bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparisons of Spray Characteristics between Non-circular and Circular Nozzles with Rotating Sprinklers
Authors: Chen Rui , Li Hong , Wang Jian , Guo Xin , Song Zhuoyang 
Published: February 2022

HighlightsExperiments were conducted to investigate the hydraulic performance of the solid-set rotating sprinkler.The effects of nozzle shape and working pressure on the droplet characteristics and kinetic energy of the rotating sprinkler were analyzed.The circular nozzle has a large wetting radius and large droplet size.Use of a non-circular nozzle could result in higher irrigation uniformity and lower kinetic energy imparted to the soil surface by water droplets under low working pressures.Abstract. Reducing the working pressure of sprinklers can effectively reduce sprinkler irrigation energy requirements. However, the reduction in working pressure and variation of nozzle shape inevitably lead to changes in the hydraulic performance of the sprinkler. To evaluate the spray characteristics of selected non-circular (the shape of the nozzle opening was asymmetric) and circular nozzles at low pressure, experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of working pressure, nozzle shape, and nozzle diameter on flow rate, radius of throw, water application rate, droplet size, droplet velocity of the rotating sprinkler, and kinetic energy of the water droplets impacting on the soil surface. The coefficients of irrigation uniformity were calculated for the non-circular and circular nozzles under different rectangular sprinkler spacing and working pressures. The results show that the flow rates of the non-circular and circular nozzles were equal under the same working pressure and with the same nozzle size, while the throw radius of the circular nozzle was longer than that of the non-circular nozzle. The circular nozzle produced a larger droplet size than the non-circular nozzle did. Since the droplet size and kinetic energy per unit droplet volume increased along the radius of throw, and the peak water application rate of the circular nozzle was located near the perimeter of the radius of throw, the peak specific power impact on the soil surface by the water droplets of the circular nozzle was greaterspecifically, 1.26 to 1.97 times that of the non-circular nozzle. With the increase in working pressure, the peak values of specific power and water application rate decreased. The irrigation uniformity coefficients of the non-circular and circular nozzles were more than 85% within the recommended pressure range of the manufacturer when the sprinkler spacing was less than 11 m. It was easier to obtain higher irrigation uniformity and lower impact kinetic energy under low working pressure when using a non-circular nozzle. Keywords: Application rate, Irrigation uniformity, Kinetic energy, Sprinkler irrigation, Working condition.
Initial Evaluation of Sow Cooling Pad Coolant Protocols on Performance and Physiological Conditions Measured by Precision Animal Data System
Authors: Cabezon Francisco A. , Field Tyler C. , Johnson Jay S. , Schinckel Allan P. , Stwalley Robert Merton 
Published: February 2022

HighlightsThe sow physiological heat stress indicators showed significant improvement with cooling pad use.Time-triggered coolant flows demonstrate significant potential to cool overheated animals.Temperature-triggered coolant flows have the potential to operate effectively and maintain animals.A sensor and data collection system for a sow cooling pad was evaluated within a farrowing barn environment.Abstract.Thermal stress in swine has numerous negative effects on animal productivity and well-being. Researchers have developed a hog cooling pad that previous continuous coolant flow testing has determined to be efficient in removing heat from a simulated animal, effective in its use of coolant, and simple to build and maintain. Preliminary live animal experimentation with a single, second-prototype design under intermittent coolant flow was conducted at the conclusion of bench testing within a farrowing barn environment. The cooling pad was installed in a farrowing crate and preliminary live animal heat transfer data were collected. Two series of tests were conducted, triggering the coolant flow by set time cycles and by temperature limits. Three different sets of ambient barn conditions were examined (23°C, 28°C, and 33°C). In addition to the thermal reaction of the cooling device, animal temperatures and respiration rates for the treatment animal and a control animal were also collected during the experimentation. During time-controlled testing, the rectal temperature of the cooled sow was lower than the control sow (P = 0.02). The skin temperature of the cooled sow was also lower than the control sow (P = 0.04), and the respiration rate of the cooled sow was lower than the control sow (P = 0.02). These results indicated that temperature-controlled cooling might work well for ‘maintenance’ operations, while a time-controlled flow could potentially be used to extract greater levels of energy from an overheated animal. Results were encouraging enough that further testing with larger sample sizes to confirm these results for both control protocols is planned. Keywords: Cooling systems, Heat transfer, Physiological stress indicators, Swine, Thermal stress.
Low-Cost Microcontroller-Based Device to Measure Kaolin Clay Concentrations for ISO Sprayer Cleanout Tests
Authors: Jeon Hongyoung , Zhu Heping 
Published: February 2022

