bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Carbon Sink Potential of Southern China After Two Decades of Afforestation
Authors: Zhang X. M. , Brandt M. , Yue Y. M. , Tong X. W. , Wang K. L. , Fensholt R. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAfforestation and land use changes that sequester carbon from the atmosphere in the form of woody biomass have turned southern China into one of the largest carbon sinks globally, which contributes to mitigating climate change. However, forest growth saturation and available land that can be forested limit the longevity of this carbon sink, and while a plethora of studies have quantified vegetation changes over the last decades, the remaining carbon sink potential of this area is currently unknown. Here, we train a model with multiple predictors characterizing the heterogeneous landscapes of southern China and predict the biomass carbon carrying capacity of the region for 2002–2017. We compare observed and predicted biomass carbon density and find that during about two decades of afforestation, 2.34 PgC have been sequestered between 2002 and 2017, and a total of 5.32 Pg carbon can potentially still be sequestrated. This means that the region has reached 73% of its aboveground biomass carbon carrying capacity in 2017, which is 12% more than in 2002, equal to a decrease of 0.77% per year. We identify potential afforestation areas that can still sequester 2.39 PgC, while old and new forests have reached 87% of their potential with 1.85 PgC remaining. Our work locates areas where vegetation has not yet reached its full potential but also shows that afforestation is not a long‐term solution for climate change mitigation.
Benthic Dissolved Silicon and Iron Cycling at Glaciated Patagonian Fjord Heads
Authors: Ng Hong Chin , Hawkings Jon R. , Bertrand Sebastien , Summers Brent A. , Sieber Matthias , Conway Tim M. , Freitas Felipe S. , Ward James P. J. , Pryer Helena V. , Wadham Jemma L. , Arndt Sandra , Hendry Katharine R. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractGlacier meltwater supplies silicon (Si) and iron (Fe) sourced from weathered bedrock to downstream ecosystems. However, the extent to which these nutrients reach the ocean is regulated by the nature of the benthic cycling of dissolved Si and Fe within fjord systems, given the rapid deposition of reactive particulate fractions at fjord heads. Here, we examine the benthic cycling of the two nutrients at four Patagonian fjord heads through geochemical analyses of sediment pore waters, including Si and Fe isotopes (δ30Si and δ56Fe), and reaction‐transport modeling for Si. A high diffusive flux of dissolved Fe from the fjord sediments (up to 0.02 mmol m−2 day−1) compared to open ocean sediments (typically <0.001 mmol m−2 day−1) is supported by both reductive and non‐reductive dissolution of glacially‐sourced reactive Fe phases, as reflected by the range of pore water δ56Fe (−2.7 to +0.8‰). In contrast, the diffusive flux of dissolved Si from the fjord sediments (0.02–0.05 mmol m−2 day−1) is relatively low (typical ocean values are >0.1 mmol m−2 day−1). High pore water δ30Si (up to +3.3‰) observed near the Fe(II)‐Fe(III) redox boundary is likely associated with the removal of dissolved Si by Fe(III) mineral phases, which, together with high sedimentation rates, contribute to the low diffusive flux of Si at the sampled sites. Our results suggest that early diagenesis promotes the release of dissolved Fe, yet suppresses the release of dissolved Si at glaciated fjord heads, which has significant implications for understanding the downstream transport of these nutrients along fjord systems.
