bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Take-Home-Naloxon für geschulte Opioidabhängige - Erfahrungen zum Umgang mit Überdosierungsnotfällen
Authors: Wodarz von Essen Heike , Wolstein Jörg , Pogarell Oliver , Wodarz Norbert 
Published: March 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Opioidabhängige weisen im Vergleich zur
Normalbevölkerung eine erhöhte Mortalität auf, wobei die Überdosierung die häufigste
Todesursache darstellt.
Methode Im Rahmen des Bayerischen Take-Home Naloxon
Modellprojekts (BayTHN) erhielten Opioidabhängige eine manualisierte Drogennotfallschulung,
inkl. Take-Home-Naloxon (THN).
Ergebnisse Es konnten 537 Opioidabhängige geschult werden (⅓
Frauen, 39,9 ± 9,7 Jahre, Erstkonsum Opioide: 19,5 Jahren). 93 Drogennotfälle und damit der
Einsatz von 17% der ausgegebenen THN-Kits konnten bislang dokumentiert werden. 72% der
Drogennotfälle ereigneten sich im privaten Umfeld. 38% der opioidabhängigen Ersthelfenden
halfen bei mehr als einem Drogennotfall. In einem Drittel der Fälle konnten die Ersthelfenden
die weitere Überwachung übernehmen und ein Kliniktransport vermieden werden. Die
Schulungsinhalte wurden in der Notfallsituation als hilfreich erlebt. Förderlich für
zukünftige Ersthilfe waren die erhöhte Selbstwirksamkeit nach erfolgreichem Einsatz und
anerkennende Rückmeldungen durch die präklinischen Fachkräfte. Hinderlich waren einzelne
stigmatisierende Äußerungen und das Hinzuziehen der Polizei.
Schlussfolgerung Manualisierte Drogennotfallschulungen, inkl. THN
für Opioidabhängige, führten bei den dokumentierten Überdosierungen zu meist erfolgreicher
Ersthilfe. Die verbreiteten Vorbehalte gegen Naloxon sollten bei den Opioidabhängigen, aber
auch bei Angehörigen der Rettungsdienste berücksichtigt werden. Für eine erkennbare Senkung
der landesweiten Mortalität benötigt es jedoch eine breite Ausrollung.
Lost in paradise? The perception of security among immigrant communities in Switzerland and its correlates
Authors: Milani Riccardo , Molnar Lorena , Caneppele Stefano 
Published: March 2022

AbstractResearch addressing the perception of security of immigrants in Switzerland dates back to the 2000s. Using data from a victimisation survey conducted in Lugano, Switzerland (N = 7885), this study investigates the security perception of immigrant communities and its correlates. In contrast to previous findings, the analyses suggest that a higher percentage of immigrants perceive the city as highly safe than natives, this being more accentuated among extra-European immigrants and recently arrived migrants. At the neighbourhood level, results are less clear-cut. Collective efficacy, police proximity and the perceived ability of self-defence are the main predictors of high-security perceptions while having been a victim of violent crimes decreases the likelihood of perceiving both city and one's neighbourhood as safe. Despite positive results, the manuscript discusses the need for increasing the reliability and validity of the traditional measures used to question the fear of crime and the need for targeted interventions fostering cultural integration.
Plasmon-induced excitation energy transfer in silver nanoparticle dimers: A real-time TDDFTB investigation
Authors: Liu Zhen , Oviedo M. Belén , Wong Bryan M. , Aikens Christine M. 
Published: March 2022