HighlightsSimple low-cost microcontroller-based device was developed to measure ASP® 602 concentrations of residue samples from ISO 22368 tests.Sensitivity analysis showed the device was able to detect ASP® 602 concentrations as low as 22.5 ppm depending on sample variations.Various prediction models were built from the output of the device and validated to understand their accuracy and measurement variations.Logarithmic prediction model showed approximation errors from 3.9% to 19.7% with CV of 7.7% to 19.8% for the ASP® 602 concentration range from 0 to 250 ppm.Abstract.A simple microcontroller-based device with operating software was developed for analyzing samples from ISO 22368 sprayer cleanout tests. The device could measure ASP® 602 concentrations of residue samples from the sprayer cleanout tests with measurement variations, a coefficient of variations (CV), less than 4%. Sensitivity analysis of the device carried out to understand the measurement limits, and the results showed that the limit of quantification of the device was 22.5 ppm with sample variations which was sufficient for assaying residue samples from ISO 22368 tests. The measurement variations of the device were also affected by homogeneity of the samples. Several prediction models were developed with the device outputs, and prediction accuracy (approximation error) and measurement variations (CV) of the models were validated with additional ASP® 602 samples. The prediction results from the models had a wide range of approximation errors and the results showed approximation errors from 2.6% to 26.2% with CV from 3.0% to 33.4% with the models for a prediction ranges from 0 to above 500 ppm, while considering the results above limit of quantification. The models for a prediction range from 0 to 250 ppm showed the error from 3.9% to 19.7% with CV from 7.5% to 27.5%, under the same consideration. The logarithmic prediction model with the prediction range from 0 to 250 ppm showed most acceptable performance in terms of approximation error and CV that were less than 20%, when considering the results within limit of quantification. Keywords: Kaolin Clay , ISO Standard, Photodiode, Spectrophotometer, Spraying equipment.
Effect of Laser Biostimulation on Germination of Wheat
Authors: Nadimi Mohammad , Sun Da-Wen , Paliwal Jitendra 
Published: February 2022

HighlightsThe effect of laser biostimulation on wheat germination was explored using a single- and dual-wavelength (DW) laser.An 80 mW green-infrared DW laser treatment significantly enhanced several germination traits of wheat.The effect of a 100 mW single-wavelength red laser on wheat germination was non-significant.Abstract. Laser biostimulation of seeds has established itself as a safe and sustainable alternative to genetic modification or chemical use to enhance plant germination and growth. A knowledge gap, however, exists to define optimal laser parameters for different seeds as inappropriate irradiation may seriously damage or destroy germinability. To this end, the effect of laser biostimulation on germination of Canada Western Red Winter (CWRW) wheat seeds was evaluated using two low power portable lasers: 1) a single-wavelength red laser (659 nm) and 2) a dual-wavelength (DW) green/infrared laser [531 and 810 nm (ratio ~10:1)]. The seeds were pretreated with laser light before germination tests for 5, 10, and 15 minutes using total power densities of ~14.2 and 11.3 mW/cm2, respectively. Laser treatment with a DW laser for a duration of 10 min was found to be the most efficient as it significantly enhanced mean germination time, germination rate index, germination speed, number of roots, and hypocotyl length by 14.3%, 15.2%, 15.2%, 31.8%, and 60.9%, respectively, with respect to control samples. The effect of single-wavelength red laser on CWRW wheat seed germination traits was not statistically significant. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first on evaluating the effect of DW laser treatments in plant biostimulation and introduces a new pathway for manipulating the germination, growth, and development of seeds/plants. Keywords: Agriculture, Biostimulation, Dual-wavelength laser, Laser, Wheat.
6G Networks Orientation by Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Henrique Paulo Sergio Rufino , Prasad Ramjee 
Published: February 2022

