bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sprinkler Irrigation Insecticide Injection for Alfalfa Weevil and Pea Aphid Control on Alfalfa, 1984
Authors: Sandvol Larry E. , Pavek Diane 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 5 year-old stand of alfalfa in declo silt loam soil at the University of Idaho, Research and Extension Center, Aberdeen, ID was used. At treatment time, plants were 24 inches high with 30% showing weevil damage. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. The plots were 80-ft diameter circles (0.1 acre). Three inch hook-and-latch pipe with 6.13-inch nozzles were used. Treatments were applied with a MAZZEIR injector for 30 min. Water was applied at the rate of 0.2 inch/h with a 7 hp pump. Insect populations from each plot were sampled 1 day before and 1, 3, 7 days after treatment by taking 5 (180°) sweeps with a 15 inch diam net.
Field Corn, Wireworm Larvae Control, 1984
Authors: Gray M. E. , Lawson E. C. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design for these trials was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied as single-row treatments, 50 ft long. Corn was replanted at Cedar Rapids, IA (30 May, 30-inch row spacing) in a sod field where stand reduction was severe enough to require replanting. Corn was planted at Ottumwa, IA (31 May, 30-inch row spacing) in a field that had a history of seed damage caused by wireworms. Granular and liquid soil insecticides were placed in the furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of, or behind, the closing wheels. A 2-inch band was also applied ahead of the closing wheels for 2 treatments. Four seed treatments were also examined. Laboratory-calibrated Noble metering units, mounted on a 2-row John Deere model 7100 planter, were used to apply the compounds. Treatments were evaluated at Ottumwa, IA (14 Jun) by digging two, 1-m trenches 10 cm deep in each treatment row in every plot. Seeds were rated on the following 1 to 4 damage scale: 1, seed undamaged; 2, seed damaged, but plant established; 3, seed damaged and plant showing some signs of stress; and 4, seed damaged, no plant or questionable establishment. Percent damaged seeds and seedlings were also used to compare treatments along with stand counts. The check rows were evaluated at Cedar Rapids, IA (18 Jun) and revealed very minor seed damage, therefore only stand counts were taken.
First Generation European Corn Borer Insecticide Efficacy Trials, Wamego, Ks, 1984
Authors: Higgins Randall A. , Gibb Timothy J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fifty-six plots of dryland corn, each 4 rows wide by 40 ft (30-inch spacing), were established. The 14 treatments (granules and sprays) were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design on 25 Jun. Granular products were applied as a 9-inch over the row band with electrically-driven Noble applicators (modified by Almaco, Nevada, IA) which were mounted on a manually propelled, high-clearance, bicycle-wheeled applicator. Sprays were applied in water (20 gpa at 40 psi). Three spray nozzles (hollow-cone, no. 6X, Spraying Systems Co) were used per row. One nozzle sprayed from above the row and the other 2 were located on 2-inch 45 degree angled drops so that the spray was directed toward the whorl from each side of the row. Treatments were applied when live larvae were present in the whorls but before the larvae had begun to enter the stalk. On 9 Jul the stalks of 20 plants per plot, selected from the 2 middle rows, were split from soil level to the top of the plant and evidence of infestation by first generation European corn borers recorded on a plant-by-plant basis. Tunnels (no. per 20 plants) and borers per borer-infested stalk were recorded.
Apple, Insect and Mite Control, 1984
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to 28-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a hand gun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi at 300 gal/acre. Trees were sprayed on 17 May (pre-pink), 3 Jun (petal fall), 16 Jun (first cover), 27 Jun (second cover), 11 Jul (third cover), 26 Jul (fourth cover), 8 Aug (fifth cover), 20 Aug (sixth cover). Materials were applied on dates as noted in table. The fungicide program consisted of Difolatan 4F (5 qt/100 gal) on 29 Apr, Phygon 50W (0.5 lb) on 1 Jun, Polyram 80W (2 lb) and Amid-Thin W (12 ppm) on 13 Jun, and Cyprex 65W (0.75 lb) on 29 Jun and 3 Jul. In addition, Polyram 80W (2 lb) was mixed with each insecticide treatment at each of the first 5 post-bloom sprays, and Captan 80W (1 lb) was mixed at the last 2 cover sprays. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used, with 2 ‘Mcintosh’ and 2 ‘Cortland’ cultivars per treatment. Except for test trees, the orchard was not sprayed with insecticides. On 30 Aug, 0.5 box of apples was picked from each tree, and about 490 apples were examined per treatment on 9 to 15 Sep for external egg punctures (AM) egg-laying scars (PC), and typical feeding injuries (CM and LAW). ERM were counted on 3 dates from 19 Jul to 17 Aug on 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Aphid counts are based on 5 randomly selected vegetative terminals around each tree. Numbers of live aphids on the distal 4 unfurled and 1 furled leaves and on the stem included by these leaves were recorded on 9 and 17 Jul. Jul and Aug were relatively dry (1.8 and 1.5 inches rain, respectively); Aug was also warm.
