bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the mysterious earthquake lightning that appeared immediately before and after the 1995 M7.3 Kobe earthquake
Authors: Enomoto Yuji , Yamabe Tuneaki , Sugiura Shigeki , Kondo Hitoshi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Immediately before and after the 1995 Kobe earthquake that occurred at 5:46 local time on January 17, 1995, the sky, which is normally dark at that time in mid-winter, displayed a mysterious illumination such that it became brighter like daytime, changed color, and after a while, returned to its normal dark appearance. This long-lived earthquake lightning (EQL) consisted of several luminous cloud masses floating in the lower atmosphere, from which mottled streak clouds, colored pale blue, white, and red, extended into the sky. This EQL did not occur above the Rokko-Awajisima fault zone, which was violently active during the Kobe earthquake, but above the Uemachi fault zone, which is located across Osaka Bay. The cause of this mysterious EQL has long remained unresolved. In this article, we propose a radioluminescence model due to radon emanating from the Uemachi fault shear zone, which has a peculiar geological structure, as a reasonable hypothesis for the mysterious EQL, and discuss the validity of the hypothesis while referring to various physicochemical anomalies observed in the Kobe earthquake as well as numerical simulation of radon and/or radon/methane bearing water vapor migration in the air.
Quantitative analysis of lake-cooling effect in Hefei, China, based on multispectral remote sensing and its response to urban expansion
Authors: Lin Xuening , Cui Yuhuan , Hao Shuang , Hong Hong , Zhang Man , Zhang Jingdong , Li Ruonan , Liu Mengyu 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Urban expansion has intensified the heat-island effect, and the negative impact on the natural environment has gradually become considerable. However, urban lakes can significantly alleviate the heat-island effect caused by urbanization. Based on four-phase multispectral remote-sensing images during 2005–2020, 17 lakes in the main and surrounding urban areas of Hefei, China, were selected as the objects of our research. Each lake’s cooling intensity and distance were calculated; cooling-efficiency data for different lakes were compared and analyzed considering lake areas and regional differences. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) The central temperature of the lakes correlated positively with cooling intensity (R = 0.55, P < 0.01) but negatively with cooling distance (R = −0.28, P < 0.05); the area of the lakes was significantly positively correlated with cooling distance (R = 0.49, P < 0.01) and weakly positively correlated with cooling intensity. When a lake area reached a certain threshold, its cooling intensity tended to stabilize. (2) The lakes around the urban area were far away from the main urban area where the heat-island effect was most concentrated, the ability of absorbing the high surface temperature caused by the heat-island effect was limited, the cooling-intensity and cooling-distance efficiency were less than those of the main urban lakes. (3) With urban expansion and the intensified urban heat-island effect, the cooling-intensity efficiency of lakes in the main urban area gradually increased, whereas the cooling-distance efficiency of lakes decreased.
Investigation of the Relationship between Geomagnetic Activity and Solar Wind Parameters Based on A Novel Neural Network (Potential Learning)
Authors: Kitajima Ryozo , Nowada Motoharu , Kamimura Ryotaro 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Predicting geomagnetic conditions based on in-situ solar wind observations allows us to evade disasters caused by large electromagnetic disturbances originating from the Sun to save lives and protect economic activity. In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between the Kp index, representing global magnetospheric activity level, and solar wind conditions using an interpretable neural network known as potential learning (PL). Data analyses based on neural networks are difficult to interpret; however, PL learns by focusing on the “potentiality of input neurons” and can identify which inputs are significantly utilized by the network. Using the full advantage of PL, we extracted the influential solar wind parameters that disturb the magnetosphere under southward Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. The input parameters of PL were the three components of the IMF (Bx, By, -Bz(Bs)), solar wind flow speed (Vx), and proton number density (Np) in geocentric solar ecliptic (GSE) coordinates obtained from the OMNI solar wind database between 1998 and 2019. Furthermore, we classified these input parameters into two groups (targets), depending on the Kp level: Kp = 6- to 9 (positive target) and Kp = 0 to 1+ (negative target). Negative target samples were randomly selected to ensure that numbers of positive and negative targets were equal. The PL results revealed that solar wind flow speed is an influential parameter for increasing Kp under southward IMF conditions, which was in good agreement with previous reports on the statistical relationship between the Kp index and solar wind velocity, and the Kp formulation based on the IMF and solar wind plasma parameters. Based on this new neural network, we aim to construct a more correct and parameter-dependent space weather forecasting model.
