bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heritage theory at work: how heritage policy in Toronto, Canada shapes a market with asymmetrical opportunities for professionals and tradespeople
Authors: McElcheran Luke , Santana Quintero Mario 
Published: May 2022

PurposeToronto's heritage program is reporting year over year growth in both the number of listed and designated properties and the amount of money secured for heritage projects. At the same time, it is widely recognized that heritage trade skills are in decline. The purpose of this research is to examine Toronto's heritage policy in its regulatory and economic context to understand why heritage trades are struggling while the heritage program and the market for heritage professional services flourish and to suggest solutions based on existing policy tools.Design/methodology/approachThis research looks at the policy documents at the federal, provincial and municipal level that determine the minimum standard for heritage conservation in Toronto. It refers to secondary research on the economic context for these regulations to understand how they are applied and why they tend to produce certain outcomes. It introduces the regulatory context set by Canada's Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places and the Ontario Heritage Act. It goes on to analyse Toronto's local policy in more detail including density bonusing programs, the Toronto Official Plan and Heritage Conservation District planning standards.FindingsToronto's heritage policy creates asymmetrical opportunities for heritage professionals and heritage specializing tradespeople. While the work that heritage professionals do is required or strongly encouraged by policy and increases reliably with the amount of funding secured for heritage projects, heritage tradespeople do not enjoy similar advantages. Their work is not required in the same way as heritage professionals' or encouraged to the same degree, and money secured for heritage projects does not necessarily go towards work that would engage the building trades necessary to maintain heritage structures.Originality/valueThe value of job creation in heritage trades is a mainstay of heritage economic advocacy, and there is growing interest in the value of these trades skills as a resource for sustainable building practices. There is relatively little research considering how heritage policy and theory affect career opportunities for workers with these trades skills, and none that addresses those systemic pressures in the context of municipal heritage programs in Canada.
The role of corporate board and auditors in tax planning: evidence from Italy
Authors: Iazzi Antonio , Vacca Andrea , Maizza Amedeo , Schiavone Francesco 
Published: May 2022

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of corporate governance mechanisms, namely, board of directors and auditors, on tax aggressiveness in Italian companies listed on the Milan Stock Exchange.

Design/methodology/approach
This study used a population of 168 Italian non-financial firms listed on the Milan Stock Exchange, holding shares in at least one foreign subsidiary in countries other than Italy in fiscal year 2018. Data on corporate boards and auditors were collected through the evaluation of companies’ annual reports over the period 2011–2018. Five panel data analyses with fixed effects were performed for each tax aggressiveness index, yielding 1,176 observations to test the research hypothesis.

Findings
This paper finds that corporate board characteristics, such as size, gender diversity and CEO duality, and auditors’ features, such as external audit quality, increase corporate tax aggressiveness.

Practical implications
This study provides investors with an understanding of corporate boards’ and auditors’ roles in preventing agency conflicts and evaluating a company’s tax approach. Furthermore, the findings are useful for international political bodies in regulating corporate board composition and managerial monitoring.

Originality/value
Almost all studies focusing primarily on corporate governance mechanisms’ effects on tax aggressiveness are within the US context. Empirical evidence on the topic in the European contexts is limited. The legislative discrepancy between countries is reflected in the computation of indices measuring tax aggressiveness, affecting US studies' generalizability across nations. This paper extends the literature on the topic by investigating other unexplored corporate governance mechanisms. Five indices were used to measure corporate tax aggressiveness and to assess analysis reliability and data robustness. Moreover, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first attempt to investigate the link between corporate governance mechanisms and tax aggressiveness in Italy.
Oil-stock nexus: the role of oil shocks for GCC markets
Authors: Ziadat Salem Adel , McMillan David G. 
Published: May 2022

