bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of the Constancy of Effect in Cochrane Systematic Reviews in Context with the Assumptions for Non-Inferiority trials.
Authors: Duro Enass , Julious Professor Steven , Ren Shijie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
When designing a non-inferiority (NI) study one of the most important steps is to set the non-inferiority (NI) limit. The NI limit is an acceptable loss of efficacy for a new investigative treatment compared to an active control treatment – often standard care. The limit should be a value so small that the loss efficacy is clinically zero. An approach to the setting of a noninferiority limit such that an effect over placebo can be shown through an indirect comparison to placebo-controlled trials where the active control treatment was compared to placebo. In this context the setting of the NI limit depends on three assumptions: assay sensitivity, bias minimisation, and the constancy assumption. The last assumption of constancy assumes the effect of the active control over placebo is constant. This paper aims to assess the constancy assumption in placebo-controlled trials. Methods: An overview of 236 Cochrane reviews of placebo-controlled trials published in 2015–2016 was conducted to assess the relation between the placebo, active treatment, and the standardised treatment different (SMD) with the time (year of publication). Results: The analysis showed that both the size of the study and the treatment effect were associated with year of publication. The three main variables that affect the estimate of any future trial are the estimate from the meta-analysis of previous trials prior to the trial, the year difference in the meta-analysis, and the year of the trial conduction. The regression analysis showed that an increase of one unit in the point estimate of the historical meta-analysis would lead to an increase in the predicted estimate of future trial on the SMD scale by 0.88. This result suggests the final trial results are 12% smaller than that from the meta-analysis of trials until that point. Conclusion: The result of this study indicates that assuming constancy of the treatment difference between the active control and placebo can be questioned. In the case of the NI the trial, this could lead to the conclusion of the non-inferiority of an inferior test treatment and false superiority for the same treatment over placebo. It is therefore important to consider the effect of time in estimating the treatment response if indirect comparisons are being used as the basis of a NI limit.
Functional Mobility Tests for Evaluation of Functionalities in Patients with Adult Spinal Deformity
Authors: Lee Hyung Rae , Park Jiwon , Ham Dae-Woong , Kwon Byung-Taek , Go Seong Jun , Kim Ho-Joong 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Background: Current evaluation of patients with adult spinal deformity (ASD) is mainly based on radiographic parameters derived from X-rays. However, due to their static nature, X-rays fall short of assessing the dynamic functionalities including balance, gait, and the risk of falling. This study aimed to determine the functionalities of ASD patients by measuring functional mobility tests (FMTs) and compared relationships between patient-reported outcomes (PROs) with FMTs and radiographic parameters to prove whether FMTs are useful evaluation tools for evaluation of patients with ASD. Methods: This age- and sex-matched case-control study included 66 patients with ASD and 66 patients with LSS, all of whom were scheduled to undergo spinal surgery. All patients were evaluated with four FMTs including alternate step test (AST), six-meter walk test (SMT), sit-to-stand test (STS), and timed up and go test (TUGT). Correlations of the PROs with FMTs and static radiographic parameters were analyzed. Results: The baseline characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups. However, compared with patients with LSS, those with ASD showed significantly poorer performance on all four FMTs, spending significantly more time performing the SMT, STS, and TUGT (P = 0.046, 0.045, and 0.015, respectively). The results of the four FMTs were significantly correlated with the ODI (Oswestry Disability Index) scores only in the ASD group and not in the LSS group. Conclusions: FMTs were appropriate tools for assessing the dynamic functionalities of patients with ASD. FMTs might play a bridging role between static radiographic parameters and subjective PROs when treating patinets with ASD.
Prevalence of myopia in primary and middle school pupils and its influencing factors in Keerqin District: Logistic regression analysis
Authors: Zhuang Huiying , Wang Limei , Wang Fengying , Tang Geisi , Zhang Tianzi , Zhao Honglin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Introduction: Purpose:
We evaluated the prevalence of myopia and its relationship with associated factors in primary and middle school pupils in Keerqin District of Tongliao City.
Methods
Measurement data on poor eyesight and ametropia from 1757 senior grade students in primary, junior middle, and high school, as well as electronic questionnaires were analyzed by stratified random cluster sampling in November 2020. Myopia was indicated by a visual acuity of < 5.0 and a refractive error (spherical equivalency) of<-0.50 refractive (D) in each eye. Chi-square and binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify the potential risk factors for myopia.
Results
The overall prevalence of myopia was 64.31%, with the rate of wearing glasses being 49.29%. Increasing grade was associated with a significant increase in the prevalence of myopia among female, Hans and residential school pupils. Children whose parents were myopic were highly found to be myopic. When reading, the rate of myopia in which eyes were never > 1 feet from books was higher. It was also established that parents occasionally or never reminded their children that reading and writing postures have a low risk of nearsightedness. Close eyes use, 0.25–0.5 h eye rest reduced the risk of myopia development.
