bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Sugars and Organic Acids Within Ripe Watermelon Fruit
Authors: Chisholm Duane N. , Picha David H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Concentrations of the major sugars and organic acids within ripe ‘Charleston Gray’ and ‘Jubilee’ watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] flesh were quantified in 5 different regions. The percentage of soluble solids (%SS) in both cultivars and the percentage of sucrose in ‘Charleston Gray’ were highest in the heart region, followed by the blossom end, and lowest in the stem end. Glucose, malic acid, and citric acid were generally higher in the heart and blossom end compared to the stem end, while fructose was higher in the blossom end than stem end. No significant differences between the top side and the soil side were found for any of the sugars or organic acids. Fructose was the major sugar in all regions in ‘Jubilee’, whereas the major sugar in ‘Charleston Gray’ (sucrose or fructose) depended on the region. Malic acid was the primary organic acid in all regions of both cultivars.
Seasonal Variation in Deep Supercooling and Dehydrative Resistance
Authors: Wisniewski Michael , Ashworth Edward N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The capacity of woody tissues to deep supercool has been associated with the presence of a marked dehydrative resistance (i.e., the capacity of a tissue to retain moisture against a vapor pressure gradient). Naturally occurring seasonal changes in the extent of deep supercooling and dehydrative resistance in xylem tissues of Cornus florida L., Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, and Salix babylonica L. were monitored to determine if such a relationship could be established. Results indicated that the relationship between these 2 parameters is quite complex and may be more qualitative than quantitative. Greatest seasonal fluctuation in dehydrative resistance occurred in xylem tissue of peach and dogwood equilibrated at 90% RH. Seasonal changes in willow were relatively small. The capacity of peach and dogwood to retain water at 90% RH generally increased as supercooling increased. At 86% and 81% RH the same general trend was present, but the degree of seasonal fluctuation was much less than at 90% RH. The predicted relationship was not present at 95%, 78%, and 58% RH. The capacity to withstand a desiccation stress equivalent to 90% RH (− 140 bars) may somehow be integrally related to the capacity to maintain a stable supercooled system.
Effect of Multiple Applications of Pesticides on Leaf Gas Exchange of Peach
Authors: Andersen P. C. , Mizell R. F. , French W. J. , Aldrich J. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nine pesticides (chlorothalonil, captan, benomyl, permethrin, methomyl, parathion, carbaryl, dicofol, and S) were sprayed on peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch ‘June Gold’) to determine pesticide-induced effects on leaf conductance (gl), transpiration (E), and net CO2 assimilation rate (A). Parathion was the only material to reduce A when applied <3 times. Net CO2 assimilation rate declined by 10% to 25% for parathion-, methomyl-, chlorothalonil-, benomyl-, and captan-treated trees after 3 applications; however, gl was reduced only for the parathion and chlorothalonil treatments. The pesticide-sensitivity of peach A appears to be much less than pecan and somewhat similar to apple. Chemical names used: 2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-l,3-benzenedi-carbonitrile (chlorothalonil); 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-2-[(trichloromethyl)thiol]-lH-isoin-dole-l,3(2H)-dione (captan); methyl[l-](butylamino)carbonyl]-lH-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate (benomyl); (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (permethrin); methyl N-[[(methylam-ino)carbonyl]oxy]ethanimidothioate(methomyl); 0,0-diethyl 0-p-nitrophenylphospho-rothioate (parathion); 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl); and 4,4′-dichloro-α-trichloro-methylbenzhydrol (dicofol).
Screening Spathiphyllum Species and Cultivars for Resistance to Cylindrocladium spathiphylli
Authors: Henny R. J. , Chase A. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Of 4 Spathiphyllum species and 5 cultivars tested for sensitivity to Cylindrocladium spathiphylli root and petiole rot, 3 demonstrated resistance. Spathiphyllum floribundum, S. floribundum ‘Mini’, and S. cannifolium were resistant, whereas all others tested were susceptible. Twenty hybrids from a cross of S. lechlerianum × S. floribundum also were tested and found resistant to C. spathiphylli, indicating potential for development of new Spathiphyllum cultivars resistant to this serious pathogen.
