bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Health Care Expenditures and Patient Out-of-Pocket Expenses in Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Carbone Andrew D. , Wang Kevin , Tiao Justin , Chu Brennan , Poeran Jashvant , Colvin Alexis C. , Gladstone James N. , Anthony Shawn G. 
Published: July 2022

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is one of the most commonly performed orthopaedic procedures in the United States, and the number of procedures is increasing annually, as is the cost. Patients are expected to shoulder a larger out-of-pocket expenditure. Purpose: To answer the following questions: (1) How is reimbursement changing for ACLR, and how is this affecting patients’ out-of-pocket expenditures? (2) How are reimbursements from payers and patients’ out-of-pocket expenses for ACLR distributed, and how is this changing? (3) Does performing ACLR in an ambulatory surgery center (ASC) result in lower costs for payers and patients? Study Design: Economic and decision analysis study; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 37,763 patients who underwent outpatient primary arthroscopic ACLR in the United States between 2013 and 2017 were identified using the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database. Patients with concomitant procedures and revision ACLR were excluded. Recorded outcomes were total patient payments and reimbursed claim totals in US dollars. Results: Day-of-surgery reimbursement decreased 4.3% from $11,536 in 2013 to $11,044 in 2017, while patient out-of-pocket expenses increased 36% from $1085 in 2013 to $1480 in 2017. Day-of-surgery charges were the highest expense for patients, followed by physical therapy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) costs. Total reimbursement for MRI decreased 22.5%, while patient out-of-pocket expenses for MRI increased 166%. ACLR performed in an outpatient hospital resulted in 61% greater day-of-surgery expenditure for payers compared with ACLR performed in an ASC; however, the median total patient out-of-pocket savings for ACLRs performed in an ASC versus outpatient hospital was only $11. Conclusion: Out-of-pocket expenses for patients are increasing as they are forced to cover a larger percentage of their health care costs despite overall payer reimbursement decreasing. High-deductible health plans reimbursed the least out of all insurance types while having the highest patient out-of-pocket expenditure.
Racial Inequality in the Twenty-first Century: A Comparative Analysis between Brazil and the United States
Authors: Freitas Antonio , Miebach Alessandro 
Published: July 2022

This article presents a set of comparative data related to racial inequality in the United States and Brazil throughout the twenty-first century. Within the limitations of available data, we highlight four limited but important dimensions, that is, demography, education, the labor market, and earnings that illustrate racial inequality in both countries. In doing so, we aim to investigate and critically update Andrews’s work (1992) on the last three decades with available data. Despite some improvements in absolute terms related to racial inequities, we show that in both Brazil and the United States, economic growth periods do not necessarily mean that income among blacks is catching up with that of whites. Similarly, in both countries, economic crisis and recovery phases are experienced differently depending on the individual’s race. JEL Classification: D31, D63, J7, J15
Financialization and Fictitious Capital: The Rise of Financial Securities as a Form of Private Property
Authors: Kaldor Yair 
Published: July 2022

In recent decades, financial securities have become a dominant form of private property, accounting for much of the growth of wealth around the world. But what kind of property are financial securities? What are the sources of the income they provide, and what are the social relations that underlie its flow? This article addresses these questions through the Marxist category of fictitious capital. Focusing on corporate stocks and bonds, the article shows that the social relations expressed in these securities are based on the relation of capital and labor and the exploitation of workers in the sphere of production. It concludes that although the rise of financial securities leaves the basic conflict between capital and labor intact, it opens new strategies within this class struggle. JEL Classification: B51, E44, P10
Oleylamine functionalization of boron nitride nano-platelets for Polyamide-6 thermally conductive injection moulded composites
Authors: Bragaglia Mario , Paleari Lorenzo , Lamastra Francesca R , Russo Pietro , Fabbrocino Francesco , Nanni Francesca 
Published: July 2022

