bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Pull- and Push Technologies in Managing Spodoptera frugiperda in Maize and Multivariate Analysis of Associated Variables
Authors: Walubita Munsanda , Bbebe Nchimunya , Tembo Langa 
Published: July 2022

Aims: The effect of push and pull technology in controlling Spodoptera frugiperda in maize may vary depending on environment understudy and the cereal- legume combination treatment employed. The objectives of this study were therefore, to; i) assess the effectiveness of push-pull technologies in controlling Spodoptera frugiperda infestation in maize ii) cluster the technologies into distinct sets, and iii) identify the variables with high discriminating influence among clustered push-pull technology sets.
Place and Duration of Study: The research was undertaken in Chilanga district, Zambia during the 2021/ 22 cropping season.
Methodology: The experiment was laid as a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and 6 treatments. Four push –pull combinations and the two controls (Negative and Positive). Maize was used as a test crop. Data on Spodoptera frugiperda incidence was collected at weekly intervals for a period of 5 weeks and at harvest from maize crop. Analysis on measured variables was computed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principle component analysis (PCA), a multivariate tool.
Results: Significant differences were obtained on all measured variables except harvest index with regards to push- pull treatments main effects (P =0.05). The evaluation of treatments using principal component analysis showed that push - pull treatments clustered into four sets, arising from a phenotypic variation explained of 89.1%.
Conclusion: This study revealed Pearl millet/ Marigold push-pull treatment as the best performing treatment with a mean maize test yield value of 7.2 tons per hectare. For variables: number of damaged leaves, injury score leaves, egg batch, biomass with cobs, shelling %, plant height and grain yield were identified as important at differentiating the performance of push pull technologies.
Separation Characteristics of Liquid Nematode Cultures and the Design of Recovery Operations
Authors: Young John M. , Dunnill Peter , Pearce Jeremy D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractProduction of nematode‐based pesticides involves the recovery of a viable nematode life stage known as the infective juvenile (IJ) from fermentation broth. Waste components to be separated from the IJs include non‐IJ life stages, dead nematodes, nematode debris, spent media, and the nematodeapos;s associated bacteria. This paper reports separation characteristics of liquid cultures and suspensions of the nematodes Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, Steinernema feltiae, and Heterorhabditis megidis measured at small scale. Separation characteristics were determined for dead‐end filtration, gravity settling and flotation. Results were used to identify large‐scale recovery procedures. Separation of culture liquid by dead‐end filtration of the crude fermentation broth was not possible due to rapid blinding of filters. However, nematode‐water suspensions prepared by gravity settling could be concentrated using this separation method. Settling tests indicated that IJs could be efficiently separated from culture liquid by centrifugation but not by gravity settling. Examination of the effects of nematode concentration indicated an optimum concentration for gravity settling that may entail modest dilution of the fermentation broth. Flocculation of insoluble spent media in suspensions of P. hermaphrodita prevented its separation from nematodes by gravity settling. However, attachment of air bubbles to spent media allowed removal by flotation. Finally, adjustment of continuous phase density using sucrose allowed separation of non‐IJ life stages, dead nematodes, and discarded cuticles from the IJs by flotation. The efficiency of this separation decreased with increasing nematode−solute contact time.
Modeling and Advanced Control of Recombinant Zymomonasmobilis Fed‐Batch Fermentation
Authors: Hodge David B. , Karim M. Nazmul 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis work presents the development of an unstructured kinetic model incorporating the differing degrees of product, substrate, and pH inhibition on the kinetic rates of ethanol fermentation by recombinant Zymomonas mobilis CP4:pZB5 for growth on two substrates. Product inhibition was observed to start affecting the specific growth rate at an ethanol concentration of 20 g/L and the specific productivity at about 35–40 g/L. Specific growth rate was also shown to be more sensitive to inhibition by lowered pH as well. A model for the inhibition of two competing substrates' cellular uptake via membrane transport is proposed. Inhibition functions and model parameters were determined by fitting experimental data to the model. The model was utilized in a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) algorithm to control the product concentration during fed‐batch fermentation to offset the inhibitory effects of product inhibition. Using the optimal feeding policy determined online, the volumetric productivity of ethanol was improved 16.6% relative to the equivalent batch operation when the final ethanol concentration was reached.
Haematuria and clot retention after transurethral resection of the prostate: a pilot study
Authors: Olapade‐Olaopa  , Solomon  , Carter  , Ahiaku  , Chiverton  
Published: July 2002

