bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactions to China-linked Fake News: Experimental Evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Bauer Fin , Wilson Kimberly L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractChina is accused of conducting disinformation campaigns on Taiwan's social media. Existing studies on foreign interventions in democratic societies predict that such disinformation campaigns should lead to increasing partisan polarization within Taiwan. We argue that a backlash effect, making Taiwan's citizens more united against China, is equally plausible. We conduct a survey experiment exposing participants to a real-life rumour and rebuttal to test these competing hypotheses. We find, at best, mixed evidence for polarization. Although neither rumour nor rebuttal mention China, there is consistent evidence of backlash against China. Most notably, participants across the political spectrum are more inclined to support Taiwanese independence after viewing the rumour rebuttal. These findings indicate that citizens may put aside partisanship when confronted with false news that is plausibly linked to an external actor. We conclude by discussing the broader applicability of our theory and implications for cross-Strait relations.
Allowing for shocks in portfolio mortality models
Authors: Richards Stephen J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic creates a challenge for actuaries analysing experience data that include mortality shocks. Without sufficient local flexibility in the time dimension, any analysis based on the most recent data will be biased by the temporarily higher mortality. Also, depending on where the shocks sit in the exposure period, any attempt to identify mortality trends will be distorted. We present a methodology for analysing portfolio mortality data that offer local flexibility in the time dimension. The approach permits the identification of seasonal variation, mortality shocks and occurred-but-not reported deaths (OBNR). The methodology also allows actuaries to measure portfolio-specific mortality improvements. Finally, the method assists actuaries in determining a representative mortality level for long-term applications like reserving and pricing, even in the presence of mortality shocks. Results are given for a mature annuity portfolio in the UK, which suggest that the Bayesian information criterion is better for actuarial model selection in this application than Akaike’s information criterion.
Critical issues in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with gender and sexual minorities (GSMs)
Authors: Carvalho Sérgio A. , Castilho Paula , Seabra Daniel , Salvador Céu , Rijo Daniel , Carona Carlos 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn a cisheteronormative culture, gender and sexual minorities (GSMs) may experience additional challenges that get in the way of a meaningful life. It is crucial that clinicians are mindful of these challenges and cognizant about the specificities of clinical work with GSMs. This article points out how societal structure interferes with mental health, and clarifies what clinicians must take into account when using affirmative cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions. Knowledge of up-to-date terminology and use of affirmative language are the first steps that contribute to clients’ experience of respect, which is paramount for the development of a good therapeutic relationship. Considering a conceptual framework of minority stress to understand vulnerability in GSM, specificities in formulation and key psychological processes are discussed. Moreover, guidelines and practical tools for intervention are presented within a CBT approach. Some reflections on therapists’ own personal biases are encouraged, in order to increase the efficacy of interventions.Key learning aimsAfter reading this article you will be able to:(1)Recognize the uniqueness of gender and sexual minorities (GSM) stressors in broad and specific contexts, and their impact on mental health.(2)Identify the underlying key processes and specificities in therapeutic work with GSMs, from a CBT perspective.(3)Recognize the importance of a culturally sensitive approach in affirmative CBT interventions.
Influence of the Magnetic Field Strength and Solar Activity on the Thermospheric Zonal Wind
Authors: Wang Hui , Gao Jie , Zhang Kedeng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBased on Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model simulation and CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload observations, the effects of the geomagnetic field intensity and solar activity on the thermospheric zonal wind and related physical mechanisms are investigated. The weakening of the magnetic field results in an increase in the westward wind during the daytime and a decrease in the eastward wind at night, and leading to a decreasing superrotation. The weakening solar activity causes a reduction in the zonal wind and superrotation. The theoretical term analysis shows that when the magnetic field is weakened, the vertical upward drift velocity of the plasma increases, resulting in a decrease in the electron density in the F layer. The weakening of eastward acceleration of viscous force and ion drag results in an enhanced westward wind. The downward drift velocity of ions increases at night, resulting in an increase in the electron density, while the ion‐neutral velocity difference decreases. The weakening of eastward acceleration of pressure gradient and viscous force at night are main reasons for the decreased eastward wind. The reduced solar activity leads to a decrease in the pressure gradient and ion drag. Combined with the change of viscous force, these processes cause the decrease in the superrotation. The geomagnetic field configuration is responsible for the UT variation (potential longitudinal change) in the superrotation. When the magnetic field is weakened, although the average neutral wind decreases, the Pedersen conductivity of the F‐layer is quadrupled. Therefore, the meridional current system driven by the F‐layer dynamo is enhanced accordingly.