Whole‐Mantle Tomography of Southeast Asia: New Insight Into Plumes and Slabs
Authors: Toyokuni Genti , Zhao Dapeng , Kurata Kenkichi 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe present detailed 3‐D images of the whole mantle P wave velocity structure beneath Southeast Asia and surrounding regions. The results are obtained by applying an improved method of global seismic tomography to invert ∼8 million P, pP, PP, PcP, and Pdiff arrival times from 23,587 earthquakes recorded at 14,136 stations distributed all over the world. Our tomographic model reveals a continuous, thin low‐velocity (low‐V) zone from the surface to the core‐mantle boundary beneath the Hainan hotspot, which may reflect the Hainan plume that exists in the whole mantle. Beneath the Australian slab that has subducted into the lower mantle, a strong low‐V anomaly is detected, which may reflect subslab hot mantle upwelling (SHMU) due to return flow of the slab subduction. Our model also clearly reveals the subducted slabs in the upper mantle and slab remnants in the lower mantle. In particular, a hole in the subducting Australian slab is revealed at depths of 280–460 km beneath eastern Java. The low‐V anomaly in the mantle wedge above the Australian slab is connected with the SHMU through the slab hole, suggesting that mixture of the island arc magma and the SHMU may have caused huge eruptions of the Tambora and Rinjani volcanoes in eastern Java.
Earthquake Detection Using a Nodal Array on the San Jacinto Fault in California: Evidence for High Foreshock Rates Preceding Many Events
Authors: Shearer Peter M. , Meng Haoran , Fan Wenyuan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe use a dense seismic array of 1,108 vertical‐component geophones within a 600‐m footprint to detect thousands of small earthquakes near an active strand of the San Jacinto fault zone in southern California during a 26‐day period. We first correct site effects using multichannel cross‐correlations of the P‐waves of 256 cataloged earthquakes, and then perform beamforming analysis on the continuous waveforms in a slowness range from −0.4 to 0.4 s/km in both the east and north directions. At each time step, we identify the beam slowness with maximum amplitude and apply a picking algorithm to identify 13,408 events. These detections include over 55.6% of the events in the Quake Template Matching (QTM) catalog for all of southern California during the same time period and 70% of those within 100 km of the array. In addition, we detect over 10,000 new events, not in the QTM catalog. Many of these events can also be seen in records from nearby borehole seismic stations. Measured slownesses for the catalog and newly‐discovered events group into clusters that can be associated with QTM earthquake locations, but with slowness values considerably distorted from predictions based on a 1‐D velocity model, presumably owing to strong velocity heterogeneity near the San Jacinto Fault. Amplitudes of the detected events obey a Gutenberg‐Richter distribution with a b‐value close to one. Foreshocks are common among these detected events, increasing in rate before mainshocks following an inverse Omori's law.
Thermal Structure of the Martian Upper Mesosphere/Lower Thermosphere From MAVEN/IUVS Stellar Occultations
Authors: Gupta Sumedha , Yelle Roger V. , Schneider Nicholas M. , Jain Sonal K. , González‐Galindo Francisco , Verdier Loic , Braude Ashwin S. , Montmessin Franck , Mayyasi Majd , Deighan Justin , Curry Shannon 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe report the first detailed study of the diurnal thermal structure of upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere (∼80 to 160 km) of Mars from stellar occultation observations by the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) aboard the NASA Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. Due to stray light contamination, analyses of this data set to date have been confined to the nighttime events. This study makes use of a revised algorithm for removal of stray light from occultation spectra to retrieve the dayside events as well. The dayside is observed to be warmer than the nightside, with the maximum day/night difference of ∼30 K in the lower thermosphere, ∼20 K around the mesopause, with little diurnal variations at lower altitudes. This is consistent with the radiative time constant which is of the order of 1 Mars day in the to Pa region. The data also shows that the regions at pressure less than Pa are under strong solar control with no prominent migrating tidal signatures. In contrast, on Earth, the radiative time constant near the mesopause is ∼10 Earth days and the temperature variations due to tides are quite large. The Mars Climate Database shows a diurnal trend opposite to the data in the mesosphere, with the dayside mesopause predicted to be cooler than the nightside by ∼10 K along with signatures of a vertically propagating tide. The IUVS data set provides an unprecedented constraint on the structure of the Martian mesosphere.
