bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Refugee Inflow on the Voting Behavior of Natives: Application of Mobile Phone Data
Authors: Usta Emine Kübra 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates the effects of refugee inflow on the voting behavior of natives. I employ a difference in differences strategy to identify the voter reaction against the sudden inflow of Syrian refugees to Turkey and use unique data provided by Turk Telecom to proxy natives’ refugee exposure. Data coming from mobile phone usage track the mobility of refugees throughout the year and enables the construction of refugee exposure measures across small geographical areas. I show a small drop in the government party vote share that announced an ‘open door’ policy for refugees. Furthermore, there is evidence for the reaction heterogeneity based on the socio-economic development levels of refugee-hosting areas. While there is a null response in ethnically Kurdish and economically lagging East, a negative reaction is concentrated in socioeconomically more developed areas. Then, exploring the effects in rural and urban areas reveals an interesting divide in the refugee exposure patterns of hosting areas. While in rural areas, natives react against the refugee presence, in urban areas, they react when the mobility (visibility) increases. Anecdotal evidence might help to put findings in context. Manipulating the concerns of voters on Syrians’ receiving citizenship and demographic change might be regarded as two main strategies used by opposition parties. These strategies help convince the secular and conservative-nationalist voters in socioeconomically developed areas. (JEL codes: J01, J08, and J15)
Insolvency Law and Policy in Times of COVID-19 and Beyond: Academic Roundtable Proceedings
Authors: Wan Wai Yee , Yan Xin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The Centre for Chinese and Comparative Law and Asian Business Law Institute jointly organised an academic roundtable entitled ‘Insolvency Law and Policy in Times of COVID-19 and Beyond’ on 29 March 2022. The event brought together judges, scholars, experts and professionals from world-leading universities and institutions. This note sets out a summary of the proceedings held at the academic roundtable.
Long COVID and the cardiovascular system—elucidating causes and cellular mechanisms in order to develop targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies: a joint Scientific Statement of the ESC Working Groups on Cellular Biology of the Heart and Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases
Authors: Gyöngyösi Mariann , Alcaide Pilar , Asselbergs Folkert W , Brundel Bianca J J M , Camici Giovanni G , Martins Paula da Costa , Ferdinandy Péter , Fontana Marianna , Girao Henrique , Gnecchi Massimiliano , Gollmann-Tepeköylü Can , Kleinbongard Petra , Krieg Thomas , Madonna Rosalinda , Paillard Melanie , Pantazis Antonis , Perrino Cinzia , Pesce Maurizio , Schiattarella Gabriele G , Sluijter Joost P G , Steffens Sabine , Tschöpe Carsten , Van Linthout Sophie , Davidson Sean M 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Long COVID has become a world-wide, non-communicable epidemic, caused by long-lasting multiorgan symptoms that endure for weeks or months after SARS-CoV-2 infection has already subsided. This scientific document aims to provide insight into the possible causes and therapeutic options available for the cardiovascular manifestations of long COVID. In addition to chronic fatigue, which is a common symptom of long COVID, patients may present with chest pain, ECG abnormalities, postural orthostatic tachycardia, or newly developed supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias. Imaging of the heart and vessels has provided evidence of chronic, post-infectious perimyocarditis with consequent left or right ventricular failure, arterial wall inflammation, or microthrombosis in certain patient populations. Better understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of long COVID will aid in the development of effective treatment strategies for its cardiovascular manifestations. A number of mechanisms have been proposed, including those involving direct effects on the myocardium, microthrombotic damage to vessels or endothelium, or persistent inflammation. Unfortunately, existing circulating biomarkers, coagulation, and inflammatory markers, are not highly predictive for either the presence or outcome of long COVID when measured 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies are needed to understand underlying mechanisms, identify specific biomarkers, and guide future preventive strategies or treatments to address long COVID and its cardiovascular sequelae.
Improving explainability of deep neural network-based electrocardiogram interpretation using variational auto-encoders
Authors: van de Leur Rutger R , Bos Max N , Taha Karim , Sammani Arjan , Yeung Ming Wai , van Duijvenboden Stefan , Lambiase Pier D , Hassink Rutger J , van der Harst Pim , Doevendans Pieter A , Gupta Deepak K , van Es René 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Aims
Deep neural networks (DNNs) perform excellently in interpreting electrocardiograms (ECGs), both for conventional ECG interpretation and for novel applications such as detection of reduced ejection fraction (EF). Despite these promising developments, implementation is hampered by the lack of trustworthy techniques to explain the algorithms to clinicians. Especially, currently employed heatmap-based methods have shown to be inaccurate.

