bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Razzack Azra , Siddiqui M. Atyab 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter wraps up the discussion on the school in the context of the identity of Muslims in post-partition India. There is a discussion on the community and its attempt at reconfiguring after partition, on nostalgia around the school and its monumentalizing by the community. There is a discussion around the Muslim nationalist viewpoint and the leadership provided by the Congress and of leaders like Maulana Azad. The chapter ends with a reflection on what is the school all about and the differing challenges of survival and identity. The challenges for the institution are multifarious, and the Qaum which perceives itself as its most ardent supporter has to constantly stand up with positive resolute to give its survival an unmatched momentum.
Locality, Genre, and Self-Definitions of Rampuris
Authors: Khan Razak 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the agency and creativity of Rampuri subjects and their engagement with locality, history, and emotions. This is done by looking at Urdu literature and writings produced by Rampuris. This includes local histories of Rampur, biographical compendia of Rampuris as well as life narratives written by them about Rampur under the Nawabs. This exploration is done to highlight the diverse understanding of locality, identity, and public culture within Rampur. I do so by exploring another space—literary space as produced by inhabitants of Rampur. It concerns itself particularly with the issue of space and subjectivity by exploring the place identity of inhabitants of Rampur (Rampuri) and sense of belonging (Rampuriyat) that also conveys emotional attachment of self and space. This allows us to understand the role of literary articulations in place-making and imparting meaning to Rampur as a distinct locality.
Dynasties in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Van Coppenolle Brenda , Smith Daniel M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The hereditary transfer of political power within families is a prominent feature of premodern societies and persists in some form even in modern democracies. This chapter reviews the role of dynasties in the historical development of states and how patterns in dynastic politics serve as a useful metric for understanding the evolution of power and state organization in historical political economy research. The chapter identifies and describes three broad declines in the role of dynasties in politics: (1) a decline of monarchy in favor of democracy and other forms of government, (2) a decline in the prevalence of elected members of dynasties in democracies, and (3) a decline in the gendered differences in dynastic entry into politics. Despite these general declines, dynastic ties remain advantageous to politicians’ careers in many countries, especially when it comes to reaching the top echelons of power in the executive.
Causal Inference and Knowledge Accumulation in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Callis Anna , Dunning Thad , Tuñón Guadalupe 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Empirical scholarship on historical political economy (HPE) has been greatly influenced by the so-called credibility revolution. Critics rightly worry, however, about the revolution’s capacity to aid explanation, as opposed to the estimation of treatment effects. This chapter describes three empirical strategies that can foster stronger accumulation of knowledge about generalizability and causal mechanisms and goes on to survey their use in HPE, especially in research on the consequences of European colonial expansion. Grounded in design-based approaches, these strategies offer leverage for explanation and provide avenues for the development and testing of generalizable theory. There is no necessary tension between the credibility revolution and the construction of a comprehensive, cross-case evidence base. However, it would be useful if strategies for cumulative learning—such as those described here—were leveraged more explicitly and purposively across studies.
Concurrent observations of the euphausiid Thysanoessa raschii in an Icelandic fjord by acoustics and Video Plankton Recorder: comparisons with theoretical models of target strength
Authors: Reynisson Pall , Gislason Astthor , Lawson Gareth L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In two surveys in an Icelandic fjord, September 2016 and October 2018, the target strength (TS) of the euphausiid Thysanoessa raschii was estimated at four frequencies (38, 70, 120, 200 kHz) by matching the acoustic backscatter to the number of euphausiids detected by a Video Plankton Recorder (VPR). Using forward-looking strobe lights on the VPR and doubling the towing speed lowered the estimated target strength by 4.3 dB. In 2016, the TS for euphausiids of mean length 20.7 mm averaged −98.4, −92.3, −86.6 and −82.8 dB at 38, 70, 120 and 200 kHz frequencies, respectively. In 2018, TS for euphausiids of mean length 19.9 mm averaged −98.2 dB at 38 kHz and −88.3 dB at 120 kHz. Theoretical modeling using a Distorted-Wave Born Approximation-based approach was used to compute the average target strength for the observed length distributions and for several density and sound speed contrast (g, h) and orientations. Except at 38 kHz, these results are in reasonable agreement with the TS estimated from the VPR-acoustic comparisons. The methodological approach presented provides an alternative to net-acoustic comparison or modeling for the estimation of euphausiid target strength.
Comparison of Contralateral Acceleromyography and Electromyography for Posttetanic Count Measurement
Authors: Joo Hyunyoung , Cho Sooyoung , Lee Jong Wha , Kim Won Joong , Lee Hyun Jung , Woo Jae Hee , Lee Giyear , Baik Hee Jung 
Published: December 2022

