bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ru‐Catalyzed CC Bond Formation Through Alcohol Dehydrogenative Coupling Strategy
Authors: Panja Dibyajyoti , Ganguli Kasturi , Kundu Sabuj 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Finding a greener and more sustainable alternative to the waste generating conventional protocols for the synthesis of CC bonds is a challenging goal in current chemical research. In this context, utilization of alcohol dehydrogenative coupling strategy has gained significant importance as it uses bio‐mass derived alcohols as the reagent and produces water as the by‐product. In this article, following the borrowing hydrogen (BH) and acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling (ADC) strategy, the progress and the improvements of the Ru‐based catalytic systems using various bidentate and tridentate ligands with diverse electronic and steric compatibilities for the CC bond formation are summarized. Following these protocols, synthesis of several alkylated ketones, alcohols, nitriles, amides, and indoles was successfully executed. Utilizing alcohols, development of these Ru‐catalyzed atom‐economical, sustainable, and efficient CC bond formation protocols becomes one of the essential tools in organic chemistry to synthesize numerous value‐added products.
Arene–Ruthenium(II) Complexes in CH Functionalization: Role of Ligands
Authors: Binnani Chinky , Singh Sanjay Kumar 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The extensive research in the field of CH bond activation/functionalization reactions demonstrated its significance and utility in achieving various organic transformations in an atom economic way. Indeed, such protocols have gathered the attention of the scientific community of several fields. Therefore, a wide range of molecular catalysts has been designed and developed for various CH bond functionalization protocols in this direction. Moreover, studies revealed that the presence of small molecules as ligands containing heteroatoms plays a crucial role in tuning the catalytic performance of the molecular catalyst. In the recent past, considerable progress has been observed in designing ligand‐accelerated CH bond activation protocols. The role of chiral carboxylic acid (CCA) ligands in enantioselective CH functionalization reaction is also discussed. This article describes the ligand‐accelerated arene–Ru(II)‐catalyzed CH bond functionalization reactions with particular reference to the role of ligands in tuning the selectivity and performance of the arene–Ru(II)‐based molecular catalysts.
Arynes in Transition Metal‐Catalyzed CH Activations
Authors: Sunnam Sunil Kumar 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Arynes are the recently much‐celebrated intermediates albeit their discovery more than 120 years ago. Many active researchers are learning to exploit them in their new research fields. Arynes are involved in a myriad of chemical reactions including cycloadditions, nucleophilic additions, σ‐bond insertions, and metal‐catalyzed reactions. Metal‐catalyzed CH activation has emerged as a wonderful and ever‐growing tool in synthetic organic chemistry. This technique has been actively pursued by many chemists and is still considered to be in its infancy. Maneuvering arynes in metal‐catalyzed CH activation should bring out new chemical entities and should ease the assembly of complex organic molecules owing to the bi‐dentate nature, ease of handling, and the high reactivity of the arynes. This article focuses on this highly under‐developed topic of association of arynes in metal‐catalyzed CH activation chemistry.
Mechanistic Understandings of Gold‐Catalyzed CH Functionalization
Authors: Nijamudheen A. , Mandal Nilangshu , Datta Ayan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Selective carbon–carbon bond‐forming cross‐coupling reactions of unactivated substrates under mild reaction conditions through the CH bond activation is a holy grail in the synthetic organic chemistry, because of the far‐reaching applications in the pharmaceutical industries, materials science, chemical biology, agrochemicals, and polymer chemistry among others. Homogeneous gold catalysis has achieved tremendous success due to its very unique and efficient reactivity toward a variety of organic transformations. Here, we present a critical review of the emerging field of homogeneous gold‐catalyzed carbon–carbon bond‐forming homo/cross‐coupling reactions that involve a CH bond activation/functionalization step. Design ideas, mechanistic aspects, and challenges related to this important class of reactions are discussed. The article highlights select examples of Au‐promoted CH activation and functionalization through combined experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies.
CH Bond Fluorination
Authors: Yang Yifa , Shen Qilong 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Approaches for direct CH fluorination via organometallic intermediates and carbon‐centered radicals were summarized. In the first section, recent progress on palladium‐catalyzed CH fluorination reactions including the scope as well as the mechanism (if investigated in detail) was discussed. The same transformation‐catalyzed by copper and nickel catalyst was further discussed as well. In the second section, two different types of radical fluorination approaches for CH fluorination with electrophilic fluorinating reagents and nucleophilic fluorides were reviewed. Following these two sections, miscellaneous methods for direct CH fluorination were covered in the third section.
