bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redlining has led to increasing rates of nephrolithiasis in minoritized populations: a hypothesis
Authors: Scotland Kymora B. , Cushing Lara , Scales Charles D. , Eisenman David P. , Goldfarb David S. 
Published: October 2022

Purpose of review
The persistent rise in kidney stone prevalence in recent decades has prompted much speculation as to the causes. There has been some discussion about the effect of heat on nephrolithiasis. Here, we review recent data and postulate that heat may play a role in stone formation on a large scale and among African-Americans in particular.

Recent findings
African-Americans are the race/ancestry group with faster rates of increasing incidence and prevalence of kidney stones. We make the observation that urban heat islands in the United States have resulted in part from the effects of redlining, a practice of systematic segregation and racism in housing that led to the development of neighborhoods with substantial disparities in environmental conditions.

Summary
In this thought experiment, we propose that the disproportionate rise in the prevalence of nephrolithiasis in minoritized populations correlates with increased temperatures specifically in neighborhoods adversely affected by the practice of redlining. We discuss phenomena in support of this hypothesis and ongoing work to test this theory.
The Power of Observation in Advancing Celiac Disease
Authors: Bosch Barbara , Holt Peter R. 
Published: October 2022

The link between bread and wheat products and celiac disease was first recognized by Willem Dicke in the 1930s through clinical observations of his child patients. The role of gluten as the toxic factor was then proven by Drs. Dicke, Weijers and Van de Kamer in brilliant and prolonged studies in a small number of children.
The Dutch Coeliac Society helped us interview surviving child subjects of these studies.
Vignettes of their lives, difficulties and memories are presented in their own words. These testimonies emphasize the central role clinical observation has had in our understanding of celiac disease pathophysiology.
Metachronous Osteosarcoma, A Differential Diagnosis to be Considered in Children With Osteosarcoma: A Review of Literature and a Case From Our Center
Authors: Gotta Jennifer , Bochennek Konrad , Klingebiel Thomas , Bielack Stefan , Wild Peter J. , Demes Melanie C. , Gradhand Elise 
Published: October 2022

Metachronous osteosarcomas (MOS) are currently defined as tumors that arise in a way and site unusual for typical metastasis. In this article, we reviewed the recent literature on the occurrence of metachronous osteosarcoma and presented a case from our center. Our patient, a 10-year-old girl, presented with metachronous osteoblastic osteosarcoma of the left distal femur ∼5 years after the successful treatment for osteosarcoma of the right distal femur. Even after several relapses, complete remission (CR) was achieved after the first osteosarcoma and after the metachronous osteosarcoma. The literature research revealed that metachronous osteosarcoma occurs in 3.4 to 5.4% of osteosarcoma patients. The time interval between the diagnosis of the initial osteosarcoma and the metachronous tumor ranged from 0.2 to 14.3 years (median 2.5 y). MOS appears to have differences in localization and metastatic spread, as well as a different survival pattern compared with primary osteosarcoma and osteosarcoma recurrence. Survival (median 4.3 y, range 0 to 24.6 y) appears to be associated with the time interval to diagnosis of MOS. In particular, early MOS (<24 mo after primary diagnosis) seem to have a poorer prognosis. Therefore, the occurrence of MOS at oncological unusual sites should be considered as a differential diagnosis in osteosarcoma survivors.
Point-of-Care Noninvasive Technology for Pediatric Dehydration Assessment
Authors: Sheridan David C. , Kohn-Loncarica Guillermo A. , Nunez Pedro , Hudson Rebekah , Lin Amber , Samatham Ravi , Hansen Matthew L. 
Published: October 2022

Objective
Dehydration is a commonly encountered problem worldwide. Current clinical assessment is limited by subjectivity and limited provider training with children. The objective of this study is to investigate a new noninvasive, point-of-care technology that measures capillary refill combined with patient factors to accurately diagnose dehydration.

