bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single Harmonic Black Holes
Authors: Vegt Wim 
Published: February 2022

In this New Theory a “Single Harmonic Black Hole” (SHBH) has been considered to be the Gravitational-Electromagnetic Confinement of a Single Harmonic Electromagnetic Field Configuration in which a perfect equilibrium exists between the outward directed electromagnetic radiation pressure and the inward directed Electromagnetic-Gravitational Interaction force densities. This frequency transformation is possible because of the combined Lorentz / Doppler-Effect transformation during the collapse (contraction) of the radiation when the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement has been formed (Implosion of Visible Light). Within the scope of this article “Single Harmonic Black Hole” (SHBH) is considered to be any kind of 3-dimensional confined Single Harmonic Electromagnetic Energy. The inner structure of a “SHBH” has been based on a 3-dimensional isotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic field configuration. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic fields (wave packages) demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass, spin and electric charge is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass, spin and electric charge can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about “Electromagnetic-Gravitational Interaction” has been developed. The “New Theory” has been based on the fundamental principle of “Perfect Equilibrium within the Universe” which has already been expressed by Newton’s three equations published in 1687 in “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Newton’s Equations in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell Equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.
Smart Intrusion Detection System Comprised of Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Authors: Istiaque Shah Md. , Khan Asif Iqbal , Waheed Sajjad 
Published: February 2022

In the present world, digital intruders can exploit the vulnerabilities of a network and are capable to collapse even a country. Attack in Estonia by digital intruders, attack in Iran's nuclear plant and intrusion of spyware in smart phone depicts the efficiency of attackers. Furthermore, centralized firewall system is not enough for ensuring a secured network. Hence, in the age of big data, where availability of data is huge and computation capability of PC is also high, there machine learning and network security have become two inseparable issues.
In this thesis, KDD Cup’99 intrusion detection dataset is used. Total 3, 11,030 numbers of records with 41 features are available in the dataset. For finding the anomalies of the network four machine learning methods are used like Classification and Regression Tree (CART), Random Forest, Naive Bayes and Multi-Layer Perception. Initially all 41 features are used to find out the accuracy. Among all the methods, Random Forest provides 98.547% accuracy in intrusion detection which is maximum, and CART shows maximum accuracy (99.086%) to find normal flow of data. Gradually selective 15 features were taken to test the accuracy and it was found that Random Forest is still efficient (accuracy 98.266%) in detecting the fault of the network. In both cases MLP found to be a stable method where accuracy regarding benign data and intrusion are always close to 95% (93.387%, 94.312% and 95.0075, 93.652% respectively).
Finally, an IDS model is proposed where Random Forest of ML method and MLP of DL method is incorporated, to handle the intrusion in a most efficient manner.
Automated Mobile Telecom Cell Sites System
Authors: Egho-Promise Ehigiator Iyobor , Ola Bamidele 
Published: February 2022

Telecommunication is the transmission of traffic from one place to another in a network through a media using mobile station. Cell site is referred to as the base station of telecommunication, it is part of telecom network that allow subscribers to access services from the telecom service providers.
Cell sites depend on core network and transmission system to function, it is not a standalone network. It is the interface between mobile station and the network (core network and transmission system).
In this research, an automated mobile telecom cell site system will be designed and developed. The system will help to provide accurate and reliable online information about cell sites equipment and determine profit or loss from cell sites.
Qualitative research approach will be used in the study while interview will be employed to collect data.
Motion Prediction of Underwater Sensors
Authors: Jamjoom Abdulrzaq Naji , Othman Ramzi , Almitani Khalid H. 
Published: February 2022

In this work, we will simulate the motion of a single underwater sensor knowing the current velocity to predict its location and velocity during certain time frame using a numerical approach of non-linear time-dependent partial differential equations and develop numerical computer programming code to solve the equations.
The underwater sensor are used to collect data for many scientific and practical reasons all the sensor collected data without specifying the sensor location and time will be missing lowers valuable information and by simulating the sensor motion numerically will have many values and impact on the underwater sensor industries as this will lead to less power consumption sensors with smaller size and less network coverage required.
This paper will study the kinetics of the underwater sensor which will resulted to a set of non-linear time-dependent partial differential equations that can be solved analytically and computer programming simulation is developed to solve the equations and predict the motion of underwater sensor.
Different scenarios considered in the work such as simulating the result for different sensor’s density and the effect on its final position. Also, the result will include the sensor velocity simulation and comparison with the sea current velocity.
This work is limited to the motion prediction of single underwater sensor and the result is only for mechanical aspect of the problem, the networks connectivity or coverage is out-of-scope.
Potentials of Processed Palm Kernel Shell Ash (Local Stabilizer) and Model Prediction of CBR and UCS Values of Ntak Clayey Soils in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Authors: Assam S. A. , Agunwamba J. C. 
Published: February 2022

