bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrical design analyses studies on ultra high voltage air insulated surge arresters
Authors: Tiwari Neelam , Rao Mandava Mohana 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Air Insulated substations (AIS) experience over-voltages like lightning, switching and temporary over-voltages. The voltage distribution across air insulated surge arrester (AISA) is highly non-uniform and its non-uniformity increases with increase of rated voltage. To achieve non-uniformity voltage factor within permissible limits, special grading shields like window based shields are proposed. In the present study, 420 / 800 kV surge arrester models with composite insulator housing have been considered to analyze voltage distribution across the metal-oxide (MO) blocks. The electrostatic field and voltage distribution analyses are carried out on AISA by considering various shield designs using numerical techniques. Instead of single grading shield, multiple voltage grading-cum-electric field controlled shields are adopted to achieve uniform electric field and optimized non-uniformity voltage factors in the order of ±8 % irrespective of rated voltage of surge arrester. An electrical model is also developed using PSPICE software to calculate voltage distribution across MO blocks. The validity of the network model developed through PSPICE is validated by comparing with the results obtained from numerical analysis. Different configurations of grading shields are proposed and effect of various parameters like rated voltage i.e. 420/800 kV, height of shield, diameter of shield and type of shield like high voltage, floating, LT shield etc. on non-uniformity voltage factor and electric field distribution of surge arrester are analyzed.
On powers of conjugacy classes in finite groups
Authors: Beltrán Antonio 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Let 𝐾 and 𝐷 be conjugacy classes of a finite group 𝐺, and suppose that we have

K
n

=

D
∪

D

-
1

K^{n}=D\cup D^{-1}

for some integer

n
≥
2

n\geq 2

.
Under these assumptions, it was conjectured that

⟨
K
⟩

\langle K\rangle

must be a (normal) solvable subgroup of 𝐺.
Recently R. D. Camina has demonstrated that the conjecture is valid for any

n
≥
4

n\geq 4

, and this is done by applying combinatorial results, the main of which concerns subsets with small doubling in a finite group.
In this note, we solve the case

n
=
3

n=3

by appealing to other combinatorial results, such as an estimate of the cardinality of the product of two normal sets in a finite group as well as to some recent techniques and theorems.
A very rare cause of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita: a novel mutation in TOR1A
Authors: Sarıkaya Emre , Özçelik Fırat , Gül Şiraz Ülkü , Hatipoglu Nihal , Güneş Tamer , Dündar Munis 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita-5 (AMC5) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the TOR1A gene on chromosome 9q34. Congenital multiple joint contractures with microcephaly, typical facial dysmorphism, developmental delay, strabismus, tremor, and increased tone are the main characteristics defined in seven patients thus far. One third of the individuals with monoallelic mutations of the gene develop isolated early-onset dystonia (DYT1 dystonia), which is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, with variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. We believe that different inheritance patterns of the same gene resulting in different phenotypes will provide an opportunity to understand other similar disease groups and different aspects of gene functions.

Case presentation
We present a case with severe arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, respiratory failure, and feeding difficulties, with additional hitherto unreported symptoms, such as spontaneous bone fracture, sliding esophageal hernia, and uterine prolapse. The patient carried a novel homozygous variant (c.835delA, p.Lys275Asnfs*3) in the TOR1A gene (NM_000113.2).

