bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Collard Insect Defoliators with Dipel Formulations, 1987
Authors: Miller Melissa K. , Harper James D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A field evaluation of insecticides used to control cabbage looper on collards was conducted at the Auburn University North Alabama Horticultural Station near Cullman in northeast Alabama. 'Vates' collards were direct seeded on 9 Jun. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and plots consisted of 3 rows by 20 ft (on 44 inch centers). Treatments were made with a CO2-pressurized, single-boom backpack sprayer fitted with a TX9 hollow-cone nozzle sprayer and operated at 40 psi. Materials were applied at a delivery rate of 23.7 gal/acre in 3 passes per row, once over the top, and once onto each side. Applications of all materials were made on 1, 4, and 10 Sep and evaluated on 9 and 17 Sep. Treatments included Dipel in 1 of 4 formulations (corn oil, soybean oil, molasses, or ES) and an untreated check. The no. of small, medium, or large larvae on the second whorl of leaves from the top of the plant was determined on each of 10 plants/replicate. Damage was rated on 17 Sep on 10 plants per replicate using a 0-6 scale: 0, clean; 1, 1-2%; 2, 3-5%; 3, 6-10%; 4, 11-20%; 5, 21-50%; and 6, &gt;50% defoliation. Duncan's Multiple Range means separation tests were used to compare means (P ≤ 0.05).
Control of Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Collards with Encapsulated Virus Formulations, 1987
Authors: Tompkins George J. , Linduska James J. , Diggs Diana , Bohm Howard , Friend Deborah R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Vates' collards were direct seeded in 4 row plots 20 ft long on 24 Jul. Plants were spaced 2 inches apart in the row with 36 inches between rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and each sprayed row buffered by a guard row. The soil was a Norfolk A loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 0.5 liter of water to which 0.01% of a liquid detergent was added as a spreader and applied with a trombonetype garden sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre. The Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (AcNPV) and Trichoplusia ni granulosis virus (TnGV) were encapsulated with or without dyes to determine the effectiveness of the encapsulation of dyes with the viruses for protection from the ultraviolet (UV) portion of sunlight. All of the virus treated rows also had Artogeia rapae granulosis virus applied so that damage primarily caused by cabbage looper could be assessed, since the NPVs do not infect the imported cabbageworm. All rows were treated with their respective applications on 25 and 31 Aug and 8 Sep. On each application date 20 second-instar T. ni larvae were released on each of the test rows. On 17 Sep the foliage injury ratings and insect counts were taken. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were indexed as follows: 1, 0-3% damage—odd holes on leaves; 2, 4-10% damage—few leaves with holes; 3, 11-25% damage—moderate number of leaves with holes; 4, 26-50% damage—most leaves with holes; and 5, 51-100% damage—crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.
Foliar Sprays to Control Insect Pests on Late-Planted Sweet Corn, 1987
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Silver Queen' sweet corn was planted 13 Jul in a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30-inch centers and 25 ft long. Whorl sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with one nozzle centered over each of the middle 2 rows calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Foliar sprays at silking were applied with 4 nozzles/row, directed at the ear zone, using 105 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. The center 2 rows of each plot were treated and the outer 2 rows were untreated guard rows. Sprays were applied on 19 and 25 Aug and on 8, 11, 14, 17, 21, and 24 Sep. At harvest (27 Sep), 20 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for worm damage as fresh-market (clean ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding, but less than 3.6 cm tip damage), and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified, counted, and recorded; all ears were then weighed and total weights were recorded. On 9 Nov, 20 stalks from the center 2 rows of each plot were split from 3 nodes above the ear to 3 nodes below the ear and each 2.5 cm of ECB damage recorded as one cavity.
