bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A prototype pixel readout chip working in single photon counting mode with a novel charge sharing suppression scheme
Authors: Cui S. , Wei W. , Zhang J. , Li M. , Li H. , Li Z. , Jiang X. , Zhu K. , Liu P. , Wang Z. , Chen Y. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Spectral distortion due to the charge sharing effect becomes a severe issue in single-photon counting pixel detectors. The HEPS-BPIX4 prototype chip, dedicated for the HEPS in China, implements a novel architecture to mitigate charge sharing and permit spectroscopic imaging with high efficiency. In the architecture, a central pixel communicates with others in a cluster of 3 × 3 pixels. The algorithm simulation showed a charge sharing elimination accuracy better than 90%. The prototype chip has been designed in a 130 nm CMOS technology. The preliminary measurements show a charge gain of 48 mV/ke− and an equivalent noise charge of 150 e− rms. Detailed tests in a 4 × 4 pixel array for the charge sharing are performed using electrical test pulses. The hit allocation in the core four adjacent pixels of the array indicates that effective suppression of charge sharing has been realized.
Accurate simultaneous measurement of heartbeat and respiratory intervals using a smartphone
Authors: Scarpetta M. , Spadavecchia M. , Andria G. , Ragolia M.A. , Giaquinto N. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a method based on the usage of a smartphone
for measuring simultaneously both heartbeat intervals and
respiratory intervals is presented. In particular, the commodity
accelerometer of a smartphone is used for measuring the
seismocardiographic signal generated by heart activity and the
acceleration due to breathing movements. The measurement is
performed with the subject laying down, placing the smartphone on
his/her xiphoid process. Signal processing algorithms are presented
in the paper that can produce an accurate estimation of heartbeat
and respiratory intervals from the measured acceleration signals. A
metrological validation of the heartbeat and respiratory intervals
estimates obtained with the proposed method is carried out by
comparison with measurements obtained using an electrocardiograph
and a spirometer. Two practical examples of applications of the
measured quantities are finally reported, that are the measurement
of the Heart Rate Variability from heartbeat intervals and of the
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia from both the heartbeat intervals and
the respiratory signal.
Impacts of large-scale land acquisitions on smallholder agriculture and livelihoods in Tanzania
Authors: Sullivan J A , Brown D G , Moyo F , Jain M , Agrawal A 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Improving agricultural productivity is a foundational sustainability challenge in the 21st century. Large-scale land acquisitions (LSLAs) have important effects on both well-being and the environment in the Global South. Their impacts on agricultural productivity and subsequent effects on farm incomes, food-security and the distribution of these outcomes across households remain under-investigated. In particular, prior studies do not sufficiently attend to the mechanistic nature of changes in household agricultural practices that affect LSLA outcomes. To address these challenges, we use a novel household dataset and a quasi-experimental design to estimate household-level changes in agricultural productivity and other LSLA outcomes in Tanzania. We use causal mediation analysis to assess how four common mechanisms—contract farming, land loss, market access and technology adoption around LSLAs—influence agricultural productivity. We find that households near LSLAs exhibit 20.2% (95% CI: 3.1%–37.3%) higher agricultural productivity, primarily due to increased crop prices and farmer selection of high-value crops. Importantly, the direction and magnitude of effect sizes associated with the different mechanisms vary. The presence of contract farming explains 18.1% (95% CI: 0.56%, 47%) of the effect size in agricultural productivity, whereas land loss reduces agricultural productivity by 26.8% (95% CI: −71.3%, −4.0%). Market access and technology adoption explain little to no portion of the effect size on agricultural productivity. Despite higher agricultural productivity mediated by contract farming, we do not find increased household incomes or food security. Plausible explanations include limited market access, higher crop prices restricting food access and elite capture of contract farming concentrating income effects to a few households. Our results stand in contrast to assumptions that technological spillovers occur through LSLAs and are the principal drivers of LSLA-induced agricultural transformation. We find instead that access to contract farming and high-value crops lead to greater agricultural productivity, but also that benefits related to these mechanisms are unequally distributed.
The SAGEX review on scattering amplitudes Chapter 4: Multi-loop Feynman integrals
Authors: Blümlein Johannes , Schneider Carsten 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The analytic integration and simplification of multi-loop Feynman integrals to special functions and constants plays an important role to perform higher order perturbative calculations in the standard model of elementary particles. In this survey article the most recent and relevant computer algebra and special function algorithms are presented that are currently used or that may play an important role to perform such challenging precision calculations in the future. They are discussed in the context of analytic zero, single and double scale calculations in the quantum field theories of the standard model and effective field theories, also with classical applications. These calculations play a central role in the analysis of precision measurements at present and future colliders to obtain ultimate information for fundamental physics.
