bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
197 Smart Foodscapes: Developing Functional Landscapes to Enhance the Sustainability Livestock Production Systems
Authors: Villalba Juan J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Approximately six million beef calves are produced annually in the western U.S. alone, and ranchers must maintain profitable operations while addressing the growing number of consumers seeking environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable food. In response to these concerns, a diversity of deep-rooted perennial legumes and forbs with high nutrient content and the presence of functional biochemicals (e.g., phenolics, terpenoids) are proposed to be grown and stockpiled in “islands” across the landscape. These islands are then used as low-cost supplementation for beef cattle to enhance productivity and biodiversity while reducing environmental impacts. Thus, smart foodscapes emerge through landscape interventions that promote the establishment of resource patches that enhance cowherd health and decrease nitrogen and methane emissions to the atmosphere. In addition, the approach offers stakeholders adaptability to face not only uncertainties in forage productivity and feeding value caused by climate change, but also a tool to increase landscape connectivity and structural complexity in rangelands, enhancing ecosystem biodiversity and resilience.
199 Revisiting Mechanisms, Methods, and Models for Altering Cell Wall Utilization for Ruminants
Authors: Tedeschi Luis O , Vieira Ricardo A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Several wild and domesticated ruminants rely almost exclusively on the complex carbohydrate matrix from the plant cell wall (PCW) as their primary energy source via volatile fatty acids produced through ruminal and some hindgut fermentation processes. The PCW comprises different proportions and types of polysaccharides, pectic substances, polyphenols (lignin, tannins), and amino-N compounds (amino acids, peptides, proteins) that impact its digestibility and nutritive value. Thus, understanding the biosynthetic formation of the PCW will shed some light on possible manipulation mechanisms (e.g., genetic selection, management, and fertilization) and processing methods (e.g., physical, chemical, or enzymatic treatments) to increase its digestibility, leading to better utilization of the PCW by the ruminant animal. Laboratory techniques must be developed, evaluated, and modified to accurately and reliably reflect the digestibility and nutritive value of PCW brought about by modern manipulation mechanisms or processing methods. The chemical determination of lignin and its association with carbohydrates still lack consensus, although acid detergent lignin has been demonstrated to behave uniformly as a nutritional entity. Spectroscopy (near-infrared and Raman) and in vitro gas production techniques have been adopted to assess plant chemical composition and nutritive value, but an incomplete understanding of the impacts caused by disrupting the PCW for sample processing still exists. The limitations of these laboratory techniques have partially led to their association with mathematical models to improve the explanation of fermentation dynamics. Different variations of multicompartmental and time- and age-dependent mathematical models based on gamma distribution have been proposed to determine the ruminal rates of degradation and passage of fiber. However, low-quality data due to inconsistent marker results used to determine passage rates and transit time of fiber in the gastrointestinal tract have hindered advancements and adoptions of the next generation of computer models to understand fiber degradation in the rumen. The association of mechanistic modeling and artificial intelligence will perhaps improve PCW nutritive value predictions.
217 Acceptability of Hempseed Meal in Horses
Authors: Springer Ryon W , Cross Teighlor D , Turner Paxton L , Ciesynski Kallyn S , Esterl-Byrne Lillian F , Mason Ashley C , Thorne Caitlan C , Guay Kimberly A , Wellmann Kimberly B , Jones Trinette N 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Congress passed US Farm Bills legalizing hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), after which hemp-farming increased, resulting in an abundance of hemp by-products, like hempseed meal (HSM). As such, HSM must be evaluated as a potential animal feedstuff. A study was designed to evaluate the acceptability of HSM over time in horses, using 6 stock-type geldings (11.5 ± 3.4yr, 539.6 ± 31.9kg, BCS 6). Horses were offered 1 kg of HSM pellets over two 5-min periods, 1 h apart each day, and offered 1 kg of Coastal Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay between offerings. Horses remained on a commercial ration during a 1-d feeding-pattern acclimation prior to the 6-d trial. Data (mean ± SEM) were analyzed using a Repeated Measures ANOVA within R Statistical Program. One horse was removed from the study due to complete diet refusal. Intake of HSM on d1 (0.287 ± 0.081kg; P = 0.062), d2 (0.378 ± 0.084kg; P = 0.07), and d3 (0.446 ± 0.087; P = 0.077) tended to be lower than d5 (0.695 ± 0.071 kg). Similarly, d1 (P = 0.043), d2 (P = 0.036), and d3 (P = 0.048) were less than d6 (0.652 ± 0.064 kg). Day 4 (0.530 ± 0.09 kg) tended to be less than d5 (P = 0.09), but there was no difference between d5 and d6 (P = 0.73). Hay consumption was greater on d1 (0.702 ± 0.026kg; P = 0.003) and d2 (0.723 ± 0.041kg; p = 0.001) than d6 (0.410 ± 0.051kg). Hay consumption and HSM intake were not correlated (R2 = 0.001), but the proportions of HSM consumed between feedings were highly correlated (R2 = 0.947), increasing at 0.4 of Feeding 1. These findings indicate that HSM consumption increases after 4 days of exposure but is not impacted by hay consumption.
