bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of language attitudes and ideologies in minority language learning motivation
Authors: Rosiak Karolina 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe present article examines the importance of language attitudes and ideologies for studying motivation to learn minority languages by adults. In the contemporary globalised world, proficiency not only in English, but also in other languages, is necessary in order to communicate internationally and find employment. These may be other ‘major’ state languages, such as French or Spanish. However, in many linguistically diverse or multilingual regions, the local languages are important for increasing one’s own social and cultural capital, social cohesion and occasionally also for their economic values. Hence, it is important to study what motivates people to learn minority and minoritised languages. The L2 Motivational Self System has been developed and used for explaining the motivation to learn English in homogenous educational settings. However, this is only one context in which languages are learned. Drawing on qualitative data obtained among Polish post-2004 adult migrants in Wales, this article discusses the relevance of Dörnyei’s L2 Motivational Self System and integrativeness (Gardner & Lambert 1972) in learning minority languages and the role of more subtle, social aspects of (minority) language learning such as language ideologies. It is proposed that integrativeness and language ideologies are vital in the motivation to learn minority languages.
Review and comparison of treatment effect estimators using propensity and prognostic scores
Authors: Lee Myoung-Jae , Lee Sanghyeok 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In finding effects of a binary treatment, practitioners use mostly either propensity score matching (PSM) or inverse probability weighting (IPW). However, many new treatment effect estimators are available now using propensity score and “prognostic score”, and some of these estimators are much better than PSM and IPW in several aspects. In this paper, we review those recent treatment effect estimators to show how they are related to one another, and why they are better than PSM and IPW. We compare 26 estimators in total through extensive simulation and empirical studies. Based on these, we recommend recent treatment effect estimators using “overlap weight”, and “targeted MLE” using statistical/machine learning, as well as a simple regression imputation/adjustment estimator using linear prognostic score models.
Haecceity Mereology
Authors: Zhang Ruoyu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHaecceities are non-qualitative properties for individuation but the current theories about haecceities are still to be much more explored. This paper aims to develop a “haecceity mereology” – that is, an ontological system that understands substances as mereological combinations of haecceities and qualitative properties. In this way, the view developed is an alternative to Paul’s (2002. “Logical Parts.”Noûs36 (4): 578–96; 2006. “Coincidence as Overlap.”Noûs40 (4): 623–59) mereological approach. Three rules are proposed: (1) If S is a substance, then there is one and only one haecceity which is S’s qualitative part; (2) For all the fusions with the same haecceity, at most only one of those fusions is a substance; (3) When all the relevant elements are abundant, every element must overlap at least one substance. This is the first ontology of haecceities in the recent literature and would be a model for systematic metaphysics.
Stability criteria for systems of two first-order linear ordinary differential equations
Authors: Grigorian Gevorg A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Riccati equation method is used to establish stability criteria for systems of two first-order linear ordinary differential equations. Examples are presented in which the obtained result is compared with the results obtained by the Lyapunov and Bogdanov methods, by a method involving estimates of solutions in the Lozinskii logarithmic norms and by the freezing method.
A perturbed eigenvalue problem in exterior domain
Authors: Grecu Andrei 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Let Ω ⊂ R
N
(N ≥ 2) be a simply connected bounded domain, containing the origin, with C
2 boundary denoted by ∂Ω. Denote by

Ω

e
x
t

:=

R

N

∖

Ω
¯

$\Omega^{\mathrm{ext}}:=\mathbb{R}^{N} \backslash \bar{\Omega}$

the exterior of Ω. We consider the perturbed eigenvalue problem

−

Δ

p

u
−

Δ

q

u
=
μ
K
(
x
)

|

u

|

p
−
2

u

for

x
∈

Ω

ext

u
(
x
)
=
0

for

x
∈
∂
Ω

u
(
x
)
→
0
,

as

|

x

|

→
∞
,

$$\left\{\begin{array}{lcl}-\Delta_{p} u-\Delta_{q} u=\mu K(x)|u|^{p-2} u & \text { for } & x \in \Omega^{\text {ext }} \\u(x)=0 & \text { for } & x \in \partial \Omega \\u(x) \rightarrow 0, & \text { as } & |x| \rightarrow \infty,\end{array}\right.$$

where p, q ∈ (1,N),

p
≠
q

$p \neq q$

and K is a positive weight function defined on Ωext having the property that K ∈ L∞
(Ωext) ∩ LN/p
(Ωext) . We show that the set of parameters μ for which the above eigenvalue problem possesses nontrivial weak solutions is exactly an unbounded open interval.
On quasi-small loop groups
Authors: Mashayekhy Behrooz , Mirebrahimi Hanieh , Torabi Hamid , Babaee Ameneh 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we study some properties of homotopical closeness for paths. We define the quasi-small loop group as the subgroup of all classes of loops that are homotopically close to null-homotopic loops, denoted by

