bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How does training boost employees' intention to implement environmental activities? An empirical study in Vietnam
Authors: Pham Nhat Tan , Jabbour Charbel Jose Chiappetta , Usman Muhammad , Ali Moazzam , Phan Hoang-Long 
Published: March 2022

PurposeDrawing on the conservation of resources theory, this study aims to apply a mixed-method to enrich the literature by investigating interrelationships among training, environmental triggers (environmental knowledge, awareness and concern) and employees' intention to carry out environmental activities.Design/methodology/approachThis research applied a mixed-method carried out in Vietnam. By using the time-lagged data, Study 1 (quantitative research) was employed to test hypotheses. With Study 2 (qualitative research), four in-depth interviews were conducted to gain insight into a few unexpected findings from Study 1.FindingsStudy 1 indicates that environmental training is critical to directly boost not only the three environmental triggers but also employees' intention to engage in environmental activities. The findings further point out that environmental concern and awareness mediate the relationship between environmental training and employees' intention to engage in environmental activities. Unexpectedly, connections from environmental concern and awareness to employees' intentions were not moderated by environmental knowledge. The findings of Study 2 shed light on the role of environmental knowledge.Originality/valueBased on the conservation of resources and social exchange theories, the research contributes to the existing literature by providing a better understanding of how environmental training stimulates employees' intention to implement environmental activities. The findings may be helpful for managers to encourage employees to contribute to organizations' green objectives.
Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceuticals in High‐Income Countries: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: QUNAJ LINDOR , KALTENBOECK ANNA , BACH PETER B. 
Published: March 2022

Policy Points
Pharmaceutical trade organizations and media outlets in the United States regularly point to compulsory licensing—or even its threat—as the mechanism that peer countries use to control the price of prescription drugs.
Our comparative analysis shows that compulsory licensing is not frequently employed in high‐income countries outside the United States as a direct response to drug prices. When its use is threatened, a license is rarely issued and even less often does it lead to a price discount. Accordingly, compulsory licensing is unlikely to contribute to price discrepancies between the United States and other developed nations.
In fact, of the 21 compulsory licensing petitions we identified outside the United States, over one‐third were made by pharmaceutical companies themselves and only three were threatened by a government authority.
ContextCompulsory licensing is a practice whereby national authorities can license a third party to produce a patented product, such as a pharmaceutical drug, effectively enabling the production of a generic before the original patent expires. The policy was designed—and has historically been used—to improve access to essential medicines in low‐income countries and during public health crises. Although it was not intended to impact drug prices directly, the threat of compulsory licensing may indeed contribute to lower drug prices in high‐income countries outside the United States. Our study sought to determine the plausibility of this claim.MethodsWe compiled a comprehensive database of compulsory licensing episodes in the United States and 17 comparator nations over the 20 years following the 2001 Doha Declaration, and we recorded the motivation and outcome of each instance. Our search began with publicly available reports compiled by organizations specializing in pharmaceutical intellectual property, expanded to a query of legal proceedings in Westlaw, and concluded with a comprehensive literature review on PubMed.FindingsThis strategy yielded 45 unique episodes of compulsory licensing, 24 in the United States and 21 outside. A minority (24%) of petitions outside the United States were motivated by high prices, and in all countries, only three cases were clearly associated with a price discount.ConclusionsWe found no evidence to suggest that compulsory licensing is either frequently threatened or successfully implemented by countries outside the United States to secure price discounts for the most expensive pharmaceuticals, those that are newly patented and just entering the market.
‘My Blood Was All Turning to Water’: Testimonial Advertisements and the Creation of a Menstrual Network in the U.S., 1870s–1910s
Authors: Davey Frances 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article explores the nexus of two phenomena – the mass production of consumer goods and the maelstrom of medical theorising on the female reproductive system – through testimonial advertisements produced by the Lydia E. Pinkham Medicine Company (LEPMC). This article argues that a wide‐ranging, self‐regenerating group of predominantly white, middle‐class American women formed a network rooted in LEPMC advertisements to negotiate power over the practice and meaning of their own reproductive lives. By publicly testifying to the efficacy of Pinkham products, these women used the tools of mass advertising and their collective understanding of modern medicine to campaign for empowered womanhood. They created a narrative in which they played long‐suffering protagonists who challenged physicians’ authority, claimed ownership over reproductive knowledge and prioritised female consumers. By forefronting the female consumers who engaged directly with the LEPMC advertising department and indirectly with each other, this article situates the Pinkham network in a complex discourse on women's reproductive agency.
