bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical parameters, volatile compounds and organoleptic properties of bread prepared with substituted sucrose with rare sugar D‐allulose
Authors: Sawettanun Saranta , Ogawa Masahiro 
Published: June 2022

SummaryD‐Allulose (Alu), a very low‐calorie monosaccharide with several disease‐preventing effects, is expected to be used as a substitute for sucrose (Suc) in bakery products. This study assessed the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of bread in which 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of Suc was replaced by Alu. The replacement of up to 75% of Suc by Alu did not affect bread appearance: loaf height, volume and colour texture properties. Bread in which up to 75% of Suc was replaced by Alu had similar hardness values to 100% Suc bread. GC–MS analyses of the head space of the bread identified 25 volatile compounds (7 alcohols, 8 ketones, 8 aldehydes and 2 other compounds) in the Alu‐substituted bread. Bread with the higher ratio of Alu substitution had stronger roasted and caramel‐like odours and lighter fermented and alcoholic odours. Hedonic sensory results suggested that 100% Alu‐substituted bread had a lower score in a preference test, while up to 75% Alu‐substituted bread was equivalent to bread using traditional sugar, Suc.
Exit regime for international students: The case of Georgia
Authors: Krannich Sascha , Hunger Uwe 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we focus on an exit regime for an important and fast rising, but still under‐researched form of migration: student migration. More and more countries in the Global South—which suffered large emigration numbers of students to the Global North in the past—have started to establish their own exit regimes to regulate student emigration in their own interests. How do these exit regimes for students studying abroad operate? And are they actually successful in regulating student migration in the interest of the emigration state? Here, we take a closer look at the exit regime of the Caucasian state of Georgia. Drawing on Krasner's regime theory and on a larger empirical study, we identified a sophisticated exit regime of the Georgian state that operates on the basis of various scholarship programmes for Georgian students who study abroad and who have to return to Georgia after graduation.
Voluntary assisted dying: peak bodies must provide practical guidance
Authors: Close Eliana , Willmott Lindy , White Ben P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDespite widespread reform in Australia, the Australian Medical Association (AMA) remains ethically opposed to voluntary assisted dying (VAD). This article argues that the AMA should abandon its opposition to VAD to fulfil better its mandate of providing the best outcomes for doctors, patients and the community. A neutral stance enables peak bodies to engage more fully in implementation and support diverse perspectives.
Unusual presentations of central nervous system myeloid sarcoma
Authors: Chatterton Sophie , Helou Jacob , Drummond James , Gill Anthony J. , Ward Christopher , Coyle Luke , Kerridge Ian , Ng Karl 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMyeloid sarcoma (MS), also termed ‘chloroma’ or ‘granulocytic sarcoma’, is a tumour mass consisting of myeloid blasts occurring at an anatomical site other than the bone marrow. MS occurs in up to 8% of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. While MS typically involves the skin or lymph nodes, almost any tissue can be affected, and symptoms largely depend on the organ involved and subsequent mass effect. We present a case series of patients that presented to a tertiary hospital with MS affecting the central nervous system over a 4‐month period. These three cases demonstrate the vast spectrum of clinical presentations of MS and, furthermore, show rare examples of intramedullary spinal cord involvement and disseminated intraparenchymal brain disease.
