bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terahertz Chiral Metamaterials Enabled by Textile Manufacturing
Authors: Wang Peng , Hu Rui , Huang Xiaotian , Wang Teng , Hu Shulin , Hu Min , Xu Huanhuan , Li Xiaoyu , Liu Keshuai , Wang Shengxiang , Kang Lei , Werner Douglas H. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEasy‐to‐fabricate, large‐area, and inexpensive microstructures that realize control of the polarization of terahertz (THz) radiation are of fundamental importance to the development of the field of THz wave photonics. However, due to the lack of natural materials that can facilitate strong THz radiation–matter interactions, THz polarization components remain an undeveloped technology. Strong resonance‐based responses offered by THz metamaterials have led to the recent development of THz metadevices, whereas, for polarization control devices, micrometer‐scale fabrication techniques including aligned photolithography are generally required to create multilayer microstructures. In this work, leveraging a two‐step textile manufacturing approach, a chiral metamaterial capable of exhibiting strong chiroptical responses at THz frequencies is demonstrated. Chiral‐selective transmission and pronounced optical activity are experimentally observed. In sharp contrast to smart‐clothing‐related devices (e.g., textile antennas), the investigated chiral metamaterials gain their THz properties directly from the yarn‐twisting enabled microhelical strings. It is envisioned that the interplay between meta‐atom designs and textile manufacturing technology will lead to a new family of metadevices for complete control over the phase, amplitude, and polarization of THz radiation.
Self‐Driven High Performance Broadband Photodetector Based on SnSe/InSe van der Waals Heterojunction
Authors: Yan Yufa , Abbas Ghulam , Li Feng , Li Yu , Zheng Bofang , Wang Huide , Liu Fusheng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSnSe as a van der Waals (vdW) layered material has an extremely low light‐dark current ratio and renders its application in high‐performance optoelectronics. Herein, a SnSe/InSe vertical‐vdW heterojunction with built‐in electrical field favorable for suppressing the dark current is achieved. The SnSe/InSe heterojunction behaves as a self‐driven photodetector with a typical rectification behavior, photovoltaic effect, and broadband detection ranging from visible to near infrared light (405–808 nm). Moreover, the SnSe/InSe photodetector at near infrared 808 nm still exhibits excellent and balanced photoresponse performance with R of 350 mA W−1, external quantum efficiency of 48% and detectivity of 5.8 × 1010 Jones, respectively. The results pave the way for the applications of the novel SnSe/InSe vdW heterostructures in broadband photodetectors and photovoltaic devices.
Recombination Pathways in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Odunmbaku George Omololu , Chen Shanshan , Guo Bing , Zhou Yongli , Ouedraogo Nabonswendé Aïda Nadège , Zheng Yujie , Li Jing , Li Meng , Sun Kuan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe outstanding optoelectronic properties of metal halide perovskites make them an attractive photovoltaic absorber material and has rapidly culminated in the development of highly efficient perovskite solar cells outperforming many conventional alternatives. However, the device stack still suffers from non‐negligible losses induced by various nonradiative recombination processes, which are not fully understood till date. This paper highlights recent findings attempting to understand the nature and origin of nonradiative recombination induced losses within the device stack, as well as the quantification of the magnitude and rates associated with key loss pathways mostly via steady state and transient contactless optical techniques. These studies show that nonradiative recombination processes occurring at interfaces are more dominant than those within the bulk of the perovskite absorber. However, recent findings also show that there remains room for improvement for the suppression of bulk nonradiative recombination. General routes for suppressing recombination processes within the bulk and at interfaces are discussed. Finally, current challenges are presented, which need to be overcome in order to obtain a deeper insight into the nature of defects at surfaces and within the bulk of perovskites, and ultimately enhance the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells toward their thermodynamic efficiency limit.
