bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The landscape of SARS-CoV-2 genomic mutations
Authors: Lippi Giuseppe , Henry Brandon M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: This article is aimed to provide an updated landscape of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomic mutations emerged since its first identification and sequencing.Methods: We downloaded and analyzed all mutations within the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome submitted up to February 8, 2022 to the website of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), which contains all variants in Sequence Read Archive (SRA) records compared to the prototype SARS-CoV-2 reference sequence NC_045512.2.Results: Our search identified 26,005 different mutations. The largest number of mutations was located within the gene encoding for the Nsp3 protein (20.7%), followed by the gene encoding for the spike protein (14.6%). Overall, 17948/26005 (69.0%) of these mutations interested single nucleotide positions, thus spanning over ~62% of the entire SARS-CoV-2 genome. Of all mutations, 61.5% were non-synonymous, whilst 17.4% of those in the gene encoding for the spike protein involved the sequence of the receptor binding domain, 59.2%, of which were non-synonymous. When the number of mutations was expressed as ratio to the gene size, the highest ratio was found in the sequence encoding for ORF7a (ratio, 2.25), followed by ORF7b (ratio, 1.85), ORF8 (ratio, 1.60) and ORF3a (ratio, 1.48). The gene encoding for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase accounted for only 0.1% of all mutations, with a considerably low ratio with the gene size (i.e., ratio, 0.01).Conclusions: The results of our analysis demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 has enormously mutated since its first sequence has been identified over 2 years ago.
Association of Alzheimer’s Disease with Genetic Variants of Apolipoprotein E, Clusterin, TNF-α, and IL-6 Among Elderly Saudis
Authors: Abdi Saba , Alghamdi Amani Ahmed , AlGhunaim Nouf Nasser Abduallah , Almutairi Reem Muteb , Ataya Farid Shokry , Ansari Mohammed Ghouse Ahmed , Hussain Syed Danish , Masoud Mohammad , Alamro Abir , Almutairi Othman T. , Al-Daghri Nasser M. , Muayqil Taim Abdullah 
Published: February 2022

Background:
In the wake of the warning by WHO that the prevalence of dementia
may have a rise of 125% in the Middle East by 2050, identification of the genetic risk factors in
Arab populations is urgent.

Objective:
To investigate the association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in
apolipoprotein E (ApoE), clusterin (CLU), tumor necrotic factor- α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6
(IL-6) genes, with risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in Saudi Arabian participants.

Method:
A total of 42 Saudi AD patients and 23 age-matched control participants were genotyped
for eight SNPs: rs429358, rs7412 (ApoE); rs11136000, rs1532278 (CLU); rs1800629,
rs1799724 (TNF-α) and rs1800796, rs1800795(IL-6), by RT-PCR using the TaqMan assay. Serum
concentrations of amyloid beta peptide 1–40(Aβ1-40), amyloid beta peptide 1–42(Aβ1-
42), CLU and some other biochemical markers were measured.

Results:
A significant increase (p=0.004) in the serum CLU level was detected in the AD group
(340.4 ± 74.6) compared with control group (265.0 ± 80.9). For rs1532278 (CLU), genotype
GA was significantly higher in AD patients (57.1%) than in the control participants (26.1%),
[p=0.024, OR = 4.00, 95% CI (1.20-13.28)]. For the ApoE SNP rs7412, 40.4% of patients carried
a TT genotype, whereas it was completely absent in the controls [p = 0.020, OR = 30.53,
95% CI (1.73 – 540.05)].For rs429358 (ApoE), patients showed a significantly increased frequency
of the TC genotype [p = 0.006, OR = 9.33, 95% CI (1.89–46.19)] and TT [p = 0.045,
OR = 19.76, 95% CI (1.07–366.0)] genotype than controls. AD patients with CC genotype for
ApoE rs429358 had significantly lower levels of Aβ1-40 (p=0.04) in AD patients than controls.
Carriers of genotype GG for rs1800629 (TNF-α) showed significantly higher levels of serum
IL-6 (p = 0.04) in AD patients.

