bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A molecular beam-surface apparatus for quantum state-resolved adsorption studies
Authors: Shen Qiqi , Wu Jiawei , Zhou Feiyue , Song Yunlong , Dong Wenrui , Wang Xingan , Wang Tao , Yang Xueming 
Published: January 2022

Understanding the microscopic mechanism of molecule–surface interaction is of great importance in the study of chemical dynamics. Yet, it remains challenging to experimentally acquire quantum state resolved results, particularly the results related to different degrees of freedom of the reactants. Here, we report the design and performance of a new apparatus for molecule–surface dynamics studies, which enable the measurement of quantum state-resolved adsorption. A continuous narrow-linewidth infrared laser source and molecular beam unit were developed and employed in this new apparatus to achieve independent control on different degrees of freedom (translation, vibration, and rotation) of the molecule. Preliminary results on hydrogen and hydrogen chloride adsorption on the Cu (111) surface were also presented.
Power supply for fast-scanning magnet in proton therapy: Design and test
Authors: Yuan Jushigang , Pang Shiqiang , Chen Taiyan , Zhou Zijian , Zou Jiabao , Zuo Chen , Huang Jiang 
Published: January 2022

Proton therapy is one of the most effective radiation methods to combat cancer and offers a substantial advantage over conventional photon therapy. Magnetic scanning systems consisting of a magnet and power supply form an integral part of proton therapy and allow the beam position (x, y) to be controlled during spot scanning. Ensuring that the dose is rapidly and precisely distributed within the contour of the tumor requires a high-precision, fast-ramp-speed, and high-stability power supply with accurate control. The present work uses a three-phase bridge rectifier and multiple series-parallel H-bridge converters to propose a prototype power supply for the scanning magnet of a magnetic scanning system. The power supply is controlled using a proportional integral controller using digital signal processing. A prototype of the scanning power supply is developed and tested, and the results demonstrate an output current of ±500 A, a ramp speed of ±40 kA/s, and a short- and long-term stability of less than 20 ppm.
Hadamard states for bosonic quantum field theory on globally hyperbolic spacetimes
Authors: Lewandowski Max 
Published: January 2022

According to Radzikowski’s celebrated results, bisolutions of a wave operator on a globally hyperbolic spacetime are of the Hadamard form iff they are given by a linear combination of distinguished parametrices i2G̃aF−G̃F+G̃A−G̃R in the sense of Duistermaat and Hörmander [Acta Math. 128, 183–269 (1972)] and Radzikowski [Commun. Math. Phys. 179, 529 (1996)]. Inspired by the construction of the corresponding advanced and retarded Green operator GA, GR as done by Bär, Ginoux, and Pfäffle {Wave Equations on Lorentzian Manifolds and Quantization [European Mathematical Society (EMS), Zürich, 2007]}, we construct the remaining two Green operators GF, GaF locally in terms of Hadamard series. Afterward, we provide the global construction of i2G̃aF−G̃F, which relies on new techniques such as a well-posed Cauchy problem for bisolutions and a patching argument using Čech cohomology. This leads to global bisolutions of the Hadamard form, each of which can be chosen to be a Hadamard two-point-function, i.e., the smooth part can be adapted such that, additionally, the symmetry and the positivity condition are exactly satisfied.
A method for synthesis of quasi-optical transmission line for the 45 GHz/20 kW electron cyclotron resonance ion source
Authors: Liu Jianwei , Guo Junwei , Wang Lina , Niu Xinjian , Sun Xu 
Published: January 2022

