bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unreported catches, impact of whaling and current status of blue whales in the South European Atlantic Shelf
Authors: Aguilar Alex , Borrell Asunción 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe North Atlantic blue whale was depleted by modern whaling and it is still considered to be highly endangered. Despite its protection in 1954, catches continued in the South European Atlantic Shelf (SEAS) region and immediately adjacent waters until 1979. We compiled catches and investigate abundance trends in the region using original data from whaling (1921–1985) and scientific surveys around the last years of exploitation (1981–1987). The struck and lost rate was estimated at 3.2% for sperm whales and 2.3% for baleen whales. The compiled records include 60 catches, with an additional 1–2 blue whales likely struck and lost. From these, 29 individuals had been correctly reported as blue whales but 31 were mislabelled as fin whales. After correcting for loss rates, the number of blue whales killed in the region was estimated at 61 in 55 years (1.12 individuals/year). The data from the 1950s shows some oversized fin whales but it is unclear whether they are due to an incorrect reporting of species or to incorrect measurements, so it cannot be discarded that the actual number of blue whales caught was slightly higher than estimated. Mean body length of reported blue whales was lower than in higher latitudes of the North Atlantic, probably reflecting geographical stratification with higher proportion of immatures in the SEAS. The ratio between catches or sightings of blue whales and those of fin whales was 5.9% in the southern part of the SEAS previous to exploitation, it declined to 0.02–0.18% in the 1920s, and increased thereafter up to 1.6% in the 1980–1990s. Taking as reference the population size of fin whales in the SEAS, that of blue whales at the end of the 1980s can be guessed to be at ca337-497 individuals. Considering accepted population estimates in other areas as well as the observed rates of increase, current abundance is thought to be over a thousand whales in the SEAs and at in the order of 4000–5000 individuals for the whole eastern North Atlantic basin.
Modified average‐value model for high‐performance fault transient simulation of AC‐DC hybrid power networks
Authors: Hong Zeqi , Xu Yin , He Jinghan , Zhang Dahai 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDue to the complicated transients and the possibility of transition from a minor fault in AC subsystems to a severe blocking event of a high‐voltage direct–current (HVDC) transmission line, the study of AC‐DC hybrid power systems requires both efficient and accurate electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation. However, the computational efficiency of such simulations is restrained by the switching events when detailed models of line‐commutated converters (LCCs) are used. Recently the average‐value modelling technique has been developed for accelerating the simulation while still accurately capturing the transient characteristics of line‐commutated AC–DC converters. This study presents the application of the average‐value model in the modelling of the LCC‐HVDC system and gives a further discussion about the deficiency of the model. A modified interface and the corresponding soft‐switching technique are proposed for enhancing the simulation performance of the LCC‐HVDC model in the transition between normal and faulty operation. The model is tested on a series of LCC‐based systems including a hybrid power system with four LCC‐HVDC lines to verify its efficiency and accuracy. The results indicate that the developed model can accurately predict the transients of the system both in symmetrical and asymmetrical operation while being computationally efficient.
Thep-process in exploding rotating massive stars
Authors: Choplin A. , Goriely S. , Hirschi R. , Tominaga N. , Meynet G. 
Published: March 2022