Using real-time quantum dynamics calculations, we perform theoretical investigations of light-induced interactions and electronic excitation transfer in a silver nanoparticle dimer. Real-time time-dependent density functional tight-binding (RT-TDDFTB) calculations provide details of the quantum dynamical processes at an electronic/atomistic level with attosecond resolution. The computational efficiency of RT-TDDFTB allows us to examine electronic dynamics up to picosecond time scales. With time scales varying over six orders of magnitude, we provide insight into interactions between the nanoparticle and laser and between nanoparticles. Our results show that the coupling between nanoparticle monomers is dependent on the separation distance between the nanoparticles in the dimer. As the interparticle distance is varied, the dipole–dipole interactions and electronic excitation transfer mechanisms are markedly different. At large distances (from 50 to 20 Å), the energy transfer from NP1 to NP2 becomes more efficient as the interparticle distance decreases. The total dipole moment of the Ag14 nanoparticle dimer increases linearly at an interparticle distance of 20 Å and reaches its maximum after 1.2 ps. The electronic excitation transfer is also the most efficient at 20 Å. At short distances, back-transfer effects reduce the ability of the dimer and NP1 to accept energy from the incident electric field. We attribute the distance-dependent features of the nanoparticle dimer to the beating between the laser acting on NP1 and the back transfer from NP2 to NP1.
Tripling of western US particulate pollution from wildfires in a warming climate
Authors: Xie Yuanyu , Lin Meiyun , Decharme Bertrand , Delire Christine , Horowitz Larry W. , Lawrence David M. , Li Fang , Séférian Roland 
Published: March 2022

Significance
Record-setting fires in the western United States over the last decade caused severe air pollution, loss of human life, and property damage. Enhanced drought and increased biomass in a warmer climate may fuel larger and more frequent wildfires in the coming decades. Applying an empirical statistical model to fires projected by Earth System Models including climate–ecosystem–socioeconomic interactions, we show that fine particulate pollution over the US Pacific Northwest could double to triple during late summer to fall by the late 21st century under intermediate- and low-mitigation scenarios. The historic fires and resulting pollution extremes of 2017–2020 could occur every 3 to 5 y under 21st-century climate change, posing challenges for air quality management and threatening public health.
Shared in planta population and transcriptomic features of nonpathogenic members of endophytic phyllosphere microbiota
Authors: Velásquez André C. , Huguet-Tapia José C. , He Sheng Yang 
Published: March 2022

Significance
Plants evolved in an environment colonized by a vast number of microbes, which collectively constitute the plant microbiota. The majority of microbiota taxa are nonpathogenic and may be beneficial to plants under certain ecological or environmental conditions. We conducted experiments to understand the features of long-term interactions of nonpathogenic microbiota members with plants. We found that a multiplication–death equilibrium explained the shared long-term static populations of nonpathogenic bacteria and that in planta bacterial transcriptomic signatures were characteristic of the stationary phase, a physiological state in which stress protection responses are induced. These results may have significant implications in understanding the bulk of “nonpathogenic” plant–microbiota interactions that occur in agricultural and natural ecosystems.
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles promote mitochondrial-based pyroptosis via activating calcium homeostasis and redox imbalance in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Xia Yubin , Li Bohou , Zhang Fengxia , Wu Qiong , Wen Sichun , Jiang Nan , Liu Ding , Huang Cong , Liu Shuangxin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP) have been widely used in various fields because of their natural biological origin and functional properties. The emerging evidence on their toxicities has attracted research interest. HAP-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) damage is a key step in vascular calcification (VC), particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease. However, the injury effects and mechanism of action of HAP on VSMCs have not been extensively investigated. This study comprehensively characterized commercially available HAP and investigated its adverse biological effects in cultured A7R5 cells. In vitro experiments revealed that internalized HAP was localized in lysosomes, followed by the release of Ca2+ owing to the low pH microenvironment. Upon Ca2+ homeostasis, Ca2+ enters the mitochondria, leading to the simultaneous generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS subsequently attack mitochondrial transmembrane potentials, promote mitochondrial ROS production, and oxidize mitochondrial DNA (Ox-mtDNA). Mitochondrial permeability-transition pores open, followed by the release of more Ox-mtDNA from the mitochondria into the cytosol due to the redox imbalance. This activates NLRP3/caspase-1/gasdermin D-dependent pyroptosis and finally excretes inflammatory factors to induce VC; an antioxidant could rescue this process. It has been suggested that HAP could induce an imbalance in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in A7R5 cells, followed by the promotion of mitochondrial dysfunction and cell pyroptosis, finally enhancing VC. To detect the in vivo toxicity of HAP, mice were treated with Cy7-labelled HAP NPs for 24 h. In vivo results also demonstrated that HAP accumulated in the kidneys, accompined with increased Ca concentration, upregulated oxidative stress-related factor and kidney damage. Overall, our research elucidates the mechanism of calcium homeostasis and redox imbalance, providing insights into the prevention of HAP-induced cell death.
On electric field measurements based on intensity ratio of 1
−
and 2
+
systems of nitrogen in discharges with high specific deposited energy
Authors: Lepikhin N D , Popov N A , Starikovskaia S M 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Analysis of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) in application to the measurements of the electric field has been performed for the nanosecond capillary discharge in molecular nitrogen at moderate gas pressure at high specific energy deposition. Significant discrepancy between results of electric field measurements by OES technique and capacitive probe measurements is demonstrated. Decay rates of excited species as well as rotation structure of corresponding optical transitions are used to identify possible population/depopulation channels of the

