bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consistency of attack level of coffee berry borer (Hypotenemus hampei Ferr.) on organic and conventional arabica coffee plantation in Aceh Tengah District, Aceh Province, Indonesia
Authors: Husni H , Jauharlina J , Sayuthi M , Mulyadi E , Yulianda P , Maulidia N 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A study has been conducted for 3 consecutive years since 2019 to 2021 to investigate the influence of cultivation system of Arabica coffee against the attack of the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferr.) in Arabica coffee plantations in Aceh Tengah District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. We observed the attack level of H. hampei on Arabica coffee plants that were cultivated both organically and conventionally. The results showed that for three years observation, in general, the attack level of coffee berry borer (CBB) on organic and conventional coffee plantations was not significantly different. Observations in 2019 showed that the attack level of CBB on organic coffee plantations ranged from 27-34 % and on conventional coffee plantations ranging from 33-49 %. Observations in 2020 showed that the attack rate of CBB on organic and conventional coffee ranged from 20-40 % and 28-41%, respectively, while observations in 2021 were 25-26 % and 27-28 %. The results of these studies indicate that the level of CBB attack on organic coffee plantations is no different from conventional coffee plantations that routinely use synthetic pesticides. This indicates that in organic coffee plantations, natural enemies have played an important role in suppressing the development of CBB populations. Although the use of synthetic pesticides in conventional coffee plantations can suppress pest populations, it is suspected that these pesticides also play a role in reducing the population of natural enemies of pests. Therefore, organic coffee cultivation is much more profitable, especially it can reduce the cost of buying synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, besides ensuring the safety of coffee farmers, workers, and consumers from harmful chemical contamination from pesticides.
Agricultural commodity supply chain during the covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Jakfar F , Halim H 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This study aims to analyze the agricultural commodity supply chain during the Covid-19 pandemic. The data used in this paper is secondary data and analyzed descriptively. The effects of Covid-19 pandemic on agricultural supply chains are discussed, including transportation barriers during the pandemic and government programs to find a way out. Finally, this study showed the policy formula from government to maintain the national food security chain especially agricultural commodity such as guarantee transportation and distribution of food from surplus provinces to deficit provinces to achieve adequate food availability in each province, innovation strategies in the distribution of agricultural products, and create an intelligent and accurate information system.
The growth performance of Peking ducks fed with rations containing probiotic agents and waste products of leubiem fish (Chanthidermis maculatus)
Authors: Daud M , Yaman M A , Zulfan  , Latif H , Erfiyan D 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth performance of Peking ducks fed with rations containing waste products of leubiem fish (Chanthidermis maculatus) and probiotic agents. The study was conducted experimentally using 96 Peking ducks, within an age range of about 1 to 8 weeks, and a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), which consisted of four treatment rations and four replications. The treatment rations used in this research included treatment R0, which was the basal diet, serving as the control ration, and also treatment R1, R2, and R3, which consisted of 10% concentration of leubiem fish skin, head, and bone, respectively, as well as 1% of a probiotic agent. The observed variables included the rate of feed consumption, body weight gain, final body weight, feed conversion ratio, and mortality were then analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the use of leubiem fish components and probiotic agents in rations at 10% and 1%, respectively, had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the rate of feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and final body weight. However, there was no significant effect on the mortality of Peking ducks. Therefore, this study concluded that the use of rations containing leubiem fishbone and probiotic agents at 10% and 1%, respectively, were able to accelerate the growth performance of Peking ducks.
Floods and their problems: Land uses and soil types perspectives
Authors: Basri H , Syakur S , Azmeri A , Fatimah E 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe phenomenon of flooding that occurs in almost all regions of the earth causes loss of property and damage to public facilities and causes the loss of many human lives. There are many reports related to the causes of flooding with various solutions offered to overcome the flood problem. However, it seems that these efforts have not been able to eliminate the flood problem. Hydrologists have widely reported various factors that are the cause of flooding with an extensive scope. Therefore, this paper is limited to discussing flooding and its problems, specifically the river flood, from the perspective of land use and soil types. Changes in land use in a watershed can cause an increase in the runoff coefficient. Likewise, different types of soil have different abilities in passing water into the ground. Open land (without land cover) tends to be prone to erosion, reducing the soil’s infiltration capacity and increased surface runoff. Increasing the runoff coefficient will increase the peak discharge in a watershed. The decrease in the river capacity due to sediment can cause a river flood. To support this argument, a rainfall-runoff model, particularly the tank model, is also discussed, taking into account the various uses and types of soil in a watershed. Efforts to anticipate the river flood are also considered for formulating flood disaster control policies in a watershed.