Nutritional potassium limitation impact on serum potassium change, and death in chronic kidney disease: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Gong Zhumei , Chen Taiai 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntroductionWe performed a meta‐analysis to evaluate the impact of nutritional potassium limitation on serum potassium change, and death in chronic kidney disease.MethodsA systematic literature search up to October 2021 was carried out and eight studies included 92 558 subjects with chronic kidney disease at the start of the study; 41 474 of them were provided with nutritional potassium limitation and 510 084 were nonrestricted diet.ResultsNutritional potassium limitation had significantly lower serum potassium change (MD, −0.33; 95% CI, −0.58 to −0.07; p = 0.01) compared to nonrestricted diet in subjects with chronic kidney disease. However, nutritional potassium limitation had no significant impact on the death (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.58–1.10; p = 0.17) compared to nonrestricted diet in subjects with chronic kidney disease.ConclusionNutritional potassium limitation had significantly lower serum potassium change compared to nonrestricted diet in subjects with chronic kidney disease. Further studies are required to validate these findings.
Reducing pesticide use through optimal reallocation at different spatial scales: The case of French arable farming
Authors: Kahindo Salomé , Blancard Stéphane 
Published: March 2022

AbstractReduction of pesticide use is one of the major challenges in the agricultural sector. Several methods, including efficiency analysis, have been proposed to address this issue. In general, efficiency analysis in the use of pesticides is conducted at the individual level (e.g., farm). We here propose to extend this analysis from farm level to aggregate (or district) level. In addition to the potential pesticide reduction by eliminating individual inefficiency, we measure the reduction due to the reallocation of productive activity across farms, within increasingly large spatial units. Results show that pesticides could be reduced by more than 50% in a sample of farms in the French Department of Meuse during 2014–2016, after eliminating individual technical inefficiency and reallocating activities across farms at the largest spatial unit, while producing at least the same output. Therefore, the reallocation associated with inefficiency elimination can help achieve the pesticide reduction targets set by several countries.
Altitude and temperature drive anuran community assembly in a Neotropical mountain region
Authors: Matavelli Rodrigo , Oliveira Juliano Machado , Soininen Janne , Ribeiro Milton Cezar , Bertoluci Jaime 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the spatial variation in species richness and the mechanisms that limit species range sizes along geographical gradients belong to the central research issues in macroecology. Here, we aim to test the topographic and climatic effects on anuran species richness and community composition in mountainous regions in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. We used Individual‐Based Rarefaction Curve (interpolation and extrapolation), Generalized Additive Model (GAM), Midpoint method and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) to analyze the topographic and climatic effects on anuran community composition, richness, and range sizes in a global biodiversity hotspot. Our results showed that altitude and annual mean temperature and temperature seasonality were the main drivers of species altitudinal range sizes and community assembly in mountainous regions. In conclusion, Anuran community richness peaked at intermediate altitudes following thus a hump‐shaped pattern and corroborated the Rapoport's altitudinal rule as range sizes increased with altitude in mountainous regions from the Atlantic Forest biome. This study revealed new insights into the patterns and drivers of Neotropical anuran communities.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
Economic costs of invasive bivalves in freshwater ecosystems
Authors: Haubrock Phillip J. , Cuthbert Ross N. , Ricciardi Anthony , Diagne Christophe , Courchamp Franck 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimTo assess spatio‐temporal and taxonomic patterns of available information on the costs of invasive freshwater bivalves, as well as to identify knowledge gaps.LocationGlobal.Time period1980–2020.Taxon studiedBivalvia.MethodsWe synthesize published global economic costs of impacts from freshwater bivalves using the InvaCost database and associated R package, explicitly considering the reliability of estimation methodologies, cost types, economic sectors and impacted regions.ResultsCumulative total global costs of invasive macrofouling bivalves were $ 63.7 billion (2017 US$) across all regions and socio‐economic sectors between 1980 and 2020. Costs were heavily biased taxonomically and spatially, dominated by two families, Dreissenidae and Cyrenidae (Corbiculidae), and largely reported in North America. The greatest share of reported costs ($ 31.5 billion) did not make the distinction between damage and management. However, of those that did, damages and resource losses were one order of magnitude higher ($ 30.5 billion) than control or preventative measures ($ 1.7 billion). Moreover, although many impacted socio‐economic sectors lacked specification, the largest shares of costs were incurred by authorities and stakeholders ($ 27.7 billion, e.g., public and private sector interventions) and through impacts on public and social welfare ($ 10.1 billion, e.g., via power/drinking water plant and irrigation system damage) in North America. Average cost estimates over the entire period amounted to approximately $ 1.6 billion per year, most of which was incurred in North America.Main conclusionsOur results highlight the burgeoning economic threat caused by invasive freshwater bivalves, offering a strong economic incentive to invest in preventative management such as biosecurity and rapid response eradications. Even if the damages and resource losses are severely understated because economic impacts are lacking for most invaded countries and invasive bivalve species, these impacts are substantial and likely growing.
