bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Algebraic Conditions on Counterexamples of the Collatz Conjecture
Authors: Sharma Jai , Jha Akshat , Bose Sambhabi , Heller Garrett , Castro Nickolas A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the possible scenarios in which a number does not satisfy the Collatz Conjecture, or the 3x+1 conjecture. Specifically, we examine the algebraic behavior of possible counterexamples of the Collatz Conjecture which may lead to a loop other than the trivial loop or unbounded divergence. In order to investigate these, we examine the parity of the numbers in a general Collatz reduction sequence. Further, we examine cases in which these parity cycles are infinitely periodic with finite period. Through the research conducted in the paper, we formulate a necessary algebraic condition for looping in the Collatz Conjecture. We also prove that if a number has a diverging reduction sequence, then it must generate an infinite aperiodic parity cycle.
Assessment of river morphology based on changes in land use and land cover and the spatial and temporal variation of meandering parameters of the barak river
Authors: Nath Apurba , Ghosh Susmita 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
River morphology describes a river's cross-sectional shape, sedimentation, and erosion. The meandering parameters, oxbow formation and decadal land usage land cover (LULC) fluctuations of Barak River were investigated using 21 meandering spans to measure river morphological changes. The decadal meandering parameters were calculated reach-wise and section-wise to characterize river morphological changes. It was observed from the paired t-test that the river width significantly changed during the study period (1990–2020). Strong inter-relationships between the meandering parameters are shown from the regression analysis. The morphological investigation found a reduction in the centerline distance due to variations in the radius of curvature caused by the internal arc's reduction. As a result, the average sinuosity has decreased over time. The current work used SVM and ML techniques for LULC classification, and a comparison of ML and SVM techniques was also done. The SVM technique performs better. The decadal LULC analysis suggests that between 1990 and 2020, the areas of water bodies, forests, and bare land types declined. Whereas, agricultural and settlement areas increased. River morphology is substantially impacted by agriculture and urbanization, particularly in areas where oxbows occur simultaneously, since this work may apply to other similar meandering river management along the alluvial flood plain.
Enhancing the ability of two kinds of oil-degrading bacteria to treat oily sludge by optimising the growth conditions using a response surface methodology
Authors: Fu Qiang , Yang Yu , Zhao Mengshi , Zhang Li , Shan Si 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Biosurfactant are Surfactants produced by certain microorganisms. These biosurfactants increase the biodegradability of insoluble pollutants. In this study, the fermentation products of Pseudomonas stutzeri Lh-42 (PS) and Rhodococcus sp. PR-1 (RD) were studied by Oil spreading method, emulsifying activity and infrared spectrum analysis. It was proved that these fermentation products were biosurfactant. And then the fermentation conditions of PS, RD were optimised by Placket-Burman (PB) design, hill-climbing experiment and response surface methodology (RSM). N source and liquid loading were significant factors in the fermentation of PS, while C source and speed were significant factors in the fermentation of RD. The surface tension was found to be as low as 39.53 ± 0.25 mN/m for the fermentation conditions of PS with an N source of 4.62 ± 0.41 g and a liquid loading of 28.4 ± 0.3%. The surface tension was 40.70 ± 0.47 mN/m for the incubation conditions of RD with a C source of 26.94 ± 0.62 g and a rotational speed of 210 r/min. Finally, the experimental results for the degradation of oily sludge showed that the degradation rate of oily sludge was improved when the fermentation conditions were optimised. The results of the infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the organic matter content of the oily sludge treated with PS bacteria was significantly reduced after the optimised fermentation. This study provides a theoretical reference for further use of these bacteria to produce biosurfactants to treat organic matter.
Perinatal Management of Pregnancies with Fetal Congenital Anomalies:
A Guide to Obstetricians and Pediatricians
Authors: Mangla Mishu , Anne Rajendra Prasad 
Published: October 2022

Background:
Congenital anomalies are responsible for approximately 20% of all neona-tal deaths worldwide. Improvements in antenatal screening and diagnosis have significantly im-proved the prenatal detection of birth defects; however, these improvements have not translated into the improved neonatal prognosis of babies born with congenital anomalies.