Conclusion:
Genetic variants in ApoE and CLU may influence susceptibility to AD among
Saudi Arabian participants.
In vivo and In vitro Anti-hydatidosis Effect of Garlic: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cheraghipour Kourosh , Shakib Pegah , Sheikhian Ali , Moradpour Kobra , Kalani Hamed , Zebardastpour Mustafa , Beiranvand Marjan 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Hydatidosis is a parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus
granulosus sensu lato. The aim of the current systematic review study was to clarify the effect of garlic
on hydatid cyst in vivo and in vitro.

Method:
We performed our analyses up to Feb 20, 2021, in accordance with the PRISMA guideline.
We systematically searched five English databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Ovid and
Cochrane) and four Persian databases (Scientific Information Database [SID], Iran Medex, Iran Doc,
and Magiran) with appropriate syntax. The data was extracted from the relevant articles and analyzed.

Results:
From 160 studies obtained by initial search, nine studies were selected for further analysis.
Among 6 in vitro studies, 3 (50%) used methanolic extract, 2 (34%) hydroalcoholic and chloroformic
extract, and 1 (16%) chloroformic extract. Two (67%) studies used BALB/c mice, and one study
(33%) used Swiss albino mice. The method of treatment of mice in all studies was oral. The results
showed that garlic has a mild to potent effect on hydatidosis, and this effect was more considerable in
vitro than in vivo.

Conclusion:
Based on the results of various studies, it can be concluded that Allium sativum extract
can be used as a suitable alternative to drugs such as albendazole or can be used as a complementary
treatment to reduce the dose of the current drugs.
Active Symptom-Based Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Immunization
Among Individuals Vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Coronavirus
Vaccine in a Tertiary Hospital of Kerala
Authors: Rajmohan Priyanka , Jose Maria , Thomas Joe , Krishna Swathi , Antony Beena , Gopinathan Unnikrishnan U. , Iyyapan Elsy M. , Porinchu Raphael M. , Jose Ponnu , Raphael Lucy , Kuttichira Praveenlal 
Published: February 2022

Background:
The reports on adverse experiences following vaccination are scanty from
India. It is important to know the real-world post-vaccination experience outside of clinical trial
conditions.

Objectives:
The study aims to estimate the incidence of adverse events following immunization
with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 coronavirus vaccine and to identify the predictors for the development
of vaccine adverse events.

Materials and Methods:
Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted among health care workers who received the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 coronavirus vaccine. Study participants were monitored at the site for 30 min following vaccination and were followed up for 7 days after receiving the second dose, with a purpose-specific designed online surveillance form to enquire about any adverse events following vaccination. We used the Chi-squared test for categorical variables and multivariate regression analysis to identify predictors for the development of vaccine adverse effects.

Results:
Of 411 participants, the mean age was 30.77 ± 12.5 years and 76.2% were females. Overall,
207 (50.4%) respondents reported at least one post-vaccination symptom receiving either dose
of coronavirus vaccination. Fever (34.8%), local pain at the injection site (28.0%), tiredness
(25.5%), chills (20%), myalgia (18.7%), headache (17.8%), injection site stiffness (5.4%), joint
pain (4.6%) and nausea-vomiting (3.8%) were the most prevalent symptoms following the first
dose. Adverse reactions reported after the second dose were milder and less frequent. Postvaccination
symptoms were more likely in the younger age group, those with comorbidity particularly,
bronchial asthma , and a history of allergy to food/drugs.

