bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reciprocal Grafting of Normal and Dwarf Solo Papaya on Growth and Yield1
Authors: Lange A. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Scions from ‘Solo’ papaya trees of normal size grafted on dwarf ‘Solo’ stocks resulted in trees with less vigor. Flowering and fruit production occured lower on the stem. The total quantity of fruit was smaller than on normal ‘Solo’ trees.
Dwarf ‘Solo’ scions grafted on normal ‘Solo’ stocks resulted in vigorous trees flowering and producing fruit higher on the stem; there was also more fruit, with less crowding, than on dwarf ‘Solo’.
Pine Mortality Along Michigan Highways1
Authors: Davidson Harold 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
During the spring and fall of 1966, three thousand one hundred and forty-nine pine trees were planted along the Interstate Highway System in Michigan as part of the highway beautification program. The species included: Pinus nigra (Arnold) Austrian pine; P. resinosa (Aiton) red pine; P. strobus (1.) white pine; and P. sylvestris (L.) Scots pine. Plants ranged in size from two feet for some of the red pine, up to six feet for some of the white pine, but most plants averaged four to five feet in height. Specifications required: “that all plants be nursery grown and shall qualify under the AAN Horticultural Standards for the current American Standards for Nursery Stock, ASA Specification Z 60.1.” All of the plantings were made by landscape contractors, who were the successful bidders for each project.
The Relationship of Sulfur Fumes to Defoliation and Fruit Drop of Apples1
Authors: Hoyt S. C. , Benson N. R. , Burts E. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In early September 1963, extensive leaf drop on Winesap apple trees was reported from an orchard in Yakima County, Washington. Later a high percentage of fruit dropped prematurely, and the remaining fruit failed to color and mature normally.
Metabolic Control of Ripening1
Authors: Looney N. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
It is generally agreed that fruit ripening is a biologically active process often involving high metabolic activity, increased activity of some enzyme systems, and ultimately in fleshy fruits, deterioration of the organ. These events occur in nature only at the proper physiological stage indicating that natural control systems operate to prevent premature ripening. Because of the dynamic nature of ripening in many species, it is probable that endogenous control systems also function to initiate ripening at the proper stage of ontogeny. The presence of these natural control mechanisms suggest that ripening may be subject to manipulation by horticultural, physiological or biochemical means and indeed, we are becoming increasingly aware of and conversant with concepts and techniques leading to control of this important plant process.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide as an Adjuvant of Colchicine in the Treatment of Rubus Seeds and Shoot Apices1
Authors: Sanders Hosea , Hull J. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to a colchicine solution applied to germinating black raspberry seed increased the percentage of induced polyploids more than did colchicine alone. Concentrations of DMSO higher than 2% were phytotoxic to germinating seeds when combined with colchicine. DMSO had no discernible effect on penetration of colchicine to the apical dome in blackberry shoot apices. There was evidence of synergistic effect of the chemicals on phytotoxicity of apical tissue.
Relationship Between Length of Vernalization, Stem Apex Size, and Initiatory Activity in Lilium longiflorum cv. ‘Ace‘1
Authors: Wang S. Y. , Roberts A. N. , Blaney L. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A study of shoot apex size and initiatory activity in August-harvested ‘Ace’ bulbs following 0, 6, and 18 weeks vernalization at 40°F showed negetative correlations between leaf and flower number and length of vernalization treatment, and between apex size and this cold treatment. Growth acceleration as reflected in earlier shoot emergence, internode elongation and rapid leaf unfolding was evident following 6 weeks’ 40°F storage, but prolonged (18 weeks) treatment drastically reduced subsequently initiatory activity and rate of leaf unfolding.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Dickson Michael H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Quality is rather nebulous and often difficult to measure objectively. This is not surprising since edible quality comprises a number of attributes, both physical and chemical. Some of the components of quality have been measured objectively for a long time; others, such as flavor and aroma, have only recently been measured objectively. Previously they were, and in most cases they still are, subject to personal preferences and prejudices.
