bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote monitoring and control of the 2-DoF robotic manipulators over the internet
Authors: Hokmi Sadra , Haghi Shahab , Farhadi Alireza 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis article is concerned with remote monitoring and control of the 2-degrees of freedom (DoF) robotic manipulators, which have nonlinear dynamics over the packet erasure channel, which is an abstract model for communication over the Internet, WiFi, or Zigbee modules. This type of communication is subject to imperfections, such as random packet dropout and rate distortion. These imperfections cause a significant challenge for monitoring and control of robotic manipulators in the industrial environments because sensitive data, such as sensor data and control commands may not ever reach to their destination resulting in significant performance degradation. Therefore, the effects of these imperfections must be compensated. In this article, we apply two coding and control techniques previously developed for the telepresence ad teleoperation of autonomous vehicles to compensate the effects of the above communication imperfections for remote monitoring and control of the 2-DoF robotic manipulators controlled over the packet erasure channel. To achieve this goal, we design a new linear controller and a new nonlinear controller for the 2-DoF robotic manipulators over the packet erasure channel. The first technique is based on the linearization method and the second technique uses a nonlinear controller. The performances of these two techniques for remote monitoring and control of robotic manipulators are evaluated and compared with each other in this paper. We illustrate their satisfactory performances in the presence of severe communication imperfections.
Special issue on verse structure and linguistic modelling: introductory notes
Authors: MINKOVA DONKA , McCULLY CHRISTOPHER B. 
Published: August 2022

Verse was first.Verse and its forms have always held the attention of linguists and other humanists. Just over the last seven years there have been meetings spotlighting metrics at the University of Essex (2015), the University of Tallinn (2017), the University of Stockholm (2018), the University of Padua (2022) and most relevant to this special issue, a full session on historical metrics at the 2021 International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICHEL 21) in Leiden. Academic publishers, too, have over the same span brought out major new titles devoted to matters historical and metrical – Neidorf et al. (2016), Weiskott (2016), Cornelius (2017), Russom (2017), Gunkel & Hackstein (2017), Donoghue (2018), Duffell (2018), Putter & Jefferson (2018) and Ryan (2019) would here be representative – and it does not seem coincidental that in the UK, the Poet Laureate has been busy of late translating The Owl and the Nightingale into contemporary English (Armitage 2021) – a work that accompanies the same writer's earlier re-rendering of Gawain and the Green Knight (2009). The English language, with its intricacies, its long history of use as a literary medium and its spectacular formal developments in both verse and prose, figures largely in many of these renewed descriptions and analyses.
Family Ties that Bind: Decentralisation, Local Elites and the Provincial Administrative Organisations in Thailand
Authors: Nishizaki Yoshinori 
Published: August 2022

AbstractGrowing rapidly before the early 2000s, literature on provincial Thai politics has dwindled in recent years. This article makes a small attempt to redress this trend by highlighting one distinctive yet understudied emerging electoral dynamics in provincial Thailand. Specifically, drawing mainly on Thai-language primary sources, this paper shows that in the majority of Thailand's provinces, the Provincial Administrative Organisation, an electoral institution that has received an unprecedented amount of state funding in the post-1997 age of decentralisation, has enabled influential political families to retain and even increase their power. As political and economic power has been decentralised from Bangkok, it has ironically been centralised in the hands of a limited number of oligarchic provincial elites. This phenomenon is not an historical aberration; rather, it should be viewed as one manifestation or product of Thailand's enduring patrimonial culture, in which public officeholders’ positions are regarded as an extension of their personal or familial property. I conclude by discussing the Thai case theoretically and comparatively.
