bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Popular Culture Forms: Zoos
Authors: Franklin Adrian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The number of zoos (zoological gardens) around the world grew dramatically during the twentieth century from 120 in 1920, to 309 by 1959, to 883 by 1978, though their visitor numbers peaked in the 1960s. By the 1980s, however, zoos still rivaled most other leisure attractions. San Diego and Washington zoos are both visited by over 3 million people annually, London Zoo by over 1.3 million, Berlin Zoo by 2.5 million, Ueno Zoological Gardens in Tokyo by 7.2 million, and Beijing Zoo by 8 million.
Stratification, Race/Ethnicity and
Authors: Kaplan David H. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This entry examines the different ways by which ethnicity/race and stratification are conjoined. It first looks into how separate ethnic groups can be placed within ranked systems, and various means by which social stratification is manifest. It then explores how stratification can heighten and even create ethnic distinctions. It shows how ethnic stratification, especially when coupled with spatial segregation, actively damages the life prospects and opportunities for members of subordinate ethnic groups. Finally, it discusses the phenomenon of ethnonationalism which upholds ethnic stratification at the national scale.
Women's Health
Authors: Shinberg Diane S. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Women's health encompasses the physical, emotional, and social health and well‐being associated with female reproductive and sexual development over the life cycle, or any medical condition that is more common among people who identify as women. The sociology of women's health includes the study of gendered politics within medicine, medical training, doctor–patient interactions, self‐care, illness behavior, and healthcare utilization. Women's health can be more broadly construed to include the relationships between gender inequality (gender as a social institution) and health, even among men.
A Radiation‐Activated and Self‐Cascade Nano‐Immunostimulator Triggers a Potent Abscopal Effect Against Distant Tumors
Authors: Shao Bianfei , Liang Xiuqi , Xiang Zhongzheng , Liu Fang , Zeng Yuanyuan , He Tao , Zhu Shunyao , Li Xinchao , Gao Huile , Mi Peng , Liu Lei , Gong Changyang 
Published: February 2025

AbstractRadiotherapy (RT) inhibits local tumors by stimulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and sometimes suppresses distant tumors known as the abscopal effect. However, the abscopal effect is rarely observed in clinic, due to insufficient tumor‐associate antigens (TAAs) and weak immune stimulation. Here, a radiation‐activated and self‐cascade nano‐immunostimulator (RAIDER) is fabricated to trigger a potent abscopal effect against distant tumors by unleashing cascade‐amplified ROS generation and boosting antigen presentation. After accumulation in tumors, RAIDER undergoes HAase‐triggered deshielding and charge‐reversal, and GE11 enriched liposomal core and CpG are both released. Under following RT, protoporphyrin IX‐induced Cherenkov radiation‐photodynamic therapy (CR‐PDT) elicits ROS generation, leading to disintegration of RAIDER and catalase (CAT) burst release. Meanwhile, by the combination of RT, CR‐PDT, and CAT‐induced O2 supply, self‐cascade ROS generation is achieved to enhance lysis of tumor cells and release of massive TAAs. Subsequently, the co‐stimulation of TAAs and the released CpG activates dendritic cell maturation to boost antigen presentation, resulting in a strong systemic immune response. Combined with RT, RAIDER exhibits a potent abscopal effect, with an average distant tumor growth inhibition of ≈70.3%. Overall, the strategy amplifies antitumor effect of RT from local to systemic, holding a potential against local and distant tumors.
High‐Performance Magnesium‐Organic Batteries Enabled by a Multielectron Redox‐Bipolar Polyaniline Cathode
Authors: Zhao Yazhen , Zhou Miao , Zeng Xiaoqin , Yang Jun , Wang Jiulin , NuLi Yanna 
Published: February 2025

AbstractRechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) are emerging as a safer, high‐capacity alternative to lithium‐ion batteries due to the high volumetric capacity and reduced dendrite formation of magnesium anode. Among different cathodes of RMBs, bipolar‐type materials further enhance the energy density of RMBs by balancing high redox potential with specific capacity. Herein, the application of emeraldine base polyaniline (PANI) as a bipolar‐type cathode material for RMBs is explored. PANI exhibits both p‐ and n‐type charge storage behaviors, enabling a high specific capacity of 186.8 mAh g−1 with stable cycling performance at the current density of 200 mA g−1 and a high power density of 6341.8 W kg−1 superior to traditional materials. First principle calculations and ex situ characterizations reveal that the molecular structure of PANI supports a bipolar charge storage mechanism. Additionally, the pouch cells based on PANI demonstrate reliable operation and flexibility, positioning PANI as a promising cathode for advanced RMBs and other energy storage systems.
