bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Blue Light on the Skin and Its Therapeutic Uses: Photodynamic Therapy and Beyond
Authors: Pieper Collin , Lee Erica B. , Swali Ritu , Harp Kimberly , Wysong Ashley 
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND
Blue light is the most energetic portion of the visible light spectrum. Recent awareness of its ubiquity and potential has led to greater developments in therapeutic uses.

OBJECTIVE
Provide up-to-date information on the effects of blue light on the skin, with a focus on the benefits and its place in therapeutic modalities within dermatology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A systematic review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for articles related to blue light's effect on the skin and therapeutic modalities using blue light. This search resulted in 223 unique results with 60 articles selected for review.

RESULTS
Therapeutic modalities using blue light have been proven to be effective as a monotherapy or component of a comprehensive treatment plan for common dermatologic diseases such as actinic keratosis, acne, cutaneous infections, and psoriasis, and early reports support its use in disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis and actinic cheilitis.

CONCLUSION
The benefits and treatment applications of blue light have proven effective in multiple forms and uses. In the correct setting, blue light can be a useful tool to the practicing dermatologist for many common and sometimes refractory skin diseases while remaining low-risk and convenient. Further standardization and monitoring should be pursued to determine the most appropriate use.
Exercise Training Programs Improve Cardiorespiratory and Functional Fitness in Adults With Asthma
Authors: Valkenborghs Sarah R. , Anderson Sophie L. , Scott Hayley A. , Callister Robin 
Published: June 2022

Purpose:
This systematic review aimed to identify the characteristics and determine the effects of exercise interventions on improving health-related physical fitness in adults with asthma.

Review Methods:
A systematic search was completed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, and SPORTDiscus for peer-reviewed publications of experimental studies that investigated the effects of an exercise training intervention on performance-based health-related physical fitness outcomes in adults with asthma. Two reviewers independently screened studies for inclusion according to predetermined criteria and performed data extraction and quality assessment of included studies.

Summary:
Forty-five articles were included, in which results for 39 unique studies were reported. Subjects (n = 2135) were aged 22 ± 4 to 71 ± 11 yr with mild-severe asthma. Most exercise programs used aerobic exercise, either alone or in combination with resistance or breathing/stretching exercises. The most common exercise program characteristics were supervised moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise performed for 30-45 min 3 d/wk. Meta-analyses revealed significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (V˙o2peak: unstandardized mean difference [MD] 3.1 mL/kg/min, 95% CI, 1.9-4.3), functional fitness (walking distance: MD 41 m, 95% CI, 27-54), and overall health-related physical fitness (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.67, 95% CI, 0.46-0.89) in favor of groups who underwent experimental exercise training interventions. Aerobic exercise elicited superior improvements in health-related physical fitness compared with breathing/stretching exercise (SMD 0.47, 95% CI, 0.14-0.81).
Supervised exercise training programs, particularly those aerobic in nature, are effective in eliciting clinically meaningful improvements in cardiorespiratory and functional fitness in adults with asthma.
PROSPERO registration ID number = CRD42018092828.
Predictive ability of arterial stiffness parameters for renal function decline: a retrospective cohort study comparing cardio-ankle vascular index, pulse wave velocity and cardio-ankle vascular index0
Authors: Nagayama Daiji , Fujishiro Kentaro , Miyoshi Toru , Horinaka Shigeo , Suzuki Kenji , Shimizu Kazuhiro , Saiki Atsuhito , Shirai Kohji 
Published: June 2022

Objective:
The relative usefulness of arterial stiffness parameters on renal function remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the predictive ability of three arterial stiffness parameters at baseline; cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), heart–ankle pulse wave velocity (haPWV) and CAVI0, a variant of CAVI that theoretically excludes dependence on blood pressure, for renal function decline in Japanese general population.

Methods:
A total of 27 864 Japanese urban residents without renal impairment at baseline who participated in two to eight consecutive (mean 3.5 ± 1.7 times) annual health examinations were studied.

