bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Appraisal Well Design in "X" Oil Field
Authors: Mohammed Sinan I. , Sraud Hayder A. , Radhi Ali G. , Azeez Samer W. 
Published: March 2022

The selection of casing depths and casing design are considered one of the most critical steps in the well construction process. Inaccurate selection of casing setting depths and casing design can result in many challenges, long time and hence high well costs.
"X" oil field was taken as a case study. There is only the exploration well X-1 drilled up to date. The 20˝ surface casing was relatively long because it was set at the top of Dammam Formation. That means deep surface hole, long trip time, large amount of mud, long surface casing, large amount of cement and hence high cost. Also, Hartha Formation was not evaluated because it is isolated with the 13 3/8" & 9 5/8" casing and the perforation through two casing was not available. Another problem, the 9 5/8˝ production casing damaged at the depth 32 m due to failure of tolerating the axial forces before or after the cement job.
All data was inputted into the Landmark software to simulate the well. It was found that the surface casing can be set at the top of Lower Faris Formation instead of Dammam Formation. Also, The Hartha Formation can be drilled in the 12 ¼ ˝ hole and isolated by 9 5/8˝ casing instead of drilling it in the 17 ½ ˝ hole and isolating it by the 13 3/8˝ casing. It was also found that the 9 5/8˝ production casing can withstand all loads by selecting casing with higher weight.
The cost of the modified design was also checked to study the feasibility of the modified design. It was concluded that the modified design can save around 300,000 USD for each well comparing with the design of well X-1.
It is recommended to apply this design on the appraisal well to be drilled. If the design shows no problems, it can be considered the optimum design of appraisal and development wells to be drilled in the future. Also, the slim-hole design can be studied and an economic feasibility comparison can be made with the current and the proposed design in this study.
Evaluation of oil reservoir of Hartha Formation in Y and J field, North Iraq
Authors: Al-hadidy Aboosh H. , Nasser Medhat E. , Nooralddin Amel K. , Qadhi Adnan 
Published: March 2022

Afield development plan (FDP) of the Y and J oil fields for cretaceous reservoir (Harth Formation) evaluation and the production of hydrocarbons in the near future in two Y and J oil fields.
Open hole logs namely (Gamma ray, Resistivity, Sonic, Caliper and Density) logs were used to determine petrophysical parameters. The parameters determined are; volume of shale, porosity, water saturation, irreducible water saturation and bulk volume of water. The thickness of the reservoir varies between (40 and 120) m. Determining the porosity depending on the porosity of the log (16-28)% and core Average porosity (18-37)% values vary between; generally decreasing with depth. Average porosity 33.3%.test is flow crude oil 1000 bll /d.in J field basically water saturation calculation5-16%. And oil saturation (90-80) % and the oil were carried out at a rate of 1000 barrels / day in the complete test of well Y. The amount of the original oil storage OOIP (1039 * 10^6) standard cubic meters.
This study provides an insight into reservoir quality prediction in the study area and other carbonate reservoirs undergone different the development of Hartha reservoir in south Mosul north Iraq as a new reservoirs in the study as Tertiary reservoir producing as old degassing stations enabling facilities from the 1950s are being" surface facility", This study's aimed at making available petrophysical data the computer processed interpretation(CPI) for Hartha reservoir.
Evaluation of Carbonate Formation using both Gas While Drilling and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Log (Case study, An Oilfield Southern Iraq)
Authors: Al-Ali Muslim , Albaaj Hussein 
Published: March 2022

Two wells close to each other (Well A and Well B) have been selected from the same oilfield in southern Iraq. Both wells were drilled through the Mishrif Reservoir, however, perforated within different sub-units. It was observed that one of the wells shows obvious flow naturally while the other did not notice any kind of flow.
The type of hydrocarbon interpretation by Gas while drilling method (GWD), the results confirmed that both of these wells were located in oil-bearing reservoir with comparable gas profiles.
However, petrophysical properties of the pore distribution and permeability using Neutron Magnetic Resonance (NMR) data in Techlog identified key differences in rock quality between the wells across the perforated intervals.
Reservoir quality reveal very wide differences in performance in spite of both wells are penetrating the oil bearing layers within Mishrif reservoir.
Keywords: Carbonate Formation, Gas While Drilling (GWD), NMR Log.
Fabrication of a Gas Sensor from Thin Films of Tungsten Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Use in Oil Refineries
Authors: Jebur Khalid. H. 
Published: March 2022

