bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competing instabilities reveal how to rationally design and control active crosslinked gels
Authors: Najma Bibi , Varghese Minu , Tsidilkovski Lev , Lemma Linnea , Baskaran Aparna , Duclos Guillaume 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHow active stresses generated by molecular motors set the large-scale mechanics of the cell cytoskeleton remains poorly understood. Here, we combine experiments and theory to demonstrate how the emergent properties of a biomimetic active crosslinked gel depend on the properties of its microscopic constituents. We show that an extensile nematic elastomer exhibits two distinct activity-driven instabilities, spontaneously bending in-plane or buckling out-of-plane depending on its composition. Molecular motors play a dual antagonistic role, fluidizing or stiffening the gel depending on the ATP concentration. We demonstrate how active and elastic stresses are set by each component, providing estimates for the active gel theory parameters. Finally, activity and elasticity were manipulated in situ with light-activable motor proteins, controlling the direction of the instability optically. These results highlight how cytoskeletal stresses regulate the self-organization of living matter and set the foundations for the rational design and optogenetic control of active materials.
Observation of a new type of self-generated current in magnetized plasmas
Authors: Na Yong-Su , Seo Jaemin , Lee Yoonji , Choi Gyungjin , Park Minseo , Park Sangjin , Yi Sumin , Wang Weixing , Yoo Min-Gu , Cha Minsoo , Kim Beomsu , Lee Young-Ho , Han Hyunsun , Kim Boseong , Lee Chanyoung , Kim SangKyeun , Yang SeongMoo , Byun Cheol-Sik , Kim Hyun-Seok , Ko Jinseok , Lee Woochang , Hahm Taik Soo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA tokamak, a torus-shaped nuclear fusion device, needs an electric current in the plasma to produce magnetic field in the poloidal direction for confining fusion plasmas. Plasma current is conventionally generated by electromagnetic induction. However, for a steady-state fusion reactor, minimizing the inductive current is essential to extend the tokamak operating duration. Several non-inductive current drive schemes have been developed for steady-state operations such as radio-frequency waves and neutral beams. However, commercial reactors require minimal use of these external sources to maximize the fusion gain, Q, the ratio of the fusion power to the external power. Apart from these external current drives, a self-generated current, so-called bootstrap current, was predicted theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. Here, we reveal another self-generated current that can exist in a tokamak and this has not yet been discussed by present theories. We report conclusive experimental evidence of this self-generated current observed in the KSTAR tokamak.
Multiple sources of aerobic methane production in aquatic ecosystems include bacterial photosynthesis
Authors: Perez-Coronel Elisabet , Michael Beman J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAquatic ecosystems are globally significant sources of the greenhouse gas methane to the atmosphere. Until recently, methane production was thought to be a strictly anaerobic process confined primarily to anoxic sediments. However, supersaturation of methane in oxygenated waters has been consistently observed in lakes and the ocean (termed the ‘methane paradox’), indicating that methane can be produced under oxic conditions through unclear mechanisms. Here we show aerobic methane production from multiple sources in freshwater incubation experiments under different treatments and based on biogeochemical, metagenomic, and metatranscriptomic data. We find that aerobic methane production appears to be associated with (bacterio)chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthesis, as well as with Proteobacterial degradation of methylphosphonate. Genes encoding pathways for putative photosynthetic- and methylphosphonate-based methane production also co-occur in Proteobacterial metagenome-assembled genomes. Our findings provide insight into known mechanisms of aerobic methane production, and suggest a potential co-occurring mechanism associated with bacterial photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems.
