bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seventeen Cases of Daptomycin-Induced Eosinophilic Pneumonia in a Cohort of Patients Treated for Bone and Joint Infections: Proposal for a New Algorithm
Authors: Pham Truong-Thanh , Garreau Romain , Craighero Fabien , Cottin Vincent , Said Benoît Ben , Goutelle Sylvain , Ferry Tristan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
Daptomycin is increasingly used in the treatment of bone and joint infections (BJIs) and may be responsible for daptomycin-induced eosinophilic pneumonia (DIEP), a potentially severe adverse drug reaction. The aim of this study was to describe DIEP in patients treated at a referral center for the management of BJI, and to revisit current definitions of this disease.

Methods
Patients treated from 1 January 2012 to 31 March 2021 were included in a prospective cohort (NCT02817711), in which all potential serious adverse events are prospectively recorded. Patients diagnosed with DIEP were retrospectively analyzed using different definitions.

Results
In a total of 4664 patients included in the cohort during the study period, 1021 patients (21.9%) received daptomycin, of whom 17 (1.7%) were diagnosed with DIEP. Most patients were male (n = 11 [64.7%]), and periprosthetic joint infection was the commonest BJI (n = 12 [70.6%]). Only 1 patient had bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) eosinophil count ≥25%, while most patients had peripheral blood eosinophilia (n = 15 [88.2%]). Chest computed tomography (CT) was compatible with eosinophilic pneumonia in 13 of 14 cases (92.9%). All patients recovered upon discontinuation of daptomycin. Using the different definitions available, only a minority of cases fulfilled existing criteria for DIEP. We propose a new algorithm that includes specific CT scan signs, and systemic instead of BAL eosinophilia.

Conclusions
DIEP is a rare event that requires prompt discontinuation of the causative antibiotic. Current criteria to diagnose definite DIEP are too restrictive and not easily applicable in clinical practice. A new algorithm is proposed here (Lyon algorithm) to facilitate the early identification of DIEP.
High-Risk HPV Genotype Distribution According to Cervical Cytology and Age
Authors: Trama Jason P , Trikannad Charulata , Yang Jing Jing , Adelson Martin E , Mordechai Eli 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
A retrospective study of a single laboratory's results from patients in the United States to investigate high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution according to cervical cytology and age was performed.

Methods
Anonymous results of 23 580 patients’ cervical specimens sent to Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, LLC, for cervical cytology and HPV testing between August 2020 and August 2021 were analyzed.

Results
Overall, any of the 14 high-risk HPV genotypes identified were detected in 2302 of the 23 580 patients (9.8%), with HPV 52 (1.4%), HPV 39 (1.3%), HPV 51 (1.3%), and HPV 16 (1.2%) being the most frequent in all patients. Multiple high-risk HPV infection was observed in 1.3% of all patients. HPV 16 was most likely to be a single high-risk genotype detected as compared with detection with other high-risk HPV genotypes, in contrast to HPV 33, which is least likely to be a single high-risk genotype detected as compared with detection with other high-risk HPV genotypes. High-risk HPV detection was greatest in patients under 25 years old (&lt;21-year-olds, 24.6%, and 21–25-year-olds, 25.4%). In patients with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, the most frequently detected high-risk HPV genotypes were HPV 51 (10.5%) and HPV 39 (9.1%), and in patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, the most frequently detected high-risk HPV genotypes were HPV 16 (25.6%) and HPV 52 (17.1%).

