bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Nitrate on the Photochemical Production of Carbonyl Sulfide From Surface Seawater
Authors: Li Jian‐Long , Zhai Xing , Du Lin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCarbonyl sulfide (COS) plays an important role in the sulfur cycle and climate change. Yet, much remains unknown about the photochemical mechanisms of COS in nutrient‐rich seawater. We measured the photochemical production rates of COS in the surface seawater of the Indian Ocean under sunlight irradiation. The photochemical production of COS was mainly initiated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation with UVA contributing approximately 68% to the total COS production. Using cysteine, a typical proxy of dissolved organic sulfur, the effect of enhanced nitrate concentration on COS formation was conducted in authentic seawater during simulated sunlight irradiation, indicating the enhancement of the COS formation with increasing nitrate concentrations. This result revealed that the generation of hydroxyl radical with nitrate photolysis plays a key role in the COS formation process. These findings improve our understanding of the marine COS photoproduction cycle and the impact of nitrate on the COS photochemical production in surface seawater.
Influence of Kelp Forest Biomass on Nearshore Currents
Authors: Monismith Stephen G. , Alnajjar Maha W. , Woodson C. Brock , Boch Charles A. , Hernandez Arturo , Vazquez‐Vera Leonardo , Bell Tom W. , Micheli Fiorenza 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAs part of a project focused on the coastal fisheries of Isla Natividad, an island on the Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico, we conducted a 2‐1/2 year study of flows at two sites within the island's kelp forests. At one site (Punta Prieta), currents are tidal, whereas at the other site (Morro Prieto), currents are weaker and may be more strongly influenced by wind forcing. Satellite estimates of the biomass of the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) for this period varied between 0 (no kelp) and 3 kg/m2 (dense kelp forest), including a period in which kelp entirely was absent as a result of the 2014–2015 “Warm Blob” in the Eastern Pacific. During this natural “deforestation experiment”, alongshore velocities at both sites when kelp was present were substantially weaker than when kelp was absent, with low‐frequency alongshore currents attenuated more than higher frequency ones, behavior that was the same at both sites despite differences in forcing. The attenuation of cross‐shore flows by kelp was less than alongshore flows; thus, residence times for water inside the kelp forest, which are primarily determined by cross‐shore velocities, were only weakly affected by the presence or absence of kelp. The flow changes we observed in response to changes in kelp density are important to the biogeochemical functioning of the kelp forest in that slower flows imply longer residence times, and, are also ecologically relevant in that reduced tidal excursions may lead to more localized recruitment of planktonic larvae.
The Direct Effect of Medium Energy Electron Precipitation on Mesospheric Dynamics During a Sudden Stratospheric Warming Event in 2010
Authors: Zúñiga López Héctor Daniel , Tyssøy Hilde Nesse , Smith‐Johnsen Christine , Maliniemi Ville 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMedium energy electron (MEE) (30–1,000 keV) precipitation enhances the production of nitric (NOx) and hydrogen oxides (HOx) throughout the mesosphere, which can destroy ozone (O3) in catalytic reactions. The dynamical effect of the direct mesospheric O3 reduction has long been an outstanding question, partly due to the concurrent feedback from the stratospheric O3 reduction. To overcome this challenge, the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6 is applied in the specified dynamics mode for the year 2010, with and without MEE ionization rates. The results demonstrate that MEE ionization rates can modulate temperature, zonal wind and the residual circulation affecting NOx transport. The required fluxes of MEE to impose dynamical changes depend on the dynamical preconditions. During the Northern Hemispheric winter, even weak ionization rates can modulate the mesospheric signal of a sudden stratospheric warming event. The result provides a first step in a paradigm shift for the understanding of the MEE direct effect.
