bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strong and reliable synaptic communication between pyramidal neurons in adult human cerebral cortex
Authors: Hunt Sarah , Leibner Yoni , Mertens Eline J , Barros-Zulaica Natalí , Kanari Lida , Heistek Tim S , Karnani Mahesh M , Aardse Romy , Wilbers René , Heyer Djai B , Goriounova Natalia A , Verhoog Matthijs B , Testa-Silva Guilherme , Obermayer Joshua , Versluis Tamara , Benavides-Piccione Ruth , de Witt-Hamer Philip , Idema Sander , Noske David P , Baayen Johannes C , Lein Ed S , DeFelipe Javier , Markram Henry , Mansvelder Huibert D , Schürmann Felix , Segev Idan , de Kock Christiaan P J 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSynaptic transmission constitutes the primary mode of communication between neurons. It is extensively studied in rodent but not human neocortex. We characterized synaptic transmission between pyramidal neurons in layers 2 and 3 using neurosurgically resected human middle temporal gyrus (MTG, Brodmann area 21), which is part of the distributed language circuitry. We find that local connectivity is comparable with mouse layer 2/3 connections in the anatomical homologue (temporal association area), but synaptic connections in human are 3-fold stronger and more reliable (0% vs 25% failure rates, respectively). We developed a theoretical approach to quantify properties of spinous synapses showing that synaptic conductance and voltage change in human dendritic spines are 3–4-folds larger compared with mouse, leading to significant NMDA receptor activation in human unitary connections. This model prediction was validated experimentally by showing that NMDA receptor activation increases the amplitude and prolongs decay of unitary excitatory postsynaptic potentials in human but not in mouse connections. Since NMDA-dependent recurrent excitation facilitates persistent activity (supporting working memory), our data uncovers cortical microcircuit properties in human that may contribute to language processing in MTG.
Masked features of task states found in individual brain networks
Authors: Porter Alexis , Nielsen Ashley , Dorn Megan , Dworetsky Ally , Edmonds Donnisa , Gratton Caterina 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Completing complex tasks requires that we flexibly integrate information across brain areas. While studies have shown how functional networks are altered during different tasks, this work has generally focused on a cross-subject approach, emphasizing features that are common across people. Here we used extended sampling “precision” fMRI data to test the extent to which task states generalize across people or are individually specific. We trained classifiers to decode state using functional network data in single-person datasets across 5 diverse task states. Classifiers were then tested on either independent data from the same person or new individuals. Individualized classifiers were able to generalize to new participants. However, classification performance was significantly higher within a person, a pattern consistent across model types, people, tasks, feature subsets, and even for decoding very similar task conditions. Notably, these findings also replicated in a new independent dataset. These results suggest that individual-focused approaches can uncover robust features of brain states, including features obscured in cross-subject analyses. Individual-focused approaches have the potential to deepen our understanding of brain interactions during complex cognition.
Caught between competing emotions and tensions while adjusting to a new everyday life: a focus group study with family caregivers of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors
Authors: Rosenkilde Siri , Missel Malene , Wagner Mette Kirstine , Dichman Camilla , Hermansen Anne Sofie , Larsen Malene K , Joshi Vicky L , Zwisler Ann Dorthe , Borregaard Britt 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAimsCaring for an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survivor may impact family caregivers’ lives due to the sudden onset of the illness and possible secondary cognitive, emotional, and physical challenges. However, experiences of caring for an OHCA survivor are sparsely described. Thus, this study aimed to explore how family caregivers of OHCA survivors experience the potential burden.Methods and resultsUsing an explorative qualitative approach, six focus group interviews were conducted with a sample of 25 family caregivers of OHCA survivors and analysed using a phenomenological hermeneutic approach inspired by the philosophy of Ricoeur. The OHCA survivors attended a rehabilitation course, and the family caregivers were interviewed as part of the course.Based on the analysis, three themes emerged: (i) feeling unexpectedly alone and invisible; the family caregivers experienced an emotional burden that could not be shared—leading to caregiving being a lonely experience, (ii) fear of loss; the fear of losing a loved one was a constant companion contributing to the burden, and (iii) adjusting to a new everyday life; the family caregivers had difficulties adjusting to living their lives on the premise of the survivors’ needs.ConclusionThe findings of this study emphasize the burden experienced by family caregivers and how they can be trapped in competing emotions and tensions. The possible caregiver burden following OHCA should be acknowledged. Interventions to reduce the burden should be tested and implemented as part of the clinical care of OHCA survivors and their families.
