bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does multiple gastric aspirate collection increase sensitivity of M. tuberculosis detection in children with pulmonary tuberculosis?
Authors: Venturini Elisabetta , Bortone Barbara , Cini Gianmaria , Venanzi Jacopo , Bartolesi Anna Maria , Vaggelli Guendalina , Trapani Sandra , Indolfi Giuseppe , Bianchi Leila , Montagnani Carlotta , Chiappini Elena , Rossolini Gian Maria , Galli Luisa 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purpose

This study aims to investigate the sensitivity of microscopy, culture and polymerase chain reaction on three gastric aspirates (GAs) in the microbiological confirmation of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and to identify possible changes in sensitivity derived from the collection of a different number of aspirates.

Methods

Children with clinical and radiological diagnoses of active pulmonary TB who underwent three GAs between March 2007 and June 2019 were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical, radiological, and microbiological data were collected. The sensitivity of microbiological tests on GAs was calculated. Moreover, differences in sensitivity according to age and radiological pattern were investigated.

Results

Overall, 156 children with active pulmonary TB were enrolled with a median age of 51.5 (IQR: 25.2–113.2) months. Microbiological investigations on the first GA showed a sensitivity of 34% (95%CI 26.7, 42), the cumulative sensitivity of first and second GAs was 40.4% (95%CI 32.7, 48.5) and of the three GAs was 47.4% (95%CI 39.8, 55.2). The collection of three GAs leads to an overall increase in sensitivity of the first GA by 13.4% (95%CI 2.8, 24.1%; p = 0.014). Moreover, the increase in sensitivity was significantly higher in children ≤ 4 years of age and in those with uncomplicated TB (p = 0.008).

