bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ethrel on Growth and Bulb Initiation in Onion1
Authors: Levy D. , Kedar N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Young onion plants were grown in glass tubes under short daylength non-inductive for bulbing. Ethrel was added to the growth medium and caused swelling of leaf-bases, bulb initiation and a pronounced increase in the bulbing index. Swelling of leaf-bases was also observed in Ethrel treated plants of leek. In a replicated field experiment seedlings of 5 cultivars were sprayed once or several times with Ethrel at rates of 500, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 ppm. Except for one very early cultivar, which showed bulbing due to natural daylength, the treatments resulted in early bulb initiation and in a greatly increased rate of bulbing. Rates of 5,000 and 10,000 ppm Ethrel were more effective than lower concentrations but they also caused retarded leaf growth and a decrease in the final size of bulbs. The possible role of ethylene in bulbing of onion is discussed.
New Vegetable Varieties List XVII1
Authors: Barnes W. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sixteen prior lists of new vegetable varieties introduced since 1936 were published in Vols. 63, 65, 67, 69, 70, 75, 77, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, and 92 of Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, and Vol. 4 No. 1 of HortScience.
Dilution Technique for Calibration of Infrared Gas Analyzers for Use with Carbon Dioxide1
Authors: Tibbitts T. W. , Read M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A simple dilution technique is described for the calibration of infrared gas analysers for use with carbon dioxide. The technique involves determining the exact volume of a closed loop system, which includes analyser, circulating pump and connecting tubing. Successive dilutions with either known volumes of nitrogen gas with no carbon dioxide or span gas with known concentrations of carbon dioxide, provide a range of calculable concentration points from which the calibration curve can be plotted.
Effect of Fall Application of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid on Apple Trees1
Authors: Ketchie D. O. , Williams M. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Limb units and whole trees of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ sprayed in the fall with 250 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm Ethrel significantly decreased fruit set and vegetative growth the following season.
Injury to City Plants from Industrial Emissions of Herbicides1
Authors: Lanphear F. O. , Soule Oscar H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Injury typical of the phenoxyacetic acid herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T was observed in a large area of St. Louis in the spring of 1969. Screening of chemicals from a local manufacturer of these herbicides revealed that at least 7 chemicals involved in the production of these herbicides produce symptoms similar to those observed in the field. Injury occurred from aqueous concn as low as 1 ppm as well as from vapors of the isobutyl ester of 2,4-D. The uniqueness of plant injury due to industrial emissions of herbicides demonstrates the need for using biological parameters in assessing air quality.
Defoliation of Snap Beans with Preharvest Treatments of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Palevitch Dan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) applied to snap bean plants (cv. ‘Tenderette’) at 250-4000 ppm as a preharvest treatment caused considerable leaf abscission. A reduction in yield per plant resulted from yellowing and abscission of the pods. Much less damage occurred with the lower concentrations and/or by postponing the treatment close to the anticipated harvest time. The effectiveness of Ethrel as a leaf abscission promotor was greater in the summer than in the autumn season. The possible use of Ethrel as an aid for mechanical harvesting of snap beans is discussed.
Inheritance of Mottle-Leaf in Cucurbita moschata Poir.1
Authors: Coyne Dermot P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Segregation in squash (Cucurbita moschata Poir.) crosses between a ‘Crookneck Butternut’ selection (green-leaf) × ‘Golden Cushaw’ (mottle-leaf) and ‘New Hampshire Butternut’ (green-leaf) × ‘Hercules’ (mottle-leaf) indicated that the mottle-leaf trait was primarily controlled by an incompletely dominant gene (M).
The Effects of Horticultural Practices on Man and his Environment
Authors: Walker Kenneth C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
It is recognized that the practice of horticultural science is not necessarily synonymous with the general practice of agriculture. Webster’s New International Dictionary defines horticulture as “the cultivation of a garden or orchard, the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, and flowers and ornamental plants; one of the main divisions of agriculture.” You may or may not agree with this definition or there may be a more accurate and up-to-date one. Nevertheless, the definition does establish certain limits or boundaries of your science. However, the impact of horticultural practices on man and his environment are not as well defined.