Long-term survival ofDehalococcoides mccartyistrains in mixed cultures under electron acceptor and ammonium limitation
Authors: Morson Nadia , Molenda Olivia , Picott Katherine J , Richardson Ruth E , Edwards Elizabeth A 
Published: July 2022

AbstractFew strains of Dehalococcoides mccartyi harbour and express the vinyl chloride reductase (VcrA) that catalyzes the dechlorination of vinyl chloride (VC), a carcinogenic soil and groundwater contaminant. The vcrA operon is found on a Genomic Island (GI) and, therefore, believed to participate in horizontal gene transfer (HGT). To try to induce HGT of the vcrA-GI, we blended two enrichment cultures in medium without ammonium while providing VC. We hypothesized that these conditions would select for a mutant strain of D. mccartyi that could both fix nitrogen and respire VC. However, after more than 4 years of incubation, we found no evidence for HGT of the vcrA-GI. Rather, we observed VC-dechlorinating activity attributed to the trichloroethene reductase TceA. Sequencing and protein modelling revealed a mutation in the predicted active site of TceA, which may have influenced substrate specificity. We also identified two nitrogen-fixing D. mccartyi strains in the KB-1 culture. The presence of multiple strains of D. mccartyi with distinct phenotypes is a feature of natural environments and certain enrichment cultures (such as KB-1), and may enhance bioaugmentation success. The fact that multiple distinct strains persist in the culture for decades and that we could not induce HGT of the vcrA-GI suggests that it is not as mobile as predicted, or that mobility is restricted in ways yet to be discovered to specific subclades of Dehalococcoides.
Effect of mesoscopic-flow loss on seismic reflections in media with penny-shaped inclusions
Authors: Wang Enjiang , Zhang Lin , Carcione José M , Ba Jing 
Published: July 2022

Summary
We obtain the amplitude and energy reflection coefficients of seismic waves in porous media with penny-shaped inclusions, based on the generalized Biot-Rayleigh model that takes into account the attenuation due to mesoscopic local fluid flow (LFF). We consider two cases, including a contact between two porous media having either different fluids (gas-water contact) or crack density/aspect ratio, as well as a water half-space overlying a porous medium, and study the frequency-dependent reflection-transmission (scattering) coefficients for open- and sealed-pore boundary conditions. Our examples show that the LFF mechanism mainly reduces the reflection coefficients (amplitude and energy) at the gas-water contact and at a water/porous-medium interface for frequencies less than 10 kHz, due to the fact that the velocity in the lower medium decreases. For the latter case, if the fluid is gas, the LFF effect becomes only important at frequencies between 0.0001 and 10 Hz for the open-pore case. This is due to the fact that the acoustic impedance contrast between water and gas is high. At frequencies less than 0.0001 Hz, the interface is equivalent to a water/elastic-medium one, and hence the results are the same as those of the sealed-pore case. Moreover, the crack density and aspect ratio affect the mesoscopic attenuation and relaxation frequency, and therefore the reflection coefficients.
Drying behavior and mathematical modeling of Tenebrio molitor using a closed system heat pump dryer
Authors: Qiu Fuqiang , Li Baoguo , Xu Taoping , He Dugui 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The main purpose of this paper was to investigate the influence of air temperatures (T), air velocity (v) and blanching time (ô) on the behavior of Tenebrio molitor when a closed-system heat pump dryer is used to dry the sample to equilibrium water content (dry basis water content is 12.5%). The T was 40°C, 50°C and 60°C; the v was 2, 3 and 4 m/s; and the ô was 15, 30 and 45 s. And the quality of T. molitor was measured every 15 minutes. We also established a mathematical model to predict the drying process. Altogether, six selected thin-layer mathematical drying models were compared to assess the drying process based on the coefficients of determination (R2), root mean square error and the sum of the squared error. The results showed that the drying time can be shortened as T, v and ô increased and T and v had greater effects on the drying time compared with the ô. There are three stages throughout the drying process—the constant speed stage was the shortest and the decelerated stage played a leading role. Among six selected thin-layer mathematical drying models, the Midilli model (R2 = 0.9997) was superior to others in describing the drying curves of T. molitor. The experimental data of MR was in agreement with the prediction results of Mildilli model.
