bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Spatiotemporal Spread Pattern of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia
Authors: Cheong Yoon Ling , Ghazali Sumarni Mohd , Che Ibrahim Mohd Khairuddin bin , Kee Chee Cheong , Md Iderus Nuur Hafizah , Ruslan Qistina binti , Gill Balvinder Singh , Lee Florence Chi Hiong , Lim Kuang Hock 
Published: March 2022

IntroductionThe unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected human health and socioeconomic backgrounds. This study examined the spatiotemporal spread pattern of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia from the index case to 291,774 cases in 13 months, emphasizing on the spatial autocorrelation of the high-risk cluster events and the spatial scan clustering pattern of transmission.MethodologyWe obtained the confirmed cases and deaths of COVID-19 in Malaysia from the official GitHub repository of Malaysia's Ministry of Health from January 25, 2020 to February 24, 2021, 1 day before the national vaccination program was initiated. All analyses were based on the daily cumulated cases, which are derived from the sum of retrospective 7 days and the current day for smoothing purposes. We examined the daily global, local spatial autocorrelation and scan statistics of COVID-19 cases at district level using Moran's I and SaTScan™.ResultsAt the initial stage of the outbreak, Moran's I index &gt; 0.5 (p &lt; 0.05) was observed. Local Moran's I depicted the high-high cluster risk expanded from west to east of Malaysia. The cases surged exponentially after September 2020, with the high-high cluster in Sabah, from Kinabatangan on September 1 (cumulative cases = 9,354; Moran's I = 0.34; p &lt; 0.05), to 11 districts on October 19 (cumulative cases = 21,363, Moran's I = 0.52, p &lt; 0.05). The most likely cluster identified from space-time scanning was centered in Jasin, Melaka (RR = 11.93; p &lt; 0.001) which encompassed 36 districts with a radius of 178.8 km, from November 24, 2020 to February 24, 2021, followed by the Sabah cluster.Discussion and ConclusionBoth analyses complemented each other in depicting underlying spatiotemporal clustering risk, giving detailed space-time spread information at district level. This daily analysis could be valuable insight into real-time reporting of transmission intensity, and alert for the public to avoid visiting the high-risk areas during the pandemic. The spatiotemporal transmission risk pattern could be used to monitor the spread of the pandemic.
The Urban-Rural Disparities and Associated Factors of Health Care Utilization Among Cancer Patients in China
Authors: Wang Haipeng , Hua Xingxing , Yao Nengliang , Zhang Nan , Wang Jialin , Anderson Roger , Sun Xiaojie 
Published: March 2022

ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the urban-rural disparities and associated factors of health care utilization among cancer patients in China.MethodsThis study used the data collected from a cross-sectional survey conducted in China. A total of 1,570 cancer survivors from three urban districts and five rural counties were selected by using a multistage stratified random sampling method. We measured health care utilization with the way of cancer diagnosis, the number of hospitals visited, and receiving alternative therapies. Chi-square test was used to examine the differences between urban and rural cancer patients. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the determinants of health care utilization.ResultsAmong 1,570 participants, 84.1% were diagnosed with cancer after developing symptoms, 55.6% had visited two and above hospitals, and 5.7% had received alternative therapies. Compared with urban cancer patients, rural ones were more likely to be diagnosed with cancer after developing symptoms (χ2 = 40.04, p &lt; 0.001), while they were less likely to visit more than one hospital (χ2 = 27.14, p &lt; 0.001). Residence area (urban/rural), health insurance type, household income, age at diagnosis, tumor site, stage of tumor, and survival years were significantly associated with health care utilization of cancer patients (p &lt; 0.01).ConclusionsHealth care utilization was suboptimal among cancers patients in China. Rural cancer patients had less health care utilization including screenings and treatments than urban ones. Policymakers should implement specific strategies to ensure equitable utilization of cancer care. More attention should be paid to the disadvantaged groups and rural cancer patients. Prioritizing health resources allocation is needed to prevent, screen, and treat cancers in rural areas.