Context.Thep-process nucleosynthesis can explain proton-rich isotopes that are heavier than iron, which are observed in the Solar System, but discrepancies still persist (e.g. for the Mo and Rup-isotopes), and some important questions concerning the astrophysical site(s) of thep-process remain unanswered.Aims.We investigate how thep-process operates in exploding rotating massive stars that have experienced an enhanceds-process nucleosynthesis during their life through rotational mixing.Methods.With the Geneva stellar evolution code, we computed 25M⊙stellar models at a metallicity ofZ = 10−3with different initial rotation velocities and rates for the still largely uncertain17O(α,γ)21Ne reaction. The nucleosynthesis calculation, followed with a network of 737 isotopes, was coupled to stellar evolution, and thep-process nucleosynthesis was calculated in post-processing during both the final evolutionary stages and spherical explosions of various energies. The explosions were modelled with a relativistic hydrodynamical code.Results.In our models, thep-nuclides are mainly synthesized during the explosion, but not much during the ultimate hydrostatic burning stages. Thep-process yields mostly depend on the initial number of trans-iron seeds, which in turn depend on the initial rotation rate. We found that the impact of rotation on thep-process is comparable to the impact of rotation on thes-process. From no to fast rotation, thes-process yields of nuclides with mass numberA <  140 increase by 3−4 dex, and so do thep-process yields. Fast rotation with a lower17O(α, γ) rate significantly producess- andp-nuclides withA ≥ 140. The dependence of thep-process yields on the explosion energy is very weak.Conclusions.Our results suggest that the contribution of core-collapse supernovae from massive stars to the solar (and Galactic)p-nuclei has been underestimated in the past, and more specifically, that the contribution from massive stars with sub-solar metallicities may even dominate. A more detailed study including stellar models with a wide range of masses and metallicities remains to be performed, together with a quantitative analysis that is based on the chemical evolution of the Galaxy.
Catalytic Oxidations with ortho-Substituted Modified IBXs
Authors: Parida Keshaba N. , Moorthy Jarugu Narasimha 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
o-Iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) is an oxidation reagent that has surged into prominence in the last two decades. It is cost-effective, environmentally benign, and readily prepared from o-iodobenzoic acid. However, its insolubility in common organic solvents and explosive attributes upon impact and heating are debilitating disadvantages. The development of modified IBXs (mIBXs) that exhibit improved solubility and enhanced reactivity, and obviate explosive attributes by judicious manipulation of the structure of IBX has been an incessant endeavor. In this account, common organic solvent-soluble mIBXs developed in our research group are collated with a discussion of the rationale underlying the design principles. Steric build-up around the iodoxolone moiety that is responsible for strong intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice of IBX constitutes the key consideration in the design and development of modified λ5-iodanes that are reactive and sparingly soluble in common organic solvents. In situ generation of mIBXs from precursor iodo-acids in the presence of Oxone® permits their employment as organocatalysts for facile oxidative transformations. Reactive mIBXs generated in situ from precursor modified iodo-acids (mIAs, II) in the presence of Oxone® may offer unrivaled prospects for cost-effective oxidations. Applications of mIBXs, generated in situ or otherwise, for efficient oxidations are consolidated.1	Introduction2	Design and Synthesis of Modified IBXs and their Precursors Iodo-Acids3	Catalytic Oxidations with Modified IBXs3.1	Oxidation of Alcohols3.2	Oxidation of 1,2-Diols3.3	Conversion of Diols into Lactones3.4	One-Pot Oxidative Cleavage of Olefins3.5	One-Pot Transformation of Olefins into α-Bromo- and α-Azidoketones4	Conclusions
Distance-dependent resonance energy transfer in alkyl-terminated Si nanocrystal solids
Authors: Li Zhaohan , Robinson Zachary L. , Elvati Paolo , Violi Angela , Kortshagen Uwe R. 
Published: March 2022

Understanding and controlling the energy transfer between silicon nanocrystals is of significant importance for the design of efficient optoelectronic devices. However, previous studies on silicon nanocrystal energy transfer were limited because of the strict requirements to precisely control the inter-dot distance and to perform all measurements in air-free environments to preclude the effect of ambient oxygen. Here, we systematically investigate the distance-dependent resonance energy transfer in alkyl-terminated silicon nanocrystals for the first time. Silicon nanocrystal solids with inter-dot distances varying from 3 to 5 nm are fabricated by varying the length and surface coverage of alkyl ligands in solution-phase and gas-phase functionalized silicon nanocrystals. The inter-dot energy transfer rates are extracted from steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements, enabling a direct comparison to theoretical predictions. Our results reveal that the distance-dependent energy transfer rates in Si NCs decay faster than predicted by the Förster mechanism, suggesting higher-order multipole interactions.
Ab initio metadynamics determination of temperature-dependent free-energy landscape in ultrasmall silver clusters
Authors: Sucerquia Daniel , Parra Cristian , Cossio Pilar , Lopez-Acevedo Olga 
Published: March 2022

