bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endogenous Plant Growth Substances in Developing Fruit of Prunus cerasus L. II. Levels of Extractable para Coumaric Acid in the Pericarp1
Authors: Rudnicki Ryszard , Hammond R. K. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An inhibitor of wheat coleoptile elongation and cress seed germination was isolated from the pericarp of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) fruit and identified as para coumaric acid (PCA). PCA was present in the free acid and bound forms. The concentration of PCA remained relatively constant (10 to 16 μg g dry weight−1) during fruit development. The bound form, with one exception, was present at the highest concentration during Stage II. On a per fruit basis, the free and bound PCA increased progressively with fruit development. PCA was an effective activator of IAA-oxidase also isolated from the cherry fruit pericarp. The possible role of PCA in fruit growth is discussed.
Cold Acclimation in ‘Red Delicious’ Apple Trees Under Natural Conditions During Four Winters1
Authors: Ketchie D. O. , Beeman C. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cold resistance of current season shoots and trunk bark of ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees were compared with seasonal temperature through 4 winters. Cold resistance was measured by electrolytic conductance and recorded as T10 and T90. There was correlation between cold resistance and the temperature during 7 days preceding cold acclimation measurement. Sustained temperature below 0°C increased cold resistance more than did very low temperature interrupted by short periods above freezing.
Brown Stain Susceptibility of Selected Lettuce Cultivars Under Controlled Atmospheres and Temperatures1,2
Authors: Brecht Patrick , Morris Leonard , Cheyney Charles , Janecke David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Laboratory tests of 11 cultivars of crisphead type lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) indicated all were susceptible to brown stain. Susceptibility varied among cultivars, with ‘Great Lakes 66’, ‘Calmar’, ‘Valrio’, ‘Merit’ and ‘Great Lakes R-200’ the most susceptible and ‘Greenland’, ‘Climax’ and ‘Francisco’ the least affected. Storage temperature markedly influenced brown stain incidence: lettuce held at 0°C developed more brown stain than that held at 2.5°C. Development of the disorder required that lettuce be subjected to elevated CO2 in storage. Brown stain incidence for a given cultivar varied with date of harvest and production area.
Effect of 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic Acid on Bitter Pit and Calcium Accumulation in ‘Northern Spy’ Apples1
Authors: Oberly G. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spraying ‘Northern Spy’ apple trees with 50 ppm TIBA 2 weeks after petal fall reduced the accumulation of Ca in the fruit and increased the amount of bitter pit. The greatest incidence of bitter pit was associated with the Ca content of the fruit during the middle of the growing season. Calcium accumulated rapidly during the period of cell division and seed development, and again 2 to 3 weeks before harvest. The late influx of Ca may explain the development of less bitter pit in storage in late harvested apples than in apples harvested immature.
Heterogeneous Price Behavior Among Seasons for Texas Early Spring Onions
Authors: Shafer Carl E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fresh vegetable crops are subject to wide variations in season's average prices. Managing supply so as to obtain desired price levels requires some knowledge of price-supply relations both for season's average prices and weekly price levels. Season's average prices for onions are aggregate values determined by short-term prices which may vary daily during the marketing season. In the case of early spring onions, the intraseasonal or short-term price equations were less suitable than the season's average price models in terms of explaining price behavior. Heterogeneous price behavior among seasons persisted due to factors not captured in the specified intraseasonal relations. Within season price equations, incorporating multiseason data should be examined on a season by season basis to ascertain their reliability. Total supply variables introduced into the weekly equations explained much of the difference in price levels among seasons. Such equations can be useful to decision makers in making intraseasonal temporal supply allocations if combined with qualitative information and experience regarding the marketing of the crop in question.
The Effect of High Temperature on Pollen Tube Growth of Snake Melon and Cucumber1
Authors: Matlob Adrian N. , Kelly William C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The optimum temperature for pollen tube growth in vitro was 32°C for 4 cultivars of snake melon (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus Naud.) and 21°C for ‘Biet Alpha’ cucumber (C sativus L.) regardless of plant growing temperature and season under which the pollen developed. The temperature range for cucumber pollen was 10 to 43°C; for snake melon pollen, 10 to 48°C.