π
1

q
s

(
X
,
x
)

$\pi_1^{qs} (X, x)$

for a pointed space (X, x). Then we prove that, unlike the small loop group, the quasi-small loop group

π
1

q
s

(
X
,
x
)

$\pi_1^{qs}(X, x)$

does not depend on the base point, and that it is a normal subgroup containing

π
1

s
g

(
X
,
x
)

$\pi_1^{sg}(X, x)$

, the small generated subgroup of the fundamental group. Also, we show that a space X is homotopically path Hausdorff if and only if

π
1

q
s

(
X
,
x
)

$\pi_1^{qs} (X, x)$

is trivial. Finally, as consequences, we give some relationships between the quasi-small loop group and the quasi-topological fundamental group.
Topologies generated by symmetric porosity on normed spaces
Authors: Kowalczyk Stanisław , Turowska Małgorzata 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the paper we consider the families of symmetrically porouscontinuous functions. We find maximal additive classes for these families. Furthermore, we define new families of topologies generated by the symmetric porosity, which are useful to studying maximal multiplicative classes for symmetrically porouscontinuous functions. Some relevant properties of defined topologies are considered.
An alternative for Laplace Birnbaum-Saunders distribution
Authors: Bίrbίçer İsmet , Genç Alί İ. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we first propose a new general method to introduce various lifetime distributions by choosing an appropriate kernel distribution. They have some characteristics in common with the well-known Birnbaum-Saunders distribution. Then, we choose the triangular distribution as a kernel model and construct the new distribution. This distribution has its support on the positive real axis and consists of two-pieces. We show that the newly defined distribution is in fact a generalized Birnbaum-Saunders distribution. It is mathematically tractable for studying its theoretical properties in detail. Different methods of estimation of parameters are proposed. The existence and uniqueness problem of the maximum likelihood estimation method is discussed. The performances of the estimators are evaluated through simulation studies. A real data fitting which compares it with the ordinary Birnbaum-Saunders, Laplace Birnbaum-Saunders and other some generalized Birnbaum-Saunders distributions is also given.
Hysteresis and balance of backaction force on dielectric particles photothermally mediated by photonic nanojet
Authors: Ren Yu-Xuan , Yip Gwinky G. K. , Zhou Lei-Ming , Qiu Cheng-Wei , Shi Jiawei , Zhou Yi , Mao Huade , Tsia Kevin K. , Wong Kenneth K. Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Reversible control over the microparticle motion using light excites interesting applications in optofluidics, microswimmers, artificial optical matter, and biomedical engineering. The dielectric microspheres swim towards the near infrared pulsed laser in response to the backaction force mediated by photonic nanojet. Hereby, we report that the backaction force exhibits hysteretic behaviour owing to the distinguishable responses of the temperature rise inside the nanojet and the temperature rise of the liquid ensemble. Accordingly, the magnitude of backaction force at the same laser power varies between power increase and decrease stages. In order to develop multidimensional manipulation tool, we studied the possibility of using lasers with different spatiotemporal profiles to mediate the backaction force, and developed the counterpropagating beam scheme for reversible control of the particle motion directions. We further harness the hysteresis to reverse the direction of backaction force on dielectric particles in presence of a constant force from a counter-propagating beam with broadband supercontinuum spectrum. In contrast to the microsphere caught in the single beam gradient trap, the microsphere encounters augmented Brownian motion at higher balanced power level. The microsphere would eventually escape from the common region of the paired beams, enabling high throughput morphology analysis for cancer cell classification, biopsy, and diagnosis.
Meta-analysis of the potential of dietary Bacillus spp. in improving growth performance traits in broiler chickens
Authors: Ogbuewu Ifeanyichukwu Princewill , Mbajiorgu Christain Anayo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Bacillus probiotics have been shown to possess several advantages over conventional probiotics, including the capacity to withstand heat during feed manufacturing processes and to be stored for a long time without losing viability, as well as the ability to survive and function in the acidic environment of the chicken gut. However, there are inconsistent results on the effect of Bacillus on growth performance of broiler chickens. The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the effect of dietary Bacillus supplementation on feed intake (FI), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), and average daily gain (ADG) in broiler chickens. PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were searched for studies that fed diets with and without Bacillus to broilers. Pooled estimation revealed that Bacillus supplementation improved FCE (standardised mean difference [SMD] = −0.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.39 to −0.28) and increased ADG (SMD = 0.37 g/bird/day, 95% CI 0.28–0.46). In contrast, feed intake (SMD) = 0.03 g/bird/day, 95% CI −0.03 to 0.09) was not significantly different from controls. Subanalysis revealed that broilers fed with Bacillus at 0.1–0.5 × 106 colony-forming unit (cfu)/g had higher ADG than controls. There is evidence of significant heterogeneity (inconsistency index [I
2] = 80–93%) among the studies included in the meta-analysis. Meta-regression showed that studied moderators (i.e., Bacillus spp., duration of supplementation, and broiler strain) explained most of the effect. In conclusion, our results suggest that Bacillus supplementation at 0.1–0.5 × 106 cfu/g improved FCE and ADG in broiler chickens. However, it is recommended that more research be conducted to determine the Bacillus supplementation dose that optimises growth performance indices in broiler chickens.
The expanding universe of bilateral labor agreements