In this paper, the method for synthesis of a quasi-optical transmission line (QOTL) for a 45-GHz/20-kW Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source is proposed. The QOTL consists of five quasi-optical elliptical mirrors which had successfully transmitted the microwave power of about 12.8 m from the output of the matching optical unit to the vacuum window of the corrugated waveguide. The lengths of the major and minor axes of the five elliptical mirrors are optimized by adopting the Nelder–Mead simplex algorithm to achieve the maximum power transmission efficiency. Meanwhile, analysis of the electromagnetic fields in the QOTL system has been developed in terms of the vector diffraction theory. The model of the QOTL system is built using the Altair Feko software to simulate the electromagnetic wave propagating in free space. After the optimized design and simulation verification, the QOTL system has been fabricated, installed, and measured. The experimental results reveal that the power transmission efficiency of the QOTL system is 86.5%, including diffractive and ohmic losses. Moreover, the correlation coefficient reaches 96.53% between the field pattern of the theoretical value and the measured value at the vacuum window of the 45-GHz/20-kW ECR ion source.
Hall and ion-slip effects on MHD fluid flow in a rotating curved duct with aspect ratio 3
Authors: Islam Md. Rafiqul , Samad Md. Abdus , Alam Md. Mahmud 
Published: January 2022

This study numerically investigates the fully developed two-dimensional, steady, viscous, incompressible magnetohydrodynamic fluid flow that passes through a rotating curved duct with an aspect ratio of 3. The curvature of the duct has been taken over a wide range of 0.01 ≤ δ ≤ 0.5. The governing equations are derived from the Navier–Stokes equations, and these equations are transformed into their non-dimensional form by applying usual transformations. The velocity of the flow is influenced by a pressure gradient force (namely, Dean forces) along the axial direction of the curved duct. The flow is also accelerated due to the combined action of the centrifugal and Coriolis forces. The effects of the Dean number, rotation, magnetic, Hall, and ion-slip parameters are examined on that flow. The spectral method is used as the primary tool to calculate the numerical solution, while the Chebyshev polynomial, collocation, and Newton–Raphson methods are used as supporting tools. The arc length method has also been used to calculate the results at any point of the critical zone of the solution curve. The main focal point of this paper is to investigate the effect of the magnetic parameter, Hall parameter, and ion-slip parameter on the flow characteristics in the rotational curve duct with a comparatively large aspect ratio. There are symmetric 2-, 4-, up to 12-vortex solutions that have been found for the streamlines of the secondary flow. In contrast, 1-, 2-, up to uncountable contour plots have been found for the axial flow. Specifically, asymmetric flow structures have been found for a small curvature and large Dean number.
Organic abrasive machining system for optical fabrication with 0.1-mm spatial resolution
Authors: Matsuzawa Yusuke , Hiraguri Kentaro , Hashizume Hirokazu , Mimura Hidekazu 
Published: January 2022

High-precision optics for short-wavelength regions, such as x rays and extreme ultraviolet light, generally require nanometer-level figure accuracy on their surfaces. Such optics are finished via a numerically controlled figure correction process in which the dwelling time of the machining tool on the workpiece is controlled. Due to the limitation of the machined spot size, it is difficult to remove mid-spatial-frequency (1 to 10 mm−1) errors on an optical surface. To realize a high-spatial-resolution figure correction process for high-precision optics, we have been developing the organic abrasive machining (OAM) technique, which can generate a 100 µm machined spot using a small elastic rotation tool in a slurry that includes acrylic particles. In this study, an OAM apparatus that can measure the machining load was constructed. The effects of the machining and slurry conditions were investigated and high-spatial-resolution machining on a flat glass substrate was demonstrated. The root-mean-square roughness of the surface after OAM processing was below 0.2 nm. Patterns with a minimum line and space size of 100 µm were successfully fabricated.
A broadband optical fiber transmission-based time domain measurement system for nanosecond-level transient electric field
Authors: Kong Xu , Xing Wen-qi , Xie Yan-zhao , Zheng Zhou , Sun Zhen-dong 
Published: January 2022

