bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les élections présidentielles et les questions de défense sous la V e République
Authors: Buffotot Patrice 
Published: March 2022

Les questions de défense, bien qu’au cœur de la fonction présidentielle, ont perdu de leur importance lors des campagnes électorales. Les équipes des candidats depuis le début du XXI e siècle sont désormais moins au fait des politiques liées à la défense que durant les années 1970-1980, où les débats étaient de haut niveau.
Paternité et fraternité intellectuelles à l’époque des Lumières
Authors: Chiancone Claudio 
Published: March 2022

La reconstruction intégrale de la correspondance inédite de Melchiorre Cesarotti (1730-1808) a permis de découvrir que le cénacle qui se réunissait autour du professeur padouan n’était pas une « école » dans le sens traditionnel du terme. C’est plutôt l’histoire d’une famille d’élection qui au fil du temps avait créé ses propres rituels, et où chaque élève partageait son temps avec le maître et les autres élèves dans un esprit de filialité et de fraternité. Un groupe qui cependant devint, au fil du temps, trop renfermé en lui-même, dominé par un « patriarche » affectionné mais finalement trop oppressif et fier de son propre rôle de mentor. Le texte retrace et analyse l’histoire de ce cercle, en montrant d’un côté comment il se situe parfaitement dans le cadre du concept de « République Littéraire », qui fut tant à la mode pendant le XVIIIe siècle et dont il fut même une application extrême ; et en esquissant, de l’autre côté, l’hypothèse selon laquelle, dans sa création, le cercle césarottien se ressentit des influences de la fraternité maçonnique et chrétienne.
Frères contre la révolution
Authors: Sarlin Simon 
Published: March 2022

En s’opposant au mouvement nationaliste et à la fraternité dont celui-ci se réclamait, l’Anti-Risorgimento – ici entendu comme l’ensemble des oppositions conservatrices à l’unification italienne – ne s’est pas contenté de rejeter une notion dont ses porte-parole dénonçaient le caractère abstrait et pernicieux, dans le droit fil de la pensée politique contre-révolutionnaire. La Contre-Révolution a constamment revendiqué les origines chrétiennes de la fraternité et tenté de promouvoir une vision idéale concurrente, en mesure de nourrir elle aussi des solidarités politiques en défense de l’organisation traditionnelle de la société. L’expérience du volontariat militaire en défense de la papauté, entre 1860 et 1870, peut être interprétée comme le produit, ou du moins le support, d’une ambition visant à prouver la supériorité du modèle catholique de la fraternité d’armes.
Souvenirs de fraternité chez Garibaldi et chez Cantù
Authors: Budillon Puma Pascale 
Published: March 2022

L’étude est centrée sur la présence des fratries d’une part, d’autre part sur l’usage des termes appartenant au lexique de la fratrie, tels que fratelli, fratellanza, fraterno, fraternamente, etc., dans deux récits mémoriels écrits après 1848 par des acteurs de l’histoire italienne : les Memorie de Giuseppe Garibaldi et le Romanzo autobiografico de Cesare Cantù. Tout semblerait en séparer les auteurs, si l’on s’en tenait à l’image actuelle des personnages en question : l’un est un mythe international et l’autre un historien presque oublié, alors qu’il a eu son heure de gloire. Or, ils présentent tous deux la particularité d’avoir une expérience très paradoxale et plutôt négative de leur propre fratrie. Parfaitement contemporains, ils ont éprouvé des enthousiasmes juvéniles semblables ; mais leurs trajectoires politiques ultérieures aboutissent à des usages opposés des mêmes termes, Garibaldi y recourant pour connoter positivement son propos, là où Cantù les réserve à la formulation de jugements nettement plus critiques.
Au-delà des frères Cairoli
Authors: Arisi Rota Arianna , Tesoro Marina 
Published: March 2022