THE IMPACT OF BALANCING DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN TAX SYSTEMS ON ALLEVIATING TAXPAYERS' INEQUALITY AND ANXIETY
Authors: Guo Yanfang , Nian Zhiyuan , Ismaila Diadama 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
The economy of China has gotten impressive change in recent years, to which personal income got many times higher than before correspond. Global economy also had a great impact to China. There are more foreigner applied China’s Visa and work or live in China. How could their personal income income be levied, same or different with Chinese? Same or different with previous income tax policy? Personal income tax is the most concern of all natural taxpayers, which is directly related to the amount of personal net income, which impacted the living cost plan. Under the current situation that China strengthens the introduction of returnees who have gotten great achievement in certain business and research field and the tax administration of personnel outside the enterprise, there are now a large number of domestic and overseas taxpayers in group of the natural taxpayers. However, from 1998 to now, due to the personnel income huge gap between domestic and foreigner who were invited to work in China, there have been policy differences between domestic and foreign personnel in China's personal income tax payroll and salary foreign-related tax policies, which has resulted in the psychological inequity of taxpayers and caused the psychological inequity and social anxiety of domestic personnel.

Subjects and Methods
In this paper, the official tax data is selected, and the case of Appendix 4 in S.D.S.H. [2014] No. 65 document is taken as an example to use specific income data to generate different tax burden differences and impacts on the differences between domestic and foreign taxpayers under the same income, shows the unfair consequence according the present personal income tax policy.

Results
From these tax differences, it is found that there are still some problems in China's tax policy corresponding to personal income tax wages and salaries, such as tax unfairness caused by repeated deductions, additional deductions and tax exemption items for foreigners, which negatively affect the efficiency of talent policy, etc., and the psychological unfairness and social anxiety to domestic taxpayers are discussed.

Conclusions
Finally, the policy suggestions to improve the tax policy and link taxpayers' psychological injustice and social anxiety are put forward: According to the new talent policy which induced the high-level experts despite of their nationalities and the change of economic environment in which China’s GDP have been almost the advanced country group and individual income went up higher, China should make the fair tax policy, avoid repeated deductions, cancel additional deductions and tax exemption items for foreigners, and improve the corresponding tax system from the perspectives of improving tax fairness and efficiency, maintaining tax neutrality and simplifying the tax system. The range of data income levels selected in this paper is not comprehensive enough, and there is no specific research on ultra-high income groups.
Problematic White-Tailed Deer Information in Regarding Past and Future Tick (Amblyomma americanum, Acari: Ixodidae) Distributions
Authors: Webb G Kent 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Figure 3 in this Journal of Medical Entomology article is central to the authors’ warning about an exploding white-tailed deer population but conflicts in important aspects with the relevant deer research. Among other problems, it shows a 60% increase in the white-tailed deer density from 1500 to 2020 when the research consensus is that the population is about the same. It shows an exploding population from 2000 to 2020 without supporting data when the population peaked around the year 2000 according to evidence-based research.
Seedling and field assessment of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) dwarfing genes and their influence on root traits in multiple genetic backgrounds
Authors: Ingvordsen Cathrine H , Hendriks Pieter-Willem , Smith David J , Bechaz Kathryn M , Rebetzke Greg J 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Deployment of the Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b dwarfing genes helped facilitate the Green Revolution to increase wheat yields globally. Much is known of the influence of these genes on plant height and agronomic performance, but not of their effects on root architecture. We assessed 29 near-isogenic lines (NILs) representing 11 Green Revolution and alternative dwarfing genes across multiple genetic backgrounds for root architecture characteristics in controlled and field environments. Genetic background did not influence plant height, but had a small and significant (P&lt;0.05) effect on root architecture. All dwarfing gene NILs were significantly (P&lt;0.01) shorter compared with tall controls. The Green Revolution Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b sometimes had longer seedling roots but were not different from their respective tall controls for root depth in the field. The Rht8, Rht12, and Rht18 dwarfing gene NILs produced long seminal roots in seedling pouches, and a greater maximum rooting depth (MRD) and root penetration rate (RPR) in the field. Genotypic increases in MRD and RPR were strongly correlated with increased harvest index and grain yield, particularly in dry environments. Careful root phenotyping highlights the potential of novel dwarfing genes for wheat genetic improvement under water-limited conditions.
Multiwavelength temporal and spectral study of TeV blazar 1ES 1727+502 during 2014–2021
Authors: Prince Raj , Khatoon Rukaiya , Majumdar Pratik , Czerny Bożena , Gupta Nayantara 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
One of the most important questions in blazar physics is the origin of broad-band emission and fast-flux variation. In this work, we studied the broad-band temporal and spectral properties of a TeV blazar 1ES 1727+502 and explore the one-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model to fit the broad-band spectral energy distribution (SED). We collected the long-term (2014–2021) multiband data that include both the low- and high-flux states of the source. The entire light curve is divided into three segments of different flux states and the best-fitting parameters obtained by broad-band SED modelling corresponding to three flux states were then compared. The TeV blazar 1ES 1727+502 has been observed to show the brightest flaring episode in the X-ray followed by the optical–UV and γ-rays. The fractional variability estimated during various segments behaves differently in multiple wavebands, suggesting a complex nature of emission in this source. This source has shown a range of variability time from days scale to month scale during this long period of observations between 2014 and 2021. A ‘harder-when-brighter’ trend is not prominent in the X-ray but seen in the optical–UV and an opposite trend is observed in the γ-ray. The complex nature of correlation among various bands is observed. The SED modelling suggests that the one-zone SSC emission model can reproduce the broad-band spectrum in the energy range from optical–UV to very high energy γ-ray.
