bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of the Land Use Plan1
Authors: Norton Robert A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Implementation as it applies to land use is the often painful process by which the “decision makers” go from an altruistic goal or plan for the community, state or nation, to positive action programs or regulations. In our culture where private land tenure is considered almost sacred, such action programs, designed for the many, may drastically affect the economic and social well-being of those intimately involved. We, as horticulturists, with our knowledge of the “ecological inventory” and our usually balanced judgment, recognizing both the economic and social needs of man, have an opportunity to make a contribution which can “ease the pain” in the planning and implementation process. In order to have an effective impact, we must be thoroughly familiar first with the methods by which land use plans are implemented and finally with those groups and individuals involved in planning and implementation.
Effect of Chlormequat and SADH on Runner Development and Fruiting Behavior of Summer-planted Strawberry1
Authors: Sachs M. , Izsak Eva , Geisenberg C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Retardation of runner formation in the fall was obtained in summer-planted strawberry (cv. Tioga) as a result of (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chiormequat) and succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) spray treatments. No residual effects of the growth retardants on runner development were found in the following spring. The treatments brought about a significant increase in the no. of crowns per plant, but this had no effect on the total yield of the plants. Fruit quality was lowered by the treatments, especially by SADH.
Peach Flowering Response as Related to Time of Gibberellin Application1
Authors: Painter J. W. , Stembridge G. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA3) was applied at 75 ppm to mature ‘Redskin‘ peach trees at various times during the summer and fall. Flowering was reduced by GA3, the degree of reduction depending on time of application. Two response peaks were evident: the first occurred with application in early summer, at the time of flower initiation; the second occurred in late summer and resulted from mortality of developing flower buds. Application of GA3 shortly before leaf fall caused the most retardation of flower development the following spring. The nature and degree of flowering response was, therefore, related to time of GA3 application.
Effect of Ethephon on Fresh-pack and Brined Cucumbers1
Authors: Miller C. H. , Lower R. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fruit of cucumbei plants (Cucumis sativus L.) of a gynoecious and 2 monoecious cultivars treated at the 2-3 leaf stage with 0 or 240 ppm (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) were harvested at 3 weekly intervals, and processed as either fresh-pack pickles or brine stock. Experienced judges detected differences in shape and degree of seed development attributable to ethephon treatment. There were no significant differences in texture, flavor, external or internal color, firmness or internal defects. Differences caused by ethephon treatment were less apparent in fruit of the gynoecious than monoecious cultivars.
The Influence of a Short Period of Evaporative Cooling on the Distribution of 14C in Potato Plants1
Authors: Sanders D. C. , Li P. H. , Nylund R. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Potato plants (Solarium tuberosum L. cv. Irish Cobbler) which were intermittently misted fixed more 14CO2 than nonmisted plants. Most of the 14C was found in the sugar fraction with the greatest activity translocating to the top of the plant. The highest 14C in the nonvolatile organic acid fraction was found in the leaf which was fed 14CO2. The radioactivity of the free amino acid fraction was highest in tubers of misted plants, but was highest in the 14CO2 fed leaf of the nonmisted plants.
Effectiveness of a New Onion Top Killer
Authors: Isenberg F. M. , Abdel-Rahman M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A neo-decanoic mixture including xylene and surfactants (NDA) used at rates of 33.6 to 44.9 kg/ha (3040 lb./acre) destroyed onion foliage in 2 weeks, and reduced foliage moisture content to 50% of control.
Weed Competition in Container Grown Japanese Holly1
Authors: Fretz Thomas A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dry wt of Japanese holly (Ilex crenata (Thunb.) cv. convexa Makino.) decreased significantly as the density of competing weed species increased. One redroot pigweed plant (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) reduced the dry wt of Japanese holly by 47% in 2.4 liter and 30% in 6.0 liter containers and 1 plant of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinales (L.) Scop.) caused reductions in dry wt of Japanese holly of 60% in 2.4 liter and 35% in 6.0 liter containers.