Aromatic CH Bond Functionalization with Carbene Precursors
Authors: Hu Fangdong , Wang Jianbo 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Metal carbene‐based cross‐coupling reactions have been established as a highly efficient approach for constructing carbon–carbon bonds. In the past decade, this type of newly developed cross‐coupling reaction has been successfully merged into CH bond activations. This article summarizes the recent developments in aromatic CH bond functionalizations with carbene precursors. All the transformations shown in this article are mechanistically related, with the common feature of metal carbene formation and subsequent migratory insertion. The article is mainly divided into two parts according to the formation of the products: namely the CH bond transformations without cyclization or with cyclization.
Direct CH Difluoroalkylation and Perfluoroalkylation of Heteroarenes
Authors: Fruit Corinne 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis article summarizes the main recent achievements reported in transition metal‐catalyzed and metal‐free CH difluoromethylation and perfluoroalkylation using various fluoroalkyl‐coupling partners over the past decade, for constructing high‐valuable fluoro‐containing heteroarenes. This resume is mainly categorized based on different catalytic systems for each fluoroalkylation reaction. Difluoroalkylation that involves a metal‐catalyzed or a visible‐light‐induced reaction will be addressed first. Following this, the direct perfluoroalkylation of CH bonds under various reaction conditions will be covered. The overall aim is to paint a picture of the state of the art in difluoro‐ and perfluoroalkylation chemistry for medicinal chemists and point out how the recent innovative strategies have been able to positively affect the synthesis of new bioactive compounds.
Clinical treatment planning for kilovoltage radiotherapy using EGSnrc and Python
Authors: Nikandrovs Mihails , McClean Brendan , Shields Laura , McCavana Patrick , Vintró Luis León 
Published: November 2022

AbstractKilovoltage radiotherapy dose calculations are generally performed with manual point dose calculations based on water dosimetry. Tissue heterogeneities, irregular surfaces, and introduction of lead cutouts for treatment are either not taken into account or crudely approximated in manual calculations. Full Monte Carlo (MC) simulations can account for these limitations but require a validated treatment unit model, accurately segmented patient tissues and a treatment planning interface (TPI) to facilitate the simulation setup and result analysis.EGSnrc was used in this work to create a model of Xstrahl kilovoltage unit extending the range of energies, applicators, and validation parameters previously published. The novel functionality of the Python‐based framework developed in this work allowed beam modification using custom lead cutouts and shields, commonly present in kilovoltage treatments, as well as absolute dose normalization using the output of the unit. 3D user‐friendly planning interface of the developed framework facilitated non‐co‐planar beam setups for CT phantom MC simulations in DOSXYZnrc.The MC models of 49 clinical beams showed good agreement with measured and reference data, to within 2% for percentage depth dose curves, 4% for beam profiles at various depths, 2% for backscatter factors, 0.5 mm of absorber material for half‐value layers, and 3% for output factors.End‐to‐end testing of the framework using custom lead cutouts resulted in good agreement to within 3% of absolute dose distribution between simulations and EBT3 GafChromic film measurements. Gamma analysis demonstrated poor agreement at the field edges which was attributed to the limitations of simulating smooth cutout shapes. Dose simulated in a heterogeneous phantom agreed to within 7% with measured values converted using the ratio of mass energy absorption coefficients of appropriate tissues and air.
A “Two‐Part” Resonance Circuit based Detachable Sweat Patch for Noninvasive Biochemical and Biophysical Sensing
Authors: Dong Yan , Liu Tzu‐Li , Chen Shulin , Nithianandam Prasad , Matar Keyan , Li Jinghua 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWearable electronics play important roles in noninvasive, continuous, and personalized monitoring of multiple biosignals generated by the body. To unleash their full potential for the next‐generation human‐centered bio‐integrated electronics, wireless sensing capability is a desirable feature. However, state‐of‐the‐art wireless sensing technologies exploit rigid and bulky electronic modules for power supply, signal generation, and data transmission. This study reports a battery‐free device technology based on a “two‐part” resonance circuit model with modularized, physically separated, and detachable functional units for magnetic coupling and biosensing. The resulting platform combines advantages of electronics and microfluidics with low cost, minimized form factors, and improved performance stability. Demonstration of a detachable sweat patch capable of simultaneous recording of cortisol concentration, pH value, and temperature highlights the potential of the “two‐part” circuit for advanced, transformative biosensing. The resulting wireless sensors provide a new engineering solution to monitoring biosignals through intimate and seamless integration with skin surfaces.
