bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Potato Leafhopper on Raspberry, 1989
Authors: Rajotte E. G. , Travis J. W. , Rytter J. , Rebarchak G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the Rock Springs Research Farm. The study was laid out as a completely randomized design with 7 treatments each replicated 4 times. Treatments consisted of 5 plants, spaced 3 feet apart. Data were obtained from samples taken from the center section of plots. Each plot was rated for potato leafhopper damage on leaves. A toxicity index to assess damage was created on a scale of 0-3: 0 = no visible damage; 1 = 2% of leaves curled; 2 = 50%-75% of leaves curled; 3 = &gt;75% of leaves curled. On 16 Jun, treatments were applied using a CO2 Precision Boom Sprayer that delivered 72 gal/acre at 35 psi. The spray boom was equipped with twin fan nozzles (T.J. 60-1104 vs). On 18 Jul treatments were applied using a Meyers Boom Sprayer that was adjusted to deliver 72 gal/acre traveling 3 mph. Treatments in parentheses were applied previously on 25 May.
Control of Cabbage Looper, Diamondback Moth, and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage, 1989
Authors: Linduska James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bravo’ cabbage were planted in 1 row plots 40 ft long on 17 Aug. Plants were spaced 24 inches apart in the row with 64 inches between rows. Each 1 row plot was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 36 psi. Treatments were applied on 31 Aug and 7, 14, 21, 28 Sep and 4 Oct. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-6 and were indexed as follows: 1) no apparent insect feeding; 2) minor insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves, 0-1% leaf area eaten; 3) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with no head damage, 2-5% leaf area eaten; 4) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with minor feeding on head, 6-10% leaf area eaten, head unmarketable during normal marketing conditions; 5) moderate to heavy feeding on wrapper and head leaves and a moderate number of feeding scars on head, 11-30% of leaf area eaten; 6) considerable insect feeding on wrapper and head leaves with head having numerous feeding scars, over 30% of leaf area eaten.
Cabbage Aphid and Webworm Control, 1988
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Early Jersey’ cabbage was transplanted 5 Aug near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 60 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Trickle irrigation was used in all plots. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18 x). Application rate was 54 gal/ acre delivered at 60 psi, and Triton B-1956 spreader-sticker was used with all treatments. Applications were made 8, 14, 22, 30 Sep, 10 and 18 Oct. Insect counts or ratings were made 6 Oct, and quality ratings of heads which had formed and damage ratings of all plants were made 3 Nov.
Control of Spider Mites on Cabbage, 1989
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Express’ cabbage was direct seeded into fine sandy loam soil located at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, OK on 29 Aug. Test plots consisted of one row, thinned to 12 inches between plants on 3 ft centers, each 20 ft long, using 3 replications. A single application of each insecticide was administered on 16 Oct using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 21.8 gal/acre. The boom was equipped with 2 nozzles to ensure effective spray coverage. Insecticide efficacy was assessed by sampling 5 one-inch discs from each plot for SM larvae and adults one d prior to treatment, as well as 7, 10, and 14 DAT.
First Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1990
Authors: Higgius R. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Naturally infested whorl-stage field corn was treated 22 Jun. Nine insecticides and 1 untreated control were replicated 4 times. All plots consisted of contiguous rows, each 12 m long with 76-cm spacing. Sprays were applied in water (20 gal/acre) with a COs-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a broadcast boom. Nozzles were Delavan HC 12, 70 degree. Dry products were premeasured for treated area and were applied by hand with a funnel/bander system designed for this purpose. Stalks were split from 10 Jul 10 through 12 Jul. Twenty stalks/plot were split from ground level to the top of the plant. Shotholes/20 plants, tunnels/20 plants, larvae + pupae/20 plants, and percent of plants infested were recorded.