Preferential Energization of Lower‐Charge‐State Heavier Ions in the Near‐Earth Magnetotail
Authors: Keika K. , Kasahara S. , Yokota S. , Hoshino M. , Seki K. , Amano T. , Kistler L. M. , Nosé M. , Miyoshi Y. , Hori T. , Shinohara I. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractO+ ions make a significant contribution to plasma pressure in the inner magnetosphere during magnetic storms. The storm‐time O+ enhancements are primarily caused by enhanced supply from the ionosphere and preferential energization in the magnetotail. In order to characterize the magnetotail process that dominates the energization, we examine differences in energy spectra of energetic 10–180 keV/q ions between different ion species, namely H+, He++, He+. O++, and O+. We use observations made by the MEP‐i instrument on the Arase (ERG) spacecraft on the nightside in the radial distance range of ∼5–∼7 Re during the main and early recovery phases of the May and July 2017 storms. The comparisons of energy spectra show that, for the same charge states, heavier ions are more energized than lighter ions. For the same mass, lower‐charge‐state ions are more energized than higher‐charge‐state ions. The spectra exhibit a sharp decrease at high energies for all ion species, while the spectra for more energized ions were shifted toward higher energies, compared to those for less energized ions. The results suggest that the preferential energization is due to temperature increases rather than the generation of energetic ions in the high‐energy tail. Considering temporal and spatial scales of heavy ion kinetic motions, we conclude that the preferential energization of lower‐charge‐state heavier ions occurs during the course of dipolarization, likely due to non‐adiabatic heating in the near‐Earth plasma sheet, effective trapping during transport by localized flow channels, and/or non‐adiabatic acceleration within the near‐Earth flow‐braking region.
Identifying Relations Between Deep Convection and the Large‐Scale Atmosphere Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Retsch M. H. , Jakob C. , Singh M. S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDeep moist convection is responsible for a large fraction of rainfall in the tropics, but the interaction between deep convection and the large‐scale atmosphere remains poorly understood. Here, we apply machine learning techniques to examine relationships between the large‐scale state of the atmosphere and two measures of its convective state derived from radar observations in northern Australia: the total area occupied by deep convection and the degree of deep convective organization. Specifically, we use a neural net to predict convective area and convective organization as a function the large‐scale state, defined as the thermodynamic and dynamic properties of the atmosphere averaged over the radar domain. Building on research into explainable artificial intelligence, we apply so‐called “attribution methods” to quantify the most important large‐scale quantities determining these predictions. We find that the large‐scale vertical velocity is the most important contributor to the prediction of both convective measures, but for convective area, its absolute and relative influence are increased. Thermodynamic quantities like atmospheric moisture also contribute to the prediction of convective area, but they are found to be unimportant for convective organization. Instead, the horizontal wind field appears to be more relevant for the prediction of convective organization. The results highlight unique aspects of the large‐scale state that are associated with organized convection.
