bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intelligent Evaluation on Drillability of Shale Gas Formation in N2 Region of Changning Field in Sichuan, Southwest China
Authors: Zheng Haiyan , Lin Botao 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Formation drillability evaluation plays an essential role in the exploitation of shale gas reservoirs. Currently, the common methods for evaluating formation drillability mainly include experimental methods, such as scratch tests and micro-drilling tests, and regression analysis. However, the applications of experimental methods and regression analysis cannot reasonably assess drillability due to a lack of well-core information and describe the strong heterogeneity of shale formations. In this study, a data-driven model based on the constrained K-means (CKM) method was proposed to evaluate shale formation drillability, which can solve the problems related to core sample limitation and heterogeneity of the formation. First, a regular evaluation model was built against the conventional cluster methods, such as K-means, DBSCAN, and GMM. Secondly, the closed pairwise constraints were generated based on domain knowledge. Finally, the evaluation model was established by applying pairwise constraints to the K-means clustering generation process. The value of normalized mutual information (NMI) ranges from 0.86 to 0.93 based on the proposed model, which has been improved by 50% over the conventional cluster methods. The results show that the drillability index of the Longmaxi Formation ranges from 5 to 7, whereas the index value of the Wufeng Formation averages at 8-9, which demonstrates that the Wufeng Formation is more difficult to drill compared to the Longmaxi Formation. The drilling practices in the field demonstrated that the actual drilling rate of the Wufeng Formation was lower than that of the Longmaxi Formation, which is in accord with the model predictions.

Introduction
As an essential unconventional oil and gas resource, shale gas reservoirs have enormous extraction and economic value. Shale drillability characterizes the resistance of shale to drill, which is a crucial type of information requested for the bit type selection, borehole track design (Chen, 2021; White, 1969), and drilling implementation (White, 1969; Chen et al., 2017). Inaccurate evaluation of rock drillability has resulted in a slow drilling rate and severe drill bit wear, leading to procrastination in construction and significant financial losses. Many investigators considered that geomechanical properties (rock type, rock mass jointing), machine parameters (drilling machine type, bit pressure, rotary speed), and operational process determine the drillability of rock (Saeidi et al., 2013; Yetkin et al., 2016). The methods toward getting drillability are majorly implemented in two ways: indoor rock core experimental and numerical model (Gan et al., 2021).
Log CCS vs App CCS
Authors: Etaje D. C. , Hulog R. , Trivadi A. , Le A. , Shor R. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Confined Compressive Strength (CCS) offers a more accurate indication of rock hardness and rock formation drillability, which is useful in optimizing the drilling operation. PhiDrillSim is a machine learning app that predicts the CCS using neural network techniques. The goal is to predict the Confined compressive Strength using the Neural network technique based on the operation dataset, which will be used to train the neural network model. A specific operation dataset will be provided for the training of the model in the app. It will predict the CCS model of the rock formation and compare it with the actual CCS collected. Preliminary results show that the accuracy of the predicted CCS values is consistent with the CCS calculations using the log data method. There are various methods of calculating the CCS of the formation, with varying degrees of cost and difficulty. Furthermore, the accuracy of CCS measurements directly affects the drilling cost of operations, affecting drill-string durability and operational time. This paper explores the accuracy of the PhiDrillSim App in comparison with a log data method in calculating and predicting the formation of CCS.

CCS Description
Rock strength is essential in the drilling process. Confined Compressive Strength (CCS) is a geomechanical rock property that indicates the rock strength when confined to some medium. (Fabian, 1994). Since UCS is widely used, the classification of rock formations based on UCS is readily available. Moreover, the estimation of rock strength classification is based on UCS. CCS then will be related to UCS using the equation proposed by Caicedo et al., 2005.