Vegetable Flavor
Authors: Allen Stevens M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The instrumentation required for objective evaluation of flavor has been available for only a decade and a half. Most information on the chemistry of flavor has accumulated within the past 5 years. There have been few studies on intercultivar variation of compounds important to flavor. Because an appreciation of the physiology of flavor and an understanding of flavor chemistry are basic to the genetics of flavor, it seems appropriate to discuss briefly these topics.
Natural and Synthetic Sweeteners1
Authors: Inglett G. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
G. E. Inglett earned his PhD in biochemistry at the State University of Iowa in 1952. He has worked with biological toxins at the University of Illinois, 1952-1954, and in cancer research with the U. S. Public Health Service, 1954-1956. He has been a food chemist with the Corn Products Company, 1956-1960, Griffith Laboratories, 1960-1963, and International Minerals and Chemical Corporation, 1963-1966. Although Dr. Inglett is presently associated with the Cereal Properties Laboratory of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture at Peoria, Illinois, this paper is based on experience prior to joining the USDA.
Effects of Gibberellin and Alar Sprays upon Fruit Set, Seed Development, and Flowering of ‘Bartlett’ Pear1
Authors: Dennis F. G. , Edgerton L. J. , Parker K. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spray applications of gibberellic acid (GA3) were tested for their effects in increasing fruit set when applied during bloom in two commercial pear orchards in which cross-pollination was limited. No beneficial effects were obtained, and flower bud formation was inhibited at concentrations of 20 to 100 ppm. In one year, the inhibitory effect of GA3 upon flowering was partially offset by spraying with 500 or 1000 ppm of succinic acid, 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar) at petal fall.
Physiological Differences Between a Green and a Tan Dry Podded Line of Snap Bean1
Authors: Bouwkamp J. C. , Honma S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A green and tan dry podded line of snap bean was compared with respect to respiration rate, chlorophyll degradation, % dry matter of the leaves, effects of light and Ethrel treatment on abscission of petiole expiants, and fresh weight increase of leaf discs floated on a nutrient solution. The green dry podded Une respired at a higher rate, degraded chlorphyll at a slower rate and contained a higher percentage of dry matter than the tan dry podded line. Petiole explants from the green dry podded line abscised faster in the dark and slower in the light than petiole explants from the tan dry podded line. Ethrel treatment of petiole explants resulted in promotion of abscission in both phenotypes but did not change the relative rates of abscission. Fresh weight increase in leaf discs floated in nutrient solution was greater than for the green dry podded line than the tan. These observations suggest that the green dry podded line has a higher endogenous level of kinetin or kinetin-like substance.
Incompatibilities Between Herbicides and Insecticides in Direct-Seeded Brassica Crops1
Authors: Freeman Jack A. , Finlayson D. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The compatibility of 5 preemergence herbicides and 3 insecticides applied in silt loam was assessed in 4 brassica crops by comparing their effects on germination, plant stand, and yield. Several combinations were deleterious. The herbicides CDEC and DCPA in combination with the insecticide thionazin reduced plant stand in cabbage and cauliflower. Herbicide C-7019 in combination with the insecticide fensulfothion was incompatible for cabbage and broccoli. Cabbage germination was reduced; while with broccoli both the germination and crop yield were affected. C-7019 alone reduced the germination of cauliflower and in combination with fensulfothion the damage was increased. This herbicide was phytotoxic to rutabaga. When nitrofen was combined with the insecticides, plant stands of cauliflower and rutabaga were affected. Nitrofen and thionazin together reduced the plant stand of cabbage. Propachlor at 4 lb./acre was compatible with any of the three insecticides for the four crops. However, the plant stand and yields of all four crops were reduced in plots treated with propachlor at 6 lb./acre in combination with thionazin. Propachlor with the insecticide carbofuran injured only broccoli. The herbicides did not affect the efficacy of the insecticides.
Environmental Pollution: A Dual Problem for Horticulture
Authors: Ryder Edward J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
It is said that environmental pollution is a cause that everybody can identify with, perhaps because it is so easy to blame others for it. Yet a little closer inquiry will show that nearly all of us contribute to pollution. The automobile emits polluting substances, but only when we drive it. High phosphate detergents cause eutrophication in our fresh waters, but only because we wash with them. We buy the products of the steel industry, and we use the electricity provided by the power companies.
