bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ovicidal Activity Trials, 1989
Authors: Elzen G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to cotton grown in small plots at Stoneville, MS. The test was applied 16 Aug using a high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 5 mph and 40 psi using 2 TX6 nozzles/row. Plot size was 30 ft × 4 rows arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates/treatment. TB eggs were obtained from a culture maintained at the Southern Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Stoneville. All eggs used were laid the previous night on tulle cloth material. Eggs were not washed or subjected to chemical treatments before use and were easily removed from the material. Eggs were exposed to insecticides in 2 ways. First, .eggs to be treated in the field were placed on the upper surface of the last 3-4 expanded leaves in the terminal of 4 plants in each replication by brushing a weak solution of xanthium gum and water on the leaves and sprinkling eggs on the surface. Plots were sprayed 30 min after application of the eggs. Eggs sprayed on the plant remained in the field for 2 h after treatment and were then taken to the laboratory to determine mortality. Second, treated leaves (4 from each replication) were collected at 24, 48, and 72 h after spraying in the field and taken to the laboratory where eggs were placed on them and mortality was determined over time. Eggs were sprinkled on each leaf in the field and in the laboratory in an effort to get at least 10 eggs/leaf. The number of viable eggs was counted on each leaf in the laboratory 24 h after being sprayed in the field or placed on sprayed leaves in the laboratory. The number of eggs/leaf averaged 16.0 ± 5.5 (S.D.). Leaves from all treatments were held in Petri dishes on water-moistened filter paper at 82°F. The number of unhatched eggs was determined at 72 and 96 h after eggs were applied. Eggs were considered dead when black and shriveled. Cumulative egg mortality 96 h after collection or treatment is reported.
Ovicidal Activity from Different Spray Droplet Attributes, 1989
Authors: Kirk I. W. , House V. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Combinations of 2 insecticides, 3 spray rates (AI), and 2 nozzle types were compared for percent mortality of TBW eggs and neonate larvae. Cotton plants were grown in the greenhouse, 2 plants/pot, to average heights of 16-22 inches. TBW eggs (0-24 h old) were collected from a susceptible strain of laboratory-reared moths and transferred to the cotton plants with a small brush. Plants were sprayed in a laboratory spray chamber and then returned to the greenhouse for further treatment and evaluation. A factorial arrangement of treatments with a split plot in time for ovicide rate was used to determine the effect of droplet size and density and AI rate of Larvin and Ovasyn on control of TBW eggs and neonate larvae. Droplet sizes, Dv0.5, of 285 and 180 |xm with corresponding droplet densities of 25 and 70 drops/cm2 were obtained in selected sections of the spray plume of Spraying Systems 8002E and 650033 nozzles, respectively. AI rates were 0.057, 0.125, and 0.250 lb/acre in 1.12 and 2.38 gal/acre for the 650033 and 8002E nozzles, respectively. Fifty-four eggs were placed on 6 fully-expanded terminal leaves in each potprior to spraying. Eggs were similarly placed on other sprayed plants 1 and 2 d after spraying. This 2 × 2 × 3 (nozzle × ovicide × days posttreatment) experiment with 3 replications was duplicated for the 0.125 and 0.250 AI rates; a single experiment was conducted for the 0.057 AI rate. Six d after egg placement, the plants were examined for egg hatch and larval mortality. The percentage eggs hatched and the percentage larval recovery from hatched eggs were converted to percent mortality compared to an untreated check by Abbott's formula. Data were transformed by arcsine X.
Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Insect Resistant and Susceptible Peanut, 1989
Authors: Herbert D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insect resistant and susceptible peanut varieties, and full and reduced insecticide rates were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury. Peanuts were planted on 16 May with 36- inch row spacing. Bravo 720, Rovral 4 F and Kocide 404 S were applied during Jun, Jul and Aug for management of fungal diseases. Asana XL was applied at 0.01 lb (AI)/acre on 28 Aug for control of corn earworm. Test treatments were applied at planting (IF) or at pegging (Peg) time. IF treatments were applied in the seed furrow with a Noble applicator. Peg treatments were applied on 20 Jul in 14-inch bands over rows with a Noble applicator, then lightly incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Pod injury was determined on 5 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods/plot, taken from 5 plants/plot (20 pods/plant). Yield was based on digging (5 Oct), drying, combining and weighing peanuts from 2 center rows (80 row-ft)/plot.
