bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Morphology of Pistillate Flower Differentiation in Pecan
Authors: Wetzstein Hazel Y. , Sparks Darrell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Differentiation and development of the pistillate flower in pecan, [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Floral differentiation did not occur until growth resumed in the spring, when the outer bud scales were shed and buds were swollen, but before the inner bud scale was broken. Subsequent floral and inflorescence development were correlated highly with stages of bud and early leaf development. The organogenesis of the pistillate flower was described from inception to the stage of visible inflorescence.
Effects of Rootstock and Soil Type on Pratylenchus penetrans Populations in Apple Feeder Roots
Authors: Costante J. F. , Mai W. F. , Klein R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sixteen nonbearing new and replanted ‘McIntosh’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards were surveyed in August of 1983. Rootstock and soil type influenced the number of nematodes [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb 1917) Sher and Allen] found in feeder roots of the 12 two-year-old orchards (P = 0.007). Mailing Merton (MM) 111 roots in clay had fewer P. penetrans (12.4/g) than MM 106 roots in clay (42.2/g) or roots of MM 111 in loam (93.2/g). Nematode populations in feeder roots increased with soil depth down to 24 cm. P. penetrans populations were not influenced by soil pH, organic matter, drainage, root conditions, tree vigor, herbicide management, or replant status.
Effects of Calcium, Daminozide, and Fruit Maturity on Canned ‘Bing’ Sweet Cherry Quality
Authors: Drake S. R. , Proebsting E. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cherries pitted prior to canning or treated with daminozide had lower drained weights, more total anthocyanin, more turbid syrup, darker Agtron red values, and were softer than nonpitted or nontreated cherries. USDA color grade was higher, but USDA character grade was reduced when cherries were pitted or treated with daminozide. CaCl2 applied as either a 3% dip prior to pitting or as a 1% addition to the syrup increased the firmness, decreased the turbidity of the syrup of pitted and nonpitted cherries, and reduced the number of split fruit in nonpitted cherries. CaCl2 improved the USDA character grade of pitted and nonpitted cherries, and daminozide-treated cherries. Delaying harvest by 8 days reduced drained weight losses, increased total anthocyanin content, pH and soluble solids, and resulted in a darker red canned cherry as measured by the Agtron. CaCl2 compensated for the reduced USDA scores for character caused by pitting or daminozide, increasing character to equal that of nonpitted or nontreated, respectively. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (Daminozide).
Chilling Accumulation and Rest of Sour Cherry Flower Buds
Authors: Felker Frederick C. , Robitaille Henry A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response of ‘Montmorency’ sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) flower buds to controlled chilling was determined using both cut shoots and intact trees. Chilling hours accumulated quantitatively when shoots were held at 5°C. Heat unit accumulation also occurred at 5°, whereas at 15° chilling was either nullified or buds accumulated sufficient heat units to break, depending on how many chilling hours were accumulated previously. Chilling nullification at 15° was reversible, as chilling could be reaccumulated at 5°. A daily cycle of 5°/15° for 16/8 hr, respectively, chilled buds as efficiently as did continuous 5° for the same number of total hours. Buds on entire trees in pots, and on shoots cut from the orchard immediately before forcing, responded identically to buds on control-chilled cut shoots. Differences in bud response to controlled chilling with collection date suggested that bud maturation, chilling, and heat unit accumulation overlap. Gibberellic acid was the only chemical among various putative rest-breaking agents tested that accelerated break of partially chilled buds.
Rescuing Abortive Impatiens Hybrids through Aseptic Culture of Ovules
Authors: Arisumi Toru 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Aseptic culture of ovules resulted in the germination and development of abortive hybrids in 38 of 66 interspecific crosses among Impatiens. In some crosses, 6- to 11-day-old ovules had significantly higher percentages of germination than 3- to 5-day-old ovules. An average of 19.9% of the germinated seedlings was rescued, and the rest were lost through abnormal development in vitro. About 90% of the abnormal seedlings developed into hard, callus-like masses of varying sizes and shapes, and the rest developed into imperfect seedlings without roots or shoots, albinos, and soft calli. Seedlings were rescued in 25 crosses, and in 13 crosses none of the germinated seedlings was rescued. The 25 rescued progenies were derived from 8 crosses among African species, 1 among Indian species, 4 between African and Indian species, and 12 between African and New Guinea-Indonesian species. All but 2 of the progenies are new and are being reported for the 1st time. The hybrids were usually distinct and easily identified by inspection of leaves and flowers. All were sterile.
