on the basal plane and especially at the edges of the graphene nanoplatelets. Since this Pt nanoparticle localization suppresses Pt nanoparticle dissolution and agglomeration without hindering accessibility of the reactant species to the catalyst surface, the ORR performance under both idealized and practical experimental conditions shows significantly improved durability while maintaining high electrochemical activity.
Isolated Co‐Ti‐Y Trimetallic Synergistic Catalysis Based on Apparent Anti‐Electronegative Polarization
Authors: Qiu Yu , Wu Chongchong , Gates Ian Donald , Yang Yuanxi , Guo Shuhai , Men Zhuowu , Lou Bin , Yang Xiujie , Shi Nan , Wen Fushan , Yin Changlong , Zhou Jiashun , Li Ben , Chou Weichao , Liu Dong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRational design of multimetallic synergistic catalysis is a grand challenge in the field of green catalysis because synergistic mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, by exploiting a unique apparent anti‐electronegativity polarization in cobalt‐titanium‐yttrium trimetallic synergy, a unified methodology is demonstrated to activate oxygen and nitrogen. The new trimetallic synergistic catalyst achieves direct solvent‐free aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane to adipic acid and direct nitrogen oxidation of acetonitrile to guanidine. The delocalization of d‐orbitals and activation of inner electrons are the linchpins of catalytic performance, contributing to 90.87% selectivity for ketone‐alcohol oil and adipic‐acid and 89.30% selectivity for guanidine, respectively. The experiments and calculations demonstrate that the prodigious electrophilicity of the yttrium site overcomes the homeostasis of valence shell structures in the isolated cobalt and titanium sites. The valence electrons of this synergistic system become enriched with anti‐electronegative polarization and concomitant high charge transfer efficiency. In response to urging sustainable chemistry, the results corroborate that the activation strategies and mechanisms of molecular oxygen and nitrogen can be moderated and unified when multimetallic synergy is considered.
Crossover Effects in Lithium‐Metal Batteries with a Localized High Concentration Electrolyte and High‐Nickel Cathodes
Authors: Langdon Jayse , Manthiram Arumugam 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWhile crossover effects, such as transition‐metal dissolution, are well‐understood in lithium‐ion batteries, there is a limited understanding of the effect of crossed‐over chemical species in cells with oxide cathodes and lithium‐metal anodes. In this work, the effects of cathode‐to‐anode and anode‐to‐cathode crossover are explored in cells with a high‐nickel cathode, lithium‐metal anode, and a localized high‐concentration electrolyte (LHCE). Dramatic differences are found among cells; a lithium‐metal anode paired with a high‐nickel cathode has three times less solid‐electrolyte interphase growth than a lithium‐metal anode paired with lithium metal. Meanwhile, the cathode paired with lithium metal has 2–3 times higher capacity fade than the same cathode paired with graphite. Decomposition and crossover of the FSI salt is identified as the main source of these changes. The fluorine in the salt is first stripped off at the lithium‐metal anode, and the remaining sulfur and nitrogen cross over to the cathode. Although the reduction in fluorine content harms the surface stability of the cathode, the lithium‐metal anode benefits from the increased fluorine content. Because the lithium‐metal anode is typically the bottleneck for cells with thin lithium, crossover is a major factor in the enhanced performance of lithium‐metal batteries with LHCE.
Engineering Self‐Powered Electrochemical Sensors Using Analyzed Liquid Sample as the Sole Energy Source
Authors: Sailapu Sunil Kumar , Menon Carlo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMany healthcare and environmental monitoring devices use electrochemical techniques to detect and quantify analytes. With sensors progressively becoming smaller—particularly in point‐of‐care (POC) devices and wearable platforms—it creates the opportunity to operate them using less energy than their predecessors. In fact, they may require so little power that can be extracted from the analyzed fluids themselves, for example, blood or sweat in case of physiological sensors and sources like river water in the case of environmental monitoring. Self‐powered electrochemical sensors (SPES) can generate a response by utilizing the available chemical species in the analyzed liquid sample. Though SPESs generate relatively low power, capable devices can be engineered by combining suitable reactions, miniaturized cell designs, and effective sensing approaches for deciphering analyte information. This review details various such sensing and engineering approaches adopted in different categories of SPES systems that solely use the power available in liquid sample for their operation. Specifically, the categories discussed in this review cover enzyme‐based systems, battery‐based systems, and ion‐selective electrode‐based systems. The review details the benefits and drawbacks with these approaches, as well as prospects of and challenges to accomplishing them.
