bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
10 Development of an Essential Oil-Based Intranasal Spray Against Bovine Respiratory Pathogens: in vitro Selection Based on Antimicrobial, Antiviral, Immunomodulatory, and Antibiofilm Activities
Authors: Amat Samat , Rakibuzzaman A G M , Holman Devin , Schmidt Kaycie , Kosel Luke , Ramamoorthy Sheela 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to screen and select candidate essential oils (EOs) for the development of an intranasal EO spray against bacterial and viral pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) as an alternative to antibiotics. The effects of previously selected EOs (N = 6; ajowan, cinnamon leaf, citronella, grapefruit, fennel, and thyme) on bovine nasopharyngeal microbiota culture was evaluated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The microbiota culture was prepared by growing nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from finishing beef heifers in brain heart infusion broth with and without the presence of EOs (0.025%, vol/vol). The sequencing was performed on genomic DNA extracted from the microbiota culture harvested after 24 h incubation. These EOs were then evaluated for their immunomodulation effect on bovine turbinate (BT) cells by analyzing the concentrations of 15 cytokines and chemokines in cell culture after 24 h incubation. The EOs were further characterized by assessing their antibiofilm activity against E. coli UMN026 using a crystal violet assay. Finally, 15 EOs were screened for their antiviral activity against the bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV1) using BT cells and a fluorescence-based method. Ajowan, fennel, and thyme resulted in a moderate reduction of overall nasopharyngeal microbiota growth, and significant alterations of both α- and β-diversity, and relative abundance of predominant bacterial families (e.g., boosting Enterobacteriaceae while suppressing Moraxellaceae) compared with control (P &lt; 0.05). Only IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine concentrations were affected by EOs (P &lt; 0.05). Ajowan, thyme, fennel, and cinnamon leaf exhibited antibiofilm activity at the concentration of 0.05%. Reduction of BVDV1 viral replication on BT cells was observed with thyme (strong), ajowan, and citronella (moderate; 0.0125%). Accordingly, ajowan, thyme, fennel, cinnamon leaf, and citronella EOs were selected for development as an intranasal EO spray to prevent and control BRD pathogens in feedlot cattle.
2 5’ Untranslated Region-Based Detection of Genetically Diverse APPV Strains in US Midwest
Authors: Eaton Christian , Sutton Kylee , Mote Benny E , Burkey Thomas E , Borza Tudor , Loy J Dustin , Ciobanu Daniel C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), an RNA virus member of the Flaviviridae family, has been associated with congenital tremor in newborn piglets. Previous qPCR-based assays, targeting the polyprotein coding sequences of APPV, were unable to detect the virus in novel cases of congenital tremor originated from multiple swine farms from the U.S. Midwest (MW). The polyprotein coding genes of APPV were characterized by a low level of sequence conservation ranging from 58.2 to 70.7% among 15 global APPV strains. In contrast, the 5’ untranslated region (UTR) was found to have a much greater degree of sequence conservation of 81.0% seen among the 15 global and new 4 MW strains, and as high as 91.5% when comparing only 5 MW strains. The complete 5’ UTR sequence of the APPV strains originated from MW was obtained by utilizing the template switching approach followed by amplification and dideoxy sequencing. Notably, previously identified potentially crucial regions for the correct function of the APPV internal ribosome entry site (IRES) were found to overlap with the most highly conserved 5’UTR segments, suggesting their functional role in viral protein translation. By targeting 100% conserved 5’UTR regions across 19 global and MW strains, a new qPCR assay was designed which was able to detect APPV in well documented cases of congenital tremor which originated from 5 MW farm sites (1-18 samples/site). The assay was found to have a detection sensitivity of 6.5 APPV copies (Cq ~38.4). Due to the potential functional importance of the highly conserved 5’UTR sequences targeted by our newly developed qPCR assay, we expect that assays targeting this region would broadly detect APPV strains that are diverse in space and time.