229 Effects of High-Pressure Processing on Cooked Color and Sensory Attributes of Dark-Cutting Beef
Authors: Reesman Cole , Denzer Morgan , Sullivan Gary , Danao Mary-Grace , Pfeiffer Morgan , Mafi Gretchen G , Ramanathan Ranjith 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Consumers often use meat color to determine doneness. A greater than normal pH of dark-cutting (DC) beef leads to less myoglobin denaturation, resulting in a persistent pink color that negatively impacts the perception of consumers of the cooked beef degree of doneness. High-Pressure Processing (HPP) is a non-thermal pasteurization technology to extend shelf-life. High pressure leads to denaturation of proteins and structural changes. There has been limited research and application utilizing HPP on fresh meat due to the pale color caused by HPP. The objective of the study was to evaluate different HPP levels on cooked steak color and sensory attributes of dark-cutting beef. Eight USDA Choice (mean pH = 5.5) and twelve DC (mean pH = 6.3) strip loins were obtained from a commercial packing plant within 1 d of harvest. Loins were cut into equal sections, vacuum packaged, and assigned HPP levels of 0 (no HPP), 300, 450, and 600 MPa with a holding time of 90 s. Following 48 hours of dark storage, loin sections were cut into 1.9 cm thick steaks, vacuum packaged, and randomly assigned to external cooked color, Warner-Braztler shear force (WBSF), and trained sensory panel. Steaks were cooked and then tempered to 71ºC. A trained sensory panel (n = 6) evaluated initial juiciness, sustained juiciness, tenderness, beef flavor intensity, and overall acceptability. The data were analyzed using the Glimmix Procedure of SAS. HPP treatment did not (P &gt; 0.05) affect initial juiciness, sustained juiciness, beef flavor intensity, or overall acceptability. However, 600 MPa made DC steaks tougher and lighter in appearance (P &lt; 0.05) than all other treatments. HPP treatments did not affect the a* and chroma of the external cooked color. In conclusion, low (300 MPa) and moderate (450 MPa) pressure levels did not have a negative impact on cooked steaks.
233 Comparison of Intramuscular fat Deposition in Different Muscles of Beef Cattle
Authors: Jesko Noah P , Richeson John T , Lawrence Ty E , Perkins Tommy L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two groups (light = 740 lbs and heavy = 942 lbs) of Akaushi cross steers (n = 20), were ultrasounded for carcass traits by an Ultrasound Guidelines Council Certified Technician every 28 days to quantify differences in intramuscular fat deposition occurring in three distinct muscles (longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris and semitendinosus). Cattle were fed at the West Texas A&M University Research Feedlot and scanned with an Aloka 500 ultrasound unit using Beef Image Analysis (BIA) Feedlot software from Designer Genes Technologies, Inc. (Harrison, AR). Carcass ultrasound measurements included 12-13th rib ribeye area (REAU), subcutaneous fat thickness (FTU), intramuscular fat percentage along the longissimus dorsi (IMFULD), rump fat thickness (RFU) as well as intramuscular fat percentage of the biceps femoris (IMFUBF) and semitendinosus (IMFUST). A difference was detected in IMFULD for the duration of the study (P &lt; 0.05). However, no differences occurred from day 0 to day 56 (P = 0.34), or from day 84 to day 140 (P = 0.17) for IMFULD. There was a slight numerical decrease (0.1505%) in IMFUBF from day 0 to day 56, with an increased difference from day 56 to day 84 (P &lt; 0.05). There was a positive change from 4.113% to 5.728% in the heavy group (P = 0.08) and a change from 4.113% to 4.456% in the light group (P = 0.42) for IMFUBF. There was a significant change in IMFUST from day 56 to 84 (P &lt; 0.05). Of note, there was a decrease in IMFULD, IMFUBF and IMFST from day 140 to day 168 which could be associated with adverse winter weather events. The data present a positive increase throughout all muscles studied for beef cattle while on feed, though weather events have the possibility to negatively affect gains more rapidly than progressive effects associated with feed and growth.
