bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Câhız’ın Ahlâk Teorisine Göre Mizacın Değişmesi ve Pratik Değeri
Authors: BAYIR Emine 
Published: June 2022

Mizaç, asıl itibarıyla tıp alanının konusu olmakla beraber zamanla psikoloji, felsefe ve ahlâk gibi ilimlerin içerisinde yer almıştır. Ontolojik olarak insanın yapısını içeren bir konu olması nedeniyle tarihsel süreçte bu ilimlerde değişik açılardan ele alınmış, geliştirilmiş ve genişleyerek günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Köklü ve kadîm bir konu olması, muhtelif ilimlerde incelenmesi nedeniyle de oldukça geniş bir literatüre sahiptir. Kökleri eski Mısır’a kadar uzanan bu teoriyi Hipokrat tıp alanında, Galen biyolojik alanda geliştirmiş, İslâm ilim dünyasında da başta Câhız olmak üzere bazı âlimler eserlerinde ele almıştır. Mizaç, ilk olarak bedendeki yapısına dair ahlât-ı erbaa (dört hılt/karışım: kan, balgam, sarı safra, kara safra) teorisiyle açıklanmıştır. Bu dört sıvının vücutta değişip değişmediği hususu ise tarihi boyunca zamanın ve zeminin koşullarında tartışılan bir mesele olmuştur. Galen’in görüşlerinden etkilenen Câhız’ın, mizaçla ilgili müstakil bir eseri bulunmamaktadır. Bununla beraber o, bazı eserlerinde mizacın değişmesine dair görüşler ileri sürmüş ancak dağınık bir yazı tarzı olduğundan bunları sistematik olarak ele almamıştır. Bu makalede Câhız’la ilgili yapılan çalışmalardan ve bazı eserlerinden tespit ettiğimiz kadarıyla onun bu görüşlerini derleyerek iki aşamada sistematize etmeyi amaçladık. Çalışmamızda mizacın değişmesiyle kastettiğimiz şey, insanda var olan kötü huyun/mizacın ortadan kalkması, yerine iyi mizacın getirilmesi hususudur.
Câhız, mizacın değişebilmesi için insanı bir çabanın öznesi olarak görür ve bunu iki aşamada değerlendirir. Ona göre insan, ilk olarak zihinsel bir çaba içerisine girer ve bu aşamada, havâtır, tekellüf ve telkin gibi birtakım süreçlerden geçer. Bu noktada iyi’nin alınması kötü’nün terkedilmesi hususunda aklın önemine dikkat çeker. Peki, Câhız’a göre mizacın değişmesi için bu süreçler yeterli midir? Deney ve gözlem analizlerine dayanarak Câhız, sadece bu yöntemlerle insanın zorlanacağını kabul ederek onu, ikinci bir çabaya davet eder. Bunun için de dışarıdan mutlaka takviye alınmasını uygun görür. Ona göre, din, eğitim, toplum içinde olma, siyasi otorite mizacın değişmesine etki eden unsurlardır. Câhız, özellikle halk arasında âdeta bir tabu olarak kabul edilegelmiş “can çıkar ama huy/mizaç çıkmaz” anlayışını ortadan kaldıracak mahiyette görüşler ileri sürmektedir. Açık ve anlaşılır bir üslupla mizacın/huyun değişebileceğini, günlük hayatta bunun uygulanabilirliğini asırlar öncesinden bizlere aktarmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Câhız’ın mizaçla ilgili görüşleri diğer çalışmalardan farklı olarak iki aşamada değerlendirilmiş, insanın mizacı tebdil-i ahlâk zemininde ele alınarak kelâm alanına katkısı düşünülmüştür.
Modeling of changes in the cerebral cortex under low radiation exposure
Authors: Gundarova O. P. , Fedorov V. P. , Kvaratskheliya A. G. , Maslov N. V. 
Published: June 2022

