bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Underdeveloped Bodies
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although Civil War armies included large numbers of underage enlistees, numerous medical and military authorities warned of the dangers of youth enlistment. US Surgeon General William Hammond favored raising the age of enlistment to at least twenty, since boys in their teens were still growing and thus liable to break down. In advancing this argument, he and other military physicians drew on studies by their British and French peers, who believed that standardizing and enforcing age restrictions would increase military strength and efficiency. During the Civil War, boys’ martial enthusiasm and the need for military manpower drowned out calls for a higher enlistment age. Yet beliefs about the connection between youth and debility nonetheless permeated the broader culture, surfacing in US Congressional hearings on the draft, parental petitions seeking boys’ discharge, courts martial cases involving underage defendants, and the private musings of young soldiers themselves.
Pride of the Nation
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Idealistic representations of white children in uniform pervaded the literary and visual culture of the United States during the Civil War. To stoke patriotic sentiment, Unionists tapped into political and cultural motifs dating back to the French Revolution, when myths of heroic child soldiers and drummer boys had helped to legitimize the new republic. This was not the case in the Confederacy. Seeking to build a world that prized hierarchy, tradition, and bloodline over youthful ardor, Confederates lauded individual boys who performed heroic deeds, but they did not envision boy soldiers and drummer boys as symbols of the nation. Yet the iconic Boy in Blue was by no means a revolutionary figure when it came to race. Although the enlistment of some two hundred thousand African American men and boys proved crucial to the Union victory, images of martyred white children obscured this reality, reimagining the preservation of the Union in terms of white innocence and suffering.
Forced into Service
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Most young people who participated in the Civil War were poor or working class, and many were subject to varying degrees of coercion. In the Confederacy, officers compelled young male slaves to accompany them to war as body “servants,” and enslaved and free Black youth were impressed to perform military labor. In refugee camps, Union officials withheld army rations from children above age fourteen, forcing them either to work for the military or to enlist. And after the United States resorted to conscription in 1863, rising bounties and dwindling manpower reserves fuelled a market in male youth controlled by substitute brokers that at times resulted in outright trafficking. For some young enlistees, the war was liberating, emancipating them from parental control and positioning them to achieve social and economic mobility after the war. But for others, military service more closely resembled coerced labor or even temporary slavery.
The Minor Occultation
Authors: Ghobadzadeh Naser 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With the demise of the eleventh Imām in 264/874, who apparently had no son to succeed him, the rivals of Imāmī Shīʿism gained the upper hand. However, pragmatic policies of the Shīʿī leadership circle enabled the Shīʿī community to maintain its own independent identity. This chapter examines the political atmosphere of the Islamic world in the period of the Minor Occultation, arguing that the continuation of a political approach based on the model of theocratic secularism was a key factor in Shīʿism’s survival. The Shīʿa maintained their claim to rulership but also cooperated with the caliphate apparatus. This chapter also seeks to show that for the Shīʿa, the twelfth Imām did not have a messianic character from the beginning. Rather, the theocratic secularism of the period of the Minor Occultation was not appreciably different from that practiced during the lifetimes of earlier infallible Imāms, in the sense that the Shīʿa hoped and anticipated that the twelfth Imām would soon return and establish their ideal government.
Wilāyat-i Faqīh
Authors: Ghobadzadeh Naser 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The clerical Islamists were the most effective political force in mobilizing the masses to participate in demonstrations and strikes against the shah’s government. In enlisting the population, they benefited widely from religious slogans and elements. But this chapter shows that the religion that existed in the Iranian political arena during the revolutionary struggle was significantly different from the religion that dominated the Iranian political space after the Revolution. That is why, in addition to the Islamists, other political groups also used religious elements in their revolutionary activities. In this period, there was no confining, exclusive, and jurist-centered understanding of religion and, more important, the idea of wilāyat-i faqīh had no place in the religious discourse of the revolutionary struggle. This chapter also demonstrates that at the time of the referendum to determine Iran’s future political system and during the preparation of the draft constitution, there was no trace of the idea of wilāyat-i faqīh.
