bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of silent reading fluency and reading comprehension across grades 1 to 9: unidirectional or bidirectional effects between the two skills?
Authors: Psyridou Maria , Tolvanen Asko , Niemi Pekka , Lerkkanen Marja-Kristiina , Poikkeus Anna-Maija , Torppa Minna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Purpose
This study examines the developmental interplay between silent reading fluency and reading comprehension from Grade 1 to Grade 9 (age 7 to 15) in a large Finnish sample (N = 2,518). Of particular interest was whether the associations are bidirectional or unidirectional.

Methods
Children’s silent reading fluency and reading comprehension skills were assessed using group-administered tests, at seven time points, in Grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9. A random intercept cross-lagged panel model with latent factors was used to identify between- and within-person associations between silent reading fluency and reading comprehension. The use of latent factors allowed for the controlling of measurement error.

Results
The model showed that silent reading fluency and reading comprehension correlated at the between-person level, indicating that those who were proficient in one reading skill were typically good at the other also. At the within-person level, however, only some developmental associations emerged: in the early reading acquisition phase (Grade 1–2), silent reading fluency predicted reading comprehension, and in adolescence, reading comprehension weakly predicted silent reading fluency (Grade 7–9).

Conclusions
The results thus suggest only weak developmental within-person associations between silent reading fluency and comprehension, although some unidirectional associations emerged with a change in the direction of the associations over time.
An inquiry into the nature and causes of the Description - Experience gap
Authors: Cubitt Robin , Kopsacheilis Orestis , Starmer Chris 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe Description-Experience gap (DE gap) is widely thought of as a tendency for people to act as if overweighting rare events when information about those events is derived from descriptions but as if underweighting rare events when they experience them through a sampling process. While there is now clear evidence that some form of DE gap exists, its causes, exact nature, and implications for decision theory remain unclear. We present a new experiment which examines in a unified design four distinct causal mechanisms that might drive the DE gap, attributing it respectively to information differences (sampling bias), to a feature of preferences (ambiguity sensitivity), or to aspects of cognition (likelihood representation and memory). Using a model-free approach, we elicit a DE gap similar in direction and size to the literature’s average and find that when each factor is considered in isolation, sampling bias stemming from under-represented rare events is the only significant driver of the gap. Yet, model-mediated analysis reveals the possibility of a smaller DE gap, existing even without information differences. Moreover, this form of analysis of our data indicates that even when information about them is obtained by sampling, rare events are generally overweighted.
The case for case in Putin’s speeches
Authors: Janda Laura A. , Fidler Masako , Cvrček Václav , Obukhova Anna 
Published: October 2022

AbstractVladimir V. Putin has banned the use of the word ‘war’ to refer to the conflict in Ukraine. While one’s choice of words is deliberate and conscious, grammatical categories are obligatory and pivotal to signaling the roles notions have in a discourse. Over- and underrepresentation of grammatical cases can be identified by Keymorph Analysis, which measures deviations from corpus norms analogously to Keyword Analysis. This first application of Keymorph Analysis to Russian data compares the use of grammatical case for the nouns meaning ‘Russia’, ‘Ukraine’, and ‘NATO’ in Putin’s speeches in the period leading up to and immediately after the invasion of Ukraine. Our analysis reveals a narrative in which Putin depicts Russia as a dynamic, agentive, foregrounded actor, a reliable partner for collaboration, but also the victim of unfair geopolitical maneuvers. Ukraine, by contrast, is dehumanized as relatively static and backgrounded, often merely a territorial location rather than a state. NATO appears primarily as the label for an untrustworthy organization and a destination for Ukraine.