Methods
This is a prospective observational study at a tertiary care children's hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Patients were eligible if younger than 10 years who presented to the emergency department with vomiting and/or diarrhea whom the triage nurse deems to be potentially dehydrated. Patients had the digital capillary refill device done on presentation in addition to standard of care vital signs and weight. Patients had serial weights measured on hospital scales throughout their stay. The primary outcome was dehydration, which was calculated as a percent change in weight from admission to discharge.

Results
Seventy-six children were enrolled in the study with 56 included in the final analysis. A stepwise forward method selection chose malnutrition, temperature, and systolic blood pressure for the multivariable model. The area under the curve for the final model was fair (0.7431). To further look into the utility of such a device in the home setting where blood pressure is not available often, we reran the model without systolic blood pressure. The area under the curve for the final model was 0.7269.

Conclusions
The digital capillary refill point-of-care device combined with readily available patient-specific factors may improve the ability to detect pediatric dehydration and facilitate earlier treatment or transfer to higher levels of care.
A Surprising Lead Point in an Ileocolic Intussusception
Authors: Scheier Eric , Brenner Galit , Oren Shachar 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Appendicitis and intussusception are 2 of the most common abdominal emergencies in children and have high rates of morbidity if not treated promptly. However, only rarely do they occur together. We present a case in which clinical suspicion for intussusception was not high. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) was performed in the pediatric emergency department, revealing both ileocolic intussusception and appendicitis. This case reinforces the importance of maintaining a broad differential diagnosis in unclear clinical scenarios and of the potential utility of POCUS. In our case, identification of intussusception on POCUS facilitated expeditious treatment, identification of the lead point, and allowed the treating physicians to prepare for the possibility of surgical management.
One-Year Outcomes of Ear Molding for Infants with Constricted Ear
Authors: Chen Peiwei , Yang Jinsong , Yang Lin , Liu Yujie , Gao Mengdie , Li Sijia , Wang Danni , Zhao Shouqin 
Published: October 2022

Background:
Ear molding is a noninvasive treatment that shows promising results for neonatal ear deformations. However, little research has evaluated the 1-year outcomes, especially relapse situations, of ear molding for ear malformations.

Methods:
One-year molding efficacy for constricted ear, which is a common malformation that affects the esthetic appearance of the auricle, was assessed during this single-center, prospective study that conducted over a 3-year period (May 2017 to April 2020). Infants with constricted ears were recruited and treated with the EarWell Infant Corrective System. Constricted ear classification, age at treatment application, duration of treatment, complications, and parent satisfaction were analyzed. Photographic documentation of the ears was performed before treatment, at treatment termination, and 12 months after treatment to evaluate treatment efficacy and relapse.

Results:
Sixty patients with 91 constricted ears were recruited. The EarWell Infant Corrective System was initiated before 2 weeks of age for 75.0% of these patients. Successful correction was achieved in 85.8% of patients. Early molding initiation (<14 days) resulted in a significantly higher success rate (P=0.017). Class 1 and class 2 deformities achieved better outcomes than class 3 deformities (P=0.001). Among the 91 auricles, 37 ears (40.7%) relapsed: 36.3% had mild relapse, 4.4% had moderate relapse, and 0% had severe relapse. The treatment duration for patients with relapse was shorter than for patients without relapse (P=0.035).

Conclusions:
Early ear molding was an effective treatment for constricted ear. Sufficient molding duration and consolidation periods were crucial in maintaining treatment effects.
Prevalence and risk factors of frailty among adults living with HIV aged 70 years or older
Authors: Allavena Clotilde , Blain Hubert , Abulizi Xian , Slama Laurence , Katlama Christine , Delobel Pierre , Rio Vanessa , Cagnot Carole , Raho-Moussa Mariem , Makinson Alain , Meyer Laurence 
Published: October 2022

Objectives and design:
Frailty is a phenotype associated with adverse health outcomes in older persons. It has been evaluated mainly in middle-aged persons with HIV (PWH). The French multicenter prospective ANRS EP66 SEPTAVIH study aimed to assess frailty prevalence and risk factors in PWH aged 70 years or older on antiretroviral treatment (ART) for at least 12 months.