The Genie Is Out of the Bottle
Authors: Ghobadzadeh Naser 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Assembly of Experts for the Constitution, which introduced the discourse of governmental Shīʿism into post-revolutionary Iranian politics. It is demonstrated in this chapter that a number of clerical Islamists, following a specific agenda and benefiting from effective coordination, as well as relying on their absolute majority in the Assembly of Experts, were able to draft the most fundamental document of the new government system based on the idea of wilāyat-i faqīh. However, Khomeini’s doctrine was surprisingly absent from the deliberations of the Assembly of Experts for the Constitution. This chapter will discuss how, without engaging in theological debates about the relationship between religion and government, and by using the general and vague concepts of Shīʿī orthodoxy, the members of the Assembly of Experts codified the principle of wilāyat-i faqīh. After the incorporation of the principle of wilāyat-i faqīh into the constitution, the government of the Islamic Republic placed the theological transformation and replacement of Shīʿī orthodoxy by governmental Shīʿism on its agenda.
I Sent You Something Priceless
Authors: Brown Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Until the eighteenth century, disease was often thought to be caused by the spells and incantations of others. To overcome them, a counter-magic was developed. This chapter examines the Jewish amulets that were deployed and the visits of the sick to miracle workers. Surprisingly, Jews sometimes visited Christian shrines and evoked their saints in an effort to speed recovery. The use of amulets is put into context with an evaluation of their use in early modern Christian Europe, where pulverized frogs were a standard of care. The chapter concludes with an examination of amulets by contemporary Jews during COVID-19; today, when children are patients in an Israeli intensive care unit, as many as half of their parents use an amulet of some sort.
Credit-Driven and Consumption-Led Growth Models in the United States and United Kingdom
Authors: Reisenbichler Alexander , Wiedemann Andreas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the foundations and politics of credit-driven, consumption-led growth models in the United States and United Kingdom. We first identify two distinct channels through which these models generate domestic demand: a housing channel, in which house prices influence private consumption through credit and wealth effects; and an income-maintenance channel, in which credit markets functionally substitute for wage growth and government transfers, enabling households to borrow money to smooth income losses and address rising expenditures. We then show that these models are reinforced by a political coalition of producer groups in the financial and real estate industries, mainstream political parties, and asset-owning voters. Our analysis focuses on how US and UK policymakers have shaped these channels through fiscal, regulatory, and credit policies from the late 1970s until after the financial crisis of 2008–09. The chapter concludes with discussing vulnerabilities of these growth models, including financial instabilities and distributional inequalities.
A Brief History of Eugenic Control
Authors: O’Brien Gerald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a concise history of eugenics and eugenic polices within the United States, as well as the later German policies under the Nazis. Much has been written about the eugenic alarm period (1900–1925), and this chapter attempts to provide a brief overview of the more important aspects of the period. Importantly, while many tend to exploit eugenics for certain political or ideological ends, interest in eugenics during the alarm period cut across the sociopolitical landscape. The specific eugenic policies (sterilization, immigration control, institutionalization, etc.) enacted in the United States are discussed, along with the movement’s focus on persons with feeble-mindedness. Finally, the relationship between policies in the United States and Nazi Germany will be explored, along with the impact of Nazi eugenic policies.
Social Work and Contemporary Bioethical Debates
Authors: O’Brien Gerald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with a look at the resurgence of eugenic interest during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in relation to innovations in prenatal testing. While most social work professionals will not be employed as genetic counselors, all need to have a basic understanding of prenatal testing procedures and the difficult decisions that prospective parents may have to make, and this is also discussed. These decisions, moreover, are made within the context of our biopsychosocial view of disability and the perceived future prospects and impact on the family of persons with disabilities. These issues give rise to a number of race- and class-based implications, which are also discussed. Innovations in biogenetics, such as CRISPR and the potential of genetic enhancement procedures, are briefly introduced, as well as the deployment of eugenic policies internationally.
Implications for the Social Work Profession
Authors: O’Brien Gerald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter serves as a concluding section that discusses the implications for the social work profession of the issues raised in the previous chapters. These implications relate to the potential utility of both the medical and social model of disability for the profession, social work education recommendations, and the need for the social work profession to support both the training and hiring of persons with disabilities, as well as improved preparation for members of the profession to serve those with disabilities. The history of disablement tells us that those with disabilities are always vulnerable to disparagement and maltreatment, and the social work community needs to step forward as true non-paternalistic advocates, allies, and partners in asserting their value.