Objectives:
An attempt has been made to summarise the prenatal interventions, if available, the op-timal route, mode and time of delivery and discuss the minimum delivery room preparations that should be made if expecting to deliver a fetus with a congenital anomaly.

Methods:
The recent literature related to the perinatal management of the fetus with prenatally de-tected common congenital anomalies was searched in English peer-reviewed journals from the PubMed database to work out an evidence-based approach for their management.

Results:
Fetuses with prenatally detected congenital anomalies should be delivered at a tertiary care centre with facilities for neonatal surgery and paediatric intensive care if needed. There is no indica-tion for preterm delivery in the majority of cases. Only a few congenital malformations, like high-risk sacrococcygeal teratoma, congenital lung masses with significant fetal compromise, fetal cere-bral lesions or neural tube defects with Head circumference >40 cm or the biparietal diameter is ≥12 cm, gastroschisis with extracorporeal liver, or giant omphaloceles in the fetus warrant caesarean section as the primary mode of delivery.

Conclusion:
The prognosis of a fetus with congenital anomalies can be significantly improved if planning for delivery, including the Place and Time of delivery, is done optimally. A multi-disciplinary team should be available for the fetus to optimize conditions right from when it is born.
The Severity of COVID-19 in Diabetes Patients
Authors: Rokde Vijayshri , Danao Kishor , Bali Nikhil , Mahajan Ujwala 
Published: October 2022

Background and Aims:
Diabetic patients are significantly stimulated by COVID-19
infection. The dreadful risk of COVID-19 mortality may be affected. In order to preserve precious
lives, it is essential to comprehend how diabetes and COVID-19 are related, as well as how to manage
diabetes. We aimed to focus on the mechanism, impact, and drug treatment of diabetes in
COVID-19 patients.

Methods:
A comprehensive scrutiny of the published literature in diverse pharmaceutical and medical
databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, DOAJ etc., were successfully conducted
and classified accordingly.

Results:
We discussed the severity of COVID-19 in diabetes patients. A patient with diabetes has a
higher risk of COVID-19 mortality by influencing the development and prognosis of the disease.
The recommended drugs for diabetes treatment in COVID-19 may reduce COVID-19 mortality.

Conclusion:
Metabolic syndrome diabetes is a risk factor enhancing the development and diagnosis
of covid-19. In order to treat diabetic patients who have COVID-19 infection, insulin is preferable
over oral hypoglycemic medications.
Exploration, Development and Optimization of Eco-friendly Novel Dosage
Form – Pastilles
Authors: Rana Hardik , Panchal Poonam , Dholakia Mansi , Thakkar Vaishali 
Published: October 2022

Background:
Now-a-day, there is the need to explore the concept of green chemistry in every field. Many existing conventional and novel drug delivery systems have problems related to green chemistry. To overcome the existing limitations of the different dosage forms, a newer untouched dosage form pastilles was explored.

Objective:
The present study aims to optimize the Glipizide (GPZ) matrix pastilles using waxy erodible polymers integrating the concept of quality by design (QbD) and green chemistry.

Methods:
The pastilles were formulated using the fabricated lab-scale pastillator. GPZ was used as a model drug. The concern related to the drug is low aqueous solubility and short variable half-life. The solubility of the drug was improved by formulating a complex between GPZ and chemically modified ß –cyclodextrin (β-CD) - hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HP- ß -CD). The complex was prepared using the kneading method. The complex was formulated incorporated different stoichiometric ratios of GPZ: complexing agent. Sustained-release pastille formulated using Gelucire 43/01 (GC 43/01) as release retardant polymer. The central composite design had been used to obtain an optimum batch, using the amount of GC 43/01 and temperature as independent variables, while drug release at 2h, 6h, and 10h was chosen as dependent variables. Design batches were evaluated for post-and preformulation parameters. An optimum formulation was evaluated for the influence of hydroalcoholic media on drug release.

