bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
307 Effects of Incorporating Malted Barley in a Finishing Ration on Intake, Performance, and Enteric Methane Emission of Beef Steers
Authors: Beck Matthew R , Proctor Jarret , Kasuske Zachery , Smith Jason K , Gouvêa Vinicius , Lockard Catherine , Min Byeng , Brauer David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Incorporations of malted barley (MB), as an exogenous source of α-amylase, demonstrated the potential to reduce methane (CH4) emissions in an in vitro experiment. However, this finding had not been confirmed in vivo. Forty-two mixed breed (predominately Bos taurus) influenced yearling steers (initial BW = 521.7 ± 31.4 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design experiment. Steers were blocked by BW and assigned to one of two pens, each containing an automated head chamber system (GreenFeed; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD). Each steer was assigned to an individual feed bunk with Calan gates (American Calan, Northwood, NH) and fed a finishing ration for 92 days. Within each block, animals were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments based on MB inclusion level (DM basis): 0% MB (CON), 10% MB (10MB), or 20% MB (20MB), which were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous and energetic. All data were analyzed using orthogonal polynomial contrasts. There was no significant effect of MB inclusion on DMI or ADG (P ≥ 0.20); however, due to numerical differences, there was a linear reduction (P = 0.02) in feed efficiency with increasing MB inclusion. Further, there was a significant (P = 0.05) quadratic increase in CH4 production (g CH4/d) with increasing MB inclusion, such that MB fed steers had, on average, 7% greater CH4 emissions compared with the CON steers. Increasing MB did not affect CH4 yield (P ≥ 0.13; g CH4/kg DMI), but there was a tendency for a linear increase in emission intensity (g CH4/kg ADG; P = 0.09) with increasing MB inclusion. We speculate that the discrepancy between the previous in vitro experiment and the current experiment may be related to grain processing (diets ground for in vitro vs. MB not processed in current experiment); highlighting the need for further research.
313 Estimating Body Condition Score of Dairy Cows from Color Depth Images Using a Mobile Device
Authors: Moreira Ligia Cunha , Bresolin Tiago , Dorea Joao R , Rosa Guilherme J J M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Body condition score (BCS) is a commonly used tool to monitor body tissue mobilization in dairy cows and manage potential health issues associated with negative energy balance. However, BCS is a subjective measurement that requires a trained evaluator and is time-consuming. Consequently, the development of a computer vision system to assess BCS in real-time can have a crucial role to optimize management decisions. Recently, smartphones started to be equipped with depth sensors, which allow the acquisition and analysis of depth images in real-time. In this study, our objective was to estimate BCS of dairy cows using color depth images collected from a mobile device. A total of 276 images were collected from 31 Holstein dairy cows containing, acquired at the UW-Madison Dairy Cattle Research Center (Madison, WI). The images were collected with an iPhone 13 Pro using the advanced Dual-camera system from a rear view of the animal. The distance between the animal and the evaluator was kept constant. Two trained evaluators were asked to assess BCS of each cow. The score provided by each evaluator was used to train a deep learning algorithm. The analysis was implemented in Python, and Keras and TensorFlow were used to train the deep neural network. A pre-trained network based on the Xception architecture was used, and transfer learning was adopted by extracting the weights trained on Imagenet. A leave-one-out cross-validation strategy was used to split the data into training and testing sets. Our results showed that the model presented an average accuracy of 60% and 40% for color and color depth images, respectively, in the testing set. Our results indicate that it is possible to use a mobile device to develop computer vision tools to predict BCS of dairy cows.
