bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
784 The landscape of paediatric procedural sedation in UK & Irish emergency departments; a PERUKI study
Authors: Hall Dani , Moriarty Tadgh , O’Sullivan Ronan , Blackburn Carol , Roland Damian , Hartshorn Stuart , Messahel Shrouk , Lyttle Mark D 
Published: June 2022

Aims/Objectives/BackgroundApproximately 250,000 children undergo paediatric procedural sedation (PPS) in UK and Irish emergency departments (ED) annually. In comparison to other countries, PPS practice in our setting has not been described. We therefore aimed to evaluate PPS practice in UK and Irish EDs.Methods/DesignOnline survey distributed through Paediatric Emergency Research in the UK and Ireland (PERUKI) during June 2020. One respondent per ED completed the survey, including questions on indications, agents, staffing and governance. Results are presented using descriptive statistics.Results/Conclusions61/72 (85%) sites responded, of which PPS was performed in 50 (82.0%). Intravenous ketamine was the most common agent (43/50; 86%), followed by fixed concentration nitrous oxide (FCNO, 35/50; 70%), and variable concentration nitrous oxide (VCNO, 13/50; 26%). PPS was mostly performed a few times a week (17/50; 34%) or daily (9/50; 18%). The most frequent indications were wound closure (31/50; 62%), orthopaedic reduction (28/61; 56%) and foreign body removal (17/61; 34%). Required sedationist seniority was highest for propofol and ketamine/es-ketamine (requiring consultant, registrar, or ANP), whilst FCNO was widely delivered by nurses and SHOs. Most sites had a guideline (43/61; 70.5%), documentation proforma (39/61; 63.9%) and equipment (36/61; 59.0%) and patient checklists (41/50; 82%). Explicit discharge criteria were required for ketamine/es-ketamine (40/45; 88.9%), midazolam (9/10; 90%), propofol (7/10; 70%) and VCNO (9/13; 69.2%). Databases existed in 24/61 (39.3%).We have demonstrated wide PPS use, but non-standardised practice, with only two-thirds of sites using a PPS guideline and standardised proforma. This leads to potential issues of risk and variability, highlighting a need for a UK and Ireland sedation package to standardise PPS practice and data collection, informed by international guidance and evidence. We propose development of a prospective ED sedation registry to facilitate data collection to support research within this area.
Considerations on combined-function optics for high-energy storage rings and colliders
Authors: Giovannozzi M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn a recent paper, the proposal of using combined-function optics for the arcs of the Future Circular hadron Collider (FCC–hh) was presented and discussed in detail. In this paper, further considerations are presented on the same topic, reflecting the progress made since the previous publication. The studies presented here focus mainly on two aspects. Firstly, the layout of the combined-function periodic cell is optimised with the goal of fixing the number of main magnets. Secondly, possible layouts of the dispersion suppressor in the framework of this novel proposal for the optics of the arcs of the FCC hadron collider.
Input-Dynamic Distributed Algorithms for Communication Networks
Authors: Foerster Klaus-Tycho , Korhonen Janne H. , Paz Ami , Rybicki Joel , Schmid Stefan 
Published: June 2022

Consider a distributed task where the communication network is fixed but the local inputs given to the nodes of the distributed system may change over time. In this work, we explore the following question: if some of the local inputs change, can an existing solution be updated efficiently, in a dynamic and distributed manner?
To address this question, we define the batch dynamic CONGEST model in which we are given a bandwidth-limited communication network and a dynamic edge labelling defines the problem input. The task is to maintain a solution to a graph problem on the labelled graph under batch changes. We investigate, when a batch of alpha edge label changes arrive, - how much time as a function of alpha we need to update an existing solution, and - how much information the nodes have to keep in local memory between batches in order to update the solution quickly.
Our work lays the foundations for the theory of input-dynamic distributed network algorithms. We give a general picture of the complexity landscape in this model, design both universal algorithms and algorithms for concrete problems, and present a general framework for lower bounds. The diverse time complexity of our model spans from constant time, through time polynomial in alpha, and to alpha time, which we show to be enough for any task.
The Gittins Policy is Nearly Optimal in the M/G/k under Extremely General Conditions
Authors: Scully Ziv , Grosof Isaac , Harchol-Balter Mor 
Published: June 2022

The Gittins scheduling policy minimizes the mean response in the single-server M/G/1 queue in a wide variety of settings. Most famously, Gittins is optimal when preemption is allowed and service requirements are unknown but drawn from a known distribution. Gittins is also optimal much more generally, adapting to any amount of available information and any preemption restrictions. However, scheduling to minimize mean response time in a multiserver setting, specifically the central-queue M/G/k, is a much more difficult problem.
