bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flea Beetle Control on Seedling Sweet Corn, 1979
Authors: Gerhardt Paul D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This trial was conducted at the University of Arizona, Mesa Branch Station, with a soil type of Laveen clay loam. Golden Bantam cross T-51 strain of sweet corn was planted in a single row per 40 inch wide moist bed on Aug 15. After the seedling corn was 6-8 inches tall it was irrigated. A complete randomized block design with 4 replicates was used. Plots were 4 beds wide, 13.2 ft and 30 ft long on 0.009 acres. Sprays were applied using a CO2 pressurized bak-pak sprayer with a D-3 tip, No. 25 core and 50 mesh screen. This operated at 55 psi applying 35 gallons of spray mixture per acre. Insect counts were made by examining 20 plants from the middle 2 rows of each plot for the presence of flea beetle adults. Two species of flea beetles were present, the desert corn flea beetle, Chaetocnemaectypa which was most numerous and the palestriped flea beetle, Systenablanda.
Colorado Potato Beetle Controll in Eggplant, 1980
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Special Hibush’ eggplant were seeded in the greenhouse Mar 5 ‘80 and transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field May 14. Single row plots were 12 ft long and 5 ft wide; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied in a 6 in band in the furrow; foliar treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted spray boom with drop nozzles on either side of the row and one nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 83 gal/A at 250 psi. Sprays were applied May 20, 28; Jun 2, 9, 12, 18, 23; Aug 1, 7, 14, 24, 29; Sep 4, 7, 14 and 22. Categories for the foliage injury ratings are as follows: 0) no feeding; 1) noticeable feeding, 10% defoliation; 2) moderate feeding, 25% defoliation; 3) heavy feeding, 50% defoliation; 4) severe feeding, 75% defoliation, buds and flowers destroyed; and 5) defoliation. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal. Mature fruit were harvested on Jul 30, Aug 5, Sep 8 and 23 and examined for percent damaged or scarred fruit caused by Colorado potato beetle feeding.
Foliar Sprays to Control the Tomato Fruitworm on Tomatoes, 1980
Authors: Linduska James J. , Hiddleson Loren M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Campbell 28 tomatoes were direct seeded in single row plots, 25 ft in length, on Jun 6 ‘80. Distance between rows was 6 ft. When plants were 2-3 inches tall they were thinned so as to provide clumps of 3 tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loam/ sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied Aug 21 and 26; Sep 2, 11, 17 and 24. In evaluating the various insecticidal treatments 50 green fruit and 50 ripe fruit/treatment/replication were examined for injury on Oct 2 ‘80. Yields were taken on Sep 25 and Oct 1 from a 20 ft section of row.
Synthetic Pyrethroid Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Potatoes, 1981
Authors: Powell Donnie M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted on Apr 22, in Ritzville silt loam soil (Mesic Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) pH 6.2 and organic matter 1.6% at Yakima, WA. The synthetic pyrethroid insecticides were applied with a 2-row, portable boom CO2 powered sprayer at 50 psi in 50 gal of water per acre to the foliage of potatoes on Jul 1 and Jul 22. Monitor was used as a standard treatment. There were no untreated check plots, because of the severe infestation of Colorado potato beetles (CPB) at the time of insecticide application. Each plot was 2 rows (34 inches) wide and 19 ft long. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The potato crop was sprinkler irrigated with 0.75 acre inch at 7 to 10 day intervals. The foliage on the 2 row plots was brushed with the hand to dislodge the insects and the number of dead and live CPB per sq m of soil surface per plot were counted on Jul 2 and Jul 23 (24 hrs post-treatment). The number of CPB adults and larvae on the plants in 15 row ft. (2 rows 7.5 ft) per plot were counted on Jul 2, 15, 22 and Jul 30 and Aug 7. The percent defoliation by CPB was estimated per plot on Jul 2 (starting point), Jul 15, and Jul 22, and Aug 4 and 7.