Ab initio metadynamics enables the extraction of free-energy landscapes having the accuracy of first-principles electronic structure methods. We introduce an interface between the PLUMED code that computes free-energy landscapes and enhanced-sampling algorithms and the Atomic Simulation Environment (ASE) module, which includes several ab initio electronic structure codes. The interface is validated with a Lennard-Jones cluster free-energy landscape calculation by averaging multiple short metadynamics trajectories. We use this interface and analysis to estimate the free-energy landscape of Ag5 and Ag6 clusters at 10, 100, and 300 K with the radius of gyration and coordination number as collective variables, finding at most tens of meV in error. Relative free-energy differences between the planar and non-planar isomers of both clusters decrease with temperature in agreement with previously proposed stabilization of non-planar isomers. Interestingly, we find that Ag6 is the smallest silver cluster where entropic effects at room temperature boost the non-planar isomer probability to a competing state. The new ASE-PLUMED interface enables simulating nanosystem electronic properties under more realistic temperature-dependent conditions.
Polygenic sex determination produces modular sex polymorphism in an African cichlid fish
Authors: Moore Emily C. , Ciccotto Patrick J. , Peterson Erin N. , Lamm Melissa S. , Albertson R. Craig , Roberts Reade B. 
Published: March 2022

Significance
Sex differences in traits can occur when those traits are modified by genetic factors inherited on sex chromosomes. We investigated how sex differences emerge in a species with more than one set of sex chromosomes, measuring a variety of morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits. Rather than exhibiting sexual dimorphism associated with primary sex, the species has higher-order sexual polymorphism in secondary sexual characteristics or more than two phenotypic sexes. Variation in secondary sexual characteristics is modular, involving the interplay of sex-linked and sex-limited traits. Our findings provide implications for how sex determination systems and whole-organism fitness traits coevolve, including that significant creation or loss of variation in diverse traits can occur during transitions among sex chromosome systems.
The object position in Old Norwegian
Authors: Tiemann Juliane 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
OV/VO variation in Germanic languages is a widely discussed subject. However, Old Norwegian has so far received little attention and is syntactically generally treated as one with Old Icelandic. However, in contrast to the findings of Hróarsdóttir (2000, 2009) for Old Icelandic, stating that OV orders are triggered mainly by the prosodic weight of the object, the present study shows that OV/VO variation in Old Norwegian is still more dependent on an interplay of both information status and prosodic weight of a constituent in a clause. I argue that the results for the information status of the object reflect the syntactic development in the history of Norwegian as a change in the way information-structural categories are displayed in the grammar.
Informational aspects of the extraposition of relative clauses
Authors: Voigtmann Sophia 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates the correlation of information structure (givenness) and the extraposition of relative clauses from Early New High German (16th century) to early Modern German (19th century) via a corpus study of letters. It aims to determine whether relative clauses with a high proportion of new referents are more likely to be extraposed because new referents put more strain on the working memory and can therefore be better interpreted at a position where more memory capacities are available again (Gibson 1989) and help spread the information of the whole sentence more evenly (Levy & Jaeger 2007). Another goal of the paper is to show that there is a decreasing influence of information structure on extraposition over the centuries. It will be shown that there is evidence for both hypotheses put forward in the paper.
Structural properties and ring defect formation in discotic liquid crystal nanodroplets
Authors: Salgado-Blanco Daniel , Llanas-García Andrea H , Díaz-Herrera Enrique , Martínez-González José A , Mendoza Carlos I 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this work, we performed NpT Monte Carlo simulations of a Gay–Berne discotic liquid crystal confined in a spherical droplet under face-on anchoring and fixed pressure. We find that, in contrast to the unbounded system, a plot of the order parameter as function of temperature does not show a clear evidence of a first-order isotropic-nematic transition. We also find that the impossibility of simultaneously satisfy the uniform director field requirement of a nematic phase with the radial boundary conditions, results in the appearance of a ring disclination line as a stress release mechanism in the interior of the droplet. Under further cooling, a columnar phase appears at the center of the droplet.
Machine vision-based conveyor belt tear detection in a harsh environment
