bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiangle scanning for measuring radiation beam profiles with a typical size of 10 millimetres — Proof-of-principle experiments
Authors: Bulavskaya A.A. , Cherepennikov Yu.M. , Grigorieva A.A. , Miloichikova I.A. , Stuchebrov S.G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this research, a method for acquiring radiation beam
profiles was developed. Multiple linear beam scanning using a
detection strip was performed in a beam cross section at different
angles. The obtained data were then mathematically processed and
transformed into the radiation beam profile. The profiles of X-ray
and electron beams were obtained experimentally using the proposed
method, and are reported herein.
Spring snow cover duration and tundra greenness in the Lena Delta, Siberia: two decades of MODIS satellite time series (2001–2021)
Authors: Heim Birgit , Lisovski Simeon , Wieczorek Mareike , Morgenstern Anne , Juhls Bennet , Shevtsova Iuliia , Kruse Stefan , Boike Julia , Fedorova Irina , Herzschuh Ulrike 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The Lena Delta in Siberia is the largest delta in the Arctic and as a snow-dominated ecosystem particularly vulnerable to climate change. Using the two decades of MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite acquisitions, this study investigates interannual and spatial variability of snow-cover duration and summer vegetation vitality in the Lena Delta. We approximated snow by the application of the normalized difference snow index and vegetation greenness by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). We consolidated the analyses by integrating reanalysis products on air temperature from 2001 to 2021, and air temperature, ground temperature, and the date of snow-melt from time-lapse camera (TLC) observations from the Samoylov observatory located in the central delta. We extracted spring snow-cover duration determined by a latitudinal gradient. The ‘regular year’ snow-melt is transgressing from mid-May to late May within a time window of 10 days across the delta. We calculated yearly deviations per grid cell for two defined regions, one for the delta, and one focusing on the central delta. We identified an ensemble of early snow-melt years from 2012 to 2014, with snow-melt already starting in early May, and two late snow-melt years in 2004 and 2017, with snow-melt starting in June. In the times of TLC recording, the years of early and late snow-melt were confirmed. In the three summers after early snow-melt, summer vegetation greenness showed neither positive nor negative deviations. Whereas, vegetation greenness was reduced in 2004 after late snow-melt together with the lowest June monthly air temperature of the time series record. Since 2005, vegetation greenness is rising, with maxima in 2018 and 2021. The NDVI rise since 2018 is preceded by up to 4 °C warmer than average June air temperature. The ongoing operation of satellite missions allows to monitor a wide range of land surface properties and processes that will provide urgently needed data in times when logistical challenges lead to data gaps in land-based observations in the rapidly changing Arctic.
A national estimate of U.S. underground natural gas storage incident emissions
Authors: Li Hugh Z , Saint-Vincent Patricia M B , Mundia-Howe Mumbi , Pekney Natalie J 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The 2015 Aliso Canyon storage well blowout was widely reported as the worst natural gas leak in the history of the United States (U.S.) and released ∼0.1 million metric tons of methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas. Although storage well fugitive emissions are estimated in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s annual Greenhouse Gas Inventory, the inventory does not include historical estimates of anomalous large emission events other than Aliso Canyon or smaller incident related CH4 releases. A total of 129 underground natural gas storage (UGS) incident-related events between 1940 and 2016 were compiled from various federal/state agencies and literature reviews. Incident emissions were estimated based on best available information, such as direct operator reports, the monetary cost of gas lost, or modeling of the escaping gas at sonic speeds. There are 387 active UGS fields in three types of reservoirs: salt caverns, aquifers, and depleted oil and gas (O&G) fields. 65% of events were in the depleted O&G fields, which account for 79% of storage fields. Texas recorded the highest number of incidents (20), 14 of which were in salt dome reservoirs. The incident emissions showed a heavy-tailed emission pattern with CH4 releases up to 29 billion cubic feet (8.2 × 108m3). The top seven events contributed 98% of the total estimated/measured CH4 emissions.
Motor vehicles’ problems with keeping the straight driving direction; analysis of selected case
Authors: Pusty T , Lewiński R , Kowieski H K 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The article presents issues related to the testing and verification of the keeping of straight driving direction by motor vehicles. The subjective feelings of drivers were assigned specific values of physical quantities describing the rectilinear path of motion, i.e. the steering wheel angle and the force vector applied to the steering wheel of the vehicle under test while driven along a straight path. This made it possible to determine the limit values enabling the assessment whether the object under test has a tendency to move straight ahead without any unusual steering corrections. The cases analysed relate to the situations where measurements of wheel geometry settings do not show significant deviations from the standard but, in spite of that, the vehicle requires unusual steering corrections by the driver to maintain a straight path.
