bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enforced specialization fosters mutual cheating and not division of labour in the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Mridha Subham , Kümmerli Rolf 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA common way for bacteria to cooperate is via the secretion of beneficial public goods (proteases, siderophores, biosurfactants) that can be shared amongst individuals in a group. Bacteria often simultaneously deploy multiple public goods with complementary functions. This raises the question whether natural selection could favour division of labour where subpopulations or species specialize in the production of a single public good, whilst sharing the complementary goods at the group level. Here we use an experimental system, where we mix engineered specialists of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa that can each only produce one of the two siderophores, pyochelin or pyoverdine and explore the conditions under which specialization can lead to division of labour. When growing pyochelin and pyoverdine specialists at different mixing ratios under different levels of iron limitation, we found that specialists could only successfully complement each other in environments with moderate iron limitation and grow as good as the generalist wildtype but not better. Under more stringent iron limitation, the dynamics in specialist communities was characterized by mutual cheating and with higher proportions of pyochelin producers greatly compromising group productivity. Nonetheless, specialist communities remained stable through negative frequency‐dependent selection. Our work shows that specialization in a bacterial community can be spurred by cheating and does not necessarily result in beneficial division of labour. We propose that natural selection might favour fine‐tuned regulatory mechanisms in generalists over division of labour because the former enables generalists to remain flexible and adequately adjust public good investments in fluctuating environments.
A noninvasive eDNA tool for detecting sea lamprey larvae in river sediments: Analytical validation and field testing in a low‐abundance ecosystem
Authors: Baltazar‐Soares Miguel , Pinder Adrian C. , Harrison Andrew J. , Oliver Will , Picken Jessica , Britton J. Robert , Andreou Demetra 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAnthropogenic activities are increasingly threatening aquatic biodiversity, especially anadromous species. Monitoring and conservation measures are thus required to protect, maintain and restore imperilled populations. While many species can be surveyed using traditional capture and visual census techniques, species that use riverine habitats in a less conspicuous manner, such as sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus, can be more challenging to monitor. Sea lamprey larvae (ammocoetes) can spend several years in freshwater burrowed within soft sediments, inhibiting their detection and assessment. Here, we present a qPCR assay based on the detection of environmental DNA (eDNA) to identify the presence of ammocoetes burrowed in the sediment. We present an extensively validated method that ensured both species‐specificity of the assay as well as the capacity to detect ammocoetes when abundances are low. Experiments on burrowing activity suggested that most of the DNA released into the sediment occurs during burrowing. Overall, we demonstrate this new molecular‐based tool is an efficient and effective complement to traditional monitoring activities targeting larval stages of sea lampreys.
Depression and anxiety among nursing students during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Tohoku region, Japan: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Sakai Mai , Nakanishi Miharu , Yu Zhiqian , Takagi Gen , Toshi Keita , Wakashima Koubun , Yoshii Hatsumi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimRestrictions such as physical distancing and online learning for college students were implemented due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Owing to this, students may experience psychological distress from social isolation and loneliness. Nursing students are subjected to an exacerbated level of distress during the pandemic due to their role as health professionals. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the level of anxiety and depression among Japanese nursing students, according to their perceived vulnerability to COVID‐19.MethodsA total of 281 college students (104 nursing students and 177 other college students) responded to a web‐based anonymous questionnaire survey from 18 August to 31 October 2020. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to evaluate anxiety (HADS‐A) and depression (HADS‐D). Perceived vulnerability to COVID‐19 was assessed using the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale.ResultsIn both groups of students, the prevalence of both anxiety (30.5% in nursing students; 69.5% in others) and depressive symptoms (31.1% in nursing students; 68.9% in others) were remarkably high. There were no significant differences in anxiety and depression between nursing and other students after adjusting for perceived vulnerability to COVID‐19 plus socio‐demographic characteristics and stress coping styles. Perceived vulnerability and its interactions with nursing did not show a significant association with either depression or anxiety.ConclusionThis study highlights the need for greater support and preventive strategies for mental health problems for college students during the COVID‐19 pandemic regardless of perceived vulnerability.
