bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The novel idea and technical progress of lunar in-situ condition preserved coring
Authors: Gao Mingzhong , Wang Xuan , Zhang Guoqing , Li Minghui , Liu Tao , Hao Haichun , Li Cunbao , Xie Heping 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe moon is rich in material resources, lunar-based sampling is the foundation for an in-depth understanding of lunar material resources endowment characteristics, exploring the evolution of lunar geological structure, and realizing lunar material resources exploitation. This paper briefly introduces the lunar sampling work represented by the Apollo program of the United States, the Luna program of the former Soviet Union, and China’s Chang’E-5 lunar exploration mission, a total of 10 times of successful coring were performed, with a maximum coring depth of 305 cm and a maximum sampling of 110.5 kg. It presents an in-depth analysis of the inadequacy of the existing lunar coring principles and technologies. This paper expounds on the critical strategic significance and scientific value of lunar in-situ condition preserved coring (ICP-Coring). Simultaneously, this paper firstly refines the scientific concept of lunar ICP-Coring in the field of deep space material resources exploitation as the "four preservations" coring (preservation of composition, vacuum storage, stratification/bedding, and compactness)—the "4 Ps" coring, puts forward the fundamental principles, conception, breakthrough theory, and critical core technology of the "4 Ps" lunar ICP-Coring. It explains the latest research progress, including core drilling machinery, film-forming mechanism while drilling, and a platform for fidelity coring testing and analysis under a simulated lunar environment. The research results provide theoretical and technical support for lunar ICP-Coring and resource exploration.
Influence of Graphite-Phase Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of High-Silicon Ductile Iron
Authors: Franzen Daniel , Pustal Björn , Bührig-Polaczek Andreas 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHigh silicon solid solution-strengthened ductile iron exhibits advantageous combinations of static strength and ductility due to elevated silicon contents. However, the Charpy impact toughness decreases rapidly with increasing silicon content. In particular, the transition temperature between ductile and brittle fracture behaviour is shifted significantly to higher temperatures. Therefore, the optimum adjustment of the graphite phase is of major importance in order to achieve sufficient toughness properties. So far, little is known about the influence of the graphite phase on the toughness properties of high-silicon ductile iron. In the present study, the graphite particle distribution was therefore systematically varied for ductile iron grade EN-GJS-500-14. The effect of the graphite nodule count in the range from 77 to 273 1/mm2, and the influence of the average particle size and particle distance on the Charpy impact energy and the characteristics of the resulting transition curves were investigated by means of statistical analyses. The results that were obtained indicate that the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature in Charpy impact tests can be reduced by about 22 °C by increasing the average nodule count by 100 1/mm2. Additionally, both the lower and upper shelf energies are raised by increasing the nodule count by 100 1/mm2. Based on these results, it becomes apparent to producers that the inoculation technology for toughness-stressed components needs to be specifically considered and adapted.
Disentangled Graph Recurrent Network for Document Ranking
Authors: Dong Qian , Niu Shuzi , Yuan Tao , Li Yucheng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBERT-based ranking models are emerging for its superior natural language understanding ability. All word relations and representations in the concatenation of query and document are modeled in the self-attention matrix as latent knowledge. However, some latent knowledge has none or negative effect on the relevance prediction between query and document. We model the observable and unobservable confounding factors in a causal graph and perform do-query to predict the relevance label given an intervention over this graph. For the observed factors, we block the back door path by an adaptive masking method through the transformer layer and refine word representations over this disentangled word graph through the refinement layer. For the unobserved factors, we resolve the do-operation query from the front door path by decomposing word representations into query related and unrelated parts through the decomposition layer. Pairwise ranking loss is mainly used for the ad hoc document ranking task, triangle distance loss is introduced to both the transformer and refinement layers for more discriminative representations, and mutual information constraints are put on the decomposition layer. Experimental results on public benchmark datasets TREC Robust04 and WebTrack2009-12 show that DGRe outperforms state-of-the-art baselines more than 2% especially for short queries.
Dialektmerkmale des Deutschen in den sprachbiographischen Interviews der bilingualen Oberschlesier
Authors: Księżyk Felicja 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungDer Artikel stützt sich auf sprachbiographische Interviews, die im Rahmen des deutsch-polnischen Projekts LangGener mit einheimischen Bewohnern von ehemals deutschen Gebieten im heutigen Polen durchgeführt wurden. Von den insgesamt 124 Aufnahmen werden 20 sprachbiographische Interviews mit Sprechern und Sprecherinnen in Oberschlesien einer Analyse im Hinblick auf die darin vorkommenden remanenten Merkmale der schlesischen deutschen Dialekte unterzogen. Auch wenn die schlesische Sprachlandschaft in der Forschung vor dem Hintergrund der Grenzverschiebungen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg mit dem damit einhergehenden Bevölkerungsaustausch nunmehr für einen historischen Untersuchungsgegenstand erachtet wird, so zeigt der Artikel, dass auch die aktuell im LangGener-Korpus gewonnenen sprachlichen Daten restdialektale Merkmale des Deutschen aufzeigen. Entgegen der oft vertretenen Ansicht, wonach sich das oberschlesische Deutsch insbesondere durch sprachkontaktinduzierte Eigentümlichkeiten vom Standarddeutsch abheben würde, wird bewiesen, dass sprachkontaktbedingte Veränderungen nicht immer das alleinige und größte Erklärungspotenzial für manche im oberschlesischen Deutsch der Interviewten auftretende Phänomene haben. Zahlreiche Besonderheiten lassen sich als Anzeichen von Dialektkontinuität einstufen.