Objective To determine, prospectively, the effect of clinical factors on the duration of frank haematuria and the incidence of clot retention after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).Patients and methods Seventy‐nine men who underwent TURP in a 3‐month period were entered into this study, during which the time to cessation of bleeding and the occurrence of clot retention(s) were recorded over a 4‐week period. The effect of other clinical factors (histology, weight of tissue resected, operative duration, grade of surgeon and resection rate) was also assessed.Results Gross haematuria ceased in 47%, 73%, 96%, and 97% of patients at the end of the first, second, third and fourth weeks, respectively. The duration of postoperative bleeding was significantly associated with the weight of tissue resected and the operation time (P<0.001 and <0.05, respectively). Furthermore, five patients were re‐admitted with clot retention, but there was no significant correlation between the occurrence of this morbidity and any of the other indices.Conclusion Postoperative bleeding usually stops within 3 weeks of TURP. This period, which is about half the time hitherto assumed, is directly related to the size of the gland resected and the duration of the procedure. However, the occurrence of clot retention is not significantly associated with the duration of haematuria or any of the other clinical factors evaluated. Thus, a high fluid intake is mandatory for 3 weeks after TURP, but men who continue to bleed should be advised to continue with a high‐fluid regimen until their urine is clear.
Prurigo nodularis of Hyde: an update
Authors: Accioly‐Filho José Wilson , Nogueira Andréia , Ramos‐e‐Silva Marcia 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPrurigo nodularis of Hyde is an unusual disorder of unknown aetiology characterized by extremely pruritic nodules with well defined clinical and histopathological aspects. The literature on this disease is reviewed, focusing on the historical background, aetiology, pathogenesis, histopathology and ultrastructure, clinical aspects, differential diagnosis and therapeutic alternatives.
Relationship between visual acuity and observation distance
Authors: Heron G. , Furby H. P. , Walker R. J. , Lane C. S. , Judge O. J. E. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe visual acuities of 17 young emmetropes and corrected ametropes were measured over the range of 7.5–0.19m using a Bailey‐Lovie chart. Accommodation stimulus‐response measures were also taken over this range using retinoscopy to establish whether variations in visual acuity with observation distance could be attributed to accommodation behaviour. Tonic accommodation was recorded using the Canon R1 autorefractor and was compared with visual acuity and stimulus‐response results. In general, visual acuity was found to be dependent on stimulus distance, being significantly reduced for most observers for the closest targets. There were three categories of observer performance for visual acuity as a function of observation distance; one group showing no change in visual acuity with distance, a second showing a flat function for distances 7.55–0.5m, and then a decrease in visual acuity for shorter distances; and a third category that showed a maximum visual acuity in the 1.2–1.6m region. This behaviour was unrelated to individual stimulus‐response characteristics and there was no significant relationship between tonic accommodation and the distance where acuity was best for the third category observers.
Aluminum Exclusion Mechanism in Root Tips of Maize (Zea mays L.): Lysigeny of Aluminum Hyperaccumulator Cells
Authors: Vázquez M. D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract: Ultrastructural studies, together with X‐ray microanalytical, immunocytochemical and cytochemical analysis performed in root tips of Al‐resistant (C‐525 M) and Al‐sensitive (Adour 250, HS 7777 and BR 201 F) maize plants (Zea mays L.), after 96 h exposure to 20 μM Al, showed qualitatively similar results in the four cultivars.Al was identified in electron‐opaque precipitates, which were insoluble even in EDTA chelate. They also contained an elevated proportion of P and also of K and Ca, some traces of Mn, Fe and Zn and sometimes of Mg. This elemental composition is similar to that described for phytin (Al‐phytin), and the precipitates were localized in the two principal extraplasmatic compartments: cell walls and vacuoles. Al‐phytin was detected in swollen areas of cell walls in membraneous concentric configurations, resembling myelin figures, probably rich in phosphatidyl inositol, which also intervene in the vacuolar internalization of Al‐phytin and are similar to a peculiar form of endocytosis (not previously described). Abnormal apoplastic protuberances containing abundant electron‐opaque Al‐phytin deposits, agglutinated by callose (immunocytochemically identified), were shown in cortex cells with high mitotic activity (around 1 ‐ 1.5 mm from cap root). Al‐hyperaccumulator cells parallel to the root axis were correlated with longitudinal lysigenous intercellular spaces after cell death and dissolution (lysigeny). Indicators of activated lysigeny, as low levels of Al and callose (in agreement with other authors) and high levels of phosphoinositides, can mark Al‐resistant genotypes, contrary to Al‐sensitive genotypes, probably derived from a partially activated or even inactivated lysigeny.The lysigeny of Al hyperaccumulator cells constitutes new ultrastructural evidence of an Al exclusion mechanism, supporting biochemical results reported by other investigators.
Heavy-ion beam probe diagnostic systems (invited)
Authors: Schoch P. M. , Carnevali A. , Conner K. A. , Crowley T. P. , Forster J. C. , Hickok R. L. , Lewis J. F. , Schatz J. G. , Hallock G. A. 
Published: July 2002