Effect of Auxin-Herbicides on Plant and Animal Biochemistry1
Authors: Cherry Joe H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Joe H. Cherry received his BS from the University of Tennessee (1957) and MS (1959) and PhD (1961) from the University of Illinois. He spent a year at the Seed Protein Pioneering Research Laboratory, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in New Orleans before coming to Purdue in 1962 where he is now Professor of Horticulture. A “Molecular Horticulturist” and proud of it, Dr. Cherry believes that the exciting arena for horticulture today is unraveling the biochemistry of gene action in relation to regulation of fundamental plant processes.
2, 4-D as an Air Pollutant: Effects on Growth of Representative Horticultural Plants1
Authors: Sherwood C. H. , Weigle J. L. , Denisen E. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Experimental techniques are described for concentric circular test patterns with intentional exposure to a 2,4-D source at the center. With the intensity of exposure as a function of distance from the center, various degrees and symptoms of expression of 2,4-D damage were obtained for a wide variety of horticultural plants. Observations were made on overwintering damage, carry-over effects on potted specimens returned to the greenhouse, seed carry-over effects (none), and effects on virus-infected plants.
2, 4-D as an Air Pollutant: Effects on Market Quality of Several Horticultural Crops1
Authors: Weigle J. L. , Denisen E. L. , Sherwood C. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Crops were grown in field plots under plastic-covered greenhouses for 3 years under ambient, charcoal-filtered, and charcoal-filtered with 2,4-D added atmospheres. No differences in market quality were found with green beans and raspberries. Deformed fruit in strawberries, uneven berry ripening in grapes, and blotchy ripening and deformed fruit in tomatoes occurred in “2,4-D added” treatment but not in “charcoal-filtered” treatment, while “ambient” was generally intermediate. The amount of 2,4–D in the atmosphere also influenced yields of grapes and strawberries.
Rusty-Brown Discoloration, a Serious Market Disorder of Western Winter Head Lettuce1
Authors: Ceponis M. J. , Porter F. M. , Kaufman J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A serious market disorder of California and Arizona crisp-head lettuce is described and named “rusty-brown discoloration.” The disorder occurs in lettuce marketed during January-April, with a pronounced maximum in February. Losses on the New York market have increased steadily in recent years and were particularly severe in 1969. In February 1969, 90% of all western lettuce shipments inspected on the market were commercially damaged. Studies made with freshly harvested, air-shipped lettuce showed that the disorder increased markedly during 7-10 days’ storage at refrigerated temperatures. There was less rusty-brown discoloration development at 45° and 50° than at temperatures below 40°F. The cause of the disorder is not known.
Effects of Certain Soil Fumigants on Essential Nutritive Components and the Respiratory Rate of Carrot1 (Daucus carota L.) Roots
Authors: Wu Maureen , Singh B. , Wu M. T. , Salunkhe D. K. , Dull G. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Telone (10, 20, 30 gal/acre) and Nemagon (1, 2, 3 gal/acre) were applied to the soil one week before planting of carrots. Compared to the untreated controls, the roots of the treated plants had a significantly higher content of total carotene, β-carotene and total sugars and a lower rate of respiration.
Effect of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhyrazide on the Growth of Marigold in Long and Short Photoperiods1
Authors: McConnell Dennis B. , Esther Struckmeyer B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid 2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar) was applied as a foliar spray to ‘Sovereign’, an F1 cultivar of Tagetes erecta L., grown in a complete nutrient solution. Alar was applied weekly as a foliar spray at concn of 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm to plants grown under both short and long days. Short day control plants were shorter, flowered earlier, and had shorter leaves than the long day control plants. In each photoperiod, all plants treated with Alar were significantly shorter than the controls because of shorter in tern odes. Dry wt of the tops of treated plants were significantly less than the controls, but the dry wt of the roots were not significantly different. Leaf length and no. of nodes were not affected by the different concn. In short days, Alar delayed flowering up to 8 days, but did not affect the size of the terminal flower.