Theorising the Relationship of Higher Education and the Public Good in Africa
Authors: Unterhalter Elaine , Allais Stephanie 
Published: November 2022

This article explores conceptualisations of the public good role of higher education and considers their application to higher education in African countries. The article starts by delineating a number of different ways in which higher education and the public good are linked, grouping these together as instrumental and intrinsic versions of the relationship between higher education and the public good. In considering the connections and disjunctures between these two formulations and the way studies on higher education in contemporary Africa have engaged with this debate, we argue for discussing the importance of processes that link or have the potential to connect instrumental and intrinsic visions of higher education and the public good. We discuss these, drawing on a set of framing ideas associated with conditions of possibility and forms of social contract, which, we argue, express a less abstract form of this discussion, more responsive to the complexities of context associ ted with actual higher education institutions and the systems they work in.
The Nigerian University System, Corruption and Erosion of the Public Good
Authors: Ibrahim Jibrin 
Published: November 2022

This article examines the nature, causes and implications of the decline of the public good within Nigeria’s university system over the past three decades. In that period, there has been a significant shortfall in the finances of the university system from federal and state governments, creating the material basis for its inability to recruit, retain and manage quality academic and non-academic staff. Essentially, it highlights how the self-interest of academics, expressed through their powerful union, the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU), has engaged in a struggle with government to improve the remuneration of academics rather than the quality of academic services. At the same time, corruption has sapped the system and led to significant levels of exploitation of students, in general, and the sexual harassment of female students. The public good within the university system is rooted in the constitutional provision that directs governments to provide quality and free education at all levels. But governments have failed in this mission, and families have had to pay for their children’s quality education. This outcome has created massive inequality, with only the wealthy able to ensure quality education for their children, usually abroad. This has weakened the commitment of those in authority to push for the return of quality education at the national level. The result is that the Nigerian state appears to have provoked a class struggle in which poorly educated youth and the lump n classes are marginalised and excluded from the ladder of social mobility.
Researching the Public Good: Reflections on Experiences of Doing Research on Higher Education and he Public Good in South Africa
Authors: Ngcwangu Siphelo 
Published: November 2022

This article discusses the experience of doing research on higher education and the public good in South Africa within a bigger project titled ‘Higher Education, Inequalities and the Public Good: Perspectives from Four African Countries’. Qualitative data was collected through key informant interviews by a team of eight researchers who concentrated on specific groups of stakeholders as per the themes of the research. The aim of the interviews was to understand the perceptions of stakeholders both within and outside the university system on the public good role of university education in South Africa. This article focuses on three key issues: locating the research in the context of South Africa’s democratic transition, methodological challenges and pitfalls, tensions, and missing questions/silences. We were doing our research in the aftermath of the student protests of 2015 and 2016, and many of the stakeholders we interviewed were actively involved in making sense of the issues that the students raised. The research team formulated the ‘DNA’ framework for analysing qualitative data from the stakeholders, which refers to the descriptive, normative and analytic aspects of the data that pointed to a unique way in which we could frame our findings. By reflecting on the research process and our positionality in it, the paper contributes to the general field of qualitative research studies, bringing in the dynamics of conducting research in large-scale cross-national projects.
Difficult Airway in Obstetric Patients
Authors: Glenardi Glenardi 
Published: November 2022

Although the use of general anesthesia in the obstetric population has decreased substantially, it remains the most appropriate choice in certain cases. While the use of general anesthesia is essential, maternal deaths associated with general anesthesia continue. Difficult airway remains the leading cause. Maternal mortality due to airway difficulty during general anesthesia is approximately four times higher than in general population. The incidence of failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics has remained unchanged over the past 40 years. The significant anatomic and physiologic changes of pregnancy, which are exacerbated during labor, explain the increased difficulty in airway management in obstetric patients. The presence of anesthesia staff with adequate knowledge of maternal airway management is vital to minimize the incidence of failed intubation in the parturient.
