bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pandemic Exchanges
Authors: Honigsbaum Mark 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Although the 1918 ‘Spanish’ influenza has been characterised by historians as the ‘forgotten pandemic’, medical researchers never forgot its devastating health impacts and their failure to develop prophylactic vaccines. On the contrary, beginning in the 1930s, flu was transformed into an object of abiding scientific interest and technological endeavour, one that by the century’s end would see the production of pandemic vaccines and the sequencing of the genome of the H1N1 ‘Spanish’ Flu virus, capturing the imaginations of science journalists and historians worldwide. This chapter argues that our current preoccupation with the ‘Spanish’ Flu is best understood as a historiographical phenomenon and product of intellectual exchanges and ongoing dialogues between virologists, molecular pathologists, science journalists and medical and environmental historians.
Pandemics and Comparative Forgetfulness
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel Kline 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents two new approaches to challenge Alfred Crosby’s longstanding orthodoxy of the Great Influenza as the great ‘forgotten pandemic’. The first opens the question of the transmission of memory of the pandemic from the generation of the survivors to their children and grandchildren. Even with a small sample of interviewees, the author found that memories of the flu pandemic cut across three generations in a third of the cases, and at least three of the twenty-one questioned related poignant personal stories of how these memories affected their lives from childhood or adolescence. Second, this essay is the first to compare remembrance of the Great Pandemic with that of other epidemics in history, such as yellow fever and cholera. The essay, however, focuses on a comparison between the Great Influenza of 1918–20 and the most remembered pandemic in world history, the Black Death. It finds that the historic memory of this earlier disease was anything but straightforward and charts the Church’s conscious blotting of it from Christianity’s most central and sacred instrument of everlasting memory—hagiography.
Afterword
Authors: Erll Astrid 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the irony of the Great Flu’s mnemohistory: the First World War, with which the Flu shares historical time, but not mnemonic power, was revisited throughout the past century in all the forms available to modern memory, such as monuments and commemorative rituals, paintings, poems, memoirs, novels, historical writings, museums, re-enactments, television comedies and documentaries and (in the wake of its centenary) a vast digitised archive. There is a clear link, as Paul Fussell saw it, between The Great War and Modern Memory (1975). In contrast, a phrase like ‘the Great Flu and modern memory’ sounds almost oxymoronic. While the Flu’s death toll may well have exceeded that of both world wars, and while it truly affected the whole world, the pandemic’s mnemonic stature is dwarfed by the wars. Why are millions of dead and a global impact sometimes not enough to firmly root past happenings in memory? This chapter argues that three decisive forms of modern memory have been missing in the remembrance of the Great Flu: there is no strong historiographic tradition, no ongoing investment in national commemorative memory and little evidence of travelling memory. Arguably, these three absences are a result of the Flu’s low degree of narratability, which (at least in the framework of modern memory cultures since ca. 1800) tends to limit its memorability. The chapter closes with a call to move on from the regime of modern memory to a new practice of relational remembering.
Introduction
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The book’s introduction begins by describing how finding Johannes Ambrosius Rosenstrauch’s account of Napoleon’s Russian campaign triggered a series of serendipitous discoveries that made it possible to reconstruct the entire story of his life. Rosenstrauch’s colorful biography makes him a characteristic figure of the Age of Revolution. The historiographic methodology used by this book is microhistory, an approach that historians developed in response to a loss of confidence in older paradigms that regarded European history since the eighteenth century as the steady unfolding of a systematic process of modernization. The chapter explains how microhistory works, and the specific microhistorical questions that guide the remainder of the book: How do Rosenstrauch’s beliefs and personality traits reflect the transformation of European life in the Age of Revolution? How did the dimensions of time and space affect his experience of the history of his time? How does his story help us understand both the international mobility that characterized the Age of Revolution and the national history of Germany and Russia at the dawn of the modern age? And, lastly, what are the limits of our ability to know the life of a person in the past?
Memory
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Rosenstrauch’s legacy in German and Russian collective memory in the nineteenth century. It begins with his influence on those who had met him personally. Most people, though, knew him only through his writings, and because he had been so secretive, they knew little about his life. The haziness of his biography allowed him to serve as a screen onto which people could project their own pressing concerns. His writings were published in German, and translated into Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and Russian. In Germany, the discussions to which his legacy contributed included arguments for and against Pietist religiosity and social outreach (the so-called inner mission), and debates about whether Russia was a land of despotism and Judeo-Masonic conspiracies. In Russia, where he was cited by luminaries such as Zhukovsky, Gogol, and Leskov, he provided grist for arguments about Russia as a multinational empire, and for debates about social conservatism in the 1840s, the Great Reforms in the 1860s, the soul of the common folk in the 1880s, and the renewal of the Orthodox Church after the 1905 Revolution.