Photoperiodic Effects on Lilium longiflorum cv. ‘Georgia’ Grown by the Controlled Temperature Forcing Method1
Authors: Carlson William H. , Carpenter William J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of daylength during the 63°F lily rooting period prior to 40° storage and the duration and scheduling of the storage period were determined for Japanese-grown ‘Georgia’ lilies. Benefits from the Controlled Temperature Forcing (CTF) method for increased flower buds and leaves were lost if used with 16-hr day lengths during the 63° period before storage. Artificial fluorescent light of 5 watts per ft2 to create a 16-hr daylength was found adequate to reduce the CTF effects. The length of the 63° period prior to cold treatment affected the days from bulb planting to flowering, no. of flowers, plant height, and no. of leaves. These results were similar at both the 10 and 16-hr day lengths. The effects of 6 week 40° cold period decline at both photoperiods as the duration of the 63° period before storage increases. Delaying the 40° cold period until 10 weeks after planting at the 16-hr daylength resulted in flowering only 4 days before lilies receiving no cold treatment.
Crop Protection by Heating, Wind Machines, and Overhead Irrigation1
Authors: Gerber J. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cold weather can change the yield of fruit crops faster than any other factor. This change may range from mild effects to total disaster involving not only the current year’s crop, but also future year’s. Much effort has gone into the protection of fruit crops from the damage of cold weather by the producer; much less effort has been spent by the researcher. No doubt, a part of the reason is the multitude of disciplines that are required to solve the problem of prevention of cold injury by microclimatic modification.
A Further Note on Longevity of Strawberry Seed in Cold Storage1
Authors: Scott D. H. , Draper A. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a germination test with strawberry seed of different ages stored at 40°F, 23-year-old seed germinated as well as 1-year-old seed. Germination was relatively high for all of the seed lots, despite differences in age.
A Tissue Culture Technique for Studying Chilling Injury of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits1
Authors: Vakis N. , Grierson W. , Soule J. , Albrigo L. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Visual observations of chilling-injury symptoms and respiration data indicated that discs from ‘Lacatan’ banana, ‘Taylor’ avocado, ‘Key’ and ‘Persian’ limes, and ‘Marsh’ grapefruit on tissue-culture medium and intact fruits had similar responses when stored at chilling and non-chilling temperatures.
Cucumber Sex Expression Modified by Growth Regulators1
Authors: Freytag A. H. , Lira E. P. , Isleib D. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Application of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (10 ppm) to monoecious cucumber plants at the first true leaf has produced predominately staminate flowers on treated plants while treatment with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (100 ppm) resulted in predominately pistillate flowers on treated plants. These 2 growth regulators applied together produced about the same effect as 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid alone.
Changes in Endogenous Growth Substances in the Embryos of Juglans regia During Stratification1
Authors: Martin George C. , Iona M. , Mason R. , Forde Harold I. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Kernels from Juglans regia walnuts stratified at 0°C were sampled at weekly intervals and extracted with methanol. The extracts were partitioned into 4 phases which were water, neutral ether, acidic ether and acidic butanol, then bioassayed for cytokinins, gibberellins, auxins and inhibitors. No cytokinins nor gibberellins were found in the tissue. There was activity analogous to that from auxins. An inhibitor which diminished during stratification was found. This inhibitor is believed to be abscisic acid, on the basis of UV absorption spectrum, Rf values established by co-chromatography on paper and silica gel plates, and derivatives analyzed by gas liquid chromatography.
Effect of Cytokinins and Gibberellins on Shape of ‘Delicious’ Apple Fruits1
Authors: Williams M. W. , Stahly E. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The application of cytokinins and gibberellins alone and in combination to ‘Delicious’ apples just after full bloom affected fruit shape by increasing the length-to-diameter ratio of the fruits. Cytokinins caused fruits to be longer with prominent well-developed calyx lobes. The treated fruit had the appearance of fruits grown where early season temperatures are cool. Gibberellin A4 + A7 caused fruits to be longer but did not appreciably affect the development of the calyx lobes.