Genome-wide rare variant score associates with morphological subtypes of autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Chan Ada J. S. , Engchuan Worrawat , Reuter Miriam S. , Wang Zhuozhi , Thiruvahindrapuram Bhooma , Trost Brett , Nalpathamkalam Thomas , Negrijn Carol , Lamoureux Sylvia , Pellecchia Giovanna , Patel Rohan V. , Sung Wilson W. L. , MacDonald Jeffrey R. , Howe Jennifer L. , Vorstman Jacob , Sondheimer Neal , Takahashi Nicole , Miles Judith H. , Anagnostou Evdokia , Tammimies Kristiina , Zarrei Mehdi , Merico Daniele , Stavropoulos Dimitri J. , Yuen Ryan K. C. , Fernandez Bridget A. , Scherer Stephen W. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDefining different genetic subtypes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can enable the prediction of developmental outcomes. Based on minor physical and major congenital anomalies, we categorize 325 Canadian children with ASD into dysmorphic and nondysmorphic subgroups. We develop a method for calculating a patient-level, genome-wide rare variant score (GRVS) from whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. GRVS is a sum of the number of variants in morphology-associated coding and non-coding regions, weighted by their effect sizes. Probands with dysmorphic ASD have a significantly higher GRVS compared to those with nondysmorphic ASD (P = 0.03). Using the polygenic transmission disequilibrium test, we observe an over-transmission of ASD-associated common variants in nondysmorphic ASD probands (P = 2.9 × 10−3). These findings replicate using WGS data from 442 ASD probands with accompanying morphology data from the Simons Simplex Collection. Our results provide support for an alternative genomic classification of ASD subgroups using morphology data, which may inform intervention protocols.
Natural scene sampling reveals reliable coarse-scale orientation tuning in human V1
Authors: Roth Zvi N. , Kay Kendrick , Merriam Elisha P. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOrientation selectivity in primate visual cortex is organized into cortical columns. Since cortical columns are at a finer spatial scale than the sampling resolution of standard BOLD fMRI measurements, analysis approaches have been proposed to peer past these spatial resolution limitations. It was recently found that these methods are predominantly sensitive to stimulus vignetting - a form of selectivity arising from an interaction of the oriented stimulus with the aperture edge. Beyond vignetting, it is not clear whether orientation-selective neural responses are detectable in BOLD measurements. Here, we leverage a dataset of visual cortical responses measured using high-field 7T fMRI. Fitting these responses using image-computable models, we compensate for vignetting and nonetheless find reliable tuning for orientation. Results further reveal a coarse-scale map of orientation preference that may constitute the neural basis for known perceptual anisotropies. These findings settle a long-standing debate in human neuroscience, and provide insights into functional organization principles of visual cortex.
Pauli blocking of stimulated emission in a degenerate Fermi gas
Authors: Jannin Raphael , van der Werf Yuri , Steinebach Kees , Bethlem Hendrick L. , Eikema Kjeld S. E. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe Pauli exclusion principle in quantum mechanics has a profound influence on the structure of matter and on interactions between fermions. Almost 30 years ago it was predicted that the Pauli exclusion principle could lead to a suppression of spontaneous emission, and only recently several experiments confirmed this phenomenon. Here we report that this so-called Pauli blockade not only affects incoherent processes but also, more generally, coherently driven systems. It manifests itself as an intriguing sub-Doppler narrowing of a doubly-forbidden transition profile in an optically trapped Fermi gas of 3He. By actively pumping atoms out of the excited state, we break the coherence of the excitation and lift the narrowing effect, confirming the influence of Pauli blockade on the transition profile. This insight into the interplay between quantum statistics and coherent driving is a promising development for future applications involving fermionic systems.
Single-cell profiling reveals distinct adaptive immune hallmarks in MDA5+ dermatomyositis with therapeutic implications
Authors: Ye Yan , Chen Zechuan , Jiang Shan , Jia Fengyun , Li Teng , Lu Xia , Xue Jing , Lian Xinyue , Ma Jiaqiang , Hao Pei , Lu Liangjing , Ye Shuang , Shen Nan , Bao Chunde , Fu Qiong , Zhang Xiaoming 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAnti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-positive dermatomyositis (MDA5+ DM) is an autoimmune condition associated with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease and high mortality. The aetiology and pathogenesis of MDA5+ DM are still largely unknown. Here we describe the immune signatures of MDA5+ DM via single-cell RNA sequencing, flow cytometry and multiplex immunohistochemistry in peripheral B and T cells and in affected lung tissue samples from one patient. We find strong peripheral antibody-secreting cell and CD8+ T cell responses as cellular immune hallmarks, and over-stimulated type I interferon signaling and associated metabolic reprogramming as molecular immune signature in MDA5+ DM. High frequency of circulating ISG15+ CD8+ T cells at baseline predicts poor one-year survival in MDA5+ DM patients. In affected lungs, we find profuse immune cells infiltration, which likely contributes to the pro-fibrotic response via type I interferon production. The importance of type I interferons in MDA5+ DM pathology is further emphasized by our observation in a retrospective cohort of MDA5+ DM patients that combined calcineurin and Janus kinase inhibitor therapy show superior efficacy to calcineurin inhibitor monotherapy. In summary, this study reveals key immune-pathogenic features of MDA5+ DM and provides a potential basis for future tailored therapies.
