bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Net economic benefits of well-below 2°C scenarios and associated uncertainties
Authors: Drouet Laurent , Bosetti Valentina , Tavoni Massimo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractClimate stabilization pathways reviewed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change depict the transformation challenges and opportunities of a low carbon world. The scenarios provide information about the transition, including its economic repercussions. However, these calculations do not account for the economic benefits of lowering global temperature; thus, only gross policy costs are reported and discussed. Here, we show how to combine low carbon pathways’ mitigation costs with the growing but complex literature quantifying the economic damages of climate change. We apply the framework to the scenarios reviewed in the Special Report on 1.5°C of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Under a probabilistic damage function and climate uncertainty, we show that Paris-compliant trajectories have net present economic benefits but are not statistically different from zero. After mid-century, most scenarios have higher benefits than costs; these net benefits are most prominent in developing countries. We explore the robustness of results to an extensive set of damage functions published in the literature, and for most of the specifications examined, we cannot reject the null hypothesis of net benefits. Future research could improve these results with a better understanding of damage functions with greater coverage of damages and including adaptation and its cost.
Indigenous Knowledge and Oral Traditions in Nigeria
Authors: Falola Toyin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Historical reconstruction and documentation of events and practices among preliterate societies is a dauting task with which Africanist scholars—historians in particular—must contend. In the face of growing concern about the accuracy of the information produced regarding the African past and preserved in the colonial archives, oral traditions, in their various forms, have gained more traction among Africanist scholars. These traditions consist of several genres of indigenous knowledge production communicated to us verbally through what has been described as “ritual archives,” “oral artifacts,” and many more, as they constitute the pillars of African past and personality. Over the years, these traditions have evolved along with the cultures and societies that produced them. This chapter interrogates the viability of these sources vis-à-vis their meanings, makings, limitations, and changes in practice and theory as related to the Nigerian experience.
Nigeria and African Affairs
Authors: Oyebade Adebayo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Nigeria’s role in African affairs from its independence in 1960 to the present time. It introduces readers to the dynamics of the country’s foreign policy toward Africa and relations with some African states. It reviews the Nigerian foreign policy shift from the cautious, conservative preoccupation of the 1960s to the bolder, more radical principles of the post-civil war period in the 1970s and 1980s. It examines Nigeria as a dominant power on the continent for much of its post-independence history, its role in West Africa’s subregion, and within the pan-African body, the Organization of African Unity (now African Union). Further, it examines Nigeria’s role in Africa’s struggle against European imperialism, especially its leadership of the liberation movement in Southern Africa. Finally, the chapter briefly examines Nigeria’s declining power in Africa in the contemporary period.
State Management and Political Institutions in Nigeria before 1800
Authors: Osadolor Osarhieme Benson 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The evolution of political institutions before 1800 derived from the origins of social complexity, and the responses to local geographical factors, not least of which were contacts with other cultures or their influences that stimulated the emergence of a wide range of diverse power structures and socio-political superstructures for state management. The wielding of authority and the function of governing was closely related to the emergence of the state, its management, and political institutions’ evolution. The wide variety of state structures is also derived from the many trajectories of state formation. The mega- and mini-states’ political structures reflect diverse power structures, authority, and organizational structures. The most common of the politically organized community was the kingdom, which was a territorial unit with a kingship system, though Great Benin Empire, Oyo Empire, and Kanem–Borno Empire engaged in empire-building to enlarge the size of their territories and the influence of their power and authority in a wider geographical area.
The Conquest of Nigeria
Authors: Sani Abubakar Babajo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter relates the British colonial conquest of Nigeria, which began with the removal of all visible oppositions to the imposition of British rule. It talks about the expansion and consolidation of British rule, and the use of diplomacy and coercion to reduce and contain potential opposition. It also mentions inaccessible areas in Northern Nigeria that offered pockets of stiff resistance to the British until the 1920s, located in some remote places with rough topography and decentralized political systems. The chapter looks at the series of events that occurred in Nigerian regions between 1885 and 1914 that have their roots in Europe since the early nineteenth century and were linked to Industrialization and the rise of New Imperialism. It highlights the colonial occupation of the Nigerian areas, the process of the occupation, and how Nigeria was incorporated under the British colonial empire.
Agriculture, Environment, and Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Authors: Korieh Chima J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Agriculture is the most critical economic activity in every society. It has historically remained the source of food that sustains the population and a source of wealth accumulation. This chapter looks at the intersection of environment, agriculture, and sustainable development. Whether it be crop production or animal husbandry, suitable agricultural production is dependent on a suitable and sustainable environment. This article looks at the link between the environment, agricultural productivity, and sustainable development. It also examines the link between contemporary agricultural crisis and environmental crisis and how both issues have posed a challenge to continued and future suitable, sustainable development.
