bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaporative Pad Cooling Impacts on Barn Environment and Finishing Pig Performance
Authors: Wiegert Jeffery , Knauer Mark , Shah Sanjay B 
Published: April 2022

HighlightsFirst study to evaluate evaporative cool cell pad impacts on finishing pig performance in commercial barnsThe cool cell pad reduced air temperature from 31.5°C by 3.9°C with a cooling efficiency of 52%Cool cell pads improved pig well-being by providing more cooling than sprinklers but pig performance was unaffectedTunnel ventilation (cool cells or sprinklers) improved daily weight gain over natural ventilation with sprinklersAbstract. Since heat stress reduces pig growth, cooling is required to optimize barn environment to maintain performance of modern lean-type swine. Hence, summertime barn environment and finisher pig performance were compared between tunnel ventilated barns with sprinklers (TUNNEL; n=3) and tunnel ventilated barns with evaporative cool cell pads (COOLCELL; n=2). Pig performance was also measured in naturally-ventilated barns with sprinklers and mixing fans (NATURAL; n=4). Evaporative cool cell pad performance was also quantified. Barns with identical dimensions and fully slatted flooring were located at the same commercial production site in eastern North Carolina and were monitored from 2014 to 2016. Barn temperature, relative humidity (RH), temperature-humidity index (THI), and thermal images to assess pig temperature were compared between the COOLCELL and TUNNEL treatments. Average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), pig survival, culls, and medication costs were compared across all three barn types and seasons (SUMMER vs. NON-SUMMER) on 72 batches of pigs (46,459 total pigs). Between 12 noon and 1 p.m., the evaporative cool cell pads reduced temperature by 3.9°C and had a cooling efficiency of 52%. COOLCELL barn temperature and THI were significantly lower and RH was significantly higher than TUNNEL. There were no significant differences in pig performance or pig temperature between TUNNEL and COOLCELL. Pig ADG was significantly higher in TUNNEL and COOLCELL vs. NATURAL. SUMMER FCR and medication cost were significantly improved vs. NON-SUMMER. Despite lack of treatment effect on pig performance, COOLCELL improved thermal comfort vs. TUNNEL. Keywords: Growth, Heat stress, Pig, Temperature-humidity-index.
Struvite Production at Commercial Dairies with Use of a Mobile System and Comparisons to Alternative Nutrient Recovery Systems
Authors: Harrison J. H. , Fullerton Kevin , Whitefield Elizabeth , Bowers Keith , Church Clinton , Vanotti Matias , Patrick Dube 
Published: April 2022

HighlightsAnaerobically digested dairy manure is best for formation of struvitePhosphorus can be captured in forms reusable as fertilizerPhosphorus can be captured in a cost range of $0.003 to $0.02 per L of manure based on a partial budget analysis considering the variable cost of chemicalsEffective methods for capture of P from dairy manure are needed to promote recycling of PAbstract. Effective methods for capture of phosphorus (P) from dairy manure are needed to promote recycling of P. A mobile system consisting of a fluidized bed technology with a 3,200 L cone mounted on an 8-m trailer was used to evaluate the variability in capture of P from liquid dairy manure in the form of struvite. Batches of 13,000 L of manure were pre-treated with sulfuric acid or oxalic acid, and magnesium chloride prior to pumping through the cone at a flow rate of ~20 to 28 L min-1. Sodium hydroxide or aqueous ammonia were pumped into the base of the cone to raise the pH and form struvite. On many occasions the system did not work well and negative ortho-P removals were observed. When the struvite system was working well, ortho-P capture using dairy manure ranged from 1% to 76%, averaging 34% over the course of 7 to 9 h of operation. Ortho-P capture was highest at 84%, and total P capture of 62% using anaerobically digested manure with pH modifiers of oxalic and/or sulfuric acid and aqueous ammonia. Major factors and concentrations that promote formation of struvite were: total suspended solids (&lt;10,000 mg L-1), Ca (&lt;600 mg L-1), Fe (&lt;25 mg L-1), and ortho-P (&gt;50 mg L-1). Partial budget economic analysis indicated that number of lactating cows and cropland were critical factors for achieving whole farm P balance. A comparison to two other technologies for capturing P from manure indicated the three systems provide an initial end product for off-farm export in the range of $0.003 to $0.02 per L of manure based on a partial budget analysis considering the variable cost of chemicals. Keywords: Dairy manure, Phosphorus, Struvite.
Research on Detection of Fertility of Group Hatching Eggs Based on Adaptive Image Segmentation
Authors: Zhu Zhihui , Yang Kai , He YuTing 
Published: April 2022

