bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technology-Enhanced Learning of Performance
Authors: Ramirez-Melendez Rafael , Waddell George 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Technology is used in all aspects of musical practice, whether in developing instruments, recording performances, or linking musicians with audiences. Music education has also benefited from new digital tools, though the integration of technological approaches has not been as pervasive across learning environments and methods. This chapter summarizes recent research examining the attitudes toward and use of music technology in the learning of music performance, with particular focus on the domain of one-to-one teaching. It highlights new and developing hardware and software designed to address specific musical skills, from intonation and rhythmic accuracy to tone quality and expressiveness, and to drive self-regulated learning. The Technology Enhanced Learning of Music Instrument Performance (TELMI) project is presented as a case study demonstrating how state-of-the-art methods of audio and video analysis, motion capture, artificial intelligence, and musician-designed feedback displays are being advanced and integrated to develop the next generation of music learning tools. This chapter sets out an optimistic view of technology’s future as a tool to increase the accessibility, efficiency, and interactivity of music learning, and highlights the many ways in which musicians can take part in the evolution of technology-enhanced learning.
Fostering Musicians’ Wellbeing
Authors: Ascenso Sara , Delle Fave Antonella , Perkins Rosie , Williamon Aaron 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has for decades highlighted that health is more than just the absence of disorder. Musicians’ wellbeing has received growing attention over the years, and the music sector seems increasingly engaged in its investigation and promotion. However, initiatives tend to focus on eliminating disorder, with performance anxiety and injury dominating the sector’s efforts. Aiming to understand and promote musicians’ wellbeing in line with the WHO’s proposal requires broadening our outlook beyond the stresses and strains of the profession and looking at positive indicators of human functioning. Positive Psychology is an innovative framework at the center of the latest wellbeing research that can help musicians in this pursuit. It focuses on the conditions that lead individuals and communities to live to their fullest potential. This chapter provides an introduction to Positive Psychology and outlines some of its more prominent wellbeing models. We explore recent findings resulting from the application of this framework to the music sector and examine its promise as an innovative lens to shape wellbeing promotion strategies with musicians.
Mindfulness
Authors: Diaz Frank M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mindfulness is a state of consciousness characterized by deliberate attention, non-judgmental monitoring of experience, and self-inquiry. Individuals with a propensity to experience mindfulness report a number of cognitive and mental health benefits, and in skilled endeavors such as music and athletics, mindfulness is associated with improved performance. One of the most popular ways of cultivating mindfulness is through formal meditation. However, the psychological processes that define mindfulness can be enacted within various contexts and endeavors, including musical activities. This chapter draws on insights from neuroscience, psychology, and other disciplines in order to describe how mindfulness might benefit musicians, and includes suggestions for applying mindfulness in practice and performance settings.
Stage Behavior, Impression Management, and Charisma
Authors: Platz Friedrich , Kopiez Reinhard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The live presentation of music depends not only on the auditory modality but also on the comprehensive preparation of visual and auditory components. As shown throughout the history of music, this unity of senses has always been a central feature of live music performance. However, the rise of technical means of sound recording and storage in the twentieth century has reduced the multimodal character of music performance to isolated streams of information with a bias toward the auditory modality. Based on findings from experimental work on music performance evaluation, this chapter aims to revisit the underlying concept of live concerts, namely, the unity of senses with particular emphasis on the often-neglected visual component. In this chapter, we present the many facets of multimodal interactions in concerts and make suggestions for making the best use of these interactions to enhance the performer’s opportunities and contribute to enhanced, persuasive performance. However, instead of presenting a simple list of “do’s and don’ts,” we encourage performers to find out the appropriate stage behavior in a particular performance setting, which also fits their personal and authentic style.
Creating Sustainable Performance Careers
Authors: Burland Karen , Bennett Dawn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews and distills the diverse literature on performance careers in music. It begins by exploring the issues and concepts involved in a performance career, examining the nature and shape of musicians’ work across the career lifespan. Next, factors that influence sustainability are discussed; these include initial and ongoing education, job-getting and the role of networks, place-making, mental and physical wellbeing, and musician identity. Drawing on these sources, the chapter examines likely influences on the creation of sustainable performance careers before turning to practical implications for the performing musician and for those who prepare and support them in their careers.