PurposeThis study aims to examine the links between oil price shocks and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) stock markets from February 2004 to December 2019. Knowledge of such links is important to both investors and policymakers in understanding the transmission of shocks across markets.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the Ready (2018) oil price decomposition method and the quantile regression approach to conduct the analysis.FindingsInitial results show a positive oil price change increases stock returns, while greater volatility decreases returns. The oil shock decomposition results reveal a significant positive impact of supply-side shocks on stocks. This contrasts with the literature that argues demand-side shocks are more important. While factors such as liquidity and the lack of hedging instruments can increase the vulnerability of GCC equities to oil price shocks, the result reflects the unique economic structure of the GCC bloc, notably, marked by dependency on oil revenues. In analysing quantile-based results, oil supply shocks mainly exhibit lower-tail dependence, while the authors do uncover some evidence of demand-side shocks affecting mid and upper-tail dependence.Originality/valueAcknowledging the presence of endogeneity in the relation between oil and economic activity, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to combine the oil price decompositions of Ready (2018) with a quantile regression framework in the GCC context. The results reveal notable difference to those previously reported in the literature.
Epidemiology, clinical presentations and outcome of patients presenting to the emergency department after a COVID‐19 vaccination: An observational study
Authors: Akhlaghi Hamed , Dinou Vasiliki , Jones Hanna , Vorias Blake , Moloney James , Tse Justin , Parnis Stephen , Karro Jonathan , Walby Andrew , Morrissey Brendan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe World Health Organization declared the COVID‐19 pandemic on 11 March 2020. In 2021, several vaccines were provisionally approved to reduce the risk of transmission and hospitalisation of COVID‐19 infection. A surge in COVID‐19 vaccination was seen between August and October 2021 in Victoria, Australia. We hypothesised this led to an increase in ED presentations.MethodsPatients in the present study were adults who presented to the ED within 21 days of receiving a dose of a COVID‐19 vaccine between 11 August 2021 and 14 November 2021. All cases underwent chart reviews to extract epidemiological features, clinical presentations, ED assessments, investigations and disposition.ResultsNotably, 968 patients were included in the study, comprising 6.1% of all ED presentations during the study period. The median age was 31 years. 82.9% of patients were younger than 45 years. 20.1% of patients arrived by ambulance. Chest pain was the most common presenting complaint (43.6%), followed by headache (10.3%) and palpitations (8.2%). The most common investigations were a full blood examination (73.5%), an ECG (63.8%) and serum troponin (49.1%). 64.8% of patients were directly discharged home and 22.1% were sent home after a short stay admission. Only 2.2% of patients were admitted to the hospital.ConclusionA majority of patients who presented to the ED after their COVID vaccinations were young and discharged home after the initial assessment. These presentations have significantly increased the workload in prehospital settings and EDs, contributing to increased investigation usage, ED treatment space occupancy, and increased costs to the health system.
Unusual 2020 respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis season in Western Australia: Not explained by weather
Authors: Hoeppner Tobias , Blyth Christopher C , Borland Meredith 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo describe and explore the relationship between weather and the unusual 2020 bronchiolitis season in Western Australia during the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsCorrelation of meteorological data and presentations of infants with bronchiolitis through the ED of Perth Children's Hospital.ResultsThe 2020 bronchiolitis epidemic showed a reversal of the usual seasonal pattern. There were no weather events to account for this phenomenon.ConclusionsThe bronchiolitis outbreak showed no relationship to local weather patterns. State‐mandated COVID‐19 public health measures appear as the likely rationale.
Population decline and demography of the world’s largest breeding population of huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Bernardo O'Higgins National Park, Chile
Authors: Pack Shalynn M. , Bertuol‐Garcia Diana , Pomilia Matthew , Spencer Adam , Aldridge Dennis 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe largest remaining populations of the endangered huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) are believed to be concentrated in the remote, rugged and largely uninhabited glacial valleys and fjords surrounding the Southern Patagonian Ice Field that lie within Chile's Bernardo O'Higgins National Park. On the Park's northwestern edge is Bernardo Fjord, an area home to the world's largest known breeding population of huemul. We present a demographic study of this population and examine its population trends since 2004. We conducted huemul transect surveys on‐foot during 16 expeditions to Bernardo Fjord from October 2014 to March 2020, during which we spent a total of 254 days in the field and documented 284 observations of huemul. This coastal population of huemul exhibited higher female proportions (mean 0.64 ± SD 0.05), lower fawn:female ratios (mean 0.18 ± SD 0.23 in March and mean 0.22 ± SD 0.07 in November), and similar group sizes (mean 1.77 ± 1.06 SD individuals) to previous studies. Huemul densities in Bernardo Valley encountered from 2016 to 2019 were 60% lower than densities observed in a previous study from 2004 to 2008. We produce a 2019 huemul population estimate for Bernardo Fjord of 84 (±SD 7) individuals including 44 observed individuals and 40 (±SD 10) individuals estimated to be undetected by our surveys, which comprises 6–8% of the IUCN global population estimate. Two of the surveyed sectors – Bernardo Valley and Pampa – are of critical conservation importance, given that the 5 km2 Pampa is home to 42% of the total huemul population and 41% of the fawn population of Bernardo Fjord. We examine potential drivers of this population decline, which may include poor recruitment, predation and high incidences of foot disease exacerbated by climatic conditions, and we offer recommendations for the conservation, monitoring and management of this and other coastal huemul populations.
Outcomes after definitive treatment for head and neck angiosarcoma
