bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relational Constitution of Bargain (1)
Authors: Campbell David 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The doctrine of consideration presents a remarkable contrast between outstanding regulatory success and dismal doctrinal confusion. As the legal institutionalisation of the moral belief that the normal way to acquire the benefit of an economic good is to make a bargain to pay for it, consideration had made this belief, essential to the operation of the market economy, simply normal. But as doctrine, consideration, and in particular insufficiency, is so incoherent that Pollock’s ‘strange paradox’ about the enforcement of executory contracts has never begun to be resolved. The two main sources of the incoherence are a failure to recognise that consideration analytically involves a good faith promise of performance, and an inarticulate belief that the benefit of certain economic goods should not be paid for. The former has led to unresolved problems of enforceability which are largely dealt with just by being ignored. The latter has led to the provision of certain important economic goods, notably insurance for personal injury, pure economic loss, and product liability, in ways which drastically reduce welfare because that provision is not regulated by exchange and contract.
The Relational Constitution of Remedy (2)
Authors: Campbell David 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
It is settled law that a claimant’s ‘consumer interest’ can justify the award of specific performance and other forms of literal enforcement by rendering damages ‘inadequate’. But the principal significance of literal enforcement is its attempted use by commercial parties which, ex hypothesi, have no such interest. Claims for literal enforcement by claimants which do not stand on the settled ground for its award have generated a very unclear law, even including oxymoronic concepts such as commercial uniqueness. The fundamental issue is that, in situations in which they face an idiosyncratic loss, commercial claimants seek to avoid the operation of the rules for the quantification of compensatory damages. Though welcomed by the thinking behind the performance interest, a wider ex post availability of literal enforcement runs against the ex ante intentions of the parties about the remedies to be available upon breach, which are that the default remedy is compensatory damages, and that the quantification of those damages should be based on mitigation. The difficulty of identifying mitigation to the concept of the legitimate interest used to justify literal enforcement follows from considering only the solipsistic self-interest of the claimant, rather than requiring the mutual recognition of the claimant’s and the defendant’s interests.
The Presumption of Innocence
Authors: Picinali Federico 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to the argument against intermediate criminal verdicts that has played the most prominent role in the Italian and in the Scottish debates. This is the argument according to which such verdicts are incompatible with the presumption of innocence. In order to address this argument, the chapter advances a novel theory of the meaning and of the justification of the presumption. The upshot of this theory is that the presumption is the vehicle through which the principle of inertia in argumentation is implemented in the criminal process, and it includes a rule imposing on the criminal justice authorities the burden of giving sufficient reasons for any infringement of the defendant’s enjoyment of the rights to which all members of the polity are prima facie entitled, and a rule making impermissible all infringements for which sufficient reasons have not been given. The chapter argues that there is no incompatibility between the presumption of innocence, so construed, and intermediate criminal verdicts.
Procedural Requirements for Administrative Limits to Property Rights in Germany
Authors: Shirvani Foroud 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
According to German constituational law expropriation (Enteignung) is the sovereign access to the property of the individual, which is aimed at the deprivation of property rights and involves the acquisition of goods for the benefit of the public authorities. Expropriation may only be ordered by or pursuant to a law that determines the nature and extent of compensation. Expropriation in the constitutional sense is to be distinguished from two other legal institutions: There is no expropriation if the legislature determines the content and limits of property in a general and abstract manner (Inhalts- und Schrankenbestimmung). There is also no expropriation if the legislature transfers land, natural resources or means of production to public ownership for the purpose of socialisation (Sozialisierung). The German Bundesländer have enacted expropriation laws that regulate general matters of expropriation, such as the expropriation procedure, the competent expropriation authority and the compensation for expropriation. If an expropriation measure is unlawful on grounds of substance or procedure, the owners affected must take legal action against the measure. If the expropriation becomes incontestable, a later claim for compensation will be dismissed.
Procedural Requirements for Administrative Limits to Property Rights in Poland
Authors: Kawka Inga , Kozera Łukasz 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Polish Constitution contains a general principle related to the protection of the right of property. As it is not an absolute rule, the Constitution also provides for some exceptions to it, one of them being the institution of expropriation, ie carrying out an administrative dispossession of ownership of movable and immovable property. Pursuant to the Constitution, expropriation shall be possible only when the following preconditions are met: expropriation is related to a public purpose; expropriation is performed under a highest-rank statute ('Act' of law or ustawa) and by means of a procedure specified therein; the expropriated party is awarded just compensation. Detailed material and procedural provisions on land expropriation are contained in the Immovable Property Management Act of 21 August 1997. The competent authority for immovable property expropriation and compensation is the starost (county-level local government authority) performing administrative tasks on behalf of the government. Expropriation decisions may be contested in proceedings before administrative courts. In the Polish legal order, the institution of expropriation is distinguished from that of nationalisation. Currently, the latter is only of historical importance.
