bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orbital dynamics and histories of satellite galaxies around Milky Way – mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations
Authors: Santistevan Isaiah B , Wetzel Andrew , Tollerud Erik , Sanderson Robyn E , Samuel Jenna 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
The orbits of satellite galaxies encode rich information about their histories. We investigate the orbital dynamics and histories of satellite galaxies around Milky Way (MW)-mass host galaxies using the FIRE-2 cosmological simulations, which, as previous works have shown, produce satellite mass functions and spatial distributions that broadly agree with observations. We first examine trends in orbital dynamics at z = 0, including total velocity, specific angular momentum, and specific total energy: the time of infall into the MW-mass halo primarily determines these orbital properties. We then examine orbital histories, focusing on the lookback time of first infall into a host halo and pericentre distances, times, and counts. Roughly 37 per cent of galaxies with $M_{\rm star}\lesssim 10^7\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ were ‘pre-processed’ as a satellite in a lower-mass group, typically $\approx 2.7\, {\rm Gyr}$ before falling into the MW-mass halo. Half of all satellites at z = 0 experienced multiple pericentres about their MW-mass host. Remarkably, for most (67 per cent) of these satellites, their most recent pericentre was not their minimum pericentre: the minimum typically was ∼40 per cent smaller and occurred $\sim 6\, {\rm Gyr}$ earlier. These satellites with growing pericentres appear to have multiple origins: for about half, their specific angular momentum gradually increased over time, while for the other half, most rapidly increased near their first apocentre, suggesting that a combination of a time-dependent MW-mass halo potential and dynamical perturbations in the outer halo caused these satellites’ pericentres to grow. Our results highlight the limitations of idealized, static orbit modelling, especially for pericentre histories.
Diurnal variation of the surface temperature of Mars with the Emirates Mars Mission: a comparison with Curiosity and Perseverance rover measurements
Authors: Atri Dimitra , Abdelmoneim Nour , Dhuri Dattaraj B , Simoni Mathilde 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
For the first time, the Emirates Mars Infrared Spectrometer (EMIRS) instrument on board the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) ‘Hope’, is providing us with the temperature measurements of Mars at all local times covering most of the planet. As a result, it is now possible to compare surface temperature measurements made from orbit with those from the surface by rovers during the same time period. We use data of diurnal temperature variation from the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) suite on board the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) ‘Curiosity’ rover, and the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) suite on board the Mars 2020 ‘Perseverance’ rover, between June and August 2021 and compare them with EMIRS observations and estimates of the Mars Climate Database (MCD) model. We show that although the overall trend of temperature variation is in excellent agreement across missions, EMIRS measurements are systematically lower at night compared to Mars 2020. The lower spatial resolution of EMIRS compared to the rovers and consequently lower average thermal inertia of the observed regions in this particular case primarily contributed to this discrepancy, among other factors. We discuss the implications of these results in improving our understanding of the Martian climate which would lead to better modeling of local weather prediction, useful for future robotic and crewed missions.
Clinical Impact of Ceftriaxone Resistance in Escherichia coli Bloodstream Infections: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Tamma Pranita D , Komarow Lauren , Ge Lizhao , Garcia-Diaz Julia , Herc Erica S , Doi Yohei , Arias Cesar A , Albin Owen , Saade Elie , Miller Loren G , Jacob Jesse T , Satlin Michael J , Krsak Martin , Huskins W Charles , Dhar Sorabh , Shelburne Samuel A , Hill Carol , Baum Keri R , Bhojani Minal , Greenwood-Quaintance Kerryl E , Schmidt-Malan Suzannah M , Patel Robin , Evans Scott R , Chambers Henry F , Fowler Vance G , van Duin David ,   for the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
Ceftriaxone-resistant (CRO-R) Escherichia coli bloodstream infections (BSIs) are common.