The aim of the investigation was to reveal changes in the neurons of the cerebral cortex depending on the dose of γ-irradiation, the dose rate of exposure, the mode of exposure (acute and chronic) and to establish the priority of each of the influencing factors (γ-irradiation, recovery time and their joint impact) in the end result.Material and methods. The experiment, in compliance with the rules of bioethics, was carried out on 300 adult white rats that were exposed to acute and chronic γ-irradiation in total doses from 10 to 100 cGy with a dose rate of 50 to 660 cGy/h. The sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex were studied throughout life after exposure to radiation using traditional neuromorphological, histochemical, and statistical methods, followed by mathematical modeling of the obtained evaluation criteria.Results. Despite the peculiarities of the regimes of radiation exposure, all of them did not cause statistically significant changes in functionally different areas of the cerebral cortex. Throughout the entire recovery period, both in control and experimental animals, phase stochastic changes were observed in various neuromorphological indicators of the state of nerve cells, which, as a rule, had a borderline character, and the level of their significance fluctuated in relation to the control within insignificant limits. At the same time, the change in some neuromorphological parameters was more influenced by the dose or dose rate of γ-irradiation, while others were influenced by the recovery time. With the combined effect of the radiation factor and the duration of the recovery period, most of the indicators corresponded to the age control.Conclusion. Statistically significant changes in the state of neurons in both sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex under the considered modes of γ-irradiation in total doses up to 100 cGy were not revealed.
Development of the European Market for Environmental Goods and Services and its Financial Support
Authors: Skorokhod Iryna , Skorokhod Daryna 
Published: June 2022

The purpose of the article is to analyze and assess the situation of the market for environmental goods and services in the EU as well as the formation of its support and regulation system.
Methodology: The market for environmental goods and services has experienced the dynamic growth and development in the last two decades, especially in economically developed countries. The research concerns the peculiarities of the development of the organic products market, sources of support for the development of organic production in the EU. The research uses the desk research method, which provides a possibility of using a wide range of materials in various areas and periods. Additionally, relevant legal acts, official documents and reports were used in the study.
Results of the research: The structure of certified agricultural lands in the EU is thoroughly analyzed in the article. Emphasis is placed on the study of the EU market for organic products development peculiarities, which include a constant growth of demand for these products and their rising prices. The main elements of the ecological goods and services market regulation system are also characterized. The conclusions contained in the article refer to the possibility of using one of these instruments: financing from the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, crediting, venture financing, green bonds, fundraising, crowd funding, crowd landing as well as own means of enterprises. Generally, financial support should be more flexible and tailored to the needs of beneficiaries.
Un análisis del ordenamiento y alomorfía en la flexión verbal del quechua ayacuchano desde la morfología distribuida
Authors: Martel Paredes Víctor Arturo 
Published: June 2022

Este trabajo presenta una nueva propuesta al (re)ordenamiento de morfemas de SUJETO y de OBJETO en la concordancia verbal del quechua ayacuchano. El análisis se basa en la morfología distribuida (Halle y Marantz 1993), que propone operaciones sobre morfemas en el componente morfológico. Se concluye que el rasgo OYENTE del morfema de OBJETO de segunda persona -nki gana en especificidad y, por tanto, se realiza en posición de SUJETO, con el costo de la aparición de –yki como alomorfía y la aparición de –su. Finalmente, proponemos que –su es un morfema transicional defectivo con rasgo OYENTE, que no puede ser interpretado como pronominal de tercera ni de segunda persona.
Pemikiran Muhammad Mansur Tentang Imk?n al-Ru’yah dalam Kitab Mîz?n al-I’tid?l
Authors: Asshidiqi Iqnaul Umam , Rausi Fathor 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Imk?n al-ru’yah is a method which compromises between reckoning and observation. The development of discourse imk?n al-ru’yah always create a variety of criteria limits. Long before the existence of various criteria limits in the world of current astronomy, Sayyid Usman has proposed the existence of 7° imk?n al-ru’yah criteria. Sayyid Usman's criteria received a serious response from Muhammad Mansur as outlined in the book Mîz?n al-I’tid?l. This research is intended to answer these problems: (1) What is the background of Muhammad Mansur's thinking about imk?n al-ru’yah? (2) What is the perspective of astronomy towards Muhammad Mansur's imk?n al-ru’yah? These problems are discussed using a qualitative type of library research. The Book of Mîz?n al-I’tid?l is used as the primary source in this study which is supported by other sources as secondary sources. The collection of data in this study uses method of documentation and interviews. Next, the data is analyzed using critical analytic descriptive. The results of this study indicate that Muhammad Mansur's thinking background on imk?n al-ru’yah was influenced by his father, Abdul Hamid, who incidentally was one of Abdurrahman al-Misri's students. Astronomically, the thought of Muhammad Mansur's imk?n al-ru’yah is dynamic and naturalistic.
Keywords : Crescent Visibility, Muhammad Mansur, Mîz?n al-I’tid?l.
PERKEMBANGAN METODE DAN INSTRUMEN ARAH KIBLAT ABAD PERTENGAHAN
Authors: Thoyfur Muhammad 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Directing to the Qibla is an order from Allah SWT to mankind in election, therefore Muslims are always looking for solutions to determine the direction of the Qibla, this is due to the growing development of Muslims throughout the world during the 8th century, thus developing methods to determine qibla direction. These methods include folk astronomy, namely the method of observing celestial bodies such as the sun, moon and stars without mathematical conditions, this method developed from the 8th century to the 9th century, mathematical calculation methods, namely the development of geometrical calculation methods. and spherical trigonometry which can be used to determine the direction of the Qibla, this method developed from the 9th to the 15th century and the geographic method which is a developmental method of folk astronomy, namely the method of classifying the Qibla direction of an area by making the Ka'bah as the center point, then make the regions as a directional sector, this method developed from the 8th century to the 15th century. Development of this method then developed into several other methods, including the zij method, astronomical tables, cartographic maps and directional instruments. medieval qibla direction instruments are astrolabe, quadran, sundial and compass.