Self‐Steering Lasing System Enabled by Flexible Photo‐Actuators with Sandwich Structure
Authors: Zhang Yan‐Song , Lin Zhi‐Wei , Yeh Hui‐Chen , Liang Chi‐Min , Lin Jia‐De , Yang Po‐Chih , Lee Chia‐Rong 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWith the flourishing development of artificial intelligence, lasing with tailored features generated by photonic crystal (PhC) lasers has been playing a more important part in the optics field and in potential applications of self‐control, light detection and ranging, telecommunications, and holography imaging. As an information vehicle, the optical beam's maneuverability is influenced by the working wavelength, direction, and efficiency of the laser. Liquid crystal (LC)‐based mirrorless lasers are widely investigated in manipulating the tuning of emission wavelength. Realizing fast self‐steering of the laser beam to tune the emission direction is challenging because of the limitation on the complex and expensive inorganic fabrication and circuit design. In this work, a self‐steered lasing from a defect‐mode sandwich film composed of photomechanical deformable azobenzene cholesteric LC elastomer (CLCE) PhC layers and an isotropic gain interlayer is demonstrated. On the basis of the great light‐deformability of the CLCE, the output single‐mode lasing emission of the sandwich‐film laser can be steered quickly by UV irradiation in a wide angular tuning range of ≈±57°. This flexible, portable, and durable laser system with controllable beam‐steering and mechanical robustness is envisioned to open a gate for autonomous vehicles, self‐sustaining machines, and optical devices with the core feature of photomechanical conversion.
Constructing a Thin Disordered Self‐Protective Layer on the LiNiO2 Primary Particles Against Oxygen Release
Authors: Chen Jinniu , Yang Yang , Tang Yushu , Wang Yifan , Li Hang , Xiao Xianghui , Wang Suning , Darma Mariyam Susana Dewi , Etter Martin , Missyul Alexander , Tayal Akhil , Knapp Michael , Ehrenberg Helmut , Indris Sylvio , Hua Weibo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOne of the major challenges facing the application of layered LiNiO2 (LNO) cathode materials is the oxygen release upon electrochemical cycling. Here it is shown that tailoring the provided lithium content during synthesis process can create a disordered layered Li1‐xNi1+xO2 phase at the primary particle surface. The disordered surface, which serves as a self‐protective layer to alleviate the oxygen loss, possesses the same layered rhombohedral structure (Rm) as the inner core of primary particles of the Li1‐xNi1+xO2 (x ≈ 0). With advanced synchrotron‐based x‐ray 3D imaging and spectroscopic techniques, a macroporous architecture within the agglomerates of LNO with ordered surface (LNO‐OS) is revealed after only 40 cycles, concomitant with the reduction of nickel on the primary particle surface throughout the whole secondary particles. Such chemomechanical degradation accelerates the deterioration of LNO‐OS cathodes. Comparably, there are only slight changes in the nickel valence state and interior architecture of LNO with a thin disordered surface layer (LNO‐DS) after cycling, mainly arising from an improved robustness of the oxygen framework on the surface. More importantly, the disordered surface can suppress the detrimental H2 ⇋ H3 phase transition upon cycling compared to the ordered one.
Time‐Dependent Polychrome Stereoscopic Luminescence Triggered by Resonance Energy Transfer between Carbon Dots‐in‐Zeolite Composites and Fluorescence Quantum Dots
Authors: Yu Xiaowei , Liu Kaikai , Wang Bolun , Zhang Hongyue , Qi Yuanyuan , Yu Jihong 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLuminescence multiplexing shows promising application prospects in information security, yet even outstanding time division multiplexing can only carry limited luminescence information. Time–space division multiplexing can greatly expand the information capacity by simultaneously transferring luminescence information in both time and space dimensions. Herein, time‐dependent polychrome stereoscopic luminescence system has been successfully developed by designing a 3D luminescence system based on resonance energy transfer (RET), in which afterglow lifetime easily regulated carbon dots‐in‐zeolite composites are used as energy donors and multicolor fluorescence quantum dots (QDs) as energy acceptors. Taking perovskite QDs (PeQDs) as example, by matching the energy donors with different afterglow lifetimes and the energy acceptors with different fluorescence colors, tunable afterglow emission of PeQDs with wavelength within 463–614 nm and lifetime within 232–1500 ms can be realized, in which the maximal RET efficiency reaches 95%. As a proof of concept, such novel luminescence system that carries eight layers of luminescence information involving four dimensions (time and 3D space) is successfully applied in advanced time–space division multiplexing. This work opens a new perspective for the application of time‐space integrated luminescence systems in advanced information multiplexing.
