bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
India in the Persian World of Letters
Authors: Dudney Arthur 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study traces the development of philology (the analysis of literary language) in the Persian tradition in India, concentrating on its socio-political ramifications. The most influential Indo-Persian philologist of the eighteenth century was Sirāj al-Dīn ʿAlī Ḳhān (d. 1756), whose pen-name was Ārzū. Besides being a respected poet, Ārzū was a rigorous theoretician of language whose intellectual legacy was side-lined by colonialism. His conception of language accounted for literary innovation and historical change in part to theorize the tāzah-goʾī [literally, “fresh-speaking”] movement in Persian literary culture. Although later scholarship has tended to frame this debate in anachronistically nationalist terms (Iranian native speakers versus Indian imitators), the primary sources show that contemporary concerns had less to do with geography than with the question of how to assess innovative “fresh-speaking” poetry, a situation analogous to the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns in early modern Europe. Ārzū used historical reasoning to argue that as a cosmopolitan language Persian could not be the property of one nation or be subject to one narrow kind of interpretation. Ārzū also shaped attitudes about reḳhtah, the Persianized form of vernacular poetry that would later be renamed and reconceptualized as Urdu, helping the vernacular to gain acceptance in elite literary circles in northern India. This study puts to rest the persistent misconception that Indians started writing the vernacular because they were ashamed of their poor grasp of Persian at the twilight of the Mughal Empire.
Dictionaries Delimiting Literary Language
Authors: Dudney Arthur 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Early modern Persian dictionaries built up a baseline of words and expressions that counted as eloquent Persian available to poets. They played a significant role in standardizing the language that connected the various geographies of the Persian-using world but also observed local cultural differences. During the Safavid-Mughal period, India produced by far the most dictionaries of Persian. This chapter focuses on Persian lexicography as it developed in the first half of the eighteenth century, with particular attention to the earlier dictionaries to which Ārzū responds in his works, the three dictionaries Ārzū compiled (including a dictionary of vernacular words), and the two major dictionaries compiled by his Hindu friends Ṭek Chand Bahār and Ānand Rām Muḳhliṣ. The chapter concludes with a sketch of Persian lexicography after Ārzū, arguing that Persian lexicography continued to be important in India well into the colonial period.
If not Moral Theory, then What?
Authors: Chappell Sophie Grace 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In which I defend my rejection of the theory-building approach to ethical philosophy, and having said what my own approach is not, begin to develop a positive characterisation of what it is. This draws on Bernard Williams’s approach in some ways, but an anti-theorist does not need to base her position on Williams’s internal reasons thesis, which I reject.
Conclusion
Authors: Chappell Sophie Grace 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two dangers facing the student of epiphanies are obtuseness (a failure to see what’s in front of your nose) and idolatry (a failure to sit lightly to what is given in what is in front of your nose). A third is evanescence: epiphanies can seem too delicate, and too transient, to be grasped without breaking them or moving out of them. This suggests that a certain reticence may be apt in talking about them, a reticence perhaps not shown by writing 220,000 words on the subject; but there is no doubt a time for silence, and perhaps, with these words, we reach it.
Introduction
Authors: Rieber Alfred J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Balkans is defined as a region shaped by four characteristics that provide a context for the actions and aspirations of the leaders of the major competitor for dominance during and immediately after the Second World War. These characteristics are: (1) a topography that permits easy access for external intervention but raises physical obstacles to political unity or domination; (2) a mixed and changing ethnic and social composition of the population; (3) a tradition of irregular warfare; and (4) weak state-building with the frequent intervention of foreign powers. Against this background, the approach guiding the narrative focuses on leadership in the Weberian sense of charisma with Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin, Tito, and Churchill representing variations on the theme. Their shared personal traits are analyzed as well as their contrasting operative styles.
Hitler
Authors: Rieber Alfred J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Hitler was drawn into an armed intervention in the Balkans by Mussolini’s rash attack on Greece. He had preferred to exploit the region’s material resources for his expansionist policies in the East. Once committed, his policies revealed a highly improvisational and often contradictory character. He compromised his racial policies with respect to the Slavs and the volksdeutsch. He quickly discovered that the main collaborationists, the Croat Ustaša, Serb Chetniks, Bosnian Muslims, and Slovene Guards were ineffective or unreliable in repressing the Partisans. He allowed his subordinates great latitude in carrying out his vague instructions. He maintained his friendship with Mussolini but deplored Italy’s ineffective occupation policies. His main concern during the war was to secure the region against landing by Western forces. After the surrender of Italy, his forces disarmed the Italians and took over their occupation duties, finding only the Albanians welcomed them.