Morality Unbounded
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes up the question about the moral limits of social pluralism, assuming morality’s authoritative status, where social or religious subgroups present a claim to independent normative authority as a condition of their identity. The chapter’s central argument turns on the Kant-inspired idea of “moral regulation from within”: if social identity and practice that self-justifies as a matter of history or preference or sacred text can be recast consistent with moral principle, it secures standing for its place and practice in a morally regulated social world. A variety of examples and counterarguments are addressed. A final example of remedy for group-to-group injustice further tests the idea that treating groups as moral entities can change the nature of their members’ obligations, independent of individual contribution to wrongdoing.
MemComputing
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
From the originator of MemComputing comes the very first book on this new computing paradigm that employs time non-locality (memory) to both process and store information. The book discusses the rationale behind MemComputing, its theoretical foundations, and wide-range applicability to combinatorial optimization problems, Machine Learning, and Quantum Mechanics. The book is ideal for graduate students in Physics, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, and Mathematics as well as researchers in both academia and industry interested in unconventional computing. The author relies on extensive margin notes, important remarks, and several artworks to better explain the main concepts and clarify all the jargon, making the book as self-contained as possible. The reader will be guided from the basic notions to the more advanced ones with a writing style that is always clear and engaging. Along the way, the reader will appreciate the advantages of this computing paradigm and the major differences that set it apart from the prevailing Turing model of computation, and even Quantum Computing.
Universal MemComputing machine
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This Chapter introduces the formal definition of universal MemComputing machine (UMM). It explains its main features that set it apart from a Turing machine: intrinsic parallelism, functional polymorphism, and information overhead. It also shows that a UMM with an exponential information overhead can solve NP-complete problems with polynomial resources.
Self-organizing gates and circuits
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This Chapter introduces terminal- gates, namely gates that do not distinguish between the traditional input or traditional output terminals. Memory is the physical property that allows the realization of these self-organizing gates. It also discusses the mathematical properties of these gates when assembled into circuits, and their possible hardware realization. It gives some examples of these circuits for the solution of factorization.
Genetic Criticism
Authors: Van Hulle Dirk 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
As a method to study literary writing processes, genetic criticism is also a reading strategy. The idea behind this book is to introduce this strategy to a broader audience, from undergraduate students and interested readers to early career researchers and literary critics. A work of literature sometimes seems to hit a nerve, but it is more challenging to pinpoint exactly why it ‘works’. This book therefore starts from a basic principle: knowing how something was made can help us understand how and why it works. This strategy is at the basis of many disciplines, including art history. By means of X-ray technology or hyperspectral imaging, it is possible to look at a painting as a multilayered object with not only spatial dimensions but also a temporal one. This temporal dimension is the core of the reading strategy explored in this book.
Introduction
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Introduction looks at the topic, initially, from the perspective of the eighteenth-century missionary bishop Richard Challoner and his martyrology entitled Memoirs of Missionary Priests. Challoner worked from a limited range of sources compared with what is available to us now. But, as far as Challoner was concerned, he was a historian with high standards of historical objectivity, and with a clear purpose in putting together a work which has much in common with, for example, Samuel Clarke’s well-known lives of godly Protestants. This chapter, then, briefly rehearses the attempts by Catholics, in and after the early seventeenth century, to collect the evidence relating to, as they saw it, intolerance and persecution, some of which Challoner was able to access and use. Here we look at, for example, the efforts of Bishop Richard Smith and, approximately eighty years later, the Yorkshire cleric John Knaresborough, who tried to establish and record the traditions which survived inside the Catholic community about those who had been prosecuted for alleged sedition and treason. Here we can glimpse the kinds of information networks, almost a martyrological republic of letters, that was, eventually, the basis for Challoner’s collation of the relevant records in his Memoirs.