Background
Electromyography has advantages over mechanomyography and acceleromyography. Previously, agreement of the train-of-four counts between acceleromyography and electromyography was found to be fair. The objective of this study was to assess the agreement of posttetanic count including agreement of neuromuscular blockade status (intense block, posttetanic count equal to 0; or deep block, posttetanic count 1 or greater and train-of-four count equal to 0) between acceleromyography and electromyography.

Methods
Thirty-six patients, aged 20 to 65 yr, participated in this study. A dose of 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium, with additional dose of 0.3 mg/kg if required, was administered to the patients. The train-of-four and posttetanic counts were monitored in the contralateral arm using electromyography at the first dorsal interosseus or adductor pollicis, and acceleromyography at the adductor pollicis. Posttetanic count measurements were performed at 6-min intervals; the responses were recorded until the train-of-four count reached 1. The authors evaluated the agreement of degree of neuromuscular blockade (intense or deep block) and that of posttetanic count between acceleromyography and electromyography.

Results
The authors analyzed 226 pairs of measurements. The percentage agreement indicating the same neuromuscular blockade status (intense or deep block) between acceleromyography and electromyography was 73%. Cohen’s kappa coefficient value was 0.26. After excluding data with acceleromyography–posttetanic counts greater than 15, a total of 184 pairs of posttetanic counts were used to evaluate the agreement between the two monitoring methods. For acceleromyography–posttetanic count, 42 (23%) pairs had the same electromyography–posttetanic count, and 93 (50%) pairs had more than the electromyography–posttetanic count. The mean posttetanic count on electromyography was 38% (95% CI, 20 to 51%) lower than that on acceleromyography (P = 0.0002).

Conclusions
Acceleromyography frequently counted more twitches than electromyography in posttetanic count monitoring. Acceleromyography– and electromyography–posttetanic counts cannot be used interchangeably to assess the degree of neuromuscular blockade.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Timing of Maternal Smoking Cessation and Newborn Weight, Height, and Head Circumference
Authors: Tatsuta Nozomi , Asato Kaname , Anai Akane , Suzuki Tomohisa , Sakurai Kasumi , Ota Chiharu , Arima Takahiro , Sugawara Junichi , Yaegashi Nobuo , Nakai Kunihiko ,   for the Japan Environment and Children's Study Group
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To examine the relationship between timing of smoking cessation during pregnancy and anthropometric indices of newborns.

METHODS:
Mothers and neonates enrolled in the JECS (Japan Environment and Children's Study), a nationwide birth cohort study, were examined. Patients with full-term neonates were included in the analysis, and 73,025 mother–neonate pairs with complete data were identified. The mothers were classified into six groups according to smoking status during pregnancy (nonsmokers [Q1, n=44,198]; ex-smokers who quit before pregnancy [Q2, n=16,461]; ex-smokers who quit in the first trimester [Q3, n=8,948]; ex-smokers who quit in the second trimester [Q4, n=498]; ex-smokers who quit in the third trimester [Q5, n=651]; and smokers who smoked throughout pregnancy [Q6, n=2,269)]). Data on smoking were based on questionnaires administered in the first, second, or third trimester and 1 month after delivery. The primary outcomes were birth weight, height, and head circumference.