L’article offre une relecture de l’expérience de frères de sang et d’armes originaires de Pavie ou de ses environs au cours de Risorgimento : envisageant de dépasser une iconysation « simplifiée » basée sur l’histoire des frères Cairoli, les autrices appliquent à des autres cas de frères – pourtant liés au noyau générationnel cairolien – un paradigme de mobilisation typique de la condition de Pavia comme ville de confins, d’avanguarde conspiratrice et de militance garibaldienne. Les frères Pietro et Luigi Strambio, originaires de Belgioioso, les frères Giacomo et Antonio Griziotti et Antonio et Costantino Mantovani y sont examinés sur la base de sources d’archives, des mémoires et de l’ iconographique : l’analyse permets d’identifier les coordonnés communes d’une fraternité en action qui se multiplie de la famille biologique à la famille politique et se transfère de manière durable du champ de bataille à la bataille municipale pour la laïcité et les valeurs républicaines.
The Backstage of a Failed Ecclesiastical Project : the Appointment of a Romanian Cardinal in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Cârja Ion 
Published: March 2022

In more than three centuries, only three cardinals coming from the Romanian Greek Catholic Church have been appointed : Iuliu Hossu (in pectore in 1969, public in 1973), Alexandru Todea (1991) and recently (2012) Lucian Mureşan (the current Major Archbishop of The Romanian Church United with Rome). This article focuses on the second half of the nineteenth century, when the specific conditions of Austria-Hungary, as for inside church-state relations as outside relations with the Holy See, leaded to the project of appointing a Romanian Greek Catholic cardinal : Ion Vancea of Buteasa, Bishop of Gherla (1865-1869) and then Archbishop and Metropolitan of Fagaraş and Alba Iulia (1869-1892).
« Gubernator, protector et corrector » : Il processo di nomina del cardinal protettore
Authors: Mario Dieguez Alejandro 
Published: March 2022

A partire dal pontificato di Gregorio XVI (1831-1846) la Segreteria di Stato inizia a conservare separatamente le pratiche di concessione di cardinali protettori per congregazioni religiose, enti associativi e città. Si è dato così origine ad uno specifico nucleo archivistico, in corso di inventariazione, che raccoglie i dossiers di 313 cardinali e di 5 pontefici. Dopo un breve excursus sull’origine e la cessazione di questa funzione o istituto, l’analisi dei documenti finora riordinati cercherà di rivelare come si sia evoluto il meccanismo di assegnazione di una protettoria : i criteri e i requisiti per la designazione dei cardinali proposti, le iniziative che partivano direttamente dai pontefici, le motivazioni per un eventuale diniego da parte del designato, le formalità da osservare nel processo di nomina e nella presa di possesso della protettoria.
Pie VI et ses cardinaux : un art de consulter ?
Authors: Pelletier Gérard 
Published: March 2022

Prenant la suite de Clément XIV, après le psychodrame de la suppression de la Compagnie de Jésus, Pie VI Braschi allait devoir réconcilier un exercice plus ferme de l’autorité pontificale et une collaboration plus effective avec le Sacré Collège. La longueur de son pontificat lui permit de renouveler presque complètement ce collège. Il impliqua surtout d’affronter de nombreuses crises politiques en associant les cardinaux de la Curie à son travail de discernement par des congrégations particulières. Il ne suivit pas toujours leurs avis, mais temporisa. Ce siècle des Lumières, derrière des permanences institutionnelles et même un esprit de restauration de l’autorité du Saint-Siège, peut avoir provoqué des évolutions qui préparèrent la papauté du XIXe siècle. Et pour la première fois dans les temps modernes, un pape affronta son exil et la dispersion de la Curie.
De l’expertise conciliaire au cardinalat
Authors: Weiser François 
Published: March 2022

L’étude des trajectoires des 43 experts devenus cardinaux permet de rendre visibles les mécanismes et les appartenances à des réseaux divers qui contribuent au renouvellement des cardinaux dans le moment post-conciliaire. Avant le concile, les positions occupées révèlent, au carrefour de groupes multiples (universités, dicastères, diocèses, ordres religieux), la structuration de plusieurs noyaux relationnels. Après 1965, les consécrations épiscopales comme les carrières curiales des individus de ce groupe dessinent des tendances dans les champs de force qui structurent l’espace curial. Au terme de ce parcours apparaît une typologie implicite du cardinalat, dans laquelle la promotion à la dignité cardinalice constitue une manière, pour un groupe dans l’Église, d’objectiver les services, passés, présents, ou même à venir, rendus à sa cause, subsumée alors en cause de l’Église tout entière.
Dinamiche insediative e grande proprietà nella Sicilia bizantina
Authors: Arcifa Lucia 
Published: March 2022

