bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Young children interpret number gestures differently than nonsymbolic sets
Authors: Gibson Dominic J. , Berkowitz Talia , Butts Jacob , Goldin‐Meadow Susan , Levine Susan C. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractResearchers have long been interested in the origins of humans’ understanding of symbolic number, focusing primarily on how children learn the meanings of number words (e.g., “one”, “two”, etc.). However, recent evidence indicates that children learn the meanings of number gestures before learning number words. In the present set of experiments, we ask whether children's early knowledge of number gestures resembles their knowledge of nonsymbolic number. In four experiments, we show that preschool children (n = 139 in total; age M = 4.14 years, SD = 0.71, range = 2.75–6.20) do not view number gestures in the same the way that they view nonsymbolic representations of quantity (i.e., arrays of shapes), which opens the door for the possibility that young children view number gestures as symbolic, as adults and older children do. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/WtVziFN1yuIHighlights
Children were more accurate when enumerating briefly‐presented number gestures than arrays of shapes, with a shallower decline in accuracy as quantities increased.
We replicated this finding with arrays of shapes that were organized into neat, dice‐like configurations (compared to the random configurations used in Experiment 1).
The advantage in enumerating briefly‐presented number gestures was evident before children had learned the cardinal principle.
When gestures were digitally altered to pit handshape configuration against number of fingers extended, children overwhelmingly based their responses on handshape configuration.
Motion opponency at the middle temporal cortex: Preserved motion information and the effect of perceptual learning
Authors: Yu Alexander , Zhang Ruizhe , Silva Andrew E. , Xing Yang , Thompson Benjamin , Liu Zili 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMotion opponency, first observed within the primate middle temporal cortex (MT), refers to the suppressing effect of opposite motion directions on neuronal activity. Namely, when opposing motion directional signals stimulate an MT neuron's receptive field, this neuron's response is comparable with that induced by flicker noise. Under such suppression, it is unknown whether any directional information is still represented at MT. In this study, we applied support vector machine (SVM) learning to human functional magnetic resonance imaging data to investigate if any motion defined orientation information was still available from suppressed MT. We found that, at least at the level of ±45° discrimination, such orientation information was still available. Interestingly, after behavioural perceptual learning that improved human discrimination of fine orientation discrimination (e.g. 42° vs. 48°) using the MT‐suppressive motion stimuli, the SVM discrimination of ±45° worsened when functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals at post‐learning MT were used. This result is consistent with findings in Thompson et al. (2013) that, post‐perceptual learning, MT suppression was not released, suggesting that motion opponency was perhaps functionally too important for perceptual learning to overcome.
Climate disequilibrium dominates uncertainty in long‐term projections of primary productivity
Authors: Felton Andrew J. , Shriver Robert K. , Stemkovski Michael , Bradford John B. , Suding Katharine N. , Adler Peter B. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractRapid climate change may exceed ecosystems' capacities to respond through processes including phenotypic plasticity, compositional turnover and evolutionary adaption. However, consequences of the resulting climate disequilibria for ecosystem functioning are rarely considered in projections of climate change impacts. Combining statistical models fit to historical climate data and remotely‐sensed estimates of herbaceous net primary productivity with an ensemble of climate models, we demonstrate that assumptions concerning the magnitude of climate disequilibrium are a dominant source of uncertainty: models assuming maximum disequilibrium project widespread decreases in productivity in the western US by 2100, while models assuming minimal disequilibrium project productivity increases. Uncertainty related to climate disequilibrium is larger than uncertainties from variation among climate models or emissions pathways. A better understanding of processes that regulate climate disequilibria is essential for improving long‐term projections of ecological responses and informing management to maintain ecosystem functioning at historical baselines.