Corn Earworm Control in Soyrean in Virginia, 1989
Authors: Herbert D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against CEW in soybean. Soybean was planted on 20 May with 18-inch row spacing. No pesticides were applied other than those tested. Treatments were applied on 8 Sep using a CO2 compressed-air backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 25 gal formulation/acre at 28 psi, broadcast with 8004 flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the boom. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 6 rows by 25 ft. Treatments were evaluated before and 1, 5 and 10 DAT by comparing numbers of small, medium and large sized CEW larvae, corresponding to lst-2nd, 3rd-4th and 5fh-6th instar groupings, respectively, per 6 row-ft. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Wireworms in Tobacco with Soil Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tobacco was transplanted at the Border Belt Tobacco Research Station (BBTRS) near Whiteville, NC, on 27 Apr in a Goldsboro fine sandy loam soil (pH 6.3). Plots were 4 rows (48 inches apart) by 22 plants (ca. 40 ft) arranged in a randomized complete-block design with 14 treatments and 4 replications. On 16 Apr, broadcast preplant-incorporated pesticides (BC-PPI) were applied with a CO2-powered sprayer fitted with 2, 8004 flat-fan nozzles on a 20-inch boom. Treatments were applied at 20 psi and a rate of 25 gal/acre. Granular materials were applied in a 12-inch band with a tractor-mounted Gandy granular applicator. All treatments were incorporated to a depth of 4 inches with a spring tooth harrow within 1 hr of application and rows ridged within 24 hr. Soil moisture was excellent. Ten plants/plot were gently pulled and the roots and stems rated for wireworm damage on 16 May. On 12 Jun tobacco was transplanted at the Upper Piedmont Research Station (UPRS) near Reidsville, NC, into a Rion sandy loam soil (pH 6.4). Plots were 4 rows (45 inches apart) by 22 plants (ca. 40 ft) and were arranged according to a randomized complete-block design with 16 treatments and 4 replicates. On 30 May, BC-PPI treatments were applied as above with 25 psi at a rate of 30 gal/acre and incorportaed to a depth of 4 inches within 2 h after application with a rolling cultivator and rows ridged within 2 h. Soil moisture was excellent. Wireworm damage was evaluated on 20 Jun. Data were subject to ANOVA. Proportion of infested plants was transformed to arcsine proportion before ANOVA.
Tobacco Insect Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , David Reed T. , Barnes Martha L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tobacco was transplanted on 24 May at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station near Blackstone, VA, into a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil (pH 6.1; O.M. 1.3). Plots 2 rows (8 ft) wide and 40 ft (24 plants) long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments and 4 replicates. Adjacent plots were separated by single untreated guard rows. Telone II (15 gal/acre) and Mocap 6 EC (1 gal/acre) were applied on 21 Apr and 22 May, respectively, to control tobacco cyst nematodes. Broadcast soil treatments were applied before transplanting and incorporated on 22 May. Granular treatments were applied with a Candy granular applicator mounted on a push-cart. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 26 gal/acre at 30 psi through 8003 flat-fan tips spaced 20 inch apart. The ambient temperature during application was 78-82°F. Pretransplant applications of Temik were applied in 12- and 24-inch bands and incorporated during bedding. Side-dress applications of Temik were applied in 2-3 inch bands on each side of the row with a tractor-mounted Gandy applicator and were incorporated with a rolling cultivator on 13 or 29 Jun. The shank side-dress treatments (S-SD1 and S-SD2) were applied with a shank and a single disk, which opened a slit in the soil ca. 6 inch from the row and injected granules 1-2 inch into the soil. Insect counts were made every 1 to 2 wks: TA numbers on 4 upper leaves and TFB and TFB feeding holes on the most damaged leaf were determined for 10 plants/plot. THW were counted on all plants in the first row of each plot. Before ANOVA, TA data were transformed to Log10(X + 1), and TFB, TFB feeding holes and THW counts were transformed to square root (X + 0.05). Significant mean differences (P = 0.05) were determined by Duncan’s multiple range test. Untransformed means are presented. Rainfall during Jun, Jul and Aug was 6.2, 4.4 and 4.7 inches, respectively.