Conclusion
The overall prevalence of myopia was high, indicating that myopia is a serious public health concern in Keerqin District of Tongliao City. However, the rate of eyeglass wearing was relatively low. Myopia was positively correlated with education level, female gender, residential schools, genetics and the environment.
Sports Climbing and Personality – A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Steinmetz Gino , Assman Mara , Hubert Jan , Saul Dominik 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
BackgroundAfter its recent Olympic debut in 2021 climbing continues to gain popularity. Physiological characteristics of climbers have been extensively studied, while the personality of climbers remains poorly understood. Personality research in sports is an established field, predicting long-term success as well as short-term behavior. The recreational athlete’s personality has not been sufficiently examined to date.MethodsWe prospectively analyzed 50 recreational climbers and 50 non-climbing athletes regarding their personality characteristics. We assessed the BMI, the self-reported climbing grade, and the years of climbing experience. To evaluate the personality of recreational climbers and athletes, we used the German version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI-2), which summarizes the personality in five main categories.ResultsRecreational climbers scored significantly higher in conscientiousness than the non-climbing athletes (p = 0.04), there was no significant difference between the other four main personality traits. Female climbers scored significantly higher in conscientiousness than male climbers (p = 0.02), while female athletes scored higher in openness than male athletes (p <0.01). The climbing group displayed a small but significant negative correlation between conscientiousness and BMI (r = -0.39; p <0.01).ConclusionIn conclusion, the personality of recreational climbers and recreational athletes differs in conscientiousness, with the climbers showing higher scores. Regarding gender, we found higher levels of conscientiousness in female climbers and higher openness in female athletes in comparison to their male counterparts. A negative correlation between BMI and conscientiousness of the climbers was detected.
Spatiotemporal changes and driving factors of vegetation in 14 different climatic regions in the global from 1981 to 2018
Authors: Li Guangchao , chen wei , Zhang Xuepeng , Yang Zhen , Wang Zhe , Bi Pengshuai 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Vegetation change affects global ecology and conservation, energy balance, and climate change. Analyses of the vegetation driving factors in different global climate regions and the differences in their changes are of great significance to global change research. In this paper, based on the vegetation leaf area index (LAI) and driver datasets, we studied the vegetation drivers and their changes in 14 different climate zones around the world from 1981 to 2018. The results showed that (1) Vegetation changes were sensitive to precipitation and evapotranspiration in arid climate zones and to temperature and soil temperature in cold climate zones. In the tundra climate zone, the sensitivity of vegetation change to temperature was higher than that to precipitation and evapotranspiration. (2) Soil moisture has the highest contribution rate to vegetation change, and the areas with absolute contribution rates over 60% account for 50.26% of the total area of global vegetation cover. The areas with high contributions of temperature and soil temperature to the LAI are mainly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, which indicates that temperature has a high contribution to vegetation change in low-temperature environments. (3) The areas with significant increasing trends for the global vegetation LAIs accounted for approximately 15.32% of the total global vegetation cover (slope ≥ 0.01), which are mainly located in equatorial savannahs with dry winters, warm temperate climates with dry winters, and warm temperate climates with fully humid climatic zones. (4) The LAIs were dominated by medium-high fluctuations and sustainable increasing changes, which accounted for 61.27% and 69.34% of the total global vegetation cover area, respectively. This study contributes to our understanding of the role of long-term changes in vegetation cover and its climate-driven mechanisms in global change, and provides technical support for global ecology and conservation.
Perinatal Outcomes of ART Are Not Influenced by Overweight and Obesity: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Dornelles Victoria Campos , Hentschke Marta Ribeiro , Badalotti Mariangela , Badalotti-Teloken Isadora , Trindade Vanessa Devens , Cunegatto Bibiana , de Vasconcelos Natália Fontoura , Costa Bartira Ercília Pinheiro da , Padoin Alexandre Vontobel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
In spontaneous pregnancies, evidence shows that maternal weight and gestational diabetes are independent risk factors for macrosomia and large for gestational age newborns. Maternal body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 is also associated with worse neonatal vitality, classified as Apgar score less than 7 at 5th minute of life. However, little studies have been conducted on the influence of BMI on perinatal outcomes considering pregnancy resulting from assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to analyze if perinatal outcomes of ART could be influenced by BMI.
Methods
Retrospective cohort study performed at a Reproductive Medicine Center. Patients undergoing ART (2013–2020) were divided into three groups according to BMI (kg/m²): Group 1, < 25; Group 2, 25-29.9 and Group 3, ≥ 30. A total of 1753 in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryo transfer cycles were included. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, or frequency (%). ANOVA and Chi-square test was performed on groups comparison. To consider patients and the number of cycles for these analyses, generalized estimating equations (GEE) were performed, considering p < 0.05.