The Relationship Between Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, and Fall Prevention for Childhood in Shanghai, China
Authors: Liu Wen-Yi , Tung Tao-Hsin , Zhou Yi , Gu Dan Tong , Chen Han Yi 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundEarly childhood fall is a pressing global public health problem and one of the leading causes of child injury. China has a high proportion of children and a high burden of illness from falls. Therefore, educational interventions to prevent childhood fall would be beneficial.MethodsWe used the outcome of knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire, which was conducted by Pudong New District of Shanghai Municipal Government, to summarize demographic and baseline characteristics grouped by intervention or not, and analyzed descriptive statistics of continuous and categorical variables. A logistic stepwise function model was established to study the influence of different covariables on the degree of injury, and AIC/BIC/AICC was used to select the optimal model. Finally, we carried out single-factor analysis and established a multifactor model by the stepwise function method.ResultsAttitude and actual behavior scores had significant differences. The intervention and control groups had 20.79 ± 3.20 and 20.39 ± 2.89 attitude scores, respectively. Compared to the control group (5.97 ± 1.32), the intervention group had higher actual behavior scores (5.75 ± 1.50). In the univariate analysis results, fathers' education level, mothers' education level, actual behavior and what cares for children had a significant influence on whether children got injured. In multivariate analysis, attitude had a positive influence on whether injured [odds ratio: 1.13 (1.05–1.21), P &lt; 0.001].ConclusionEducational intervention for children and their guardians can effectively reduce the risk of childhood falls, and changes in behavior and attitude are the result of educational influence. Education of childhood fall prevention can be used as a public health intervention to improve children's health.
Differences in Peak Impact Accelerations Among Foot Strike Patterns in Recreational Runners
Authors: Napier Christopher , Fridman Lauren , Blazey Paul , Tran Nicholas , Michie Tom V. , Schneeberg Amy 
Published: March 2022

IntroductionRunning-related injuries (RRIs) occur from a combination of training load errors and aberrant biomechanics. Impact loading, measured by peak acceleration, is an important measure of running biomechanics that is related to RRI. Foot strike patterns may moderate the magnitude of impact load in runners. The effect of foot strike pattern on peak acceleration has been measured using tibia-mounted inertial measurement units (IMUs), but not commercially available insole-embedded IMUs. The aim of this study was to compare the peak acceleration signal associated with rearfoot (RFS), midfoot (MFS), and forefoot (FFS) strike patterns when measured with an insole-embedded IMU.Materials and MethodsHealthy runners ran on a treadmill for 1 min at three different speeds with their habitual foot strike pattern. An insole-embedded IMU was placed inside standardized neutral cushioned shoes to measure the peak resultant, vertical, and anteroposterior accelerations at impact. The Foot strike pattern was determined by two experienced observers and evaluated using high-speed video. Linear effect mixed-effect models were used to quantify the relationship between foot strike pattern and peak resultant, vertical, and anteroposterior acceleration.ResultsA total of 81% of the 187 participants exhibited an RFS pattern. An RFS pattern was associated with a higher peak resultant (0.29 SDs; p = 0.029) and vertical (1.19 SD; p &lt; 0.001) acceleration when compared with an FFS running pattern, when controlling for speed and limb, respectively. However, an MFS was associated with the highest peak accelerations in the resultant direction (0.91 SD vs. FFS; p = 0.002 and 0.17 SD vs. RFS; p = 0.091). An FFS pattern was associated with the lowest peak accelerations in both the resultant and vertical directions. An RFS was also associated with a significantly greater peak acceleration in the anteroposterior direction (0.28 SD; p = 0.033) than an FFS pattern, while there was no difference between MFS and FFS patterns.ConclusionOur findings indicate that runners should be grouped by RFS, MFS, and FFS when comparing peak acceleration, rather than the common practice of grouping MFS and FFS together as non-RFS runners. Future studies should aim to determine the risk of RRI associated with peak accelerations from an insole-embedded IMU to understand whether the small observed differences in this study are clinically meaningful.
