bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
113 Effects of Maternal Parity and Prebiotics on the Microbiome of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Law Kayla , Garcia Eduardo Rosa Medina , Hastad Chad W , Murray Deborah , Urriola Pedro E , Gomez Andres 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal parity on sow and offspring microbiomes, and the influence of parity on pig fecal microbiome and performance in response to a prebiotic post-weaning. Fecal and vaginal swabs were collected from 22 primiparous and 74 multiparous sows in a commercial farm at weaning. Fecal swabs were also collected from 48 randomly selected piglets (n = 24, from primiparous and multiparous sows respectively) at d 0, 21, and 42 post-weaning. At weaning, piglets were allotted into 3 dietary treatment groups: a standard nursery diet including pharmacological doses of Zn and Cu (CTRL), a group fed a commercial prebiotic only (PRE), and a group fed the prebiotic plus Zn and Cu (PRE+ZnCu). Extracted DNA was sequenced on the MiSeq platform targeting the V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene, and sequence data were analyzed using DADA2 plus various packages within the R statistical software. Although there were no differences in vaginal microbiome composition between primiparous and multiparous sows, fecal microbiome composition was different (PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.02, P = 0.03). The fecal microbiomes of primiparous offspring displayed significantly higher bacterial diversity compared with multiparous offspring at d0 and d21 (Shannon’s H, P &lt; 0.01), with differences in community composition observed at d21 only (PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.03, P = 0.04). When analyzing the effects of maternal parity within each treatment, only the PRE diet showed significant compositional distinctions between primiparous and multiparous microbiomes (d21: PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.13, P = 0.01; d42: PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.19, P = 0.001). Compositional differences in pig fecal microbiomes between treatments, regardless of maternal parity, were observed only at d21 (PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.12, P = 0.001). No significant differences in growth performance between treatment groups were observed. These results indicate that maternal parity influences pig gut microbiomes post-weaning, and may influence the effects of dietary prebiotics on nursery pig microbiomes.
155 Effects of Ad Libitum or Restricted Feeding from 140 to 200 Days of Age on Removal Rate and Semen Production of PIC 800 Boars
Authors: Lu Ning , Dritz Steve , Vier Carine M , Navales Ron A , Cast Wayne R , Kleve-Feld Michael , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of ad libitum or restricted feeding PIC 800 boars from 140 to 200 d of age on removal rate and semen production. A total of 206 boars (141±1.5 d of age, 115±1.9 kg of body weight) were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 treatments that consisted of ad libitum feeding in pens (n = 119, 1.16 square meter floor space per boar) and restricted feeding with 2.3 kg/d in crates (n = 87, 1.05 square meter floor space per boar). All boars were fed a common diet that was formulated to have 2300 Kcal of NE/kg and 0.61% of standardized ileal digestible lysine. The 2 different feeding regimens were applied for approximately 58 d, with boars being individually weighed at approximately 140 and 200 d of age. Boars were then shipped to commercial boar studs where the removal and semen production data were collected. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model in R, and individual boar was considered the experimental unit. The feed intake of ad libitum fed boars were predicted to be 3.6 kg/d according to previously published models (Lu et al., 2021). At 200 d of age, restricted fed boars had reduced final body weight (143 and 186 kg, P &lt; 0.001) and average daily gain (492 and 1,212 g/d, &lt; 0.001) compared with those fed ad libitum. By d 450 of age, boars that were restricted fed had improved survival probability (78% and 56%, P = 0.002), and reduced removal probability due to structure reasons (9% and 26%, P = 0.017). The probability of the collected semen to be used was not affected by treatment (98.1 and 98.9%, P = 0.112). In the current experiment, restricted feeding from 140 to 200 d of age reduced growth rate of boars, increased their subsequent survival probability, but did not impact semen production.