Dual‐Functional Layer Engineering Unlocking Dendrite‐Free and High‐Performance Zinc Metal Anodes
Authors: Liu Yanan , Xie Jichang , Ding Ye , Xu Jie , Huang Dongsheng , Wang Yingke , Chen Shuai , Hu Qionglei , Xu Liangliang , Yang Lijun 
Published: February 2025

AbstractDeveloping a highly stable and dendrite‐free zinc (Zn) anode is crucial for the commercial application of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries. Herein, a dual‐functional layer interface is constructed on the Zn anode surface via femtosecond laser processing strategy, and the effect of periodic micro–nano structures on accelerating the transport dynamics of Zn ions and suppressing dendrite growth is investigated. The surface oxide layer exhibits strong affinity and a low diffusion barrier for Zn ions, significantly inhibiting corrosion and side reactions. Meanwhile, the subsurface dislocation layer can suppress the deposited stress and provide uniform stress distribution to improve the strain resistance of the electrode. These integrated merits enable Zn anodes with the dual‐functional layer a high reversibility of 99.11% for 1000 cycles, and impressive cyclability for 2678 h at 2 mA cm−2/1 mAh cm−2. The assembled full cell exhibits a maximum of 1300 cycles with an enhanced capacity retention rate. Notably, the large‐area pouch cell maintains stable cycling for 100 h and exhibits excellent flexibility in flexible Zn‐ion battery systems. This work highlights the crucial role of femtosecond laser‐induced periodic micro–nano structures in optimizing Zn deposition and stimulates the precise control of dislocation characteristics for achieving highly reversible Zn anodes.
A Microneedle Patch Delivers Mitochondria‐ and Lysosomes‐ Dual Targeting Prodrug‐Like Photosensitizers with Regulated Photoactivity for Precise Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Liu Zheng , Tang Zhimin , Yin Ying , Wan Miaojian , Zhan Jiezhao , Ren Li 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAntitumor photodynamic therapy (PDT) faces huge challenges as selectivity and phototoxic damage, requiring delivery photosensitizers (PSs) to specifically accumulate in tumors even in organelle, and avoid the phototoxic damage during delivery. Herein, a microneedle patch (AIE‐mito‐TPP@MN) containing mitochondria‐ and lysosomes‐ dual targeting prodrug‐like PSs (AIE‐mito‐TPP/AlPcSNa4) that is self‐assembled by mitochondria‐targeted aggregation‐induced‐emission molecule (AIE‐mito‐TPP) and lysosome‐targeted aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (AlPcSNa4), is developed to achieve cancer‐cell‐organelle‐specific targeting delivery for precise PDT with high selectivity and low phototoxic damage. AIE‐mito‐TPP/AlPcSNa4 displays prodrug‐like activity via the regulated photoactivity to reduce the phototoxic damage caused by the “always on” PSs. Meanwhile, AIE‐mito‐TPP/AlPcSNa4@MN can insert into the epidermis to achieve rapid AIE‐mito‐TPP/AlPcSNa4 delivery in tumor lesion, and enhance selective accumulation in tumor cells. The higher lysosomal acidity in tumor cells facilitates AIE‐mito‐TPP/AlPcSNa4 disassembly and promotes targeting. Under light irradiation, AIE‐mito‐TPP/AlPcSNa4@MN impairs mitochondrial and lysosomal function to induce deeper tumor cells apoptosis at a low dose (≈6 µg), presenting greater therapeutic efficacy than AIE‐mito‐TPP@MN, AlPcSNa4@MN, or intravenous injection. Moreover, AIE‐mito‐TPP/AlPcSNa4@MN presents good biocompatibility as lower accumulation and targeting in normal cells, as well as the regulated photoactivity of prodrug‐like PSs. Therefore, the dual organelle‐targeting microneedle possesses great potential for precise PDT with high selectivity.
