bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on Control Strategy of Automobile Simulate Sound Based on Harmonic Algorithm
Authors: Liu Zhien , Qin Rongpei , Xie Liping , Liu Kai 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In order to optimize the control strategy of the electric vehicle active voice (ASG) system and improve the authenticity of the simulation sound. This paper presents a sound control method for vehicle simulation based on harmonic algorithm. In this paper, based on the harmonic algorithm, starting from the virtual rotation rate (rpm) input by ASG system, according to the data collected from the actual internal combustion engine car, design control strategy and add shift point in the system. Determine the actual rotation rate of internal combustion engine car and the shift point of throttle opening, and through the python simulation curve. In this paper, using the offset proportional series algorithm to calculate the gear transmission ratio and optimize and simulate it. Since there is no shift or rotation rate mutation in electric vehicle, using quadratic function fitting to optimize the virtual rotation rate. Complete the “virtual rotation rate” transformation of ASG system based on real-time rotation rate of electric vehicle. Finally, the whole optimization system takes the “virtual rotation rate” of the real-time rotation rate of the actual electric vehicle as the input, and takes stm32f7 Series MCU as the hardware carrier. Organize engineers and students with sound quality experience to evaluate the simulated sound quality of internal combustion engine car. The results show that the control strategy proposed in this paper can realize the sound simulation of internal combustion engine car in the electric vehicle cab, and the optimized ASG system can better meet the majority of drivers’ preference for sound than the original ASG system.
Application of Micromechanics to Static Failure Analysis of Graphene Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites
Authors: Aluko O. , Li M. , Zhu N. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The effect of tensile loadings and proportions of carbon fiber on the allowable stress calculations and static failure analysis of carbon fiber epoxy composites were investigated under uniaxial tensile loadings. Micromechanical modeling analysis was applied to model the failures of composites at the continuum length scale. The results obtained from molecular dynamics analysis of graphene and epoxy, were utilized as inputs in the MAC/GMC micromechanics software to model and evaluate the allowable stress values and static failures of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
The computed results for composite elastic allowable stress estimation for the average materials and the static failure analysis were compared and these results were in agreement. The study has added to the understanding of the failure mechanism of the carbon fiber reinforce epoxy composites as well as the interactions of the constituents at failure.
Heated Circular Cylinder Subjected to Forced Spanwise Oscillations
Authors: Ali Ussama , Islam Md , Janajreh Isam 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The influence of spanwise vibrations coupled with various levels of heating, on the lift and drag coefficients, is numerically studied in this work. The flow domain consists of a circular region of 64D surrounding the circular cylinder of diameter D. Transient analysis is conducted to solve URANS using Ansys/Fluent for laminar flow at Reynolds number of 100. Spanwise forced oscillations are carried out using user-defined-functions to mimic the flow induced vibrations. Amplitude of oscillation is kept fixed at 0.1D and frequency of oscillation is varied according to the frequency ratios (f/fn) of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2, where 0 means the cylinder is stationary. Four levels of heating is applied, ΔT = 0 for isothermal, and ΔT = 300, 600, 900 K for non-isothermal flow, where ΔT is the temperature difference between the cylinder wall and the oncoming fluid. Air is taken as the fluid and temperature dependent properties of air are considered as the properties change significantly in the given temperature range. Mesh sensitivity is done initially to gain good fidelity of the discretized flow domain and the model is validated using the experimental results from the literature. The non-dimensional natural vortex shedding frequency of the stationary cylinder for isothermal flow is found to be 0.165 marking its Strouhal number. It is observed that heating the cylinder decreases the natural vortex shedding frequency. Increasing ΔT to 300 and 600 K decreased the natural vortex shedding frequency by 14.29% and 28.03%, respectively. It is observed that vortex shedding stops at ΔT of 900 K for stationary cylinder and for forced oscillating cylinder only one peak is seen in Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) corresponding to the forcing frequency. It is observed that the rms of the lift coefficient increases with an increase in the frequency ratio at all values of temperatures. FFT of the lift coefficient revealed only one frequency for frequency ratio of 0 and 1 at the natural frequency of the cylinder whereas for other values of frequency ratio, two peaks are observed, one for the natural frequency and the other for the forcing frequency. Lock-in phenomena is observed at the frequency ratio of 1 for isothermal cylinder where a large increase in the average drag coefficient occurred. For all values of frequency ratio, an increase in the temperature difference results in decrease in the lift and increase in the drag coefficient. Increasing ΔT to 300, 600, and 900 K, increases drag by 7.33%, 11.65%, and 16.52%, respectively, for stationary cylinder and a similar trend in observed for the oscillating cylinder. These results show that heating the cylinder decreases the lift coefficient and the natural vortex shedding frequency of the cylinder, whereas it increases the drag coefficient.