De‐branching, too‐much‐branching, and cost of debt of SMEs in Slovakia
Authors: Rafaj Oliver , Siranova Maria 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe investigate nonlinear effects of bank branch saturation on SMEs' cost of debt at regional level in Slovakia over the period 2013–2019. We adopt the two‐step approach by first constructing model of bank branch localization, and then analyzing effects of positive and negative deviations from the equilibrium level. We observe negative effect of debranching, but report no effect of positive increase in deviations from equilibrium level on SMEs' cost of debt. The most affected firms are middle‐sized, domestically owned, operating in low‐tech industries, and with better creditworthiness. Bank market characteristics also tend to matter for pricing of firm's debt.
Initial soil organic carbon stocks govern changes in soil carbon: Reality or artifact?
Authors: Slessarev Eric W. , Mayer Allegra , Kelly Courtland , Georgiou Katerina , Pett‐Ridge Jennifer , Nuccio Erin E. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractChanges in soil organic carbon (SOC) storage have the potential to affect global climate; hence identifying environments with a high capacity to gain or lose SOC is of broad interest. Many cross‐site studies have found that SOC‐poor soils tend to gain or retain carbon more readily than SOC‐rich soils. While this pattern may partly reflect reality, here we argue that it can also be created by a pair of statistical artifacts. First, soils that appear SOC‐poor purely due to random variation will tend to yield more moderate SOC estimates upon resampling and hence will appear to accrue or retain more SOC than SOC‐rich soils. This phenomenon is an example of regression to the mean. Second, normalized metrics of SOC change—such as relative rates and response ratios—will by definition show larger changes in SOC at lower initial SOC levels, even when the absolute change in SOC does not depend on initial SOC. These two artifacts create an exaggerated impression that initial SOC stocks are a major control on SOC dynamics. To address this problem, we recommend applying statistical corrections to eliminate the effect of regression to the mean, and avoiding normalized metrics when testing relationships between SOC change and initial SOC. Careful consideration of these issues in future cross‐site studies will support clearer scientific inference that can better inform environmental management.
Adult male birds advance spring migratory phenology faster than females and juveniles across North America
Authors: Neate‐Clegg Montague H. C. , Tingley Morgan W. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAdvances in spring migratory phenology comprise some of the most well‐documented evidence for the impacts of climate change on birds. Nevertheless, surprisingly little research has investigated whether birds are shifting their migratory phenology equally across sex and age classes—a question critical to understanding the potential for trophic mismatch. We used 60 years of bird banding data across North America—comprising over 4 million captures in total—to investigate both spring and fall migratory phenology for a total of 98 bird species across sex and age classes, with the exact numbers of species for each analysis depending on season‐specific data availability. Consistent with protandry, in spring (n = 89 species), adult males were the first to arrive and immature females were the last to arrive. In fall (n = 98), there was little difference between sexes, but adults tended to depart earlier than juveniles. Over 60 years, adult males advanced their phenology the fastest (−0.84 days per decade, 95 CrI = −1.22 to −0.47, n = 36), while adult and immature females advanced at a slower pace, causing the gap in male and female arrival times to widen over time. In the fall, there was no overall trend in phenology by age or sex (n = 57), driven in part by high interspecific variation related to breeding and molt strategies. Our results indicate consistent and predictable age‐ and sex‐based differences in the rates at which species' springtime phenology is shifting. The growing gap between male and female migratory arrival indicates sex‐based plasticity in adaptation to climate change that has strong potential to negatively impact current and future population trends.
