bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enterprise and Ethics
Authors: Palekar Srilatha , Pardhi Arun , Jindal Sunanda 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
India’s industrial legacy is full of examples of home—grown family managed business groups known for their philanthropy and high core value—based organizational vision mission and operating culture. Till today many of these organizations have grown huge in their business volumes not only in terms of business but also as organizations as role models of high placed organizational ethical core values and emphasis on corporate social responsibility. How the Godrej Group channelled the swadeshi spirit at home, and then went global in 1989, when the vestiges of the license Raj era still wove reams of red tape around Indian businesses, a management trainee at Godrej GE Appliances’ Faridabad office faced a dilemma. An excise tax collector wanted a Diwali ‘gift’ delivered at his residence. ‘Or else • ‘ After discussions with his seniors, the trainee turned up at the official’s house the next day with a gift—wrapped box. At the visitor’s insistence, the official unwrapped it, to find a pack of Godrej soaps in various fragrances. The unspoken but clear message: ‘The Godrej group is committed to ethical business. Don’t expect anything else from us’. The anecdote, narrated by Ranganatha Thota, the management trainee at that time, sums up an idea that Gurcharan Das, former CEO of Procter and Gamble India, has articulated: while India secured political independence in 1947, it got economic independence only with the 1991 reforms. In many ways, the business history of the Godrej Group, which dates back to 1897, mirrors the Independence movement. The group’s founder Ardeshir Godrej, as the Godrej Rhyme narrates and as BK Karanjia chronicles in his two—volume book Godrej: A Hundred Years 1897—1997, left India for Africa in 1889 to practice law. But unwilling to commit perjury to advance his career, he returned home, where the freedom movement was gathering pace, with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885.
Wrong Signals for Investment Climate
Authors: Palekar Srilatha , Pardhi Arun , Jindal Sunanda 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Vodafone Group Plc is a British multinational telecommunications company headquartered in London and with its registered office in Newbury, Berkshire. It is the world’s second—largest mobile telecommunications company measured by both subscribers and 2013 revenues (in each case behind China Mobile), and had 434 million subscribers as of 31 March 2014. Vodafone owns and operates networks in 21 countries and has partner networks in over 40 additional countries. Its Vodafone Global Enterprise division provides telecommunications and IT services to corporate clients in over 65 countries. Vodafone has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It had a market capitalization of approximately £89.1 billion as of 6 July 2012, the third largest of any company listed on the London Stock Exchange. It has a secondary listing on NASDAQ. Vodafone Essar Limited, formerly known as Hutchison Essar, is a telecom service provider in India that covers 23 telecom circles in India and is based in Mumbai. Vodafone holds a 67 per cent stake in Vodafone Essar Limited and Essar holds the rest 33 per cent stake. On 11 February 2007, Vodafone agreed to acquire the controlling interest of 67 per cent held by Li Ka Shing Holdings in Hutch—Essar for US$11.1 billion. The company was valued at US$18.8 billion. The transaction closed on 8 May 2007. Despite the official name being Vodafone Essar, its products are simply branded ‘Vodafone’. It offers both prepaid and postpaid GSM cellular phone coverage throughout India.
Tug of War Between Online and Offline in Retail
Authors: Palekar Srilatha , Pardhi Arun , Jindal Sunanda 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The line ‘Everything is fair in love and war’ is very suitable for the tug of war between on and offline in the retail sector as both players of on and off are adopting various marketing strategies to attract and retain the customers and there are clashes of marketing offerings which is making the king of the market—customer delighted. For sustaining and surviving in this global competitive business world, all are in the hurry to differentiate themselves from others by hook or crook and only that would be the market leader who will be the fittest among all. From ‘Big Billion Day Sale’ on Flipkart to Big Bazaar’s ‘Saal ka Sabse Sasta Din’, the war is on to acquire more and more customers in a short span of time are the current marketing strategies adopted by companies of marketplaces and market spaces. The key question from a policy point of view is whether this is a momentary or enduring trend as many popular on and offline companies are on the border of failure as they are making losses while very few are successful. Students in marketing management will find this case study interesting to see how the online and offline retail networks are strengthening their cobwebs to trap major footfalls and customer groups. In India, it was Mr Kishore Biyani, the promoter of Future group, instrumental in introducing the mall culture and the offline retail almost a decade ago. Based on the response the Future group received for its offline retail business, many other major players like the Shoppers Stop, Flip Kart, Aditya Birla group in readymade garments, the Tatas in Trent, and many in fast food retailers have by now crowded the Indian online and offline retail market including now the giant killer Amazon following the Walmart who entered India almost in the early 2000s. This case study tries to take a sample cut of the warlike situation of severe competition now prevalent in Indian offline and online retail and the street fight between Future group and the FlipKart to snatch away each other’s customer base by luring with all types of discounts and sales offers including emptying of the waste boxes of customers.