Challenges and Emerging Technologies in Biomanufacturing of Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)
Authors: McDonnell Susan , Floyd Principe Raymon , Soares Zamprognio Maycou , Whelan Jessica 
Published: November 2022

Therapeutic antibodies dominate the biopharmaceutical market with continual innovations being made to provide novel and improved antibody treatment strategies. Speed to-market and cost-efficiency are of increasing importance due to the changing landscape of the biopharmaceutical industry. The increasing levels of competition from biosimilars, the increase in small volume products and political and social pressure to reduce the cost of treatments are some of the challenges currently being faced. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been the workhorse in the production of therapeutic antibodies over the last 36 years due to the robust nature and high productivity of these cell lines. However, there are many biomanufacturing challenges remaining. The aim of this review is to examine the current biological, and engineering challenges facing the biomanufacturing of antibodies and to identify the mitigations and emerging technologies that can be employed to overcome them. Developments in cell line engineering, intensified processing, continuous manufacturing, automation and innovations in process analytical technologies and single use technology will be discussed with regard to their ability to improve the current performance of mAb production processes.
In Utero Exposure to Maternal Injury and the Associated Risk of Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Ahmed Asma , Rosella Laura C. , Oskoui Maryam , Watson Tristan , Yang Seungmi 
Published: November 2022

ImportanceAlthough maternal unintentional injury during pregnancy has shown negative impacts on the mother and fetus, the evidence on its long-term associations with children’s neurodevelopment is limited.ObjectiveTo examine the association between maternal unintentional injury and cerebral palsy (CP) in offspring.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a population-based, longitudinal, cohort study of all in-hospital live births born between April 1, 2002, and March 31, 2017, in a publicly funded health care system setting of Ontario, Canada. Infants born more than 20 weeks’ gestation were included and followed up until March 31, 2018. Excluded from the analysis were stillbirths, infants with missing or invalid records, and births with missing or invalid birth characteristics. Data were analyzed from March 1 to June 30, 2021.ExposuresMaternal unintentional injury during pregnancy ascertained based on inpatient or emergency department diagnoses.Main Outcomes and MeasuresCP diagnosis between birth and the end of follow-up in 2018 with the CP case definition of a single inpatient or 2 or more outpatient diagnoses at least 2 weeks apart between birth and age 16 years.ResultsOf 2 110 177 children included in this study (mean [SD] gestational age, 38.8 [1.9] weeks; 1 082 520 male [51.3%]), 81 281 (3.9%) were exposed in utero to maternal unintentional injury. During a median (IQR) follow-up time of 8 (4-12) years, 5317 children (0.3%) were diagnosed with CP (292 CP cases [5.5%] were exposed to maternal unintentional injury). The mean incidence rates of CP were 4.36 and 2.93 per 10 000 child-years in the exposed and the unexposed group, respectively. Children exposed to maternal unintentional injury had a modest increase in the risk of CP, compared with those unexposed (hazard ratio [HR], 1.33; 95% CI, 1.18-1.50) after adjusting for maternal sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Severe injuries that resulted in hospitalization and delivery within 1 week from the injury conferred higher risks of CP (adjusted HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.29-3.68 and adjusted HR, 3.40; 95% CI, 1.93-6.00, respectively). Results were robust in multiple bias analyses.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this Canadian population-based birth cohort study, in utero exposure to maternal unintentional injury was associated with an increased risk of CP, with a higher risk with more severe injuries. These findings fill an important gap in knowledge on the potential role of maternal injury on children’s neurodevelopment outcomes. Public health professionals and stakeholders should be aware of these potential long-term consequences on offspring when designing programs and providing recommendations about safety during pregnancy. Early monitoring and developmental assessment of children exposed to maternal injury might be warranted.