Midseason Sweet Corn Worm Control, 1986
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Platinum Lady' sweet corn was planted 15 May near Benson, N.C. Single-row plots, 10 ft long on 42-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow-cone nozzle (18 x), which delivered 80 gal/acre at 60 psi. Treatments were applied beginning at 10% silking, and applications were made 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, and 18 Jul. All corn in the plots was harvested 21 Jul, and the percentage of infested ears was recorded.
Spotted Cutworm Control 1987
Authors: Webb D. R. , Minns K. S. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Greenhouse flats were seeded 14 Sept at the rate of 55 seeds per flat, and in-furrow treatments were applied. Foliar and broadcast treatments were applied 24 Sept. Plexiglass cages (14 inches × 20 inches × 12 inches high) were placed in the greenhouse flats to minimize larval escape. Twenty-five larvae were used for each replication, with each treatment repeated 4 times. Spray treatments were made with a Smith Professional Sprayer (3-gal capacity) using a fan-type nozzle. All spray treatments were applied at 100 gal water/acre. Granular treatments were applied by hand. Third- and fourth-instar larvae used in this test. Control data are based on readings made 25 Sep or 24 h after treatment. Damage readings were made 72 h after treatment.
Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1987
Authors: Whalen J. , Breeding R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Silver Queen' sweet corn was planted on 10 Jul near Georgetown, Del. Two-row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 100 gals/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 1, 4, 9, and 11 Sep. At harvest maturity (15 Sep), all ears from each plot were examined for economic damage and all live larvae were counted.
Onion Thrips Control, 1986
Authors: Hayden J. , Grafius E. , Connington L. , Habbel P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Onions were planted at the M.S.U. Muck Research Farm, Bath, Mich. Plots were single rows (17 inches between rows) 20 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Two border rows were left unsprayed between each plot. Treatments were applied with a single-nozzle (D4) hand-held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi. The gallonage varied according to treatment (see table). Sprays were applied 8 and 12 Aug. Before treatments were applied on 8 Aug and then posttreatment on 15 Aug, 20 plants per plot were randomly selected, cut off at the base, and rinsed with 75% ethanol. The rinsate (with thrips) was collected in a cup, filtered through a Buchner funnel onto filter paper, and the number of thrips counted.
Insect Control in Peppers, 1987
Authors: Hayden J. , Grafius E. , Stehr J. , Davis T. , Bishop B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Green bell peppers (var. KRG-3) and sweet banana peppers (open pollinated) were transplanted as separate trials on 29 May at the MSU Entomology Field Research Farm, East Lansing. Plots were 3 rows wide (30 inches between rows) by 30 ft long (18 inches between plants) arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/ acre and 40 psi on 22 and 29 Jul and 4 Aug. Two plants from the center row of each plot were examined on a weekly basis for European corn borer (ECB) egg masses and green peach aphids (GPA). Banana and bell peppers were harvested on 10 and 11 Aug, respectively. All fruit from 27 ft of the center row were harvested (a subset of 40 banana peppers were randomly selected) and examined for ECB damage. On 11 Aug, 4 leaves per plant (4 plants per plot) were examined for GPA.
Insect Control in Peppers, 1986
Authors: Hayden J. , Grafius E. , Herrington D. , Habbel P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Green bell peppers were transplanted on 11 Jun at the MSU Entomology Field Research Farm, East Lansing. Plots were 3 rows wide (30 inches between rows) by 30 ft long (18 inches between plants) arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications (= blocks). Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre and 40 psi on 4, 12, 19, and 29 Aug. Efficacy was determined by examining 2 plants from the center row of each plot on a weekly basis. Entire plants were examined for European corn borer (ECB) egg masses, 4 leaves per plant were examined for green peach aphid (GPA), and all fruit from 24 ft of the center row (up to 40 fruit) were examined for ECB damage at harvest (9 Sep).
