bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Industry 4.0 Technologies for the Manufacturing and Distribution of COVID-19 Vaccines
Authors: Sarfraz Azza , Sarfraz Zouina , Sarfraz Muzna , Abdul Razzack Aminah , Bano Shehar , Singh Makkar Sarabjot , Thevuthasan Sindhu , Paul Trissa , Khawar Sana Muhammad , Azeem Nishwa , Felix Miguel , Cherrez-Ojeda Ivan 
Published: January 2022

Background The evolutionary stages of manufacturing have led us to conceptualize the use of Industry 4.0 for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), powered by Industry 4.0 technologies. Using applications of integrated process optimizations reliant on digitized data, we propose novel intelligent networks along the vaccine value chain. Vaccine 4.0 may enable maintenance processes, streamline logistics, and enable optimal production of COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine 4.0 Framework The challenge in applying Vaccine 4.0 includes the requirement of large-scale technologies for digitally transforming manufacturing, producing, rolling-out, and distributing vaccines. With our framework, Vaccine 4.0 analytics will target process performance, process development, process stability, compliance, quality assessment, and optimized maintenance. The benefits of digitization during and post the COVID-19 pandemic include first, the continual assurance of process control, and second, the efficacy of big-data analytics in streamlining set parameter limits. Digitization including big data-analytics may potentially improve the quality of large-scale vaccine production, profitability, and manufacturing processes. The path to Vaccine 4.0 will enhance vaccine quality, improve efficacy, and compliance with data-regulated requirements. Discussion Fiscal and logistical barriers are prevalent across resource-limited countries worldwide. The Vaccine 4.0 framework accounts for expected barriers of manufacturing and equitably distributing COVID-19 vaccines. With amalgamating big data analytics and biometrics, we enable the identification of vulnerable populations who are at higher risk of disease transmission. Artificial intelligence powered sensors and robotics support thermostable vaccine distribution in limited capacity regions, globally. Biosensors isolate COVID-19 vaccinations with low or limited efficacy. Finally, Vaccine 4.0 blockchain systems address low- and middle-income countries with limited distribution capacities. Conclusion Vaccine 4.0 is a viable framework to optimize manufacturing of vaccines during and post the COVID-19 pandemic.
Surgical Results of Chronic Distal Biceps Ruptures: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bajwa Arpun , Simon Maciej J.K. , Leith Jordan M. , Moola Farhad O. , Goetz Thomas J. , Lodhia Parth 
Published: January 2022

Background: Distal biceps tendon tears can cause weakness and fatigue with activities requiring elbow flexion and supination. Surgical management of chronic tears (>21 days) is not well described in the literature. Purpose: To determine the clinical outcomes of chronic distal biceps repairs and reconstructions. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: We performed a search of Medline (PubMed and Ovid), EMBASE, CINAHL physical therapy, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Central Register of Controlled Trials, and PubMed Central from inception until September 29, 2020, to identify articles on chronic distal biceps ruptures. The inclusion criteria were studies with at least 1 outcome measure and 10 patients with chronic distal biceps ruptures treated surgically. The quality of the included studies was assessed with the methodological index for nonrandomized studies (MINORS) score. Functional outcomes and complications were reviewed. Results: A total of 12 studies were included after systematic database screenings. The MINORS scores ranged from 5 to 19. There were a total of 1704 distal biceps ruptures, of which 1270 were acute and 434 were chronic. Average follow-up time was 12 months to 5.1 years. Single-incision (n = 3), 2-incision (n = 2), or both (n = 6) surgical techniques were used in these studies. Four studies described the use of autografts, and 4 articles used allografts in the chronic repair. Range of motion, function, and strength outcomes were similar when compared with the contralateral arm. Pain was reduced to minimal levels. Main postoperative complications were of paresthesia (specifically to the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve), which were temporary in 69.1% of cases. Conclusion: The results of this review indicate that surgical management of chronic distal biceps ruptures demonstrates improvement in outcomes including pain reduction and functional ability. Although there may be a slightly higher immediate complication rate, the functional outcomes remain comparable with those seen in the patient population with acute distal biceps.
Trajectories of imitation skills in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Pittet Irène , Kojovic Nada , Franchini Martina , Schaer Marie 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Imitation skills play a crucial role in social cognitive development from early childhood. Many studies have shown a deficit in imitation skills in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Little is known about the development of imitation behaviors in children with ASD. This study aims to measure the trajectories of early imitation skills in preschoolers with ASD and how these skills impact other areas of early development.

Methods
For this purpose, we assessed imitation, language, and cognition skills in 177 children with ASD and 43 typically developing children (TD) aged 2 to 5 years old, 126 of which were followed longitudinally, yielding a total of 396 time points.

Results
Our results confirmed the presence of an early imitation deficit in toddlers with ASD compared to TD children. The study of the trajectories showed that these difficulties were marked at the age of 2 years and gradually decreased until the age of 5 years old. Imitation skills were strongly linked with cognitive and language skills and level of symptoms in our ASD group at baseline. Moreover, the imitation skills at baseline were predictive of the language gains a year later in our ASD group. Using a data-driven clustering method, we delineated different developmental trajectories of imitation skills within the ASD group.

Conclusions
The clinical implications of the findings are discussed, particularly the impact of an early imitation deficit on other areas of competence of the young child.
Deep learning-based pancreas volume assessment in individuals with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Roger Raphael , Hilmes Melissa A. , Williams Jonathan M. , Moore Daniel J. , Powers Alvin C. , Craddock R. Cameron , Virostko John 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPancreas volume is reduced in individuals with diabetes and in autoantibody positive individuals at high risk for developing type 1 diabetes (T1D). Studies investigating pancreas volume are underway to assess pancreas volume in large clinical databases and studies, but manual pancreas annotation is time-consuming and subjective, preventing extension to large studies and databases. This study develops deep learning for automated pancreas volume measurement in individuals with diabetes. A convolutional neural network was trained using manual pancreas annotation on 160 abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from individuals with T1D, controls, or a combination thereof. Models trained using each cohort were then tested on scans of 25 individuals with T1D. Deep learning and manual segmentations of the pancreas displayed high overlap (Dice coefficient = 0.81) and excellent correlation of pancreas volume measurements (R2 = 0.94). Correlation was highest when training data included individuals both with and without T1D. The pancreas of individuals with T1D can be automatically segmented to measure pancreas volume. This algorithm can be applied to large imaging datasets to quantify the spectrum of human pancreas volume.
The effect of longstanding silicone oil on retina choroid and optic nerve in eyes with retinal detachment: an optical coherence tomography study
Authors: Karaca Umut , Kucukevcilioglu Murat , Durukan Ali Hakan , Akincioglu Dorukcan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
The study aims to evaluate peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL-T), central macular thickness (MT), choroidal thickness (CT), and thickness of each retinal layer after automatic segmentation in patients who underwent retinal detachment (RD) repair with longstanding silicone oil tamponade.

Methods
We enrolled 33 patients who underwent complicated primary rhegmatogenous RD surgery and followed up with a long-term silicone tamponade were included in this retrospective comparative (case–control) study. RNFL-T, CT, and thickness of each retinal layer after automatic segmentation analysis were measured after the longstanding silicone removal surgery.

Results
The mean silicone oil removal time was 15.1 ± 15.2 (7–70) months. The overall average thickness of the RNFL was 90.7 ± 13.6 μm in the operated eyes and 118.3 ± 35.6 μm in the sound eyes, with a statistically significant difference. The overall average central MT was 186.3 ± 57.7 μm and was significantly lower in the operated eyes than in the sound eyes. Inner retinal layers of the study group showed a significant thinning in the nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer, and inner nuclear layer as compared to that of the sound eyes. The subfoveal CT was 213.7 ± 86.6 μm in the study eyes and 217.7 ± 115.5 μm in the control eyes. There was no significant difference between the study eyes and controls.