Update on the current knowledge of lymphatic drainage system and its emerging roles in glioma management
Authors: Lan Yu‐Long , Wang Hongjin , Chen Aiqin , Zhang Jianmin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe draining of brain interstitial fluid (ISF) to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the subsequent draining of CSF to meningeal lymphatics is well‐known. Nonetheless, its role in the development of glioma is a remarkable finding that has to be extensively understood. The glymphatic system (GS) collects CSF from the subarachnoid space and brain ISF through aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) water channels. The glial limiting membrane and the perivascular astrocyte‐end‐feet membrane both have elevated levels of AQP4. CSF is thought to drain through the nerve sheaths of the olfactory and other cranial nerves as well as spinal meningeal lymphatics via dorsal or basal lymphatic vessels. Meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) exist below the skull in the dorsal and basal regions. In this view, MLVs offer a pathway to drain macromolecules and traffic immunological cells from the CNS into cervical lymph nodes (CLNs), and thus can be used as a candidate curing strategy against glioma and other associated complications, such as neuro‐inflammation. Taken together, the lymphatic drainage system could provide a route or approach for drug targeting of glioma and other neurological conditions. Nevertheless, its pathophysiological role in glioma remains elusive, which needs extensive research. The current review aims to explore the lymphatic drainage system, its role in glioma progression, and possible therapeutic techniques that target MLVs in the CNS.
Syringic acid mitigates isoproterenol‐induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis by downregulating Ereg
Authors: Han Xiongyi , Bai Liyan , Kee Hae Jin , Jeong Myung Ho 
Published: June 2022

AbstractGallic acid has been reported to mitigate cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and arterial hypertension. The effects of syringic acid, a derivative of gallic acid, on cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis have not been previously investigated. This study aimed to examine the effects of syringic acid on isoproterenol‐treated mice and cells. Syringic acid mitigated the isoproterenol‐induced upregulation of heart weight to bodyweight ratio, pathological cardiac remodelling and fibrosis in mice. Picrosirius red staining, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and Western blotting analyses revealed that syringic acid markedly downregulated collagen accumulation and fibrosis‐related factors, including Fn1. The results of RNA sequencing analysis of Ereg expression were verified using qRT‐PCR. Syringic acid or transfection with si‐Ereg mitigated the isoproterenol‐induced upregulation of Ereg, Myc and Ngfr. Ereg knockdown mitigated the isoproterenol‐induced upregulation of Nppb and Fn1 and enhancement of cell size. Mechanistically, syringic acid alleviated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis by downregulating Ereg. These results suggest that syringic acid is a potential therapeutic agent for cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.
Analysis of the problems of drug sampling and testing programme under tripartite system reform in China
Authors: Li Shiqi , Sun Lihua 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRationaleTo ensure that quality medicines are available to the populace.Aim and ObjectiveTo provide a new perspective for drug sampling and testing using a risk‐based approach globally, and provide a reference for improving the efficiency of the drug sampling and testing programme in China.MethodThis study used a combination of theoretical analysis and problem analysis. First, we analysed the high‐risk drugs that should be given attention to theoretically in the drug sampling testing programme based on the healthcare reform in China. Second, this study leveraged on data on the sampling and testing of drugs extracted from self‐constructed data by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA). The integrated and structured data sets were used to conduct an innovative analysis that identifies the actual content of the drug sampling and testing programme and contrasts them with the theoretical content to understand the problems. This study used quantitative and qualitative approaches for data analysis.ResultsFollowing analysis, we discovered that there is still a big gap between the reality of drug sampling and testing in China and the ideal state of the objective requirements of healthcare reforms. The major sources of risk are the retail pharmacies or hospital pharmacies in the distribution chain of drugs; however, the CFDA sampled mostly drugs from drug manufacturers. Additionally, the CFDA did not sample adequate essential medicines, bid‐winning drugs (especially those with large price drops in centralized procurement), biological products and other high‐risk drug varieties. The high‐risk drugs produced by companies or enterprises with a history of noncompliance, especially bid‐winning enterprises in centralized procurement, were not sampled.ConclusionWe suggest that the major content of drug sampling and testing in China should focus on the link of drug utilization, varieties of drugs with large price drops in centralized procurement and bid‐winning enterprises with a history of noncompliance.
