bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consequences: Social Development
Authors: Miller Scott A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Consequences of theory of mind are not limited to the cognitive domain. The present chapter discusses a range of social outcomes for which theory of mind, again including advanced theory of mind, has been shown to be a contributor. Relatively good theory of mind is associated with a number of positive social outcomes, including prosocial behavior, positive relations with peers, cooperation, moral reasoning, and moral emotions. Conversely, relatively poor theory of mind is a predictor of negative outcomes, the most often studied of which is aggression. There is also intriguing evidence that theory-of-mind skills may sometimes be used for negative purposes; bullying is one proposed example, and Machiavellian traits are another.
Aging
Authors: Miller Scott A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Possible declines in cognitive functioning as people age have long been a topic of the basic aging literature. In recent years theory of mind has assumed a prominent role in such research. As with cognition in general, declines in theory of mind are by no means inevitable as people age. They are fairly common, however, and they become both more likely and more pronounced with increased age. Declines are especially likely for the developments considered throughout this book: namely advanced forms of theory of mind. Although such problems are by no means limited to cases of dementia, they are especially severe in such cases, and Alzheimer’s disease is discussed as an example. The chapter concludes with a return to the topic of neuroimaging, in this case with a focus on changes in brain anatomy and brain functioning as people age.
Clinical Conditions
Authors: Miller Scott A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The study of theory of mind in clinical conditions can provide two important kinds of information. One kind is information about the condition itself and possible forms of treatment or prevention. The other is about theory of mind. This chapter discusses what is known about theory of mind in five clinical syndromes: autism spectrum disorder (by far the most thoroughly studied condition), deafness, specific language impairment, depression, and schizophrenia. In each instance, theory of mind is impaired, often severely so, and in each instance impaired theory of mind is a contributor to the adjustment and behavioral problems that accompany the disorder. The chapter concludes, as did the preceding one, with studies of brain structure and brain functioning, in this case with respect to two of the conditions discussed earlier in the chapter: autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia.
Setting the Stage for the Second Symphony
Authors: Bernstein Lawrence F. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes Mahler’s early biography, concentrating on his musical activities in Leipzig in 1888 and on his earlier studies at the Conservatory and University of Vienna. The impact upon him of the reading circles in Vienna of which he was a member and of his intellectual bond with Sigfried Lipiner is explored. Several early works are discussed—the A Minor Piano Quartet, Das klagende Lied, and the First Symphony—characterizing the emergence of his musical style and of his transformative ideas about what he called the New Symphony. The conservative side of Mahler’s musical training at the Vienna conservatory is contrasted to the influence on him of the music of composers like Anton Bruckner and Richard Wagner. Adam Mickiewicz’s dramatic poem about mourning rituals, Dziady (entitled Todtenfeier in Lipiner’s German translation), is discussed in anticipation of linking it to the music of the first movement in subsequent chapters.
Multiple Sources of the Social Investment Perspective
Authors: Jenson Jane , Mahon Rianne 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
From the mid-1990s, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Bank played key roles in the development, diffusion, and evolution of social investment perspectives. While hewing to a common core, these knowledge organizations’ differing interpretations of social investment reflected in large part their organizational mandates and different starting points of problem definition. As evidence accumulated that their economistic paradigms promoted in the 1980s were failing to achieve their announced goals, both promoted the policy instruments of social investment, especially early interventions for children. After the 2008 financial crisis and as evidence of mounting economic inequalities accumulated, analysts within both organizations promoted an “inclusive growth” approach. This macroeconomic paradigm includes the goal of reducing social inequalities because they hinder growth and contribute to political instability. The OECD and the World Bank repurposed several of the policy instruments from their social investment perspectives as they became advocates for new forms of universality in social interventions.
The Politics of European Union’s Social Investment Initiatives
Authors: Porte Caroline de la , Palier Bruno 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on why and how social investment has developed at the European Union level. The chapter identifies five main sequences in the development of the European social investment strategy. The perspective proposed by the EU institutions started with a focus on labor market participation (hence focusing on the skill mobilization function of social investment) before being broadened in 2000 to a perspective that included skill creation as much as skill mobilization and preservation. It then changed again toward a return to workforce mobilization and experienced a specific “social investment moment” with the Social Investment Package, before being embedded within a broader pillar of social rights. Two main dynamics explain the metamorphoses of the EU’s approach to social investment. First, there is an “internal” dynamic, consisting of internal battles within the European institutions between European “economically oriented” actors and “socially oriented” ones. Second, the changes in emphasis on social investment in the EU over time reflect political priorities in member states. The higher the number of left-leaning governments within the EU, the more inclusive and broad are the proposed social investment perspectives. Conversely, the higher the number of right-leaning governments, the more concentration on stratified and targeted social investment, focused merely on workforce mobilization.