Transformable Nanotheranostics Capable of Sensoring Nucleic Acid Drugs’ Spatiotemporal Behaviors
Authors: Shen Jie , Wang Jingwen , Hao Qiulian , Ji Weihong , Peng Huan , Wu Yanyue , Zhao Ruichen , Qiu Xinyu , Wang Wenli , Yang Jun , Li Yan , Zhang Tianlu , Lu Zhiguo , Zhang Xin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractNanotheranostics facilitates personalized treatment by providing imaging capabilities for nucleic acid drug vectors. However, available nanotheranostics are not yet capable of indicating the release behavior of nucleic acid drugs. Herein, four guidelines for the design of nanotheranostics are proposed. Under the guidance, transformable nanotheranostics are prepared that can sense the spatiotemporal behaviors of siRNA accumulation and release to facilitate personalized oncology treatment. The nanotheranostics sense the spatiotemporal accumulation behavior of siRNA in tumors through computerized tomography. Besides, the tumor cytoplasmic microenvironment mediates both siRNA release and nanotherapeutic agent transformation simultaneously. The transformation‐activated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signals sense the spatiotemporal release behavior of siRNA. Moreover, the therapeutic effect of survivin‐targeted siRNA can be diagnosed and confirmed by contrast‐enhanced CT/MRI multi‐modal imaging in real‐time. The transformable nanotheranostics further promote personalized oncotherapy by nucleic acid drugs. These four guidelines are expected to direct the research and development of nucleic acid drug‐based nanotheranostics. This study also provides a new perspective on real‐time sensoring the spatiotemporal behaviors of nucleic acid drugs in vivo.
Multisite Captured Copper Ions via Phosphorus Dendrons Functionalized Electrospun Short Nanofibrous Sponges for Bone Regeneration
Authors: Zhang Jun , Chen Liang , Wang Juan , Lei Yiting , Huang Yanran , Xu Jingtao , Hu Ning , Huang Wei , Cui Wenguo , Luo Xiaoji 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMetal ions play an important role in promoting tissue regeneration. However, excessive metal ions can also cause certain damage to the human body. In this study, the electrospun short nanofibrous sponges (3D‐NS) functionalized with phosphorus dendrons (3D‐NS@PD) are innovatively constructed, which are capable of dynamically capturing free copper ions at multiple sites to realize the dynamic balance and physiological concentration of copper ions. First, phosphorus dendrons with the long hydrophobic alkyl chain are synthesized by substitution and condensation reactions with hexachlorocyclic triphosphazene as the core. Then, ten pyrrole groups are modified on the surface of phosphorus dendrons, some of which are grafted with copper ions by coordination method, and the remaining pyrrole groups are used to capture free copper ions at multiple sites. Furthermore, phosphorus dendrons modified with pyrrole groups are grafted onto 3D‐NS via π–π conjugation. The captured copper ions can enhance the mechanical properties of the 3D‐NS@PD, which shows stable 3D shape and reversible water absorption after repeated compression by external forces. In vitro and in vivo results show that 3D‐NS@PD effectively promotes bone regeneration by accelerating the formation of neovascularization at the defect sites and regulating the osteogenic differentiation of local bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.
Highly Stable and Panchromatic Light Absorbing Cs2OsX6 (X = Cl−, Br−, I−) Vacancy Ordered Perovskites as Photoanodes for Solar Water Oxidation
Authors: Shanmugam Nandhini , Halpati Jigar Shaileshkumar , Chandiran Aravind Kumar 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn this work, osmium‐based vacancy‐ordered double perovskites Cs2OsX6 (X = Cl−, Br−, I−) are reported and the role of halides on stability, optical and photoelectrochemical properties is investigated. All these three materials crystallize in a cubic phase like Cs2SnX6 or Cs2PtX6 and possess extraordinary stability in ambient conditions and remain stable in strong acids and bases (from pH 1 to 11). One of the unique properties of these materials is that they show panchromatic visible and NIR absorption (up to 1200 nm) through ligand‐to‐metal [X (Cl−/Br−/I−) to Os] charge transfer and another NIR absorption between 1800 and 2500 nm due to Os d‐d transition. Their pH stability and panchromatic light absorption properties enabled them to be employed as photoanodes in PEC water‐splitting devices.
