bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing Population Structure and Genetic Diversity in US Suffolk Sheep to Define a Framework for Genomic Selection
Authors: Wilson Carrie S , Petersen Jessica L , Blackburn Harvey D , Lewis Ronald M 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLong-term sustainability of breeds depends on having sufficient genetic diversity for adaptability to change, whether driven by climatic conditions or by priorities in breeding programs. Genetic diversity in Suffolk sheep in the United States was evaluated in four ways: 1) using genetic relationships from pedigree data [(n = 64 310 animals recorded in the US National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP)]; 2) using molecular data (n = 304 Suffolk genotyped with the OvineHD BeadChip); 3) comparing Australian (n = 109) and Irish (n = 55) Suffolk sheep to those in the United States using molecular data; and 4) assessing genetic relationships (connectedness) among active Suffolk flocks (n = 18) in NSIP. By characterizing genetic diversity, a goal was to define the structure of a reference population for use for genomic selection strategies in this breed. Pedigree-based mean inbreeding level for the most recent year of available data was 5.5%. Ten animals defined 22.8% of the current gene pool. The effective population size (Ne) ranged from 27.5 to 244.2 based on pedigree and was 79.5 based on molecular data. Expected (HE) and observed (HO) heterozygosity were 0.317 and 0.306, respectively. Model-based population structure included 7 subpopulations. From Principal Component Analysis, countries separated into distinct populations. Within the US population, flocks formed genetically disconnected clusters. A decline in genetic diversity over time was observed from both pedigree and genomic-based derived measures with evidence of population substructure as measured by FST. Using these measures of genetic diversity, a framework for establishing a genomic reference population in US Suffolk sheep engaged in NSIP was proposed.
Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic
Authors: Craske Michelle G. , Barlow David H. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This edition of the Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic: Therapist Guide provides therapists with all the tools necessary to deliver effective treatment for panic disorder and agoraphobia. It provides step-by-step instructions for teaching clients the skills to overcome their fear of panic and panic attacks. The book also presents case vignettes as well as techniques for addressing atypical and problematic responses. The program, organized by skill, makes treatment able to be tailored to the individual. It also includes a chapter for adapting the treatment for effective delivery in six sessions within primary care or related settings. Although written for the client, the program is recommended to be carried out under the supervision of a mental health professional.
The Nature of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Authors: Craske Michelle G. , Barlow David H. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the nature of panic disorder (PD) and agoraphobia. The hallmark symptom of PD is a history of unexpected panic attacks that are experienced by the patient as occurring from out of the blue, without any obvious trigger or cue. However, some patients may be quite adept at predicting their panic attacks, and upon initial screening may even deny having unexpected panic attacks. Therapists should inquire carefully into the patient’s experiences of initial panic attacks to determine whether there is an early history of unexpected panic attacks. Meanwhile, according to DSM-5, and in a change from DSM-IV, agoraphobia is diagnosed separately from PD, though it can co-occur with PD if criteria are met for both. Agoraphobia is characterized by intense fear or anxiety about going into certain places or situations in which individuals might have panic-like or other embarrassing symptoms, especially in contexts where escape might be difficult or help unavailable. In severe cases, individuals with agoraphobia will not leave their homes, may avoid work, and (very rarely) may confine themselves to a single room in their home due to an intense fear of experiencing panic attacks or other symptoms. The chapter then looks at the psychobiological conceptualization of PD, before considering the development of agoraphobia. It also assesses nocturnal panic.
Introduction to the Program
Authors: Craske Michelle G. , Barlow David H. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the introduction to the treatment program. The information presented in this initial stage of treatment is intended to clarify the purposes of the workbook and provide corrective information that assures clients that they are neither insane nor atypical and that there is a good chance of successful treatment. By describing the phenomenology of panic disorder and the particular clustering of symptoms that characterizes panic disorder, the therapist informs clients that they are not alone in their experiences. Similarly, the psychobiological conceptualization of panic is presented to demystify the experience of panic and provide a conceptual framework within which the treatment makes sense. At the same time, the psychobiological model introduces the notion that panic attacks themselves are not the main issue; more important is the anticipation of and behavioral avoidance of panic attacks. Given the physical sensations experienced during panic and anxiety, however, a medical or chemical explanation of panic attacks is often more credible to clients than is an explanation that takes into account psychological variables. In addition, a medical or chemical account may be perceived as less stigmatizing than a psychological account.