Thiabendazole and Benomyl for the Control of Postharvest Decay of Apples1
Authors: Cargo C. A. , Dewey D. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Postharvest treatment with thiabendazole (TBZ) or benomyl reduced the incidence of soft rot or blue mold disease caused by Penicillium expansum Thorn in ‘Mcintosh’ apple fruits. Both materials were significantly effective during cold storage or simulated marketing tests in which the apples were artificially punctured and then dipped in solutions containing rot inoculum and the chemical. All concentrations tested, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm TBZ and 75, 140, and 300 ppm benomyl, yielded rot control without affecting the respiratory activity of the apples.
Accumulation of Simazine in Mulch Residue under Apple Trees and its Effect on Apple Rootstocks and Soil Microorganisms1
Authors: Lord W. J. , Gunner H. B. , Robinson D. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Simazine, especially from granular application, accumulated in hay mulch residue under apple trees and reduced soil contamination from this herbicide.
No marked build-up of simazine occurred in the soil. Simazine residues in soil ana mulch caused injury or death of EM VII rootstock, particularly after application in granular form.
Simazine in mulch had little influence on microbial populations. In soil, granular simazine increased numbers of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the spring.
Annual Weed Control in Young Prunes1
Authors: Elmore C. L. , Lange A. H. , Buschmann L. L. , Chaney D. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The control of annual weeds in young prune orchards increased growth. The degree of foliar expressed phytotoxicity did not result in decreased tree growth. Simazine gave long lasting weed control and the most foliar symptoms on prunes, but superior tree growth. Simazine and dichlobenil produced more foliar symptoms than diphenamid, but less indication of growth reduction.
Effect of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid and Cycloheximide on Abscission and Ripening of ‘Bartlett’ Pears1
Authors: Griggs William H. , Iwakiri Ben T. , Fridley Robert B. , Mehlschau James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Branch units of 20 ‘Bartlett’ pear trees were sprayed with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) at 250, 500, or 1000 ppm or with cycloheximide (beta-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyethyl] glutarimide) at 3, 5, or 20 ppm a wk before the beginning of normal harvest to weaken the abscission layer to facilitate mechanical harvest. Half the trees had been sprayed with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to prevent preharvest drop. Nine days after application, Ethrel at 1000 ppm had significantly reduced the fruit removal force (FRF) on trees that had received no NAA. In contrast, the presence of NAA evidently nullified the abscission-promoting effect of Ethrel. All other treatments failed to reduce FRF significantly. None of the sprays caused discernible phytotoxic effects or hastened fruit maturity. However, after storage for 50 days at 0°C, 17% to 50% of the fruits that received Ethrel at 500 or 1000 ppm, broke down during ripening. Cycloheximide caused no breakdown, but 20% to 80% of the fruits aprayed with 5 or 20 ppm had necrotic spots at the calyx end.
Preharvest Sprays with 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid to Degreen ‘Robinson’ and ‘Lee’ Tangerine Fruits
Authors: Young Roger , Jahn Otto , Cooper W. C. , Smoot J. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
2-Chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) applied at 50 to 200 ppm as a preharvest spray, showed considerable promise in degreening ‘Robinson’ and ‘Lee’ tangerine fruit. The preharvest degreening resulted in less postharvest degreening time required for acceptable color and less fruit decay during storage. Ethrel concn between 100 and 200 ppm caused abscission of some old leaves, but had no apparent effect on external appearance other than color.
Indicator of Freezing in Citrus Seedlings1
Authors: Yelenosky G. , Horanic G. , Galena F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Studies show electrical potential (Millivoltage output) generated by citrus seedlings is useful as an indication of freezing in hardened seedlings or where freeze rates are 1° hr-1 or less. Needle-sharp probes of a gold-amalgam wire attached to a strip chart recorder with a variable millivolt supply were used to detect mv changes in seedlings exposed to freeze conditions in an artificial environment room. An abrupt increase of 2 to 6 mv in the mv signal indicated the onset of freezing in the seedlings as checked by the heat of crystallization measured with thermocouples, visual signs of freezing, and subsequent physical damage studies.