Methods:
At baseline, Fried frailty phenotype criteria, sociodemographic data, medical/HIV history, functional status, comorbidities, including impaired cognitive function, depression, history of falls, and co-medications were collected. We measured the prevalence of frailty and compared the characteristics of frail versus prefrail and robust participants using univariate (Kruskal–Wallis tests for continuous variables and Chi2 tests for categorical variables) and multivariate analyses.

Results:
Five hundred and ten PWH, mostly male (81.4%), were included with a median age of 73 years. The median HIV and ART durations were 22.7 years and 15.7 years, respectively. The prevalence of frailty was 13.5%, and of prefrailty 63.3%. In the multivariate analysis, increasing age [odds ratio (OR) 1.79 for each 5-year increment; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32–2.41], deprived socioeconomic status (OR 3.17; 95% CI 1.76–5.70), and multimorbidities (three or more) (OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.06–3.90) were associated with frailty.

Conclusion:
A low prevalence of frailty was reported (13.5%) in PWH aged 70 years or older, whereas two-thirds of them were prefrail. Age, low socioeconomic status, and multimorbidities, but no HIV-related factors, were associated with frailty, suggesting the need to target these factors to help promoting successful aging in this population.
Early pneumonia diagnosis decreases ventilator-associated pneumonia rates in trauma population
Authors: Harrell Kevin N. , Lee William B. , Rooks Hunter J. , Briscoe W. Eric , Capote Walter , Dart Benjamin W. , Hunt Darren J. , Maxwell Robert A. 
Published: October 2022

BACKGROUND
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a source of morbidity and mortality for trauma patients. Aspiration events are also common because of traumatic brain injury, altered mental status, or facial trauma. In patients requiring mechanical ventilation, early pneumonias (EPs) may be erroneously classified as ventilator associated.

METHODS
A prospective early bronchoscopy protocol was implemented from January 2020 to January 2022. Trauma patients intubated before arrival or within 48 hours of admission underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) within 24 hours of intubation. Patients with more than 100,000 colony-forming units on BAL were considered to have EP.

RESULTS
A total of 117 patients underwent early BAL. Ninety-three (79.5%) had some growth on BAL with 36 (30.8%) meeting criteria for EP. For the total study population, 29 patients (24.8%) were diagnosed with VAP later in their hospital course, 12 of which had previously been diagnosed with EP. Of EP patients (n = 36), 21 (58.3%) were treated with antibiotics based on clinical signs of infection. Of EP patients who had a later pneumonia diagnosed by BAL (n = 12), seven (58.3%) grew the same organism from their initial BAL. When these patients were excluded from VAP calculation, the rate was reduced by 27.6%. Patients with EP had a higher rate of smoking history (41.7% vs. 19.8%, p < 0.001) compared with patients without EP. There was no difference in median hospital length of stay, intensive care unit length of stay, ventilator days, or mortality between the two cohorts.

CONCLUSION
Early pneumonia is common in trauma patients intubated within the first 48 hours of admission and screening with early BAL identifies patients with aspiration or pretraumatic indicators of pneumonia. Accounting for these patients with early BAL significantly reduces reported VAP rates.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.
Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells decreases local and serological monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 level during the acute phase of rat spinal cord injury
Authors: Wang Yiqun , Gong Minjie , He Xijing , Wu Yutong , Li Yuhuan , Li Jialiang , Wen Zhijing , Wang Yibin , Gu Pengzhen , Li Haopeng 
Published: October 2022

Objectives:
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) is one of the most upregulated cytokines in the spinal cord and serum throughout acute spinal cord injury (SCI). Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) transplantation improves SCI through multiple mechanisms, including immunomodulation. Our study aimed to investigate whether OECs ameliorate acute inflammation after SCI by modulating MCP1 expression.