HighlightsAn adaptive group eggs segmentation was proposed, which separates a single egg from the group eggs image.Key color features and texture features were extracted from the RGB and HSI histograms, respectively.The Support Vector Machine (SVM) model and Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) model were built to distinguish infertile egg and dead-embryo egg, respectively.LS-SVM model reached 100% accuracy for infertile eggs on day 4 of incubation, and dead-embryo eggs on day 10 of incubation.Abstract. For the incubation factory, it is of vital importance to detect infertile eggs and dead-embryo eggs in the industrial egg trays as early as possible. In this article, an activity detection computer vision system was proposed and evaluated. Due to the dense layout of eggs in industrial egg trays, the image segmentation task to separate each single egg becomes difficult. To this end, an adaptive image segmentation method for group eggs was proposed. Firstly, the binary image was obtained by the Canny operator using dynamic threshold and processed to reduce redundant information. Then ellipse fitting was employed to obtain the egg contour of the single egg. Moreover, the Red, Green, Blue (RGB) and Hue, Saturation, Intensity (HSI) histograms were selected for feature extraction. According to the analysis on color features and texture features of the images, 13 features [positions for peak values of R and I in histogram, peak values of G and I within histogram, averages of R and G, variances of R and G, contrast, roughness, inverse different moment (IDM), correlation and angular second moment (ASM)] were chosen as the criterion for detecting dead-embryo eggs. Meanwhile, 12 features (positions for peak values of R, G, H, and I in histogram, averages of R and G, slope and variance of G, contrast, roughness, IDM, and correlation) were selected for detecting infertile eggs. Lastly, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model and Lease Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) model were built to distinguish infertile egg and dead-embryo egg, respectively. According to the comparison, the LS-SVM model reached higher accuracy in determining infertile egg and dead-embryo egg than the SVM model, with less time consumed. The LS-SVM model reached 100% accuracy in detection for infertile eggs on day 4 of incubation, as well as for dead-embryo eggs on day 10 of incubation. The result demonstrated that the proposed method can conduct the activity detection for group eggs both accurately and fast, which meets the commercial requirement for non-destructive detection in the hatchery industry. Keywords: Adaptive image segmentation, Computer vision, Fertility, Group hatching eggs, LS-SVM, Non-destructive detection, SVM
Simultaneous Reduction of Thermal Stratification and Ammonia Concentrations in Poultry House During Brooding and in Cool Weather
Authors: Shah Sanjay B. , Earnest Kathleen , Oviedo-Rondón Edgar O. , Kolar Praveen , Singletary Isaac 
Published: April 2022