Heavy-ion beam probing generally consists of passing a beam of 1+ ions through a plasma imbedded in a magnetic field. Secondary ions with higher ionization levels are produced by ionizing collisions with the plasma electrons. Detection of the secondary ions with a small-aperture electrostatic energy analyzer allows continuous fluctuation measurements of the plasma density and space potential with both spatial and temporal resolution. Spatial resolution is the order of 0.1 cm3 and temporal resolution is presently electronics limited to ∼1 μs. The energy of the probing beam is determined primarily by the requirement that the secondary ion must escape from the plasma. Typical beam energies extend from 10 to 500 keV. The range of plasma densities that have been investigated is 1012 cm−3&lt;ne&lt;1014 cm−3. At the higher densities, beam attenuation becomes a serious problem. Higher beam energies provide better penetration of the magnetic field, and reduced beam attenuation. Heavy-ion beam probes were first used to measure a coherent density fluctuation on a hollow cathode arc in 1969, and soon afterward to measure the space potential. Since then beam probes have been used to measure the space potential and fluctuations in both density and space potential for plasmas with varying magnetic geometries. There is continuing development work to study the feasibility of using beam probes to measure magnetic fluctuations and magnetic field structure. Sensitivity for measuring density and potential fluctuations is best demonstrated by what is the most sophisticated beam probe to date: the 500-keV system on TEXT. For broadband measurements (50–250 kHz), the TEXT beam probe has demonstrated a sensitivity to space potential fluctuations of 2 V (rms), and resolution for ñe/ne of 10−3.
Recent measurements on both ISX-B and TEXT have demonstrated the capability of obtaining simultaneous ñ and φ̃ measurements at three separate locations in the plasma. For some locations the sample volumes are poloidally separated and S(kθ, w) can be estimated for both ñ and φ̃. This permits evaluation of the net electrostatic-fluctuation-induced particle flux. Some of the problems still being encountered with present beam probes are the nonideal behavior of the energy analyzer, cross talk between ñ and φ̃ for high-wave-number fluctuations, the effect of finite sample volume and sample volume spacing on the evaluation of k spectra, simultaneous measurement of two components of the k vector, probing of the complex 3-D magnetic fields, and extension of the measurements to higher-energy beam probe systems.
Ductile quasicrystalline alloys
Authors: Inoue A. , Zhang T. , Chen M. W. , Sakurai T. , Saida J. , Matsushita M. 
Published: July 2002

An icosahedral (I) quasicrystalline phase with a grain size below 40 nm was formed as a metastable phase in crystallization of the bulk glassy Zr65Al7.5Cu17.5−xNi10Mx (M=Ag, Pd, Au, or Pt; x=5 and 10 at %) alloys. The volume fraction (Vf) of the I phase is about 85% for the 5% M alloy and nearly 100% for the 10% M alloy. The I phase changes to Zr2Cu+Zr2Ni+Zr2Al3 in a fully annealed state. Compressive fracture strength (σc,f) and fracture elongation (εc,f) of the 10% Pd cylinder with a diameter of 2 mm are respectively 1640 MPa and 2.2% for the glassy phase and increase to 1830 MPa and 3.1% for the I phase. The increase in σc,f is due to the suppression effect of the I particles against the shear deformation of the intergranular glassy phase, and the increase in εc,f results from the localization effect of deformation into the glassy layer. The precipitation of the I phase implies that the glassy alloys include randomly oriented I configurations. The present work shows promise for the new class of high-strength nanoquasicrystalline materials.
At the request of the authors, this article is being retracted effective 24 June 2011.
Ballistic hole transport in pentacene with a mean free path exceeding 30 μm
Authors: Schön Jan Hendrik , Kloc Christian , Batlogg Bertram 
Published: July 2002