234 Microrna-199a-3p Does not Alter Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Expression in Vitro
Authors: Udoka Aliute-Nkoyo S , Duckett Susan K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The presence of subcutaneous adipose tissue in excess on a carcass can significantly contribute to financial losses for the producer and processor. Technology with the potential to limit this excess accumulation of adipose tissue could provide another avenue to improve animal efficiency. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) has been identified as a potential genetic target, as it seems tohave a crucial role in fatty acid metabolism. MiR-199a-3p has been reported to alter the expression of SCD-1, in-vitro, in mouse adipocytes; a connection has yet to be formed in large mammal adipocytes. Texel-Suffolk (n=5) and Suffolk-Suffolk (n=4) cross lambs were finished to 203 days of age, and subcutaneous fat was harvested. Primary pre-adipocytes were isolated from both breeds. Pre-adipocytes were then propagated, differentiated, and treated over a 3-day period. Treatments consisted of controls, AgomiR-199a-3p (50nm), and AntagomiR-199a-3p (500nm). Cells were harvested daily over the 3 days to determine if day-to-day differences were present. MiR-199a-3p expression was upregulated in AgomiR treatments compared with controls beginning on d 1 to 3 (P&lt; 0.05). MiR-199a-3p expression in the AgomiR treatment was upregulated more on day 1 in comparison with d 2 and 3 (P&lt; 0.05). MiR-199a-3p expression was downregulated in AntagomiR treatments compared with controls beginning on d 1 to 3 (P&lt; 0.05). MiR-199a-3p expression in the AntagomiR treatment was downregulated more on d 2 in comparison with d 1 and 3 (P&lt; 0.05). MiR-199a-3p expression did not differ between the non-treatment control and Lipofectamine control over the treatment period (P &gt; 0.05). Data showed no significant alteration in SCD-1 expression between treatments or between days (P &gt; 0.05). MiR-199a-3p expression can be altered using AgomiR and AntagomiRs, but SCD-1 expression is unaffected. Thus, additional research is needed to examine targets of miR-199a-3p in ovine.
235 Animal Production and Carcass Traits Affect Meat Quality and Flavor Through Metabolomics
Authors: Kerth Chris R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics focuses on the detection of as many groups of metabolites as possible to obtain patterns or fingerprints of biological phenomena. Hundreds or even thousands of metabolites can be measured, utilizing advanced chemistry detection techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography – quadrupole time of flight (HPLC-qTOF). Statistical analyses are utilized to narrow the number of metabolites from thousands to just those that are statistically impactful on the applied treatments. This smaller number of compounds (100 to 200) may then be analyzed statistically using various multivariate approaches to then identify those influenced by applied treatments. When analyzing serum from either Angus or Brahman cattle that were segregated into three temperament treatments based on chute scores, differential upregulation of metabolites was found between the two breed types and the temperament scores. It appears that in Angus cattle, the most temperamental cattle had significantly upregulated metabolites according to the heatmap, while Brahman cattle showed downregulated metabolites in individual animals in both the Intermediate and Temperamental temperament scores. In a separate study to illustrate the impact of metabolomics on meat quality, 18 USDA Select and 18 USDA Choice strip loins were collected and then aged for either 10 or 20 d post-processing. Furthermore, steaks from each quality grade and aging treatment were then cooked to either 63, 71, or 80oC internal temperature. Samples from the interior of each steak that excluded the exterior seared surface were analyzed. In a Principal Components Discriminant Analysis of the significant metabolites, all treatment combinations within 10 or 20 d aging were evenly split on either side of the vertical centerline with Principal Component 1 (50.5%) pulling the metabolites apart. In particular, Select steaks cooked to the two higher internal temperatures were pulled the furthest apart. Metabolomics is a relatively new but effective technology in determining cause and effect for commonly-known factors that impact meat quality.
