bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaf Greenness Meter to Assess Ozone Injury to Tomato Leaves
Authors: Tenga Albert Z. , Marie Beverley A. , Ormrod Douglas P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One of the more subtle plant responses to ozone may be a reduction in chlorophyll content of leaf tissue (3). Existing chlorophyll may degrade (premature senescence) or chlorophyll synthesis may decline. This reduction of chlorophyll may impair photo-synthetic processes, leading to a reduction in carbon fixation. Reduced chlorophyll concentration may be reversible over time following ozone exposure. A nondestructive method of repeatedly measuring the greenness of a leaf can assess initial response and recovery of a leaf from ozone exposure. The unitless numbers generated by a portable chlorophyll meter (SPAD-501, Minolta Corp.) correlate with actual chlorophyll concentration determined by traditional extraction methods (1). The unitless readings may themselves constitute a useful response variable, without conversion using a standard curve. This instrument is potentially very useful for making rapid, repeated, in situ measurements of the same leaf over time, and is therefore suited to studying plant recovery from ozone exposure. The chlorophyll meter may also be useful for measuring leaf greenness prior to environmental stress. These values may be used as a covariate to adjust the post-treatment observations, potentially reducing the variability of the data and increasing the precision of data analysis (2). The SPAD-501 portable chlorophyll meter was used to determine greenness of intact leaves before and following exposure of Tiny Tim’ and ‘New Yorker’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants to ozone. The usefulness of these SPAD-501 readings as a covariate in analysis of covariance (2) was evaluated.
Response of Oriental Hybrid Lilies to Ancymidol and Uniconazole
Authors: Bailey Douglas A. , Miller William B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Oriental hybrid lilies (Lilium speciosum Thunb.) are grown as flowering potted plants or cut flowers (Ball, 1985). However, a major problem with oriental hybrid lilies grown as pot plants is plant height greater than desired for an appropriate aesthetic ratio (Sachs et al., 1976). Uniconazole is an effective chemical growth retardant on other lily species and has the advantage over ancymidol of high activity at very low dosages (Hol-comb and McDowell, 1987; Shumac et al., 1988). With the present work, we evaluated the effectiveness of uniconazole in controlling height of two L. speciosum hybrids and compared uniconazole with ancymidol.
‘Starry Nights’ Dieffenbachia
Authors: Henny R. J. , Poole R. T. , Conover C. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Relatively few Dieffenbachia cultivars have become widely grown, although they have been important ornamental tropical foliage plants for many years. Most new cultivars have originated from private plant collections or by mutation from commercial cultivars, with breeding playing a minor role. A Dieffenbachia breeding program was initiated in 1976 at the Central Florida Research and Education Center at Apopka, which resulted in three previous cultivar releases (Henny et al., 1987a, 1987b, 1988). ‘Starry Nights’, herein described, is the fourth Dieffenbachia hybrid to be released from that program.
Research and Extension’s Role in the Future of Dry Bean Production in the United States
Authors: Coyne Dermot P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bowen (1988) reported that the first large scale production of dry edible beans in the United States started in Orleans County, N.Y., in 1839. Later, the crop spread to many other areas in the midwestern Great Lake states and finally to many western states as the country developed. The United States became one of the most productive and efficient producers of dry beans in the world in this century. The following states, in ranked order, had the most area planted to the dry bean crop in 1986: Michigan, North Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, California, and Idaho (Table 1). Average yields in the United States reached 1509 kg-ha-1, while yields in Brazil and Mexico, which produce 78% of South America’s dry beans, were 500 and 578 kg·ha-1, respectively, during 1977–1979 (CIAT, 1981). Brazil is the largest producer of dry beans in the world (2,222,0001) (CIAT, 1981), while the United States produced ≍968,000 (5-year average, 1982 to 1986) (Table 2). The differences in yields between the two regions is that, in South America, beans are generally produced on small farms on infertile soils with limited inputs and using landraces in association with other crops (CIAT, 1981). Beans in the United States are generally grown in monoculture on large farms on fertile soils using productive cultivars and generally under high management inputs.