Light‐Enhanced Negative Differential Resistance and Multi‐Level Resistive Switching in Glutamine‐Functionalized MoS2 Quantum Dots for Resistive Random‐Access Memory Devices
Authors: Sharma Sonia , Chen Yu‐Ting , Santiago Svette Reina Merden S. , Saavedra Sheenly Anne , Chou Chih‐Lung , Chiu Kuan‐Cheng , Shen Ji‐Lin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractNegative differential resistance (NDR) with multi‐level resistive switching has been investigated for realizing multi‐level memory devices. However, achieving a high peak‐to‐valley ratio of NDR is a formidable challenge for a reliable multi‐level switch. Here, a new type of a light‐enhanced NDR device accompanied with resistive switching based on glutamine‐functionalized MoS2 quantum dots has been demonstrated. By increasing the illuminated light power on the device, the NDR effect can be greatly enhanced and a peak‐to‐valley ratio as high as 15.5 has been achieved. The tunneling transport and carrier trapping of the interface states are responsible for the mechanism of the light‐enhanced NDR. Multi‐level resistive switching can be realized in the same device by adjusting the illuminated light power. A high on/off resistance ratio of ≈103 and good endurance in multi‐valued switching have been achieved, exhibiting potential applications in multi‐level memory devices.
Complex Additive‐Assisted Crystal Growth and Phase Stabilization of α‐FAPbI3 Film for Highly Efficient, Air‐Stable Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Lee Hock Beng , Sahani Rishabh , Devaraj Vasanthan , Kumar Neetesh , Tyagi Barkha , Oh Jin‐Woo , Kang Jae‐Wook 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSolution‐processed formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite is entropically metastable, and it exhibits condition‐induced crystal polymorphism. Under an ambient atmosphere, the photoactive black α‐FAPbI3 converts easily to photoinactive yellow δ‐FAPbI3. This α → δ phase degradation is further accelerated upon exposure to high temperature/humidity, directly threatening the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, cesium iodide‐lead iodide:dimethyl sulfoxide (CsI‐PbI2:DMSO) complex is introduced as a phase stabilizer to modulate the crystallization of α‐FAPbI3 perovskite from δ‐FAPbI3 precursor and simultaneously, serve as a defect passivator to suppress trap states formation. Theoretical simulations and experimental results reveal the pivotal role of complex additive in optimizing the energy band alignment and optoelectronic properties of α‐FAPbI3 perovskite and most importantly, hindering the α → δ phase transition. The best PSC device based on the additive‐engineered perovskite film achieves an efficiency of ≈21.9%, which is ≈11% higher than that of its pristine counterpart (≈19.8%). In addition, the incorporation of CsI‐PbI2:DMSO complex remarkably enhances the long‐term stability and photostability of the PSCs by inhibiting ion migrations and preserving the α‐phase in FAPbI3 perovskite. The additive engineering presented herein offers a route to produce FAPbI3‐based PSCs with improved performance, stability, and reproducibility.
Ophthalmic Solution of Smart Supramolecular Peptides to Capture Semaphorin 4D against Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Li Ya‐Nan , Liang Hong‐Wen , Zhang Chun‐Lin , Qiu Yan‐Mei , Wang David , Wang Hai‐Ling , Chen An‐Qi , Hong Can‐Dong , Wang Lei , Wang Hao , Hu Bo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss in working age population. Intravitreal injection of anti‐VEGF antibody is widely used in clinical practice. However, about 27% of patients show poor response to anti‐VEGF therapy and about 50% of these patients continue to have macular thickening. Frequent intravitreal injections of antibody may increase the chance of endophthalmitis and cause visual loss or even blindness once happened. Therefore, there is a greatly urgent need for novel noninvasive target to treat DR clinically. Here, the formulation of a smart supramolecular peptide (SSP) eye drop for DR treatment that is effective via specifically identifying and capturing soluble semaphorin 4D (sSema4D), a strongly pro‐angiogenesis and exudates factor, is reported. The SSP nanostructures encapsulate sSema4D so that all biological effects mediated by three receptors of sSema4D are inhibited, thereby significantly alleviating pathological retinal angiogenesis and exudates in DR. Moreover, it is found that combination of SSPs eye drop and anti‐VEGF injection shows better therapeutic effect over anti‐VEGF treatment alone. Overall, SSP eye drop provide an alternative and effective method for noninvasive treatment for DR.