bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wear Resistance of Cermet Coating Stainless Steel/ Chromium Oxide Plasma Sprayed
Authors: Medarhri Z. , Ageorges H. , Touimi S. , Fauchais P. , Ctibor P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This work is concentrated on plasma sprayed cermet coatings consisting of stainless steel (SS) (17 wt % Cr and 12 wt % Ni) and chromium oxide (Cr2O3). These powders were sprayed simultaneously, however being injected separately to account for the drastic difference in their thermo-physical properties. Chromium oxide was injected internally and stainless steel externally. The plasma parameters (arc current, hydrogen vol %, mass flow rate) were optimized as well as the injector positions. Coatings were achieved with different mass ratios of SS and Cr2O3. All exhibited a lamellar structure with well distributed Cr2O3 and SS lamellae. They were then systematically characterized by their phase content (XRD), composition (EDS), Vickers micro hardness, morphology (SEM), slurry and dry wear resistances. Finally the best dry linear abrasion resistance was obtained for the pure chromium oxide coatings, while the best slurry wear resistance corresponded to coatings with a mass ratio SS/ Cr2O3 of 56/44.
Cladding with New Short Arc Devices
Authors: Wilden J. , Bergmann J.P. , Dyshlovenko M. , Dolles  , Muether R. , Goecke S.F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Innovative short arc technology is gaining high interest for low temperature joining strategies exemplified by the soldering of zinc coated steels and the joining of steel/aluminum hybrid joints. Controlled short arc allows on one hand a very low heat input in the component, so that melting of the base material can be limited. On the other hand it is possible to use low temperature melting filler wires, as for example zinc wire. New development in controlling short arc have been performed in the last year and reached its maturity for welding production (e.g. Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) of Fronius or Cold Arc in EWM). In both cases the short arc is controlled after drop transfer. One way to perform control is a high dynamic wire feed, which allows high dynamic retracting wire end. Another possibility represents a new type of highly dynamic inverter switching, combined with very fast digital current control, to reduce drastically the peak power in the arc when the short arc is reignited. The consequence of this is a no-sputter, low heat processing procedure. The arc is considerably colder due to the power reduction on re-ignition, which means that a lower heat input is possible.
Zinc Oxide Film Deposition by Atmospheric TPCVD
Authors: Ando Y. , Tobe S. , Tahara H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In order to develop a functional film deposition process with high deposition rate, as a basic study, deposition of zinc oxide film by thermal plasma CVD (TPCVD) in the air was carried out. As ingredient, working gas and substrate, ethanol diluted zinc acetate solution, Ar and 430 stainless steel were used. As for deposition condition, Ar gas flow rate was fixed at 20SLM, deposition distance (distance between substrate surface and nozzle outlet of plasma torch) was varied 50 to 200 mm, zinc acetate concentration in the ingredient was varied 20 to 50 vol%, and ingredient feed rate was varied 30 to 200 ml/h. Consequently, with varying deposition distance, not only crystallized film but also amorphous film could be deposited. In the case of crystallized film, photo-catalytic properties could be confirmed in the films by methylene blue decoloration testing and wettability testing. Besides, in this case, film structure could be changed from lamellar to columnar by decreasing zinc acetate/ ethanol ratio. From these results, this process was found to have high potential for high rate functional film deposition process conducted in the air.
Nozzle Developments for Thermal Spraying at Very Low Pressure
Authors: Bolot R. , Sokolov D. , Klein D. , Coddet C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Very low pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) is the objective of numerous studies for the past years. However, numerical simulations and experiments revealed some difficulties such as the presence of successive expansions and constrictions of the plasma jet that has an influence on the deposition efficiency and on the coating structure. Optimization of the plasma gun is thus required and the use of bell-contoured De Laval nozzle extensions seems particularly promising. In this paper, new developments concerning the use of an in-house bell-contoured nozzle extension are presented and both numerical calculations and experiments were performed.
New Functions of Thermal Spray Toolkit—A Software Developed for Offline and Rapid Robot Programming
Authors: Deng S. , Li H. , Liao H. , Coddet C. , Zeng C. , Charles P. , Uriot P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Thermal Spray Toolkit is a developing toolkit for thermal spray applications based on RobotStudio™ software which is developed by Asea Brown Bovrie Ltd (ABB). This toolkit is composed of several functional modules including PathKit, ProfileKit and MonitorKit. PathKit provides numerous methods to create trajectory on different surfaces including square and rectangular surfaces, round surfaces, curved surfaces and rotating workpieces. ProfileKit permits coating surface analysis by importing a surface profile and it can also guide users to select the right spray parameters according to specific materials. MonitorKit can capture the robot displacement in real-time during the spray process. Thermal Spray Toolkit is a toolkit developed to apply robotics in thermal spray applications whose reliability has been confirmed by the experimental results.
