bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between General Health and Musculoskeletal Discomfort along with Psychosomatic Complaints in Nurses
Authors: Mesgartehrani Majid , Kakolarimi Mahin , Farhud Dariush D , Shabany Maryam , Mesgartehrani Zainab , Norozian Dariush , Mesgartehrani Mohammad 
Published: April 2022

Background: Workplace problems can lead to psychosomatic complaints. We aimed to assess the relationship between general health and occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders along with psychosomatic complaints.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. This research was conducted about the nurses who worked at the hospitals located in the northwest of Tehran, Iran (Valiasr, Farhikhtegan, and Khatam), and participated in this study from Aug 2019 to Feb 2020. The data were collected by the demographic and clinical information questionnaire. Goldberg's general health questionnaire and psychosomatic complaint scale were completed by nurses.
Results: In total, 158 nurses participated in this study. There was a significant relationship between the score of the general health questionnaire (GHQ) and psychosomatic complaints in three categories (low, moderate, and high) (P≤0.0001). There was a significant relationship between the mean score of GHQ and musculoskeletal discomfort in the neck, shoulder, forearm, hand and wrist, upper/lower back, knee, and ankle (P≤0.0001).
Conclusion: Continuity of psychosomatic complaints may be a risk factor for mental health in nurses and may affect the quality of care. Hence, health policymakers and hospital managers should consider it in service training for nurses.
The Dynamic Effective Reproductive Number of COVID-19 during the Epidemic in Iran
Authors: Doosti-Irani Amin , Haji-Maghsoudi Saiedeh , Haghdoost Aliakbar , Eybpoosh Sana , Mostafavi Ehsan , Karami Manoochehr , Mahjub Hossein 
Published: April 2022

Background: We aimed to determine the generation time, the best model for estimating reproduction number (R), and to estimate the basic reproduction number (R0) and effective reproduction number (Rt) for COVID-19 in Iran.
Methods: We used the daily incidence cases of COVID-19, hospitalized due to a probable diagnosis of COVID-19 from 19 February 2020 to 17 November 2020 in Iran. Four models, including maximum likelihood (ML), exponential growth (EG), time-dependent (TD), sequential Bayesian (SB) were evaluated. The weekly reproduction number with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated.
Results: TD model shows the best fit compared to other models for estimating reproduction number in Iran. The R0 in Iran in the first week of the epidemic, leading up to 21 February 2020 was 7.19, 95% CI: 5.56, 9.00. The lowest value for the Rt was equal to 0.77 between 3 to 10 March 2020 and 4 to 11 December 2020. From 11 June 2020 up to13 August 2020, the Rt was more than one but after then to 24 September 2021 was less than one.
Conclusion: TD model was the best fit for estimating the R in Iran. The worst situation of the epidemic in Iran was related to the weeks leading up to 26 February 2020 and 28 October 2020, and better status was related to the weeks leading up to 10 March 2020 and 11 December 2020.
Socioeconomic Status and Changes in Iranian Household Food Basket Using National Household Budget and Expenditure Survey Data, 1991-2017
Authors: Sobhani Seyyed Reza , Eini-Zinab Hassan , Rezazadeh Arezoo 
Published: April 2022

Background: Socioeconomic factors are major determinants of health and food consumption. The aim of the present study was assessing the changes in energy and different food groups consumption related to the socioeconomic status of Iranian households.
Methods: In this repeated cross-sectional study, 717432 households data from the Households Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) conducted yearly by the Statistical Centre of Iran (SCI) from 1991 to 2017 was used. The food consumption outcome was modeled as a function of household head age, household head age-squared, socioeconomic variables, household size, place of residence, and household`s head sex. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used to extract a socioeconomic status variable based on the educational, occupational, and income status of households. A cross-classified random effects modeling (CCREM) specifications of Hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort (HAPC) models was used in the present study.
Results: In the present study, by moving to the higher quartiles of SES had higher calorie intake increased. There was a positive relationship between “Vegetables”, “Fruits”, “Dairy”, “Meat, Poultry, Fish, Eggs, Legumes, and Nuts” and “Fats, Oils, Sugars, and Sweets” with socioeconomic statues category. In the case of “Bread, Cereal, Rice, and Pasta”, there was a reverse relationship, and lower SES quartile consumed a higher amount of this food group.
Conclusion: Lower income, education, and occupational status in lower SES quartile groups lead to lower calorie consumption and higher consumption of “Bread, Cereal, Rice, and Pasta" food group, which had lower energy cost compared to the other food groups.
Performance Appraisal of Tehran Firefighting Stations in Attempted and Threating Suicide with National and Global Standards (The First 6 Months of 2018)
Authors: Sadri Damirchi Esmaeil , Kheirdast Afrasyab , Grjibovski Andrej M , Khodabandehlou Eslamali , Pireinaladin Saeed 
Published: April 2022

