bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orientation of quartz grains in some Indian silicified woods
Authors: Sen J. 
Published: September 2022

The quartz fabric of some underformed Indian silicified woods has been studied. All the fabric diagrams show girdles - preferred orientation girdling round the longitudinal axis of the tree trunks. The diagrams are of growth fabric determined by the anisotropy of the wood itself. The main principle involved is that the symmetry of the original wood structure should be preserved in the symmetry of the dimensional and the lattice patterns of the quartz fabric.
The dissolved silicates enter the original wood through pore solution. They possibly crystallize by some sort of 'mimetic' crystallization.
A microscopic study of some Raniganj Coals
Authors: Navale G.K.B. , Srivastava S.C. 
Published: September 2022

Coal samples from Poniati, Dishergarh, Samla, Narainkuri and Nega seams (top and bottom) from Raniganj Coalfield were examined microscopically to know the physical composition and nature of the coal seams. The study reveals that then coals are banded component types derived from heterogenous phyto-organic material. Lignogene (Vitrinite) constituents derived from lignified cell walls are conspicuous microcomponents of the coals. 'Liptogene (Liptinite) constituents derived from pollen and spore coat, plant cuticles and fusinised resins form secondary proportions in the coal composition.
The macerated coal consists of tracheids, cuticles, spores and pollen. About 20 genera were identified in conformity with the latest trends in spore morphography. The most frequently encountered spore genera in descending order are Striatopieeites, Sulealisporites, Striatopodoearpites, Horriditriletes, Cyclogranisporites, Thymospora, Leiotriletes and other minor forms.
Major portion of organic constituents were probably derived from rich gymnospermous flora and the later coal-forming swamps were coalified mostly by Vitrinization process. It is apparent that during the formation of the peat the cell wall substances reacting to biochemical dissolution and decay were humified arresting the disintegration and the plant material became compacted initiating the vitrinization.
Cretaceous microplankton from Senegal basin, N.W. Africa.1 Some new genera, species and combinations of diniflagellates.
Authors: Jain K.P. , Millepied P. 
Published: September 2022

Preliminary results of authors' study of the microplankton in Cretaceous (Barremian-Maestrichtian) sequence of Senegal Basin, N.W. Africa, are given. In the present article only some non-tabulate fossil dinoflagellates are considered. They are assigned to five genera (two new), twelve species (all new) and eight combinations (all new).
The status of all the Lower Cretaceous species of the genus Deflandrea is discussed and it is suggested that they be segregated as a separate genus. The stratigraphic importance of these fossils has also been brought to light with the remark that Deflandrea can be treated as an Upper Cretaceous Tertiary genus.
Observations on the Post-Triassic Gondwana sequence of India
Authors: Shah S.C. , Singh Gopal , Gururaja M.N. 
Published: September 2022

The post-Triassic Gondwana sequence of India is one of the well developed in the Gondwanaland. Its flora has been helpful in establishing the stratigraphy of thick continental deposits of this period. The sedimentary sequences containing this flora are developed in widely scattered Gondwana basins of the Peninsula namely, the Rajmahal hills, Bihar; Satpura and South Rewa Gondwana basins, Madhya Pradesh; Pranhita-Godavari basin of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra; East Coast and Gujarat. In the light of the recent studies the stratigraphic position of the floral assemblages has been reviewed in the paper.
The flora is known to continue without any break throughout the Jurassic and the Lower Cretaceous. The lower age limit of the floral sequence commences in Lower Jurassic and as such the views expressed by Spath (1933) and Arkell (1956) suggesting the absence of entire Jurassic continental deposits of India is no more tenable.
The flora associated with Lower Cretaceous marine fauna on the East Coast indicates the range of the Jurassic floral elements into the Lower Cretaceous rather than suggesting any palaeontological contradiction between the faunal and floral evidences as thought earlier.
Palynology of the teritary sediments in the Cauvery basin. 2. Oligocene-Miocene palynoflora from the subsurface
Authors: Venkatachala B.S. , Rawat M.S. 
Published: September 2022

Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Dehra Dun
Subsurface sediments occurring in Karaikal, Madanam and Mannargudi wells drilled by the Oil & Natural Gas Commission are studied. Oligocene-Miocene palynological assemblages recorded from the subcrop sequences of Karaikal and Madanam wells are discussed in the present paper. 68 genera and 96 species of spore and pollen and microplankton are recognised in this study, of which 7 genera and 42 species are newly proposed. Detailed descriptive analysis and differential diagnosis are given to exemplify the new taxa. The following three main palynological zones are recognised.