180 Supplementation of One-Carbon Metabolites to Beef Heifers During Early Gestation Increases Fetal Organ Weight at Day 63 of Gestation
Authors: King Layla , Syring Jessica , Entzie Yssi , Hirchert Mara R , Crouse Matthew S , Caton Joel , Dahlen Carl R , Ward Alison K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We hypothesized a low maternal plane of nutrition will impair fetal growth in early gestation and that supplementation of one-carbon metabolites (OCM) will rescue the growth restriction. The experimental design was a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 levels of gain, each with or without supplementation of OCM. Angus-cross heifers were bred with female-sexed semen from a single sire. At breeding (d 0), beef heifers were individually fed using a Calan gate system and assigned to treatment (n = 8 per treatment): Control intake (targeted: 0.45 kg/d, actual: 0.60 kg/d ADG) without OCM (CON-OCM), CON with OCM (CON+OCM), Restricted intake (targeted/actual: -0.23 kg/d ADG) without OCM (RES-OCM), or RES with OCM (RES+OCM). The OCM supplement consisted of ruminal-protected choline (60 g/d) and methionine (10 g/d) in a fine-ground corn carrier fed daily, and weekly injections of folate (320 mg) and vitamin B12 (10 mg). The -OCM heifers received the corn carrier and saline injections. Heifers were slaughtered and fetal tissues collected on d 63. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures of SAS. Fetal body weight tended (P = 0.07) to be lighter and stomach complex weight was lighter (P = 0.03) in RES than CON. When organ weights were normalized to total brain weight to assess allometric growth, OCM × gain interactions were observed in heart (P = 0.04), left longissimus dorsi (P = 0.04), and right hemisphere (P = 0.01) with CON+OCM greater than CON–OCM. The normalized left hemisphere trend to be greater in RES+OCM than RES-OCM (P = 0.08). These data suggest that OCM supplementation during early gestation increases allometric growth of fetal cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue. Day 63 is within the period of peak primary myogenesis in cattle, therefore differences in muscle growth during this time could have lasting implications in post-natal calf growth and performance.
200 Evaluating Performance of Calf-Fed Steers Fed Steam-Flaked Corn Based Finishing Diets with Varying Levels of Distillers Grains
Authors: Troyer Braden , Norman Mitch , McPhillips Levi J , Watson Andrea K , MacDonald Jim C , Erickson Galen E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Steam-flaked corn (SFC) is becoming more common in Northern Plains and Midwest feeding areas. While performance benefits of feeding wet (WDGS) or modified (MDGS) distillers grains are well documented in diets with dry-rolled or high-moisture corn, fewer data are available evaluating distillers grains in SFC-based diets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate performance when feeding WDGS or MDGS at increasing inclusions in SFC-based finishing diets. Crossbred steers (n = 560; initial BW = 299 kg; SD = 15 kg) were utilized in a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial design with factors consisting of 2 distillers types (MDGS or WDGS) fed at 1 of 3 inclusions (10%, 20%, or 30%) replacing SFC on a dry matter (DM) basis. A 0% distillers treatment was used for determining type by inclusion interactions. An interaction between type and inclusion of distillers was observed for dry matter intake (DMI;P = 0.06) and feed efficiency (G:F; P =0.02). Intake for steers fed WDGS tended to quadratically increase (P = 0.08), while steers fed MDGS had a more dramatic linear increase (P &lt; 0.01) in DMI. Increasing WDGS inclusion resulted in a linear increase in G:F (P = 0.01), whereas increasing MDGS inclusion had no effect on G:F (P = 0.16). No interaction between type and inclusion of distillers grains for other variables (P &gt; 0.20). Feeding distillers grains, regardless of type, resulted in linear increases in daily gain (ADG), hot carcass weight, and backfat (P ≤ 0.03). Control cattle gained 1.73 kg/d while cattle fed 30% MDGS and WDGS had ADG of 1.88 kg/d and 1.90 kg/d, respectively. Overall, gain of calf-fed steers was improved when distillers grains was increased in steam-flaked corn based finishing diets regardless of type, but G:F was increased with WDGS and not MDGS suggesting feeding WDGS provides more energy than MDGS in SFC-based diets.