Background: We aimed to compare the performance of Tehran firefighting stations in the incidents of suicide attempt and threats among Tehran citizens using international standards.
Methods: A research method was a descriptive-analytical study based on library studies. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential methods such as single group t-test and independent t-test. The statistical population of this study included all citizens in 22 districts of Tehran City that committed or threated to commit suicide in the 2018 year. They were selected in a targeted manner. All data were extracted and analyzed through the fire department in the first half of 2018 in the action and threat of suicide.
Results: Men commit suicide more than women do. Moreover, the average time of exit from station and the average travel time are shorter than Iranian and world standards. The people saved by firefighters outnumber the people who died in suicide, which indicates the satisfactory performance of firefighters in relief and rescue operations. In suicide operations, according to the general results obtained from statistical calculations of departure time from the station and the average travel time, which are the two main factors in evaluating the performance of firefighters in suicide accidents, which in comparison with international standards. It was significantly lower and the performance of firefighters was positive.
Conclusion: The average duration of exit from station and the average travel time, are significantly lower than international standards, which demonstrates the good performance of firefighters.
Development of Flexible Electro-Hydraulic Spherical Actuator
Authors: Kobayashi Wataru , Tamaki Hiroaki , Akagi Tetsuya , Dohta Shujiro , Shimooka So ,   Okayama University of Science  1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan,   SMC Corporation  4-2-2 Kinunodai, Tsukubamirai-shi, Ibaraki 300-2436, Japan,   Okayama University  2-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Published: April 2022

Voluntary rehabilitation at home helps to prevent the joint	contracture after medical treatment. Our previous studies concerned a	low-cost portable rehabilitation device using a flexible spherical pneumatic	actuator as a passive exercise device. However, the device requires a bulky	compressor to drive it. This study results in a compact fluidic driving	system that is highly flexible. The system adopts a flexible	electro-hydraulic cylinder driven by an electric motor and a hydraulic gear	pump. An empirical equation for the suitable pump rotation for the desired	displacement of the system has been determined. As a result, the	multi-position control of the system within the tracking error of 4 mm has	been realized by using the on/off control scheme based on the obtained	equation. In addition, a flexible, spherical electro-hydraulic actuator	using two proposed drive systems is developed and tested. Control of the	attitude of the tested spherical actuator is successfully realized.
Enhanced Oil Recovery Screening of Oil Fields in Central California for ASP Alkali Surfactant Polymer
Authors: Hampton Thomas J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
This paper demonstrates the potential of alkali surfactant polymer (ASP) within the Central California Oil Fields, which covers Kern, Tulare, and Fresno Counties. Typically, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) screening is performed across a wide range of processes and is applied to individual reservoirs on a case-by-case basis. This study focuses on a single EOR ASP process across multiple fields and pools specific to Central California.

Methods, Procedures, Process
Reservoir characteristics and Canadian analogs were used to screen for the ASP potential in Central California. Reservoir characteristics data were digitized and taken from what is locally known as the "Gold Book" of Central California (Volume 1, 1998, published by the California Division of Oil & Gas, subsequently renamed CalGEM (California Geologic Energy Management Division). The book contains data for 137 oil and gas fields with 605 pools. Various ASP screening methods and analogs were applied to this dataset. Candidates were then ranked for detailed future analyses.

Results, Observations, and Conclusions
Screening resulted in the identification of 166 of the 605 pools that passed the Taber and Delamaide screening methods and compared well to analogous Canadian successful commercial ASP projects. Fields were then ranked according to various reservoir properties, size of potential recovery, and location (access to chemicals). The top five, with supporting data, are shown. Graphs and maps were used to illustrate the top-ranked pools along with their locations.