Missing in Faction
Authors: Robinson Michael A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis summation captures the key findings of the book’s empirical chapters, discusses exacerbating forces on continued military politicization, and offers a variety of policy recommendations for civilian and military leaders to address the challenge of politicization into the future. Due to the interconnected nature of politicization behaviors, increasingly extreme party position-taking, and reduced areas of political consensus, the military will find it increasingly hard to stay out of partisan political waters. However, military leaders will benefit from internal education on the non-partisan norm and combating political extremism and external efforts to make the organization’s values of fairness, discipline, and objectivity well known to the public. Responsible media engagement, concerted organizational reforms, and a society-wide effort to reconstruct and enforce the military’s non-partisan norms provide additional ways to repair the civil-military relationship.
The Romantic Era
Authors: Shrock Dennis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Romantic era began in the 1820s when ideals of elegance changed to those of grandiosity, conventional structures gave way to freer forms, and expressive individuality determined textual selection and treatment. Throughout the entire Classical era, adjectives such as sweet, refined, and graceful were used to characterize musical composition and performance, even when choral ensembles and orchestras were very large. Many primary source quotations verify this view, including a comment by the French author Marie-Henri Beyle (1783–1842) in his 1817 book (published under the pseudonym César Bombet) about the lives of Mozart and Haydn. Beyle makes reference to an early nineteenth-century Handel festival concert in Westminster Abbey, stating, “Although 377 stringed instruments accompanied a single voice, such was the lightness of the effect, they did not overpower or incommode it.” Large numbers of performers did not necessarily presume loud volumes of sound. However, the majority of composers at the beginning of the Romantic era desired to create imposing and grandiose effects—such as is evident in Berlioz’s Grande messe des morts and Beethoven’s Missa solemnis and Symphony No.9. Composers also desired to create overtly dramatic effects, and, as a result, the dynamic ranges of volume became extreme and the use of numerous expressive markings became commonplace. Indications for very loud volumes were contrasted with those for very soft volumes, and various symbols for articulation and emphasis were employed to vary the scope or compass of dramatic portrayal. In addition, more and more Italian terms were used to indicate precise tempo and expressive intent.
The Idea of the Human Body
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers detailed accounts of Part 2 of Spinoza’s Ethics. It includes four sections, reflecting four major parts of Spinoza’s argument. The first section concerns central themes in the opening elements of Ethics 2, including Spinoza’s characterization of the attributes of thought and extension, the conceptual barrier between them, and the causal barrier between them. The second section discusses Spinoza’s argument from these doctrines to specific accounts of the human being: the human body is a finite mode of extension, the human mind is the idea of that mode, and they are, in some sense, one and the same thing. The third section characterizes the theory of imagination, or inadequate knowledge, that Spinoza builds on the basis of his theory of the human being. The fourth section concerns Spinoza’s account of adequate ideas, or genuine knowledge, which includes ideas of reason and ideas of intuition.
The Power of the Intellect
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers detailed accounts of Part 5 of Spinoza’s Ethics. It includes four sections, reflecting four major parts of Spinoza’s argument. The first section concerns Spinoza’s criticism, in the Preface to Ethics 5, of Descartes’s doctrine of the pineal gland. The second section describes the mitigation of harmful passion by means of understanding and the cultivation of opposed, helpful affects, especially nobility and tenacity. The third section offers an account of Spinoza’s difficult claims about the value of self-knowledge and the love toward God as means of mitigating the bondage to passion. The fourth section addresses the propositions that end the Ethics, in which Spinoza emphasizes eternity, blessedness, and salvation.
Introduction
Authors: Calvo-Quirós William A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The introduction sets up the book’s main theoretical argument: that the US-Mexico border is not only a political frontier but an epistemic battleground over the terrain of the spiritual and the imaginary. In particular, it analyzes how discourses on faith constitute a central component of US-Mexico relations despite both nations’ assertions that they are secular states. It explores how vernacular saints that have emerged over the last one hundred years serve as historical archives, condensing periods of political and economic transformation and crisis. This section puts the book in dialogue with the legacies and effects of imperial and capitalist exploitation related to race, gender, class, sexuality, and citizenship, specifically at the intersections of faith, spirituality, and power. It argues that in these communities, faith and spirituality are tools for survival, resistance and negotiation that allow migrants to envision and create a different world.