Analysis of factors affecting the energy consumption of an EV vehicle - a literature study
Authors: Skuza A , Jurecki R S 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
One of the most requested information about an electric vehicle is its energy consumption. This parameter is particularly important for electric vehicles users who drive them in real conditions. This paper aims to conduct literature research on the factors affecting the energy consumption of a vehicle. The article contains a set of information concerning how the temperature, traffic conditions, or properties of an electric vehicle translate into energy consumption. The results of studies presented in various publications were compared. The literature analysis allowed for the creation of a list that can be used as a compendium of knowledge on the energy consumption of electric cars.
Risks of the insurance in road transport
Authors: Kubáňová J. , Kubasáková I. , Poliak M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The growing trend of road freight transport also brings many negative factors, such as an increase in crime in the sector. In 2021, semi-trailers took the second place in the number of registered vehicles in Slovakia. This is also reflected the crime in the road freight transport, which has had a very slow declining trend in recent years. On the contrary, what is growing is the number of insurance frauds recorded by the Slovak insurance company. We analyse in the article individual types of criminal offenses in road freight transport. We are also trying to find measures by which the risk of crime can be reduced. Whether measures in the form of insurance or options verification of information before the start of the shipment itself. Insurance does not have to be just a means of compensating for any damages, it can at the same time serve as a tool to make the services offered more attractive, confirmation complexity of the services offered, but it can also be one of the motivational tools employer.
Identifying the Age of a Vehicle for Commercial Safety and Forensic Purposes Using “Window Stamps”
Authors: Rak R. , Sulc V. , Vlach F. , Kopencova D. , Hudecova V. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper deals with the issue of rapid, indicative identification of the age of a vehicle using time stamps on various components of the vehicle for technical, commercial, safety and forensic purposes. The main aim of the paper is the possibility of using markings of individual vehicle windows or “window stamps”, in which the times of production of the windows are encrypted in various ways. An analysis of time markings on vehicle windows was conducted on the basis of an extensive collection of photographs of windows from 980 basic vehicle models manufactured between 1991 and 2021, and acquired between 2015 and 2021 as part of the Europe-wide initiative eCall. Research found that 98.8% of all common motor vehicle window panes on the European market come with one of only three basic types of window stamps, which were named Euro-American, Japanese and Korean. The paper provides a detailed description of the structure and decoding of vehicle window stamps of the three specified basic types.
The estimation of frequency response of nonlinear quarter car model and bilinear model of damper characteristics
Authors: Klockiewicz Z , Ślaski G 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe paper presents proposed and tested methods of estimation of frequency response of nonlinear quarter car suspension model and comparison with method for linear model used for research of vehicle vertical dynamics. Linear quarter car suspension model is widely used for estimation of comfort and safety performance of passive and semiactive suspensions. The real suspension - especially shock absorbers - are non-linear in three aspects: static characteristics, hysteresis and the presence of friction. Testing linear suspension model is possible with the use of analytical transfer function formulas but testing real suspension on a testing stand or even virtual but nonlinear suspension needs to use methods of transfer function estimation. It was necessary to design appropriate input signal allowing to get useful response signals. With the use of obtained frequency responses a method of linear estimation of nonlinear suspension for a given range of working condition was proposed. Also the bilinear model of damper characteristic estimation was proposed and tested proving to be good alternative to nonlinear characteristic.
Lateral acceleration tests during circular driving maneuvers and double lane change
Authors: Grabski P , Jaśkiewicz M , Jurecki R , Kurczyński D , Łagowski P , Stańczyk TL , Szumska E , Zuska A 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The paper presents the analysis of lateral acceleration based on a vehicle traveling in a circle with a double lane change. The maneuvers of driving in a circle and double lane changes were chosen not by accident. Tests were carried out on a popular brand passenger car on wet and dry surfaces. The vehicle is equipped with high-class electronic equipment that records vehicle motion parameters such as lateral acceleration, longitudinal acceleration, speed and others. In the study, the results of maneuvers were statistically analyzed and tabulated in order to compare and influence the comfort of travellers.
Yellow and brown grease—characteristics of compression-ignition engine
Authors: Ciesielski R , Zakrzewski M , Shtyka O , Maniecki T , Rylski A , Wozniak M , Kubiak P , Siczek K 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This papers presents the results of analysis done on a compression-ignition engine supplied with methyl ester of rapeseed oil (Yellow Grease), methyl ester of goose fat (Brown Grease) and pure diesel. The analysis included the engine characteristics, emissions and fuel consumption. Results also include chromatographic analysis for all of the three fuels. Additional evaluation was done on a vehicle idling and under load.
