bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Invited) Challenges with Electronic Biosensors
Authors: Vogel Eric M. , Brightbill Eleanor L. , Gezahagne Hilena , Jin Decarle S. 
Published: November 2022

The detection of chemical and biological species is critical for applications in healthcare, environmental monitoring, food safety and drug screening. Potentiometric biochemical sensors rely on the specific adsorption of charged analytes that changes the potential of the functionalized sensor surface. The change in surface potential can be measured using a field-effect-transistor (FET) enabling low-cost fabrication, and easy integration with portable readout electronics. The FET concept has previously been applied to numerous (nano-) materials including conventional silicon, nanowires and 2D materials such as graphene. Although many biosensing experiments have been reported, many of the results are not well understood and several key challenges are still limiting their widespread application. In this work, the experimental response from a variety of sensor surfaces and transducers and will be presented.
The results show that the choice of the active interface in contact with the electrolyte determines the sensor response and selectivity (the signal) is relatively independent of the transducer. Ideally, protein recognition mechanisms are leveraged to allow only target proteins to attach to the surface, imparting signal selectivity. However, unwanted protein interactions with sensor surfaces cause signal instability and increase false-positive rates. Although commonly used to functionalize the sensing surface, carboxyl-terminated thiol self-assembled monolayers (COOH-SAMs) can have large defect densities, which in turn leads to large non-selective adsorption of proteins to hydrophobic surfaces exposed by these defects. A procedure is developed where the surface of COOH-SAMs is treated before functionalization to improve the reliability and quality of receptor attachment to the sensor surface. Beyond SAM-based sensors, there has been significant interest in biomedical applications of two-dimensional materials such as graphene, including potentiometric sensing. There is conflicting literature on to what extent interaction from the substrate are transmitted through a monolayer, and the subsequent effect on biomolecule interactions are unknown. Therefore, the degree to which the substrate influences graphene-protein interactions is explored. Finally, the choice of the readout transducer (e.g. a graphene transistor) is shown to influence the noise limit, and, hence, the signal-to-noise ratio. Models for diffusion, attachment, and electrical response of these sensors will be described that demonstrates good agreement to experimental data. Despite the current challenges facing label-free, portable biosensors, the work presented here provides a step towards reliable biosensing.
Evaluation of the Response of High-Temperature Hydrogen Sensors for Fusion Applications
Authors: Lujan Enric Lujan , Hinojo Antonio , Colominas Sergi , Abella Jordi 
Published: November 2022

The use of hydrogen gas in different chemical processes and industries is common. Hydrogen gas has to be monitored in order to provide control of reactions, detect leakages or avoid accumulations in confined spaces, among many other applications. In this frame, and depending on its final application there is a need to develop hydrogen sensors capable to operate in all kinds of conditions in terms of concentration range and temperature. Moreover, these sensors should provide measurements with high sensitivity, selectivity and fast response time. Furthermore, logistical properties such as low cost, long-term stability and easy operation should also be considered in all applications.
In the present work, solid-state electrolyte based amperometric sensors were constructed to measure hydrogen gas under high-temperature conditions. BaCe0.6Zr0.3Y0.1O3-α electrolyte (BCZY) was obtained by the solid-state method and characterized using SEM and XRD. Then, BCZY powder was sintered as a pellet and sealed to an alumina tube to construct the sensors. Finally, operational conditions were optimized and the analytical parameters of these sensors were evaluated at 500 °C and 600 °C. All measurements were performed in an argon atmosphere containing different hydrogen concentrations.
An Interfacial Label-Free Electrochemical Approach to in-Situ Soil pH Monitoring
Authors: Eldeeb Mohammed , Dhamu Vikram Narayanan , Paul Anirban , Muthukumar Sriram , Prasad Shalini 
Published: November 2022

