bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extending democracy to corporate governance and beyond: a theory of popular economic sovereignty
Authors: Rubin E. L. 
Published: March 2022

Objective:to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the impact of democratic governance principles in a state on corporate governance.Methods:dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical and sociological.Results:the article proposes a different rationale for corporate democracy based on an equivalence, not an analogy. The equivalence is that subordination feels essentially the same to an individual whether a public or a private entity carries it out. In the political system, democracy counteracts subordination by giving everyone political autonomy, an independent voice in controlling the power structure. By the same reasoning, those who work for a living should arguably control the institutions for which they work. Thus, the norms of democracy, when translated into the economic realm, yield the principle that people should not work for their livelihood on terms another person establishes. This can be called the principle of popular economic sovereignty.Scientific novelty:for the first time, the work makes a conclusion that the modern understanding of both the state and the corporation developed from medieval corporativist thinking. This same mode of thought generated the idea of representation that enabled individuals who were not leaders of a structured hierarchy to participate in state decisions, certainly one of the great insights of Western political thought. Representation became the mechanism by which democratic government was instituted. As democracy developed, the scope of representation expanded to include all competent adults. This same expanded concept of representation can be extended to employment relations and would serve the same purposes as it serves in the political arena – individual autonomy and opposition to oppression. Corporations would be controlled by boards elected by the workers; small employers and individuals would be required to hire employees from labor exchanges run by the workers who are being provided. This proposal, although it sounds radical and impractical, could rather easily be implemented for both major corporations and all other employment relationships as well, and might well be more economically efficient than current modes of economic organization, as well as being more fair to the workers.Practical significance:the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to the theory of popular economic sovereignty.
Model risks in the financial sphere under the conditions of the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning
Authors: Kirilyuk I. L. 
Published: March 2022

Objective: within the framework of RegTech and SupTech technologies, to assess the transformation of model risks and ways to minimize them under the increasing use of artificial intelligence methods.Methods: a systematic approach to the analysis of the quality of economic models. Historical, logical, and statistical methods of research.Results: the Russian and foreign experience of accounting for model risks in the financial industry is considered. Theoretical and practical works on the regulation and management of model risks in the activities of financial sector organizations are studied. The role of machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies in solving the modern problems in the functioning and regulation of financial organizations is determined. The key model risks are considered, as well as the directions of changing their specifics as a result of the artificial intelligence technologies development, primarily machine learning, and increasing the capabilities for storage and transmission of a large amount of data. The main methods of data processing and model construction are considered, as well as their advantages in terms of reducing model risks. It is determined that the reduction of model risks using RegTech and SupTech technologies is possible due to the development of artificial intelligence technologies, which will require, among other things, the elaboration of the appropriate legal field.Scientific novelty: the unique feature of the article is a comprehensive consideration of the problem of model risks in the finance industry and of the impact of artificial intelligence technologies on them in mathematical, legal, economic aspects, as well as the description of the situation in this area both abroad and in Russia.Practical significance: the information presented in the article can be used by regulatory authorities and commercial banks in the tasks related to minimizing specific model risks in their activities.
Central bank digital currencies: experience of introducing a digital yuan and development of a digital ruble conception
Authors: Kochergin D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Objective:to determine the essential foundations of digital currencies of central banks and, based on the experience of the digital Yuan introduction in China, to substantiate the directions for improving the concept of the digital ruble introduction in Russia and the feasibility of issuing a digital currency in Belarus.Methods:the article uses empirical, logical, comparative and statistical methods within a systematic approach to determine the areas for improving the concept of development of a central banks digital currency.Results:the key characteristics of central banks digital currencies are determined; the features of models of retail digital currency systems are revealed; the main characteristics of the digital Yuan design and the features of its emission-settlement system organization are investigated; the main elements of the digital ruble concept of the Bank of Russia, the structure of its emission-settlement system and digital platform are examined; the issue of the feasibility of introducing the digital Belarusian ruble in the Republic of Belarus is investigated. We propose to develop additional mechanisms to protect the integrity and confidentiality of the payment information stored in the register of the Bank of Russia on the digital ruble platform, to differentiate the tools of digital wallets, and to set limits on individual payment transactions with the digital ruble.Scientific novelty:the study reveals the features of the model of a two-level system of retail digital currencies of central banks in China and Russia; the directions of improving the concept of the digital ruble introduction are determined and the expediency of issuing digital currency in the Republic of Belarus is justified.Practical significance:the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used by economists, central banks and credit institutions in the development and improvement of the national digital currency design, its emission and settlement model and the development of the concept of its implementation, taking the world experience into account.
