bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Wounding Method on Rooting and Water Conductivity in Four Woody Species of Air-layered Foliage Plants
Authors: Broschat Timothy K. , Donselman Henry 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Ficus elastica Roxb. ex. Hornem. ‘Robusta’, F. benjamina L., Schefflera arboricola Hayata ex Kanehira, and Dracaena marginata Lam. were air-layered using 2 wounding methods. Rooting was best in double-slit F. elastica, but girdling produced a greater number of roots in the other 3 species. Girdling D. marginata stems induced coarse, unbranched roots, while a finer, more fibrous root system was produced on double-slit plants. Water conductivity through the wounded stem segments was reduced substantially in all 4 species by either form of wounding, with girdled stems having the lowest conductivities for S. arboricola and the 2 Ficus species.
Effects of Chilling and Photoperiod on Forcing Astilbe
Authors: Beattie D. J. , Holcomb E. J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Abstract. Astilbe X arendsii Arends ‘Avalanche’, ‘Deutschland’, ‘Fanal’, and ‘Red Sentinel’ were chilled for 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 weeks at 5°C. Maximum flower number, height, and fresh weight occurred when plants were chilled for 12 weeks. No flowering occurred when ‘Avalanche’ or ‘Deutschland’ were chilled for less than 9 weeks or when ‘Fanal’ and ‘Red Sentinel’ were chilled for less than 6 weeks. ‘Fanal’ and ‘Red Sentinel’ grew significantly taller when forced under a 14-hour than under a 9-hour photoperiod.
Ethylene Evolution and Flowering of Cold- and GA-treated ‘Redwing’ Azaleas
Authors: Nell T. A. , Bodnaruk W. H. , Joiner J. N. , Sheehan T. J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA)-treated ‘Redwing’ azaleas (Rhododendron spp.) flowered in half the time required for cold-treated plants. Visual plant quality and flower uniformity were equal in both treatments. Ethylene evolution of buds was monitored in plants receiving cold treatment, receiving GA application, or remaining in the greenhouse without a dormancy-breaking treatment. Ethylene was not detectable in untreated plants or in cold-treated plants during cold treatment. Ethylene in buds was detected on the 4th day after removal from the cooler and was found to correspond to ethylene generation in GA-treated plants.
A Genetic Abnormality Causing Virus-like Symptoms and Sterility in Cowpea
Authors: Brantley B. B. , Kuhn C. W. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A mutant trait discovered in a planting of ‘Knuckle Purple Hull’ cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walk.] is characterized by proliferated leaf buds, by narrow, elongated, distorted leaflets with irregular margins and abnormal vein curvature, and by sterility caused by failure of the style to elongate. In most flowers, the stigma remained enclosed by the united stamens. Inheritance of this trait is governed by a single recessive gene for which the symbol pbs, for proliferated buds, is proposed.
Flowing Solution Culture for the Mung Bean Rooting Bioassay
Authors: Robbins James A. , Paul J. L. , Reid M. S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A description for the design and use of a flowing solution culture for the mung bean bioassay is presented. A single module for the system is an assembly of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, Tygon tubing, and 12 hypodermic syringe barrels to accomodate 60 cuttings of mung bean, Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz, (5 per syringe barrel). Solution is circulated by an electric fluid pump. A comparison of this system with conventional vial culture indicates no difference in mean root numbers and their standard deviation, although a more stable solution pH is maintained in the flowing system. In the vial system, pH drifted by as much as 1.4 units within 12 hours, but only 0.2 units in the flowing system. The system presented is ideal for investigations where a stable rooting environment is required.
Response of Apple Growth and Flowering to Shade and Ground Covers
Authors: Proctor J. T. A. , Crowe A. D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
‘Summerland’ (regular-bearing) and ‘Macspur’ (spur-bearing) apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Mailing (M) 26 rootstock were grown in pots under 4 shade treatments (100%, 88%, 50% and 12% full sun) and with grass, bare soil, and white plastic ground covers. ‘Macspur’ trees grew and flowered more than ‘Summerland’ trees. The 2 strains responded similarly to shade, but responded differently to ground covers. The greatest increase in fresh weight, number of shoots, and blossom clusters for ‘Macspur’ resulted with white plastic, while the least response was with grass; the reverse held for ‘Summerland’.