Conclusions
We want to contribute to the phenotypic and genotypic spectra of this extremely rare disease.
Tort Theory, Private Attorneys General, and State Action: From Mass Torts to Texas S.B. 8
Authors: Goldberg John C. P. , Zipursky Benjamin C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Late twentieth-century tort theory was dominated by scholars who regarded tort law as primarily a means employed by government to deter anti-social conduct. On this model, tort plaintiffs are cast as private attorneys general whose lawsuits promote safety. Tort theorists today better appreciate that this approach obscures crucial respects in which tort law is private law–law that empowers persons who have been wronged to redress the wrongs done to them. But in practice there is a continued failure to perceive the ways in which the deterrence model has shaped and distorted views of tort law, as evidenced by the terms on which both the ‘right’ and the ‘left’ critique modern mass tort litigation. More troublingly, the problem extends beyond the field of torts. Indeed, we contend that the lawyerly loss of feel for distinctions between public law and private law explains the inability of the United States Supreme Court Justices, in Whole Woman’s Health v. Jackson, to capture why S.B. 8–Texas’s radical anti-abortion statute–really is a private attorney general statute and why, as such, it should be subject to preenforcement constitutional review.
Comparison of plant efficiencies of various power conversion systems for high-temperature reactor modules
Authors: Dong Y. , Unger H.-M. , Fröhling W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The progress in the technology of conventional power plants with gas, steam and combined cycles suggests investigating to what extent such technology can be applied to power conversion systems for high-temperature reactors (HTR). HTR power conversion systems with steam cycle, offer the possibility of achieving steam parameters equivalent to those of currently constructed or planned conventional plants of similar high efficiency. Gas turbine and combined cycles also offer interesting prospects for obtaining high efficiency. This study, which is restricted to thermodynamic aspects, investigates the potential for increased efficiency in HTR module plants with 200 MWth. Steam and gas turbine cycles, with and without intermediate heat exchangers, and combined gas turbine/steam cycles, with and without intermediate heat exchangers, are investigated.
Studies on the behaviour of a passive containment cooling system for the Indian Advanced Heavy Water Reactor
Authors: Maheshwari N. K. , Saha D. , Chandraker D. K. , Venkat Raj V. , Kakodkar A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A passive containment cooling system has been proposed for the advanced heavy water reactor being designed in India. This is to provide long term cooling for the reactor containment following a loss of coolant accident. The system removes energy released into the containment through immersed condensers kept in a pool of water. An important aspect of immersed condenser’s working is the potential degradation of immersed condenser’s performance due to the presence of noncondensable gases. An experimental programme to investigate the passive containment cooling system behaviour and performance has been undertaken in a phased manner. In the first phase, system response tests were conducted on a small scale model to under­stand the phenomena involved. Tests were conducted with constant energy input rate and with varying energy input rate simulating decay heat. With constant energy input rate, pressures in volume V1 and V2 reached almost steady value. With varying energy input rate V1 pressure dropped below the pressure in V2. The system could efficiently purge air from V1 to V2. The paper deals with the details of the tests conducted and the results obtained.
Experimental study of the transient characteristics of a natural circulation loop under SBLOCA
Authors: Bo J. H. , Jiang S. Y. , Zhang Y. J. , Ma C. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In order to understand the influences of various factors on the depressurization rate under small break LOCA occurring at the upper plenum in a natural circulation loop, a basic analysis has been carried out. It is shown that the depressurization rate is influenced by system pressure, back pressure, break area, water mass in the system, heating power, operational state of the second loop, and so on. Experimental results of flow and heat transfer are also presented in this paper. The experiment was carried out at the 5 MW nuclear heating reactor test loop HRTL-5. The transient processes are described and heat transfer coefficients are estimated. The results show that flashing improves the natural circulation and the heat transfer, so the wall temperature of the heated rod can be kept at a lower level and the reactor is safe. The flow oscillation, which leads to cyclical variations of important parameters, is described and its development mechanisms are studied. It is pointed out that the interaction of pressure decreasing and bubbles producing caused by flashing is the main reason of the flow oscillation.
Monte Carlo analysis of accelerator-driven systems: Studies on spallation neutron yield and energy gain
Authors: Hashemi-Nezhad S. R. , Brandt R. , Westmeier W. , Bamblevski V. P. , Krivopustov M. I. , Kulakov B. A. , Sosnin A. N. , Wan J.-S. , Odoj R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The neutron yield in the interaction of protons with lead and uranium targets has been studied using the LAHET code system. The dependence of the neutron multiplicity on target dimensions and proton energy has been calculated and the dependence of the energy amplification on the proton energy has been investigated in an accelerator-driven system of a given effective multiplication coefficient. Some of the results are compared with experimental findings and with similar calculations by the DCM/CEM code of Dubna and the FLUKA code system used in CERN.
Subcritical nuclear systems and their stability against changes in the geometrical set-up
Authors: Wan J.-S. , Brandt R. , Sosnin A. N. , Krivopustov M. I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A specific subcritical reactor system has been suggested and the stability of its parameters against small changes in the geometrical set-up has been estimated using the model calculation code DCM/CEM from Dubna. The dimensions of the system are 200 cm in diameter and 170 cm in length and it supplies a thermal power of 900 MW with keff =0.943, using a 20 mA proton beam of an energy of 1 GeV. Considering the thermal → electricity power and electricity → beam power conversion efficiencies, the electric power amplification is about 8. Energy deposition and neutron energy distribution in the fission core are also studied. Some properties, such as the heat production per unit volume, are rather similar to modern fast breeders. The neutron multiplication factor keff is very sensitive to small changes in the geometrical set-up within the fission core.
Nuclear transmutation by flux compression