Differential trafficking of ligands trogocytosed via CD28 versus CTLA4 promotes collective cellular control of co-stimulation
Authors: Zenke Simon , Sica Mauricio P. , Steinberg Florian , Braun Julia , Zink Alicia , Gavrilov Alina , Hilger Alexander , Arra Aditya , Brunner-Weinzierl Monika , Elling Roland , Beyersdorf Niklas , Lämmermann Tim , Smulski Cristian R. , Rohr Jan C. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntercellular communication is crucial for collective regulation of cellular behaviors. While clustering T cells have been shown to mutually control the production of key communication signals, it is unclear whether they also jointly regulate their availability and degradation. Here we use newly developed reporter systems, bioinformatic analyses, protein structure modeling and genetic perturbations to assess this. We find that T cells utilize trogocytosis by competing antagonistic receptors to differentially control the abundance of immunoregulatory ligands. Specifically, ligands trogocytosed via CD28 are shuttled to the T cell surface, enabling them to co-stimulate neighboring T cells. In contrast, CTLA4-mediated trogocytosis targets ligands for degradation. Mechanistically, this fate separation is controlled by different acid-sensitivities of receptor-ligand interactions and by the receptor intracellular domains. The ability of CD28 and CTLA4 to confer different fates to trogocytosed ligands reveals an additional layer of collective regulation of cellular behaviors and promotes the robustness of population dynamics.
Surface chemical heterogeneous distribution in over-lithiated Li1+xCoO2 electrodes
Authors: Sun Gang , Yu Fu-Da , Lu Mi , Zhu Qingjun , Jiang Yunshan , Mao Yongzhi , McLeod John A. , Maley Jason , Wang Jian , Zhou Jigang , Wang Zhenbo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn commercial Li-ion batteries, the internal short circuits or over-lithiation often cause structural transformation in electrodes and may lead to safety risks. Herein, we investigate the over-discharged mechanism of LiCoO2/graphite pouch cells, especially spatially resolving the morphological, surface phase, and local electronic structure of LiCoO2 electrode. With synchrotron-based X-ray techniques and Raman mapping, together with spectroscopy simulations, we demonstrate that over-lithiation reaction is a surface effect, accompanied by Co reduction and surface structure transformation to Li2CoO2/Co3O4/CoO/Li2O-like phases. This surface chemical distribution variation is relevant to the depth and exposed crystalline planes of LiCoO2 particles, and the distribution of binder/conductive additives. Theoretical calculations confirm that Li2CoO2-phase has lower electronic/ionic conductivity than LiCoO2-phase, further revealing the critical effect of distribution of conductive additives on the surface chemical heterogeneity evolution. Our findings on such surface phenomena are non-trivial and highlight the capability of synchrotron-based X-ray techniques for studying the spatial chemical phase heterogeneity.
A biomimetic laminated strategy enabled strain-interference free and durable flexible thermistor electronics
Authors: Hao Sanwei , Fu Qingjin , Meng Lei , Xu Feng , Yang Jun 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe development of flexible thermistor epidermal electronics (FTEE) to satisfy high temperature resolution without strain induced signal distortion is of great significance but still challenging. Inspired by the nacre microstructure capable of restraining the stress concentration, we exemplify a versatile MXene-based thermistor elastomer sensor (TES) platform that significantly alleviates the strain interference by the biomimetic laminated strategy combining with the in-plane stress dissipation and nacre-mimetic hierarchical architecture, delivering competitive advantages of superior thermosensitivity (−1.32% °C−1), outstanding temperature resolution (~0.3 °C), and unparalleled mechanical durability (20000 folding fatigue cycles), together with considerable improvement in strain-tolerant thermosensation over commercial thermocouple in exercise scenario. By a combination of theoretical model simulation, microstructure observation, and superposed signal detection, the authors further reveal the underlying temperature and strain signal decoupling mechanism that substantiate the generality and customizability of the nacre-mimetic strategy, possessing insightful significance of fabricating FTEE for static and dynamic temperature detection.