Magnastriatites cauveriensis zone.
Lacrimapollis pilosus zone
Tricollareporites eclzinatus zone.

Zone 3, designated as Tricollareporites echinafus zone is further subdivided into two subzones as follows:

Verrucatosporites bullatus subzone.
Malavacearumpollis paucibaculatus subzone.

The abundant angiosperm pollen assemblages recovered in the wells studied, point out that the vegetation that provided material to the Oligocene-Miocene deposits in this basin were chiefly angiospermous. Marine phyto-plankton are recorded only in Oligocene-Lower Miocene sediments. Pteridophytic representatives form a sub-dominant group of plants. Fungal remains show a uniform distribution and form 5-10% of the total assemblage. Pollen of arborescent angiosperm families are more in number as compared to the herbaceous ones. Mangrove elements, such as pollen of Rhizophoraceae, Araliaceae, Lecythidaceae as well as Schizaeaceous spores are present in good number. The overall representation of plant families in general point to swampy tropical warm humid climate, deposited under neritic environment. Marine phytoplankton are confined to hystrichosphaerid remains and recorded only in Oligocene and Lower Miocene sediments.
Ten locular petrified fruit from the deccan intertrappean series of India
Authors: Chitaley S.D. , Sheikh M.T. 
Published: September 2022

The petrified fruit described in this paper was collected in June 1969 from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Mohgaonkalan. The fruit is more or less round and flatish, measuring 11 X 8 mm. in size. It is ten chambered with a very poorly preserved central axis. The fruit wall is wavy with ten prominent ridges marking ten loculi. The ten septae separating the ten loculi are narrow towards the central axis and broad and dome shaped towards the peripheral wall. The fruit shows a septicidal dehiscence. Ten vascular bundles are in a ring in the central axis one against each septum. The vascular traces are seen in the septae and in the fruit wall. Each loculus is filled with a single seed occupying the whole chamber. The seed measuring 4 mm. long, 1·7 mm. broad at its broadest peripheral region and 7 mm. thick is placed in each chamber with its length at right angles to the central axis. Towards the central axis, it is narrowing down, showing micropyle in some transverse sections of the fruit.
This fruit is different from all the known fossil fruits from India. Comparisons with the living fruits have shown that it resembles most the fruits of Malvaceae. However, resemblances not being complete with any of its genera, the present fossil fruit is given a new name, Daberocarpon gerhardii, gen. et sp. nov.
Palynological delimitation of the lower gondwanas in the north Karanpura sedimentary basin, India
Authors: Kar R.K. 
Published: September 2022

The Lower Gondwana outcrops exposed in the North Karanpura sedimentary basin comprise Talchir, Karharbari, Barakar, Barren Measures and Raniganj formations. A lot of surface and subsurface samples have been palynologically investigated from all these formations. It has been observed that in Talchir, the assemblage is dominated by monosaccates. The Lower Karharbari is dominated by triletes followed by monosaccates while in the Upper Karharbari monosaccates are dominant and bisaccates are next in abundance. In the Lower Barakar, the assemblage is dominated by striate bisaccates and monosaccates are found in small percentage. The next palynological zone in Barakar is dominated by triletes where there are thick coal seams. In the Upper Barakar, triletes dwindle down and striate bisaccates predominate. The Barren Measures is also dominated by striate bisaccates but presence of a monosaccate genus viz. Densipollenites in good percentage easily distinguishes this formation from the upper and lower ones. In the Raniganj, striate bisaccates are in abundance and where there are thick coal seams, triletes and monoletes are found in appreciable percentage. Eight palynological zones have been established.
It is observed that the various formations of the Lower Gondwanas in the North Karanpura sedimentary basin can be demarcated by means of palynological fossils. The relative dominance or paucity of triletes, monosaccates and bisaccates can be effectively used for demarcation of the various formations. It is observed that change in palynological assemblage from one formation to another is gradual and the palynological demarcation exactly between the uppermost and lowermost parts of the two successive formations based on lithology is rather difficult. After this transitional zone, the palynological assemblage gradually differs from one another and thus palynological boundary between the two formations can be marked satisfactorily.
Pollen analysis and palaeobotany of impression bearing sediments in the lower Karewas
Authors: Vishnu-Mittre  , Robert R. 
Published: September 2022

