bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the success of functional restoration after reintroduction of a lost avian pollinator
Authors: Andrews Caitlin E. , Anderson Sandra H. , van der Walt Karin , Thorogood Rose , Ewen John G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractConservation translocation is a common method for species recovery, for which one increasingly frequent objective is restoring lost ecological functions to promote ecosystem recovery. However, few conservation translocation programs explicitly state or monitor function as an objective, limiting the ability to test assumptions, learn from past efforts, and improve management. We evaluated whether translocations of hihi (Notiomystis cincta), a threatened New Zealand passerine, achieved their implicit objective of restoring lost pollination function. Through a pollinator‐exclusion experiment, we quantified, with log response ratios (lnR), the effects of birds on fruit set and seed quality in hangehange (Geniostoma ligustrifolium), a native flowering shrub. We isolated the contributions of hihi by making comparisons across sites with and without hihi. Birds improved fruit set more at sites without hihi (lnR = 1.27) than sites with hihi (lnR = 0.50), suggesting other avian pollinators compensated for and even exceeded hihi contributions to fruit set. Although birds improved seed germination only at hihi sites (lnR = 0.22–0.41), plants at sites without hihi had germination rates similar to hihi sites because they produced 26% more filled seeds, regardless of pollination condition. Therefore, although our results showed hihi improved seed quality, they also highlighted the complexity of ecological functions. When an important species is lost, ecosystems may be able to achieve similar function through different means. Our results underscore the importance of stating and monitoring the ecological benefits of conservation translocations when functional restoration is a motivation to ensure these programs are achieving their objectives.
Effect of food on capsule and granule formulations of selumetinib
Authors: Cohen‐Rabbie Sarit , Mattinson Alexandra , So Karen , Wang Nan , Goldwater Ronald 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSelumetinib is an oral, potent, and highly selective allosteric MEK1/2 inhibitor approved for the treatment of pediatric patients (aged ≥2 years) with neurofibromatosis type 1 who have symptomatic, inoperable plexiform neurofibromas. A granule formulation of selumetinib is under development to improve dosing precision for younger pediatric patients who may be unable to swallow capsules. This phase I crossover study investigated the effect of food on the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of selumetinib capsule and granule formulations. Healthy male volunteers were randomized to receive selumetinib granules (25 mg) or capsules (50 mg [2 × 25 mg]) under fasted or fed conditions (a low‐fat meal). Plasma concentrations and PK parameters were determined less than or equal to 48 h postdose. Safety and tolerability were assessed. Across 24 volunteers, selumetinib was absorbed quickly, with a time to maximum concentration (Tmax) ranging from ~1–3 h. Geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval [CI]) for maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) in the fed versus fasted state were 0.61 (90% CI 0.51–0.72) and 0.40 (90% CI 0.33–0.48) for the granule and capsule formulations, respectively, whereas geometric mean ratios (90% CI) for area under the plasma drug concentration‐time curve in the fed versus fasted state were 0.97 (90% CI 0.91–1.02) and 0.62 (90% CI 0.55–0.70), respectively. Levels of less than 10% conversion to the N‐desmethyl selumetinib metabolite were observed. Selumetinib was well‐tolerated, with only a few adverse events of mild intensity reported. Selumetinib administration with a low‐fat meal resulted in lower Cmax and longer Tmax for both formulations versus fasted conditions. However, area under the curve for selumetinib granules was similar under fasted and fed conditions. Overall, these findings support further development of this formulation for pediatric patients.
Pharmacokinetic equations versus Bayesian guided vancomycin monitoring: Pharmacokinetic model and model‐informed precision dosing trial simulations
Authors: Aljutayli Abdullah , Thirion Daniel J. G. , Bonnefois Guillaume , Nekka Fahima 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe recently released revised vancomycin consensus guideline endorsed area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) guided monitoring. Means to AUC‐guided monitoring include pharmacokinetic (PK) equations and Bayesian software programs, with the latter approach being preferable. We aimed to evaluate the predictive performance of these two methods when monitoring using troughs or peaks and troughs at varying single or mixed dosing intervals (DIs), and evaluate the significance of satisfying underlying assumptions of steady‐state and model transferability. Methods included developing a vancomycin population PK model and conducting model‐informed precision dosing clinical trial simulations. A one‐compartment PK model with linear elimination, exponential between‐subject variability, and mixed (additive and proportional) residual error model resulted in the best model fit. Conducted simulations demonstrated that Bayesian‐guided AUC can, potentially, outperform that of equation‐based AUC predictions depending on the quality of model diagnostics and met assumptions. Ideally, Bayesian‐guided AUC predictive performance using a trough from the first DI was equivalent to that of PK equations using two measurements (peak and trough) from the fifth DI. Model transferability diagnostics can guide the selection of Bayesian priors but are not strong indicators of predictive performance. Mixed versus single fourth and/or fifth DI sampling seems indifferent. This study illustrated cases associated with the most reliable AUC predictions and showed that only proper Bayesian‐guided monitoring is always faster and more reliable than equations‐guided monitoring in pre‐steady‐state DIs in the absence of a loading dose. This supports rapid Bayesian monitoring using data as sparse and early as a trough at the first DI.
The endangered freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera shows adaptation to a local salmonid host in Finland
Authors: Taskinen Jouni , Salonen Jouni K. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

The freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera (FPM) is an endangered unionid which has a glochidium larva that attaches to the gills of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar or brown trout S. trutta, although some FPM populations have been shown to exclusively attach to only one of these species. The origin of host fish populations may be crucial for conservation actions for this mussel species, but the relative suitability of local (sympatric) and non‐local (allopatric) salmonid populations as the hosts for FPM has been studied only rarely. We hypothesised that FPM glochidia would show adaptation to local salmonid strains and, therefore, that they would be more successful (abundant, larger) attached to sympatric than to allopatric fish.

Here, we investigated the infection success (abundance and growth of encysted larvae in fish) of FPM in local versus non‐local fish by caging different strains of brown trout and Atlantic salmon in rivers where FPM populations are present.

Higher abundances of glochidia in local fish were observed in three brown trout streams, and larger glochidia were found in sympatric hosts in one brown trout stream and in one salmon river. Furthermore, non‐local allopatric fish were not better hosts than local fish in any of the FPM populations tested, neither in brown trout or salmon rivers and neither in abundance nor size of larvae. Therefore, the results supported the hypothesis that glochidia show local adaptation by being more successful when attached to local fish strains.

Thus, the local, sympatric fish strain should be preferred in FPM conservation programmes that involve captive breeding of juvenile mussels and introduction of host fish, but the regional assessment of local host dependency of FPM also would be important outside the current study area.