Panic Attacks Are Not Harmful
Authors: Craske Michelle G. , Barlow David H. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights the importance of providing the client with information about panic attacks. Overall, the informational model of panic attacks builds on the previous chapters in providing an alternative conceptual framework that is nonthreatening and contributes to a personal scientist perspective, whereby clients can gain an objective understanding of their panic and anxiety. The program presents a panic attack as a learned fear of internal sensations. Crucial to the model of panic attacks is the role of anxiety about the recurrence of panic. Because the panic attack itself is feared as a dangerous event, it makes sense to anticipate the next time it will occur and to be very vigilant for signals of its next occurrence, which is the process of anxiety. Understanding the connections between different sensations experienced, their physiological basis, and their survival value engenders a greater sense of safety. It reassures clients that their sensations are not all imagined.
Establishing a Hierarchy of Agoraphobia Situations
Authors: Craske Michelle G. , Barlow David H. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses the process of establishing an individualized hierarchy of agoraphobia situations for the client, in preparation for in vivo exposure. A hierarchy composed of situations that range in anxiety level from mild to moderate, and all the way up to extremely anxious, will form the basis of a graduated approach to in vivo exposure. Although exposure exercises are not scheduled to take place for the next couple of weeks, it is important to introduce the hierarchy now. It is important to take into account the various conditions that moderate levels of anxiety, such as distance, being accompanied or being alone, the time of day, proximity to an exit, and so forth. Clients’ reliance on safety signals, safety behaviors, and distractions are also restated as other forms of avoidance that will interfere with corrective learning and contribute to anxiety in the long term. Thus, the goal of treatment is to learn to face agoraphobia situations without these forms of avoidance.
Breathing Skills
Authors: Craske Michelle G. , Barlow David H. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses breathing skills. The main goals are to introduce the physiology of overbreathing as something that may contribute to the physiological sensations during panic attacks and to recognize that hyperventilatory sensations are not harmful. It is important that the client not misconstrue the discussion of overbreathing as an indication that panic and fear are a direct result of primarily physiological irregularities. That is, the therapist should place the role of hyperventilation within the context of the interactions that occur among the three response components (i.e., behavioral, physiological, and subjective). The experience of overbreathing in isolation from catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations or from learned fear of bodily sensations is unlikely to result in a panic attack. In this treatment, breathing skills training is intended to regulate breathing, but more importantly, it is also intended to interrupt the panic cycle and provide a tool to help clients face their fear, anxiety, and anxiety-producing situations.
Accomplishments, Maintenance, and Relapse Prevention
Authors: Craske Michelle G. , Barlow David H. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the importance of reviewing the client’s progress, encouraging the client to continue to face fear and anxiety, and discussing ways of maintaining progress and relapse prevention. Instead of focusing on feelings in general, an assessment that is likely to be biased, progress is best evaluated by examining objective data. Progress is indexed by improvement—not by reaching an absolute end goal of no panic, anxiety, or agoraphobia—and by skill development. The temporary resurgence of old habits is not a sign that treatment did not work. If necessary, the therapist may work with the client to identify areas for further practice. Clients frequently express concerns about ending the program. It is therefore important to emphasize again that the treatment was designed to provide clients with the necessary skills for managing anxiety and that they now can use these skills to continue their progress.
Therapist Guide for Brief Six-Session Version for Primary Care and Related Settings
Authors: Craske Michelle G. , Barlow David H. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a therapist guide to the Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic: Workbook for Brief Six-Session Version for Primary Care and Related Settings. It begins by tracing the evolution of this brief treatment program. This treatment entails the same components as the full version of panic control treatment, including psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring, breathing retraining, interoceptive exposure, and in vivo exposure. In addition, the brief six-session version of MAP includes more discussion of medications, since this treatment was initially evaluated in a study in which MAP was combined with medications. The in-clinic visits end with the development of a relapse prevention plan that covers medication adherence, implementation of cognitive behavioral strategies, and the coordination of continued care with the primary care physician and/or other community resources.
Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic
Authors: Barlow David H. , Craske Michelle G. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This edition of the Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic Workbook has been updated to include strategies and techniques for dealing with both panic disorder and agoraphobia. The program outlined is based on the principles of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and is organized by skill, with each chapter building on the one before it. It covers the importance of recordkeeping and monitoring progress, as well as breathing techniques and thinking skills. The main focus of the treatment involves learning how to face agoraphobia situations and the often frightening physical symptoms of panic from an entirely new perspective. Self-assessment quizzes, homework exercises, and interactive forms allow patients to become active participants in treatment and to learn to manage panic attacks, anxiety about panic, and avoidance of panic and agoraphobic situations.
