bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extending the fossil record of late Oligocene non-biting midges (Chironomidae, Diptera) of New Zealand
Authors: Baranov Viktor O. , Hammel Jörg U. , Lee Daphne E. , Schmidt Alexander R. , Kaulfuss Uwe 
Published: February 2025

Background
The modern chironomid fauna of New Zealand is diverse, highly endemic and reflects a complex biogeographical history. This fauna has been important for developing phylogenetic and biogeographic concepts including Brundin’s writings on transantarctic relationships but until now the fossil record to support these reconstructions has been very limited. Here we describe the first fossil species of Chironomidae, subfamily Orthocladiinae, from New Zealand, based on inclusions in amber from the late Oligocene Pomahaka Formation of the South Island.

Methods
We examined newly excavated fossil tree resin (amber) from the late Oligocene Pomahaka Formation in southern New Zealand for inclusions. Amber pieces containing chironomids were prepared and morphologically investigated using light-microscopy and µCT-scanning. Specimens were taxonomically evaluated using identification keys for modern adult chironomid midges. Habitus and key morphological features of each specimen were documented photographically and/or by line drawings.

Results
Thirteen Chironomidae specimens from Pomahaka amber were identified as members of the subfamily Orthocladiinae Kieffer. Bryophaenocladius zealandiae sp. nov. Baranov is the first Southern Hemisphere fossil of the genus. Bryophaenocladius Thienemann, 1934 is absent from the extant fauna of the main islands of New Zealand; however, it may be present on the subantarctic Auckland Islands. Two incompletely preserved specimens are described as Morphotype 1 cf. Bryophaenocladius zealandiae. Based on a male adult, Pterosis extinctus sp. nov. Baranov is described as the first fossil record of the extant genus Pterosis Sublette and Wirth, today represented by a single endemic species on the New Zealand subantarctic Auckland Islands and Campbell Island. Two female adult specimens are described as Morphotype 2 cf. Metriocnemini. The new fossils of the genera Bryophaenocladius and Pterosis belong to chironomid taxa requiring terrestrial or semi-aquatic habitats for larval development, supporting the notion of a humid forest swamp paleoenvironment for the Pomahaka amber source forest.
Proteomic and phosphoproteomic profilings reveal distinct cellular responses during Tilapinevirus tilapiae entry and replication
Authors: Lertwanakarn Tuchakorn , Khemthong Matepiya , Setthawong Piyathip , Phaonakrop Narumon , Roytrakul Sittiruk , Ploypetch Sekkarin , Surachetpong Win 
Published: February 2025

Background
Tilapia Lake virus (TiLV) poses a significant threat to global tilapia aquaculture, causing high mortality rates and severe economic losses. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying TiLV-host interactions remain largely unexplored.

Methodology
We investigated the proteomic and phosphoproteomic changes in two piscine cell lines, E-11 and RHTiB cells, following TiLV inoculation at different time points. Differential protein expressions at 10-min and 24-h post infection were selected for constructing protein-protein interactions and analyzing enriched pathways related to the viral entry and replication.

Results
Our findings revealed significant alterations in protein expression and phosphorylation states, highlighting distinct responses between the cell lines. In E-11 cells, TiLV infection suppressed proteins involved in the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription and Fas-associated death domain protein-tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor pathways, leading to activation of nucleotide oligomerization domain signaling and apoptosis. In RHTiB cells, TiLV suppressed host cellular metabolism by reducing protein phosphatase activity to facilitate early viral entry, while later stages of infection showed increased activity of myosin heavy chain 9 and enhanced host immune responses via phosphorylation of ribosomal protein L17 and GTPase immunity-associated protein 7 (GIMAP7).

Conclusion
Our study suggested that TiLV employs different strategies to manipulate host cellular pathways depending on the cell type. Further studies are essential to validate these findings and ultimately facilitate the development of effective antiviral strategies.
Exploratory Analysis of Bioprocesses Using Artificial Neural Network‐Based Methods
Authors: Simutis R. , Lübbert A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA process data driven procedure has been developed that allows a universal time‐efficient bioprocess analysis. The procedure is particularly suited for industrial production processes which have not yet been comprehensively investigated. It makes use of artificial neural networks in combination with mass balance equations to represent the process dynamics on a commercial workstation. The essential concept behind the procedure is to start with the already available knowledge formulated by a very simple process representation which includes only those variables that are firmly known to be essential. Then, stepwise, additional variables are added to the basic representation after they passed a test procedure in which they proved to enhance the model's performance. The result of the procedure is a numerical representation of the important process relationships that immediately allows to determine improved set points and/or profiles for the manipulated variables with respect to process performance. It may be used to improve state estimation and control. The procedure has already been tested in industrial applications. In this paper, a validation of the procedure with simulated bioprocess data is presented.
Last but not least: nestling growth and survival in asynchronously hatching crimson rosellas
Authors: Krebs Elizabeth A. 
Published: July 2002