Effect of Temperature on Flower Bud and Leaf Anthocyanin Formation in the Lowbush Blueberry1
Authors: Hall I. V. , Forsyth F. R. , Newbery R. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lowbush blueberry plants had greater flower bud formation with more primordial meristems and more advanced floret primordia and lower concentration of anthocyanins in leaves at warmer temperatures than at cooler temperatures.
Fruit Development in Short and Long Cycle Blueberries1
Authors: Edwards T. W. , Sherman W. B. , Sharpe R. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth cycle studies of blueberry fruit were investigated for 3 Florida selections ‘4-15’, ‘4-71’ and ‘Bluegem’ (‘6-164’) which differed in the length of time from an thesis to maturity. The 3 stages of fruit development were exemplified by a double-sigmoid curve. Fruit size increase in stage I was due primarily to cell division and in stage III to cell enlargement. Delayed growth rate in stage II was accompanied by rapid development of the embryo and endosperm. Duration of individual stages varied with the clone and temperature and the length of each growth stage was important in determining the time required from anthesis to fruit maturity.
Pesticides and Pollution
Authors: Paul Larsen R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
No domestic issue since the depression of the 1930‘s has generated so much concern and emotion as “pollution. ” Like it or not, we as horticulturists are being swept along in an accelerating tide of public opinion against anything which may seem to add another gram of contamination to our earthly environment. In the public mind, pollution and pesticides have become synonymous. That is, pesticides are environmental poisons regardless of form, use or purpose. This unfortunate fear has been very effectively promoted by certain special interest groups who believe in strict protection and preservation of the environment, but only in accordance with their viewpoint.
The Detection of Ethylene in the Internal Atmosphere of Bulbs1
Authors: Staby G. L. , De Hertogh A. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethylene was detected in the internal atmosphere of 5 bulb species. Some, if not all, of the determined ethylene concn are of physiological significance. Experiments using methyl l-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimi-dazole carbamate, a protective fungicide, indicate that fungi normally associated with tulip bulbs are at least partially responsible for the gas.
Cold Injury as Related to Cultural Management and Possible Protective Devices for Dormant Peach Trees
Authors: Savage Earl F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the peach growing areas of southeastern United States, it is only occasionally that peach trees are cold injured in early winter. The fruit is harvested in July, and there are nearly 3-1/2 months during which the leaves remain active on the trees, replenishing carbohydrate reserves. The fall months are warm with little rainfall so that the trees enter the dormant season in a non-vigorous condition. In the normal season, sufficient hours of cold below 45°F have accumulated, usually by late January, to break the rest period of most peach varieties and during warm periods in late winter the trees gradually resume growth and become susceptible to injury from low temperature. Thus, cold injury to immature tissues in the Southeast usually occurs during late winter whereas cold injury in the northern states, unless it results from extremely low temperature, occurs in early winter.
The Horticultural Crops Research Program of the Federal Experiment Station in Puerto Rico
Authors: Gaskins M. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Federal Experiment Station in Puerto Rico is maintained at Mayaguez for crops investigations requiring a tropical environment. When established in 1902, the station was the only institution for agricultural research on the island. The research program included all of the diverse investigations such as animal husbandry, entomology, and forestry, in addition to crops studies, required for improvement of agriculture in Puerto Rico. Today, the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Puerto Rico is responsible for studies related entirely to insular agriculture. Research projects at the Federal station are selected for applicability, not only in Puerto Rico, but in other tropical areas as well. The Federal station also maintains projects with temperate-zone crops when these are needed to supplement investigations at locations on the mainland. Since 1961, the station has been part of the Crops Research Division of the Agricultural Research Service, and joint projects have been maintained with various other research units in the Division.