In this work we give the first general analysis of Gittins in the M/G/k. Specifically, we show that under extremely general conditions, Gittins's mean response time in the M/G/k is at most its mean response time in the M/G/1 plus an O(log(1/(1 - ρ))) additive term, where ρ is the system load. A consequence of this result is that Gittins is heavy-traffic optimal in the M/G/k if the service requirement distribution S satisfies E[S2(log S)+] < ∞. This is the most general result on minimizing mean response time in the M/G/k to date.
To prove our results, we combine properties of the Gittins policy and Palm calculus in a novel way. Notably, our technique overcomes the limitations of tagged job methods that were used in prior scheduling analyses.
Molecular Subgroups of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Discovered by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing–Assisted Multiomics Analysis
Authors: Bao Xuanwen , Li Qiong , Chen Jinzhang , Chen Diyu , Ye Chanqi , Dai Xiaomeng , Wang Yanfang , Li Xin , Rong Xiaoxiang , Cheng Fei , Jiang Ming , Zhu Zheng , Ding Yongfeng , Sun Rui , Liu Chuan , Huang Lingling , Jin Yuzhi , Li Bin , Lu Juan , Wu Wei , Guo Yixuan , Fu Wenguang , Langley Sarah Raye , Tano Vincent , Fang Weijia , Guo Tiannan , Sheng Jianpeng , Zhao Peng , Ruan Jian 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a relatively rare but highly aggressive tumor type that responds poorly to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Comprehensive molecular characterization of ICC is essential for the development of novel therapeutics. Here, we constructed two independent cohorts from two clinic centers. A comprehensive multiomics analysis of ICC via proteomic, whole-exome sequencing (WES), and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed. Novel ICC tumor subtypes were derived in the training cohort (n = 110) using proteomic signatures and their associated activated pathways, which were further validated in a validation cohort (n = 41). Three molecular subtypes, chromatin remodeling, metabolism, and chronic inflammation, with distinct prognoses in ICC were identified. The chronic inflammation subtype was associated with a poor prognosis. Our random forest algorithm revealed that mutation of lysine methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D) frequently occurred in the metabolism subtype and was associated with lower inflammatory activity. scRNA-seq further identified an APOE+C1QB+ macrophage subtype, which showed the capacity to reshape the chronic inflammation subtype and contribute to a poor prognosis in ICC. Altogether, with single-cell transcriptome-assisted multiomics analysis, we identified novel molecular subtypes of ICC and validated APOE+C1QB+ tumor-associated macrophages as potential immunotherapy targets against ICC.
Survey of Low-Resource Machine Translation
Authors: Haddow Barry , Bawden Rachel , Barone Antonio Valerio Miceli , Helcl Jindřich , Birch Alexandra 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe present a survey covering the state of the art in low-resource machine translation (MT) research. There are currently around 7,000 languages spoken in the world and almost all language pairs lack significant resources for training machine translation models. There has been increasing interest in research addressing the challenge of producing useful translation models when very little translated training data is available. We present a summary of this topical research field and provide a description of the techniques evaluated by researchers in several recent shared tasks in low-resource MT.
Reduced-Dimension, Biophysical Neuron Models Constructed From Observed Data
Authors: Clark Randall , Fuller Lawson , Platt Jason A. , Abarbanel Henry D. I. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Using methods from nonlinear dynamics and interpolation techniques from applied mathematics, we show how to use data alone to construct discrete time dynamical rules that forecast observed neuron properties. These data may come from simulations of a Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) neuron model or from laboratory current clamp experiments. In each case, the reduced-dimension, data-driven forecasting (DDF) models are shown to predict accurately for times after the training period.
When the available observations for neuron preparations are, for example, membrane voltage V(t) only, we use the technique of time delay embedding from nonlinear dynamics to generate an appropriate space in which the full dynamics can be realized.
The DDF constructions are reduced-dimension models relative to HH models as they are built on and forecast only observables such as V(t). They do not require detailed specification of ion channels, their gating variables, and the many parameters that accompany an HH model for laboratory measurements, yet all of this important information is encoded in the DDF model. As the DDF models use and forecast only voltage data, they can be used in building networks with biophysical connections. Both gap junction connections and ligand gated synaptic connections among neurons involve presynaptic voltages and induce postsynaptic voltage response. Biophysically based DDF neuron models can replace other reduced-dimension neuron models, say, of the integrate-and-fire type, in developing and analyzing large networks of neurons.
When one does have detailed HH model neurons for network components, a reduced-dimension DDF realization of the HH voltage dynamics may be used in network computations to achieve computational efficiency and the exploration of larger biological networks.