A Chill Sets In
Authors: Rieber Alfred J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
After the war the generally cordial relations between Tito and Stalin continued to disintegrate as the early differences intensified. Major controversies festered over ideological and territorial questions related to the building of socialism in Yugoslavia, and Tito’s imperial aspirations in Macedonia, Albania, and Greece. But at the first conference of the Comintern, the Soviet leaders assigned the Yugoslavs the task of denouncing the French and Italian parties for having followed the parliamentary path to socialism, which Stalin had previously endorsed. At the second congress, Stalin organized a coup against the Yugoslavs, blaming them for just the opposite errors by allowing the French and Italian communist leaders to lead the charge in a spirit of comradely revenge. Excluded from the communist camp and isolated from the West, Tito had to give up his support of the communists in Greece. This doomed their insurrectionand ended his Balkan ambitions.
Jinnah: A Thinker of Existential Survival
Authors: Hussain Adeel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter departs from the conventional view that sees Jinnah as a diligent and committed constitutional lawyer. Instead, this chapter shows that early on Jinnah had identified the limitations of the law as a sphere for conflict resolution between different political communities and even proposed to move away from the legal sphere entirely. For Jinnah, a solution to the communal issue in India could not be found in legal contracts or constitutional safeguards but had to be deliberated through the representation of religion in the political arena—even at the cost of an outright embrace of violence. This chapter further uncovers how the idea of Muslim nationality was conceived between the lines of legal language, text, and category. However, Muslim unity still partially relied on those categories to articulate itself.
Muhammad Iqbal: Combative Constitutionalism
Authors: Hussain Adeel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter unpacks how Iqbal’s thought helped to shape a distinctly Indian Muslim subjectivity that was separate from the colonial state, the Congress, and Muslims elsewhere in the world. It shows how Iqbal’s constitutional exclusion of Ahmadis, a small Muslim reformist movement, was fuelled by his theological, legal, and political thinking. Iqbal’s refusal to integrate non-Muslims into his proposed republican framework, as is evident from his engagements with political authority and the legislative process of ijtehad and ijma, suggest that it was indeed a separatist message that lay at the heart of his political vision. This chapter further finds that Iqbal was aware that antagonisms within societies and religious communities, terms that for Iqbal largely overlapped in India, could not easily be absorbed through liberal political practices. If such antagonism went unchecked, however, Iqbal feared it would lead to the dissolution of solidarity among Indian Muslims. For the survival of religious communities, the legal order had to recognize theological differences. More than the spiritual father, Iqbal is better understood as Pakistan’s primary constitutional architect.
Folk Concepts of Time
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This opening chapter lays the groundwork for the rest of the book. It begins by motivating and then clarifying the central target of our investigation: the folk concept of time. Three respects are identified in which the loss of time in the folk sense might be deemed unthinkable and several potential misconceptions are headed off. Following this, the central, naturalistic methodology is outlined sketched out and, finally, a schematic overview of the three main parts of the book is provided. The overview provided here is deliberately programmatic, is intended to give the reader a sense of the structure and themes, and is filled out in later chapters.
The Sydney Time Studies
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Sydney time studies aim to determine whether there is a univocal folk concept of time, and if there is, to determine at least some of the conditions that are necessary for that concept to be satisfied (if there are any such conditions). The method, in line with the broad approach described in Chapters Two and Three, involves presenting participants with vignettes describing actual and counterfactual scenarios. This chapter presents the studies and their findings. The chapter includes a more detailed presentation of the empirical methodology and, in particular, how to test for conceptual variability. It is explained whether and how the empirical studies confirm or disconfirm the hypotheses outlined in Chapter Three.
Causation and Time
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In Chapter Eight, we consider one final reason to believe that spacetime must emerge. Namely, that it is needed to support the existence of conscious observers. We argue that spacetime need not emerge, because there can be observation without it. That’s because there can be causation even if there is no spacetime, and causation is sufficient for observation. We consider a number of arguments against the idea that causation can exist without time and find them all wanting. After that, we present a positive theory of causation without time that draws on the idea that a non-spatiotemporal structure can approximate spacetime under the right conditions.
Anna and Dr Helmy
Authors: Steinke Ronen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This book tells the story of Mohammed Helmy, an Egyptian doctor who lived in Berlin during the Second World War and walked the fine line between accommodation to the Nazi regime and subversion of it. It mentions the Israeli holocaust memorial at Yad Vashem that honoured more than 25,000 of the non-Jewish men and women who saved Jewish people during the war. It also describes Helmy as a master of deception, outfoxing the Nazis and risking his own life to save his Jewish colleagues and other Jewish Berliners from Nazi persecution. The book reveals a wider story of the Arab community in Berlin at the time, many of whom had warm relations with the Jewish community. It details how Helmy and the Arab community risked their lives to help their Jewish friends when the Nazis rose to power.