Peach Responses to Dikegulac
Authors: Arnold C. E. , Aldrich J. H. , Martin F. G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Dikegulac [2,3:4,6-bis-0-(1-methylethylidene)-a-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid] was applied by handgun to the drip-point on May 27, 1978 at 0, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm to trees of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. June Gold] 2 months after transplanting. Tree height and width decreased and lateral branching increased with increasing concentration of dikegulac. Phytotoxicity was concentration-dependent. All treatments were repeated on May 21, 1979, and a 3rd application of 500 and 1000 ppm was made on August 8, 1979. The best control of vegetative growth in 1979 was from biannual applications since foliar phytotoxicity was reduced. No effect on flowering date or number was detected in March 1980.
The Effects of Some Chemicals and Growth Substances on Pollen Germination and Tube Growth of Date Palm
Authors: Asif Mir I. , AI-Tahir Osman A. , Farah A. F. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Boric, fumaric, gibberellic (GA), indoleacetic (IAA), and succinic acids at concentrations of 0.05, 0.5, 5, 50, or 100 ppm in a basic sucrose and agar medium stimulated pollen germination and tube growth of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Both germination and tube growth increased with increasing concentration of boric acid, GA, and IAA without injurious effects. Maximum pollen germination was observed at 0.05 ppm succinic acid and 0.5 fumaric acid.
FLBG-1 Pepper Breeding Line
Authors: Subramanya R. , Ozaki H. Y. , Zitter T. A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
FLBG-1 is a sweet pepper (Capsicum an-nuum L.) breeding line that has been tested to be immune to Florida strains of tobacco etch (TEV) and potato Y (PVY) viruses. It is also tolerant to pepper mottle virus (PeMoV). FLBG-1 could be a useful parent for breeding virus-resistant sweet and hot peppers of the yellow or light-green, fruited types such as ‘Cubanelle’, ‘Hungarian Yellow Wax’, and ‘Sweet Banana’.
Coordinated Effort to Enhance Development of Cold Hardy Landscape Plants
Authors: Pellett Harold 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Although the world germplasm potential is immense, relatively little concentrated effort is being made to develop superior landscape plant materials and only a few institutions are involved in breeding activities. With a coordinated national effort tremendous improvements in adapted plant materials with superior aesthetic qualities could be realized for all areas of the country with relatively modest cost. The keys to a successful national effort are careful coordination and wise planning of activities utilizing knowledge available to us in genetics, plant breeding, and physiology.
Mode of Action of Air Pollutants in Injuring Horticultural Plants
Authors: Tibbitts T. W. , Kobriger J. M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
An attempt has been made here to condense the great volume of literature for many different air pollutants and from many different plant systems. Only those responses that have been reported for several species are emphasized and our discussion is limited to responses obtained with intact plants.
A Method for Measuring Leaf Volume, Density, Thickness, and Internal Gas Volume
Authors: Raskin Ilya 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A fast, simple, and accurate method is presented for the determination of volume, thickness, and density of leaves and the volume of internal air spaces of leaves and other plant organs. The method is based on the application of Archimedes’ principle and involves the determination of the buoyant force acting on plant organs submerged in water.
In Vitro Plant Development from Bulbil Explants of Two Dioscorea Species
Authors: Asokan M. P. , O’Hair S. K. , Litz R. E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Bulbil explants of one Dioscorea bulbifera L. and two D. alata L. genotypes were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium which was modified to contain 500 mg/liter NH4NO3 as the only N source. Factorials involving kinetin, 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), benzylamino purine (BA), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were tested. Plant development was obtained from one D. alata genotype using 10.0 to 14.0 mg/liter kinetin in combination with 0.01 to 0.02 mg/liter 2,4-D.
