bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Propagating surface plasmons
Authors: Benisty Henri , Greffet Jean-Jacques , Lalanne Philippe 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with surface waves propagating along a metallic interface called surface plasmon polaritons. We first introduce the concept of polariton, a mixed light-matter excitation of solids which has remarkable properties in order to confine electromagnetic energy. We discuss in detail its dispersion relation. We then discuss gap surface plasmon polaritons propagating between two parallel metallic planes with subwavelength separation. We finally briefly introduce plasmons on graphene, surface phonon polaritons and discuss the contribution of surface polaritons to the local density of states.
Propagation in periodic media (II): Photonic crystals
Authors: Benisty Henri , Greffet Jean-Jacques , Lalanne Philippe 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 16 focusses on the properties of photonic gaps and band edges. We introduce the gap modes with a complex-valued propagation constant. With a simplified two-wave approach, we give analytical expressions of the essential features of bandgaps in one-dimension, e.g. the gap width and the penetration depth that is related to the effective indices of evanescent Bloch modes. The presentation is complemented by a discussion of various flavours of slow light propagation, occurring typically but not exclusively near band edges.
Periodic waveguide
Authors: Benisty Henri , Greffet Jean-Jacques , Lalanne Philippe 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Periodic Waveguides are an important building-block of modern photonics, combining waveguides and gratings. They are logical candidates to implement miniature photonic functions, either in-plane or to couple guided waves with extended waves of the outer space. Their operation is quite conceptually complex, as they support guided modes like the classical waveguides (chapter 6) as well as resonant modes with finite lifetime. The chapter attempts to emphasize the underlying physical processes, stressing conceptual aspects, and develop the mathematical analysis to parallel the physical intuition. It also provides a comprehensive description of several illustrative optical components whose principle of operation fundamentally relies on the coupling between free-space and an almost confined electromagnetic field, with a complement on light extraction from LEDs.
Metamaterials and metasurfaces
Authors: Benisty Henri , Greffet Jean-Jacques , Lalanne Philippe 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In the last three decades, the advent of nanotechnology has enabled the fabrication of materials and surfaces patterned with meta-atoms with dimensions slightly smaller than the optical wavelength. This scale, which is too coarse for the medium to be considered as homogenous, is very rich in various exotic physical effects. The latter have enabled a plethora of new functionalities and applications, from artificial media with both negative indices, ‘perfect’ lenses, to metasurfaces offering a complete control of the phase and polarisation. In spite of the need to account for a substantial diversity, the chapter scope is also to highlight the fundamentals, by connecting to anterior works on the one hand, and the main applications, by considering the limitations and forces of metallic or dielectric nanostructures on the other hand.
Controlling light–matter interaction at the nanoscale with cavities and nanoantennas
Authors: Benisty Henri , Greffet Jean-Jacques , Lalanne Philippe 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We consider light-matter interaction processes such as emission, absorption, elastic or inelastic scattering and fluorescence by a quantum object such as an atom, a molecule or a quantum dot. The idea of controlling these processes with a resonator (a cavity or a resonant nanoantenna) is to use an intermediate structure which is coupled both to plane waves in vacuum and to the emitters. In this chapter we use a unified approach to discuss any type of resonator using the concept of Green tensor. We review different models to deal with spontaneous emission with the aim of clarifying the connection between classical and quantum points of view. After this analysis of spontaneous emission, we discuss different light-matter interaction processes such as Raman Scattering and Fluorescence both in the linear regime and in the saturation regime. Finally, we discuss how to optimize absorption and introduce the concept of impedance for an optical nanoantenna.
Private Equity
Authors: Morgan Jamie 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Jamie Morgan describes the logic at work in private equity (PE) firms and how they articulate hierarchy-type global wealth chains. Morgan explains how PE firms use leveraged buyouts to concentrate and accelerate heightened returns to the firm within defined time period. This involves the deployment of a series of strategies that have the effect of reducing taxable income of acquired firms. The key asset strategies here are temporally based. PE firms take acquisitions into private ownership by using huge amounts of debt to buy them. This debt becomes a wealth chain asset in that it is tax deductible. Returns to the PE firm can flow across multiple corporate entities. Further, returns to the PE partners are taxed at the lower capital gains rate rather than as income tax. Using case examples from the UK, Morgan elaborates on how PE firms exploit global wealth chains.
