bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Carbon‐Based Nanodemulsifiers Derived from ZIF‐8 and their Demulsification Performance for Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions
Authors: Liu Chao , Wei Lixin , Zhang Lin , Li Zhe , Jia Xinlei , Geng Xiaoheng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn this study, a carbon‐based nanodemulsifier (ZIF‐8@CNS) was prepared in order to lessen the harmful effects of crude oil emulsion on mechanical equipment and the environment and to provide a green and efficient demulsifier. A novel hydrophilic/lipophilic carbon‐based nanodemulsifier ZIF‐8@CNS was prepared by solvothermal method using ZIF‐8 and carbon nanospheres (CNS) as raw materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) showed that ZIF‐8@CNS was successfully compounded. The interfacial activity experiment showed that the carbon nanospheres combined with ZIF‐8 had better hydrophilic and lipophilic balance and were more easily distributed at the oil‐water interface. The demulsification experiment of water‐in‐toluene emulsion with water content of 1 % was carried out. The results showed that when the dosage of ZIF‐8@CNS with 10 % carbon content was 300 mg/L, the residual water content in the emulsion oil phase was only 0.09 % within 15 min at room temperature. In addition, we propose a possible demulsification mechanism of the demulsifier. ZIF‐8@CNS is environmentally friendly and an effective oil‐water phase separation material with broad application prospects.
3D Single‐Layer‐Dominated Graphene Foam for High‐Resolution Strain Sensing and Self‐Monitoring Shape Memory Composite
Authors: Rong Jiasheng , Zhou Jianxin , Zhou Yucheng , Hu Cong , Li Luxian , Guo Wanlin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFlexible intelligent materials are desired to effectively regulate their own deformation and accurately sense their immediate morphology at the same time. Graphene foam is an attractive material for strain sensing and electrical/thermal performance control due to its outstanding mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. However, graphene‐foam‐based materials with both strain sensing and deformation control capabilities are rarely reported. Here, a multiscale design of graphene foam with a single‐layer‐graphene‐dominated microstructure and resilient 3D network architecture, which leads to exceptional strain sensing performance as well as modulation ability of the electrical and thermal conductivity for shape memory polymers, is reported. The graphene foams exhibit a strain detection limit of 0.033%, a rapid response of 53 ms, long‐term stability over 10 000 cycles, significant thermoacoustic effect, and great heat‐generation and heat‐diffusion ability. By combining these advantages, an electro‐activated shape‐memory composite that is capable of monitoring its own shape state during its morphing process, is demonstrated.
A Tin Oxide‐Coated Copper Foam Hybridized with a Gas Diffusion Electrode for Efficient CO2 Reduction to Formate with a Current Density Exceeding 1 A cm−2
Authors: Liu Tengyi , Ohashi Keitaro , Nagita Kaito , Harada Takashi , Nakanishi Shuji , Kamiya Kazuhide 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising strategy for closing the carbon cycle. Increasing the current density (  J) for CO2RR products is a critical requirement for the social implementation of this technology. Herein, nanoscale tin–oxide‐modified copper–oxide foam is hybridized with a carbon‐based gas‐diffusion electrode (GDE). Using the resultant electrode, the Jformate is increased to −1152 mA cm−2 at −1.2 V versus RHE in 1 m KOH, which is the highest value for CO2‐to‐formate electrolysis. The formate faradaic efficiency (FEformate) reaches ≈99% at −0.6 V versus RHE. The achievement of ultra‐high‐rate formate production is attributable to the following factors: i) homogeneously‐modified Sn atoms suppressing H2 evolution and ii) the hydrophobic carbon nanoparticles on GDEs penetrating the macroporous structure of the foam causing the increase in the thickness of triple‐phase interface. Additionally, the FEformate remains at ≈70% under a high J of −1.0 A cm−2 for more than 20 h.