Chemical Thinning of Apple Trees Using Concentrate Sprays1
Authors: Rogers B. L. , Thompson A. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sevin was used in thinning sprays in dilute—1x—and concentrate form—ranging from 3X to 33X —over a 4-year period on mature ‘Rome Beauty’ apple trees. Although treatments were not the same in each year, all sprays applied significantly thinned in 3 out of 4 years. There was some evidence that concentrate sprays thinned less than dilute sprays, but usually not significantly so. When using 33X concentrates, significant thinning was achieved in 1 year when Sevin was used at full strength—33 lb./100 gal. Approximately the same degree of thinning was obtained when the rate was reduced by one-half. Adding pesticides commonly used in petal-fall sprays to Sevin—all concentrated to the same extent—did not alter significantly the thinning obtained with Sevin alone.
Results on ‘Jonathan’ apples in a 1-year experiment revealed significant thinning with NAD and Sevin in a dilute spray, as well as Sevin at 3X and 6X concentrates. In a 1-year experiment on ‘Golden Delicious’, NAA thinned significantly as a dilute spray, and at 3X and 6X concentrates. The dilute spray was more effective.
Vegetative and Reproductive Responses of Highbush Blueberry to Succinic Acid 2, 2-Dimethyl hydrazide (Alar)1
Authors: Hapitan Jose C. , Shutak V. G. , Kitchin J. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
One spray application of 5000 ppm succinic acid 2, 2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) on July 18 or August 22, or 2 spray applications, one on July 18 and another on August 22, significantly retarded new shoot elongation of ‘Collins’ and ‘Bluecrop’ highbush blueberries. The number of flower buds per unit length of new growth was increased. Blossom opening and ripening of the berries was delayed, but fruit size was not appreciably affected. All responses of the 2 cultivars to treatments were more pronounced when they received the 2 spray applications.
Interactions of Applied Growth Regulators and Temperature on Root Initiation in Salix Cuttings1
Authors: Domanski R. , Kozlowski T. T. , Sasaki S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of various combinations of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and benzyladenine (BA) at 5 or 50 ppm of each and temperature (22 and 25°C) on root initiation in Salix viminalis, L. cuttings were studied. Highly significant influences of temperature, exogenous growth regulators, and temperature-growth regulator interactions on root initiation were demonstrated. Root formation generally was stimulated by increasing temperature from 22 to 25°. NAA stimulated root formation markedly and its effects were further enhanced for at least 10 days by increasing temperature from 22 to 25°. In contrast to NAA, both GA and BA inhibited root initiation. The inhibitory effect of GA was greater at 25 than at 22°; BA had the greater depressive effect at 22°. Addition of GA or BA, or both, to NAA generally reduced the stimulation of root formation by NAA. As temperature increased toward an optimum for root initiation the balance of endogenous growth regulators and possible cofactors may have changed to bring out the stimulatory effects of auxins over the inhibitory influences of cytokinins and gibberellins.
Use of Centrifugation to Obtain Auxin Extracts from Cuttings Treated with Terminal Applications of 3-indoleacetic Acid1
Authors: McGuire John J. , Albert Luke S. , Shutak V. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A method of extracting indole compounds from stem segments of woody cuttings of Ilex crenata ‘Convexa’ by refrigerated centrifugation has been developed. Effective extraction was obtained when segments were immersed in a solution of 40% ethanol (v/v) and exposed to a force of 2750 X g for at least 2 hr. Exposure to that force for more than 4 hr did not result in a significant increase in extractable auxin. Quantitative determinations of 14C measured by liquid scintillation counts of the extracts revealed that this method reliably depicted changes in levels of IAA or its metabolized forms in different stem segments as a result of different treatments. Chromatographic separation of extracts revealed that at least 35% of the label was still in the form of IAA after 48 hr. The increased levels of auxin in stem segments was also portrayed by significant rooting increases as determined by rooting index. Centrifugation extracts separated into 2 phases and were removed separately, most of the isotope was contained in the smaller lower phase. Proportionate levels of the 2 phases changed in segments over time and the lower phase disappeared at the time of rooting.