Effects of motorbike front suspension component operation on torsional vibration frequencies
Authors: Dębowski A 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Riding a motorbike requires much more experience than other types of vehicles. However, not only insufficient skills may contribute to dangerous driving situations, but also vibrations generated in the steering system of a motorbike. This paper presents a method of vibration analysis on the example of a motorbike steering system using a transmittance model and shows how to extract the relevant frequencies for analysis. The effects of selected stiffness and damping parameters are analysed and an assessment is made of how the frequencies for wobble vibration will change over the life of the steering components. The results were presented using Bode diagrams.
Modelling of dynamics of the suspension of tandem axles of a multi-axle vehicle provided with a novel load-equalising system
Authors: Piłatowicz R , Luty W 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The paper presents the problem of using multi-axle suspension systems in vehicles, concerning unbalanced distribution of axle loads while moving in off-road conditions. An innovative load balancing system for tandem axles, which limits the occurring overloads, is presented. A mathematical model is proposed to represent the suspension of a front “quarter” of a four-axle vehicle provided with a novel system to equalise the loads on two closely spaced (tandem) axles. The “quarter” of the vehicle is described as a set of rigid bodies linked with each other by spring and damping elements. The model has three degrees of freedom and defines vehicle’s responses to excitations (inputs) generated by road irregularities. The mathematical models known from the literature describe typical suspension systems and specific types of load balancing systems for two- and three-axle vehicles. This makes it impossible to apply them directly to simulation test of a vehicle with two front axles. A new model dedicated to the proposed load equalizing system, which allows simulation tests for the design and verification of the new system’s operation, has been prepared.
Methods for determining the physical quantities describing the vehicle movement and the driver during a road accident
Authors: Gidlewski M , Pusty T , Jemioł L , Kochanek H 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The paper compares the displacement and speed courses of cars, motorbikes and motorcyclists during a road accident obtained with the use of two measurement methods. In the first method, the course of the impact recorded by a fast camera recording 1000 frames per second was used (“frame by frame” film analysis). In the second method, the courses of accelerations and angular velocities of the objects were used (numerical integration of the recorded courses). The measurements were carried out during crash tests involving a frontal-side collision of two cars or a motorcycle with a car. The results has been shown in the time interval 0-0.5 s. During this period, the following phases of the experiment are observed: vehicle collision and the process of their deformation, the separation of vehicles, the start of independent movement of both vehicles after the collision. The measurement results obtained with the use of both methods are burdened with errors resulting, among others, from limited data sampling frequency, offset errors, calibration errors and sensor noise, duration of the analyzed waveforms. The use of two of the above-mentioned measurement methods simultaneously allows to minimize measurement errors.
The importance and directions of electromagnetic compatibility test methodologies development in the aspect of vehicle safety
Authors: Zaklika W , Sterniczuk D 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this paper the definition of electromagnetic compatibility in the context of testing vehicle components and complete vehicles was presented. Potential threats resulting from particular EMC phenomena in vehicles were presented. Analysis of the areas identified in obligatory and non-obligatory normative documents was made. The areas which, in the opinion of the authors, should be incorporated into the obligatory normative documents were indicated. The substantive justification for the need to conduct EMC tests and analysis at the design, prototyping stage, before implementation, and periodically during operation (for justified cases) was presented. Good engineering practices in the field of eliminating the negative effects of EMC phenomena were indicated. Authors described how the change in the approach to EMC issues increases the vehicles safety.
High-resolution patterning of silica nanoparticle-based ionogels by reverse-offset printing and its characterization
Authors: Kusaka Yasuyuki , Kimnannara Khiev , Koutake Masayoshi , Kano Shinya , Furukawa Hiromitsu , Fukuda Nobuko 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this study, nanoparticle-based, high-resolution patternable ionogels are presented to provide a route for realizing printed solid-state ionic devices. By incorporating an ionic liquid (IL) into a spherical silica nanoparticle suspension, a quasi-solid ionogel layer compatible with reverse-offset printing (ROP) with a spatial resolution of approximately 5 μm was realized. In situ near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis revealed the drying kinetics of the ionogel ink during printing, and a temporal margin for successful patterning in relation to its dry state was provided. In contrast to polymer-based gels, the present ionogel can be regarded as a porous medium of silica filled with ionic liquids with a certain degree of saturation. By optimizing the ink formulations, ROP patterning was successful for saturation up to 102%, indicating the nanoscale pores between silica nanoparticles can be fully used as an ion-conductive phase in the proposed patternable gel. The conductivity depends drastically on saturation, with a saturation exponent of approximately −7 according to Archie’s law. From a complementary scratch test, an ionogel at a saturated condition still exhibited fragile but solid-like characteristics. As a demonstration, planar micro-supercapacitors fully printed with reverse-offset printable ionogel and carbon inks were fabricated. A comparison with a drop-casted IL showing a similar capacitance indicates a limited ability of the carbon nanoparticle material used here, while a relatively high resistance of the silica-nanoparticle-based ionogel hinders a fast cyclic voltammetry response.