Potential for redistribution of post‐moult habitat for Eudyptes penguins in the Southern Ocean under future climate conditions
Authors: Green Cara‐Paige , Green David B. , Ratcliffe Norman , Thompson David , Lea Mary‐Anne , Baylis Alastair M. M. , Bond Alexander L. , Bost Charles‐André , Crofts Sarah , Cuthbert Richard J. , González‐Solís Jacob , Morrison Kyle W. , Poisbleau Maud , Pütz Klemens , Rey Andrea Raya , Ryan Peter G. , Sagar Paul M. , Steinfurth Antje , Thiebot Jean‐Baptiste , Tierney Megan , Whitehead Thomas Otto , Wotherspoon Simon , Hindell Mark A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAnthropogenic climate change is resulting in spatial redistributions of many species. We assessed the potential effects of climate change on an abundant and widely distributed group of diving birds, Eudyptes penguins, which are the main avian consumers in the Southern Ocean in terms of biomass consumption. Despite their abundance, several of these species have undergone population declines over the past century, potentially due to changing oceanography and prey availability over the important winter months. We used light‐based geolocation tracking data for 485 individuals deployed between 2006 and 2020 across 10 of the major breeding locations for five taxa of Eudyptes penguins. We used boosted regression tree modelling to quantify post‐moult habitat preference for southern rockhopper (E. chrysocome), eastern rockhopper (E. filholi), northern rockhopper (E. moseleyi) and macaroni/royal (E. chrysolophus and E. schlegeli) penguins. We then modelled their redistribution under two climate change scenarios, representative concentration pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (for the end of the century, 2071–2100). As climate forcings differ regionally, we quantified redistribution in the Atlantic, Central Indian, East Indian, West Pacific and East Pacific regions. We found sea surface temperature and sea surface height to be the most important predictors of current habitat for these penguins; physical features that are changing rapidly in the Southern Ocean. Our results indicated that the less severe RCP4.5 would lead to less habitat loss than the more severe RCP8.5. The five taxa of penguin may experience a general poleward redistribution of their preferred habitat, but with contrasting effects in the (i) change in total area of preferred habitat under climate change (ii) according to geographic region and (iii) the species (macaroni/royal vs. rockhopper populations). Our results provide further understanding on the regional impacts and vulnerability of species to climate change.
Impacts of monoculture cropland to alley cropping agroforestry conversion on soil N2O emissions
Authors: Shao Guodong , Martinson Guntars O. , Corre Marife D. , Luo Jie , Niu Dan , Bischel Xenia , Veldkamp Edzo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMonoculture croplands are a major source of global anthropogenic emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to ozone depletion. Agroforestry has the potential to reduce N2O emissions. Presently, there is no systematic comparison of soil N2O emissions between cropland agroforestry and monoculture systems in Central Europe. We investigated the effects of converting the monoculture cropland system into the alley cropping agroforestry system on soil N2O fluxes at three sites (each site has paired agroforestry and monoculture) in Germany, where agroforestry combined crop rows and poplar short‐rotation coppice (SRC). We measured soil N2O fluxes monthly over 2 years (March 2018–January 2020) using static vented chambers. Annual soil N2O emissions from agroforestry ranged from 0.21 to 2.73 kg N ha−1 year−1, whereas monoculture N2O emissions ranged from 0.34 to 3.00 kg N ha−1 year−1. During the rotation of corn crop, with high fertilization rates, agroforestry reduced soil N2O emissions by 9% to 56% compared to monocultures. This was mainly caused by low soil N2O emissions from the unfertilized agroforestry tree rows. Soil N2O fluxes were predominantly controlled by soil mineral N in both agroforestry and monoculture systems. Our findings suggest that optimized fertilizer input will further enhance the potential of agroforestry for mitigating N2O emissions.
Cost of non‐communicable diseases in people living with HIV in the Central Denmark Region
Authors: Ehlers Lars Holger , Axelsen Flemming , Bøjer Rasmussen Thomas , Dollerup Jens , Jespersen Nils Abild , Larsen Carsten Schade , Nørgaard Mette 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the economic burden of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) in people living with HIV (PLWH) in Denmark.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study using population‐based Danish medical registries including all adult residents of the Central Denmark Region registered with a first‐time HIV‐diagnosis during the period 2006–2017. For each PLWH, we matched 10 persons without HIV from the background population by birth year, sex and municipality of residence. Information on healthcare utilization and costs for the PLWH and non‐HIV cohorts was retrieved from register data. For each cohort, we estimated the annual costs for major disease categories (HIV care, other somatic care, and psychiatric care) in the period from 3 years before to 9 years after diagnosis/matching date.ResultsWe identified 407 PLWH and 4070 persons from the background population. The total healthcare costs during the study period were approximately three times higher for PLWH compared to the non‐HIV cohort (€76 198 vs. €23 692). Average annual cost of hospital care, primary care and selected prescription medicine was estimated to be €6987 per year in the years after the diagnosis compared to €2083 per year in the non‐HIV cohort. In PLWH, the cost of NCDs and psychiatric care was approximately two times higher than the cost of HIV care.ConclusionPLWH have higher healthcare costs stemming from three areas: excess cost due to the HIV infection, the treatment of NCDs, and psychiatric care.
Bacterial resistance to antiseptics used in dentistry: A systematic scoping review of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Ardila Carlos M. , Bedoya‐García Jader Alexander 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence and proportions of bacteria resistant to antiseptics used in dentistry.MethodsA review of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses extension for scoping reviews involving different databases. MeSH terms and keywords were provided to examine only RCTs with antiseptic‐resistant results.ResultsFive RCTs were included. These investigations analysed 442 patients. Concerning the prevalence and proportion of species resistant to antiseptics, it was found that the chlorhexidine group showed a statistically significant increase in Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus counts indicating bacterial resistance (p < 0.001). Moreover, Veillonella species showed resistance to triclosan at the commencement and during the RCTs, and a slight increase in the proportion of resistant strains was observed. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa did not show resistance to cetylpyridinium chloride. Similarly, it was no observed resistance to medicinal herbal plant formulations.ConclusionsResistance of S. mutans and L. acidophilus to chlorhexidine was observed, this resistance increased during the follow‐up period. Similarly, although in a slight proportion, an increase in the resistance of Veillonella spp. to triclosan during the study period was also described. No microorganisms resistance was observed to any of the other antiseptics studied.
Characteristic stable structure of the myosin rod in dark muscle of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola aureovittata)
Authors: Liu Yu , Wang Zheming , Huang Yizhen , Konno Kunihiko , Tong Tianjian , Yu Chenxu , Zhu Beiwei , Dong Xiuping 
Published: October 2022

SummaryThe dark muscle of yellowtail kingfish is regularly consumed as fresh sashimi alongside with the ordinary muscle. Thus, in this study, three types of ATPase activities, chymotryptic digestion patterns as well as thermal unfolding of various myosin domains were determined to reveal the denaturation characterisation of myosin in dark muscle and compare it with normal muscle. The thermal inactivation rate of dark muscle myosin Ca2+‐ATPase at 30°C (7.3 × 10−4, sec−1) was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that of ordinary muscle (5.9 × 10−4, sec−1), while dark muscle myosin became more stable than ordinary muscle one once bound with F‐actin. On the other hand, the rod region especially light meromyosin region of the dark muscle myosin was much more stable than ordinary myosin. These results characterised that myosin in the dark muscle of yellowtail kingfish is constituted with less stable head and more stable rod regions than those in the ordinary muscle.
A review: role of mass spectrometry in the quality and authenticity identification of olive oil
Authors: Lu Cong‐Hui , Huang Xin‐Yi , Shao Jin , Pei Dong 
Published: October 2022

SummaryQuality and authenticity identification of olive oil is a vital issue for the olive oil industry on account of its great economic value, unique sensory characteristics, and rich nutritional value. Therefore, it is of great significance to effectively detect olive oil's quality and authenticity. Mass spectrometry, based on the advantages of specificity, sensitivity, and fast analysis speed, has played an increasingly important role in the identification of olive oil quality and authenticity in recent years. Chromatography tandem–mass spectrometry (LC–MS, GC–MS) and direct mass spectrometry (DIMS, DART, MALDI, and PTR‐MS) techniques provide rich detection information in the identification of main compounds (fatty acids, triacylglycerols, etc.) and minor compounds (phenols, sterols, tocopherols, diacylglycerols, etc.) in olive oil. And these techniques are widely applied in whole oils analysis and characteristic compounds identification in olive oil. The literature results show that the combination of mass spectrometry data and chemometrics has made a significant contribution to determining the geographical traceability, adulteration identification, and grade classification of olive oil. This review aims to provide a certain reference for mass spectrometry techniques in the identification of olive oil quality and authenticity, and forecasts the development prospects.