The Maya and Climate Change
Authors: Seligson Kenneth E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Classic Maya civilization thrived between 200−950 ce in the tropical forests of eastern Mesoamerica before undergoing a period of breakdown and transformation known colloquially as the Classic Maya Collapse. This book draws on archaeological, environmental, and historical datasets to provide a comprehensive overview of Classic Maya human-environment relationships, including how communities addressed challenges wrought by climate change. Researchers today understand that the breakdown of Classic Maya society was the result of many long-term processes. Yet the story that continues to grip the public imagination is that Maya civilization mysteriously “collapsed.” This book shifts the focus from the Classic Maya “collapse” to the multitude examples of adaptive flexibility that allowed precolonial Maya communities to persevere in a challenging natural environment for over seven centuries. This idea is so enthralling partly because it makes people think about the impermanence of present-day society. A misunderstanding of Maya conservation practices persists in nonacademic circles to the disservice not only of the Pre-Colonial Maya but also to their descendants living in eastern Mesoamerica today. Although the Classic Maya civilization did not leave behind much in the way of secret environmental knowledge for us to rediscover (that is unfortunately rarely how archaeology works), a critical lesson that can be learned from studying the Classic Maya is the importance of socio-ecological adaptability—the ability and willingness to change cultural practices to address long-term challenges.
Understanding the Body’s Alarm System
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Developing the reader’s understanding of anxiety and panic is the focus of Chapter 3. Readers are provided with an in-depth description of how the body responds to perceived threat, which can result in its “alarm system” being activated, leading to feelings of anxiety. This response is normalized as a survival mechanism which originates from the autonomic nervous system to facilitate protective “fight, flight, or freeze” behaviors. At times this response can be triggered unnecessarily in a “false alarm” or panic. Congenital heart condition–related stressors, including repeated exposure to invasive medical procedures, medical uncertainty, and childhood trauma, are discussed as potentially contributing to increased vulnerability to feelings of anxiety and panic. The chapter explores different ways in which anxiety can present, including panic attacks, heart-focused health anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder.
Maintaining Important Relationships
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 emphasizes how supportive social relationships are crucial to mental health and overall well-being, and how the reader’s self-esteem and confidence can impact the quality of those relationships. This chapter offers strategies, such as how to challenge self-critical thoughts, letter writing, love and kindness meditation, and self-compassion. This chapter also provides advice on managing the impact of living with a congenital heart condition on the parent–adult child relationship, dating, intimacy, friendships, and parenting. Healthy communication strategies, tips on becoming more assertive, and the importance of limit setting, boundaries, and developing a supportive social network are covered. Increasing independence and recovering from the loss of a primary caregiver are also discussed.
Taking the Wheel
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10 focuses on empowering individuals to take control of their health, managing any physical limitations, and asking for help when needed. The concept of a congenital heart condition as a hidden disability, disability pride, and rights are explored. Educational and employment discrimination are considered with reference to relevant human rights legislation. Psychotherapy and different treatment modalities are explored, along with discussion about the challenges to accessing this support and tips for finding a good therapist. Genetic counseling, growing older, and advanced care planning are reviewed. Goal setting to help individuals find purpose and meaning is discussed, along with the suggestion and ideas to incorporate activities into one’s life that bring joy.
Supporting People with a Congenital Heart Condition
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 12 provides three separate guides—one for family and friends, one for healthcare professionals, and one for mental healthcare professionals—to support individuals with congenital heart conditions (CHCs). For family and friends, strategies for getting through a medical crisis are discussed, do’s and don’ts when trying to support someone with a CHC are reviewed, and the importance of self-care is stressed. For healthcare professionals, an approach termed “Psychologically Informed Medicine” is detailed to minimize the psychological effects of CHC for their patients. This approach comprises compassionate-reflective and trauma-informed practice while promoting the soothing presence of loved ones and social inclusion. For mental health providers, a review of the psychological effects of CHC and recommendations for treatment approach are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Kim Claudia Junghyun 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The introduction opens with a Korean border town where residents have gone from silent bystanders to angry anti-base protesters. This episode sets the stage for the main theme of the book: local mobilization and demobilization in the contentious politics surrounding U.S. military bases overseas. The chapter showcases the book’s arguments, provides a brief history of U.S. military bases in Korea and Japan, and introduces key actors in base politics. In doing so, the chapter makes the case for delving beneath the surface of interstate alliance politics and finding consistent patterns in varied local experiences in U.S. military base towns abroad.