bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using fNIRS to study Mother-Child Brain-to-Brain Synchrony in Typical and Atypical Contexts
Authors: Esposito G. 
Published: September 2022

A potential avenue of investigating the caregiver-infant relationship lies in caregiver-infant synchrony, which refers to the coordinated interplay of behavioural and physiological signals reflecting the bi-directional attunement of one individual to the other’s psychophysiological, cognitive, emotional and behavioural state. Here, we aim to study how early naturalistic caregiver-infant interactions give raise to caregiver-infant attachment, which influences physiological and psychological processes by modulating brain sensitivity. Furthermore, we aim to study how caregiver-infant bond shapes neural pathways involved in socio-emotional regulation in typical and atypical contexts. We present new evidence from fNIRS hyperscanning studies, where we measured simultaneous caregiver (mothers, N=30 and fathers N=38) and child brain activity (N=70). From the mother-child hyperscanning study (Azhari et al., 2019; 2020; 2021), we have found that higher levels of parenting stress are correlated to lower mother-child brain-to-brain synchrony, especially in the areas of the medial left prefrontal cortex. Additionally, maternal anxious attachment (Azhari et al., 2020a) also correlated in lower mother-child synchrony in the frontal and medial left prefrontal regions. These areas contain structures implicated in the inference of mental states and social cognition, highlighting the role of psychological factors such as parenting stress and attachment style in the influence of caregiver-infant bond formation during naturalistic interactions. From the combined mother- and father-child free play sessions (Azhari et al., 2020b), behavioural data revealed that parenting stress and caregivers’ recall of their past bonding experiences their own parents interact with each other to influence the eventual quality of dyadic interaction with their child.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Shame and psychopathology. Its role in the genesis and perpetuation of different disorders
Authors: Azevedo F. , André R. , Quintão A. , Jeremias D. , Almeida C. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionShame is a profound negative emotion that can sometimes be cover up by guilt and remain undiagnosed. Shame and guilt have been described as self-conscious and moral emotions as they both involve self-evaluation and lay a role in facilitating moral conduct. They derive from the notion of responsibility, but some authors suggest that while guilt focuses only on the act at hand shame focuses on the one executing it. The self is the object.ObjectivesTo review the literature on shame and its role in different disorders both as a causing agent and as a perpetuating agentMethodsNon-systematic review of the literature with selection of scientific articles published in the past 20 years; by searching Pubmed and Medscape databases using the combination of MeSH descriptors. The following MeSH terms were used: “shame”, “psychopathology.ResultsSince shame globally decreases self-esteem and is an awareness of personal flaws it can lead to the feelings of helplessness and the development or worsening of mental disorders. As such it is no wonder to find shame being studied in many different forms, more and less structured with important connections being made with social anxiety, eating disorders, dysmorphic disorders, personality disorders and bereavement.ConclusionsShame’s role, independently from guilt can have an impact on both the genesis and perpetuation of mental disorders. Its study can uncover missing links between different types of experiences and the pathological reactions that may subsequently follow.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Early Maladaptives Schemas among call center staff in the Rabat Sale Kenitra region, Morocco
Authors: Drissi E. , Boulbaroud S. , Hami H. , Ahami A.O.T. , Azzaoui F.Z. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionIt is important to know the prevalence of the Early Maladaptives Schemas (EMS) in such population.ObjectivesThe study of Early Maladaptives Schemas among call center staff in the Rabat Sale Kenitra region and possible socio-economics factors that may influence them.MethodsThe study involved 121 call center’s employees in the Rabat Sale Kenitra region. They responded to an informative questionnaire and to the SPI 26, with 26 items, including 13 early maladaptives schemas.Results121 subjects were interviewed, 48.78% (n=59) men and 51.24% (n=62) women, a minimum age of 22 years, a maximum age of 60 years and an average of 31.74 7.93. Through the examination of the EMS’s results in adulthood, we note a decreasing ranking of active shemas according to the rate of participants: the EMS Unrelenting standards is active in 80.02% of our sample, the EMS Mistrust in 61,2%, the EMS Insufficient self-control in 47.9%, the EMS Abandonment in 47.1%, the EMS Insufficient self-control in 41.3%, the EMS Emotional inhibition in 38.8%, the EMS Vulnerability to harm or illness in 33.1%, the EMS Dependence in 31.4%, the EMS Selfsacrifice in 27,3%, the EMS Social Isolation in 19%, the EMS Emotional deprivation in 10.7%, the EMS failure in 8.3% and the EMS Enmeshment in 7,4%.ConclusionsBy comparing the rates of EMS in childhood and adulthood, it emerges that only the EMS Abandonment, Dependence and Insufficient self-control showed a disinensification, increasing successively from adulthood to childhood as follow :from 69.4% to 47.1% , from 52,9% to 31.4% and from 59.5% to 47.9%.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