Methods and results
We present a novel pipeline consisting of a variational auto-encoder (VAE) to learn the underlying factors of variation of the median beat ECG morphology (the FactorECG), which are subsequently used in common and interpretable prediction models. As the ECG factors can be made explainable by generating and visualizing ECGs on both the model and individual level, the pipeline provides improved explainability over heatmap-based methods. By training on a database with 1.1 million ECGs, the VAE can compress the ECG into 21 generative ECG factors, most of which are associated with physiologically valid underlying processes. Performance of the explainable pipeline was similar to ‘black box’ DNNs in conventional ECG interpretation [area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) 0.94 vs. 0.96], detection of reduced EF (AUROC 0.90 vs. 0.91), and prediction of 1-year mortality (AUROC 0.76 vs. 0.75). Contrary to the ‘black box’ DNNs, our pipeline provided explainability on which morphological ECG changes were important for prediction. Results were confirmed in a population-based external validation dataset.

Conclusions
Future studies on DNNs for ECGs should employ pipelines that are explainable to facilitate clinical implementation by gaining confidence in artificial intelligence and making it possible to identify biased models.
Safety of the endovascular aneurysm repair procedure: real-world evidence using interrupted-time series analysis
Authors: Tseng Chi-Nan , Yu Sheng-Yueh , Chang Ya-Ting , Peng Wei-Sheng , Lin Chun-Yu , See Lai-Chu 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
In Taiwan, endovascular aneurysm repair for treating abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) was introduced in 2004 and became reimbursable in February 2010. We evaluated the real-world practice and safety of endovascular aneurysm repair in Taiwan.

METHODS
Patients who underwent repair operations for AAA (open or endovascular) from 2000 to 2016 were enrolled (n = 11485). Outcome statistics (during the index hospitalization: length of stay, rate of ischaemic bowel disease and 30-day mortality; after discharge: 30-day readmission rate, 2-year mortality, 2-year reintervention rate and 2-year paraplegia rate) were calculated for each half-year cohort. Propensity score-based stabilized weights were used to balance covariates among each half-year cohort. Interrupted time-series analysis was then performed.

RESULTS
The elective and emergency ratio of AAA repair was 50:50 from 2000 to 2004 and became 60:40 from 2010 to 2016. The half-year rate of endovascular aneurysm repair was 0% in 2000 to 2004/06, 83.16% in 2010 and 98.1% in 2016. Interrupted time series analysis revealed that after endovascular aneurysm repair became reimbursable, both elective and emergency groups had a reduction in length of stay (−4.2 days, P &lt; 0.0001; −1.5 days, P = 0.0928) and 30-day mortality (−5.22%, P = 0.0702; −7.76%, P = 0.0086) but a significant increase in the reintervention rate (5.05%, P = 0.0031; 4.36%, P = 0.0097).