Conclusion:
All the adverse reactions were of a minor type and non-serious. Side effects were less
common in older adults (>60 years). Reactions to the second dose were lesser in intensity and frequency.
Younger age, history of allergy, and comorbidities, particularly asthma, were found to be
major predictors for the development of adverse events and require more watchful vaccine administration.
New Pyridinium Salt Derivatives of 2-(Hydrazinocarbonyl)-3-phenyl-1H-indole-5-
sulfonamide as Selective Inhibitors of Tumour-Related Human Carbonic Anhydrase
Isoforms IX and XII
Authors: Güzel-Akdemir Özlen , Demir-Yazıcı Kübra , Vullo Daniela , Supuran Claudiu T. , Akdemir Atilla 
Published: February 2022

Background:
The positively charged membrane impermeant sulfonamides were evaluated as a remarkable
class of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) previously. Without affecting the human carbonic anhydrase (hCA),
cytosolic isoforms hCA I and II, inhibition of two membrane-associated isoforms hCA IX and XII especially overexpressed
in hypoxic tumour cells, makes the pyridinium salt derivatives potent promising therapeutic agents.

Objective:
A novel series of tri, tetra, and cyclo-substituted pyridinium salt derivatives of the lead compound 2-
(hydrazinocarbonyl)-3-phenyl-1H-indole-5-sulfonamide has been prepared by using sixteen different pyrylium salts,
for the search of selective inhibitors of transmembrane tumour-associated human carbonic anhydrase hCA IX and XII.

Methods:
Molecular modeling studies were carried out to understand and rationalize the in vitro enzyme inhibition
data.

Results:
Six of the new compounds showed good inhibitory profiles with low nanomolar range (< 100 nM) against
hCA IX/XII, and compound 5 showed excellent potency with Ki values lower than 10 nM. In addition, molecular modelling
studies have presented the possible binding modes of the ligands.

Conclusion:
Most of the compounds displayed potent inhibitory activity against the tumor-associated hCA IX and XII
in the low nanomolar range and selectivity over the off-targeted isoforms hCA I and II. Due to their cationic structure
and membrane-impermeant behavior, it is also expected to maximize the selectivity over cytosolic isoforms hCA I/II
while inhibiting tumor overexpressed isoforms hCA XI/XII of new compounds in in vivo conditions.
The Role of Agronomic Factors in Salibu Rice Cultivation
Authors: . Paiman , Isnawan Bambang H. , Aziez Achmad F. , . Subeni , Salisu Monsuru A. 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Salibu rice cultivation is one of the technologies that have been developed in Indonesia but not continued. This technology has great potential to increase land productivity. The unsustainability of the salibu rice cultivation is due to the lower yield than the parent rice. Not many farmers are aware of the agronomic factors that can increase the growth and yield of the salibu rice.

Objective:
This review article aims to explore the role of agronomic factors in salibu rice cultivation.

Results:
The review article shows that agronomic factors play a major role in salibu rice cultivation. The soil water availability for one year could be determined by the number of stages of SR cultivation. Two weeks before and after harvesting parent rice, soil water content should be estimated in terms of field capacity. Stem cuttings as high as 3-5 cm from the soil surface at 7-8 days after harvest are the right SR cultivation methods. The fertilizer dose should be taken according to site-specific recommendations. 40% fertilization should be carried out at 14-21 days after stem cuttings, and the second at 60% at 30-40 days after stem cuttings in salibu rice cultivation.

Conclusion:
Among the agronomic factors that affect salibu rice cultivation are soil water availability, the time and height of stem cuttings, and the dose and time of fertilization. Three agronomic factors need to be considered and applied by farmers to get the maximum growth and yield of salibu rice.
Ocular Manifestations in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Real World Multicenter Observational Study in Egypt
Authors: Gaber Raouf , Abd-Elsalam Sherief , Khalaf Mai , Esmail Eslam Saber , Ahmed Ossama Ashraf , Fawzy Hatem , Soliman Shaimaa , Okasha Kamal , El Amrousy Doaa , Ghoneim Ahmed M. 
Published: February 2022

Background:
The aim of the work was to evaluate the ocular manifestations in the patients with COVID-19 and its role in the prediction of the course and the outcome of the disease.

Methods:
This retrospective study was conducted at two tertiary referral COVID-19 isolation hospitals in two major university hospitals in Egypt. Two hundred and twenty-eight patients were enrolled in the study. The medical records of patients who had clinically confirmed COVID-19 between 1/5/2020 to 15/7/2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Data were collected from patient charts, including age, sex, accommodation, ocular manifestations, fever, headache, cough, dyspnea, anosmia, cyanosis, abdominal pain, anorexia, liver, kidney, cardiac manifestations, CT, X-ray finding, blood tests, and outcome of the disease.