Legal bases for prosecution of medical staff for illegal acts during the soviet and post-soviet periods
Authors: Lazarev V. V. 
Published: March 2022

Objective: to study the methodology of constructivism in the constitutional arrangement of the state and society.Methods: dialectical approach to the cognition of social phenomena, which determined the choice of the following research methods: formal-logical, comparative-legal, sociological.Results: construction is a structure, mutual arrangement of the parts of something. Law is a systemic product, therefore constructivism is inherently and organically present in law in any of its known forms. The possibilities of constructivism manifest themselves especially vividly in legislation and make themselves felt the more abstractly, the more generally the will of the state is expressed. It is this feature that is characteristic for constitutional texts. The Constitution, as a written document, has all the signs and properties of a social structure. First, it is the product of rational activity of people pursuing well-defined goals. Second, it has a certain structure characterized by “constructionality”. Third, being a reflection and consolidation of the actual material, cultural and legal level, it enables to see not only the possibilities of cognition and interpretation of the will of power enshrined in it, but also the prospects for the effective use of relevant norms and institutions. Fourth, technically building the normative material and the system of mutual relations of the subjects of constitutional and legal communication, the Constitution is the optimal construction at the time of creation of their balanced rights, duties, and responsibilities. Moreover, while at the time of the birth of constitutions limiting state power was considered the primary task, the modern realities show the need for such restrictions in relation to citizens and civil associations.Scientific novelty: the paper substantiates the conclusion that a constructive approach organizes the cognition of the ongoing constitutional reforms in the direction of identifying the functional capabilities inherent in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and in practical terms enables to most optimally – clearly, economically, systematically – implement the will of the state (sovereign people’s will) in all areas of social development.Practical significance: the conclusions and provisions of the article can be used in scientific, legislative and law enforcement activities, the educational process of educational institutions of higher education.
Pyrroloquinoline and Pyridoacridine Alkaloids from Marine Sources
Authors: Ding Qizhu , Chichak Kelly , Lown J. William 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
Marine organisms are a rich source for natural products. Pyrrolo[4,3,2-de]quinolines and pyrido[4,3,2-mn]acridines are of major interest as metabolites in sponges and ascidians. Many of these compounds have generated interest both as challenging problems for structure elucidation and synthesis as well as for their cytotoxicities. The isolation,
structure proof, biological activities, chemical properties and synthesis have attracted the attention of chemists, biologists and pharmacists. The principal structural feature of these alkaloids is the core of a planar iminoquinone moiety which can intercalate into DNA and cleave the DNA double helix or inhibit the action of topoisomerase II. Of the makaluvamines, rhakaluvamine F and A are the most cytotoxic to the HCT 116 cell line. The enhanced toxicity of the makaluvamines towards xrs-6 cells shows that all of the makaluvamines, except makaluvamine B, act like m-AMSA and etoposide in inhibiting topoisomerases via cleavable complex formation, or via the direct induction of DNA double-strand breaks. They are also amongst the most potent inhibitors of topoisomerase II. Both makaluvamine A and C can decrease tumor size in a solid human tumor model. Discorhabdin A and C in contrast are of high cytotoxicity, but they exhibit no inhibition of topoisomerase II. As representatives of the derivatives of pyrido[4,3,2-mn]acridine, cystodytins, kuanoniamines and diplamine are the most potent to inhibit HCT replication. Eilatin, as a 1,10-phenanthroline derivative, can form complexes with metal ions. It has been shown that these metal complexes can bind to DNA by intercalation. The new members of the pyrrolo[4,3,2-de]quinolines and pyrido[4,3,2- mn]acridines, such as veiutamine, discorhabdin G, tsitsikammamines, epinartins, arnoamines as well as sagitol are reviewed. Some successful syntheses of pyrrolo[4,3,2- de]quinoline ring system and pyrido[4,3,2-mn]acridine ring system are also reviewed in this article.
Synthesis and Applications for Unnatural Sugar Nucleotides
Authors: Elhalabi Jordan M. , Rice Kevin G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
The synthesis and biological evaluation of carbohydrate mimetics has begun to more clearly define the diverse roles of carbohydrates in nature. Often the strategy invoves the design and synthesis of glycosyltransferase and glycosidase inhibitors both as tools to elucidate the mechanism of action of these enzymes and as potential therapeutic - agents.
