bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(In-)Consistent Voting in the 2009, 2013, and 2017 German Federal Elections
Authors: Melcher Reinhold 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Choosing the “right” party has been especially challening for German voters due to considerable changes in the German political landscape, with the AfD’s rise in 2013 being just the tip of the iceberg. The chapter aims to answer the question of how these changes have influenced attitude-consistent voting in Germany and specifically whether the reasons for (in-)consistent voting have changed between the German federal elections of 2009, 2013, and 2017. Using GLES cross-sectional survey data and online tracking surveys, the chapter suggests that, regardless of the crises and the rise of a new political actor, most German voters voted (or would have voted) consistently between 2009 and 2017. In 2009 and 2017, inconsistent voting was strongly associated with low levels of political knowledge. By contrast, in 2013 inconsistent voters were primarily dissatisfied with democracy and the political elites and sympathetic to the AfD.
The Relationships between the Institutional Actors
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies the main principles governing the relationships between the European Union's institutional actors. The European Union constitutes a level of government in its own right: institutions of the Union draw up legislation which has to be implemented and complied with within the Member States. For the sound functioning of the Union, it is important to have clear rules on the normative relationship between acts adopted at Union level, on the one hand, and national law, on the other. From a political point of view, it is equally important to adequately organize the way in which the various interests existing both within the Member States and across borders are being reconciled through the interplay of the actors involved in Union decision-making. In this connection, attention should be paid to the specific interests which are structurally embodied in the various institutions of the Union and to the balance between institutions required by the Treaties.
The Implementation of Union Legislation
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains decision-making in the European Union for the purpose of implementing legislation. It looks at implementation by the Member States and implementation by Union institutions, bodies, offices, or agencies. The Treaties did not set up a uniform system for the implementation of Union legislation: where necessary, each act determines its implementation procedures itself; where the act in question does not do so, the principle applies that 'Member States shall take any appropriate measure, general or particular, to ensure fulfilment of the obligations arising out of the Treaties or resulting from the acts of the institutions of the Union'. Since the Lisbon Treaty, the Treaties state that Member States are to adopt 'all measures of national law necessary to implement legally binding Union acts'. Accordingly, Union law is implemented as a rule by administration communautaire indirecte. Whether a legislative act provides for implementation at Union level or leaves implementation entirely to the Member States, the enforcement of the rules of Union law and the imposition of sanctions for breaches thereof fall primarily to the national administrative and judicial authorities. The Commission is empowered to conduct administrative inquiries itself and to fine individuals only very exceptionally.
Introduction
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe are living in a time of unprecedented loss of biodiversity. Genetics and genomics can play a crucial role in protecting biodiversity. Conservation is an effort to protect the genetic and taxonomic diversity that has been produced by evolution over the past 3.5 billion years. Extinction is a demographic process, but the likelihood of extinction can be reduced by applying an understanding of genetics. Conservation genetics has origins beginning with Darwin. Although the field has become extremely broad, most published articles and applications dealing with conservation and genetics fit into one of five general categories described in this chapter. This is an exciting time to be interested in the genetics of populations. New technologies are promising to advance conservation, from managing wild and captive populations to tracking invasive species and pathogens. The application of innovative genetic technologies will play an important role in biodiversity conservation long into the future.
Population Genomics
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSequencing all or part of the genome of individuals from different populations allows for many analyses of genetic variation that are not possible with a small number of unlinked markers. Genomic datasets may include sequences of anonymous regions scattered throughout the genome, sequences of targeted regions such as exomes, whole genome sequences, or genotypes for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or other targeted polymorphisms. Fully sequenced reference genomes were previously limited to model organisms and crop species, but can now be produced for any species, facilitating development of species-specific tools and sophisticated analyses. Next-generation sequencing can also quantify variation in gene expression, identify changes in DNA structure such as methylation involved in epigenetic responses, and characterize the multispecies metagenomics of communities and environments. While generating large genomic datasets has become much easier and faster, population genomic analyses now require stronger bioinformatic skills and more powerful computational resources.
Inbreeding Depression
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPopulations may respond to environmental changes through phenotypic plasticity, adaptation, migration, or suffer demographic declines if they are unable to respond. Climate change is already causing shifts in species ranges, changes in phenotypes, and altered life history traits and interspecific interactions. The capacity for a population to adapt to new conditions is a function of the amount of genetic and phenotypic variation for traits under selection, fecundity, and the rate of environmental change per generation. Several genomic approaches are available for predicting the extent of maladaptation of populations resulting from climate change based on the mismatch between genotypes and new climates. The conservation of populations that are threatened by rapid climate change may in some cases require management tools including assisted gene flow to facilitate adaptation, and greater connectivity of habitats to facilitate range shifts and migration (i.e., gene flow).
Conservation Breeding and Restoration