Origin and Significance of Florida Hybrid Bunch Grapes and Rootstocks
Authors: Halbrooks Mary C. , Mortensen John A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Early settlers from the northeastern and midwestern United States brought popular grape cultivars such as ‘Concord’ and ‘Niagara’ (Vitis labrusca L.) to Florida in the mid-1800s. In the 1890s, the opportunity to ship fresh fruit by rail to northern markets provided an incentive to establish commercial plantings of these cultivars. Declining productivity of these vines, caused by a disease known then as vine degeneration, and the high cost of shipping eventually forced growers out of business. Nearly 30 years later, cultivars with improved resistance to fungal diseases of fruit and foliage, developed by T.V. Munson (1909) of Texas, were introduced to Florida. Subsequently, several thousand hectares of grapes were established in central Florida for the home wine-making market of the prohibition era. Vine degeneration disease once again caused Florida’s grape industry to fail (Truskett, 1926).
Introduction to the Colloquium
Authors: Rosen Carl J. , Korcak Ronald F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Genotypic variation in the capacity of plants to absorb, translocate, and use mineral nutrients has been the subject of many investigations since initial reports in the 1920s and 1930s (5, 6) However, it has only been within the past 15 to 20 years that researchers have made concerted efforts to understand and exploit genetic differences in plant nutrition as a means to improve crop production. Slow progress in this area can be attributed to emphasis on amending soils for plants rather than selecting plants for particular soil conditions (1–3, 7, 17). Lack of a clear understanding of mechanisms involved at cellular, tissue, and whole-plant levels has also impeded progress. Breeding for desirable nutritional traits in plants is, with few exceptions, a complex process, likely to involve more than one gene, and greatly affected by various environmental factors. Despite these challenges, there has been some success in breeding nutritionally improved genotypes (3, 7, 17). The use of soil amendments to replenish nutrients used by plants will always be an integral part of crop production, but it is now recognized that selecting plants for improved nutritional characteristics can be a viable and, at times, necessary alternative for increasing crop pro
Combined High Temperature and Ultraviolet Radiation Injuiy of Red Raspberry Fruit
Authors: Renquist A. Richard , Hughes Harrison G. , Rogoyski Matthew K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A disorder of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) in an area exposed to high temperature and solar radiation has been identified as a form of solar injury. Specific fruit maturity stages were defined and susceptibility to injury was found to rapidly increase as fruit matured from the “green” to the “white” to the “pink” stage. Appreciable injury (more than two unpigmented drupelets per fruit) only occurred at 42C and higher with 4 or more hours of UV radiation at the fluence level used. While the injury at 42C was proportional to UV exposure, the radiation environment in the laboratory was not designed to simulate solar radiation. Therefore, no quantitative function relating injury to fruit temperature and UV radiation is presented. The results indicated that attenuating UV absorption alone, without lowering temperature, is likely to protect raspberries in the field.
Yield Component Responses of ‘Hull Thornless’ Blackberry to Nitrogen and Mulch
Authors: Archbold Douglas D. , Strang John G. , Hines Danita M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The response of ‘Hull Thornless’ blackberry (Rubus spp.) to annual applications of three N rates (0, 41, and 123 kg N/ha) and straw or wood chip mulch plus 41 kg N/ha was studied. Pruning weight per plant increased linearly with increasing N rate in 1986 and 1987 and with straw mulch in 1987. Plants mulched with wood chips had the largest mean cane cross-sectional area, while neither N rate or straw mulch had an affect. Number of lateral branches per cane was not affected by any treatment. Yield increased linearly with N rate. Plants that received straw mulch produced yields that were greater than or equal to the high N rate. Mean fruit weight increased in response to straw mulch and increasing N levels in 1986, but only to the straw mulch in 1987. The number of flowers per cane and per inflorescence increased with increasing N rate, but inflorescence number per cane and fruit set were not affected. As N rates increased, yield per square centimeter of cane basal cross-sectional area increased. Both mulches decreased inflorescence number per square centimeter of cane basal cross-sectional area, but did not influence any other components of yield. Mean cane cross-sectional area, lateral branches per cane, inflorescences per cane, flowers per inflorescence, and mean fruit weight were significantly and positively correlated with yield per plant in 1987. Averaged over years, as the fertilizer N rate increased, primocane foliar N content increased, P declined, and K, Ca, Mg, and Mn were not affected. Mulching had no effect on nutrient element content.