Foliar Sprays for Control of European Corn Borer (ECB) in Bell Peppers, 1987
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Mullins C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven insecticides were evaluated at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville, Tenn. 'California Wonder' seedlings were transplanted on 18 May into a sandy loam field. Plots were 3 rows × 20 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by 5-ft alleys, and row spacing was 36 inches with 15 plants/row. Insecticide treatments were applied on 17 Jun, 17 Jul, and 2 Sep using 2.5-gal, compressed-CO2 hand sprayers at 60 gal/acre and 50 psi. The middle row of each plot was harvested for yield determinations on 22 Jul, 4 Aug, 25 Aug, and 16 Sep. The combined weights from all harvest dates were used to determine final yield.
Apple, Insecticide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Howitt A. , Biddinger D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to 35-yr-old 'Jonathon' standard trees in unreplicated blocks of approximately 3/4 acre, with about 30 trees in each. Applications were made with a Bean C-336 CP sprayer, which traveled at 4.03 km/h and delivered 250 gal/acre. Dates of application were 1 Jul (4th cover), 13 Jul (5th cover), 24 Jul (6th cover), 6 Aug (7th cover), 19 Aug (8th cover), 1 Sep (9th cover), and 11 Sep (10th cover) for all materials except TD 2207 which, due to lack of material, was applied only up to 8 Aug on the spray program above and was evaluated on 24 Aug. All other treatments were evaluated on 16 Sep. The fungicide program consisted of Difolitan 80DF (3 lb/acre) on 16 Apr (green tip). Vanguard on 19 May (petal fall), and Cyprex 65W in all 7 maggot control applications as listed above. Treatments were evaluated by randomly picking 100 fruit from each of 4 centrally located trees in each block for a total of 400 apples per treatment. The apples were examined for AM injury. Ovipositional marks per apple were averaged for each treatment. Percent damaged fruit is also reported.
Foliar Insecticides for Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potato, 1987
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Certified B-size potatoes were planted 25 May at the University of Minnesota Experimental Station, Rosemount. Experimental plots were 25 ft long with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. Insecticide sprays were applied 3 times with a CO2-powered handsprayer delivering 36 gal of water/acre. CPB populations were very high. Plots sprayed 26 Jun were counted 29 Jun and 2, 6, and 9 Jul. Plots sprayed 29 Jun were counted 2, 6, 9, and 13 Jul. Plots sprayed 4 Aug were counted 7 and 11 Aug. Larvae were counted by instar on each date. Percent control was based on comparison to mean CPB numbers in the 5 untreated control plots and corrected by Abbott's formula. Control ranged from 4.8 to 100% for first-instar larvae and from 0 to 100% for second-, third-, and 4th-instar larvae. Addition of Butacide (piperonyl butoxide) to pyrethroid sprays appreciably enhanced CPB control.
Control of Pyrethroid Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle—Trial 2, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele , Holen Carlyle , Holder Bobby , Preston Duane 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were planted in early May on the Red River Valley Potato Growers Association experimental farm at Grand Forks, N. Dak. B-size certified seed was planted in 4 40-inch rows × 35-ft plots in early May. Treatments were replicated 4 times in randomized complete block design. Soil systemics were applied over the row following planting and covered with soil. The soil was fine textured and had more than adequate moisture at planting time. Foliars were applied on 26 Jun, 11 Jul, and 12 Aug. Three applications of fungicide were made independently of insecticide treatments. Larval counts were taken on 4 dates, as were defoliation estimates. The data presented illustrate CPB response to the insecticide regimes. Yields were taken on the center two plot rows, graded, and recorded.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1986
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The foliar and systemic experiments were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates each and were conducted at Presque Isle, Maine, on land that was in clover in 1985. The planting dates were 3 Jun for the systemic experiment and 27 May for the foliar experiment. In each experiment the 3.0-m space between blocks and the 1.4-m space between columns and at the sides and ends of the experiments were sown to oats after planting. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of potatoes, each row 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long. The healthy Katahdin seed pieces (75 g each) were planted with a tractor-pulled, assisted-feed planter. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by 7 foliar applications of Dithane M-45 (1681 g/ha on 14, 21, and 28 Jul; 2242 g/ha on 4, 11, 18, and 25 Aug). Side-dress applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Measured amounts of insecticide were applied on each seed-piece for the seed-piece treatments. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles/row at 7.0 kg/cm2 pressure and 1.2 kl/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on top, middle, and bottom leaves of 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using log10(i + 1). Means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using DMRT and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for June, July, and August was 5.5, 10.5, and 12.6 cm, respectively. The average temperature for each of the same months was 14.5, 17.8, and 17.2°C.