On Oceanic Initial State Errors in the Ensemble Data Assimilation for a Coupled General Circulation Model
Authors: Chen Yihao , Shen Zheqi , Tang Youmin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn the construction of an ensemble‐based data assimilation system for a complex fully coupled general circulation model (CGCM), the model state errors at initial time of assimilation have an important influence on assimilation quality. In this study, with the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART), we found that the influence of initial states errors persists throughout a vicious cycle and cannot be automatically remedied via consequent assimilations. As such, two strategies were applied to alleviate the initial state errors, and a reliable assimilation system was developed. Data assimilation experiments using oceanic observations were conducted over the period from 2005 to 2014 to investigate the impact of these different strategies. The evaluation revealed that the assimilation of observation‐derived climatological data is an effective approach to reduce initial state errors and preserve the balance between different variables to the largest extent, which significantly improved the performance of the assimilation system in the investigated time period. It was further found that the developed assimilation system can produce high‐quality oceanic analysis results comparable to the ECDA and GODAS, two widely used reanalysis products. Perspectives toward further improvement of coupled data assimilation are also outlined.
From Salt‐Bearing Rifted Margins to Fold‐And‐Thrust Belts. Insights From Analog Modeling and Northern Calcareous Alps Case Study
Authors: Santolaria P. , Granado P. , Wilson E. P. , de Matteis M. , Ferrer O. , Strauss P. , Pelz K. , König M. , Oteleanu A. E. , Roca E. , Muñoz J. A. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAnalog modeling is used to study the role played by the inherited salt‐sediment architecture of a salt‐bearing rifted margin, developed by minibasin downbuilding and margin‐scale gliding, and then incorporated into a fold‐and‐thrust belt system influenced by surface processes. Inherited salt bodies localize contractional deformation at different scales and the salt‐sediment architecture determines structural styles of fold‐and‐thrust belts. In our analog models, a large‐transport thrust detached along allochthonous model salt (silicone polymer) accumulated in a former distal raft system. And the squeezing of salt walls, together with the tilting of minibasins, accounted for most of the shortening in a salt wall‐minibasin province. Shortening and surface processes promote the extrusion and erosion of about 75% of the original model salt. The role played by salt tectonics during the contraction of salt‐bearing rifted margins could be underestimated because of the low salt‐sediment ratio found in fold‐and‐thrust belts. Our modeling results are compared with and assist in the interpretation of a section along the Northern Calcareous Alps.
Perineural invasion and perineural spread in periocular squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Tong Jessica Y. , Huilgol Shyamala C. , James Craig , Rajak Saul , Selva Dinesh 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPerineural invasion (PNI) in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the periocular region is a prognostic marker of adverse tumour outcomes. PNI carries a well-established risk of tumour recurrence, regional metastasis and higher likelihood of mortality. This review will explore and stratify the risks conferred by histological PNI parameters. The radiological features of perineural spread (PNS) and the imaging sequences that delineate these findings will also be highlighted. Surgical excision with en face margin control is the preferred technique for achieving histological clearance. Adjuvant radiotherapy improves treatment outcomes in the setting of concomitant high-risk features. For locally advanced or metastatic cutaneous SCC, immunotherapy represents a novel treatment alternative. This review will provide an algorithm for the diagnosis and management of periocular SCC with PNI and PNS.
UV-laser-machined stretchable multi-modal sensor network for soft robot interaction
Authors: Ham Jooyeun , Han Amy Kyungwon , Cutkosky Mark R. , Bao Zhenan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSoft robotic hands can facilitate human–robot interaction by allowing robots to grasp a wide range of objects safely and gently. However, their performance has been hampered by a lack of suitable sensing systems. We present a flexible and stretchable multi-modal sensor network integrated with a soft robotic hand. The design of wired sensors on a flexible metalized film was embodied through a manufacturing approach that uses both UV laser metal ablation and plastic cutting simultaneously to create sensor electrode and stretchable conductive wires in a Kirigami pattern into a single network. We evaluated the interconnects and sensors by measuring an impedance change to each external stimulus and showed that are not substantially affected by stretching the network. With the sensor sheet wrapped around a soft robotic gripper, we demonstrated several interaction scenarios, including a warm burrito for food handling, and a warm baby doll for medical applications.