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCaptive breeding represents the last chance of survival for many species faced with imminent extinction in the wild. Captive breeding should be used sparingly because it is sometimes ineffective, and it can harm wild populations both indirectly and directly if not done correctly. There are a variety of crucial genetic issues to be considered in the founding of captive populations: How many individuals? Which source population(s)? A primary genetic goal of captive breeding programs is to minimize genetic change in captivity due to genetic drift and selection because genetic changes in captive populations can reduce the ability of captive individuals to reproduce and survive when returned to the wild. A variety of potentially valuable technologies (e.g., cloning, CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated system), gene drives, etc.) are now available that have the potential to be valuable tools in conservation.
Conservation Genetics in Practice
Authors: Taylor Helen R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe application of genetics to problems in conservation requires a firm understanding of the basic science, as well as an understanding of the practical management issues. Training to become a conservation geneticist requires both a strong basic science background in genetics and an understanding of the practical and social issues. Genetics is best incorporated into management programs through collaboration between geneticists and conservation managers. Making better use of scientific knowledge in the development of conservation policy is challenging. While scientific research is an essential input into the formulation of sound policy, it is only one of several sources of information that must be considered by policy-makers.
Calcium-dependent protein kinase 16 phosphorylates and activates the aquaporin PIP2;2 to regulate reversible flower opening in Gentiana scabra
Authors: Nemoto Keiichirou , Niinae Tomoya , Goto Fumina , Sugiyama Naoyuki , Watanabe Aiko , Shimizu Motoki , Shiratake Katsuhiro , Nishihara Masahiro 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Flower opening is important for successful pollination in many plant species, and some species repeatedly open and close their flowers. This is thought to be due to turgor pressure changes caused by water influx/efflux, which depends on osmotic oscillations in the cells. In some ornamental plants, water-transporting aquaporins, also known as plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), may play an important role in flower opening. However, the molecular mechanism(s) involved in corolla movement are largely unknown. Gentian (Gentiana spp.) flowers undergo reversible movement in response to temperature and light stimuli; using gentian as a model, we showed that the Gentiana scabra aquaporins GsPIP2;2 and GsPIP2;7 regulate repeated flower opening. In particular, phosphorylation of a C-terminal serine residue of GsPIP2;2 is important for its transport activity and relates closely to the flower re-opening rate. Furthermore, GsPIP2;2 is phosphorylated and activated by the calcium (Ca2+)-dependent protein kinase GsCPK16, which is activated by elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels in response to temperature and light stimuli. We propose that GsCPK16-dependent phosphorylation and activation of GsPIP2;2 regulate gentian flower re-opening, with stimulus-induced Ca2+ signals acting as triggers.
Effects of sex and estrous cycle on sleep and cataplexy in narcoleptic mice
Authors: Arthaud Sébastien , Villalba Manon , Blondet Camille , Morel Anne-Laure , Peyron Christelle 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a rare neurology disorder caused by the loss of orexin/hypocretin neurons. NT1 is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep and wake fragmentation, and cataplexy. These symptoms have been equally described in both women and men, although influences of gender and hormonal cycles have been poorly studied. Unfortunately, most studies with NT1 preclinical mouse models, use only male mice to limit potential variations due to the hormonal cycle. Therefore, whether gender and/or hormonal cycles impact the expression of narcoleptic symptoms remains to be determined. To address this question, we analyzed vigilance states and cataplexy in 20 female and 17 male adult orexin knock-out narcoleptic mice, with half of the females being recorded over multiple days. Mice had access to chocolate to encourage the occurrence of cataplectic episodes. A vaginal smear was performed daily in female mice to establish the state of the estrous cycle (EC) of the previous recorded night. We found that vigilance states were more fragmented in males than females, and that females had less paradoxical sleep (p = 0.0315) but more cataplexy (p = 0.0375). Interestingly, sleep and wake features were unchanged across the female EC, but the total amount of cataplexy was doubled during estrus compared to other stages of the cycle (p = 0.001), due to a large increase in the number of cataplexy episodes (p = 0.0002). Altogether these data highlight sex differences in the expression of narcolepsy symptoms in orexin knock-out mice. Notably, cataplexy occurrence was greatly influenced by estrous cycle. Whether it is due to hormonal changes would need to be further explored.
A review of converting woody biomass waste into useful and eco-friendly road materials
Authors: Zhang Xue , Li Hui , Harvey John T , Butt Ali A , Jia Ming , Liu Jiawen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Because of abundant reserves and renewable and environmentally friendly properties, the utilization of woody biomass waste in road engineering can alleviate the shortage of fossil fuels and carbon emissions so as to mitigate global climate change and achieve sustainable development of road engineering. This paper synthesizes the state of the art about the strategies of applying five kinds of resources derived from waste woody biomass, including biochar, bio-oil, lignin, wood ash and nanocellulose to road construction. Based on the characteristics analysis of the five materials, it can be concluded that biochar can comprehensively improve the road performance of asphalt and its mixtures, and has the potential of runoff purification; bio-oil can soften asphalt and improve its low-temperature performance, but has negative effects on high-temperature performance; lignin increases the asphalt ageing resistance and can be used as a regenerant, and will improve the overall performance of asphalt mixtures if combined with other modifiers; wood ash can increase subgrade bearing capacity and bring significant environmental benefits; nanocellulose improves the strength of cement mortar, but there is a lack of research on its effects on performance of pavement materials and the interaction mechanism; the lifecycle environmental and economic assessment of woody biomass-modified road materials is not comprehensive. Moreover, prospects were also summarized to show the opportunities for future study, such as the establishment of a database for biomass. This review provides useful insights for the utilization of woody biomass as road materials to achieve waste management and sustainable development.