1. Many species of altricial birds hatch their young asynchronously within broods. Although there are many potential benefits to parents, hatching asynchrony reduces the growth and often the survival of last‐hatched nestlings. The consequences of hatching asynchrony on the growth, size at fledging and survival of male and female nestlings of an Australian parrot, the crimson rosella (Platycercus elegans) were examined. 2. Crimson rosella broods hatched over 1·5–7 days, creating mass hierarchies where first‐hatched chicks were up to seven times larger than last‐hatched chicks. Hatching asynchrony and mass hierarchies increased over the breeding season, but were not strongly correlated with brood size. 3. Male chicks grew faster and were larger at fledging than females. Growth rates did not differ between hatching ranks. Chicks of all ranks were of equal sizes at fledging, but last‐hatched male chicks had lower fledging mass in pairwise analyses. Female mass at fledging did not decrease with hatching rank. Chick growth rates and size or mass at fledging were not related to hatching asynchrony, mass or size hierarchies in broods, brood size, laying date or year in mixed‐model analyses. 4. Last‐hatched chicks had the same post‐fledging survival as other chicks, however, they were more likely to die during the nestling period. Increased mortality of last‐hatched nestlings occurred only at hatching and chicks had equal mortality rates over the remainder of the nestling period. Early brood reduction was not associated with brood size or hatching asynchrony but increased over the breeding season, and in broods with high hatching success. 5. Hatching asynchrony in rosellas, unlike in most previous studies, did not lead to poor growth and subsequent survival of last‐hatched chicks. This suggests that the costs of hatching asynchrony are low in this species and that selective feeding by parents may increase the growth and survival of last‐hatched chicks. 6. Reduced growth and survival of later hatched chicks is not an inevitable consequence of asynchronous hatching; however, the costs to parents of overcoming competitive interactions between chicks may be higher than the benefits in most species.
The effects of wildfire on ground‐active spiders in deciduous forests on the Swiss southern slope of the Alps
Authors: Moretti Marco , Conedera Marco , Duelli Peter , Edwards Peter J. 
Published: July 2002

Summary

The influence of fire upon biodiversity has been investigated in many ecosystems under a wide range of environmental conditions. However, there is no information on how fire affects faunal biodiversity in deciduous forest ecosystems prone to winter fires, such as those on the southern slopes of the Alps.
The main aim of this study was to analyse the effects of single and repeated fires on the structure and species diversity of spider communities in chestnut forests in southern Switzerland. A second objective was to interpret the ecological response of forest‐floor habitats to wildfires, using epigeic spiders as bioindicators.
One‐hundred and thirty‐three spider species were found in pitfall trap samples collected between April and September in burnt and control sites in chestnut coppices. Species richness and community composition were influenced by fire frequency and the time elapsed since the last fire. About 19% of the species were trapped exclusively in sites that had been repeatedly burnt, while 11% occurred only in unburnt coppice. Post‐fire development of the spider community was chiefly from individuals that survived in situ. We found no characteristic pioneer species in any of the burnt sites. There were indirect effects of fire on the spider community, through interactions between species arising from the changing environmental conditions following a fire.
After a single fire, changes in community composition were only observable during the first 2 years. At sites that had experienced repeated fires, there was a more persistent influence on community composition. These sites were characterized by an increase in species richness and species diversity. The presence of a wide ecological range of species in ‘repeated fire’ sites was probably due to the mosaic structure of the environment and the wide range of microclimate conditions at the soil surface, with a predominance of xeric conditions.
The spider communities of chestnut forests were resilient to disturbance by fire. Both the formerly intensive management of these forests (until the 1950s) and a history of frequent fires that goes back to the Neolithic period have played an important part in the development of the spider community in these forests.
Is the range size of migratory birds constrained by their migratory program?
Authors: Bensch Staffan 
Published: July 2002

Summary Aim Intuitively, species in which the individuals migrate long distances between summer and winter quarters should be more likely to disperse and colonize new breeding areas than resident species. However, it has repeatedly been noted that many bird species with large ranges are residents. This paradox was tested on land birds breeding in the boreal forest of the Palaearctic, the largest uninterrupted stretch of habitat on earth. Methods The longitudinal distribution of two land bird communities on each side of the Eurasian continent, in Scandinavia and eastern Siberia, were used to test whether migratory birds indeed have a lower colonization success than resident birds. Results The migratory species are significantly less likely than resident species to have a range including both regions. The pattern held true even after controlling for latitudinal effects and local abundance, and was also observed at the level of genus and family. Main conclusions The relatively low colonization success of migratory species into new breeding areas may be because these new areas require novel migratory programs (migratory distance, direction and timing) in order for the birds to reach suitable wintering grounds.
Perinatal mortality in Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Cundy T. , Gamble G. , Townend K. , Henley P. G. , MacPherson P. , Roberts A. B. 
Published: July 2002