The Basic Principles of DYMET Technology
Authors: Shkodkin A. , Kashirin A. , Klyuev O. , Buzdygar T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dynamic Metallization (DYMET) process is developed to produce thick aluminum, copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, lead, and tin coatings on any metal or ceramic substrates. It consists of a surface treatment process in which a mixture of solid metal and ceramic powders are accelerated by compressed air at pressures between 0.5 and 0.8 MPa.
Unique Thermal Spray Cabinet with High Enthalpy Plasma
Authors: van Wonderen M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines has the oldest Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) shop for aircraft in the world (more than 80 years old). The company’s philosophy in all areas, including thermal spray, has always been to pursue the latest innovations and to maintain well-equipped facilities with state-of-the-art processes, equipment and materials for performing repairs. In the area of thermal spray, the latest procurement is a state-of-the-art unique cabinet with a high enthalpy plasma spray process. This new cabinet and new plasma spray process provides up-to-date technology for applying thermal spray coatings on aircraft engines. In this paper, experiences and the latest results obtained using this system to deposit various types of coatings used on aircraft will be reported.
The Way to CE Conformity for Equipment in Thermal Spray
Authors: Wernli H. , Kammermann F. , Moll R. , Windler W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The advantages of thermal spray technology open an increasing number of applications in several fields. However, it has to be considered that thermal spray processes contain several, partly substantial potentials of danger. As other machinery in Europe, thermal spray equipment is subject to essential health and safety requirements. This paper lists the necessary steps for the manufacturer to develop and to bring into market machinery and parts of machinery that are in conformity with the CE requirements. “CE” represents “Communauté Européenne”, the French term for the European Community. The directives, codes and legal basics, the procedure of risk assessment, the requirements to the technical documentation as well as the conditions regarding declaration and marking are discussed under the point of view of thermal spray. Some sections treat the status of modified and reconditioned machinery, the duties of users of thermal spray equipment as well as similarities and differences in the requirements in Europe to other markets.
Metallic Fume Emission and Operator Exposure During WC-10%Co-4%Cr Spraying by HVOF
Authors: Legoux J.-G. , Oberste Berghaus J. , Moreau C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The increasing use of HVOF (high-velocity oxy-fuel) coatings to replace hard chrome plating was initially motivated by the environmental and health risks associated with hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) emissions during the plating process. Following performance optimization and proper coating selection, it has been found that the potential increase in performance and the cost/process-time reduction offered by the HVOF process often justifies its application. Recently, the use of Cr-containing alloys processed by HVOF has drawn attention to the potential release of Cr6+ during heating of metallic chromium. For instance a new California regulation for airborne toxic control measures to reduce emission of hexavalent chromium from thermal spraying is in preparation. The present study focused on monitoring operator exposure during the HVOF spraying of WC-10%Co-4%Cr. The spraying was performed using a JP-5000 HVOF gun in a spray room in which a ventilation flow rate of 10,000 scfm was imposed. Air sampling was taken in the spray room as well as in the adjacent control room in accordance with the NIOSH 7300 and 7600 standard methods. A portable sampler attached on the operator’s chest was also used to monitor the operator exposure during a typical workday. Results indicate that even though metallic fumes of Co and Cr are present in the spray room during spraying, the hexavalent form Cr6+ is not detected. It was concluded that an operator entering the spray room for a limited amount of time with the gun in operation would be exposed to only low fume levels that can still be reduced by wearing an appropriate respiratory mask.
Influence of Industrial Gases on the Thermal Spray Process
Authors: Kroemmer W. , Heinrich P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The trend in thermal spraying is more and more towards a globally uniform level of high-grade spray coatings. It is therefore extremely important that auxiliaries such as spray materials or industrial gases undergo precise examination in order to exactly define their influence. Based on their application, these auxiliary materials can always be supplied at the required purity level. In order to guarantee such high levels, the gas industry invests a great deal in analysis and supply concepts which ensure this purity from the tank or cylinder through to the point of delivery. A further point is of particular significance in today’s business world. With ever-increasing raw material prices, it is absolutely essential that spray processes are optimized to the maximum. This is not only made possible by selecting the right system, but also by choosing the right gas and gas mixture.
GTS Certificate—A Successful Means of Benefiting Its Members
Authors: Böhme D. , Huber R. , Grasme D. , Heinrich P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The GTS certificate, is the only certificate worldwide which, in addition to the quality management elements of DIN EN ISO 9001:2000, includes a personnel, process and, on request, also a product certification for thermal spraying. The rules for certification were worked out by the thermal spray users, i.e. GTS members, themselves and have proved to be very effective. Today, the GTS certificate serves as a basis for assessing a certified GTS member should inconsistencies or legal disputes arise. The certificate demonstrates that the certified company has a visible quality standard and that it also meets specified quality requirements in its day-to-day business operations.
