bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing Methods, Variation, Morphological and Genetic Studies of Seed-coat Cracking in Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Korban Safi S. , Coyne Dermot P. , Weihing John L. , Hanna Milford A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seed-coat cracking injury was determined in Great Northern (GN) dry bean lines in 1977, 1978 (also Pintos in 1978) using 3 methods as follows: Vogel small plot thresher (field), seed dropping, and a controlled rotating impact disk machine. Differences in susceptibility for seed-coat cracking were observed within each testing method. Overall, ‘GN Emerson’, near-isogenic determinate ‘GN Nebraska #1’ and ‘Pinto UI 111’ had the best resistance to seed-coat cracking. A genotype × year interaction for seed injury occurred with the Vogel thresher but not with the other 2 methods. The other 2 methods gave consistent results but the rotating disk machine method was preferred because of ease, rapidity of operation and standardization of the rotation speed. The early and late maturing determinate near-isogenic lines of ‘GN Nebraska #1’ had less seed-coat injury than the early and late indeterminate lines using the Vogel and rotating impact disk method. The early determinate line had the least amount of seed-coat injury for all three methods. ‘Pinto UI 111’, ‘Bulgarian White’, and ‘GN D-88’, which exhibited the best resistance to seed-coat cracking in the 7 parent diallel crossing study, had the most uniform seed-coat thickness as well as having thick seed coats. The cultivars which had thin or thick but non-uniformly thick seed coats were susceptible to seed-coat cracking. Differences in thickness in macrosclerid, os-teosclerid and parenchyma cell layers of the seed coat were observed between cultivars, but no relationship between these cell layers and the seed-coat cracking response was established. Seed-coat cracking was quantitatively inherited. ‘Bulgarian White’, ‘Pinto UI 111’ and ‘GN D-88’ showed high combining ability for resistance to seed-coat cracking. The estimates of the genetic effects indicated that additive effects were mainly involved.
Breeding Methods for Improving Southern Tetraploid Blueberries1
Authors: Draper A. D. , Galletta G. J. , Ballington J. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fifty seedlings each of 8 tetraploid interspecific populations involving 6 Vaccinium species were examined for date of flowering, date of fruit ripening, fruit yield, color, firmness, and size. The 8 progenies contained from 25 to 75% highbush blueberry (V. corvmbosum L.) germplasm. There were significant differences among the 8 populations for all fruit characters and for the number of days from bloom to ripe fruit. Only 2 backcross progeny populations (75% high-bush blueberry) produced significant numbers of seedlings that met the selection criteria for 4 fruit characters.
Two Bioassay Techniques for Determining Abscisic Acid Concentrations1
Authors: Bakken T. J. , Boe A. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two bioassay techniques for determining abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations are reported. One used bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) embryos while the other used lettuce (Lactuca sativa) hypocotyls. The bean embryo assay requires that seeds first be soaked over night, then the embryos excised and placed in known concentrations of (RS)-ABA for 24 hours, and finally measured. The lettuce hypocotyl assay utilizes seeds incubated for 48 hours, then placed in known concentrations of (RS)-ABA for 72 hours and finally measured. A dose-response curve of each bioassay may then be used to determine unknown concentrations of ABA. The bean embryo test was more rapid, but the lettuce hypocotyl assay was simpler and more sensitive. Elongation of bean embryos and lettuce hypocotyls was inversely correlated to the log concentration of (RS)-ABA within the range of 0.01 to 100 and 0.001 to 100 μg/ml, respectively.
Diphenyl Absorption and Decay in ‘Dancy’ and ‘Sunburst’ Tangerine Fruit1
Authors: Nagy S. , Wardowski W. F. , Hearn C. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of storage time, temperature, fruit preparation, time of harvest and number of diphenyl pads per carton with ‘Dancy’ (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and ‘Sunburst’ a seedling from ‘Robinson’ × ‘Osceola’, each C. reticulata × (C. paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata) tangerines were studied to determine the amount of diphenyl absorbed and extent of decay. Storage of ‘Dancy’ and ‘Sunburst’ at 4°C for up to 4 weeks with 1 or 2 diphenyl pads resulted in diphenyl residues less than the U.S. legal tolerance of 110 ppm. However, storage of both cultivars for 2 weeks at 21°C with 2 diphenyl pads resulted in residues exceeding this tolerance limit. Decay and diphenyl residues both tended to be higher for ‘Dancy’ than for ‘Sunburst’. ‘Dancy’ tangerines stored for 4 weeks at 21°C all decayed. Statistical examination of 2 harvests of ‘Sunburst’ showed that early harvested fruit were less susceptible to decay but prone to absorb higher amounts of diphenyl.
