bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Removal of Water-Insoluble Turbine Deposits by Caustic Washing
Authors: Webb W. L. , Call R. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In spite of the methods employed to reduce carry-over from boilers, both water-soluble and insoluble turbine deposits are prevalent. Where these deposits are water-insoluble, disassembly of the turbine with resultant capacity outage has been necessary. A caustic-soda-solution washing procedure, used by plants of the authors’ companies for the removal of water-insoluble silica deposits, has resulted in regaining lost capacity and in restoring stage-pressure differentials to normal in a fraction of the time formerly required for removing deposits mechanically from buckets and diaphragm nozzles.
Delamination Tests of Plywood and a Proposed Specification
Authors: Muhlenbruch C. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to overcome drawbacks of the standard test to determine delamination of plywood, which is dependent upon visual examination of a sample which has been subjected to a standard manner of soaking, the author has conducted tests designed to show that an actual physical test for modulus of rupture or modulus of elasticity will provide a quantitative measure of loss in strength due to wetting, and consequent delamination. Such a test is demonstrably far superior to the qualitative visual test now in use to forecast the ability of a plywood to withstand atmospheric exposure. As a result of the tests, the author proposes that a specification which is outlined in the paper be made a part of the delamination test for plywood.
Creep of Metals at Elevated Temperatures—the Hyperbolic-Sine Relation Between Stress and Creep Rate
Authors: McVetty P. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper recommends further use of the hyperbolic sine to express the relation between stress and creep rate at constant temperature. Evidence is submitted to show that the commonly used straight-line relation in the log-log plot becomes unreliable when extrapolated over a considerable range into the field of low stresses. Reference is made to theoretical considerations in favor of the hyperbolic sine and to tests on a wide variety of materials which appear to support its use. For specific examples, comparative curves are shown to illustrate application to creep data representing a wrought 18 Cr-8 Ni alloy tested at 1500 F. The two methods of extrapolation are compared with special reference to their reliability for selection of safe working stresses. To stimulate application of the hyperbolic-sine relation to practical problems, a graphical solution is proposed, and a chart is given to facilitate determination of the required constants from creep tests at two or more stresses at the same temperature.
A Thermal Anemometer for Low Velocity Flow
Authors: Seban R. A. , Hillendahl W. H. , Gallagher E. J. , London A. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A thermal anemometer for low velocity flow, which indicates air velocities in terms of the cooling rate of a heated sphere, is described in this paper. The calibration presented reveals an adequate consistency for velocities from 15 fpm to 3000 fpm. Beyond 100 fpm, free-convection effects become small and the instrument indication is substantially nondirectional because of its spherical form(4) (5). Operation with transient conditions enables the use of small temperature differences, so that free-convection effects may be made small. Further, heater input need not be controlled or metered, as is necessary with steady-state thermal anemometers (6).
Proposed Expressions for Roots’ Supercharger Design and Efficiencies
Authors: Hiersch F. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper defines certain proposed positive-displacement-blower efficiencies in Equations [1], [2], [3], [5] in terms of slippage air, i.e. (1 — vol. eff/100), which is taken as a means for rating the design of the blower. Equation [6] may be used to obtain ns which is defined as the “slip” polytropic-compression exponent. The first example showsactual details of computation of optimum rotor-bore diameter and axial length for a given delivery volume, speed, impeller clearance, and head based on the methods given by K. Schopper. The volumetric efficiency for the given blower design is then compared with that of the optimum-design blower. These results are then applied in Equations [1] and [2]. In the second example volumetric efficiency is plotted against the ratio of axial length to bore diameter with conditions fixed as in the first example. These results may be applied to Equations [1] and [2].