The phenomenology of motivation
Authors: André R. , Romão J. , Azevedo F. , Gonçalves M. , Sereijo C. , Saraiva R. , Croca M. , Abreu M. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionThe concept of motivation pervades our professional and personal lives. Motivation is almost impossible to be observed directly, it is a construct for the interpretation of a behaviour that “calls the attention”.ObjectivesThis work reviews the current available data on the phenomenological description of motivation and the abnormalities of motivation.MethodsNon-systematic review of the literature with selection of scientific articles published in the past 10 years; by searching Pubmed and Medscape databases using the combination of MeSH descriptors. The following MeSH terms were used: “motivation”, “psychopathology”, “phenomenology”.ResultsAbnormalities in motivation may involve diminution or exacerbation. Anhedonia is the absence of pleasure in relation to usually pleasurable activities, it occurs in depression and schizophrenia where the pleasurable intrinsic motivation that acts as incentive for behaviour may be lost. In mania it may be increased so that mundane activities become unduly fascinating and rewarding.ConclusionsCountless theories have been proposed to explain human motivation but each sheds light on specific aspects of motivation, neglecting others. This diversity creates confusion because most theories have areas of conceptual overlap and disagreement. To facilitate the development of studies, an agreement should be achieved on an operational definition of motivation.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Imagery and perception: where is the phenomenological line?
Authors: Simões G. , Jesus S. , Silva R. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionThe overlap between imagery and perception has long fascinated philosophers and scientists. Many scientists considered how the mind is capable of constructing an internal world without intervention of the external environment. Descriptions of their core characteristics often draw attention to differential features, but other currents reveal that many of these are shared rather than unique and differential.ObjectivesThe authors aim to analyse and discuss conceptualisation, similarities and differences of imagery and perception at the level of phenomenology, at the intersection with other psychopathological concepts, and thus reassemble them within a common framework.MethodsA brief literature review was developed based on relevant works containing subject matter most relevant to the topic.ResultsPerception is conceived as a transformation of raw sensory stimuli into sensory information that is then decoded into meaningful at the cortical level. Imagery, in turn, corresponds to the internal mental representation of the world, actively drawn from memory. The differentiation between these concepts at a phenomenological level is analysed and discussed. Additionally, their individual role is evaluated in the pshycopathological expression of alterations of perception such as hallucinations, pseudohallucinations, pareidolic illusions, abnormal imagery, sensory deprivation and also of dreams, in an analytical perspective of integration and simultaneous conceptual differentiation.ConclusionsUnderstanding imagery, its nature and formal characteristics is required for better recognising the nature of perceptions and related psychopathological alterations, as well as the mechanisms uniting these concepts. Further research is needed as these entities represent features of useful clinical and diagnostic significance.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Ischemic colitis induced by psychotropics drugs: a case report
Authors: Alvarez Garcia C. , Sanz Giancola A. , Nocete Navarro L. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionIschemic colitis (IC) is a rare condition due to hypoperfusion in the large intestine. Usually the etiology is unidentified, but many drugs are known to induce it because of their anticholinergic effects. We present the case of a 63-year-old woman, with the diagnosis of histrionic personality disorder, in treatment with quetiapine and venlafaxine. She attended the hospital due to diffuse abdominal pain, diarrhea and hematochezia in the last two days. An abdominal CT scan is made, showing parietal thickening and submucosal edema in the colon, without any tumoral findings, suggesting IC.ObjectivesTo point up the correlation between IC and the intake of psychotropic drugs.MethodsWe conducted a narrative review of the literature through the