Novel/Additive Information
The results of initial screening and ranking of Central Californian pools illustrate its potential for ASP applications. Although there have been some ASP studies and pilots conducted in the San Joaquin Basin oil fields, the results are not in the public sphere. Some data have been published by CalGEM on two successful ASP pilots in the Shallow Oil Zone of the Elk Hills Oil Field, California. This study was performed to show possible application of ASP in 166 pools within the 605 pools in the San Joaquin Basin by using publicly available information to identify oil fields that warrant further detailed investigations of oil chemistry, core analysis, reservoir simulation, risk assessments, and in-depth economic studies.
Towards a Machine Learning Based Dynamic Surrogate Modeling and Optimization of Steam Injection Policy in SAGD
Authors: JL Guevara , Japan Trivedi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a methodology for the identification of a dynamic-surrogate model and the optimization of steam injection rates of a multi-well heterogeneous SAGD process. The optimization refers to finding the steam injection rates at every time step (steam injection policy) that will maximize cumulative net present value at the end of the production horizon.
The solution methodology consists of identifying one-step prediction non-linear models and then using these models in a recursive scheme to predict the established production horizon. These models are identified offline and then used as a substitute for the reservoir simulation model, considered computationally expensive, in the optimization process. This approach makes use of the reinforcement learning agent-environment interaction: based on the current state St, the agent takes an action At, and the environment transitions into a new state St+1 and offers a scalar reward Rt. Additionally, the well-known genetic algorithm is used for optimization purposes.
The approach is applied to a multi-well reservoir simulation model, built using publicly available data that includes data from northern Alberta SAGD operations considering two (2) time step lengths: daily (Case 1) and weekly (Case 2). Furthermore, the performance of the approach is evaluated in terms of: i) Mean Absolute Error (MAE) between the predicted time-series and the true values (effectivity), ii) the effect of randomness of the design of experiments over the MAE (robustness regarding the design of experiments) and iii) changes in the variance of the errors over the prediction time frame (performance as number of time step prediction increases).
Results show that for a daily time step (Case 1) the proposed approach was able to predict significantly well the selected output as opposed to Case 2 which exhibit much higher MAE values. Also, there is a small but important effect of the randomness of the design of experiments over the MAE values in both cases. Furthermore, Case 1 showed a significant higher level of robustness over the prediction than Case 2. In particular, the changes in variance of the error in Case 1 was much less that for Case 2.
Biogas Produced from Local Waste Reduces the Carbon Intensity of Steam Flooded Oil Production
Authors: Wirtel, P.E. Steve , Zuback Joseph 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Kore has developed technology that can convert California forestry waste that is an extreme fire hazard and other organic wastes into renewable energy co-products: an energy dense "biogas" and a stable, elemental "biocarbon" solid. This biogas has a heat value that compares favorably to and can replace or augment natural gas used to produce power, heat, and/or steam. Alternatively the gas can serve as feedstock to produce renewable hydrogen or renewable natural gas. The biocarbon is stable – it will not revert to CO2 or CH4. Burying or blending the carbon into soil can serve as a means of carbon sequestration such that the overall the process is carbon negative and the gas fuels produced have an ultra-low carbon intensity.
Steam generation traditionally relies on natural gas combustion as the source of heat. When steam is required for enhanced oil recovery, natural gas combustion increases the carbon intensity of the crude oil product, increasing the carbon intensity of fuels refined from California crude oil compared to crude oil imported into the state. By replacing some or all of the natural gas used to generate steam with Kore's carbon negative biogas, the life cycle carbon intensity of refined fuels produced from California heavy crude can be reduced, potentially to a comparable or lower carbon intensity than fuels refined from imported oil.
Three circumstances unique to California enable this approach to be timely and economically viable: 1) legislation requiring diversion of organic wastes from landfills, 2) the need to beneficially manage forest debris responsible for major fires in California, and 3) legislation enabling credits for decarbonizing transportation fuels (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) that offset the costs of thermal conversion of organic wastes to renewable energy fuels.
A Plug Removal Technique with Rotary Water Jet: Equipment Design, Simulation Study and Experiments
Authors: Zhou Qiucheng , Luo Ning , Li Jianmin , Lei Yuchao , Gao Yanfang , Liu Jiefan , Dou Huiping , Wang Jigang , Wang Xiaoxuan , Yu Chao 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The reinjection of cooled thermal waters back into sandstone geothermal reservoirs is restricted by two factors, one is the plug near the well, and the other is the plug of the sand-control screens. Plug removal technique with rotary water jet is proposed to relieve the plug in the vicinity of the well. This paper presents a series of studies about plug removal technique with rotary jet flow, including equipment design, simulation study and experiments. Firstly, the composition and function of the plug removal equipment with rotary water jet were presented. The equipment is mainly composed of spray gun, filter, rotary jet nozzle and guide head, etc. Secondly, the flow field characteristics of the rotary jet in the wellbore were simulated and the flushing effects of distribution of nozzles of the jet plug removal tool under construction conditions were studied. Finally, several experiments were performed with actually plugged sand-control screens removed from a well to verify the feasibility of this technique. And the plug removal result of vertical water jet was compared with rotary water jet. This study indicates that the equipment designed is proved to have high success ratio and remarkable effectiveness. The main principle of the technique is to use a rotary nozzle to generate a high-pressure water jet to directly flush the wellbore, and to remove the plug through high-frequency oscillating hydraulic waves and cavitation noise. Thereby, the plug of the screen and the formation can be removed, and the formation permeability can be improved. The study results show that the plug removal technique with rotary water jet is effective to remove the plugs in screen and the vicinity of the well. And jet pressure is an important factor that affects the plug removal and cleaning efficiency. In conclusion, the presented technique can solve the problem that plug often occurs during the reinjection of cooled thermal waters back into sandstone geothermal reservoirs and have a great effectiveness in field application. It has a great prospect in the increase of geothermal water production and reinjection.
