bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Owner demographic factors are associated with suitable pet rabbit housing provision in the United Kingdom
Authors: Mee Grace , Tipton Emma , Oxley James A. , Westgarth Carri 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundRabbits are popular pets, but research into their welfare is limited. This study analysed the potential association(s) between the provision of suitable housing and owner demographic factors.MethodsData from 2017, 2018 and 2019 PDSA Animal Wellbeing (PAW) report surveys gave a sample of 1333 UK rabbit owners. Whether the rabbit housing was adequate or inadequate was ascertained by asking owners to indicate images of hutch and run size or indoor environment type that were similar to their own. The owner demographic factors collected included gender, education, household income and deprivation. Chi‐squared tests and binary logistic regression (univariable and multivariable) were used to investigate factors associated with adequate/inadequate housing.ResultsOne‐third (31.2%) of rabbits lived in inadequate housing and half were housed alone (51.4%). Male owners were more likely to report providing inadequate housing than females (odds ratio [OR] = 1.795, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.319–2.441, p < 0.001). Compared to owners over 55 years old, those aged 25–34 years were more likely to house their rabbits inadequately (OR = 2.050, 95% CI 1.286–3.267, p = 0.003). Owners with a household income below average were more likely to report providing inadequate housing compared to those with a household income above average (OR = 1.406, 95% CI 1.025–1.928, p = 0.035).ConclusionThe findings identify that inadequate rabbit housing is provided by owners of all ages, genders and deprivation levels but highlight some particular owner demographics that could be useful to target if resources are limited.
Locating Race in Migration and Diversity Studies
Authors: Aquino Kristine , Kathiravelu Laavanya , Mitchell Emma 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSince race was scientifically invalidated in the aftermath of the Holocaust, there has been extensive academic debate about its conceptual significance particularly in the ‘Global North’ where alternative terms and concepts have been offered up to classify group differences and understand forms of inequality in societies once structured explicitly by racial regimes. In earlier debates, an alternative focus on ethnicity, culture, class, and nationality drew criticism from scholars who saw the abandonment of race discourse as glossing over enduring power structures that perpetuated racism. Today, debates about the salience of race now also grapple with how different kinds of human mobility (and immobility) are further making complex relations of power and inequality especially in diverse immigrant-receiving societies. While older forms of migration, including the forced and violent movements of people in the transatlantic slave trade through to indentured labour migrations, came to underlie a colour-line created by nation-states principally formed around racial logics, newer forms of South to North migrations either forced or voluntary and as well accelerated South to South border crossings, now make even more complex the terms of difference. This chapter locates conceptualisations of race in migration and diversity studies, drawing from intersecting fields of scholarship such as studies of race and ethnicity, critical race theory, comparative migration studies and diversity research. It traces the wider genealogical history of the term in the ‘Global North’ then discusses how race as a concept is applicable to the ‘Global South’ where existing understandings about race are reaffirmed and unsettled. This chapter demonstrates the continued importance of considering race not just as a variable, but a key discursive framework in understandings of migration and diversity.
The Governance of Migration-Related Diversity
Authors: Huddleston Thomas , Scholten Peter 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe governance of migration-related diversity encompasses a broad range of topics, such as integration policies, anti-discrimination and anti-racism strategies, diversity policies, and various others. In this chapter we will limit ourselves to governance by government bodies (local, national, other) and focus explicitly on migration-related diversities (ethnic, cultural, religious, racial, other). We will discuss various theoretical models for the governance of migration-related diversity, but will also discuss empirical material on how and why governments choose very different perspectives and approaches, for instance either focusing on integration, or inclusion, or anti-discrimination, or not having an explicitly focused policy on migration-related diversities at all.
Public Opinion and the Politics of Migration
Authors: Dennison James , Vrânceanu Alina 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIdentifying and describing attitudes to immigration, let alone explaining them and their effects, is not a simple matter. In this chapter, we first outline the major scholarly works explaining attitudes to immigration. We identify six broad theoretical categories: economic interests, socialisation, psychological explanations, cueing, contact and context, and finally ’attitudinal embeddedness’. For each of these we present the key findings and consider the strengths and shortcomings of the literature, where applicable. We also sketch out existing research on the politics of immigration and the effects of attitudes to immigration on democratic politics, which we categorise as research on policy responsiveness, effects on party family support (notably the radical right), party competition, and polarisation. We end by considering future avenues for research.
Humanitarian Migration
Authors: Talleraas Cathrine , Brekke Jan-Paul , Buhr Franz 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHumanitarian migration relates to the movement of people who feel somehow forced to move. Yet, distinguishing which migration forms fall under the label of humanitarian migration is not straightforward. Migration research has a history of separating between ‘forced’ and ‘voluntary’ migration flows, however, this distinction has been challenged since the 1990s. This chapter includes an overview of research in the broad area of ‘humanitarian migration’, and summarises key research trends concerning refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced people, victims of trafficking and unaccompanied migrant minors.
Transcription factor networks in trophoblast development