Creeping Bentgrass Response to P and K on a Sand Medium
Authors: Fry Jack D. , Harivandi M. Ali , Minner David D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Media used in golf green construction are typically at least 75% sand by volume. This field study was conducted over 8 years on a sand medium to determine creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) quality response to P and K. Phosphorus (0, 5, and 11 kgha-1) and K (0, 4, and 8 kg-ha-1) treatments were arranged factorially and applied monthly to creeping bentgrass receiving uniform N (49 kg/ha per month). A significant (quadratic) response of creeping bentgrass quality to increasing P level was observed each year. Creeping bentgrass fertilized at 5 or 11 kg P/ha per month was similar in quality. Potassium had no effect on visual quality of creeping bentgrass. This study demonstrated the importance of P in maintaining creeping bentgrass quality on a sand-based medium.
Use of Heat-shrinkable Plastic Film to Extend Shelf Life of ‘Russet Burbank’ Potatoes
Authors: Shetty Kiran K. , Kochan Walter J. , Dwelle Robert B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Freshly harvested ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were individually wrapped in heat-shrinkable polymer film and stored for 12 weeks at 8C, 24C, and room temperature (RT), which ranged from 22 to 25C. Film-wrapped potatoes in Cryovac D 950, Cryovac D 955, and Dupont EHC 75 stored at 24C or RT lost less fresh weight than the nonwrapped controls. Wrapped potatoes lost 5% to 7% of their initial fresh weight when stored at RT for 12 weeks, compared to 26% for nonwrapped potatoes. Potatoes wrapped in Cryovac D 955 and stored at RT lost less ascorbic acid and starch and accumulated smaller amounts of total sugars. Lack of major change in the physical, chemical, or physiological characteristics of individually shrink-wrapped potatoes stored at warm temperatures, especially when compared to the nonwrapped controls, suggests that this is a suitable packaging technique for maintaining potato quality.
Pressure- and Transpiration-induced Flow Methods for Estimating Hydraulic Resistance in Peach
Authors: Rieger Mark 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pressure-induced flow (PIF) and transpiration-induced flow (TIF) methods were used to obtain estimates of root hydraulic resistance (Rroot), stem hydraulic resistance (Rstem), and total hydraulic resistance (Rtotal = Rroot + Rstem) of ‘Lovell’, ‘Nemaguard’‚and ‘Siberian C’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] rootstocks. Estimates of Rtotal did not differ significantly between the PIF and TIF methods, and Rroot differed between methods for ‘Siberian C only. However, Rstem was about three times lower and velocity of flow was greater in the PIF than in the TIF method for all three rootstocks. Lower Rstem in the PIF than the TIF method was not due to water moving in non-xylem pathways (i.e., pith, cortex) of stems in PIF determinations. Rroot and Rtotal were highly correlated in all cases, except TIF determinations with ‘Nemaguard’. Rroot accounted for 64% to 73% of Rtotal in TIF determinations, but significantly more (90% to 91%) of Rtotal in PIF determinations.
Convergent-Divergent Selection for Cucumber Fruit Yield
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Lower Richard L. , Staub Jack E. , Tolla Greg E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A heterogeneous cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) population (mostly gynoecious) was evaluated at five locations for single-plant fruit yield at the mature-fruit stage in 1981. Seeds from the highest-yielding plants were then harvested, combined, and partitioned into five lots. Seeds were combined such that each location received only the superior genotypes from the other four locations. This procedure was continued for an additional four cycles using two types of selection: single-plant selection for fruit number at the mature-fruit stage (1981–82) and half-sib family selection at the once-over harvest stage (1983–84). In 1985, yield improvement from selection was measured by compositing the seeds of the selected plants or families from each of the four cycles and five locations and planting them at the five locations. No progress was made for total, marketable, or early yield. Percentage of culls was reduced an average of 0.7% per cycle. Genotype by environment interaction among the diverse locations may have prevented progress for yield.
