bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Missing Data on Coal Sampling
Authors: Landry B. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Beginning with the crude attempts at coal sampling reported 100 years ago, the author reviews the slow progress made down to 1916, when Bailey’s experimental work on sampling was incorporated in A.S.T.M. Designation D-21, Standard Method of Sampling Coal for Analysis. By this standard, which is still official, the gross sample taken must be not less than 1000 lb; a large number of increments are required involving considerable time and expense, which has led in many cases to taking smaller samples, causing uncertainty in representativeness of the samples. In 1930, Grumell and Dunningham, in England, modified the method to include the effect of ash content and size of piece on occurrence of impurities. Far less stringent sampling rules were subsequently formulated. Many studies were then commenced on this subject, and about 1934, Subcommittee XIII of A.S.T.M. Committee D-5 began to reconsider specifications for taking gross samples, and tentative standards (D492-43T) have been prepared. The present paper is devoted to classifying missing data on coal sampling which are needed to supply information on (a) consist; (b) variability of ash of pieces by float-and-sink method, and by direct analysis; (c) variability of ash of increments; supplemented by (d) collection and analysis of gross samples of specified number of increments of constant weight to give confirmation of established relations between variables involved. Four sampling experiments are described from which principles are developed to bring out one of the important characteristics affecting the sampling of coal. This is the degree of mixing of the coal at the point of sampling.
10,000-Kw Railway-Mounted Mobile Steam Power Plant for U. S. Navy Department, Bureau of Yards and Docks
Authors: Lundgren Edwin , Biggs L. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Well-established practice was followed in the design of equipment for the two mobile power plants so far constructed, within the limitations of railway clearances and need for increased ruggedness to meet road conditions. The units are intended for purposes of the Navy Department at stations on the East and West Coasts, wherever a breakdown in power supply or increased power demand occurs, where naval work is involved. Details are given of the six-car power plant which includes a boiler car, turbine car, switchgear car, transformer car, gondola car mounting auxiliary equipment, and a box car also containing pumps and miscellaneous equipment. A comprehensive description is given of the main steam generator, the turbogenerator equipment, and all auxiliaries.
Creep Properties of Molded Phenolic Plastics at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Gailus W. J. , Telfair David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To augment the small amount of published data on the creep properties of thermosetting materials, the authors undertook a study of the behavior of molded phenolic plastics at approximately 192 F. Tension creep data are reported up to 1000 hr, and recovery data up to 250 hr. Modulus-of-elasticity values were obtained at the beginning and end of the 1000-hr tests. Studies included the effect of moisture content on creep properties.
External Corrosion of Furnace-Wall Tubes—I History and Occurrence
Authors: Reid W. T. , Corey R. C. , Cross B. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Since 1942, many large central-station boiler furnaces burning pulverized coal and removing the ash as molten slag have experienced external corrosion of furnace-wall tubes. In a few cases the loss of metal was so severe as to cause failure of tubes during operation, in others, seriously thinned tubes had to be replaced to prevent unexpected interruption of service. Because the rate of corrosion under certain conditions may be so high as seriously to weaken the tubes between normally scheduled inspections, operators charged with the continuous production of power under wartime emergency conditions have been greatly concerned over prevention of further corrosion. To expedite the solution of the problem, a co-operative investigation was instituted between the Bureau of Mines and the Combustion Engineering Company. This report gives the results of the preliminary study of the occurrence of external corrosion, 16 furnaces in 13 stations being examined. Corrosion was found to occur when the temperature of the tube metal was in the normal range for boiler furnaces, usually not exceeding 700 F, while the maximum temperatures observed were less than 900 F. Deposits in corrosion areas are shown to be of two types, one having the appearance of a bluish-white porcelain enamel, being largely soluble in water in which it produces an acid reaction, and consisting principally of sodium and potassium sulphates in a complex form. The second type is iridescent blue or black, is insoluble in water, may contain significant amounts of carbon, and consists primarily of iron sulphide. Because of the greater incidence of the sulphate deposit, its study was made first and is reported in detail in a following report.
Electronic-Type Instruments for Industrial Processes
Authors: Dickey P. S. , Hornfeck A. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a new type of measuring and controlling instrument for general process work. The authors discuss the use of electronic equipment in fields of measurement where mechanical or electromechanical instruments have previously been employed. Typical measuring circuits for different problems are illustrated. Equipment for automatic computation of the results obtained from several primary measurements is discussed. Simplification and standardization of instruments for process control through the use of electronic devices is stressed as the important advantage of the equipment described.
Optimum Compression Ratios for a High-Speed Diesel Engine
Authors: Green W. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Optimum compression ratios must give smooth and reliable ignition. They are high enough to procure maximum fuel economy. They are determined from data presented to show the effect of compression ratio upon the combustion and performance characteristics of a high-speed (2000-rpm) 3.25 × 4.5-in. single-cylinder compression-ignition engine equipped for varying the precombustion-chamber volume. These data show an optimum range of compression ratios varying with the indicated mean effective pressure. Compression ratios should be increased as the indicated mean effective pressure (imep) decreases. Optimum performance of the engine under test was obtained in the range of compression ratios from 16 to 1 to 24 to 1. Structural strength-weight requirements and cylinder wear may dictate the use of lower values of the compression ratio than does fuel economy.
Heater Designs for the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Rickerman J. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Present-day requirements for high-octane aviation fuels and for toluol and benzol fractions for use in the production of munitions increase the need for specialized types of oil heaters. In the past most oil heaters were designed by rule of thumb but this method gave way to more accurate empirical methods while attempts were being made to put the art of design on a sound theoretical basis. The empirical relationships used were derived from correlations of experimental and operating data, and these relationships were satisfactory when used to design heaters of types and service requirements similar to those on which the data were obtained. However, as soon as specialized requirements, such as higher temperatures, increased heat-transfer rates, different box shapes, etc., are involved, the extrapolation of empirical equations and methods becomes hazardous. For this reason strenuous efforts have been made to place all design equations and methods on a theoretical basis, and it is believed that these efforts have yielded satisfactory results. A discussion of these methods of design is the subject of this paper.
Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps
Authors: Stepanoff A. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With the introduction of high-head centrifugal pumps of high specific speed, the problem of cavitation became of the utmost importance. As a result, extensive study and experimental work have been done in this field, mostly in connection with hydraulic turbines and with devices without moving parts. In this paper the present state of information on cavitation is presented as it applies to centrifugal pumps, with a method for determining cavitation conditions from velocity considerations. The discussion is illustrated by curves and diagrams. The model test laws as applied to cavitation are deduced, together with their limitations. Theoretical relationships governing cavitation conditions permit establishing means to avoid cavitation, which have been confirmed by experience. A summary of all important conclusions from the recent extensive literature on the subject is presented, and in conclusion, an original explanation is offered of the nature of local high destructive pressures during cavitation and in cases of metal failure by fatigue in the presence of liquids.
Investigation of Influence of Ring Size, Bobbin Diameter, and Spindle Speed on Spinning Process, and Their Effect on Over-All Cost of Spinning
Authors: Sheldon A. N. , Blake J. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
From mathematical formulas and data by Dr. Wilhelm Stiel the authors have developed a series of charts from which may be predetermined with a fair degree of accuracy, the optimum diameters of ring and bobbin, and speed of spindle, for spinning any size of cotton yarn from any length of staple, carded or combed. The results derived coincide closely with general practice. The use of the charts is explained in some detail by application to specific cases, leading to the prediction of spinning costs under various conditions of spindle speed, ring and bobbin sizes, and the like.
Flame-Temperature Measurements in Internal-Combustion Engines
Authors: Uyehara O. A. , Myers P. S. , Watson K. M. , Wilson L. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The theory, development, and calibration of an electro-optical pyrometer, capable of determining instantaneous true temperatures of luminous flames, are described. A description is also given of auxiliary apparatus used with the electro-optical pyrometer to obtain simultaneous values of pressure, temperature, and crank position in an internal-combustion engine. Typical data obtained with this instrumentation as applied to a Diesel engine are included.
Substitution of Lower-Quality Industrial Diamonds in Diamond Dresser Tools
Authors: Whittaker H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A shortage of grinding-wheel dresser diamonds, which threatened the war effort early in 1942, led to an investigation of lower-quality diamonds hitherto not used for dresser tools. According to estimates made available by the British Ministry of Supply to the War Production Board, the supply of those qualities and sizes of industrial diamonds preferred and used in large quantities for truing and dressing abrasive grinding wheels was expected to be critical. The War Metallurgy Committee on the recommendation of the Office of Production Research and Development of the War Production Board undertook a study, as “restricted” Project NRC-507, to determine if lower-quality, more plentiful stones could be substituted for the preferred qualities and sizes for some or all wheel-truing and dressing operations. The investigation was carried out in the Research and Development Laboratories of the Crane Company, Chicago. This paper, based on that work, has been released for publication by the OPRD. In the first part of this investigation, a survey of users of diamond dresser tools established definitely that the higher qualities were preferred and used almost exclusively for dressing grinding wheels. The results of this survey and a review of the literature on the practices and the factors which influence the use of dresser tools were reported in a previous paper. In order to provide positive information on the possibilities of using lower-quality stones, it was necessary to classify the seemingly infinite variety of industrial diamonds according to distinguishing characteristics and to test each type under controlled conditions which simulated grinding practices.
The Practicability of Vibration Control in Light Aircraft
Authors: Kennard Dwight C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The approach of the Air Technical Service Command to the problem of developing and evaluating a new engine-mount design is outlined, including a description of instrumentation, methods of vibration analysis, and presentation of natural-frequency formulas for elastically mounted power plants. The results of flight-vibration tests are presented for the standard engine mount, and an improved experimental engine mount installed in the North American AT-6C airplane. The results are discussed in detail showing the relative merits of the two engine installations. The test results show that the experimental engine mount, by providing natural frequencies of the mounted power plant which fall within the frequency range specified by the Air Technical Service Command, reduces appreciably the vibration of the engine and airplane structure.
Temperature-Time Distribution in Rectangular Bars
Authors: Rohsenow W. M. , Aronstein M. J. , Frank A. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Charts for determining temperature-time distribution in flat plates, infinite cylinders, and spheres have been published previously. The purpose of this paper is to amplify the lower end of the curves thus presented, and to give the results in graphical and in tabular form. In addition, the rapid convergence of the series solution is shown, and combined curve sheets for rectangular bars are presented.
Analysis of Initial Contact of Milling Cutter and Work in Relation to Tool Life
Authors: Kronenberg M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sintered-carbide tools, made of the hardest metal man has ever produced, have played a predominant role in speeding up war production. While appreciable experience has been acquired in connection with the turning of artillery shells and other implements of war, the application of sinterod-carbide tools is often more difficult in milling than in turning operations because face-milling cutters, end mills, straddle mills, side mills, etc. are subjected to several hundred impacts per minute, which may destroy the tools prematurely due to their brittleness. Control of impact is therefore vital, a problem not encountered with high-speed steel tools.
It is the purpose of this paper to present methods for determining readily the impact conditions for any shape of the cutting edge as a function of positive and negative rake angles, corner angle, cutter diameter, position of the cutter relative to the workpiece, feed per tooth, and depth of cut. Furthermore, tests are discussed indicating a variation in the wear of sintered-carbide tools with a variation of impact conditions obtained by altering the relative position of cutter and work.
Distortion Due to Contour-Forming of Extrusions and Preformed Sheet-Metal Sections
Authors: Schroeder William 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of springback on the radius of curvature due to contour-forming of extrusions or preformed sheet-metal sections is analyzed. A number of the commonly used methods of forming are considered. Equations for computing values for change in radius are derived and sample calculations are compared.
Effect of Molding Pressure and Resin on Results of Short-Time Tests and Fatigue Tests of Compreg
Authors: Findley W. N. , Worley W. J. , Kacalieff C. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tests were performed on six samples of compressed-impregnated plywood, including static tension tests, static compression tests, static torsion tests, and rotating-beam type of fatigue tests. The results provide data on the effect of different molding pressures and different resins on the “static” strength properties, stiffness, and fatigue strength of “compreg.”
Operating History and Performance of 2000-Psi Forced-Circulation Boiler at Somerset Station of Montaup Electric Company
Authors: Parks G. U. , Patterson W. S. , Ryan W. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper the operating experiences with the high-pressure forced-circulation boiler at Somerset station of the Montaup Electric Company are given in considerable detail. Special test and research activities on the installation are reported in this and companion papers. The conclusion is reached that the selection of a bare-tube, slagging-bottom, radiant, forced-circulation boiler for this high-pressure application has been verified by its operating record.
Temperature Uniformity in Heating-Up Processes
Authors: Heisler M. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The treatment of temperature-uniformity problems by the method first introduced by Paschkis is extended and enlarged. It is shown that uniformity calculations can be reduced to the solution of a simple trigonometric relation which can be readily solved and analyzed. Standard Gurney-Lurie charts for cylinders and spheres are given in a more complete form than is available at present. A chart is included for determining temperature history in plates subjected to two-dimensional heat flow. Finite cylinders are discussed and three-dimensional heat-flow problems are briefly considered.