Implications of combined taxonomic, morphometric, and molecular characteristics for the species status of Paracentrobia tapajosae and Paracentrobia subflava (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoids of different leafhopper hosts in the Americas
Authors: TORRES-MORENO ROSAURA , MOYA-RAYGOZA GUSTAVO , GALLOU ADRIEN 
Published: June 2022

The present study evaluated the taxonomy, morphology, and molecular variation of the egg parasitoids Paracentrobia subflava developing within eggs of the corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis from Mexico, and Paracentrobia tapajosae developing within eggs of Tapajosa rubromarginata and eggs of D. maidis from Argentina. The parasitoids from the different host species were found to have a significant difference in body size and morphology of head, wings, ovipositor, and chaetotaxy. On the other hand, geometric morphometric analysis of the male genitalia showed no difference between parasitoids emerged from T. rubromarginata and D. maidis. Additionally, the COI and ITS2 molecular markers demonstrated that the parasitoids emerging from these two different hosts cluster into a single clade. This new information suggests the placement of P. tapajosae syn. nov. as a junior synonym of P. subflava.
The Atmospheric Response to Meridional Shifts of the Gulf Stream SST Front and Its Dependence on Model Resolution
Authors: Famooss Paolini Luca , Athanasiadis Panos J. , Ruggieri Paolo , Bellucci Alessio 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Gulf Stream (GS) plays a key role in shaping the North Atlantic climate. Moreover, the associated sea surface temperature (SST) front undergoes interannual-to-decadal variability that is thought to force significant atmospheric circulation anomalies. However, general circulation models do not accurately reproduce the atmospheric response to SST front variability as estimated from observations. In this work we analyze the atmospheric response to the GS SST front (GSF) shifts in a multimodel ensemble of atmosphere-only simulations forced with observed SSTs (1950–2014). The atmospheric response is found to be resolution dependent. Only the high-resolution simulations produce a wintertime response similar to observed anomalies. More specifically, (i) analysis of the atmospheric thermodynamic balance close to the GSF showed that the anomalous diabatic heating associated to the GSF displacement is mainly balanced by vertical motion and by meridional transient eddy heat transport (not the case for low-resolution models), while (ii) the large-scale response includes a meridional shift of the North Atlantic eddy-driven jet and storm track homodirectional to the GSF displacement. This atmospheric response is accompanied by changes in low-level baroclinicity close to and north of the GSF, resulting from the oceanic forcing and the zonal atmospheric circulation anomalies respectively. The low-level baroclinicity anomalies lead to changes in baroclinic eddy activity and, ultimately, in the jet via eddy–mean flow interaction. Considering the two-way nature of air–sea interactions, using historical atmosphere-only simulations is a powerful way to isolate the impact of realistic oceanic variability on the atmosphere. Our results suggest that interannual-to-decadal predictability may be higher than what low-resolution models currently indicate.
Improving Short-Term Precipitation Forecasting with Radar Data Assimilation and a Multiscale Hybrid Ensemble–Variational Strategy
Authors: Sun Tao , Sun Juanzhen , Chen Yaodeng , Zhang Ying , Ying Zhuming , Chen Haiqin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a multiscale hybrid ensemble–variational (EnVar) data assimilation strategy with an hourly rapid update aiming to improve analysis of convection via radar observations and of convective environment via conventional observations. In this multiscale hybrid EnVar strategy, the ensemble members are updated by assimilating conventional data using an EnKF to provide the hybrid EnVar with flow-dependent background error covariance (BEC). A two-step approach is employed in the hybrid EnVar to achieve improved multiscale analysis by assimilating radar data and conventional data, respectively, in two successive steps. This two-step procedure enables the applications of different BEC tuning factors and different hybrid weights for radar and conventional observations. In addition, this study also examines the impacts of the flow-dependent BEC generated with and without radar data assimilation in EnKF on the performance of hybrid EnVar analysis and ensuing convective forecasting. The multiscale hybrid EnVar strategy was first evaluated through a comparison with 3DVar and EnKF using a convective rainfall case. Quantitative verifications for both precipitation and environmental variables demonstrated that the hybrid EnVar system with an optimal multiscale configuration outperformed both the 3DVar and EnKF. The multiscale hybrid EnVar strategy was then evaluated through a series of sensitivity experiments. It was shown that the two-step assimilation strategy outperformed the one-step for both the precipitation and environmental variables, and the ensemble BEC generated without radar data assimilation led to improved hybrid EnVar analysis over that with radar data assimilation by better representing uncertainties in convective environment and reducing spurious spatial and multivariate correlations.
