bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracking the 2022 Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Aerosol Cloud in the Upper and Middle Stratosphere Using Space‐Based Observations
Authors: Taha G. , Loughman R. , Colarco P. R. , Zhu T. , Thomason L. W. , Jaross G. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOn 15 January 2022, the submarine Hunga Tonga volcanic eruption lofted materials high into the upper stratosphere, reaching a record‐breaking altitude of ∼58 km, unprecedented in the satellite observations era. Within two weeks, the bulk of the injected material circulated the globe between 20–30 km altitude, as observed by satellite instruments. We estimate that the stratospheric aerosol optical depth (sAOD) is the largest since the Pinatubo eruption and is at least twice as great as the sAOD after the 2015 Calbubo eruption despite the similar SO2 injection from that eruption. We use space‐based observations to monitor the Hunga‐Tonga volcanic plume evolution and transport at different altitudes as it circulates the globe. While the main aerosol layer remains trapped in the tropical pipe, small parts have already made it to both the northern and southern hemisphere poles by April, which is almost certain to influence this year's ozone hole.
Analysis and Impact of the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Stratospheric Water Vapor Plume
Authors: Schoeberl M. R. , Wang Y. , Ueyama R. , Taha G. , Jensen E. , Yu W. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOn 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption injected SO2 and H2O into the middle stratosphere. The eruption produced a persistent mid‐stratospheric sulfate aerosol and H2O layer mostly confined to Southern Hemisphere (SH) tropics (Eq. to 30°S). These layers are still present in the tropics 5½ months after the eruption. The SH tropical confinement is simulated using a trajectory model. Measurements following the eruption show that the H2O layer is slowly rising while the aerosol layer is descending. The H2O layer's upward movement is consistent with the residual vertical velocity. Gravitationally settling explains the descent of the aerosol layer. A −4 K temperature anomaly coincident with the H2O enhancement is observed and is caused by thermal adjustment to the additional H2O IR cooling. A simple model of volcanic water injection at the time of the eruption simulates the observed vertical distribution H2O.
Influence of the Tropical Indian Ocean Tripole on Summertime Cold Extremes Over Central Siberia
Authors: Zhang Yazhou , Li Jianping , Diao Yina , Hou Zhaolu , Liu Ting 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study investigates the influence of the interannual variability of Indian Ocean tripole (IOT) on summertime cold extremes in Central Siberia. During positive IOT phases, two cross‐equatorial airflows are induced over the tropical eastern and western Indian Ocean. These strengthen ascending motion over the southern tropical Asia (80°–125°E, 15°–25°N), increasing precipitation in situ, as evidenced in observations and simulations by using Community Atmosphere Model. Serving as a heat source, the induced upper‐level Asian continent meridional teleconnection (ACMT) pattern transports the signals from southern tropical Asia into Central Siberia. Positive upper‐level geopotential height anomalies over Central Siberia induced by ACMT favor more solar radiation to reach the surface and raise local surface temperatures through modulating the tropospheric air expansion/compression, further reducing the extreme cold days. Consequently, the ACMT induced by latent heat fluxes associated with precipitation anomalies acts as an atmospheric bridge that links the IOT to Central Siberia cold extremes.
Polynomial Reconstruction of the Magnetic Field Observed by Multiple Spacecraft With Integrated Velocity Determination
Authors: Denton Richard E. , Liu Yi‐Hsin , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Torbert Roy B. , Li Wenya , Fuselier Stephen , Burch James L. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRecently, a polynomial reconstruction technique has been developed for reconstructing the magnetic field in the vicinity of multiple spacecraft and has been applied to events observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. Whereas previously the magnetic field was reconstructed using spacecraft data from a single time, here we extend the method to allow input over a span of time. This extension increases the amount of input data to the model, improving the reconstruction results and yields an independent estimate of the structure velocity. The effect of this modification, as well as many other options, is explored by comparing reconstructed fields to those of a three‐dimensional particle in cell simulation of magnetic reconnection, using virtual spacecraft data as input. We often find best results using multiple‐time input, a moderate amount of smoothing of the input data, and a model with a reduced set of parameters based on the ordering that the maximum, intermediate, and minimum values of the gradient of the vector magnetic field are well separated. When spacecraft input data are temporally smoothed, reconstructions are representative of spatially smoothed fields. Two MMS events are reconstructed. The first of these was late in the mission when it was not possible to use the current density for MMS4 because of its instrument failure. The second shows a rotational discontinuity without an X or O line. In both cases, the reconstructions yield a visual representation of the magnetic structure that is consistent with earlier studies.