An IDS Investigation of the Instability Features Within Jet Flows
Authors: Gao Yang , Feng Dehua , Thompson Larry , Ferguson Frederick 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Under-expanded jets are typically formed when the high-pressure fuel is injected into the combustion chamber under ambient conditions. In the case of rocket engines, under-expanded jets are the primary cause of the traveling shock wave formations immediately outside of the nozzle exit. The formulations of these unsteady flow structures, and its development into fully turbulent steady state flows are of interest to designers. Many PLIF experiments on the temporal development of jet flows revealed the existence of highly under-expanded flow, moderately under-expanded and subsonic flow regions, during ‘the injection process’. The under-expanded flow field features consist of the main vortex pair, the vortex-induced shock waves, shock-vortex interactions, and Kelvin-Helmholtz type-structures, their evolution and their interactions until the flow transforms into a fully developed turbulent profile [1–2]. However, these visualization experiments revealed limited or no information of the instability features of the jet, and methods of enhancing their influence. The instabilities within the jets are directly responsible for the turbulence transition process. Further, these instabilities lead directly to the development of fully turbulent flows, the much-needed mixing process within the combustion chamber. The ‘Integro-Differential Scheme’ (IDS) investigation conducted herein, investigated the detailed unsteady flow structures within these jet flows. Further, this numerical study revealed the existing of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability structures, their evolutions, and their interactions. Further, the IDS unsteady simulations were compared to existing LES and PLIF studies, and they were found to reproduce all the expected flow field features. In the process of investigating the under-expanded jet flow, the IDS numeral method demonstrated that it is capable of fully reproducing the fundamental flow physics within the under-expanded jets. The next step in this study is the manipulation of the flow physics in efforts of enhance mixing.
A One-Dimensional Mechanistic Model for Tracking Unsteady Slug Flow
Authors: Padrino Juan C. , Srinil Narakorn , Kurushina Victoria , Swailes David , Pain Christopher C. , Matar Omar K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A novel one-dimensional slug tracking mechanistic model for unsteady, upward gas-liquid slug flow in inclined pipes is presented. The model stems from the first principles of mass and momentum conservation applied to a slug unit cell consisting of a slug body of liquid and a region of stratified flow containing an elongated bubble and a liquid film. The slug body front and rear are treated as surfaces of discontinuity where mass and momentum balances or “jump laws” are prescribed. The former is commonly applied in mechanistic models for slug flow, whereas the latter is typically overlooked, thereby leading to the assumption of a continuous pressure profile at these points or to the adoption of a pressure drop due to the fluid acceleration on a heuristic basis. Our analysis shows that this pressure change arises formally from the momentum jump law at the slug body front. The flow is assumed to be isothermal, the gas is compressible, the pressure drop in the elongated bubble region is accounted for, the film thickness is considered uniform, and weight effects in the pressure from the interface level are included. Besides specifying momentum jump laws at both borders of the slug body, another novel feature of the present model is that we avoid adopting the quasi-steady approximation for the elongated bubble-liquid film region, and thus the unsteady terms in the mass and momentum balances are kept. The present model requires empirical correlations for the slug body length and the elongated bubble nose velocity. The non-linear equations are discretized and solved simultaneously for all the slug unit cells filling the pipe. Time-space variation of the slug body and film lengths, liquid holdup and void fraction, and pressures, among other quantities, can be predicted, and model performance is evaluated by comparing with data in the literature.
A Model Experiment of Aortic Valve Stenosis to Correlate Narrowness With the Acoustic Spectrum
Authors: Zukowski Hannah , Rupp Marco , Mollel Winrose , Ning Taikang , Byers Clayton P. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A model experiment is used to investigate the relationship between a narrowing in a pulsatile flow and the relative energy contained in the measured acoustic spectrum. Inspired by studies of aortic stenosis, this experiment models increasingly severe narrowings in an internal flow with a semi-triangular opening to mimic the shape of an open tricuspid valve. A baseline case is attained through use of dynamic similarity to the average flow through an unrestricted aortic valve. Normalized spectra for each case provides an indication of relative energy in each frequency band which shows how the distribution of energy changes with each restriction. Increasing narrowness of the model valve opening results in enhanced energy content across all frequency bands up to 400Hz. Frequency bands identified as relevant to more extreme cases of stenosis in actual heart valves, such as the 40Hz–80Hz band, show significantly increased overall energy in these model cases. While all restricted cases demonstrate a nominal amount of increased energy, there appears to be more significant changes when the narrowing exceeds an area reduction of 40%.
