bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New trapezoid-shaped Frisch-grid ionization chamber for low-energy particle measurements
Authors: Qiu Tianli , Yang Yuansheng , Yuan Xiaohua , Ma Peng , Li Meng , Zhang Junwei , Guo Dong , Yang Yuxuan , Wei Xianglun , He Zhoubo , Yin Xiaohao , Huang Xinjie , Zou Haichuan , Li Zhijie , He Zhixuan , Lu Chengui , Hu Rongjiang , Ong Hooi Jin , Yang Herun , Xiao Zhigang , Wang Hongwei , Duan Limin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA new trapezoid-shaped Frisch-grid ionization chamber (TFG-IC) has been built as a part of a $$\varDelta {E}-E$$

Δ
E
-
E

telescope system for the detection and identification of charged particles at energies down to a few MeV. To study the effect of the drift electric field uniformity, two types of sealed windows, namely a pair of SSA (split-strip aluminized mylar film) and a pair of DSA (double-sided aluminized mylar film) sealed windows have been investigated. The detector’s performances were studied using a standard $$^{241}$$

241

Am source at different gas pressures, and the total energy-deposit resolution achieved is about 1.1%(FWHM). The $$\varDelta {E}-E$$

Δ
E
-
E

telescope, which was composed of TFG-IC and a DSSSD (double-sided silicon strip detector), has been tested using a three-component $$\alpha $$
α
source and the $$^{241}$$

241

Am source under laboratory conditions. The results show that the energy resolution with the SSA sealed windows which provide uniform drift electric field has a smaller fluctuation than that with the DSA ones; the fluctuations are about 1% and 4% for the former and the latter, respectively. Simulations using the COMSOL software also confirmed the electric-field distortion at the edge of the detector with the DSA windows. A correlation curve between energy resolution and energy deposit of charged particles at various gas pressures and for two gas species is derived for TFG-IC with the SSA sealed windows using the measurement with the $$^{241}$$

241

Am source. Incorporating the above results, we performed Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the particle-identification capability of the telescope. The results show that the telescope can be extended to the identification of low-energy particles.
Compositional virtual timelines: verifying dynamic-priority partitions with algorithmic temporal isolation
Authors: Liu Mengqi , Shao Zhong , Chen Hao , Yoon Man-Ki , Kim Jung-Eun 
Published: October 2022

Real-time systems power safety-critical applications that require strong isolation among each other. Such isolation needs to be enforced at two orthogonal levels. On the micro-architectural level, this mainly involves avoiding interference through micro-architectural states, such as cache lines. On the algorithmic level, this is usually achieved by adopting real-time partitions to reserve resources for each application. Implementations of such systems are often complex and require formal verification to guarantee proper isolation.
In this paper, we focus on algorithmic isolation, which is mainly related to scheduling-induced interferences. We address earliest-deadline-first (EDF) partitions to achieve compositionality and utilization, while imposing constraints on tasks' periods and enforcing budgets on these periodic partitions to ensure isolation between each other. The formal verification of such a real-time OS kernel is challenging due to the inherent complexity of the dynamic priority assignment on the partition level. We tackle this problem by adopting a dynamically constructed abstraction to lift the reasoning of a concrete scheduler into an abstract domain. Using this framework, we verify a real-time operating system kernel with budget-enforcing EDF partitions and prove that it indeed ensures isolation between partitions. All the proofs are mechanized in Coq.
Compositional embeddings of domain-specific languages
Authors: Sun Yaozhu , Dhandhania Utkarsh , Oliveira Bruno C. d. S. 
Published: October 2022