In this research, the structural and sensitivity properties of the toxic gases of films tungsten oxide (WO3) nanoparticles prepared by the pulsed laser deposition method were manufactured and studied using a Nd:YAG laser. To show the effect of different temperatures (400, 600 and 800 oC) on films deposited on quartz substrate for all samples. The results of X-Ray diffraction (XRD) showed that all the thin films have polycrystalline structure and have a peak direction (010) for all samples, and that increasing the temperature led to an increase in the particle size. The decrease in the values ​​of the full width and half maximum (FWHM) of the films (WO3) for (010) modes from 0.19 to 0.14 with increasing temperature. The nature of the topography of tungsten oxide (WO3) nanoparticles was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM), which proved that the films grown in this way have good crystallization and have a homogeneous surface. The root mean square (RMS) values ​​of the tungsten oxide nanoparticles (WO3) increases with increasing temperature. When measuring the sensitivity of tungsten oxide nanoparticles (WO3) to (CO, NH3 and NO2) gases, it was found that the films have good sensitivity to these gases at room temperature (RT), and it was the best sensitivity of the films is at a temperature of (800 oC) as follows: CO gas (81%), NH3 gas (84%) and NO2 gas (100%) .All studies have shown that tungsten oxide (WO3) has the ability to detect toxic gases, such as (CO, NH3 and NO2), which have an detrimental effect on workers in oil refineries. The films of tungsten oxide (WO3) is used in themanufacture of gas sensors that can be used inthese refineries, and when the temperature increases, it becomes more sensitive to gases (CO, NH3, NO2).
Synthesized and Characterization TiO2-AlLiH4 Nanostructure for Photocatalytic Activity Application for Removal the Residue of Hydrocarbons in Environment
Authors: Al Salih Moatasem , Abed Riyad E. 
Published: March 2022

The novel approach includes The sol-gel technique was used to make titanium dioxide nanoparticles and then for photodegradation Benz[a]anthracene a crystalline, aromatic hydrocarbon, as a trial sample of the residue of hydrocarbons in environments close to oil refining facilities and oil fields, methods, the bandgap was modified by solid-state reaction with Lithium aluminium hydride (AlLiH4) reductive compounds. The optical properties were measured using a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Absorbance (A), energy bandgap (Eg), and absorption coefficient (α). TiO2 and TiO2- solid-state reaction showed a clear blue shift of the absorption bandgap which were (2.8ev, 2.7ev, 2.25ev, 2.0ev) to) TiO2, calcination TiO2-AlLiH4 (500C°) then TiO2 -AlLiH4 (750 C°)) respectively. The structure of prepared TiO2 Nanopowders was identified using XRD, Distribution of particle size varied significantly compared to the Sheerer formulation predicted crystallite size (D). which was in a good accordant compared with ASTM results, the particle size and their distribution were characterized using (AFM). To the surface forms and compositions diameters of nanoparticles) SEM) was implemented. The microanalysis of energy scattering X-ray (EDX) was used to examine the chemical makeup of the entire samples. Using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, the photocatalytic response was examined. The photocatalyst impact on the benz[a]anthracene decomposition rate by using catalyst TiO2- and solid-state (TiO2-NaBH4 (550,750)) and (TiO2-AlLiH4 (500,750 C°). A photocatalytic effect is the catalyst's influence on the catalyst. Using the constant weight of the catalyst and benz[a]anthracene The most effective weight was found (1*10-4 M).
Synthesis of an Odorant Substance for Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) as a Substitute for Thiophene (Tetrahydrothiophene)
Authors: Swaid Muhannad Abdulkareem , Abdel Reda Zeina , Allawi Muhammad 
Published: March 2022