The results also indicate the importance of restoration of original salmonid populations in FPM rivers to enable the natural, effective reproduction cycle of FPM in their original, sympatric hosts, and thus to promote the recovery of endangered FPM populations.
Individual differences in social attachment: A multi‐disciplinary perspective
Authors: Gustison Morgan L. , Phelps Steven M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSocial behavior varies across both individuals and species. Research to explain this variation falls under the purview of multiple disciplines, each with its own theoretical and empirical traditions. Integration of these disciplinary traditions is key to developing a holistic perspective. Here, we review research on the biology of social attachment, a phenomena in which individuals develop strong affective connections to one another. We provide a historical overview of research on social attachment from psychological, ethological and neurobiological perspectives. As a case study, we describe work on pair‐bonding in prairie voles, a socially monogamous rodent. This specific topic takes advantage of many biological perspectives and techniques to explain social bonds. Lastly, we conclude with an overview of multi‐dimensional conceptual frameworks that can be used to explain social phenomena, and we propose a new framework for research on individual variation in attachment behavior. These conceptual frameworks originate from philosophy, physics, ethology, cognitive science and neuroscience. The application and synthesis of such frameworks offers a rich opportunity to advance understanding of social behavior and its mechanisms.
Orchestrated expression of vasculogenic mimicry and laminin‐5γ2 is an independent prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Saha Depanwita , Mitra Debarpan , Alam Neyaz , Sen Sagar , Mitra Mustafi Saunak , Mandal Syamsundar , Majumder Biswanath , Murmu Nabendu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractVasculogenic mimicry (VM), an endothelial cell–independent alternative mechanism of blood supply to the malignant tumour, has long been considered as an adverse prognostic factor in many cancers. The correlation of VM with laminin‐5γ2 and the assessment of their harmonized expression as an independent risk factor have not been elucidated yet in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). CD31/PAS staining stratified 116 clinically diagnosed OSCC specimens into VM+ and VM− cohorts. The expression pattern of laminin‐5γ2 and its upstream modulator MMP2 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the survival and prognostic implications. The presence of VM demonstrated a significant correlation with the expression of laminin‐5γ2 (p < .001) and MMP2 (p < .001). This pattern was mirrored by the significant upregulation of laminin‐5γ2 and MMP2 in VM+ cohorts compared with the VM− ones. Furthermore, co‐expression of VM and laminin‐5γ2 was significantly associated with tumour grade (p = .010), primary tumour size (p < .001), lymph node metastasis (p = .001) and TNM stages (p < .001) but not with patients' age, gender, tobacco and alcohol consumption habit. Vasculogenic mimicry and laminin‐5γ2 double‐positive cohort displayed a significantly poorer disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Vasculogenic mimicry, laminin‐5γ2 and their subsequent dual expression underlie a significant prognostic value for DFS [hazard ratio (HR) = 9.896, p = .028] and OS [HR = 21.401, p = .033] in OSCC patients. Together, our findings imply that VM along with laminin‐5γ2 is strongly linked to the malignant progression in OSCC and VM and laminin‐5γ2 coordination emerges as a critical prognostic biomarker for OSCC.
Appearance‐related possessions and the transition to retired life
Authors: Ceballos Lina M. , Hodges Nancy 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAs life expectancies are rising worldwide, this qualitative study explores the meaning of appearance‐related possessions and their roles in the critical life transition to retirement among older males. Using an ethnographic approach, data were collected via in‐depth interviews and observation. Viewed through the conceptual lens of Turner's rites of passage, findings indicate retirement is experienced by older male consumers (+55 years old) as a ritual process with three phases (separation, transition, and incorporation) and two “areas” (pre‐ and post‐retirement). Interpreted through Symbolic Interaction theory, the multi‐layered meanings of favorite appearance‐related possessions as well as the way participants interacted with them changed over time depending on the rite of passage phase, the co‐existence of identities (working self vs. retired self), and the contradictions experienced during the process of reconstructing the self. Attachment, as well as detachment, were crucial to the way appearance‐related possessions supported and sometimes hindered the transition experience. Results show that it is in the having, as well as in the not having, that participants defined their identities during this process. Limited qualitative studies exist that explore male consumers, the process of retirement, and how possessions are used to navigate this major transition in life. Understanding retirement as a social process offers opportunities for theoretical and managerial contributions.
Predictors of contracting COVID‐19 in nursing homes: Implications for clinical practice
Authors: Aghili Mohammad Sadegh , Darvishpoor Kakhki Ali , Gachkar Latif , Davidson Patricia M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAimsThe aim of the study was to identify the predictors of contracting COVID‐19 among older people in nursing homes in Iran.DesignA case–control study.MethodsFour‐hundred‐nine nursing home residents aged 60 years and above, with a 1:2 ratio of those infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 to those not infected, from six nursing homes in Tehran between 25 March and 12 July 2021 were recruited. Participants completed a questionnaire comprising demographic and underlying disease questions, practice about prevention principles of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, probably predisposing factors of the infection, and environmental and staff characteristic of nursing homes. Logistic regression was used to determine risk factors associated with contracting COVID‐19.ResultsThe mean age was 77.37 (±9.20) years; 54% were female. A logistic regression model showed that the most important predictors of becoming infected by SARS‐CoV‐2 included not using mask outside the room (odds ratio [OR]: 3.37, 95% CI: 1.74–6.53), longer staff shifts (OR: 3.02, 95% CI: 1.68–5.43), using cloth mask or not wearing a mask (OR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.13–5.42) and not having glass barrier in visitors space (OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.11–3.50).ConclusionThe results indicate that an increase in older people becoming infected by SARS‐CoV‐2 in nursing homes is probably because of not wearing a mask in common places, use of a cloth mask, longer staff shift durations and not having a glass shield when interacting with visitors from outside of nursing homes.ImpactThe predictors identified in this study can assist in reducing SARS‐CoV‐2 infections in older people institutionalized in nursing homes. These data items can also inform the development of interventions to improve principles of infection prevention and control.
Internalized skin bias: validation study to explore the impact of the internalization of social stigma on those with hidradenitis suppurativa
Authors: Butt M. , Chinchilli V.M. , Leslie D.L. , Khesroh E. , Helm M.F. , Flamm A. , Kirby J.S. , Rigby A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic auto‐inflammatory disease that is highly associated with adverse psychopathology and impaired body image. Previous studies show that patients with HS are also impacted by social stigma associated with their skin disease. Over time, these experiences can influence the way in which patients feel about themselves, leading to internalized skin bias (ISB).ObjectivesTo evaluate the validity and reliability of the Internalized Skin Bias Questionnaire (ISBQ) in an HS population and to determine the association of this instrument with markers of HS severity.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey with 72‐h retest was sent to adult patients with HS from March to November 2021. Reliability for the ISBQ was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and the Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC). Construct validity was evaluated using Pearson Correlation Coefficients with similar measures.ResultsInternal consistency for the ISBQ instrument was 0.89 with a CCC of 0.88. The ISBQ had moderate correlation (r = 0.63) with the experienced skin stigma questionnaire as well as the BDI‐II (r = 0.66) and the psychosocial subscale of the HiSQOL (r = 0.65). ISBQ scores differed significantly across different stages of disease severity (P = 0.04). There was no significant difference between those with different durations of disease (P = 0.47).ConclusionsThis study shows that the ISBQ is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used to assess the psychosocial construct of ISB especially in a population of HS patients. Further, ISB places a prevalent negative impact on the psychopathology of patients with HS.
Characterization of a novel picornavirus isolated from moribund gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae
Authors: Louboutin Lénaïg , Dheilly Nolwenn M , Cabon Joëlle , Picon Camacho Sara , Leroux Aurélie , Lucas Pierrick , Le Breton Alain , Blanchard Yannick , Morin Thierry 
Published: February 2022