The paper describes a comparative account of pollen content and the megafossils in the Lower Karewa deposits at Ningle Nullah, Laredura, Dangarpur and Liddarmarg.
At Ningle Nullah pollen analysis reveals dense Oak woods although not a single leaf impression of Quercus has been found in the megafossils. At Liddarmarg, Dangarpur and Laredura the dominance of Quercus among the leaf impression is not equally reflected in the pollen spectra. Conifers absent in the megafossils are represented by low frequencies. Members of Lauraceae, Rosaceae, Papilionaceae, Cornaceae, well represented among megafossils, are absent or poorly represented in pollen record. Trapa abundant in megafossils is either absent or extremely rare in pollen spectra.
The paper emphasises the importance of both micro-and megafossil data in the reconstruction of past vegetation.
Palynostratigraphy of the sedimentary formations of Assam, India:4. Age of the laitryngew-mawkma coal-bearing sandstones and their relationship with the Charra formation
Authors: Dutta S.K. , Sah S.C.D. 
Published: September 2022

The present paper deals with the age of the coal-bearing sandstones of the Laitryngew-Mawkma area and their relationship with the Cherra Formation. Climatic condition and depositional environment at the time of deposition have been summarized. Since Medlicott first distinguished the coal-bearing sandstones of Laitryngew-Mawkma area, the age of these rock units have tacitly been accepted as the “Lakadong Sandstone Stage" (Lower-Middle Eocene). On the basis of stratigraphical similarity, they have been equated with the coal-bearing sandstone of Mawmluh (Lower Cherrapunji; Longitude 91°42'30" E: Latitude 25°15'15"N). Recent palynological and palaeontological studies of the sedimentary formations of the South Shillong Plateau have shown that these coal-bearing sandstones may be slightly older than what they were previously regarded. The results of the heavy mineral studies also seem to conform to palynological dating.
Since these sandstones apparently seem to be older than the Lakadong Sandstone, they may be a continuation of the sedimentary succession developed at Cherrapunji, and hence Palaeocene in age. The fossils suggest the prevalence of subtropical climate and a shallow, fresh-water or lagoonal environment of deposition.
Fossil algae from the lower miocene of cutch (India)
Authors: Pal A.K. , Ghosh R.N. 
Published: September 2022

Coralline algae from the Khari Series of Cutch are recorded. Five species (two of them new) belonging to four genera (one new) are described. These are Lithophyllum aft. L. kladosum Johnson, Mesophyllum commune Lemoine, Aethesolithon problematicum Johnson, A. cutchensis sp. nov. and Archaeoporolithon miocenicum gen. et sp. nov. The algal evidence suggests a Lower Miocene age for the formation containing them.
The early domestication of plants in south and southeast Asia - a critical review
Authors: Vishnu-Mittre  , Guzder Statira 
Published: September 2022

The paper reviews both the palynological and palaeobotanical evidences that have been put forward to suggest early domestication of plants in the Indian sub-continent, Thailand, Taiwan and China.
It appears that the distinction between cereal and non-cereal pollen grains has been based upon insufficient data, and stages of the earliest occupation phase have not been judiciously inferred from the pollen diagrams.
A careful sifting of all the evidences from India suggests that the domestication of plants commenced around 3,000 B.C.
The alleged earliest records of domestication described from the Spirit Cave in Thailand and radio-carbon dated to 11,500 B.P., on scrutiny suggest a more advanced and discriminating stage in food-gathering, rather than domestication. This paper suggests a more detailed botanical identification of the plant remains and a careful evaluation of ethnographic information towards the inference of early domestication.
Air-borne pollen grains and fungal spores at Lucknow during 1969-1970
Authors: Vishnu-Mittre  , Khandelwal Asha 
Published: September 2022

The atmosphere of Lucknow has been found highly charged with pollen grains and fungal spores during February, March, April and then September, October, November in the year 1969-70.
There are considerable qualitative and quantitative differences in the pollen calendar prepared earlier by Lakhanpal and Nair (1958) and the pollen calendar of 1969-70. Pollen grains of Casuarina equisetifolia (2.4%), Ricinus communis (2.2%), Emblica officinalis (1.9%), Putranjiva roxbuyghii (1.4%), etc., were not recorded earlier. The shift in the flowering periods of Morus, Ailanthus and Azadirachta has been noted by a month. Long distance transport of Alnus pollen has been noticed in the months of September and October.
Palaeobotanical evidence for the presence of Karharbari Stage in the Auranga Coalfield, Bihar: Megaflora
Authors: Srivastava A.K. 
Published: September 2022

