bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of linear ubiquitination in inflammatory responses and tissue homeostasis
Authors: Sasaki Katsuhiro , Iwai Kazuhiro 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPolyubiquitination is a post-translational modification involved in a wide range of immunological events, including inflammatory responses, immune cell differentiation, and development of inflammatory diseases. The versatile functions of polyubiquitination are based on different types of ubiquitin linkage, which enable various UBD (ubiquitin binding domain)-containing adaptor proteins to associate and induce distinct biological outputs. A unique and atypical type of polyubiquitin chain comprising a conjugation between the N-terminal methionine of the proximal ubiquitin moiety and the C-terminal glycine of the distal ubiquitin moiety, referred to as a linear or M1-linked ubiquitin chain, has been studied exclusively within the field of immunology because it is distinct from other polyubiquitin forms: linear ubiquitin chains are generated predominantly by various inflammatory stimulants, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and act as a critical modulator of transient and optimal signal transduction. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that linear ubiquitin chains are of physiological significance. Dysregulation of linear ubiquitination triggers chronic inflammation and immunodeficiency via downregulation of linear ubiquitin-dependent nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling and by triggering TNF-α-induced cell death, suggesting that linear ubiquitination is a homeostatic regulator of tissue-specific functions. In this review, we focus on our current understating of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which linear ubiquitin chains control inflammatory environments. Furthermore, we review the role of linear ubiquitination on T cell development, differentiation, and function, thereby providing insight into its direct association with maintaining the immune system.
Revolt and Rule: Learning about Governance from Rebel Groups
Authors: Loyle Cyanne E , Braithwaite Jessica Maves , Cunningham Kathleen Gallagher , Huang Reyko , Huddleston R Joseph , Jung Danielle F , Rubin Michael A 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRecent work in international relations has problematized state-centric assumptions of governance to explore variations in authority by a range of nonstate actors (e.g., nongovernmental organizations, criminal syndicates, gangs). This forum centers on the phenomenon of rebel group governance during civil wars and leverages the concept to advance our understanding of current theories and conceptualizations of governance. The nature of rebel organizations provides a unique opportunity for researchers to expand the state-centric focus on governance because rebel actors differ from states in their comparative position within the global state system, the contexts in which they operate, and their lack of legitimizing principles that permit consistent membership as a class of political actors. These differences allow for meaningful extensions of how we theorize and conceptualize governance beyond the state. Furthermore, variation across these differences allows our findings in the study rebel governance to speak directly to the broader literature in international relations on governance by state actors. In our introduction to this forum, we detail the ways in which rebel groups have chosen to address the central components of governance through a variety of governance strategies. We then devote three essays in the forum to the concepts of legitimacy, capacity, and territorial control. In each of the three essays, authors discuss the ways in which rebel governance problematizes and advances these concepts for the broader study of governance. In the conclusion, this forum synthesizes extant and emerging work in the field of rebel governance in order to raise new questions of the governance and state building literatures. In this way, we show how investigating governance by rebel groups in particular advances our understanding of governance more broadly.
4 Evaluating the Use of Leukocyte Coping Capacity as a Measure of Acute Stress in Growing Pigs During a Cycling Heating Period
Authors: Kasakamu Mary L , Young Jennifer M , Byrd Christopher J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The study objective was to evaluate leukocyte coping capacity (LCC) as a measure of acute heat stress in growing pigs. The LCC method utilizes an artificial challenge procedure on whole blood samples to mimic the leukocyte respiratory burst that is typically observed in response to pathogen exposure. A reduction in respiratory burst size, measured in relative light units (RLU) by chemiluminescence, indicates less LCC and greater physiological stress. Forty pigs (mean 66.7 kg BW; range: 54.9-87.5 kg) were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments, 1) thermoneutral (TN; n = 20), where pigs were maintained under thermoneutral conditions (range: 18.9-23.7 °C), or 2) heat stress (HS; n = 20), where pigs were exposed to a cycling heating period (range: 19.5-28.6 °C) for 48 h. Over each 24 h period, HS housing temperatures rose gradually from 0800-1200 h, were maintained at a maximal level until 1600 h, and gradually returned to thermoneutral temperatures by 1800 h. Blood (2 mL) was collected from each pig at 0 (0800 h), +4, +8, +24 and +48 h relative to the start of the experiment. Whole blood samples were challenged with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate to induce a respiratory burst, which was measured using a portable luminometer. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4. An hour effect was observed (P &lt; 0.001), where RLU values increased linearly throughout the experimental period. However, RLU did not differ between TN and HS pigs (57.9 ± 4.1 vs. 55.4 ± 4.1 RLU, respectively; P = 0.67). Additionally, no treatment by hour interaction was observed at any timepoint (P = 0.48). Overall, a cycling heating period did not alter LCC in growing pigs. Future studies should evaluate whether LCC is effective for measuring additional properties of heat stress, such as greater temperatures or chronic periods of exposure.
