bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Stark law, from inception to COVID-19 blanket waivers: a review
Authors: Shenoy Amrita , Shenoy Gopinath N. , Shenoy Gayatri G. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe concept of physicians referring patients to their own healthcare entities is considered a “self-referral”. A discerning factor of a self-referral is when the physician has a financial interest in the entity of patient referral. Prospects of healthcare overutilization and costs, thereby, rise. Self-referral laws, therefore, are important to regulate overutilization and contain costs. In the 1980s, Congressman Fortney Stark initiated an act that was one of the precursors to one such self-referral law, known as the Stark Law. The Stark Law, in its initial phase, known as Stark I, addressed self-referrals selectively from laboratory services. Stark I, thereafter, in a series of subsequent amendments and enactments, burgeoned to include multiple services, referred as Designated Health Services (DHS), for self-referrals. The expanded law, inclusive of those DHS, is now known as Stark II. The passage of the 2010 Affordable Care Act as well as the prevailing 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic further modified the Stark Law. Given the legislative history of the said law, the present review curates the legal initiatives of this law from its nascent formative stages to the present form. The purpose of the above curation is to present a bird’s eye view of its evolution and present analysts of any future research segments. This review, furthermore, describes the waivers of this law specific to COVID-19, or COVID-19 blanket waivers, which are instruments to assuage any barriers and further placate any hurdles arising from this law prevalent in this pandemic.
circPDE5A regulates prostate cancer metastasis via controlling WTAP-dependent N6-methyladenisine methylation of EIF3C mRNA
Authors: Ding Lifeng , Wang Ruyue , Zheng Qiming , Shen Danyang , Wang Huan , Lu Zeyi , Luo Wenqin , Xie Haiyun , Ren Liangliang , Jiang Minxiao , Yu Chenhao , Zhou Zhenwei , Lin Yudong , Lu Haohua , Xue Dingwei , Su Wenjing , Xia Liqun , Neuhaus Jochen , Cheng Sheng , Li Gonghui 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundCircular RNA (circRNA) is a novel class noncoding RNA (ncRNA) that plays a critical role in various cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). However, the clinical significance, biological function, and molecular mechanisms of circRNAs in prostate cancer remain to be elucidated.MethodsA circRNA array was performed to identified the differentially expressed circRNAs. circPDE5A was identified as a novel circRNA which downregulated in clinical samples. Functionally, the in vitro and in vivo assays were applied to explore the role of circPDE5A in PCa metastasis. Mechanistically, the interaction between circPDE5A and WTAP was verified using RNA pulldown followed by mass spectrometry, RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. m6A methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) was then used to identified the downstream target of circPDE5A. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to identified transcriptional factor which regulated circPDE5A expression.ResultscircPDE5A was identified downregulated in PCa tissues compared to adjacent normal tissue and was negatively correlated with gleason score of PCa patients. circPDE5A inhibits PCa cells migration and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. circPDE5A blocks the WTAP-dependent N6-methyladenisine (m6A) methylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3c (EIF3C) mRNA by forming the circPDE5A-WTAP complex, and finally disrupts the translation of EIF3C. Moreover, the circPDE5A-dependent decrease in EIF3C expression inactivates the MAPK pathway and then restrains PCa progression.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that FOXO4-mediated upregulation of circPDE5A controls PCa metastasis via the circPDE5A-WTAP-EIF3C-MAPK signaling pathway and could serve as a potential therapeutic targer for PCa.
Correction of hallux abducto valgus by scarf osteotomy. A ten‐year retrospective multicentre review of patient reported outcomes shows high satisfaction rates with podiatric surgery
Authors: Clee Sharon , Flanagan George , Pavier Julian , Reilly Ian 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundCorrective surgery for hallux abducto valgus is one of the most performed elective procedures in foot and ankle practice. Numerous methods of surgical correction have been reported within the literature, with varying clinical and patient reported outcomes. This study reviews the patient experience and outcomes in five podiatric surgery centres using the scarf diaphyseal osteotomy.MethodPatient reported outcome measures (PROMs) were captured using the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire 10 (PSQ‐10), part of the PASCOM‐10 podiatric surgery audit tool. PROMs were collated across five hospital sites over a 10‐year period.ResultsOf 1351 patients reported during the period, 1189 had complete retrospective data. The most common patient aim of surgery was ‘no/less pain’ reported in 70% of patients. 96.8% of patients reported their original foot complaint as ‘better’ or ‘much better’ after surgery. 92.8% of patients reported their expectations had been met with 96.6% reporting they would have surgery again under the same conditions. 98.5% of patients noted that the risks, complications, and expectations had been discussed prior to surgery. The most common complication was metatarsal fracture (4.6%).ConclusionThe scarf osteotomy (with or without an Akin phalangeal osteotomy) consistently showed high patient satisfaction with low complication rates using PSQ‐10 and this information can be used as part of the pre‐operative consenting process. Patient expectations for surgery were often achieved, which may be attributed to the pre‐operative work up of the patient. Further investigation into this correlation is suggested.Level of clinical evidenceIV (retrospective review).
Efficacy and safety of Jian-Pi Huo-Xue granule for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Sun Yuanlong , Chen Gaofeng , Chen Si , Wang Yanjie , Hu Yiyang , Zhao Yu 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent form of chronic liver disease, with a global prevalence of 25% worldwide, but a consensus treatment is still lacking. Previous studies have shown that Jian-Pi Huo-Xue granules (JPHX) can reduce hepatic steatosis in ultrasound images, but lacked quantitative observation in imagined liver fat content. This study aimed to refine the efficacy and safety assessment of JPHX for NAFLD with magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) as the primary outcome.

