bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rate and Formulations Test for Early-Season Control, 1988
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
New formulations of Thimet (AC513484 20 G) and Counter (AC301467 20 G) were evaluated at rates of 0.75 and 1.0 lb (AI)/acre and compared with the standard formulations and with Temik at the same rates. Seed treated with Orthene 80 S at 8 oz/cwt served as a control. Terraclor Super X (TSX) at 10 lb (form.)/acre was applied with all treatments at planting. Test plots of 4 rows (40-inch spacing) by 65 ft were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Cotton was planted on 28 Apr on a Commerce silt loam soil at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La., and fertilized with 70 lb nitrogen/acre. Test treatments were applied in furrow with a John Deere 7300 series planter equipped with granular applicator split boxes. Major and secondary pest treatments were initiated in late June and maintained as needed through August. Treatment efficacy for thrips and aphids was measured by washing insects from 5 seedling cotton plants/plot onto 300-mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm), and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Collections and observations on these pests were made 13 and 27 May. Data on insect populations are reported as the means of these observations. Stand data were recorded by counting all plants on the center 2 rows of all plots 23 May and 17 Jun. Plant population data reported are the means for these 2 observations. Leaf area data were recorded on 27 May by randomly selecting 5 plants/plot and measuring all leaves with a LI-COR leaf area machine. Plant height data for 10 plants randomly selected from each plot were recorded 30 May. Yield was estimated by harvesting all 4 rows of each plot with a mechanical harvester 9 Sep.
Control of Secondary Pests, 1988
Authors: Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted 15 Apr at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station annex farm in Mercedes. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replicates. Plots were 2 beds wide and 40 ft long with 2 beds of sorghum between plots and 20-ft alleys between plots in rows. Applications were made with a tractor-mounted CO2-powered sprayer that delivered 20 gal/acre. Three nozzles were used for each bed, 1 over the top of plants and 1 on a drop on each side of the plants. All plots were treated with cypermethrin (0.01 lb [AI]/acre) at 7-d intervals to induce secondary pest population increases. Experimental treatments consisted of applications of Curacron 8 EC (0.75 lb [AI]/acre) to control secondary pests at various action threshold levels based on survey counts of pests from the previous week. Surveys were conducted at 7-d intervals by collecting the third fully expanded leaf down from the terminal of each of 3 plants/plot. Leaves were returned to the laboratory and mites and aphids were counted.
Beet Armyworm Control, 1988
Authors: Elzen Gary W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight treatments were tested for relative efficacy against beet armyworm in nonirrigated cotton planted 20 May. Plots of 8 rows (40-inch centers) by 50 ft, separated by 15-ft alleys, were located on the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, Miss. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replicates. Treatments were applied by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed-air spray system. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 5 mph and 40 psi using 2 TX6 nozzles/row. Plots within a replicate were sprayed consecutively with the boom rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Pretreatment and 72-h counts of beet armyworm larvae were made by whole plant search on 5 ft of 2 rows in each plot.
Ovicide, Larvicide Trials, 1988
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Benedict J. H. , Pickel S. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot field study was conducted in a commercial cotton field near Austwell, Tex., to measure the effects of 5 treatments on survival of eggs and freshly hatched larvae of the tobacco budworm. The eggs were obtained from a pyrethroid-susceptible strain of tobacco budworm (ICI laboratory colony maintained at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi). Treatments were compared in 5-row by 50-ft plots of cotton planted 28 Apr on 30-inch rows. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized (38 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Fresh eggs (24 h old) were attached manually to the upper surfaces of leaves (10-12 eggs/leaf) located near the shoot terminal of each of 6 flowering cotton plants/treatment with a camel’s hair brush moistened with distilled water. Treatments were applied to plants within 30-min of placement of eggs on 13 Jul. At 4 h after application, all leaves that contained eggs were collected and placed individually into covered plastic Petri dishes containing filter paper moistened with distilled water. The eggs were held for 72 h, then inspected for unhatched eggs and dead or live larvae. A replicate consisted of 2 leaves and 18-22 eggs, depending on the number of eggs lost in the field.