Rate- and Region-Dependent Mechanical Properties of Göttingen Minipig Brain Tissue in Simple Shear and Unconfined Compression
Authors: Boiczyk Gregory M. , Pearson Noah , Kote Vivek Bhaskar , Sundaramurthy Aravind , Subramaniam Dhananjay Radhakrishnan , Rubio Jose E. , Unnikrishnan Ginu , Reifman Jaques , Monson Kenneth L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly from explosive blasts, is a major cause of casualties in modern military conflicts. Computational models are an important tool in understanding the underlying biomechanics of TBI but are highly dependent on the mechanical properties of soft tissue to produce accurate results. Reported material properties of brain tissue can vary by several orders of magnitude between studies, and no published set of material parameters exists for porcine brain tissue at strain rates relevant to blast. In this work, brain tissue from the brainstem, cerebellum, and cerebrum of freshly euthanized adolescent male Göttingen minipigs was tested in simple shear and unconfined compression at strain rates ranging from quasi-static (QS) to 300 s−1. Brain tissue showed significant strain rate stiffening in both shear and compression. Minimal differences were seen between different regions of the brain. Both hyperelastic and hyper-viscoelastic constitutive models were fit to experimental stress, considering data from either a single loading mode (unidirectional) or two loading modes together (bidirectional). The unidirectional hyper-viscoelastic models with an Ogden hyperelastic representation and a one-term Prony series best captured the response of brain tissue in all regions and rates. The bidirectional models were generally able to capture the response of the tissue in high-rate shear and all compression modes, but not the QS shear. Our constitutive models describe the first set of material parameters for porcine brain tissue relevant to loading modes and rates seen in blast injury.
Effect of Offset Ratio and Plate Motion on Conjugate Heat Transfer in a Turbulent Offset Jet Flow Over the Heated Plate
Authors: Behera Vishwa Mohan , Rathore Sushil Kumar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present investigation focuses on studying the conjugate heat transfer behavior for a turbulent offset jet flow over a heated plate moving uniformly in a positive axial direction. Heat transfer from heated walls to flowing fluids is a subject of great scientific interest and practical importance due to many industrial applications like cooling hot rolling sheets and slabs, cooling continuous casting, etc. The conjugate technique adopted in the present investigation requires consideration of conduction in the solid and the convection from the solid surface to the fluid. For the simulation, a low-Re modified k−ε model developed by Yang and Shih (YS model) is adopted. The YS turbulence model uses the integration-to-wall (ITW) technique which enables it to interpret the variations in fluid and thermal parameters in the near-wall regions without adopting the wall functions. The simulation involves a turbulent offset jet ejecting out of a nozzle at a Reynolds number of 15000, submerged into a stationary environment of Prandtl number 7. The plate at its bottom is heated by constant flux. The various parameters taken into account for observing the thermal behavior are offset ratios (OR=3, 7, and 11), plate velocity ratios (Up=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2), plate thickness ratios (S=0.5, 1.0, and 1.5), and conductivity ratios (K=500, 1000, 1500, and 2000). The temperature distribution diagrams reveal the effect of the parameters mentioned above. The interface temperatures and the Nusselt number suggest better cooling can be achieved at lower offset ratio cases for low-velocity ratios. The contour diagrams and variation of average and local Nusselt numbers suggest the dominating effect of plate motion. A more effective cooling rate is achieved at higher plate velocity, irrespective of the offset ratios.
Identification of Tool Life Stages and Redressing Criterion for Polycrystalline Diamond Micro-Grinding Tools Using a Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Pratap Ashwani , Patra Karali , Joshi Suhas S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Interactions of wear debris at the tool-workpiece interface in micro-grinding are quite random which leads to considerable variability in the working life of similar tools. It is not possible to capture the effect of wear debris entrapment on process signals using the available physics-based model, which makes it difficult to identify the tool life stages. The present study highlights the wear pattern and life stages of a polycrystalline diamond tool (PCD) during micro-grinding of BK7 glass. Based on the time and frequency domain cutting force features and tool surface morphology, life of a typical PCD tool could be divided into three stages viz., abrasion stage (0–23% of total tool life), loading stage (23–77% of total tool life), and chipping stage (77–100% of total tool life). A machine learning model utilizing support vector machine (SVM) could predict the life stages of a tool with a prediction accuracy of around 80.5%, and the wear pattern of a new tool coming into service becomes more deterministic on using more datasets for model training. A new modified textured PCD tool, which provided better tool-work interaction and improved debris disposal, shows little variation in cutting force features across many similar design tools which enabled identifying the life stages with higher confidence. Prognosis of tool redressing criterion enabled timely redressing of the tool which led to refined tool surface condition, such as increased number of available chip pockets, greater protrusion height of the abrasives, and lowered roughness of the machined surface.
