bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of US Remote Sensing Regulatory Reform on Canada
Authors: Kerkonian Aram Daniel 
Published: March 2022

This article considers the manner in which Canada may choose to reform its regulatory framework related to remote sensing space activities. The article begins by presenting a brief historical perspective on the role and utility of remote sensing space activities as well as Canada’s contributions and particular expertise and reliance on such technology. The article then illustrates the various legal elements related to regulating remote sensing activities in Canada (focusing specifically on the international, bilateral and domestic foundations of such regulation) before shifting to an investigation of the steps already made to address the reformation of Canada’s regulatory framework. The article then highlights the recent US reforms to its own domestic remote sensing regulatory framework and illustrates the consequences of such changes for Canada. The article then provides a number of options on how Canada may proceed with its own reform agenda and culminates by highlighting a few areas requiring further research. This article helps explain the underlying rationale of Canadian space policy related to remote sensing and how changes to the legal framework related to remote sensing are both necessary and beneficial.
Canadian space law, space policy, remote sensing, national security, commercial development
International Air Cargo in Time of Crisis: Global Challenges and Modal Shift Provide Transformational Opportunity in Commerce and Law
Authors: Leloudas George , Soffin Daniel B. 
Published: March 2022

The current pandemic has elevated the critical need for a dependable, resilient, air cargo supply chain to the forefront of commercial and legal discussion. Throughout its history, air cargo has evolved in parallel with other unimodal means of cargo transport into a global multimodal transport paradigm. The unimodal legal regimes governing individual modes of cargo transport have not kept pace with the growth and development of global cargo transport and its associated legal issues. The unimodal regimes do not adequately reflect the relational, commercial, and operational realities of the contemporary global multimodal supply chain. The authors identify key changes in air cargo and multimodal supply chain logistics and relationships, and discuss the resulting contemporary legal issues that have emerged and must be addressed. The authors advocate that a multimodal cargo transport regime is needed to reflect these current realities and to accommodate future multimodal evolution. At a minimum, update and integration of the Warsaw, Montreal, and CMR conventions is indicated. The authors emphasize the essential need for continued integration of new technologies and complete digitalization of the air cargo supply chain in order adequately to prepare for the global multimodal cargo transport paradigm of tomorrow.
aviation, air cargo, CMR, Warsaw Convention, Montreal Convention, unimodal, multimodal, global multimodal supply chain, digitalization, technology
Flying High for AI? Perspectives on EASA’s Roadmap for AI in Aviation
Authors: Emanuilov Ivo , Dheu Orian 
Published: March 2022

In early 2020, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) published its long anticipated ‘Roadmap for Artificial Intelligence in Aviation’. This document builds upon previous European initiatives such as the High-Level Expert Group’s Ethical Guidelines on artificial intelligence (‘AI’), where the concept of ‘trustworthiness’ is embedded as a key pillar and a pre-requisite for developing and deploying AI technologies. The roadmap assesses the associated ethical, safety and regulatory challenges that may arise from the deployment and use of AI applications in aviation. This article provides an overview of the main takeaways, strengths and weaknesses of this roadmap. It critically analyses the main challenges of AI-driven technologies throughout the entire aviation domain. The article argues the roadmap would benefit from considering new regulatory tools and processes, such as regulatory sandboxing and AI-driven certification, and contends any efforts for standardization of AI in aviation must be reconciled with existing standardization of automation and that this may not always be a straightforward process as far as interoperability is concerned. Finally, the article argues that further exploration of the identification and allocation of liability will be indispensable in fostering increased levels of trust in AI-enabled aviation.
AI, Innovation, Regulation, Aviation, Autonomous Systems, Regulatory Sandboxing
The Lunar Legal Landscape: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Sundahl Mark J. , Masson-Zwaan Tanja 
Published: March 2022