A novel nanosecond transient electric field (E-field) measurement system is developed in this paper to measure the E-field pulse caused by the operation of the high-voltage switch (switching E-field pulse) in the substation. An electrically small rod antenna is used as the receiving antenna and is matched by the operational amplifier with high input impedance to achieve broadband frequency response and stable working performance. A broadband analog optical fiber transmission system is further designed based on the high-frequency circuit model of the electronic components. Unlike the traditional frequency domain E-field measurement methods, the developed measurement system can directly output the time domain waveform of the switching E-field pulse. It also has the advantages of adjustable sensitivity, portability, and anti-electromagnetic interference. The calibrated measurement bandwidth ranges from 200 Hz to 680 MHz. Furthermore, the switching E-field pulse in an ultra-high voltage substation is measured and analyzed to verify the effectiveness of the fabricated measurement system.
Full-frequency dynamical Bethe–Salpeter equation without frequency and a study of double excitations
Authors: Bintrim Sylvia J. , Berkelbach Timothy C. 
Published: January 2022

The Bethe–Salpeter equation (BSE) that results from the GW approximation to the self-energy is a frequency-dependent (nonlinear) eigenvalue problem due to the dynamically screened Coulomb interaction between electrons and holes. The computational time required for a numerically exact treatment of this frequency dependence is O(N6), where N is the system size. To avoid the common static screening approximation, we show that the full-frequency dynamical BSE can be exactly reformulated as a frequency-independent eigenvalue problem in an expanded space of single and double excitations. When combined with an iterative eigensolver and the density fitting approximation to the electron repulsion integrals, this reformulation yields a dynamical BSE algorithm whose computational time is O(N5), which we verify numerically. Furthermore, the reformulation provides direct access to excited states with dominant double excitation character, which are completely absent in the spectrum of the statically screened BSE. We study the 21Ag state of butadiene, hexatriene, and octatetraene and find that GW/BSE overestimates the excitation energy by about 1.5–2 eV and significantly underestimates the double excitation character.
The symmetry-preserving mean field condition for electrostatic correlations in bulk
Authors: Hu Zhonghan 
Published: January 2022