RESULTS:
Compared with nonsmokers (Q1), no adverse outcomes were observed for ex-smokers who quit before pregnancy (Q2). The mean adjusted weights of male and female neonates were 135 g and 125 g lower, respectively, in Q6 participants than in Q1 participants. Comparing Q1 and Q6 participants, height was 0.6 cm and 0.7 cm smaller for male and female neonates, respectively. Head circumference in neonates of Q6 participants was 0.3 cm and 0.3 cm smaller for male and female neonates, respectively, than that in Q1 participants. Across all three measures, smoking cessation in the first and second trimester reduced the differential in outcomes between nonsmokers and individuals who smoked throughout pregnancy.

CONCLUSION:
Smoking during pregnancy is associated with reduced newborn birth weight, height, and head circumference. Earlier smoking cessation during pregnancy reduces the adverse effects of smoking on fetal growth.
Minimally Invasive Compared With Open Surgery in High-Risk Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Dinoi Giorgia , Ghoniem Khaled , Murad M. Hassan , Segarra-Vidal Blanca , Zanfagnin Valentina , Coronado Pluvio J. , Kyrgiou Maria , Perrone Anna M. , Zola Paolo , Weaver Amy , McGree Michaela , Fanfani Francesco , Scambia Giovanni , Ramirez Pedro T. , Mariani Andrea 
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To compare outcomes between minimally invasive surgery and open surgery in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer.

DATA SOURCES:
A cohort study of all patients who underwent surgery for high-risk endometrial cancer between 1999 and 2016 at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota) and a literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus of all published studies until December 2020.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:
The systematic review identified 2,332 patients (14 studies, all retrospective except a subanalysis of a randomized comparison) and the cohort study identified 542 additional patients. Articles were included if reporting original data on overall survival and disease-free survival among patients with high-risk endometrial cancer, defined as International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics grade 3 endometrioid, serous, clear cell, mixed histology, or uterine carcinosarcoma. Studies that did not report at least one of the main outcomes, those in which one surgical technique (robotic or laparoscopic surgery) was missing in the comparison analysis with open surgery, and case reports were excluded. Additional data were extracted from a retrospective cohort of patients from Mayo. A random-effect model was used for meta-analysis.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:
This systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO. Literature search and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers, as well as quality assessment using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed. Meta-analysis showed that disease-free survival and overall survival in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer who underwent minimally invasive surgery were not statistically different from those of patients who underwent open abdominal surgery (relative risk [RR] 0.93, 95% CI 0.82–1.05, I2 20%, P=.23; and RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.77–1.11, I2 31%, P=.12, respectively). Subgroup analysis by stage (early vs advanced) did not identify a difference between surgical approaches.

CONCLUSION:
Minimally invasive surgery and open surgery had similar disease-free survival and overall survival in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION:
PROSPERO, CRD42021275535.
Measures of Racism and Discrimination in Preterm Birth Studies
Authors: Balascio Phoebe , Moore Mikaela , Gongalla Megha , Regan Annette , Ha Sandie , Taylor Brandie D. , Hill Ashley V. 
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVE:

Preterm birth (any birth at less than 37 weeks of gestation) disproportionally affects Black birthing people and is associated with adverse perinatal and fetal health outcomes. Racism increases the risk of preterm birth, but standardized measurement metrics are elusive. This narrative synthesis examines literature on measures of racial discrimination used in preterm birth research.