Studies in vivo with fluorescence microscopy of flowers from plants grown in greenhouses at 27/21 and 38/27°C showed that the pollen tube growth of snake melon was similar at both temperatures, However, pollen tube growth in cucumber flowers grown at 38/27°C was slower than in flowers grown at 27/21°C.
Temperature responses of pollen tubes in excised flowers incubated at various temperatures differed from those in culture media. Growth of ‘Biet Alpha’ cucumber pollen tubes increased with temperature to a maximum at 32°C but no growth occurred at 38°C. The fastest pollen tube growth of ‘Mosuli’ snake melon occurred at 38°C. Observations at 43°C were limited by rapid deterioration of the excised flowers. Excised flowers examined with the fluorescence microscope provide a convenient technique to study pollen in vivo and the results can be applied to field conditions more confidently than results from in vitro studies.
Evaluation of Viability Tests for Cold Stressed Plants1
Authors: Stergios Basil G. , Howell Gordon S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The reliability and convenience of 5 viability tests were evaluated. Growth and tissue browning were the most reliable tests, but they required considerable time and were qualitative. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction and specific conductivity were satisfactory for grape, but TTC was not as reliable as specific conductivity for cherry and raspberry. Neither test proved satisfactory for strawberry.
A second exotherm always indicated living stems and the absence of a second exotherm accurately predicted stem death. Freezing curves for raspberry showed the stems to be 5 degrees hardier than the control growth tests indicated.
Cherry Fruit Abscission: Effect of Growth Substances, Metabolic Inhibitors and Environmental Factors1
Authors: Wittenbach V. A. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Physiological parameters of abscission at the zone between the pedicel and fruit of the sour (Prunus cerasus L. ‘Montmorency’) and sweet (Prunus avium L. ‘Windsor’) cherry were investigated using fruit explants. 3-Indoleacetic acid, 2-(chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), gibberellin A3, and abscisic acid hastened abscission (during Stage III) in sour cherry, while only ethephon enhanced abscission in the sweet cherry. Cycloheximide blocked abscission in both sour and sweet cherry and negated the effect of ethephon. Explants prepared from fruits during various stages of development exhibited a differential response to ethylene. Abscission in the sour cherry was enhanced by increasing temperature and was greater in dark than in light, while both high CO2 and low O2 levels delayed abscission.
Foliage Canopy Development of ‘Mcintosh’ Apple Hedgerows in Relation to Mechanical Pruning, the Interception of Solar Radiation, and Fruiting1
Authors: Cain John C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The percentage of solar radiation passing through the foliage canopy of ‘Mcintosh’ hedgerows, A) pruned annually by cutterbar and B) pruned by slotting saw, was measured continuously from pre-bloom until the completion of foliage growth in late July. Assuming the spur leaf canopy (Sp), emerges first and virtually completes growth before the shoot leaf canopy (Sh), emerges, the relative extent of Sp and Sh, and their respective interception of radiation is calculated at approximately 4-day intervals during the growing season. Even though A produced more total foliage and intercepted more total radiation, the spurs of B produced more flowers and more fruit. Spur leaf canopy B intercepted more solar radiation because of less shading by Sh. The maximum ratio Sh/Sp for adequate illumination of Sp is estimated to be about .8. The relative importance of sunlight on Sp and the time of interception of light during the growing season in relation to flower bud initiation and fruit development are discussed.
The Influence of Sugars on Growth and Cold Acclimation of Excised Stems of Red-osier Dogwood1,2
Authors: Fuchigami L. H. , Weiser C. J. , Richardson D. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Excised Cornus stolonifera Michx. stems cultured axenically in a liquid medium were acclimated to cold when subjected to short photoperiods and low temperatures. Foliate explants acclimated effectively and defoliated ones did not when they were cultured on White's medium which contained 0.083 M sucrose. Several other concentrations of sugars (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 M glucose and 0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 M sucrose) did not enhance cold acclimation of foliated explants. The exogenously supplied sugars reduced stem growth, promoted leaf abscission, and enhanced the development of typical autumnal red coloration in leaves and stems. The highest sugar concentration (0.5 M glucose) caused death of the explants.