Formation of an Al‐Rich Niccolite‐Type Silica in Subducted Oceanic Crust: Implications for Water Transport to the Deep Lower Mantle
Authors: Liu Lu , Yuan Hongsheng , Yao Yao , Yang Ziqiang , Gorelli Federico Aiace , Giordano Nico , He Lixin , Ohtani Eiji , Zhang Li 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSubducted oceanic crust is enriched in free silica. Although being one of the silica polymorphs at lower‐mantle pressures, niccolite‐type phase (Nt‐phase) has not been documented in multicomponent metabasaltic or metasediment compositions relevant to subducting oceanic crust. Here, we report the formation of an Al‐rich Nt‐phase (∼24.4 to 32.4 wt% Al2O3), coexisting with Al‐depleted bridgmanite (∼6.4 to 7.6 wt% Al2O3), δ‐phase, and iron‐rich phase in model hydrated basalts over the pressure‐temperature range of 84–113 GPa and 1,800–2,200 K. Infrared spectroscopy of a pure synthetic Al‐rich Nt‐phase shows OH bending and stretching vibrations at high pressures, indicative of its hydrous nature. This study suggests that Al‐rich Nt‐phase can serve as a potential water carrier in subducted oceanic crust to the deep lower mantle.
The Tropical Pacific Annual Cycle and ENSO in PMIP4 Simulations of the Mid‐Holocene
Authors: Zhang Xiaolin , Atwood Alyssa R. , Nag Bappaditya , Cobb Kim M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe investigate the tropical Pacific annual cycle and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in four mid‐Holocene simulations. Our results show that both ENSO variability and the amplitude of the annual cycle of the tropical Pacific cold tongue are reduced under mid‐Holocene forcing, along with a modified annual cycle in ENSO variance. The weakened annual cycle of the cold tongue is attributed to an ocean dynamical response to westerly wind anomalies in the western equatorial Pacific in boreal spring in addition to a thermodynamic response to local insolation changes in the eastern Pacific. The anomalous westerly winds in boreal spring excite an annual downwelling Kelvin wave that deepens the thermocline and propagates eastward along the equator, reaching the central and eastern equatorial Pacific during the development season of ENSO in boreal summer. Upon reaching the eastern Pacific, the downwelling Kelvin wave deepens the near‐surface thermocline, warming the surface ocean and weakening the local ocean‐atmosphere coupling critical to the growth of ENSO events. The westerly wind anomaly is associated with a shift in convection in the western Pacific driven by greater cooling of the Maritime Continent than western Pacific Ocean during the first half of the year (January to June) under tropical insolation forcing. By elucidating a common set of mechanisms responsible for a reduced cold tongue annual cycle and ENSO variability in a diverse range of mid‐Holocene simulations, this work yields important insight into the linkages between the tropical Pacific annual cycle and ENSO that are critical for understanding tropical Pacific climate variability.
Volatile‐Rich Hydrothermal Plumes Over the Southern Central Indian Ridge, 24°49’S: Evidence for a New Hydrothermal Field Hosted by Ultramafic Rocks
Authors: Surya Prakash L. , John Kurian P. , Resing J. A. , Tsunogai U. , Srinivas Rao A. , Sen K. , Lupton J. E. , Baumberger T. , Prajith A. , Roy P. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWater column physico‐chemical studies were conducted over the southern Central Indian Ridge between 24°44’S and 25°52’S to identify and chemically characterize seafloor hydrothermal activity. High turbidity values were observed between 2300 and 2700 m with two distinct layers, between water depths of 2320–2500 m and 2510–2650 m, at two closely spaced CTD stations at 24°48.62’S (CTD‐17‐P5) and 24°48.68’S (CTD‐17‐P8). Elevated concentrations of dissolved Mn (DMn: 19–112 nM), dissolved Fe (DFe: 33–88 nM), methane (CH4: 32–246 nM), elevated δ3He values (28%–88%), and stable carbon isotope ratios of CH4 confirm the hydrothermal origin. In plume layer‐1, the maximum concentrations were observed at 2375m at P8 and in plume layer‐2, the maximum concentrations were observed at 2570 m at P5. The stable isotope ratios of methane (δ13C‐CH4) show that heavier isotopes are enriched (−13.2‰ to −14.7‰) in the plume waters and are similar to vent fluids on the global mid‐oceanic ridges. Further, morphological and mineralogical studies of plume particles, collected from the plume layer‐2 maxima, clearly show the presence of barite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and indicate possible venting of high‐temperature fluids in the vicinity of P5. Enrichment in methane relative to the other tracers and the general geochemical characteristics of these two plume layers, CH4/Mn (1.8–2.2); CH4/Δ3He (85–97 × 106), Mn/Δ3He (44–46 × 106), Fe/Δ3He (52–54 × 106), indicate that these plumes are formed from fluids released at the seafloor that circulated through ultramafic/gabbroic rocks. The high concentrations of dissolved gases and metals combined with the presence of sulfide particles in the water column provide evidence for a new ultramafic/gabbroic‐hosted hydrothermal vent field, at 24°49’S on the southern Central Indian Ridge.
