bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thomson, Barbauld, and the Progress of Liberty
Authors: Canuel Mark 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores representations of enlightenment progress that influence many other writers throughout this book. James Thomson offers a striking instance of poetry’s uncomfortable embrace of an enlightened figurative apparatus of progressivism. Thomson explicitly works within the genre of the “progress” poem to deploy the allegorical apparatus of progressive philosophy and history. In poems such as The Seasons, material change over time is organized and guided by the figure of “Philosophy”: philosophy provides the ungovernable forces of human and natural life with a seemingly inviolable sense of direction. But the errant “wondering” and “enchantment” that Thompson strives to dispel with his “philosophic eye” is precisely what attracts Anna Letitia Barbauld in her adventurous revision of Thomson’s writing. I show how works such as Barbauld’s Corsica tentatively identify the politics of Corsican independence with an “urbanity” and “polish’d grace” reminiscent of Thomson and legions of progressive historians. But urbanity and polish are all but lost in Eighteen Hundred and Eleven, a poem that documents Britain’s decline in the wake of its involvement in foreign wars. Instead, Barbauld celebrates a still-continued “light” emanating from the works of British authors: this is not the light of conventional enlightened progress—a light now faded—but a light that nourishes Dissenting reading practices with a “fearless spirit” and “patriot zeal.”
Dry skin and eczema
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the difficulties associated with dry skin, with particular focus on eczema and the symptoms and treatment of this condition. Skin relies on moisture in order to act as a barrier, and eczema can therefore lead to both aggravating symptoms of itch, redness, and soreness, as well as subsequent infection. The different types of eczema are briefly outlined, before discussion of the underlying risk factors and potential triggers for each of these types. Finally, this chapter looks at treatment, which is primarily based on managing symptoms, and the various cream and tablet options available to do this are all explained.
Psoriasis
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers a skin condition known as psoriasis—one that often appears during teenage years—causing red, itchy, dry skin to appear in various areas of the body. The two forms of psoriasis that most commonly affect young people, guttate and plaque psoriasis, are discussed in detail, with focus on the potential causes and common symptoms of these conditions. Treatment of psoriasis is then covered, with options including creams, tablets, and phototherapy; given psoriasis can affect many parts of the body however—not just the skin—the symptoms and treatment of psoriasis in other areas are also briefly explained.
Oral and injection (systemic) treatments for inflammatory skin conditions
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the ‘systemic’ options for treatment of the various skin conditions included in the book, this term referring to treatments that can potentially affect the whole body, rather than just creams applied to patches of skin. The nature of these treatments means they can have side effects that are separate to their work on the skin, and the common side effects and the way we monitor for these are therefore covered. New, injectable drugs with potential for use in the treatment of conditions including psoriasis and eczema—known as biologics—are also explored in this chapter, and the guidance for their use is outlined.
Hair and hair loss (alopecia)
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the role of hair, both in our health and in society, before providing an overview of the conditions in which hair growth can be affected. These include hirsutism—excessive hair growth—and a condition known as alopecia, characterized by the absence of hair from places it would normally grow. The various possible underlying causes for alopecia are covered, but with the disclaimer that we often never know why a person develops alopecia to begin with. Possible treatments for the condition are also discussed, with a focus on techniques to manage alopecia that may not necessarily involve medication.
Skin pigmentation and vitiligo
Authors: McPherson Tess 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Skin colour is controlled by the level of pigments—coloured substances—produced by some of the cells that make up your skin. This chapter looks at conditions that can cause changes in skin colour by affecting the levels of these pigments. The ways in which skin colour varies, as well as the reasons for these variations, are discussed, along with an explanation of the areas of colour change that occur with freckles, birthmarks, and scars. The chapter then moves on to focus on a condition known as vitiligo, in which skin loses its pigment and therefore colour; the underlying causes, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition are all then explored.
Sources of Environmental Law in Arab States
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter develops a profile of the key sources of environmental law across the Arab region. “Sources” of environmental law refers to the genres of law that contribute to the development of environmental law and jurisprudence in the Arab region. Even though the emergence of environmental law as a distinct legislative discipline is still a relatively nascent development in the region, environmental values have appeared in diverse legal frameworks for several decades, including international law, criminal law, administrative law, tort law, healthcare law, and constitutional law. As such, the sources of environmental law in Arab states include international law, the Constitution, national decrees and statutes, Shariah, customary law, judicial decisions, and publications and teachings of qualified scholars. This chapter explores how these bodies of law contribute to environmental protection in Arab states. It also evaluates the character, status, and force of the different sources of environmental law, including the interrelationships between them.