Antepartum Care for Pregnant People with Overt Hypothyroidism, Subclinical Hypothyroidism, and Positive Thyroid Autoantibodies
Authors: Mayhew Caitlin E. , Simonson Kristin R. , Ellsworth Bowers Esther R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMaternal thyroid hormones are critical for the growth and development of a healthy fetus. During pregnancy, maternal thyroid hormone production is increased to meet the demands of fetal growth. The purpose of this review is to provide clinicians with current evidence about possible adverse maternal and fetal effects of hypothyroidism in pregnancy, including the role of hypothyroidism in recurrent pregnancy loss. In addition, clinical presentation, evidence‐based screening guidelines, and evidence‐based treatments are discussed.
Hypothyroidism: Diagnosis and Evidence‐Based Treatment
Authors: Davis Melissa G. , Phillippi Julia C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHypothyroidism affects up to 5% of the global population. Incidence increases with age and is more common in women and individuals with prolonged estrogen exposure when compared with people who have not been exposed to estrogen. Symptoms can develop slowly and often mimic symptoms of other disorders, including menstrual cycle abnormalities. Understanding risk factors and common presenting symptoms is important in providing high‐quality primary and reproductive care. Diagnosis relies on simple‐to‐obtain, fairly inexpensive testing of thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and confirmation with levels of thyroxine. Management of hypothyroidism usually involves monotherapy with levothyroxine taken on an empty stomach. There are 2 methods for beginning levothyroxine treatment, and outpatient primary care clinicians can use shared decision‐making to determine the best initiation method for each individual. Follow‐up involves regular assessment of levels of TSH and symptom relief. Although some patients may need referral for specialist treatment, the majority of individuals with hypothyroidism can be diagnosed and treated by their outpatient primary care providers.
Current profile of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease in Africa: A systematic review
Authors: Yalcouyé Abdoulaye , Esoh Kevin , Guida Landouré , Wonkam Ambroise 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackground and aimsCharcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy characterised by a high clinical and genetic heterogeneity. While most cases were described in populations with Caucasian ancestry, genetic research on CMT in Africa is scant. Only a few cases of CMT have been reported, mainly from North Africa. The current study aimed to summarise available data on CMT in Africa, with emphasis on the epidemiological, clinical, and genetic features.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and the African Journal Online for articles published from the database inception until April 2021 using specific keywords. A total of 398 articles were screened, and 28 fulfilled our selection criteria.ResultsA total of 107 families totalling 185 patients were reported. Most studies were reported from North Africa (n = 22). The demyelinating form of CMT was the commonest subtype, and the phenotype varied greatly between families, and one family (1%) of CMT associated with hearing impairment was reported. The inheritance pattern was autosomal recessive in 91.2% (n = 97/107) of families. CMT‐associated variants were reported in 11 genes: LMNA, GDAP1, GJB1, MPZ, MTMR13, MTMR2, PRX, FGD4/FRABIN, PMP22, SH3TC2, and GARS. The most common genes reported are LMNA, GDAP1, and SH3TC2 and have been found mostly in Northern African populations.InterpretationThis study reveals that CMT is not rare in Africa, and describes the current clinical and genetic profile. The review emphasised the urgent need to invest in genetic research to inform counselling, prevention, and care for CMT in numerous settings on the continent.