Words That Harm: Defending the Dignity Approach to Hate Speech Regulation
Authors: Bousquet Chris 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe dignity approach to racist hate speech regulation maintains that hate speech ought to be regulated because it impugns targets’ dignity and poses a threat to their equal treatment. This approach faces the significant causal challenges of showing that hate speech has the power to erode its targets’ dignity and that regulations can successfully protect that dignity. My aim is to show how a friend of the dignity approach can resolve these challenges. To do so, I borrow insights from the critical legal studies (CLS) approach to hate speech. Specifically, I argue that hate speech can erode its targets’ dignity 1) by constituting an act of discrimination, and 2) by enacting norms that call for treating targeted groups as inferior. Yet while I maintain that the CLS approach offers valuable resources for shoring up the dignity approach, I reject the CLS approach in favor of the dignity approach.
Party Institutionalization and Partisan Mobilization
Authors: Ponce Aldo F. , Scarrow Susan E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article investigates the relationship between levels of party institutionalization and individual-level partisan mobilization. Levels of party institutionalization have been linked to macro-level outcomes such as party system stability, but little is known about the micro-level underpinnings of such patterns. This article investigates one set of mechanisms through which party institutionalization might affect electoral outcomes. Specifically, we ask how routinization and value infusion – two central dimensions of party institutionalization – shape partisans’ political mobilization. We investigate these relationships by matching data on individual-level behaviour (taken from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) 2014 wave) with data on party attributes commonly associated with levels of institutionalization (taken from the Democratic Accountability and Linkages Project – DALP). We find that while value infusion encourages relatively greater participation from non-member supporters, party routinization depresses non-member participation but may mobilize otherwise inactive members. These findings suggest that to understand the effects of party institutionalization on a macro-level phenomenon such as electoral volatility, it may be necessary to study how parties institutionalize, rather than just asking how much they institutionalize.
Association between duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis and postoperative outcomes after lumbar spine surgery
Authors: Porter Mary W. , Burdi William , Casavant Jonathan D. , Eastment McKenna C. , Tulloch-Palomino Luis G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectives:To describe the association between duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis (AMP) and 30-day surgical site infection (SSI), 7-day acute kidney injury (AKI), 90-day Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), prolonged hospitalization, and 30-day reoperation after lumbar spine surgery for noninfectious indications, and to report adherence to current guidelines.Design:Survey.Participants and setting:The study cohort comprised 6,198 patients who underwent lumbar spine surgery for noninfectious indications across 137 Veterans’ Health Administration surgery centers between 2016 and 2020.Methods:Used univariate and multivariate logistic regression to determine the association between type and duration of AMP with 30-day SSI, 7-day AKI, 90-day CDI, prolonged hospitalization, and 30-day reoperation.Results:Only 1,160 participants (18.7%) received the recommended duration of AMP. On multivariate analysis, the use of multiple prophylactic antimicrobials was associated with increased odds of 90-day CDI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–28.2) and 30-day reoperation (aOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2–4.4). Courses of antimicrobials ≥3 days were associated with increased odds of prolonged hospitalization (aOR,1.8; 95% CI, 1.4–2.3) and 30-day reoperation (aOR, 3.5; 95% CI, 2.2–5.7). In univariate analysis, increasing days of AMP was associated with a trend toward increasing odds of 90-day CDI (cOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0–1.8 per additional day; P = .056).Conclusions:Longer courses of AMP after lumbar spine surgery were associated with higher odds of CDI, prolonged hospitalization, and reoperation, but not with lower odds of SSI. However, adherence to the recommended duration of AMP is very low, hinting at a wide evidence-to-practice gap that needs to be addressed by spine surgeons and antimicrobial stewardship programs.
