bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using the travel cost method to link waterwfowl hunting to agricultural activities
Authors: Cooper Joseph C. 
Published: March 2022

Analyse des relations existant entre les activités agricoles et la chasse au gibier d'eau par la méthode des coûts de transport.
Cet article montre comment la méthode des coûts de transport (MCT) permet d'analyser les relations existant entre les pratiques agricoles et le bien-être associé aux activités de loisirs. Dans la première partie, on présente les fondements théoriques de la MCT et la façon dont elle peut être utilisée efficacement. Ensuite, deux études de cas illustrent cette problématique. La première concerne les effets produits par l'écoulement d'une eau d'irrigation chargée de sélénium sur la chasse au gibier d'eau dans la réserve naturelle de Kesterson. La seconde compare la valeur de l'eau selon qu'elle est utilisée à des fins de loisirs ou destinée à l'agriculture dans la vallée de San Joaquin en Californie.
Dans les deux cas, on analyse la réaction de la demande, évaluée par la MCT, à la modification d'une des variables explicatives, pour évaluer la variation du bien-être associé à la chasse. Dans le premier exemple, l'écoulement de l'eau polluée réduit les populations d'oiseaux aquatiques de la réserve naturelle, ce qui diminue le nombre d'expéditions sur le site en question et réduit d'autant le bien-être tiré de ce loisir. En particulier, si l'on rapproche la baisse de la pollution par le sélénium de l'accroissement des élevages de gibier d'eau dans la réserve naturelle du Parc de Kesterton, on peut estimer l'accroissement de bien-être correspondant. Dans le second exemple, agriculture et chasse sont en concurrence pour l'utilisa¬ tion des ressources hydrauliques. La méthode du coût de transport permet de calculer la valeur marginale de l'activité cynégétique par unité d'eau supplémentaire. Ensuite, on compare cette valeur marginale à celle de la même unité dans l'alternative d'un usage agricole. Pour l'une des six réserves, la valeur marginale de l'eau utilisée par les chasseurs était au moins égale à celle de l'eau utilisée en agriculture. L'auteur utilise un modèle zonal de coûts de transport, dont les équations de demande sont estimées par la méthode des moindres carrés et le modèle de Poisson. L'avantage de ce dernier modèle est le traitement approprié de la variable dépendante qui est tronquée à zéro et ne peut prendre que des valeurs entières.
Technological regimes, patterns of innovative activities and industrial dynamics. A survey of empirical evidence and of some theoretical models
Authors: Orsenigo Luigi 
Published: March 2022

L'article passe en revue les résultats d'études théoriques et empiriques qui mettent en évidence l'utilité du concept de régime technologique (considéré comme une approximation du concept plus général de régime d'apprentissage) pour l'étude des différentes façons dont le progrès technique et les industries sont structurés et évoluent au cours du temps. Plus précisément, se situant dans une perspective évolutionniste, l'auteur propose de considérer les faits stylisés décrivant d'une part les modèles de dynamique industrielle, et de l'autre les modèles de changement technologique comme le produit des différents régimes de sélection et d'apprentissage imposés par la nature même de la technologie.
La première partie de l'article présente les résultats d'analyses empiriques menées sur les modèles d'innovation et de dynamique industrielle. Tout d'abord, des recherches portant sur les modèles d'innovation montrent qu'il existe des différences importantes entre ces modèles selon le secteur concerné, mais que l'on retrouve des situations analogues pour un même secteur dans différents pays. Sur cette base, les technologies peuvent être réparties en deux groupes dont les processus d'innovation sont tout à fait différents. Le premier groupe correspond au modèle Schumpeter Mark I. Le second s'apparente au modèle Schumpeter Mark II. Sont ensuite présentés les résultats et les questions caractérisant la dynamique industrielle : modèles d'entrées et sorties, persistance des résultas obtenus par les entreprises, stabilité de la distribution dissymétrique des tailles d'entreprises.
La seconde partie de l'article propose quelques interprétations possibles de ces phénomènes. L'auteur introduit le concept de régime technologique et montre l'intérêt qu'il présente, aussi bien pour l'analyse des stratégies d'entreprises et des formes d'organisation que pour les modèles sectoriels d'activités innovantes. Puis il présente des résultats empiriques directs et indirects reliant les régimes technologiques aux modèles sectoriels d'innovation et de dynamique industrielle. L'article se termine par une présentation rapide de quelques modèles théoriques du courant évolutionniste visant à expliquer et à "générer" les résultats empiriques observés.
Jeux, coopération et problèmes environnementaux globaux
Authors: Rotillon Gilles , Tazdaït Tarik 
Published: March 2022

