bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioluminescence imaging using
d
-luciferin and its analogs for visualizing Bdnf expression in living mice; different patterns of bioluminescence signals using distinct luciferase substrates
Authors: Fukuchi Mamoru , Mitazaki Satoru , Saito-Moriya Ryohei , Kitada Nobuo , Maki Shojiro A , Izumi Hironori , Mori Hisashi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a crucial role in numerous brain functions, including memory consolidation. Previously, we generated a Bdnf-Luciferase transgenic (Bdnf-Luc) mouse strain to visualize changes in Bdnf expression using in vivo bioluminescence imaging. We successfully visualized activity-dependent Bdnf induction in living mouse brains using a d-luciferin analog, TokeOni, which distributes to the brain and produces near-infrared bioluminescence. In this study, we compared the patterns of bioluminescence signals within the whole body of the Bdnf-Luc mice produced by d-luciferin, TokeOni and seMpai, another d-luciferin analog that produces a near-infrared light. As recently reported, hepatic background signals were observed in wild-type mice when using TokeOni. Bioluminescence signals were strongly observed from the region containing the liver when using d-luciferin and TokeOni. Additionally, we detected signals from the brain when using TokeOni. Compared with d-luciferin and TokeOni, signals were widely detected in the whole body of Bdnf-Luc mice by seMpai. The signals produced by seMpai were strong in the regions containing skeletal muscles in particular. Taken together, the patterns of bioluminescence signals in Bdnf-Luc mice vary when using different luciferase substrates. Therefore, the expression of Bdnf in tissues and organs of interest could be visualized by selecting an appropriate substrate.
Implementing Modernized Eligibility Criteria in US National Cancer Institute Clinical Trials
Authors: Denicoff Andrea M , Ivy S Percy , Tamashiro Tami T , Zhao Jinxiu , Worthington Katherine H , Mooney Margaret M , Little Richard F 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In 2018, the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP) at the US National Cancer Institute published new protocol template language that focused on organ function and prior and concurrent cancers in an effort to modernize eligibility criteria for cancer treatment trials. We conducted an analysis of CTEP-supported trials to evaluate the uptake and incorporation of the new language. The analysis included evaluation of 122 protocols approved in the years 2018-2020 for inclusion of the modernized eligibility criteria and consistency with new protocol template language related to 7 major eligibility criteria. These were cardiac function, liver function, kidney function, HIV status, prior and/or concurrent malignancies, treated and/or stable brain metastasis, and new and/or progressive brain metastases. Overall, CTEP trials evaluated in this period demonstrated that eligibility criteria were implemented to a relatively high degree ranging from a low of 54.1% for prior and/or concurrent malignancies to a high of 93.4% for eligibility criteria related to HIV infection. The findings demonstrate that modernized eligibility criteria can be successfully implemented but that consistent implementation requires sustained focused effort. As a result of these findings, CTEP began a new initiative in January 2022 that incorporates a specific review of eligibility criteria for new protocols to promote and improve consistency with the modernization effort.
Investment Facilitation for Development and the Reform of International Investment Dispute Settlement Mechanism: The Choice of Developing Countries
Authors: Tang Yanyan 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
The trend of ‘investment facilitation’ is increasingly attracting lively discussions in the field of international investment policies. The reason for this is that countries expect to use ‘investment facilitation’ as a policy tool to improve the domestic investment environment. In this trend, as an important part of the realization path of ‘investment facilitation’, there is an increasing concern on how to reform the international investment dispute settlement mechanism to achieve amicable settlement of investment frictions between investors and host states. China, Brazil and South Africa have proposed three different options for reforming the international investment dispute settlement mechanism under the trend of ‘investment facilitation’. Based on the analysis of the three countries’ dispute settlement mechanism reform models, this article examines their impact on the international investment governance mechanism and finally proposes inspirations for the design and reform of future international investment dispute settlement models in developing countries.