Subduction Zone Interface Structure Within the Southern MW9.2 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake Asperity: Constraints From Receiver Functions Across a Spatially Dense Node Array
Authors: Onyango Evans A. , Worthington Lindsay L. , Schmandt Brandon , Abers Geoffrey A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe conduct a high‐resolution teleseismic receiver function investigation of the subducting plate interface within the Alaskan forearc beneath Kodiak Island using data collected as part of the Alaska Amphibious Community Seismic Experiment in 2019. The Kodiak node array consisted of 398 nodal geophones deployed at ∼200–300 m spacing on northeastern Kodiak Island within the southern asperity of the 1964 Mw9.2 Great Alaska earthquake. Receiver function images at frequencies of 1.2 and 2.4 Hz show a coherent, slightly dipping velocity increase at ∼30–40 km depth consistent with the expected slab Moho. In contrast to studies within the northern asperity of the 1964 rupture, we find no evidence for a prominent low‐velocity layer above the slab Moho thick enough to be resolved by upgoing P‐to‐S conversions. These results support evidence from seismicity and geodetic strain suggesting that the 1964 rupture connected northern (Kenai) and southern (Kodiak) asperities with different plate interface properties.
Direct Constraints on Secondary HONO Production in Aged Wildfire Smoke From Airborne Measurements Over the Western US
Authors: Peng Qiaoyun , Palm Brett B. , Fredrickson Carley D. , Lee Ben H. , Hall Samuel R. , Ullmann Kirk , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Levin Ezra , DeMott Paul , Garofalo Lauren A. , Pothier Matson A. , Farmer Delphine K. , Fischer Emily V. , Thornton Joel A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractNitrous acid (HONO) mixing ratios measured in aged wildfire smoke plumes were higher than expected from known homogeneous chemical reactions. In a representative smoke plume, intercepted hours to days downwind of the source, the missing HONO source was highly correlated to particulate nitrate photolysis and NO2 reactive uptake to particles. Using a multilinear regression involving these two sources, we could explain the missing HONO production in this plume (R2 = 0.77). The resulting fit parameters from this plume had good explanatory power (R2 = 0.64) for missing HONO production in other fire plumes. The mean enhancement factor for particulate nitrate photolysis relative to gas‐phase nitric acid photolysis was 63 and the mean NO2 reactive uptake coefficient to submicron aerosol surface area forming HONO was 4.9 × 10−4. Given the likelihood of other neglected secondary HONO sources, these values are upper‐limits, suggesting a need to revisit HONO formation mechanisms in aged wildfire smoke.
A Minimally Cemented Shallow Crust Beneath InSight
Authors: Wright Vashan , Dasent Jhardel , Kilburn Richard , Manga Michael 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIce and other mineral cements in Mars' shallow subsurface affect the mechanical properties of the shallow crust, the geologic processes that shape the planet's surface, and the search for past or extant Martian life. Cements increase seismic velocities. We use rock physics models to infer cement properties from seismic velocities. Model results confirm that the upper 300 m of Mars beneath InSight is most likely composed of sediments and fractured basalts. Grains within sediment layers are unlikely to be cemented by ice or other mineral cements. Hence, any existing cements are nodular or formed away from grain contacts. Fractures within the basalt layers could be filled with gas, 2% mineral cement and 98% gas, and no more than 20% ice. Thus, no ice‐ or liquid water‐saturated layers likely exist within the upper 300 m beneath InSight. Any past cement at grain contacts has likely been broken by impacts or marsquakes.