Games, co-operation and global environmental change
This survey deals with co-operation in the presence of global environmental change. We examine the influence of the different factors which play a significant role in such a context. Thus, by using game theory representation, we can note that there are many possible co-operative behaviours : some countries act unilaterally when others join a coalition. Consequently, we can't study these problems in a prisonner's dilemma perspective. It seems more realistic to evoke the chicken game for a collective co-operation, and the trust game (or the sequential prisonner's dilemma with ecological conscience ) for an unilateral commitment. In fact the major result of the various works is that a solution exists for global environmental problems, but it is not necessarily a universal solution : co-operation is generally the work of a limited group of countries.
La valeur d'usage à des fins de loisir des espaces protégés en Espagne. Comparaison entre méthode des coûts de déplacement et méthode d'évaluation contingente
Authors: Pérez y Pérez Luis , Barreiro Jesús , Sánchez Mercedes , Azpilicueta Miren 
Published: March 2022

Ce texte présente deux méthodes d'évaluation utilisées pour mesurer la valeur d'usage à des fins de loisir du Parc naturel du Señorio de Bértiz à Navarre (Espagne). L'analyse empirique se base sur une enquête menée auprès de 402 visiteurs au cours du printemps 1995.
La méthode des coûts de déplacement individuel consiste dans l'estimation d'une fonction de demande de déplacement vers le lieu qu'on évalue, et dans l'estimation du surplus du consommateur correspondant. On suppose que le nombre de déplacements est principalement une fonction du coût de déplacement, cette hypothèse étant la principale difficulté de la méthode. L'analyse empirique a été réalisée pour trois options de coût par kilomètre parcouru et un coût d'opportunité de la durée de déplacement. La méthode d'évaluation contingente se base sur la construction d'un marché hypothétique, en interrogeant directement les visiteurs sur leur disposition à payer. Pour obtenir la valeur de loisir qu'ils donnent à l'utilisation du parc, on utilise une question dichotomique suivie d'une question ouverte. L'application de ces deux méthodes montre que les résultats sont proches de ceux obtenus dans d'autres comparaisons disponibles dans la littérature et on constate de même une certaine sensibilité des résultats obtenus aux hypothèses adoptées dans le travail.
Réforme de la PAC et mécanismes d'ajustement du marché mondial du corn gluten feed
Authors: Giraud-Héraud Eric , Le Mouël Chantal , Réquillart Vincent 
Published: March 2022

The CAP reform and the response of the world corn gluten feed market.
The CAP reform should increase the European Union (UE) feed grain demand to the detriment of imported feed ingredients. However, existing studies show that the use of CGF in the EU should not be affected by the EU grain price cut. These studies generally do not consider the potential adjustment in the domestic US outlet for CGF. In fact, past trends in EU and US CGF demands clearly result from the high grain price prevailing on the Community's feed market before the CAP reform. Then, the EU grain price cut is in a position to change the existing patterns in the world CGF trade. This article focus on the adjustment mechanisms which may occur in both EU and US CGF outlets following the CAP reform. A model of EU and US CGF demand, drawn on both linear programming approach and product differentiation theory is used. Comparing to econometric or comparative static models used in existing studies, this modeling approach makes CGF demands more sensitive to the structure of feed ingredient prices. Hence, we show that the CAP reform could increase the use of CGF in the US. Therefore, a transfert of US CGF sales from the EU export market to the US domestic market could occur. In that case, the CAP reform appears as more efficient in reducing EU CGF imports than what is commonly observed in existing studies.
Et le code s'est fait chair. A propos des mythes et des techniques biologiques
Authors: Tibon-Cornillot Michel 
Published: March 2022

And the code became flesh. Myths and biological techniques.