Embrainment and Enculturation: Culture, Brain, and Self
Authors: Northoff Georg 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Embrainment and enculturation are central concepts in cultural neuroscience, but their mechanisms remain unclear. Embrainment describes how cultural contexts are encoded into the brain’s neuronal activity, whereas enculturation means that neuronal activity is impacted by cultural contexts as manifested in the brain’s affective and cognitive functions. This chapter takes the self as a paradigmatic example of embrainment and enculturation. It discusses different concepts of self and shows the neuronal correlates of self, which highlight spatiotemporal, scale-free (i.e., across different spatial and temporal scales operating in a self-similar way), and stochastic mechanisms. That very same spatiotemporal, scale-free, and stochastic encoding is manifested on the mental level in human selves, which, therefore, are relational and spatiotemporal. The chapter concludes that embrainment and enculturation reflect two distinct aspects of one and the same underlying process, that is, self-related processing as manifested in the self as relational self. Moreover, as human selves provide the basis of mental health, the here-described mechanisms of embrainment and enculturation of self are central for global mental health as people with their self and the underlying brain’s spontaneous activity move across different cultures.
String Instruments—Bowed
Authors: Woodhouse Jim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the scientific study of bowed-string instruments, concentrating on aspects that are of direct relevance to performers. Points of similarity and contrast with plucked-string instruments are discussed. A key similarity is in the question of what governs the loudness of any acoustical string instrument. The key contrast is in the manner in which a bowed string vibrates: this is governed by more complicated physics than the vibration of a plucked string, and this has important implications for “playability” and other aspects of performance such as the wolf note. Because of the nature of the subject matter, the organization of the chapter does not separate the background science from the implications for performance: as each successive topic is discussed, implications for performers and teachers are discussed in an integrated way.
Motion Capture of Music Performances
Authors: Wanderley Marcelo M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Motion capture (mocap)—the recording of three-dimensional movement using high-accuracy systems—has become a standard research tool in the analysis of music performances in the last two decades. A variety of systems is currently available, ranging from optical, multi-camera (passive and/or active) infra-red systems and inertial systems (using orientation sensors) to electromagnetic trackers providing six degrees-of-freedom (DoF) measurement per marker/sensor. Recent advances in technology have made many of these systems more affordable, allowing access to a large research community. Music-related mocap applications include the tracking movements of solo or group, beginner, or expert performers and instruments for teaching performance skills, comparing movement strategies across performers, generating movement synthesis parameters in animation, and use in real-time music interaction. This chapter introduces the basic concepts behind motion capture, reviews the most common mocap technologies used in the study of music performance, and presents several examples of research, pedagogy, and artistic uses. Mocap of single acoustic instrument performances is reviewed, including violin, cello, piano, clarinet, timpani, and acoustic guitar, as well as examples of mocap of multiple instruments. Finally, we discuss the limitations of mocap and possible solutions to overcome them.
Practicing and Rehearsing
Authors: Davidson Jane W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article, focusing largely on Western art music including jazz, explores the processes involved in bringing a performance to fruition through the work of practice and rehearsal: a creative ecology of musical action. Framed by sociology and psychology theory and empirical investigation, it considers how rules, structures, and exploration shape musical preparation. Practice, as a skills-focused activity, is shown to balance amassed hours of routine practice with exploratory engagement aided by instructional, role-model, and self-determined learning opportunities. Rehearsal is revealed as a process in which musicians are responsive, offering subtle expression and modification to develop their interpretations and manage evolving changes that unfurl in interaction with co-musicians. Case studies explore practice and rehearsal techniques such as conditioning, adaptation, and mental and imaginative enactment alongside the use of performance cues for memorization and expression outcomes.
Writing Jewishness in Dance
Authors: Kosstrin Hannah 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This concluding chapter addresses how to write from dances’ movement instead of from pre-existing labels or limited preconceptions to discuss Jewishness in dance. Focusing on Yemenite-Israeli-American dancer Ze’eva Cohen’s performances of Mothers of Israel (1974) by Margalit Oved and Countdown (1966) by Rudy Perez, the chapter argues that writing from the movement and researching elements of Jewishness with which the writer may be unfamiliar works to dismantle the Ashkenormativity, or dominance of European Jewishness at the expense of African, Arabic, Asian, and Mediterranean Jewishnesses, in the Jewish Diaspora. The chapter introduces the term kinesthetic peoplehood, the ways people feel connected to a diaspora through dance practices, as a framework for analyzing dancing in the Jewish Diaspora that fosters diverse conceptions of Jewishness onstage.