Panic Attacks Are Not Harmful
Authors: Barlow David H. , Craske Michelle G. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the importance of learning about the causes of the physical symptoms of panic. The physical changes that underlie the physical symptoms of panic and anxiety are protective in that they are designed to help us escape from or fight off danger. The symptoms are real, but they are not harmful. Interestingly, physical symptoms are sometimes felt in the absence of actual physical changes. This occurs because an intense and anxious focus on physical feelings can create the perception of a physical disturbance even when none really exists. However, intense panic attacks are almost always based on real physical changes. The chapter then assesses how physical symptoms influence what we think and do. When the sympathetic nervous system is activated into an emergency flight or fight response, there are certain natural effects on our behaviors and our thoughts. The chapter also looks at typical mistaken beliefs about panic symptoms.
Thinking Skills
Authors: Barlow David H. , Craske Michelle G. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses the process of building thinking skills for changing one’s mistaken beliefs and negative thoughts. Years of research have shown that when we become anxious or panicky, we make two mistakes in our thinking. The mistakes are (1) to jump to conclusions about negative events and (2) to blow things out of proportion. These mistakes lead us to believe that events are more dangerous than they really are and to make us more anxious. It is thus important to learn how to correct those mistakes. The first step toward change is to treat thoughts as guesses rather than as facts. The goal is to develop more evidence-based ways of thinking.
Facing Physical Symptoms
Authors: Barlow David H. , Craske Michelle G. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the value of facing physical symptoms of panic and anxiety. Fear of physical symptoms is central to panic disorder. Indeed, being afraid of physical symptoms leads to more physical symptoms, since the symptoms are the natural result of anxiety and fear. This is part of the panic cycle. It is thus important to face the physical symptoms directly so that one can learn that the symptoms are not harmful; that one can handle the symptoms and the anxiety; and that, eventually, the anxiety about the physical symptoms will decrease. The reasons why fears of physical symptoms persist include avoidance behavior, mistaken beliefs, and interoceptive conditioning. The chapter then looks at symptom exercises and outlines the rules for the repeated practice with physical symptoms.
Medications
Authors: Barlow David H. , Craske Michelle G. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers medications that are prescribed for anxiety and panic. Many people with anxiety and panic attacks have had their doctors prescribe medications. Many of these medications, however, are not effective in the long term unless one continues to take them. Even then, they may lose some of their effectiveness unless one learns some new, more helpful methods of coping with anxiety and panic while taking the medication. The chapter then reviews the ways in which medications work and the different types of medications prescribed for anxiety and panic, including antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and beta-blockers. It also looks at ways in which medications can be used in combination with the methods outlined in this program, as well as ways of weaning off of medications.
Selection Balancing at Innate Immune Genes: Adaptive Polymorphism Maintenance in Toll-Like Receptors
Authors: Minias Piotr , Vinkler Michal 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Balancing selection is a classic mechanism for maintaining variability in immune genes involved in host–pathogen interactions. However, it remains unclear how widespread the mechanism is across immune genes other than the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Although occasional reports suggest that balancing selection (heterozygote advantage, negative frequency-dependent selection, and fluctuating selection) may act on other immune genes, the current understanding of the phenomenon in non-MHC immune genes is far from solid. In this review, we focus on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), innate immune genes directly involved in pathogen recognition and immune response activation, as there is a growing body of research testing the assumptions of balancing selection in these genes. After reviewing infection- and fitness-based evidence, along with evidence based on population allelic frequencies and heterozygosity levels, we conclude that balancing selection maintains variation in TLRs, though it tends to occur under specific conditions in certain evolutionary lineages rather than being universal and ubiquitous. Our review also identifies key gaps in current knowledge and proposes promising areas for future research. Improving our understanding of host–pathogen interactions and balancing selection in innate immune genes are increasingly important, particularly regarding threats from emerging zoonotic diseases.