In Vitro Multiplication of Swingle Citrumelo Rootstock with Coumarin
Authors: Grosser Jude W. , Chandler J. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Young Swingle citrumelo [Citrus paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] seedlings were sectioned into 0.5-cm and 1.0-cm nodal and internodal segments and plated on an agar-solidified basal medium containing different levels of coumarin as the only growth regulatory substance. The frequency of whole-plant recovery from stem segments was positively correlated with the concentration of coumarin in the medium. Recovery of whole plants from 0.5-cm segments required coumarin, which induced both root and shoot formation. An optimum concentration of coumarin (90–150 μm), increased the number of whole plants recovered per seedling ≈5-fold. Resulting plants were acclimated to soil efficiently and rapidly in humidity tents that received a continuous supply of moist air. This procedure could be used commercially to increase the availability of Swingle citrumelo rootstock.
Induction of Pistillate Flowers on Juvenile Pecan Clones
Authors: Thompson T. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seedling juvenility is one of the main impediments to progress in fruit and nut tree breeding (2, 5). Juvenility prevents young trees from producing flowers and thus lengthens the generation time. Seedling pecan trees [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] normally produce nuts for the first time at 7-10 years of age. This severe problem in the pecan breeding program has been reduced to some extent by budding juvenile seedlings onto large cut-back trees and growing them rapidly for 4 to 5 years (4). With this system, the minimum generation time is about 6 years (presuming that the clones flower at the 4th leaf). Since this technique shows that pecan juvenility can be altered by the environment in which the bud grows, methods to shorten the generation time even more were initiated at Brownwood in 1979. My objective is not that proposed by another (8, 9)—that is, to shorten the juvenile period. Rather, it is to induce flowering on plants obviously in the juvenile phase.
Extraction, Purification, and Quantitation of Paclobutrazol from Fruit Tree Tissues
Authors: Stahly Edward A. , Buchanan David A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1 H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol) is one of a new class of plant growth regulators that affect both vegetative and reproductive components of fruit tree growth (1-3). The movement and fate of absorbed paclobutrazol must be established to better understand its persistence and mode of action. Accordingly, we have developed an analytical method for quantifying low levels of paclobutrazol extracted from plant tissue.
Pre-anthesis Classification of Muskmelon Segregating for Male-sterility
Authors: McCreight J. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three male-sterile genes are available for use in hybrid muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) seed production. Although ms-1 and ms-2 were described in 1949 (2) and 1964 (1), they have been used little, if at all, for commercial hybrid seed production. It is too soon to predict the usefulness of ms-3, because it was only recently described (5). In a previous study of phenotypic variation of ms-1 and ms-2 segregates, I showed that fertile plants produce at a low frequency aberrant staminate flowers that might be mistakenly identified as male sterile (4).
Education to a Degree: The Proliferation of Curriculum Options in Undergraduate Horticulture
Authors: LaSota Leo R. , Soares Sheryl D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The demands placed by institutions, departments, courses, and instructors on undergraduate horticulture majors have been justified as necessary to prepare students for careers in horticulture. This unanimity of general purpose is not paralleled by agreement on the specific means to achieve educational goals. Ballinger (2) questioned the adequacy of practical training for horticultural majors. Merritt (4) saw program innovation as lagging behind changing career requirements. Some (5) argue for greater standardization in horticulture education; others (6) oppose a rigid curriculum structure.
‘Monument’—Small, White Dry Bean
Authors: Coyne D. P. , Steadman J. R. , Nuland David S. , Campbell Cheryl L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Monument’, a small, white dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has been released to fulfill a need in western Nebraska for a cultivar maturing earlier than small, white ‘Aurora’, thereby reducing the risk of freeze damage in early fall frosts, and having an upright plant habit and less dense canopy, facilitating harvesting and reducing white mold disease (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) (1, 2). The new cultivar is named in honor of the Scottsbluff National Monument, a historic site along the Oregon Trail, which is near the center of the Nebraska bean growing area in the North Platte Valley.