56 Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation Throughout Gestation Affects Liver Trace Mineral Status of Dam and Neonatal Calves but not Calf Morphometric Characteristics
Authors: Hurlbert Jennifer L , Baumgaertner Friederike , Bochantin Kerri A , Menezes Ana Clara Baiao B , Da Diniz Wellison Jarles Silva , Underdahl Sarah R , Kirsch James D , Dorsam Sheri T , Sedivec Kevin K , Dahlen Carl R 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate the effects of feeding a vitamin and mineral supplementation (VMSUP) to heifers throughout gestation on trace mineral status of the dam and calf, calving parameters, and calf characteristics. We hypothesized that VMSUP throughout gestation would enhance mineral status in the dam and offspring at birth and positively impact calf morphometric characteristics. Thirty-one Angus-based heifers (body weight [BW]=273.7 ± 1.10 kg) were estrous synchronized, bred with female sexed semen, then were randomly assigned to either a basal diet targeting gain of 0.45 kg/d (CON; n=14) or the basal diet plus a vitamin and mineral supplement (VTM; n=17; 113 g•heifer-1•d-1). Liver biopsies were obtained from dams at breeding, d 84 and 180 of gestation, and at calving from dams and calves. Trace mineral concentrations were determined via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Calving ease, calf vigor and body weight were recorded at birth, and body measurements were recorded at 24 h after birth. Data were analyzed using the GLM Procedure of SAS using repeated measures analysis when appropriate. In maternal liver, concentrations of selenium and copper were affected by a treatment × day interaction (P &lt; 0.0001), being greater (P &lt; 0.001) for VTM than CON at all post-breeding timepoints and decreasing (P ≤ 0.05) from d 84 to calving; while zinc, molybdenum, manganese, and cobalt were not (P ≥ 0.20) affected by treatment. In calves, concentrations of liver selenium, copper, zinc, and cobalt were greater for VTM than CON (P &lt; 0.05). Gestation length, calving distribution, ease and vigor scores, calf BW and body measurements were not affected by treatment (P = 0.278). Therefore, VTM supplementation throughout gestation affected liver trace mineral reserves of dam and calf; but did not affect calf size or any of the calving parameters evaluated. These results suggest that as gestation progresses, maternal liver mineral stores decrease to provide for the gestating calf.
53 Evaluating the Efficacy of Boot Baths with Wet and Dry Disinfectants for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Harrison Olivia , Elijah Catherine Grace , Blomme Allison K , Ottot Haley , Bai Jianfa , Poulsen-Porter Elizabeth , Woodworth Jason C , Paulk Chad B , Gebhardt Jordan T , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Maintaining biosecurity between barns is challenging. Boot baths, either wet or dry, can be implemented to limit pathogen spread. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of boot baths using wet or dry disinfectants for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Treatments included 1) control, 2) wet disinfectant (Synergize, Neogen, Lexington, KY), and 3) dry disinfectant (Traffic C.O.P., PSP, LLC, Rainsville, AL). Prior to disinfection, 0.5 mL of both PRRSV (~1×105 TCID50/mL) and PEDV (~1×105 TCID50/mL) was placed onto a new boot with a layer of autoclaved corn dust and allowed to dry for 15 minutes. After the mixture dried, the boot was put on and stepped into its respective boot bath. After 3 seconds, the boot was lifted out of the bath and stepped onto a stainless-steel coupon to simulate walking through a facility. Both boot and coupon were allowed to dry for 1 minute before swabs were taken from both surfaces. Samples were analyzed in a duplex PCR at the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Cycle threshold values were analyzed using SAS GLIMMIX v 9.4 (SAS, Inc., Cary, NC). There was no evidence of a treatment×surface×virus interaction (P &gt; 0.10). The interaction between treatment×surface impacted (P &lt; 0.05) the quantity of detectable RNA. The control had greater concentration of virus on the coupon than the boot. The reverse was true for boots treated with wet disinfectant, where the boot had a greater concentration of virus than the coupon. Treatment×virus also impacted detectable RNA (P &lt; 0.05), where wet and control boots had greater quantities of PEDV RNA than PRRSV. There was no detectable virus when dry disinfectant was used. For this trial, dry disinfectant was the most efficacious in reducing the viral RNA on both boots and subsequent surfaces; however, further research in commercial settings is warranted.
