bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondary trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Truini Andrea , Nurmikko Turo 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Secondary trigeminal neuralgia (TN), caused by a tumour or multiple sclerosis (MS), is symptomatically indistinguishable from classical or idiopathic TN, although patients tend to be younger and show more sensory deficits. Bilateral TN is more frequent in MS. Most tumours and arteriovenous malformations are located in posterior fossa and directly or indirectly cause compression of the trigeminal root. Magnetic resonance imaging is the investigation of choice. Complete resection of a tumour or arteriovenous malformation yields excellent short- and long-term results. Partial resections are accompanied by microvascular decompression, stereotactic radiosurgery, or endovascular embolization as required. Pharmacological management follows the same principles as for classical and idiopathic TN. Because of poor tolerance of centrally acting drugs, MS patients should be considered early for a neuroablative procedure. The role of magnetic resonance imaging-confirmed neurovascular compression as a concause of TN in a patient with MS remains unclear and routine microvascular decompression is not recommended.
Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: Pharmacological
Authors: Di Stefano Giulia , Nurmikko Turo , Zakrzewska Joanna M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
By general consensus, the first-line treatment for trigeminal neuralgia is pharmacological. The two first drugs of choice are carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, both voltage-gated sodium channel blockers that stabilize the hyperexcited neural membrane and inhibit repetitive firing. Although highly effective in controlling trigeminal neuralgia paroxysms, they are frequently discontinued because of sedative and cognitive side effects. Vixotrigine, a new sodium channel blocker that is selective for the Nav1.7 receptor, has shown promising efficacy without inducing side effects in a phase II trial and is awaiting pivotal clinical trials. If the first-line drugs fail to provide sufficient pain relief or are poorly tolerated, lamotrigine, baclofen, gabapentin, pregabalin, and botulinum toxin type A may be considered either alone or as add-on therapy. During acute exacerbations, in-hospital treatment may be necessary for rehydration, titration of drugs, and, in selected cases, lidocaine or fosphenytoin intravenous infusion, under cardiac monitoring.
Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: Surgical
Authors: Zakrzewska Joanna M. , Burchiel Kim J. , Sekula Raymond F. , Sindou Marc , Régis Jean , Tuleasca Constantin , Noorani Imran , Sparrow Owen , Burchiel Kim J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
When patients with trigeminal neuralgia can no longer achieve adequate pain relief and quality of life becomes poor, surgical procedures need to be considered. There is a lack of high-quality evidence to support surgical treatments so all the recommendations are based on low-grade evidence of prospective or retrospective series. Microvascular decompression, a neurosurgical operation, is the procedure of choice in patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia who have evidence of neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve on magnetic resonance imaging. Long-term pain relief of 10 years can be achieved with minimal long-term complications. All the other procedures, including stereotactic radiosurgery, balloon compression, glycerol rhizolysis, and radiofrequency thermocoagulation, are destructive and are suitable for patients who are poor candidates for microvascular decompression including those with significant medical comorbidities. They will result in varying sensory loss and pain relief on average for 4 years. Patients should be made aware of the range of options open to them and the pros and cons of each procedure.
Painful trigeminal neuropathy
Authors: Jääskeläinen Satu K. , Nurmikko Turo 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Painful trigeminal neuropathy (PTN) or trigeminal neuropathic pain can be caused by an external traumatic event (painful post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathy, previous name: anaesthesia dolorosa), other factors known to be able to cause trigeminal neuropathy (PTN attributed to other disorder), or without known aetiology (idiopathic PTN). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, third edition (ICHD-3) demands plausible neuroanatomical evidence for trigeminal neuropathy, and clinical signs of loss or gain of function for PTN. The first edition of the International Classification of Orofacial Pain (ICOP-I) includes confirmatory test evidence for PTN diagnosis, in addition to clinical signs; without confirmatory test results PTN remains probable. Confirmatory diagnostic tests include psychophysical and neurophysiological recordings, structural imaging, and skin biopsy. They are invaluable in PTN diagnostics, especially at the chronic stage when symptoms and signs may spread outside the original distribution, and clinical sensory examination may remain inconclusive because of its poor diagnostic value. Treatment for PTN consists of standard neuropathic pain medications and therapeutic neuromodulation techniques.