Autonomous Cricothyroid Membrane Detection and Manipulation Using Neural Networks and a Robot Arm for First-Aid Airway Management
Authors: Han Xiaoxue , Ren Hailin , Qi Jingyuan , Ben-Tzvi Pinhas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cricothyrotomy serves as one of the most efficient surgical interventions when a patient is enduring a can't intubate can't oxygenate (CICO) scenario. However, medical background and professional training are required for the provider to establish a patent airway successfully. Motivated by robotics applications in search and rescue, this work focuses on applying artificial intelligence techniques to the precise localization of the incision site, the cricothyroid membrane (CTM), of the injured using an RGB-D camera, and the manipulation of a robot arm with reinforcement learning to reach the detected CTM keypoint. In this paper, we proposed a deep learning-based model, the hybrid neural network (HNNet), to detect the CTM with a success rate of 96.6%, yielding an error of less than 5 mm in real-world coordinates. In addition, a separate neural network was trained to manipulate a robotic arm for reaching a waypoint with an error of less than 5 mm. An integrated system that combines both the perception and the control techniques was built and experimentally validated using a human-size manikin to prove the overall concept of autonomous cricothyrotomy with an RGB-D camera and a robotic manipulator using artificial intelligence.
Mandrel Bend Test of Screen-Printed Silver Conductors
Authors: Chen Rui , Chow Justin , Zhou Yi , Sitaraman Suresh K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Flexible electronics are electronic devices and components that can be stretched, bent, twisted, and folded without losing their functionality. Flexible electronics is conformable, lightweight, easily tailorable, and low-cost, and thus, flexible electronics is increasingly being explored in health care, internet of things, automotive, aerospace, communication, safety, security, and food-related applications. Also, flexible electronics can now support increased functionality as well as various fabrication techniques. With an increased adaptation of flexible electronics, research is being conducted to better understand the failure mechanism of flexible electronics and thus improve their reliability and service life. In this paper, a cyclic mandrel bend test has been designed and carried out on printed conductors with PET and PI substrates. With the designed test apparatus, both tensile and compressive bend tests have been performed. Using a four-wire method, the resistance change of the printed conductors with different widths has been measured in situ under tensile and compressive loading conditions using mandrels with different radii. The results have been compared among different conductor widths, bending modes, and substrate materials. Besides, in situ SEM images have been taken to understand the failure mechanisms of the printed conductors. Based on the study, it is seen that there exists a direct correlation between the mandrel diameter, the damage in the printed conductor, and thus, the resistance change with cyclic mandrel testing. Also, it is seen that the damage under compressive bending mode is significantly lower than the damage under tensile bending mode.
Effects of a free health insurance programme for the poor on health service utilisation and financial protection in Senegal
Authors: Bousmah Marwân-al-Qays , Diakhaté Pathé , Toulao Grâce à Dieu , Le Hesran Jean-Yves , Lalou Richard 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionImplemented in 2013 in Senegal, theProgramme National de Bourses de Sécurité Familiale(PNBSF) is a national cash transfer programme for poor households. Besides reducing household poverty and encouraging children’s school attendance, an objective of the PNBSF is to expand health coverage by guaranteeing free enrolment in community-based health insurance (CBHI) schemes. In this paper, we provide the first assessment of the PNBSF free health insurance programme on health service utilisation and health-related financial protection.MethodsWe collected household-level and individual-level cross-sectional data on health insurance in 2019–2020 within the Niakhar Population Observatory in rural Senegal. We conducted a series of descriptive analyses to fully describe the application of the PNBSF programme in terms of health coverage. We then used multivariate logistic and Poisson regression models within an inverse probability weighting framework to estimate the effect of being registered in a CBHI through the PNBSF—as compared with having no health insurance or having voluntarily enrolled in a CBHI scheme—on a series of outcomes.ResultsWith the exception of health facility deliveries, which were favoured by free health insurance, the PNBSF did not reduce the unmet need for healthcare or the health-related financial risk. It did not increase individuals’ health service utilisation in case of health problems, did not increase the number of antenatal care visits and did not protect households against the risk of forgoing medical care and of catastrophic health expenditure.ConclusionWe found limited effects of the PNBSF free health insurance on health service utilisation and health-related financial protection, although these failures were not necessarily due to the provision of free health insurance per se. Our results point to both implementation failures and limited programme outcomes. Greater commitment from the state is needed, particularly through strategies to reduce barriers to accessing covered healthcare.