N

2

+

(

B

2

Σ

u

+

) and N2(C3Π
u
) states. Kinetic calculations taking into account additional quenching of the

N

2

+

(

B

2

Σ

u

+

) and N2(C3Π
u
) states by electrons, additional population of

N

2

+

(

B

2

Σ

u

+

) by electron impact from the ground state of the molecular ion and by a reaction of excited N2(

A

3

Σ

u

+

) with the ground state of

N

2

+

describes adequately behavior of experimentally measured emission of both considered systems.
Physics of plasma jets and interaction with surfaces: review on modelling and experiments
Authors: Viegas Pedro , Slikboer Elmar , Bonaventura Zdenek , Guaitella Olivier , Sobota Ana , Bourdon Anne 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plasma jets are sources of repetitive and stable ionization waves, meant for applications where they interact with surfaces of different characteristics. As such, plasma jets provide an ideal testbed for the study of transient reproducible streamer discharge dynamics, particularly in inhomogeneous gaseous mixtures, and of plasma–surface interactions. This topical review addresses the physics of plasma jets and their interactions with surfaces through a pedagogical approach. The state-of-the-art of numerical models and diagnostic techniques to describe helium jets is presented, along with the benchmarking of different experimental measurements in literature and recent efforts for direct comparisons between simulations and measurements. This exposure is focussed on the most fundamental physical quantities determining discharge dynamics, such as the electric field, the mean electron energy and the electron number density, as well as the charging of targets. The physics of plasma jets is described for jet systems of increasing complexity, showing the effect of the different components (tube, electrodes, gas mixing in the plume, target) of the jet system on discharge dynamics. Focussing on coaxial helium kHz plasma jets powered by rectangular pulses of applied voltage, physical phenomena imposed by different targets on the discharge, such as discharge acceleration, surface spreading, the return stroke and the charge relaxation event, are explained and reviewed. Finally, open questions and perspectives for the physics of plasma jets and interactions with surfaces are outlined.
A topological flux trap: Majorana bound states at screw dislocations
Authors: Rex Stefan , Willa Roland 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The engineering of non-trivial topology in superconducting heterostructures is a very challenging task. Reducing the number of components in the system would facilitate the creation of the long-sought Majorana bound states. Here, we explore a route toward emergent topology in a trivial superconductor without a need for other proximitized materials. Specifically, we show that a vortex hosting an even number of flux quanta is capable of forming a quasi-one-dimensional topological sub-system that can be mapped to the Kitaev wire, if the vortex is trapped at a screw dislocation. This crystallographic defect breaks inversion symmetry and thereby threads a local spin–orbit coupling through the superconductor. The vortex-dislocation pair in the otherwise trivial bulk can harbor a pair of Majorana bound states located at the two surface terminations. We explain the topological transition in terms of a band inversion in the Caroli-de Gennes-Matricon vortex bound states and discuss favorable material parameters.
Systematically mapping gray matter abnormal patterns in drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia from childhood to adolescence
Authors: Fan Yun-Shuang , Xu Yong , Li Qiang , Chen Yuyan , Guo Xiaonan , Yang Siqi , Guo Jing , Sheng Wei , Wang Chong , Gao Qing , Chen Huafu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundSchizophrenia originates early in neurodevelopment, underscoring the need to elaborate on anomalies in the still maturing brain of early-onset schizophrenia (EOS).MethodsGray matter (GM) volumes were evaluated in 94 antipsychotic-naïve first-episode EOS patients and 100 typically developing (TD) controls. The anatomical profiles of changing GM deficits in EOS were detected using 2-way analyses of variance with diagnosis and age as factors, and its timing was further charted using stage-specific group comparisons. Interregional relationships of GM alterations were established using structural covariance network analyses.ResultsAntagonistic interaction results suggested dynamic GM abnormalities of the left fusiform gyrus, inferior occipital gyrus, and lingual gyrus in EOS. These regions comprise a dominating part of the ventral stream, a ventral occipitotemporal (vOT) network engaged in early social information processing. GM abnormalities were mainly located in the vOT regions in childhood-onset patients, whereas in the rostral prefrontal cortex (rPFC) in adolescent-onset patients. Moreover, compared with TD controls, patients’ GM synchronization with the ventral stream was disrupted in widespread high-order social perception regions including the rPFC and salience network.ConclusionsThe current findings reveal age-related anatomical abnormalities of the social perception system in pediatric patients with schizophrenia.
Adherence Measured Using Electronic Dose Monitoring is Associated with Emergent Antiretroviral Resistance and Poor Outcomes in People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: Bateman Mark , Wolf Allison , Chimukangara Benjamin , Brust James C M , Lessells Richard , Amico Rivet , Boodhram Resha , Singh Nalini , Orrell Catherine , Friedland Gerald , Naidoo Kogieleum , Padayatchi Nesri , O’Donnell Max R 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Medication adherence is known to challenge treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). We hypothesized that adherence using electronic dose monitoring (EDM) would identify an antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence threshold for emergent ART resistance and predict treatment outcomes in patients with MDR-TB and HIV on ART and bedaquiline-containing TB regimens.