Results
When comparing groups according to the BMI, the following results were found (%), respectively: live birth rates (LBR) (33.5 vs. 32.3 vs. 29.9, p = 0.668); preeclampsia (2.9 vs. 6.1 vs. 6.3, p = 0.268); small for gestational age newborns (23 vs. 23.2 vs. 21.7, p = 0.965); microsomal newborns (1.9 vs. 0.9 vs. 2.7, p = 0.708); Apgar score > 7 fifth minute (97.6 vs. 98.2 vs. 100, p = 0.616); preterm birth (29.6 vs. 30.1 vs. 35.1, p = 0.970).
Conclusions
In this study, perinatal outcomes of ART were not influenced by overweight and obesity. However, even with not statistically different, clinically relevant lower chances of LBR were found the higher was the BMI, along with higher chances of premature labor and preeclampsia.
Millimeter wave radar-based method for detecting typical dangerous driving manoeuvres
Authors: Hao Zhanjun , Li Zepei , Dang Xiaochao , Ma Zhongyu 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In response to the dangerous driving behaviour prevalent in current car drivers, there is a need to accurately warn and correct the driver's driving behaviour in real time in a small, mobile, enclosed space. This paper proposes a method of hazardous action detection based on Millimeter wave radar. A millimeter wave radar chip is installed in the cab and the collected FMCW differential frequency signal is Fourier transformed to obtain the IF signal, followed by the target action micro Doppler eigen spectrum as the eigen value. By parsing the matrix signal intensity of the signal echo model of the input channel, the synthesised waveform passing through the mixer is fed into a multi-layer filter for spurious filtering, and the lateral fusion method using the optimised deep learning SlowFast CNN is used to estimate and classify the feature vector against each action. In this paper, nine typical dangerous driving manoeuvres are experimentally set up and the accuracy of the classification results of the self-created dataset is analysed, verifying that the method is highly robust and the accuracy of the target manoeuvre recognition can reach up to 97%.
Fabrication of a pH-responsive magnetic nanocarrier based on carboxymethyl cellulose-aminated graphene oxide for loading and in-vitro release of curcumin
Authors: Danesh Elham , Miralinaghi Mahsasadat , Moniri Elham , Sadjady Seyed Kazem 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this study, a pH-responsive magnetic drug delivery system was prepared by cross-linking of Cofe2O4/graphene oxide to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) biopolymer with adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) and then investigated for loading and release of a poorly water-soluble anti-cancer drug, curcumin (CUR). The CoFe2O4/GO-ADH-CMC bio-nanocomposite was characterized by FE–SEM/EDX, TEM, FT–IR, XRD, TGA, VSM, and zeta-potential techniques. The highest amount of drug loading was achieved as 23.7 mg g–1 at 323 K, pH 6.0, and 120 mg L–1 CUR concentration. The study of adsorption isotherms revealed that the Sips model was best fitted to the equilibrium data (R2 > 0.997), which indicated the contribution of both chemisorption and physisorption in drug loading. Furthermore, the release profile of CUR from drug-loaded CoFe2O4/GO-ADH-CMC was studied in mimicking the endosomal (pH = 5.6) and physiological (pH = 7.4) conditions. After 24 h, the maximum cumulative releases were found to be 86 and 38% at pH = 5.6 and 7.4, respectively. Also, the Peppas-Sahlin kinetic model was followed for the release data. The MTT assay exhibited good biocompatibility of the CoFe2O4/GO-ADH-CMC. The results implied that CoFe2O4/GO-ADH-CMC magnetic bio-nanocomposite might be utilized as a potentially safe carrier with the continuous and slow release of CUR.
Eye Surgery Applications Before and After the Covid-19 Outbreak
Authors: CETINKAYA Yasemin Fatma 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Objective: As with any healthcare practice, elective surgeries had to be postponed since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aimed to examine the characteristics of ophthalmology outpatients and eye surgery admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic and, also to compare the pandemic and re-pandemic periods.Methods:This retrospective study included patients admitted to the ophthalmology clinic of a tertiary hospital from April through June 2020. A similar control sample was formed using the registries from the same interval in the previous year. The primary endpoint was the number and distribution of type of surgical procedures (e.g., group A and group B surgery) during the pandemic. The secondary endpoint was the comparison between the pre-pandemic and pandemic period.Findings: A total of 116 operations were performed in 2020 (mean age: 42.3±25.6 years, male: 63.8%). In 2019, 873 surgeries were performed in the same period of the year (mean age: 56.6± 20.2 years, male: 48.8%), indicating a 86.7% decrease during the pandemic. While the proportion of group A surgeries was 10.3% in the total number in 2019, it was 25.9% in 2020 (p<0.001). The rate of group B surgeries also increased from 5.4% to 17.24% (p<0.001). Although the total number of surgeries decreased after the pandemic started, the rates of both A and B group surgeries increased significantly compared to the previous year.Conclusion: This study showed a striking reduction in eye surgery during the early period of the Covid-19 pandemic. However, an increase in trauma related surgeries were found during the pandemic.
