bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citizenships and Jurisdictions
Authors: Kantor Georgy 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the legal dimension of the local citizenships of Greek poleis in the long second century. After discussion of methodological issues, it offers a detailed case study of Parthicopolis in Macedonia, which provides our most detailed evidence for the role of citizenship in a non-privileged civic community (especially interesting as it was a new foundation in this period). This is followed by discussion of citizenships in privileged “free” cities, with particular attention to our best-attested case of Aphrodisias in Caria and to the role of multiple citizenships. The final section of the chapter explores evidence for local substantive law in this period and the extent to which it was connected to civic status; significant evidence of the recently published decree of Tralles on public morals shows the competing principle of territoriality at work. The citizenship principle in jurisdiction and application of substantive rules remained strong in Greek cities in this period but existed in constant competition and negotiation with the claims of the territorial principle. The tension between the two is best understood in terms of what legal anthropologist Lauren Benton has termed “jurisdictional politics.”
Experiencing Roman Citizenship in the Greek East during the Second Century CE
Authors: Brélaz Cédric 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the local contexts that can account for the conflicting interests and contrasting attitudes of local elites toward Roman citizenship in the Greek-speaking provinces of the Roman Empire during the second century CE. It addresses four main issues: the significance of Roman citizenship for local elites in a local context, the indirect benefits derived by local elites from the possession of Roman citizenship with regard to their activities at the regional level, attitudes toward Roman citizenship in free cities (which in theory were not part of the Roman Empire), and the distinction between Roman citizens of Italian or Western descent and those from native families. Contrary to what is usually assumed, the chapter argues that Roman citizenship was not necessarily attractive for all local elites during the second century CE, that the interest in universal citizenship was determined by more local concerns, and that the most tangible citizenship for most people was the local one. This chapter is an attempt at giving a qualitative explanation—inferred from political, social, and cultural factors—for why there were such large discrepancies in the numbers of Roman citizens among local elites and local officials depending on the city in the Greek East and at reassessing the narrative of decline of both Roman and local citizenships during the imperial period.
Introduction
Authors: Delgado James P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Described in a “you are there” style, the events of December 1, 1842, on the deck of the U.S. Brig Somers take place as three men have their wrists and ankles bound, their faces shrouded, and a hangman’s noose placed around each of their necks. A cannon fires, and the three men are rapidly hauled up into the rigging of the ship, struggling as they die. The captain, with his crew—almost all of them young boys, some weeping—assembled before him, gives a passionate sermon, and dismisses the crew as the bodies are lowered, and preparations are made to bury them at sea. Again assembled, as darkness falls, the crew watch as another sermon is read, and the three bodies are committed to the deep. This powerful and terrible day has ended, but the event that has just taken place will spark a national controversy, ruin careers and lives, and remain a notorious event well into the twenty-first century.
A Sailor’s Life for Me
Authors: Delgado James P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The United States in 1840 was a nation in the midst of dramatic change with religion, politics, economic woes, and nationalism dominating public opinion and change. Immigration was changing the demographics of America, and the U.S. Navy was also changing in response. Life at sea, especially in naval service, was difficult, with alcoholism, violence, harsh discipline, and an undercurrent of sex that led to calls for naval “reform.” Somers was built to be a platform for a new approach to training young men to be sailors and officers. The result was a ship primed for failure, as Captain Mackenzie expected an environment that removed young impressionable boys from older, jaded men who could lead them astray with alcohol, tobacco, and sex, and instead offer a practical, religion-reinforced education “before the mast.” That would not be the case with Somers, especially with Philip Spencer on board as one of its officers.
Controversy and Inquiry
Authors: Delgado James P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
News of the “Somers Affair” quickly became national news and highly controversial. Supporters and detractors of Mackenzie commented publicly and privately, and Mackenzie wrote a lengthy defense of his actions that proved more damning than helpful. Spencer’s father, John Canfield Spencer, the secretary of war, wrote a spirited attack on Mackenzie and his officers. The secretary of navy ordered a court of inquiry, which was followed avidly in the press, and followed by a court-martial. The trial was the most-followed legal proceeding of the time, and Mackenzie’s acquittal left his detractors unhappy. The trial and revelations of Mackenzie’s own troubled behavior, near-panic, and excessive discipline damaged Mackenzie’s reputation, and his naval career, once promising, was also damaged beyond repair. Legal proceedings against the boys arrested and confined by Mackenzie but not hanged ended in their favor. An old foe of Mackenzie, James Fenimore Cooper, launched an affective public attack on the captain, as did other polemics. Mackenzie’s inability to remain silent, or at least parse his words, continued to harm him throughout the controversy.