Quantum mechanics is a part of physics that studies the interactions of matter, light, and particles at the atomic and subatomic levels. Since its initial concepts in the early 1900s built upon extensive research of Nobel laureates such as Max Planck, Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein, and Richard Feynman, amongst others to the first proposed quantum computers by Paul Benioff in 1980, the concept of quantum technologies has evolved. Two central studies derived from quantum mechanics that can support and revolutionize future wireless technologies are quantum computers and quantum communications. The investigation for building the next generation of wireless networks has begun. Therefore, many technological opportunities for applying innovative solutions and advanced concepts are on the table as an option to unlock the full potential of 6G for providing an intelligent, superfast, and secure network. Having said that, quantum mechanics come into play to offer a breakthrough opportunity that will change the world since the popularization of the Internet, and it will propel 6G use cases to be remarkably successful, but only if quantum physics can be engineered and converged into the forementioned quantum technologies to support the achievement of Society 5.0. Therefore, overcoming the quantum challenges, 6G can benefit in many ways. One of them is Quantum computing (QC) that will surpass the computational capabilities of classic computers limited by binary transactions known as bits to resolve future challenges using quantum states to process information in quantum bits (Qubits). Correspondingly, quantum computing will merge with Artificial Intelligence (AI) to create a new model known as Quantum Machine Learning (QML) to deal with the exponential growth of Big Data faster than any existing computational model. In Addition, quantum communications will deliver a safer network, utilizing Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and inaugurate the next generation of the Internet, much safer for all. Thus, this paper presents a holistic overview of Quantum as a service (QaaS) as a future deployment in the 6G architecture, but only if quantum technologies can be mastered in the next upcoming years. Most likely that QaaS will become available for commercial purposes by the hyperscalers, the ones able to cope with the total cost of ownership (TCO) of these state of art technologies.
This paper is divided by an introduction that summarizes the foundation of quantum mechanics, its laws, and the researchers’ pioneers responsible for setting the principles used to create the next generation of quantum technologies. In Section 2, there is a presentation of the core parts of quantum physics used to create quantum computers and quantum communications services, which includes the technological challenges to mature these technologies. Finally, in Section 3, the conclusions are presented.
Rationales and functions of disliked music: An in-depth interview study
Authors: Ackermann Taren-Ida , Merrill Julia 
Published: February 2022

Background and objectives
With a few exceptions, musical taste has been researched via likes or preferences of certain types of music. The present study focuses on disliked music and takes a broad approach to cover explanatory strategies related to personal dislikes.

Methods
In-depth interviews were conducted with 21 participants in five age groups. Interviewees were asked to prepare a list of their disliked music, and for each item they were asked about the reasons for the dislike. To ensure that the complexity and range of the participants’ dislikes and rationales were captured in the analysis, a structuring content analysis as a mostly theory-driven approach was combined with inductive category creation out of the interview data.

Results
The most often mentioned type of dislike was musical style, followed by artist and genre. Five main reference points were identified for describing musical dislikes: the music itself, lyrics, performance, artist, and the people who listen to it. The identified rationales for disliked music were assigned to three larger categories: object-related reasons, such as music-compositional aspects, aesthetic dichotomies or lyrics; subject-related reasons, such as emotional or bodily effects, or discrepancies with the self-image; social reasons, which refer to one’s social environment and the taste judgments common to it (in-group) or to other groups of which the participants do not feel part of (out-group). Apart from the rationales for disliked music, the participants described specific reactions when they are confronted with their disliked music, such as emotional, physical, and social reactions.