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia and neuropathy and nervus intermedius neuralgia and neuropathy
Authors: Sommer Claudia , Nurmikko Turo , Sekula Raymond F. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia and nervus intermedius neuralgia are rare conditions characterized by paroxysmal pain similar in quality to that of trigeminal neuralgia but located and provoked by mechanical stimuli outside the trigeminal territory. Based on pain location, both pharyngeal and otalgic forms of glossopharyngeal neuralgia exist, while in intermedius neuralgia paroxysmal pain is described deep in the auditory canal. In both conditions, the diagnosis is strictly clinical. High-resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging is used to identify any neurovascular compression and rule out secondary forms. Pharmacological treatment is identical to that in trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurgical interventions are advocated in pharmacoresistant cases, and while microvascular decompression with or without nerve resection remains popular, data for their long-term effectiveness remains limited. Peripheral nerve interventions may be useful in exceptional cases. A predominantly continuous and non-paroxysmal pain in the same locations is diagnosed as glossopharyngeal or nervus intermedius neuropathy, respectively.
Other common non-neuropathic facial pain conditions
Authors: Taneja Pankaj , Baad-Hansen Lene 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The most common reason for pain in the orofacial region originates from the dentoalveolar and associated structures. However, when pain does not fit into this category it is important to evaluate the associated structures of the head and neck. This can mean that referral to the relevant discipline is required, when outside the remit of the investigating clinician. This chapter demonstrates the need for close collaboration between the medical and dental disciplines. Furthermore, depending upon the duration, that is, acute or chronic, the treatment strategy and prognosis may be altered. It is important to remember that more than one condition may be present at any one time. As dentoalveolar pain is very common clinicians may need to obtain a dental opinion especially in patients with heavily restored dentitions.
Role of psychological factors in the experience of trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Daniel H. Clare 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia is an unpredictable and distressing pain that often has psychological, behavioural, and social consequences on people and their lives. Using a purely medical model when assessing someone with trigeminal neuralgia increases the likelihood of the clinician overlooking some aspects of the person’s presentation and reduces the probability of them feeling heard and understood. While cognitive behavioural interventions are conducted by psychological professionals trained in this model, cognitive behavioural principles can be used by all clinicians when working with someone with trigeminal neuralgia. Taking this holistic approach not only reflects what we know about pain processing and perception, it also helps in our interactions with patients and with their engagement in physical and psychological interventions. This chapter is a guide to help all clinicians understand the importance of this approach and provides clinical tips that can be used when working with people with trigeminal neuralgia.
Patient support groups
Authors: Abbott Jillie , Patterson Claire , Semino Elena 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Trigeminal Neuralgia Association (now the Facial Pain Association) was formed in 1990 in the USA. A network of similar support groups exists around the world to educate both professionals and patients, raise awareness, and allow patients with trigeminal neuralgia to meet and provide mutual support and share information. These groups provide telephone and email helplines, giving 24-hour assistance. As technology has evolved, these groups now hold online meetings and provide moderated forums for discussion, but face-to-face contact is still vital, as demonstrated by feedback from local meetings and national and international conferences. Analysis of material posted on a UK members online forum shows how patients feel their experiences are validated and that the personal support they receive reduces their isolation and fear. Printed resources and websites can be shared with others for mutual understanding of this complex disorder, and to educate employers. The education gained from networking with others gives patients empowerment and enables them to work in closer partnership with their healthcare professionals.
Face2face: Visual journeys through trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Eastman Ann , Glenn Alison , Padfield Deborah 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Face2face was a project where patients with facial pain collaborated with a visual artist to create photographic images that would expand the language around pain. These images have now been made into a pack of 54 pain cards which can be used with other patients to improve consultations between healthcare professionals and patients. Two patients who participated in this project describe their experiences, which began with the difficulty of getting a diagnosis and unnecessary, irreversible dental treatment. The only medications available eventually became ineffective and resulted in significant side effects. They lived in fear, isolation, and low mood. Neurosurgery proved to be the successful treatment, resulting in freedom from pain. This chapter includes ten images they co-created over a period of time with artist Deborah Padfield.
Energy conserving and well-balanced discontinuous Galerkin methods for the Euler–Poisson equations in spherical symmetry
Authors: Zhang Weijie , Xing Yulong , Endeve Eirik 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
This paper presents high-order Runge–Kutta (RK) discontinuous Galerkin methods for the Euler–Poisson equations in spherical symmetry. The scheme can preserve a general polytropic equilibrium state and achieve total energy conservation up to machine precision with carefully designed spatial and temporal discretizations. To achieve the well-balanced property, the numerical solutions are decomposed into equilibrium and fluctuation components that are treated differently in the source term approximation. One non-trivial challenge encountered in the procedure is the complexity of the equilibrium state, which is governed by the Lane–Emden equation. For total energy conservation, we present second- and third-order RK time discretization, where different source term approximations are introduced in each stage of the RK method to ensure the conservation of total energy. A carefully designed slope limiter for spherical symmetry is also introduced to eliminate oscillations near discontinuities while maintaining the well-balanced and total-energy-conserving properties. Extensive numerical examples – including a toy model of stellar core collapse with a phenomenological equation of state that results in core bounce and shock formation – are provided to demonstrate the desired properties of the proposed methods, including the well-balanced property, high-order accuracy, shock-capturing capability, and total energy conservation.
