bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing Lorsban Applications for Crs Control, 1987
Authors: Walker G. P. , O’Connell N. V. , Aitken D. C. G. , Smith D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A randomized complete block experiment with 10 single-tree replicates and 11 treatments was conducted in a field of mature navel orange trees (2 varieties of navels were in the field: “Old Line Washington” and “Fisher”) in Field 63 at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station, Exeter, California. Each experimental tree was surrounded on all 4 sides by untreated border trees. Trees were assigned to 10 blocks of 11 trees each based on their pre-treatment infestation level of CRS, so that the 11 trees within each block had similar pre-treatment infestations of CRS. Each of the 11 trees in each block then was assigned randomly to a treatment so that each treatment was represented once in every block. Eight of the 11 treatments were different application dates for otherwise identical applications of Lorsban 4E (3/4 pt/100 gal) applied by, hand-held spray guns from both ground and tower positions at ca 500 psi and ca 17-19 gal/tree. Three of the 11 treatments were different application dates for otherwise identical applications of Lorsban 4E at a dilution of 3/8 pt/100 gal and applied as described for the other treatments. Pre-treatment (Mar) infestation of CRS on each tree was measured by in situ examination of 75 twigs (ca 1-2 yr old, and ca 9 inch long) and recording the presence or absence of live CRS. In 2 post-treatment evaluations (Dec and Mar ‘88), the infestation on 75 twigs/tree was determined in a similar manner, except that only adult females were included in the post-treatment evaluations. Additionally, in the post-treatment evaluations, up to 100 fruit/tree (100 were not always available, averages were 86 and 68 fruit/tree in the first and second post-treatment evaluations, respectively), were scored in situ as being infested with 0, 1-10, or &gt;10 live or dead CRS. Infested fruit were categorized into those with more or less than 10 CRS/fruit because fruit are generally downgraded in the packinghouse when infested with approximately 10 or more scale. Also, both live and dead CRS are included in fruit evaluations because scaly fruit are downgraded in the packinghouse regardless of whether the scale are live or dead. Therefore, counts of live and dead CRS on fruit were used to assess how well a treatment protected the fruit from becoming infested and downgraded, while counts of live CRS on twigs were used to assess how well a treatment suppressed population growth. During the 3.5 month period that encompassed all the application dates, CRS phenology was monitored weekly with pheromone traps and crawler traps.
Control of Insect Pests on Fall Broccoli, 1989
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Mullins C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Packman’ broccoli seedlings were transplanted into a Lily sandy loam soil at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville on 29 Aug. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 3 rows × 15 ft spaced 36 inches between rows and 14 plants/row. Blocks were separated by 5 ft alleys. Insecticide treatments were applied on 29 Aug and 12 Sep using 2.5 gal compressed CO2 hand sprayers at 30 gal/acre and 40 psi. Flea beetle (FB) and cabbage looper (CL) counts were based on number of insects/14 plants. Yield was measured from the center row of each plot (equal plant population) on 24 Oct. Plots treated with Javelin and Dipel were sprayed only with Sevin SOS (1.5 lb (AI)/acre) for flea beetle control on 28 Aug.
Effect of Formulations of Bacillus Thuringiensis Var. Kurstaki on Lepidopterous Pests of Cabbage, 1989
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassan , Eastman Catherine E. , Kinney Karl K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Greenhouse-grown seedlings were transplanted on 31 May into plots 4 rows wide by 25 ft long, 15 plants/row, at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crops Farm, Champaign. Plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Bond adjuvant was used with all treatments except the USDA formulations and Ambush. Sprays were applied with 3 hollowcone nozzles (Teejet TXSS8)/row from a 4-row sprayer delivering 30.8 gal/acre (for USDA treatments = 20.4) at 50 psi. Sprays were applied on 30 Jun and 6, 13, 24, and 31 Jul. Two destructive samples (5 plants/plot) were taken 5 Jul and 27-30 Jul. Field populations of DBM were augmented from a laboratory colony before the first treatment application. Head yields and quality (10 plants/ plot) were determined at harvest. Insect counts were transformed by x + 0.5 for analysis.