Results:
The complex formulated using HP- ß –CD (1:1) shown better solubility (36.5mg/ml) and dissolution. The complex was incorporated in the pastilles with erodible polymer GC 43/01. The formulation was found robust with optimum pre and post formulation parameters. Optimized batch was chosen from the design space of central composite design. The drug release of the optimized formulation was found 29.13%, 57.29% and 85.70% at 2, 6 and 10 hrs respectively which was similar to the drug release of the marketed formulation. As the amount of alcohol increased from 5 to 40 %, the drug release also increased but did not show a dose dumping effect. It is just due to the altered solubility of GPZ in alcohol.

Conclusion:
The untouched formulation, Pastilles of GPZ were developed incorporating the waxy erodible polymer. Pastilles were capable to control drug release up to 12 h. The amount of GC 43/01 and temperature had a significant effect on the formulation of GPZ sustained-release pastille. The newer approach of formulating pastilles might apply to the industry as it is an eco-friendly, single-step process and uses fewer excipients.
The Protective Effect of Bajijiasu on the Treatment of Hypertensive
Nephropathy in Rats
Authors: Yang Junzheng , Li Zhenghai , Li Minyi , Lie Beifeng , Duan Tingting , Chen Deqi , Xia Tao , Xie Heng , Lin Guixuan 
Published: October 2022

Background/aims:
Hypertensive nephropathy (HN) is a kind of renal diseases caused by essential hypertension, eventually worsens into end-stage renal disease (ESRD). HN could damage the renal tubules, induce kidney damage, renal failure, and increase the risk of stroke, heart disease or death, but there are few ideal drugs for HN treatment.

Methods:
In this study, we explored the therapeutic effect of bajijiasu (a compound from Morinda officinalis how and a common traditional Chinese medicine for tonifying the kidney) on the HN rat model. Biochemical analysis, HE staining, and PAS staining were used to assess the effects of bajijiasu on HN rat model, western blotting was used to analyze the potential mechanisms.

Results:
The results of HE staining and PAS staining showed that bajijiasu could alleviate the pathological
changes in HN rat models; biochemical analysis found that the concentration of Malondialdehyde
(MDA), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), microalbuminuria (MALB), blood urea nitrogen
(BUN), creatinine (Cr), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were
significantly decreased compared with the model group after bajijiasu treatment; and bajijiasu could
regulate the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, MDA, SOD1 and AGEs in HN rats; the result of western
blotting demonstrated that bajijiasu could down-regulate the expression of TGFβ1, NOX4, JNK, p-
JNK and up-regulate the expression PPARγ and SOD 1 in HN rats.

Conclusion:
Those results demonstrated that bajijiasu could alleviate the pathological changes, physiological and biochemical symptoms of HN rat models by regulating the expression of TGFβ1, PPARγ, JNK, p-JNK, NOX4 and SOD1, but could not lower the blood pressure of HN rats. Those evidences may provide a new therapeutic method for HN treatment.
Questionnaire Validity and Reliability of Intuitive Eating Behaviour towards Obesity: Behavioural perspective
Authors: Md Nor Norazmir , Firdus Syauqina , Rajab aka Wan Ismail Wan Nur Diana , Dewi Yunia Fitriani  
Published: October 2022

