bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF CLINICAL RISK SURGICAL SERVICES TO SUPPORT SERVICES QUALITY AT ARIFIN ACHMAD RIAU HOSPITAL
Authors: R Wahid Tubagus Odih , Affandi Dedi , Abidin Zainal , Mitra Mitra , Hamid Abdur Rahman 
Published: April 2022

Introduction: The quality of hospital services is one of the indicators. Its function as a health care provider by creating satisfaction through health services with the best quality, in its implementation will synergize with clinical risk management one of the surgical services. Purpose and Method: The purpose of research is to analyze the implementation of clinical risk management surgery in supporting the quality of hospital services, This research was conducted at Arifin Achmad Riau, with a qualitative approach to rapid assessment procedure research design through observation, in-depth interview and triangulation analysis. The number of informants as many as 8 people following the rules purposively. Results: Informed consent has been understood and filled in according to regulations, although there are sometimes unreadable and incomplete writings, but generally good with the marked lack of prosecution. Surgical Safety Checklist is good. Preoperative and postoperative diagnosis discrepancy recording and reporting sourced from the operating report sheet has been done well and understands what is meant in accordance with regulations. For the formation of the operations team is still dominated in the superior services and the implementation of consultation during operations has been well underway, although there are still constraints namely the limited availability of operating rooms and evaluation of operations team activities that have not been regularly carried out. Conclusion: Implementation of good clinical risk management implementation of surgery is proven to support the quality of service in Arifin Achmad Hospital, implementation of operations team and consultation during surgery in order to be maximized.
Evaluacion del rendimiento de quinua bajo diferentes densidades, fertilizacion y métodos de siembra en Cauca
Authors: Montes Rojas Consuelo , Burbano Catuche Guido Ary , Muñoz Certuche Edwin Fernando 
Published: April 2022

Esta investigación se realizó en el municipio de Bolívar - Cauca, vereda El Tambo, Corregimiento Los Milagros, localizado a 2589 m.s.n.m, donde se evaluó el comportamiento del ecotipo Blanca del Cauca bajo 3 niveles de fertilización, con 3 densidades de siembra y 3 métodos de siembra bajo un diseño de parcelas subdivididas con 3 repeticiones y el ecotipo PROCAUCA 016 con 2 densidades de siembra y 2 niveles de fertilización en un diseño completamente al azar con 3 repeticiones. Las variables de respuesta fueron las fases fenológicas y los componentes de rendimiento. Para la preparación del terreno se utilizó labranza mínima, la parcela útil estuvo constituida por los 3 surcos centrales tomando 4 m efectivos, se dejaron 50 cm de cabecera a cada lado y los 2 surcos laterales como bordes, los tratamientos se determinaron can base en análisis de suelo y la experiencia de los investigadores en el manejo del cultivo. El ciclo productivo estuvo entre 116,2 y 168,6 días evidenciando la precocidad de PROCAUCA 016, en cuanto a rendimiento para Blanca del Cauca, los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con trasplante de plantas provenientes de siembra en bandeja comercial, densidad chorrillo con fertilización testigo y con PROCAUCA 016 los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con siembra a chorrillo y fertilización ideal.
Case Study regarding the Stress Distribution and Microseismic Laws of Coal and Rock Underlying the Residual Coal Pillar
Authors: Liu Yang , Lu Cai-Ping , Zhang Xiu-Feng , Guo Ying , Song Jie-Fang , Song Chun-Hui 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The stress distribution characteristics, stress gradient evolution, and focal mechanism of microseism (MS) events during mining of working face 103_ (lower) 07 under an overlying residual coal pillar were investigated. Numerical simulations and MS observations were utilized. The coupling relationship between the stress gradient and MS activity was also analysed, which indicated the correlation between the fracture of coal/rock and stress gradient. In addition, the secondary disturbance of the coal mining underlying a fractured hard-thick roof is discussed. The following four points were addressed: (1) the high stress initially concentrated under the edge of the overlying residual coal pillar, and its contribution to both the local coal and rock fracture and the significant change in the stress gradient; (2) the deformation and fracture first occurred in coal and rock underlying the edge of the residual pillar. The stress concentration gradually transferred to the interior of the pillars and was accompanied by the failure of coal and rock; (3) a high correlation between the deformation and fracture of coal/rock and the stress gradient was observed. The fractures under the pillars principally appeared in the high-stress gradient area; (4) the disturbance caused by mining of the underlying working face may cause instability of the high-level fractured roof, accompanied by high-energy MS.