Decolonizing Australian Settler-Colonial Masculinity
Authors: Prehn Jacob 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that Australian settler-colonial masculinity needs to be decolonized for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men to freely express themselves and feel valued. For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men, settler-colonial masculinity is toxic. Generally, it subordinates or marginalizes those who do not possess particular traits and qualities, or who exhibit behaviors deemed other than ideal, and this is problematic. However, for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men, even when these desirable characteristics are possessed, settler-colonial masculinity continues to alienate and disempower. By decolonizing Australian settler-colonial masculinity to incorporate Indigenous worldviews, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men will gain greater freedom to express masculinities that are valued. To begin this process, this chapter looks toward the challenges and successes of other social movements aiming to contest gender relations, and the power held by White heteropatriarchy. Based on their experiences, this chapter proposes that the decolonization of settler-colonial masculinity can be achieved by applying an intersectional approach, by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men using strategic essentialism, eliciting support from and working with allies to enhance social change, and educating about the marginalization of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander identities.
Superdiversity in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Grillo Ralph D. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
There are various was of engaging with comparison, but the principal concern of this chapter is with locating the socioeconomic and political conditions that shape (super)diversity. A key illustration of this is the process of “diversification” and its governance. The chapter approaches this topic by comparing the different contexts in which ethnic and cultural diversity has arisen, the form it has taken, and the responses to it. The chapter includes three brief case studies of cities at certain critical moments (Kampala in the 1960s, Lyon in the 1970s, and London in the 2000s) and compares their diversification, assessing similarities and differences.
The Three Hypostases in Origen
Authors: Hengstermann Christian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Divine and human freedom are explored and highlighted as foundational structures for Origen’s proto-trinitarian theology. In a novel attempt to capture the outlines of a proto-trinitarian theology, the author of this chapter turns to Origen’s exegesis of Isaiah’s vision. Using clues from Origen’s commentary on Isaiah’s vision, he discerns the outlines of a Trinitarian schema of three distinct hypostases unified by a single soteriological trajectory. The Father is both self-contemplating intellect and ‘Unbegotten Freedom’; the Son is both passive Wisdom (at rest) in contemplation of the Father and active Word (eternal motion) in the expressiveness of the comprehensive richness of the One in the Many. The Holy Spirit rests in the Epinoia of the Son and engenders these virtues in souls of the saints in a process of sanctification. The old question of Origen’s subordinationism is mitigated by new understandings of the dynamic element of will in Origen’s ontology and anthropology, in both divine and human freedom.
Utilizing 3D bioprinted platelet-rich fibrin-based materials to promote the regeneration of oral soft tissue
Authors: Yi Ke , Li Qing , Lian Xiaodong , Wang Yapei , Tang Zhihui 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Oral soft tissue defects remain difficult to treat owing to the limited efficacy of available treatment materials. Although the injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) is a safe, autologous source of high levels of growth factors that is often employed to promote the regeneration of oral soft tissue, its effectiveness is restrained by difficulties in intraoperative shaping together with the burst-like release of growth factors. We herein sought to develop a bioactive bioink composed of i-PRF, alginate and gelatin capable of promoting the regeneration of the oral soft tissue. This bioink was successfully applied in 3D bioprinting and exhibited its ability to be shaped to individual patient needs. Importantly, we were also able to significantly prolong the duration of multiple growth factors release as compared to that observed for i-PRF. The growth factor bioavailability was further confirmed by the enhanced proliferation and viability of printed gingival fibroblasts. When deployed in vivo in nude mice, this bioink was further confirmed to be biocompatible and to drive enhanced angiogenic activity. Together, these data thus confirm the successful production of an i-PRF-containing bioink, which is suitable for the individualized promotion of the regeneration of oral soft tissue.