Vegetation restoration constrained by nitrogen availability in temperate grasslands in northern China
Authors: Zhang Yaowen , Zhang Yunlong , Huo Tianci , Wei Bin , Chen Kangli , Liu Nan , Zhang Yingjun , Liang Junyi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractGrazing exclusion using fencing has been considered an effective means of vegetation restoration in degraded grasslands. Increased plant growth during recovery requires more nitrogen (N), which is a major limiting factor in northern China. It remains unclear whether soil N supply in this region can support long-term vegetation restoration. In this study, a field inventory was conducted in seven temperate grasslands in northern China. At each site, grassland outside of the fencing experienced continuous grazing, whereas that within the fencing was protected. Results showed that grazing exclusion significantly increased aboveground biomass, species richness and the Shannon–Wiener diversity index by 126.2%, 42.6% and 18.8%, respectively. Grazing exclusion reduced the concentrations of nitrate and total inorganic N by 51.9% and 21.0%, respectively, suggesting that there may be a mismatch between N supply and plant demand during the growing season. The aboveground biomass, species richness and Shannon–Wiener diversity index in the restored grasslands were positively correlated with legume dominance within the community. These results indicate that the vegetation restoration in temperate grasslands could be constrained by soil N availability, which may be supplemented through biological N fixation.
Central Line Access Is Predictive of Diagnostic Blood Loss and Transfusion in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Adkins Brian D , DeAnda Abe , Trieu Judy A , Polineni Srinivas , Okorodudu Anthony , Yates Sean G 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundMost patients in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) have anemia and undergo extensive diagnostic laboratory testing (DLT). Consequently, patients undergo RBC transfusion, and many are discharged with anemia, both of which are associated with poorer outcomes.ObjectiveTo characterize DLT blood loss in the SICU.Materials and MethodsWe performed a 1-year retrospective study of 291 patients admitted to a SICU. The number of draws, average volume, and estimated discard volume were recorded, along with clinical and laboratory findings.ResultsPatients who underwent greater amounts of DLT had lower hemoglobin levels at discharge (P ≤ .001). Admissions requiring central venous catheter (CVC) access (49.8%) demonstrated significantly higher DLT draws and rates of transfusion.ConclusionFindings from this study suggest that DLT blood loss contributes to anemia in the SICU, and that the presence and duration of CVC leads to increased testing, anemia, and RBC transfusion.
Endogenous Viral Elements in Shrew Genomes Provide Insights into Pestivirus Ancient History
Authors: Li Yiqiao , Bletsa Magda , Zisi Zafeiro , Boonen Ine , Gryseels Sophie , Kafetzopoulou Liana , Webster Joanne P , Catalano Stefano , Pybus Oliver G , Van de Perre Frederik , Li Haotian , Li Yaoyao , Li Yuchun , Abramov Alexei , Lymberakis Petros , Lemey Philippe , Lequime Sébastian 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
As viral genomic imprints in host genomes, endogenous viral elements (EVEs) shed light on the deep evolutionary history of viruses, ancestral host ranges, and ancient viral–host interactions. In addition, they may provide crucial information for calibrating viral evolutionary timescales. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive in silico screening of a large data set of available mammalian genomes for EVEs deriving from members of the viral family Flaviviridae, an important group of viruses including well-known human pathogens, such as Zika, dengue, or hepatitis C viruses. We identified two novel pestivirus-like EVEs in the reference genome of the Indochinese shrew (Crocidura indochinensis). Homologs of these novel EVEs were subsequently detected in vivo by molecular detection and sequencing in 27 shrew species, including 26 species representing a wide distribution within the Crocidurinae subfamily and one in the Soricinae subfamily on different continents. Based on this wide distribution, we estimate that the integration event occurred before the last common ancestor of the subfamily, about 10.8 million years ago, attesting to an ancient origin of pestiviruses and Flaviviridae in general. Moreover, we provide the first description of Flaviviridae-derived EVEs in mammals even though the family encompasses numerous mammal-infecting members. This also suggests that shrews were past and perhaps also current natural reservoirs of pestiviruses. Taken together, our results expand the current known Pestivirus host range and provide novel insight into the ancient evolutionary history of pestiviruses and the Flaviviridae family in general.