Boron nitride nano-platelets have been functionalized with oleylamine using a simple method without ultrasonication. The functionalization is effective with the formation of a coordination bonds between the boron nitride nano-platelets and the oleylamine molecules. The oleylamine functionalization allows for the production of 25% by weight loaded polyamide 6 – boron nitride composites having higher mechanical properties (15% tensile strength increase) and better through-plane thermal conductivity (0.85 to 0.99 W/m·K) with respect to the untreated samples. A better particle-matrix interaction is confirmed by SEM imaging and rheological analysis. The injection moulding process determines a filler orientation which influences the thermal conductivity.
Electroacupuncture improves follicular development and metabolism and regulates the expression of adiponectin, AMPK and ACC in an obese rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Zhou Jing , Yin Ping , Zhao Qingyi , Hu Zhihai , Wang Yi , Ma Guizhi , Wu Xinyi , Lu Lu , Shi Yin 
Published: July 2022

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism and follicular arrest. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been shown to be effective at improving hyperandrogenism and follicular arrest in PCOS; however, its mechanism of action remains to be deciphered. Objective: In this study, we investigated whether EA improved follicular development in an obese rat model of PCOS and regulated the expression of adiponectin, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Methods: EA was administered at CV3, CV4 and ST40. Changes in body weight, paraovarian fat, estrus cycle, ovarian morphology, levels of related hormones, and glucose and lipid metabolism were evaluated. In addition, protein and mRNA expression of adiponectin, AMPK and ACC was measured. Results: The body weight and paraovarian fat of rats in the EA group were reduced, while estrus cyclicity and ovarian morphology improved. Levels of free fatty acids, triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reduced in the EA group, as well as blood glucose levels. Furthermore, levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormone were reduced in the EA group, while estradiol levels were increased. Protein and mRNA expression of adiponectin, AMPKα1 and liver kinase B1 (LKB1) was found to be increased in the EA group, while protein and mRNA expression of ACC were significantly reduced. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that EA improved follicular development and metabolism and regulated expression levels of adiponectin, AMPKα1, LKB1 and ACC in our obese rat model of PCOS.
A case of castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer who continued treatment with enzalutamide after epileptic seizure
Authors: Demir Ozden , Demirag Guzin 
Published: July 2022

Introduction Enzalutamide is an androgen receptor inhibitor and is used in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Seizure is a rare side effect of enzalutamide. In this case, the patient had an epileptic seizure while on enzalutamide treatment. His treatment management and and use of enzalutamide afterwards is discussed. Case report A 78-year-old male patient who received previous treatments for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer was started on enzalutamide due to progression, and had an epileptic seizure while taking enzalutamide was presented. Different pathologies such as the use of other drugs, brain metastasis, bleeding, electrolyte, liver and kidney disorders that can cause epileptic seizures were explored and not found to be the cause in this patient. No neurological pathology was found in the patient after the seizure. Management and Outcome Enzalutamide and antiepileptic treatment were initiated simultaneously again in the patient whose treatment was interrupted after the seizure and no pathology was found in the brain magnetic resonance imaging. Under this dual treatment, the patient did not have seizures again. Discussion Although observed rarely, enzalutamide-induced epileptic seizure is a known side effect. However, a review of literature did not reveal any report on patients for whom enzalutamide and antiepileptic treatment were initiated and followed up simultaneously after seizures. This case report will contribute to the literature for patients whose treatment options have been exhausted and who may benefit significantly from continued use of enzalutamide despite having a seizure.
Anaphylaxis caused by pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Authors: Chen Chen , Qi Jian , Wang Juandong 
Published: July 2022