Highlights
• Reveal the characteristics of five kinds of materials derived from woody biomass wastes for use as road materials.
• The effects of biochar, bio-oil, lignin, wood ash and nanocellulose on road material performance are summarized.
• The use of woody biomass such as biochar and bio-oil in road materials contributes to reducing carbon emissions.
• Existing problems and future research prospects about the woody biomass waste used in the road structure are put forward.
Lessons Learned as Thomas Jefferson University’s Rural Physician Shortage Area Program (PSAP) Approaches the Half-Century Mark
Authors: Rabinowitz Howard K. , Motley Robert J. , Markham Fred W. , Love Gillian A. 
Published: April 2022

To help increase the supply and retention of rural family physicians, Thomas Jefferson University initiated the Physician Shortage Area Program (PSAP) in 1974. The program selectively admits medical school applicants who both grew up in a rural area and plan to practice in a rural area. During medical school, PSAP students have ongoing mentoring and rural clinical experiences.
As the program now approaches the half-century mark, this commentary summarizes several important lessons learned. First, outcomes research is critical, and program leaders have been able to publish 15 papers and a book about the PSAP and its outcomes. Second, these studies have shown that the program has been highly successful, with PSAP graduates 8.5–9.9 times more likely to enter rural family medicine than their peers, and that the PSAP contributed 12% of all rural family physicians in Pennsylvania. Other similar medical school rural programs have had comparable success, with more than half of all graduates combined (including PSAP graduates) practicing rural. Third, long-term retention has a multiplicative impact. Long-term retention of PSAP graduates in rural family medicine was greater than 70% after 20–25 years. Fourth, research has shown that the admissions component accounted for approximately three-quarters of the PSAP’s success. Three factors available at the time of matriculation (rural background, plans for rural practice, and plans for family medicine) identified almost 80% of all Jefferson graduates in rural practice 3 decades later. Having a peer group with similar backgrounds, mentoring, and the rural curriculum were also very important. Fifth, wanting to live rural appears key to the rural practice decision. Finally, given that medical school programs like the PSAP produce substantial increases in the supply and retention of rural physicians while requiring modest resources, medical schools can have a critical role in addressing the rural physician shortage.
Beneficial Role of Microbial Transglutaminase in the Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Coeliac Disease
Authors: Treppiccione Lucia , Picarelli Antonio , Rossi Mauro 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTCoeliac disease (CD) is caused by immunological intolerance to wheat gluten and related proteins of rye and barley. Consequently, gluten‐free (GF) products have been developed but technological implementation is required to improve their intrinsic rheological properties. One alternative for increasing the functional properties of GF foodstuff is the incorporation of microbial transglutaminase (mTG), which allows for the cross‐linking of proteins that can substitute for the gluten network in the bakery industry. mTG has been, however, suggested to mimic tissue transglutaminase and to be immunogenic in CD patients. Recently, both mTG and gliadin were found to be transported to the endoplasmic reticulum of enterocytes, suggesting cross‐presentation and potential interaction with immune cells in CD. Although pathogenetic activity of mTG has not been found to date, these data naturally raise concerns among clinicians and patients about the use of mTG as a food additive. On the contrary, different studies have shown that treatment with mTG was effective in reducing the inflammatory immune response of gluten in CD. In this article, we take advantage of recent advances in gut physiology and CD pathogenesis to revise the literature data on mTG. An updated and unbiased overview of the role of mTG in this pathology allowed us to definitively highlight the beneficial use of this food additive by CD patients.
Impact of Surfactant Protein-A on Immunomodulatory Properties of Murine and Human Breast Milk
Authors: Meyer Cydney M. , Khan Amir M. , Alcorn Joseph L. 
Published: April 2022