While a minimal level of photosynthate (sugar) is almost certainly required for the active metabolic phases of cold acclimation in hardy woody species, our studies provided no evidence that sugars bear a direct causal relationship to cold acclimation.
Copper Toxicity in Phaseolus vulgaris L. as Influenced by Iron Nutrition. III. Partial Alleviation by Succinic Acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide1
Authors: Daniels Roland R. , Struckmeyer B. Esther 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Severe chlorosis of leaves and cellular disruption and distortion in the roots usually associated with Cu toxicity were absent from plants grown in solution culture with high Cu (0.50 ppm) to which succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (SADH) was added. The presence of either SADH or EDTA in the nutrient solutions increased the Fe concentration in the roots and shoots; a synergistic effect appeared when the compounds were combined. Plants grown with EDTA had lower Cu levels in the shoots and roots than those grown without EDTA. Although SADH alone had no effect on Cu concentrations, SADH and EDTA together, caused low concentrations in the roots regardless of the Cu level in the nutrient solution.
The Oil and Protein in Nuts of Macadamia tetraphylla L. Johnson, Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche, and Their F1 Hybrid1
Authors: Saleeb W. F. , Yermanos D. M. , Huszar C. K. , Storey W. B. , Labanauskas C. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Oil, corresponding in amount to 6-14% of the original nut weight, was extracted from intact macadamia kernels by immersing them in petroleum ether for 48 hours at room temperature. Drying the extracted nuts in a vented oven at 55°C for 24 hours removed the odor and taste of the solvent and their flavor seemed to equal or excel that of nonextracted nuts. Oil thus recovered and marketed could provide additional revenue to the macadamia industry. Nuts of M. tetraphylla and of M. integrifolia were equal in oil content (74.9%) with an iodine value of 71.8 and 75.4, respectively. Macadamia oil had outstanding stability. The 8 major fatty acids in the oil and their mean percentages in the 2 species and their F1 and F2 hybrids were: myristic (0.60), palmitic (8.7), palmitoleic (22.1), stearic (3.6), oleic (59.1), linoleic (1.8), arachidic (2.2), and eicosenoic (1.5). The mean protein content in the lipid free meal of the parental and F1 populations was 36.5%. Arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and leucine made up about 52% of total amino acids recovered in each of the 2 species and the F1 generation.
Factors Affecting Evaluation of Fruitworm Resistance in the Tomato1
Authors: Fery Richard L. , Cuthbert Frank P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Twenty-two tomato accessions, representing a range of observed reactions to the tomato fruitworm, were evaluated for associations between certain varietal characteristics and plant resistance. Genes controlling vine size had a large pleiotropic effect on fruit worm resistance. Vine size was negatively correlated with fruitworm damage and accounted for 61.2% of the variation among accessions. Highly significant differences between accessions in damaged fruits, which ranged from 31.4 to 75.3% of the fruitload, disappeared when the data were adjusted for vine size. Earliness was also significantly associated with damage, but this resulted entirely from the association of earliness with vine size. No associations were found between 3 other varietal characteristics and fruitworm damage.
Preharvest counts of rotten fruits were essential for efficient single-harvest screening of tomato accessions for fruitworm damage.
Evaluation of Quality of Pecans in Retail Markets1
Authors: Williams F. W. , LaPlante M. G. , Heaton E. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pecan-halves available to consumers in retail stores frequently failed to meet high quality standards. Excessive small pieces was the most common defect. When all USDA grading criteria were considered, 50.6% of pecan-half samples failed to meet U. S. No. 1 standards.
On a hedonic scale of 1 to 10, the average panel rating score of pecan halves was 6.42 based on flavor, appearance, aroma, color, and texture. The score of samples purchased in the Southeast and Northeast was significantly higher than that of samples purchased in the Midwest. Over all geographic regions, there was no significant difference in the ratings of ‘Stuart’ and seedlings. ‘Stuart’ rated higher than mixed cultivars at the 0.1% level of probability. Seedlings rated significantly higher than mixed cultivars. There were no significant relationships between ratings and the time of year samples were purchased or the brand of pecans.
The moisture content, a factor influencing the quality of pecan halves, varied from 6.4% to 2.3%.
