bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Time for Action on Climate Change and a Time for Change in Economics
Authors: Stern Nicholas 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe case for action on climate change with urgency and at scale rests on the immense magnitude of climate risk, the very rapid emissions reductions which are necessary, and that there is a real opportunity to create a new and attractive form of growth and development. The analysis must be based on a dynamic approach to the economics of public policy, set in a complex, imperfect and uncertain world. The economics of climate change, and further, economics more broadly, must change to respond to the challenge of how to foster rapid transformation. It is time for economics and economists to step up.
Listening in interaction: reconceptualizing a core skill
Authors: Ryan Jonathon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
For many language learners, listening represents a major source of anguish, with apparent success in the confines of the classroom failing to be mirrored in the ordinary interactions of daily life. One contributing factor may be the continued reliance on listening texts and activities that position the learner as a bystander rather than a participant. In response, the concept of interactive listening has drawn considerable attention in ELT. What has been largely missing, however, is the application of principles drawn from the last twenty years or so of empirical research in fields such as conversation analysis which reveal how interactions actually unfold for listeners. This article identifies five core concepts that may be fundamental to further developing a robust approach to listening in interaction: participation status, meaning as action, projection, participatory listenership, and recipient design.
Campylobacter infection and the link with Irritable Bowel Syndrome:on the pathway towards a causal association
Authors: Takakura Will , Kudaravalli Praneeth , Chatterjee Chandrima , Pimentel Mark , Riddle Mark S 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectives: proving causality between an exposure and outcome can be difficult in humans. Here, we utilize the Bradford Hill (BH) criteria to summarize the causal relationship between Campylobacter infection and the development of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Methods: we utilized the BH criteria to assess the strength, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, and analogy of the current evidence linking Campylobacter to IBS. Through a consensus amongst all authors, the confidence of each criterion was graded as high, moderate, low, or very low. Results: a total of four criteria (strength, temporality, plausibility, and analogy) were graded as high; four criteria (consistency, biological gradient, coherence, and experiment) were graded as moderate; and one criterion (specificity) was graded as low. Large-scale epidemiological studies report a risk ratio of 2.7–5.6 for developing IBS after campylobacter. In rodent models, Campylobacter jejuni 81–176 can cause loose stool months after the infection is cleared and share common pathophysiology as IBS patients such as elevated intestinal TLR-4 and IL-8, antibodies to CdtB and vinculin, increased intraepithelial lymphocytes, and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Conclusions: Campylobacter infection appear to cause IBS in a subset of patients. This may hold implication in risk factor identification, public health policy, and possibly treatment.
Auricular Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Diminishes Alpha-Band–Related Inhibitory Gating Processes During Conflict Monitoring in Frontal Cortices
Authors: Konjusha Anyla , Colzato Lorenza , Mückschel Moritz , Beste Christian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundPursuing goals is compromised when being confronted with interfering information. In such situations, conflict monitoring is important. Theoretical considerations on the neurobiology of response selection and control suggest that auricular transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (atVNS) should modulate conflict monitoring. However, the neurophysiological-functional neuroanatomical underpinnings are still not understood.MethodsAtVNS was applied in a randomized crossover study design (n = 45). During atVNS or sham stimulation, conflict monitoring was assessed using a Flanker task. EEG data were recorded and analyzed with focus on theta and alpha band activity. Beamforming was applied to examine functional neuroanatomical correlates of atVNS-induced EEG modulations. Moreover, temporal EEG signal decomposition was applied to examine different coding levels in alpha and theta band activity.ResultsAtVNS compromised conflict monitoring processes when it was applied at the second appointment in the crossover study design. On a neurophysiological level, atVNS exerted specific effects because only alpha-band activity was modulated. Alpha-band activity was lower in middle and superior prefrontal regions during atVNS stimulation and thus lower when there was also a decline in task performance. The same direction of alpha-band modulations was evident in fractions of the alpha-band activity coding stimulus-related processes, stimulus-response translation processes, and motor response–related processes.ConclusionsThe combination of prior task experience and atVNS compromises conflict monitoring processes. This is likely due to reduction of the alpha-band–associated inhibitory gating process on interfering information in frontal cortices. Future research should pay considerable attention to boundary conditions affecting the direction of atVNS effects.
The ‘Open System’ and Its Gatekeepers: From Complexity in International Law, a Seminar in Honour of James Crawford
Authors: Grant Thomas D 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
No account of international law in the modern era would be intelligible without an account of the non-State actor in international law. However, States in no small part continue to set the terms by which others now share the stage. How States set the terms—and how to address the problems arising from the terms they set—are central questions for international law and the organs that apply it. The roles that non-state actors play have been routinized, for example in treaty arbitration. As a result, we sometimes forget that the starting point for what James Crawford called international law’s ‘open system’ is still the State. Non-State actors enter the system more readily than before, but, if we are to understand the continuing limitations on their rights, duties and functions in international law, then we should keep sight of how it is they enter: States are the gatekeepers of the open system, and, even if the terms of access are more liberal and more parties seek access than ever, States still decide who gets in.
Parental Relationships, Patient-Centered Communication With Healthcare Providers, and Diabetes Management Across Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Berg Cynthia A , Campbell MaryJane Simms , Kent de Grey Robert G , Butner Jonathan E , Murray Mary , Wiebe Deborah J 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective
To examine whether yearly fluctuations in acceptance from and disclosure to parents were associated with fluctuations in perceptions of patient-centered communication (PCC) with the healthcare provider and whether fluctuations in PCC were associated with self-efficacy, type 1 diabetes self-care, and HbA1c across four annual assessments during early emerging adulthood (EA).

