bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use and Abuse of the Trolley Problem: Self-Driving Cars, Medical Treatments, and the Distribution of Harm
Authors: Kamm F.M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief overview of what are standard trolley problem cases. Next, it points out that many cases that are presented as trolley problem cases in the artificial intelligence ethics literature in fact raise moral issues distinctive from the issues raised by the standard trolley problem cases. This chapter then critically examines some discussions that seek to apply the Trolley Problem to choices involved in self-driving cars, the use of e-cigarettes, and mammography. The final section considers conceptual and moral issues involved in the production and use of self-driving cars, such as the role and responsibility of those who program such cars, the liability of pedestrians and drivers to be harmed by such cars, and whether voluntary passengers of self-driving cars are even more liable to be harmed than pedestrians.
Thought Experiments
Authors: Kamm F.M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the use of hypothetical cases (here also described as thought experiments) in the philosophy of art and ethics. The first section of this chapter considers Arthur Danto’s use of a particular thought experiment to support his theory of art and Richard Wollheim’s discussion of it. The second section considers a relevantly similar thought experiment about conceptual issues in ethics. The next section explores how practitioners of moral theory employ thought experiments to determine whether a given act is permissible and whether thought experiments could similarly be used to determine the merits of artworks. In conclusion, this chapter considers Danto’s discussion of the ethics of assassination and torture and how his discussion compares with Wollheim’s views about art.
An Unlucky Ship
Authors: Delgado James P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The story of the U.S. Brig Somers is told, starting with the career of the impulsive officer for whom the brig was named, Richard Somers. Somers’ death in a daring, perhaps foolish mission, and the naval code that honored daring, deadly deeds as well as dueling, set the stage for a ship that will bear a proud but unlucky name. The character and nature of the brig Somers—its size, layout, and how life and service were on board of it, are explained. The chapter then introduces the man who will be Somers’ first captain, Alexander Slidell Mackenzie. His humble origins, his pride and marriage into the naval aristocracy, and a belief system and personality that will clash with Philip Spencer’s, as well as an acute sensitivity to slight and insult, are introduced, as are the circumstances that placed him in command of a ship designed not for war but to train young men in how to become officers and gentlemen as well as well-behaved sailors. A key aspect is in how Mackenzie values the power of words, and how this will ultimately provide his undoing. The stage for the clash between Mackenzie and Spencer is set, and factors inherent in Somers’ design and the makeup of its officers and crew that will help curse the maiden voyage and the ship are revealed.
A Fatal Cruise
Authors: Delgado James P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Somers’ initial, “shakedown” cruise exposed weaknesses in the ship and its crew, but these were overlooked by the navy. After it, Captain Mackenzie dismissed many of his young crew of trainees and brought on board new recruits. He assembled an officer corps drawn from family and friends, except for Philip Spencer, who was sent to join Somers despite the protests of Mackenzie and his officers. Spencer never fit in. The voyage that followed, from New York to Africa, was a difficult one, with Spencer disobeying orders, sharing tobacco and alcohol with the crew, and likely engaging in sexual activities with some, and mocking the captain’s authority. Harsh discipline, with excessive floggings for disobedience, sloppiness, and masturbation, both demonstrated the captain’s inability to be a leader, and the lack of experience and competence of his officers. The petty officers, especially Boatswain’s Mate Samuel Cromwell, were thrust into more responsibility and lacked respect for their officers. In this mix, Spencer began to “plot” or more likely fabricate an imaginary “game” in which he would seize Somers and with a handpicked group of followers, become a pirate. Mackenzie, learning of the “plot,” had Spencer arrested and chained on the deck of the small Somers.
In Defense of Public Debt
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPublic debts have exploded to levels unprecedented in recent history as governments responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. These rising levels of debt prompted apocalyptic warnings about the dangers of heavy debts—about the drag they will place on economic growth and the burden they impose on future generations. This book adds the other side of the equation: drawing on history, the authors provide a defense of public debt. Their account shows that the ability of governments to borrow has played a critical role in meeting emergencies, from wars and pandemics to economic and financial crises, as well as in funding essential public goods and services such as transportation, education, and healthcare. In these ways, the capacity to issue debt has been integral to state building. Transactions in public debt securities have also contributed to developing private financial markets and, through this channel, to economic growth. None of this is to deny that debt problems, debt crises, and debt defaults occur. But these dramatic events, which attract much attention, are not the entire story. In Defense of Public Debt redresses the balance. The book develops its arguments historically, recounting two millennia of public debt experience. It deploys a comprehensive database to identify the factors behind rising public debts and the circumstances under which high debts are successfully reduced. Finally, it brings the story up to date, describing the role of public debt in managing, from 2020 onward, the COVID-19 pandemic and suggesting a way forward once governments, now more heavily indebted than before, finally emerge from the crisis.