Control of Germinating Seed Pests on Field Corn, 1990
Authors: Youngman R. R. , Midgarden D. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted on 23 Apr in Northumberland County, Va., to determine the effectiveness of several granular insecticides and a seed treatment against pests of germinating corn seeds. The recent cropping history for this field included field corn planted in 1988 and 1989 followed by a cover crop of crimson clover each yr. Soil type for this field is characterized as a Suffolk fine sandy loam. The experimental design involved a randomized complete block experiment with 4 replications. Each plot consisted of a single, 15- ft row in which furrows were hand dug to a uniform depth of approximately 1.5 inches. Seeds were spaced 6 inches apart within the furrows providing about 30 seeds per plot. Each block was separated from adjacent blocks by a distance of 6.3 ft. All granular insecticides were applied in-furrow using pint canning jars (Mason) with lids in which a single opening had been drilled. Lid openings were laboratory-calibrated to deliver accurately the labeled rate for each insecticide while walking at 3 mph. The possibility of mixing one or more insecticides was avoided by using a separate jar and lid for each treatment. For the treatments involving Agrox D-L Plus, the rates of 1- and 2-oz product/bushel of corn seed were used. In addition to recording whole-plot stand counts on 7 May, the roots and attached seed for each corn seedling, as well as seeds which had not germinated, were removed from the soil and inspected for evidence of feeding damage. Back transformed percentages are presented in the table.
Control of Tobacco Budworm and Bollworm, 1989
Authors: Elzen Gary W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 23 May in plots 8 rows (40 inch centers) by 50 ft on the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, Miss. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replicates. Treatments were applied on 28 Aug by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed-air spray system. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 5 mph and 40 psi using two TX 6 nozzles/row. Damage, eggs, and live larvae were estimated by sampling 50 buds (squares) and 50 terminals in each replication on 31 Aug.
Evaluation of Insecticide Treatments for Aphid and Whitefly Control on Cotton in Mississippi, 1990
Authors: Grant Robert R. , Reed Jack T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eleven treatments were evaluated for aphid and whitefly control on cotton planted 25 May in sandy loam soil on the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Plots were 8 rows × 50 ft and were arranged in randomized complete block statistical design with four replications. Treatments were applied to the center four rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 8 gal/acre at 4 mph using 5, TX-3 nozzles/row with outside nozzles on 6 and 13 inch drops. Initial application was made on 18 Jul, additional applications for three treatments were made on 24 Jul. Insects were counted on half of each of 10 leaves picked at random in the center two rows of each plot from 2 and 3 levels of the plant canopy; the fourth fully expanded leaf below the terminal, a leaf arising from the mainstem ca. 1/3 of the plant height down the plant from the terminal, and a leaf near the bottom on the plant. Leaves were collected in the field and transported to the laboratory in plastic bags where insects were counted by use of a binocular microscope.
Evaluation of In-Furrow Insecticides for Early Season Thrips Control on Cotton in North Mississippi, 1990
Authors: Grant Robert R. , Reed Jack T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ten treatments were evaluated for relative efficacy against thrips on cotton planted 10 May in sandy loam soil at the North Mississippi Branch Experiment station, Holly Springs, Miss. Soil and ambient temperatures at planting were 22.8 and 23.9°C, respectively, soil moisture was adequate. Plots were 4 rows x 50 ft (40 inch centers) with 4 rows planted between plots and were arranged in a randomized complete block statistical design with 4 replications. Granular materials were applied with a John Deere planter equipped with granule applicator boxes, liquids were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer with an 8002E nozzle positioned above and in line with the furrow so as to direct all the spray into the furrow at a rate of 5 gal/acre. Water was used as carrier for application of liquids. Thrips counts were obtained by collecting 5 plants at random from each plot, placing them in a plastic bag and transporting them to the laboratory. Samples were collected on 23 and 30 May, and 5, 12 and 19 Jun. Plants were washed in the laboratory with a few drops of detergent and sodium hyperchlorite bleach per liter of water, and rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve. Thrips were then rinsed onto filter paper for counting by use of a binocular dissection microscope. Rainfall between the planting date and 20 Jun totalled to 5.39 inches. The center 2 rows of all plots were mechanically harvested on 15 Oct.