Magnetic resonance elastography to study the effect of amyloid plaque accumulation in a mouse model
Authors: Palotai Miklos , Schregel Katharina , Nazari Navid , Merchant Julie P. , Taylor Walter M. , Guttmann Charles R. G. , Sinkus Ralph , Young‐Pearse Tracy L. , Patz Samuel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackground and PurposeBiomechanical changes in the brain have not been fully elucidated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to investigate the effect of β‐amyloid accumulation on mouse brain viscoelasticity.MethodsMagnetic resonance elastography was used to calculate magnitude of the viscoelastic modulus (|G*|), elasticity (Gd), and viscosity (Gl) in the whole brain parenchyma (WB) and bilateral hippocampi of 9 transgenic J20 (AD) mice (5 males/4 females) and 10 wild‐type (WT) C57BL/6 mice (5 males/5 females) at 11 and 14 months of age.ResultsCross‐sectional analyses showed no significant difference between AD and WT mice at either timepoints. No sex‐specific differences were observed at 11 months of age, but AD females showed significantly higher hippocampal |G*| and Gl and WB |G*|, Gd, and Gl compared to both AD and WT males at 14 months of age. Similar trending differences were found between female AD and female WT animals but did not reach significance. Longitudinal analyses showed significant increases in hippocampal |G*|, Gd, and Gl, and significant decreases in WB |G*|, Gd, and Gl between 11 and 14 months in both AD and WT mice. Each subgroup showed significant increases in all hippocampal and significant decreases in all WB measures, with the exception of AD females, which showed no significant changes in WB |G*|, Gd, or Gl.ConclusionAging had region‐specific effects on cerebral viscoelasticity, namely, WB softening and hippocampal stiffening. Amyloid plaque deposition may have sex‐specific effects, which require further scrutiny.
Multisite MRI reproducibility of lateral ventricular volume using the NAIMS cooperative pilot dataset
Authors: Jakimovski Dejan , Zivadinov Robert , Bergsland Niels , Oh Jiwon , Martin Melissa , Shinohara Russell T. , Bakshi Rohit , Calabresi Peter A. , Papinutto Nico , Pelletier Daniel , Dwyer Michael G. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackground and PurposeThe North American Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis (NAIMS) multisite project identified interscanner reproducibility issues with T1‐based whole brain volume (WBV). Lateral ventricular volume (LVV) acquired on T2‐fluid‐attenuated inverse recovery (FLAIR) scans has been proposed as a robust proxy measure. Therefore, we sought to determine the relative magnitude of scanner‐induced T2‐FLAIR‐based LVV and T1‐based WBV measurement errors in relation to clinically meaningful changes.MethodsThis was a post hoc analysis of the NAIMS pilot dataset in which a relapsing‐remitting MS patient with no intrastudy clinical or radiological activity was imaged twice on seven different Siemens scanners across the United States. LVV was determined using the automated NeuroSTREAM technique on T2‐FLAIR and WBV was determined with SIENAX on high‐resolution T1‐MPRAGE. Average LVV and WBV were measured, and absolute intrascanner and interscanner coefficients of variation (CoVs) were calculated. The variabilities were compared to previously established annual pathological and clinically meaningful cutoffs of 0.40% for WBV and of 3.51% for LVV.ResultsMean LVV across all seven scan/rescan pairs was 45.87 ± 1.15 ml. Average LVV intrascanner CoV was 1.42% and interscanner CoV was 1.78%, both smaller than the reported annualized clinically meaningful cutoff of 3.51%. In contrast, intra‐ and interscanner CoVs for WBV (0.99% and 1.15%) were both higher than the established cutoff of 0.40%. Individually, 1/7 intrasite and 2/7 intersite pair‐wise LVV comparisons were above the 3.51% cutoff, whereas 4/7 intrasite and 7/7 intersite WBV comparisons were above the 0.40% cutoff.ConclusionFully automated LVV segmentation has higher absolute variability than WBV, but much lower relative variability compared to clinically relevant changes, and may therefore be a meaningful proxy outcome measure of neurodegeneration.