Introduction Pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (PEG-rhG-CSF), is commonly used to prevent and/or treat neutropenia caused by tumor chemotherapy and radiotherapy with reduced clearance, increased plasma half-life, sustained biologic activity, and good safety. PEG-rhG-CSF anaphylaxis was rare. Case report A 55-year-old male Non-Hodgkin lymphoma patient appeared with chest tightness, increased heart rate, and decreased blood pressure after taking PEG-rhG-CSF used as a primary treatment for neutropenia caused by chemoradiotherapy. The patient’s anaphylaxis is likely due to PEG-rhG-CSF. Management and outcome 0.9% sodium chloride 250 mL and dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection 5 mg were carried out. After close observation, the symptoms were improved. Two months later, the patient was readministered with PEG-rhG-CSF and anaphylaxis reoccurred. After the last contact with PEG-rhG-CSF, the patient was prescribed rhG-CSF for many times and did not experience any adverse reactions. Discussion PEGylated drugs are not free of risk and immune-mediated adverse events are of concern. PEG is a substance capable of triggering an immune response. The mechanism of PEG involved IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and non-IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, and requires further research. PEGylated drugs are not free of risk and immune-mediated adverse events are of concern.
Adverse drug reactions associated with doxorubicin and epirubicin: A descriptive analysis from VigiBase
Authors: Matesun Deborah A. , Mensah Kofi Boamah , Yamoah Peter , Bangalee Varsha , Padayachee Neelaveni 
Published: July 2022

Background Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Owing to high toxicity, patients using chemotherapy drugs have a higher risk for developing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Pharmacovigilance studies are essential in oncology to evaluate ADRs caused by anticancer drugs and improve patient safety. This study aimed to analyze serious ADRs associated with the use of doxorubicin and epirubicin reported to VigiBase. Method All anonymized data on suspected ADRs for doxorubicin and epirubicin as ‘serious’ and ‘suspected’ or ‘interacting’ drugs between 1968 and 30 August 2021, were extracted from VigiBase. Descriptive statistics were conducted in Microsoft Excel, and data were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Results A total of 35,620 serious individual case safety reports was analyzed. The majority of reports were from females (Dox = 61.41%; Epi = 86.56%), while the predominant age group was 45–64 years (Dox = 42.06%; Epi = 57.39%). Physicians were the more likely group to report serious ADRs (Dox = 50.03%; Epi = 34.11%). In general, Europe reported the highest for doxorubicin (38.08%), while Asia recorded the highest reports for epirubicin (53.28%). Oceania reported the least for both drugs (Dox = 0.45%; Epi = 0.04%), followed by Africa (Dox = 0.72%; Epi = 0.29%). Blood and lymphatic system disorders were the most reported serious category (Dox = 11053 [44.47%]; Epi = 6659 [61.84%]). The most common manifestations were febrile neutropenia (Dox = 10.52%) and bone marrow failure (Epi = 23.89%). Conclusion This study provides relevant global insights into serious ADRs for doxorubicin and epirubicin. This knowledge may assist in minimizing and proactively managing ADRs. It can also inform policies to improve patients’ quality of life.
Reflections on social work education during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experiences of faculty members and lessons moving forward
Authors: Haight Wendy L , Suleiman Johara , Flanagan Shelby K , Park Sookyoung , Soltani Laura JS , Carlson William C , Otis Jacob R , Turck Kenneth S 
Published: July 2022

This focused ethnography examines the experiences of social work faculty members during the COVID-19 pandemic. Throughout the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted participant observations of the pivot to distance learning, research and service, and overall responses of the social work community at a Research 1, public university. This article focuses on in-depth, zoom-recorded, individual interviews with 16 social work faculty members during the first year of the pandemic with follow-up communications 1 year later ( n = 9). They characterized the pandemic as pervasive, sustained, isolating, changing, embedded within a deeply divided sociocultural context, and having a disparate impact related to faculty members’ positionality. Many described feelings of disorientation, anxiety, fear, loss, grief, fatigue, and strained relationships. Faculty members also described a strengthening of social work’s resiliency through innovative technology, embracing new opportunities to enact professional values of social and racial justice, and meaning making. They consider building on this resiliency moving forward, including in the face of future long emergencies. Their reflections on lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic suggest how we may become more resilient by tending to our collective trauma, balancing the benefits of online education with psychosocial needs, and examining how social work ethics interact with academic systems.
Sinus rhythm restoration and improved outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke and in-hospital paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
Authors: Sagris Dimitrios , Korompoki Eleni , Ntaios George , Tzeis Stylianos , Manios Efstathios , Kanakakis John , Milionis Haralampos , Papanagiotou Panagiotis , Andrikopoulos George , Lip Gregory YH , Vemmos Konstantinos 
Published: July 2022