Emerging Trends in Bioinspired Superhydrophobic and Superoleophobic Sustainable Surfaces
Authors: Cormican Cerys M. , Bektaş Sinem , Martin‐Martinez Francisco J. , Alexander Shirin 
Published: February 2025

AbstractInspired by nature's ability to master materials for performance and sustainability, biomimicry has enabled the creation of bioinspired materials for structural color, superadhesion, hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity, among many others. This review summarizes the emerging trends in novel sustainable fluorocarbon‐free bioinspired designs for creating superhydrophobic and superoleophobic surfaces. It discusses methods, challenges, and future directions, alongside the impact of computational modeling and artificial intelligence in accelerating the experimental development of more sustainable surface materials. While significant progress is made in superhydrophobic materials, sustainable superoleophobic surfaces remain a challenge. However, bioinspiration and experimental techniques supported by computational platforms are paving the way to new renewable and biodegradable repellent surfaces that meet environmental standards without sacrificing performance. Nevertheless, despite environmental concerns, and policies, several bioinspired designs still continue to apply fluorination and other environmentally harmful techniques to achieve the required standard of repellency. As discussed in this critical review, a new paradigm that integrates advanced materials characterization, nanotechnology, additive manufacturing, computational modeling, and artificial intelligence is coming, to generate bioinspired materials with tailored superhydrophobicity and superoleophobicity while adhering to environmental standards.
Andrias davidianus Derived Glycosaminoglycans Direct Diabetic Wound Repair by Reprogramming Reparative Macrophage Glucolipid Metabolism
Authors: Yang Peng , Lu Yifei , Gou Weiming , Qin Yiming , Zhang Xingyue , Li Jingyuan , Zhang Qiong , Zhang Xiaorong , He Dengfeng , Wang Yangping , Xue Dongdong , Liu Menglong , Chen Yu , Zhou Junyi , Zhang Ximu , Lv Junjiang , Tan Jianglin , Luo Gaoxing , Zhang Qing 
Published: February 2025

AbstractHarnessing cross‐species regenerative cues to direct human regenerative potential is increasingly recognized as an excellent strategy in regenerative medicine, particularly for addressing the challenges of impaired wound healing in aging populations. The skin mucus of Andrias davidianus plays a critical role in self‐protection and tissue repair, yet the fundamental regenerative factors and mechanisms involved remain elusive. Here, this work presents evidence that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) derived from the skin secretion of Andrias davidianus (SAGs) serve as potent mediators of angiogenesis and inflammatory remodeling, facilitating efficient healing of diabetic wounds. Mechanistic studies reveal that SAGs promote macrophage polarization toward an anti‐inflammatory and pro‐regenerative phenotype (CD206+/Arg1+) via glucolipid metabolic reprogramming. This process suppresses excessive inflammation and enhances the expression of VEGF and IL‐10 to create a facilitative microenvironment for tissue regeneration. Additionally, this work develops SAGs‐GelMA composite microspheres that address multiple stages of wound healing, including rapid hemostasis, exudate control, and activation of endogenous regenerative processes. This engineered approach significantly improves the scarless healing of diabetic wounds by facilitating the recruitment and activation of reparative macrophages. The findings offer new insights into the regenerative mechanisms of Andrias davidianus and highlight the potential therapeutic application of SAGs in tissue repair.
Chalcogenide Metasurfaces Enabling Ultra‐Wideband Detectors From Visible to Mid‐infrared
Authors: Zhang Shutao , An Shu , Dai Mingjin , Wu Qing Yang Steve , Adanan Nur Qalishah , Zhang Jun , Liu Yan , Lee Henry Yit Loong , Wong Nancy Lai Mun , Suwardi Ady , Ding Jun , Simpson Robert Edward , Wang Qi Jie , Yang Joel K. W. , Dong Zhaogang 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThermoelectric materials can be designed to support optical resonances across multiple spectral ranges to enable ultra‐wideband photodetection. For instance, antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) chalcogenide exhibits interband plasmonic resonances in the visible range and Mie resonances in the mid‐infrared (mid‐IR) range, while simultaneously possessing large thermoelectric Seebeck coefficients of 178 µV K−1. However, chalcogenide metasurfaces for achieving miniaturized and wavelength‐sensitive ultra‐wideband detectors have not been explored so far, especially with a single material platform. In this paper, Sb2Te3 metasurface devices are designed and fabricated to achieve ≈97% resonant absorption for enabling photodetectors operating across an ultra‐wideband spectrum, from visible to mid‐IR. Furthermore, relying on linear polarization‐sensitive Sb2Te3 metasurface, the thermoelectric photodetectors with linear polarization‐selectivity are demonstrated. This work provides a potential platform toward the portable ultrawide band spectrometers without requiring cryogenic cooling, for environmental sensing applications.
