bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Anti-Exceptionalism
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter opens with a manifesto for anti-exceptionalism in metaethics, on which evaluative terms refer to properties and relations of the same general kind as non-evaluative terms, which can be known about in the same general way: the moral is unexceptional in its metaphysics, epistemology, and semantics. An intensional framework for general semantics is explained and defended. Using that framework, errors are identified in leading representatives of critiques of moral realism: Olson’s metaphysical argument for moral error theory and Street’s evolutionary argument against moral theories of value. In particular, it is shown how moral and non-moral terms can refer to the same properties and relations. It is also briefly shown how realism about global values is a familiar kind of development out of realism about local values.
Justifications, Excuses, and Sceptical Scenarios
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter argues that epistemologists have misapplied the term ‘justified’ by relying on an impoverished menu of normative options, and in particular by neglecting the category of excuses, for example when classifying as justified the false beliefs of victims of sceptical scenarios. More generally, any norm is shown to generate various logically independent derivative norms, such as being disposed to comply with the primary norm, and doing what someone disposed to comply with the primary norm would do. These distinctions are illustrated with respect to norms of keeping promises and obeying the law. Any norm of fitting one’s belief to one’s evidence is shown to be violated in some cases by agents disposed to comply with it. That victims of sceptical scenarios believe in accord with laudable cognitive dispositions does not show that they are complying with the primary norm of belief.
Whose Solidarity?
Authors: Crowder Chaya Y 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the various properties of the intersectional solidarity index. This chapter introduces the primary data set: the Intersectional Politics Study. This chapter begins as an exercise in construct validation. A series of validation checks was conducted to determine that the intersectional solidarity index measures what it is intended to measure. In doing so, the measure was found to be internally consistent. While the intersectional solidarity index is related to broad pro-social orientations like altruism, racial sympathy, and liberal ideology, the orientation it captures is also distinct from broad pro-social orientations of altruism, group empathy, and liberal ideology. The characteristics of people who are most likely to exhibit this disposition were examined and the index finds that intersectional solidarity is higher among people of color, and lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. There is also a particularly strong relationship between recognizing that one has experienced discrimination and exhibiting intersectional solidarity.
Don’t Thank Me, Show Me
Authors: Crowder Chaya Y 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapters turns to examining political outcomes and policy preferences that have previously been left out of mainstream discussion of Black politics and gender and American politics. Chapter 4 considers the influence of intersectional solidarity on public opinion. Using the Intersectional Politics Study, intersectional solidarity is found to be consistently and positively associated with support for policies that explicitly or implicitly benefit Black women. While intersectional solidarity can influence anyone’s willingness to support intersectionally marginalized groups, the findings demonstrate that intersectional solidarity has an especially large payoff when it comes to the attitudes of white men because, relative to Black men and women and white women, they are the group who is least likely to support these issues, and therefore have the largest potential for growth. In particular, the chapter examines the relationship between intersectional solidarity and support for addressing the pay gap, the Black maternal healthcare crisis, domestic violence, and Black LGBTQ+ youth homelessness. I also evaluate the relationship between intersectional solidarity and support for a policy that requires employers to have designated spaces for breastfeeding in the workplace. Doing so demonstrates that intersectional solidarity has a less influential relationship when it comes to addressing policies that affect broader marginalized groups as opposed to policies that specifically affect disadvantaged marginalized subgroups.
Learning through Formal Instruction
Authors: Xiang Xin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The dominant form of learning in China and most other modern societies, Learning through Formal Instruction (Chapter 4), is a characteristic of hierarchical societies with sophisticated systems of abstract knowledge, although mass participation in this paradigm of learning is a modern phenomenon. Through her vivid descriptions of classroom interactions, the author demonstrates that the objective, style, and intensity of formal instruction varied drastically between the elite school and the three schools serving the popular classes. Despite shared focus on exam preparation, the former emphasized conceptual understanding while the latter relied heavily on memorization and corporal punishment. Channeling children toward different trajectories and identities, these differential practices contribute to the widening divide between metropolitan elites and the popular classes in modern societies.