Passive Oxide Film Growth Observed On the Atomic Scale
Authors: Chen Xiaobo , Liu Zhenyu , Wu Dongxiang , Cai Na , Sun Xianhu , Zakharov Dmitri N. , Hwang Sooyeon , Su Dong , Wang Guofeng , Zhou Guangwen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDespite the ubiquitous presence of passivation on most metal surfaces, the microscopic‐level picture of how surface passivation occurs has been hitherto unclear. Using the canonical example of the surface passivation of aluminum, here in situ atomistic transmission electron microscopy observations and computational modeling are employed to disentangle entangled microscopic processes and identify the atomic processes leading to the surface passivation. Based on atomic‐scale observations of the layer‐by‐layer expansion of the metal lattice and its subsequent transformation into the amorphous oxide, it is shown that the surface passivation occurs via a two‐stage oxidation process, in which the first stage is dominated by intralayer atomic shuffling whereas the second stage is governed by interlayer atomic disordering upon the progressive oxygen uptake. The first stage can be bypassed by increasing surface defects to promote the interlayer atomic migration that results in direct amorphization of multiple atomic layers of the metal lattice. The identified two‐stage reaction mechanism and the effect of surface defects in promoting interlayer atomic shuffling can find broader applicability in utilizing surface defects to tune the mass transport and passivation kinetics, as well as the composition, structure, and transport properties of the passivation films.
Graphene‐Enabled Electrophoretic Ion Pump Delivery Devices
Authors: Seitanidou Maria , Sygletou Maria , Savva Kyriaki , Berggren Magnus , Stratakis Emmanuel , Simon Daniel T. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOrganic electronic ion pumps (OEIPs) have been investigated as a promising solution for precise local delivery of biological signaling compounds. OEIP miniaturization provides several advantages, ranging from better spatiotemporal control of delivery to reduced invasiveness for implanted devices. One miniaturization route is to develop OEIPs based on polyelectrolyte‐filled capillary fibers. These devices can be easily brought into proximity of targeted cells and tissues and could be considered as a starting point for other “iontronic” implants. To date, OEIPs and other such iontronics exhibit a limited electrode capacity as they generally rely on poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) electrodes. While this material is well studied and viable in mixed ion‐electron systems, its bulk capacitance is limited by eventual redox reactions. Graphene is an excellent alternative for high‐performance electrodes and low‐cost solution‐processed graphene derivatives are particularly promising, exhibiting high charge mobility and ideal structural properties (lightness, flexibility). Here, the application of solution‐processed reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as high‐performance driving electrodes for OEIPS is presented. RGO electrodes are characterized and compared with standard PEDOT:PSS (and Ag/AgCl) electrodes. The RGO exhibits greater charge storage capacity and thus increased operational lifetime. The graphene‐enabled OEIPs exhibit improved neurotransmitter transport, without imposing limitations to the applied current level.
Silicon Nanosphere with Accessible Magnetic Hotspot
Authors: Matsumori Akira , Sugimoto Hiroshi , Fujii Minoru 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHigh refractive index dielectric nanoparticles supporting the magnetic dipole (MD) Mie resonance are capable of inducing strongly enhanced magnetic field at an optical frequency, and have great potential for enhancing light–matter interactions such as magnetic dipole transitions of ions and molecules. However, the magnetic hotspot is usually located inside a nanoparticle and thus the development of technology to access the hotspot remains an urgent issue. Here, a silicon (Si) nanosphere having an access hole to the magnetic hotspot is proposed. Numerical simulations for a Si nanosphere with a hole of different diameters and depths are performed. Then, a solution‐based process to dig an access hole to a Si nanosphere is developed. A spectroscopic method to analyze nanohole‐induced anisotropy of a spherical nanoantenna is also developed. Finally, in combination with numerical simulations and angle‐resolved scattering measurements of a Si nanosphere with a nanohole, it is shown that the magnetic field intensity is 100‐fold enhanced at the nanohole.