European Corn Borer First Brood Control in Northern Minnesota, 1984
Authors: Ostlie K. , Holen C. , Noetzel D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eighteen insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against first brood European corn borer in matched trials at 2 locations in northern Minnesota. At both locations corn was just tasseling on 23 Jul. The infestation at Crookston averaged 73% with 3.8 larvae per infested plant for a field average of 2.8 larvae per plant. The infestation at Thief River Falls averaged 58% with 4.2 larvae per infested plant, for a field average of 2.4 larvae per plant. Larvae ranged from first to third instars, with the majority in the second instar. Treatments were applied to plots, measuring 2 rows x 25 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Liquid sprays were applied over the row with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 40 psi delivering 23 gal/acre. Granular insecticides were applied by hand over the row using a calibrated shaker. Efficacy was evaluated on 23-24 Aug by dissecting 5 plants per plot and recording tunnel frequency.
Western Corn Rootworm Planting-Time Treatments, Akron, Co, 1984
Authors: Peairs Frank B. , Pilcher Stanley D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were 2 rows across the field and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 14 May with a tractor-mounted electric Gandy applicator with 7 inch spreaders mounted 3 inches above the soil surface. The spreaders were removed for the in-furrow treatments and the spreader tube directed into the furrow. Incorporation was with a 10 inch John Deere press wheel and tines. The field was center-pivot irrigated and had been planted to field corn since 1978. Soil type was a Platner sandy loam. Treatments were evaluated on 18 Jul by digging 6 plants/plot and evaluating the roots on the Iowa 1-6 scale.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides and Combinations Against Bollworms on Cotton in Southern North Car-Olina, 1982
Authors: Bacheler Jack S. , Mann David E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 4 May near Gibson, NC, on a Norfolk sandy loam soil. Preplant incorporated and preemergence herbicides were Prowl ut 1.5 pt/acre and Cotoran at 1.0 lb 80WP/acre in a 9 in band, respectively. Temik at 0.45 lb ai/acre was applied with 12-13 lb acid-delinted seed per acre on 40 in rows. The previous crop was cotton. Plots were 6 rows by 40 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a backpack CO2 pressurized sprayer delivering 4.8 gal H20/acre with 60 psi at 4 mph with one TX-5 nozzle per row. Ovicides were applied on Jul 23 and 26; the remaining larvicide treatments were applied on Jul 29 and Aug 6, 12, and 19. The entire test was oversprayed with 0.25 ai/acre Guthion on Aug 12 for boll weevil control. Live bollworms and damaged fruit were monitored by inspecting 25 squares and 25 bolls per plot (100 total per treatment) within 72 h after treatments. The center 2 rows were hand-harvested for yield comparisons.
Acaricide Treatments for Carmine Spider Mite in Cotton, 1984
Authors: Fitt Johnny R. , Teetes George L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted 14 May on 40 in rows. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications of 5 treatments. Plots were 3 rows by 40 ft with 5-ft alleys between blocks. Two rows in each plot were treated leaving the third row as a buffer between contiguous plots. Treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer adjusted to deliver 10 gal of solution/acre through 2 TX-8 hollow cone nozzles per row at 35 psi and 3 mph. Treatments were made 16 and 21 Jul. Mites were counted in the field, on 16 (pretreatment), 20 and 25 Jul by examining 1 sq inch of leaf undersurface on 25 leaves per plot for the presence of adult female mites. The fourth leaf from the top of a randomly chosen plant was selected and the number of adult female mites were counted and recorded with the aid of a 1 OX “linen tester” lens centered on the leaf nectary.