Objectives:
Human milk reduces the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Prior studies have demonstrated that exogenous surfactant protein-A (SP-A) modulates intestinal inflammation, reduces NEC-like pathology in SP-A-deficient (SPAKO) pups, and may contribute to breast milk’s immunomodulatory potential. We hypothesize that SP-A is present in milk and impacts inflammatory responses in the terminal ileum of neonatal mice.

Methods:
Human milk was collected at postpartum days 1–3 and 28. Mouse milk was collected at postpartum days 1–10. SP-A was detected in milk through immunoprecipitation and western blot analysis. The impact of murine wild-type (WT) milk on SPAKO pup ileum was evaluated in a model of intestinal inflammation via cross-rearing experiments. Terminal ileum was evaluated for inflammatory cytokine and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA expression via quantitative real-time RT-PCR.

Results:
SP-A was detected in human milk and wild type (WT) mouse milk, but not in SPAKO mouse milk. Expression of TLR4, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was decreased in SPAKO pups reared with WT dams compared to SPAKO pups reared with SPAKO dams, with a peak effect at day of life 14. When inflammation was induced using a lipopolysaccharide-induced model of inflammation, expression of TLR4, IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL-1, and TNF-α was significantly lower in SPAKO pups reared with WT dams compared to SPAKO pups reared with SPAKO dams.

Conclusions:
SP-A is present in human and murine milk and plays a role in lowering inflammation in murine pup terminal ileum. Both baseline inflammation and induced inflammatory responses are reduced via exposure to SP-A in milk with the effect amplified in inflammatory conditions.
Analysis of Neurogastrointestinal and Motility Disorders From the National Pediatric Database (Kid’s Inpatient Database): Exploring Demographic Access and Outcomes
Authors: Patel Dhiren , Al-Hammadi Noor , Xu Evan , Hinyard Leslie , Attard Thomas 
Published: April 2022

Objectives:
Pediatric neurogastroenterology and motility (PNGM) disorders impose a significant impact on health-related quality of life and cost of health care in children and adolescents. The detailed understanding of its burden across demographic groups is unknown. The objective of our study is to characterize the demographic and hospitalization trends of patients undergoing PNGM tests.

Methods:
We used Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Inpatient Database (KID) for years 2003–2016 to perform a trend analysis in US hospitalizations for International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and -10 Clinical Modification (CM)–identified PNGM studies in patients (<18 years of age) with elective admission and a length of stay (LOS) <3 days. The hospitalization rates were analyzed by year, hospital region, facility type, and patient sociodemographic characteristics. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine factors influencing the receipt of motility studies.

Results:
There was an overall increase trend in hospitalizations, rates of PNGM studies, and median hospital charges from 2003 to 2016. Patients with private insurance and living in the high-income zip codes were more likely to receive a PNGM study compared with those with governmental insurance and lower income area. Although the race was not found to influence the receipt of the study, a major difference in the LOS was noted across the regions.

Conclusions:
There are income- and insurance-based differences in the rates of inpatient PNGM studies. PNGM studies significantly add to health care burden. Standardization of PNGM practices across the country may decrease the LOS and associated expenses. Future analysis should include ambulatory PNGM services to understand combined inpatient and outpatient trends.