Tetrahydrothiophene (C4H8S) is used as an odorant for liquid gas (LPG).the Tetrahydrothiophene acts as an alarm when a leak occurs in liquid petroleum gas (LPG) bottles at a gas filling and distribution company. where it is added at a concentration of (20PPM) to the liquefied gas.
This research includes the preparation of an alternative substance to (tetrahydrothiophene C4H8S). ethanethiol (C2H5SH), that is used as an odorant for gas leaks. It was prepared in the laboratory at the Petroleum Research and Development Center through the reaction of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) with ethanol alcohol (C2H5OH) in the presence of a catalyst (Gama alumina) .at a temperature of (350-400 °C) using the reactor or the system that was manufactured Inside the petroleum research and development center.
The prepared substance was identified using various techniques including the (FT-IR) technique to identify the functional groups. In FTIR the thiol group (SH) clearly appeared at a frequency of (2500 cm-1) with the disappearance of the hydroxyl stretching band, which usually appears at a frequency of (3300Cm-1).
The density test for the prepared substance was also conducted using a digital density measuring device inside the laboratories of the petroleum Research and Development Center. The result was 0.8452 g/cm3 at the standard temperature (15.6 ○C).
The (GC-Mass) assay technique was also used, which is considered one of the most important identification tests and works to give the synthetic formula of the substance. A chart with the highest signal intensity was obtained, which is (62) that represents the molecular weight of the prepared substance ethanethiol (C2H5SH) according to what was extracted from the electronic library of the examination device.
Modeling & Simulation for West Qurna (Tuba-1) Cathodic Protection Design by using MATLAB Simulink
Authors: Abdulaaima Dhuha A. , Omara Waleed I. , Kadhim Raaed J. , Ibrahim Buthaina K. , Abdulkareem Mays M. , Shehadha Mohammed A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study focused on the two systems of Cathodic Protection, CP, (temporary (Sacrificial Anodes, SACP) & permanent (Impressed Current, ICCP) that were used to protect West Qurna (Tuba-1) crude oil pipeline42 in / Basrah Oil Company, BOC, from corrosion challenges.
Design Calculations for CP systems were achieved according to the standards of National Association of Corrosion Engineers, NACE. These calculations were simulated using Matlab –Simulink Software 2018. Then, the simulated design was converted to Graphical User Interface, GUI. This GUI allows the user to enter the design data & perform the calculation faster & more efficiently. Furthermore, GUI was converted into a dependent program by installing Matlab Runtime Installer which enables the execution of Matlab files on computer without installed version of Matlab.
The results showed that there was matching between the calculations of CP design & the simulated design. SACP demonstrated that 4 Mg anodes are required to protect 1 km of sec.1 of pipeline for 4 years period while 6 Mg anodes are required to protect 1 km of sec.2 for 11 years period. ICCP system for sec.1 of pipeline requires 4 magnetite anodes to supply 2.86 v by rectifier in accordance with horizontal bed resistance RH ≤ 1.5 Ω while sec.2 requires 25 magnetite anodes to supply 2.45 v by rectifier in accordance with vertical bed resistance Rv ≤ 1.5 Ω. The designed program proved that it was easy to install & efficient in making Calculations.
According to the above, this program can be adopted in prediction studies to know the design outputs (No. of anodes, required current for protection & voltage supplied by rectifier).
Subdued Voices: Women Characters and their Author in Inside the Haveli
Authors: Dr S. U. Chavan  
Published: March 2022

Rama Mehta is an eminent novelist who contributed significantly to Indian English fiction by bringing female issues to the fore through her exemplary novel, Inside the Haveli. The novel shows a predominant concern with the subjugating condition of women characters shackled in the Indian patriarchal structure and brings, particularly, into light the repressed state of female characters and the elements that determine their submission. Simultaneously, based on the incident, the novel reveals silence and submission on the part of the novelist as well. Nevertheless, the work seems stifled when dealing with women's issues; its movements are confusing, contradicting and oscillating. The characters and their author appear tense under pressure showing a disinclination to adopt a bold stance. This cramped and oscillating situation speaks of their helplessness and repressed situation.
Magic Realism in the Works of Isabel Allende and Gabriel García and Laura Esquivel
Authors: Mahesh Chandra Tiwari  
Published: March 2022

