bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 30 m global map of elevation with forests and buildings removed
Authors: Hawker Laurence , Uhe Peter , Paulo Luntadila , Sosa Jeison , Savage James , Sampson Christopher , Neal Jeffrey 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Elevation data are fundamental to many applications, especially in geosciences. The latest global elevation data contains forest and building artifacts that limit its usefulness for applications that require precise terrain heights, in particular flood simulation. Here, we use machine learning to remove buildings and forests from the Copernicus Digital Elevation Model to produce, for the first time, a global map of elevation with buildings and forests removed at 1 arc second (∼30 m) grid spacing. We train our correction algorithm on a unique set of reference elevation data from 12 countries, covering a wide range of climate zones and urban extents. Hence, this approach has much wider applicability compared to previous DEMs trained on data from a single country. Our method reduces mean absolute vertical error in built-up areas from 1.61 to 1.12 m, and in forests from 5.15 to 2.88 m. The new elevation map is more accurate than existing global elevation maps and will strengthen applications and models where high quality global terrain information is required.
Intensive milk production technologies on a modern complex
Authors: Lyashenko V V , Kaeshova I V , Gubina A V , Chupsheva N Y 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The article presents the results of research confirming the influence of intensive technologies used in modern dairy complexes on the level of reproduction and productivity of milking herds. It is noted that when heifers are bred intensively in the specialized farm, at the first successful insemination the animals reach a high live weight (350-360 kg) at the age of 330-340 days. A high efficiency of intensive technology of dairy herd reproduction using sexed semen has been established. Thus, the pregnancy rate of heifers from the first insemination was 61.5% and that of cows of the first lactation, taking into account their health condition and the diseases they had undergone, was 41.1%. During calving, 82.9 - 94.3% of replacement heifers were obtained from the control stock of heifers and cows of the first lactation. Researches have shown that intensive technologies of the maintenance, feeding and reproduction herd realized on modern dairy complex provide high milk productivity of animals (the level of milk yield 10,240 kg of milk, mass fraction of fat in milk - 3.98% and that of protein - 3.17%). In the herd more than 3% of animals completed the sixth lactation (the level of milk yield - 9,940 kg of milk, the mass fraction of fat in milk - 4.35% and protein - 3.2%), which demonstrates the prospects of forming the dairy herd with a long period of economic use of cows. Consequently, intensive milk production technologies in modern complexes contribute to the increase of productivity of young cattle and milking cows, ensure high efficiency of reproduction of the dairy herd and, to a certain extent, increase the duration of productive use of animals.
Biological characteristics of Russian black pied cattle
Authors: Shishkina T V , Guseva T A , Nikishova N V , Naumov A A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The biological characteristics of farm animals depend on their species and breed differences, but at the same time they are subject to certain variability due to individual heredity. In this regard, from the number of first-calf cows (daughters of different bulls) eight groups of the same age cows were organized and examined. In addition, a group of 65 animals was formed to assess the exterior by the method of random sampling without taking into account their heredity. The current research is aimed to evaluate the first-calf cows in the following options: milk productivity, functional properties of the udder, body type and the main disadvantages of the exterior. As a result of the analysis, Alta Genetics cows showed the best milk productivity among other breeds. The cows of Alta Gost and Alta Samuari breeds turned out to have the best indicators for a number of economically useful traits. The AltaGost cows were characterized by the best milk yield. When assessing the exterior features and constitution, it was found that the greatest number of conformation defects is associated with the limbs: close hocks (35%); wide interdigital cleft (71%); narrow hoof (22%). Nevertheless, a visual assessment of a complex of features allows to refer all the examined cows to a good body type.
Characteristics of the adaptive properties of winter soft wheat varieties in the conditions of the Middle Volga region
Authors: Koshelyaev V V , Koshelyaeva I P , Karpova L V , Karpova G A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The paper deals with the obtained results of examining the adaptive properties of winter wheat varieties cultivated in the seventh (Middle Volga) region of the Russian Federation. The following varieties were taken as the object of the current research: Bezenchukskaya 380, Nemchinovskaya 57, Scepter, Moskovskaya 56, Fotinya, Klaudia 2. This research was carried out with the aim to improve the efficiency of grain production. The chosen varieties had been studying at six levels of mineral nutrition over three years. The indicators obtained by years of research (without fertilization), characterizing the attitude of genotypes to the conditions prevailing during the growing season of crops, were considered as the influence of unregulated environmental factors. The indicators obtained during the application of fertilizers were assessed as controlled environmental factors. The adaptive properties of winter wheat varieties were assessed by indicators characterizing potential adaptability or potential productivity, resistance to stress and the intensity of reaction to favorable environmental conditions. Taking into consideration the adaptive properties of the winter wheat varieties, it was found that they are mainly potentially productive forms, but varieties differ significantly in stress resistance and reaction to favorable environmental conditions. As a result of a comprehensive assessment, conclusions were made about the advisability of using a particular variety in technologies with different levels of cultivation intensity. Firstly, the varieties such as Bezenchukskaya 380, Fotinya and Claudia 2 should be used in technologies of moderate intensity. Secondly, it would be more efficient to cultivate the varieties Nemchinovskaya 57 and Scepter using intensive technologies. Thirdly, the variety Moskovskaya 56 could be cultivated with applying both moderate and high-intensity technologies.