Control of Boll Weevil, 1988
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Benedict J. H. , Pickel S. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A caged-plant study was conducted in a commercial cotton field near St. Paul, Tex., to compare the effects of water and nonemulsified cottonseed oil on the efficacy of Asana XL, Karate, and Baythroid for boll weevil control. A cottonseed oil control (without insecticide) and an untreated control were included in the study to measure boll weevil mortality due to exposure to oil or natural causes. Boll weevils used in the study were collected from blooms in an untreated cotton field approximately 20 miles from the test site. Water treatments were applied to cotton with a CO2-pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Oil treatments were applied to cotton with a modified CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with a controlled droplet atomizer operating at 2,000 revolutions/min. The atomizer produced a droplet size of 130 p.m in volume mean diam based on data from the supplier. The atomizer was powered by a 12 V battery. The flow rate was regulated with a size 4916-16 regulator orifice plate and a pressure of 25 psi. Based on ground speed, this produced a finished spray volume of 1.3 gal/acre. Water treatments were applied to 3-row by 50-ft plots. Oil treatments were applied to one-row by 50 ft plots. Twenty-five untreated buffer rows of cotton were planted between each plot to prevent cross contamination of treatments from spray drift. Adult boll weevils were caged 5-min after application. Cages were constructed of organdy cloth fastened at the top and bottom with Velcro strips. The caged plants were brought into the laboratory and inspected for the presence of live or dead and moribund boll weevils 48 h after infestation. A boll weevil was considered dead if it failed to move when its snout was squeezed with forceps. A boll weevil was considered moribund if it moved its legs only slightly when its snout was squeezed with forceps and if it was unable to walk on a flat surface without falling on its side. Numbers of dead and moribund boll weevils were combined as a measure of percentage of mortality. Each treatment was replicated 6 times in a completely randomized design. A replicate consisted of one plant infested with 10-12 boll weevils.
Heliothis Spp. Control on Cotton, 1987
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was designed to compare Galecron in combination with ABG-6237, ABG-6237 alone, and Asana for control of Heliothis on cotton. Cotton was planted 28 Apr in plots 8 rows wide by 40 ft long in a biased randomized complete block with 3 replicates. The Galeeron + ABG-6237 plots were placed in the northwest quadrant of the field downwind from other treatments. This reduced the volatile effects of chlordimeform, as did separating these plots with 16 border rows of cotton. Treatments were made with a Hi-boy sprayer with cone tips arranged every 20 inches on the boom. The sprayer was calibrated to apply 6 gal/acre. Treatments were applied 9, 16, 23, and 30 Jul and 6 Aug. The percentage of square damage was determined 14, 22, 29, and 31 Jul by examining 50 squares/plot. Boll damage was determined 31 Jul, 5 Aug, and 13 Aug by examining 50 bolls/plot. Yield data were determined by harvesting the center 2 rows with an IH brush stripper 14 Sep.
Control of Corn Earworm, 1988
Authors: Buckelew L. D. , Mack T. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled peanuts at the Wiregrass Substation of Auburn University. Eight treatments and an untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.013-acre plot was 4 rows wide (36-inch spacing) and 50 ft long. Replicates were separated by a 10-ft alley. Aqueous treatments were applied 29 Jul from a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with 3 TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles/row operating at 40 psi and delivering 8 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating both rows. Corn earworm larvae were classified as small (first to second instar), medium (third to fourth instar) or large (fifth instar and older); they were then counted and recorded. Three samples from each plot were taken prior to treatment and at 3, 7, and 10 DAT (1, 5, and 8 Aug).