Authors: Seifritz W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A new idea for the transmutation of minor actinides, long (and even short) lived fission products is presented. It is based an the property of neutron flux compression in nuclear (fast and/or thermal) reactors possessing spatially non-stationary critical masses. An advantage factor for the burn-up fluence of the elements to be transmuted in the order of magnitude of 100 and more is obtainable compared with the classical way of transmutation. Three typical examples of such transmuters (a subcritical ringreactor with a rotating reflector, a sub-critical ring reactor with a rotating spallation source, the socalled “pulsed energy amplifier”, and a fast burn-wave reactor) are presented and analysed with regard to this purpose.
Comparison of plant-specific probabilistic safety assessments and lessons learned
Authors: Balfanz H.-P. , Berg H. P. , Steininger U. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Probabilistic safety assessments (PSA) have been performed for all German nuclear power plants in operation. These assessments are mainly based on the recent German PSA guide and an earlier draft, respectively. However, comparison of these PSA show differences in the results which are discussed in this paper. Lessons learned from this comparison and further development of the PSA methodology are described.
Critical parameters and decay constants for one-speed neutrons in slabs and spheres with anisotropic scattering
Authors: Yíldíz C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Time-dependent, one-speed neutron transport equations with strong forward and backward scattering together with isotropic scattering are studied in homogeneous slabs and spheres. First, a simple formal equivalence between the transport equations for a critical and for a time-decaying system is established. Then, the transport equation is converted into a more conventional one. The FN method of solving the resulting transport equation is applied to the calculation of the critical parameters and decay constants for the fundamental mode of the flux distribution and one-speed neutrons in spheres and infinite slabs. Numerical results are given for a number of significant figures and compared with those already available in the literature.
The revised German Radiation Protection Ordinance
Authors: Palm M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Since August 2001, German radiation protection law is governed by a new Radiation Protection Ordinance, implementing two new Euratom Directives and taking into account new scientific developments, which provides a comprehensive basis for the protection of man and the environment. The Ordinance has been completely re-structured; however, it is still a very complex piece of legislation comprising 118 provisions and 14 annexes, some of them highly technical. Reduced dose limits for occupationally exposed persons and members of the public, a detailed provision on clearance of radioactive substances, a new part aiming at the protection of man and the environment against ionising radiation emanating from natural sources, and regulations dealing with the protection of consumers in connection with the addition of radioactive substances to consumer goods are some of the centre pieces of the new legislation which shall contribute significantly to the further prevention or at least minimisation of the adverse effects of radiation exposure.
Clearance of material with negligible levels of radioactivity based on the amended German Radiation Protection Ordinance
Authors: Schaller G. , Bayer A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
For the first time the modalities for the clearance of relevant materials have been laid down in the amended Radiation Protection Ordinance in a comprehensive form. A distinction is made between unconditional clearance and cases of clearance in which disposal, recycling, and re-use is prescribed. The focus of attention in the case of unconditional clearance consists in special consideration of large volumes of building rubble and excavated soil. Material can only be released from supervision under the Atomic Energy Act, when the radiation-related risk, and correspondingly, also the dose from material issued with clearance, are at negligible levels. In order to facilitate the practical application of clearance, values have been derived on the basis of scenarios which cover all radiation exposures which can reasonably be considered.
Neue Regelungen für den Schutz von Mensch und Umwelt bei natürlichen Strahlenquellen
Authors: Ettenhuber E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Die Richtlinie 96/29 EURATOM des Rates vom 13. Mai 1996 zur Festlegung der grundlegenden Sicherheitsnormen für den Schutz der Gesundheit der Arbeitskräfte und der Bevölkerung gegen die Gefahren durch ionisierende Strahlung fordert von Mitgliedsländern Strahlenschutzmaßnahmen bei natürlichen Strahlenquellen, auch wenn deren Radioaktivität nicht genutzt wird, wenn die natürliche Strahlenexposition erheblich erhöht ist. Diese Forderung wird in der neuen Strahlenschutzverordnung (StrlSchV) in nationales Recht umgesetzt, die dafür einen eigenen Regelungsbereich enthält. Da die Einwirkungsmöglichkeiten auf die natürlicherweise vorhandenen Strahlenquellen wesentlich geringer sind als bei der Anwendung der Radioaktivität oder der ionisierenden Strahlung unterscheiden sich die Regelungen in mancher Hinsicht. Die Regelungen beschränken sich auf solche Handlungen, die für Beschäftigte oder Personen der Bevölkerung zu Strahlenexpositionen von mehr als 1 mSv fuhren. Die Regelungen wenden sich vor allem an den Arbeitgeber. Sie definieren seine Verantwortung für diesen Teil des Gesundheits- und Arbeitsschutzes. Umfangreiche behördliche Genehmigungen und Überwachungen werden vermieden.
Adjoint P1 equations for neutron slowing down
Authors: Senra Martinez A. , Carvalho da Silva F. , Santos Cardoso C. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
To solve the large-group diffusion adjoint equation the averaged group constants have to be pre-calculated. However, at this point the forward and adjoint fluxes are unknown. Thus, an alternative method, independent of the solution of this equation, has to be provided. This method is divided into two steps. In the first, the forward and adjoint spectra should be obtained for a unit cell assuming infinite medium. The second step consists of the correction for a finite medium by approximating the spatial dependence by a single Fourier fundamental mode in terms of the geometrical buckling B2. This paper is dedicated to the solution of the second step. Therefore, forward and adjoint P1 equations were both obtained and numerically solved in lethargy space in order to provide the neutron fluxes in a finite unit fuel cell. Moreover, the direct, adjoint and bilinear weighting for calculation of macrogroup constants is discussed.
Biokinetic model for the calculation of dose coefficients for oral and intravenous administration of 14C labeled drugs
Authors: Krins A. , Fidorra J. , Pleiß U. , Sahre P. , Schönmuth T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