Chemical Control of the Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm in Cotton, 1984
Authors: Fitt Johnny R. , Teetes George L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted 14 May on rows spaced 40 inches apart. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were 10 rows wide X 60 ft with 4-ft alleys between blocks. The inner 6 rows of each plot were treated leaving a 4-row buffer between contiguous plots. Insecticides were applied with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 4 gal of solution per acre through two TX-3 hollow cone nozzles per row at 58 psi and 4 mph. Each insecticide was applied in water and in a 6.25% oil plus water emulsion. Natur’l oil, a blended vegetable oil with emulsifiers, was used for all oil emulsion treatments. Insecticide applications were made 19, 24 and 28 Jul, and 2, 8, 13 and 18 Aug beginning on the 12th day of cotton bloom. Cotton bollworm and tobacco budworm infestation and damage levels were determined the day before and approximately 4 days after an insecticide application, by examining 50 plant terminals per plot to record numbers of larvae and eggs, and by the collection and examination of 50 third grown or larger squares, chosen at random, to determine damage levels. Cotton yields were determined by harvesting cotton from plants in two, 20-ft sections in each plot. Cotton in each plot was harvested twice.
Evaluation of Fundal Yield Enhancement, 1984
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J. , Fleischer S. J. , Nightengale S. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A field evaluation of Fundal of yield enhancement was conducted on sandy loam soil at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn University, Tallassee, AL. Cotton was planted on 23 Apr in 40 inch rows. Nemacur 3E was applied at planting at a rate of 0.75 lb (AI)/ac. Four replicates of 3 treatments were applied in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 36 rows x 75 ft with 25-ft alleys between replicates. Fundal was applied with ground equipment at a rate of 11.5 gal total spray/acre (3.5 mph, 50 psi, 2 Teejet TX6 80° nozzles/row). Plots were treated with Fundal at a rate of 0.125 lb (AI)/acre on 2 schedules. Early plots were treated 6 times at 1 wk intervals beginning at the 3 node stage of growth (24 May). Late plots were treated 4 times at 1 wk intervals beginning at the 9 node stage of growth (14 Jun). Control plots did not receive any Fundal. All plots were treated with ground equipment for boll weevil and Heliothis spp. populations as needed with blanket applications of recommended commercial insecticides.
Planting Time Treatments for Greenbug (Biotype E) Control on Grain Sorghum, 1984
Authors: Kindler S. D. , Spomer S. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at the University of Nebraska Field Laboratory, Mead, NE, in grain sorghum planted 7 Jim in Sharpsburg silty clay loam. Plots were 1 row, 22 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide granules were applied in the furrow with the seed by using a seed cone mounted on a 1-row John Deere Model 71 Flexi-Planter. Rainfall from initial planting date to the last aphid sampling period was measuralile in inches 9 Jun (3.20), 11 Jun (0.60), 12 Jun (1.65), 13 Jun (0.80), 15 Jun (0.60), 16 Jun (0.80), 3 Jul (0.70), 5 Jul (0.70), 16 Jul (0.25), and 26 Jul (0.30). The efficacy of each insecticide was evaluated by counting live greenbugs on each of 10 plants selected at random from each row at weekly or semi-weekly intervals. Greenbug counts were continued until populations had decreased from parasite intervention (30 Jul). Dead leaf counts were made 27 Aug by evaluating 10 plants in each replication for greenbug-caused necrosis.
Sorghum Webworm Control and Flower Bug Mortality on Sorghum in Mississippi, 1983
Authors: Thead Larry G. , Castro Marco T. , Pitre Henry N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Populations of sorghum webworm larvae were observed on 15 Sep feeding on sorghum cv. Dekalb 42 Y (hard-dough stage), planted on 11 Jul in Oktibbeha County, MS. Populations exceeded 102 webworms per 10 heads selected randomly from the field. Plots were 1 row wide and 44 ft in length arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replicates.