Methods
A prospective cohort of adults with MDR-TB and HIV on ART and initiating MDR-TB treatment with bedaquiline were enrolled at a public hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (PRAXIS Study). Participants received separate EDM devices that measure adherence to bedaquiline and ART (nevirapine or lopinavir/ritonavir). Adherence was calculated cumulatively over 6 months. Participants were followed through completion of MDR-TB treatment. HIV genome sequencing was performed at baseline and 2 and 6 months on samples with HIV RNA ≥1000 copies/mL.

Results
From November 2016 through February 2018, 198 persons with MDR-TB and HIV were enrolled and followed (median, 17.2 months; interquartile range, 12.2–19.6). Eleven percent had baseline ART resistance mutations, and 7.5% developed emergent ART resistance at 6 months. ART adherence was independently associated with ART resistance and mortality. Modeling identified a significant (P &lt; .001), linear association between ART adherence and emergent resistance, suggesting a strong association without a specific threshold.

Conclusions
Our findings highlight the need for ART resistance testing, especially in patients with MDR-TB and HIV, which is currently not the standard of care in resource-limited settings. Despite short follow-up duration, reduced ART adherence was significantly associated with emergent resistance and increased mortality.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT03162107.
The impact of digital interventions on antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals: a qualitative synthesis of systematic reviews
Authors: Van Dort Bethany A , Penm Jonathan , Ritchie Angus , Baysari Melissa T 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes in hospitals support optimal antimicrobial use by utilizing strategies such as restriction policies and education. Several systematic reviews on digital interventions supporting AMS have been conducted but they have focused on specific interventions and outcomes.

Objectives
To provide a systematic overview and synthesis of evidence on the effectiveness of digital interventions to improve antimicrobial prescribing and monitoring in hospitals.