Relative Water Demand in Container-grown Ornamental Plants
Authors: Fitzpatrick George 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Relative water use patterns for 12 species of container-grown ornamental plants, areca palm (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Wendl.), ficus (Ficus benjamina L.), gumbo-limbo [Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.], parlor palm (Chamaedorea elegans Mart.), paurotis palm [Acoelorrhaphe wrightii (Griseb. + Wendl.) Wendl. ex Becc.], philodendron (Philodendron selloum Koch), pigeon plum (Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq.), schefflera (Brassaia actinophylla Endl.), seagrape [Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.], silver buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus var. sericeus Fors, ex DC.), silver palm [Coccothrinax argentata (Jacq.) Bailey], and West Indian mahogany [Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.] were measured by comparison of actual water consumption with growth rates and predicted potential evapotranspiration rates. Growth rates as determined by the change in size index over time were used to characterize species as slow, moderate, or fast-growing. The lowest relative water demand was seen in the slow-growing species. Highest relative water demand occurred in the moderate and fast-growing species. Certain moderate and fast-growing plants such as West Indian mahogany, philodendron, and pigeon plum exhibited relative water demand rates not significantly different from the slow-growing species. Monthly potential evapotranspiration rates were closely related to actual irrigation demand levels in all 12 species.
‘Harvest Queen’ and ‘Harrow Delight’ Pear
Authors: Quamme H. A. , Spearman G. A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
‘Harvest Queen’ and ‘Harrow Delight’ are high-quality pear cultivars introduced for early fresh-market and home garden use. At Harrow, ‘Harvest Queen’ ripens during the 3rd week of August, one week before ‘Bartlett’, and ‘Harrow Delight’ ripens during the 2nd week of August, 2 weeks before ‘Bartlett’ (Table 1). Both cultivars are resistant to fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winsl. et al., and are adapted to conditions in southern Ontario.
Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Brassica campestris Breeding Lines with Resistance to Clubroot, Turnip Mosaic, and Downy Mildew
Authors: Leung Hei , Williams P. H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hybrid crucifers have been produced via the S-allele controlled sporophytic incompatibility, a system which is generally limited by intensive labor input and occasional instability in the expression of certain S-alleles. Additionally, most F1 hybrids lack the broad spectrum of disease resistance essential for wide adaptability. A cytoplasmic male sterile (ems) system in brassica, induced by the substitution of Brassica nuclei into a ems Raphanus cytoplasm, R1 (3), has provided a potentially useful system for the production of brassica hybrids. Moreover, the pollen control provided by the R1 ems system facilitates the incorporation of disease resistance by backcrossing ems plants to resistant recurrent parents. Based on this approach, we have developed ems Brassica campestris L. germplasms with resistance to clubroot, (caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.), downy mildew [Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Ex. Fr.], and turnip mosaic (turnip mosaic virus) (5). In this report, we describe the release of 5 lines of ems B. campestris ssp. pekinensis (Chinese cabbage): Badger 28A, 28B, 28C, 28D, and 28E; 2 lines of ems B. campestris ssp. chinensis (pak choy): Badger 29A, and 29B; one line of ems B. campestris ssp. narinosa: Badger 30; and one line of ems B. campestris ssp. rapifera (turnip): Badger 31. These breeding lines would be potentially useful for the production of multiple-disease-resistant (MDR) B. campestris F1 hybrids.
Agricultural Research Policy Issues; B.Y. Morrison Memorial Lecture1
Authors: Ruttan Vernon W. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Over the last 50 years, U.S. agriculture has been transformed from a resource-based industry to a science-based industry. It has been transformed from a traditional to a high-technology sector. There are relatively few sectors in the U.S. economy that have been able to maintain their technological leadership. Agriculture is one of those sectors. The future growth of the U.S. economy will depend very heavily on those sectors that are able to maintain their technological leadership—that can continue to generate the dividends resulting from productivity growth. We are part of a world in which scientific and technological leadership in agriculture can no longer be ours by default. Some countries seem more willing than the United States to recognize and to build on complementarity between the public and private sectors. If we are to realize the gains from this complementarity it will place a special burden on each of the 3 major performers of agricultural research—federal, state, and private—to recognize their responsibility for supporting policies that will maintain the strength of the other 2.