The Incestuous Bastard Queen Persecutes the Faithful Servants of Christ
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Armada campaign and the prospect of a Spanish invasion allowed for a purge of Catholic separatists, principally in London, in summer 1588. Some of those who were executed at this point were prepared to make (partially) loyalist statements, but these were not enough to satisfy the queen’s government, which seems to have used their deaths as didactic propaganda demonstrations, partly in order to whip up popular feeling against the external threat. However, the failure of the Armada allowed known anti-puritans in the regime to vent their anti-puritanism, even while some Catholics, faced with the promotion in the line of succession of a Calvinist (James VI of Scotland) now became critics of legitimist blood-right succession. Several Catholics who were sentenced under the 1585 treason statute appear to have made statements which implied full-blown resistance. That mode of non-compliance was compatible with the line insisted on by prominent clergy such as Henry Garnet that all forms of submission and conformity, in the face of oppression, were morally unacceptable. Garnet and others unequivocally denounced the cleric Thomas Bell, who argued in favour of occasional conformity, and who may well have articulated the view of many Catholics who thought that out-and-out resistance was a moral luxury that they could not afford. The puritan-led assault against Catholic separatism was clearly informed by a sense that the identification of popery with sedition tout court provided a riposte to conformist critiques of puritanism, and it intersected with, for example, the royal proclamation of October 1591.
Mid-Jacobean Confessional Politics and Anti-Popery
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter continues with the account of Catholic petitioning for Rome to institute direct episcopal governance of their community in England. That petitioning, by former appellants, was pegged to an account of the sufferings of their community. The new lobbying for Rome to intervene in England was contested by those in the religious orders who had tried to face down the appellants before 1603. Both groups tried to appropriate recent instances of martyrdom. Here one had a debate about the potential for toleration at some point in the future. Former appellants claimed that a new hierarchy would serve to prevent anything like the Gunpowder Plot from happening again, and the State would be more tolerant as a result. In response, some in the religious orders said that true grace could indeed be conferred through martyrdom but that to set up new structures of Catholic clerical authority would provoke the State into more, but essentially needless, cruelty against good Catholics. (Notable here are the letters of the Spanish noblewoman Luisa de Carvajal.) These intra-Catholic disputes overlapped with an ongoing public dialogue (punctuated by new treason trials) with the authorities about what constituted appropriate political loyalty on the part of separatist Catholics. This dialogue was made more urgent by the assassination of Henry IV in May 1610.
Towards Toleration?
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The brief turn of the Stuart court in the later 1610s towards the House of Austria prompted speculation that the law governing Catholic separatism might be undermined, even if it was unlikely that any of the relevant statutes would be repealed by a parliament. The diplomacy designed to secure a confessionally mixed dynastic union triggered speculation about an incipient popish plot. In turn, some Catholics denounced puritanism, even as Rome intervened to assist the king’s Spanish diplomacy and, perhaps sensing a future toleration, to appoint a bishop to govern directly in England. This triggered further attempts to use the treason law against Catholic clergy, attempts that were blocked by the king. Despite the so-called ‘blessed revolution’ when the treaties with Spain were formally broken in 1624, a kind of de facto tolerance persisted into the reign of Charles I, that is, despite the difficulties associated with the new dynastic treaty with the French court. All through the chaotic early Caroline years, and then during the king’s personal rule, the Catholic issue was a constant point of reference for political commentators. Catholics, even as they continued to compile martyr catalogues, discussed whether there had finally been a form of toleration granted to (the majority of) the Catholic community, albeit one which retained financial penalties for recusant separatism.
Aesthetic Dimensions of Modern Philosophy
Authors: Andrew Bowie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Much of contemporary philosophy, especially in the analytical tradition, regards aesthetics as of lesser significance than epistemology, ethics, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language. In Aesthetic Dimensions of Modern Philosophy Andrew Bowie, in contrast, explores the idea that art and aesthetics have crucial implications for those areas of philosophy. In the modern period, the growth of warranted scientific knowledge is accompanied both by heightened concern with epistemological scepticism and by a new philosophical attention to art and the beauty of nature. This suggests that modernity involves problems concerning how human beings make sense of the world that go beyond questions of knowledge, and are reflected in the arts. The relationship of art to philosophy is explored in Montaigne, Descartes, Hume, Kant, Schelling, the early German Romantics, and Hegel. The book then considers Cassirer’s and the hermeneutic tradition’s exploration of close links between meaning in language and in art. The work of Karl Polanyi, Marx, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Adorno, Dewey, and others is used to investigate how the modern sciences and the development of capitalism change both humankind’s relations to nature and the nature of value, and so affect the role of art in human self-understanding. The aesthetic dimensions of modern philosophy help to uncover often neglected historical shifts in how ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ are conceived. Seeing art as a kind of philosophy, and philosophy as a kind of art reveals unresolved tensions between the different cultural domains of the modern world, and questions some of the orientation of contemporary philosophy.