Flow Disturbing to Enhance Heat Transfer Inside a Duct: an Experimental Study
Authors: Ibadi Z.J. , Diabil H. A. N. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In the present experimental work, the effect of air circulation on increasing heat transfer rates within the duct was studied. Three air circulation speeds are implemented: 2400, 1800, and 1200 rpm. In addition, the effect of the distance between the heat source and the location of the circulating fan on heat transfer rates was investigated using three different distances: 20, 40, and 60 cm. The Exhaust fan, placed at the outlet of the duct, changed its speed to three values: 2850, 2140, and 1425 revolutions per minute. The Reynolds range ranged from 65,000 to 175,000. The results showed that the best thermal performance is achieved when the exhaust fan speed, air circulation speed, and the distance between the heat source are 1425 rpm, 2400 rpm, and 60 cm, respectively.
Effect Of Resilient Modulus on Permanent Deformations Using VESYS 5W Program
Authors: Joni Hasan H , Hadi Yassir K 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Due to high temperatures and increased traffic loads, most of Iraq’s streets suffer from permanent distortion problems, especially in streets where there are checkpoints, therefore, there are needs for reports and researches specialized in improving the pavement layers and increasing their resistance to temperatures and high traffic loads to reduce the rut depth. In this research, the VESYS 5W program was used to find a potential value for rut depth, where ordinary asphalt mixes and improved asphalt mixes were used using SBS polymer at 4% by weight of asphalt were it is evaluated according to different properties of these mixture and the resilient modulus one of these properties for it is importance. The results showed that when the value of the resilient modulus increases, the rut depth decreases, as the rut depth was reduced by 42.5% for the surface layer and 73% for the base layer
Modelling Of Crack Propagation in Flexible Pavement Using X-FEM Method
Authors: Alkaissi Z A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A research aim was to achieve a finite element model for predictive pavement cracking implementing ABAQUS software ver.6.12.1. A simulation model for pavement structure was implemented to analyze the propagation of cracks within flexible pavement. The X-FEM method adopted in this research based on the functions of interpolation that can characterize the displacements near the crack zone, initial crack was defined at the bottom of asphalt layer. The estimated results illustrated that X-FEM was efficient for the simulation of cracks in pavement structures without the need for re meshing during crack propagation evolution process. Finally, inclusive simulation results probed the considerable effect for improvement of bonding layers to enhance the service life of pavement in terms of decreasing the rate of crack propagation. The crack was propagated upwards from depth end of asphalt layer to pavement surface and deviated from center of applied pressure with an inclination of almost 300 in the third upper zone of asphalt layer while the pre-crack point was always located in the bottom of asphalt layer in pavement model because of the different characteristics of their bonding bases. In the crack zone the permanent deformation was increased gradually from the crack edge along vertical direction of crack spread due to tensile stresses concentration at the crack zone. The action of horizontal and vertical stresses affect crack propagation and growth vertically to the direction of higher horizontal tensile stresses, and along direction of higher compression vertical stresses.
Diazotization-azo coupling reaction of alphnaphthol over silica-sulfaric acid catalyst
Authors: Saheb Haneen Majed , Hilal Elham Kadhim , Hello Kasim Mohammed 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Using agrowaste as a source of recycled materials is a hot topic among experts and technologists these days. Waste materials can be converted into energy and new products by using them. As a rice waste, rice husk (RH) is a rich source of pure silica that is recyclable. The pure silica in RH was sulfonated by agitating and reacting it with diluted sulfuric acid. Various sulfate concentrations were loaded on silica (5, 10, 15, and 20%), andthe catalyst was designated as RHASO4. As the sulfate content increased, the specific surface area decreased. TEM analysis showed different forms of catalyst, including spherical, cylindrical, and fibbered forms. The catalyst was used for the in-situ generation of nitrose acid to prepare a diazonium salt for aromatic coupling reactions. Our experiment indicates that azo dyes can be produced at 68 percent over the catalyst at 10 degrees Celsius, while traditional catalysts cannot produce them above 5 degrees Celsius. For the highest yield of azo dyes, a 20% sulfate loading is optimum. A simple laboratory procedure is followed to reuse a catalyst without deteriorating its properties.