Length of the Juvenile Period in Some Apomictic Crabapples1
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The mean length of the juvenile period for seedlings grown in the field varied from slightly more than 3 years for Malus Sargentii Rehd. to nearly 5 years for M. toringoides (Rehd.) Hughes and M. sikkimensis (Hook, f.) Koehne. Growing the seedlings in the greenhouse for varying lengths of time before field planting shortened the juvenile period in M. toringoides, but had no effect on the juvenile period in M. sikkimensis, and lengthened the juvenile period in the other species used. For a given species, those growing conditions which produced the most vigorous growth of the seedlings also had the greatest effect on shortening the juvenile period. None of the species reported on here is as useful for physiological studies as M hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd.
Leaf Chlorosis and Twig Discoloration in ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees Having Mn-Induced Internal Bark Necrosis1
Authors: Zeiger D. C. , Shelton J. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Red Prince Delicious’ apples/‘M7’ rootstocks, growing in sand culture and receiving ½, 5 or 50 ppm Mn, developed internal bark necrosis (IBN), and an Fe-deficiency chlorosis in its severest expression, at the highest level of Mn supply. Fe was as high in leaves of chlorotic as in those of non-chlorotic plants, but the chlorosis was cleared up by increasing the Fe supply.
Ground twigs showed a brownish coloration which had a max reflectance at 700 mμ. Differences in coloration were correlated with the Mn supply, the severity of IBN symptoms and the Mn/Fe ratio in the leaves and bark, but not with the Mn/Fe ratio in the ground twigs.
Applications of Isozyme Analysis in Horticultural Science1
Authors: Peirce L. C. , Brewbaker J. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Enzyme heterogeneity in relatively pure extracts has been demonstrated for many plants (44), particularly through the application of gel electrophoresis techniques. Isoenzyme heterogeneity was discerned first in esterase and lactate dehydrogenase (27), and implications of this heterogeneity have excited interest in many areas of the biological sciences. We will discuss in this paper some areas in the horticultural sciences in which protein electrophoresis appears to have significant practical and basic research applications.
Diurnal Variation in the Nitrate Concentration of Beets1
Authors: Minotti P. L. , Stankey D. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A pattern of diurnal fluctuation in the nitrate concentration of young field grown beets (Beta vulgaris L.) was established. Plants assayed every 4 hours over a 52-hour period in late May showed greater than 2-fold differences with maximum concentrations at 4 am and 8 am and minimum concentrations at 4 pm. Thus, adjustments in harvest time may help minimize nitrate levels in vegetables. Moreover, diurnal fluctuations should be taken into account when predicting the adequacy of soil nitrate levels by tissue analysis.
Determination of Total Carotenoids in Capsicum1
Authors: Lippert L. F. , Hall M. O. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A regression equation is presented to relate concentration of carotenoids in dehydrated Capsicum powders from µg/g to industry accepted Lovibond red units. Hydration of powders prior to acetone extraction increased removal of pigments from the powders and extracted brown components often present in the powders. The procedure for total carotenoid extraction from hydra ted Capsicum powders and estimation of brown, water-soluble components is described.
Effect of SADH and Ethephon on Peach Fruit Growth and Maturation1
Authors: Byers Ross E. , Emerson Frank H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Applications of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) to peach trees (Prunus persica(L.) Batsch) prior to the completion of pit hardening (stage II) resulted in the early onset of the final fruit swell (stage III) and hastened fruit maturity. Applications during stage I (initial swell) were ineffective. Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) applications made prior to the completion of stage II resulted in early fruit maturation. Ethephon and SADH in combination during stage II or in successive applications (SADH in stage I and ethephon in stage II) were more effective in the promotion of early fruit maturity than either material alone.
Chemical Defoliation of Young, Budded Pecan Trees1
Authors: Aitken J. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Applications of ethephon, ethephon plus KI, ethephon plus HI, ametryne and VCS-438 in Oct. promoted good to excellent leaf abscission on young, budded pecan trees (Carya illinoensis Koch). Combinations of ethephon and KI caused greater leaf abscission than either material alone. Complete defoliation of the trees in 4 weeks was obtained with ametryne in both 1970 and 1971. Only paraquat affected bud break and growth of young trees the next spring. Patterns of leaf abscission resulting from various chemical treatments support the concept that factors in addition to ethylene are involved in pecan defoliation.