238 Developing Novel Smart-Aging Strategies Through Metabolomics Approach
Authors: Kim Brad H B 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Postmortem aging is one of the most extensively adopted post-harvest processing practices. Aging is a natural process to ensure the establishment of palatability through the action of endogenous proteolytic systems in fresh muscle. Over the years, Dr. Kim’s group have identified key factors that affect the rate and extent of postmortem aging impacts on meat quality and proposed a novel “Smart-aging” system. Smart-aging is a conceptual system for the development of readily applicable template aging strategies to improve meat quality and value. Dr. Kim’s laboratory has determined that aging can be further optimized through identifying specific post-harvest aging parameters. Coupled with using novel metabolomics techniques, Dr. Kim’s group has elucidated the biochemical mechanism underpinning muscle-specific aging responses to color and oxidative stability as well as tenderness and flavor developments of fresh meats. For example, dry-aging is a traditional century-old process, where carcass side or subprimals with no protective packaging materials are stored in a cold environment for several weeks to months. Through dry-aging, unique dry-aging flavor is generated, but specific flavor compounds and liberation mechanisms associated with dry-aged flavor have not been fully understood. Dr. Kim’s laboratory identified key metabolites associated with dry-aged flavor of beef loins. They further demonstrated that dry-aging under an optimized condition results in significant improvements of flavor and consumer acceptability of beef through the generation of flavor-related metabolites. Concurrently, Dr. Kim’s laboratory works on identifying key molecules in fresh meat samples that can be used for the future development of simple marker-based detection systems for establishing optimal Smart-aging practices. While having its own set of limitations, metabolomics is a tool that has a great deal of potential in the future of muscle food research. This presentation will give a brief overview of metabolomics technologies, highlighting novel areas of research and seeking to identify research gaps and future directions for metabolomics applications in meat science.
254 Effects of Increasing Daily Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Intake of Gilts and Sows During day 35-to-112 of Gestation on Reproductive Performance
Authors: Lu Ning , Vier Carine M , Soto Jose A , Wells Danielle , Van De Stroet Denise , Zaragoza Luis E , Peterson Beau , Parr Eric , Dritz Steve , Navales Ron , Cast Wayne R , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing daily dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) intake during d35-to-112 of gestation on sow and litter performance. A total of 583 gilts and sows (PIC Camborough) were used. Females were group-housed after d35 of gestation and individually fed with electronic sow feeders (ESF). At d35 of gestation, females were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments that were balanced for body weight (BW) and caliper scores (CS) within parity categories. Treatments consisted of increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake (11.1, 13.5, 16.1, and 18.5 g/d). Both gilts and sows received 1.85 kg/d of a gestation diet containing 2.38 Mcal of NE/kg. Treatments were achieved by different blends of low (0.60% SID Lys) and high (1.00% SID Lys) Lys diets via ESF. Sow was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the lmer and glmer functions of R. Body weight and CS at d112 of gestation increased (linear, P&lt; 0.05) with increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake. There was no evidence for treatment difference on d112 backfat depth (BD), or changes of BW, CS, and BD during lactation. There was no evidence for treatment difference on total born, percentage born alive and stillbirth, but there was a marginal reduction (linear, P=0.086) on mummified fetuses. Increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake during d35-to-112 of gestation did not affect piglet birth weight, percentage of piglets born with less than 900g, pre-weaning mortality, or piglet average daily gain. In summary, increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake during d35-to-112 of gestation increased female BW and CS, without changing BD, indicating that more lean tissue had been deposited. However, there was no evidence for treatment differences on reproductive performance.