Methods
This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The trial will enrol 84 NAFLD participants who will be equally randomized to receive either JPHX or a placebo for 24 weeks. Follow-up will be performed 12 weeks after the intervention. The primary outcome will be the change from baseline to week 24 in MRI-PDFF. Secondary outcomes will be the body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), serum liver function, blood lipids and glucose-related indicators, quality of life measurement health survey, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome scale. Outcomes will be monitored at baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks after enrolment. Adverse events occurring in this trial will be managed and recorded promptly.

Discussion
We designed a clinical trial for the treatment of NAFLD using JPHX, a TCM formulation that has been shown to have a positive effect on hepatic steatosis in a previous self-controlled trial. This trial will use a more recognized and quantitative imaging approach to demonstrate the efficacy of JPHX in the treatment of NAFLD and observe its safety to provide clinical evidence for its translational applications.

Trial registration
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2100046132. Registered on 4 May 2021.
Experiment in semi-natural conditions did not confirm the influence of malaria infection on bird attractiveness to mosquitoes
Authors: Cozzarolo Camille-Sophie , Pigeault Romain , Isaïa Julie , Wassef Jérôme , Baur Molly , Glaizot Olivier , Christe Philippe 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Changes in host phenotype following parasite infection are often considered as host manipulation when they seem advantageous for the parasite. However, putative cases of host manipulation by parasites are rarely tested in field-realistic conditions. Infection-induced phenotypic change cannot be conclusively considered as host manipulation if no evidence shows that this trait is adaptive for the parasite in the wild. Plasmodium sp., the parasites causing malaria in vertebrates, are hypothesized to “manipulate” their host by making their odour more attractive to mosquitoes, their vector and final host. While this is fairly well supported by studies on mice and humans, studies focusing on avian malaria give contradictory results.

Methods
In the present study, genotyped birds at different stages (uninfected, acute and chronic) of Plasmodium relictum infection were exposed, in a large outdoor aviary, to their natural vector, the mosquito Culex pipiens.

Results
After genotyping the blood meals of more than 650 mosquitoes, we found that mosquitoes did not bite infected birds more than they bit them before infection, nor more than they bit uninfected hosts.

Conclusions
Our study highlights the importance of testing ecological behaviours under natural conditions and suggests that different processes might be at play in mammals and birds regarding potential manipulation of attractiveness by malaria parasites.

Graphical Abstract
Combined exome and transcriptome sequencing of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: associations between genomic changes, expression subtypes, and clinical outcomes
Authors: Goel Anshita , Ward Douglas G. , Noyvert Boris , Yu Minghao , Gordon Naheema S. , Abbotts Ben , Colbourne John K. , Kissane Stephen , James Nicholas D. , Zeegers Maurice P. , Cheng Kar Keung , Cazier Jean-Baptiste , Whalley Celina M. , Beggs Andrew D. , Palles Claire , Arnold Roland , Bryan Richard T. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Three-quarters of bladder cancer patients present with early-stage disease (non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, NMIBC, UICC TNM stages Ta, T1 and Tis); however, most next-generation sequencing studies to date have concentrated on later-stage disease (muscle-invasive BC, stages T2+). We used exome and transcriptome sequencing to comprehensively characterise NMIBCs of all grades and stages to identify prognostic genes and pathways that could facilitate treatment decisions. Tumour grading is based upon microscopy and cellular appearances (grade 1 BCs are less aggressive, and grade 3 BCs are most aggressive), and we chose to also focus on the most clinically complex NMIBC subgroup, those patients with grade 3 pathological stage T1 (G3 pT1) disease.

Methods
Whole-exome and RNA sequencing were performed in total on 96 primary NMIBCs including 22 G1 pTa, 14 G3 pTa and 53 G3 pT1s, with both exome and RNA sequencing data generated from 75 of these individual samples. Associations between genomic alterations, expression profiles and progression-free survival (PFS) were investigated.