Disability Prevalence, Measurement, and Health in a
Global Context
Authors: Sykes Bryan L. , Strong Justin D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
While the rights of people with disabilities have ascended in global importance and institutional recognition, nation-states remain instrumental in addressing health inequalities. Worldwide, people with disabilities face formidable barriers to optimizing their life and health chances, and these barriers further hinder political and civil participation. This chapter seeks to understand how disability rates are associated with observed democratic principles, including the enshrinement and protection of disability rights into national laws and constitutional doctrines. Put differently, to what extent do more egalitarian and healthy democracies address the material needs of people with disabilities? To answer this question, we combine data from four publicly available, international databases to examine disability rates across global and national policies. We show that considerable variation exists across countries for three axes of inequality: disability-related health metrics, disability policies, and democratic ideals. Our findings speak to the importance of exploring how the structure of democracy itself and its attendant democratic ideals are central considerations in the production of population health, disability rates, and social inequality.
Dangerous Drugs From Habit to Addiction
Authors: Hickman Timothy A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter, concentrating mainly on Anglophone cultures, examines the emergence and construction of drug use as a social, medical, and legal problem in the late nineteenth century, which was a prelude to their early twentieth-century legal restriction. Growing belief in the concept of “addiction” as an explanation of habitual drug use was central to this transformation and, for many specialists, addiction encompassed the principal social and medical harms born by narcotic drugs such as morphine or cocaine. The emergence of addiction as a medical or disease concept fostered the change from older moralistic models of the habits and harms inflicted by inebriation, those inherited from previous religiously inspired temperance movement anti-alcohol campaigns. It reflected and enhanced the growing power of the medical profession as reformers seized upon new “scientific” justifications for legal restrictions on the use of what became depicted as dangerous drugs.
Middle East Drug Cultures in the Long View
Authors: Ram Haggai 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the integration of opium, cannabis/hashish, tobacco, and coffee into Middle East drug cultures from the rise of Islam in the seventh century through the long nineteenth century. Each of these key stimulants or intoxicants was introduced and disseminated in the region independently, some earlier than others, with each drug becoming subject to distinct perceptions; medicinal, legal and political discourses; and distinct social anxieties and controversies. Yet, beginning in the seventeenth century, the budding of new urban coffeehouses throughout the Middle East meant that such drugs could now be consumed together under a single roof. As a result, novel patterns of shared consumption and sociability were forged across Middle East societies. These processes and the debates they precipitated are explored in their Ottoman and Iranian contexts, providing a broader comparative perspective on these drug transformations.
The Cultural Biography of Opium in China
Authors: Zheng Yangwen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Opium is central in the history of nineteenth- to early twentieth-century late imperial and modern China. Opium’s shift from herbal medicine into a larger narco-economy helped shape China’s foreign relations and economic life, affecting Chinese culture and the long struggle for modern China. This chapter puts together researched social history issues of who smoked opium, when, and why. By considering opium as a consumer item, historians “decriminalize” and depoliticize thinking about the drug and its consumption. Opium, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, began to appeal to millions of consumers from different regions and backgrounds as they indigenized, integrated, enhanced, and reinvented opium smoking as something Chinese. The demand for drugs’ rising consumption drove its rising trade, foreign conflicts, prohibition, and modern state “opium regimes.” Drug consumer culture offers a window on how a commodity and its consumption impacted the course of Chinese history.
The Making of Pariah Drugs in Latin America
Authors: Campos Isaac 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
From the middle of the nineteenth century down to World War II, countries across Latin America saw the rise of increasingly virulent anti-drug hygienic and modernizing discourses relating to substances ranging from alcohol to marijuana, cocaine, opium, and a variety of historically indigenous hallucinogenic drugs. These domestic histories, which often had similar contours and language from Argentina and Chile to Peru, Colombia, Cuba, and Mexico, provided some strong local rationales for the growing political participation of Latin American countries in the emerging international drug control regime, usually depicted regionally as a consequence of US diplomatic pressures. This chapter, based on the growing revisionist research on Latin American drug histories, examines how such local processes and attitudes helped shape regional participation, with particular attention on Mexico and Mexican cannabis, given Mexico’s influential role in this continental history.
Germany’s Role in the Modern Global Drug Economy
Authors: Stephens Robert P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Germany, a world leader in pharmaceutical drug innovation (morphine, cocaine, amphetamines) has seen a multiplicity of changes in consumption cultures and drug policies, shaped by dramatic shifts in political regimes: Empire, the Weimer republic, Third Reich, Cold War social democracy, post-89 reunification at the center of Europe, and its current conservative regime. Visible drug consumption cultures arose in the 1920s but went invisible (save for intensive military use) during the Nazi regime; a modernizing consumption regime after 1945 prompted both rising heroin addiction and a broad 1960s global youth culture. By the early 1970s, drug policy briefly turned to experimental styles of treatment; however, the rise of hard drugs and AIDS crisis led to the 1990s emergence of harm reduction related to nearby decriminalization sites such as the Netherlands. Given European nativism, liberal German policies remain uncertain, but drugs have long epitomized the country’s consumption and political cultures.
