bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Our Ancestors the Ancient Britons’, 1540–1620
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the defence and reaffirmation of ancient British origins and their refashioning as instruments for legitimizing both religious and dynastic change in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Particular attention is given, first, to the defence of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History by the Welsh Renaissance scholars Sir John Prise and Humphrey Llwyd, and, second, to Bishop Richard Davies’s preface to the 1567 Welsh translation of the New Testament, which portrayed early British and Welsh Christianity as independent of the papacy in order to argue that the Protestant Reformation was a restoration of the Church’s pristine purity. In countering Polydore Vergil’s scepticism about Geoffrey’s account of ancient British history, Welsh scholars addressed themselves in Latin to a learned readership, especially outside Wales, and sought to demonstrate the merits of the British History related by Geoffrey and its relevance for Britain as a whole. In engaging with debates about the reliability of sources Prise and Llwyd laid particular emphasis on the importance of the Welsh language as authentic testimony to British antiquity, while in adapting the historical arguments of English Protestant apologists Davies privileged the Welsh on account of their being the direct descendants of the Britons, enjoying a special claim on the inheritance of the Britons’ apostolic Christianity.
From Druids to the Last Bard, 1707–70
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses writing on Welsh history in the early and middle decades of the eighteenth century. It begins by outlining some of the new contexts in which this writing was produced, including a growth in print culture facilitated by increasing literacy and the foundation of Welsh societies in London such as the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion (1751). Second, it assesses the significance of two works, both composed by Anglican clergymen from Welsh gentry families, that gave fresh impetus to the quest for distant origins. One was Henry Rowlands’s Mona Antiqua Restaurata (first edition 1723), an account of the history and antiquities of Anglesey that portrayed the island as the principal seat of the Druids. The other was Theophilus Evans’s Drych y Prif Oesoedd (‘Mirror of the Primitive Ages’; first edition 1716), which traced the history of the Welsh from their alleged origins as descendants of Noah’s grandson Gomer to the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282 and gave an account of the early history of Christianity in Britain intended to demonstrate its conformity with the apostolic Church before its eventual corruption by Roman Catholicism. The third part of the chapter focuses mainly on the treatment of the Welsh past in mid-eighteenth-century editions of medieval poetry and poems on historical themes, notably by another Welsh Anglican cleric, Evan Evans (1731–88), which reflected the influence of Romantic Celticism in its privileging of the Welsh bards as sources for the authentic history of Britain.
Cultural Revival and Romantic History
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores what the multiple worlds inhabited by the Anglican clergyman Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc; 1787–1848) reveal about the variety of Welsh history writing, in both Welsh and English, between c.1820 and his death in 1848. The first part assesses the contexts in which this writing was produced, especially developments in print culture and the establishment of new ‘Cambrian societies’ in Wales dedicated to the promotion of the Welsh language and culture, especially through holding eisteddfodau. The second part examines a range of works by authors other than Price. These include J. H. Parry’s collection of biographies, The Cambrian Plutarch, and John Jones’s acerbic The History of Wales, both published in 1824, and a history of Anglesey by the antiquary Angharad Llwyd (1833). The third part assesses the significance of Price’s Hanes Cymru (‘History of Wales’), published in instalments 1836–42. Although conventionally devoting the bulk of his coverage to the origins of the Welsh and their history down to the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282, Price wrote a longer history of Wales than his predecessors mainly by deploying a wider range both of Welsh-language chronicles and of Welsh poetry and other literary texts than they had done. His work was also notable for its patriotic tone, as Price praised the exceptional achievements of the Welsh, especially their preservation of the Welsh language, and endowed them with European significance by asserting that Wales was the source of European chivalry.