To begin, this article provides a short overview of Magic Realism. The meaning of the term the origins and development of Magical Realist literature, as well as "Magic Realism," must be explored next. Three famous authors will be discussed: Garcia Marquez, Isabelle Allende, and Laura Esquivel, as well as female writers Isabelle Allende and Laura Esquivel. In addition, a number of outstanding works by well-known authors connected with the literary movement Magical Realism are critically analysed. A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings, Like Water for Chocolate and The House of the Spirits are among the notable literary works to be studied in terms of their Magical Realist aspects.
Bama’s Sangati: A Traumatic Chain of Gender Discrimination
Authors: Dr. Kanwar Pal Singh  
Published: March 2022

Sangati (1994), a novel in translation from Tamil to English, is the second work of Bama (b.1958) also known as Bama Faustina Soosairaj, a Dalit feminist. It is a unique novel without any marked plot or central character, and it seeks to explore the impact of a number of discriminations suffered by Dalit Christian women. This paper is a realistic investigation into the text of the novel to find out the events of gender discrimination resulting into subjugation and marginalization of women especially Dalit women, like Velliaiyamma, Mariamma, Thayi, Vasuki, Maikkani, Maikkani’s mother, Esakki and the narrator herself. All of them are exploited by the male members of their family as well as society and bear the traumatic behaviour at every step of their pathetic lives. In the broad light of day, they are entertained as the home servants and in darkness of night; they are treated as an object of sexual satisfaction. Women have been declared as misbegotten and treated as animals, objects of sexual pleasure, and slaves of men who have their birthrights to exploit, to beat, to burn them alive and so on.
Efficacy of vazirani akinosi and gow gates technique in inferior alveolar nerve block
Authors: Almasri Mazen Ahmad , Karpe Tanveer , Mogla Sahil , Pendyala Siva Kumar , MP Keshini , Hussain Arshad Bin , Tiwari Heena Dixit 
Published: March 2022

Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the onset of anesthesia, anesthetic success and incidence of positive aspiration during administration of local anesthetic solution using the Vazirani Akinosi and Gow Gates techniques. Methodology: The study involves 100 subjects, divided into two different groups of 50 subjects each receiving Gow Gates, Vazirani Akinosi nerve blocks. The onset of anesthesia, positive aspiration and anesthetic success was evaluated. Results: In Vazirani Akinosi technique group, patients showed highest anesthetic success of 95.71%; there was a significant difference seen between the Gow Gates and Vazirani Akinosi techniques (p = 0.0241). The mean value of the onset of anesthesia in Gow Gates technique showed the longest 343.71 ± 153.20 s and in Vazirani Akinosi technique it was 192.86 ± 61.20 s. Conclusion: The Vazirani Akinosi technique was found to be significantly better than GG techniques with respect to both onset and success of anesthesia.
Role of mandibular canines in sex determination in northern central region of India
Authors: Sudele Dilip Kumar , Gajbhiye Vivekanand 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: The gender is very important part of identification. Gender identification is very crucial for personal identification of an individual, because the age and stature determination is dependent on the gender of the individual. For gender identification we can use much other bone like mandible, skull and maxilla, gender identification can also done from tooth like canine most commonly we can use mandibular canine for gender identification. Aim and objective: Total 200 subjects were taken for the study purpose in which 100 are male and rest 100 are females in the department of RKDF medical collage & RKDF dental college Bhopal The complete procedure was explained to the subjects and there written consent was taken from the subjects. The age group of the subjects was vary form 20- 40 years. Results: In our study we found that the mean mesiodistal width of right mandibular canine was 6.98 mm in male and in female it was 6.66. the mean mesiodistal width of left mandibular canine was 7.21 mm in male and in female it was 6.76 mm the Inter?arch canine width of male is 27.19 mm and in female subjects is 26.22 mm.
Designing wastewater treatment plant by using biosynthesized titanium oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Qader May Abdul Hafed Abdul , Al-Rawi Amera Mahmood , Al-Ahmedy Kussay Kamal 
Published: March 2022