Influence of Cultivar and Flower Thinning within the Inflorescence on Competition among Olive Fruit
Authors: Rallo L. , Fernández-Escobar R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Experiments with heavily-flowering olive trees showed only one period of abscission of flowers and fruit in the 5-6 weeks following full bloom. This abscission of flowers and fruit is responsible for the small percentage of fruit retained to maturity. Most of the fruit drop was concomitant with initial fruit growth for all cultivars. There were no differences in the number of fruit per inflorescence among cultivars, but the percentage of inflorescences with fruit at harvest was related negatively to final fruit size for each cultivar. Thinning of perfect flowers within the inflorescence did not affect fruit set at the inflorescence level; thus, the inflorescence behaved as a unit of fruitfulness. Competition among fruits played a significant role in fruit set. Initial setting induced by pollination and fertilization is counteracted early by fruit abscission originated by competition among fruit. In light of this early abscission, the use of fruit set to indicate response to pollination in previous experiments is questioned.
Production and Economic Returns of Vegetable Intercropping Systems
Authors: Brown James E. , Splittstoesser Walter E. , Gerber John M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cropping systems were compared among vegetable crops which are commonly grown for profit on a 5–10 ha farm. Tomato [Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) ‘Jet Star’], cabbage [Brassica oleracea (L.) var. capitata ‘Sunup’], collards [Brassica oleracea (L.) var. acephala ‘Vates’], and muskmelon [Cucumis melo (L.) ‘Gold Star’] were monocropped; cabbage was intercropped with tomatoes; and collards were intercropped with muskmelon. Crop yield, production cost, and economic returns of the intercrop system were comparable to those of the crops produced alone.
Relationship among Ventilation of Citrus Storage Room, Internal Fruit Atmosphere, and Fruit Quality
Authors: Waks J. , Chalutz E. , Schiffmann-Nadel Mina , Lomeniec Ella 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in air composition of the citrus storage atmosphere and of the internal atmosphere of the fruit as affected by the ventilation rate were studied using 1 grapefruit and 2 orange cultivars. These changes were examined in relation to fruit weight loss, ethanol content of the juice, and rot development during storage periods of up to 5 months. Rates of ventilation affected the CO2 concentrations more than the O2 levels of both the external and internal atmospheres of the fruit. In small-scale tests, ventilation rates as low as 10%·hr−1 of the empty volume of the storage space did not cause major changes in the gas composition, nor did they effect fruit quality adversely. In commercial tests, however, an increased rate of ventilation (70% to 100%·hr−1) was needed to reach similar results. On the basis of this information we recommend reducing the ventilation rate in commercial citrus storage rooms from 150% or 200%·hr−1, the rate now commonly employed, to 100%·hr−1. This reduced ventilation rate will help lower costs of refrigeration, while maintaining good fruit quality.
Production and Economic Returns of Three Vegetable Double-cropping Systems
Authors: Brown James E. , Splittstoesser Walter E. , Gerber John M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Double-cropping systems were compared to the same vegetable monocropped. Snap beans [Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) ‘Bush Blue Lake’], sweet corn [Zea mays (L.) ‘Sundance’], cauliflower [Brassica oleracea (L.), Botrytis group, ‘Snow Crown’], summer squash [Cucurbita pepo (L.) ‘Zucchini Elite’], and broccoli [Brassica oleracea (L.), Italica group, ‘Green Comet’] were used. The double-crop systems used were spring snap bean and fall cauliflower, summer squash and fall broccoli, and spring sweet corn and fall snap beans. The monocrop system was used as a control for the double-crop systems. The greatest net returns were: 1) squash monocropped or squash/broccoli double-cropped, 2) squash double-cropped, 3) cauliflower or cauliflower/snap bean double-cropped, and 4) broccoli or cauliflower or snap beans monocropped. Fall snap beans provided the least economic return. The double-cropping system allows an option of crop production with a potential increase in yield and economic returns using half the amount of land per year required for either crop grown in monoculture. In addition, these systems reduce the risk of economic failure during a year of low-market demand for either crop grown alone.