An array of unnatural sugar nucleotides have found utility in chemo-enzymatic synthesis. The
regio- and stereoselective transfer of sugars by glycosyltransferases such as 1 ,4- galactosyltransferase, o:1,3-fucosyltransferase, o:2,3- and o:2,6-sialyltransferases and N­ acethylglucosaminyltransferase V has demonstrated the broad application of this approach.
This review summarizes the specificity of these well-studied glycosyltransferases for both unnatural sugar donors and acceptors. This information combined with the knowledge of the mechanism of action of those enzymes is valuable in the design of potent selective glycosyltransferase inhibitors and the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of novel carbohydrate mimetics.
Human Milk Glycoconjugates That Inhibit Pathogens
Authors: Newburg David S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
Breast-fed infants have lower incidence of diarrhea, respiratory disease, and otitis media. The protection by human milk has long been attributed to the presence of secretory lgA. However, human milk contains large numbers and amounts of complex carbohydrates, including glycopro­
teins, glycolipids, glycosaminoglycans, mucins, and especially oligosaccharides. The
oligosaccharides comprise the third most abundant solid constituent of human milk, and contain a myriad of structures. Complex carbohydrate moieties of glycoconjugates and oligosaccharides are synthesized by the many glycosyltransferases in the mammary gland; those with homology to cell surface glycoconjugate pathogen receptors may inhibit pathogen binding, thereby protecting the nursing infant. Several examples are reviewed: A fucosyloligosaccharide inhibits the diarrheagenic effect of stable toxin of Escherichia coli. A different fucosyloligosaccharide inhibits infection by Campylobacter jejuni. Binding of Streptococcus pneumoniae arid of enteropathogenic	E. coli to their respective receptors is inhibited by human milk oligosaccharides. The 46-kD glycoprotein, lactadherin, inhibits rotavirus binding and infectivity. Low levels of lactadherin in human milk are associated with a higher incidence of symptomatic rotavirus in breast-fed infants. A mannosylated glycopeptide inhibits binding by enterohemorrhagic E. coli. A glycosaminoglycan inhibits binding of gp120 to CD4, the first step in HIV infection. Human milk mucin inhibits binding by $-fimbriated E. coli. The ganglioside, GM 1,
reduces diarrhea production by cholera toxin and labile toxin of E. coli. The neutral
glycosphingolipid, Gb3, binds to Shigatoxin. Thus, many complex carbohydrates of human milk may be novel antipathogenic agents, and the milk glycoconjugates and oligosaccharides may be a major source of protection for breastfeeding infants.
Thio Sugars: Biological Relevance as Potential New Therapeutics
Authors: Witczak Zbigniew J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
The biological relevance of sulfur containing carbohydrates is gaining substantial attention. Thus the new developments, especially in the synthetic and medicinal chemistry of thio-sugars are critically important for carbohydrate drug design. New studies of biological processes including bio­
synthetic reactions and enzyme control mechanisms, discovered during the last few years clearly contributed to an understanding of their biological roles. These roles of carbohydrates and thio­ sugars in particular through biological processes and diseases are becoming better understood now.
These new trends will provide tremendous opportunities for the development of carbohydrates as new potential drugs. The main objective of this article is to address these new promising advances and stimulate continuous development of carbohydrate pharmaceuticals.
Past and Present Scenario of Hepatoprotectants#
Authors: Ram Vishnu Ji , Goel Atul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
The liver plays a significant role not only in metabolism and disposition of the chemicals to which it is exposed directly or indirectly but also plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, proteins and immunomodulations. The impairment of the liver generally results from viral or portozoal infections, excessive use of alcohol, drugs and xenobiotics. This review provides an overall view about the past and present status of the hepatoprotectants resulted from synthetic and plant origins.
Multi-Component Methodologies in Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis
Authors: Dax Scott L. , McNally James J. , Youngman Mark A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
Solid-phase organic synthesis, particularly when used in conjunction with combinatorial techniques, is emerging as a revolutionary technology in chemistry. Multi­ component reaction systems are particularly valued because several elements of diversity can be introduced in a single transformation thereby expanding the diversity of compound libraries. A variety of multi-component reactions have been successfully adapted for solid-phase technology as described in this review.