The Home Visit
Authors: Steinke Ronen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter recounts how Dr. Mohamed Helmy and the young Anna first met one afternoon in 1936, noting that the girl had been embarrassed by her mother and grandmother’s behaviour that day. It details Dr. Helmy’s visit to Anna’s home, wherein her mother and grandmother greeted him at the front door with their finery of diamond rings and necklaces. It also talks about Anna’s embarrassment as her mother fawned over the Egyptian stranger and both women plied him with invitations in an attempt to win him over in a private capacity. The chapter mentions Dr. Helmy’s privileged position as the only remaining ‘non-Aryan’ clinician in Berlin as most Jewish doctors in Berlin had lost their licenses in 1935, causing things to become harder for Jewish patients. It discusses how Dr. Helmy noticed Anna’s family as moneyed people from the reflection in the trumeau.
Going Underground
Authors: Steinke Ronen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s return to Anna’s home in 1942, six years after his first visit to see her grandmother. It describes the half-empty rooms of the apartment as dingy and bleak and there was little left of the Wilhelminian interior. It also mentions how the German state has granted Dr. Helmy a practice of his own in the Charlottenburg district, with no personal risk involved two years after his arrest by the Gestapo at the beginning of the war in fall 1939. The chapter details the deportation of Berlin’s Jews that begun on 18 October 1941. It talks about how Dr. Helmy convinced Anna’s grandmother to escape and hide after she received a letter to report to the Moabit synagogue, where the ‘Reich Association of Jews in Germany’ had been ordered to set up a camp for several hundred people.
Hidden in Plain Sight
Authors: Steinke Ronen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter cites Anna’s thoughts whenever she wears the scarf over her head, being astonished as to how it worked like a magic cloak and diverted people’s attention from her face. It details how Anna never left Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s side, from driving to work in the morning to going home in the evening. It also mentions how Anna used her falsified document from the Royal Embassy of Egypt whenever patrol officers stopped their vehicle for inspection. The chapter discusses how Anna kept her pretense understand Arabic, while Dr. Helmy pretended to be the ideal pro-Nazi Arab envisioned by Goebbels’ propaganda office. It talks about Dr. Helmy’s outward show of absolute loyalty to Adolf Hitler, which is an act he had perfected in Gestapo custody together with his Egyptian friends.
The Gestapo Closes In
Authors: Steinke Ronen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses a letter from the Charlottenburg registry office that arrived a week after Anna’s sharia marriage, which indicated that it was rejected by the German authorities. It emphasizes how Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s plan to procure Anna an Egyptian passport by marrying her into the small community of Berlin Muslims had failed. It also reviews the reason given by the registry office for its decision to invalidate Anna’s wedding, which included Nazi racial policies that prevented the marriage between a ‘Hamite’ and a German due to the grounds of race. The chapter mentions Helmy’s careless mistake of writing the old address of the real Anna on ‘Nadia’s’ sharia marriage certificate, causing the Gestapo to get back on Anna’s trail and include the doctor as their target. It describes Anna’s thin veil of Muslim disguise as her only protection from suspicious neighbours and the Gestapo, which was further strained when her mother arrived wearing a yellow badge.
The Final Lie
Authors: Steinke Ronen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter recounts Anna’s Sunday afternoons in 1943, when her mother and stepfather she nicknamed ‘Fatty’ visit her in Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s apartment. It mentions how Anna was annoyed by their visits as they talked of nothing but Jews and displaced people and never a word about the danger facing her, Dr. Helmy, and his fiancée. It also discusses the sudden visit of Anna’s half-uncle, Martin Rudnik, whose face was bloodied and bruised as the Gestapo had beaten to extract the name of his protector, further endangering the doctor. The chapter details Dr. Helmy’s attempt to find emergency hiding places for Anna, placing her with his patient Frieda Szturmann and then to Frieda’s sister in Lichterfelde. It talks about Dr. Helmy’s final plan to save Anna after her mother was arrested, claiming to the Gestapo that a Jewish girl had tricked him of being Muslim and then she suddenly disappeared.