Induction of Autocatalytic Ethylene Production in Apple Fruits by Propylene in Relation to Maturity and Oxygen1
Authors: Sfakiotakis Evangelos M. , Dilley D. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethylene and other olefinic compounds cause apples and other climacteric fruits to ripen. Propylene, which fruits do not produce, was employed to determine, 1) the stage of maturity apples must attain to autocatalytically produce ethylene, and 2) the effect of O2 tension on autocatalysis. ‘Red Delicious’ apples harvested at developmental stages representing 52, 58, 65, and 75% of maturity were gassed with propylene at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 ppm for 1 week at 20°C. Propylene induced ethylene synthesis at all stages of maturity. Its ability to stimulate ethylene production, however, increased progressively with fruit maturation, although rate of production following treatment with 500 ppm propylene was constant. A shorter lag time to the onset of autocatalytic production was observed in more mature fruits which reflects a natural increase in sensitivity. Propylene administered at 6.5% O2 or less did not induce ethylene production, but an anaerobic atmosphere was necessary to completely inhibit ethylene synthesis in fruits once autocatalysis began.
The Effect of Composition of the Atmosphere and Duration of Exposure on Brown Stain of Lettuce1,2
Authors: Brecht Patrick E. , Kader Adel A. , Morris Leonard L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The severity of brown stain on crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., cvs. Calmar and Great Lakes 118) held at 0° or 2.5°C for 10 days increased with increasing CO2 (1 to 5%) and decreasing O2 (21 to 1%) levels. Very slight or no brown stain developed on lettuce subjected to 0, 1, or 2% CO2 in combination with 10 or 21% O2 for 10 days or on that held in 2.5 or 5% CO2 + 2% O2 for 4 days at 2.5°C. In 2.5 or 5% CO2 + 2% O2, brown stain intensified with duration of exposure (2 to 30 days) at 0° or 2.5°C.
Investigations of Internal Bark Necrosis in ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Crocker Timothy E. , Kenworthy A. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 4 experiments conducted to study internal bark necrosis (IBN) in apple, ‘Delicious’ trees were treated with Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al (100 and 200 ppm in nutrient solution), Mn, Fe, Cu, plus Al (50 ppm each) and a minus B treatment. Only trees receiving Mn and minus B developed IBN symptoms. Trees grown under normal and low levels of Ca and receiving variable concentrations of Mn (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm) developed IBN in proportion to Mn concentration. Spur-type and standard ‘Delicious’ trees did not differ in IBN severity. Bark samples with IBN symptoms, when analyzed on the electron microprobe x-ray analyzer, had greater Mn and Ca concentrations in necrotic tissue areas than in non-necrotic areas. IBN lesions induced with minus B had a higher Ca concentration in necrotic areas than in healthy tissue
Residual Effects of Summer Applications of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide on ‘McIntosh’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Southwick F. W. , Lord W. J. , Greene D. W. , Cromack L. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Residual effects of single applications of 1000 and 2000 ppm succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) in mid-July or mid-August, 1969, were determined. Mid-August treatment of 2000 ppm SADH inhibited June drop, depressed fruit size and increased fruit set; but it did not affect flowering, seed content and viability during June drop, preharvest drop, flesh firmness, or yield in 1970. Flowering and yield were often reduced in 1971 where SADH was applied in 1969. The results suggest that under some circumstances the residual effects of SADH may tend to induce biennial bearing of ‘McIntosh’ apple trees.
Effects of Genetic Parthenocarpy and Gynoecious Flowering Habit on Fruit Production and Growth of Cucumber Cucumis sativus L.1
Authors: Denna D. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genetically parthenocarpic cultivars produced significantly less fruit fresh weight when pollinated than without pollination. The development of seed was found to have a dual effect on the development of fruit tissue. In terms of percentage dry weight, seed was produced at the expense of fruit tissue, but from the standpoint of percentage fresh weight, seed development stimulated fruit tissue development.
Cucumbers appeared to possess a regulatory mechanism that limits the percentage dry weight that can be devoted to fruit and seed production. Seed dry weight accumulated at the expense of fruit rather than vine dry weight. The presence of fruit was observed to have an inhibitory effect on vine growth that was greater when the fruit contained seed than when it did not. Gynoecious flowering habit, compared to monoecious, did not increase the production of mature fruit.