Behavior of sustainable Reactive Powder Concrete by Using Glass Powder as a Replacement of Cement
Authors: Mohammed Zainab Majid 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Every year, the world produces one million tons of glass garbage. Once the glass has been broken down, it is dumped in landfills, where it will remain inert for hundreds of years. glass is mainly made of silica. For long-term infrastructure development, ground glass as a partial cement substitute may be a major advance (environmentally friendly, energy-saving, and economic). Secondary calcium silicate hydrate is expected to be produced when glass waste is crushed into microscopic particles and then reacts with cement hydrate through pozzolanic interactions (C-S-H). There were experiments done on concrete utilizing (0-35 per cent) ground glass and superplasticizer, silica fume, fine sand and fibres, with the water to binder (cement + glass) ratio maintained constant for all degrees of replacement on compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and tensile strength. Steel is a fixed quantity that applies to all conceivable configurations. Concrete cube samples were made and tested for strength (28 days curing). It was discovered that the recycled glass concrete outperformed control samples in compressive strength tests. Compressive strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity are all greatest in the 25 per cent glass powder. It was decided that using recycled glass trash in place of 25 per cent of the cement was a good idea because of the economic and environmental advantages.
Monitoring of Land Degradation in Alluvial Plain in Iraq by Using Geomatics Techniques
Authors: Ziboona Abdulrazak T. , Abdul-Husseinlb Sajad Abdullah , Albayatic Muthanna M. , Turkey Dakheld Student Fadhaa 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Iraq faces a major environmental problem represented by severe deterioration, which threatens its food security. Many natural and human factors combine to make it, and it has dire environmental, economic, social and cultural consequences, most notably the loss of productive lands, the movement of sand dunes, severe sand and dust storms, and the resulting increase in air pollution. This study attempts to identify the development of the problem, analyze its causes and consequences, and propose a number of solutions to address it. In this article Remote Sensing techniques have been used to monitoring land degradation in ( Alluvial Plain ) of Iraq for the stage (1976 - 2021) using different sources of data such as satellite images (Landsat 1-5 MSS 1976, Landsat 5 1996 TM, Landsat8 2016 and sentinel 2 2021), also more than one software was used such as ENVI 5.3 and Erdas image 2015 to extract information from above images, Erdas imagine 2015 was use to sub set area of study, layer stack, merge resolution and classification stage, Arc GIS 10.7 use to make database and maps production), the article used supervise and unsupervised classification techniques to obtain the results, the article indicated that there is a big problem in the year 1976, this problem almost disappeared in the second station of work 1996, but it returned back after that through the results for the years 2016 and 2021. Finally, the article found a deterioration in the soil class during the stages from 2016 (988.547 Km2) to 2021(1342.398 Km2) and a decrease in the area of vegetation cover from (1931.596 Km2) in (2016) to (1632.695 Km2) in (2021).
The use of ceramics as an internal curing agent in high performance concrete with variable temperature curing to improve mechanical characteristics
Authors: Abdulrasool Abdulrasool Thamer , Kadhim Noor R. , Mohammed Safaa S. , Alher Ahmed Abdulmueen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Concrete curing is one of the most significant factors in the development of compressive strength, and a high temperature difference during curing may reduce strength. The microcracks created in the concrete as a result of the constant temperature change cause this exudation. Internal curing has become popular for decreasing the risk of early-age cracking in high-performance concrete by limiting autogenous shrinkage (HPC). This study looks at the effectiveness of internal wet curing offered by a new kind of aggregate called “recycled waste porous ceramic fine aggregates”. The evolution of measured mechanical characteristics is examined on three distinct HPCs, both with and without internal curing materials. Ceramic fine aggregates were used to replace two different quantities of regular weight fine aggregate. Ceramic fine aggregates were shown to be quite beneficial for internal cure. It has been discovered that incorporating 20% ceramic fine aggregates into HPC improves the properties of the material, resulting in low internal stress and a large improvement in compressive strength. It should be emphasized that, unlike some traditional lightweight aggregates, no loss in compressive strength has been seen for the various quantities of ceramic fine aggregates introduced at either early or later ages.
The Establishing of Geospatial Database for Agricultural Lands of Islamic WAQF In Iraq: Case Study Babil Province
Authors: Hashim Ali Husain , Jasim Oday Zakariya , Salih Mohammed Mejbel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In numerous countries, one of the most significant pieces of background records is a religious endowment that usually called (WAQF), which have a cultural, and economic value. For instance, in Iraq, religious endowments comprise a large number of dispersed real estates and lands usually required effective administration methods. Agricultural lands that belonged to religious endowments lack of sufficient systems, which are combined statistical and spatial information in terms of spatial monitoring and informatics updating such as ownership and existing condition. Recently, geospatial techniques such as GIS showed a feasibility in the management of information belonged to lands management. Therefore, in this study we proposed a method based on GIS technology for the management of lands of Islamic endowments in Babil province, Iraq. The proposed methodology included the integration between field works using GPS equipment and Geospatial database. The developed database is considered as the first geodatabase related to the agricultural lands of the religious endowment in Iraq included almost all coordinates and specific details for each piece of agricultural lands that owned by the endowment. Furthermore, the output geodatabase is a flexible database included various features like query, search, and statistical computation.