In Vitro Production of Garlic Plants and Field Acclimatization
Authors: Matsubara S. , Chen D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Effects of NAA and BA in media on plantlet vigor and suitable methods of acclimatization to field conditions for garlic (Allium sativum L. ‘Katei’), obtained from shoot apices in vitro, were studied. After 60 days of culture, plantlet growth was normal and vigorous when produced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing both NAA and BA at 0.01 mg·liter-1. Bulb formation was observed in plantlets after 60 days by transferring to the medium containing both NAA and BA at 0.01 mg·liter-1 or NAA at 0.1 mg·liter-1 and BA at 0.01 mg·liter-1. For acclimatization, aseptic bulb-lets were transferred to subculture medium containing both NAA and BA at 0.1 mg liter-1; plants were obtained after 50 days of acclimatization on rockwool, vermiculite, or soil. All of the plants survived under acclimatization conditions of 20C with a 16-hr day-length of 20 μmol·s-1m-2. Rockwool was found to be the best medium for acclimatization, followed by soil and vermiculite. Chemical names used: 2-(l-naphthyl)acetic acid (NAA); N-phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Rapid Moisture Content Determination of Macadamia Nuts by Microwave Diying
Authors: Tsang Marcel M. C. , Furutani Sheldon C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A fast and accurate method for determining the percentage of moisture content of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche) nuts using a household microwave oven is described. Drying time was reduced from 48 hr for the forced-draft oven method to 16 min. No statistical difference in percent moisture values was detected between microwave drying and forced-draft drying.
An Initial Survey of the United States for Races of Fursarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum
Authors: Martyn R. D. , Bruton B. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Forty-two isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, causal agent of fusarium wilt of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai], from eight states and one foreign country were race-typed based on the disease reaction of three differential cultivars. F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 1 was identified from each of the eight states and accounted for 45% of the isolates. Race 2 was identified from only three states (Texas, Oklahoma, and Florida), but accounted for 33% of the isolates. Race 0 was also found in these same three states, but only accounted for 9% of the isolates. Race 2 was first described in the United States from Texas in 1981 and appears to be spreading within the southern states.
Postproduction Effects of Light Level and Duration on Flowering and Quality of Crossandra
Authors: Gibbs Melissa M. , Blessington Thomas M. , Price James A. , Wang Yin-Tung 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Flowering performance of crossandra, a potted flowering plant rising in popularity, is not always satisfactory under low interior light levels. However, research has not been conducted to determine the response of this species to low light levels and lighting duration. The response of plants to light conditions is variable. Aphelandra plants were taller but had suppressed flowering under low light (5).
‘TexSprout’ Mungbean
Authors: Miller J. C. , Barineau S. M. , Smallwood D. G. , Scheuring D. C. , Fernandez G. C J. , Park H. G. , Ahn Chang-Soon , Tschanz A. T. , Shanmugasundaram S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is an important short-duration annual grain legume. Mungbean is grown principally for its edible dry seeds, which are high in protein, easily digested, and prepared in numerous forms for human consumption; e.g., as a green vegetable and for sprouts. Other attributes of the crop include drought tolerance, high lysine content as compared to cereal grains, low production of flatulence, and wide adaptability. Commercial production occurs throughout Asia, Australia, the West Indies, South America, and tropical and subtropical Africa. In North America, production is centered in northern Texas and Oklahoma. Annual world mungbean production is estimated at 1.4 million t harvested from ≈3.4 million ha (1). In the United States >50 million kg of bean sprouts are produced annually from 8.3 million kg of mungbean seeds (4).
Modifying a Technical Course to Meet Baccalaureate Objectives
Authors: Lohr Virginia I. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Several recent reports have been critical of the quality of general education in the United States (Assn, of American Colleges, 1985; Geiger, 1980; Schwerin, 1983). Baccalaureate education has not been spared from negative evaluation (Boyer, 1987). A report of the Assn, of American Colleges (1985) stated that the bachelor’s degree had lost its intrinsic value: undergraduate education was being dominated by a marketplace philosophy and universities were not promoting rigorous thinking.