Response of Dry and Floating Saline Ice to Cyclic Compression
Authors: Wei Mingdong , Prasanna Malith , Cole David M. , Polojärvi Arttu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractLaboratory experiments on saline ice are often performed on cold, isothermal and dry specimens out of convenience versus working with warm specimens or specimens floating in water. The laboratory conditions, thus, usually involve non‐natural conditions. This study compares cyclic loading experiments covering the main range of ocean wave periods performed on both dry, isothermal and warm, floating ice specimens. Results indicate that −2.5°C isothermal dry specimens have higher moduli than floating specimens with an average temperature of −2.5°C with a naturally occurring temperature gradient. Moreover, the dislocation density estimated using a physics‐based model and the strain energy density dissipated in 10−3–10−2 Hz loading‐unloading cycles are much lower for the −2.5°C dry specimens than for the −2.5°C floating specimens. Although the precise reason for the dislocation density difference requires further study, the results nonetheless contribute to the understanding and implementation of ice rheology and related geophysical modeling.
The 1820s Marks a Shift to Hotter‐Drier Summers in Western Europe Since 1360
Authors: Wang Lu , Liu Hongyan , Chen Deliang , Zhang Peng , Leavitt Steven , Liu Yu , Fang Congxi , Sun Changfeng , Cai Qiufang , Gui Zhengyang , Liang Boyi , Shi Liang , Liu Feng , Zheng Yukun , Grießinger Jussi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRecent soil moisture (SM) reconstructions revealed plunging trends and enhanced SM‐temperature couplings over the last two decades in dry regions. However, how SM changed and whether the land‐atmosphere interaction was intensified over time in humid regions remained unknown. Here we reported the first six‐century‐long regional summer SM reconstruction (1360–2000 CE) in western Europe (WE) using three individual tree‐ring δ18O chronologies in England and France. A sharp wet‐to‐dry change occurred around 1820, earlier than 1850–1900 CE, the commonly used historical baseline of anthropogenic climate changes. Enhanced coupling of SM‐temperature followed, with stronger summer sea level pressure anomalies in dry years after the 1820s. Our results reveal that the hotter‐drier regime has also become more frequent in humid WE under global warming.
High Latitude Modulation of the Holocene North American Monsoon
Authors: Routson Cody C. , Erb Michael P. , McKay Nicholas P. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe North American monsoon (NAM) is an important source of rainfall to much of Mexico and southwestern United States. Westerly winds (westerlies) can suppress monsoon circulation and impact monsoon timing, intensity, and extent. Recent Arctic warming is reducing the temperature gradient between the equator and the pole, which could weaken the westerlies; however, the implications of these changes on the NAM are uncertain. Here we present a new composite index of the Holocene NAM. We find monsoon strength reached a maximum circa 7,000 years ago and has weakened since then. Proxy observations of temperature, hydroclimate and upwelling, along with model simulations, show that the NAM was modulated by the westerlies over the Holocene. If the observed Holocene pattern holds for current warming, a weaker meridional temperature gradient and weaker westerlies could lead to a stronger future NAM.
Sulfur Isotopic Fractionation of the Youngest Chang'e‐5 Basalts: Constraints on the Magma Degassing and Geochemical Features of the Mantle Source
Authors: Liu Xiaoying , Hao Jialong , Li Rui‐Ying , He Yuyang , Tian Heng‐Ci , Hu Sen , Li Jing , Gu Lixin , Yang Wei , Lin Yangting 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe unusually prolonged volcanism at the Chang'e‐5 (CE‐5) landing site remains a mystery. To constrain the geochemical features of the CE‐5 mantle source, we performed in situ sulfur isotope analysis on sulfides of the CE‐5 basalts. The modal abundance of sulfides is ∼0.1 wt%, dominated by troilite with trace cubanite, chalcopyrite and pentlandite, yielding a S‐abundance of ∼360 ± 180 ppm for the bulk CE‐5 basalts. Our analysis shows a decreasing trend of δ34S in the magma with crystallization and degassing, suggesting ∼40% degassing loss of S, and accordingly the maximum S‐abundance in CE‐5 primitive magma was calibrated to approximately 600 ± 300 ppm. Considering an extensive fractional crystallization following a low‐degree partial melting of the CE‐5 basalts, the estimated sulfur abundance in the mantle source is ∼1–10 ppm. This result suggests a strong depletion of volatiles in the CE‐5 mantle source, which may be caused by prolonged magmatic activity.