Conclusion

Performing a higher number of GAs increases the sensitivity of microbiological confirmation of active pulmonary TB, particularly in children ≤ 4 years and with an uncomplicated radiological pattern.
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by macrophytes in Ghodaghodi Lake of western Nepal
Authors: Regmi Dikshya , Bhatta Rita , Gurung Smriti , Tuladhar Shrija , Dahal Bed Mani , Raut Nani , Kafle Kumud Raj , Kayastha Rabindra , Prasad Archana , Tripathee Lekhendra , Thapa Dinesh , Sharma Chhatra Mani 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This research investigates the heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb) concentration in water, sediments and macrophytes in Ghodaghodi Lake during winter and summer seasons of 2019 to find out the bioaccumulation of metals and phytoremediation potential of locally available macrophytes. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer with acid digestion method was used for analysis of heavy metals. The mean heavy metals concentration during summer and winter season were in the order: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd in water and sediments. The mean concentrations of Cd, Cu and Pb were significantly higher in winter (0.79±0.71, 12.99±3.16, and 11.39±6.88 mg/g, respectively) than summer season (0.01±0.00, 9.13±5.21, and 2.16±6.64 mg/g, respectively) in sediments which is also supported by geo-accumulation index. Zinc had also higher concentrations in winter (65.29±13.13 mg/g) compared to summer (44.00±21.08 mg/g), though not significant. Ludwigia sp. was more capable of accumulating heavy metals than the Nymphaea sp. in winter season. On the other hand, Nelumbo sp. was more effective of accumulating heavy metals (except Zn) compared to Ludwigia sp. in summer season. The highest bioaccumulation factor (macrophyte/sediment) for Ludwigia sp. (common in both seasons) was observed for Cd in winter and Pb in summer season. Thus, although there were some variations in potentiality of bioaccumulation among the species, these macrophytes are capable of accumulating heavy metals providing scope in bioremediation field.
Administrative and legal regulation of local taxes and fees: the current state of affairs in Ukraine and positive foreign experience
Authors: Yara Olena , Hlushchenko Svitlana I. , Koval Mykola V. , Lytvyn Nataliia A. , Berlach Hanna V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In recent years, Ukraine has purposefully taken a course towards European integration. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on positive foreign experience, especially in the area of financial and tax policy of the state. The purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current state of administrative and legal regulation of local taxes and fees, as well as positive foreign experience. The main methods used to conduct the research are: the dialectical method used in the process of considering the subjects of administration; general methods and the comparative law method used in the process of reviewing and studying the legal literature and key scientific approaches in order to solve the outlined tasks and analyze international law. It is determined that the tax system of individual member states of the European Union is characterized by a significant number of local taxes and fees. There are a large number of local taxes and fees that are not typical for Ukraine in the studied countries. It is emphasized that in harmonizing the tax legislation of Ukraine with the legislation of the European Union, it is advisable to borrow some elements of the taxation system of local taxes and fees. In particular, the application of the real estate tax model in Poland is the most optimal. In order to carry out a full analysis, a comparative table of the number of local taxes and fees was formed, as well as diagrams of the percentage share of local taxes and fees in the formation of municipal revenues. It is argued that the key difference between the domestic system of taxes and fees is the lack of a significant amount of taxes, in contrast to foreign countries. However, one of the problems of foreign tax and duty systems, which is also identified by some researchers, is the complexity of taxation for both taxpayers and tax authorities. As a result, there are problems in identifying and preventing tax evasion schemes, increasing the cost of maintaining and training tax officials. Conclusions and concrete proposals were made on further improvement of the decentralization mechanism, as well as increase of the share of the balance of personal income taxes in local budgets.
Does Rising Resources Income, Consumer Prices, Government Outlay, and Globalisation Hinder Africa's Sustainable Development?
Authors: Aladejare Samson Adeniyi , Musa Mohammed Auwal 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Africa's inability to achieve the SDGs is expected to have far-reaching consequences on the rest of the world since some goals carry transboundary features such as climate change, resource management, and globalisation. Thus, this study examined the effect of contemporary challenges such as growing resource income, rising consumer prices, inefficient public spending, and globalisation on Africa's quest for sustainable development. The study period spanned from 1991 to 2021, and data was sourced from 24 African countries. The empirical output for this study is derived using long-term methodologies, including feasible generalised least squares, Driscoll-Kraay, and panel dynamic ordinary least squares. The estimation of the long-term model was to capture the consequential effects of contemporary issues on sustainable development. Evidence from the model revealed that increases in resources income, consumer prices, public outlay, and globalisation are deterrents to sustainable development in the continent. However, rising income (the control variable) was found to enhance sustainable development. The individual cross-sectional regression outputs also demonstrated similar effects. Given these contemporary challenges, the study proposed relevant policy measures to aid the attainment of sustainable development in African countries.
JEL Classification: D7, O1, Q01.
Anaphylaxis in Risky Populations
Authors: Gelincik Aslı , Beyaz Şengül 
Published: December 2022