94 The Present and Future of Nasem Beef Nutrient Requirement Modeling
Authors: White Robin R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The precise and accurate prediction of animal nutrient requirements, feed intake, water intake, environmental impacts, and production efficiency is an essential function of nutrient requirement models when leveraged as tools to enhance the sustainability of livestock production systems. Historically, the legal standard for determining nutrient requirements of livestock within the United States has leveraged the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) nutrient requirement series (formerly referred to as the National Research Council (NRC) models). The objective of this work is to review the present advantages and future needs for the NASEM Beef Nutrient Requirement Models. Due to current production conditions prevalent within the United States beef industry, the adequate prediction of performance outcomes in commercial cattle in group feeding situations is arguably of the greatest importance. However, as the climate changes and interest in new genetics, production strategies, and feeding approaches expand, there will be an increasing need to additionally provide precise and accurate predictions of individual animals based on genetic potential, production system, and climate conditions. The NASEM 2016 Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle presented a stepwise improvement in model sophistication and customizability though the inclusion of a number of individually adjustable constants to adapt model predictions to animal performance in production settings, and through the expanded use of mechanistic solutions in estimating nutrient requirements. Another major advancement of this model release was the opportunity to push model updates and fixes as users identify challenges or issues with the model. The capacity to update nutrient requirement models in a more agile manner greatly contributes to the long-term need for more adaptable and flexible ration formulation tools. Although these improvements may enhance usability of the NASEM models, there are some additional opportunities for future iterations, including better capacity to explore individual animal requirements, leverage precision livestock farming technologies, and design rations to adapt animals to climate change.
130 The raw Truth: Feeding zoo-Housed Carnivores
Authors: Kerr Katherine , Brooks Mathew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Health and wellness of animals in our care is inexorably linked to their feeding experience (i.e., what and how food is offered). Usage of raw meat-based diets is longstanding and widespread in US zoos and aquaria, with a movement towards increased proportions of the diet from whole prey. Pet food industry has seen a steep rise in number and diversity of commercially available raw meat-based products for pets in recent decades, whereas the number of suppliers and products for zoo markets remain low. Budgetary constraints of zoos equate to lower quality ingredients than those in the premium pet food market. Zoo markets have not been immune to supply chain issues during the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, resulting in the challenges of higher cost and decreased supply. Advances to the well-being of our animals could be achieved by leveraging findings from pet food research to include value-added nutrients such as probiotics, natural antioxidants, and Omega-3 enriched oils. In cases where animal needs differ from nutrition provided by commercial products (e.g., medical cases, enhancing feeding experience), zoo nutritionists rely on in-house formulations to provide additional support. Often these cases require creative formulation leveraging items from the human-food market and other unconventional sources. Examples and practical applications of individualized formulations for zoo and aquaria will be discussed.