It is very essential to improve on the study of stabilization, as we investigate the potential of Processed Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PPKSA) as a Local stabilizer in stabilizing clay soil. The ever-increasing cost of construction materials in Nigeria and other developing countries has created the need for improved research into locally and readily available materials and also on how to convert these local materials such as Palm Kernel Shell Ash for use in construction and soil improvement. To achieve this; soil samples were collected from Ntak – Uyo, Akwa Ibom State classified as an A-2-5 soil on AASHTO and CL on UNIFIED SYSTEM of classification, were sieved and passed through sieve No. 36. It was then stabilized with (2-7%) Processed Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PPKSA) by weight of the dry soil. The investigation includes evaluation of the engineering and geotechnical properties of the soil.
The results obtained shows that the increase in PPKSA content at 4.5% increase the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) by 16.74%, Maximum Dry Density (MDD) by 1.89 gm/cm3, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) by 433.12 kN/m2, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) by 55% for unsoak and 36% for soak while there was a significant reduction in the value of Liquid Limit (LL) by 30.92% and Plasticity Index (PI) by 10%. The predictive models were developed, and these models showed a good correlation with experimental results in the control tests as they possess a reasonable significant difference and a strong relationship between the measured and predicted values.
The study concluded that PPKSA can be used to improve the properties of soil for construction purposes and 4.5% PPKSA content was observed to yield maximum improvement for OMC, MDD, CBR and UCS values.
Geotechnical Characteristics of Regolith Derived from Nanka Formation, Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Chibuzor Stella Nwaife , Okoyeh Elizabeth lfeyinwa , Egboka Boniface Chukwukadibia Ezeanyaoha 
Published: February 2022

Regolith derived from Nanka Formation; Southeast Nigeria was evaluated for their geotechnical characteristics. The methods of investigations include Fieldwork experiment and laboratory analysis of water and soil samples. The result of hydraulic parameters of the soil at 1meter, 2 meters depth and drilled cuttings from boreholes revealed permeability average values of 1.29E-05(cm/s) and 9.15E-6(cm/s), hydraulic conductivity average value of 1.27E-04(cm/s) and 8.93E-05(cm/s). Drilled cuttings from three boreholes revealed permeability average value of 8.15E-06(m/s), 2.68E-06(m/s) and 6.20E-06, hydraulic conductivity average values of 8.90E-03(m/s), 2.92E-03(m/s) and 6.75E-3(m/s).These values indicate permeable soil with high hydraulic conductivity typical of silty-clay and sand. The permeability/hydraulic conductivity accounts for the high infiltration/percolation of water into the soil. Infiltration of water through the soil initiates geochemical reactions and dissolution mineral which leaves the soil loose and unconsolidated. Geotechnical characteristics show low to medium plasticity and a liquid limit average of 42.36 and 35.45, indicating the capacity of the soil to absorb moisture and expand, bulk density average value of 1.90 mg/m3and compaction test of maximum dry density average value of 1.80 g/cm3 at an optimum water content average of 12.89% indicate low density. Shear strength components of cohesion values range from 0 to 55KN/m2 with average value of 25 KN/m2 and friction angle values range from 7° to 25° suggesting low cohesion and angle of internal friction. This is attributed to the low clay content and the cohesive force is not enough to sustain the soil. Field experiments of cone penetration test of in-situ results indicate a weak and incompetent soil material that is unstable and vulnerable to erosion. The finding would be relevant in soil mechanics problems.
Effects of Two Pre-Treatment Methods on Water Absorption Property of Polyester-Fibre Composites
Authors: Obianuko Pauline N. , Onuegbu Tessy U. 
Published: February 2022

The use of plant fibres as reinforcement in composite materials is finding increasing interest in the automotive and building industry, and the properties of plant fibre composites have been addressed in numerous research studies. The replacement of synthetic fibres with natural fibres in composites is based on their renewable and environmentally friendly nature.
The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of two chemical pre-treatment methods on the water absorption property of polyester-fibre composites. Fully grown kenaf (hibiscus cannabalis) bast fibres were manually retted from the stalk, washed, and cut into short fibre lengths of about 10 cm. One portion of the fibres was pre-treated with 5% pbw NaOH solution before immersing it in glacial acetic acid and then in acetic anhydride. The second portion was pre-treated with 5%pbw of NaOH and 0.125% of KMnO4 in acetone. The third portion of fibres was untreated to serve as control. The ground fibre was incorporated into ortho unsaturated polyester and cast with Teflon square shaped mould. The cured samples were weighed and immersed in water at room temperature until no further gain in weight was observed. The SEM of the fibres and the composites was taken. The results showed that the acetylation pre-treatment method reduced the water absorption property of the composites by a minimum of 46.0% across all fibre volume fractions while the permanganate pre-treatment reduced it by at least 25.5%. Chemical pre-treatment of fibres can therefore
Protonic Magnetic Resonance Properties of the Hard Rocks Fracture Zones in the Department of Donga
Authors: Yalo Euloge Nicaise , Akokponhoué Bertrand Houngnigbo , Youan Ta Marc 
Published: February 2022