Results:
During the study period, 6.6% of participants developed renal function decline (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2), all of whom had relatively high values in all arterial stiffness parameters. In receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, the discriminatory power for renal function decline showed a decreasing trend of CAVI to haPWV to CAVI0 (C-statistic: 0.740 vs. 0.734 vs. 0.726). The cut-offs were CAVI 8.0, haPWV 7.23 and CAVI0 11.6. In Cox-proportional hazards analysis for increase of each parameter above cut-off or by 1 standard deviation (SD) adjusted for two models of confounders, only CAVI always contributed significantly to renal function decline. Restricted cubic spline regression analysis suggested that CAVI most accurately reflected the risk of renal function decline.

Conclusion:
Increase in arterial stiffness parameters, especially CAVI, may represent a major modifiable risk factor for renal function decline in the general population. Further research is needed to examine whether CAVI-lowering interventions contribute to the prevention of chronic kidney disease.
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EALES DISEASE AND THE EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT INTERVENTIONS FOR NEOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
Authors: Zhao Xin-yu , Cheng Shi-yu , Zhang Wen-fei , Meng Li-hui , Chen You-xin 
Published: June 2022

Purpose:
To evaluate clinical features and manifestations of Eales disease and the efficacy of different interventions.

Methods:
The databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Ovid from inception until February 2021 were searched. Pooled analyses included 1) presenting features, 2) symptoms and signs, and 3) postoperative vision outcomes and complications. Statistical analyses were conducted with R software version 3.6.3.

Results:
Forty-seven studies involving 3,557 patients and 4,959 eyes were included. The pooling results showed that Eales disease was male dominated (94%), bilateral involvement (64%), and mainly occurred in adolescents. Approximately 83% of patients were positive in Mantoux test, and 31% of patients have vitreous tap polymerase chain reaction positive for tuberculosis genome. More than half of the patients had decreased vision at the first clinic visit. The common signs of Eales disease included sclerotic vessels (83%), neovascularization of retina elsewhere (64%) and periphlebitis (51%). Macular changes could be detected in 24% of patients. The most common complication was vitreous hemorrhage, followed by cataracts and retinal detachment. Photocoagulation was directed at nonperfusion or neovascularization areas, with a decrease in the incidence of later pars plana vitrectomy (19%). Anti–vascular endothelial growth factor treatment was suggested for vitreous hemorrhage, which could achieve high visual acuity improvement rate (82%) while increasing the possibility of retinal detachment (18%). Pars plana vitrectomy was indicated in cases with persistent vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment, with 56% of patients obtaining visual improvement. Still, 17% of patients needed a second pars plana vitrectomy, mainly because of recurrent vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment.

Conclusion:
Eales disease most commonly affects young men. It has diverse clinical features, and management should be based on the progression of the disease.
DETECTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF UNRUPTURED RETINAL ARTERIAL MACROANEURYSMS
Authors: Sakaguchi Saori , Muraoka Yuki , Nishigori Naomi , Ishikura Masaharu , Kadomoto Shin , Miyata Manabu , Murakami Tomoaki , Ooto Sotaro , Tsujikawa Akitaka 
Published: June 2022

Purpose:
To determine the presence of unruptured retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAMs) and to examine the characteristics of the detected lesions.

Methods:
This retrospective observational study included the affected and contralateral eyes of 50 patients (100 eyes) with symptomatic, unilateral, ruptured RAMs who visited the Department of Ophthalmology at the Kyoto University Hospital (April 2014–April 2020) and were followed up for at least 6 months after the onset. The presence and characteristics of unruptured RAMs were examined by reviewing the findings of color fundus photography and infrared scanning laser ophthalmoscopy performed before the onset or during the follow-up period.

Results:
Unruptured RAMs were detected in six of the 50 patients. Some patients had bilateral or multiple unruptured RAMs, and a total of 12 unruptured RAMs were detected in eight eyes of the six patients. Among the detected lesions, eight exhibited a longitudinal increase in their diameter during the follow-up period, whereas six exhibited ruptures.