‘Iowa’ Heliotrope1
Authors: Buck Griffith J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
At the turn of the century, heliotrope, also cherry pie, (Heliotropium arborescens, Linn.) was a popular plant in both garden and greenhouse. A measure of the plant's popularity was the large number of clones available to growers (1, 2). The economic instability after World War I and its resulting effect upon garden and greenhouse operations caused many plants, including heliotrope, to go out of commerce.
Amo-1618 as a Growth Retardant of Citrus Seedlings1
Authors: Yelenosky G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Amo-1618 at 500 to 10,000 ppm reduced plant growth when sprayed on seedlings of 3 species of citrus. The growth retardant affected rate of stem elongation, length of stem internode, and leaf shape, color, and texture. Objectionable tissue abnormalities did not develop.
Impact Of Changing Quality Requirements1
Authors: Kramer Amihud 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It is most appropriate to begin this Symposium with a definition of quality. This definition, slightly modified from one developed by a recent task force, is: Quality is the composite of attributes that differentiate among units of a product and have significance in determining the degree of acceptability of the unit by the buyer. Accordingly it is the buyer who dictates quality specifications. These may change in accordance with his requirements, or those of his buyer, the consumer (3). Sometimes, a quality attribute becomes less important and another, more important. It may then be necessary to introduce new standards, that is, methods of measuring the new attribute of concern. The changes may also be only of degree, so that the standard in use may be retained, but only the grade levels changed. For example, a buyer of fresh sweet corn who had been using it to manufacture cream style corn and needed a medium maturity level raw material in order to obtain the desired consistency of the end product may decide to change to the manufacture of whole kernel corn where he needs a decidedly less mature raw product. The standard, that is, the method by which maturity is tested may remain the same, but the grade changes from a more mature, starchier corn, to one that is less mature.
The Apple Industry in Japan1
Authors: Mink G. I. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Officially, 1972 marks the 100th anniversary of the modern apple industry in Japan. Although a small, crab-type apple was grown there for several centuries, the modern cultivated apple was virtually unknown in Japan prior to the Meiji Restoration which reopened the country to foreign trade in 1868. Since their introduction in 1872 apples have become the second leading fruit crop with 149,000 acres currently producing some 90 million boxes (40 lb.) annually.
Fatty Acids of Brazilian Cashew Kernels1
Authors: Barroso M. Angela T. , Whiting F. M. , Brown W. H. , Stull J. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Kernel oil of Brazilian cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) contained measurable amounts of 4 fatty acids, palmitic (7.5%), stearic (4.5%), oleic (73.7%), and linoleic (14.3%) and trace amounts of arachidic and linolenic. The cashew kernels had an average oil content of 45.6%.
Flowering of Christmas Cactus During the Summer1
Authors: Poole Richard T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Christmas cactus (Zygocactus truncatus Schum cv. Christmas Cheer) can be forced into bloom during the hot (22°C minimum - 32 maximum) summer months of Central Florida when placed under short day (8 AM - 5 PM) for 6 or more weeks. Plants bloomed 9-14 weeks after placement in short days and bloomed for 4-8 weeks after first flower opening.
Hypobaric Storage of Cut Flowers1
Authors: Burg Stanley P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The earliest description of ethylene-induced flower fading is in a monograph by George Fahnestock, written in 1858, after his collection of rare, exotic plants was exposed accidentally to illuminating gas leaking from a broken street main (15). Ethylene was later identified as the biologically active component of illuminating gas by Neljubow, in 1901 (23), during his study of a strange growth habit of etiolated pea seedlings raised in laboratory air. A winter disease of carnations, called “sleepiness,” was traced to ethylene, present in railcars or homes as a byproduct of incompletely burned or leaking illuminating gas (10, 16).
