bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of eosinophilic and non‐eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis on preoperative computed tomography using deep learning
Authors: Hua Hong‐Li , Li Song , Xu Yu , Chen Shi‐ming , Kong Yong‐gang , Yang Rui , Deng Yu‐Qin , Tao Ze‐Zhang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to develop deep learning (DL) models for differentiating between eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) and non‐ECRS (NECRS) on preoperative CT.DesignAxial spiral CT images were pre‐processed and used to build the dataset. Two semantic segmentation models based on U‐net and Deeplabv3 were trained to segment the sinus area on CT images. All patient images were segmented using the better‐performing segmentation model and used for training and testing of the transferred efficientnet_b0, resnet50, inception_resnet_v2, and Xception neural networks. Additionally, we evaluated the performances of the models trained using each image and each patient as a unit.ParticipantsA total of 878 chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients undergoing nasal endoscopic surgery at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University (Hubei, China) between October 2016 to June 2021 were included.Main outcome measuresThe precision of each model was assessed based on the receiver operating characteristic curve. Further, we analyzed the confusion matrix and accuracy of each model.ResultsThe Dice coefficients of U‐net and Deeplabv3 were 0.953 and 0.961, respectively. The average area under the curve and mean accuracy values of the four networks were 0.848 and 0.762 for models trained using a single image as a unit, while the corresponding values for models trained using each patient as a unit were 0.893 and 0.853, respectively.ConclusionsCombining semantic segmentation with classification networks could effectively distinguish between patients with ECRS and those with NECRS based on preoperative sinus CT images. Furthermore, labeling each patient to build a dataset for classification may be more reliable than labeling each medical image.
Modified robotic ventral rectopexy with folded single titanized mesh suspension for the treatment of complex pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Fabiani Bernardina , Sturiale Alessandro , Fralleone Lisa , Menconi Claudia , d'Adamo Vittorio , Naldini Gabriele 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimThe incidence of complex pelvic organ prolapse in female patients is about 38%, and this disorder entails social and sexual restrictions. Treatment for this disorder is complex because it can enhance other, latent, problems. The aim of the present study is to describe a new robotic‐assisted technique to simultaneously treat prolapses of different compartments with the use of a single titanized polypropylene mesh.MethodAll patients referred from January 2018 to March 2019 to the Proctologic and Pelvic Floor Clinical Centre who were affected by complex pelvic organ prolapse underwent modified robotic ventral rectopexy with a folded single mesh (RVR‐FSM). The anatomical and functional outcomes were respectively evaluated using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP‐Q) grading system and Wexner scores of constipation and incontinence. The satisfaction rate was investigated using a five‐point scale (1 = not satisfied to 5 = extremely satisfied).ResultsTwenty‐two women underwent RVR‐FSM with a homogeneous follow‐up of 12 months. The mean total operation time was 148 min, without any robot‐related or other intraoperative complications. No mesh‐related complications occurred. The POP‐Q grade improved for every patient, with complete resolution of bulging symptoms in 21 patients (95.4%) at 1 year of follow‐up. The Wexner constipation score showed a significant improvement, while the incontinence score slightly improved at 1 year after surgery.ConclusionThe use of a single mesh that can be folded was shown to provide significant improvement in functional and anatomical results associated with patient satisfaction. The robotic approach allows surgeons to perform an easier procedure with correct and deep mesh fixation.