Controllable Polarization and Diffraction Modulated Multi‐Functionality Based on Metasurface
Authors: Zhao Ruizhe , Geng Guangzhou , Wei Qunshuo , Liu Yue , Zhou Hongqiang , Zhang Xue , He Cong , Li Xin , Li Xiaowei , Wang Yongtian , Li Junjie , Huang Lingling 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDiffraction gratings are crucial optical elements in various optical systems, which can realize tailored diffraction energy distributions as well as phase modulations based on Fourier series. Meanwhile, the polarization gratings can produce arbitrarily specified polarization states on a set of desired diffraction orders for realizing polarimeter. However, simultaneously and independently tailoring the encoded phase profiles and polarization states in different diffraction orders has not been investigated previously. Here, a dielectric metasurface with the capability of generating different holographic images (generalized phase profiles) in different diffraction orders with controllable polarization states is proposed. Such functionality is achieved by applying the double‐phase method into the metasurface design process for manipulating the complex amplitude distributions of two orthogonal polarization bases. Furthermore, in order to prove that the proposed design strategy is suitable to achieve complicated wavefront modulation in a straightforward and convenient manner, a vectorial holographic image with spatially continuous polarization distribution is also obtained without any iteration process. The proposed method may pave the way to achieve a variety of applications such as beam shaping, polarization imaging as well as multifunctional optical systems.
Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions between Phenols and Hetarenes: Modern Trends in Cross‐Coupling Chemistry of Phenols
Authors: Fatykhov Ramil , Khalymbadzha Igor , Chupakhin Oleg 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPhenol derivatives are widespread as important building blocks in various pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and materials. Modern economy requires development of “green” methodologies that improve the efficiency of their use and reduction of waste. One such method is the C−H/C−H cross‐coupling, also known as the cross‐dehydrogenative coupling reaction. In this review article, we have summarised the C−H/C−H cross‐coupling reactions of phenols with five‐ and six‐membered heterocyclic compounds, systemised methods of activation of phenol or coupling partner. We discuss these advances with the goal of motivating increased interest to develop novel methodologies in this field of organic chemistry.magnified image
In‐Depth Identification of Phenolics Fractionated from Eucalyptus Kraft Lignin
Authors: Wang Jiangli , Zhao Chengke , Zhang Tanhao , Yang Linjie , Chen Honglei , Yue Fengxia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractKraft lignin, the principal by‐product of the pulping industry, is an abundant yet highly underutilized aromatic resource. It is useful due to the vast scales involved as a source of fuels, chemicals, and functional materials when suitable postprocessing is applied. It is deemed to be a renewable alternative to fossil sources. Because of the extreme complexity of kraft lignin, in‐depth composition analysis and chemical structural identification are crucial for the development of effective valorization strategies. This work embarks on the characterization and identification of lignin‐derived phenolic compounds in representative hardwood (Eucalyptus) kraft lignin after selective fractionation using a single solvent. Advanced 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 31P NMR, and mass spectrometry in combination with synthetic authentic compounds are used for the structural identification of the low‐molecular‐weight fraction of kraft lignin. A total of 20 phenolic compounds, including several novel monomers (catechols), dimers (diarylethanes, diarylethenes, etc.), and trimers with triphenyl structures are systematically identified in the Eucalyptus kraft lignin. In addition, polysulfide is detected in the low‐molecular‐weight fraction, indicating that the oxidative polymerization of S2−/HS− occurrs during the kraft pulping process. An improved understanding of kraft lignin, especially the low‐Mw fraction, is expected to provide essential information for the selective fractionation and valorization of lignin.
Neuroendocrine Regulation of Stress‐Induced T Cell Dysfunction during Lung Cancer Immunosurveillance via the Kisspeptin/GPR54 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Zhang Su , Yu Fangfei , Che Anran , Tan Binghe , Huang Chenshen , Chen Yuxue , Liu Xiaohong , Huang Qi , Zhang Wenying , Ma Chengbin , Qian Min , Liu Mingyao , Qin Juliang , Du Bing 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEmerging evidence suggests that physiological distress is highly correlated with cancer incidence and mortality. However, the mechanisms underlying psychological challenges‐mediated tumor immune evasion are not systematically explored. Here, it is demonstrated that acute restraint (AR) increases the level of the plasma neuropeptide hormones, kisspeptin, and the expression levels of its receptor, Gpr54, in the hypothalamus, splenic and tumor‐infiltrating T cells, suggesting a correlation between the neuroendocrine system and tumor microenvironment. Accordingly, administration of kisspeptin‐10 significantly impairs T cell function, whereas knockout of Gpr54 in T cells inhibits lung tumor progression by suppressing T cell dysfunction and exhaustion with or without AR. In addition, Gpr54 defective OT‐1 T cells show superior antitumor activity against OVA peptide‐positive tumors. Mechanistically, ERK5‐mediated NR4A1 activation is found to be essential for kisspeptin/GPR54‐facilitated T cell dysfunction. Meanwhile, pharmacological inhibition of ERK5 signaling by XMD8‐92 significantly reduces the tumor growth by enhancing CD8+ T cell antitumor function. Furthermore, depletion of GPR54 or ERK5 by CRISPR/Cas9 in CAR T cells intensifies the antitumor responses to both PSMA+ and CD19+ tumor cells, while eliminating T cell exhaustion. Taken together, these results indicate that kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling plays a nonredundant role in the stress‐induced tumor immune evasion.