Clinical Characteristics of hospitalized Community-acquired Viral Pneumonia in preterm and term infants
Authors: Guan Xinxian , Gao Shasha , Zhao He , Zhou Huiting , Yang Yan , Yu Shenglin , Wang Jian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of hospitalized community-acquired viral pneumonia in term and preterm infants. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of the cases of community-acquired viral pneumonia in Neonatal Department. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) samples were collected for pathogen detection and clinical data were collected. We analysed pathogenic species and clinical characteristics among these infants.Results RSV is the main virus in term newborns, PIV3 is the main virus in preterm infants. Patients Infected with PIV3 were more susceptible to be co-infected with bacteria than those with RSV infection (p<0.05). Preterm infants infected with PIV3 are more likely to be co-infected with bacteria compared to term infants (p<0.05), mainly gram-negative bacteria, especially Klebsiella pneumonia. Term infants with bacterial infection are more prone to fever, cyanosis, moist rales, three concave sign and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), get respiratory failure and need a higher level of oxygen support and mechanical ventilation than simple virus infection (p<0.05). The incidence of hyponatremia in neonatal community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is high.Conclusions RSV and PIV3 were the leading cause of neonatal viral CAP. PIV3 infection is the main cause of viral CAP in preterm infants, they are more likely to be co-infected with bacteria than term infants, mainly gram-negative bacteria. Co-infections with bacterial led to more disease severity in term infants with community-acquired viral pneumonia compared with single infections.
The molecular mechanism of Radix astragali, Ginseng, Radix puerariae, and Mulberry leaf in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy based on bioinformatics and network pharmacology
Authors: Guo Xingchen , Gao Wanhao , Zhang Dongdong , Li Muwei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicines Radix astragali (Huangqi, HQ), Ginseng (Renshen, RS), Radix puerariae (Gegen, GG), and Mulberry leaf (Sangye, SY) on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC) based on bioinformatics and network pharmacology, through gene expression analysis of geo clinical samples, molecular docking of compounds and targets, and molecular dynamics simulation, and to discover new targets for prevention or treatment of DC, in order to facilitate and better serve the discovery of new drugs as well as their application in the clinic.
Materials and methods
For the initial selection of ingredients and targets using the TCMSP as a starting point, we performed a primary screening of ingredients and targets of the four herbs using tools including Cytoscape, Tbtools, R 4.0.2, Autodock Vina, PyMOL, and GROMACS. To further screen the effective ingredients and targets, we performed protein interaction network (PPI) analysis (gene = 12), gene expression analysis (n = 24) by clinical samples of DCs from the gse26887 dataset, biological process (BP) analysis (FDR ≤ 0.05, gene = 7), KEGG pathway analysis (FDR ≤ 0.05, gene = 7), and ingredient target pathway network analysis (gene = 7) by applying these targets from the screen, Biological processes, disease pathways regulated by targets and the relationship between each component target and pathway were obtained. We further screened the targets and visualized the docking results by precision molecular docking of ingredients and targets, after which we performed molecular dynamics simulation and consulted a large number of relevant literatures for validation of the results.
Results
Through screening, analysis and validation of the data, we finally confirmed the presence of 36 active ingredients in HQ, RS, GG, and SY, which mainly act on AKT1, ADRB2, GSK3B, PPARG, and BCL2 targets, and these five targets mainly regulate PI3K-Akt, Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, JAK-STAT, cGMP-PKG, AMPK, and mTOR signaling pathway exert preventive or therapeutic effects on DCM. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that the complex formed by Calycosin, Frutinone A, Puerarin, Inophyllum E, the four active components of HQ, RS, GG, and SY, and the four target proteins ADRB2, PPARG, AKT1, and GSK3B acting on DCS is able to exist in a very stable tertiary structure under human environment.