55 The Effect of Feeding 0.3% Benzoic Acid to Growing Pigs, Alone or in Combination with a Direct-Fed Microbial, on Nutrient Metabolism and Manure Composition and Emissions Compared with a Low Protein Diet
Authors: Humphrey Dalton C , Bergstrom Jon R , Perez-Calvo Estefania , Trabue Steven , Scoggin Kenwood , Ramirez Brett C , Greiner Laura L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Twenty-four gilts (PIC 337X1050, PIC Genus, Hendersonville, TN) with initial bodyweight (BW) 33.09±1.33kg were used to investigate the effects of benzoic acid (BA), with or without a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial (DFM), on the nutrient metabolism and gas emissions of growing pigs. Pigs were blocked by BW, placed into metabolism stalls, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: control (PC), low nitrogen (NC), PC plus 0.3% BA (VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products), and PC plus 0.3% BA and 0.025% DFM (PureGro, DSM Nutritional Products). The 54-d experiment consisted of 4 collection periods, with each period subdivided into 2 sub-periods to measure manure gas emissions and nutrient balance and digestibility. Gas emissions sub-periods lasted 72h. Twice daily, urine and feces were weighed, and urine pH was measured. Urine and feces were stored together and, after 5 d of storage, manure was subsampled and taken to the lab for gas emissions measurements. Urine and feces were quantitatively collected for 96h to measure nutrient digestibility (ATTD), excretion, and retention. Data were analyzed as repeated measures in SAS. Pig was the experimental unit, and results were significant at P ≤ 0.05. Pigs fed BA had greater ADG (922g/d) than pigs fed NC (849g/d), with intermediate ADG for PC (882g/d) or BA+DFM (906g/d). The ATTD of DM, GE, and CP was similar among treatments; however, pigs fed BA or NC excreted less nitrogen in urine than PC and BA+DFM, resulting in greater nitrogen retention in BA compared with PC. Decreased manure pH from pigs fed BA or NC resulted in lower NH3emissions compared with BA+DFM or PC. Manure H2S, CH4, and CO2 emissions were similar among treatments. In conclusion, BA improved nitrogen retention and reduced manure pH and ammonia emissions similarly to feeding low crude protein but improved ADG when compared with a low crude protein diet.
58 Energy Values of Faba Beans and Field Peas Fed to Growing Pigs
Authors: Adekoya Abidemi A , Adeola Olayiwola 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Faba beans (FB) and field peas (FP) are pulses and variation among cultivars may lead to differences in the response of pigs. Hence, information on the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of different cultivars is important. Two experiments (Exp) were conducted with growing pigs to determine the DE and ME of organic FB and Ds-Admiral FP (FPD) in Exp. 1, Hampton FP (FPH) and 4010 FP (FP4) in Exp. 2 using total collection method. Twenty-four barrows were individually housed in metabolism crates and assigned to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as blocking factor in each study. The reference diet was prepared to contain corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil as the sole sources of energy and the test ingredient was added to the reference diet at 300 g/kg. Daily feed allowance was estimated at 4.5% of mean BW of pigs in each block. On d 6 and 11, a marker was added to the first meal fed to the pigs and collection of feces started at the appearance of first marker in feces and stopped at the appearance of second marker. During this period, urine was quantitatively collected. In Exp. 1, diets containing FB or FPD had less (P &lt; 0.01) DE and ME compared with the reference diet. The respective DE and ME were 3,772 and 3,603 kcal/kg DM in FB and 3,683 and 3,542 kcal/kg DM in FPD. In Exp. 2, diets containing FP4 had less (P &lt; 0.01) DE and ME compared with FPH and reference diet. The DE and ME were 4,164 and 4,014 kcal/kg DM in FPH and 3,574 and 3,467 kcal/kg DM in FP4, respectively. In conclusion, the estimated energy values in FB and FP may be used in diet formulation.
65 Evaluation of Essential Fatty Acids in Lactating Sow Diets on Sow Reproductive Performance, Colostrum and Milk Composition, and Pre-Weaning Litter Growth and Survivability
Authors: Holen Julia P , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , DeDecker Ashley , Martinez Xochitl 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Mixed parity sows (n = 3,451; PIC, Hendersonville, TN) and their litters were used to evaluate the effects of essential fatty acid (EFA) intake on sow reproductive performance, piglet growth and survivability, and colostrum and milk composition. At approximately d 112 of gestation, sows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 corn-soybean meal-wheat-based lactation diets with 0.5 (Control) or 3% choice white grease (CWG), 3% soybean oil (SO), or a combination of 3% soybean oil and 2% choice white grease (Combination). Thus, sows were provided diets with low EFA [linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA)] in diets with CWG or high EFA in diets with SO. Lactation ADFI increased (P &lt; 0.05) for sows fed the Combination and CWG diets compared with sows fed the Control or SO diet. Daily LA and ALA intake of sows fed the Combination and SO diets were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than sows fed 0.5 or 3% CWG. Overall, sows consuming high EFA from the Combination or SO diets produced litters with heavier (P &lt; 0.05) piglet weaning weights and greater (P &lt; 0.05) litter ADG when compared with litters from sows fed diets with low EFA provided through CWG. There was no effect of sow EFA intake on piglet survivability (P &gt; 0.10). Lactation diet EFA concentration did not influence colostrum or milk dry matter, crude protein, or crude fat content (P&gt;0.10). However, LA and ALA content in colostrum and milk at weaning increased (P &lt; 0.05) in response to elevated dietary EFA from SO. There was no evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) in subsequent sow reproductive or litter performance due to previous lactation EFA intake. In conclusion, increased LA and ALA intake provided by SO during lactation increased overall litter growth and pig weaning weights but did not affect piglet survivability or subsequent performance.