Soil is a critical entity of Earth’s ecosystem. Healthy soil supports a landscape that is more resilient to the impacts of drought, flood, or fire. It also helps regulate the Earth’s climate. Real time assessment of soil health is imperative to improving crop yield as well to sustain an ever growing human population. Soil health encompasses moisture content, phosphorus, pH, nitrate, and other parameters. One of the most important parameters is soil pH which affects nutrients availability to plants and nutrients leaching in the soil. Current soil pH assessment techniques require destructive sampling of the soil where a core of soil is collected then treated at a lab before measuring the pH. This method measures pH at time points and doesn’t provide a continuous real time monitoring of pH. This work utilizes commercial screen printed electrodes with a pH sensitive coating for low cost continuous in-situ soil pH measurement. The coating is made up from alizarin an anthraquinone compound that undergoes a redox reaction in the presence of hydrogen ions and nafion an ion permeable membrane. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) is utilized since the output current signal shows the redox of alizarin while rejecting the capacitive current that’s inherent in soil. This redox peak current potential is dependent on the concentration of hydrogen ions which is gives a direct measure of pH. Due to the sensitivity of SWV, it is possible to measure unbuffered soil ph (without CaCl2 and KCl to improve the electrolyte ionic strength) accurately. The nafion layer protects the alizarin from dissolving in water present in soil as well as promoting the diffusion of hydrogen ions into the coating thus improving sensitivity. The alizarin has been used previously in screen printed electrodes however, this is the first work to our knowledge to utilize it to measure soil pH in-situ over a period of time. The sensor output was first calibrated in different unbuffered soil textures against the gold standard glass electrode. The calibrated response of the sensor in unbuffered sandy loam soil slurry is shown in Fig. 1. Then the sensor accuracy was validated by testing different soil samples using the sensor and later mixing it with deionized water and measuring the pH using the glass electrode. The sensor’s stability was evaluated by taking a measurement every hour for 48 hours without removing it from the soil sample. The temporal study showed a coefficient of variation less than 1% and an average reading of within 0.3 pH of the actual pH of the soil sample.
Fig. 1 Calibrated response of proposed sensor in sandy loam soil slurries with 40% water

Figure 1
Portable Mixed Potential Sensors for Natural Gas Emissions Monitoring
Authors: Halley Sleight , Tsui Lok-kun , Ramaiyan Kannan , Agi Kamil , Garzon Fernando H. 
Published: November 2022

The US Environmental Protection Agency has estimated that emissions from natural gas and petroleum systems account for 32% of methane emissions in the US.[1] Natural gas (NG) is transported along hundreds of thousands of miles of pipeline in the US, and any plan to perform continuous monitoring of NG systems for leak detection will require the development of low-cost, field-deployable systems. Mixed potential systems based on ceramic electrolytes and metal or metal-oxide electrodes are expected to be capable of resolving CH4, C2H6 and other sub-components of natural gas mixtures and interferent mixes at the resolution required for buried pipeline monitoring. We have developed additively manufactured mixed potential electrochemical devices which are paired with artificial neural networks to perform mixture identification and discrimination.[2] Deployment of these devices outside of the laboratory setting requires the integration of the sensors into a portable sensor package (Figure 1(a)). We have produced a small form-factor housing for the four-electrode mixed potential device with an integrated heater. This is coupled with an Internet-of-Things data acquisition and networked transmission system to enable recording of the sensor response and transmission to the cloud for processing. The sensor system has demonstrated the capability to resolve simulated natural gas mixtures at the 40 ppm CH4 level (Figure 1(b)). Initial results of testing the sensing system outside the laboratory will also be presented. This work is supported by US Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management award DE-FE0031864.
References:
[1] US Environmental Protection Agency, National GHG Emissions and Sinks 1990-2000, April 2022.
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions
[2] Halley, S.; Tsui, L.K.; and Garzon, F.H. “Combined Mixed Potential Electrochemical Sensors and
Artificial Neural Networks for the Quantification and Identification of Methane in Natural Gas
Emissions Monitoring.” J. Electrochem. Soc. 168, 097506. DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac2465.

Figure
1. (a) A photograph of a portable sensor package with integrated heater is shown being tested.
(b) Sensor response data showing resolution of 40 ppm CH4 in a simulated natural gas mixture in air.