Conclusions
our study successfully explains the effective mechanism of HQ, RS, GG, and SY in ameliorating DC, while predicting the potential targets and active components of HQ, RS, GG, and SY in treating DC, which provides a new basis for investigating novel mechanisms of action at the network pharmacology level and a great support for subsequent DC research.
Estimation of nitrogen supply for a dryland spring maize sustainable production in northwest China
Authors: Wu Xiaorong , Li Junjie , Li Zhimin , Xue Xuanke , Zhao Yingfei , Zhang Xuemei , Yang Baoping , Jia Zhikuan , Zhang Xudong , Han Qingfang 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose There are environmental problems related to excessive fertilization the intensive spring maize production. The nitrate accumulation in the soil at 1m before sowing (N soil) should be considered for nitrogen (N) supply sources to implement sustainable N management. As such, the goal of this study was to identify the optimal total N supply (TNS) to satisfy crop requirements while lower environmental impacts.Methods Five different fertilizer rates (0, 120, 175, 230, and 285 N kg ha-1) were conducted in a 3-year on-farm experiment. Integrated N nutrition index (NNIi), and relative yield (RY), plant N use efficiency (NutEBY), and N leaching in response to the total N supply (TNS, from 155 to 416 kg ha-1) were measured. Results The relationships between TNS and NNIi, RY, NutEBY, and N leaching firmly fit quadratic, linear-plateau, linear-plateau, and linear models. A suitable TNS can satisfy crop requirements was 327 kg ha-1, a suitable TNS can obtain higher NutEBY and lower N leaching 315 kg ha-1. Therefore, the applicable TNS rate should be between 315 to 327 kg ha-1. However, the suitable NNIi should be 1.0, corresponding to the appropriate N fertilizer rate of 230 kg ha-1. Considering the high soil N residual, sustainable N management should consider the consumption of N soil and the minimum application of N fertilizer to obtain higher yield and lower environmental impacts. Conclusion The TNS was proposed as an indicator to implement sustainable N management suitable for spring maize with similar climatic patterns in northwest China.
The Efficacy in Shoulder Range of Motion of a Snapping Manual Maneuver Added to a Standardized Exercise Protocol in Axillary Web Syndrome: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Sandrin Fabio , Teixeira Luiz Felipe Nevola , Garavaglia Manfredi , Gandini Sara , Simoncini Maria Claudia , Luini Alberto 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
BACKGROUNDAxillary Web Syndrome (AWS) is one of the most frequent conditions after surgical axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). The key symptom is the functional disability of the limb, which requires rehabilitation. Notwithstanding, a standardized rehabilitation protocol is currently lacking in clinical practice. Our primary objective therefore, was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of a snapping manual maneuver (used in our clinical practice) in enhance range of motion (ROM) when compared with a standardized stretching exercise protocol. A three-year follow-up of the enrolled patients was also carried out to determine the incidence of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema (BCRL).MATERIAL AND METHODSBetween July 2013 and January 2019 we conducted a single blinded randomized clinical trial. ALND patients with subsequent appearance of clinical symptoms of AWS were randomly assigned into two groups who underwent one treatment session per week for two weeks with a one month follow-up.RESULTSThere were no statically significant differences in ROM at our one month follow-up and the incidence of BCRL was equally distributed after three years.CONCLUSIONthe addition of the manual snapping maneuver in a rehabilitation protocol was not better than a stretching exercise and does not appear to be a risk factor for lymphedema.Trial Registration : NCTR 03284008 Retrospectively registered: September 15, 2017; Last Update Posted: July 17, 2019
Determination of genotoxic damages of picloram and dicamba with comet assay in Allium cepa rooted in tissue culture and distilled water