316 Sustainability in Practice at the Dairy Farm Sector
Authors: Tricarico Juan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The United States dairy sector collectively commits to achieve greenhouse gas neutrality, optimize water use while maximizing recycling, and improve water quality by optimizing utilization of manure and nutrients by 2050. These 2050 Environmental Stewardship Goals encompass the field, dairy farm and processing stages of the supply chain. Representative leadership across the dairy value chain, including farmers, cooperatives, processors, retailers and other stakeholders, led the goals development process, which included an extensive stakeholder and public comment period and was built on a decades-long commitment to producing nutritious dairy foods that can sustainably feed a growing global population. The farm and field strategy to achieve these goals is termed the Net Zero Initiative. This initiative is an industry-wide collaboration with key value-chain stakeholders with the intention to address barriers and invest in research and partnerships for farms of all sizes and geographies to adopt practices and technologies that can provide environmental benefits on the farm, in the field and within the broader community. On-farm pilots within the Dairy Scale for Good workstream will contribute to Net Zero Initiative efforts by partnering with commercial operating dairies to demonstrate the ability to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve water quality and quantity, while increasing and diversifying on-farm revenue. Enteric methane mitigation is the key area of focus for the 2050 Environmental Stewardship Goals, Net Zero Initiative, and Dairy Scale for Good that is relevant to the dairy nutrition field. Practicing dairy nutritionists can make valuable contributions to these efforts by formulating balanced rations within solid feeding programs, understanding the important factors required to properly evaluate nutritional interventions to mitigate enteric methane, and understanding and articulating the environmental value feed ingredients provide in addition to nutritional contributions and cost savings.
322 The Influence of Previous Plane of Nutrition on Grain or Grass-fed Finished Steers: Water-Related Gene Expression in the Kidney
Authors: da Silva Aghata Elins Moreira , Franco Arturo Macias , De Moura Felipe Henrique , Ferguson Bradley S , Fonseca Mozart 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The extenuating stressors inherent to various beef cattle backgrounding systems in the U. S. may imprint different nutritional carryover effects of earlier stages of life onto the finishing phase. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of previous plane of nutrition (PPN) onto water-related gene expression in the kidney of grain or grass finished steers. Twenty-four crossbred Angus steers were randomly distributed into either low or adequate PPN during the background phase. After 85d of backgrounding, animals were moved onto a 105-d finishing phase blocked by their PPN. The grass-finished group received only alfalfa hay, whereas the grain-finished group received a high grain diet (80% whole corn and 20% alfalfa hay). By the end of the finishing phase, animals were harvested and kidney samples were collected. Changes in gene expression of Aquaporins (AQP) -2, -3, -4, -7, ATP1A1, ATP1B1, SGK1, and CLIC1 from kidney tissue were assayed via real-time qPCR; and the 18S rRNA was used as an endogenous control. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc analysis were conducted. When comparing grain versus grass-finished according to their PPN, ATP1B1 (P = 0.0290) was the only gene significantly different, with animals coming from a low PPN finished on grass having greater expression than for the grain-finished. However, within animals backgrounded at a low PPN, AQP3 (P = 0.0289), AQP7 (P = 0.0260), ATP1B1 (P = 0.0239), and SGK1 (P = 0.0411) were upregulated for the grass-finished animals. No differences were found for the other genes analyzed. These results suggest that PPN can impact water-related gene expression in the kidney of finishing steers; the greatest impact for water-related gene expression occurred in animals from a low PPN that were fed different finishing systems, where grass-fed animals had a greater gene expression compared with grain-fed animals.
328 Effects of Supplemental Zinc Concentration and Source on Performance and Biomarkers of Immune Status in Receiving Steers
Authors: Smerchek Dathan T , McGill Jodi , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Weaned Angus-crossbred steers (n = 72; 626 ± 54 lbs) were enrolled in a 42-d receiving study evaluating trace mineral (TM) source and concentration on growth performance, immune, and TM status. Steers were housed in pens of 6, equipped with GrowSafe bunks to determine individual feed disappearance. Dietary treatments (n = 24 steers/treatment) included: 1) TM from an organic source (Availa4; Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN) at 7 g∙steer-1∙d-1; for 42 d (ORG); 2) ORG for entire 42-d plus AvailaZn to provide 1,000 mg Zn∙steer-1∙d-1 for first 14 d (ORG+Z); 3) inorganic TM sources to match TM concentration in ORG (ING) for 42-d. Cattle were weighed on d -1, 0, 14, 41, and 42. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed with fixed effect of treatment and steer as experimental unit. Initial BW was covariate for growth performance. Final BW and overall ADG did not differ (P ≥ 0.19). However, overall DMI tended to differ (P = 0.06) and G:F was greater (P = 0.04) in ORG+Z than ING, with ORG intermediate. Plasma Zn increased from d 0 to d 14, while d 14 and d 42 did not differ (Day; P = 0.02) and was unaffected by treatment (p value). Based on repeated measures, plasma Cu concentration was greater (P = 0.06) in ING than ORG+Z, while ORG was intermediate and plasma Cu concentrations decreased over time (Day; P = 0.01). Frequency of total circulating NK and CD8 T cells measured on d 0, 14, 42 did not differ (P ≥ 0.07). Markers of activation (CD16, CD44 and CD8) on NK cells measured on d 14 differed by treatment (P ≤ 0.05). In this study, organic TM supplementation improved feed efficiency in received weaned beef steers and TM supplementation influenced markers of immune function.