Methods
A total of 228 high school seniors (M age = 17.76 years at time 1) reported on mothers’ and fathers’ acceptance and diabetes-related disclosure to parents, diabetes self-care, and PCC once per year for 4 years. HbA1c was collected from assay kits.

Results
Multilevel models revealed within-person associations such that in years when individuals reported greater maternal acceptance than their average, they reported higher PCC. In addition, between-person differences indicated that individuals who reported more maternal acceptance on average relative to others also perceived greater PCC. Similar associations were found for EAs’ reports of fathers. No significant effects were found for disclosure to either mother or father. Yearly fluctuations in PCC were associated with self-efficacy such that in years when perceived PCC was higher, self-efficacy was higher. Between person-effects were found for self-efficacy, self-care, and HbA1c such that individuals who reported more PCC on average relative to others reported higher self-efficacy, better self-care, and lower HbA1c.

Conclusions
Aspects of EA’s relationships with parents fluctuate with perceptions of PCC with healthcare providers. Perceived PCC with the healthcare provider may be important in higher self-efficacy, diabetes self-care, and lower HbA1c across the early EA years.
International Trauma Capacity Building Programs: Modernizing Capabilities, Enhancing Lethality, Supporting Alliances, Building Partnerships, and Implementing Reform
Authors: Licina Derek , Taylor Jackson 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
The Military Health System directly supports the National Security and Defense Strategy priorities of modernizing capabilities, enhancing lethality, supporting alliances, building partnerships, and implementing reform. Trauma medicine training programs with partner nations is a key lever that can be pulled, using a risk-based decision-making process, to scale up efforts toward these national priorities.
Low X-ray surface brightness clusters: implications on the scatter of the M–T and L–T relations
Authors: Andreon S , Trinchieri G , Moretti A 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We aim at studying scaling relations of a small but well-defined sample of galaxy clusters that includes the recently discovered class of objects that are X-ray faint for their mass. These clusters have an average low X-ray surface brightness, a low gas fraction, and are underrepresented (by a factor of 10) in X-ray surveys or entirely absent in Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) surveys. With the inclusion of these objects, we find that the temperature–mass relation has an unprecedentedly large scatter, 0.20 ± 0.03 dex at fixed mass, as wide as allowed by the temperature range, and the location of a cluster in this plane depends on its surface brightness. Clusters obey a relatively tight luminosity–temperature relation independently of their brightness. We interpret the wide difference in scatter around the two relations as due to the fact that X-ray luminosity and temperature are dominated by photons coming from small radii (in particular for T we used a 300 kpc aperture radius) and strongly affected by gas thermodynamics (e.g. shocks and cool cores), whereas mass is dominated by dark matter at large radii. We measure a slope of 2.0 ± 0.2 for the L500–T relation. Given the characteristics of our sample, this value is free from collinearity (degeneracy) between evolution and slope and from hypothesis on the undetected population, which both affect the analysis of X-ray-selected samples, and can therefore be profitably used both as reference and to break the aforementioned degeneracy of X-ray-selected samples.
Baryon-driven decontraction in Milky Way-mass haloes
Authors: Forouhar Moreno Victor J , Benítez-Llambay Alejandro , Cole Shaun , Frenk Carlos 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We select a sample of Milky Way (MW) mass haloes from a high-resolution version of the EAGLE simulation to study their inner dark matter (DM) content and how baryons alter it. As in previous studies, we find that all haloes are more massive at the centre compared to their dark matter-only (DMO) counterparts at the present day as a result of the dissipational collapse of baryons during the assembly of the galaxy. However, we identify two processes that can reduce the central halo mass during the evolution of the galaxy. First, gas blowouts induced by active galactic nuclei feedback can lead to a substantial decrease of the central DM mass. Secondly, the formation of a stellar bar and its interaction with the DM can induce a secular expansion of the halo; the rate at which DM is evacuated from the central region by this process is related to the average bar strength, and the time-scale on which it acts determines how much the halo has decontracted. Although the inner regions of the haloes we have investigated are still more massive than their DMO counterparts at z = 0, they are significantly less massive than in the past and less massive than expected from the classic adiabatic contraction model. Since the MW has both a central supermassive black hole and a bar, the extent to which its halo has contracted is uncertain. This may affect estimates of the mass of the MW halo and of the expected signals in direct and indirect DM detection experiments.
Characterizing Pandemic-Related Changes in Smoking Over Time in a Cohort of Current and Former Smokers
Authors: Nagawa Catherine S , Ito Fukunaga Mayuko , Faro Jamie M , Liu Feifan , Anderson Ekaterina , Kamberi Ariana , Orvek Elizabeth A , Davis Maryann , Pbert Lori , Cutrona Sarah L , Houston Thomas K , Sadasivam Rajani S 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Introduction
We used a longitudinal cohort of US adults who were current or former smokers to explore how three participant-reported factors—general stress, coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) distress, and perceived risk of complications from COVID-19 related to smoking—were associated with changes in smoking status.