COVID‐19 Impacts Highlight the Need for Holistic Evaluation of Research in the Hydrologic Sciences
Authors:   CUAHSI Board of Directors & Officers
Published: January 2022

AbstractAs we reckon with the effect of COVID‐19 on the research enterprise in hydrologic science, it is important to acknowledge that disruptions will be persistent and that institutional‐level adjustments, while helpful, are not sufficient to mitigate all impacts on hydrologic scientists. Here, we describe the breadth of research contributions in the hydrologic sciences, consider how the pandemic has impacted this portfolio of contributions, document one impact that is already being realized in publication of research, and suggest guidance to the hydrologic science community, institutions, review panels, and funding organizations in considering these impacts at various stages of hiring and promotion in our community. Acknowledging the diversity of contributions to research is particularly valuable because it provides a more objective, transparent, and holistic basis for evaluating individuals within the context of norms of the hydrologic science community. With clearly established values, it is easier to identify impacts of life events, such as those related to the COVID‐19 pandemic, as they are manifested in individuals under a diversity of circumstances.
Genetic alterations of the SUMO isopeptidase SENP6 drive lymphomagenesis and genetic instability in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Schick Markus , Zhang Le , Maurer Sabine , Maurer Hans Carlo , Isaakaidis Konstandina , Schneider Lara , Patra Upayan , Schunck Kathrin , Rohleder Elena , Hofstetter Julia , Baluapuri Apoorva , Scherger Anna Katharina , Slotta-Huspenina Julia , Hettler Franziska , Weber Julia , Engleitner Thomas , Maresch Roman , Slawska Jolanta , Lewis Richard , Istvanffy Rouzanna , Habringer Stefan , Steiger Katja , Baiker Armin , Oostendorp Robert A. J. , Miething Cornelius , Lenhof Hans-Peter , Bassermann Florian , Chapuy Björn , Wirth Matthias , Wolf Elmar , Rad Roland , Müller Stefan , Keller Ulrich 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSUMOylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that regulates these proteins’ localization, turnover or function. Aberrant SUMOylation is frequently found in cancers but its origin remains elusive. Using a genome-wide transposon mutagenesis screen in a MYC-driven B-cell lymphoma model, we here identify the SUMO isopeptidase (or deconjugase) SENP6 as a tumor suppressor that links unrestricted SUMOylation to tumor development and progression. Notably, SENP6 is recurrently deleted in human lymphomas and SENP6 deficiency results in unrestricted SUMOylation. Mechanistically, SENP6 loss triggers release of DNA repair- and genome maintenance-associated protein complexes from chromatin thereby impairing DNA repair in response to DNA damages and ultimately promoting genomic instability. In line with this hypothesis, SENP6 deficiency drives synthetic lethality to Poly-ADP-Ribose-Polymerase (PARP) inhibition. Together, our results link SENP6 loss to defective genome maintenance and reveal the potential therapeutic application of PARP inhibitors in B-cell lymphoma.
Coding strategy for surface luminance switches in the primary visual cortex of the awake monkey
Authors: Yang Yi , Wang Tian , Li Yang , Dai Weifeng , Yang Guanzhong , Han Chuanliang , Wu Yujie , Xing Dajun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBoth surface luminance and edge contrast of an object are essential features for object identification. However, cortical processing of surface luminance remains unclear. In this study, we aim to understand how the primary visual cortex (V1) processes surface luminance information across its different layers. We report that edge-driven responses are stronger than surface-driven responses in V1 input layers, but luminance information is coded more accurately by surface responses. In V1 output layers, the advantage of edge over surface responses increased eight times and luminance information was coded more accurately at edges. Further analysis of neural dynamics shows that such substantial changes for neural responses and luminance coding are mainly due to non-local cortical inhibition in V1’s output layers. Our results suggest that non-local cortical inhibition modulates the responses elicited by the surfaces and edges of objects, and that switching the coding strategy in V1 promotes efficient coding for luminance.