Sustainable Materials Used as Lightweight Aggregate :(An Overview)
Authors: Abdulrasool Abdulrasool Thamer , Mohammed Safaa S. , Kadhim Noor R. , Mohammad Hussain Wail Asim 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Lightweight aggregates (LWA) are building materials with a lower bulk density than standard construction aggregates. In recent years, the contribution of industry to the circular economy has become a serious concern. Among these, the mining sector is confronted with significant problems relating to the management of a huge quantity of generated waste. The major contemporary task is to address a number of interconnected challenges, including waste management and recycling, conservation of scarce natural resources, reduction of energy use, and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Natural aggregates are consumed by the construction materials industry in the range of 8 to 12 billion tons per year. According to reports, the construction materials sector consumes the most energy and scarce natural resources (rocks, aggregates, and water) while also emitting greenhouse gases. In general, using waste material as lightweight aggregate decreases the concrete’s overall weight. The materials used as lightweight aggregate in concrete are discussed in this study. According to research, utilizing trash as a lightweight aggregate not only improves the characteristics of concrete but also gives a sustainable approach to minimize global waste.
The Performance of Taper Helical Pile Embedded in Loose Sand Under Uplift Static and Cyclic Load Using 3D-Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Ali Ahmed S. , Salim Nahla M. , Baqir Husam H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Piles with helices are a kind of foundation that is capable of withstanding compression, tension, and lateral loads. However, for almost 25 years, this kind of Pile was widely used across the world. Its behaviour is unpredictable and terrifying, especially in Iraq. The present study analysed this kind of Pile using the finite element method. It was recommended that the helical pile geometry be modeled by numerical model technique and the computer program Plaxis 3D. The plaxis 3D software is a well-known geotechnical engineering tool that numerically analyses soil and simulates experimental work in terms of curve matching and outcomes. Furthermore, an analysis of variables was conducted. The primary variable research investigates the influence of the number of helices and the tapered helix distance under static and cyclic load. The final finding is that the more helices in a pile, the smaller the displacement (or amplitude) in comparison to one helix under the effect of uplift static and cyclic load. As a result that the effect of helix number on soil behaviour is more than the effect of changing the distances between helix.
Continuous Deep Beams Behavior Under Static Loads: A Review Study
Authors: Makki Ola Mazen , Al-Mutairee Hayder M K 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Few studies discussed the continuous deep beams CDB behaviour in spite of its great importance in building constructions due to the usual use in bridges and tall buildings as a load distributer. The behaviour of CDB shows a different behaviour when comparing with the simply supported one, so the expected behaviour of SDB does not match with the CDB. So, this paper deals with reviewing the behaviour of CDB in the past researches. It has been concluded that, the CDB resist the applied loads by flexural and shear together, the flexural behaviour appears at the first loading stage then the beam start to resist by shear capacity. The amount of resistance of beam by flexural depends on a/h ratio, main and web steel reinforcement and concrete compressive strength. Flexural behaviour may not appear for very small a/h ratio or over main reinforcement. Also, main steel reinforcement at both top and bottom of beam does not reach to yielding point expected one case, which is, the main steel ratio is less than 0.6%, thereby, tie failure will governs.
Investigation structural settlement by Ground Penetrating Radar (Case study)
Authors: Abdullah Marwan Sulayman , Karim Hussein Hameed , Samueel Zeena Waleed 
Published: January 2022

AbstractElectromagnetic wave is transferred by the GPR (ground penetrating radar), and A geotechnical application may benefit from this non-destructive test. This study is proposed to estimate the type and soil problem location that causes differential settlement of a structure (pumping station) by GPR surveying. The survey is achieved before and after the treatment by cement injection method to identify the locations that took cement injections as a full injection, partial or not at all using two types of antennas (160,450) MHz. The study also will estimate the thickness of the foundation by GPR and comparing it with actually executed. The results showed the creeping soil has occurred in some parts of the soil under the foundation, and after soil treatment, most of these parts were taken injection, and others did not. Also, it was found the relatively high accuracy of GPR for detecting the thickness of the raft foundation.