Digitally programmable organic light‐emitting tetrodes
Authors: Ji Junpeng , Yang Biao , Zhang Chaohong , Cai Yulu , Chen Jingwei , Zhao Changbin , Wang Tao , Wu Lijie , Liu Ming , Bai Junwu , Wang Jiangfeng , Wu Zhongbin , Chen Shufen , Ling Haifeng , An Zhongfu , Chen Yonghua , Wang Jianpu , Huang Wei , Meng Hong 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLimited to the structure of traditional light‐emitting devices, electronic devices that can directly convert machine language into human visual information without introducing any back‐end circuit are still not easy to achieve. Based on a specially designed three‐phase co‐planar electrode structure, a new type of three‐phase alternating current driven organic light‐emitting device with the integration of emission and control functions, full‐color tunability and simple device structure is demonstrated in this study. We integrate the light‐emitting function of color‐tunable light‐emitting devices and the switching of three triodes in a single three phase organic light‐emitting device. The state control of luminous color and luminance intensity merely requires the introduction of a kind of machine language, that is an easy‐to‐program 6‐bit binary number coded digital signals. The color adjustable area covers 66% of the color triangle of the National Television System Committee. Such simple and easy‐to‐integrate light‐emitting system has great potential applications in the next‐generation man‐machine interface.
The Wettstein tesseract: A tool for conceptualising species‐rank decisions and illustrating speciation trajectories
Authors: Oberprieler Christoph 
Published: November 2022

AbstractGenealogy‐based species‐delimitation approaches resting upon multilocus sequence data aim at arranging organisms into species taxa (the “grouping” step in a classification procedure), but provide no criteria for the subsequent decision of whether these taxa should be acknowledged as species in the Linnaean classification system (the “ranking” step). By integration of genealogical, morphological, ecological, and geographical patterns as proposed by von Wettstein (1898), species‐rank decisions can be conceptualised in a reproducible manner and comprehensibly depicted in a four‐dimensional hypercube (the herewith introduced “Wettstein tesseract”). Additionally, the Wettstein tesseract provides a tool for illustrating and teaching components and properties of speciation pathways realised in nature.
Introduction: African Secondary City Food Systems in Context
Authors: Riley Liam , Crush Jonathan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCountries across Africa are rapidly transitioning from rural to urban societies. The UN projects that 60% of people living in Africa will be in urban areas by 2050, with the urban population on the continent tripling over the next 50 years. The challenge of building inclusive and sustainable cities in the context of rapid urbanization is arguably the critical development issue of the twenty-first century and creating food secure cities is key to promoting health, prosperity, equity, and ecological sustainability. The expansion of Africa’s urban population is taking place largely in secondary cities. These are broadly defined as cities with fewer than half a million people that are not national political or economic centres. The implications of secondary urbanization have recently been described by the Cities Alliance as “a real knowledge gap,” requiring much additional research not least because it poses new intellectual challenges for academic researchers and governance challenges for policymakers. International researchers coming from multiple points of view, including food studies, urban studies, and sustainability studies, are starting to heed the call for further research into the implications for food security of rapidly growing secondary cities in Africa.
Household Dietary Patterns and Food Security Challenges in Peri-Urban South Africa: A Reflection of High Unemployment in the Wake of Rising Food Prices
Authors: Chakona Gamuchirai 
Published: November 2022

AbstractUrbanization is one of the major social changes in developing regions. This has influenced urban food insecurity and malnutrition in South Africa where poverty, unemployment and high food prices are dominant and influencing dietary change. The study considered dietary diversities and food security of households in four peri-urban settlements in South Africa through household surveys with 314 randomly selected households. Dietary diversity was generally low with high levels of food insecurity across the peri-urban sites, with male-headed households generally worse off than female-headed households. There was high dependence on food purchasing in all sites, although female-headed households were more likely than male-headed households to supplement food purchases with other food strategies such as urban agriculture, collection from open spaces and receiving donations. Food insecurity was associated with high poverty levels, unemployment and low education levels. A coherent response that effectively addresses food and nutrition insecurity challenges in peri-urban areas is an important component in addressing food insecurity in peri-urban settings of South Africa. Such a response should support localized and diverse “context specific” food systems which are sustainable and healthier and make food more affordable.