‘Filming Is Our Only Weapon Against the Police’: Ethnic Minorities and Police Encounters in the New Visibility Era
Authors: Søgaard Thomas Friis , Kolind Torsten , Haller Mie Birk , Kammersgaard Tobias , Hunt Geoffrey 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Based on Goldsmith’s (2010, ‘Policing’s New Visibility’, British Journal of Criminology, 50: 914–34) assertion that police work has acquired a ‘new visibility’ with the ubiquity of cell phone cameras, recent studies have explored how ‘video activists’ often film the police as means of protecting marginalised ethno-racial communities. However, limited research exists on how non-activist ethno-racial minority young people use cell phone cameras in encounters with the police. Based on 37 interviews conducted in Denmark, this paper explores the multifaceted nature of marginalised ethnic minority young people’s use of cell phone cameras in police encounters. We demonstrate how the filming of officers is interwoven with the young people’s street culture, and how the use of cameras holds the potential to counter traditional power imbalances, while nevertheless, potentially exacerbating their antagonism towards the police.
Policing Global Hubs: Balancing the Imperatives of Security and Trade
Authors: Nøkleberg Martin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Global hubs such as airports and maritime ports are geographical centers where immense flows converge, and are characterized by speed, time and efficiency in linking local markets and global economic trade networks. Being symbolic infrastructures of capitalism, global hubs may attract criminal exploitation and be exposed to security risks. Drawing on extensive interview material from those involved in Norwegian airport and port security, this article explores how policing agencies experience the balancing of the imperatives of security and trade. It reveals how policing agencies are affected by, and seek to adapt to, the demands for efficiency and speed intrinsic to the trade regime, thereby highlighting the importance of the temporal dimension to understanding the complexities of contemporary security governance.
Raphe and ventrolateral medulla proteomics in epilepsy and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
Authors: Leitner Dominique F , Kanshin Evgeny , Askenazi Manor , Faustin Arline , Friedman Daniel , Devore Sasha , Ueberheide Beatrix , Wisniewski Thomas , Devinsky Orrin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Brainstem nuclei dysfunction is implicated in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. In animal models, deficient serotonergic activity is associated with seizure-induced respiratory arrest. In humans, glia are decreased in the ventrolateral medullary pre-Botzinger complex that modulate respiratory rhythm, as well as in the medial medullary raphe that modulate respiration and arousal. Finally, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy cases have decreased midbrain volume. To understand the potential role of brainstem nuclei in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, we evaluated molecular signalling pathways using localized proteomics in microdissected midbrain dorsal raphe and medial medullary raphe serotonergic nuclei, as well as the ventrolateral medulla in brain tissue from epilepsy patients who died of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy and other causes in diverse epilepsy syndromes and non-epilepsy control cases (n = 15–16 cases per group/region). Compared with the dorsal raphe of non-epilepsy controls, we identified 89 proteins in non-sudden unexpected death in epilepsy and 219 proteins in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy that were differentially expressed. These proteins were associated with inhibition of EIF2 signalling (P-value of overlap = 1.29 × 10−8, z = −2.00) in non-sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. In sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, there were 10 activated pathways (top pathway: gluconeogenesis I, P-value of overlap = 3.02 × 10−6, z = 2.24) and 1 inhibited pathway (fatty acid beta-oxidation, P-value of overlap = 2.69 × 10−4, z = −2.00). Comparing sudden unexpected death in epilepsy and non-sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, 10 proteins were differentially expressed, but there were no associated signalling pathways. In both medullary regions, few proteins showed significant differences in pairwise comparisons. We identified altered proteins in the raphe and ventrolateral medulla of epilepsy patients, including some differentially expressed in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy cases. Altered signalling pathways in the dorsal raphe of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy indicate a shift in cellular energy production and activation of G-protein signalling, inflammatory response, stress response and neuronal migration/outgrowth. Future studies should assess the brain proteome in relation to additional clinical variables (e.g. recent tonic–clonic seizures) and in more of the reciprocally connected cortical and subcortical regions to better understand the pathophysiology of epilepsy and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.