Aims: It is unclear whether early cardiac rhythm control is beneficial in patients with acute ischemic stroke and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). We sought to investigate whether PAF self-termination and in-hospital sinus rhythm (SR) restoration is associated with improved outcome in ischemic stroke patients with PAF, compared to those with sustained atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: Consecutive patients with first-ever acute stroke and confirmed PAF during hospitalization were followed for up to 10 years after the index stroke or until death. We investigated the association of in-hospital self-terminated PAF and PAF conversion to SR compared to sustained AF with 10-year all-cause mortality, stroke recurrence, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Cox regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of each outcome. Results: Among 297 ischemic stroke patients with in-hospital PAF detection, PAF was self-terminated in 87 (29.3%) patients, while 143 (48.1%) patients received antiarrhythmic medication in order to achieve PAF conversion to SR. During a median (Interquartile range, IQR) period of 28 (4–68) months, among patients with self-terminated PAF there were 13.5 deaths, 3.6 stroke recurrences, and 5.3 MACE per 100 patient-year while in patients who underwent medical PAF conversion there were 11.7 deaths, 4.6 stroke recurrences, and 5.8 MACE per 100 patient-year. Patients with sustained AF experienced 23.8 deaths, 8.7 stroke recurrences, and 13.9 MACE per 100 patient-years. In multivariable analysis, compared to patients with sustained AF, PAF self-termination was associated with significantly lower 10 years-risk of death (adjusted hazards ratio (adjHR): HR: 0.63, 95% Confidence interval: 0.40–0.96), stroke recurrence (adjHR: HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.19–0.91), and MACE (adjHR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.23–0.81), while PAF medical conversion to SR was associated with lower 10 years-risk of death (adjHR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44–0.97) and MACE (adjHR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.33–0.95). Discussion: This study showed that in-hospital PAF self-termination was associated with lower risk of 10-year mortality, stroke recurrence, and MACE, potentially attributed to the lower burden of AF, whereas in-hospital PAF conversion to SR was associated with lower risk of 10-year mortality and MACE. Conclusion: Early restoration of sinus rhythm is associated with improved survival and MACE in patients with acute ischemic stroke and PAF.
Neighborhood disadvantage, health status, and health care utilization after blood or marrow transplant: BMTSS report
Authors: Wolfson Julie A. , Bhatia Smita , Hageman Lindsey , Ross E. S. , Balas Nora , Bosworth Alysia , Te Hok Sreng , Francisco Liton , Funk Erin , Hicks Jessica , Landier Wendy , Wu Jessica , Siler Arianna , Lim Shawn , Wong F. Lennie , Armenian Saro H. , Arora Mukta , Aswani Monica S. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractLiving in a disadvantaged neighborhood is associated with poor health outcomes. Blood or Marrow Transplant (BMT) survivors remain at risk of chronic health conditions requiring anticipatory management. We hypothesized that among BMT survivors, neighborhood disadvantage was associated with poor self-reported routine health care utilization and health. We leveraged data from BMTSS – a retrospective cohort study examining long-term outcomes among individuals surviving ≥2 y following BMT at three institutions between 1974 and 2014. Participants in this analysis completed the BMTSS survey (sociodemographics; chronic health conditions; time since routine check-up; self-reported health). The Area Deprivation Index (ADI) represented neighborhood disadvantage; this composite indicator of 17 census measures is a percentile rank (0 = least deprived to 100 = most deprived). Multivariable ordered logit regression adjusted for clinical factors and individual-level sociodemographics, modeling associations between ADI, time since routine check-up, and self-reported health. Among 2,857 survivors, median ADI was 24 (interquartile range: 10-46). Adjusting for self-reported individual-level socioeconomic indicators and chronic health conditions, patients