Organization and Time
Authors: Hernes Tor 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Observed through a temporal lens, organizational life fluctuates among moments of instantaneity, enduring continuity, and imagination of distant times. This movement stems from the fact that actors are continually faced with multiple intersecting temporalities, obliging them to make choices about what to do in the present, how to understand the past they emerge from, and how to stake out a possible future. Although scholars have widely recognized actors’multitemporal reality, it remains to be more fully theorized into an integrative framework. In this book, Tor Hernes takes up this challenge by combining foundational ideas from philosophy, sociology, and organization theory into an integrative theoretical framework of organizational time. Based on a review of the literature, his definition of time includes four dimensions: experience, events, resource, and practice. He provides examples of how these four dimensions evolve through mutual interplay and how they are underpinned by what he calls narrative trajectory. He then discusses implications for key topics in organizational research, including materiality, leadership and continuity and change. Organization and Time is for scholars and advanced students of organization studies, management studies, technology studies, and sociology.
Time-as-Practice
Authors: Hernes Tor 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Time-as-practice is the most ancient form of time, but not yet fully developed in organizational research. Time-as-practice expresses how activity is constitutive of time. In social settings, practices interweave to form, not just a sense of time in the moment, but also how memory and anticipation are embedded in collective activity. Practices also make up the temporal present. Any activity, including discussions, consists of collective practices though which the present, past, and future are enacted. A main contribution of the chapter is to extend from the view of practices as stretched-outness of time to a view of practices as reach-outness of time. By the latter is meant how actors address past or future events though their practices.
The Problems
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses objections to prior chapters’ reading of Anselm, and to Anselm’s position as presented there. It considers arguments that Anselm’s metaphysics provides only a modality weaker than absolute. Some of these contend that Anselm’s theory generates too few possibilities for the modality it yields to be absolute. Others contend that it generates too many necessities. Some are objections to Anselm’s ideas about necessity generally. Some are objections specifically to his treatment of necessities about God.
Kant
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 provides detailed commentary on Kant’s arguments about necessary existence. It shows that his complaint about the property is that we do not have a “real definition” for it—which (it shows) would amount to showing just which contradiction follows from the claim that a necessary being does not exist, and how it follows. Since for Kant, absolute necessity consists in analyticity, the chapter explains Kant’s thinking about analyticity. It turns out to consist in having a contradictory negation—period. The chapter argues that Kant should have dealt with necessary beings directly, rather than by considering the necessity of existential propositions. It gives examples of necessary existential propositions. It argues too that even if Kant is right, and we lack a “real definition” of necessary existence, this does not prevent Anselm or other metaphysicians from showing that there are necessary beings. Further, the chapter argues that Kant’s criticisms of “ontological” arguments are entirely unsuccessful.
Custom as Historiography: Alberico Gentili
Authors: Iurlaro Francesca 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Gentili considered ius gentium as customary, as well as the historical artefact of European cultural identity. He substantiated its normative foundation by securely grounding it in the consensus of the literary elites of the past. In so doing, he dismissed the achievement of political consensus of sovereigns as a necessary requirement for the legitimation of custom. Rather, custom was to be fabricated through the language of classical antiquity, and crafted on the shoulders of the impressive scholarship that humanists were producing throughout Europe. Custom, as a fundamental feature of ius gentium, became what an invented consensus of past scholars said it was. At the same time, in the attempt to reconcile natural law with ragion di stato, Alberico Gentili compared the authoritative judgments of classical scholars with more contemporary historical accounts, such as the works of the Italian historians Francesco Guicciardini and Paolo Giovio. By integrating these two languages, Gentili opened a Eurocentric window for non-European historical narratives to emerge, as shown by his comparative interest in Ottoman customs.
Christian Wolff and His ius gentium consuetudinarium
Authors: Iurlaro Francesca 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Christian Wolff’s ‘philosophicization’ of customary ius gentium marks a fundamental point in the narrative of this book. Indeed, this theoretical process leads to two important results. Firstly, the normative character of the customary law of nations is enhanced by the heavily ontologized, moralized framework of the civitas maxima Wolff is proposing. Secondly, Wolff’s abandonment of divine voluntarism allows custom to become a source of legal obligation among states tout court. The question is no longer, in the words of Wolff’s predecessors, whether custom is binding or not. Wolff assumes custom is binding because it is based on a double, fictional argument: customary ius gentium exists as though it was a treaty and it is based on tacit consensus, namely a consensus which is assumed to be as valid as if it were explicit.
Introduction
Authors: Potter Simon J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the key themes of the book, first by examining the role of the BBC during the COVID-19 pandemic. It shows how the BBC sought to inform, educate, and entertain its audiences during lockdown, and how it became a crucial channel of communication between the government and the nation. It goes on to outline some of the key continuities, and changes, that have marked the hundred years of the BBC’s history. Continuities include the BBC’s intimate connection with the British state and the role it has played in nation-building, in projecting British propaganda and soft power around the globe, and in facing down accusations of political bias. Changes, including a growing commercialization, have been driven by technological innovation and by broader political, social, and cultural transformations.