The combination of parthenocarpy, gynoecious flowering, small mature fruit size, and perhaps determinate growth, should help maximize fruit production under a single harvest regime, produce a high fruit to vine ratio, and provide flexibility in harvest timing. The results may apply to other crops where the fruit is harvested in a relatively mature state and where the seed constitutes a substantial proportion of the dry weight.
Relations of Respiration and Ethylene Production to Maturity in the Watermelon1
Authors: Mizuno Susumu , Pratt Harlan K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mats, and Nak.] is a climacteric fruit when harvested at 30 to 50 days after anthesis. At 20 days the fruit is too immature and at 60 days too overmature to show this pattern. An increase in ethylene production is associated with the respiratory peak and final senescence. Initiation of increased respiration occurred about 53 days after anthesis and final senescence at 70 to 74 days, regardless of age at harvest. Optimum harvest maturity occurs at about 45 days, when the fruit is still preclimacteric.
Changes in precipitation and discharge in a Mediterranean catchment as a response to climate change and human activities
Authors: Hrour Youness , Thomas Zahra , Fovet Ophélie , Sebari Karima , Rousseau-Gueutin Pauline 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Mediterranean region is considered to be highly affected by climate change with rainfall deficits leading to a significant decrease in river discharge. This study aims to assess the impacts of climate change on water resources in a Mediterranean catchment, namely the Bas-Loukkos catchment (Morocco), where pressure on the water resources is already present due to intensive hydro-agricultural development and is likely to increase. Mann–Kendall, Pettitt and Buishand tests were used to analyze trends and detect breakpoints in discharge and precipitation time series over the period 1960–2018. The precipitation–specific discharge relationships has been analysed by the double-mass curve (DMC). The analyses highlighted a decreasing trend in precipitation. A significant breakpoint was detected in early 1970s, with mean annual precipitation decreasing by 16–26% after this period. Discharge decreased by approximately 35% beginning in the late 1970s/early 1980s. The DMC showed different patterns between ‘undisturbed’ sub-catchments and two intensively managed sub-catchments. Wettest Mediterranean catchments are often considered as future water reservoirs to support part of the water needs in arid catchments. This study highlights that such catchments may already be impacted by climate changes, with discharge decreasing, and by water human activities that exert a major pressure on water resources.
COVID-19 Infection in Hemodialysis Patients, Incidence, Risk Factors and
Mortality. Single Centre Study
Authors: Ram Dileep Kumar Nanik , Gulzar Kashif , Alalawi Fakhriya , Ahmed Maseer , Manuel Rosa , Alhadari Amna 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Hemodialysis patients are not only prone to acquire COVID-19 infection but also more likely to suffer a higher rate of morbidity and mortality.
This study aims to report the incidence and mortality rate of COVID-19 infection in our hemodialysis patients and to determine risk factors.

Methods:
This is an observational, retrospective study conducted in the dialysis unit of Dubai Hospital. Our target population was hemodialysis patients who
tested positive for COVID infection (PCR assay of the nasopharyngeal swab) from 1st April 2020 to 31st August 2021. Our primary outcome was to
study the mortality rate associated with COVID-19 infection in dialysis patients in Dubai hospital. Our secondary objectives were to study the
incidence and determine risk factors for the severity of infection. Patient demographics and clinical features were collected from medical record
software, i.e., EPIC. Univariate Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate potential risk factors for mortality in our cohort.

Results:
72 out of 250 (28.8%) hemodialysis patients acquired COVID infection during the study period, the median age was 54.32 (15-93) years, and
56.94% (n=41) were male. The most common comorbid was hypertension (59.72%), while the main symptom at presentation was shortness of
breath (25%). One-third of patients required a different form of oxygen therapy, and 11.11% of patients were mechanically ventilated. The
mortality rate was 16.6%. High median age, ischemic heart disease, low absolute lymphocyte count, and high levels of ferritin, LDH, and
procalcitonin, as well as mechanical ventilation, were statistically significant risk factors associated with mortality.

Conclusion:
The overall outcome of COVID infection in our hemodialysis patients was better compared to the hemodialysis population from other parts of the
world.