On the Sources, Coupling and Energetics During Supersubstorms of the Solar Cycle 24
Authors: Hajra Sritam , Dashora N. , Ivan J. Solomon 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe solar cycle 24 exhibited only four supersubstorms (SSSs) during three of the geomagnetic storms of May 2011, March 2012, and September 2017. A robust and quantitative analyses of these events is performed and the results show that multiple hits by the magnetic clouds with fast moving background solar wind plasma provided the conditions for occurrence of these events. The available solar wind energy, the magnetospheric input energy and the sink energies are estimated. The input energy dominates the total dissipation for shorter intervals of the SSSs, wherein, a dominance of Joule heating sink over the auroral particle precipitation and ring current sinks is revealed. However, for longer time intervals (6 months and more), the total dissipation supersedes the total input energy wherein, the auroral precipitation sink dominates. The contribution of the ring current sink is found at the lowest levels against a high percentage share (79%–91%) of ionospheric sink during the SSSs. Intriguingly, when the SSS expansion and the recovery phases are compared on dissipation terms, percentage share of the Joule heating (ring current) is found more during the later (former) phase. The input efficiencies are found at ∼3.05%, 4.95%, 3.98%, and 1.15%, and the dissipation efficiencies at 73.95%, 58.56%, 37.72%, and 77.94%, respectively during the four SSSs. The dissipation efficiency and the ratio of the sink energies are found to be inversely proportional to the intensity of the substorms. The energy partitioning in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system also respond in a contrasting fashion to the different levels of substorms.
Finding Simplicity in the Complexity of Postseismic Coastal Uplift and Subsidence Following Great Subduction Earthquakes
Authors: Luo Haipeng , Wang Kelin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFollowing great subduction earthquakes, postseismic deformation of coastal areas shows consistent seaward motion but complex vertical deformation. Understanding both the horizontal and vertical components in the same geodynamic framework presents challenges. Here, by modeling short‐term (a few years) postseismic viscoelastic relaxation (VER) and afterslip following synthetic and real subduction earthquakes, we demonstrate that the complexity of the vertical deformation can be explained in simple terms. Along a margin‐normal profile, VER results in an up‐down‐up trisegment, long‐wavelength pattern common to most megathrust earthquakes, including near‐trench uplift, midway subsidence, and near‐arc uplift, with locations controlled by coseismic fault slip. The magnitude of the first two segments is controlled mainly by oceanic mantle viscosity, and the third by mantle wedge viscosity. In contrast with VER, afterslip results in an up‐down bimodal pattern of variable wavelengths specific to individual earthquakes. Its site‐specific and heterogeneous nature is primarily responsible for the complexity in vertical deformation, but its effect can be adequately modeled using a simple elastic model. If the coast is near the megathrust rupture zone, variable combinations of the VER and afterslip effects lead to either uplift or subsidence. If the coast is in the near‐arc segment of VER deformation, uplift usually occurs. Modeling the common VER process enables the identification of site‐specific afterslip, which helps to understand the mechanism of afterslip in the context of the broad spectrum of fault slip behavior. Our results also have important implications to deciphering coastal paleoseismic records to constrain coseismic versus postseismic deformation of ancient earthquakes.