Learning in Organized Activities
Authors: Xiang Xin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A means to inculcate status-marking dispositions in elite children in ancient civilizations, Learning in Organized Activities (Chapter 5) has become an important tool for marking the distinction of elite youth and preparing them for global competition and collaboration. With riveting stories from various organized activities, the author demonstrates the tremendous labor that prestigious public schools and elite parents put in behind the scenes to guide children’s participation in these activities and help them build impressive résumés. Ironically, even seemingly equity-oriented organized activities reinforce the intellectual and moral superiority of elite children over their less-privileged peers. In contrast, although the other three schools serving the popular classes also organized Art Festivals and Sports Meetings, they rarely had the resources or motivation to make these activities meaningful learning experiences for children.
Learning through Play
Authors: Xiang Xin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 6 (Learning through Play) illustrates what and how children learned from different forms of play across the four communities and teases out the economic, political, and social conditions that enable and constrain their play. In the organic learning communities emerging from sustained gameplay in and around schools, children acquired physical and mental competencies as well as built relationships with peers. Through playing digital games, children became seasoned consumers and flexible laborers of the digital entertainment industry. Moreover, opportunities for different forms of play are far from evenly distributed, which contributes to the production and reproduction of social boundaries along the lines of gender and class.
Beyond Donbas
Authors: Kudelia Serhiy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the reasons for the failure of the separatist movement in two regional centers outside Donbas—Kharkiv and Odesa—in spring 2014. It examines Russia’s tactics and objectives in these regions and how they differed from those employed in Donbas and Crimea. It also analyzes the composition of local separatist groups and the dynamics of pro-Russian mobilization as well as the strength of the countermobilization in defense of Ukraine’s integrity organized by local activists and political leaders. The chapter demonstrates that the decisions of municipal authorities to abstain from cooperation with separatists, the strong countermobilization potential of local pro-Ukrainian forces, and Russia’s unwillingness to commit significant resources to support disjointed separatist groups in these cities tipped the balance against pro-Russian activists.
Exemplary Citizens and the Symbolic Politics of Nonviolent Protest
Authors: Mantena Karuna 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Recent studies of nonviolent protest across the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have demonstrated and celebrated the power of mass mobilization to undermine state legitimacy. Less attention has been paid to the rhetorical and symbolic power of nonviolent politics. Starting with the 2019 anti-CAA (Citizenship Amendment Act) protests in India, this chapter explores the ways in which nonviolent protest creates dissent to convey the meaning of a political message. The contemporary Indian example is used to recall some of the core ideas and practices of Gandhi and King about how nonviolent protest tries to move public opinion. The chapter suggests that, in their disobedience, Gandhi and King were dramatizing scenes of exemplary citizenship. Such scenes were devised to provoke a crisis of identity as the means by which to shift political beliefs and alignments.
Postscript
Authors: Metcalf James 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Postscript concludes the book by returning to the churchyard in essays and poems by William Wordsworth. These texts reveal how, for Wordsworth as for Gray, the churchyard is a landscape in which suffering the burden of history can be displaced, since it seems to conserve ways of life in the landscape elsewhere subject to violent rearrangement or decay. The Postscript reads this work for its complication of the apparent ease with which a turn to nature from industrial capital can take place as a strategy of consolation; it also looks to Wordsworth by way of contrast to the poets read in the preceding chapters, who refuse even this ambivalent relation to the stark, painful realities the churchyard reveals. It then summarizes the book’s principal claims: that the churchyard in eighteenth-century poetry—familiar but therefore taken for granted and misinterpreted as an innocuous backdrop—was a site of suffering on a massive social scale. In churchyard poetry, formerly habitual lines of continuity across generations gathered in space by this landscape’s symbolic centre of gravity are traumatically dispersed. Churchyard poetics is, therefore, against closure, without resolution, since the arrangements of thought and feeling variously expressed by the book’s churchyard poets remain anxious, anguished, and powerfully vocal. For the poets in Churchyard Poetics, the churchyard is a landscape of unceasing labour; their poems bring up and work through the legacies contained in this unsettled terrain, leaving us the textual remains of an alternative tradition of churchyard poetry.
Trends and considerations in the pursuit of postgraduate training: Motivations, barriers, and well-being
Authors: Torres Brittany Palasik , Aguiniga Ashlyn , Yzaguirre Storee , Thompson Sydney R , Wesling Megan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Purpose
Pharmacy residency training, endorsed by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), is designed to enhance clinical pharmacy practice. However, in 2022 and subsequent years, the ASHP Resident Matching Program reported unprecedented numbers of unfilled positions, notably in postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) programs. This review explores motivations, barriers, and well-being indices in pharmacy residency pursuit and training, seeking to explain the rise in unfilled postgraduate training positions.