Enhancing University Persistence of Diverse Mechanical Engineering Students
Authors: Fertig Jan , Kumpaty Subha 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper is the third in a series of efforts to address the troublesome departure of promising college students, most notably women and minorities, from the field of mechanical engineering and similar disciplines. Despite widespread and largely successful efforts to increase the numbers of women and minorities in engineering education, their numbers continue to shrink at a time when they should be expanding. Our first inquiry (IMECE 2017-72597) proposed a mismatch between the empathizing tendency of many students and a climate that discourages professional outlets for such tendencies; as well as incongruencies between professional and engineering identities. We argued that female students were deterred from their engineering aspirations by a climate that included engineering stereotypes, a traditional male-style hierarchy, and differential treatment. Our second endeavor (IMECE 2020-23679) showcased findings from a subsequent STEMpathy study we conducted at our own institution that inspired a persistence model that placed social responsibility goals, or the desire to pursue a career for the betterment of humanity, as well as treatment of students, front and center in the effort to better understand female and minority persistence. Surrounding that goal orientation are categories of factors that deter women and minorities that can be categorized as: 1) Cultural ideological forces; 2) Social structural factors; and 3) the Organizational culture of mechanical engineering. The current undertaking advances empirically based recommendations on ways to: 1) foster a more inclusive engineering culture; 2) enhance the curriculum; and 3) improve public perception of mechanical engineering with the aim of boosting students’ desire to embrace and persist in mechanical engineering. Persistence data from our study informs a five-year NSF grant: S-STEM: The Mechanical Engineering Retention, Academic Success and Career Pathway Program (NSF: DUE-2027632).
Investigation of Selective Laser Sintering of High-Density Polyethylene Using Optimized 3D Printing Parameters
Authors: Hoelzel Benjamin , Herren Blake , Saha Mrinal C. , Liu Yingtao 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper the processing parameters for 3D printing of HDPE via SLS technology is explored. Five different print types are developed by varying the output power of laser, chamber temperature, and scanning speeds between 10 mm/s and 80 mm/s in order to determine the optimal printing parameters that are needed for the manufacturing of consistent porous HDPE parts. The porosity of each print type is investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental results demonstrates that Print Types I – IV have significant melted regions on the top layers of the print likely due to the absorption of heat overtime. Therefore, Print Type V is developed to eliminate curling by progressively increasing the scanning speed at increments of 1 mm/s between each layer, which can result in the desired HDPE prints with consistent porosity and drastically increased printability of complex geometries. Print Type V printing parameters are used to produce various HDPE prints with high quality and complex geometries.
Design and Testing of a Low-Cost Ventilator to Battle the Global Pandemic
Authors: Near Eric , Ihsan Mustafa , Chan Waylon , Viswanathan Vimal 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious disease that has dramatically affected the world, causing a pandemic and changing many aspects of people’s lives and how they interact. The condition is highly contagious and aims at a person’s respiratory system. A ventilator, a medical device that helps patients breathe when they are unable to do it independently, is needed because COVID-19 inflames the airways in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe normally. Ventilators are not the cure for COVID-19 but are a piece of equipment to help people breathe until that body function can be done independently. Such equipment can be expensive to acquire and cumbersome to operate. The Spartan Ventilator uses off-the-shelf equipment, economic controls, and robust techniques to supply a patient’s lungs with oxygen. The system is designed for oxygen tanks that are commonly found within hospitals. However, a mechanical pump will be used as a substitute. All processes are controlled and monitored by an LCD touchscreen attached to an Arduino. The user interface is presented with simple buttons and menus to maximize screen space, provide quick readings of pressure, and control breaths per minute (BPM). PVC pipes, a cheap and durable material suitable for the non-volatile transportation of gas, were used. The valves we use are not definitive; they can be replaced with any 12V valve. The significant differences with the Spartan Ventilator are the price and the simplicity that the new technology has. The Spartan Ventilator can be very cheap compared to other professional ventilators that can be found in hospitals. The ventilator can be ten times less expensive than different professional ventilators while having the same efficiency and power.
First-Ply Failure Pressure of Symmetric Laminated Hybrid Composite CNG Tank
Authors: Shrigandhi Ganesh , Shah Mihil , Kothavale Basavaraj S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In recent years, compressed natural gas (CNG) as a fuel for the automobile is overgrowing, as it is cheap and environmental friendly compared to gasoline and diesel fuel. To improve fuel efficiency, lightweight composite pressure vessel tanks are used for the storage of CNG. Due to high specific strength, fiber-reinforced composites are most widely used. Synthetic fibers like carbon, glass fiber are used for the fabrication of these pressure vessels.