Values and Principles of Environmental Law and their Application in Arab States
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the guiding principles of environmental law and the nature of legal protection required to achieve sustainable management of the environment and its resources in the Arab region. For several decades, Arab countries have played active roles in the crafting and development of core principles of environmental law at international and regional levels. For example, the Do-No-Harm principle; the principle of cooperation, the common but differentiated responsibility principle; the precautionary principle; and the polluter-pays principle are important pillars of environmental law. Despite debates on their legal statuses, these principles have been extensively infused into domestic legislation, regulations, industry guidelines, contracts, and bidding practices in Arab states. Even though there is an increasing commitment by Arab countries to integrate core environmental law principles at domestic levels, a number of structural challenges continue to stifle their application and implementation in practice. Arab countries will need to continually assess and address institutional barriers to stakeholder engagement and participation, especially in the design, approval, and implementation of development projects in key sectors that can affect environmental quality. An environmental justice approach to environmental regulation is discussed in this chapter as an important normative procedural framework that can improve social inclusion and good governance in the design, approval, and implementation of development projects in Arab states.
Water Pollution and Control
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Home to 14 of the world’s 20 most water-stressed countries, the Arab region is the most water-scarce region on earth. Due to their vulnerabilities as largely arid desert countries characterized by little or no rainfall, the search for water availability, accessibility, and affordability remains a complex challenge in the Arab world. A number of regional instruments have been adopted to address groundwater depletion and to ensure water quality in seas, oceans, and aquifers. This chapter examines the applicable legal frameworks at international and regional levels that are designed to enhance water quality and quantity, and the state of their implementation in Arab states. First, it unpacks the nature, scale, and drivers of water insecurity in Arab states. It then examines the key features and scope of legislation and institutions designed to regulate water quantity and quality in Arab states, and evaluates the effectiveness and appropriateness of legal responses to substances and actions that affect water quality.
The Conservation of Nature and Cultural Heritage
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Arab region is rich in biological, natural, and cultural resources. With more than 5,000 recorded species of plants, more than 10,000 species of animals, and five of the world’s 34 internationally recognized biodiversity hotspots, the Arab region boasts a diverse natural ecosystem. In addition to the variety of species and ecosystems, Arab countries are home to a wide variety of important cultural sites and monuments. There are about 33 biosphere reserves in 12 countries in the Arab states, which make the region an important destination for tourism. However, many of the natural and cultural resources in the Arab world currently face complex threats. Due to over exploitation, unsustainable resource utilization, conflicts, wars, and illicit trade in rare plants and animal species, a number of plant and animal species in the Arab region appear in the IUCN threat categories. This chapter examines key international and regional frameworks that govern the management of biological and cultural resources in the Arab region. It then examines the application of these international and regional frameworks at national levels in Arab states. The chapter discusses influential legislation and policies on conservation of nature and cultural heritage across the region.
Kowtowing before the Kaiser
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One stipulation of the peace agreement ending the Boxer War in China was that a high-ranking member of the Chinese royal family would travel to Germany to personally apologize to the German emperor for the murder of his envoy, Clemens von Ketteler. This so-called ‘mission of atonement’ saw Zaifeng, also known as Prince Chun, travel to Europe on behalf of the Chinese emperor. The Chinese contingent refused to cross the border from Switzerland into Germany, however, when it came to light that Kaiser Wilhelm II had decreed that members of the party kowtow before him during their audience. The incident led to a diplomatic impasse that illustrated the diplomatic incompetence of the German emperor and threatened to destabilize the conditions for an international peace agreement.
Hanging a King
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
King Rudolf Duala Manga Bell was a German-educated monarch who ruled the coastal kingdom of Duala in Cameroon. Unlike other kings in the region, the Dualan monarchy had maintained close relations with the Germans until the Germans sought to move the Duala from their coastal territory and to a new town inland to enable the Germans to build a commercial harbour town inhabited exclusively by Europeans. In response, King Rudolf Duala Manga Bell undertook a campaign of peaceful protest aimed at influencing the Reichstag and the German public. Although the campaign succeeded in stalling the expropriations, after baseless accusations that the Dualan king was planning to commit treason emerged, King Duala Manga Bell was condemned to death and hanged in the first year of the First World War.