Mitophagy: A novel perspective for insighting into cancer and cancer treatment
Authors: Song Congkuan , Pan Shize , Zhang Jinjin , Li Ning , Geng Qing 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundMitophagy refers to the selective self‐elimination of mitochondria under damaged or certain developmental conditions. As an important regulatory mechanism to remove damaged mitochondria and maintain the internal and external cellular balance, mitophagy plays pivotal roles in carcinogenesis and progression as well as treatment.Materials and methodsHere, we combined data from recent years to comprehensively describe the regulatory mechanisms of mitophagy and its multifaceted significance in cancer, and discusse the potential of targeted mitophagy as a cancer treatment strategy.ResultsThe molecular mechanisms regulating mitophagy are complex, diverse, and cross‐talk. Inducing or blocking mitophagy has the same or completely different effects in different cancer contexts. Mitophagy plays an indispensable role in regulating cancer metabolic reprogramming, cell stemness, and chemotherapy resistance for better adaptation to tumor microenvironment. In cancer cell biology, mitophagy is considered to be a double‐edged sword. And to fully understand the role of mitophagy in cancer development can provide new targets for cancer treatment in clinical practice.ConclusionsThis review synthesizes a large body of data to comprehensively describe the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy and its multidimensional significance in cancer and cancer treatment, which will undoubtedly deepen the understanding of mitophagy.
Effects of genotype and food on naltrexone exposure in adolescents
Authors: Stancil Stephani L. , Voss Michaela , Nolte Whitney , Tumberger John , Adelman William , Abdel‐Rahman Susan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNaltrexone (NTX), an opioid antagonist metabolized by aldo‐keto reductase 1C4 (AKR1C4), is prescribed for psychiatric conditions like eating disorders with variable response. Systemic exposure is highly variable in adults, yet no data exist in children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate NTX exposure in adolescents with eating disorders. Adolescents aged 12–21 years with eating disorders underwent postdose blood sampling in the fasted and/or fed state. NTX and primary active metabolite, 6‐β‐naltrexol, were determined by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. DNA was genotyped for AKR1C4 missense mutations associated with decreased activity (rs3829125 and rs17134592). Linear mixed effects modeling was performed. In 21 participants, aged 16.9 ± 1.9 years (15–21 years), 81% female participants, maximum concentration (Cmax) was 90.4 ± 129 nM/mg/kg, area under the concentration‐time curve from zero to infinity (AUC0–∞) was 166 ± 154 nM h/mg/kg, and varied 63‐fold and 21‐fold, respectively. Compared with wildtype, those with AKR1C4 allelic variations (n = 7) displayed 3.2‐fold higher AUC0–∞, four‐fold higher Cmax and delayed time to Tmax. Linear mixed effects modeling demonstrated a large effect of genotype on AUC0–∞ (Cohen's d −2.3) and Cmax (Cohen's d −1.4). Food effect was large for AUC0–∞ (Cohen's d 2.6), but highly variable and failed to reach significance for Cmax. The respective model accounted for 82% of the variance in NTX AUC0–∞ and 46% of the variance in Cmax. NTX systemic exposure is highly variable in adolescents with eating disorders and modulated, in part, by AKR1C4 genotype and food intake. These findings may, in part, explain the large degree of interindividual variability observed response to NTX.
Reasons for and insights about HPV vaccination refusal among ultra‐Orthodox Jewish mothers
Authors: Zach Rivka , Bentwich Miriam Ethel 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundVaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) is a pivotal tool for preventing a significant cause of cervical cancer. One particular culturally recognized context associated with negative attitudes toward the HPV vaccine is the religiousness of parents. However, relatively speaking, there remains a scarcity of studies that have focused specifically on religious groups, especially non‐Christian groups.PurposeTo better understand the basis for members of an ultra‐Orthodox Jewish community to object to the HPV vaccine and how such objections can and cannot be reduced, thereby improving cultural competence—namely, the cultural understanding and ethical addressing of HPV vaccination refusal.MethodsThis qualitative study conducted semi‐structured interviews with ten Israeli ultra‐Orthodox mothers who are opposed to administering the HPV vaccine to their daughters. The content analysis addressed these results and extracted the major issues arising from these particular interviews.ResultsFour main novel insights were found pertaining to the negative stance toward HPV vaccination among mothers in an ultra‐Orthodox Jewish community: (a) lack of knowledge about the HPV vaccine is not part of the reasoning against it; (b) rabbinical authority might have a lesser influence than expected for the moderation of HPV vaccine refusal; (c) complicated viewpoints regarding childhood vaccination may be the larger non‐moderating context for HPV vaccination refusal; and (d) cultural competence is important for the ability to change the negative attitudes toward HPV vaccination.ConclusionsThe study may improve cultural competence regarding HPV vaccination and contribute to decreasing objections to the HPV vaccine in ultra‐Orthodox communities.