Growth Responses of Peach Roots and Shoots to Soil and Foliar-applied Paclobutrazol
Authors: Williamson J. G. , Coston D. C. , Grimes L. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Paclobutrazol applied at 37 mg per plant to container-grown, own-rooted peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch ‘Redhaven’] trees reduced vegetative growth (compared with no treatment) as measured by shoot extension, leaf size, and shoot dry weight. All paclobutrazol treatments (foliar and/or soil) increased root tip diameter and reduced unsuberized root length. Paclobutrazol increased the size of the cortex parenchyma cells and resulted in radial rather than longitudinal elongation of the innermost layer of cortex cells. These changes in cell shape and size were primarily responsible for increasing root tip diameter. Chemical name used: (R*,R*)-(±)-β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methy]-α-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Chlorsulfuron Activity on Seven Cool-season Grasses
Authors: Maloy B. M. , Christians N. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chlorsulfuron was applied to annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds ‘Penncross’), hard fescue (Festuca ovina var. duriuscula Koch ‘Scladis’), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb ‘Kentucky 31’), quackgrass (Agropyron repens L. Beauv), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ‘Crown’) at the rates of 0, 141, and 282 g a.i.·ha−1 in repeated greenhouse experiments. Tall fescue and perennial ryegrass were very sensitive to the chlorsulfuron in both experiments. Creeping bentgrass, hard fescue, quackgrass, and smooth bromegrass were more tolerant of chlorsulfuron treatments than the sensitive species. Annual bluegrass was damaged by chlorsulfuron in the first experiment, but not in the 2nd. Chemical name used: 2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-l, 3, 5,-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzene sulfonamide (chlorsulfuron).
Effect of Cropping on Shoot Growth of Spur-type ‘Golden Delicious’ Trees
Authors: Curry Eric A. , Looney Norman E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Deblossomed 8-year-old Malus domestica L. ‘Goldspur Golden Delicious’ trees on seedling rootstock exhibited less extension growth than trees that had carried a crop during either the current year or the previous year. Trees in the “on” year consistently had more extension growth than trees in the “off” year. Fruitful branches of ‘Golden Delicious’ and spur-type ‘Golden Delicious’ generally had more new growth than branches without fruit from the same tree.
Calcium Accumulation in Potato Tubers: Role of the Basal Roots
Authors: Kratzke Marian G. , Palta Jiwan P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Using a divided-pot system, the supplies of Ca to the tuber region and to the basal root region of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) were controlled separately. Addition of Ca to the basal root region did not increase the Ca concentration in the tubers over that of the field-grown tubers. Addition of Ca to the stolon and tuber region, however, resulted in an over 3-fold increase in the Ca concentration of the tuber peel and medullary tissue. These results suggest that a) the main root system (basal roots) does not contribute to Ca accumulation in the potato tuber and b) tuber Ca content can be increased by placing Ca in the tuber and stolon area.
Rooting of Intact Mung Bean Hypocotyls Stimulated by Auxin, ACC, and Low Temperature
Authors: Jusaitis Manfred 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz.] hypocotyls, growing on their stock plants, were induced to produce adventitious roots by treatment with indolebutyric acid (IBA). Rooting was hastened further and increased by concurrent treatment with ACC, the biosynthetic precursor to ethylene. Further increases in rate of root emergence and root numbers occurred when these treatments were applied on rewarming of mung bean plants pretreated with low temperature (15°C). Rooting was inhibited by AVG, an inhibitor of ACC biosynthesis, and this inhibition was reversed by concurrent treatment with ACC. The results suggest requirements for auxin and ethylene to optimize root initiation. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and [S-(E)]-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)- 3-butanoic acid (AVG).