in more disadvantaged neighborhoods had higher odds of reporting longer intervals since routine check-up (ORADI_continuous = 1.007, P &lt; .001) and poorer health status (controlling for time since check-up; ORADI_continuous = 1.005, P = .003). Compared with patients living in the least disadvantaged neighborhood (ADI = 1), patients in the most disadvantaged neighborhood (ADI = 100), had twice the odds (ORADI = 1.007^99 = 2.06) of reporting no routine visits and 1.65-times the odds of reporting poor health (ORADI = 1.005^99 = 1.65). In BMT survivors, access to health care and health status are associated with area disadvantage. These findings may inform strategies to address long-term care coordination and retention for vulnerable survivors.
NK cells CD56bright and CD56dim subset cytokine loss and exhaustion is associated with impaired survival in myeloma
Authors: Seymour Frances , Cavenagh Jamie D. , Mathews Janet , Gribben John G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the key cells of the innate immune system that share many characteristics with T lymphocytes; their activation, however, is based on the integration of a range of activatory and inhibitory signals via receptors recognizing recurrent pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Two important populations of NK cells with differing functions are recognized: CD56bright and CD56dim. NK cells have the potential to recognize and kill malignant plasma cells, which offers therapeutic opportunities. We used mass cytometry to examine the phenotype and function of NK cell subsets from patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). We show that NK cells in NDMM are shifted toward a CD56bright but dysfunctional cytotoxic phenotype, which exhibits selective loss of cytokine production. The CD56dim subset has features of exhaustion with impaired proliferation, upregulation of programmed cell death protein 1, and loss of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 expression. Poor expression of NK cell activation markers is seen and is associated with inferior long-term survival. These results suggest that NK cell exhaustion is already present by the time of myeloma diagnosis and likely contributes to the loss of immunologic control of malignant plasma cells. Restoring NK cell function via immune-directed therapies offers a route to restoring immunologic control in multiple myeloma.
Comparative genomics of the plant-growth promoting bacterium Sphingobium sp. strain AEW4 isolated from the rhizosphere of the beachgrass Ammophila breviligulata
Authors: Boss Brianna L. , Wanees Abanoub E. , Zaslow Shari J. , Normile Tyler G. , Izquierdo Javier A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
The genus Sphingobium within the class Alpha-proteobacteria contains a small number of plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), although it is mostly comprised of organisms that play an important role in biodegradation and bioremediation in sediments and sandy soils. A Sphingobium sp. isolate was obtained from the rhizosphere of the beachgrass Ammophila breviligulata with a variety of plant growth-promoting properties and designated as Sphingobium sp. strain AEW4.

Results
Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene as well as full genome nucleotide and amino acid identities revealed that this isolate is most similar to Sphingobium xenophagum and Sphingobium hydrophobicum. Comparative genomics analyses indicate that the genome of strain AEW4 contains unique features that explain its relationship with a plant host as a PGPR, including pathways involved in monosaccharide utilization, fermentation pathways, iron sequestration, and resistance to osmotic stress. Many of these unique features are not broadly distributed across the genus. In addition, pathways involved in the metabolism of salicylate and catechol, phenyl acetate degradation, and DNA repair were also identified in this organism but not in most closely related organisms.

Conclusion
The genome of Sphingobium sp. strain AEW4 contains a number of distinctive features that are crucial to explain its role as a plant-growth promoting rhizobacterium, and comparative genomics analyses support its classification as a relevant Sphingobium strain involved in plant growth promotion of beachgrass and other plants.