Conclusions
HPV genotyping and cervical cytology data analysis may contribute to and inform cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination programs.
Patents and the Defensive Response
Authors: Bain Malcolm , McCoy Smith P 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter turns to patents, which are exclusionary rights granted to inventors over an invention. It first looks at why patents are relevant to FOSS — briefly, the question of software patentability and the differences with copyright, and then, taking into account the free software development and licensing models, the chapter considers what the impacts are for FOSS: the interrelations and frictions areas between free software licensing models and patents. Next, how patents are dealt with by the community from a structural point of view — particularly patent-related licensing provisions in free software licences — is reviewed. A discussion of the litigation environment, specifically as it relates to patent assertions against FOSS, is discussed. Finally, how the risks posed by patents — or the way patents are wielded — to the FOSS community may be mitigated, if not removed entirely, are summarised.
Foundations and Other Organisations
Authors: Sandler Karen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the main types of foundations that serve to forward FOSS. One of the oldest forms of foundations chosen by FOSS projects is charities, organised for the public good. Next, the chapter turns to FOSS organisations that prioritise for-profit interests — these generally form as trade associations. In both the charitable and trade association spaces, aggregating foundations have emerged to act as umbrellas for FOSS projects, so that each individual community need not form a new legal entity. Additionally, the chapter shows that companies have increasingly been hosts of FOSS projects. In addition to these FOSS foundations, the chapter also discusses related topics, such as the legal structures seen in the FOSS world, the ‘no-foundation’ solution, FOSS licenses, and corporate models.
Blockchain and Open Source
Authors: Radcliffe Mark 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses blockchain technology. Here, the use of open source software in blockchain requires an understanding of blockchain technology and the broader category of ‘Distributed Ledger Technology’ (‘DLT’). Furthermore, blockchain is divided into three layers: protocol layer, network layer, and data layer. This chapter focuses on the protocol layer software such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, EOS, and Cordera. However, the software stack for blockchain systems which build on top of these protocol layers is very complex and varies based on the blockchain system. The protocol layers, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, are sometimes referred to as ‘Layer 1’ or the ‘base layer’. Some blockchain systems also have ‘Layer 2’ software such as the ‘Lightening Network’ for Bitcoin. Blockchain systems also host application software, with smart contacts, tokens, and ‘DApps’, all of which are software.
Judicial Politics in Portugal
Authors: Garoupa Nuno , Brashear Tiede Lydia 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter develops a framework for understanding judicial politics in Portugal, although local scholars contest the interrelationship between politics and judging. The chapter begins by summarizing extant theories related to judicial politics, including how judges’ political party associations, and other political actors influence judicial decision-making. This is followed by a description of the main Portuguese courts and other legal institutions with substantial emphasis on the Constitutional Court. The chapter analyses the extent to which politics plays a role in these institutions, as well as how this impacts the public’s trust. The chapter references existing qualitative and quantitative evidence t about how institutional design and political factors influence judicial outcomes and concludes with additional insights on research challenges.
Conscientious Objection
Authors: Peterson Christian Philip , Lombardi Christine , Knoblauch William M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
For centuries, concerned citizens have used conscientious objection (CO) to military service to promote peace and challenge state violence. Some European communities in the sixteenth century began citing Christian principles to resist the bearing of arms and reduce societal violence. Since that time, COs in Europe and the United States began to frame their CO as a function of individual conscience. Over time, changes in international law and the transnational connections of activists led to the evolution of CO in parts of Latin America, South Africa, Turkey, South Korea, and Israel. While CO has not ended war completely, it has promoted peace on multiple occasions, helped undermine public obedience that policymakers assume when they wage war, and challenged nationalist and racist roots of violence.
Schwann Cells in the Aganglionic Colon of Hirschsprung Disease Can Generate Neurons for Regenerative Therapy
Authors: Pan Weikang , Rahman Ahmed A , Stavely Rhian , Bhave Sukhada , Guyer Richard , Omer Meredith , Picard Nicole , Goldstein Allan M , Hotta Ryo 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Cell therapy offers the potential to replace the missing enteric nervous system (ENS) in patients with Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) and to restore gut function. The Schwann cell (SC) lineage has been shown to generate enteric neurons pre- and post-natally. Here, we aimed to isolate SCs from the aganglionic segment of HSCR and to determine their potential to restore motility in the aganglionic colon. Proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) expressing SCs were isolated from the extrinsic nerve fibers present in the aganglionic segment of postnatal mice and patients with HSCR. Following 7-10 days of in vitro expansion, HSCR-derived SCs were transplanted into the aganglionic mouse colon ex vivo and in vivo. Successful engraftment and neuronal differentiation were confirmed immunohistochemically and calcium activity of transplanted cells was demonstrated by live cell imaging. Organ bath studies revealed the restoration of motor function in the recipient aganglionic smooth muscle. These results show that SCs isolated from the aganglionic segment of HSCR mouse can generate functional neurons within the aganglionic gut environment and restore the neuromuscular activity of recipient mouse colon. We conclude that HSCR-derived SCs represent a potential autologous source of neural progenitor cells for regenerative therapy in HSCR.
Region-specific improvisation on WHO case definition and environmental risk factors associated with dengue: a case–control analysis from Kerala, India
Authors: Anish Thekkumkara Surendran , Valamparampil Mathew J , Rahul Arya , Saini Prasanta , Prajitha Kannamkottapilly Chandrasekharan , Suresh Meenu Maheswari , Reghukumar Aravind , Kumar N Pradeep 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundRegion-specific variations may occur in symptomatic manifestations that need to be addressed by dynamic case definitions. Environmental risk factors for dengue also vary widely across geographic settings. Our aim was to study the test positivity rate of the World Health Organization (WHO) 2009 probable dengue case definition and to suggest region-specific improvisations to it. The study also analyses the sociodemographic and environmental risk factors of dengue fever in South Kerala, India.MethodsA case–control study was conducted in South Kerala from 2017 to 2019. Dengue reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-positive and RT-PCR-negative ‘probable dengue’ patients were compared to identify significant symptoms for a modified definition of dengue. A group of afebrile community controls was compared with RT-PCR-positive dengue cases to study the environmental and behavioural risk factors.ResultsArthralgia, palmar erythema and rashes have high discriminatory power (odds ratio [OR] &gt;3) for identifying dengue. Redness of eyes, altered consciousness, abdominal distension and chills were found to moderately discriminate (OR 2–3) dengue. The adjusted analysis showed the presence of mosquito breeding sites (indoor p=0.02, outdoor p=0.03), solid waste dumping (p&lt;0.001) and open water drainage in the compound (p=0.007) as significant predictors.ConclusionsRegional modifications should be considered when using the WHO definition in endemic settings. Control of mosquito breeding at the household level is the key towards dengue prevention.
Always on Call: Is There an Age Advantage in Dealing with Availability and Response Expectations?
Authors: Venz Laura , Wöhrmann Anne M 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This research challenges the technology-related age stereotype that older employees might be disadvantaged in dealing with work-related information communication technology (ICT) demands. Rather, we hypothesize an age advantage in this regard. Based on theorizing on aging at work, we suggest that older employees are better at psychologically detaching from work under high availability expectations and that they show more adaptive responsiveness to response expectations. We examined a potential age-related mechanism underlying this effect, namely internal workplace telepressure. We pursued a two-study approach. Study 1 examined data from 5,938 individuals who participated in a large-scale survey of employees in Germany just before the COVID-19 pandemic, testing age as moderator of the relationship between availability expectations and psychological detachment from work. Results supported the hypothesized age advantage effect showing that for older employees, availability expectations were less strongly related to impaired psychological detachment. Study 2, a diary study with 106 participants answering more than 500 daily surveys during the pandemic, supported lower telepressure as explanation for this age advantage effect. Study 2 further extended this finding to the relationship of response expectations with responsiveness, identifying both age and telepressure as predicted by age to moderate this relationship. This research shows age advantage effects in dealing with ICT demands, enhancing understanding of the intersection between age and technology use at work.
Impact of Low-dose Chest CT Screening on the Association Between Rurality and Lung Cancer Outcomes
Authors: Hinojos Madeleine , Li Xuan , Mikesell Sarah , Studden Scott , Odean Marilyn , Boylan Mary J. , Arvold David S. , Bachelder Vance D. , Gowda Naveen , Arvold Nils D. 
Published: November 2022