Effect of Ethephon, Gibberellic Acid, and Maleic Hydrazide on Vegetative Growth, Flowering, and Fruiting of Cucurbitaceous Crops
Authors: Arora S.K. , Pandita M.L. , Partap P.S. , Sidhu A.S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A study on the effect of ethephon, GA3, MH, and NAA on vegetative growth, flowering, and yield of bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standi.], round melon (Citrullus vulgaris ‘Fistulosus’), sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica Roem.), summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb. Matsum & Nakai) was conducted from 1979–1982. Maleic hydrazide applied at 150 mg/liter to bottle gourd and at 50 mg/liter to round melon, ethephon at 100 mg/liter to sponge gourd and at 250 mg/liter to summer squash, and GA3 at 25 mg/liter to watermelon were most effective in stimulating the elongation of main stem (except in summer squash), increasing branches per plant, lowering the male : female flower ratio, setting additional fruit, and producing highest fruit yield as compared to the untreated control. Chemical names used. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); gibberellic acid (GA3); 1, 2-dihydro-3, 6-pyridazinedione (MH); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Simplified Method for Rooting Apple Cultivars in Vitro
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H. , Fordham Ingrid 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The article “Simplified Method for Rooting Apple Cultivars in Vitro” by Richard H. Zimmerman and Ingrid Fordham [J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110(1):34–38. 1985.] contained errors within Table 3. The corrected table appears below. Tables 4, 5, and 6 also are being reprinted because the previously published format was difficult to read.
Weed Control Systems for Fresh Market Tomato Production on Small Farms
Authors: Teasdale John R. , Colacicco Daniel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The efficacy and economics of several weed control systems for fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Pik Red’) production were compared in a 3-year field experiment. Nearly perfect weed control for 7 weeks after transplanting was required to achieve maximum yields. The increased profits associated with maximum yields more than compensated for the additional costs required to achieve optimal weed control. Under Maryland conditions, black polyethylene mulch in combination with a pretransplant incorporated application of napropamide plus pebulate and a posttransplant directed application of paraquat plus metribuzin provided the most consistent weed control and highest profit. Other profitable treatments included black polyethylene mulch in combination with other posttransplant herbicides, or with cultivation and handweeding. Treatments without black polyethylene, including a pretransplant incorporated application of napropamide plus pebulate followed by a postransplant application of metribuzin and/or cultivation, provided good weed control but did not result in yields or profits as high as those treatments with black polyethylene in 2 out of 3 years.
Effect of Level and Duration of High Temperatures on Rest in the Peach
Authors: Couvillon Gary A. , Erez A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rooted ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cuttings were exposed to diurnal temperature cycles. A severe reduction in lateral vegetative bud break was found in plants refrigerated at 4°C and given 8 hr daily exposure to 19° (±0.1°). Nearly complete chilling negation occurred in plants exposed to diurnal cycles including 8 hr of 20° or 21°. Also, effect decreased with increased time (0 to 8 hr per day) of exposure to 24°. Buds on plants exposed to cycles including 20° for 2 and 4 hr showed no chilling negation, but gradual increases in chilling negation occurred with longer exposures to 20°. ‘Harvester’ peach plants were exposed to 2, 7, or 12 days of 23° following the accumulation of one-fourth, one-half, or three-fourths of the chilling requirement. Chilling negation occurred only with the 12-day exposure to 23° when high temperatures were applied following the accumulation of one-fourth and one-half of the chilling requirement. No chilling negation was found after 12 days’ exposure to 23° if three-fourths of the chilling requirement had accumulated before exposure.