Methods
This is a prospective cohort of patients with E coli BSI at 14 United States hospitals between November 2020 and April 2021. For each patient with a CRO-R E coli BSI enrolled, the next consecutive patient with a ceftriaxone-susceptible (CRO-S) E coli BSI was included. Primary outcome was desirability of outcome ranking (DOOR) at day 30, with 50% probability of worse outcomes in the CRO-R group as the null hypothesis. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to reduce confounding.

Results
Notable differences between patients infected with CRO-R and CRO-S E coli BSI included the proportion with Pitt bacteremia score ≥4 (23% vs 15%, P = .079) and the median time to active antibiotic therapy (12 hours [interquartile range {IQR}, 1–35 hours] vs 1 hour [IQR, 0–6 hours]; P &lt; .001). Unadjusted DOOR analyses indicated a 58% probability (95% confidence interval [CI], 52%–63%) for a worse clinical outcome in CRO-R versus CRO-S BSI. In the IPW-adjusted cohort, no difference was observed (54% [95% CI, 47%–61%]). Secondary outcomes included unadjusted and adjusted differences in the proportion of 30-day mortality between CRO-R and CRO-S BSIs (−5.3% [95% CI, −10.3% to −.4%] and −1.8 [95% CI, −6.7% to 3.2%], respectively), postculture median length of stay (8 days [IQR, 5–13 days] vs 6 days [IQR, 4–9 days]; P &lt; .001), and incident admission to a long-term care facility (22% vs 12%, P = .045).

