bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Proposed New Molecular Model for Liquids and Solids
Authors: Howlett Larry D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Proposed: free, unconstrained molecules exist in pure liquids and solids. This new molecular model is a direct development from using vapor pressure as a primary variable for understanding seed storage and osmosis. Current seed models consider relative humidity as an important variable. Current understanding of osmosis considers chemical potential, concentration, and osmotic pressure as important variables.
My new concepts began 25 years ago with an engineering consulting project to design and build a warehouse for storing seeds. Solutions for design changes and supplier errors led to a new viewpoint: vapor pressure is an important variable for understanding stored seed. After extending this idea to modeling moisture transfer between a seed and its environment and two rejected papers about seeds, my model was different from the current textbook explanation for moisture transfer across a membrane: osmosis. After studying osmosis and its history, I concluded that vapor pressure is the driving force for moisture transfer across a membrane. The vapor pressure concept introduces a physical model for the osmosis process.
All I did was reexamine seeds and osmosis from a new viewpoint. Vapor pressure was introduced as an important variable. Since vapor pressure is the force per unit area resulting from molecular collisions, and osmosis occurs with liquid on both sides of the membrane, I proposed that free molecules must exist in pure liquids and solids.
Development and Performance Assessment of a Hydraulic Hybrid System
Authors: Wressell D. L. , Tartibu L. K. , Tekweme F. K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The automotive industry has for some years considered hydraulic regeneration systems for use in hybrid vehicles; combining the concurrent use of an internal combustion engine and a hydraulic system to reduce fuel consumption and increase performance. This study describes the development of a hydraulic hybrid system using a small passenger vehicle (SPV) model and a hydraulic hybrid pump/motor (P/M) model. A model of an SPV vehicle was developed and validated using MATLAB Simulink. Simulations were performed to analyse and test the performance of the hybrid system. This study addresses the gap related to the prediction of the performance of the hydraulic hybrid system for use on an SPV. A novel control system was developed to simulate the drive cycle and predict the fuel-saving of the hydraulic hybrid system. Variables included accumulator size, hydraulic P/M displacement and accumulator pre-charge, which were adjusted to optimise the hydraulic hybrid system. The Fuel consumption of the model before the implementation of the hybrid system was calibrated with the recorded fuel consumption of the test vehicle. The hydraulic hybrid system was then developed and implemented to the SPV model along with a revised control system. The fuel-saving of a novel hydraulic hybrid control was estimated using MATLAB Simulink. A controller was developed to manage the distribution of energy between the hydraulic system and the diesel engine. The effects of the hybrid system on the brakes and the engine demand were analyzed. The results indicated a 45% reduction in diesel engine demand and a 65% decrease in brake usage throughout the drive cycle. The model of the hydraulic hybrid passenger vehicle predicted a fuel saving of approximately 17%. This study shows that the hydraulic hybrid system can potentially improve fuel consumption and optimize engine performance in passenger vehicles.
Tracking Control Design and Implementation of Multiaxial Controller for Social Robotic Devices
Authors: Cheng Marvin , Bakhoum Ezzat 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In the recent years, robotic devices have been widely used to interact with human beings in various scenarios, including healthcare, education, tourism, and manufacturing applications. These applications of robotic devices have also been expanded to many social activities. These social robots can take the form of a traditional mobile robot or a humanoid system that provide one-on-one interaction. Among different types of robotic devices, the bio-inspired humanoid robotics has received extensive attention in therapeutic settings by providing psychological and physiological benefits. With the social benefits, humanoid type of social robots can be an important tool to assist people in many different situations.
To allow social robotic devices to better interact with human being, it is desired that these robotic systems can identify on-going human motions and respond to the motions by mimicking human movements. Thus, these systems need to acquire human motions and predict the types of these movements in real-time. Such a technique has been investigated by various research groups. Once the human motions have been identified, corresponding reactions of the robots can be determined accordingly, which usually requires the involved joints to move along specific trajectories. To synthesize such an interactive robotic system, a platform of a multi-axial robotic device, a motion identification model of human motions, a reference generator based on the identified motions, the sensors used for real-time motion measurements, and an adequate control strategy need to be integrated as a single system. The major bottleneck of such a system is that the processing and control units might not be efficient enough and can cause dramatic legacy. To validate the overall process, a simplified system was developed to investigate the feasibility of such an interactive robotic system.