Gapped Music in Godard’s 1960s Films
Authors: Baumgartner Michael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses isolated musical fragments signaling metafilm music. The three case studies include the song “La chanson d’Angéla” from Une femme est une femme, the main-title music from Vivre sa vie, and the music during the car-theft sequence from Pierrot le fou. All three musical instances have in common the dissection of a completed musical composition into several fragments, which Godard incorporated into these films spaced out from one another with unexpected pauses between them. In the three discussed examples, either the completed musical work was split up into a distinct number of fragmented cues, the instrumental accompaniment was partially cut out, or the tape continued to run silently during postproduction, as Godard switched the music on and off. The results in all three cases are unexpected pauses between a series of fragments which redirect the audio viewer’s attention from the isolated sonic shards to the moments without music. The function of these musical snippets, as manifestations of the postmodern fragmentary, can be analyzed with Wolfgang Iser’s linguistic model dedicated to the act of reading. Iser’s theory confirms that spectators exposed to these musical gaps are equipped with sufficient knowledge from previous film viewings to fill in the “blanks” with the missing musical material. These ellipses between the musical fragments are testimonials that Godard expects active participation from his audience while viewing his films.
Referencing Music-Specific Genres and Genre-Specific Music
Authors: Baumgartner Michael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter interprets metafilm music within a specific subcategory of quotation: musical referencing. Through referencing music-specific genres and genre-specific music, Godard explored in several of his 1960s films the music of the two popular Hollywood genres: musical comedy and film noir. In Une femme est une femme, he critically reflects on the Hollywood musical comedy by contradicting common Hollywood musical procedures. By alienating the familiar trope of Hollywood musical songs and dances, Godard accentuates the self-conscious artificiality of song-and-dance performances in musicals. He loosely follows the formulaic narrative strategy in classical Hollywood musicals, such as the self-reflexive model of the backstage musical, the love triangle, and the dual-focus narrative, as described by Rick Altman. A second investigation is devoted to the sci-fi noir thriller Alphaville, in which Godard converted Paul Misraki’s suspense score into a musical pastiche of film noir music. He requested from Misraki music that expressed the general mood of Alphaville at the expense of writing individual cues linked to specific narrative moments. By means of his somewhat unorthodox working method, Godard self-reflexively repurposed Misraki’s music for his sci-fi film noir reflection as a pastiched film noir score. He foregrounded the clichéd characteristics of Misraki’s paraphrasis of quintessential noir music as an ironic and imaginative reinterpretation of archetypical 1940s and 1950s noir B-movie music.
Better Mechanisms Are Needed to Oversee HREC Reviews
Authors: Eckstein Lisa , McWhirter Rebekah , Stewart Cameron 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hawe et al. raise concerns about Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs) taking a risk-averse and litigation-sensitive approach to ethical review of research proposals. HRECs are tasked with reviewing proposals for compliance with the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research for the purpose of promoting the welfare of participants. While these guidelines intentionally include a significant degree of discretion in HREC decision making, there is also evidence that HRECs sometimes request changes that go beyond the guidance provided by the National Statement. When HRECs request changes outside their remit, inconsistencies between individual HRECs become more common, contributing to delays in ethical review and reducing the quality of HREC decision making. Improvements to the HREC regulatory system are needed to promote transparency and accountability.