Thermal Runaway Mechanism of Composite Cathodes for All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Wu Yu , Zhang Wenjie , Rui Xinyu , Ren Dongsheng , Xu Chengshan , Liu Xiang , Feng Xuning , Ma Zhuang , Lu Languang , Ouyang Minggao 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSulfide‐based all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) are widely recognized as one of the most promising next‐generation energy storage technologies. High‐mass‐loaded composite cathode is crucial for the electrochemical performance of ASSBs. However, the safety characteristics of practical composite cathodes have not been reported. Herein, the thermal runaway mechanisms of composite cathodes under different pressures are systematically revealed by employing pellet pressing of the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) and Li6PS5Cl (LPSC). Completely different from conventional safety perceptions of powder, as the compaction density of the composite cathode increases, an inert P2Sx protective layer is generated in situ via the intensified the redox reactions at the interface, which inhibited exothermic reactions between the oxygen released from the NCM811 and LPSC. This work sheds light on the thermal runaway mechanisms of practical composite cathodes in sulfide‐based ASSBs, which can effectively build a bridge between academic and industrial research for the safety design of ASSBs.
Constructing Autoregulative Electric Double Layer Through Dielectric Effect Toward Fast Charging Zinc Metal Anode
Authors: Li Yuying , Ping Boyu , Qu Junnan , Ren Jingxuan , Lin Cheng , Lei Jiahao , Chen Jinhao , Li Jingyao , Liu Renming , Long Xintao , Guo Xinli , Luo Dan , Chen Zhongwei 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe inhomogeneous dendrite growth and parasitic side reactions of Zn anodes as well as its sluggish solvation/de‐solvation kinetics severely hinder the practicalization of fast charging Zn‐ion batteries. Regulating electric double layer (EDL) structure is an effective strategy to address these issues. Herein, a perovskite dielectric ZnTiO3 (ZTO) layer is designed on Zn anode to construct the autoregulative EDL for achieving fast charging capability. The ZTO layer can spontaneously generate the surface charge with external voltage to regulate the EDL structure, which results in an increased/decreased EDL capacitance under Zn plating/stripping potential respectively, leading to promoted Zn2+ solvation/de‐solvation for rapid reaction kinetics. Meanwhile, the H2O‐insufficient environment created by self‐regulated EDL and uniform electric field can prevent side reaction and dendrite growth during deposition process. Attributed to its EDL feature, ZTO@Zn exhibits an excellent cycle stability over 2850 h at 1 mA cm−2 in symmetrical cells. Even at high current density of 50 mA cm−2, it still exhibits a stable cycle for 230 h. Additionally, the as assembled ZTO@Zn//AC supercapacitor demonstrates ultralong lifetime of 140 000 cycles at 5 A g−1. This work provides an effective EDL regulation strategy to realize fast charging capability of metal anode for its practical application.
Exploring Challenging C2+ Products During CO2 Reduction via Machine Learning Acceleration
Authors: Sun Mingzi , Huang Bolong 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAlthough CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has achieved significant progress in past years, the C2+ products are mainly limited to a few products, while many other products have rarely been reported in experiments with a limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Accordingly, in this work, machine learning (ML)‐based theoretical investigations is conducted to uncover the reaction mechanisms for the conversion to challenging C₂+ products (C2H6, CH3OCH3, CH2CO, and C2H2) during CO2RR on graphdiyne‐supported atomic catalysts (GDY‐ACs) with well‐defined active sites. Using the first‐principles machine learning (FPML) predictions, key factors limiting the diversity of C2+ products are identified. The conversions to C2H6 are mainly hindered by large rate‐determining step (RDS) barriers (>4 eV). The formation of CH2CO meets the competitive reactions due to similar reaction pathways with C2H6, which also undergoes further hydrogenation easily to other C2+ products. The CH3OCH3 formation is hindered by large dehydration barriers caused by steric hindrance induced by the neighboring adsorption of C1 intermediates. FPML predictions also reveal the significance of binding configuration parameters in realizing efficient and accurate predictions. This work offers not only important references to the low selectivity of specific C2+ products but also critical theoretical insights into CO2RR mechanisms.
