bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Considered in Graduate School Decision‐Making: Implications for Graduate School Application and Acceptance
Authors: Cho‐Baker Sugene , Kell Harrison J. , Fishtein Daniel 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe career gains of obtaining a graduate degree are well established, but those from lower socioeconomic status (SES) and underrepresented demographic backgrounds have persistently been disadvantaged in earning those degrees. We aim to contribute to research on enhancing access, diversity, and equity to graduate education by providing insights into what motivates individuals to pursue a graduate education across demographic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Using survey data collected from GRE® test takers at two time points and exploratory structural equation modeling, we explore the factors that individuals consider to be important for pursuing graduate education and selecting graduate programs, along with subsequent application and acceptance outcomes. We identified three factors considered in deciding to pursue graduate school and six factors considered in selecting graduate school programs. Those who aimed to apply to graduate school for professional development considered an extensive set of factors in selecting programs. The factors considered varied by gender, ethnicity/race, and SES. These factors further varied in the extent to which they predicted graduate school application and acceptance outcomes.
Analytical determination of compounds released during pyrolysis, smoldering, and combustion experiments with insulation materials from renewable resources
Authors: Wichmann Hubertus , Kolb Marit , Bulutcu Deniz , Kolb Torsten , Zehfuß Jochen 
Published: March 2022

SummaryObviously, the use of insulation materials from renewable resources in buildings could provide benefits regarding environmental protection and sustainable management. Nevertheless, their market share in Germany is estimated to be about 7% because of a partial lack of knowledge about their properties, and therefore, of construction certifications. This work was intended to close a knowledge gap concerning emissions during pyrolysis, smoldering, and combustion of commercial insulating materials made from wood, cellulose, meadow grass, hemp, jute, cork, and seaweed as well as polystyrene for comparison reasons. Laboratory‐scale experiments were conducted and the measurement of thermal decomposition products was done with gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). It was realized that almost all the products could be assigned to the following eight substance classes: carbohydrates, aldehydes/ketones, carbonic acids/esters, substituted phenols, furans, aliphatic hydrocarbons, substituted benzenes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Substance spectra were generated that showed certain conformities, especially between the insulating materials made from wood, cellulose, and meadow grass as well as hemp and jute. Comparisons of the sum of peak areas in the GC/MS‐chromatograms provided indications of the relative extent of thermal decomposition product emissions. Calculations according to (∑peak areas renewable material)/(∑peak areas polystyrene) revealed factors between 0.18 (wood, cork) and 0.028 (meadow grass). In the thermal emissions, defined hazardous substances or substance groups were frequently measured. These were included in a toxicity evaluation by which, inter alia, advantages of the natural products compared to polystyrene could be demonstrated.
A novel 12‐hour versus 24‐hour magnesium sulfate regimen in the management of eclampsia and preeclampsia in Ghana (MOPEP Study): A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Beyuo Titus K. , Lawrence Emma R. , Kobernik Emily K. , Oppong Samuel A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveWe compared the efficacy of a 12‐h versus 24‐h regimen of intramuscular magnesium sulfate in the management of eclampsia and preeclampsia.MethodsThis is an open‐labeled parallel randomized controlled trial conducted in Accra, Ghana from November 2018 to November 2020. Participants were adult pregnant women admitted to the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) with a diagnosis of antepartum, intrapartum, or postpartum eclampsia or preeclampsia with severe features, having received no more than a loading dose of magnesium sulfate prior to admission at KBTH. Participants in the standard 24‐h group received a loading dose of magnesium sulfate 4 g intravenous and 10 g intramuscular (5 g in each buttock) followed by six, 5 g intramuscular maintenance doses over 24 h. Participants in the 12‐h intervention group received the same loading dose followed by three, 5 g intramuscular maintenance doses over 12 h. The primary outcome was occurrence of seizure after completion of the assigned magnesium sulfate regimen. Secondary outcomes were magnesium sulfate toxicity, magnesium sulfate side effects, maternal outcomes (mode of delivery, duration of inpatient admission, duration of urethral catheterization), maternal complications (pulmonary edema, acute kidney injury, intensive care unit admission, death), and neonatal outcomes.ResultsAmong 1176 total participants, we found no difference in occurrence of seizure after