A Probabilistic View on Rupture Predictability: All Earthquakes Evolve Similarly
Authors: Münchmeyer Jannes , Leser Ulf , Tilmann Frederik 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRuptures of the largest earthquakes can last between a few seconds and several minutes. An early assessment of the final earthquake size is essential for early warning systems. However, it is still unclear when in the rupture history this final size can be predicted. Here we introduce a probabilistic view of rupture evolution ‐ how likely is the event to become large ‐ allowing for a clear and well‐founded answer with implications for earthquake physics and early warning. We apply our approach to real time magnitude estimation based on either moment rate functions or broadband teleseismic P arrivals. In both cases, we find strong and principled evidence against early rupture predictability because differentiation between differently sized ruptures only occurs once half of the rupture has been observed. Even then, it is impossible to foresee future asperities. Our results hint toward a universal initiation behavior for small and large ruptures.
Surface Ozone‐Temperature Relationship: The Meridional Gradient Ratio Approximation
Authors: Zhang Xiyue , Waugh Darryn W. , Kerr Gaige Hunter , Miller Scot M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe daily variation of ground‐level ozone (O3), a harmful pollutant, is positively correlated with air temperature (T) in many midlatitude land regions in the summer. The observed temporal regression slope between O3 and T (dO3/dT) is referred to as the “ozone‐climate change penalty” and has been proposed as a way to predict the impact of future climate warming on O3 from observations. Here, we use two chemical transport models to show that the spatial variation of dO3/dT is primarily determined by simultaneous meridional advection of O3 and T. Furthermore, the sign and magnitude of dO3/dT can be approximated by their climatological meridional gradient ratio (O3 gradient divided by T gradient). Consideration of expected changes in the meridional gradients of T and O3 due to climate change indicates that dO3/dT will likely change. Caution is needed when using the observed climate penalty to predict O3 changes.
Rapid Growth of Outer Size of Tropical Cyclones: A New Perspective on Their Destructive Potential
Authors: Li Yi , Tang Youmin , Wang Shuai 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe destructive potential of a tropical cyclone (TC) is primarily determined by its intensity and outer size. Although TC intensification has been researched extensively, the growth rate of its outer size remains obscure. This prompts us to develop the concept of rapid growth of outer size (RG) of TCs. RG is defined as an increase of at least 75 km in the gale‐force wind radius within 24 hr using an objective anomaly detection algorithm. RG is intrinsically linked to the life cycle of the outer size and comprises most of the peak for large TCs (>300 km) in the distribution of lifetime maximum size. Compared with rapid intensification, RG is a more dangerous change in the TC structure, leveling up the destructive potential more rapidly. This is the first attempt to reveal the importance of RG to the outer size climatology, life cycle, and destructive potential of TCs.
Recent Increase in the Occurrence of Snow Droughts Followed by Extreme Heatwaves in a Warmer World
Authors: Li Xiangfei , Wang Shuo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe compound of late winter snow droughts and early spring heatwaves (compound snow drought and heatwave (CSDHW)) could dramatically affect ecosystems and water availability, but has not been systematically investigated. Here we present a comprehensive assessment of CSDHW events and possible driving mechanisms. We find that 7% of the snow‐covered area experiences significant (p < 0.05) CSDHW events, and an average of 35% of snow droughts are followed by heatwaves during 1981–2020. The spatial extent of CSDHW is asymmetrically enlarging, with a significant increase in Eurasia and a relatively high fluctuation in North America. Specifically, the warm‐type CSDHW (i.e., snow drought with normal or above‐average precipitation followed by heatwave) occurs more frequently, with spatial coverage increasing faster than the dry‐type CSDHW (i.e., snow drought with below‐average precipitation followed by heatwave). In comparison, dry snow drought is more likely to be followed by heatwave due to intensified soil drought and atmospheric aridity.
Associations between the home environment and childhood weight change: a cross-lagged panel analysis
Authors: Kininmonth Alice R. , Schrempft Stephanie , Smith Andrea , Dye Louise , Lawton Clare , Fisher Abigail , Llewellyn Clare H. , Fildes Alison 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
The obesogenic quality of the home environment is hypothesised to play an important role in children’s weight development but few prospective studies have investigated relationships between the home environment and adiposity across childhood.

Objective
To investigate the continuity and stability of the home environment from ages 4 to 12, and bi-directional relationships between the home environment and BMI-SDS from ages 4 to 12.