Understanding the Indian Customer
Authors: Palekar Srilatha , Pardhi Arun , Jindal Sunanda 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
It is said that as one travels east, the rising sun inhibits glare on the eyes and makes people to have smaller eyes as also appear at times indifferent to glamour and shiny objects. But in business parlance, many big businesses from the Western world find this curious since they find it difficult to easily access eastern markets in spite of their superior convincing power and claimed technical superiority. It has been ages that many global auto giants have been trying their best of business acumen to claim major Indian auto market share but many of them, in spite of years of experimentation, have not dented any reasonable presence in Indian markets. Whether the above could be related to peculiar mindsets and preferences of Indian customer is a debatable issue but the facts confirm that there is something peculiar in the buying behaviour of Indian customers.
Can Toyota Regain Its Footing in India?
Authors: Palekar Srilatha , Pardhi Arun , Jindal Sunanda 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
From localization to cost control measures to small hybrid cars, Toyota is pulling out all stops in its recovery bid. For Toyota’s Indian operations, small isn’t beautiful; it is unprofitable. At least, that’s what the numbers would appear to suggest. Toyota Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd incurred a loss of Rs 180 crores in the fiscal year ended 31 March 2014, marking a dubious first in the Japanese automaker’s 15—year history in India. The loss was largely on account of a recent focus on the small—car Liva and the entry—level sedan Etios for a company that has always made money in India on the back of a focus on workhorse—like utility vehicles—the iconic Qualis first, and then the Innova—and up—market sedans such as the popular Corolla.
Ford, Can It Afford?
Authors: Palekar Srilatha , Pardhi Arun , Jindal Sunanda 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Many global stalwarts in the automotive industry have found it difficult to establish market dominance in emerging markets like India in spite of decades of focused attention in understanding such markets and investing heavily to offer technologically advanced products and after—sales for their products. It is even today a pathetic situation that such global wizards find it difficult to sustain and survive in emerging markets. This case study attempts to highlight a few such efforts by Ford Motor Company which entered the Indian market in the early 90s but as on today stuck in deteriorating market share and not many Indian strategic partners too to help ease out the situation for Ford in India.
Chinese Sojourners in Wartime Raj, 1942-45
Authors: Yin Cao 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Since the outbreak of the Pacific War, British India had been taken as the main logistic base for China’s war against the Japanese. Chinese soldiers, government officials, professionals, and merchants flocked to India for training, business opportunities, retreat, and rehabilitation. This book is about how the activities of the Chinese sojourners in wartime India caused great concern to the British colonial regime and the Chinese Nationalist government and how these sojourners responded to the surveillance, discipline, and check imposed by the governments. This book provides a subaltern perspective on the history of modern India-China relations that has been dominated by accounts of elite cultural interaction and geopolitical machination.
Pilots
Authors: Yin Cao 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter centres on the evacuation of the Lahore Elementary Flying Training School, which was built in 1943 for training Chinese pilots and mechanics. It details the British and Chinese authorities’ concerns over the school and how the chaotic situation in India during the final days of the British Raj influenced its evacuation back to China. This chapter puts the story into the broad context of the British withdrawal from India and the Chinese Civil War, and it uses this case to uncover the links between the two most significant events in the history of modern India and China. In so doing, it puts forward an integrated framework for studying modern Indian and Chinese history.
The Day the Great War Ended, 24 July 1923
Authors: Winter Jay 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Only some of the guns of the Great War were silenced on 11 November 1918. War continued to rage for four more years throughout Eastern Europe and Asia Minor. The day the Great War finally came to an end was 24 July 1923. On the shores of Lake Geneva, Turkey and her former enemies signed the Treaty of Lausanne, ending the state of hostilities that had continued since 1914. This book frames that story of Lausanne in terms of a new and disturbing phenomenon—the civilianization of war. During the Great War and in its aftermath, war mutated. The distinction between military and civilian targets was erased, and non-combatants became the chief victims of war. Until then, wars ended with an exchange of prisoners of war. Lausanne was the first peace treaty which required an exchange of civilian populations. Over one million Greek Orthodox men and women lost their right to live in Turkey, and half that number of Muslims were deported forcibly from Greece. In the Treaty of Lausanne, the right to citizenship was defined by religion, and religion alone. There, on the shores of Lake Geneva, ethnic cleansing entered into international law. This book provides an account of how this happened. It traces humanitarian efforts to save civilian life in the whirlwind of war and looks at how the Great Powers tried to shore up their damaged imperial position in the early 1920s. It shows too how the peace settlement buried the hopes of the Armenian people for a homeland in Anatolia, and the way appeasement was born in the wake of Lausanne. In sum, Lausanne was a pyrrhic victory for the peacemakers.