Interannual Variability of Autumn Precipitation Over the Greater Mekong Subregion
Authors: Tian Mengping , Yang Ruowen , Cao Jie 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study investigates the interannual variability in autumn precipitation over the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) during the period 1981–2019 and its possible causes. Statistical analysis indicates that GMS autumn precipitation showed a seesaw pattern between the central–southern and northeastern GMS over interannual timescales. The tropical sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs), reflected in the tropical northeastern Pacific SST index (TNEPI), significantly modulate anomalous GMS autumn precipitation. When the TNEPI is higher than normal, the SSTAs pattern prevails during autumn, with warmer SSTAs in the tropical eastern Pacific and western Indian Ocean, and colder SSTAs in the tropical western Pacific and southeastern Indian Ocean. This SSTAs pattern excites an anomalous anticyclone in the lower troposphere over the central–southern GMS and an anomalous cyclone over the northeastern GMS by the Gill–Matsuno mechanism. Subsequently, the anomalous anticyclone with anomalous descending motion results in below‐normal autumn precipitation over the central–southern GMS via a weakening of the convergence of water vapor from the tropical western Pacific and the Bay of Bengal. The anomalous cyclone on the northern flank of anomalous anticyclone, benefiting from water vapor supply from the Bay of Bengal, leads to above‐normal autumn precipitation over the northeastern GMS. The TNEPI, incorporating signals from the eastern‐Pacific (EP) type of ENSO, Indian Ocean dipole (IOD), and SSTAs associated with the Trans‐Niño index (TNI‐like), shows a stronger relationship with GMS autumn precipitation than individual indexes that describing the EP‐type ENSO, IOD or TNI‐like pattern. Therefore, the TNEPI can be considered an efficient predictor of GMS autumn precipitation.
Pyleoclim: Paleoclimate Timeseries Analysis and Visualization With Python
Authors: Khider Deborah , Emile‐Geay Julien , Zhu Feng , James Alexander , Landers Jordan , Ratnakar Varun , Gil Yolanda 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe present a Python package geared toward the intuitive analysis and visualization of paleoclimate timeseries, Pyleoclim. The code is open‐source, object‐oriented, and built upon the standard scientific Python stack, allowing users to take advantage of a large collection of existing and emerging techniques. We describe the code's philosophy, structure, and base functionalities and apply it to three paleoclimate problems: (a) orbital‐scale climate variability in a deep‐sea core, illustrating spectral, wavelet, and coherency analysis in the presence of age uncertainties; (b) correlating a high‐resolution speleothem to a climate field, illustrating correlation analysis in the presence of various statistical pitfalls (including age uncertainties); (c) model‐data confrontations in the frequency domain, illustrating the characterization of scaling behavior. We show how the package may be used for transparent and reproducible analysis of paleoclimate and paleoceanographic datasets, supporting Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable software and an open science ethos. The package is supported by an extensive documentation and a growing library of tutorials shared publicly as videos and cloud‐executable Jupyter notebooks, to encourage adoption by new users.
SERS monitoring of photoinduced-enhanced oxidative stress amplifier on Au@carbon dots for tumor catalytic therapy
Authors: Li Linjia , Yang Jin , Wei Jiahui , Jiang Chunhuan , Liu Zhuo , Yang Bai , Zhao Bing , Song Wei 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCurrently, artificial enzymes-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) is attractive due to its efficient capacity to change the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). It is of great significance to study the therapeutic mechanism of novel artificial enzymes in TME through a monitoring strategy and improve the therapeutic effect. In this study, Au@carbon dots (Au@CDs) nanohybrids with a core-shell structure are synthesized, which not only exhibit tunable enzyme-mimicking activity under near-infrared (NIR) light, but also excellent surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) properties. Therefore, Au@CDs show a good capability for monitoring NIR-photoinduced peroxidase-like catalytic processes via a SERS strategy in tumor. Moreover, the Au@CDs deplete glutathione with the cascade catalyzed reactions, thus elevating intratumor oxidative stress amplifying the reactive oxygen species damage based on the NIR-photoinduced enhanced peroxidase and glutathione oxidase-like activities, showing excellent and fast PDT therapeutic effect promoted by photothermal property in 3 min, finally leading to apoptosis in cancer cells. Through SERS monitoring, it is further found that after removing the NIR light source for 33 min, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity of the TME is counteracted and eliminated due to the presence of glutathione. This work presents a guidance to rationally design of artificial enzyme for ROS-involved therapeutic strategies and a new spectroscopic tool to evaluate the tumor catalytic therapy.