Impact of rural roads on agricultural exports in India: An instrumental variable approach
Authors: Bansal Manu 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIn this study, we estimate the effect of rural roads on agricultural exports in India. We use a novel data set of state‐level agricultural exports at a highly disaggregated product level (HS6). We combine it with publicly available data on road construction under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) from 2004 to 2016 to estimate the effect of rural road access on agricultural exports. We use the instrumental variable (IV) approach, whereby we use discontinuity in treatment under the program at the population‐based eligibility cut‐offs for road construction as a plausible exogenous variation in road placement. This rectifies the endogeneity bias due to the placement of road construction. We find strong evidence of the positive effect of increased access to rural roads on agricultural exports. In search of mechanisms, we also find evidence of an increase in the mechanization of farms due to the construction of rural roads. We also find that the results were primarily driven by states having more initial agricultural productivity.
Crystal Structures and Corrosion Inhibitions of Three Cobalt Complexes of Terephthalate Anion and Bis‐Nitrogen Donor Ligands
Authors: Hammud Hassan H. , Alotaibi Nusaybah , Al Otaibi Nasreen , Bhattacharya Saurav , Kortz Ulrich , Ali Basem F. , Sarfaraz Sehrish , Ayub Khurshid 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThree Co(II) complexes of terephthalate anion containing 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) or 2,2′‐bipyridine (2,2′‐bipy), are prepared. The structures of dimeric [Co2(H2O)4(μ‐H2O)2(phen)2]4+·2(C8H4O42−), 1, and the polymeric [Co2(H2O)2(phen)2(μ‐C8H4O4)2]n, 2, complexes were confirmed by single crystal structure determination. Both complexes have CoN2O4 core in a distorted octahedral arrangement. Extensive hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions consolidate 3‐D structures in 1 and 2. Complex 3, [Co(μ‐C8H4O4)(2,2′‐bipy)]n, was previously reported. It has CoN2O4 core in a distorted trigonal prismatic environment. Complexes 1, 2 and 3 exhibited good inhibition efficiencies for corrosion of carbon steel in 0.25‐M sulfuric acid solution. The order of corrosion inhibiting effect of the complexes was 2 (94.6%) > 1 (90.5%) > 3 (79.5%). The increase in Rp value and the decrease in Cdl were in parallel with the increase in the concentration of complexes. Tafel plot indicated that complex 1 behaved as a cathodic‐type corrosion inhibitor, whereas complexes 2 and 3 as anodic inhibitors for C‐steel in sulfuric acid medium. Weight loss measurement of steel samples in 1‐M HCl showed more inhibition of corrosion by complexes 1 and 2 than by complex 3. The adsorption mechanism of inhibitors on C‐steel followed Langmuir isotherm. The free energy changes indicated comprehensive physical and chemical adsorption for the three complexes on the surface of the C‐steel. SEM analysis of steel samples in 1‐M HCl proved the efficiency of complexes in retarding corrosion as the steel surface showed smoothness compared to the blank. Quantum chemical DFT study declared that the highest corrosion inhibition efficiency is observed for complex 2, which was strongly supported by the electrochemical anticorrosion studies. The results of the TGA analysis support the X‐ray crystal structures of the complexes.
Tailoring Light Weight Polypyrrole Aerogel Towards Improved Reflection Loss With High Efficiency and Wide Band Absorption
Authors: Yang Jianjian , Zhao Qizhi , Wang Kejun , Ye Zhengwei 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTConducting polymer aerogels recently found usage in electromagnetic protection in terms of their conductivity, as well as a lightweight, anticorrosive, porous structure. In this paper, conducting polypyrrole aerogels were prepared by the oxidation of pyrrole with iron (III) chloride and efforts to directly vary the dielectric properties of aerogels have been made to promote efficient electromagnetic wave attenuation and widen the absorption bandwidth. It is demonstrated that the supercritical drying and protonation of polypyrrole aerogel contribute to broadening effective absorption bandwidth, covering 7.2 GHz with a thickness of 2.7 mm under a low filler loading of 7.5 wt%. A minimum reflection loss of −45 dB can be reached at the thickness of 2.5 mm for the binary polymer aerogel. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into available modulation strategies to leverage the potential electromagnetic absorption performance of conducting aerogel.