Professors of the Utraquist University of Prague in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period (1458–1622)
Authors: Holá Mlada , Holý Martin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the professors of the Utraquist University of Prague, typically referred to as magistri actu regentes or professores ordinarii. It focuses on a period spanning from the mid-fifteenth century and the final confirmation of the Utraquist character of the university, until its transfer to the Jesuits in 1622 following the defeat of the uprising of the Bohemian estates. In defiance of the majority of the non-Catholic population, the Clementinum came to represent a formidable competitor to Utraquist University. Consequently, masters sought to inform the public as much as possible about the university’s activities in order to strengthen social ties and attract not only more students but also influential patrons. The professors focused primarily on contacts with the royal court, officials of various administrative bodies of the Kingdom of Bohemia, and members of the municipal governments of royal towns, especially the four towns of Prague.
Teaching Natural Law at the University of Kiel
Authors: Jensen Mikkel Munthe 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers an institutional overview of the discipline of natural law and a prosopographical analysis of the Kielonian professors who taught and acted within its intellectual sphere. It identifies who taught natural law, when and to what extent, during the period from the founding of the University of Kiel in 1665 until the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp ceased to exist in 1773. Despite the fact that natural law was already institutionalised in the faculty of law at the University of Kiel, it was taught neither only in this faculty with its specific chair, nor only with one focus. For this reason, it is necessary to take the entire academic community into account in order to assemble as complete a picture as possible. The chapter then studies one of the prime corpora of sources that exists concerning the evolvement of academic teaching: the universities’ lecture catalogues.
Martin Luther
Authors: Roper Lyndal 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers Luther’s life, the development of his theology, and the establishment of his reputation as Reformation hero especially after his death. Luther posted the 95 Theses in 1517, deliberately attacking indulgences and the cult of relics with which it was associated. But his theology was not fully established, developing by leaps and bounds in the years up to 1520 as he attacked more church doctrines. He was able to escape martyrdom in part because of his and the movement’s brilliant use of the new medium of print. In 1525 he married and one of the most lasting of the Reformation’s legacies was its attack on clerical celibacy and with it, a positive attitude towards physicality. Luther’s anti-Semitism was profound and more extreme than others of his time; his attitude to Islam was less negative and he supported publishing a translation of the Koran. After his death a Luther myth was cemented, his monumental figure and familiar features made famous by the artist workshop around Lucas Cranach the Elder becoming part of how Lutheranism represented itself.
Calvinism and the Reform of the Reformation
Authors: Eire Carlos 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the non-Lutheran version of Protestantism known as the ‘Reformed’ tradition, with origins in the Zurich of Ulrich Zwingli. Its most significant figure was John Calvin, who fled to Geneva from Catholic France. Calvin’s Institutes (1536) supplied an orderly summation of Reformed doctrine, presenting false religion or idolatry as a merely human construct. Calvinist teaching on predestination encouraged zeal and activism on the part of God’s ‘elect’. In Geneva itself, a strict moral code was imposed, and Calvin condemned ‘Nicodemites’ in France and elsewhere who outwardly conformed to Catholicism to evade persecution. Geneva’s importance as ‘the Protestant Rome’ was underlined by the presence of refugees, and by Calvin’s role in the execution of the heretic Michael Servetus, Calvinism became an international movement, establishing itself in France, England, Scotland, the Netherlands, Germany, eastern Europe and the North American colonies. It was a flexible ideology, adaptable to local circumstance, but characterised everywhere by uncompromising zeal and an instinct for iconoclasm. Legacies of Calvinism included an emphasis on the sanctification of work, and a redrawing of the boundaries between the natural and supernatural that contributed to what Max Weber termed ‘the disenchantment of the world’.
Catholic Reformation and Renewal
Authors: Ditchfield Simon 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of the Counter-Reformation in a non-Eurocentric fashion. It begins in Goa rather than Wittenberg and continues to the Philippines and then Spain before crossing the Atlantic to Mexico, and recrossing the Pacific to Japan and China before returning to where it begins: India. The thread linking all these places is the art produced by non-European artists that was inspired by European prototypes. Important vectors of influence here were prints made in Europe of such important images as the Madonna of the Snows or Salus populi Romani, whose prototype is venerated in Rome, but which circulated globally as copied by artists from Mexico to Ming China and Mughal India. In each case, the style of representation was adapted to its viewers, just as the Roman Catholic missionaries had to adapt their message to their various audiences. In so doing they revealed their weakness beyond the Old World, where they only achieved success where local rulers were either displaced (as in Central and Latin America) or adopted Christianity, as happened spectacularly in the Kongo and to briefer but no less effect in sixteenth-century Japan. Elsewhere, Christianity was barely tolerated, as in India and, especially, mainland China. However, if Christianity failed to become a world religion at this time, the idea was seductive. Moreover, the numerous hagiographical accounts of New World missionary heroism inspired the Old World so that one might say that the New World converted the Old, a process that is still continuing.