Results:
Thirty-four patients with ocular manifestation were finally enrolled in the study with a mean age of 42.1 years; 20 patients (58.8%) were men. The incidence of ocular manifestation was 14.9% (34/228). All patients with ocular manifestations had conjunctivitis (redness, epiphora, foreign body sensation), which had been treated and resolved completely within 10 days in all patients without any permanent ocular damage. There was a trend between the presence of ocular manifestations and the associated milder disease course, although this trend was not statistically significant.

Conclusion:
Ophthalmic manifestation is common in patients with COVID-19 and it occurs more frequently in patients with mild to moderate form of COVID-19, but it could not predict the patient’s mortality.
Use of Lipid Nanoparticles, Nanoemulsions, and Vesicles for Topical Delivery
of Active Compounds Employed in the Cosmetic Field
Authors: Lopes Luciana B. , Salata Giovanna C. , Apolinário Alexsandra C. , Passos Julia S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:
In the past decades, nanocarriers have attracted attention as topical delivery systems for many compounds employed in the cosmetic field. This interest is justified by their ability to pro-vide protection against degradation of liable molecules, the possibility to originate a local depot and prolong drug release, and the ability to overcome the barrier function of the skin and co-encapsulation of compounds of varying physicochemical characteristics. The properties of nanocarriers vary with their composition and structure, which, in turn, influence the outcomes of topical treatment. In this review, we focused on three types of nanocarriers (namely, lipid and surfactant-based vesicles, nanoemulsions, and lipid nanoparticles) and discussed their main char-acteristics, influence on cutaneous transport, stability, and pharmacological effects employed in the cosmetic field. We also provided examples of commercially available products that utilize the nanocarriers discussed as well as patents relevant to this field.
Contrasting Social Media Use Between Young Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Type 1 Diabetes: Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Rajanala Susruthi , Wilson Jennifer K , Mitchell Paul D , Garvey Katharine C , Fishman Laurie N 
Published: February 2022

Background
Social media is used by young adult patients for social connection and self-identification.

Objective
This study aims to compare the social media habits of young adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods
This is a cross-sectional study of subjects from Boston Children’s Hospital outpatient IBD and diabetes clinics. Patients above 18 years of age were invited to complete a brief anonymous survey, which asked about the various ways they use several social media platforms.

Results
Responses were received from 108 patients (92.5% response rate), evenly split across disease type. We found that 83% of participants spent at least 30 minutes per day on social media, most commonly on Instagram and Facebook. Although the content varied based on the platform, patients with IBD posted or shared content related to their disease significantly less than those with T1D (23% vs 38%, P=.02). Among Instagram users, patients with IBD were less likely to engage with support groups (22% vs 56%, P=.04). Among Twitter users, patients with IBD were less likely to seek disease information (77% vs 29%, P=.005). Among Facebook users, patients with IBD were less likely to post about research and clinical trials (31% vs 65%, P=.04) or for information seeking (49% vs 87%, P=.003). Patients with IBD were also less likely to share their diagnosis with friends or family in person.

Conclusions
Young adults with IBD were less willing to share their diagnosis and post about or explore the disease on social media compared to those with T1D. This could lead to a sense of isolation and should be further explored.
La enseñanza de un uso de Se como modificador pragmático
Authors: Álvarez Cederborg Araceli , Reyes López María 
Published: February 2022

La enseñanza de los usos de se constituye uno de los retos más difíciles para el profesor de español como segunda lengua, dado que esta forma realiza diversas funciones en el habla y que en la interacción cotidiana este pronombre se usa con mucha frecuencia.
En este trabajo nos ocupamos de un caso particular de se cuya aparición junto al verbo no modifica el significado semántico del mis­mo sino que señala una modificación en el nivel pragmático. Presentamos también una propuesta didáctica para su identificación en el habla cotidiana dirigida a estudiantes de ni­vel avanzado.
La búsqueda de la identidad nacional en la novela corta mexicana (1836-1846)
Authors: Gómez-Aguado Guadalupe 
Published: February 2022