The sugar transporter ZmSUGCAR1 of the nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family is critical for maize grain filling
Authors: Yang Bo , Wang Jing , Yu Miao , Zhang Meiling , Zhong Yanting , Wang Tianyi , Liu Peng , Song Weibin , Zhao Haiming , Fastner Astrid , Suter Marianne , Rentsch Doris , Ludewig Uwe , Jin Weiwei , Geiger Dietmar , Hedrich Rainer , Braun David M , Koch Karen E , McCarty Donald R , Wu Wei-Hua , Li Xuexian , Wang Yi , Lai Jinsheng 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Maternal-to-filial nutrition transfer is central to grain development and yield. nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter (NRT1-PTR)-type transporters typically transport nitrate, peptides, and ions. Here, we report the identification of a maize (Zea mays) NRT1-PTR-type transporter that transports sucrose and glucose. The activity of this sugar transporter, named Sucrose and Glucose Carrier 1 (SUGCAR1), was systematically verified by tracer-labeled sugar uptake and serial electrophysiological studies including two-electrode voltage-clamp, non-invasive microelectrode ion flux estimation assays in Xenopus laevis oocytes and patch clamping in HEK293T cells. ZmSUGCAR1 is specifically expressed in the basal endosperm transfer layer and loss-of-function mutation of ZmSUGCAR1 caused significantly decreased sucrose and glucose contents and subsequent shrinkage of maize kernels. Notably, the ZmSUGCAR1 orthologs SbSUGCAR1 (from Sorghum bicolor) and TaSUGCAR1 (from Triticum aestivum) displayed similar sugar transport activities in oocytes, supporting the functional conservation of SUGCAR1 in closely related cereal species. Thus, the discovery of ZmSUGCAR1 uncovers a type of sugar transporter essential for grain development and opens potential avenues for genetic improvement of seed-filling and yield in maize and other grain crops.
Divergent leaf and fine root “pressure–volume relationships” across habitats with varying water availability
Authors: Aritsara Amy Ny Aina , Wang Shuang , Li Bei-Ni , Jiang Xin , Qie Ya-Dong , Tan Feng-Sen , Zhang Qi-Wei , Cao Kun-Fang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fine roots and leaves, the direct interfaces of plants with their external environment along the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum, are at the front line to ensure plant adaptation to their growing habitat. This study aimed to compare the vulnerability to water deficit of fine roots and leaves of woody species from karst and mangrove forests—two water-stressed habitats—against that of timber and ornamental woody species grown in a well-watered common garden. Thus, pressure–volume curves in both organs of 37 species (about 12 species from each habitat) were constructed. Fine roots wilted at a less negative water potential than leaves in 32 species and before branch xylem lost 50% of its hydraulic conductivity in the 17 species with available data on branch xylem embolism resistance. Thus, turgor loss in fine roots can act as a hydraulic fuse mechanism against water stress. Mangroves had higher leaf resistance against wilting and lower leaf-specific area than the karst and common garden plants. Their fine roots had high specific root lengths (SRL) and high capacitance to buffer water stress. Karst species had high leaf bulk modulus, low leaf capacitance, and delayed fine root wilting. This study showed the general contribution of fine roots to the protection of the whole plant against underground water stress. Our findings highlight the importance of water storage in the leaves and fine roots of mangrove species and high tolerance to water deficit in the leaves of mangrove species and the fine roots of some karst species.
Modeling root loss reveals impacts on nutrient uptake and crop development
Authors: Schäfer Ernst D , Owen Markus R , Band Leah R , Farcot Etienne , Bennett Malcolm J , Lynch Jonathan P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Despite the widespread prevalence of root loss in plants, its effects on crop productivity are not fully understood. While root loss reduces the capacity of plants to take up water and nutrients from the soil, it may provide benefits by decreasing the resources required to maintain the root system. Here, we simulated a range of root phenotypes in different soils and root loss scenarios for barley (Hordeum vulgare), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and maize (Zea mays) using and extending the open-source, functional–structural root/soil simulation model OpenSimRoot. The model enabled us to quantify the impact of root loss on shoot dry weight in these scenarios and identify in which scenarios root loss is beneficial, detrimental, or has no effect. The simulations showed that root loss is detrimental for phosphorus uptake in all tested scenarios, whereas nitrogen uptake was relatively insensitive to root loss unless main root axes were lost. Loss of axial roots reduced shoot dry weight for all phenotypes in all species and soils, whereas lateral root loss had a smaller impact. In barley and maize plants with high lateral branching density that were not phosphorus-stressed, loss of lateral roots increased shoot dry weight. The fact that shoot dry weight increased due to root loss in these scenarios indicates that plants overproduce roots for some environments, such as those found in high-input agriculture. We conclude that a better understanding of the effects of root loss on plant development is an essential part of optimizing root system phenotypes for maximizing yield.