“Damn Bad Luck Follows”
Authors: Delgado James P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Following the trial, the reputation of Somers and Mackenzie were further damaged by the suicide on board the brig by the ship’s surgeon, the navy’s decision to no longer use it as a training ship, and by the post-mortem mistaken portrayal of Spencer as an anti-hero. Passionate disagreement by friends of Mackenzie and Spencer surfaced and dominated national attention through the rest of the nineteenth century. The affair also focuses attention on the troubled psychology of the Spencer family, and the post-mutiny later-life career of Philip’s brother Ambrose shows a troubling similarity to the behavior of his executed younger brother. “Damn bad luck” is a phrase used by later crews of Somers, which became known as a haunted, cursed ship, and it is also true for many of those involved in the story, including Mackenzie and his first officer, Guert Gansevoort. Somers was lost, with thirty-two of its crew, while blockading the Gulf port of Veracruz during the United States’ war with Mexico. While lost, Somers would never be forgotten; it had become the most infamous ship in the U.S. Navy.
Epilogue
Authors: Delgado James P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The 1980s discovery of the wreck of Somers by adventurer and art dealer George Belcher and his bother Joel in 110 feet of water off Veracruz sparked fresh interest in the ship and its story. Ongoing archaeological work underscores the nature of the small, overcrowded brig, and is key physical evidence not only of the ship, but of the environment in which two troubled personalities, surrounded by raw, rebellious youth, would clash with deadly effect. The dives, which the author took a lead role in, underscore the importance of shipwreck archaeology, and also provided, at least for one of the archaeological team, an eerie glimpse into the paranormal.
When You Can’t Remove the Pump Handle, Reduce Harm
Authors: Beard Jennifer 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Prevention is central to all that we do in public health, but preventing unclear, wordy, vague, imprecise writing is impossible. A harm reduction approach to mentoring student writers meets them where they are and offers an array of strategies and tools they can use to make incremental, deliberate improvements to everything they write. We all write garbled, ill-conceived sentences, paragraphs, pages, and documents. Getting our thoughts down, even incoherently, is step one of the writing process. Polished, clearly written, engaging prose of any type takes time, revision, feedback, and more revision. Chapter 2 adapts harm reduction principles to a detailed example of mentoring a student who has submitted a paper rife with problems. It also offers concrete strategies for helping students revise (punch lists, peer review, the paramedic method of self-editing) as they take their papers through a multi-draft process.
Examples of Public Health Writing Assignments
Authors: Beard Jennifer 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
All of the writing assignments that make up Chapter 5 are used in public health classes. They can be adapted to many types of public health classes at the graduate and undergraduate level. The types of documents included represent the writing commonly done by public health professionals in the workplace. The professors who contributed to this section represent a wide range of disciplines including epidemiology, economics, social and behavioral sciences, and health communication and promotion. Example assignments includes: case analysis, concept notes, evidence summary, explainer article, framing memo, infographic, literature review, op-ed, policy brief, and presentation.
Democratization and Globalization
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe market in public debt was globalized and democratized in the nineteenth century, when a growing base of retail investors adventured their savings in bonds issued by sovereigns. Spending priorities meanwhile shifted from financing wars to supplying public goods and services. As cities expanded, demands arose for transportation, clean water, sewers, and electricity. In response, governments issued bonds to finance public infrastructure. This transition again illustrates the role of public debt in state building—in lending legitimacy to the state by enabling it to meet the needs of its constituents. But where savings were low and financial markets were underdeveloped, governments could not finance such projects at home. Such governments, including those of Southern Europe and recently independent Latin American republics, borrowed abroad. External debt emerged as an asset class.
Warfare to Welfare
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the first half of the twentieth century, the focus of government borrowing shifted again, this time toward funding social services and transfer payments. War, of course, remained important: World Wars I and II led to major bursts of debt accumulation. In addition, democratization created a demand for social welfare that governments could not ignore, particularly during the difficult postwar years and Great Depression. A political consensus emerged according to which the state should provide insurance to citizens in situations when they could not adequately insure themselves. When revenues did not keep pace with these demands, governments borrowed to fill the gap. Another legacy of the Depression was the all but complete closure of the global debt market. After the defaults of the 1930s, investors displayed little appetite for foreign bonds. Governments too became wary of international financial markets. When they borrowed abroad after World War II, they turned to allied governments, multilateral organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, and eventually commercial banks.