329 Effectiveness of Virginiamycin Administration on Animal Health and the Observed Impacts on Growth, Development, and Intake Dynamics in Growing and Finishing Calves
Authors: Batista Luiz Fernando Dias , Rivera Madeline E , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Virginiamycin (VM) is an antibiotic that possesses antimicrobial properties due to its ability to block protein synthase in Gram-positive bacteria. It reduces lactic acidosis and the incidence of liver abscesses. Animal growth and development is brought about because of improved ruminal health, and animal health and welfare. This study evaluated the continuous or intermittent provision of VM during the growing and finishing phases on 120 Angus-crossbred steers (291 ± 28 kg) in 20 pens equipped with a Calan gate feed system from which animals received VM (240 mg/d) as follow: no VM (T000); VM in the last 50 d (T001); VM for the last 100 d (T011); VM in the first 50 d (T100); VM in the first 100 d (T110); and VM for 150 d (T111). Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model with the pen as a random effect and animals within treatment as the subject. The T011 tended (0.075 ≥ P ≥ 0.052) to have a greater carcass, final shrunk body weight compared with T110. Empty body fat (EBF; %) tended (0.080 ≤ P ≤ 0.050) to be less for animals that consumed VM regardless of the period or length of feeding. Dry matter intake (DMI) was lesser for T111 compared with T000, and greater for T011 compared with T110 (P ≤ 0.028), which resulted in greater average daily gain (ADG) with no difference in feed efficiency (P = 0.015 and 0.225, respectively). ADG-adjusted metabolizable energy (aME) content increased by 3.08% for T111 compared with T000. This study indicated that daily supplementation of 240 mg VM during the whole feeding phase increased feed efficiency and paME, whereas when withdrawn during the end of the finishing phase (T110) can impair DMI and ADG.
341 Effects of Supplemental Betaine on Protein Deposition and Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations in Growing Steers with Modulated Methyl Group Status
Authors: Grant Madeline S , Marsh Jessica M , Hazlewood Kathryn J , Miesner Matt D , Titgemeyer Evan C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Methyl group donors (e.g., methionine, betaine) may improve performance of growing beef cattle. Our objective was to evaluate effects of betaine supplementation on protein deposition and plasma amino acids in growing steers with altered methyl group status. Seven ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (189 kg) were used in a 6×6 Latin square design with 10-d periods. Factorial treatments were continuously infused abomasally and included 3 methyl group modulators [MGM; control; 15 g/d guanidinoacetic acid (GAA); or 16.8 g/d creatine] and 2 levels of betaine (0 or 5.7 g/d betaine). Supplemental GAA or creatine increases body creatine supply; however, GAA consumes methyl groups during creatine synthesis, whereas creatine spares methyl groups by reducing GAA synthesis. Steers received 3.5 kg/d (DM basis) of a corn-based diet. Total collection of urine and feces occurred on d 7 through 9 to measure N retention. Jugular blood was collected on d 10. No interactions between MGM or betaine were observed (P≥0.17). Betaine supplementation increased retained N (P=0.03), but did not affect urinary or fecal N excretion (P≥0.16). Betaine increased plasma Met (P=0.03) and cystine (P=0.04) and tended to decrease plasma Lys (P=0.10). Nitrogen retention was not affected by MGM (P=0.63). Creatine increased urinary N (P=0.04), and GAA tended to increase urinary N (P=0.08). Creatine increased fecal N excretion relative to control (P=0.02); GAA also increased fecal N relative to control (P&lt; 0.01). Plasma Met was not affected by MGM (P=0.41). Plasma cystine was decreased by creatine relative to control (P=0.01), but was not affected by GAA relative to control (P=0.26). Plasma Lys was decreased by GAA (P&lt; 0.01) and creatine (P=0.05) relative to control. Supplemental betaine improved protein deposition in growing steers and altering methyl group status affected plasma amino acid concentrations.