CONCLUSIONS
Endovascular aneurysm repair was predominantly used in treating AAAs after it was reimbursed in Taiwan. Endovascular aneurysm repair is efficacious regarding short-term outcomes but increased the 2-year reintervention rate in both groups.
The first report of transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve implantation within the expandable Inspiris Resilia® bioprosthetic valve
Authors: Mehdiani Arash , Chekhoeva Agunda , Klein Kathrin , Lichtenberg Artur 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A 61-year-old male who underwent aortic valve replacement with an Inspiris Resilia® aortic bioprosthetic through an upper partial sternotomy due to severe aortic valve stenosis was presented 1 year later to our hospital suffering from dyspnoea and chest pain. The transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated moderate haemodynamic structural valve deterioration with a mean gradient of 29 mmHg and a valve area of 0.9 cm2. Due to relatively high-risk of reoperation, valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement with Sapien 3® 29 mm, followed by balloon valvuloplasty, was successfully performed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published case of valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement into a degenerated Inspiris Resilia® aortic valve.
Associations of age at marriage and first pregnancy with maternal nutritional status in Nepal
Authors: Wells Jonathan C K , Marphatia Akanksha A , Manandhar Dharma S , Cortina-Borja Mario , Reid Alice M , Saville Naomi S 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackground and objectivesWomen’s nutritional status is important for their health and reproductive fitness. In a population where early marriage is common, we investigated how women’s nutritional status is associated with their age at marriage (marking a geographical transfer between households), and at first pregnancy.MethodologyWe used data from a cluster-randomized control trial from lowland Nepal (n = 4071). Outcomes including body mass index (BMI) were measured in early pregnancy and trial endpoint, after delivery. We fitted mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models to estimate associations of age at marriage and age at pregnancy with outcomes, and with odds of chronic energy deficiency (CED, BMI &lt;18.5 kg/m2), at both timepoints.ResultsBMI in early pregnancy averaged 20.9 kg/m2, with CED prevalence of 12.5%. In 750 women measured twice, BMI declined 1.2 (95% confidence interval 1.1, 1.3) kg/m2 between early pregnancy and endpoint, when CED prevalence was 35.5%. Early pregnancy was associated in dose-response manner with poorer nutritional status. Early marriage was independently associated with poorer nutritional status among those pregnant ≤15 years, but with better nutritional status among those pregnant ≥19 years.Conclusions and implicationsThe primary determinant of nutritional status was age at pregnancy, but this association also varied by marriage age. Our results suggest that natal households may marry their daughters earlier if food insecure, but that their nutritional status can improve in the marital household if pregnancy is delayed. Marriage age therefore determines which household funds adolescent weight gain, with implications for Darwinian fitness of the members of both households.
Increased virus dissemination leads to enhanced lung injury but not inflammation during influenza-associated secondary bacterial infection
Authors: Smith Amanda P , Lane Lindey C , Ramirez Zuniga Ivan , Moquin David M , Vogel Peter , Smith Amber M 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSecondary bacterial infections increase influenza-related morbidity and mortality, particularly if acquired after 5–7 d from the viral onset. Synergistic host responses and direct pathogen–pathogen interactions are thought to lead to a state of hyperinflammation, but the kinetics of the lung pathology have not yet been detailed, and identifying the contribution of different mechanisms to disease is difficult because these may change over time. To address this gap, we examined host–pathogen and lung pathology dynamics following a secondary bacterial infection initiated at different time points after influenza within a murine model. We then used a mathematical approach to quantify the increased virus dissemination in the lung, coinfection time-dependent bacterial kinetics, and virus-mediated and postbacterial depletion of alveolar macrophages. The data showed that viral loads increase regardless of coinfection timing, which our mathematical model predicted and histomorphometry data confirmed was due to a robust increase in the number of infected cells. Bacterial loads were dependent on the time of coinfection and corresponded to the level of IAV-induced alveolar macrophage depletion. Our mathematical model suggested that the additional depletion of these cells following the bacterial invasion was mediated primarily by the virus. Contrary to current belief, inflammation was not enhanced and did not correlate with neutrophilia. The enhanced disease severity was correlated to inflammation, but this was due to a nonlinearity in this correlation. This study highlights the importance of dissecting nonlinearities during complex infections and demonstrated the increased dissemination of virus within the lung during bacterial coinfection and simultaneous modulation of immune responses during influenza-associated bacterial pneumonia.
Rapid Adaptation Often Occurs through Mutations to the Most Highly Conserved Positions of the RNA Polymerase Core Enzyme
Authors: Cohen Yasmin , Hershberg Ruth 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Mutations to the genes encoding the RNA polymerase core enzyme (RNAPC) and additional housekeeping regulatory genes were found to be involved in adaptation, in the context of numerous evolutionary experiments, in which bacteria were exposed to diverse selective pressures. This provides a conundrum, as the housekeeping genes that were so often mutated in response to these diverse selective pressures tend to be among the genes that are most conserved in their sequences across the bacterial phylogeny. In order to further examine this apparent discrepancy, we characterized the precise positions of the RNAPC involved in adaptation to a large variety of selective pressures. We found that RNAPC lab adaptations tended to occur at positions displaying traits associated with higher selective constraint. Specifically, compared to other RNAPC positions, positions involved in adaptation tended to be more conserved in their sequences within bacteria, were more often located within defined protein domains, and were located closer to the complex’s active site. Higher sequence conservation was also found for resource exhaustion adaptations occurring within additional housekeeping genes. Combined, our results demonstrate that the positions that change most readily in response to well-defined selective pressures exerted in lab environments are often also those that evolve most slowly in nature.
Comparing single-station 6C measurements and array measurements for seismic microzonation in Munich, Germany
Authors: Keil Sabrina , Wilczek Alexander , Wassermann Joachim , Kremers Simon 
Published: July 2022