Influence of Fruit on Spur Leaf Photosynthesis and Transpiration of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple
Authors: Rom Curt R. , Ferree David C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The net photosynthesis (Pn) rate of intact spur leaves of greenhouse-grown ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees were similar, regardless of the fruiting condition of the spur. Similarly, the transpiration (Tr) rate of spur leaves was independent of the spur's fruiting condition. Therefore, Pn and Tr were not correlated to the number of flowers or fruit per spur, but Pn was significantly correlated to Tr. Rates of Pn and Tr were highest during the period of full bloom until shortly after bloom. Sorbitol, soluble reducing sugars, starch fractions, and total carbohydrates of spur leaves were unaffected by the presence or absence of fruit on the spur. Fruiting did not affect the number, area, or size of spur leaves. Spur leaf area and Pn could be limiting to early fruit development.
Rapid TLC and HPLC Quantification of Cucurbitacin C in Cucumber Cotyledons
Authors: Gorski P. M. , Jaworski A. , Shannon S. , Robinson R. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two rapid methods for estimating cucurbitacin C (Cuc C) in cucumber cotyledons are described. Both methods require a single cotyledon extracted with methanol. The filtered extract is injected into a C18 HPLC column with methanol-water (55:45) solvent, and quantitative estimates of Cuc C are obtained by UV detection at 254 nm. In the 2nd method, the extract is concentrated for spotting on silica gel TLC plates, the TLC plates are developed with ethylacetate : benzene (75:25), and visualized with vanillin-orthophosphate to give a semiquantitative estimate of Cuc C. The 2 methods are quick and suited for screening seedlings for cucurbitacin levels in segregating populations to select for cucumber beetle resistance and for nonbitter fruit.
Effects of Fungicide Treatments on the Gustative Quality and the Biochemical Composition of Apples
Authors: Rouchaud J. , Moons C. , Meyer J. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Several fungicide treatments were assayed separately on ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ apples. Depending upon the fungicide treatment, the total sugar content of ‘Golden Delicious’ could be increased by as much as 22%. The distribution of the sugars, the acidity of the apple juice, and the gustative quality also changed with fungicide treatments. A qualitative relationship was observed between the effects on the biochemical composition and the gustative quality of ‘Golden Delicious’ and the chemical structure of the fungicide. The biochemical composition and the gustative quality of ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ apples did not change with the fungicide treatments.
FROSTPRO, a Model of Overhead Irrigation Rates for Frost/Freeze Protection of Apple Orchards
Authors: Perry Katharine B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A BASIC microcomputer program, FROSTPRO, has been developed from existing literature (3) to calculate irrigation rates for frost/freeze protection of orchards based on given atmospheric and crop parameters. An energy budget approach was used to determine the rate of heat lost by the susceptible plant part through radiative, convective, and latent heat transfer processes at the actual plant part temperature and at the critical temperature, below which damage will occur. The difference between these 2 rates of heat loss is the rate at which heat must be added by the latent heat of fusion liberated as the applied water freezes. The model developed follows that previously described (2), with the addition of the relative humidity parameter.
A Simple, Inexpensive Static Solution Culture System
Authors: Hershey David R. , Merritt Richard H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Static solution culture systems are widely used in plant research and for teaching demonstrations of plant nutrient deficiency symptoms. Numerous systems have been described (1,2) including one (3) constructed of readily available materials. Reported here is another design for a static solution culture system built of readily available components. This system is characterized by a) low cost, b) simplicity, c) easy assembly, d) potential for variable spacing of culture vessels, e) identical aeration rate for each vessel without individual air flow valves, and f) aeration from the top of the culture vessel rather than the bottom, eliminating drainage through aeration lines should the air supply fail.
Semiportable Laminar Flow Hood for Tissue Culture and Microscope Use for Research and Teaching
Authors: Meyer Martin M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
terile rooms or reach-in boxes were used to prevent contamination of cultures in early work with plant tissue and embryo culture. The new sterile hoods, which are a spinoff of the aerospace program (2), make continuous work at transferring tissue cultures comfortable and reduce contamination. The laminar flow hood, evaluated by Coriell and McGarrity (1), is particularly comfortable and effective. These hoods are large, heavy, and expensive pieces of equipment and not entirely suitable for protoplast manipulation and other microscope work. This report will describe a sterile hood, which can be built easily with readily obtainable components and has advantages over many of the available commercial units. The laminar flow hood described is reasonably portable and minimizes vibration of the work surface, making it ideal for microscope work.