Methods
Smoking status was assessed at three time points. Timepoint 1 status was assessed at a prior study completion (2018–2020). Timepoint 2 (start of the pandemic), and Timepoint 3 (early phase of the pandemic) statuses were assessed using an additional survey in 2020. After classifying participants into eight groups per these time points, we compared the means of participant-reported factors and used a linear regression model to adjust for covariates.

Results
Participants (n = 392) were mostly female (73.9%) and non-Hispanic White (70.1%). Between Timepoints 2 and 3, abstinence rates decreased by 11%, and 40% of participants reported a smoking status change. Among those reporting a change and the highest general stress levels, newly abstinent participants had higher perceived risk of complications from COVID-19 related to smoking than those who relapsed during pandemic (mean (SD): 14.2 (3.3) vs. 12.6 (3.8)). Compared to participants who sustained smoking, those who sustained abstinence, on average, scored 1.94 less on the general stress scale (βeta Coefficient (β): −1.94, p-value &lt; .01) and 1.37 more on the perceived risk of complications from COVID-19 related to smoking scale (β: 1.37, p-value .02).

Conclusions
Decreased abstinence rates are concerning. Patterns of reported factors were as expected for individuals who sustained their smoking behavior but not for those who changed.

Implications
We observed an increase in smoking rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. In exploring how combinations of general stress levels, COVID-19 distress levels, and perceived risk of complications from COVID-19 related to smoking were associated with changes in smoking, we observed expected patterns of these factors among individuals who sustained abstinence or smoking. Among individuals who changed smoking status and reported high stress levels, those who reported a higher perceived risk of complications from COVID-19 related to smoking abstained from smoking. In contrast, those who reported a lower perceived risk of complications from COVID-19 related to smoking, started smoking. An intersectional perspective may be needed to understand smokers’ pandemic-related behavior changes.
Automated bird sound classifications of long-duration recordings produce occupancy model outputs similar to manually annotated data
Authors: Cole Jerry S , Michel Nicole L , Emerson Shane A , Siegel Rodney B 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Occupancy modeling is used to evaluate avian distributions and habitat associations, yet it typically requires extensive survey effort because a minimum of 3 repeat samples are required for accurate parameter estimation. Autonomous recording units (ARUs) can reduce the need for surveyors on-site, yet their utility was limited by hardware costs and the time required to manually annotate recordings. Software that identifies bird vocalizations may reduce the expert time needed if classification is sufficiently accurate. We assessed the performance of BirdNET—an automated classifier capable of identifying vocalizations from &gt;900 North American and European bird species—by comparing automated to manual annotations of recordings of 13 breeding bird species collected in northwestern California. We compared the parameter estimates of occupancy models evaluating habitat associations supplied with manually annotated data (9-min recording segments) to output from models supplied with BirdNET detections. We used 3 sets of BirdNET output to evaluate the duration of automatic annotation needed to approach manually annotated model parameter estimates: 9-min, 87-min, and 87-min of high-confidence detections. We incorporated 100 3-s manually validated BirdNET detections per species to estimate true and false positive rates within an occupancy model. BirdNET correctly identified 90% and 65% of the bird species a human detected when data were restricted to detections exceeding a low or high confidence score threshold, respectively. Occupancy estimates, including habitat associations, were similar regardless of method. Precision (proportion of true positives to all detections) was &gt;0.70 for 9 of 13 species, and a low of 0.29. However, processing of longer recordings was needed to rival manually annotated data. We conclude that BirdNET is suitable for annotating multispecies recordings for occupancy modeling when extended recording durations are used. Together, ARUs and BirdNET may benefit monitoring and, ultimately, conservation of bird populations by greatly increasing monitoring opportunities.
Smart policing: Abu Dhabi police AI/GPS-based initiative to reduce heavy vehicle driver violations
Authors: Al Shamsi Ahmed Surour , Davies Amanda 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOne of the consequences of a rapidly developing 21st society is management of road traffic. Globally, road traffic collisions are among the most common incidents for which police are required to respond. The research presented in this article discusses an intervention strategy developed and applied by Abu Dhabi Police to reduce the impact of heavy vehicle driver violations and associated impact on collisions, deaths, and injuries in a period of 5 years up to and including April 2020. This article presents the findings from an impact evaluation of the Abu Dhabi Police Smart Traffic Centre Truck Permissions system that is supported by a complex multidimensional intelligent technology-based vehicle tracking system coupled with a driver violation penalty process. Analysis of data indicates a positive reduction rate in truck-caused accidents and resulting deaths and injuries during the post-intervention period. The research indicates effective policing strategies, which incorporate the affordances of smart technology have the potential to continuously improve road traffic management and by association the impact on the humanitarian and economic sustainability of a community and nation.
Resolving the genetics of human tryptases: implications for health, disease, and clinical use as a biomarker
Authors: O’Connell Michael P. , Lyons Jonathan J. 
Published: February 2022