Figure 1
(Digital Presentation) Development of a Novel pH Sensor Based Polyaniline Supported on Nickel Modified Nickel Foam Electrode
Authors: Islam Mirazul , Rasel Md. , Jamal Mamun 
Published: November 2022

pH is an essential parameter that has to be regularly monitored in biological and environmental applications [1]. Typically, handling fragile electrodes and a number of calibration steps make the measuring process time-consuming. Polyaniline-modified electrodes have several advantages in terms of dependability, miniaturization, and cost-effectiveness, all of which are important features for in vivo applications.
In this work, a hybrid material made of polyaniline, nickel, and nickel foam (PANI/Ni/NF) was combined together to detect H+ ions. First, using cathodic electrodeposition, nickel (Ni) was electrodeposited onto the surface of nickel foam (NF) [2]. Then, the surface of Ni/NF was modified by a self-assembled polyaniline (PANI) membrane to improve the ability of Ni to transform charges. SEM, EDX, Raman spectroscopy and XPS were used to characterize the morphology of PANI/Ni/NF. Fig. 1 shows SEM image of PANI on the surface of nickel oxide modified nickel foam electrode. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Open circuit potential (OCP) were used to monitor the potential shift based on different pH in the buffer solutions. The pH sensor displays the sensitivity of −46.00 mV/pH (R2=0.99) with stable performance in the physiological pH range from 3–11. This prototype has been tested along with a commercial pH meter on real samples (orange, baking powder solution). The durability and repeatability tests also show promising results. This porous and tiny pH sensor opens up new horizons for monitoring H+ in biological, environmental or wet laboratory based samples.
Acknowledgments
University of Grants Commission of Bangladesh (2021-22) for funding this research.
References

F. Song et al., ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2018, 1, 1, 3–8.

M. Jamal et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 2022, 169, 057517

M. Jamal et al., Microsys
t.
Technol
.
, 2018, 24, 4217–4223.

Fig. 1. SEM image of PANI modified Ni/NF

Figure 1
Safety-Enhanced Polyethylene Separator with Thermally Conductive Ultra-Thin Ceramic Coating Layer for Advanced Libs
Authors: Kim Ucheol , Roh Youngjoon , Lee Yong Min 
Published: November 2022

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used from small electronic devices to large-format electric vehicles and energy storage systems. However, as the energy density of LIBs increases, ensuring safety becomes more important to battery manufacturer. [1] As a result, battery engineers are reluctant to use bare polyethylene separators without the ceramic coating layer, which is generally fabricated from the slurry containing ceramic particles, binder, and solvent. Thus, the ceramic-coated separator (CCS) becomes a must-have item for state-of-the-art LIBs. However, since an additional ceramic layer not only reduces the energy density of LIBs, but also increases the cell resistance, there are previous works to reduce those resistive ceramic layers without compromising the thermal or mechanical properties of CCSs. [2] The key process they utilized was the deposition, which can coat the SiO2, Al2O3, or TiO2 ceramic layers of tens of nanometer on the surface of separators. [3,4,5,6] Thus, without ceramic coating layer of a few micrometers, they could show both improved electrolyte affinity and thermal stability comparable to the conventional slurry-based CCSs. However, except for oxide-based ceramics, other ceramics like nitride, which has a good thermal conductivity, have not been tried for this ultra-thin ceramic coating layers.
Thus, herein, we attempt to deposit nitride on polyethylene separators using RF sputtering method. After the CCS was prepared, its physical properties such as thickness, mass per area, permeability, and morphological change were evaluated with a control CCS with Al2O3 layer. Also, not only thermal stability but also thermal conductivity was compared between nitride- and oxide-based CCSs. Furthermore, their electrochemical properties such as cyclability and rate capability were also investigated with large-area pouch-type full cells. Through these comparative study, pros and cons of ultra-thin nitride layer would be reported for advanced LIBs.
[1] John B. Goodenough et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 1167−1176.
[2] Karun Kumar Jana et al., ChemBioEng Reviews, 2018, 5, 346-371
[3] Taejoo Lee et al., Macromolecular Research, 2014, 22, 1190–1195
[4] Min Kim et al., Journal of Power Sources, 212, 2012, 22-27
[5] Yoon Seok Jung et al., Adv. Energy Mater. 2012, 2, 1022–1027
[6] Kun Peng et al., RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 81468
Design Studies Using Corrosive and Non-Corrosive Materials to Improve on Reliability and Efficiency of an Impeller of a Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Idris Muhammad Nuru 
Published: November 2022