HighlightsPen-scale system eliminated thermal stratification while full-scale system reduced thermal stratificationPen-scale system was moderately effective in trapping ammonia and reduced pen ammonia concentrations modestlyAmmonia trapping performance was mainly affected by dust build-upDust build-up was partly mitigated by a shakerCitric acid coated burlap placed upstream of livestock barn exhaust fans may reduce ammonia and dust emissionsAbstract. High ammonia (NH3) concentrations during poultry brooding can reduce bird performance and welfare. Thermal stratification during brooding can increase energy use and reduce bird welfare. A proof-of-concept heat recovery and NH3 control (HRAC) system consisting of a low-cost NH3 filter consisting of citric acid treated burlap placed upstream of a fan was evaluated for its ability to reduce barn NH3 concentration and thermal stratification. In the lab, 5% citric acid on burlap trapped 13 times more NH3 per unit mass of sorbent than activated carbon reported in the literature. Pen-scale and barn-scale HRAC prototypes using 15% citric acid on burlap eliminated and greatly reduced thermal stratification, respectively. The pen-scale HRAC had significant NH3 removal efficiencies ranging from the 17% to 42% in seven of nine events and compared, to the Control pens (no HRAC), significantly reduced floor [NH3] in two of nine events by 26% and 42%. The pen-scale HRAC also reduced footpad dermatitis at 15 d. Performance of the full-scale HRAC was highly variable. Clogging of the filter with particulate matter reduced airflow rates that was partially mitigated using a shaker. A vertical HRAC with a shaker might improve performance. There is need to investigate the effectiveness of 5% citric acid. The citric acid-treated burlap screen placed upstream of barn exhaust fans could reduce dust and NH3 emissions. Keywords: Breakthrough curve, Burlap, Citric acid, Emissions, Energy use, Footpad dermatitis.
Development and Validation of a Sprayer-Based Software System for Drift Reduction and Dispersion Prediction
Authors: Teske Milton E. , Whitehouse Glen R. , Curbishley Thomas B. 
Published: April 2022

HighlightsSummarizes AGSprayOPT model development for ground sprayer simulations.Extends previously published modeling efforts to time-varying meteorology, wind speed/direction, and vehicle motion.Enables real-time (onboard) prediction of spray deposition and drift during ground sprayer field operations.Confirms model accuracy through comparison to spray trial data.Abstract.Under a recent U.S. Department of Agriculture Small Business Innovation Research program, a sprayer-based software system for the prediction and prevention of undesirable spray drift during ground sprayer operations was developed. This software system, designated AGSprayOPT, is an extension of the modeling approach employed in the development, validation, and continued enhancement of the AGDISP/AGDISPpro family of models. While focused more specifically on ground sprayer operations, AGSprayOPT employs a more general drift and deposition prediction model with time-varying meteorology, spray path, and tractor/sprayer configuration. This article describes model development and comparisons with wind tunnel data, detailing a series of spray trials and subsequent model validation against these data. Keywords: AGDISP/AGDISPpro, AGSprayOPT, Field study, Ground sprayer, Simulation, Tractor/sprayer.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete Composites Consisting of Southern Pine Wood Chips and Micronized Rubber Powder
Authors: Cole John , Street Jason , Seale Roy Daniel 
Published: April 2022

HighlightsA more flexible and ductile concrete was produced with micronized rubber powder (MRP) and wood chip inclusions.Failure modes with MRP or wood chip inclusions were less sudden and less catastrophic than with 100% concrete.The composites with MRP and wood chips lessened the propagation of cracks throughout the specimen.Compressive strength was reduced when MRP or wood chips was used as a replacement for aggregate.Abstract. This study sought to characterize the flexural and crack resistance properties of composite concrete that contained micronized rubber powder (MRP) and pine wood chips as a replacement for aggregate. Compressive and flexural strength tests were conducted along with tests for modulus of elasticity. Results confirmed that the strength of the concrete decreased with the inclusion of MRP and wood chips. Visual inspection revealed that the cracks tended to propagate more slowly and evenly through the cylindrical specimens when these inclusions were present than in 100% concrete (control) specimens. The failure mode of concrete with MRP and wood chips was more gradual and less sudden compared to 100% concrete. The compressive strength was reduced by up to 77% when MRP or wood chips were used as a replacement for aggregate. The modulus of rupture decreased by up to 57% compared to 100% concrete when MRP, wood chips, or a combination of both were as a replacement for aggregate. Visual observations revealed that the failure modes of concrete beams with MRP or wood chips in compression and flexural testing were less sudden and less catastrophic compared to 100% concrete beams. The modulus of elasticity decreased by up to 59% compared to 100% concrete. The concrete specimens with MRP and wood chips were more flexible and ductile, which provided a combination of properties that lessened the propagation of cracks throughout the specimen. Keywords: Biomass, Composite, Concrete, Crack resistance, Micronized rubber powder, Rubber, Southern pine.
WebStart WEPS: WEPS with Remote Data Access and Cloud-Computing Functionality
Authors: Wagner Larry E. , Haas Mark E. , Fox Fred A. 
Published: April 2022