Robust approach for comparing two dependent normal populations through Wald-type tests based on Rényi’s pseudodistance estimators
Authors: Castilla Elena , Jaenada María , Martín Nirian , Pardo Leandro 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSince the two seminal papers by Fisher (Biometrika 10:507–521, 1915; Metron 1:1–32, 1921) were published, the test under a fixed value correlation coefficient null hypothesis for the bivariate normal distribution constitutes an important statistical problem. In the framework of asymptotic robust statistics, it remains being a topic of great interest to be investigated. For this and other tests, focused on paired correlated normal random samples, Rényi’s pseudodistance estimators are proposed, their asymptotic distribution is established and an iterative algorithm is provided for their computation. From them the Wald-type test statistics are constructed for different problems of interest and their influence function is theoretically studied. For testing null correlation in different contexts, an extensive simulation study and two real data based examples support the robust properties of our proposal.
Evidence and analogy in Archaeoastronomy
Authors: Nappo Francesco , Magli Giulio , Valente Giovanni 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis paper addresses the role of analogical reasoning in archaeoastronomy - the discipline which studies the connections between the ancient monuments and the heavens. Archaeoastronomy is a highly interdisciplinary science, placed at the border between the humanities – especially archaeology – and the scientific approach to cultural heritage. As a consequence, its scientific foundations are a delicate matter. We plan to investigate here the question of what constitutes the evidence for analogical inferences in archaeoastronomy and to what extent one can achieve confirmation of archaeoastronomical hypotheses by means of such analogies. Our claim will be that, when deployed in accordance with the methodology articulated in this paper, analogies can be a highly effective epistemic tool for generating and supporting hypotheses about the relation of archaeological sites with astronomical events.
Lord Nicholls on the likelihood of crimes
Authors: Kapsner Andreas 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn the decision to the British appeals case Re H (Minors), Judge Lord Nicholls, talking about criminal behavior, stated that “that the more serious the allegation the less likely it is that the event occurred”. There is actually quite a bit of discussion about the conclusions that should be drawn from this observation in the literature, but I have not found much discussion of the question whether the observation is right. I find this surprising, and in this essay I want to inspect this question.
Antifungal and antibiofilm activities of bee venom loaded on chitosan nanoparticles: a novel approach for combating fungal human pathogens
Authors: El-Didamony Samia E. , Kalaba Mohamed H. , El-Fakharany Esmail M. , Sultan Mahmoud H. , Sharaf Mohamed H. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe prevalence of opportunistic human fungal pathogens is increasing worldwide, and antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest medical challenges the world faces. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a novel agent to control fungal pathogens. The honeybee products (honey, royal jelly, propolis, bee bread, and bee venom) were screened against unicellular fungal (UCF) pathogens (Cryptococcus neoformans, Kodamaea ohmeri, and Candida albicans) and the bee venom was only exhibited an inhibitory effect against them. The protein contents of crude bee venom were separated using the gel filtration technique into eight fractions which were visualized on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) to confirm the presence of five bands with molecular weights of 65, 43, 21, 15, and 3 KDa. Bee venom (BV) of Apis mellifera loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by the ionotropic gelation method. The encapsulation efficiency%, average size, zeta potentials, and surface appearance by Transmission electron microscope (TEM) were evaluated for the prepared nanoparticles. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of crude BV and BV loaded chitosan nanoparticles (BV-CNPs) was evaluated against the offer mentioned UCF where the MIC values of crude BV were 6.25, 3.12 & 6.25 while MIC values in the case of BV-CNPs were decreased to 3.12, 3.12 & 1.56 mg/ml against C. neoformans, K. ohmeri and C. albicans, respectively. Also, the results showed that BV-CNPs suppressed the biofilm formation as well as yeast to hyphal transition formed by the examined UCF. These results revealed that BV-CNPs are a promising natural compound for fungal pathogens treatment.