Results
NMIBCs clustered into 3 expression subtypes with different somatic alteration characteristics. Amplifications of ARNT and ERBB2 were significant indicators of worse PFS across all NMIBCs. High APOBEC mutagenesis and high tumour mutation burden were both potential indicators of better PFS in G3pT1 NMIBCs. The expression of individual genes was not prognostic in BCG-treated G3pT1 NMIBCs; however, downregulated interferon-alpha and gamma response pathways were significantly associated with worse PFS (adjusted p-value < 0.005).

Conclusions
Multi-omic data may facilitate better prognostication and selection of therapeutic interventions in patients with G3pT1 NMIBC. These findings demonstrate the potential for improving the management of high-risk NMIBC patients and warrant further prospective validation.
Can MRI knee joint measurements predict the population at risk of ACL injury?
Authors: Hamdan Mohammad , Haddad Bassem , Alshrouf Mohammad Ali , Azzam Muayad I. , Isleem Ula , Hamasha Reem , Albtoush Omar M. , Alhusban Muna Tayel , Mubarak Nidaa , Alryalat Saif Aldeen 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have been increasing significantly over time. The relationship between the ACL injury and the knee joint structures is poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the measurements of different structures in the knee joint are linked with ACL injury in affected patients.

Methods
This retrospective case–control study included patients who suffered from ACL tears and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A control group of patients with no knee pathologies on MRI was included. Fourteen knee variables, including lateral meniscus (LM) posterior horn height, length, depth, and volume; medial meniscus (MM) posterior horn height, length, depth, and volume; lateral and medial (MFC) femoral condyle sphere diameter; lateral and medial tibial plateau length; and patella tendon horizontal and vertical diameter, were collected. A multivariate logistic regression including LM posterior horn depth, MM posterior horn length, MM volume, MFC sphere diameter, and patella tendon horizontal diameter and receiver operating characteristic curve, was used to compare the two groups.

Results
A total of 85 patients were included in our study; 54 suffered from ACL injuries and 31 as a control group with normal knee MRI. Logistic regression revealed that increased LM posterior horn depth (OR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.03–1.56; p = 0.028), decreased MM posterior horn length (OR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.55–0.93; p = 0.013), and MFC sphere diameter (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.01–1.43; p = 0.035) were independent risk factors for ACL rupture. The MFC sphere diameter yielded the highest area under the curve: 0.747 (95% CI, 0.632–0.862). No difference was found in the other measurements between the two groups.

Conclusions
Concerning the difference in anatomical variations, the lateral meniscus posterior horn depth and medial femoral condyle sphere diameter were higher, while medial meniscus posterior horn length was lower in patients with an ACL injury. These structural knee measurements could have a possible increase in the likelihood of sustaining an ACL injury and can be used by clinicians to predict ACL injury.
Genome-wide linkage search for cancer susceptibility loci in a cohort of non BRCA1/2 families in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wijesiriwardhana Prabhavi , Musolf Anthony M. , Bailey-Wilson Joan E. , Wetthasinghe T. Kalum , Dissanayake Vajira H. W. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objective
Although linkage studies have been utilized for the identification of variants associated with cancer in the world, little is known about their role in non BRCA1/2 individuals in the Sri Lankans. Hence we performed linkage analysis to identify susceptibility loci related to the inherited risk of cancer in a cohort of Sri Lankans affected with hereditary breast cancer. The Illumina global screening array having 654,027 single nucleotide polymorphism markers was performed in four families, in which at least three individuals within third degree relatives were affected by breast cancer. Two-point parametric linkage analysis was conducted assuming disease allele frequency of 1%. Penetrance was set at 90% for carriers with a 10% phenocopy rate.