A transcriptional metastatic signature predicts survival in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Alchahin Adele M. , Mei Shenglin , Tsea Ioanna , Hirz Taghreed , Kfoury Youmna , Dahl Douglas , Wu Chin-Lee , Subtelny Alexander O. , Wu Shulin , Scadden David T. , Shin John H. , Saylor Philip J. , Sykes David B. , Kharchenko Peter V. , Baryawno Ninib 
Published: September 2022

AbstractClear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. When ccRCC is localized to the kidney, surgical resection or ablation of the tumor is often curative. However, in the metastatic setting, ccRCC remains a highly lethal disease. Here we use fresh patient samples that include treatment-naive primary tumor tissue, matched adjacent normal kidney tissue, as well as tumor samples collected from patients with bone metastases. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of tumor cells from the primary tumors reveals a distinct transcriptional signature that is predictive of metastatic potential and patient survival. Analysis of supporting stromal cells within the tumor environment demonstrates vascular remodeling within the endothelial cells. An in silico cell-to-cell interaction analysis highlights the CXCL9/CXCL10-CXCR3 axis and the CD70-CD27 axis as potential therapeutic targets. Our findings provide biological insights into the interplay between tumor cells and the ccRCC microenvironment.
Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron and Delta hospitalisation, a test negative case-control study
Authors: Stowe Julia , Andrews Nick , Kirsebom Freja , Ramsay Mary , Bernal Jamie Lopez 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Omicron variant has been associated with reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE) against mild disease with rapid waning. Meanwhile Omicron has also been associated with milder disease. Protection against severe disease has been substantially higher than protection against infection with previous variants. We used a test-negative case-control design to estimate VE against hospitalisation with the Omicron and Delta variants using PCR testing linked to hospital records. We investigated the impact of increasing the specificity and severity of hospitalisation definitions on VE. Among 18–64-year-olds using cases admitted via emergency care, VE after a 3rd dose peaked at 82.4% and dropped to 53.6% by 15+ weeks after the 3rd dose; using all admissions for > = 2 days stay with a respiratory code in the primary diagnostic field VE ranged from 90.9% to 67.4%; further restricting to those on oxygen/ventilated/intensive care VE ranged from 97.1% to 75.9%. Among 65+ year olds the equivalent VE estimates were 92.4% to 76.9%; 91.3% to 85.3% and 95.8% to 86.8%. Here we show that with milder Omicron disease contamination of hospitalisations with incidental cases is likely to reduce VE estimates. VE estimates increase, and waning is reduced, when specific hospitalisation definitions are used.
Inverse designed plasmonic metasurface with parts per billion optical hydrogen detection
Authors: Nugroho Ferry Anggoro Ardy , Bai Ping , Darmadi Iwan , Castellanos Gabriel W. , Fritzsche Joachim , Langhammer Christoph , Gómez Rivas Jaime , Baldi Andrea 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPlasmonic sensors rely on optical resonances in metal nanoparticles and are typically limited by their broad spectral features. This constraint is particularly taxing for optical hydrogen sensors, in which hydrogen is absorbed inside optically-lossy Pd nanostructures and for which state-of-the-art detection limits are only at the low parts-per-million (ppm)range. Here, we overcome this limitation by inversely designing a plasmonic metasurface based on a periodic array of Pd nanoparticles. Guided by a particle swarm optimization algorithm, we numerically identify and experimentally demonstrate a sensor with an optimal balance between a narrow spectral linewidth and a large field enhancement inside the nanoparticles, enabling a measured hydrogen detection limit of 250 parts-per-billion (ppb). Our work significantly improves current plasmonic hydrogen sensor capabilities and, in a broader context, highlights the power of inverse design of plasmonic metasurfaces for ultrasensitive optical (gas) detection.