In this study, an experimental multi-axial robotic arm was adopted. A developed motion identification model was used to determine the on-going motions of the interacting person. Once the motion being identified, the responding motion of robotic device can be determined based on a pre-selected motion library. The trajectories of individual joints of the robotic arm can then also be generated accordingly. The robotic arm was then following the pre-selected trajectories for corresponding interactions. To compensate for the nonlinear factors caused by existing mechanical/electrical components and the cross-coupled dynamics among the mechanical components, a control strategy that integrates an adaptive robust control method and a linear controller for motion tracking was applied. With the proposed control scheme, an adequate controlled outcome can be achieved.
Drone Pollination of Flowering Vegetation for Agricultural Applications
Authors: Diaz Guzman Sonia , Henspeter Devon , Taylor Megan , Duan Shawn 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
With an ever-changing climate, the decline in the bee population is forcing humans to find supplemental ways to pollinate. A mechanical substitute for a bee needs to be as efficient or better than bee pollination since it will require one person to do the work of many bees. Pollinating one flower at a time would be too time consuming to be effective, so a drone mounted pollen distribution device is the best direction to go to solve this problem. This is a game changing design to prevent a lack of food-producing plant growth as the bee population decreases over time. The design is a low-cost alternative that can be adjusted to meet the consumer needs based on the type of pollination. This design is easy to manufacture en masse due to its simplicity. The design and operation have been optimized using stress, torque, and safety factor analyses to ensure that the product can withstand the loads applied during operation.
This drone pollinator will have the ability to work for various drone types and plant pollens. With the use of commercial drones, the ability to distribute pollen to a large orchard or forested area will allow humans to supplement bee pollination on a large scale in the farming and forest conservation industries.
Strength and Quality of Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Authors: Bibb Micah , Nowicki Margaret , McDonald Kenneth , Zander Nicole 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Many times, when 3D printed parts exceed their useful life or when there is a mistake in the manufacturing process, that 3D printed material is thrown away. To avoid such waste, that material can be shredded up and re-extruded into useable filament. There are some concerns over the degradation of the material as it is recycled and reprinted. In this study, the strength and quality of ABS plastic as it is recycled and reprinted has been investigated. The ABS at each stage of recycling was printed into “dog bone” test samples for mechanical testing. The tensile strength was measured using an MTS Universal Testing Machine. Following the completion of these tests, the chemical properties of the samples were tested using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. With each recycle, the tensile load capabilities of the ABS dropped by an average of 5.93%; however, chemical tests showed no significant degradation in thermal strength.
Experimental Approach and Conventional Analytical Techniques to the Carbon Nanotube Network Interphase in 3-Phase Polymer Matrix Nano-Composites
Authors: Yekani Fard Masoud , Swanstrom Joel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The interaction between the CNT network and the surrounding polymer and between BP and the surrounding polymer occurs via interphase with different morphology than the bulk matrix. This interphase’s properties have not been given enough attention in the literature, and the purpose of this study is to investigate the interphase properties experimentally and analytically. Atomic Force Microscopy based Peak Force Quantitative Nanomechanics Mapping (PFQNM) technique with the high lateral resolution was used for the characterization of the interphase in 3-phase polymer matrix nano-composites at the nanoscale. Details of the calibration parameters such as probe stiffness, spring constant, tip radius, tapping force, deformation level, synchronous distance, drive3 amplitude sensitivity (DDS3), and deflection sensitivity were discussed. AFM Multimode 8, scanner type J with a maximum scanning window of 125μm × 125μm, was used. The Derjaguin, Muller, Toropov (DMT) equation was applied to the retract curve to calculate the elastic modulus. BP is heterogeneous at the nanoscale due to nonuniform resin impregnation. The average interphase thickness for the CNT network is 27nm in BP, higher than ∼10nm between epoxy and fiber, confirming stronger interphase. The CNT network size in BP nanocomposite is influenced by the inter-bundle and intra-bundle pores in the BP. The Kolarik, Quali, and Takayanagi models for interphase of the CNT network were investigated.
Validation Study of Reynolds Stress Model Coupled With Gamma Transition for UAV Propellers
Authors: Pisharoti Naina , Brizzolara Stefano 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The current study is carried out to investigate complex near-wall flow effects like separation and cross-flow and their impact on UAV performance. Furthermore, the study proposes using the novel SSG/LRR-ω-γ model, which is a second-order closure, Reynolds stress transport-based transition turbulence model, that can help capture the near-wall flow observed in low Reynolds number flows. To prove the credibility of the model, it is validated against experimental data available for the DJI Phantom 3 propeller. The SSG/LRR-ω-γ model is then compared against other transition models as well as fully turbulent models and was found to show better performance when assessed on their ability to predict rotor performance characteristics as well as near-wall flow behavior.