Methods
Parents from the Gemini cohort completed the Home Environment Interview (HEI), a comprehensive measure of the obesogenic home environment, when their children were aged 4 and 12 (n = 149 families, n = 298 children). The obesogenic home environment was measured using four composite scores capturing the food, activity, media environments, and the overall home environment. Child weights and heights were used to calculate BMI-SDS. Continuity was assessed with Pearson’s correlations between scores at each time point, and stability by changes in mean scores over time. Cross-lagged analyses were performed (HEI composites at age 4 to BMI-SDS at age 12 and the reverse) to measure the magnitude and direction of associations.

Results
The home environment showed moderate-to-high continuity from ages 4 to 12 (r = 0.30–0.64). The overall home environment (r = 0.21, p < 0.01) and media composites (r = 0.23, p < 0.01) were cross-sectionally associated with child BMI-SDS at age 12, but not at age 4. Longitudinally, the home media environment at age 4 predicted increases in child BMI-SDS at age 12 (β; 95% CI = 0.18; 0.08,0.28, p < 0.01). No associations were observed for the reverse path, or the remaining composites (the overall, food and activity) in either direction.

Conclusion
This study provides evidence that the obesogenic home environment tracks across childhood and highlights the importance of the early home media environment for child weight development. The findings provide insight into key aspects of the home environment that could be targeted when developing obesity treatment or prevention strategies.
A multi-city urban atmospheric greenhouse gas measurement data synthesis
Authors: Mitchell Logan E. , Lin John C. , Hutyra Lucy R. , Bowling David R. , Cohen Ronald C. , Davis Kenneth J. , DiGangi Elizabeth , Duren Riley M. , Ehleringer James R. , Fain Clayton , Falk Matthias , Guha Abhinav , Karion Anna , Keeling Ralph F. , Kim Jooil , Miles Natasha L. , Miller Charles E. , Newman Sally , Pataki Diane E. , Prinzivalli Steve , Ren Xinrong , Rice Andrew , Richardson Scott J. , Sargent Maryann , Stephens Britton B. , Turnbull Jocelyn C. , Verhulst Kristal R. , Vogel Felix , Weiss Ray F. , Whetstone James , Wofsy Steven C. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractUrban regions emit a large fraction of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) that contribute to modern-day climate change. As such, a growing number of urban policymakers and stakeholders are adopting emission reduction targets and implementing policies to reach those targets. Over the past two decades research teams have established urban GHG monitoring networks to determine how much, where, and why a particular city emits GHGs, and to track changes in emissions over time. Coordination among these efforts has been limited, restricting the scope of analyses and insights. Here we present a harmonized data set synthesizing urban GHG observations from cities with monitoring networks across North America that will facilitate cross-city analyses and address scientific questions that are difficult to address in isolation.
Scale-free behavioral cascades and effective leadership in schooling fish
Authors: Múgica Julia , Torrents Jordi , Cristín Javier , Puy Andreu , Miguel M. Carmen , Pastor-Satorras Romualdo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBehavioral contagion and the presence of behavioral cascades are natural features in groups of animals showing collective motion, such as schooling fish or grazing herbivores. Here we study empirical behavioral cascades observed in fish schools defined as avalanches of consecutive large changes in the heading direction of the trajectory of fish. In terms of a minimum turning angle introduced to define a large change, avalanches are characterized by distributions of size and duration showing scale-free signatures, reminiscent of self-organized critical behavior. We observe that avalanches are generally triggered by a small number of fish, which act as effective leaders that induce large rearrangements of the group’s trajectory. This observation motivates the proposal of a simple model, based in the classical Vicsek model of collective motion, in which a given individual acts as a leader subject to random heading reorientations. The model reproduces qualitatively the empirical avalanche behavior observed in real schools, and hints towards a connection between effective leadership, long range interactions and avalanche behavior in collective movement.