78 Determination for Optimal Time for Marketing in Gilts Immunized Against Gonadotropin-Releasing Factor Based Upon Production Measurements
Authors: Vonnahme Kimberly A , Amodie Debbie , Mellencamp Martha , Pollmann Steve , Pantoja Lucina Galina 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Gilts immunized against gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF) gain weight faster and have improved carcass characteristics compared to controls. The objective was to determine the optimal time post second dose (PSD) of anti-GnRF for feed efficiency. Treatments were arranged as a 2×4 factorial: control vs anti-GnRF (d7 and 77; d0 = 8 wk of age) and marketing time PSD anti-GnRF: (first cut: 10 heaviest gilts; last cut: remaining gilts): d18 and 39 PSD; d25 and 46 PSD; d32 and 53 PSD; and d39 and 60 PSD. Pen (n=120) was the experimental unit (12-18 pens per treatment; 21 gilts per pen). At 25 wks of age, 52.5±0.05% of control gilts vs. 0.92±0.01% of anti-GnRF gilts were cycling based on ovarian structures. Regardless of treatment, gilts performed similarly until PSD anti-GnRF. Prior to the first cut (i.e., d95), there was an increase (P &lt; 0.01) in weight (120.6 vs. 121.7 ±0.52 kg), ADG (0.973 vs. 0.984 ±0.003 kg/d), and ADFI (2.42 vs. 2.45 ±0.01 kg/d) with similar (P = 0.98) G:F (0.40 vs. 0.40 ±0.001). Live weights sold were similar at 18 and 25 days PSD, but anti-GnRF had increased (P≤0.05) weights at 32 and 39 days PSD for first-cut gilts. In final cut gilts, anti-GnRF gilts were heavier (P≤0.05) at d39, 46, and 60 PSD. When ADG, ADFI, and G:F were calculated from d81 (i.e., 4 days PSD anti-GnRF) to market, ADG and ADFI was greater (P≤0.05) in anti-GnRF vs. control gilts. In first-cut gilts, G:F was similar between anti-GnRF and control gilts at 18, 25, and 32 days PSD, with poorer (P≤0.05) G:F in anti-GnRF gilts at d39. At final cut, G:F was less (P≤0.05) at 53 and 60 days PSD compared to control. To optimize feed efficiency, it is recommended that gilts are marketed between 25 and 46 d PSD anti-GnRF.
263 Improvest Improves Gilt Performance
Authors: Vasquez-Hidalgo Manuel A , Vonnahme Kimberly A , Pollmann Steve , Amodie Debbie , Pantoja Lucina Galina , Mellencamp Martha 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Improvest (Zoetis, Parsippany NJ) is approved in the U.S for temporary suppression of estrus in gilts. Estrus suppression has secondary performance benefits, including increased average daily feed intake (ADFI), which leads to greater average daily gain (ADG), greater final body weight (FW), and improved group uniformity. Based on 4 recent (2016 to 2021) peer-reviewed articles (Brazil, Belgium, and Spain) and 5 Zoetis studies (USA and Canada), this summary quantifies the arithmetic mean (average) percent increase and the 95% confidence interval for ADFI, ADG, FW and hot carcass weight (HCW) of Improvest-treated gilts compared with untreated control gilts. The confidence interval (CI) was calculated in Microsoft Excel based on the average, standard deviation of the population, and the number of data points (measurements) for each parameter. Results showed that Improvest-treated gilts had a 3.2% (CI: 2.78% - 3.71%) increase in FW and 3.1% (CI: 2.49% - 3.91%) increase in HCW compared with controls. Overall ADG was increased by 4.4% (CI: 3.53% - 5.31%), with an 11.7% (CI: 68.7% - 14.66%) increase after the second dose. Similarly, Improvest-treated gilts showed an increase in overall ADFI of 6.1% (CI: 4.59% - 7.53%), and 12.8% (CI: 11.41% - 14.13%) increase after the second dose. There were no significant differences in overall feed efficiency (FE) in any of the studies. The rapid increase in ADFI occurs 7-10 d after the 2nd Improvest dose. Feed supplies must be managed carefully during this period to avoid out-of-feed events and capitalize on the increased ADG. This summary provides producers with solid estimates of the performance benefits associated with estrus suppression in gilts. Improvest clearly demonstrated an increase in HCW in gilts across all studies. Strategic use of Improvest has the potential to mitigate slow growth and reduced ADFI that is seen in the summer heat. TU-07020
76 Awardee Talk: Maternal Immune Activation Impacts Offspring Immune Function but not Muscle