Increased feeding frequency prior to farrowing: effects on sow performance
Authors: Tucker Bryony S , Petrovski Kiro R , Craig Jessica R , Morrison Rebecca S , Smits Robert J , Kirkwood Roy N 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Reducing the interval between the consumption of the last meal and the start of farrowing is suggested to increase the energy available to sows during farrowing, potentially reducing the farrowing duration and easing piglet births. The present study aimed to examine whether increasing feeding frequency from one to two feeds within standard production hours (0700 to 1500 hours) would produce a difference in farrowing duration and/or stillborn numbers. From entry to farrowing crates (110 ± 1 d gestation) to farrowing (116 ± 1 d gestation), multiparous sows (n = 118) were fed a daily fixed amount of feed either once at 0800 hours or in two meals at 0800 and 1300 hours. Sow weights and backfat depths were recorded on entry and exit from the farrowing crate. Litter size and weight were recorded 24 h after farrowing and on day 21 of lactation. Sows fed twice had a shorter farrowing duration and fewer stillborn piglets than those fed once (2.21 ± 0.56 h vs. 3.25 ± 0.52 h; P = 0.001). The interaction between treatment and farrowing duration showed that sows fed twice have a reduced farrowing duration and had significantly lower stillborn rates than those fed once or those fed twice with longer farrowing durations (P &lt; 0.001). These findings suggest that increasing feeding frequency prior to farrow can reduce the farrowing duration and stillborn numbers in some sows, however, some sows remain with a high stillborn rate regardless of feeding frequency. Piglet average daily gain was greater in once-fed sows, but fewer of these sows remained in the herd at subsequent farrowing. Further, subsequent total born and born alive were higher in twice-fed sows. Feeding sows at a higher frequency can improve farrowing performance in some sows and could increase the longevity of the sow in the herd.
Association of an Obstetric Surgical Closing Protocol With Infection After Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Wyatt Michelle A. , Weaver Amy L. , Jensen Claire , Yelsa Isabel , Rangel Latuche Laureano J. , Sharpe Emily E. , Rivera-Chiauzzi Enid Y. 
Published: May 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To examine surgical site infection rates before and after the addition of a closing protocol to an existing surgical site infection risk-reduction bundle used during cesarean delivery.

METHODS:
We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study to review the association of a closing protocol with rates of surgical site infection after cesarean delivery. The closing protocol included fresh surgical instruments and physician and scrub nurse glove change before fascia closure. Surgical site infections were defined using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. Eligible patients underwent cesarean delivery at our institution from July 1, 2013, through December 31, 2015 (n=1,708; preimplementation group), or from June 1, 2016, through April 30, 2018 (n=1,228; postimplementation group).

RESULTS:
The surgical site infection rate was 2.3% preimplementation and 2.7% postimplementation (difference 0.4%, 95% CI −1.6 to 0.7%]. The mean [SD] duration of the surgical procedure was longer postimplementation (59.6 [23.7] vs 55.6 [21.5] minutes; P<.001).

CONCLUSION:
Addition of a closing tray and glove change to our existing surgical site infection risk-reduction bundle was not associated with a reduction in the frequency of postcesarean surgical site infection but was associated with longer operating times.
Pregnancy and the Risk of In-Hospital Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Mortality
Authors: Pineles Beth L. , Goodman Katherine E. , Pineles Lisa , O'Hara Lyndsay M. , Nadimpalli Gita , Magder Laurence S. , Baghdadi Jonathan D. , Parchem Jacqueline G. , Harris Anthony D. 
Published: May 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate whether pregnancy is an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality among patients of reproductive age hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) viral pneumonia.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study (April 2020–May 2021) of 23,574 female inpatients aged 15–45 years with an International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis code for COVID-19 discharged from 749 U.S. hospitals in the Premier Healthcare Database. We used a viral pneumonia diagnosis to select for patients with symptomatic COVID-19. The associations between pregnancy and in-hospital mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mechanical ventilation were analyzed using propensity score–matched conditional logistic regression. Models were matched for age, marital status, race and ethnicity, Elixhauser comorbidity score, payer, hospital number of beds, season of discharge, hospital region, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic pulmonary disease, deficiency anemias, depression, hypothyroidism, and liver disease.

RESULTS:
In-hospital mortality occurred in 1.1% of pregnant patients and 3.5% of nonpregnant patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and viral pneumonia (propensity score–matched odds ratio [OR] 0.39, 95% CI 0.25–0.63). The frequency of ICU admission for pregnant and nonpregnant patients was 22.0% and 17.7%, respectively (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.15–1.55). Mechanical ventilation was used in 8.7% of both pregnant and nonpregnant patients (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.86–1.29). Among patients who were admitted to an ICU, mortality was lower for pregnant compared with nonpregnant patients (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.20–0.57), though mechanical ventilation rates were similar (35.7% vs 38.3%, OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.70–1.16). Among patients with mechanical ventilation, pregnant patients had a reduced risk of in-hospital mortality compared with nonpregnant patients (0.26, 95% CI 0.15–0.46).

CONCLUSION:
Despite a higher frequency of ICU admission, in-hospital mortality was lower among pregnant patients compared with nonpregnant patients with COVID-19 viral pneumonia, and these findings persisted after propensity score matching.