In this research, a lab scale wastewater treatment plant was locally designed as a continuous culture of activated sludge and using dual water purification system and titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs). Biosynthesis of TiO2NPs and characterization were done, then nanofilter was prepared by tightly wrapping the filter with gauze and moistened it with 1% TiO2 NPs solution until saturation, a control filter was also prepared. Wastewater sample was passed through each filter. The results showed that the TiO2 NPs filter was improved their quality as showed the values of physical, chemical and biological properties of wastewater which included turbidity that decreased from 561 to became 2.9 NTU, the total solid and total suspended solid were decreased from (1820, 1217 mg/l) to (421, 2 mg/l) respectively, the biological and chemical oxygen demands were decreased from (256, 410 mg/l) to became (50, 41.5 mg/l) respectively. The NO3-1, PO4-3, SO4-2 were reduced from ( 100, 8.2, 78) to (6.8, 0.9, 48) respectively. Additionally heavy metals were successfully removed and total plate count, total coliform, total fecal coliform and total fungi were highly decreased.
Developed High Scale Bagging Algorithm for E-Tourism Advising System
Authors: Rula Amjed Hamid  , Muayad Sadik Croock  
Published: March 2022

Filtering huge amounts of data is a very critical issue with the explosion of data over the web and cloud storage. A need to classify and sort these data is linked to that issue to facilitate data management and database building for various applications. Machine learning techniques are the most suitable to deal with such big data.
One of the applications that can be implemented in machine learning is a tourist advising system that harvests data from tourism sites and aggregates different types of data about them (humidity, temperature, distance from user’s country, etc…) and classifies them. These data should be updated constantly, since the system provides real-time decision based on real-time data, where they are used later on by a bagging system to provide the user with suggested tourism sites with percentage to how suitable these sites according to the preferences submitted in addition to some other criteria.
Hydrated Eutectic Electrolyte with Ligand‐Oriented Solvation Shell to Boost the Stability of Zinc Battery
Authors: Han Mingming , Huang Jiwu , Xie Xuesong , Li Tian Chen , Huang Jiangtao , Liang Shuquan , Zhou Jiang , Fan Hong Jin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDespite the substantial progress in cathode materials in the past few years, rechargeable zinc batteries (RZBs) are plagued by rapid performance degradation due to dendrite formation and notorious side reactions at the Zn anode side. Here, an optimized hydrated eutectic electrolyte (HEE) system containing methylsulfonylmethane, zinc perchlorate, and water, in which an organic ligand coordinated the solvation shell of Zn ions with water molecules constituting the eutectic network, is proposed. Compared to common aqueous solutions, this HEE system is proven effective in promoting the smooth Zn deposition and plating/stripping reversibility as well as suppressing side reactions. The vanadium‐based zinc batteries based on this new HEE exhibit exceptionally high‐capacity retention (≈100% retention even after 1600 cycles at a relatively small current density of 1000 mA g−1). This study offers a new type of electrolyte for RZBs and a deep understanding of the effect of Zn2+ solvent sheath structure on the cycle reversibility.
Flexible Blade‐Coated Optoelectronic Devices: Dual Functionality via Simultaneous Deposition
Authors: Jan Jasmine , Zhu Juan , Ting Jonathan , Arias Ana C. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAdvances in printing techniques have enabled a new generation of low‐cost and large‐area flexible electronics. However, in applications where a combination of printed components is required, multiple fabrication processes and subsequent integration can be complex and time consuming. Additionally, these applications require devices to be stacked atop each other, reducing overall mechanical flexibility. In this work, surface‐energy‐patterning (SEP) is used to enable simultaneous blade coating of organic photodiode (OPD) and organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) films side‐by‐side. The result is dual functionality on a single flexible substrate. Various active layer solution concentrations are investigated to optimize active layer thicknesses and consequently optimize the performance of each device. A peak spectral responsivity of 0.33 A W−1 at 800 nm is achieved for optimized OPDs and a maximum luminance of 7000 cd m−2 is achieved for optimized OLEDs at an applied bias of 8 V. Overall, this technique enables the printing of two functionally distinct devices in a single step without compromising the performance of either device.