Accurate simulations of a condensed system of ions or polar molecules are concerned with proper handling of the involved electrostatics. For such a Coulomb system at a charged planar interface, the Coulomb interaction averaged over the lateral directions with preserved symmetry serves as a necessary constraint in building any accurate handling that reconciles a simulated singlet charge density with the corresponding macroscopic charge/dielectric response. At present, this symmetry-preserving mean field (SPMF) condition represented in the reciprocal space is conjectured to be necessary for a simulated bulk system to reproduce correctly the charge structure factor of the macroscopic bulk as well. In this work, we further examine analytically the asymptotic behavior of the charge structure factor at small wavenumbers for an arbitrary charge–charge interaction. In light of our theoretical predictions, simulations with lengths of nearly 0.1 μm are carried out to demonstrate that typical efficient methods violating the SPMF condition, indeed, fail to capture the exact charge correlations at small wavenumbers for both ionic and polar systems. However, for both types of systems, these existing methods can be simply amended to match the SPMF condition and subsequently to precisely probe the electrostatic correlations at all length scales.
‘We will have to remember this as teachers’
Authors: Dooly Melinda 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Applying interaction analysis to transcriptions of online
meetings held weekly over a ten-week period between two groups of
student-teachers, this chapter considers how telecollaboration (also known
as Virtual Exchange) in teacher education can support the development of
teachers’ digital competences and teacher identity through peer-supported
online collaboration. The analysis shows how sustained use of online
collaborative learning allows for moments of alignment and misalignment
(dissonance) that afford learning opportunities for the participants as they
become increasingly participative and cohesive in their online professional
community.
Discursive construction of collective identity in a global online
community of practice of English language teachers
Authors: Kulavuz-Onal Derya 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, I explore how members of Webheads in
Action, an online community of practice of English language
teachers, construct a collective identity of “webhead-ness” discursively,
how certain community values are realized at the linguistic level in their
email communication, and how the community’s collective identity and values
shape their professional development. Through a corpus-driven
discourse-analytic approach of the email communication and content analysis
of in-depth interviews with two long-term active members, I observed that
members frequently draw on specific discursive resources that seem to have
evolved as idiosyncratic linguistic practices in this community’s culture.
Such practices that reinforce a collective identity are critical for
cultivating and sustaining long-standing online communities of practice that
foster teacher participation and professional development.
Developing online language teacher identities
Authors: Reinhardt Jonathon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Informed by the other studies of the volume, this chapter argues
that online language teacher education (OLTE) should make five
considerations in reconceptualizing curricula and provides examples of
learning activities that address each. First it should acknowledge that
online digital language use differs considerably from in-person language
equivalents, and second, that technology knowledge includes not only how to
teach online but what digital language use is. Third, it should recognize
that learners and teachers have modern techno-identities developed not only
in their academic but their everyday lives as well. Fourth, it should
leverage the power of the Internet to develop translanguacultural awareness
and fifth, recognize that social presence is key to socio-collaborative
learning, both in-person and online.
The second language acquisition of grammatical gender and number in Italian
Authors: Ayoun Dalila , Maranzana Stefano 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This cross-sectional empirical study tested the ability of Anglophone L2 learners of Italian
(n = 87) to assign grammatical gender and number to a subset of isolated nouns drawn from a
written corpus of current magazine and newspaper articles. Italian native speakers served as controls
(n = 109). We first present a descriptive account of grammatical gender that outlines several
idiosyncrasies and complexities than may lead to difficulties for L2 learners, particularly English native speakers,
from a Feature Reassembly approach and a Minimalist perspective. We then discuss L2 learnability implications in light
of the results of a written, computerized gender assignment task (GAT) showing significant effects for gender and
number, ambiguous vs. transparent nouns, but not for suffixed vs non-suffixed nouns.
Investigating grammatical gender agreement in Spanish
Authors: Spino LeAnne 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The present eye-tracking study tests the assumption that online techniques can tap implicit
knowledge and reduce access to explicit knowledge by triangulating eye movements with a post-reading questionnaire. L1
English learners of L2 Spanish and Spanish native speakers (NSs) read sentences embedded with violations of
determiner-noun and noun-adjective agreement followed by comprehension questions. They then completed a post-reading
questionnaire that measured to what extent they were aware of the violations in the experimental stimuli. In the
eye-tracking experiment, both L2 learners and Spanish NSs were sensitive to violations of determiner-noun agreement,
but only Spanish NSs were sensitive to violations of noun-adjective agreement. On the post-reading questionnaire, most
participants were also aware of the grammatical gender agreement violations, with determiner-noun agreement violations
generally being more salient than noun-adjective violations. These results indicate that the violation detection
paradigm implemented in this experiment did not entirely obviate explicit knowledge. Results are discussed in terms of
methodological considerations researchers should keep in mind when designing and implementing studies that investigate
grammatical gender agreement and other linguistic phenomena.
Cross-linguistic influence in bilingual grammars