Abstract:
Anaphylaxis should be clinically diagnosed with immediate recognition, whereas, despite advances
in the field of allergy, the symptoms of anaphylaxis remain to be under-recognized, diagnosis is often missed,
and treatment is often delayed. Anaphylaxis presents with symptoms in a spectrum of severity, ranging from
mild objective breathing problems to circulatory shock and/or collapse. Indeed, anaphylaxis management frequently
relies on a ‘one-size-fits-all approach’ rather than a precision medicine care model, despite the evidence
that anaphylaxis is a heterogeneous condition with differences in causative agents, clinical presentation,
and host susceptibility. The key important risk factors for severe anaphylaxis and mortality are certain age
groups or certain stages of life (infants, elderly and pregnant women), augmenting factors (physical exercise, alcohol
consumption, menstruation, acute infections), concurrent use of some medications (beta-adrenergic blockers
(β-blockers) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs), and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and concomitant diseases (i.e. asthma, cardiovascular disease,
mastocytosis). The present review aims to collectively address the patient groups who are at high risk of having
anaphylaxis, those who have a more severe course, those that are difficult to diagnose, and require a special approach
in treatment. Therefore, the risky populations like the elderly, pregnant women, patients receiving β-
blockers or ACE inhibitors, those with concomitant cardiovascular diseases, asthma, and mastocytosis, or those
having higher baseline serum tryptase levels are discussed, including their clinical presentations and treatment
strategies. Additionally, anaphylaxis during the perioperative period is addressed.
Continuous Flow Chemistry and its Application in the Extraction of Natural Compounds
Authors: Araujo Silva Giovanna Gabriely , Garcia Martins Paula Larangeira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract:
Continuous flow chemistry refers to the delicate chemical production processes,
without interruptions and with the best possible use. It is a practice identified as an opportune
for the incorporation of the principles of Green Chemistry into economically favorable industrial
processes. The purpose of this work is to verify the efficiency advantage and lower the
wastage of time and materials that continuous flow extraction can bring to industries, compared
to the conventional methods, such as the batch method, for bioactive compound extraction.
Herein, a systematic literature review of the available research was made, and the data
were collected from articles in different languages (in Portuguese, Spanish, and English), dissertations,
and theses, including the Web of Science database. By collecting, analyzing, and
comparing publications in which tests using different methodologies for extracting compounds
were conducted, we obtained results with the acquisition of extensive information about reactors and machinery
that make extraction through continuous flow chemistry viable on a laboratory scale. We observed the expansion
of the exothermic synthetic step options that are not possible in batch reactors. Continuous flow chemistry
proves to be very advantageous compared to other conventional methods owing to several factors, such as environmental
and economical, especially because it facilitates the reuse of waste materials in industrial processes. It
not only allows a relatively fast and efficient extraction but also proves to be less aggressive to the environment.
The Efficacy of Salvia officinalis on the Prevention of Recurrent Vulvovaginal
Candidiasis: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Ahangari Fatemeh , Oskouei Behnaz Sadeghzadeh , Javadzadeh Yousef , Adibpour Mohammad , Farshbaf-Khalili Azizeh 
Published: December 2022

Background:
In addition to physical discomfort, recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis imposes
a significant financial and psychosocial burden, such as lower levels of self-esteem, a higher level
of stress, clinical depression, and less satisfaction with their life. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis
interferes with emotional and sexual relationships.

Objective:
This study aimed to compare the effect of vaginal Salvia officinalis, clotrimazole, and their
combination on the prevention of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Methods:
This randomized triple-blinded trial was conducted on 111 women aged 18-49 years with
vulvovaginal candidiasis. Participants were randomly assigned into one of the three groups of vaginal
tablets of Salvia officinalis 400 mg and placebo of clotrimazole 100 mg, clotrimazole 100 mg and placebo
of Salvia Officinalis 400 mg, or Salvia officinalis and clotrimazole that were applied every night
for 7 consecutive days. A recurrence rate of vulvovaginal candidiasis was evaluated by WET test and
vaginitis symptoms examination after 12 weeks. In the case of positive evaluation, the culture of vaginal
discharge was performed.

Results:
Totally, 29 patients (80.6%) in group clotrimazole, 33 patients (94.3%) in group Salvia Officinalis
and 35 patients (97.2%) in group Salvia officinalis-clotrimazole were treated (P = 0.43). Out of
cured patients, 4 (13.8%) patients in the group clotrimazole, 1 patient (3%) in group Salvia Officinalis,
and no case in group Salvia officinalis-clotrimazole experienced the recurrence of infection. There was
a significant difference among the 3 groups in terms of recurrence (P = 0.023). Moreover, no adverse
event during the 12 weeks after treatment was observed.

Conclusion:
Adjuvant therapy of Salvia Officinalis alongside routine vaginal clotrimazole could successfully
prevent recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis after three months.
Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Efficacy of a Polyherbal Unani Formulation
Majoon-Najah against Cadmium Chloride-induced Liver Damage
Authors: Gupta Puneet , Singh Neelam , Bharti Charu , Shanmugam Sadish Kumar 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Majoon-Najah is a composite Unani formulation that consists of multiple
medicinal plants and is advised for neurological illnesses. Several studies were carried out on
Majoon-Najah (MN) and its ingredients to evaluate the protective effect against seizure and
antidepressant activity in animals using a classical form as well as extract. Terminalia bellerica
and Emblica officinalis are the major constituents of MN. Scientifically documented literature
summarises the hepatoprotective potential of these constituents.