Stellar populations and star formation histories of the most extreme [O iii] emitters at z = 1.3 − 3.7
Authors: Tang Mengtao , Stark Daniel P , Ellis Richard S 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
As the James Webb Space Telescope approaches scientific operation, there is much interest in exploring the redshift range beyond that accessible with Hubble Space Telescope imaging. Currently, the only means to gauge the presence of such early galaxies is to age-date the stellar population of systems in the reionisation era. As a significant fraction of z ≃ 7−8 galaxies are inferred from Spitzer photometry to have extremely intense [O iii] emission lines, it is commonly believed these are genuinely young systems that formed at redshifts z &lt; 10, consistent with a claimed rapid rise in the star formation density at that time. Here, we study a spectroscopically confirmed sample of extreme [O iii] emitters at z = 1.3−3.7, using both dynamical masses estimated from [O iii] line widths and rest-frame UV to near-infrared photometry to illustrate the dangers of assuming such systems are genuinely young. For the most extreme of our intermediate redshift line emitters, we find dynamical masses 10−100 times that associated with a young stellar population mass, which are difficult to explain solely by the presence of additional dark matter or gaseous reservoirs. Adopting non-parametric star formation histories, we show how the near-infrared photometry of a subset of our sample reveals an underlying old (&gt;100 Myr) population whose stellar mass is ≃ 40 times that associated with the starburst responsible for the extreme line emission. Without adequate rest-frame near-infrared photometry, we argue it may be premature to conclude that extreme line emitters in the reionisation era are low-mass systems that formed at redshifts below z ≃ 10.
An exploration of X-ray Supernova remnants in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies
Authors: Albert Chris , Dwarkadas Vikram V 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
We probe the environmental properties of X-ray supernova remnants (SNRs) at various points along their evolutionary journey, especially the S-T phase, and their conformance with theoretically derived models of SNR evolution. The remnant size is used as a proxy for the age of the remnant. Our data set includes 34 Milky Way, 59 Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), and 5 Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) SNRs. We select remnants that have been definitively typed as either core-collapse (CC) or Type Ia supernovae, with well-defined size estimates, and a thermal X-ray flux measured over the entire remnant. A catalog of SNR size and X-ray luminosity is presented and plotted, with ambient density and age estimates from the literature. Model remnants with a given density, in the Sedov-Taylor (S-T) phase, are overplotted on the diameter-versus-luminosity plot, allowing the evolutionary state and physical properties of SNRs to be compared to each other, and to theoretical models. We find that small, young remnants are predominantly Type Ia remnants or high luminosity CCs, suggesting that many CC SNRs are not detected until after they have emerged from the progenitor’s wind-blown bubble. An examination of the distribution of SNR diameters in the Milky Way and LMC reveals that LMC SNRs must be evolving in an ambient medium which is 30 per cent as dense as that in the Milky Way. This is consistent with ambient density estimates for the Galaxy and LMC.
The spatial distribution of satellites in galaxy clusters
Authors: Gu Qing , Guo Qi , Zhang Tianchi , Cautun Marius , Lacey Cedric , Frenk Carlos S , Shao Shi 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
The planar distributions of satellite galaxies around the Milky Way and Andromeda have been extensively studied as potential challenges to the standard cosmological model. Using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Millennium simulation, we extend such studies to the satellite galaxies of massive galaxy clusters. We find that both observations and simulations of galaxy clusters show an excess of anisotropic satellite distributions. On average, satellites in clusters have a higher degree of anisotropy than their counterparts in Milky-Way-mass hosts once we account for the difference in their radial distributions. The normal vector of the plane of satellites is strongly aligned with the host halo’s minor axis, while the alignment with the large-scale structure is weak. At fixed cluster mass, the degree of anisotropy is higher at higher redshift. This reflects the highly anisotropic nature of satellites accretion points, a feature that is partly erased by the subsequent orbital evolution of the satellites. We also find that satellite galaxies are mostly accreted singly so group accretion is not the explanation for the high flattening of the planes of satellites.
