bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Size-Based Filtration of Poly-Disperse Micro-Particle by Dipping
Authors: Khalil Md Ibrahim , Khoda Bashir 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In manufacturing industries, spherical micro-particles are commonly used as (e.g., brazing powder, metal filler, and 3D printing powder) which are produced with droplet-based particle fabrication techniques. Such processes create spherical morphology but introduce polydispersity and follow a continuous exponential pattern commonly expressed with Rosin-Rammler expression. Sorting those micro-particles in a narrower size range is an important but difficult, costly, and challenging process. Here we demonstrate the successful separation of the particles from a poly-disperse mixture with a particle volume fraction of 10% by dipping process. Nickel-based micro-particles (avg. dia. 5.69 μm) are added in a binder-based liquid carrier system. To encounter the gravitational force, external kinetic energy in the form of agitation is applied to ensure the uniform dispersion of the particles. The cylindrical substrate is prepared and dipped in the ‘pseudo suspension’ to separate the particles by adhering to it. The substrate is dried, and images are taken to characterize the separated particles using image J software. A clear size distribution can be observed which is also plotted. Additionally, a relationship between the process parameter and sorted particles has been established. The proposed method is quick, controllable, and easy to implement, which can be a useful tool for sorting wide-range poly-disperse particles.
3D Co-Printability of PCL and Hybrid Hydrogels
Authors: Quigley Connor , Habib Md Ahasan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
3D bioprinting has recently gained popularity due to its inherent capability of releasing cell-seeded and cell-laden biomaterials in a defined location to fabricate patient-specific scaffolds. Multi-nozzle extrusion-based 3D bio-printing allows the fabrication of various natural and synthetic biopolymers and the investigations of material to material and cell to material interactions, and eventually with a high percentage of cell viability and proliferation. Although natural hydrogels are demanding candidates for bio-printing because of their biocompatibility and high-water content, ensuring the scaffold’s fidelity with only natural hydrogel polymers is still challenging. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a potential synthetic bioprinting material that can provide improved mechanical properties for fabricated scaffolds, especially bone and cartilage scaffolds. In this paper, application-oriented structural viability such as 3D printability, shape fidelity, and mechanical properties of the scaffolds fabricated by PCL and other natural hydrogel materials will be investigated. Scaffolds will be fabricated using various natural hybrid hydrogels such as Alginate-Carboxymethyl Cellulose; Alginate-Carboxymethyl Cellulose-TEMPO NFC, and PCL simultaneously using various infill densities, applied pressures, print speeds, and toolpath patterns. Shape fidelities of printed scaffolds will be analyzed. This research can help identify optimum natural-synthetic polymer combinations based on the materials interaction, external and internal geometries, and mechanical properties for large-scale multi-material bio fabrication.
A Study on the Effect of Nozzle Geometrical Parameters on Supersonic Cold Spraying of Droplets
Authors: Akin Semih , Wu Puyuan , Nath Chandra , Chen Jun , Jun Martin Byung-Guk 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Supersonic cold spraying of droplets containing functional nanomaterials is of particular interest in advanced thin-film coating, that enabling high-adhesion strength particle deposition. In this method, coating occurs when the particles are accelerated to supersonic velocities in a converging-diverging nozzle, and then impact onto a target surface. Here, the optimum design of the nozzle is essential to deal with low-inertia particles like droplets. In particular, nozzle geometrical parameters (i.e., throat diameter, exit diameter, divergent length) determine droplets’ acceleration and deposition characteristics under supersonic flow conditions. To this end, we thoroughly investigate the influence of nozzle geometrical parameters on droplets acceleration by numerical modeling followed by experimental validation, and a case study on surface coating application. Two-phase flow modeling was used to predict droplets’ behavior in continuous gas flow for different nozzle configurations. The results show that the nozzle expansion ratio — a function of throat and exit diameters — has a significant influence on droplet velocity, followed by divergent length. In particular, to correctly accelerate low-inertia liquid droplets, optimum nozzle expansion ratio for an axisymmetric convergent-divergent nozzle is found to be in a range of 1.5–2.5 for various sets of parameters, which is different than the recommended expansion ratio (i.e., 5–9) for cold spraying of micro-scale metal particles. The findings can help determine the ideal design of a supersonic nozzle to minimize turbulent velocity fluctuation and shock wave formation that in turn assist to effectively spray low-inertia particles like micro-scale droplets. Based on the simulation results, an optimal design of supersonic nozzle is selected and prototyped for the experimental studies. Numerical modeling results are validated by particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Moreover, coating experiments confirm the adaptability of the optimized nozzle for supersonic cold spraying of droplets containing nanoparticles, which thereby has the potential for rapid production of advanced thin films.