Control of Sweetpotato Flea Beetle Larvae on Sweet Potatoes, 1987
Authors: Linduska James J. , Bouwkamp John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Goldmar sweet potato sprouts were planted in single row plots (36-inch row spacing), 45 ft long, on 2 Jun. Each treatment row was buffered on either side by an untreated guard row. The spacing between plants within the row was 12 inches. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Granular band treatments were applied in a 12-inch band using a shaker can and then incorporated 2-4 inches into the soil on 2 Jun. Furrow treatments were chiseled into the soil to a depth of 4 inches using an electric drive Gandy on 2 Jun. Side-dress treatments were applied on 17 Jun behind the cultivator shoe with an electric drive Gandy. Soil temperature at the 4-inch depth at the time of preplant application was 28°C. Yield data were taken from the entire 45-ft row. All roots were examined for flea beetle larvae injury (shallow writing on the roots). None of the products were phytotoxic.
Bacillus Thvmngiensis for Armyworm Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1986
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set 4 Sep on 2.5-ft-wide by 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 staked plants set in a single row on 18-inch centers. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 23 and 29 Sep; 6, 13, 20, and 27 Oct; and 3 Nov with a 2.5-gal, hand-held CO2-pressurized sprayer operated at 40 psi and delivering 50-120 gal/acre (volume increased as plants grew). On 30 Sept each plant in each plot was visually inspected, and the numbers of beet armyworm (BAW) larvae counted. The numbers of southern armyworm (SAW) larvae were counted during 5- and 2-minute searches, respectively, of each plot on 21 Oct and 10 Nov. On 12 Nov, 50 fruit were harvested from each plot and the numbers of undamaged fruit and the numbers of fruit damaged by armyworm larvae were determined. The percentages of damaged fruit were calculated, and analyses of variance were performed on all data.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1987
Authors: Bailey W. C. , Munson R. E. , Arne C. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was conducted on 24 Apr near Cook Station, Mo., on a 1-yr-old stand of alfalfa. Plots were 20 × 40 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The alfalfa was 15 inches tall at time of treatment. Temperature was 77°F, skies were cloudy, and winds were 0-3 mph. Sprays were applied with a 20-ft spray boom, 8002 flat-fan nozzles, and 50-mesh screens. Sprays were applied at 16.5 gal/acre and 20 psi. Measurable precipitation fell on 5 of the 28 days following treatment. Evaluations were conducted at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days posttreatment by taking 10 180-degree sweeps with a 15-inch-diam sweep net. The data were transformed by × + 0.5 for analytical purposes, but actual means are presented in the table.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae in Minnesota, 1987
Authors: Chen Chien-chung , RadclifFe Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station in Rosemount on 1st regrowth, 3rd-year alfalfa. Treatments were 22 × 50 ft and replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray treatments were applied 23 May with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer delivering 37.5 gal water/acre at 200 psi. Insects were sampled 3 and 7 days posttreatment by taking 20 sweeps/plot with a 38-cm-diam sweep net.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae in Southwest Kansas, 1987
Authors: DePew L. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 3.6 × 9.0 m were established in a 5-yr-old stand of alfalfa at the Southwest Kansas Branch Experiment Station near Garden City. Eight treatments, including the untreated check, were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticidal treatments were applied on 28 Apr using a CO2-activated backpack sprayer equipped with a 1.9-m boom. The boom was fitted with 4 hollow-cone nozzles (6x) on 48.3-cm centers. Treatments were applied at a pressure of 2.1 kg/cm2 and at a rate of 165.5 liters/hectare. Plants were in the vegetative growth stage and 30 cm tall. Temperature at application (early morning) was 8.9°C and reached a high of 28.9°C during the day. Winds were recorded at 0-2.5 km/h. Larval densities were determined 3 and 7 days posttreatment by collecting 20 stems/ plot and extracting larvae by using Berlese funnels. Rainfall amounts of 0.25 and 0.18 cm were recorded on 3 and 4 May, respectively.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil in Maryland, 1986
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was establised in a 2-yr-old stand of alfalfa located near Beltsville. Precount weevil populations were heavy and averaged 100-120 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae/sweep. Treatments were applied on 27 May. Treatment plots were 10 × 10 ft replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Posttreatment counts were made with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net. One 180-degree sweep per plot was made on 29 May and 5 Jun.