Consolidation and Reappraisal, 1920–60
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses efforts from the 1920s to 1950s both to professionalize the study and writing of Welsh history and to make it more accessible. It begins by outlining the main institutional developments that helped to sustain Welsh history writing, both within and beyond the University of Wales, and introduces some of the academic historians who helped to shape the field. There follows an assessment of historical writing framed largely in terms of political and ecclesiastical developments, including R. T. Jenkins’s account of eighteenth-century Wales. The rest of the chapter focuses on two new approaches that prioritized the study of society and the economy. First, it analyses interpretations of the Welsh past by the ‘Aberystwyth school’ of physical anthropologists and human geographers associated with H. J. Fleure (1877–1969), including E. G. Bowen’s emphasis on human agency in the making of landscapes and Iorwerth Peate’s concept of Welsh folk culture. Second, it assesses the economic turn in the study of Welsh history in all periods exemplified by works such as William Rees’s South Wales and the March 1284–1415 (1924), A. H. Dodd’s The Industrial Revolution in North Wales (1933), and Ben Bowen Thomas’s wide-ranging synthesis of economic and social developments from the Neolithic to the early twentieth century published in Welsh in 1941.
A New Player in the Game: Changing Electoral Competition in Germany
Authors: Wagner Aiko , Lichteblau Josephine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter asks how electoral competition changed from 2013 to 2017 in East and West Germany. Following Sartori’s understanding of party systems as systems of interactions resulting from inter-party competition, it focuses on the content-related properties of the German party system. Combining data from the GLES 2013 and 2017 voter and candidate surveys, it investigates, first, the extent of electoral competition in terms of overlapping electoral support of party pairs and, second, how the establishment of the AfD changed the substantial structure underlying electoral competition in East and West Germany. Findings suggest that electoral competition in Germany is best described as three-dimensional. Whereas regional differences result from different voter preferences regarding policy issues, temporal differences are essentially the result of the changing relevance of the socio-economic and socio-cultural issue dimensions but also a newly emerged populist–pluralist divide.
Changing Crises, Changing Votes? Problem Priorities, Party Competence, and Electoral Behavior in Germany, 2009–2017
Authors: Kratz Agatha , Preißinger Maria , Schoen Harald 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In Germany, the occurrence of several successive crises between 2008 and 2017—the economic and financial crisis, the Euro crisis, and the refugee crisis—went hand in hand with high electoral volatility. The chapter examines if these phenomena were related. An event-driven vote model suggests a causal chain connecting crises to vote switching through changes in individual problem priorities and party competence attributions. Using data from panel surveys, it is demonstrated that this chain was actually weaker than the event-driven vote model suggests. Problem priorities and party competence attributions were not purely event-driven but rather endogenous to political predispositions and policy preferences. Moreover, although changes in party competence attributions promoted vote switching, other influential factors limited their impact. In effect, the sequence of the three crises contributed to the high level of electoral volatility only moderately through changes in problem priorities and party competence attributions.
Media Biases and Voter Attitudes during the 2009, 2013, and 2017 Federal Election Campaigns
Authors: Schmitt-Beck Rüdiger , Staudt Alexander 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The chapter examines the persuasive effects of newspapers and TV news on voters’ evaluations of the parties and their candidates. Merging data from rolling cross-section voter surveys and media content analyses, the chapter demonstrates that voters’ electoral attitudes were responsive to the amount of news coverage devoted to the electoral competitors (coverage bias) as well as the tonality with which they were addressed (statement bias); that these effects came about not only directly through personal media exposure but also indirectly in response to overall media coverage conveyed to voters by means of interpersonal communication; that they pertained to TV news more clearly than to the press; and that they affected apartisan voters more strongly than those identifying with a party. During the three election campaigns, these media effects manifested themselves primarily in short-term fluctuations of voters’ electoral attitudes. Thus, in all likelihood, they did not affect the outcomes of the elections.
The Internal Market
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates the European Union's competence and substantive rules relating to the internal market. The internal market is defined as 'an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured in accordance with the provisions of the Treaties' (Article 26(2) TFEU). The functioning of the internal market is to be ensured in the sense that all practices impeding the establishment of the internal market are to be eliminated as far as possible. Before the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the EC Treaty referred in this connection to the establishment of a 'common market', without defining that notion. In 1986, the Single European Act supplemented the task of establishing and ensuring the common market with the aim of progressively establishing an 'internal market' by the end of 1992, defined as an 'area without internal frontiers'. At the same time, the EC Treaty still referred to the 'common market' as a frame of reference for the compatibility of activities assessed under the Treaty provisions on competition and State aid. The Lisbon Treaty has replaced the words 'common market' throughout by 'internal market', which leaves the internal market as the sole expression of the objective of market integration pursued by the Union.
The Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the European Union's competence and substantive rules relating to the area of freedom, security, and justice. The Lisbon Treaty has brought together, in Title V of Part Three of the TFEU, ('Area of freedom, security and justice') all competences of the Union in respect of visa, asylum, immigration, judicial cooperation in civil matters, and police cooperation and judicial cooperation in criminal matters. Through its policy in these fields, the Union legislature is to ensure an 'area of freedom, security and justice with respect for fundamental rights and the different legal systems and traditions of the Member States' (Article 67(1) TFEU). The cooperation between the Member States in the area of freedom, security, and justice is based on mutual trust, on the basis of which every Member State must assume, barring exceptional circumstances, that the other Member States respect Union law and fundamental rights. The chapter traces the steps by which the Member States have gradually agreed to have recourse to supranational decision-making in matters such as the entry and residence of third-country nationals, police cooperation, and judicial cooperation in civil and criminal matters.
External Action of the Union
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the external competences of the European Union. In Part V of the TFEU relating to 'external action by the Union', the Lisbon Treaty has brought together most of the external competences of the Union. Besides provisions on, inter alia, the common commercial policy, development cooperation, and cooperation with third countries and humanitarian aid (Articles 206 to 214 TFEU), Part V contains a legal basis for the adoption of restrictive measures against third countries and non-State entities (Article 215 TFEU) and a solidarity clause (Article 222 TFEU). However, the TFEU does not contain the provisions relating to the common foreign and security policy (CFSP), which are found in Chapter 2 of Title V of the TEU (Articles 23 to 46 TEU). The CFSP does not consist of a list of competences, but rather formulates aims and instruments with a view to pursuing a 'foreign policy' alongside and in conjunction with other external Union action. Moreover, the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC) has a general power to conclude international agreements within the confines of the competences conferred on it by the EAEC Treaty.
The Political Institutions of the Union
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the powers, composition, operation, and internal organization for each of the four 'political institutions' of the European Union: the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, and the European Commission. According to Article 14(1) TEU, the European Parliament exercises, jointly with the Council, legislative and budgetary functions and exercises, in addition, functions of political control and consultation as laid down in the Treaties. Moreover, the European Parliament may advise and adopt resolutions pertaining to societal issues. According to Article 15(1) TEU, the European Council's tasks remain to provide the Union with the necessary impetus for its development and to define the general political directions and priorities of the Union. Meanwhile, according to Article 16(1) TEU, the Council, jointly with the European Parliament, exercises legislative and budgetary functions and carries out policy-making and coordinating functions as laid down in the Treaties. Finally, Article 17(1) TEU unequivocally declares that the European Commission is the Union institution which promotes the general interest of the Union and takes appropriate initiatives to that end.
The Member States of the Union
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of the Member States as actors of the European Union. Within the field of action of the European Union, the national authorities remain continuously involved in the adoption, implementation, and enforcement of decisions, both within the institutions of the Union and through the exercise of their own functions. That applies to the parliamentary, executive, and judicial authorities of the Member States, both at national and sub-national level. The Union is to respect the 'fundamental structures, political and constitutional, inclusive of regional and local self-government' as part of the 'national identities' of the Member States (Article 4(2) TEU). In order to emphasize the multiple democratic foundations of the Union, the Treaties refer to the particular role of national parliaments, which 'contribute actively to the good functioning of the Union' (Article 12 TEU). Article 12 TEU specifies a number of ways in which national parliaments make that contribution, either through their participation in constituent decisions of the Union or through their involvement in the Union's decision-making and in the implementation of Union acts.
The Budgetary Procedures
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the budgetary procedures in the European Union. Under Article 314 TFEU, the draft budget is established by the Commission and then subject to one reading only by the Council and the European Parliament—the two branches of the Union's budgetary authority. Since the procedure for the adoption of the budget no longer distinguishes between compulsory and non-compulsory expenditure, the European Parliament thus has the final say—together with the Council—over all expenditure. However, the budget must remain within the limits of the multiannual financial framework. The Commission implements the budget in cooperation with the Member States on its own responsibility and within the limits of the appropriations, having regard to the principles of sound financial management. Other institutions and bodies may also engage in expenditure as authorized under the budget. The implementation of the budget is framed by the Financial Regulation and any other financial rules adopted by the European Parliament and the Council, acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure and after consulting the Court of Auditors, pursuant to Article 322 TFEU.