Water Retention of Container Soils Transplanted into Ground Beds
Authors: Nelms L. R. , Art Spomer L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Water stress resulting from inadequate soil water retention following transplanting is a major cause of container-grown transplant failure. The relatively small water supply contained in the soil containers used in nursery and bedding plant production is reduced further by enhanced drainage following transplanting. This drainage phenomenon, which has received little previous attention, was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. Samples of 2 suitable container soils were embedded in simulated ground bed soil and retained in a container; water retention of the embedded soil, surrounding ground bed soil, and contained soil was monitored simultaneously to determine if the embedded soil (analogous to a container-grown transplant’s soil) retained less water than the contained soil. The embedded soils lost 30% to 85% of their estimated available water within a few hours, whereas contained soils lost the same quantity only after 3 or 4 days of surface evaporation. A simultaneous increase in water content in the surrounding ground bed soil indicated that the rapid water loss from the embedded soil was due to water movement into the surrounding soil. A similar water loss following subsequent irrigation of the embedded and ground bed soils indicated that this embedded soil water loss is primarily a drainage phenomenon. This effect was concluded to be a potentially significant factor affecting transplant survival.
Root Zone Temperature Effects on Greenhouse Roses in Relation to Supplementary Lighting at Reduced Air Temperature
Authors: Tsujita M. J. , Dutton R. G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Two cultivars of Rosa hybrida L.—‘Samantha’ and ‘Gabriella’—budded on R. manetti rootstock were grown at root-zone temperatures of 13°C (control-ambient), 18°, and 23° at 13° air night temperature under natural light conditions or natural light plus 55 ± 5 µmol s−1m−2 HPS nightly. Stem length of ‘Samantha’ roses was increased at 23° and the quality index was reduced at 18° soil temperatures. An interaction between light and soil temperature occurred in ‘Gabriella’ roses, where stem length and diameter, fresh weight, quality index, and yield were improved with increased soil zone temperature under natural daylength conditions, but the reverse was the case with HPS supplementary irradiation. Scion cultivar differences on the identical rootstock influenced the response of the plants to root-zone heating and HPS lighting.
The Effects of Bud Maturity on Fertilization in Brassica campestris L.
Authors: Allee Leslie , Mutschler Martha A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Pollen tube growth and ovule fertilization was observed in 3- to 7-mm-long pistils in flowers of a rapid cycling population of Brassica campestris L. Pollen tubes grew past the ovules to the base of the ovaries in pistils 3- or 4-mm-long. The pollen tubes were guided toward the ovules in buds 5-mm-long or longer and in flowers of compatible or incompatible plants. Brightly florescent spots were observed at the micropyle of ovules in pistils 4-mm or longer, but not in smaller buds.
Sources of Phaseolus Species Resistance and Leaf and Pod Differential Reactions to Common Blight
Authors: Schuster Max L. , Coyne Dermot P. , Behre Tareke , Leyna Henry 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Eight known resistant lines of Phaseolus vulgaris L., one resistant line of P. acutifolius A. Gray, and the susceptible ‘Dark Red Kidney’ were evaluated in the greenhouse for their leaf and pod reactions to 7 isolates of Xanthomonas phaseoli (E.F. Sm.) Dows. [= Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (E.F. Sm. Dye)] from the Dominican Republic (DR) and Nebraska isolate EK-11. P. acutifolius had the highest leaf and pod resistance, followed by Great Northern (GN) Nebr. #1 sel. 27 and Pinto Nebr. EP-1, while the leaves of PI 207262 were highly susceptible to isolates, DR-7 and DR-12. A significant host entry × isolate interaction occurred both for leaf and pod reactions but in some lines the reaction of these plant parts to the isolates was different. Plants of BAT 93 (CIAT) has resistant leaves but susceptible pods to all isolates except Nebr. EK-11, while leaves of BBSR-130 were susceptible to the DR-12 isolate, but its pods were moderately resistant to all isolates.