Introduction:
Lung cancer mortality is higher among rural United States populations compared with nonrural ones. Little is known about screening low-dose chest computed tomography (LDCT) outcomes in rural settings.

Materials and Methods:
This retrospective cohort study examined all patients (n=1805) who underwent screening LDCT in a prospective registry from March 1, 2015, through December 31, 2019, in a majority-rural health care system. We assessed the proportion of early-stage lung cancers (American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I-II) diagnosed among LDCT-screened patients, and analyzed overall survival after early-stage lung cancer diagnosis according to residency location.

Results:
The screening cohort had a median age of 63 and median 40-pack-year smoking history; 62.4% had a rural residence, 51.2% were female, and 62.7% completed only 1 LDCT scan. Thirty-eight patients were diagnosed with lung cancer (2.1% of the cohort), of which 65.8% were early-stage. On multivariable analysis, rural (vs nonrural) residency was not associated with a lung cancer diagnosis (adjusted hazard ratio 1.59; 95% CI, 0.74-3.40; P=0.24). At a median follow-up of 37.1 months (range, 3.3 to 67.2 months), 88.2% of rural versus 87.5% of nonrural patients with screen-diagnosed early-stage lung cancer were alive (P=0.93).

Conclusions:
In a majority-rural United States population undergoing LDCT, most screen-detected lung cancers were early-stage. There were no significant differences observed between rural and nonrural patients in lung cancer diagnosis rate or early-stage lung cancer survival. Increased implementation of LDCT might blunt the historical association between rural United States populations and worse lung cancer outcomes.
Medical management of male infertility: now and future
Authors: Chen Grace , Kathrins Martin , Ohlander Samuel , Niederberger Craig 
Published: November 2022

Purpose of review
Medical therapy for idiopathic male infertility has historically been empiric and based on small observational studies rather than larger well designed clinical trials. This review is timely and relevant because of the recent publication of several studies that are less susceptible to bias because of being placebo-controlled and more highly powered.