A first order biokinetic model is presented for the calculation of dose coefficients from human activity excretion data after intravenous and oral administration of 14C labeled drugs. It is intended for the dose estimation in human studies in drug research, where the number of measurements is low and their uncertainty rather high. The model depends on only 6 parameters that are to be adjusted with the help of the measurement data. A comparison of measured and calculated activities in excreta of four human studies on 14C labeled drugs revealed considerable agreement, although some limitations have to be accepted. In contrast to the biokinetic model for 14C in organic compounds recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) the present model does not assume a fixed biological half-life of 40 days, but follows the experimental data. In consequence, the resulting dose coefficients differ from the ICRP value. For experimental data tested and assuming uniform activity distribution, the committed effective doses amount between one twenty-fifth to one fiftieth of the values calculated from the ICRP model. The uncertainty of the derived dose coefficients is estimated to be about ± 50%.
First nuclear activation experiments using the new accelerator NUCLOTRON in Dubna
Authors: Adam J. , Barabanov M. Yu. , Bradnova V. , Brandt R. , Chaloun P. , Hella Kh. M. , Hashemi-Nezhad S. R. , Kalinnikov V. G. , Krasnov V. A. , Krivopustov M. I. , Kulakov B. A. , Odoj R. , Pronskikh V. S. , Robotham H. , Solnyshkin A. A. , Sosnin A. N. , Stegailov V. I. , Tsoupko-Sitnikov V. M. , Westmeier W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

