bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Consequences of IO Legitimacy Crises
Authors: Sommerer Thomas , Agné Hans , Zelli Fariborz , Bes Bart 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides a quantitative test of the explanatory framework. The analysis of 32 international organizations (IOs) reveals both the negative and positive effects of legitimacy crises on three dimensions of an IO’s capacity to rule: material capacity, institutional capacity, and decision-making capacity. It also finds that crises, under some conditions, have no effect at all. The likelihood and direction of effects depend on the features of the targeted organizations, on the type of legitimacy crises as distinguished by different audience conceptions, and on the precise type of consequence under study. Specifically, the chapter confirms the negative effect on the material and decision-making capacity of IOs when legitimacy crises are constituted by state and nonstate actors, constituent and external actors. In addition, it shows that resource cuts are more likely to be made when members of both elites and masses join forces to challenge an IO, and that a downturn in decision-making is related to crises years in which member state representatives dominated public critique. However, the chapter also confirms the positive effects related to particular types of legitimacy crises. The heterogeneity of legitimacy audiences is linked to a higher likelihood of a growing institutional capacity and decision-making in the long term. The statistical analysis also supports the expectation that several IO characteristics, such as pooling, transnational access, and the scope of the mandate, positively affect the likelihood of growth in its capacity to rule in the wake of a legitimacy crisis.
The Consequences of Legitimacy Crises in Global Governance
Authors: Sommerer Thomas , Agné Hans , Zelli Fariborz , Bes Bart 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter deepens the quantitative analysis of the previous chapter and completes the qualitative analysis from Chapter 4. It shows that, in the case of the WTO, the legitimacy crises concerned the organizational rules. This included enhancing collaboration with nonstate actors and gearing up statistical capacities and media outreach. For the UNFCCC, by contrast, legitimacy crises had a crucial impact on essential milestones of the organization’s decision-making, e.g., with the de facto failure of the 2009 summit in Copenhagen, and with essential power shifts towards member states that paved the way for the 2015 Paris Agreement. The chapter also shows that the WTO and the UNFCCC witnessed a proliferation of a multitude of new plurilateral initiatives in their respective fields. For the UNFCCC, this change can partly be attributed to the legitimacy crises. Hence, the effects of legitimacy crises are sometimes visible only beyond the organizational borders. With this wider perspective, the chapter broadly confirms the results of the quantitative analysis, that legitimacy crises do not automatically entail disadvantages for the IO in question.
Kalecki and the Problem of International Money
Authors: Toporowski Jan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents in broad outline the elements of the ‘Oxford critique’ of the Bretton Woods proposals of Keynes and White, and Kalecki’s proposals for overcoming what he regarded as the limitations of the two. Kalecki collaborated in this with Ernst (‘Fritz’) Schumacher and with Thomas Balogh. They were concerned mainly with the foreign exchange constraint on full employment that would have arisen if governments resorted to deflationary measures, to build up foreign exchange reserves, taking them out of international circulation. But they were also concerned with the central concept in the Keynes and White Plans which did not allow for the foreign trade imbalances required to industrialise the developing countries.
Do We Need a New Bretton Woods to Tackle the Crisis of Modern Capitalism?
Authors: Gallardo Julio Lόpez , Szymborska Hanna 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores whether ideas for a new international economic system put forward in the 1930s and the 1940s by John Maynard Keynes and Michał Kalecki could be applied to tackle the ongoing crisis of modern capitalism. Following the review of Keynes’s and Kalecki’s original proposals for global economic cooperation after the Second World War, the merits of these proposals under the conditions of contemporary capitalism are examined. The chapter goes on to argue that the Bretton Woods solutions cannot be easily transplanted to the situation in the twenty-first century where private capital markets dominate over official and multilateral interventions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what kind of international cooperation is needed to stimulate the global economy and reduce inequality in the future.
International Debt and the Problem of Equilibrium
Authors: Toporowski Jan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe cannot therefore transfer wholesale to our present time the policies discussed at the time of Bretton Woods. But we can use the insights that emerged 75 years ago to understand better our present situation and the policies that may alleviate the economic problems This chapter presents a framework of macroeconomic policies derived from the ideas of Kalecki as a means of securing international payments. He recognised international debt as the weak link in the international monetary system. This requires an effective system of fiscal stabilization in developing countries based on avoiding deflation, and debt management secured on domestic financial resources.
Universal History
Authors: Heilbron J.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To prepare himself for a high post in the world of scholarship, Bianchini worked up universal history and chronology from the records of all nations and reduced them to a single volume and two decks of playing cards. The single volume covers the first 32 centuries of human history and the cards offer mnemonic illustrations, drawn by Bianchini, of developments from Creation to the year 1600 AD. The chapter also discusses Innocent XI’s wars against the Ottoman Empire, which set a major theme in the politics of the Ottoboni faction, and the early career of one of its members, Bianchini’s friend Giovanni Francesco Albani, who became Pope Clement XI. The main subject of the chapter, however, is Bianchini’s tour de force in writing his universal history with little explicit reliance on Scripture.
Jubilee Line
Authors: Heilbron J.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
“Jubilee Line” brings together Bianchini’s expertise in astronomy and history at the solar observatory Clement XI commissioned at Santa Maria degli Angeli, still one of the best sights in the Eternal City. Observations at this unusual installation resulted in strong indications in favor of the Copernican system then opposed by the Roman Catholic Church. Bianchini inscribed his historical interests on the floor of the basilica by placing medallions there to record significant events; each medallion being located where the sun’s image falls at noon on the days commemorated. One such was the day of the defeat of the Turks at Vienna by Jan Sobieski, whose wife and granddaughter play major parts in Bianchini’s story. The Monsignor, who attained that rank in 1701, directed his interests in history and astronomy into calendrics and chronology, and thence into early church history and archeology. Clement rewarded and burdened him with the charge of superintendent of all ancient Latin inscriptions found in Rome and, not overlooking Bianchini’s technical expertise, overseer of two of the three main aqueducts in Rome’s water supply.
Republican of Letters
Authors: Heilbron J.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
“Republican of Letters” elevates Bianchini to chief intellectual of Rome and the main instrument of Clement XI’s use of monuments, art, science, and erudition to offset the loss of pontifical military power. Because of his increasing domestic importance and closeness to Clement, Bianchini was considered the natural leader of an academy promoted by the historian Ludovico Antonio Muratori that aimed to improve and defend Italian scholarship. The aim conflicted with Bianchjini’s cosmopolitan values, which were confirmed by his election to one of the most prestigious places in the Republic of Letters -- foreign associate of the Paris Academy of Sciences. The chapter analyzes Bianchini’s even-handed internationalism, which aligned with papal policy during the Spanish war, and his usually evenhanded criticism, which he exercised for the benefit of scholars and believers by reviewing books for the censorship.
Exeunt
Authors: Heilbron J.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter disposes of the actors and describes several monuments to them that still reward inspection. Consideration of these monuments, which include part of the Vatican museums, makes a fitting conclusion to the book, for, as Bianchini rightly insisted, historians ought not to omit the proofs and delights afforded by depiction of artifacts illustrative of the times they write about. The monuments described include tombs of Maria Clementina, Queen Christina, and Pope Alexander VIII in St Peters and testimonials to Bianchini in Rome and Verona. Among other actors exiting the scene, Wogan remained the most colorful; his later military adventures in Spanish service earned him the governorship of Don Quixote’s province of La Mancha and his literary productions attracted the attention and admiration of Jonathan Swift.
The Pluralization of Law and Literature
Authors: Olson Greta 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter I presents the diversification of Law and Literature and makes an argument for understanding “Literature” in an expanded sense. Law and Literature has grown into a number of “Law and X” fields, such as Law and the Visual, Law and the Humanities, Law and Human Rights, Law and Culture, and Law and Narrative. The chapter warns against facile assumptions about what narrative is, and that Law and Literature work needs to take narratological distinctions and categories into account, and differentiate between structures based on varying types of law in discrete legal systems. The Chapter Introduces theories of fictionality to describe the conjoined narrativity and metaphoricity of law, as well as theories of legal subjectivity, based in Rudolf von Jhering’s account of passionate feelings for law (Rechtsgefühle) and Eugen Ehrlich’s description of “living law.” The chapter offers a model for understanding how legal identities are experienced affectively.
Why Should We Care about the Future of Law and Literature?
Authors: Olson Greta 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter V begins with a discussion of the pertinence of the anti-immigration, ethnonationalist texts previously analyzed in the book. Instances of popular legality, these texts counter a still pertinent tendency in Law and Literature scholarship, which is to treat all aesthetic works as Good and Moral antidotes to inhumane and immoral law. These texts point to the agonistic cultural politics of the present, and to why an expanded version of Law and Literature needs to address the affects behind them. The chapter stresses the necessity of incorporating new models of analysis into Law and Literature and of enunciating the interdisciplinary project’s central methods in expanded narrative analysis, media studies, and cultural-legal narratologies. Law and Literature offers keys for understanding how legal identities are constructed, for analyzing how legal texts are formally constructed, and for comprehending how cultural-legal issues are mediated using affective means.