Graphical abstract
Interaction between price and expectations in the jar-guessing experimental market
Authors: Akinaga Toshiaki , Kudo Takanori , Akai Kenju 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study evaluates the interdependence between pricing and expectations. We investigated not only the ways in which traders’ thoughts determined asset prices, but also the feedback process from prices to expectations. In our laboratory market, subjects were asked to estimate the number of balls in a jar and trade an asset whose value was equal to that number. Our asset market, where transactions were eventually settled at the asset value, was like futures markets. The subjects alternately repeated the process of guessing and transaction. A double-auction was used to design our market. Our findings indicated a downward bias in the subjects’ estimates, which led to lower transaction prices, since the price converged to the equilibrium price that was determined by the median of estimates. The subjects’ experience in our laboratory markets had no systematic effect on the accuracy of estimates, but made them less heterogenous. Our subjects were apt to revise their estimates with reference to prices in a market. We examined the estimation revision process of the subjects using the partial adjustment model.
Chemical characterization, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of hydroalcoholic extract from the albedo and flavedo of Citrus limon var. pompia Camarda
Authors: Rosa Antonella , Petretto Giacomo Luigi , Maldini Mariateresa , Tirillini Bruno , Chessa Mario , Pintore Giorgio , Sarais Giorgia 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDue to the high nutritional value as well as the appreciated sensory characteristicCitruscrop is one of the most popular fruits over the world. Albedo and flavedo are commonly discarded as waste and could represent an important by-product of food industry. In a circular economy contest we carried out a characterization of albedo and flavedo ofCitrus limonvarpompia(pompia) followed by the evaluation of antioxidant potential and cytotoxic activity. The chemical analysis showed the presence of several functional ingredients such as the flavanones, naringin, neohesperidin, nereriocitrin and hesperidin while quinic acid resulted the main phenolic acid detected. The flavedo extract exerted a complete inhibition of the cholesterol oxidative process from 25 μg of extract.Pompiaextracts showed an inhibition of lipid oxidation in the β-carotene-linoleate system with an activity equivalent to about 0.31% (albedo) and 0.34% (flavedo) of the BHT activity, while the antiradical activity resulted equivalent to that of 62.90% (albedo) and 60.72% (flavedo) of the trolox activity. Finally, all extracts did not show any cytotoxic effect on differentiated Caco-2 cells by the AlamarBlue assay while exhibited, by MTT assay, a significant decrease in colon cancer Caco-2 cell viability.
Observation of Autonomous Behavioral Selection in Physarum Plasmodium
Authors: Shirakawa Tomohiro , Sato Hiroshi , Ishimaru Kazuki 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum is a unicellular and multinuclear giant amoeba with computational abilities. The plasmodium has been widely used as a model organism in the field of bio-computing; however, its ability to perform computation related to its biological nature itself in the essential sense has not yet been fully realized. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the phenomenon in which a plasmodium trapped in a closed space surrounded by repellent substances escapes from the field by changing its own behavior rules. We demonstrated that this phenomenon is bio-computationally important in that it may enable the implementation of biological characteristics in computing.
Geomorphosite Inventory of Apollonia and Cyrene in Northeast Libya: involvement in Geotourism Promotion
Authors: AbdelMaksoud Kholoud M. , Abdulsamad Esam O. , Muftah Ahmed M. , Aly Mohamed F. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractLibya is located on the southern shore of the Mediterranean Sea in the northern part of Africa. Geomorphological landforms known as geomorphosites are those that have been seen or exploited by humans as having scientific, cultural/historical, aesthetic, or social/economic significance. Various geomorphosites transverse Libya and can be found in other parts of the world. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) geoparks need to conduct a comprehensive inventory of such geomorphosites to protect, promote, and geoconserve these sites for future generations. Geotourism promotion in Libya offers a great opportunity for the local community to grow and prosper. Additional African and developing countries with attractive geosites and landforms that can be promoted as geotourism destinations should be included in this initiative. The present study evaluates and assesses the geomorphosites in Cyrene and Apollonia. These sites are considered to possess regional importance, whose particular archeological and world heritage sites are indexed in UNESCO World Heritage, which makes the region a unique study subject. The area is highly recommended to be a geopark. Libya’s substantial geological assets, notably geoheritage, are enhanced in this study. These resources can promote local, sustainable development through scientific research, educational initiatives, geotourism expansion, and diversification of Libya’s isolated desert areas.