Designing Quinone‐Based Anodes with Rapid Kinetics for Rechargeable Proton Batteries
Authors: Yang Xinru , Ni Youxuan , Lu Yong , Zhang Qiu , Hou Jinze , Yang Gaojing , Liu Xiaomeng , Xie Weiwei , Yan Zhenhua , Zhao Qing , Chen Jun 
Published: August 2022

AbstractQuinone compounds, which are capable of accommodating proton (H+), are emerging electrodes in aqueous batteries. However, the storage mechanism of proton in quinone compounds is less known and the energy/power density of quinone‐based proton battery is still limited. Here we design a series of quinone anodes and study their electrochemical properties in acidic electrolyte, in which tetramethylquinone (TMBQ) delivers a high capacity of 300 mAh g−1 with an extremely low polarization of 20 mV at 1 C, and maintains over 50 % theoretical capacity in less than 16 seconds. The fast kinetics of TMBQ is attributed to the continuous H+ migration channel, high H+ diffusion coefficient (10−6 cm2 s−1), and low H+ migration energy barrier (0.26 eV). When coupling with MnO2 cathode, the battery shows a long lifespan of 4000 cycles with a capacity retention of 77 % at 5 C. This study reveals the proton transport in quinone‐electrodes and offers new insights to design advanced aqueous batteries.
Introducing the Perfluorinated Cp* Ligand into Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Sievers Robin , Sellin Malte , Rupf Susanne M. , Parche Joshua , Malischewski Moritz 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe reaction of AgBF4 and [Rh(COD)Cl]2 (COD=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) in presence of [NEt4][C5(CF3)5] afforded the fluorocarbon soluble complex [Rh(COD)(C5(CF3)5)] by salt metathesis. This complex represents the first example for a successful coordination of the weakly basic [C5(CF3)5]− ligand, since its first synthesis in 1980. In addition to [Rh(COD)(C5(CF3)5)] also the byproduct [Rh(COD)(C5(CF3)4H)] was isolated and fully characterized. Accompanying DFT studies showed that the interaction energy of the [C5(CF3)5]− ligand towards the 12‐electron fragment [Rh(COD)]+ is ≈70 kcal mol−1 lower in comparison to [C5(CH3)5]− due to reduced electrostatic interactions and weaker π‐donor properties of the ligand. The quantitative but reversible substitution of the [C5(CF3)5]− ligand by toluene, converting it into a weakly coordinating anion, experimentally proved the extraordinary weak bonding interaction.
Synthesis of a low viscosity amphoteric polyacrylamide and its application in oilfield profile control
Authors: Pu Wanfen , Tian Kaiping , Wang Hongzhou 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA low viscosity amphoteric polyacrylamide (LHPAM) was synthesized with Acrylamide and a Cationic etherifying agent. FTIR, SEM, and EDS all suggest that it successfully synthesized a new material. It can be demonstrated from TG and DSC that the temperature resistance of LHPAM is higher than that of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and it can be found from ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer that the flocculability of LHPAM is stronger than that of HPAM. The viscosity testing shows that the viscosity of LHPAM is greater than that of HPAM at the beginning, but the viscosity of LHPAM has been ultimately lower than that of HPAM after 1d. In addition, LHPAM reacts with Cr3+ to form a gel with an interpenetrating network structure, while HPAM is a gel with a comb‐shaped system, and the gelation time of LHPAM is longer than that of HPAM. However, the final gelation strength is the same. The final flow experiment shows that the plugging rates of LHPAM and HPAM are greater than 95%, but the resistance coefficient of LHPAM is smaller than that of HPAM. This study expands the application of HPAM in profile control and water shutoff, which is of great significance for enhanced oil recovery.
Upcycling of Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) to Valuable Chemicals by TBD‐Catalyzed Efficient Methanolysis Strategy
Authors: Dong Bingzhe , Xu Guangqiang , Yang Rulin , Wang Qinggang 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAs a petroleum‐derived polyester material, poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) plays an essential role in biomedical field due to its excellent biocompatibility and non‐toxicity. With the increasing use of PCL in recent years, its waste disposal has become a significant challenge. To address this challenge, we demonstrate a high‐efficiency organocatalysis strategy for the chemical upcycling of PCL to valuable chemical. Among organocatalysts explored in this article, 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4,4,0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD) shows superior performance for transforming end‐of‐life poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) into highly value‐added methyl 6‐hydroxyhexanoate with quantitative conversion in a short time. The endwise unzipping depolymerization mechanism is corroborated by monitoring molecular weight during depolymerization process and 1H NMR control experiments. Furthermore, this approach is also practicable for large‐scale depolymerization for commercial PCL plastics, providing idea for promoting the sustainable development of PCL plastics.