Conclusion
The effects of silicone oil on the retina remain uncertain; however, morphological results in our study have shown direct or indirect silicone oil–induced toxicity, especially in the inner retinal layers.
Socioeconomic differences in psychiatric treatment before and after self-harm: an observational study of 4,280 adolescents and young adults
Authors: Pitkänen Joonas , Remes Hanna , Aaltonen Mikko , Martikainen Pekka 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Individuals in higher socioeconomic positions tend to utilise more mental health care, especially specialist services, than those in lower positions. Whether these disparities in treatment exist among adolescents and young adults who self-harm is currently unknown.

Methods
The study is based on Finnish administrative register data on all individuals born 1986–1994. Adolescents and young adults with an episode of self-harm treated in specialised healthcare at ages 16–21 in 2002–2015 (n=4280, 64% female) were identified and followed 2 years before and after the episode. Probabilities of specialised psychiatric inpatient admissions and outpatient visits and purchases of psychotropic medication at different time points relative to self-harm were estimated using generalised estimation equations, multinomial models and cumulative averages. Socioeconomic differences were assessed based on parental education, controlling for income.

Results
An educational gradient in specialised treatment and prescription medication was observed, with the highest probabilities of treatment among the adolescents and young adults with the highest educated parents and lowest probabilities among those whose parents had basic education. These differences emerged mostly after self-harm. The probability to not receive any treatment, either in specialised healthcare or psychotropic medication, was highest among youth whose parents had a basic level of education (before self-harm 0.39, 95% CI 0.34–0.43, and after 0.29, 95% CI 0.25–0.33 after) and lowest among youth with higher tertiary educated parents (before self-harm: 0.22, 95% CI 0.18–0.26, and after 0.18, 95% CI 0.14–0.22). The largest differences were observed in inpatient care.

Conclusions
The results suggest that specialised psychiatric care and psychotropic medication use are common among youth who self-harm, but a considerable proportion have no prior or subsequent specialised treatment. The children of parents with lower levels of education are likely to benefit from additional support in initiating and adhering to treatment after an episode of self-harm. Further research on the mechanisms underlying the educational gradient in psychiatric treatment is needed.
Household solid waste management practices and perceptions among residents in the East Coast of Malaysia
Authors: Fadhullah Widad , Imran Nor Iffah Najwa , Ismail Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed , Jaafar Mohd Hafiidz , Abdullah Hasmah 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundPoor waste disposal practices hamper the progress towards an integrated solid waste management in households. Knowledge of current practices and perception of household solid waste management is necessary for accurate decision making in the move towards a more sustainable approach. This study investigates the household waste practices and perceptions about waste management in Panji, one of the sub-districts in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.MethodsA stratified random sampling technique using a cross-sectional survey questionnaire was used to collect data. A total of 338 households were interviewed in the survey and data were analyzed using SPSS. Chi-square goodness of fit test was used to determine the relationships between categorical variables, whereas Chi-square bivariate correlation test was performed to observe the correlation between the perceptions of waste segregation with socio-demographic background of the respondents. The correlation between perception of respondents with the locality, house type and waste type were also conducted. Principal component analysis was used to identify grouping of variables and to establish which factors were interrelated in any given construct.ResultsThe results of the study revealed that 74.3 % of households disposed of food debris as waste and 18.3% disposed of plastic materials as waste. The study also showed that 50.3% of the households segregate their waste while 49.7% did not. About 95.9% of the respondents were aware that improper waste management leads to disease; such as diarrhea and malaria. There were associations between locality, age and house type with waste segregation practices among respondents (Chi-square test, p<0.05). Associations were also found between locality with the perception of improper waste management which lead to disease (Chi-square test, p<0.05). Principal Component Analysis showed that 17.94% of the variance has high positive loading (positive relationship) with age, marital status and, type of house.ConclusionThis study highlights the importance to design waste separation programs that suit the needs of targeted population as a boost towards sustainable solid waste management practices.
Peer-led theoretically Desinged HIV/AIDS prevention intervention among students: a case of health belief model
Authors: Joorbonyan Hoda , Ghaffari Mohtasham , Rakhshanderou Sakineh 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background & aim
HIV/AIDS is one of the most dangerous viruses known in the world. In addition, considering its fatality rate and high cost of care, it is a serious threat to the health and economy of social communities. Adolescents are one of the high-risk groups. One of the most effective ways to prevent this disease is to promote healthcare, raise awareness, and change health-related beliefs and attitudes. This study aims at determining the effect of peer education, based on the health belief model, on the preventative measures against AIDS adopted by girls.