Explaining reviewing effort: Existing reviews as potential driver
Authors: Rohde Christoph , Kupfer Alexander , Zimmermann Steffen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Online review systems try to motivate reviewers to invest effort in writing reviews, as their success crucially depends on the helpfulness of such reviews. Underlying cognitive mechanisms, however, might influence future reviewing effort. Accordingly, in this study, we analyze whether existing reviews matter for future textual reviews. From analyzing a dataset from Google Maps covering 40 sights across Europe with over 37,000 reviews, we find that textual reviewing effort, as measured by the propensity to write an optional textual review and (textual) review length, is negatively related to the number of existing reviews. However, and against our expectations, reviewers do not increase textual reviewing effort if there is a large discrepancy between the existing rating valence and their own rating. We validate our findings using additional review data from Yelp. This work provides important implications for online platforms with review systems, as the presentation of review metrics matters for future textual reviewing effort.
Professionalisierung im Medium von (Hochschul‑)Bildung – Zur Einheit und Differenz von beruflicher und allgemeiner Bildung am Beispiel der pädagogischen Professionalisierung im Studium
Authors: Glaß Elise 
Published: October 2022

ZusammenfassungAusgehend von der Feststellung, dass auch das grundständige Studium aus bildungsbiografischer Perspektive von immer mehr Studierenden als Weiterbildung eingeordnet wird, wird das Studium nach einem knappen Überblick über den Forschungsstand zunächst übergreifend hinsichtlich seiner Verortung zwischen beruflicher und allgemeiner Bildung skizziert und vertiefend im Kontext pädagogischer Professionalisierung betrachtet. Aufgezeigt wird, dass das Studium grundsätzlich allgemeine und berufliche Bildungsziele verbindet, die sich unter demLeitziel der Entwicklung von Kritikalität und Reflexivitätfassen lassen. Die hypothetische Abgrenzung von allgemeiner und beruflicher Bildung im Studium wird anhand der exemplarischen Vertiefung in das Feld der pädagogischen Professionalisierung im Studium verdeutlicht. Hier wird das Paradoxstarker Berufsfeldbezug bei hohem Allgemeinbildungspotentialaufgestellt: So kann dem pädagogischen Studiumgeradeaufgrund seines starken Berufsfeldbezugs ein hohes Bildungspotential, das sich nicht nur an beruflicher Verwertbarkeit orientiert, zugesprochen werden. Abschließend wird diskutiert, dass, analog zur in der Berufsbildung gesetzten FormelBildung im Medium des Berufs,möglicherweise auch vonProfessionalisierung im Medium von (Hochschul‑)Bildunggesprochen werden könnte. Der Beitrag schließt mit Hinweisen zur weiteren theoretischen und empirischen Bearbeitung des Forschungsfelds sowie Überlegungen zur didaktischen Gestaltung von Hochschullehre ab.
Local detour centrality: a novel local centrality measure for weighted networks
Authors: Cohen Haim , Nachshon Yinon , Naim Paz M. , Jost Jürgen , Saucan Emil , Maril Anat 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCentrality, in some sense, captures the extent to which a vertex controls the flow of information in a network. Here, we propose Local Detour Centrality as a novel centrality-based betweenness measure that captures the extent to which a vertex shortens paths between neighboring vertices as compared to alternative paths. After presenting our measure, we demonstrate empirically that it differs from other leading central measures, such as betweenness, degree, closeness, and the number of triangles. Through an empirical case study, we provide a possible interpretation for Local Detour Centrality as a measure that captures the extent to which a word is characterized by contextual diversity within a semantic network. We then examine the relationship between our measure and the accessibility to knowledge stored in memory. To do so, we show that words that occur in several different and distinct contexts are significantly more effective in facilitating the retrieval of subsequent words than are words that lack this contextual diversity. Contextually diverse words themselves, however, are not retrieved significantly faster than non-contextually diverse words. These results were obtained for a serial semantic memory task, where the word’s location constitutes a significant mediator in the relationship between the proposed measure and accessibility to knowledge stored in memory.