Rent as Ransom: Lodging and Food Security in Gweru, Zimbabwe
Authors: Grant Miriam 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe early 1990s were a crucial turning point in Zimbabwe. Not only was the Structural Adjustment Program (ESAP) initiated in 1990, but the country was also hit with a major drought in 1991/92. We know that the urban poor were (and continue to be) disproportionately impacted by wage cuts, lay-offs and changes to food prices, especially since data from the period indicate that the poor spent a third to twice as much of their expenditures on food and health care than the non-poor. This chapter explores the food security situation of 100 lodgers (private renters) in the medium-sized city of Gweru, located halfway between Harare and Bulawayo. Based on data from diverse types of lodging across all density areas, it discusses the linkages between strength of rural ties, modes of livelihood, household composition, and fixed expenses such as rent and food security.
Spatial Characteristics of Urban Food Systems and Food Retailers in Smaller Urban Areas
Authors: Blekking Jordan , Giroux Stacey , Waldman Kurt , Evans Tom 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe types of food retailers operating in cities in sub-Saharan Africa and their physical distribution contribute to the spatial characteristics of food systems. As smaller urban areas expand in terms of both population and spatial extent, the importance of ensuring both physical and financial access to food throughout a city is critical for ensuring sustainable food systems. In this chapter, we use data collected from two smaller cities, Mumbwa and Monze, Zambia. Using spatial analysis, we investigate how household food purchasing behaviour differs based on the use of three different types of food retailers: traditional markets, small grocers and street vendors. We find significant hotspots of food purchasing behaviour in both Mumbwa and Monze; specifically, households located in the centre of each city purchase primarily from traditional markets, while households near the periphery use a mixture of street vendors and small grocers. Mumbwa households located in hotspots of street vendor purchases have the worst household food access, while Monze households have relatively similar food access regardless of whether they are in hotspots. Although spatial characteristics are often absent from studies related to food security in sub-Saharan Africa, our case study results suggest that food access not only varies spatially, but so does the relationship between households and the food retailers they purchase from. Our findings contribute to the ongoing discussion surrounding transformation of food systems, the emergence of smaller African urban areas and how spatial analysis methods can be applied to study food access.
‘One Health’ Research Ethics in Emergency, Disaster and Zoonotic Disease Outbreaks: A Case Study from Ethiopia
Authors: Nguta Joseph M. , Belaynehe Kuastros M. , Arruda Andréia G. , Yimer Getnet , O’Mathúna Dónal 
Published: November 2022

Abstract‘One Health’ is the concept that human health and well-being are linked to the health of animals and the environment. The goals of One Health include addressing potential or existing global and transnational health risks, which require policies that are systematic, coordinated, collaborative, multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral. One Health is particularly well-suited for zoonotic diseasesand emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). Epidemics, emergenciesand disasters raise many ethical issues for all involved, including communities, responders, public healthspecialists and policymakers. Our case study describes ethical dilemmas encountered during an animaldisease outbreak investigation in the Somali region of Ethiopia during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic with concurrent drought and human conflicts. Outbreak investigations were conducted through systematic collection, analysis and evaluation of pertinent data, and results disseminated to relevant stakeholders. Our observations highlighted the importance of addressing community humanitarian needs and potential risks to responders, including researchers, when responding to animaldisease outbreaks without compromising ethical principles. Community engagement was crucial in resolving technical and ethical issues. Policy gaps related to ethical issues during animalhealth emergencies were observed. Our case study supports the formulation of guidelines and policies for One Health research ethics in Africa and elsewhere to strengthen capacityand ethical decision-making.
Formulating National Standards for Research Ethics Support and Review: The UKRIO/ARMA Case
Authors: Oates John 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes and analyses the background to and development of a national guidance framework for research ethics review that was commissioned by the United Kingdom Research Integrity Officeand the Association of Research Managers and Administrators, and launched in 2020. Unlike the centrally-controlled UK Health Research Authority research ethics review system for health and social care research, ethics review of research outside these fields is not nationally controlled and is conducted within a wide variety of organisational structures. The development process had to adopt an approach that consulted widely and sought to ensure broad take-up of the guidance by offering a flexible approach to compliance with a set of superordinate principles, while meeting the expectations of the governmentfunding body for the higher education sector as well as those of the UK research councils.