High Temperature Effects on CO2 Gas Exchange in Heat-tolerant and Sensitive Tomatoes
Authors: Bar-Tsur A. , Rudich J. , Bravdo B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of temperature on CO2 fixation was studied in 2 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars; the heat-sensitive “Roma VF” and the heat-tolerant “Saladette". A decrease in apparent photosynthesis was found in both cultivars after plant exposure for various lengths of time to temperatures of 35° to 40°C. An increase in temperature also increased transpiration and raised the CO2 compensation point. The decrease in photosynthesis after a short exposure to high temperature was due to an increase in mesophyll resistance and, to a lesser extent, to an increase in stomatal resistance to CO2 diffusion. Saladette was less affected by high temperature and had a slightly greater photosynthetic capacity than the heat-sensitive Roma VF, after pretreatment at high temperature.
Quality Measurements of Carnation Treatment Solutions in Relation to Flower Silver Distribution and Longevity
Authors: Gorin N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Quality Measurements of Carnation Treatment Solutions in Relation to Flower Silver Distribution and Longevity,” by N. Gorin et al. [Journal 110(1): 117–123. 1985], the following corrections should be noted:

Page 118. Left column, line 34, 55° should read 550°.
Page 122. Left column, 3rd part of first formula. Exponent in denominator should read 10.84 not 104.
Page 122. Left column, equation 5. et should be ct.
Page 123. Left column, line 5. The word (black) should appear below Ag2S ↓.
Table 1. The symbol before 0.93 in the left column should be > instead of <,
Table 3. The last line under the table footnotes should include three dashes (– – –), not one dash (–).
Table 4. Under the column byKI, the symbol > should appear before 0.93 with Commercial C-fresh and Commercial F.
Effects of Production Systems, Plant Populations, and Harvest Dates on Yield and Quality of Machine-harvested Strawberries
Authors: Morris J. R. , Sims C. A. , Cawthon D. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A study was designed to examine the effects of production systems (i.e., standard bed, wide bed, and black plastic bed), a high and low plant population, and 3 harvest dates on the machine-harvested yield and quality of 2 strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) clones. ‘Cardinal’ produced higher yields than A-5344, but had poorer quality. The wide-bed production system produced higher yields than the other production systems and had no adverse effects on quality. ‘Cardinal’ had optimum yield when produced under a low plant population, while A-5344 had optimum yield under a high plant population. Fruit quality was maintained throughout the 5- to 7-day harvest season each year.
F1 Hybrids Obtained through the Regulation of Polyembryony by Continuous Gamma Irradiation in Citrus unshiu Cultivars
Authors: Watanabe Hiroshi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Continuous gamma irradiation was applied to the polyembryonic unifoliolate Citrus unshiu ‘Miyagawa-wase’ (Miyagawa Early), during polyembryogenesis. The number of embryos was reduced markedly in response to the irradiation dosage; however, the fertilized embryo in each seed was seldom inhibited by the irradiation treatment. Based on these results, potted young trees of 2 C. unshiu ‘Miyagawawase’ and ‘Sugiyama’ hand-pollinated with Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., were placed in a gamma field (the Institute of Radiation Breeding, 60Co source) and exposed to gamma-rays at the rates of 200, 300, or 400R per day for 32 or 55 days. Seeds from irradiated fruit were sown, and leaf shape of seedlings was examined. A high percentage (85.7% to 100%) of seedlings with the trifoliolate leaf character of Poncirus, indicating they were from gametic embryos, resulted from the exposure of 200 and 300R/day for 32 days.
Structure and in Vitro Germination of the Pollen of Pecan
Authors: Wetzstein Hazel Y. , Sparks Darrell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The morphology of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh C. Koch)] pollen from 4 cultivars was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Pollen was triporate, paraisopolar and suboblate, with a tectate and microechinate surface. The exine was thickened around pores. Pollen from the 4 cultivars was indistinguishable. Pollen germinated in vitro after 1 hr. Pollen tubes grew from 1 or 2 pores, with one germ tube becoming dominant. Pollen germination decreased dramatically after anther dehiscence. Less than 1% of the pollen germinated 5 days after collection.