Conclusion:
Unruptured RAM is not an uncommon retinal vascular abnormality and can enlarge and progress to ruptured RAM.
Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF and Mycobacterial Culture on Multiple Specimen Types for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Disease in Young Children and Clinical Characterization According to Standardized Research Case Definitions
Authors: Click Eleanor S. , Song Rinn , Smith Jonathan P. , Mchembere Walter , Fajans Mark , Hariri Parisa , Okeyo Elisha , McCarthy Kimberly D. , Gethi Dickson , Odeny Lazarus , Musau Susan , Okumu Albert , Orwa James , Perez-Velez Carlos M. , Wright Colleen A. , Andres Mariaem , Marais Ben J. , Schaaf H. Simon , Graham Stephen M. , Cruz Andrea T. , Cain Kevin P. 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of illness and death in children globally. Improved bacteriologic and clinical diagnostic approaches in children are urgently needed.

Methods:
In a prospective cohort study, a consecutive series of young (<5 years) children presenting with symptoms suggestive of TB and parenchymal abnormality on chest radiograph in inpatient and outpatient settings in Kisumu County, Kenya from October 2013 to August 2015 were evaluated at baseline and over 6 months. Up to 14 specimens per child were tested for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by fluorescence microscopy, Xpert MTB/RIF and mycobacterial culture. Using detailed clinical characterization, cases were retrospectively classified according to standardized research case definitions and the sensitivity and specificity of microbiological tests on different specimen types were determined.

Results:
Among 300 young children enrolled, 266 had sufficient information to be classified according to the research clinical case definition. Of these, 36% (96/266) had TB disease; 32% (31/96) with bacteriologically confirmed intrathoracic TB. Compared to culture, the sensitivity of a single Xpert test ranged from 60 to 67% and specificity from 97.5 to 100% for different specimen types.

Conclusions:
Despite extensive specimen collection and laboratory testing, TB could not be bacteriologically confirmed in almost two-thirds of children with intrathoracic TB classified by research clinical case definitions. Improved diagnostic tests are needed to identify children with TB and to exclude other potential causes of illness.
Early Transition to Oral Antimicrobial Therapy Among Children With Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia and Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
Authors: Sanchez Maria J. , Patel Karisma , Lindsay Eduardo A. , Tareen Naureen G. , Jo Chanhee , Copley Lawson A. , Sue Paul K. 
Published: June 2022

Background:

Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) is a frequent complication of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) in children, but data on the optimal duration of parenteral antibiotics prior to transition to oral antibiotics remains sparse. We examined clinical outcomes associated with early transition to oral antimicrobial therapy among children admitted to our institution with AHO and SAB, and evaluated the utility of a severity of illness score (SIS) to guide treatment decisions in this setting.

Methods:
Children with AHO and SAB admitted to our institution between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2018, were retrospectively reviewed and stratified according to a previously validated SIS into mild (0–3), moderate (4–7) and severe (8–10) cohorts. Groups were assessed for differences in treatment (eg, parenteral and oral antibiotic durations, surgeries) and clinical response (eg, bacteremia duration, acute kidney injury, length of stay and treatment failure).

Results:
Among 246 children identified with AHO and SAB, median parenteral antibiotic duration differed significantly between mild (n = 80), moderate (n = 98) and severe (n = 68) cohorts (3.6 vs. 6.5 vs. 14.3 days; P ≤ 0.001). SIS cohorts also differed with regard to number of surgeries (0.4 vs. 1.0 vs. 2.1; P ≤ 0.001), duration of bacteremia (1.0 vs. 2.0 vs. 4.0 days; P ≤ 0.001), acute kidney injury (0.0% vs. 3.0% vs. 20.5%; P ≤ 0.001), hospital length of stay (4.8 vs. 7.4 vs. 16.4 days; P ≤ 0.001) and total duration of antibiotics (34.5 vs. 44.7 vs. 60.7 days; P ≤ 0.001). Early transition to oral antimicrobial therapy among mild or moderate SIS cohorts was not associated with treatment failure despite SAB.