Mite Control, 1988
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Smith J. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted to evaluate 4 insecticides against a late-season TSSM infestation. Peanuts planted 11 May were treated by the cooperating producer 15 Aug with Pydrin 2.4 EC for an early-season corn earworm infestation. Treatments were applied on 14 Sep with a conventional, 4-row sprayer with 3 D2-23 disk-core hollow-cone spray nozzles/row, at 4.2 kg/cm2 and delivering a volume of 140.3 liters/ha. A randomized complete block design was used with 2 replicates. Individual plots were 4 rows (0.9-m spacing) by 11.0 m. Infestations of TSSM were evaluated prior to (0 DAT) and at 1, 5, and 9 DAT by comparing counts of mites on 40 randomly selected leaflets. Yield from 9.2 m of row/plot was expressed as weight of whole pods with 10% moisture content.
Field Comparison for Rangeland Grasshopper Control, 1986
Authors: Foster R. N. , Reuter K. C. , Walgenbach D. D. , Bohls R. A. , Swain J. L. , Roland T. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Onsite mixing and cleanup are generally considered easier with aqueous formulations than with formulations requiring diesel fuel, kerosene, or fuel oil diluents. To evaluate performance and ease of handling, the Sevin XLR-Plus formulation of carbaryl was applied at 0.50 lb (AI)/acre (20 fl oz mix/acre containing 16 fl oz form, and 4 fl oz water) to a 160 acre plot near Belle Fourche, S. Dak., 15 Jul. This treatment was compared with a standard rangeland treatment of 0.58 lb (AI)/acre of malathion ULV concentrate (8 fl oz/acre) applied 12-14 Jul to 3,200 acres of rangeland 7 miles away. Both treatments were applied from a Cessna Ag Truck aircraft operating at 120 mph and through flat-fan stainless steel Teejet nozzle tips from an altitude of 50-75 ft with a swath of 100 ft. Twelve 8003 tips directed straight down and operating at 38 psi were used for the carbaryl treatment and eight 8002 tips directed 45° into the wind and operating at 41 psi were used for the malathion treatment.
Control of Insects, 1988
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed T. David , Barnes Martha L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted at Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va. The soil at the test site was a Helena sandy loam (pH 5.8, 2% organic matter, and 2-7% slope). Experimental plots were 40 ft long (24 plants) and 8 ft wide (2 rows). Treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with 4 replicates. Adjacent plots were separated by a single untreated border row. Preplanting broadcast soil treatments were applied and incorporated by disking 26 Apr. Raised planting beds were prepared 27 Apr; a pushcart-mounted Gandy applicator \ was used to broadcast or to band granular treatments immediately before bedding. Liquid formulations were broadcast at 25 gal/acre with a CO2-powered j backpack sprayer (60 psi with 8003 nozzles set 20 inches apart). The highest rate of Temik 15 G (3.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in a 24-inch band, and the 1.0 and 2.0 lb [AI]/acre rates were applied in 12-inch bands. The Orthene transplant water (TPW) treatment was applied at 200 gal/acre (4 fl oz/plant) on 9 May by pouring from a graduated cup around each plant immediately after transplanting. The Orthene foliar treatment was applied 12 Jul and 3 Aug with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 24 gal/acre through 3 TX-10 tips/row. The sidedress application of Temik was made 6 inches from the plants with a Gandy and incorporated by cultivation 24 May.
Russian Wheat Aphid Control, 1988
Authors: Karner Miles , Cagle John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This trial was conducted in Jackson County near Altus, Okla. Treatments were applied from a ground rig with a 15-ft boom. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.0 gal/acre at 30 psi. Plots were 15 by 25 ft, and each treatment was replicated 3 times. Plots were sprayed 5 Apr when wheat plants were in the boot stage. Samples were taken at 7 and 14 DAT. Ten symptomatic tillers were collected, placed in plastic bags, returned to the laboratory, and counted.