The moral relevance of social categories: Analysing the case of childhood
Authors: Brando Nico 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWhat makes the categorisation of a human collective morally relevant? How does the categorisation of individuals into groups affect their social status and treatment? This article provides an account of the moral relevance of social categories and assesses the status of “childhood” within this framework. It distinguishes morally relevant social categories (labelled as social groups) through three conditions: first, individuals are externally ascribed to the social category; second, the properties of the social category are reified through the social construction of its definition; and, third, the social category predetermines the normative treatment owed to the individuals ascribed. The existence of these three characteristics in the construction of a social category entails that the individuals ascribed may be affected by unjust constraints and restrictions on their lives and choices, thus, requiring a re‐evaluation of how their social grouping frames their status and treatment. The article claims that the “childhood” social category complies with the three conditions (ascription, reification, and normativisation). This implies that individuals categorised as “children” may suffer from unjust constraints and restrictions based on their social categorisation.
Positivity bias in higher education research
Authors: Tight Malcolm 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMany forms of bias have been identified in higher education research, and in educational and social research in general. This article identifies a further form of bias, positivity bias, and places it in this broader context. Positivity bias is the tendency, in some forms of published higher education research, to only or chiefly report examples of initiatives or innovations that worked and received positive evaluations. Empirical evidence of positivity bias, in the form of an analysis of a sample of published articles from selected higher education journals, is presented and discussed. Suggestions as to the causes of positivity bias and how it might be handled are presented.
Effect of substance use on premature mortality among severely hypertensive African Americans
Authors: Varadarajan Vinithra , Ibe Chidinma A. , Young J. Hunter 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLow‐income African Americans residing in impoverished neighborhoods confront myriad barriers to adhering to antihypertensive regimens. Substance use may thwart medication adherence and lifestyle modification efforts, which has implications for excess cardiovascular disease mortality. The Inner‐City Hypertension and Body Organ Damage (ICHABOD) Study was a longitudinal cohort study that evaluated causes of mortality among African Americans who lived in urban areas, had severe, poorly controlled hypertension, and were admitted to a local hospital between 1999–2001 and 2002–2004. The authors employed Cox proportional hazards models to assess mortality associated with illicit substance use, including use of heroin and cocaine, as well as by use of tobacco and alcohol. Among192 participants with poorly controlled hypertension, 30% were active illicit substance users (specifically, 22.7% heroin users, 19.8% were cocaine users, and 30.7% were both cocaine and heroin users). The mean age among substance non‐users was 52.3 years versus 48.7 years among those reporting current use. Mortality over 7.6 years of follow‐up was 52.5% among substance users and 33.8% among nonusers (p‐value, 0.01). After adjusting for potential confounders, the hazard ratio (HR) for cocaine use was 2.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38–4.59), while the HR for heroin use was 2.47 (95% CI 1.42–4.28) and the HR for both was 2.75 (95% CI 1.60–4.73). Substance use was associated with increased mortality among urban black Americans with poorly controlled hypertension. These data suggest the need for targeted interventions to support African Americans who have poorly controlled hypertension and use illicit substances, as a means of reducing excess mortality.
Influence of Metal Guide Sleeves on the Accuracy and Precision of Dental Implant Placement Using Guided Implant Surgery: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Adams Coleman R. , Ammoun Rami , Deeb George R. , Bencharit Sompop 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPurposeMetal sleeves are commonly used in implant guides for guided surgery. Cost and sleeve specification limit the applications. This in vitro study examined the differences in the implant position deviations produced by a digitally designed surgical guide with no metal sleeve in comparison to a conventional one with a metal sleeve.Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted in two steps for each step: n = 20 casts total, 10 casts each group; Step 1 to examine one guide from each group with ten implant placements in a dental cast, and Step 2 to examine one guide to one cast. Implant placement was performed using a guided surgical protocol. Postoperative cone‐beam computed tomography images were made and were superimposed onto the treatment‐planning images. The implant horizontal and angulation deviations from the planned position were measured and analyzed using t‐test and F‐test (p = 0.05).ResultsFor Step 1 and 2, respectively, implant deviations for the surgical guide with sleeve were –0.3 ±0.17 mm and 0.15 ±0.23 mm mesially, 0.60 ±1.69 mm, and –1.50 ±0.99 mm buccolingual at the apex, 0.20 ±0.47 mm and –0.60 ±0.27 mm buccolingual at the cervical, and 2.73° ±4.80° and –1.49° ±2.91° in the buccolingual angulation. For Step 1 and 2, respectively, the implant deviations for the surgical guide without sleeve were –0.17 ±0.14 mm and –0.06 ±0.07 mm mesially, 0.35 ±1.04 mm and –1.619 ±1.03 mm buccolingual at the apex, 0.10 ±0.27 mm and –0.62 ±0.27 mm buccolingual at the cervical, and 1.73° ±3.66° and –1.64° ±2.26° in the buccolingual angulation. No statistically significant differences were found in any group except for mesial deviation of the Step 2 group (F‐test, p < 0.001).ConclusionsA digitally designed surgical guide with no metal sleeve demonstrates similar accuracy but higher precision compared to a surgical guide with a metal sleeve. Metal sleeves may not be required for guided surgery.