Integrated thermal and routing analysis applied for cold supply chain
Authors: Bezerra Luíza Moreira , Silva Vanina Macowski Durski , da Silva Diogo Lôndero 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA challenge in the distribution of cold chain products is ensuring product quality while minimizing the process costs. This study proposes an integrated method to analyze the route generation and its impact on the temperature variation of refrigerated loads during their physical distribution. Hence, two heuristic methods for route generation are compared (Clarke and Wright and the Nearest Neighbor). Therefore, a simulation tool is proposed for planning routes for the physical distribution of refrigerated products, making the entire logistics process more efficient, reducing the unwanted gain of internal temperature of the vehicle and the product, considering the time windows available, number of vehicles and its available capacity. Five scenarios in total were compared and, as a result, the Clarke and Wright method with temperature restriction proved to be more effective for routing within the imposed temperature limits and aiming at savings of 20% in the number of vehicles and 7% in the distance traveled.Practical applicationsThe proposed model can be used as a tool for the route planners of cold chain products who can choose a shorter route or a route that guarantees the maintenance of the desired temperature, without harming transported products. It can contribute to the quality of the products of cold chain.
Use of physical restraints and its associated risk factors in the aged care facilities: A multicentre cross‐sectional study
Authors: Pu Haixu , Zhang Xiaoqin , Luo Liangchu , Yu Qian , Feng Xiaolin , Yan Lichun , Zhang Yinhua 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAims and ObjectivesTo investigate the use of physical restraints in aged care facilities(ACFs)and analyse its associated risk factors.BackgroundPhysical restraints have been widely used in ACFs worldwide, but they can cause physical and mental harm to older people. It is important to regulate the use of physical restraint.DesignA cross‐sectional observational and correlational multicentre study.MethodsBy convenience sampling method, we selected eight ACFs in four representative regions of Hunan province, China, for this study. The ACF‐related information was obtained by interviewing the managers and reviewing records. We conducted investigation and observation on the elderly in the ACFs to understand the use of physical restraints at three different times: 9:30–11:30, 16:00–18:00 and 19:30–21:30 on a working day. The STROBE checklist was followed for this cross‐sectional study.ResultsThis study found that the utilisation rate of physical restraints was 23.2%. The critical risk factors affecting the use of physical restrains include the following: (1) the ratio of nursing staff to the elderly residents; (2)whether there is a dementia care unit at the facility; (3) the number of elderly residents in each room; (4) the elderly residents' age, degree of education, marital status, care dependence and cognitive impairment; (5) whether the elderly has suffered from a stroke or senile dementia; (6) whether the elderly carries medical catheters.ConclusionThere is a lack of standardisation in the use of physical restraints in ACFs of central China. Chinese ACFs should develop guidelines and reduction measures to standardise the use of physical restraints, basing on the key factors affecting the use of physical restraints.Relevance to clinical practiceThe use of physical restraints in ACFs is threatening the safety of the elderly residents. Understanding the implementation of physical restraint in ACFs can provide reference for reducing the use of physical restraint.
Impact of oral motor task training on corticomotor pathways and diadochokinetic rates in young healthy participants
Authors: Boscato Noéli , Hayakawa Hidetoshi , Iida Takashi , Costa Yuri M. , Kothari Simple Futarmal , Kothari Mohit , Svensson Peter 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundStudies addressing the training‐induced neuroplasticity and interrelationships of the lip, masseter, and tongue motor representations in the human motor cortex using single syllable repetition are lacking.ObjectiveThis study investigated the impact of a repeated training in a novel PaTaKa diadochokinetic (DDK) orofacial motor task (OMT) on corticomotor control of the lips, masseter, and tongue muscles in young healthy participants.MethodsA total of 22 young healthy volunteers performed 3 consecutive days of training in an OMT. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to elicit motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip, masseter, tongue, and first dorsal interosseous (FDI, internal control) muscles. MEPs were assessed by stimulus–response curves and corticomotor mapping at baseline and after OMT. The DDK rate from PaTaKa single syllable repetition and numeric rating scale (NRS) scores were also obtained at baseline and immediately after each OMT. Repeated‐measures analysis of variance was used to detect differences at a significance level of 5%.ResultsThere was a significant effect of OMT and stimulus intensity on the lips, masseter, and tongue MEPs compared to baseline (p < .001), but not FDI MEPs (p > .05). OMT increased corticomotor topographic maps area (p < .001), and DDK rates (p < .01).ConclusionOur findings suggest that 3 consecutive days of a repeated PaTaKa training in an OMT can induce neuroplastic changes in the corticomotor pathways of orofacial muscles, and it may be related to mechanisms underlying the improvement of orofacial fine motor skills due to short‐term training. The clinical utility should now be investigated.