Introduction
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis book provides an account of the history of public debt stretching from the Greek and Roman Empires up through the COVID-19 crisis. It shows how public debt, like any potent instrument, can cause lasting damage if misused. But borrowing by the sovereign or state can also have positive repercussions. In a variety of historical settings, public debt issuance has contributed to financial, commercial, and economic development. It has allowed states to meet emergencies, ranging from wars and natural disasters to recessions, financial crises, and pandemics. The history recounted here also shows how states have managed the resulting debt burden, at times successfully, at others not.
States and the Limits of Borrowing
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes how sovereign debt became a well-defined asset class. The story starts with the rise of durable nation-states in Europe, sealed by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Political centralization and stability facilitated more efficient forms of taxation and, as a corollary, more extensive public borrowing. Commerce expanded with elimination of internal tariffs and mercantilist restrictions, further boosting receipts. Financial markets developed, undergirded by negotiable public debt securities eligible as collateral, creating a positive feedback between public finance and economic growth. The process was cemented by institutional reforms that gave creditors political leverage. Royal debt, which depended on the personal credit of the sovereign, was transformed into national debt, while the power to levy and collect taxes was vested in representative assemblies. By the end of the eighteenth century, European states had accumulated debts as large, relative to national income, as many twenty-first-century economies.
The Migration-Development Regime
Authors: Agarwala Rina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
How can we explain global migration from the perspective of sending states and migrants? The Migration-Development Regime introduces a novel analytical framework to answer this question in India, the world’s largest emigrant exporter and largest remittance-receiving country. Drawing on archives, a new database of transnational migrant organizations, and unique interviews with poor and elite emigrants, recruiters, and government officials, this book exposes how the Indian state, as well as poor and elite emigrants, have long forged and legitimized class inequalities within India through their management of international emigration. Since the 1800s, the Indian state has sometimes forbidden and sometimes promoted emigration. And Indian emigrants have sometimes brought material and sometimes ideological inflows to India. But throughout, the Indian state has differentially used poor and elite emigrants to accelerate domestic economic growth and retain political legitimacy by imposing different regulations, acquiring different benefits, and making different pacts with different classes of emigrants. At the same time, poor and elite emigrants since the 1900s have differentially resisted and reshaped Indian emigration practices and development agendas. By taking this long and class-based view, this book recasts contemporary migration not simply as a problematic function of “neoliberalism” or as a development panacea for sending countries, but as a dynamic historical process that sending states and migrants have long tried to manage. In doing so, it redefines the primary problems of migration, exposes the material and ideological impact that migration has on sending-state development, and isolates what is truly novel about contemporary migration.
Poor Emigrant Organizations and Migrant Recruiters
Authors: Agarwala Rina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 analyzes the strategies and demands of poor emigrants’ organizations and migrant recruiters. Poor Indian emigrants have drawn on their structural power as voters and “protectors of the nation’s foreign exchange” to demand from the government the liberalization of emigration, “rights-based” (as opposed to “paternalist”) welfare, increased data, and recognition. But the partisan and cross-class nature of their organizations have deradicalized them, especially compared to domestic labor organizations. This chapter examines how the CEO MDR has ironically undermined private recruiters, a class actor that the CEO MDR legitimized and legalized in the first place. Under the CEO MDR, small and medium-size private recruiters have become bankrupt, shut down, or returned to extralegal business operations, while large private recruitment businesses have prospered.