Effect of dietary licorice flavonoids powder on performance, intestinal immunity and health of weaned piglets
Authors: You Ting , Tang Jiayong , Yin Shenggang , Jia Gang , Liu Guangmang , Tian Gang , Chen Xiaoling , Cai Jingyi , Kang Bo , Zhao Hua 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLicorice flavonoids, a bioactive substance derived from glycyrrhiza, have been reported for many pharmacological properties and are beneficial to animal health. This study aimed to explore the effects of licorice flavonoids powder (LFP) on growth performance and intestinal health of piglets. A total of 96 weaned piglets were randomly assigned into four treatments and supplemented with 0, 50, 150 and 250 mg/kg LFP for 5 weeks. Dietary LFP supplementation tended to increase (p = 0.068) average daily gain (ADG) and reduce (p = 0.089) the feed intake/body gain (F/G) of piglets than that of the control group during 15–35 days; and concentrations of LFP supplementation reduced (p < 0.01) diarrhoea index during 14–35 days and 0–35 days. Piglets fed on diets supplied with LFP had a lower (p < 0.05) pH in caecum and colon. Dietary LFP supplementation increased (p < 0.01) the villi height and the ratio of villi height/crypt depth in duodenum, and reduced (p < 0.05) crypt depth in duodenum. Compared with the control group, 250 mg/kg LFP supplementation up‐regulated (p < 0.05) the mRNA level of occludin (OCLN) in ileum. Meanwhile, dietary LFP supplementation down‐regulated (p < 0.05) mRNA abundance of Interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐8 and induced nitrogen monoxide synthase (INOS) in duodenum. Dietary 150 mg/kg LFP supplementation down‐regulated (p < 0.05) mRNA abundance of IL‐1β and 250 mg/kg LFP up‐regulated (p < 0.05) the expression of IL‐10 in ileum. In summary, dietary LFP supplementation has a trend to improve the performance of weaning piglets, those improvements are accompanied by reduction in diarrhoea, enhancement of intestinal morphological structure, barrier function, immune function, and development. In general, 150 mg/kg LFP supplementation is more effective.
Stability of dilutions of methadone alone, and in combination with lidocaine and ketamine
Authors: Gomez A. , Al‐Tannak N. , Auckburally A. , Watson D. , Flaherty D. 
Published: March 2022

ObjectivesTo assess stability and degradation over time, of methadone alone, and mixed with lidocaine and ketamine, using various diluents and storage conditions.Materials and MethodsSolutions of methadone diluted in 0.9% NaCl, and methadone–lidocaine–ketamine diluted in 0.9% NaCl or Hartmann's solution, and stored at room temperature with exposure to light, or refrigerated at 4°C and protected from light, were maintained over 10 days. Chemical stability was determined using liquid chromatography immediately after preparation and following 4, 24, 48, 96 and 240 hours of storage. Physical stability of the solutions was evaluated by visual examination and absorbance of ultraviolet/visible light. A linear model assessed the impact of different diluent solutions and storage conditions on drug degradation over time.ResultsThere was no evidence of physicochemical incompatibility for any solution. Methadone concentration, when diluted alone or in methadone–lidocaine–ketamine with Hartmann's solution at 4°C, did not decline over time. Ketamine and lidocaine decreased to a similar extent over time, regardless of the diluent used or storage method, while methadone in methadone–lidocaine–ketamine diluted with 0.9% NaCl or with Hartmann's solution at room temperature exposed to light, also declined over time; however, all three methadone–lidocaine–ketamine components retained acceptable stability (<10% degradation) for at least 48 hours following preparation, irrespective of diluent or storage conditions.Clinical SignificanceRegardless of the diluent or storage method, methadone–lidocaine–ketamine solutions degrade over time, but this only becomes clinically significant after 48 hours. Solutions of 1 mg/ml methadone in 0.9% NaCl are stable for at least 10 days under storage conditions likely to be encountered in general practice.