Xer recombination for the automatic deletion of selectable marker genes from plasmids in enteric bacteria
Authors: Salerno Paola , Leckenby Matthew W , Humphrey Bruce , Cranenburgh Rocky M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes are widely used to select bacteria transformed with plasmids and to prevent plasmid loss from cultures, yet antibiotics represent contaminants in the biopharmaceutical manufacturing process, and retaining antibiotic resistance genes in vaccines and biological therapies is discouraged by regulatory agencies. To overcome these limitations, we have developed X-mark™, a novel technology that leverages Xer recombination to generate selectable marker gene-free plasmids for downstream therapeutic applications. Using this technique, X-mark plasmids with antibiotic resistance genes flanked by XerC/D target sites are generated in Escherichia coli cytosol aminopeptidase (E. coli pepA) mutants, which are deficient in Xer recombination on plasmids, and subsequently transformed into enteric bacteria with a functional Xer system. This results in rapid deletion of the resistance gene at high resolution (100%) and stable replication of resolved plasmids for more than 40 generations in the absence of antibiotic selective pressure. This technology is effective in both Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica bacteria due to the high degree of homology between accessory sequences, including strains that have been developed as oral vaccines for clinical use. X-mark effectively eliminates any regulatory and safety concerns around antibiotic resistance carryover in biopharmaceutical products, such as vaccines and therapeutic proteins.
Graphical Abstract
Replacing cottonseed meal and sorghum with dried distillers’ grains with solubles enhances the growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of feedlot lambs
Authors: Quadros Danilo G , Kerth Chris R 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe evaluated the impacts of substituting cottonseed meal (CSM) and sorghum grain (SG) with dried distillers` grains with solubles (DDGS) in lamb feedlot diets on the dry matter intake (DMI), the growth performance, blood serum analysis, feces phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), wool production and quality, carcass traits, adipose tissue fatty acid (FA) profiles, and sensory panel tests. For 72 d, Rambouillet wether lambs (n = 44, initial body weight, BW = 28.8 ± 3.3 kg) were individually fed ad libitum pelleted diets containing DDGS that replaced 0% (0DDGS), 25% (25DDGS), 50% (50DDGS), or 75% (75DDGS) of the CSM and SG in a completely randomized design trial. Linear and quadratic effects of DDGS levels on the response variables were analyzed. Treatment × day interactions (P &lt; 0.001) were observed for BW and DMI. As the DDGS level was increased, DMI (from days 21 to 70), lamb BW (from days 56 to 70), average daily gain, blood urea nitrogen and P, and fecal P linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05). Fecal N quadratically increased (P = 0.01), but no effects were found for gain:feed, blood insulin-like growth factor-1, or calcium. No differences in wool production or most of the wool quality parameters were detected. Adipose tissue stearic acid linearly increased (P = 0.02), linoleic acid quadratically increased (P = 0.01), and oleic acid tended to quadratically decrease (P = 0.08) as the DDGS increased in the diets. Increasing the DDGS level in the diets quadratically increased the hot carcass weight (P = 0.02), backfat thickness (P = 0.04), and body wall thickness (P &lt; 0.001) while having no impact on the longissimus muscle area. As the DDGS increased in the diet, juiciness, tenderness, and overall acceptability linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05), while having no effect on the cook-loss, flavor intensity, or off-flavor detectability. Replacing 50% of CSM and SG with DDGS improved growth performance and enhanced the carcass and meat quality.
Comparative Analysis of the Rhizospheric Bacterial Communities of Flue-Cured Tobacco Affected by Granville Wilt
Authors: García-Rodríguez Raymond O'danny , Thiessen Lindsey D. 
Published: April 2022

Ralstonia solanacearum is a yield-limiting disease in flue-cured tobacco production in the Southeast United States and other major producing countries worldwide. Studies determining the association between the rhizospheric bacterial community composition, R. solanacearum distribution in the field, and soil physicochemical properties have not been conducted. In this study, the 16S rRNA gene of 144 rhizosphere samples, collected from three different fields (A, B, and C) in North Carolina, were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq v3 chemistry to (i) compare the rhizospheric bacterial community of healthy and diseased plants inside and outside “hot-spots”; (ii) identify potential bacterial indicators for Granville wilt suppression; and (iii) examine edaphic factors associated with rhizospheric bacterial composition and disease distribution in flue-cured tobacco fields. The phylum Proteobacteria was the most abundant in all fields and sampled locations within fields. Eighteen genera, including Bacillus and Pantoea, which are known antagonists of R. solanacearum, were consistently found in the rhizosphere samples from healthy plants in only one of the fields. Organic matter, Mn, and Ca contents were descriptive of the rhizosphere community structure found in healthy samples. In conclusion, the results obtained from the present study suggest that disease outcome and distribution could be associated with variation on community composition driven by edaphic factors and the presence of an antagonist. This study provides evidence of naturally occurring antagonists that could be exploited in novel management strategies for R. solanacearum suppression in modern flue-cured production systems. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .