The Low-Redshift Lyman Continuum Survey
Authors: Saldana-Lopez Alberto , Schaerer Daniel , Chisholm John , Flury Sophia R. , Jaskot Anne E. , Worseck Gábor , Makan Kirill , Gazagnes Simon , Mauerhofer Valentin , Verhamme Anne , Amorín Ricardo O. , Ferguson Harry C. , Giavalisco Mauro , Grazian Andrea , Hayes Matthew J. , Heckman Timothy M. , Henry Alaina , Ji Zhiyuan , Marques-Chaves Rui , McCandliss Stephan R. , Oey M. Sally , Östlin Göran , Pentericci Laura , Thuan Trinh X. , Trebitsch Maxime , Vanzella Eros , Xu Xinfeng 
Published: February 2022

Aims. Combining 66 ultraviolet (UV) spectra and ancillary data from the recent Low-Redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS) and 23 LyC observations by earlier studies, we form a statistical sample of star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 0.2 − 0.4 with which we study the role of cold interstellar medium (ISM) gas in the leakage of ionizing radiation. We also aim to establish empirical relations between the H I neutral and low-ionization state (LIS) absorption lines with different galaxy properties.
Methods. We first constrain the massive star content (stellar ages and metallicities) and UV attenuation by fitting the stellar continuum with a combination of simple stellar population models. The models, together with accurate LyC flux measurements, allow us to determine the absolute LyC photon escape fraction for each galaxy (fescabs). We then measure the equivalent widths and residual fluxes of multiple H I and LIS lines, and the geometrical covering fraction of the UV emission, adopting the picket-fence model.
Results. The LyC escape fraction spans a wide range, with a median fescabs (0.16, 0.84 quantiles) of 0.04 (0.02, 0.20), and 50 out of the 89 galaxies detected in the LyC (1σ upper limits of fescabs ≲ 0.01 for non-detections, typically). The H I and LIS line equivalent widths scale with the UV luminosity and attenuation, and inversely with the residual flux of these lines. Additionally, Lyα equivalent widths scale with both the H I and LIS residual fluxes, but anti-correlate with the corresponding H I or LIS equivalent widths. The H I and LIS residual fluxes are correlated, indicating that the neutral gas is spatially traced by the low-ionization transitions. We find that the observed trends of the absorption lines and the UV attenuation are primarily driven by the geometric covering fraction of the gas. The observed nonuniform gas coverage also demonstrates that LyC photons escape through low-column-density channels in the ISM. The equivalent widths and residual fluxes of both the H I and LIS lines strongly correlate with fescabs: strong LyC leakers (highest fescabs) show weak absorption lines, low UV attenuation, and large Lyα equivalent widths. We provide several empirical calibrations to estimate fescabs from UV absorption lines. Finally, we show that simultaneous UV absorption line and dust attenuation measurements can, in general, predict the escape fraction of galaxies. We apply our method to available measurements of UV LIS lines of 15 star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 4 − 6 (plus 3 high-z galaxy composites), finding that these high-redshift, UV-bright galaxies (MUV ≲ −21) may have low escape fractions, fescabs ≲ 0.1.
Conclusions. UV absorption lines trace the cold ISM gas of galaxies, which governs the physics of the LyC escape. We show that, with some assumptions, the absolute LyC escape can be statistically predicted using UV absorption lines, and the method can be applied to study galaxies across a wide redshift range, including in the epoch of cosmic reionization.