Renewables, Energy Transition, and the Future of Conventional and Unconventional Oil & Gas in California
Authors: Aydin Hakki , Temizel Cenk 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Historically, renewable energy technologies have been seen as a source of competition by the oil and gas industry. However, the oil and gas industry is now one of the primary sources of investments in renewable energy technologies. The oil and gas industry in California, in particular, has been making significant investments in renewables and leveraging the latest renewable energy technologies to reduce the carbon footprint of oilfield applications. This study analyzes the latest advances in renewable energy solutions, their impact on energy transition efforts in the state, and the potential of further developing conventional and unconventional oil and gas resources in California.
This paper has focused on conducting a thorough review of literature related to the latest advances in renewable energy technologies and energy transition efforts in California and the applications of these technologies in reducing the carbon footprint of oilfield activities, along with examples of renewables as a complementary resource to oil and gas. Furthermore, the availability of conventional and unconventional oil and gas resources in the state has been summarized. The potential of developing these resources in the future is analyzed in detail. The literature includes a comprehensive set of references ranging from peer-reviewed journal publications and proceedings to data from market studies and other non-technical publications and market predictions by renowned experts.
The position of renewable energy resources either as a competing or complementary source to oil and natural gas in California and the impact of these resources in energy transition efforts in the state are discussed. Examples of the use of renewable energy technologies to improve various processes within oil and gas production operations are provided, and the prospect of further developing conventional and unconventional oil and gas resources in the state has been investigated to conclude the impact of both these energy sources to the regional energy supply and demand dynamics. In addition, the benefits, drawbacks and challenges in scaling up the use of these energy sources are discussed in detail.
This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of renewable energy resources, energy transition efforts, and the future of conventional and unconventional oil and gas resources in California. It serves as a single source of reference to the oil and gas industry in laying out relevant data and information related to renewable energy resources from the point of view of oil and gas market dynamics and closes the gap in highlighting the latest advances and the future of the energy industry in California.
Rod Pump Status and Efficiency Monitoring with High Frequency, High Resolution Surface Pressure Data
Authors: Gordon Ryan David , Ito Tokunosuke 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Rod pump monitoring and optimization has traditionally relied on polished rod load and position data. We set out to prove that tubing pressure monitoring is an effective alternative optimization tool to traditional rod pump diagnostic tools.
Pressure monitoring devices, based on an internet of things (IoT) architecture were installed on the flow tee of pumpjacks in a variety of fields. Each device continuously captured, stored, and delivered high-quality, time-synchronized, per-second pressure measurements to a cloud-based data service. Over time, with firmware upgrades to the device, higher frequency sampling was implemented. At a sample rate of 13.3 Hz, a clear, stroke-by-stroke view of changes associated with the movement of the bottomhole pump emerges. A method for estimating efficiency and diagnosing bottomhole pump conditions was developed utilizing only the velocity profile of the polished rod, bottom hole pump plunger diameter and polished rod diameter.
Through observation of pressure data and correlating it to available field data, an efficiency calculation method was developed. The velocity profile of the pump jack, the polished rod diameter, and the bottom hole pump diameter are used to generate an expected pressure profile for a 100% efficient pump. Deviations from the expected pressure profile are used to estimate pump efficiency and diagnose problematic pump conditions. The volumetric efficiency of eight wells was estimated and compared to the volumetric efficiency calculated from test data. The sample size was not adequate to validate the method, but the results gave initial indications that showed the method has promise.