A radiographic and physical analysis of factors affecting seat belt position in sitting car seat
Authors: Yamagata Hiroki , Nishida Norihiro , Izumiyama Tomohiro , Asahi Ryusuke , Koike Masahiro , Mihara Atsushi , Imajo Yasuaki , Suzuki Hidenori , Funaba Masahiro , Sugimoto Shigeru , Fukushima Masanobu , Sakai Takashi 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe characteristic subcutaneous hemorrhage along the seat belt in motor vehicle accidents is called the seat belt sign (SBS). The risk of organ injuries is especially high when abdominal SBS is located above the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). The purpose of this study analyzed the physical and radiographic factors of healthy volunteers sit on car seat that affect initial position of abdominal seat belt, namely “lap belt”, related to the seat belt injury. This study was examined prospectively relation between physical characteristics of one hundred healthy volunteers and lap belt position sitting the car seat. Physical findings were clarified age, sex, height, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference. Radiographical findings were measured lumber lordosis (LL), sacral slope (SS), and initial lap belt position by marking with lead tape for the center and ASIS of the lap belt installed on the driver’s car seat. In the lateral X-ray image, we measured the horizontal distance (X-value) and vertical distance (Z-value) from the ASIS to the central marker. The lap belt angle was determined to measure the angle between the horizontal line and the straight line connecting the upper edges of the markers. Statistical analysis of the relationships between physical characteristics and radiological findings was performed. X-value and Z-value were positively correlated with body weight, BMI, and waist circumference, while the lap belt angle was negatively correlated with body weight, BMI, and waist circumference. The relationship between physical characteristics and the initial position of seat belt was analyzed. Since the lap belt is positioned higher than the ASIS in occupants with a high BMI, it is likely to cause seat belt injury. This analysis can help to develop safer seat belts and to enlighten car occupants.
Detailed analysis of habitat suitability curves for macroinvertebrates and functional feeding groups
Authors: Szałkiewicz Ewelina , Kałuża Tomasz , Grygoruk Mateusz 
Published: June 2022

AbstractEnvironmental flows have primarily a practical purpose, being an important part of water management. Despite the widespread use of environmental flows, current studies rarely describe practical insights of the methods or consider environmental flows based on ecological traits, especially regarding macroinvertebrates. In addition to hydraulic parameters, the ecological traits may also indicate processes that drive the distribution of organisms. Nevertheless, so far the habitat suitability criteria for functional feeding groups, the most commonly used ecological trait for macroinvertebrates, have not been described. In this study, we performed a detailed analysis of habitat suitability curves for the macroinvertebrate community and for FFGs. The criteria were determined based on data collected during two field campaigns (2018 and 2019) from the Flinta River, a lowland, dynamic, sandy stream located in western Poland. The method of habitat preference curves (HPCs) for flow velocities, depths and substrate was adopted. Before determining the final habitat suitability criteria, for all considered groups the habitat preference curves and habitat utilization curves were determined separately for the data collected in 2018 and 2019. The results showed that this step was key in developing the final habitat suitability criteria. Additionally, considering FFGs provided insight into the mechanisms that drove the distribution of organisms and resultant suitability.
Arctic Oscillation and Pacific-North American pattern dominated-modulation of fire danger and wildfire occurrence
Authors: Justino Flavio , Bromwich David H. , Schumacher Vanucia , daSilva Alex , Wang Sheng-Hung 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBased on statistical analyses and Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the Pacific-North American pattern (PNA) induced climate anomalies in the 2001–2020 interval, it has been found that these climate modes drastically influence the fire danger (PFIv2) in differing ways across coastal and inland regions. The AO induces higher fire risk in northern Eurasia and central North America, whereas the PNA increases the fire danger across southern Asia and western North America. Moreover, fires have been predominantly identified, up to 70%, during the positive phases of AO and PNA northward of 50°N, in particular over Alaska, Baltic States and eastern Asia. For coincident positive AO and negative PNA days, a large number of fires have been identified over northwestern North America and northern Eurasia. Spectral analyses demonstrate that weather anomalies related to AO and PNA lead fire danger by 10–20 days, and both modes are significantly correlated to PFIv2 over north America and most of Eurasia. Despite some drawbacks related to the fire danger methods currently applied (PFI and FWI), it is demonstrated that the influence of AO and PNA on potential environmental driven-fires can be anticipated, in some locations on almost 90% of days. Fire danger forecasts are urgently needed and the understanding of factors and conditions, which are able to modify the environmental susceptibility to fire development, are crucial for adequate management to reduce the harmful effects of fire. In this sense, our results reveal that a better prediction of the fire season can be achieved by advanced assessment of the PNA and AO behavior, and shed light on the need to investigate the impact of other modes of climate variability upon wildfire frequency and severity.