Social Investment and Social Assistance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Barrientos Armando 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Social investment figures prominently in the recent expansion of social assistance in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This is grounded on an understanding that poverty is primarily a consequence of low productive capacity. To be effective, social assistance must be designed to support human development and economic inclusion. Relying on a new data set of social assistance in LMICs, this chapter assesses the social investment orientation of recent social assistance expansion. Classifying programs according to their design enables the development of appropriate measures of social investment globally and across regions. Their analysis throws light on correlates of social investment reforms, their political salience, and the role of legacies and institutions.
Social Investment and Neoliberal Legacies in Latin America
Authors: Huber Evelyne , Dunn Claire , Stephens John D. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that Latin American governments have expanded social investment policies but that one cannot really speak of a turn to social investment and away from the passive welfare state as the need to expand the net of social protection to the large sectors that previously were excluded has remained strong. To the extent that social investment has been adopted, it has been with the aim to create human capital and reduce vast inequality of opportunity. The emphasis has been on education and healthcare, linked to efforts at poverty reduction. The authors analyze the main protagonists of these reforms; the institutional structures that shaped them, particularly policy legacies and presidential partisan control over legislatures; and the power of antagonists of inclusive reforms. In addition to documenting general trends, they provide a number of brief comparative analyses of different reforms.
Developing Virtue in Emerging Adults
Authors: Williams Brian A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that universities should acknowledge their unavoidable role in the moral and social formation of undergraduate students, most of whom are “emerging adults” in the middle of ongoing neurological, psychological, and sociological development. Contemporary emerging adults are delaying entrance into social institutions like marriage, parenthood, career, and home-owning that in earlier eras compelled them to adopt more stable patterns of behavior. The implication is that emerging adults tend to take their moral cues from other emerging adults, and universities are one of the few remaining formative institutions that emerging adults experience. To help students reach full adulthood unencumbered by serious emotional, physical, and moral harm, universities should consider instituting both explicit and implicit practices and programs that assist students in becoming integrated and virtuous moral adults. Otherwise, the university risks becoming complicit in exacerbating and prolonging the suboptimal behaviors to which emerging adults are disposed.
Can Theology Help?
Authors: Biggar Nigel 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Universities have always been motivated by private and public purposes, as well as the sheer amor scientiae. Their public raison d’être should include the explicit formation of students in intellectual virtues, which have broader civic application. This is because the civic costs of not cultivating these virtues are very high, and because academics do in fact promote virtues (or vices) in the classroom, even if they tend to be morally tongue-tied about owning up to it. Universities need to overcome their moral reticence and become self-conscious about their role in virtue formation so as to make it less haphazard and more available for critical reflection and development. Christian theology, where virtue-talk is perfectly at home, can make a valuable contribution by giving stronger voice to the unacknowledged moral formation already underway in colleges and universities and offering resources for the critical reflection that might improve present practice.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the life of John Leland (1754–1841), the colorful Baptist preacher and political agitator of early America. Though most famous for delivering a “mammoth cheese” to Thomas Jefferson’s White House, Leland is well worth remembering for other reasons, too: he was a tireless Baptist itinerant and religious freedom advocate, an antislavery spokesman in colonial Virginia, an ardent promoter of religious individualism in the Baptist church, and an influential party whip for the Jeffersonian Democrats. He leveraged his influence with Baptist voters to convince James Madison to include a bill of rights in the Constitution. Over the course of his remarkably long public life, Leland witnessed, participated in, and contributed to vast changes in American culture.
“High-Flying, Separate New Light”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores John Leland’s earliest years, from his birth to the beginning of his preaching career at the age of twenty, and his development as a religious individualist. Leland grew up in a day of religious tumult in Grafton, Massachusetts—a New England community still experiencing the after-tremors of George Whitefield’s Great Awakening revivals. As a boy, Leland gravitated to the radical revivalistic faith of his mother, a Separate Congregationalist. He questioned traditional religious authorities, insisting on the right to think, and to seek God for himself. Leland’s privatized religious quest led to his personal conversion to evangelical Christianity, his acceptance of the Separate Baptist faith, and his decision to become an itinerant preacher. The rest of Leland’s life would demonstrate a fierce commitment to the religious individualism he learned in his early years.