158 Predicting Intake and Digestibility of Nutrients in Beef Cattle fed High Forage Diets Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (Nirs) of Feces and Internal Markers
Authors: Peters Jenilee F , Swift Mary Lou , Penner Gregory B , Lardner Bart , McAllister Timothy A , Ribeiro Gabriel O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Objectives of this study were to determine the potential of near infrared-spectroscopy (NIRS) scanning of feces to predict diet digestibility and intake in beef cattle fed high forage diets, and to investigate the use of acid detergent lignin (ADL) and undigestible neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) as internal markers to determine digestibility. Beef heifers were fed 12 different forage-based diets ( &gt; 95% forage dry matter basis) in 3 total collection studies, resulting in individual fecal samples and related spectra (n = 135) corresponding to apparent total tract digestibility (aTTD) and intake data. Dried and ground fecal samples were scanned using a FOSS DS2500 scanning monochromator (FOSS, Eden Prairie, MN). Modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression was performed to develop equations to predict digestibility [dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), NDF, and nitrogen (N)], and intake [DM, OM, NDF, N, uNDF]. Digestibility prediction equations for DM, OM, NDF, and N resulted in R2CV or 0.72, 0.65, 0.74 and 0.69, respectively, and standard error of cross validation (SECV) between 2.20 to 2.82. Intake calibrations for DM, OM, N, NDF, ADL and uNDF resulted in R2CV values between 0.59 and 0.91, SECV for intake (kg/d) of 1.12, 1.10, 0.02, 0.69, 0.06, 0.24, respectively, SECV for intake % body weight (BW) between 0.00 and 0.16; and SECV for g/kg BW0.75 between 0.60 and 0.86. Significant correlations (P &lt; 0.01) were identified between NDFD determined by aTTD and by the internal marker ADL (r = 0.72) or uNDF (r = 0.57). Developed calibrations predicting marker calculated digestibility resulted in R2CV(SECV) values of 0.85(2.70) and 0.80(2.46) for lignin and uNDF, respectively. We confirm the potential of NIRS to predict digestibility and intake of cattle fed high forage diets. Future steps include further validation of the intake calibration equations using internal marker and energetics modeling.
166 A Comparison of key Methodologies Used to Quantify Protein Quality in Mammals: Ileal Digestibility, Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation, and in Vitro Digestibility
Authors: Cargo-Froom Cara , Columbus Daniel A , Kiarie Elijah , Marinangeli Christopher , Shoveller Anna-Kate 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There are several methodologies which can be used to measure protein quality of an ingredient, however, the results of these studies are generally not compared to one another. The objectives of these studies were to 1) determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) and in vitro digestibility coefficients for protein and amino acids (AA) from select pulses; 2) determine metabolic availability (MA) of methionine (Met) from field peas and faba beans; and, 3) compare digestibility coefficients determined via different methods. To determine SID of pulses, ileal cannulated barrows were randomly assigned to diets in a 4×4 Latin square. A nitrogen free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of AA and protein. Metabolic availability was determined via indicator AA oxidation by applying the principle of slope-ratio assay to F13CO2 from phenylalanine oxidation quantified through CO2 collection during breath collection using indirect calorimetry with barrows randomly assigned to diets in a 10×10 Latin square. Dietary treatments were formulated to include graded levels of Met: crystalline AA diets (Met inclusion of 50, 60, 70, and 80% of requirement), and pulse test diets (Met inclusion of 60, 70, and 80% of requirement). In vitro digestibility of diets was conducted using the TNO-gastrointestinal model. Statistical analysis of SID data was conducted using a mixed model in SAS with diet as a fixed effect and pig and period as random effects. Means were separated using Tukey HSD. Statistical comparison for digestibility coefficients compared to one another and compared to MA coefficients of Met will be conducted once all IAAO and in vitro data are finalized. The SID coefficients for protein and indispensable amino acids are summarized in Table 1. Peas had lower threonine content compared to faba beans and lentils (P &lt; 0.05). Determination of in vitrodigestibility and MA of Met is in progress.