Impact Fusion of Particle Interfaces in Cold Spraying and Its Effect on Coating Microstructure
Authors: Li W.-Y. , Zhang C. , Guo X.P. , Dembinski L. , Liao H. , Coddet C. , Li C.-J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this study, the impact melting phenomenon at the interfaces of particles deposited by cold spraying and its effect on coating microstructure were examined. Different powders with various thermal and mechanical properties were selected as feedstock. They are respectively Al2319, Ti, Ti-6Al-4V, Ni and MCrAlY powders. The results showed that most of the sprayed materials possibly experienced local melting at the contact interfaces of particles under certain gas conditions. Low melting point and reaction with the atmosphere are the two main factors contributing to the impact fusion during cold spraying. The results indicated that the local melting would benefit the formation of the metallurgical bonding between the deposited particles and enhance the coating adhesion.
Numerical Study of Combination Parameters for Particle Impact Velocity and Temperature in Cold Spray
Authors: Katanoda H. , Fukuhara M. , Iino N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Numerical simulations of gas/particle flows of cold spray are performed for N2 and He as a process gas respectively, to investigate the usefulness of the two material-independent combination parameters derived from the equations of particle motion and temperature. The first combination parameter is the particle-diameter multiplied by the material density, which governs the particle velocity. The second one is the squared particle-diameter multiplied by the material density and specific heat, which affects the particle temperature. In the numerical simulation, the materials of the spray particle selected are WC-12Co, Cu and Ti. The diameter of the particle is in the range of 0.1 – 30 µm. The present numerical results show that the maximum impact velocity of particle is obtained when the first combination parameter takes specific value regardless of the material type. Furthermore, it is shown that the particle diameter and its temperature corresponding to the maximum impact velocity can be graphically estimated by using the two combination parameters for any powder-materials normally used for the thermal spray.
Deposition Behavior of Sprayed Metallic Particle on Substrate Surface in Cold Spray Process
Authors: Fukumoto M. , Wada H. , Tanabe K. , Yamada M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Self designed cold spray equipment was installed in the laboratory and deposition behavior of sprayed individual metallic particles on the substrate surface was fundamentally investigated. As a preliminary experiment, pure Cu particles were sprayed on mirror polished stainless steel and Al alloy substrate surfaces. Process parameters changed systematically were particles diameter, working gas, gas pressure, gas temperature and substrate temperature, and effect of these parameters on the flattening or adhesive behavior of an individual particle was precisely investigated. Deposition ratio on substrate surface was also evaluated on these parameters. From the results obtained, it was quite noticeable that the higher substrate temperature brought about higher deposition rate of Cu particles even under the condition with particles temperature kept at room temperature. This tendency was promoted more effectively by using helium instead of air or nitrogen as a working gas. Both higher velocity and temperature of the particles sprayed are the necessary conditions for the higher deposition ratio in the cold spraying. However, instead of particles heating, substrate heating may bring about the equivalent effect for the deposition of the particles. This finding is quite new and has never been reported.
Investigation of Al-Al2O3 Cold Spray Coating Formation and Properties
Authors: Irissou E. , Legoux J.G. , Arsenault B. , Moreau C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Coating build-up mechanisms and properties of cold sprayed aluminum-alumina cermets were investigated. Two spherical aluminum powders having average diameters of 36 and 81 microns were compared. Those powders were blended with alumina at several concentrations. Coatings were produced using a commercial low pressure cold spray system. Powders and coatings were characterized by electronic microscopy and microhardness measurements. In-flight particle velocities were monitored for all powders. The deposition efficiency was measured for all experimental conditions. Coating performance and properties were investigated by performing bond strength test, abrasion test and corrosion tests, namely, salt spray and alternated immersion in salt water tests. These coating properties were correlated to the alumina fraction either in the starting powder or in the coating.
Development of Coatings and the Influence of Industrial Gases on the Thermal Spray Process
Authors: Kroemmer W. , Heinrich P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Not least because of the multitude of the possibilities which this process has to offer, has thermal spraying established itself in an extremely wide range of industrial sectors. In quest of new applications, special attention is frequently paid to the properties of individual systems. However, the trumps of the process can only be played out in combination with all the components as a whole. In industry nowadays, it is often the costs alone which are hotly disputed, and especially so when it comes to industrial gases. Yet precisely here infinite opportunities present themselves to positively influence the process. Starting with the optimization of costs, followed by the lifetime of the systems, through the variety of coating properties which can be tailored to the application, the influencing variables are endless. Investigations into this potential are already in full swing. Powder manufacturers are testing the many possibilities in their laboratories and have put their heads together with the R&D departments of hardware and gas suppliers in an effort to continually broaden the coating spectrum.