The Deontic, the Evaluative, and the Fitting
Authors: Berker Selim 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The evaluative categories (goodness, badness, betterness, and the like) and the deontic categories (requiredness, permittedness, forbiddenness, and the like) are separate families of normative categories, each with its own distinctive logic, structure, and basis. The aim of this chapter is to argue that there is a third family of normative categories beyond these familiar two, with its own special logic, structure, and basis, namely the fitting. This family includes properties and relations picked out by terms such as ‘fitting’, ‘apt’, ‘merited’, ‘warranted’, and ‘justified’, as well as certain adjectives ending in ‘-able’ (e.g. ‘admirable’), ‘-ing’ (e.g. ‘annoying’), ‘-ive’ (e.g. ‘persuasive’), ‘-some’ (e.g. ‘fearsome’), and ‘-worthy’ (e.g. ‘blameworthy’). Acknowledging the distinctiveness of fittingness as a type of normative category changes how we think about the foundations of ethics and other normative disciplines. Instead of asking, ‘Is the good prior to the right, or the right prior to the good?’ we should be asking, ‘What are the priority relations among the right, the good, and the fitting?’
Intuitions of Fittingness
Authors: Stratton-Lake Philip 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores a rationalist approach to the epistemology of fittingness. It considers some ways in which one might think that our knowledge of fittingness may be problematic in ways that our knowledge of what is good or right is not. The author maintains these worries are not serious. It finishes by considering whether we need to suppose that there is a different type of intuition in relation to the all in fittingness of actions and to fitting attitudes, in order to capture the motivational element of the former. Some have argued that such intuitions need to be emotion involving to capture this motivational aspect. The author rejects a view of practical intuitions as emotions, and proposes an alternative simpler, and more unified account based on the nature of rational agency. On this alternative view there are not different types of intuitions in relation to fitting actions and attitudes: rather there is a single type of intuition that can play different roles.
Feasibility and Fitting Deliberation
Authors: Southwood Nicholas 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
According to the Fitting Deliberation Account of feasibility, whether an action counts as feasible is a matter of whether it has features that are needed to be a fitting object of practical deliberation. The author’s aim is to further develop this account in two main ways. First, the chapter considers two important challenges to the Fitting Deliberation Account concerning significant features of our talk and thought about feasibility that it appears to be ill placed to vindicate: objectivity and non-normativity. It is argued that the challenges can be met and that doing so provides us with a valuable opportunity to make important clarifications of the Fitting Deliberation Account. Second, the chapter contrasts the Fitting Deliberation Account with a rival account that also purports to explicate feasibility in terms of fittingness but that looks instead to fitting prescription. It is argued that the Fitting Prescription Account faces serious problems that the Fitting Deliberation Account avoids.
Value and Idiosyncratic Fitting Attitudes
Authors: Conor McHugh , Way Jonathan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Norm-attitude accounts of value say that for something to be valuable is for there to be norms that support valuing that thing. For example, according to fitting-attitude accounts, something is of value if it is fitting to value, and according to buck-passing accounts, something is of value if the reasons support valuing it. Norm-attitude accounts face the partiality problem: in cases of partiality, what it is fitting to value, and what the reasons support valuing, may not line up with what’s valuable. Buck-passers have a solution to this problem and may claim that this gives them an advantage over fitting-attitude accounts. This chapter shows how fitting-attitudes accounts can offer a broadly analogous, and equally attractive, solution to the problem.
The Things We Envy
Authors: Protasi Sara 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that fitting envy plays a special role in safeguarding our happiness and flourishing. After presenting her theory of envy and its fittingness conditions, the author contrasts Kant’s view that envy is always unfitting with D’Arms and Jacobson’s defence of fitting envy as an evolutionarily shaped response to a deep and wide human concern, that is, relative positioning. However, D’Arms and Jacobson don’t go far enough. First, the author expands on their analysis of positional goodness, distinguishing between an epistemic claim, according to which implicit or explicit comparison is used to know what position is occupied in a continuum of goodness, and thus to form judgements of goodness, and a metaphysical one, according to which much human goodness depends on implicit or explicit rankings and positionality. Second, the author argues that fitting envy is not only intrinsically valuable qua fitting response to authentic goodness, but can be epistemically, morally, and prudentially valuable.