Engineering CoP Alloy Foil to a Well‐Designed Integrated Electrode Toward High‐Performance Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Wu Mengqian , Wang Jiang , Liu Zhaozhao , Liu Xinyu , Duan Jingying , Yang Ting , Lan Jiao , Tan Yongwen , Wang Chengyang , Chen Mingming , Ji Kemeng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractNanostructured integrated electrodes with binder‐free design show great potential to solve the ever‐growing problems faced by currently commercial lithium‐ion batteries such as insufficient power and energy densities. However, there are still many challenging problems limiting practical application of this emerging technology, in particular complex manufacturing process, high fabrication cost, and low loading mass of active material. Different from existing fabrication strategies, here using a CoP alloy foil as a precursor a simple neutral salt solution‐mediated electrochemical dealloying method to well address the above issues is demonstrated. The resultant freestanding mesoporous np‐Co(OH)x/Co2P product possesses not only active compositions of high specific capacity and large electrode packing density (>3.0 g cm−3) to meet practical capacity requirements, high‐conductivity and well‐developed nanoporous framework to achieve simultaneously fast ion and electron transfer, but also interconnected ligaments and suitable free space to ensure strong structural stability. Its comprehensively excellent electrochemical energy storage (EES) performances in both lithium/sodium‐ion batteries and lithium‐ion capacitors can further illustrate the effectiveness of the integrated electrode preparation strategy, such as remarkable reversible specific capacities/capacitances, dominated pseudo‐capacitive EES mechanism, and ultra‐long cycling life. This study provides new insights into preparation and design of high‐performance integrated electrodes for practical applications.
Electron Tractor Beam: Deterministic Manipulation of Liquid Droplets on Solid Surfaces
Authors: Ukropcová Iveta , Dao Radek , Štubian Martin , Kolíbal Miroslav , Šikola Tomáš , Willinger Marc G. , Wang Zhu‐Jun , Zlámal Jakub , Bábor Petr 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe motion of liquid droplets is studied across many physics subfields and manipulation of nanoscale droplets on demand holds great promise in, e.g., nanotechnology. In this study, AuGe droplets on a germanium substrate are manipulated by an electron beam in a scanning electron microscope. The electron beam exposure creates a local temperature gradient in a substrate and induces a directional thermomigration of droplets nearby. To quantitatively analyse this phenomenon and to reveal the mechanism behind it, experimental observations under different conditions (beam current, sample temperature, scanning strategy) and simulations are combined. The obtained insights suggest that the droplet motion is limited by the dissolution of the substrate below the droplet. In addition, it is shown that the electron tractor beam is not only able to control the droplet motion but can also be used to split the droplets, thus opening new possibilities for droplet manipulation inside an SEM.
Acquiring a Newly Tailored 2D Dion–Jacobson Hybrid Perovskite with Large Structural Distortion for Efficient Crystal Array Photodetector
Authors: Fan Qingshun , Ma Yu , Xu Haojie , Liu Yi , Wang Beibei , Guo Wuqian , Hu Xinxin , Luo Junhua , Sun Zhihua 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDion–Jacobson (DJ) phase of 2D hybrid perovskites has recently attracted intensive attention owing to their remarkable optoelectronic properties and superior structural stability. In spite of great endeavors, only a few DJ‐type multilayered hybrid perovskites are obtained and most of them are constructed by very small organic spacer cations (e.g., Cs+ and CH3NH3+). It is still challenging to incorporate larger spacing moieties inside the perovskite cages for accomplishing excellent photoelectric properties. Herein, a newly tailored member of DJ‐type 2D perovskites, (HIS)(DMA)Pb2Br7 (1, where HIS2+ is histammonium and DMA+ is dimethylammonium), of which the perovskite cavities display a remarkable structural distortion to accommodate relatively larger secondary DMA+ cation as the “perovskitizer” is acquired. The monolayers of divalent HIS2+ organic cations directly link to inorganic sheets through NH∙∙∙Br hydrogen bonds, thus eliminating the van der Waals gap in 2D Ruddlesden–Popper counterparts and enabling superior phase stability. As a result, crystal‐based array photodetector of 1 shows fascinating photoactive activities of high detectivity (1.2 × 1013 Jones), large responsivity (18.1 A W−1), and antifatigue behavior, along with polarization‐sensitive detection based on the intrinsic anisotropy. Such findings disclose the potential of 1 for efficient photodetection, and definitely enrich the booming family of 2D hybrid perovskites.