Authors: Bryan Erin , Smith Brooke N , Chen Xiaofei , Dilger Ryan N , Dilger Anna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Gestational health challenges may influence growth performance and immunity of offspring pigs during postnatal life. In particular, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is endemic in the U.S. herd, but its effects on surviving piglets are largely unknown. Further, dietary supplementation with soy isoflavones lessened the severity of PRRSV infections in weaning and growing pigs. Therefore, the goals of this study were to determine the impact of maternal PRRSV infection on offspring muscle and immune development and the potential of isoflavones to mitigate those effects. Thirteen first parity gilts were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 treatments: fed a diet devoid of isoflavones and not infected (CON), fed the control diet and infected with PRRSV (POS), and fed the control diet supplemented with 1,500-ppm soy isoflavones and infected with PRRSV (ISF). Isoflavone supplementation reduced (P = 0.04) viral load in dams 21d after infection, but did not alter (P &gt; 0.05) feed disappearance and rectal temperature. Piglet mortality was increased (P = 0.04) by PRRSV infection in dams, and surviving piglets were infected with PRRSV throughout the study. Interestingly, muscle and organ weights were not different (P &gt; 0.05) among treatments at postnatal d (PND) 3 with the exception of relative liver weight which was increased (P = 0.04) in POS compared with CON, with ISF being intermediate. Infected litters were lighter (P = 0.02) at PND 21, likely due to postnatal infection. Interestingly, at PND 21 relative liver weight was increased (P &lt; 0.01) in ISF compared with CON and POS. Muscle fiber number and size did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.39). Piglets born to infected dams had slower responses during innate immune stimulation (P &lt; 0.01) and also had shifts in T cell populations compared with CON pigs (P ≤ 0.02), indicating an inadequate vaccine response. Overall, maternal infection altered offspring immune responses but not muscle fiber development. Isoflavone supplementation did not mitigate these effects.
89 Practical Screening of Enzymes in Pigs Fed Diets Containing High Dried Distillers’ Grain (DDG)
Authors: Kitt Steve J , Bertram Mark J , Higgins Niall , Duong Tri , Moya Sara Llamas 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
After two decades of using corn dried distillers’ grains (DDG) in swine diets, there is still a general perception that although exogenous enzymes may increase digestibility of various nutrients, it is often difficult to translate these benefits into performance improvements. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of 3 enzyme blends on the performance of pigs fed a high DDG grower-finisher diet. Pigs (n = 2,048; average start weight 10.5 ± 0.01 kg) were allotted to 64 pens with 32 pigs/pen, split by sex equally within each replicate. Pens were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatment groups and fed a corn-soybean meal-DDG diet formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) requirements. Dietary concentration of DDG varied according to BW as follows: 15% (9-16kg), 25% (16-24kg), 38% (24-45kg), 50% (45-69kg), 35% (69-90kg) and 26% (90kg to market). Treatments 2, 3 and 4 contained enzyme preparations based on cellulase, xylanase and a combination of cellulase/xylanase, respectively, dosed at 200 g/MT. Pigs were followed to market, with key performance indicators measured throughout. Data were analyzed as a RCBD, using pen as the experimental unit and treatment as the main effect. Treatment had no effect on BW or ADG through 113 d from study start (P &gt; 0.10). Significant differences in ADFI indicated that all enzyme treatments (T2-T4) reduced feed consumption (P &lt; 0.05). Feed efficiency (G:F) was significantly improved by enzyme supplementation, with the largest improvements observed in T4 (P &lt; 0.001). These results suggest that enzyme supplementation, particularly a cellulase/xylanase preparation (T4), may improve feed efficiency of growing-finishing pigs fed high DDG diets. Therefore, this enzyme mixture may represent a feasible strategy to increase the value of DDG in swine diets.