Authors: Chilton Adam , Woda Bartosz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the seventy-five years since the end of World War II, pairs of countries have entered into over a thousand bilateral labor agreements (BLAs) to regulate the cross-border flow of workers. These agreements have received little public or academic attention. This is likely, in part, because there is limited data or easily available information on BLAs. This Article hopes to change that by introducing three new resources: (1) a dataset documenting the formation of over 1,200 BLAs; (2) a corpus including the texts of over 800 BLAs; and (3) a dataset coding whether over 500 BLAs mention twenty topics that the ILO has identified as best practices for these agreements. Using this data, we show that, unlike some other forms of bilateral agreements, the rate of BLAs being signed has remained relatively high during the first two decades of the twenty-first century. Additionally, we also show evidence that, although many BLAs were formed during this period, relatively few agreements include various worker protections advocated for by activists, scholars, and NGOs.
Obscurity and nonbindingness in the regulation of labor migration
Authors: Megiddo Tamar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Labor migration is often regulated internationally through bilateral treaties signed between states, determining the conditions under which migrants from one state (or both) may travel to the other state and reside there in order to work. These instruments are sometimes designated as memoranda of understanding and regarded as nonbinding agreements. Many remain unpublished and undisclosed. This Article assesses these design choices critically. It considers the interaction between bilateralism, obscurity and nonbindingness. It evaluates and rejects possible justifications for obscurity and nonbindingness. Finally, it argues that these design choices should be resisted. Since bilateral labor agreements do not regulate strictly the bilateral relationship between two states, but rather create rights and obligations for various third-party individuals, they should be required to meet a rule of law requirement of transparency.
Informalization, obfuscation and bilateral labor agreements
Authors: Lujic Tijana , Peters Margaret E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Researchers who have attempted to collect and compare bilateral labor agreements (BLAs) have encountered varying degrees of accessibility of information on these agreements. Why is it harder to find out information on some bilateral labor agreements than others? In this Article, we argue that it is more difficult to find information and agreements tend to be more informal when governments want to obscure what they are doing. Building on insights from the study of optimal obfuscation in trade policy and research on informal institutions in international politics, we argue that policymakers use more informal agreements and make it more difficult to find information on BLAs when they think they will be politically unpopular and are unlikely to be ratified. In contrast, leaders will be more likely to use formal agreements when they want to lock in a policy. Drawing on original quantitative data on the accessibility of information on bilateral labor agreements and Peters’ 2019 database on BLAs, the Article analyzes the accessibility of information on bilateral labor agreements and finds some support for our argument.
Gasknappheit und Wirtschaftspolitik in Deutschland
Authors: Hellwig Martin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The article discusses the German government’s reaction to the perception of an excessive dependence on Russian gas that was caused by the Ukraine war and to the reductions in Russian gas supplies that have taken place. First, the article lists various policy deficits: Naivité of the expectation that Russia would watch German attempts to reduce its dependence without interfering, restricting thinking about gas scarcity to the mobilization of additional supplies, without paying much attention to demand, complete neglect of the allocative role of prices, finally an inability or unwillingness to communication the bad news to the population that we have become poorer. Thereafter, the article addresses some of the difficulties that stand in the way of flexible price adjustments, existing contracts as well as social concerns. Finally the article discusses the concept of supply security, indicating the difference between private and social concerns, and pleading for an assumption of government responsibility for those concerns that cannot be expected to be met by private suppliers.
Design, synthesis and antimicrobial assessments of aminoacetylenic-piperazine nitroimidazole hybrid compounds
Authors: Rasras Anas J. , Al-Qawasmeh Raed A. , El-Naggar Mohamed , Shehadi Ihsan , Elaasser Mahmoud M. , Al-Soud Yaseen A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A new series of aminoacetylenic nitroimidazole piperazine hybrid compounds were prepared via three-component reaction. Mannich-type reaction was utilized to couple the nitroimidazole containing propargylic moiety with secondary amines and formaldehyde in the presence of Cu (I) catalyst. The newly synthesized molecules 10a–10w, were characterized an ambiguously through NMR and mass spectrometry. The prepared compounds were assessed in vitro for their antibacterial activity against selected gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. All of the compounds had shown insignificant activities toward gram-negative bacteria. While compounds 10m, 10q, 10s and 10t had shown moderate activities against the gram–positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and against fungi Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris.
Effects of Rolling and Coiling Temperatures on Transformation Kinetics, Microstructure, and Properties of a Low-Carbon Bainitic Pipeline Steel
Authors: Zou Hang , Liu Man , Fan Lei , Yuan Qinpan , Xu Guang 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of rolling and coiling temperatures on the microstructure and properties of a low-carbon, high-strength pipeline steel were investigated using a dilatometer, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope as well as tensile experiments. The results show that during the thermal mechanical control processing, coiling temperature played a more important role in tailoring the microstructure and mechanical properties than the rolling temperature. Finer grain size and higher strength at the cost of a slight decrease in elongation were obtained by decreasing the coiling temperature, while the microstructure and mechanical properties varied little at different rolling temperatures when the coiling temperature was the same. The bainite starting temperature decreased with the increase of rolling temperature, while it was not affected by the coiling temperature. Specimens at a low rolling temperature or a low coiling temperature exhibited a larger peak transformation rate, indicating the promoted transformation kinetics.
Australia’s Access to Her Queen’s Correspondence
Authors: Stern Steven 
Published: August 2022