Russian Wheat Aphid Control
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Gibson R. L. , Walgenbach D. D. , Elliott N. C. , Boetel M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
EVALUATION OF PLANTING-TIME AND POSTPLANTING INSECTICIDES, 1988: Winter wheat was planted on 29 Aug in a Lismore silty clay loam soil in 17.5 cm rows using a ten-row International drill near the Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory, Brookings, SD. The experimental design was a 4 replicate, randomized complete block with 20 treatments, plus a control. The 6 planting-time treatments were applied in the furrow on 29 Aug. Furadan 4 F was injected into the furrow through small plastic tubes fixed adjacent to disc furrow openers using a small pump attached to the drill. On 7 Sep, 21 screen cages (1.0 m2) were set over each replicate. Plants within the cages were infested with laboratory-reared Russian wheat aphids on 8 Sep, followed by a light rain. On 4 Oct, aphid numbers were sampled from 16 tillers per cage. On 7 Oct, foliar insecticides (except Cygon) were applied using a 4-nozzle (1.5 LE Even Flat) hand-held spray boom at 15 psi and 13.4 gal/acre. Cygon was applied in the same way on 12 Oct. The number of aphids/16 tillers was determined on 14 and 28 Oct.
Lorsban/Oil Mite Control, 1989
Authors: Polk Dean , Lott Kimberly 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The objectives were to evaluate the effects of Lorsban and oil combinations on populations of ERM, red mite predators, and fruit finish. Sprays were applied with a handgun at 250 psi to run-off. Applications were made to 3 single tree replicates in a randomized complete block design. 'Red Chief red delicious were planted 18 × 22 ft on M106. A single treatment was applied on 14 Aug in the morning. Temperatures were between 72 and 75°F during application. Data was collected for a pre treatment count on 14 Aug just prior to spraying, and for post-treatment counts on the mornings of 17 Aug (72 h), 21 Aug (1 wk), and 28 Aug (2 wk). Phytophagous and predatory mites were evaluated by collecting 20 leaf sample from each replicate. S. punctum were evaluated by taking a 3 min count from each tree. Pest pressure was light for most of the season, and increased by mid Aug. Fruit russet ratings were based on 100 fruit/tree (300/treatment). Ratings were: 1 = 1% of the surface russeted, 2 = 2-10% surface russeted, 3 = 11- 30% surface russeted, 4 = 31-50% surface russeted, and 5 = greater than 50% surface russeted. The entire test was done in a commercial orchard. All trees received alternate middle sprays every 10 d of Guthion plus Penncap or Guthion plus Lannate. The grower also applied 1 spray of Lorsban 4 E at 1/4 inch green and 2 sprays of Lorsban 50 W plus lannate in early and mid-Jul.
Comstock Mealybug Control in Western New York, 1989
Authors: Agnello A. , Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Spangler S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to single-tree plots replicated 2 times in a randomized complete block design in each of 2 orchards. All treatments were applied dilute to runoff with a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 450 psi. Trees were ca. 4-5 m high and planted 4 × 6 m apart. Treatments were tested in a program of either 1 or 2 sprays applied to control either or both the spring and summer broods of CMB larvae, which emerged, respectively, during the bloom period and in midsummer. The first spray against the spring brood was applied on 25 May, immediately following petal fall. A second application was made in designated plots on 5 Jun. The effectiveness of the single-spray treatments was compared on 5 Jun by examining in the laboratory 25 fruit and leaf clusters/tree for live mealybug larvae. On 16 Jun, the procedure was repeated to compare the effectiveness of all (single- vs. double-spray) treatments. On 10-12 Jul, a final evaluation of the spring brood treatments was done by sampling 100 fruits/tree, and dissecting the calyx under a binocular microscope to check for adult infestation. The first of the summer brood sprays was applied on 7 Aug, and a second spray followed on 14 Aug in the appropriate plots. The effectiveness of all treatments were compared 1 wk before harvest by sampling 100 fruit/tree, and dissecting the calyx of each pear in the field to check for infestation.