A common approach to defining domain-specific languages (DSLs) is via a direct embedding into a host language. There are several well-known techniques to do such embeddings, including shallow and deep embeddings. However, such embeddings come with various trade-offs in existing programming languages. Owing to such trade-offs, many embedded DSLs end up using a mix of approaches in practice, requiring a substantial amount of code, as well as some advanced coding techniques.
In this paper, we show that the recently proposed Compositional Programming paradigm and the CP language provide improved support for embedded DSLs. In CP we obtain a new form of embedding, which we call a compositional embedding, that has most of the advantages of both shallow and deep embeddings. On the one hand, compositional embeddings enable various forms of linguistic reuse that are characteristic of shallow embeddings, including the ability to reuse host-language optimizations in the DSL and add new DSL constructs easily. On the other hand, similarly to deep embeddings, compositional embeddings support definitions by pattern matching or dynamic dispatching (including dependent interpretations, transformations, and optimizations) over the abstract syntax of the DSL and have the ability to add new interpretations. We illustrate an instance of compositional embeddings with a DSL for document authoring called ExT. The DSL is highly flexible and extensible, allowing users to create various non-trivial extensions easily. For instance, ExT supports various extensions that enable the production of wiki-like documents, LaTeX documents, vector graphics or charts. The viability of compositional embeddings for ExT is evaluated with three applications.
The road not taken: exploring alias analysis based optimizations missed by the compiler
Authors: Chitre Khushboo , Kedia Piyus , Purandare Rahul 
Published: October 2022

Context-sensitive inter-procedural alias analyses are more precise than intra-procedural alias analyses. However, context-sensitive inter-procedural alias analyses are not scalable. As a consequence, most of the production compilers sacrifice precision for scalability and implement intra-procedural alias analysis. The alias analysis is used by many compiler optimizations, including loop transformations. Due to the imprecision of alias analysis, the program’s performance may suffer, especially in the presence of loops.
Previous work proposed a general approach based on code-versioning with dynamic checks to disambiguate pointers at runtime. However, the overhead of dynamic checks in this approach is O(log n), which is substantially high to enable interesting optimizations. Other suggested approaches, e.g., polyhedral and symbolic range analysis, have O(1) overheads, but they only work for loops with certain constraints. The production compilers, such as LLVM and GCC, use scalar evolution analysis to compute an O(1) range check for loops to resolve memory dependencies at runtime. However, this approach also can only be applied to loops with certain constraints.
In this work, we present our tool, Scout, that can disambiguate two pointers at runtime using single memory access. Scout is based on the key idea to constrain the allocation size and alignment during memory allocations. Scout can also disambiguate array accesses within a loop for which the existing O(1) range checks technique cannot be applied. In addition, Scout uses feedback from static optimizations to reduce the number of dynamic checks needed for optimizations.
Our technique enabled new opportunities for loop-invariant code motion, dead store elimination, loop vectorization, and load elimination in an already optimized code. Our performance improvements are up to 51.11% for Polybench and up to 0.89% for CPU SPEC 2017 suites. The geometric means for our allocator’s CPU and memory overheads for CPU SPEC 2017 benchmarks are 1.05%, and 7.47%, respectively. For Polybench benchmarks, the geometric mean of CPU and memory overheads are 0.21% and 0.13%, respectively.
Algorithm 1032: Bi-cubic Splines for Polyhedral Control Nets
Authors: Peters Jörg , Lo Kyle , Karčiauskas Kȩstutis 
Published: October 2022

For control nets outlining a large class of topological polyhedra, not just tensor-product grids, bi-cubic polyhedral splines form a piecewise polynomial, first-order differentiable space that associates one function with each vertex. Akin to tensor-product splines, the resulting smooth surface approximates the polyhedron. Admissible polyhedral control nets consist of quadrilateral faces in a grid-like layout, star-configuration where
n
≠ 4 quadrilateral faces join around an interior vertex,
n
-gon configurations, where
2n
quadrilaterals surround an
n
-gon, polar configurations where a cone of
n
triangles meeting at a vertex is surrounded by a ribbon of
n
quadrilaterals, and three types of T-junctions where two quad-strips merge into one.