Second Generation White Apple Leafhopper Control, 1990
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 10-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with pretreatment counts as the blocking factor. There were 4 single-tree replicates/ treatment. Treatments were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi. Per-acre rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. The dates of applications were 31 Jul (early); 10 Aug (mid); and 22 Aug (late). Stage distribution of nymphal instars on the 3 spray dates were as follows; early, lst-3rd 77%, 4th-5th 23%; mid, lst-3rd 53%, 4th-5th 47%; late, lst-3rd 25%, 4th-5th 75%. Leafhopper nymph densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 randomly selected leaves/tree (80 leaves/treatment). Counts were taken at about 1-wk intervals.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Potato, 1987
Authors: Smilowitz Zane , Cox David L. , Rebarchak Paul , Yocum John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trials were conducted in Lancaster County, Landisville, Pa. Certified class B 'Katahdin' seed potatoes were planted on 30 May with 9 inch spacing between plants and 34 inches between rows. Plot were 4 rows by 25 ft with 2 border rows arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Temik 15 G (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in furrow at planting for all treatments. The control received Temik at planting, however, no foliar treatment was applied to the plot. The foliar insecticides were applied on 24 Jun, 16, 30 Jul, and 11 Aug with a George White boom sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 27 psi. Border rows were sprayed with Asana (0.0735 lb [AI]/acre) on 26 Jun by hand, and with the boom sprayer on later dates. A Tx-18 type spray nozzle with a 50 mesh screen was used, with the tractor speed at 3 mph. Ten stems per plot were sampled immediately before and 24 h after spraying, with all stages of Colorado potato beetle being sampled. A subjective damage index was implemented beginning on 2 Jul: 1 indicating 0-5% leaf loss to 5 indicating &gt;75% defoliation. Two 25 ft rows/plot were harvested on 25 Sep, and graded by size 2 weeks later. Average maximum and minimum daily temperatures (degree fahrenheit) were 76.2° and 49.3° for May, 89.6° and 59.1° for Jun, 89.0° and 63.5° for Jul, and 85.5° and 58.5° for Aug, respectively. Rainfall totals were 3.62 inches in May, 1.88 inches in Jun, 2.85 inches in Jul, and 1.99 inches in Aug. Precipitation for May was 0.04 inches above normal. Jun precipitation was 2.22 inches below normal. Jul precipitation was 1.52 inches below normal. Aug precipitation was 1.62 inches below normal. A factor affecting the trials was drought stress (precipitation for May through Aug was 5.32 inches below normal).
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Foliar Sprays, 1990
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots were established in a potato field on the UI Research and Extension Center, Caldwell, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and irrigation was by furrow. Twelve treatments and an untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36 inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long. Applications were made as a broadcast spray using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer. Twenty gal of finished spray were applied (using 30 psi and X-8 [Spraying Systems] hollow cone nozzles) to all but the Kryocide plots. Kryocide was applied using 50 gal/A. Pretreatment counts were made and the first insecticide treatments were applied 20 Jun. A second spray was applied to all but the Asana plots on 27 Jun. All stages of beetles were counted using whole plant inspections of the center ten hills of the center two plot rows. Larval stages were separated into small (1-2 instar). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman-Keuls studentized range test.
Apple, Mite Airblast Experiment, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Felland C. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of 'Yorking' and 2 replicates of 'Golden Delicious'. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 20 ft and were 17 yr old. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gal/acre, driven at 2 mph except for Morestan which was applied at 75 gal/acre. A routine schedule of fungicides and insecticides (Dithane M-45, Nova, Guthion, Lannate, and calcium chloride) was maintained throughout the experiment. Effectiveness of treatments on ERM and TSSM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. The predator SP was observed by making 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. Pest pressure was moderate. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11—25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (&gt;51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to &gt;51% russeted surface).
Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1989
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set 2 Mar, 15 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand held CO2-powered sprayer on 28 Mar, 4, 11, 17, 25 Apr, 1, 9, 16, and 22 May. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi and the gallonage was increased as the plants grew. Thus, the sprayer delivered 65 gpa the first two sprays, 90 gal/acre the next 2 sprays, 105 gal/acre the fifth spray, and 120 gal/acre for the remaining sprays. The sprayer had a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. Fruit were harvested on 30 May and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the numbers of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (primarily the southern armyworm, S. eridania (Cramer) and the tomato pinworm were determined.