SUMMARY
The essential goal of seismic microzonation is the estimation of the shallow velocity structure in order to characterize the local earthquake shaking characteristics. This is of special importance in densely inhabited areas with unfavourable soil conditions. The common approach is the analysis of ambient noise array data using frequency–wavenumber (FK) or spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) techniques. However, the installation of arrays is difficult, especially within urban environments, making single-station approaches more desirable. In this study, we directly compare the recently developed approach of velocity estimation using single-station six-component (6C) measurements, combining three translational and three rotational motions, with the established methods of FK and SPAC analysis. We conduct measurements in Munich’s inner city using a geophone array and an iXblue blueSeis-3A rotational motion sensor together with a Nanometrics Trillium Compact Seismometer, respectively. From the array data, as well as from the 6C data, Love and Rayleigh dispersion curves are estimated and further inverted for 1-D P- and S-wave velocity profiles. We find that all methods give similar results, indicating the potential of the novel 6C approach. Furthermore, adding horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios enables the inversion for structures at greater depth and increases the resolution of the velocity structure. In addition, we test different array geometries to evaluate the influence of the sensor configuration on the results. As a last step, we compare the estimated velocity models to lithologic profiles and find an overall positive correlation, which supports our inversion results.
Computed tomography volumetric analysis for predicting postoperative lung function for segmentectomy
Authors: Bae Seon Yong , Lee Haeju , Na Kwon Joong , Na Bubse , Park Samina , Park In Kyu , Kang Chang Hyun , Kim Young Tae 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
We compared the computed tomographic (CT) volumetric analysis and anatomical segment counting (ASC) for predicting postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in patients who had segmentectomy for early-stage lung cancer.

METHODS
A total of 175 patients who had segmentectomy for lung cancer and had postoperative pulmonary function test were included. CT volumetric analysis was performed by software, which could measure total lung and target segment volume from CT images. ASC and CT volumetric analysis were used to determine predicted postoperative (PPO) values and the concordance and difference of these values were assessed. The relationship between PPO values and actual postoperative values was also investigated.

RESULTS
The PPO-FEV1 and PPO-DLCO showed high concordance between 2 methods (concordance correlation coefficient = 0.96 for PPO-FEV1 and 0.95 for PPO-DLCO). There was no significant difference between PPO values as determined by 2 methods (P = 0.53 for PPO-FEV1, P = 0.25 for PPO-DLCO) and actual postoperative values [P = 0.77 (ASC versus actual) and P = 0.20 (CT versus actual) for FEV1; P = 0.41 (ASC versus actual) and P = 0.80 (CT versus actual) for DLCO]. We subdivided the patients according to poor pulmonary function test, the number of resected segments and the location of the resected lobe. All subgroup analyses revealed no significant difference between PPO values and actual postoperative values.