DATA SOURCES:
Six databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed [MEDLINE], Scopus, Web of Science) and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched. Search terms were categorized into three groups (racism terms, measurement terms, preterm birth terms) to identify original research articles that explored associations between racism and preterm birth. English-language, original research articles with U.S. populations were included.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:
Studies were excluded if conducted in only White populations, if only paternal factors were included, or if only racial differences in preterm birth were described. Articles were independently reviewed by two blinded researchers for inclusion at every stage of screening and data extraction; a third reviewer resolved discrepancies.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:
Sixty studies were included in the final analysis. Articles primarily included measures examining interpersonal forms of racism (n=17) through the Experiences of Discrimination and Everyday Discrimination scales, neighborhood composition (n=22) with the Neighborhood Deprivation Index and the Index of Concentration at the Extremes, policy-level racism (n=12) through institutions such as residential racial segregation or policy inequities, or multiple forms (n=9).

CONCLUSION:
Among studies, assessment methods and application of constructs varied. This heterogeneity poses significant challenges to understanding associations between racial discrimination and preterm birth and to describing potential etiologic pathways of preterm birth, which ultimately hinders development of effective intervention. Strategies to capture multilevel exposures to racism require the development and expansion of metrics that are culturally inclusive, empirically valid, and reliable among Black pregnant populations.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION:
PROSPERO, CRD42022327484.
Association of Hospital Surgical Volume With Survival in Early-Stage Cervical Cancer Treated With Radical Hysterectomy
Authors: Bizzarri Nicolò , Dostálek Lukáš , van Lonkhuijzen Luc R. C. W. , Giannarelli Diana , Lopez Aldo , Falconer Henrik , Querleu Denis , Ayhan Ali , Kim Sarah H. , Ortiz David Isla , Klat Jaroslav , Landoni Fabio , Rodriguez Juliana , Manchanda Ranjit , Kosťun Jan , Ramirez Pedro T. , Meydanli Mehmet M. , Odetto Diego , Laky Rene , Zapardiel Ignacio , Weinberger Vit , Dos Reis Ricardo , Pedone Anchora Luigi , Amaro Karina , Salehi Sahar , Akilli Huseyin , Abu-Rustum Nadeem R. , Salcedo-Hernández Rosa A. , Javůrková Veronika , Mom Constantijne H. , Scambia Giovanni , Cibula David 
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the association of number of radical hysterectomies performed per year in each center with disease-free survival and overall survival.METHODS:We conducted an international, multicenter, retrospective study of patients previously included in the Surveillance in Cervical Cancer collaborative studies. Individuals with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2009 stage IB1–IIA1 cervical cancer who underwent radical hysterectomy and had negative lymph nodes at final histology were included. Patients were treated at referral centers for gynecologic oncology according to updated national and international guidelines. Optimal cutoffs for surgical volume were identified using an unadjusted Cox proportional hazard model, with disease-free survival as the outcome and defined as the value that minimizes theP-value of the split in groups in terms of disease-free survival. Propensity score matching was used to create statistically similar cohorts at baseline.RESULTS:A total of 2,157 patients were initially included. The two most significant cutoffs for surgical volume were identified at seven and 17 surgical procedures, dividing the entire cohort into low-volume, middle-volume, and high-volume centers. After propensity score matching, 1,238 patients were analyzed—619 (50.0%) in the high-volume group, 523 (42.2%) in the middle-volume group, and 96 (7.8%) in the low-volume group. Patients who underwent surgery in higher-volume institutions had progressively better 5-year disease-free survival than those who underwent surgery in lower-volume centers (92.3% vs 88.9% vs 83.8%,P=.029). No difference was noted in 5-year overall survival (95.9% vs 97.2% vs 95.2%,P=.70). Cox multivariable regression analysis showed that FIGO stage greater than IB1, presence of lymphovascular space invasion, grade greater than 1, tumor diameter greater than 20 mm, minimally invasive surgical approach, nonsquamous cell carcinoma histology, and lower-volume centers represented independent risk factors for recurrence.CONCLUSION:Surgical volume of centers represented an independent prognostic factor affecting disease-free survival. Increasing number of radical hysterectomies performed in each center every year was associated with improved disease-free survival.
Digital Therapeutic Device for Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Weinstein Milena M. , Dunivan Gena C. , Guaderrama Noelani M. , Richter Holly E. 
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the long-term efficacy of an 8-week regimen of pelvic floor muscle training guided by a motion-based digital therapeutic device compared with a standard home program in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and stress-predominant mixed urinary incontinence (MUI).