May Beetle Grub Control, North Carolina, 1982
Authors: Kard B. M. , Hain F. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two formulations of Sevin and 4 other soil applied insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling May beetle grubs in Christmas tree plantings of Fraser fir. The test area was former pasture planted to Fraser fir. The plantation had a density of 1700, 9-year-old firs per acre. The tree rows were sprayed with grass herbicide subsequent to tree plantings. The tractor rows and between-tree rows were left in sod consisting of a mixture of annual and perennial grasses and several broadleaf weeds. The sod had been recently cut at the time of insecticide applications. The mineral-organic Porter loamy soil (2-3% organic matter) located in Watagua Co. had a pH of 5.4, an average soil temperature of 16.9 degrees C at a depth of 4 inches, and a moisture content of 19% by weight. Test plots measured 20 by 30 ft and contained 25 firs each. The planting area contained an average of 6.9 late-stage grubs per sq ft. Each treatment was acquired on 14 Sept; insecticides were applied on 21 Sept. One sq ft of sod per plot was. turned back to expose and count grubs. The sod was replaced without injury to the grubs. Liquid insecticides were mixed with 2 gal of water per plot and applied with a hand-pressurized, portable sprayer. Granular formulations were applied with a 20 inch wide hand-pushed spreader. On 5 Oct, posttreatment grub counts were acquired by turning back a previously untouched sq ft of sod. Both surviving and dead grubs were counted. Percent grub mortality was calculated by dividing the number of dead post-treatment grubs by the sum of the surviving plus dead grubs, and multiplying by 100.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control, 1981
Authors: Nappen Paul B. , Hain Fred P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling Nantucket pine tip moth larvae in a Virginia pine Christmas tree plantation. Six plots, each consisting of 25, 4-year-old Virginia pine trees, were randomly selected. The top fourth of each tree per plot was sprayed with 1 of the 5 insecticides while the sixth plot remained untreated. A 2.5 gal UNICO No. 141U hand pump sprayer was used to apply the insecticides. Timing of the insecticide application was determined by peak moth catch in baited pheromone traps. Spray tests were evaluated 3 wk after treatment. The percent of terminal leaders infested by the tip moth were recorded. Two separate applications were made, one in April and again in June.
Spring Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway at University Park, Pa, 1984
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticide treatments were applied 30 Sep ‘83 for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of annual bluegrass (30%) and Kentucky bluegrass (70%). Treatment plots were 10 by 10 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a hand held sprinkling can in 3 gal of water. After all treatments were completed, the entire area was irrigated for 20 min. At treatment time, the following environmental and soil conditions existed: air temp, 65°F; soil temp, 34°F; soil type, clay loam; soil pH, 6.5; percent organic matter, 2.0; amount of thatch, 0.2 inches; and partly cloudy skies. Posttreatment counts were made 251 days later (7 Jun ‘84). Four ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate and the total number of surviving grubs per ft2 was recorded for each ft2 sample.
Greenhouse Whitefly Control of Potted Chrysanthemums, Massachusetts, 1984
Authors: Mimms R.A.S. , Vittum P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven insecticides were tested for efficacy against greenhouse whitefly and for phytotoxic responses on chrysanthemums. Plants were grown in 4 inch pots using 50% MetroMix 350 and 50% sterilized field soil. The plants were pinched on 24 Oct. Flower buds began showing during the third week of November. Each insecticide was applied with a 2-qt capacity hand pump sprayer to the upper and lower leaf surfaces of 3 plants, which were then placed randomly on benches. Applications were made on 15 Oct and again on 14 Nov. Whitefly populations were measured by inspecting one intermediate leaf per plant and counting the adults and immatures present.
Boxleaf Euonymus, Hemispherical Scale Control 1984
Authors: Sheffer Barbara J. , Williams Michael L. , Miller Gary L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twelve 1-1.5-ft-tall boxleaf euonymus, heavily infested with hemispherical scale, were selected for treatment. Greenhouse grown test plants were in a pine bark media in 2-gal black plastic pots in a completely random arrangement spaced evenly on a 4 X 9.5-ft table. Test materials were applied 20 Sep with hand-pumped, compressed-air sprayers. Test plants were removed from the greenhouse and all foliage was sprayed to runoff. When plants had dried, they were returned to the greenhouse. Treatments were replicated 3 times with each plant constituting 1 replication. Mortality counts were made by examining 100 scales per replicate 27 Sept under a stereomicroscope and scoring each scale as living if normally colored and full bodied or dead if discolored and shriveled or dried.
Oak, Orange-Striped Oakworm, 1984
Authors: Schultz Peter B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 14 Aug, 20 oak trees in Virginia Beach, VA, were used to evaluate 4 insecticides for control of orange-striped oakworm. Insecticides were applied using a 1 gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi. Plants were treated to runoff. Larval counts of the replicated treatments were made 48h after treatment. Temperature at time of treatment was 77°F and 1.95 inches of rainfall fell between application and evaluation.