Methods
Two literature searches were performed using relevant resources and databases: search 1, to determine motivating factors and barriers to pursuit of postgraduate training; and search 2, to gather evidence related to resident well-being, burnout, and resiliency.

Results
Search 1 yielded 11 studies about motivating or deterring factors for pharmacy residency pursuit, whereas search 2 produced 16 articles on resident well-being. Major motivators for pursuing postgraduate training included the desire to gain knowledge and specialized training, recognition of evolving pharmacist roles, and viewing residency as a prerequisite for certain positions. Conversely, major barriers included financial or family obligations and concerns about job availability following graduation. Most articles discussed student pursuit of PGY1 residencies. Resident well-being encompassed burnout assessments, other wellness indicators like depression, and the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Developed well-being programs elicited mostly positive perceptions from pharmacy residents.

Conclusion
There is a body of published literature elucidating motivations and barriers to the pursuit of postgraduate training and well-being related to wellness/satisfaction on the job. However, to comprehensively evaluate well-being program impact and address gaps in literature regarding barriers to and motivators for pursuit of specialized PGY2 programs, further research is needed.
Taming the wild: domesticating untapped northern fruit tree and shrub resources in the era of high-throughput technologies
Authors: Gélinas Bélanger Jérôme 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
New crop`s need to emerge to provide sustainable solutions to climate change and increasing abiotic and biotic constraints on agriculture. A large breadth of northern fruit trees and shrubs exhibit a high potential for domestication; however, obstacles to implementing traditional breeding methods have hampered or dissuaded efforts for improvement. This review article proposes a unique roadmap for de novo domestication of northern fruit crops, with a focus on biotechnological (e.g. genome editing, rapid cycle breeding, and in planta transformation) approaches that can boast rapid evolutionary gains. In addition, numerous biotechnological (e.g. virus-induced flowering and grafting-mediated flowering) and breeding strategies (e.g. adaptation of speed breeding to fruit trees) that can hasten the transition from juvenility to sexual maturity are described. A description of an accelerated genetic breeding strategy with insights for 16 underutilized species (e.g. shagbark hickory, running serviceberry, horse chestnut, and black walnut) is provided to support their enhancement. Deemed unrealistic only a decade ago, progress in the realm of bioengineering heralds a future for northern orphan crops through the implementation of fast-tracked crop improvement programs. As such, the roadmap presented in this article paves the way to integrating these novel biotechnological discoveries and propel the development of these forgotten crops in a sustainable and timely manner.
m6A RNA modification pathway: orchestrating fibrotic mechanisms across multiple organs
Authors: Huang Xiangfei , Yu Zilu , Tian Juan , Chen Tao , Wei Aiping , Mei Chao , Chen Shibiao , Li Yong 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Organ fibrosis, a common consequence of chronic tissue injury, presents a significant health challenge. Recent research has revealed the regulatory role of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification in fibrosis of various organs, including the lung, liver, kidney, and heart. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the latest findings on the mechanisms and functions of m6A modification in organ fibrosis. By highlighting the potential of m6A modification as a therapeutic target, our goal is to encourage further research in this emerging field and support advancements in the clinical treatment of organ fibrosis.
Single-cell atlas of the pregnant equine endometrium before and after implantation
Authors: Jaworska Joanna , Tobolski Dawid , Salem Shebl E , Kahler Anne , Wocławek-Potocka Izabela , de Mestre Amanda M 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Embryo implantation in the mare occurs just over one month after fertilization, coinciding with the production of chorionic gonadotropin. The factors that regulate this late implantation in the mare, and whether they are unique to horses or shared with more invasive embryo implantation in other species, remain poorly understood. This study aimed to determine and compare the transcriptome and subpopulations of endometrial cells before and after embryo implantation in the horse. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to characterize the transcriptome of nearly 97,000 endometrial cells collected from biopsies of the endometrium at the beginning (day 33 of gestation) and after embryo implantation (day 42 of gestation) in mares. Sixteen immune and 24 non-immune cell clusters were identified, representing known major cell populations as well as novel subpopulations of horse immune cells such as resident innate lymphoid cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Contrary to current knowledge, endometrial natural killer (eNK) cells were the most abundant endometrial leukocyte population during implantation in horses. Moreover, eNK cells not only expressed genes that may interact with fetal MHC I, such as LY49F, but also exert immunoregulatory functions independent of MHC I expression, such as CD96/TIGIT. Analogous to other species studied, upregulation of CXCR4 was found in several subpopulations of immune cells. Our results suggest that despite distinctive and later placentation compared with humans, horses share some key similarities in the mechanisms of embryo implantation.