Autonomous Resonance‐Tuning Mechanism for Environmental Adaptive Energy Harvesting
Authors: Lee Dong‐Gyu , Shin Joonchul , Kim Hyun Soo , Hur Sunghoon , Sun Shuailing , Jang Ji‐Soo , Chang Sangmi , Jung Inki , Nahm Sahn , Kang Heemin , Kang Chong‐Yun , Kim Sangtae , Baik Jeong Min , Yoo Il‐Ryeol , Cho Kyung‐Hoon , Song Hyun‐Cheol 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAn innovative autonomous resonance‐tuning (ART) energy harvester is reported that utilizes adaptive clamping systems driven by intrinsic mechanical mechanisms without outsourcing additional energy. The adaptive clamping system modulates the natural frequency of the harvester's main beam (MB) by adjusting the clamping position of the MB. The pulling force induced by the resonance vibration of the tuning beam (TB) provides the driving force for operating the adaptive clamp. The ART mechanism is possible by matching the natural frequencies of the TB and clamped MB. Detailed evaluations are conducted on the optimization of the adaptive clamp tolerance and TB design to increase the pulling force. The energy harvester exhibits an ultrawide resonance bandwidth of over 30 Hz in the commonly accessible low vibration frequency range (<100 Hz) owing to the ART function. The practical feasibility is demonstrated by evaluating the ART performance under both frequency and acceleration‐variant conditions and powering a location tracking sensor.
Biofloc and green water condition improves reproductive traits and fatty acid composition of Artemia franciscana cultured under limited algal conditions
Authors: Ogello Erick O. , Outa Nicholas O. , Mukaburu Bramwel O. , Muthoka Mavindu 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of biofloc and green water conditions on the survival, growth, reproductive traits, and fatty acid composition of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Artemia was cultured in glass jars using three replicated treatments, that is, Control (7.0 × 106 cells ml−1 of freshly cultured Tetraselmis tetrathele), green water technology—GWT (control + 0.5 g/L of chicken manure extract [CME]) and biofloc technology—BFT (GWT + molasses). Artemia cysts were hatched and batch cultured in a 1‐L glass jar containing 500 ml of natural seawater, stocked at 2 nauplii/ml. In the first 2 days, Artemia was fed with fresh T. tetrathele for conditioning, after which each treatment was applied daily until the end of the experiment. Artemia cultures were maintained at 28.0 ± 1°C using an electrically heated water bath system with constant aeration and light (2000 lux) for 30 days. There was higher Artemia survival in BFT (91.3 ± 3.2%) cultures than GWT (78.1 ± 2.9%) and Control (66.8 ± 1.3%). Female pre‐reproductive period (days) was longer (25 ± 0.5) in control than in GWT (21.8 ± 0.7) and BFT (19.6 ± 0.6), while reproductive period (days) was longer in BFT (20.9 ± 2.6) than GWT (16.4 ± 2.3) and Control (12.8 ± 1.9). Total broods per female per day were higher in BFT (4.3 ± 0.3) than in GWT (3.5 ± 0.2) and Control (2.5 ± 0.3). BFT enhanced the ovoviviparous reproduction cycle with higher total offspring per female (73.5 ± 6.1) than GWT (66.2 ± 7.9) and Control (42.6 ± 12.1). BFT‐cultured Artemia had higher concentrations of myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidic acid. Better Artemia reproductive and nutritive traits in BFT conditions could have been enhanced by the combination of nutritious biofloc and algal materials. BFT and CME promise a major leap towards developing a nutritionally rich diet for Artemia.