Authors: van Osch Brechje , Boers Ivo H.G. , Grijzenhout Janet , Parafita Couto M. Carmen , Sterken Bo , Tat Deniz 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This study reports on grammatical gender assignment in elicited production data from heritage
speakers of Turkish, Papiamento, and Spanish in the Netherlands. We investigate the role of cross-linguistic influence
from the heritage language onto the societal language by comparing three heritage languages that differ in terms of
the properties of the nominal domain, including gender. Determiner-adjective-noun constructions were elicited by means
of a Director-Matcher task (Gullberg, Indefrey, & Muysken, 2009), which
was performed both in a unilingual Dutch mode, and in a code-switching mode from Dutch to the heritage language. The
results show that all groups tend to overgeneralize the common gender in the Dutch unilingual mode. Strikingly, the
performance of heritage speakers of Spanish was more target-like than the Papiamento and Turkish speakers, which may
be due to the fact that Spanish is the only language that has a grammatical gender system. In code-switching mode,
most speakers tend to assign common gender to inserted nouns, but some speakers also apply a gender assignment
strategy based on the translation equivalent of the noun in Dutch, or produce a postnominal adjective construction
with an uninflected adjective. An analysis of extra-linguistic variables demonstrated that gender assignment
strategies seem to be determined to some extent by the degree of dominance in the societal language.
The rivalry between definiteness and specificity
Authors: Osawa Fuyo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper addresses the question of why Present-day English (hereafter PDE) grammaticalized definiteness, but not specificity, as a D head. Two semantic properties are involved in the use of nominals: [definite] and [specific]. Definiteness means that a nominal marked as [+definite] indicates that the speaker assumes that the hearer shares the speaker’s presupposition of the existence of an individual. The specific reading is characterized by the certainty of the speaker about the identity of the referent. Specificity is knowledge only held by the speaker. The PDE article system is based on definiteness, while specificity is not involved in article choice in English. This is puzzling because investigations of language acquisition have shown that article choice is cross-linguistically based on specificity rather than definiteness, irrespective of learners’ first language. Thus, specificity seems to be more suitable for a D head. I propose two reasons why the PDE article system is based on definiteness. Firstly, person properties were encoded into the D head since definiteness is to be assimilated to the category of person. Another reason, which I only hint at in this paper, might be intersubjectification: the shift of attention from the speaker to the hearer. Specificity involves the speaker only, while definiteness marking involves both the speaker and the hearer. These two are essential processes of grammaticalization, i.e. DP emergence.
Post-head compression in noun phrase referring expressions
Authors: Oppliger Rahel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In communication, language users frequently produce referring expressions with noun phrases at their centre (NP REs). Over the course of a communicative interaction, interlocutors’ use of NP REs tends to change: previous research has attested to speakers’ tendency to converge on linguistic forms – establishing routines (e.g. Pickering & Garrod 2004, 2005) – and to shorten their NP REs in the process (e.g. Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs 1986; Brennan & Clark 1996; Castillo et al. 2019). The present chapter investigates this shortening process and observes the structural changes in NP REs that accompany it. The study is based on data from an experimentally elicited corpus of spoken English consisting of conversational dyads producing repeated references to visual stimuli in a referential communication task. Interlocutors are indeed shown to shorten their NP REs over the course of the elicited dialogues: particularly, a decrease in longer clausal post-head elements is observed, while the use of only premodified NP REs and shorter phrasal postmodification shows a relative increase. These changes are indicative of shifts in the type of structural modification the NP REs contain: initially, speakers produce more clausal elements, which are associated with structural elaboration; later in the interaction, a decrease in clausal and relative increase in phrasal modification reveals structural compression (cf. Biber & Clark 2002).
From noun to verb
Authors: Maekelberghe Charlotte 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter reassesses the paradigmatic relations between present-day English nominal and verbal gerunds by examining their variation potential at an abstract-schematic level as well as at token-level. Results show that functional overlap is mainly instigated by verbal gerunds taking up more typically nominal uses, thus creating the conditions for variation with the nominal gerund. However, a collexeme analysis reveals that there is actually very little lexical overlap between both gerund types, as nominal gerunds are more restricted in terms of the verbs they can derive from. Thus, while paradigmatic links between nominal and verbal gerunds are present on an abstract-semantic level, their distinct lexical profiles confirm their reorientation to other constructional families.
Shell nouns as epistemic stance devices in English
Authors: Carretero Marta 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the role of English Noun Phrases headed by shell nouns with epistemic modal and evidential meanings as devices for expressing epistemic stance. In line with previous work (Schmid 2000, Carretero 2016), this research adopts the notion of modal and evidential frames (Talmy 1996). The paper focuses on the distinction between epistemic uses, i.e. those uses that express commitment to communicated information, and non-epistemic uses. On the basis of data from the British National Corpus of four epistemic modal nouns (possibility, probability, likelihood, certainty) and four evidential nouns (evidence, indication, proof, sign), four factors that determine (non-)epistemicity have been identified, which are shown to have different relative weight for each of the nouns analysed. Based on these factors, an annotation scheme is proposed for the annotation of epistemic and non-epistemic uses of these nouns in further research.