Introduction
Authors: Agarwala Rina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the book’s key motivating question: What is the relationship between the Indian state and its different classes of emigrants, and how has this shifted over time? Sending and receiving states both serve as “migration states” because they hold an uncontested right to differentially regulate human mobility according to class. By enacting class-differentiated regulations on who can enter or leave a country, migration states help structure class inequalities. But Indian emigration practices have not followed global patterns or scholarly assumptions around neoliberalism, and they thus raise several important puzzles. This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book and provides a chapter outline.
The CEO MDR (1977–Present)
Authors: Agarwala Rina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 details how the contemporary CEO MDR (1977–present) has legitimized poor and elite emigrants’ financial contributions from abroad (in the form of remittances, savings accounts, investments, and bonds), thereby reframing emigrants as a resource for India (rather than an embarrassment, as in the Nationalist MDR) and building consent for foreign capital inflows. This chapter also explains how the Indian state has justified these changes (which, in fact, echo India’s colonial-era MDR) to retain its political legitimacy, especially among domestic resisters to globalization. The state has emphasized poor workers’ demands for mobility while remaining tethered to electoral expectations of state protection. An important consequence of the CEO MDR’s reliance on circular/temporary emigration is that the state has inadvertently committed to reincorporating poor workers into India’s economy upon their return. Therefore, the state has extended protection in the form of emigration restrictions, oversight, and some welfare upon return. Toward elite emigrants, the state has appealed to shared racial and ethnic solidarity bonds between Indians who remain at home and those abroad (a practice first initiated during the independence movement) and offered elite emigrants material incentives in return for their financial contributions. These attempts have yielded uneven results. While poor emigrants’ economic remittances have been astounding, elite emigrants’ economic contributions have been costly, volatile, and meager given their salary base.
Antiquity
Authors: Leithart Peter J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The legalization of Christianity in the late Roman Empire was a key moment in the development of Western constitutionalism. Harold Berman famously emphasized the role of the Gregorian Papal Revolution in the development of Western law. But that medieval revolution that lies at the foundation of constitutionalism depended on the much earlier Constantinian revolution, which secured the independence of the church. Merely as a sociological phenomenon, the church was unique in the ancient world, and the church claimed to be much more than a purely sociological phenomenon. She claimed to be the bearer of the meaning of human history, a holy and separate people that was a sign of a perfected kingdom of the future. In recognizing the church, Constantine inaugurated, without entirely realizing it, a “migration of the holy,” a shift of the locus of sanctity from the prince to the church. Legalization of the church dealt a blow to the belief in “sacral kingship” common in ancient politics right up to the imperium of Diocletian. After Constantine, Christian emperors recognized the church’s leaders as spokesmen of God, to whom they were accountable. The fifth-century Gelasian theory of “two powers” was an early form of the “separation of powers” as the church provided a “check and balance,” a real counterweight to imperial authority.
Separation of Powers
Authors: Bernal Carlos 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Abstract. This book chapter argues that the Bible provides a justification for the separation of powers and, in particular, for a conception according to which, judges should be empowered with a catalytic role. It claims that, following the scriptures, prophets play a catalytic role in incentivizing political authorities to behave in a virtuous manner for protecting the rights and interests of the people. An appropriate conception of the separation of powers in a constitutional democracy requires reigniting that role. Judges are in the best position to play it. The judiciary should prompt the other branches to act according to their mission but not to supplant them.
Justice
Authors: Chaplin Jonathan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that the nature of a political constitution can only adequately be specified with reference to the characteristic political purpose(s) of the political community it orders. Drawing on sources from the twentieth- and twenty-first-century Reformed Protestant thought, it proposes that this purpose be construed normatively, in terms of a capacious and complex general account of “justice.” This general account is then elaborated in a specific account of the internal justice of the political community (“constitutional justice”) and the external justice governing the relations between the political community and other bodies (“public justice”). On the basis of these notions, broad principles of normative constitutional design emerge, including the following. A constitution should facilitate the pursuit of substantive political purposes such as “public justice” (and, to that end, may include a “substantive purpose” clause); enable the actual delivery of such purposes by the state, allowing it to be organizationally coherent, administratively capable, coercively resourced, and behaviorally transparent; seek to limit and disperse sovereignty; ensure robust legal and political accountability and a fair electoral system; and respect the religious impartiality of the state.