Robust RNA secondary structure prediction with a mixture of deep learning and physics-based experts
Authors: Qiu Xiangyun 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A mixture-of-experts (MoE) approach has been developed to mitigate the poor out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization of deep learning (DL) models for single-sequence-based prediction of RNA secondary structure. The main idea behind this approach is to use DL models for in-distribution (ID) test sequences to leverage their superior ID performances, while relying on physics-based models for OOD sequences to ensure robust predictions. One key ingredient of the pipeline, named MoEFold2D, is automated ID/OOD detection via consensus analysis of an ensemble of DL model predictions without requiring access to training data during inference. Specifically, motivated by the clustered distribution of known RNA structures, a collection of distinct DL models is trained by iteratively leaving one cluster out. Each DL model hence serves as an expert on all but one cluster in the training data. Consequently, for an ID sequence, all but one DL model makes accurate predictions consistent with one another, while an OOD sequence yields highly inconsistent predictions among all DL models. Through consensus analysis of DL predictions, test sequences are categorized as ID or OOD. ID sequences are subsequently predicted by averaging the DL models in consensus, and OOD sequences are predicted using physics-based models. Instead of remediating generalization gaps with alternative approaches such as transfer learning and sequence alignment, MoEFold2D circumvents unpredictable ID–OOD gaps and combines the strengths of DL and physics-based models to achieve accurate ID and robust OOD predictions.
Machine learning–based prediction of disease progression in primary progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Gurevich Michael , Zilkha-Falb Rina , Sherman Jia , Usdin Maxime , Raposo Catarina , Craveiro Licinio , Sonis Polina , Magalashvili David , Menascu Shay , Dolev Mark , Achiron Anat 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) affects 10–15% of multiple sclerosis patients and presents significant variability in the rate of disability progression. Identifying key biological features and patients at higher risk for fast progression is crucial to develop and optimize treatment strategies. Peripheral blood cell transcriptome has the potential to provide valuable information to predict patients’ outcomes. In this study, we utilized a machine learning framework applied to the baseline blood transcriptional profiles and brain MRI radiological enumerations to develop prognostic models. These models aim to identify PPMS patients likely to experience significant disease progression and who could benefit from early treatment intervention. RNA-sequence analysis was performed on total RNA extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of PPMS patients in the placebo arm of the ORATORIO clinical trial (NCT01412333), using Illumina NovaSeq S2. Cross-validation algorithms from Partek Genome Suite (www.partek.com) were applied to predict disability progression and brain volume loss over 120 weeks. For disability progression prediction, we analysed blood RNA samples from 135 PPMS patients (61 females and 74 males) with a mean ± standard error age of 44.0 ± 0.7 years, disease duration of 5.9 ± 0.32 years and a median baseline Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 4.3 (range 3.5–6.5). Over the 120-week study, 39.3% (53/135) of patients reached the disability progression end-point, with an average EDSS score increase of 1.3 ± 0.16. For brain volume loss prediction, blood RNA samples from 94 PPMS patients (41 females and 53 males), mean ± standard error age of 43.7 ± 0.7 years and a median baseline EDSS of 4.0 (range 3.0–6.5) were used. Sixty-seven per cent (63/94) experienced significant brain volume loss. For the prediction of disability progression, we developed a two-level procedure. In the first level, a 10-gene predictor achieved a classification accuracy of 70.9 ± 4.5% in identifying patients reaching the disability end-point within 120 weeks. In the second level, a four-gene classifier distinguished between fast and slow disability progression with a 506-day cut-off, achieving 74.1 ± 5.2% accuracy. For brain volume loss prediction, a 12-gene classifier reached an accuracy of 70.2 ± 6.7%, which improved to 74.1 ± 5.2% when combined with baseline brain MRI measurements. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that blood transcriptome data, alone or combined with baseline brain MRI metrics, can effectively predict disability progression and brain volume loss in PPMS patients.