completion of the assigned regimen in the 24‐h group (n = 5, 0.9%) versus the 12‐h group (n = 2, 0.3%), P = 0.29; RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.08, 2.04), or in occurrence of seizure any time after enrollment (n = 9, 1.5% vs. n = 5, 0.9%, P = 0.28, RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.19–1.64). Participants in the 12‐h group had a shorter duration of inpatient admission (9.4 ± 8.8 vs. 7.7 ± 6.5 days, P = 0.0009) and urethral catheterization (2.1 ± 1.0 vs. 1.9 ± 1.3 days, P < 0.0001). Rates of side effects from magnesium sulfate were lower in the 12‐h group: pain at the injection site (94.8% (n = 548) vs. 91.5% (n = 540), P = 0.03), inflammation (62.2% (n = 358) vs. 40.0% (n = 237), P < 0.0001), and bleeding or bruising at the injection site (25.1% (n = 144) vs. 14.4% (n = 85), P < 0.0001).ConclusionsCompared with 24 h, 12 h of intramuscular magnesium sulfate showed similar rates of seizures, with fewer side effects and shorter inpatient admission.Trial RegistrationProspective registration was with Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR201811515303983): https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=4690.
Influence of Renal Function on Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of a Single Dose of Romosozumab
Authors: Hsu Cheng‐Pang , Maddox Judy , Block Geoffrey , Bartley Yessenia , Yu Zhigang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe evaluated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of a single subcutaneous dose of romosozumab 210 mg, a monoclonal antibody against sclerostin, in an open‐label, parallel‐group study in participants with severe (stage 4) renal impairment (RI; n = 8) or end‐stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis (ESRD‐RH; n = 8), or healthy participants with normal renal function (n = 8). Compared with the group with normal renal function, the mean romosozumab exposure was 31% and 43% higher as measured by maximum observed serum concentration and area under the concentration‐time curve, respectively, in the severe RI group and similar to those in the ESRD‐RH group. For all 3 groups, the maximum mean percent increase in procollagen type 1 N terminal propeptide and decrease in serum C‐telopeptide levels from baseline were observed on day 15. Changes in procollagen type 1 N terminal propeptide and serum C‐telopeptide were of similar patterns in all 3 groups. The single dose of romosozumab 210 mg was well tolerated. Adverse events (AEs) were reported for 13 patients (7 patients with severe RI and 6 with ESRD‐RH), with no deaths, AEs, or serious AEs leading to withdrawal. The incidence of subjects with postbaseline transient decreases in serum calcium (severe RI, n = 1; ESRD‐RH, n = 5) and increases in intact parathyroid hormone (severe RI, n = 7; ESRD‐RH, n = 7; healthy, n = 3) were greater in severe RI and ESRD‐RH groups than in the healthy group. All reported events of hypocalcemia (severe RI, n = 1; ESRD‐RH, n = 4) were asymptomatic. These results support the use of romosozumab without dose adjustment in patients with severe RI or ESRD‐RH.
Variations in risk‐adjusted outcomes following 4318 laparoscopic liver resections
Authors: Cucchetti Alessandro , Aldrighetti Luca , Ratti Francesca , Ferrero Alessandro , Guglielmi Alfredo , Giuliante Felice , Cillo Umberto , Mazzaferro Vincenzo , De Carlis Luciano , Ercolani Giorgio ,   the I Go MILS Group
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackground/PurposeQuality measures in surgery are important to establish appropriate levels of care and to develop improvement strategies. The purpose of this study was to provide risk‐adjusted outcome measures after laparoscopic liver resection (LLR).MethodsData from a prospective, multicenter database involving 4318 patients submitted to LLRs in 41 hospitals from an intention‐to‐treat approach (2014–2020) were used to analyze heterogeneity (I2) among centers and to develop a risk‐adjustment model on outcome measures through multivariable mixed‐effect models to account for confounding due to case‐mix.ResultsInvolved hospitals operated on very different patients: the largest heterogeneity was observed for operating in the presence of previous abdominal surgery (I2:79.1%), in cirrhotic patients (I2:89.3%) suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma (I2:88.6%) or requiring associated intestinal resections (I2:82.8%) and in regard to technical complexity (I2 for the most complex LLRs: 84.1%). These aspects determined substantial or large heterogeneity in overall morbidity (I2:84.9%), in prolonged in‐hospital stay (I2:86.9%) and in conversion rate (I2:73.4%). Major complication had medium heterogeneity (I2:46.5%). The heterogeneity of mortality was null. Risk‐adjustment accounted for all of this variability and the final risk‐standardized conversion rate was 8.9%, overall morbidity was 22.1%, major morbidity was 5.1% and prolonged in‐hospital stay was 26.0%. There were no outliers among the 41 participating centers. An online tool was provided.ConclusionsA benchmark for LLRs including all eligible patients was provided, suggesting that surgeons can act accordingly in the interest of the patient, modifying their approach in relation to different indications and different experience, but finally providing the same quality of care.