Transparency
Authors: Christensen Rasmus Corlin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Rasmus Corlin Christensen explores OECD efforts to upgrade international rules in the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative. These efforts were prompted by the recognition that tax rules had become less useful in the face of corporate forms that can readily deploy international tax arbitrage. Christensen shows that regulatory responses are often a function of shared norms amongst actors in regulatory networks as to what is considered legitimate. Efforts to upgrade transfer pricing rules in the BEPS process followed this logic, with transfer pricing experts coalescing on the boundaries of the acceptable. Christenen explains how the technicization of the BEPS policy process constrained the post-crisis political momentum for expanded transparency of corporate forms in hierarchy and captive wealth chains. The chapter draws on evidence from qualitative content analysis of policy debates and extensive interviews with select informants involved in the policy process.
Legal Opinion
Authors: Quentin Clair 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Clair Quentin documents how Queen’s Counsel can, in effect, supply deliberately false legal opinions to elite and corporate clients seeking tax savings. The authority of these opinions rests on claims to status in the United Kingdom legal market and the enactment of norms of distinction that fortify the privileged market position of this small coterie of barristers. This is a combination of a market and relational wealth chains. There is an open market for legal opinion for the deep-pocketed that is entwined with a relational wealth chain based on strong trust–status networks. Clients and suppliers are shown to be engaged in a form of “risk-mining,” with the magnitude of resulting tax savings a function of how far the client and supplier are willing to walk up the high wire of risk and return.
Introduction
Authors: Callard Caroline 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The introduction reframes the history of ghosts within an enquiry launched by Max Weber at the beginning of the twentieth century on the theme of the disenchantment of the world. After briefly tracing the answers given by historians, the author proposes to detach the history of ghosts from the history of belief. By adopting a pragmatic approach, we no longer look at what ghosts are a symptom of (a religion, a culture or a ‘mentality’) but at what they produce, the actions they allow, the worlds they bring to life. This change of focus allows us to highlight a ‘spectral moment’ specific to early modern Europe, marked by great mortality and religious anguish, but also traversed by a specific social energy that allows the dead to continue their trade with the living. This book traces their history
Spectrography
Authors: Callard Caroline 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This first chapter examines the sources available to the Renaissance historian for the study of ghosts: very few archival documents are available for the analysis of belief, but numerous printed works testify to a public taste for ghost stories. Can we conclude from this success in print that the belief in ghosts increased? This chapter attempts to answer this question by means of a case study, and then concludes that the question of belief is awkwardly asked. Instead of asking to what extent sixteenth-century men and women believed in ghosts, the question is what ghosts allowed them to say or do.
The Scientific Promotion of Spectres
Authors: Callard Caroline 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Before dealing with the action of spectres, and in order to better understand their effectiveness and success in the sixteenth century, it is necessary to describe an important evolution in the economy of knowledge: ghosts become true objects of science. The argument follows three steps: first, in these times of religious controversy, the orthodoxy of spectral apparitions is tied to the authority of Saint Augustine, shared by Catholics and Protestants. The ghost could then emancipate itself from the theological matrix and benefit from the promotion of natural philosophy in the sixteenth century: it became a phenomenon whose operations not only were determined by the divinity but also conformed to the laws of nature. Finally, the culmination of this scholarly promotion constituted ghost stories as an autonomous discipline: psychology (Noël Taillepied) or the science of spectres (Pierre Le Loyer).
Haunting in Times of Panic
Authors: Callard Caroline 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with the most spectacular action of ghosts in the sixteenth century: their appearance in haunted house trials. Haunted houses were undoubtedly a well-known phenomenon since antiquity, but what is new is that the courts took hold of the phenomenon, particularly in France, and especially at the time of the Wars of Religion. This chapter examines several trials that took place in Bordeaux, Tours and Paris in order to understand the reasons for this legal seizure. Courts are considered as a place where men and women, anguished by religious schism, the return of the plague, and endemic war, could give limits to their courage and find a place to express their fear. Ghosts emerged as an important topic in the history of emotions in the sixteenth century.
Familiar Ghosts
Authors: Callard Caroline 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The context of global crisis and endemic war is not the only historical horizon in which encounters between the living and the dead take place. There are less visible ones which obey a broader, less chaotic temporality. This chapter focuses on the ghost as a member of the family group whose model was shaped in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Europe. The genealogical memory of the families of the nobility, but also of the urban societies, stretches along a vertical line that extends from the nuclear family to the grandparents and on to the ghosts of the ancestors. The apparitions of the early modern age are rarely anonymous: they bear a name, a history, a family and specific things to ask of their relatives. The aim here is to describe the theatre of these encounters in order to observe what is at stake: negotiating a forgotten inheritance or debt, recalling the memory of deceased spouses or tempering the excesses of parental mourning, within a carefully gendered division of the functions of each. Thus ghosts contribute to shaping the family of the early modern age.