Summary Aims In many parts of the world the number of pregnancies in women with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) now exceeds that in women with Type 1 DM, but there are few data published on perinatal mortality in Type 2 DM. This study reports observational data on perinatal mortality in Type 2 DM from a population with a high background rate of this disorder. Methods Over a 12‐year period (1985–1997) at the Diabetes Clinic at National Women’s Hospital, Auckland, there were 434 pregnancies in women with Type 2 DM (256 known and 178 diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but confirmed to have Type 2 DM early post‐partum), 160 pregnancies in women with Type 1 DM and 932 in women with GDM. Perinatal mortality was classified as either intermediate fetal death (20–28 weeks’ gestation), late fetal death (28 weeks’ gestation to term) or early neonatal death (up to 1 month post‐partum).Results The perinatal mortality in Type 2 DM was 46.1/1000, significantly higher than the rates for the general population (12.5), Type 1 DM (12.5) and GDM (8.9) (P < 0.0001). Congenital malformations accounted for only 10% of the perinatal mortality. There was a seven‐fold increase in the rate of late fetal death and 2.5‐fold increase in the rates of intermediate fetal and late neonatal death. Subjects with Type 2 DM were significantly older and more obese than subjects with Type 1 DM, and presented later to the diabetes service. Conclusions Perinatal mortality in Type 2 DM is significantly increased, mainly owing to an excess of late fetal death. Maternal factors such as obesity may be important contributors to the high perinatal mortality. Women diagnosed with GDM who have unrecognized Type 2 DM are also at high risk, but perinatal mortality is low in women with milder degrees of glucose intolerance in pregnancy.
Self‐monitoring in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Coster S. , Gulliford M. C. , Seed P. T. , Powrie J. K. , Swaminathan R. 
Published: July 2002

SUMMARY Aims  Self‐monitoring of blood or urine glucose is widely used by subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the technique at improving blood glucose control through a systematic review and meta‐analysis.Methods  Randomized controlled trials were identified that compared the effects of blood or urine glucose monitoring with no self‐monitoring, or blood glucose self‐monitoring with urine glucose self‐monitoring, on glycated haemoglobin as primary outcome in Type 2 diabetes.Results   Eight reports were identified. These were rated for quality and data were abstracted. The mean (sd) quality score was 15.0 (1.69) on a scale ranging from 0 to 28. No study had sufficient power to detect differences in glycated haemoglobin (GHb) of less than 0.5%. One study was excluded because it was a cluster randomized trial of a complex intervention and one because fructosamine was used as the outcome measure. A meta‐analysis was performed using data from four studies that compared blood or urine monitoring with no regular monitoring. The estimated reduction in GHb from monitoring was −0.25% (95% confidence interval −0.61 to 0.10%). Three studies that compared blood glucose monitoring with urine glucose monitoring were also combined. The estimated reduction in GHb from monitoring blood glucose rather than urine glucose was −0.03% (−0.52 to 0.47%).Conclusions  The results do not provide evidence for clinical effectiveness of an item of care with appreciable costs. Further work is needed to evaluate self‐monitoring so that resources for diabetes care can be used more efficiently.
Effect of incidence kinetic energy and surface coverage on the dissociative chemisorption of oxygen on W(110)
Authors: Rettner C. T. , DeLouise L. A. , Auerbach D. J. 
Published: July 2002