Il saggio esamina l’articolazione insediativa dell’Isola tra VI e IX secolo, a partire dai dati delle ricognizioni archeologiche, mostrando le diverse dinamiche che si innescano nel corso dell’VIII secolo. Al «trend» negativo che caratterizza le aree più occidentali si contrappone la ripresa dei territori centro-meridionali e sud-orientali segnalata da un indicatore cronologico – le olle con decorazione a stuoia – la cui datazione si colloca tra fine VIII e inizi IX secolo. Si tratta di una occupazione o meglio di una rioccupazione di siti con caratteri poco evidenti dal punto di vista delle strutture e dei resti materiali, probabilmente di breve durata e connessa, in modo ricorrente, con aree nelle quali si ipotizza la presenza della grande proprietà imperiale e ecclesiastica. Tali caratteristiche inducono a ipotizzare che l’assetto insediativo di queste aree potrebbe essere il risultato di una politica dirigista dell’impero volta al ripopolamento dei luoghi e alla difesa dei territori prossimi a Siracusa.
Cytosolic Sensing of Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus by Mast Cells Elicits a Type I IFN Response That Enhances Cell-Autonomous Immunity
Authors: Goldmann Oliver , Sauerwein Till , Molinari Gabriella , Rohde Manfred , Förstner Konrad U , Medina Eva 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Strategically located at mucosal sites, mast cells are instrumental in sensing invading pathogens and modulating the quality of the ensuing immune responses depending on the nature of the infecting microbe. It is believed that mast cells produce type I IFN (IFN-I) in response to viruses, but not to bacterial infections, because of the incapacity of bacterial pathogens to internalize within mast cells, where signaling cascades leading to IFN-I production are generated. However, we have previously reported that, in contrast with other bacterial pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus can internalize into mast cells and therefore could trigger a unique response. In this study, we have investigated the molecular cross-talk between internalized S. aureus and the human mast cells HMC-1 using a dual RNA sequencing approach. We found that a proportion of internalized S. aureus underwent profound transcriptional reprogramming within HMC-1 cells to adapt to the nutrients and stress encountered in the intracellular environment and remained viable. HMC-1 cells, in turn, recognized intracellular S. aureus via cGMP–AMP synthase–STING–TANK-binding kinase 1 signaling pathway, leading to the production of IFN-I. Bacterial internalization and viability were crucial for IFN-I induction because inhibition of S. aureus internalization or infection with heat-killed bacteria completely prevented the production of IFN-I by HMC-1 cells. Feeding back in an autocrine manner in S. aureus–harboring HMC-1 cells and in a paracrine manner in noninfected neighboring HMC-1 cells, IFN-I promoted a cell-autonomous antimicrobial state by inducing the transcription of IFN-I–stimulated genes. This study provides unprecedented evidence of the capacity of mast cells to produce IFN-I in response to a bacterial pathogen.
Structural Determinants in the Staphylococcus aureus–Derived Phenol-Soluble Modulin α2 Peptide Required for Neutrophil Formyl Peptide Receptor Activation
Authors: Viklund Moa , Fredriksson Johanna , Holdfeldt André , Lind Simon , Franzyk Henrik , Dahlgren Claes , Sundqvist Martina , Forsman Huamei 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Highly pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strains produce phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), which are N-formylated peptides. Nanomolar concentrations of PSMα2 are recognized by formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), but unlike the prototypic FPR2 agonist WKYMVM, PSMα2 is a biased signaling agonist. The truncated N-terminal PSMα2 variant, consisting of the five N-terminal residues, is no longer recognized by FPR2, showing that the C-terminal part of PSMα2 confers FPR2 selectivity, whereas the N-terminal part may interact with the FPR1 binding site. In the current study, a combined pharmacological and genetic approach involving primary human neutrophils and engineered FPR knock-in and knockout cells was used to gain molecular insights into FPR1 and FPR2 recognition of formyl peptides as well as the receptor downstream signaling induced by these peptides. In comparison with the full-length PSMα2, we show that the peptide in which the N-terminal part of PSMα2 was replaced by fMet-Ile-Phe-Leu (an FPR1-selective peptide agonist) potently activates both FPRs for production of superoxide anions and β-arrestin recruitment. A shortened analog of PSMα2 (PSMα21-12), lacking the nine C-terminal residues, activated both FPR1 and FPR2 to produce reactive oxygen species, whereas β-arrestin recruitment was only mediated through FPR1. However, a single amino acid replacement (Gly-2 to Ile-2) in PSMα21-12 was sufficient to alter FPR2 signaling to include β-arrestin recruitment, highlighting a key role of Gly-2 in conferring FPR2-biased signaling. In conclusion, we provide structural insights into FPR1 and FPR2 recognition as well as the signaling induced by interaction with formyl peptides derived from PSMα2, originating from S. aureus bacteria.
Evaluation and Correlation of Condylar Cortication by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Sethna Muthlakshmi K. S. , Krithika C. L. , Asokan Kannan 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a ginglymo-diarthroidial joint with fibroelastic cartilage. The chondrogenesis initiates from the 12th week of intrauterine life and the development of condyle is associated with growth. The condylar cortication shows distinct morphological variation for each individual in each stage of their life. The cortical bone around the condyle could be used as a factor for chronological age assessment and it can act as a tool in forensic medicine.