Low temperature ballistic hole transport in high-quality pentacene single crystals is studied using macroscopic gated four-terminal van-der-Pauw geometry and two-terminal conventional field-effect transistor structures. Well-pronounced magnetic focusing peaks are observed in the magnetoresistance of van-der-Pauw samples indicating ballistic transport up to at least 45 μm. At low temperature the field-effect transistors show saturation currents independent of the channel length and proportional to the channel width. The transistor characteristics are consistently analyzed assuming ballistic transport of holes throughout the whole length of the channel.
At the request of the authors and editor, this article is being retracted effective 1 March 2003.
On the electronic structure of the NH radical. The fine structure splitting of the X 3Σ− state and the spin-forbidden (b 1Σ+, a 1Δ)→X 3Σ−, and the spin-allowed A 3Π→X 3Σ− and c 1Π→(b 1Σ+, a 1Δ), radiative transitions
Authors: Yarkony David R. 
Published: July 2002

In this work the fine structure splitting of the X 3Σ− state of NH together with the spin-forbidden dipole-allowed radiative transitions
(b 1Σ+,a 1Δ)→X 3Σ− in that system are considered. In addition the spin-allowed A 3Π→X 3Σ− and c 1Π→(b 1Σ+,a 1Δ) transitions which provide valuable optical probes of the NH radical are studied. Symbolic matrix methods permit the use of large configuration state function (CSF) spaces (170–280×103 CSFs) in characterizing these effects. The fine structure splitting and spin-forbidden decay are described within the context of the Breit–Pauli approximation. In the determination of the fine structure splitting both ĤSO, the full microscopic spin–orbit and spin-other-orbit operator and ĤSS, the dipolar spin–spin operator, are considered through second order in pertubation theory. The
completely ab initio determination of λ0≡[E(X 3∑−1, v=0)−E(X 3∑−0+ , v=0)]/2, presented here gives λ0=0.903 (0.9198) cm−1 in good accord with the experimental value given parenthetically. The predicted radiative lifetimes for the v=n level of the A 3Π state τn (A 3Π)(corresponding to A 3Π, v=n→X 3Σ−) are τ0(A 3Π)=392[418±8, 453±10]ns and τ1(A 3Π)=438[420±35, 488±10] ns in good agreement with the experimental values given parenthetically. The predicted radiative rate for the v=0 level of the c 1Π state is somewhat slower than the total decay rate measured experimentally suggesting predissociation of even the lowest rotational levels. The radiative lifetime for the v=0 level of the a 1Δ state, τ0(a 1Δ) corresponding to the spin-forbidden dipole-allowed transition a 1Δ2→X 3∑−1 was found to be τ0(a 1Δ)=2.18(&gt;1.9)s which compares favorably with the lower bound determined from matrix isolation experiments given parenthetically.
For the b 1Σ+→X 3Σ−(0,0) transition the ratio of the parallel to the perpendicular transition moment was found to be μ∥/μ⊥=−0.30 (−0.35±0.05) which again compares favorably with the experimental result given parenthetically. This result is qualitatively different from that in the isovalent systems NF, NCl, and NBr for which −μ∥‖μ⊥ &gt;1. A partial explanation for this result in terms of molecular dipole moments is offered. The predicted radiative lifetime for the b 1Σ+, v=0→X 3Σ− transition τ0(b1 Σ+)=100 ms, which is in excellent agreement with the independent theoretical determination τ0(b 1Σ+)=97 ms of Marian and Klotz, is significantly longer than the most recent gas phase measurement τ0(b 1Σ+)=53(+17−13)ms.
On the ab initio determination of higher-order force constants at nonstationary reference geometries
Authors: Allen Wesley D. , Császár Attila G. 
Published: July 2002