Acidity rectified aggregation behaviour of colloids in sugarcane juice
Authors: Meng Lidan , Shi Changrong , Wen Tongquan , Huang Liyuan , Wang Qi , Hang Fangxue , Xie Caifeng , Li Kai 
Published: October 2022

SummaryDuring processing and low‐temperature storage, pH change affects the stability of sugarcane juice. This study investigated the colloidal stability and aggregation mechanisms of membrane‐filtered sugarcane juice at the pH range of 2.5–9.5. The mechanisms of aggregate formation were speculated based on the compositional variations in sugarcane juice at different pH. When pH was lower than 6.03, aggregation was driven by the electrostatic effect, wherein proteins, polysaccharides and phenolic compounds interact, hence increase the average particle size and turbidity. The absolute value of the zeta potential of the juice was decreased and found an isoelectric point at the pH range of 3.0–3.5. However, under alkaline conditions, calcium phosphate mesh flocs, which are the dominant components of the aggregate, attract colloidal impurities in the juice, eventually resulting in a sharp increase in turbidity and the rapid formation of enormous precipitates, further increasing particle size. This work provides new clues to control aggregation issues commonly encountered by the sugarcane beverage industry.
Physicochemical, shear force and sensory characteristics of PUFA‐tenderising solution injected restructured blade and brisket beef steaks during ageing
Authors: Yar Muhammad K. , Jaspal Muhammad H. , Ali Sher , Ijaz Muawuz , Badar Iftikhar H. , Manzoor Adeel , Hussain Jibran 
Published: October 2022

SummaryThis study evaluated physicochemical, shear force, and sensory characteristics of antioxidants added, PUFA‐tenderising solution (PUFA‐TS) injected restructured blade, and brisket beef steaks aged 1, 7, 14, and 21 days. The brisket, PUFA‐TS injected, and 14 days aged steaks showed higher CIE colour a*, b*, and C* values than the blade, non‐PUFA‐TS injected, or any other days aged steaks. The blade and PUFA‐TS injected steaks showed higher cooking loss and lower WBSF values than brisket and non‐PUFA‐TS injected steaks. Ageing time decreased the WBSF and increased the TBARS values. PUFA‐TS injection enhanced the long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3‐LC‐PUFA) content up to 47.44 mg/100 g of the steak. Meat cut type, PUFA‐TS injection treatment, and ageing time did not affect the sensory characteristics. These results suggest that antioxidants added, PUFA‐TS injection coupled with 14 days of ageing could improve the colour and oxidative stabilities and fatty acid profile of restructured blade and brisket beef steaks.
Comprehensive study on nutritional, flavour and metabolite characteristics of green prickly ash (Zanthoxylum schinifolium) at different picking stages
Authors: Huang Shan , Li Bin , An Yuanzhe , Yang Gang , Liao Shenglan , Kan Jianquan 
Published: October 2022

SummaryThe nutritional, flavour and metabolite properties of Zanthoxylum schinifolium in 10–145 days postanthesis (P10‐P145) were comprehensively investigated. With increasing maturity, fruit volume and weight significantly increased, moisture content decreased. Amino acids in Z. schinifolium are mainly composed of arginine, proline, tryptophan and glutamic acid. Total amino acid content reached the highest level of 31.153 mg/g at P130. Total phenols and flavonoids contents reached the highest level at P100. The content of sanshool and volatile oil reached the highest level of 123.76 mg/g and 12.79 mL/100 g, respectively, at P100 and P115. In addition, linalool, as the characteristic aroma component of Z. schinifolium, was the most abundant at P100. Z. schinifolium at P100 is considered to be the most edible and economic value. P100 is therefore considered to be the suitable picking stage for consumption and processing of Z. schinifolium. Meanwhile, metabolomics is performed to quickly identify the maturity of Z. schinifolium in this study. The present results can be used to optimise harvest timing and promote the development of Z. schinifolium industry.