Acclimation and Low-temperature Tolerance of Eight Woody Taxa
Authors: Lindstrom Orville M. , Dirr Michael A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Timing and rate of acclimation and maximum low-temperature survival of eight woody taxa were determined over six sample dates from 25 Aug. 1987 to 25 Apr. 1988. Four cultivars of Acer rubrum L. (red maple) acclimated at different rates and attained different levels of midwinter cold hardiness. ‘Red Sunset’ (RS) and ‘October Glory’ (OG), northern selections, acclimated at faster rates and attained greater degrees of cold hardiness than ‘Journalism Psychology’ (JP) and ‘Upright Crown’ (UC) selected from southern seed sources. Maximum cold hardiness levels were −8C (JP), −23C (UC), −29C (RS), and −29C (OG). Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern, (downy serviceberry) and Quercus coccinea Muenchh. (scarlet oak) developed midwinter hardiness of less than −29C and −20C, respectively. Illicium floridanum Ellis (Florida anise) and Illicium parviflorum Michx. (small anise) developed −26C and −20C midwinter hardiness, respectively. According to our data, woody taxa should be evaluated for timing and rates of acclimation and low-temperature tolerances, since performance will vary from one geographic area to another, depending on photoperiod, the timing of fall freezes, and midwinter temperatures.
In Vitro Flowering of Potato
Authors: Al Wareh Hassan , Trolinder Norma L. , Goodin J. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Apical meristem explants of three cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) formed flowers directly or callused and subsequently formed flower buds when cultured in vitro. Frequency of flower formation was 45%, 59%, and 55% for ‘Red LaSoda’, ‘Viking’, and ‘Norgold “M”’, respectively. Pistils and stamens were reduced in size compared to sepals, and <1% of the anthers contained mature pollen.
Shoot Proliferation and Rooting in Vitro of Liatris spicata
Authors: Stimart Dennis P. , Harbage James F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Stem pieces from expanding spikes of Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. were cultured in vitro on a Murashige and Skoog medium containing BA to establish proliferating cultures for use in comparing BA and IBA effects on shoot proliferation. Both compounds promoted multiple shoot development. The optimum level for micropropagation was 2.7 μm BA without IBA. Greatest rooting was at 5.0 μm IBA without BA.
Control of Swamp Dodder in Cranberry
Authors: Bewick Thomas A. , Binning Larry K. , Dana Malcolm N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cuscuta spp. (dodder) are phanerogamic holoparasites. Swamp dodder (C. gronovii Willd. ex R. & S.) is a problem weed in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) in Wisconsin and Massachusetts, causing yield losses as high as 80% to 100% (Devlin and Deubert, 1980). At rates used in cranberry, the registered herbicides, granular chlorpropham (1-methylethyl 3-chlorophenylcarba-mate) and granular dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile), are not totally effective, causing a steady increase in swamp dodder infestation. Since chlorpropham use was discontinued in 1988, dichlobenil is the only registered herbicide for dodder control in cranberry. The objective of this research was to investigate preemergence herbicides for swamp dodder control in cranberry.
Ethylene Scrubbing Offers No Benefit to ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples Held in 1.5% O2 plus 1.5% CO2
Authors: Lau O. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Golden Delicious’ apples Malus domestica Borkh.) stored well commercially at OC in a 1.0% to 1.5% O2 + 1.5% CO2 atmosphere established by a rapid controlled atmosphere (CA) procedure (Lau, 1985). The observation that firmness of ‘McIntosh’ apples after storage in 2.5% to 3% O2 can be improved by reducing C2H4 (Forsyth et al., 1969; Liu, 1977) has generated considerable interest in the Pacific Northwest in using low C2H4 atmosphere to improve storage quality of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples. This 3-year study evaluated whether reduction of C2H4 in a rapidly established 1.5% O2 + 1.5% CO2 storage atmosphere could improve the quality and suppress the C2H4-forming enzyme (EFE) activity of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples.
Effects of Postemergence Grass Herbicides on Daylily and Hosta
Authors: Kelly John W. , Whitwell Ted 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Flowering herbaceous perennials are generally grown for several years in the same location in the landscape. Weed competition reduces the vigor, as well as adversely affecting the aesthetic value of the planting. Previous experiments on perennials indicate considerable variation exists for herbicide tolerance (Bing, 1983; Bing and Macksel, 1984; Gilreath, 1985, 1986, 1987).