Methods & materials
In this empirical-interventionist study two schools were randomly selected, one of which was considered as the intervention group and the other as the control group. The classes were also randomly selected and 80 students from each school took part in the project following the entry criterion. A questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability was used to collect data. In this study a few bright students were chosen as peer educators after being trained. The intervention group (N = 80) received 4 sessions of 60-min education through training, lectures, question and answer, and group discussion, But the control group received no instruction. The posttest was administered two months after the treatment. The data was fed into the SPSS 16. Finally, T-test, Chi-Square, and ANCOVA were employed to analyze the data.

Results
The average scores obtained from the intervention group and the control group were not significantly different in terms of awareness level, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, behavioral intention, and behavior in baseline (P>0.05). Two months after the intervention there was a significant increase in the average scores of all the variables in the experimental group (P > 0.05). However, there was no significant change in the scores of the control group (P > 0.05).

Conclusion
Following a health belief model focusing on peer eduaction among high school girls, the intervention eduaction can affect awareness level, susceptibility, severity, benefits, perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, behavioral intention, and finally avoidance of high-risk behavior.
Glucose control after glucocorticoid administration in hospitalized patients – a retrospective analysis
Authors: Merkofer Franzisca , Struja Tristan , Delfs Neele , Spagnuolo Carlos C. , Hafner Jason F. , Kupferschmid Kevin , Baechli Ciril , Schuetz Philipp , Mueller Beat , Blum Claudine A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundGlucocorticoid (GC)-induced hyperglycemia is a frequent adverse effect in hospitalized patients. Guidelines recommend insulin treatment to a target range of 6–10 mmol/L (108–180 mg/dl), but efficacies of particular regimes have not been well-studied.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, hospitalized patients receiving GCs at the medical ward were analyzed by treatment (basal-bolus vs. bolus-only vs. pre-mixed insulin) and compared to a non-insulin-therapy reference group. Coefficients of glucose variation (CV), percentage of glucose readings in range (4–10 mmol/L (72–180 mg/dl)) and hypoglycemia (< 4 mmol/L (< 72 mg/dl)) were evaluated.ResultsOf 2424 hospitalized patients receiving systemic GCs, 875 (36%) developed GC-induced hyperglycemia. 427 patients (17%) had a previous diagnosis of diabetes. Adjusted relative risk ratios (RRR) for the top tertile of CV (> 29%) were 1.47 (95% Cl 1.01–2.15) for bolus-only insulin, 4.77 (95% CI 2.67–8.51) for basal-bolus insulin, and 4.98 (95% CI 2.02–12.31) for premixed insulin, respectively.Adjusted RRR for percentages of glucose readings in range were 0.98 (95% Cl 0.97–0.99) for basal-bolus insulin, 0.99 (95% Cl 0.98–1.00) for premixed insulin, and 1.01 (95% Cl 1.00–1.01) for bolus-only insulin, respectively. Adjusted RRR for hypoglycemia was 13.17 (95% Cl 4.35–39.90) for basal-bolus insulin, 8.92 (95% Cl 2.60–30.63) for premixed insulin, and 2.99 (95% Cl 1.01–8.87) for bolus-only insulin, respectively.ConclusionsCurrent guidelines recommend a basal-bolus regimen for treatment of GC-induced hyperglycemia, but we found similar outcomes with pre-mixed and bolus-only insulin regimens. As GC-induced hyperglycemia is a frequent issue in hospitalized patients, it might be reasonable to prospectively study the ideal regimen.
Implementation of a lifestyle intervention for people with a severe mental illness (SMILE): a process evaluation