The Police Production of Space
Authors: Prakash Amit 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
To draw a map is to advance a particular vision of reality. North African Paris was at once a social reality based on labor, housing, and migratory practices and also a space imagined and acted upon by the Parisian police. The police expended considerable energy in creating a census of North Africans in Paris and rendering the data into maps for potential police actions. The synthesis of ideologically inflected police thought with the exigencies of the social realities of a poor, working-class, migrant community formed a Paris that was a world apart for North Africans. This chapter illuminates debates around the existence of the North African Brigade by considering its relations with the Vichy police regime, postwar purges, and the continued migration and political activity of North Africans in the decade after World War II. Even though the formal institutional existence of the North African Brigade was dissolved after the fall of Vichy, the surveillance of North Africans continued apace through different police services. This chapter shows how police scrutiny of North Africans continued through the use of social services as a mode of surveillance and how by 1953 a new North African Brigade emerged in all but name. In doing so, the Paris police constructed a racial ordering of Parisian urban space that came to be a foundational form of knowledge for the policing of North Africans in the decades to come.
The Caregiving Ambition
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Caregiving is essential for both maintaining cultures and building human capital. Yet unfortunately caregiving (paid, unpaid) is seriously and systemically undervalued. The undervaluation of caregiving leads naturally to the undervaluation of caregiving ambition, the strong desire of many women and men to not just care for others out of duty or obligation but with passion and ambition. The more society tries to categorize—and limit—caregiving as an obligation rather than as an ambition, the more it rings false, the harder it becomes to fulfill both caregiving ambition and career ambition, and the more truly ambitious people feel stuck. The work–life movement, and the bevy of human resources managers, researchers, and consultants who are part of it, will remain stuck in place—as will the gender gaps in leadership—if society doesn’t take people’s caregiving ambitions seriously. Through firsthand quantitative and qualitative empirical research, plus a wealth of research reviewed, the authors bring together psychological theories and cutting-edge management research to illuminate how ignoring caregiving as an ambition perpetuates the status quo. Too many women, and increasingly men, battle themselves, trying to balance their career ambitions and caregiving ambitions, while employers and governments only recognize the former, which helps explain the persistently low representation of women among business, political, and other types of leadership. This book shows the path forward: honest discussion about caregiving ambition will make individual and collective lives more humane and caring.
Introduction
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this introductory chapter the authors introduce and define the notion of caregiving ambition, namely that people have ambitions to care for others not merely out of a sense of duty or obligation. They highlight the ways in which caregiving is undervalued typically in society—treated as an obligation to be managed rather than as an ambition to be fulfilled. They review relevant research about the biological and psychological bases of caregiving and discuss current contextual issues related to the pandemic. They show how both men and women experience conflict when pursuing careers and aspiring to provide loved ones not just adequate care but ambitious and excellent care. They also provide the reader with background on their relevant research expertise and mention the research methods used. Finally, they present an overview of the book, a roadmap summarizing briefly the highlights from each chapter.
An Abundance of Ambition
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Chapter 1 the authors show that a defining problem for people balancing careers and caregiving is not insufficient devotion to one area or the other. Rather, most people have an abundance of ambition: plenty of career ambition but just as much—or even more—caregiving ambition. The authors delve into the psychology of ambition to understand what it means to be ambitious and goal-oriented. They explore people’s goals and ambitions to care for others in their lives, including for their children, parents, and friends. They also consider how some past research has reported gender differences in professional ambitions, whereas other research has not found any. This ambiguous relationship between women and professional ambition masks the variety of life ambitions that women, especially, may have and the challenges in balancing among these ambitions. Finally, the authors consider the benefits of broadening the view of ambition to include both work and caregiving.