History and Future of Oil Production in California
Authors: Frederick Jesse Donald 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a historic overview of the resource and technology for exploration and the production of hydrocarbons that has literally propelled California to be the "Golden State", as well as created modern civilization as we know it today; it is difficult to imagine its elimination by fiat. Also, the paper specifically looks forward into the next challenges for the professionals charged with implementing new applied science to the current policy shift of a steady transition from carbon to the hydrogen economy while "making energy happen" for the consumer.
Looking at history one sees California specifically, needs to make technically-based prudent regulatory provisions to make sure the industry is in place and ready with the flexible capacity for an "open-up" of energy in order to deliver resources absent adaptive measures such as idled standby wells or massive reserves in above ground storage. Crisis response to conditions resulting from the lack of robust adaptive infrastructure demands either a high level of capacity/inventory of essentials or a just-in-time response which draws on a large-shared pool of resource or one risks the high impact shocks to the lower quartile Californians.
State of Art Fracturing Optimization Reduces Water Blockage in Unconventional Gas/Condensate Wells
Authors: Ibrahim Mazher Hassan , Sinkey Matt , Johnston Thomas 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing (fracing) is the most effective technique for improving the productivity of gas condensate reservoirs. The water used during fracing creates the conductivity needed for production, however, it will also create water blockage in the path of gas flow. The pressure and flow rate behavior of a gas condensate reservoir is distinctly different from the behavior of a solution gas drive reservoir. The producing rate is not only affected by the pressure gradient but is also a more complex function of the actual value of the flowing bottomhole pressure. Initially, the additional pressure required during flowback is needed to produce the water used during fracturing. The reservoir energy to lift this water to the surface requires more pressure drop around the wellbore. Additionally, unnecessary water used during fracing operations incrementally increases the pressure drop near the wellbore. Increased pressure drop leads the formation to reach the dew point sooner and condensate banking start to build in the fracture system. Increased condensate banking leaves valuable liquid hydrocarbon in the reservoir. Water blockages reduce well productivity and speed up the condensate damage due to the high-pressure drop required.
An innovative pattern recognition and machine learning technology was applied in real-time during fracture treatment to increase fracture complexity, improve fracture conductivity, increase diffusion surface area, and improve stage productivity index. This technology focuses on creating the most stimulated fracture surface area per volume of water injected, resulting in the same fracture surface area but with a large reduction in water injected. The reduction of the water leads to an improved well productivity index by minimizing water blockage around the wellbore.
Increasing fracture surface area per volume of frac water injected has a positive impact on the post-frac productivity of treated wells by increasing condensate production rates with less drawdown compared with traditional frac designs. In addition, using the optimum water volume has reduced the cost of fracturing operations and the cost of water flow back disposal leading to significant increases in well Net Present Value (NPV). A field case will be presented with condensate performance.
The use of real-time fracture optimization technology with the integration of rock and reservoir fluid properties leads to better well performance. Production benefits of increased condensate production result in no reserves being lost-in-place to condensate blockage. Added ESG benefits are reduced superfluous water use, pump time, and water disposal costs.
Performance Analysis and Improvement of Multi-Fractured Horizontal Wells in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Manrique Jorge , Manrique Joseph Francisco 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates the performance, of multi-fractured horizontal wells completed in naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR). The performance of these wells was modeled using a reservoir simulator that incorporates microseismics data to infer the area of production influence of the hydraulically induced fractures. A unique and novel set of microseismics diagnostics are introduced and used to identify fracture initiation, infer hydraulic fractures lengths, and determine propagation of the induced fractures.
These results are input into an analytical Rate Transient solutions derived to account for variable fracture lengths, different orientations of the multiple hydraulic fractures along the wellbore, and to implement a well performance model that links the well architecture with the reservoir dynamics. Inflow performance and productivity relationships constructed using these solutions, provide a way to forecast deliverability performance of the reservoir-well-completion system and was used in conjunction of Artificial intelligence and Machine learning algorithms to create an optimization road map for completion optimization of multifractured horizontals
The approach was used to benchmark and assess the performance of horizontals in fractured reservoirs, and when coupled with surveillance workflows, it was used as a production management tool. Field production results show the practical application of the performance solutions when applied to design and optimization of horizontal wells. Results for horizontal well types (new drills and refracturing) of several multi-staged propped fractured horizontals intersecting fracture "swarms" in the unconventional Haynesville and Bossier are presented. The approach is equally applicable to unconventional reservoirs, LTO and waxy crude in NFR.
The methodology suggests a practical alternative to analyze and forecast the performance of horizontal well completions, estimate the efficiency of a horizontal completed with "N" frac stages in the form of a decline curve, determine the number of stages effectively contributing to production, estimate the degree of stimulation (SD) of the combined well system, and to provide an indication of the unrealized potential as an indicator for opportunity improvement.