Sweetpotato Whitefly and Leafminer Management on Fresh Market Tomatoes in Southwest Florida, Spring 1989
Authors: Schuster David J. , Arnold Calvin E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 15 Feb, transplants were set 15 inches apart on raised beds of Immokalee fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 3-20 ft long rows on 6-ft centers. Treatments consisted of alternations of insecticides and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer on 13, 16, 20, 23, 27, 31 Mar, 3, 6, 10, 13, 17, 20, 24, 27 Apr, 1, 4, 8, 11, 16 and 19 May. The sprayer was operated at 150 psi and treated all 3 rows simultaneously. The gallonage was increased as the plants grew by increasing the no. of nozzles/row or changing tractor speed. Thus, the sprayer delivered 40 gal/acre the first five sprays (4 nozzles/row), 60 gal/acre the sixth spray (4 nozzles), 70 gal/acre the seventh, eighth and ninth sprays (4 nozzles, slower tractor speed) and 80 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles). Each nozzle was fitted with D-3 disks and #25 cores. To control lepidopterous larvae, Lannate L was applied at 2 pt/100 gal (60 gal/acre) on 29 Mar and Lannate LV was applied at 24 oz/100 gal (80 gal/acre) on 4 and 19 May. The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of ten stems from the middle row of each plot on 25 Apr and 8 May. The numbers of large (&gt;0.5 inch long) and small leafmines (°0.5 inch) and the numbers of crawlers, sessile nymphs and pupae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. A sample of about 25 lbs of mature green fruit was harvested on 8 and 23 May. Fruit were exposed to about 100 ppm of ethylene at 70°F and 90% RH for 4-5 d. After about another week, fruit were rated 1-4 for increasing severity of external symptoms of irregular ripening (IRR). This disorder is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by inhibited or incomplete ripening of longitudinal sections of fruit. Each fruit was cut transversely and rated 1-5 for increasing severity of internal white tissue. Although white tissue is normally present in certain commercially grown tomato cultivars, the amount of white tissue is increased by populations of the sweetpotato whitefly.
Control of Armyworm Larvae on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1989
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set 8 Sep, 15 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5-ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand held CO2-powered sprayer on 17, 24, 31 Oct, 7, 14, 21, 28 Nov and 5 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi and the gallonage was increased as the plants grew. Thus, the sprayer delivered 90 gal/acre on the first spray, 105 gal/acre the next three sprays, 115 gal/acre the next three sprays, and 120 gal/acre for the final spray. The sprayer had a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. Fruit were harvested on 7 Dec and the numbers and weight of undamaged fruit and the numbers of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (primarily the southern armyworm, S. eridania (Cramer) were determined.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly and Associated Disorders on Staked Tomato, 1989
Authors: Stansly P. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tomatoes spaced at 18 inches were transplanted on 7 Aug in 3-row plots 24 ft long on 3 raised soil beds (6-ft centers) which were fumigated with 13.5 gal/acre Vorlex and covered with plastic mulch. The experimental design was completely randomized with 5 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Manzate 200 (1.5 lb/acre) and Tri-Basic Copper (3 lb/acre) were applied weekly, and Javelin SC at 1.2 qt/acre was applied twice to control Spodoptera spp. Insecticide applications began 13 Oct and continued weekly for 6 wk using a tractor mounted boom sprayer delivering 150-200 lb/inch2 to 4 drop lines with a maximum of 24 T-jet hollow cone nozzles fitted with brass TLX-3 80° tips and 100 mesh stainless steel strainers with check valves. An adjuvant (Induce at 1 pt/100 gal) was applied as an adjuvant with all treatments including the control. Whitefly immatures were counted on the terminal leaflet of the 6th, 7th and 8th leaf from the top on 9 randomly selected plants/plot. Plants affected by geminivirus were marked as symptoms appeared. All fruit of commercial size were harvested on 21 Nov and 4 Dec, graded for quality and size and weighed. Fruit were held for 4 d in ethylene (5 ppm), and sorted according to degree of ripeness. Fruit that were still between 10% and 50% green were considered "irregular" in ripeness. Yield values was assessed according to 8 Dec 1989 prices irrespective of irregular ripening.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, Missouri, 1990
Authors: Becker S. A. , Bailey W. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted on 1-yr-old alfalfa stand at the University of Missouri South Farm located just east of Columbia. Treatments were applied 30 Apr using tractor-mounted spray equipment calibrated to deliver 17.5 gal/acre at 20 psi using 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles. Plots measuring 20 × 20 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insect samples of pretreatment and 7, 14, and 21 DAT were taken with 10 pendulum sweeps with a standard 15-inch sweep net. The alfalfa was 8 inches tall at the time of treatment. Precipitation fell on 10 d during the study and totaled 9.0 inches. First precipitation occurred 72 h after application. Data were transformed by X + 0.5 for analysis, but means of actual counts are used in the table.