Internal Ethylene Concentrations of ‘McIntosh’ Apples After Harvest1
Authors: Blanpied G. D. , Samaan Latif G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a low ethylene environment (< 1 ppm) at 19°C, the rate of ethylene evolution was positively related to the concentration of ethylene in the cores of ‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica, Borkh.). Maximum retention of flesh firmness at 1° was associated with fruit internal ethylene concentrations below I ppm, which were obtained by ethylene removal from the storage atmosphere in combination with 3 treatments to suppress ethylene biosynthesis: orchard-applied daminozide, early harvest, and low O2 tension in storage.
Germination Behavior of Sand-coated Sweet Pepper Seed1
Authors: Sachs M. , Cantliffe D. J. , Nell T. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Germination rate of sand-coated pepper (Capsicum annum L.) seed (sand grain size < 75μm for an inner coat and 75–105 μm for an outer coat layer) was faster than clay-coated seed but was slower than raw seed. Part of the germination reduction in sand-coated seeds was caused by the water-soluble Gelvatol binder used. High oxygen (O2) levels promoted the germination of sand-coated seed to a rate comparable to that of raw seed. This suggests that even with a porous sand-coating material, O2 may be limiting for the germinating seed. When inorganic O2-releasing compounds (BaO2 or NaBO3) were incorporated into the sand material, the germination of pepper seed was further inhibited.
A Rapid Method to Estimate Fruit Water Status with Special Reference to Rain Cracking of Sweet Cherries
Authors: Andersen P. C. , Richardson D. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A technique is described whereby osmotic potential, turgor potential and total fruit water potential can be determined quickly in the field with the aid of a pressure bomb, a hand held refractometer, and a percent soluble solids to osmotic potential conversion chart. A unique inverse linear relationship between percent soluble solids and osmotic potential was found for each fruit species. Application of this technique to rain cracking of ‘Napoleon’ sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) shows that cracking is not strictly related to percent soluble solids, osmotic, turgor, or fruit water potential. This suggests that the degree of cuticular permeability, cuticular strength, cell wall strength or other factors may be of greater importance in determining cracking susceptibility than water potential parameters.
Changes in Hormone Content of Pear Receptacles from Anthesis to Shortly after Fertilization as Affected by Pollination or GA3 Treatment1
Authors: Martin George C. , Horgan R. , Nishijima C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Concentration of abscisic acid (ABA), abscisic acid-glucose ester (ABA-GE), indoleacetic acid (IAA), zeatin (Z), zeatin riboside (ZR) and gibberellic acid (GA) were measured in ‘Winter Nebs’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) receptacles from anthesis to 12 days thereafter. Concentration of GA or IAA may signal subsequent growth rate for GA3-treated and pollinated receptacles. No correlations with growth were evident for Z or ZR. ABA-GE began massive accumulation prior to the senescence and abscission of control receptacles.
Breeding for Resistance to Verticillium dahliae Race 2 of Tomato in North Carolina1
Authors: Okie W. R. , Gardner R. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Parental, F1, F2, and backcross generations of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) lines Morden MEL2668170G (MEL) and ‘Walter’ (WA) were screened as seedlings for resistance to verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) race 2. Disease reaction means, based on the number of leaves and cotyledons with symptoms 5.5 weeks after inoculation, were 2.7 for MEL and 4.6 for WA. Resistance in MEL appeared to be recessive with narrow sense heritability estimated at 0.25 or less. Disease severity was sometimes inadequate to avoid the selection of escapes in advanced generations. Analysis of F3 progenies, however, indicated 3 genes or less might be involved. Results suggest race-2 resistance can be maintained in advanced generations by the elimination of highly susceptible plants and by progeny testing to insure recovery of the most resistant individuals rather than escapes.
The Effects of Leaf Age on Photosynthesis in Rose1
Authors: Bozarth Connie S. , Kennedy Robert A. , Schekel Kurt A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
For all leaf ages of Rosa hybrida L. cv. Samantha, maximum photosynthetic rates were reached at irradiances of 450 to 500 μE m−2sec−1. The magnitude of this response decreased from 20.6 mg CO2 dm−2hr−1 in the youngest leaves studied to 15.4 mg CO2 dm−2hr−1 in the oldest. Maximum photosynthetic rates were reached before full leaf expansion. Mesophyll resistance, however, increased with age from 7.8 to 12.5 cm sec−1. CO2 compensation points and dark respiration decreased throughout most of leaf development, but increased slightly at the most advanced developmental ages studied. Photosynthetic enhancement, the percent increase in net photosynthesis at 2% O2 compared to 21% O2, averaged 33% for all leaves. There was no change in the amount of photosynthetic enhancement as leaves aged, indicating that changes in photorespiration were not a major factor in photosynthetic trends over the range of leaf ages examined.
Predicting Leaf Expansion of ‘Montmorency’ Sour Cherry from Degree-day Accumulations1
Authors: Eisensmith S. P. , Jones A. L. , Goodman E. D. , Flore J. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Second-order rectangular hyperbolic and asymptotic models which predict spur and terminal leaf expansion of ‘Montmorency’ sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) were developed from leaf area observations and temperature records made in orchards near East Lansing, Mich. Average leaf area per leaf was more highly correlated with degree-day accumulation at a base of 4°C starting April 19, than with day of the year. Leaf area per leaf increased linearly with degree-day accumulation until full leaf expansion. Final spur or terminal leaf size was not constant between years.
Mineral Composition of Radish in Response to Nitrapyrin and Nitrogen Sources
Authors: Torrey D. C. , Stratton M. L. , Barker A. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relationship between nitrapyrin [2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl)pyridine, a nitrification inhibitor], and the growth and the mineral composition of ‘Cherry Belle’ radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was determined with sewage sludge as the N carrier in a greenhouse study. Plant growth fell sharply as nitrapyrin was increased in concentration from 1 to 10 ppm. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, and NO3− in the plants fell with this range of treatment, whereas that of K rose. The mineral composition of shoots was altered much more than that of roots. Increasing nitrapyrin concentrations to 50 ppm had little added effects on growth or composition relative to the 10-ppm level. Some of the phytotoxicity due to nitrapyrin addition appeared to be ammonium toxicity imparted by the accumulation of ammonium-N from the mineralization of the sewage. Another greenhouse study with nitrapyrin at 10 ppm, but with KNO3, (NH4)2SO4, and sewage sludge as the N carriers, showed that a depression in growth was correlated with the accumulation or retention of ammonium-N in the medium.
Postharvest Decay, Respiration, Ethylene Production, and Quality of Peaches Held in Controlled Atmospheres with Added Carbon Monoxide1
Authors: Kader Adel A. , El-Goorani Mohamed A. , Sommer Noel F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of 11% CO added to air or to 4% O2 ± 5% CO2 on brown rot development, respiration, ethylene production, firmness, color, composition, and internal breakdown of peaches [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Fay Elberta] were evaluated during holding at 5°C for 14 days followed by 3 days at 20° in air. The addition of 11% CO to 4% O2 ± 5% CO2 atmospheres completely inhibited growth of Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey in vitro and in vivo. However, the normal rate of rot development resumed once inoculated plates and fruits were transferred to air at 20°. CO added to air stimulated CO2 and C2H4 production and enhanced softening, but its effects were insignificant when added to 4% O2, 5% CO2, or their combination. CA treatments without CO decreased respiration and C2H4 production rates and delayed softening. Differences among treatments in composition were small. Internal breakdown incidence and severity were slightly reduced by CO and increased by CO2.
Autotoxicity of Asparagus officinalis L.1
Authors: Yang Hsu-Jen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Crude aqueous extracts from dead stems, crowns, and roots from both field-grown and tissue-cultured asparagus plants delayed, but did not prevent, germination of asparagus seed. Root extract inhibited root and shoot development of asparagus seedlings grown in growth pouches. Stem and crown extracts reduced root growth but not shoot growth. The extracts of all 3 tissues caused more secondary root formation and root branching. The highest concentration of extract from crown-plus-root tissues, 5 g of tissue/100 ml water, inhibited radicle growth and killed seedlings. Toxicity of the crown-root extract was not reduced by adding activated charcoal to the extract or by autoclaving the extract. These results suggest that toxic substances in dead asparagus tissue are water-soluble and stable and may persist in old asparagus fields.
Effect of Post-plant Nematicides and Trickle Irrigation on Newly Planted Peach Trees1
Authors: Funt R. C. , Krusberg L. R. , Ross D. S. , Goulart B. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7 benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) at 5.7 and 11.1 kg/ha reduced soil populations of lesion (Paratylenchus penetrans, Filipjev & Shuurmans Stekhoven), pin (Paratylenchus sp. Cobb), and lance (Hoplolaimus galeatus, Cobb, Filipjeu & Schuurmans Stekhoven) nematodes. The highest rates of granular and flowable carbofuran were phytotoxic on peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] planted just prior to treatment. In a subsequent experiment in soil previously planted to peach (old soil) or not previously planted to peach (new soil), trickle irrigation alone reduced dagger (Xiphinema americanum, Cobb) and lesion nematode populations. Carbofuran plus trickle irrigation reduced the dagger and lesion nematode populations and had the highest rate of tree growth in the old soil. Granular phenamiphos (ethyl-3-methyl-4-(methylthio) phenyl (1-methylethyl) phosphoridate) either alone or in combination with trickle irrigation reduced the stunt (Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, Steiner) nematode population. However, when phenamiphos was applied alone, tree growth was equal to the control in old soil but less than the control in new soil.
A Dwarfing Gene that Reduces Seed Weight and Pod Length in Common Bean1
Authors: Bassett Mark J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotype, MITA 10597, has small seeds (x = 122 mg, s = 31) and short, narrow pods (x = 44 mm, s = 13.2) with tight constrictions between seeds. A bean breeding line, 7-1404, has longer pods (x = 99 mm, s = 18.4) and larger seeds (x = 269 mg, s = 32). The inheritance of the dwarf seed and pod type of MITA 10597 was studied in the F2 and backcross populations from the cross MITA 10597 × 7-1404 and also from F2 populations from backcrosses of 7-1404 to an F3 plant (from 7-1404 × MITA 10597) selected for the dwarf seed (DS) character. The DS character was found to be controlled by a single, recessive gene that restricts development in seeds with the ds//ds genotype. The apparent phenotypic segregation for seed size in the pods of heterozygous (+//ds) F1 plants was found to be under genetic control.
Physiological Mechanisms of Host-plant Resistance in the Genus Lycopersicon to Heliothis zea and Spodoptera exigua, Two Insect Pests of the Cultivated Tomato1
Authors: Juvik J. A. , Stevens M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When larvae of Heliothis zea (Boddie) were caged on fruits of varying developmental ages from 3 accessions of Lycopersicon, the length of the larval stage and mortality were positively correlated with fruit α-tomatine content. Larval growth rates and adult weights of H. zea were found to be inversely correlated with fruit alkaloid content. Growth and survival of caged Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) were not related to the levels of tomatine in the fruit. However, a highly significant correlation exists between fruit cuticular toughness and S. exigua mortality. Compared to the processing tomato line VF145B-7879, lower H. zea and S. exigua survival rates were observed when the larvae were reared on the tougher, higher-alkaloid fruits of L. esculentum var. cerasiforme and L. pimpinellifolium accessions. These results indicate a possibility of enhancing cultivar resistance to these insect pests through the development of tough-fruited, high-α-tomatine genotypes.
Reduction in Yield and Market Quality of Celery Caused by Soil Salinity1
Authors: Francois L. E. , West D. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of soil salinity on yield and market quality parameters of celery [Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) Pers.] was determined in field plots. Saline treatments were imposed by irrigating with water that contained NaCl and CaCl2 in equal concentrations. Celery was found to be moderately sensitive to salinity. Relative yield was reduced 6.2% for each unit increase in soil salinity beyond 1.8 dS/m (dS/m = mmho/cm, referenced at 25°C). Petiole length, width, and thickness were also significantly reduced with increasing salinity. Salinity had no effect on pith development.