Achieving the balance of macronutrients with the No-till technology in the cultivation of agricultural crops with microbiological fertilizers
Authors: Chekaev N P , Blinokhvatova Yu V , Nushtaeva A V , Kuznetsov A Yu 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The current research provides data on the change in the agrochemical parameters of soils with the No-till technology. The results, obtained from the agrochemical examination of the farm’s soils, show that the No-till technology reduces the degradation processes in the soils. In the soils of land plots where the No-till technology is applied, the nutrients are differentiated according to the conditions, while an increase in the content of macronutrients in the upper fifteen-centimeter soil layer is observed. In terms of the content of microelements, no clear differentiation in soil depth was found over a ten-year period. An analysis of the data obtained on the application of microbiological fertilizers on the content of nutrients in plants during the period of their maximum accumulation suggests that there is a slight increase in the nitrogen content in plants. The greatest effect on this indicator was revealed with the combined application of the following fertilizers: Azotovit, Fosfotovit (an increase of 0.51%), and BioAzFK (an increase of 0.22%). The yields of spring wheat with the application of microbiological fertilizers increased by 12.0-45.0%. Under the conditions of the pesticidal seed treatment with the fertilizers containing tebuconazole, fluxapiroxade, and thiamethoxam, the yields increased by 19.0-38.0%.
Biological resources of water bodies in the Volga region, formed by water retaining structures as exemplified by the Gorodskoye water reservoir in Penza region
Authors: Asanov A Y , Galiullin A A , Kalinichev E A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Along with classic reservoirs and ponds located on middle and small streams of the Volga region, there is a large number of partially regulated river channels formed by water retaining structures and other artificial obstacles, which differ significantly from natural channels by morphometric and hydrological parameters, which allows to classify them into a separate type of water bodies - channel-type water reservoirs. The article considers the condition of aquatic bioresources in such reservoirs on the example of the largest in the Penza region - “Gorodskoye” on the river Sura in comparison with the classic reservoir Surskoye (Penzenskoye) (on the river Sura) and the natural riverbed itself. The analysis of fish production by food components showed that with equal depth per hectare the highest fish production by “soft” zoobenthos, mollusks, zooplankton is observed in the Gorodskoye reservoir, by phytoplankton - in the Surskoye reservoir. Taking into account the average depth of reservoirs, where the Gorodskoye reservoir is in the middle position, it is not much inferior to the Surskoye reservoir in terms of fish food production. Ichthyomass of fishery stock of the Gorodskoye reservoir is three times higher than that of the Sura river channel and 25% lower than that of the Surskoye reservoir with its large fattening areas and depths. Accordingly, the channel impoundments are close to classic reservoirs in terms of aquatic bioresources status and therefore cannot be considered alongside natural river channels. They require a separate study, use and special fishery status. Accounting for aquatic bioresources in such reservoirs and carrying out reproductive measures makes it possible to significantly increase catch quotas for commercial fish species in such low-water regions as Penza region.
The microorganisms natural consortia effectiveness in the white cabbage crop cultivation
Authors: Markarova A E , Markarova M Yu , Razin O A , Nadezhkin S M 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The research on effectiveness of microbial consortia with growth-regulating and anti-pathogenic functions on the yield and quality of white cabbage had been carried out in the field conditions for 2 years. It was obtained that under N90P120K150, the use of the experimental biofungicide Tridem promoted an increase in nitrogen-fixing activity in the soil and a decrease in the infectious conditions in the rhizosphere under cabbage hybrids. The use of the experimental microbial complex BIS provided an increase in the mass of heads of cabbage, the accumulation of biologically active substances in them, and contributed to an increase in the biodiversity of soil microbiota. The combined use of the biofungicide Tridem and the microbial complex BIS stimulated an increase in yield, had a positive effect on the quality of cabbage and contributed to a decrease in the number of pathogenic fungi and bacteria in the soil under cabbage.