One of the fundamental historical mutations of the history of techniques is its interconnection with that of modern science barely 500 years ago. Traditional techniques disappeared or were entirely revolutionized ; the traditional technical crafts were obliged to take part in a movement whose logic was based on, among other things, specialized tasks and an unlimited political and economic expansion.
These changes are the cause of an erroneous but dominant interpretation, especially in the French academic world, which holds modern techniques to be applications of scientific theories ; these techniques are thus confused with what we call the applied sciences or with technology, the suffix logos implying scientific rational. Techniques are at best thought of as "servants of science" and at worst, they are merely the application of science.
It is, however, possible to give another interpretation to technical know-how which preserves its individuality without ignoring its interconnection with modern scientific methods and conceptions. This point of view sheds a new light capable of illuminating the position of modern industrial societies so profoundly marked by the development of these new allies, science and techniques.
These reflections lead to two fundamental questions. The first regards the cultural origins of our ignorance regarding the individuality of techniques. The second is closely related : if we accept the evidence suggesting the autonomy of techniques, how to describe this individuality ? The reflection on the individuality of techniques thus brings forth another, often ignored aspect, much deeper than often suspected : the close relation between techniques and living organisms.
Quelles stratégies pour les concurrents de la filière bovine dans le contexte de l'après ESB ?
Authors: Porin François , Mainsant Pascal 
Published: March 2022

Which strategies for the beef chain challengers after the BSE crisis ?

After the BSE crisis, the beef industry has reacted to give a new impetus to the red meat consumption. Nevertheless, in the future, the beef consumption will depend on the competition with the other kinds of meats. This article compares the respective advantages of the French beef pork and poultry industries according to three major factors :
-Price competitiveness. In particular, authors simulate the effects of Agenda 2000 proposals on the retail prices of the different meats.
— Ability to meet new consumers requirements relating to safety, naturality, product differentiation.
— Potential growth facing the contraints of environmental protection.
Beef would benefit from the recent actions of the industry and from the price fall which could be obtained following Agenda 2000 implementation. Meanwhile poultry would get large advantages from its many assets (branded goods, differentiation, price competitiveness), when pore would be at disadvantage.
Décision séquentielle et principe de précaution
Authors: Treich Nicolas 
Published: March 2022

Sequential decision-making and Precautionary Principle.
The Precautionary Principle (Rio Conference, Maastricht Treaty) is becoming increasingly prominent in the environmental protection law or on health safety issues. Given the important literature on the Precautionary Principle in social sciences in general, this paper provides an economic approach to the Precautionary Principle. In crude terms, the Precautionary Principle encourages the prevention of a risk before that full scientific information is available about it. Since this Principle implies that a decision should be taken in advance, even if it may be revised later on, it implies that the decision process is sequential. As a result, this paper proposes an interpretation of the Precautionary Principle based on the sequential decision theory. We report some insights from sequential investment theory (Dixit and Pindyck, 1994) in order to bring closer the notion of option value to that of precaution.
We then introduce formally the notion of irreversibility and that of information structure. We also reinterpret the Bayes' rule as a rule that accounts for scientific progress in decision-making. This allows us to distinguish between a preventive and a precautionary strategy. Prevention is a static concept that refers to the management of a risk at a given time and given a stable probability distribution. Precaution is a dynamic concept that recognizes the evolution of scientific knowledge. A precautionary measure is defined as a prudent and temporary decision that permits to manage the current lack of scientific information. In order to examine the efficiency of the Precautionary Principle, we raise the following question : does more scientific uncertainty lead to bias decisions in favor of less current risk exposure ? We show that the Precautionary Principle may be justified on the grounds of irreversibility alone (Henry, 1974). We also generalize this pure "irreversibility effect" to integrate risk aversion and consumption externalities (Gollier et al., 2000). We finally report some empirical results from macroeconomic models that recently assessed the impact of scientific uncertainty on optimal climate policy (Nordhaus, 1994).
Dynamique et incertitude dans la gestion de l'irrigation
Authors: Bontemps Christophe , Couture Stéphane 
Published: March 2022