PSIV-20 The Effect of Live Yeast and Yeast Extracts Included in Lactation and Nursery Diets on Nursery Pig Fecal Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Chance Jenna A , DeRouchey Joel M , Amachawadi Raghavendra G , Ishengoma Victor , Nagaraja Tiruvoor , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Kang Qing , Loughmiller Joseph , Hotze Brian , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A 45-d study used 340 weaned pigs (Line 241×600, DNA) to evaluate yeast additives in sow diets and yeast-based pre- and probiotics (Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) in nursery diets on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of fecal Escherichia coli. At weaning, pigs were penned based on sow diet and randomly assigned to 2 treatments with 5 pigs/pen and 17 pens/treatment. Treatments were a 2×2 factorial of sow treatment (control vs. yeast-based pre- and probiotic diet; 0.10% ActiSaf Sc47HR+ and 0.025% SafMannan) and nursery treatment (control vs. yeast-based pre- and probiotic diet; 0.10% ActiSaf Sc47HR+, 0.05% SafMannan, and 0.05% NucleoSaf from d 0-7, then levels reduced 50% from d 7-24). A common diet was fed from d 24-45. Microbroth dilutions were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of E. coli isolates to 14 antimicrobials. A 3-way interaction of sow treatment×nursery treatment×sampling day was observed (P &lt; 0.05) for ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, sulfisoxazole, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Table 1). For ciprofloxacin, MIC was reduced (P = 0.044) on d 45 for the yeast-fed sow, yeast-fed nursery group compared with pigs from the yeast-fed sow, control-fed nursery group. The MIC values for the yeast-fed sow, yeast-fed nursery treatment were greater (P = 0.021) for gentamicin on d 5 but less (P = 0.018) than on d 24 compared with the yeast-fed sow, control-fed nursery treatment. On d 45, progeny of the control sows fed yeast in the nursery had less (P = 0.005) MIC to sulfisoxazole than control-fed sow, control-fed nursery treatment. Fecal E. coli had decreased (P = 0.004) MIC on d 5 to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole from the control-fed sow, yeast-fed nursery treatment compared with the control-fed sow, control-fed nursery treatment. All fecal E. coli isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials except tetracycline on d 5. In conclusion, feeding sows live yeast and yeast extracts impacted fecal E. coli AMR in their progeny and this impact depends on nursery diet and post-weaning sampling day.
PSV-1 Addition of Ammonium Chloride to Feed is an Effective Strategy to Attenuate Growth in 25-Kg Pigs
Authors: Kokinos Brittney , Grez-Capdeville Mariola , Crenshaw Thomas D 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In response to production challenges, after slaughter plant closures in 2020, growing pigs were fed standard diets plus 2% ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) to attenuate growth and reduce housing issues. Initially, no growth suppression was observed; however after diet modifications to reduce nutrient concentrations (HG diets), growth of 65 kg pigs was suppressed 90% over the first week. Pigs became refractory after the first week and averaged 50% growth reduction over 3 weeks. The current experiment objective was to evaluate use of NH4Cl as a nutritional strategy to maintain pigs (3 to 6 weeks) at essentially no growth during crisis management. Nine F2 barrows (24.2 kg), were fed standard diets for a 9-d pre-trial phase to establish baseline traits. Afterwards, HG diets with 1.25, 2.00, or 2.75% NH4Cl were fed for a 21-d treatment phase then fed control diets for an 11-d recovery phase. Pig weights and feed consumption were measured at various intervals. Additionally, whole-body bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and urine cation-anion profiles were determined to assess bone mineralization and physiological adaptation to NH4Cl. Compared with gain during the pre-trial phase, gain was reduced by 0, 39, and 98% for pigs fed 1.25, 2.0 and 2.75% NH4Cl. During an 11-d recovery, pigs gained 73.4, 118.5 and 154.1% more than baseline responses. Feed intake reflected similar responses as gain. Likewise, urine concentrations of Cl, NH4, K, and H responded to dietary treatments, however recovery to baseline values were not complete until day 3 of recovery. Based on limited observations for DXA scans, BMC appeared to be reduced by dietary treatment, but differences were not evident in BMD, likely a reflection of reduced growth. These results are consistent with the effectiveness of NH4Cl as a strategy to attenuate pig growth during a crisis, “stop-shipment” event.