Analysis of longitudinal acceleration during rapid minibus braking on various surfaces
Authors: Kurczyński D , Łagowski P , Stańczyk T , Szumska E , Zuska A , Grabski P , Jaśkiewicz M , Jurecki R 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Vehicle acceleration can be used to control vehicle traffic, evaluate driver behaviour and analyse accident causes, among others. The purpose of the testing was to designate longitudinal acceleration in limit conditions during the test vehicle’s braking on various surfaces. The paper presents selected results of testing the motion parameters of a Ford Transit during rapid braking. The testing included measurements of the vehicle’s acceleration and speed on test sections with asphalt and concrete surfaces. The test runs were conducted on a dry, wet and icy asphalt surface. The testing included determination of the impact of the road surface’s condition on the vehicle’s longitudinal acceleration. It was demonstrated that a virtually invisible and thin ice layer covering the road surface substantially affected the acceleration during braking, thereby affecting safety. A clean and wet surface caused a negligible change in the tested vehicle’s acceleration. The obtained results can be used in accident cause analysis with consideration of the road surface’s condition.
Tests of lateral acceleration during a controlled skid - various types of vehicles
Authors: Frej D. , Jaśkiewicz M. , Jurecki R. , Kurczyński D. , Łagowski P. , Stańczyk T.L. , Zuska A. , Szumska E.M. , Grabski P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article presents the values of lateral acceleration during controlled slip for a passenger vehicle and a city bus. Skidding is one of the most dangerous road situations that can occur while driving a vehicle. They can happen to anyone, without exception whether someone has experience or is a young driver. The lateral accelerations during the controlled skidding presented in the article showed higher values for a passenger vehicle. The article refers to drawing attention to the lateral accelerations acting on the vehicle during the slip. It depends on the driving system of the driver whether he will be able to make the correct choice in a dangerous situation. Therefore, improving driving techniques, especially in a skidding situation, should be generally available to drivers.
Vibration damping performance of the electrohydraulic self-leveling unit of the tracked platform of robotic bricklaying combine
Authors: Dindorf R. , Woś P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The study proposes the use of a semi-active hydro-pneumatic spring damper unit for damping pressure pulsations in the servohydraulic leveling system of an electrohydraulic self-leveling unit of a tracked platform of a robotic bricklaying combine (RBC). The semi-active hydro-pneumatic spring damper unit consisted of a gas spring in the hydro-pneumatic accumulator and a controlled hydraulic damping valve. A model of a hydro-pneumatic accumulator with a connection tube was presented, using lumped hydraulic elements in the form of resistance, inductance, and capacitance (RLC). This model was transformed into a form of frequency impedance, from which the amplitude and phase characteristics were determined. The complex impedance of the throttle valve was determined, in which the real part is resistance and the imaginary part is reactance. Finally, the damping performance characteristics of a semi-active hydro-pneumatic spring damper unit were analyzed.
The bicycle model of a 4WS car lateral dynamics for lane change controller
Authors: Dębowski A , Faryński J J , Żardecki D P 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe article shows the validity of four-wheel steering (4WS) bicycle model. At the beginning it is presented in which tasks, connected with 4WS vehicles, the bicycle model is applied. Then the equations in local coordinate system and their forms in global coordinate system are presented. The research tested the response of the model to a lane change manoeuvre, using transfer functions and a “bang-bang” control signal. The transfer functions was connected with static ratio characteristic to construct full four-wheel steering model. A reference signal generator and vehicle model were constructed in analytical form and checked in Matlab&Simulink using sample vehicle’s data from another literature item. One example of simulations was shown. The results presented led to interesting conclusions and indicated directions for further research. This research will include the issue of regulators derivation. This will allow for the construction of a fully functioning control system. The effects of this activities will be tested again in simulation environment.
The issue of empirical testing of Highly Automated Vehicles
Authors: Więckowski Dariusz 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The study concerns the issue of empirical testing of Highly Automated Vehicles (HAVs). The driver assistance systems used in the HAVs have been listed. The principles of testing conventional vehicles have been presented and reference has been made to specific tests described in normative documents. The dissimilarity of testing the HAVs has been presented against this background.
Experimental testing of selected energy absorbers in the context of their use in rear underrun protective devices
Authors: Jackowski J , Posuniak P , Rożnowicz Z 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The energy-absorbing structures have been being developed for many years by various research centres all over the world. The article presents experimental test results obtained for selected structures designed for the absorbing of kinetic energy in order to reduce the loads on occupants of a motorcar when hitting the rear of a motor truck. The differences between selected energy-absorbing structures have been analysed, based on impact resistance indicators having been determined. The main objective of this research work was to verify the applicability of selected energy absorbers to the rear underrun protective devices as the truck parts accountable for vehicles’ passive safety.