Mental health, risk and protective factors at micro‐ and macro‐levels across early at‐risk stages for psychosis: The Mirorr study
Authors: Wigman Johanna T. W. , van der Tuin Sara , van den Berg David , Muller Merel K. , Booij Sanne H. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical staging model states that psychosis develops through subsequent stages of illness severity. To better understand what drives illness progression, more extensive comparison across clinical stages is needed. The current paper presents an in‐depth characterization of individuals with different levels of risk for psychosis (i.e., different early clinical stages), using a multimethod approach of cross‐sectional assessments and daily diary reports.MethodsData came from the Mirorr study that includes N = 96 individuals, divided across four subgroups (n1 = 25, n2 = 27, n3 = 24, and n4 = 20). These subgroups, each with an increasing risk for psychosis, represent clinical stages 0‐1b. Cross‐sectional data and 90‐day daily diary data on psychopathology, well‐being, psychosocial functioning, risk and protective factors were statistically compared across subgroups (stages) and descriptively compared across domains and assessment methods.ResultsPsychopathology increased across subgroups, although not always linearly and nuanced differences were seen between assessment methods. Well‐being and functioning differed mostly between subgroup 1 and the other subgroups, suggesting differences between non‐clinical and clinical populations. Risk and protective factors differed mostly between the two highest and lowest subgroups, especially regarding need of social support and coping, suggesting differences between those with and without substantial psychotic experiences. Subgroup 4 (stage 1b) reported especially high levels of daily positive and negative psychotic experiences.ConclusionsRisk for psychosis exists in larger contexts of mental health and factors of risk and protection that differ across stages and assessment methods. Taking a broad, multi‐method approach is an important next step to understand the complex development of youth mental health problems.
A homemade simulation model improves the impact of e‐learning for the practical administration of dental anaesthesia
Authors: Martínez‐Melo Karla , Bermeo‐Escalona Josué Roberto , Gidi y Torres María Esther , Cerda‐Cristerna Bernardino Isaac 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionA simulation model improves the learning of dental anaesthesia in dental students. This study explored first, the making at home of a dental anaesthesia simulation model by dental students, and second, the impact of that simulation model on the learning of dental students following an online course. We compared the level of knowledge, the level of perception of confidence to perform the basic injection technique (BIT) of dental anaesthesia, and the level of attitude towards e‐learning of the BIT between a group of dental students who had an online course with a home‐made dental anaesthesia simulation model (HMDASM) and a group of dental students who did not use that model.Materials and methodsA group of participants (n = 28) used the HMDASM to learn the BIT with an e‐learning course. Another group of participants (n = 28) followed the same e‐learning course, but that group used a lemon to practise the BIT. The two groups answered questionnaires that explored the level of theoretical knowledge on the BIT, the level of perception of confidence to perform the BIT, and the level of attitude towards e‐learning of the BIT. Questionnaire scores from each group were compared by a Student's t‐test (p ≤ .05).ResultsThe group that used the HMDASM had a level of knowledge similar to that of the other group (p > .05). The group that used the HMDASM had a level of perception of confidence to perform the BIT and a level of attitude towards online learning of the BIT higher than those of the group that did not use the simulation model (p < .05).ConclusionThe use of a HMDASM had a positive effect on dental students following an online course to learn the BIT.