Introduction, Case Selection, and Organization
Authors: Meili Stephen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Introduction sets out the overall organization of the book, which begins with an explanation of the three areas of socio-legal scholarship to which it adds knowledge: human rights treaty effectiveness, refugee law, and cause lawyering. It sets out the organization of the entire book and also explains that the five countries featured were chosen because they share a number of characteristics relevant to the central theme of the book as well as important differences that allow for the development of a theory about how lawyers can most effectively utilize constitutionalized human rights provisions on behalf of refugees. The Introduction also explains the qualitative methodology of the book, which includes interviews with refugee lawyers and other advocates in each of the featured countries.
The Right to Participate in the Life of the Society
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines a specific category of rights—social participation rights—which include not only our rights to practise a faith in community with others, freedom of association, freedom of expression, and freedom of movement, but also an under-discussed set of rights: our interactional rights. The chapter shows that having access to ordinary, micro-moments of social connection with non-associates both underlies and partly constitutes our human right to participate in the life of the society. The chapter considers whether social participation rights are analogous to political participation rights and comments on specific barriers to social participation including segregation and loneliness. It concludes by addressing the objection that these rights are unclaimable.
Four Types of Anti-Loneliness Policies
Authors: de Vries Bouke 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
For many people, old age comes with an increased risk of loneliness as their social network shrinks and their capacity for rebuilding it is reduced due to the onset of age-related diseases and disabilities. As a large proportion of countries is ageing rapidly, this means that levels of loneliness (defined as a disutility-inducing mismatch between people’s desired relationships and their perceived realized relationships) are expected to rise. Yet despite this worrisome trend, few normative theorists have considered whether states have moral duties to address loneliness among (some of) their citizens and, if so, how they should do so. After suggesting that there are good reasons for thinking that many states have such duties, this chapter identifies four broad ways in they can help to prevent and alleviate loneliness.
Epilogue
Authors: Nickel James , Brownlee Kimberley 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Someone who agrees that adequate social access is a human right, or at least a fundamental human interest, might still worry that, realistically, little can be done to realize this right or interest through individual, social, or political action. This Epilogue addresses this worry by identifying various feasible steps which can promote adequate social access today, including individual choices, social initiatives, and political efforts. The Epilogue focuses on potential bearers of responsibility including individuals themselves and families; civil society institutions such as religious, charitable, and business organizations; local, provincial, and national governments; and international legal and political institutions.
Knowing Science
Authors: Bird Alexander 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Knowing Science presents an epistemology of science that rejects empiricism and gives a central place to the concept of knowledge. Science aims at knowledge and progresses when it adds to the stock of knowledge. That knowledge is social knowing—it is known by the scientific community as a whole. Evidence is that from which knowledge can be obtained by inference. From which it follows that evidence is knowledge. Evidence is not limited to perception, nor to observation. Observation supplies evidence that is basic relative to a field of enquiry and can be highly non-perceptual. Theoretical knowledge is typically gained by inference to the only explanation, in which competing plausible hypotheses are falsified by the evidence. In cases where not all competing hypotheses are refuted, scientific hypotheses are not known but possess varying degrees of plausibility. Plausibilities in the light of the evidence are probabilities and link eliminative explanationism to Bayesian conditionalization. Scientific realism and anti-realism are considered as metascientific claims. Such global metascientific claims are rejected—track records give us only local metascientific claims.