A recent High Court decision has established that the secrecy of Royal correspondence is subject to an Act which regulates public access to Commonwealth records. Communications between The Queen and her Australian Governor-General between 1974 and 1977 are now accessible. Other relevant Royal correspondence may continue to be secret where not prohibited by an Act. Based on what has become accessible, The Queen had no direct part in the Governor-General’s dismissal of the Australian Government on 11 November 1975. However, the Royal Household played an important part leading to the Governor-General actions on 11 November 1975. These actions were inconsistent with the constitutional requirements codified at the latest in 1926. Australia’s future republican status inevitably is posed.
A Tale of Two Forms of Protest
Authors: Stanton Michael , Kretzenbacher Julia , Radzaj Martin 
Published: August 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered extraordinary legislative and executive responses across the globe. In 2020, the Victorian Government used, for the first time, powers in the Public Health and Wellbeing Act 2008 (Vic) to impose significant restrictions on the freedoms of the public. This article considers the powers to make directions under the Victorian regime and the potential relevance of the implied freedom of political communication in the Australian Constitution and the human rights protected by the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic). We conclude that some forms of protest activity may have remained lawful during the Victorian lockdowns, although the purpose of the protest activity and the manner of protest may be relevant considerations when adopting a Charter-consistent interpretation of the statutory provisions.
The quantitative composition of micromycetes under cereal crops in chernozem soils in the Left-Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine
Authors: Beznosko I. V. , Gorgan T. M. , Mosiychuk I. I. , Havruliuk L. V. , Buniak O. I. 
Published: August 2022

Soil microorganisms are an important component of agrocenoses, which due to physiological and genetic features respond quickly to changes in the quality of the soil environment. Each plant in the rhizosphere forms a specific composition of the microflora which depends on the phase of plant development and soil-climatic conditions. The objective of our study was the quantitative composition of ecological and trophic groups of rhizosphere soil micromycetes of different crops in chernozem soils in the Left-Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. According to the results of research, it was determined that the rhizosphere soil under different crops – winter wheat, rye and oats in Chernihiv region – is characterized by the largest number of pedotrophic micromycetes. This indicates that the soil contains a sufficient amount of organic matter. The rhizosphere soils under winter wheat and spring barley in Kiev region were characterized by a larger number of pathogenic micromycetes and amylolytic and cellulolytic ecological-trophic groups. This indicates the intensive use of plant protection products. The rhizosphere soil under onions in experimental fields in Kharkiv region was characterized by a high number of the cellulolytic group. This indicates the presence of cellulose-destroying microorganisms. According to the results of statistical analysis, it was found that the number of micromycetes in the rhizosphere soil of the studied varieties of crops was in direct correlation with the value of the hydrothermal coefficient (НTC) in the vegetation period. Weather conditions during the research vegetation period differed by agrometeorological indicators. The characteristic feature was a contrast of differences in air temperature and unequal distribution of rainfall, which affected the composition of the soil mycobiocenosis. The vegetation period of 2021 in Kyiv region was characterized by a sufficiently moist hydrothermal coefficient which increased to1.81 while in Chernihiv, Kharkiv regions drought prevailed, but in some months the HTC increased to 1.32–1.54. It has been shown that the higher the HTC, the greater the number of micromycetes in all study regions.