Maxillary and dental development in the offspring of protein‐restricted female rats
Authors: Calsa Bruno , Bortolança Tainá Jaqueline , Masiero Beatriz Calloni , Esquisatto Marcelo Augusto Marretto , de Oliveira Camila Andrea , Catisti Rosana , Santamaria‐Jr Milton 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNutritional restriction during developmental periods impairs organ physiology. Female rats were subjected to protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation to analyze dental and maxillary development. Four exposure groups were considered: normal‐protein diet during pregnancy and lactation (NP, 17% casein), low‐protein diet during lactation (LP‐L, 6% casein), low‐protein diet during pregnancy and lactation (LP), and low‐protein diet during pregnancy (LP‐G). Maxillae from 15‐day‐old male pups were collected. All protein‐restricted groups presented increased dentin thickness and reduced alveolar bone area. When protein restriction was applied during both gestation and lactation (LP), harmful effects were observed in the form of loss of protective OPG (osteoprotegerin) in tooth epithelium‐mesenchyme, due to higher RANKL expression, delay in odontoblast maturation, less dental pulp vascularity, reduction in amount of alveolar bone, and less matrix mineralization. In the LP‐L group, effects of protein restriction seemed less harmful, and despite less alveolar bone, the enhancement in BMP‐7, VEGF, and RANKL seems a compensatory signal to maintain maxillary osteogenesis. In LP‐G animals, Dspp expression was higher, suggesting a delay in odontoblast maturation or expression recuperation. In conclusion, maternal protein restriction affects dental and maxillary development. A low‐protein diet only in gestation allows for normal development. A low‐protein diet during gestation‐lactation results in impaired odontogenesis that may increase susceptibility of dental anomalies.
Use of antimicrobials licensed for systemic administration in UK equine practice
Authors: Allen Sarah E. , Verheyen Kristien L. P. , O'Neill Dan G. , Brodbelt Dave C. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundJudicious antimicrobial use (AMU) is important for preserving therapeutic effectiveness. Large‐scale studies of antimicrobial prescribing can provide clinical benchmarks and help identify opportunities for improved stewardship.ObjectivesTo describe systemic AMU in UK equine practice and identify factors associated with systemic and Category B (third and fourth generation cephalosporins, quinolones and polymixins) AMU.Study designRetrospective cohort.MethodsAnonymised electronic patient records (EPRs) for all equids attended by 39 UK veterinary practices between 1 January and 31 December 2018 were collected via the VetCompass programme. Systemic antimicrobial prescriptions were identified using electronic keyword searches. Indications for AMU were determined through manual review of a randomly selected subset of EPRs. The types and frequency of systemic antimicrobials prescribed and indications were summarised using descriptive statistics. Mixed‐effects logistic regression was used to evaluate practice‐ and horse‐related risk factors.ResultsSystemic antimicrobials were prescribed to 12 538 (19.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.2%–19.8%) of 64 322 equids attended in 2018. Category B antimicrobials were prescribed to 1.9% (95% CI: 1.8%–2.0%) of attended equids and in 8.9% (95% CI: 8.5%–9.4%) of antimicrobial courses. Bacteriological culture was performed in 19.1% (95% CI: 17.1%–21.3%) of Category B antimicrobial courses. The most commonly prescribed antimicrobial classes were potentiated sulphonamides (50.2% of equids receiving antimicrobials) and tetracyclines (33.5% of equids receiving antimicrobials). Integumentary disorders were the most common reason for systemic AMU (40.5% of courses). Urogenital disorders were the most common reason for Category B AMU (31.1% of courses). Increased odds of systemic and Category B AMU were observed in equids <1 year compared with those aged 5–14 years. Breed was associated with AMU, with odds of systemic and Category B AMU highest in Thoroughbreds and Thoroughbred crosses.Main limitationsConvenience sample of practices may limit generalisability.ConclusionsEmpirical use of Category B antimicrobials remains commonplace.