This article provides an overview of the current legal landscape for lunar missions and summarizes various initiatives and developments at both the national and international level that complement the existing regulatory framework in this field. The authors tie all these elements together in an effort to give an outlook on the prospects for a sustainable lunar legal landscape in a realistic format and timeline.
Space law, space policy, lunar exploration, space resources, UNCOPUOS
Aerial Cabotage Revisited: From Exclusion to Internationally Recognized Practice
Authors: Vladislav Donakanian , Ekaterina Samorodova , Ivanov Dmitry 
Published: March 2022

Current practices allow the grant of cabotage rights to foreign carriers on an exclusive basis. However, the legality of such practices is controversial, since the provisions of Article 7 of the Chicago Convention appear to prohibit such a grant on an exclusive basis. The present article examines the doctrinal views pertaining to the interpretation of the provisions of the Chicago Convention concerning cabotage, as well as State practice. This article is designed to demonstrate that Article 7 of the Chicago Convention is virtually ignored by States and regional organizations. Therefore, we assert that, on the basis of State practice, a new norm of international law is emerging, pursuant to which States grant cabotage rights on an exclusive basis.
Cabotage, Traffic Rights, Freedoms of the Air, Domestic Air Traffic, International Air Law, Chicago Convention
Airline-Imposed Vaccination Requirement for Air Travel: Considerations from a German Perspective
Authors: Vogler Ralf 
Published: March 2022

Since the start of vaccination against Covid-19 there is an ongoing debate on privileges for people that achieved immunity either by vaccination or a recovery from Covid itself. With the beginning of the vaccination process, airlines and their associations have been addressing the need of immunity passes for travel. Linking the possibility to travel with receiving a vaccination beforehand could be considered a forced vaccination through the back door of private business. This article aims to shed light on the specific scenario the aviation industry is facing from a legal perspective. Despite its focus on German and European law in particular, most of the considerations will be applicable in other jurisdictions as well. It becomes obvious that a contractual requirement to receive a vaccination before being allowed to fly is resulting in a variety of concerns from competition and anti-discrimination law perspectives to moral considerations of contracting. Virtually all aspects discussed in this article relate back to the fundamental rights position of travellers and airlines. By weighing the rights affected, it is concluded to be legal for airlines to require their passengers to receive a vaccination against Covid-19.
air travel, revival strategies, covid, fundamental rights, vaccination
Regulatory Context of Conflicting Uses of Outer Space: Astronomy and Satellite Constellations
Authors: Rotola Giuliana , Rotola Giuliana , Williams Andrew , Williams Andrew 
Published: March 2022

The freedom of access to outer space has resulted in an exponential increase of objects located in Earth’s orbits. In the coming decade, up to 100,000 satellites in large constellations could be added to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) alone. These new activities require coordination with preexisting ones and consideration of the balance between the different interests at stake. This article addresses satellite constellations’ impact on astronomy and explores solutions to ensure that the development of both are coordinated and harmful interference is minimized. The research analyses former and recent international collaboration efforts to protect astronomy. The authors examine the international legal framework, evaluating the opportunity to consider astronomical observations as space activities, even when ground-based, and present the regulatory consequences of this interpretation, proposing the provision of information to the UN of the aforementioned activities through the mechanism of Article XI Outer Space Treaty (OST) and the protection of such activities through the consultation mechanisms of Article IX OST. Through the combined use of these articles and in compliance with the rules provided for by international space law, it should be possible to protect astronomy by coordinating with legitimate satellite constellations operations.
Satellite Constellations, Astronomy, Space Law, Due Regard, Coordination, Consultation, Notification
The EU–UK Competition and State Aid Regulatory Environment for Airlines: Post-Brexit, Post-Transition
Authors: Truxal Steven 
Published: March 2022

Following the United Kingdom’s departure from the European Union and the transition period that followed, the UK and EU have embarked upon a journey to form a new relationship. With the entry into force of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) in May 2021, now is an opportune moment to consider what has been achieved and what is yet to come in the areas of competition (antitrust rules and merger control) and State aid. This article examines the current state of play in these important areas for ongoing and future international cross-border activity, in which international airlines play a central role. It identifies and reflects on the key ‘moving parts’ in this unchartered EU–UK regulatory environment: law reform, the competition authority’s role and future regulatory cooperation.
Antitrust, Merger, State aid, Subsidy, Brexit
Air Passenger Rights in the UK Post-Brexit: The Position so Far
Authors: Lawson Robert 
Published: March 2022

This article summarizes air passenger rights in the UK post-Brexit, the status of European Union (EU) law that has been retained by the UK and how it is to be interpreted. It concludes that in practical terms there is little material change to date. Further, divergence is unlikely due to a combination of the statutory scheme adopted by the UK in respect of the implementation of Brexit and the terms of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) made with the EU – unless and until the EU departs significantly from what its law provided as at Brexit in relation to air passenger rights.
Air Passenger Rights, Brexit, UK, Status, Interpretation
ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE RELATIONSHIPS TO THE ATTITUDE OF HOUSEWIVES TO MAINTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANLINESS
Authors: Azizah Lilik Nur 
Published: March 2022

This research aims to determine the relationship between environmental knowledge and the attitude of housewives in Rusunawa Buring 1, Malang City, toward environmental cleanliness. This research is quantitative research with a survey approach. The population in this study were all housewives in Rusunawa Buring 1 Malang City with a total of 326 people. The sample in this study were 77 housewives obtained through the Slovin formula. Sampling technique using random sampling technique to housewives both working and not working. The data collection technique used a test consisting of 22 questions for the X variable and a questionnaire consisting of 20 questions for the Y variable. The findings reveal that there is a significant influence of the influence of knowledge about the environment on the attitude of housewives in maintaining environmental cleanliness.

Keywords: Environmental Knowledge, Housewives Attitude, Environmental Cleanliness,
STRATEGIES TO CHANGE STUDENTS' NEGATIVE PERCEPTIONS ABOUT GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING TEACHER
Authors: Islahuddin Muhammad 
Published: March 2022

The study aims to change students' negative perceptions of teacher guidance and counseling. This research method uses this literature review by looking for relevant literature that is done using databases such as Google Scholar. The findings of the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) study are that there are various strategies on the implementation of guidance and counseling programs in schools, the role of guidance and counseling teachers and collaboration between other parties related to the implementation of guidance and counseling programs in an effort to achieve the goals of comprehensive guidance and counseling itself. In the implementation of guidance and counseling programs there is optimal system support in the implementation of guidance and counseling programs because as an optimization on guidance and counseling program services provided to students.

Keywords: Guidance and Counseling, Negative Perception, Comprehensive Guidance and Counseling
Defending the Free Market: The Moral Case for a Free Economy
Authors: Rios de Rodriguez Carroll 
Published: March 2022

¿Otra oda a las maravillas del capitalismo?, pensará el lector alver la carátula del libro. La mayoría de abogados de los mercadoslibres señalan los resultados del sistema, en lugar de construirargumentos éticos. Debe ser porque, objetivamente, los mercadossin intervención funcionan mejor que los mercados intervenidos.
Mediciones como el Índice de la Libertad Económica de la Funda-ción Heritage y The Wall Street Journal, por ejemplo, evidencian
las ventajas con que cuentan los habitantes de las sociedadesabiertas, desde un ingreso per cápita elevado hasta una calidadde ambiente y servicios eficaces. Pero esa línea de defensa esutilitaria: el capitalismo funciona. De allí que sea perfectamente
válido pretender ilustrarnos sobre la superioridad moral del sis-tema, incluso sabiendo que ya antes, académicos de la talla de
Leonard Read, Wilhelm Röpke, Michael Novak, Rafael Termes,Peter Berger y otros más redactaron valiosísimos tomos movidospor la misma ambición.
LA TASA DE INTERÉS Y EL SENTIDO TEOLÓGICO DEL TIEMPO: REFLEXIONES
Authors: W. Méndez Guillermo 
Published: March 2022

En este trabajo, nos proponemos revisar el concepto de tasa de interés, tomando en cuenta un factor poco aludido, la idea del tiempo. Pre­tendemos señalar que la idea que se tiene del tiempo es determinante para establecer la noción del interés. En un segundo momento, hablaremos de la idea de los reformadores acerca del dinero y del tiempo.
Finalmente, culminaremos con lo que Eugene von Böhm-Bawerk estimó que había sido la contribución más importante a la idea del interés por parte de los reformadores. El artículo no se propone hacer una contribución nueva en el área de la economía, pero es un asunto no trivial determinar qué idea del tiempo hizo posible la noción del interés y a eso volcamos ahora nuestra atención.
Isolation of Cellulolytic Fungi from Rice Husk
Authors: O. Jesubunmi Christianah , O. Chinenye Precious , C. Chigbu Charles , O. Okechim Joy 
Published: March 2022

Aim: To isolate cellulose degrading fungi from rice husk.
Study Design: The experiment was carried out under aseptic condition in 3 replicates.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Programme, Clifford University, Ihie Campus, Owerrinta, Abia State, Nigeria, between May 2021 to August 2021.
Methodology: Rice husk from a rice mill was collected and kept until visible microbial growth was noticed. The organisms were isolated, characterized and screened for enzyme activities.
Results: Cellulolytic organisms were isolated from rice husk, an agricultural by-product of rice milling. The isolates were identified as Penicillium and Aspergillus species. The two fungal isolates were screened for enzyme activity using 0.5 ml Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as carbon source, the highest cellulase activity of 0.448 µg/ml/min was recorded for Aspergillus sp. at 48 hours while Penicillium sp, had enzyme activity of 0.388 µg/ml/min at day 1.
Conclusion: The result of this study shows that Aspergillus and Penicillium spp were isolated from rice husk and were able to secrete the enzyme cellulase which is a very important enzyme in so many industries and also very expensive. Thus isolating organism that can secrete this enzyme is an added advantage to many industries.
Symbiosis of Urban Agglomeration vs. Natures Deterioration with Anthropocene; Odisha
Authors: Mishra Saswat , Sandeep M. , Jaiswal Sunny , Mishra Siba Prasad 
Published: March 2022

Bhubaneswar, the city set up with Anthropocene; is suffering from forest losses, UHI upshot after the golden spike period (1980 onwards). It is associated with environmental, ecological and social challenges with population/economic growth. The symbiosis of urban agglomeration vs. natures deterioration is well felt from fag end of 20th century. Re-greening of Bhubaneswar smart city with involvement of about 1100K stakeholders in 2021 from about 15k in 1950. The research uses the remote sensing big data through GIS technology and using ERDAS software to construct the land use and land cover (LULC) change maps of the study years 1990, 2000, and 2020. The NDVI for the year 2000 and 2020 along with the land surface temperature on winter and summer days are calculated. There is abrupt changes in built up and afforestation areas at the cost of barren land and water bodies. Reconstruction of green corridor along with building the smart city urges for vertical expansion of the city along with zero slum with uncontrolled migration and population rise.
Growth and Development of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as Influenced by Different Levels and Timing of Phosphogypsum Nutrition
Authors: Vaishnav Sheri , Ananda M. R. , Vikramarjun Madam , Kommireddy Poojitha 
Published: March 2022