Global, regional, and national burden of periodontitis from 1990 to 2019: Results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019
Authors: Wu Leng , Zhang Sheng‐Qi , Zhao Lei , Ren Zhen‐Hu , Hu Chuan‐Yu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate the prevalence and incidence of periodontitis and associated disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2019.MethodsWe collected data on periodontitis between 1990 and 2019 from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 Study. The global prevalence, incidence, and DALYs attributed to periodontitis were analyzed. The age‐standardized rate (ASR) and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to quantify the burden of the disease and temporal trends.ResultsThe ASR of the prevalence, incidence, and DALYs increased worldwide from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, Western Sub‐Saharan Africa carried the heaviest burden of periodontitis, whereas the nation with the highest periodontitis burden was Gambia. The burden of periodontitis was negatively associated with the level of socioeconomic development. Although, the majority of periodontitis burden was observed among those aged 55–59 years, the incidence of periodontitis has shown an increasing trend among younger individuals.ConclusionPeriodontitis continues to be a global public health problem. Current prevention and control strategies should be enhanced to prevent an increase in periodontitis.
Measuring the Area of the Interventricular Septum in the 4‐Chamber View: A New Technique to Evaluate the Fetus at Risk for Septal Hypertrophy
Authors: DeVore Greggory R. , Klas Berthold , Satou Gary , Sklansky Mark 
Published: March 2022

ObjectivesOne of the problems for the clinician who desires to measure the interventricular septum (IVS) in a high‐risk fetus is to know where to make the measurement. The purpose of this study was to use speckle‐tracking analysis to measure the IVS area, 24‐segment widths, and length at end‐diastole (ED) and end‐systole (ES) in normal fetuses.MethodsFrom the 4‐chamber view, speckle‐tracking analysis was performed at ED and ES on the IVS in 200 normal fetuses. The following were computed and regressed against gestational age (GA) and fetal biometric (FB) measurements: area, length, and the 24‐segment transverse widths from the apex to the crux. The 24‐segment width/length ratio was also measured. The speckle‐tracking measurements of the ED area and length were compared using a point‐to‐point measurement tool available on all ultrasound machines.ResultsThe ED and ES areas, lengths, and 24‐segment widths increased with GA and FB. The ED and ES areas were virtually identical. The 24‐segment width/length ratio decreased from the apex to the crux of the septum. There was no significant difference in the measurement of the ED area and the length between speckle‐tracking and the point‐to‐point measurements.ConclusionsMeasurement of the area and length of the IVS are simple to obtain and provide a new diagnostic tool to evaluate the fetus at risk for IVS hypertrophy which may be observed in fetuses of mothers with pregestational and gestational diabetes.