Changes in the Carbohydrates of Tulip Bulbs During Development1
Authors: Aung L. H. , Tognoni F. , De Hertogh A. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The starch content of the bulb scales and the ethanol-soluble sugars of the bulblets and bulb scales of Tulipa gesneriana L. cv. Preludium declined with development. In contrast, the starch content of the bulblets increased rapidly. Calculations indicated that the total soluble sugars initially in the bulb scales could account for all the soluble sugars in the bulblets at harvest. However, the initial starch content of the bulb scales could account for only 17% of the starch present in the matured bulblets. It was surmised that the remaining 83% of the starch in the matured bulblets was derived from photosynthesis.
Ornamental Proteas1: New Cut Flower Crop
Authors: Watson Donald P. , Parvin Philip E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
“Is it real?” is the usual question. Yes, pincushion protea, Leucospermum cordifolium (Salisb. ex Knight) Fourcade is the first of the ornamental proteas to be grown in quantity as a cut flower in the United States.
Effect of Several Herbicides on Initial Growth of Highbush Blueberry1
Authors: Monaco Thomas J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dormant rooted cuttings of 6 cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corynbosum L.) were treated one week after field planting with 6 preemergence herbicides. In all cultivars 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-striazine(simazine) significantly increased shoot growth and 2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-l,3-thiazinon-4 (TH4052) increased root growth.
Resistance in Red Raspberry to Amphorophora agathonica Hottes and Aphis rubicola Oestlund1
Authors: Kennedy G. C. , Schaefers G. A. , Ourecky D. K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Twenty-two cultivars and three selections of red raspberry were evaluated for resistance to the aphids Amphorophora agathonica and Aphis rubicola in New York. ‘Canby’, ‘Lloyd George’ and ‘NY 632’ were immune to A. agathonica; ‘Washington’ and ‘Mailing Exploit’ demonstrated potentially useful levels of resistance. No immunity to Aphis rubicola was observed, but several cultivars manifest considerable resistance. Resistance to A. agathonica was not correlated with resistance to A. rubicola.
Effect of SADH Treatments on the Response of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Trees to Chemical Thinners1
Authors: Southwick F. W. , Greene D. W. , Lord W. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Previous season application of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) increased fruit set on ‘McIntosh’ apple trees but had no influence on the thinning ability of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), naphthaleneacetamide (NAAm), carbaryl (Sevin) or the combination of NAA plus carbaryl.
Preharvest Drop of ‘Stayman’ Apples as Influenced by SADH in Dilute and Concentrate Form1
Authors: Rogers Benjamin L. , Krestensen Elroy R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Concentrate spray equipment which had given good pest control in apple orchards when sprays were applied up to 33×, failed to provide adequate preharvest drop control on ‘Stayman’ apple trees when succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) was applied at 3× or higher approximately 60 days prior to harvest.
Nutritional Status of Representative Citrus Orchards in Chile as Evaluated by Leaf and Soil Analyses1
Authors: Vergara Ines , Schalscha B. E. , Ruiz I. , Wallihan E. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A survey of orange and lemon orchards in the major citrus growing region of Chile revealed deficiencies of N, Zn, and Mn, which are common in citrus around the world, plus borderline deficiency of Mg and apparently serious deficiencies of P and S. It is suggested that field fertility studies should be designed to test interaction among N, P, and S in order to achieve optimum fertility levels and to provide information on the effect of one element on the optimum leaf concentration of another.
A Comparison of Filbert Training to Tree and Bush Forms1
Authors: Lagerstedt H. B. , Painter J. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
For commercial nut production the filbert (Corylus avellana L.) is trained as a tree in the U.S., but is commonly grown as a bush in other countries. In a 12 year conparitive test, growth was similar for both methods of training, but the bush form produced slightly fewer nuts. Suggested causes for the reduced yields are the additional pruning the bush receives to keep traffic lanes open, the location of its bearing wood, the nuts lost within the stem mass, and the effect of shading.