335 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Associated with Essential Oils and α-Amylase Increases the Performance of Cattle in Intensive Pasture Finishing
Authors: Gouvêa Daniel I C G , Niehues Maria B , Perdigão Alexandre , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Acedo Tiago S S , Vasconcellos Guilherme S F M , Polycarpo Gustavo V , Martins Cyntia L L , Arrigoni Mário B D B 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the use of different feed additives in the performance of beef cattle in intensive pasture finishing (TIP), fed a high level of concentrate for 96 days. Nellore bulls (n = 120; iBW 359 kg, ±5.02 kg) were distributed in randomized blocks, allocated in paddocks of 2.4 ha (Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés; 10 animals/paddock), with two treatments with 6 replications (paddock as experimental unit), adapted with increasing concentrate, with a target of 2% BW in concentrate DMI (DMIc) on the 10th day. The treatments were: 1) Sodium Monensin (MON), 26mg/Kg MS; 2) Crina, Rumistar + Hy-D, essential oil blend, 90 mg/kg DM + exogenous α-amylase, 560 mg/kg DM + 25 hydroxy-vitamin D3, 1mg/animal/day). The animals were weighed fasting (± 16h) at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period, the DMIc was measured daily by the difference between the offered and the leftovers. Data were evaluated using Glimmix procedure of SAS, whereby means were separated using the PDIFF statement (P &lt; 0.05). The use of CRD increased DMIc (9.1 vs. 8.2 kg/day, P=0.0034), DMIc/BW (2.14 vs 1.97% DMI/BW, p=0.0044), ADG (1.4 vs. 1.2 kg/day, P=0.0241), and final BW (492 vs. 473kg, P=0.0085). Likewise animals fed CRD had greater carcass ADG (1.2 vs 1.0 kg/day, P=0.0034), HCW (292 vs. 277kg, P=0.0121) and tended to have greater dressing % (58.56 vs 59.34, P = 0.07). Additionally, animals fed MON had greater fluctuation in DMIc (5.28% vs 4.53% day, p=0,0278), and took longer days to reach 2% BW in DMIc (22 vs. 12 days, P&lt; 0.05). The use of Crina® RumistarTM + Hy-D® increases carcass production of bovines under intensive pasture finishing.
350 Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Dietary Inclusion of dry Distillers Grains with Solubles (Ddgs) on Performance, Fermentation, Carcass Characteristics, and Nitrogen Efficiency in Sheep
Authors: Chelkapally Sai Chandan , Terrill Thomas H , Pech-Cervantes Andres a 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of dry distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on performance, fermentation, carcass characteristics, and nitrogen efficiency in meat sheep. A total of 36 peer-reviewed manuscripts from 1997 to 2021 met the inclusion criteria for the analysis. Data from 940 sheep (29.1±11.5 kg) were used to estimate the magnitude of the effect between DDGS and control (No DDGS) treatments weighted by inverse variance using a robust variance estimation. Categorical and continuous covariates, like breed (pure or crossbreed), CP, NDF, and DDGS inclusion rate (0 to 100%) were adjusted to a mixed model to perform a meta-regression and subset analysis. Dietary DDGS increased (P &lt; 0.05) dry matter digestibility (75.9 vs.74.9 %), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (55.9 vs. 53.8%) with respect to the control. Compared with the control, dietary DDGS increased (P &lt; 0.01) final body weight (51.4 vs. 50.4 kg) and tended to increase (P = 0.06) average daily gain (254.1 vs. 247.6 g/d) in sheep. Similarly, dietary DDGS tended to increase (P &lt; 0.10) hot and cold carcass weight (25.5 vs. 24.6 kg; 21.1 vs. 19.8 kg), and meat redness (16.3 vs. 16.6) compared with the control. Dietary DDGS reduced acetate molar proportions (50.1 vs. 52.0%) and acetate: propionate ratio (1.63 vs. 1.87; P = 0.02). The subset analysis revealed that breed and DDGS levels in the diet influenced yield grade and carcass weight. Dietary inclusion of DDGS linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) nitrogen intake and rumen NH3-N, but also urinary nitrogen. The inclusion rate of DDGS should not exceed 30% in the diet to prevent negative effects on nitrogen metabolism, rumen fermentation, and carcass characteristics in meat sheep. Collectively, this study supports the inclusion of DDGS in meat sheep diets to increase performance and meat quality.