A good assemblage of Karharbari plant fossils has been recovered for the first time from Lower Gondwana beds of Auranga Coalfield, Bihar. The assemblage is characterised by the presence of Neomariopteris (N. hughesi), Gangamopteris (G. cyclopteroides, G. clarkeana), Glossopteris (G. damudica, G. communis), Vertebraria (V. indica), Noeggerathiopsis (N. densinervis), Euryphyllum (E. whittianum) and Samaropsis (S. ganjrensis).
The flora compares closely with the known Karharbari assemblages of India.
A reconstruction of Equisetum columnare and notes on its elator bearing spores
Authors: Harris Tom M. 
Published: September 2022

The aerial stem of Equisetum columnare differs from that of Recent species in being smooth and in possessing separate subepidermal fibres instead of collenchymatous ribs. Its spores, however, have similar elators.
A restoration of the whole plant brings several point of uncertainty to notice, in particular where the cones were borne. It places parts known as separate fragments in particular positions and assigns their functions. This is done in the hope that directed search might demonstrate their nature and position.
Some new records of sub-fossil Sphagnum from Western Himalayas
Authors: Sharma Chhaya 
Published: September 2022

Present paper deals with four sub-fossil Sphagnum taxa recovered while pollen analysing Late-Quaternary sediments from the two Lake sites - namely Khajiar and Rewalsar in the districts Chamba and Mandi respectively in Himachal Pradesh. The recovered taxa are Sphagnum recurvum P. Beauv., Sphagnum sp. belonging to Sect. Sphagnum (Palustre sensu Abramova). Sphagnum sp. belonging to Sect. Cuspidata and Sphagnum teres (Schimp.) Aongstr. First three taxa are new records from Western Himalaya and the fourth, i.e. Sphagnum teres (Schimp.) Aongstr. has so far not been reported from Himachal Pradesh.
With available C-14 dates for both the profiles, the occurrence of new sub-fossil Sphagnum records can be dated to about 1,500-2,000 years B.P. and that of Sphagnum teres, which is very common throughout both the sequences, 3500 years B.P. or so.
Pollen analytical studies at the Nal Lake (Nalsarovar), Gujarat
Authors: Vishnu-Mittre  , Sharma Chhaya 
Published: September 2022

The pollen analysis of 6 m profile from the brackish water shallow Nal Lake about 60 km south-west of Ahmedabad reveals the Holocene history of the grassland-chenopod savannah in its vicinity. The chenopods show a declining trend from early Holocene to 3,500 years B.P. and Holoptelea integrifolia, a tree member of the riverain dry deciduous forest, shows a rising trend until 4,000 years B.P.
Three episodes of estuarine conditions, before 7,000 years B.P., between 3,500-6,000 years B.P. and around 160 years B.P. are recorded. These may be ascribed to the repeated overflowing of the flooded Little Rann caused by marine inundation possibly as a result of the tectonic disturbances. The lake had perhaps originated as a marine inlet.
Comparison of plant microfossil assemblages in Late Palaeozoic Gondwana glacial sequences
Authors: Powis Gary David 
Published: September 2022

Coeval plant microfossil assemblages of glacigene deposits of Gondwanaland are divisible on the basis of proportions of major morphological groups into two distinct types. They are the Australian-type (with a dominance of trilete spores and up to 10 percent monosaccate pollen) and the Indian-type (dominated by monosaccate pollen with a minor proportion of spores).
The lack of diversity of the Indian-type palynoflora is consistent with a parent flora adapted to harsh physical conditions such as a severe glacial environment. The Australian- type palynofloras, by contrast, suggest parent plant communities developed under milder conditions, perhaps peripheral to ice centers or experiencing a greater fluvial influence.
Recognition of Australian-type palynofloras associated with coal measure sequences in Tanzania, and coeval with glacigene sequences elsewhere in Gondwanaland may indicate that the post-glacial flora in the Gondwana countries was not simply the result of evolution and radiation in response to the end of widespread glaciation.
In situ spores from Lower Gondwana ferns- their morphology and variation
Authors: Lele K.M. , Maithy P.K. , Mandal J. 
Published: September 2022