Introduction: Intuitive eating involves consuming food based on internal hunger and satiety cues. This study aims to establish a validated and reliable questionnaire. Methods: The questionnaire items' difficulty, uncertainty, and inappropriateness were conducted. The validity is analysed using the Content Validity Index and Lawshe's Content Validity Ratio, estimated by inter-item reliability (Cronbach's Alpha) and test-retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient). Results: The CVIs correlation coefficient is 0.89 – 0.99. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient value is 0.66 – 0.68. Conclusion: This study showed that the questionnaire has good validity and reliability towards obesity from an intuitive eating behaviour perspective.
Keywords: intuitive eating, obesity, validity, reliability
eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under the responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i21.3678
Bolstering the Business Case for Adoption of Shared Decision-Making Systems in Primary Care: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Sperl-Hillen JoAnn M , Anderson Jeffrey P , Margolis Karen L , Rossom Rebecca C , Kopski Kristen M , Averbeck Beth M , Rosner Jeanine A , Ekstrom Heidi L , Dehmer Steven P , O’Connor Patrick J 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundLimited budgets may often constrain the ability of health care delivery systems to adopt shared decision-making (SDM) systems designed to improve clinical encounters with patients and quality of care.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the impact of an SDM system shown to improve diabetes and cardiovascular patient outcomes on factors affecting revenue generation in primary care clinics.MethodsAs part of a large multisite clinic randomized controlled trial (RCT), we explored the differences in 1 care system between clinics randomized to use an SDM intervention (n=8) versus control clinics (n=9) regarding the (1) likelihood of diagnostic coding for cardiometabolic conditions using the 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and (2) current procedural terminology (CPT) billing codes.ResultsAt all 24,138 encounters with care gaps targeted by the SDM system, the proportion assigned high-complexity CPT codes for level of service 5 was significantly higher at the intervention clinics (6.1%) compared to that in the control clinics (2.9%), with P<.001 and adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.64 (95% CI 1.02-2.61). This was consistently observed across the following specific care gaps: diabetes with glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)>8% (n=8463), 7.2% vs 3.4%, P<.001, and adjusted OR 1.93 (95% CI 1.01-3.67); blood pressure above goal (n=8515), 6.5% vs 3.7%, P<.001, and adjusted OR 1.42 (95% CI 0.72-2.79); suboptimal statin management (n=17,765), 5.8% vs 3%, P<.001, and adjusted OR 1.41 (95% CI 0.76-2.61); tobacco dependency (n=7449), 7.5% vs. 3.4%, P<.001, and adjusted OR 2.14 (95% CI 1.31-3.51); BMI >30 kg/m2 (n=19,838), 6.2% vs 2.9%, P<.001, and adjusted OR 1.45 (95% CI 0.75-2.8). Compared to control clinics, intervention clinics assigned ICD-10 diagnosis codes more often for observed cardiometabolic conditions with care gaps, although the difference did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionsIn this randomized study, use of a clinically effective SDM system at encounters with care gaps significantly increased the proportion of encounters assigned high-complexity (level 5) CPT codes, and it was associated with a nonsignificant increase in assigning ICD-10 codes for observed cardiometabolic conditions.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT 02451670; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT 02451670
The Use of Machine Learning to Reduce Overtreatment of the Axilla in Breast Cancer: Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Jozsa Felix , Baker Rose , Kelly Peter , Ahmed Muneer , Douek Michael 
Published: October 2022

Background
Patients with early breast cancer undergoing primary surgery, who have low axillary nodal burden, can safely forego axillary node clearance (ANC). However, routine use of axillary ultrasound (AUS) leads to 43% of patients in this group having ANC unnecessarily, following a positive AUS. The intersection of machine learning with medicine can provide innovative ways to understand specific risks within large patient data sets, but this has not yet been trialed in the arena of axillary node management in breast cancer.

Objective
The objective of this study was to assess if machine learning techniques could be used to improve preoperative identification of patients with low and high axillary metastatic burden.

Methods
A single-center retrospective analysis was performed on patients with breast cancer who had a preoperative AUS, and the specificity and sensitivity of AUS were calculated. Standard statistical methods and machine learning methods, including artificial neural network, naive Bayes, support vector machine, and random forest, were applied to the data to see if they could improve the accuracy of preoperative AUS to better discern high and low axillary burden.

Results
The study included 459 patients; 142 (31%) had a positive AUS; among this group, 88 (62%) had 2 or fewer macrometastatic nodes at ANC. Logistic regression outperformed AUS (specificity 0.950 vs 0.809). Of all the methods, the artificial neural network had the highest accuracy (0.919). Interestingly, AUS had the highest sensitivity of all methods (0.777), underlining its utility in this setting.