“I Dare Not Pull Up Stakes”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Second Great Awakening at the beginning of the nineteenth century is associated with the decline of the Calvinistic theology that had traditionally held sway in American religion. For many reasons, the old doctrines of divine determinism and human inability seemed at odds with the popular religious mood in early America, and many of the era’s most successful preachers either openly scorned Calvinistic theology or modified it in significant ways. As one of the era’s most popular revivalists, John Leland is often associated with the rejection of Calvinism, or at least with a growing indifference about doctrinal specificity common among populist communicators. This chapter demonstrates that Leland was in fact very engaged with the theological discussions of his day, and defended a popular version of traditional five-point Calvinism in his writing and preaching, indicating the persistent appeal of Calvinism among many ordinary people in early America.
“Consistent with the Principles of Good Policy”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
John Leland’s long public life involved a long journey with slavery. He was a leading antislavery voice among white Virginians in the 1780s, and his powerful statements from this era have commonly earned him the reputation as an early abolitionist. Yet a closer look at his words then, as well as the trajectory of his remaining five decades in the public eye, reveal a more complex story. Like many white Baptists at the dawn of the nineteenth century, Leland was antislavery, but not an abolitionist. He held instead to a “conditional termination” of slavery, like his hero Thomas Jefferson. He advocated for emancipation in theory, but at an unspecified future date, when conditions were more favorable. As Leland identified more closely with the Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democratic parties, he further muted his antislavery speech, emphasizing instead the individual rights and responsibilities of slave owners.
The Legacy of Medieval Credulitas
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief account of the theological and juridical meaning of credulitas through the Middle Ages and up to the early modern times. It starts with an examination of the nature and implications of the Augustinian-Thomist theological notion of credulitas. Contrary to the Roman pagan authors, for whom this word meant “credulity,” Augustine and Aquinas understood credulitas as our natural capability to believe, and therefore as a faculty that, if used properly, allows us to form fundamental and necessary bonds of trust with each other as well as with God. This chapter also puts this theological tradition in conversation with medieval jurisprudence and canon law, showing how premodern jurists thought about the meaning and legal implications of credibility and belief as opposed to knowledge.
Credibility, Faith, and Obedience
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Emphasizing credibility brought a measure of confusion concerning the relationship between knowledge and faith; in turn, this caused tensions between theological and epistemological authority. This chapter investigates how these tensions manifested in the debate over the immortality of the soul. In the seventeenth century, this debate did not concern whether or not the soul was mortal, but rather the epistemological nature of the belief in the immortality of the soul. Should early modern people believe that the soul is immortal solely as a consequence of having embraced the Catholic faith, or must they also find the immortality of the soul to be philosophically reasonable and credible? This chapter explores the debate over these questions and shows the difficulties that Catholic theologians faced when trying to find an equilibrium between credibility and truth.
Managing the Flock
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
To examine the wider and deeper role that credibility plasyed in early modern Catholicism, this chapter presents a selection of case studies that show the kinds of problems that the Roman Inquisitors had to deal with when the Catholic flock used credibility too much. This chapter tells the story of the interactions between the Roman Inquisitors and several Catholic laymen and clergymen who, in their attempt to use their reason to validate the credibility of religious dogmas, became prey to all sorts of doubts and anxieties concerning the limits of reason, the role of the intellect in the process of embracing faith, and the extent to which Catholic doctrine had to be credible in order to be believed.
Economic Transition in the Workplace
Authors: Rothstein Sidney A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces how workers were able to mobilize against layoffs at an IBM facility in Burlington, Vermont, because they recoded management’s discourse. The chapter shows how digital transformation unfolds in the workplace through shifts in management’s discursive techniques for control. While executives attempted to establish market fundamentalism as hegemonic at IBM, managers at Burlington clung to the normative discourse that had defined the firm for decades. Workers recoded management’s normative discourse to demonstrate that collective action could be effective in protecting their jobs, which motivated a broad swath of workers to pursue a collective legal case against IBM. The chapter illustrates that, despite the ascendance of market fundamentalism, workplaces are always characterized by multiple discourses, providing organizers an opportunity to develop counterhegemonic tactics and build worker power.