Control of Whitefly, 1987
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy trials were conducted at a commercial anthurium farm in Mt. View, Hawaii, on plants grown in volcanic cinder under 80% polypropylene net shade. Experimental plots measured 15 by 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 treatments and 3 replicates/treatment. A total of 8 applications of selected insecticides were applied every 2 wk beginning 4 Sep 1986 (250 gal/acre) with a compressed-air sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. The spreader sticker Triton B 1956 was added to treatments, including the control plants, at a rate of 3 fl oz/ 100 gal. Sprays were directed to the developing floral area. Treatments were evaluated on 16 Jan 1987 by examining the leaf sheath under a dissecting microscope. Adults, pupae, nymphs, and eggs were noted as present or absent.
Mite Trial, 1986
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. , Varn M. , Benson M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
ABG-6I62HV (1.5% wt/wt) was applied to an apple block at Steeles Tavern, Va., at 2 rates, and was compared with Apollo 50 SC. The following treatments were applied 8 Apr at the pink stage of bud development: ABG-6162HV at 60 g (AI)/acre, ABG-6162HV at 90 g (AI)/acre, and Apollo 50 SC at 85 g (AI)/acre. The first 2 treatments were repeated 5 May at petal fall. Each plot was about one-quarter acre. Applications were made with a truck-mounted Swanson airblast sprayer, calibrated at 59 gal/acre (176 gal/acre dilute equivalent). One plot was an untreated control. Mites were sampled from 4 trees/treatment. One 20-leaf replicate was collected from each tree on each sampling date. Mites were removed from leaves with a leaf-brushing machine and counted under a binocular microscope.
Control of Southern Masked Chafer Grubs, 1988
Authors: Redmond C. T. , Potter D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted in a Kentucky bluegrass plot in Fayette County, Ky. The established turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) with pH 6.2. Thatch accumulation was &lt;0.25 inches. On 2 Sep, turf-soil cores (6 by 6 inches) were removed from the plot and set inside 6-inch-diam by 7-inch-long sections of plastic pipe; the bottoms of the soil cores were even with the bottom of the pipe. A piece of fiberglass window screen was placed over each hole and the pipes and cores were replaced in the plot. The plot was then irrigated. Third-instar SMC grubs were collected from an untreated golf course rough 6 Sep. Ten SMC were placed in each cylinder; those that did not burrow into the soil within 10 min were replaced. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 replicates. Insecticide treatments were applied 9 Sep. Granular insecticides were mixed with dry sand and handshaken into the cylinders. The liquid formulations were sprayed with 10 ml water into the cylinders. The plot was then irrigated with 0.75 inches water. On 23 Sep, the cylinders were removed from the plot, the soil cores were broken apart, and the surviving SMC grubs were counted.
Control of Green Peach Aphid, 1988
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Schwartz Mary Ann 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Green peach aphid control was evaluated on greenhouse-grown chrysanthemums 12 Jun. The plants were in 4-inch pots evenly spaced on a greenhouse bench. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The plants were sprayed until run-off with a Gilmore all purpose trigger sprayer. A surfactant, Triton B 1956, was added to all treatments (3V3 oz/100 gal), except for the RH 7988 treatments for which Triton AG 98 was used (8 oz/100 gal). Infestations were determined by examining 5 terminal leaves/plant and recording the total live aphids at 1, 7, and 14 DAT.
Summer Control of Hairy Chinch Bug; 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fifteen chemical treatments were applied to a home lawn in Somerset, Pa. The lawn consisted primarily of fine-leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 by 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1,000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine-grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 96°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F; RH, 45%; amount of thatch, 0.75-1.5 inches; soil type, sandy loam, soil particle size analysis: 60% sand, 23% silt, 17% clay; soil moisture condition, very dry; organic matter, 3.0%; water pH, 8.0; soil pH, 5.4; no rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period.