Cloud Feedback on Earth's Long‐Term Climate Simulated by a Near‐Global Cloud‐Permitting Model
Authors: Yan Mingyu , Yang Jun , Zhang Yixiao , Huang Han 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Sun becomes brighter with time, but Earth's climate is roughly temperate for life during its long‐term history; for early Earth, this is known as the faint young Sun problem (FYSP). Besides the carbonate‐silicate feedback, recent researches suggest that a long‐term cloud feedback may partially solve the FYSP. However, the general circulation models they used cannot resolve convection and clouds explicitly. This study re‐investigates the clouds using a near‐global cloud‐permitting model without cumulus convection parameterization. Our results confirm that a stabilizing shortwave cloud feedback does exist, and its magnitude is ≈6 W m−2 or 14% of the energy required to offset a 20% fainter Sun than today, or ≈10 W m−2 or 16% for a 30% fainter Sun. When insolation increases and meanwhile CO2 concentration decreases, low‐level clouds increase, acting to stabilize the climate by raising planetary albedo, and vice versa.
Modeling Radiation Belt Electron Dropouts During Moderate Geomagnetic Storms Using Radial Diffusion Coefficients Estimated With Global MHD Simulations
Authors: Silva G. B. D. , Alves L. R. , Tu W. , Padilha A. L. , Souza V. M. , Li L.‐F. , Lyu X. , Pádua M. B. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMain phase flux dropouts often promote depletion of the outer electron radiation belt. The quantification of the contributions of various loss mechanisms to MeV electron dropouts has not yet been elucidated in detailed case studies for moderate geomagnetic storms. This work focuses on quantifying radial diffusion to study relativistic electron flux losses observed by Van Allen Probes during two moderate storms in 2017. The events are identified as Case 1 (27 March), with losses deep in L, and Case 2 (21 November), with less deep losses. Event‐specific radial diffusion coefficients (DLL) were calculated from global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fields simulated by the SWMF/BATS‐R‐US. The MHD‐DLL was used as an input to radial diffusion simulations of both events for relativistic electrons. For the outer boundary conditions defined at L* = 6, electron fluxes measured by GOES‐15 at geosynchronous orbit were converted to phase space densities (PSDs) and then calibrated against the Van Allen Probe A measurements. Using these calibrated PSD of GOES‐15 at the outer boundary and event‐specific MHD‐DLL, the main phase dropout is well captured with radial diffusion simulation for Case 2, but not for the deep dropout in Case 1 down to L* < 4.5. Scaling MHD‐DLL based on validations of the MHD waves against in situ wave observations improves the simulation results of Case 1, but still does not fully resolve its deep dropout. However, analyzing the uncertainty of simulated PSD imposed by the uncertainty in the scaled MHD‐DLL, it was found that outward radial diffusion could still account for the losses at L* < 4.5.
Directional Pair‐Correlation Analysis of Fracture Networks
Authors: Bonneau François , Stoyan Dietrich 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFractures result from complex mechanical processes producing irregular, hierarchical, and correlated networks. The statistical analysis of such networks is an important step toward characterizing and modeling fractures. However, established exploratory statistics for the investigation and quantification of fracture networks use only first‐order or mean‐value characteristics such as the density or the length and orientation distributions of fractures, leaving much to be desired. Here, we present a second‐order statistical theory to characterize the inner variability of fracture networks in 2D. We use ideas from marked point process theory treating the barycenters of fractures or fracture branches as “points” and fracture lengths and orientation as “marks.” The statistics are based on oriented distances between object centers, which are represented by pair‐correlation and mark‐correlation functions describing fracture network variability. The forms of the corresponding plots give information on the degree of randomness, the most frequent center‐to‐center distances, and possible local order, all with respect to fracture orientations. We demonstrate the application of these ideas by analyzing three fracture networks. First, we study a synthetic structure as a benchmark test of the methods under ideal conditions. Then, we focus on two previously characterized field exposures: a well‐developed and highly connected network and a very irregular network with many small and isolated fractures. The correlation functions successfully characterize the different spatial arrangements of fractures in all three cases.