First nuclear activation experiments have been carried out using the new accelerator for relativistic particles NUCLOTRON in Dubna. The distribution of neutrons emitted during the irradiation with 0.65, 1.0 and 1.5 GeV protons from a lead target (∅ = 8 cm, l = 20 cm) and moderated by surrounding paraffin of 6 cm thickness was studied with radiochemical sensors along the beam axis on top of the moderator. Small 139Lasensors of approximately 1 g each were used to measure essentially the thermal neutron fluence at different depths near the surface: i. e. on top of the moderator, in 10 mm deep holes and in 20 mm deep holes, respectively. The reaction 139La (n, γ) 140La (τ1/2 = 40.27 h) was studied using standard procedures of gamma-ray spectrometry and data analysis. The induced activity of 140La increases strongly with the depth of the hole inside the moderator. Its activity distribution along the beam direction on top of the moderator has its maximum about 10 cm downstream the entrance of the protons into the lead and the activity increases about linearily with the proton energy. Some comparisons of the experimental results with model estimations based on the LAHET code are also presented. The experiments were carried out in the Veksler and Baldin Laboratory of High Energies of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russian Federation.
Measurements of gamma and neutron flux spectra in iron-water configurations
Authors: Böhmer B. , Grantz M. , Hansen W. , Hinke D. , Konheiser J. , Noack K. , Mehner H.-C. , Stephan I. , Unholzer S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Neutron and gamma spectra were measured behind and inside of modules consisting of variable iron and water slabs which were installed in radial beams of the zero-power training and research reactors AKR of the Technical University Dresden and ZLFR of the University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz. The applied NE-213 scintillation spectrometer allowed the measurement of gamma and neutron fluence spectra in the energy regions 0.3–10 MeV for photons and 1.0–20 MeV for neutrons. Measurements with thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLD) between slabs supplied additional information about the space distribution of energy integrated fluxes. The paper describes the experiments and presents some important results of the measurements. They will be compared with the results of transport calculations made by means of MCNP and TRAMO in another paper.
A mathematic model of two-phase flow taking account of sub-cooled boiling, condensation, and void flashing
Authors: Jiang S. Y. , Yang X. , Zhang Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Based on a physical model of the test loop HRTL-5 simulating the 5 MW nuclear heating reactor, a drift-flux model of two-phase flow has been derived, in which the sub-cooled boiling and saturated boiling in the heated section, condensation and void flashing in the adiabatic riser etc, are taken into account. It is suitable to investigate the natural circulation two-phase flow, especially at heating reactor conditions. By introducing the concept of condensation boundary layer, a condensation formula has been derived and complemented into the drift-flux model, which was used to investigate the behavior of the HRTL-5 in our previous research works. Based on the mathematical model, a computer program has been developed. At first, through comparing the calculations with the experimental results, the parameters in the two-phase drift-flux model have been determined. Then calculations on the flow characteristics of HRTL-5 have been performed, including the simulation of the mass flow rate and the distribution of various physical variables. At last, the characteristic curves of natural circulation have been simulated; thereby, also useful experiences have been acquired.
Fermat’s optics in nuclear materials
Authors: Seifritz W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
As an example of the application of Fermat’s optics for burnup waves in multiplying media the fast burn-wave ring reactor is presented. By the spatial decoupling of the energy producing zone from the final fission product zone a continuous mode of operation ± by loading only fertile material and without reprocessing ± seems to be possible for a fast reactor system.