The Donga Department is located in the northwest of Benin in an area made up of crystalline and crystallophyllic basement rocks where most of the groundwater resources are found in the area of weathered and conductive fractures. The carrying out of drilling campaigns in this department are often crowned with a significant number of negative boreholes (<0.7m3 /h) due to the poor choice of sites for drilling. This leads to situations of difficulties in supplying drinking water, or even more frequent shortages during the dry season. The objective of this study is to use geophysical methods characterize the fractured basement areas, with a view to improving the implantations and the sustainable management of the aquifers they contain. The application of the Protonic Magnetic Resonance (PMR) method made it possible to determine the hydrogeological properties of the fracture zones. As a result, the determination of the hydrodynamic properties shows that the WPMR, T2* and Sy values in 5 different localities of the study area are between 4 and 13% respectively, between 150 and 212.5 ms and between 2.3 and 8.2%. The minimum height of the water slide is 820 mm and the maximum height is estimated at 3672 mm for a water reserve of up to 2313 mm in the Donga gneisses. It emerges from this study that in the department of Donga the PMR water content is also a function of the particle size. T2* of the fractured zone.
Height Adjustable Sine (HAS) Window Function for Impulse Response Modification of Signal Processing Systems
Authors: Mbachu C. B. 
Published: February 2022

A widow function, in signal processing and statistics, is a mathematical function that has zero values outside its chosen interval or limit of sequence, normally symmetric around the middle of the interval. Usually the middle of the window is either maximum or near maximum and tappers smoothly as it moves away to the sides. When another function or sequence of data is mathematically multiplied by the window function the product assumes the appearance and characteristics of the window function. That is, the product is also zero-valued outside the interval and tapering from middle to the sides. The impulse response data of some systems used in signal processing truncate suddenly when being designed. Window functions convert the sudden truncation of these impulse response data to gradual truncation. Without this gradual truncation the processing system will degrade the integrity of complex signals when they are applied to them; the degradation appears in form of signal distortions. Windows are used to weight these impulse response data so as to reduce the degradation and distortions. Several windows are in existence and they include Hamming, rectangular, Han, Kaiser, Triangular, Blackman, Sine, Blackman-Harris, Gaussian, Doph-Chebyshev and Lanczos, windows. Others are Parzen, Nuttall, flat top, and Turkey, windows and others. The characteristics of the signal to be processed, types of systems to be implemented and quality of outputs desired determine the best window to weight any particular impulse response data. In this work a new window referred to as Height Adjustable Sine (HAS) window is developed to join the list of the existing windows. The quality of the window is tested by analysing its amplitude, magnitude and phase responses in frequency domain. Result shows that the window is stable and linear.
Evaluation of the Current Land Registration System in the Gaza Strip
Authors: El-Hallaq Maher A. , El-Sheikh Eid Mahmoud I. 
Published: February 2022

The increasing demand on land in Palestine has been significantly increasing from time to time by the ever rapidly growing need of the human and livestock population. It may be known that there are some troubles facing the decision makers regarding managing and utilizing the available data in some of the governmental organizations, especially in the Gaza Strip. In addition to, what the local residents in it are facing in identifying their land properties' borders and what the municipalities are facing regarding maps and drawings. Moreover, the Gaza Strip suffers from the lack of advanced techniques that may help and support land registration such as GIS technology. Palestinian Land Authority, PLA, in the Gaza Strip starts using GIS since 2007, and that is limited by the dealings that are being accomplished, as it is all about just drawing the piece of land and recording its owner's name, in addition to the basic data regarding to the land itself and its owner. This study aims to evaluate the currently-used system for land registry in the Gaza Strip. It is concluded that this system for land information, in general, and land registry, in particular, is extremely traditional and mainly paper based procedure. It is strongly recommended to be developed in order to reflect the changes occurred regarding land information management.
Tools for Risk Management of Technical Facilities Operation
Authors: Prochazkova Dana , Prochazka Jan 
Published: February 2022