Current rod pump monitoring solutions can be cost prohibitive when evaluated for aging wells, which make up most of the North American production. Using accurate, high frequency pressure data to evaluate rod pumping performance looks to be a promising low-cost alternative to conventional rod pump monitoring methods.
Improved Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Treating Produced Water
Authors: Franks Rich , Huang Xiaofei , Bartels Craig 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
For many years, reverse osmosis (RO) elements have been used in the treatment of produced water, including at several sites in California. The RO reduces salts and organics in the produced water to a level that allows for disposal or reuse. The RO elements used to treat produced water are similar in chemistry and construction to the conventional seawater RO membrane. But compared to seawater, the characteristics of produce water are unique and varied. The conventional seawater membrane comes with pressure and temperature limitations that restrict its ability to treat a wide range of produced waters. Specifically, conventional membranes have a temperature limit and a pressure limit. Only a portion of the produce waters needing treatment fall within the membrane's temperature and pressure limitations. Many produced waters, including produce waters associated with SAGD, require membranes that can accommodate higher temperatures up to 60 C. Other produced waters may allow for treatment at ambient temperatures but their higher salinities above 60,000 mg/l TDS require RO membrane to overcome high osmotic pressures and operate at feed pressures up to 1800 psi.
In recent years, membrane manufacturers have enhanced their exiting RO elements to address the challenges associated with the treatment of unique industrial streams such as produced water. Specifically, new, more robust element construction allow designers to push beyond the normal limits of temperature and pressure. One such element allows for operation at temperatures up to 90 C while a second, ultra high-pressure RO (UHPRO), can concentrate the total dissolved salts (TDS) up to 120,000 ppm (12%) while operating at pressures up to 1,800 psi (124 bar).
These unique elements can be used to increase the overall efficiency of the treatment facility by reducing the cost of brine disposal and maximizing water recovery. This paper will show how these new elements perform when operated beyond conventional pressure and temperature limits - including how individual ion passage and water permeability are affected at extreme conditions. This paper will share element performance data from laboratory and pilot studies. The data will be used as a basis for new designs at the extreme conditions associated with produced water treatment.
Time Series Analysis as an Alternative for Decline Curve Analysis in Unconventional Plays
Authors: Malaieri Mohammadreza , Matoorian Raya , Shor Roman J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Quick and reliable forecasting of production data is still challenging in unconventional plays, even with the variety of modifications proposed to Arps decline curve analysis (DCA). Machine learning revealed promising results when enough samples were accessible to train and validate the predictive model. However, this black-box model is inaccurate for unseen samples, challenging to generalize, and requires too much data. We attempted to present an alternative procedure to solve this problem —a fast and reliable method outperforming current approaches.
In this study, we implemented univariate and multivariate times series analysis (TSA) to forecast production rate in the different scales (wellbore, field, and pad scales) where DCA failed to provide an appropriate fit beforehand. TSA is straightforward and enables recognition of the pattern in observation samples. Cyclic fluctuation due to seasonal changes in price and operational hours can be detected and indirectly considered in time series models like ETS (Exponential Smoothing) and ARIMA (Auto-Regressive Integration Moving Average). However, for the direct considerations of these critical parameters, Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) models have the flexibility and ability to be configured with multiple variables and can capture more complexities.
This simple and quick procedure applies on any scale from the wellbore to the field scales. To evaluate the performance, the TSA method has been applied and tested on data from the Duvernay shale in Western Canada. On the wellbore scale, modified DCA models forecast production rate with over/underestimation, even where enough observations are available, and if the well has shown a declining trend in the production. In the same wells, TSA provides a better fit and outperforms the DCA. In the field and pad scales, DCA could not draw a fitting model as production had a growing trend due to ongoing field developments. In contrast, TSA could realize the trend in the production data and successfully create the forecasting model. Price and production hours were added to the time series model as influential features on production. The model could forecast all the parameters simultaneously. In sum, TSA is a reliable and flexible alternative for DCA and can be implemented on production data in any scale.