Toroidal‐Assisted Generalized Huygens’ Sources for Highly Transmissive Plasmonic Metasurfaces
Authors: Hassanfiroozi Amir , Cheng Yi‐Chen , Huang Shih‐Hsiu , Lin Yu‐Tsung , Huang Po‐Sheng , Shi Yuzhi , Wu Pin Chieh 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMetasurface operating in the transmission scheme has shown a promising scenario for flat optics applications. Nevertheless, the inherently low working efficiency of transmissive plasmonic metasurfaces at optical frequencies severely hinders them from future technology development. This work reports on a hybrid plasmonic meta‐atom (HPMA) with a simple fabrication and cost‐effective single‐lithographic process featuring a toroidal‐assisted generalized Huygens’ source with a state‐of‐the‐art circular polarization conversion efficiency beyond 50%. The HPMA representsa new upper limit for transmission efficiency in the near‐infrared. The high transmission is realized via balanced multipoles of different orders including toroidal dipole that satisfies the generalized Kerker condition. The introduction of toroidal dipole provides an additional degree of freedom to tailor the wave interference and radiation symmetry rather than the use of a conventional electric and magnetic multipolar coupling. In addition, two high‐performance metasurfaces by combining the HPMAs with the geometric phase method are highlighted. The highly‐transmissive beam deflection metasurface and plasmonic metalens respectively yield anomalous refraction with 38.2% optical efficiency and 46.56% focusing efficiency, both experimentally showing a record transmission level. The findings may open new ways to design highly‐efficient plasmonic metasurfaces and to take one step forward to facilitate nearly optimal and practical nanophotonic devices.
On proper (1,2)‐dominating sets in graphs
Authors: Michalski Adrian , Włoch Iwona , Dettlaff Magda , Lemańska Magdalena 
Published: March 2022

In 2008, Hedetniemi et al. introduced the concept of
‐domination and obtained some interesting results for
‐domination. Obviously every
‐dominating set of a graph (known as 2‐dominating set) is
‐dominating; to distinguish these concepts, we define a proper
‐dominating set of a graph as follows: a subset
is a proper
‐dominating set of a graph if
is
‐dominating and it is not a
‐dominating set of a graph. In particular, we introduce proper
‐domination parameters and study their relations with
‐domination parameters and the classical domination numbers.
An original deep learning model using limited data for COVID‐19 discrimination: A multicenter study
Authors: Xu Fangyi , Lou Kaihua , Chen Chao , Chen Qingqing , Wang Dawei , Wu Jiangfen , Zhu Wenchao , Tan Weixiong , Zhou Yong , Liu Yongjiu , Wang Bing , Zhang Xiaoguo , Zhang Zhongfa , Zhang Jianjun , Sun Mingxia , Zhang Guohua , Dai Guojiao , Hu Hongjie 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectivesArtificial intelligence (AI) has been proved to be a highly efficient tool for COVID‐19 diagnosis, but the large data size and heavy label force required for algorithm development and the poor generalizability of AI algorithms, to some extent, limit the application of AI technology in clinical practice. The aim of this study is to develop an AI algorithm with high robustness using limited chest CT data for COVID‐19 discrimination.MethodsA three dimensional algorithm that combined multi‐instance learning with the LSTM architecture (3DMTM) was developed for differentiating COVID‐19 from community acquired pneumonia (CAP) while logistic regression (LR), k‐nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and a three dimensional convolutional neural network set for comparison. Totally, 515 patients with or without COVID‐19 between December 2019 and March 2020 from five different hospitals were recruited and divided into relatively large (150 COVID‐19 and 183 CAP cases) and relatively small datasets (17 COVID‐19 and 35 CAP cases) for either training or validation and another independent dataset (37 COVID‐19 and 93 CAP cases) for external test. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, F1 score, and G‐mean were utilized for performance evaluation.ResultsIn the external test cohort, the relatively large data‐based 3DMTM‐LD achieved an AUC of 0.956 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 0.929∼0.982) with 86.2% and 98.0% for its sensitivity and specificity. 3DMTM‐SD got an AUC of 0.937 (95% CI, 0.909∼0.965), while the AUC of 3DCM‐SD decreased dramatically to 0.714 (95% CI, 0.649∼0.780) with training data reduction. KNN‐MMSD, LR‐MMSD, SVM‐MMSD, and 3DCM‐MMSD benefited significantly from the inclusion of clinical information while models trained with relatively large dataset got slight performance improvement in COVID‐19 discrimination. 3DMTM, trained with either CT or multi‐modal data, presented comparably excellent performance in COVID‐19 discrimination.ConclusionsThe 3DMTM algorithm presented excellent robustness for COVID‐19 discrimination with limited CT data. 3DMTM based on CT data performed comparably in COVID‐19 discrimination with that trained with multi‐modal information. Clinical information could improve the performance of KNN, LR, SVM, and 3DCM in COVID‐19 discrimination, especially in the scenario with limited data for training.