Silicon Palliates Chromium Toxicity through the Formation of Root Hairs in Rice (Oryza sativa) Mediated by GSH and IAA
Authors: Tripathi Durgesh Kumar , Rai Padmaja , Kandhol Nidhi , Kumar Alok , Sahi Shivendra , Corpas Francisco J , Sharma Shivesh , Singh Vijay Pratap 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Along with the rapidly increasing environmental contamination by heavy metals, the exposure of plants to chromium has also magnified, resulting in a declined productivity. Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], the most toxic form of Cr, brings about changes in plant processes at morpho-physiological and biochemical levels. However, silicon (Si) is known to mitigate the impact of abiotic stresses in plants. Here, we demonstrate Si-mediated alleviation of Cr(VI) toxicity and its effects on root hair formation in rice seedlings. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and indole-3 acetic acid (IAA, an important auxin) were assessed for their involvement in root hair formation after the application of Si to Cr(VI)-stressed plants, and our results confirmed their crucial significance in such developmental processes. The expression analysis of genes involved in GSH biosynthesis (OsGS2) and regeneration (OsGR1), and auxin biosynthesis (OsTAA1 and OsYUCCA1) and transport (OsAUX1 and OsPIN1) corroborated their positive role in Si-mediated root hair formation in Cr(VI)-stressed rice seedlings. Moreover, the results indicated that nitric oxide (NO) seems a probable but not fundamental component in Si-mediated formation of roots in rice during exposure to Cr(VI) stress. In this study, the indispensable role of GSH and IAA, redox homeostasis of GSH and IAA biosynthesis and transport are discussed with regard to Si-mediated formation of root hairs in rice under Cr(VI) stress. The results of the study suggest that Si is a protective agent against Cr(VI) stress in rice, and the findings can be used to develop Cr(VI) stress-tolerant varieties of rice with enhanced productivity.
Jellyfish diversity, trends and patterns in Southwestern Mediterranean Sea: a citizen science and field monitoring alliance
Authors: Gueroun Sonia K M , Piraino Stefano , KÉfi-Daly Yahia Ons , Daly Yahia Mohamed Néjib 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Jellyfish (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) are an essential component of marine ecosystems and represent a potential effect, positive or negative, for several economic activities. Jellyfish blooms and non-indigenous species (NIS) introduction can shift ecological community structure and energy transfer. Despite their importance in ecosystem function and services, knowledge of jellyfish fauna diversity and phenology are largely lacking for the southern Mediterranean Sea. Here, we present an overview of the current state of jellyfish biodiversity in Tunisia. Based on a comprehensive literature survey, historical records and unpublished data, 66 jellyfish species, including 11 non-indigenous species, have been recorded in Tunisia between 1994 and 2020. Additionally, based on field surveys and a citizen science sighting program between 2004 and 2020, we present data on the spatial distribution of 13 conspicuous jellyfish taxa and the phenology of the eight most frequently detected species (Aurelia solida, Cotylorhiza tuberculata, Pelagia noctiluca, Phyllorhiza punctata, Rhizostoma pulmo, Rhopilema nomadica, Olindias muelleri and Velella velella) in Tunisian two ecoregions, the Western Mediterranean and the Tunisian Plateau. The 17 year survey showed a shift in R. pulmo, A. solida and P. noctiluca phenology. Additionally, citizen science revealed an increase in the spatial range of P. punctata (NIS) and the distinct phenologies of populations in the two ecoregions.
A stress-inducible protein regulates drought tolerance and flowering time in Brachypodium and Arabidopsis
Authors: Ying Sheng , Scheible Wolf-Rüdiger , Lundquist Peter Knut 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
To cope with environmental stresses and ensure maximal reproductive success, plants have developed strategies to adjust the timing of their transition to reproductive growth. This has a substantial impact on the stress resilience of crops and ultimately on agricultural productivity. Here, we report a previously uncharacterized, plant-specific gene family designated as Regulator of Flowering and Stress (RFS). Overexpression of the BdRFS gene in Brachypodium distachyon delayed flowering, increased biomass accumulation, and promoted drought tolerance, whereas clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated knockout mutants exhibited opposite phenotypes. A double T-DNA insertional mutant in the two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) homologs replicated the effects on flowering and water deprivation seen in the B. distachyon CRISPR knockout lines, highlighting the functional conservation of the family between monocots and dicots. Lipid analysis of B. distachyon and Arabidopsis revealed that digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) contents were significantly, and reciprocally, altered in overexpressor and knockout mutants. Importantly, alteration of C16:0-containing PC, a Flowering Locus T-interacting lipid, associated with flowering phenotype, with elevated levels corresponding to earlier flowering. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis suggested that BdRFS interacts with phospholipase Dα1 as well as several other abscisic acid-related proteins. Furthermore, reduction of C18:3 fatty acids in DGDG corresponded with reduced jasmonic acid metabolites in CRISPR mutants. Collectively, we suggest that stress-inducible RFS proteins represent a regulatory component of lipid metabolism that impacts several agronomic traits of biotechnological importance.