The bi-cubic pieces of a polyhedral spline have matching derivatives along their break lines, possibly after a known change of variables. The pieces are represented in Bernstein-Bézier form with coefficients depending linearly on the polyhedral control net, so that evaluation, differentiation, integration, moments, and so on, are no more costly than for standard tensor-product splines. Bi-cubic polyhedral splines can be used both to model geometry and for computing functions on the geometry. Although polyhedral splines do not offer nested refinement by refinement of the control net, polyhedral splines support engineering analysis of curved smooth objects. Coarse nets typically suffice since the splines efficiently model curved features. Algorithm 1032 is a C++ library with input-output example pairs and an IGES output choice.
Fuzion - Safety through Simplicity
Authors: Siebert Dr. Fridtjof 
Published: October 2022

Fuzion is a modern, general purpose programming language that unifies concepts found in structured, functional and object-oriented programming languages into the concept of a Fuzion feature. It combines a powerful syntax and safety features based on the design-by-contract principle with a simple intermediate representation that enables powerful optimizing compilers and static analysis tools to verify correctness aspects.
Fuzion maps different concepts into the concept of a Fuzion feature and uses a simple intermediate language that is friendly for static analysis tools as well as for optimizing compilers.
Fuzion was influenced by many other languages including Java, Python, Eiffel, Rust, Ada, Go, Lua, Kotlin, C#, F#, Nim, Julia, Clojure, C/C++, Scala, and many more. The goal of Fuzion is to define a language that has the expressive power present in these languages and allow high-performance implementation and powerful analysis tools. Furthermore, Fuzion addresses requirements for safety-critical applications by adding support for contracts that enable formal specification and detailed control over runtime checks.
Long-Term Adiposity and Midlife Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Are Linked Partly Through Intermediate Risk Factors
Authors: Zhang Tao , Fan Bingbing , Li Shengxu , Wang Xuan , Kong Yawei , Bazzano Lydia , He Jiang , Chen Wei , Yan Yinkun 
Published: October 2022

Objective:
This study aims to determine quantitatively the mediation effects of multiple cardiovascular risk factors on the associations of childhood body mass index (BMI) and its cumulative burden with adult carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT).

Methods:
The longitudinal cohort consisted of 1391 adults who had been examined for BMI 4-15 times over 35.0 years on average since childhood and had data on adult cIMT, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic index of plasma, and serum glucose. The area under the curve was used as a measure of cumulative burden of BMI.

Results:

After adjusting for covariates, the total effects (standardized regression coefficient) of childhood BMI (0.138), adult BMI (0.111), and area under the curve of BMI (0.150) on cIMT were all significant (
P
<0.001) without mediators included in the model. The mediation effects of adult systolic blood pressure, glucose, atherogenic index of plasma and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were 8.0%, 4.3%, 3.6%, and 0.0%, respectively, in the model with childhood BMI as the predictor, 23.4%, 15.3%, 12.6%, and 7.2%, respectively, with adult BMI as the predictor, and 14.7%, 8.7%, 6.0%, and 2.0%, respectively, with area under the curve of BMI as the predictor. The direct effects on cIMT were 0.117 (
P
<0.001) for childhood BMI, 0.046 (
P
=0.224) for adult BMI, and 0.103 (
P
<0.001) for area under the curve of BMI after removing the mediation effects.

Conclusions:
The long-term deleterious impact of adiposity on subclinical changes in vascular structure begins early in life and is accumulated over lifetime. Excess adiposity and higher cIMT are linked partly through other cardiovascular risk factors in later life, especially elevated blood pressure and glucose.
Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease Risk Categories and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Total Mortality: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Cohort
Authors: Choi Yuni , Jacobs David R. , Shroff Gautam R. , Kramer Holly , Chang Alexander R. , Duprez Daniel A. 
Published: October 2022

Background
Previous studies of worsening chronic kidney disease (CKD) based on declining estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or increasing urine albumin‐creatinine ratio (UACR) are limited to later middle‐age and older adults. We examined associations of CKD progression and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in younger adults.