Drugs, Nation, and Empire in Japan, 1890s–1950s
Authors: Kingsberg Kadia Miriam 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Contemporary observers note Japan’s relative success in suppressing illegal drugs, projecting this image of abstinence onto the past. Recent scholarship debunks Japan’s historical reputation as a drug-free nation. The 1890s through the 1950s marked the nation’s most intensive engagement with narcotics. At the height of Western imperialism, the exclusion of opium, a symbol of dependency, came to signify Japan’s capacity for sovereignty. When Japan itself became an empire in 1895, administrators in the East Asia territories tried to eradicate morphine and heroin in keeping with international norms, even as they sought to profit from state drug sales. Finally, after Japan’s 1945 occupation by the victorious Allies, the nation experienced one the world’s first methamphetamine epidemics. Belying the national image of abstinence, public campaigns against stimulants helped restore a shattered national sense of social agency. The resolution of the crisis also erased it from public memory with the illusion of a confidently drug-free nation.
The Globalization of US Drug Enforcement
Authors: Pembleton Matthew R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The United States has been long the global leader in turning drug control into an international policing or military enterprise, though the drug war’s long periodization is harder to define. This chapter surveys three phases in the rise of the US global drug war. The first, at the start of the twentieth century, involved opiates and drug diplomacy in Asia and US colonial possessions. The second phase followed World War II, when drug interdiction first became an American global enterprise, alongside growing US Cold War influence. Skeptical of public health strategies and diplomatic efforts, Federal Bureau of Narcotics Commissioner Harry J. Anslinger turned to international policing and source control, by federal agents abroad, starting as clandestine operations in Europe and the Mediterranean and later the Middle East and Asia. The third phase began with creation of the DEA in 1973 and the militarization of cocaine interdiction in the Americas during the 1980s.
Turkey and the Formation of the Global Heroin Trade
Authors: Gingeras Ryan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Heroin’s emergence as an illicit commodity in the twentieth century possesses strong Turkish roots. Global patterns in the postwar trade were specifically tied to long-term trends in opium production and heroin trafficking between the end of the Ottoman Empire and the evolution of the Republic of Turkey. Though disconnected in terms of origins and network structures, the producer and traders in Turkish opiates have shared a symbiotic relationship with one another and the global community at large, a pattern that became most apparent after the breakdown of the iconic postwar “French Connection.” Political developments during and after the 1970s, such as the intensification of US drug diplomacy, the Iranian Revolution, and the rise of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, ultimately led to major transformations in the Turkish drug industry, leading to significant changes in how heroin and opium is produced, traded, and consumed in and beyond Turkey.
De-Orientalizing Drugs in the Modern Middle East
Authors: Ghiabi Maziyar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Narratives of drugs in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) rely on Orientalist tales of drug consumption in the shadow of colonial encounters. Scholarship on drug history also marginalizes this region or it is done simply in terms of its connection to the West. Nonetheless, the MENA region has its own long rich history of drugs. Its geographical span, from Morocco to Iran, makes this fertile ground for study of multiple dimensions and varieties of drug cultures and histories. The chapter examines hashish in Morocco and Lebanon; opium in Iran and Iraq; heroin in Libya, Iran, and Palestine; and, finally, at amphetamine-type stimulants (captagon, methamphetamine, etc.) in the Arab monarchies of the Persian Gulf. Diverse in drug consumption, the region also hosts different regimes of drug control and prohibition. The chapter surveys changing drug cultures amid the region’s epochal political events such as wars, occupations, civil conflict, and political revolts
The Origins of Drug Trafficking Networks in China
Authors: Meyer Kathryn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The origins of drug trafficking networks in Asia are best seen through the legal and policing mechanisms put in place to control the illicit import, transport, sale, and consumption of drugs. This chapter surveys those structures and the ways that entrepreneurs circumvented such obstacles for profit. China, until the 1949 Revolution, was the world’s primary market for opium and its derivatives. Opium bans started with the 1911 Nationalist era and Chinese authorities began public campaigns to demonize drug use, with support from international organizations like the League of Nations. However, these new legal strictures had unforeseen consequences: use and manufacture of morphine and heroin grew as smoking opium became scarce and risky. Supply routes moved underground, becoming the domain of organized crime syndicates such as Shanghai’s Green Gang. Finally, prohibition impacted East Asian geopolitics in complex ways, as warlords, politicians, and regional powers used narcotics to fund China’s modern civil wars.