Approximation of single‐barrier options partial differential equations using feed‐forward neural network
Authors: Umeorah Nneka , Mba Jules Clement 
Published: August 2022

AbstractArtificial neural networks are generally employed in the numerical solution of differential equation problems. In this article, we propose an approach that deals with the combination of the feed‐forward neural network method and the optimization technique in solving the partial differential equation arising from the valuation of barrier options. The methodology entails transforming the extended Black–Scholes partial differential equations (PDE), which defines a barrier option, into a constrained optimization problem, and then proposing a trial solution that reduces the differential equation problem to an unconstrained one. This trial function consists of the adjustable and non‐adjustable neural network parameters. We design it to be differentiable, analytic, and satisfy the initial and boundary conditions of the corresponding option pricing PDE. We compare the corresponding option values to the Monte‐Carlo simulated values, Crank–Nicolson finite‐difference values and the exact Black–Scholes prices. Numerical results presented in this research show that neural networks can sufficiently solve PDE‐related problems with sufficient precision and accuracy. Furthermore, they can be applied in the fast and accurate valuation of financial derivatives without closed analytic forms.
Ultrathin Magnesium Metal Anode – An Essential Component for High‐Energy‐Density Magnesium Battery Materialization
Authors: Mandai Toshihiko , Somekawa Hidetoshi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractInvited for this month's cover picture is the group from National Institute for Materials Science, Japan. The cover picture shows the rechargeable magnesium batteries incorporating ultrathin magnesium metal foils with the energy densities of 72 Wh kg−1 based on the weight of both cathodes and anodes. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/batt.202200153
Blinded sample size recalculation in adaptive enrichment designs
Authors: Placzek Marius , Friede Tim 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn the precision medicine era, (prespecified) subgroup analyses are an integral part of clinical trials. Incorporating multiple populations and hypotheses in the design and analysis plan, adaptive designs promise flexibility and efficiency in such trials. Adaptations include (unblinded) interim analyses (IAs) or blinded sample size reviews. An IA offers the possibility to select promising subgroups and reallocate sample size in further stages. Trials with these features are known as adaptive enrichment designs. Such complex designs comprise many nuisance parameters, such as prevalences of the subgroups and variances of the outcomes in the subgroups. Additionally, a number of design options including the timepoint of the sample size review and timepoint of the IA have to be selected. Here, for normally distributed endpoints, we propose a strategy combining blinded sample size recalculation and adaptive enrichment at an IA, that is, at an early timepoint nuisance parameters are reestimated and the sample size is adjusted while subgroup selection and enrichment is performed later. We discuss implications of different scenarios concerning the variances as well as the timepoints of blinded review and IA and investigate the design characteristics in simulations. The proposed method maintains the desired power if planning assumptions were inaccurate and reduces the sample size and variability of the final sample size when an enrichment is performed. Having two separate timepoints for blinded sample size review and IA improves the timing of the latter and increases the probability to correctly enrich a subgroup.
Circular reasoning, confessions and abusive head trauma: A critical analysis of Edwards et al. (2020)
Authors: Lynøe Niels , Eriksson Anders 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA major issue in current clinical research regarding shaken baby syndrome (SBS) and abusive head trauma (AHT) has been described as circular reasoning. Circular reasoning in this context means that a child protection team makes the SBS/AHT diagnosis, and that this diagnosis is also used as the reference test (gold standard) when researchers classify SBS/AHT cases as true positive cases. Circular reasoning results in a high risk of bias. In order to avoid this, videotaped, witnessed and spontaneously confessed shaking has been suggested as the currently least problematic means to avoid circular reasoning. Against this backdrop it is welcomed that Edwards et al. (2020) have conducted a systematic literature review in order to identify studies where someone has confessed to have shaken a baby with or without signs of impact. Even though Edwards et al. dismissed the risk of bias due to false confessions, false confessions can occur, e.g. if an expert witness convinces police and/or prosecutor that, in a case of isolated retino‐dural haemorrhages (i.e. without signs of impact), violent shaking is the only possible mechanism. In such cases circular reasoning can hardly be avoided. In the best world, circumstances under which confessions are provided should be documented by video recording to allow critical assessment.Edwards et al., and Adamsbaum et al. (2010), explicitly make an important distinction between two major stated reasons for shaking a baby: a) shaking after a baby's collapse as a revival attempt, and b) shaking due to anger, frustration due to colicky crying, etc. Based on this distinction, we propose that these two major stated reasons for shaking actually should be separated, and that a caregiver who claims that he/she did shake the infant but as a revival attempt can be telling the truth. This hypothesis could be tested, e.g. by analysing the effect of AHT preventive interventions after separating the two categories of stated reason for shaking. Edwards et al. criticised the Swedish SBU report for having included only two (2) confession studies and claimed that they themselves, with their systematic literature review, ‘clearly refute the argument that there are insufficient data within the published literature to support shaking as an important cause of AHT’. The correctness and relevance of this criticism depends on the research question, the difference between ‘data’ and ‘evidence’, as well as if the inclusion criteria, the exclusion criteria and the applied quality assessment are in accordance with the accepted principles of systematic literature reviews and evidence‐based medicine.