The rise of grasslands is linked to atmospheric CO2 decline in the late Palaeogene
Authors: Palazzesi Luis , Hidalgo Oriane , Barreda Viviana D. , Forest Félix , Höhna Sebastian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGrasslands are predicted to experience a major biodiversity change by the year 2100. A better understanding of how grasslands have responded to past environmental changes will help predict the outcome of current and future environmental changes. Here, we explore the relationship between past atmospheric CO2 and temperature fluctuations and the shifts in diversification rate of Poaceae (grasses) and Asteraceae (daisies), two exceptionally species-rich grassland families (~11,000 and ~23,000 species, respectively). To this end, we develop a Bayesian approach that simultaneously estimates diversification rates through time from time-calibrated phylogenies and correlations between environmental variables and diversification rates. Additionally, we present a statistical approach that incorporates the information of the distribution of missing species in the phylogeny. We find strong evidence supporting a simultaneous increase in diversification rates for grasses and daisies after the most significant reduction of atmospheric CO2 in the Cenozoic (~34 Mya). The fluctuations of paleo-temperatures, however, appear not to have had a significant relationship with the diversification of these grassland families. Overall, our results shed new light on our understanding of the origin of grasslands in the context of past environmental changes.
Tolerogenic nanoparticles mitigate the formation of anti-drug antibodies against pegylated uricase in patients with hyperuricemia
Authors: Sands Earl , Kivitz Alan , DeHaan Wesley , Leung Sheldon S. , Johnston Lloyd , Kishimoto Takashi Kei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBiologic drugs have transformed the standard of care for many diseases. However, many biologics induce the formation of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), which can compromise their safety and efficacy. Preclinical studies demonstrate that biodegradable nanoparticles-encapsulating rapamycin (ImmTOR), but not free rapamycin, mitigate the immunogenicity of co-administered biologic drugs. Here we report the outcomes from two clinical trials for ImmTOR. In the first ascending dose, open-label study (NCT02464605), pegadricase, an immunogenic, pegylated uricase enzyme derived from Candida utilis, is assessed for safety and tolerability (primary endpoint) as well as activity and immunogenicity (secondary endpoint); in the second single ascending dose Phase 1b trial (NCT02648269) composed of both a double-blind and open-label parts, we evaluate the safety of ImmTOR (primary endpoint) and its ability to prevent the formation of anti-drug antibodies against pegadricase and enhance its pharmacodynamic activity (secondary endpoint) in patients with hyperuricemia. The combination of ImmTOR and pegadricase is well tolerated. ImmTOR inhibits the development of uricase-specific ADAs in a dose-dependent manner, thus enabling sustained enzyme activity and reduction in serum uric acid levels. ImmTOR may thus represent a feasible approach for preventing the formation of ADAs to a broad range of immunogenic biologic therapies.
Enteric α-synuclein impairs intestinal epithelial barrier through caspase-1-inflammasome signaling in Parkinson’s disease before brain pathology
Authors: Pellegrini C. , D’Antongiovanni V. , Miraglia F. , Rota L. , Benvenuti L. , Di Salvo C. , Testa G. , Capsoni S. , Carta G. , Antonioli L. , Cattaneo A. , Blandizzi C. , Colla E. , Fornai M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractsBowel inflammation, impaired intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB), and gut dysbiosis could represent early events in Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study examined, in a descriptive manner, the correlation among enteric α-synuclein, bowel inflammation, impairments of IEB and alterations of enteric bacteria in a transgenic (Tg) model of PD before brain pathology. Human A53T α-synuclein Tg mice were sacrificed at 3, 6, and 9 months of age to evaluate concomitance of enteric inflammation, IEB impairments, and enteric bacterial metabolite alterations during the early phases of α-synucleinopathy. The molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between α-synuclein, activation of immune/inflammatory responses and IEB alterations were investigated with in vitro experiments in cell cultures. Tg mice displayed an increase in colonic levels of IL-1β, TNF, caspase-1 activity and enteric glia activation since 3 months of age. Colonic TLR-2 and zonulin-1 expression were altered in Tg mice as compared with controls. Lipopolysaccharide levels were increased in Tg animals at 3 months, while fecal butyrate and propionate levels were decreased. Co-treatment with lipopolysaccharide and α-synuclein promoted IL-1β release in the supernatant of THP-1 cells. When applied to Caco-2 cells, the THP-1-derived supernatant decreased zonulin-1 and occludin expression. Such an effect was abrogated when THP-1 cells were incubated with YVAD (caspase-1 inhibitor) or when Caco-2 were incubated with anakinra, while butyrate incubation did not prevent such decrease. Taken together, early enteric α-synuclein accumulation contributes to compromise IEB through the direct activation of canonical caspase-1-dependent inflammasome signaling. These changes could contribute both to bowel symptoms as well as central pathology.