Global Drug Debates in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Malinowska Kasia , Walker Summer 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The international drug policy regime, framed by three UN drug control conventions, sets the normative framework for national-level drug policies. Current debates are evolving toward more balanced drug policies. The final documents of the 2016 UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on the world drug problem opened up space for reforming national drug policies and enforcement with, for example, human rights and due process protections. A survey of policies across the globe shows commonalities among countries in the Global South and North, but a diversification of recent drug policy discussions. National-level reforms are proceeding within the unique contexts of each country’s culture, history, and norms around drugs. While some countries are intensifying prohibitionist restrictions required by UN conventions, others are challenging aspects of the regime. International NGOs highlight the unique circumstances and needs of specific groups such as women and indigenous peoples, in the context of human rights conventions and development goals.
Plant Drugs and Shamanism in the Americas
Authors: Carneiro Henrique S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Indigenous cultures of South America developed a diverse array of traditional uses for psychoactive plants. This chapter surveys the historical and anthropological literatures on these practices. Pre-Columbian usage, later labeled as idolatry, was transformed by European colonization of the Americas. However, chroniclers such as Sahagun, Hernández, de Acosta, and Monardes, as well as accounts by Spanish “extirpadores de idolatrias” can be used to understand the original Amerindian contexts of these plant drugs. Colonialism initiated processes of “mestiçagem” (mixing) and cultural hybridity including the drug “imaginary,” to borrow Serge Gruzinski’s term. The current religious revival of such practices as “vegetalismo” “curandeirismo” using ayahuasca, jurema, and hallucinogenic snuffs (paricá, yopo, vilca, etc.) is analyzed along with its recent literatures. This also means revisiting the classic anthropological concept of shamanism and its application to Amerindian cultures, particularly in Amazonia.
Soma and Drug History in Ancient Asia
Authors: Torri Davide 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Some of the oldest texts of India’s classical Vedic age (1500–500 BCE) refer to soma, at the same time as a god, a plant, and a beverage of the gods themselves. The intoxicating elixir appears as a pivotal element in many ancient religious rituals, and yet its exact identification has eluded generations of scholars and seekers. Taking soma as a point of departure, this chapter explores the religious dimension of the use of drugs across the Asian continent, ranging from ancient Indian and Chinese civilizations to shamanism in Siberia. From the myth of mushroom consumption in shamanic rituals to the meditative use of cannabis by ascetics, this chapter critically surveys drug-related mythologies and practices, through a diversity of historical and ethnographic sources from ancient Asian civilizations.
New Imperial Drug Trades, 1500–1800
Authors: Breen Benjamin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
It was not until the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that drug trades became truly global in scope, and drugs items of everyday sociability. This chapter draws connections between regional cultures of healing, drug cultivation, and new forms of consumption; and the larger cultural, socioeconomic, and medical impacts of drugs in the early modern era. It argues that the globalization of drugs like coffee, tea, cinchona, opium, and tobacco shaped the fates of both early modern empires and imperial subjects. The growing wealth of European merchants and colonists found a counterpoint in the misery of the African slaves and Indigenous laborers who made imperial drug trades possible. After an overview of key initial drugs, the chapter looks at the social roles of apothecaries and drug merchants, the contribution of colonial healers and cultivators in regions like Brazil and sub-Saharan Africa, and how early modern imperial histories of drugs influence contemporary debates.
Tobacco’s Cultural Shifts as an Early Atlantic Drug
Authors: Norton Marcy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tobacco is arguably the most important modern drug given its cultural, economic, and fiscal centrality across the globe, as well for forging a path for other new drugs (cacao, cannabis, opium etc.) in its wake. In use for millennia by Native Americans across the Western Hemisphere, it gained a permanent foothold in Europe by the late sixteenth century and became a significant commodity in Europe and beyond by the early seventeenth century. Beyond an overview of tobacco’s spread, this chapter considers frameworks that account for tobacco’s successful and relatively rapid “transculturation” from Indigenous America outward: biochemical (e.g., addiction explanation), European cultural (a tobacco-like vacuum in Europe a new intoxicant filled), and Native American cultures (e.g., tobacco’s assimilation as an effect of European expansion and of initial European dependence on Indigenous peoples). Tobacco’s success appears both singular and prototypical in the early modern movement of other drugs across cultures and empires.