bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sub Lethal Doses of Nickel Chloride on CBC and Histology of Cirrhinus Mrigala
Authors: Saleem Nida , Haroon Saim , Yasmeen Uzma , Hayat Sikander , Gillani Quratulane 
Published: August 2022

This present study aims to investigate the histological and CBC parameters on Cirrhinus marigala after the exposure of Nickel Chloride. The first group of fish was taken as control group and placed in normal water without given any treatment. The second and third groups of fish were administered to two concentrations of sub-lethal doses of 96 hrs (LC50, 3.75ppm) of nickel chloride for 30 days. Results of this study showed that the number of white blood cells, platelets and haemoglobin level were significantly increased where simultaneously the number of red blood cells was significantly decreased due to exposure of nickel chloride. It was also observed that nickel chloride accumulated in organs (Kidneys < Gills < Liver < Heart) of Cirrhinus marigala. Results of histopathology showed the heavy damage of vital organs in fish due to nickel chloride exposure. One-way ANOVA test was performed in SPSS package volume 16 showed that observed data was statistically signi?cant (P < 0.05). This study concluded that nickel chloride effects the CBCs and histopathological parameters of fish Cirrhinus marigala.

Keywords: Fish, Toxic effect, Heavy metal, blood parameters
study of morphological pattern of the talar articular facets in dry human calcanei and its clinical implications
Authors: Agarwal Preeti , Agarwal Vaibhav , Kumar Anand , Kumar Sarangdhar , Gupta Rakesh 
Published: August 2022

Background: The calcaneum is longest and largest of all the tarsal bone. Morphology of the talar articular facets of calcanei is important for anatomy with respect to diagnosis and treatment of the injuries related to foot. Aims: This study was done to understand the variation in the morphology of talar articular facets on the superior surface of human calcanei and to study various shapes of these facets . Methods: 138 of adult dry calcanei 86 of right side and 52 of left side of unknown gender were taken from the museum of Department of Anatomy of Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly and LBKMCH,Saharsa and evaluated one by one. Result: PatternI was 69.5% of the studied bones, Pattern II and Pattern III were 4.3% each, Pattern IV was 21.7%, Pattern V was not found. The anterior and middle articular facets were mostly oval in shape and that of posterior articular facet was oval and convex. The calcaneal length was recorded with the mean and SD of 6.9 ± 0. 65cms (left side) and 6.9 ± 0. 9cm (right side). The width was 4.0 ± 0.38 cm (left) ,4.1 ± 0.3 cm (right).
Evaluation of oral manifestations in COVID patients an original research
Authors: Dubey Samiksha , Rishal Mohammed. P , Singh Harmeet , Nikitha Alavala Vasavi , Lavanya Chitikesi , Anand Preetha , Rajesh Damarasingu 
Published: August 2022

Introduction- The continuum emerging viral diseases are a threat to mankind and moreover are a serious concern to the public health. The current lethal COVID‑19, a SARS‑CoV‑2 is a highly contagious disease, which propagated quickly all over the world. Similar to other influenza‑like viral infections, symptoms such as fever, dry cough, myalgia, arthralgia, headache, diarrhea, dyspnea, and fatigue were reported among COVID‑19 patients. Evidence suggests that the oral cavity is affected by this virus either directly or indirectly. Aim & Objective- The aim of this observational study was to determine the oral manifestations among COVID‑19 patients. Materials and Methods- A questionnaire‑based cross‑sectional study was carried out among the patients recovered from COVID‑19. A sample of 120 subjects, diagnosed as mild and moderate cases of COVID‑19 disease were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results-The study comprised an almost equal number of male (64%) and female (56%) participants and among them, 48% belong to the health professional group.Approximately 55% of subjects were aged above 35 years and 45% below 35 years.
Evaluation of the ability of some local soil fungi to produce oxalic acid under different conditions
Authors: Al-Rikabi Ahmed Abed Faisal , AL-Shibli Majid Kadhim Abboud 
Published: August 2022