A comprehensive suite of earthquake catalogues for the 2016-2017 Central Italy seismic sequence
Authors: Chiaraluce Lauro , Michele Maddalena , Waldhauser Felix , Tan Yen Joe , Herrmann Marcus , Spallarossa Daniele , Beroza Gregory C. , Cattaneo Marco , Chiarabba Claudio , De Gori Pasquale , Di Stefano Raffaele , Ellsworth William , Main Ian , Mancini Simone , Margheriti Lucia , Marzocchi Warner , Meier Men-Andrin , Scafidi Davide , Schaff David , Segou Margarita 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe protracted nature of the 2016-2017 central Italy seismic sequence, with multiple damaging earthquakes spaced over months, presented serious challenges for the duty seismologists and emergency managers as they assimilated the growing sequence to advise the local population. Uncertainty concerning where and when it was safe to occupy vulnerable structures highlighted the need for timely delivery of scientifically based understanding of the evolving hazard and risk. Seismic hazard assessment during complex sequences depends critically on up-to-date earthquake catalogues—i.e., data on locations, magnitudes, and activity of earthquakes—to characterize the ongoing seismicity and fuel earthquake forecasting models. Here we document six earthquake catalogues of this sequence that were developed using a variety of methods. The catalogues possess different levels of resolution and completeness resulting from progressive enhancements in the data availability, detection sensitivity, and hypocentral location accuracy. The catalogues range from real-time to advanced machine-learning procedures and highlight both the promises as well as the challenges of implementing advanced workflows in an operational environment.
Ultra-diluted gas transmittance revisited
Authors: Ratajczak Jakub M. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe paper analyzes a model of optical transmittance of ultra-diluted gas, considering gas particles’ non-locality and the quantum effect of their wave function spreading derived from solving the Schrödinger equation for a free particle. The analysis does not depend on a particular form of the wave function, but it assumes the reality of wave function. Among others, we show conserved mass gas clouds may become significantly more transparent than predicted by classic transmittance laws. This unexpected phenomenon is possible because mass conservation is governed by the sum of probabilities, while the Markov chain’s product of probabilities controls the transmittance. Furthermore, we analytically derive the upper limit the closed system transmittance may grow and demonstrate a boundless, open gas cloud transmittance may grow up to 100%. Finally, we show the impact on interpretations of quantum mechanics. The model is naturally applicable in deep space conditions, where the environment is sparse. Furthermore, the model responds to dark matter requirements.
Anticalcification effects of DS-1211 in pseudoxanthoma elasticum mouse models and the role of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase in ABCC6-deficient ectopic calcification
Authors: Soma Kaori , Watanabe Kengo , Izumi Masanori 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a multisystem, genetic, ectopic mineralization disorder with no effective treatment. Inhibition of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) may prevent ectopic soft tissue calcification by increasing endogenous pyrophosphate (PPi). This study evaluated the anticalcification effects of DS-1211, an orally administered, potent, and highly selective small molecule TNAP inhibitor, in mouse models of PXE. Calcium content in vibrissae was measured in KK/HlJ and ABCC6-/- mice after DS-1211 administration for 13–14 weeks. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of DS-1211 were evaluated, including plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and biomarker changes in PPi and pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP). Anticalcification effects of DS-1211 through TNAP inhibition were further evaluated in ABCC6-/- mice with genetically reduced TNAP activity, ABCC6-/-/TNAP+/+ and ABCC6-/-/TNAP+/-. In KK/HlJ and ABCC6-/- mouse models, DS-1211 inhibited plasma ALP activity in a dose-dependent manner and prevented progression of ectopic calcification compared with vehicle-treated mice. Plasma PPi and PLP increased dose-dependently with DS-1211 in ABCC6-/- mice. Mice with ABCC6-/-/TNAP+/- phenotype had significantly less calcification and higher plasma PPi and PLP than ABCC6-/-/TNAP+/+ mice. TNAP plays an active role in pathomechanistic pathways of dysregulated calcification, demonstrated by reduced ectopic calcification in mice with lower TNAP activity. DS-1211 may be a potential therapeutic drug for PXE.