Effect of Foliar Fertilizer (22% Urea) on Aphid Control Test-I, 1990
Authors: Long D. W. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 5 treatments and a control replicated 5 times. Cotton was planted on 26 Apr with plots consisting of 6 rows (40 in) × 50 ft and foliar sprays were applied with a hi-clearance utility tractor equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre total spray volume. Treatments were applied on 11 Jul and evaluations were made on 13 and 18 Jul. The plots had not been treated previously and plant height at treatment initiation was less than 36 in. Effectiveness on aphid populations was evaluated by randomly collecting 20 plant terminals from the center 2 rows of each plot and placing them immediately into 0.95 liter glass jars. In the laboratory, 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), 5 ml of dilute liquid detergent solution, and 500 ml of tap water were added to the glass jars. Following vigorous agitation, the contents of the jars were poured onto a no. 30 metal sieve and plants were thoroughly washed to dislodge remaining aphids, which were funneled into 300-mesh sieves. Contents of the 300-mesh sieve were backwashed into a Buchner filter apparatus (7 cm diam) containing ruled filter paper. Numbers of aphids were determined using a Zeiss binocular stereoscope at 12 × magnification. One half inch of rainfall was recorded between 11 and 13 Jul, and 1.0 inch of rainfall was recorded between 13 and 18 Jul.
Soybean Looper and Velvetbean Caterpillar Control, 1990
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Moss Robert B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirty-two insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling soybean loopers and velvetbean caterpillars in soybean. Insecticides were foliar-applied on 5 Sep in Test I and 7 Sep in Test II on 'Thomas' soybeans. The field was planted on 15 May in conventionally prepared seedbeds on 30 inch row spacings at the University of Georgia Southwest Branch Experiment Station at Plains, Ga. Individual plots were 5 rows × 20 ft long with 3-ft alleys at the beginning and end of plots. Each plot consisted of 3 treated rows with an untreated border row on each side. At each test site there were 16 treatments replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-12 nozzles on a 7.5 ft boom at 45 psi that delivered 20.1 gal/acre. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on 3, 7, and 14 DAT, by taking a 3 row-feet ground cloth sample.
Aphid Control in Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1990
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Taylor J. D. , Lambert A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Flue-cured tobacco 'Var. McNair 944' was transplanted at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga., on 29 Mar. Plots 4 rows wide (44 in apart) × 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Treatments were separated by single untreated border rows with the center 2 rows of each plot being sprayed. Blocks were separated by 5 ft vacant alley on each end. Eight insecticide treatments were applied on 25 May and 1 Jun with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 19.8 gal/acre of formulation at 35 psi. Three TX-12 hollow cone nozzles were arranged directly over each row. Numbers of live aphids were recorded on the third and sixth plant of each plot prior to treatment and on 3 and 7 DAT. Aphid damage ratings were taken from all plants in each plot 10 d after the last application. Ratings included: 0 if no aphids were present on the upper four leaves; 1 if there were up to 50 aphids/plant; 2 if there were between 50-200 aphids/plant; and 3 if there were more than 200 aphids/plant. All plants in each plot were harvested during mid to late Jun.
Control of Orchid Weevils on Dendrobium, Hawaii, 1990
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bioassay tests were conducted on 28 Jun on dendrobium orchids growing in 1/2 inch crushed basalt rock. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates with 5 plants per replicate. Sprays were applied until runoff occurred using a compressed C02 sprayer with a 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. One day after treatment, 20 leaves/treatment, 5 leaves/rep, were excised and placed into a 12.0 × 10.5 cm unwaxed paper container. Twenty-five orchid weevils collected on bamboo orchids Arundina graminifolia Don was added to each container and covered with organdy. Mortality was assessed 1 and 2 DAT.