Conclusions:
SAB is associated with a wide range of illness among children with AHO, and classification of severity may be useful for guiding treatment decisions. Early transition to oral antimicrobial therapy appears safe in children with mild or moderate AHO despite the presence of SAB.
Activity of Tedizolid and Comparator Agents Against Gram-positive Isolates Causing Skin and Skin Structure Infections in Pediatric Patients in United States Hospitals (2015–2019)
Authors: Carvalhaes Cecilia Godoy , Sader Helio Silva , Rhomberg Paul Richard , Castanheira Mariana , DeVries Sean , Mendes Rodrigo Elisandro 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Tedizolid was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections in adults in 2014, and in 2020, United States Food and Drug Administration expanded the approval of tedizolid to treat pediatric patients 12 years of age and older. This study assessed the activity of tedizolid and comparator agents against clinical surveillance isolates collected from pediatric patients with skin and skin structure infection in the United States.

Methods:
A total of 2747 gram-positive organisms (1 per patient) were collected in 2015 to 2019 from pediatric (≤17 years old) patients with skin and skin structure infections. The isolates were collected from 33 US medical centers and susceptibility tested against tedizolid and comparators by reference broth microdilution methods. Susceptibility results for main pathogens were stratified by patient age: ≤1 years old (851 isolates), 2 to 5 years old (623), 6 to 12 years old (754) and 13 to 17 years old (519).

Results:

Staphylococcus aureus (n = 2163) was the main pathogen recovered from all age groups, followed by β-hemolytic streptococci (n = 460). Tedizolid inhibited all S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates (41.0%), regardless of the age group. MRSA rates varied by age group; MRSA was highest among ≤1 years old (45.0%) and lowest in the 13 to 17 years old (32.7%) groups. Linezolid, daptomycin and vancomycin also displayed susceptibility rates of 100% against S. aureus isolates. Clindamycin (81.3%–98.5%), tetracycline (91.6%–97.1%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (97.0%–100%) susceptibility rates varied among age groups and methicillin resistance profiles. Overall, tedizolid, linezolid, daptomycin and vancomycin inhibited all gram-positive pathogens in this collection.

Conclusions:
Tedizolid was very active against a large collection of gram-positive pathogens causing skin and skin structure infection in pediatric patients, including MRSA isolates.
Changing Incidence of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Infants Less Than 90 Days of Age Before and After Introduction of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Blantyre, Malawi: A 14-Year Hospital Based Surveillance Study
Authors: Koenraads Marianne , Swarthout Todd D. , Bar-Zeev Naor , Brown Comfort , Msefula Jacquline , Denis Brigitte , Dube Queen , Gordon Stephen B. , Heyderman Robert S. , Gladstone Melissa J. , French Neil 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in young infants is uncommon but associated with high morbidity and mortality. Accurate data on the burden of IPD in young infants in low-income countries are lacking. We examined the burden of IPD in infants <90 days old in Blantyre, Malawi over a 14-year period and evaluated the indirect impact of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) on vaccine-serotype IPD (VT-IPD) in this population.

Methods:
We conducted laboratory-based prospective IPD surveillance in infants <90 days of age admitted to Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre between 2005 and 2018, including 7 years pre-PCV13 and 7 years post-PCV13 introduction. IPD was defined as Streptococcus pneumoniae identified by culture from blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Serotypes were determined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and latex agglutination testing.

Results:
We identified 130 cases of culture-confirmed IPD in infants <90 days old between 2005 and 2018. Total IPD incidence was declining before PCV13 introduction. The mean incidence of IPD was significantly lower in the post-PCV13 era. Serotypes 5 (27.8%) and 1 (15.6%) were most prevalent. Even after PCV13 introduction, VTs remained the primary cause of IPD, with serotype 5 accounting for 17.4% and serotype 1 for 13.0% of cases in young infants.