263 Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Source of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol in Performance and Tissue Deposition in Growing Pigs
Authors: Sandoval Jorge L , Ventura Diego E , Fiallos Orlando B , Anderson Brian L , Sparks J Chris , Starkey Jessica D , Starkey Charles W 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the efficacy and safety of a dietary vitamin D source on growth performance and tissue deposition of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3) in growing swine. Dietary treatments were a control with vitamin D3 at NRC recommended concentrations (C) and 3 diets composed of C + increasing inclusions (25, 50, and 250 µg/kg BioD, Huvepharma) of 25OHD3 (C+25; C+50; and C+250 respectively). Pigs (n = 144) were assigned to 24 pens which were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments and fed for 42 d. On d 0, 39, and 63, serum was collected for 25OHD3 concentration determination and individual BW were measured. At d 42, tissues from 48 pigs (12 pigs per treatment) were analyzed for 25OHD3 concentration, blood chemistry and hematology (BCH) analysis was conducted, and 1 femur from each pig was collected for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning. Data were analyzed with SAS PROC GLIMMIX and means separated at P ≤ 0.05. No differences among treatments were observed for growth performance (P ≥ 0.2239). Serum and tissue 25OHD3 concentrations increased linearly as dietary 25OHD3 inclusion increased (P &lt; 0.0001). Following a 21-d withdrawal period, 25OHD3 serum concentrations decreased to that of or within 2.76 ± 0.89 ng/mL of C-fed pigs (P &gt; 0.0005). All BCH variables measured were similar among treatments (P = 0.0967). At day 42, femurs from C+50 and C+250-fed pigs had the greatest bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD; P &lt; 0.0326). Concentrations of 25OHD3 in serum and tissue increased and BMC and BMD were improved as dietary vitamin D supplementation increased, but pig growth performance was unaltered. Absence of gross abnormalities and changes in BCH as well return of circulating 25OHD3 concentrations to that of C-fed pigs following withdrawal indicate this source can safely improve vitamin D status in growing pigs.
260 The Effect of Different Bones and Analytical Methods on Assessment of Bone Mineralization Response to Dietary P, Phytase, and Vitamin D in Finishing Pigs
Authors: Williams Hadley , Gebhardt Jordan T , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Bergstrom Jon R , Hastad Chad W , Post Zach , Rahe Michael , Siepker Christopher , Sitthicharoenchai Panchan , Ensley Steve 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pigs [n = 882; initial body weight (BW) of 33.2±0.31 kg] were used to evaluate the effects of different bones and analytical methods on assessment of bone mineralization response to dietary P, phytase, and vitamin D in growing-finishing pigs. Pens of pigs (20 pigs/pen) were completely randomized to 5 dietary treatments with 9 pens/treatment. After feeding diets for 112-d, nine pigs/treatment were harvested for bone analysis. Treatments were: 1) P at 80% of the NRC STTD P (deficient), 2) NRC STTD P using monocalcium phosphate, 3) NRC STTD P including phytase, 4) Industry P using monocalcium phosphate and phytase, 5) diet 4 with additional 2,000 IU/kg 25(OH)D3 (HyD). All diets contained vitamin D at 1,653 IU/kg. There were no significant differences for final BW, ADG, ADFI, G:F (P&gt;0.10) or non-de-fat bone ash (bone ash×bone interaction, P&gt;0.10). The response to treatment for bone density (Archimedes principle) and bone mineral content (DEXA) tended to depend on the bone (density×bone interaction, P=0.053; mineral density×bone interaction, P=0.157). There were no treatment differences (P&gt;0.10) for bone density and bone mineral density between metacarpals, fibulas, and 2nd ribs. For 10th ribs, pigs fed industry levels of P had increased (P&lt; 0.05) bone density compared with pigs fed NRC levels with phytase, with pigs fed deficient P, NRC P with no phytase, and excess vitamin D from HyD being intermediate. Pigs fed diets supplemented with HyD had increased bone mineral density in 10th ribs compared with pigs fed NRC levels of P with phytase, with pigs fed P deficient diets, industry P without HyD, and NRC P with monocalcium being intermediate. In summary, bone density and bone mineral content responses varied depending on the bone. Differences in bone density and mineral content in response to vitamin D and P were most apparent with the 10th ribs.