344 Impact of Removing 20% Distillers Grains After one-Third or two-Thirds of the Feeding Period on Performance of Finishing Yearlings
Authors: Lorences Sofia Suarez , Troyer Braden C , Norman Mitch M , Loza Pablo L , Stock Rick A , MacDonald James C , Erickson Galen E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Crossbred, yearling beef steers (n = 210: initial BW = 430 ± 22 kg) were used in a randomized blocked design finishing experiment to evaluate the impact of removing modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS) on finishing performance and carcass characteristics. Treatments included feeding 20% MDGS (DM basis) during the entire feeding period (124 d); 20% MDGS until day 79 and then 0% MDGS until the end of the feeding period; or 20% MDGS until day 43 and then 0% MDGS until the end of the feeding period. A total of 21 pens (10 steers/pen) were used with 7 pens/treatment. Cattle were fed a 60:40 blend of high-moisture and dry-rolled corn, with 15% corn silage, 20% MDGS and 5% supplement. Distillers were replaced with the corn blend and urea when removed. Cattle were stepped down to 10% MDGS for 4 days before the complete removal of MDGS. Cattle with MDGS removed on either d 79 or d 43 had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) final BW, DMI, and ADG. Cattle with MDGS removed on d 43 were 5% less efficient (P &lt; 0.05) than cattle fed 20% MDGS throughout the entire feeding period. Cattle fed 20% MDGS throughout the whole feeding had the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) HCW and LM area. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.35) in backfat and marbling scores among treatments, and no differences (P = 0.59) in percent of abscessed livers, although 38% of steers fed 20% MDGS continuously had liver abscesses compared with 46% for steers with MDGS removed on d 43. Based on the results of this study, removing MDGS from finishing diets on either day 43 or day 79 of the feeding period had a negative impact on cattle performance compared with feeding 20% MDGS continuously throughout the entire finishing period.
351 Mycotoxin Trends in US Total Mixed Rations and Corn Silage
Authors: Schwandt Erin F , Gott Paige N , Zheng Lan , Hofstetter Ursula , Levy April W 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites identified in a variety of feed ingredients and may affect animal health and productivity. This study investigated occurrence and contamination levels of mycotoxins in 2022 US total mixed ration (TMR) and 2021 corn silage samples. Corn silage samples harvested in 2021 and submitted through March 2022 and TMR samples submitted between January through March 2022 were screened via the LC-MS/MS technique for the presence of six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A. Detailed information for each sample was provided including, state of origin and whether or not clinical signs of mycotoxicosis was observed on-farm. Parameters of the main toxins found for corn silage and TMR samples were analyzed for effect of clinical concern (yes/no) and harvest year on contamination levels using LSMeans statement with Tukey's adjustment in the GLIMMIX procedure (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC). Main effects of mean contamination by harvest year are presented in Table 1, since no interactions were significant (P &gt; 0.05). To date, 20 TMR samples from seven states have been submitted for analysis in 2022. Preliminary results show detectable amounts of B-Trich in 95% of TMR samples, with ZEN and FUM detected less frequently in 55 and 10%, respectively. Mean contamination concentrations (parts per billion, ppb) are presented on dry matter basis and were greater in 2022 compared with 2021 for B-Trich and ZEN (P &lt; 0.05) and similar for FUM (P = 0.022). Preliminary results for 72 corn silage samples show detectable quantities of B-Trich in 90% of samples with ZEN and FUM detected less frequently in 67 and 24%, respectively. Mean contamination levels are greater than the last two years and approaching those observed in the challenging 2018 crop for B-Trich, FUM, and ZEN.