bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature, density, and velocity distribution in the mixture prepared by controlled diffusion solidification process
Authors: Khalaf Abbas 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Controlled diffusion solidification (CDS) is a new casting process that depends on mixing two precursor alloys. The two precursor alloys have precisely controlled temperature and content to make a required resultant alloy. The CDS process can change the microstructure to non-dendritic happening from copious nucleation, resulting in minimizing the tendency toward the hot tearing. Contrary to the conventional casting in which the dendritic microstructure forms the entire microstructure of the product. In the present study, Pure aluminum and Al-33wt%Cu have been used to make Al-4.7wt%Cu by using the CDS technique, where the pure aluminum was mixed into Al-33wt%Cu through funnels that have 9 and 6mm diameter. The events such as the nucleation and heat transfer to the environment have been studied with aid of the temperature, density, and velocity distribution taking place during the mixing step of the CDS process. The results show that the thermal curves give better indications to predict the periods of nucleation and the heat transferring to the environment. Further, the copious nucleation that occurs in the CDS process can be improved by controlling the agitation during the mixing step by decreasing the velocity of the mixture near the crucible wall and increasing the velocity in the middle of the mixture. Ansys software was employed to simulate the temperature, density, and velocity distribution in the mixture during the mixing step. The experimental results were supported by simulation results and an optical microscopy test.
MicroRNA-34a prevents postmenopausal osteoporosis by promoting osteoclasts-induced osteoblasts differentiation and downregulating the proinflammatory cytokines
Authors: Lv Wentao , Chu Xiaojie , Bao Zhonglei , zhang Xinyuan , Jia Jia , Wang LiYan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Reduction of estrogen levels at the menopause causes the increasing of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the enhancing of bone resorption and the impairing of bone formation, leading to osteoporosis. Previous studies showed that microRNA-34a (miR-34a) was associated with the process of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP). However, the exact mechanisms by which miR-34a is involved in PMOP are not fully elucidated. In the present study, western blot, quantitative real-time PCR, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red staining were employed to investigate the role of miR-34a in PMOP. The results showed that miR-34a inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclasts differentiation. Osteoblasts differentiation was further enhanced when osteoblasts were cultured in conditioned medium (CM) from miR-34a-overexpressed osteoclasts compared with CM from miR-NC-transfected osteoclasts. Conversely, osteoblasts differentiation was decreased when osteoblasts were cultured in CM from miR-34a-silenced osteoclasts, suggesting that miR-34a could promote bone formation through indirectly affecting coupling of osteoclasts to bone formation responses. Moreover, miR-34a impaired TNF-α-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, miR-34a might be used as a therapeutic agent for treating PMOP by promoting osteoclasts-induced osteoblasts differentiation and downregulating the proinflammatory cytokines.
Association of TRMT2B Gene Variants with Juvenile Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Liu Yanling , He Xi , Yuan Yanchun , Li Bin , Liu Zhen , Li Wanzhen , Li Kaixuan , Tan Shuo , Zhu Quan , Tang Zhengyan , Han Feng , Wu Ziqiang , Shen Lu , Jiang Hong , Tang Beisha , Qiu Jian , Hu Zhengmao , Wang Junling 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons and demonstrates high clinical heterogeneity and complex genetic architecture. We identified a variation within TRMT2B (c.1356G > T; p.K452N) to be associated with ALS in a family comprising two patients with juvenile ALS. Then, two missense variations and one splicing variation were identified in 10 ALS patients in our cohort with 910 ALS patients, and three more variations were identified in a publicly ALS database (ALSdb) including 2800 ALS patients. Functionally, we detected a decrease of mitochondrial complex I activities in patients originated Epstein-Barr virus–transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines due to decreased number of mitochondria and lower expression of ND1 in mitochondria. Further, we detected increasing ROS but decreased p62 expression alteration within patients. In conclusion, we identified a novel ALS-associated gene, TRMT2B, and broaden the clinical and genetic spectrum of ALS.
Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and attributable risk factors, from 1990 to 2019: Updated results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhang Chao , Wang Qianwen , Wu Kangze , Sun Zhouyi , Tang Zhe , Zhang Bo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the global trends of colorectal cancer from 1990 to 2019 and the relevant risk factors for better policymaking and resource allocation.Methods: Data on CRC, including incidence, mortality, and disability adjusted life year (DALY) rates, were extracted from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. The estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to assess the trend of incidence, mortality, and DALYs, and the risk factor attributable deaths and DALYs were assessed based on the comparative risk assessment framework.Results: In 2019, a total of 2.166×106 CRC cases were reported worldwide, a 157% increase compared with that reported in 1990. In high-social demographic index (SDI) regions, the trend of age-standardized incidence rate has decreased, while the proportion of people younger than 50 years has increase. Although the number of deaths and DALYs increased, the age-standardized death rate and age-standardized DALY rate was decreased. The middle-SDI regions have the fastest growing CRC burden, especially in East Asia, followed by the low-SDI regions, in which the CRC burden in women has increased faster than that in man. In addition, the milk intake, High-BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose play a more important role in on CRC.Conclusion: In developed regions, the CRC burden tended to be easier, while the CRC burden became more severe in undeveloped regions. Therefore, reasonable resource allocation and prevention policies should be implemented to avoid an increase in the burden of CRC.
PET Imaging of the cannabinoid receptor type 2 in humans using [11C]MDTC
Authors: Du Yong , Coughlin Jennifer M. , Brosnan Mary Katherine , Chen Allen , Shinehouse Laura K. , Abdallah Rehab , Lodge Martin A. , Mathews William B. , Liu Chen , Wu Yunkou , Hall Andrew , Lesniak Wojciech , Dannals Robert , Horti Andrew , Pomper Martin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose: We report findings from the first-in-human study of [ 11 C]MDTC, a radiotracer developed to image the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) with positron emission tomography (PET). Methods: Ten healthy adults were imaged according to a 90 min dynamic PET protocol after bolus intravenous injection of [ 11 C]MDTC. Five participants also completed a second [ 11 C]MDTC PET scan to assess test-retest reproducibility of receptor-binding outcomes. The kinetic behavior of [ 11 C]MDTC in human brain was evaluated using a metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input function with compartmental modeling and graphical analysis approaches. Four additional healthy adults completed whole-body [ 11 C]MDTC PET/CT to calculate organ doses and the whole-body effective dose. Results: [ 11 C]MDTC brain PET and [ 11 C]MDTC whole body PET/CT was well-tolerated. The model of choice for fitting the time activity curves (TACs) across brain regions of interest was a two-tissue compartment model with the blood volume fraction included as a fitting parameter (2TCM-vB). Regional distribution volume (V T ) values computed from Logan graphical analysis correlated well with those estimated using the 2TCM-vB model. Cortical regions and thalamus had higher V T than brainstem, striatum, hippocampus, and corpus callosum. Test-retest reliability of V T demonstrated a mean absolute variability of 7.13%, with an intraclass correlation coefficient 0.91. The measured effective dose of [ 11 C]MDTC was 5.29 µSv/MBq. Conclusion: These data support use of [ 11 C]MDTC PET for in vivo neuroimaging of CB2R in humans. Future in vivo studies using [ 11 C]MDTC PET in neuroinflammatory conditions are needed to assess the detection of high expression of the CB2R by activated microglia in human brain.
Contrast‐Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients on SGLT2 inhibitors Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: A Propensity-Matched Analysis
Authors: Hua Rui , Ding Ning , Guo Hanqing , Wu Yue , Yuan Zuyi , Li Ting 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is a common complication of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are new medications that improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients. Data regarding the influence of SGLT2 inhibitor on the CI-AKI incidence and renal outcomes of patients undergoing PCI are limited. The aim of this study was to examine the real-world risk of CI-AKI in SGLT2 inhibitor users undergoing PCI.