Why Work–Life Won’t Work
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Chapter 2, the authors explain how and why the work–life movement, which claims to be about supporting caregiving, manages to sidestep caregiving ambition. Despite the fact that companies have made tremendous investments in promoting work–life programs, caregiving still is conceptualized only as an obligation or a duty. Not surprisingly, work–life programs, often focused on outsourcing caregiving rather than facilitating caregiving ambition, have not moved the dial significantly on work–care conflict, which has grown substantially over the past several decades. The few programs that have focused on radically redesigning how people use their time at work to facilitate work–care balance, not surprisingly, have been short-lived. The authors also consider how the so-called mommy wars are a distraction from the work–life agenda. They discuss how recognizing caregiving ambition can shed light on the limitations of the currently short-sighted and limited work–life agenda.
Providing, Not Just Provisioning
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The authors distinguish between two modes of caregiving: providing and provisioning. Caregiving can be provided directly or provisioned—that is, arranged to be done by someone else. The authors further explain how people have providing ambition—they aspire to provide care directly—and provisioning ambition—they have aspirations concerning procuring care by others. This distinction and the key role of providing ambition are at the heart of work–care conflict and the tough choices that parents, especially, face about child care and fulfilling caregiving ambition. The authors discuss how many parents report that their providing ambition directly clashes with their work ambitions and how their preference is child care by relatives. They also consider how the providing–provisioning distinction helps to explain why child care became such a flashpoint for second-wave feminism and underlies many modern stereotypes of parenting, such as helicopter parents. Finally, they give readers the opportunity to rate their own providing and provisioning ambitions.
The Stubborn Caregiving Gaps
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The authors delve into how caregiving, not gender, underlies gaps between men and women in the workplace. They review extensive research on gender gaps in pay, leadership, and advancement. This research underscores the idea that conceptualizing caregiving as an ambition can help achieve gender equality, whereas treating it as an obligation will not. Caregiving ambition is central to why women don’t get ahead. The authors also consider the role of men, and fathers in particular, in understanding these caring gaps. Despite the fact that men report that caregiving is central to their identities, they engage in 50% less caregiving than women on average. For a variety of reasons reviewed in the chapter, men often don’t fulfill their caregiving ambition. In sum, gender gaps in the workplace are really caring gaps. Only by addressing these caring gaps for both men and women can parity be attained at work.
A “Freedom-to” Work–Care Agenda
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The authors show how corporate human resources policies prioritize only one category of response to work–care conflict and propose new and different policies to address caregiving ambition. Work–life policies and programs are based on categorizing caregiving as an obligation, not as an ambition, and therefore focus on helping employees provision care, not provide it directly, even if this is what many want to do. This unnecessarily narrow approach is woefully insufficient and perpetuates an already unsatisfactory status quo. At its core, the work–life movement’s efforts to reduce work–care conflict are aligned with the employer, who has a much easier time arguing for accommodations that afford “freedom-from” caregiving than for those that afford “freedom-to” be an ambitious caregiver while also being a valuable employee. While “freedom-from” accommodations are likely to fulfill the needs of people with high provisioning caregiving ambition, “freedom-to” accommodations are likely to fulfill the needs of people with high providing caregiving ambition.
Lessons for Living Ambitiously
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The authors offer advice about how to live ambitiously in terms of both one’s caregiving and one’s career. Their suggestions are based on their research, interviews, and observations. And although advocating for broader policy changes is necessary, in the meantime people strive to fulfill their caregiving and career ambitions on a daily basis and cannot necessarily wait for new policy to resolve their work–care issues. The authors offer four principles (“You do you”; “Honor role models, don’t seek heroes”; “The grass is rarely greener”; “Plan for a journey, not a linear path”) and three options for fulfilling these ambitions (“Sequence smartly,” “Choose one ambition over the other,” “Pursue both ambitions with focus”). They also discuss caveats for these suggestions given the unpredictable and dynamic nature of life while both working and caregiving.
What Is Culture? Why Political Inclusion?
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers an account of culture and then defends cultural claims on the ground that culture matters to people. Culture is defined as essentially dynamic and the product of negotiation among its members, who vary in their attachment to it. The chapter then defends a voice-centric account of political inclusion and then argues that democratic states, because committed to the full and equal inclusion of all citizens, ought in general to accommodate cultural and religious practices as a result. Full and equal inclusion has four dimensions: the equal protection of rights, adequate representation, substantive access to political spaces, and a commitment to listening to all speakers, regardless of their background. These dimensions together ensure the trust on which collaborative democratic politics in diverse states rely. The chapter distinguishes political inclusion from substantive integration, and argues that the former can be achieved without the latter.