The views of GPs about using sit–stand desks: an observational study
Authors: Biddle Gregory J H , Thomas Nicholas , Edwardson Charlotte L , Clemes Stacy A , Daley Amanda J 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundOccupational sitting is associated with negative health outcomes. Sit–stand workstations have been shown to reduce sitting time in office workers, although there is no evidence on whether this change to practice would be acceptable to GPs.AimTo investigate GPs views about the use of sit–stand desks within general practice and the potential impact they may have on the nature and quality of consultations with adult patients.Design & settingObservational study involving GPs located across the UK.MethodAn online survey was emailed to members of the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) and shared on social media. Only GPs working in the UK were eligible. The survey included questions on socio-demographics, GPs views about the use of sit–stand desks within their work, their levels of physical activity, total time spent sitting at work each day, and time spent at work.Results14 142 surveys were sent by the RCGP to their members with 810 GPs responding, with a further 33 responding via social media. 60.6% of GPs would like a sit–stand desks in their consultation room, while 19.2% already had one. Most GPs thought sit–stand desks could be used for telephone consultations (91.9%) and administration tasks (92.3%). There was less agreement about whether they could be used during face-to-face consultations (35.0% agreed), with the potential impact on the doctor–patient relationship raised as the primary concern.ConclusionThe implementation of sit–stand desks had support from GPs, but their possible impact on the doctor–patient relationship should be considered in future research.
New Wave Cyber Attacks
Authors: Mison Angela , Davies Gareth , Eden Peter 
Published: March 2022

There is increasing enthusiasm for, and recognition of, the benefits that artificial intelligence (AI) can provide to society. The emphasis has been on the positive, but AI and deep learning can be used for negative purposes. Modular Neural Networks (MNN) are capable of independent learning and have been targeted at evolutionary, complex financial systems. If the goal of an MNN were to be defined as system penetration, there is no reason why an algorithm could not run in the background. There are a resource requirements, but organised crime groups, technology companies, nation states and individuals with a curious bent are all capable of such. Ordered society and security requires a degree of certainty that systems on which society depends will remain recognisable, dependable and resilient. Under current conditions, security is difficult enough. It is suggested that limitations may be required before release of certain AI systems, in the knowledge of their potential for detriment to society. An AI system capable of independent learning, permits undefined emergent behaviours. That the results of any emergent properties may be benign or malign is irrelevant. Scientific history is littered with developments whose uses were redirected away from the benign.Such concern could be interpreted as fear of the unknown, standing in the way of technological advances. Unless society wishes to become machine-driven, the power and control of systems should be defined and limited by society, not accidently sprung on humanity or based on a ruthless logic that may drive a system to an unacceptable conclusion. Currently there are sophisticated botnet forming methods ensuring botnet persistence. If combined with the concepts of AI, there is a possibility that botnets could exist in perpetuity, with no one able to predict emergence, and no time limits on evolution. Whither cyber defence in the face of the unstoppable, increasingly intelligent, goal directed systems?
Role of Big Tech in Future Cyber Defence
Authors: Mison Angela , Davies Gareth , Eden Peter 
Published: March 2022

Ordered society and nation states are dependent on interconnected systems, the defence of which is largely in private hands whose actions are driven by need for oligopolistic market dominance, protection of assets, and their monetisation models. This paper queries the responsibility of the nation state for the protection of itself and its citizenry. By some definitions, corporations are conducting cyberwarfare and, in cyberspace, are virtual nation states with ownership and rights over the data they hold and the intelligence it yields. The financial challenge for market dominance could drive an internecine war among the major technology corporations, and an assertion that the rights over the data they control are superior to those of the nation state. As functional monopolists, data they have acquired is not available from any other source. The intelligence from analytics exercised over that data, and the data itself is proprietary. These corporations exercise monopolist characteristics in the areas of data, information and intelligence. The aggregate value of the top 5 technology corporations, colloquially known as Big Tech is equivalent to third in projected global GDP rankings for 2021. This represents an equivalent expression of power in/over cyberspace. Cloud service providers (CSP) are often offshoots of Big Tech and have a high compound annual growth rate, thereby revealing the motivation for protection of market dominance and potential threat to user/customers. By concentrating on traditional cyber warfare and defence, there is limited consideration on policing or guarding against the rise of these virtual supranational powers driven by strict market agenda. What consideration there is regarding potential threats is driven by an economic perspective and anti-trust initiatives. Whether judged by the nation state as benign or malign, Big Tech has an impact on the nature and direction of society as currently understood and the question must be raised whether both citizens, organisations, and states need protection from it.