Methods
We used longitudinal data from the medical records of First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University. We selected SGLT inhibitor users and nonusers (patients with T2D without SGLT2 inhibitor prescription) undergoing PCI. We determined CI-AKI by the ESUR (European Society of Urogenital Radiology, ESUR) and KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) definition (AKIKDIGO). We performed 1:1 nearest-neighbor propensity matching and calculated unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) and adjusted ORs (aORs; accounting for covariates poorly balanced) for AKI in primary and sensitivity analyses. We compared the renal function indicators in users and nonusers at 24h, 48h and 72h post-PCI.
Results
We identified 242 SGLT2 inhibitor users and 242 nonusers in the cohort. The unadjusted odds ratios of CI-AKIESUR were 63% lower in users (OR 0.37 [95% CI 0.18–0.68]; P = 0.01), which was unchanged (aOR 0.37 [95% CI 0.19–0.67]; P < 0.01) post adjustment. These estimates did not qualitatively change across several sensitivity analyses. There was no significant difference in urea nitrogen, creatinine, and eGFR values ​​between the two groups before PCI, as well as at 24h, while the creatinine (48h and 72h post-PCI) and CyC (24h and 48h post-PCI) were significantly lower than those in the nonuser group (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
Our findings do not suggest an increased risk of CI-AKI associated with SGLT2 inhibitor use in CAD patients with T2D undergoing PCI.
Early age changes in mRNA expression related to NAD-dependent enzymes and mitochondrial proteins in the brain cortex of an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model
Authors: Żulińska S , Wieczorek I , Wencel PL , Strosznajder RP , Sun GY , Strosznajder JB 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Oxidative stress and disturbances of mitochondria function in the brain have been recognized to play a crucial role in the pathophysiological mechanism of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). However, little is known about these changes at an early age of AD, which could be crucial for therapeutic strategy for the disease. In this study, we used biochemical, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for determination of expression of genes encoding enzymes related to the antioxidative defence including Sirtuins (Sirts) and DNA-bound poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). Moreover, expression of genes related to mitochondrial dynamic, biogenesis and function in the brain cortex of 3- and 6-month-old FVB mice with London mutation (V7171) was analysed and compared with mice without transgene. Results indicated significant decreases in mRNA expression encoding SOD2, Sirt1 and PARP1 in the 3-month-old AD Tg mice and an increase in expression of PARP-1 in the 6-month-old AD Tg. Although levels of mRNA encoding subunits of mitochondrial respiratory complexes (I-III) were negligible altered, there was upregulation of gene encoding subunit of complex IV and proteins related to mitochondria biogenesis and dynamic, such as the Neuronal Respiratory Factors (NRF1) and NRF2, Opa1, Fis1, and Drp1 in the AD mice. Our data indicate downregulation of genes related to antioxidation and activation of genes encoding mitochondrial biogenesis and fission / fusion at early age of the AD mice. The ability to identify changes in gene expression for Sirt1, SOD2, Fis1 and Drp1 at an early age suggest potential therapeutic targets for retarding the pathological progression in AD.
Lost in Machine Translation: The Promises and Pitfalls of Machine Translation for Multilingual Group Work in Global Health Education
Authors: Hill David C. , Gombay Christy , Sanchez Otto , Woappi Bethel , Vélez Andrea Soledad Romero , Davidson Stuart , Richardson Emma Z.L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The rapid adoption of online technologies to deliver postsecondary education amid the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the potential for online learning, as well as important equity gaps to be addressed. For over ten years, McMaster University has delivered graduate global health education through a blended-learning approach. In partnership with universities in the Netherlands, India, Thailand, Norway, Colombia, and Sudan, experts from across the Consortium deliver lectures online to students around the world. As the Consortium has expanded, we have reflected on how artificial intelligence can be harnessed to integrate multilingual group work into course offerings, challenging the dominant use of English as the principal language of instruction in global health education. In 2020, two courses were piloted with small groups of students from Canada and Colombia using machine translation supported by bilingual tutors. Students met weekly via video conferencing software, speaking in English and Spanish and relying on machine translation software to transcribe and translate for group members. Our experience as tutors and instructors in these multilingual groups highlights the potential for machine translation to bridge language divides, while also underscoring the limitations of currently available technology. Further research is needed to investigate the potential for machine translation in facilitating multilingual online education as a pathway to more equitable and inclusive online learning environments.