Aim and Objective:
The study was carried out to evaluate the cortical grading in mandibular condyle using two different applications and to correlate their grades with chronological age.

Setting and Design:
Hospital-based retrospective observational cross-sectional study.

Materials and Methods:
The study was carried out in 40 patients and 80 TMJs were assessed for cortication grades in Carestream 3D imaging and Image J applications. These grading from both the applications were correlated with the chronological age.

Statistical Analysis:
SPSS (Statistical Analysis for the Social Science) – Cohen's Kappa inter-examiner reliability and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used.

Results:
The radiological assessment of condylar cortication in individual application showed significant results and the relationship of cortication with chronological age showed a significant correlation.

Conclusion:
The condylar cortication grading is a simple technique and can be used as a factor for chronological age assessment. This is an initial study which used two different applications to view the cortication of the mandibular condyle and to correlate the cortication with chronological age. Hence, a large sample size-based study is required for further research.
Evaluation the Relationship between Mandibular Molar Root Apices and Mandibular Canal among Residents of the Moscow Population using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Technique
Authors: Razumova Svetlana , Brago Anzhela , Howijieh Ammar , Barakat Haydar , Kozlova Yuliya , Razumov Nikolay 
Published: March 2022

Background:
The relationship between the inferior alveolar nerve and the root apices of the mandibular molars and premolars is of clinical importance. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the mandibular canal (MC) and the mandibular molar root apices using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning among residents of the Moscow population.

Materials and Methods:
Three hundred CBCT scans for patients aged 20–70 years were analyzed. Patients were divided into three age groups: young group (20–44 years), middle-age group (45–59 years), and elderly group (60–70). The distance from the MC and the mandibular molar root apices was measured in each group in the coronal view of CBCT scans. Statistical analysis was set on P < 0.05.

Results:
The mean distance from the mesial root apices of the first, second, and third molars to the MC was 4.92, 2.85, and 2.24 mm, respectively. The distal root showed to be the closest root to the MC in multirooted teeth. The young age group showed smaller distances to MC than other age groups (P < 0.05). Females showed smaller distances to MC in mandibular molars than males (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
The distance between the root apices and the MC has to be taken into consideration when performing surgical or endodontic procedures.
Correlation of Ponticulus Posticus with Dentofacial Skeletal Patterns
Authors: Falah-Kooshki Sepideh , Nikkerdar Nafiseh , Imani Mohammad Moslem , Faraji Reza , Golshah Amin 
Published: March 2022

Background:
This study aimed to assess the correlation of ponticulus posticus (PP) with dentofacial skeletal patterns on lateral cephalograms of an Iranian population.

Methods:
This retrospective study evaluated 1000 lateral cephalograms of 690 females and 310 males. Demographic information of patients was recorded, and two observers evaluated all radiographs for the presence of PP. The dentofacial skeletal pattern was also determined as Class I, II, or III. Disagreements were resolved by discussion with a third observer. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test.