Mutation Load in Sunflower Inversions Is Negatively Correlated with Inversion Heterozygosity
Authors: Huang Kaichi , Ostevik Kate L. , Elphinstone Cassandra , Todesco Marco , Bercovich Natalia , Owens Gregory L. , Rieseberg Loren H. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Recombination is critical both for accelerating adaptation and purging deleterious mutations. Chromosomal inversions can act as recombination modifiers that suppress local recombination in heterozygotes and thus, under some conditions, are predicted to accumulate such mutations. In this study, we investigated patterns of recombination, transposable element abundance, and coding sequence evolution across the genomes of 1,445 individuals from three sunflower species, as well as within nine inversions segregating within species. We also analyzed the effects of inversion genotypes on 87 phenotypic traits to test for overdominance. We found significant negative correlations of long terminal repeat retrotransposon abundance and deleterious mutations with recombination rates across the genome in all three species. However, we failed to detect an increase in these features in the inversions, except for a modest increase in the proportion of stop codon mutations in several very large or rare inversions. Consistent with this finding, there was little evidence of overdominance of inversions in phenotypes that may relate to fitness. On the other hand, significantly greater load was observed for inversions in populations polymorphic for a given inversion compared to populations monomorphic for one of the arrangements, suggesting that the local state of inversion polymorphism affects deleterious load. These seemingly contradictory results can be explained by the low frequency of inversion heterozygotes in wild sunflower populations, apparently due to divergent selection and associated geographic structure. Inversions contributing to local adaptation represent ideal recombination modifiers, acting to facilitate adaptive divergence with gene flow, while largely escaping the accumulation of deleterious mutations.
HNRNPH1 destabilizes the G-quadruplex structures formed by G-rich RNA sequences that regulate the alternative splicing of an oncogenic fusion transcript
Authors: Vo Tam , Brownmiller Tayvia , Hall Katherine , Jones Tamara L , Choudhari Sulbha , Grammatikakis Ioannis , Ludwig Katelyn R , Caplen Natasha J 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In the presence of physiological monovalent cations, thousands of RNA G-rich sequences can form parallel G-quadruplexes (G4s) unless RNA-binding proteins inhibit, destabilize, or resolve the formation of such secondary RNA structures. Here, we have used a disease-relevant model system to investigate the biophysical properties of the RNA-binding protein HNRNPH1’s interaction with G-rich sequences. We demonstrate the importance of two EWSR1-exon 8 G-rich regions in mediating the exclusion of this exon from the oncogenic EWS-FLI1 transcripts expressed in a subset of Ewing sarcomas, using complementary analysis of tumor data, long-read sequencing, and minigene studies. We determined that HNRNPH1 binds the EWSR1-exon 8 G-rich sequences with low nM affinities irrespective of whether in a non-G4 or G4 state but exhibits different kinetics depending on RNA structure. Specifically, HNRNPH1 associates and dissociates from G4-folded RNA faster than the identical sequences in a non-G4 state. Importantly, we demonstrate using gel shift and spectroscopic assays that HNRNPH1, particularly the qRRM1-qRRM2 domains, destabilizes the G4s formed by the EWSR1-exon 8 G-rich sequences in a non-catalytic fashion. Our results indicate that HNRNPH1’s binding of G-rich sequences favors the accumulation of RNA in a non-G4 state and that this contributes to its regulation of RNA processing.
Manipulating high-temperature superconductivity by oxygen doping in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ thin flakes
Authors: Lei Bin , Ma Donghui , Liu Shihao , Sun Zeliang , Shi Mengzhu , Zhuo Weizhuang , Yu Fanghang , Gu Genda , Wang Zhenyu , Chen Xianhui 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Harnessing the fascinating properties of correlated oxides requires precise control of their carrier density. Compared to other methods, oxygen doping provides an effective and more direct way to tune the electronic properties of correlated oxides. Although several approaches, such as thermal annealing and oxygen migration, have been introduced to change the oxygen content, a continuous and reversible solution that can be integrated with modern electronic technology is much in demand. Here, we report a novel ionic field-effect transistor using solid Gd-doped CeO2 as the gate dielectric, which shows a remarkable carrier-density-tuning ability via electric-field-controlled oxygen concentration at room temperature. In Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi-2212) thin flakes, we achieve a reversible superconductor–insulator transition by driving oxygen ions in and out of the samples with electric fields, and map out the phase diagram all the way from the insulating regime to the over-doped superconducting regime by continuously changing the oxygen doping level. Scaling analysis indicates that the reversible superconductor–insulator transition for the Bi-2212 thin flakes follows the theoretical description of a two-dimensional quantum phase transition. Our work provides a route for realizing electric-field control of phase transition in correlated oxides. Moreover, the configuration of this type of transistor makes heterostructure/interface engineering possible, thus having the potential to serve as the next-generation all-solid-state field-effect transistor.