Market Power Is Not Enough
Authors: Rothstein Sidney A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 shows that building worker power requires discursive creativity. Workers at IBM San Jose, in the heart of Silicon Valley, possessed considerable market power, but this was not sufficient to protect them against layoffs. Moreover, while workers at IBM San Jose had access to the same resources as workers at IBM Burlington, they did not mobilize. Just like at Burlington, multiple discourses remained relevant at San Jose, but organizers failed to engage them. As a result, organizers did not develop the counterhegemonic tactics necessary for collective action, and their framing of layoffs did not resonate with workers. Instead, workers clung to management’s discourse of market fundamentalism and their justification that job cuts were an unavoidable response to market challenges. Believing that mobilizing would do nothing to save their jobs, workers chose to acquiesce.
The Greek War of Independence
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the conditions leading to the emergence of Greek nationalism. Emphasis is given to the change of the political conditions in the Ottoman Empire and in Europe after the seventeenth century, leading to power shifts among Christian Orthodox, to the emergence of Greek diaspora communities in non-Ottoman Europe as well as of an economically robust new entrepreneurial class. Both the Greek diaspora and the new entrepreneurial class supported the Greek education and contributed to the advancement of a “Hellenic self-consciousness” among many Christian Orthodox in the Ottoman Empire and abroad who sought political emancipation from the Ottoman Empire. The chapter analyzes the connection between the rise of Greek nationalism and outbreak of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1832). It discusses the beginning, the evolution, the international dimension, shifting political and military loyalties by the fighting sides and the outcome of the war. The chapter also examines atrocities committed by the Ottomans against the rebels as well as by Greek insurgents against Muslims and Jews living in the rebellious areas. Finally, the chapter explores the close relationship between Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Greek nationalism, as well as the role of Christian Orthodoxy as a mobilizing factor against the Ottomans among the Christian Orthodox during the war. The war paved the way for Orthodox Christianity to become the dominant religion, legally, of the newly established Kingdom of Hellas in 1832, which in itself reset the living conditions for Orthodox and non-Orthodox Christians, leading many Muslims and Jews to embrace Orthodox Christianity.
Neophytes in the Kingdom of Hellas
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the economic and social profile as well as the legal, economic, and social status of converts in the Kingdom of Hellas during the Regency (1832–1835) and the reign of King Otto (1835–1862). The chapter explores the Regency’s and King Otto’s policies toward the converts. It also discusses gender aspects of conversion: why the overwhelming majority of Muslim converts were women, and the correlation of conversions to Orthodox Christianity with incidents of abduction of Muslim women by Orthodox Christian men, who intended to marry them by force and increase their assets by controlling the properties of their neophyte spouses, or by getting generous dowries from their spouses’ (Muslim) families. This and the previous chapter are mostly narrative and expository, and the analysis for both follows in the conclusion at the end of the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The conclusion draws on the analysis in previous chapters, mainly Chapters 3 and 4, to address some theoretical questions about religious conversions and nation-building in Modern Greece. It argues that in Modern Greece of the nineteenth century religious conversions, including Muslim conversions, to Christian Orthodoxy were often a ticket to Greek national identity. By converting to Orthodox Christianity the converts often aspired to become Hellenes (i.e., Greek nationals). In so doing, Greece and the age of nationalism that Greece introduced in the Balkans set a pattern for religious conversions, including Muslim conversions to Christianity, in the region: Muslim converts often aspired to become nationals of the post-Ottoman country in which they lived. The conclusion also argues that Muslim conversion to Christian Orthodoxy was often facilitated by the weakness or lack of Ottoman institutions and the political, economic and social fluidity or havoc of the nineteenth century. It also discusses the reliability or lack thereof of Greek official documents concerning the conditions under which these conversions took place. What do these documents suppress, and what can be read between their lines, especially concerning neophyte child and adult slavery, molestation, sexual slavery, and concubinage?
The Four Ages of American Foreign Policy
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In the 250 years between 1765 and 2015 American foreign policy passed through four stages, each defined by the extent of American power. From 1765 to 1865 the United States was a weak power; from 1865 to 1945 a great power; from 1945 to 1990 a superpower; and from 1990 to 2015 the world’s hyperpower. Throughout each period, American foreign policy had three characteristic features: it was unusually ideological, seeking to promote the nation’s values abroad; it had a strong economic component, using trade and investment as instruments to try to achieve foreign policy goals; and it was distinctively democratic, with American society as a whole and particular groups within that society having a greater influence over the nation’s foreign policy than was the case in other countries.