Spatial and temporal scale-dependence of the strength of migratory connectivity in a North American passerine
Authors: Sharp Andrew , Rushing Clark , Contina Andrea , Ruiz-Gutierrez Viviana , Sillett Scott , Bridge Eli , Besozzi Elizabeth , Muller John , Kelly Jeff , Given Aaron 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Migratory connectivity describes the extent to which portions of a migratory population that are spatially associated during one stage of the annual cycle remain associated during other stages of the annual cycle. The strength of migratory connectivity may vary spatially across a species’ range and temporally as individuals move through stages of their annual cycle. Few studies have quantified this spatial and temporal variation in the strength of migratory connectivity within a single species.
Methods
We investigated spatial and temporal variation in the strength of migratory connectivity in Painted Buntings (Passerina ciris), a small migratory bird that, uniquely among North American songbirds, breeds in disjunct eastern and western populations. Using tracking data from 113 individuals sampled at eleven breeding sites across the species’ breeding distribution, we quantified the strength of connectivity at multiple spatial and temporal scales.
Results
We found strong breeding-to-winter connectivity at the range-wide scale, with interior and eastern Painted Buntings remaining separate throughout the annual cycle, but weak connectivity within populations, with individuals from different regions of both populations mixing extensively on the wintering ground. Despite weak breeding-to-winter connectivity within populations, the interior population displayed strong breeding-to-molting connectivity, with birds from different breeding sites showing distinct migratory strategies during the molting period.
Conclusion
These results demonstrate the extent to which the strength of migratory connectivity can vary across both space and time within a single species and underscore the importance of careful sampling design when quantifying this metric. Because inferences about the strength of connectivity can be sensitive to when and where sampling occurs, there is an urgent need for continued focus on study design regarding migratory connectivity.
Risk Level Assessment of Typhoon Hazard based on Aversion Utility
Authors: Liu Guilin , Nong Xiuxiu , Kou Yi , Wu Fang , Yu Pubing 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the context of climate change where natural disasters are frequent, assessing disaster risk can provide great help for relevant risk decisions. Based on the loss expectation theory, this paper proposes a method for quantitatively assessing typhoon disaster risk. In particular, the probability of typhoon occurrence is calculated by fitting the best structure function of the samples to the joint distribution of wave height, water increase, and wind speed. The loss expectation is then expressed as the product of the typhoon occurrence probability and the aversion utility loss, which is used to quantify the loss result of a typhoon disaster. In addition, a risk level map is created using the theory of aversion utility, with the direct economic loss rate and the proportion of disaster-affected population as indicators. The calculation results show that the absolute loss value considering the aversion utility is slightly higher than the product of the probability and the loss value, indicating that the new model reflects the social group's aversion to typhoon disaster risk. The diagram of risk level zoning showed that, excluding typhoon No.1306 Rumbia, the risk level assessments of the remaining typhoons, in accordance with affected population and direct economic loss, were basically consistent. This evaluation model, the outcomes of which can serve as a foundation and reference for certain risk assessment and decision-making, has some feasibility and practicability.