Elite Emigrant Organizations
Authors: Agarwala Rina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 analyzes the strategies and demands of elite emigrants’ transnational organizations with a focus on the United States. Indian American transnational organizations overwhelmingly embrace, rather than critique, the CEO MDR’s development ideals of privatization, voluntarism, and self-sufficiency. In fact, they helped create the MDR by enthusiastically participating in the national government’s call for their social remittances. To channel these social remittances, Indian Americans have built hundreds of transnational diaspora organizations throughout the United States that promote private education, private philanthropy for poverty alleviation, and private business development. Almost none address social inequities based on class, caste, or gender. Although diverse, these organizations reflect exactly the portrait of the elite global Indian that the CEO MDR celebrates in India (a portrait that, in fact, masks the community’s more layered heterogeneity). Doing so valorizes and uplifts Indian Americans’ own experiences and skills, thereby increasing their status within the United States and India. As well, Indian Americans’ group efforts have empowered them to help shape India’s development and build domestic consent for these ideals within India.
Reformation
Authors: Witte John 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation brought far-reaching changes to Western constitutionalism. The Lutheran reformers vested each territorial state with much of the jurisdiction held by the medieval church, arguing that the magistrate was the custodian of both the religious and civil duties set out in the Ten Commandments. They also merged church courts and state courts, placing both legal and equitable power in the hands of conscientious Christian judges. The Anabaptists ascetically withdrew from civil and political life into small, self-sufficient, and often intensely democratic communities governed by simple biblical principles and dialogical forms of internal governance. Despite ample persecution, Anabaptists were fervent champions of religious liberty and separation of church and state. The Calvinist reformers separated the offices of church and state but called both authorities to help create an overtly Christian local polity governed by written constitutions based on the Bible and natural law but with detailed positive laws tailored to local needs. Calvinists also developed robust Bible-based theories of natural and positive rights, whose persistent and pervasive breach by a tyrant triggered the rights of resistance and revolution.
Sovereignty
Authors: Harrison Joel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter develops the Christian tradition’s challenge to the modern concept of sovereignty. Historically, sovereignty is linked with subjugating alternative authorities, like the Church, other nations, or Indigenous peoples. In contemporary legal discourse, it often remains seen as an unlimited power necessarily prior to and grounding all law, even when rights limitations are put forward as a constraint. In this way, sovereign authority continues to be invoked as an act of will uncoupled from morality or the natural law. However, Christian thought and practice traditionally encouraged a more complex layering of authority and an emphasis not on the will but on the good. The parallel authority of priest and king (or Church and civil authority) cultivated multiple sites of law and custom while there remained always a coordinating, encouraging, or stewarding role for “monarchical” rule. The chapter argues that this relationship between the dual, the plural, and the one invokes a different, Christian understanding of the ends of constitutionalism. On this account, what is “sovereign” is the good itself—a shared end pursued by these overlapping authorities and groups.
Natural Law
Authors: Milbank John 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Accurate genealogies of natural law and natural right reveal our current discourses concerning them to be in a state of confusion. Natural law originally meant an assumed governance of all reality by justice and our participation in that governance. It was not separate from religious revelation, nor from contingent cultural considerations. Loss of this outlook by poor theology eventually ushered in a secular perspective that abandons the reality and imperative of justice for an impossible foundationalism of privately owned rights. This generates unmediable argument and conflict.
Recognizing Intangible Cultural Heritage
Authors: Kurin Richard 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage is an international treaty that has reached almost universal acceptance and has encouraged the development of global, regional, and national programs recognizing the importance of traditional music, artistry, and knowledge. The history of the Convention’s formulation implicates shifts in terminology, changes in disciplinary foci, debates about how best to ensure the vitality of grassroots traditions, and assessments of the relationships between cultural communities, scholars, and the state. This account of the Convention’s development comes from an anthropologist and cultural heritage practitioner who served as a Smithsonian Institution official, advisor to the US government, and participant in bringing the treaty to fruition.
Introduction
Authors: Rosén Frederik 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cultural heritage increasingly suffers systematic exploitation, attacks, and destruction in connection with violent conflicts. Such acts are today viewed not only as a cultural tragedy but also as an issue of international security. This volume seeks to deepen our understanding of this evolving nexus between cultural heritage and international security in the twenty-first century. It provides the reader with a collection of chapters that aims to open up new horizons for thinking about the relationship between cultural heritage, security, and international law. Coming from a variety of disciplines and perspectives, the chapters of the book examine a complicated set of relationships between, on the one hand, deliberate violence to cultural heritage in times of violent conflict; and, on the other, basic societal values, legal principles, protection, and security concerns.The overall picture emerging from the chapters indicates the arrival of an era where objects and places of significant cultural value, viz. cultural heritage, increasingly will occupy a central place in politics, security, and violent conflicts. This calls for heightened attention to ethical and public policy challenges and a more elaborate understanding of the fundamental issues at stake as the heritage-security nexus gains prominence in global policy making.