The Ability of Students Develop Narrative Paragraphs by Using Flash Card
Authors: Gaol Jelita Lumban 
Published: March 2022

This study deals with the student’s ability in writing. Writing is one of the four English language skills which is taught in Indonesia starting from Senior High School. Furthermore, for the students, writing has become a necessary skill to master since it frequently determines their academic success. Therefore, every students has to learn how to write effectively. The scope of the study is limited to the effect of using flash cards in developing student’s ability to write narrative paragraphs. The purpose of this study was to find out whether students, were able to write a narrative paragraph or not. There were 26 students selected with randomly. In choosing the sample from the population, the writer uses lottery technique. The instrument for collecting data was writing test. The data were obtained by administering a self made test as the instruments for collecting the data and were considered in terms of validity and reliability. The method of collecting data plays an important role in conducting any kind of research in order that the result of the study will be valid. To collect the data, the writer used written test to the student as test instrument. Students as observed participants were tested by asking them to write narrative paragraphs based on the flash cards. The results of the writing ability test were analyzed by converting the student’s achievement into percentages. The percentage of the score was obtained based on the five criteria components of writing by using the formula below:

The score were evaluated by using Jacob’s (1983) criteria in writing namely: Content, Organization, Vocabulary, Language in Use and Mechanic. After analyzing the data, it was found that 46,16 % or 12 students got the score percentage, lower than 75 %. Therefore, it can be calculated that the students were unable in developing to write narrative paragraph.
Energy dissipation during collision for anti-relaxation coatings in alkali-metal vapor cells
Authors: Dong Cheng , Fang Xiangqian , Sang Junjun , Tang Jun , Dong Haifeng , Sugawara Yasuhiro , Li Yanjun , Ma Zongmin , Liu Jun 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Anti-relaxation surface coatings can reduce collisions between alkali-metal atoms and cell walls, thereby prolonging the spin-polarization lifetime of alkali-metal atoms. This phenomenon can considerably improve the performance of quantum sensors. Researchers have focused on the surface topography and composition of anti-relaxation coatings in alkali-metal vapor cells and on methods that provide an increase in the relaxation time of alkali metals. We proposed a novel method to characterise the coating performance of alkali-metal cells by directly measuring the energy dissipation during collisions between the anti-relaxation coating surface and atoms in the cell. We found that the interactions between alkali-metal atoms and the anti-relaxation coating resemble elastic collisions, which can be indirectly characterised by the energy dissipation during interactions between an atomic force microscopy tip and atoms. In addition, we confirmed that the energy dissipation between collisions is positively correlated with the relaxation characteristics of alkali metals at various temperatures. This discovery is of great significance as it can be utilised to characterise the anti-relaxation coating performance of alkali-metal cells by directly analysing the energy dissipation of anti-relaxation coatings instead of measuring the relaxation time.