Abstrak
Menghadap kiblat adalah perintah dari Allah SWT kepada manusia dalam beribadah, oleh karena itu umat muslim selalu mencari solusi untuk menentukan arah kiblat, hal ini disebabkan oleh semakin berkembanganya umat muslim ke seluruh penjuru dunia pada saat abad ke-8, maka berkembanglah metode-metode untuk menentukan arah kiblat. Metode-metode tersebut diantaranya adalah folk astronomy, yaitu metode observasi benda-benda langit seperti matahari, bulan dan bintang tanpa adanya hitungan matematis, metode ini berkembang dari abad ke-8 sampai abad ke-9, metode perhitungan matematika, yaitu perkembangan metode perhitungan geometri dan trigonometri bola yang dapat digunakan untuk menentukan arah kiblat, metode ini berkembang mulai abad ke-9 hingga abad ke-15 dan metode geografi yang merupakan metode perkembangan dari folk astronomy, yaitu metode mengklasifikasikan arah kiblat suatu wilayah dengan menjadikan ka’bah sebagai titk tengahnya, kemudian menjadikan wilayah-wilayah itu sebagai sektor arah, metode ini berkembang dari abad ke-8 hingga abad ke-15.Perkembangan metode tersebut kemudian berkembang lagi menjadi beberapa bagian metode lainnya, diantaranya adalah metode zij, tabel astronomi, peta kartografi dan instrumen arah kiblat, bebrapa instrumen arah kiblat abad pertengahan adalah astrolabe, quadran, sundial dan kompas.
Keyword: Arah Kiblat, Metode Arah Kiblat, Instrumen, Abad Pertengahan.
Tranexamic Acid Was Not Associated with Increased Complications in High-Risk Patients with Intertrochanteric Fracture
Authors: Porter Steven B. , Spaulding Aaron C. , Duncan Christopher M. , Wilke Benjamin K. , Pagnano Mark W. , Abdel Matthew P. 
Published: June 2022

Background:
For elective total joint arthroplasty, tranexamic acid (TXA) is considered safe and efficacious. However, evidence of TXA’s safety in high-risk patients undergoing nonelective surgery for hip fracture is sparse. This study aimed to assess whether TXA administration to high-risk patients with an intertrochanteric (IT) hip fracture increased the risk of thromboembolic complications or mortality.

Methods:
All patients treated surgically for IT hip fracture between 2015 and 2019 across 4 hospitals of a single hospital system were considered. High- versus low-risk patients and those receiving TXA versus no TXA treatment were identified. Propensity scores adjusted for risk differences between patient groups with TXA and no TXA administration were calculated for (1) high-risk patients (n = 141) and (2) the entire population (n = 316). Postoperative mortality, deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke within 90 days of surgery were evaluated.

Results:
No association between TXA administration and increased risk of mortality or complications in either group was identified. Specifically, out of 282 matched high-risk patients, no differences in mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.90, 1.05]), DVT (OR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.93, 1.00]), PE (OR 1.00 [95% CI, 0.95, 1.05]), MI (OR, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.98, 1.10]), or stroke (OR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.95, 1.05]) were identified.