Authors: Özel Çiğdem Alev , Ünal Fatma , Yılmaz Ece Avuloğlu , Erikel Esra , Mirici Semra , Yüzbasıoğlu Deniz 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background: Many genotoxicity tests allow us to understand the mechanism of damages on genetic material occurring in living organisms against various physical and chemical agents. One of them is the Comet test. The current study aimed to evaluate genotoxic damages by picloram and dicamba to root meristems of Allium cepa utilizing comet assay. Methods and Results: Two different protocols were used for rooting and auxin/pesticide application. (i) A. cepa bulbs were rooted in MS medium and then treated with MS medium (control) and 0.67, 1.34, 2.01, 2.68, 3.35, 4.02, and 8.04 mg/L of Picloram and Dicamba using aseptic tissue culture techniques. (ii) A. cepa bulbs were then rooted in bidistilled water and treated with 0 (control), 0.67, 1.34, 2.01, 2.68, 3.35, 4.02, and 8.04 mg/L of Picloram and Dicamba in distilled water. The A. cepa root tip cells in both treatment groups were examined using comet test to find the possible DNA damaging effects of Picloram and Dicamba. The results obtained at all the concentrations were statistically compared with their control groups. Almost at all the concentrations of Picloram and Dicamba increased comet tail intensity (%) and tail moment in roots treated in MS medium. Two highest concentrations revealed toxic effect. On the other hand, DNA damaging effect of both auxins was only noted on the highest concentrations (>4.02 mg/L) in roots treated in distilled water.Conclusions:This study approve and confirm genotoxic effects of tow growth regulators on plants.
Mortality and complications after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, a retrospective multicentre study
Authors: Stenberg Karin , Eriksson Anna , Odensten Christoffer , Darehed David 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the method of choice for patients in need of long-term nutritional support or gastric decompression. Although it is considered safe, complications and relatively high mortality rates have been reported. We aimed to identify risk factors for complications and mortality after PEG in routine healthcare.Methods: This retrospective study included all adult patients who received a PEG between 2013 and 2019 in Region Norrbotten, Sweden.Results: 389 patients were included. The median age was 72 years, 176 (45%) were women and 281 (72%) patients received their PEG due to neurological disease. All-cause mortality was 15% at 30 days and 28% at 90 days. Malignancy as the indication for PEG was associated with increased mortality at 90 days (OR 4.41, 95% CI 2.20–8.88). Other factors significantly associated with increased mortality were older age, female sex, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, lower body mass index and higher C-reactive protein levels. Minor and major complications within 30 days occurred in 11% and 15% of the patients, respectively. Diabetes increased the risk of minor complications (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.04-6.55), while those aged 75+ years were at an increased risk of major complications, compared to those younger than 65 years (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.02-4.85).Conclusions: The increased risk of death among women and patients with malignancy indicate that these patients could benefit from earlier referral for PEG. Additionally, we found that age, diabetes, heart failure, C-reactive protein and body mass index all impact the risk of adverse outcomes.
An overview of genome-wide association mapping studies in Poaceae species (Model crops: Wheat and Rice)
Authors: Naeem Muhammad , Zia Muhammad Abu Bakar , Yousaf Muhammad Farhan , Asim Arslan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
There is a significant interest while utilizing association mapping technique to determine the genes which are accountable for numerical dissimilarity of the more complex characteristics with agronomic and evolutionary significance. Recently improvements have been made in genomic technology, which motivates for the exploitation of natural diversity, and establishment of more vigorous and strong statistical analysis methods creates association mapping technique more demanding and reasonable to plant research programs. Genome-wide association mapping technique recognizes quantitative trait loci (QTLs) by studying the marker-trait associations which could be credited to the power of linkage disequilibrium between different molecular markers and functional polymorphisms through a pool of diversified germplasm. In this review, we will describe an overview of genetic mapping and the current status of association mapping studies in cereal crops i.e., wheat and rice.