Characterising the mechanics of cell–cell adhesion in plants
Authors: Atakhani Asal , Bogdziewiez Léa , Verger Stéphane 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Cell–cell adhesion is a fundamental feature of multicellular organisms. To ensure multicellular integrity, adhesion needs to be tightly controlled and maintained. In plants, cell–cell adhesion remains poorly understood. Here, we argue that to be able to understand how cell–cell adhesion works in plants, we need to understand and quantitatively measure the mechanics behind it. We first introduce cell–cell adhesion in the context of multicellularity, briefly explain the notions of adhesion strength, work and energy and present the current knowledge concerning the mechanisms of cell–cell adhesion in plants. Because still relatively little is known in plants, we then turn to animals, but also algae, bacteria, yeast and fungi, and examine how adhesion works and how it can be quantitatively measured in these systems. From this, we explore how the mechanics of cell adhesion could be quantitatively characterised in plants, opening future perspectives for understanding plant multicellularity.
Regional variations in child and mother’s characteristics influencing the use of insecticide treated net in Nigeria
Authors: Adejoh Samuel Ojima , Alabi Tunde A. , Ezechukwu Chidozie 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNigeria accounts for a quarter of malaria cases worldwide, which can be prevented with the use of insecticide treated nets (ITN). While studies have documented mother-related characteristics influencing use of ITN, regional variations in the influence of those factors are not well known. This study investigated nine factors (age, place of residence, education, religion, wealth, number of children in the household, sex of child, age of child and previous experience of child mortality) as possible predictors of use of ITN for children and how the associations vary across northern and southern parts of the country. The study utilised the 2015 Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey, which comprised 6524 mothers (4009 from the north and 2151 from the south) aged 15-49. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted. It was found that, less than half (47.9%) of the respondents reported no access to a mosquito net in the north compared to 70.8% in the south. More than half (51.4%) of the northern respondents used insecticide treated net (ITN) for the child compared to 27.1% of southern mothers. When the variables are fitted together in the same model, place of residence, mother’s age, mother’s education, wealth, religion, number of children in the household and previous experience of child mortality were associated with the use of ITN. Regional variations exist in the influence of mother’s age, number of children in the household and previous experience of child mortality. It was submitted that mother’s characteristics are more important than the child’s factors in the use of ITN, and that, contrary to the theory of poor utilisation of health-related facilities in the north compared to the south, residents in the former have access to and use ITN more than their counterparts from the latter.
Synthetic Options and Implied Volatility for the Corporate Bond Market
Authors: Chen Steven Shu-Hsiu , Doshi Hitesh , Seo Sang Byung 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe synthetically create option contracts on a corporate bond index using CDX swaptions, overcoming the limitations that stem from the lack of traded corporate bond options. Our approach allows us to estimate forward-looking moments concerning the corporate bond market in a model-free manner. By constructing an aggregate volatility measure and the associated variance risk premium, we examine the role of volatility risk in the corporate bond market. We highlight that the ex ante conditional second and higher moments we estimate from synthetic corporate bond options carry important implications for credit risk models, providing an extra basis for testing their validity.
Recommendations for the rehabilitation and release of wild-born, captive-raised cheetahs: the importance of pre- and post-release management for optimizing survival
Authors: Walker Eli H. , Verschueren Stijn , Schmidt-Küntzel Anne , Marker Laurie 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLarge carnivores are frequently released for conservation purposes, but early efforts struggled with inadequate monitoring and reporting, resulting in poor understanding of success. Although managers have improved release practice and monitoring, the use of orphaned, captive-raised large carnivores for release remains controversial because of the potential influence of captivity and the possible lack of natural behaviours in such individuals. Yet, rehabilitating orphaned individuals for release could help mitigate pressures on vulnerable wild populations. We present a case study on the rearing, rehabilitation and release of wild-born cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus that were rescued as orphans in Namibia. Our aim was to develop a methodological framework for cheetah release planning and post-release management based on the outcome of release trials conducted during 2004–2018. Between 2001 and 2012, we rescued 86 orphaned cheetahs from the wild. Of these, 36 (42%) were selected as release candidates. We found high success rates (75–96%) of selected individuals in achieving independence post-release. Additionally, annual survival estimates for rehabilitated individuals that reached independence were comparable to those of wild counterparts described by other studies, and some rehabilitated individuals reproduced with wild conspecifics. Our findings demonstrate the ability of wild-born, captive-raised cheetahs to transition back into the wild with strategic pre- and post-release management directed towards optimizing survival. This includes selecting appropriate release candidates, forming artificial coalitions, balancing habituation levels during captivity, choosing appropriate release sites, and providing strategic support during post-release monitoring. We encourage scientists and managers to implement and refine our protocol for rehabilitation throughout the cheetah's current and historic range.