The paper deals with the study of morphology and variation of in situ spores of four fern species of the Raniganj Stage, Lower Gondwana, viz., Dizeugotheca phegopteroides (Feistmantel) Maithy, Dichotomopteris lindleyii (Royle) Maithy, Dichotomopteris major (Feistmantel) Maithy and Neomariopteris hughesii (Zeiller) Maithy. The variation exhibited by the spores in their size, shape, tetrad-mark and sculpture has been biometrically assessed for a better definition of the species. Study of the spores by SEM has further helped in elucidating their morphological characters.
Dizeugotheca phegopteroides has trilete to monolete, conate spores comparable with Apiculatisporis, Punctatosporites and Ghoshiasporites. Dichotomopteris lindleyii is now shown to have microbaculate sculpture comparable with Cyclobaculisporites. Dichotomopteris major and Neomariopteris hughesii possess closely similar spores characterized by a heterogeneous mixture of cones, spines, and bacula and the spores are referable to dispersed spore genera like Lophotriletes, Acanthotriletes and rarely Horriditriletes. The strong overlap between the spore characters of the two species is biometrically evaluated. The evidence indicates that there can hardly be any correlation between megafossil and miospore taxa found in a dispersed state. The quality of sculpture in the Lower Gondwana spores is by and large distinct from that of the north hemispheric (Carboniferous) ferns.
Lithostratigraphy of the Tertiary sediments exposed along Jowai-Badarpur Road in Jaintia hills (Meghalaya) and Cachar (Assam)
Authors: Saxena R.K. , Tripathi S.K.M. 
Published: September 2022

The paper includes the field observations on the sediments along Jowai-Badarpur Road section in Jaintia Hills and Cachar, depicting their lithostratigraphy. Starting from Jowai towards Badarpur various Tertiary sediments were observed. In ascending order, these are Therria, Sylhet Limestone, Kopili, Laisong, Jenam, Renji, Bhuban, Bokabil, Tipam Sandstone and Recent alluvia. The lithology, nature and location of contacts and fossil contents of each of these formations are discussed.
At Sonapur, 76 km from Jowai, the section is crossed by the Dauki Tear Fault, which separates the Palaeocene-Eocene rocks of the shelf facies to the north from the Oligocene-Miocene rocks of the geosynclinal facies to the south.
Palynology of the Quilon beds of Kerala State in South India II - Pollen of Dicotyledons and discussion
Authors: Rao K.P. , Ramanujam C.G.K. 
Published: September 2022

This contribution deals with a systematic account of the dicotyledonous pollen recovered from the carbonaceous and calcareous clays of the Quilon Formation of Kerala and a critical analysis of the entire palynological data of this formation. In all, 54 genera encompassing 62 species have been recorded in this paper; of these 7 genera and 44 species are new. The genera abundantly represented are Verrucosisporites, Polypodiisporites, Retipilonapites, Couperipollis, Clavapalmaedites, Paravuripollis, Longapertites, Quilonipollenites, Palmaepollenites, Dicolpopollis, Retitricolpites, Retirescolpites, Foveotricolpites, Ctenolophonidites, Zonocostites, Heterocolpites, Marginipollis, Hippocrateaceaedites, Margocolporites, Sapotaceoidaepollenites, Talisiipites, Verrutriporites, Maculoporites, Myrcipites, Anacolosidites, Clavaperiporites and Ornatetradites.
The abundant occurrence of Polypodiisporites, coupled with Pteridacidites, intrabaculisporis and Eximospora and in conjunction with Dicolpopollis (abundant), Cauveripollis, Maculoporites, Compositoipollenites, Hippocrateaceaedites, pollen-types of Caesalpiniaceae, Sapotaceae and Droseraceae supports Lower to Middle Miocene age assigned to these beds on faunal evidence.
The palynoassemblage indicates a tropical humid type climate with plenty of rainfall. The presence of pollen types related to Barringtonia, Rhizophora, Lumnitzera, Nipa, lriartea, Calamus, Metroxylon, Araliaceae, Sapindaceae, Meliaceae and Droseraceae and the spores of Polypodiaceae and Schizaeaceae testifies to the prevalence of brackish water mangrove swamps along the coastal belt of Kerala.
Fossil wood of Gmelina Linn. (Verbenaceae) from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Nawargaon with comments on the nomenclature of Tertiary woods
Authors: Bande M.B. 
Published: September 2022

A fossil dicotyledonous wood collected from the Deccan Intertrapean beds of Nawargaon, District Wardha, Maharashtra has been described. It has been assigned to the extant genus Gmelina Linn. Of Verbenaceae and has been described as a new species Gmelina tertiara. This is the first authentic record of the family Verbenaceae from the Deccan Intertrappean beds, which extends the antiquity of this family to the Palaeogene in the Indian Subcontinent. The problem of the nomenclature of Tertiary fossil woods has also been discussed.
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