Detection of 2.187 Gallon Pipeline Leakage by Optical Sensor Based on Coherent Interaction of Pulse and Depleted Pump Technology
Authors: Zou Lufan , Sezerman Omur 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Pipelines provide one of the safest and most reliable means for transportation of oil and gas. Due to the severity of the economic and environmental impacts associated with leakages, the industry is constantly seeking more efficient and reliable monitoring systems. Extending the sensing range on long-distance pipelines is a challenge. Increasing the optical power to compensate for higher attenuation or lower SNR due to the fiber length increases the risk of fire when a rupture occurs. A coherent probe-pump-based Brillouin sensor with less than 1mW (Laser Class 1M) of cw pump power has been developed for use with sensing fibers up to 200 km. It works by controlling the depletion of the pump beam resulting from the strong coherent interaction of the probe and the depleted pump (CIPDP). The initial results from detection of pipeline leakage using a DSTS based on CIPDP technology are presented. The overall goal of the experimental procedure is to assess the leakage detection capabilities of the optical sensing technologies. A blind test methodology was followed in which the number, position, and time of the leaks were not known beforehand to the sensor manufacturers. Approximately one-third of the pipe diameter was embedded in soil, so leaks were limited to the lower portion of the pipe. The remainder of the pit was filled with water. Within the pipeline, a system of tubing and valves was used to route the test fluid to the appropriate locations to simulate leaks. A leakage volume of 2.187 gal was detected in one minute by a DSTS based on CIPDP technology. This simulated leak happened through a 1/8″ orifice with an injection pressure of 105 psi and a difference of 39°F (21.6°C) between the line temperature and the soil temperature. When the injection pressure dropped to 22 psi and the difference between the line temperature and the soil temperature dropped to 20°F (11.1°C), leakage volumes as small as 6.72 gal were detected in 5 minutes. All leaks with different volumes controlled by injection pressure, orifice, line temperature, and duration were detected successfully.
First Successful LWD NMR T1 and T2 Measurements in Unconventional Source Rock with Harsh Drilling Environment: A Case Study from Kuwait
Authors: Abdulkarim Anar , Aki Ahmet , Balliet Ron , Al-Azmi Mejbel Saad , Al-Otaibi Fahad Barrak , Joshi Girija Kumar 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The thickness and thermal maturity of the Najmah formation presents a favorable prospect for commercial exploitation of unconventional shale gas. Estimating reservoir storage volume is one of many formation-evaluation objectives when assessing an unconventional reservoir.
The presence of kerogen has significant effects on several downhole logging sensor measurements. An operator used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements to evaluate total fluid-filled porosity for a reliable estimate of the reservoir storage volume in source rock. While wireline NMR has historically provided a large segment of unconventional reservoir logging, logging-while-drilling (LWD) NMR provides an alternative method for assessing the total fluid-filled porosity within unconventional reservoirs.
This paper provides a case study in the Najmah Shale Formation, where an operator used an LWD penta-combo system (gamma ray, electromagnetic wave resistivity, azimuthal bulk density, thermal neutron porosity, high-frequency multipole azimuthal sonic, ultrasonic caliper, and NMR sensors) in real time. The system provided petrophysical and geomechanical evaluation with well inclinations greater than 50° in 16-ppg oil-based mud.
T1 and T2 measurements were acquired with an LWD NMR sensor while drilling and during wiping passes. These measurements provided an additional dimension to differentiate clay-bound water from organic hydrocarbons, with good correlation to existing core data in real time. Reservoir characterization of the Najmah Formation using LWD measurements is currently underway to provide a better understanding of reservoir quality, hydrocarbon potential, and reservoir storage capacity of this unconventional source rock. Acoustic velocities play an important role as input to geomechanical information, including the stress regime, principal stress orientation identification, and rock moduli estimation. An azimuthal acoustic tool measuring shear velocities at 360° around the borehole provides answers for the first two attributes. Estimation of formation rock moduli requires accurate acoustic properties and density log inputs, as provided by high-frequency sonic and azimuthal density measurements.
In wells above 60° inclination, it becomes almost impossible to run wireline logging, thus LWD quad-combo with a high-frequency azimuthal acoustic tool is a viable solution for this environment. Additionally, it is an advantage to run LWD while in drilling mode to save rig time and optimize well construction costs.
Orcutt Field Thermal Diatomite Case Study: Matrix Flow Cyclic Steam Injection in the Careaga Lease, Santa Barbara County, California
Authors: Elias Ramon , Medizade Mason 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study updates a case history presented in 2013 (SPE 165321-MS) involving cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) in Santa Maria Energy's (SME) opal A diatomite project in the Orcutt field, Santa Barbara County, California. Recent steam injection data from a newer deviated CSS producer drilled in 2019 on 1.2 acre spacing situated immediately north of the original 20-vertical well project is analyzed and discussed. Oil is produced from the project using matrix flow steam injection.
Discussed is the continued success seen with steam injection tracking and monitoring using modified Hall plots and their derivatives. Matrix flow is validated and enables simple analytical calculations to be used for determining a host of parameters including steam zone flow capacity, kh, steam injection rates that avoid formation parting, and the zone of endangering influence (ZEI) needed for UIC approvals. Evidence of pore dilation and unavoidable skin effects are also discussed. Modified Hall plots provide an alternative method for determining the formation parting flow rate (FPR) instead of the formation parting pressure (FPP) since step-rate tests for pressure are not reliable (SPE 169513-MS). An actual CSS well case history is used.
This study shows there to be a wide range of diatomite steam zone injection conditions that do not cause parting or fracturing of the diatomite by steam. The real -time Hall plots used to continuously track and monitor safe CSS steam injection also provide valuable insights as to how injection zone properties change as the project matures. The project monitoring protocols originally described in our 2013 paper continue to be used with safe and reliable outcomes confirmed by thousands of successful project CSS injection operations. This project has not produced any out of zone break outs since the start of steam injection in 2009.
Project Case Study: Online Sand Removal System for Water Tanks
Authors: Wolf Mark E. , Geersen Jonathan , Rojas Ruben , Saadipour Shahab 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Elk Hills and Buena Vista Field, located in the southwest San Joaquin Valley, have over 3000 active wells producing from various reservoirs which are predominantly characterized by a deep marine siliceous shale, or sandstone lithology and are overlain by a shallow marine, tidal-influenced sandstone lithology. Wells are completed as slotted liner, gravel pack, case and perforation, with some wells hydraulically fractured or acid stimulated, producing between 0 and 4000 barrels of liquid per day and 0 to over 1 million standard cubic feet of gas per day. With the variety of reservoirs, and fluid compositions, produced solids and scales accumulate in the surface facility equipment, limiting capacity of vessels, tanks, overall fluid handling capacity and water quality.
Dehydration facilities and water treatment facilities experience frequent buildup of sand and scales in the water tanks negatively affecting separation performance and increasing maintenance costs related to tank cleanouts and pump repairs. Excess solids also impact water injectivity and subsurface performance.
California Resources Corp (CRC) reviewed options for reducing operating costs, maintenance downtime, and risks from human exposure during maintenance and chose to implement an online sand removal system based on vortex fluidizer technology.
This paper discusses implementation of the project and will review major considerations and important decisions made during project design and implementation. The paper will highlight case studies from the literature supporting a decision to select flexible HDPE in lieu of stainless steel and carbon steel for both internal and external slurry lines as a cost saving measure. Special considerations for design of slurry piping and pumping systems will be addressed.