Robust automated radiation therapy treatment planning using scenario‐specific dose prediction and robust dose mimicking
Authors: Eriksson Oskar , Zhang Tianfang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPurposeWe present a framework for robust automated treatment planning using machine learning, comprising scenario‐specific dose prediction and robust dose mimicking.Methods
The scenario dose prediction pipeline is divided into the prediction of nominal dose from input image and the prediction of scenario dose from nominal dose, each using a deep learning model with U‐net architecture. By using a specially developed dose–volume histogram–based loss function, the predicted scenario doses are ensured sufficient target coverage despite the possibility of the training data being non‐robust. Deliverable plans may then be created by solving a robust dose mimicking problem with the predictions as scenario‐specific reference doses.ResultsNumerical experiments are performed using a data set of 52 intensity‐modulated proton therapy plans for prostate patients. We show that the predicted scenario doses resemble their respective ground truth well, in particular while having target coverage comparable to that of the nominal scenario. The deliverable plans produced by the subsequent robust dose mimicking were showed to be robust against the same scenario set considered for prediction.ConclusionsWe demonstrate the feasibility and merits of the proposed methodology for incorporating robustness into automated treatment planning algorithms.
Understanding social influence in Facebook fundraising: Relationship strength, immediacy of needs, and number of donations
Authors: Xue Fei , Zhou Lijie 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCrowdfunding through social media has presented challenges and opportunities for nonprofit and voluntary sector organizations. To better understand how organizations can harness the power of social media in fundraising, the current research examined the effects of different types of Facebook fundraising posts on donor engagement. Based on Social Impact Theory, three factors of social influence were investigated, including relationship strength with the fundraiser creator, immediacy or urgency of the fundraising need, and number of donations. An online experiment was conducted using samples recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. A repeated measures test was performed to explore the effects of three social influence factors on perceived source credibility, feeling of social presence, attitude toward the post, and intention to click, share, and donate. Strongest main effects were found for immediacy of needs. Facebook fundraising posts for an urgent need generated much more positive responses than posts for a nonurgent need. Interaction effects were also found among three variables in perceived credibility and intention to click. Personal relevance and perceived risk moderated the effects of number of donations on intention to donate. Implications for nonprofit and voluntary sector organizations were discussed.
‘This funny place’: Uncovering the ambiguity of saltmarshes using a multimodal approach
Authors: Thomas Merryn , Roberts Erin , Pidgeon Nick , Henwood Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Saltmarshes are increasingly recognised for the range of benefits they offer, including coastal protection, flood regulation and carbon sequestration. However, much less is known about how people perceive these environments and their importance for non‐material aspects of human well‐being.

As climate change and sea‐level rise render these environments increasingly vulnerable, there is a need to better understand how saltmarshes are valued. This is because these values influence—and are influenced by—the ways in which people interact with places and therefore gain well‐being benefits from them. These values also shape management decisions, which in turn affect the well‐being of people and environment.

To address this need, we use a multimodal qualitative approach (mobile interviews, photo elicitations, mapping and word association) to explore the values held in connection to saltmarshes at two Welsh case study sites: the Taf Estuary in Carmarthenshire and the Mawddach Estuary in Gwynedd.

We find that saltmarshes are ambiguous places, not having one obvious meaning, and being open to more than one interpretation. They are both known and unknown; valued and (literally) overlooked. We suggest that this ambiguousness is related to both the physical characteristics of saltmarshes, which change and shift on short and long time‐scales, as well as to the ways in which people (can) relate with them.

We discuss how ambiguity renders saltmarshes as places of exclusive, privileged human–nature relationships, and reflect on the implications of our findings for human well‐being and the management of threatened environments. We also consider how multimodal, in‐depth and place‐based methods such as ours provide ways in which to explore the more intangible and changeable values associated with particular habitats.

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