presentation of a case. Articles were selected based on their clinical relevance.ResultsThere are reported cases of IC related to antipsychotics, but any drug with anticholinergic effects can potentially cause it. Anticholinergics reduce intestinal motility, leading to colonic ileus and dilatation. Both quetiapine and venlafaxine, taken by the patient, have these effects. Common obstructive and non-obstructive processes are excluded due to the absence of any other pathological signs. For these reasons, the diagnosis of IC secondary to treatment with quetiapine and venlafaxine is made.ConclusionsMany psychotropic drugs can produce IC owing to their anticholinergic effects, being this chance increased when taken simultaneously with other drugs with same effects. IC is a rare but fatal side effect, which makes it important to consider it in the differential diagnosis in patients in treatment with psychotropics who suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Malignant catatonia due to clozapine withdrawal: A case report and a brief review of the literature
Authors: Regueiro Martín-Albo C. , Mayor Sanabria F. , Fernández Fariña M. , Expósito Durán M.E. , García Recio A. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionWithdrawal symptoms are common upon discontinuation of many psychotropic drugs. Catatonia, a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by a number of motor, behavioral, emotional, and autonomic abnormalities, has been described as a withdrawal syndrome in a growing number of case reports, but it is not well recognized. Treatment of catatonia usually includes benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy. Standard consensus states that the use of neuroleptics should be avoided, as they are thought to worsen catatonia.ObjectivesWith this case report, we attempt to contribute to the finding in literature that the withdrawal of clozapine may be associated with catatonia, and how reintroduction of clozapine could be indicated for its treatment.MethodsA clinical case is presented of a 37-year-old female with a history of schizophrenia, presenting with altered mental status and new onset of catatonic signs and symptoms in the setting of a 7-day emetic syndrome. The possibility that vomiting prevented proper absorption of clozapine is postulated, causing the patient to present clinical features compatible with malignant catatonia.ResultsThe patient required treatment with benzodiazepines, electroconvulsive therapy and clozapine re-initiation, leading to improvement of catatonic symptoms within a few days.ConclusionsThis case serves as a reminder to consider alternative diagnostic hypotheses in cases of catatonic syndrome unresponsive to standard treatments. When the clinical suspicion of drug withdrawal is high, restarting the discontinued medication, even an antipsychotic agent, may be indicated.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Amisulpride-induced late-onset rabbit syndrome: Case report and literature review
Authors: Gundogmus I. , Tekin S. , Tasdelen Kul A. , Uzun Ö. , Ozmenler K.N. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionAmisulpride is an atypical antipsychotic. Rabbit syndrome(RS) may be seen after antipsychotics use a few days or long‐term application. RS occurs after more frequent typical antipsychotics and also in rare cases atypical antipsychotics.Its characterized by the involuntary rhythmic movements of the lips however involves no tongue movements.ObjectivesCase report and reflection on its etiologyMethodsCase report and literature reviewResultsA 28-year-old female with a diagnosis of schizophrenia applied with the complaints and symptoms of withdrawal, do not want to leave the house, physical anergy and avolition that started after stopped taking her medications. She was admitted to the psychiatry service and amisulpride treatment was started and was gradually increased to 800 mg/day. After 30 days of hospitalization, the patient was discharged with mild recovery. 14 days after the discharge, because of the abnormal involuntary movements in mouth, the patient applied. In clinical examination without tounge involvement, rhythmic motions were observed in the lips and jaw.Neurological examination, labrotory tests and cranial screening were all normal. She was evaluated by a private psychiatrist and was diagnosed with RS. Amisulpride treatment changed to olanzapine treatment with 15 mg/day. After two months, RS spontaneously regressed.ConclusionsThe resolution of the involuntary movements following discontinuation of amisulpride in our case, supported the diagnosis of RS. Although the mechanism by which RS emerges as a side‐effect of amisulpride is not fully understood, the drug’s high affinity for and selective binding to dopaminergic D2 and D3 receptors are thought to be responsible for this involuntary motion disorder.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Hydroxychloroquine induced QT prolongation in a schizoaffective patient being treated for a COVID-19 infection: A Case Report