Phytotoxicity on Vanda Orchid with Dursban, Hawaii, 1983
Authors: Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted on flowering Vanda ‘Miss Joaquim’ in Aug. Plants were field-grown on tree fern logs with 120 plants per treatment. Dursban 2E and 4E were applied as a foliar spray to runoff at 0.5, 1, and 2 lb(AI)/ 100 gal. Applications were made on 10 Aug, 16 Aug, 23 Aug with a compressed CO2 sprayer at 40 lb/in2 and equipped with an 8004 nozzle. During the test period, the avg max temp was 29°C and the avg min temp was 20°C. Plants and flowers were evaluated weekly for phytotoxicity and the damage rated on a scale of 0 (no damage) to 4 (severe damage).
Trigard Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, Spring, 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials on bedding plants, Santa Barbara County, Calif., evaluated the effects of 1 x , 2 x , and 4 x rates of Trigard (1X =0.125 lb Al/acre). Three flats, each containing 9 pony paks with 6 plants per pony pak, were evaluated per treatment per plant species. Trigard or water applications were applied to runoff with a 200-gal Bean Sprayer @ 250 psi on 12, 19 Mar and 2 Apr (temp = 23.4-25.7°C, 28.2-29.5°C, 22.3-24.4°C, respectively). Weekly phytotoxicity readings were compared to the water check.
Dursban Phytotoxicity Evaluations on Geranium, California, Spring, 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials on bedding plants, Santa Barbara County, Calif., evaluated the effects of 1X , 2x and4x rates of Dursban 50W (1X = 0.5 lb AI/100 gal). Twenty pots of each variety (Pelargonium domesticum var. Morning Glory; P. peltatum var. Mrs. Banks, P. hortorum var. Crimson Fire) were evaluated per treatment rate. Dursban was applied to runoff with a 150-gal Bean Sprayer @ 250 psi on 12, 19 Mar and 2 Apr (temp = 22.9-24.9°C, 28.3-29.2°C, and 21.9-24.2°C, respectively). Weekly phytotoxicity readings were compared to the water check.
Redheaded Pine Sawfly Larval Control in Pa, 1983
Authors: Shetlar David J. , Heller Paul R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Scots pine trees (1-1.5 m tall) were selected in a Christmas tree plantation near McAlevy’s Fort, PA on 5 Aug if they contained at least 1 nest of sawflies. Five pesticide treatments plus a water control were applied on 8 Aug after taking pre-spray counts. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Application was made until runoff using a 1.5-gal stainless steel hand-pump sprayer. The wind was 3-5 mph and temperature was 23°C. Post spray counts were made by inspecting each tree for the number of remaining live larvae.
Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Poinsettias, Massachusetts, 1984
Authors: Mimms R. A. S. , Vittum P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven insecticides were tested for efficacy against green-house whiteflies and for phytotoxic responses of red poinsettias. Plants were grown in 6-inch pots in 50% Metro Mix 350 and 50% sterilized field soil. The plants were pinched to 7 leaves on 2 Oct. Bracts started showing color during the second week of November. Each insecticide was applied with a 2-qt capacity hand pump sprayer to the upper and lower leaf surfaces of 3 plants, which were then placed randomly on benches. Applications were made on 15 Oct and again on 14 Nov. Whitefly populations were measured by inspecting 1 intermediate leaf per plant and counting the adults and immatures present.
Fall Webworm Control with Insect Growth Regulators (Igr), 1984
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Individual fall webworm nests and surrounding foliage were sprayed to point of runoff using a 2-gallon compression sprayer. The average amount of spray used to treat individual nests among the treatments ranged from 167 to 294 ml. Spray solutions were mixed on the basis of g (AI)/liter. Nine nests were sprayed with each IGR. On each sample date, 3 nests pei treatment and 3 untreated controls were cut from branches, placed in plastic bags and held under refrigeration until examined (usually within 24 h). Each nest was examined and percent larval mortality determined. Average length of larvae in 3 nests sampled at treatment ranged from 9.9 to 19.3 mm (equivalent to 3rd to 5th instars). Accumulative precipitation for the test period totalled 1.43 in., all of this occurred prior to the 5 DAT sample date.