185 Evaluation of the Chemical Composition of Intermediate Wheatgrass (Thinopyrum Intermedium) Regrowth for Potential Fall Grazing of Beef Cattle
Authors: Le Heiget Patrick , McGeough Emma J , Cattani Doug 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated the chemical composition of 3 intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) treatments compared with a grass/legume control for potential Fall grazing of beef cattle. Treatments were: 1) IWG, pure stand, no fertilizer post establishment (NFERT), 2) IWG, pure stand+50 kg N ha-1 annually post grain harvest (FERT), 3) IWG with Alsike clover (50:50; ACL), 4) Tall fescue/Algonquin alfalfa/Oxley II cicer milkvetch (50:25:25; FORCON). Small plots (4 replicates/treatment) were established in 2019 at 2 sites in Manitoba (Carman and Brandon). The IWG treatments were harvested in August for grain production and the regrowth sampled in October. The FORCON treatment was harvested annually in June and the regrowth stockpiled until October sampling. Forage samples were analyzed for crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS, with the fixed effects of treatment and location, with replicate within location nested as a random effect. For CP, in 2020 at Carman, FORCON was less (10.0%) than the IWG treatments, which, in turn, did not differ (mean 19.5%). At Brandon, the opposite response was observed with FORCON greater (11.5%) than the IWG treatments (mean 8.7%). In 2021 at Carman, FERT had greater CP (14.3%) than all other treatments, which, in turn, did not differ (mean 9.9%). At Brandon, FORCON was greatest in CP (15.8%), with ACL and NFERT least (mean 8.9%) and FERT intermediate. In terms of TDN, in 2020 at both sites, FORCON was less (mean 55.3%) than all IWG treatments, which, in turn, did not differ (mean 64.4%). In 2021 at Carman, FERT and FORCON were greater (mean 67.0%) than NFERT and ACL (mean 59.5%). In Brandon, FERT was greater than ACL and NFERT, with FORCON at an intermediate value. By the second production year, the fertility treatment significantly increased the nutritive value of the IWG treatments.
256 Effect of Functional Amino Acid Supplementation in Salmonella-Challenged Weaned Pigs fed Either Animal- or Plant-Based Nursery Diets
Authors: Rodrigues Lucas Alves , Panisson Josiane C , Van Kessel Andrew G , Columbus Daniel A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Feeding plant based (PB) nursery diets may aggravate the effects of disease in pigs, which may be attenuated by functional amino acid (FAA) supplementation. The objective was to determine the effects of nursery dietary protein source and FAA supplementation in pigs subsequently challenged with Salmonella (ST). Thirty-two pigs (8.7 ± 0.23 kg) were assigned to 1 of 4 diet programs for 4 wk post-weaning in a 2 × 2 factorial with dietary protein source [PB vs. animal-based (AB)] with basal (FAA–) or supplemented FAA profile (FAA+; Thr, Met, and Trp at 120% of requirements). Pigs were then placed onto a common grower diet and, after a 7-d adaptation period, were inoculated with ST (3.0 × 109 CFU/mL) and monitored for 7 d post-inoculation. Growth performance, fecal score, gut health, ST shedding, intestinal colonization and translocation were measured pre- and post-inoculation. Nursery fecal score was decreased in AB-FAA+ pigs compared with the other groups (0.42 vs. 0.68±0.06 score; P&lt; 0.05) and post-inoculation fecal score was increased in PB compared to AB pigs (1.12 vs. 0.95±0.15 score; P&lt; 0.05). Overall ST shedding (2.20 vs. 2.42±0.22 score), cecal (1.69 vs. 2.50±0.36 score) and colonic ST colonization (2.05 vs. 2.83±0.36 score), and cecal myeloperoxidase (1.92 vs. 2.65±0.37 µU/mL) were reduced in AB compared with PB pigs (P&lt; 0.05). Translocation of ST to spleen was decreased by FAA+ compared with FAA- (0.88 vs. 1.50±0.36 score; P&lt; 0.05). Post-inoculation, AB pigs had greater weight gain compared with PB-FAA- (0.72 vs. 0.52±0.07 kg/d; P&lt; 0.05). Pigs fed AB-FAA- had increased feed intake compared with PB-FAA- (1.45 vs. 1.17±0.08 kg/d; P&lt; 0.05). Gain:feed was increased in AB-FAA+ compared with PB-FAA- pigs (0.54 vs. 0.44±0.05 kg/kg; P&lt; 0.05). Pigs fed PB nursery diets were more susceptible to a subsequent ST challenge, and FAA supplementation attenuated the negative effects of PB diets in ST-challenged pigs.