Agri-Mek Baseline Data for Pear Psylla Adults, 1989
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pear seedlings were sprayed using a hand pump atomizer to apply 6 serial dilutions of Agri-Mek in water. After sprays dried 5 leaves from each seedling were picked and placed in Munger cells. Ten PP adults collected from Research Center pear orchards were transferred to each cage. Cages containing infested leaves were held in a growth room at 25°C and 16:8 (L:D). Treatments were evaluated by counting under magnification dead and live adults after 4 or 5 d exposure in cages. Data were corrected for check mortality using Abbott's formula and mean and 95% confidence limits calculated. The test was run 5 times; once with the high concentration at 14 ppm, once at 7 ppm and 3 times at 3.5 ppm because the higher concentrations killed all or nearly all adults.
Cherry, Broad Spectrum Control with Insecticides, All Season Test, 1989
Authors: Johnson James W. , Biddinger David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mature sweet cherry trees in Douglas, MI were treated with insecticides at the rate of 100 gal/acre of finished spray with an FMC 3000 CP airblast sprayer. Trees were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. All materials were applied on 30 Apr (white bud), 23 May, 5 Jun, and 18 Jun. Cover sprays of Bravo, Rovral, and Mesurol were applied separately to all blocks. Evaluations on 7 Jun and 28 Jun were made by harvesting and examining 100 cherries/replicate for plum curculio and green fruitworm damage for a total of 400 cherries/treatment.
Spanworm Control, 1989
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied on 23 May (Test 1), and 1 Jun (Test 2) to 23 by 23-ft plots in second crop-year blueberry fields at Columbia, Maine. There were 2 or 3 replications of each treatment in a randomized complete block design with 10-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre with a CO2-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat-spray 800067 TeeJet nozzles and at 35 psi. At treatment in Test 1, 95% of the plants were in loose cluster bud stage and 5% were blooming; the plants were in full bloom in Test 2. The larvae were generally in second to fifth instars at Test 1 and third to fifth instars at treatment time for Test 2. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. Weather was generally cool, damp and overcast during much of the tests; 6.0 inches of rain fell between 21 May and 12 Jun.
Control of Ambrosia Beetles, 1988
Authors: Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y. , Yamaguchi A. , Ueunten G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots were established at the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation, Keaau, Hawaii, field 8. Trial 1 consisted of 4 blocks and trial 2 consisted of 6 blocks. Both trials were arranged in a complete randomized design with 1 tree/block. Trees were visually rated according to canopy health by the following scale; 1 = dead; 2 = leaves chlorotic with severe defoliation (70%); 3 = leaves slightly chlorotic (dull green) with moderate defoliation (50%); 4 = leaves with no apparent chlorosis but with slight defoliation (20-30%); 5 = healthy with no chlorosis or defoliation. Only infested trees with ratings of 3 and 4 were selected for both trials. Moss on the tree trunks was removed using a high pressure hydraulic sprayer. Pre-treatment counts on the number of active galleries identified by the presence of a fresh wood boring tube extending from the AB entry hole were taken prior to application. Treatments were applied on 22 Jul and 5 Aug, ‘87 in trial 1 and on 12 Feb ‘88 in trial 2. Post-treatment data on the number of active galleries were taken every 2 wk thereafter. Treatments were applied to the entire trunk from the base of the tree up to the first branch using a compressed air sprayer with a No. 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. Each tree was treated once with ca. 1 liter of insecticide solution.
Citrus Rust Mite Pesticide Efficacy Tests in Florida, 1989
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Warmington M. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 5 times on 5 × 5 (= 25 tree) plots in a randomized complete block design. The 2 center trees only were sampled in each plot. Two unsprayed buffer trees separated plots within and between rows. Sprays were applied in 125 gal of water/acre with a Southwind PTO airblast sprayer at 200 psi driven at 1.5 mph on 20-22 Jun. Water pH was 7.8. Ten fruit were examined around the canopy of each of 2 sample trees/plot at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 fruit counts were combined and recorded as one observation. Cumulative mite day totals were calculated (Allen. 1976. Environ. Entomol. 5: 1083-1088).
Brassica Crop Pest Management with Experimental Materials in South Texas, 1988
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Magaro J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Broccoli was directly seeded to plots (2 beds wide by 40 ft long) in Sep. Experimental design was a RCB with 7 treatments and 5 replicates. Applications were made with a tractor-mounted boom (one TX10 nozzle/row) at 60 psi and 30 gal total material/acre on 15, 22 and 29 Nov. Surveys of lepidopterous pests were conducted by counting small and large larvae of each species on 10 plants/plot. Marketable head surveys were conducted at plant maturity on 5 Jan ‘89 by examining 10 heads/plot and noting insect infested or damaged heads as non-marketable.
Apple, Miticide Evaluations, 1990
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 8-yr-old Nittany trees (on MM7A roots) using single tree plots arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Plot 1 was sprayed with 60 sec oil at delayed dormant (DD) and Carzol 92 SP at petal fall (PF). Plot 2 received Morestan in the pink (P) and Carzol at PF, and plot 3 was treated with Morestan 25 WP at P and Carzol SP after the ERM population reached a threshold of 3 mites/leaf. All other treatments were applied when mite populations in the orchard reached this predetermined threshold (T). To estimate pretreatment density, 10 randomly selected leaves (1/tree) were picked at chest height while walking diagonally across the orchard. Mites and eggs were counted with the aid of a binocular microscope. The count of 24 May averaged 3.3 mites and 9.5 mite eggs/leaf. During the remainder of the season mites and eggs were counted by randomly selecting 20 leaves/replicate, brushing them onto a sticky glass plate and counting all motile mites and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. Mite predators were destroyed prior to treatment with applications of permetherin. When predators began to appear in the plots, they were counted during a 3 min observation of each tree and recorded.
Sweetpotato Whitefly Management on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1989
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set 1 Feb, 15 inches apart on raised beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 3-20 ft long rows on 5-ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design and were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer on 27 Mar, 12, 19, 26 Apr, 3, 10, 17 and 24 May. The sprayer was operated at 200 (first 2 sprays) or 100 psi (remaining sprays) and treated all 3 rows simultaneously. The gallonage was increased as the plants grew by increasing the number of nozzles/row. Thus, the sprayer delivered 60 gal/acre the first 2 sprays (4 nozzles/row) and 100 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles). Each nozzle was fitted with D-7 disks and #45 cores. The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of 10 stems from the middle row of each plot on 30 May. The numbers of crawlers, sessile nymphs and pupae were counted. Fruit were harvested on 6 Jun and red-ripe fruit were rated 1—4 for increasing severity of external symptoms of irregular ripening (IRR). This disorder is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by inhibited or incomplete ripening of longitudinal sections of the fruit. Green fruit were held in paper bags and, when they ripened, were evaluated as above.
Insect Control on Staked Tomatoes, 1990
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set on 15 Jun, at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, N.C. Plants were set 2 ft apart within rows, and rows were on 10-ft centers. Single-row plots (10 plants) were separated by 10 ft of cultivated soil, and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticide applications were initiated at first fruiting, and applied on 18 and 25 Jul, 3, 10, 17 and 27 Aug, 4 and 15 Sep. All applications were made with a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 100 psi and delivering 100 gal/acre through 3 hollow cone nozzles spaced 12 inches apart on the spray wand. Sprays were applied to both sides of rows so that each row was effectively treated with 6 nozzles/row. PA populations were monitored by observing 10 terminals/treatment (40 total) and recording percentage infested with &gt;1 apterous aphid. Thrips populations were sampled by counting total thrips in each of 10 flowers/treatment (40 flowers total). Mature fruit (pink stage) were harvested weekly from 23 Aug to 20 Sep, and total number of fruit harvested and damaged by SB and TFW were recorded.