Pollen Staining and High-temperature Tolerance of Bean
Authors: Weaver M. L. , Timm H. , Silbernagel M. J. , Burke D. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Viability of pollen grains of isogenic sibling bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) selections of known tolerance of sensitivity to high temperatures (HT), as previously determined by pod retention and seed yield, was compared to that of a common parent bean selection and a cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultivar. Exposure of newly opened flowers to temperatures of 35° or 41°C reduced the viability of pollen grains in all bean selections. Pollen of all sibling selections was less affected by HT than pollen of their common parent suggesting transgressive segregation of factors for HT tolerance. At 41°, most pollen grains were destroyed in the parent bean selection and the 2 HT-sensitive siblings, whereas 44% to 55% of the pollen grains appeared to be viable in the 2 HT-tolerant siblings. Pollen viability of the HT-tolerant cowpea cultivar was not reduced by temperatures to 41°. Pollen staining indicated an interrelationship between pollen viability and tolerance to HT stress among the bean selections. The technique described has the potential for rapid selection of HT-tolerant genotypes in hybrid populations.
Translocation and Metabolism of Cytokinin in Cut Carnations
Authors: Kelly John W. , Staby George L. , Chism Grady W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When silver thiosulfate (STS), an antiethylene agent, was used prior to a preservative holding solution for carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), there was no benefit in using the cytokinin benzyladenine (BA). If no STS or preservative was used, BA extended longevity. Most of the BA applied to the cut carnation remained localized in stem tissue. Stem, petal, gynoecium, and leaf tissue all metabolized BA. The applied BA levels increased in the gynoecium during carnation senescence, but STS prevented this increase. It is likely that STS altered the source:sink relationship between petals and gynoecium, since movement of cytokinin into the gynoecium corresponded to increased gynoecium fresh weight.
Mite Responses and Trichome Characters in a Full-Sib F2 Family of Lycopersicon esculentum × L. hirsutum
Authors: Carter Catherine D. , Snyder John C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A full-sib family of F2 individuals from a cross between mite-susceptible Lycopersicon esculentum Mill and mite-resistant Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb and Bonpl. was assayed for trichome characters and resistance to spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Mite responses primarily were associated with density of the Type IV trichome and, to a much less degree, with the leaflet surface bioassayed and phenol content of the Type VI trichome tip. Mite survival on F2 hybrids with at least 5.6 Type IV trichomes per mm2 was comparable to that on L. hirsutum.
Influence of Light Duration and Irradiance on Micropropagation of a Hardy Deciduous Azalea
Authors: Economou Athanasios S. , Read Paul E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoots harvested from the first and 2nd reculture of azalea (Rhododendron sp.) accession 800374 shoot tip cultures grown under 16 hr photoperiod from cool-white fluorescent light were taller and achieved higher quality ratings than shoots from 24 hr daily photoperiod. The number of shoots produced during the first reculture was the same for both 16 and 24 hr photoperiod, whereas significantly more shoots were harvested from cultures grown under 16 hr in the 2nd reculture. Similarly, 24 hr light inhibited elongation of shoots and decreased quality rating from in vitro-derived shoot cultures without any effect on the number of shoots per culture. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 30 and 75 μmol s−1m−2 (400–700 nm) increased number, length, and quality rating of shoots harvested from in vitro-derived shoot explants when compared to a 10 μmol s−1m−2 PPFD. However, recultured in vitro-derived shoot explants produced similar number and length of shoots under 10, 30, and 75 μmol s-1m-2, whereas the quality rating was reduced in cultures under 75 μmol s−1m−2. The highest percentage of rooting occurred in microcuttings harvested from cultures grown under 10 and the lowest under 75 μmol s−1m−2. Increasing the PPFD from 10 to 75 μmol s−1m−2 reduced shoot length and quality rating of rooted microcuttings, as well as root length and quality rating.
Comparison of Three Methods for Determining the Floral or Vegetative Status of Strawberry Plants
Authors: Durner Edward F. , Poling E. Barclay 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Comparison of Three Methods for Determining the Floral or Vegetative Status of Strawberry Plants” by Edward F. Dumer and E. Barclay Poling [Journal 110(6):808–811, Nov. 1985], the Fig. 2 caption was incorrect. The correct caption should read: Representative central longitudinal section of A. Questionable meristem (bar = 10 μ), B. Vegetative apex (bar = 10 μ), and C. Reproductive meristems (bar = 20 μ).