Foliar Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle Larvae, 1981
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Johnston Richard L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted on the J. Vanascek farm near East Grand Forks, MN., and the R. Keller farm near Crookston, MN., using ‘Kennebec’ and ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes respectively. Treatments were applied to single row plots, 30 ft long, with 36 inch row spacing using a hand-held, CO2 pressurized sprayer at 12 psi and 25 psi delivering 65 gal of water/acre. Experiments were in a randomized complete block with 3 replications on the Vanaseck farm and 4 replications on the Keller farm. Counts were made of 2nd-4th instar larvae on all plants until a total of ca ; 200 leaves were reached in each replication. These same plants were then counted post-treatment to determine control. Treatments; were applied to the entire plot. Counts were made prior to, 24 hr and 7 day post-treatment on the Vanascek farm and prior to and 24 hr post-treatment on the Keller farm.
Foliar Sprays for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1981
Authors: Sberrod D. W. , Francis J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Norchip’ Irish potatoes were planted with 10 inch spacing in 36 inch rows on Mar 4. Each plot consisted of a single, 25 ft long row bordered on each side by an untreated row. The treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5 gal knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer calibrated to deliver 75 gal/acre (40 psi) using a D. B. Smith #E-147 adjustable cone nozzle. Applications were made on May 29, Jun 8, 15, 22 and 29. Yields were taken on Jul 1. Evaluation criteria consisted of direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle larvae/10 hills and late season foliage injury ratings. Foliage injury ratings were on a scale of 0-5 as follows: 0) no damage; 1) slight feeding, less than 5% defoliation; 2) visible feeding with 5-10% defoliation; 3) moderate damage, 10-25% defoliation; 4) heavy damage, 25-50% defoliation; 5) severe damage, greater than 50% defoliation.
Foliar Sprays for Control of European Corn borer and Potato Tuberworm, 1981
Authors: Sherrod D. W. , Francis J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Red Lasoda’ Irish potatoes were planted 10 inches apart in 36 inch rows on Jul 28. Each plot consisted of a single row 25 ft long bordered on each side with an untreated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Foliar applications were made with a propane compressed air backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/row. The sprayers were calibrated to deliver 75 gal water/acre at ca 40-50 psi. Sprays were applied on Sep 8, 15, 21, 28 and Oct 13. Yields were taken on Nov 16. Evaluation criteria for insecticide efficacy Included counts of tuberworms mines/10 stems taken from 10 separate plants/plot and the number of vines with obvious European corn borer injury/10 hills.
Potato, Wireworm Control, Pasco, WA, 1980
Authors: Toba H. H. , Turner J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted in a grower’s solid-set, sprink Ier-irrigated field. The soil type was Ritzville silt loam (Calciorthidic HaploxerolIs), and the organic matter content was less than 0.5%. On Apr 2, 5 soil samples were taken at each of 10 sites to a depth of at least 18 inches with a posthole digger; 28 wireworms were found for an estimated density of 2.24 wireworms/ft2 . The test area consisted of 4 adjacent blocks of 4 different application methods: i preplant broadcast (BCST), at-plant sidedress (APSD), at-plant seed furrow (FURR), and post-emergence sidedress (PESD). Each plot’ measured 40 ft long and 4 rows wide (34 inch row spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times. On May 1, BCST applications were made: granular formulations with a hand-operated Cyclone grass seeder, and liquid formulations diluted in water to a volume of 1 qt with a hand-held, 2-row sprayer with a boom consisting of 4 TeeJet (No. AL80015) nozzles and applied at a rate of 24 gal/acre at a pressure of 30 psi. The plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 hr after application.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Direct Seeded Tomatoes with Systemic Insecticides, 1981
Authors: Linduska James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Campbell 28’ tomatoes were direct seeded with a Planet Jr. on May 27. Plots consisted of a single row of tomatoes 45 ft-long, buffered on each side by a guard row. Distance between rows was 6 ft. When plants were 2-3 inches tall they were thinned so as to provide clumps of 3 tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All treatments were applied with a single spout electric drive Gandy (Model 901-2) in a 20 inch band or in a furrow at planting time. Band treatments were incorporated approximately 2 inches deep with rolling cultivators. Furrow treatments were applied 2 inches below and 2 inches to the side of the seed furrow. Soil temp at the 4 inch depth at the time of treatment was 70°F. Soil was classified as a Norfolk “A” loamy sand.