Pseudofinder: Detection of Pseudogenes in Prokaryotic Genomes
Authors: Syberg-Olsen Mitchell J , Garber Arkadiy I , Keeling Patrick J , McCutcheon John P , Husnik Filip 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Prokaryotic genomes are usually densely packed with intact and functional genes. However, in certain contexts, such as after recent ecological shifts or extreme population bottlenecks, broken and nonfunctional gene fragments can quickly accumulate and form a substantial fraction of the genome. Identification of these broken genes, called pseudogenes, is a critical step for understanding the evolutionary forces acting upon, and the functional potential encoded within, prokaryotic genomes. Here, we present Pseudofinder, an open-source software dedicated to pseudogene identification and analysis in bacterial and archaeal genomes. We demonstrate that Pseudofinder’s multi-pronged, reference-based approach can detect a wide variety of pseudogenes, including those that are highly degraded and typically missed by gene-calling pipelines, as well newly formed pseudogenes containing only one or a few inactivating mutations. Additionally, Pseudofinder can detect genes that lack inactivating substitutions but experiencing relaxed selection. Implementation of Pseudofinder in annotation pipelines will allow more precise estimations of the functional potential of sequenced microbes, while also generating new hypotheses related to the evolutionary dynamics of bacterial and archaeal genomes.
Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 Thr592 increases C-terminal domain dynamics, tetramer dissociation and ssDNA binding kinetics
Authors: Orris Benjamin , Huynh Kevin W , Ammirati Mark , Han Seungil , Bolaños Ben , Carmody Jason , Petroski Matthew D , Bosbach Benedikt , Shields David J , Stivers James T 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) is driven into its activated tetramer form by binding of GTP activator and dNTP activators/substrates. In addition, the inactive monomeric and dimeric forms of the enzyme bind to single-stranded (ss) nucleic acids. During DNA replication SAMHD1 can be phosphorylated by CDK1 and CDK2 at its C-terminal threonine 592 (pSAMHD1), localizing the enzyme to stalled replication forks (RFs) to promote their restart. Although phosphorylation has only a small effect on the dNTPase activity and ssDNA binding affinity of SAMHD1, perturbation of the native T592 by phosphorylation decreased the thermal stability of tetrameric SAMHD1 and accelerated tetramer dissociation in the absence and presence of ssDNA (∼15-fold). In addition, we found that ssDNA binds competitively with GTP to the A1 site. A full-length SAMHD1 cryo-EM structure revealed substantial dynamics in the C-terminal domain (which contains T592), which could be modulated by phosphorylation. We propose that T592 phosphorylation increases tetramer dynamics and allows invasion of ssDNA into the A1 site and the previously characterized DNA binding surface at the dimer-dimer interface. These features are consistent with rapid and regiospecific inactivation of pSAMHD1 dNTPase at RFs or other sites of free ssDNA in cells.
Flipped over U: structural basis for dsRNA cleavage by the SARS-CoV-2 endoribonuclease
Authors: Frazier Meredith N , Wilson Isha M , Krahn Juno M , Butay Kevin John , Dillard Lucas B , Borgnia Mario J , Stanley Robin E 
Published: July 2022

AbstractCoronaviruses generate double-stranded (ds) RNA intermediates during viral replication that can activate host immune sensors. To evade activation of the host pattern recognition receptor MDA5, coronaviruses employ Nsp15, which is a uridine-specific endoribonuclease. Nsp15 is proposed to associate with the coronavirus replication-transcription complex within double-membrane vesicles to cleave these dsRNA intermediates. How Nsp15 recognizes and processes dsRNA is poorly understood because previous structural studies of Nsp15 have been limited to small single-stranded (ss) RNA substrates. Here we present cryo-EM structures of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15 bound to a 52nt dsRNA. We observed that the Nsp15 hexamer forms a platform for engaging dsRNA across multiple protomers. The structures, along with site-directed mutagenesis and RNA cleavage assays revealed critical insight into dsRNA recognition and processing. To process dsRNA Nsp15 utilizes a base-flipping mechanism to properly orient the uridine within the active site for cleavage. Our findings show that Nsp15 is a distinctive endoribonuclease that can cleave both ss- and dsRNA effectively.