HighlightsWebStart WEPS is a Java WebStart enabled browser-accessible version of WEPS.This model-as-a-service cloud-based system provides remote access to model inputs and remote model execution.Default QuickPlot reports are provided to quickly visualize model results.MapViewer revisions are provided to improve map-based site selections.Abstract. The Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) is a physical process-based wind erosion model developed by the USDA Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS). WEPS simulates daily climate and management-driven changes to the surface, vegetation, and soil. It estimates erosion losses when surface conditions and wind speeds are sufficient for soil movement. WEPS was released in 2010 to the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS) for assisting land managers in controlling wind erosion, establishing field-level plans for soil conservation, and determining wind erosion susceptibility as a part of national conservation programs to conserve the soil resource. The WEPS interface allows easy user access to national-scale input data. Four primary inputs are required to set up and execute a WEPS run: (1) field dimensions; (2) field location, which automatically determines applicable local climate data; (3) a representative soil; and (4) time series of management practices. These inputs require access to a significant amount of data, which are typically stored locally; however, maintaining these data on every computer running WEPS and keeping them current were problematic for the NRCS. To address these concerns, remote access functionality was incorporated into WEPS to deliver climate and wind data, as well as soil, operation, crop/residue, and management (a date-sequenced list of management operations) records. In addition, WebStart WEPS also features the option of running WEPS components remotely “in the cloud” as web services. The Java WebStart framework provides a simplified delivery mechanism to users’ computers and offers automatic updating capability. Keywords: Cloud services, CSIP, Erosion, Java WebStart, Modeling, WEPS, Wind erosion.
Modeling and Simulation of the Microenvironment in Poultry Coops
Authors: Moghadam Ali , Thippareddi Harshavardhan , Regmi Prafulla , Pidaparti Ramana 
Published: April 2022

HighlightsAir temperature, relative humidity (RH), and velocity affect the thermal microenvironment in loaded poultry coops.Increasing air velocity alone will not alleviate bird distress for some combinations of air temperature and RH.Heat generated by the birds affects the thermal microenvironment in loaded poultry coops.A CFD model can precisely predict the thermal microenvironment at any location in a loaded poultry coop.Abstract. Exposure of broilers to extremes of temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the summer can cause bird mortalities. Broiler welfare can be represented by the enthalpy comfort index (ECI), an integrated parameter for characterizing the thermal microenvironment. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to investigate the combined effects of temperature, RH, air velocity, and heat produced by the birds on the ECI inside a poultry coop. To validate the computational model, a case study was carried out, and predictions were compared to data from the literature. After validation, several cases with varying RH, heat generation, and air velocity were considered, and the results were used to calculate the ECI and consequently evaluate bird welfare. Regardless of the air temperature and RH at the air inlet, the heat produced by the birds and the lack of airflow in the areas behind the birds created an undesirable thermal microenvironment (warning, critical, or lethal ECI levels) inside the coop. The results obtained from the computational model can be used for optimizing the specific environmental conditions in poultry coops to improve bird welfare. Keywords: Broilers welfare, CFD simulation, Thermal microenvironment.
Real-time distance and velocity measurement based on the dual-comb system
Authors: Shi Haonan , Xu Xinyang , Qian Zhiwen , Zhao Haihan , Sun Wanzhong , Fu Xiaomei , Zhai Jingsheng 
Published: April 2022