Summer Squash Tolerances to Selected Herbicides
Authors: Frost D. J. , Gorske S. F. , Wittmeyer E. C. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol), chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid), ethalfluralin [N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine], napropamide (2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide), DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate), and a tank mixture of bensulide [O-O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N-(2-mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide] plus naptalam (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid) were evaluated for weed control and tolerance of yellow straightneck, crook neck, and zucchini summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.). Throughout the growing season, napropamide was most injurious to all cultivars. Napropamide resulted in unacceptable injury to young seedlings, and generally reduced early and total yields. DCPA and ethalfluralin treatments were consistently nonphytotoxic. Broadleaf weed control was not acceptable with any treatment due to the lack of control of smallflower galinsoga (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.). Ethalfluralin and napropamide were very effective in controlling annual grasses.
Year-round Production of Apple Fruit from Container-grown Trees
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A 39-week production schedule is described in which container-grown apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. cvs. Red Chief Delicious, Sundale Spur Golden Delicious, and Paulared) are cycled through 4 weeks of cold acclimation, 7 weeks of chilling, 5 weeks of growth before flowering, 21 weeks of fruit growth and maturation, and 2 weeks growth after fruit harvest.
Vegetable Gardening in the United States: A History, 1565-1900
Authors: Becker Robert F. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
To gain a full appreciation of the present, it is often useful to review and consider what transpired in the past. This paper briefly examines one aspect of horticultural history: vegetable gardening in the United States before 1900. The 1st part will concern the home kitchen garden; the 2nd will deal with the development of commercial vegetable growing.
Peach Fruit Abscission by Shading and Photosynthetic Inhibition
Authors: Byers R. E. , Lyons C. G. , Del Valle T. B. , Barden J. A. , Young R. W. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Shading of nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] scaffold limbs 45-58 days after full bloom caused seed discoloration and fruit abscission. Shading of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] scaffold limbs from 31-41 days after full bloom caused greater fruit adscisson than shading from 11-21 or 21-31 days after bloom. The photosynthetic inhibitor, 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil), applied to whole trees 35 days after full bloom induced fruit abscission. Terbacil at 500 ppm or higher caused excessive thinning. Fruit size was larger than hand thinned fruit, since overthinning occurred. Fruit color, soluble solids, and firmness of fruit from the 500 ppm treated trees were similar to fruit from hand thinned trees. No leaves abscissed, but marginal chlorosis occurred on less than 30% of the leaves at harvest. Flower bud numbers per cm of terminal length were similar to the hand thinned trees, but much greater than unthinned trees. Residue analysis of fruit at harvest from the 500 ppm terbacil treatment revealed 0.07 ppm in the fruit.
Pecan Kernel Proteins and Their Changes with Kernel Development
Authors: Wood B. W. , Reilly C. C. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) Koch] kernel development is characterized by rapid accumulation of dilute acid and dilute alkali soluble proteins and decline of buffer and alcohol soluble proteins during embryo and cotyledon expansion. Mature kernels contained 7.8% protein, consisting of 51% acidic glutelins, 27% alkali glutelins, 9% concentration alkali, 7% prolamine, 4% albumin, and 1% globulin. Each fraction was composed of at least 2 proteins throughout kernel development. Proteins in each fraction were comprised primarily of neutral amino acids, but individual amino acid levels were highest for basic amino acids, with relatively high levels of lysine and sulfur containing amino acids. Electrophoresis of acid soluble glutelins revealed at least 7 subunits with molecular weights of 102, 58, 37, 30, 26, 19, and 16 (x 103). The data are considered in relation to alternate bearing and manipulations of fruit maturity.
Daminozide Control of Globe Artichoke Flower Head Atrophy
Authors: Magnifico V. , Morone Fortunato I. , De Palma E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Atrophy of the terminal flower heads in globe artichoke, Cynara scolymus L., occurs when the growing season is characterized by hot temperature during apical bud transition and differentiation. Atrophic heads show total or partial lack of florets on the receptacle, which consequently appears completely or partially necrotic. Butanedioic acid mono-(2,2 dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) was sprayed on plants at rates up to 8000 ppm, during a 4-year field trial. When applied about 10 days before bud transition begins, daminozide reduced the incidence of atrophic terminal flower heads. Best results were obtained with daminozide applied at 4000-5000 ppm during periods when temperatures exceed 25°C. Rates higher than 5000 ppm and temperatures lower than 25°C delayed head production.