The evolution of the H2O maser emission in the accretion burst source G358.93−0.03
Authors: Bayandina O. S. , Brogan C. L. , Burns R. A. , Caratti o Garatti A. , Chibueze J. O. , van den Heever S. P. , Kurtz S. E. , MacLeod G. C. , Moscadelli L. , Sobolev A. M. , Sugiyama K. , Val’tts I. E. , Yonekura Y. 
Published: June 2022

Context. The massive young stellar object (MYSO) G358.93−0.03-MM1 showed an extraordinary near-infrared- to (sub-)millimetre-dark and far-infrared-loud accretion burst, which is closely associated with flares of several class II methanol maser transitions, and, later, a 22 GHz water maser flare.
Aims. Water maser flares provide an invaluable insight into ejection events associated with accretion bursts. Although the short timescale of the 22 GHz water maser flare made it impossible to carry out a very long baseline interferometry observation, we could track it with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA).
Methods. The evolution of the spatial structure of the 22 GHz water masers and their association with the continuum sources in the region is studied with the VLA during two epochs, pre- and post-H2O maser flare.
Results. A drastic change in the distribution of the water masers is revealed: in contrast to the four maser groups detected during epoch I, only two newly formed clusters are detected during epoch II. The 22 GHz water masers associated with the bursting source MM1 changed in morphology and emission velocity extent.
Conclusions. Clear evidence of the influence of the accretion burst on the ejection from G358.93−0.03-MM1 is presented. The accretion event has also potentially affected a region with a radius of ∼2″ (∼13 500 AU at 6.75 kpc), suppressing water masers associated with other point sources in this region.
Impaired Fasting Glucose in Pregnancy: Improved Perinatal Outcomes with Active Glycemic Management
Authors: Berglin Mendy , Anderson Meredith , Weintraub Miranda Ritterman , Navalta Stephanie , Hedderson Monique , Ferrara Assiamira , Greenberg Mara 
Published: June 2022

Objective This study aimed to assess the association between active glycemic management and large for gestational age (LGA) neonates and cesarean delivery (CD) among pregnant women with impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
Study Design Retrospective cohort study using electronic health record data of women with IFG who delivered at the Kaiser Permanente Northern California from 2012 to 2017. IFG was defined as isolated fasting glucose ≥95 mg/dL. Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or in whom GDM could not be ruled out were excluded. Baseline and treatment characteristics, and pregnancy outcomes were compared among women with IFG who participated in telephonic home glucose monitoring and glycemic management through a centralized standardized program (participants) with those who did not participate (nonparticipants). The relative risks (RRs) of perinatal complications associated with participation versus nonparticipation were estimated with Poisson's regression models.
Results We identified 1,584 women meeting inclusion criteria of whom 1,151 (72.7%) were participants and 433 (27.3%) were nonparticipants. There were no differences between groups in baseline characteristics or comorbidities, except for higher mean levels of fasting glucose (FG) at the time of IFG diagnosis in participants than in nonparticipants (98.9 vs. 98.0 mg/dL, p = 0.01). Participants received hypoglycemic medications more frequently than nonparticipants (68.2 vs. 0.9%, p < 0.01). The rate of LGA was significantly lower in participants compared with nonparticipants (19.1 vs. 25.0%, p = 0.01). After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, education, body mass index, and level of FG impairment, the RR for LGA for participants compared with nonparticipants was 0.68, 95% CI: 0.55–0.84. The risk of CD did not differ significantly by participation status, in unadjusted or adjusted analyses.
Conclusion Active standardized glycemic management was associated with a decreased risk of LGA for women with IFG. This finding supports an active glycemic management strategy for patients with IFG during pregnancy to reduce the risk of LGA, similar to GDM management.
Key Points