Methods:
We established a standardized clinically relevant contusion model using the NYU impactor. OECs were administered to the injured spinal cord via microinjection 30 minutes after injury. Rat locomotor functions were assessed by the Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan scale score. Time-course histopathological (H&E and IHC) analyses were performed to record rapid changes in acute inflammation at lesion epicenters. Serum MCP1 level was detected by ELISA assay.

Results:
BBB scores showed improved locomotor functional recoveries in the OECs transplantation group after SCI (P < 0.05). Staining of H&E and CD68 illustrated that OECs transplantation attenuated inflammatory response by reducing lesion areas and infiltrating myeloid cell numbers. We further revealed significantly decreased MCP1 levels in the spinal cord and serum after OECs transplantation (P < 0.05). Noteworthily, distinct expression levels of MCP1 were found in rats undergoing a mild injury (cord impacted from a 10-mm height) compared to the moderate injury (25-mm) group.

Conclusion:
Our study reports that transplantation of OECs promotes locomotor functional recovery after SCI and alleviates acute inflammation by decreasing local and serological MCP1 levels. We provide preliminary evidence that MCP1 might serve as a potential biomarker to reflect the severity of SCI, which is of great interest in future studies.
VEXAS syndrome is characterized by blood and tissues inflammasome pathway activation and monocyte dysregulation
Authors: Kosmider Olivier , Possémé Céline , Templé Marie , Corneau Aurélien , Carbone Francesco , Duroyon Eugénie , Chirayath Twinu-Wilson , Luka Marine , Gobeaux Camille , Lazaro Estibaliz , Outh Roderau , Le Guenno Guillaume , Lifermann François , Berleur Marie , Friedrich Chloé , Lenormand Cédric , Weitten Thierry , Guillotin Vivien , Burroni Barbara , Sohier Pierre , Boussier Jay , Willems Lise , Aractingi Selim , Dionet Léa , Tharaux Pierre-Louis , Vergier Béatrice , Raynaud Pierre , Ea Hang-Korng , Ménager Mickael , Duffy Darragh , Terrier Benjamin 
Published: October 2022