PSVI-11 Flavonoid Supplementation to Low Protein Diets Recovers Growth Performance in Broilers
Authors: Song Jun Ho , Hoque Md Raihanul , Hossain Md Mortuza , Kim Inho 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Recently, phytogenic feed additives containing flavonoids, essential oils and phenols are getting more attention as they have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and digestibility aiding abilities. Flavonoids have proved their abilities in reducing environmental stress along with activating immune responses. These positive impacts can be used to bring an improved growth performance in broilers, so we aimed to evaluate the effect of flavonoid supplementation to a low protein diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta bacterial count and excreta gas emission in broilers. In total 800 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers (average body weight of 42.90±1.43 g) were divided randomly into 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Each treatment had 10 replicate pens with 20 chickens. Treatment diets were HCP (High protein diet), basal diet; LCP (Low protein diet), basal diet – 2.5% protein; TRT1, LCP + 0.025 flavonoid; TRT2, LCP + 0.050% flavonoid. Experimental diets were provided to broilers from d 8 to 35. HCP, LCP supplemented with flavonoid showed greater (P &lt; 0.05) body weight gain (BWG) than the low protein diet (LCP) without flavonoid supplementation during d 8 to 21, and in the overall experiment. However, feed conversion ratio (FCR) of HCP group was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) than the LCP group during d 8 to 21 and in overall period. Increasing level of flavonoid supplementations brought a linear increase in BWG during d 8 to 21 (P = 0.0141), and overall period (P = 0.0153). Increasing doses of flavonoid showed a tendency of gradual increase (P = 0.0702) in dry matter (DM) digestibility in broilers. Lactobacillus, E. coli and Salmonella counts in excreta samples of experimental groups showed no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05). Flavonoid supplementation (0.050%) in low protein diet reduced (P &lt; 0.05) drip loss in breast muscle than the low protein diet with 0% flavonoid supplementation. In short, flavonoid supplementation to a low protein diet recovered the body weight gain through better digestion broilers
PSVII-5 Poultry Meal Autoclaving Time-Related Reduction in Energy Utilization for Growing Pigs
Authors: Sung Jung Yeol , Wiltafsky-Martin Markus K , Caroline González-Vega J , Adeola Olayiwola 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine effect of autoclaving on energy concentrations in poultry meal (PoMe) fed to growing pigs. Poultry meal from the same batch was autoclaved at 134°C for 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 min for 7 samples. Eight experimental diets consisting of a basal diet based on corn and soybean meal and 7 test diets replacing 15% of energy-contributing ingredients in the basal diet with the 7 PoMe samples were used. A total of 64 barrows (initial BW = 19.4 ± 1.0 kg) were employed and the experiment consisted of 4 batches. In each batch, different 16 pigs were allotted to the 8 diets in a randomized complete block design based on BW as a blocking factor. Experimental period for each batch consisted of 5 d of adaptation and 5 d of quantitative collection. Feces were collected according to the marker-to-marker procedure and energy utilization in PoMe was derived using the difference procedure. As autoclaving time increased, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, and apparent total tract digestibility of nitrogen linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in the experimental diets. Based on regression lines of energy concentrations against autoclaving time, the respective digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations of PoMe linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) from 4.7 to 3.9 kcal/g DM and 4.6 to 3.6 kcal/g DM with increasing autoclaving time from 0 to 180 min. In conclusion, autoclaving for 180 min decreased energy utilization in PoMe by approximately 20%, which could negatively affect growth performance of pigs.
Management and outcomes of traumatic paediatric spinal cord injuries in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Dalle David Ulrich , Ooi Setthasorn Zhi Yang , Sriram Smrithi , Bandyopadhyay Soham , Egiz Abdullah , Kotecha Jay , Kanmounye Ulrick Sidney , Higginbotham George , Bankole Nourou Dine Adeniran 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) accounts for a significant proportion of deaths and disability worldwide and this is largely concentrated in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Though rare, a subset of TSCIs occurs in children, which can lead to long-term comorbidities if not managed within the optimal time frame. However, the lack of pre-hospital care, infrastructure and specialist manpower in LMICs may pose a challenge for health practitioners to provide quality and consistent standard of care to the children. The variety in practice and lack of clarity on management and outcomes of TSCIs in LMICs necessitates an evaluation of the literature. This scoping review protocol outlines how the authors will address the said topic of interest.