Conclusion:
Vaccine serotypes 1 and 5 were the main cause of IPD in neonates and young infants, both before and after PCV13 introduction. This suggests incomplete indirect protection with persisting VT carriage across the population despite vaccination in this setting. Alternative vaccine schedules and other vaccine introduction approaches need to be considered to protect this vulnerable population.
Reassessing the Performance of the “Step-By-Step” Approach to Febrile Infants 90 Days of Age and Younger in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicentric Retrospective Study
Authors: Rybak Alexis , Aupiais Camille , Cotillon Marie , Basmaci Romain , de Pontual Loïc , Bonacorsi Stéphane , Mariani Patricia , Landraud Luce , Brichler Ségolène , Poilane Isabelle , Ouldali Naïm , Titomanlio Luigi 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Infants with COVID-19 can often present with fever without source, which is a challenging situation in infants <90 days old. The “step-by-step” algorithm has been proposed to identify children at high risk of bacterial infection. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we aimed to reassess the diagnostic performance of this algorithm.

Methods:
We performed a multicentric retrospective study in 3 French pediatric emergency departments between 2018 and 2020. We applied the “step-by-step” algorithm to 4 clinical entities: COVID-19, febrile urinary tract infections (FUTI), invasive bacterial infection (IBI), and enterovirus infections. The main outcome was the proportion of infants classified at high risk (ill-appearing, ≤21 days old, with leukocyturia or procalcitonin level ≥0.5 ng/mL).

Results:
Among the 199 infants included, 40 had isolated COVID-19, 25 had IBI, 60 had FUTI, and 74 had enterovirus infection. All but 1 infant with bacterial infection were classified at high risk (96% for IBI and 100% for FUTI) as well as 95% with enterovirus and 82% with COVID-19. Infants with COVID-19 were classified at high risk because an ill-appearance (72%), an age ≤21 days (27%), or leukocyturia (19%). All these infants had procalcitonin values <0.5 ng/mL and only 1 had C-reactive protein level >20 mg/L.

Conclusions:
The “step-by-step” algorithm remains effective to identify infants with bacterial infection but misclassifies most infants with COVID-19 as at high risk of bacterial infection leading to unnecessary cares. An updated algorithm based adding viral testing may be needed to discriminate fever related to isolated COVID-19 in infants <90 days old.
Child Sexual Abuse and Suicide
Authors: Hornor Gail , Tucker Sarah 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Sexual abuse can result in significant negative sequelae for victims. One particularly harmful consequence is suicidal ideation, which can lead to suicide attempts and even death. It is essential to screen children and adolescents for suicidal ideation when providing medical forensic care after disclosure of acute or nonacute sexual abuse/assault. Forensic nurses must feel confident in their abilities to assess suicide risk and provide appropriate intervention and referrals. A thorough understanding of the relationship between sexual abuse and suicidal ideation and behaviors can assist the forensic nurse in the development of practice behaviors to better identify, intervene, and prevent suicidal ideation and behaviors among youth experiencing sexual abuse.
Postmortem Diagnosis of Invasive Disseminated Aspergillosis After Tongue Piercing
Authors: Tambuzzi Stefano , Gentile Guendalina , Andreola Salvatore , Zoja Riccardo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Severe fungal infections caused by highly invasive fungi such as Aspergillus are not easy to diagnose and often have a poor prognosis. In these cases, the nonspecific symptoms may make clinical diagnosis challenging, and consequently, the autopsy and postmortem histological investigations acquire a crucial role. We report the case of a young man in good health who died of septic shock 3 weeks after having had a tongue piercing. Intravitam investigations did not identify the etiology of the rapidly fatal infectious condition. The autopsy revealed flaccid organs of uniformly diminished consistency with abscesses and granulomatous foci with central necrosis. Histological examination showed the presence of septate mycotic hyphae, with a dichotomous 45-degree bifurcation, typical for Aspergillus, in all the examined organs, including the tongue. The molecular identification confirmed the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus. The observed macroscopic framework and the laboratory findings made it possible to diagnose pseudomembranous invasive tracheobronchial aspergillosis and to attribute the death to fatal invasive disseminated aspergillosis. The consistency and concordance of all the findings in our possession led us to suspect the practice of piercing as the triggering cause of the man's pathology.