Conclusions
Patients with CRO-R E coli BSI generally have poorer outcomes compared to patients infected with CRO-S E coli BSI, even after adjusting for important confounders.
Areas of Law: Three Questions in Special Jurisprudence
Authors: Khaitan Tarunabh , Steel Sandy 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This article addresses three fundamental questions about a key phenomenon in special jurisprudence, ‘areas of law’: (i) what is an area of law; (ii) what are the consequences of dividing law into distinct areas; and (iii) what constitutes the foundations of an area of law. It claims that (i) ‘an area of law’ is a set of legal norms that are intersubjectively recognised by the legal complex as a subset of legal norms in a given jurisdiction; (ii) the sub-division of law into multiple areas matters to the content and scope of legal doctrine, to law’s perceived legitimacy and possibly to its effectiveness; and (iii) the search for the normative foundations of an area of law is typically an inquiry into its ‘aims’ or ‘functions’. This article systematically articulates, explains and answers these three questions generally, ie in relation to areas of law as such.
Bird associations with floristics and physiognomy differ across five biogeographic subregions of the Great Basin, USA
Authors: Zillig Martha W , Fogarty Frank A , Fleishman Erica 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The majority of management plans for birds on public lands across the western United States do not recognize the geographic variation in a given species’ habitat. We examined associations of plant species and functional groups with occupancy of 19 bird species across 5 biogeographic subregions of the Great Basin (central, western, Sierra Nevada, northern, and eastern), USA. We hypothesized that occupancy was associated with floristics (individual plant species) within subregions, and with physiognomy (characterized by functional groups) across the Great Basin. We used two methods to evaluate bird-vegetation associations within and across subregions. First, we examined which covariates of floristics and physiognomy were significantly associated with occupancy in each subregion. Second, for each bird species, we compared covariate estimates between each of the 10 pairs of subregions. We classified the effects of covariates on occupancy in 2 subregions as significantly different if &lt;5% of their posterior distributions overlapped. The plant species and functional groups that were associated significantly with occupancy varied considerably among subregions. Twenty-four percent of bird-plant associations that were significant at the Great Basin level were not significant in any subregion. Associations between occupancy and floristics differed the most between the Sierra Nevada and central or western subregions, and the least between the eastern and western subregions. Associations between occupancy and physiognomy differed the most between the Sierra Nevada and western and central subregions, and the least between the northern and western subregions. These differences and similarities may reflect variations in climate or bird communities or differences in sampling effort. In addition, the number and strength of associations between occupancy and floristic or physiognomic covariates varied substantially among bird species and subregions. We recommend that the management of birds across the Great Basin or other large ecoregions evaluate and account for geographic variation in environmental attributes associated with occupancy, and not assume bird-plant relations are consistent across the Great Basin.
A rallid ballad: Communal signaling is correlated with year-round territoriality in the most duet-rich family of birds (Gruiformes: Rallidae)
Authors: Goldberg Daniel L , Sadd Ben M , Capparella Angelo P 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Duetting, in which 2 or more individuals call in coordinated unison, is common in birds, yet most research investigating the function of avian duets has focused only on oscine passerines. However, we have discovered that duetting occurs in 61 species (59%) in the family Rallidae (rails), one of the highest known rates in any bird clade, and that rail duets are also significantly associated with year-round territoriality and habitat type. We applied a comparative approach to study the occurrence of duetting relative to socio-ecological traits and call properties in 103 rail species, with the prediction that duetting rails produce low-frequency calls that spread well over short distances in densely vegetated habitats. Using a model correcting for phylogenetic signal, we found that duetting is the ancestral state in Rallidae, and that duetting rails show a trending effect for being sedentary and nonmigratory. Contrary to our predictions, there was no significant correlation between rail duetting and social bond length, breeding system, breeding latitude from the equator, or sexual dimorphism, as year-round territoriality and forest or heterogeneous habitats were the strongest predictors of duets. Despite the prevalence of duetting in Rallidae, few studies have tested duet functions such as territory defense in this family, and our comparative phylogenetic study lays the groundwork for future research, as little remains known about the behavioral ecology and vocal interactions of many rails.
The power few missing persons: A 10-year follow-up study of over 2,000 youth missing persons
Authors: Thomas Stuart D M , Ferguson Lorna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Youths going missing continues to be a matter of great concern for the police. This group has been consistently found to comprise most police missing person reports, be more likely to go repeatedly missing, and experience victimization and vulnerability related to these incidents. This study thus sought to examine single versus repeat versus habitual/chronic missing youth cases to extract differentiated insights to initiate discussions on proactive policing efforts for reducing and preventing missing youth cases. Data employed tracked 2,126 young people reported missing for the first time in 2005, for 10 years using their police records. Over a third went missing more than once. There was evidence of the power few hypothesis, with the habitual/chronic cases constituting 17% of the cases and over 60% of the missing person reports across the study period, and clear differences emerged between single, repeat, and habitual/chronic cases in terms of their demographics, mental health concerns, and justice involvement.
Professional policing and the role of autonomy and discretion in decision-making: A qualitative study from a virtue ethical perspective
Authors: Maile Andrew , Ritzenthaler Sarah , Thompson Aidan , Kristjánsson Kristján 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWithin an overarching identified construct of ‘autonomy and discretion’, this paper uses four themes to discuss how 30 interviewed UK police officers respond to challenging, ethically charged situations and what frameworks guide and structure their decision-making. These themes, elicited through qualitative thematic analysis, are personal judgement, doing the right thing, effective and adaptive communication, and emotional regulation. The relevance of these themes is discussed in the context of police professionalization and the Code of Ethics in England and Wales. The findings illustrate that the professional autonomy of police officers, when grounded in virtue ethics rather than more formulaic deontology, supports morally good policing and safeguards police legitimacy.
Nutrient digestibility, rumen parameters, and (cannabinoid) residues in sheep fed a pelleted diet containing green hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) biomass
Authors: Stevens S A , Krebs G L , Scrivener C J , Noble G K , Blake B L , Dods K C , May C D , Tai Z X , Clayton E H , Lynch E E , Johnson K N 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The feeding value for ruminants of green hemp biomass, from the low Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) variety of Cannabis sativa L., is unknown. Twelve Merino ewes were individually penned and randomly allocated on a stratified liveweight basis to one of two pelleted dietary treatments, control (0% hemp, n = 6) or hemp (42% green hemp biomass, n = 6) that delivered a diet meeting the nutrient requirements of the animals. The experimental period consisted of 17 d dietary and housing adaptation, followed by 7 d total urine and feces collection for determination of apparent nutrient digestibility. A ruminal fluid sample was collected on day 27 and assessed for pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acid (VFA), and cannabinoid concentrations. A blood sample from the jugular vein and incisional subcutaneous fat biopsy from an area around the base of the tail were collected on day 28 with additional fat biopsies taken 35 d and 140 d post-feeding to measure cannabinoids. The dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) digestibilities, along with total VFA concentration did not differ (P = 0.713) between the two diets; however, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibilities (P &lt; 0.001), water intake (P = 0.023), and fecal water output (P &lt; 0.001) were significantly lower for the sheep-fed Hemp. Rumen pH did not vary (P = 0.256) between diets, but ruminal ammonia concentration was significantly lower (P = 0.024) for sheep consuming Hemp. Sheep-fed Hemp had significantly greater molar proportions of butyric (P = 0.039) and hexanoic (P = 0.012) acids and lower molar proportions of propionic acid (P = 0.003). There were no differences between diets for N intake (P = 0.175), fecal N output (P = 0.253), and N balance (P = 0.695), with all sheep in positive N balance; however, there was significantly lower (P = 0.001) urinary N output for sheep-fed Hemp. Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) were detected in plasma of all sheep-fed Hemp. ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol was present in the subcutaneous fat of four of the six sheep on the final day of being fed Hemp, and in all (six) sheep 35 d post-feeding and one sheep 140 d post-feeding Hemp. No cannabinoids were detected in the corresponding samples taken from the sheep-fed Control. Thus, despite green hemp biomass being nutritionally a suitable feed for ruminants, under current Food Standards in Australia, the presence of these cannabinoid residues restricts its use in ruminant diets.
Impact of Peripheral and Corneal Neuropathy on Markers of Ocular Surface Discomfort in Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Asiedu Kofi , Dhanapalaratnam Roshan , Krishnan Arun V. , Kwai Natalie , Poynten Ann , Markoulli Maria 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT

SIGNIFICANCE
There is a reduction in corneal nerve fiber density and length in type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic kidney disease compared with type 2 diabetes mellitus alone; however, this difference does not result in worse ocular surface discomfort or dry eye disease.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to determine the clinical impact of corneal nerve loss on ocular surface discomfort and markers of ocular surface homeostasis in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus without chronic kidney disease (T2DM–no CKD) and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus with concurrent chronic kidney disease (T2DM-CKD).

METHODS
Participants were classified based on estimated glomerular filtration rates into two groups: T2DM-CKD (n = 27) and T2DM–no CKD (n = 28).

RESULTS
There was a significant difference between the T2DM-CKD and T2DM–no CKD groups in corneal nerve fiber density (14.9 ± 8.6 and 21.1 ± 7.1 no./mm2, respectively; P = .005) and corneal nerve fiber length (10.0 ± 4.6 and 12.3 ± 3.7 mm/mm2, respectively; P = .04). Fluorescein tear breakup time was significantly reduced in T2DM-CKD compared with T2DM–no CKD (8.1 ± 4.4 and 10.7 ± 3.8 seconds, respectively; P = .01), whereas ocular surface staining was not significantly different (3.5 ± 1.7 and 2.7 ± 2.3 scores, respectively;P = .12). In terms of ocular surface discomfort, there were no significant differences in the ocular discomfort score scores (12.5 ± 11.1 and 13.6 ± 12.1, respectively; P = .81) and Ocular Pain Assessment Survey scores (3.3 ± 5.4 and 4.3 ± 6.1, respectively; P = .37) between the T2DM-CKD and T2DM–no CKD.

CONCLUSIONS
The current study demonstrated that corneal nerve loss is greater in T2DM-CKD than in T2DM–no CKD. However, these changes do not impact ocular surface discomfort or markers of ocular surface homeostasis.
The General Movements Motor Optimality Score in High-Risk Infants: A Systematic Scoping Review
Authors: Crowle Cathryn , Jackman Michelle , Morgan Catherine 
Published: October 2022

Purpose:
The aim of this systematic scoping review was to explore the use of the motor optimality score in the fidgety movement period in clinical practice, and to investigate evidence for the motor optimality score in predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Summary of Key Points:
Thirty-seven studies, with 3662 infants, were included. Studies were conceptualized and charted into 4 categories based on the motor optimality score: prediction, outcome measure, descriptive, or psychometric properties. The most represented populations were preterm or low-birth-weight infants (16 studies), infants with cerebral palsy or neurological concerns (5 studies), and healthy or term-born infants (4 studies).