Authors: Wang Gongxian , Liu Zhiqi , Zhang Libin , Xiang Lei , Sun Hui 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This work proposes a recognition method to improve the visual detection rate of longitudinal conveyor belt tears related to fog pollution and uneven illumination. It integrates the Haar feature with a modified dark channel defogging algorithm. Firstly, the dark channel algorithm was used to eliminate fog interference with belt images, and the processing time was reduced from 14.5 ms to 5 ms by calculating a single necessary image channel. The Haar feature was used to replace the traditional geometric features due to its high-efficiency feature expression and illumination robustness; this provided a strong feature basis for the learning and training of the classifiers. Next, the classifiers were trained and strengthened by the AdaBoost algorithm, and the strengthened classifiers were cascaded by the Cascade algorithm to improve the recognition ability. Finally, experiments were carried out under mixed fog pollution and uneven illumination. The results show that the average accuracy, recall, precision and false positive rate of the proposed method are approximately 98.4%, 96.9%, 99.9% and 0.1%, respectively, while the recognition period was only 52.3 ms. This shows strong adaptability and robustness to a harsh environment and demonstrates that the proposed method has important application value.
A review on intense pulsed light process as post-treatment for metal oxide thin films and nanostructures for device application
Authors: Noh Youngwook , Kim Gyu Young , Lee Horim , Shin Jaehak , An Kunsik , Kumar Manoj , Lee Dongjin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe intense pulsed light (IPL) post-treatment process has attracted great attention in the device fabrication due to its versatility and rapidity particularly for solution process functional structures in devices, flexible/printed electronics, and continuous manufacturing process. The metal oxide materials inherently have multi-functionality and have been widely used in form of thin films or nanostructures in device application such as thin film transistors, light emitting diodes, solar cells, supercapacitors, etc. The IPL treatment enhances the physical and/or chemical properties of the functional metal oxide through photothermal effects. However, most metal oxides are transparent to most range of visible light and require more energy for post-treatment. In this review, we have summarized the IPL post-treatment processes for metal oxide thin films and nanostructures in device applications. The sintering and annealing of metal oxides using IPL improved the device performances by employing additional light absorbing layer or back-reflector. The IPL process becomes an innovative versatile post-treatment process in conjunction with multi-functional metal oxides in near-future device applications.
Data-driven, energy-based method for estimation of scattered events in positron emission tomography
Authors: Efthimiou Nikos , Karp Joel S , Surti Suleman 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective. Scattered events add bias in the reconstructed positron emission tomography (PET) images. Our objective is the accurate estimation of the scatter distribution, required for an effective scatter correction. Approach. In this paper, we propose a practical energy-based (EB) scatter estimation method that uses the marked difference between the energy distribution of the non-scattered and scattered events in the presence of randoms. In contrast to previous EB methods, we model the unscattered events using data obtained from measured point sources. Main results. We demonstrate feasibility using Monte Carlo simulated as well as experimental data acquired on the long axial field-of-view (FOV) PennPET EXPLORER scanner. Simulations show that the EB scatter estimated sinograms, for all phantoms, are in excellent agreement with the ground truth scatter distribution, known from the simulated data. Using the standard NEMA image quality (IQ) phantom we find that both the EB and single scatter simulation (SSS) provide good contrast recovery values. However, the EB correction gives better lung residuals. Significance. Application of the EB method on measured data showed, that the proposed method can be successfully translated to real-world PET scanners. When applied to a 20 cm diameter ×20 cm long cylindrical phantom the EB and SSS algorithms demonstrated very similar performance. However, on a larger 35 cm × 30 cm long cylinder the EB can better account for increased multiple scattering and out-of-FOV activity, providing more uniform images with 12%–36% reduced background variability. In typical PET ring sizes, the EB estimation can be performed in a matter of a few seconds compared to the several minutes needed for SSS, leading to efficiency advantages over the SSS implementation. as well.
Detections of Gamma-Rays from Globular Clusters ESO 452-SC11, NGC 6380, Palomar 6 and UKS 1 with Fermi-LAT
Authors: Yuan Min , Zheng Jiao , Zhang Pengfei , Zhang Li 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The events from 157 globular clusters (GCs) are analyzed by using 12 yr long-term Pass 8 data from Fermi Large Area Telescope. Besides the 34 GCs reported in previous literatures, four additional GCs (ESO 452-SC11, NGC 6380, Palomar 6 and UKS 1) in the Milky Way are detected as gamma-ray GC candidates. Especially for UKS 1, these are known as the faintest GCs in long-wavelength bands. Further data analysis has been performed for the four GCs. While no pulsars are determined in radio and/or X-ray wavelengths so far, their gamma-ray pulsation emissions are not found, and no significant gamma-ray flux variability is detected. The numbers of MSPs within the four GCs are estimated based on the assumption that the MSPs within each GC emit similar amounts of gamma-rays. The gamma-ray results reported here could help us better understand the nature of gamma-ray emission origins for GCs.
Quantum random walk and tight-binding model subject to projective measurements at random times
Authors: Das Debraj , Gupta Shamik 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
What happens when a quantum system undergoing unitary evolution in time is subject to repeated projective measurements to the initial state at random times? A question of general interest is: how does the survival probability S