Results
Thirty-one variants exhibited genome-wide suggestive HLODs. The top overall HLOD score was at rs1856277, an intronic variant in MYO16 on chromosome 13. The two most informative families also suggested several candidate linked loci in genes, including ERAP1, RPRM, WWOX, CDH1, EXOC1, HUS1B, STIM1 and TUSC1. This study provides the first step in identifying germline variants that may be involved in risk of cancer in cancer-aggregated non-BRCA1/2 families from the understudied Sri Lankan population. Several candidate linked regions showed suggestive evidence of linkage to cancer risk.
Alternative use of phage display: phage M13 can remain viable in the intestines of poultry without causing damage
Authors: Santos Fabiana de Almeida Araújo , Valadares Junior Edson Campos , Goulart Luiz Ricardo , Nunes Pedro Lucas Figueiredo , Mendonça Eliane Pereira , Girão Lúcio Vilela Carneiro , da Hora Aline Santana , Ferreira Thatiana Bragine , Bastos Luciana Machado , Medeiros-Ronchi Alessandra Aparecida , Fonseca Belchiolina Beatriz 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPhage display (PD) is a tool for developing new molecules to control pathogens. Peptides selected by PD are commonly synthesised and tested, but the use of phage M13 displaying the selected peptides as a direct biding in the intestinal tract has not yet been tested. This study evaluated whether phage M13 can remain viable in the chicken gastrointestinal tract and whether it causes injury or humoral immune response. We inoculated phage M13 or E. coli ER2738 (ECR) infected with M13 into birds at different ages. We found the virus in faeces at 5 or 13 days after inoculation, just when it infected the ECR. The presence of phage M13 or ECR did not result in gut injuries and had no impacts on weight gain and bird health. Furthermore, the levels of IgY were similar in all treatments, which indicates that the virus can be used in chicken until 42 days without being recognised by the immune system. This work provides a scientific basis for the use of PD as a tool in numerous applications to control different pathogens.
The effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions for socio-economically disadvantaged women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: O’Connell Nicola , Burke Emma , Dobbie Fiona , Dougall Nadine , Mockler David , Darker Catherine , Vance Joanne , Bernstein Steven , Gilbert Hazel , Bauld Linda , Hayes Catherine B. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Introduction
This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions among women smokers in low socio-economic status (SES) groups or women living in disadvantaged areas who are historically underserved by smoking cessation services.

Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE, Cochrane, CINAHL, PsychINFO and Web of Science databases. Eligibility criteria included randomised controlled trials of any smoking cessation intervention among women in low SES groups or living in socio-economically disadvantaged areas. A random effects meta-analysis assessed effectiveness of interventions on smoking cessation. Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. The GRADE approach established certainty of evidence.

Results
A total of 396 studies were screened for eligibility and 11 (6153 female participants) were included. Seven studies targeted women-only. 5/11 tested a form of face-to-face support. A pooled effect size was estimated in 10/11 studies. At end of treatment, two-thirds more low SES women who received a smoking cessation intervention were more likely to stop smoking than women in control groups (risk ratio (RR) 1.68, 95% CI 1.36–2.08, I2= 34%). The effect was reduced but remained significant when longest available follow-up periods were pooled (RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.04–1.48, I2 = 0%). There was moderate-to-high risk of bias in most studies. Certainty of evidence was low.

Conclusions
Behavioural and behavioural + pharmacotherapy interventions for smoking cessation targeting women in low SES groups or women living in areas of disadvantage were effective in the short term. However, longer follow-up periods indicated reduced effectiveness. Future studies to explore ways to prevent smoking relapse in this population are needed.

Systematic review registration
PROSPERO: CRD42019130160
Changes in glycaemic control of oral anti-diabetic medications assessed by continuous glucose monitors among patients with type 2 diabetes: a protocol of network meta-analysis
Authors: Zheng Mingyue , Khoja Adeel , Patel Anamica , Luo Yunting , He Qian , Zhao Xuan , Yang Shenqiao , Hu Peng , Lin Wei 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) can measure interstitial fluid glucose levels to provide comprehensive real-time glucose profile among people with type 2 diabetes. These can accurately detect glucose levels, hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia events compared with conventional self-monitoring. Increased application of CGMs provides a valuable opportunity to evaluate glucose control on oral anti-diabetic medications. This review will compare the efficacy and safety of oral anti-diabetic medications among patients with type 2 diabetes, evaluated by CGM.

Methods
The following databases will be searched: Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus and grey literature (ClinicalTrials.gov, PsycEXTRA, ProQuest Dissertations, Google Scholar and Theses Global) for the identification of studies. The review will include and summarise evidence from randomised clinical trials that use CGMs for blood glucose management in adults (aged ≥ 18 years), published in English between January 2000 and May 2021 without any restrictions of countries. Reference list of all selected articles will independently be screened to identify additional studies left out in the initial search. Primary outcomes will be HbA1c (≤ 7.0%), time spent with hypoglycaemia (< 70 mg/dl) or hyperglycaemia (≥ 180 mg/dl). Secondary outcomes will be change in weight, blood pressure and related comorbidities (cardiovascular mortality, heart failure events, myocardial infarction and stroke). Study selection, data extraction and quality assessment will be conducted independently by at least two reviewers. A third reviewer will determine and resolve discrepancies. At least two independent reviewers will cross-check data synthesis. The quality of evidence of the review will be assessed according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Tool.

Discussion
The review is anticipated to provide up to date evidence for further studies and clinic practices regarding glycaemic control, hypoglycaemia, and hyperglycaemia issues. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.

Trial registration
PROSPERO CRD42020188399.