Authors: Walburg Florine S. , de Joode Johanna W. , Brandt Hella E. , van Tulder Maurits W. , Adriaanse Marcel C. , van Meijel Berno 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundSeveral interventions have been developed to improve physical health and lifestyle behaviour of people with a severe mental illness (SMI). Recently, we conducted a pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial which evaluated the effects of the one-year Severe Mental Illness Lifestyle Evaluation (SMILE) lifestyle intervention compared with usual care in clients with SMI. The SMILE intervention is a 12-month group-based lifestyle intervention with a focus on increased physical activity and healthy food intake. The aim of the current study was to explore the experiences of people with SMI and healthcare professionals (HCPs) regarding implementation feasibility of the SMILE intervention and the fidelity to the SMILE intervention.MethodsA process evaluation was conducted alongside the pragmatic randomized controlled trial. The experiences of clients and HCPs in the lifestyle intervention group were studied. First, descriptive data on the implementation of the intervention were collected. Next, semi-structured interviews with clients (n = 15) and HCPs (n = 13) were performed. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. A thematic analysis of the interview data was performed using MAXQDA software. In addition, observations of group sessions were performed to determine the fidelity to the SMILE intervention using a standardised form.ResultsTen out of 26 HCPs who conducted the group sessions discontinued their involvement with the intervention, primarily due to changing jobs. 98% of all planned group sessions were performed. Four main themes emerged from the interviews: 1) Positive appraisal of the SMILE intervention, 2) Suggestions for improvement of the SMILE intervention 3) Facilitators of implementation and 4) Barriers of implementation. Both clients and HCPs had positive experiences regarding the SMILE intervention. Clients found the intervention useful and informative. The intervention was found suitable and interesting for all people with SMI, though HCPs sometimes had to tailor the intervention to individual characteristics of patients (e.g., with respect to cognitive functioning). The handbook of the SMILE intervention was perceived as user-friendly and helpful by HCPs. Combining SMILE with daily tasks, no support from other team members, and lack of staff and time were experienced as barriers for the delivery of the intervention.ConclusionThe SMILE intervention was feasible and well-perceived by clients and HCPs. However, we also identified some aspects that may have hindered effective implementation and needs to be considered when implementing the SMILE intervention in daily practice.
A qualitative study on the working experiences of clinical pharmacists in fighting against COVID-19
Authors: Wang Xiaojuan , Yao Xiali , Jia Xuedong , Shi Xiangfen , Hao Jie , Yang Yantao , Liu Gang , Zhang Xiaojian , Du Shuzhang , Yin Zhao 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has overwhelmed healthcare systems across the world. Along with the medical team, clinical pharmacists played a significant role during the public health emergency of COVID-19. This study aimed to explore the working experience of clinical pharmacists and provide reference for first-line clinical pharmacists to prepare for fighting against COVID-19.

Methods
A qualitative study based on descriptive phenomenology was employed with face-to-face and audio-recorded interviews to study the working experience of 13 clinical pharmacists (including two clinical nutritional pharmacists). All interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the interview data were analyzed thematically using NVivo software.

Results
Four themes emerged from interview data, including roles of clinical pharmacists, working experiences of clinical pharmacists, psychological feelings of clinical pharmacists, and career expectations of clinical pharmacists.

Conclusions
The results contributed to a deeper understanding of the clinical pharmacists’ work experiences in COVID-19 and offered guidance to better prepare clinical pharmacists in participating in a public health crisis.