Formulasi Dan Uji Stabilitas Krim Ekstrak Methanol Daun Beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) Dari Kota Benteng Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan
Authors: Roosevelt Alfreds , H. Ambo Lau Sulfiyana , Syawal Hazhima 
Published: March 2022

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai Formulasi Dan Uji Stabilitas Krim Ekstrak Metanol Daun Beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) Dari Kota Benteng Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dengan tujuan mengetahui apakah daun Beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) dari kota Benteng Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Memiliki Kandungan Kimia yang sama dengan daerah lain dan membuat formulasi krim untuk mengetahui apakah membentuk formulasi krim dengan Stabilitas yang baik, menggunakan perbandingan asam stearat 5%, 10% dan 15%. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen. Dengan melakukan Uji Identifikasi yaitu Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Tanin, Saponin dan steroid, Formulasi krim ekstrak daun Beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) dan uji stabilitas kirm daun Beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) yang meliputi uji organoleptis, uji homogenitas, pengukuran pH, uji daya sebar, uji daya lekat dan cycling test. Adapun hasil dari penelitian dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan beberapa pengujian diperoleh yaitu Alkaloid negatif (-), Flavonoid positif (+), Tanin positif (+), Steroid/Terpenoid positif (+), Saponin positif (+). Hasil penelitian Pada uji stabilitas krim organoleptis ketiga formula memiliki warna hijau, aroma has dari zat aktif. Pada uji homogenitas, ketiga sediaan krim menunjukkan susunan homogen yang baik. Pada pengukuran pH, ketiga formula krim memenuhi persyaratan pH yaitu antara 4-7. Pada pengujian daya sebar, ketiga formula krim memenuhi persyaratan, yaitu antara 5-7. Pada uji daya lekat, ketiga formula krim memenuhi persyaratan, yaitu antara 2-300 detik. Pada cycling test, ketiga formula krim tidak menunjukkan pemisahan fase.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Koperatif Tipe STAD Berbasis Lingkungan Sekolah Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa
Authors: Yane Yane 
Published: March 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SD Negeri 85 Kendari dengan memanfaatkan lingkungan sekolah kombinasi model pembelajaran STAD. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas. Pelaksanaan penelitian tindakan kelas ini terdiri dari 2 siklus dengan tahapan perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi & evaluasi, dan refleksi. Obyek penelitian adalah siswa kelas IV SD Negeri 85 Kendari yang berjumlah 32 orang siswa dengan latar belakang yang heterogen. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan lembar observasi dan tes hasil belajar. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dalam penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SD Negeri 85 Kendari pada mata pelajaran IPA mengalami peningkatan pada nilai rerata siswa juga telah mengalami peningkatan dari 67,28 pada observasi awal, 73,68 pada siklus pertama, dan 87.93 pada siklus kedua. Persentase ketuntasan belajar siswa juga telah mengalami peningkatan yaitu pada observasi awal sebesar 56,33%, siklus pertama sebesar 72,5%, dan 97,14% pada siklus kedua. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran STAD dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SD Negeri 85 Kendari pada mata pelajaran IPA.
Efektivitas Siklus Belajar Hipotesis Deduktif Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Asfitria Asfitria 
Published: March 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa kelas 4 SD Negeri 84 Kendari yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan siklus belajar hipotesis deduktif pada pokok bahasan pecahan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen berbentuk pretest- posttest control group design. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 3 Februari 2020 sampai 28 Februari 2020 tahun ajaran 2019/2020 di SD Negeri 84 Kendari. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa tes keterampilan berpikir kritis. Teknik analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian menggunakan rumus gain score normalized dan dilanjutkan dengan independent sample t test variable. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa peningkatan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa kelas eksperimen lebih tinggi dari kelas kontrol. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari rata-rata gain ternormalisasi keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa untuk kelas eksperimen sebesar 0,75 (75%) dengan kategori tinggi dibandingkan dengan rata-rata gain ternormalisasi keterampilan berpikir kritis untuk kelas kontrol sebesar 0,39 (39%) dengan kategori sedang. Hasil uji beda (t) menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata pada taraf signifikansi 0,05, dimana thitung = 11,23 lebih besar dari ttabel = 1,671 yang mengandung makna bahwa siklus belajar hipotesis deduktif efektif untuk meningkatan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa.