bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced representation sequencing to understand the evolutionary history of Torrey pine (Pinus torreyana parry) with implications for rare species conservation
Authors: Di Santo Lionel N. , Hoban Sean , Parchman Thomas L. , Wright Jessica W. , Hamilton Jill A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the contribution of neutral and adaptive evolutionary processes to population differentiation is often necessary for better informed management and conservation of rare species. In this study, we focused on Pinus torreyana Parry (Torrey pine), one of the world's rarest pines, endemic to one island and one mainland population in California. Small population size, low genetic diversity, and susceptibility to abiotic and biotic stresses suggest Torrey pine may benefit from interpopulation genetic rescue to preserve the species' evolutionary potential. We leveraged reduced representation sequencing to tease apart the respective contributions of stochastic and deterministic evolutionary processes to population differentiation. We applied these data to model spatial and temporal demographic changes in effective population sizes and genetic connectivity, to identify loci possibly under selection, and evaluate genetic rescue as a potential conservation strategy. Overall, we observed exceedingly low standing variation within both Torrey pine populations, reflecting consistently low effective population sizes across time, and limited genetic differentiation, suggesting maintenance of gene flow between populations following divergence. However, genome scans identified more than 2000 candidate SNPs potentially under divergent selection. Combined with previous observations indicating population phenotypic differentiation, this indicates natural selection has probably contributed to the evolution of population genetic differences. Thus, while reduced genetic diversity, small effective population size, and genetic connectivity between populations suggest genetic rescue could mitigate the adverse effects of rarity, evidence for adaptive differentiation suggests genetic mixing could disrupt adaptation. Further work evaluating the fitness consequences of inter‐population admixture is necessary to empirically evaluate the trade‐offs associated with genetic rescue in Torrey pine.
First report of classical knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation, L1014F, in human head louse Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Anoplura)
Authors: Mallick Prashant K. , Sindhania Ankita , Gupta Toshi , Singh Dhirendra P. , Saini Seema , Singh Om P. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThere are at least three known knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations reported globally in the human head louse Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) that are associated with reduced sensitivity to pyrethroids. However, the prevalence of kdr mutation in head lice is not known in the Indian subcontinent. To identify kdr mutations in the Indian head lice population, the genomic region of the voltage‐gated sodium channel gene encompassing IIS1‐2 linker to IIS6 segments was PCR‐amplified and sequenced from P. humanus capitis samples collected from different geographic localities of India. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of four kdr mutations: M827I, T929I, L932F and L1014F. The presence of a classical kdr mutation L1014F, the most widely reported mutation across insect‐taxa associated with the kdr‐trait, is being reported for the first time in P. humanus capitis.
Early loss of locus coeruleus innervation promotes cognitive and neuropathological changes before amyloid plaque deposition in a transgenic rat model of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Flores‐Aguilar Lisi , Hall Hélène , Orciani Chiara , Foret Morgan K. , Kovecses Olivia , Ducatenzeiler Adriana , Cuello A. Claudio 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAimsThe locus coeruleus (LC) is the main source of noradrenaline (NA) in the mammalian brain and has been found to degenerate during the initial stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies indicate that at late stages of the amyloid pathology, LC‐pathological alterations accelerate AD‐like pathology progression by interfering with the neuromodulatory and anti‐inflammatory properties of NA. However, the impact of LC degeneration at the earliest stages of amyloidosis on the AD‐like pathology is not well understood.MethodsThe LC was lesioned in wild‐type and McGill‐R‐Thy1‐APP transgenic (APP tg) rats by administeringN‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐N‐ethyl‐bromo‐benzylamine before amyloid plaque deposition. Cognitive deficits and AD‐like neuropathological changes were measured after the LC lesion.ResultsFour months post‐treatment, rats displayed a decrease in brain noradrenergic innervation. The LC lesion in APP tg‐treated rats enhanced cognitive deficits and decreased hippocampal cholinergic innervation and neurotrophin expression. In addition, the APP tg‐treated rats displayed an increased microglial and astroglial cell number in close vicinity to hippocampal amyloid‐beta burdened neurons. The recruited microglia showed cellular alterations indicative of an intermediate activation state.ConclusionsOur results indicate that early LC demise aggravates the early neuroinflammatory process, cognitive impairments, cholinergic deficits and neurotrophin deregulation at the earliest stages of the human‐like brain amyloidosis.
Exposure to the early COVID‐19 pandemic and early, moderate and overall preterm births in the United States: A conception cohort approach
Authors: Margerison Claire E. , Bruckner Tim A. , MacCallum‐Bridges Colleen , Catalano Ralph , Casey Joan A. , Gemmill Alison 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe United States (US) data suggest fewer‐than‐expected preterm births in 2020, but no study has examined the impact of exposure to the early COVID‐19 pandemic at different points in gestation on preterm birth.ObjectiveOur objective was to determine—among cohorts exposed to the early COVID‐19 pandemic—whether observed counts of overall, early and moderately preterm birth fell outside the expected range.MethodsWe used de‐identified, cross‐sectional, national birth certificate data from 2014 to 2020. We used month and year of birth and gestational age to estimate month of conception for birth. We calculated the count of overall (<37 weeks gestation), early (<33 weeks gestation) and moderately (33 to <37 weeks gestation) preterm birth by month of conception. We employed time series methods to estimate expected counts of preterm birth for exposed conception cohorts and identified cohorts for whom the observed counts of preterm birth fell outside the 95% detection interval of the expected value.ResultsAmong the 23,731,146 births in our study, the mean prevalence of preterm birth among monthly conception cohorts was 9.7 per 100 live births. Gestations conceived in July, August or December of 2019—that is exposed to the early COVID‐19 pandemic in the first or third trimester—yielded approximately 3245 fewer moderately preterm and 3627 fewer overall preterm births than the expected values for moderate and overall preterm. Gestations conceived in August and October of 2019—that is exposed to the early COVID‐19 pandemic in the late second to third trimester—produced approximately 498 fewer early preterm births than the expected count for early preterm.ConclusionsExposure to the early COVID‐19 pandemic may have promoted longer gestation among close‐to‐term pregnancies, reduced risk of later preterm delivery among gestations exposed in the first trimester or induced selective loss of gestations.
Prenatal diagnosis and pregnancy outcome of major structural anomalies detectable in the first trimester: A population‐based cohort study in the Netherlands
Authors: Bardi Francesca , Bergman Jorieke Elisabertha Hermina , Siemensma‐Mühlenberg Nicole , Elvan‐Taşpınar Ayten , de Walle Hermien Evelien Klaaske , Bakker Marian Karolien 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundPrenatal diagnosis of several major congenital anomalies can be achieved in the first trimester of pregnancy.ObjectiveThis study investigates the timing of diagnosis and pregnancy outcome of foetuses and neonates with selected structural anomalies in the Northern Netherlands over a 10‐year period when the prenatal screening programme changed significantly, but no first‐trimester anatomical screening was implemented.MethodsWe performed a population‐based retrospective cohort study with data from the EUROCAT Northern Netherlands database on pregnancies with delivery or termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly (TOPFA) date between 2010 and 2019. The analysis was restricted to anomalies potentially detectable in the first trimester of pregnancy in at least 50% of cases, based on previously published data. These included: anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida, holoprosencephaly, tricuspid/pulmonary valve atresia, hypoplastic left heart, abdominal wall and limb reduction defects, lethal skeletal dysplasia, megacystis, multiple congenital anomalies. The primary outcome was the timing of diagnosis of each structural anomaly. Information on additional investigations, genetic testing and pregnancy outcome (live birth, TOPFA and foetal/neonatal death) was also collected.ResultsA total of 478 foetuses were included; 95.0% (n = 454) of anomalies were detected prenatally and 5.0% (n = 24) postpartum. Among the prenatally detected cases, 31% (n = 141) were diagnosed before 14 weeks of gestation, 65.6% (n = 298) between 14–22 weeks and 3.3% (n = 15) after 22 weeks. Prenatal genetic testing was performed in 80.4% (n = 365) of cases with prenatally diagnosed anomalies, and the results were abnormal in 26% (n = 95). Twenty‐one% (n = 102) of pregnancies resulted in live births and 62.8% (n = 300) in TOPFA. Spontaneous death occurred in 15.9% (n = 76) of cases: in‐utero (6.1%, n = 29), at delivery (7.7%, n = 37) or in neonatal life (2.1%, n = 10).ConclusionMajor structural anomalies amenable to early diagnosis in the first trimester of pregnancy are mostly diagnosed during the second trimester in the absence of a regulated first‐trimester anatomical screening programme in the Netherlands and are associated with TOPFA and spontaneous death, especially in cases with underlying genetic anomalies.
Scrutinizing net zero: The legal problems of counting greenhouse gas emissions, removals and offsets together
Authors: Kaupa Clemens 
Published: July 2022

AbstractNet‐zero targets play an important role in public and private climate governance. The concept of net zero implies that emissions can be outbalanced by compensatory activities such as greenhouse gas removals and offsetting. However, emissions and compensation measures are not equivalent in terms of their climate impact. The climate benefits of currently available compensation practices are more uncertain and less permanent than the harm caused by emissions. From a legal perspective, two problems can be observed. First, aggregating emissions and non‐equivalent compensation measures may violate the requirement that greenhouse gas inventories should be accurate. Second, it may conflict with the principle that only effective mitigation measures should count towards emission reduction targets.
Drug‐level change and optimal dose adjustment of tacrolimus with the use of rifabutin for treating mycobacterial disease in solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Kim Ock‐Hwa , Shim Tae Sun , Jo Kyung‐Wook 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the change in drug level and the need for dose adjustment of calcineurin inhibitor when it is used with rifabutin in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. We aimed to analyze whether the drug level of tacrolimus significantly reduced after the use of rifabutin and to assess optimal adjustment of tacrolimus dose in SOT recipients.MethodsOf the SOT recipients in a tertiary referral center in South Korea in 2000–2019, 50 patients who maintained an unchanged dose of tacrolimus after the use of rifabutin for treating mycobacterial disease were enrolled. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 53.9 ± 11.5 years. The most commonly transplanted organ was the liver (66.0%). The most common indication of rifabutin use was for treating active tuberculosis (78.0%). After rifabutin initiation, the trough level of tacrolimus decreased significantly to the subtherapeutic range in 38 (76.0%) patients. The drug levels of these 38 patients dropped from 7.2 to 3.8 ng/ml (p < .001) after rifabutin treatment. In these patients, the median 1.5‐fold increase in the tacrolimus dose was required to restore the drug level to the within‐therapeutic range.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that careful tacrolimus drug‐level monitoring and dose adjustment are necessary for most SOT recipients when rifabutin is administered for the treatment of mycobacterial disease.
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Incomplete histological margins following planned narrow excision of canine appendicular soft tissue sarcomas and mast cell tumors, using the residual tumor classification scheme
Authors: Haine David L. , Pittaway Rachel , Berlato Davide , Demetriou Jackie 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the frequency of incomplete histological margins following planned narrow excision (PNE) of mast cell tumors (MCTs) and soft tissue sarcomas (STSs), and to assess the residual tumor classification (R) scheme for reporting histological margins in clinical cases.Study designRetrospective clinical study.Sample populationForty‐four client‐owned dogs with 47 masses.MethodsMedical records of dogs undergoing planned narrow excision of STSs and MCTs were reviewed (2016‐2019). Histologic specimens were reviewed by a single pathologist and assigned R scoring (histologically incomplete/R1 margins defined as “tumor on ink”).ResultsSix out of 23 (26%) MCT PNEs and 10/42 (42%) of STS PNEs resulted in R1 margins. R1 margins were more likely when performing PNE with 6‐10 mm lateral measured surgical margins (LMSMs) versus 0‐5 mm LMSM for MCTs (1/14 vs 5/9), but not STSs (3/7 vs 7/17) (P = .049).The R scheme resulted in higher retrospective percentage agreement in histological reporting than defining incomplete histological margin as tumor cells within ≤1 mm of the margin (83% vs 68% agreement). Complications occurred in 12/47 surgeries, with none requiring additional surgery. Tumors recurred in 3/18 (17%) STSs and 2/18 (11%) MCTs.ConclusionFewer R1 margins were obtained when PNE with LMSM of 6‐10 mm was performed for mast cell tumors. The use of the R scheme increased agreement in histopathological margin assessment.Clinical significancePlanned narrow excision is a viable technique for histopathological diagnosis of appendicular soft tissue sarcomas and mast cell tumors for limb salvage.
Treatment and outcomes of five dogs with intrathoracic migration of porcupine quills
Authors: Walker Meagan Ann , Hoddinott Katie Leigh , Ogilvie Adam Timothy 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the perioperative findings and outcomes in dogs that underwent exploratory thoracotomy following porcupine quill migration and report (1) the use of traction alone for the removal of superficial quills in the pulmonary parenchyma, and (2) the use of exploratory pericardiotomy for the incidental identification of cardiac quills.AnimalsFive client‐owned dogs.Study designShort case series.MethodsMedical records of dogs with pneumothorax or pericardial effusion secondary to porcupine quill migration from January 2019 to January 2022 were reviewed. Advanced imaging and a median sternotomy were performed in each dog. Demographics, preoperative findings, surgical treatment, and outcome were recorded.ResultsPulmonary quills were treated with gentle traction or lung lobectomy. The intraoperative palpation or appearance of the pericardium prompted pericardiotomy in three dogs, exposing epicardial and intravascular quills. No evidence of these quills was detected on preoperative advanced imaging or on gross appearance of the pericardium. Quills were removed with a combination of gentle traction, purse‐string sutures, and mattress sutures. Pneumothorax and pericardial effusion resolved postoperatively in all dogs. All dogs survived to discharge.ConclusionTraction allowed removal of quills that were superficially attached to the pulmonary parenchyma without the need for subsequent lobectomy. Epicardial and myocardial quills were detected following pericardiotomy in three dogs despite the absence of quills grossly penetrating the pericardium. Preoperative imaging did not allow consistent detection of quills.
Insulated Glass Unit in High-Glazed Office Buildings in Brazil: Comparative HVAC Consumption Analyses
Authors: Pinto Mônica Martins , Westphal Fernando Simon 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The insulated glass unit (IGU) system is widely used in the Northern Hemisphere to improve the energy performance of buildings and the thermal comfort of their occupants. However, it has been introduced in the Brazilian market without a proper thermal assessment. Proper glass choice is essential to reduce energy consumption, as the most intense heat exchange occurs through the windows. This research aimed to investigate the influence of IGU use on conditioned office buildings’ energy performance for nine different climates in Brazil, including tropical (Aw, Af, and As) and temperate (Cfa and Cfb) climates. The energy consumption using air-filled IGU was compared to its non-insulated version through computer simulation in EnergyPlus. This sample demonstrated that IGU could generate annual savings in cooling consumption in tropical climates (up to 2.8%) when the outside temperature is constantly higher than the thermostat temperature. However, IGU models resulted in annual cooling consumption up to 9.3% higher in temperate climates by hindering the thermal load dissipation through the façade. The observed sample demonstrated that the IGU could inhibit the dissipation of the indoor thermal load through the façade, which increases energy consumption for cooling compared to models with the same glass but non-insulated. Either in the tropical or the temperate climates analyzed, the use of IGU seems not to be the ideal approach to improve the thermal performance and reduce the cooling energy consumption of highly glazed office buildings in Brazil.
Ratchetting and Creep Failure in Twin-Wall Turbine Blades Experiencing Severe Thermal and Centrifugal Loading
Authors: Skamniotis Christos , Cocks Alan C. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Twin-wall structures can be cooled both externally and internally, raising great potential for use in high-temperature applications. However, their increased geometric complexity imposes a range of potential failure mechanisms for consideration in design. The primary aim of this study is to identify the nature of such mechanisms by constructing Bree type interaction diagrams for idealized double-wall systems under cyclic thermomechanical loading that shows the combination of loading conditions for which cyclic plasticity (leading to fatigue failure)-creep ratchetting occur. Through an extension of the classical Bree analysis, we determine analytical boundaries between different regimes of behavior. We also quantify the effects of wall thickness ratio, temperature field, and yield and creep material properties. Local cyclic plasticity is shown to dominate over structural/global ratchetting when the yield strength reduces with temperature and/or when the temperature gradient through the hot wall thickness dominates over the temperature difference between the walls. Thus, we conclude that global ratchetting is unlikely to occur in the practical loading range of Nickel-based twin-wall turbine blades, but instead these systems suffer from local fatigue at cooling holes and excessive creep deformation. This is verified by 3D cyclic finite element (FE) simulations, demonstrating that the analytical approach provides a powerful, cost-effective strategy for providing physical insight into possible deformation mechanisms in a range of thin-walled components; highlighting the key trade-offs to be considered in design; and directing the use of computer methods toward more detailed calculations.
Pulsed Power Supply Superposed With Radio Frequency Oscillating Wave for the Improvement of Micro-Electrical Discharge Machining Process
Authors: Cao Peiyao , Tong Hao , Li Yong 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
During the micro-electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) process, the dielectric property of narrow interelectrode gap is transiently changing. With the hysteretic servomotion of spindle, the effective discharge ratio (EDR) between electrodes is low. In this research, a pulsed power supply superposed with the radio frequency (RF) oscillating wave of controllable frequency and amplitude is proposed in order to induce interelectrode continuous discharge, so that, the machining efficiency and accuracy are improved simultaneously. The experimental results of microhole machining show that under the oscillating frequency of 160 MHz and amplitude of ±10 V, the machining efficiency is increased by 35%, the tool electrode wear rate (TWR) remains almost unchanged, and the taper error of microhole is reduced by 43%. Furthermore, the process of relatively enlarging discharge gap range and increasing number of discharges after superposition is discussed, and the proper superposed oscillating amplitude is identified.
Comparative efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant radiotherapy for patients with borderline resectable, and locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Lv Wanrui , Wang Qingfeng , Hu Qiancheng , Wang Xin , Cao Dan 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionThe optimal dose and treatment modality of neoadjuvant radiotherapy applied for treating borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have been debated topics in oncology. The objective of the present network meta-analysis (NMA) is to study and compare the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant radiotherapy comprehensively using different doses in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC) and locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC).Methods and analysisFour electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library and Web of science, will be searched thoroughly to identify relevant studies published from 2006 to October 2020. Electronic searching by titles using neoadjuvant treatments for PDAC will be performed in the annual meetings of European Society of Medical Oncology and American Society of Clinical Oncology (2018–2020). ClinicalTrials.gov will also be searched for grey literature. Two reviewers will perform search strategies and extract data independently. R0 resection rate and local control rate are defined as primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes include overall survival, disease-free survival and acute and late grade 3 and grade 4 toxicities. For randomised control trials, the risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, while the risk of bias for non-randomised, observational studies will be evaluated using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies-of Interventions. The quality of evidence will be evaluated using the version of Cochrane tool and Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis will be conducted in the present NMA.Ethics and disseminationThis study will synthesise the evidence regarding dose schedule of neoadjuvant radiotherapy in patients with BRPC and LAPC. We hope the findings from this NMA will help clinicians and patients select the optimal modality and dose schedule of neoadjuvant radiotherapy with respect to patient-reported outcomes. As no primary data collection will be undertaken, no ethics approval is required. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020222408.