Abscisic acid inhibits primary root growth by impairing ABI4-mediated cell cycle and auxin biosynthesis
Authors: Luo Xiaofeng , Xu Jiahui , Zheng Chuan , Yang Yingzeng , Wang Lei , Zhang Ranran , Ren Xiaotong , Wei Shaowei , Aziz Usman , Du Junbo , Liu Weiguo , Tan Weiming , Shu Kai 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cell cycle progression and the phytohormones auxin and abscisic acid (ABA) play key roles in primary root growth, but how ABA mediates the transcription of cell cycle-related genes and the mechanism of crosstalk between ABA and auxin requires further research. Here, we report that ABA inhibits primary root growth by regulating the ABA INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4)-CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE B2;2 (CDKB2;2)/CYCLIN B1;1 (CYCB1;1) module-mediated cell cycle as well as auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). ABA induced ABI4 transcription in the primary root tip, and the abi4 mutant showed an ABA-insensitive phenotype in primary root growth. Compared with the wild type (WT), the meristem size and cell number of the primary root in abi4 increased in response to ABA. Further, the transcription levels of several cell-cycle positive regulator genes, including CDKB2;2 and CYCB1;1, were upregulated in abi4 primary root tips. Subsequent chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq, ChIP-qPCR, and biochemical analysis revealed that ABI4 repressed the expression of CDKB2;2 and CYCB1;1 by physically interacting with their promoters. Genetic analysis demonstrated that overexpression of CDKB2;2 or CYCB1;1 fully rescued the shorter primary root phenotype of ABI4-overexpression lines, and consistently, abi4/cdkb2;2-cr or abi4/cycb1;1-cr double mutations largely rescued the ABA-insensitive phenotype of abi4 with regard to primary root growth. The expression levels of DR5promoter-GFP and PIN1promoter::PIN1-GFP in abi4 primary root tips were significantly higher than those in WT after ABA treatment, with these changes being consistent with changes in auxin concentration and expression patterns of auxin biosynthesis genes. Taken together, these findings indicated that ABA inhibits primary root growth through ABI4-mediated cell cycle and auxin-related regulatory pathways.
The industry of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in Brazil: Public policies as instruments of technology upgrading
Authors: da Silva Renan G L , Fischer Bruno B , Schaeffer Paola R , Novaes Hillegonda M D 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTherapeutic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are biopharmaceuticals prescribed in oncology, rheumatology, and for other chronic and autoimmune diseases. Over the last decade, the demand for MAbs grew significantly in developing countries like Brazil, concomitant to the restructuring of the global biopharmaceutical industry, opening windows of opportunities for catching-up economies. This paper aims to analyze the capacity of a public policy, the so-called Production Development Partnership Program (PDPP), to encourage the generation of national capabilities to the local biopharmaceutical industry and technological upgrading in the biopharmaceutical sector in Brazil. It is a case study supported by qualitative data from twenty-three interviews. By focusing on technology transfer processes rather than on more complex strategies of technological learning and upgrading in domestic agents, the impact of PDPP has been marginal. We draw insights from this empirical appraisal to outline some lessons and challenges involved in the implementation of technology-upgrading policies in developing countries.