Conclusion:
The motor optimality score has the potential to add value to existing tools used to predict risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Further research is needed regarding the reliability and validity of the motor optimality score to support increased use of this tool in clinical practice. What this adds to the evidence: The motor optimality score has potential to improve the prediction of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Further research on validity and reliability of the motor optimality score is needed; however, a revised version, the motor optimality score-R (with accompanying manual) will likely contribute to more consistency in the reporting of the motor optimality score in future.
PSMA-PET Detection of Unusual Metastases in Castrate-Sensitive Prostate Carcinoma
Authors: Harris Nathanial , Tan Mun Yee , Ng Michael , Blakey David , Guerrieri Mario , Joon Daryl Lim , Lau Eddie , Foroudi Farshad , Armstrong Alexander , Chao Michael 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a multifaceted, heterogeneous disease (with 7 molecular subtypes), which can metastasize to common sites, such as bone, lymph nodes, liver, and lungs. However, with PSMA PET imaging, rare sites of metastasis are increasingly discovered. We report 5 cases of unusual metastases in patients with castrate-sensitive PCa: solitary right inguinal nodal metastasis, solitary abdominal wall metastasis, penile shaft metastases, solitary perineum metastasis, and pleural metastases. These cases further support the use of PSMA-PET imaging in PCa monitoring, with the ability to detect solitary, small volume, and rare sites of metastases, which may not be apparent on conventional imaging.
Enhanced donor antigen presentation by B-cells predicts acute cellular rejection and late outcomes after transplantation
Authors: Ashokkumar Chethan , Ningappa Mylarappa , Raghu Vikram , Mazariegos George , Higgs Brandon W. , Morgan Paul , Remaley Lisa , Fazzolare Tamara , Holzer Pamela , Trostle Kevin , Xu Qingyong , Zeevi Adriana , Squires James , Soltys Kyle , Horslen Simon , Khanna Ajai , Ganoza Armando , Sindhi Rakesh 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPurposeEnhanced B-cell presentation of donor alloantigen relative to presentation of HLA-mismatched reference alloantigen is associated with acute cellular rejection (ACR), when expressed as a ratio called the antigen presenting index (API) in an exploratory cohort of liver and intestine transplant (LT, IT) recipients.MethodsTo test clinical performance, we measured the API using the previously described 6-hour assay in 84 LT and 54 IT with median age 3.3 years (0.05-23.96). Recipients experiencing ACR within 60 days after testing were termed rejectors.ResultsWe first confirmed that B-cell uptake and presentation of alloantigen induced and thus reflected the alloresponse of T-helper cells, which were incubated without and with cytochalasin and primaquine to inhibit antigen uptake and presentation, respectively. Transplant recipients included 76 males and 62 females. Rejectors were tested at median 3.6 days before diagnosis. The API was higher among rejectors compared with non-rejectors (2.2 ± 0.2 vs 0.6 ± 0.04, p-value=1.7E-09). In logistic regression and ROC analysis, API ≥ 1.1 achieved sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for predicting ACR in 99 training set samples. Corresponding metrics ranged from 80-88% in 32 independent post-transplant samples, and 73-100% in 20 independent pre-transplant samples. In time-to-event analysis, API ≥ 1,1 predicted higher incidence of late DSA after API measurements in LT (p=0.011) and graft loss in IT recipients (p=0.008), compared with recipients with API<1.1, respectively.ConclusionEnhanced donor antigen presentation by circulating B-cells predicts rejection after liver or intestine transplantation as well as higher incidence of DSA and graft loss late after transplantation