A Mixed Method Study of Teachers' Appraisals of Student Wellness Services and Supports During COVID‐19
Authors: Childs Tasha M. , Brown Elizabeth Levine , Brown Naomi , Iachini Aidyn L. , Phillippo Kate , Galib Linda , Parker Audra , Fujimoto Ken 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDUnderstanding teachers' appraisals of student wellness services and supports during COVID‐19 is essential to strengthening services and improving student health outcomes. This mixed‐method study aimed to examine US PK‐12 teachers' appraisals of student wellness services and supports during COVID‐19.METHODSThis study focuses on qualitative data from 291 teachers' open‐ended responses to the question: “What do you wish your school leaders knew about this (wellness support) aspect of your work?” and whose responses described wellness services and supports. A qualitative content analysis was conducted by an interdisciplinary research team using open‐ and axial coding.RESULTSThree main themes emerged. (1) insufficient access to mental health professionals and programming at schools, (2) concern about the quality of available services, and (3) a need for teacher professional development and support on student wellness. Statistically significant differences in teacher appraisals of insufficient access to mental health professionals and programming were found based on grade level taught and percentage of immigrant students in the school.CONCLUSIONWith amplified student wellness needs, school personnel, including school leaders, must consider ways to allocate additional resources/staffing, assess the quality of services and supports, and design professional development opportunities to support teachers' involvement in supporting student wellness needs.
Melatonin treatment improves ventricular conduction via upregulation of Nav1.5 channel proteins and sodium current in the normal rat heart
Authors: Durkina Aleksandra V. , Bernikova Olesya G. , Gonotkov Mikhail A. , Mikhaleva Natalia J. , Sedova Ksenia A. , Malykhina Inna A. , Kuzmin Vladislav S. , Velegzhaninov Ilya O. , Azarov Jan E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMelatonin treatment was reported to reduce the risk of cardiac arrhythmias, and crucial for this antiarrhythmic action was the effect of melatonin on activation spread. The aim of the present study was evaluation of the mechanisms of this activation enhancement. Experiments were performed in a total of 123 control and melatonin‐treated (10 mg/kg, daily, for 7 days) male Wistar rats. In epicardial mapping studies (64 leads, interlead distance 0.5 mm) in the anesthetized animals, activation times (ATs) were determined in each lead as dV/dt minimum during QRS complex under sinus rhythm. Epicardial pacing was performed to measure conduction velocity (CV) across the mapped area. Average left ventricular ATs were shorter in the treated animals as compared to the controls, whereas the minimal epicardial ATs indicating the duration of activation propagation via the ventricular conduction system did not differ between the groups. CV was higher in the treated groups indicating that melatonin affected conduction via contractile myocardium The area of Cx43‐derived fluorescence, as well as the expression of Cx43 protein, was similar in ventricles in the control and melatonin‐treated groups. Expression of Gja1 gene transcripts encoding Cx43, was increased in the last group. An uncoupling agent octanol modified myocardial conduction properties (time of activation, action potential upstroke velocity, passive electrotonic phase duration) similarly in both groups. On the other hand, the expression of both Scn5a gene transcripts encoding Nav1.5 proteins, as well as peak density of transmembrane sodium current were increased in the ventricular myocytes from the melatonin‐treated animals. Thus, a week‐long melatonin treatment caused the increase of conduction velocity via enhancement of sodium channel proteins expression and increase of sodium current in the ventricular myocytes.