Aim:
The current study aimed to evaluate the possible hepatoprotective, antioxidant and antiinflammatory
perspective of traditional Indian Unani formulation MN and Majoon-Najah hydroalcoholic
extract (MNHE) in a Guinea pig model.

Methods:
Thirty adult male albino guinea pigs were randomly assigned into five groups for this
study. MN and MNHE were given intragastrically for 15 days, followed by intraperitoneal
Cadmium chloride (CdCl2, 3 mg/kg/day) from days 8 to 15, as per the schedule. Blood samples
were taken from the heart on the 16th day, and the liver was operated on for biochemical analysis
and histopathology under complete anesthesia.

Results:
CdCl2 changed the levels of liver function markers, serum biochemical indicators like
albumin, total protein, glucose, and cholesterol in the blood; lipid peroxidation (MDA), glutathione
reductase (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in hepatic tissue
homogenate, pro-inflammatory cytokines level and liver cytoarchitecture. MN and MNHE were
found to protect guinea pigs’ liver from CdCl2-induced injury by lowering raised parameters and
increasing enzymatic antioxidants. MN and MNHE did not significantly heal injured liver tissues
caused by CdCl2 in histopathological examinations.

Conclusion:
CdCl2 induces hepatotoxicity that is likely to worsen with increasing dosage and
duration of exposure. MN and MNHE exert their hepatoprotective action by scavenging free
radicals, decreasing malondialdehyde levels, activating antioxidant enzymes, and down-regulating
proinflammatory indicators.
Issues in Melanoma Detection: Semisupervised Deep Learning Algorithm Development via a Combination of Human and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Zhang Xinyuan , Xie Ziqian , Xiang Yang , Baig Imran , Kozman Mena , Stender Carly , Giancardo Luca , Tao Cui 
Published: December 2022

Background
Automatic skin lesion recognition has shown to be effective in increasing access to reliable dermatology evaluation; however, most existing algorithms rely solely on images. Many diagnostic rules, including the 3-point checklist, are not considered by artificial intelligence algorithms, which comprise human knowledge and reflect the diagnosis process of human experts.

Objective
In this paper, we aimed to develop a semisupervised model that can not only integrate the dermoscopic features and scoring rule from the 3-point checklist but also automate the feature-annotation process.

Methods
We first trained the semisupervised model on a small, annotated data set with disease and dermoscopic feature labels and tried to improve the classification accuracy by integrating the 3-point checklist using ranking loss function. We then used a large, unlabeled data set with only disease label to learn from the trained algorithm to automatically classify skin lesions and features.

Results
After adding the 3-point checklist to our model, its performance for melanoma classification improved from a mean of 0.8867 (SD 0.0191) to 0.8943 (SD 0.0115) under 5-fold cross-validation. The trained semisupervised model can automatically detect 3 dermoscopic features from the 3-point checklist, with best performances of 0.80 (area under the curve [AUC] 0.8380), 0.89 (AUC 0.9036), and 0.76 (AUC 0.8444), in some cases outperforming human annotators.

Conclusions
Our proposed semisupervised learning framework can help with the automatic diagnosis of skin disease based on its ability to detect dermoscopic features and automate the label-annotation process. The framework can also help combine semantic knowledge with a computer algorithm to arrive at a more accurate and more interpretable diagnostic result, which can be applied to broader use cases.
Toward Individualized Prediction of Binge-Eating Episodes Based on Ecological Momentary Assessment Data: Item Development and Pilot Study in Patients With Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-Eating Disorder
Authors: Arend Ann-Kathrin , Kaiser Tim , Pannicke Björn , Reichenberger Julia , Naab Silke , Voderholzer Ulrich , Blechert Jens 
Published: December 2022

Background
Prevention of binge eating through just-in-time mobile interventions requires the prediction of respective high-risk times, for example, through preceding affective states or associated contexts. However, these factors and states are highly idiographic; thus, prediction models based on averages across individuals often fail.