Changes in soil fertility and productivity of agricultural crops under the aftereffect of urban sewage sludge and zeolite
Authors: Kuzin E N , Arefiev A N , Kuzina E E , Vlasova T A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The current research deals with the influence of the aftereffect of zeolite-containing agro-ore, sewage sludge from the city of Penza and their combinations on the total carbon content, agronomically valuable water-resistant aggregates in the arable layer, the efficiency of moisture use by plants and the productivity of agricultural crops. It was determined that the highest effect on meadow-chernozemic low-humus medium-thick leached soil in this case was provided by the aftereffect of increased rates of precipitation of urban wastewater (160-180 t/ha) in combination with zeolite-containing agro-ore. The content of total carbon in the arable layer in these variants of the experiment in the agrocenosis of winter wheat (2020) was 3.109-3.121%, significantly exceeding the initial values by 0.157-0.169%. The number of agronomically valuable water-resistant aggregates in the arable layer under observed conditions was equal to 59.6-60.5% at the end of the research, exceeding the initial values by 21.0-22.0%. The water consumption coefficient in the oat agrocenosis was 544.7-547.2 m3/t, in the pea agrocenosis 683.8-686.9 m3/t, in the winter wheat agrocenosis 558.1-560.8 m3/t, exceeded the control in 2018 by 162.2-164.7 m3/t, in 2019 by 260.7-263.8 m3/t, in 2020 by 141.7-144.4 m3/t. The total productivity of Konkur oats, Jackpot peas, Moskovskaya 56 winter wheat variety under the aftereffect of urban wastewater precipitation at rates of 160 and 180 t/ha was 12.83-12.91 t/ha per unit, exceeding the control by 3.64-3.72 t/ha per unit, or 39.6-40.5%.
Comparison of fatigue damage criteria for a CFRP aeronautical joint subjected to random fatigue load
Authors: Castriota A , Dattoma V , Nobile R 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The fatigue life prediction of components in CFRP subjected to random fatigue load was carried out considering different fatigue damage models. The selected component is a filled hole tension specimen, which is representative of the typical aeronautical riveted joint. The stress state of the riveted section was determined through a FEM model, created with CODE ASTER. Subsequently, the fatigue load history was introduced, calculating the stress field for the different load levels. Applying the constant life diagrams, fatigue cycles were counted and the damage was evaluated. Finally, the damage that occurs in the different ply of the specimen was calculated using different fatigue damage criteria present in literature. The creation of a parametric FEM model offers the possibility of optimizing the study and constitutes a useful tool in order to choose the most suitable damage criteria for the particular geometry and loading mode of the component. Moreover, different severity of the load history and different load sequence were introduced to show their effect in the fatigue failure.
A comparison on the Energy Release between traditional and Additive Manufactured AISI 316L steel during static tensile test
Authors: D’Andrea D , Guglielmino E , Risitano G , Santonocito D 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Additive Manufacturing (AM) allows the creation of mechanical components and biomechanical devices with low weight and reduced material consumption compared to traditional manufacturing techniques. Despite design opportunities increase, on the other hand, also the process parameters to consider when dealing with AM are relevant on the mechanical performance. It is of fundamental importance to assure the structural integrity and reliability of such components. Energy release could give relevant information on the mechanical performance of the material; hence the Static Thermographic Method (STM) has been proposed as a rapid test procedure to assess the initiation of damage within the material monitoring the temperature evolution during static tensile tests. The aim of the present work is to compare the energy release of a stainless steel during static tensile tests. Specimens made of AISI 316L were produced with the same geometry, both with traditional and AM techniques. A comparison on the microstructure has been also performed in order to assess the possible cause of failure under static loads.
A first quantitative approach for detecting volumetric defects in additive manufactured metal samples by using active thermographic technique
Authors: D’Accardi Ester , Palumbo Davide , Errico Vito , Fusco Andrea , Galietti Umberto 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This work is focused on the quantitative analysis of defects produced in metal samples of AISI 316L with Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) process by means of active thermographic techniques. A simple and common set-up with 2 flash lamps and a cooled sensor has been used to analyse the differences between planar and volumetric defects. In particular, the presence of imprinted spheres containing inside non-sintered metallic powder has been compared with those of similar cylinders in size and depth, induced in similar samples. Furthermore, the differences in terms of thermal contrasts have been studied between the cylinder manufactured as an internal defect with powder inside, against the same geometry, but with a small channel for the discharge of the non-melted material. The analysis of the thermal signal and the application of post processing algorithms allowed us to identify the thermal features suitable for describing the behaviour of different kind of defects, typical of the process.
Finite element design of the connection of barriers for the protection of crowded places
Authors: Arcieri E V , Baragetti S 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The terrorist attacks in Europe have highlighted the problem of safety in public places. It is enough to run a vehicle at high speed towards the crowd to cause a large number of injuries and victims. In response to these phenomena, the Municipalities have perimetered sensitive areas with protection tools. The authors of this work have already designed a mobile anti-terrorism barrier capable of stopping 3500 kg and 7500 kg vehicles with a speed of 64 km/h in a few meters. In this work, the connection of two barriers by ropes is designed using Finite Element (FE) method to perimeter large areas with a small number of devices. Steel and Dyneema® ropes are studied, discussing the number of ropes and the dimensions needed.