Comparison of speech effects among labial, lingual, and aligner appliances: a systematic review
Authors: Si Jiaping , Tian Qiaoyin , Lu Lin , Siow Lixuen , Luo Dingwen , Chen Xiaoyan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background: Speech sound disorders are produced irrespective of the type of orthodontic appliance. The present systematic review aimed to compare the speech impediments created during orthodontic treatment with the labial appliances (LA), lingual appliances (LI), and orthodontic aligners (OA).
Methods: The studies were searched from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library from 2000 to 25 Feb 2022. A manual search was also performed. The study’s quality was assessed by the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Form. Two reviewers performed study selection and data extraction.
Results: From a total of 1298 articles, 21 studies were selected, including 3 randomized clinical trials (RCTs), 15 prospective studies, 2 retrospective studies, and 1 cross-sectional study. Two RCTs were assessed as having a "low" risk of bias, and one was considered unclear. Twelve nonrandomized studies were classified as "high" and six as "moderate" quality. Six studies compared LA and LI, three studies compared LA and OA, one study compared LI and OA, and eleven studies only evaluated single orthodontic appliances.
Conclusion: Based on the evidence available, LA seemed to impact minimally on speech, and the duration was the shortest; LI caused more speech impediments and had greater difficulty adapting; OA produced mild to moderate speech impediments, and the adaptation time was between the two.
Study on the distribution, element characteristics, and formation mechanism of porosity during laser welding for Ti-6Al-4V bottom-locking joint
Authors: Kang Xufeng , Yan Tingyan , Wang Leilei , Gao Qiyu , Zhan Xiaohong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The bottom-locking joint is widely used in the aerospace manufacturing field as an imperative connection structure. The laser welding experiment for the Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy bottom-locking joint is carried out in the present paper. Meanwhile, porosity in the weld seam including the process porosity and metallurgical porosity is investigated. Furthermore, it is novel that the distribution, element characteristics, and formation mechanism of process porosities and metallurgical porosities in the bottom-locking joint are comprehensively analyzed based on the porosity morphology, microstructure, and element analysis of the resultant bottom-locking joints. The process porosity, which mainly appeared in the weld seam centre, is formed by the combined effect of two mechanisms which closely related to the dynamic behaviour of the molten pool and the stability of the keyhole. Besides, a large number of micropores with a diameter of 2–5 µm are observed on the surface of the process porosity, whose formation is related to the evaporation of elements. Moreover, the tensile stress generated during the solidification and shrinkage of the molten metal is the main factor leading to microcracks in the micropores. The nucleation characteristics of bubbles cause metallurgical porosities to be mainly distributed at the bottom of the weld seam.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of Monochamus alternatus galleries using CT scans
Authors: Yang Huawei , Qiu Jianfeng , Gao Shangkun , Wang Jinxing , Li Wen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Cerambycid pests are wood-boring, cryptic and extremely difficult to control – features that have made them a global problem. In this study, we present a method of scanning the galleries of Monochamus alternatus using CT technology to obtain their systematic structure via three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, so as to clarify the gallery types and their structural parameters. We performed TLC scanning on wood segments damaged by M. alternatus using a 128-row spiral CT GE Revolution EVO to obtain 64-layer CT scanned images. From the scanned images, we were able to clearly identify the beetle larvae and their galleries. The galleries were clearly delineated from the peripheral xylem, except parts that were blocked by frass-feces mixture, which were slightly blurred. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the galleries showed that most of the gallery types were C-shaped, and a few were S-shaped or Y-shaped. There was only one larva per gallery, and galleries were separate. The vicinity of the entrance hole and the anterior part of the pupal chamber were blocked with frass-feces mixture. There were no significant differences among the galleries’ parameters, such as the width of the entrance holes, tunneling depth, vertical length, blockage length and volume, total length of the galleries and boring volume. With MIMICS image processing software, the images of each layer were made into a composite image, providing an effective way to visualize the 3D distribution of galleries. Using the methodology outlined in this study, both a single gallery structure and the spatial distribution of multiple galleries of M. alternatus can be shown, and the specific parameters of galleries can also be accurately calculated, which provides new ideas and methods for carrying out ecological and scientific research and precise prevention and control techniques of M. alternatus.