Corrosion Performance of Different Aluminum Alloy Deposits Fabricated by Lateral Friction Surfacing
Authors: Relue William , Seidi Ebrahim , Hihara Lloyd H. , Miller Scott F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Friction surfacing technique is a thermo-mechanical approach for metallic deposition, suitable for a broad range of materials and applications. Friction surfacing can be employed for various industrial purposes such as coating, welding, repairing defective parts, surface hardening, and improving corrosion performance. In this technique, frictional heat generated at the interface of the consumable tool and substrate results in a severe plastic deformation at the end of the rod, enabling the deposition of a consumable material on the substrate surface.
In this investigation, a novel method in friction surfacing, lateral friction surfacing, is employed to deposit the aluminum coatings. In this novel approach, the side of the consumable tool is pressed against the surface of the substrate, and the material transfer happens from the lateral surface of the tool. This technique provides extremely thin and smooth deposits, which are more consistent compared to the conventional approach of friction surfacing. Moreover, this technique enables fabricating of deposits in lower temperatures, lessening the thermal impacts on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the deposits.
In this investigation plates of 1018 mild steel were partially coated with various aluminum alloys and corroded in an accelerated corrosion test chamber. The corrosion performance of the partially coated sample was evaluated by mass loss measurement. It was found that AA5086 offered the most corrosion protection. After 13 cycles of GM9540P test, equivalent to approximately 3½ years exposure at a mild/moderate marine site in Hawaii, almost all of the deposited aluminum was corroded off.
Bloch Wave Dynamics of a Branched Locally Resonant Metamaterial With a Discrete Periodic Resonating Branch
Authors: Bastawrous Mary V. , Hussein Mahmoud I. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a novel metamaterial unit-cell configuration that may exhibit local resonance (LR) band gaps with exceptional properties — e.g., extreme width. The proposed configuration is comprised of a base wave-propagating medium to which a discrete periodic resonating branch — e.g., a branch made of a finite number of repeating diatomic unit cells — is connected. Such periodicity causes waves propagating in the branch to experience attenuation within the branch unit-cell Bragg band gap. The branch may also vibrate in resonance within its Bragg band gap due to the effect of the boundaries introduced upon truncating the nominal periodic medium. Such Bragg band-gap resonances exhibited by the branch are key to the proposed configuration as the metamaterial LR band gaps that form around them may possess exceptional properties. This paper shows that these exceptional LR band gaps are highly tunable and can be systematically designed using a semi-analytical design approach. The design approach is in part based on a recently derived analytical method that predicts, in advance, whether the branch would exhibit resonance and anti-resonance frequencies in its Bragg band-gap. Finally, a numerical case is discussed to showcase the proposed metamaterial configuration and design approach; it presents a metamaterial unit cell that demonstrates an extremely wide LR band gap. These findings open a route towards exploiting discrete, e.g., granular, periodic resonators to realize highly tunable LR band gaps.
Atomistic Simulation of Interface Effects in Hybrid Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Incorporating ZnO Nanowires
Authors: Marashizadeh Parisa , Abshirini Mohammad , Saha Mrinal C. , Huang Liangliang , Liu Yingtao 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper reports a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study for evaluating the interfacial properties of ZnO nanowire (NW)/carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) hybrid composites. Molecular structures of the hybrid composite components, including cross-linked epoxy, graphene sheet representing carbon fiber surface, and ZnO NW are simulated. A representative volume element (RVE) is modeled at the nanoscale containing a ZnO NW vertically aligned on the carbon fiber surface and embedded in the epoxy matrix. Normal displacement load is applied to the carbon fiber sheet to separate it from the ZnO NW perpendicular to the fiber sheet. The traction-separation properties of the interface between fiber and the enhanced matrix are evaluated. The cohesive parameters, including the interfacial strength and the cohesive energy in the ZnO NW hybrid model, are compared with the bare model (fiber and epoxy). The MD simulation results show a 98% improvement in the cohesive energy and 130% improvement in interfacial strength of the hybrid CFRP composites. This study demonstrates the promising effect of aligning ZnO on the fibers for enhancing fiber-matrix adhesion.
Wire Resistance Model for Temperature and Force Analysis of Twisted and Coiled Polymer Actuators
Authors: Zhang Cennan , Wan Lei , Wu Yannan , Li Hua 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper, self-sensing TCPAs, i.e., TCPAs wrapped with conductor were manufactured, their resistances were firstly measured in various temperatures. The experimental results have shown that TCPAs have constant thermal driving capacity in a wide temperature region from low temperature (below zero) to high temperature (above zero). The driving force of TCPAs changes linearly with temperature. Based on the experimental data, a mathematical model of the temperature with respect to resistance was derived, and was subsequently used to investigate the driving force of TCPAs. Despite the linear relationship between temperature and driving force, hysteresis between the TCPAs temperature and the conductor temperature was observed. There is also a hysteresis between the resistance of conductor and temperature of TCPAs. A model of TCPAs temperature with respect to resistance was derived, its parameters were obtained by parameter identification. These parameters are related to the diameter of TCPAs and the experimental environment. The proposed model is feasible for resistance and temperature measurement, which facilitates the control of TCPAs temperature and driving force. Both the experiment and the model characterize the mechanical properties of TCPAs over the effective temperature range.