Conclusions
We demonstrated that machine learning improves identification of the important subgroup of patients with no palpable axillary disease, positive ultrasound, and more than 2 metastatically involved nodes. A negative ultrasound in patients with no palpable lymphadenopathy is highly indicative of low axillary burden, and it is unclear whether sentinel node biopsy adds value in this situation. Further studies with larger patient numbers focusing on specific breast cancer subgroups are required to refine these techniques in this setting.
Clinical and diagnostic significance of determining the cytokine status in infants with chronic cytomegalovirus infection against the background of hypoxic-ischemic CNS damage
Authors: Kravchenko L. V. , Levkovich M. A. , Berezhanskaya S. B. , Afonin A. A. , Krukier I. I. , Puzikova O. Z. , Panova I. V. , Sozaeva D. I. , Popova V. A. , Drukker N. A. 
Published: October 2022

Objective: based on the production of cytokines, to identify the immunological features of the chronic course of cytomegalovirus infection in children of the first year of life against the background of hypoxic-ischemic CNS damage.Research methods:108 newborns with cytomegalovirus infection occurring against the background of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic lesions of the central unequal system were examined. All observed patients immediately after the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection underwent an immunological examination, including the determination of the levels of interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), the level of interleukins — 2 and 4 (IL -2 and IL-4) necrosis factor human alpha tumors (TNF-α in blood serum was determined by enzyme immunoassay using a set of reagents ProCon IF2 plus, ProCon Ifgamma, ProCon TNFα (Protein contour LLC, Russia, St. Petersburg). At 1 and 6 months of life .The observation groups consisted of 78 children (72.2%) with an acute course of the disease (Group 1) and 30 children (27.3%) with a chronic course (Group 2). The control group consisted of 15 newborns without herpes virus infection.Results. Of the totality of the studied cytokines, statistically significant for the chronic course of cytomegalovirus infection in children of the first year of life against the background of hypoxic-ischemic CNS damage were found: IL-2, IFN-γ. It was found that in children with a persistent low level of IFN-γ and an increased level of IL-4 in the blood serum at the age of 6 months, there was a chronic course of cytomegalovirus infection against the background of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic CNS damage.A decrease in IFN-γ production indicates a congenital or acquired deficiency of the interferon system and can be considered as an indication for long-term interferon replacement therapy.
Efecto covid-19 en las finanzas personales en alumnos de pregrado
Authors: Reus González Nadia Natasha , Campos Reyes Víctor , Reus González Tania , Macías Ocampo Miriam Judith 
Published: October 2022

El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar el efecto covid-19 sobre las finanzas personales en alumnos de pregrado del Centro Universitario de los Altos de la Universidad de Guadalajara. Se trabajó con 342 casos, de los que se analizaron pruebas de independencia estadística entre variables. Entre los principales resultados destaca que para 49.1 % de los estudiantes el ingreso proviene de sus padres y que más de 50 % de los alumnos vieron afectados sus ingresos y sus gastos se modificaron como efecto de la pandemia. Por otro lado, un alto porcentaje mostró tener el hábito del ahorro (83.6 %), de por lo menos 10 % de sus ingresos, aunque no consideraron tener un ahorro adicional como efecto de la pandemia. Asimismo, 84.5 % de ellos indicaron no tener que recurrir a un endeudamiento. En suma, el efecto covid-19 fue negativo en los ingresos de los estudiantes. Los encuestados señalaron en su mayoría que los gastos aumentaron con la pandemia.
Cause of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Portrayed in the Movie Cherry by Russo Brothers
Authors: Marwati Dita , Rudianto Gaguk 
Published: October 2022

The theory used in this research was proposed by Freud, (1921) to analyze Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder found in the movie “Cherry” movie by Russo Brothers. The movie will be the data source to analyze cause of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Mental illness is the main topic that sometime portrayed in the movie or novel. This research will be focused on the cause of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder from the utterances and narrations by the characters in the movie. The research will be used descriptive qualitative method of the research by (Creswell, 2013) to conduct the data. The researchers will be analyzed the utterances and narrations from the characters in the movie “Cherry.” The utterances and narrations discovered in the movie will be classified used theory causes of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder proposed by Davison, (2012) which were genetic, environmental, brain structure and psychological causes. The observational method and non-participatory technique as the methods of collecting data will be used in this research. The result will be discovered that there were 10 utterances, narrations, or actions of cause of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by the characters in the movie. They are included 3 data discovered as genetic causes and 7 data discovered as environmental causes.