Continuously processing waste lignin into high-value carbon nanotube fibers
Authors: Liu Fuyao , Wang Qianqian , Zhai Gongxun , Xiang Hengxue , Zhou Jialiang , Jia Chao , Zhu Liping , Wu Qilin , Zhu Meifang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHigh value utilization of renewable biomass materials is of great significance to the sustainable development of human beings. For example, because biomass contains large amounts of carbon, they are ideal candidates for the preparation of carbon nanotube fibers. However, continuous preparation of such fibers using biomass as carbon source remains a huge challenge due to the complex chemical structure of the precursors. Here, we realize continuous preparation of high-performance carbon nanotube fibers from lignin by solvent dispersion, high-temperature pyrolysis, catalytic synthesis, and assembly. The fibers exhibit a tensile strength of 1.33 GPa and an electrical conductivity of 1.19 × 105 S m−1, superior to that of most biomass-derived carbon materials to date. More importantly, we achieve continuous production rate of 120 m h−1. Our preparation method is extendable to other biomass materials and will greatly promote the high value application of biomass in a wide range of fields.
Teaching resources for the European Open Platform for Prescribing Education (EurOP2E)—a nominal group technique study
Authors: Bakkum Michiel J. , Loobeek Bryan J. , Richir Milan C. , Papaioannidou Paraskevi , Likic Robert , Sanz Emilio J. , Christiaens Thierry , Costa João N. , Dima Lorena , de Ponti Fabrizio , Kramers Cornelis , van Smeden Jeroen , van Agtmael Michiel A. , Tichelaar Jelle ,   EurOP²E consortium, de Ponti Fabrizio , van Smeden Jeroen , van Agtmael Michiel A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe European Open Platform for Prescribing Education (EurOP2E) seeks to improve and harmonize European clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education by facilitating international collaboration and sharing problem-based, online, open educational resources. The COVID-19 pandemic forced teachers to switch to virtual modalities, highlighting the need for high-quality online teaching materials. The goal of this study was to establish the online problem-based teaching resources needed to sustain prescribing education during the pandemic and thereafter. A nominal group technique study was conducted with prescribing teachers from 15 European countries. Results were analyzed through thematic analysis. In four meetings, 20 teachers from 15 countries proposed and ranked 35 teaching materials. According to the participants, the most necessary problem-based-online teaching materials related to three overarching themes. Related to learning outcomes for CPT, participants proposed creating prescription scenarios, including materials focusing on background knowledge and resources on personalized medicine and topical/ethical issues such as the prescription’s impact on planetary health. Second, related to teaching, they proposed online case discussions, gamification and decision support systems. Finally, in relation to faculty development, they recommend teacher courses, a repository of reusable exam questions and harmonized formularies. Future work will aim to collaboratively produce such materials.
A synchronized multimodal neuroimaging dataset for studying brain language processing
Authors: Wang Shaonan , Zhang Xiaohan , Zhang Jiajun , Zong Chengqing 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe present a synchronized multimodal neuroimaging dataset for studying brain language processing (SMN4Lang) that contains functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) data on the same 12 healthy volunteers while the volunteers listened to 6 hours of naturalistic stories, as well as high-resolution structural (T1, T2), diffusion MRI and resting-state fMRI data for each participant. We also provide rich linguistic annotations for the stimuli, including word frequencies, syntactic tree structures, time-aligned characters and words, and various types of word and character embeddings. Quality assessment indicators verify that this is a high-quality neuroimaging dataset. Such synchronized data is separately collected by the same group of participants first listening to story materials in fMRI and then in MEG which are well suited to studying the dynamic processing of language comprehension, such as the time and location of different linguistic features encoded in the brain. In addition, this dataset, comprising a large vocabulary from stories with various topics, can serve as a brain benchmark to evaluate and improve computational language models.