Design Studies using Corrosive and Non-corrosive Materials to Improve on Reliability and Efficiency of an Impeller of a Centrifugal Pump

N. Idris*1, 3and I. U. Umaru2

1Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Maiduguri
Borno State, Nigeria
Email: idrismn@unimaid.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The quest to improve on the reliability, operability, sustainability of centrifugal pumps in all facets of process operations, oil and gas industries across the globe have a pivoted role to play in the development of world energy technology and sustainability in numerous ways. This is because several operability challenges and malfunctioning of centrifugal pumps can usually results to unexpected shutdown of process operations and mostly in cases with faulty standbys.
Centrifugal pump is a type of a turbo machine in which mechanical energy is converted into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid. The impeller is the revolving component of the centrifugal pump that transmits energy from the electric motor that drives the pump to the fluid being pumped by acceleration of the fluid outwards from the centre of rotation.
Several researches have been conducted using experiment and numerical simulations to design the centrifugal pump impellers. As a result of recent research, the performance of contemporary centrifugal pump impellers yielded positive results. However, for sustainability there is a need to design the impellers using corrosive and non-corrosive materials to improve on its reliability and efficiency of the pump.
The aim and objective of the studies are: to analyze the pressure, head and efficiency of the designed centrifugal pump impeller, to improve on the efficiency and reliability of a centrifugal pump impeller by changing the blade angle and the use of corrosive and non-corrosive fluids, experimental measurements to analyze the pressure fluctuation performance of a centrifugal pump impeller using CFD.

Keywords: Oil and gas, centrifugal pump, reliability, sustainability

Correspondence about this article: Please for all correspondence on this article, kindly contact the principal author as stated above. Thank you.
Transition Metal Doped-Chalcogenide Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: An Wonyoung , Choi Sung Ryul , Park Jun-Young 
Published: November 2022

Hydrogen, which possesses high gravimetric energy density, has recently received great attentions to respond to the seriousness of global climate change [1, 2]. In particular, the alkaline water electrolysis cells (AECs) that can produce hydrogen through electrochemical reactions without greenhouse gas emissions are substantially promising as renewable next-generation energy storage and conversion devices. In AECs, oxygen evolution reactions (OERs) occur at the anode, while hydrogen evolution reactions take place at the cathode [3, 4]. However, the sluggish kinetics of the multi-electron transfer process is a paramount challenge for efficient OER activity. Furthermore, precious metal catalysts such as iridium and ruthenium are still mainly used as an OER catalyst, and their low economic efficiency and durability are acting as major problems in the commercialization stage. Therefore, the reduction of reaction overpotential is crucial to boost catalytic efficiency for OER in AECs. In this study, the OER catalyst study is performed on sulfide-based chalcogenide materials. It has been reported that the sulfide-based chalcogenide materials have shown the excellent catalytic activity because the covalent characteristics between transition metal and chalcogenide is stronger than that of oxide-based catalysts [5]. In particular, among various sulfide-based chalcogenide materials, nickel sulfide-based catalysts have actively studied because they can simply synthesize using a hydrothermal method. Additionally, nickel sulfides have a structurally Ni-Ni metal bond that makes it easy to transfer charge species for OERs. Herein, various transition metals are doped into the nickel sulfide to improve the catalytic activity and electrical conductivity via generation of extra defects in the crystal structure. The crystal structure and catalytic activity of chalcogenide catalysts are analyzed through various physicochemical and electrochemical analysis methods.