Current and proposed treatment strategies for Siewert type II adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction
Authors: Narumiya Kosuke , Kudo Kenji , Yagawa Yosuke , Maeda Shinsuke , Tyoshima Yukinori , Ogawa Kyohei , Izumika Sho , Osugi Harushi , Egawa Hiroto 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
(Background) Incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) is increasing in Japan as well as Western Country. However, there is no consensus on treatment strategy. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal range of resection and lymph node dissection for Siewert type II AEG and to develop a strategy for treatment that includes adjuvant therapy to improve the survival rate. (Methods)We retrospectively investigate 88 cases of advanced AEG in patients who underwent surgery with lymph node dissection with 52 cases of superficial AEG, 23 of whom underwent endoscopic treatment (endoscopic mucosal resection [EMR] or endoscopic submucosal dissection [ESD]), and 29 of whom underwent surgery with lymph node dissection. (Results) The optimal lymph nodes to resect for advanced AEG were No. 110, 1, 2, 3, 7,11. According to area of actual lymph node metastasis, lymphadenectomy of lymph nodes 1, 2, 3, 7, and 11 was sufficient to improve survival of patients with superficial AEG. The 5-year overall survival rates were 88% for patients treated with ESD, 78% for those with superficial AEG who under-went surgery, and 24% for those with advanced AEG (p = 0.011). There were no differences in survival between patients who received postoperative adjuvant therapy with S-1 for advanced AEG and those who received surgery alone (p = 0.5192).(Conclusion) Although surgical procedures of superficial and locally advanced AEG are standardized, the role of adjuvant therapy for AEG is still controversial. We recommend nab-paclitaxel plus radiotherapy for advanced AEG as neoadjuvant therapy.
Anatomy of subpancreatic transverse colon vessel and its clinical significance: an observational study
Authors: Liao Jiankun , Qin Haiquan , Huang Zigao , Meng Linghou , Wang Wentao , Mo Xianwei 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To observe and statistic the probability of presence and the anatomy of the vessel arising via the inferior margin of the pancreas and traveling within the transverse mesocolon, and analyze its clinical significance.
Methods
Patients who underwent surgery for transverse colon cancer or descending colon cancer from January 2020 to November 2021 and a non-specific cadaver were included in this study. We observed and recorded intraoperatively for the probability of presence and the anatomy of the vessel arising via the inferior margin of the pancreas and traveling within the transverse mesocolon. And its property was determined by tissue slice.
Results
A total of 84 patients were included, of whom 72 (85.7%) patients could observe intraoperatively the vessel which was confirmed by tissue slice. The vessel was also observed in a nonspecific cadaver. Originating from transverse pancreatic artery, often one, sometimes two, rarely three vessels arising via the inferior margin of pancreas, supplied the left transverse colon. Artery and vein parallel ran, and it was difficult to separate them due to their small diameter, but the vessel may thicken under certain conditions, increasing blood supply.
Conclusion
The vessel, which is not yet reported and named in the literature, can be called the subpancreatic transverse colon vessel, which has a high probability of presence in humans and may be of great significance to human physiological anatomy, surgery, and oncology, and deserves recognition and attention from surgeons.
Raindrop size distribution and rainfall attenuation modeling in central Africa
Authors: NTANGUEN Patrick Herve 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Raindrop sizes were measured in Douala, Cameroon ( 4o03'N, 9o42'E) using a Parsivel disdrometer. The data obtained are used for the analysis of the drop size distribution (DSD) and specific rain attenuation modeling in the 5-150 GHz frequency range. The Lognormal and gamma distribution models are employed using the method of moments estimation, considering the third, fourth, and sixth-order moments. The parameter fits for the two DSD models proposed here for different values of rain rates are investigated. The specific rainfall attenuation using the Douala DSD models is compared to the ITU-R models in vertical and horizontal polarisation and models for some countries with different climates such as semi-arid, tropical, and subtropical in Africa. The comparison with the ITU-R model shows significant differences occurring at high frequency with both high and low rainfall rates. The comparison with other regions of Africa also shows that Douala is characterized by equatorial climate, and Durban characterized by subtropical climate show similar rainfall attenuation characteristics at operating frequency range 10≤ f ≤150 GHz, especially at a lower rain rate. At a higher rain rate, specific rain attenuation at Douala is always higher than in other African locations. The proposed models are very important for the determination of rainfall attenuation for terrestrial and satellite systems.