With the development of laser metrology, the dual-comb system has natural superiority in the measuring fields. Specifically, distance and velocity represent a basic state for the target in space. We propose an application mode of the dual-comb interferometry integrated into the field programmable gate array. A high-speed parallel processor truly gives full play to the benefit of the data processing rate. The algorithm of the peak extraction and the address matching also bring an efficient working mode into the whole scheme. To verify the performance of this system, we devise a series of experiments for distance and velocity, respectively. The data processing rate of the distance is 425 Hz and that of the corresponding average velocity is 0.425 Hz, which is flexible for different measuring conditions. The experimental results show that the difference can be well within 252.8 µm at 5 m range and 284.9 µm/s over 0.5 m/s.
Generation of a 25-line flattened optical frequency comb and its coherent beating properties
Authors: Qiu Jichen , Jin Xiaofeng , Yang Ling , Xu Yaoqi , Wei Bin 
Published: April 2022

A 25-line flattened optical frequency comb (OFC) is generated by cascading Mach–Zehnder modulators, and its coherent beating properties are investigated. The effect of bias voltages and the power of radio frequency signals on the flatness of the OFC, and the phase relationships between each comb line are theoretically deduced. In the experiment, a 25-line OFC with a flatness of less than 1 dB and an optical sideband suppression ratio of 12 dB is successfully demonstrated, and the agreement between simulation and experimental results supports the validity of the model for analysis of the flatness. The measured amplitude of harmonic signals by coherent beating of the generated 25-line OFC matches well with the theoretical prediction. A phase noise of

−

105.31

d
B
c

/

H
z

at 10 kHz frequency offset for the 12th harmonic signal almost without phase noise degradation proves the high coherence of the generated OFC lines.
Optomechanical design of a wide-field auroral imager on
Fengyun-3D
Authors: Guo Quanfeng , Chen Bo , Liu Shijie , Song Kefei , He Lingping , He Fei , Zhao Weiguo , Wang Zhongsu , Chen Liheng , Shi Guangwei 
Published: April 2022

We present the optomechanical design and development of a wide-field auroral imager
(WAI) on board the satellite Fengyun-3D. The
optomechanical system of the WAI features a combination of a large
field of view and a single-axis scanning mechanism. The combination
makes the WAI perform better than its counterparts in temporal
resolution in a low Earth orbit. In-orbit tests have verified the
survival of WAI in the launching vibration and space environment. It
has functioned on-orbit since 2018, with a spatial resolution of

∼

10

k
m

at the nadir point, at a reference
height of 110 km above the ionosphere.
Broadly tunable (993–1110  nm) Yb:YLF laser
Authors: Demirbas Umit , Thesinga Jelto , Kellert Martin , Reuter Simon , Pergament Mikhail , Kärtner Franz X. 
Published: April 2022

We have investigated room-temperature continuous-wave (cw) lasing performance of Yb:YLF oscillators in detail using rod-type crystals with low Yb-doping (2%). The laser is pumped by a low-cost, high brightness, 10 W, 960 nm single-emitter multimode diode. Laser performance is acquired in both

E

/

/

a

and

E

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/

c

configurations, using 12 different output couplers with transmission ranging from 0.015% to 70%. We have estimated the passive loss of the Yb:YLF crystal as 0.06% per cm, corresponding to an impressive crystal figure of merit above 4000. The low-doping level not only reduces the system losses but also minimizes the thermal load as the low doped crystals enable distribution of heat load in a greater volume. Using the advantages of lower loss and improved thermal behavior, we have achieved cw output power above 4 W, cw slope efficiencies up to 78%, and a record cw tuning range covering the 993–1110 nm region (117 nm). The output power performance achieved in this initial work is limited by the available pump power, and future room-temperature Yb:YLF systems have the potential to produce higher output power levels.