Effect of Withdrawal Velocity on Particle Entrainment From Density Mismatched Mixture
Authors: Shovon S. M. Naser , Khalil Ibrahim , Alam Adeeb , Khoda Bashir 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this work, the physical phenomenon of the polydisperse micro-particle entrainment process from density mismatch mixture is investigated with the variation of substrate withdrawal speed. A liquid carrier system (LCS) is prepared by a polymer-based binder and an evaporating solvent. Nickel-based inorganic and spherical particles with a. moderate vol%. of 35% are added to the LCS solution. The cylindrical AISI 1006 mild steel wire substrate is dipped at different withdrawal speed ranging from 0.01 mms-1 to 20 mms-1. The binder vol%. is varied between 6.5% and 10.5%. Once the cylindrical substrate is extracted from the mixture, the surface coverage and the particle size are measured following the image analysis technique. The average particle size, coating thickness and the surface packing coverage by the particles are increasing with the higher withdrawal speed of the substrate. We observed relatively low size of particles (&lt; 10 micrometers) as well as low surface coverage (∼33%) when the withdrawal speed remains at 0.01 mm/s. However, with high withdrawal speed (20 mm/s), we found all sizes of particles present on the substrate with a surface coverage of over 90%. The finding of this research will help to understand the high-volume solid transfer technique and develop a novel manufacturing process.
An Investigation Into Multi-Track Deposition in Laser Powder-Bed Fusion: Transient Regions Analysis and Scan Length Effects
Authors: Rauniyar Santosh , Shrestha Subin , Chou Kevin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing has been used to fabricate complex-shaped structures, which often consist of fine features. Due to transient process phenomena, there are differences in terms of the melt pool formation and the surface morphology depending upon the feature area and scan parameters. This study investigates the scan length effect on the surface morphology and the presence of transient length and width that may have a significant effect as the layer addition continues. For this purpose, four scan lengths (0.25 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, and 2.0 mm) are used to fabricate six tracks with back-and-forth scanning. A full factorial design of experiments is used to form multi-track depositions with three levels of power (125 W, 160 W, and 195 W), two levels of scan speed (550 mm/s and 1000 mm/s), and four levels of hatch spacing (80 μm, 100 μm, 120 μm, and 140 μm). A white light interferometer is used to acquire the surface data, and MATLAB is used for surface topographical analysis. The results indicated that the scan length has a significant effect on the surface characteristics. The average height of multi-track deposits increases with the decrease of the scan length. Moreover, the transient length and width can be approximated based on the height variation along both the scan and transverse directions, respectively.
Immersive Virtual Reality Training With Error Management for CNC Milling Set-Up
Authors: Ryan Matt , Wang Yiwen , Xiao Qinqin , Liu Rui , Zhang Yunbo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In order to address the demand for skilled machinists and limitations with current training programs, we introduce an immersive Virtual Reality (VR) CNC machining training environment for CNC machine setup processes with a novel error management based training curriculum. Current machinist training programs are several years long requiring active mentorship from a skilled individual and are very costly due to the materials and tools required. Mistakes and errors made during the set up process can create safety risks, waste material and break equipment requiring additional time to reset. Existing VR CNC milling training environments fail to address mistakes that can occur during the setup process. In order to address these operational challenges, a novel error-management based training in VR is proposed which allows trainees to learn the set up procedure,learn the common errors & mistakes and practice identifying errors in addition to practicing activities for the setup. The training first introduces students to the setup procedure, followed by demonstrations of error cases and identification and management strategies culminating in practice opportunities. Trainees witness a spatial demonstration of the procedure, guided by auditory and text instructions. Users are able to actively explore the spatial teaching environment while controlling a virtual CNC milling machine. A preliminary user training test is performed comparing the VR method to a video training and a video training with error management curriculum.
Modeling Maximum Stresses in Each Layer for Layer-by-Layer Deposition of the Direct Metal Laser Sintering Process for Different Scanning Patterns
Authors: Tang Joseph , Sezer Hayri , Ahsan Nazmul , Ahmed Hossain , Kaul Sudhir 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this paper, maximum stresses from the Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) process are numerically calculated for each layer using a novel computational model that has been developed to capture the layer-by-layer deposition. The computational domain with all layers is modeled numerically with conduction, while using convection and radiation on the model boundaries. The phase change of the material between liquid and solid states is accounted for and the residual thermal stresses are obtained from the temperature gradient data in conjunction with Hooke’s law. The resulting maximum stress versus time behavior and maximum stress distribution patterns on each layer are complex and do not always match the scanning path. However, there is direct correspondence between the stress distribution and the scanning patterns.