Assessment and diagnosis of the acute hot joint: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Dey Mrinalini , Al-Attar Mariam , Peruffo Leticia , Coope Ashley , Zhao Sizheng Steven , Duffield Stephen , Goodson Nicola 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectivesPrompt diagnosis of septic arthritis (SA) in acute native hot joints is essential for avoiding unnecessary antibiotics and hospital admissions. We evaluated the utility of synovial fluid (SF) and serum tests in differentiating causes of acute hot joints.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature review of diagnostic testing for acute hot joints. Articles were included if studying ≥1 serum or SF test(s) for an acute hot joint, compared with clinical assessment and SF microscopy and culture. English-language articles only were included, without date restriction. The following were recorded for each test, threshold and diagnosis: sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative predictive values and likelihood ratios. For directly comparable tests (i.e. identical fluid, test and threshold), bivariate random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool sensitivity, specificity, and areas under the curves.ResultsA total of 8443 articles were identified, and 49 were ultimately included. Information on 28 distinct markers in SF and serum, differentiating septic from non-septic joints, was extracted. Most had been tested at multiple diagnostic thresholds, yielding a total of 27 serum markers and 156 SF markers. Due to heterogeneity of study design, outcomes and thresholds, meta-analysis was possible for only eight SF tests, all differentiating septic from non-septic joints. Of these, leucocyte esterase had the highest pooled sensitivity [0.94 (0.70, 0.99)] with good pooled specificity [0.74 (0.67, 0.81)].ConclusionOur review demonstrates many single tests, individually with diagnostic utility but suboptimal accuracy for exclusion of native joint infection. A combination of several tests with or without a stratification score is required for optimizing rapid assessment of the hot joint.
Life is Too Short? Bereaved Managers and Investment Decisions
Authors: Liu Clark , Sulaeman Johan , Shu Tao , Yeung P Eric 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We examine whether bereavement affects managerial investment decisions in large organizations using the exogenous events of managers’ family deaths. We find evidence that bereaved managers take less risk in separate samples of mutual funds and publicly traded firms. Mutual funds managed by bereaved managers exhibit smaller tracking errors, lower active share measures, and higher portfolio weights on larger stocks after bereavement events. Firms managed by bereaved CEOs exhibit lower capital expenditures and fewer acquisitions after bereavement events. Further analyses support the emotion-driven explanation over other explanations. The risk shifting by bereaved managers has negative implications on the performance of funds and firms that they manage.
Social cognitive processes explain bias in juror decisions
Authors: Castrellon Jaime J , Hakimi Shabnam , Parelman Jacob M , Yin Lun , Law Jonathan R , Skene Jesse A G , Ball David A , Malekpour Artemis , Beskind Donald H , Vidmar Neil , Pearson John M , Skene J H Pate , Carter R McKell 
Published: October 2022

AbstractJury decisions are among the most consequential social decisions in which bias plays a notable role. While courts take measures to reduce the influence of non-evidentiary factors, jurors may still incorporate biases into their decisions. One common bias, crime-type bias, is the extent to which the perceived strength of a prosecutor’s case depends on the severity of the crime. Moral judgment, affect and social cognition have been proposed as core processes underlying this and other biases. Behavioral evidence alone has been insufficient to distinguish these explanations. To identify the mechanism underlying crime-type bias, we collected functional magnetic resonance imaging patterns of brain activation from mock jurors reading criminal scenarios. Brain patterns from crime-type bias were most similar to those associated with social cognition (mentalizing and racial bias) but not affect or moral judgment. Our results support a central role for social cognition in juror decisions and suggest that crime-type bias and cultural bias may arise from similar mechanisms.
Disembodiment and Language in Schizophrenia: An Integrated Psychopathological and Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Tonna Matteo , Lucarini Valeria , Borrelli Davide Fausto , Parmigiani Stefano , Marchesi Carlo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDifferent hypotheses have flourished to explain the evolutionary paradox of schizophrenia. In this contribution, we sought to illustrate how, in the schizophrenia spectrum, the concept of embodiment may underpin the phylogenetic and developmental pathways linking sensorimotor processes, the origin of human language, and the construction of a basic sense of the self. In particular, according to an embodied model of language, we suggest that the reuse of basic sensorimotor loops for language, while enabling the development of fully symbolic thought, has pushed the human brain close to the threshold of a severe disruption of self-embodiment processes, which are at the core of schizophrenia psychopathology. We adopted an inter-disciplinary approach (psychopathology, neuroscience, developmental biology) within an evolutionary framework, to gain an integrated, multi-perspectival model on the origin of schizophrenia vulnerability. A maladaptive over-expression of evolutionary-developmental trajectories toward language at the expense of embodiment processes would have led to the evolutionary “trade-off” of a hyper-symbolic activity to the detriment of a disembodied self. Therefore, schizophrenia psychopathology might be the cost of long-term co-evolutive interactions between brain and language.