Insect Control on Tomatoes in Florida, 1980
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Flora-Dade’ transplants were set Sep 9, 18 inches apart on 2.5 ft wide by 8 inch high beds of Myakka fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 trellised plants and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied Oct 7, 14, 21, 28; Nov 5, 14, 21, 15; Dec 2, 9, 17 and 23 with a 2.5 gal hand-held CO2 powered sprayer which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 125-200 gal/acre (gallonage was increased as the plants grew). On Nov 12, 450 H. zea eggs 1-3 days old were sprayed on each plant in a 1% agar solution. The number and weight of undamaged friut and number of fruit damaged by larvae of the southern armyworm and tomato fruitworm were totaled over harvests taken on Nov 25; Dec 2, 9, and 16. On Dec 30, plants were cut and shaken and the number of dislodged larvae of the cabbage looper and southern armyworm counted.
Alfalfa, Third Cutting Pea Aphid Control, Missouri, 1981
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Spurgeon D. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test area was part of an established 8 acre alfalfa field. Test compounds were applied on Aug 26 to third cutting alfalfa and evaluations made at 24 hr. Finished sprays were applied to 40 ft x 50 ft plots at 12 gpa and 40 psi. materials were applied with an IH cub tractor rigged with a 20 ft spray boom, FS-4 nozzles, 50 mesh filter screens, and a PTO roller pump. Temperature at time of treatment was 75°F and alfalfa was ca 10 inches tall. Efficacy evaluation was made by sub-sampling plots with 10 sweep samples per plot. Each sweep of a 15 inch net was 180° while moving briskly forward. Each treatment was replicated 4 times.
Alfalfa Insect Control, Iowa 1981
Authors: Buntin G. David , Higgins Randall , Quisenberry Sharron , Pedigo Larry P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated in a 3-yr old alfalfa stand at Ankeny, IA. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots measured 20 x 40 ft. Insecticides were applied on May 6 at a rate of 27 gal/acre at 26 psi with a CO2-powered bicycle sprayer equipped with SS8003 flat-fan nozzles. Insects were sampled by taking 10 pendulum-sweeps in one quarter of each plot with a standard 15 inch sweep-net. Plots were sampled 1 day pre-treatment and 2, 7, and 14 days post-treatment. Insecticide phytotoxicity was evaluated 7 days post-treatment by assigning each plot a value of 0 to 5, with 0 = no symptoms and 5 = foliage death.
Second Cutting Alfalfa Insect Control Study, 1980
Authors: Cuperus Gerrit W. , Radcliffe Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied Jul 9-10, to 4th year alfalfa in 50 x 27 ft plots in a randomized block design with 4 repl ications. Treatments were appl ied with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer at the rate of 27 gal/acre at 100 psi. Insect populations were sampled 4 times with a sweep net 925 pendulum sweeps/plot).
Fall Armyworm Control in Late Planted Corn, 1980
Authors: Heliman John L. , Curtis William , Hochmuth Robert , Frishman Maria , Levesque Kevin , Bassow Fern 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted in a no-till field planted Jul 2 in 38 inch rows after wheat. At time of treatment, the corn averaged 3 ft (mid whorl stage) and damage was heavy with 0.5-2 larvae/plant. Treatment plots were 4 ft x 15 ft rows for foliar sprays and 2 ft x 15 ft rows for granular treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were made on Aug 6. Sprays were applied with a back pack CO2, boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 40 gpa at 32 psi. Granular treatments were applied by hand shaker cans over the whorl. Post-treatment counts of larvae were made on 10 plants selected at random from the center 2 rows of each plot Jul 7.
Insecticidal Control of the Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1981
Authors: Mullins Walton , Gallaher Martin L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Delcot 311 variety was planted on May 29 on the Lee Farm of the University of Missouri Delta Research and Extension Center, PortageviIle, MO. Plots were 8 rows x 50 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied with a Hahn high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 5 gal per acre (total volume), 4 mph, 40 psi and 1 nozzle per row. Aldicarb was applied on Jul 2 at a rate of 2 lb ai/acre to reduce beneficial populations. Applications for Heliothis spp. control were made on August 10, 18 and 25 on an “as needed” basis. Plots were examined 3-4 days following treatment to determine Helioth is spp. damaged squares and bolls per 100 sampled and the number of larvae per 100 bolls and 100 squares (center 4 rows sampled). Yields were estimated by machine picking the center 4 rows of each plot on Oct 31.