Dynamics and uncertainty in irrigation management .
Water supply for irrigation is limited in the southwestern France as in many regions of the world. Many conflicts between users highlight the fact that efficient irrigation scheduling is needed. The aims of this study are twofold. First we identify optimal irrigation strategies under stochastic weather conditions. Second we evaluate the economic losses due to uncertainty and risk aversion. The agronomic crop growth model, EPIC-Phase, generates yield data which are incorporated into a dynamic programming model for the determination of optimal irrigation scheduling under risk and limited water supply, in the southwest of France. The results indicate that optimal dynamic irrigation strategies produce higher profits, and utilities, and require less irrigation water than the optimal agronomic irrigation strategies.
La filière bovine en Bretagne et la crise de la «vache folle» de 1996 : une analyse interindustrielle
Authors: Bossard Patricia , Léon Yves , Quinqu Maurice , Surry Yves 
Published: March 2022

Brittany's beef industry and the 1996 «mad cow» disease crisis : an interindustry analysis
This paper analyses the beef industry in Brittany in light of the events (long term decline in meat demand and «mad cow» disease crisis) affecting the European Union (EU) beef sector. After a presentation of its main features and its role in the region's economy, we assess the sector's and Brittany agrofood industry's responses to the changes in meat demand resulting from the 1996 «mad cow» disease crisis. To do so, we use an input/output (I-O) table of Brittany's economy and of its agro-food complex. This I-O table has the following features : i) Brittany agriculture is broken down into six multiple output sectors defined according to economic size and production orientation ; ii) food-processing industries are classified into six activities ; and iii) the rest of Brittany's economy is represented by eight sectors. A stochastic simulation based on adjustments of meat demand in France and other EU member countries resulting from the 1996 «mad cow» disease crisis is undertaken using Brittany I-O table. Simulation results indicate that Brittany's beef industry reduces its production by about 12 to 14 % when beef meat demand in the EU declines by 16 %. However, total output in agriculture and other non agro-food sectors of Brittany react marginally to a decline in beef meat demand.
Coordination entre producteurs et maîtrise des aléas de demande
Authors: Gaucher Séverine , Hovelaque Vincent , Soler Louis-Georges 
Published: March 2022

Coordination between firms and supply organization
In this paper, we analyse the inventory and ordering policies of two firms, when (i) each firm has its own supplier and market but, (ii), the first firm may act as a second supplier of the second one. This allows us to study the interest of improving horizontal coordination between producers in order to minimize shortages or overstocking phenomena due to demand hazards : such producer-to-producer relationships are indeed more and more developed in numerous agro-food chains (like fruit chains). We develop a general newsvendor-like formulation of the optimal procurement and inventory policies, and calculate chain profits according to various levels of coordination between the two firms. An application to the case of a uniform demand is analysed more precisely. We then use a numerical analysis to define the conditions under which a high level of coordination may be interesting for both firms and the whole chain.
Économie spatiale et économie publique
Authors: Guengant Alain 
Published: March 2022

Spatial economics and public economics.
The article gives a survey of recent developments in local public economics based on the main international journals in this field. The evolution in the last ten years is characterized by an increasing focus on the spatial dimension. If spending behavior models still emphasize a non-spatial approach, models of tax competition now begin to take this dimension more explicitly into account However, models of land capitalization still provide the most accurate analysis of the interaction between space and the supply of local public goods, especially since they are enriched by the contributions of the new economic geography.
Quality, information and wine labelling : experiences from the British wine market
Authors: Steiner Bodo 
Published: March 2022