Methods
Multiple databases were searched from 2010 onwards. Review papers were eligible if they included studies that examined the effectiveness of AMS digital interventions in an inpatient hospital setting. Papers were excluded if they were not systematic reviews, were limited to a paediatric setting, or were not in English.

Results
Eight systematic reviews were included for data extraction. A large number of digital interventions were evaluated, with a strong focus on clinical decision support. Due to the heterogeneity of the interventions and outcome measures, a meta-analysis could not be performed. The majority of reviews reported that digital interventions reduced antimicrobial use and improved antimicrobial appropriateness. The impact of digital interventions on clinical outcomes was inconsistent.

Conclusions
Digital interventions reduce antimicrobial use and improve antimicrobial appropriateness in hospitals, but no firm conclusions can be drawn about the degree to which different types of digital interventions achieve these outcomes. Evaluation of sociotechnical aspects of digital intervention implementation is limited, despite the critical role that user acceptance, uptake and feasibility play in ensuring improvements in AMS are achieved with digital health.
Prognostic value of the Kyoto Prognostic Index in higher-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphomas treated by upfront autologous stem cell transplantation in JCOG0908 trial
Authors: Kobayashi Tsutomu , Yamamoto Kazuhito , Kagami Yoshitoyo , Machida Ryunosuke , Miyazaki Kana , Nakamura Shigeo , Kuroda Junya , Maruyama Dai , Nagai Hirokazu 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
There is currently no standard prognostic model optimized for the patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with upfront intensive immunochemotherapy including autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). The Kyoto Prognostic Index (KPI) has been proposed as a novel prognostic model for DLBCL, which can accurately identify especially high-risk patients. In this study, we investigated the prognostic value of the KPI in JCOG0908 trial in which higher-risk DLBCL patients defined by the conventional International Prognostic Index (IPI) were treated with upfront high dose therapy followed by ASCT.

Methods
Fifty-eight patients with DLBCL, not otherwise specified, enrolled in JCOG0908 and confirmed by the central pathological review were analyzed. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate the probabilities of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). We compared the discrimination ability of the KPI with that of the IPI.

Results
According to KPI, 3-year OS and PFS rates were 86.7% and 76.7% in low-intermediate, 73.3% and 60.0% in high-intermediate, and 61.5% and 46.2% in high-risk group. According to IPI, 3-year OS and PFS rates were 75.0% and 50.0% in low-intermediate, 82.9% and 74.3% in high-intermediate, and 63.6% and 54.5% in high-risk group. The concordance-indices of KPI and IPI were 0.642 and 0.580 for OS and 0.606 and 0.606 for PFS.

Conclusions
The KPI may be a suitable predictor of outcome than the IPI for patients with higher-risk DLBCL treated with upfront intensive immunochemotherapy including ASCT.
Management of breast cancer in older patients
Authors: Sawaki Masataka , Shimomura Akihiko , Shien Tadahiko , Iwata Hiroji 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Japanese women have the highest life expectancy in the world and breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among them. However, little data are available to support the evidence-based clinical management due to the fact that older adults are commonly excluded from most clinical trials. In Japan the rate of other cause of death in older patient was about a half, then we should consider whether or not breast cancer may affect the patient’s life expectancy to avoid either overtreatment or undertreatment. Although management principles in older patients may be similar with those of younger age, these differences would be caused by relatively short life expectancy, some comorbidity, drug interactions and low functional status. Then, their treatment needs to be individualized. To this end, employing a comprehensive geriatric assessment may be advantageous, which enables to evaluate patient vulnerability from several different aspects, to predict adverse events of chemotherapy and to identify geriatric problems in advance so that extra support and modified treatment can be provided. Before treatment we should assess the patient’s goals and values regarding the management of the cancer, especially on balancing survival benefit with immediate quality of life impairment due to anti-cancer therapy. In Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) , a randomized controlled trial for older patients with advanced stage HER2-positive breast cancer is ongoing as an inferiority design including geriatric assessment (JCOG1607, HARB TEA study). Best practice, current management and how to approach decision making in older patients with breast cancer are summarized.