HumanMine: advanced data searching, analysis and cross-species comparison
Authors: Lyne Rachel , Bazaga Adrián , Butano Daniela , Contrino Sergio , Heimbach Joshua , Hu Fengyuan , Kalderimis Alexis , Lyne Mike , Reierskog Kevin , Stepan Radek , Sullivan Julie , Wise Archie , Yehudi Yo , Micklem Gos 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
HumanMine (www.humanmine.org) is an integrated database of human genomics and proteomics data that provides a powerful interface to support sophisticated exploration and analysis of data compiled from experimental, computational and curated data sources. Built using the InterMine data integration platform, HumanMine includes genes, proteins, pathways, expression levels, Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), diseases and more, integrated into a single searchable database. HumanMine promotes integrative analysis, a powerful approach in modern biology that allows many sources of evidence to be analysed together. The data can be accessed through a user-friendly web interface as well as a powerful, scriptable web service Application programming interface (API) to allow programmatic access to data. The web interface includes a useful identifier resolution system, sophisticated query options and interactive results tables that enable powerful exploration of data, including data summaries, filtering, browsing and export. A set of graphical analysis tools provide a rich environment for data exploration including statistical enrichment of sets of genes or other biological entities. HumanMine can be used for integrative multistaged analysis that can lead to new insights and uncover previously unknown relationships.
Database URL: https://www.humanmine.org
Mediation in Future Investor–State Dispute Settlement
Authors: Kessedjian Catherine , van Aaken Anne , Lie Runar , Mistelis Loukas , Reis José Maria 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Mediation is an intensely discussed topic as a possibly promising venue for investor–State dispute settlement (ISDS) and conflict prevention. Given that mediation can be used within ‘cooling-off’ (amicable settlement) periods in International Investment Agreements, this article takes stock of those as well as explicit mediation rules which are on the rise in new IIAs. It draws lessons from the small amount of known cases which went to mediation and presents business view on mediation. It also draws a list of common obstacles for business and states preventing the use of mediation in the investor–State context. Finally, this article attempts to map future work which could be useful in the context of UNCITRAL negotiations towards the reform of ISDS.
Abnormal sensation during total body irradiation: a prospective observational study
Authors: Mizumoto Masashi , Oshiro Yoshiko , Miyamoto Toshio , Sumiya Taisuke , Shimizu Shosei , Iizumi Takashi , Saito Takashi , Makishima Hirokazu , Numajiri Haruko , Nakai Kei , Okumura Toshiyuki , Sakae Takeji , Maruo Kazushi , Sakurai Hideyuki 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Light flash and odor during radiotherapy are well-known phenomena. Two prospective observational studies have indicated that 55% of patients observed a light flash during irradiation of the retina and 27% of patients sensed an odor during radiotherapy for the nasal cavity. A prospective observational study was performed in all patients at our hospital who received total body irradiation (TBI) between January 2019 to October 2021. Light flash and odor during TBI were examined using the same method as that used in previous studies. A total of 32 patients received TBI during the study period. The patients had a median age of 41 (18–60) years, and included 20 males and 12 females. A survey checklist showed that 14 patients (44%) sensed light and 14 patients (44%) sensed odor during TBI,. The color of the light during irradiation was yellow in six cases, white in four cases, and blue in four cases. The intensity of the light was 2–5 (median 3, 1 is very weak, 5 is very strong) and the time over which the light flash was felt was 4–60 s (median 10 s). Two patients each sensed smells of plastic, ozone and bleach, and others sensed one smell each. The intensity of the odor was 1–4 (median 3, 1 is very weak, 5 is very strong) and the time over which the odor was sensed was 1–25 s (median 3 s). We conclude that light flashes and odors are each sensed by 44% of patients during TBI. Various types of light flashes and odors were reported in this study.
Consistency and permission in deontic justification logic
Authors: Faroldi Federico L G , Ghari Meghdad , Lehmann Eveline , Studer Thomas 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Different notions of the consistency of obligations collapse in standard deontic logic. In justification logics, which feature explicit reasons for obligations, the situation is different. Their strength depends on a constant specification and on the available set of operations for combining different reasons. We present different consistency principles in justification logic and compare their logical strength. We propose a novel semantics for which justification logics with the explicit version of axiom D, $\textbf {jd}$, are complete for arbitrary constant specifications. Consistency is sometimes formulated in terms of permission. We therefore study permission in the context of justification logic, introducing a notion of free-choice permission for the first time. We then discuss the philosophical implications with regard to some deontic paradoxes.