Several complementary analyses have been performed in an investigation of the use of reference geometric structures which are not stationary at a given level of theory in the prediction of improved equilibrium anharmonic molecular force fields. Diatomic paradigms for the procedure were established by constructing empirical potential energy functions for the nitrogen and fluorine molecules which not only reproduce the available Rydberg–Klein–Rees data but also provide reliable derivatives through fourth order for ranges of 0.4 Å or greater around the equilibrium bond distance. For comparison, analogous curves were determined at the double-ζ plus polarization (DZP) restricted Hartree–Fock (RHF) level of theory, and the quartic force fields for N2 and F2 were also obtained at the experimental re structures using a (8s5p3d2f1g) basis set and the coupled-cluster singles and doubles method augmented by a perturbative contribution from connected triple excitations [CCSD(T)].
The results substantiate the ability of RHF theory to predict correlation-quality, higher-order force constants if an accurate reference geometry from experiment or a higher level of theory is employed. The theoretical foundations of this technique as applied to polyatomic molecular systems have been systematically explored. Mechanisms were analyzed which address the nonzero force dilemma by using various choices of internal coordinates to shift the equilibrium point of theoretical potential energy surfaces. Examples are presented in which the variations in predicted spectroscopic constants arising from different shift coordinate sets are non-negligible. A Cartesian projection scheme for higher-order force fields was developed and implemented to avert internal-coordinate dependences; formulas for higher-order projection matrices and higher-order derivatives of the external variables of a molecular system were concurrently derived. A formalism for the transformation of force fields between internal and Cartesian representations was also constructed which is applicable to arbitrary order. In addition to N2 and F2, case studies were performed on the F2O and N2O molecules, for which electron correlation effects are of unusual importance. Quartic force fields are reported for F2O and N2O at the DZP and TZ(2d1f) CCSD(T) levels of theory, respectively, which provide the best data sets currently available and facilitate the assessment of experimental force constants. The CCSD(T) results are reproduced remarkably well by RHF predictions at the experimental equilibrium structures of these molecules but not at the corresponding RHF optimum geometries. Finally, practical recommendations are made for predictions of higher-order force constants at nonstationary points.
A classification of all 𝐷 such that {𝐼𝑛𝑡}(𝐷) is a Prüfer domain
Authors: Loper K. 
Published: July 2002

Let

D
D

be an integral domain with quotient field

K
K

. The ring of integer-valued polynomials

I
n
t

(
D
)

\mathrm {Int}(D)

over

D
D

is defined by

I
n
t

(
D
)
=
{
f
(
x
)
∈
K
[
x
]
∣
f
(
D
)
⊆
D
}

\mathrm {Int}(D) = \{f(x) \in K[x] \mid f(D) \subseteq D\}

. It is known that if

I
n
t

(
D
)

\mathrm {Int}(D)

is a Prüfer domain, then

D
D

is an almost Dedekind domain with all residue fields finite. This condition is necessary and sufficient if

D
D

is Noetherian, but has been shown to not be sufficient if

D
D

is not Noetherian. Several authors have come close to a complete characterization by imposing bounds on orders of residue fields of

D
D

and on normalized values of particular elements of

D
D

. In this note we give a double-boundedness condition which provides a complete charaterization of all integral domains

D
D

such that

I
n
t

(
D
)

\mathrm {Int}(D)

is a Prüfer domain.
Mocca: semi-automatic method for domain hunting
Authors: Notredame Cédric 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: Multiple OCCurrences Analysis (Mocca) is a new method for repeat extraction. It is based on the T-Coffee package (Notredame et al. , JMB , 302, 205–217, 2000). Given a sequence or a set of sequences, and a library of local alignments, Mocca extracts every segment of sequence homologous to a pre-specified master. The implementation is meant for domain hunting and makes it fast and easy to test for new boundaries or extend known repeats in an interactive manner. Mocca is designed to deal with highly divergent protein repeats (less than 30% amino acid identity) of more than 30 amino acids.
Availability: Mocca is available on request (cedric.notredame@europe.com). The software is free of charge and comes with complete documentation.