Conclusions
While musical dislikes have already been shown to fulfill important social functions, the current study extends the rationales to music-related and self-related reasons. Musical dislikes fulfill similar functions to liked music, such as preservation of a good mood, identity expression and construction, strengthening of group cohesion as well as social distinction.
Detection of Early-Stage Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma from blood samples: Results of a multiplex biomarker signature validation study
Authors: Brand Randall E. , Persson Jan , Bratlie Svein Olav , Chung Daniel C. , Katona Bryson W. , Carrato Alfredo , Castillo Marién , Earl Julie , Kokkola Arto , Lucas Aimee L. , Moser A. James , DeCicco Corinne , Mellby Linda Dexlin , King Thomas C. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Introduction
The IMMray PanCan-d test combines an 8-plex biomarker signature with CA19-9 in a proprietary algorithm to detect pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in serum samples. This study aimed to validate the clinical performance of the IMMray PanCan-d test and to better understand test performance in Lewis null (le/le) individuals who cannot express CA19-9.
Methods
Serum samples from 586 individuals were analyzed with the IMMray PanCan-d biomarker signature and CA19-9 assay, including 167 PDAC samples, 203 individuals at high-risk for familial/hereditary PDAC and 221 healthy controls. Samples were collected at eleven sites in the U.S. and Europe. The study was performed by Immunovia, Inc. (Marlborough, MA) and sample identity was blinded throughout the study. Test results were automatically generated, using validated custom software with a locked algorithm and predefined decision value cutoffs for sample classification.
Results
The IMMray PanCan-d test distinguished PDAC stages I & II (n=56) vs high-risk individuals with 98% specificity and 85% sensitivity, and distinguished PDAC stages I – IV vs high-risk individuals with 98% specificity and 87% sensitivity.
We identified samples with a CA19-9 value of 2.5 U/ml or less as probable Lewis null (le/le) individuals. Excluding these 55 samples from the analysis increased the IMMray PanCan-d test sensitivity to 92% for PDAC stages I-IV (n=157) vs controls (n=379) while maintaining specificity at 99%; test sensitivity for PDAC stages I & II increased from 85% to 89%.
Conclusion
These results demonstrate the IMMray PanCan-d blood test can detect PDAC with high specificity (99%) and sensitivity (92%).
On the Persistence of Mental Health Deterioration during the COVID-19 Pandemic by Sex and Ethnicity in the UK: Evidence from Understanding Society
Authors: Quintana-Domeque Climent , Proto Eugenio 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We use longitudinal data from a representative sample of the UK and compare self-reported mental health, as measured by the GHQ-12 score, at three timepoints (2017–2019, April 2020 and March 2021), for the whole sample and by sex and ethnicity. Out of the 14,382 individuals interviewed in 2017–2019 and April 2020, 10,445 were interviewed again in March 2021. The mean GHQ-12 in April 2020 is 12.37 [95% CI: 12.22, 12.52] and in March 2021 is 12.36 [95% CI: 12.21, 12.51], above that of 2017–2019: 11.13 [95% CI: 10.99, 11.26]. We do not find evidence that the level of mental health goes back to pre-pandemic levels. In terms of inequalities, while the gender gap (mean difference between women and men) in mental health deterioration among White British is closing, there is no clear evidence that the ethnic gap (mean difference between ethnic minorities and White British) among men is changing.
Tensile failure in a superplastic alumina
Authors: Hiraga Keijiro , Nakano Keishi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Tensile failure in superplastic alumina shows a close similarity to ductile failure in metallic materials containing microvoids or hard inclusions. Microcracking, which appears as strain exceeding ~ 90% of the failure strain and leading to macroscopic cracking for final failure, is not caused by the propagation of the largest preexistent defects, but by extensive cavity coalescence. Such coalescence is found to occur as the thickness of the intervoid matrix decreases to a certain level due to an increase in the number and size of cavities. The data also show that there is no explicit critical grain size for the onset of microcracking, although microcracking and failure tend to occur at smaller strains as the initial grain size increases.
Comparative Study of Secondary School Students' and Pre-Service Teachers' Misconception about Simple Electric Circuit
Authors: Suryadi A. , Kusairi S. , Husna D. A. 
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study is to compare the misconceptions of secondary school students (junior and senior high school) and pre-service physics teachers about simple electrical circuits.Â The study involved 92 people consisting of 30 junior high school students, 32 senior high school students, and 30 pre-service physics teachers. The diagnostic misconception instrument was adapted from the Simple Electric Circuits Diagnostic Test (SECDT). Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential analysis. The results of the study indicated that there are 11 misconceptions types that the student had. The clashing current is a type of misconception that is most often found both in high school students and in pre-service teacher. The inferential test showed that there were significant differences of misconception scores among junior high school students, senior high school students, and pre-service physics teachers (KW=12,689, df=2, p< 0.05). Teachers could use the misconception profile as a consideration in planning classroom instruction.
Effectiveness of A Simulated Thermodynamics Lab in A Grade Eight Lyceum Class
Authors: Sharifov G , MacIsaac D 
Published: February 2022