Methods
MEDLINE, Embase and Global Index Medicus will be searched from database inception to date in order to identify the relevant studies. Paediatric patients (ages 18 or below) with a TSCI managed in an LMIC country will be included. Surgical and conservative management of TSCIs will be considered. Original research, reviews, commentaries, editorials and case reports will be included.

Results
Primary outcomes will include TSCI epidemiology, presentation, management, morbidity, mortality and long-term complications. Secondary outcomes will include delays in receiving care.

Discussion
This scoping review will be the first to evaluate the current landscape of paediatric TSCI management and outcomes in LMICs, highlighting pertinent themes that may be used to guide further research as well as health system strengthening efforts by policymakers and stakeholders.
Star-dust geometry main determinant of dust attenuation in galaxies
Authors: Sachdeva Sonali , Nath Biman B 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
Analysing a large representative sample of local galaxies (8707), we find that the variation in the shape of their dust attenuation curves is driven primarily by their structure, i.e. distribution of stars (and dust) within them. The attenuation curve for spheroid dominated galaxies, as compared to the disc-dominated ones, is nearly twice as steep. Both structural types cover distinct ranges of attenuation slope values. Similar findings are reflected in the case of star-forming and passive galaxies. Spheroids and passive galaxies witness minimal attenuation in the optical compared to UV wavelengths, underlining the lack of dusty birth-clouds that define complex star-dust geometry. The distinction in the attenuation properties of spheroids and discs is maintained in each stellar mass range, emphasising that structure is the primal cause of variation. However, within a structural group, the attenuation curve becomes shallower with both the increase in total stellar mass and optical depth of the galaxy. Overall, with the extinction curve fixed to be the same for all galaxies, the star-dust geometry emerges to be the prime determinant of the variation in their attenuation properties.
Performance of a Triage Protocol for Monoclonal Antibodies in a Mixed Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Cohort of COVID-19 Patients Treated With Intravenous Infusion or Subcutaneous Injection
Authors: Rubin Emily B , Liu Mofei , Giobbie-Hurder Anita , Canha Lauren A , Keleher C Elizabeth , Sullivan Keri M , Dougan Michael 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been shown to reduce rates of hospitalization in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who have risk factors for severe disease. Due to capacity constraints, many health systems have been unable to provide mAbs to all eligible patients. There is little evidence regarding the performance of triage protocols for allocation or the relative effectiveness of subcutaneous administration vs intravenous infusion.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study of 1063 patients with COVID-19 consecutively referred for monoclonal antibody therapy in a single large academic health care system, who were prioritized for mAb therapy using an allocation protocol grouping patients by risk.

Results
A triage protocol prioritizing patients who were not fully vaccinated and were at high risk of severe COVID-19 and patients who were heavily immunosuppressed performed well in terms of differentiating between groups of patients by risk of severe disease. The number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent 1 hospitalization was 4.4 for the highest priority group, 8.5 for the next highest priority group, and 21.7 for the third highest priority group. There was no significant correlation between route of administration and hospitalization for symptoms related to COVID-19 (odds ratio, 1.26 in the intravenous group compared with the subcutaneous group; 95% CI, 0.56–2.8; P = .58).

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that triaging mAbs for patients with COVID-19 by risk can optimize benefit in terms of reducing rates of hospitalization and that rates of hospitalization may be no different between patients treated with subcutaneous injection and patients treated with intravenous infusion.
A Case of Vascular Graft Infection Caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Authors: Okuhama Ayako , Murai Yuta , Ishikane Masahiro , Mezaki Kazuhisa , Isaka Erina , Matsushiro Takuya , Yamada Gen , Nomoto Hidetoshi , Yamamoto Kei , Morioka Shinichiro , Ohmagari Norio , Horai Tetsuya 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Haemophilus parainfluenzae is a gram-negative coccobacillus that is a part of the normal flora in the human upper airway and sometimes causes infective endocarditis. We present a case of a 68-year-old Japanese man who had vascular graft infection caused by H. parainfluenzae 4 years after surgery for chronic aortic dissection.