Methods and Results

We studied 4382 adults in CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) initially aged 27 to 41 years and prospectively over 20 years. Five‐year transition probabilities across CKD risk categories were based on eGFR and UACR measured at each exam. Proportional hazards models predicted incident CVD and all‐cause mortality by time‐varying CKD risk category, adjusting for demographics and CVD risk factors. Progression of CKD risk categories over 20 years occurred in 28.7% (1256/4382) of participants, driven by increases in UACR, but including 5.8% (n=255) with eGFR<60 mL/min per 1.73 m
2
or UACR ≥300 mg/g. Compared with eGFR ≥60 and UACR <10, demographic and smoking‐adjusted hazard ratios for CVD were 1.62 (95% CI, 1.21–2.18) for low CKD risk (eGFR ≥60 with UACR 10–29) and 13.65 (95% CI, 7.52–24.79) for very high CKD risk (eGFR <30 or eGFR 30–44 with UACR 30–299; or eGFR 30–59 with UACR ≥300). Corresponding hazard ratios for all‐cause mortality were 1.42 (95% CI, 1.08–1.88) and 14.75 (95% CI, 9.97–21.82). Although CVD associations were attenuated after adjustment for mediating CVD risk factors, all‐cause mortality associations remained statistically significant.

Conclusions
Among young to middle‐aged adults, progression to higher CKD risk category was common. Routine monitoring eGFR and UACR holds promise for prevention of CVD and total mortality.
An Evaluation of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Structures in the HighResMIP Simulations against Satellite Observations
Authors: Moon Yumin , Kim Daehyun , Wing Allison A. , Camargo Suzana J. , Zhao Ming , Leung L. Ruby , Roberts Malcolm J. , Cha Dong-Hyun , Moon Jihong 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This study evaluates tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall structures in the CMIP6 HighResMIP global climate model (GCM) simulations against satellite rainfall retrievals. We specifically focus on TCs within the deep tropics (25°S–25°N). Analysis of TC rain rate composites indicates that in comparison to the satellite observations at the same intensity, many HighResMIP simulations tend to overproduce rain rates around TCs, in terms of both maximum rain rate magnitude and area-averaged rain rates. In addition, as model horizontal resolution increases, the magnitude of the peak rain rate appears to increase. However, the area-averaged rain rates decrease with increasing horizontal resolution, partly due to the TC eyewall being located closer to the TC center, thus occupying a smaller area and contributing less to the area-averaged rain rates. The effect of ocean coupling is to lower the TC rain rates, bringing them closer to the satellite observations, due to reduced horizontal moisture flux convergence and surface latent heat flux beneath TCs. Examination of horizontal rain rate distributions indicates that vertical wind shear–induced rainfall asymmetries in HighResMIP-simulated TCs are qualitatively consistent with the observations. In addition, a positive relationship is observed between the area-averaged inner-core rainfall and TC intensification likelihoods across the HighResMIP simulations, as GCM simulations producing stronger TCs more frequently have the greater rainfall close to the center, in agreement with previous theoretical and GCM simulation results.
On the Variation of Dissipation Flux Coefficient in the Upper South China Sea
Authors: Li Jianing , Yang Qingxuan , Sun Hui , Zhang Shuwen , Xie Lingling , Wang Qingye , Zhao Wei , Tian Jiwei 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This study focuses on the statistical features of dissipation flux coefficient Γ in the upper South China Sea (SCS). Based on the microscale measurements collected at 158 stations in the upper SCS and derived dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy and temperature variance ε and χT, via a modified method, we estimate Γ and analyze its spatiotemporal variation in an energetic and a quiescent region. We show that Γ is highly variable, which scatters over three orders of magnitude from 10−2 to 101 in both regions. Ιn the energetic region, Γ is slightly greater than in the quiescent region; their median values are 0.23 and 0.17, respectively. Vertically, Γ presents a clear increasing tendency with depth in both regions, though the increasing rate is greater in the energetic region than in the quiescent region. In the upper SCS, Γ positively depends on the buoyancy Reynolds number Reb and negatively depends on the ratio of the Ozmidov scale to the Thorpe scale ROT and is scaled as , which holds for both regions. The vertical decreasing of ROT is observed, which yields parameterization of ROT = 10−0.002z; this parameterization improves the performance of the Thorpe-scale method by reducing at least 50% of the bias between the observed and parameterized ε. These results shed new light on the spatiotemporal variability and modulating mechanism of Γ in the upper ocean.