METHODS:
The primary virtual trial was conducted from October 2020 to March 2021; 363 women with SUI or stress-predominant MUI were randomized to complete pelvic floor muscle training using the device (intervention group) or a standard home pelvic floor muscle training program (control group) for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes included change in UDI-6 (Urogenital Distress Inventory, Short Form) score and SUI episodes on a 3-day bladder diary. The PGI-I (Patient Global Impression of Improvement) was also assessed, with “much better” and “very much better” responses considered as improvement. In this planned secondary analysis, symptom and adherence data were collected in follow-up at 6 and 12 months. A modified intention-to-treat analysis was performed using Student's t tests and χ2 tests as appropriate.

RESULTS:
Of 299 participants analyzed at 8 weeks, 286 (95.7%) returned 6- and 12-month data (151 in the control group, 135 in the intervention group). Mean age was 51.9±12.8 years, and mean body mass index (BMI) was 31.8±7.4; 84.6% of participants were parous, and 54.9% were postmenopausal. Mean change in UDI-6 score from baseline to 6 and 12 months was significantly greater in the intervention group than in the control group (20.2±20.9 vs 14.8±19.5, P=.03 and 22.7±23.3 vs 15.9±20.3, P=.01, respectively). Participants in the intervention group had more than twice the odds of reporting improvement on the PGI-I compared with participants in the control group (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.49–4.00).

CONCLUSION:
Pelvic floor muscle training guided by a motion-based digital therapeutic device yielded significantly greater urinary incontinence symptom improvement compared with a standard home pelvic floor muscle training program at 6 and 12 months, although continued improvement waned over time. This technology may facilitate pelvic floor muscle training access and adherence for women with SUI and stress-predominant MUI and represents an effective modality for scaling first-line care.

FUNDING SOURCE:
Renovia Inc.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04508153.
Outcomes of Tibiotalocalcaneal Hindfoot Fusion Nails Used for Acute Lower Extremity Trauma in a High-Risk Patient Population
Authors: Fisher Kalin J. , Shannon Steven F. , Dean Christina M. , Coale Max A. , Healey Kathleen M. , O'Toole Robert V. , Manson Theodore T. , O'Hara Nathan N. , Sciadini Marcus F. 
Published: December 2022

Objective:
To determine the outcomes of high-risk patients treated with tibiotalocalcaneal hindfoot fusion nails.

Design:
Retrospective case series.

Setting:
Level I trauma center.

Patients/Participants:
Between January 2007 and December 2016, 50 patients with significant medical comorbidities treated with a tibiotalocalcaneal hindfoot fusion nail in the setting of acute distal tibia and ankle trauma considered to be limb-threatening.

Intervention:
Tibiotalocalcaneal hindfoot fusion nail.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Two-year cumulative incidence of unplanned reoperation and estimated survival with limb salvage at 2 years.

Results:
Of the 50 patients, 20 (38%) had an unplanned reoperation (mean: 2.5 reoperations), including 19 for implant removal, 11 for irrigation and debridement and/or placement of an antibiotic delivery device, and 4 for revision fusion. Three patients required amputation and 3 patients died within 2 years of injury, resulting in an estimated survival with limb salvage at 2 years of 79% (95% confidence interval: 67%–91%). After accounting for the competing risk of death and incomplete follow-up, the 2-year cumulative incidence of unplanned reoperation was 64% (95% confidence interval: 62%–67%).

Conclusions:
Patients in this series experienced a high rate of return to the operating room but a relatively low rate of amputation. Because patients were indicated for this course of treatment on the basis of comorbidities felt to put them at high risk of loss of limb with traditional treatment, acute hindfoot fusion nailing might represent a viable option in select high-risk patients and injuries. Clinicians should be aware that complications are still common.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.