Conclusion
Authors: Callard Caroline 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The conclusion examines the end of the spectral moment that characterises the long Renaissance that ended in the second half of the seventeenth century. After this date, the ‘regime of spectrality’ as we have been able to identify it ceases to function: science gives up taking charge of the appearance and disappearance of spectres and the law refuses to receive in court questions concerning haunted houses. But does this mean that ghosts are deserting our modernity at the threshold of the Enlightenment? This conclusion wants to suggest that no, the regime of their appearance only metamorphoses, in order to keep them ready for other operations.
Sykes’s Prison in Context
Authors: Haney Craig 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter places the prison that Gresham Sykes’s classic book made famous in a larger historical and political context. It both acknowledges the timeless insights Sykes offered about the pains of imprisonment but argues that, by ignoring the prison’s history and avoiding any focus on the prison’s harshest realities (present at the time he studied it), he rendered his account of prison life more palatable than it actually was. Despite having outwardly changed from its brutal 19th-century origins, Sykes’s mid-1950s maximum-security prison had much more in common with them than he recognized. It retained a fundamental cruelty at its core that he unwittingly seemed to sanitize.
Sykes’s Method in Context
Authors: Halsey Mark 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the likely constraints and freedoms confronted by Sykes surrounding the collection of data for The Society of Captives. While Sykes would certainly have faced many key decisions concerning how best to immerse himself and sustain his presence within Trenton Prison, the chapter shows how the historical context (chiefly, lack of extensive external ethical oversight, provision of unfettered access to the field, and absence of a “publish or perish” mentality) enabled the successful completion of what remains one of the longest prison-based ethnographies. Finally, it addresses the question of whether and how “slow science” might survive in the current era.
Sykes’s Problem of Order in and out of Context
Authors: Sparks Richard 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Sykes’s influence on sociological studies of prisons, and indeed many other institutions, has been profound and pervasive. This paper argues that whilst there are strong and continuing reasons for this ubiquity, the prestige and familiarity of certain field-defining classic texts can also serve to produce and sustain a certain set of limited, ‘standard’ readings. In the case of The Society of Captives, there is a risk that the very resonance of certain of his observations – perhaps especially his famous depiction of the ‘pains of imprisonment’ – may serve to divert attention from other aspects of his purpose. This paper proposes a re-reading of this classic text that refocuses on Sykes’s analysis of the prison as a ‘system of power’. Sykes’s understanding of power in prisons, it argues, is centrally informed by his preoccupations with totalitarian political regimes and with his concerns for the future of American democracy at the end of the 1950s. In this regard, Sykes’s view of prisons is much more intensely engaged with the social and political contexts of the time than the standard readings tend to acknowledge. Some of these themes, it argues, are also continuous with his later work on the policing of social protest during the civil rights movement, which by contrast with The Society of Captives is almost entirely unread today.
Beyond Deprivations
Authors: Crewe Ben 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The central argument in The Society of Captives is that the prisoner social system is determined by, and serves to mitigate, the pains of confinement. The pains provide the “energy” for an elaborate and hierarchical social system – a set of collective norms and patterns of social interactions – that enable prisoners to offset the various assaults on selfhood that imprisonment entails. Sykes’s analysis is organized around the idea of “deprivation” i.e. what is taken away from the prisoner as a result of his (or her) confinement. This chapter argues that some pains of imprisonment cannot be characterized in such terms, and that our understanding of the nature and determinants of the prisoner society is advanced significantly if we also focus on two other kinds of pains: first, institutional demands and inducements that encourage prisoners to restrict their social relations, and reward them for pragmatically aligning their conduct with what the authorities desire; second, the forms of moral judgment that prisoners impose upon themselves – normally as a result of their offense, or their lifestyle in the community – which lead primarily to “disengagement” from the prisoner social world and a normative commitment to institutional aims.
“Just Don’t Wear Prison Issue!”