Effect of temperature on the synthesis of g-C3N4/montmorillonite and its visible-light photocatalytic properties
Authors: Li Yao , Sun Hongjuan , Peng Tongjiang , Qing Xiao 
Published: October 2022

AbstractGraphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a non-metal semiconductor material with a suitable band gap (2.7 eV) for visible photocatalysis. However, the high cost of relevant synthesis methods and poor adsorption performance have limited its practical applications. The objective of the present study was to mitigate these problems by synthesizing the g-C3N4 in the presence of exfoliated montmorillonite (Mnt). Compared with bulk montmorillonite, the specific surface area of exfoliated two-dimensional Mnt layers was significantly increased. As a result, the light transmittance of the lamella improved noticeably due to the fact that a freshly exposed surface had a large number of active reaction sites, making Mnt an excellent carrier for the photocatalyst g-C3N4. In order to improve the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4, a series of g-C3N4/Mnt composites was prepared by a wet chemical method using Mnt nanolayers as the matrix. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen adsorption/desorption, transmission electron microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were used to analyze the phase structure, the chemical bonds, the specific surface area and pore sizes, the morphology, and the light absorption characteristics of the composites, respectively. Rhodamine B (RhB) served as the target dye to test the photocatalytic degradation performance of the composites under visible light. According to the findings, the surface of the Mnt nanolayers was densely and uniformly covered by g-C3N4, forming a multi-layered stack structure. An increase of the calcination temperature improved the crystallinity of g-C3N4, leading first to densification and then to relaxation of the layered composite structure. Conversely, the band gap of the composite gradually decreased from 2.56 to 2.4 eV. Furthermore, temperature exposure changed the photocatalytic performance of the composite drastically. While the largest photocatalytic activity was observed at 610°C, it started to decrease with further heating of the composite. The complete degradation of RhB solution occurred after 2 h of visible light irradiation. The findings of the current study provide a scientific basis for the synthesis of a new generation of photocatalysts.
A novel Group-FlowSort method for sorting large-scale problems with application to market segmentation
Authors: Qin Jindong , Guo Qiuwei , Qu Chenhui 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn the big data era, promising telecom companies need to develop their user strategies when facing large-scale data. For this purpose, we considered a typical strategy decision problem like market segmentation using a novel group sorting method based on FlowSort and applied it to a real case in the telecom market. A novel Group-FlowSort procedure based on stochastic multi-criteria acceptability analysis (SMAA) was developed for sorting large-scale problems. This method could process and integrate multiple expert opinions to reach a consensus by using the Clustering In QUEst (CLIQUE) algorithm and an improved Jaya algorithm. Furthermore, Group-FlowSort based on SMAA-2 is proposed to eliminate the impact of incomplete preference information and several main characteristics and properties are discussed. In addition, a real case study including 8000 customers and 25 experts is used to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method for telecom market segmentation. Finally, a comparative analysis with FlowSort-GDSS and sensitivity analysis using SMAA-2 are demonstrated to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the method.
Advancing interpretability of machine-learning prediction models
Authors: Trenary Laurie , DelSole Timothy 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper proposes an approach to diagnosing the skill of a machine-learning prediction model based on finding combinations of variables that minimize the normalized mean square error of the predictions. This technique is attractive because it compresses the positive skill of a forecast model into the smallest number of components. The resulting components can then be analyzed much like principal components, including the construction of regression maps for investigating sources of skill. The technique is illustrated with a machine-learning model of week 3–4 predictions of western US wintertime surface temperatures. The technique reveals at least two patterns of large-scale temperature variations that are skillfully predicted. The predictability of these patterns is generally consistent between climate model simulations and observations. The predictability is determined largely by sea surface temperature variations in the Pacific, particularly the region associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. This result is not surprising, but the fact that it emerges naturally from the technique demonstrates that the technique can be helpful in “explaining” the source of predictability in machine-learning models.