bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rising Stars
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter chronicles the early years of Aden Baker Meinel and Marjorie Steele Pettit Meinel, growing up during the Depression in the academic hotspot of Pasadena and influenced by internationally renowned scientists and Nobel Prize winners at Mt. Wilson Observatory and Caltech. Marjorie learned astronomy from her father, Edison Pettit, using their home refractor. Aden’s interest in aeronautics began at Pasadena Junior College and continued at Caltech under Robert Millikan and William Pickering. Aden met Marjorie in classes at Pasadena Junior College. He later served as an apprentice in the Optical Shop at Mt. Wilson under the guidance of Roger Hayward, working on Schmidt cameras, and then in the rocket project in Caltech’s secret High Voltage Research Laboratory.
Foreign Intelligence across the Rhine
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this chapter Aden’s wartime experiences are discussed, beginning with boot camp and extending through his secret assignments with the Naval Technical Mission in Europe (NavTechMisEu) until his return home. After boot camp he was assigned to the USS Indianapolis, but before embarking he was returned to the High Voltage Laboratory at Caltech and then reassigned to the Hingham Naval Ammunition Depot in Massachusetts. There only two weeks, he was sent overseas as the rocket and optics expert for NavTechMisEu and accompanied the Third Army across the Rhine. In Dresden he recovered secret Nazi plans for rockets and missiles, and from the underground V-2 factory at Mittelbau-Dora he shipped rocket parts and other equipment back to Dover. Aden also assisted several German optical scientists in relocation to the States as part of Operation Paperclip.
Lights in the Night Sky
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to Aden’s postwar education at the University of California at Berkeley on the GI Bill, first a bachelor’s degree and then a doctorate in astronomy within the span of three years. To measure the wavelengths of airglow and aurora for his PhD, Aden had to design a flat-field Schmidt camera/spectrometer to record the spectrum of the night sky. He showed for the first time that auroras are caused in part by atomic oxygen emission; later he confirmed that nitrogen bands are also components of auroras. He received a grant from the Office of Naval Research to continue research on aurora at Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin, a facility owned and operated by the University of Chicago.
Genius Blooms
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Aden Meinel’s years on the staff of Yerkes Observatory and later McDonald Observatory, working alongside such notables as Nobel laureate Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Gerard Kuiper, and Bengt Strömgren. He continued his spectrographic work on the airglow and identified a new band system of the hydroxide molecule. He determined from aurora that hydrogen particles race toward the Earth from the Sun at 1,800 miles per second and also discovered a new set of molecular bands, the Meinel bands of N2+. He designed the optics for five 36-inch telescopes, spectrographs for the US Air Force, and a 500-inch telescope before being selected as executive secretary in the search for a national observatory.
The People’s Observatory
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 1954 the National Observatory Panel recommended to the National Science Foundation that Aden Meinel serve as the Panel’s executive secretary, even while he was associate director of Yerkes and McDonald Observatories and leading auroral research as part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–1958. One of his first responsibilities was a site survey to determine the optimal location for the National Observatory. Kitt Peak in Arizona was chosen, and after receiving permission from the Papago Tribal Council, construction of the infrastructure and 36-inch and 80-inch telescopes commenced. In 1957 Aden was named as director of Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) and served until his resignation from KPNO in 1961 and hiring by the University of Arizona in the Department of Astronomy.
Inventing Modern Optical Sciences
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter continues discussion of the development of the Optical Sciences Center (OSC) at the University of Arizona with faculty hires, curriculum and textbooks, funding for building construction, and teaching and research in computer-aided design, ray-trace optical design and engineering, precision structures for optical systems, optical materials, physical optics, radiometry, detectors (IR and visible), optical testing, quantum optics, and lasers. Related to these was Aden Meinel’s expanding emphasis on the need for electronic imaging from space to replace photographic film. He retired as director of the OSC in 1973 to devote more time to solar energy, astronomical instrumentation, and telescope design in China (LAMOST telescope) and the United States (Multiple Mirror Telescope, Eye of Texas).