Dissenting at the United Nations: Interaction orders and Venezuelan contestation practices (2015–16)
Authors: Albaret Mélanie , Brun Élodie 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Venezuelan participation in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in 2015 and 2016 was expected to be a challenge for the institution, as the Maduro government adopted controversial positions at the General Assembly (UNGA). However, Venezuela contestation line did not appear clearly at the UNSC. Drawing upon an in-depth qualitative study, Erving Goffman's work, and literature on contestation in international organisations (IOs), we interpret this apparent inconsistency from the concept of interaction order. We argue that the UNGA and the UNSC each constitutes a specific interaction order that influences the way contestation practices are channelled. The contestation practices Venezuelan representatives set up at the UNGA hardly work during the UNSC official sessions, where they adapt their practices to its interaction order. Venezuelan representatives also use informal and backstage actions to express their dissent, without avoiding being called into order. Venezuela's moderation at the UNSC results from an invisibilisation of contestation by interaction practices.
Teaching Computational Social Science for All
Authors: Kim Jae Yeon , Ng Yee Man Margaret 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTComputational methods have become an integral part of political science research. However, helping students to acquire these new skills is challenging because programming proficiency is necessary, and most political science students have little coding experience. This article presents pedagogical strategies to make transitioning from Excel, SPSS, orStatatoRor Python for data analytics less challenging and more exciting. First, it discusses two approaches for making computational methods accessible: showing the big picture and walking through the workflow. Second, a step-by-step guide for a typical course is provided using three examples: learning programming fundamentals, wrangling messy data, and communicating data analysis.
Political Budget Cycles in Autocracies: The Role of Religious Seasons and Political Collective Action
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed Ezzeldin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFor autocrats ruling over religious populations as in many Muslim majority countries, threats of mass collective action and religious mobilization are risky to ignore, being potentially detrimental to authoritarian survival. Religious seasons, such as Ramadan, could raise the seriousness of such threats. Accordingly, incumbents might adopt expansionary fiscal policies to avoid the escalation of political discontent at these times. Focusing on Egypt's fiscal policy between 2006 and 2019, I find that although the religious season of Ramadan is associated with modest increases in government expenditure and welfare spending, this relationship is dependent on the level of political threats facing the regime. Government spending is higher in Ramadan's season when it is preceded by more episodes of anti-regime collective action. This evidence suggests that the interaction between the religious and political contexts could generate political budget cycles outside electoral seasons.
A response to yet another defence of ECT in the absence of robust efficacy and safety evidence
Authors: Read John 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
It is estimated that electroconvulsive therapy is still administered to approximately a million people a year. It involves passing enough electric current through the human brain, eight to twelve times, to cause convulsions, in the hope of somehow alleviating emotional suffering, primarily depression. There have only ever been 11 placebo-controlled studies (where general anaesthesia is administered but the electric shock is withheld), all of which were pre-1986, had very small sample sizes and were seriously methodologically flawed. Five of these studies found no difference between the two groups at the end of treatment, four found ECT produced better outcomes for some patients, and two produced mixed results, including one where psychiatrists' ratings produced a difference, but the ratings of nurses and patients did not. In the 80 years since the first ECT no studies have found any evidence that ECT is better than placebo beyond the end of treatment. Nevertheless, all five meta-analyses relying on these studies have somehow concluded that ECT is more effective than placebo despite the studies' multiple failings. Meanwhile, evidence of persistent or permanent memory loss in 12% to 55% of patients has accumulated. Attempts to highlight this failure of ECT proponents to provide robust evidence that their treatment is effective and safe are routinely dismissed, diminished, denied and denounced. This paper responds to one such attempt, by Drs Meechan, Laws, Young, McLoughlin and Jauhar, to discredit two systematic reviews of the eleven pre-1986 studies, in 2010 and 2019, the latter of which also reviewed five meta-analyses that had ignored the studies' failings. The criticisms and claims of the recent crtiique of the two systematic reviews are examined in detail, by the first author of both reviews, for accuracy, relevance and logic. The critique is found to include multiple errors, misrepresentations, omissions, inconsistencies and logical flaws. It is concluded that Meechan et al. fail to make a fact-based, coherent argument against suspending ECT pending a series of large, carefully designed placebo-controlled studies to establish whether ECT does have any beneficial effects against which to weigh the significant established adverse effects.
Positive Leaders Propagate Slower at Higher Altitudes: Experimental Evidence and Theoretical Explanation
Authors: He Hengxin , Liu Lipeng , Ding Yujian , Luo Bin , Chen Weijiang , Cheng Chen , Yin Yu , Shi Weidong 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe provide the clearest experimental evidence to date that positive leader velocity decreases with the decline of air density in the troposphere. The experiments are conducted at altitudes of 4,300 m in Tibet and 53 m in Beijing using the long air gap discharge technique. Rigorous comparative studies are performed using synchronized measurement of positive leader velocity and current under different air densities and similar temperature and humidity conditions. The effect of reduced air density on positive leader velocity is analyzed with a detailed thermal‐hydrodynamic model. It is found that the widely used similarity law setting initial leader radius inversely proportional to air density does not hold in estimating positive leader speeds in the troposphere.