Desde que México se independizó de España, y a lo largo de su historia como país independiente, han existido distintas interpretaciones acerca de la identidad nacional y de las características del mexicano. La identidad se ha definido como “una resultante compleja de situaciones históricas y valoraciones subjetivas”. De ahí que en los años cruciales en que México se estrenó como país independiente se hayan tratado de plasmar en los escritos políticos e históricos esas características que identificaran a los habitantes de la nueva nación, con el fin de unir a una población por demás heterogénea bajo ideales comunes y con un pasado que perteneciera a todos. Esas ideas no sólo se plasmaron en los escritos de carácter político e histórico, sino que también se vieron reflejadas en la incipiente producción literaria de la época.
En ese sentido, las fuentes literarias no han sido utilizadas tradicionalmente por los estudiosos de la historia, y sin embargo, ofrecen un panorama que enriquece el análisis al ofrecer manifestaciones del pensamiento de la época. Estos escritos no sólo recrean escenarios de ficción, sino que reflejan en sus páginas cómo se vivieron los cambios políticos y sociales en esos primeros años de vida independiente.
El estudio de este tema a través de la literatura presenta un panorama amplio y rico, ya que la novela puede expresar la realidad de una nación por su capacidad de abarcar tanto lo visible como aquellos elementos que no se presentan a la vista. Aunque el novelista no pretenda específicamente reflejar la realidad o interpretarla, en toda manifestación humana —ya se trate de literatura, pintura, escultura— se pueden encontrar elementos que reflejen características de la época en que determinada obra se llevó a cabo, y convertirlos, de alguna manera, en una fuente documental para la historia.
En cuanto a la literatura mexicana de las primeras décadas de vida independiente, ésta tuvo un desarrollo paralelo al desenvolvimiento político del país. Si México iniciaba su camino como nación civilizada, los primeros escritos nacionales buscaban mexicanizarse y ser un reflejo de la expresión de la patria recién estrenada. El desarrollo de la cultura en los primeros años de vida independiente, así como el análisis de algunas novelas cortas, precursoras de las letras nacionales, cuyos autores tuvieron la intención de hacer “literatura mexicana”, son el tema del presente trabajo.
La influencia de Sebastián Serlio en las pinturas murales del convento dominico de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Yautepec, Morelos
Authors: Fernández Flores Ligia 
Published: February 2022

Uno de los procesos artísticos más interesantes del arte virreinal de México, es el relacionado con la construcción de los conventos del siglo XVI, ya que a través de su estudio se pueden analizar numerosos aspectos vinculados con los proyectos misionales impulsados por los frailes. En este sentido, resulta de particular importancia entender cómo las técnicas y formas artísticas de Occidente fueron incorporadas y asimiladas por los indígenas para llevar a cabo no sólo la edificación de estos monumentales edificios, sino la manera de interpretar los modelos que les fueron proporcionados para decorar las dependencias de estos núcleos conventuales, los cuales formaron parte integral de la vida religiosa y social de numerosas comunidades y pueblos.
Entre los conjuntos conventuales fundados durante el siglo XVI en la región del actual estado de Morelos, destaca el convento dominico de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción, que se localiza en el poblado de Yautepec, el cual alberga en su iglesia y claustro una serie de pinturas murales que afortunadamente todavía se conservan, aunque éstas no han sido objeto de un estudio cuidadoso. En este sentido, aprovecho la oportunidad para realizar un acercamiento con la finalidad de elaborar un breve análisis que me permita vincular algunas de las pinturas de dicho convento con el tratado de arquitectura de Sebastián Serlio, ya que tanto sus postulados como las ilustraciones reproducidas en su Libro Quarto, fueron empleados para llevar a cabo la decoración pictórica en algunas zonas específicas, como las bóvedas y muros del claustro.