A Theory of Domestic Contagion Effects
Authors: Nelson Chad E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChapter 2 lays out the two key questions the book asks and answers. First, when do leaders fear that a revolution abroad will infect their own polity? It argues that the fear of contagion is more the product of the host than the infecting revolutionary agent. Leaders fear contagion effects when they have significant revolutionary movements of the same character as the revolutionary state. Whether the revolutionary state has a policy of exporting revolution is not the critical factor. Second, what are the international effects of this fear of revolutionary contagion? When leaders have these contagion concerns, they will be hostile toward the revolutionary state and cooperate with states that have similar concerns, sometimes in contrast to geopolitical pressures. The chapter describes how the theory will be tested and provides a preview of the findings.
Democratic Revolutions and the Ancien Régime
Authors: Nelson Chad E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter applies the domestic contagion effects theory to the response to two democratic revolutions: the American Revolution and the Dutch Patriot Revolt. It establishes that there were no significant democratic revolutionary movements in the great powers responding to these revolutions, and thus, as the domestic contagion effects theory predicts, there were no contagion concerns that affected foreign policy. France (and Spain in the American case) supported these revolutions for geopolitical aims, and the other great powers (Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia) either opposed or remained indifferent to these revolutions based on geopolitical calculations. There are hints of anxiety regarding domestic spillover from these revolutions, but the concern remained too abstract to affect foreign policy, with the partial exception of Spain. This is expected by the domestic contagion effect theory, but anomalous from an ideological perspective.
Definitions Related to the Safeguarding of Living Culture
Authors: van Zanten Wim 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage does not include a list of definitions of major concepts. In this chapter, the author argues that in 2021, the Operational Directives and the different documents of the meetings concerning the Convention supply a wealth of information about the different aspects of these major concepts. The terminology of the 2003 Convention is more “anthropological” and less “legal” than earlier safeguarding instruments, and this sometimes causes misunderstanding. Moreover, having a good glossary is no guarantee that in practice the safeguarding of living culture will lead to the results wanted. A concept like “sustainability” has several dimensions (social, economic, environmental), and in safeguarding processes each dimension should be given its proper weight. In the examples given, the first one concerns the concept of community in relation to the discussion about the Sinterklaas festivities in the multicultural state of the Netherlands. The second example is about the concept of sustainability, and more particularly about cultural tourism in relation to the small indigenous community of the Baduy in western Java, Indonesia.
UNESCO-Based and UNESCO-Free
Authors: Muslu Olcay 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Legal responsibilities imposed on Contracting States to the Intangible Cultural Heritage oblige them to play more active roles in its application. However, the “protectability” and “transferability” of ICH remain problematic in terms of efforts to list and inventory elements, the form and performance of National Committees, and the structural organs of governments. In Turkey, new ways of working with cultural and political stakeholders were developed following major structural changes to the administration of the Republic of Turkey in 2018 and the adoption of the current presidential system. This chapter examines the successes and failures of two different approaches to safeguarding intangible cultural heritage: a UNESCO-aligned approach, and an independent grassroots approach. The former is given through the example of traditional sıra gecesi of the city of Şanlıurfa in southeastern Turkey. The latter is considered within the context of a “UNESCO-free” applied ethnomusicology project conducted in rural Anatolia. Findings reveal that the implementation of the Convention is largely left to state actors in Turkey. This becomes a basis for the dominance of diplomacy and bureaucracy in the functioning of the convention and the landscape is extremely political. The commodification of ICH elements such as sıra gecesi and their usage as promotional material for tourism are seen as destructive by some communities, but the counter argument shows that such usage allows the elements in question to be better safeguarded. Without the support of local, national, and international authorities, the safeguarding capacity of independent actors remains extremely limited in economically challenged places like rural Anatolia.
Community Engagement as a Site of Struggle
Authors: Sooi Beng Tan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) and community engagement are sites of contestation. This chapter discusses the complex intersections between the international UNESCO inscriptions and conventions, top-down national policies over the representation of art forms, strategies of local state governments, banning of forms by religious authorities, and the engagement of local cultural bearers in sustaining their ICH. It looks at the development and destinies of the Mak Yong dance theatre of Kelantan (inscribed as a “Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity” in 2005) and the multicultural ICH of George Town (inscribed as a World UNESCO Site together with Malacca in 2008) as case studies.