CONCLUSIONS
Both CT volumetric analysis and ASC showed high predictability for actual postoperative FEV1 and DLCO in segmentectomy.
Nucleocapsid Antigenemia Is a Marker of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Verkerke Hans P , Damhorst Gregory L , Graciaa Daniel S , McLendon Kaleb , O’Sick William , Robichaux Chad , Cheedarla Narayanaiah , Potlapalli Sindhu , Wu Shang-Chuen , Harrington Kristin R V , Webster Andrew , Kraft Colleen , Rostad Christina A , Waggoner Jesse J , Gandhi Neel R , Guarner Jeannette , Auld Sara C , Neish Andrew , Roback John D , Lam Wilbur A , Shah N Sarita , Stowell Sean R 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is essential for diagnosis, treatment, and infection control. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fails to distinguish acute from resolved infections, as RNA is frequently detected after infectiousness. We hypothesized that nucleocapsid in blood marks acute infection with the potential to enhance isolation and treatment strategies. In a retrospective serosurvey of inpatient and outpatient encounters, we categorized samples along an infection timeline using timing of SARS-CoV-2 testing and symptomatology. Among 1860 specimens from 1607 patients, the highest levels and frequency of antigenemia were observed in samples from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antigenemia was higher in seronegative individuals and in those with severe disease. In our analysis, antigenemia exhibited 85.8% sensitivity and 98.6% specificity as a biomarker for acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Thus, antigenemia sensitively and specifically marks acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further study is warranted to determine whether antigenemia may aid individualized assessment of active COVID-19.
Dispensability of Ascorbic Acid Uptake and Utilization Encoded by ulaABCD for the Virulence of Haemophilus ducreyi in Humans
Authors: Brothwell Julie A , Fortney Kate R , Batteiger Teresa , Katz Barry P , Spinola Stanley M 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Compared with wounded skin, ascorbic acid is enriched in pustules of humans experimentally infected with Haemophilus ducreyi. Compared with the broth-grown inocula, transcription of the H. ducreyi ulaABCD operon, which encodes genes for ascorbic acid uptake, is increased in pustules. We hypothesized that ascorbic acid uptake plays a role in H. ducreyi virulence. Five volunteers were infected with both H. ducreyi strain 35000HP and its isogenic ulaABCD deletion mutant at multiple sites; the papule and pustule formation rates of the mutant and parent strains were similar. Thus, ascorbic acid uptake is not essential for H. ducreyi virulence in humans.
Hard X-Ray broadband spectroscopy of Mrk 876: characterizing its spectrum
Authors: Bottacini Eugenio 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
Ever since the launch of the NuSTAR mission, the hard X-ray range is being covered to an unprecedented sensitivity. This range encodes the reflection features arising from active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Especially, the reflection of the primary radiation off the accretion disc carries the features of the manifestation of General Relativity described by the Kerr metric due to rotating supermassive black holes (SMBHs). We show the results of the broadband analyses of Mrk 876. The spectra exhibit the signature of a Compton hump at energies above 10 keV and a broadened and skewed excess at energies ∼6 keV. We establish this spectral excess to be statistically significant at 99.71 per cent (∼3σ) that is the post-trail probability through Monte Carlo simulations. Based on the spectral fit results and the significance of spectral features, the relativistic reflection model is favoured over the distant reflection scenario. The excess at ∼6 keV has a complex shape that we try to recover along with the Compton hump through a self-consistent X-ray reflection model. This allows inferring an upper limit to the black hole spin of a ≤ 0.85, while the inclination angle of the accretion disc results in i = 32.84$^{\circ }{}^{+12.22}_{-8.99}$, which is in agreement within the errors with a previous independent measurement (i = 15.4$^{\circ }{}^{+12.1}_{-6.8}$). While most spin measurements are biased towards high spin values, the black hole mass of Mrk 876 (2.4$\times 10^{8}\, \mbox{M}_\odot \le$ MSMBH $\le ~1.3 \times 10^{9}\, \mbox{M}_\odot$) lies in a range where moderately spinning SMBHs are expected. Moreover, the analyses of 12 Chandra observations reveal for the first time X-ray variability of Mrk 876 with an amplitude of 40 per cent.