Sandpile Models
Authors: Zapperi Stefano 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss deterministic and stochastic sandpile models. The relative simplicity of sandpile models has stimulated a series of theoretical approaches and we review here the most successful ones. As in standard critical phenomena the simplest qualitative approach is provided by mean-field theory. A particularly instructive analogy in this respect is provided by branching processes that can be seen as a general mean-field description of avalanche propagation. In the context of sandpile models, branching processes can also be used to describe the role of boundary dissipation on self-organization. While mean-field theory is general but approximate, some properties of sandpile models can be obtained exactly thanks to the Abelian properties of some sandpile models. Finally, we discuss field theory approach to sandpile models and the relation with absorbing state phase transitions.
Vortices in superconductors
Authors: Zapperi Stefano 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The transport properties of vortices in type II superconductors represent a challenging theoretical problem in condensed matter. As first noted by De Gennes forty years ago, the penetration of vortices in the superconductor when the magnetic field is ramped up resembles the formation of a granular pile. Due to the interplay between vortex repulsion and pinning, the magnetic flux forms a steady profile, known as the Bean state. Experiments have shown that the analogy with SOC sandpile models is even stronger since magnetic flux enters in avalanches in the material. In several cases, these avalanches are power law distributed and this phenomenon can be accounted by models resembling the SOC sandpile. In this chapter, we first discuss briefy the basic properties of type II superconductors, from the microscopic interactions between individual vortices to the phenomenological macroscopic behavior of flux profiles. Next, we provide an account of the main experimental observations of vortexavalanches. The efforts made in the past to understand the observed avalanchesfrom the motion of individual vortices is summarized and we finally discuss the path from microscopic to macroscopic models.
Avalanches in Biological Systems
Authors: Zapperi Stefano 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the present book, we have discussed several examples of avalanche phenomena and crackling noise derived from the physics of materials. Similar phenomena, however, are observed also in living systems. We provide here a few representative examples to illustrate this point. In particular, we consider the burst dynamics of punctuated evolution, the abrupt phenotype transformations controlled by gene regulatory networks in the cell, and the intermittent motion of collective cell migration. This list of examples is far from being exhaustive but provides an idea of the relevance of avalanche phenomena for biological systems.
The Church and the Multistate System
Authors: Møller Jørgen , Doucette Jonathan Stavnskær 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter shifts attention to the multistate system. It argues that the European multistate system was set in train when the fusion of lay and religious authority came to an end in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The chapter first shows how around ad 1000 everything favoured the opposite: hegemony or empire. The chapter next shows that this changed due to the conflict of church and state in general and the Catholic Church’s persistent interest in avoiding that one secular polity outmatched the others in particular. This is most spectacularly illustrated by how the late medieval papacy denounced the old notion, going back to Rome but revived by the popes and the Carolingians in the ninth century, that other lay rulers were subordinated to the Western (German) Emperor. In the place of this venerable idea, churchmen formulated and spread the exact opposite doctrine: that ‘the king is emperor within his own realm’ (Rex in regno suo imperator). Beginning with Gregory VII, they also provided support to new states arising on the periphery of the Latin West to balance the older states closer—and more threatening––to Papal Rome. This is where we find the origins of the modern notion of the equality of states in international relations. The chapter ends by tracing these developments up until the Reformation.
Spenser’s Rosalind
Authors: Hecht Paul J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how Spenser’s first work was gripped by intertwined aesthetic and sexual anxieties, and that, far from displaying confident mastery, it displays technical shortcomings and ongoing difficulties among English poets trying to match the achievements of their Roman exemplars. Specifically, it examines the relationship between Spenser’s book and Virgil’s pastoral poems, and the technical demands of stanza form and sound management in alliteration. The chapter argues that Rosalind’s scathing view of Spenser’s poetry takes its place among several radically experimental and arguably feminist rethinkings of aesthetic and sexual value. The most prominent of these is the figure of Diggon, a shepherd effeminized to the point of gender ambiguity, and whose plight as an economic migrant is linked to racialized abjection. The chapter then places these analyses in the context of Spenser’s later return to pastoral in Colin Clout’s Come Home Againe and book 6 of The Faerie Queene.
Conclusion
Authors: Hecht Paul J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the place of Rosalind on the path to greater freedom and possibility for actual women, focusing on the poetry of Mary Wroth, and the stage and screen careers of Dora Jordan and Katharine Hepburn. The focus with Wroth is on furious responses to her poetry, and ways in which the style she forged have things in common with the critical dynamics explored around Rosalind. The discussion of Dora Jordan analyzes a musical entertainment called The Romp, that demonstrates a particular aspect of Rosalind’s inclination toward tyranny and violence. And the chapter ends with a discussion of Katharine Hepburn’s performance in an early film called Morning Glory, based on a play by Zoë Akins, in which Rosalind emerges as a vehicle of theatrical and cinematic power.
The World Bank as an Organization
Authors: Moloney Kim 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter shares the book’s research questions, analytical framework, variables, and its methodological approach. The book’s understanding of international organization studies is explored before pivoting into an explanation of why and how the discipline of public administration may assist mid-range theory development. The placement of this public administration literature against its intellectual history and more recent international public administration and transnational administration scholarship showcases the disciplinary opportunity. The book’s use of stakeholder theory and a bureaucratic politics approach as its analytical framework is defended before sharing the methods which guided analysis of 32 years of PSM/PSG sector policy changes. The last section of this chapter defends its analytical model versus alternative theories and approaches not used in this book.
Minimize the State, Free the Market (January 1980 to October 1989)
Authors: Moloney Kim 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAt first glance, one-third of this chapter appears to merely restate a frequently retold “origins” story of structural adjustment and privatization emphases at the 1980s Bank. But by engaging in a sector-specific analysis, other crucial stories are also told. Each overlooked story shape this sector’s emerge and highlight the value of this book’s analytical approach in reconsidering “origin” stories. Each sector-specific intellectual debate during this period would shape the Bank’s PSM agenda in the decades to come. This includes a late 1970s and early 1980s debate on whether the Bank’s mission was poverty-first or growth-first, an infrequently discussed 1983 World Development Report and the intellectual battles which framed its publication, a two-year debate over the Indonesia Report (1985) and its institutional development focus, and instability between the US and the World Bank. This chapter illustrates how bureaucratic politics and stakeholder influence alters which debates are heard, where disagreement intensity varies, and which sector policy changes arise. During this decade, key sector-specific policy change actors included the US, UK, the G7, and to some extent, the IMF too. This decade would be the only one in which external actors dominated this sector’s policy shifts.
Introduction: Preventing Trade, Investment, Energy, and Climate Conflicts through Rule of Law?
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This Introduction summarizes the content and conclusions of the following chapters on the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development; the regulatory failures of the United Nations (UN) and World Trade Organization (WTO) systems to protect the seventeen agreed sustainable development objectives effectively for the benefit of all citizens and their human rights; and the disintegration of the world trading system caused by the mercantilist power politics of the US Trump administration, by China’s authoritarian state capitalism, geopolitical rivalries, and trade wars. The ordo-liberal economic constitutionalism and multilevel governance of public goods in Europe have responded more effectively to market failures, governance failures, and related constitutional failures. Chapters 6–9 offer detailed case studies of how the WTO dispute settlement jurisprudence, investment law, and adjudication, constitutional, human rights, and environmental litigation have contributed to protecting transnational rule of law and other Sustainable Development Goals. Europe’s economic constitutionalism is rejected by Anglo-Saxon neo-liberalism and by China’s authoritarian state capitalism; as also many third-world economies and regional economic orders (like the China-led Belt and Road networks) reveal increasing heterogeneity, the US-led neo-liberal world order risks disintegrating. UN and WTO law and democratic alliances must promote private–public network governance and civil society participation in order to stabilize and depoliticize multilevel governance of global public goods.
Governance Failures: UN Law and WTO Law Fail to Protect Sustainable Development
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 explains why the post-1945 human rights revolution and international economic law revolution have failed to prevent the trade wars and geopolitical rivalries described in Chapter 3. The member-driven governance dominating United Nations (UN)/World Trade Organization (WTO) legal practices does not—and cannot—effectively protect human rights, rule of law, and global public goods (PGs) (like public health, climate change mitigation, and sustainable development) as long as power politics is not more effectively constrained; just as authoritarian power politics (e.g. in the UN Security Council) prevents effective protection of human rights through UN law, so do regulatory capture of economic regulation (e.g. in the United States and Bretton Woods institutions) and authoritarian blockage of WTO consensus decisions prevent limitation of market failures, governance failures, and constitutional failures in multilevel economic regulation. The neo-liberal Washington consensus is increasingly challenged by the more cosmopolitan Geneva consensus and ordo-liberal Brussels consensus. The totalitarian Beijing consensus imposed by China’s communist party monopoly entails systemic geopolitical rivalries that challenge the post-1945, US-led, UN and Bretton Woods systems. The citizen-oriented UN Sustainable Development Agenda reflects the ordo-liberal Geneva consensus and requires collective actions by democratic alliances aimed at civilizing and ‘constitutionalizing’ UN and WTO power politics by stronger protection of human and constitutional rights of citizens.