Analysis of Deprenyl Metabolites in the Rat Brain Using HPLC-ES­ MS
Authors: Kalasz H. , Bartok T. , Komoroczy R. , Szoko E. , Haberle D. , Kiss J.P. , Hennings E.C.P. , Magyar K. , Furst S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
Methylamphetamine and amphetamine, the two major metabolites of deprenyl in the rat brain were analyzed using HPLC method combined with electrospray-mass spectrometer. (-)-Deprenyl and (+)­ deprenyl were orally administered to rats either in a single dose of 10 mg/kg,
or three times a week for three weeks. The metabolites were determined in four different parts of the rat brain, such as in the frontal cortex, corpus striatum, hippocampus, and hypophysis. The ratio of methylamphetamine to amphetamine was also compared after (-)-deprenyl and(+)­ deprenyl treatments.
Glutathione S-Transferases - A Review
Authors: Salinas Anna E. , Wong Margaret G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
The Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) form a group of multi-gene isoenzymes involved in the cellular detoxification of both xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds. GSTs have been divided into a number of subclasses, alpha (α), mu {μ), pi (π), and theta (θ). The classification was made on the basis of sequence similarity and immunological cross-reactivity. GSTs show a high level of specificity toward GSH but the electrophilic second substrate can vary significantly both between and within the classes in spite of their sequence similarity.
X-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis studies have together elucidated the structure and mechanism of GSTs. Catalysis occurs by conjugation with glutathione (GSH) and the less toxic and more hydrophilic products can then be partially metabolised and excreted. This invaluable service is however disadvantageous during chemotherapy where GSTs have been associated with multi-drug resistance of tumour cells. Levels of expression of different isoforms of GSTs are tissue specific. The variations in expression between normal and tumour cells are of interest and in most cases the levels of GSTs are increased, especially n-GST. Understanding the complex role that GSTs play in drug resistance begins with determining the pattern of isoform expression and the substrate specificities of each isoform. The use of isozyme-specific, GSH analogues as inhibitors to modulate GST activity during chemotherapy is a promising strategy in the battle against cancer.
This review attempts to provide a detailed overview of the literature concerning the different classes of GSTs, their function and mechanism and the use of GSTs as therapeutic targets for disease as current at the time of submission.
The Unique Properties of Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP IV I CD26) and the Therapeutic Potential of DPP IV Inhibitors
Authors: Augustyns K. , Bala G. , Thonusa G. , Belyaeva A. , Zhanga X.M. , Bollaerta W. , Lambeirb A.M. , Durinxb C. , Goossensb F. , Haemersa A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
This review deals with the properties and functions of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV, EC 3.4.14.5). This membrane anchored ecto-protease has been identified as the leukocyte antigen CD26. The following aspects of DPP IV/CD26 will be discussed: the structure of DPP IV and the new family of serine proteases to which it belongs, the substrate specificity, the distribu­tion in the human body, specific DPP IV inhibitors and the role of CD26 in the intestinal and renal handling of proline containing peptides, in cell adhesion, in peptide metabolism, in the immune system and in HIV infection. Especially the latest developments in the search for new inhibitors will be reported as well as the discovery of new natural substrates for DPP IV such as the glucagon-like peptides and the chemokines. Finally the therapeutical perspectives for DPP IV inhibitors will be discussed.
To Review on the Pharmacology of the Leaf Extract of Catharanthus Roseus
Authors: Parihar Shweta , Sharma Devender , Chirania Amit , Telrandhe Umesh B. 
Published: March 2022

Catharanthus roseus a species, a well-known home-grown herb in India, that belong to the genus Catharanthus of the Apocynaceae family. The Catharanthus roseusroots, stems, flowers and leaves are employed in herbal therapy, and also used as a herbal plant and ornamental plant. It is native and endemic to Madagascar, although it is also planted as an ornamental and therapeutic plant in other parts of the world. Pharmacological and therapeutic research, on the leaf of the Catharanthus roseusand its active components are presented in this overview.
Recent Advances in Herbal Medicines – An Updated Review
Authors: Roy Dhritiman , Chakraborty Arindam , Mukherjee Payel , Ghosh Balaram , Chakraborty Manas 
Published: March 2022

Nowadays peoples throughout the world have been attracting towards the herbal medicines. Worldwide favour the traditional healthcare system, so day-by-day uses of herbal remedies to cure diseases is increase instead of alternative medicines. Herbal drugs have an ability to maintain health and to treat various diseases therefore herbal drugs have been used since very earlier days. To fulfil the public requirement many companies have been using herbal drug technology for converting botanical materials into medicines, where standardization, quality control, modern scientific techniques and traditional knowledge are very necessary. This review focuses on recent trends in Herbal drugs and main motto is to explain the therapeutic effectiveness of various herbal drugs, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, standardization and stability testing of herbal medicines, pharmacovigilance and regulatory status of herbal medicines.