The article shows the results of research directed to detection of technical facilities accidents and failures sources at their operation. The research aim is to create the effective tools for management of risks so the coexistence of technical facilities with their vicinity would be ensured throughout their life cycles. The problems solution way is based on the simultaneously preferred concept, in which the safety is preferred over the reliability. Respecting the present knowledge on technical facilities´ safety and the lessons learned from the past technical facilities accidents and failures, the causes of which were connected with their operation, two tools are developed: Decision Support System and Risk Management Plan that were reviewed by experts and tested in practice.
Seven-Dimensional Spacetime in the Planck Vacuum Theory and the Structure of the Electron and Proton Cores
Authors: Daywitt William C. 
Published: February 2022

The electron and proton cores in the Planck vacuum (PV) theory are reccognizable elementary particles that obey the manisestly covariant Dirac equation and that are coupled to the PV state. (This statement and similar statements to follow also apply to the electron-core and the proton-core antiparticles.) This paper derives the corresponding 2x1 spinor-wavefunction equations for these cores, leading to a 7-dimensional spacetime that consists of two 4-dimensional spacetimes, the result of a bifurcated vacuum state. Both the electron and proton cores contain structure, where the electron core structure is orders of magnitude smaller than the proton-core structure. The core structure is easily reccognized in the calculations, as is particle-antiparticle annihilation. The difference between the electron and proton cores and their electron and proton particles is that the latter contain radiative corrections.
Determination of Temperature-Moisture Relationship by Linear Regression Models on Masonry and Floor, Kruja, Albania
Authors: Xhexhi Klodjan Anesti , Maliqari Andrea , Meunier Paul Louis 
Published: February 2022

Kruja is a middle range city located in the center of Albania. The city of Kruja dates back to its existence from the V-VI century and extends to the city around the VI and IX centuries. It becomes the first capital of Albania in the XI-th century, specifically in 1190. This paper is going to deal with only two groups of buildings which are an integral part of the historical city of Kruja, the historical dwellings (XVIII century) and socialist ones (1960-1970).The aim of this paper is to analyze through linear regressions the relation between two parameters: moisture level and temperature of the indoor walls and floors of the historic and socialist buildings in the city of Kruja. Three types of historic dwelling and three types of socialist apartments have been analyzed, relatively uniformly oriented. The measurements with specific instruments are done in the same day, during three hours. The degree of reactivity is different for both groups of buildings. The historical buildings are more sensitive to temperature rise. They respond invers to it (as the temperature rise, the level of the moisture decreases), with a higher coefficient than socialist ones and appear to be more efficient in reducing the moisture level, despite the average humidity level is higher. This paper takes into consideration also the analyze of the materials of the construction for both categories. If the level of the moisture is reduced, the buildings will be improved and the quality of life indicators of the inhabitance will be improved too.
Pressure Control of HVAC System for Corona Virus
Authors: Chung Samuel W. , Jo Jeong Je 
Published: February 2022

Corona Virus is deadly spread out to thousands of healthy people and so strong as to infect to the surrounding people after people. We must keep the deadly virus indoor as much as we can. How? We must not allow the indoor air already contaminated to leak out to the atmosphere, which will transmit to other people. The new virus is so strong and so fast to transmit, it will spread within a few seconds to thousands of people and became patients immediately. To solve the problem, we must build a pressure vessel to keep the virus inside the vessel and not to leak outside. It should be a negative pressure compare to the atmospheric pressure. Another words, is to keep the indoor pressure lower than atmospheric pressure, so the contaminated indoor pressure is lower than outdoor pressure. It is a part of a traditional HVAC operation. This article shows step by step procedures of HVAC system design procedures, with emphasis of the air duct system design. Care must be taken to keep close attention to the maintenance of the system.
Application of Machine Learning for Diagnosis of Head and Neck Cancer in Primary Healthcare Organisation
Authors: Olabode Olatunbosun , Adetunmbi Adebayo O. , Akinbohun Folake , Akinbohun Ambrose 
Published: February 2022

Head and neck cancers (HNC) are indicated when cells grow abnormally. The disturbing rate of morbidity and mortality of patients with HNC due to late presentation is on the increase especially in Africa (developing countries). There is need to diagnose head and neck cancer early if patients present so that prompt referral could be facilitated. The collected data consists of 1473 instances with 18 features. The dataset was divided into training and test data. Two supervised learning algorithms were deployed for the study namely: Decision Tree (C4.5) and k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). It showed that Decision Tree outperformed with accuracy of 91.40% while KNN had accuracy of 88.24%. Hence, machine learning algorithm like Decision Tree can be used for diagnosis of HNC in healthcare organisations.