Scotch Pine, Evaluation of Selected Insecticides Against European Pine Sawfly, Wayne Co., Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Scotch pine, 1-1.5 m tall, growing in a Christmas tree plantation were used to evaluate insecticides against European pine sawfly larvae. Larvae were 15-20 mm in length when treatments were applied. Trees selected had at least one active colony of sawfly larvae. Sprays were applied 29 May under sunny skies, 15°C, and 8-16 km/h winds. The treatment area received 0.2 cm rainfall during the test period. A KWH backpack mistblower, operating at half throttle on aperature setting #3 for 15 s, was used to deliver 300 ml of finished spray to each of the 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Sprays were directed toward a colony and surrounding foliage. Treatments were evaluated 3 DAT by counting the total number of live larvae per colony.
Control of Face Flies and Permethrin Resistant Horn Flies on Pastured Beef Cattle with Insecticidal Ear Tags, 1990
Authors: Webb J. D. , Knapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twelve insecticide ear tags were efficacy tested against face and horn flies on beef cattle. All populations of horn flies were assayed for resistance to permethrin and diazinon prior to tag application and when possible after the tags were removed. These horn flies were compared to susceptible horn flies obtained from the USDA Livestock Laboratory, Kerrvilie, Tex. Tags were applied to 3 groups of cattle with differing insecticide treatment history. One group had been treated the previous year with diazinon ear tags (group A), another with pyrethroid or Maxcon tags (group B), and the third group with various nontag treatments (group C). Each adult animal in the respective herds received 1 tag/ear. After tagging, counts were made at weekly intervals on 10 randomly selected animals from each herd. Counts were made during the same time period (11:00 A.M.-4:00 P.M.). Horn flies were estimated on one side of each animal and face flies were counted on the head and face of these same animals. Fly populations of treated herds were compared to populations on untreated herds located no closer than 0.8 km. The effectiveness of treatments was determined by calculating the percent reduction of fly populations on treated to untreated herds.
Evaluation of Ivermectin Against the Screwworm in Vitro, 1982
Authors: Ring Dennis R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Research was conducted at the Screwworm Research Laboratory in Mission, Tex. and in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico. Screwworm eggs, neonates, and third instars were exposed to ivermectin (Merck MK- 933, 22, 23 dihydroavermectin B1) and coumaphos at rates of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ppm. Eggs were placed on black filter paper in petri dishes and each filter paper was treated with 0.05 ml of solution of one concentration, respectively. One hundred g of screwworm starting or finishing medium were placed in tin pie pans. Insecticides were added to pie pans from lowest to highest concentrations and thoroughly mixed with the medium to yield the final concentrations mentioned above. Eggs on untreated black filter paper and neonates &lt;24 h old were placed in pie pans with starting medium while, third instars were placed in pie pans with finishing medium. Masking tape was placed around the top of pie pans to prevent larval escape. Petri dishes and pie pans were placed on trays in water in a heated vat (37°C) and scored for the number of eggs and larval eclosion at 24 h posttreatment and for living larvae at 24 and 48 h posttreatment. Water and acetone treated petri dishes and pie pans were used as controls. Data on larval eclosion were analyzed using probit analysis. Slopes obtained for insecticides were compared using t tests. Bionomial tests for equal proportions were performed on insecticide treatments versus controls and between controls.
Ovicidal and Sterilant Effects of Pyriproxyfen on Codling Moth and Oriental Fruit Moth, 1990
Authors: Yokoyama Victoria Y. , Miller Gina T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
CM (1 to 4 dold, n = 400-1,236 per age) and OFM eggs (1 to 3 d-old, n = 318-963 per age) were exposed to pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, by immersion in aqueous solutions (3 replicates/dose). One-d-old CM eggs (n = 1,440) on nectarines were immersed in a 10 ppm aqueous solution of pyriproxyfen for 5 s. Eggs were incubated for 7-11 d to determine hatch. Two-d-old unsexed CM adults were topically exposed to pyriproxyfen in methanol solutions (3 replicates of 30 adults/dose). Either 15 CM females or males (1-2 d-pld) or 15 OFM females or males (1-d-old) were exposed to residues of 2,700 g (AI)/ha for 2 d and mated to an equal number of unexposed adults of the opposite sex (3 replicates per exposed sex of each species). Adult fecundity and egg viability were evaluated by placing treated adults in ovipositional cages made from cylindrical paper cartons (17 cm tall × 17 cm diam). Waxed paper sheets were used as an ovipositional surface. The waxed paper egg sheets were collected and replaced with new sheets every 2-5 d. Eggs were incubated at 26.8°C for at least 7 d, counted, and examined for hatch. Controls were handled in the same manner as test insects but never exposed to pyriproxyfen.