252 Efficiency of Utilization of Methionine for Weight Gain in Weaning Pigs is not Affected by Methionine Source: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Remus Aline , Souza Vinicius , Batonon-Alavo Dolores I , Rouffineau Friedrich , Kebreab Ermias , Pomar Candido 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Methionine is an essential dietary amino acid that can be supplied in different chemical forms: DL-methionine, L-methionine, and OH-methionine. It has been hypothesized that L-methionine might be used with greater efficacy for average daily gain (ADG) in weaning pigs due to their decreased enzymatic capacity to convert the other methionine forms. This study aimed to compare DL-methionine, L-methionine, and OH-methionine efficiency of utilization for ADG in weaned pigs through meta-analysis.The systematic review resulted in 2,167 papers screened for the title and abstract, with 24 papers meeting the inclusion criteria. The ADG was regressed as a function of the standardized ileal digestible (SID) methionine intake (Meti). The study was used as a random intercept, and regressions were weighted by the square root of the number of observations. Non-linear models were used to determine the Meti requirements. The average Meti requirement for pigs of 5 to 25 kg body weight (BW) was 2.09 g/d. The slopes of linear mixed-effects regression models were compared for the different methionine sources. Average initial BW was 7.99 (DL-methionine), 8.82 (L-methionine), and 7.06 kg (OH-methionine). Meti was 1.5 g/d for all sources whereas SID cysteine intake was 1.90, 2.23, and 1.93 g/d, for DL-methionine, L-methionine, and OH-methionine, respectively . Increase in Meti below the estimated requirement linearly increased ADG (ADG = 107 + 138 × Meti; P &lt; 0.01). No difference between the slopes of methionine sources was observed, rejecting the hypothesis that L-methionine is used with greater efficiency in weaned pigs. Pigs receiving DL-methionine, L-methionine, and OH-methionine presented an estimated ADG of 319, 317, and 311 (SE = 19, 25 and, 26, respectively) g/d, respectively. In conclusion, methionine efficiency of utilization for ADG in post-weaned pigs is not affected by methionine sources.
244 Application of the Escherichia Coli Challenge Model in Developing Strategies to Improve gut Health and Function in Weaned Pigs
Authors: Nyachoti Martin , Lee Jinyoung , Yang Chengbo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhea in piglets, caused primarily by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is a major cause of productive and economic losses to the swine industry. Traditionally, the swine industry has managed this disease by utilizing starter diets containing highly digestible and specialized ingredients such as spray-dried porcine plasma and sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics as growth promoters. However, there has intense public pressure to discontinue the use of animal products and antibiotics in pig diets for fear that these products represent a risk to human health. This has sparked great interest in swine nutrition is to identify effective, safe, and environmentally friendly nutritional interventions that could be used in place of in-feed antibiotics. This requires that any such intervention is rigorously tested under conditions that represent those that are encountered in production settings. To this end, the Escherichia coli K88 (or F4) disease challenge model has been used to test the potential of these interventions to support gut health and function in piglets and to allow investigations into the mode of action underlying any such effects. Although this model has been applied successfully to examine the efficacy of different nutritional interventions, including diet formulation strategies and addition of various feed additives, the degree of success achieved varies due to among other factors such as dose used, age of the pigs, and study duration. Being a disease challenge model, animal care oversight, regulatory requirements for Containment Level II facilities, and trial site managements to avoid cross-contamination among treatment groups add to the complexity of protocols for running trials involving this model. Nonetheless, the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli model has been an effective tool in our hands to test the efficacy of various nutritional interventions in protecting piglets against post-weaning diarrhea disease and to elucidate their modes of action.