m
, namely, the probability that an initial state survives even after m number of measurements, behave as a function of m? We address these issues in the context of two paradigmatic quantum systems, one, the quantum random walk evolving in discrete time, and the other, the tight-binding model evolving in continuous time, with both defined on a one-dimensional periodic lattice with a finite number of sites N. For these two models, we present several numerical and analytical results that hint at the curious nature of quantum measurement dynamics. In particular, we unveil that when evolution after every projective measurement continues with the projected component of the instantaneous state, the average and the typical survival probability decay as an exponential in m for large m. By contrast, if the evolution continues with the leftover component, namely, what remains of the instantaneous state after a measurement has been performed, the survival probability exhibits two characteristic m values, namely,

m

1

⋆

(

N

)

∼
N

and

m

2

⋆

(

N

)

∼

N

δ

with δ > 1. These scales are such that (i) for m large and satisfying

m
<

m

1

⋆

(

N

)

, the decay of the survival probability is as m
−2, (ii) for m satisfying

m

1

⋆

(

N

)

≪
m
<

m

2

⋆

(

N

)

, the decay is as m
−3/2, while (iii) for

m
≫

m

2

⋆

(

N

)

, the decay is as an exponential. The results for the dynamics with the leftover component, already known for the case of measurements at regular intervals, are being extended here to the case of measurements at random intervals. We find that our results hold independently of the choice of the distribution of times between successive measurements, as have been corroborated by our results for a wide range of distributions including exponential and power-law distributions as well as for the case of measurements at regular intervals. This fact hints at robustness and ubiquity of our derived results.
Research on a small-scale drinking water quality detection system based on detection of laser-induced fluorescence
Authors: Chen H , Che X H , Bi Z J , Tian Z S 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this paper a small-scale drinking water quality detection system that can be used for real-time evaluation of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) is presented. The DOM detection is based on the principle that the intensity of the laser-induced fluorescence signal is proportional to the DOM concentration. In experiment, the DOM concentration of sodium humate solution and the TDS value of NaCl solution are tested, respectively. In addition, drinking water and tap water before and after purification are also detected by the system. The quality of purified water is significantly higher than that before purification. Detection results obtained in our laboratory indicate that the system described in this paper can detect the organic and inorganic contents of drinking water. Advantages of our system are small volume, high sensitivity and high precision.