Assessment of the vehicle body side stiffness influence on the process of hazard generating in front-to-side vehicles’ collision
Authors: Ziubiński M , Prochowski L 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A vehicles’ collision is a complex energy process, determined by many factors. In the front-to-side collision, the hazards for he occupants of the struck vehicle results from the inertial loads they are subjected to together with the vehicle and from excessive deformation of the bodywork, often involving the space occupied by people. Action is needed to reduce this hazard. One of such actions is to increase the stiffness of the side part of the vehicle body in order to limit the range of its deformation. However, this is an activity that requires a compromise approach, because as stiffness increases, greater lateral forces on the struck vehicle will occur, which will result in inertial loads. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of changes in the stiffness of the side part of the bodywork on the course of the hazard emergence process during a front-to-side vehicles’ collision. Model tests in the PC-Crash program have been prepared and implemented. Their results allowed to establish the relationship between the increased side-stiffness and the characteristic values of physical quantities, which are the measure of the hazard and its effects in a vehicles’ collision.
Selection of child seats in terms of vibration comfort
Authors: Frej D , Zuska A , Kubiak P 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe article presents the results of laboratory and road tests of the impact of the method of fastening child seats on the vibration comfort of children transported in them. The tested child seats were mounted facing the direction of travel on the rear seat of a passenger vehicle. Two child seats were used in the work, the first (red) was attached to the rear seat behind the driver’s seat using the ISOFIX base. The second child seat (grey) is attached to the rear seat behind the passenger seat with standard seat belts. During the measurements, the child seats were loaded with the mass of 5 kg, 10 kg and 15 kg, simulating the mass of a child fastened in a child seat. The child seats used can be mounted both forward and rearward facing. In the conducted research, they were installed in a passenger vehicle facing the direction of travel. Laboratory and road tests based on registered vertical accelerations showed a negative impact of using the ISOFIX base in terms of vibration comfort.
Simulation tests of the integrated lane change control system
Authors: Gidlewski M , Jemioł L , Żardecki D 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the concept of an integrated control system for lane change by a two-axle truck. In earlier works the authors used only a controller coupled to the steering system for sudden lane changes. Nowadays, the steering system controller is integrated with ESP (Electronic Stability Program) which causes momentary braking of chosen vehicle wheels when traffic destabilization threatens. A simulation study of the integrated control system operation during sudden lane change was performed for an unladen and fully laden car on a wet road in near limiting conditions. The test results were compared with those obtained when this maneuver was performed using only the steering controller.
Hazards arising during road accidents in cases of vehicle adaptation for the person with special needs
Authors: Prochowski L , Ziubiński M , Mantur T 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Independent transport of people with special needs often requires the adaptation of a motorcar to increase the comfort of use and enable proper operating of a vehicle. This adaptation involves, for example, mounting special devices on the steering wheel. This violates the so-called survival zone, defined by (UN/ECE) regulation No. 21. and can deteriorate the occupant’s safety. This study shows the risk for the driver caused by an additional knob mounted on a steering wheel. Model tests were prepared and carried out with the use of the PC-Crash program environment. The simulations of the frontal collisions into the obstacle were computed and the dynamic loads affecting the driver with and without additional adaptation elements on the steering wheel were assessed. Obtained results portray that the impact of the driver’s head into the adaptation element during the collision is possible. This causes a visible increase in the HIC15 head injury indicator by up to 80% for a collision speed of 65 km/h compared to a car without an adaptation device. It was found that the risk of head injury is on average 15% greater compared to the variant without an adaptation device.
Comparison of freight forwarder liability in selected countries of the European Union and selected countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Authors: Poliak M , Salamakhina E , Lakhmetkina N , Zhuravleva N 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The continuous flow of movement of goods on the world market forces manufacturers to turn to intermediaries who are able to organize cargo transportation services. At the moment, the most common intermediary is a freight forwarder. This article defines the understanding of the term freight forwarder, its role in the supply chain, as well as the risks associated with transportation. This article analyses the part of forwarding contract which deals with a limitation of the forwarder’s liability. The limitation of the forwarder’s liability allows predicting the amount of compensation to the cargo owner in case of damage or loss of goods. In addition to the previously conducted analysis of the freight forwarder’s liability in the selected countries of the European Union, an analysis of the responsibility of freight forwarders in the selected CIS countries was carried out. Among other things, it was determined which national regulations regulate freight forwarding activities in these countries. The limitations of the liability of freight forwarders proposed by the conditions of the expedition of the national Associations of logistics and forwarding, compiled on the basis of the standard rules of the FIATA organization, are also considered.