Are Mini-Grid Projects in Tanzania Financially Sustainable?
Authors: Zigah Elias , Barry Mamadou , Creti Anna 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWhile it is commonly acknowledged that mini-grids are the new pathway to bridging the high electricity access deficit in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), comparably few studies have assessed how existing regulations and tariff policies in SSA affect their potentials to attract the number of private investments required to scale-up deployments. Private investors’ participation is particularly crucial to meet the annual electrification investment needs of $120 billons in SSA. We study the regulatory framework, the tariff structure, and the subsidy schemes for mini-grids in Tanzania. Additionally, using an optimization technique, we assess the profitability of a mini-grid electrification project in Tanzania from a private investment perspective. We find that the approved standardized small power producers’ tariffs and subsidy scheme in Tanzania still do not allow mini-grid for rural electrification projects to be profitable. A further study is required to identify successful business models and strategies to improve mini-grids profitability.
Digitalisierung, hybride Wertschöpfung und Arbeitsgestaltung
Authors: Jeske Tim 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Digitalisierung bietet Unternehmen umfassende Möglichkeiten, sich weiterzuentwickeln und ihre Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu steigern. Unter anderem erlaubt sie die Verknüpfung physischer Produkte mit datenbasierten Zusatzleistungen als hybride Wertschöpfung. Für deren erfolgreiche Umsetzung sind entsprechende Geschäftsmodelle und eine passende Arbeitsgestaltung erforderlich. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden grundlegende Begriffe erläutert, das Forschungsprojekt AnGeWaNt beschrieben und die Struktur des vorliegenden Buchs dargestellt: Von der Entwicklung hybrider Geschäftsmodelle über Änderungsbedarfe an Organisationsstrukturen, Zusammenarbeitsformen und Kompetenzprofilen bis hin zur digitalen Unterstützung hoheitlicher Prozesse.
Zusammenarbeit und Führung für hybride Wertschöpfung
Authors: Ottersböck Nicole , Frost Martina , Helming Klaus 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungHybridisierung und die damit einhergehende Digitalisierung haben Auswirkungen auf Zusammenarbeit und Führung in Unternehmen. Es bedarf geeigneter Strukturen sowie einer Führungs- und Unternehmenskultur, die eine erfolgreiche Hybridisierung und Digitalisierung unterstützen. Neben geeigneten Führungsstrukturen und -leitbildern betrifft dies die Kollaboration und Kooperation innerhalb und zwischen Teams sowie betriebsübergreifend. Herausforderungen bestehen im Veränderungsprozess beispielsweise, wenn neue Technologien eingeführt werden oder bei der Zusammenarbeit und Führung auf Distanz. Es werden flache Hierarchien nötig, die ein hohes Maß an Agilität ermöglichen, um möglichst schnell auf sich wandelnde Märkte und Bedarfe reagieren zu können. Zusammen mit allen Arbeits- und Prozessbeteiligten bzw. bei einer sozialpartnerschaftlichen Gestaltung sorgt dies für eine resiliente und wandlungsfähige Gesamtorganisation, die wesentlich für erfolgreiche Innovationsprozesse ist. Im Projekt wurden mögliche Veränderungen der Zusammenarbeit sowie der Führung analysiert und Maßnahmen abgeleitet, die einen erfolgreichen Veränderungsprozess im Zuge der Hybridisierung unterstützen. Der Beitrag thematisiert das Vorgehen und fokussiert die ausgewählten Handlungsfelder und die konzipierten sowie in der Praxis erprobten Maßnahmen.