Prevalence of the RAPGEF5 c.2624C>A and PLOD1 c.2032G>A variants associated with equine familial isolated hypoparathyroidism and fragile foal syndrome in the US Thoroughbred population (1988–2019)
Authors: Elcombe Megan E. , Bellone Rebecca R. , Magdesian K. Gary , Finno Carrie J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundEquine familial isolated hypoparathyroidism (EFIH) and fragile foal syndrome (FFS) are both fatal recessive conditions reported in Thoroughbred foals. The causal variants for EFIH (RAPGEF5 c.2624C>A; EquCab3.0. chr4: g.54108297G>T) and FFS (PLOD1 c.2032G>A; EquCab3.0, chr2: g.39927817) were recently reported. Prevalence assessment for these variants in a large cohort of samples is needed to provide evidence‐based recommendations for genetic testing.ObjectivesTo estimate the frequency of the EFIH and FFS variant alleles in the United States Thoroughbred population between 1988 and 2019, and determine whether these are recent mutations or are increasing in frequency due to current breeding practices.Study designPopulation allele frequency study.MethodsGenomic DNA from hair and serum samples were genotyped for the EFIH and FFS. Allele frequencies between cohorts, based on year of birth (1988–2000, n = 728) and (2001–2019, n = 1059), as well as across the seven geographical regions of the United States were compared by Fisher's Exact tests.ResultsEFIH and FFS allele frequencies were not significantly different between the two time points studied (0.008 and 0.004, respectively, in the older cohorts and 0.008 and 0.009 in most recent years). No EFIH or FFS homozygotes were detected. A sample from 1992 was identified as a carrier for EFIH and one from 1993 a carrier for FFS. Non‐significant changes in geographical distribution of carriers for both traits were observed.Main limitationsThe earliest samples available for study were from foals born in 1988.ConclusionsThe EFIH and FFS variants are present at low frequency in the United States Thoroughbred population but are not recent mutations. There is no evidence to support changes in allele frequency over time. However, given the closed studbook and breeding practices, continued monitoring of breed allele frequencies and genetic testing is recommended to avoid the mating of carriers and production of affected foals.
Equine sinusitis aetiology is linked to sinus microbiome by amplicon sequencing
Authors: Lowman Megan E. , Tipton Craig D. , Labordère Alexandra L. , Brown James A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundInformation regarding the microbiome in sinusitis using genetic sequencing is lacking and more‐in‐depth understanding of the microbiome could improve antimicrobial selection and treatment outcomes for cases of primary sinusitis.ObjectivesTo describe sinus microbiota in samples from horses with sinusitis and compare microbiota and the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes between primary, dental‐related and other secondary causes of sinusitis.Study designRetrospective case series.MethodsRecords of equine sinusitis from 2017 to 2021 were reviewed and historical microbial amplicon sequence data were obtained from clinical diagnostic testing of sinus secretions. Following bioinformatic processing of bacterial and fungal sequence data, the sinus microbiota and importance of sinusitis aetiology among other factors were investigated from the perspectives of alpha diversity (e.g., number of operational taxonomic units [OTUs], Hill1 Diversity), beta diversity, and differentially abundant taxa. Quantitative PCR allowed for comparisons of estimated bacterial abundance and detection rate of common antibiotic resistance‐associated genes. In a smaller subset, longitudinal analysis was performed to evaluate similarity in samples over time.ResultsOf 81 samples analysed from 70 horses, the bacterial microbiome was characterised in 66, and fungal in five. Only sinusitis aetiology was shown to significantly influence microbiome diversity and composition (p < 0.05). Dental‐related sinusitis (n = 44) was associated with a significantly higher proportion of obligate anaerobic bacteria, whereas primary sinusitis (n = 12) and other (n = 10) groups were associated with fewer bacteria and higher proportions of facultative anaerobic and aerobic genera. Antimicrobial resistance genes and fungal components were exclusively identified in dental‐related sinusitis.Main limitationsRetrospective nature, incomplete prior antimicrobial administration data.ConclusionsMolecular characterisation in sinusitis identifies microbial species which may be difficult to isolate via culture, and microbiome profiling can differentiate sinusitis aetiology, which may inform further treatment, including antimicrobial therapy.