The aim of this study was to isolate fungi from soil and evaluate their ability to produce oxalic acid, then determine the most productive fungal isolate and the optimal conditions for acid production. All fungal isolates were oxalate producers, and the most efficient fungal species was A.niger, followed by A.flavus, then Rizoctonia solani with production rates of 4.05% , 3.54% , and 3.42% respectively , the rest isolates gave variable productivity. The optimum conditions for oxalate production were as follows ; (4%) sucrose as the best carbon source, (0.25%) ammonium sulfate as a best nitrogen source, (0.1%) hydrated magnesium sulfate as a best salt , (3%) which is equal to 1×106 spores/ml was the best inoculum size, the optimal pH value was equal to 6.5 , and 25°C represent an optimal temperature degree , for 7 days incubation period.
Development, characterization and in VIVO evaluation of diffusion controlled transdermal matrix patches of a model anti-Inflammatory drug
Authors: Kapoor Bhawana , Bhatt Sarswati Prakash , Bilandi Ajay , Sahiba Sahiba , Singh Balraj , Kumar Parveen 
Published: August 2022

In the current research, diffusion controlled transdermal matrix patches of Lornoxicam, an anti-inflammatory drug was developed by solvent casting method using hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers in different ratios and tween-80 and span-80 as permeation enhancers. Formulated patches were characterized for different physicochemical parameters in terms of moisture loss, drug content, film thickness and strength, uptake and loss of moisture, transmission of water vapor etc. All of these parameters were found be satisfactory. In-vitro diffusion studies of formulated patches were performed by using Franz diffusion cells. The drug diffusion rate followed zero order kinetics with super case II transport diffusion. Based on In-vitro diffusion data, best formulation was selected and used further for the stability analysis. Developed patches were stable at different temperature and humidity settings in terms of physicochemical properties and drug content. The optimized patches were also evaluated for the in-vivoanti-inflammatory and analgesic activity using suitable animal models. The results of all the in-vitro and in-vivo studies justify the selection of transdermal route for the systemic delivery of Lornoxicam to overcome its shortcomings when administered orally.
Antibiogram and biofilm-forming capacity of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from Anbar hospitals
Authors: Al-Hadethi Jinan S. Y. , Turki Ahmed Mohammed 
Published: August 2022

In hospitals, Acinetobacter baumannii is considered one of the major pathogens due to its antibiotic and antiseptic resistance capacity thus it persists in a stressed environment and leads to nosocomial infections. Its persistence is influenced by biofilm development. This study looked at 60 A. baumannii isolates from four Iraqi hospitals. A significant distribution of biofilm-forming characteristics was identified among A. baumannii isolates obtained from several hospitals in this research. They determined the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of A. baumannii towards 13 different antibiotics (Imipenem, Meropenem, Colistin Sulfate, Doripenem, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Cefiderocol, Amikacin, Levofloxacin, Tobramycin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, and Piperacillin). The frequency of multidrug resistance (MDR) was found to be 58.3 % in the tested strains, while the frequency of extensively drug resistance (XDR) was found to be 31.6 %. 100% of the clinical isolates could form biofilms, with 6.6 % having weak biofilm formation ability, 86.6 % having moderate biofilm formation ability, and 6.6 %having high biofilm formation capacity.
Renaissance, Reassurance and Restoration? Community Wardens and the urban realm in Scotland
Authors: Brown Donna Marie , Fyfe Nicholas R. 
Published: August 2022