Persistence and Efficacy of Bacillus Thvringiensis in Three Encapsulant Formulations Applied Against West-Ern Spruce Rudworm, 1987
Authors: Richmond Charles E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two hundred Douglas-fir seedlings were planted in 2-liter pots and grown to approximately 30 cm in a lathe house at the USDA Forest Service Institute of Forest Genetics, Placerville, Calif. The 3 encapsulants are experimental formulations. Each capsule contains lignosulfonate and other photoprotective pigments to block ultraviolet radiation. In these formulations, acrylic acid and vinyl polymers encapsulate bacterial spores and crystalline endotoxins. The active ingredient, B. thuringiensis (Thuricide 48 LV) is released after the encapsulated bacteria and their fermentation products are ingested and the endotoxins are liberated in the digestive system of the insect. All suspensions were diluted to 9 billion international units/2.8 liters distilled water. Treatments were applied with an aerial spray simulator calibrated to deliver an equivalent spray rate of approximately 10 liters/ha (32 BIU/ ha). Spray deposits were characterized for each treatment by analyzing Kromekote spray cards placed among the potted trees just before treatment.
European Elm Scale Insecticide Evaluations, 1987
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Shean Blair S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fully mature female European elm scales were collected 17 May from infested elm prunings. Twigs were then cut in to 3-5-inch lengths, each containing approximately 15 scales. A series of insecticide concentrations was prepared, each containing a labeled concentration of the insecticide, a 5 x, and a 25 x dilution. Five infested twigs were immersed into the concentration and removed immediately. Treated branches were held for 48 h before being observed for scale mortality.
Spruce Spider Mite Control with Insecticidal Soap, Conventional Pesticides, and Combination Soap and Insecticide Sprays on Fraser Fir in Centre County, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty treatments were evaluated to control spruce spider mite on heavily ‘ infested 5-6-ft Fraser fir Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied to 4-tree replicates. Foliar sprays were applied by using a 412 Solo Master mistblower. 303 ml of each treatment was applied to each replicate (100 gal/acre). Treatments were applied 16 Jun under clear, sunny skies. The air temperature was 64°F, 100% RH, and water pH 7.0. Samples consisted of randomly removing four 6-inch twigs from each replicate, which consisted of 2 inches of 1988 growth and 4 inches of 1987 growth. The twigs were placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler to the laboratory. Samples from each replicate were then passed through a mite brush, and the total viable spruce spider mite life stages (larvae, nymphs, adults) collected on a 5-inch sampling disk positioned directly beneath the brushes was counted with a stereo dissecting microscope. Posttreatment samples were collected 11 d (27 Jun) later.
Control of Honeylocust Podgall Midge with Foliar Sprays, FT. Collins, 1988
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Evaluations were made of 2 foliar treatments, I Sevin SL and Talstar 10 WP, for control of gall production by the honeylocust podgall midge. Tests were conducted at a nursery planting of 15-20-ft honeylocust trees maintained by the City of Ft. Collins, Colo. Plots were monitored for the onset of the second-generation egg laying by the insect, approximately 17 May. Treatments were applied the following day. Applications were confined to individual lower branches of the tree using a hand-operated compressed-air sprayer. Six branches were used for each treatment, and plots were established in a randomized complete block design. Evaluations were made in 2 wk, after egg hatch for the generation had been completed but before third-generation adult emergence. Plots were evaluated by counting all the galls produced on 5 newly produced leaflets/branch.
Honeysuckle Aphid Control with Systemic Insecticides, Fort Collins, 1987
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Abernathy Rella , Young Jennifer 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were located at the Colorado State University Bay Farm in Fort Collins in an established planting of honeysuckle bushes, 2-3 ft high. Individual plots consisted of single shrubs, and plot design involved a randomized complete block with 5 replications. Prior to treatment, 3 aphid-infested terminals on each shrub were marked and all aphids were counted. Subsequent aphid counts involved the same terminals. Insecticide applications were made 18 May to infested shrubs that already showed leaf-curling injury. Orthene 75 S was sprayed to run-off Dimethoate 400 and Metasystox-R 2 were applied as soil injections using a Kioritz soil injector applying 1.25 fl oz/injection hole. Injections were made at a rate of 1 hole per half-inch of diameter at soil level, a total of 3-4 insertions/shrub, depending on size. Dimethoate 400 was applied as a 1:3 dilution with water; Metasystox-R 2 was applied as a 1:1 dilution.