Conclusions:
In our review of propensity-matched high-risk patients undergoing surgical repair for IT fracture, we found that TXA administration compared with no TXA administration was not associated with an increased risk of mortality, DVT, PE, MI, or stroke within 90 days of surgery.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Numerical Analysis of Low Carbon Steel Tensile Strength Using Software (SolidWorks)
Authors: Nasution Arya Rudi , Widodo Edi 
Published: June 2022

Pengujian tarik merupakan suatu mesin pengujian bahan yang paling mendasar. Pengujian merusak adalah salah satu pengujian untuk melihat kekuatan dan ketangguhan dari material. Pengujian ini sangat sederhana, tidak mahal dan sudah mengalami standarisasi di seluruh dunia, misalnya di Amerika dengan ASTM E-8 dan Jepang dengan JIS 2241. Penelitian ini ingin melihat besaran kekuatan bahan menggunakan metode elemen hingga. Metode elemen hingga (finite element method) merupakan metode numerik yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan dalam bidang rekayasa. Untuk meganalisa numerik menggunakan software SolidWorks. Material yang digunakan baja karbon rendah dan dibentuk geometrinya sesuai ASTM E8. Untuk melihat komposisi material digunakan microskop optical emission spectroscopy. Pengujian tarik eksperimen menggunakan mesin uji tarik Universal Test Machine dengan kapasitas maksimal 50 kN. Hasil pengujian eksperimental dan hasil pengamatan komposisi pada material dimasukkan kedalam software SolidWorks dan selanjutnya melakukan simulasi untuk mendapatkan/mengetahui besarnya nilai kekuatan dari material. Sebelum dilakukan simulasi setiap geometri spesimen dibedakan/divariasikan berdasarkan panjang mesh. Variasi mesh 2, 4, 6, 8 dan 10. Dari hasil pengujian eksperimen nilai tegangan (stress) yang diperoleh 2.451E+09N/m2. Hasil dari simulasi numerik, nilai tegangan pada material disetiap variasi berbeda – beda, ini menunjukkan bahwa silmulasi berjalan dengan baik. Nilai tegangan yang didapat pada eksperimental tidak begitu jauh besarnya dengan hasil simulasi. Hasil simulasi dengan panjang mesh 2 dan 4 sangat mendekati nilai dari eksperimen. Semakin besar mesh akan mempengaruhi nilai hasil simulasi.
Sedimentological and geochemical characterization of microbial mats from Lagoa Vermelha (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
Authors: Guedes Caio Bittencourt , Arena Michele Correia , dos Santos Hélisson Nascimento , Valle Bruno , de Andrade Santos Jeferson , Favoreto Julia , Borghi Leonardo 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
The presence of microbialites in the hypersaline lagoons of Rio de Janeiro is especially important in the study of recent analogs of carbonate rocks with microbial origins, mostly after the discovery of giant petroleum reservoirs in the Brazilian pre-salt section and their similarities with stromatolites from Lagoa Salgada (Rio de Janeiro State). Many studies have been conducted to analyze the biology, geochemistry, mineralogy, and geomicrobiology of these microbialites. This paper, however, focuses on the petrography, sedimentology, and geochemistry of recent and superficial microbial mats from Lagoa Vermelha to understand the interaction of carbonate and siliciclastic grains with an organic matrix and discuss their similarities and differences with pre-salt rocks. A sedimentologic description was performed to understand the sediment dynamics in microbial mats. A petrographic description involved the characterization of components and textures in microscale. Furthermore, geochemical analyses were performed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction for detailed mineralogical characterization. This multitechnique study showed the lamellar and cracked texture of the matrix being displaced by biologically induced carbonate growth and siliciclastic grains. In addition, chemical analysis showed the concentration of magnesium and silica in the matrix, with the absence of Mg-clay minerals. Even though the studied microbial mats present relevant similarities with some pre-salt facies, a microbially dominated genesis for the pre-salt limestones cannot be supported by the studied data.
Case Study: Space-Age Directional Drilling Improves Efficiency, Economics
Authors: Gutierrez David 
Published: June 2022

Directional drilling has been used in oil and gas operations since the 1930s when onshore drillers employed the technology to reach offshore reservoirs. Over the years, technologies have been introduced to improve precision and control and at the same time have allowed multiple reservoirs to be produced through a single well, which reduces drilling costs and minimizes the environmental impact of the drilling process. In designing drilling plans, operators have considered economics when deciding whether to employ the traditional process of rotating the drillstring to control well trajectory or use more precise directional drilling techniques, but an either/or approach is not always the best one. The introduction of software that analyzes drilling conditions and determines the most appropriate drilling solution is changing the status quo, streamlining the drilling process and changing the playing field for drillers.