Investigating the Role of Auditory Perception of Cutting Process Conditions in CNC Machining
Authors: Jarosz Krzysztof , Zhang Yunbo , Liu Rui 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the era of Industry 4.0, the machining sound has been extensively adopted in tool condition monitoring systems, virtual machining environment, and remote machining solutions. However, only limited attention has been paid to understand how experienced machinists detect tool wear and improper cutting conditions based on their hearing in the real machining environment. This paper aims to experimentally investigate and analyze the auditory perception of CNC operators during the cutting process and their capabilities of detecting unfavorable cutting conditions and faults using their sense of hearing and expertise. The sound in the machining environment was analyzed in the aspect of sound pressure levels (SPL). Optimal positions for sound sample acquisition were determined and audio data was recorded for future analysis. Experimental cutting tests with simulated process faults were conducted, where machinists with varying degrees of experience observed the process, listened to the machining sound and tried to determine whether cutting conditions were normal or if faults occurred. The primary research goal was to analyze how well operators can monitor the process using their various senses and to investigate the role of sound and auditory perceptions of trained professionals in cutting process supervision and monitoring. SPL measurements have shown that the sound pressure varies substantially in the machining environment, which is expected to affect the quality and volume of recorded machining sound depending on microphone positioning. Cutting tests have shown that the machinists use various senses to determine faults in the process, relying most significantly on auditory stimuli, with other factors, such as vibrations or visual examination of the workpiece having a secondary effect in the assessment of cutting process conditions and outcomes.
An Investigation of Chipping Propagation on Carbide Tool in End Milling for Prototyping
Authors: Zhang Shuhuan , Liu Rui 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Machining plays an important role in the prototyping process, and the carbide tools are often used in cutting tough metals under higher cutting speeds. Given the high degree of freedom and uncertainty in prototyping, conventional machine tools are generally favored by the machinists, and its low rigidity is more likely to cause chipping or breakage of the cutting edge in using carbide tools. However, due to the rapid development of chipping and the ever-changing toolpath in prototyping, the understanding of this type of tool damage is very limited from previous studies. To address this issue, the objective of this study is to experimentally investigate the chipping initiation and progression on the carbide tool under the prototyping circumstances. The experimental results indicate that the chipping develops differently at different locations on the cutting edge and under different cutting conditions and propagates rapidly when the maximum width of the local chipping reaches the critical value. It was also found that the chipping propagation is influenced by the interactions between the chipping and the flank wear and chipping among different flutes. To consider all those factors into chipping characterization and monitoring in milling, a combined failure criterion has been proposed in this study.
Mechanical and Metallurgical Characterization of Ultrafine Grained Titanium Laminates Developed by LSEM
Authors: Kumar Pushpinder , Joshi Ravinder Singh , Singla Rohit Kumar 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Titanium alloy sheets find its broad use in the automotive, biomedical, and aerospace industries. One of the most demanding role of these sheets is in making of Ti/GFRP based stacked composites. Production of Titanium laminates for this application is difficult and expensive than other metals due to the challenges of multipass processing with intermediate annealing. In the present research work, ultrafine titanium laminates are fabricated through novel technique based on large strain extrusion machining in a single pass. Laminates were produced from Ti-6Al-4V and pure titanium (CP-Ti). Metallurgical characterization through SEM/XRD/EBSD analysis is performed to check the effects of different parameters on laminates properties. Mechanical testing is performed using vicker’s hardness tester. It is evident from the analysis that the hardness of laminates is increased by 25–52% as compared to the base materials. Changes in crystallite structure of the material with severe plastic deformation may have led to an increase in hardness of laminates. Scanning electron microscopy is used to see the topography of the surface, and roughness is measured using a roughness tester. Deformation in different laminates was analysed through X-ray diffraction. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was done on the sample to find the crystallographic information of the microstructure of laminates fabricated by large strain extrusion machining.