AbstractGilthead seabream represents a species of importance in Mediterranean aquaculture. The larval stage is particularly sensitive and frequently impacted in suboptimal environmental or sanitary conditions. In the present study, investigations were carried out in a seabream hatchery following an unusual mortality reaching 70% among 50‐day post‐hatching. Anorexia, loss of appetite and abnormal swimming behaviour were observed in absence of parasites or pathogenic bacteria. Proliferation of rod‐shaped bacteria in the gut lumen was associated with focal degeneration in the intestinal mucosa. Cytopathic effects on an EK‐1 cell line after 21 days of culture at 14°C and 20°C in contact with homogenized affected larvae revealed the presence of a viral agent. Molecular characterization by high‐throughput sequencing showed a typical picornavirus genome organization with a polyprotein precursor of 2276 amino acids sharing 46.3% identity with that of the Eel Picornavirus‐1. A specific real‐time PCR confirmed the presence of the viral genome in affected larval homogenate and corresponding cell culture supernatant. We propose the name Potamipivirus daurada for this novel species within the genus Potamipivirus. The etiological role of this virus remains uncertain at this time, and future studies will be necessary to investigate its prevalence in natural and aquaculture‐reared populations as well as its ability to cause diseases in gilthead seabream.
Hospitalizations for chronic conditions following hurricanes among older adults: A self‐controlled case series analysis
Authors: Bell Sue Anne , Donnelly John P. , Li Wang , Davis Matthew A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackground/PurposeExtreme events such as hurricanes adversely impact healthcare systems and the communities they serve. The degree to which hurricanes affect healthcare use among high need groups such as older adults with chronic conditions has not been well examined, nor has the impact of hurricane severity on health outcomes. We characterized hospitalizations among older adults by chronic condition after eight large‐scale hurricanes in the United States.MethodsUsing a combination of administrative healthcare data and the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Disaster Declaration database we conducted a self‐controlled case series analysis. We identified Medicare beneficiaries who were exposed to one of eight hurricanes and compared hospitalizations in the 30‐days after a hurricane to hospitalizations in the rest of the calendar year of the hurricane. We examined hospitalizations (1) in total, (2) separately for diabetes, congestive heart failure (CHF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) admissions, and (3) by hurricane damage category.ResultsAmong all older adults exposed, hospitalizations in the 30‐day period after each disaster increased for all three chronic conditions; diabetes (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03, 1.10), COPD (IRR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.04, 1.08), and CHF (IRR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.17, 1.21. In the 30‐to‐60‐day period hospitalizations also increased for each chronic condition; diabetes (IRR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.03, 1.10), COPD (IRR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.10, 1.15), and CHF (IRR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.30, 1.34). Substantial differences in hospitalizations were observed according to individual hurricane and by the chronic disease examined.ConclusionExposure to hurricanes is associated with an increase in hospitalizations for chronic conditions across all hurricane damage categories. As disasters are expected to increase in strength and frequency, our results underscore the need for response strategies and health policy planning for healthcare systems designed to address the health needs of older Americans with chronic conditions.
Impact of a new young adult inflammatory bowel disease transition clinic on patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes
Authors: Mollah Taha , Lee Dongju , Giles Edward 
Published: February 2022

AimThe transition from paediatric to adult care for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with an increased risk of treatment non‐adherence, hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) use. We established a new young adult IBD clinic (YAC) in Melbourne to capture this at‐risk population. We aimed to assess patient satisfaction as well as clinical outcomes.MethodsAll patients who attended the YAC between its inception in November 2016 and November 2018 were recruited to our YAC group, 61 patients in total. A control group was selected from the pre‐existing adult clinic (AC) at our service, 34 patients in total. IBD‐related ED (IBD‐ED) visits were collected for all patients. We compared IBD‐ED visits in the 2 years before and after attending the clinic for the first time. Patient satisfaction was assessed using the IBD‐Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire.ResultsThere was an overall decrease in IBD‐ED visits between the pre‐clinic and post‐clinic periods in both the YAC (42.9% reduction) and AC (69.2% reduction) (P < 0.001). Patient satisfaction was high amongst both services with YAC patients indicating higher satisfaction with communication (P = 0.015).ConclusionThere was a reduction in IBD‐ED visits in both the YAC and the AC, high patient satisfaction, and statistically higher satisfaction with communication in the YAC. We speculate the importance of a YAC is to capture those patients in the peri‐transitional period at risk of being lost to follow‐up or not previously referred for specialist care.