Rating of Pear Cultivars for Resistance to Fire Blight1
Authors: Oitto W. A. , van der Zwet T. , Brooks H. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Natural infections of fire blight following 2 years of epiphytotic conditions caused severe blight damage in the pear cultivar collection at Beltsville, Maryland. Of 522 cultivars rated with the USDA fire blight scoring system, 88% were highly susceptible, 2% were moderately susceptible, 4% were moderately resistant, 5% were highly resistant, and 2% had no blight symptoms. Names of pear cultivars in each resistance class are listed.
Thiabendazole Control of Postharvest Apple Decay1
Authors: Blanpied G. D. , Purnasiri Apithai 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
2-(4-Thiazolyl) benzimidazole (thiabendazole or TBZ) applied as a postharvest treatment (1000-2000 ppm) significantly reduced decay of apples: intact (not skin punctured); skin punctured before or after TBZ treatment; mechanically harvested; waxed after TBZ treatment. TBZ was active against Penicillium expansum, Botrytis sp., but not Alternaria sp. New skin punctures were more susceptible to infection than old punctures.
Repetitive Flowering from a Single Floral Axis in Camellia1
Authors: Ackerman W. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An unusual flowering phenomenon has been observed for 4 consecutive years on an unnamed Camellia japonica clone, PI 276119. While many faded blossoms dropped from the plants, others remained firmly attached. The inner portion of the tightly folded center of each persistant faded blossom remained pinkish-white. These centers expanded and were similar to emerging flower buds except they did not have bud scales. Elongation of the old flower axis placed the new bud slightly above the old flower. Following a resting stage of 6 weeks to about 4 months, new blossoms developed on the same axis and directly above the old flowers. During the 1970 season as many as 3 successive blooms were observed one upon the other.
The physiological aspects of this phenomenon are contrary to normal flower bud development in camellia. Repetitive flowering from a single floral axis appears to violate the principle of determinate growth of flower buds.
Fruit and Vegetative Responses of the Highbush Blueberry to Gibberellic Acid under Greenhouse Conditions1
Authors: Mainland C. M. , Eck P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA) at 0, 5, 50, 200 and 500 ppm was applied to the highbush blueberry, var. ‘Coville,’ for 3 consecutive fruiting periods in the greenhouse. Application to the flower was a prerequisite for parthenocarpic fruit set and development. No significant differences were found in the number of shoots formed, shoot length, and stem or trunk diameter. GA caused a significant reduction in the number of flower buds formed for the next crop.
Effects of Ethylene on Morphology and Flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat1
Authors: Tjia Benny O. S. , Rogers Marlin N. , Hartley David E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chrysanthemum, ‘#3 Indianapolis White’, subjected continuously to atmospheres containing 1-4 ppm ethylene failed to initiate and develop flower buds under short day conditions. The plants showed typical epinastic symptoms, shortening of internodes, thickening of stems and loss of apical dominance. The plants developed many short axillary shoots, each with a few small leaves. The top leaves on the plant became smaller and smaller and were less dissected than the controls. Subjecting plants alternatively to ethylene containing and normal atmospheres generally prevented flowering also, but occasionally crown budding occurred. Bioassay of endogenous auxins showed that these growth promoting substances were maintained at high levels in the ethylene treated plants, which may account for their failure to flower. In addition, ethylene also seemed to affect the polar auxin transport system of the plant.
Environmentally Induced Variations of Sweet Corn Characteristics as They Relate to the Time Required for Development
Authors: Arnold Charles Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Exposure to warm and cool temperatures in the period from planting to the 4tli leaf stage had no effect on the total number of leaves produced by ‘Golden Cross Bantam’ sweet corn. The same treatments in the period from the 4th to the 9th leaf stage resulted in a 3-leaf difference with the warm treated plants having the greater number. Exposure to warm temperatures suppressed the elongation of the lower internodes regardless of whether the exposure was in the planting to the 4th leaf or to the 9th leaf period. Exposure to warm and cool temperatures in the periods from the 5th leaf stage to tassel initiation, tassel initiation to ear initiation, and ear initiation to row initiation resulted in a complex situation in which the time of pollen shed or silk appearance was influenced not only by the time of tassel, ear, or row initiation but also by the number of leaves still to be developed to the point of visibility. Exposure of 5 varieties of sweet corn to 10, 13, and 16 hr photoperiods up to the time of tassel initiation supported the observations in the literature that varieties adapted to tropical or subtropical regions are more likely to respond to photoperiod than those adapted to temperate regions.