Potato Leafhopper Control, Missouri, 1989
Authors: Becker S. A. , Bailey W. C. , Arne C. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted on a 3-yr-old alfalfa stand at the University of Missouri Wurdack Farm located near Cook Station in Crawford county. Treatments were applied 2 Jul using tractor-mounted spray equipment calibrated to deliver 16.5 gal/ acre at 20 psi using 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles. Plots measuring 20 × 20 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insect samples of 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAT were taken with 10 pendulum sweeps with a standard 15-inch sweep net. The alfalfa was 3 inches tall at time of treatment. Precipitation fell on 8 d during the study and totaled 2.7 inches. Data were transformed by X + 0.5 for analysis, but means of actual counts are shown in the table.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1990
Authors: Karner Mile. , Smith L. D. , Goodson Jerr. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two trials were conducted in southwest Okla. to determine efficacy of several foliar sprays for AW larvae. Test 1 was applied on 15 Mar on a 4-year-old stand of “OK-08” alfalfa in Tillman County near Tipton, OK. Test 2 was applied on 22 Mar on a 4-year-stand of “Buffalo” alfalfa in Jackson county near Altus, Okla. Insecticides were applied using a ground rig with a 15-ft boom that was calibrated to deliver 12.0 gal/ acre at 28 psi. Plots were 15 × 100 ft. and arranged in a randomized complete block design of 3 replicates. Larval densities were determined at 4 intervals following treatment by collecting 10 stems from each plot and extracting larvae with Berlese funnels. Yield estimates were also taken 28 DAT.
Alfalfa Weevil Control in Illinois, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassa. , Steffey Kevin L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were evaluated on a 2-yr-old stand during the first alfalfa period at the Foundation Shaw Farm, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Plots were 40 × 50 ft with 4 replications of treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 21 May from a tractor-mounted sprayer delivering 18.7 gal/acre at 30 psi through a 20-ft boom equipped with flat fan nozzles (Teejet XR8002) spaced 20 inches apart. AW abundance was estimated by taking 10 pendulum sweeps in each plot at 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 DAT. Alfalfa stem length and plant maturity (n = 30) were recorded at harvest. Forage yield was determined from a 3.2 × 45 ft swath taken from each plot on 14 Jun. Subsamples of the strip-harvested hay were used to determine yield and crude protein.
Use of Labeled Insecticides for Control of Alfalfa Insects in Wisconsin, 1990
Authors: Wedberg Joh. , Jensen Brya. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 12 × 15 m were established in a field of ‘Garst 630’ alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Research Station in Columbia County. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design, and applied on 16 Jul by using a tractor-mounted compressed air sprayer equipped with 8002 Teejet flat fan nozzles delivering 235 liters of finished spray/ha at 40 psi when driven at 2.6 mph. The insecticide-impregnated dry fertilizer was prepared by placing the dry fertilizer in plastic bag and slowly spraying the formulated insecticide with a hand mist sprayer onto the fertilizer while mixing periodically to ensure uniformity. This mixture was then applied with a push-type broadcast spreader in a checkerboard pattern to ensure proper coverage. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 20 consecutive pendulum sweeps in each plot with a 38 cm diam sweep net.
Aphid Control and Yield in Canola, 1990
Authors: Montandon R. , Slosser J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for control of mixed populations of aphids in canola at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station at Munday, Tex. Canola was planted 26 Sep ‘89 in 20 × 27 ft test plots (10-inch row spacing). The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 5 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 3 times. Treatment occurred on 2 Apr when aphids were observed on aerial plant parts, and prior to pod formation by the plants. Sprays were applied with a boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 13.3 gal/acre at 40 psi. Sampling occurred immediately prior to the first treatment, and 3 and 7 DAT. Effectiveness of the sprays was evaluated by examining 50 terminals in each plot for % aphid infestation and 50 for level of infestation. Infestation level ratings were based on a 0-3 point scale (0 = no aphids, 1 = 1-10 aphids, 2 = 10-25 aphids, 3 = &gt;25 aphids/terminal). Effect of treatments on yield was determined by weighing seed harvested from 52 row ft on 29 May.
Application Timing and Corn Rootworm Control, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Steffey K. L. , Gray M. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test plot was planted 9 May in a trap crop field. Selected soil insecticides were applied at planting and first cultivation at Urbana, 111. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each treatment consisted of a single 100-ft row; rows were 30 inches apart. Granular insecticides applied at planting were metered through Noble units mounted on each of the planter units (John Deere, 7000 series, 4-row max-emergence planter). Planting-time granules were applied in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels on the planter and were incorporated into the soil. Granules applied at cultivation (25 Jun) were delivered with Noble metering units mounted in brackets on the cultivator. These treatments were side-dressed with drop tubes on either side of the row at the base of the plants and were then covered with soil by cultivator shovels. Liquid Furadan 4 F was applied at cultivation time with equipment calibrated to deliver 52 gal/acre at 30 psi and a speed of 4 mph. Spray was applied through 2 flat fan nozzles (Teejet 8004E) mounted on either side of the row to be treated. The insecticide was then incorporated into the soil with the cultivator shovels.