Results:
The mean age of patients was 19.47 ± 8.37 years (range 7–64 years). The prevalence of PP was 38.3%. PP had a significant correlation with gender (P = 0.022) such that PP was more common in males (43.5%). No significant correlation was noted between PP and age or dentofacial skeletal pattern (P > 0.05).

Conclusions:
PP was relatively common in our study population. PP had no correlation with age or dentofacial skeletal pattern of patients.
Impact of sex of the patient on efficacy and safety of cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Kapoor Akhil , Noronha Vanita , Patil Vijay M. , Joshi Amit , Menon Nandini , Mahajan Abhishek , Janu Amit , Prabhash Kumar 
Published: March 2022

Background:
It has been established that women usually mount a stronger immune response than men of the same age. Data for the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) based on the patient’s’ sex are scarce.

Objectives:
We aimed to evaluate the impact of the patients’ sex on the efficacy and toxicity of ICIs.

Materials and Methods:
Aretrospective audit of a prospectively collected database of patients receiving ICIs for advanced solid tumors between August 2015 and November 2018 was performed at the Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai, India. The categorical and continuous variables were evaluated using descriptive statistics. The Kaplan–Meier estimator was used to analyze the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).

Results:
Atotal of 155 patients were included in the study, of which 36 (23.2%) were female and 119 (76.8%) were male. The median PFS was 2.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–4.2) for the male patients and 1.9 months (95% CI, 1.0–2.8) for the female patients (hazard ratio [HR], 1.06; 95% CI, 0.69–1.66; P = 0.764). The median OS was 5.9 months (95% CI, 1.5–10.2) for the male patients and 4.2 months (95% CI, 1.1–7.3) for the female patients (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.77–2.12; P = 0.342). The rates of all toxicities, except for pneumonitis, were similar between the male and female patients. All-grade pneumonitis occurred in a total of 7 (5.8%) male patients, while it was not reported in any female patients. All-grade immune-related adverse effects occurred in 24 (20.2%) male and 4 (18.1%) female patients (P = 0.216).

Conclusions:
This study shows that the efficacy and toxicity of ICIs are similar in the male and female patients. However, future trials with a balanced number of male and female patients are required to ensure an unbiased estimation of the efficacy and safety of ICIs.
Changing trends of invasive mediastinal evaluation in India
Authors: Chandveettil Jashma , Kattepur Abhay K. , Pareekutty Nizamudheen Mangalasseri , Kumbakara Ratheesan , Balasubramania Satheesan 
Published: March 2022

Background:The utilization of mediastinoscopy for mediastinal staging or evaluation has been on the wane, because of the increasing use of methods such as endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)/endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS). The choice of one modality over the other is based on individual preferences, expertise, cost, and the disease in question.Objectives:This study was aimed at assessing the changing trends in the practice of mediastinoscopy and endoscopic techniques across India.Materials and Methods:This online, questionnaire-based survey was conducted at the Malabar Cancer Center, Kerala, India, between September 2019 and January 2020. Surgical oncologists, thoracic surgeons, and pulmonologists treating patients with lung cancer in the National Cancer Grid, India-affiliated institutions were enrolled. A total of 20 questions directed at determining the experience of the healthcare professionals, type of institutions where they practiced, the volume of patients with lung cancers being treated by them, and the temporal changes in the utility of mediastinoscopy and EBUS/EUS over the past 2 years were included in the questionnaire. The survey was conducted using Google Forms. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. AP< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:A total of 347 clinicians were invited to participate in the survey, of which 70 responded. A total of 62 (88.6%) respondents recommended invasive mediastinal staging in patients with lung cancer with positive mediastinal nodes on positron emission tomography (PET). In addition, 39 (55.7%) respondents believed that invasive staging is required even in those with a negative mediastinum on PET; 58 (82.9%) respondents were of the opinion that EBUS is the investigation of choice for suspicious mediastinal nodes, while 8 (11.4%) preferred mediastinoscopy.Conclusion:Endoscopic techniques have superseded mediastinoscopy for invasive mediastinal evaluation across the country.