Effect of non‐starch polysaccharide enzyme supplementation with gradually reduced energy diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, lean meat percentage and backfat thickness of growing pigs
Authors: Hoque Md Raihanul , Kim In Ho 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis study was conducted with the objective of evaluating a way to reduce feed costs with better meat characteristics for growing pigs by supplementing non‐starch polysaccharide enzyme (NSPE) in energy reduced diets. A total of 200 growing pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] weighing 22.94 ± 0.22 kg were divided into five dietary treatments, each with eight replication pens (three barrows and two gilts). The pigs were allotted in a completely randomised block design according to body weight and sex. The dietary treatments were: CON (control), basal diet (NE 2500 kcal); NSPE1, basal diet + 0.04% NSPE; NSPE2, (basal diet—20 kcal) + 0.04% NSPE; NSPE3, (basal diet—30 kcal) + 0.04% NSPE; NSPE4, (basal diet—50 kcal) + 0.04% NSPE. We have assessed growth performance, lean meat percentage (LMP) and backfat thickness at initial, Week 4 and 8. Apparent nutrient digestibility was assessed in Weeks 4 and 8. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) among the groups on growth performance. In Week 8, gradual reduction of energy caused a linear reduction (p = 0.028) of backfat thickness and a linear increase (p < 0.05) of LMP. In addition, at Week 8, supplementation of NSPE enzyme showed improved digestibility of nitrogen (p < 0.05) and energy (p < 0.05) in the NSPE1 group than in the CON group. In short, gradual reduction of dietary energy supplemented with NSPE showed consistent growth performance through higher nutrient digestibility with positive changes in backfat thickness and LMP of growing pigs.
Extrahepatic carcinogenicity of oral nucleos(t)ide analogues in chronic hepatitis B carriers: A 35,000‐Korean outcome study
Authors: Lim Jihye , Lee Jung‐Bok , An Jihyun , Song Gi‐Won , Kim Kang Mo , Lee Han Chu , Shim Ju Hyun 
Published: June 2022

AbstractEvidence on the carcinogenicity of oral nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) is inconclusive and lacks data on the effects by chemical structure of the NAs in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We aimed to provide definitive results on this issue using a large set of CHB patients and data on all major NA drugs. The study population consisted of 10,331 patients with CHB receiving primary NA treatment for more than 6 months, and 24,836 untreated controls followed for at least as long as the treated patients. Using the inverse‐probability‐of‐treatment‐weighted (IPTW) method, the cumulative incidence of extrahepatic cancers was compared in the treated and untreated patients and across the cyclopentane, L‐nucleoside and acyclic phosphonate categories of NAs. Analyses of individual cancers as sub‐endpoints were also performed. The cumulative incidence of overall extrahepatic malignancies did not differ between the two groups in the IPTW cohort (hazard ratio [HR] 1.002; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.859–1.169]). Similar statistical trends were observed in analyses across the three NA chemical subsets and controls. Per‐cancer analyses indicated that NA treatment was significantly associated with increased risks of colorectal/anal cancers (HRs [95% CI], 1.538 [1.175–2.013]) and lymphoma (1.784 [1.196–2.662]). Conversely, breast cancer (HRs [95% CI], 0.669 [0.462–0.967]) and prostate cancer (0.521 [0.329–0.825]) were less prevalent in the NA‐treated group. In conclusion, prolonged NA treatment presents carcinogenic risks for colorectal/anal and lymphoid tissues in CHB patients, although it does not affect most extrahepatic organs. The protective effect of NAs on breast and prostate cancers should be confirmed.