Effect of stretch frequency on osteogenesis of periodontium during periodontal ligament distraction
Authors: Wang W. , Li N. , Zhao Y. , Wu H. , Wang M. , Chen X. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectivesPeriodontal ligament distraction (PDLD) can accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). However, the effect of stretch frequency on osseous formation during PDLD remains unclear. Here, we sought to identify the effect of PDLD frequency on the osteogenic remodelling of the periodontium.Materials and Methods(i) In vitro, five human periodontal ligament stem cell (PDLSC) cultures were randomized to either static conditions or exposure to a cyclic stretch force involving 12% deformation at frequencies of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 or 1.0 Hz for 12 h, and the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs was assessed using Western blotting. (ii) In vivo, 18 beagle dogs underwent orthodontic distalization of bilateral maxillary first premolars. In the test groups, PDLD was performed at a frequency of two or six times/day, while Ni‐Ti coil springs were applied to mimic traditional OTM in the control group. The amount of OTM and histological staining was estimated after force loading for 5, 10 and 15 days.Results(i) In vitro, the expression of osteogenic‐specific markers (runt‐related transcription factor 2 [Runx2], type I collagen [COL‐I] and osteocalcin [OCN]) increased with the frequency of tensile force, to a peak at 0.7 Hz. (ii) In vivo, both PDLD groups displayed a greater rate of OTM and a higher bone metabolism than the control group. The expression of COL‐I and OCN was significantly reinforced in the six times/day‐PDLD group in comparison to the two times/day‐PDLD group.ConclusionsThe cyclic stretch force enhances osteogenesis of the periodontium in a frequency‐dependent manner.
Uncovering the effects of bilingual language control on rational decisions: An ERP study
Authors: Liu Dongxue , Schwieter John W. , Wang Fenqi , Mu Li , Liu Huanhuan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA growing body of research suggests that the language in which bilinguals make decisions affects the rationality of such decisions. Furthermore, bilinguals constantly confront cross‐language interference that requires complex language control processes to resolve this competition. However, the relationship between language control and decision‐making is unclear. In the current study, we analyze electrophysiological and behavior data elicited from two groups of Chinese‐English bilinguals. One group was trained in intensive language switching and then completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the other group completed the two tasks in the reverse order. We found that bilinguals who first received language switching training significantly scored higher on the IGT, with the score positively correlating with L1 and L2 switch costs. More importantly, training with language switching first led to an N2 component for L1 switching costs that negatively correlated with both loss feedback‐related negativity and the P3 component. These effects did not emerge among the group of bilinguals who performed the IGT first. Taken together, the findings suggest that bilinguals are assisted in making rational decisions by language control on feedback evaluation.
Medial epicondylar fissure fracture as a complication of transcondylar screw placement for the treatment of humeral intracondylar fissure
Authors: Jenkins Georgia , Moores Andy P. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo report the incidence of medial epicondylar fissure fracture (MEFF) after medial‐to‐lateral transcondylar screw placement in dogs with humeral intracondylar fissure (HIF) and to identify risk factors for MEFF.Study designRetrospective study.Sample populationSeventy‐four client‐owned dogs (88 elbows).MethodsMedical records of dogs surgically treated for HIF, and postoperative imaging studies were reviewed for demographics, fracture characteristics, and repair techniques. The width of the transcondylar screw was expressed relative to the height of the condyle. Screw angle and degree of countersinking were recorded. Information from case records and follow‐up radiographs were used to identify complications.ResultsMedial epicondylar fissure fracture was identified in 10 elbows (11.4%) following medial‐to‐lateral transcondylar screw placement: 4 cases were detected intraoperatively, 2 on immediate postoperative radiographs, 1 during routine radiographic follow up, and 3 when radiographs were reviewed for this study. A larger relative screw size was found to increase the risk of MEFF (P = .004, OR = 1.5). Fifteen additional complications were identified in 13/80 elbows at a median of 6 weeks postoperatively (range 1–56 weeks). Screw loosening was the most frequent complication (n = 9) and was the only complication in dogs with MEFF (n = 3); MEFF tended to increase the risk of perioperative screw loosening (P = .06).ConclusionMedial epicondylar fissure fracture occurred in 10/88 elbows treated for HIF and was more common in elbows treated with a larger screw size relative to the height of the condyle.Clinical significancePlacing transcondylar screws with a diameter inferior to 41% of the height of the condyle is recommended to avoid MEFF. Medial epicondylar fissure fracture appears to have a low clinical significance in the perioperative period, although its effect on long‐term outcome remains unknown.