Recent findings
The largest proportion of recent publications covered antioxidants, with eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) included in this review. The Males, Antioxidants, and Infertility (MOXI) trial is of particular interest, being a large multicenter RCT, which demonstrated no improvement in semen parameters or live-birth rates with antioxidant use. In addition, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5i) have been shown to improve semen parameters, while duloxetine use was not associated with any adverse effects on sperm. Progress was also made in the realm of regenerative medicine, with the realization of the first successful primate model of sperm production from pluripotent stem cells.

Summary
It may be time to stop recommending antioxidants for idiopathic male infertility given recent studies suggesting lack of efficacy, but given their relative safety, it is reasonable to continue their use until the evidence is overwhelming. Otherwise, stem cell therapy is another anticipated area of research interest.
Evaluation ofin silicopathogenicity prediction tools for the classification of small in-frame indels
Authors: Cannon S. , Williams M. , Gunning A. C. , Wright C. F. 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe use ofin silicopathogenicity predictions as evidence when interpreting genetic variants is widely accepted as part of standard variant classification guidelines. Although numerous algorithms have been developed and evaluated for classifying missense variants, in-frame insertions/deletions (indels) have been much less well studied.MethodsWe created a dataset of 3964 small (<100bp) indels predicted to result in in-frame amino acid insertions or deletions using data from gnomAD v3.1 (minor allele frequency of 1-5%), ClinVar and the Deciphering Developmental Disorders (DDD) study. We used this dataset to evaluate the performance of nine pathogenicity predictor tools: CADD, CAPICE, FATHMM-indel, MutPred-Indel, MutationTaster2 PROVEAN, SIFT-indel, VEST-indel and VVP.ResultsOur dataset consisted of 2224 benign/likely benign and 1740 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants from gnomAD (n=809), ClinVar (n=2882) and, DDD (n=273). We were able to generate scores across all tools for 91% of the variants, with areas under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.81-0.96 based on the published recommended thresholds. To avoid biases caused by inclusion of our dataset in the tools’ training data, we also evaluated just DDD variants not present in either gnomAD or ClinVar (70 pathogenic and 81 benign). Using this subset, the AUC of all tools decreased substantially to 0.64-0.87. Overall, VEST-indel performed best, with AUCs of 0.93 (full dataset) and 0.87 (DDD subset).ConclusionsAlgorithms designed for predicting the pathogenicity of in-frame indels perform well enough to aid clinical variant classification in a similar manner to missense prediction tools.
Aortic Strain in Patients with Marfan Syndrome Long-Term After Proximal Graft Replacement Surgery – Novel Insights Enabled by Cine-CMR Biomechanical Characterization
Authors: Park Robert Y. , Latvis Cole , Roman Mary J. , Kim Jiwon , Agoglia Hannah K. , Liberman Nicole , Villar-Calle Pablo , Jain Raina , Liu Sheldon , Rong Lisa , Palumbo Maria Chiara , Redaelli Alberto , Wang Yadong , Humphrey Jay D. , Devereux Richard B. , Soletti Giovanni , Gaudino Mario F.L. , Girardi Leonard N. , Weinsaft Jonathan W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundProsthetic graft replacement of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) yields benefits but risks persist in the native aorta, especially in Marfan syndrome (MFS). Differential biomechanics between chronically grafted and native aortic regions are unknown.MethodsFunctional cardiac magnetic resonance (cine-CMR) imaging was performed in non-surgical MFS patients (root or ascending diameter≤4.5cm) and patients after (>1 year) proximal grafting. Analyses included mid-ascending and -descending aortic size (diameter, area) and compliance indices, including global circumferential strain (GCS), fractional area change (FAC), stiffness index, and distensibility.Results46 MFS patients underwent cine-CMR, including 21 with chronic proximal grafts (10.5±7.3 years post-operatively). Patients with and without grafts had similar clinical and hemodynamic characteristics. Grafted and non-grafted ascending aortic size was similar between groups (p=NS), but functional parameters differed as evidenced by decrements in GCS, FAC, stiffness index, and distensibility (all p<0.001), consistent with prosthesis-associated reductions in compliance: Proximal grafts associated with decreased ascending aortic strain (B= −7.09, p<0.001) independent of age and aortic root size. Notably, native descending aortic size was larger in post-operative patients (p<0.01), paralleled by increased GCS (p<0.001) and decreased stiffness (p=0.04). In multivariate analysis, proximal grafts associated with increased descending aortic strain when controlling for ascending aortic area (B=4.19, p<0.001) or root size (B=3.14, p=0.045).ConclusionsMarfan syndrome patients with chronic proximal aortic grafts manifest distinct vessel wall biomechanics in grafted and native regions that differ from non-surgical comparators, including decreased strain (a marker of reduced compliance) within grafted territories and increased strain in native aortic regions distal to grafts.