The Art of Language and the Language of Art
Authors: Bowie Andrew 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The emergence of sustained philosophical attention to art relates to new conceptions of language in the eighteenth century and beyond. Cassirer’s Philosophy of Symbolic Forms shows how links between language and art develop. ‘Designative’ conceptions of language see it primarily in terms of the representation of pre-existing ‘independent objects’, and so as connected to mathematics and natural scientific explanation. If language is instead seen as constituting an intelligible world before issues involving the justification of knowledge arise at all, designative conceptions become questionable. ‘Constitutive’ conceptions, in contrast, are linked to human expressive activity, and are not primarily ‘representational’. The emergence of modern hermeneutics is also connected to seeing language in relation to art.
Early Period
Authors: Russ Steve , Roski Stefan , Schnieder Benjamin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter contains translations of excerpts from three early texts by Bolzano (written around 1810): ▪ the 1810 booklet Contributions to a Better-Grounded Presentation of Mathematics; ▪ the unpublished manuscript Aetiology; ▪ the unpublished manuscript General Mathematics. Topic-wise, the texts centre around scientific method and the foundations of mathematics. In the Contributions Bolzano discusses grounding in connection with three topics: the classification of mathematical disciplines, the notion of ground-revealing proofs and its relation to syllogistic inferences, and finally the notion of axioms or basic propositions. In the Aetiology Bolzano presents his first attempt at a rigorous, axiomatic theory of grounding and relates the concept of grounding to several concepts and issues in mathematics. In the part of General Mathematics we present here, Bolzano critically assesses the Principle of Sufficient Reason and some related metaphysical issues.
Some Remarks on Bolzano on Ground
Authors: Fine Kit 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bolzano takes the notion of grounding to be factive, so that grounds and their consequences are always true propositions. But he also acknowledges that we sometimes invoke a non-factive notion of grounding. This paper discusses the two ways in which Bolzano attempts to explain the non-factive notion of grounding in terms of the factive notion and critically assesses these proposals from the standpoint of recent debates about grounding and its logic. It is argued that what he has to say, especially in regard to the question of complexity, is still very relevant to issues concerning the intelligibility and unity of ground.
Bolzano, (the Appropriate) Relevant Logic, and Grounding Rules for Implication
Authors: Poggiolesi Francesca 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Bohemian philosopher Bernard Bolzano introduced the notion of logical deducibility, anticipating by almost one hundred years the much more famous Tarskian result. Besides the notion of logical deducibility, he also introduced the notion of grounding, which, on the one hand, he distinguished from logical deducibility, but he also regarded as importantly connected to it. In particular, he saw a close connection between grounding and exact deducibility (a special case of deducibility). This paper examines this latter notion and compares it to notions of relevant entailment. Although the literature on this subject compares the notion of exact deducibility with that of relevant entailment as defined by Anderson and Belnap, here it is argued that Neil Tennant’s system CR is the best model for Bolzano’s ideas: it is shown that the two approaches share many important features, the most notable of which is the lack of full transitivity. It is also argued that Tennant’s system CR can serve as a framework for developing grounding rules for conditionals.
Denmark
Authors: Madsen Mikael Rask 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the complex of legal professionals mobilizes and seeks to further political liberalism. It highlights the case of Denmark, a country that has transformed into a complex welfare state society that is governed by law but with a clear objective of attaining social justice. It also describes the configuration of legal and economic rationalities, which is of key importance for understanding the role that a limited and extensive legal complex has played in Danish political history and culture. The chapter refers to a host of actors that entered the political arena and sought to challenge the ancient regime by pursuing forms of political liberalism. It discusses the double role legal professionals played in politics as they are found in both the progressive and reactionary movements.
Iceland
Authors: Helgadóttir Ragnhildur 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter confirms whether the theories of a legal complex are mobilized primarily, but not exclusively, for issues that can be classified as classical political liberalism. It describes the political activities of Icelandic lawyers, from the late nineteenth century to the present. It also discusses the three core attributes of political liberalism: a moderate state, civil society, and certain basic legal freedoms. The chapter describes the activities of the Icelandic legal complex, which has been quite active in influencing legislation. It focuses on agency, on individual events, and on the unanimity and influence of the Icelandic legal complex and considers the legal complex formed on the basis of other stories from very different states.