Aims: A field experiment entitled “Growth and development of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as influenced by different levels and timing of phosphogypsum nutrition” was planned to ascertain the role of phosphogypsum an industrial by product in promoting growth of groundnut.
Study Design: Experiment was carried out at Agronomy field unit, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, during kharif 2019. Experiment was planned with eleven treatments of which eight received sulphur through phosphogypsum at different levels (50, 75, 100 and 125 kg S eq ha-1) as basal and split (30 DAS) and one through gypsum (500 kg ha-1) as basal. Whereas, other two treatments with NPK and NK alone are included for comparison. Design of the experiment is RCBD with eleven treatments replicated thrice.
Results: Among different treatments, application of phosphogypsum 125 kg S eq ha-1 in split recorded highest growth parameters like plant height (42.49 cm), leaf area (1137 cm2 plant-1), dry matter per plant (29.30 g) and number of branches plant‑1 (8.62). Whereas, application of phosphogypsum 100 kg S eq ha‑1 in split found on par with 125 kg with respect to all growth parameters. While lowest values of all the parameters were noticed in treatment receiving N and K fertilizer alone.
Early Growth Dynamics of Selected Accessions of Garcinia indica (Choisy) in Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka
Authors: Mujadadi N. , Fakrudin B. , Jayashree U. , Honnabyraiah M. K. , Swamy G. S. K. , Vasudeva K. R. , Pappireddy M. 
Published: March 2022

A set of 60 accessions of Garcinia indica (Choisy), comprised of two to five years old, established as part of ex-situ field gene bank at the College of Horticulture, Bengaluru were evaluated for growth and development related characters over two consecutive years, 2019-20 and 2020-21. A set of 11 growth traits significantly varied in their relative per cent increase over successive years. Among all the growth parameters, tree volume recorded a maximum per cent increase of 186.56 per cent. The extent of variation as measured by range for different traits varied- plant height: 176.24cm to 350.44cm; number of branches: 22 to 42.24; length of branch 6.00 cm to 168.00cm; number of leaves: 59.00 to 80.00; stem girth: 11.28 cm to 35.17cm; canopy spread (East-West): 116.15cm to 267.33cm; canopy spread (North-South): 135.00 cm to 276.00 cm; and tree volume: 1.68m3 to 13.91m3. Plant height was 150cm in 2019 and 220cm in 2020 in GI_SIR7; 210cm -290cm in GI_DAN2, 320cm-380cm in GI_YAN4 and 330-410 in GI_KAN3, respectively in two, three, four and five-year-old age groups. The traits such as number of branches, length of the branch, number of leaves, stem girth, canopy spread East-West and tree volume increased gradually over two years of study. The results have significance in per se establishment of the species in non-traditional areas such as this agro-climatic zone.
Working hours, on-call shifts, and risk of occupational injuries among hospital physicians: A case-crossover study
Authors: Ropponen Annina , Koskinen Aki , Puttonen Sampsa , Ervasti Jenni , Kivimäki Mika , Oksanen Tuula , Härmä Mikko , Karhula Kati 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the association of hospital physicians’ working hours and on-call shifts with the risk of occupational injuries.

Methods
In this nested cohort study of 556 Finnish hospital physicians, we linked electronic records from working-hour and on-call duty payroll data to occupational injury data obtained from the Finnish Workers’ Compensation Center for the period 2005–2019. We used a case-crossover design with matched intervals for a 7-day ‘case window’ immediately prior to occupational injury and a ‘control window’ 7 days prior to the beginning of the case window, and analyzed their associations using conditional logistic regression models.

Results
We noted 556 occupational injuries, 281 at the workplace and 275 while commuting. Having three to four long (&gt;12 h) work shifts on the preceding 7 days was associated with a higher probability of an occupational injury (odds ratio [OR] 2.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11, 4.09), and the OR for three to four on-call shifts was 3.54 (95%CI 2.11, 5.92) in comparison to having none of these work shift types. A higher number of several consecutive working days was associated with a higher probability of injury in a dose-response manner. Moreover, increasing weekly working hours was associated with an increased likelihood of injury (OR 1.03, 95%CI 1.01, 1.04), whereas the number of normal (≤12 h) work shifts reduced this likelihood (OR 0.79, 95%CI 0.64, 0.98).

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that accumulated working-hour load, as opposed to single, very long (&gt;24 h) work shifts, may increase the risk of occupational injury among hospital physicians.