Finite Element Analysis of Deformation Characteristics in Warm Skew Rolling of Copper Ball
Authors: Yuan Jiayao , Sun Baoshou , Chen Xing , Shu XueDao , Ma Houliang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The skew rolling is a ideal metal forming technique for producing ball parts of various sizes. In order to analyze the forming mechanism ensuring the highest quality of copper ball during warm skew rolling, in this paper, a new modeling method was used for roller design based on the CREO platform. By using commercial FEM software Simufact 14.0, an FE simulation of warm skew rolling was established to predict the distribution of strain field, stress field, temperature field. meanwhile, the variation of rolling force and torque for copper balls during warm skew rolling were analyzed. Based on numerical simulation results, the deformation characteristics of copper ball during warm skew rolling is clarified. The simulation and experimental results Highly consistent and the copper balls have a high manufacturing quality confirm that the developed FE-simulation is reliable. This study was developed a new modeling method to overcome the difficulties and deficiencies in available finite element modeling process for complicated roller and lays a theoretical foundation for the high-quality copper balls manufacturing during warm skew rolling.
Modifying “Manufacturing Processes” Laboratory for Online/Hybrid Learning Due to COVID-19
Authors: Jahan Muhammad , Hu Yingbin , Yeboah Kwaku , Stahley James 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper aims to present innovative modifications of the contents and delivery mode of “Manufacturing Processes” laboratory for Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering students during the global pandemic due to coronavirus (COVID-19). The objective was to maintain high level of student engagement and academic rigor, while minimizing face-to-face activities in the lab and ensuring social distancing when performing lab activities. Modifications are done in the lab to replace some of the previous activities heavily focused on machining processes with additive manufacturing, as activities focusing on machining processes need more face-to-face interactions. Out of three labs and one final project, the major modifications have been done to casting lab to make it fully online and to final project to make it about 90% online. Students were allowed for face-to-face activities that are very critical to students’ learning, and all other activities were performed virtually either by synchronous or asynchronous classes. In the other two labs (bulk deformation, i.e., forging and rolling, lab and the machining lab), students were divided into groups and they took turn to take face-to-face instructions in order to maintain social distancing and safety in the lab. Students were surveyed at the end of the semester to assess their perceptions on the modifications done in the lab and level of engagement in the course, and whether learning outcomes were achieved. Students found the level of engagement appropriate and agree that they have learned new and key concepts of various manufacturing processes and will be able to apply knowledge in the real-life applications. However, the students also reported that hybrid-mode lab instruction cannot completely replace in-person lab instruction, as many of them faced challenges to keep themselves engaged and motivated in all online lab activities.
Confinement Effects on Molecular Mechanics and Structure of the Liquid Layers at Solid-Liquid Interface
Authors: Zou An , Poudel Sajag , Maroo Shalabh C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Liquid layer structuring occurs at the solid-liquid interface. Here we present an investigation of the confinement effects on the first layer adjacent to the solid surface in a nanopore. Compared to a thin film on a surface with free liquid-vapor interface, strong confinement effects were observed in relatively small nanopores, where only structured layers exist and the first layer is affected by both surfaces. The confinement effects are weak in relatively large pores, where bulk liquid exists and the first layer is affected by the adjacent surface only.
Development and Calibration of a Low-Cost Machine Vision Pipeline for Connected and Autonomous Vehicle (CAV) Research
Authors: Mehr Goodarz , Eskandarian Azim 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Autonomous vehicles promise a safer future with a cleaner, more cost-efficient, and more reliable transportation system. However, the current approach to autonomy for vehicles has focused on building small, expensive, disparate intelligences that are closed off to the rest of the world. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) connectivity can bridge some of that gap through enabling communication between a vehicle and its surrounding environment. This has to be paired with a low-cost approach to perception to enable broader research into and adoption of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs). To that end, this paper presents the development and calibration process of a low-cost, easy-to-deploy machine vision pipeline for multiple cameras that does not sacrifice image quality or frame rate. The pipeline is integrated with the CARMA Platform, developed by the FHWA for connected vehicle research.