Qualité, information et étiquetage du vin : les enseignements du marché britannique.
Cet article utilise la méthode des prix hédonistes pour identifier les valeurs que les consommateurs donnent aux informations fournies par les étiquettes des bouteilles sur les caractéristiques du vin qu'elles contiennent. L'analyse vise à mettre en évidence l'effet des différentes combinaisons possibles entre ces attributs. L'étude porte en particulier sur les cas où des variétés identiques de raisin proviennent de régions ou de pays d'origine différents. Les résultats économétriques montrent que la variété de raisin est d'une grande importance dans le choix des vins italiens et australiens, alors que, pour les vins français, c'est la provenance régionale qui constitue le critère de choix le plus important. On étudie également les implications commerciales des informations données par les étiquettes de bouteilles de vin pour les détaillants. L'étude des combinaisons possibles d'attributs peut en effet aider les négociants à gérer les stocks de vins, en déterminant les coûts imputables au remplacement d'une catégorie de vin par une autre.
Analyse exploratoire de quelques stratégies de fourniture ‘non publique’ des biens ‘publics’
Authors: Déprés Christophe , Grolleau Gilles , Mzoughi Naoufel 
Published: March 2022

The ‘ non-public’ provision of ‘ public’ goods : an exploratory analysis
The ‘ public’ or ‘ collective’ nature of some goods and services has often legitimated the intervention of the ‘ visible hand’ of the state. The new institutional economics, initiated by Coase, raises objections against this rationale. First, several heterodox authors question the nature of goods and they show that the ‘ public or private nature’ is socially constructed at several stages, i. e. financing, production and access. Consequently, economics implications resulting from this distinction are seriously contested. Second, Coase and his followers challenge the public goods rationale for government production based on economic efficiency grounds. The new institutional economics proposes to identify, in a comparative way, the real institutional arrangements likely to minimize the whole production and transaction costs. Coasean economics does not mean the absence of state intervention, but rather redefines the modalities of this intervention, to enable the achievement of benefits proper to private arrangements. Government intervention does not necessarily imply that public authorities will deal with all the aspects that can be distinguished in the provision of ‘ public’ goods. Transaction costs economics show the diversity of arrangements that may emerge on a continuum ranging from the ‘ all-state’ to the ‘ all-market’ approach. We study three institutional arrangements likely to lead to non-public provision of public goods : the association of private benefits, collective organization and contractualisation. We analyze the modalities of public intervention and stress the degree of mixing in institutional arrangements. Some examples are presented, mainly in the agricultural sector, where the ‘ collective’ nature of some environmental productions has considerably justified the ‘ heavy’ intervention of the state.
Évaluation de l’insécurité alimentaire dans le Comté de Sacramento
Authors: Bellin-Lestienne Constance , Darmon Nicole 
Published: March 2022

A report on food security in Sacramento County
In 2001, about 56,000 adults were estimated to be food insecure in Sacramento County. This number tends to keep rising eventhough several federal food assistance programs are available to the low-income population. The objectives of our study were to describe the population using emergency food assistance programs and to evaluate the federal food programs available to low-income people. Two different methods were used. Personal interviews of key informants in charge of the federal programs were made and a self-administered questionnaire was delivered in emergency food agencies. A total of 338 food aid recipients answered the questionnaire. Among individuals receiving emergency food assistance, 80% lived below the poverty level and 62% had a member in their household who experienced hunger in the past year. More than 27% of the households had an income related to work. Among them 73 % lived below the poverty level and more than 82 % were food insecure. The study showed that eligible residents often did not access federal food programs either because they do not know about them or because there are too many barriers to their utilization such as : the lack of information regarding the programs, the language barrier, especially for immigrants, the difficult access to the program sites and the administrative burden of most programs. People using emergency food programs also declared that food stamps were insufficient to feed the household during a month, which explained why they seek assistance from emergency agencies. In order to decrease the number of people using emergency food programs it is necessary to improve the outreach efforts of the federal food programs towards the low-income community.