Summary Report on the Joint E.E.I.-A.E.I.C. Investigation of Graphitization of Piping
Authors: Hoyt S. L. , Williams R. D. , Hall A. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Following the failure in January, 1943, of a welded joint in a high-pressure steam line at the Springdale Station of the West Penn Power Company, among the several investigations undertaken, a research program was initiated at Battelle Memorial Institute to study the fundamental causes of graphitization and the restoration of graphitized joints. The present paper is a summary of the findings to date on graphitization and includes not only work of the Institute but elsewhere. It gives the present status of significant points which have emerged in relation to manufacture and fabrication.
Influence of Heat-Treatment Upon the Susceptibility to Graphitization of High-Aluminum-Deoxidized Carbon-Molybdenum Steel
Authors: Eberle F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Susceptibility to graphitization of carbon-molybdenum steels may be influenced by heat-treatment of the material prior to installation. Tests are reported in this paper on high-aluminum-deoxidized pipe with welded upset ends, the upsetting being carried out at 2000 F without subsequent heat-treatment. Graphitization in certain zones of the pipe were in evidence. Subsequently the influence of prior heat-treatment or weld heat effects upon susceptibility to graphitization was explored. The procedure and results attained are recorded in this paper.
Some Stress-Corrosion Studies on Austenitic Cast Irons
Authors: Urban J. B. , Bolton J. W. , Smith A. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experimentation is the most adequate approach to stress-corrosion problems and should involve various mechanical loadings of a material under corrosive conditions. When corrosive conditions are held constant in respect to concentration and temperature, useful threshold stresses if existent can be ascertained and suitable safety factors adopted. The procedure for studying austenitic cast irons on this basis is discussed, the investigation indicating that at very high stresses, such irons are subject to stress corrosion in strong hot caustic. However, threshold stresses have been found to be relatively high, markedly exceeding stresses contemplated in design and application. Thus the desirable properties of such material can be utilized to good advantage, with margin to assure adequate safety in this corrosive medium.
Folding in Tube-Sinking
Authors: Sachs George , Baldwin W. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An experimental study of the folding tendency of tubes during the process of sinking was made. It was determined that tubes with a fold-free point, having a wall thickness of less than 1 per cent of the diameter, can be sunk without folding. However, if it is attempted to sink tubes with points containing folds beyond a certain critical reduction, the fold contained in the point will be perpetuated throughout the length of the tube. This critical reduction increases almost linearly with the ratio of thickness to diameter of the tube, and is little affected by the die angle, the metal, and its temper. The length of the fold during its formative period is found to increase with increasing reduction, with decreasing relative thickness, and to be relatively unaffected by die angle. The stress required to sink a tube with folds was found to increase only slowly beyond the limiting stress for sinking such a tube without folding to the smallest possible diameter.
The Design of Mechanical Auxiliaries for TVA Hydroelectric Plants
Authors: Petersen H. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sixteen hydroelectric power plants have been designed by the Tennessee Valley Authority during the past ten years. Changes and improvements have been incorporated in each successive design, as a result of experience gained in operation of each plant. This applies particularly to mechanical auxiliaries involved. It is this phase of the design which is treated in the present paper, specific reasons being given for adoption of the particular auxiliaries discussed.
New Developments in Combination Controls
Authors: Kelly J. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper deals with combination controls, which present advantages of weight and cost saving which in recent years have been greatly enhanced by the dependability and ruggedness which can be built into them. Small electric motors, developed for aircraft-accessory operation, have permitted the construction of motor-operated valves. Both solenoid- and motor-operated valves now give the aircraft designer a wide choice of control characteristics. New methods and improvements in older types of follow-up systems for hydraulic controls are discussed in the paper.
Laminated Edge Attachment for Acrylics
Authors: Snyder E. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As it had been observed that pressure loads encountered on such large acrylic parts as canopies, astrodomes, blisters, noses, windshields, and the like, caused frequent replacements, particularly at attachment points, it was determined that an improved method of attachment must be developed. In this paper is described an improved method of edge attachment for the canopy of the P-80 airplane in which aerodynamic and cockpit pressure loads have imposed higher loads than usual in the acrylic canopy material. In tests, laminated edging integrally attached to acrylic sheeting consistently approached and in certain cases developed the full strength of the cast acrylic sheeting.
Some Suggested Specifications for Thermal Ice-Prevention System for Aircraft
Authors: Rodert L. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The general conclusions from research and development of the airplane thermal ice-prevention system are given and additional comments in discussion of present knowledge are made. Details of design are discussed whereby some faults of early applications of the thermal system may be avoided. Specifications for the thermal system are given as an aid to operators and others desiring to provide the most effective protection against the formation of ice on airplanes to be designed for commercial or military use.