Authors: Gooch Kate 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Drawing on ethnographic and qualitative research conducted across four prisons in England and Wales, this chapter revisits Sykes’ conceptualization of the “deprivation of material goods and services.” The chapter explores how such deprivation became more pronounced and acute over the course of the last decade (2011 onwards), and how prisoners adapted in ways that threatened rather than enhanced inmate solidarity. It analyzes how the illicit prison economy flourished and evolved, with economic imperatives serving to redefine forms of prisoner leadership, the “argot roles,” and the central tenants of the “inmate code.” The chapter argues that prisoner culture mirrors and reinforces the individualized nature of penal power with the effect that accessing material goods is not just a question of comfort, survival, or meaningful sentence progression, but represents crucial identity work. Status rests with those who can demonstrate their “material machismo” and “carceral capital” in ways that extend beyond the ability and willingness to use physical force when required to include the demonstrable ability to acquire material goods, consumer status symbols, and pecuniary advantage. Ultimately, it is argued that the evolving nature of the nature, dynamics, and culture of the prison society demonstrates how dynamic the prison is, and that it is this capacity for change that demands ongoing, careful, and immersive ethnographic research.
Sykes’s “Corruption of Authority” and the Sociology of Prison Corruption
Authors: Goldsmith Andrew 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In the field of prison studies, it is difficult to find much written about the topic of corruption. While there are periodic scandals reported in the press regarding prison officers facilitating contraband traffic into prison and the conduct of improper relationships between staff and prisoners, these themes have attracted little scholarly attention. Gresham Sykes, as well as famously writing about the “pains of imprisonment,” also wrote about corruption in the form of corruption of authority, that is, the typically petty accommodations traded by staff with prisoners in order to avoid more serious conflict. This chapter re-examines this concept and seeks to relate it to more recent challenges to prison governance. Rather than seeing Sykes’s use of the term as at worst, a distraction or, at most, a facet of the “problem of order”, I will suggest that Sykes’s interest in corruption of authority also should prompt reconsideration of the relationship between the problem of order and forms of serious prison corruption. In particular, we need to better understand the ways in which corruptions of authority in Sykes’s sense, in aggregate or over time, also can sanction disorder and undermine other legitimate aspirations for the conditions of imprisonment. I present two case studies to explore this idea.
Dynamic Security or Corruption of Authority?
Authors: Scharff-Smith Peter 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
“Dynamic security” and “normalization” are important principles in Scandinavian prison systems where they are supported in penal law and promoted in key policy papers and administrative guidelines. In a sense, this means that central aspects of what Sykes calls the “corruption of authority” – what he terms “defects of total power” in the form of friendship, reciprocity, transfer of duties, etc., – are to some extent legally based policy aims in Scandinavian prisons. In other words, running a cellblock with both the stick and the carrot (Sykes, 1956) is not necessarily “corruption of authority” and hence Scandinavian prison policy might challenge Sykes’s understanding of that term. In reality, dynamic security and normalization are difficult principles to put into practice; sometimes prisoners are not interested in contact with prison officers, which can cause them significant problems vis-à-vis the prisoner community. In addition, a recent surge of penal populism has narrowed the scope considerably for practicing dynamic security and normalization within the Danish penal estate. New prison policies address drugs, illegal mobile phones, and the use of punitive solitary confinement. Based on empirical data from Danish prisons and concerning penal policy in Denmark this chapter analyzes the “corruption of authority” in a contemporary Nordic penal context. It argues that what is currently “corrupted” in Danish Prison Law and penal practice are the legal principles of dynamic security and normalization rather than the traditional more or less sovereign penal power that Sykes associate with “authority”.
Confronting South Korea's Next Crisis
Authors: Woo Jaejoon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
South Korea’s economic miracle is a well-known story. However, today Korea is confronting a new set of internal and external risks, which may foreshadow the next crisis. The Korean economy has struggled with a faltering growth momentum and the rise of unprecedented socio-economic problems well before the pandemic crisis. After abrupt downshifts to markedly slower growth in the early 2000s, economic growth has continued to decelerate. Koreans are grappling with slow income growth, all time-high household debt, high youth unemployment, inequality, and social polarization. Politics is in disarray and is incapable of directing social discourse for the common good. Rapid population aging along with the world’s lowest fertility rates stokes fears of Japanification. Simultaneously, disruptive technologies and a fast-changing business environment, including the rise of China, clash with a range of long-standing structural problems. The contemporary challenges are radically different from those seen in the early stages of industrialization. There are multiple risks that threaten to self-perpetuate low or stagnant growth over the next decade or so, if not an outright financial crisis. Motivated by these latest developments, this book seeks to provide a timely and in-depth analysis of key current issues and foreseeable challenges of the economy, with a provocative reassessment of its future. Based on extensive new empirical works, it examines the underlying causes of the socio-economic problems. In a constructive spirit, it puts into perspective what would constitute critical elements of ideal policy solutions and the direction of the future government’s role.