Roles of Metal Ions in MXene Synthesis, Processing and Applications: A Perspective
Authors: Long Yu , Tao Ying , Shang Tongxin , Yang Haotian , Sun Zejun , Chen Wei , Yang Quan‐Hong 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWith a decade of effort, significant progress has been achieved in the synthesis, processing, and applications of MXenes. Metal ions play many crucial roles, such as in MXene delamination, structure regulation, surface modification, MXene composite construction, and even some unique applications. The different roles of metal ions are attributed to their many interactions with MXenes and the unique nature of MXenes, including their layered structure, surface chemistry, and the existence of multi‐valent transition metals. Interactions with metal ions are crucial for the energy storage of MXene electrodes, especially in metal ion batteries and supercapacitors with neutral electrolytes. This review aims to provide a good understanding of the interactions between metal ions and MXenes, including the classification and fundamental chemistry of their interactions, in order to achieve their more effective utilization and rational design. It also provides new perspectives on MXene evolution and exfoliation, which may suggest optimized synthesis strategies. In this respect, the different effects of metal ions on MXene synthesis and processing are clarified, and the corresponding mechanisms are elaborated. Research progress on the roles metal ions have in MXene applications is also introduced.
Rational Design and Spontaneous Sulfurization of NiCo‐(oxy)Hydroxysulfides Nanosheets with Modulated Local Electronic Configuration for Enhancing Oxygen Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zheng Xuerong , Cao Yanhui , Wu Zhong , Ding Wenlong , Xue Tao , Wang Jiajun , Chen Zelin , Han Xiaopeng , Deng Yida , Hu Wenbin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTransition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) have been identified as pre‐electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the high valent TMs in the in situ generated oxyhydroxides are considered to be the real OER catalytic center. However, the role of chalcogens for OER process has been ignored and not fully elucidated. Herein, it is discovered that about 2.8–3.5% of chalcogens remain in as oxidized derivatives at a steady state, which plays a vital role for enhancing the catalytic activity. A facile and spontaneous sulfurizing method is developed to synthesize sulfur‐doped NiCo‐(oxy)hydroxysulfides (NCOSH) nanosheets, in which the sulfur can directly bond with high‐valence TMs and keep them stable for OER catalysis. Theoretical and experimental results suggest that the S‐coordination in NCOSH can cause bond length strengthening and electronic modulation between TM‐S and TM‐O, thus enhancing the oxidation activity and stability of high‐valence TMs in NCOSH. Consequently, the as‐obtained NCOSH exhibits superior bifunctional activities and durability for oxygen electrocatalytic reactions, and also serves as a superb air cathode in rechargeable solid state Zn‐air batteries. This work sheds light on the rational design of (oxy)hydroxysulfides as efficient electrocatalysts and gains deeper fundamental insights on the enhancing mechanism of S in oxyhydroxysulfides for diverse electrochemical applications.