Effect of Irrigation Frequency during Greenhouse Production on the Postproduction Quality of Petunia hybrida Vilm.1,2
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Kowalski T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Coral Sea’ petunia plants were irrigated at “low” frequency (surface media dry, soil moisture = −4 to −10 bars), “normal” frequency (surface media moist, soil moisture = −0.8 to −3 bars) or “high” frequency (surface media wet, soil moisture > −0.6 bars) during production. Postproduction quality was evaluated under cool (10°C day, 10° night), moderate (20° day, 20° night), or hot (30° day, 20° night) temperature postproduction environments. Frequency of irrigation was not significant when plants were placed in cool postproduction environments. In moderate or hot postproduction conditions, plants irrigated with high frequency declined in quality most rapidly. Low moisture-treated plants had slower flower development and senescence, greater dry weight, and better overall visual quality than plants with other moisture treatments.
Evidence for Simple Genetic Control of Sugar Type in Carrot (Daucus carota L.)1
Authors: Freeman Roger E. , Simon P. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Reducing sugar (glucose and fructose) and sucrose are the major free sugars (total sugars) in the carrot root. Striking genetic variation exists for the reducing sugar/total sugar ratio (percentage of reducing sugar). Inbred carrot lines with high and low percentages of reducing sugar were used as parents in establishing various F1, F2, F3 and backcross populations to study the inheritance of root sugars. It was determined that a single major gene regulates the reducing sugar to sucrose balance in carrot roots with dominance for high percentage of reducing sugar. We propose that this gene be designated Reducing sugar, symbolized Rs. This relationship is of interest since sugars in the carrot root are a major storage carbohydrate and a primary component of carrot flavor.
Effects of “Rapid CA”, High CO2, and CaCl2 Treatments on Storage Behavior of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Lau O. L. , Meheriuk M. , Olsen K. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Excellent firmness retention in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples was achieved in a “rapid CA” (rapid reduction of O2 by use of N2 flushing) storage procedure. Pretreatment of the fruit with high levels of CO2 prior to rapid CA had little or no effect on firmness. Higher flesh calcium content was beneficial in firmness retention when fruit was stored in air, in “slow CA” (O2 reduced by fruit respiration), or held in air for 10 days prior to rapid CA. Rapid CA provides an effective means to control softening in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples and to avoid injury caused by calcium and high CO2 treatments.
Environmental Factors Influencing Leaf Water Potential of Chrysanthemum1
Authors: Stanley C. D. , Harbaugh B. K. , Price J. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate environmental factors which affect leaf water potential (LWP) response of chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat). Meteorological parameters, including air temperature (TEMP), relative humidity (HUM), total solar radiation (RAD), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were measured simultaneously as LWP determinations were made diurnally for plants grown with 5 different irrigation rates. Stepwise multiple regression analyses using the meteorological parameters as independent variables and LWP as the dependent variable showed that models developed for each irrigation rate included TEMP, HUM, and PAR as statistically significant (P = 5%) independent variables. Coefficients of determination (R2) for the models ranged from 0.83–0.87. A combined model, including irrigation rate (R) as an independent variable along with the meteorological parameters, revealed that TEMP, PAR, HUM, and R were statistically significant at P = 1% and had an R2 = 0.84. Results reveal environmental factors which must be considered in studies involving LWP measurements for chrysanthemums in order to avoid misinterpretation of data.
The Freezing of Water in Woody Tissues of Apricot and Peach and the Relationship to Freezing Injury1
Authors: Ashworth E. N. , Rowse D. J. , Billmyer L. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The freezing of water within the woody tissues of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was characterized and the relationship to freezing injury established. Bark and xylem tissues exhibited contrasting freezing patterns and mechanisms of freezing resistance. Water in xylem parenchyma cells deep-supercooled. Tissue injury appeared to result from the freezing of this supercooled water. In contrast, water within bark tissues underwent equilibrium freezing. Bark injury resulted from the stresses which accompany extracellular ice formation and cellular dehydration.