Combating Illicit Trade in Cultural Objects to Defend Peace and Security
Authors: Hausler Kristin , Jakubowski Andrzej 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the emergence of the heritage-security nexus as a new priority in the international protection and security agenda with a focus on the threats associated with the illicit trade of cultural objects originating from conflict-ridden territories. First, it offers an overview of the existing legal framework protecting cultural objects from looting during armed conflict. It then considers how the protection of cultural property has evolved from a humanitarian law issue to one that is tied to the maintenance of international peace and security. In this latter regard, it outlines the growing concern and activity of the UN Security Council in respect of cultural heritage, including the creation of legal obligations established under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. It particularly focuses on Resolution 2347 (2017), widely lauded as “a historic milestone” in the international struggle to safeguard endangered heritage, and analyzes existing and envisaged methods for its implementation. In that regard, the chapter explains how the heritage-security nexus has generated new forms of trans-sectoral, -institutional, and -border cooperation, which can best be described as multilevel (and multilateral) governance modalities of protection, as well as further opportunities for education and awareness building. Finally, this chapter seeks to conceptualize the notion of “cultural heritage security” by analyzing the linkage between the maintenance of international peace and security and a system of multilayered cultural heritage governance built on legally binding international obligations and voluntary policy commitments.
Training for Cultural Property Protection
Authors: Rush Laurie W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
When sacred places, agricultural infrastructure, traditional gathering spaces, and other elements of cultural life are spared during conflict, a community in trouble has a greater chance for peace in the future. Since damage by US and Polish Forces at Babylon was reported in 2003, academic and military partners have been working to institutionalize a cultural property protection program within the US Department of Defense and NATO. Archaeologists and other heritage professionals provided subject matter expertise and combined their knowledge with military advice in order to achieve a goal of “the right information to the right people at the right time.” These efforts have included development of cultural property inventory and geospatial information; awareness training and professional military education curriculum; development of military regulations governing identification and management of cultural property forward; and research into the relationships between damage to cultural property and exacerbation of conflict. Cultural Property Protection can and should be implemented during all phases of military operations from the very earliest planning stages, during conflict, and throughout stabilization and return to civil society. The academic military partnership has provided guidance and advice for how to effectively plan for the presence of cultural property on the battlefield including methods for avoidance and minimization of potential and/or collateral damage. Detailed examples and case studies taken from actual military experiences illustrate the value of military organizations having a comprehensive capability for recognizing and respecting cultural property and the consequences when those capabilities are lacking.
Gaming
Authors: Kokas Aynne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Gaming companies create borderless worlds, in the sense that they allow interaction among populations around the globe. Yet as sites that move data between different jurisdictions, gaming companies also redefine borders. Chapter 6 argues that gaming companies based in the United States expand China’s sovereign control as part of their corporate financial interest through their data regulation, storage, and security practices. The case of Tencent, the principal figure in the Chinese gaming industry that has acquired large stakes in US gaming companies such as Activision Blizzard, Riot Games, Epic Games, and Cryptic Studios, offers a prime example. Once trafficked, gaming data can be used by China to conduct mis- and disinformation campaigns, gain strategic industrial advantages, and control important infrastructure in the United States.
The Politics-Media-Politics Approach
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi , Sheafer Tamir , Althaus Scott 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides the central foundations for building the Politics-Media-Politics (PMP) conceptual approach. It argues that PMP should be seen as a conceptual map that can be applied to a wide variety of studies in political communication. It is argued that there is a great need in the field for a broader, more dynamic, and more cross-national approach to the research topics of concern and that PMP provides a major step forward in that direction. Two major propositions are formulated and detailed. The first is the “politics first” proposition, and the second is labeled the “media selection and transformation” proposition. When these two propositions are combined, they provide powerful conceptual tools for explaining the role of all forms of media in everything from election campaigns to violent conflicts. The chapter also provides the reader with the overall plan of the book by describing the content of the various chapters.