What Do Twitter Users Think about Climate Change? Characterization of Twitter Interactions Considering Geographical, Gender, and Account Typologies Perspectives
Authors: Mouronte-López Mary Luz , Subirán Marta 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Climate change (CC) is a topical issue of profound social interest. This paper aims to analyze the sentiments expressed in Twitter interactions in relation to CC. The study is performed considering the geographical and gender perspectives as well as different user typologies (individual users or companies). A total of 92 474 Twitter messages were utilized for the study. These are characterized by analyzing sentiment polarity and identifying the underlying topics related to climate change. Polarity is examined utilizing different commercial algorithms such as Valence Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner (VADER) and TextBlob, in conjunction with a procedure that uses word embedding and clustering techniques in an unsupervised machine learning approach. In addition, hypothesis testing is applied to inspect whether a gender independence exists or not. The topics are identified using latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and the usage of n-grams is explored. The topics identified are (in descending order of importance) CC activism, biodiversity, CC evidence, sustainability, CC awareness, pandemic, net zero, CC policies and finances, government action, and climate emergency. Moreover, globally speaking, it is found that the interactions on all topics are predominantly negative, and they are maintained as such for both men and women. If the polarity by topic and country is considered, it is also negative in most countries, although there are several notable exceptions. Finally, the presence of organizations and their perspective is studied, and results suggest that organizations post with more frequency when addressing topics such as sustainability, CC awareness, and net zero topics.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this research is to gain a better understanding of the perception of Twitter users in relation to climate change. To do so, Twitter interactions are characterized by analyzing polarity (positive or negative sentiment) and identifying underlying topics that, with greater or lesser intensity, were discussed during the period analyzed. Then, to contextualize the information retrieved, several classifications are performed: by gender, location, and account typology (individual users and companies). Interesting differences and commonalities are found both by geographic dimension and by gender. Similarly, some dissimilarities exist between interactions from individuals and companies. The findings of this work are significant because they can help institutions and governments to properly target public awareness efforts on climate change.
Exploring classroom teachers’ efficacy towards implementing physical activity breaks in the classroom
Authors: McKown Hayley B , Centeio Erin E , Barcelona Jeanne M , Pedder Christine , Whitney G Moore E , Erwin Heather E 
Published: June 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine classroom teachers’ self-efficacy towards, and perceptions of, physical activity in the classroom. Design: The study is a convergent mixed-methods design in which both qualitative and quantitative data were collected simultaneously at one time point. Setting: A convenience sample was recruited through email from two school districts to participate in an online survey and follow-up phone interview. Method: The survey consisted of demographic variables, as well as the validated 18-item Teacher Efficacy Toward Providing Physical Activity in the Classroom Scale (TETPPACS). Quantitatively, descriptive statistics were calculated to explore general relationships; qualitatively, constant comparison and inductive analysis were used to better understand teacher efficacy and perceptions towards providing physical activity in the classroom. Results: Sixteen participants (87% female; Mage = 38.4 years, Mexperience =12.25 years) representing two states and 12 schools completed both measures. Participants represented all grade levels and varied in levels of general efficacy ( M = 3.18, range = 1.78–4.06), student barrier efficacy ( M = 3.30, range = 1.29–4.29), institutional efficacy ( M = 2.92, range = 1.33–4.22) and educational efficacy ( M = 3.60, range = 2.00–5.00). Three themes emerged as part of the qualitative analysis: (1) implementation barriers, (2) the face of teacher preparation and (3) knowledge and intentionality. Conclusion: Results offer further evidence of the disconnect that exists for classroom teachers as well as insights into classroom teachers’ perceptions of and self-efficacy towards physical activity in the classroom.
Readability Analysis and Accessibility of Online Materials About Transgender Voice Care
Authors: Magrath Walker J. , Shneyderman Matthew , Bauer Tom K. , Neira Paula , Best Simon , Akst Lee M. 
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveTo determine readability, understandability, and actionability of online health information related to transgender voice care.Study DesignReview of online materials.SettingAcademic medical center.MethodsA Google search of “transgender voice care” was performed with the first 50 websites meeting inclusion criteria included. Readability was assessed using the Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), Flesch‐Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), and the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG). Understandability and actionability were measured by 2 independent reviewers using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable Materials (PEMAT‐P). Unpaired t tests were used to compare clinician‐ and patient‐oriented sites, surgical and nonsurgical sites, and sites that discuss nonbinary indications for voice care. Analysis of variance was used to compare sites that discuss voice feminization, masculinization, both, or neither.ResultsAverage scores across the cohort for FRES, FKGL, and SMOG were 43.77 ± 13.52, 12.14 ± 2.66, and 11.30 ± 1.93, respectively, indicating materials were above a 12th‐grade reading level. PEMAT‐P scores for understandability and actionability were 64.95% ± 15.78% and 40.55% ± 23.86%, respectively. Patient‐oriented sites were significantly more understandable and actionable than clinician‐oriented sites (P <. 02). Websites that discussed only voice feminization were significantly more readable according to objective metrics (FKGL, SMOG) than websites that discussed both feminization and masculinization or those that did not differentiate care types (P <. 05).ConclusionOnline information written about transgender voice care is written at a level above what is recommended for patient education materials. Providers may improve accessibility of transgender voice care by enhancing readability of online materials.