Photoperiod, Temperature and Genotype Interactions Affecting Time of Flowering in Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Padda Darshan S. , Munger Henry M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Temperature and photoperiod affected time of flowering in ‘Red Kidney’ and ‘Great Northern UI 1’ varieties of dry beans. ‘Great Northern-1’ was delayed in flowering under 18-hr photoperiod and the low temperature of 60°F night and 70° day. However, at higher temperatures it flowered normally under all photoperiods. ‘Red Kidney’ on the other hand was delayed under 18-hr photoperiod and high temperatures, above 85° day and night temperatures 70° or higher. It was relatively insensitive to photoperiod under the low temperature, and under the medium temperature of 70° night and 80° day.
Studies of the flowering response of parental and hybrid populations under 18-hr photoperiod and the high, medium and low temperature conditions indicated that ‘Red Kidney’ and ‘Great Northern-1’ differ by 2 major temperature-sensitive genes. ‘Red Kidney’ has a dominant gene Ht which causes delayed flowering at temperatures above 85° and long photoperiod while ‘Great Northern-1’ has a dominant gene Lt which causes delayed flowering at temperatures below 75° and long photoperiod. The F1 Htht Ltlt is delayed at all temperatures under long photoperiod.
Anatomical studies indicated that flower initiation had occurred under all photoperiod and temperature conditions but further development of floral primordia into flowers was delayed or completely inhibited under the conditions responsible for delay.
Effects of Kinetin, Salt Concentration, and Temperature on Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Lactuca sativa L.1
Authors: Odegbaro O. A. , Smith O. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of salinity (0 to 0.12 M NaCl) and temperature (20-30°C) on germination of ‘Phoenix’ lettuce seed was studied. Increasing levels of both factors inhibited germination and reduced fresh weight of young seedlings. The salinity by tempertaure interaction was found to be statistically significant in the inhibition of germination. Although the mechanism of this interaction is not known, it was found that osmotic inhibition was reduced at lower temperatures. Kinetin largely overcomes both temperature and osmotic inhibition of germination, but its effect on early seedling development varies with temperature. At 15° no significant effect was observed, but at higher temperatures (23° and 25°) it increased fresh weight at higher salinity levels but had no effect at lower salinity levels.
Degree of Resistance Among Pear Species to the Woolly Pear Aphid, Eriosoma pyricola1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Westigard P. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Roots of most of the primitive Pynus species were infested with pear root aphid Eriosoma pyricola Bak. and David., and increase or decrease in number noted 30 days later. Although seedling populations varied somewhat, P. amygdaliformis, P. elaeagrifolia, P. syriaca, P. betulaefolia, P. calleryana, P. koehnei, P. ussuriensis, and P. nivalis can be considered resistant. P. communis, P. cordata, P. gharbiana, P. pashia, P. Fauriei, and P. pyrifolia were either susceptible or very variable in resistance. Only P. bucharica, P. dimorphophylla, and P. mamorensis had no resistant seedlings in the lots tested. Interspecific hybrid populations were predictable though variable in resistance.
Determination of Gibberellins in Ovaries and Young Fruits of Navel Oranges and their Correlation with Fruit Growth1
Authors: Wiltbank W. J. , Krezdorn A. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
After refinement, a fluorometric technique was found adequate for quantitatively determining certain gibberellins in the flowers and young fruits of navel sweet oranges. Using this method, significant changes in gibberellins were shown to occur, both in tissue concentrations and total amounts per fruit, in samples collected during the bloom and early period of fruit growth.
Two relationships, a correlation between gibberellin concentration and rate of fruit growth, and an effect of total gibberellins per fruit on cumulative fruit growth, were found. These data indicated a cause and effect relationship between endogenous gibberellins and the early stages of fruit growth of the navel orange.