Numerical Simulation of the Solution Precursor Plasma Spraying Process
Authors: Shan Y. , Coyle T.W. , Mostaghimi J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Solution precursor plasma spraying has been used to produce finely structured ceramic coatings with nano- and sub-micrometric features. This process involves the injection of a solution spray of ceramic salts into a DC plasma jet under atmospheric condition. During the process, the solvent vaporizes as the droplet travel downstream. Solid particles are finally formed due to the precipitation of the solute, and the particle are heated up and accelerated to the substrate to generate the coating. This paper describes a 3D model to simulate the transport phenomena and the trajectory and heating of the solution spray in the process. The jet-spray two-way interactions are considered. A simplified model is employed to simulate the evolution process and the formation of the solid particle from the solution droplet in the plasma jet. The temperature and velocity fields of the jet are obtained and validated. The particle size, velocity, temperature and position distribution on the substrate are predicted.
Development of Superabrasive Composite Layers through Thermo-Kinetic Coating-Technologies
Authors: Tillmann W. , Nebel J. , Vogli E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Superabrasive composite materials are typically used for grinding stone, minerals and concrete. Sintering and brazing are the key manufacturing technologies for grinding tools production. But restricted geometry-flexibility, absence of repair possibilities for damaged tool surfaces as well as difficulties in controlling materials interfaces are main weaknesses of these production processes. Thermal spraying offers the possibility to avoid these restrictions. In this research work a fabrication method based on the detonation flame spraying technology has been investigated to bond large superabrasive particles (150 – 600 µm, needed for grinding minerals and stones) in a metallic matrix. Layer morphology and bonding quality are evaluated with respect to superabrasive material, geometry, spraying- and powder-injection-parameters. Influences of process temperature and possibilities of thermal treatment of MMC-layers are analyzed.
Several Application Cases of Thermal Spraying Technology on Industrial Components and Its Considerations
Authors: Huang X.O. , Wang R.J. , Zhang T.-J. , Luo H.J. , Lű Y.F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Thermal spraying technology was one of the listed advanced manufacturing technologies to be developed with great effort in “the eleventh five-year” programming and the perspective layout for the years to 2020 of China. It is also a very important technology to promote establishment of economical society. This paper analyzed some application cases of thermal spraying technology to several typical components such as the corrugated roller used for packaging industry, injection molding screw for plastic industry, insulated bearing for railway industry and ball valve with large diameter for petroleum & chemistry industry which were practiced by Surface Engineering Research Institute of CAAMS in recent years. This paper presented some new developments on applications of thermal spraying technology in China and some considerations on the developing trends of thermal spraying applications in China in future are put forward in comparison with the current situation of oversea thermal spray practices.
Influence of H2SO4 Treatment on Biological Properties of Plasma Sprayed Titania Coatings
Authors: Li B. , Li X. , Zhao X. , Ding C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this work, the plasma sprayed titania coatings were treated by H2SO4 for 24h at room temperature to improve the biological properties. The bioactivity was measured by simulated body fluid soaking test, and the biocompatibility was evaluated by quantifying the grafted collagen amount and in vitro cell culture test. The results showed that titania coatings treated by 0.1M and 1M H2SO4 can induce bone-like apatite formation after immersion in SBF for 28 days, while the titania coating treated by 0.01M H2SO4 can not. H2SO4 treatment can promote the grafting of collagen on titania coatings. The in vitro cell culture test confirmed that collagen improved the cellular adhesion and proliferation on titania surface. In conclusion, a certain concentration of H2SO4 treatment is beneficial in improving the bioactivity and biocompatibility of plasma sprayed titania coatings.
Effect of Thermal Spray Condition on Characterization of Thermal Barrier Coating
Authors: Arai M. , Wada E. , Kishimoto K. , Ohno N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It is well known that thermal spray condition affects the coating properties such as porosity, elastic modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), coating fracture strength and coating cohesive strength. Therefore, residual stress formed in the sprayed coating and coating stress generated during in-service is dramatically changed with the thermal spray condition. In this study, effect of several kinds of thermal spray conditions on these properties of the coating was examined experimentally. Typical thermal barrier coating system composed of a partially stabilized zirconia (its chemical composition is 8wt%Y2O3-ZrO2) and CoNiCrAlY bond coating was selected herein. In-flight particle velocity and temperature, and the substrate temperature were changed as the thermal spraying process parameters varied. For the ceramic coating layer, the coating properties such as porosity, Vickers hardness, CTE, elastic modulus, bending fracture strength, fracture toughness of splat boundary and then coating residual stress were measured systematically.