Diatom-based ecologically water quality assessment of river Ganga in Western Himalayan region, India
Authors: Dimri Deepika , Sharma Archana 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Most of the diatom-based indices have not been widely tested on Ganga river in Himalayan region. Diatom samples were collected from epirhithron, metarhithron and hyporhithron zone of river Ganga and 12 physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, sodium, potassium, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate) were measured during the field and laboratory studies. According to the results of the physicochemical analysis, elevated nutrient concentration (SO4− and NO3−) in hyporhithron zone are due to organic pollution resulting from agriculture activities, discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater and urban clusters. In epirhithron zone, richest species were Achnanthes sp. (54) followed by Nitzschia sp. (46) and Navicula sp. (35). The metarhithron zone had dominant species of Nitzschia sp. (58) followed by Diatoma vulgaris (54) and Navicula sp. (47), while Achnanthes sp. (81) showed maximum number followed by Nitzschia sp. (66) and Diatoma vulgaris (57). Furthermore, Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) identified five environmental variables (pH, SO4 − 2, NO3−, TDS, and EC) and their strong correlation with major diatom species. Shannon-Weiner diversity index, Simpson index and Margalef index showed moderately polluted sites under each ecological zone. Most of the applied diatom indices including, CEE, DESCY, IBD, IDSE, IDAP, IDP, IPS, SHE were effectively identified ecological status of Ganga river. This study suggests that the use of biotic indicators can provides useful information of the river health status and can be good indicators of Ganga river water quality. We recommend that attention can be paid towards use of biological indicators for water quality monitoring of river Ganga in Himalayan region in view of more detailed information on the use of foreign diatom indices.
Dosimetric Evaluation of a Hybrid Treatment Planning for Whole-Brain Radiation with Hippocampal Sparing
Authors: TOVAR ENRIQUE ADRIAN DE ATOCHA MARTIN , ALVARADO ANGELICA HERANDENY BADILLO , POOT LUIS ENRIQUE COCOM , SOSA JOSE LUIS GAXIOLA 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the effect of a Hybrid planning technique which results from combining intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric arc therapy (VMAT) for whole brain radiation therapy hippocampal-sparing (WBRT-HS).
Methods
Three types of plans were made for 15 patients, namely Hybrid, pure IMRT, and pure VMAT and retrospectively compared. All plans were made using the same contours based on the original computed tomography (CT) scans fused with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Plan quality was determined by calculating the conformity (CI) and homogeneity (HI) indices of planning target volumes (PTVs). The three types of plans were compared in terms of dose to organs at risk (OARs), number of monitor units (MUs), and treatment time.
Results
Hybrid plans showed improved homogeneity (p = 0.04) and conformity (p = 0.01) indices compared to IMRT and VMAT plans. In terms of hippocampus sparing, the Hybrid technique showed almost equal D100% and maximum dose (Dmax) values compared to the other techniques, but without statistical significance (p > 0.05); however, there was a significant difference for the left hippocampus, where the IMRT technique obtained the best result (p < 0.001). Regarding the dose delivered to the remaining OARs, MUs and treatment times, all values for the Hybrid plans were between those of IMRT and VMAT.
Conclusion
Compared to IMRT and VMAT plans, the Hybrid plan allowed a better conformity and homogeneity for the dose distribution in the PTV with intermediate dose values to the OARs.
Uracil-appended fluorescent sensor for Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions: Real-life utilities including recognition of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) in milk products and invisible ink applications
Authors: Jindal Gitanjali , Kaur Navneet 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A simple uracil-appended fluorescent sensor (1) has been developed by one pot reaction and characterized by using common spectroscopic methods such as UV-vis, Fluorescence, HRMS and FT-IR spectroscopies. Upon addition of various metal ions to the CH3CN solution of sensor 1, the fluorescence was quenched in the presence of Cu2+ / Hg2+ ions. The limit of detection for Cu2+ and Hg2+ was calculated to be 3.31 and 0.316 µM, respectively. Further, the sensor was applied for real-life applications in the determination of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and its presence in milk products. On the incorporation of different sources of vitamin-B to acetonitrile solution of it, there was discernible fluorescence enhancement only in the presence of vitamin B2. Also, it has been successfully applied for the detection of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) in milk and curd. Moreover, based on the fluorescent color changes, the sensor was utilized for invisible ink applications.