‘Cariflora’—a Papaya Ringspot Virustolerant Papaya for South Florida and the Caribbean
Authors: Conover R. A. , Litz R. E. , Malo S. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Cariflora’ is a dioecious papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivar, tolerant of infection by papaya ringspot virus (PRV), that has been developed for south Florida and the lowland Caribbean region. ‘Cariflora’ produces good quality, round fruit with sweet yellow flesh and an agreeable aroma. This papaya is particularly suitable for commercial plantings because of the small size of its fruit, but it also could be useful to home growers. ‘Cariflora’ is being released for grower trial by the Agricultural Experiment Stations of the Univ. of Florida.
MN 13 and MN 150 Cowpea Breeding Lines
Authors: Davis D. W. , Marsh D. B. , Alvarez M. N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
MN 13 and MN 150 are extra-early maturing cowpeas [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] adapted to northern regions possessing a continental climate. They reach the mature-green harvest stage at about 1000 heat units (10°C base, air temperature) under Minnesota conditions, and can be harvested in early August from a late-May sowing. Both lines appear to be tolerant to bacterial blight (Xanthomonas vignicola Burkh.), based on field observation.
“6-BA Applied After Shoot and/or Root Chilling and Its Effect on Growth Resumption in Apple and Peach”
Authors: Young Eric , Werner Dennis J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the article “6-BA Applied After Shoot and/or Root Chilling and Its Effect on Growth Resumption in Apple and Peach” by Eric Young and Dennis J. Werner (HortScience 21:280-281, Apr. 1986), “0.5% Silaid” in the 20th line, 3rd column, p. 280 should read “0.5% Silwet (Union Carbide).”
‘“Carolina Cayenne’ Pepper”
Authors: Fery R. L. , Duke P. D. , Ogle W. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the article ‘“Carolina Cayenne’ Pepper” by R.L. Fery, P.D. Duke, and W.L. Ogle (HortScience 21:330, Apr. 1986), the first 2 lines of the Description should read ‘“Carolina Cayenne’ exhibits much less variability for horticultural traits than ‘Carolina Hot’. ‘Carolina Cayenne’ has an erect plant habit, and the fruit are borne well above the soil surface.”
Isozyme Analysis Procedures for Stone Fruits, Almond, Grape, Walnut, Pistachio, and Fig
Authors: Arulsekar S. , Parfitt D. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Applications of gel electrophoresis and isozyme analysis to horticultural science were outlined more than a decade ago by Peirce and Brewbaker (15). Isozymes now are being widely used in almost all areas of plant biology, including plant breeding, plant population genetics, systematics, evolutionary genetics, and somatic cell genetics. Isozymes offer the most reliable single gene markers and they are often codominant in inheritance. Genetic studies using isozymes in tree fruit and nut crops are few. Torres and Tisserat (26) reported single gene markers using isozymes in date palm, Arulsekar et al. (4) in strawberry, Torres et al. (23) in avocado, and Arulsekar et al. (1, 3) in walnuts; perhaps the only reliable gene markers available for breeders of these crops. Torres et al. (24) have also reported isozyme genetic markers in Citrus and demonstrated their use in distinguishing nucellar seedlings from those of zygotic origin. Ben-Hayyim et al. (5) developed isozyme systems that will facilitate identification of interspecific cell hybrids and fusion products in Citrus. Arulsekar et al. (3) studied glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) isozymes in callus tissues, juvenile leaves, and adult leaves of walnuts using the same enzyme extraction procedure and found no tissue-specific differences in isozyme patterns. McGranahan et al. (11) used isozymes to identify intergeneric hybrids generated between wingnut (Pterocarya sp.) and walnut (Juglans sp.). Parfitt et al. (13) demonstrated the use of isozymes in the identification of interspecific hybrids between peach and plum cultivars. The inheritance of MDH isozymes in peach was reported by Arulsekar et al. (2). Among 298 peach cultivars tested, variation was observed only for malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isozymes. The MDH isozymes were used by Parfitt and Miller (unpublished data) to study outcrossing rates among peach cultivars.