Evaluation of Pay-Off for Control of Pink Bollworm, 1981
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Mullis C. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Various treatments of Pay-Off were compared with 2 other materials (Pydrin and Ambush) for control of pink bollworm at the Yuma Experiment Station. Cotton seed was planted on 40 inch beds (plant 4 skip 2 rows). Plots were 4 row x 50 ft with 6 ft alleys between plots in row. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied a 2 row small plot sprayer at 20 gpa and 40 psi (with a CO2 pressurized system). A total of 10 applications were made during the season: Jun 22; Jul 2, 10, 15, 23; Aug 7, 14, 21, 26; Sep 4. Pressure by the pink bollworm was heavy throughout the season. Data relative to the carmine spider mite occurrence is shown in a second table.
Contact Toxicity of Insecticides Against the Whitebacked Planthopper, 1981
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Basilio R. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four replications of 20 three-day-old adult females were treated in a Potter’s spray tower. Insecticides were applied as 0.075% sprays. Based on the surface area of the petri dishes in which the insects were treated the rate was equivalent to 0.75 kg ai/ha. After treatment, insects wee placed into a 500 ml beaker containing 10-day-old rice seedlings. Mortality was recorded at 1, 4, 24 and 48 hr after treatment (HT). M-9918, dioxacarb, M-10604, methidathion and UC-27867 were effective at 48 HT ( 80% control). M-9918 and dioxacarb treatments had the most rapid knockdown causing 98% mortality at 1 HT.
Corn Earworm Control on Sorghum Grain Heads, 1981
Authors: Gardner Wayne A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Funk’s G522DR was planted in Cecil loamy clay soil by conventional tillage methods on Jun 23 in Pike Co., GA. Plots were 6.1 m x 3 rows with a row spacing of 91 cm and were separated by 2 untreated rows and 1 m alleys, sprays were applied with compressed-air sprayers calibrated to deliver 375 liters/ha at 2.1 kg/cm2. The single application was made on Sep 16 when grain was in the soft dough stage. Spray was directed to opposite sides of heads to insure thorough coverage. Larvae densities were estimated on each sampling date by counting larvae collected by shaking 10 randomly selected heads from each plot into a bucket. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB experimental design.
Planting Time Applications of Insecticides for Control of Chinch Bugs on Grain Sorghum, 1980
Authors: Kindler S. D. , Staples R. , Cobia L. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide granules were applied either in the furrow slightly below the seed or in a 6 inch band in front of the planter press wheel. In test 1, planted with the hybrid Asgrow Bug Off on May 31 immediately adjacent to a field of wheat heavily infested with chinch bugs, treatments were replicated 3 times in a complete randomized block design. Each plot was 4 rows wide and 30 ft long. The Baygon spray was applied at 20 gal/cre in 7 inch bands over the rows and was raked in after application. On Jun 22 chinch bugs were counted on 15 plants in each plots in which plants were still alive. Plant survival in each plot was determined on Jun 22 and Jul 20. In test 2, planted with the hybrid Acco GR-1089 on May 30, treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. Each plot was a single row 20 ft long. Two inches of rain fell on May 31 and 1 inch on Jun 2. The plos were artificially and uniformly infested with a large indefinite number of chinch bugs on Jun 27 and again on Jun 30. Chinch bug counts were made on 5 plants in each plot on Jul 8 and plant survival in each plot was determined on Jul 20.
Apple, Pre-Bl00M Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1981
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Starner Van R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The insecticides were applied using 3 different air-blast machines and gallonages per acre. Each treatment was applied to a 4-tree plot in randomized block design with each plot consisting of the following cultivars: Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stayman and Rome Beauty. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Data were collected form all cultivars. Materials were evaluated by counting infested leaves and injured apples/tree. A leaf was considered infested if it contained one or more live aphids.
Apple, Evaluation of Sprayers, 1981
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Hickey Kenneth D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Distribution pattern, amount of deposit and biological efficacy of a pesticide applied by different commercial airblast sprayers were measured in a mature block of ‘Stayman’ apple trees. Trees were spaced 9.1 m in rows 10.7 m apart and mechanically pruned to a height of 4.3 m. Comparisons of one conventional and one low volume, mist type (with and without electrostatic head ESH) airblast sprayers were made. Treatments were randomized in a complete block design with 5 replicated single tree plots. Sprays were applied during calm air conditions from only 1 side of the sprayers and treated trees were separated by 1 row of trees which minimized drift. The same chemicals and amounts/acre were applied on Jun 19 with sprayers driven at 2.5 mph but the amount of spray mixture varied. The pesticide and chemical tracer used/acre were as follows: Phosphamidon 8EC 237 ml and Solubor (20.5$ B) 1.8 kg. Observations for the effectiveness of the insecticide were made on shoots collected 3.7 and 4.3 m high (top of tree) on both sides (east and west) nearest the sprayer outlet and along the middle top of the tree parallel to the tree row. Five terminals/section were observed for number of leaves infested and number of live aphids on the most infested leaf/infested shoot. For the chemical analysis of B, a sample of 2 leaves/shoot was taken from the centers of 15 shoots for each section. Dry weight of the sample was determined and 1 g sample-was placed in an optical emission spectro-meter.
Insecticide Sprays for Control of the Sugarcane Borer (SCB), Large-Plot Field Trial, 1980
Authors: Hensley S. D. , Finger C. K. , Reagan T. E. , Flynn J. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar spray concentrates were applied from an airplane to a field of first stubble crop sugarcane (Var. CP 65-357) at Little Texas Plantation near NapoleonviIle, LA, for control of season-long SCB infestations. A randomized complete block experimental design was employed with treatments replicated 5 times. Each plot consisted of a single block (cut) of sugarcane surrounded by drainage ditches or headlands; the size of these plots ranged from 1.8 to 3.4 acres. Each spray concentrate was applied in water to the crop canopy on 48 ft swath-widths (8 rows) and at a rate of 2 gal of finished formulation per acre, per application. The first application of insecticides was begun after internodes were visible and when 5% of the stalks harbored larvae in leaf sheaths (Jul 25). The second application was made Aug 12 when that level of infestation was again detected in Guthion-treated plots. However subsequent applications (applied Sep 13 and Oct 7) were made to facilitate long-term pesticide residue studies and without consideration of the level of SCB infestation existing in the field trial. The efficacy of insecticide treatments was evaluated at crop harvest (Oct 20-21) by comparing percentages of internodes damaged by seasonal populations of SCB larvae in treated plots to that found in untreated (check) plots; then (10 stalks) samples, randomly selected in each plot, were scanned for external signs of stalk-penetration by SCB larvae. Significant differences in bor
Sugarcane Borer Control, 1981
Authors: Hensley S. D. , Reagan T. E. , Flynn J. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide sprays were applied 3-4 weeks apart in a block of plant sugarcane located on the St. Gabriel Experiment Station near Baton Rouge, LA, to determine season long control of sugarcane borer (SCB) infestations. A randomized complete block experimental design was set up with treatments replicated 5 times. Individual plots were 3 rows spaced 6 ft apart x 24.2 ft (0.01 acre). Each spray concentration was applied to the sugarcane plant canopy in water at 30 psi with a compressed-air knapsack sprayer that delivered 25 gal finished formulation per acre. Insecticide applications were begun after internodes were first visible above ground and when 5% of the stalks contained small SCB larvae in leaf sheaths. Four applications of each insecticide were made (Jun 17, Jul 13, Aug 8, 27). The efficacy of individual insecticide treatments was determined at harvest time by residual control comparisons of % internodes bored in treated plots; 20 stalks were randomly selected from the center row of each plot on Oct 15-16 and examined for external signs of SCB entrance and exit holes.
Control of Tobacco Flea Beetle and Green Peach Aphid on Burley Tobacco with Soil Insecticides, 1981
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Pless C. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four soil-applied insecticides were evaluated at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Soil insecticides were applied and incorporated prior to transplanting on May 25. Plots were 20 ft x 4 rows with 40 inch spacing between rows; plants were spaced 18 inches apart. Four randomized complete blocks were separated by 5 ft alleys. Flea beetle damage was based on average number of feeding holes/10 leaves; counts were made on the fifth leaf (of width greater than 2 inches) from the top of the plant. Aphid ratings ranged from 0 (no evident damage) to 5 (heavy infestation with necrosis of lower leaf bases). Soil type was Hermitage silt loam of pH 6.3.