Objective
We developed an idiographic, within-individual binge-eating prediction approach based on ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data.

Methods
We first derived a novel EMA-item set that covers a broad set of potential idiographic binge-eating antecedents from literature and an eating disorder focus group (n=11). The final EMA-item set (6 prompts per day for 14 days) was assessed in female patients with bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder. We used a correlation-based machine learning approach (Best Items Scale that is Cross-validated, Unit-weighted, Informative, and Transparent) to select parsimonious, idiographic item subsets and predict binge-eating occurrence from EMA data (32 items assessing antecedent contextual and affective states and 12 time-derived predictors).

Results
On average 67.3 (SD 13.4; range 43-84) EMA observations were analyzed within participants (n=13). The derived item subsets predicted binge-eating episodes with high accuracy on average (mean area under the curve 0.80, SD 0.15; mean 95% CI 0.63-0.95; mean specificity 0.87, SD 0.08; mean sensitivity 0.79, SD 0.19; mean maximum reliability of rD 0.40, SD 0.13; and mean rCV 0.13, SD 0.31). Across patients, highly heterogeneous predictor sets of varying sizes (mean 7.31, SD 1.49; range 5-9 predictors) were chosen for the respective best prediction models.

Conclusions
Predicting binge-eating episodes from psychological and contextual states seems feasible and accurate, but the predictor sets are highly idiographic. This has practical implications for mobile health and just-in-time adaptive interventions. Furthermore, current theories around binge eating need to account for this high between-person variability and broaden the scope of potential antecedent factors. Ultimately, a radical shift from purely nomothetic models to idiographic prediction models and theories is required.
A Review on Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in India
Authors: Abhirami N R , Laksmi V V , Deepitha A M 
Published: December 2022

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) was believed to be a Western disease, but are now increasingly being reported from India and other Asian countries where IBD was almost unheard of 30 years ago. Now India is projected to have one of the highest IBD burden across the world. There is rising incidence and prevalence of IBD in India topping the Southeast Asian countries. The clinical presentation of IBD in India is similar to other South East Asian countries. IBD is considered as a result of the complex interaction between the environment, diet, certain medications, genetic variables and a severe autoimmune response against normal bacteria in the gut. However exact cause is still unknown. Also there exists a gender distribution in IBD. In India IBD is more prevalent in males compared to females. This review summarizes the prevalence of IBD in India and some possible risk factors contributing to it.
Keywords: Inflammatory bowel disease, prevalence, India
Ayurveda Concept of Manas, Aatma and Clinical Management of Maansik Roga
Authors: Mukhedkar Ankita Sunil , Chavan Dipti Ajay 
Published: December 2022

Ayurveda considered human body as combination of Sharir, Satva, Indriyas and Atma. These all together forms various constitution of body, Sharir represents physical constitution, Satva, Indriyas and Atma governed activity of Sharir. Satva represents Manas constitution, it govern psychic and psycho-somatic manifestations. Indriyas associated with sensory functioning and Atma represent something that is subtle in nature and associated with divine power. Manas is responsible for mental functioning, which is greatly affected by Ahara and Vihara. Similarly Atma related with spiritual power that also govern moral attire of individual. The psychological and psychosomatic disorders mainly arise due to the improper functioning of Manas. The Manas Roga also associated with life style pattern and social behavior. The balancing state of Satva helps to cure Manas Roga and this state can be achieved by following rules of Ahara, Vihar, Pathya and Apathya. The spiritual well being or moral conduction helps to establish balances of Manas thus restrict pathogenesis of Manas Roga.
Keywords: Ayurveda, Manas, Satva, Atma, Manas Roga