Digitale Plattform für metrologische Dienstleistungen
Authors: Oppermann Alexander , Eickelberg Samuel , Exner John 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungDieser Beitrag beschreibt das Vorgehen und die Ergebnisse im Forschungsprojekt AnGeWaNt (Arbeit an geeichten Waagen für hybride Wiegeleistungen an Nutzfahrzeugen), das an der Schnittstelle zwischen Forschung, Industrie und öffentlichen Dienstleistungen agiert und dabei konstruktive Ansätze in einer agilen Arbeitsweise entwickelt und umsetzt. Der Beitrag dokumentiert die erfolgreiche Vorgehensweise beispielhaft an den Anwendungsfällen des Digitalen Eichantrags und des Softwareupdate-Antrags, wie eine digitale Transformation papierbasierter Prozesse für den hoheitlichen Bereich geplant und umgesetzt werden kann. Die Plattform für metrologische Dienstleistungen schließt dabei die Lücke zwischen den hybriden Geschäftsmodellen der Privatwirtschaft und der digitalen Transformation der Prozesse in der öffentlichen Verwaltung. Darüber hinaus werden technische Designentscheidungen der entstandenen Plattform und deren Software-Implementation erläutert und besprochen.
Between- and Within-Individual Sociodemographic and Psychological Determinants of PrEP Adherence Among Men Who have Sex with Men Prescribed a Daily PrEP Regimen in Wales
Authors: Gillespie David , de Bruin Marijn , Hughes Dyfrig A. , Ma Richard , Williams Adam , Wood Fiona , Couzens Zoë , Jones Adam , Hood Kerenza 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe investigated the determinants of daily PrEP use and coverage of condomless anal sex (CAS) by PrEP among men who have sex with men in Wales, UK. We measured PrEP use by electronic monitors and CAS by secure online surveys. We defined PrEP use based on daily medication cap openings and coverage as CAS episodes preceded by ≥ 3 days of PrEP use and followed by ≥ 2 days of PrEP use. We included 57 participants (5463 observations). An STI diagnosis was associated with lower PrEP use but also lower PrEP coverage. Older adults had higher PrEP use. A belief that other PrEP users took PrEP as prescribed was associated with lower PrEP coverage. An STI diagnosis is an important cue for an intervention, reflecting episodes of high-risk sexual behaviour and low PrEP coverage. Other results provide a basis for the development of an evidence-informed intervention for promoting coverage of PrEP.
Design and management of humanitarian supply chains: challenges, solutions, and frameworks
Authors: Dubey Rameshwar 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe design and management of the humanitarian supply chain are the most critical aspects of the humanitarian aid supply chain. Despite enormous interest among the academic community and the practitioners, the design of a humanitarian supply chain is still not well understood. Most of the publications have attempted to address the mechanisms of the humanitarian relief operations. However, the elements of the humanitarian supply chain designs are not well understood in an integrated manner. In this special issue, we have accepted the articles based on six factors that shape the design and management of the humanitarian supply chain and the influencing factors (see Fig. 4). We have noted the research gaps and offered rich directions for future research.
MR-DoC2: Bidirectional Causal Modeling with Instrumental Variables and Data from Relatives
Authors: Castro-de-Araujo Luis F. S. , Singh Madhurbain , Zhou Yi , Vinh Philip , Verhulst Brad , Dolan Conor V. , Neale Michael C. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEstablishing causality is an essential step towards developing interventions for psychiatric disorders, substance use and many other conditions. While randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for causal inference, they are unethical in many scenarios. Mendelian randomization (MR) can be used in such cases, but importantly both RCTs and MR assume unidirectional causality. In this paper, we developed a new model, MRDoC2, that can be used to identify bidirectional causation in the presence of confounding due to both familial and non-familial sources. Our model extends the MRDoC model (Minică et al. in Behav Genet 48:337–349, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-018-9904-4, 2018), by simultaneously including risk scores for each trait. Furthermore, the power to detect causal effects in MRDoC2 does not require the phenotypes to have different additive genetic or shared environmental sources of variance, as is the case in the direction of causation twin model (Heath et al. in Behav Genet 23:29–50, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01067552, 1993).