The dissociative chemisorption of oxygen on W(110) has been studied using molecular beam techniques. Chemisorption probabilities have been measured as a function of incidence angle, θi, and kinetic energy, Ei, and of surface coverage and temperature. In addition, angular scattering distributions have been measured for a range of conditions and LEED has been used to examine surface structure. The initial (zero coverage limit) sticking probability is found to depend strongly on the incidence energy, scaling with En=Ei cos2 θi. This probability is ∼10% at En =0.1 eV, rising to essentially unity above En =0.4 eV. At half a monolayer coverage of atomic oxygen, the sticking probability is close to zero up to a threshold of ∼0.25 eV, above which it rises to over 50% by 1.3 eV. In most cases, the sticking probability is found to fall roughly linearly with increasing surface coverage. However, a less-than-linear fall-off is observed for En ≥1 eV and for En ≤0.03 eV, the sticking probability actually rises with increasing coverage reaching a maximum at ∼0.2 ML. These results indicate that while dissociation may proceed via a classical precursor at the lowest energies, such a state can play little role
for En≥0.1 eV. For En≤0.3 eV, the chemisorption probability falls to less than 5% for a coverage of about 0.5 ML; however, this apparent saturation coverage rises to 0.75 ML at ∼0.25 eV and to about 1.0 ML at about 0.85 eV. These ‘‘favored’’ coverages of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 ML are found to be associated with p(2×1), p(2×2), and p(1×1) LEED patterns, respectively. Angular scattering distributions recorded with a differentially pumped rotatable mass spectrometer, revealed predominantly quasispecular peaks, and velocity distributions are also characteristic of direct-inelastic scattering. The variation of the sticking probability with En is analyzed to obtain barrier height distributions for the clean and half-covered surfaces and these results are used to predict the sticking probability as a function of coverage and also to predict the initial sticking probability for adsorption from ambient gas or an effusive molecular beam. Reasonable agreement is obtained with available data in each case.
Reactivity kernels, the normal modes of chemical reactivity, and the hardness and softness spectra
Authors: Cohen Morrel H. , Ganduglia-Pirovano M. V. , Kudrnovský J. 
Published: July 2002

Chemical reactivity theory provides a basis for predicting the reactive proclivities of molecular or condensed systems. The frontier-orbital concepts of Fukui, as generalized by Parr and collaborators within the framework of density-functional theory, were developed further by us in a previous paper (I) [J. Chem. Phys. 101, 8988 (1994)]. Nevertheless, five aspects of the theory still require further development; the reactivities are defined as local responses to global stimuli instead of nonlocal responses to local stimuli; there are ambiguities associated with the existence of energy bands in condensed systems; the theory is static and does not properly incorporate the internal dynamics of the reacting systems; the theory focuses on responses without a corresponding definition of chemical stimuli; and no connection is made with the potential energy surface and the reaction pathway. In the present paper, we concentrate on gapless systems extended in at least one dimension, metals, semimetals, and insulators. We show that taking as measures of chemical reactivity the reactivity kernels of Nalewajski [J. Chem. Phys. 78, 6112 (1983); 81, 2088 (1984); 89, 2831 (1985)] and of Berkowitz and Parr [J. Chem. Phys. 88, 2554 (1988)] in the form introduced by the latter meets the first two requirements. We find an explicit expression for the softness kernel which is a natural generalization of that found for the local softness in I.
The response functions entering it are calculable via the Kohn–Sham formalism. As recognized by Nalewajski and Koniński [Z. Naturforsch. 42a, 451 (1987)], there is an infinite set of modes of chemical reactivity with corresponding spectra of softness and hardness eigenvalues. The softness spectrum has an upper bound corresponding to the most reactive mode or set of degenerate modes [Z. Naturforsh. 42a, 451 (1987)] and a vanishing lower bound. The softness kernel itself can be expressed simply in terms of the static dielectric function. We generalize the nuclear softness introduced in I to a nuclear softness kernel analogous to the electronic softness kernel and find a simple expression for it in terms of the dielectric function. The present theory provides a basis for the remaining developments needed.
Using Projective Techniques in Education Research
Authors: Catterall Miriam , Ibbotson Patrick 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTProjective techniques are unusual and often intriguing for respondents to complete, permitting them to express thoughts and feelings which can be difficult to access by direct and structured questioning. This is achieved by presenting respondents with ambiguous verbal or visual stimulus materials, such as bubble cartoons, which they need to make sense of by drawing from their own experiences, thoughts, feelings and imagination before they can offer a response. Importantly, projective techniques can be fun and engaging for respondents, especially when they become involved in their analysis and interpretation. The various types of projective techniques are described and their benefits and drawbacks examined. A project involving students completing a range of projective techniques is used to illustrate these benefits and drawbacks.
Ultra‐rapid, antagonist‐precipitated opiate detoxification under general anaesthesia or sedation
Authors: BREWER COLIN 
Published: July 2002

AbstractUltra‐rapid opiate withdrawal precipitated by naloxone or naltrexone during general anaesthesia or varying degrees of sedation, usually with the addition of α‐2 adrenergic agonists, is an increasingly popular technique. As with anaesthesia or effective analgesia for dentistry or obstetrics, it can be justified on general humane principles. It also simplifies and speeds the transition to treatment programmes involving naltrexone. This paper reviews its development and the current range of techniques, including the use of octreotide to prevent diarrhoea. The prospect of avoiding or shortening the worst discomforts of withdrawal may encourage more opiate addicts to attempt detoxification and opiate‐free management, including patients who have been successfully rehabilitated on long‐term methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Despite good motivation and preparation, a significant minority of MMT patients consistently fail to complete conventional withdrawal programmes because of increasing physical discomfort. It is emphasized that there is usually more to the treatment of opiate dependence than withdrawal.