We examine the use of PhET (University of Colorado Physics Education Technology) simulation labs in developing conceptual understanding of introductory thermodynamics by eighth grade students. Pedagogical experiments were conducted at the Baku European Lyceum, a gifted / magnet school in the capital of Azerbaijan. Results showed that virtual laboratories can play a crucial role in lyceum students' thinking and creative abilities and their acquisition of more in-depth knowledge and skills on thermodynamics. We also found that simulations have many appropriate advantages in learning and teaching lyceum thermodynamics, and list seven such.
Misdiagnosed and maltreated scaphoid fractures – costly both for society and patients: A review of filed claims to the Swedish National Patient Insurance Company 2011–2018
Authors: Andersson Jonny K , Gustafson Pelle , Kopylov Philippe 
Published: February 2022

Misdiagnosed and maltreated scaphoid fractures filed to the Swedish National Patient Insurance Company (LÖF) 2011–2018 were analyzed in terms of complications and costs for society. All filed claims are database-registered (altogether 200 000 claims since 2000). This database was assessed in June 2019 through injury ICD10-SWE-diagnoses. Demographics, complications, complaints, corrective surgeries and costs were analyzed. The numbers of claims for scaphoid fractures were reviewed and compared with all claims.
There was a statistically significant trend towards decreasing numbers of notified scaphoid fracture cases during this time. This is not the case compared with the total annually notified injuries to LÖF during the same time, where we instead can see statistically significant increased numbers.
Median age for the 128 patients was 24 years. Men represented 76%. Seventy-eight of the 128 (61%) claims were judged as avoidable, compared with 42% in terms of all notified injuries. Pseudoarthrosis dominated as complication (n  = 71). Total numbers of complications were 117, and 47 of the 78 patients had medical invalidity as a consequence. Up to six secondary corrective surgeries per patient were required. Complications and disabilities were more severe if patients needed more than one surgery. The total costs were calculated to €1 226 193.
Level of Evidence: LoE III, Therapeutic.
Editorial: ¿Para qué la historia? Algunas respuestas de la investigación didáctica actual
Authors: Coudannes Aguirre Mariela 
Published: February 2022

Didactic research has been renewing its answers to a long-standing question: what is the purpose of teaching history? When transcending the nationalist purposes that were attributed to it in previous centuries, additional questions arise: what are the new meanings to be constructed? additional questions arise: what are the new meanings to be constructed? how can their presence in the curriculum be justified?