Gate-tunable pairing channels in superconducting non-centrosymmetric oxides nanowires
Authors: Singh Gyanendra , Guarcello Claudio , Lesne Edouard , Winkler Dag , Claeson Tord , Bauch Thilo , Lombardi Floriana , Caviglia Andrea D. , Citro Roberta , Cuoco Mario , Kalaboukhov Alexei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTwo-dimensional SrTiO3-based interfaces stand out among non-centrosymmetric superconductors due to their intricate interplay of gate-tunable Rashba spin-orbit coupling and multi-orbital electronic occupations, whose combination theoretically prefigures various forms of non-standard superconductivity. By employing superconducting transport measurements in nano-devices we present strong experimental indications of unconventional superconductivity in the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface. The central observations are the substantial anomalous enhancement of the critical current by small magnetic fields applied perpendicularly to the plane of electron motion, and the asymmetric response with respect to the magnetic field direction. These features cannot be accommodated within a scenario of canonical spin-singlet superconductivity. We demonstrate that the experimental observations can be described by a theoretical model based on the coexistence of Josephson channels with intrinsic phase shifts. Our results exclude a time-reversal symmetry breaking scenario and suggest the presence of anomalous pairing components that are compatible with inversion symmetry breaking and multi-orbital physics.
Sonic Hedgehog acts as a macrophage chemoattractant during regeneration of the gastric epithelium
Authors: Chakrabarti Jayati , Dua-Awereh Martha , Schumacher Michael , Engevik Amy , Hawkins Jennifer , Helmrath Michael A. , Zavros Yana 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSonic Hedgehog (Shh), secreted from gastric parietal cells, contributes to the regeneration of the epithelium. The recruitment of macrophages plays a central role in the regenerative process. The mechanism that regulates macrophage recruitment in response to gastric injury is largely unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that Shh stimulates macrophage chemotaxis to the injured epithelium and contributes to gastric regeneration. A mouse model expressing a myeloid cell-specific deletion of Smoothened (LysMcre/+;Smof/f) was generated using transgenic mice bearing loxP sites flanking the Smo gene (Smo loxP) and mice expressing a Cre recombinase transgene from the Lysozyme M locus (LysMCre). Acetic acid injury was induced in the stomachs of both control and LysMcre/+;Smof/f (SmoKO) mice and gastric epithelial regeneration and macrophage recruitment analyzed over a period of 7 days post-injury. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BM-Mø) were collected from control and SmoKO mice. Human-derived gastric organoid/macrophage co-cultures were established, and macrophage chemotaxis measured. Compared to control mice, SmoKO animals exhibited inhibition of ulcer repair and normal epithelial regeneration, which correlated with decreased macrophage infiltration at the site of injury. Bone marrow chimera experiments using SmoKO donor cells showed that control chimera mice transplanted with SmoKO bone marrow donor cells exhibited a loss of ulcer repair, and transplantation of control bone marrow donor cells to SmoKO mice rescued epithelial cell regeneration. Histamine-stimulated Shh secretion in human organoid/macrophage co-cultures resulted in macrophage migration toward the gastric epithelium, a response that was blocked with Smo inhibitor Vismodegib. Shh-induced macrophage migration was mediated by AKT signaling. In conclusion, Shh signaling acts as a macrophage chemoattractant via a Smo-dependent mechanism during gastric epithelial regeneration in response to injury.