Insights into the Crossover Effects in Cells with High‐Nickel Layered Oxide Cathodes and Silicon/Graphite Composite Anodes
Authors: Zhang Xianhui , Cui Zehao , Manthiram Arumugam 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSilicon anodes are regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to graphite (Gr) anodes due to their ultrahigh capacity, abundance, and low cost. Coupling Si‐based anodes with high‐nickel layered oxide cathodes LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2 (NMC, x ≥ 0.8) can enhance the driving range for electric vehicles. Transition‐metal (TM) ion dissolution and deposition has been a long‐known failure mode for Gr‐based lithium‐ion batteries. However, the mechanistic insight associated with TM ion deposition on Si‐based anodes has rarely been reported. Herein, the impact of in situ deposited TM ions on SiOx/Gr composite anodes and the individual influences of Ni, Mn, and Co on the structural and electrochemical stability along with the underlying degradation mechanisms are presented. TM ion dissolution causes a greater deleterious impact on Si than on Gr, with different TM ions exhibiting different influences on anode‐electrolyte interphase formation. Specifically, Ni deposit induces more aggressive salt decomposition; Co deposit has negligible effect on salt decomposition, but significantly accelerates solvent decomposition; and Mn deposit aggravates both salt and solvent decompositions, resulting in worse full cell performance. The extent of degradation decreases in the order Mn2+ > Ni2+ > Co2+. The systematic comparisons presented can guide further development of high energy systems.
Microstructure of Methylammonium Lead iodide Perovskite Thin Films: A Comprehensive Study of the Strain and Texture
Authors: Medjahed Asma A. , Zhou Tao , Alvarez Quiceno Juan Camilo , Dally Pia , Pochet Pascal , Schülli Tobias U. , Djurado David , Reiss Peter , Pouget Stéphanie 
Published: February 2022

AbstractControlling the microstructure of hybrid halide perovskite thin films is essential for optimizing their performance in optoelectronic devices. It is well established that the strain state of the perovskite layer affects its stability. Likewise, the orientation of the perovskite lattice is a determining parameter as these materials have shown pronounced anisotropies in their physical and mechanical properties. In this work, the authors focus on the understanding of the mechanisms that govern the strain and texture observed in MAPbI3 thin films deposited on various oxide substrates. A thorough study of the evolution of the strain of the perovskite layer upon cooling down to room temperature from the crystallization temperature (100 °C) shows an essentially relaxed behavior of the perovskite layers. This result contradicts the commonly accepted hypothesis according to which MAPbI3 layers synthesized above ambient temperature are strained due to the large mismatch in the thermal expansion coefficients of the perovskite and its substrate. The texture in MAPbI3 layers is investigated by means of synchrotron full‐field diffraction X‐ray microscopy. This technique allows the direct observation of the [hh0] and [00l]‐oriented domains at the origin of the observed textures, demonstrating both their twin and ferroelastic nature. The stability of the different domain orientations is investigated by DFT calculations, illustrating the determining role of the chemical environment at the film‐substrate interface. PbI2‐ terminated surfaces are found to favor the [hh0] orientations while for MAI‐terminated ones, both [hh0] and [00l] domains are equally stabilized. The different results constitute an important step of clarification and understanding from the perspective of controlling the microstructure of perovskite layers.
Uncovering the Mechanism of Poly(ionic‐liquid)s Multiple Inhibition of Ion Migration for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yang Jia , Sheng Wangping , Li Ruiming , Gong Lingyun , Li Yanyan , Tan Licheng , Lin Qianqian , Chen Yiwang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLongevity is a key constraint for hybrid perovskite based photovoltaics. Here it is demonstrated that ion migration‐induced degradation can be eliminated by incorporation of multifunctional poly(ionic‐liquid)s (PILs) additives, resulting in ultrastable perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). The presence of PILs suffices to construct an “ionic polymer network,” providing the functionalities of defect passivation and ion immobilization by concurrently forming a physical barrier and chemical bonding. Compared with the defect passivation effect for the imidazolium‐based PIL (PIL‐Im) case, the quaternary ammonium‐based PIL (PIL‐Am) shows a higher interaction energy with the perovskite due to the stronger electronic coupling ascribed to the additional complexation, which endows the corresponding perovskite with higher migration energy for iodide ions. As a result, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of anion‐cation‐mixed hybrid n‐i‐p PVSCs with PIL‐Am is remarkably improved from 20.26% to 22.22%. Specifically, the PILs‐modified device perfectly retains its dark current characteristics upon a cooling (−40 °C)–heating (85 °C) process. The unencapsulated PIL‐Am stabilized PVSC maintains 80% of the initial PCE under AM 1.5G light soaking for nearly 1500 h. The corresponding device also displays pronounced stability under thermal stress or realistic operation conditions.