Authors: Irawati Nina , Moghadam Alireza , Abdul‐Razak Muzib , Strach Madeleine , Elliott Michael , Ch'ng Sydney , Shannon Kerwin , Palme Carsten E. , Clark Jonathan , Wykes James , Low Tsu‐Hui (Hubert) 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIntroductionHead and neck angiosarcoma (HN‐AS) is a rare and aggressive, representing <1% of all head and neck malignancies. It is characterized by a high rate of local recurrence and poor 5‐year survival (10–54%). Australian data in this rare disease is lacking. We aim review the clinical outcomes of HN‐AS from two high volume head and neck cancer units in Australia.MethodsRetrospective chart review.ResultsA total 26 patients were identified, consist of predominantly male patients (81%) with a mean age of 77 year old. Most of the HN‐AS arises from the scalp (62%). The 5‐year overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) were 41% and 15%, respectively.Patients treated with upfront surgery with adjuvant therapy has better OS and DFS compared with patients receiving upfront chemoradiotherapy (median OS 3.63 vs. 0.53 years, P = 0.011 and median DFS 1.19 vs. 0.33 years, P = 0.001). There is no difference in OS or DFS for the sites of HN‐AS or age of patients. Recurrences were noted in 15 patients (57.7%). For those with metastatic disease, the most common site was the lung (80%) with a median time to development of distant disease of 2.7 years (range 1.8–3.6 years). In patients who underwent salvage treatment, the median survival (post‐salvage) was 1.3 years (0–2.8 years).ConclusionThis is the first Australian report of treatment patterns and outcomes of patients with HN‐AS. Our cohort confirms that HN‐AS is a slowly progressive disease with poor survival. Patients treated with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy in this series had better outcomes compared with those treated with chemoradiotherapy alone. The role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is an area of ongoing research.
Most adder bites in Finland's Lake District caused mild symptoms and severe poisoning was rare
Authors: Nurminen Iiris , Eskola Vesa 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimThis study investigated the incidence, clinical picture and treatment of paediatric adder bites in Finland's Lake District.MethodsData were retrospectively collected on all children aged 0–15 years who were bitten by adders from 2006 to 2015 and treated at Tampere University Hospital. The severity was evaluated with the five‐level Poisoning Severity Score.ResultsWe found that 109 children were treated following an adder bite, which was an incidence of 13 per 100,000 children from 0 to 15. Of these, 75 were under 8 years of age, with a median age of 3.5 years, and 34 were 8–15 years, with a median age of 10.3 years. The gender distribution was similar in both ages. Younger children were more likely to be bitten in their yards at home, whereas older children were more likely to be bitten in a forest. Older children reported more pain than younger patients. Most children were bitten on a lower limb, with minor symptoms such as localised redness and swelling, and received conservative treatment. Antivenom treatment was rarely administered and then only in severe cases or if symptoms progressed.ConclusionAdder bites mostly caused mild symptoms, severe poisoning was rare and antivenom was rarely given.
An Eigenvalue Ratio Approach to Inferring Population Structure from Whole Genome Sequencing Data
Authors: Xu Yuyang , Liu Zhonghua , Yao Jianfeng 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Inference of population structure from genetic data plays an important role in population and medical genetics studies. With the advancement and decreasing cost of sequencing technology, the increasingly available whole genome sequencing data provide much richer information about the underlying population structure. The traditional method originally developed for array-based genotype data for computing and selecting top principal components (PCs) that capture population structure may not perform well on sequencing data for two reasons. First, the number of genetic variants p is much larger than the sample size n in sequencing data such that the sample-to-marker ratio is nearly zero, violating the assumption of the Tracy-Widom test used in their method. Second, their method might not be able to handle the linkage disequilibrium well in sequencing data. To resolve those two practical issues, we propose a new method called ERStruct to determine the number of top informative PCs based on sequencing data. More specifically, we propose to use the ratio of consecutive eigenvalues as a more robust test statistic, and then we approximate its null distribution using modern random matrix theory. Both simulation studies and applications to two public data sets from the HapMap 3 and the 1000 Genomes Projects demonstrate the empirical performance of our ERStruct method.
Cesarean birth and risk of obesity from birth to adolescence: A cohort study
Authors: Dal’Maso Elizandra , Rodrigues Paulo Rogério Melo , Ferreira Márcia Gonçalves , Moreira Naiara Ferraz , Muraro Ana Paula 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundRecent studies have shown associations between cesarean birth and overweight. However, very few studies have evaluated weight gain or adiposity throughout life, and the majority are restricted to analysis during childhood. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of cesarean birth on obesity risk from birth to adolescence.MethodsThe study sample was drawn from live births that occurred in 1999 and 2000 in Mato Grosso‐Brazil. Participants were evaluated once when they were between 0 and 5 years of age and again after approximately 10 years (2009–2011). To measure the association between cesarean birth and obesity (Body Mass Index/age >+2 z‐scores), we used generalized estimation equations (GEE) with binomial distribution and log‐binomial models for repeated measures, controlled by the following confounding factors: weight and length at birth, sex, gestational age, breastfeeding, maternal age and schooling, economic class in childhood, and maternal smoking during pregnancy. The exposure‐time interaction term was evaluated to verify differences in the change in the risk of obesity over time.Results56.8% of children in the sample were born by cesarean birth. Children born by cesarean had a higher risk of obesity from birth through adolescence (RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.02; 1.46), even after adjusting for covariates, when compared with those born vaginally. However, the time–exposure interaction term was not significant, which indicates that there was no increased risk of obesity over time.ConclusionCesarean birth was positively associated with obesity from birth to adolescence, with a persistent risk in the period evaluated.
Neuroimaging and neurological outcome of children with acute encephalitis
Authors: Pöyhönen Heidi M. , Nyman Mikko J. , Peltola Ville T. , Löyttyniemi Eliisa S. , Lähdesmäki Tuire T. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimTo investigate the severity of acute phase magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and severity of acute illness as risk factors for disability after recovery from encephalitis.MethodChildren with encephalitis (n = 98; median age 6 years 10 months, interquartile range 3 years–11 years 6 months; 59 males, 39 females) treated in Turku University Hospital during the years 1995 to 2016 were identified in this retrospective cohort study. The acute phase (<2 months of symptom onset) brain MRIs were re‐evaluated and classified based on the severity of neuroimaging finding by a neuroradiologist. Neurological outcome at discharge, at short‐term (<3 months from discharge) follow‐up, and at long‐term (>1 year from discharge) follow‐up was assessed from medical records using the Glasgow Outcome Scale.ResultsLong‐term recovery was poor in 24 of 82 (29%) children with follow‐up data. Two children died, eight had severe disability, and 14 had moderate disability. Acute phase MRI was available for re‐evaluation from 74 of 82 patients with follow‐up data. The increasing severity of MRI findings was associated with need for ventilator therapy and with poor recovery.InterpretationThe risk for poor recovery in paediatric encephalitis is high, and it is associated with the severity of MRI findings.What this paper adds