A Small State's Guide to Influence in World Politics
Authors: Long Tom 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Small states are crucial actors in world politics. They attract outsized attention from great powers, populate international organizations, and shape international norms. Despite that, they have been relegated to a second tier of International Relations scholarship. Many explanations of international politics are largely silent on small states. When mentioned, small states often are treated as victims of great-power aggression or free riders on great powers’ good will. Some small states fit that picture of impotence. But many others are strikingly successful—wealthy, cosmopolitan, and even influential. This book asks, when and how can small states achieve their goals in international relations? It puts small states’ relationships at the center of the answer. Small states are defined by their position as the weaker actor vis-á-vis large states. Small states themselves, as well as their opportunities and constraints, are shaped by these power asymmetries. How might they “overcome” that asymmetry in pursuit of their goals? This book offers a contextualized explanation of how small states can assess the conditions of their asymmetrical relationships, identify opportunities, and shape effective strategies. The book offers tools for scholars and policymakers. It proposes an analytical approach and develops a typological theory of when and how small states might achieve greater influence. The book then deploys that theory in some twenty cases studies drawn from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America, covering issues of security, international political economy, and international institutions, norms, and laws.
The Silence of the Survivors
Authors: Phillips Howard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In probing the silence of South African survivors about the ‘Spanish’ Flu pandemic, this chapter makes a fundamental distinction between two kinds of survivors, viz. institutions and individuals. In the case of institutions like the state, the military, the professions and faith-based communities, their silence stemmed mainly from a deliberate wish not to memorialise what was for them a comprehensive rout as they failed, by and large, to meet the needs of those dependent on them for protection or succour. On the other hand, the long silence of individuals about their experiences in the pandemic was, in the main, not the result of active suppression of memories but more a consequence of a reluctance to revive distressing memories of a doleful and frightening period of their lives. That they had not actively buried such memories in amnesia is made clear by the readiness with which, sixty years later—by when the pain of such memories had eased—over 170 of them willingly shared their graphic recollections of the pandemic in interviews with the author. Drawing on these almost unique recollections, this chapter seeks to construct why, when and how their silence turned into speaking, thereby adding important dimensions to one-dimensional concepts of both silence and survivors.
Changing Narratives of ‘That’ Pandemic
Authors: Milne Ida 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The 1918–19 influenza pandemic was ignored by Irish historians until the twenty-first century; this lacuna meant that there was no national narrative of the Irish experience which would have enabled those who lived through the flu to situate their personal experience within the larger picture. As a result, memory of the pandemic was obscured, remaining an isolated experience rather than part of a larger story. As work began to be published, the story became more widely known, and people got curious about their familial association with it. The 2018 centenary offered an opportunity for the author, as an historian of influenza memory, to give public talks where audiences could share the family memory of the pandemic. Sometimes these memories showed clear evidence of incorporating the author’s own and other influenza historians’ research into the new narrative. This chapter traces the changing narrative of 1918–19 influenza memory at the time of the centenary in an Irish context.
The Ispanka in Historical Context
Authors: Ewing E. Thomas 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The first reports of widespread and sometimes fatal cases of influenza appeared in Russia in August 1918, as part of the global wave known as the ‘Spanish’ influenza. Over the next three years, however, a series of cascading political, social and health crises overwhelmed Russia, thus overshadowing the impact of the Ispanka, a truncated combination of the Russian terms, Ispanskii gripp, or ‘Spanish influenza’. Given that the total number of Russian deaths in the period from the 1917 Revolution to the famine of 1921 may have exceeded 10 million, the Ispanka was seemingly absorbed into the broader crises of these years, which in turn has contributed to the omission of Russia from most global histories of the epidemic. This history of the Ispanka concludes that the influenza epidemic confirmed the priority assigned to public health by Russian physicians and the Soviet government, even as the conditions of war, revolution, civil war and dictatorship placed increasing burdens on society that exacerbated the spread of all types of disease. Even as the Russian experience with the ‘Spanish’ influenza has been omitted from most histories of the early Soviet period and the global epidemic, this chapter discusses how this experience led Soviet scientists to make important contributions to global research on this disease in the decades that followed.
‘Huge but Unknown’
Authors: Peckham Robert 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Surprisingly, little attention has been paid in the scientific and historical literature to the 1918–19 influenza pandemic in East Asia, particularly in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). This chapter reconsiders the place of China in the history of the pandemic, drawing comparisons between the PRC and the United States, where despite claims that it is the ‘forgotten pandemic’, the science and epidemiology of the 1918–19 Flu have long informed debates about disease surveillance and pandemic preparedness. The chapter examines the evidence for the pandemic in China and the challenges posed to historians by limited Chinese archival sources. It argues that although the pandemic is little remembered in the PRC today, China has long been identified within a Western virological imaginary as the epicentre of influenza, and since the late twentieth century, as a hot spot of emerging avian influenza epidemics.
Traces in the Archive of a Great Oblivion
Authors: Gabbay Cynthia 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines ‘the great oblivion’ of the ‘Spanish’ Flu pandemic through an inspection of a variety of Ibero-American literary and visual representations. The study diachronically conceptualises different semiotic phenomena from the last hundred years that are apparent in what could be considered an Ibero-American ‘archive’—understood as a conceptual cultural reservoir—of the 1918–19 pandemic. Given the elusive nature of the non-canonic literary and visual artefacts, which appear as ‘vestiges’ or ‘cinders’ of forgotten cultural histories, the study focuses on the construction of the memory of the ‘Spanish’ Flu pandemic as an alternation of remembrance and oblivion, and it traces cultural ‘lethomechanisms’ responsible for transmitting memory through manifestations of forgetfulness. A typology of the phenomena is offered through consideration of examples of denial, rejection and silencing of the event, including cultural expressions of ‘pre-forgetting’, collateral representation and textual resignification. These modes of representation have produced an inverted memorable imprint that projects a particular epistemology of the epidemic experience. The chapter concludes that, given the absence of intertextual relations between the different cultural sources, it is not possible to identify a canonical Ibero-American tradition of representations of the ‘Spanish’ Flu pandemic.
The Practices of Social Forgetting
Authors: Bristow Nancy K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the process by which Americans actively forgot the 1918 influenza epidemic by investigating the traces of memory evident in American public culture. The epidemic in the United States was, until the advent of COVID-19, understood by many historians as the nation’s ‘forgotten pandemic’. Such a notion, though, fails to recognise that Americans who had suffered illness or loss during the crisis retained vivid private memories of their experiences. The nation’s public amnesia, then, required the active process of what Guy Beiner terms ‘social forgetting’. The media, much of which had actively addressed the story of trauma during the pandemic, soon rewrote it into a tale of resilience, as well as rapid regeneration, and ultimate triumph. Gravestones and memorials that marked the deaths of influenza victims might name the grief of loss, but the role of the pandemic in causing that grief went unexpressed, sometimes veiled behind paeans to those who died as part of the war effort. The epidemic rarely emerged as the focus of artistic works, and though literature offers the most plentiful references, even here authorial choices often relegated the health crisis to a secondary role. Only recently, and particularly with the emergence of COVID-19, have Americans seemed ready to engage with the history of the ‘Spanish’ influenza epidemic, and to find in the struggles and heartache of this past people with whom they are willing to identify, and from whom they may be ready to learn.
The Printer’s Daughter
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 takes Rosenstrauch’s wedding in 1788 as an entry point into the urban society and culture of western Germany on the eve of the French Revolution. His bride, Susanna Barbara Antonetta Hampe, came from a respectable Lutheran burgher family in Kassel, the capital of Hesse-Kassel and an important center of German enlightened absolutism. Reconstructing the likely circumstances of their encounter, the chapter examines the intellectual and religious atmosphere in Kassel, old and new ideas about love and marriage, the way of life of the burgher class, and the ideological impulses Rosenstrauch may have received from contact with Hessian veterans of the American Revolution and the escaped American slaves who had accompanied them back to Hesse. To be able to wed, Rosenstrauch and Barbara Antonetta eloped to the little town of Brilon, in nearby Catholic Westphalia, where they were married by an elderly priest steeped in the traditions of baroque Catholicism. The chapter explores the similarities and differences between society in the Enlightened Protestant capital of Kassel and the Catholic provincial backwater of Brilon, and between Rosenstrauch’s modern individualistic morality and the cultural traditionalism embodied by the priest and Barbara Antonetta’s family.
Curtain Call
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter follows Rosenstrauch during his first years in St. Petersburg, the great seaport and capital of the Russian Empire. It explores St. Petersburg’s role as Russia’s “window to Europe”—the meeting place for people, goods, and influences from the West and from the Russian interior. It describes the city’s large ethnic German community, and the conditions facing Rosenstrauch and the local German theater troupe under its manager, Joseph Miré. Rosenstrauch was successful as an actor, but over time he soured on the theater. Analyzing the incomes of actors and the expenses that he faced, the chapter argues that he must have struggled financially. The German theater also lacked social prestige, because the Russian elite, including its ethnically German members, was oriented culturally toward France. Lastly, he suffered emotionally from the tension between the ideal of the bourgeois family man whom he played on stage and the reality of his broken marriage and the disrepute of his occupation as an actor. His crisis reached a critical point when his oldest son was murdered in 1806. This shocking event caused him to experience a personal religious conversion and become a fervent Lutheran believer, and eventually to he quit the acting profession altogether.
The Lord’s Will
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the dramatic events in Moscow during the city’s occupation by Napoleon’s Grande Armée in 1812. Unlike most Muscovites, Rosenstrauch found himself unable to leave as the French approached, so he spent the entire period of the occupation in Moscow. The chapter reconstructs his opinions and experiences based on the detailed memoir that he later wrote about the occupation. He did not view the war through the lens of nationalism, conservatism, liberalism, or religious millennialism, the new ideological constructs that his contemporaries used interpret current events. Instead, relying on older frameworks inherited from the German Enlightenment and Freemasonry, he saw the war as an assault on order by an anarchic rabble of Napoleonic soldiers and lower-class Russian civilians, and as a test of character for the French and Russian elites. Following his memoir, the chapter describes his efforts to restrain hostile French soldiers and Russian serfs; his closeness with a group of French officers who lodged in his home and protected his shop against looters; his disdain for Napoleon, whom he viewed as a vainglorious adventurer; and the catastrophic fire that destroyed much of the city.
Conclusion
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
To conclude the book, this chapter revisits the principal themes that were raised in the Introduction. Reflecting on the experience of the passing of time and the transformation of personality types and cultural values, the Conclusion analyzes Rosenstrauch, his son, and his grandchildren as representatives of distinct generations, in the sense both of generations within a family and of age cohorts with distinct historical experiences. These generational experiences were shared by many contemporaries, making the Rosenstrauchs characteristic figures of their time. The chapter then uses the concept of space to examine two areas of historical change that profoundly affected the Rosenstrauchs and their contemporaries in the nineteenth century: how the modernization of transport changed the experience of distance, and how the rise of nationalism and nation-states transformed the Rosenstrauchs’ position as cosmopolitan wanderers and intercultural mediators. The chapter closes with a reflection on the nature and limitations of historical evidence and of our general ability to know the past.
The Difference That Ends Make
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The presence of final ends in Kantian moral theory suggests some fruitful comparisons with virtue theory. The most important role for final ends is in the idea of the human being as an end in itself. It supports a formula of the categorical imperative (the formula of humanity) often thought to independently provide moral content that the formula of universal law lacks. The chapter offers a close reading of the texts surrounding the introduction and defense of the idea of an end in itself and argues that what it introduces is the conjoint ideas of a reasoner as a final authority for what they reason, which, given the universality inherent in reasoning, adds to the idea of maxim validity, a standard of interpersonal co-reasoning for maxims. Since co-reasoning depends for its application on the formula of universal law, the formula of humanity cannot generate independent results.
We Are Not Alone
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter defends Kant’s claim that we cannot have duties to animals and asks why he seems to think that if we did not recognize some moral constraint in the treatment of animals (an indirect duty with regard to them) the fact that some of us acted cruelly would “uproot” a natural predisposition in all of us that is “serviceable to morality.” It’s a puzzle, since many of us, even without a duty, would be kind. Because animals inform our understanding of our own embodied life, we mistake who we are if we don’t extend the reach of our duties to them.
Other to Self
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Modern moral thought, exemplified in the work of Bernard Williams, finds a fundamental conflict between love and morality. Drawing on material from attachment-oriented psychoanalytic theories, this chapter argues that “the other” is developmentally fundamental for the infant, connected with primitive forms of moral emotion (some strongly negative), whose resolution partly constitutes a self, setting out on a path to a potentially creative form of moral agency. Instead of intractable conflict between love and morality, we find a complex dynamic account of their mutual dependence. There is no gap between other and self; the right sort of independence is the moral achievement.
Dynamical systems picture of computing
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the theoretical foundations for ‘deliberative accountability’ and describes the three metrics by which to evaluate the quality of deliberative accountability—namely, respect among actors, the extent to which partisan-point scoring replaces reason-giving, and a reciprocal dialogue. The context in which these are explored is parliamentary select committee hearings on monetary policy, financial stability and fiscal policy. In these hearings, parliamentarians in the Treasury Select Committee and the Economic Affairs Committee hold central bankers, Treasury officials, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer to account for their policy decisions. In this adversarial context, the relationship between parliamentarians and witnesses is hierarchical, which makes deliberative accountability a unique term which is distinct from either deliberation or accountability. The chapter also outlines briefly the mixed methods applied to gauge deliberative accountability, including quantitative text analysis, an experimental approach to gauge nonverbal behaviour by actors, and elite interviews with key participants in the hearings.
Memory, memelements, active elements, and memprocessors
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This Chapter clarifies the meaning of memory as time non-locality. It shows that time non-locality induces spatial non-locality. It then introduces the notion of circuit elements with memory, memprocessors, and discusses the need of active elements in MemComputing. It finally highlights that MemComputing is not just ‘in-memory computing’.