The Evolution of Directional Drilling
The widespread adoption of horizontal drilling from narrowly spaced slots on a centralized pad location has led to the introduction of complex wellbore geometry intended to maximize field development while minimizing geographical footprint. The growing need for precise execution of complicated well trajectories increased the demand for directional drilling expertise. Using a steerable bottomhole assembly (BHA) comprising a mud motor with a bent housing, an experienced directional driller can orient the bend of the motor in the direction prescribed on the well plan to steer the well on the intended trajectory in a process known as sliding. When the well trajectory is intended to remain relatively straight, the entire drillstring is rotated from surface in a process referred to as rotating.
Experience and research have shown, however, that the well trajectory is rarely straight during periods of rotation due to rotational tendencies, a combination of systematic and random influences from BHA design, drilling parameters, and geological formation characteristics that can cause a significant divergence from plan. Rotational tendencies, along with designed well plan deviations, often require sliding to ensure the well follows the planned trajectory.
All else being equal, it might seem that sliding should be applied across the board, but there are two reasons that sliding is not the default solution.
Study effect of weather conditions on the allegro-inflammatory factors and clinical symptoms of allergic rhinitis
Authors: Yonghua Shen , Nasab Entezar Mehrabi , Liuo Yen 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Purpose: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the allergic diseases that initiated by T helper lymphocyte (Th)2 immune response and mediators are main reason of clinical symptoms. In the genetically predisposed AR patients, environmental factors are main triggers of allergic reactions. Therefore, effects of climate conditions (warm, cold, humid and dry) on allergic rhinitis were evaluated.Methods: AR model was produced in mice under the four different conditions. Then, Clinical symptoms (sneezing and nasal rubbing), total immunoglobulin (Ig)E, histamine, interleukin (IL)-4 leukotriene (LT)B4, LTC4 levels and gene expression of CysLT1R, HRH1, and MUC5a were studied.Results: Nasal rubbing, histamine level, expression of MUC5a and HRH1 genes in the AR-C, sneezing in the AR-D, LTB4 and LTC4 levels and expression of CysLT1R gene in the AR-W groups were significantly (P<0.05) increased compared to the AR group. The levels of total IgE and IL-4 had no significant changes (P>0.05). Conclusions: Air temperature and humidity had effect on AR pathophysiology and, weather conditions can be an important factor in control of AR.
A Comparative Study of Positive and Negative Electronic Word-of-Mouth on the SERVQUAL Scale under the COVID-19 epidemic -Taking a Regional Teaching Hospital in Taiwan as an Example
Authors: Lee Po-Chun , Liang Li-Lin , Huang Min-Hsin , Huang Ching-Yuan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
In recent years, studies have disclosed that electronic WOM (eWOM) more directly reflects consumers' post-purchase psychological perception, and directly affects repurchase behavior, which is valued by institutions in various fields. Within the scope of service characteristic evaluation, medical service is the most invisible and difficult to evaluate service attribute. They are service organizations that must have high trust attributes. Therefore, the eWOM review will significantly influence people's decision-making process for choosing a healthcare provider. The purpose of this research is to combine eWOM reviews with the SERVQUAL scale in a comparative study of positive and negative eWOM reviews of a certain regional teaching hospital in Taiwan.
Methods
This research obtained data of eWOM reviews publicly available on Google maps from a Regional Teaching hospital in Taiwan in the past 10 years (from June 24, 2011, to December 31, 2021) by using website scraping technology. The semantic content analysis method was used in this study to classify WOM reviews according to the revised PZB SERVQUAL scale.
Results
Statistical analysis is then conducted. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the positive reviews have shown a downward trend. Among the five determiners of SERVQUAL of PZB, positive WOM reviews performed best in “Assurance”, with a positive review rate of 60.00%, followed by 42.11% of “Reliability”. In negative WOM reviews, “Assurance” performed the worst, with a positive rate of 72.34%, followed by “Responsiveness” at 28.37% and “Reliability” at 26.95%.
Conclusion
Since the onset of the COVID-19 in 2020, negative eWOM has increased significantly and exceeded the numbers of positive eWOM. Regardless of the positive and negative reviews, what patients care most about is “Assurance” of the professional attitude and skills of the medical staff, which needs to be strengthened most urgently. In addition, good “Reliability” will help to build up positive eWOM. However, the "Responsiveness" of poor service waiting time can easily lead to the spread of negative eWOM. This study suggests that the hospital management should focus on these few service-oriented qualities.