Administration of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies at ART initiation maintains long-term CD8+ T cell immunity
Authors: Rosás-Umbert Miriam , Gunst Jesper D. , Pahus Marie H. , Olesen Rikke , Schleimann Mariane , Denton Paul W. , Ramos Victor , Ward Adam , Kinloch Natalie N. , Copertino Dennis C. , Escribà Tuixent , Llano Anuska , Brumme Zabrina L. , Brad Jones R. , Mothe Beatriz , Brander Christian , Fox Julie , Nussenzweig Michel C. , Fidler Sarah , Caskey Marina , Tolstrup Martin , Søgaard Ole S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected non-human primates, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against the virus appear to stimulate T cell immunity. To determine whether this phenomenon also occurs in humans we measured HIV-1-specific cellular immunity longitudinally in individuals with HIV-1 starting antiviral therapy (ART) with or without adjunctive bNAb 3BNC117 treatment. Using the activation-induced marker (AIM) assay and interferon-γ release, we observe that frequencies of Pol- and Gag-specific CD8+ T cells, as well as Gag-induced interferon-γ responses, are significantly higher among individuals that received adjunctive 3BNC117 compared to ART-alone at 3 and 12 months after starting ART. The observed changes in cellular immunity were directly correlated to pre-treatment 3BNC117-sensitivity. Notably, increased HIV-1-specific immunity is associated with partial or complete ART-free virologic control during treatment interruption for up to 4 years. Our findings suggest that bNAb treatment at the time of ART initiation maintains HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses that are associated with ART-free virologic control.
Neuronal CaMKK2 promotes immunosuppression and checkpoint blockade resistance in glioblastoma
Authors: Tomaszewski William H. , Waibl-Polania Jessica , Chakraborty Molly , Perera Jonathan , Ratiu Jeremy , Miggelbrink Alexandra , McDonnell Donald P. , Khasraw Mustafa , Ashley David M. , Fecci Peter E. , Racioppi Luigi , Sanchez-Perez Luis , Gunn Michael D. , Sampson John H. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM) is notorious for its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and is refractory to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Here, we identify calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) as a driver of ICB resistance. CaMKK2 is highly expressed in pro-tumor cells and is associated with worsened survival in patients with GBM. Host CaMKK2, specifically, reduces survival and promotes ICB resistance. Multimodal profiling of the TME reveals that CaMKK2 is associated with several ICB resistance-associated immune phenotypes. CaMKK2 promotes exhaustion in CD8+ T cells and reduces the expansion of effector CD4+ T cells, additionally limiting their tumor penetrance. CaMKK2 also maintains myeloid cells in a disease-associated microglia-like phenotype. Lastly, neuronal CaMKK2 is required for maintaining the ICB resistance-associated myeloid phenotype, is deleterious to survival, and promotes ICB resistance. Our findings reveal CaMKK2 as a contributor to ICB resistance and identify neurons as a driver of immunotherapeutic resistance in GBM.
Tracing the international arrivals of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants after Aotearoa New Zealand reopened its border
Authors: Douglas Jordan , Winter David , McNeill Andrea , Carr Sam , Bunce Michael , French Nigel , Hadfield James , de Ligt Joep , Welch David , Geoghegan Jemma L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn the second quarter of 2022, there was a global surge of emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineages that had a distinct growth advantage over then-dominant Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 lineages. By generating 10,403 Omicron genomes, we show that Aotearoa New Zealand observed an influx of these immune-evasive variants (BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5) through the border. This is explained by the return to significant levels of international travel following the border’s reopening in March 2022. We estimate one Omicron transmission event from the border to the community for every ~5,000 passenger arrivals at the current levels of travel and restriction. Although most of these introductions did not instigate any detected onward transmission, a small minority triggered large outbreaks. Genomic surveillance at the border provides a lens on the rate at which new variants might gain a foothold and trigger new waves of infection.