Response of ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ Apples to Ethephon Application as Influenced by Spray Coverage1
Authors: Unrath C. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] at 250 ppm + 20 ppm of fenoprop [2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid] was applied to fruit only as a dip, to leaves only as a spray, and to fruit and leaves as a normal dilute spray. Fruit color was stimulated only when ethephon was applied to the fruit surface and a direct relationship existed between coverage and color response. A small increase in fruit soluble solids appeared following all applications, while fruit softening occurred only when materials were applied to both fruit and leaves. This softening response is apparently a combined ethephon-fenoprop response. These data imply that ethephon applications should be applied as a dilute spray, using sufficient water to cover all fruit on the tree as thoroughly as possible if maximum color response is to be achieved.
Effect of Preharvest Application of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on Storage Breakdown of Apples1
Authors: Wills R. B. H. , Scott K. J. , Campbell J. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Preharvest application of GA3 to ‘Jonathan’ apples by spraying reduced the incidence of storage breakdown when it was applied close to harvest but it was ineffective with earlier application.
Benomyl Protection of Grapevines from Air Pollution Injury1
Authors: Kender Walter J. , Taschenberg E. F. , Shaulis N. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Methyl 1-butyl-carbamoyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate (benomyl) as a dilute foliar spray reduced atomspheric oxidant injury (oxidant stipple) on ‘Ives’ and ‘Concord’ grapevines (Vitis labrusca L.) in 3 vineyard experiments in 1972. Three to 7 multiple applications at 1.12, 3.36, and 6.72 kg/ha increased the protection over unsprayed ‘Concord’ vines. Single and double applications were ineffective. The degree of protection afforded was directly related to the frequency of benomyl application.
Responses of Black Locust and Tomato Plants after Water Stress1
Authors: Hinckley Thomas M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Roma) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) were desiccated until continuous wilting was observed and then were irrigated to determine the effects of dehydration and subsequent rehydration on net assimilation, dark respiration, xylem pressure potential and leaf diffusive resistance. After-effects of water stress on dark stomatal aperture were observed in both species and on light stomatal aperture in black locust. Tomato plants appeared less able both to avoid and tolerate desiccation stress than did black locust plants.
Tomato Development in California in Relation to Heat Unit Accumulation1
Authors: Warnock Stephen J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In 24 plantings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) made over a 3 year period, using a 6°C base, the cultivar ‘VF145-7879’ required an average of 93 heat units to emerge, 612 heat units to reach first bloom, 913 heat units for first fruits to reach 2.54 cm in diameter, 1426 heat units for first ruits to reach breaker stage and 1533 heat units for first fruits to ripen. ‘Campbell 34’, evaluated in 1 trial year, developed in a manner similar to ‘VF145-7879’.
Ozone Stimulation of Tomato Stem Elongation1
Authors: Neil L. J. , Ormrod D. P. , Hofstra G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Measurements of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plant height after ozone fumigation showed that stem elongation was stimulated within the first 3 days after fumigation. The increased height is sustained for at least 10 days and occurs in both ozone-sensitive and ozone-tolerant cultivars and lines.
Ethephon Increases Endogenous Auxins in Seeds of Prunus salicina L.1
Authors: Domoto P. A. , Hewitt A. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The wheat coleoptile straight-growth test was used to determine the effects of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) on endogenous auxins and inhibitors in seeds of ‘Late Santa Rosa’ plum. Seeds of both developing and abscissing ethephon-treated fruits attained higher levels of auxin activity than did their respective controls suggesting an ethylene-induced inhibition of auxin transport. The level of growth inhibitors remained similar throughout.
An Electronic System for Acquisition and Evaluation of Fruit Breeding Data1
Authors: Stushnoff Cecil , Harris Gerald 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Subjective ratings of fruit and tree characteristics were taken with a Datamyte, Dak, 8 electronic data acquisition unit for apples, strawberries, blueberries and raspberries. Up to 40 characteristics were rated (0 to 9) for each cultivar, selection or seedling. The data was field recorded on magnetic tape cassettes and processed to punched paper tape and a printout via a coupler and a teletype terminal. The punched paper tape was used to access a computer for analysis and generation of a printout. The system offers flexibility and speed in data acquisition and retrieval. A thorough understanding of potential electronic problems is necessary to maximize efficiency of use.