Poor long‐term recovery was found in 29% of children with encephalitis.

Severe disability measured by Glasgow Outcome Scale was found in 8%.

The most severe neuroimaging findings were a risk factor for severe acute illness and poor long‐term recovery.
13C methodologies for quantifying biochar stability in soil: A critique
Authors: Chalk Phillip , Smith Christopher J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMethodologies based on 13C‐enrichment (E), 13C‐depletion (D) and 13C‐natural abundance (NA) to estimate the stability of biochar in soil were critically examined. The stability of 13C‐enriched biochar can be estimated by the quantitative recovery of excess 13C, either in the soil or in evolved CO2. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages. Recovery in the soil is a measure of both residual biochar 13C + 13C immobilised in soil organic matter during biochar decomposition. Variable proportions of organic‐ and inorganic‐C are present in alkaline biochars, and few data exist on the uniformity of labelling, which is a basic requirement of the respired 13CO2 and E methodology. The E technique has had limited application due to the cost and difficulty of obtaining a uniformly‐enriched feedstock through continuous labelling of plants with 13CO2 at a constant 13C enrichment. In contrast, the NA technique has been widely applied. The NA and D techniques are in situ methods that involve the addition of C4‐derived biochar to a C3‐soil or vice versa. Stability is estimated by a two‐end‐member mixing model that allows the proportion of evolved CO2 derived from the biochar (Cdfb) to be estimated. The mixing model has recently been misused to estimate the Cdfb of 13C‐enriched biochar, with 13C‐abundance expressed as erroneously large δ values. 13C‐based methods provide a yardstick against which rapid stability tests should be evaluated. While numerous laboratory incubation comparisons have been conducted, very few field‐based data have been published.Highlights
13C methods for estimating biochar stability are based on uniform isotopic labelling.
Organic and inorganic constituents of biochar may not be uniformly labelled.
Expression of 13C enriched biochar as large δ values (>500 units) rather than atom fraction excess led to larger errors in stability estimation.
Few 13C field‐based estimates of biochar stability exist.
First record of the pyriform scale, Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on Laurus nobilis L. in Tunisia
Authors: Harbi Ahlem , Abbes Khaled , Suma Pompeo , Gharsallaoui Samir , Chermiti Brahim 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis paper reports the first finding of the pyriform scale, Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell (1894), infesting laurel, Laurus nobilis L., in Tunisia. The pest was found in May 2020 in a private garden in the region of Jawhara, Governorate of Sousse, Coastal Tunisia. Heavily infested laurel trees were observed on which the upper surfaces of leaves were extensively covered with a black sooty mould. Brief notes on diagnostic features of this scale and symptoms of infestation are presented. Possible pest risks and control measures aimed at avoiding the potential further spread of the pest in Tunisia are discussed.