Authors: Amazan R. , Korenis P. , Gunturu S. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionHydroxychloroquine an antimalarial medication has been approved in March 2020 by FDA for treatment of hospitalized patient with COVID-19 infection. Even thus, its efficacy has been controversial, it still being used worldwide. This medication also causes some serious side effects. Here we present a case of a woman with a very long history of treatment resistant schizoaffective disorder, on clozapine, who develops QT prolongation after receiving hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19 infection.ObjectivesDespite the controversy, this case aims to shed light on the importance of monitoring QTc via EKG in patient receiving hydroxychloroquine7. More importantly to avoid antipsychotic while patient is receiving this medication since both hydroxychloroquine and most antipsychotic can increase QTc.MethodsThis case report was written by reviewing chart of the patient and also via direct interaction and interviews with the patient.ResultsThis case report showed and increased in QTc interval after receiving hydroxychloroquine, which is also reported by others including Moussa Sleh et al in their article on Effect of Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, and Azithromycin on the Corrected QT Interval in Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection4. The increase in Qtc could have been worse if Clozapine was not stopped during this time.ConclusionsCOVID-19 pandemic has caused more than 700000 deaths around the globe and more than 150000 deaths in the United States of America. Psychiatric patients are also getting hospitalized and receiving treatment with hydroxychloroquine. Holding anti-psychotics and monitoring of QTc via EKG resulted crucial in limiting the adverse effect of QT prolongation of both medications.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Diagnosis and treatment of tremor in psychiatric patients
Authors: Van Harten P. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionTremor is the most common movement disorder in adults. Due to the visibility, feelings of shame are often present. Many (psycho)pharmacological drugs can induce tremor or increase its severity as a side effect. Sometimes the burden of this side effect is greater than the burden of the psychiatric problem.ObjectivesKnowledge of the different kinds of tremor in psychiatry, and the drugs that may be responsible. Differential diagnosis Treatment of tremor in psychiatry.MethodsA literature search on the most recent insights into classification, diagnosis, differentiation and treatment was carried out with emphasis on drug-induced tremor and its treatment.ResultsThe basic classification is resting, action and intention tremor. Tremors may be due to neurological and metabolic syndromes. Differentiation can often be made according to the time of onset, relation with starting or increasing the dosage of the medication and the course. Rest tremor is often related to antipsychotics and antiemetics and action tremor to lithium, antidepressants, valproic acid, and other anticonvulsants, but also to many drugs used in somatic conditions. The development of intention tremor should alarm the doctor because it could be an intoxication. Treatment of drug-induced tremor consists of reducing the dose or discontinuing the drug in question or switching to another drug with less risk of tremor. If this is not effective, adding a tremor suppressant may help (propranolol, primidone in action tremor and anticholinergics or amantadine in resting tremor.ConclusionsTremor is a common side effect of many (psycho)pharmacological agents and treatment is often possible.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Effectiviness and safety of antidepresants in bipolar depression
Authors: Jupe T. , Zenelaj B. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionDepressive episodes are associated with higher morbidity, mortality (mostly suicidality. Despite the high prevalence and the devastating impact of this condition, there is a long‐standing debate about its treatment, particularly about the use of antidepressants. International guidelines and expert consensus recommend to avoid AD for bipolar depression, or to use AD with caution and as second line treatment only if the depressive episode shows poor response to mood stabilizers (MS) and to some second generation antipsychotics (SGA) (cariprazine, lurasidone, quetiapine and olanzapine combined with fluoxetine) in monotherapy and in combination. Contrary to the advice of guidelines and experts, 50%–80% of acute bipolar depressive episodes are treated with AD in everyday clinical practice.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness and the safety of AD acute treatment in patients with bipolar depressionMethodsLiterature review (PubMed)ResultsShort‐term safety, switching and suicidality did not differ significantly, and no suicide attempt was observed. Concerning long‐term safety, patients with bipolar depression had a significant reduction of depressive and total recurrences during the first year.ConclusionsAcute AD treatment of bipolar depression is effective in the short term and safe in the short‐ and long‐termDisclosureNo significant relationships.