Renaissance, Reassurance and Restoration? Community Wardens and the urban realm in Scotland
In discussions of contemporary urban restructuring and claims about the emergence of new forms of urbanism, issues of crime control and community safety loom large as we witness significant changes in the nature of policing in urban areas. In particular, there has been the emergence of a more complex division of labour in the field of policing with phrases like the ‘extended policing family’, the ‘mixed economy of policing’ and local security networks’ increasingly used to capture the diversity of public, private and voluntary providers of policing services. It is against this background that this paper considers the introduction, role, impact and implications of Community Wardens within Scotland. Introduced in 2004 and employed by local authorities Community Wardens have responsibility for providing high visibility patrols to deter crime and anti-social behaviour as well tackling environmental issues like graffiti and vandalism. After setting out the wider policy context within which wardens are located, the paper draws on ethnographic fieldwork in one city (Dundee), to consider the wider implications of the use of Community Wardens in relation to three key questions that have been the focus of government urban policy in Scotland and the rest of the UK. First, to what extent has the introduction of Wardens contributed to a process of urban renaissance by making cities more attractive places to live and work? Second, how far have Wardens managed to narrow the so-called ‘reassurance gap’ that has emerged in UK cities as crime rates fall but peoples’ anxieties and fears about crime continue to increase? Third, can Wardens play a role in restoring relationship between individuals within communities and between communities and their local environment?
The Roots and Routes to Compliance and Citizens’ Cooperation with the Belgian Police
Authors: Van Damme Anjuli 
Published: August 2022

The Roots and Routes to Compliance and Citizens’ Cooperation with the Belgian Police
Procedural justice theory assumes that trust in procedural justice and in the effectiveness of the police are important issues for building the legitimacy of the aforementioned institution. Additionally, the perception of police legitimacy, as a result of public trust, is necessary for the recognition of police authority. When citizens acknowledge the right of the police to determine authority, they are assumed to feel the obligation to obey the police and ultimately comply with the law and cooperate with the police. This theoretical framework has mainly been tested in Anglo-Saxon countries. Hence, the purpose of this contribution is to test the key assumptions of procedural justice theory in the Belgian context using data from the European Social Survey (ESS). Little evidence was found for the procedural justice theory in the Belgian context.
Physical fitness and anthropometric characteristics of graduating Norwegian Police University College students
Authors: Dillern Thomas , Ragnar Norheim Jenssen Ole , Ingebrigtsen Jørgen 
Published: August 2022

Physical fitness and anthropometric characteristics of graduating Norwegian Police University College students
The aim of the study was to assess physical fitness and anthropometric characteristics of Norwegian male and female graduating police university college students. Several fitness tests (i.e. upper body strength, explosive leg power and endurance capacity) were conducted and anthropometric data (i.e. body mass and stature) were collected. Compared with relevant reference groups, the present students perform well on physical fitness tests. Moreover, this study provides a better understanding of some of the properties forthcoming police officers obtain, and the present findings could be valuable if one aims to further investigate the development of physical fitness throughout police careers.
Surrounded by Safety
Authors: Resodihardjo Sandra L. , Prins Ruth 
Published: August 2022

Surrounded by Safety: Safety as an encompassing policy concept in the Netherlands
Safety used to be a pretty straightforward concept: governments need to safeguard the country from invasion and its citizens from crime. Over time, additional issues became to be defined as a safety problem. Even so, the safety problems and their accompanying policies remained clearly demarcated – safety revolved, for example, around product safety. Recently, an encompassing safety concept has become popular in the Netherlands. No longer referring to a clearly demarcated policy issue, the concept and its related integrated safety policy covers everything from fighting crime to making sure that street lights work. In this article, we show how safety in general has become firmly embedded on the Dutch government agenda over time and explain what integrated safety policy entails.
Policing Berlin
Authors: Aden Hartmut , de Pauw Evelien 
Published: August 2022

Policing Berlin: From separation by the ‘iron curtain’ to the new German capital and a globalised city
Since the 1990s many authors observe a pluralisation of police functions in Europe. The paper shows that this trend is also recognisable in the city of Berlin. For example, private security companies have gained importance. Their presence may indicate an increasing intensity of formal social control. Prevention in a broach sense has become important for the Berlin State Police. However, policing in this city is also influenced by path-dependencies, going back to the specific situation of a divided city at the frontline of the east-west conflict before 1990 and to the transfer of federal government institutions to the city since the late 1990s. Specific patterns of the German administrative and legal system also influence policing at Berlin. Compared to the period before 1990 with the presence of the allied military forces and the powerful secret service (Staatssicherheit) in the Eastern part of the city, Berlin is probably less securitized today.
Policing and Crime in Contemporary London
Authors: Edwards Adam , Prins Ruth 
Published: August 2022

Policing and Crime in Contemporary London: A developmental agenda?
In support of the Policing European Metropolises Project and as a starting point for investigating such a complex and challenging subject as policing the global city of London, the article provides an exposition of the current agenda for policing and crime as advanced by the London Mayor’s Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC), which assumed responsibility for police governance in January 2012. To justify this focus, the article draws upon distinctions made in urban regime theory about governing arrangements that seek to maintain, develop, reform or transform public policy agendas in the governance of cities. It uses these to question prospects for the MOPAC Policing and Crime Plan for 2013-16 and to provoke questions for further research into the lessons that can be drawn from this case for comparisons of policing in other European metropolises. In this regard, it is argued that the concept of the ‘metropolis’ implies an understanding of contemporary urban phenomena, such as crime and policing, as social products that have an integral relationship to a ‘world urban system’ of political, economic and cultural relations.
Policing Barcelona
Authors: Recasens i Brunet Amadeu , Ponsaers Paul 
Published: August 2022

Policing Barcelona
Many authors observe an increasing pluralisation of the police function. This pluralisation implies a growing dependency between different actors in the security domain, especially on the local level. The current theoretical insights from the sociology of urban governance of security were developed dominantly within an Anglo-American and British context. This article aims to test whether these Anglo-American underlying assumptions are recognisable in European local geographical settings, more precisely in Barcelona. The underlying question in this article is whether or not the local empirical situation in Barcelona differentiates along the same lines as the general theory suggests. The present article contributes to a European sociology of urban governance of security and our understanding of multi-layered social control theories (in)formalising in public space. The main questions we want to answer are consequently: Can a pluralisation of policing be observed in the metropolis of Barcelona and if so, is it a consequence of European trends or because of local changes or both? Do these changes suggest a growing attention towards public disorder (‘social disorder’, ‘incivilities’) maintenance, to the detriment of tackling (petty) crime? Are certain (so-called ‘anti-social’) behaviours increasingly sanctioned in an exclusively local (more precisely municipal) context? Is this sanctioned administratively by means of ‘by-law’ and no longer by means of traditional penal law?
These questions follow the logic mostly developed in Anglo-American and British context. What is the role of specific socio-political circumstances of the city and its regional and state context in the development of its current police model?
Investigating decision-making mechanisms and biases in Dutch criminal investigation teams by using a serious game
Authors: Groenendaal Jelle , Helsloot Ira 
Published: August 2022

Investigating decision-making mechanisms and biases in Dutch criminal investigation teams by using a serious game
In this article we examine by means of a serious game how ten teams of police leaders from major criminal investigation teams from five regional forces in the Netherlands, during criminal investigation, deal with tunnel vision and other potential causes of flawed decision-making, described according to Naturalistic Decision-Making models. Findings show that in the serious game, the danger of tunnel vision was widely acknowledged and that a great deal of energy was wasted as a result. In addition, the teams proved susceptible to other types of decision-making pitfalls. For example, the teams searched predominantly for confirmatory evidence, unconsciously used ingrained process-related rules of thumb, and there was evidence of a form of ‘information impulsion fallacy’. The present research is an elaboration on existing literature in that it attempts to shed light on decision-making practices during criminal investigations. The study shows that a serious game can be a useful tool to uncover decision-making behaviour.
The Policing of Public Space
Authors: Jones Trevor , Lister Stuart 
Published: August 2022

The Policing of Public Space: Recent Developments in Plural Policing in England and Wales
This paper reviews contemporary plural policing developments in England and Wales with a focus on the local policing of public spaces. Based on a review of the existing research literature, it sets out developments in pluralization along some of the dimensions of plural policing elucidated by Loader (2000), namely, policing ‘by’, ‘through’, ‘beyond’ and ‘below’ government. This analysis suggests that policing in England and Wales has continued to become more pluralized during the 1990s and 2000s, with significant developments in policing ‘beyond’ government (commercial security) and ‘through’ government (out-sourcing of public policing functions). However, the austerity programme introduced by the Coalition Government since 2010 has seen a slowing of these developments, with an increased emphasis on pluralization ‘below’ government (informal voluntary or community-delivered policing). The paper goes on to consider the regulation and accountability of plural policing, and consider the impact of the introduction of elected Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs). It suggests that whilst PCCs have yet to develop as an effective oversight of plural policing networks in local areas, the reforms may eventually contribute to further fragmentation and pluralization of the policing landscape in England and Wales.
Ethnic Minority Recruitment and Policing Ethnically Diverse Neighbourhoods in Germany
Authors: Hunold Daniela 
Published: August 2022

Ethnic Minority Recruitment and Policing Ethnically Diverse Neighbourhoods in Germany
The purpose of the article is to discuss how ethnic minority recruitment could improve police-citizencontacts in socially disadvantaged neighborhoods in Germany. Therefore, research results concerning ethnic minority recruitment of German police forces as well as outcomes of an ethnographic study in one western German city focusing on police-juvenile relations in deprived neighborhoods are taken into account. The article details how the recruitment strategies of the German police prevent cultural diversity by targeting to the increase of police efficiency in ‘problematic’ neighborhoods using multicultural competences. In consequence, current recruitment strategies seem to result only in ethnic minority police officers that do not have these multicultural competences. The article further considers how socio-economic diversity and local experience could have a bigger positive impact on effective neighborhood policing than ethnic diversity. It concludes that these aspects should be taken into account for police recruitment and personnel strategies.
Problems of Framing and Implementing Multi-Ethnic Policing
Authors: Bredthauer Ruediger 
Published: August 2022

Problems of Framing and Implementing Multi-Ethnic Policing
Despite all efforts to implement multi-ethnic policing, the under-representation of migrants as police officers is still a reality. The present paper questions the process to shape and proliferate multi-ethnic policing as well as the resulting effects of the first European transnational document – which covers almost all aspects of related policing – in order to gain further insights into the possibly disturbing or stimulating factors of implementation. One factor identified is ‘framing’, whose potential relevance is briefly evaluated using some recent examples concerning migration and policing. For the sake of this article, framing may be defined very basically as a well-directed multidimensional attempt to persuade relevant audiences of one’s own interests and may prove to be important in all fields of strategic action of policing. The winning or losing in budgetary competitions provides or diminishes resources for all kinds of police tasks and especially those targets who are marked as ‘unnecessary’ in the face of budgetary cuts. This is especially true concerning the transfer of social and democratic values into the police. Therefore ‘framing’ is probably one of the most essential strategic instruments for decision makers in the police to achieve their relevant goals in a dominantly neoliberal and increasingly populist environment.
‘Moral’ versus ‘Risk-based’ Policing of Cybercrime
Authors: Algarni Abdullah Faze 
Published: August 2022

‘Moral’ versus ‘Risk-based’ Policing of Cybercrime: Insights from Police Response to Internet Fraud in Saudi Arabia’s Capital City, Riyadh
This paper contributes to current debates on the policing of Internet fraud by introducing the Saudi Arabian experience. Drawing on field research in the capital city, Riyadh, it explores how this new aspect of policing activity fits in with not only the existing organisational practices, but also the occupational and individual concerns of frontline officers. Moreover, the article considers the implications of the Saudi culture, social norms, and values for police responses to Internet fraud. It is argued that the policing of Internet fraud in Saudi Arabia, and the extent to which it fits with contemporary debates on risk-based policing of cybercrime, can only be understood by examining how new policing modes and cultural traditions merge and integrate to shape police response to this novel criminal phenomenon.