Purpose of review
To discuss our evolving understanding of the genetic variation in human tryptases and recent advances in associated clinical phenotypes.

Recent findings
Serum tryptase levels have long been used as biomarkers in clinical practice to diagnose mast cell-associated disorders and mast cell-mediated reactions but the contribution of specific secreted isoforms of human tryptases and their role(s) in health and disease has only recently begun to be illuminated. It is now recognized that hereditary alpha-tryptasemia (HαT) is a common genetic trait and the commonest cause for elevated basal serum tryptase (BST), where it can both contribute to mast cell-associated phenotypes, and potentially confound their correct diagnosis. Expression of different tryptase isoforms is now recognized to be associated with specific clinical phenotypes including clonal and nonclonal mast cell-associated disorders as well as certain asthma endotypes. These disparate impacts on clinical disorders may result from differences in enzymatic activities of mature α-tryptases and β-tryptases, and the unique substrate profile and stability of heterotetrameric mature α/β-tryptases recently described to naturally occur.

Summary
Variable copy number and isoform expression of tryptases differentially impact diseases and reactions associated with mast cells in humans. Recent advances in understanding of genetics governing BST levels have refined our understanding and the clinical use of this biomarker. In the future, incorporation of tryptase genotyping will likely be integral to the work-up and trial design of patients with phenotypes impacted by mast cells ranging from asthma to mastocytosis.
Predicting Future Care Requirements Using Machine Learning for Pediatric Intensive and Routine Care Inpatients
Authors: Trujillo Rivera Eduardo A. , Chamberlain James M. , Patel Anita K. , Zeng-Treitler Qing , Bost James E. , Heneghan Julia A. , Morizono Hiroki , Pollack Murray M. 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Develop and compare separate prediction models for ICU and non-ICU care for hospitalized children in four future time periods (6–12, 12–18, 18–24, and 24–30 hr) and assess these models in an independent cohort and simulated children’s hospital.

DESIGN:
Predictive modeling used cohorts from the Health Facts database (Cerner Corporation, Kansas City, MO).

SETTING:
Children hospitalized in ICUs.

PATIENTS:
Children with greater than or equal to one ICU admission (n = 20,014) and randomly selected routine care children without ICU admission (n = 20,130) from 2009 to 2016 were used for model development and validation. An independent 2017–2018 cohort consisted of 80,089 children.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS:
Initially, we undersampled non-ICU patients for development and comparison of the models. We randomly assigned 64% of patients for training, 8% for validation, and 28% for testing in both clinical groups. Two additional validation cohorts were tested: a simulated children’s hospitals and the 2017–2018 cohort. The main outcome was ICU care or non-ICU care in four future time periods based on physiology, therapy, and care intensity. Four independent, sequential, and fully connected neural networks were calibrated to risk of ICU care at each time period. Performance for all models in the test sample were comparable including sensitivity greater than or equal to 0.727, specificity greater than or equal to 0.885, accuracy greater than 0.850, area under the receiver operating characteristic curves greater than or equal to 0.917, and all had excellent calibration (all R2
s > 0.98). Model performance in the 2017–2018 cohort was sensitivity greater than or equal to 0.545, specificity greater than or equal to 0.972, accuracy greater than or equal to 0.921, area under the receiver operating characteristic curves greater than or equal to 0.946, and R2
s greater than or equal to 0.979. Performance metrics were comparable for the simulated children’s hospital and for hospitals stratified by teaching status, bed numbers, and geographic location.

CONCLUSIONS:
Machine learning models using physiology, therapy, and care intensity predicting future care needs had promising performance metrics. Notably, performance metrics were similar as the prediction time periods increased from 6–12 hours to 24–30 hours.