In the last few decades, due to environmental concerns, the hybridization of synthetic fiber with natural fiber has gained the attention of researchers. This paper focuses study on the effect of adding natural fiber on first ply failure (FPF) pressure based on the Tsai-Wu failure criterion. The laminate stacking sequence on first ply failure pressure for carbon/epoxy, E-glass/epoxy, and hybridization of these fibers with abaca fiber is studied. Abaca is strongest among other natural fibers as it contains high cellulose which is responsible for strength of the fiber. CNG tank with a 30-liter capacity, inside diameter 261mm, thickness 12 mm, applied pressure of 25 MPa with both ends closed is considered. Stacking sequence of symmetric laminate [(90)2/∓θ/(90)2]S, for different orientation of helical winding i.e. θ = 15°, 25°, 35°, 45°, 55°, 60°, 75° is analysed for these composite materials. A hybrid tube made of synthetic and natural fiber with uniform thickness is considered. The simulation results of the first ply failure pressure are compared with theoretical results. Autodesk Helius Composite software is used for calculating material properties and, first, ply failure analysis.
It is observed that burst pressure decreases as helical angle θ increases, and for the stacking sequence of [(90)2/∓15°/(90)2]S burst pressure is maximum for all tubes. The Burst pressure of the hybrid carbon/Abaca tube reduces by 69.5% to 42% for winding angle between 15° to 45° compared to standard carbon tube. For hybrid E-Glass/Abaca tube, burst pressure reduction was 21% to 4.7% for winding angle between 15° to 45° compared to standard E-Glass tube. For hybrid Carbon/Abaca tube, the drop in burst pressure is less 23.7% to 1.74%, respectively, compared to carbon tube for helical angle in the range 55° to 75°. Slight improvement in burst pressure (1.14% to 7.5%) is observed for the helical angle between 55° to 75° in the case of a hybrid E-Glass/Abaca tube compared to the E-Glass tube only. For the E-Glass tube, intermediate lamina can be replaced by Abaca fiber.
Experimental and Analytical Analysis of a Hindmarsh-Rose Neuron Model in a Nonlinear Circuit System
Authors: Liu Yan , Zhang He , Li Yuchen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper, nonlinear dynamic behaviors of a Hindmarsh-Rose (HR) neuron model are investigated through discrete mapping method. Periodic and chaotic firing motions are observed of the system with different external excitation. Stability boundaries in terms of the external excitation are predicted by the eigenvalues of the global mappings. A nonlinear analog circuit is developed on circuit simulations for the verification of the various firing patterns of the HR neuron model. A route from periodic firing activity to chaotic firing are observed in simulation and confirmed by the theoretical research. Time series for the potential of numerical model and circuit model are presented. The evolution processes of the routes into and out of chaotic firing activities are revealed.
Verification Study of CFD Prediction Accuracy of Liquid Droplet Impingement Erosion Rate for Engineering Applications
Authors: Qian Shaoxiang , Hu Xidong , Kanamaru Shinichiro 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Multi-phase flows containing liquid droplets widely exist in piping system of process plants. Sudden geometry change like elbow causes the flow turbulence, which leads to droplet impingement against the piping wall. As a result, erosion can be induced, and hence, may cause leak of piping. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate erosion rate for determining design margin and finding countermeasures for erosion-related trouble. Some models have been proposed for predicting droplet-induced erosion rate, but there is large difference in their prediction accuracy. The present study aims at verifying prediction accuracy of some major erosion models for engineering applications.
CFD simulations of water jets are conducted to verify the prediction accuracy of erosion induced by liquid droplets, using the published experimental data. In the present simulations, a two-way approach is applied for solving the air-water two-phase flow. An original algorithm is used to calculate the droplet-induced erosion rate using the obtained two-phase flow fields. The investigated erosion models include the models of Haugen, DNV and Isomoto. CFD results show that almost all the investigated erosion models for various simulation conditions provide the conservative evaluation of erosion rates, compared with the experimental results. Among them, the erosion rates predicted by Haugen model are closest to the experimental results with acceptable prediction accuracy for engineering applications.
Sound Radiation of Locally Resonant Unidirectionally Ribbed Plates
Authors: Fossat Pascal , Ichchou Mohamed 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper suggests a comprehensive case study of acoustic radiation from ribbed plate with inner resonance. Based on explicit design rules and homogenized model for flexural waves, it shows that bending waves propagation significantly differs from classical models in terms of wavenumber features in the neighborhood of local resonances, and comments on the influence of the atypical structural response on the radiated pressure field. The investigation of the acoustic radiation from an infinite and finite ribbed plate is proposed. The trend of the resulting radiated pressure fields from the homogenized model matches with classical models outside frequency bands associated with local resonance, however inner resonance yields additional frequency ranges in which acoustic radiation is either strongly reduced or enhanced. For both mechanical and acoustic responses, theoretical results are successfully compared with finite element method. Further consideration may focus on the radiation mechanisms with coupled bending and torsion in the stiffner.