Comparative transcriptomics reveals unique pine wood decay strategies in the Sparassis latifolia
Authors: Yang Chi , Ma Lu , Xiao Donglai , Liu Xiaoyu , Jiang Xiaoling , Lin Yanquan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSparassis latifolia is a valuable edible mushroom, growing on fresh pine wood sawdust substrate. However, the mechanistic bases are poorly understood. The gene expression profiles of S. latifolia were analyzed from submerged cultures with fresh pine wood sawdust substrate for different time (0 h, 1 h, 6 h, 1 day, 5 days, and 10 days, respectively). The total number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified under pine sawdust inducing was 2,659 compared to 0 h (CK). And 1,073, 520, 385, 424, and 257 DEGs were identified at the five time points, respectively. There were 34 genes in common at all inoculated time points, including FAD/NAD(P)-binding domain-containing protein, glucose methanol choline (GMC) oxidoreductase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, and taurine catabolism dioxygenase. Weighted gene co-expression analysis (WGCNA) was then used to compare the molecular characteristics among the groups and identified that the blue module had the highest correlation with the time induced by pine wood sawdust. There were 102 DEGs out of 125 genes in the blue model, which were most enriched in nitronate monooxygenase activity, dioxygenase activity, and oxidation–reduction process GO terms (p < 0.05), and peroxisome in KEGG pathway. This may provide clues into mechanisms that S. latifolia can grow on fresh pine wood sawdust substrate.
Minimal climate change impacts on the geographic distribution of Nepeta glomerulosa, medicinal species endemic to southwestern and central Asia
Authors: Karami Sahar , Ejtehadi Hamid , Moazzeni Hamid , Vaezi Jamil , Behroozian Maryam 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMedicinal plants are valuable species, but their geographic distributions may be limited or exposed to extinction by climate change. Therefore, research on medicinal plants in the face of climate change is fundamental for developing conservation strategies. Distributional patterns for a semi-endemic medicinal plant species,Nepeta glomerulosa,distributed in southwestern and central Asia was determined based on a maximum–entropy algorithm. We evaluated potential geographic shifts in suitability patterns for this species under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) of climate change for 2060. Our models based on climatic features indicate that the species occupies montane areas under current conditions; transfer of the model to future climate scenarios indicated that suitable areas for the species will increase in general, and the species will likely track its favored set of climate conditions. But the types and degrees of these changes differ among areas. Our findings can be used to inform conservation management programs for medicinal, endemic, and endangered species that probably respond similarly to climate change in southwestern and central Asia.
Disentangling the North Pacific Meridional Mode from tropical Pacific variability
Authors: Richter Ingo , Stuecker Malte F. , Takahashi Naoya , Schneider Niklas 
Published: November 2022

AbstractVariations of sea-surface temperature (SST) in the subtropical North Pacific have received considerable attention due to their potential role as a precursor of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events in the tropical Pacific as well as their role in regional climate impacts. These subtropical SST variations, known as the North Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM), are thought to be triggered by extratropical atmospheric forcing and amplified by air-sea coupling involving surface winds, evaporation, and SST. The PMM is often defined through a statistical technique called maximum covariance analysis (MCA) that identifies patterns of maximum covariability between SST and surface winds. Here we show that SST alone is sufficient to reproduce the MCA-based PMM index with near-perfect correlation. This dominance of the SST suggests that the MCA-based definition of the PMM may not be ideally suited for capturing two-way wind-SST interaction or, alternatively, that this interaction is relatively weak. We further show that the MCA-based PMM definition conflates intrinsic subtropical and remote ENSO variability, thereby undermining its interpretation as an ENSO precursor. Our findings indicate that, while air-sea coupling may be important for variability in the subtropical North Pacific, it cannot be reliably identified by the MCA-based definition of the PMM. This highlights the need for refined tools to diagnose variability in the subtropical North Pacific.