The contact problem in FEM analysis of filiform structure for large deployable reflectors
Authors: Guglielmini R , Marotta E , Salvini P 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Space reflectors need a continuous increase of size to improve the quality of the communication. Considering the small space available in launchers, the antenna must be assembled within the vector and deployed in the space environment. The antenna requires a thin metallic mesh sustained by an appropriate net structure. The best reflector efficiency is reached when all the metallic wires keep in stable contact, allowing the electrical field to be homogeneous. The number of wires involved is enormous, so that, the modelling requires a simple structural approach connected to a reliable contact tool. Single wires can be modelled by beams, but this opens a non-trivial contact managing. As a matter of fact, the wires describe a thin surface, but the contact is realized by 3D crossing. This point is the main objective of the present work which suggests a way to overcome the crossing while maintaining the structure modelling in a 2D field. The contact efficiency needs that the wires do not exceed the elastic strength, causing a lowering of loading contacts due to irreversible deformations. Taking advantage of the present approach, an investigation over the percentage of active contacts in a full mesh is performed, so that optimally applied tensile loads are identified.
Holistic eco-design tool within automotive field
Authors: Antonacci A , Del Pero F , Baldanzini N , Delogu M 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In the last decades, sustainability has become a critical issue for the vehicle industry. Today automotive manufacturers are subjected to several government regulations aimed at making the industry more environmentally sustainable. In this context, many research and industrial activities are focused on the eco-design field by developing innovative materials, novel manufacturing technologies, and new methodology; the main objective is to combine the best design performance with increased environmental responsibility. In this paper, a holistic design and sustainability analysis method based on a multi-criteria approach is presented to support the designer in the early conceptual phase finding the best trade-off in terms of performance and sustainability. The new methodology generates a single-score index (SSI) based on product design/sustainability metrics; data normalization, weighting, and aggregation processes are also included in the evaluation method. This method is integrated into an eco-design framework developed through HyperWorks and MATLAB software tools. A case study, based on a reference geometry, a load case, and a list of materials and processes chosen by the designer, is described to show the potential of the proposed methodology. Finally, a critical review and concluding remarks are described following the SSI results; suggestions for further improvements are made.
Development of methods to measure the forces at the rear suspension of a race car during racetrack driving
Authors: Cortivo D , Dindo L , Vendramin M , Meneghetti G 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The forces generated by the tyres of a vehicle are responsible for the maximum achievable performance for a race car. In this work, a geometric matrix method combined with a sensitivity matrix method has been applied to a rear multi-link suspension of a rear-wheel-drive race car to estimate the tyre forces from the measurement of the loads acting on the suspension arms. The geometric matrix method calculates the wheel forces from the equilibrium of the wheel assembly, thus involving all reaction forces exchanged with the suspension arms. The reaction forces have been measured through the application of axial strain gauge bridges on the link arms; however, the lower arm has a complex geometry and exchanges multi-axial forces with the upright, therefore a sensitivity matrix method has been implemented. The strain gauges positions have been identified with FE analyses and after installing the sensors, the calibration of the entire suspension assembly has been performed in a dedicated test rig where known forces at the ideal contact point between the wheel and the ground can be applied. After the calibration and validation in the laboratory, the instrumented suspension has been installed in a race vehicle and multiple racetrack acquisitions have been successfully performed.
Mechanistic convergence across initiation sites for RAN translation in fragile X associated tremor ataxia syndrome
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Glineburg M Rebecca , Basrur Venkatesha , Conlon Kevin , Wright Shannon E , Krans Amy , Hall Deborah A , Todd Peter K 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRepeat associated non-AUG (RAN) translation of CGG repeats in the 5′UTR of FMR1 produces toxic proteins that contribute to fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) pathogenesis. The most abundant RAN product, FMRpolyG, initiates predominantly at an ACG upstream of the repeat. Accurate FMRpolyG measurements in FXTAS patients are lacking. We used data-dependent acquisition and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mass spectrometry coupled with stable isotope labeled standard peptides to identify signature FMRpolyG fragments in patient samples. Following immunoprecipitation, PRM detected FMRpolyG signature peptides in transfected cells, and FXTAS tissues and cells, but not in controls. We identified two amino-terminal peptides: an ACG-initiated Ac-MEAPLPGGVR and a GUG-initiated Ac-TEAPLPGGVR, as well as evidence for RAN translation initiation within the CGG repeat itself in two reading frames. Initiation at all sites increased following cellular stress, decreased following eIF1 overexpression and was eIF4A and M7G cap-dependent. These data demonstrate that FMRpolyG is quantifiable in human samples and FMR1 RAN translation initiates via similar mechanisms for near-cognate codons and within the repeat through processes dependent on available initiation factors and cellular environment.