Using an Articulated Industrial Robot to Perform Conformal Deposition With Mesoscale Features
Authors: Cai Ying , Bhatt Prahar M. , Zhao Hangbo , Gupta Satyandra K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Six Degrees of Freedom (DOF) robotic manipulators can use non-planar layers to deposit materials in additive manufacturing. Conformal material deposition requires accurately positioning and orienting the deposition tool on non-planar surfaces. Using industrial manipulators to move the deposition tool enables 6 DOF motion and avoids collision between the tool and the pre-existing substrate. Regular articulated industrial robots have high repeatability but do not exhibit high accuracy. Therefore, performing printing that involves small features becomes challenging. In this paper, we present advances in non-planar surface registration with respect to the robot frame, deposition tool calibration, and gap compensation scheme to enable accurate positioning of the tool tip with respect to the non-planar substrate. This enables us to maintain an accurately controlled gap between the tool tip and the underlying surface to allow printing of mesoscale features on curved surfaces. We test the efficacy of the proposed approach by printing a single layer of ink patterns with approximately 130 μm line width on spherical (radius &lt; 1 cm), cylindrical, and planar substrates. We also demonstrate the capability of changing tool orientation enabled by the 6 DOF robotic manipulator and show that adjusting tool orientation is critical in enabling conformal printing on highly curved surfaces. Finally, the gap variation is characterized and accurate control of the gap is demonstrated.
Analysis of the Heat-Affected Zone and Ablation Efficiency in Terms of Burst Mode Parameters During High Power Picosecond Laser Micromachining of Metals
Authors: Zhang Sijie , Shin Yung C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The past decade has seen a significantly increased use of high-power ultrafast lasers in micromachining applications. With the continual increase of the laser power for ultrafast lasers, an increase in the ablation rate has been brought about. However, it also created some negative effects, such as the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and thermal damages, which hardly occur at lower power. This issue was reported in the literature but has not been systematically addressed by previous research. This paper presents a systematic study on using the burst mode ablation to limit the HAZ while maintaining a high ablation efficiency using a high-power industrial picosecond laser with burst fluence larger than 10 J/cm2. An extended three-dimensional two-temperature model (3D-TTM) was employed to study the mechanism of the HAZ development and to predict the ablation efficiency with experimental validation. The essentiality of including the lattice heat conduction to predict accurate HAZ was discussed. The effect of the number of pulses per burst and pulse to pulse separation time was investigated. The optimal number of pulses per burst was obtained by using the 3D-TTM for copper and stainless steel. The 3D-TTM suggested that by using the optimal number of pulses per burst, a maximum reduction of 77% and 61% in HAZ could be achieved for copper and stainless steel respectively. And the corresponding ablation efficiency will be increased by 24% and 163% for copper and stainless steel at the same time. This study showed that burst mode laser machining at high fluence is an effective way of increasing efficiency while limiting the HAZ.
Research on Condition Monitoring Technology of Automobile Parts Intelligent Production Line Based on Cyber Physical System
Authors: Wang Yifei , Xia Zhiwen , Yang Kexin , Jin Lijun 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cyber physical system (CPS) of production line is an important technical support to realize the intelligent transformation of manufacturing industry. Therefore, this paper analyzes the application of CPS in the production line, and analyzes its modeling method in the production line; on this basis, the production line state signal analysis technology based on signal processing and deep learning algorithm is studied, which improves the quality of production line state monitoring. Based on the above analysis, this paper constructs the condition monitoring system framework of automobile parts production line based on CPS hybrid modeling, which overcomes the shortcomings of the traditional monitoring system and improves the analysis and decision-making ability of the system; In order to test the effectiveness of the framework, taking the spindle and bearing data in the automobile parts intelligent production line as an example, this paper compares the relevant algorithms, constructs a monitoring system based on the CPS framework, tests the effectiveness of the CPS framework in the condition monitoring of the intelligent production line, and proves that the framework can be popularized in the intelligent production line.
Across-strike asymmetry of the Andes orogen linked to the age and geometry of the Nazca plate
Authors: Val Pedro , Willenbring Jane K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The crest of the Andes—the trace of the highest mountain topography—weaves back and forth, in places near the coastline, in others farther inland. Its position reflects the asymmetric distribution of orogen mass and coincides with asymmetry of orographic precipitation. This coincidence is thought to reflect a primary influence of orographic precipitation on accumulated orogenic mass whereby the more erosive (wetter) side promotes crest migration toward the less erosive (drier) side. However, whether this remains the case after excluding tectonic controls on the size and asymmetry of the wedge is an open question. We assessed relationships between precipitation, erosion rates, and the macromorphology of the Andes. We find that precipitation rates cannot sufficiently explain orogen asymmetry after statistically controlling for the age or dip of the Nazca slab. Slab age and dip are known to primarily affect mountain building in the Andes by impacting stress and strain propagation into the retro-arc region, thus better explaining the position of the mountain chain within the orogenic wedge. Accordingly, using basin-wide erosion rate, topographic, and precipitation data, we find that precipitation possibly influences erosional efficiency in semi-arid Andean landscapes but falls short in explaining the variability of erosion rates in regions of high orographic precipitation. We conclude that the orographic effect cannot change the Andean macromorphology that is set by bottom-up tectonic processes.