SUMMARYAcquired mutations in theUBA1gene, occurring in myeloid cells and resulting in expression of a catalytically impaired isoform of the enzyme E1, were recently identified in patients with severe adult-onset auto-inflammatory syndrome called VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic). The precise physiological and clinical impact of these mutations remains poorly defined.Here, we studied a unique prospective cohort of individuals with severe autoinflammatory disease with (VEXAS) or without (VEXAS-like)UBA1somatic mutations and compared with low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and aged gender-matched healthy controls. We performed an integrated immune analysis including multiparameter phenotyping of peripheral blood leukocytes, cytokines profiling, bulk and single-cell gene expression analyses and skin tissue imaging mass cytometry.Focusing on myeloid cells, we show that monocytes fromUBA1-mutated individuals were quantitatively and qualitatively impaired and displayed features of exhaustion with aberrant expression of chemokine receptors. Within affected tissues, pathological skin biopsies from VEXAS patients showed an abundant enrichment of CD16+CD163+monocytes adjacent to blood vessels and M1 macrophages, possibly promoting local inflammation in part through STAT3 activation. In peripheral blood from VEXAS patients, we identified a significant increase in circulating levels of many proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-18 which reflect inflammasome activation and markers of myeloid cells dysregulation. Gene expression analysis of whole blood confirmed the role of circulating cells in the IL-1β and IL-18 dysregulation in VEXAS patients and revealed a significant enrichment of TNF-α and NFκB signaling pathways that could mediate cell death and inflammation. Single-cell analysis confirmed the inflammatory state of monocytes from VEXAS patients and allowed us to identify specific molecular pathways that could explain monocytopenia, especially the activation of PANoptosis and a deficiency in the TYROBP/DAP12 axis and β-catenin signaling pathway. Together, these findings on monocytes from patients withUBA1mutations provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms involving the mature myeloid commitment in VEXAS syndrome and suggest that the control of the undescribed inflammasome activation and PANoptosis could be novel therapeutic targets in this condition.GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Deacidification of distal lysosomes by neuronal aging drives synapse loss
Authors: Burrinha Tatiana , Cunha César , Almeida Cláudia Guimas 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPreviously, we found that age-dependent beta-amyloid accumulation is not enough to cause synaptic decline. Here, we characterized endolysosomes (late-endosomes and lysosomes) in aged neurons and the aged brain, which might drive synaptic decline since lysosomes are a cellular aging target and relevant for synapses. Neuronal aging induces enlarged endolysosome accumulation in the aged neurons and brain, especially distally, related to the increased anterograde movement. Aged lysosomes abound in neurites but are less degradative due to deacidification despite cathepsin D buildup, leading to late-endosome accumulation. Increasing the acidification of aged lysosomes by ML-SA1 treatment increased degradation and reverted synaptic decline, while lysosome alkalinization by chloroquine treatment mimicked age-dependent lysosome dysfunction and synaptic decline. We identify the deacidification of distal lysosomes as a neuronal mechanism of age-dependent synapse loss. Our findings suggest that future therapeutic strategies to address lysosomal defects might be able to delay age-related synaptic decline.HighlightsEnlarged endolysosomes accumulate close to synapses in aged neurons and aged brainLate-endosomes accumulate with neuronal agingAged lysosomes are less acidic and degradative despite accumulating Cathepsin DIncreasing acidification of aged lysosomes improves synapses, while deacidification recapitulates age-dependent synapse lossSummaryWe identify the downregulation of the lysosome degradative activity via deacidification as a neuronal aging mechanism contributing to aging-dependent synapse loss.Graphical abstract
COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness against Symptomatic and Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections with the Delta Variant among a Cohort of Children Aged ≥ 12 Years and Adults in Utah
Authors: Mohanty Sarita , Dawood Fatimah S. , Stanford Joseph B. , Duque Jazmin , Stockwell Melissa S. , Veguilla Vic , Porucznik Christina A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe conducted weekly surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 infection among a sample of households with ≥1 child aged 0-17 years from selected Utah counties. A Cox proportional hazards model approach was used to calculate infection hazard rate and vaccine effectiveness. Findings show that the recommended primary series of COVID-19 vaccine was effective against circulating variants during a Delta-predominant wave in Utah.
Trans-ancestry meta-analysis of genome wide association studies of inhibitory control
Authors: Arnatkeviciute Aurina , Lemire Mathieu , Morrison Claire , Mooney Michael , Ryabinin Peter , Roslin Nicole , Nikolas Molly , Coxon James , Tiego Jeggan , Hawi Ziarih , Fornito Alex , Henrik Walter , Martinot Jean-Luc , Paillère Martinot Marie-Laure , Artiges Eric , Garavan Hugh , Nigg Joel , Friedman Naomi , Burton Christie , Schachar Russell , Crosbie Jennifer , Bellgrove Mark A. 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTDeficits in effective executive function, including inhibitory control are associated with risk for a number of psychiatric disorders and significantly impact everyday functioning. These complex traits have been proposed to serve as endophenotypes, however their genetic architecture is not yet well understood. To identify the common genetic variation associated with inhibitory control in the general population we performed the first trans-ancestry genome wide association study (GWAS) combining data across 8 sites and four ancestries (N=14,877) using behavioural traits derived from the stop-signal task, namely – go reaction time (GoRT), go reaction time variability (GoRT SD) and stop signal reaction time (SSRT). Although we did not identify genome wide significant associations for any of the three traits, GoRT SD and SSRT demonstrated significant and similar SNP heritability of 8.2%, indicative of an influence of genetic factors. Power analyses demonstrated that the number of common causal variants contributing to the heritability of these phenotypes is relatively high and larger sample sizes are necessary to robustly identify associations. The polygenic risk for ADHD was significantly associated with GoRT SD further supporting its suggested utility as an endophenotype for ADHD. Together these findings provide the first evidence indicating the influence of common genetic variation in the genetic architecture of inhibitory control quantified using objective behavioural traits derived from the stop-signal task.