Real‐world study on HBsAg loss of combination therapy in HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B patients
Authors: Chu Jun‐Hao , Huang Yan , Xie Dong‐Ying , Deng Hong , Wei Jia , Guan Yu‐Juan , Li Guo‐Jun , Zeng Yi‐Lan , Yang Jia‐Hong , Chen Xin‐Yue , Shang Jia , Li Jia‐Bin , Gao Na , Gao Zhi‐Liang 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCombination therapy with pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN) and nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) can enhance hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) clearance. However, the specific treatment strategy and the patients who would benefit the most are unclear. Therefore, we assessed the HBsAg loss rate of add‐on PEG‐IFN and explored the factors associated with HBsAg loss in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. This was a real‐world cohort study of adults with CHB. Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐negative NAs‐treated patients with baseline HBsAg ≤1500 IU/ml and HBV DNA < the lower limit of detection, or 100 IU/ml, received 48 weeks of add‐on PEG‐IFN. The primary outcome of the study was the rate of HBsAg loss at 48 weeks of combination treatment. Using multivariable logistic regression analysis, we determined factors associated with HBsAg loss. HBsAg loss in 2579 patients (mean age: 41.2 years; 80.9% male) was 36.7% (947 patients) at 48 weeks. HBsAg loss was highest in patients from south‐central and southwestern China (40.0%). Factors independently associated with HBsAg loss included: increasing age (odds ratio = 0.961); being male (0.543); baseline HBsAg level (0.216); HBsAg decrease at 12 weeks (between 0.5 and 1.0 log10 IU/ml [2.405] and >1.0 log10 IU/ml [7.370]); alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increase at 12 weeks (1.365); haemoglobin (HGB) decrease at 12 weeks (1.558). There was no difference in the primary outcomes associated with the combination regimen. In conclusion, HBsAg loss by combination therapy was higher in patients from southern China than those from the north. An increased chance of HBsAg loss was associated with baseline characteristics and dynamic changes in clinical indicators.
Testing the niche variation hypothesis in pinnipeds
Authors: Franco‐Trecu Valentina , Botta Silvina , de Lima Renan C. , Negrete Javier , Naya Daniel E. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Individual trophic specialisation (ITS) has many important consequences for ecological and evolutionary processes. An old hypothesis highlighting the relevance of ITS is the niche variation hypothesis (NVH), which proposes that populations composed of trophically specialised individuals have a wider population niche than populations composed of more generalist individuals. Pinnipeds are a good model to test the NVH because they are mostly generalist species, living in dense colonies, and exhibiting variation in trophic niche width among populations.

We tested the NVH in pinnipeds using longitudinal isotopic data: published δ13C and δ15N data obtained from sequential sections of whiskers (vibrissae) from individuals belonging to 14 populations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the NVH by using longitudinal isotopic data.

We compiled studies that published raw data on δ13C and δ15N for pinniped whisker segments to estimate the within‐individual and the between‐individuals components of variance, the total niche width (TNW), and ITS. One‐dimensional (i.e. δ13C or δ15N) and multi‐dimensional (i.e. δ13C and δ15N) analyses were used. Also, we tested whether an evolutionary component would affect the degree of ITS among pinniped species with different levels of shared ancestry.

Our results indicate that, in line with the NVH, pinniped populations composed of more specialised individuals tend to show wider trophic niches. When analysing each sex separately, the hypothesis is supported for females but not for males.

We believe that physiological and behavioural differences between sexes may explain this result. In females, high TNW is mainly related to greater differentiation among individuals, while in males, it is mainly related to high diversity of resources consumed by all individuals.