The Treaties: Primary Union Law
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on primary Union law, which consists of those provisions which were adopted directly by the Member States in their capacity as 'constituent authority', meaning in the first place the Union Treaties and the Treaties amending or supplementing them, including the Accession Treaties and the annexed Acts of Accession. Together with fundamental rights and the general principles of Union law, these Treaty provisions constitute the 'constitutional' provisions of Union law. This is because they serve as the legal basis for action on the part of the Union and unquestionably take precedence over the law of the Member States. Where Treaty provisions satisfy the test formulated by the Court of Justice for direct effect, they may as such confer rights on individuals. Primary Union law comes into being by mutual agreement between the Member States and may be amended only in accordance with the proper procedure.
Fundamental Rights and General Principles of Union Law
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses the fundamental rights and general principles of Union law. According to Article 19(1) TEU, the Court of Justice and the General Court ensure that 'in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed'. Recognition of 'the law' as a source of Union law has enabled the Court of Justice to have recourse to general principles in interpreting and applying Union law. Ever since 1969, it has been clear that 'fundamental human rights [are] enshrined in the general principles of [Union] law and protected by the Court'. Article 6(3) TEU still refers to the fundamental rights guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950 (ECHR) or resulting from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States as 'general principles of the Union's law'. However, since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the Union also 'recognizes' the rights, freedoms, and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Article 6(1) TEU), which has the same legal value as the Treaties. Hence, the Charter constitutes a source of primary Union law.
International Law
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the relationship between the European Union and international law. Article 218 TFEU lays down the procedure by which the Union concludes agreements with third countries or international organizations. Agreements concluded by the Union are binding on the Union institutions and on Member States (Article 216(2) TFEU). The provisions of such agreements form an integral part of the Union legal order from the moment they enter into force. This is in accordance with the 'monist' approach: agreements concluded by the Union form part of the Union legal order without there being any necessity to transpose them into internal provisions of Union law. Exceptionally, agreements not concluded by the Union but by the Member States also have binding force. This is so when the Union has assumed, under the Treaties, the competence previously exercised by the Member State in the field to which the agreement applies. This was the case with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). An agreement concluded by the Member States is also binding on the Union when the Treaties provide that the Union must exercise its competence in accordance therewith. Examples are provided by the Geneva Convention and the Protocol relating to the status of refugees and other relevant treaties, which are binding on the Union in the matter of asylum policy (Article 78(1) TFEU).
Questioning Ratification
Authors: Lenowitz Jeffrey A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets out the core question of the book—whether ratification should be a recommended component of the constitution-making process. First, it presents some key background concepts and terms. This involves defining a constitution, distinguishing between amending and making a new constitution, explaining democratic constitution-making and its stages, and presenting a comprehensive definition of ratification and its various types. Next, the chapter defines what is meant by a normative justification and why one is needed for ratification. This entails discussing ratification’s effects on the constitution-making process, its costs, and how the current literature on constitution-making leaves ratification unexamined. Finally, the remainder of the book is outlined.
The Unalienable Right of the Berkshire Constitutionalists
Authors: Lenowitz Jeffrey A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter develops the unique site justification, the argument that a ratification referendum should be implemented because it is the sole site through which the people, the constituent power, can materialize and create their constitution. This is the original argument made in favor of ratification by the Berkshire Constitutionalists, whose history was detailed in chapter 3. Here, their argument is carefully reconstructed from petitions, speeches, voting logs, and the relevant political philosophy dominant in Early America at the time. The chapter begins by arguing that the Constitutionalists generate their demand for a popularly created constitution by combining a form of social contractualism with a new understanding of constitutions. Next, it demonstrates how the Constitutionalists isolate constituent power to the post-drafting stage and define the right to ratify as unalienable, thereby making ratification both a necessity and only possible via a referendum. The chapter ends showing the revival of this argument in recent writings by Richard Tuck.