Control of Alfalfa Webworm on Alfalfa, 1987
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was established on a 1-yr-old stand of alfalfa near Worton in Kent County, Md. The field had been completely defoliated except for a small area where the test was conducted. At time of treatment on 1 Sep the alfalfa had been severely stressed by drought. Treatment plots were 10 × 20 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Posttreatment counts were made on 3 Sep. Five random 180- degree sweeps were made in each plot.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1987
Authors: Whalen J. , Breeding R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at the Delaware State College Farm in Dover on a 2-year stand of ‘Saranac AR’ alfalfa. Plots were 16 × 20 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. In Experiment 1, treatments were applied with a bicycle design, C02-pressurized sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi on 6-inch-tall alfalfa. All treatments were applied on 30 Jun. Leafhopper density was evaluated prior to treatment on 30 Jun and on 1, 3, 6, and 18 days posttreatment by taking 10 sweeps/plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net. Treatments in Experiment 2 were similarly applied. Leafhopper density was evaluated prior to treatment on 28 Jul and 1, 7, and 14 days posttreatment.
Barley Thrips Control, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Holder Bobby , Holen Carlyle 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were located in a commercial field which the grower intended to treat for barley thrips. The area selected for plots was uniformly in the late boot stage. Plots of 15 × 30 ft replicated 3 times were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Four-day posttreatment samples of 20 stems/plot were gathered, and adult and nymphal thrips were counted. Heads were collected from 1-m2 in the best section of each plot at least 3 ft from the edge. These were dried and threshed, and the yield was adjusted for moisture before comparisons were made.
Barley Thrips Control—Trial 1, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele , Holen Carlyle 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were located in a commercial field near Crookston, Minn. Plots were 10 × 30 ft, arranged ir a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Applications were broadcast with a hand-held C02 sprayer using 40 psi pressure and a fina volume of 25 gal/acre. The stage of the barley at application time (11 Jul) was early heading. Pretreatment counts were taken on a 20 stem/plot sample. Posttreatment counts were taken 10 days after treatment. A total count consisted of adults plus nymphs, and percent reduction/plot was calculated. Percent control was transformed and then compared. Yields were taken from 3 sq. yards and adjusted for moisture before comparison.
Sweet Corn, Corn Earworm Control, 1987
Authors: All J. N. , Guillebeau L. P. , All J. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot field experiment was conducted to screen insecticides for control of ear damage by the corn earworm. Corn was planted 4 May in an Appling loamy coarse sand. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 2-row plots, 20 ft long, 38 inches wide, with 5-ft alleys, replicated 5 times. Full-cone sprays were applied at 30 psi, directed on ears in a final volume of 25 gal/acre. Sprays were initiated when silks first appeared. Plants were sprayed on 22, 24, and 26 Jun and 1, 3, 6 and 8 Jul. On 10 Jul all ears in the middle 18 ft of each plot were examined for damage and the presence of live corn earworms.