Risperidone induced neutropenia in a 75-year-old man
Authors: Nistor D. , Horosan L. , Giurgiuca A. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionWe discuss the case of a 75-year-old man with no psychiatric history, presenting with complex auditory hallucinations, both commentary and imperative, delusions of persecution and prejudice, severe anxiety, modified behaviour, and altered sleep patterns.ObjectivesThe patient was started on oral risperidone, with favourable evolution of symptoms after reaching a daily dose of 3 mg/day. After three weeks of treatment, the laboratory results showed a low number of neutrophils. Interdisciplinary approach and examinations which included both clinical and paraclinical evaluation concluded that another cause of neutropenia was highly unlikely.MethodsThe patient was switched to olanzapine, with gradually increasing doses up to 10 mg/day. A significant improvement of the neutrophils’ level was noticed, with a return to normal parameters after a few days. Nevertheless, the clinical course was unfavourable, with reoccurrence of auditory hallucinations and delusions in two weeks’ time. Decision to rechallenge was made, with careful monitoring of the blood test results, particularly neutrophil levels. Risperidone was started at low doses of 0.5 mg/day and gradually increased up to 2 mg/day.ResultsSeven days after risperidone reinitiation laboratory tests showed normal absolute neutrophil count. However, another week later, neutrophils fell again out of the normal range.ConclusionsThe patient was discharged with haloperidol, with adequate control of symptoms and no adverse reactions.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Dealing With Clozapine-Induced Sialorrhea
Authors: Sá Couto J. , Da Luz B. , Pão Trigo M. , Rodrigues J. , Ventura Gil T. 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionClozapine is the first atypical antipsychotic. It is used in refractory schizophrenia. It has a heavy side effect burden, including weight gain, dizziness, blurred vision, and sialorrhea. Not only is sialorrhea bothersome, but it can also have with serious consequences, such us aspiration pneumonia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, myocarditis, and may be responsible for low self-esteem, leading to low treatment compliance and discontinuation.ObjectivesIdentifying the mechanism behind clozapine-induced sialorrhea. Finding how frequent clozapine-induced sialorrhea is compared to other antipsychotics. Finding effective ways to prevent clozapine-induced sialorrhea.MethodsPubMed database search, with “clozapine sialorrhea” keyword expression. 12 Articles published in the last ten years were selected among the 112 best matches. Reference lists of articles were reviewed to identify additional articles.ResultsClozapine is a muscarinic M1-5 receptor antagonist, explaining its anticholinergic effects. Due to its strong anticholinergic action, sialorrhea is a paradoxical side effect. To prevent it, several drugs can be used, such us scopolamine, pirenzepine, sublingual atropine solutions, clonidine, botulinum neurotoxin, and others. Sialorrhea was relatively more frequently reported in clozapine (1.1%) compared with other antipsychotics (0.31%). Mubaslat and Lambert (2020) found that drops of atropine reduce the rate of saliva secretion significantly better than placebo. Uzun, et al. (2019) observed the adjunction of N‐acetylcysteine allowed a significant decrease of the severity of sialorrhea and was well tolerated.ConclusionsAlthough effective in refractory schizophrenia, clozapine side effects, namely sialorrhea, can be bothersome and may affect treatment adherence. Fortunately, we have tools at our disposal to help patients better handle it.DisclosureNo significant relationships.