Spontaneous time-reversal symmetry breaking in twisted double bilayer graphene
Authors: Kuiri Manabendra , Coleman Christopher , Gao Zhenxiang , Vishnuradhan Aswin , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Zhu Jihang , MacDonald Allan H. , Folk Joshua 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTwisted double bilayer graphene (tDBG) comprises two Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene sheets with a twist between them. Gate voltages applied to top and back gates of a tDBG device tune both the flatness and topology of the electronic bands, enabling an unusual level of experimental control. Metallic states with broken spin and valley symmetries have been observed in tDBG devices with twist angles in the range 1.2–1.3°, but the topologies and order parameters of these states have remained unclear. We report the observation of an anomalous Hall effect in the correlated metal state of tDBG, with hysteresis loops spanning hundreds of mT in out-of-plane magnetic field (B⊥) that demonstrate spontaneously broken time-reversal symmetry. The B⊥ hysteresis persists for in-plane fields up to several Tesla, suggesting valley (orbital) ferromagnetism. At the same time, the resistivity is strongly affected by even mT-scale values of in-plane magnetic field, pointing to spin-valley coupling or to a direct orbital coupling between in-plane field and the valley degree of freedom.
Flexible hyperspectral surface plasmon resonance microscopy
Authors: Liu Ziwei , Wu Jingning , Cai Chen , Yang Bo , Qi Zhi-mei 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOptical techniques for visualization and quantification of chemical and biological analytes are always highly desirable. Here we show a hyperspectral surface plasmon resonance microscopy (HSPRM) system that uses a hyperspectral microscope to analyze the selected area of SPR image produced by a prism-based spectral SPR sensor. The HSPRM system enables monochromatic and polychromatic SPR imaging and single-pixel spectral SPR sensing, as well as two-dimensional quantification of thin films with the measured resonance-wavelength images. We performed pixel-by-pixel calibration of the incident angle to remove pixel-to-pixel differences in SPR sensitivity, and demonstrated the HSPRM’s capabilities by using it to quantify monolayer graphene thickness distribution, inhomogeneous protein adsorption and single-cell adhesion. The HSPRM system has a wide spectral range from 400 nm to 1000 nm, an optional field of view from 0.884 mm2 to 0.003 mm2 and a high lateral resolution of 1.2 μm, demonstrating an innovative breakthrough in SPR sensor technology.
Near-atomic, non-icosahedrally averaged structure of giant virus Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1
Authors: Shao Qianqian , Agarkova Irina V. , Noel Eric A. , Dunigan David D. , Liu Yunshu , Wang Aohan , Guo Mingcheng , Xie Linlin , Zhao Xinyue , Rossmann Michael G. , Van Etten James L. , Klose Thomas , Fang Qianglin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractGiant viruses are a large group of viruses that infect many eukaryotes. Although components that do not obey the overall icosahedral symmetry of their capsids have been observed and found to play critical roles in the viral life cycles, identities and high-resolution structures of these components remain unknown. Here, by determining a near-atomic-resolution, five-fold averaged structure of Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1, we unexpectedly found the viral capsid possesses up to five major capsid protein variants and a penton protein variant. These variants create varied capsid microenvironments for the associations of fibers, a vesicle, and previously unresolved minor capsid proteins. Our structure reveals the identities and atomic models of the capsid components that do not obey the overall icosahedral symmetry and leads to a model for how these components are assembled and initiate capsid assembly, and this model might be applicable to many other giant viruses.
Optomechanical measurement of single nanodroplet evaporation with millisecond time-resolution
Authors: Sbarra Samantha , Waquier Louis , Suffit Stephan , Lemaître Aristide , Favero Ivan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTracking the evolution of an individual nanodroplet of liquid in real-time remains an outstanding challenge. Here a miniature optomechanical resonator detects a single nanodroplet landing on a surface and measures its subsequent evaporation down to a volume of twenty attoliters. The ultra-high mechanical frequency and sensitivity of the device enable a time resolution below the millisecond, sufficient to resolve the fast evaporation dynamics under ambient conditions. Using the device dual optical and mechanical capability, we determine the evaporation in the first ten milliseconds to occur at constant contact radius with a dynamics ruled by the mere Kelvin effect, producing evaporation despite a saturated surrounding gas. Over the following hundred of milliseconds, the droplet further shrinks while being accompanied by the spreading of an underlying puddle. In the final steady-state after evaporation, an extended thin liquid film is stabilized on the surface. Our optomechanical technique opens the unique possibility of monitoring all these stages in real-time.