The resilience of two departmental health insurance units during the COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal
Authors: Ridde Valéry , Kane Babacar , Mbow Ndeye Bineta , Senghor Ibrahima , Faye Adama 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundIn its pursuit of solutions for universal health coverage (UHC), Senegal has set up two departmental health insurance units (UDAMs) since 2014. Few studies on the resilience of health systems in Africa have examined health insurance organisations. This article aims to understand how these two UDAMs have been resilient during the COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictive measures imposed by the State to maintain services to their members and reimbursements to healthcare providers.MethodsThis study was a multicase study with multiple levels of analysis using a conceptual framework of resilience and analysis of organisational configurations. Empirical data are derived from document analysis, observations for 6 months and 17 qualitative in-depth interviews.ResultsThe results identified three main configurations concerning (1) safety and hygiene, (2) organisation and planning and (3) communication for sustainable payment. The UDAM faced the pandemic with resilience processes to absorb the shock and maintain service to their members. The UDAM learnt positive lessons from crisis management, such as remote work or the ability to support members in their care in hospitals away from their headquarters. They have innovated (transformative resilience) with the organisation of electronic payment and the use of social networks to raise funds and communicate with members. Strengthening their effectiveness after the shock of the departure of the donors in 2017 contributed to the adaptation and even transformation from the pandemic shock of 2020 and 2021. The study shows that leadership, team dynamics and adaptation to contexts are drivers of resilience processes.ConclusionBoth UDAMs adapted to the shocks of the pandemic and government measures to maintain the services of their members and their organisational routine. This resilience confirms that UDAMs are one of the possible solutions for UHC in the Sahel.
Mapping care provision for type 1 diabetes throughout Australia: a protocol for a mixed-method study
Authors: Carrigan Ann , Lake Rebecca , Zoungas Sophia , Huynh Tony , Couper Jennifer , Davis Elizabeth , Jones Timothy , Bloom David , Braithwaite Jeffrey , Zurynski Yvonne 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionType 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic and incurable autoimmune disease, diagnosed in early childhood and managed initially in paediatric healthcare services. In many countries, including Australia, national audit data suggest that management and care of T1D, and consequently glycaemic control, are consistently poor. This can lead to adverse outcomes such as cardiovascular disease and nephropathy. T1D treatment is complex, multidisciplinary, multiagency and life-long and should involve patient-centred, developmentally appropriate care. Although an emerging body of literature describes T1D models of care, their components, implementation determinants and associated outcomes are poorly understood.ObjectivesTo provide a study protocol to describe methods to map existing models of care for children and young adults living with T1D. It will identify the gaps and needs in care delivery as viewed by healthcare providers and by children, young people and their families accessing care in metropolitan and rural or remote regions throughout Australia.Methods and analysisA mixed-method study that includes provider and consumer-specific surveys and interviews about current T1D care provisions. Data will be analysed thematically (qualitative) and statistically (quantitative) and synthesised to describe the key characteristics of effective and sustainable models of care for T1D and to identify gaps.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was granted by the Macquarie University Human Research Ethics Committee in July 2022 (#520221154439676). Results will be disseminated via publication in peer-reviewed journals and at relevant conferences.
Identification of risk factors associated with prolonged hospital stay following primary knee replacement surgery: a retrospective, longitudinal observational study
Authors: Wilson Rebecca , Margelyte Ruta , Redaniel Maria Theresa , Eyles Emily , Jones Tim , Penfold Chris , Blom Ashley , Elliott Andrew , Harper Alison , Keen Tim , Pitt Martin , Judge Andrew 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesTo identify risk factors associated with prolonged length of hospital stay and staying in hospital longer than medically necessary following primary knee replacement surgery.DesignRetrospective, longitudinal observational study.SettingElective knee replacement surgeries between 2016 and 2019 were identified using routinely collected data from an NHS Trust in England.ParticipantsThere were 2295 knee replacement patients with complete data included in analysis. The mean age was 68 (SD 11) and 60% were female.Outcome measuresWe assessed a binary length of stay outcome (>7 days), a continuous length of stay outcome (≤30 days) and a binary measure of whether patients remained in hospital when they were medically fit for discharge.ResultsThe mean length of stay was 5.0 days (SD 3.9), 15.4% of patients were in hospital for >7 days and 7.1% remained in hospital when they were medically fit for discharge. Longer length of stay was associated with older age (b=0.08, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.09), female sex (b=0.36, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.67), high deprivation (b=0.98, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.48) and more comorbidities (b=2.48, 95% CI 0.15 to 4.81). Remaining in hospital beyond being medically fit for discharge was associated with older age (OR=1.07, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.09), female sex (OR=1.71, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.47) and high deprivation (OR=2.27, 95% CI 1.27 to 4.06).ConclusionsThe regression models could be used to identify which patients are likely to occupy hospital beds for longer. This could be helpful in scheduling operations to aid hospital efficiency by planning these patients’ operations for when the hospital is less busy.