Significance Statement
The great global ocean conveyor is maintained by vertical mixing. Turbulent kinetic energy released by local internal wave breaking goes into two parts: one part is used to furnish this vertical mixing, and the rest is dissipated into irreversible heat. The ratio of these two parts is termed as the dissipation flux coefficient and is usually treated as a constant. Our measurements suggest that this coefficient is highly spatiotemporally variable. Specific relationships are obtained when scaling this coefficient with other parameters, and mechanisms modulating this coefficient are also explored. This study sheds light on how much turbulent kinetic energy contributes to elevating the potential energy and its associated influences not only in marginal seas but also in open oceans.
Compliance with Section 7 (2) of the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) 2003, Ban of Sale of Loose Tobacco, in Karnataka: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ezhumalai Sinu , Shanmugam Backiyaraj , Chand Prabhat Kumar , Murthy Pratima 
Published: October 2022

Background: Banning smoking in public places has considerably reduced the number of smokers. However, the sale of loose tobacco encourages tobacco use. There is limited data on compliance with section 7(2) of the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003, concerning the ban on loose tobacco sales in India. The aim of this study is to assess the compliance of section 7(2) of COTPA concerning the ban on loose tobacco sales in four selected cities of Karnataka. Methods: This community-based study used a cross-sectional design. Two neighboring cities, that is, district headquarter from North (Bidar and Vijayapura) and South (Mandya and Chikkamagaluru) Karnataka were considered for the study. A total of 207 vendors and 204 smokers were selected using time-cluster sampling. Data was collected using observation and interview methods. Semi-structured interview schedules were administered to smokers and vendors. Percentages and frequencies were used to describe the data. Results: Most tobacco vendors (92%) and smokers (91%) were unaware of the loose tobacco ban. Most smokers (76%) perceive that buying cigarettes in packets would increase smoking. Most smokers (96%) prefer to buy cigarettes in loose. The sale of loose tobacco was widely prevalent (94%) in the four surveyed cities. Point of sale of loose tobacco includes tea shops (38%), petty shops (31%), pan shops (25%), and bakeries (6%). Conclusion: There is a high degree of noncompliance with Section 7 (2) of COTPA, 2003 regarding ban on selling loose tobacco.
Mitral valve surgery assisted by virtual and augmented reality: Cardiac surgery at the front of innovation
Authors: Nanchahal Sukanya , Arjomandi Rad Arian , Naruka Vinci , Chacko Jacob , Liu Guiqing , Afoke Jonathan , Miller George , Malawana Johann , Punjabi Prakash 
Published: October 2022

Background Given the variety in mitral valve (MV) pathology and associated surgical techniques, extended reality (XR) holds great potential to assist MV surgeons. This review aims to systematically evaluate the currently available evidence investigating the use of XR and associated technologies in MV surgery. Methods A systematic database search was conducted of original articles and case reports that explored the use of XR and MV surgery in EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane database and Google Scholar, from inception to February 2022. Results Our search yielded 171 articles, of which 15 studies were included in this review, featuring 328 patients. Two main areas of application were identified: (i) pre-operative planning and (ii) predicting post-operative outcomes. The articles reporting outcomes relating to pre-operative planning were further categorised as exploring themes relevant to (i) mitral annular assessment; (ii) training; (iii) evaluation of surgical technique; (iv) surgical approach or plan and (v) selecting ring size or type. Preoperatively, XR has been shown to evaluate mitral annular pathology more accurately than echocardiography, informing the surgeon about the optimal surgical technique, approach and plan for a particular patient’s MV pathology. Furthermore, XR could simulate and aid ring size/type selection for MV annuloplasty, creating a personalized surgical plan. Additionally, XR could estimate the postoperative MV biomechanical and physiological characteristics, predicting and pre-empting post-operative complications. Conclusion XR demonstrated promising applications for assisting MV surgery, enhancing outcomes and patient-centred care, nevertheless, there remain the need for randomized studies to ascertain its feasibility, safety, and validity in clinical practice.