References

[1] Hainan Sun, Xiaomin Xu, Zhiwei Hu, Liu Hao Tjeng, Jie Zhao, Qin Zhang, Hong-Ji Lin, Chien-Te Chen, Ting-Shan Chan, Wei Zhou, Zongping Shao, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7 (2019) 9924.
[2] Thomas E. Mallouk, Nature Chemistry 5 (2013) 362–363.
[3] Muhammad Saqib, In-Gyu Choi, Hohan Bae, Kwangho Park, Ji-sup Shin, You-Dong Kim, John-In Lee, Minkyeong Jo, Yeong-Cehol Kim, Kug-Seung Lee, Sun-Ku Song, Eric D. Wachsman and Jun-Young Park, Energy & Environmental Science 14 (2021) 2472–2484.
[4] Sung Ryul Choi, John-In Lee, Hyunyoung Park, Sung Won Lee, Dong Yeong Kim, Won Young An, Jung Hyun Kim, Jongsoon Kim, Hyun-seok Cho, Jun-Young Park, Chemical Engineering Journal 409 (2021) 128226.
[5] Hatem M. A. Amin, UIf-Peter Apfel, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2020 (2020) 2679–2690.

Keywords: Oxygen evolution reaction, Alkaline electrolysis cell, Water splitting, Transition metal, Post-transition metal, Chalcogenide.
* Corresponding author: jyoung@sejong.ac.kr (J. Y. Park)
Operando X-Ray Fluorescence Measurement Method of Cerium Radical Quencher Distribution in through-Plane MEA
Authors: Takezawa Aika , Orikasa Yuki , Tsuji Yoichiro , Asaoka Takahiko , Ohki Maria , Sekizawa Oki , Nitta Kiyofumi 
Published: November 2022

Hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals produced by reacting impurities with hydrogen peroxide is one of the degradation factors of polymer electrolyte [1]. A method to suppress this degradation is the addition of cerium into the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), which serves as radical quencher [2,3]. However, cerium ion in PEM migrates from the initial state by fuel cell operation [4]. The lack of cerium ion in PEM causes degradation from radical species. Information on cerium migration in PEM is necessary to design the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for long-term operation. Although the observation of cerium ion diffusion with in-plane direction of PEM has been reported [5], it is difficult to detect the distribution in through-plane of MEA under fuel cell operating condition due to the quite narrow thickness of PEM. This study reports an operando X-ray fluorescence analysis technique to detect cerium distribution in through-plane direction of MEA using high-energy X-ray nanobeam.
MEAs were prepared by a conventional method using Pt/C catalyst and polymer electrolyte with the thickness of 12 mm. The active electrode area was 1 cm2. Single cells were assembled using custom-made end-plates that have an X-ray permeation window. Operando X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy measurements were performed at SPring-8, BL37XU (Japan). The monochromatized X-ray at an energy of 45 keV was focused to less than 200 nm by Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror. To detect the cerium distribution in MEA, Ce-Ka fluorescence intensity was counted using a Ge semiconductor detector with scanning the position of the cell. The cell temperature was 80 ℃. O2 and H2 gases with relative humidity of 100% were flew to cathode and anode, respectively.
Figure 1 shows line-scan profile of Ce-Kα fluorescence X-ray intensity from the as-prepared MEA. The x-axis represents the through-plain position, where the positive and negative sides corresponds to cathode and anode sides, respectively. The two peaks are observed at 678 and 685 mm and the peak width is approximately 13 mm. This peak shows PEM containing cerium ion. During the fuel cell operation, the line-scan is repeated and cerium ion distribution can be analyzed.

Acknowledgment

Part of this work is based on results obtained from the project commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japan.
[1] R. Borup et al., Chem. Rev., 107 3904-3951 (2007).
[2] E. Endoh et al., ECS Electrochem. Lett.
2 F73-F75 (2013).
[3] P. Trogadas et al., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett.
11 B113-B116 (2008).
[4] S.M. Stewart et al., ECS Electrochem. Lett.
3 F19-F22 (2014).
[5] A.M. Baker et al., J. Electrochem. Soc.
164 F1272-F1278 (2017).

Figure 1