Lesser Peachtree Borer Control, 1990
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Cheves Robert 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a 0.7 acre block of 12-yr-old trees, which measured 11 ft in height and 13 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of 6 single-tree plots (3 'Sunhigh,' 3 'Loring') in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied to runoff on 5 and 25 Jun with a handgun attached to a Durand-Wayland 100 LTS sprayer operated at 100 psi. Each tree received approximately 2 gal of spray (ca. 218 GPA) which was primarily directed at wounds on the trunk and branches. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Benlate, Captan, Parathion, Rovral, Sevin, and Topsin-M. Insecticides were evaluated by counting and removing pupal cases from the trunk and branches at a height of 1-6 ft on 1, 14, and 29 Aug; 17 Sep; 1 Oct. Counts on each date were summed to arrive at a season total for each tree. Pupal cases were removed from all trees on 19 Jul prior to taking counts.
Phosphine Fumigation of Inshell Almonds for Insect Control, 1989
Authors: Hartsell Preston L. , Tebbets Jane C. , Vail Patrick V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fumigations with phosphine (PH3) were conducted to determine minimum lethal exposure times and concentrations at various temperatures for control of NOW or IMM in inshell almonds. A dosage of 30 g/ 1000 ft3 PH3 gas generated from aluminum phosphide pellets was used on infested almonds at 10, 15.6, 21.1, 26.7 or 32.2°C. Insect eggs, 0-24 h old, or early pupae were placed in screened vials which were buried within the almond load (53% v/v) contained in a fumigation chamber. The exposure time, in days, required for complete kill at each temperature was determined in preliminary tests, after which the treatments were replicated three times. Control insects were set up in the same manner as those treated, but were not exposed to PH3. Following fumigation and 2 h aeration, the eggs or pupae were removed from the almond load and placed in a holding incubator at conditions of 27°C, 60% RH for 14-21 d to determine egg hatch or adult emergence.
Control of Diamondback Moth on Spring Planted Cabbage—Ii, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Mulkey B. , Talbot Tim 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was direct seeded in double rows into prepared seedbeds on 2 Apr at the Sweet Potato Research Station near Chase, La. The plots consisted of 3 seedbeds (6 rows) on 40-inch centers by 30-ft long, with only 2 seedbeds being treated. Treatments were arranged in a completely random design with 4 replicates. Test materials were applied using a hand-held boom with a CO2 charged delivery system calibrated to deliver 30 gal total spray/acre through Teejet 8002 flat-fan nozzles (2/seedbed) at 48 psi. Applications were made on 11, 17, 24 May and on 1, 6 Jun. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling 5 plants/plot on 14 and 21 May. Plots were harvested (15 heads/ plot) on 19 Jun to determine quality and damage ratings. Foliage injury was rated using a scale from 1-6 (1 = no apparent feeding, 6 = severe damage to head and wrapper leaves). Plants with a damage rating of 3 or below were considered to be marketable. Overhead irrigation was provided on an "as needed" basis to the test plots, but not within 72 h posttreatment.
Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 30 Apr near Georgetown, DE. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 30 inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using two nozzles/row delivering 86.2 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 28 Jun; 2, 8, 11, 15, 18, and 22 Jul. At harvest maturity (24 Jul), all ears from each plot were husked and evaluated for damage as “fresh market” (clean ears, no damage evident) and “processing” (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage). All worms were identified, counted, and recorded.