Authors: Papuchova Henrieta , Latos Paulina A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe placenta sustains embryonic development and is critical for a successful pregnancy outcome. It provides the site of exchange between the mother and the embryo, has immunological functions and is a vital endocrine organ. To perform these diverse roles, the placenta comprises highly specialized trophoblast cell types, including syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous trophoblast. The coordinated actions of transcription factors (TFs) regulate their emergence during development, subsequent specialization, and identity. These TFs integrate diverse signaling cues, form TF networks, associate with chromatin remodeling and modifying factors, and collectively determine the cell type-specific characteristics. Here, we summarize the general properties of TFs, provide an overview of TFs involved in the development and function of the human trophoblast, and address similarities and differences to their murine orthologs. In addition, we discuss how the recent establishment of human in vitro models combined with -omics approaches propel our knowledge and transform the human trophoblast field.
Analysis and validation of silica-immobilised BST polymerase in loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for malaria diagnosis
Authors: Seevaratnam Dushanth , Ansah Felix , Aniweh Yaw , Awandare Gordon A. , Hall Elizabeth A. H. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBacillus stearothermophilus large fragment (BSTLF) DNA polymerase is reported, isolated on silica via a fused R5 silica-affinity peptide and used in nucleic acid diagnostics. mCherry (mCh), included in the fusion construct, was shown as an efficient fluorescent label to follow the workflow from gene to diagnostic. The R5 immobilisation on silica from cell lysate was consistent with cooperative R5-specific binding of R52-mCh-FL-BSTLF or R52-mCh-H10-BSTLF fusion proteins followed by non-specific protein binding (including E. coli native proteins). Higher R5-binding could be achieved in the presence of phosphate, but phosphate residue reduced loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) performance, possibly blocking sites on the BSTLF for binding of β- and γ-phosphates of the dNTPs. Quantitative assessment showed that cations (Mg2+ and Mn2+) that complex the PPi product optimised enzyme activity. In malaria testing, the limit of detection depended on Plasmodium species and primer set. For example, 1000 copies of P. knowlesi 18S rRNA could be detected with the P.KNO-LAU primer set with Si-R52-mCh-FL-BSTLF , but 10 copies of P. ovale 18S rRNA could be detected with the P.OVA-HAN primer set using the same enzyme. The Si-immobilised BSTLF outperformed the commercial enzyme for four of the nine Plasmodium LAMP primer sets tested. Si-R52-mCh-FL-BSTLF production was transferred from Cambridge to Accra and set up de novo for a trial with clinical samples. Different detection limits were found, targeting the mitochondrial DNA or the 18S rRNA gene for P. falciparum. The results are discussed in comparison with qPCR and sampling protocol and show that the Si-BSTLF polymerase can be optimised to meet the WHO recommended guidelines.
Graphical abstract
A practical overview of CT and MRI features of developmental, inflammatory, and neoplastic lesions of the sphenoid body and clivus
Authors: Nardi Cosimo , Maraghelli Davide , Pietragalla Michele , Scola Elisa , Locatello Luca Giovanni , Maggiore Giandomenico , Gallo Oreste , Bartolucci Maurizio 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe sphenoid bone is an unpaired bone that contributes to the formation of the skull base. Despite the enormous progress in transnasal endoscopic visualisation, imaging techniques remain the cornerstones to characterise any pathological condition arising in this area. In the present review, we offer a bird’s-eye view of the developmental, inflammatory, and neoplastic alterations affecting the sphenoid body and clivus, with the aim to propose a practical diagnostic aid for radiologists based on clinico-epidemiological, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging features.
The Super-large Ensemble Experiments of CAS FGOALS-g3
Authors: Lin Pengfei , Zhao Bowen , Wei Jilin , Liu Hailong , Zhang Wenxia , Chen Xiaolong , Jiang Jie , Ding Mengrong , Man Wenmin , Jiang Jinrong , Zhang Xu , Ding Yuewen , Bai Wenrong , Jin Chenyang , Yu Zipeng , Li Yiwen , Zheng Weipeng , Zhou Tianjun 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA super-large ensemble simulation dataset with 110 members has been produced by the fully coupled model FGOALS-g3 developed by researchers at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This is the first dataset of large ensemble simulations with a climate system model developed by a Chinese modeling center. The simulation has the largest realizations up to now worldwide in terms of single-model initial-condition large ensembles. Each member includes a historical experiment (1850–2014) and an experiment (2015–99) under the very high greenhouse gas emissions Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenario (SSP5-8.5). The dataset includes monthly and daily temperature, precipitation, and other variables, requiring storage of 275 TB. Additionally, the surface air temperature (SAT) and land precipitation simulated by the FGOALS-g3 super-large ensemble have been validated and projected. The ensemble can capture the response of SAT and land precipitation to external forcings well, and the internal variabilities can be quantified. The availability of more than 100 realizations will help researchers to study rare events and improve the understanding of the impact of internal variability on forced climate changes.
Towards bridging the translational gap by improved modeling of human nociception in health and disease
Authors: Zeidler Maximilian , Kummer Kai K. , Kress Michaela 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDespite numerous studies which have explored the pathogenesis of pain disorders in preclinical models, there is a pronounced translational gap, which is at least partially caused by differences between the human and rodent nociceptive system. An elegant way to bridge this divide is the exploitation of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming into human iPSC-derived nociceptors (iDNs). Several protocols were developed and optimized to model nociceptive processes in health and disease. Here we provide an overview of the different approaches and summarize the knowledge obtained from such models on pain pathologies associated with monogenetic sensory disorders so far. In addition, novel perspectives offered by increasing the complexity of the model systems further to better reflect the natural environment of nociceptive neurons by involving other cell types in 3D model systems are described.
Quality assurance and improvement in oncology using guideline-derived quality indicators – results of gynaecological cancer centres certified by the German cancer society (DKG)
Authors: Griesshammer E. , Wesselmann S. , Beckmann M. W. , Dannecker C. , Wagner U. , Sibert N. T. , Armbrust R. , Sehouli J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Based on the example of Gynaecological Cancer Centres (GCCs) certified by the German Cancer Society, this study evaluates the results of medical-guideline-derived quality indicators (QIs) for cervical cancer (CC) and ovarian cancer (OC), examines the development of indicator implementation over time as well as the status of guideline-compliant care and identifies improvement measures.

Methods
QI results for patients with CC and OC treated in GCCs between 2015 and 2019 are analysed. The median, overall proportion and standard deviation of each QI were calculated. Two-sided Cochran-Armitage tests were applied.

Results
QIs are divided into two categories: process-organization (PO-QIs) and treatment-procedures (TP-QIs), to allow a differentiated analysis for identifying improvement measures.
PO-QIs that reflect the implementation of processes and structures show a high degree of application. PO-QIs have a tremendous influence on the quality of care and are easy to implement through SOPs.
TP-QIs report on treatments that are performed in the GCC. TP-QIs that report on systemic therapies reach a plateau where the guideline is known, but patient-related-factors meaningfully prevent further increase. TP-QIs that report on surgical interventions fluctuate. The most relevant factors are practitioners’ personal skills. Besides the discussion of results amongst peers during the audit, improvement measures could include surgical courses or coaching.

Conclusion
The analysis shows that a combination of different measures is necessary to anchor quality sustainably in health care and thus improve it.
Population niche width is driven by within-individual niche expansion and individual specialization in introduced brook trout in mountain lakes
Authors: Baker H. K. , Bruggeman C. E. F. , Shurin J. B. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe width of a population's resource-use niche is determined by individual diet breadth (“within-individual component”) and the degree of niche partitioning between individuals (“between-individual component”). The balance between these two factors affects ecological stability and evolutionary trajectories, and may shift as ecological opportunity permits broader population niches. Lakes in California’s Sierra Nevada Mountains vary in resource diversity for introduced brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) due to elevation, lake morphometry, and watershed features. We compared the relative contributions of within- and between-individual niche components to two measures of the dietary niches of thirteen populations of brook trout: prey taxonomic composition and prey size distribution. For both taxonomic and size diversity of fish diets, population niche width was positively related to both the within- and between-individual components. For taxonomic diversity, the two components increased in parallel, while for size diversity, the between-individual component became more important relative to the within-individual component in populations with the greatest niche widths. Our results support the Niche Variation Hypothesis that populations with broader niches are more heterogeneous among individuals and show that individual niche width and individual specialization can operate in parallel to expand the population niche.
Oral symptom assessment tools in patients with advanced cancer: a scoping review
Authors: Cleary Niamh , Mulkerrin Olivia Munnelly , Davies Andrew 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Oral symptoms are common in patients with advanced cancer. The aim of this scoping review was to identify oral symptom assessment tools that have been specifically utilised in patients with “advanced cancer”.

Methods
The review was conducted/reported according to international guidelines for undertaking scoping reviews. PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL were searched for articles involving adult patients with advanced cancer, which involved assessment of ≥ 2 oral symptoms, and which involved patients with > 1 type of cancer.

Results
The review identified four validated symptom assessment scales, including one cancer-specific quality of life scale (EORTC QLQ OH-15), one generic tool for assessing the “social impact” of specific oral problems (OHIP), one cancer-specific generic symptom assessment scale (MSAS), and one cancer-specific oral symptom assessment scale (OSAS).

Conclusion
Symptom assessment tools can facilitate good symptom control in clinical practice, and are an integral component of clinical research. The review identified four validated symptom assessment scales that could be utilised to assess oral symptoms in patients with advanced cancer.
R2U++: a multiscale recurrent residual U-Net with dense skip connections for medical image segmentation
Authors: Mubashar Mehreen , Ali Hazrat , Grönlund Christer , Azmat Shoaib 
Published: June 2022

AbstractU-Net is a widely adopted neural network in the domain of medical image segmentation. Despite its quick embracement by the medical imaging community, its performance suffers on complicated datasets. The problem can be ascribed to its simple feature extracting blocks: encoder/decoder, and the semantic gap between encoder and decoder. Variants of U-Net (such as R2U-Net) have been proposed to address the problem of simple feature extracting blocks by making the network deeper, but it does not deal with the semantic gap problem. On the other hand, another variant UNET++ deals with the semantic gap problem by introducing dense skip connections but has simple feature extraction blocks. To overcome these issues, we propose a new U-Net based medical image segmentation architecture R2U++. In the proposed architecture, the adapted changes from vanilla U-Net are: (1) the plain convolutional backbone is replaced by a deeper recurrent residual convolution block. The increased field of view with these blocks aids in extracting crucial features for segmentation which is proven by improvement in the overall performance of the network. (2) The semantic gap between encoder and decoder is reduced by dense skip pathways. These pathways accumulate features coming from multiple scales and apply concatenation accordingly. The modified architecture has embedded multi-depth models, and an ensemble of outputs taken from varying depths improves the performance on foreground objects appearing at various scales in the images. The performance of R2U++ is evaluated on four distinct medical imaging modalities: electron microscopy, X-rays, fundus, and computed tomography. The average gain achieved in IoU score is 1.5 ± 0.37% and in dice score is 0.9 ± 0.33% over UNET++, whereas, 4.21 ± 2.72 in IoU and 3.47 ± 1.89 in dice score over R2U-Net across different medical imaging segmentation datasets.
Peak Shear Strength of Natural, Unfilled Rock Joints in the Field Based on Data from Drill Cores – A Conceptual Study Based on Large Laboratory Shear Tests
Authors: Ríos-Bayona F. , Johansson F. , Larsson J. , Mas-Ivars D. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSignificant uncertainties remain regarding the field assessment of the peak shear strength of rock joints. These uncertainties mainly originate from the lack of a verified methodology that would permit prediction of rock joints’ peak shear strength accounting for their surface area, while using information available from smaller samples. This paper investigates a methodology that uses objective observations of the 3D roughness and joint aperture from drill cores to predict the peak shear strength of large natural, unfilled rock joints in the field. The presented methodology has been tested in the laboratory on two natural, unfilled rock joint samples of granite. The joint surface area of the tested samples was of approximately 500 × 300 mm. In this study, the drill cores utilised to predict the peak shear strength of the rock joint samples are simulated based on a subdivision of their digitised surfaces obtained through high-resolution laser scanning. The peak shear strength of the tested samples based on the digitised surfaces of the simulated drill cores is predicted by applying a peak shear strength criterion that accounts for 3D roughness, matedness, and specimen size. The results of the performed analysis and laboratory experiments show that data from the simulated drill cores contain the necessary information to predict the peak shear strength of the tested rock joint samples. The main benefit of this approach is that it may enable the prediction of the peak shear strength in the field under conditions of difficult access.